cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin-like growth factor I and II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 RNAs are expressed in adjacent tissues within rat embryonic and fetal limbs.

Abstract Since the rapid proliferation of cells in a directed manner is a necessary component of limb formation, the distribution of locally produced mitogenic molecules within the developing limb is of considerable interest. We have used in situ hybridization to localize transcripts for both insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) and its ligands, the insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), within limb buds of rat embryos 10–16 days after conception (equivalent to stages 1–12 of mouse limb morphogenesis, Wanek et al., 1989. J. Exp. Zool. 249, 41–49). The mRNA for IGFBP-2 is very abundant in an anterior-posterior strip of ectoderm along the distal edge of the limb bud (the progenitor of the apical ectodermal ridge or AER) from as early as limb stage 1 (Embryonic Day 10) and is much less abundant in the rest of the limb ectoderm. A high level of IGFBP-2 expression continues to characterize the AER following its definitive appearance (stage 3) and throughout its existence (until stage 7). This is a period of rapid outgrowth during which the rate of mesodermal cell division is highest in cells nearest to the AER. The AER is known to have mitogenic activity in vitro and to direct limb outgrowth in vivo, but, until recently, few putative molecular correlates of these activities have been detected. The transcripts for IGF-I and IGF-II are also present at high abundance in developing limbs, especially in mesodermally derived cells. IGF-I mRNA is abundant in presumptive limb mesoderm from the beginning of limb outgrowth (just before stage 1), but is very low or undetectable in much of the rest of the embryo, while IGF-II mRNA becomes very abundant in limb mesoderm at stage 2. The distribution in limbs of both IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA changes dramatically during outgrowth and differentiation, so that their expression characterizes complementary populations of cells by stage 11. Taken together, these data suggest that IGFs and the IGF binding proteins, which may modulate IGF action, contribute to limb outgrowth and patterning.
Abnormalities of prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase enzymes in female patients with slow-transit constipation.

Background & Aims: Chronic constipation due to slow transit (STC) is more common in female than in male patients. We have previously shown that these gender differences may be due to over expression of progesterone (PG) receptors that alter G protein patterns. We sought to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the impaired basal colonic motility in female patients with STC. Methods: Muscle tissues from females with STC and controls with adeno-carcinoma of the colon were studied. Prostaglandins were determined by immunoassay, COX enzymes by Western blot and COX enzymes and progesterone receptors mRNA by RT-PCR. Results: STC patients had impaired colonic motility index, lower TxA2 and PGF2 and higher PGE2 levels than controls. STC had lower COX-1 protein and mRNA levels and higher COX-2 protein and mRNA levels than controls. These abnormalities were reproduced in normal colonic muscle cells treated with PG for 6 h. STC patients had higher PG receptor protein expression and mRNA levels than controls suggesting over expression of these receptors. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the impaired motility index of STC is due to abnormal levels of prostaglandin and COX enzymes, probably caused by an over expression of PG receptors that make muscle cells more sensitive to circulating levels of PG.
Green citizenship: a review and critique

This paper reviews the literature on green citizenship and argues that the concept of citizenship has done much to advance green theory building internally but that in order to deepen an already substantial area of scholarship, promote a more inclusive and emancipatory environmental politics, and augment their contribution to the larger body of citizenship studies, greens will need to broaden their approach to the concept. This review highlights the tendency within green theorizing to privilege particular conceptions of the natural world and humans' relations to it, and draws attention to the work of those scholars explicitly engaged in incorporating the social construction of nature into their theories of green citizenship. The essay concludes by identifying three particular areas in which green theorizing has contributed to citizenship studies.
The coordination of nuclear and mitochondrial communication during aging and calorie restriction.

Abstract Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that integrate environmental signals to regulate energy production, apoptosis and Ca 2+ homeostasis. Not surprisingly, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with aging and the pathologies observed in age-related diseases. The vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, and so communication between the nucleus and mitochondria is essential for maintenance of appropriate mitochondrial function. Several proteins have emerged as major regulators of mitochondrial gene expression, capable of increasing transcription of mitochondrial genes in response to the physiological demands of the cell. In this review, we will focus on PGC-1α, SIRT1, AMPK and mTOR and discuss how these proteins regulate mitochondrial function and their potential involvement in aging, calorie restriction and age-related disease. We will also discuss the pathways through which mitochondria signal to the nucleus. Although such retrograde signaling is not well studied in mammals, there is growing evidence to suggest that it may be an important area for future aging research. Greater understanding of the mechanisms by which mitochondria and the nucleus communicate will facilitate efforts to slow or reverse the mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs during aging.
The effects of operational sex ratio and food deprivation on copulation duration in the water strider ( Gerris remigis Say)

