cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Pathology of Corticobasal Syndrome Using Modified Clinical Criteria, MRI and FDG PET (P06.047)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of modified clinical criteria and visual interpretations of MRI and FDG-PET for predicting corticobasal syndrome (CBS) due to Alzheimer9s disease (AD). BACKGROUND: Group comparisons have revealed that patients with CBS due to AD have greater temporoparietal clinical deficits and neuroimaging patterns than patients with non-AD pathology. The predictive value for individual patients is not known. DESIGN/METHODS: 22 patients meeting CBS core criteria with PIB-PET had clinical records, neuropsychological testing, MRI and FDG scans reviewed blinded to PIB results. Positive PIB scan was considered a surrogate underlying AD pathology. Patients were designated as temporoparietal variant (tpvCBS) if they had either (1) logopenic aphasia; (2) elements of Gerstmann or Balint syndromes (3) episodic memory or visuospatial greater than executive dysfunction. Frontal-variant CBS (fvCBS) designation included either (1) Agrammatic or motor speech deficits; (2) Apathy, disinhibition, loss of empathy; (3) lower extremity apraxia; (4) executive greater than memory or visuospatial impairment. MRI and FDG-PET were classified as frontal or temporoparietal based on the predominant atrophy/hypometabolism pattern. RESULTS: Of the 10 patients with a final classification of tpvCBS, 6 were PIB+ and 4 were PIB- (sensitivity 67%, specificity 69% for AD). Visual MRI reads had 67% sensitivity and 42% specificity for PIB+ with intra-rater reliability kappa=0.42 (re-review of 10 scans). Visual FDG reads had higher sensitivity (89%) than MRI reads with perfect intra-rater reliability (kappa=1.00), though specificity remained low (50%). PIB results were confirmed in all four patients who have undergone autopsy (2 PIB+ with confirmed AD, 2 PIB- with CBD). CONCLUSIONS: Describing frontal vs. temporoparietal variants of CBS can help predict underlying AD, but criteria require further refinement. Temporoparietal-predominant neuroimaging patterns are sensitive but not specific for AD. Disclosure: Dr. Sha has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ghosh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jagust has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech, Inc., Synarc, Janssen, TauRx, and Siemens. Dr. Jagust has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Rankin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boxer has received personal compensation from BMS, Plexxikon and Phloronol for consulting. Dr. Boxer has received research support from Elan, Forest, Genentech, Medivation, BMS, Janssen and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Miller has received personal compensation for activities with Allon Therapeuctics, Inc. and TauRx Therapeutics, Ltd. Dr. Miller has received research support from Novartis. Dr. Rabinovici has received personal compensation for activities with Eli Lilly & Company......Dr. Rabinovici has received research support from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly & Company.
Essential category weight and phantom maps

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between maps with infinite essential category weight and phantom maps (there is a brief summary of the main results on essential category weight in the appendix to this paper). It is not hard to see that any map with E(f) = oo is a phantom map. We give examples to show that the converse is not always true: there are phantom maps f with E(f) = 1. We also show that if ¦¸X is homotopy equivalent to a finite dimensional CW complex then every phantom map f: XiaY has E(f) =iÞ. We are able to adapt many of the results of the theory of phantom maps to give us results about maps with E(f) = iÞ. Finally, we use the connections between essential category weight and phantom maps to answer a question (asked by McGibbon) about phantom maps.
APRENDENDO COM A COMUNIDADE-TERREIRO EM PALMAS-TO NA LUTA ANTIRRACISTA

The lines presented here are the result of a set of learnings, between conversations and activities of our research-action with Afro-Brazilian religions, held between and 2019 in the city of Palmas. According to (SODRE, 1988), I problematize the formation territories-terreiros and their struggle of empowerment. I had methodologically developed from the spatial dimensions of the Affirmatives Actions Antiracists (MEC, SEPPIR, 2004), comparing them with the different actions of public power and the community-terreiro, to think the occurrences of religious intolerance. I contextualize and affirm the needs of public policy of re-education for ethnic-racial relations. I advocate compulsory learning of the curriculum guidelines of History teaching and Culture of Afro-Brazilians and Africans in the city of Palmas, Tocantins.
Defining palliative opportunities in pediatric patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas.

