cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morals Not Knowledge: Recasting the Contemporary U.S. Conflict between Religion and Science

In a time when conservative politicians challenge the irrefutability of scientific findings such as climate change, it is more important than ever to understand the conflict at the heart of the “religion vs. science” debates unfolding in the public sphere. In this groundbreaking work, John H. Evans reveals that, with a few limited exceptions, even the most conservative religious Americans accept science’s ability to make factual claims about the world. However, many religious people take issue with the morality implicitly promoted by some forms of science. Using clear and engaging scholarship, Evans upends the prevailing notion that there is a fundamental conflict over the way that scientists and religious people make claims about nature and argues that only by properly understanding moral conflict between contemporary religion and science will we be able to contribute to a more productive interaction between these two great institutions. “John H. Evans successfully relocates religious concerns about science from the realm of knowledge to that of moral value. He is by far the most sophisticated of the sociologists.” RONALD L. NUMBERS, Hilldale Professor Emeritus of the History of Science and Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison “This is just the kind of volume that academics, journalists, and policymakers who are concerned about the future of science need. The kind of synthetic fi eld-building work that Evans does is necessary in this burgeoning area.” ELAINE HOWARD ECKLUND, Herbert S. Autrey Chair in Social Sciences, Rice University JOHN H. EVANS is Professor of Sociology at the University of California, San Diego.
Subjects and Objects: An Ethic of Representing the Other

In this chapter I reflect on the challenges and paradoxes of representing the other in critical research. Particular attention is given to implicit configurations of subject/object or self/other in approaches informed by both rational/theoretical and caring/humanistic methodologies. Drawing on an extended qualitative study of ten women with traumatic brain injury, I explore the contradictory and often latent assumptions about researcher subjectivity and the possibility and meaning of knowing the object/other of research either through unity or through distance. Rather than resolving the ethical dilemmas and dangers posed by a field and a researcher/subject caught up in the will to know, the chapter concludes by pointing to the implications of ethical practice grounded in the fragmentary and unstable nature of the researcher as a “virtual self”.
MLS student active learning within a "cloud" technology program.

In November 2009, the MLS program in a large public university serving a geographically large, sparsely populated state instituted an initiative for the integration of technology enhanced teaching and learning within the curriculum. This paper is intended to provide an introduction to the system requirements and sample instructional exercises used to create an active learning technology-based classroom. Discussion includes the following: 1.) define active learning and the essential components, 2.) summarize teaching methods, technology and exercises utilized within a “cloud” technology program, 3.) describe a “cloud” enhanced classroom and programming 4.) identify active learning tools and exercises that can be implemented into laboratory science programs, and 5.) describe the evaluation and assessment of curriculum changes and student outcomes. The integration of technology in the MLS program is a continual process and is intended to provide student-driven active learning experiences. ABBREVIATIONS: MLS-Medical Laboratory Science
Stable Isotope Analysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Conventional Dual-Inlet Mass Spectrometry

The foundation of various analytical methods for the stable isotope composition of water and other aqueous samples (natural abundance, {sup 1}H : {sup 2}H (D) = 99.985 : 0.015 atom%, and {sup 16}O : {sup 17}O : {sup 18}O = 99.762 : 0.038 : 0.200 atom%) was established during the Manhatten Project in the U.S.A., when large amounts of heavy water were produced for nuclear reactors (see Kirshenbaum, 1951, for a detailed account). From early on, there was great interest in the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of water, because they are the ideal tracers of water sources and reactions. The increased analytical precisions made possible by the subsequent development of modern gas-source isotope-ratio mass spectrometers with dual-inlets and multi-collectors, have caused the proliferation of new analytical methods and applications for the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of water. These stable isotopes have found wide applications in basic as well as applied sciences (chemistry, geology, hydrology, biology, medical sciences, and food sciences). This is because water is ubiquitous, is an essential and predominant ingredient of living organisms, and is perhaps the most reactive compound in the Earth.
Withaferin A inhibits Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and in the United States. Despite recent advancements in treatment approaches, metastasis remains a major therapeutic challenge in lung cancer and explains the extremely poor prognosis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a complex process of cellular reprogramming has become an attractive drug target because it plays a crucial role in the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we examined the effects of withaferin A (WFA), a plant-derived steroidal lactone on EMT in human NSCLC cell lines. First, we demonstrated that WFA displayed time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity on A549 and H1299 NSCLC cells. Then, cells were exposed to ≤ 0.5 µM WFA for ≤ 4 h to minimize cytotoxicity and determined its effects on EMT, cell adhesion, motility, migration, and invasion. EMT induction was performed by culturing cells in serum-free media containing TGFβ1 (5 ng/mL) and TNFα (25 ng/mL) for 48 h. We observed that pretreatment of cells with WFA inhibited cell adhesion, migration, and invasion of A549 and H1299 cells. Using western blot, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR analysis, we demonstrated that WFA suppressed TGFβ1 and TNFα-induced EMT in both cell lines. Mechanistically, WFA suppressed the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and NF-κB in A549 and H1299 cells. Together, our study provides additional evidence demonstrating the inhibitory effects of WFA on EMT induction in NSCLC cells and further demonstrates the therapeutic potential of WFA against the metastasis in NSCLC.
The Bipedicled Orbicularis Oculi Myocutaneous Flap for the Repair of Paralytic Ectropion.

