cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolving Jurisdiction Under the Federal Power Act: Promoting Clean Energy Policy

In response to an emerging electricity sector, Congress passed the Federal Power Act (FPA) in 1935 and enshrined a division of jurisdiction between the federal government and the states. Federal jurisdiction would control wholesale electricity and transmission while state jurisdiction would control retail electricity. While Congress intended to establish a jurisdictional bright line, uncertainties in applying this division lie at the heart of some of today’s most important state and federal renewable energy policy challenges. Significant regulatory, structural, and technological changes since the FPA’s passage have tested the adaptability and coherence of this jurisdictional division. To explore the underlying areas of tension that have emerged, I examine two state policies aimed at promoting renewable energy, net metering and feed-in tariffs, and one federal policy, the integration of demand response into wholesale electricity markets. These examples reveal how a strict reading of the retail-wholesale jurisdictional division is ill-suited for the modern electricity sector. They also show how strategic efforts by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), together with state legislatures and public utility commissions, have stretched the limits of the FPA in order to promote clean energy policies. Together these considerations demonstrate that clarifying jurisdictional lines will involve unexpected tradeoffs in substantive policy. This Comment builds on existing literature in several important ways. Some scholars have examined the jurisdictional tensions that underlie individual policies such as net metering, feed-in tariffs, and demand response. Others have considered the congruence of jurisdictional authority, institutional capacity, and political exigency among diverse levels of decisionmaking. This Comment converges these lines of scholarship to provide a thorough account of contemporary challenges confronting the FPA’s jurisdictional division and how they implicate clean energy policy at both state and federal levels. This account is particularly relevant today, given the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decision in FERC v. Electric Power Supply Association condoning a pragmatic and functional understanding of FERC’s exercise of federal authority over demand response resources.
Kidney tissue engineering

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a devastating condition, which involves multiple organ systems in affected individuals and requires renal replacement therapy. Currently, the gold standard treatment for this condition is renal transplantation, which can restore complete kidney function. However, renal transplantation is limited by the critical shortage of transplant organs as well as complications that can result from chronic immunosuppressive therapy and graft failure. Physicians and scientists are now turning to the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to develop alternative treatment modalities for ESRD. The kidney is a complex organ containing multiple cell types and an intricate functional anatomy that renders it one of the most difficult to reconstruct. Developmental approaches to kidney regeneration that are based on the embryology of the kidney are being studied and have shown promise. In addition, recent advances in cell technologies, including the identification of putative renal progenitor cell populations, have allowed for the development of novel cell-based approaches for kidney tissue regeneration. Efforts to identify reliable cell sources, develop ideal growth environments and innovative differentiation factors, and discover synthetic and naturally derived materials for use as an ideal support structure for tissue regeneration are ongoing. However, numerous challenges must still be overcome in order to translate these techniques into clinically relevant therapies.
Bioconjugatable, PEGylated Hydroporphyrins for Photochemistry and Photomedicine. Narrow-Band, Red-Emitting Chlorins.

Chromophores that absorb and emit in the red spectral region (600–700 nm), are water soluble, and bear a bioconjugatable tether are relatively rare yet would fulfill many applications in photochemistry and photomedicine. Here, three molecular designs have been developed wherein stable synthetic chlorins – analogues of chlorophylls – have been tailored with PEG groups for use in aqueous solution. The designs differ with regard to order of the installation (pre/post-formation of the chlorin macrocycle) and position of the PEG groups. Six PEGylated synthetic chlorins (three free bases, three zinc chelates) have been prepared, of which four are equipped with a bioconjugatable (carboxylic acid) tether. The most effective design for aqueous solubilization entails facial encumbrance where PEG groups project above and below the plane of the hydrophobic disk-like chlorin macrocycle. The chlorins possess strong absorption at ∼400 nm (B band) and in the red region (Qy band); regardless of wavelength of excitation, emission occurs in the red region. Excitation in the ∼400 nm region thus provides an effective Stokes shift of >200 nm. The four bioconjugatable water-soluble chlorins exhibit Qy absorption/emission in water at 613/614, 636/638, 698/700 and 706/710 nm. The spectral properties are essentially unchanged in DMF and water for the facially encumbered chlorins, which also exhibit narrow Qy absorption and emission bands (full-width-at-half maximum of each <25 nm). The water-solubility was assessed by absorption spectroscopy over the concentration range ∼0.4 μM–0.4 mM. One chlorin was conjugated to a mouse polyclonal IgG antibody for use in flow cytometry with compensation beads for proof-of-principle. The conjugate displayed a sharp signal when excited by a violet laser (405 nm) with emission in the 620–660 nm range. Taken together, the designs described herein augur well for development of a set of spectrally distinct chlorins with relatively sharp bands in the red region.
Manufacturing research in the electronics industries

