cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trypanosoma brucei L11 Is Essential to Ribosome Biogenesis and Interacts with the Kinetoplastid-Specific Proteins P34 and P37

ABSTRACT Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis is an essential cellular process involving tightly coordinated assembly of multiple rRNA and protein components. Much of our understanding of this pathway has come from studies performed with yeast model systems. These studies have identified critical checkpoints in the maturation of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU/60S), one of which is the proper formation and incorporation of the 5S ribonucleoprotein complex (5S RNP). Research on the 5S RNP has identified a complex containing the four proteins L5, L11, Rpf2, and Rrs1 as well as 5S rRNA. Our laboratory has studied the 5S RNP in Trypanosoma brucei, a eukaryotic parasite, and identified the proteins P34 and P37 as essential, parasite-specific members of this complex. We have additionally identified homologues of L5, Rpf2, Rrs1, and 5S rRNA in T. brucei and characterized their roles in this essential process. In this study, we examined the T. brucei homologue of ribosomal protein L11 as a member of the 5S RNP. We showed that TbL11 is essential and that it is important for proper ribosome subunit formation and 60S rRNA processing. Additionally, we identified TbL11 interactions with TbL5 and TbRpf2, as well as novel interactions with the kinetoplast-specific proteins P34 and P37. These findings expand our understanding of a crucial process outside the context of model yeast organisms and highlight differences in an otherwise highly conserved process that could be used to develop future treatments against T. brucei. IMPORTANCE The human-pathogenic, eukaryotic parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes human and animal African trypanosomiases. Treatments for T. brucei suffer from numerous hurdles, including adverse side effects and developing resistance. Ribosome biogenesis is one critical process for T. brucei survival that could be targeted for new drug development. A critical checkpoint in ribosome biogenesis is formation of the 5S RNP, which we have shown involves the trypanosome-specific proteins P34 and P37 as well as homologues of Rpf2, Rrs1, and L5. We have identified parasite-specific characteristics of these proteins and involvement in key parts of ribosome biogenesis, making them candidates for future drug development. In this work, we characterized the T. brucei homologue of ribosomal protein L11. We show that it is essential for parasite survival and is involved in ribosome biogenesis and rRNA processing. Furthermore, we identified novel interactions with P34 and P37, characteristics that make this protein a potential target for novel chemotherapeutics.
Associations between calcium and magnesium intake and the risk of incident gastric cancer: A prospective cohort analysis of the National Institutes of Health‐American Association of Retired Persons (NIH‐AARP) Diet and Health Study

Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Identifying dietary and other modifiable disease determinants has important implications for risk attenuation in susceptible individuals. Our primary aim was to estimate the association between dietary and supplemental intakes of calcium and magnesium and the risk of incident gastric cancer. We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to estimate the association between calcium and magnesium intakes with risk of incident gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) overall and by anatomic location, noncardia GA (NCGA) and cardia GA (CGA). A total of 536,403 respondents (59% males, 41% females) were included for analysis, among whom 1,518 incident GAs (797 NCGA and 721 CGA) occurred. Increasing calcium intake was associated with lower risk of GA overall (p-trend = 0.05), driven primarily by the association with NCGA, where the above median calcium intakes were associated with a 23% reduction in risk compared to the lowest quartile (p-trend = 0.05). This magnitude of NCGA risk reduction was greater among nonwhite ethnic group and Hispanics (hazard ratio [HR] 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24-1.07, p-trend = 0.04), current/former smokers (HR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.81), obese individuals (HR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31-0.96) and those with high NCGA risk scores (HR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31-0.80). Among men only, increasing magnesium intake was associated with 22-27% reduced risk of NCGA (p-trend = 0.05), while for the cohort, dietary magnesium intake in the highest vs. lowest quartile was associated with a 34% reduced risk of NCGA (HR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.48-0.90). These findings have important implications for risk factor modification. Future investigations are needed not only to confirm our results, but to define mechanisms underlying these associations.
The treatment of cocaine use disorder

Cocaine use continues to be a serious worldwide public health problem. Cocaine abuse is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Cocaine overdose deaths are increasing in the United States and, in certain populations, outnumber heroin and opiate overdose deaths. Psychosocial treatments remain the treatments of choice for cocaine use disorder (CUD), with standard approaches including contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy. However, the effect sizes of these treatments are not large, and they are not effective for most patients. Consequently, investigators have sought to develop pharmacological agents to augment the efficacy of psychosocial treatments. Despite these efforts, no medications have yet been proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of CUD. The most promising pharmacological strategies for CUD treatment thus far include the use of dopamine agonists, such as long-acting amphetamine and modafinil or glutamatergic and GABAergic agents such as topiramate. Combination drugs may be especially promising.
Dilution, Disclosure, Equity Compensation, and Buybacks

