cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mid-infrared Laser Absorption Diagnostics for Detonation Studies

Detonation-based engines represent a challenging application for diagnostics due to the wide range of thermodynamic conditions involved (T~500-3000 K, P~2-60 atm) and the short time scales of change (~10− 6 to 10− 4 sec) associated with such systems. Non-intrusive laser absorption diagnostics can provide high time-resolution and have been employed extensively in shock tube kinetics experiments (P~1-20 atm), offering high potential for application in detonation environments with modest utilization to date [1-4]. Limiting factors in designing effective tunable laser absorption sensors for detonation engines can be divided into two sets of challenges: high-pressure, high-temperature absorption spectroscopy and harsh thermo-mechanical environments. The present work, conducted in a high-pressure shock tube and operating detonation combustor, addresses both sets of difficulties, with the objective of developing time-resolved, in-situ temperature and concentration sensors for detonation studies.
Immunohistochemistry of Skeletal Tissues

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the process of identifying proteins in tissue sections by incubating the sample with antibodies specific to the protein of interest, and then visualizing the bound antibody using a chromogen. Unlike in situ hybridization, which identifies gene transcripts in cells, IHC identifies the products themselves and provides information about their localization within cells (nuclear, cytoplasmic, or membrane) or extracellular matrix. This can be particularly important in the context of bone and cartilage because they contain many cell types as well as matrix components, each with distinct protein expression patterns. As the number of antibodies continues to grow, this technique has become vital for research laboratories studying the skeleton. Here we describe a detailed protocol for IHC analysis of bone and cartilage, addressing specific issues associated with staining of hard and matrix-rich tissues.
Farmer-Entrepreneurs, Agricultural Innovation, and Explosive Research and Development Cycles

Abstract: Private sector research and development (RD it only reduces the opportunitycost of RD research and development cycles 1. Introduction With the globalization and greater market integration that have been occurring in recent years,the rural economy is now more heavily inﬂuenced by farmer-entrepreneurs who are more responsiveto shifts in market demand related to changes in preferences, fads, and fashions [1]. Put differently,farmer-entrepreneurs are more connected to supply chains, integrated in industry, and active in thecreation of new networks compared with more traditional farmers. Thus, it is not surprising thatresearch over the past two decades that discusses the sources of (and policies related to) agriculturalwealth creation provide a number of strategies for developing the rural economy that are each aimedat generating entrepreneurial capacity [2–5], while also acknowledging that each strategy also dependson that entrepreneurial capacity [6–8]. According to a recent study, the farmer-entrepreneurs shaped bythese strategies are more receptive to new technologies and assistance from extension, more attentiveto changes in prices and the availability of credit, and less risk averse [9].Within the modern rural economy described above, relatively little is known abouthow farmer-entrepreneurs’ innovations relate to their industrial partners, such as those inthe food processing sector, and to research and development (R&D). One view holds that,as farmer-entrepreneurs look for more efﬁcient and proﬁtable ways to produce, they are more open toinnovation and the application of the innovation of their partners, such as when farmer-entrepreneursseek greater integration with the food processing sector. These sectors of the economy markedly differ,however, in terms of market structure. Farmers are generally seen as price takers, while the foodprocessing sector tends to be concentrated and non-competitive [10–12]. As such, it may be the casethat increasing integration drives farmer-entrepreneurs to adapt technological innovations from theprocessing sector [13,14]. It may also be the case that agricultural innovation impacts technological
PubHub: A web-based compendium to catalyze undergraduate research publication

Research publication and presentation provides undergraduate students with invaluable benefits including career preparation and increased confidence. At the same time, it provides the scientific community with better-prepared professionals while contributing to the larger knowledge base. Since opportunities and resources for undergraduate research are growing, larger numbers of students are now engaged in formal disciplinary research and creative inquiry across disciplines. However, only a few students disseminate their research findings in scholarly forums like refereed journals and conference proceedings. Barriers to undergraduate research publication include lack of faculty time to devote to mentoring students in writing, limited institutional funding for undergraduate research, and student's unfamiliarity with the publication process. This article describes PubHub, an online compendium of 50+ learning modules across five categories to assist students through the publication and presentation processes. A pilot assessment of PubHub amongst students and faculty members indicates its usability. While resources like PubHub cannot increase funding for undergraduate researchers or shorten the timescale of the peer-review process, they can lower barriers and democratize the publication process, while refocusing faculty time on intellectual aspects of research rather than the scholarly writing process by providing students the knowledge and specific insights they need in a just-in-time manner.
Tet proteins influence the balance between neuroectodermal and mesodermal fate choice by inhibiting Wnt signaling

