cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Joan Robinson's Virulent Attacks on J. M. Keynes, the General Theory and the IS-LP(LM) Model: On the Need for Historians of Economic Thought to Remove Joan Robinson's Myths About Keynes from the Literature on Macroeconomics

Joan Robinson was a self admitted, mathematically illiterate economist who had no idea about what Keynes was doing or saying in the period 1930-1936. She relied completely for her understanding of economics on her very close, personal relationship with R. Kahn. Kahn would explain and develop the ideas that he suggested to her into her published works. However, there is one article that Joan Robinson wrote herself without any input from Kahn. It is her 1953 article, titled “A Lecture Delivered at Oxford by a Cambridge Economist”. It represents a total, direct attack on J. M. Keynes and the General Theory. Joan Robinson is the economist who started the myths that Keynes was a partial equilibrium, strictly Marshallian, anti formalist, who realized that formal, mathematical modeling was impossible. Such an analysis, done in the face of a pervasive, all encompassing, radical, fundamental, irreducible uncertainty, where no one could ever know anything about what was likely to happen in the future, as opposed to the neoclassical belief that everyone knew everything that could happen in the future, meant that no macroeconomic mathematical model building was possible. The foundation for her claims about Keynes and the General Theory rests completely on the type of rationale contained in a 1983 Journal of Economic Literature article by Gram –Walsh, where they express their belief that, since she worked directly with Keynes on the writing of the General Theory, then she therefore knew what Keynes really meant. The problem here is that a careful study of Volumes 13, 14, and 29 of the CWJMK provide no evidence at all that J.Robinson contributed even one sentence to the General Theory. The Myths of Joan Robinson are part of the foundation for the recent history of macroeconomics published by de Vroey and de Vroey and Malgrange. However, it is quite easy to find hundreds of other such articles published over the last 70 odd years. This paper will examine several of these works and show that they are simply passing along Robinson’s myths that she made up about Keynes.
Evaluation of Safety and Cost of an Open-Design Oxygen Mask in a Large Community Hospital.

BACKGROUND: In our large community hospital, we observed that traditional oxygen masks were sometimes set at an inappropriately low flow. We hoped to eliminate this safety concern through adoption of an open-design oxygen mask. We also hoped that more immediate flow changes would lead to a decrease in medical gas consumption. Finally, by standardizing to one mask, goals were to reduce the cost of oxygen delivery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis, 12 months before and 12 months after implementation of the open-design oxygen mask. Unusual occurrence reports related to supplemental oxygen delivery were reviewed. Oxygen device use and bulk oxygen consumption were recorded. The total number of patient days was obtained from the electronic medical record. RESULTS: There were no unusual occurrence reports or concerns involving an oxygen device in those areas that converted to the open-design oxygen mask. In fiscal year 2014, bulk oxygen use was 13,036,686 cubic feet, and there were 74,734 patient days. In fiscal year 2016, bulk oxygen use was 12,072,610 cubic feet and there were 99,428 patient days. The reduction in oxygen consumption was $3,670 despite the increase in patient days. In fiscal year 2014, 3,848 oxygen devices were used for a cost of $3,411, and in fiscal year 2016, 5,512 devices were used for a cost of $12,963. The net savings from open-design oxygen mask conversion was $23,487 annual and corrected for increased patient population. Oxygen consumption and supply cost per patient day resulted in $1.19 per patient day pre-implementation and $0.95 after implementation of the open-design oxygen mask ( P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: The open-design oxygen mask may be a safe and less costly alternative to traditional oxygen delivery devices.
A critical review of the coiled tubing friction-reducing technologies in extended-reach wells. Part 2: Vibratory tools and tractors

Abstract Well intervention in long lateral-reach wells, i.e., wells with laterals 10,000-ft or longer, is predicted to become more common within the current low price oil environment. During drilling, the drill pipe can be rotated, significantly reducing its friction in the long lateral-reach wells comparing to coiled tubing (CT) that can only slide linearly. The CT industry's trend to transfer more weights-on-bit (WOBs) to the bottom hole assembly (BHA) has been to increase the CT size to 2- or 2 ⅜-, 2 ⅝-, or even 2 ⅞-in. However, without specialized friction-reduction technologies, these typically larger CT sizes still don't have enough rigidity to reach the bottom of the long lateral wells. As currently there is no economically practical technology to rotate the CT, entirely or partially, and the larger CT sizes bring significant operational challenges, the only available CT friction-reduction technologies are chemical (i.e., lubricants) and mechanical or hydraulic (i.e., vibratory tools and tractors) that are traditionally used to extend the CT reach. However, the field performance of these CT friction-reducing technologies is usually less optimistic than that observed in laboratory. In addition, the field experience with the vibratory and tractor tools, in particular, is usually unpredictable and unreliable, depending on unknown or unexpected downhole conditions. In the first part of this critical review study, the most important aspects related to the CT lubricants, including their laboratory and field performance and the current understanding of their predictability and reliability within the CT industry, were discussed. In this second part, the same aspects for CT vibratory tools and tractors are discussed for the first time, focusing on the challenges and limitations encountered in the field. It is shown that field performance studies regarding vibratory tools and tractors are mostly anecdotal or proprietary. Given their importance for well intervention operations in extended-reach wells, it is hoped that this critical review will trigger further research and development of CT vibratory tools and tractors and best field practices to improve their predictability and reliability in the field.
T-Cell Recognition and Antigen Presentation of Lysozyme

