cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of electrocaloric refrigeration for the 4-15 K temperature range

Abstract The feasibility of a solid state type of refrigeration, which utilizes the electrocaloric effect in certain dielectric materials, has been investigated. The study was limited to the temperature range where the refrigerator would absorb heat from a load at about 4 K and reject heat to a reservoir at about 15 K. Heat switches would be required for such a refrigerator and two types were studied. One type was a multiple-leaf contact switch, the other a magnetothermal switch of single crystal beryllium. Many electrocaloric materials were studied but none was found with a sufficiently large reversible electrocaloric effect for a practical refrigerator. The largest effects were seen in a SrTiO 3 ceramic, followed by a KTaO 3 single crystal. Temperature reductions of about 0.3 K at 10 K were observed during depolarization from fields of 20 kV cm −1 . A theoretical model, based on the electret behaviour of impurity-vacancy dipoles is postulated to interpret the anomalous dielectric behaviour of the materials investigated. Another theoretical model, based on the lattice dynamics of displacive dielectrics, is postulated to explain the observed temperature changes seen in such materials. The model points out that at 4 K the entropies of displacive type materials are probably too low for practical refrigeration. An investigation of certain order-disorder dielectrics is suggested.
Oral toxicity of tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-2-y)-1,3-dimethylurea) in experimental animals

Abstract The toxicity of tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) has been studied in several animal species. The acute oral LD50s in mice, rats and rabbits were 579, 644 and 286 mg/kg, respectively. In cats, oral doses of 200 mg/kg were not lethal, while 500 mg/kg given orally did not kill dogs, quail, ducks or chickens. The acute TL50 in fish was > 160ppm. A 3-month study in rats fed diets containing 0, 400, 1000 or 2500 ppm tebuthiuron resulted in moderate growth retardation and a reduction in the efficiency of food utilization in the highest dose group. These changes were evident by wk 1 of the study. In the same group, a non-inflammatory diffuse vacuolization of the pancreatic acinar cell was found. No other important evidence of toxicity occurred. A 3-month study in dogs given daily oral doses of 0, 12·5, 25 or 50 mg tebuthiuron/kg resulted in slight anorexia in all the treated dogs, and a slight body-weight loss in dogs of the highest dose group. There were no other treatment-related signs of toxicity. A 1-month study in chickens fed rations containing 0, 400, 1000 or 2500 ppm tebuthiuron produced, in the highest treatment group, a reduction in food intake and suppression of body-weight gain but no other signs of toxicity. A teratology study produced no significant effects in the offspring of rats fed diets containing 0, 600, 1200 or 1800 ppm tebuthiuron. Skin and eye irritation studies in rabbits and a contact sensitization study in guinea-pigs revealed no remarkable evidence of toxicity. These studies indicate that tebuthiuron has a low order of toxicity in animals.
Gamma Irradiation of COTS magneto resistive sensors

Several Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Anisotropic MagnetoResistive (AMR) magnetic sensors of the HMC series by Honeywell, with and without integrated front end electronics, have been irradiated with gamma rays up to a total dose of 200 krads following ESCC Basic Specification No. 22900, with limited number of tested sensors.
Spin quantum Hall effect in unconventional superconductors

We study the properties of the ‘‘spin quantum Hall fluid’’—a spin phase with quantized spin Hall conductance that is potentially realizable in superconducting systems with unconventional pairing symmetry. A simple realization is provided by a dx22y 21idxy superconductor which we argue has a dimensionless spin Hall conductance equal to 2. A theory of the edge states of the dx22y 21idxy superconductor is developed. The properties of the transition to a phase with vanishing spin Hall conductance induced by disorder are considered. We construct a description of this transition in terms of a supersymmetric spin chain, and use it to numerically determine universal properties of the transition. We discuss various possible experimental probes of this quantum Hall physics. @S0163-1829~99!00426-9#
Isolation of Mesophyll Protoplasts from Mature Leaves of Soybeans

A procedure based on a combined cellulase-Pectolyase Y-23 enzyme digestion and metrizamide-sorbitol gradient purification protocol was developed for isolating mesophyll protoplasts from mature leaves of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Based on chlorophyll content, this procedure results in a 10 to 15% protoplast yield from fully expanded mature leaves and a 20 to 30% yield from young (expanding) leaves within 3 hours. Isolated protoplasts displayed high rates of HCO(3) (-)-dependent photosynthesis; greater than 75 micromoles O(2) evolved per milligram chlorophyll per hour at 25 degrees C. This photosynthetic rate is comparable to that of mesophyll cells isolated mechanically from the same leaves.
Energetic Influences on the Life History of Glaucomys volans

Glaucomys volans is nocturnal, active during the winter, and has a low metabolic rate and conductance for its size. Body mass of G. volans was greater in winter than in summer, but there were no seasonal differences in basal metabolic rate or conductance. Energetic constraints may partially explain why many life-history characteristics of this species are relatively conservative compared to diurnal tree squirrels and to other mammals of similar mass.
Limit laws for mixtures with applications to asymptotic theory of extremes