TET-family dioxygenases catalyze conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and oxidized methylcytosines in DNA. Here, we show that mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), either lacking Tet3 alone or with triple deficiency of Tet1/2/3, displayed impaired adoption of neural cell fate and concomitantly skewed toward cardiac mesodermal fate. Conversely, ectopic expression of Tet3 enhanced neural differentiation and limited cardiac mesoderm specification. Genome-wide analyses showed that Tet3 mediates cell-fate decisions by inhibiting Wnt signaling, partly through promoter demethylation and transcriptional activation of the Wnt inhibitor secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (Sfrp4). Tet1/2/3-deficient embryos (embryonic day 8.0-8.5) showed hyperactivated Wnt signaling, as well as aberrant differentiation of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) into mesoderm at the expense of neuroectoderm. Our data demonstrate a key role for TET proteins in modulating Wnt signaling and establishing the proper balance between neural and mesodermal cell fate determination in mouse embryos and ESCs.
The Transfer of Soft Technology

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD 2016) announced that Asia remained the largest foreign direct investment (FDI) recipient region in the world, accounting for one-third of global FDI flows in 2015. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community was launched in December 2015. Japanese investment in ASEAN countries exceeded FDI in China. Although there is a risk of a Chinese economic slowdown and political instability, investment conditions for Japanese business are fair. The most popular destinations for investment have been Thailand and Indonesia (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 5 January 2016). Japanese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have also invested to set up operations in Asia because of the expanding supply chains of Japanese manufacturing. They are using skill development and technology transfers of workers in the host countries to maintain the competitive advantage of Japanese manufacturing.
Analyses of trends in prevalence of congenital heart defects and folic acid supplementation.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are of public health concern given that they occur in approximately 1% of all live births (1,2), are the leading cause of infant deaths due to birth defects (3,4), and are one of the most common reasons for use of health services among children with chronic conditions, accounting for $5.6 billion in hospitalization costs alone in 2009–15.1% of all pediatric hospitalization costs (5).
Traditional lecture versus jigsaw learning method for teaching Medication Therapy Management (MTM) core elements.

Abstract Background and purpose To determine if traditional didactic lecture or the jigsaw learning method is more effective to teach the medication therapy management (MTM) core elements in a first year pharmacy course. Educational activity and setting Traditional didactic lecture and a pre-class reading assignment were used in the fall semester cohort, and the jigsaw method was used in the spring semester cohort. Jigsaw is a cooperative learning strategy requiring students to assume responsibility for learning, and subsequently teaching peers. The students were responsible for reading specific sections of the pre-class reading, and then teaching other students in small groups about their specific reading assignments. To assess potential differences, identical pre- and post-tests were administered before and after the MTM section. Additionally, grade performance on an in-class project and final exam questions were compared, and students were surveyed on perceptions of teaching method used. Findings A total of 45 and 43 students completed both the pre- and post-test in the fall and spring (96% and 93% response rate), respectively. Improvement in post-test scores favored the traditional method (p = 0.001). No statistical differences were noted between groups with grade performance on the in-class project and final exam questions. However, students favored the jigsaw method over traditional lecture and perceived improvements in problem solving skills, listening/communication skills and encouragement of cooperative learning (p = 0.018, 0.025 and 0.031). Summary Although students favored the jigsaw learning method, traditional didactic lecture was more effective for the pre- and post-knowledge test performance. This may indicate that traditional didactic lecture is more effective for more foundational content.
A pharmacological challenge predicts reversible rectal sensorimotor dysfunctions in women with fecal incontinence.

BACKGROUND In order to understand the pathophysiology of rectal sensorimotor dysfunctions in women with fecal incontinence (FI) and rectal urgency, we evaluated the effects of a muscarinic antagonist and an adrenergic α2 agonist on these parameters. METHODS Firstly, rectal distensibility and sensation were evaluated with a barostat and sinusoidal oscillation at baseline and after randomization to intravenous saline or atropine in 16 healthy controls and 44 FI patients. Thereafter, FI patients were randomized to placebo or clonidine for 4 wk; rectal compliance and sensation were revaluated thereafter. The effect of atropine and clonidine on rectal functions and the relationship between them were evaluated. RESULTS At baseline, compared to controls, rectal capacity was lower (P = .03) while the mean pressure (P = .02) and elastance (P = .01) during sinusoidal oscillation were greater, signifying reduced distensibility, in FI. Compared to placebo, atropine increased (P ≤ .02) the heart rate in controls and FI and reduced (P = .03) the variability in rectal pressures during sinusoidal oscillation in controls. Clonidine increased rectal compliance (P = .04) and reduced rectal capacity (P = .03) in FI. The effects of atropine and clonidine on compliance (r = .44, P = .003), capacity (r = .34, P = .02), pressures during sinusoidal oscillation (r = .3, P = .057), pressure (r = .6, P < .0001), and volume sensory thresholds (r = .48, P = .003) were correlated. CONCLUSIONS The effects of atropine and clonidine on rectal distensibility and sensation were significantly correlated. A preserved response to atropine suggests that reduced rectal distensibility is partly reversible, mediated by cholinergic mechanisms, and may predict the response to clonidine, providing a pharmacological challenge.
NIH computer hardware complex.

