cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lead implant duration does not always predict ease of extraction: extraction sheath may be required at < 1 year.

Introduction: Lead implant duration is a predictor of extraction sheath (ES) use in transvenous lead extraction (TLE). Most operators agree that leads with short implant durations can be extracted easily but data regarding defibrillator (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator [ICD]) leads and newer generation leads with backfilled coils are limited. Methods and Results: We performed a retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing TLE of leads with implant durations of ≤ 2 years at a single, high-volume center. Patient and lead characteristics, indications, and ES use were analyzed. Between January 2000 and January 2011, 139 patients underwent TLE meeting inclusion criteria. Mean implant duration was 13.2 ± 6.4 months. The cohort was 67% male with a mean age of 63 years (16–93) and left ventricular ejection fraction of 36 ± 17%. Indications for extraction included infection (51%), lead malfunction (27%), device upgrade (13%), and other indications (venous occlusion, severe chronic pain at site of device or lead, advisory leads, etc., 9%). Extraction was achieved with simple traction alone in 68% of the 239 leads removed. ES assistance with laser or femoral sheaths was employed in 32% of cases. ES use increased significantly with longer implant duration (P = 0.0004). In multivariate analysis, young age, the presence of an ICD, and increasing implant duration were the strongest predictors of the need for ES assistance for successful lead removal. There was no statistically significant difference in ES use between older and newer generation ICD leads (P = 0.68). Conclusions: While leads with short implant durations may be extracted easily, the need for ES assistance is significant and frequently unpredictable even with newer generation ICD leads. Thus, operators should be fully prepared to use all available methods of extraction in every case regardless of implant duration. (PACE 2011; 34:1615–1620)
Color, graphics, and animation in a computer-assisted learning tutorial lesson

Purpose. The effectiveness of the computer in learning has been generally acknowledged. However, it has not been determined which characteristics of computer-assisted learning (CAL) are most effective in students' learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of color, graphics, and animation in a CAL tutorial lesson. Methods and procedures. The 119 subjects were randomly assigned to one of the six groups which resulted from a 2 x 3 (Color x Group (Text, Graphics, and Animation)) design. Each subject participated in a single 20-minute CAL session. After the learning session, each subject completed a demographic questionnaire and a pencil-and-paper performance test which served as one of the dependent measures in this study. The analysis of covariance procedure was used to determine the relative effectiveness of color, still graphics and animated graphics. The covariate was the performance pretest. Results. On the performance test, which was based on the mathematical rule for average speed, the subjects who reviewed the animated graphics version of the CAL scored higher than any other group. The subjects who reviewed the still graphics version of the CAL scored higher than the subjects who reviewed the CAL without any graphics and animation. The subjects who reviewed the color version of the CAL did not score higher than the subjects who reviewed the black and white version of the CAL. Conclusions. No color effect was found in this study. Color was not used to emphasize certain content in this particular study. Thus, if the designer of a CAL lesson expects the color to affect student performance, it is recommended that the color be used to draw the user's attention to a particular point. Finally, in a CAL tutorial, animated graphics are more effective than still graphics while still graphics are more effective than text-only materials. However, these characteristics of CAL lessons should be carefully designed and programmed into the material in order to be effectively used.
Feature identification of ECG waveforms via orthonormal functions

A new method, the orthonormal function model (OFM) is presented to identify the underlying features of electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. This method is based on the approximation properties of orthonormal functions. Among the set of all orthonormal functions, the Chebyshev polynomial has been selected, because it can uniformly approximate a broad class of functions and it gives the strongest convergence among all ultraspherical polynomials. Simulation results from normal and abnormal (ST depression) ECG waveforms indicate that the OFM has the following properties: (1) it has a residual error that decays to zero faster than for the linear predictor model (LPM): (2) it only needs a small model order for feature identification: (3) the model order for high resolution is smaller than for the LPM; and (4) most importantly the OFM can discriminate features from the ECG waveforms. The OFM can be successfully used for feature identification and as an aid in the classification and diagnosis of normal and abnormal patterns in the electrical activity of the heart. >
Analysis and Design of a Direct-Drive Arm With a Five-Bar-Link Parallel Drive Mechanism

The direct-drive arm that has no gears between motors and their loads have several important advantages including no backlash, small friction, and high mechanical stiffness. The arm mechanism, however, becomes extremely massive, when each motor is directly attached to its joint along a serial linkage mechanism. The complicated dynamics resulting from varying inertia, interactions, and nonlinearities, is also more prominent than that of a robot with gears. This paper describes a lightweight arm mechanism with invariant and decoupled inertia characteristics. Instead of having motors at serial joints, a parallel drive mechanism with a closed-loop five bar linkage is utilized. The dynamic behavior of this mechanism is analyzed and the condition for the elimination of the interactions and nonlinearities in the mass properties is derived. The decoupled and invariant arm dynamics significantly reduces the complexity of controlling the direct-drive arm. In the latter half of the paper, a prototype robot developed on this basis is described. By using high torque brushless motors which were specially designed for the direct-drive robot, top speed and maximum acceleration were increased by an order-of-magnitude to about 10 m/s and 5 G, respectively.
Dicer function is essential for lung epithelium morphogenesis