A North American water strider, Gerris remigis (Hemiptera) copulates for prolonged periods of time, apparently beyond the time necessary for insemination (Rubenstein 1984; Wilcox 1984; Clark 1987), I tested predictions from two different hypotheses of the adaptive significance of this behavior. Manipulations of the operational sex ratio in artificial “streams” revealed that water striders copulate significantly longer when the sex ratio is male-biased. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged copulation functions as a type of contact mate guarding, which reduces sperm competition by preventing the female from remating prior to oviposition. The finding is also consistent with the hypothesis that copulation is prolonged to enhance female foraging efficiency. In a second experiment, sex ratio and total population density were held constant, and the period of food deprivation of females was manipulated. Contrary to the predictions of the female foraging hypothesis, “starved” females did not copulate longer than “fed” females. Of the two hypotheses considered, only the copulatory guarding hypothesis explains both results. This does not mean, however, that there is no selective benefit from the enhanced foraging efficiency resulting from prolonged copulation. Nor does it exclude the possibility that this benefit has been necessary for the evolution of prolonged copulation in water striders.
Point mutations in follitropin receptor result in ER retention

Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that the human follitropin receptor is unusually sensitive to mutation. Previous results (Mol. Cell. Endo. 166 (2000) 101) determined that scanning mutations in a.a. 12–14 and 22–30 neither bound follitropin nor were present on the cell surface, suggesting that these regions are involved in either hormone binding or trafficking. To distinguish between these hypotheses, single alanine substitutions in a.a. 12–14 and 22–30 were generated, all of which appeared to bind 125 I-follitropin with an affinity constant similar to wild type (wt) follitropin receptor. However, the level of receptor on the cell surface varied widely, in some cases 100-fold lower than wt. Expression on the cell surface corresponded to expression of the mature 80 kD follitropin receptor. An accumulation of the ER-resident 62 kD band of follitropin receptor was observed in mutants that had low surface expression of receptor, suggesting that misfolded protein was trapped in the ER by a quality control mechanism.
The emerging role of robotics and laparoscopy in stone disease

The surgical management of urolithiasis has undergone a remarkable clinical evolution over the past three decades. The once common practice of open stone surgery has nearly been relegated to historical interest by modern technology. The introduction of minimally invasive techniques, laparoscopy and robot-assisted surgery, have emerged to complete the urologist's armamentarium. The benefits to patients when other endourologic procedures have failed include less pain, shorter hospitalization and convalescence, and improved cosmesis. This chapter explores the historical shift from open to minimally invasive management for stone disease and the unique risks and outcomes associated with these procedures in modern urology.
Proton and fluorine resonance spectra of some complexes of PF5 and AsF5

Abstract Chemical shifts, spin coupling constants and relative rates of quadrupole relaxation were determined for some complexes as a function of relative Lewis acid and Lewis base strength. Exchange behavior with an excess of acid or base was also studied.
Testing and Diversity in Postsecondary Education: The Case of California

The past several years have seen numerous efforts to scale back or eliminate affirmative action in postsecondary admissions. In response, policymakers and postsecondary institutions in many states are searching for ways to maintain the diversity of student populations without resorting to a prohibited focus on race. In response to these changes, this study used data from California and a simplified model of the University of California admissions process to explore how various approaches to admissions affect the diversity of the admitted student population. "Race-neutral" admissions based solely on test scores and grades were compared with the results of actual admissions before and after the elimination of affirmative action. A final set of analyses explored the effects on diversity of alternative approaches that take into account factors other than grades and scores, but not race or ethnicity. Replacing the former admissions process that included preferences with a race-neutral model based solely on GPA and SAT-I scores substantially reduced minority representation at the two most selective UC campuses but had much smaller effects at the other six, less selective campuses. SAT-I scores contributed to but were not the sole cause of the underrepresentation of African American and Hispanic students. A race-neutral model based solely on GPA also produced an underrepresentation of minorities, albeit a less severe one. None of the alternative admissions models analyzed could replicate the composition of the student population that was in place before the termination of affirmative action in California. The only approach that substantially increased the representation of minority students was accepting most students on the basis of within-school rather than statewide rankings, and this approach caused a sizable drop in both the average SAT scores and the average GPA of admitted applicants, particularly among African American and Hispanic students. Although admissions systems differ, the basic findings of this study are likely to apply at a general level to many universities and underscore the difficulty of providing proportional representation for underserved minority students at highly selective institutions without explicit preferences.
The Minima Sensibilia in the History of the Threshold Concept

(1950). The Minima Sensibilia in the History of the Threshold Concept. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 231-243.
Use of intraoperative CT scanning in endoscopic sinus surgery: a preliminary report.