In recent years the conduct and management of the extramural, collaborative and intramural programs of the NIH have made increasing use of “computers.” The term “computers” is used here in a generic sense since the programs are supported by a variety of computer capacities and brands. This presentation is included in the program on the presumption that a brief review of one institution’s philosophy and experience in implementing computer services for its staff may be instructive to others facing a similar task. Currently, the NIH computer complement and the numbers of users of this machine complement are large; in excess of 130 machines and 10,000 users are involved. It is important to note that the effort to provide computer services to the NIH began in 1966 and involved a minimal IBM 360/40 machine and a very small number of users. The growth of this enterprise, which has been evolutionary, could be viewed as a special case in biomedical computing. Alternatively, the enterprise could be thought of as the general case, namely that a community of substantively disjoint users can, in the economic and productivity senses, profit greatly by sharing as necessary common medium and large computer capacity resources.
Imagining Jefferson and Hemings in Paris

In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics, cultural critic bell hooks argues that “no one seems to know how to tell the story” of white men romantically involved with slave women because long ago another story supplanted it: “that story, invented by white men, is about the overwhelming desperate longing black men have to sexually violate the bodies of white women.” Narratives of white exploitation and black solidarity have made it difficult to imagine consensual sex and impossible to i...
Alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusions.

The procurement of autologous blood is an accepted standard of care for elective surgery. However, the costs and potential complications, as well as the potential benefits of autologous blood procurement strategies, need to be reconsidered. In the future, blood conservation programs should combine cost-effective blood procurement strategies, such as ANH, with interventions that stimulate preoperative erythropoiesis. When released for clinical use, the addition of oxygen-carrying solutions to these blood conservation techniques will, hopefully, eliminate allogeneic blood use.
High Efficiency Multijunction Solar Cells with Finely-Tuned Quantum Wells

The field of high efficiency (inorganic) photovoltaics (PV) is rapidly maturing in both efficiency goals and cover all cost reduction of fabrication. On one hand, know-how from space industry in new solar cell design configurations and on the other, fabrication cost reduction challenges for terrestrial uses of solar energy, have paved the way to a new generation of PV devices, capable of capturing most of the solar spectrum. For quite a while now, the goal of inorganic solar cell design has been the total (if possible) capture-absorption of the solar spectrum from a single solar cell, designed in such a way that a multiple of incident wavelengths could be simultaneously absorbed. Multi-absorption in device physics indicates parallel existence of different materials that absorb solar photons of different energies. Bulk solid state devices absorb at specific energy thresholds, depending on their respective energy gap (EG). More than one energy gaps would on principle offer new ways of photon absorption: if such a structure could be fabricated, two or more groups of photons could be absorbed simultaneously. The point became then what lattice-matched semiconductor materials could offer such multiple levels of absorption without much recombination losses. It was soon realized that such layer multiplicity combined with quantum size effects could lead to higher efficiency collection of photo-excited carriers. At the moment, the main reason that slows down quantum effect solar cell production is high fabrication cost, since it involves primarily expensive methods of multilayer growth. Existing multi-layer cells are fabricated in the bulk, with three (mostly) layers of lattice-matched and non-lattice-matched (pseudo-morphic) semiconductor materials (GaInP/InGaN etc), where photo-carrier collection occurs in the bulk of the base (coming from the emitter which lies right under the window layer). These carriers are given excess to conduction via tunnel junction (grown between at each interface and connecting the layers in series). This basic idea of a design has proven very successful in recent years, leading to solar cells of efficiency levels well above 30% (Fraunhofer Institute’s multi-gap solar cell at 40.8%, and NREL’s device at 40.2% respectively). Successful alloys have demonstrated high performance, such as InxGa1 − xP alloys (x (%) of gallium phosphide and (1 − x) (%) of indium phosphide). Other successful candidates, in current use and perpetual cell design consideration, are the lattice-matched GaAs/AlGaAs and InP/GaAs pairs or AlAs/GaAs/GaAs triple layers and alloys, which are heavily used in both solar and the electronics industry.
INHIBITION BY THC OF THYMIDINE TRANSPORT: A PLASMA MEMBRANE EFFECT