Several years ago, this laboratory introduced a comprehensive strategy for the systematic localization of all the continuous sites on a protein that are involved in B- and T-cell recognition. The strategy depends on the synthesis of consecutive overlapping peptides that together account for the entire protein chain. Using this approach, the full submolecular profile of continuous regions on hen egg lysozyme recognized by T cells (T sites) were localized. Four major T-cell recognition sites, three of which were subject to individual genetic control, were localized in the six mouse strains examined. In addition to these four continuous T sites, T-cell recognition of lysozyme also involved the three previously defined discontinuous antibody binding sites as demonstrated with lysozyme-specific longterm T cell cultures. Contrary to a long held impression, T-cell recognition, therefore, is not restricted only to sequence features, but can also be directed to protein discontinuous surface areas of high conformational dependency. More recently, we have examined in two mouse strains the proliferative response to peptides and to native protein of lymph node cells from mice primed with synthetic overlapping peptides either individually or as a mixture. It was found that the pattern of T-cell recognition observed after priming with peptides differs from that obtained when the native protein is used as the immunogen. If antigen processing proceeds via fragmentation, then only those regions containing T sites would be expected to be effective in priming for a T-cell response to the intact protein. Since this was not found to be the case, it is unlikely that fragmentation of lysozyme is a prerequisite for antigen presentation. Rather, we suggest that the critical aspects in the presentation of a protein antigen involve predominantly recognition of an intact protein.
Recursive Filtering and Detection for Two-Dimensional Random Fields

By a two-dimensional random field we mean a family of random variables parameterized by points in a two-dimensional space. In this paper we shall consider the detection and filtering problems of a random signal in additive white Gaussian noise when both the signal and noise are two-dimensional random fields.
Resilient Parameter-Invariant Control With Application to Vehicle Cruise Control

This work addresses the general problem of resilient control of unknown stochastic linear time-invariant (LTI) systems in the presence of sensor attacks. Motivated by a vehicle cruise control application, this work considers a first order system with multiple measurements, of which a bounded subset may be corrupted. A frequency-domain-designed resilient parameter-invariant controller is introduced that simultaneously minimizes the effect of corrupted sensors, while maintaining a desired closed-loop performance, invariant to unknown model parameters. Simulated results illustrate that the resilient parameter-invariant controller is capable of stabilizing unknown state disturbances and can perform state trajectory tracking.
Molecular Pathology of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Relevance to Novel Therapies

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in western countries and is a clonal B cell lymphoproliferative neoplasm that involves the peripheral blood, lymphatic tissue, and bone marrow. Despite consistent morphologic features, the clinical course of CLL is quite variable, and likewise, the molecular abnormalities underlying CLL are also heterogeneous, with no unifying driving aberration identified to date. Herein, the molecular aberrations associated with CLL are reviewed, with a focus on the more recently reported small-scale genetic and epigenetic alterations. The identification and characterization of these small-scale molecular aberrations provide insight into disease biology as well as enable the development of improved prognostic markers and novel treatment strategies.
Assessment of molecularly imprinted polymers as phosphate sorbents.

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable natural resource which is used extensively in agriculture as a fertilizer. Phosphate (PO43−) rocks are mined to meet growing agricultural demands induced by rising global populations. Much of the P used in agricultural fields finds its way into surface waters where it permanently resides, leading to devastating effects on the aquatic ecosystem through eutrophication of the waterbodies. This research was aimed at developing a sorbent that can engender a P reuse cycle by utilizing eutrophic surface waters as viable P sources (mines). The goal was to develop a sorbent which can selectively recover low concentration (≤100 P μg L−1) typical of eutrophic waters. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were identified as a potential technology for accomplishing this goal. Three MIPs were screened for viability by assessing their sorption capacities. After the initial screening, one MIP was selected for further studies. The selected MIP was found to have partial PO43− selectivity and tunable P sorption capacity. Adjusting the template:monomer ratio resulted in an increase in P sorption capacity from ∼11 to ∼28 mg PO43--P g−1, making this MIP competitive with existing technologies. The MIP was characterized to understand the polymer chemistry and mechanisms of P-removal. The possible mechanisms of aqueous P removal by the MIP were identified as selective chemical binding to the imprinted recognition sites and electrostatic attraction.
Using chromate to investigate the impact of mineral-organic contact time on the surface reactivity of goethite.