Background Pediatric patients with sarcomas experience significant morbidity and compromised quality of life throughout their course. These times could be viewed as opportunities for increased subspecialty palliative care (PC). Systematically defining opportunities for additional PC support has not occurred in pediatric oncology. The frequency, timing, and associated factors for palliative opportunities in pediatric patients with sarcomas are unknown. Methods A priori, nine palliative opportunities were defined (disease progression or relapse, admission for symptoms, social concerns or end-of-life, intensive care or bone marrow transplant admission, phase 1 trial or hospice enrollment, do-not-resuscitate status). A single-center retrospective review was conducted on patients aged 0-18 years with bone/soft tissue sarcomas who died from January 1, 2012 to November 30, 2017. Demographic, disease, and treatment data were collected. Descriptive statistics were performed. Opportunities were evaluated over quartiles from diagnosis to death. Results Patients (n = 60) had a mean of nine (SD = 4) palliative opportunities with the majority occurring in the last quartile of the disease course. Number and type of opportunities did not differ by demographics or diagnosis. Eighteen patients (30%) received PC consultation a median of 2.2 months (interquartile range [IQR] 11.5) prior to death. Consultation was unrelated to diagnosis or total opportunities. Conclusions Patients with sarcomas incur repeated events warranting subspecialty PC, which increase toward the end-of-life. Increased PC utilization may help decrease suffering and bolster family coping during these episodes. Additional work should further refine if opportunities differ across cancers, and how to incorporate this framework into clinical oncology care to prevent missed opportunities for PC.
Foreword: Constitutional Constraints on State Health Care & Privacy Regulation after Sorrell v. IMS Health

This brief Foreword explains that First Amendment law is fertile ground for analysis under choice of law principles. It then opines that the majority and dissenting opinions in Sorrell v. IMS Health are rooted in different choices of law that would benefit from a more explicit acknowledgment and explanation.
(r)EVOLUTION RETOLD - An experiential collection created collaboratively between merchandising and design students

This project provides experiential learning to students through a collaborative, real-world opportunity to design, develop, merchandise and market a small collection for a retail setting. It is becoming more important than ever for high education to integrate these types of learning environments that encourage teamwork, communication, critical thinking and creative problem solving. Students were broken into teams of 3-4 to lead certain portions of the process which included buying and planning, communications and outreach, store planning design, and product design management. Each student took on an industry role that empowered them to engage in scenarios that required high-level problem solving, critical thinking, compromise and clear communication. It was discovered in student reflections that the students were able to strengthen their weaknesses, compromise and adapt to different ideas, and practice clear communication through this experiential learning adventure.
Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine.

This JAMA Insights review provides clinical details of anaphylactic reactions reported to and verified by the CDC in the first week of use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in the US, December 14-23, 2020
Recurrent Metastatic Breast Cancer in Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes along the Translocated Left Internal Mammary Artery Bypass Graft

Radiologists play a crucial role in the detection of enlarged internal mammary lymph nodes, which could be nodal metastasis, in patients with prior history of breast cancer who are imaged for unrel...
Growing a Team at Landcare: Excellence in the Field

In October 2018, Mike Bogan, CEO of LandCare, a nationwide commercial landscaping firm, was concerned about the significant headwinds facing not only LandCare but the entire landscaping industry at the time. As LandCare struggled to hire and retain employees who could prove their legal working status in the United States, it faced fierce competition from small firms, which frequently did not play by the same rules. Hoping to attract and motivate the right workers, Bogan enacted significant organizational change at LandCare after he became CEO in 2014; these changes included new practices and systems to improve performance, increase employee satisfaction, and drive cultural shifts within the organization. When Bogan saw positive results from his initial round of changes, he continued to expand. Readers are presented with Bogan's decision of whether to implement two additional organizational design elements: “jersey technology,” which would allow him to accurately track individual movement and performance of his frontline landscape teams, and a daily pay system, which could potentially provide his lower-income workers with money on a more regular basis. Students must use their emerging understanding of the organizational design model (ODM) to consider each of these new systems and debate whether either system should be implemented. Excerpt UVA-OB-1284 Rev. Aug. 25, 2020 Growing a Team at LandCare: Excellence in the Field We're not pros at this. We recognize the gap between what we know and what we don't know, and what we know is that we need to think very differentially about the hourly workforce than we have thought in the past. We need to behave very differentially to attract and engage, and…we are looking for everything we can do to better understand what would make them want to be here. —Mike Bogan, CEO, LandCare In October 2018, Mike Bogan, CEO of LandCare USA, LLC (LandCare), a national landscape service company headquartered in Frederick, Maryland, reflected on the increasing challenges he faced in staffing his landscaping crews in an “industry that was largely labor.” Throughout his career in landscaping, which spanned over three decades, Bogan had witnessed several dramatic changes in both the landscaping industry and the workforce profile of the United States, making hourly labor more scarce and unreliable than he had ever seen it. . . .
Systems-Level Opportunities in the Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Informatics-based Assessment.