Buybacks and equity compensation are two sides of a single coin. In a buyback, a company spends cash to repurchase its own shares, reducing its total outstanding share count. In the case of equity compensation, a company issues shares, receiving cash and tax benefits, increasing its total outstanding share count. The two kinds of transactions — buybacks and equity compensation — are complementary, but their connection is obscured by the asymmetries in the timing, approval processes, and securities and financial disclosures for each. The article “Dilution, Disclosure, Equity Compensation, and Buybacks” (published The Business Lawyer, Vol. 74, 631-658, Summer 2019) describes those differences, and quantifies the share-denominated and dollar-denominated effects of buyback and equity compensation transactions over a 10-year period for selected Fortune 100 companies.
Democracies at War: Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002, 283 pages

Reiter and Stam have provided international conflict scholars with an excellent empirical analysis of democracies at war.The book consists of eight chapters that deal with related but different asp...
Dynamic experiments to study the α−ε phase transition in cerium

The ability to understand and predict the response of matter at extreme conditions requires knowledge of a material’s equation-of-state including the location of phase boundaries, transition kinetics, and the evolution of material strength. Cerium is a material with a complex phase diagram that continues to attract significant scientific interest. Recent dynamic experiments have provided information on the low-pressure γ– α phase transition, sound speed, and Hugoniot data for the higher-pressure α phase, as well as the incipient shock melt transition. Despite these efforts, there are still regions of the phase diagram that are largely unexplored dynamically, including the high-pressure region below the melt boundary. Along a room temperature isotherm, diamond anvil cell data report a transition to the ϵ phase between 13 and 17 GPa. At higher temperatures, similar diamond anvil cell data show significant disagreement regarding the existence, location, and slope of the ϵ-phase boundary. In this work, double-shock loading was used to access the α– ϵ region of the phase diagram to obtain equation-of-state information and to determine the location of the ϵ-phase boundary for shock loading.
Pediatric Feeding Disorders

Pediatric feeding disorders (PFDs) are characterized by significantly impaired oral intake associated with medical, nutritional, feeding skill, and/or psychosocial dysfunction. Left untreated, PFDs tend to worsen over time and are often associated with negative developmental and medical outcomes including inadequate weight gain, nutritional deficiencies, and feeding tube dependence. Given the complex, multifaceted nature of PFD, assessment and treatment require interdisciplinary collaboration to meet the patient’s physical, developmental, and behavioral needs. Behavioral feeding strategies are the only evidence-based approach for treating PFDs. In the context of consultation, pediatric psychologists are uniquely suited to conduct assessment of the developmental and behavioral factors impacting a child’s feeding while incorporating guidance from other disciplines such as medical providers, speech-language pathologists, occupational therapists, and registered dietitians to develop an appropriate and effective treatment plan. Careful consideration must be given to cultural factors and resources (e.g., time, training) when formulating the most appropriate treatment plan. This chapter outlines important considerations and guidelines for pediatric psychologists in the consultation role when approaching a case involving a child with feeding difficulties or PFD. A case example highlighting several of these concepts is provided.
Emergent Hybrid Legality: A Study of Legal Encounters in the DRC

Rule of law (ROL) building interventions have been critiqued for ignoring local norms and culture. This problem has defined ROL interventions in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, leading to...
Exploiting the Site Selectivity of Perfluoropyridinefor Facile Access to Densified Polyarylene Networks for Carbon-RichMaterials

Fluorinated molecules containing reactive functionalities are of great interest to the materials community as these compounds can be used to prepare fluorinated polymers with desirable physical and...
The Role of Communication in the Success/Failure of Remote Learning of Chemistry during COVID-19

Owing to the COVID-19 global pandemic, three chemistry instructors at Ferris State University, with no previous online instructional experience, made the abrupt midsemester switch from face-to-face to remote delivery in their respective chemistry courses. This paper discusses the importance of communication during the rapid change to remote delivery, the factors affecting the quality of remote delivery communication, and the students’ experience based on surveys given at the end of the 8 weeks online. The immediate decisions that the instructors made and the consequences of those decisions are discussed, as well as possible solutions to communication-related issues raised by students. In light of what was learned, future face-to-face course design can better anticipate the possibility of another abrupt switch to remote learning, paving the way for a smoother transition and a more effective online learning experience.
Assessment of pressure ulcers in physically handicapped patients

