cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends and issues in establishing interoperability among knowledge organization systems

This report analyzes the methodologies used in establishing interoperability among knowledge organization systems (KOS) such as controlled vocabularies and classification schemes that present the organized interpretation of knowledge structures. The development and trends of KOS are discussed with reference to the online era and the Internet era. Selected current projects and activities addressing KOS interoperability issues are reviewed in terms of the languages and structures involved. The methodological analysis encompasses both conventional and new methods that have proven to be widely accepted, including derivation/modeling, translation/adaptation, satellite and leaf node linking, direct mapping, co-occurrence mapping, switching, linking through a temporary union list, and linking through a thesaurus server protocol. Methods used in link storage and management, as well as common issues regarding mapping and methodological options, are also presented. It is concluded that interoperability of KOS is an unavoidable issue and process in today's networked environment. There have been and will be many multilingual products and services, with many involving various structured systems. Results from recent efforts are encouraging.
Oxidative stability of mahi mahi red muscle dipped in tilapia protein hydrolysates

Abstract The oxidative stability of mahi mahi red muscle dipped in tilapia protein hydrolysates was evaluated. Alkali solubilised tilapia protein isolate was hydrolysed using Flavourzyme to 13% degree of hydrolysis. Whole tilapia protein hydrolysate and ultrafiltered fraction a ∗ value were measured at regular intervals. Results showed that dip treatments significantly decreased ( p p > 0.05) difference between WH and a ∗ value decreased with storage time, but was not significantly different from the control. It could be concluded that dip treatment for 2 min in whole tilapia protein hydrolysate may be used as a potential antioxidant treatment for improving oxidative stability of fish fillets.
The natural history of metaphyseal dysostosis

This study of metaphyseal dysostosis in 24 related patients and 2 sporadic cases demonstrated wide variation in the severity of expression in this inherited nonrachitic abnormality of osseous development. Twenty-five of the patients were short of stature. Most of them had pain in the legs during childhood and frequent findings were broad metaphyses, tibial bowing, waddling gait, flaring of the lower rib cage, and inability to fully extend the fingers. Roentgenographic studies revealed wide irregular metaphyses at the ankles, knees, wrists and shoulders, with normal epiphyses and diaphyses. The natural course of this form of metaphyseal dysostosis has been one of symptomatic and radiographic improvement beginning as early as 3 years of age. Because spontaneous improvement occurs in most cases orthopedic operation is indicated only for the unusual instance of severe disability.
Creative Justice? The Relationship between Prospective Teachers' Prior Schooling Experiences and Perceived Importance of Promoting Student Creativity

Prospective teachers (N = 117) enrolled in an introductory educational psychology course completed questions measuring their perceptions of past schooling experiences, current views regarding the importance of promoting student creativity, and their perceived ability to promote creativity. Statistically significant differences were found between the low importance and high importance groups. Prospective teachers who viewed promoting creativity of students as highly important were significantly less likely to indicate that they enjoyed school. In addition, prospective teachers in the high importance group indicated significantly lower levels of experiencing belongingness (relatedness) and significantly lower self-judgments of their past ability to be successful in school (competence). Judgments regarding the choices afforded in school (autonomy) were mixed, but favored prospective teachers who placed less importance on promoting student creativity. Finally, prospective teachers who viewed promoting student creativity as highly important were significantly more likely to indicate that they had the ability to promote student creativity. A creative-justice hypothesis was derived from these results. This hypothesis posits that individuals committed to promoting creativity are driven by their own past experiences with creativity diminishing environments. These individuals then seek out opportunities to transform the experiences of new inhabitants in similar environments.
A Perpetual Menace: Nuclear Weapons and International Order

A Perpetual Menace: Nuclear Weapons and International Order, William Walker. London and New York: Routledge, 2012, pp. 256, $145.00/£95.00 (hardcover); $36.45/£25.99 (paperback). http://dx.doi.org/...
The effect of hypocapnia (PaCO2 27 mmHg) on CaM kinase IV activity, Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression and DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.

Abstract The present study tests the hypothesis that a PaCO 2 of 27 mmHg for 1 hr results in increased neuronal nuclear Ca ++ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaM kinase IV) activity, pro-apoptotic protein expression and DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. Hypocapnic (HC) and normocapnic newborn piglets were studied. Tissue levels of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) were lower in the HC group. CaM kinase IV activity and Bax protein density were higher in the HC group. Bcl-2 protein density was the same in both groups, resulting in an increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in the HC group. Density of nuclear DNA fragments was greater in the HC group and varied inversely with ATP and PCr levels. We conclude that hypocapnia (PaCO 2 27 mmHg) results in increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and fragmentation of nuclear DNA in newborn piglets.
A late slow depolarization unmasked in the presence of tetraethylammonium in neonatal rat sympathetic neurons in vitro.