CONTEXT Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), a leading cause of hypercalcemia and secondary osteoporosis, is underdiagnosed. OBJECTIVE This work aims to establish a foundation for an electronic medical record-based intervention that would prompt serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) assessment in patients with persistent hypercalcemia and identify care gaps in their management. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary academic health system of outpatients with persistent hypercalcemia, who were categorized as having classic or normohormonal PHPT. Main outcome measures included the frequencies of serum PTH measurement in patients with persistent hypercalcemia, and their subsequent workup with bone mineral density (BMD) assessment, and ultimately, medical therapy or parathyroidectomy. RESULTS Among 3151 patients with persistent hypercalcemia, 1526 (48%) had PTH measured, of whom 1377 (90%) were confirmed to have classic (49%) or normohormonal (41%) PHPT. PTH was measured in 65% of hypercalcemic patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis (P < .001). At median 2-year follow-up, bone density was assessed in 275 (20%) patients with either variant of PHPT (P = .003). Of women aged 50 years or older with classic PHPT, 95 (19%) underwent BMD assessment. Of patients with classic or normohormonal PHPT, 919 patients (67%) met consensus criteria for surgical intervention, though only 143 (15%) underwent parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSION Within a large academic health system, more than half of patients with confirmed hypercalcemia were not assessed for PHPT, including many patients with preexisting bone disease. Care gaps in BMD assessment and medical or surgical therapy represent missed opportunities to avoid skeletal and other complications of PHPT.
The Mucosally-Adherent Rectal Microbiota Contains Features Unique to Alcohol-Related Cirrhosis

Most studies examining correlations between the gut microbiota and disease states focus on fecal samples due to ease of collection, yet there are distinct differences when compared to samples collected from the colonic mucosa. Although fecal microbiota has been reported to be altered in cirrhosis, correlation with mucosal microbiota characterized via rectal swab has not been previously described in this patient population. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using 39 stool and 39 rectal swabs from adult patients with cirrhosis of different etiologies and performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Bacterial growth studies were performed with Escherichia coli. Two asaccharolytic bacterial taxa, Finegoldia magna and Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, were increased in rectal swabs relative to stool (FDR < 0.01). Genomic analysis of the microbiome revealed 58 genes and 16 pathways that differed between stool and rectal swabs (FDR < 0.05), where rectal swabs were enriched for pathways associated with protein synthesis and cellular proliferation but decreased in carbohydrate metabolism. Although no features in the fecal microbiome differentiated cirrhosis etiologies, the mucosal microbiome revealed decreased abundances of E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae in alcohol-related cirrhosis relative to non-alcohol related cirrhosis (FDR < 0.05). In vitro bacterial culture studies showed that physiological concentrations of ethanol and its oxidative metabolites inhibited E. coli growth in a pH- and concentration-dependent manner. Characterization of the mucosally associated gut microbiome via rectal swab revealed findings consistent with amino acid/nitrogen abundance versus carbohydrate limitation in the mucosal microenvironment as well as unique features of alcohol-related cirrhosis possibly consistent with the influence of host-derived metabolites on the composition of mucosally adherent microbiota.
Consumer Sensitivity to Interest Rates: An Empirical Study of New-Car Buyers and Auto Loans

A LTHOUGH it has never been clear whether the consumer needs to be protected from his own folly or from the rapaciousness of those who feed on him, consumer protection is a topic of intense current interest in the courts, in the legislatures, and in the law schools. A number of recent court decisions have attempted to attack problems confronting the consumer;' unfortunately, these judicial efforts have succeeded primarily in disclosing the limitations in the courts' ability to deal with such problems. State and federal legislative bodies have pursued more carefully designed remedies. Congress has passed the Truth-in-Lending Act;2 the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws has proposed the Uniform Consumer Credit Code;3 and many states have enacted retail installment sales acts4 to update and supplement their long-
CRITERIA FOR A MEDIATOR OR EFFECTOR OF MYOCARDIAL PRECONDITIONING : DO KATP CHANNELS MEET THE REQUIREMENTS ?

Although a number of mediators (7) have been shown to mimic the protective effect of ischemia to precondition the heart, i.e., adenosine, acetylcholine, bradykinin, phorbol esters, and several end effectors or targets (7) of these substances have been identified, i.e., specific receptors, (Al, adenosine; M2 muscarinic; B2, bradykinin) ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP), protein kinase C (PKC), no strict criteria have been developed which are necessary to confirm that a substance or effector is an important component of the preconditioning response. This review is an attempt to develop such criteria and to summarize data which suggest that the KATP channel fits most of these criteria and meets the requirements necessary for it to qualify as a common pathway in the cardio protective effect produced by a variety of stimuli in different species or models. Infarct size reduction will be the end point used to define preconditioning since this parameter is the one which was used to originally demonstrate this fascinating phenomenon in canine hearts by Murry et al. (6).
Modeling activities of application domains

Modeling the activities of an application domain is a necessary extension of modeling the structure and behavior of objects in the domain. Object models capture the structure and behavior of components in the application domains, whereas activity models are used to describe the functionality of the domain. The integration of object and activity modeling is essential for producing complete domain models in which the objects and activities are mutually consistent. Realization of such domain models simplifies the development of sophisticated applications. Using a DBMS simplifies the realization of the model and further facilitates the development of multiuser applications.
A belief has changed: highly reliable 980-nm pump lasers for EDFA applications