Assessment of pressure ulcers is an indicator of nursing care quality. In physically handicapped patients, the risk is elevated, due to the neuropathy and incontinence that frequently accompany paresis and paralysis. We conducted a systematic review of 4 assessment scales to assess their use and usefulness for these patients. We searched 5 databases for articles published between 2016 and 2018 that included terms related to the risk of pressure ulcers in physically handicapped patients, including the names of 4 assessment scales (Norton, Braden, Waterlow and Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Scale). One hundred and three sources were returned, from which we selected 10. We also selected an earlier source, for a total of 11. The Braden and Waterlow scales are popular in clinical practice. The Norton scale is used for scientific comparisons and in clinical practice only sporadically. Expert opinion suggests that acceptance of the Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Scale could reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers in physically handicapped patients. Introduction of a scale designed for handicapped patients, combined with better preventive measures, could result in the bedsore reduction of pressure ulcers. Research testing the effectiveness of the Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Scale in the Czech population is needed to validate its use in clinical practice.
The Problematics of Truth in Business and Accounting

This paper posits that truth in business in general and accounting in particular is an elusive goal.
Non-invasive virtual biopsy using optical coherence tomography

We introduce the concept of a virtual biopsy, by using generative neural networks to synthesize virtual H&E sections from OCT images. To do this, we have developed a novel technique, “optical barcoding”, which has allowed us to construct a large dataset of OCT-H&E image pairs of human skin collected during Mohs surgery. Our results demonstrate the ability to use OCT images to generate high-fidelity virtual H&E sections and entire 3D H&E volumes. We hope that our novel method will allow clinicians to circumvent the time- and resource-consuming step of an invasive biopsy procedure.
Polyolefin graft copolymers through a ring-opening metathesis grafting through approach

A series of polyethylene-graft-atactic polypropylene (PE-g-aPP) graft copolymers were synthesized by grafting through copolymerization of a cyclooctene terminated aPP macromonomer and cyclooctene using ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and subsequent hydrogenation. The macromonomer was prepared by a facile alkoxycarbonylation reaction between 1,5-cycooctadiene, hydroxyl terminated aPP and carbon monoxide (CO). Near complete monomer conversion, a near random graft distribution, and relatively low dispersity (Đ < 2.0) were achieved. Thermal analysis of the graft polymers indicates decreasing melting temperatures (Tm) and glass transition temperatures (Tg) as the weight percentage of aPP (WPP) increases. The percent crystallinity (Xc) of PE decreases as aPP content increases, confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) charaterization. The normalized percent crystallinity (Xc,norm) indicates that changing side chain numbers and/or length of aPP do not have a significant impact on PE crystallinity. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) indicates the PE lamellae crystals in the graft copolymers have similar interlamellar spacing but decreased thickness as aPP content increases. In addition, the linear viscoelastic behavior shows that the PE-g-aPP graft copolymers exhibit greatly enhanced dynamic modulus and complex viscosity compared to the linear PE, and the effect increases as side chain number and/or length increases. This work is important for further development of such graft polymers for direct recycling of ubiquitous polyolefins from mixed polyolefin waste.
Can Analysts Predict Breaks in Earnings Strings

Purpose: This study investigates the behavior of sell-side analysts covering firms that are about to experience breaks in strings of consecutive quarterly earnings increases. Design/methodology/approach: We estimate the likelihood of analysts predicting a break using logit regressions for 1.8M EPS forecasts issued by individual analysts from 1992 to 2017. Findings: We find that analysts can predict breaks in earnings strings by issuing less favorable earnings estimates ahead of the break announcement. The probability of detecting a break is higher for longer and more severe breaks, for more skillful analysts, and for firms with richer information environment. We find that analysts’ warnings are heeded by investors and result in a less severe reaction to the break announcements. Originality/value: Breaks in strings of earnings increases are situations when information asymmetry exists and could be mitigated by information intermediaries such as sell-side analysts. Therefore, it is important to examine whether analysts have any informational advantages or disadvantages over insiders and institutional investors in the quarters prior to breaks in strings and whether they communicate it to the market in a timely and accurate manner, thus reducing information asymmetry by “leveling the field” across the investment community.
Beyond category-supervision: Computational support for domain-general pressures guiding human visual system representation

Anterior regions of the ventral visual stream encode substantial information about object categories. Are top-down category-level forces critical for arriving at this representation, or can this representation be formed purely through domain-general learning of natural image structure? Here we present a fully self-supervised model which learns to represent individual images, rather than categories, such that views of the same image are embedded nearby in a low-dimensional feature space, distinctly from other recently encountered views. We find (i) category information implicitly emerges in the local similarity structure of this feature space, and (ii) these models learn hierarchical features which capture the structure of brain responses across the human ventral visual stream, on par with category-supervised models. These results provide computational support for a domain-general framework guiding the formation of visual representation, where the proximate goal is not explicitly about category information, but is instead to learn unique, compressed descriptions of the visual world.
Risk-Reduction Counseling for Individuals and Groups