This case series describes the bipedicled orbicularis oculi myocutaneous flap as a new surgical approach for paralytic eyelid syndrome.
Highly radiative nature of ultra-thin c-plane Al-rich AlGaN/AlN quantum wells for deep ultraviolet emitters

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes were measured for a series of ultra-thin c-plane Al0.61Ga0.39N/AlN multiple quantum wells (QWs) on bulk AlN substrates with the well thickness varying from 0.6 to 2 nm. At temperatures below 75 K, estimates of the internal quantum efficiency indicate that the recombination is primarily radiative, with a lifetime of ∼160 ps for the 0.6 nm QWs, comparable to the low temperature PL lifetime observed in bulk AlGaN films of a similar Al content. This short lifetime is observed despite the presence of layer thickness fluctuations and the quantum-confined Stark effect associated with the large polarization field in the heterostructures, which tend to increase the radiative lifetime. This behavior is explained using many-body calculations of radiative recombination rates that extend beyond the conventional ABC rate equation model by accounting for both excitons and free carriers within a nonequilibrium Green's function formalism. The results indicate that the combination of the large wave function overlap integral (∼0.65) and exciton binding energy (1.82 times the 3D Rydberg) for the 0.6 nm QWs leads to an ∼20-fold increase in the radiative recombination rate relative to that obtained for the 2 nm QWs. This greater radiative recombination rate competes favorably with trapping at interface fluctuations and defect-induced nonradiative recombination that dominates recombination at higher temperatures.
Intraoperative Injury to Small or Large Bowel

Despite careful and meticulous technique, unfortunately injuries can occur to the bowel. Understanding how to avoid them, recognize them when they do occur, and manage them is crucial to minimizing further complications.
23 – Diebacks and Declines—Complex Diseases

Publisher Summary There are many cases where the cause of the decline or death of trees cannot be attributed to only one agent. In these cases, primary stress or stresses cause(s) the health of the tree to deteriorate and any number of secondary pathogens or insects may cause the eventual decline and death of the tree. These diseases are called “diebacks or declines,” or “complex diseases.” Complex diseases can be understood by comparing them to diseases with single primary causes such as Dutch elm disease or white pine blister rust. In the diseases with single primary causes, the condition of the host and the environment play only a relatively minor role in the disease. However, in dieback and decline diseases, the host condition as altered by adverse environmental factors is of major importance. The organisms of secondary action are able to succeed only when trees have been altered by stress. Dieback and decline diseases are caused by the successive action of primary stress factor(s) followed by the organisms of secondary action that can successfully attack only weakened trees.
Implant-abutment connection as contributing factor to peri-implant diseases

Dental implant-supported prostheses are an established treatment modality for the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of partial and/or complete edentulous patients. One of the most essential factors for successful treatment outcomes stems from preservation of the peri-implant bone. Early peri-implant crestal bone loss has been a common observation, coincides with the time period where most treatment manipulations occur and has been considered as a complex multifactorial event. Microbial leakage at the implant-abutment interface has been associated with inflammatory reactions that may jeopardize peri-implant crestal bone stability. Prevention of microbial leakage at the implant-abutment interface is a major challenge in the construction of two-piece implant systems. Changes in the implant-abutment complex design achieved reduction in the magnitude of microbial leakage and/or separation of the implant-abutment interface from the osseous surface. However, it is still unclear if microbial leakage at the implant-abutment interface plays a role beyond the initial crestal bone remodeling, namely on the development of peri-implantitis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze the knowledge available on the integrity of different types of implant-abutment connections and their potential role on the development of peri-implant crestal bone loss and peri-implant diseases.
A Novel Phase Tracking in ZigBee Receiver Using Extended Kalman Filtering over AWGN Channel