Summary 10 -6 to 10 -4 M of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or of other cannabinoids, which all have in common the C ring of olivetol, inhibit in cultured lymphocytes incorporation of 3 H thymidine. The inhibitory effect of olivetol derivatives is related to their octanol-water partition coefficient (liposolubility). Within 15 minutes of incubation, THC inhibits precursor pool formation and macromolecular incorporation of thymidine, uridine and leucine. THC inhibits also 14 C aminoisobutyric acid uptake into the cell, but does not alter the cellular “leakage” of this amino acid analogue. Using isotopic dilution technique with L1210 murine lymphoma cells and human lymphocytes, it was observed that THC decreases 3 H thymidine uptake within fifteen seconds after addition of the drug to the culture. Experiments performed at 0°C indicate that THC has no action on thymidine binding to the carrier. All of these observations suggest that THC in micromolar concentration inhibits DNA synthesis through a “non-specific” alteration of membrane configuration. This effect, due to the liposolubility of the drug, could induce conformational changes of membrane bound transport systems which would inhibit their function.
A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community

The history of the predominantly Muslim world is examined within the context of world history. It examines political, economic, and broad cultural developments, as well as specifically religious ones. The themes of the book are tradition and adaptation: it examines the tensions between the desire of Muslims to maintain continuity with their legacy and their recognition of the need to adapt to changing conditions.
A Survey on Trust in Autonomous Systems

As a result of the exponential growth in technology and computing in recent years, autonomous systems are becoming more relevant in our daily lives. As these systems evolve and become more complex, the notion of trust in human-autonomy interaction becomes a prominent issue that affects the performance of human-autonomy teaming. Prior studies indicate that humans have low levels of trust in semi and fully autonomous systems. In this survey, we review a wide range of technical papers and articles and go over the related experimental techniques in the literature of trust. We also explain limitations that are present in existing research works, and discuss open problems in this domain. It’s apparent that trust management is critical for the development of future artificial intelligence technologies.
The current practice and care of paediatric patients post cardiac catheterisation.

Background Literature is lacking to guide standardised care and assessment practices for paediatric patients post cardiac catheterisation. In response to this gap, we sought to describe the current state of practice in cardiology programmes performing paediatric cardiac catheterisations procedures in the United States of America.Materials and methodsA web-based survey was distributed to the Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium Listserv, with representation from 113 identified institutions. A 36-question survey, including fixed-choice and open-ended questions, was developed and piloted for reliability and validity before distribution. Data were summarised descriptively with count and frequency or median and range. Results Of the 113 identified institutions, 52% (n=59) responded to the survey. Manual pressure is used to achieve haemostasis by 94.9% of the respondents. Pressure dressings are used by a majority of the facilities and the length of time for bed rest is variable, with the majority using 6 hours for arterial access and 4 hours for venous access. Predominantly, respondents use the time of haemostasis as the start time of bed rest while a third of respondents reported using the time the sheath was removed. Conclusion In this study, variation in a number of post catheterisation care and assessment practices for paediatric patients was noted across cardiology programmes. Information from this assessment identifies key opportunities to collaborate in developing standardised practices for the care and assessment of the paediatric patients post catheterisation.
Circulating tumor DNA testing and research in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.

525Background: The hallmark of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is its rapid turnaround and non-invasive nature. According to American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and College of American Patho...
128) Haplotype Analysis of COMT SNPs Associated with Pain Intensity and Acute Care Utilization in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease

Several COMT gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with pain and disability indicators in pain populations. Only one COMT SNP (rs4680) has been studied in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and found to be associated with pain-related acute care utilization but not with self-reported pain. Our aim was to examine the association among haplotypes of 14 other COMT SNPs with pain intensity and pain-related acute care utilization in SCD. Genetic and clinical data were collected on 130 (66% female, mean age 35.0+11.4 years, 76.2% Hemoglobin SS disease) individuals with SCD. We obtained blood or cheek swab samples, extracted the DNA, and performed sequencing with MassARRAY iPLEX Platform (Sequenom, CA, USA). We used PAIN Report It to obtain self-reported average pain intensity (API [average of current, least and worst pain in the past 24 hours]; mean 4.0+2.7). From the electronic medical record, we extracted acute care utilization (ED visit with or without hospitalization or SCD cute care center visit) over 1 year (mean 4.5 (5.3)). We partitioned these SNPs into five haplotype blocks based on linkage disequilibria with estimates of the haplotype probabilities obtained using maximum likelihood accounting for linkage phase ambiguities as well as missing genotype values. We then conducted regression analyses of association between haplotypes and API and utilization. For the first block (rs2075507, rs4646310, and rs737865), haplotypes A-G-T, G-G-T, A-G-C, and A-A-T occurred with 47%, 32%, 16%, and 5% frequencies, respectively. Relative to A-G-T, the A-G-C haplotype was associated with higher API (p=.02), while the A-A-T haplotype was associated with higher utilization (p=.02). Future studies are needed to test the hypothesis that these haplotypes are important for understanding the genomic contributions to SCD pain and acute care utilization for pain. Supported by grant #: R01 HL124945-01 (MPIs: Wilkie, Molokie, Wang) and T32AG049673 (PI: Fillingim).
Theoretical and Empirical Issues in the Treatment of PTSD in Vietnam Veterans