DICER is a key enzyme that processes microRNA and small interfering RNA precursors into their short mature forms, enabling them to regulate gene expression. Only a single Dicer gene exists in the mouse genome, and it is broadly expressed in developing tissues. Dicer-null mutants die before gastrulation. Therefore, to study Dicer function in the later event of lung formation, we inactivated it in the mouse lung epithelium using a Dicer conditional allele and the Sonic Hedgehogcre (Shhcre) allele. Branching arrests in these mutant lungs, although epithelial growth continues in distal domains that are expanded compared with normal samples. These defects result in a few large epithelial pouches in the mutant lung instead of numerous fine branches present in a normal lung. Significantly, the initial phenotypes are apparent before an increase in epithelial cell death is observed, leading us to propose that Dicer plays a specific role in regulating lung epithelial morphogenesis independent of its requirement in cell survival. In addition, we found that the expression of Fgf10, a key gene involved in lung development, is up-regulated and expanded in the mesenchyme of Dicer mutant lungs. Previous studies support the hypothesis that precise localization of FGF10 in discrete sites of the lung mesenchyme serves as a chemoattractant for the outgrowth of epithelial branches. The aberrant Fgf10 expression may contribute to the Dicer morphological defects. However, the mechanism by which DICER functions in the epithelium to influence Fgf10 expression in the mesenchyme remains unknown.
Patient education in the rheumatic diseases: A research agenda

Despite the explosion of research in patient education and compliance, little has been specific to rheumatology until the last few years. Many effective educational techniques can be borrowed from research on other chronic diseases. Research should be theory based, but it should also emphasize the testing of various combinations of intervention strategies. Fertile research areas include access to care, patient-provider interaction, adherence to medical regimens, and diffusion of practical educational skills among caregivers. Common limitations in research methodology are identified and addressed in this paper.
Social control, gender, and delinquency: An analysis of drug, property and violent offenders

This paper is an empirical examination of social control theory as set forth by Travis Hirschi (1969). The analysis focused on the applicability of the theory for both males and females, as well as three types of delinquent behavior. When the different types of delinquency were examined, it became apparent that the theory explained some types of delinquent behavior better than others. Of the three types of delinquent behavior, more drug use was explained than either violent behavior or property offending, while almost none of the violent behavior was accounted for. However, regardless of the type of delinquency, the theory accounted for more female than male delinquency.
Radiographic determination of the position of the maxillary lateral incisor in the cleft alveolus and parameters for assessing its habilitation prospects.

Abstract Objective: Develop patient selection criteria and guidelines for the diagnostic work-up for early secondary alveolar bone graft designed to accommodate a lateral incisor in the cleft. Design: A literature review with clinical examples. Interventions: For the majority of cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients, the timing of the secondary alveolar bone graft procedure is devised to accommodate the eruption of the maxillary canine. However, when the lateral incisor is present in the cleft area, a decision may be made to perform early grafting in order to salvage an additional tooth. Appropriate case selection for this intervention is the key for successful dental habilitation in the cleft area. Results and Conclusions: Attempts to maintain the lateral incisor are recommended only if the tooth contributes to the comprehensive orthodontic and restorative patient care and when the presence of a lateral incisor with adequate size, shape, and proper position may be demonstrated. For optimal decision making,...
The electronic structure of methane and its derivatives: apparent versus effective symmetry control of sigma bonding

Abstract Resonance theory is one major conceptual basis of chemistry. However, it has been shown that resonance theory is “VB theory without symmetry control”. Hence, many qualitative concepts of chemistry must either be incorrect or accidentally correct. Molecular orbital valence bond (MOVB) theory is “VB theory over canonical fragment MOs” or “VB theory with symmetry control made clear” and it is ideally suited for explaining old facts and for designing new chemistry. In this paper, a systematic presentation is given of central problems which are now recognized to have no satisfactory solution. The MOVB solution is put forward, and the problems with current interpretations are explained. The electronic structures of methane and fluoromethane are discussed in order to illustrate the following general MOVB concept: the nature of the AOs of an atom creates a distinction between apparent and effective molecular symmetry. When the constituent atoms are all first-row non-metal atoms the former is different from the latter. For example, the apparent symmetry of fluoromethane is C3v, but the effective symmetry is Td, i.e., the σ bonds are made as if the true molecular symmetry were Td (methane-type bonds). By contrast, the apparent and effective symmetries of, for example, chlorostannane are the same, C3v. This difference between C and Sn is a result of the different absolute and relative radial extensions of the valence AOs of the central atom.
The Concept and Significance of Growth Rates in Human Pulmonary Tumors

