cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generic programming for high‐performance scientific applications

We present case studies that apply generic programming to the development of high-performance parallel code for solving two archetypal partial differential equations (PDEs). We examine the overall structure of the example scientific codes and consider their generic implementation. With a generic approach it is a straightforward matter to reuse software components from different sources; implementations with components from the Iterative Template Library (ITL), the Matrix Template Library (MTL), Blitz++, A++/P++, and Fortran BLAS are presented. Our newly developed Generic Message Passing library is used for communication. We compare the generic implementations with equivalent implementations developed with alternative libraries and languages and discuss performance as well as software engineering issues. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery and synthesis of novel phosphine-based ligands for aryl aminations

Abstract Three families of ligands were prepared for use in Pd-catalyzed aryl aminations and possibly other Pd-catalyzed reactions. The first series is derived from diarylsulfones, the second from trityl imidazole, and the third from 2-bromobenzophenone. While these ligands were not very general in terms of substrate scope, they do work fairly well under certain specific conditions. Additionally, the preparation of these ligands is amenable to bulk synthesis.
Photovoltaic Power Systems and the National Electrical Code: Suggested Practices

This suggested practices manual examines the requirements of the National Electrical Code (NEC) as they apply to photovoltaic (PV) power systems. The design requirements for the balance of systems components in a PV system are addressed, including conductor selection and sizing, overcurrent protection ratings and location, and disconnect ratings and location. PV array, battery, charge controller, and inverter sizing and selection are not covered, as these items are the responsibility of the system designer, and they in turn determine the items in this manual. Stand-alone, hybrid, and utility-interactive PV systems are all covered.
Online Course Design: A Case Study

Abstract This case study uses the How People Learn (HPL) framework as the conceptual model to examine an online course in a teacher licensure program for evidence of high level learning outcomes that involve collaboration, reflection, mentoring, and problem solving. The HPL framework focuses on the learning environment and indicates that effective learning takes place to the extent that the learning environment is learner-centered, knowledge-centered, assessment-centered, and community-centered. Analysis of the data resulted in themes that coincide with the elements of the HPL framework: professional growth, peer learning, teaching presence, and collaboration. The design of the course appeared to have a positive impact on student learning as far as complex problem solving and collaboration with peers. Results of the study demonstrate that the HPL framework provides a powerful structure for creating and assessing environments conducive to the work of prospective professionals. Keywords
Silicon nanoridge array waveguides for nonlinear and sensing applications

We fabricate and characterize waveguides composed of closely spaced and longitudinally oriented silicon ridges etched into silicon-on-insulator wafers. Through both guided mode and bulk measurements, we demonstrate that the patterning of silicon waveguides on such a deeply subwavelength scale is desirable for nonlinear and sensing applications alike. The proposed waveguide geometry simultaneously exhibits comparable propagation losses to similar schemes proposed in literature, an enhanced effective third-order nonlinear susceptibility, and high sensitivity to perturbations in its environment.
Weather Effects on Expected Corn and Soybean Yields

Drought and high temperatures during the 2012 growing season affected many agricultural production regions in the United States. For the third consecutive year, national average corn yields were reduced below trend expectations due to weather. Similarly, weather pushed national average soybean yields below trend for the second year in a row. As a result, there is a renewed interest in the relationship between weather and yields for these crops. This paper addresses this issue by developing U.S. corn and soybean yield models that account for weather and other factors.
Direct S-difluoromethylation of thiols using the Ruppert–Prakash reagent

Abstract Direct S-difluoromethylation of aryl and aliphatic thiols using the Ruppert–Prakash reagent is demonstrated. The reaction produces trimethylsilyldifluoromethyl sulfides, which upon cleavage with fluoride produces the difluoromethyl sulfides. The key reaction features are the use of relatively inexpensive and commercially available starting materials, shorter reaction times, ambient temperatures, easy reaction procedure, and selective S-difluoromethylation in the presence of OH, NH2 and CO2H functional groups. Furthermore, one-pot arylthiodifluoromethyl transfer to PhCHO is also demonstrated.
Copper-catalyzed intermolecular oxyamination of olefins using carboxylic acids and O-benzoylhydroxylamines

This paper reports a novel approach for the direct and facile synthesis of 1,2-oxyamino moieties via an intermolecular copper-catalyzed oxyamination of olefins. This strategy utilizes O-benzoylhydroxylamines as an electrophilic amine source and carboxylic acids as a nucleophilic oxygen source to achieve a modular difunctionalization of olefins. The reaction proceeded in a regioselective manner with moderate to good yields, exhibiting a broad scope of carboxylic acid, amine, and olefin substrates.
Snack Foods, Processing

This article deals with different aspects of snack food production. It covers the areas of snacking patterns, types of snacks, raw material for snack foods, and different snack food-manufacturing details. This is intended to be useful for the snack food industry and for marketing professionals to understand different types of snack and trends and for consumers who wish to gain more knowledge about snacks.
Optimal Gap Size for Downward Facing Boiling and Steam Venting in a Hemispherical Annular Channel

