cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial influences in the development of cumulative trauma disorders

Abstract Study Design This study is a single-phase, qualitative study using grounded theory methodology. Introduction Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) are musculoskeletal disorders that impact health and productivity. CTD risk factors are present in the workplace, home, and community. Occupational and physical therapists specializing in hand and upper extremity rehabilitation (hand therapists) are widely involved with this population. Hand therapists often employ a medical model in the assessment and treatment of these conditions; however, the medical model has not proven to be consistently effective in relieving symptoms or producing a durable return to daily living activities. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of individuals diagnosed with CTD, and investigate the psychosocial phenomena influencing CTD development as an impediment to occupational performance. Methods The principal investigator recruited 11 participants who met specific inclusion criteria, then used semi-structured interviews aimed at exploring the lived experiences of the participants while investigating the psychosocial phenomenon influencing CTD development. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a process of constant comparison, up until saturation occurred. Trustworthiness techniques were used in the data analysis phase and included peer reviews and member checking. Findings The findings suggest that many psychosocial factors contribute to the development and impact of CTDs, at both onset of symptoms and throughout the duration of the condition. A significant number of contextual factors influence participants’ function, behavior, relationships, and the course of medical care. Themes derived from the participants’ expressions, included the following: 1) an initial strategy of “work through the pain,” can be detrimental to symptom resolution and leads to progressive failure to meet role expectations, 2) a pervasive notion of CTDs as “an invisible disability,” leaving participants feeling isolated and frustrated when significant others fail to offer support or reject them, 3) participants often delayed reporting symptom development to employers, family members, and medical personnel, risking permanent injury and disability, 4) a “stigma” is attached to CTDs that encourages isolation; however, the social support of even one significant other in a person's life can facilitate adaptation. Discussion and Conclusion All participants experienced hardship because of their conditions; however, two of the eleven participants capably navigated the process, using past experience and support from family and employer to successfully adapt. These findings offer support that CTDs are adaptive disorders. The study's conclusion suggests a new model to describe CTD dysfunction and presents new ways of thinking for clinicians who treat the CTD population.
Arithmetical Structures on Bidents

Abstract An arithmetical structure on a finite, connected graph G is a pair of vectors ( d , r ) with positive integer entries for which ( diag ( d ) − A ) r = 0 , where A is the adjacency matrix of G and where the entries of r have no common factor. The critical group of an arithmetical structure is the torsion part of the cokernel of ( diag ( d ) − A ) . In this paper, we study arithmetical structures and their critical groups on bidents, which are graphs consisting of a path with two “prongs” at one end. We give a process for determining the number of arithmetical structures on the bident with n vertices and show that this number grows at the same rate as the Catalan numbers as n increases. We also completely characterize the groups that occur as critical groups of arithmetical structures on bidents.
Early Puberty and Telomere Length in Preadolescent Girls and Mothers.

Objective To test the association between early puberty and telomere length in preadolescent girls and mothers from a large representative sample of US females. Study design We analyzed data from 1194 preadolescent girls and 2421 mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Participants were from a population-based birth cohort (1998-2000) born in large US cities. Telomere length was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from saliva samples provided by preadolescent girls and mothers of preadolescent youth. Mothers completed a questionnaire about their child's pubertal development to determine concurrent Tanner stages and provided self-reports of her own age at menarche. Linear regression models were used to estimate the association between pubertal development (status and timing) and telomere length. Results Early pubertal timing but not pubertal status was associated with shorter telomere length in preadolescent girls (P Conclusions Results provide evidence for the association between early puberty and shorter telomeres evidenced by associations in both preadolescent girls and mothers. Future research should address the limitations of this study by using longitudinal measurements of pubertal development assessed through medical examinations and repeated assessments of telomere length to capture telomere attrition.
Supporting the sociolinguistic repertoire of emergent diglossic speakers: multidialectal practices of L2 Arabic learners

This study examines the multidialectal (i.e. diglossic) practices in the sociolinguistic repertoire of speech productions of 28 L2 Arabic learners who went through training using the integrated app...
Single Port Robotic Surgery in Urology.

To provide a comprehensive review on the new da Vinci SP (single port) robotic surgical system. The published literature to date within urology and a description of the new system will be discussed. There are currently no high-quality published studies with the SP robotic system. All studies are case series, many with 10 or fewer patients. However, all studies have found the SP system to be safe and feasible in performing most urological procedures. Renal and pelvic surgery using the SP robotic system is safe and feasible in the hands of expert robotic surgeons. Long-term, high-quality data is lacking. While the current high price and the learning curve will limit the SP systems’ use in many health care systems, new updates and the release of robotic surgical systems from other developers may help drive down costs and encourage uptake.
Lipid droplet membrane proteome remodeling parallels ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and its resolution.

