cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alvarez receives Astral Tribute

Eugene Shoemaker (right) presents Walter Alvarez of the University of California, Berkeley, with the photographic evidence of the asteroid named in honor of Walter and his late father, Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez. Minor Planet 3581 Alvarez, the Mars-crossing asteroid, was discovered at Palomar Observatory by Shoemaker, of the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Ariz., and his wife Carolyn, who is the leading discoverer of comets in the 20th century. The presentation was made on the occasion of the second Conference on Global Catastrophes in Earth History, held October 20–23 at Snowbird, Utah.
Concepts and Methods for the Study of Axonal Regeneration in the CNS

Progress in the field of axonal regeneration research has been like the process of axonal growth itself: there is steady progress toward reaching the target, but there are episodes of mistargeting, misguidance along false routes, and connections that must later be withdrawn. This primer will address issues in the study of axonal growth after central nervous system injury in an attempt to provide guidance toward the goal of progress in the field. We address definitions of axonal growth, sprouting and regeneration after injury, and the research tools to assess growth.
Respiratory failure in a full-term infant.

T H E P A T I E N T was a newborn Negro male infant, delivered at 39 weeks' gestation of a 25-year-old, gravlda 6 para 5 mother. The mother's health had been good except for a urinary tract infection during the pregnancy. The birth weights of her previous infants were 6 pounds 9 ounces, 8 pounds 12 ounces, 7 pounds 14 ounces, 7 pounds, and 9 pounds, respectively. She was admitted to The Chicago Lying-In Hospital in false labor at 37 weeks' gestation. Urinalysis showed 2+ albuminuria. She had 1+ ankle edema. Blood pressure was 110/70 ram. Hg; previously recorded blood pressures had been normal, and there had been neither albuminuria nor glycosuria. She was readmitted in active labor 2 weeks later. She gave a history of being febrile for the previous 4 days. She was treated immediately with ampicillin intravenously, and subsequently with cephalothin. The temperature became normal on the third hospital day. KlebsieIla pneumoniae and Staphylococcus albus were cultured from a catheterized specimen of the urine. Urinalysis shortly thereafter revealed approximately 10 red and 8 to 12 white blood cells per highpower microscopic field. She had also complained of an upper respiratory infection and cough, and on admission her breath sounds were described as "coarse." The blood pressure was 130/75 mm. Hg. The fetal
On efficient deployment of high-end sensors in large-scale Heterogeneous WSNs

Many complex sensor network applications require the use of a large number of low-end sensors to achieve quality through quantity. Deploying a relatively small number of high-end sensors in the region to gather and forward sensor data to the base station is generally considered as an efficient and scalable way to facilitate the management and operation of large-scale sensor networks. The number and location of high-end sensors do not only affect the network deployment cost but also the total energy consumption for data communication. We investigate the problem of deploying a minimum set of high-end sensors to collect the measurements of all low-end sensors with a minimum amount of energy consumption. We propose a heuristic algorithm, Distance- and Connectivity-based H-sensor Deployment to solve this problem. The simulation results illustrate the performance superiority of the proposed algorithm in comparison with two greedy schemes.
Media effects on expectancies: Exposure to realistic female images as a protective factor

Although frequent exposure to very thin female models is likely the norm for American women, exposure to attractive, average-weight models is likely unusual and may therefore be influential. The authors hypothesized that women at risk for eating disorders who are exposed to attractive, average-weight models would endorse fewer expectancies for reinforcement from thinness than would other women. The hypothesis was confirmed: High-risk women exposed to average-weight model images were less likely to endorse thinness/restricting expectancies than those who were exposed to thin models or to control images. Media exposure to realistic female images appears to lessen the relationship between at-risk status and subsequent endorsement of thinness/restricting expectancies and may therefore disrupt the risk process.
Damage thresholds of fluoride multilayers at 355 nm

Fluoride multilayer coatings were evaluated for use in 355 nm high reflector applications. The LaF[sub 3]/Na[sub 3]AlF[sub 6], NdF[sub 3]/Na[sub 3]AlF[sub 6] and GdF[sub 3]/Na[sub 3]AlF[sub 6] multilayers had laser damage thresholds of 20, 17.9 and 7.4 (measured at 10-ns pulsewidths), respectively. High tensile stresses in the coatings restricted this evaluation to only 5-layer-pair partial reflectors (49--52%).The LaF[sub 3]/Na[sub 3]AlF[sub 6], NdF[sub 3]/Na[sub 3]Al[sub 6] and GdF[sub 3]/Na[sub 3]AlF[sub 6] multilayers had tensile stresses of [approximately] 1.1 [times] 109, 1.3 [times] 109 and 9.3 [times] 10[sup 8] dynes/cm[sup 2], respectively. Substrate material and glow-discharge processing of the substrates were found to influence the density of stress-induced coating fractures and damage thresholds in some cases. If stress fracturing and scatter can be controlled, these fluoride material combinations are suited for 3[omega] applications.
Minimum weight design of an orthogonally stiffened waffle cylindrical shell with buckling constraint