Controlled group studies on the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological approaches to treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam combat veterans have not yet appeared in the literature. However, numerous articles in recent years have provided theoretical rationales and descriptive summaries of various treatment approaches, primarily based upon psychodynamic (Horowitz, 1973, 1974; Horowitz & Kaltreider, 1980), behavioral (Keane, Fairbank, Caddell, Zimering, & Bender, 1985; Keane, Zimering, & Caddell, 1985), and psychobiological (van der Kolk, Greenberg, Boyd, & Krystal, 1985) models for conceptualizing the treatment of combat-related PTSD. The present chapter will review these theoretical approaches and the treatment techniques that have evolved from each. In addition, this review will examine some of the current trends in PTSD treatment research and speculate on the future direction of research on treatment of combat-related PTSD in Vietnam veterans.
Naloxone as a technology of solidarity: history of opioid overdose prevention.

T-shirts sport the slogan “Keep Calm and Carry Naloxone.” “HERO” bracelets signal someone carries take-home naloxone. Naloxone Ninjas tweet, tally lives saved and distribute naloxone kits. Silver ribbons mark International Overdose Awareness Day, modelled on the red ribbons worn in
Genuine Consulting Experience: Developing Internationalization Strategies for Small Businesses

This advanced strategy course engages students in an authentic internationalization strategy project for small businesses. Students are placed in the role of management consultants; they engage the client, conduct a market analysis, and develop go-forward recommendations. The approach is transferrable to other domain taught at business schools.
Preoperative prediction of insertion depth of lateral wall cochlear implant electrode arrays

Cochlear implants (CI) use an array of electrodes surgically threaded into the cochlea to restore hearing sensation. Techniques for predicting the insertion depth of the array into the cochlea could guide surgeons towards more optimal placement of the array in order to reduce trauma and preserve the residual hearing of the patient. In addition to the electrode array geometry (length and diameter), both the base insertion depth (BID) and the cochlear scale impact the overall array insertion depth. In this paper, we investigated the influence of these parameters on overall insertion depth with the purpose of developing a model which can make preoperative predictions of insertion depth of lateral wall cochlear implant electrode arrays. CT images of 86 lateral wall positioned straight electrode array CI recipients were analyzed. Using previously developed automated algorithms, relative electrode position inside the cochlea as well as the cochlea scale was measured from the CT images. A linear regression model is proposed for insertion depth prediction based on cochlea size, array geometry, and BID. The model is able to accurately predict angular insertion depths with standard deviation of 41 degrees. Surgeons may use this model for patient-customized selection of the electrode array and/or to plan a base insertion depth for a given array that minimizes the likelihood of causing trauma to regions of the cochlea where residual hearing exists.
Satellite Image Data Integration for Groundwater Exploration in Egypt

The Egyptian desert, as a part of the Eastern Sahara, is among the driest places on Earth. In the past, this region underwent drastic climatic changes through the alternation of dry and wet conditions. During wet phases, when the rain was plentiful over a prolonged time period, the surface was veined by rivers and dotted by large lakes. The use of microwave and topographic satellite data has led to the identification of sandy buried ancient mega drainage systems, river deltas and lake basins. The long wavelength of radar data, in particular, enabled the penetration of the sands and revealed many of these hidden fluvial basins which represent indisputable evidence of the past pluvial conditions of the region. Many of these basins could hold large groundwater reservoirs as well as oil and natural gas at depth. This study shows that space-data integration is a promising approach that can help significantly in the groundwater exploration efforts in the desert land of Egypt, where freshwater access is essential for the developing of the region.
The Humanizing Potential of Risky Writing: Tracing Children's and Teacher Candidates' Critical-Affective Literacy Practices.