Abstract Lipid droplets (LDs) are composed of neutral lipids enclosed in a phospholipid monolayer, which harbors membrane-associated proteins that regulate LD functions. Despite the crucial role of LDs in lipid metabolism, remodeling of LD protein composition in disease contexts, such as steatosis, remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that chronic ethanol consumption, subsequent abstinence from ethanol, or fasting differentially affects the LD membrane proteome content and that these changes influence how LDs interact with other intracellular organelles. Here, male Wistar rats were pair-fed liquid control or ethanol diets for 6 weeks, and then, randomly chosen animals from both groups were either refed a control diet for 7 days or fasted for 48 h before euthanizing. From all groups, LD membrane proteins from purified liver LDs were analyzed immunochemically and by MS proteomics. Liver LD numbers and sizes were greater in ethanol-fed rats than in pair-fed control, 7-day refed, or fasted rats. Compared with control rats, ethanol feeding markedly altered the LD membrane proteome, enriching LD structural perilipins and proteins involved in lipid biosynthesis, while lowering LD lipase levels. Ethanol feeding also lowered LD-associated mitochondrial and lysosomal proteins. In 7-day refed (i.e., ethanol-abstained) or fasted-ethanol-fed rats, we detected distinct remodeling of the LD proteome, as judged by lower levels of lipid biosynthetic proteins, and enhanced LD interaction with mitochondria and lysosomes. Our study reveals evidence of significant remodeling of the LD membrane proteome that regulates ethanol-induced steatosis, its resolution after withdrawal and abstinence, and changes in LD interactions with other intracellular organelles.
“It Feels Like I am Talking into a Void”: Understanding Interaction Gaps in Synchronous Online Classrooms

This paper investigates in-class interactions in synchronous online classrooms when the choice of modality is discretionary, such that students choose when and if they turn on their cameras and microphones. Instructor interviews (N = 7) revealed that most students preferred not to share videos and verbally participate. This hindered instructors’ ability to read their classrooms and make deeper connections with students. Survey results (N = 102) suggested that students felt a lacking sense of community in online vs. in-person lectures. Some students felt uncomfortable broadcasting their appearances to everyone in the class, and some were unaware of the benefits for instructors. Most students favored using the text chat to participate. Considering the needs of both instructors and students, we propose recommendations to mitigate the loss of classroom interactions by collecting and presenting less invasive social cues in an aggregated format, and incorporating opportunities for informal exchanges and individual control to spark peer bonding.
The role of HIF proteins in maintaining the metabolic health of the intervertebral disc

The physiologically hypoxic intervertebral disc and cartilage rely on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors to mediate cellular responses to changes in oxygen tension. During homeostatic development, oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylases, circadian clock proteins and metabolic intermediates control the activities of HIF1 and HIF2 in these tissues. Mechanistically, HIF1 is the master regulator of glycolytic metabolism and cytosolic lactate levels. In addition, HIF1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism by promoting flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, inhibiting downsteam oxidative phosphorylation and controlling mitochondrial health through modulation of the mitophagic pathway. Accumulation of metabolic intermediates from HIF-dependent processes contribute to intracellular pH regulation in the disc and cartilage. Namely, to prevent changes in intracellular pH that could lead to cell death, HIF1 orchestrates a bicarbonate buffering system in the disc, controlled by carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and CA12, sodium bicarbonate cotransporters and an intracellular H+/lactate efflux mechanism. In contrast to HIF1, the role of HIF2 remains elusive; in disorders of the disc and cartilage, its function has been linked to both anabolic and catabolic pathways. The current knowledge of hypoxic cell metabolism and regulation of HIF1 activity provides a strong basis for the development of future therapies designed to repair the degenerative disc.
Metabolic Myopathies

We consider recent developments in disorders affecting three areas of metabolism: glycogen, fatty acids, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Among the glycogenoses, new attention has been directed to defects of glycogen synthesis resulting in absence rather than excess of muscle glycogen (“aglycogenosis”). These include defects of glycogen synthetase and defects of glycogenin, the primer of glycogen synthesis. Considerable progress also has been made in our understanding of alterations of glycogen metabolism that result in polyglucosan storage. Among the disorders of lipid metabolism, mutations in the genes encoding two triglyceride lipases acting hand in hand cause severe generalized lipid storage myopathy, one associated with ichthyosis (Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome), the other dominated by juvenile-onset weakness. For the mitochondrial myopathies, we discuss the importance of homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations and review the rapid progress made in our understanding of the coenzyme Q10 deficiencies, which are often treatable.
The Trial of Zacarias Moussaoui