The minimum weight design of an orthogonally stiffened waffle cylindrical shell with simple supported edges is studied. The minimum eigenvalues and the corresponding mode numbers for buckling are searched by the sectioning method or the gradient method. The formulations for the buckling analysis include two loading cases: uniform axial compressive stress; and bending, as well as uniform, axial stresses. The optimization method used is the steepest descent method with state inequality constraint. Six design variables are considered: thickness of the shell; depth and width of the longitudinal stiffeners; depth and width of the circumferential stiffeners; and spacing between the stiffeners. Three design examples are performed: two with uniform compression and one with bending load. When compared with three previously published designs, the reductions in weight are found to be 32.7, 60.2, and 54.7%, respectively. Such results suggest that tremendous weight reduction can be achieved by appropriate wall stiffening and that this method is highly effective for minimum weight design.
Physiological functions of Atg6/Beclin 1: a unique autophagy-related protein

The most striking morphological feature of eukaryotic cells is the presence of various membrane-enclosed compartments. These compartments, including organelles and transient transport intermediates, are not static. Rather, dynamic exchange of proteins and membrane is needed to maintain cellular homeostasis. One of the most dramatic examples of membrane mobilization is seen during the process of macroautophagy. Macroautophagy is the primary cellular pathway for degradation of long-lived proteins and organelles. In response to environmental cues, such as starvation or other types of stress, the cell produces a unique membrane structure, the phagophore. The phagophore sequesters cytoplasm as it forms a double-membrane cytosolic vesicle, an autophagosome. Upon completion, the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome or a vacuole in yeast, which delivers hydrolases that break down the inner autophagosome membrane along with its cargo, and the resulting macromolecules are released back into the cytosol for reuse. Autophagy is therefore a recycling process, allowing cells to survive periods of nutrient limitation; however, it has a wider physiological role, participating in development and aging, and also in protection against pathogen invasion, cancer and certain neurodegenerative diseases. In many cases, the role of autophagy is identified through studies of an autophagy-related protein, Atg6/Beclin 1. This protein is part of a lipid kinase complex, and recent studies suggest that it plays a central role in coordinating the cytoprotective function of autophagy and in opposing the cellular death process of apoptosis. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of Atg6/Beclin 1 in different model organisms and its unique function in the cell.
UPTAKE AND LOSSES OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE BY A NEW ENGLAND SALT MARSH

As part of an investigation on the potential of salt marshes to act as natural waste treatment systems, we are studying the cycling of heavy metals in Great Sippewissett Marsh, Massachusetts. For the last 7 yr, varying doses of fertilizer containing sewage sludge have been added to experimental plots. Changes in metal levels in the sediment, grasses, and animals have been monitored. Marsh sediments retained 20-35% Cd, 20-50Wo Cr, 60-100%o Cu, 55-100%o Pb, 80100%o Fe, 55-60% Mn and 20-45% of the Zn added in the fertilizer. When compared with low marsh, high marsh areas retained a significantly greater fraction of all the added metals except Mn. In the treated plots the dominant grasses, Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens, contained elevated levels of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn. Recent Spartina litter contained elevated levels of Fe, Cu, Cr and Pb and reduced levels of Cd. The mussel Modiolus demissus exhibited significantly elevated levels of Cd, Cr and Cu and reduced levels of Pb compared to control animals. The fiddler crab Uca pugnax showed significantly higher levels of Cd, Cu and Mn.
Deconvolution of superimposed DTA/DSC peaks using the simplex algorithm

Mathematical models emulating DSC/DTA traces of fusion and first-order decomposition were developed. A computer program is described that uses the simplex numerical optimization algorithm to determine the coefficients for the model equations that best fit experimental data, by the criterion of least-squared error. Use of the program permitted deconvolution of various superimposed endotherms.
Novel details of calsequestrin gel conformation in situ

Calsequestrin (CASQ) is the major component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) lumen in skeletal and cardiac muscles. This calcium-binding protein localizes to the junctional SR (jSR) cisternae, where it is responsible for the storage of large amounts of Ca2+, whereas it is usually absent, at least in its polymerized form, in the free SR. The retention of CASQ inside the jSR is due partly to its association with other jSR proteins, such as junctin and triadin, and partly to its ability to polymerize, in a high Ca2+ environment, into an intricate gel that holds the protein in place. In this work, we shed some light on the still poorly described in situ structure of polymerized CASQ using detailed EM images from thin sections, with and without tilting, and from deep-etched rotary-shadowed replicas. The latter directly illustrate the fundamental network nature of polymerized CASQ, revealing repeated nodal points connecting short segments of the linear polymer. Background: Calsequestrin is essential to keep a high calcium concentration inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers. Results: In situ, calsequestrin polymers appear to form a three-dimensional structure with repeated nodal points. Conclusion: A three-dimensional calsequestrin polymer matrix is very suitable for its spatially confined calcium storage function. Significance: The calsequestrin structure has been extensively studied in ex vivo systems. This approach illustrates the behavior of the protein while still in its physiological cell localization.
SOME LAWS GOVERNING THE MIGRATION OF COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC IN WATER, AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN PROSPECTING