Summary form only given. The role of the Measurement and Manufacturing Center in the Hewlett-Packard Labs is described. The overall issues are: finer dimensions in components and interconnections; increased packing density; higher power; analog and digital requirements; frequencies ranging from DC to microwave and optical; quality; time to market; and cost. These topics are discussed with reference to programs on processes, materials, testing, simulation, and modeling at Hewlett-Packard Labs. >
The Intestinal Immune System During Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The mucosa and associated lymphoid tissues of the gastrointestinal tract contain one of the most diverse and complicated immunologic systems in the human body. With an immense antigenic exposure, this system has the daunting task of distinguishing between beneficial, inert, and pathogenic molecules and microorganisms with the goals of maintaining mucosal homeostasis and providing appropriate and necessary defense, all while allowing for the absorption of nutrients essential for life. It is perhaps not surprising then that a breakdown in the normal functions of the intestinal immune system results in a wide variety of disease states. One of the quintessential examples of failure of the intestinal immune system is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this chapter, we review the innate and adaptive components of the intestinal immune system with particular attention to unique features in children. We also highlight key insights into how the intestinal immune system contributes to IBD pathogenesis.
The relationships of political ideology and party affiliation with environmental concern: A meta-analysis

Abstract This study reports the results of two meta-analyses investigating the relationships between environmental concern and both political party affiliation and political ideology. Political party affiliation was found to have a substantial association with environmental concern (ρ = 0.22), as was political ideology (ρ = 0.27). Both relationships could also be corrected for error of measurement and restriction in range, yielding corrected effect sizes of ρ’ = 0.30 and ρ’ = 0.67, respectively. There was no evidence that coded study variables moderated the relationship with political ideology. Conversely, the analyses demonstrated strong evidence that the relationship with political affiliation was moderated by the year in which the study was conducted, as well as some evidence that education level was an additional moderator. Altogether, the results also suggest that the strengthening relationship between political affiliation and environmental concern is due primarily to partisan sorting, rather than to issue polarization on environmental issues.
RNA-based micelles: A novel platform for paclitaxel loading and delivery.

Abstract RNA can serve as powerful building blocks for bottom-up fabrication of nanostructures for biotechnological and biomedical applications. In addition to current self-assembly strategies utilizing base pairing, motif piling and tertiary interactions, we reported for the first time the formation of RNA based micellar nanoconstruct with a cholesterol molecule conjugated onto one helical end of a branched pRNA three-way junction (3WJ) motif. The resulting amphiphilic RNA micelles consist of a hydrophilic RNA head and a covalently linked hydrophobic lipid tail that can spontaneously assemble in aqueous solution via hydrophobic interaction. Taking advantage of pRNA 3WJ branched structure, the assembled RNA micelles are capable of escorting multiple functional modules. As a proof of concept for delivery for therapeutics, Paclitaxel was loaded into the RNA micelles with significantly improved water solubility. The successful construction of the drug loaded RNA micelles was confirmed and characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence Nile Red encapsulation assay. The estimate critical micelle formation concentration ranges from 39 nM to 78 nM. The Paclitaxel loaded RNA micelles can internalize into cancer cells and inhibit their proliferation. Further studies showed that the Paclitaxel loaded RNA micelles induced cancer cell apoptosis in a Caspase-3 dependent manner but RNA micelles alone exhibited low cytotoxicity. Finally, the Paclitaxel loaded RNA micelles targeted to tumor in vivo without accumulation in healthy tissues and organs. There is also no or very low induction of pro-inflammatory response. Therefore, multivalence, cancer cell permeability, combined with controllable assembly, low or non toxic nature, and tumor targeting are all promising features that make our pRNA micelles a suitable platform for potential drug delivery.
Life Cycle Tradeoffs in a Feedback Device for Reducing Water Consumption

Abstract Despite much technological advancement, such as low-flow aerators, household water consumption remains much higher than necessary. Many believe human behavior must be addressed directly. To change behavior, researchers have developed and studied a range of intervention systems aimed at creating water conservation. They have achieved savings from 0-28%. These technologies and approaches range from low-environmental-cost information to high-cost electronics. To examine the life cycle tradeoffs that must be managed when designing the high-cost smarter technologies, two prototype feedback technologies were developed and tested in residences. The test devices were designed based on best practices from existing ecopersuasive technologies. The kitchen sink was the chosen point of intervention due to its relatively high visibility throughout the day, and due to the often large potential to save water by adjusting habits. Data collected from the pilot studies showed that savings fluctuated and changes in consumption within households ranged from -13% to + 60%. In addition to exploring approaches to create more robust behaviour change, designers should minimize the duration of operation and maximize the number of households served by the device.
Samson and Heracles Revisited