On the horrific morning of September 11, 2001, when planes crashed into buildings and fell from the sky, Zacarias Moussaoui was sitting in a jail in Minnesota facing immigration charges. Even if he had not been arrested three weeks earlier, when he raised suspicion by paying large sums to a flight training school to learn to pilot a Boeing 747 despite his never having piloted a small plane, it seems unlikely that Moussaoui would have been the twentieth hijacker on one of the four doomed planes. Nonetheless, largely because of the convenient fact that he was alive and in custody, the French citizen of Moroccan descent became the only person tried in an American courtroom for involvement in the 9/11 tragedy. As such, his trial came to be much more than a proceeding to determine whether one would-be terrorist would live or die: it became an opportunity for survivors and relatives of 9/11 victims to seek that elusive closure, and an occasion for evaluating - with the benefit of revealing documents released at the trial - whether thousands of innocent lives could have been saved if bureaucrats only focused more on protecting the country than advancing their careers.
Normal cerebrospinal fluid suppresses the in vitro development of cytotoxic T cells: role of the brain microenvironment in CNS immune regulation.

Abstract The regulatory role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain physiology is well established, while our understanding of its role in brain immunity is undefined. We demonstrate that normal rat CSF suppresses the in vitro development of mastocytoma-specific CTL activity in restimulated splenocytes from Balb/c mice, a strain unable to reject this tumor from the brain. Suppression is dependent on TGF- β , revealed by reversal of suppression with specific neutralizing antibody. In contrast, mice which can reject this tumor from the brain, such as Balb/c mice with immunological memory to the tumor or CD-1 mice with major histo-incompatibility with the tumor, have populations of precursor CTL which are resistant to CSF-induced suppression, in the in vitro restimulation protocol. We propose that the susceptibility to CSF-induced suppression of peripherally generated immune cells that traffic to the brain plays an important role in determining whether growing tumor cells survive in the brain.
Crystal structures of oxidized and reduced Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin at pH 8 and 6.

Crystal structures of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (FdI) have been solved and refined at 2.2 to 1.9-A resolution at pH 8 and 6 for both the oxidized and dithionite-reduced proteins. Only the [3Fe-4S] cluster is reduced by dithionite. The four structures (denoted FdI8ox, FdI8red, FdI6ox, and FdI6red) have been compared to address three questions: the effect of reduction at pH 8, the effect of pH change on the structure, and the effect of reduction at pH 6. Comparison of the FdI8ox and FdI8red structures shows that Asp-15 changes conformation in a manner consistent with increased anionic repulsion between this residue and the reduced [3Fe-4S]0 cluster. By revealing an electrostatic interaction between Asp-15 and the [3Fe-4S] cluster, this result supports the conclusion in the accompanying paper (Shen, B., Martin, L. L., Butt, J. N., Armstrong, F. A., Stout, C. D., Jensen, G. M., Stephens, P. J., LaMar, G. N., Gorst, C. M., and Burgess, B. K. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25928-25939) that Asp-15 participates in protonation of the reduced [3Fe-4S]0 cluster at acid pH. The [3Fe-4S]0 cluster in the FdI8red structure also displays a distinct shift within the protein as well as internal distortions when compared to the [3Fe-4S]+ cluster in the FdI8ox structure. Comparison of the FdI8ox and FdI6ox structures shows that pH change does not have any significant effect on the [3Fe-4S]+ cluster or surrounding residues. Comparison of the FdI6ox and FdI6red structures shows that reduction at pH 6 also does not have any significant effect on the [3Fe-4S] cluster or Asp-15. The absence of structural change supports the conclusion that at acid pH, the reduced [3Fe-4S] cluster is protonated, i.e. [3Fe-4S]0-H+ (Shen et al., 1993). The cluster is not shifted or distorted as in the FdI8red structure. Instead, the [3Fe-4S]o-H+ cluster FdI8red is structurally similar to the [3Fe-4S]+ cluster (FdI8ox, FdI6ox), which has the same net charge. An Asp-15-Lys-84 salt bridge is observed in all four structures, indicating that Asp-15 is ionized at pH 8 and 6. An ionized state for Asp-15 is also implied by a lack of conformational change in Lys-84; the side chain of this residue rearranges when Asp-15 is substituted with a neutral amino acid (Shen et al., 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Twenty-First Century Lawyer's Evolving Ethical Duty of Competence

Just twenty years ago, lawyers were not expected to know how to protect confidential information from cybersecurity threats, use the Internet for marketing and investigations, employ cloud-based services to manage a practice and interact with clients, implement automated document assembly and expert systems to reduce costs, or engage in electronic discovery. Today, these skills are increasingly essential, and many lawyers want to know whether they are adapting quickly enough to satisfy their ethical duty of competence. This short article describes several relevant recent changes to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and identifies new skills and knowledge that lawyers should have or develop.
Identification and Characterization of Renal Cell Carcinoma Gene Markers

