cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceptability of immunization in adult contacts of infants: possibility of expanding platforms to increase adult vaccine uptake.

Objective Adult vaccination coverage is low and current strategies are unlikely to achieve Healthy People 2020 targets. We determined the attitude of adult infant contacts toward recommended adult vaccines and their willingness to receive vaccines should they be available during hospital visits or prenatal or infant clinic appointments. Methods Survey of predominantly Hispanic, underinsured and medically underserved infant contacts at a county hospital in Houston, Texas where a pertussis cocooning program is offered. Results Two hundred and eighty-five contacts (mean age 32.8 years [18–73]; 94.8% Hispanic) participated. Most were fathers (58.2%), followed by aunts (19%), and grandparents (12.3%). Participants used many health information sources. 221 (77.5%) considered healthcare providers the most influential on their decisions but only 51.6% reported healthcare visits within the prior year. Forty-one (14.4%) discussed family vaccinations during prenatal visits. Preferred locations for adult vaccination were hospital or clinic-based (96.5%). Lack of knowledge (22.8%), fear of pain/needles (14.7%), work commitments (14%), lack of transport (11.2%), cost (10.2%) and fear of side effects (5.3%) were barriers to vaccination. More males than females reported fear of pain/needles and work commitments (P 0.01 and P 0.02, respectively), and more females lack of transport (P < 0.001) as barriers. Most planned to (76.1%) or had received (7%) pertussis vaccine; if available, 73.3%, 53.3% and 50.5% expressed willingness to receive vaccines against influenza, pneumonia and meningitis, respectively. Age, ethnicity or education was not associated with willingness to be vaccinated. Vaccine acceptance was higher in females than males for pertussis (P 0.04), influenza (P 0.008), pneumonia (P 0.04), and meningitis (P 0.006) vaccines by multiple regression analysis. Conclusions Most adults were willing to be vaccinated if offered during hospital visits or clinic appointments for mother or infant. Development and expansion of recommended immunization platforms, such as the cocooning platform, offers the opportunity to increase adult vaccination coverage.
Inhomogeneous random sequential adsorption on a lattice

We study idealized random sequential adsorption on a lattice, with adsorption probabilities inhomogeneous both in space and in time, and including the possibility of cooperativity. Attention is directed to the mean occupancy of a given site as a function of time, which is represented by a weighted random walk on the lattice. In the special case of nearest neighbor exclusion, the walk is transformed to one in which only neighbors of occupied sites can be occupied, but with a renormalized probability. Reduction theorems are presented, with which the general case of a tree lattice is completely solved in inverse form.
On the $L_p$ norm of the Rademacher projection and related inequalities

The purpose of this paper is to find the exact norm of the Rademacher projection onto {r 1 , r 2 , r 3 }. Namely, we prove formula math. The same techniques also give the relative projection constant of ker{1, ..., 1} in l n p , that is, formula math. for n = 2,3,4. We discuss the relation of the above inequalities to the famous Khintchine and Clarkson inequalities. We conclude the paper by stating some conjectures that involve the geometry of the unit ball of l n p .
Plasma and urinary 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone in 17α-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome

Abstract 17α-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome (17-OHDS) is associated with hypogonadism, hypertension, and hypokalemia. Aldosterone production, however, is not elevated, and therefore, other known or unknown mineralocorticoids must account for the excess in mineralocorticoid activity. This study sought to determine whether 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (19-nor-DOC), a potent hypertensinogenic mineralocorticoid, was elevated in this syndrome. Plasma and urine from a young woman with 17-OHDS were examined from various corticosteroids before and after ACTH, dexamethasone, and cortisol administration. In the basal state, urinary and plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were decreased, but 17-deoxycorticosteroids were extremely elevated, including corticosterone (B), 18-hydroxy-B (18-OH-B), tetrahydro-B (TH-B), TH-DOC, and 18-OH-TH-DOC. Basal urinary (UF) 19-nor-DOC measured by both high pressure liquid chromatography (4255 ng/day) and RIA [3800 ng/day; normal, 102 ± 27 (±SD), was markedly elevated. UF 19-nor-DOC did ...
Infiltration-capacities of some plant-soil complexes on Utah range watershed-lands

The infiltration-capacity of a number of plant-soil complexes within the Sevier Lake Watershed of south-central Utah was determined in 1941 by means of infiltrometer-investigations. These data were obtained primarily to supplement meager hydrologic information concerning the effect of watershed-improvement measures on the magnitude and frequency of floods in connection with a flood-control survey of that area. In view of the scarcity of this type of data and its possible usefulness elsewhere, the average infiltration-capacity curves obtained from this investigation are herein presented together with an explanation of the field-techniques and statistical methods used in their derivation.
The Psychoneuroimmunology of Stress in Pregnancy