The author attempts to explain some of the problems of hydrochemical prospecting by study of the migration of certain metals in water. In general the metal content of natural waters is lower than might be expected from their solubilities in pure water. In deposits of Kazakhstan there is a strong influence on the concentration of these elements by the chemical composition and pH of the water. Lead and copper contents are strongly dependent on pH (decreasing with greater pH) and zinc less so. The pH limit of indistinct and discontinuous hydrochemical anomalies is about 7 for copper, 7.2 for lead, and 7.5 for zinc. The predominantly alkaline or neutral waters of raremetal deposits precludes usage of copper, lead, and zinc as indicators. Careful studies are therefore necessary to adequately evaluate anomalies. Data from diverse, unmineralized rocks indicates that limestones and carbon-enriched bottom deposits, and acid intrusives and their tuffs, are most active in lead sorption. The structure of rocks and mi...
By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth

By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth RICHARD HUDELSON AND CARL ROSS, 2006 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press vii + 336 pages. Illustrations, notes and index. $18.95. By th...
Fluxional σ-bonds of 2,5,8-tri-tert-butyl-1,3-diazaphenalenyl dimers: stepwise [3,3], [5,5] and [7,7] sigmatropic rearrangements via π-dimer intermediates

Inspired by experimental evidence of the thermally accessible π-dimer of the title compound, DAzPh (7), we propose that the σ-dimer (8) can undergo a variety of σ-bond shifts representing very unusual multi-faceted fluxional bonding between two neutral π-radicals. In this paper, we present a theoretical study of the sigmatropic rearrangement of the DAzPh σ-dimers. Out of the six σ-bonded tautomers three are competitive: a degenerate pair resulting from a [5,5] sigmatropic rearrangement and a non-degenerate product of a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement with barriers of 10.21 kcal mol−1 and 10.00 kcal mol−1, respectively. Both of these rearrangements occur stepwise through a π-dimer intermediate (9), which is 1.33 kcal mol−1 higher in energy than the σ-dimer (8). These data are consistent with optical and paramagnetic susceptibility experiments and offer a natural interpretation for the unusual C–C contact distance of 2.153 A obtained by X-ray diffraction by Morita et al. Another new σ-dimer (15) with a different dipole–dipole stacking pattern is predicted, the energy of which is very close to that of 8, and is likely to be isolable under suitable conditions. The new σ-dimer (15) is expected to undergo stepwise [7,7] sigmatropic rearrangement. Thus we observed a complete spectrum of sigmatropic rearrangement reactions in these DAzPh dimers. The π-dimers 4, 9 and 17 show decreasing order of SOMO–SOMO splittings consistent with the UV-vis absorbance. The calculated paramagnetism is in good agreement with experiments providing further evidence for the presented interpretation of fluxional bonding in the DAzPh σ-dimers.
The Response of Heavily Shielded Plastic Scintillator-Photomultiplier Combinations to Nanosecond Neutron Pulses

The effect of neutron transport in massive shields surrounding scintillation detectors has been experimentally determined. Beam target prompt neutron production to measure ion beam current and the measurement of thermonuclear neutron production in particle beam fusion experiments require nanosecond measurements fram scintillator-photomultiplier combinations shielded with massive amounts of lead. The lead shield is necessary to attenuate the intense x-ray bursts characteristic of these experiments. The response of shielded detectors to several-nanosecond-wide neutron pulses has been established for both 2.45 MeV and 14.1 MeV neutrons. The characteristic neutron pulse shape measured for lead shields up to 20.3 cm in thickness show a sharp leading edge with a few nanoseconds risetime, a FWHM of 6-32 ns, and a tail that can extend for tens of nanoseconds. This pulse shape is predicted from an analysis of elastic, inelastic, and (n, 2 n) reactions that occur in the lead shield.
Information matrix for logistic distributions

The Fisher information matrix for Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV logistic distributions are derived.
The Efficacy and Safety of Furosemide and a Combination of Spironolactone and Hydrochlorothiazide in Congestive Heart Failure

The therapeutic and biochemical effects of two commonly employed diuretic preparations were compared in a double-blind fashion in 32 patients with congestive heart failure. At the doses employed, furosemide and a fixed combination of spironolactone and hydrochlothiazide maintained control of the clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure to about the same degree. However, significant biochemical changes in the renin-aldosterone system were found in patients receiving the spironolactone/thiazide combination therapy. A significant increase in plasma renin activity and a significantly greater increase in aldosterone excretion were found in the spironolactone/thiazide group compared to the furosemide group. No significant differences were observed in serum potassium levels or 24-hour potassium excretion rates in patients treated with the two diuretic preparations.
Drug-dependent behaviors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressions in Caenorhabditis elegans following chronic nicotine exposure