Abstract Legend has it that a caliph, grateful to a courtier for services performed, summoned him before the court and asked him to name his own reward. "O caliph, let a chess board be brought forward," replied the courtier. "Let a grain of wheat be placed on the first square, two on the second, four on the third, and so till the squares are occupied. The grains of wheat shall suffice as my reward." Astonished that he should ask so little, the caliph granted his request. (The total approximates the entire world's wheat crop in all of human history.) A similar conception applied to studies of tumor growth has correlated remarkably well with clinical observations. Convincing evidence relating growth rate to patient survival has so far been obtained only with pulmonary metastatic tumors. Studies which could have established this connection for primary pulmonary tumors have seldom been analyzed for growth rates.
Modern racism on campus: a survey of attitudes and perceptions

Abstract Contemporary society is beset with subtle racial tensions. Modern racism is a form of racism often found in modern, politically correct America. In this form of racism, racist beliefs are often expressed only indirectly. In the present paper, race differences in attitudes about and perceptions of racism were examined through the use of a survey. Results showed several differences in the way Blacks and Whites perceive race relations on a university campus. This information helps to gain insight into the causes of modern racial tensions. The results also suggest strategies to reduce racism on college campuses.
AAE as a bounded ethnolinguistic resource for white women with African American ties

Abstract This paper considers the use of features classically considered AAE (Labov, 1972, Rickford, 1999; Wolfram and Thomas, 2002; Green, 2002) by adult white women with significant social ties with African Americans and explores why some members of a dominant ethnic group adopt the linguistic features of a non-dominant ethnic group with whom they have social ties, while others with similar social ties do not. Participants’ use of a constellation of phonological features associated with AAE is considered, and an exemplary variable which represents this constellation—/l/ vocalization—is analyzed. Through implementation of an ethnographically-informed multi-category quantitative metric of social and cultural practice, the density and affective quality of speakers’ ties to members of the African American community throughout the stages of their lives is measured (cf. Milroy, 1980; Bortoni-Ricardo, 1985), as is speakers’ participation in aesthetic practices associated with their African American cohorts (cf. Bourdieu, 1991; Adli, 2006). Intra-group variation in use of AAE phonological features is evident within the sample; participants also vary with regard to their adoption of other semiotic practices linked to African American ethnicity. These findings reveal that there is no static way of “being” a white woman with African American social ties. Additionally, differentiated use of ethnically-marked linguistic features and participation in other ethnically-marked aesthetic and cultural practices are not only reflective of speakers’ varied social ties, but also signify speakers’ varied personal ideologies about the boundaries of ethnic identification, as evidenced in discursive commentary from the speakers.
A paradigm for the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastases based on an understanding of tumor cell–microenvironment interactions

The pliability of cancer cells to mutate into several different phenotypes in an attempt to find one that will survive and colonize at the metastatic site is a tremendous "hurdle" to overcome in designing novel cancer therapeutics. New targets of therapy are essential if we are to effectively overcome the evasiveness of cancer. The interaction between the tumor cell and the surrounding microenvironment creates a vicious cycle that perpetuates disease survival and progression. The future of cancer therapy resides in the ability to focus on the recruited and exploited relationships of the cancer cell with the host environment. These therapies target cancer cell growth early and interrupt the vicious cycle that is created by the tumor cells interacting with bone components by inhibiting osteoclasts, osteoblasts, stromal cells, and endothelial cells. They alter the bone microenvironment, creating a hostile "soil" that prevents the "seed" from developing into bone metastases and represent a potential new platform for the development of prostate cancer therapeutics.
A Versatile Temperature Controlled Exposure Chamber for Microwave Bioeffects Research

A versatile temperature controlled microwave exposure chamber has been designed especially for use in microwave bio-effects research. The device uses a thermoelectric heat pump to cool the air in the chamber below ambient and a resistive heater for above ambient operation. A unique feature of the exposure chamber is that the radiating antenna can be either inside or outside of the chamber.
Phosphorus recovery from pig manure solids prior to land application.

Land disposal of pig manure is an environmental concern due to an imbalance of the nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) ratio for crop production, leading to excess phosphorus (P) in soils and potential risks of water pollution. A process called “quick wash” was investigated for its feasibility to extract and recover P from pig manure solids. This process consists of selective dissolution of P from solid manure into a liquid extract using mineral or organic acid solutions, and recovery of P from the liquid extract by adding lime and an organic polymer to form a P precipitate. Laboratory tests confirmed the quick wash process selectively removed and recovered up to 90% of the total (TP) from fresh pig manure solids while leaving significant amounts of nitrogen (N) in the washed manure residue. As a result of manure P extraction, the washed solid residue became environmentally safer for land application with a more balanced N:P ratio for crop production. The recovered P can be recycled and used as fertilizer for crop production while minimizing manure P losses into the environment. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Theory of double electron-muon resonance