For a sequence X 1 , X 2 , . . . of random variables, consider the events Aj(x)={Xj>x}, j = 1, 2, ..., where x is an arbitrary real number. Putting v,(x) for the number of Al(x),A2(x),...,A,(x) which occur, the event {v,(x)=0} reduces to {Z,<x}, where Z,=max{X1,X 2 . . . . ,X,}. Here n can be a given integer or a random variable itself. This research has, in fact, started with the aim of unifying techniques for proving limit laws for the extremes when (i) the X's are independent and n is a random variable, independently distributed of the X's and when (ii) the X's are from an infinite sequence of exchangeable random variables and n is a fixed integer. The common property of these two cases is that the distribution of v, (x) can be written in the form
Elasticity and rheology of platinum under high pressure and nonhydrostatic stress

Using radial x-ray diffraction under nonhydrostatic compression in a diamond-anvil cell, we determine a lower bound of the yield strength of polycrystalline platinum to be 2.2 to 3.3 GPa in the pressure range of 4.2 to 22.4 GPa at room temperature. The elastic anisotropy S = 2(S 1 1 -S 1 2 )/S 4 4 of platinum is also evaluated, and is equal to 1.47(16) throughout this pressure range. In addition, platinum shows a time-dependent relaxation under nonhydrostatic stress at both ambient temperatures and, in a separate set of experiments, during laser heating. Average strain rates measured for platinum are 10 - 7 s - 1 at 300 K and 10 - 5 s - 1 at 1200 K, resulting in effective creep viscosities of 10 1 5 Pas at 300 K and 10 1 3 Pas at 1200(300) K.
Cannula selection and cannulation techniques for nonpulsatile mechanical ventricular assistance

The successful use of mechanical ventricular assistance is, in large part, dependent upon easy insertion of well designed inflow and outflow cannulas. This manuscript describes a family of cannulas specifically designed for use in a nonpulsatile ventricular assist device (VAD) circuit. Although a variety of commercially available cannulas can be employed in a nonpulsatile VAD circuit, the cannulas described in this manuscript possess a number of unique design features. The reinforced thin-walled design and end hole construction optimize fluid flow characteristics in both the inflow and outflow cannula. The extended length allows the cannulas to transverse the skin at a point far distant from the mediastinum, reducing the potential for ascending cannula site infection. The purpose of this manuscript is not to review all cannulas available for nonpulsatile VAD circuits, but rather to describe in detail a family of cannulas that are ideal VAD cannulas based on their design characteristics. In addition individual cardiac surgeons implant very few of these devices annually. Thus the advantages and disadvantages of common cannulation sites and a proven technique for cannula insertion will also be presented.
Exactly soluble model for crystal with spatial dispersion

We consider a discrete, semi-infinite, one-dimensional crystal exhibiting "spatial dispersion," with the interaction between crystal sites falling off exponentially with distance; a model which has also been treated by Sipe and Van Kranendonk. The problem of the interaction of such a crystal with the electromagnetic field is exactly soluble. Results for physical properties are compared with those obtained using the "dielectric approximation," in which the polariton Green's function for full translational invariance is used to approximate the true one; and also with those obtained from the "near-neighbor approximation," in which the interaction is cut off after $N$ nearest neighbors. In both cases, it is shown that the approximate results do not agree with the exact ones in all respects, even in the limit $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ for the near-neighbor approximation. Arguments are given to support the conclusion that these pessimistic results probably are general, and not merely artifacts of the particular model considered. The possibility of using this model, or generalizations of it, in practical calculations is briefly discussed.
The effects of reorganization processes on two-dimensional cluster-cluster aggregation

Abstract The effects of two simple reorganization mechanisms in which parts of two-dimensional clusters, formed by the cluster-cluster aggregation model, are allowed to rotate about their contact points until additional contact is made and loops are formed have been investigated. Both the ordinary fractal dimensionality, D, and the intrinsic dimensionality, Dl, which measures the mass contained within a minimum path length l measured on the fractal clusters were determined. Both D and Dl are changed very little, if at all, by these reorganization processes. However, there is some evidence that the effective values of these dimensionalities are increased slightly on large length scales. In these models loops are considered to be stable once formed and the final state consists of a system of interconnected loops.
Probability and magnitude of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy according to QRS duration and gender in nonischemic cardiomyopathy and LBBB