Nicotine, the major psychoactive compound in tobacco, targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and results in drug dependence. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans' (C. elegans) genome encodes conserved and extensive nicotinic receptor subunits, representing a useful system to investigate nicotine-induced nAChR expressions in the context of drug dependence. However, the in vivo expression pattern of nAChR genes under chronic nicotine exposure has not been fully investigated. To define the role of nAChR genes involved in nicotine-induced locomotion changes and the development of tolerance to these effects, we characterized the locomotion behavior combining the use of two systems: the Worm Tracker hardware and the WormLab software. Our results indicate that the combined system is an advantageous alternative to define drug-dependent locomotion behavior in C. elegans. Chronic (24-h dosing) nicotine exposure at 6.17 and 61.7μM induced nicotine-dependent behaviors, including drug stimulation, tolerance/adaption, and withdrawal responses. Specifically, the movement speed of naive worms on nicotine-containing environments was significantly higher than on nicotine-free environments, suggesting locomotion stimulation by nicotine. In contrast, the 24-h 6.17μM nicotine-treated worms exhibited significantly higher speeds on nicotine-free plates than on nicotine-containing plates. Furthermore significantly increased locomotion behavior during nicotine cessation was observed in worms treated with a higher nicotine concentration of 61.7μM. The relatively low locomotion speed of nicotine-treated worms on nicotine-containing environments also indicates adaption/tolerance of worms to nicotine following chronic nicotine exposure. In addition, this study provides useful information regarding the comprehensive in vivo expression profile of the 28 "core" nAChRs following different dosages of chronic nicotine treatments. Eleven genes (lev-1, acr-6, acr-7, acr-11, lev-8, acr-14, acr-16, acr-20, acr-21, ric-3, and unc-29) were significantly up-regulated following 61.7μM nicotine treatment, in which worms showed significantly increased locomotion behavior. This study provides insights into the linkage between nicotine-induced locomotion behavior and the regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of major histone species and their variants from somatic and germ-line tissue

Abstract A two-dimensional electrophoretic procedure has been developed and applied to the analysis of histones from the mouse thymus, liver, and seminiferous epithelium. The technique uses acetic acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the first dimension to provide a primary separation of major histone species. Separation of additional histone species and variants is achieved in the second dimension by adding 0.4% of the nonionic detergent Lubrol-WX to the polyacrylamide gel. The procedure is relatively simple and highly reproducible and enables the simultaneous resolution of 9 to 16 protein spots corresponding to the major histone species and their variants.
Heparin Binding Nanostructures to Promote Growth of Blood Vessels

Controlling new blood vessel formation is of interest in regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. Heparin, a biopolymer that binds to angiogenic growth factors, was used to nucleate the self-assembly of nanostructures from designed peptide amphiphile molecules. This process yields rigid nanofibers that display heparin chains to orient proteins for cell signaling. In vivo, the nanostructures stimulated extensive new blood vessel formation using nanogram amounts of growth-factor proteins that by themselves did not induce any detectable angiogenesis.
The stereoisomers of menthol in selected tobacco products. A brief report.

Introduction Menthol has long been an important flavorant in tobacco products, and both its historical and present uses are topics of increasing debate. Menthol can exist in eight different stereoisomeric forms (as four enantiomeric pairs) that possess different sensory properties. As regards use in tobacco products, the open scientific literature and available industry documents focus on the D-menthol and l-menthol enantiomeric pair, and in particular on l-menthol, but are ambiguous about the actual importance of D-menthol in tobacco products. This study provides the first openly available measurements regarding the stereoisomeric forms of menthol as found in selected United States sub-brands of smokeless tobacco (SLT), cigarettes, and cigarette smoke. Methods Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied using a "chiral" GC column to separate and determine the forms of menthol present in headspace air above various samples of United States sub-brands of SLT, cigarette filler material, and cigarette smoke particulate matter. Additional GC × GC/Time-of-flight mass spectrometry measurements were also made. Results The dominant form of menthol by far in any of the samples was l-menthol. Conclusions For the selected cigarettes and SLT products tested from the U.S. market, the only form of menthol found was l-menthol. Other forms may be present in products that were not tested. No evidence was found of thermal racemization upon smoking of l-menthol to a d+l mixture.
GPR30 FORMS AN INTEGRAL PART OF E2-PROTECTIVE PATHWAY IN EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