Summary form only given. Until a few years ago, it was generally believed that GaAs/AlGaAs-based lasers were inherently unreliable. It has since been established by our Group that these lasers suffered from facet corrosion and, as a consequence, catastrophic optical mirror damage and that this can be eliminated by appropriate measures during chip processing. Our first-generation, high-power GaAs/AlGaAs 980-nm lasers have now been undergoing life testing for close to 45,000 h at power levels of between 150 and 200 mW and temperatures between 20 and 75/spl deg/C. None of these lasers has failed yet, nor have more recent devices with chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) mirror reflectivity modification layers. These results now clearly support our early finding that GaAs/AlGaAs-based high-power 980 nm lasers are extremely reliable and meet today's requirements for EDFAs for terrestrial applications.
TOWARD ESTIMATING GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF MIGRANT REMAINS ALONG THE UNITED STATES–MEXICO BORDER

Due to the diverse demographics within the United States, ancestry estimation in the biological profile created by forensic anthropologists is helpful in facilitating a positive identification, narrowing down the parameters when searching through missing persons databases. The U.S.–Mexico border has seen an increase in migrant fatalities during the year 2012. In particular, Brooks County, Texas, has seen a dramatic increase in migrant remains. Until recently, the remains in Brooks County have been buried as unidentified individuals with no forensic pathological or anthropological analyses. Collaborative efforts by Baylor University, University of Indianapolis, and Texas State University are underway to exhume and analyze these individuals and work toward positive identification. Using the term Hispanic to describe these remains is of little use as individuals in Latin America do not refer to themselves as Hispanic and it is not informative to the geographic origins of these individuals. Because different countries that comprise Latin America have different population histories that have led to different population structures, it may be possible to use craniometric data to more precisely estimate the geographic origin of migrant fatalities found along the U.S.–Mexico border. Preliminary results suggest that, with larger data sets, it is possible to take a finer-grained approach to estimating geographic origin to facilitate a more rapid positive identification and repatriation.
Differential Forms Canonically Associated to Even-Dimensional Compact Conformal Manifolds

On a 6-dimensional, conformal, oriented and compact manifold M without boundary we compute a whole family of differential forms Ω6(f, h) of order 6 with f, h ξ C ∞(M). Each of these forms will be symmetric on f and h, conformally invariant, and such that ∫ M f 0Ω6(f 1, f 2) defines a Hochschild 2-cocycle over the algebra C ∞ (M). In the particular 6-dimensional conformally flat case, we compute a unique form satisfying Wres(f 0[F,f][F, h])=∫M f 0Ω6(f, h) for the Fredholm module (H, F) associated by A. Connes [6] to the manifold M, and the Wodzicki residue Wres.
The Costs of International Tax Cooperation

In the international tax arena we often find ideas and initiatives that sound indisputable. After all, how can one object to initiatives to “promote neutrality”, to “reduce double taxation”, or to “protect the welfare state”. One of the reasons that make these ideas so attractive is the theme of cooperation that underlies all these initiatives: neutral policies are perceived as cooperative policies towards global efficiency; (cooperative) treaties are perceived as the ultimate mechanism for preventing double taxation; and the welfare state, we are told, can only be saved through (cooperative) multilateral efforts. A closer look at these initiatives, however, reveals that even such noble causes often bring about completely different (and sometimes undesirable) results. While acknowledging the potential benefits of internation cooperation for some, this article highlights the (sometimes hidden) costs of such cooperation for others.
Importance of predicting the dose temporal profile for large solar energetic particle events

[1] It has been proposed that proton intensities on the stream-limited plateau present a minimal radiation hazard to astronauts, and hazardous intensities occur upon coronal-mass-ejection-driven shock arrival at the spacecraft. Forecasts then need only predict the arrival time and severity of the shock prior to its arrival at the spacecraft. We evaluated dose to the bone marrow, eye, and skin for the largest events since 1996, in terms of the >10 MeV proton flux, prior to and after shock arrival. Doses at shock arrival were compared to the space-permissible exposure limits (SPELs), and for five of the seven events, limits were exceeded for aluminum shielding thicknesses up to 3 g cm−2 prior to the arrival of the shocks. The 30-d SPELs have been exceeded as early as 9 h after event initiation, but more generally, sometime between 20 and 50 h after event initiation. These results suggest that one cannot simply predict the arrival time and intensity of a shock if exceeding the 30-d SPELs is to be avoided. Similarly, waiting for the shock to arrive at a sentinel spacecraft such as the Advanced Composition Explorer to provide a 1-h warning of shock intensity may not prevent one from exceeding the 30-d SPELs. In order to predict when 30-d SPELs will be exceeded for a given event, one must forecast the dose temporal profile associated with that event.
Mesoscopic Modeling of Two-Phase Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Fuel cells, owing to their high energy efficiency, environmental friendliness and low noise, are widely considered as the twenty-first century energy-conversion devices for mobile, stationary and portable power. Among the different types of fuel cells, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) has emerged as a promising power source for a wide range of applications.
Expression of functional TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase in the HMC-1 human mast cell line and in human mast cells

