cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Crime against Humanity” or “Crime against Jews”? Acknowledgment in Construals of the Holocaust and Its Importance for Intergroup Relations

This article examines the consequences of different representations of the Holocaust for intergroup relations, focusing on the role of acknowledgment of different groups’ fate that is inherent in these construals. Holocaust representations have become increasingly universal. Research on recategorization suggests prosocial outcomes of such superordinate representations. However, among minority groups, acknowledging both superordinate and subgroup identities may be crucial in order to prevent backlash. An experimental study among Jewish and non-Jewish participants (N = 163) was conducted to test these ideas. As hypothesized, prosocial responses to outgroup victims of collective violence and acknowledgment of their suffering increased among Jewish participants when both a superordinate categorization of the Holocaust and subgroup (Jewish) fate were presented, compared to when only one of these categorizations were used. Conversely, different categorizations did not affect outcomes among the control group. Practical implications for intergroup relations and memorialization in the aftermath of genocide are discussed.
Improved methodology to facilitate the recording of bioelectric events in the neonatal rat brain

In this article we outline some of the improvements we have made to our surgical techniques to enable us to obtain electrophysiological data in freely moving neonatal rats. These modifications will assist in the acquisition and analysis of evoked field potentials from the dentate gyrus subfield of the hippocampus in neonatal rats.
Megathrust earthquake swarms indicate frictional changes which delimit large earthquake ruptures

Abstract Using a recently constructed catalog of megathrust earthquake swarms, we present results that illustrate how fault slip for M w ⩾ 8.5 earthquakes with a publicly available finite fault rupture model is delimited along-strike by swarm regions. We further investigate this relationship for all M w > 7.5 subduction zone megathrust earthquakes that have occurred over the last 40 years by estimating the rupture area from early aftershocks. This extended comparison shows only 2 out of 42 earthquakes propagate through regions of the megathrust that have documented recurring earthquake swarm activity, while about 40% (17 out of 42) are terminate on at least one side near regions with swarm activity. In Japan, Chile, Sumatra, and Alaska, earthquake swarms correlate with regions of the plate interface that exhibit low interseismic strain accumulation. This suggests earthquake swarms are associated with reduced plate coupling, and possibly aseismic moment release; however earthquakes in Chile and Alaska ruptured through regions of weak coupling that do not show swarm activity. We propose instead that stress heterogeneity on the megathrust can best explain why large earthquake ruptures terminate in swarm regions but not in regions with weak coupling alone. Earthquake swarms appear to be a proxy for along-strike segmentation of subduction megathrusts, at least on the time scale of one seismic cycle.
TIME-RESOLVED PHOTODISSOCIATION OF P-BROMOTOLUENE ION AS A PROBE OF ION INTERNAL ENERGY

Abstract The unimolecular dissociation of the p-bromotoluene radical cation was studied by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. The parent ions were prepared by charge-transfer reactions of toluene-d8 ions with p-bromotoluene. The toluene-d8 radical cations were produced by two-photon ionization at 266 nm. The photodissociation was accomplished by 532 nm. The p-bromotoluene ion dissociates to C7H7+ with a loss of Br via one- and two-photon processes. The structures of the C7H7+ products were identified by ion-molecule reactions. The dissociation rates were measured by time-resolved photo-dissociation (TRPD) spectroscopy. The C7H7+ products from one-photon dissociation (1PD) were reactive toward toluene-d8 and yielded CD3C6D4CH2+, indicating the benzyl ion structure. No unreactive tropylium ions were detected from 1PD. The rate constant of 1PD obtained at the internal energy of 2.43 eV was combined with the photoelectron-photoion coincidence data reported in the internal energy range 2.75–3.33 eV to estimate the activation parameters for the lowest barrier process that led to the benzyl ion exclusively. The two-photon dissociation (2PD) resulted in both the benzyl and tropylium ions with the branching ratio, [benzyl+]/[tropylium+] = 92/8. It appears that the tropylium ion results from the isomerization of the p-tolyl ion produced by 2PD via a direct C-Br cleavage. The TRPD spectroscopy was used as a thermometric probe of the average internal energy of the parent ions produced by electron impact. The rates of 1PD were compared as a function of cooling time and pressure to examine the energy cooling processes. The effect of radiative heating of an ICR cell by hot filament on the dissociation rate was also examined.
Specular, diffuse, and polarized light scattered by two wheat canopies.