The theory of double electron-muon resonance is developed and particularized to the case of muonium and of the anomalous muonium center observed in silicon, germanium, and diamond. The theory can be used to explain and analyze the coherence effects observed in muon-spin\char22{}rotation frequency spectra resulting from intense near-resonant rf fields. The technique can, in principle, be used to observe EPR transitions which are otherwise unobservable by muon-spin rotation.
Update on anti-phospholipid antibodies in SLE: the Hopkins’ Lupus Cohort

Anti-phospholipid antibodies are common in patients in the Hopkins’ Lupus Cohort: 47% have anti-cardiolipin, 32.5% anti-β2-glycoprotein I and 26% lupus anticoagulant (by dRVVT confirmatory testing). Systemic lupus erythematosus patients with the lupus anticoagulant at baseline have a 50% chance of a deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolus in the next 20 years. Anti-phospholipid antibodies differ in their association with thrombosis: the lupus anticoagulant is most strongly associated with arterial and venous thrombosis and is the only anti-phospholipid antibody associated with myocardial infarction. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are not associated with atherosclerosis. Lupus (2010) 19, 419—423.
The Effect of Rhythm on Structural Disambiguation in Chinese

The length of a constituent (number of syllables in a word or number of words in a phrase), or rhythm, plays an important role in Chinese syntax. This paper systematically surveys the distribution of rhythm in constructions in Chinese from the statistical data acquired from a shallow tree bank. Based on our survey, we then used the rhythm feature in a practical shallow parsing task by using rhythm as a statistical feature to augment a PCFG model. Our results show that using the probabilistic rhythm feature significantly improves the performance of our shallow parser.
Teaching maxi- and minicomputer programming at the same time: Is there an advantage?

A course is described that provides concurrent and equal coverage of maxi- and minicomputer systems. The results of student evaluations are provided.
Evaluation of the Physicochemical Authenticity of Aviation Kerosene Surrogate Mixtures. Part 1: Analysis of Volatility with the Advanced Distillation Curve

Because of the complexities involved in measuring and modeling the performance and properties of finished fuels, the fuel science community must often use surrogate mixtures as substitutes, especially in the absence of consensus standard mixtures. While surrogate mixtures are often formulated on the basis of the ability of a particular mixture to reproduce a particular property, there is usually a desire to employ surrogate mixtures that are physicochemically authentic. This means that, provided that the primary purpose is satisfied, researchers are inclined to choose mixtures that have physical and chemical properties appropriate to the finished fuel. In this paper, we apply the advanced distillation curve method as a means to evaluate the physicochemical authenticity of surrogate mixtures. While the strategy outlined here can be used for any family of surrogates, we apply it to surrogate mixtures for Jet-A/JP-8. Mixtures were divided into two groups: (1) simple surrogate mixtures with up to three compon...
Biology and human aggression.

Book reviewed in this article: Agonistic behavior is defined as a system of related behavior patterns having the common function of adaptation to situations of conflict between members of the same species. It is highly probable that biological bases for this kind of behavior do exist for the various species. It is equally probable, however, that because of man's unique genetic composition no direct analogies from any other species to man are justified.
Deriving a Third Force Approach to Child Development From the Works of Alfred Adler

Alfred Adler has had an enormous influence on the humanistic movement in psychology, though this influence has not always been properly acknowledged. Adler is considered by some (e.g., Abraham Maslow) to be one of the founding fathers of the third force movement, as his Individual Psychology embodies many of the basic tenets of humanistic psychology. In this article, it is argued that Adler’s work not only embodies the fundamental principles of humanistic psychology but also houses a latent framework for interpreting child development. Accordingly, a third force perspective on child development is explicated from Adler’s works. It is further argued that Adler’s approach to child development was ahead of its time and is relevant today.
The European pillar: The American view

The phrase ‘European pillar’ was first used on 4 July 1962 by John F. Kennedy, but the idea that Europe must and would eventually become an equal partner in the Alliance with the United States was understood from the beginning. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the first Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), said in 1951 that NATO would be a failure if American troops remained in Europe for more than ten years. Yet twenty-seven years later we are still debating how the Europeans could build a ‘pillar’ that would strengthen the Alliance, and, in some cases, even whether that is such a good idea.
Evaluation of video image analysis and line-intercept methods for measuring root systems of alfalfa and ryegrass

Improved quantification of plant root systems is essential for determining the functional efficiencies of plant roots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the video image analysis procedure of quantifying roots of different species and compare it with more traditional measurements. Three methods were used to quantify roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) from a greenhouse experiment: (i) root length by video image analysis, (ii) root length by the line-intercept method, and (iii) dry root weight. Estimates of root length by image analysis and line-intercept methods were comparable for alfalfa and were positively correlated with root weight. In contrast, the correlation between image analysis and line-intercept estimates of ryegrass root length was poor (r² = 0.090), and no significant relationship was found between ryegrass root length and root weight. Difficulty in the quantification of ryegrass roots was related to the large numbers of very fine roots, which resulted in extremely large root lengths and excessive error. Root data of ryegrass (and species with similar root morphology) obtained by the line-intercept method may provide only relative values to be compared among these species. The image analysis method of root measurement is bound to improve root data with increased magnification and resolution of the video images when the root density in the image (cm cm⁻²) is sufficiently low. Support was provided by the Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn.
The Larval Development of Palaemonetes Intermedius Holthuis, 1949 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) Reared in the Laboratory

