cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunologic tolerance to renal allografts after bone marrow transplants from the same donors

In 1953, Billingham described a state of "actively acquired tolerance" to skin allografts developing after transfer of viable allogeneic cells to fetal or neonatal mice (1). This was followed by th...
Lower Cambrian trace fossil evidence for predation on trilobites

Predation upon trilobites previously has been inferred from large coprolites containing trilobite fragments, and from specimens of trilobites with healed wounds. The discovery of large burrows (Dolopichnus gulosus, n. ichnogen., n. ichnosp.) in micritic quartz arenite of the Lower Cambrian Poleta Formation in Esmeralda County, Nevada, suggests that sea anemones preyed upon trilobites. Dolopichnus n. ichnogen., vertical cylindrical burrows with a central cylindrical core, is interpreted as dwelling burrows of sea anemones. In the specimens studied, the core contains coarser-grained material, and in one series of burrows, is composed of trilobitc fragments and micrite pellets. cemented with sparite. The central cylinder is interpreted to be a cast of the sea anemone's coelenteron, which in some specimens contains stomach contents.
Speech Abilities in Preschool Children With Speech Sound Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Language Impairment

Purpose The authors compared preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder (SSD) and language impairment (LI) to children with SSD only in their numbers and types of speech sound error...
The management of intrusion detection : Configuration, inspection, and investment

Abstract This paper analyzes intrusion detection decisions in the presence of multiple alarm types, which differ in occurrence probabilities, damage and investigation costs. Specifically, multi-period optimization models are used to study three critical decisions associated with intrusion detection: (i) Allocation of the investigation budget to different periods and to different alarm types; (ii) Configuration of an intrusion detection system (IDS), i.e. choosing a false alarm rate for a given IDS; and (iii) Allocation of an appropriate amount of the investigation budget in the presence of alternative investment opportunities. Three models that cascade onto each other are presented. We minimize the sum of security costs including damages, due to ignored alarms, the investigation cost and the undetected intrusion cost. We show that it can be optimal to ignore non-critical alarms in order to allocate more of the investigation budget to critical alarms that may occur in the future. We establish that the security costs decrease as the investigation budget increases. Our last model deals with security investments—in the form of an investigation budget. The investigation budget must be increased until the rate of increase in savings in security costs due to the additional budget are equal to the internal rate of return of an organization. These analyses are done with explicit (derived) cost functions, as opposed to implicit (assumed) cost functions. We conclude by providing additional managerial insights and numerical examples.
Rotational statistics and thermodynamic functions of hydrogen peroxide

Partition functions for both the rotational modes (hindered internal rotation and overall rotation) of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecule in the ground electronic state are studied using quantum and classical Gibbsian statistical mechanics. The partition functions are used to calculate rotational thermodynamic functions (internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, Gibbs free energy and entropy) of a hydrogen peroxide gas of weakly interacting molecules at temperatures above 300 K.
New York Stories: The Best of the City Section of the New York Times – Edited by Constance Rosenblum

The article presents a review of the book "New York Stories: The Best of the City Section of the New York TImes," edited by Constance Rosenblum.
Shared Learning In and From Transformational Development Programs

Faith-based, transformational development organizations infrequently utilize impact assessment tools as learning activities. The author argues that the real and significant barriers to program assessment can be managed if shared learning becomes a core value within the organization. By integrating Biblical teaching and program assessment activities with what it means to be a learning organization, the paper outlines a strategy for sharing valuable experiences about holistic development within and outside the faith-based development community.
Relationship between effective intensity of auditory stimulation and directional eye turns in the human newborn.

Abstract To examine Schneirla's biphasic hypothesis that effectively weak stimulation results in approach-type responses and effectively strong stimulation results in withdrawal-type responses, 90 dB white noise stimuli were presented to twenty-five, 2-day-old female infants. Based on prior investigation this stimulus was expected to be effectively strong when presented at the right ear and effectively weak when presented at the left ear. Results obtained from electro-oculargraphic recording of the infants’ eye movements supported this hypothesis in that significant towards-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the left ear and significant away-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the right ear.
Measurements of the Unsteady Flow Field Within the Stator Row of a Transonic Axial-Flow Fan: I — Measurement and Analysis Technique