Individuals are not at risk for AIDS because of who they are. Gay men do not become exposed to HIV infection because they are homosexual, but rather only if they engage in specific high-risk sexual activities or engaged in those activities in the past and acquired the virus. In the same sense, intravenous drug use is dangerous but not with respect to AIDS unless the drug user shares needles. Because AIDS has been so closely identified with risk groups, there is often a tendency to assume that risk-group membership confers likelihood of developing the illness. It does not. Rather, it is engaging in certain identifiable behaviors that places persons at risk for AIDS.
Impacts of Cumulus Convection on Thermodynamic Fields

The important role played by deep cumulus clouds in the heat balance of the tropical atmosphere was first pointed out by Riehl and Malkus (1958). They studied the heat budget over the equatorial trough zone and postulated that concentrated upward heat transport due to undilute (“hot”) cumulonimbus towers is required to maintain the heat balance of the upper troposphere against the loss due to radiation and poleward export. The role of penetrative cumulus towers in the tropical cyclone was discussed by Riehl and Malkus (1961) and Yanai (1961, 1964). They proposed that the role of cumulus convection as a heating agent must be adequately parameterized in the framework of large-scale motions. In the last three decades our understanding of the interaction of organized cumulus convection with its environment made significant progress through many observational and parameterization studies.
Women and the Law Stories

This book examines landmark cases establishing women's legal rights, offering accounts of the litigants, history, parties, strategies, and theoretical implications. It will enrich any law school course and can serve as a text for a course on women and the law, gender and law, feminist jurisprudence, or women's studies. This volume utilizes subject areas common to many women and law casebooks: history, constitutional law, reproductive freedom, the workplace, the family, and women in the legal profession. Several chapters explore issues of domestic violence and rape.See http://law.scu.edu/socialjustice/women-and-the-law-stories-book.cfm (a website with additional resources for teaching). Visit our author's webpage, including questions for discussion and suggestions for further reading at http://law.scu.edu/socialjustice/women-and-the-law-stories-book.cfm
Chalcohalide glasses: II. Vibrational spectra of GeSBr glasses

Abstract The role of bromine atoms in the structure of GeS 2 and GeS 3 glasses has been discussed in detail based on the results obtained from infrared and Raman spectroscopy. As bromine was added to binary GeS glasses, there is formation of GeBr bonds, substituting for sulfur atoms in the GeS 4 tetrahedra. Sulfur atoms liberated from the GeS 4 tetrahedra by the GeBr formation then form S 8 rings and chains. In general, the structure of GeSBr glasses can be described as a solid solution of S 8 rings dispersed throughout the network structure formed by GeBr x S 4− x ( x = 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4) groups connected throug short bridging sulfur chains. It is expected that the network connectivity of GeS glasses decreases with the formation of GeBr bonds due to the network terminating role of monovalent halogen atoms. Consequently, the structure of these glasses becomes more open and eventually leads to the formation of chain-like structures. The observed changes in the properties of chalcohalides glasses in the GeSBr and GeSI systems support the proposed structural model.
Aneuploidy in the Balance

An extra chromosome slows yeast cell proliferation, suggesting that aneuploid human cells must overcome this effect during carcinogenesis.
On-line monitoring of pollution concentrations with autoregressive moving average time series

The concentration of aerosol particles, largely caused by traffic volume and often enhanced during temperature inversion episodes in the cold season, can be a concern for human health in the urban environment. This particulate matter is typically recorded as PM10, the total mass of particles below 10 μm in diameter. It is suspected that, within the PM10 class, ultrafine particles (<100nm) may be responsible for causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Because of their low mass, ultrafine particles are hard to detect, and researchers try to utilize PM10 in combination with nitrogen oxides NOx and other trace gases to monitor their dynamic evolution. To meet pollution standards set by national government and European Union regulation, the city of Klagenfurt, Austria, began using calcium magnesium acetate as a deicer on 11 January 2012, hoping to literally glue pollutants to the ground and thereby reducing pollution concentrations. With the statistical methodology developed in this article, the dynamic evolution of PM10 and NOx is traced for the time period starting 4 January and ending 25 January 2012, and a change in dynamics is found. The findings are based on on-line monitoring procedures that sequentially detect structural breaks in the mean and the parameter values of an autoregressive moving average process. These are defined in terms of model residuals and one-step ahead predictors. Theoretical properties are studied, and a simulation study shows that the proposed procedures work well in finite samples. © 2014 Wiley Publishing Ltd.
Trajectory Optimization for Real-Time Guidance: Part 1, Time-Varying LQR on a Parallel Processor

