cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expanding the indications for sentinel lymph node surgery in breast cancer

Nodal evaluation in breast cancer patients is important for staging and continues to be the strongest indicator of breast cancer outcome. This information is used to make treatment decisions, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, in individual patients. The removal of lymph nodes that contain metastatic disease also plays a role in local–regional control. Historically, this has been performed with an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Over the last 15 years, sentinel lymph node (SLN) surgery has been established as a replacement for ALND in patients with breast cancer and its use and indications are expanding. SLN surgery was described initially in the management of patients with clinically node-negative melanoma and was translated into the breast cancer population in the early 1990s by Krag [1] and Guiliano [2]. The benefits of SLN surgery are that it can avoid the need for ALND in node-negative patients and result in a decreased complication rate compared with ALND, particularly in terms of the development of lymphedema, impaired shoulder mobility and paresthesias [3,4]. Initially, its use was limited to patients with T1 or T2 tumors and a clinically negative axilla. Relative contraindications for the use of this technique have included large primary tumor size, inflammatory breast cancer, multifocal or multicentric disease, use of preoperative chemotherapy, prior breast or axillary surgery of any kind, previous breast augmentation or breast reduction surgery, and pregnancy. As our experience with SLN surgery has evolved, the identification rate of SLNs at surgery has improved and false-negative rates have decreased. A review of the published literature demonstrates that the identification rate of the SLN ranges from 90–95% and the false-negative rate of SLN surgery varies between 5–10%. The procedure is either performed with the use of radioisotope, blue dye or both. The most commonly used blue dye is isosulfan blue dye (LymphazurinTM), although methylene blue is used in some centers. The consensus statement by the American Society of Breast Surgeons advocates that the radioactive tracer and the blue dye are both used to increase the identification rate and decrease the false-negative rate of SLN surgery. A SLN is defined as a node which is radioactive, blue or palpably abnormal. The indications for SLN surgery are expanding as experience with SLN surgery grows and evidence regarding the feasibility and accuracy of SLN surgery in various different patient subgroups becomes available.
GRP78: a multifunctional receptor on the cell surface.

Abstract The 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, whose function is generally thought to be restricted to controlling the structural maturation of nascent glycoproteins. However, GRP78 also is expressed on the cell surface where it functions as a receptor for a wide variety of ligands, behaving as an autoantigen for several classes of autoantibodies. GRP78 is a signaling receptor for activated α2-macroglobulin, plasminogen kringle 5, and microplasminogen, and it plays a critical role in viral entry of coxsackie B, and dengue fever viruses. GRP78 is also implicated in the regulation of tissue factor procoagulant activity and functions as a receptor for angiogenic peptides via a mechanism independent of the VEGF receptor. Cell surface GRP78 is found associated with such diverse proteins as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), the teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor I (Cripto), and the DnaJ-like protein ...
Medial temporal lobe activation during encoding and retrieval of novel face-name pairs

The human medial temporal lobe (MTL) is known to be involved in declarative memory, yet the exact contributions of the various MTL structures are not well understood. In particular, the data as to whether the hippocampal region is preferentially involved in the encoding and/or retrieval of associative memory have not allowed for a consensus concerning its specific role. To investigate the role of the hippocampal region and the nearby MTL cortical areas in encoding and retrieval of associative versus non-associative memories, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity during learning and later recognition testing of novel face-name pairs. We show that there is greater activity for successful encoding of associative information than for non-associative information in the right hippocampal region, as well as in the left amygdala and right parahippocampal cortex. Activity for retrieval of associative information was greater than for non-associative information in the right hippocampal region also, as well as in the left perirhinal cortex, right entorhinal cortex, and right parahippocampal cortex. The implications of these data for a clear functional distinction between the hippocampal region and the MTL cortical structures are discussed. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A decade of discovery