The rate of preterm birth in the United States remains high. In up to 40% of cases of preterm birth, the mothers are healthy women who have no clear risk factors. Accordingly, research has begun to explore the effect of prenatal stress on the risk of preterm birth and shortened gestational age at birth. There is increasing evidence that psychosocial stress throughout gestation increases the risk of preterm birth through changes in maternal endocrine, immune, and inflammatory activity during pregnancy. In this article, I describe foundational and current research examining the effects and biological mechanisms of prenatal stress in preterm birth and shortened gestational age at birth. I emphasize psychoneuroimmunology-focused studies showing that prenatal stress alters inflammatory and endocrine markers during gestation and that these changes are associated with preterm birth and shortened gestational age at birth.
Short-time signal representation by nonlinear difference equations

Methods are investigated for short-time analysis and synthesis of signals from a class of second-order difference equations with a cubic nonlinearity. In analysis, two methods are explored for estimating equation coefficients: (1) prediction error minimization (a linear estimation problem) and (2) waveform error minimization (a nonlinear estimation problem). In the latter case, which improves on the prediction error solution, an iterative analysis-by-synthesis method is derived which allows as free variables initial conditions, as well as equation coefficients. Parameter estimates from these techniques are used in sequential short-time synthesis procedures. Possible application to modeling quasi-periodic behavior in speech waveforms is discussed. >
Self-Triggered Feedback Control Systems With Finite-Gain ${\cal L}_{2}$ Stability

This paper examines a class of real-time control systems in which each control task triggers its next release based on the value of the last sampled state. Prior work used simulations to demonstrate that self-triggered control systems can be remarkably robust to task delay. This paper derives bounds on a task's sampling period and deadline to quantify how robust the control system's performance will be to variations in these parameters. In particular we establish inequality constraints on a control task's period and deadline whose satisfaction ensures that the closed-loop system's induced L 2 gain lies below a specified performance threshold. The results apply to linear time-invariant systems driven by external disturbances whose magnitude is bounded by a linear function of the system state's norm. The plant is regulated by a full-information H infin controller. These results can serve as the basis for the design of soft real-time systems that guarantee closed-loop control system performance at levels traditionally seen in hard real-time systems.
Methane-Air Combustion Gases as an Aerodynamic Test Medium

Water vapor condensation effects on methane-air combustion gases for aerodynamic test medium
A simple model of firm heterogeneity, international trade, and wages

This paper presents a general equilibrium trade model in which homogeneous firms choose a technology from a set of competing technologies and choose employees from a set of workers of heterogeneous skill. In equilibrium, the interaction between the characteristics of competing technologies, international trade costs, and the availability of workers of heterogeneous skill gives rise to firm heterogeneity. The model generates several of the stylized facts concerning the (apparent) superiority of firms that engage in international trade relative to those that do not and has implications for the effect of international trade on the skill premium and on observed industry-level productivity.
Conserving energy during molecular dynamics simulations of water, proteins, and proteins in water

Received 26 February 1990; accepted 29 May 1990Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for a series of systems of increasing complexityincluding: pure water, a model polypeptide (a-helical decaglycine) in vacuo, a protein (Pancreatic TrypsinInhibitor, PTI) in vacuo, and a fully solvated protein (PTI in water). The equations of motion were inte-grated using Andersen’s velocity version of the Verlet algorithm with internal contraints (the RATTLEalgorithm). The accuracy with which the equations of motion are integrated has been analyzed for sev-eral different simulation conditions. The effects of various nonbonded interaction truncation schemes onthe conservation of energy have been examined, including the use of atomic cutoffs, and (neutral group)residue cutoffs. The use of a smoothing function to eliminate the discontinuities in the potential at thecutoff leads to a significant improvement in the accuracy of the integration for each of the systems stud-ied. The accuracy with which the equations of motion are integrated using the RATTLE algorithm forpure water and for the sotvated protein are found to be comparable when the nonbonded interactions aretapered with a smoothing function at the cutoff.
Geometric control of a flapping plate

Control of flapping micro-air-vehicles (MAVs) is challenging because the system models are nonlinear and time-varying. Moreover, as internally actuated multi-body systems, flapping MAVs are inherently underactuated. With stringent weight and size constraints, the actuator mechanization must be as simple as possible, introducing a further challenge for control design. Geometric control and averaging theory can be used to design control laws for underactuated nonlinear systems. In this work, we consider control design for a flapping plate with three degrees of freedom and two actuators. The averaging theorem and geometric control methods are used to stabilize and control the system. The simple example demonstrates an algorithmic approach that could be used within a multi-disciplinary design optimization framework for the design of biomimetic vehicles and their gaits.
Combined $H _{\infty}$ -Feedback Control and Iterative Learning Control Design With Application to Nanopositioning Systems