A theoretical model has been developed to predict the behavior of a buoyancy-driven upward co-current two-phase flow in an annular channel with uniform gap size that forms between a hemispherical vessel and its surrounding structure. The vessel is fully submerged in water and is heated from within, leading to downward facing boiling on its outer surface. The problem under consideration is relevant to the so-called in-vessel retention (IVR) of core melt, which is a key severe accident management strategy for some advanced pressurized water reactors (APWRs). One available means for IVR is the method of external reactor vessel cooling by flooding of the reactor cavity with water during a severe accident. Design features of most APWRs have the provision for substantial water accumulation in the reactor cavity during numerous postulated accident sequences. With water covering the lower external surfaces of the reactor pressure vessel, significant energy (i.e., decay heat) could be removed from the core melt through the vessel wall by downward facing boiling on the vessel's outer surface. As boiling of water takes place on the vessel outer surface, the vapor generated on the surface would flow upward through the annular channel under the influence of gravity. The vapor motions would entrain liquid water, thus resulting in a buoyancy-driven upward co-current two-phase flow in the channel. While the flow is induced entirely by the boiling process, the rate of boiling, in turn, can be significantly affected by the resulting two-phase flow. As long as the heat flux from the core melt to the vessel wall does not exceed the critical heat flux limit for downward facing boiling, nucleate boiling is the prevailing regime and the vessel wall can be maintained at relatively low temperatures to prevent failure of the lower head. With this scenario in mind, the problem is formulated by considering the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in the two-phase mixture, along with the use of available information on two-phase frictional drop and void fraction. The resulting governing system is solved numerically to predict the total mass flow rate that would be induced in the channel by the boiling process. Based on the numerical results, the optimal gap size that would maximize the steam venting rate and the rate of downward facing boiling over a range of wall heat fluxes is determined. The effects of system pressure and liquid level in the reactor cavity on the induced mass flow rate have also been identified.
Strategic information revelation when experts compete to influence

We consider a persuasion game between a decision-maker and a set of experts. Each expert is identified by two parameters: (i) �quality� or his likelihood of observing the state (i.e., learning what the best decision is) and (ii) �agenda� or the preferred decision that is independent of the state. An informed expert may feign ignorance but cannot misreport. We offer a general characterization of the equilibrium. From the decision-maker's standpoint, (a) higher quality is not necessarily better, (b) extreme agendas are always preferred, and (c) the optimal panel may involve experts with identical (rather than conflicting) agendas.
Chemical potential and compressibility of quantum Hall bilayer excitons

This paper considers a system of two parallel quantum Hall layers with total filling factor 0 or 1. When the distance between the layers is small enough, electrons and holes in opposite layers form interlayer excitons, which have a finite effective mass and interact via a dipole-dipole potential. I present results for the chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ of the resulting bosonic system as a function of the exciton concentration $n$ and the interlayer separation $d$. Both $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and the interlayer capacitance have an unusual nonmonotonic dependence on $d$, owing to the interplay between an increasing dipole moment and an increasing effective mass with increasing $d$. A phase transition between superfluid and Wigner crystal phases is shown to occur at $d\ensuremath{\propto}{n}^{\ensuremath{-}1/10}$. Results are derived first via simple intuitive arguments, and then verified with more careful analytic derivations and numeric calculations.
Hydroxide flux synthesis and crystal structure of the ordered palladate, LuNaPd6O8

We report the single crystal structure of LuNaPd{sub 6}O{sub 8} grown from a sodium hydroxide flux. The utilization of a hydroxide flux has led to the preparation of the first ordered substitution of a lanthanide metal and an alkali metal on the A-site in a platinum group oxide and the first palladate to contain both a lanthanide metal and an alkali metal. The 1:1 ordered substitution of Lu{sup 3+} and Na{sup +} in place of the commonly observed divalent cation leads to slabs of LuO{sub 8} and NaO{sub 8} cubes bridged together by PdO{sub 4} square planes. The compound crystallizes in the cubic space group Pm-3 (no. 200) with a=5.72500(10) A and is structurally related to other cubic palladium oxides. - Graphical abstract: Unit cell of the ordered palladate, LuNaPd{sub 6}O{sub 8} viewed along the z-direction. The Pd{sup 2+} cations (grey) reside in a square planar coordination environment and bridge together the LuO{sub 8} (blue) and NaO{sub 8} (yellow) cubes.
On the Computational Complexity of Optimal Simple Mechanisms