Microarray gene expression profiling has been used to distinguish histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and consequently to identify specific tumor markers. The analytical procedures currently in use find sets of genes whose average differential expression across the two categories differ significantly. In general each of the markers thus identified does not distinguish tumor from normal with 100% accuracy, although the group as a whole might be able to do so. For the purpose of developing a widely used economically viable diagnostic signature, however, large groups of genes are not likely to be useful. Here we use two different methods, one a support vector machine variant, and the other an exhaustive search, to reanalyze data previously generated in our Lab (Lenburg et al. 2003). We identify 158 genes, each having an expression level that is higher (lower) in every tumor sample than in any normal sample, and each having a minimum differential expression across the two categories at a significance of 0.01. The set is highly enriched in cancer related genes (p = 1.6 x 10⁻¹²), containing 43 genes previously associated with either RCC or other types of cancer. Many of the biomarkers appear to be associated with the central alterations known to be required for cancer transformation. These include the oncogenes JAZF1, AXL, ABL2; tumor suppressors RASD1, PTPRO, TFAP2A, CDKN1C; and genes involved in proteolysis or cell-adhesion such as WASF2, and PAPPA.
The murine type II TGF-beta receptor has a coincident embryonic expression and binding preference for TGF-beta 1

We have isolated cDNAs of the murine type II TGF-beta receptor and have found a conserved cytoplasmic domain, but a less extensive homology in the extracellular receptor domain between the human and murine homologues. In situ hybridization analysis of the mouse fetus during mid gestation localized the expression of this receptor to various developing tissues, primarily in the mesenchyme and epidermis. This expression pattern correlates well with the expression of TGF-beta in general and especially TGF-beta 1, suggesting that TGF-beta 1 exerts its developmental role through this receptor in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Type II receptor expression was not detected in the central nervous system and developing cartilage. These tissues lack TGF-beta 1 expression but express TGF-beta 2 and/or TGF-beta 3, suggesting that they may exert their activities through separate receptor isoforms. In addition, the efficient binding of TGF-beta 1, but not TGF-beta 2, to the cloned type II receptor strengthens the likelihood that additional type II receptor isoforms exist which display preferential binding to TGF-beta 2 and have their own defined role in development.
Human Aspects in Intelligence Education

Midway through the second decade of the twenty-first century, it has become increasingly apparent that the majority of Americans are relatively ignorant of international affairs and lacking in foreign language proficiency. For the emergent academic discipline of intelligence studies, this represents a serious challenge. All too often policy decisions, particularly in American foreign policy, have been driven by assumptions, especially in regard to cultures and societies with which Americans have had little familiarity. Therefore, the twenty-first century intelligence studies curriculum would be well served by educating students in global affairs and foreign languages as well as in the core skills related to analysis and collection. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol8/iss5/12
A Pilot Study of Dynamic Stability Indices for Potential Application of Identifying Older Adult Fallers

Since fall has been identified as the number one cause of death and injury of old people, development of technologies for prediction and prevention of falls is highly needed, especially for the aging society. This paper presents a preliminary study of using two indices related to dynamic stability of a human body in standing and walking for the potential application of predicting the risk of falls. The dynamic stability index for standing measures the degree of alignment between the center of mass and the center of pressure of a human body when the human is intended to standing still. The dynamic stability index for walking is derived from the well-known inverted pendulum model of human walking dynamics. The two indices can be easily computed from the test data measured by a 3D motion capture system and an instrumented treadmill. As a pilot study, five older adults who have recent history of falls were tested and another five older regular adults were also tested as a control group. The test data showed that the values of the indices for the two groups are clearly distinguishable. This is a good indication that the proposed indices have a good potential for predicting the risk of falls of older adults. This finding encourages further research along the line.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
School Board Candidates and Gender: Ideology, Party, and Policy Concerns

ABSTRACT Using a unique national survey of school board candidates, this article examines the political orientations, policy viewpoints, and candidate platforms of female and male candidates. There are significant partisan and ideological differences between women and men candidates, with women being more politically liberal than men (even after additional controls are considered) and more likely to be Democrats. However, women who run for school board are more likely to be Republicans and are more likely to rate themselves as moderate-to-conservative ideologically. Women and men school board candidates also significantly differ on their views about many (but not all) education policies, especially controversial issues such as multiculturalism, the discussion of homosexuality in public classes, school prayer, and creationism-with women having less conservative views on these matters. Fewer differences emerge between women and men candidates with respect to campaign platforms. Moreover, their policy stance...
HYBRID DAMAGE ADAPTIVE FLIGHT CONTROL WITH MODEL INVERSION ADAPTATION

Abstract This paper presents a hybrid neural net adaptive control method for damaged aircraft. The hybrid method utilizes an adaptive scheme that adjusts a dynamic inversion control model to account for damaged plant dynamics. The model inversion adaptive scheme is based on two approaches: 1) an indirect adaptive law based on the Lyapunov theory, and 2) a recursive least squares method for parameter estimation of damaged plant dynamics. Simulations show that the hybrid adaptive control can provide a significant improvement in the tracking performance over the direct adaptive control.
The schizophrenic as soothsayer.