This paper examines a coordinated feedback and feedforward control design strategy for precision motion control (PMC) systems. It is assumed that the primary exogenous signals are repeated; including disturbances and references. Therefore, an iterative learning control (ILC) feedforward strategy can be used. The introduction of additional non-repeating exogenous signals, including disturbances, noise, and reset errors, necessitates the proper coordination between feedback and feedforward controllers to achieve high performance. A novel ratio of repeated versus non-repeated signal power in the frequency domain is introduced and defined as the repetitive-to-non-repetitive (RNR) ratio. This frequency specific ratio allows for a new approach to delegating feedback and feedforward control efforts based on RNR value. A systematic procedure for control design is given whereby the feedback addresses the non-repeating exogenous signal content (RNR ≪ 0 dB) and the feedforward ILC addresses the repeating signal content (RNR ≫ 0 dB). To illustrate the design approach, two case studies using different nano-positioning devices are given.
Spectral modeling of a dye diffusion thermal transfer printer

A model was derived and tested that predicted the spectral reflectance factor from digital data for a dye diffusion thermal transfer printer. The model was based on the Kubelka-Munk turbid media theory and included terms to account for back diffusion onto the donor supply and dye transfer inhibition. The average colorimetric characterization accuracy of the printer's color gamut based on 45 samples to estimate the model parameters was 3.0 ΔE* ab with a maximum of 7.4. The spectral model had similar performance to look-up table and multidimensional interpolation methods and superior performance to multiple-linear regression methods based on tristimulus data.
Keeping Faith: Faith Talk by and for Incarcerated Youth

In the context of talk about changing their lives, incarcerated young men and their supervisors talk about faith as a force for positive change. Given the historical and contemporary significance of religion as a locus of organizing and collective struggle, I argue that faith represents a potential asset in efforts to assist incarcerated young offenders pursue education, legal work, and sobriety or diminished substance (ab-)use. I draw on growing consensus among scholars of youth development that religious affiliation, and spirituality more generally, are protective and can promote other positive developmental outcomes. I also draw on discursive studies of substance abuse treatment and religious conversion to highlight the ways in which faith talk by and for youth offers avenues for institutionally sanctioned agency and recognized genres of biographical reconstruction. I conclude by suggesting that critically exploring matters of faith and belief in public institutions might usefully inform curricular and programmatic interventions to assist young people avoid recidivism, school failure and substance abuse, and perhaps, find or imagine satisfying and meaningful adult lives.
The Professional Development Needs of Rural High School Principals: A Seven-state Study

The increased emphasis on standards-based school accountability since the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is focusing critical attention on the professional development of school principals and their ability to meet the challenges of improving student outcomes. While rural school districts are dealing with many of the same issues facing urban districts, there are unique challenges that rural school principals face. However, effective professional development that addresses the unique needs of rural school leaders can build essential leadership capacity that supports school success. This article discusses the results of a study on the professional development needs of rural high school principals for school improvement. These findings provide direction for the development of professional development activities that will enhance the leadership skills that principals need to guide school reform and reach higher standards of student achievement.
The factors influencing the circulation time.

A mathematical analysis of the relationship of cardiac output and heart-lung blood volume to observed circulation time is presented. The theoretic conclusions are substantiated by an experiment in which it is shown that diluting the amount of indicator used prolongs the observed circulation time through the heart and lungs.
Phrase dependency machine translation with quasi-synchronous tree-to-tree features

Recent research has shown clear improvement in translation quality by exploiting linguistic syntax for either the source or target language. However, when using syntax for both languages "tree-to-tree" translation, there is evidence that syntactic divergence can hamper the extraction of useful rules Ding and Palmer 2005. Smith and Eisner 2006 introduced quasi-synchronous grammar, a formalism that treats non-isomorphic structure softly using features rather than hard constraints. Although a natural fit for translation modeling, its flexibility has proved challenging for building real-world systems. In this article, we present a tree-to-tree machine translation system inspired by quasi-synchronous grammar. The core of our approach is a new model that combines phrases and dependency syntax, integrating the advantages of phrase-based and syntax-based translation. We report statistically significant improvements over a phrase-based baseline on five of seven test sets across four language pairs. We also present encouraging preliminary results on the use of unsupervised dependency parsing for syntax-based machine translation.
Parking a Spacecraft near an Asteroid Pair