A major focus of our laboratory has been an in-depth evaluation as to how estrogens exert a pronounced protective effect on clinical and histological disease in the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). An important issue regarding their therapeutic application has been the undesirable estrogenic side effects thought to be mediated primarily through 17β-estradiol (E2) binding to intracellular estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). With the discovery and characterization of GPR30 as the putative membrane estrogen receptor, we sought to study whether signaling through GPR30 was sufficient to mediate protection against EAE without engagement of ERα. Treatment of EAE in WT mice with G-1, a selective GPR30 agonist, retained estradiol's ability to protect against clinical and histological EAE without estrogenic side effects. G-1 treatment deviated cytokine profiles and enhanced suppressive activity of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells through a GPR30- and programmed death 1 (PD-1)-dependent mechanism. This novel finding was indicative of the protective effect of GPR30 activation in EAE and provides a strong foundation for the clinical application of GPR30 agonists such as G-1 in MS. However, future studies are needed to elucidate cross-signaling and evaluate possible additive effects of combined signaling through both GPR30 and ER-α. Deciphering the possible mechanism of involvement of GPR30 in estrogen-mediated protection against EAE may result in lowering treatment doses of E2 and GPR30 agonists that could minimize risks and maximize immunoregulation and therapeutic effects in MS. Alternatively, one might envision using E2 derivatives with reduced estrogenic activity alone or in combination with GPR30 agonists as therapies for both male and female MS patients.
The State, Courts, and Equal Opportunities for Female CEOs in U.S. Organizations: Specifying Institutional Mechanisms

While institutional analyses have convincingly demonstrated the association between institutional environments and the rise of due-process structures in the workplace, they have been less clear on the extent to which institutional environments and due-process structures actually matter for worker outcomes in organizations. Through an analysis of CEOs in a national sample of U.S. organizations, this article contributes to institutional research in two ways: First, we examine the actual implications of institutional environments and due-process structures for equality of opportunity for women in the workplace, focusing on the likelihood that an organization will have a female CEO. Second, whereas institutional analyses have often relied on the presence of time-period effects to draw inferences about unmeasured characteristics of institutional environments, we measure characteristics of the institutional environment directly at the state and federal levels. Results show that specific aspects of the institutional environment in which an organization is situated, as well as the structure of an organization's internal labor market, are significant predictors of whether an
Idiopathic gastric infarction in childhood

The case of a 6-year-old female with gastric infarction is presented. Despite a careful evaluation, no etiology could be determined in this child or, retrospectively, in several similar children described by other authors in the past. Vascular compromise was present although it is not possible to know whether this was a primary or a secondary event. It is important to recognize that gastric infarction can occur in children without obvious explanation.
Toxicologic investigation of oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride, a new anticholinergic agent.

Abstract 1. 1. The oral LD 50 of oxyphencyclimine in mice and rats was 860 mg/kg and 1370 mg/kg, respectively. 2. 2. Rats were fed rations containing 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg % of oxyphencyclimine for six months. Growth rate was the only parameter employed that was adversely effected. This effect started with the 100-mg level and became progressively more severe at the higher levels. 3. 3. Daily doses of 3, 10, 30, and 100mg of oxyphencyclimine per kilogram of body weight were administered orally to dogs for six months. There were no deleterious effects from this prolonged administration, as evidenced by the absence of any abnormal hematologic, biochemical, or histologic findings.
Total Synthesis of the Nonadjacent Bis-Tetrahydrofuran Annonaceous Acetogenin Squamostatin-D.

A total synthesis of the Annonaceous acetogenin squamostatin-D is described. Key adjacent stereocenters were introduced through enantioselective addition of chiral oxygenated allylic tin and indium reagents to aldehyde subunits. The isolated stereocenter at C12 was constructed through addition of a functionalized organozinc reagent to an aldehyde subunit in the presence of a chiral bis-sulfonamide−titanium catalyst.
Ultrafast Transient Absorption Measurements of Charge Carrier Dynamics in Single II−VI Nanowires

Ultrafast transient absorption experiments have been performed on single CdTe and CdSe nanowires with close to diffraction-limited spatial resolution. The traces for the CdTe nanowires show fast picosecond time scale dynamics, which is assigned to charge carrier trapping at surface states. The time constants vary for different nanowires. This is attributed to differences in the energy and/or density of the trap states, presumably due to variations in surface chemistry. The fast decay component is absent in experiments on CdSe nanowires performed under identical conditions, which is consistent with the much higher emission quantum yield of CdSe nanowires compared to CdTe nanowires. Experiments were also performed with the pump and probe positioned at different points along a single CdTe nanowire. The traces show different trapping times, due to spatial variation in the energy and/or density of trap states. These results highlight the importance of single particle measurements for these systems.
The Raf-MEK-ERK cascade represents a common pathway for alteration of intracellular calcium by Ras and protein kinase C in cardiac myocytes