Chromate was used as a chemical probe to investigate the impact of mineral–organic contact time on the surface reactivity of two different sizes of goethite particles. A series of goethite–chromate sorption batch reactions were conducted in the presence and absence of Suwannee River humic acid (HA) and natural organic matter (NOM) using nano- and micro-scale goethite particles. In experiments with added organics the amount of time allowed for goethite–organic matter interaction (i.e. contact time) was varied from less than 1 minute, up to 24 hours prior to the addition of chromate. Results indicated that nano- and micro-scale goethite in the absence of organics sorbed nearly identical amounts of chromate on a per mass basis, despite the greater surface area of the smaller particles. Results also indicated that the presence of ∼10 mg L−1 of HA and a contact time of less than 1 minute reduced the amount of chromate sorbed by both nano- and micro-scale goethite. Increasing the contact time resulted in greater decreases in chromate sorption. Experiments using NOM produced similar results. While chromate sorption was most rapid during the first hour of the experiments, goethite particles continued to sorb additional chromate over a period of up to 7 days. Additionally, a noticeable impact on chromate sorption due to increased contact time was present over that time period.
Rapid bacteria detection using a portable magnetoelastic biosensor system (Conference Presentation)

This paper presents a portable magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor system that enables rapid, on-site detection of pathogenic bacteria. The system utilizes a patented portable resonant frequency analyzer and two 1 mm long ME biosensors (biosensors coated with and without phage binding a specific pathogen) enabling real-time measurement of resonant frequency changes. By comparing the response of the biosensors, the presence of the specific pathogen can be detected. In this work, detection of Salmonella Typhimurium cells was demonstrated, and it was found that down to 2,500 cfu can be detected in less than 10 min. The detection limit can be improved by using a smaller sensor (e.g., 500 um long sensors) and an optimal chamber design increasing the probability of bacterial cells striking the biosensor surface.
Adrenergic Autoantibody‐Induced Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Rabbits

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that functional autoantibodies to adrenergic receptors may be involved in the pathogenesis of postural tachycardia syndrome. The objective of this stud...
2018 Veterans Studies Bibliography

The bibliography compiles all works published in veterans studies during the 2018 calendar year.
Estimating the True Maximum Sustained Wind Speed of a Tropical Cyclone from Spatially Averaged Observations

AbstractThe maximum sustained wind speed Vm of a tropical cyclone (TC) observed by a sensor varies with its spatial resolution. If unaccounted for, the difference between the “true” and observed Vm...
Using motivational interviewing to reduce parental risk related behaviors for early childhood caries: a pilot study.

Decades of epidemiological studies have documented high rates of early childhood caries (ECC) among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) children. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate if a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention improved oral self-care behaviors of AIAN caregivers of infants, and determine if the MI intervention promoted positive changes in caregivers’ ECC risk-related behaviors. Caregivers of infants presenting for well- child visits in a medical clinic were randomized to treatment and control groups. At the first visit, a caries risk test (CRT) for cariogenic bacteria was completed for both groups. The Parental Care of Child’s Teeth (PCCT) was administered at the second visit and used to assess ECC risk-related behaviors. Over the course of four well-child visits, caregivers in the treatment group participated in a MI discussion focusing on behavior changes and desired outcomes for their personal oral health and their child’s. The duration of the intervention was 1 year. The control group was given oral health information traditionally provided at well-child visits. At the fourth well-child visit, the CRT and PCCT questionnaire were administered again. The mean bacterial load for mutans streptococcus (MS) was similar at both visits. A slight reduction in the mean bacterial levels of lactobacilli was observed in both the test and control groups after the last visit, although not at a level of statistical significance. The treatment group showed minimal improvement in child feeding practices and nighttime bottle habits. Motivational Interviewing had little effect on oral self-care behaviors as measured by bacterial load, nor did MI reduce parental risk related behavior for early childhood caries. Clinicaltrials.gov# NCT04286256. Retrospectively registered, February 26, 2020.
Right Atrial Conduit Phase Emptying Predicts Risk of Adverse Events in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease associated with a 20% 5-year mortality, often due to right heart failure. Recent studies suggest that compensatory changes in right atrial (RA) function may precede other clinical and echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular dysfunction. No prior prospective study has evaluated the role of RA emptying pattern as a prognostic marker of adverse clinical events in pediatric PAH. Objective To demonstrate whether RA fractional emptying indices will prospectively predict risk of adverse clinical outcomes in pediatric PAH patients. Methods Single-center, prospective cohort analysis of 41 patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH and 1:1 age and sex-matched controls with normal echo and electrocardiogram. Right atrial area (RAA) was measured just prior to tricuspid valve opening (RAAmax), at electrical p wave (RAAp), and just after tricuspid valve closing (RAAmin). Right atrial conduit fraction percent (RA cF%) was defined as the percentage of total RAA change happening prior to the electrical p wave = (RAAmax – RAAp)/(RAAmax – RAAmin) ∗ 100. Clinical worsening was analyzed with a predefined composite adverse event outcome. Results RA measurements were technically feasible in all study participants. The PAH patients (median age 11.9 years) had decreased RA cF% compared with controls (P Conclusions Right atrial conduit phase emptying is significantly altered in pediatric PAH. Within the PAH population, decreased RA cF% was prognostic for risk of clinical worsening. The combination of accuracy and ease of measurement could make RA cF% a clinically useful, noninvasive biomarker of early right heart failure and risk of disease progression in pediatric PAH.
Are Airbnb Hosts Employees Misclassified as Independent Contractors

