cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Accounting Concepts in General-Equilibrium Settings

I provide interpretations of relevance, reliability, decision usefulness, and benefits greater than costs in signal-coordinated and sequential-selection economies. My analysis reveals significant parallels/differences among the interpreted concepts and related information qualities from FASB (1980). For example, relevance and reliability exist in degrees and lead to decision usefulness. Importantly, the identified societal concept of relevance yields valid social welfare functions in interesting economies in which welfare outcomes are restricted. My analysis lends credibility to, and provides a basis for enhancing, the FASB's conceptual framework and its standard-setting process. It also contributes to reconciling the measurement-valuation and information-economics perspectives on accounting information.
A practical volume algorithm

We present a practical algorithm for computing the volume of a convex body with a target relative accuracy parameter $$\varepsilon >0$$ . The convex body is given as the intersection of an explicit set of linear inequalities and an ellipsoid. The algorithm is inspired by the volume algorithms in Lovasz and Vempala (J Comput Syst Sci 72(2):392–417, 2006) and Cousins and Vempala (SODA, pp. 1215–1228, 2014), but makes significant departures to improve performance, including the use of empirical convergence tests, an adaptive annealing scheme and a new rounding algorithm. We propose a benchmark of test bodies and present a detailed evaluation of our algorithm. Our results indicate that that volume computation and integration might now be practical in moderately high dimension (a few hundred) on commodity hardware.
Resistance in Corn to the Corn Earworm, Heliothis zea, and the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Part III. Use of Plant Parts of Inbred Corn Lines by the Larvae

When larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were fed diets of lyophilized corn plant tissue, significant differences in food use were found among corn lines and plant parts, and between insect species. After angular transformation of the percentages, average use of plant parts by the corn earworm, in descending order, were: kernels, 41.9; silks, 37.7; and leaves, 31.7. For the fall armyworm, the average percentages of use were: kernels, 41.6; silks, 39.6; and leaves, 34.7.
Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is increasingly being used for the quantitative determination of carbohydrates. The procedure is excellent for the determination of the kinetics, mechanism, or percentage of products of a carbohydrate reaction but is limited to the components that can be completely separated. There are several methods available that can be separated into two major groups: (1) direct quantitative determination—estimation of the compound directly on the plate and (2) indirect quantitative determination—elution of the compound from the plate followed by some physical estimation. In some of the methods, destruction of the carbohydrate is not necessary, and the compounds can then be used for further qualitative analysis by means of infrared radiation (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy.
Study of the Structure and Energy of Grain Boundaries Using an Lmto Based Tight-Binding Method

A parametrized tight-binding (TB) method based on the TB-UMTO approach in the atomic sphere approximation (ASA) [26] has been developed. The Hamiltonian is written in terms of the canonical structure matrix and potential parameters. The former is for a given configuration of atoms evaluated using a Dyson-type equation and the latter are those found self-consistently for the ideal lattice. A warping correction has been added to the scheme to be able to account for the effects of local straining which can not be included in the ASA. This is essential for applications in defect studies. Using this method the structure and energy of the ∑ = 5 [001] twist boundary in copper has been calculated.
Criticism on the English Versions of Lu Xun's Classical Poem "Inscription on My Photogragh" from the Perspective of Relevance Theory

Many explanations are given about the classical poem "Inscription on My Photogragh" written by Lu Xun as it is filled with metaphors and symbols.Criticisms on the English versions of the poem have been mostly made from the perspective of semantic equivalence without considering cognitive environment and communicative purpose.Relevance translation theory can serve as a useful tool to compare and analyze the different versions of the poem,in the hope of testifying the feasibility of cognitive environment and equivalence of optimal relevance in appraisal of the translation of multi-hermeneutic text.
Dynamic programming-based hot spot identification approach for pedestrian crashes

Network screening techniques are widely used by state agencies to identify locations with high collision concentration, also referred to as hot spots. However, most of the research in this regard has focused on identifying highway segments that are of concern to automobile collisions. In comparison, pedestrian hot spot detection has typically focused on analyzing pedestrian crashes in specific locations, such as at/near intersections, mid-blocks, and/or other crossings, as opposed to long stretches of roadway. In this context, the efficiency of the some of the widely used network screening methods has not been tested. Hence, in order to address this issue, a dynamic programming-based hot spot identification approach is proposed which provides efficient hot spot definitions for pedestrian crashes. The proposed approach is compared with the sliding window method and an intersection buffer-based approach. The results reveal that the dynamic programming method generates more hot spots with a higher number of crashes, while providing small hot spot segment lengths. In comparison, the sliding window method is shown to suffer from shortcomings due to a first-come-first-serve approach vis-a-vis hot spot identification and a fixed hot spot window length assumption.
Metaconceptually-enhanced simulation-based inquiry: effects on eighth grade students’ conceptual change and science epistemic beliefs