Artificial satellites have been available for space research for slightly more than a decade, and it seems appropriate to take stock of the accomplishments of that decade from the viewpoint of the earth's environment in space. The results can only be described as revolutionary; few of the concepts of the early 1950's have survived without major revision and totally unexpected discoveries have provided fundamentally new theoretical challenges. The accomplishments are far too numerous to describe in detail, but a few prominent examples will serve to illustrate the great change in perspective that the space age has brought to our picture of the sun-earth system. The early years of rocket astronomy were devoted to exploring the solar spectrum from the visible cut-off near 3000 A to its X-ray limit. Rockets provided the first means of directly examining these solar wavelengths which the earth's atmosphere blocks, and one of the earliest triumphs of rocket solar astronomy was the discovery of solar X rays originating in the million-degree coronal plasma. By 1950 the solar spectrum had been broadly mapped and the outlines of the mechanisms by which solar ionizing radiations produce and control the ionosphere became discernable. The past ten years of space research have presented us with a remarkably detailed knowledge of the solar spectrum, the nature of solar active centers, and the character of solar variability in the ionizing fluxes. The slowly varying behavior of the sun during its II-year cycle from maximum to minimum activity has been observed, and it is most pronounced in the higher energy radiations not detectable at ground level. While some of the principal ultraviolet emissions from hydrogen Lyman α(1216 A) to shorter wavelengths change by only 50 per cent from minimum to maximum, X-ray fluxes vary tenfold in the wavelengths absorbed in the E region of the ionosphere and a hundredfold for the short wavelengths (1 to 8 A) that affect the D region. Solar flares produce prodigious increases in the shortest wavelengths: the largest flare of recent years enhanced the 0- to 3-A flux by more than a hundred-thousand times. It is thus clearly established that sudden ionospheric disturbances are X-ray induced. The solar X-ray and ultraviolet energy input to all levels of the ionosphere is qualitatively understood; an improvement in flux values to a quantitative accuracy of only about 10 per cent is needed to satisfy the requirements of aeronomers for a detailed accounting of the atmospheric energy budget.
The effect of ball-milling upon certain properties of proteins.

Abstract Grinding in a ball mill caused the solubility of egg albumen to decrease and then to increase, while free sulfhydryl groups reached a maximum and then decreased. Similar treatment of wool caused a continual increase in both aqueous solubility and titratable sulfhydryl groups. Both were made more susceptible to tryptic digestion.
Electroconvection Cells in Dielectric Liquids Interfaced with Conducting Fluids

Electroconvection cells at fluid/fluid interfaces may be part of a general pattern which includes convection cells driven by thermal energy transport and those driven by chemical potential transport. Interfacial tension appears to be the unstable parameter in each case. Electroconvection cells were generated in thin layers of eight different isotropic dielectric liquids by bombarding the liquid/air interface with negative corona. The same electroconvection cells formed and followed the same sequence of development in each liquid. Three types of electroconvection cells were found, each being a ring vortex of liquid but with differing sizes and rotations. Increasing current density was accompanied by decreasing diameters of types II and III cells, and by a gradual large increase in total surface area resulting from the nature and behaviour of type II cells which form open channels penetrating entirely through the liquid layer. The vertex angle for II cell cones frozen in a thermoplastic recording compared favourably with a limiting value suggested by Taylor (1964) who may have measured II cell vertices in experiments which obscured cellular motion.
A four-channel integrated patch-clamp amplifier with current-clamp capability

We present the first fully-integrated microchip implementation of a patch-clamp measurement system featuring both current clamp and voltage clamp modes with gain control, leak correction, series access resistance compensation, parasitic capacitive compensation capability, and input and output filters. The system was implemented in a 1-poly, 3-metal, 0.5 µm Siliconon-Sapphire process. In voltage clamp mode input-referred rms noise was measured at 3.3 pA in a 5 kHz bandwidth and in current clamp mode input-referred rms noise was measured at 150 µV in the same bandwidth. The system can compensate for the capacitance and resistance of the electrode, up to 10 pF and up to 80% of the series access resistance of 100 MΩ respectively, or 100% with phase-lag compensation. Four fully integrated dual clamp channels are contained on one 4 mm by 8 mm die. The power consumption is 30.1 mW per channel at 3.3 V.
A derivation of the normal equation in FIR Wiener filters

In developing the normal equation of the finite-duration impulse-response Wiener filter, the method of taking a gradient of scalar-valued mean-square error to complex tap-weight vector is discussed. A variational method used to attain the normal equation is also included. >
Henmon-Nelson IQ scores as predictors of WAIS full scale IQ in alcoholics.

Used the Henmon-Nelson Test of Mental Abilities to predict WAIS Full Scale IQ Scores with a group (N = 41) of hospitalized alcoholics. The results suggest a moderately high correlation (r = .807), which corresponds with reports of these studies of Watson and Klett for a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients. A linear regression was calculated and a and b weights generated.
Tissue and subcellular distribution of CLIC1