Many companies have long sought to classify their workers as self-employed independent contractors rather than as employees. The battle over appropriate worker classification—employee vs. independent contractor—has become more protracted in recent years due to the rise of online platform-based business models that provide on-demand services, such as Uber and Lyft (ride hailing), Grubhub (grocery delivery), Postmates (home deliveries), and TaskRabbit (home chores). Missing from these classification contests are Airbnb hosts (those who rent out a room, apartment, or house for short-term stays). To date, no one seems to question that Airbnb hosts are self-employed independent contractors. But Congress effectively lumped together Uber drivers and Airbnb hosts in its CARES Act Pandemic Unemployment Insurance. Perhaps now is the time to consider whether Airbnb hosts, like Uber and Lyft drivers and other on-demand workers, are actually employees misclassified as independent contractors. This article first briefly reviews the more “traditional” tests used to determine whether workers have been properly classified as independent contractors, particularly applied to twenty-first century platform-based businesses. This article then introduces a different classification test—the “ABC Test”—recently adopted by case law and statute in California. Using the State of California’s lawsuit against Uber and Lyft that seeks to enforce California’s ABC Test by forcing Uber and Lyft to classify their drivers as employees rather than independent contractors, this article compares the elements of the ABC Test as alleged against Uber and Lyft to consider applications of these standards against Airbnb hosts. A California Superior Court has ruled that Uber and Lyft are in violation of California’s ABC Test by continuing to classify their drivers as independent contractors instead of employees. The California Superior Court’s and other courts’ similar holdings are used to analyze similarities between Uber and Lyft drivers and Airbnb hosts. This article argues that application of the ABC Test to Airbnb hosts could lead to the conclusion they are actually misclassified employees.
Mobility enhancement and highly efficient gating of monolayer MoS 2 transistors with polymer electrolyte

We report electrical characterization of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) devices using a thin layer of polymer electrolyte (PE) consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as both a contact-barrier reducer and channel mobility booster. We find that bare MoS2 devices (without PE) fabricated on Si/SiO2 have low channel mobility and large contact resistance, both of which severely limit the field-effect mobility of the devices. A thin layer of PEO/LiClO4 deposited on top of the devices not only substantially reduces the contact resistance but also boost the channel mobility, leading up to three-orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the field-effect mobility of the device. When the PE is used as a gate medium, the MoS2 field-effect transistors exhibit excellent device characteristics such as a near ideal subthreshold swing and an on/off ratio of 106 as a result of the strong gate-channel coupling.
Association of University Reopening Policies with New Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in the United States

Abstract Reopening of universities in the U.S. has been controversial in the setting of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We leveraged several publicly available data sources to study the association of county-level new confirmed COVID-19 case rates since September 1st and the number of students returning to campus across 2,893 U.S. counties with and without universities. In 1,069 U.S. counties with universities, we also studied the association of different reopening policies (online, in-person, hybrid) on new confirmed COVID-19 cases. Multivariate regression models estimated both effects of university reopening and different reopening policies. Mean number of daily confirmed cases per 10,000 county population was 1.51 from August 1st to August 31st, and 1.98 from September 1st to October 22nd. Mean number of students returning to universities was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.8% to 2.3%) of the county population and the number of students returning to campus had a positive association (β = 2.006, p-value Significance Statement Our study finds that higher numbers of students returning to campus was associated with an increase in new confirmed COVID-19 cases; reopening online or partially online was associated with slower spread of the virus, in comparison to in-person reopening. These findings could provide guidance for policymakers on universities’ reopening in upcoming semesters.
Whole planarian chromosome squash.