[Des larves de Palaemonetes intermedius Holthuis, 1949, ont passe par tous les stades de la metamorphose au laboratoire. La premiere zoe (Forme I) a pres de 3,5 mm de longueur a l'eclosion. Le developpement normal comprend six formes larvaires avec six a huit cycles de mue. A la metamorphose, la post-larve (Forme VII) a pres de 7,0 mm de longueur. La succession des mues et des stades du developpement est decrite dans des tableaux synoptiques. La morphologie des larves est comparee a celle de cinq autres especes nord-americaines., Des larves de Palaemonetes intermedius Holthuis, 1949, ont passe par tous les stades de la metamorphose au laboratoire. La premiere zoe (Forme I) a pres de 3,5 mm de longueur a l'eclosion. Le developpement normal comprend six formes larvaires avec six a huit cycles de mue. A la metamorphose, la post-larve (Forme VII) a pres de 7,0 mm de longueur. La succession des mues et des stades du developpement est decrite dans des tableaux synoptiques. La morphologie des larves est comparee a celle de cinq autres especes nord-americaines.]
The recall of verbal material accompanying semantically well-integrated and semantically poorly-integrated sentences

This study tested the hypothesis that the recall of verbal material (critical material) accompanying semantically well-integrated (SWI) sentences will be superior to the recall of verbal material accompanying semantically poorly integrated (SPI) sentences. Complex sentences were constructed which contained two underlying sentences: a matrix sentence and an embedded sentence. Under the SWI condition, one underlying sentence was an SWI string, while under the SPI condition one was an SPI string. The critical material (identical for both levels of semantic integration) was contained in the second underlying sentence. The location of the critical material (i.e., whether it was the matrix or the embedded underlying sentence) was varied. A list-learning study-test procedure was used with 5 trials. The results indicated superior recall for the critical material under the SWI condition, and were interpreted in terms of a storage hypothesis.
Statistical modeling of North Atlantic right whale migration along the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern seaboard of the United States

Abstract North Atlantic right whale feeding and calving behaviors provide predictable spatial and temporal windows in which to conduct surveys and facilitate collection of opportunistic sightings data. Migration behavior makes it more difficult to locate and sample marine animals systematically or to observe them opportunistically. The lack of data creates a critical gap in understanding social behavior; it also hampers the development of mitigation strategies to anthropogenic disturbances such as vessel strikes, acoustic pollution and entanglements. We employ regression analysis to fill this gap to model northerly movements of North Atlantic right whales in the coastal mid-Atlantic migratory corridor of the United States. The modeling suggests an early to mid-March departure from Jacksonville, Florida, with a 30 day departure range; an average travel time of 21–24 days to the tip of Long Island, corresponding to a mean migration/displacement rate of 1.5–1.7 knots (2.8–3.1 km/h). Right whales migrating with calves begin their northern migration several days after right whales migrating without calves. These statistical models can supplement the absence of migratory survey data and help direct and stratify survey efforts in migratory corridors. The combination of rigorous statistical prediction with direct observation also should facilitate the creation of more effective mitigation measures. The methods employed here can be applied to other megafauna elsewhere around the world in many situations where migratory data are sparse.
Geophysical subsurface probing with a horizontal magnetic dipole

The use of a horizontal magnetic dipole in geophysical subsurface probing with the electromagnetic fringes method is investigated. It is found that when placed on the surface of a half-space medium, angles of maximum power coupling into the medium occur at \sin^{-1} ((1 + n^{2})/2n^{2})^{1/2} in the endfire direction and \sin^{-1} (1/n) in the broadside direction, where n is the refractive index of the half-space medium. Also the broadside radiation pattern exhibits a sharper maximum as compared with that of a horizontal electric dipole, which provides a clearer indication of the depth of a subsurface layer.
Rebinding and relaxation in the myoglobin pocket