CLIC1 is a chloride channel whose cellular role remains uncertain. The distribution of CLIC1 in normal tissues is largely unknown and conflicting data have been reported regarding the cellular membrane fraction in which CLIC1 resides. New antisera to CLIC1 were generated and were found to be sensitive and specific for detecting this protein. These antisera were used to investigate the distribution of CLIC1 in mouse tissue sections and three cultured cell lines. We find CLIC1 is expressed in the apical domains of several simple columnar epithelia including glandular stomach, small intestine, colon, bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, airway, and the tail of the epididymis, in addition to the previously reported renal proximal tubule. CLIC1 is expressed in a non-polarized distribution in the basal epithelial cell layer of the stratified squamous epithelium of the upper gastrointesitinal tract and the basal cells of the epididymis, and is present diffusely in skeletal muscle. Distribution of CLIC1 was examined in Panc1 cells, a relatively undifferentiated, non-polarized human cell line derived from pancreatic cancer, and T84 cells, a human colon cancer cell line which can form a polarized epithelium that is capable of regulated chloride transport. Digitonin extraction was used to distinguish membrane-inserted CLIC1 from the soluble cytoplasmic form of the protein. We find that digitonin-resistant CLIC1 is primarily present in the plasma membrane of Panc1 cells. In T84 cells, we find digitonin-resistant CLIC1 is present in an intracellular compartment which is concentrated immediately below the apical plasma membrane and the extent of apical polarization is enhanced with forskolin, which activates transepithelial chloride transport and apical membrane traffic in these cells. The sub-apical CLIC1 compartment was further characterized in a well-differentiated mouse renal proximal tubule cell line. The distribution of CLIC1 was found to overlap that of megalin and the sodium-phosphate cotransporter, NaPi-II, which are markers of the apical endocytic/recycling compartment in proximal tubule. The cell and tissue specific patterns of CLIC1 expression suggest it may play distinct roles in different cell types. In certain polarized columnar epithelia, it may play a role in apical membrane recycling.
Structural effects of clinically observed mutations in JAK2 exons 13-15: comparison with V617F and exon 12 mutations

Background The functional relevance of many of the recently detected JAK2 mutations, except V617F and exon 12 mutants, in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) has been significantly overlooked. To explore atomic-level explanations of the possible mutational effects from those overlooked mutants, we performed a set of molecular dynamics simulations on clinically observed mutants, including newly discovered mutations (K539L, R564L, L579F, H587N, S591L, H606Q, V617I, V617F, C618R, L624P, whole exon 14-deletion) and control mutants (V617C, V617Y, K603Q/N667K).
Estimation of spatially varying illumination in hyperspectral images

While images often contain only one illumination source, objects in the scene are illuminated by varying intensities of that illuminant. We show that the illuminant can be estimated using a few known reflectances within an image taken with a hyperspectral camera. The method relies on projection to a non-convex constraint set, as well as to convex constraint sets. Simulations and tests on actual hyperspectral images show the method is effective.
Computing in liberal arts colleges

The panelists will describe their experiences and share their thoughts on the special problems involved in teaching computing in the environment of the liberal arts college. Time will be available for attendees to add their own comments.
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF TIME-RESOLVED INFRARED DIFFERENCE SPECTRA OF THE L and M INTERMEDIATES OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN*

Abstract– Infrared difference spectra with 4 cm−1 spectral resolution and 10-u.s temporal resolution, obtained previously with a stroboscopic Fourier-transform difference technique (Braiman et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2388), were analyzed by means of a global exponential fitting procedure based on singular value decomposition. Using a simple linear kinetic model K → L → M for the bacteriorhodopsin (bR) photocycle in the time range10–1000 μ.s at 16.5°C, it was possible to generate bR → L and bR → M difference spectra with signal/noise ratios comparable to those obtainable with low temperature difference spectroscopy. The resulting time-resolved bR → L and bR-→ M difference spectra are both very similar to the corresponding static FTIR difference spectra obtained at 175 K and 250 K, respectively. In the bR → L spectrum, however, there are interesting differences that may indicate a greater degree of deprotonation of Asp-96 when L is formed at physiological temperatures than when it is observed in a low-temperature steady state.
Retention of Transcription Initiation Factor σ70 in Transcription Elongation: Single-Molecule Analysis

Summary We report a single-molecule assay that defines, simultaneously, the translocational position of a protein complex relative to DNA and the subunit stoichiometry of the complex. We applied the assay to define translocational positions and σ 70 contents of bacterial transcription elongation complexes in vitro. The results confirm ensemble results indicating that a large fraction, ∼70%–90%, of early elongation complexes retain σ 70 and that a determinant for σ 70 recognition in the initial transcribed region increases σ 70 retention in early elongation complexes. The results establish that a significant fraction, ∼50%–60%, of mature elongation complexes retain σ 70 and that a determinant for σ 70 recognition in the initial transcribed region does not appreciably affect σ 70 retention in mature elongation complexes. The results further establish that, in mature elongation complexes that retain σ 70 , the half-life of σ 70 retention is long relative to the timescale of elongation, suggesting that some complexes may retain σ 70 throughout elongation.
Blinded-reader comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasonography for carotid artery bifurcation stenosis.