Summary Whole planarian chromosome squash allows researchers to qualitatively analyze chromosome integrity. Treatment with colchicine is used to halt dividing cells within metaphase and does not require amputation or tissue puncturing. In combination with acetic-orcein, a stain-fixative for chromosomes, this strategy is suitable for animals with friable tissues caused by drug treatment, radiation, and RNA interference phenotypes. The whole planarian squash method presented here is a minimally invasive procedure that facilitates simultaneous analysis of chromosomal integrity in control and experimental animals. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Peiris et al. (2016) .
Socioeconomic Determinants of Planned and Emergency Cesarean Section Births in Mexico

Mexico’s rapid increase in Cesarean section (C-section) births in the past 20 years parallels a trend occurring in other low- and middle-income countries across the globe, exceeding what is considered medically necessary. Although existing research has highlighted how social forces shape the role of “demand” factors related to women’s preference for C-section births and “supply” factors in health care settings where women give birth, it does not differentiate these births according to whether they were planned earlier in pregnancy or emergency C-sections initiated while a woman was in labor. The objective of this study is to assess the socioeconomic determinants of planned and emergency C-section births. In this study, we use nationally representative data from the 2014 Encuesta Nacional de la Dinamica Demografica (ENADID) to examine determinants of planned and emergency C-section births for women who experienced their first birth within the past 5 years (N = 8710). Logistic regression analysis is employed to examine predictors of planned and emergency C-section births separately. Of the births in our sample, 49.2% were vaginal, 18.5% were planned C-sections, and 32.4% were emergency C-sections. We find that wealth and birth location are significant predictors of planned, but not emergency C-sections. Socioeconomic factors are important determinants of planned C-section births and represent a pathway through which social influence should be examined in the future when looking at the adaptation of surgical births in populations and health care system efforts to reduce the C-section rate.
Silicon-based difluoromethylations, difluoromethylenations, pentafluoroethylations, and related fluoroalkylations

Abstract Given the ever-growing demand for fluorinated moieties in the development of new materials and pharmaceuticals, fluoroalkylation reagents have seen a dramatic increase in attention in recent years. Among these reagents, fluoroalkylsilanes have established their popularity due in no small part to their simple activation conditions and ease of handling. This chapter will focus on the difluoromethylenation, pentafluoroethylation, and other related fluoroalkylation reactions reported using these silicon reagents.
Characterization of Compliant Parallelogram Links for 3D-Printed Delta Manipulators

We design a compliant delta manipulator using 3D-printing and soft materials. Our design is different from the traditionally rigid delta robots as it is more accessible through low-cost 3D-printing, and can interact safely with its surroundings due to compliance. This work focuses on parallelogram links which are a key component of the delta robot design. We characterize these links over twelve dimensional parameters, such as beam and hinge thickness, and two material stiffness settings by displacing them, and observing the resulting forces and rotation angles. The parallelogram links are then integrated into a delta robot structure to test for delta mechanism behavior, which keeps the end-effector parallel to the base of the robot. We observed that using compliant hinges resulted in near-delta behavior, laying the groundwork for fabricating and utilizing 3D-printed compliant delta manipulators.
E-Cigarette Use in Young Adult Never Cigarette Smokers with Disabilities: Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey

Young adult never cigarette smokers with disabilities may be at particular risk for adopting e-cigarettes, but little attention has been paid to these people. This study examines the associations between different types of disability and e-cigarette use in this population. Young adult never-smokers from the 2016–2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey who were either never or current e-cigarette users (n = 79,177) were selected for the analysis. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm was used to select confounders for multivariable logistic regression models. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between current e-cigarette use and different types of disability after incorporating BRFSS survey design and adjusting for confounders. Young adult never-smokers who reported any disability had increased odds (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.18–1.76) of e-cigarette use compared to those who reported no disability. Young adult never-smokers who reported self-care, cognitive, vision, and independent living disabilities had higher odds of e-cigarette use compared to those who reported no disability. There was no statistically significant difference in the odds of e-cigarette use for those reporting hearing and mobility disabilities compared to those who reported no disability. This study highlights the need for increased public education and cessation programs for this population.
Radiocarbon analyses quantify peat carbon losses with increasing temperature in a whole ecosystem warming experiment

Climate warming is expected to accelerate peatland degradation and release rates of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Spruce and Peatlands Responses Under Changing Environments is an ecosystem-scale climate manipulation experiment, designed to examine peatland ecosystem response to climate forcings. We examined whether heating up to +9 °C to 3 m-deep in a peat bog over a 7-year period led to higher C turnover and CO2 and CH4 emissions, by measuring 14C of solid peat, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CH4, and dissolved CO2 (DIC). DOC, a major substrate for heterotrophic respiration, increased significantly with warming. There was no 7-year trend in the DI14 C of the ambient plots which remained similar to their DO14 C. At +6.75 °C and +9 °C, the 14C of DIC, a product of microbial respiration, initially resembled ambient plots but became more depleted over 7 years of warming. We attributed the shifts in DI14 C to the increasing importance of solid phase peat as a substrate for microbial respiration and quantified this shift via the radiocarbon mass balance. The mass-balance model revealed increases in peat-supported respiration of the catotelm depths in heated plots over time and relative to ambient enclosures, from a baseline of 20%–25% in ambient enclosures, to 35%–40% in the heated plots. We find that warming stimulates microorganisms to respire ancient peat C, deposited under prior climate (cooler) conditions. This apparent destabilization of the large peat C reservoir has implications for peatland-climate feedbacks especially if the balance of the peatland is tipped from net C sink to C source.
Psychodynamically Based Therapies