Background QRS morphology and QRS duration (QRSd) determine cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) candidate selection but criteria require refinement. Objective To assess CRT effect according to QRSd, treated by dichotomization vs a continuous function, and modulation by gender. Methods Patients selected were those with New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure and with left bundle branch block and nonischemic cardiomyopathy (to test "pure" CRT effect) with pre- and postimplant echocardiographic evaluations. Positive response was defined as increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) post-CRT. Results In 212 patients (LVEF 19% ± 7.1%; QRSd 160 ± 23 ms; 105 (49.5%) women), CRT increased LVEF to 30% ± 15% (P 180 ms. Conclusion The QRSd-CRT response relationship in patients with heart failure and with left bundle branch block and nonischemic cardiomyopathy is better described by a sex-specific continuous function and not by dichotomization by 150 ms, which excludes a large proportion of women with potentially favorable outcome.
Heterogeneity in the collagen‐degrading ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis‐stimulated human gingival fibroblasts

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the heterogeneity of the collagen-degrading ability of different human gingival fibroblast cell lines treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis supernatant. Material and Methods: Seven human gingival fibroblast cell lines were analyzed for their ability to cleave Type I collagen in the presence and absence of culture supernatant from P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 (10% v/v). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) produced by these human gingival fibroblasts were monitored at the protein level by zymography and/or western blot analyses, as well as at the mRNA level by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results: The collagen-degrading ability of the human gingival fibroblasts increased in four cell lines (aggressive) and was only slightly altered in the other three cell lines (nonaggressive) in the presence of P. gingivalis supernatant. MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 more readily underwent activation while the TIMP-1 level was decreased in the conditioned media from a P. gingivalis-treated human gingival fibroblast aggressive cell line. None of these was altered in a nonaggressive cell line. The mRNA levels of the MMPs and TIMPs were only slightly different between these two cell lines. Conclusion: Heterogeneity exists in human gingival fibroblasts in regard to their collagenolytic activity in the presence of P. gingivalis.
A Phenotypic High-Throughput Screen with RSV-Infected Primary Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells (SAECs)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a commonly occurring pathogen that can cause severe disease in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals with a large, unmet clinical need. We developed a high-throughput, primary cell-based antiviral RSV assay to enable identification of small molecules using cytopathic effect (CPE) as a phenotypic end point. To provide increased biological relevance, we developed our assay with primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), which originate from known sites of RSV infection and replication instead of a more traditional immortalized cell line. Using purchased low-passage cells, cost-effective large-scale culture methods were developed to provide assay-ready frozen SAECs. A high-throughput screening campaign using the GSK Screening Collection was performed. The screen was executed in 384-well plates over a 12-week period with an average Z' of 0.5. The screen yielded 17 post-entry hits with activity in the primary cells, which were not active in immortalized cells. Potencies for this class of compounds were equal between the primary and immortalize cell lines. For entry inhibitors, the number was much lower, with increased potency observed in immortalized cells. This is the first known use of frozen primary human cells for an RSV high-throughput screening phenotypic campaign.
Role of host defenses in streptomycin treatment of x-irradiated mice.

SummaryThe intravenous injection of a homogenate of immature spleen increases the resistance of sub-lethally irradiated mice to Proteus infection and significantly complements the action of streptomycin.
Topographic variations in W-cell input to cat superior colliculus.

Most of the retinal input to the cat's superior colliculus (SC) arises from W-cells of the contralateral eye and terminates just below the tectal surface. The goal of this study was to determine whether the strength of this input is uniform over the collicular map or, instead, exhibits topographic variations as has been reported for the retinotectal Y-cell projection (McIlwain and Lufkin 1976). Monosynaptic inputs from the principal W-cell projection mediate the late negative potential (LNP), a collicular field potential that can be evoked by shocks to the optic pathway. We assumed that the amplitude of the potential provided a measure of the strength of the W-cell input to the upper superficial gray layer. Using a fixed stimulus, we measured the maximal amplitude of the LNP at 90 topographically identified tectal sites in 5 cats. The amplitude of the LNP varied as much as 5-fold over the SC and was systematically related to the azimuthal position of the recording site. LNP amplitudes were consistently smallest in the representation of the area centralis and vertical meridian and largest in the representations of the contralateral hemifield periphery and the ipsilateral hemifield. There was little systematic variation in LNP amplitude as a function of elevation in the map. The observed variations did not result from non-uniform activation of retinal afferents or drift in properties of the recording electrodes, stimuli, or preparation. The results suggest that the principal W-cell input to the SC is weaker in the representation of the area centralis than elsewhere in the map. These topographic variations are similar to those reported for the retinotectal Y-cell projection (McIlwain and Lufkin 1976) and are consistent with anatomical evidence for thinning of retinal input in the area-centralis representation (Graybiel 1975; Harting and Guillery 1976; Mize 1983). An important implication of these results is that the scaling of the collicular retinotopic map may not be proportional to the spatial density of tectally projecting W-cells.
Systematic Raman study of effects of rare-earth substitution on the lattice modes of high- T c superconductors