We consider a monopolist seller facing a single buyer with additive valuations over n heterogeneous, independent items. It is known that in this important setting optimal mechanisms may require randomization [12], use menus of infinite size [9], and may be computationally intractable [8]. This has sparked recent interest in finding simple mechanisms that obtain reasonable approximations to the optimal revenue [10, 15, 3]. In this work we attempt to find the optimal simple mechanism.There are many ways to define simple mechanisms. Here we restrict our search to partition mechanisms, where the seller partitions the items into disjoint bundles and posts a price for each bundle; the buyer is allowed to buy any number of bundles.We give a PTAS for the problem of finding a revenue-maximizing partition mechanism, and prove that the problem is strongly NP-hard. En route, we prove structural properties of near-optimal partition mechanisms which may be of independent interest: for example, there always exists a near-optimal partition mechanism that uses only a constant number of non-trivial bundles (i.e. bundles with more than one item).
Economics, Natural-Resource Scarcity and Development : Conventional and Alternative Views

Introduction - economics and natural-resource scarcity towards an economics of sustainable development. Part 1 Historical approaches to natural-resource scarcity: Malthusian and Ricardian scarcity Smith, Malthus and Ricardo Mill, Jevons and Marshall the special case of Marx. Part 2 Non-economic influences: conservationism ecology thermodynamics. Part 3 Conventional theory - optimal rates of depletion: conventional theories of natural-resource scarcity exhaustible resources renewable resources. Part 4 Conventional theory - pollution and natural environments: pollution as an externality optimal pollution control - charges versus standards the preservation of natural environments over time. Part 5 An alternative view of natural-resource scarcity: an alternative view of natural-resource scarcity a theoretical model wider implications - technology, tastes and time. Part 6 Two examples - deforestation in Amazonia and the global greenhouse effect: deforestation in Amazonia the global greenhouse effect. Part 7 Upper watershed degradation in Java: on and off-site effects incentives for soil conservation economic policies and investment strategies. Part 8 Conclusion - an economics of sustainable development: some definitions and conditions sustainable development and advanced economies sustainable development and developing economies.
Computational thinking

My vision for the 21st century, Computational Thinking, will be a fundamental skill used by everyone in the world. To reading, writing, and arithmetic, we should add computational thinking to every child's analytical ability. Computational thinking involves solving problems, designing systems, and understanding human behavior by drawing on the concepts fundamental to computer science. Thinking like a computer scientist means more than being able to program a computer. It requires the ability to abstract and thus to think at multiple levels of abstraction. In this talk I will give many examples of computational thinking, argue that it has already influenced other disciplines, and promote the idea that teaching computational thinking can not only inspire future generations to enter the field of computer science but benefit people in all fields.
Ultra-sensitive Acclerometry Using Anomalous Dispersion in a Sagnac Laser

We show that a zero-area Sagnac ring laser, configured in an L-shape, can perform as an ultrasensitive accelerometer when operated in the so-called superluminal regime by inducing anomalous dispersion with a dipin the gain profile
Prognostic Understanding, Quality of Life, and Mood in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Little is known about how patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and their family caregivers (FC) perceive their prognosis. We examined prognostic understanding in patients undergoing HCT and their FC and its relationship with quality of life (QOL) and mood. We conducted a longitudinal study of patients (and FC) hospitalized for HCT. We used a questionnaire to measure participants' prognostic understanding and asked the oncologists to estimate patients' prognosis prior to HCT. We assessed QOL and mood weekly and evaluated the relationship between prognostic understanding, and QOL and mood using multivariable linear mixed models. We enrolled 90 patients undergoing (autologous (n=30), myeloablative (n=30) or reduced intensity allogeneic (n=30)) HCT. About 88.9% of patients and 87.1% of FC reported it is 'extremely' or 'very' important to know about prognosis. However, 77.6% of patients and 71.7% of FC reported a discordance and more optimistic prognostic perception compared to the oncologist (P<0.0001). Patients with a concordant prognostic understanding with their oncologists reported worse QOL (β=-9.4, P=0.01) and greater depression at baseline (β=1.7, P=0.02) and over time ((β=1.2, P<0.0001). Therefore, Interventions are needed to improve prognostic understanding, while providing patients with adequate psychological support.
Asymptotic existence of proportionally fair allocations

Abstract Fair division has long been an important problem in the economics literature. In this note, we consider the existence of proportionally fair allocations of indivisible goods, i.e., allocations of indivisible goods in which every agent gets at least her proportionally fair share according to her own utility function. We show that when utilities are additive and utilities for individual goods are drawn independently at random from a distribution, proportionally fair allocations exist with high probability if the number of goods is a multiple of the number of agents or if the number of goods grows asymptotically faster than the number of agents.
Binaries in Globular Clusters