In the past scholars have suspected that Greek legends about Heracles and other Greek narratives may have influenced the emergence of the Samson narratives in Judges 13-16. Usually Philistine media...
Fermat und seine Korrespondenten

Fermats nicht sonderlich ereignisreiches Leben ist schnell erzahlt. Er wurde in einer geachteten burgerlichen Familie in Beaumont de Lomagne geboren, einer kleinen, nicht weit von Toulouse in der Provinz Languedoc gelegenen Stadt in Sudfrankreich. Seine Mutter Ciaire de Long gehorte zur „noblesse de robe“. Das bedeutet, das eines oder mehrere Familienmitglieder ein Richteramt bekleideten und die Familie deshalb geadelt worden war. Getauft wurde er am 20. August 1601 auf den Namen Pierre Fermat. Vor 1631 lebte er einige Zeit, vermutlich mehrere Jahre, in Bordeaux. Am 14. Mai 1631 wurde er als Ratsmitglied in das „Parlement“, d.h. den Obersten Gerichtshof der Provinz, in Toulouse aufgenommen. Diese Stelle bekleidete Fermat bis zu seinem Tod. Kraft seines Amtes sprach man ihn von nun an als Monsieur de Fermat an und zitierte ihn auch so. Am 1. Juni 1631 heiratete er Louise de Long, eine entfernte Cousine mutterlicherseits. Sie hatten zwei Sohne und drei Tochter. Der altere Sohn Samuel wurde Richter und — wie sein Vater — Ratsmitglied im Toulouser Obersten Gerichtshof. Der zweite Sohn wurde Geistlicher in der Domkirche in Castres. Eine Tochter heiratete, zwei gingen ins Kloster. Fermats Berufsleben spielte sich in Toulouse ab, seinem Hauptwohnort, und in Castres, dem Sitz der „Chambre de l’Edit“ des Toulouser Obersten Gerichtshofs. Diese gerichtliche Instanz befaste sich mit den Beziehungen zwischen der katholischen und der protestantischen Gemeinschaft der Provinz1). Am 12. Januar 1665 starb Fermat wahrend seines Dienstes in Castres.
Introduction to Estimating Probability Laws

In statistics, one has data and from this tries to infer something about its source. Estimating the probability law that gave rise to the data is one of the chief problems of this kind. Once known, its variance, confidence limits, and all other parameters describing fluctuation may be determined. Two major schools of thought on forming the estimates are the classical and the Bayesian approaches. These are compared in Chap. 16. A third approach is the use of an invariance principle (Sect. 5.14, Ex. 9.2.1 and Chap. 17). A fourth is based upon the use of Fisher information (Chap. 17). A major difference among these four approaches is their aims: the Bayesian approach is content to form a “reasonable estimate” of the unknown law, while the others seek the exact answer.
Uniform approximation to

Abstract The best uniform approximation to the function ¦x¦ β , β > 0, on [−1, 1] by any of the standard classes of functions of approximation theory has an asymptotic error of at best O(e−c√n), where n is the dimension of the space of approximating functions. We exhibit a class of Sinc basis functions for which this error decays at the faster rate O(e −cn log n ) , uniformly for all 0
Age-Dependent Patellofemoral Pain: Hip and Knee Risk Landing Profiles in Prepubescent and Postpubescent Female Athletes.

Background:Female athletes are at an increased risk of developing patellofemoral pain (PFP) relative to male athletes. The unique effects of maturation may compound that risk.Hypothesis/Purpose:The...
Physical simulation of the flocculation process

Previous models describing the aggregation of polymer-coated particles fail to take into account the fact that there are a limited number of sites onto which a polymer segment can adsorb, called “active” sites. Thus, the collision efficiency is a factor not only of the fractional surface coverage, but also of the number of active sites. In this study, a physical model of the flocculation system was devised in which the number of these sites could be varied, in order to study the effect on particle aggregation.
Regulate yourself: Emotion regulation and protective behavioral strategies in substance use behaviors.

Abstract Although research suggests links between emotion regulation strategies and substance use outcomes, little work has examined the relationship between specific strategies (i.e., reappraisal and suppression) and outcomes (i.e., alcohol and cannabis consumption and related problems). To date, no research has examined the association between emotion regulation strategies and protective behavioral strategies used while engaging in substance use. Thus, the current study examined these relations for females and males. Undergraduates (N = 643) completed an online battery of self-report measures. Using structural equation modeling, results indicated improved Emotion Regulation Questionnaire model fit after one item was removed. Reappraisal was negatively associated with alcohol binge frequency and related problems for females, though suppression was negatively related to these outcomes for males. Reappraisal was also negatively associated with cannabis-related problems for males only. Reappraisal was positively associated with all types of protective behavioral strategies use for females, whereas only alcohol-specific serious harm reduction and cannabis protective behavioral strategies were significant for males. Latent variable interactions between reappraisal and protective behavioral strategies were significant for past-month cannabis use and related problems for males and indicated protective behavioral strategies use was more protective against past-month use and cannabis-related problems for those high in reappraisal. Although replication is necessary, these preliminary findings suggest the link between emotion regulation strategies and substance use outcomes among college students is complex and future work may benefit from examining these relations from an emotion regulation flexibility perspective.
College Aspirations Among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders: The Importance of Maternal Education and Neglect