We report on the effect of rare-earth substitution on the Raman spectra of $R{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ perovskites where $R=\mathrm{Y},\mathrm{La},\mathrm{Pr},\mathrm{Nd},\mathrm{Sm},\mathrm{Eu},\mathrm{Gd},\mathrm{Dy},\mathrm{Ho},\mathrm{Tm},\mathrm{and} \mathrm{Lu}$. These spectra show both the presence of Raman modes that are intrinsic to the superconducting material and also those due to impurity phases. The intrinsic Raman modes near 340 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ which have been attributed, respectively, to Cu(2)-O(2,3) bending and Cu(1)-O(4) stretching vibrations, show substantial and systematic variations in vibrational frequency as a function of the ionic radius of the rare earth. These variations are in good agreement with neutron-scattering determinations of bond lengths, which supports the vibrational assignment of these modes. Pr${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ shows no anomalous behavior in its vibrational spectrum even though it was the only sample studied that was not superconducting. This suggests that the valency of Pr is similar to the other rare earths studied and cannot account for the absence of superconductivity in this material. Assignment of other Raman modes in the rare-earth spectra requires identification of impurity phases, which even in small concentrations, can significantly contribute to the Raman spectra. Impurity phases can be preferentially at the surface of samples and can be substantially modified by heat treatment in an argon atmosphere. These impurity phases have previously been confused with disorder-induced Raman modes.
Factors affecting aggression among females in captive groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Captive groups of primates often exhibit higher rates of aggression than wild, free-ranging groups. It is important to determine which factors influence aggression in captivity because aggression, particularly intense aggression, can be harmful to animal health and well-being. In this study, we investigated the effect of ground substrate as well as season, rank, age, and group size on rates of agonistic interactions per female in seven captive groups of rhesus macaques (n = 70 females, 1,723 focal samples) at the California National Primate Research Center. Agonistic interactions were divided into three categories: displacements, mild aggression, and intense aggression. Females living in enclosures with gravel substrate were 1.7 times more likely to be involved in intense aggression (e.g. chases and physical contact) than females living in enclosures with grass (Poisson regression model: P Language: en
The Effect of Temperature on the Absorption Bands of Fused Quartz in the Infra-Red

The absorption bands of specimens of fused quartz, ranging in thickness from 2.0 mm for the 3\ensuremath{\mu} region, to 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ mm for the 8\ensuremath{\mu} region, were studied. In regions where sufficient energy was available, an echelette grating was used to give greater dispersion. Measurements were taken at room temperature and at 850\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. In accord with previous work, the absorption band in the region of anomalous dispersion at 9\ensuremath{\mu} was found to shift toward longer wave-lengths with increasing temperature. With higher resolution, however, fine structure bands were found which did not shift with the temperature, but did undergo marked changes in intensity. Several sharp bands between 2 and 4\ensuremath{\mu} were found to remain fixed as the temperature was changed. A broad band which proved to be double, was found at 12.5\ensuremath{\mu}. These bands did not shift with temperature. In most cases, there was a marked change in intensity with temperature. It was found that inside the strong bands, the absorption was much less at high temperatures, while outside the bands, the reverse was the case.
Simulation of formation of a near-equatorial typhoon Vamei (2001)

A community mesoscale model is used to simulate and understand processes that led to the formation and intensification of the near-equatorial typhoon Vamei that formed in the South China Sea in December, 2001. The simulated typhoon resembles the observed in that it had a short lifetime and a small size, formed near the equator (south of 2° N), and reached category-one intensity. The formation involved the interactions between the scales of the background cyclonic circulation (the Borneo Vortex of order ∼100 km) and of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs, in the order ∼10 km). Before tropical cyclone formation MCVs formed along a convergent, horizontal shear vorticity line on the eastern edge of an exceptionally strong monsoonal northerly wind surge.
Modern reproductive patterns associated with estrogen receptor positive but not negative breast cancer susceptibility.

It has long been accepted that modern reproductive patterns are likely contributors to breast cancer susceptibility because of their influence on hormones such as estrogen and the importance of these hormones in breast cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess whether this ‘evolutionary mismatch hypothesis’ can explain susceptibility to both estrogen receptor positive (ER-positive) and estrogen receptor negative (ER-negative) cancer. Our meta-analysis includes a total of 33 studies and examines parity, age of first birth and age of menarche broken down by estrogen receptor status. We found that modern reproductive patterns are more closely linked to ER-positive than ER-negative breast cancer. Thus, the evolutionary mismatch hypothesis for breast cancer can account for ER-positive breast cancer susceptibility but not ER-negative breast cancer.
The Two Extremes Of Information In Quantum Mechanics

In the problem of estimating the amount of information one can extract from a quantum system, the entropy S of the system is known to play a special role: it is an upper bound on the accessible information. This paper calls attention to another property of quantum systems, called Q, which appears to play an analogous role in defining a lower bound on the accessible information. Some parallels between S and Q are noted.
The Rapid Prototyping of Application Specific Signal Processors (RASSP) program: overview and status