Nerve growth factor (NGF) can influence mast cell development and function in murine rodents by interacting with its receptors on mast cells. We now report the identification of mRNA transcripts of full-length tyrosine kinase-containing trkA, trkB, and trkC neurotrophin receptor genes in HMC-1 human mast cell leukemia cells. Although HMC-1 cells lacked p75 mRNA, they expressed transcripts for the exon-lacking splice variant of trkA (trkAI), truncated trkB (trkB.T1), and truncated trkC. By flow cytometry, HMC-1 cells exhibited expression of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptor proteins containing full-length tyrosine kinase domains. NGF stimulation of HMC-1 cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkA protein, increased expression of the early response genes c-fos and NGF1-A, and activation of ERK-mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, results which indicate that TrkA receptors in HMC-1 cells are fully functional. Highly purified populations of human lung mast cells expressed mRNAs for trkA, trkB and trkC, whereas preparations of human umbilical cord blood-derived mast cells expressed mRNAs for trkA and trkC, but not trkB. Moreover, preparations of human umbilical cord blood-derived immature mast cells not only expressed mRNA transcript and protein for TrkA, but exhibited significantly higher numbers of chymase-positive cells after the addition of NGF to their culture medium for 3 weeks. In addition, HMC-1 cells expressed mRNAs for NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the cognate ligands for TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC, whereas NGF and BDNF transcripts were detectable in human umbilical cord blood mast cell preparations. Taken together, our findings show that human mast cells express a functional TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase and indicate that NGF may be able to promote certain aspects of mast cell development and/or maturation in humans. Our studies also raise the possibility that human mast cells may represent a potential source for neurotrophins.
Multiple cutaneous linear neuromas

Multiple cutaneous neuromas are an uncommon finding that has been reported to occur idiopathically and in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2B and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor-hamartoma syndrome (PTHS).1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Multiple cutaneous neuromas with linear configurations are an even rarer phenomenon that, to our knowledge, has only been described in 3 prior case reports.1, 6, 7 Here, we report a unique case of diffuse cutaneous neuromas of linear configurations and distribution without findings of other associated genodermatoses.
Patient experience and practice trends in multiple sclerosis – clinical utility of fingolimod

Targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway with orally available immune-modulatory fingolimod (Gilenya™) therapy ameliorates relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) by decreasing relapse rate as shown in FREEDOMS and TRANSFORMS. Fingolimod has also been shown to be superior to interferon-beta therapy as evidenced by TRANSFORMS. Albeit multiple benefits in treatment of multiple sclerosis including high efficacy and ease of administration, potential untoward effects such as cardiotoxicity, risk of infection, and cancer exist, thus mandating careful screening and frequent monitoring of patients undergoing treatment with fingolimod. This review outlines mechanism of action, observations, side effects, and practice guidelines on use of fingolimod in treatment of RRMS.
Severe septic arthritis of the shoulder with an axillary nerve lesion in a 4-year-old child.

Abstract Septic arthritis in children frequently affects the joints of the lower extremity, namely the hip and the knee [1–3]. Infection in the glenohumeral joint is rare [4–7], representing 4% of all joint infections [4, 5]. Arthralgia, joint swelling, fever and pseudoparalysis are the most commonly observed symptoms [1, 4, 5, 8]. Diagnosis and thus appropriate management are often delayed [4] and therefore early disease recognition and treatment play a significant role in minimising the risk of developing complications such as joint surface destruction, growth arrest, adjacent osteomyelitis, and loss of joint movement [1, 4–6]. Brachial plexopathy, is infrequently reported [13], and a lesion to the axillary nerve specifically has not yet been reported in literature to our knowledge. Treatment aims include adequate washout and debridement of the joint with the objective of relieving pain and restoring function [5]. This can be achieved either via arthrotomy or arthroscopically [2, 5]. However there is currently no clear consensus with regard to which management option leads to improved outcome [3, 8], because of the lack of studies describing the results of surgical intervention [9]. The case of a 4-year-old boy with a delayed diagnosis of septic arthritis of the right shoulder with massive abscess formation and an axillary nerve lesion is presented.
Pioneers and Milestones