A key algorithmic element of a real-time trajectory optimization hardware/software implementation is presented, the QP solver element. The purpose of the effort is to make nonlinear trajectory optimization fast enough to provide real-time commands during guidance of a vehicle such as an aero-maneuvering orbiter. Many methods of nonlinear programming require the solution of a quadratic program (QP) at each iteration. In the trajectory optimization case the QP has a special Dynamic Programming structure, a LQR-like structure. QP algorithm speed is increased by taking advantage of this special structure and by parallel implementation.
Electric current stimulates laughter

Speech and laughter are uniquely human. Although there is considerable information on the neuronal representation of speech, little is known about brain mechanisms of laughter. Here we report that electrical stimulation in the anterior part of the human supplementary motor area (SMA) can elicit laughter. This area is also involved in the initiation of speech and has been shown to have increased activity in people who stutter1.
Erlotinib pretreatment improves photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung carcinoma xenografts via multiple mechanisms

Aberrant expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a common characteristic of many cancers including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and ovarian cancer. While EGFR is currently a favorite molecular target for treatment of these cancers, inhibition of the receptor with small molecule inhibitors (i.e.- erlotinib) or monoclonal antibodies (i.e.- cetuximab) does not provide long-term therapeutic benefit as standalone treatment. Interestingly, we have found that addition of erlotinib to photodynamic therapy (PDT) can improve treatment response in typically erlotinib-resistant NSCLC tumor xenografts. Ninety-day complete response rates of 63% are achieved when erlotinib is administered in three doses before PDT of H460 human tumor xenografts, compared to 16% after PDT-alone. Similar benefit is found when erlotinib is added to PDT of A549 NCSLC xenografts. Improved response is accompanied by increased vascular shutdown, and erlotinib increases the in vitro cytotoxicity of PDT to endothelial cells. Tumor uptake of the photosensitizer (benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A; BPD) is increased by the in vivo administration of erlotinib; nevertheless, this elevation of BPD levels only partially accounts for the benefit of erlotinib to PDT. Thus, pretreatment with erlotinib augments multiple mechanisms of PDT effect that collectively lead to large improvements in therapeutic efficacy. These data demonstrate that short-duration administration of erlotinib before PDT can greatly improve the responsiveness of even erlotinib-resistant tumors to treatment. Results will inform clinical investigation of EGFR-targeting therapeutics in conjunction with PDT.
A quantitative method for revealing and comparing places in the home

Increasing availability of sensor-based location traces for individuals, combined with the goal of better understanding user context, has resulted in a recent emphasis on algorithms for automatically extracting users' significant places from location data. Place-finding can be characterized by two sub-problems, (1) finding significant locations, and (2) assigning semantic labels to those locations (the problem of “moving from location to place”) [8]. Existing algorithms focus on the first sub-problem and on finding city-level locations. We use a principled approach in adapting Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) to provide a first solution for finding significant places within the home, based on the first set of long-term, precise location data collected from several homes. We also present a novel metric for quantifying the similarity between places, which has the potential to assign semantic labels to places by comparing them to a library of known places. We discuss several implications of these new techniques for the design of Ubicomp systems.
Advances in computational and stochastic optimization, logic programming, and heuristic search: interfaces in computer science and operations research

Computer Science and Operations Research continue to have a synergistic relationship and this book -- as a part of theOperations Research and Computer Science Interface Series -- sits squarely in the center of the confluence of these two technical research communities. The research presented in the volume is evidence of the expanding frontiers of these two intersecting disciplines and provides researchers and practitioners with new work in the areas of logic programming, stochastic optimization, heuristic search and post-solution analysis for integer programs. The chapter topics span the spectrum of application level. Some of the chapters are highly applied and others represent work in which the application potential is only beginning. In addition, each chapter contains expository material and reviews of the literature designed to enhance the participation of the reader in this expanding interface.
Reinventing US Internal Migration Studies in the Age of International Migration.

I argue that researchers have sidelined attention to issues raised by US internal migration as they shifted focus to the questions posed by the post-1960s rise in US immigration. In this paper, I offer some reasons about why immigration has garnered more attention and why there needs to be greater consideration of US internal migration and its significant and myriad social, economic, political, and cultural impacts. I offer three ideas for motivating more research into US internal geographic mobility that would foreground its empirical and conceptual connections to international migration. First, there should be more work on linked migration systems investigating the connections between internal and international flows. Second, the questions asked about immigrant social, cultural, and economic impacts and adaptations in host societies should also be asked about internal migrants. Third, and more generally, migration researchers should jettison the assumption that the national scale is the pre-eminent delimiter of migration types and processes. Some groups can move easily across borders; others are constrained in their moves within countries. These subnational scales and constraints will become more visible if migration research decentres the national from its theory and empirics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FIELD DEPENDENCE REVISITED