The infrared stretching bands of carboxymyoglobin (MbCO) and the rebinding of CO to Mb after photodissociation have been studied in the temperature range 10-300 K in a variety of solvents. Four stretching bands imply that MbCO can exist in four substates, A0-A3. The temperature dependences of the intensities of the four bands yield the relative binding enthalpies and and entropies. The integrated absorbances and pH dependences of the bands permit identification of the substates with the conformations observed in the X-ray data (Kuriyan et al., J. Mol. Biol. 192 (1986) 133). At low pH, A0 is hydrogen-bonded to His E7. The substates A0-A3 interconvert above about 180 K in a 75% glycerol/water solvent and above 270 K in buffered water. No major interconversion is seen at any temperature if MbCO is embedded in a solid polyvinyl alcohol matrix. The dependence of the transition on solvent characteristics is explained as a slaved glass transition. After photodissociation at low temperature the CO is in the heme pocket B. The resulting CO stretching bands which are identified as B substates are blue-shifted from those of the A substates. At 40 K, rebinding after flash photolysis has been studied in the Soret, the near-infrared, and the integrated A and B substates. All data lie on the same rebinding curve and demonstrate that rebinding is nonexponential in time from at least 100 ns to 100 ks. No evidence for discrete exponentials is found. Flash photolysis with monitoring in the infrared region shows four different pathways within the pocket B to the bound substates Ai. Rebinding in each of the four pathways B----A is nonexponential in time to at least 10 ks and the four pathways have different kinetics below 180 K. From the time and temperature dependence of the rebinding, activation enthalpy distributions g(HBA) and preexponentials ABA are extracted. No pumping from one A substate to another, or one B substate to another, is observed below the transition temperature of about 180 K. If MbCO is exposed to intense white light for 10-10(3) s before being fully photolyzed by a laser flash, the amplitude of the long-lived states increases. The effect is explained in terms of a hierarchy of substates and substate symmetry breaking. The characteristics of the CO stretching bands and of the rebinding processes in the heme pocket depend strongly on the external parameters of solvent, pH and pressure. This sensitivity suggests possible control mechanisms for protein reactions.
THE WESTERN PACIFIC BRACHYURAN HEMIGRAPSUS SANGUINEUS (GRAPSIDAE) IN ITS NEW HABITAT ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UN11ED STATES: REPRODUCTION

The Asiatic crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, originally found as a single specimen in a rocky intertidal location in New Jersey in 1988, now has a geographical range in the western Atlantic from Massachusetts to North Carolina. In New Jersey, the crab reproduces from late April through September, and laboratory observations revealed that some crabs produce at least 2 broods in a season. Ovigerous females ranged from 12.1-35.8 mm in carapace width (CW), but relatively few females were sufficiently developed to reproduce at the lower end of this range. The abdominal width/CW ratio must be >0.60 for female crabs to be considered mature. Analysis of 300 females >12.0 mm CW revealed that crabs >17.0 mm are likely to be mature. The mean time required for embryo development to hatching of zoeae in the laboratory at 19-20?C was 22.3 ? 1.8 days (range 20-25 days; N = 8). Viable second broods produced in the laboratory did not require a second copulation. The number of embryos in broods of H. sanguineus was positively correlated with CW (N = 50), with some crabs ovipositing >40,000 eggs.
Environmental embrittlement: The major cause of room-temperature brittleness in polycrystalline Ni3Al

Single crystals of Ni{sub 3}Al have long been known to be ductile, whereas polycrystalline Ni{sub 3}Al is usually found to be brittle. Early Auger work indicated that grain boundary (GB) fracture in Ni{sub 3}Al is related to sulfur segregation at GBs, but later work showed that brittle intergranular fracture persists even when the GBs are relatively free of embrittling impurities. This led many investigators (including the authors) to conclude that the GBs in Ni{sub 3}Al are intrinsically brittle. However, harmful impurities constitute just one possible source of extrinsic brittleness. Another potential embrittler is a hostile environment. This paper reports that the main experimental hurdle in investigating environmental embrittlement in B-free Ni{sub 3}Al is the fact that, in the as-cast form, it is brittle at both high and low temperatures. So it is extremely difficult to process a cast ingot of Ni{sub 3}Al down to sheet stock without introducing cracks-as opposed to, say, FeAl or Ni{sub 3}Si, both of which can be hot rolled quite easily at elevated temperatures. When the cold-forged and recrystallized Ni{sub 3}Al alloys were subsequently tensile tested, it was found that their room-temperature ductility increased from around 2.5% in air to as much as 8.2% in oxygen,more » indicating that moisture induced environmental embrittlement has a strong effect on ductility.« less
2012 Haida Gwaii Quake: Insight Into Cascadia's Subduction Extent

The limits of Cascadia were first defined to contain nearly the entire margin of the Pacific Northwest, from Cape Mendocino through the Alaska Panhandle [Schuchert, 1910; Schuchert and Barrell, 1914]. Since that time, the boundary of Cascadia has shrunk to become essentially synonymous with the region where the Juan de Fuca plate subducts beneath the North American plate. As a consequence, seismic hazard assessments in the Pacific Northwest have conventionally focused on the potential for large megathrust earthquakes along the interface of the Juan de Fuca and North American plates.
Allergic colitis : a mimic of Hirschsprung disease