We compared two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and duplex ultrasonography with arteriography for the detection of 70% to 99% stenoses at the carotid artery bifurcation (ie, surgical disease according to findings of the North American Carotid Endarterectomy Trial). Three blinded readers independently measured stenoses on MRA in 73 vessels from 38 patients. Duplex ultrasonography was available in 66 vessels from 35 of these patients, and blinded reading was performed by one reader. Comparison was made to arteriography. Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated a sensitivity of 92.4%, specificity of 74.5%, and negative predictive value of 95.8% for 70% to 99% stenoses. Interobserver agreement was high (kappa = 0.91). Absence of signal at stenoses with evidence of distal flow usually, but not always, corresponded to surgical disease. Duplex ultrasonography demonstrated a sensitivity of 81.0%, specificity of 82.2%, and negative predictive value of 90.2% for surgical disease. There was no significant difference between MRA and duplex ultrasonography for the sensitivity or specificity in detecting 70% to 99% stenoses (P > .1, exact form of the McNemar test). MRA had no false positives or false negatives for complete occlusions of the carotid artery, whereas duplex ultrasonography missed one occlusion and falsely called two patent vessels occluded. In seven cases, both MRA and duplex ultrasonography overestimated stenoses to miscategorize them as surgical disease. Although the sensitivity and specificity of MRA and duplex ultrasonography are not significantly different for distinguishing surgical and nonsurgical degrees of stenosis at the carotid bifurcation, MRA has some advantages that may make it the screening test of choice. Concordant MRA and duplex ultrasonography for surgical disease does not necessarily obviate the need for catheter arteriography.
Thinking Like Adam Smith

This article aims to correct a number of popular misconceptions about the man who wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments as well as The Wealth of Nations—notably, that the unfettered pursuit of self-interest and personal liberty is a reliable prescription for prosperity, and that regulatory constraints on market forces are unnecessary or unimportant. Viewed in its entirety, Smith's work is seen as a lifelong attempt to design social institutions— government agencies as well as families, churches, schools, and joint-stock companies—so as to harness “destructive passions” and channel self-interest in ways that lead to the greatest public good. Although the workings of the market are viewed as the main engine of prosperity, one of Smith's purposes in writing The Wealth of Nations was to encourage politicians to resist the pressures of economic groups attempting to use political power to advance their own interests. And Smith himself is described as pursuing a “program of cultivating men of public spirit who would be moved to participate in government”—men who, armed with Smith's science of political economy, would recognize not only the role of markets in securing the greatest public good, but also the importance of an extensive framework of public services to allow markets to function effectively.
An Observer-Based Controller Design Method for Automotive Fuel-Injection Systems

Emission control is a very important issue in automotive engineering. In the urban trafic mode, the engine is known to be operated mostly in a transient state and the wide operating range and the inherent nonlinearities of the induction process make the design of the fuel-injection controller very difficult. In this paper, an observer-based nonlinear automotive fuel-injection controller is designed. The designed controller achieves excellent transient properties with a small chattering amplitude of air-to-fuel ratio. The controller is robust to model errors and the structure is simple enough to be implemented with on-line computation. The simulation results show that the control algorithm reduces the chattering magnitude considerably under the existence of modelling errors and a large measurement time delay.
The effectiveness and costs of comprehensive geriatric evaluation and management

Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional interdisciplinary diagnostic process focused on determining a frail elderly person's medical, psychological, and functional capabilities in order to develop a coordinated and integrated plan for treatment and long-term follow-up. Geriatrics interventions building on CGA are defined from their historical emergence to the present day in a discussion of their complexity, goals and normative components. Through literature review, questions of the effectiveness and costs of these interventions are addressed. Evidence of effectiveness is derived from individual trials and, particularly, recent systematic reviews. While the trial evidence lends support to the proposition that geriatric interventions can be effective, the results have not been uniform. Review of meta-regression studies suggests that much of this outcome variability is related to identifiable program design parameters. In particular, targeting the frail, an interdisciplinary team structure with clinical control of care, and long-term follow-up, tend to be associated with effective programs. Answers to cost-effectiveness questions also vary and are more rare. With some exceptions, existing evidence as exists suggest that geriatrics interventions can be effective without raising total costs of care. Despite the attention given to these questions in recent years, there is still much room for clinical and scientific advance as we move to better understand what CGA interventions do well and in whom.
Relationship between pharmacy students' knowledge about, attitudes toward, and intention to provide pharmacy-based immunization services

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine pharmacy students' knowledge about, attitudes toward, and intention to provide pharmacy-based immunization services (PBIS). Students enrolled in the third professional year of pharmacy school were surveyed using a 30-item survey to assess their knowledge about PBIS, attitude toward PBIS, intention to provide PBIS, and their demographics. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations. Approximately 80% of students felt they had sufficient knowledge/skills to provide PBIS upon graduation; mean knowledge score was 7.12 ± 1.552 (10-point scale) and 58% intended to do so. Statistically significant correlations were found between students' perceived knowledge/skills and their intent to provide PBIS, and between students' attitudes toward PBIS and their intent to provide these services ( p
Swen hulls and self-defense