This study investigated the effects of metaconceptually-enhanced, simulation-based inquiry learning on eighth grade students’ conceptual change in science and their development of science epistemic beliefs. Two experimental groups studied the topics of motion and force using the same computer simulations but with different simulation guides: one enhanced with metaconceptual scaffolding, while the other was not. The findings led to the following conclusions: (a) metaconceptual scaffolding enhanced simulation-based learning by significantly reducing science misconceptions, but it was not as effective in changing students’ mental models which consisted of multiple interrelated key concepts; (b) students’ beliefs about the speed of learning and the construction of knowledge were strong predictors of conceptual change learning outcomes; (c) epistemologically more mature students did not benefit more from metaconceptual interventions than those with less mature beliefs; (d) further interventions are needed to promote the development of students’ science epistemic beliefs in inquiry learning.
Social Impact Assessment, Developing Countries and Marketing Opportunities

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a type of mandated research which is typically implemented during the planning stages of development projects. To facilitate the use of this source of secondary data by marketers, we will provide an overview of what SIA is and present the results of a questionnaire on SIA sent to a sample of international marketing managers.
Dermatologic Emergencies in Oncologic Patients

Patients with cancer can present with a wide range of dermatologic manifestations related to their underlying malignancy. These skin manifestations can range from common, routine conditions to serious, even life-threatening diseases. Thus, it is critical for physicians caring for oncologic patients to have an understanding of various skin morphologies in order to quickly recognize concerning features and initiate appropriate work-up and treatment for their patients.
Preventing a Regulatory Train Wreck: Mandated Regulation and the Cautionary Tale of Positive Train Control

When Congress passes legislation that mandates prescriptive regulations, legislators are under no obligation to understand the problem they are trying to solve, assess alternative solutions, or understand the benefits and costs of their choices. Passage of the positive train control mandate in response to several high-profile train accidents amply illustrates how haphazardly the legislative branch can authorize regulations. Congressional hearings and committee reports on the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 contain no analysis of the causes and extent of the safety problem, alternative solutions, and the benefits and costs of alternatives to this $12.5 billion mandate. Given that major regulations are often required by statute, the time has come for Congress to subject regulatory legislation to the same kind of analysis that presidents have required regulatory agencies to conduct for more than three decades.
The Burden of Cancer in Asian Americans: A Report of National Mortality Trends by Asian Ethnicity.

Background: Asian Americans (AA) are the fastest growing U.S. population, and when properly distinguished by their ethnic origins, exhibit substantial heterogeneity in socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and health outcomes. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, yet trends and current patterns in the mortality burden of cancer among AA ethnic groups have not been documented. Methods: We report age-adjusted rates, standardized mortality ratios, and modeled trends in cancer-related mortality in the following AA ethnicities: Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, and Vietnamese, from 2003 to 2011, with non-Hispanic whites (NHW) as the reference population. Results: For most cancer sites, AAs had lower cancer mortality than NHWs; however, mortality patterns were heterogeneous across AA ethnicities. Stomach and liver cancer mortality was very high, particularly among Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese, for whom these two cancer types combined accounted for 15% to 25% of cancer deaths, but less than 5% of cancer deaths in NHWs. In AA women, lung cancer was a leading cause of death, but (unlike males and NHW females) rates did not decline over the study period. Conclusions: Ethnicity-specific analyses are critical to understanding the national burden of cancer among the heterogeneous AA population. Impact: Our findings highlight the need for disaggregated reporting of cancer statistics in AAs and warrant consideration of tailored screening programs for liver and gastric cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(10); 1371–82. ©2016 AACR .
Power optimization of future transistors and a resulting global comparison standard

We report a global power minimization methodology for future transistors and use it as a comparison standard to quantify the relative and absolute impact of material and structural innovations on power and speed. In addition, we put the relative tradeoffs of device design in perspective of global metrics. In the process, we also develop and verify two key enabling models: (1) to calculate inverter delay and (2) to estimate gate leakage. Although applicable to any futuristic technology node, we specifically target 45nm high-performance node with an 18nm gate length double gate FET.
Two-Stage Interpolated Nasolabial Island Flap and Conchal Cartilage Graft