BackgroundImage-guided functional endoscopic sinus surgery (IG- FESS) using preoperatively acquired CT images for navigation has been proven to facilitate complicated endoscopic sinus procedures an...
Part one: Indigenous medicine among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria: Laboratory evaluation for potential therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial plant medicinals 1

Abstract A West African (Hausa) herbal pharmacopoeia is evaluated in the context of potential chemotherapeutic efficacy in the indigenous treatment of malaria. Results are presented from laboratory analyses designed to assess the capacity of medicinal plants to increase intraery‐throcytic oxidation, a phenomenon previously demonstrated to be of therapeutic value in malaria infection. Methodology and data are also discussed in broader contexts which address questions of: effective integration of indigenous and Western treatment modalities; adaptive significance, with respect to health status, for medically related and other (e.g., nutritional) behaviors involving the indigenous use of plants.
The impact of oligopsony and taxation on the Haitian coffee economy

Abstract This paper assessed the impact of exporters' oligopsony power and government taxation on coffee prices, production, consumption, exports and income distribution in Haiti. Calibration/simulation analyses, based on estimated supply and demand functions as well as economic surpluses, are conducted for alternative oligopsony/taxation scenarios and 1965–1984 data. Empirical results revealed that the market distortions caused by the government's export taxes have far outweighed those caused by the exporters' oligopsony power.
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Induced RyR2 Subconductance: Evidence for an Allosteric Mechanism

We previously reported (Kampfer & Balog Biochem 49:7600, 2010) that S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) can act as a RyR2 channel regulatory ligand in a manner independent from its recognized role as a biological methyl group donor. Channel activation appeared to arise from the interaction of SAM with a RyR2 adenine nucleotide binding site. In addition to its ability to activate RyR2, single channel recordings revealed distinct effects of SAM on RyR2 conductance, which we explored here in greater detail. The effects of SAM on native RyR2 channel conductance in symmetric cesium methanesulfonate were dependent on SAM concentration and holding potential. At negative potentials, cis SAM induced a single, clearly resolved subconductance state (∼2/3 full conductance). The proportion of SAM induced subconductance openings, as a proportion of all openings (Psub/Po), increased with decreasing negative potential. Kinetic analysis revealed that changes in the SAM off rate accounted for the voltage dependence of the transitions between the full open and SAM induced subconductance state. In contrast, at positive potentials SAM caused a striking reduction in channel openings with no distinct effect on channel conductance. Inconsistent with a simple pore block mechanism was the finding that the prevalence of the subconductance state was unaffected by varying the cesium concentration gradient across the bilayer. Furthermore, ATP but not 4-chloro-m-cresol, interfered with the effects of SAM at both negative and positive potentials, suggesting ATP competition with SAM for a common binding site. We interpret these findings in light of an allosteric mechanism whereby SAM interacts with a RyR2 adenine nucleotide binding site. SAM binds to and stabilizes a channel conformation of reduced conductance and we propose the voltage dependence of the SAM-induced subconductance state arises from a voltage-driven alteration in the affinity of the SAM binding site.
Analytical methods for water disinfection byproducts in foods and beverages.

The determination of exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) requires an understanding of how drinking water comes into contact with human through multiple pathways. In order to facilitate the investigation of human exposure to DBPs via foods and beverages, analytical method development efforts were initiated for haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloropicrin, and the haloacetic acids (HAAs) in these matrices. The recoveries of the target analytes were investigated from composite foods and beverages. Individual foods and beverages used to investigate the general applicability of the developed methods were selected for testing based on their water content and frequency of consumption. The haloacetonitriles, the haloketones, and chloral hydrate were generally well recovered (70–130%), except for bromochloroacetonitrile (64%) and dibromoacetonitrile (55%), from foods spiked after homogenization and following extraction with methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE); the addition of acetone was found to be necessary to improve recoveries from beverages. The process of homogenization resulted in decreased recoveries for the more volatile analytes despite the presence of dry ice. The HAAs were generally well recovered (70–130%), except for trichloroacetic acid (58%) and tribromoacetic acid (132%), from foods but low recoveries and emulsion formation were experienced with some beverages. With both groups of analytes, certain matrices were more problematic (as measured by volatility losses, emulsion formation) than others with regard to processing and analyte recovery.
Using the artificial neural network to solve real problems in process control for petroleum industry

This paper presents a research for Artifical Neural Network (ANN) in the process control. It studies the following parts: (1) how the ANN is constructed (improved-BLTA will be proved and explained in detail), (2) the making of a knowledge model, and (3) the integral control system.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gender roles and social control