Youth incarcerated in juvenile detention facilities in Western Pennsylvania completed questionnaires related to family history, educational attainment, and psychological traits. Linear regression m...
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction Extended Abstracts

We welcome you to the Tenth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI 2015). The HRI Conference is highly selective and aims to showcase the very best interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research in human-robot interaction with roots in robotics, social psychology, cognitive science, human-computer interaction, human factors, artificial intelligence, design, engineering, and etc. Robotics has become increasingly multidisciplinary in order to realize realizing capable and collaborative robot systems that are used and validated in both laboratory and real-world settings. We therefore invite broad participation and encourage discussion and sharing of ideas across a diverse audience. This year's overall conference theme, titled "Broadening HRI: Enabling Technologies, Designs, Methods, and Knowledge," highlights the different types of contributions made by our multidisciplinary community centered around developing robotic systems that operate, collaborate with, learn from, and meet the needs of the human users. Acknowledgment and encouragement of this diversity was supported in the peer-review process by establishing five subcommittees, "Studies of HRI," "Enabling Technologies, "Enabling Designs," "Enabling Methods," and "Enabling Knowledge," each with a chair and dedicated program committee members. Together with the subcommittee chairs, we established and applied different set of review criteria for each of the five contribution types in order to represent the diversity of contributions in the conference program. HRI is a highly selective conference, and this year was no exception. The conference attracted 169 submissions from Asia-Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, and North America. Full Papers were aligned with a subcommittee, who managed the thorough review and discussion of the papers following a double-blind process. The process utilized a rebuttal phase, a shepherding mechanism, and a worldwide team of interdisciplinary reviewers. At the end of the process, the program committee selected 43 (25%) of the submissions. Due to the joint sponsorship of ACM and IEEE, papers are archived in both the ACM Digital Library and IEEE Xplore. Accompanying the full papers are the Late Breaking Reports, Videos, and Demos. Out of 102 submissions, 92 (90%) Late Breaking Reports were accepted and are presented at the conference poster sessions. Sixteen (84%) short videos were accepted for presentation during a dedicated video session from among 19 submissions. The program also includes nine demos of robot systems for all participants to interact with during the conference. The invited panel session, titled "Human-Robot Interaction: Law on the home front" will discuss contemporary and emerging issues in HRI. Rounding out the program are three keynote speakers who are inspiring leaders of the field and will discuss topics relevant to HRI: Dr. Antonio Bicchi, Dr. Takeo Igarashi, and Daniel H. Wilson.
Quantifying the contribution of microbial immigration in engineered water systems

Immigration is a process that can influence the assembly of microbial communities in natural and engineered environments. However, it remains challenging to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of this process to the microbial diversity and function in the receiving ecosystems. Currently used methods, i.e., counting shared microbial species, microbial source tracking, and neutral community model, rely on abundance profile to reveal the extent of overlapping between the upstream and downstream communities. Thus, they cannot suggest the quantitative contribution of immigrants to the downstream community function because activities of individual immigrants are not considered after entering the receiving environment. This limitation can be overcome by using an approach that couples a mass balance model with high-throughput DNA sequencing, i.e., ecogenomics-based mass balance. It calculates the net growth rate of individual microbial immigrants and partitions the entire community into active populations that contribute to the community function and inactive ones that carry minimal function. Linking activities of immigrants to their abundance further provides quantification of the contribution from an upstream environment to the downstream community. Considering only active populations can improve the accuracy of identifying key environmental parameters dictating process performance using methods such as machine learning.
Who is at the highest risk from COVID-19 in India? Analysis of health, healthcare access, and socioeconomic indicators at the district level

Abstract Despite measures such as travel restrictions and lockdowns, the novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is projected to spread across India. Considering that a vaccine for COVID-19 is expected to take at least a year to become widely available, it is important to identify populations with the highest risk from COVID-19 and take measures to prevent incident cases and build healthcare infrastructure at the local level. We used data from two large nationally representative household surveys, administrative sources, and published studies to estimate the risk of COVID-19 at the district level in India. We employed principal component analysis to create a composite index of the health risk of COVID-19 from demographic and comorbidity indicators such at the proportion of elderly population and rates of diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory illnesses. We created another principal component index of the socioeconomic and healthcare access risk from COVID-19, based on the standard of living, proportion of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, and per capita access to public healthcare in each district. We found that districts in northern, southern and western Indian states such as Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Maharashtra were at the highest health risk from COVID-19. Many of these districts have already been designated as COVID-19 hotspots by the Indian government because of emergent outbreaks. Districts in eastern and central states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh have higher socioeconomic and healthcare access risk as compared with other areas.
Using NMR Spectroscopy in the Fragment-Based Drug Discovery of Small-Molecule Anticancer Targeted Therapies