A variety of techniques have been reported for ala reconstruction. In defects involving more than 50 % of a subunit, Burget and Menick recommend excising the remainder of the skin envelope subunit and replacing its entire unit. This provides the optimal a esthetic result. In our case, to reconstruct a subtotal nasal ala defect with intact lining, we choose a two-stage interpolated nasolabial island flap and conchal cartilage graft. The advantages of using such flap are the local proximity of the skin and hence the similarity in skin color, texture, and thickness; and the inconspicuous donor scar in the depth of the nasolabial fold. A two-stage interpolating flap achieves a superior aesthetic alar subunit reconstruction by bridging the flap over and preserving the alar facial sulcus. Conchal cartilage graft, which is curved, resembles the natural curve of the alar and is ideal for preserving contour and structural integrity to alar defect. The underlying graft provides both aesthetic reconstruction and external nasal valve competence, resisting the forces of scar construction.
“Muslims to Take Over Institute for Contemporary Art”: The 1976 World of Islam Festival

The terms “Islamic” and ‘Arab” are not ideal instruments for classifying modern or contemporary art, for they are meta-categories that can variously encompass Muslims and non-Muslims, and Arabs and non-Arabs. Nonetheless, as historians of modern art in Islamic regions, we seem to have inherited a longstanding commitment to Islamic art as an epistemologically unique practice that produced limitless abstract patterns and other “non-Western” visual expression. It is time to move beyond such overburdened lineages. In this paper, I aim to historicize the formulations of a specific Arabo-Islamic aesthetic that emerged in the 1970s. I do so by a study of a single event and its metacultural claims: the World of Islam Festival held in London in 1976. The Festival projected optimistic countercultural options for art and civilization that remain instructive today, while the complexity of its organizing structures demonstrates the limitations of the West/rest paradigm in interpreting its artistic products.
Pediatric Procedural Sedation for Radiologic Procedures: A Pilot Program

Abstract Pediatric procedural sedation is a growing discipline that strives to meet the demand for effective and safe management of the pain and anxiety associated with health care. Most formal sedation programs geared for children are at large academic centers. In this article, we describe the development of a pediatric sedation program for imaging studies at a community hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Recognizing the problem of inadequate pain and anxiety control among pediatric patients presenting for care, we identified ways to maximize the resources available to us and established a multidisciplinary team providing graded care for pediatric patients presenting for routine imaging studies. The program has been met with enthusiasm by both staff and families.
Bottom-up vs reactive sintering of Al2O3–YAG–YSZ composites via one or three-phase nanoparticles (NPs). Bottom-up processing wins this time

The bottom-up approach describes the synthesis of bulk materials from the finest possible length scales to obtain the best global properties. This approach was adapted to the synthesis of multi-phase ceramic composites produced from metal oxides produced by liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF-FSP). The effect of length scale of mixing was tested through two processing schemes, mixed single metal-oxide nanopowders (NPs) and nanocomposite NPs having the desired composition within single particles. For the Al2O3–Y2O3–ZrO2 ternary system, composites prepared from nanostructured nanoparticles sinter to finer grain sizes (<410 nm) at equivalent densities of 95%TD than those prepared from mixed nanoparticle processing. These contrast with our previous studies in this area where mixed NP processing gave the best or equivalent results. The nanocomposite NPs produced in this study exhibit novel nanostructures with three phases contained within single particles <26 nm average particle size (APS). This nanostructure may directly explain the enhanced sintering of the nanocomposite NPs and may provide an impetus for future synthesis of similarly structured NPs.
ULF wave analysis and radial diffusion calculation using a global MHD model for the 17 March 2013 and 2015 storms

The 17 March 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm is the largest geomagnetic storm to date of Solar Cycle 24, with a Dst of -223 nT. The magnetopause moved inside geosynchronous orbit under high solar wind dynamic pressure and strong southward IMF Bz causing loss, however a subsequent drop in pressure allowed for rapid rebuilding of the radiation belts. The 17 March 2013 storm also shows similar effects on outer zone electrons: first a rapid dropout due to inward motion of the magnetopause followed by rapid increase in flux above the pre-storm level early in the recovery phase and a slow increase over the next 12 days. These phases can be seen in temporal evolution of the electron phase space density measured by the ECT instruments on Van Allen Probes. Using the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry global MHD model driven by upstream solar wind measurements, we simulated both St. Patrick's Day 2013 and 2015 events, analyzing LFM electric and magnetic fields to calculate radial diffusion coefficients. These coefficients have been implemented in a radial diffusion code, using the measured electron phase space density following the local heating as the initial radial profile and outer boundary condition for subsequent temporal evolution over the next 12 days, beginning 18 March. Agreement with electron phase space density at 1000 MeV/G measured by the MagEIS component of the ECT instrument suite on Van Allen Probes was much improved using radial diffusion coefficients from the MHD simulations relative to coefficients parametrized by a global geomagnetic activity index.
Intranasal Fentanyl and Quality of Pediatric Acute Care