Background. Allergy to cow milk protein is a common cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy. Milk allergy is usually a clinical diagnosis, and thus there have been few reports of the radiographic findings. Objective. To describe the barium enema findings of allergic colitis and differentiate them from Hirschsprung disease. Materials and methods. Four infants (age range 7 days–5 weeks) with constipation underwent barium enema to exclude Hirschsprung disease. Radiographic findings were correlated with the pathologic specimens from suction rectal biopsy. Results. All enemas revealed irregular narrowing of the rectum and a transition zone. Rectal biopsies in each case demonstrated ganglion cells and evidence of an allergic colitis, with inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria. A diagnosis of milk allergy colitis was made and symptoms resolved after removal of milk from the diet. Conclusions. Milk allergy is common in infancy. The rectum is a primary target organ, with allergic colitis often diagnosed on clinical grounds alone. However, a child with allergic colitis may be referred to radiology for barium enema, especially if constipation is present. The radiologist should be aware of the unique imaging findings of allergic colitis, so as to avoid confusion with Hirschsprung disease and perhaps an unnecessary rectal biopsy.
Electron Transfer from Cyclohexane to Photoexcited Aromatic Ions. Generation and Kinetics of High-Mobility Solvent Holes†

In cyclohexane solutions, aromatic radical cations are produced by two-photon (248 nm) photoionization of aromatic molecules. A novel excited state chemistry is observed; i.e., excitation of these radical cations with a 532 nm laser pulse, delayed by several microseconds, produces the high mobility cation of cyclohexane. The difference of the signals with and without the 532 nm pulse shows the decay of the cyclohexane radical cation free of complications from geminate ion recombination. The biexponential nature of this decay suggests an equilibrium involving the high mobility cation, such as was proposed to explain previous experimental results. 11 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Making sense of reports on the incidence of behavior disorders/emotional disturbance in school-aged populations

A review of estimates of the incidence of emotional disturbance/problem behavior in school-aged children leads to the conclusion that schools should anticipate a need for alternative programming for the 2–3% of their students predicted to have recurrent or persistent problems in adjusting to school situations. In addition, there is a need to assist teachers in dealing with the stresses created by the high incidence of transient problem behavior affecting 25–30% of the total school population. Some programming possibilities are suggested.
Pyrimidine motif triplexes containing polypurine RNA or DNA with oligo 2'-O-methyl or DNA triplex forming oligonucleotides

Triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) are potentially useful in targeting RNA for antisense therapeutic applications. To determine the feasibility of targeting polypurine RNA with nuclease-resistant oligonucleotides, TFOs containing 2'-deoxy or 2'-O-methyl (2'-OMe) backbones, designed to form pyrimidine motif triplexes with RNA, were synthesized. TFOs were made which can form trimolecular triplexes, or bimolecular, 'clamp' triplexes with polypurine RNA and DNA. It was found that the relative stabilities of the triplexes formed followed the order: M.DM(clamp)>>>D.DD approximately M.DD>M. RM>D.DM>M.RD approximately M.DM, where M is a 2'-OMe, D is a DNA and R is an RNA backbone. The third strand is listed first, separated by a dot from the purine strand of the Watson-Crick duplex, followed by the pyrimidine strand of the duplex. The results described here provide insight into the feasibility of using TFOs containing a 2'-OMe backbone as antisense agents.
MARKING TIME: PREDICTABLE TRANSITIONS IN TASK GROUPS

A new model of group development suggests that groups' attention to time and pacing is an important catalyst of their progress through creative projects. In this laboratory study, groups were videotaped as they produced creative products and then interviewed about replays of selected portions of the tapes. Participants' efforts to pace themselves were explored in depth, with special focus on a key feature of the model, a major transition in groups' approach toward their work at the midpoint of their allotted time. The appropriateness of laboratory simulation for studying midpoint transitions was also assessed. The laboratory results mirrored and extended the field-based model; they showed how groups make deliberate attentional shifts at their temporal midpoints, what differences exist between pacing patterns in the first and second halves of groups' life spans, and what happens when transitions fail. Implications are drawn for theory, practice, and research.
CORE POLARIZATION IN SOLIDS: FORMULATION AND APPLICATION TO SEMICONDUCTORS

Accurate treatment of exchange and correlation effects involving core and valence electrons can be surprisingly important in solid-state calculations, especially for solids having elements with shallow core electrons, such as Ga and Ge. A local-density-approximation treatment of core-valence interactions leads to errors of {approximately}0.4eV for key features in the band structures of Ge and GaAs, even when valence-valence interactions are treated in a first-principles, quasiparticle approach. We apply a core-polarization-potential treatment of core-valence interactions within the framework of such quasiparticle calculations. Final results have errors of {approximately}0.1eV in band-energy differences. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Acridine-orange flow cytometry of urinary bladder washings for the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The influence of prior local therapy.