Abstract Neonatal rat superior cervical ganglia were mechanically dissociated, and the sympathetic neurons grown in dispersed cell cultures. Intracellular microelectrodes were used to study the effects of tetraethylammonium (TEA + ), a blocker of outward K + currents 3,10,19,55 , on the excitable properties of these neurons. Addition of TEA + to the perfusion media (TEA + -media) caused the resting potential to depolarize and the action potential to increase in duration. In TEA + -media (20–60 mM), a late delayed depolarization (LDD) followed the falling phase of the action potential with a delay of 1.5–2 s (n = 95). The LDD peak amplitude was in the range of 4–26 mV and the duration, to full return of the resting potential, was in the range of 18–90 s. For a given cell the amplitude and duration of the LDD were constant. The LDD was associated with a conductance increase. No LDD could be elicited in the presence of calcium channel blockers. Evidence was found for a Ca 2+ -dependence of the LDD: increasing the extracellular Ca 2+ concentration caused increases in the amplitude and duration of the LDD. The significance of an endogenous LDD-like potential and possible explanations for the origin of the LDD are discussed.
Digestion of Pollen Components by Larvae of the Flower-Specialist Bee Chelostoma florisomne (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Pollen digestion in larvae of the solitary bee Chelostoma florisomne (Megachilidae), a pollen-specialist (oligolectic) species on Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae), was investigated using histological techniques. Serial sections from the anterior-, median-, and posterior-midgut/hindgut regions of the larval alimentary canal were selectively stained and examined for disappearance of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from ingested Ranunculus pollen grains. During digestion, pollen contents were observed to gradually extrude through the grain apertures. Most of the digestion of lipids and proteins occurred in the anterior- and median-midgut, whereas carbohydrates disappeared more slowly and mainly in the median- and posterior-midgut. In the hindgut, pollen comprised mainly empty exine shells, which were crushed and often broken, suggesting that some components of the wall are degraded during digestion, causing collapse of the outer, chemically resistant wall layer (exine). Lipids were completely digested, but small quantities of proteins and carbohydrates were often still present in grains in the posterior midgut/hindgut. The pollenkitt appeared to be completely absorbed, with none evident in the posterior midgut or in larval feces. The findings indicate that this oligolectic bee has the digestive equipment necessary to effectively remove and absorb the nutrients present in the pollen of its restricted food source. Comparison with similar studies in adult honey bees suggests that differing digestive abilities might be an underlying factor in pollen specialization in bees.
Cycles, the Degree Distance, and the Wiener Index *

The degree distance of a graph G is   , 11 1 2 nn ij i ij DG d d L     j , where and i d j d are the degrees of vertices  1 for a tree T with n vertices. In this note, we extend this study for more general graphs that have frequent appearances in the study of these indices. In particular, we develop a formula regarding their correlation, with an error term that is presented with explicit formula as well as sharp bounds for unicyclic graphs and cacti with given parameters.
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure (S)-methanocarbaribo uracil nucleoside derivatives for use as antiviral agents and P2Y receptor ligands.

We have developed an approach toward enantiomerically pure (S)-methanocarba ribonucleosides based on several functional group transformations on a sensitive bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane system. d-Ribose was transformed into methanocarba alcohol 3 followed by conversion of the OH group to a nitrile with inversion of configuration at C4. The nitrile group was subsequently reduced in two stages to the 5′-hydroxymethyl group. An ester group appended to a tertiary carbon (C1) was transformed to an amino group as a nucleobase precursor.
Incompressibility in finite nuclei and nuclear matter

The incompressibility (compression modulus) ${K}_{0}$ of infinite symmetric nuclear matter at saturation density has become one of the major constraints on mean-field models of nuclear many-body systems as well as of models of high density matter in astrophysical objects and heavy-ion collisions. It is usually extracted from data on the giant monopole resonance (GMR) or calculated using theoretical models. We present a comprehensive reanalysis of recent data on GMR energies in even-even ${}^{112--124}$Sn and ${}^{106,100--116}$Cd and earlier data on $58\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}208$ nuclei. The incompressibility of finite nuclei ${K}_{A}$ is calculated from experimental GMR energies and expressed in terms of ${A}^{\ensuremath{-}1/3}$ and the asymmetry parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}=(N\ensuremath{-}Z)/A$ as a leptodermous expansion with volume, surface, isospin, and Coulomb coefficients ${K}_{\mathrm{vol}}$, ${K}_{\mathrm{surf}}$, ${K}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, and ${K}_{\mathrm{Coul}}$. Only data consistent with the scaling approximation, leading to a fast converging leptodermous expansion, with negligible higher-order-term contributions to ${K}_{A}$, were used in the present analysis. Assuming that the volume coefficient ${K}_{\mathrm{vol}}$ is identified with ${K}_{0}$, the ${K}_{\mathrm{Coul}}=\ensuremath{-}(5.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7)$ MeV and the contribution from the curvature term ${K}_{\mathrm{curv}}{A}^{\ensuremath{-}2/3}$ in the expansion is neglected, compelling evidence is found for ${K}_{0}$ to be in the range 250 $l{K}_{0}l$ 315 MeV, the ratio of the surface and volume coefficients $c={K}_{\mathrm{surf}}/{K}_{\mathrm{vol}}$ to be between $\ensuremath{-}2.4$ and $\ensuremath{-}1.6$ and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ between $\ensuremath{-}840$ and $\ensuremath{-}350$ MeV. In addition, estimation of the volume and surface parts of the isospin coefficient ${K}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, ${K}_{\ensuremath{\tau},v}$, and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\tau},s}$, is presented. We show that the generally accepted value of ${K}_{0}$ = (240 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 20) MeV can be obtained from the fits provided $c\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}1$, as predicted by the majority of mean-field models. However, the fits are significantly improved if $c$ is allowed to vary, leading to a range of ${K}_{0}$, extended to higher values. The results demonstrate the importance of nuclear surface properties in determination of ${K}_{0}$ from fits to the leptodermous expansion of ${K}_{A}$. A self-consistent simple (toy) model has been developed, which shows that the density dependence of the surface diffuseness of a vibrating nucleus plays a major role in determination of the ratio ${K}_{\mathrm{surf}}/{K}_{\mathrm{vol}}$ and yields predictions consistent with our findings.
Use of ceramics in point-focus solar receivers