-It is generally believed thac patients' prognostic expectancies are linked to the outcome of treatment. It is also generally believed that the nature of the expectancy-outcome relationship is causative: patients' expectancies are viewed as causing or facilitating patients' responses to treatment. The study reported here tested both notions. The expeccancies of hospitalized schizophrenic patients were tested by multiple regression for association with objective measures of the patients' preand post-treatment adjusment. Expectancy measures were closely correlated with patients' pre-treatment adjustment at hospital admission, were moderately correlated with patients' post-treatment adjustment at discharge, and were almost completely independent of post-treatment adjustment at 9-mo. follow-up. It is speculated that patients may base their prognostic expectancies partly on their pre-treatment adjustment, that patients' expectancies are associated with shortterm measures of outcome, and that patients' expectancies predict but do not primarily cause or facilitate a thcrapeutic response to treatment for hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Finally, limitations o i the findings and their generalizability are discussed.
Lung fibrosis and cavitation mimicking tuberculosis.

Abstract During an investigation into the colonization of residual tuberculous cavities with Aspergillus species, a group of 67 patients was found in whose sputum tubercle bacilli had not been recorded, despite the presence of cavitation. Colonization was much commoner in this group than in those with bacteriologically proven tuberculosis. As a result of a detailed analysis it was considered that about two fifths of these patients had tuberculous disease. Single examples of cavitating carcinoma and post-pneumonic cavitation were found. Six patients were considered to have bullous emphysema and two to have allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with aspergilloma. Four patients had ankylosing spondylitis with lung fibrosis and cavitation. Reasons are given for believing them to have a particular form of lung disease associated with spondylitis. In five patients aspergillomas were present on the first available radiograph and the nature of the underlying disease could not be determined. Thirteen patients were considered to have ‘idiopathic’ lung fibrosis and in eight this was progressive. Attention is drawn to this ill-documented type of disease. The excess of patients with aspergilloma and serum precipitins in the series (in comparison with the larger group in whom tubercle bacilli had been found) was partly explained by the inclusion of patients with aspergilloma at first presentation, of patients with bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and of patients with cavities associated with ankylosing spondylitis, all of which had been colonized.
Pulmonary infiltration and blood eosinophilia in children (Loeffler's syndrome)

Summary 1. Eight patients with pulmonary infiltrations and eosinophilia are described. 2. Five of the cases were mild and corresponded to the original descriptionof Loeffler's syndrome. Three cases were chronic and the condition persisted for months. These cases correspond to the broader and more recent concept of Loeffler's syndrome. 3. Three patients were for a time mistakenly diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis because of the nature of the x-ray shadows and the presence of a positive tuberculin skin test. The importance of differentiating Loeffler's syndrome in patients with positive tuberculin is emphasized. 4. Disturbed liver function was found in the three patients with a chronic course. 5. In seven instances the pulmonary x-ray shadow cleared before the eosinophilecount in the peripheral blood returned to normal levels. 6. All of the patients survived. In seven patients intestinal parasitism was found. In the eighth patient, bacterial allergy associated with infected sinuses is suggested as the cause of the Loeffler's syndrome.
Student Satisfaction and Retention: A Conceptual Model

ABSTRACT Students in institutions of higher education are becoming more “consumer oriented” than ever before. As a result, the turnover rate is increasing-students are leaving universities almost as fast as new students are enrolled. This is both costly and inefficient. Major efforts are underway in all areas of traditional for-profit institutions to reduce their churn rate. Efforts to attract students whose needs best fit what the individual academic institution has to offer should be fruitful in reducing the rate of drop outs and transfers. This paper proposes a model of retention that considers student values congruence with the university and faculty as a significant component of academic fit and ultimate student satisfaction and retention.
An intramolecular anionic fries rearrangement of N-acylphenothiazines

Abstract Certain 2-substituted N-acylphenothiazines undergo a rapid intramol≐cular N→C migration on reaction with lithium N,N-dialkylamides at −78°. Preliminary studies of the scope and mechanism of this anionic version of the Fries rearrangement are reported.
A property of the lattice of equational theories