Against the challenge of providing personalized cancer care, the development of targeted therapies stands as a promising approach. The discovery of these agents can benefit from fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) methods that help guide ligand design and provide key structural information on the targets of interest. In particular, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a promising biophysical tool in fragment discovery due to its detection capabilities and versatility. This review provides an overview of FBDD, describes the basis of NMR-based fragment screening, summarizes some exciting technical advances reported over the past decades, and closes with a discussion of selected case studies where this technique has been used as part of drug discovery campaigns to produce lead compounds towards the design of anti-cancer targeted therapies.
Probability and Valence: Two Preferences in the Design of Polar Questions and Their Management

This study expands and refines the argument presented by Heritage and Raymond by demonstrating that the orientation to probability in question design can intersect with a second orientation toward ...
Increase in Ventricle Size and the Evolution of White Matter Changes on Serial Imaging in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19.

Evolution of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unknown. We retrospectively reviewed 4530 critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to three tertiary care hospitals in New York City from March 1 to June 30, 2020 to identify patients who had more than one brain MRI. We reviewed the initial and final MRI for each patient to (1) measure the percent change in the bicaudate index and third ventricular diameter and (2) evaluate changes in the presence and severity of white matter changes. Twenty-one patients had two MRIs separated by a median of 22 [Interquartile range (IQR) 14–30] days. Ventricle size increased for 15 patients (71%) between scans [median bicaudate index 0.16 (IQR 0.126–0.181) initially and 0.167 (IQR 0.138–0.203) on final imaging (p < 0.001); median third ventricular diameter 6.9 mm (IQR 5.4–10.3) initially and 7.2 mm (IQR 6.4–10.8) on final imaging (p < 0.001)]. Every patient had white matter changes on the initial and final MRI; between images, they worsened for seven patients (33%) and improved for three (14%). On serial imaging of critically ill patients with COVID-19, ventricle size frequently increased over several weeks. White matter changes were often unchanged, but in some cases they worsened or improved, demonstrating there is likely a spectrum of pathophysiological processes responsible for these changes.
Post treatment of anaerobically treated brewery effluent using pilot scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system

The anaerobic process is considered to be a sustainable technology for the treatment of wastewaters rich in organic matter mainly due to its lower energy consumption and production of value-added products such as biogas and organic fertilizer. However, it cannot be seen as providing ‘complete’ environmental solution as its treated effluents would typically not meet the desired discharge limits in terms of residual carbon, nutrients and other pollutants. This has given impetus to subsequent post treatment in order to meet the environmental standards and protect the receiving water bodies and environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-treatment potential of a pilot scale two-stage horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) system planted with Cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia, respectively, for enhanced removal of residual carbon and nutrient from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treated brewery effluent. A pilot scale two-stage HSSFCW was integrated with the UASB reactor, and its performance efficiency was assessed for the removal of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium–nitrogen (NH4–N), total phosphorous (TP), and orthophosphate (PO43−). Macrophytes aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation potential were also determined following standard methods. The results from this study showed that Cyperus alternifolius planted CW cell removed 68.5% TSS, 74.2% COD, 55.7% TN, 68.6% NH4–N, 41.1% TP and 48.1% PO43−. Moreover, further polishing with Typha latifolia planted CW cell enhanced the removal efficiencies to 89% TSS, 92% COD, 83.6% TN, 92.9% NH4–N, 74.4% TP, and 79.5% PO43−. Strong linearity and Pearson correlation was found between macrophyte biomass and nutrient accumulation in each CW cell (Cyperus alternifolius: R2 = 0.91, r = 0.97 for TN; R2 = 0.92, r = 0.96 for TP; and Typha latifolia: R2 = 0.96, r = 0.98 for TN and TP), and showed substantial nutrient reduction with cumulative nutrient accumulation of 1290 gTNm−2 and 708.7 gTPm−2 in the complete system. The performance of the pilot CW system as a tertiary treatment for brewery wastewater showed that the effluent meets the permissible discharge standards throughout the year excluding phosphorous.
Exploring the invisible college of citizen science: questions, methods and contributions