Binary stars in a globular cluster (hereafter, GC) may be primordial (i.e. formed along with the cluster), or the result of cluster dynamics. “Dynamical” binaries can result from conservative three-body encounters (e.g. Spitzer, 1987) if a third star can carry away enough kinetic energy to leave two others bound, or from dissipative two-body encounters, if two stars happen to pass within a few stellar radii of one other (Fabian, Pringle, & Rees, 1975). Such non-primordial systems are likely to be found primarily in evolved GC cores, both because conditions are more favorable for making them there, and because of mass segregation. Knowledge of the formation process allows reasonable estimates to be made of their mass and energy distributions. The initial spatial, mass, and energy distributions of primordial binaries, on the other hand, are largely unknown.
Guidelines for Data-Parallel Cycle-Stealing in Networks of Workstations

We derive computationally efficient guidelines for nearly optimal scheduling of data-parallel computations within a draconian mode of cycle-stealing in networks of workstations (nows). In this computing regimen, workstation A takes control of workstation B's processor whenever it is idle, with the promise of relinquishing control immediately upon demand?thereby losing all work in progress on B. The typically high communication overhead for supplying workstation B with work and receiving its results recommends that one supply B with large amounts of work at a time; the risk of losing work in progress when B is reclaimed recommends that one supply B with a succession of small bundles of work. The challenge is to balance these two pressures in a way that maximizes (some measure of) the amount of work accomplished. Our guidelines attempt to maximize the expected work accomplished by workstation B in an episode of cycle-stealing, assuming knowledge of the instantaneous probability of workstation B's being reclaimed. The schedules produced by our guidelines accomplish almost as much work as do the ad hoc optimal schedules crafted in S. N. Bhatt, F. R. K. Chung, F. T. Leighton, and A. L. Rosenberg, On optimal strategies for cycle-stealing in networks of workstations, IEEE Trans. Comp.46 (1997), 545?557. Our study is thus a step toward rendering prescriptive the descriptive study of cycle-stealing in that source.
Catalytic Z-selective cross-metathesis in complex molecule synthesis: a convergent stereoselective route to disorazole C1.

A convergent diastereo- and enantioselective total synthesis of anticancer and antifungal macrocyclic natural product disorazole C1 is reported. The central feature of the successful route is the application of catalytic Z-selective cross-metathesis (CM). Specifically, we illustrate that catalyst-controlled stereoselective CM can be performed to afford structurally complex Z-alkenyl–B(pin) as well as Z-alkenyl iodide compounds reliably, efficiently, and with high selectivity (pin = pinacolato). The resulting intermediates are then joined in a single-step operation through catalytic inter- and intramolecular cross-coupling to furnish the desired 30-membered ring macrocycle containing the critical (Z,Z,E)-triene moieties.
The Status of Health and Physical Education for Women in Negro Colleges and Universities

During the past ten years, rapid changes and extensive experiments have taken place throughout the field of liberal education in Negro colleges and universities. The changes have occurred primarily in educational policies, but have often been influenced to a marked extent by the necessity for reduction in student expenses. The attempt to balance the school budget, with a limited amount of funds, led to drastic cuts in all departments, and almost to the exclusion of some important departments. Perhaps the department which suffered most was that of health and physical education. In Negro colleges the tendency has been toward acquiring academic training. Little attention has been given to the care and protection of health; to the building of strong well developed bodies; or to the teaching of proper recreational activities. In most cases, however, some attention has been given to competitive athletics for men, such as football, basketball, baseball, and track; but little, if any, attention has been given to physical activities for women.
Field Experiments in Markets

This is a review of the literature of field experimental studies of markets. The main results covered by the review are as follows: (1) Generally speaking, markets organize the efficient exchange of commodities; (2) There are some behavioral anomalies that impede efficient exchange; (3) Many behavioral anomalies disappear when traders are experienced.
Venture Capitalists' Decision to Withdraw: The Role of Portfolio Configuration From a Real Options Lens

This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2036399.
The Longevity of Bacillus Typhosus in Natural Waters and in Sewage

In a paper published in this Journal in 1904,1 Jordan, Russell, and Zeit detailed an extensive series of experiments on the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in water, in which simultaneous, though independent, tests were made on this organism as exposed to the waters of Lake Michigan, the Chicago River, the Chicago Drainage Canal, and the Illinois River. The methods used in this study and the results obtained were so different from those which have previously been reported that it seems desirable to test this question further, employing waters of different origin. The attempt was made in all of this work to approximate, as closely as possible, the conditions that exist in nature, and, for this reason, a marked change in technique was instituted. Heretofore, it has been customary for experiments on the longevity of bacteria to be made in glass containers, filled with sterile or raw waters. The conclusions based on work under these conditions have been shown to be erroneous, and in the work previously referred to, the method was adopted of exposing the typhoid organism in permeable sacs (celloidin and vegetable parchment), filled with the type of water in which the sacs were suspended. If, then, any variation occurred in the composition of the stream in which the sacs were exposed, the influence of such variation, if of any effect, should be felt on the imprisoned cultures within the sac. The results obtained in the experiments conducted on the Chicago Drainage Canal and other waters showed a marked variation in the vitality of B. typhosus. In the relatively pure waters of Lake Michigan, this organism could be recovered readily from the infected sacs, for a period of at least a week, while in the highly polluted waters of
Fertility Preservation after a Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of Adolescents', Parents', and Providers’ Perspectives, Experiences, and Preferences