The therapies described in this chapter use a variety of mechanisms of change and intervention techniques that are guided by psychodynamic conceptualizations. Psychodynamic approaches focus on underlying cognitive, affective, and interpersonal processes from a developmental perspective (Shirk & Russell, 1996). The level of development of these processes and the interaction among them partially determines the child’s behavior, relationships, and internal state. The psychodynamic framework is applied in order to understand these internal processes and childhood disorders. The specific intervention approach is based on this understanding of the child’s internal world.
Review of the petroleum geology of the western part of the Sirt Basin, Libya

Abstract The petroleum geology of the western part of the Sirt Basin is reviewed by source, reservoir, traps and seal type in addition to Oil migration by different mechanisms. In general the oil and gas accumulations within Sirt Basin are reservoired in granitic basement, sandstones and carbonates ranging in age from Pre-Cambrian to Oligocene, charged by syn and early postrift, Triassic and intra-Cretaceous organic rich lacustrine and restricted marine shales. This paper offers a broad overview on petroleum systems of the western Sirt Basin as a part of the complex, prolific and mature Sirt Basin which considered as one of tectonically active basins of Mesozoic–Cenozoic age in central northern Libya includes reviewing the potential source rocks and assesses their thermal maturity, petroleum generation potential, organic richness and distribution. Key factors responsible for hydrocarbon distribution described by source rock distribution maps, and hydrocarbon generation areas as well as stratigraphic distribution of oil and gas occurrences with field maps and cross-sections (analogues) and summary reservoir description have been shown. The oil to source correlation scheme suggests that most of the oil in the study area was derived from the Sirte Shale (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian/Turonian), whilst the reservoirs are ranging in age from Lower/Upper Cretaceous to the Eocene. Sandstones predominate in the Cretaceous and carbonates are the main reservoirs in the Tertiary. Several different play types have been described from the study area of the western part of the Sirt Basin dominated by the structural traps, which range from simple normal faults to more complex faults and fold structures associated with wrench faults. Structural traps are dominant in the Zallah Trough and are mainly related to Eocene deformation on the heavily faulted western side of the basin. In addition several types of stratigraphic traps are present in the study area and essentially they are characterized by facies changes from carbonates to argillaceous carbonates to shales in the Beda and Dahra Formations. The top seal for most of the Paleocene reservoirs consists of shale to shaly-carbonates with Paleocene shales forming the main seal. Oil migration in the study area has both vertical and lateral components while in general the Sirt Basin is considered as one of the best examples of a dominantly vertically migrated petroleum system. The greatest thickness of this prime source rock (Sirte shales) in the study area is in the Zallah Trough which varies from 152 m to 305 m present adjacent to the western edge of the Az Zahrah-Al Hufrah Platform whereas depth to the top of the Sirte Shale varies from about 1646 m to 3048 m below sea-level. Although most oil pools discovered in Sirt Basin are located on horst structures at relatively shallow depths, the grabens, remain almost unexplored and thus can be considered a new exploration frontier within this area.
The age of quality innovation

In this inaugural issue of International Journal of Quality Innovation, the Editor-in-Chief reports the evolution of quality management and the need for innovative research for creating new quality values.
Augmentation of NZB Autoimmune Phenotypes by the Sle1c Murine Lupus Susceptibility Interval

The Sle1c lupus susceptibility interval spans a 7-Mb region on distal murine chromosome 1. Cr2 is the strongest candidate gene for lupus susceptibility in this interval, as its protein products are structurally and functionally altered. B6. Sle1c congenic mice develop Abs to chromatin by 9 mo of age with a 30% penetrance and do not develop GN. To determine whether the New Zealand White (NZW)-derived Sle1c interval would interact with New Zealand Black (NZB) genes to result in enhanced autoimmune phenotypes, NZB mice were bred with B6 or B6. Sle1c congenic mice and ∼20 female offspring were selected from each breeding for longitudinal study. These mice differ only at the Sle1c locus at which they have either a NZB/B6 or NZB/NZW genotype. NZB × B6. Sle1c mice had an accelerated onset of anti-chromatin Abs (100 vs 68% at 6 mo, p = 0.006) and anti-dsDNA Abs (45 vs 5% at 9 mo, p = 0.0048). Furthermore, median titers of anti-chromatin and anti-dsDNA Abs were significantly higher in the NZB × B6. Sle1c group compared with the NZB × B6 group. This corresponded with a higher prevalence of proliferative GN at 12 mo (55 vs 16%, p = 0.0214) as well as increased glomerular deposition of C3 ( p = 0.0272) and IgG ( p = 0.032), although blood urea nitrogen remained normal and significant proteinuria was not identified in either group. These data show that the Sle1c interval accelerates and augments the loss of tolerance to chromatin and dsDNA induced by NZB genes and induces significantly greater end-organ damage.
Synthsis of meleylacetoacetate-214C, maleylacetone-114C and homogentisic acid γ-lactone-α-14C. 1