This study contributes to an understanding of citizen science using the lens of collaborative scientific communication and methods as a key part of theoretically driven citizen science projects. Findings of this study demonstrate application of diverse research methodologies to understand various aspects of individuals’ participation in science projects, including incentives for engagement and motivation. Research questions addressed by citizen science studies revealed seven broad areas of scholarly interest: natural science, behavior, social justice, technology, education, research design, and health. Citizen science research was predominantly led by questions associated with natural and behavioral sciences, including environmentalism and conservation, climate and climate change, environmental monitoring, and the motivations of individuals to become citizen scientists. Applied citizen science research demonstrated a relatively higher preference for survey and mixed method approaches.
Belonging and Otherness: The Violability and Complicity of Settler Colonial Sexual Violence

In this article, I problematize sexual violence as a gendered and raced tool of colonial dominance. Though the theoretical framework of settler colonialism, I demonstrate how colonialism in the Uni...
The Origins of Criminology : A Reader

The Origins of Criminology: A Reader is a collection of nineteenth-century texts from the key originators of the practice of criminology – selected, introduced, and with commentaries by the leading scholar in this area, Nicole Rafter. This book presents criminology as a unique field of study that took root in a context in which urbanization, immigration, and industrialization changed the class structure of Western nations. As relatively homogenous communities became more sharply divided and aware of a bottom-most group, the 'dangerous classes', a new segment of the middle class emerged: professionals involved in the work of social control. Tracing the intellectual origins of criminology to physiognomy, phrenology, and evolutionary theories, this book demonstrates criminology's background in new attitudes toward science and the development of scientific methodologies applicable to social and mental phenomena. Through an expert selection of original texts, it traces the emergence of ‘criminology’ as a new field purporting to produce scientific knowledge about crime and criminals.
Effects of bandwidth knowledge of results on the performance and learning of a shoulder internal rotation isokinetic strength task

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of no-error knowledge of results (KR) and relative frequency of feedback on the performance and retention of an isokinetic, internal shoulder rotation exercise. Males (N = 32), who were free of any shoulder injuries, uninvolved in organized athletics, and unfamiliar with isokinetic testing; performed 90 acquisition trials over a period of three days at 70% of their peak force (PF). No sooner than 48 hours after the last acquisition session followed a 10-trial delayed retention test. Participants received error KR in either a 10% bandwidth, yoked, verbal 100% terminal KR, or visual 100% concurrent KR condition. Retention results revealed that participants in the 10% bandwidth and yoked conditions performed more consistently than both of the 100% KR conditions, and the bandwidth participants were found to be more accurate than their yoked counterparts. Our findings support previous research and provide empirical support for using reduced amounts of extrinsic feedback when learning a sub-maximal, isokinetic strength task.
Observers for linear types

Linear types provide the framework for a safe embedding of mutable state in functional languages by enforcing the principle that variables of linear type must be used exactly once. A potential disadvantage of this approach is that it places read accesses to such variables under the same restriction as write accesses, and thus prevents reads to proceed in parallel. We present here an extension of linear types which augments the usual distinction between linear and non-linear by a third state, observers of linear variables. Since, unlike linear variables, observers can be duplicated, multiple concurrent reads are made possible. On the other hand, observers must be short-lived enough to never overlap with mutations. The resulting type system is in many aspects similar to the one of ML: It is polymorphic, has principal types, and admits a type reconstruction algorithm.
Our experience with the codecontracts static checker

In this tutorial I will report our experience with CodeContracts [5], and in particular with its static checker (cccheck/clousot) [6]. CodeContracts are a language-agnostic solution to the specification problem. Preconditions, postconditions and object invariants are with opportune method calls acting as specification markers [4]. The CodeContracts API is part of the core .NET standard. The CodeContracts tools have been downloaded more than 50 000 times, and they are currently used in many projects by professional programmers.
The Geographical Dimensions of Terrorism: Future Directions

All of us in geography appreciate—and celebrate—our diversity: in subject matter, in perspective, and in modes of expression. This National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded project and the related b...
Application of Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry (LDMS) to Cosmogeochemistry: Direct Analysis of Organic Compounds in Meteorites

Organic compounds in meteorites are a key to understanding abiotic synthetic reactions, the cosmochemical carbon cycle, and the role that these processes might play in biogenesis. Although it was established over a century ago that some meteorites contain carbonaceous material which, in part, was in the form of organic compounds, their analyses has posed an extreme challenge due to the limited sample amount available and the possible contamination and chemical modification during sample storage and processing. In general, conventional geochemical approaches require several grams of sample and their chemical analysis is laborious, often involving a series of extraction, purification and identification steps. The use of laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) allows for the direct analysis of a meteorite, which is non-destructive from a mineralogical standpoint and requires only sub-milligram quantities of meteorite material. LDMS involves the desorption of ‘intact’ organic compounds permitting their identification in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. In this work, I have applied this method coupled with some simple extraction procedures and chemical syntheses to examine carbonaceous chondrites (Murchison and Allende) for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), kerogen-like material, fullerenes (C60 AND C70) and fulleranes (C70HX).
Ethics and Politics: Three perspectives on Marxism: 1953, 1968, 1995