This paper studies the dynamics of a spacecraft moving in the field of a binary asteroid. The asteroid pair is modeled as a rigid body and a sphere moving in a plane, while the spacecraft moves in space under the influence of the gravitational field of the asteroid pair, as well as that of the sun. This simple model captures the coupling between rotational and translational dynamics. By assuming that the binary dynamics is in a relative equilibrium, a restricted model for the spacecraft in orbit about them is constructed that also includes the direct effect of the sun on the spacecraft dynamics. The standard restricted three-body problem (RTBP) is used as a starting point for the analysis of the spacecraft motion. We investigate how the triangular points of the RTBP are modified through perturbations by taking into account two perturbations, namely, that one of the primaries is no longer a point mass but is an extended rigid body, and second, taking into account the effect of orbiting the sun. The stable zones near the modified triangular equilibrium points of the binary and a normal form of the Hamiltonian around them are used to compute stable periodic and quasi-periodic orbits for the spacecraft, which enable it to observe the asteroid pair while the binary orbits around the sun. Nomenclature A () = mechanical connection as = distance from the sun to the center of masses of the binary G = universal constant of gravitation Gr () = terms of degree r in the expansion of the generating function H () = Hamiltonian function Hr () = terms of degree r in the expansion of the Hamiltonian function Izz = inertia tensor of the rigid body
Brain-infiltrating cytolytic T lymphocytes specific for Theiler's virus recognize H2Db molecules complexed with a viral VP2 peptide lacking a consensus anchor residue

Mice expressing the H2b haplotype are resistant to infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), which causes chronic demyelination in susceptible mice. The prominent cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to the VP2 antigen encoded by TMEV led us to the identification of a class I-binding peptide derived from the VP2 antigen. Escherichia coli transformants overexpressing a series of 11 overlapping VP2 protein fragments were subjected to lysis and alkali digestion, and the resultant peptide pools were tested for their abilities to sensitize RMA-S targets for lysis by CTLs. The source of effector CD8+ T cells for the assays was either freshly harvested central nervous system-infiltrating lymphocytes (CNS-IL) or CNS-IL-derived VP2-specific CTL clones and lines. A 10-residue peptide at VP2 positions 121 to 130 (VP2(121-130)) (FHAGSLLVFM) was identified that sensitized targets for lysis and formed stable complexes with H2Db class I molecules. The VP2(121-130) peptide sensitized target cells for lysis by freshly harvested CNS-IL CTLs at femtomolar concentrations. Despite its relative high level of biological activity, the VP2(121-130) peptide is distinguished from other Db-binding peptides by its lack of an asparagine residue at position five, which had been previously proposed to be a requirement for Db-peptide complexing.
Variability in the muscle composition of rat esophagus and neural pathway of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

Several studies from our laboratory show that axial stretch of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in an oral direction causes neurally mediated LES relaxation. Under physiological conditions, axi...
Judging Books by Their Covers Teaching about Physical Attractiveness Biases

This article describes and assesses two learning modules designed to make students aware of gender and racial inequalities present in their own intended careers. Students identify their intended occupation in respect to the Standard Occupational Classification system and then use that code to determine the composition and earnings in that occupation with data provided. Analysis of student papers shows that this assignment contributes not only to the awareness of inequalities, but also to the development of quantitative literacy skills. Panel survey methods reveal substantial changes in students’ beliefs about the extent of gender and racial inequality. Conclusions consider directions for the development of additional strategies to advance students’ understandings of inequalities in adulthood and later life.
Fertilization and Sex Determination in the Rhizocephala (Cirripedia, Crustacea)

In the summer of 1985, I visited Dr. Alberto Monroy at the Statione Zoologica di Napoli after attending an international meeting (on mammalian reproduction) held on the island of Capri. A few days after I arrived in Napoli, I called Dr. Monroy from a friend’s laboratory at the Universita di Napoli. He, despite my unexpected call and his busy schedule, kindly invited me to come to his laboratory that day. After discussing topics of fertilization for an hour or so, I told him that the Stazione Zoologica di Napoli was a “Mecca” for the study of Rhizocephala. The Rhizocephala are parasitic cirripeds which are not so familiar to most modern biologists. Some readers may recall the parasitic castration of female crabs by a rhizocephalan, Sacculina. Dr. Monroy knew this species very well, but he did not know that the study of Rhizocephala began in Naploli in 1787 by F.Cavolini. Geoffrey Smith of the University of Oxford spent three years in the Statione Zoologica and published a landmark monograph on the biology of Rhizocephala (Smith, 1906). Before I began studying mammalian fertilization, I spent several years studying the life-cycle and sexual organization of the Rhizocephala.
CSR and sustainability reporting practices of top companies in India

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute an international perspective to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability (Sus) discussions by examining CSR/Sus reporting practices of the 200 largest state-owned and private companies in India. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a case study at the Danish carpet manufacturer EGE. The authors interpret the case from the perspective of pragmatic constructivism, which focusses on the integration of four dimensions: facts, possibilities, values, and communication. Findings – The analyses showed that while most companies share CSR/Sus information through their websites they associate different levels of importance to this communication. However, the study found that overall the CSR/Sus climate in India is showing signs of positive reform. Research limitations/implications – Being among the first, this study provides a framework for future studies to continue exploring CSR/Sus context in India, a country that despite its growin...
Generalizing Association Rules: Theoretical Framework and Implementation