Syntheses of the title compounds were accomplished by a sequence of reactions involving Friedel Crafts 14C-acetylation of p-dimethoxybenze, willgerodt rearrangement of 2, 5-dimethoxyacetophenone-carbonyl-14C (I) to 2, 5-dimethoxyphenylactic acid-a14C (II), followed by hydrolysis to homogentisic acid γ-lactone-α-14C(III). Oxygenation of the lactone by an osygenaser from animal liver provided a solution of maleyacetoacetate-2-14C (IV). Decarboxylation of this matrial leads to a solution of maleylacetone-1-14C (V). Funaruylactone-1-14C (VT) can be obtained from V by silver ion-catalysed cis-trans isomerization.
Association of intensive care unit admission with mortality among older patients with pneumonia

Importance Among patients whose need for intensive care is uncertain, the relationship of intensive care unit (ICU) admission with mortality and costs is unknown. Objective To estimate the relationship between ICU admission and outcomes for elderly patients with pneumonia. Design, Setting, and Patients Retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries (aged >64 years) admitted to 2988 acute care hospitals in the United States with pneumonia from 2010 to 2012. Exposures ICU admission vs general ward admission. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included Medicare spending and hospital costs. Patient and hospital characteristics were adjusted to account for differences between patients with and without ICU admission. To account for unmeasured confounding, an instrumental variable was used—the differential distance to a hospital with high ICU admission (defined as any hospital in the upper 2 quintiles of ICU use). Results Among 1 112 394 Medicare beneficiaries with pneumonia, 328 404 (30%) were admitted to the ICU. In unadjusted analyses, patients admitted to the ICU had significantly higher 30-day mortality, Medicare spending, and hospital costs than patients admitted to a general hospital ward. Patients (n = 553 597) living closer than the median differential distance ( P P = .02; absolute decrease, −5.7% [95% CI, −10.6%, −0.9%]), yet there were no significant differences in Medicare spending or hospital costs for the hospitalization. Conclusions and Relevance Among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with pneumonia, ICU admission of patients for whom the decision appeared to be discretionary was associated with improved survival and no significant difference in costs. A randomized trial may be warranted to assess whether more liberal ICU admission policies improve mortality for patients with pneumonia.
CAROSA: a tool for authoring NPCs

Certainly non-player characters (NPCs) can add richness to a game environment. A world without people (or at least humanoids) seems barren and artificial. People are often a major part of the setting of a game. Furthermore, watching NPCs perform and have a life outside of their interactions with the main character makes them appear more reasonable and believable. NPCs can also be used to move forward the storyline of a game or provide emotional elements. Authoring NPCs can, however, be very laborious. At present, games either have a limited number of character profiles or are meticulously hand scripted. We describe an architecture, called CAROSA (Crowds with Aleatoric, Reactive, Opportunistic, and Scheduled Actions), that facilitates the creation of heterogeneous populations by using Microsoft Outlook®, a Parameterized Action Representation (PAR), and crowd simulator. The CAROSA framework enables the specification and control of actions for more realistic background characters, links human characteristics and high level behaviors to animated graphical depictions, and relieves some of the burden in creating and animating heterogeneous 3D animated human populations.
THE VINLAND MAP: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF ARCHAEOMETRIC RESEARCH ON ITS AUTHENTICITY*

The authenticity of the ‘Vinland Map’ (Beinecke Library of Rare Books and Manuscripts at Yale University) has been challenged on both codicological and scientific grounds, the latter resulting from a microscopic study of the ink employed. McCrone Associates of Chicago examined, between 1972 and 1974, a total of 29 microparticles, including 16 of ink from the Vinland Map, and in 1974 reported to Yale that it contained a pigment, anatase, only available after 1920. In 1974, Yale announced that the map was ‘probably a modern forgery’. This review critically examines archaeometric research leading to, and testing, this conclusion.
If It’s Not One Thing, It’s Another: An Inverse Relationship of Malignancy and Atherosclerotic Disease