Ras and protein kinase C (PKC), which regulate the Raf-MEK-ERK cascade, may participate in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, a condition characterized by diminished and prolonged contractile calcium transients. To directly examine the influence of this pathway on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), cardiac myocytes were cotransfected with effectors of this pathway and with green fluorescent protein, which allowed the living transfected myocytes to be identified and examined for [Ca2+]i via indo-1. Transfection with constitutively active Ras (Ha-RasV12) increased cell size, decreased expression of the myofibrils and the calcium-regulatory enzyme SERCA2, and reduced the magnitude and prolonged the decay phase of the contractile [Ca2+]i transients. Similar effects on [Ca2+]i were obtained with Ha-RasV12S35, a Ras mutant that selectively couples to Raf, and with constitutively active Raf. In contrast, Ha-RasV12C40, a Ras mutant that activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, had a lesser effect. The PKC-activating phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, also prolonged the contractile [Ca2+]i transients. Cotransfection with dnMEK inhibited the effects of Ha-RasV12, Raf, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on [Ca2+]i. The effects of Ha-RasV12 and Raf on [Ca2+]i were also counteracted by SERCA2 overexpression. Both Ras and PKC may thus regulate cardiac [Ca2+]i via the Raf-MEK-ERK cascade, and this pathway may represent a critical determinant of cardiac physiological function.
VOLATILES RETENTION DURING FREEZE DRYING OF SYNTHETIC EMULSIONS

Experimental results are presented for the retention of d-limonene during freeze drying of sucrose solutions, for 10% and 25% solution concentrations, for fast and slow freezing, and for various levels of d-limonene addition ranging from below to considerably above the solubility limit. The results show decreasing percentage retentions with increasing initial levels of d-limonene, reaching an asymptotic value at high initial d-limonene contents. These results are interpreted quantitatively in terms of both microscopic observations and a simple model which allows for the collection of emulsion droplets at the ice-concentrate interface during the freezing step, with subsequent loss of those droplets during freeze drying. Retention experiments with n-hexyl acetate and acetone lend additional support to this interpretation and demonstrate the importance of the ratio of emulsion droplet size to the thickness of the interstitial webs of concentrate.
Optical Property Enhancement and Durability Evaluation of Heat Receiver Aperture Shield Materials

Under the Solar Dynamic Flight Demonstration (SDFD) program, NASA Lewis Research Center worked with AlliedSignal Aerospace, the heat receiver contractor, on the development, characterization and durability testing of refractory metals to obtain appropriate optical and thermal properties for the SDFD heat receiver aperture shield. Molybdenum and tungsten foils were grit-blasted using silicon carbide or alumina grit under various grit-blasting conditions for optical property enhancement. Black rhenium coated tungsten foil was also evaluated. Tungsten, black rhenium-coated tungsten, and grit-blasted tungsten screens of various mesh sizes were placed over the pristine and grit-blasted foils for optical property characterization. Grit-blasting was found to be effective in decreasing the specular reflectance and the absorptance/emittance ratio of the refractory foils. The placement of a screen further enhanced these optical properties, with a grit-blasted screen over a grit-blasted foil producing the best results. Based on the optical property enhancement results, samples were tested for atomic oxygen and vacuum heat treatment durability. Grit-blasted (Al2O3 grit) 2 mil tungsten foil was chosen for the exterior layer of the SDFD heat receiver aperture shield. A 0.007 in. wire diameter, 20 x 20 mesh tungsten screen was chosen to cover the tungsten foil. Based on these test results, a heat receiver aperture shield test unit has been built with the screen covered grit-blast tungsten foil exterior layers. The aperture shield was tested and verified the thermal and structural durability of the outer foil layers during an off-pointing period.
Assessment of the erosion resistance of steels used for slurry handling and transport in mineral processing applications

Abstract The wear environment of steels used for containing, transporting and processing erosive mineral slurries is often such that fluid borne particles form a layer moving at high speed across the wearing surface. Information on the performance ranking of such materials is limited, particularly with respect to the influence of steel hardness and microstructure on the resistance to erosion. This is particularly important for the oil sands industry of Northern Alberta where handling and processing of essentially silica-based solids results in extremely severe wear conditions. This paper presents slurry erosion data obtained on 11 commercially available wear resistant plate and pipeline steels with hardness values up to ∼750 HV. These data were obtained using a Coriolis erosion tester operated at 5000 rpm with an aqueous slurry containing 10 wt.% of 200–300 μm silica sand particles. The Coriolis erosion tester was selected because it provides a low-angle scouring action that simulates the erosive conditions encountered in oil sands and tailings pipeline transport and in some related processing operations. Results show that this test method is able to discriminate clearly between the erosion resistance of these steels, expressed in terms of specific energy (the energy necessary to remove unit volume of test material), with the most erosion resistant steel being more than five times superior to the least resistant. A graphical relation between steel hardness and erosion resistance is given. A comparison is also made between slurry erosion data and the performance of the materials in the ASTM G65 dry sand rubber wheel (DSRW) sliding abrasion test. Comments on the influence of the macro- and microstructures of the steels on their wear behaviour are included.
Women Out of Order and Injustice and the Care of Souls