This paper aims at investigating the performance of applying Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to track the phase changes of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) in ZigBee receivers. EKF is used to optimize the BPSK modulated signal by minimizing the phase error in the presence of the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. A MATLAB-based simulator is developed to implement the EKF in the ZigBee receiver to correctly track the phase changes of the BPSK as the performance of tracking is measured by Mean Square Error (MSE) for different Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The MSE is used to measure the phase deviation error from the true phase. The phase tracking measured by MSE for different SNR values show that EKF has less phase error deviation than Costas Phase Locked Loop (CPLL) for all SNR values. The results show that EKF is novel and track the phase changes correctly more than the Costas PLL. For example, for SNR of 5, the MSE for our EKF is 3.5e-05 whereas it is 6.25e-05 for Costas PLL, i.e. ours has an improvement of 78%. The proposed EKF has less phase error deviation than CPLL for all SNR values and the improvement can be from 5% to 81%, depending on SNR.
Associative and nonassociative learning in adult zebrafish

Abstract Adult zebrafish are gaining traction as a model organism in the study of learning and memory. Over the past 25 years, both associative and nonassociative learning have been unequivocally demonstrated using a variety of stimuli such as colored lights, novel tanks, access to conspecifics, and electric shocks. Recently, several studies have exploited key advantages of zebrafish such as their amenability to genetic manipulation and high-throughput analysis, yielding novel insights into behavior and the workings of the vertebrate brain. As a visually oriented, diurnal, and highly social species with the same general organization of the central nervous system as mammals, zebrafish are an ideal organism to complement work in rodents and further our understanding of the neural and molecular basis of learning and memory.
Chapter 14 – Time to Lead

Most leaders complain that they are time starved, that there is always too much to do. Sometimes at corporate seminars I heard people bragging about how much they travel and how hard they work, occasionally getting into a game of “can you top this,” that is, last month I was on the road for 2 weeks straight, with the response of well I was on the road for 3 weeks and then someone else chimes in about how many “white”-sleepless work nights that they had, etc. So it is safe to say that most leaders are busy, but the right question is Thoreau’s: are they busy doing the right things? All leaders need dedicated time to lead and they need to be able to do it well. Part of managing yourself and helping yourself to lead is to make sure that you have the resources to do your job. While many of these are important—personnel, budget, office space, etc., no resource is more important than time. This chapter discusses the importance of both making and taking the time to lead. We will consider how successful leaders figure out how to do that. In healthcare, this is even more important given the level of responsibility that many of them carry, particularly given how many of us have other clinical duties or even a full “day job” in addition to our leadership responsibilities.
Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. The individual vs society. Resolving the conflict

KIE: Eddy argues for reform of the American health care system. In seeking health coverage, he explains, there are two positions: the first, that of society, seeks to allocate services efficiently; the second, that of the patient, seeks to optimize individual patients' care. Using his illustration of breast cancer coverage from a previous JAMA article (1991 Mar 20; 265 (11): 1446+), Eddy contends that a tradition of decision-making from the second position is the root of present health care inefficiencies. Eddy's ideal would be complete information to physicians and patients about service costs, benefits, and financial feasibility, and an agreed-upon standard of fair resource allocation, based on the threshold of a specific measure of benefit per resource. To approach this ideal, he concludes, we must recognize the problem, pursue education about service costs and benefits and people's desires of the system, and identify and review services that presently are inefficiently utilized.
A Pharmacokinetic (PK) study of SU-5416 in patients on enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs (EIAED), by the North American Brain Tumor Consortium

401 In vitro studies suggest SU-5416, an anti-angiogenic agent, has anti-tumor activity in the brain and is metabolized via CYP3A4.This study investigated the effect of enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs on the clinical PK of SU-5416. Eligible patients (pts), diagnosed with recurrent high grade astrocytomas or mixed gliomas, received escalating doses (65-190 mg/m2) of SU-5416 administered as a 1-hr i.v. infusion on days 1 and days 4 of each week for 4 weeks. In the absence of DLTs or significant clinical deterioration patients were treated for another 4 weeks. PK profiles were available for 5 pts in the EIAED group and 7 pts in the control group which was made of patients who were not on EIAED. SU-5416 exhibited apparent linear PK in the dose range investigated. The concentration-time profiles of SU-5416 were very similar between pts regardless of treatment group. Though profiles were similar, there was considerable variability in the PK parameters between pts. No statistical differences were observed between the two treatment groups for either the CL values (P = 0.62) or the Vλz values (P = 0.93). Dose-normalized AUC0-α, dose-normalized Cmax, or T1/2 on day 1 also did not vary between the groups (P ≥ 0.15).The PK parameters of SU-5416 in patients with recurrent high grade astrocytomas and mixed gliomas were similar between patients receiving EIAED and those who were not. This study suggests that the concomitant administration of EIAED does not result in marked increase in the CL of SU-5416.
Geriatric ATV and snowmobile trauma at a rural level 1 trauma center: A blow to the chest.