In this manuscript, we foreground the concept of critical affective theory drawing on scholarship from within and outside of literacy education and highlight testimony and critical witness as an ex...
Fluorescent cholangiography significantly improves patient outcomes for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the most common elective abdominal surgery in the USA, with over 750,000 performed annually. Fluorescent cholangiography (FC) using indocyanine green dye (ICG) permits identification of extrahepatic biliary structures to facilitate dissection without requiring cystic duct cannulation. Achieving the “critical view of safety” with assistance of ICG cholangiogram may support identification of anatomy, safely reduce conversion to open procedures, and decrease operative time. We assess the utility of FC with respect to anatomic visualization during LC and its effects on patient outcomes. A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database identified patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a single academic center from 2013 to 2019. Exclusion criteria were primary open and single incision cholecystectomy. Patient factors included age, sex, BMI, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Outcomes included operative time, conversion to open procedure, length of stay (LOS), mortality rate, and 30-day complications. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors for open conversion. A total of 1389 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 69.8% were female; mean age 48.6 years (range 15–94), average BMI 29.4 kg/m2 (13.3–55.6). 989 patients (71.2%) underwent LC without fluorescence and 400 (28.8%) underwent FC with ICG. 30-day mortality detected 2 cases in the non-ICG group and zero with ICG. ICG reduced operative time by 26.47 min per case (p < 0.0001). For patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, operative duration for ICG vs non-ICG groups was 75.57 vs 104.9 min respectively (p < 0.0001). ICG required conversion to open at a rate of 1.5%, while non-ICG converted at a rate of 8.5% (p < 0.0001). Conversion rate remained significant with multivariable analysis (OR 0.212, p = 0.001). A total of 19 cases were aborted (1.35%), 8 in the ICG group (1.96%) and 11 in the non-ICG group (1.10%), these cases were not included in LC totals. Average LOS was 0.69 vs 1.54 days in the ICG compared to non-ICG LCs (p < 0.0001), respectively. Injuries were more common in the non-ICG group, with 9 patients sustaining Strasberg class A injuries in the non-ICG group and 2 in the ICG group. 1 CBDI occurred in the non-ICG group. There was no significant difference in 30-day complication rates between groups. ICG cholangiography is a non-invasive adjunct to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, leading to improved patient outcomes with respect to operative times, decreased conversion to open procedures, and shorter length of hospitalization. Fluorescence cholangiography improves visualization of biliary anatomy, thereby decreasing rate of CBDI, Strasberg A injuries, and mortality. These findings support ICG as standard of care during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Developing Reliable Measures of Privacy Management within Social Networking Sites

Social networking sites and other examples of online social spaces have greatly expanded their members’ opportunities for self expression and social interaction, while creating significant challenges for online privacy management. Within offline social spaces, privacy management is an active part of everyday life, influencing where, when and to whom we decide to reveal private information. Just as technology mediation changes the nature of communication, so will technology mediation of social interaction change the nature of privacy management. This paper describes work done to establish reliable measures of online privacy management based on Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST). AST provides a framework for modeling the use of technology in a social setting, includes a way to measure appropriation, the process by which users adapt and adopt technology. These measures have been used to examine appropriation patterns within two US based social networking sites (Facebook and MySpace), and StudiVZ, a site based in Germany. The measures demonstrated an acceptable level of reliability, and the results exposed differences in the privacy management strategies employed by the members of these sites. The result of this research is the establishment of theory based measures that can be used to capture the structure of online privacy management.
End-to-End Behavior Simulation for Multi-Access Edge Computing

Multi-Access edge computing (MEC) is an emerging network architecture that enables cloud computing at the edge of the network characterized by ultra-low latency, high-bandwidth, and direct access to real-time network information. However, the network heterogeneity (4G, 5G, WiFi, etc.) and quality requirement diversity (Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality, etc.) make the deployment of MEC ever more complicated and expensive. In this paper, we introduce a novel end-to-end simulation tool- Behavior Simulation from User Equipment to Edge and Cloud (BSUEEC)- which can offload computing, communication, and traffic simulation to different simulators for the deployment and resource planning of MEC, applicable to various real world scenarios. It's a co-simulation tool that can: 1) seamlessly integrate with heterogeneous access network simulators via a self-developed adapter, 2) extend the simulation from UE(user equipments)-to-edge to UE-to-multi-layer-MEC, even the Cloud 3) assign the UE with real traffic patterns, 4) consider the interaction among access network, MEC/Cloud processing, and road traffic in one simulation. The effectiveness and applicability of our simulation framework (“BSUEEC”) three Vehicle to Everything (V2X) scenarios.
Infant and Toddler Consumption of Sweetened and Unsweetened Lipid Nutrient Supplements After 2-Week Home Repeated Exposures.

Background Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) are designed to address undernutrition during the complementary feeding period. SQ-LNS contains added sugars, but limited research has assessed whether infants' acceptance varies between versions with and without sugars. Objectives Our objective was to examine the effects of repeated exposure on children's acceptance of sweetened and unsweetened SQ-LNS. We aimed to understand caregivers' perceptions of children's liking of the 2 SQ-LNS versions and their influences on infant acceptance of SQ-LNS. Methods Caregivers (86% non-Hispanic White) and children (7-24 mo), participated in a randomized, 2-week home-exposure study and baseline and post-home exposure assessments. Children were randomized to receive sweetened or unsweetened SQ-LNS versions, mixed with infant oatmeal. At in-person visits, caregivers fed both SQ-LNS versions to children and rated their child's liking for each. Caregivers fed the SQ-LNS version to which their child was randomized until the child refused to eat more. Acceptance was measured as total grams consumed. Mixed-effects linear models tested the change in SQ-LNS consumed between baseline and postexposure by the SQ-LNS version and number of home exposures. Covariates included the amount of SQ-LNS consumed at baseline, child BMI z-score, child age, and breastfeeding experience. Results Children's acceptance of both SQ-LNS versions increased from baseline to postexposure (β, 0.71 g; 95% CI: 0.54-0.89 g; P = 0.04), regardless of SQ-LNS version (P = 0.88) or number of home exposures (P = 0.55). Caregivers rated children's liking of unsweetened SQ-LNS higher at baseline (P = 0.02). Children with lower liking ratings at baseline showed the greatest increases in acceptance between baseline and postexposure (P = 0.01). Conclusions Children's acceptance of SQ-LNS increased with repeated exposure, whether offered the sweetened or unsweetened version, providing preliminary support that adding sugar to SQ-LNS may not improve acceptance in young children. Children who initially like the supplement less may need repeated experience to learn to accept SQ-LNS. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04544332.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on time to treatment initiation for patients with advanced cancer