Using polarization measurements, the reflectance factor of two wheat canopies is divided into components due to specularly and diffusely reflected light. The data show that two key angles may be predicted, the angle of the polarizer for minimum flux and the angle of incidence of sunlight specularly reflected by a leaf to a sensor. The results show that specular reflection is a key aspect to radiation transfer by two canopies. Results suggest that the advent of heading in wheat may be remotely sensed from polarization measurements of the canopy reflectance.
“God Just Brought Me Through It”: Spiritual Coping Strategies for Resilience Among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors

This study highlights the spiritual coping processes for surviving and healing used by Christian women in a conservative faith community who experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Using data from 42 in-depth qualitative interviews of survivors of IPV, the findings reveal a pattern of spiritually-based survival and resilience strategies women used while coping with and eventually escaping their traumatic lives. The analysis notes the central role of spirituality as a means women used to move from coping for survival to resilient self-efficacy and healing. These findings assist clinical social workers with identifying and accessing spiritual strengths as a springboard to wellbeing.
Essential Elements and Cadmium and Lead in Fresh and Canned Peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Sixteen essential elements along with cadmium and lead were determined in fresh and canned peas (Pisum sarivum L.). Samples were taken during the canning process to determine where changes in element content occurred. The concentration of each sample was compared statistically to other samples taken at different stages of the process. Canned peas contained significantly lower concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, and zinc than fresh peas. As sodium chloride was added during the canning process, higher concentrations of chloride and sodium were found in the canned product. A 100g serving of drained canned peas supplied less than 11% of the RDAs or of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes except for chloride and sodium. Retention of all elements, except chloride and sodium, ranged from 24–86%.
Development of a new isothermal calorimeter; heats of hydrogen adsorption on supported platinum vs crystallite size

Abstract Heats of hydrogen adsorption over silica-supported platinum were measured calorimetrically as a function of dispersion. To measure the relatively small heats evolved, a sensitive calorimeter with a completely new type of detection system was constructed. The initial adsorption heats in three Q vs θ plots obtained decreased slightly with increasing dispersion. In all three plots local maxima corresponding to θ = 0.4 were observed. It was concluded that heats of adsorption are largely independent of dispersion. This is in agreement with the facile nature of most reactions over supported platinum.
Cluster of tuberculosis cases in North Carolina: possible association with atomizer reuse.

Abstract Background: Three patients with identical strains of M tuberculosis (TB) underwent bronchoscopy on the same day at hospital A. Methods: We reviewed each patient's clinical history, hospital A's infection control practices for bronchoscopies, and specimen and isolate handling at each of 3 laboratories involved. We searched for possible community links between patients. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed on TB isolates. Results: The first patient who underwent bronchoscopy had biopsy-confirmed granulomatous pulmonary TB. A sputum sample collected from the third patient 6 weeks after the bronchoscopy produced an isolate with an identical restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern to isolates collected during the bronchoscopies. No evidence existed for community transmission or laboratory contamination; the only common link was the bronchoscopy. Different bronchoscopes were used for each patient. Hospital ventilation and wall-suctioning were functioning well. Respiratory technicians reported sometimes reusing the nozzles of atomizers on more than one patient. A possible mechanism for transmission was contamination from the first patient of the atomizer if it was used to apply lidocaine to the pharynx and nasal passages of other patients. Conclusions: A contaminated atomizer may have caused TB transmission during bronchoscopy. Hospital A changed to single-use atomizers after this investigation. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 2001;29:1-6)
NUCLEAR FUNDAMENTALS REMAIN

For Japan, the situation has become extremely difficult since counter-measures to deal with the nuclear accident had to be carried out along with dealing with the broader disaster caused by earthquake and the tsunami. In terms of damage, the Tohoku earthquake and the tsunami have caused the most fatalities and the largest economic loss ever from an earthquake and/or tsunami. The impact of this natural disaster is present not only in Japan but world-wide. The state of affairs in the global energy sector is affected by the consequences which may be lasting for decades. These effects are subject of this article dealing not with the nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi NPPs itself, but rather with the world-wide consequences and after effect on nuclear energy development. This includes: environmental damages, socio-economic effects, actions of safety authorities, extended protective measures against external events, the impact on global nuclear energy, triggered nuclear phase-outs and changes in new build plans as well as the sustainability of energy mix itself and an outlook.
Connecting users with similar interests via tag network inference

The popularity of social networking greatly increases interaction among people. However, one major challenge remains --- how to connect people who share similar interests. In a social network, the majority of people who share similar interests with given a user are in the long tail that accounts for 80% of total population. Searching for similar users by following links in social network has two limitations: it is inefficient and incomplete. Thus, it is desirable to design new methods to find like-minded people. In this paper, we propose to use collective wisdom from the crowd or tag networks to solve the problem. In a tag network, each node represents a tag as described by some words, and the weight of an undirected edge represents the co-occurrence of two tags. As such, the tag network describes the semantic relationships among tags. In order to connect to other users of similar interests via a tag network, we use diffusion kernels on the tag network to measure the similarity between pairs of tags. The similarity of people's interests are measured on the basis of similar tags they share. To recommend people who are alike, we retrieve top k people sharing the most similar tags. Compared to two baseline methods triadic closure and LSI, the proposed tag network approach achieves 108% and 27% relative improvements on the BlogCatalog dataset, respectively.
A procedure to create isoconcentration surfaces in low-chemical-partitioning, high-solute alloys.