Results of the large number of studies stimulated by the theory of psychological differentiation now make revision of the theory necessary. The model that is proposed seeks to accommodate, the recently accumulated findings on interpersonal behavior, cognitive restructuring skills and localization of neurophysiological functions. Central components of this model are the field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles. These styles are conceived as tendencies to rely on internal or external referents in information processing, stemming from differences in extent of self-nonself segregation. Reflecting these contrasting tendencies, field-independent people do well in cognitive restructuring tasks and are limited in social sensitivity and social skills; field-dependent people have greater social sensitivity and social skills but are not as competent in cognitive restructuring. The field-dependence-independence cognitive-style dimension is thus bipolar with regard to level, having no clear “high” or “low” ends; and it is neutral with regard to value, each pole having qualities adaptive in particular circumstances. A distinction is drawn between people who are fixed in their use of a field-dependent or field-independent style and those who are mobile, having access to both.
High-temperature strength and storage modulus in unidirectional hybrid composites

Abstract The mechanical properties of pultruded rods of unidirectional hybrid glass/carbon-epoxy composites were evaluated with respect to retention of high-temperature properties up to 250 °C. Two prototype matrices were produced using developmental epoxy formulations with glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 176 and 202 °C, respectively. The two prototype composites showed diminished tensile strength at high temperatures, but with different temperature thresholds. The high-Tg composite retained full strength to 170 °C, while the lower-Tg composite retained full strength to 80 °C. Matrix softening and loss of fiber–matrix adhesion was a major factor affecting the strength reduction observed at high temperatures. The storage modulus, measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), showed temperature dependence nearly identical to the tensile strength for both composites. The correlation between storage modulus and tensile strength was analyzed in terms of the effect of temperature on the shear modulus of the matrices. The storage modulus behavior is presented as a basis for projecting the strength-temperature dependence of unidirectional composites.
Alethic Functionalism, Manifestation, and the Nature of Truth

Michael Lynch has recently proposed an updated version of alethic functionalism according to which the relation between truth per se and lower-level truth properties is not the realization relation, as might be expected, and as Lynch himself formerly held, but the manifestation relation. I argue that the manifestation relation is merely a resemblance relation and is inadequate to properly relate truth per se to lower-level truth properties. I also argue that alethic functionalism does not justify the claim that truth per se exists, or that truth per se is a functional property. Finally, I suggest a replacement for the manifestation relation. I argue that the resulting theory is a strict improvement over alethic functionalism on two counts, but that the improved theory does not justify the claim that truth per se exists. Since no further improvements to the theory are apparent, the prospects for alethic functionalism are dim.
Long-Distance Vocalizations of Coyotes (Canis latrans)

Evoked and spontaneous long-distance vocalizations of wild coyotes ( Canis latrans ) were studied in Texas and Oklahoma from June 1972 to August 1974. Sonagrams of tape recordings showed that adult coyotes produced two basic sounds—the bark and the flat howl. These sounds were given by animals in both single and group situations. In addition the yip, yipe, short-howl, warble, laugh, and irregular howl were common group vocalizations. Two or more sounds were often joined to form combination howls. The scream and gargle were characteristic of immature coyotes. Sound patterns from the bark to the flat howl formed a continuum of increasing phonetic complexity with intermediate sounds frequently produced. Coyote vocalization was variable in sound type, duration, Hertz, amplitude of fundamental and other harmonics, and in the sequence of combinations of two or more different sounds. In these ways information could be conveyed.
Reflections on the Michigan occlusal splint

Specific features related to the development, design and use of the Michigan splint have been described. Additional benefits from the Michigan splint beyond what can be expected from conventional stabilization splints and bite planes have been suggested. Important aspects of corrections and maintenance care of the Michigan splint have been stressed.
Plenty of room, indeed.

There is plenty of room for practical innovation at the nanoscale. But first, scientists have to understand the unique physics that governs matter there.
Incidence and Nature of Tumors in Captive Wild Mammals and Birds

The literature on disease in lower animals offers very little information as to possible variations in resistance or susceptibility of different animal groups to the development of neoplasms. Observations on captive wild mammals and birds have indicated, however, that all taxonomic groups may not be equally affected and that there may be distinct differences in organ and tissue susceptibility to tumor growth. A review (1) of the autopsy records of more than 5000 wild mammals and birds dying in the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens has shown that tumors occurred in about 2 per cent of all specimens. Mammals were much more frequently affected than were birds, although the latter were much more numerous in this series. The incidence of tumors also varied widely for different taxonomic groups (orders) of both mammals and birds. The neoplasms found in these animals involved a variety of tissues, but the gastro-intestinal tract and related organs of mammals and the renal-adrenal-gonad tissues of birds, respectively, were more frequently the sites of tumor growth than other parts of the bodies. The skin of birds and the mucocutaneous junction of both birds and mammals were rarely affected by neoplasms. The present report is a second survey of all cases of tumors that have been found in wild birds and mammals dying in the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens from 1901 to 1932.2 Those instances discussed in earlier publications (1, 2) have been reexamined and included in the present discussion.
Safety of grasshopper entomopoxviruses for caged adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