The Rapid Prototyping of Application Specific Signal Processors (RASSP) is a new ARPA/Tri-Service initiative intended to dramatically improve the process by which complex digital systems, particularly embedded digital signal processors, are designed, manufactured, upgraded and supported. RASSP seeks to improve by at least a factor of four the time required to take a design from concept to fielded prototype. RASSP is motivated by the need to provide affordable embedded signal processors for a wide range of DoD systems that are state-of-the-art when they are fielded, rather than when they are first defined. This paper introduces the program from two viewpoints. The first is technical, covering the major concepts upon which the RASSP approach to design is based. The second is programmatic, covering the roles of the program participants and the program status as of this writing. >
A finite element approach to study cavitation instabilities in non-linear elastic solids under general loading conditions

This paper proposes an effective numerical method to study cavitation instabilities in non-linear elastic solids. The basic idea is to examine—by means of a 3D finite element model—the mechanical response under affine boundary conditions of a block of non-linear elastic material that contains a single infinitesimal defect at its center. The occurrence of cavitation is identified as the event when the initially small defect suddenly grows to a much larger size in response to sufficiently large applied loads. While the method is valid more generally, the emphasis here is on solids that are isotropic and defects that are vacuous and initially spherical in shape. As a first application, the proposed approach is utilized to compute the entire onset-of-cavitation surfaces (namely, the set of all critical Cauchy stress states at which cavitation ensues) for a variety of incompressible materials with different convexity properties and growth conditions. For strictly polyconvex materials, it is found that cavitation occurs only for stress states where the three principal Cauchy stresses are tensile and that the required hydrostatic stress component at cavitation increases with increasing shear components. For a class of materials that are not polyconvex, on the other hand and rather counterintuitively, the hydrostatic stress component at cavitation is found to decrease for a range of increasing shear components. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Hepatic microsomal N-hydroxylation of p-chloroaniline and p-chloro-N-methylaniline in red-winged blackbird compared with rat.

1. N-Hydroxylation of p-chloroaniline (PCA) and p-chloro-N-methylaniline (PCMA) was measured in red-winged blackbird (Ageiaius phoeniceus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus) hepatic microsomes.2. Redwing hepatic microsomes N-hydroxylated PCA slower than rat microsomes. Furthermore, redwing hepatic microsomes had marginal or no ability to N-hydroxylate PCMA, whereas rat hepatic microsomes N-hydroxylated PCMA at a higher rate than PCA.3. The bird hepatic microsomes had only low or marginal N-demethylase activity with PCMA, whereas the rat hepatic microsomes could N-demethylate PCMA at a higher rate than they could N-hydroxylate it.
A methodology to structure ill-structured processes: performance centered design

The purpose of this paper is to develop and illustrate a performance-centered design (PCD) methodology for finding the underlying structure of ill-defined processes and problems. The context for our theoretical exposition is the fuzzy front-end of new product development (NPD). Within the NPD process, front-end concept definition and selection is central to a firm's innovation capability because it drives the entire NPD process. Yet, despite this fact, these activities are ill-structured and typically the most poorly managed activities in the entire innovation process. We propose that the front-end of NPD can be more effectively enabled through the simultaneous structuring and development of processes and implementation techniques. Through a case study, we illustrate the proposed PCD methodology and illustrate how electronic performance support technology can be utilized to support the fuzzy front-end process.
Effect of membrane morphology on system capacity during normal flow microfiltration

Understanding the effects of membrane fouling on system capacity is critical for the successful design and scale-up of microfiltration systems. The underlying morphology and structure of the microfiltration membrane can have a significant effect on system capacity by altering the rate and extent of fouling. Experimental data were obtained for system capacity during protein microfiltration using several model membranes with both homogeneous and composite structures. Data were compared with predictions of a new model that can account for both pore blockage and cake formation, and also includes the effects of membrane morphology on internal flow profiles within the membrane. Membranes with highly interconnected pores have a significantly higher capacity due to the reduction in flux decline arising from the fluid flow under and around any surface blockage. The model calculations are in good agreement with the flux decline data, allowing far more accurate predictions of system capacity than for the commonly used Vmax analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 83: 537–543, 2003.
MECHANICS, BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE AND THE CHALLENGES OF METAMECHANICS: A PERSONAL REFLECTION

A brief retrospective of the evolution of mechanics and its reciprocal impacts on medicine and biology is offered, from the limited viewpoint of an early contributor to some aspects of biomechanics. The development of the field after World War II, and particularly in the nineteen sixties and seventies, set the foundation for today's remarkable achievements. Looking ahead, the expanding complexity and challenges of the interaction of mechanics with biology and medicine, together with the loss of centrality of the mechanistic view in the physical sciences, compel a reexamination of the role, potential and limits of mechanics in this context. Future advances call for a broader metamechanics conception encompassing forces, energies, fields, information, network and systems theory, as well as for models spanning the range of scales from atom and molecule to cell, organ and organism.
Deposition of Fiber in the Human Nasal Airway