We present a generalization of the concept of association rule. To give our approach a sound formal basis, we use the idea of generalized quantification, developed in logic theory. The generalization is based on allowing more complex relationships among itemsets, including negative associations. Negative associations are defined as associations among large itemsets which denote a strong degree of disjointness. We also propose stricter measures of relevance than confidence and support, in order to make sure that extracted rules (positive and negative) truly represent a pattern in the data. Finally, we show how to extend the A-priori algorithm to mine for the extended associations introduced with high efficiency and little overhead.
Experimental Study of Disruption of Columnar Grains During Rapid Solidification in Additive Manufacturing

Over the years, many studies have been conducted to study and analyze the grain structures of metal alloys during additive manufacturing to improve mechanical properties. In particular, columnar grains are observed predominantly during rapid solidification of molten metal. This leads to lower mechanical properties and requires expensive secondary heat-treatment processes. This study is aimed at disrupting the formation of columnar grain growth during rapid solidification using ultrasonic vibration and analyzes the effects on grain structure and mechanical properties. A gas-metal arc welder mounted on a Rep-Rap-based low-cost metal 3 Dimension printer was used to deposit ER70S-6 mild steel layers on a plate. A contact-type ultrasonic transducer with a control system to vary the frequency and power of the vibration was used. The effects of ultrasonic vibration were determined from the statistical analysis of microstructure and micro-indentation techniques on the deposited layer and heat-affected zone. It was found that both frequency and interaction between frequency and power had significant impact on the refinement of average grain size up to 10.64% and increased the number of grains by approximately 41.78%. Analysis of micro-indentation tests showed that there was an increase of approximately 14.30% in micro-hardness due to the applied frequency during rapid solidification. A pole diagram shows that application of vibration causes randomization of grain orientation. Along with the results from this study, further efforts in modeling and experimentation of multi-directional vibrations would lead to a better understanding of disrupting columnar grains in applications that use mechanical vibrations, such as welding, directed energy deposition, brazing, etc.
Efficiency of organic ligands in adsorptive dissolution and photoreductive dissolution of hematite

Organic ligands, especially oxalate, play an important role in iron dissolution from iron-containing minerals. To study the effects of organic acid ligands on the dissolution of iron-containing minerals, the dissolution kinetics of hematite in the presence of oxalate, acetate, and formate were studied under ultraviolet radiation with varying ligand concentrations (10–3 mM). The results indicate that for adsorption dissolution, oxalate is the dominating ligand for producing soluble iron (III) from hematite; for photoreductive dissolution under ultraviolet radiation and in oxic conditions, the production of iron (II) is highly proportional to the concentrations of oxalate, whereas the effects of varying concentrations of formate and acetate are not significant. At low oxalate concentrations (10–500 µM), the photoreductive dissolution of iron (II) is substantially low, while at high oxalate concentrations (3 mM), oxalate is equally effective as formate and acetate for producing photoreduced iron (II) from hematite. Combining with field data from other works, it is likely that the ratios of oxalate to total iron need to be higher than a threshold range of ~1.2–5.5 in order for oxalate to effectively produce photoreduced iron (II) from hematite. This study demonstrates that the iron (II) yield from photoreduction of hematite is significantly lower when the hematite surface is pre-coated with organic ligands versus when it is exposed to ultraviolet radiation instantaneously.
The Pope's Climate Message in the United States: Moral Arguments and Moral Disengagement

In June 2015 Pope Francis released Laudato si': On Care For Our Common Home, his encyclical on the environment, climate change, and global inequality.1 In his subsequent U.S. visit the Pope address...
Developing Hongkong's International Education of Traditional Chinese Medicine

In this article the author talks about the fact that Hongkong has qualifications for development of international education of traditional Chinese medicine with its strength and conditions,when the trend of internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine is increasing.Hongkong has possessed qualified teachers,specific educational mode ,good medical system and research achievements as well as better humane environment.It is pointed out that Hongkong will play an important role in establishment of the international education system of traditional Chinese medicine,which will inevitably promote traditional medical care,education and research achievements to be introduced to the world.
Activation of the Extrinsic Coagulation Pathway in Inflammatory Exudates from Acute Lung Injury: Influence of Hydration on Factor Xa Generation and Inhibition.