One of the research and development efforts in the Solar Thermal Energy Systems Project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been focused on application of ceramic components for advanced point-focus solar receivers. The impetus for this effort is a need for high efficiency, low cost solar receivers which operate in a temperature regime where use of metal components is impractical. The current status of the work on evaluation of ceramic components at JPL and elsewhere is outlined and areas where lack of knowledge is currently slowing application of ceramics are discussed. Future developments of ceramic processing technology and reliability assurance methodology should open up applications for the point-focus solar concentrator system in fuels and chemicals production, in thermochemical energy transport and storage, in detoxification of hazardous materials and in high temperature process heat as well as for electric power generation.
Radioactive Labeling, Electrochemical, and Ultrahigh Vacuum Study of Sulfate Adsorption on Type 316 Stainless Steel

Abstract Adsorption of the sulfate/bisulfate anion on type 316 (UNS S31600) stainless steel (SS) in 0.1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) solution was studied using electrochemistry, radio-chemistry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) depth profiling, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adsorption was shown to depend upon pH and to occur over a broad range of electrode potentials. At pH 2.0 was much weaker. A multilayer sulfate coverage observed at some pH values and electrode potentials was considered evidence that sulfate, under some conditions, was an integral part of the corrosion layer. Adsorption was reversible only in slightly acidic or alkaline solutions. Below pH 2.0, passive film formation enhanced sulfate adsorption irreversibility. Auger electr...
Five Views of the Elephant

Assessment of communication disorders is a critical component in the clinical process. The clinical wisdom of assessment is reflected in the ethical guidelines of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. These guidelines require an assessment for purposes of clinical decision-making and for determining if therapy services are warranted. Clinical assessments to determine eligibility for therapy services also are mandated by law and by third-party payers. In addition to being used to approve or deny services for therapy, most clinicians regularly use assessments for myriad clinical purposes from goal setting to goal outcome. On any given day a clinician may assess one client to determine if therapy is needed, assess another to ascertain therapy progress, assess a third to help make a differential diagnosis, and assess yet another dynamically. Regardless of the type of assessment being provided, the challenge in most clinical settings is to balance thoroughness against efficiency. Thoroughness is necessary to provide the clinician a reasonable basis for decision making. Efficiency should be a sought out of respect for the client’s time and finances, as well as due to the enormous time demands placed on clinicians. Demand for clinical services is so great that an assessment is unlikely to be undertaken if it cannot be administered quickly and efficiently. A number of excellent books and chapters detail how to provide assessments. To illustrate “best practice,” they describe assessments typically undertaken in somewhat idealized conditions with few time limitations. There are far fewer resources, however, that describe how clinicians can balance the need for thoroughness against the need for efficiency. This forum attempts to fill that gap by bringing together experienced professionals to describe how they evaluate clients within the constraints of their clinic settings. All the participants are experts in the area of childhood articulation and phonological disorders. Each was asked to describe how he or she would perform an evaluation within the following constraints: 1. The client is a 4-year, 3-month-old child (named Bobby) with intact cognitive abilities whose intelligibility was approximately 50% in connected speech.
Deep ocean search by visual, acoustic, and magnetic sensors

The essential components of a system for ocean floor search are: facilities for safe deployment and retrieval of the search vehicle; a method for accurately determining the position of the ship and the search vehicle at all × suitable sensors and displays; provisions for rapid analysis of data; and facilities and personnel for proper operation and maintenance of the equipment. The unmanned towed vehicle system installed on Mizar (T-AGOR-11) uses a center well through which the sensor vehicle can be safely launched even in high sea states. The area about the Well is enclosed to provide a dry comfortable environment for maintenance and repair personnel. The hull-mounted acoustic tracking system provides means for accurate navigation using a single bottom reference transponder. Photographic, magnetic, and acoustic sensors are used simultaneously and excellent provisions are available for film development and data reduction. The major system design philosophy holds that all sensors must operate simultaneously, and all "data" are to be recorded in a permanent form. This latter requirement is very important since it reduces the dependency on "alert" operator performance and also permits reevaluation of data as the search progresses.
On exact solutions for beam columns on two-parameter elastic foundations

Recently Karamanlidis and Prakash presented an exact solution for the problem of beam-columns resting on two-parameter elastic foundations. In this work they compared their solution to another method that was presented earlier by Eisenberger and Clastornik. Following are several points that should be noted
Wave function and strange correlator of short-range entangled states.