Drawing upon social control theory in criminology, this paper examines the relationship between gender roles and the inhibitors of deviance. We develop and test hypotheses that “traditional” females, defined in terms of either position in the social structure or gender‐role attitudes, perceive higher levels of three types of sanctions associated with crime than do males; while “nontraditional” females are similar to males in their perceptions of sanctions. Results indicate that while changing gender roles and gender‐role attitudes affect perceived threats of guilt‐feelings and social stigma, they do not appear to influence women's perceptions of legal sanctions.
The Long-term Effect of Vitreous Presentation During Extracapsular Cataract Surgery on Postoperative Visual Acuity

Purpose To compare at two, three, and four years after surgery the effect on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of anterior chamber (AC) intraocular lenses (IOLs) and posterior chamber (PC) IOLs implanted after vitreous presentation (VP) during extracapsular cataract extraction in patients having sufficient capsular support for a nonsutured PC IOL. Design The study was a randomized prospective, long-term, clinical trial. Methods Patients at 19 Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers having VP during cataract surgery with sufficient capsular support were randomized to receive either a PC IOL (230 patients) or an AC IOL (208 patients). Patients having insufficient capsular support (ICS; 143 patients) and a 5% random sample of nonvitreous presentation patients (NVP; 521 patients) were prospectively followed in the same fashion. Results There was no significant difference on the major outcome measure of BCVA of 20/40 or better between the PC IOL and AC IOL groups at two (88.7% vs 82.2%; P = .23), three (82.5% vs 91.8%; P = .18), and four (88.6% vs 92.6%; P = .69) years of follow-up. The ICS patients had significantly worse ( P P Conclusions The significant difference that the PC IOL was better than the AC IOL on the major outcome measure at one year reported previously was not maintained in later years. The poor results for ICS patients reported previously at one year continue at two and four years.
The experiences of younger women with coronary artery disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be a major cause of death in women, with increased incidence noted among women after menopause. Many younger women also develop CAD, and little is known about the experiences of these women. In this investigation, premenopausal women were recruited from a cardiac rehabilitation program in a large inner-city hospital. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 younger women. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the computer program QSR NUD.IST TM was used to facilitate data analysis. Foci of analysis included risk factors, presenting signs and symptoms, and participants' experiences after their diagnosis with CAD. All participants had strong family histories of CAD. However, several believed they were safe until after menopause or were not at risk because of their gender. Although most participants experienced chest discomfort, often this was not the initial symptom. Participants discussed the effects of their illness on their lifestyle. Areas of concern incl...
Identification of genes showing differential expression between morphs in developing flowers of Primula vulgaris

Heteromorphic self-incompatibility systems provide an excellent model for studying both intraspecific breeding barriers and the regulation of floral organ size and positioning, yet at the molecular level, they are almost completely uncharacterized. In this study, a subtracted cDNA library was generated from developing and mature floral tissues of the thrum morph of Primula vulgaris, subtracted with the same tissues from the pin morph. Differential screening and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis identified 11 classes of cDNA that were differentially expressed between developing floral morphs. A number of these classes have significant homology to members of gene families implicated in plant development, including rapid alkalinization factors, DExH box RNA helicases, SKS multi-copper oxidases, and AtCHX ion-transporter families, consistent with their potential involvement in the regulation of floral heteromorphy. None of the cDNAs identified appear to be linked to the Primula S-locus suggesting that they are not components of the S-locus itself, and are more likely downstream components of developmental pathways leading to floral heteromorphy.
Task Design Determinants of Effective Leader Behavior

The theoretical and empirical research literature on task design and path-goal theory of leadership is reviewed. It is suggested that task design and individual variables interact to form a construct called individual-task congruence. A model is then developed which depicts leader behavior as a moderating variable between individual-task congruence and satisfaction and performance.
Environmental Controls on Photosynthetic Microbial Mat Distribution and Morphogenesis on a 3.42 Ga Clastic-Starved Platform

Abstract Three morphotypes of microbial mats are preserved in rocks deposited in shallow-water facies of the 3.42 Ga Buck Reef chert (BRC). Morphotype α consists of fine anastomosing and bifurcating carbonaceous laminations, which loosely drape underlying detrital grains or form silica-filled lenses. Morphotype β consists of meshes of fine carbonaceous strands intergrown with detrital grains and dark laminations, which loosely drape coarse detrital grains. Morphotype γ consists of fine, even carbonaceous laminations that tightly drape underlying detrital grains. Preservation of nearly uncompacted mat morphologies and detrital grains deposited during mat growth within a well-characterized sedimentary unit makes quantitative correlation between morphology and paleoenvironment possible. All mats are preserved in the shallowest-water interval of those rocks deposited below normal wave base and above storm wave base. This interval is bounded below by a transgressive lag formed during regional flooding and abov...
The Flawed Person of the Analyst: Commentary on Paper by Lauren Levine