Abstract Introduction As the population ages, trauma centers are seeing a significant volume of injured geriatric patients. However, there is limited data on geriatric off-roading incidents. We investigated the injury patterns, severity and outcomes of geriatric versus younger adult all-terrain vehicle (ATV) and snowmobile related trauma with the hypothesis that geriatric patients will have higher mortality and worsened outcomes. Methods The trauma registry at a New England Level 1 trauma center was queried by ICD 9/10 code for adult ATV and/or snowmobile-related trauma from 2011-2019. Data reviewed included demographic, admission, injury, and outcomes data including injury severity score (ISS), abbreviated injury scale (AIS) score, hospital disposition, and mortality. Patients were stratified by age into younger adults (18-64 years old) versus geriatric (65 years and older). Univariate analysis was performed to compare groups. Results Over the study period, we identified 390 adult ATV or snowmobile-related trauma patients, of whom 38 were geriatric. The mean ages for the younger adult vs. geriatric cohorts were 41(SD 13) and 73(SD 5), respectively. The majority of patients were male (77%). Compared to younger adults, geriatric patients were more often unhelmeted (66 v 38%, p=0.004) and more likely to present after ATV as opposed to snowmobile trauma (71 v 51%, p=0.028). Geriatric patients more often sustained both any chest trauma (68 v 41%, p=0.003) and severe chest trauma (AIS≥3, 55 v 31%, p=0.022), and more often required tube thoracostomy (26 v 12%, p=0.042). Geriatric patients were also more often discharged to a facility (39 v 14%, p 15, length of stay, ventilator days, complications, or mortality. Conclusions Following ATV or snowmobile-related trauma, geriatric patients were more likely to sustain severe chest trauma and to require additional care upon hospital discharge as compared to younger adults. Primary prevention should focus on encouraging helmet and chest protective clothing use in this geriatric population.
A cross-cultural analysis of adolescent suicidal behavior in southern India and the united states of America

This paper will focus on the cross-cultural analysis of the trends and dynamics including risk factors, the neurological impact of the risk factor, protective factors, and prevention strategies of suicidal behavior between adolescents in Southern India and the United States of America. It will also discuss the limitations, and future implications of these suicidal behaviors in adolescents.
No Vacancy or Open for Business? Making Accommodations for Digital-Platform Short-Term Rentals in Major American Municipalities

Technological development encourages changes in the law if new technology sufficiently reorders organizational or individual practices such that citizens, businesses, and governments encounter a new social or economic reality as a result of technological change. Internet platform companies create particular dilemmas for public officials who must try to harness the efficiency gains associated with the platform economy while minimizing the proliferation of negative externalities it encourages. In this Article, we consider the opportunities and challenges created for local governments by the rise of digital, peer-to-peer short-term rental platforms such as Airbnb by analyzing the regulatory provisions governing transient accommodations in residential zones from municipal ordinances across 219 major cities in the United States. We situate developments in land use policy related to transient accommodations alongside other instances of technologically induced changes in the law, and consider the extent to which attempts to regulate short-term rentals mirror efforts to integrate other sectors from the sharing economy into the regulated sphere. We explain the geography and function of municipal ordinances governing the short-term rental marketplace nationwide, and analyze the different purposes most likely served by each regulatory mechanism by evaluating the manner in which the various approaches to regulating short-term rentals allocate burdens and benefits in the local community. In addition to providing a full overview of the regulatory landscape governing short-term rental activity in residential zones in major American municipalities, we offer evidence from detailed case studies of the lawmaking process in three significant municipalities whose approach to regulating transient accommodations in residential neighborhoods is either especially stringent, informed by laissez faire principles, or relatively balanced in scope and nature. These case studies in regulation include an analysis of the policy process via close readings of primary sources such as city council minutes and records, and permit us to investigate how different permutations of local interests inform the regulatory processes regarding land use in municipal governments. We conclude by advocating for local officials to be permitted flexibility to regulate short-term rentals using the means most consistent with their particular community’s needs.
Abstract P808: The Main Peptide Ssubstrates of Neurolysin Enhance Brain Microvascular Permeability in a Human in vitro Model