Abstract Background Changes in the manner in which medications can be delivered can have significant effects on the quality of care in the acute care setting. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in three Institute of Medicine quality indicators (timeliness, safety, and effectiveness) in the pediatric emergency department (ED) after the introduction of the Mucosal Atomizer Device Nasal™ (MADn) for opioid analgesia. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients receiving opioid analgesia for certain conditions over a 5-year period. We compared patients receiving intravenous opioid (IVO) to those receiving intranasal fentanyl (INF). Timeliness outcomes include time from medication order to administration, time from dose to discharge, overall time to analgesia, and ED length of stay. Effectiveness outcomes include change in pain score and frequency of repeat dosing. Safety outcomes were the frequency of reversal agent administration or a documented oxygen desaturation of Results During the study period, 1702 patients received opioid analgesia, 744 before and 958 after MADn introduction, of whom, 233 (24%) received INF. After MADn introduction, patients receiving INF had a shorter time to discharge from dose (109 vs. 203 min; p Conclusions INF is associated with improved timeliness and equivalent effectiveness and safety when compared to IVO in the setting of the pediatric ED.
Social Movements and Gender

Social movements can be defined as collectivities acting outside institutionalized channels to promote or resist change in an institution, society, or the world order. Mainstream theory and research in the field of social movements and political sociology has, by and large, ignored the influence of gender on social protest. A growing body of research by feminist social scientists over the 1990s demonstrates that gender can be an important explanatory factor for understanding the emergence, nature, and outcomes of social movements, even those that do not evoke the language of gender conflict or explicitly embrace gender change. This article draws from recent feminist scholarship to delineate the relationship between gender and social movements. It begins by summarizing the two theoretical traditions—multilevel theories of gender and contemporary theoretical formulations of social movements that synthesize collective behavior, resource mobilization, and new social movements approaches. Using research on feminist, antifeminist, labor, civil rights, gay and lesbian, nationalist, rightwing and fascist movements, the article then illuminates the significance of gender processes for understanding the social and political context, mobilizing structures and strategies, and collective action frames and collective identities of social movements. Linking theories of gender to mainstream theories of social movements allows us to recognize gender as a key explanatory factor in social movements and, in turn, to identify the role social movements play in the social construction and reconstruction of gender.
Empowering teachers with low-intensity strategies to support instruction: Self-monitoring in an elementary resource classroom

ABSTRACTSelf-monitoring is a low-intensity strategy teachers can use to support instruction in classrooms across the grade span in various instructional settings and content areas. This study extended the knowledge base by examining the effectiveness of self-monitoring through a systematic replication with three students with specific learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a fifth-grade resource classroom. Classroom teachers designed and implemented the intervention in collaboration with university researchers, including implementation by a student teacher and data collection supported by the classroom teacher. Self-monitoring resulted in increases in overall academic engagement and active academic engagement. Treatment integrity and social validity data suggested that the intervention was feasible and acceptable when implemented in collaboration with classroom teachers. Limitations, future directions, and tips for teacher implementation are presented.
Are Michigan State University medical school (MSU-CHM) alumni more likely to practice in the region of their graduate medical education primary care program compared to non-MSU-CHM alumni?

Over the past 10 years, three new MD schools have been created in the state of Michigan, while the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine (MSU-CHM) has increased their class size to 850 students. The aim of this study was to determine if MSU-CHM alumni who graduate from an MSU-affiliated primary care residency from a single graduate medical education (GME) training program in Michigan are more likely to go on to practice in close proximity to the location of their training program immediately after graduation compared to non MSU-CHM alumni. Changes over time in the proportion of primary care graduates who received fellowship training immediately following residency were also compared between these groups. A review of historical data was performed for all 2000–2016 primary care (Family Medicine, FM; Internal Medicine, IM; Internal Medicine-Pediatrics, IMP; Pediatrics, Peds) program graduates sponsored by Grand Rapids Medical Education Partners (GRMEP). Study variables included primary care program, gender, age at graduation, fellowship training, practice location immediately after graduation and undergraduate medical education location. Summary statistics were calculated for the data. Comparisons were made using the chi-square test or Fisher’s Exact test when appropriate. Significance was assessed at p < 0.05. There were 478 primary care program graduates who went into practice immediately following graduation, 102 of whom also graduated from MSU-CHM. Just over half of the graduates were female and the average age at graduation was 32 years. There were 152 FM, 150 IM, 50 IMP and 126 Peds graduates. Those that graduated from both MSU-CHM and GRMEP were more likely to practice in Michigan immediately after residency training (79.4% vs 52.0%; p < 0.001), as well as within 100 miles of GRMEP (71.6% vs 46.4%; p < 0.001). There were 8% of MSU-CHM primary care graduates who went on to fellowship training from 2000 to 2009, increasing to 34% from 2010 to 2016 (p < 0.001). Medical school graduates of MSU-CHM who receive GME training in primary care are more likely to practice medicine within close proximity to their training site than non MSU-CHM graduates. However, plans for fellowship after training may add one caveat to this finding.
Cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and acute myocardial infarction – cause or causal relationship?