It had been conjectured that any algebraic lattice having a compact one could be represented as the lattice of equational theories extending some theory. However, we show that each lattice having such a representation satisfies a nontrivial quasidistributivity condition. In particular,M3 has no such representation.
ANATOMICAL COMPARISONS OF NEURAL SYSTEMS IN SIGHTED EPIGEAN AND TROGLOBITIC CRAYFISH SPECIES

Abstract The activity of visual systems is known to affect development of the neural tissue associated with vision in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Three species of crayfish were compared for variations in the gross structures of the eye and of the underlying neural tissue of the optic system that were associated with environmental adaptation. The troglobitic crayfish Orconectes australis packardi and two epigean crayfish, Cambarus tenebrosus and Procambarus clarkii, were used. Cambarus tenebrosus raised in the cave are functionally blind although ommatidia develop, indicating that the primary sensory structures still develop without normal input. Troglobitic crayfish have lost the genomic ability to form a functional visual system. Electrophysiological records from neurons within the optic stalk of O. australis packardi showed no response to light. The neuronal ganglia within the eye stalk of C. tenebrosus are disorganized which could be the reason for the lack of a behavioral response related to s...
Fertilization of special precooled (5°C) tulips for cut-flower forcing

Abstract Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or 20-8.8-16.6 fertilizer applied as aqueous solutions beginning 14 days after planting, or Osmocote (14-6.2-11.6) applied as a surface application immediately after planting tulips, cultivars ‘Apeldoorn’, ‘Golden Melody’ and ‘Orient Express’, decreased flower abortions and increased flower size and fresh weight. Fertilizers had no marked effect on plant height and in most instances small (1–5 days) delays in flowering occurred. Supplementary fertilization of special precooled tulips forced in a soil-based planting-medium will aid in producing high-quality cut flowers. These nutrition experiments also demonstrated that fertilization is absolutely essential for tulip bulbs forced hydroponically in pea gravel.
An association between central serous chorioretinopathy and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Abstract Purpose To explore a clinically observed association between central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Design A retrospective case-control study. Participants and controls Sixty-nine consecutive patients diagnosed with CSC were compared with a control group of 55 non-CSC patients. Methods The records of 69 patients with CSC were retrospectively reviewed and compared with the records of 55 controls. All patients and controls were examined in a referral setting. Results Patients with CSC were significantly more likely to have GERD compared with controls (odds ratio 6.05; 95% confidence interval 2.14–17.11; P = .0003). Central serous chorioretinopathy patients were also more likely than controls to have used oral corticosteroid medications (odds ratio 16.30; 95% confidence interval 2.09–127.33; P = .0006) and antacid/antireflux medications (odds ratio 15.00; 95% confidence interval 1.91–117.58; P = .001). Conclusions This study identifies an association between CSC and GERD. There are biochemical factors common to both diseases that support this association, giving further insight into the pathogenesis of CSC.
REGULATION OF FUTURES TRADING IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM

The major centres of international trading in commodity and financial futures are located in the United States and the United Kingdom. While futures contracts in London and the US are similar, the markets themselves have emerged from diverse origins and have been shaped by two con trasting attitudes toward government regulation of business. The result is that futures trading in the US is subject to one set of governmental and self regulatory controls while trading in the UK falls under a rather different one. The implication is that investors in the US have different forms of protection than do their British counterparts. Furthermore, the obligations of trading profes sionals are different in the two systems, implying different costs and different abilities to compete for world-wide business.
Twelve tips for developing and implementing an effective surgical simulation programme

Recent changes to the working practices of physicians in both Europe and the United States have led to concerns regarding a reduced exposure of surgical trainees to operations and thus a potential for a decreased operative experience throughout training. Simulation has been used in many professional fields such as the aeronautical industry to prepare pilots prior to real-life situations and has become recognised as a potentially useful educational tool in surgery. Surgical skills from basic knot-tying to more sophisticated simulation programmes for aortic aneurysm surgery have been introduced in surgical training programmes. Surgical simulation has been demonstrated to have validity in preparing surgeons for operative situations; however, a commitment from educators, protected time and well-orchestrated sessions are key elements in the success of a simulation programme. This article provides 12 tips for the development and implementation of an effective surgical simulation programme informed by experience of large-scale simulation at an academic institution and relevant literature regarding simulation training.
What can be learned using microarrays

Whole-genome microarrays identify large numbers of gene expression changes that appear specifically related to disease states such as antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) and systemic lupus erythematosus. Although understanding this enormous volume of esoteric data is difficult, a few basic concepts regarding microarray studies can significantly improve the general reader's comprehension.
Defining Crime through Punishment: Sexual Assault in the Eastern Cape, c.1835–1900