Atherosclerosis and malignancy are pervasive pathological conditions that account for the bulk of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Our current understanding of the patholobiology of these fundamental disorders suggests that inflammatory processes may differentially affect them; thus, atherosclerosis can be largely driven by inflammation, where as cancer often flourishes as inflammatory responses are modulated. A corollary of this hypothesis is that cancer (or its treatment may significantly attenuate atherosclerotic disease by diminishing host inflammatory response, suggesting potential therapeutic approaches. To evaluate the relationship between cancer and cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease, we assessed 1,024 autopsy reports from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and performed correlative analyses on atherosclerotic severity and cancer prevalence. In gender- and age-matched populations, there is a statistically significant inverse correlation between history of malignancy and autopsy-proven atherosclerotic disease. In a second analysis, we evaluated 147,779 patients through analysis of the Harvard Catalyst SHRINE database and demonstrated a reduced non-coronary atherosclerotic disease rate: control (27.40%), leukemia/lymphoma (12.57%), lung (17.63%), colorectal (18.17%), breast (9.79%), uterus/cervix (11.47%), and prostate (18.40%). We herein report that, based on two separate medical records analysis, an inverse correlation between cancer and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, this correlation is not uniformly associated with anti-neoplastic treatment, suggesting that the inverse relationship may be in part attributable to an individual’s intrinsic inflammatory propensity, and/or to inflammation-modulatory properties of neoplasms.
Moon over academe.

The authors consider critically the Annual International Conference of the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS) sponsored by S.M. Moon. Thirty eminent scientists who had endorsed ICUS responded to a personal letter. By analyzing their replies systematically, we identified their rationales in the face of anti-cult publicity. Our experiences represent a case history in the calculated misapplication of the principles of open expression, religious freedom, and the search for values.
Vibrissal thalamic modes

A thalamic mode (or thalamocortical mode) refers to a particular arrangement of the response properties of the thalamocortical network that gives rise to a distinct input-output function. Since the thalamus controls the flow of information to the neocortex, a thalamic mode adjusts how thalamocortical cells relay sensory and corticothalamic information.
Two closely related cDNAs encoding starch branching enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana

Two starch branching enzyme (SBE) cDNAs were identified in an Arabidopsis seedling hypocotyl library using maize Sbe1 and Sbe2 cDNAs as probes. The two cDNAs have diverged 5′ and 3′ ends, but encode proteins which share 90% identity over an extensive region with 70% identity to maize SBE IIb [12]. Genomic Southern blots suggest that the two cDNAs are the products of single, independent genes, and that additional, more distantly related SBE genes may exist in the Arabidopsis genome. The two cDNAs hybridize to transcripts which show similar expression patterns in Arabidopsis vegetative and reproductive tissues, including seedlings, inflorescence rachis, mature leaves, and flowers. This is the first report of the identification of cDNAs encoding two closely related starch branching enzymes from the same species.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell contamination model: Competitive adsorption followed by a surface segregated electrochemical reaction leading to an irreversibly adsorbed product

Abstract A generic, transient fuel cell kinetic loss mathematical model was developed for the case of contaminants that partially cover the catalyst surface with irreversibly adsorbed products. The model was derived using step changes in contaminant concentration, constant operating conditions and disregarding liquid water scavenging effects. The closed form solutions were validated using H 2 S, SO 2 and COS data from a single source. The model needs to be validated against other data sets and transient operating conditions more representative of automotive applications. A method is proposed to determine kinetic rate constants and relies on tests with a reactant, a contaminant and, a reactant and a contaminant mixture. The method is useful to evaluate the presence of interactions between reactant and contaminant related adsorbates, and, to minimize electrode potential variations during controlled cell voltage measurements. Model parameters were similar for all contaminants suggesting a common adsorbate configuration. The model also expands the number of previously derived cases. All models in this inventory, derived with the assumption that the reactant is absent, lead to different dimensionless current vs. time behaviors similar to a fingerprint. These model characteristics facilitate contaminant mechanism identification. Model predictions include a limit of 0.7 ppb contaminant concentration in the reactant stream to minimize cell performance losses during the 5000 h automotive application life. This tolerance limit represents a worse case scenario because it does not take into account performance recovery resulting from drive cycle operation or the addition of mitigation strategies. A cell performance loss increase of 40% is also predicted for a catalyst loading decrease from 0.4 to 0.1 mg Pt cm −2 .
The chemical feeding ecology ofNeodiprion dubiosus schedl,N. rugifrons midd., andN. lecontei (Fitch) on jack pine (Pinus banksiana lamb.).

Two monophagous sawflies,Neodiprion dubiosus andN. rugifrons, actively avoid feeding on the current season's needles of jack pine,Pinus banksiana, while the polyphagousN. lecontei feeds indiscriminately on foliage of all age classes. Bioassay studies with needle extracts indicate thatN. dubiosus andN. rugifrons larval feeding preference is governed by a group of tricyclic diterpene resin acids. Resin acids commonly occur in needles of all ages; however, levopimaric, palustric, dehydroabietic, and neoabietic acids were at higher concentrations in the new needles.N. dubiosus was significantly deterred from feeding on 1-year-old foliage when treated with the pure resin acids, palustric and levopimaric, at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml MeOH.N. rugifrons larvae were deterred from feeding by pure dehydroabietic, neoabietic, and palustric acids at 1.0 mg/ml MeOH.