The author had the good fortune of being a Fellow in the Allergy and Immunology Program at the University of Colorado while the Ishizakas were in Denver. Kimi and Terry would come to the division meetings and present periodic updates on the work in progress. It was clear very early on that they were onto something of major importance. It was a privilege to watch the discovery of a new immunoglobulin as a work in progress. Kimishige Ishizaka was born in Tokyo, Japan, on December 3, 1925. He received his MD from the University of Tokyo in 1948 and his DrMedSci in Immunology from the same university in 1954. In his presidential address to the American Association of Immunologists in 1985, he credited his interest in immunology to his mentor as a medical student, Professor Keizo Nakamura, who was studying mediators of anaphylaxis at the time. Teruko Ishizaka was born on September 28, 1926. She received her MD from Tokyo Women’s Medical College in 1949 and her PhD from the University of Tokyo in 1955. Kimi and Terry Ishizaka (Fig 1) were married in 1949. They spent the next 8 years in Professor Nakamura’s laboratory studying mechanisms of anaphylaxis. These studies might have influenced their later decision to attempt to identify the skin-sensitizing antibodies (reagins). Concurrently, Kimi Ishizaka also held the titles of Professor of Experimental Research and Chief of the Division of Immunoserology at the National Institutes of Health in Tokyo. In 1957, Kimi and Terry became postdoctoral fellows in Dan Campbell’s laboratory at Caltech. Their research dealt with the biologic activities of soluble immune complexes. An important product of this research was recognition that the ratio of antigen to antibody in the complexes determined some of their biologic activities. For example, complexes that contained 2 or more molecules of antibody would activate complement and elicit inflammatory reactions in skin, whereas complexes that contained 2 molecules of antigen and only 1 molecule of antibody would not. This model of bridging of antibody molecules by
“Islam Is Everywhere”: Pre-Arab Spring Coverage of Islam in the English Egyptian Press

This study investigates how Islam is reported by English-language Egyptian media. Much research has examined the orientalism that occurs in the coverage of Islam in the West, but little has occurred on how Islam is covered in a Muslim-majority context. This study conducted interviews with eight journalists who report on Islam as a part of their beat in Egyptian publications and a news framing analysis was performed on articles relating to Islam in English-language Egyptian news sources Al Ahram Weekly, Daily News Egypt, and Al-Masry Al-Youm in the months before Arab Spring radically altered the shape of the country. By applying orientalism, this study hopes to examine coverage of Islam in an environment where one would expect better portrayal of Islam and to examine the ways in which reporting regarding Islam foreshadowed the changes to come.
The association of matrix Gla protein isomers with calcification in capsules surrounding silicone breast implants

Implanted silicone medical prostheses induce a dynamic sequence of histologic events in adjacent tissue resulting in the formation of a fibrotic peri-prosthetic capsule. In some cases, capsular calcification occurs, requiring surgical intervention. In this study we investigated capsules from silicone gel-filled breast prostheses to test the hypothesis that this calcification might be regulated by the small vitamin K-dependent protein, matrix Gla protein (MGP), a potent inhibitor of arterial calcification, or by Fetuin-A, a hepatocyte-derived glycoprotein also implicated as a regulator of pathologic calcification. Immunolocalization studies of explanted capsular tissue, using conformation-specific antibodies, identified the mineralization-protective γ-carboxylated MGP isomer (cMGP) within cells of uncalcified capsules, whereas the non-functional undercarboxylated isomer (uMGP) was typically absent. Both were upregulated in calcific capsules and co-localized with mineral plaque and adjacent fibers. Synovial-like metaplasia was present in one uncalcified capsule in which MGP species were differentially localized within the pseudosynovium. Fetuin-A was localized to cells within uncalcified capsules and to mineral deposits within calcific capsules. The osteoinductive cytokine bone morphogenic protein-2 localized to collagen fibers in uncalcified capsules. These findings demonstrate that MGP, in its vitamin K-activated conformer, may represent a pharmacological target to sustain the health of the peri-prosthetic tissue which encapsulates silicone breast implants as well as other implanted silicone medical devices.
A non-hypersingular boundary integral formulation for displacement gradients in linear elasticity

Based on boundary displacement and traction, a non-hypersingular boundary integral formulation is developed for the displacement gradient. At an arbitrary boundary point where the displacement field at least satisfies a Holder condition (uk∈C1, γ with γ>0), the displacement gradient can be calculated by the Cauchy Principal Value (CPV) integration. The hypersingularity involved in conventional formulation is circumvented by applying rigid body translation. The numerical implementation of the present formulation is illustrated, and both direct and indirect approaches are discussed. For two-dimensional problems, the coefficients involved in the direct approach are analytically derived. The stress formulation is also discussed. Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate the present formulation.
Handheld computers for recording timed behavior observations

Abstract Handheld computers can be used to record timed behavior observations relatively inexpensively. Models that meet common requirements for a data acquisition advice are the Radio Shack PC-2, Sharp PC-1500, Quasar HHC, Panasonic Link, Hewlett-Packard 75, and Epson HX-20. Their capabilities and prices are discussed.
Rank estimation of a generalized fixed-effects regression model

Abstract This paper considers estimation of a fixed-effects version of the generalized regression model of Han (1987, Journal of Econometrics 35, 303–316). The model allows for censoring, places no parametric assumptions on the error disturbances, and allows the fixed effects to be correlated with the covariates. We introduce a class of rank estimators that consistently estimate the coefficients in the generalized fixed-effects regression model. The maximum score estimator for the binary choice fixed-effects model is part of this class. Like the maximum score estimator, the class of rank estimators converge at less than the n rate. Smoothed versions of these estimators, however, converge at rates approaching the n rate. In a version of the model that allows for truncated data, a sufficient condition for consistency of the estimators is that the error disturbances have an increasing hazard function.
Transaction Cost Analysis: A Practical Framework to Measure Costs and Evaluate Performance