Abstract A proximity histogram or proxigram is the prevailing technique of calculating 3D composition profiles of a second phase in atom probe tomography. The second phase in the reconstruction is delineated by creating an isoconcentration surface, i.e. the precipitate–matrix interface. The 3D composition profile is then calculated with respect to this user-defined isoconcentration surface. Hence, the selection of the correct isoconcentration surface is critical. In general, the preliminary selection of an isoconcentration value is guided by the visual observation of a chemically partitioned second phase. However, in low-chemical -partitioning systems, such a visual guide is absent. The lack of a priori composition information of the precipitate phase may further confound the issue. This paper presents a methodology of selecting an appropriate elemental species and subsequently obtaining an isoconcentration value to create an accurate isoconcentration surface that will act as the precipitate–matrix interface. We use the H-phase precipitate in the Ni–Ti–Hf shape memory alloy as our case study to illustrate the procedure.
A 2020 Vision for Healthy People

Dr. Howard Koh writes that the Healthy People initiative aims to unify national dialogue about health, motivate action, and encourage new directions in health promotion, providing a public health roadmap and compass for the country.
College quality and overeducation

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between college quality and overeducation. If workers attending lower quality colleges receive less human capital in a year of schooling, they may require more schooling than the typical person to be qualified for their job. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a negative relationship is found between college quality and the likelihood of being overeducated. In addition college quality is found to influence the ability of overeducated workers to exit the classification.
On the Evolving Nature of Exposure Therapy

Four articles examining methodological applications of exposure therapy and its limited dissemination were briefly reviewed. Methodological articles included those by Abramowitz et al., Gryczkowski et al., and Weiner and McKay, which addressed couple treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), modification of evidence-based anxiety treatments for children, and novel exposure methods for depersonalization and derealization, respectively. The creative aspects of these innovations are highlighted as well as historical parallels in the empirical literature for both anxiety and other clinical phenomena. Underutilization and limited dissemination concerns are discussed in the context of the fourth article by Hipol and Deacon and as related to the field as a whole. A unique concept, exposaphobia, is hypothesized to explain the lack of clinicians’ utilization of this technique, due to their own anxiety-driven inhibitions in using it. Suggestions for the future of exposure research and dissemination are made.
Pattern of Thiazolidinedione Exposures Reported to Texas Poison Centers During 1998–2004

Information on the management of potentially adverse exposures to thiazolidinediones, a class of oral antihyperglycemic, is limited. This study examined the distribution of thiazolidinedione exposures reported to Texas poison control centers from 1998 through 2004. There were a total of 581 exposures reported, increasing from 31 in 1998 to 140 in 2004. Of the 286 exposures to thiazolidinediones alone, 60% involved patients age 5 yr or younger and 34% patients age 20 yr or greater. Fifty-four percent of the patients were female. The exposure was unintentional in 94% of the exposures, with therapeutic errors accounting for 26% of the exposures reported. Management of 61% of the exposures occurred on site and 39% at a health care facility. Of those exposures with a final medical outcome, 94% were classified as no effect and no cases with major effects or deaths were reported. An adverse clinical effect was reported for 7% of the exposures, the most frequent of which were hypoglycemia (2%), hyperglycemia (1%)...
Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment

As our knowledge of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes increases, so does our appreciation for the pathogenic complexity of this disease and the challenges associated with its treatment. Many new concepts about the pathogenesis of this disorder have arisen. The role of genetics versus environment in disease formation has been questioned, and the basis on which type 1 diabetes is characterised and diagnosed is the subject of much debate. Additionally, the care and treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes has seen a rapid evolution; with genetically engineered insulins, glucose monitoring devices, and algorithms all contributing to a decrease in disease-related complications. We focus this seminar on these changing views, and offer a new perspective on our understanding of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and on principles for therapeutic management of patients with this disorder.
Effects of growth conditions on the composition of CVT and PVT grown hg 1- x Cd x Te epitaxial layers

Single crystal epitaxial layers of Hg1-x Cd x Te were grown on CdTe substrates employing the chemical and physical vapor transport techniques. Different growth temperatures and various pressures of HgI2 as a transport agent were used while the source materials had compositions of eitherx = 0.4 orx = 0.6. The epilayers are of nearly uniform composition to a depth of about one-half of the layer thickness. The Hgl2 pressure and the growth temperature used for the growth experiments have significant effects on the layer composition. The desired epilayer composition ofx = 0.2 can be achieved with either source compositions by properly adjusting the HgI2 pressure and the growth temperature.
Regionalism, urbanism, and participation in the ministry: Blacks in the southern United States in the early twentieth century