Abstract Study Objective Survival into adulthood is now a reality for many adolescents facing cancer. Fertility preservation (FP) is rapidly advancing, but oncology providers and health systems struggle to incorporate the newest FP technologies into the clinical care of adolescents. Our objective was to systematically review and synthesize the available data regarding the perspectives, experiences, and preferences of adolescents, parents, and oncology providers about FP to inform clinical implementation of FP technologies. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Knowledge, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychInfo) were systematically searched for studies published between January 1999 and May 2014. Adolescents were defined as 12-18 years at the time of diagnosis or designated as pubertal/postpubertal and younger than 18 years of age. Studies were assessed for methodological quality, data were extracted using a standardized form, and results were synthesized using guidelines for a narrative syntheses of quantitative and qualitative data. Results In total, 1237 records were identified, with 22 articles, representing 17 unique studies that met the inclusion criteria. The following topics were consistently observed across studies and populations: (1) fertility in trust; (2) decision-making challenges; (3) provider knowledge and practices; and (4) discrepancies between desired and actual experiences. Conclusion Despite the challenges associated with a new cancer diagnosis, adolescents and parents value the opportunity to discuss fertility concerns and preservation options. Providers play an important role in addressing these topics for families and efforts should be made to incorporate FP discussions into routine cancer care for all adolescents, with attention paid to the unique needs of adolescents and their parents.
A randomized controlled trial of intramuscular versus vaginal progesterone for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth.

Objective To compare the efficacy of intramuscular hydroxyprogesterone caproate with that of vaginal progesterone for prevention of recurrent preterm birth. Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at a US tertiary care center between June 1, 2007, and April 30, 2010. Women with singleton pregnancies (16-20 weeks) and a history of spontaneous preterm birth were randomly allocated using a computer-generated randomization sequence to receive either a weekly intramuscular injection of hydroxyprogesterone caproate (250 mg) or a daily vaginal progesterone suppository (100 mg). Participants, investigators, and assessors were not masked to group assignment. The primary outcome was birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Per-protocol analyses were performed: participants who completed follow-up were included. Results Analyses included 66 women given intramuscular progesterone and 79 given vaginal progesterone. Delivery before 37 weeks was recorded among 29 (43.9%) women in the intramuscular progesterone group and 30 (37.9%) in the vaginal progesterone group (P=0.50). Conclusion Weekly intramuscular administration of hydroxyprogesterone caproate and daily vaginal administration of a progesterone suppository exhibited similar efficacy in reducing the rate of recurrent preterm birth. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00579553.
HIGHLY POROUS METALS: REDEFINING BONE DEFICIENCY SOLUTIONS

Highly porous metal surfaces have transformed acetabular revision surgery by providing (1) enhanced friction which potentially provides greater primary fixation, (2) enhanced bone ingrowth potential, (3) enhanced screw fixation options. These characteristics have led many surgeons to use these devices routinely in acetabular revision and have led to an expansion of the indications for porous uncemented hemispherical cups in acetabular revision. Mid-term results suggest that the historical indications for hemispherical cups in revision surgery can be moderately expanded with some implants with these characteristics. In a recent study of 3448 revision total hip arthroplasties, we found porous tantalum cups had a statistically lower revision rate than other materials/designs. Highly porous metals also have provided the options of metal augments to fill selected bone defects—which can both enhance cup fixation and manage bone loss simultaneously. A number of different highly porous metals are now available, and how each will perform is not yet known. Highly porous metal shells may be used in combination with highly porous metal augments to make up for segmental bone deficiency. Examples will be shown. Finally, highly porous metal shells may be used as a “cup-cage” combination to provide extra initial cup mechanical stability in extreme cases. Examples will be shown.
Increased correlation among asset classes: Are volatility or jumps to blame, or both?

Abstract We develop estimators and asymptotic theory to decompose the quadratic covariation between two assets into its continuous and jump components, in a manner that is robust to the presence of market microstructure noise. Using high frequency data on different assets classes, we find that the recent financial crisis led to an increase in both the quadratic variations of the assets and their correlations. However, we find little evidence to suggest a change between the relative contributions of the Brownian and jump components, as both comove. Co-jumps stem from surprising news announcements that occur primarily before the opening of the US market, and are also accompanied by an increase in Brownian-driven correlations.
Ostrogradsky in Theories with Multiple Fields