Abstract Evidence is mounting, with wrecks and representations of the 6th and 7th centuries BC, to suggest that Etruscan/Italian maritime traditions were different from those practiced by the Greeks. This technology affected both the design and assembly of mechant vessels, and also modes of naval armament. While some vessels of the 7th century already carried foresails others were built with a high-set, knife-like ram on the prow to counter the waterline rams of Greek longships.
Assessment of the Prostate Motion During Volumetric Modulated Treatments

volumetric modulated treatments J. D. Azcona1,2, R. Li1, E. Mok1, S. Hancock1, and L. Xing1 1Stanford University Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA 2University Clinic of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain Purpose To develop an algorithm for detection of metallic fiducial markers in cine megavoltage (MV) images, and to assess the prostate movement during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments. Materials and Methods
Negotiating from Mars to Venus: gender in simulated international negotiations

Gender analysis has emerged as an important conceptual approach to the study of decision making and conflict resolution in the international arena. Although scholars and practitioners within the field of international relations have debated the effect of gender on the negotiation and decision-making process, little systematic evidence to support their assertions has taken place. This article examines a set of data from the GLOBALED PROJECT that provides insights into the different ways men and women perceive world affairs and interact in a negotiation setting. In particular, the authors examine differences in the negotiation styles of all-female, all-male, and mixed-gender groups when negotiating over international or global issues. Findings from the GLOBALED PROJECT, a computer-mediated study of gender differences in decision-making and negotiation skills, show that there are indeed significant differences between the approaches used by various gender groupings. Although much work remains to be done in this area, this research indicates that some of the impressionistic and anecdotal characterizations of the different ways men and women approach negotiations and decision making are indeed well-grounded when examined through systemic evidence.
The Vision Scenes in Bernadette: Newman's and Powell's Contributions

The 1943 movie The Song of Bernadette names Alfred Newman as its “composer.” But his chief assistant at the time, Edward Powell, appears to have made a number of important contributions. If Newman provided the themes and harmonies with their positioning within the individual scenes, Powell worked out the scorings and registers, and at times filled out the harmonies with additional notes or counter-melodies. In this regard Newman and Powell can be considered a “team.” They also shared enthusiasms concerning composers, such as Sibelius, Wagner, or Ravel, from whom thematic ideas appear to have been borrowed, e.g. Sibelius’s “forest murmurs” (Symphony no.5) with its strangely dissonant chromaticisms, or the opulent celesta and harp effects in the first vision scene that recall Ravel’s Daphnis et Chloe. The three vision scenes are based on essentially the same thematic material, although the third brings in a quotation from Victoria’s motet “Ave Maria,” which subsequently becomes a leitmotif throughout the movie, underscoring those moments when a sacred feeling was suggested or emphasized.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL : III. THE EFFECT OF EXTRANASAL INJECTION ON THE GROWTH OF THE FOWL CORYZA BACILLUS.

The mucous surfaces of the nasal passages and orbital sinuses appear to afford particularly favorable conditions for the development of the fowl coryza bacillus. Injected in the nasal tract, in any appreciable number, the bacilli regularly develop and may continue to exist for a considerable period of time in spite of an active inflammatory reaction on the part of the host. The specific bacillus multiplies either sparsely or not at all when injected extranasally, regardless of the nature of the cellular surface with which it is brought in contact. If the locus of injection is in communication with the upper air passages, as in the case of the trachea, internal ear, and orbital cavity, the bacilli may be carried there, even in the absence of a local development, and produce a coryza. Introduction of the bacilli in loci not in communication with the upper air passages is followed by a nasal carriage only in the case of the peritoneal cavity. Following intraperitoneal injection, 7 of 12 birds showed the specific bacillus in the nasal passages and except in one instance without an accompanying inflammation.
Similar Neutrophil-Driven Inflammatory and Antibacterial Responses in Elderly Patients with Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