The way that the current conception of mutual enactment is understood, any analysis, in order to be ultimately successful must first go badly for some period of time. Any analysis that goes too smoothly is subject to the suspicion that some very difficult interactional material is being mutually unaddressed. In this context I see that Dr. Lauren Levine enacted the role of her abandoned patient (concordant countertransference) and as well, for a time, indeed, figuratively abandoned her patient (complementary countertransference). The author's central contribution in this paper is an illustration of how drawing on difficult and painful dimensions in one's own personal analysis, the analyst has the advantage of being able to withstand highly toxic material in both the transference and the countertransference. Dr. Levine is fortunate in having had a personal analysis that helped her integrate highly shameful aspects of her self, though it must be recognized that this is not always the case in all training ana...
Enabling Trust in Crowd Labor Relations through Identity Sharing

While online Crowdsourcing marketplaces provide a powerful avenue for facilitating new forms of information- driven micro-labor, their practical value is significantly reduced by worker “spam” and employer fraud. We hypothesize anonymity of parties is a major source of these problems, and we thus propose a human-centric solution: encourage employers and workers to voluntarily de- anonymize in order to reap a potential benefit of more productive and profitable labor interactions. To facilitate voluntary identity sharing, we have built a prototype identity management application allowing individuals to associate their crowdsourcing worker/employer identities to their public profiles on social network sites. By providing a vehicle for identity sharing, the prototype provides the foundation for a future user study of employers and workers engaged in known-identity crowd labor relationships.
Four port nanophotonic couplers for dense, planar integrated optics

Four port (4times4) couplers will be useful components for dense, planar photonic integration. A compact, high efficiency implementation based on evanescent coupling across a nanoscale gap is discussed.
Understanding Students’ Experiences as Listeners During Mathematical Discussion

Abstract This study examined students’ experiences participating in mathematical discussion with a focus on listening. Beginning with a broad look at the demands all students may experience, this manuscript narrows upon the case study of one fourth-grade student's experience as a listener. Analyses of the data revealed (a) students experience a range of mathematical and interactional demands as listeners during mathematical discussions, (b) listening is an important form of participation, and (c) students may take on the role of listener in order to mitigate the risks of sharing an error.
Film and the construction of memory in psychoanalysis, 1940-1960.

ArgumentThis paper explores the relationship between the medium of motion-picture film and the representation of autobiographical memory during the middle decades of the twentieth century. The paper argues that a reciprocal relationship developed between film and memory, in which film was understood as an externalized form of memory, and memory an internalized record of personal experience similar in many respects to film. Memory was often represented as an object-like entity, preserved in stable form within the body, and able to be extracted by the right stimulus or trigger. A particularly important community in which this representation was developed was psychotherapeutic practitioners with psychoanalytic orientations, particularly during and shortly after the Second World War. In special circumstances, therapists and others claimed, records of past life events could be projected, film-like, onto the screen of an individual's conscious, replaying previous experiences in real time. The paper develops a social historical account of this relationship, and reflects on its significance for the history of selfhood in the twentieth century.
The potential for incorporating herbicides into a mulch farming system in Costa Rica.

Abstract Experiments on the use of herbicides in the mulch farming system of the North Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica have given promising results. In order to ascertain whether extension of investigations to farm-field trials is warranted, 20 farms were surveyed, providing data which facilitated comparison between the net benefits of the traditional weed-control methods and those of the new system incorporating herbicides. The results indicate that, without taking crop-yield increase into account, approximately 30% of the farms sampled would have increased their cash income by adopting the new weed-control system. This figure increases to 50% when the yield increase recently reported is considered. The new system is particularly promising in areas heavily infested with weeds such as Rottboellia exaltata and Panicum maximum. In our view, these results justify advancing the research from experimental plots to farm-field trials.
Small Heat Shock Proteins Protect Against α-Synuclein-Induced Toxicity and Aggregation

Protein misfolding and inclusion formation are common events in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Huntington’s disease (HD). Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is the main protein component of inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) which are pathognomic of PD, Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and other diseases collectively known as LB diseases. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are one class of the cellular quality control system that mediate protein folding, remodeling and even disaggregation. Here, we investigated the role of the small heat shock proteins Hsp27 and αB-crystallin, in LB diseases. We demonstrate, via quantitative PCR, that Hsp27 messenger RNA levels are ~2–3-fold higher in DLB cases compared to control. We also show a corresponding increase in Hsp27 protein levels. Furthermore, we found that Hsp27 reduces aSyn-induced toxicity by ~80% in a culture model while αB-crystallin reduces toxicity by ~20%. In addition, intracellular inclusions were immunopositive for endogenous Hsp27, and overexpression of this protein reduced aSyn aggregation in a cell culture model.
A Generalist Working Definition of Social Work: A Response to Bartlett:

As a profession, social work is still in its formative stages as the continued discussion in this special edition journal over the working definition of social work indicates. This article identifi...
Educating Youth in America's Wartime Detention Camps

Pupil for pupil, more has been written about Japanese American students than about those of any other ethnic group in America. They enter into our historical consciousness with the abortive attempt of the San Francisco School Board to segregate Japanese American students in 1906–07 which led to the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907–08 between the United States and Japan. As Henry Yu has recently reminded us, scholars were fascinated by the achievements of “oriental” students in American schools in the 1920s. Sociologists and educational psychologists, especially at Stanford University and the University of Chicago and often in conjunction with the Institute of Pacific Relations and/or Robert E. Park's Survey of Race Relations, produced a substantial corpus of work that focused on second-generation Asian Americans and stressed such things as test scores and life course studies. Conceived as studies in Americanization they almost totally ignored the community-run language schools: the lack of sophisticated studies examining these schools remains one of major gaps in the historiography of ethnic education in America.
Determining the Importance of Meeting Muscle-Strengthening Activity Guidelines: Is the Behavior or the Outcome of the Behavior (Strength) a More Important Determinant of All-Cause Mortality?

Abstract Objective To determine whether the behavioral participation in muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) or the strength outcome produces the largest reduction in all-cause mortality risk. Patients and Methods The 1999-2002 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey was used, with follow-up of up to 12.6 years (mean, 9.9 years) (N=2773 adults aged ≥50 years). Participants were placed into 4 groups based on 2 dichotomously categorized variables: lower-extremity strength (LES) of the knee extensors (top quartile) and adherence to MSA guidelines (≥2 MSA sessions per week). Approximately 21% of the population died during follow-up. Results Compared with individuals not meeting MSA guidelines and not in top quartile for LES, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were as follows: (1) meets MSA guidelines but not in top quartile for LES (HR=0.96; 95% CI, 0.63-1.45; P =.84), (2) in top quartile for LES but does not meet MSA guidelines (HR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.42-0.71; P P =.005). Further analyses revealed that individuals in the top quartile for LES who also met MSA and moderate to vigorous physical activity guidelines were at even further reduced risk for premature all-cause mortality (HR=0.23; 95% CI, 0.08-0.61; P =.005). Conclusion These results demonstrate that muscle strength seems to be more important than the behavioral participation in MSA for reducing the risk of premature all-cause mortality.
It takes three to tango

Amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) oncogene has been recently described in a subset of esophagogastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas. However, targeted inhibition of these HER receptors via either monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been less successful than the results reported with HER2-directed therapies in breast tumors. In this study, Leto et. al showed that dual blockade with trastuzumab and lapatinib is more effective than single-agent therapy in inducing regression of HER2-amplified patient-derived gastrointestinal (GI) tumorgrafts and cell-line xenografts; they also analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the co-operative signaling through parallel HER family pathways. The phosphorylation/activation of HER2, HER3, EGFR, and downstream transducers (ERK1/2, AKT, p70S6K, and GSK-3β) was evaluated by multiplex phosphoproteomics and conventional Western blotting. Trastuzumab monotherapy resulted in immediate reduction of HER3 phosphorylation and a delayed decrease in HER2 and EGFR activation, with minor consequences for downstream transducers, whereas lapatinib acutely reduced phosphorylation of all HER receptors but caused a delayed rephosphorylation of HER3 and EGFR and partial restoration of ERK and AKT activity. When combined with lapatinib, trastuzumab prevented HER3/EGFR reactivation and counteracted the eventual resumption of ERK and AKT phosphorylation, inducing durable signal abrogation. Similar results were obtained by using the irreversible pan-HER inhibitor afatinib, which also caused regression of HER2-amplified GI carcinomas in vivo. In response to the clinical limitations of single HER inhibitor therapy, dual pathway blockade and the use of pan-HER inhibitors are gaining increased attention. The interactions between signaling pathways stimulated by various HER receptor combinations result in additional “autocrine” loops and likely provide an escape route by which specific blockade of a given receptor is overcome by compensatory signaling through parallel HER pathways. The study by Leto and colleagues provides a mechanistic appraisal of how such therapies impact HER2 signaling in GI cancers and offers insights on designing treatment approaches to overcome the shortcomings of single agent blockade. S. M. Leto et al ., Sustained inhibition of HER3 and EGFR is necessary to induce regression of HER2-amplified gastrointestinal carcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3066 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2015/08/21/1078-0432.CCR-14-3066.abstract
Identity and Integration of Youth — “French on the Inside”