Abstract The exudative phase of ALI (acute lung injury) is characterized by loss of the endothelial/alveolar barrier, disruption of local water homeostasis, and intra-alveolar activation of blood coagulation. In previous studies, ALI exudates sampled by BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) demonstrated increased tissue factor and antiproteinase activities compared to BAL from healthy lungs. This study applied osmotic stress techniques to explore the hypothesis that local water activity influences the procoagulant and antiproteinase activities recovered in human BAL fluids. Samples were prepared from 8 injured and 7 normal lungs by sequentially centrifuging BAL fluid at 200 and 40,000g to remove cells and surfactant particles, respectively. Factor Xa generation and inhibition were measured by chromogenic assay under standard (buffer pH 7.4, 0.13 NaCl, 1.3 mM CaCl2, 0.5mg/ml ovalbumin) and osmotic stress (~0.6 atm in standard buffer with polyethylene glycol 8000, ~26 A radius) conditions by adding either purified factor X (200 nM) or factor Xa (50 nM) to the samples. Factor Xa generation curves had a sigmoidal shape, and the yields in 25 min-long reactions were variable, as expected, and ranged from 4 to 47 nM. Average activity values were 16-fold higher in ALI than in normal lungs, while tissue factor antigen levels measured by ELISA were 6-fold higher than in normal and ranged from 3.5 to 108 ng/ml. Under osmotic stress, the yields and rates increased in samples from healthy lungs, while the responses in ALI samples were mixed. Four showed decreases; 2 increases and 2 showed no change. Antiproteinase capacity, measured as the decrease in factor Xa activity, was variable but higher in ALI samples, and in both ALI and normal lungs, it increased in response to osmotic stress. These results imply that local hydration and dehydration directly influence procoagulant/anticoagulant activities in bronchoalveolar exudates, regardless of other factors, and that impaired alveolar fluid clearance may contribute directly to coagulation imbalances in ALI.
Mechanisms for γ-Ray Line and Continuum Production

There are a large number of physical mechanisms which give rise to photons in the nuclear line energy region. These basic mechanisms must then be applied in the vast number of possible astrophysical settings in order to estimate the expected photon flux and spectral characteristics at the observer. The emphasis here is on identifiable nuclear lines; however, the actual astronomical spectra observed will be a mixture of photons from both continuum and line (or discrete) spectra. We shall use throughout this discussion the term ‘line’ to refer to γ-rays of discrete energy unless otherwise noted as, for example, in the case of a one dimensional source distribution such as the galactic disk line source (Section III-3.2.4)
Caulobacter PopZ forms an intrinsically disordered hub in organizing bacterial cell poles

Despite their relative simplicity, bacteria have complex anatomy at the subcellular level. At the cell poles of Caulobacter crescentus, a 177-amino acid (aa) protein called PopZ self-assembles into 3D polymeric superstructures. Remarkably, we find that this assemblage interacts directly with at least eight different proteins, which are involved in cell cycle regulation and chromosome segregation. The binding determinants within PopZ include 24 aa at the N terminus, a 32-aa region near the C-terminal homo-oligomeric assembly domain, and portions of an intervening linker region. Together, the N-terminal 133 aa of PopZ are sufficient for interacting with all binding partners, even in the absence of homo-oligomeric assembly. Structural analysis of this region revealed that it is intrinsically disordered, similar to p53 and other hub proteins that organize complex signaling networks in eukaryotic cells. Through live-cell photobleaching, we find rapid binding kinetics between PopZ and its partners, suggesting many pole-localized proteins become concentrated at cell poles through rapid cycles of binding and unbinding within the PopZ scaffold. We conclude that some bacteria, similar to their eukaryotic counterparts, use intrinsically disordered hub proteins for network assembly and subcellular organization.
Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis.

Background The stress sensitization theory hypothesizes that individuals exposed to childhood adversity will be more vulnerable to mental disorders from proximal stressors. We aimed to test this theory with respect to risk of 30-day major depressive episode (MDE) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among new US Army soldiers. Methods The sample consisted of 30 436 new soldier recruits in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience (Army STARRS). Generalized linear models were constructed, and additive interactions between childhood maltreatment profiles and level of 12-month stressful experiences on the risk of 30-day MDE and GAD were analyzed. Results Stress sensitization was observed in models of past 30-day MDE (χ2 8 = 17.6, p = 0.025) and GAD (χ2 8 = 26.8, p = 0.001). This sensitization only occurred at high (3+) levels of reported 12-month stressful experiences. In pairwise comparisons for the risk of 30-day MDE, the risk difference between 3+ stressful experiences and no stressful experiences was significantly greater for all maltreatment profiles relative to No Maltreatment. Similar results were found with the risk for 30-day GAD with the exception of the risk difference for Episodic Emotional and Sexual Abuse, which did not differ statistically from No Maltreatment. Conclusions New soldiers are at an increased risk of 30-day MDE or GAD following recent stressful experiences if they were exposed to childhood maltreatment. Particularly in the military with an abundance of unique stressors, attempts to identify this population and improve stress management may be useful in the effort to reduce the risk of mental disorders.
Creating Three-dimensional Printed Models of Acetabular Fractures for Use as Educational Tools.