The purpose of this article is to review two important recent publications in the field of pastoral theology: Injustice and the Care of Souls and Women Out of Order. The author argues that these volumes signal the maturation of a new paradigm that moves beyond theories of individual diagnosis and treatment and understands identity as a social construction shaped by oppression.
Management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Abstract: Despite the rarity of the disease, there has been significant recent progress in the management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Arterial phase imaging and somatostatin scintigraphy are important parts of the diagnostic and staging work-up of PNETs. The slow growth rate of PNETs can make observation a reasonable initial option in low volume asymptomatic disease or allow debulking surgery in selected patients with advanced disease. Somatostatin analogs, angiogenesis and mTOR inhibitors have proven benefit for PNET patients in randomized trials while retrospective and single-arm trials using chemotherapy or peptide receptor radiation therapy also appear promising. This review summarizes key aspects in the management of PNETs with emphasis on the most recent advances in systemic therapy.
Molecular analysis of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Objective: To determine whether a mutation in the GnRH receptor gene is responsible for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Molecular analysis of human genomic DNA. Setting: Academic research environment. Patient(s): Eighty patients with PCOS. Intervention(s): Extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of genomic DNA, confirmation of PCR products by ethidium bromide staining of agarose gels after electrophoresis, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR products, and photography. Main Outcome Measure(s): Mutations in the GnRH receptor of women with PCOS. Result(s): Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed no mutations in the exonic sequence encoding the open reading frame of the GnRH receptor. Conclusion(s): A mutation in the GnRH receptor gene is unlikely to be the underlying cause of PCOS in most patients. The molecular basis of this disorder remains unknown.
A Taxonomic Study of Mononchidae (Enoplida: Nemata) Inhabiting Cultivated Areas of Thailand 1)

Eleven species of Mononchidae Chitwood & Chitwood, 1937, were found among the nematodes separated from 48 soil samples in Thailand, and sent to Oregon State University. Six new species are described and named: Iotonchus bangkokensis, I. ainostomos, I. chantaburensis, I. rayongensis, I. thailandensis, and Miconchus triodontus. Females of Iotonchus basidontus Clark, 1960; Mylonchulus index (Cobb, 1906) Andrassy, 1958; M. incurvus (Cobb, 1917) Andrassy, 1958; M. montanus (Thorne, 1924) Andrassy, 1958 and M, lacustris (Cobb, N. A. in Cobb, M. V., 1893) Andrassy, 1958 are redescribed and illustrated.
Attention in the preschool classroom: the relationships among child gender, child misbehavior, and types of teacher attention

Research in preschool classrooms has shown that boys receive more attention from their teachers than girls do, and also that misbehavior is positively associated with teacher attention. However, these previous findings relate primarily to total attention, ignoring the many different types of teacher attention that are likely to have different antecedents and consequences. Additionally, previous studies have not investigated the way teachers treat difficult children when they are not misbehaving. This study examined the relationships among child gender, child misbehavior, and specific types of non‐disciplinary teacher attention. An ethnically and sociometrically diverse sample of 153 preschool children and their teachers were observed through videotapes of preschool classrooms. Girls received more positive interactions than boys, and misbehavior predicted commands unrelated to discipline. Both gender and misbehavior were involved in the prediction of rewards. When these relationships were examined within P...
English Agriculture and Estate Management Instructions, 1200–1700: From Orality to Textuality to Modern Instructions

This article discusses the history and development of English agriculture and estate management instructions, 1200–1700, as these shifted from oral to textual forms. Beginning with manuscript treatises that influenced important instruction books printed in the 16th century, the article shows how major agricultural writers developed instructions for a range of users. By the close of the 17th century, agricultural and estate management books exemplified increasingly modern presentation and style.
An Analysis of Miscible Flooding Chase-Fluid Strategies

This paper presents a fractional-flow-theory analysis of miscible flooding chase-fluid strategies. Graphical solution methods to analyze flood performance for arbitrary solvent/water ratios, chase gas/water ratios (GWR's), and solvent slug sizes are presented. The graphical solution techniques include methods to predict the effects of wave interference, an important precursor to oil-bank destruction or loss in mobility control. An examination of interference leads to a deeper understanding of the miscible slug process. The advantages and disadvantages of chase-water, chase-gas, and simultaneous chase-gas/water injection are summarized. The analysis provides the theoretical basis for many chase-fluid design practices, including the idea of a minimum solvent slug size to ensure displacement integrity and the concept of an optimal chase GWR to minimize solvent requirements.
Tele-doc: an open architecture robotic system for telemedicine applications

This paper describes a research study for the development and implementation of a prototype remote-controlled robotic assistant to doctors (Tele-Doc) for telemedicine applications. The development considers implementation issues concerning real-time and continuous patient monitoring and diagnosis, as well as tele-control interfacing techniques, mobile robot motion controller, reprogrammable embedded processing system, and internet-based robotic control centre. The paper also describes bio-data measurement techniques, as well as simple system architecture and its implementation.
The reactivity of Brominated Activated Carbon (BAC)