Abstract This study examines Blacks’ participation in the ministry in the U.S. South during the early twentieth century. Analyses of Census data reveal that the odds of southern Blacks’ participation in the ministry were exceptionally high. These odds were lowest in the hinterlands of the Deep South, where Blacks’ socioeconomic disadvantages were greatest, and highest in the South's largest cities, where Blacks had established urban communities. The results suggest that support for Blacks’ participation in the ministry was intensified by urbanism in the South's major cities.
Price-only contracts with backup supply

This paper studies a supply chain in which a manufacturer holds backup supply with extra cost to satisfy demand unmet by a retailer. We provide a simple threshold condition for when the manufacturer should hold backup supply. We also study how the backup supply affects the supply chain performance.
Head-tail connector of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract The head-tail connector of phage λ, a protein knob inside the head shell to which the tail attaches, is composed primarily of head protein gpB § and its cleaved form gpB∗. All of the gpB and gpB∗ in the virion is located in the connector. gpFII, the protein that is thought to form the site on the head to which the tail binds, is also located in the connector. Head proteins gpE, gpD, X1 and X2 are not components of the connector. These assignments were made by disrupting virions with guanidine hydrochloride, in such a way that heads and tails separate with the connectors attached to the tails, and determining which head proteins co-purify with the tails. We find that lysates from a λE− infection contain a high proportion of tails with connectors attached. (Gene E codes for the major component of the head shell.) Connectors are also present on tails from a λE−C− infection, arguing that gpE, gpC, and their processed forms, X1 and X2, are all unnecessary for assembly of biologically competent connectors. The gpB in the connectors on E− and E−C− tails is in the uncleaved form. Connectors are not seen on tails from infections by λE−B−, λE−FII−, or λE− in a groE− host.
Estimating radiological background using imaging spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Optical imaging spectroscopy is investigated as a method to estimate radiological background by spectral identification of soils, sediments, rocks, minerals and building materials derived from natural materials and assigning tabulated radiological emission values to these ma terials. Radiological airborne surveys are undertaken by local, state and federal agencies to identify the presence of radi ological materials out of regulatory comp liance. Detection performance in such surveys is determined by (among other factors) the uncertainty in the radiation background; increased knowledge of the expected radiation background will improve the ability to detect low-activity radiological materials. Radiological background due to naturally occurring radiological materials (NORM) can be estimated by reference to previous survey results, use of global 40 K, 238 U, and 232 Th (KUT) values, reference to existing USGS radiation background maps, or by a moving average of the data as it is acquired. Each of these methods has its drawbacks: previous survey results may not include recent changes, the global average provides only a zero-order estimate, the USGS background radiation map resolutions are coarse and are accurate only to 1 km  25 km sampling intervals depending on locale, and a moving average may essentially low pass filter the data to obscure small changes in radiation counts. Imaging spectroscopy from airborne or spaceborne platforms can offer higher resolution identification of materials and background, as well as provide imaging context information. AVIRIS hyperspectral image data is analyzed using commercial exploitation software to determine the usefulness of imaging spectroscopy to identify qualitative radiological background emissions when compared to airborne radiological survey data. Keywords: imaging spectroscopy, background radiation estimation, naturally occurring radioactive material 1. INTRODUCTION Estimation of radiological background using imaging spectroscopy may provide improved mapping and classification of the existing natural radiological backgrou nd of an airborne radiological survey area by using imaging spectroscopy data from a variety of hyperspectral or multispectral imaging platforms that exhibit much higher spatial resolution (< 30 m) than that offered by radiolog ical sensing. While the use of imaging spec troscopy is well-accepted in the earth sciences for identification of mineral resources, natural resource cataloging and abundance mapping, it has not been shown (to the best of our knowledge) that the assignment of
The Polish Solidarity Movement in Retrospect: In Search of a Mnemonic Mirror

The legacy of the Solidarity movement of the 1980s, which was a leading force in the region’s 1989 revolutions, culminating most symbolically with the fall of the Berlin Wall, has yet to be institutionalized in Polish social memory. A spate of official commemorations marking the movement’s 25th anniversary in 2005 provided a palette on which Poles projected—or refused to project—their memories. The movement’s legacy continues to play out in current and contentious electoral politics, since the leaders of the top contending parties are former Solidarity activists. Despite and partly because of this active presence of Solidarity movement players, Polish civil society appears to be in a liminal state of active hesitation over the task of concretizing this movement’s past in commemorative forms. This article proposes six cultural and political explanations for this hesitation. It also recommends that social scientists disaggregate the concept of memory work into various manifestations on a continuum from hesitation to deliberation and agitation to institutionalization. As the article illustrates, hesitation can constitute action. At stake in this exercise is a larger discourse—over the direction of the post-1989 socio-political changes vis-a-vis the aims of the 1989 revolutions and the meaning of democracy and transitional justice in a posttotalitarian context.
Critical compressive stress for continuous fiber unidirectional composites