Three-dimensional printing of acetabular fracture models can be performed in the academic clinical setting, and the resultant printed models may aid in teaching the complex classification of acetabular fractures.
BaTiO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures for ferroelectric field effect transistors

Integration of ultrathin ferroelectric thin films with semiconductors is of interest for negative capacitance transistors that exhibit internal voltage gain, which may allow for scaling the supply voltage of low power circuits. In this study, BaTiO3 thin films were grown on doped SrTiO3 channels using molecular beam epitaxy. The BaTiO3 films are ferroelectric despite their low thickness (∼10 nm). Parallel plate capacitor devices exhibit anti-clockwise hysteresis, and a comparison with reference structures without BaTiO3 shows that the polarization in the BaTiO3 thin films is switchable and controls the charge density in the channel. Field effect transistors were fabricated to study the effect of ferroelectricity on the transistor characteristics. Anti-clockwise hysteresis and a shift in threshold-voltage are observed in the output characteristics of the transistors. These properties make these heterostructures a suitable system for studying negative capacitance effects.
Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Synthetic Lipid A Mimetics As TLR4-Based Adjuvants and Immunomodulators

MPL adjuvant, a monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) derivative of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella minnesota R595, and RC-529, a synthetic lipid A mimetic, are promising adjuvant candidates for a number of human vaccines and have been shown to be safe, well-tolerated, and to effectively enhance immune responses to co-administered vaccine antigens. Preliminary evidence suggests that, like LPS, MLA and RC-529 activate cells via the pattern recognition receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
Progress towards standardized and validated characterizations for measuring physicochemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials relevant to nano health and safety risks

Abstract Managing the risks of manufactured nanomaterials requires the ability to accurately and reproducibly measure the physical and chemical properties of these materials that are relevant to their risk assessment. However, many properties of manufactured nanomaterials and their non-equilibrium system-dependent behaviors challenge many of the conventional characterization methods used to characterize them. New methods and modifications to conventional methods are being developed to address some of these shortcomings. Here, we critically review progress towards standardization and validation of methods used to characterize manufactured nanomaterials to assess their health and safety risks. The limitations and accessibility of each method are presented, and recommendations towards improving method standardization are made where appropriate. The properties considered include intrinsic (system independent) nanomaterial properties; particle size distribution, specific surface area, particle shape, hydrophobicity, chemical composition, redox potential and band gap, and extrinsic (system dependent) properties; density, dustiness, zeta potential, agglomeration rate and surface affinity, dissolution rate and solubility, and reactive oxygen species generation. The methods evaluated include organisation for economic cooperation and development (OECD) test guidelines, NanoValid standard operating procedures, NANoREG protocols and methods being proposed by peer-reviewed publications. Compared with the characterization of intrinsic properties, the characterization of extrinsic properties is generally less validated and less reproducible. This is mainly because the medium properties may have significant effects on the result. Thus, reporting of extrinsic properties will need to include associated meta-data to make them comparable across studies. While some methods are becoming standardized and even automated, the full range of factors influencing the reliability and reproducibility of those measurements had not yet been well characterized.
Applications of the Maximum Principle

The connection between analytic functions of a complex variable and partial differential equations in the real domain is usually expressed in the observation that u and v, the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function f = u + iv, satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations $$ {{u}_{x}} - {{v}_{y}} = 0,{\text{ }}{{{\text{v}}}_{x}} + {{u}_{y}} = 0. $$
PSMA Antibody-Conjugated Pentablock Copolymer Nanomicellar Formulation for Targeted Delivery to Prostate Cancer