The possible role of infectious and inflammatory states in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease has been a matter of debate in the literature. There are case reports of active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection unmasking underlying dormant systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CMV infection has also been postulated to be associated with atherosclerosis development in the coronaries. We present a unique case where a patient with newly diagnosed SLE and acute myocardial infarction was found to have high anti-CMV titers suggesting concomitant active CMV infection. A literature review has postulated strong affiliation of CMV infection with the development of coronary artery disease, an avenue which has yet to be explored further by ongoing research.
Aprender la historia: de las operaciones infralógicas al pensamiento formal

El articulo se fundamenta en una exploracion epistemologica con jovenes entre 12 y 14 anos, con un enfasis en el paso de las operaciones infralogicas al pensamiento formal. En el se muestran experiencias operatorias que cumplen funciones de diagnostico, pero tambien de aprendizaje y se evidencia la necesidad del desarrollo de experiencias de aula focalizadas en la asimilacion nocional para la comprension de la historia.
Nursing student perspective of learning in a clinical setting

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe nursing students' experience of learning in a clinical practice setting where the students learned to provide care for acutely ill infants. Data were collected using the techniques of observation and ethnographic interviewing. The findings included a nursing student perspective of learning in a clinical setting and consisted of six goals: to do no harm to a patient, to help patients, to integrate theory-based knowledge into clinical practice, to learn clinical practice skills, to look good as a student, and to look good as a nurse. Within this perspective, the students also defined roles for themselves, their instructors, and the staff nurses in the clinical setting. The students defined the learning environment and then used that definition to shape their responses to the educational program.
Public Goods Provision and Well-Being: Empirical Evidence for the Warm Glow Assumption

Using a broad multi-country sample we find that individuals who contribute to the public good of environmental protection report higher levels of life satisfaction and happiness. We provide several pieces of evidence that this positive relationship between contributions and well-being is due to a warm-glow motive. First, well-being does not increase proportionally with contributions, consistent with the warm-glow assumption that it is the act of giving that generates utility. Second, individuals who think of themselves as socially responsible derive greater satisfaction from their contribution to environmental protection as would be the case if the contribution reinforces a favorable self image. Interestingly, conforming to a social norm may be a motivation for some individuals, but the presence of this motive depends on individual attitudes towards social responsibility. Among those who express the highest level of social responsibility, conforming to the norm makes them less satisfied with life. However, individuals with a moderate level of social responsibility do report higher levels of happiness when their public goods contributions conform to societal norms.
Behavioral Assessment of Pediatric Feeding Problems

Pediatric feeding disorders are indicated if a child demonstrates eating behavior that results in insufficient weight gain or significant nutritional deficits, or if a child displays disruptive mealtime behavior that is distressing to caregivers. Feeding disorders are observed in approximately 25–45% of the general pediatric population and often have their origin in physiological conditions (e.g., anatomical or medical difficulties). However, even with adequate management of organic issues, mealtime behavior problems are frequently maintained by environmental factors, a circumstance that necessitates a behavioral approach to their evaluation and treatment. Behavioral assessment methods are utilized in both research and clinical practice to evaluate the nature and prevalence of feeding problems as well as to assess the relationship between mealtime behavior and environmental contingencies. A variety of tools and methods have been designed to identify the mealtime behaviors of young children that are associated with poor nutritional intake. These evaluation methods allow the user to gather information regarding presenting concerns, contributing factors, and maintaining stimuli. The most common methods for evaluating mealtime behavior include caregiver interviews, observational coding systems, and standardized caregiver self-report measures. Costs and benefits of each type of assessment are described in this chapter. As well, two observational coding systems and four caregiver-report measures are described in detail, including psychometric properties and indications for their use.
Human myeloperoxidase gene: molecular cloning and expression in leukemic cells.