This chapter uses qualitative data gathered from in-depth interviews with first- and second-generation immigrant youth and their mothers to understand the integration process of African-descent youth. In France, where one in seven children comes from a family with immigrant parents, the implications of integration are immense. I first examine identity, by addressing the following question: Where do these young people of immigrant descent see themselves fitting in French society? I use respondents’ voices to identify cultural and structural factors that define their integration experience, and then present initial findings as they fall within four areas: 1) identity formation, 2) religion as a mechanism, 3) the importance of race and immigrant statuses, and 4) nuances of the outsider status. Finally, I apply the cultural-materialist framework to explain two particular cases: Alita, a young, first-generation woman’s integration, and the 2005 riots of immigrant youth in France’s suburbs.
Breeding season microhabitat use by Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) in an experimentally-managed forest

Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) populations have undergone significant declines over the past four decades, and the species is considered state endangered in Indiana. These migratory songbirds nest in the canopies of mature deciduous forests throughout eastern North America, but local microhabitat preferences vary by geography and scale, and may influence differential nest success rates across the breeding range. Between 2010 and 2015, we searched for nests, mapped out male territories, and monitored nest success in the Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment in central Indiana. We collected data on a variety of microhabitat features at the territory, nest patch, and nest site levels, as well as at non-use points, and evaluated the influence of several characteristics on nest success. We evaluated nest patch and territory attributes using binomial generalized linear models and nest success with a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Cerulean Warblers selected nest patches characterized by taller trees and located on ridges and valleys rather than on mid-slopes, while males selected territories that were located on steeper northeast-facing slopes closer to roadways than random points. Successful nests were placed lower in the nest tree and were found in areas with shorter trees; several features selected by Cerulean Warblers at the nest patch and territory levels were associated with lower nest success rates. As elsewhere in the range, white oak was an important nest tree species. In developing forest management strategies, land managers must strive to balance small-scale microhabitat preferences with the need for regenerating oak-hickory forests to sustain Cerulean Warbler breeding populations.
Singing Ability, Musical Self-Concept, and Future Music Participation.

Research on adults who identify as “tone deaf” suggest that their poor musical self-concept is shaped by a view of themselves as nonsingers even when their perceptual skills and singing ability are not significantly worse than the general population. Many of these adults self-selected out of further participation as children but expressed regret as adults for lost opportunities. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the role of musical self-concept, attitude, and related variables in predicting students’ decisions to participate in elective music instruction in junior high and whether those same variables were related to their assessed singing ability. Findings suggest that family music participation and positive attitudes toward music, particularly their view of themselves as musicians, can predict with 74% accuracy which students choose to continue in elective music. Musical self-concept was also a unique predictor of singing accuracy performance, suggesting a connection between students’ act...
An Examination of the Effects of Forensic Hypnosis

This study examined the efficacy of using memory assistance procedures to increase eyewitness recall as well as the impact of incorporating formal hypnotic induction suggestions into those techniques. The subjects consisted of 56 volunteers that were each victims of a squirt gun shooting incident. The number of “I don’t know” responses made by those subjects when they were questioned about that incident significantly decreased after the memory assistance procedures were employed. Contrary to the results of prior forensic hypnosis studies, both the hypnotized and non-hypnotized subjects had higher levels of certainty associated with their correct responses than with their incorrect answers. Overall, the results indicated that the addition of formal hypnotic induction techniques to standard guided memory assistance procedures offers neither substantial advantages nor disadvantages with respect to the amount of information secured from witnesses.
Synthesis and applications of cellulose nanohybrid materials

Abstract Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth that provides mechanical strength to plants that has been used by humans for thousands of years as paper and textiles. Recently, the functionality of cellulose has been increased by hybridization with nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles, and has drawn much interest in the fields of propulsion, electronics, biosensing, and drug delivery. In these nanohybrid materials, cellulose acts as a ubiquitous and biofriendly substrate for modern applications including catalysts for small-scale propulsion, printable and flexible electronics, disposable sensors and biosensors, and biocompatible drug delivery applications. Herein, we discuss the structure, synthesis, and application of cellulose nanohybrid materials. Throughout, the biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and chemical reactivity of cellulose will prove to be vital in its combination with nanomaterials. With the increasing global need for renewable and ecofriendly technology, cellulose nanohybrid materials are expected to significantly contribute to emerging technologies.
Prevention of Chronic Gvhd By Targeting Xbp-1 Genetically or Pharmacologically in Mice