The main purpose of this study was to develop a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibody-conjugated drug-loaded nanomicelles using MPEG--PLA-PCL-PLA-PEG-NH2 pentablock copolymer for targeted delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs to prostate cancer cells. During this experiment, monomers of L-lactide, e-caprolactone, poly(ethylene glycol)-methyl ether, and poly(ethylene glycol)-NH2 were used to prepare pentablock copolymer using the ring opening technique. The pentablock nanomicellar (PBNM) formulation was prepared by the evaporation-rehydration method. The resultant pentablock nanomicelles were then conjugated with PSMA antibody resulting in PSMA-Ab-PTX-PBNM. Both the block copolymers and the nanomicelles were analyzed by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained nanomicelles (NM) were then analyzed for size and zeta potential using dynamic light scattering-dynamic laser scattering (DLS) and then further submitted to H-NMR and TEM analyses. The XRD, FTIR, and the H-NMR analyses confirmed the structure of the pentablock copolymers. The average size for conjugated nanomicellar was 45 nm ± 2.5 nm. The average (ζ-potential) was around − 28 mV. H-NMR and FTIR analysis done on PSMA-coupled paclitaxel-loaded PBNM showed peaks characteristic of the drug (paclitaxel) and the polymer, confirming the successful encapsulation. TEM analysis showed well-defined spherical morphology and confirmed the size range obtained by the DLS. In vitro release studies revealed sustained slow of PTX in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Confocal scanning microscopy (TEM) of coumarin6-loaded in PBNM indicated that pentablock nanomicelles were internalized into the prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. Cell proliferation assay showed that nanomicelles ferried paclitaxel into the PC-3 cells and subsequently reduced the cell proliferation. The results depict PTX-PBNM-Ab as a suitable carrier for targeted delivery of drugs to prostate cancer cells.
Fields of Gold: Mining the Origins, Definitions, and Assumptions Attending Institutional Fields

The notion of the “field” is a cornerstone of institutional theory and, arguably, one of its key contributions. However, in the three decades since DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) formulation, an arra...
Guest Molecules in a Layered Microporous Tin(IV) Phosphonate-Phosphate Material: Solid State NMR Studies.

There is little systematic understanding of pore surfaces in layered microporous metal(IV) phosphate–phosphonate materials and their interactions with guest molecules. In this paper, we show how to probe the mobility of guest molecules in such poorly crystalline systems using multinuclear solid-state NMR and relaxation time measurements. Anisotropic motions of benzene-d6 molecules absorbed on the pore walls of material Sn(O3PC6H4PO3)0.85(O3POH)0.33 (1) have been recognized as the fast in-plane C6 rotation due to metal−π interactions with pore walls. The benzene-d6 absorption enthalpy due to Sn···π interactions has been determined as –ΔH = 5.9 kcal/mol. Specific interactions between pyridine and the pore walls of 1 have been observed as immobile pyridine, the population of which grows strongly at low temperatures to show thermodynamic parameters −ΔH of 5.0 kcal/mol and ΔS of −11.0 e.u. It has been suggested that these parameters characterize N···H–OP hydrogen bonding as a driving force for accumulation of ...
Bedside Escharotomies for Burns

Deep second- or third-degree circumferential burns of the neck, chest, abdomen, or extremities can cause many serious local and systemic problems. Circumferential burns of the neck can cause airway obstruction. Circumferential burns of the chest can decrease chest wall compliance, which can cause respiratory compromise, increased peak inspiratory pressures, hypoxia and hypercapnia, and decreased venous return to the heart, which aggravates hypotension and tachycardia. Circumferential burns of the abdomen can cause intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. Circumferential burns of the extremities can cause compartment syndrome and result in sequelae ranging from acute kidney injury to permanent neuromuscular damage and limb loss. In severe burns requiring massive amounts of fluid resuscitation, abdominal or extremity compartment syndromes may develop independent of circumferential burns. These patients may need decompressive laparotomy or extremity fasciotomy in addition to the escharotomy. These high-risk patients should have bladder and extremity compartment pressures monitored in conjunction with clinical monitoring of urine output, abdominal exams, compartment checks, and vascular exams.
Communication Training: Needs Among Oncology Nurses Across the Cancer Continuum.

Background Oncology nurses are responsible for communication-aimed prognosis, patient education about cancer care and treatment, survivorship, and care coordination. Communication difficulties and uncomfortable communication topics put nurses at risk for compassion fatigue. Objectives Supporting nurse communication skills requires institutional policies and structures to foster patient-centered communication. This study reports on communication training needs for oncology nurses to inform future development of communication curricula and institutional training. Methods A national survey of oncology nurse teams (N = 355) attending one of four communication training courses was used. Surveys were used to evaluate institutions' current patient-centered communication practices and to ascertain institutional communication training needs. Findings Nurses' role in communicating prognosis remains unclear, and training is needed for discussing survivorship. Curriculum development should be congruent with institutionally defined roles for nurse communication.
You’re not you when you’re in a snickers’ ad: Celebrity, intertextuality, and masculinity

Snickers’ “you’re not you when you’re hungry” (YNY) campaign premiered in 2010. Ad agency BBDO, New York (2017) designed the ads as the centerpiece of an expensive, celebrity-filled Super Bowl prom...
SMALLEST IRREDUCIBLE OF THE FORM x2-dy2

It is a classical result that prime numbers of the form x2 + ny2 can be characterized via class field theory for an infinite set of n. In this paper, we derive the function field analogue of the classical result. Then, we apply an effective version of the Chebotarev density theorem to bound the degree of the smallest irreducible of the form x2 - dy2, where x, y, and d are elements of a polynomial ring over a finite field.