This two-part paper presents laser anemometer measurements of the unsteady velocity field within the stator row of a transonic axial-flow fan. The objective is to provide additional insight into unsteady blade-row interactions within high speed compressors which affect stage efficiency, energy transfer, and other design considerations. Part 1 describes the measurement and analysis techniques used for resolving the unsteady flow field features. The ensemble-average and variance of the measured velocities are used to identify the rotor wake generated and unresolved unsteadiness, respectively. (Rotor wake generated unsteadiness refers to the unsteadiness generated by the rotor wake velocity deficit and the term unresolved unsteadiness refers to all remaining contributions to unsteadiness such as vortex shedding, turbulence, mass flow fluctuations, etc.). A procedure for calculating auto and cross correlations of the rotor wake generated and unresolved unsteady velocity fluctuations is described. These unsteady-velocity correlations have significance since they also result from a decomposition of the Navier-Stokes equations. This decomposition of the Navier-Stokes equations resulting in the velocity correlations used to describe the unsteady velocity field will also be outlined in this paper.
Evaluation of pharmacy practice residents' research abstracts and publication rate.

Objective To determine the type, scope, and publication rate of pharmacy practice residency projects conducted in a subgroup of the United States. Methods Data were collected from the abstract book of the 28th Western States Conference for Pharmacy Residents, Fellows, and Preceptors (May 20–23, 2008). Data on project publication rate, institution affiliation, residency year, research practice setting, research therapeutic area, research hypothesis category, study design, statistical plan, and abstract reporting were extracted independently by two investigators. Results A total of 446 abstracts were presented at the annual residency meeting, 19 (4.3%) of which were published as full text in PubMed-indexed journals. The majority of the abstracts were presented by residents from California (52%). A total of 390 (87%) and 34 (8%) of the presentations were from postgraduate year (PGY)1 and PGY2 pharmacy residencies, respectively. PGY2 residents were more likely to report results at the time of abstract deadline compared with PGY1 residents (30.8% vs. 10.5%, P = 0.0185). Of the 19 publications found, about 3.6% (14 of 390) were from PGY1 residents compared with 14.7% (5 of 34) from PGY2 residents ( P = 0.0126). A significantly higher percentage of abstracts that reported results in the study description resulted in publication compared with those that did not report results (10.2% vs. 3.5%; P = 0.0461). Conclusion Although many residents in the western United States undertake residency projects, few projects result in journal publications. While PGY2 residents appear to be publishing at a higher rate than PGY1 residents, proper resource allocation and research training and collaboration by the residency director may improve overall research type, scope, and publication rate.
Long noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer: mechanisms and applications.

A large proportion of the control of gene expression in humans is mediated by noncoding elements in the genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a new class of pivotal regulatory components, orchestrating extensive cellular processes and connections. LncRNAs play various roles from chromatin modification to alternative splicing and post-transcriptional processing and are involved in almost all aspects of eukaryotic regulation. LncRNA-based mechanisms modulate cell fates during development, and their dysregulation underscores many human disorders, especially cancer, through chromosomal translocation, deletion, and nucleotide expansions. Recent studies demonstrate that multiple prostate cancer risk loci are associated with lncRNAs and that ectopic expression of these transcripts triggers a cascade of cellular events driving tumor initiation and progression. The recent increased rate of discovery of lncRNAs has been leveraged for application in clinical strategies such as novel biomarkers and th...
Exotic mesons in lattice QCD

Abstract We estimate the masses of the 0+, four quark crypto-exotic nonet using a Monte Carlo simulation of lattice QCD in the quenced approximation. Our calculation suggests that genuine 0+, qq q q states exist on a small lattice. The possibility of assigning the δ(980) and the S∗(975) to this nonet is considered.
Physics-based foundations for cyber and market design in complex electric energy systems

In this paper we propose a Dynamic Modeling and Decision Systems (DyMonDS) framework for modeling, simulating and designing cyber in the changing electric energy systems. The approach is fundamentally physics-based, which helps identify the relevant multi-layered structure of their complex dynamics. The common thread throughout the paper is the idea that coupling within a complex interconnected system can be represented using energy stored in different components and the rate of energy exchange with the rest of the system. This idea supports modeling in a transformed state space which makes it possible to systematically design interactive cyber for managing dynamics of energy exchange for provable performance in the evolving multi-physics energy systems. We describe a general scalable DyMonDS simulator currently under the development by our group for demonstrating potential of newly proposed cyber.
Teaching about Fathers in a University Setting