We demonstrate the following conclusion: If $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}⟩$ is a one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) nontrivial short-range entangled state and $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}⟩$ is a trivial disordered state defined on the same Hilbert space, then the following quantity (so-called ``strange correlator'') $C(r,{r}^{\ensuremath{'}})=⟨\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}|\ensuremath{\phi}(r)\ensuremath{\phi}({r}^{\ensuremath{'}})|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}⟩/⟨\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}⟩$ either saturates to a constant or decays as a power law in the limit $|r\ensuremath{-}{r}^{\ensuremath{'}}|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+\ensuremath{\infty}$, even though both $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}⟩$ and $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}⟩$ are quantum disordered states with short-range correlation; $\ensuremath{\phi}(r)$ is some local operator in the Hilbert space. This result is obtained based on both field theory analysis and an explicit computation of $C(r,{r}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ for four different examples: 1D Haldane phase of spin-1 chain, 2D quantum spin Hall insulator with a strong Rashba spin-orbit coupling, 2D spin-2 Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki state on the square lattice, and the 2D bosonic symmetry-protected topological phase with ${Z}_{2}$ symmetry. This result can be used as a diagnosis for short-range entangled states in 1D and 2D.
Choice for others and the perception of control

There has been an increasing emphasis in psychology on the perception of control over one's environment and its effect on behavior and performance. In the present experiment, subjects were allowed to choose material they would like to learn if given the opportunity, or allowed to choose material for others to learn. Their learning of a nonchosen (forced) set of materials was then examined and compared with that of subjects given no opportunity to choose at all. It was found that the choice-for-self condition led to better performance than either the choice-for-other condition or the nochoice (forced) condition. However, when an additional group of subjects was given the opportunity to choose for others and their personal involvement was augmented by emphasizing their willingness to choose, their performance was enhanced relative to subjects offered no choice. The results were discussed in terms of motivational benefits stemming from perceived control.
Nutritional support and bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Nutritional support of extremely low-birth-weight infants has a critical role in the prevention, amelioration and recovery from bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Despite studies demonstrating the importance of providing adequate energy, protein and certain nutrients, no evidence-based nutritional guidelines exist. Attempts to improve outcomes with nutritional supplementation have been unsuccessful. These have included nutrients to enhance protection from oxidative lung injury (vitamin E, selenium, N-acetyl cysteine, superoxide dismutase), to improve surfactant function (inositol) and to improve pulmonary cell growth and differentiation (vitamin A). Only vitamin A has shown modest benefit. After infants with BPD move to the convalescent phase of their neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, they continue to require extra energy and protein to grow at appropriate rates. Enriched formulas have shown promise, but standard supplementation schemes with commercial human milk fortifiers may be inadequate to meet the infant's needs. Efforts to individualize the amount of fortification guided by twice-weekly blood urea nitrogen determinations have led to improved gains in weight, length and head circumference.
The influence of state mental health perceptions and spending on an individual’s use of mental health services

Purpose To explore the possible contextual effects of state-level mental health perceptions and public spending for mental health treatment on an individual’s use of mental health services, independent of the individual’s own perceptions.
Bootstrapping in non-regular smooth function models

We study the large sample behavior of the standard bootstrap, the m-out-of-n bootstrap, and the oracle bootstrap (Giurcanu and Presnell, 2009) [14] percentile confidence intervals in non-regular smooth function models. We show that the oracle bootstrap percentile confidence intervals are consistent while the standard bootstrap and the m-out-of-n bootstrap confidence intervals are inconsistent. Further analysis of coverage probabilities reveals that, for large samples, the iterated oracle bootstrap percentile confidence intervals are more accurate than their non-iterated versions. We also describe the large sample local behavior of the bootstrap confidence intervals for parameter values near the points of inconsistency of the standard bootstrap. In a simulation study, we describe the finite sample local behavior of various bootstrap confidence intervals.
Relationships between platelet and plasma monoamine oxidase, plasma dopamine-B-hydroxylase, and urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol

Abstract The activity of dopamine-B-hydroxylase in blood has recently been demonstrated to be under genetic control and to correlate closely with urinary catecholamine excretion. The results of the present study did not demonstrate any relationship between a major catecholamine metabolite in urine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol, and dopamine-B-hydroxylase activity in plasma, monoamine oxidase activity in platelets, or monoamine oxidase activity in plasma. Differences in the origin of urinary catecholamines and urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenyglycol may be responsible for these divergent results.
The Three Rs of Children of Alcoholics: Rules, Roles, Roads