We review how the (absence of) Ostrogradsky instability manifests itself in theories with multiple fields. It has recently been appreciated that when multiple fields are present, the existence of higher derivatives may not automatically imply the existence of ghosts. We discuss the connection with gravitational theories like massive gravity and beyond Horndeski which manifest higher derivatives in some formulations and yet are free of Ostrogradsky ghost. We also examine an interesting new class of Extended Scalar-Tensor Theories of gravity which has been recently proposed. We show that for a subclass of these theories, the tensor modes are either not dynamical or are infinitely strongly coupled. Among the remaining theories for which the tensor modes are well-defined one counts one new model that is not field-redefinable to Horndeski via a conformal and disformal transformation but that does require the vacuum to break Lorentz invariance. We discuss the implications for the effective field theory of dark energy and the stability of the theory. In particular we find that if we restrict ourselves to the Extended Scalar-Tensor class of theories for which the tensors are well-behaved and the scalar is free from gradient or ghost instabilities on FLRW then we recover Horndeski up to field redefinitions.
NEW ALGORITHM TO ACCURATELY DEPICT CUP WEAR-PATTERNS WITH MARGIN-OF-SAFETY IN CLINICAL AND SIMULATOR STUDIES

Use of “CPR” distance has proven clinical utility in stratifying risks of “steep cups” in MOM failures.[1, 4] The CPR indice has been defined as distance between point of intersection of the hip reaction force (Fig. 1: vector-R in contact patch) and closest point on the inner cup rim.[4] However, the CPR indice has limitations. It assumes that, (1) the hip load-vector (R) will be angled 10°-medial in all patients, (2) the contact patch will be same size in all patients, and (3) the contact patch will be invariant with increasing MOM diameter. In contrast it is known from retrieval studies that larger MOM bearings created much larger wear patches.[3] Furthermore, the size of cup wear-patches in MOM bearings can now be estimated with some certainty using simulator wear data.[2] Our objective was to develop an algorithm that would predict (i) contact-patch size for all cup designs and diameters, (ii) determine actual margin of safety (Fig. 1: MOS) for different laterally-inclined cups, and (iii) predict critical test angles for “steep” cup studies in hip simulators. The ‘CPR-distance’ (Fig. 1) is subtended by the CPA angle, but the true margin of safety is the distance from edge of wear patch to cup rim, indicated here by MOS angle. In this algorithm the wear-patch size (CAP angle) is a key parameter, as derived from MOM wear data (Fig. 2). The CAP angles decrease with increasing MOM diameter, as defined by strong linear trend (R=0.998). The key 2nd parameter is cup inclination angle that juxtaposes the wear-pattern to the cup rim (CCI). For hemispherical cups the critical inclination is given by CCI = 90 – CAP/2 , where articulation angle ABA = 180o. The cup bearing-surface is typically reduced RD = (180-ABA)/2 (Fig. 1). Thus critical inclination any cup is given by CCI = 90o – (CAP/2) – RD = (ABA – CAP)/2. The margin-of-safety (Fig. 1) is then represented by the equation MOS = 100 – (CIA + CAP/2 + RD) . Applicability of the new algorithm can be visualized with a 48mm MOM (cup ABA=160o) run in a standard simulator test (Fig. 3). The algorithm predicts that with cup at 40o inclination there is good margin of safety (11.8o), representing a 5mm distance. This would become much reduced at CIA = 50o, while true edge-wear appears at the 60o test inclination (Fig. 3. EW = −8.2o). For clinical comparison with ‘CPR-distances’, the algorithm shows that positioning the wear patch 10o-medial (Figs. 1, 3) has margin of safety averaging 11.5 mm (MOS) less than was predicted by the CPR indice. While CPR has shown clinical utility, it is believed that compensating for actual size of cup wear-patterns provides a more realistic risk assessment for different MOM diameters in different cup positions. Thus the new algorithm permits accurate depiction of cup wear-patterns for use in both clinical and simulator studies.
KINEMATIC JOINT LINE AND NEUTRAL MECHANICAL ALIGNMENT USING ASYMMETRIC VS. SYMMETRIC TKA COMPONENTS