This paper shares information and experiences from the combined perspective of a faculty member and a graduate student, each involved in different aspects of a fatherhood course in a university setting, from course development to evaluation. We share course content ideas, visit issues of concern regarding the course and offer potential, practical connections that can be made between research, theory, and practice. Detailed feedback from students who have taken the fatherhood course either as undergraduate or graduate students is also included. Our hope in sharing this information is that it will be valuable to others teaching such a course or including fatherhood material in their courses and will provide encouragement to those contemplating doing so.
Real time monitoring of filament-assisted chemically vapor deposited diamond by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Spectroscopic ellipsometry over the range 1.5–4.5 eV was applied as a real time probe of the processes occurring in the initial nucleation of thin film diamond by heated-filament assisted chemical vapor deposition. Using both untreated and diamond-polished c-Si substrates, as well as both carburized and uncarburized tungsten filaments, it was possible to separate and characterize competing phenomena, including the increase in surface temperature induced by filament ignition, the formation of carbide layers, contamination of the substrate by tungsten from the filament, annealing of diamond polishing damage, and, finally, diamond nucleation. An accurate measurement of the true temperature of the substrate surface averaged over the top 500 A can be obtained from the energy position of critical points in the c-Si band structure. For diamond deposition, we operated with an initial excess flow of CH4 to stimulate nucleation. We applied real time feedback and manual control to reduce the CH4 flow in the first monolayers of deposition. The thickness of diamond and an estimate of its nucleation density can be obtained from real time spectra, and the latter was in good agreement with that obtained from scanning electron microscopy.
Syntactic priming in young children

Abstract This paper presents three experiments which show syntactic priming effects in four- and five-year-old children. The experiments are modeled after priming studies with adults involving transitive and dative constructions. In Study 1 children were presented with a picture that was described by an experimenter. They repeated the experimenter’s sentence and then were presented with a new picture to describe. Children were more likely to use a particular syntactic form if it had been used by the experimenter. In Study 2 the procedure was identical except that children did not repeat the experimenter’s sentence. Priming effects were comparable to those in Study 1. In Study 3, after hearing the experimenter’s sentences, children were presented with a block of pictures to describe. Across the entire block, children were more likely to use a particular form if it had been used by the experimenter. Together these results indicate that children represent syntactic form independently of particular lexical items.
Aggressive submodelling of stress concentrations

For some finite element analyses of stresses in engineering components, low-order elements can be preferred. This choice, however, results in slow convergence, especially at key stress concentrations. To overcome this difficulty, submodelling of stress concentrators can be employed. With submodelling, a subregion within the original global configuration and centred on the stress concentrator of interest is analysed by itself, with a consequent reduction in computation. The more aggressive the submodelling, the smaller the subregion and the greater the computational savings. To realize such savings in actuality, it is necessary that appropriate boundary conditions be applied to the subregion. Some of these boundary conditions must be drawn from a global analysis of the original configuration: then it is essential to ensure that such boundary conditions are determined sufficiently accurately. This paper describes a procedure for being reasonably certain that such is the case. The procedure is evaluated on a series of test problems and demonstrated on a contact application. Results show that good engineering estimates of peak stresses can be obtained even in regions of unusually high stress gradients. Furthermore, these estimates can be obtained in return for quite moderate levels of computational effort. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrostatic effect induction formulae

The calculation of induced voltages and short-circuit currents on people is an important step for the determination of tolerable levels of the electrostatic fields of UHV power transmission lines. Formulae for the induced short-circuit current of a hemisphere and a half-cylinder on the ground are derived in this paper. A shape factor, defined as the ratio of the equivalent charge collecting area, S, to an object's projected area on the ground, is discussed. The short-circuit current, I sc , is obtained from the ground-level voltage gradient, E g , by means of the equation I sc = J ω e E g S Different models for predicting the electrostatic induction are compared in the case of a rectangular solid. In order to show how calculations of I sc may be made for more complicated shapes, a comparison of the results obtained with various approximations is presented.
Crack Stability and T‐Curves Due to Macroscopic Residual Compressive Stress Profiles