Inhalation is the main route for aerosol entering the human body. Many occupational lung diseases are associated with exposure to fiber aerosol in the workplace. However, very few studies to date have been conducted for investigating fiber deposition in the human airway. As a result, there is a notable lack of information on the nature of the fiber deposition pattern in the human respiratory tract. With this in mind, this research consisted of a large number of experimental works to investigate the effects of fiber dimension on the deposition pattern for a human nasal airway. Carbon fibers with uniform diameter (3.66 μm) and polydispersed length were adopted as the test material. Deposition studies were conducted by delivering aerosolized carbon fibers into a nasal airway replica (encompassing the nasal airway regions from vestibule to nasopharynx) at constant inspiratory flow rates of 7.5, 15, 30, and 43.5 l/min. Fibers deposited in each nasal airway region were washed out and the length distribution was...
Leaky wave excitation on three-dimensional printed interconnects

Leaky wave excitation on three-dimensional single and coupled microstrip interconnects is studied. Closed-form asymptotic expressions for the fields associated with the interconnect are derived, and are applicable in both the travelling/standing wave and leaky wave regimes, both of which lead to radiation. The leaky-wave beam angle is found to correspond to the usual two-dimensional ray-optics leakage angle for long interconnects, as expected, and depends on interconnect length and spacing for shorter interconnects. Comparisons with fullwave results are shown for the case of coupled interconnects.
Hidden markets: UI design for a P2P backup application

The Internet has allowed market-based systems to become increasingly pervasive. In this paper we explore the role of user interface (UI) design for these markets. Different UIs induce different mental models which in turn determine how users understand and interact with a market. Thus, the intersection of UI design and economics is a novel and important research area. We make three contributions at this intersection. First, we present a novel design paradigm which we call hidden markets. The primary goal of hidden markets is to hide as much of the market complexities as possible. Second, we explore this new design paradigm using one particular example: a P2P backup application. We explain the market underlying this system and provide a detailed description of the new UI we developed. Third, we present results from a formative usability study. Our findings indicate that a number of users could benefit from a market-based P2P backup system. Most users intuitively understood the give & take principle as well as the bundle constraints of the market. However, the pricing aspect was difficult to discover/understand for many users and thus needs further investigation. Overall, the results are encouraging and show promise for the hidden market paradigm.
Toward Adding Further Complexity to the Internal Revenue Code: A New Paradigm for the Deductibility of Capital Losses

Congress long ago recognized that if it wanted to induce taxpayers to invest in risky undertakings, it would have to permit the deductibility of capital losses resulting from those investments. However, with one short-lived exception, there have always been limitations imposed on the deductibility of capital losses. These limitations have been justified on three policy grounds: parallelism, cherrypicking, and bunching. This article examines problems inherent in the current loss limitation system, arguing that it is ill-equipped to meet parallelism concerns and that cherrypicking is not a problem that a loss limitation scheme should address. The article also argues that the current system is both fundamentally unfair to taxpayers and promotes economic inefficiency in the marketplace. It proposes an alternative system for the tax treatment of capital losses that would allow such losses to offset all types of income, but only up to the tax rate that would have been imposed had the losses instead been capital gains. The article concludes that adopting this new paradigm for the deductibility of capital losses would provide a fairer and more economically efficient solution to the problems giving rise to the need for loss limitations that have plagued legislators since the inception of the income tax.
Relieving menstrual obstruction: surgical correction of vaginal agenesis

Introduction and hypothesis Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome includes vaginal agenesis with varied uterine development. The objective of this video is to illustrate our surgical technique to create a cervical and vaginal canal to relieve menstrual obstruction for a teenager with a functional uterus and vaginal agenesis.
Electrocardiographic Tpeak to Tend interval: The short and long of it.

Improved methods for clinical risk stratification of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death (SCD) can have significant public health implications. More than a century after its introduction to clinical practice, the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) continues to be a reliable, inexpensive, and widely used tool to assess cardiovascular pathology and prognosis. Recently, the Tpeak-to-Tend interval (Tp-e) has emerged as a novel marker for predicting arrhythmia risk and cardiovascular death. Initially reported as a measure of transmural dispersion of repolarization in canine wedge preparations, studies from canine whole hearts and in vivo cardiac swine recordings suggest that Tp-e is a measure of global dispersion of repolarization and is modulated by the sympathetic nervous system. Differential repolarization is a requirement for electrical reentry, and increased dispersion of action potential duration is arrhythmogenic. Dispersion of ventricular repolarization can be increased by activation of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system, increasing risk of ventricular arrhythmias. These observations led to the hypothesis that Tp-e prolongation may increase the risk of SCD. Prolonged Tp-e has been shown to be a marker of increased arrhythmogenic risk in patients with long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and structural heart disease, as well as in certain populations. Nonetheless, this association has not been universally observed and evaluations in larger and different populations were lacking. Interestingly, shorter Tp-e was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in at least 1 previous study. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Bachmann et al explore the association between Tp-e and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in 138,404 individuals from the Copenhagen ECG Study, a primary prevention registry. The study included individuals older than 50 years, with positive T waves, who, for the most part, were free of cardiac disease. Three leads on the surface ECG (V2, V5, and II) were evaluated. The study population
The Insulin Receptor Protein Kinase

Phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by protein kinases rapidly and reversibly modify the activity of cellular enzymes. Considerable evidence indicates that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins play an important role in the action of insulin and other hormones.(1–4) Receptors for several growth factors and neurotransmitters(5–14) are also phosphorylated, and in some cases this phosphorylation is increased after binding of the hormone. In addition, protein kinases are associated with certain transforming retroviruses that have profound effects on cellular growth and metabolism.(14–20) These findings suggest that phosphorylation may be an early step in the transmembrane signal process. In 1981, we began to study the possibility that the insulin receptor undergoes a phosphorylation reaction.(21) In this chapter, we review briefly the structure of the insulin receptor kinase, describe the kinetic characteristics of the receptor kinase measured in vitro, compare and contrast the phosphorylation of the receptor in broken and intact cells, and finally describe the phosphorylation of the receptor in certain insulin-resistant states.
A unique cis -3-hydroxy- l -proline dehydratase in the enolase superfamily

The genome of Labrenzia aggregata IAM 12614 encodes an uncharacterized member of the muconate lactonizing enzyme (MLE) subgroup of the enolase superfamily (UniProt ID A0NXQ8). The gene encoding A0NXQ8 is located between genes that encode members of the proline racemase superfamily, 4R-hydroxyproline 2-epimerase (UniProt ID A0NXQ7; 4HypE) and trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline dehydratase (UniProt ID A0NXQ9; t3LHypD). A0NXQ8 was screened with a library of proline analogues; two reactions were observed with cis-3-hydroxy-l-proline (c3LHyp), competing 2-epimerization to trans-3-hydroxy-d-proline (1,1-proton transfer) and dehydration to Δ1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate (β-elimination; c3LHyp dehydratase), with eventual total dehydration. The genome context encoding A0NXQ8 both (1) confirms its novel c3LHyp dehydratase function and (2) provides evidence for metabolic pathways that allow L. aggregata to utilize several isomeric 3- and 4-hydroxyprolines as sole carbon sources.
Infectious disease and transplantation: Messages for the generalist

Today, more patients than ever are receiving organ or bone marrow transplants and are surviving longer afterward. Because these patients often live far from the transplant center, their local primary care physicians may be called on to evaluate problems as they arise, although all significant issues should be handled in conjunction with the transplant team. This paper reviews the primary care physician’s role in the pretransplantation evaluation, and in coordination of long-tern care, as well as illustrative cases.
Water Supply Law of Negative Hydraulic Head Irrigation System

To sum-up the law of negative hydraulic head irrigation system,comparing of tomato experiment under negative hydraulic head irrigation and normal irrigation was carried out,soil water content distribution under different water supply tension was studied,the difference of plant sap flow and water consume under two irrigation methods was also analyzed.The results showed that negative hydraulic head irrigation system run stable,system can supply proper water for plant automatically,properly enhance the sap flow of tomato,and increase the yield potential of plant;soil water content can be change by adjust the water supply tension,the fluctuate of soil water content temporal distribution and spatial distribution under negative hydraulic head irrigation system are small,the irrigation represent uniformity;soil leakage can be reduced and negative hydraulic head irrigation system and repeated drying and wetting of soil profile cannot be avoided under negative hydraulic head irrigation system,water consume under negative hydraulic head irrigation system is less than normal irrigation,the effect of water saving is represented.
Influence of Humidity on Power Frequency Electric Field Measurements for High Voltage Transmission Lines

The impact of power-frequency electric fields to living environment attracts more and more attention, so the abnormally large measurement data of power-frequency electric fields caused by high humidity have raised wide public concern. To illustrate that the abnormal enlargement of the electrical performances of measurement equipment and its support is caused by humidity rather than the distribution of space electric fields, we theoretically analyzed the power-frequency electric field under the transmission lines, discussed the mechanism of how humidity affected the electric field testers, and carried out experiments to verify the results. It is shown that the test results of an electric field tester barely change with increasing relative humidity when the tester is supported by a hydrophobic insulation bracket. However, if the support is a wood bracket, the maximum error of the tester is no more than 12% when the relative humidity is less than 60%, whereas it can reach 85.4% with the average error about 35% when the relative humidity is more than 60%. Therefore, the distortion of electric field nearby the probe, which is caused by the variation of the support's insulation performance, is the main reason for the abnormally large measurement data. The measurement in high-humidity environment is not applicable for environment assessments.
Similarities of the erythrocytes in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia to fetal erythrocytes.