Analysis of cellular DNA and RNA contents of 249 bladder irrigation specimens from 129 patients with a history of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder was performed using acridine-orange flow cytometry (FCM). Washings from patients with prior intravesical chemotherapy or radiation therapy were compared to those from patients with no history of treatment other than tumor resection to evaluate the reliability of FCM for the detection of tumor and the influence of prior local therapy on that reliability. Five FCM patterns were defined on the basis of DNA and RNA indexes in relationship to peripheral blood lymphocytes. FCM results were compared to cytologic findings in 237 cases, cystoscopic findings in 230 cases, and histologic data in 99 cases. Presence of a single diploid stem line was associated with absence of bladder tumor in 71% of cases from patients treated with surgery alone or with radiation therapy, but there was residual tumor in 53% of patients exposed to prior local chemotherapy. An elevated RNA content in a diploid cell population did not provide additional diagnostic information. Presence of an aneuploid stem line was associated with tumor in 85% of cases, regardless of prior therapy. Aneuploidy predicted the appearance of tumor in four of six patients with a negative cystoscopy. Tetraploidy (>lo% of total cell population) was associated with tumor in 79% of patients treated with surgery alone, whereas no tumor was found in more than 50% of patients who had undergone prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This study stresses the importance of prior treatment history in evaluating the results of DNA-FCM for bladder cancer. It demonstrates the unreliability of FCM diploid and tetraploid cell populations in patients previously treated by local chemotherapy or radiation. However, it also supports prior observations that DNA-aneuploidy and DNA-tetraploidy are useful for detecting and predicting bladder cancer in patients submitted to surgery alone. Cancer 60:1815-1822, 1987. YSTOSCOPIC EXAMINATION with or without biopsy C is essential in the follow-up of patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. However, since this procedure may require anesthesia, other less invasive methods for assessing the presence of
Accuracy of hospital discharge abstracts for identifying stroke.

Much of the available data on stroke occurrence, service use, and cost of care originated with hospital discharge abstracts. This article uses the unique resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Pro...
The relative isomorphism theorem for Bernoulli flows

In this paper we extend the work of Thouvenot and others on Bernoulli splitting of ergodic transformations to ergodic flows of finite entropy. We prove that ifA is a factor of a flowS, whereS1 is ergodic andA has a Bernoulli complement inS1, thenA has a Bernoulli complement inS. Consequently, Bernoulli splitting for flows is stable under taking intermediate factors and certain\(\bar d\) limits. In addition it follows that the property of isomorphism with a Bernoulli × zero entropy flow is similarly stable.
Cocaine and automaintained responding in pigeons: Rate-reducing effects and tolerance thereto with different CS–US pairing probabilities

To examine whether CS-US pairing probability, hence rate (or probability) of food delivery, modulated the effects of cocaine, pigeons were exposed to an autoshaping procedure in which 6-s red, green, and white illuminations of a response key were immediately followed by response-independent food delivery with a probability of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25, respectively. Substantial responding occurred at all probabilities. Pre- and post-chronic administrations of cocaine (1.0-17.8 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in mean percent trials (key illuminations) with a response and total responses per session at all probabilities. In general, sensitivity to the drug was lowest at the highest probability, suggesting that rate (or probability) of food delivery influenced the behavioral effects of cocaine.
Changes in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan salmonid sport fishery, 1969-1985

Abstract The modern sport fishery for salmonids in Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan was begun during 1963–1969 with the stocking of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, brook trout S. fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, coho salmon O. kisutch, and chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. The fishery grew rapidly during 1969-1985 as angler effort increased 10-fold, catch rate doubled, and catch increased 20-fold. The stocking and catch became increasingly dominated by chinook salmon, with coho salmon and lake trout of secondary importance, and brown, rainbow, and brook trout of least importance. Trolling dominated the fishery, particularly by launched-boat anglers and, more recently, by moored-boat anglers. Charter boat trolling grew the most continuously and had the highest catch rates. The catch by trollers was dominated by chinook and coho salmon and lake trout. Pier, stream, and shore anglers fished less overall, but had catch rates that were similar to launched-boat anglers. Th...
Effects of an aversive CS+ and CS− under deprivation upon successive classical appetitive and aversive conditioning

Rabbits under high or moderate water deprivation received in Stage 1 either paired (CS+), unpaired (CS−), or no-tone/shock presentations, with the pairings being appropriate for nictitating membrane conditioning. In Stage 2, all groups were given paired tone and water deliveries for jaw-movement conditioning, while, in Stage 3, all group received the tone and shock paired together for membrane conditioning. In Stage 2, the previously established aversive CS+ suppressed jaw-movement conditioning under high deprivation, and membrane CR decrements were directly related to deprivation. Also in Stage 2, the aversive CS− raised jaw-movement conditioning under moderate deprivation. In Stage 3, membrane CR performance immediately returned in the aversive CS+ group. For the other groups, conditioning was faster under high, relative to moderate, deprivation; however, the initial membrane CR occurrence required more trials if unpaired presentations were used in Stage 1. These results suggest that CSs can acquire both opponent-process and associative effects expressed according to the prevailing training conditions.