Increased brain microvascular permeability and disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function are among hallmarks of ischemic stroke. Recently, peptidase neurlysin (Nln) has been identified as a ...
How to design, fabricate, and validate a customized COMS-style eye plaque: Illustrated with a narrow-slotted plaque example.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE A customized Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS)-style eye plaque may provide superior dosimetric coverage compared with standard models for certain intraocular tumor locations and shapes. This work provides a recipe for developing and validating such customized plaques. METHODS AND MATERIALS The concept-into-clinical treatment process for a customized COMS-style eye plaque begins with a CAD model design that meets the specifications of the radiation oncologist and surgeon based on magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and clinical measurements, as well as a TG-43 hybrid heterogeneity-corrected dose prediction to model the dose distribution. Next, a 3D printed plastic prototype is created and reviewed. After design approval, a Modulay plaque is commercially fabricated. Quality assurance (QA) is subsequently performed to verify the physical measurements of the Modulay and Silastic and also includes dosimetric measurement of the calibration, depth dose, and dose profiles. Sterilization instructions are provided by the commercial fabricator. This customization procedure and QA methodology is demonstrated with a narrow-slotted plaque that was recently constructed for the treatment of a circumpapillary (e.g., surrounding the optic disk) ocular tumor. RESULTS The production of a customized COMS-style eye plaque is a multistep process. Dosimetric modeling is recommended to ensure that the design will meet the patient's needs, and QA is essential to confirm that the plaque has the proper dimensions and dose distribution. The customized narrow-slotted plaque presented herein was successfully implemented in the clinic, and provided superior dose coverage of juxtapapillary and circumpapillary tumors compared with standard or notched COMS-style plaques. Plaque development required approximately 30 h of physicist time and a fabrication cost of $1500. CONCLUSION Customized eye plaques may be used to treat intraocular tumors that cannot be adequately managed with standard models. The procedure by which a customized COMS-style plaque may be designed, fabricated, and validated was presented along with a clinical example.
The hrp genes of Pantoea stewartii are Regulated by a Complex System that Senses Environmental Signals

The ability of Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria to cause disease is determined by hrp/hrc genes, which encode a type-III secretion system, and hop genes, which produce the secreted effector proteins (5). A >24-kb cluster of hrp/hop genes is necessary for Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii to incite Stewart’s Wilt on corn (1,3). This study describes some aspects of the genetic organization and function of the regulatory region in the hrp/hop cluster of P. stewartii involved in sensing environmental signals.
Modification of Clay Minerals for Adsorption Purpose

The chemical nature and pore structure of clay materials generally influence their adsorption capability. In order to increase its adsorption capacity , modification of the pore structure of clay materials has been conducted chemically as well as physically. Inorganic acids, bases, salts, and surfactants have been used for modification of clay minerals. A combination of chemical and physical treatment process has also been employed to modify the surface and structure of clay minerals. The modification of clay minerals using acid can alter the crystalline structure of the clay minerals. The clay minerals modified with quaternary ammonium surfactant have a high affinity towards most of hydrophobic organic compounds. Even though the anionic surfactants are cheaper than other types of surfactants, the anionic surfactants are seldom used for clay modification compared to the cationic and nonionic surfactants. Nonionic surfactant organoclays were more chemically stable than cationic surfactant organoclays. This chapter also describes the use of Gemini surfactants as well as natural surfactant for modification of various clay minerals.
WS18.4 Five-year survivorship in cystic fibrosis: Outcomes improve but the disease remains the same

Objectives Investigate the stability of the five-year survival model in Liou et al (Am J Epidemiol, 153:345, 2001). Methods After obtaining IRB approval, we analyzed data from the CFFPR from 1993–2010, breaking patients into three non-overlapping cohorts starting in 1993, 1999, and 2005, and following for five years, excluding transplanted patients. For each cohort, we developed a five-year survivorship model with logistic regression (glm function in R) and compared with the published model, using covariates: age, FEV1% predicted, weight-for-age z-score, sex, Burkholderia complex, pancreatic sufficiency, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, CF-related diabetes, and number of acute pulmonary exacerbations in the prior year. Results The five-year survival predictions from the three new models closely match those of the original model (1993 cohort, R2 = 0.98, 1999 cohort, R2 = 0.93, 2005 cohort, R2 = 0.99). Compared with the 1993 cohort, mortality in later cohorts is reduced (OR 0.81 in 1999 and 0.64 in 2005). The distribution of probabilities of death in five years based on the original model differ between eras (p Conclusion From 1993 to 2009, the factors predicting mortality in CF have remained stable. The dramatic reduction in mortality during the study period results from the improvement in clinical measurements, implying that the progression of the disease has slowed even though survivorship from a given disease state remains unchanged.
The Backward Shift on Dirichlet-type Spaces

We study the backward shift operator on Hilbert spaces H α (for α > 0) which are norm equivalent to the Dirichlet-type spaces D α . Although these operators are unitarily equivalent to the adjoints of the forward shift operator on certain weighted Bergman spaces, our approach is direct and completely in(lependent of the standard Cauchy duality. We employ only the classical Hardy space theory and an elementary formula expressing the inner product on H o in terms of a weighted superposition of backward shifts.
Positron line radiation as a signature of particle dark matter in the halo.