1953 FROM THE STANDPOINT OF 1995 When in 1953 I published Marxism: An Interpretation , later to become with some revisions Marxism and Christianity , Stalin was not yet dead and the Cold War had already taken determinate form. In February 1953 NATO created a unified military command. In June the Soviet suppression of a workers' rising in East Berlin exemplified the ruthless subordination of the whole of Eastern Europe to Soviet interests. It had already long been part of the stock-in-trade of many Western apologists to accept at its face-value the Soviet Union's claim that its social, political, and economic practice embodied Marxist theory, in order to justify their own root-and-branch rejection of Marxism. And it was generally, if not universally, taken for granted among both theologians and ordinary church-goers that, because Marxism was an atheistic materialism, and because persecution by Soviet power was designed to deny, so far as it could, any independence to the lives of the churches, Christianity had to identify itself with the cause of the anticommunist West. It was of course true that some parts of Marxist theory and some Marxist predictions had genuinely been discredited. It was also true that Christian orthodoxy could not but oppose that in Marxism which was either a ground for or a consequence of its atheism. But the simple-minded wholesale anticommunist rejection of Marxism and the equally simple-minded understanding of the relationship between Marxism and Christianity as one of unqualified antagonism exaggerated and distorted these truths in the interests of the then dominant Western ideology.
THE SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES OF PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA AND CRYPTOPERIDINIOPSOIDS (DINOPHYCEAE)

Sexual life cycle events in Pfiesteria piscicida and cryptoperidiniopsoid heterotrophic dinoflagellates were determined by following the development of isolated gamete pairs in single-drop microcultures with cryptophyte prey. Under these conditions, the observed sequence of zygote formation, development, and postzygotic divisions was similar in these dinoflagellates. Fusion of motile gamete pairs each produced a rapidly swimming uninucleate planozygote with two longitudinal flagella. Planozygotes enlarged as they fed repeatedly on cryptophytes. In <12 h in most cases, each planozygote formed a transparent-walled nonmotile cell (cyst) with a single nucleus. Zygotic cysts did not exhibit dormancy under these conditions. In each taxon, dramatic swirling chromosome movements (nuclear cyclosis) were found in zygote nuclei before division. In P. piscicida, nuclear cyclosis occurred in the zygotic cyst or apparently earlier in the planozygote. In the cryptoperidiniopsoids, nuclear cyclosis occurred in the zygotic cyst. After nuclear cyclosis, a single cell division occurred in P. piscicida and cryptoperidiniopsoid zygotic cysts, producing two offspring that emerged as biflagellated cells. These two flagellated cells typically swam for hours and fed on cryptophytes before encysting. A single cell division in these cysts produced two biflagellated offspring that also fed before encysting for further reproduction. This sequence of zygote development and postzygotic divisions typically was completed within 24 h and was confirmed in examples from different isolates of each taxon. Some aspects of the P. piscicida sexual life cycle determined here differed from previous reports.
The association between allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps: an evidence-based review with recommendations.

Background The relationship between allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains ill-defined and controversial. The association between the 2 is unclear, making an evidence-based decision of whether to evaluate and treat allergies in CRS patients difficult. The purposes of this systematic review are to (1) examine the relationship between allergy and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), (2) examine the same for allergy and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and (3) recommend evaluation and treatment based on the evidence. Methods A structured literature search was performed to identify articles examining the link between allergy and CRSsNP and CRSwNP. Pertinent articles were examined for evidence for an association between allergy and CRSsNP and/or CRSwNP. Results A total of 24 articles were found that met the inclusion criteria; 18 articles examined the relationship between allergy and CRSwNP, with 10 articles showing an association, 7 articles showing no association, and 1 article showing a possible association. Nine articles examined the relationship between allergy and CRSsNP, with 4 articles showing an association and 5 articles showing no association. Four studies directly compared the role of allergy in CRSwNP and CRSsNP, and, again, the results were mixed. No articles examined the outcomes of CRSsNP or CRSwNP following allergy treatment. Conclusion The role of allergy in CRSwNP and CRSsNP continues to be controversial, with the level of evidence poor. Based on the available data, the recommendation is that allergy testing and treatment are an option in CRSwNP and CRSsNP.
Polymerization with redox initiators. III. Complex formation between benzoyl peroxide and dimethylaniline

When a dilute solution of benzoyl peroxide is mixed with one of dimethylaniline, the resultant solution has an absorbance in the ultraviolet which is different from that which can be calculated assuming no interaction. The difference is temperature dependent and reversible. It is believed that the absorbance difference may be attributed to the rapid equilibrium formation of a complex between the amine and peroxide.
Metamagnetism and the fifth-order susceptibility in UPt 3