Introduction Neutral mechanical alignment in TKA has been shown to be an important consideration for survivorship, wear, and aseptic loosening. However, native knee anatomy is described by a joint line in 3° of varus, 2–3° of mechanical distal femoral valgus, and 2–3° of proximal tibia varus. Described kinematic planning methods replicate native joint alignment in extension without changing tibiofemoral alignment, but do not account for native alignment through a range of motion. An asymmetric TKA femoral component with a thicker medial femoral condyle and posterior condylar internal rotation paired with an asymmetric polyethylene insert aligns the joint line in 3° of varus while maintaining distal femoral and proximal tibial cuts perpendicular to mechanical axis. The asymmetric components recreate an anatomic varus joint line while avoiding tibiofemoral malalignment or femoral component internal rotation, a risk factor for patellofemoral maltracking. The study seeks to determine how many patients would be candidates for a kinematically planned knee without violating the principle of a neutral mechanical axis (0° ± 3°). Methods A cohort comprised of 55 consecutive preoperative THA patients with asymptomatic knees and 55 consecutive preoperative primary unilateral TKA patients underwent simultaneous biplanar radiographic imaging. Full length coronal images from the thoracolumbar junction to the ankles were measured by two independent observers for the following: mechanical tibiofemoral angle (mTFA), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA). Patients who met the following conditions: mTFA 0°±3°; mLDFA 87°±3°; and mMPTA 87°±3°, were considered candidates for TKA with an asymmetric implant that would achieve a kinematic joint line and neutral mechanical axis. Similarly, patients with the following conditions: mTFA 0°±3°; mLDFA 90°±3°; and mMPTA 90°±3°, were considered candidates for TKA with a symmetric implant that would achieve a kinematic joint line and neutral mechanical axis. Results In this cohort of 110 patients, the mean mTFA was 1° varus ± 5°, the mean mLDFA was 87° ± 3°, mMPTA 87°± 2°. The comparison of patients meeting each of the three conditions required for a TKA with a neutral mechanical axis and a kinematic joint line are outlined in Table 1. Conclusion A TKA with kinematic 3° varus joint line and neutral mechanical axis was possible in 52% of patients using an asymmetric implant and 23% of patients using a symmetric implant. Previous descriptions of kinematic planning using standard TKA components required compromise of neutral mechanical axis alignment with detrimental effects on overall survivorship. Knee arthroplasty using an asymmetric implant may achieve the best of both worlds, neutral mechanical axis and a kinematic joint line, in a large percentage of patients.
Histone H1 Limits DNA Methylation in Neurospora crassa.

Histone H1 variants, known as linker histones, are essential chromatin components in higher eukaryotes, yet compared to the core histones relatively little is known about their in vivo functions. The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa encodes a single H1 protein that is not essential for viability. To investigate the role of N. crassa H1, we constructed a functional FLAG-tagged H1 fusion protein and performed genomic and molecular analyses. Cell fractionation experiments showed that H1-3XFLAG is a chromatin binding protein. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation combined with sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed that H1-3XFLAG is globally enriched throughout the genome with a subtle preference for promoters of expressed genes. In mammals, the stoichiometry of H1 impacts nucleosome repeat length. To determine if H1 impacts nucleosome occupancy or nucleosome positioning in N. crassa , we performed micrococcal nuclease digestion in the wild-type and the ![Formula][1] hH1 strain followed by sequencing (MNase-seq). Deletion of hH1 did not significantly impact nucleosome positioning or nucleosome occupancy. Analysis of DNA methylation by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (MethylC-seq) revealed a modest but global increase in DNA methylation in the ![Formula][2] hH1 mutant. Together, these data suggest that H1 acts as a nonspecific chromatin binding protein that can limit accessibility of the DNA methylation machinery in N. crassa . [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif
Psychological Aspects of Pregnancy in the Military: A Review

Objectives: In the past 20 years, more women have joined the armed forces than ever before. Consequently, the management of pregnant service members has raised important medical and administrative issues. Recent studies comparing service-women with their civilian counterparts have shown a significantly increased rate of pregnancy complications. This paper explores the psychosocial milieu in which active duty pregnancies occur and attempts to elucidate the psychological stressors that may contribute to the increased complication rate. Methods: The literature on pregnancy in the military and the existing regulations governing its medical and administrative management are reviewed. Case material is presented and analyzed. Results and Conclusions: Three types of psychological stressors are identified and discussed: lack of social supports, the pressures of minority status, and the institutional reactions to gender roles. The author proposes mandatory education for military leaders regarding sensitivity to women's reproductive issues as well as specialized briefings for women inductees on the realities and risks of pregnancy in the military.
Technology Selection for Offshore Underwater Small Modular Reactors

Abstract This work examines the most viable nuclear technology options for future underwater designs that would meet high safety standards as well as good economic potential, for construction in the 2030–2040 timeframe. The top five concepts selected from a survey of 13 nuclear technologies were compared to a small modular pressurized water reactor (PWR) designed with a conventional layout. In order of smallest to largest primary system size where the reactor and all safety systems are contained, the top five designs were: (1) a lead–bismuth fast reactor based on the Russian SVBR-100; (2) a novel organic cooled reactor; (3) an innovative superheated water reactor; (4) a boiling water reactor based on Toshiba's LSBWR; and (5) an integral PWR featuring compact steam generators. A similar study on potential attractive power cycles was also performed. A condensing and recompression supercritical CO2 cycle and a compact steam Rankine cycle were designed. It was found that the hull size required by the reactor, safety systems and power cycle can be significantly reduced (50–80%) with the top five designs compared to the conventional PWR. Based on the qualitative economic consideration, the organic cooled reactor and boiling water reactor designs are expected to be the most cost effective options.
Spontaneous Breaking of Scale Invariance in U(N) Chern-Simons Gauge Theories in Three Dimensions