Dow and Rosen’s work in 1965 formed an intellectual framework for compressive strength of unidirectional composites. Compressive strength was explained in terms of micro-buckling, in which filament...
Adaptive OFDM Radar for Target Detection in Multipath Scenarios

We develop methods for detecting a moving target in the presence of multipath reflections, which exist, for example, in urban environments. We take advantage of the multipath propagation that increases the spatial diversity of the radar system and provides different Doppler shifts over different paths. We employ a broadband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal to increase the frequency diversity of the system as different scattering centers of a target resonate variably at different frequencies. To overcome the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem of the conventional OFDM, we also use constant-envelope OFDM (CE-OFDM) signaling scheme. First, we consider a simple scenario in which the radar receives only a finite number of specularly reflected multipath signals. We develop parametric measurement models, for both the OFDM and CE-OFDM signaling methods, under the generalized multivariate analysis of variance (GMANOVA) framework and employ the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) tests to decide about the presence of a target in a particular range cell. Then, we propose an algorithm to optimally design the parameters of the OFDM transmitting waveform for the next coherent processing interval. In addition, we extend our models to study the aspects of temporal correlations in the measurement noise. We provide a few numerical examples to illustrate the performance characteristics of the proposed detectors and demonstrate the achieved performance improvement due to adaptive OFDM waveform design.
Effect of high amounts of dietary zinc and age upon tissue zinc in young chicks.

Weight gains of young broiler chicks were not reduced by up to 2400 ppm added zinc fed to four weeks of age. Tissue zinc was not changed significantly by 600 or 1200 ppm supplement dietary zinc, but at 2400 ppm added zinc, blood, kidney, and liver zinc were significantly elevated (P < 0.05). In the heart, zinc was not affected by the added dietary zinc but increased over time with all diets. Unlike the calf weanling pig, the metabolism of zinc in the young chick does not appear to change appreciably with increasing maturity. Thus, the homeostatic control mechanisms of the young chick are effective for up to 1200 ppm dietary zinc, but are partially overcome by 2400 ppm added dietary zinc. 17 references, 1 figure, 2 tables.
The nature of nurture : genetic influence on «environmental» measures

Evidence for genetic influence on environmental measures will emerge in quantitative genetic analyses if genetically influenced characteristics of individuals are assessed by these environmental measures. Recent twin and adoption studies indicate substantial genetic influence when measures of the environment are treated as phenotypes in genetic analyses. Genetic influence has been documented for measures as diverse as videotaped observations of parental behavior toward their children, ratings by parents and children of their family environment, and ratings of peer groups, social support, and life events. Evidence for genetic influence on environmental measures includes some of the most widely used measures of environment – the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, the Family Environment Scales, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale of life events, for example. The goal of this article is to document and discuss these findings and to elicit commentary that might help to shape the course of research on this topic, which has far-reaching implications for the behavioral and brain sciences.
The effects of solution structure on the surface conformation and orientation of a cysteine-terminated antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1.

The surface structure of an antimicrobial peptide, cecropin P1, immobilized to a gold surface via a terminal cysteine residue was investigated. Using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the effects of pH, solution conformation, and concentration on the immobilized peptide conformation, average orientation, and surface density were determined. Under all conditions investigated, the immobilized peptides were α-helical in a predominately flat, random orientation. The addition of the reducing agent Tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride to the buffer resulted in a twofold increase in immobilized peptide surface density.
On the Welfare Significance of National Product in a Dynamic Economy

I. Introduction, 156. — II. A formulation of the problem, 156. — III. What is net national product? 159. — IV. Proof of the main proposition, 160. — V. Unanticipated technological change: an application, 161.
Technology to Advance Research in Kinesiology: The Case for Light, Sound, and Radiofrequencies

Technology has strongly impacted research in kinesiology. Recent technological advances have greatly enhanced our ability to noninvasively quantify activity-related changes in skeletal muscles and peripheral arteries. In people with spinal cord injuries, we can track changes in muscle size, composition, and the presence of injury. We can also measure changes in artery size, health, and the ability to deliver oxygen. However, large investments in time are needed to both obtain these measurements and to be able to interpret them. The monetary costs of advancing technology are rising as well, serving as a major limitation to the promise of technology in kinesiology.
Neurologic disorders in a medical intensive care unit: A prospective survey

Abstract Acute neurologic disorders are frequent and important in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients, occurring in 45% of 100 consecutive patients. Neurologic complications occurred in 33% of patients admitted for non-neurologic reasons and necessitated cranial computed tomography in 36%. Approximately half (48%) of the secondary neurologic disorders were managed without neurologic consultation. The mortality rate in patients with secondary neurologic disorders was 59% (16 of 27) compared with a rate of 20% (11 of 55) in patients without neurologic complications ( P
Survival data for 648 patients with osteosarcoma treated at one institution.