Stabilization of the fracture process and resistance to strength degradation have been observed for materials with increasing T-curves. In this study, the possibility of using residual compressive stresses to induce crack stabilization is examined theoretically. Nonmonotonic forms for the residual compressive stress profiles are assumed. The stress intensity factors for linear through-the-thickness cracks subjected to these profiles are derived. The stress intensity factors are then used to construct the T-curves for the stress profiles considered. It is demonstrated that the presence of these T-curves leads to crack stability under the action of applied tensile stresses, and to strength insensitivity to the initial flaw size. The effects of additional localized stress fields (similar to those produced by indentation) on crack growth in these materials are also considered. In this case, the strength is found to be relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the localized loading. It is therefore concluded that residual stresses can be used to improve mechanical reliability in ways which are usually associated with microstructural toughening mechanisms.
The unique complications of coccidioidomycosis of the spine: a detailed time line of disease progression and suppression.

STUDY DESIGN A case report is presented. OBJECTIVE We report a detailed time-line of disease progression and suppression in a patient with disseminated Coccidioidomycosis of the spine. The importance of consistent and thorough treatment to prevent disease recurrence is underscored. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Coccidioides immitis is a dimorphic fungus that lives as a saprophyte in arid, alkaline soils and as a parasite in the tissues of its host. Endemic to the arid soil of the American Southwest and Central and South America, its disease prevalence is increasing. There are 100,000 new infections diagnosed each year, of which 34% are symptomatic. Of the symptomatic individuals 5-10% will develop a serious pulmonary infection and of those that have a serious infection less than 1% will develop chronic pulmonary disease and/or extrapulmonary dissemination. METHODS A 36-year-old black woman with a 3-year history of recent migration to the desert Southwest and a family history of sarcoidosis presented to her primary care physician with shortness of breath and a cough of 2 months' duration. An anterior-posterior radiograph revealed bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and sarcoidosis was diagnosed. The patient was placed on oral prednisone and progressively worsened. She was referred to the Orthopedic Clinic with a complaint of severe back pain. RESULTS Plain radiographs of the lumbar spine revealed lytic erosion of the sacral promontory. Computed tomography confirmed the sacral lesion in addition to revealing involvement of the fifth lumbar vertebral body. Over the ensuing years the patient underwent a course of operative and chemotherapeutic therapies. She endured numerous complications of the disease, one of which is being reported for the first time. Control of her disease has been accomplished through radical surgical debridement, spinal stabilization with concomitant local and systemic chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence and distribution of Coccidioidomycosis is increasing as is the likelihood of seeing its often unique and bizarre clinical manifestations and complications. If included in the differential diagnosis, the disease can be recognized earlier and the likelihood of numerous complications can be avoided. Once bony involvement is diagnosed a regimen of aggressive surgical debridement as well as consistent chemotherapy must be employed if remission and/or eradication of the illness are sought.
Increased incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury in children after a natural disaster

Abstract Background The incidence of child abuse following natural disasters has not been studied thoroughly. However, parental stress and decreased social support have been linked to increased reports of child maltreatment. We hypothesized that a large-scale natural disaster (North Carolina's Hurricane Floyd) would increase the incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children. Methods An ecologic study design was used to compare regions affected to those regions unaffected by the disaster. Cases of inflicted TBI resulting in admission to an intensive care unit or death from September 1998 through December 2001 in North Carolina were ascertained. Poisson regression modeling was employed to calculate rate ratios of injury for each geographic area by time period. Results Inflicted TBI in the most affected counties increased in the 6 months post-disaster in comparison to the same region pre-disaster (rate ratio 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.3–20.4), as did non-inflicted TBI (rate ratio 10.7, 95% CI=2.0–59.4). No corresponding increased incidence was observed in counties less affected or unaffected by the disaster. The rate of inflicted injuries returned to baseline in the severely affected counties 6 months post-hurricane; however, the rate of non-inflicted injuries appeared to remain elevated for the entire post-hurricane study period. Conclusions Families are vulnerable to an elevated risk of inflicted and non-inflicted child TBI following a disaster. This information may be useful in future disaster planning.
On the structural and luminescent properties of the InTa1−xNbxO4 system

Abstract InNbO 4 and InTaO 4 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2/a of the Wolframite structure and unlimited solid solutions are formed over the entire range of x. The cell volume decreases with increasing Nb-content. Both the niobate and tantalate are UV excitable blue emitting phosphors with the emission centered around 403 nm in a broad band of about 85 nm half width. In the pure state, InTaO 4 is a more efficient phosphor than InNbO 4 , maximum quantum yield being observed at x = 0.075.
A muscarinic receptor with high affinity for pirenzepine mediates vagally induced bronchoconstriction.