This article presents a framework for financial transaction cost analysis (TCA). We discuss the importance of properly distinguishing between a cost and a performance metric. We investigate implementation shortfall and arrival price costing methodologies and debate the value of each. We then introduce techniques to properly evaluate transaction performance using pre-trade estimates and z-score, market adjusted costs, relative performance measure (RPM), interval VWAP, and non-parametric statistical tests.
An HMG-like protein that can switch a transcriptional activator to a repressor

One protein can activate some genes and repress others in the same cell. The Drosophila protein Dorsal (which, like the human protein NF-kappa B3, is a member of the Rel family of transcriptional activators) activates the twist gene and represses the zen gene in the ventral region of early embryos. Here we describe a Drosophila HMG1 protein, called DSP1 (dorsal switch protein), that converts Dorsal and NF-kappa B from transcriptional activators to repressors. This effect requires a sequence termed a negative regulatory element (NRE), found adjacent to Dorsal-binding sites in the zen promoter and adjacent to the NF-kappa B-binding site in the human interferon-beta (IFN-beta) enhancer. Previous studies have shown that another type of HMG protein, HMG I(Y), can stimulate NF-kappa B activity. Thus, the HMG-like proteins DSP1 and HMG I(Y) can determine whether a specific regulator functions as an activator or a repressor of transcription.
The synthesis of bottom-up and top-down approaches to climate policy modeling : Electric power technologies and the cost of limiting US CO2 emissions

Abstract In the US, the bulk of CO2 abatement induced by carbon taxes comes from electric power. This paper incorporates technology detail into the electricity sector of a computable general equilibrium model of the US economy to characterize electric power's technological margins of adjustment to carbon taxes and to elucidate their general equilibrium effects. Compared to the top-down production function representation of the electricity sector, the technology-rich hybrid specification produces less abatement at a higher welfare cost, suggesting that bottom-up models do not necessarily generate lower costs of abatement than top-down models. This result is shown to be sensitive to the elasticity with which technologies’ generating capacities adjust to relative prices.
RESPONSE OF SILICON SURFACE BARRIER DETECTORS TO HEAVY IONS.

Abstract The response of silicon surface barrier detectors to ions of H, He, C, N, Ne and Ar at energies from 20 to 400 keV is measured and compared with the theory of the energy loss of heavy charged projectiles in matter. The data follow the general trends of the theory and extend the range of usefulness of silicon detectors to low energies where the response is no longer proportional to the projectile energy. The pulse height distributions are consistently wider than predicted from the theory of energy-loss straggling.
A versatile preparation of Geländer-type p-terphenyls from a readily available diacetylenic precursor.

A series of doubly bridged p-terphenyls (4) have been synthesized utilizing a facile three-step synthesis starting from the readily available diacetylenic precursor (1) in excellent overall yields, and their structures were confirmed by 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray crystallography. The racemization barrier between the meso and chiral atropisomers of one of the derivatives of 4 was found to be ∼12 kcal/mol by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The versatility of the protocol developed herein was further demonstrated by the preparation of a quadruply bridged penta-p-phenylene derivative.
Chromatic adaptation of orientation- and size-specific visual processes in man

This study involved two experiments investigating the effects of adaptation to chromatic gratings of (a) different orientation and (b) different spatial frequency upon the threshold for chromatic test gratings of the same or different wavelength, orientation, or spatial frequency. Thresholds were elevated by adaptation to gratings of the same wavelength and orientation, or the same wavelength and spatial frequency as the test grating, while adaptation to gratings of wavelength and/or orientation, or wavelength and/or spatial frequency different from the test grating did not effect thresholds significantly. In addition, homogeneous chromatic adapting fields were used and it was found that the thresholds for chromatic test gratings were not significantly elevated by such adaptation. These results were in general agreement with previous studies of orientation-specific and size-specific visual mechanisms and it was concluded that these findings offer corroboration of the McCollough effect using threshold measures.
Effect of shoreline meteorological measurements on NOAA Buoy model prediction of coastal air–sea gas transfer

Abstract The NOAA Buoy model is currently used to estimate the air–sea transfer rates of highly soluble gases over coastal water bodies, such as Tampa Bay, using offshore meteorological measurements. Since a goal of the BRACE study was to improve estimates of nitrogen deposition over Tampa Bay, our objective was to investigate if the model accurately predicts gas transfer when shoreline input data are used in lieu of offshore measurements. To accomplish this objective, we compared over-water measurements of sensible heat with NOAA Buoy model predictions using both offshore and shoreline meteorology. In the summer months, the apparent daytime influence of land surface heating on air temperature produces a higher air than water temperature at the shoreline. For the NOAA Buoy model, this yields stable atmospheric conditions and thus under-predicts the over-water exchange rates for a shallow estuary. If the data records are removed from the model for periods when air temperature is 4.8 K greater than the water temperature, the shoreline and over-water transfer rates are in reasonable agreement.
Enhanced sulfated‐proteoglycan core protein synthesis by incubation of rabbit chondrocytes with recombinant transforming growth factor‐β1