(1999). The Three Rs of Children of Alcoholics: Rules, Roles, Roads. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 254-255.
Ganglioside and lipid composition of bulk-isolated rat and bovine oligodendroglia

We have examined the ganglioside composition of 30-day and 60-day postnatal rat oligodendroglia, adult bovine oligodendroglia, gray matter, white matter, and myelin and also the total lipid composition of the oligodendroglial preparations. The ganglioside patterns of rat and bovine oligodendroglia, as previously found for human oligodendroglia, were more complex than those of myelin. These data indicate that oligodendroglial perikarya can synthesize many brain type gangliosides, not all of which are incorporated into the compact myelin. Alternatively, the ganglioside composition of myelin may be altered in situ by the myelin-associated neuraminidase. In these two species, as in human, GM4 appears specific to oligodendroglia and myelin, while GD3 and GM3 are enriched in oligodendroglia but not myelin. In bovine oligodendrocytes GD3 is the major ganglioside. The total lipid concentration, as well as the percentage of cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine, differ for 30- and 60-day-old rat oligodendroglia and may be developmentally correlated with changes in myelin composition during myelinogenesis. There are also marked differences in the lipid composition of bovine oligodendroglia compared to rat oligodendroglia, with the former having more galactolipid and less ethanolamine phosphoglycerides.
Validation of Annulus Formation in Spotted Sucker Otoliths

Spotted suckers Minytrema melanops are found in many river systems from the Midwest to the Southeast United States. Though they are a relatively abundant species, otolith age validation methods have not been reported. The objective of this study was to validate annulus formation on the lapillar otolith for spotted suckers. We collected spotted suckers monthly from December 2005 to November 2006 in the Apalachicola River, Florida. Using marginal incremental analysis on whole browned lapillar otoliths, we validated that spotted suckers form one annulus per year between May and June. We also report population characteristics including a length–weight regression. This study validates otolith aging to provide an avenue for accurately assessing the age composition of spotted sucker populations, which will facilitate a better understanding of growth, recruitment, and mortality of the species.
A contact friction algorithm including nonlinear viscoelasticity and a singular yield surface provision

Abstract A finite element solution method for two-dimensional boundary value problems involving nonlinear viscoelasticity and contact friction is presented. The simulation of ceramic composites at elevated temperatures is the motivation of coupling viscoelasticity and contact friction. Three major topics are discussed; (i) the time-integration scheme developed for coupling the interface contact friction with nonlinear viscoelasticity in the surrounding continuum, (ii) the spatial discretization of a generalized two-dimensional deformation field using finite elements, and (iii) two methodologies for treating the nonlinearities introduced by the contact friction. The implementation of the contact friction utilizes a penalty method coupled with an incremental plasticity formulation. This formulation results in a highly nonlinear problem, and many solution techniques have difficulty with convergence due to a directional sensitivity arising from the unknown slip direction in the case of three-dimensional contact friction (or the unknown slip direction for hardening or dilatant two-dimensional friction problems). This directional sensitivity is illustrated along with an algorithm which alleviates this difficulty. Also, an algorithm based upon proportional stressing is developed to eliminate problems created by a singular yield surface for idealized Coulomb friction.
RAIN-ON-SNOW SURCHARGE FOR ROOF DESIGN

A study of structural loading on gable roofs due to rain falling on an existing roof snowpack is presented. Rain-on-snow provisions in various existing standards are reviewed, and a summary of structural damage in the United States arguably related to rain-on-snow is presented. Three separate approaches are then used to quantify the intensity, duration, and return period for a rain-on-snow event. The first approach is case history information from a 1996/1997 rain-on-snow event (unknown return period). The second is a statistical approach in which the ground snow load plus daily rain with a 50-year return period is determined (unknown intensity and duration of the rain). The third is a two-year return period rain (unknown snow condition). Based upon the resulting roof surcharge loads, revised provisions for the ASCE 7 load standard are suggested. One possible revision is to only require a rain-on-snow surcharge for certain roofs with low slopes and short eave-to-ridge distances. An alternate revision is t...
A diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) homolog from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract A cDNA clone encoding a protein with 42–51% identity to the mammalian diazepam binding inhibitors (DBIs) has been isolated and sequenced from a midgut cDNA library of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta . The putative M. sexta DBI is 90 residues in length and shares the predicted internal a-helices common to the mammalian DBIs. Sequence alignments indicate that the M. sexta DBI contains three potential proteolytic cleavage site lysines in the same positions as the mammalian DBIs. High DBI mRNA levels were found in larval midgut, larval fat body, and adult ovary. DBI mRNA was also detected in larval prothoracic glands, larval nerve cord, and adult testis. These results suggest that the putative M. sexta DBI is an important gene product with a high degree of identity to the known mammalian DBIs. The M. sexta DBI may therefore be the functional homolog to the mammalian DBIs.
VA-3 Index-guided complementary self-aligned laser arrays by MOCVD