An enhanced susceptibility is a natural consequence of the ``heavy fermion'' (HF) state, rendering the possibility of measurably large nonlinear susceptibilities. In recent work a universal behavior of the peaks observed in the linear (${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1}$) and the third-order (${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{3}$) susceptibility in HF metamagnets has been identified. This universality is well accounted for by a single energy scale model considering on-site correlations only. A prediction of this model is a peak in the fifth-order susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{5}$ as well. In measurements on a HF metamagnet, ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$, reported herein, we find that ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{5}$, rather than attaining a peak, saturates at low temperatures and is positive. The thermodynamic implications of these towards the stability of the metamagnetic HF state are discussed.
cDNA Sequence, interspecies comparison, and gene mapping analysis of argininosuccinate lyase

Abstract A cDNA clone of the argininosuccinate lyase gene ( ASL ) was isolated from an adult human liver library by probing with synthetic oligonucleotide probes. This clone and a yeast genomic DNA fragment containing the ASL gene were sequenced using the M13-dideoxynucleotide method. Comparison of the yeast and human clones at the nucleotide and putative amino acid sequence levels indicated identities of 50 and 54%, respectively. The most conserved region of the yeast gene was used to detect human clones in the liver cDNA library to test phylogenetic screening capabilities of conserved genes. ASL was mapped to human chromosome 7pter → q22 using human-mouse somatic cell hybrid DNA and further mapped by in situ hybridization to chromosome 7cen → q11.2 on human metaphase chromosomes. The probe also detected a sequence on chromosome 22. Somatic cell hybrid DNA digested with pvu II revealed a mouse polymorphism between Balb/c and C3H mice in the ASL gene.
Glucocorticoid receptor in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a simple method for leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor characterization.

Abstract Glucocorticoid receptors of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) have been characterized and compared with those of mononuclear leukocytes (MNL). Cytosol receptors from PMN and MNL have similar binding affinities for [ 3 H]-dexamethasone (Dex). nearly superimposable sedimentation profiles on sucrose density gradients, and similar elution patterns from DEAE-Sephadex. Thus, the glucocorticoid receptors of MNL and PMN have similar biochemical properties. We have developed a simple method for preparing leukocytes from 20 ml of blood to characterize and quantify the glucocorticoid receptor. The Scatchard analysis of [ 3 H]-Dex binding to intact leukocytes shows a single class of binding sites; the apparent K d was dependent on the duration of incubation, but the binding capacity remained constant after 2 h incubation.
"Defiance" and the Search for Sustainable Small Farmer Organizations: A Paraguayan Case Study and a Research Agenda

Social scientists working on Latin American social movements have commonly focused on the most dramatic manifestations of agrarian discontent. There is a conspicuous lack of research on a new kind of rural social movement, small farmer organizations, which are frequently in alliance with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the attempt to build a more sustainable social movement. They do so by experimenting with their own productive alternatives and sharpening their organization-building skills, and not exclusively laying claims on the state. This paper presents a case study of a historical transition of agrarian social movements from defiance to more sustainable organizational strategies in Paraguay, and suggests a research agenda on the subject to stimulate further research.
Chronic toxicity studies of crude organic chemical pollutants, illustrated by studies with Aroclor 1254.

A stepwise regression statistical analysis was used to interpret results from chronic toxicity experiments. Advantage was taken of the independent buildup and decline of the constituents of the PCB mixture being tested (Aroclor® 1254) to associate the concentrations with the induction of two microsomal oxidase systems, aniline hydroxylase and P-450. The concentration of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl in the liver was shown to be associated with the latter.
Influence of underfill materials on the reliability of coreless flip chip package.

Abstract A flip chip package was assembled by using 6-layer laminated polyimide coreless substrate, eutectic Sn37Pb solder bump, two kinds of underfill materials and Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder balls. Regarding to the yield, the peripheral solder joints were often found not to connect with the substrate due to the warpage at high temperature, modification of reflow profile was benefit to improve this issue. All the samples passed the moisture sensitive level test with a peak temperature of 260 °C and no delamination at the interface of underfill and substrate was found. In order to know the reliability of coreless flip chip package, five test items including temperature cycle test (TCT), thermal shock test (TST), highly accelerated stress test (HAST), high temperature storage test (HTST) and thermal humidity storage test (THST) were done. Both of the two underfill materials could make the samples pass the HTST and THST, however, in the case of TCT, TST and HAST, the reliability of coreless flip chip package was dominated by underfill material. A higher Young’s modules of underfill, the more die crack failures were found. Choosing a correct underfill material was the key factor for volume production of coreless flip chip package.