This article traces the history of the punishment of sexual assault cases in South Africa's Eastern Cape region from the late pre-colonial period through the turn of the twentieth century. Sexual assault crimes provide a revealing perspective on practices of punishment because they could be, and were, adjudicated through any of the broad array of legal systems – formal and informal, customary and Roman-Dutch, civil and criminal – which characterised the legal landscape of the colonial Eastern Cape. When British administrators created a colonial legal system in the Eastern Cape in the 1850s, they faced the task of governing a Xhosa-speaking population with substantially different ideas about punishment. Compensation payments, reckoned in cattle, were the standard punishment for most wrongs in pre-colonial Xhosaland. Discipline within the family might take the form of corporal punishment, but public punishments generally did not. The reliance on compensation payments harnessed kinship obligations to the mai...
Energy distributions of pulsed-laser field-desorbed gaseous ions and field-evaporated metal ions: A direct time-of-flight measurement

Energy distributions of pulsed-laser field-desorbed gaseous ions and field-evaporated metal ions have been obtained by directly measuring their flight times in the pulsed-laser atom-probe field-ion microscope. Energy distributions of gaseous ions show the same critical energy deficit, $I\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\varphi}$, and the same general characteristics, namely a sharp rise at the high-energy side and a slowly decaying tail with resonant secondary peaks at the low-energy side, as those found in field ionization. However, the width of the main peak does not widen with increasing field as in field ionization. Energy distributions of field-evaporated metal ions, in general, are more symmetrically shaped with no prominent low-energy tails. A small low-energy tail can be seen for highly charged ions if the field-evaporated ions consist of another lower-charge-ion species of nearly equal abundance. The critical-energy deficit of these ions is consistent with the expression $\ensuremath{\Lambda}+\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}{I}_{i}\ensuremath{-}n\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{-}Q$. No surface-plasmon excitations are evident in field ion emission. The energy distribution of pulsed-laser field-desorbed ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ ions resembles more closely those of field-evaporated metal ions. Based on these observations, mechanisms of pulsed-laser field desorption and field evaporation of different types of ions have been proposed.
AN ANALYSIS OF 653 TRIALS OF PENILE VIBRATORY STIMULATION IN MEN WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated ejaculatory response and semen quality in 653 trials of penile vibratory stimulation in 211 men with spinal cord injury, and compared results with low versus high amplitude vibratory stimulation.Materials and Methods: Low and/or high amplitude penile vibratory stimulation was performed 1 to 27 times in each patient, and antegrade and retrograde specimens of those who ejaculated were analyzed.Results: Significantly more patients ejaculated using high (54.5%) versus low (39.9%) amplitude stimulation. Using either amplitude the ejaculatory success rate was highest in men with injuries at C3 to C7, followed by T1 to T5, T6 to T10 and T11 to L3. While high amplitude stimulation increased the ejaculatory success rate in each group, the highest rate occurred in men with injuries at C3 to C7 (65.6%). Ejaculation was reliable, since most men who ejaculated did so during 100% of the trials and within 2 minutes of stimulation onset. Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia were safely managed ...
Substitution of l-Fucose by l-Galactose in Cell Walls of Arabidopsis mur1

An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant (mur1) has less than 2 percent of the normal amounts of L-fucose in the primary cell walls of aerial portions of the plant. The survival of mur1 plants challenged the hypothesis that fucose is a required component of biologically active oligosaccharides derived from cell wall xyloglucan. However, the replacement of L-fucose (that is, 6-deoxy-L-galactose) by L-galactose does not detectably alter the biological activity of the oligosaccharides derived from xyloglucan. Thus, essential structural and conformational features of xyloglucan and xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides are retained when L-galactose replaces L-fucose.
Optimal stabilisation policy in a monetary union: implications of the Mankiw–Weinzierl model

This paper uses the Mankiw and Weinzierl (2011) general equilibrium model of optimal stabilisation policy to ask how macroeconomic outcomes are affected by membership in a monetary union. The model agrees with much of the previous literature that the effects of various shocks may be amplified or dampened depending on how the common central bank responds, or fails to respond, to them. This in turn depends on how well (or poorly) correlated the domestic shocks are with their union–wide counterparts. For example, a negative spending shock will be the most recessionary when the shock is confined to the domestic economy, much less (if at all) recessionary when the shock is union wide, and actually expansionary if the shock is restricted to the rest of the union. Fiscal and productivity shocks are characterised by similar properties.
Contractile responses in the presence of electron donors and acceptors.