Summary form only given. The self-aligned laser utilizes a built-in complex refractive index variation along the plane of the junction in order to stabilize the lateral optical mode. This index variation results from modal radiation loss into a low-bandgap high-refractive-index GaAs:n layer placed close to the active layer outside the stripe. Conventional self-aligned lasers are difficult to fabricate because they require a regrowth on a high composition AlGaAs layer within the stripe region. We have developed a complementary self-aligned structure which eliminates the difficulty associated with the regrowth interface by placing it outside the stripe region. The self-aligned laser lends itself nicely to incorporation into multi-element arrays because of its simple fabrication and excellent mode control characteristics. Here, we present results on single-stripe and six-stripe complementary self-aligned laser arrays fabricated using a conventional double heterostructure active region. These data indicate that a considerable reduction in threshold current as well as improved optical coupling can be expected in self-aligned arrays fabricated with a graded barrier quantum well active layer.
A child with sickle cell trait and macroscopic hematuria: question

An 11-year-old African American boy with sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS) was admitted for evaluation of intermittent painless gross hematuria for 3 months. Initially, the hematuria occurred once every 2 weeks, but it had increased in frequency to two to three times per week. He denied colicky abdominal pain, urinary frequency, or urgency. There was no history of recent trauma. He had never had a urinary tract infection. He was taking no medications and had no recent history of exposure to high altitude. The family history and his review of systems were otherwise unremarkable. Physical examination revealed: weight, 60 kg (>97%); height, 155 cm (95%); temperature, 98°F; heart rate, 87/min; respirations, 18/min; blood pressure, 116/68 mmHg. In general, the patient appeared healthy and not in acute distress. He had no pallor. The abdomen was soft, with mild tenderness in the right upper quadrant. The remainder of the examination was normal. Admission laboratory testing revealed: white blood cell count, 6760/mm; hemoglobin, 12.3 g/dL; hematocrit, 37.7%; mean corpuscular volume, 73.9 fL; platelet count, 390,000/ mm; sodium, 135 mmol/L; potassium, 4.2 mmol/L; chloride, 105 mmol/L; bicarbonate, 21 mmol/L; blood urinary nitrogen, 10 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.54 mg/dL; glucose 107 mg/dL; calcium, 9.5mg/dL; total protein, 7.1 g/dL; albumin, 4.4 g/dL; uric acid, 4 mg/dL; Creactive protein, 1.4 mg/dL (normal); C3 complement, 78 mg/dL (normal); ratio of urinary calcium to creatinine, 0.05 (normal <0.2). The results from the urine analysis were: yellow, clear, pH 6.5; specific gravity, 1.030; protein, 30 mg/dL; red blood cells (RBC), 20–30 RBC per high power field; nitrites, negative; leukocyte esterase, negative; no casts. Urine culture showed no growth.
Exhaustive enumeration of protein conformations using experimental restraints

We present an efficient new algorithm that enumerates all possible conformations of a protein that satisfy a given set of distance restraints. Rapid growth of all possible self-avoiding conformations on the diamond lattice provides construction of alpha-carbon representations of a protein fold. We investigated the dependence of the number of conformations on pairwise distance restraints for the proteins crambin, pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and ubiquitin. Knowledge of between one and two contacts per monomer is shown to be sufficient to restrict the number of candidate structures to approximately 1,000 conformations. Pairwise RMS deviations of atomic position comparisons between pairs of these 1,000 structures revealed that these conformations can be grouped into about 25 families of structures. These results suggest a new approach to assessing alternative protein folds given a very limited number of distance restraints. Such restraints are available from several experimental techniques such as NMR, NOESY, energy transfer fluorescence spectroscopy, and crosslinking experiments. This work focuses on exhaustive enumeration of protein structures with emphasis on the possible use of NOESY-determined distance restraints.
Enhancement of the 1988 northern U.S. drought due to wildfires

[1] Drought provides a favourable environment for the ignition and spread of intense wildfires. This study examines the opposite relationship between the two natural disasters, that is, the role of wildfires in the development of drought. The case of the 1988 northern U.S. wildfires is investigated. Emissions of smoke particles from the wildfires and the resulting optical depth are estimated using wildfire data and empirical algorithms. Radiative forcing of the smoke particles and atmospheric response are simulated using a regional climate model. It is found that absorption of solar radiation by smoke particles weakens the North America trough in the middle latitudes, which is a major generator of precipitation in the Midwest. Rainfall in this region is therefore reduced, providing evidence for the role of wildfires in enhancing drought.
1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), methadone and morphine abstinence in dependent rats: EEG and behavioral correlates

Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with chronic intravenous cannulas and cortical and muscle electrodes for recording electroencephalograms and electromyograms, respectively. They were made physically dependent on morphine by automatic intravenous injections and then trained to lever press in order to self-administer morphine on a FR-20 schedule of reinforcement. Upon stabilization of morphine self-administration, one group continued to self-administer morphine, while two other groups were switched to methadone or 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) self-administration for an additional five to ten days. Continuous EEG and EMG recordings were collected. Initially, automatic injections of morphine suppressed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, then tolerance developed to this effect. REM sleep time in rats self-administering LAAM, methadone or morphine was within the lower limit of the normal range. Following withdrawal, REM sleep was severely suppressed during the first 24 h with morphine and methadone, but only moderately suppressed with LAAM. Increases in lever pressing during withdrawal from morphine and methadone occurred earlier and were more intense and prolonged than for LAAM. The incidence of head shakes peaked earlier and was higher for morphine and methadone during withdrawal than for LAAM. Irritability scores increased for morphine and methadone during the first day of withdrawal, but did not show any increase until the third day for LAAM. These findings suggest that in dependent rats withdrawal from LAAM is less severe than withdrawal from morphine or methadone.
Patterns of Medicaid Disenrollment for Youth With Mental Health Problems

Young people who receive Medicaid-funded mental health services during the transition to adulthood often face disenrollment from Medicaid without continuity into publicly funded services. This article investigates the longitudinal predictors of these coverage gaps and disenrollment from age 16 to 23 years. Cox regression analyses estimated predictors of time until the first loss of coverage for 180 days or more, and time until final disenrollment with no subsequent reenrollment. Females were much more likely to regain and retain coverage after initial loss. Funding source and diagnoses predicted Medicaid retention differentially by gender. For both genders, funding through Social Security Income or a diagnosis of Mental Retardation/ Developmental Disabilities was related to Medicaid retention. Disenrollment especially affected males precisely at their 18th and 19th birthdays. Nearly one third of females qualified for Medicaid because of pregnancy. Eligibility guidelines relate to retention and loss during the transition to adulthood and may need reevaluation to ensure continuity of care.
PQ segment depression in a patient with a benign atrial tumor.

Abstract A 56 year-old woman presented with palpitations. Her ECG revealed PQ segment depression and a prolonged QTc. Echocardiogram revealed a 2x3cm right atrial mass. The pathological diagnosis was benign cardiac fibroma. Clinicians should remember that subtle ECG changes may reflect unusual structural changes in the heart.
TdaA Regulates Tropodithietic Acid Synthesis by Binding to the tdaC Promoter Region

Silicibacter sp. TM1040, a member of the marine Roseobacter clade, produces the antibiotic and quorum signaling molecule tropodithietic acid (TDA), encoded by tdaABCDEF. Here, we showed that an LysR-type transcriptional regulator, TdaA, is a positive regulator of tdaCDE gene expression and binds to the tdaC promoter region.
COMPARATIVE ACTIVITIES OF PARENTERAL CEPHALOSPORINS AGAINST PENICILLIN-RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Abstract Thirty-eight isolates of penicillin-intermediate and 28 isolates of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from pediatric patients were tested against cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and ceftizoxime by microbroth dilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). All penicillin-intermediate isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, and the 90% MIC (MIC 90 ) for these drugs (0.5 μg/mL) was 2 dilutions less than those of cefuroxime and ceftizoxime (2 μg/mL). Of the penicillin-intermediate isolates, 71% were susceptible to cefuroxime. All drugs were significantly less active against penicillin-resistant strains with only 9 (32%), 8 (29%), and 0 (0%) of these strains susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime, respectively. For penicillin-resistant strains, MIC 90 was 4 μg/mL for ceftriaxone, 8 μg/mL for cefotaxime, 32 μg/mL for cefuroxime, and 64 μg/mL for ceftizoxime. This in vitro study demonstrated that ceftriaxone and cefotaxime are more active than cefuroxime and ceftizoxime against penicillin-intermediate and penicillin-resistant S pneumoniae isolated from children.
Seismic Design and Ductility Evaluation of Thin-Walled Steel Bridge Piers of Box Sections

This paper deals with seismic design and ductility evaluation of thin-walled steel bridge piers of box sections supporting highway bridge superstructures. The basic characteristics of the thin-walled steel box section structures are noted. A seismic design method for ultimate strength and ductility evaluation of thin-walled steel bridge piers of box sections is presented. The application of the method is demonstrated by comparing the computed strength and ductility of some bridge piers with test results. The method is applicable to both the design of new, and the retrofitting of existing, thin-walled steel bridge piers of box sections. The effects of some important parameters, such as width-to-thickness ratio, column slenderness ratio, and residual stress, on the ultimate strength and ductility of thin-walled steel bridge piers of box sections are presented and discussed.
Evaluating the safety of food and color additives with pharmacokinetic data