Two entomopoxviruses (EPVs), one each from Melanoplus sangutnipes (F.) And Oedaleus senegalensts (Krauss), were tested for their safety for newly emerged adult workers of the honey bee, Apts mellifera L. Neither reductions in longevity nor pathological effects of the grasshopper EPVs were observed.
Giga-pixel imaging on a chip: High numerical aperture lensfree microscopy over a wide field-of-view

We report an on-chip lensfree holographic microscope with a large field-of-view (FOV) of ~20.5 mm2 and a high numerical aperture (NA) of ~0.9. By implementing a pixel super-resolution technique on a color CMOS image sensor, this computational microscope achieves a spatial resolution of ~300 nm at an illumination wavelength of 530 nm, yielding approximately one billion useful pixels in both the reconstructed amplitude and phase images. This lensfree holographic on-chip imaging technique can be used as the building block for high resolution, compact and cost-effective optical microscopes for various biomedical imaging applications.
The synthesis and physiological activity of several α-alkylindole-3-acetic acids

Abstract The effect of α-alkylation on the physiological activity of indole-3-acetic acid was determined by the synthesis of α-methyl-, α-ethyl-, α-propyl- and α-isopropyl-IAA and assessing their relative activity in the promotion of parthenocarpic tomato ovary growth. Avena coleoptile elongation, and buckwheat root elongation. Indole was condensed with the appropriate 2-hydroxyalkanoic acid in the presence of potassium hydroxide in a high pressure autoclave at 240–260° for 15–21 hr. Both α-methyl-IAA and α-ethyl-IAA were significantly more active in promoting parthenocarpic tomato ovary growth than IAA. α-Propyl-IAA was of intermediate activity and a-isopropyl-IAA had the same activity as IAA. In the Avena assay α-methyl-IAA and α-ethyl-IAA were equal in activity to IAA. Substitution of an α-hydrogen with a propyl group reduced the activity below that of IAA while substitution with the larger isopropyl group further significantly reduced biological activity. With the exception of α-isopropyl IAA, the activity in the buckwheat assay followed the same pattern as with the Avena. IAA, α-methyl-IAA, and α-ethyl-IAA all gave responses indicative of strong auxins while the response of α-propyl-IAA was typical of a weak auxin. α-Isopropyl-IAA showed neither inhibition nor stimulation of buckwheat root elongation.
Retrospective Evaluation of Delayed Administration of Fondaparinux in Providing Comparable Safety and Efficacy Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Elective-Arthroplasty Procedures

Purpose: To evaluate the selected outcome measures of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events and major bleeding in patients undergoing a major-elective arthroplasty procedure. Comparing fondaparinux initiated 18 to 24 hours after the procedure with alternative regimens recommended by the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy consensus guidelines for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism.Background: The Lehigh Valley Hospital, Cedar Crest campus has three large orthopedic groups providing services at this site. Each group has successfully managed post-surgical bleeding and prophylaxis of VTE occurrences using individually managed anticoagulation regimens. In house monitoring has shown equivalency. Recently, a new agent was FDA-approved that might provide a further reduction in venous embolic events, but potentially at the cost of increased major bleeding. Some data suggest that the ‘timing’ of an anticoagulant’s dose may impact both bleeding and thrombotic event rates. However, the...
Mechanism of Neurotransmitter Release Elicited by the Preferential α1‐Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Phenylephrine in Superfused Superior Cervical Ganglion Cells in Culture

Phenylephrine increased [3H]norepinephrine efflux and accumulation of cyclic AMP in cultured rat superior cervical ganglion cells superfused with Tyrode's solution. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism and relationship between these two events. Electrical stimulation (1-2 Hz), potassium chloride (50 mM), and the preferential alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine (1-100 microM) increased fractional tritium efflux, whereas methoxamine, cirazoline, and amidephrine were relatively ineffective. Phenylephrine, but not methoxamine and cirazoline, also increased cyclic AMP accumulation. Phenylephrine-induced tritium efflux was not altered by alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists or by removal of extracellular calcium. Phenylephrine-induced cyclic AMP accumulation was blocked by the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists propranolol and atenolol. Forskolin (10 microM) and the nonhydrolyzable cyclic AMP analogue 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)cyclic AMP (100 microM) had minimal effect on tritium efflux. However, phenylephrine-evoked increase in tritium efflux was dose dependently attenuated by the neuronal uptake blocker cocaine, and phenylephrine dose-dependently inhibited the incorporation of [3H]norepinephrine into neuronal stores. We conclude that the increase in tritium efflux induced by phenylephrine is independent of cyclic AMP accumulation and appears to be mediated by uptake of phenylephrine via the neuronal carrier-mediated amine transport process, which in turn promotes efflux of the adrenergic transmitter from its storage sites.
Effect of N-Desacetyl Thio Colchicine (TG) and N-Desacetyl-Methyl-Colchicine (MC) on Rat Fetus and Litter in utero.