During the past 30 years, the orthopaedic oncology group at the Massachusetts General Hospital has treated 648 patients with osteosarcoma centrally located in the bone. Using records maintained in a specifically designed computer system, a study was done to assess the factors that seemed to influenc
Growth of a bacterial consortium on triclosan

Triclosan is a polychlorinated hydroxy diphenylether that has been widely used as an antimicrobial compound. An enrichment using triclosan as a sole source of carbon and energy yielded a consortium of bacteria capable of growing on this compound. The dichloro ring was partially mineralized, resulting in the conversion of approximately 35% of the [14C]triclosan to [14C]CO2. Use of molecular fingerprinting techniques and 16S rDNA cloning and sequencing aided in the identification and eventual isolation of an auxotrophic Sphingomonas-like organism, strain Rd1, which was able to partially mineralize triclosan when grown on complex media.
A framework for effective Six Sigma implementation

In this paper, we introduce a framework for implementing Six Sigma. We utilise the PDCA cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) to operationalise Six Sigma implementation. By defining Six Sigma as projects aimed at achieving specific goals, we address the importance of executive commitment and the role of Black Belts in effective implementation of Six Sigma projects. In addition we link implementation of Six Sigma with quality management and the PDCA cycle. Several propositions have been developed and key areas of research have been identified.
The effects of dislocation distribution on the low temperature electrical transport properties of deformed metals

Abstract The effects of dislocation distribution on the low temperature electrical transport properties of deformed metals are considered. Calculations based on a simple geometric model are shown to predict apparent deviations from Matthiessen's rule in quantitative agreement with reported experimental results for several metals. Extensions of this model are also shown to lead to explanations for the effects of plastic deformation on the magnetoresistivity of metals and for apparent deviations from Matthiessen's rule observed in the thermal resistivity of deformed metals.
Rationale for Targeted Rather Than Population Based Screening With C-Reactive Protein Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999 to 2002)

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most well-studied inflammatory marker for the prediction of coronary artery disease. It was hypothesized that population-wide screening would have minimal impact but that a target population might be identified for whom CRP testing could be appropriate. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 1999 to 2002) included 7,399 subjects who represented 171 million United States residents aged 20 to 79 years. Subjects were risk stratified according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Subjects with CRP levels >3 mg/L then had their risk profiles adjusted by adding 1 risk factor and multiplying their Framingham risk scores by 1.5. Subjects had their low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goals adjusted as necessary and were then recategorized as above or below their CRP-adjusted LDL cholesterol goal. LDL cholesterol goals were met initially by 67.8% (116 ± 8 million) of United States residents, and 64.8% (111 ± 8 million) achieved their LDL cholesterol goals after CRP adjustment. Thus, 5.3 ± 1.1 million of the population (3.1 ± 0.1%) had their risk modified in a clinically meaningful way by CRP adjustment. Targeting the screening to 2 groups, those with 1 risk factor and LDL cholesterol levels 130 to 159 mg/dl and those with moderately high risk and LDL cholesterol levels 100 to 129 mg/dl, we were able to identify all 5.3 million by screening only 14.8 million, achieving a screening yield of 35%. In conclusion, population-based screening with CRP provided a clinical impact for only 3.1% of United States residents. Patients with 1 risk factor and LDL cholesterol levels of 130 to 159 mg/dl and those with moderately high risk and LDL cholesterol levels of 100 to 129 mg/dl represent high-yield subgroups for routine CRP screening.
Ultrastructure of Dynactin Complex: A Mediator of Cytoplasmic Dynein

The ∼1.0 megadalton dynactin complex interacts with cytoplasmic dynein to increase its processivity during minus-end-directed transport of cargo along microtubules (MT). The detailed molecular understanding of how dynactin regulates dynein motility is still elusive due to lack of structural information of the complex. Here we present structure of vertebrate dynactin at 20A resolution, achieved by negative stain electron microscopy (EM). The reconstruction reveals the overall architecture of dynactin, allowing for delineation of the major known subcomplexes of the molecule. We can clearly discern the individual Arp subunits arranged in actin like helical fashion in the filament, along with the capping density at the barbed-end, and the pointed-end complex. We can also identify the shoulder domain above the filament observing extensive interactions with the Arp subunits. Due to the flexibility of the extended p150Glued coiled-coil arm, whose base interacts with dynein and whose globular tip binds the MT surface, this region was not resolved in the 3D reconstruction. However, focused 2D analysis of the p150Glued arm revealed its attachment point at the shoulder domain, as well as structural details of the globular CAP-Gly domain. This structural study of the dynactin complex establishes a strong foundation for understanding how its architecture is adapted for concerted interaction with dynein, cargo, and MTs during transport processes.
Comparative Reactivity of the (Trimethylsilyl)phosphines (Me3Si)3-nPHn (n = 1,2) in Radical Reactions