We have molecularly cloned the human myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene from the lambda gt11 expression library by screening with an affinity- purified MPO antibody. The cDNA clone of the MPO gene was used to study MPO gene expression in leukemic cells. The amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA clone pMP401 matched exactly the 23 amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal of the 60,000 MPO subunit. We found that MPO cDNA hybridized to a single EcoRI genomic band of 19 kb, indicating that the MPO gene represents a single gene in the human genome. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from leukemic cell lines and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients' samples shows that MPO gene expression correlated with myeloid lineage. The intensity of MPO mRNA expression on Northern blot correlated with the level of MPO expression by cytochemical staining. Multiple species of MPO mRNA were found. This indicates that a single MPO gene may encode different RNA species through a mechanism of posttranscriptional processing or that multiple transcriptional start/termination sites exist in the MPO gene.
Small-scale forestry and carbon offset markets: An empirical study of Vermont Current Use forest landowner willingness to accept carbon credit programs

This study investigates the preferences of small forest landowners regarding forest carbon credit programs while documenting characteristics of potentially successful frameworks. We designed hypothetical carbon credit programs with aggregated carbon offset projects and requirements of existing voluntary and compliance protocols in mind. We administered a mail survey to 992 forest landowners in Vermont’s Current Use Program utilizing best-worst choice, a novel preference elicitation technique, to elicit their preferences about these programs. We found that small forest landowners see revenue as the most important factor in a carbon credit program and the duration of the program as the least important factor. Landowners reported that shorter program duration, higher revenue, and lower withdrawal penalties positively impact their willingness to accept forest carbon credit programs. Notably, our study includes carbon credit program implementer as a key program attribute, allowing us to quantify landowners’ tradeoffs between non-profit, for-profit, and government organizations. Overall, we found that landowners significantly prefer working with a non-profit organization. Based on monetary estimates of willingness-to-accept compensation, our results suggest that aggregated forest carbon offset projects incorporating small forest landowners could be piloted successfully in Vermont by non-profit organizations while maintaining relatively strict guidelines of existing carbon offset protocols.
Truth: Properties and Pluralism

In this chapter, I offer an account of what I take to be Wang Chong’s pluralist theory of truth, centered on the concept of shi. I explain how shi serves as a general truth concept meant to pick out specific truth-maker concepts within particular domains of discourse (in the case of linguistic truth). I explain how Wang’s truth pluralism grows out of the pluralistic conceptions of earlier texts such as the Zhuangzi and Huainanzi, combined with an understanding of shi developed in texts such as the Xunzi. While Wang rejects the “synthetic” or convergence approaches of earlier Han texts, such method nonetheless influenced his thinking about truth. Later in the chapter, I consider how something like Wang’s pluralism might fit into contemporary philosophical discussions about truth, and aid current debates.
3 Production Planning

The rapid introduction of newer technology and better approaches to management have led to unprecedented increases in productivity, but at its heart, the objective of manufacturing is still to provide the right product in the right quantity at the right time with the right quality at the right price to its customers. This chapter shows how manufacturing organizations strive to meet this objective. Forecasting provides the manufacturer with a basis for anticipating customer demand so as to have adequate product on hand when it is demanded. Aggregate planning approaches establish overall production requirements, and materials requirements planning techniques provide a methodology for ensuring that adequate inventory is available to complete the work required on products needed to meet forecasted customer demands. Job-sequencing methodologies are used to develop shop schedules for production processes to reduce the time for manufacturing products. Finally, Japanese manufacturing philosophy and supply chain management are discussed. Keywords: aggregate planning approaches; forecasting methods; inventory models; Japanese manufacturing philosophy; job-sequencing methodologies; materials requirements planning techniques; production planning; shop schedules; supply chain management
The Accuracy of LAS in Predicting Post-Transplant Risk of ECMO Recipients