Differential diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and urinary tract infection (UTI) is based on the presence of diverse symptoms, including fever (≥38.5°C), rigors, malaise, lethargy, flank pain, hematuria, suprapubic discomfort, dysuria, and urgent or frequent urination. There is consensus in the medical community that ASB warrants antibiotic treatment only for patients undergoing urological procedures that lead to mucosal bleeding, catheterized individuals whose ASB persists for more than 48 h after catheter removal, and pregnant women. Pyuria is associated with UTI and implicates host immune responses via release of antibacterial effectors and phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils. Such responses are not sufficiently described for ASB. Metaproteomic methods were used here to identify the pathogens and evaluate molecular evidence of distinct immune responses in cases of ASB compared to UTI in elderly patients who were hospitalized upon injury. Neutrophil-driven inflammatory responses to invading bacteria were not discernible in most patients diagnosed with ASB compared to those with UTI. In contrast, proteomic urine analysis for trauma patients with no evidence of bacteriuria, including those who suffered mucosal injuries via urethral catheterization, rarely showed evidence of neutrophil infiltration. The same enzymes contributing to the synthesis of leukotrienes LTB4 and LTC4, mediators of inflammation and pain, were found in the UTI and ASB cohorts. These data support the notion that the pathways mediating inflammation and pain in most elderly patients with ASB are not quantitatively different from those seen in most elderly patients with UTI and warrant larger clinical studies to assess whether a common antibiotic treatment strategy for elderly ASB and UTI patients is justified.
Intestinal vascular responses to naturally occurring vasoactive substances.

Summary The net response of blood vessels to an intra-arterially infused vasoactive agent results from the interplay of two or three actions. These are a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle, an indirect effect on vascular smooth muscle via metabolites, and, in some beds, an indirect effect via change in the mechanical activity of parenchymal cells. The latter effect appears to be important in the intestinal vascular bed. Many vasoactive agents influence the mechanical activity of the visceral smooth muscle, thereby altering vascular transmural pressure. Frequently, the change in transmural pressure appears to have an effect on caliber which is opposite to that produced by the direct effect. This may explain why potent vasoactive agents sometimes produce small changes in flow in the intestinal vascular bed. When the change in transmural pressure augments the direct effect, the change in flow can be large. The role of metabolites in determining the response of intestinal blood vessels to vasoactive agents is not clear and deserves critical study. In particular, studies should be directed at determining the effect on the relation of blood flow to metabolism and on the venous concentrations of oxygen, hydrogen ion, potassium ion, adenosine and the adenine nucleotides, and the Krebs intermediate metabolites. Differences in the interplay between the direct, metabolite, and mechanical effects could explain why blood vessels in various vascular beds respond differently to some vasoactive agents.
MyCS at 5: Assessing a Middle-years CS Curriculum

This paper shares the five-year development and deployment of MyCS, a CS curriculum for "middle-years students," roughly in US grades 4-10. Consistent with many middle-years curricula, MyCS promotes positive individual identification with its field, CS, especially as it intersects with other facets of students' maturing identities. A detailed assessment of students' MyCS experiences reveal significant positive outcomes relative to a control group, as well as many neutral (no-distinction) results relative to the control. Feedback from teacher and administrators have refined MyCS and, perhaps more importantly, built curricular bridges to both elementary- and high-school CS. By tracing MyCS's assessment and evolution, this work highlights how two districts used a middle-years CS foothold from which to establish deeper, district-wide changes in identity.
Design and Simulation Methodology to Improve the Performance of Airspace Tube Networks

The concept of high-traffic corridors and tube networks has been proposed to meet air traffic demand in the future. Several airspace tube network designs are available using different approaches. The utility of any transcontinental air traffic tube network is limited by the hub and spoke nature of air traffic in the US and the existence of over 50% of commercial flights with ranges less than 500 miles. Therefore, this paper describes an improved design methodology that accounts for the nature of the domestic air traffic that utilizes this network, characterizes the utility of a given tube network, and demonstrates possible limits in the efficacy of any tube network with current air traffic. Simulation results show that the number of aircraft flying within the redesigned tube network is comparable to the number flying through the other tube networks; however, since the length of the redesigned tube network is roughly half the length of the next-shortest tube network, the instantaneous occupancies are approximately twice that of the other tube designs.
Optimal Routing for Lifetime Maximization of Wireless-Sensor Networks With a Mobile Source Node

We study the problem of routing in sensor networks where the goal is to maximize the network's lifetime. Previous work has considered this problem for fixed-topology networks. Here, we add mobility to the source node, which requires a new definition of the network lifetime. In particular, we redefine lifetime to be the time until the source node depletes its energy. When the mobile node's trajectory is unknown in advance, we formulate three versions of an optimal control problem aiming at this lifetime maximization. We show that in all cases, the solution can be reduced to a sequence of nonlinear programming roblems solved on line as the source-node trajectory evolves. When the mobile node's trajectory is known in advance, we formulate an optimal control problem which, in this case, requires an explicit offline numerical solution. We include simulation examples to illustrate our results.
Using a computer presentation program and a web-based program to teach the core rotation in obstetrics and gynecology.