Radical reactions have been studied between Me3SiPH2 or (Me3Si)2PH and selected mono- and dialkenes, cyclohexene, 1-hexene, Ph2PCHCH2, 1,5-octadiene, norbornadiene, and 1,4-pentadiene, a series chosen for their range of reactivities. The Me3SiPH2/alkene reactions [alkene in brackets] yield the following: [1-hexene], Me3SiP(H)(n-C6H13) (8), Me3SiP(n-C6H13)2 (9); [Ph2PCHCH2], (Ph2PCH2CH2)2PSiMe3 (12); [1,4-pentadiene], Me3SiP(CH2)5 (14); [norbornadiene], Me3SiP(H)C7H9 (16A/16B). The (Me3Si)2PH/alkene reactons [alkene in brackets] yield the following: [Ph2PCHCH2], Ph2PCH2CH2P(SiMe3)2 (18); [norbornadiene], (Me3Si)2PC7H9 (20). A new synthesis for (Me3Si)2PH using a LiAlH4/PH3 phosphinating reagent is described. Solvolysis of 8, 9, 12, 14, 16A/16B, 18, and 20 yields H2P(n-C6H13) (10), HP(n-C6H13)2 (11), (Ph2PCH2CH2)2PH (13), (CH2)5PH (15), H2PC7H9 (17), and Ph2PCH2CH2PH2 (19). New compounds are characterized by spectral (31P, 13C, and 1H NMR, IR, and MS) data. Relative reactivities of phosphines in the (Me3S...
Integral equations, implicit functions, and fixed points

The problem is to show that (1) V(t, x) = S(t, fo H(t, s, x(s)) ds) has a solution, where V defines a contraction, V, and S defines a compact map, S. A fixed point of Pfp = SW + (I V)p would solve the problem. Such equations arise naturally in the search for a solution of f (t, x) = 0 where f (0, 0) = 0, but 9f (0, 0)/63x = 0 so that the standard conditions of the implicit function theorem fail. Now Pp = Sp + (I V)(p would be in the form for a classical fixed point theorem of Krasnoselskii if I V were a contraction. But I V fails to be a contraction for precisely the same reasons that the implicit function theorem fails. We verify that I V has enough properties that an extension of Krasnoselskii's theorem still holds and, hence, (1) has a solution. This substantially improves the classical implicit function theorem and proves that a general class of integral equations has a solution.
The nonuniformly moving edge dislocation

Abstract The motion of an edge dislocation starting from rest and moving thereafter nonuniformly on its slip-plane is analyzed by means of Laplace transforms in space and time, with detailed treatment of the singularities involved. The stress and particle velocities are derived in the form of an integral over the history of the motion in the case of a general motion and in closed form in the special case of a dislocation starting from rest and moving with constant velocity thereafter.
Structural and Functional Analyses of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Endoribonuclease Nsp15

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus encodes several RNA-processing enzymes that are unusual for RNA viruses, including Nsp15 (nonstructural protein 15), a hexameric endoribonuclease that preferentially cleaves 3' of uridines. We solved the structure of a catalytically inactive mutant version of Nsp15, which was crystallized as a hexamer. The structure contains unreported flexibility in the active site of each subunit. Substitutions in the active site residues serine 293 and proline 343 allowed Nsp15 to cleave at cytidylate, whereas mutation of leucine 345 rendered Nsp15 able to cleave at purines as well as pyrimidines. Mutations that targeted the residues involved in subunit interactions generally resulted in the formation of catalytically inactive monomers. The RNA-binding residues were mapped by a method linking reversible cross-linking, RNA affinity purification, and peptide fingerprinting. Alanine substitution of several residues in the RNA-contacting portion of Nsp15 did not affect hexamer formation but decreased the affinity of RNA binding and reduced endonuclease activity. This suggests a model for Nsp15 hexamer interaction with RNA.
Everyday discrimination and mood and substance use disorders: A latent profile analysis with African Americans and Caribbean Blacks