Purpose Over the past decade, the utilization of venovenous extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (VV-ECMO) as bridge to lung transplantation has increased substantially in the US. There is no discrete variable within the LAS calculation for VV-ECMO support, and therefore current policy is to treat VV-ECMO recipients as being mechanically ventilated with 100% oxygen. However, it is unknown if this adjustment adequately captures the post-transplant risk of VV-ECMO. Methods Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) data on adult lung transplant recipients 2006 to 2016 was collected. We used 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching to identify non-ECMO transplant recipients with similar LAS post-transplant survival measures as VV-ECMO recipients. After matching we compared transplant-free survival between the groups. Results During the study period, there were 18,924 lung transplant recipients and 592 (3.13%) received VV-ECMO prior to transplant. The mean LAS post-transplant survival measure was similar in VV-ECMO recipients and matched non-ECMO control group, 278.2 +/- 33.3 days vs. 280.3 +/- 32.7 days (p=0.30). Observed post-transplant survival was significantly different between VV-ECMO and matched non-VV-ECMO patients (Fig, p = 0.03 by log-rank test), hazard ratio for death in VV-ECMO recipients was 1.30 (95% CI 1.05 - 1.54). Survival was significantly lower at 90-days post transplant in the VV-ECMO group (86% vs. 94%, p Conclusion The LAS calculator overestimates post-transplant survival in VV-ECMO recipients, especially in the first 90-days. Treating VV-ECMO support as equivalent to mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen may underestimate the degree of post-transplant risk. The addition of VV-ECMO to the LAS calculation may improve assessment of post transplant survival and lead to more optimal organ allocation and better patient outcomes.
Low dose cone-beam computed tomography reconstruction via hybrid prior contour based total variation regularization (hybrid-PCTV).

Background Previously, we developed a prior contour based total variation (PCTV) method to use edge information derived from prior images for edge enhancement in low-dose cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction. However, the accuracy of edge enhancement in PCTV is affected by the deformable registration errors and anatomical changes from prior to on-board images. In this study, we develop a hybrid-PCTV method to address this limitation to enhance the robustness and accuracy of the PCTV method. Methods Planning-CT is used as prior images and deformably registered with on-board CBCT reconstructed by the edge preserving TV (EPTV) method. Edges derived from planning CT are deformed based on the registered deformation vector fields to generate on-board edges for edge enhancement in PCTV reconstruction. Reference CBCT is reconstructed from the simulated projections of the deformed planning-CT. Image similarity map is then calculated between reference and on-board CBCT using structural similarity index (SSIM) method to estimate local registration accuracy. The hybrid-PCTV method enhances the edge information based on a weighted edge map that combines edges from both PCTV and EPTV methods. Higher weighting is given to PCTV edges at regions with high registration accuracy and to EPTV edges at regions with low registration accuracy. The hybrid-PCTV method was evaluated using both digital extended-cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom and lung patient data. In XCAT study, breathing amplitude change, tumor shrinkage and new tumor were simulated from CT to CBCT. In the patient study, both simulated and real projections of lung patients were used for reconstruction. Results were compared with both EPTV and PCTV methods. Results EPTV led to blurring bony structures due to missing edge information, and PCTV led to blurring tumor edges due to inaccurate edge information caused by errors in the deformable registration. In contrast, hybrid-PCTV enhanced edges of both bone and tumor. In XCAT study using 30 half-fan CBCT projections, compared with ground truth, relative errors (REs) were 1.3%, 1.1% and 0.9% and edge cross-correlation were 0.66, 0.68 and 0.71 for EPTV, PCTV and hybrid-PCTV, respectively. Moreover, in the lung patient data, hybrid-PCTV avoided the wrong edge enhancement in the PCTV method while maintaining enhancements of the correct edges. Conclusions Hybrid-PCTV further improved the robustness and accuracy of PCTV by accounting for uncertainties in deformable registration and anatomical changes between prior and onboard images. The accurate edge enhancement in hybrid-PCTV will be valuable for target localization in radiation therapy.
Preparing physicians to contend with the problem of dual loyalty

AbstractDual loyalty is defined as, particularly as it pertains to the field of medicine, a conflict or potential conflict between a healthcare professional's simultaneous obligations–expressed or ...
Weather forecast and light-tissue model based dose planning for daylight PpIX-photodynamic therapy of skin (Conference Presentation)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratosis (AK) and certain non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) is performed with either blue light (415nm Lamp), red light (630nm LED Lamps) or with sunlight. The differences in PDT efficacy can be high when using the latter broad-spectrum activation of PpIX. The purpose of this work was to establish a predictive treatment plan approach to daylight PDT which incorporated both local weather forecast information as well as prediction of wavelength-depth dependence upon the efficacy. The concept of PpIX-weighted light fluence is now well established as a way to compare effective light doses from daylight PDT to traditional lamp PDT, but there is limited work to date considering the effects of tissue optical properties or the dynamic distribution of PpIX at depths into the tissue. Using a Monte Carlo model of light fluence in a multi-layer skin geometry we estimate the effective fluence at depth in tissue. The result of these simulations in combination with a model for PpIX production and photobleaching at a range of depths are used to generate lookup tables for the time needed to reach a specific photodynamic dose at a predicted lesion thickness. These tables are then used as the foundation of a web-based application that will better inform the dermatology team of light dosing options. GPS-derived location is used to retrieve forecasted and historical weather patterns automatically, and used as an additional input to further refine prescribed dosing of daylight-PDT. The application is currently being tested in conjunction with fluorescence dosimetry, as a method to verify and alleviate clinical variation in lesion clearing from daylight PDT.
A Disciplined Space