We suggest a new signature for particle dark-matter annihilation in the halo: high-energy, positron line radiation. Because the cosmic-ray positron spectrum falls rapidly with energy and the contribution of conventional sources is only expected to be about 5% of the cosmic-ray electron flux, monoenergetic ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$'s from halo annihilations can be a significant and distinctive signal for very massive dark-matter particles (masses greater than about 30 GeV). If the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ annihilation channel has an appreciable branch---a few percent or more---the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$ signal could be observable in a future detector, such as have been proposed for ASTROMAG. A significant ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ branching ratio can occur for neutralinos or Dirac neutrinos. In spite of the fact that a heavy Dirac neutrino is no longer an attractive dark-matter candidate and the fact that the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ branching ratios expected for the currently popular models of the neutralino are very small, the positron signature is so distinctive that we believe it is worthy of note: If seen, it is a ``smoking gun'' for particle dark matter in the halo. We also note that the positron signature will be of general importance for any future particle dark-matter candidate whose annihilation into ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ is not suppressed.
Particular Values and Critical Morality

In this paper I consider and criticize the following position: a community is entitled to uphold and enforce its own distinctive mores, norms, and standards through the agency of the law, even though this enforcement may seem undesirable from the wider point of view of liberal morality or moral philosophy. According to this view, which is often labeled "communitarianism," a community is entitled to do this for the sake of its own moral and cultural particularity, and in order to preserve its unique identity, its boundaries and its heritage.
A Scientific Rhetoric

Communicating Science. The Scientific Article from the 17th Century to the Present. Alan G. Gross, Joseph E. Harmon, and Michael Reidy. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. 279 pp. $60, £45. ISBN 0-19-513454-0. The authors examine aspects such as style, presentation of text and images, and argumentation in examples of papers drawn from the scientific literature in English, French, and German.
Identifying Low-ProfileWeb Server&#146;s IP Fingerprint

With the immense success of World Wide Web, Web servers have become ubiquitous for all kinds of organizations, even for individuals. While most previous research has been conducted on high-profile Web servers, the majority of Web servers on the Internet are low-profile. In this paper, we focus on the low-profile Web servers inside a middle-sized campus network. We collect eight-month traces on ten departmental Web servers and investigate the dynamics of IP addresses of their remote clients. After analyzing accesses of remote clients to the monitored servers, we find that (1) the pool of 32-bit IP addresses seen by a server rarely converges to a stable set, i.e., there are always a large portion of unseen 32-bit IP addresses sighted in each weekly trace; (2) however, the group of frequent visitors to a server is relatively stable, and a simple clustering by 24-bit IP prefix further confirms this observation; (3) although the portion of frequent visitors is small, the volume of requests they issue dominates in total; (4) last but not least, each Web server has its own group of loyal clients excluding Web crawlers. We call such a relatively stable and unique pool of loyal clients for each low-profile Web server its IP fingerprint.
Functional coexistence of many wireless clients

Collisions, collision avoidance, hidden terminals, and automatic rate selection in response to signal quality all reduce the effective bandwidth of the 802.11 wireless medium when many clients are active in proximity. To determine the resulting degraded bandwidth, experiments were conducted with 96 wireless clients operating simultaneously in a variety of signal quality conditions, each having traffic typical of a browser-interfaced Web service. The wireless medium was modeled as an M/M/1 queue with capacity a parameter determined by a nonlinear regression fit to the measurements. The analysis provides practical design guidelines for wireless bandwidth utilization and access point placement in settings having a large number of moving clients.
Hotelling's T2

Hotelling's T2 is a generalization of the squared univariate t and used for testing hypotheses about a mean vector μ. Specifically, T2 is a measure of the distance between a sample mean vector and a hypothesized population vector in the metric of the sample covariance matrix. T2 can also be used for testing the equality of two independent multivariate normal mean vectors assuming that the populations have a common covariance matrix, for testing whether p means measured over time are equal, or the equality of response vectors measured over time. Rejection of a test based on T2 does not indicate which of the p responses may have contributed to that decision. Keywords: tests for mean vectors; multivariate normal mean vectors; simultaneous inference
Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked MK801

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) are ion channels that are important for synaptic plasticity, which is involved in learning and drug addiction. We show enzymatic targeting of an NMDA-R antagonist, MK801, to a molecularly defined neuronal population with the cell-type-selectivity of genetic methods and the temporal control of pharmacology. We find that NMDA-Rs on dopamine neurons are necessary for cocaine-induced synaptic potentiation, demonstrating that cell type-specific pharmacology can be used to dissect signaling pathways within complex brain circuits.
Distal femoral fracture during primary total knee arthroplasty