I explore the existence of a massive phase in a conformally invariant U(N) Chern-Simons gauge theories in D=3 with matter fields in the fundamental representation. These models have attracted recent attention as being dual, in the conformal phase, to theories of higher spin gravity on AdS4. Using the 't Hooft large N expansion, exact solutions are obtained for scalar current correlators in the massive phase where the conformal symmetry is spontaneously broken. A massless dilaton appears as a composite state, and its properties are discussed. Solutions exist for matters field that are either bosons or fermions.
The Role of Tactical Emergency Medical Support in Hostage and Crisis Negotiations

The use of tactical medics by members of hostage and crisis negotiations teams has not been examined in the literature or in the field. Usually, negotiations teams are deployed within the confines of the established inner perimeter along with the tactical team and tactical medics. While the likelihood of injuries or performance degrading medical problems for negotiators is less than that expected for Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team members, they may occur and need attention. Additionally, there are other roles that tactical medical personnel can play that are specific to the needs of police negotiators. This article will examine these possible roles.
Reducing parametric backscattering by polarization rotation

When a laser passes through underdense plasmas, Raman and Brillouin Backscattering can reflect a substantial portion of the incident laser energy. This is a major loss mechanism, for example, in employing lasers in inertial confinement fusion. However, by slow rotation of the incident linear polarization, the overall reflectivity can be reduced significantly. Particle in cell simulations show that, for parameters similar to those of indirect drive fusion experiments, polarization rotation reduces the reflectivity by a factor of 5. A general, fluid-model based analytical estimation for the reflectivity reduction agrees with simulations. However, in identifying the source of the backscatter reduction, it is difficult to disentangle the rotating polarization from the frequency separation based approach used to engineer the beam's polarization. Although the backscatter reduction arises similarly to other approaches that employ frequency separation, in the case here, the intensity remains constant in time.
Elevations in the Fasting Serum Proinsulin–to–C-Peptide Ratio Precede the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE We tested whether an elevation in the serum proinsulin–to–C-peptide ratio (PI:C), a biomarker of β-cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction, was associated with progression to type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fasting total PI and C levels were measured in banked serum samples obtained from TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (PTP) participants, a cohort of autoantibody-positive relatives without diabetes of individuals with type 1 diabetes. Samples were obtained ∼12 months before diabetes onset from PTP progressors in whom diabetes developed (n = 60), and were compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched nonprogressors who remained normoglycemic (n = 58). PI:C ratios were calculated as molar ratios and were multiplied by 100% to obtain PI levels as a percentage of C levels. RESULTS Although absolute PI levels did not differ between groups, PI:C ratios were significantly increased in antibody-positive subjects in whom there was progression to diabetes compared with nonprogressors (median 1.81% vs. 1.17%, P = 0.03). The difference between groups was most pronounced in subjects who were ≤10 years old, where the median progressor PI:C ratio was nearly triple that of nonprogressors; 90.0% of subjects in this age group within the upper PI:C quartile progressed to the development of diabetes. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age and BMI, demonstrated increased odds of progression for higher natural log PI:C ratio values (odds ratio 1.44, 95% CI 1.02, 2.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that β-cell ER dysfunction precedes type 1 diabetes onset, especially in younger children. Elevations in the serum PI:C ratio may have utility in predicting the onset of type 1 diabetes in the presymptomatic phase.
Mn-, Fe-, and Co-Catalyzed Radical Hydrofunctionalizations of Olefins

Cofactor-mimetic aerobic oxidation has conceptually merged with catalysis of syngas reactions to form a wide range of Markovnikov-selective olefin radical hydrofunctionalizations. We cover the development of the field and review contributions to reaction invention, mechanism, and application to complex molecule synthesis. We also provide a mechanistic framework for understanding this compendium of radical reactions.
Approximate Universal Relations for Neutron Stars and Quark Stars

Abstract Neutron stars and quark stars are ideal laboratories to study fundamental physics at supra nuclear densities and strong gravitational fields. Astrophysical observables, however, depend strongly on the star’s internal structure, which is currently unknown due to uncertainties in the equation of state. Universal relations, however, exist among certain stellar observables that do not depend sensitively on the star’s internal structure. One such set of relations is between the star’s moment of inertia ( I ), its tidal Love number (Love) and its quadrupole moment ( Q ), the so-called I–Love–Q relations. Similar relations hold among the star’s multipole moments, which resemble the well-known black hole no-hair theorems. Universal relations break degeneracies among astrophysical observables, leading to a variety of applications: (i) X-ray measurements of the nuclear matter equation of state, (ii) gravitational wave measurements of the intrinsic spin of inspiraling compact objects, and (iii) gravitational and astrophysical tests of General Relativity that are independent of the equation of state. We here review how the universal relations come about and all the applications that have been devised to date.