A 4-yr-old boy was studied who showed typical findings of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia, including massive hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, and absence of a Philadelphia chromosome. The erythrocytes of the patient exhibited many characteristic features of erythrocytes of newborn infants: the fetal hemoglobin concentration was greatly elevated (72%); the oxygen dissociation curve of the whole blood was displaced to the left of the curve from normal adult blood; the hemoglobin A2 level and the erythrocyte I antigen titer were reduced; and a structural analysis of the γ-chain of the fetal hemoglobin showed the glycine to alanine ratio in γ-136 to be typical of the neonatal pattern. These findings support the suggestion that juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia is accompanied by reversion to a fetal pattern of erythropoiesis.
The JK diphtheroids.

In Bergey's manual, animal and human corynebacteria are a group of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-positive or slightly curved bacilli that are generally nonmotile, catalase-positive, and non-acid fast. The best known and most clinically significant pathogen in the genus Corynebacterium is C. diphtheriae. However, other members of this genus are frequently encountered in the clinical laboratory and usually represent colonization or commensal contamination, since most other corynebacteria are of low virulence and questionable clinical significance. Frequently described as “diphtheroids,” such organisms are usually dismissed as contaminants and are not speciated or subjected to susceptibility testing. The JK diphtheroids may be differentiated from clinically unimportant “diphtheroids” by their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and their distinctive morphologic and cultural characteristics (Table 1).
Derivation and Validation of Supraglacial Lake Volumes on the Greenland Ice Sheet from High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

Supraglacial meltwater lakes on the western Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) are critical components of its surface hydrology and surface mass balance, and they also affect its ice dynamics. Estimates of lake volume, however, are limited by the availability of in situ measurements of water depth,which in turn also limits the assessment of remotely sensed lake depths. Given the logistical difficulty of collecting physical bathymetric measurements, methods relying upon in situ data are generally restricted to small areas and thus their application to largescale studies is difficult to validate. Here, we produce and validate spaceborne estimates of supraglacial lake volumes across a relatively large area (1250 km(exp 2) of west Greenland's ablation region using data acquired by the WorldView-2 (WV-2) sensor, making use of both its stereo-imaging capability and its meter-scale resolution. We employ spectrally-derived depth retrieval models, which are either based on absolute reflectance (single-channel model) or a ratio of spectral reflectances in two bands (dual-channel model). These models are calibrated by usingWV-2multispectral imagery acquired early in the melt season and depth measurements from a high resolutionWV-2 DEM over the same lake basins when devoid of water. The calibrated models are then validated with different lakes in the area, for which we determined depths. Lake depth estimates based on measurements recorded in WV-2's blue (450-510 nm), green (510-580 nm), and red (630-690 nm) bands and dual-channel modes (blue/green, blue/red, and green/red band combinations) had near-zero bias, an average root-mean-squared deviation of 0.4 m (relative to post-drainage DEMs), and an average volumetric error of b1%. The approach outlined in this study - image-based calibration of depth-retrieval models - significantly improves spaceborne supraglacial bathymetry retrievals, which are completely independent from in situ measurements.
Isolation, characterization, and localization of glycosaminoglycans in rabbit bone marrow

The glycosaminoglycans that exist in rabbit bone marrow were analyzed chemically, and their in situ localization was studied immunohistochemically. Femoral bone marrow of 3-month-old rabbits was defatted with organic solvents. Glycosaminoglycans were prepared from the defatted tissue after its digestion with pronase, treatment with mild alkali, and then digestion with DNase-I. The tissue contained glycosaminoglycans equivalent to 195 mg of hexosamine per femur, which accounted for 27.3% of the total hexosamine in the tissue. Studies with hyaluronidase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus and chondroitinase ABC showed that the glycosaminoglycans were composed of hyaluronic acid (16% of the total glycosaminoglycan) and chondroitin 6-sulfate (79%). The chondroitin 6-sulfate was separated on Bio-Gel A-0.5m gel into two molecular species with mol wt of greater than 12,000 (Kd greater than 0.2) and approximately 8,000 (Kd = 0.47). Bone marrow digested with chondroitinase ABC and then treated with three monoclonal antibodies 4/8/9-A-2, 5/6/3-B-3, and 5/6/1-B-5, which were specific for unsaturated 4-sulfated, 6-sulfated, and nonsulfated disaccharide structures, respectively, at the nonreducing end of chondroitin sulfate chains, reacted with only 5/6/3-B-3. This result indicated that the chondroitin sulfate, isomer in the bone marrow is chondroitin 6- sulfate, consistent with the biochemical results. The chondroitin 6- sulfate was localized mainly in the extracellular compartment and was considered to be involved in construction of the hemopoietic microenvironment in the bone marrow.