PURPOSE. To review 6 cases of periprosthetic distal femoral fracture during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS. Of 778 women and 691 men who underwent primary TKAs using posterior-stabilised (n=1240), cruciate-retaining (n=165), or semiconstrained (n=64) implant, 5 women and one man with a mean age of 73.3 years and a mean body mass index of 31.6 kg/m 2 sustained an intra-operative periprosthetic distal femoral fracture and were followed up for a mean of 12.8 (range, 2-39) months. RESULTS. Respectively in patients with a posteriorstabilised, cruciate-retaining, or semi-constrained implant, the intra-operative fracture rates were 0.32%, 0%, and 3.13%. For women, the respective rates were 0.46%, 0%, and 5.10%. Intra-operative fracture was 9.69 times (p=0.03) more likely to occur in patients with a semi-constrained implant than those with a posterior-stabilised implant, and was 4.44 times (p=0.22) more likely to occur in women than in men. Half of the fractures occurred during the trial phase when the tibia was reduced onto the femur, and half during final prosthesis implantation. CONCLUSION. Distal femoral fracture during primary TKA is rare and associated with the use of a semiconstrained implant. Preserving as much bone in the distal femur is advised.
Improvement of power quality by means of fault current limitation

Power quality improvement is becoming an increasingly important issue for both electric utilities and customers. Utilities are currently exploring methods of increasing the reliability of the power supply due to the growing number of sensitive loads. Therefore, this paper explores the impact of a series resonant fault current limiter (FCL) on the improvement of power quality of a radial distribution system. It provides simulations of a typical distribution system with and without the FCL to determine its effect on voltage dips during faulted conditions. It also investigates the interaction of the FCL with system protection and provides protection engineers with methods of re-coordinating the protective scheme after placing the series resonant FCL into a distribution system.
An architecture and interaction techniques for handling ambiguity in recognition-based input

It is difficult to build applications that effectively use recognizers, in part because of lack of toolkit-level support for dealing with recognition errors. This dissertation presents an architecture that addresses that problem. Recognition technologies such as speech, gesture, and handwriting recognition, have made great strides in recent years. By providing support for more natural forms of communication, recognition can make computers more accessible. Such “natural” interfaces are particularly useful in settings where a keyboard and mouse are not available, as in very large or very small displays, and in mobile and ubiquitous computing. However, recognizers are error-prone: they may not interpret input as the user intended. This can confuse the user, cause performance problems, and result in brittle interaction dialogues. The major contributions of this thesis are: (1) A model of recognition that uses ambiguity to keep track of errors and mediation to correct them. This model can be applied to any recognition-based interface found in the literature, all of which include some type of support for mediation of recognition errors. (2) A corresponding toolkit architecture that uses this model to represent recognition results. The toolkit architecture benefits programmers who build recognition-based applications, by providing a separation of recognition and mediation from application development. At a high level, mediation intervenes between the recognizer and the application in order to resolve ambiguity. This separation of concerns allows us to create re-usable solutions to mediation similar to the menus, buttons, and interactors provided in any GUI toolkit. The separation of recognition also leads to the ability to adapt mediation to situations which do not seem to be recognition-based, but where some problem in interaction causes the system to do something other than what the user intended (our ultimate definition of error). Finally, the separation of mediation allows us to develop complex mediation interactions independent of both the source of ambiguity and the application.
Remote Sensing Open Access Journal: Leading a New Paradigm in Publishing

Remote Sensing is a pathfinding open access journal providing great opportunities for the growing community of remote sensing and geoscience scientists and practitioners to publish high quality research and practical papers expeditiously. It is a journal keeping up with the changing times we live in: open access, instant access, free access, and global access from whichever precise latitude and longitude you live in on the planet Earth or for that matter anywhere in space as long as we have internet access! So, open access journals are breaking many paradigms and setting forth new ones that will soon become the norm as we advance into the twenty-first century. The days of inordinate delays in publishing good science research articles are fast disappearing with open access journals. In remote sensing and geoscience, Remote Sensing (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing/) is one of the pioneers, thanks to the vision of Dr. Shu-Kun Lin, the publisher. It started in the year 2009 with headquarters in Basel, Switzerland and a branch office in Beijing, China. It will soon complete Volume 3 by the end of 2011. [...]
Effect of Simvastatin (80 mg) on Coronary and Abdominal Aortic Arterial Calcium (from the Coronary Artery Calcification Treatment with Zocor [CATZ] Study)

We tested the hypothesis that, compared with placebo, simvastatin would reduce the progression of coronary artery calcium (CAC) and abdominal aortic calcium (AAC) levels in participants asymptomatic for vascular disease. Total CAC and AAC were measured with multidetector cardiac computed tomography. Inclusion criteria were a CAC score of ≥50 Agatston units, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level ≤50 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level between 100 and 160 mg/dl, and ≥2 other risk factors. Diabetes and history of vascular disease were exclusion criteria. Participants were randomized to receive 80 mg simvastatin (n = 40) or matching placebo (n = 40) for 12 months. Lipids were measured at 3-month intervals, and CAC and AAC measurements were repeated at 6 and 12 months. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL decreased significantly with simvastatin treatment (p
Guillain‐Barré syndrome: Its epidemiology and associations with influenza vaccination

The epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and the associations of GBS with influenza vaccination are described based on review of three types of epidemiological data: case-control studies, incidence rate studies of GBS in well-defined populations, and surveillance data from a sentinel neurologist surveillance system of GBS in the United States. These data indicate that the crude annual incidence rate of GBS per 100,000 people ranges from 0.6 to 1.9 in different populations in widely scattered areas of the world. In general, incidence rates are higher with advancing age until about 75 years, higher for men than women, and higher for whites than blacks. No specific HLA antigen has been significantly associated with GBS in general, although HLA AW 30 and AW 31 have been associated with chronic relapsing polyneuritis. Important trigger agents of GBS include nonspecific respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and cytomegalovirus infection. Influenza infection and influenza vaccinations are not generally important trigger agents. A major exception to this is the occurrence of just under 1 excess case of GBS per 100,000 A/New Jersey influenza vaccinations administered in the United States, 1976-1977. A significant excess risk of GBS was not observed after administration of influenza vaccine in 1978-1979 and 1979-1980. The differences between the contents of and immunological reaction to A/New Jersey influenza vaccine and the more recent influenza vaccines deserve further study.
A Comparison of Lubricants and Coatings for Cold Extruding Titanium

Investigations were conducted on a number of surface coatings and lubricants, both experimental and commercial, as part of an overall process development program on cold extrusion of solid and hollow titanium shapes. Materials were evaluated on the basis of surface finish and extrusion pressure in cold forward extrusion of unalloyed titanium billets 1 ½ in. in diameter to solid round bars 0.95 in. in diameter (60% reduction). A fluoride-phosphate chemical conversion coating proved to be most desirable from the standpoint of adherence, ease of application and cost. The effectiveness of the coating in reducing extrusion pressure and producing a good surface finish was dependent on the lubricant used. Various types and combinations of lubricants, including graphite, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, wax, soaps, polyalkylene glycol, and sulfochlorinated mineral oil were used in conjunction with the coating. The solid films, was and soaps were both alone and suspended in several resin carriers. Of the vario...
A Survey Applying the Concepts of Creation and Consumption to Common Tasks and Assessing Preferred Device Usage Between Desktops and Tablets

Tablets, although initially used as personal, entertainment devices, are more frequently appearing in the work environment. It has been suggested, but not empirically verified, that tablets are best suited for tasks where information is “consumed” whereas “creation” tasks are better suited to desktop or traditional computers. A survey was administered in order to better understand how tasks may be classified as consumption or creation tasks, and to determine if a relationship exists between this categorization and user preference to complete a task with a tablet or a traditional computer. Participants classified 57 tasks/applications according to consumption/creation dimensions, and according to their preference to complete the task on a tablet or desktop computer. Results indicate creation and consumption are not mutually exclusive categories and that device preference is not directly related to these categories. Results of this work may be used in the further design, development and evaluation of applications across devices.
Variable Structure Control of an Underactuated Air Spindle Testbed

A robust control algorithm is developed for attitude control of an air spindle testbed based on variable structure control. The variable structure control approach is formulated for underactuated systems with actuated accelerations as control inputs. First order sliding surfaces are defined per actuated degrees of freedom as a linear combination of the tracking position and velocity errors of both actuated and unactuated coordinates. The controller law is determined based on Lyapunov theory and is shown to be asymptotically stable for the tiled air spindle axis where gravitational effects are included but only marginally stable for the vertical axis. Multiple step sliding surfaces are proposed to achieve asymptotic stability in the latter case. Simulations of the controller performance verify its effectiveness and accuracy.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Lincoln and Douglas and the Naughty Nursery Rhyme

This article explores odd bits of Americana ephemera from the 1860 presidential election between Lincoln and Douglas found in the Library.
7 Cumulative Hypercapnia and Risk of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Among Very Low Birth Weight Infants

BACKGROUND: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a concern among very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). Several factors have been incriminated in the development of IVH. Although hypercapnia early in life has been associated with an increased risk of IVH, the effect of cumulative exposure to hypercapnia (CEH) on the risk and severity of IVH has not been explored.
The influence of implant elastic modulus on the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants.

Abstract A three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) has been used to determine the effect of implant elastic modulus on stresses in tissues around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants. The finite element model was constructed to represent a baboon mandible containing a blade type dental implant. A three unit fixed bridge was modeled connecting the dental implant to a natural molar. The results of the study indicate that stress levels of approximately a factor of 3 lower in the crestal region can be expected for aluminum oxide implants when compared to the LTI carbon implants. It was also observed that the use of LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants as an abutment in a fixed bridge results in a reduction of stresses in tissues around the natural tooth when compared to normal physiological stress levels.