This chapter examines the relationships among immigration, conservation, and security efforts in Cabeza Prieta. Security and conservation programs have coevolved through connections among shared actors, physical space, and efforts to control the landscape. Each process—conservation and security—derives from a perception of threat and contributes to the belief that the threat from the south is increasing. Thus, it is important to pay attention to the ways in which racial and ethnic stereotypes affect conservation science and policy in border regions.
Detection of atomic oxygen and hydrogen in solid propellant flames and ignition using multiphoton laser-induced fluorescence

If is well known that light atomic species such as oxygen and hydrogen atoms are fundamentally important in a wide variety of combustion-related processes, such as ignition, propagation, extinction, and chemical-flame reactions, because of their high reactivilies and diffusivities. Conventional optical detection of these light atoms by laser-induced fluorescence techniques is difficult for a variety of reasons. In particular, because the energy gap between the ground and excited electronic states of atomic H and O exceeds 10 eV the necessary optical resonance excitation wavelengths fall far into the UV. Therefore, techniques such as two-photon or multiphoton laser excitation methods are required for their detection. In recent years, several different laser spectroscopic techniques and schemes have been implemented for both the detection and diagnostics of these tight atoms in laboratory-type burner flames.
Doing nonbinary gender: The occupational experience of nonbinary persons in the environment

Understanding the effect of the environment is fundamental to grasping the occupational experiences of nonbinary individuals. Current research in occupational science addresses the occupations of t...
Service-learning study-abroad and Europe’s migration crisis – a case study

The present article analyzes the service-learning experiences of US students during a short-term study-abroad trip to Germany in July 2017. The study identified a key, overarching challenge: the ga...
Side Effects of the Abortion Wars

This essay challenges the false assumption that abortion care can be segregated from women’s medical care and targeted for special restrictions without any ripple effects on women’s health more broadly. In fact, existing abortion restrictions harm women’s health even for women not actively seeking abortion care, but these effects remain obscured. This essay unmasks the ripple effects of abortion restrictions that, perhaps unintentionally, impede the provision of basic health care other than abortion. Focusing the public’s attention on the broader effects of abortion restrictions on women’s health could help make visible the links between abortion and health care. Uncovering these links could also create stronger support for access to abortion and thereby better promote full health care access for women. Repositioning the law to recognize access to abortion care as integral to women’s medical needs remains critical for protecting women’s health.
Critical Perspectives of Racialized Identities within Social Justice and Equity in Mathematics Teaching and Learning

This special issue started as a conversation among colleagues wanting to create a bigger space for challenging conversations on equity and social justice. We sought the opportunity to guest edit th...
Estrogen Drives Melanocortin Neurons To Increase Spontaneous Activity and Reduce Sedentary Behavior

Estrogen depletion in rodents and humans leads to inactivity, unhealthy fat accumulation, and diabetes1,2, underscoring the conserved metabolic benefits of estrogen that inevitably decline with aging. In rodents, the preovulatory surge in 17β-estradiol (E2) temporarily allows energy expenditure to outpace energy intake, thus coordinating increased physical activity with peak sexual receptivity. To investigate how estrogen rebalances energy allocation in females, we examine estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) signaling in the ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHvl)3-7. We uncover a small population of VMHvlERα neurons expressing the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) that integrates estrogen and melanocortin signals and projects to arousal centers in the hippocampus and hindbrain, enabling bursts of physical activity. ERα recruitment to the Mc4r gene promotes upregulation of Mc4r in VMHvl neurons during the preovulatory surge or following E2 treatment. We leveraged three models to stimulate VMHvlMC4R neurons, restore MC4R signaling in the VMHvl of hyperphagic MC4R null females, or increase Mc4r levels in the VMHvl by CRISPR-mediated activation. All models increase spontaneous activity, whereas silencing VMHvlMC4R neurons blunts normal activity. Direct activation of the VMHvlMC4R node overrides the inactivity and hypometabolism following hormone depletion. These data extend the impact of MC4R signaling – the most common cause of monogenic human obesity8 – beyond the regulation of food intake. Our findings also rationalize reported sex differences in melanocortin signaling, including the greater disease severity of MC4R insufficiency in women9. The hormone-dependent node identified here illuminates the power of estrogen in motivating behavior during the female reproductive cycle and for maintaining an active lifestyle.