Summary(1) One or 2 doses of 7 mg/kg of TC or 2.5 mg/kg of MC destroyed the litters of rats when given after 10th day of gestation period. (2) Placentas survived the fetuses. (3) Maternal response to dosage consisted in depression of myeloid tissues of bone marrow, peripheral WBC and prothrombin time. (4) Four consecutive litter destructions in utero with TC were well tolerated by a group of rats, did not impair their subsequent fertility or reproduction, nor cause abnormalities in subsequent offspring. (5) The same doses of TC or MC given prior to fertilization, or implantation were less effective in litter destruction.
Suppression of Glial Nitric Oxide Synthase Induction by Heat Shock: Effects on Proteolytic Degradation of IκB-α☆

Rat C6 glioma cells were stably transfected with a human cDNA encoding heat shock protein (HSP) 70. Immunostaining revealed the presence of largely cytosolic HSP70 in C6-hsp70 cells, but not in control (vector transfected) C6-pTK cells. Induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) expression in C6-hsp70 cells, assessed by nitrite accumulation, was significantly reduced compared to control C6-pTK cells (25 ± 8% of control cell induction,P< 0.005), when induced with a maximally stimulatory combination of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus a mixture of three cytokines (“CM:” TNF-α, IL1-β, and IFN-γ). Immunostaining for the transcription factor NFκB p65 subunit revealed decreased cytokine-dependent nuclear uptake in HSP70 expressing cells compared to control cells. Activation of C6 cell NFκB by LPS plus CM required IκB degradation by the 20S proteasome, since NOS-2 expression was blocked by a selective proteasome inhibitor. In parental C6 cells, the presence of LPS plus CM caused a rapid (within 30 min) decrease in inhibitory IκB-α protein levels, and this loss was abolished by prior heat shock of the cells. In contrast, IκB-α levels in transfected cells were not modified by the expression of HSP70. These results demonstrate that constitutive HSP70 expression in glial cells can reduce NOS-2 induction, presumably due to inhibition of NFκB nuclear uptake. Furthermore, whereas prevention of decreases in IκB-α can account for the suppressive effects of heat shock, the results suggest that HSP70 blocks NOS-2 induction by interfering at a later step in the NFκB activation pathway.
Guns and dolls: an exploration of violent behavior in girls.

As demonstrated by several studies, there is an increase in levels of female violence. This study attempts to more fully understand the increasing phenomenon of violence in girls by exploring motivations to engage in violent behavior. The hypothesis that a girl's perceived sense of competence is influenced by social and environmental variables that motivate her to engage in violent behavior is tested. Research studies of female adolescent violence have focused on the study of risk factors predisposing the individual to violent behavior. This study uses a health behavior framework (C.L. Cox, Advances in Nursing Science, October 1982, 41-56) to explore the links between perceived sense of competence and both the risk and protective factors that motivate girls to act violently. Language: en
On the most probable states of two-dimensional plasmas

The Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation and two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) have ideal Lagrangian invariants that are used as the basis for most probable state analysis. An information-theoretic entropy defined in terms of the Lagrangian invariants leads to predictions for relationships between the field quantities. These relationships are tested through numerical solution of the equations through the turbulent relaxation of random initial conditions to coherent states. It is found that the predictions for the most probable state for the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation are essentially correct, whereas for two-dimensional MHD they are not. Questions and issues are raised pertaining to why a most probable state analysis based upon Lagrangian invariants seems to work in the case of the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation but not for two-dimensional MHD. A qualitatively correct entropy is proposed for two-dimensional MHD based upon field variables that are not local invariants.
Electron localization and the nonmetal-to-metal transition at ultrathin alkali-metal/Si(111) interfaces

Abstract The K/Si(111)7 × 7 and K/Si(111)(√3 × √3)R30°-B interfaces are nonmetallic at room temperature saturation coverage. In contrast, the Cs/Si(111)7 × 7 interface metallizes below saturation coverage. Possible mechanisms of electron localization in pre-metallized films will be discussed. We conclude that electron correlation effects are important in determining the electronic properties of these interfaces.