Abstract Background Perceived discrimination is a major source of health-related stress. The purpose of this study was to model the heterogeneity of everyday-discrimination experiences among African American and Caribbean Blacks and to identify differences in the prevalence of mood and substance use outcomes, including generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder among the identified subgroups. Method The study uses data from the National Survey of American Life obtained from a sample of African American and Caribbean Black respondents (N = 4,462) between 18 and 65 years. Results: We used latent profile analysis and multinomial regression analyses to identify and validate latent subgroups and test hypotheses, yielding 4 classes of perceived everyday discrimination: Low Discrimination, Disrespect and Condescension, General Discrimination, and Chronic Discrimination. Findings show significant differences exist between the Low Discrimination and General Discrimination classes for major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder. Moreover, we find significant differences exist between the Low Discrimination and Chronic Discrimination classes for the four disorders examined. Compared with the Chronic Discrimination class, members of the other classes were significantly less likely to meet criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder. Conclusions Findings suggest elevated levels of discrimination increase risk for mood and substance-use disorders. Importantly, results suggest the prevalence of mood and substance-use disorders is a function of the type and frequency of discrimination that individuals experience.
Hepatic secretory obstruction with total parenteral nutrition in the infant

Abstract Hepatic parenchymal cholestasis with clinical obstructive jaundice has been reported sporadically in neonates receiving long-term parenteral nutrition with 2% to 4% protein hydrolysate and 15% to 20% glucose solutions. 1–4 A prospective study of infants receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was initiated to determine the real incidence, time of onset, reversibility, and severity of this complication.
Effects of reserpine on cholesterol levels in cholesterol-fed rabbits.

SummaryRabbits given injections of res-erpine and fed a high cholesterol diet showed significantly lower mean serum total cholesterol levels and less lipid deposition in aorta, liver, spleen and adrenals than non-treated animals on the same diet. No variation was observed in rabbits treated with reserpine on a stock diet. Some rabbits treated with reserpine showed a kidney lesion similar to that described in rats treated with serotonin.
Zeitrafferaufnahmen als Hilfsmittel der Unternehmensführung

Die Moglichkeit der Verwendung von Filmapparaten kombiniert mit Stenerungsgeraten bei wirtschaftlichen Untersuchungen werden dargelegt. Einige der auf technischem und naturwissenschaftlichem Gebiet verbreiteten Anwendungsmoglichkeiten der Photo- und Filmtechnik eignen sich fur die Bearbeitung von wirtschaftlichen Problemen. Systematische Beobachtung und Kontrolle unregelmasiger Bewegungen bzw. Verhaltens von Menschen und Gutern liefern nutzliche Grundlagen bei der Bearbeitung zahlreicher Aufgaben der Unternehmensfuhrung.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angioedema: estimating the risk.

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are now widely prescribed for the treatment of hypertension as well as for providing cardiovascular and renal protection in patients with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and at high risk of cardiovascular events. Worldwide, it is estimated that tens of millions of patients are now taking these agents. Given this widespread exposure to ACE inhibitors, it is evident that even rare events can multiply and affect significant numbers of patients.1 This certainly applies to angioedema, a serious side effect of the ACE inhibitors that has been known about since these drugs were first introduced. The article by Miller et al in this issue of Hypertension represents a careful effort to estimate the frequency of this event in contemporary clinical practice.2 One of the chief attributes of the ACE inhibitors has been their overall tolerability. By far the most commonly encountered complaint with these agents is a dry, nonproductive cough. The cause of this cough has never been established, but bradykinin—which exists in increased concentrations as a direct result of the action of the ACE inhibitors—is the most commonly cited culprit. This cough is generally not of medical significance, but can sometimes lead to increased doctor visits and costs when the explanation for a newly evident cough is being sought. This symptom is sufficiently intrusive to cause discontinuation of ACE inhibitor therapy in up to 20% of patients. Angioedema is potentially far more troubling. As with cough, bradykinin seems to be the cause of this event.3 Angioedema varies in severity. In its mildest form, it may be manifested by a transient swelling of the lips, tongue, or mouth. More serious cases, however, can cause acute respiratory distress by affecting the upper airway and larynx. Obviously, patients with these drastic manifestations of angioedema typically …
Maternal risk factors for potential maltreatment deaths among healthy singleton and twin infants.

Our aim was to evaluate the risk of death among healthy infants due to maltreatment, using national linked vital statistics data. The study population included all nonanomalous, full-term (> or = 37 weeks), non-low birthweight (> 2500 grams) infants born between 1995 and 2000 and their linked death certificates: 18,673,439 singleton pregnancies (36,864 deaths) and 77,800 twin pregnancies (356 pregnancies with a death). The underlying cause of death was characterized as due to maltreatment, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and other causes, based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes, and modeled by maternal age using multinomial logistic regression; mothers aged 25 to 29 were the reference group. The highest risk for infant mortality was among the youngest mothers for maltreatment (AOR 2.45 and 1.95 for singleton mothers or = 25, with and without the father's age present on the birth certificate, with mothers > or = 25 and father's age present as the reference group. All risks of death were significantly increased for mothers younger than age 25, with the highest risks among the youngest mothers and missing father's age. The pattern for twins was similar, with elevated risks among younger mothers with or without father's age present on the birth certificate. These results add to the body of knowledge regarding risk factors for infant mortality among healthy singletons and twins. Language: en