Pharmacokinetic studies are designed to quantify, as a function of time, the processes associated with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a chemical in experimental animals or in humans. Such studies have played an important role in drug safety evaluation and could be very useful in the safety evaluation of food and color additives. This presentation provides an overview of the potential use of metabolic and pharmacokinetic data in the design and evaluation of toxicological studies and in the assessment of the potential hazard to humans from exposure to food or color additives.
Efficient Control of Population Structure in Model Organism Association Mapping

Genomewide association mapping in model organisms such as inbred mouse strains is a promising approach for the identification of risk factors related to human diseases. However, genetic association studies in inbred model organisms are confronted by the problem of complex population structure among strains. This induces inflated false positive rates, which cannot be corrected using standard approaches applied in human association studies such as genomic control or structured association. Recent studies demonstrated that mixed models successfully correct for the genetic relatedness in association mapping in maize and Arabidopsis panel data sets. However, the currently available mixed-model methods suffer from computational inefficiency. In this article, we propose a new method, efficient mixed-model association (EMMA), which corrects for population structure and genetic relatedness in model organism association mapping. Our method takes advantage of the specific nature of the optimization problem in applying mixed models for association mapping, which allows us to substantially increase the computational speed and reliability of the results. We applied EMMA to in silico whole-genome association mapping of inbred mouse strains involving hundreds of thousands of SNPs, in addition to Arabidopsis and maize data sets. We also performed extensive simulation studies to estimate the statistical power of EMMA under various SNP effects, varying degrees of population structure, and differing numbers of multiple measurements per strain. Despite the limited power of inbred mouse association mapping due to the limited number of available inbred strains, we are able to identify significantly associated SNPs, which fall into known QTL or genes identified through previous studies while avoiding an inflation of false positives. An R package implementation and webserver of our EMMA method are publicly available.
Effects of anisotropic scattering of radiation in laminar forced convection in a parallel‐plate duct

Effects of anisotropic scattering to heat transfer in hydrodynamically-developed, thermally-developing steady laminar forced flow of a gray fluid between two infinite parallel plates are investigated for the case when the inlet temperature of the fluid is less than the wall temperature. An implicit finite difference scheme is applied to solve the energy equation, while the high order PN method is used to solve the radiation part of this problem. The effects of the anisotropy, the conduction-to-radiation parameter, the optical thickness, the reflectivity of the plates and the inlet temperature on the local Nusselt number are studied. Nous avons etudie les effets de la dispersion anisotrope sur le transfert de chaleur dans un ecoulement force laminaire stationnaire thermiquenient et hydrodynamiquement developpe d'un fluide gris, entre deux plateaux paralleles infinis, pour les cas ou la temperature d'entree du fluide est inferieure a la temperature de paroi. Un schema de differences finies implicites est applique pour resoudre l'equation d'energie, tandis que la methode PN de grand ordre est utilisee pour resoudre l'aspect radiation du probleme. Les effets de l'anisotropie, du parametre de conduction-radiation, de l'epaisseur optique, de la reflectivite des plateaux et de la temperature d'entree sur le nombre de Nusselt local sont etudies.
Demonstration of contention resolution for labeled packets at 40 Gb/s using autonomous optical buffers

Contention resolution of labeled optical packets is demonstrated utilizing two packaged optical buffers. Forwarding and buffering decisions are autonomously determined for 40 Gb/s payloads from 10 Gb/s labels with greater than 99.9% packet recovery demonstrated.
Inotropic effect of post-stimulation potentiation in man: an echocardiographic study.

To determine the magnitude of enhancement of the inotropic state in the intact human left ventricle, echocardiographic studies were performed in 11 subjects during pacing-induced changes in heart rate. Incremental atrial or ventricular pacing (80 to 160 beats/min) was performed for 1 minute at each rate, and echocardiographic variables of left ventricular function and indexes of left ventricular thickening were assessed for the post-stimulation beats and compared with the values obtained during sinus rhythm before pacing. For the first post-stimulation beat at maximal paced rates (146 ± 3 beats/min, mean ± standard error of mean), the ejection fraction (+23 percent P < 0.001), percent fractional shortening (+45 percent, P < 0.001) and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (+45 percent, P < 0.001) increased significantly, whereas the end-systolic dimension (−22.4 percent, P < 0.001) and volume (− 52 percent, P < 0.001) decreased significantly. The end-diastolic dimension (+1.42 percent) and volume (+4.8 percent) did not change significantly. Similarly, septal thickening (+21.89 percent, P < 0.005), posterior wall thickening (+23.4 percent, P < 0.001), left ventricular thickening (+21.91 percent, P < 0.001) and the mean rate of left ventricular thickening (+33 percent, P < 0.001) increased significantly. Similar significant changes, although of a lesser magnitude, occurred at lower paced rates; the magnitude of these changes was proportional to the pacing rate. Decay in potentiation occurred within four to five beats after pacing was stopped at any given rate. Thus, in the intact human heart (1) the positive inotropic effects of stimulation on the left ventricle are reflected as post-stimulation potentiation, (2) potentiation is related to the pacing rate, and (3) decay in potentiation occurs rapidly when pacing is stopped.