Abstract The manner of preparation of BAC determines its capacity for reaction with ethylene, in the following order: slow isothermal bromination > rapid bromination > rapid bromination followed by heating at 550°C. The latter method produces unreactive BAC. It is conluded that heat supplies the activation energy for chemisorption of the bromine, and that the chemisorbed bromine is unreactive. The ability of BAC to retain its bromine was found to be related to the pore structure of the carbon. At saturation pressure, capillary condensation of the bromine occurs. Carbons with larger pore diameters desorb their bromine more rapidly and to a greater extent than do carbons with smaller pore diameters. Recommendations for applications to air purification are suggested.
Turbo-SPICE with latency insertion method (LIM)

In this work, the latency insertion method (LIM) for the time-domain simulation of networks is incorporated into SPICE3f5 for the faster simulation of power distribution networks. This integration is done so as to provide an accelerating option for simulation and an alternative to the resident modified nodal analysis (MNA) in SPICE. Since LIM has linear computational complexity and is substantially faster than SPICE, the new LIM-SPICE simulator allows to handle much larger networks while using the same SPICE framework. In addition, mutual inductance are handled by utilizing a K matrix formulation.
Alternative Tilings for Improved Surface Area Estimates by Local Counting Algorithms

In this paper, we first review local counting methods for perimeter estimation of piecewise smooth binary figures on square, hexagonal, and triangular grids. We verify that better perimeter estimates, using local counting algorithms, can be obtained using hexagonal or triangular grids. We then compare surface area estimates using local counting techniques for binary three-dimensional volumes under the three semi-regular polyhedral tilings: the cubic, truncated octahedral, and rhombic dodecahedral tilings. It is shown that for surfaces of random orientation with a uniform distribution, the expected error of surface area estimates is smaller for the truncated octahedral and rhombic dodecahedral tilings than for the standard cubic or rectangular prism tilings of space. Additional properties of these tessellations are reviewed and potential applications of better surface area estimates are discussed.
Education in Information Science.

This report discusses the various approaches being taken to education in information science. It develops specific definitions of “information,” “information system,” and “information science” which serve to rationalize these approaches. The result is a common core of interest to which the variety of curricula can be related. The differences in curricula are exhibited in terms of the relative priority they will assign to different course offerings.
Biochemical actions of follice-stimulating hormone in the sertoli cell of the rat testis.

The sequence of biochemical events associated with the action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the testis has been investigated using a Sertoli cell-enriched testis model system. The Sertoli cell-enriched testis, created by irradiation of male rats in utero, is devoid of germinal elements but contains a normal complement of supportive Sertoli cells. Comparison of the Sertoli cell-enriched testis with normal testis, demonstrates that the two types of testes contain equal numbers of FSH specific receptors, judged by the binding of labeled hormone. In addition, FSH over a concentration range from 6 × 10-11 to 6 × 10-9M will stimulate the production of adenosine 3′,5′monophosphate (cAMP) in the Sertoli cell-enriched testis in a manner indistinguishable from that of the normal testis. Incubation of Sertoli cell-enriched testis also results in the activation of soluble cAMPdependent protein kinase. This response to FSH is dependent upon the age of the animal and disappears at about 32 days of age. While...
Colon cancer in lung transplant recipients with CF: increased risk and results of screening

Abstract Objective To determine the incidence of colon cancer in lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and review screening colonoscopic findings in other recipients with CF. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients with CF transplanted at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics (January 1994 through December 2010). Results Four of 70 transplant recipients with CF developed fatal colon carcinoma following transplantation, and the cancer was advanced in all 4 recipients (age 31, 44, 44, 64) at the time of diagnosis. In contrast, only one of 287 recipients transplanted for non-CF indications developed colon cancer. Of all recipients with CF who did not develop colon cancer, 20 recipients underwent screening colonoscopy at 1 to 12years following transplantation. Seven (35%) of the screened transplant recipients (ages 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 49, 51) had colonic polyps in locations ranging from cecum to sigmoid colon and up to 3cm in diameter. Conclusions In contrast to non-CF recipients, patients with CF displayed a significant incidence of colon cancer (4 of 70 recipients; 5.7%) with onset ranging from 246days to 9.3years post-transplant, which may be due to a combination of their underlying genetic disorder plus intense, sustained immunosuppression following lung transplantation. Colonoscopic screening may identify patients with pre-malignant colonic lesions and prevent progression to colonic malignancy.
Use of Electronic Portal Image Detectors for Quality Assurance of Advanced Treatments

As the complexity of radiation therapy has increased, the need for quantitative dosimetric evaluation of treatment delivery has also increased. A growing number of investigations have expanded the use of EPIDs from anatomic applications to dosimetric verification. This work focuses on the applications of EPIDs for pre-treatment dosimetric verification of IMRT and intensity modulated arc therapy techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed along with methods to extrapolate to 3D dose verification applications.