OBJECTIVE To describe the curriculum modification of required PowerPoint (Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington) presentations by medical students during the core obstetrics-gynecology rotation. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of 90 medical students' PowerPoint presentations, grades and evaluations from 2000 to 2004. Descriptive and correlation tests were used as appropriate. RESULTS Most Association for Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) objectives were covered by the students' PowerPoint presentations; sections on breast disorders and human sexuality were minimally covered. The students' PowerPoint presentations were posted on the clerkship official website in 2004 and have been accessed by students as educational material. Overall, 70-90% of students found the curriculum useful and thought that it improved their educational experience in obstetrics-gynecology; however, about one third did not think they obtained assistance from the faculty and did not find it easy obtaining the required material. There was a significant positive correlation between PowerPoint presentation grades with the oral (r = 0.408, p = 0.000), National Board of Medical Examiners Obstetrics-Gynecology examination (r = 0.362, p = 0.000) and clinical (r = 0.329, p = 0.002) scores. Also, the PowerPoint presentation curriculum was shown to effectively teach many of the segments of Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Educators (ACGME) competency. CONCLUSION A PowerPoint presentation by students is useful in enhancing educational experience and can be used to cover APGO educational objectives and ACGME competency.
Children in Graham Greene's Borderlands

Graham Greene is remembered as one of the greatest twentieth century British writers whose novels depict international settings beyond the borders of his homeland. Greene's travels across the globe liberated his worldview to create borderland landscapes that capture historical contexts juxtaposing divergent perspectives burdened with moral dilemmas. His literary reputation combines politics, mystery, and religion with a camera-eye focused on the oppression of the individual. Among his crowds of characters are children trapped in conflicted spaces of political rivalries, social tensions, and racial divisions. Greene portrays children whose marginalized identities must cave in to pressures of migration, miscegenation, and social classification. Graham Greene's biographies and novels illustrate how children pay a toll for power struggles in borderland situations when cross-cultural entanglements are glossed over to set the stage for suppressed identities and cultural stereotypes.
Streamlining the hiring process

L'auteur livre quelques suggestions pour assister les bibliotheques universitaires dans leurs pratiques de recrutement de personnel. La planification des demarches et l'utilisation de moyens electroniques permettent un gain de temps notable. La constitution d'un groupe de recherche des candidats potentiels est crucial dans le processus. L'article fournit des adresses auxquelles envoyer les offres d'emploi et des conseils pour preparer les entretiens d'embauche, trier et enfin attirer les meilleurs candidats.
Short Selling and the Cross-Section of CorporateBond Returns

This article studies the effect of short selling in the equity market on corporate bond returns. We show that firms with heavily shorted shares or large short-trade sizes experience significantly negative future bond returns. Further tests indicate that the relationship between short-trade size and subsequent bond returns is more consistent with stealth trading of short sellers. The impact of short selling on bond returns is robust to various controls for risk, liquidity, and other pricing factors. In examining the information source of short selling, we find that firms associated with heavy shorting activities or large short-trade sizes are likely to subsequently experience negative earnings surprises, higher credit risk, and reduced dividends. The evidence provides little support for the overvaluation argument. Overall, the results are consistent with the proposition that short trades in the equity market exert important valuation consequences in the corporate bond market.
A broader spectrum of tuberculosis.

Two new studies show that high-resolution imaging can detect active tuberculosis (TB) in people otherwise diagnosed as healthy. Individuals with these signs of active infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were at an increased risk of developing clinical TB.
RandSpg: An open-source program for generating atomistic crystal structures with specific spacegroups

Abstract A new algorithm, RandSpg , that can be used to generate trial crystal structures with specific space groups and compositions is described. The program has been designed for systems where the atoms are independent of one another, and it is therefore primarily suited towards inorganic systems. The structures that are generated adhere to user-defined constraints such as: the lattice shape and size, stoichiometry, set of space groups to be generated, and factors that influence the minimum interatomic separations. In addition, the user can optionally specify if the most general Wyckoff position is to be occupied or constrain select atoms to specific Wyckoff positions. Extensive testing indicates that the algorithm is efficient and reliable. The library is lightweight, portable, dependency-free and is published under a license recognized by the Open Source Initiative. A web interface for the algorithm is publicly accessible at http://xtalopt.openmolecules.net/randSpg/randSpg.html . RandSpg has also been interfaced with the XtalOpt evolutionary algorithm for crystal structure prediction, and it is illustrated that the use of symmetric lattices in the first generation of randomly created individuals decreases the number of structures that need to be optimized to find the global energy minimum. Program summary Program Title: RandSpg Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/v2nzgmpd37.1 Licensing provisions: BSD 3-clause [1] Programming language: C++ Nature of problem: Trial structure models are required for: (i) determining the crystal structure of a compound given its powder X-ray diffraction data using the direct space method, (ii) creating the first set of individuals using a priori crystal structure prediction. For both of these problems the initial guess can greatly influence the success rate of the algorithm used for structure determination, especially for crystals with large unit cells. The unit cells of over 99% of inorganic crystals possess some element of symmetry, and it may be possible to obtain partial information about their crystal structures experimentally. Therefore, an algorithm that is able to create trial structures with user-defined constraints including the crystal’s composition, space group and unit cell parameters is desired. Solution method: The RandSpg algorithm is able to determine every possible combination of Wyckoff positions for a given space group and composition. The algorithm randomly picks one of these combinations and adds atoms to particular Wyckoff sites wherein the Cartesian coordinates are chosen randomly such that they satisfy user-defined minimum interatomic distance constraints. In addition, the program can optionally generate crystals where user-defined atoms are placed at specific Wyckoff sites. References: [1] http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
A Multiscale Sequential Fusion Approach for Handling Pupil Dilation in Iris Recognition