Abstract Serotonin, a good electron donor, was found to have little or no effect on the proboscis of Phascolosoma. The preparation, however, could be sensitized to serotonin by prior application of electron acceptors (sevron blue, acridine red or riboflavin). Similarly, acceptors (naphthoquinone or iodine) sensitized striated muscle to a donor (iodide), producing contracture. It is suggested that electron-transfer reactions could be involved in the contractile responses.
Towards Real-Time Trinocular Visual Odometry

Pose estimation of multi-camera rig which has not enough overlapping field of views for the stereo, is generally computationally expensive due to the offset of camera center and the bundle adjustment algorithm. We proposed a divide and conquer approach, which reduces the trinocular visual odometry problem to five monocular visual odometry problems, one for each individual camera sequence and two more using features matched temporally from consecutive images from the center to the left and right cameras, respectively. While this approach provides high accuracy over long distances in outdoor environment without requiring any additional sensors, it is computationally expensive, preventing real-time operation. In this paper, we evaluate trading off image resolution and frame rate to speed up computation with accuracy. Results show that scaling images down to a quarter of Full HD resolution can speed up computation by two orders of magnitude, while still providing acceptable accuracy, whereas dropping frames quickly deteriorates performance.
Franchisee Associations: Strategic Focus Or Response to Franchisor Opportunism

This article examines some of the antecedents, processes, and effects of independent franchisee associations (IndFAs) and the reactions of franchisors to their organization. Specifically, we draw on various literatures to pose propositions relating to the following research questions: (a) Are there fundamental differences between associations whose focus is based on disagreements relating to strategic actions of the franchisor and those whose focus is perceived opportunistic behavior on the part of the franchisor? (b) Does the way these IndFAs are treated by the franchisor—after inception—affect members' identification with the group and/or franchisor? (c) Does the existence of a franchisee advisory council influence the willingness of a franchisor to legitimize an IndFA? (d) How does the size of the IndFA influence identification? We then present a conceptual model and use two illustrative examples from the business literature to explore our propositions.
Pediatric Emergency Medical Services Research

Currently, there is a limited evidence base in prehospital care, especially so in pediatric prehospital care. This is, in part, due to the many obstacles in conducting clinical trials in the prehospital setting requiring added resources and funding to accomplish. The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network and other organizations have only recently started to encourage the formation of systems to support prehospital research including practical state and national data registries.
Diffusivity of oxygen and nitrogen in niobium

Abstract It has been shown that recent measurements of the diffusivity, D , of oxygen and nitrogen in niobium, using both mass flow and internal friction techniques, indicate that the Arrhenius plots of ln D vs. reciprocal temperature are not linear, and diffusion velocities become accelerated at high temperatures. The origin of this phenomenon is discussed.
Modeling the Automotive Engine Components With Viscoelastic Gasket Elements

The present paper presents a methodology to model the automotive engine components using newly developed viscoelastic gasket elements. The viscoelastic gasket element is one-dimensional element with load and deflection defined in the thickness direction only, thus has great computational efficiency. In addition, this element has the ability to incorporate the frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties of the materials and thus can be used to model the vibration and acoustic performance of the engines and subsystems. In the present study, an elastomer isolated engine cylinder-head cover assembly is modeled. The results obtained are consistent with the experimental measurements and with the work done earlier using viscoelastic shell elements.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Solutions for practice-oriented requirements for optimal path planning for the AUV “SLOCUM Glider”

This paper presents a few important practice-oriented requirements for optimal path planning for the AUV “SLOCUM Glider” as well as solutions using fast graph based algorithms. These algorithms build upon the TVE (time-varying environment) search algorithm. The experience with this algorithm, requirements of real missions along the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf and the idea to find the optimal departure time are the motivation to address the field of research, which is described in this paper. The main focus of this paper is a discussion of possible methods to accelerate the path planning algorithm, without deterioration of the results.
Sequential Window Problems

ABSTRACT Window problems have an important application when there is concern about the clustering of nonconforming units or when there is an early surge of information that allows us to terminate an experiment sooner than usual. Motivated by these ideas, in this paper we use probability generating functions to study the stopping rules and their effects related to waiting time random variables. The use of windows introduces many new challenging probability questions, but it also requires basic tables that are not now available; some of these tables are included in the present paper. Since waiting-time random variables and scan statistics are closely related, the exact results and the computational method in this paper could also be useful in scan statistics. In the final section we apply the sequential-window concept to the possibility of changing the usual rules for a chess tournament and show that they could lead to a smaller expected number of games and to a higher chance of finding the better player. R...
An algorithm for computing the roots of a complex polynomial

An algorithm is proposed for determining all the roots of a polynomial with complex coefficients. A description is given of the method and an example application is included. The method offers guaranteed convergence, a straightforward structure, and excellent performance (including multiple root extraction).