Rabbit articular chondrocytes were incubated with recombinant transforming-growth-factor-beta 1 (rhTGF-beta 1) and its effect on newly synthesized proteoglycan measured. rhTGF-beta 1 stimulated proteoglycan synthesis at a concentration as low as 5 ng/ml without further increases in radiosulfate incorporation up to 50 ng/ml. The quantitative increase in radiosulfate incorporation in rh-TGF-beta 1-treated chondrocytes was greater in the cell-associated culture compartment than in the medium compartment. rhTGF-beta 1 promoted an increased proteoglycan retention in the cell-associated compartment as evidenced by an increase in the t1/2 of retention from 8 h to 11 h. Specific enhanced synthesis of [35S]-methionine-labeled core proteins was seen in rh-TGF-beta 1-treated chondrocytes. rh-TGF-beta 1 increased the synthesis of the 2 core proteins derived from hydrodynamically large proteoglycans. They possessed apparent molecular weights of greater than 480 kD and 390 kD after 3-5% acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A compartmental analysis revealed that the cell-associated culture compartment contained only the larger of the 2 core proteins derived from large proteoglycans. Two other core proteins with apparent molecular weights 52 kD and 46 kD were also stimulated by rhTGF-beta 1. These results indicated that TGF-beta probably plays a significant role in stimulating proteoglycan core protein synthesis in articular chondrocytes and therefore may be an important growth factor in the restoration of cartilage extracellular matrix after injury.
Relationships between prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume in black and white men with benign prostate biopsies.

Abstract Objectives. To determine whether the higher age-adjusted serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in black compared with white men with no clinical evidence of prostate cancer reflect racial differences in relationships between PSA and prostate volume. Methods. The age, PSA, findings on digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate volume, and PSA density were assessed prospectively in 810 consecutive, evaluable men who underwent prostate biopsy for suspected cancer but who had benign histologic findings. Results. Among the black and white patients, there were significant differences in age (mean 67.2 ± 8.1 and 65.9 ± 7.7 years, respectively, P = 0.02), PSA (median 4.7 and 3.9 ng/mL, respectively, P prostate volume (median 41 and 36 mL, respectively, P = 0.004), and PSA density (median 0.11 and 0.08 ng/mL/mL, respectively, P = 0.005). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that black race was significantly associated with increased prostate volume when controlled for age ( P = 0.02), with increased PSA when controlled for prostate volume and age ( P = 0.002), and with increased PSA density when controlled for age ( P = 0.007). When controlled for prostate volume, PSA was not significantly different in black and white men 50 to 59 years old but was significantly greater in black men 60 to 69 and 70 to 79 years old ( P = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively). Conclusions. On a volume/volume basis, the benign prostatic tissue of black men appears to contribute more PSA to the circulating blood than does the benign prostatic tissue of white men, and the difference increases with advancing age. These phenomena provide a reasonable explanation for the age-adjusted racial differences in the PSA of men with no clinical evidence of cancer.
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in a glue sniffer

A 17-year-old while male with a past history of chronic inhalational abuse of plastic glue was referred to our institution for sore throat, cervical adenopathy, and an abnormal peripheral blood smear. A diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia was made and abnormalities in cytogenetic studies were demonstrated. Specific inquiry regarding this form of drug exposure should be pursued when searching for possible etiologies of malignant disease.
Extreme Waves and Rayleigh Distribution in the South Atlantic Ocean Near the Northeast Coast of Brazil

In this brief communication we present the first result on what have we learned from a long, virtually continuously recorded wave height data set. The data was recorded by Petrobras on a mobile platform located on the northeast Brazilian coast. We found the well-known Rayleigh relation, Hmax/Hs = (ln (N)/2) 1/2 , fits the data real well for Hmax/Hs up to about 2.2, but diverges distinctly when Hmax/Hs values grow larger. An empirical relation for larger Hmax/Hs can be empirically represented by Hmax/Hs = (ln(N 2 )/2) 1/4 .
Bright lesions on sellar/parasellar T1-weighted scans

Eighty-seven patients with sellar and parasellar pathology were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging to categorize lesions with hyperintensity on T1-weighted images. Postoperative fat packing after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, intratumoral subacute or chronic hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas, and hemorrhagic or fat-containing craniopharyngiomas accounted for 33 of 35 abnormalities with short T1 values. Forty-three percent of nonsurgically treated pituitary adenomas had subacute intratumoral hemorrhage present. Using T2-weighted images to distinguish fat from subacute hemorrhage and attempting to identify the normal anterior pituitary gland on T1-weighted images may help to differentiate these three entities. T1-weighted images alone were not sufficient to distinguish between all sellar and parasellar masses.