Abstract Pupil dilation is shown to degrade iris recognition accuracy (Hollingsworth et al., 2009, [7] ) by increasing the Hamming distance between genuine samples thereby increasing the false reject rate (FRR). Dilation of pupil due to illumination changes or drugs results in complex deformation of the iris texture. In this work, a database to study the effect of pupil dilation is acquired. The adverse effect of pupil dilation on iris recognition is demonstrated using this database. A novel fusion scheme that sequentially fuses IrisCode bit information at different scales is proposed to reduce the effect of non-linear deformation. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the matching accuracy on both the pupil dilation data as well as other non-ideal iris data.
TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN YOUNG PATIENTS PORTENDS A WORSE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL

Background: Recent data suggests that patients with Type 2 Myocardial Infarction (T2-MI) have a worse prognosis than previously appreciated. Yet, little is known about the implications of having a T2-MI at a young age. Methods: Using clinical & billing data, we identified all patients presenting
Radial Artery Fascial Flow-Through Free Flap for Combined Revascularization in Moyamoya Disease.

Background Free flaps are commonly used by other surgical subspecialties for soft tissue reconstruction and revascularization. Cranial applications of these flaps have been limited to only a single case report. Objective To present a new technique for combined revascularization in moyamoya disease using a flow-through free flap. Methods Data were obtained from an Institutional Review Board-approved, prospectively maintained database with informed consent from the patient. Results A 28-yr-old patient presented with progressive stenosis of the proximal anterior cerebral artery resulting in ischemic infarcts. Direct revascularization of the anterior cerebral artery territory and indirect revascularization of the middle cerebral artery with a large vascularized fascial pedicle was performed. Conclusion Flow-through free flaps offer a unique combination of revascularization and a large vascularized pedicle. This technique highlights the application of these flaps for revascularization in moyamoya disease and the value of multidisciplinary collaboration. Revascularization will likely play an increasing role in the open surgical treatment of cerebrovascular disease. We believe that flow-through free flaps will be a contribution to the future of revascularization in neurosurgery.
Historical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion

In this article, we offer a brief history summarizing the last century of neuroscientific study of emotion, highlighting dominant themes that run through various schools of thought. We then summarize the current state of the field, followed by six key points for scientific progress that are inspired by a multi-level constructivist theory of emotion.
Informal assistance to urban families and the risk of household food insecurity.

Abstract Rationale Food insecurity is a persistent social problem affecting one out of eight households in the United States. While evidence shows that public assistance programs (formal assistance) are effective in reducing food insecurity, there is more limited evidence documenting how informal support, through social capital, affects food insecurity. Objective To examine the role of informal support (through instrumental social support, social cohesion, social control, and social participation) on food insecurity transitions using longitudinal data of a sample of disadvantaged urban mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. In addition, the study examines whether these associations vary by participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) using interaction terms. Method The sample includes 2481 mothers of children between ages three and five. The analysis uses unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions. Interaction terms are included to examine formal and informal support. In addition, the analysis uses structural equation modeling to examine direct and indirect associations of the informal support variables on food insecurity. Results Social support and social cohesion reduce the risk of food insecurity, reduce the risk of remaining food insecure, and reduce the risk of becoming food insecure. Social control has an indirect effect on food insecurity, which is mainly through social cohesion. Social participation also has an indirect effect through social support and social cohesion. SNAP participation for mothers with little to no informal support did not reduce the risk of food insecurity. Conclusion Instead of focusing on improving the food access of households, interventions should be expanded to the neighborhood level. Building social capital for low-income residents would increase the cohesiveness of their neighborhoods and their access to social support, which would increase the availability of resources to prevent or overcome food insecurity and other hardships.