Abstract Inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response via blockade of inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE-1α) is currently a promising therapeutic strategy to treat B-cell leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Because B cells play an important role in the development of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), we hypothesize that the ER stress response contributes to B-cell function and pathogenicity in cGVHD. Here, we report that the ER stress response mediated by IRE-1α and its target X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1) plays a critical role in cGVHD pathophysiology and represents a potential therapeutic target to prevent cGVHD. We tested the role of XBP-1 specifically in B cells by testing XBP-1 conditional knockout B cell grafts (XBP1fl/flCD19Cre+) in two mouse models of cGVHD. In the first model (B6 to BALB/c), recipients given XBP-1-deficient donor grafts showed significantly reduced cGVHD clinical scores, which were associated with reduced frequencies of donor-derived CD4 helper T cells within the lungs compared to the recipients of XBP-1fl/flCD19Cre- littermate donor grafts. XBP-1-deficient B cells produced significantly higher levels of IL-10 compared to WT control B cells after activation ex vivo. In the second model (B6 to B10.BR), the conversion of donor B cells to plasma cells (B220+CD38+CD138+) was reduced in both the spleens and lungs of recipients transplanted with XBP1fl/flCD19Cre+ grafts compared to those of the recipients given XBP1fl/flCD19Cre- grafts. Recipients given XBP1fl/flCD19Cre+ grafts also showed significantly higher total splenocytes and vastly increased splenic B-cell populations when compared with the recipients of XBP1fl/flCD19Cre- grafts. To expand on these findings, we tested if systemic XBP-1 blockade via a novel IRE-1α inhibitor, B-I09, would attenuate cGVHD. In a cutaneous model of cGVHD (B10.D2 to BALB/c), we found that prophylactic administration of B-I09 significantly reduced clinical features of cGVHD compared to vehicle controls (Fig. 1A). Validating these findings, hematoxylin and eosin stained skin sections of B-I09-treated mice had significantly lower pathology scores compared to vehicle controls (Fig. 1B). Isolated skin lymphocytes from recipients treated with B-I09 showed significant reductions in donor derived T cells and DCs compared to those treated with vehicle controls (Fig. 1C and D). Taken together, our findings reveal a novel role of the IRE-1α/XBP-1 pathway of the ER stress response in cGVHD pathophysiology and provide a readily translatable strategy to prevent the development of cGVHD in the clinic. Download : Download high-res image (262KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Lung tumor induction by dibenz (a, i) pyrene in the Syrian golden hamster

One mg of DBP for 12 weeks or 0.5 mg for 17 weeks instilled intratracheally once a week induced tumors in the respiratory system in 65% (0.5 mg) or 75% (1 mg) of the animals with a latent period of 8 weeks. Histologically, the tumors were mostly squamous cell carcinomas, the most common location was the bronchi, followed by the trachea. The significance of these findings for the causation of lung cancer in man is discussed.
Redefining Utopia: Negotiating Identities through the Diasporic Body in Shani Mootoo's “Out on Main Street” and “Sushila's Bhakti”

(2011). Redefining Utopia: Negotiating Identities through the Diasporic Body in Shani Mootoo's “Out on Main Street” and “Sushila's Bhakti”. South Asian Review: Vol. 32, 'On South Asian Diasporas', Guest Edited by B. P. Giri and Priya Kumar, pp. 71-87.
Continuous glucose monitoring abnormalities in cystic fibrosis youth correlate with pulmonary function decline.

Abstract Background To characterize glucose patterns with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in cystic fibrosis (CF) and assess relationships between CGM and clinical outcomes. Methods 110 CF youth and healthy controls (HC), 10–18 years, wore CGM up to 7 days. Correlations between CGM and lung function and BMI z-score change over the prior year were determined. Results Multiple CGM measures were higher in CF Normal Glycemic (CFNG) youth versus HC (peak glucose, excursions >140 mg/dl/day, %time > 140 mg/dl, standard deviation (SD) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE)). Hypoglycemia was no different among groups. In CF, decline in FEV1% and FVC% correlated with maximum CGM glucose, excursions >200 mg/dl/day, SD, and MAGE. Conclusions CFNG youth have higher glucoses and glucose variability than HC on CGM. Higher and more variable glucoses correlate with lung function decline. Whether earlier treatment of CGM abnormalities improves lung function in CF requires further study.
Herstellen einer kontingenten Umwelt durch kontingente persönliche Reaktionen

»Am 3. September 2004 erschien ein interessanter Artikel im Wall Street Journal uber Therapeuten, die mit ihren Patienten uber personliche Erfahrungen sprechen. … Fur uns Therapeuten der alten Schule ist dieses Therapeutenverhalten schockierend. Man hat uns vermittelt, wahrend der Therapiesitzungen nicht uber unser personliches Leben zu sprechen. Meredith W. Green (2004)«