1528Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted US healthcare delivery and led to delays in life-prolonging therapy for some conditions. Its impact on diagnosis and timely care delivery for pat...
A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science

Introduction to the UCGIS Research Agenda Spatial Data Acquisition and Integration Cognition of Geographic Information Scale Extensions to Geographic Representations Spatial Analysis and Modeling in a GIS Environment Research Issues on Uncertainty in Geographic Data and GIS-Based Analysis The Future of the Spatial Information Infrastructure Distributed and Mobile Computing GIS and Society: Interrelation, Integration, and Transformation Geographic Visualization Ontological Foundations for Geographic Information Science Remotely-Acquired Data and Information in GIScience Geospatial Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Postscript on the UCGIS and Research
Frequency Pushing and Frequency Hysteresis of Single-Mode, Standing-Wave Gas Lasers

In previous work [1,2], I showed that the steady-state intensity and frequency of a tuned, single-mode, standing-wave gas laser can undergo a bifurcation as the pump excitation is increased; the states comprising the bifurcation branches are frequency-pushed, with intensities that, for equal excitations, are greater than those found on the on-resonance branch. The corresponding instability of the on-resonance branch was demonstrated to arise from frequency perturbations. Having extended those investigations, I will show below that the frequency-pushed branches can themselves remain stable over an observable range of frequencies, both as functions of the pump excitation and of the cavity detuning. In the latter case, frequency hysteresis is predicted, along with a small hysteresis of the intensity.
Determining the optimal time on x-ray analysis for Transportation Security Officers.

The Transportation Security Administration has a large workforce of Transportation Security Officers, most of whom perform interrogation of x-ray images at the passenger checkpoint. To date, TSOs on the x-ray have been limited to a 30-min session at a time, however, it is unclear where this limit originated. The current paper outlines methods for empirically determining if that 30-min duty cycle is optimal and if there are differences between individual TSOs. This work can inform scheduling TSOs at the checkpoint and can also inform whether TSOs should continue to be cross-trained (i.e., performing all 6 checkpoint duties) or whether specialization makes more sense.
Endogenous Trade in the Factor Proportions Model: The Heckscher-Ohlin-Marshall Model

The neoclassical trade model is characterized by production frontiers, utility maximization, and offer curves in general functional form with general expenditure and revenue functions. The factor proportions Heckscher-Ohlin trade model is based on the comparative static analysis of production with a foundation of cost minimization and production functions but does not include utility maximization. The present paper develops a "Heckscher-Ohlin-Marshall" trade model, introducing utility maximization and balanced trade in the comparative static factor proportions model. Properties follow the underlying production structure but ambiguity arises in the local effect of changing prices on exports. Inelastic or "backward bending" offer curves are in fact part of the neoclassical trade model and the present results embody the Metzler (1949) paradox that a tariff could lower the tariff inclusive relative price of imports. The present paper analyzes the slope of offer curves in terms of the level of trade, marginal utilities, factor intensity, and factor substitution. Further, the model can be extended to include many factors and products and can be simulated.
Marketplace Analysis of Conjugated Estrogens: Determining the Consistently Present Steroidal Content with LC-MS

Conjugated estrogens purified from pregnant mares urine has been used as estrogen hormone replacement therapy since 1942. Previously, methods were proposed to identify and quantify the components of this complex mixture but ultimately were withdrawn due to incomplete characterization of the product and difficulties in transferring the method between laboratories. The aim of the current study is to develop a LC method that can reliably detect multiple steroidal components in conjugated estrogen tablets and measure their relative amount. The method developed was optimized for UHPLC columns, and the elution profile was analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 60 steroidal components were identified using their exact m/z, product ion spectra of known, and predicted conjugated estrogen structures. These components were consistently present in 23 lots of Premarin tablets spanning two production years. The ten conjugated estrogens identified in the USP monograph and other additional estrogens reported elsewhere are among the 60 steroidal components reported here. The LC-MS method was tested in different laboratories using multiple samples, and the obtained results were reproducible among laboratories.
Basophilic leukemia and the hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin

A 48-yr-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia and basophilia developed a duodenal ulcer and hemorrhage. Gastric analysis revealed basal hyper-secretion of acid (33.1 mEq/h) and pepsin (44.5 x 10(-4) peptic units/h). Blood, serum, and urine histamine was elevated and serum gastrin was normal. Although acid output was markedly suppressed with ranitidine (50 mg i.v.), pepsin secretion was only inhibited 63% and had returned to basal levels by the sixth hour. Maximal acid output does not suggest a trophic effect of histamine in this patient. The previously reported cases of basophilic leukemia and gastric hypersecretion or duodenal ulcer disease are reviewed.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)

We developed nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). These loci have two to 18 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities ranging from 0 to 0.879 in a sample of 34 individuals. In a pattern consistent with the functionally asexual reproductive system of this species, 17/36 pairs of loci revealed significant linkage disequilibrium and three loci showed significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The loci will be informative in identifying genotypes in multigenerational field studies to assess changes in genotype frequencies.
Ultrasonic bearing estimation using a MEMS microphone array and spatiotemporal filters

Simulation results are presented for a method to process ultrasonic signals from an array of MEMS microphones to determine the angle of incidence of the original signal. Specifically, noise immunity is a primary concern, as is low-power operation and compact implementation. To achieve these objectives, a bank of spatiotemporal filters is the method chosen for computation. This approach focuses on sensing apparent velocity of the wavefront across the array, as opposed to standard methods concentrating on relative temporal or delay characteristics of the sensor responses. It utilizes mixed-mode band-pass VLSI filter banks to enable bearing processing. Simulation demonstrated one-degree accuracy with SNR down to 14 dB.
Outer Zone Electrons

Satellites in low altitude, high inclination orbits have been used to study nearearth effects of perturbations occurring well out in the magnetosphere by observing the spatial and temporal behavior of energetic electrons. Studies concerned with ≥40 keV electrons include: the initial Observation of electrons precipitated into the atmosphere from altitudes >1000 km (O’BRIEN, 1962); the initial Observation of a diurnal Variation in the trapped electron population(O’BRIEN, 1963); further, more detailed studies of trapped and precipitated electrons and their diurnal variations (O’BRIEN, 1964; O’BRIEN and TAYLOR, 1964; MCDIARMID and BURROWS, 1964 a and b; FRANK etal, 1964; ARMSTRONG, 1965); and the recent Observation of the existence of “spikes” of 40 keV electrons at latitudes above the boundary of the outer zone and preferentially during local night (MCDIARMID and BURROWS, 1965). A recent study at 10 keV has shown that intense fluxes of these lower energy electrons occur predominantly at local night and high latitudes (FRITZ and GURNETT, 1965).
Schleiermacher on Religion

Since Schleiermacher’s lifetime there have been three prominent ‘school-interpretations’ of his understanding of religion, each of which has misrepresented him in important ways. I briefly describe the contents of the three traditions of Schleiermacher-interpretation before turning to a reconstruction of his understanding of religion. Schleiermacher described religion as a complex cultural and social process, grounded in a central feature or ‘essence’ which determines its ideal character. Properly understood, his account of religion was neither an attempt to describe all religions as fundamentally the same nor an attempt to shield religion from scientific scrutiny. Rather, the account was calculated to serve the interests of the peaceful coexistence of religion and science by displaying religion as a phenomenon capable of adapting in the face of advancing knowledge concerning the natural order and concerning religion itself.
A case study: Comparison and limitations of biological and chemical assessments of trophic state in four streams of the Genesee River watershed

Abstract We evaluated the trophic status of several contrasting wadeable streams with the Nutrient Biotic Index for phosphorus (NBI-P) and the NBI for nitrate (NBI-N) in comparison to trophic status as determined based solely on measured nutrient chemistry. The macroinvertebrate assemblage (NBI-P) and phosphorus assessments agreed well in the designation of the trophic status in three of the four streams. However, total nitrogen (TN)-based predictions of trophic status did not agree well with the biologically derived NBI for nitrate. Although improvements to the NBI-N based on nitrate tolerance scores could be made, a TN-derived trophic status, especially in agriculturally impacted watersheds where nitrate concentrations may be relatively low in comparison to TN, may be preferable. In general, the P short-term and long-term nutrient-derived trophic status provided a similar stream trophic classification. However, this was not always the case. While a short-term average is appropriate for the conditions preceding a macroinvertebrate sample, it may not necessarily be an accurate indicator of a stream's long-term chemistry or trophic state. The widely different results between the short- and long-term TP and TN concentrations suggest that streams with inherently variable nonpoint source agricultural runoff might need a wider time frame to evaluate nutrient concentrations. Although the NBI represents an integrated response to both autochthonous and allochthonous inputs of carbon, invertebrate responses to toxics, as well as nutrients, and the short period of time the NBI may represent, may not adequately reflect impact and nutrient load to downstream systems.