Abstract The nature of the putative muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in vagally mediated bronchoconstriction wa examined in the rabbit model utilizing the classical muscarinic antagonist atropine and the selective antagonis pirenzepine. In vivo electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves in anesthetized rabbits resulted in a reproducible increase in pulmonary resistance indicative of bronchoconstriction and a marked negative chronotropic effect on the heart. Both atropine and pirenzepine produced dose-related inhibition of these two vagal effects. Fify percent inhibition of the vagally induced increase in pulmonary resistance was achieved with an infusion of pirenzepine that was only 8-fold greater than the equi-effective dose of atropine. In contrast, the dose of pirenzepine required to inhibit the vagally induced decrease in heart rate by 50% was 100-fold greater than the atropine dose. Thus, pirenzepine is markedly more potent in inhibiting vagally mediated bronchoconstriction than bradycardia. In vitro inhibition of methacholine-induced contraction of bronchial rings with atropine and pirenzepine yielded pA 2 values of 8.86 and 6.88 respectively (95-fold potency ratio), demonstrating that the muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells that mediate contraction are not of the pirenzepine-sensitive subtype.
New Ambassador Award Recognizes Outreach and Societal Impact

AGU has created a new award that honors members whose achievements extend beyond those recognized by traditional scientific discipline awards. The award furthers AGU's strategic goals to promote collaboration and innovation, inform society about Earth and space science, and build the global talent pool.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR): Balance for Survival in Parasitic Infections

Parasitic infections induce a magnitude of host responses. At the opposite ends of the spectrum are those that ensure the host's needs to eliminate the invaders and to minimize damage to its own tissues. This review analyzes how parasites would manipulate immunity by activating the immunosuppressive nuclear factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with type 2 cytokines and free fatty acids from arachidonic acid metabolism. PPARs limit the action of type 1 immunity, in which classically activated macrophages act through the production of proinflammatory signals, to spare the parasites. They also favor the development of alternately activated macrophages which control inflammation so the host would not be destroyed. Possibly, the nuclear factors hold a pivotal role in the establishment of chronic infection by delicately balancing the pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling mechanisms and their ligands may be used as combination therapeutics to limit host pathology.
Pituitary and/or Peripheral Estrogen-Receptor α Regulates Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion, Whereas Central Estrogenic Pathways Direct Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Postmenopausal Women

Background: Estradiol (E2) stimulates GH and prolactin secretion and suppresses FSH secretion in postmenopausal women. Whether central nervous system (CNS) or pituitary mechanisms (or both) mediate such actions is not known. Objective: Our objective was to distinguish between hypothalamic and pituitary or peripheral (hepatic) actions of E2. Setting: This study was performed in an academic medical center. Design: This was a double-blind, prospectively randomized, placebo (Pl)-controlled study. Methods: The capability of a selective, noncompetitive, non-CNS permeant estrogen receptor (ER)-α antagonist, fulvestrant (FUL) to antagonize the effects of transdermal E2 and Pl on GH, prolactin, and FSH secretion was assessed in 43 women (ages 50–80 yr) in a four parallel-cohort study. Each woman received four secretagogue infusions to stimulate GH secretion. IGF-I and its binding proteins were measured secondarily. Results: Administration of Pl/E2 increased GH and prolactin concentrations by 100%, and suppressed FSH concentrations by more than 50% (each P ≤ 0.004 compared with Pl/Pl). Treatment with FUL/E2 compared with Pl/E2 partially relieved estrogen’s inhibition of FSH secretion (P = 0.041), without altering E2’s stimulation of prolactin secretion. ANOVA further revealed that: 1) estrogen milieu (P = 0.014) and secretagogue type (P < 0.001) each determined GH concentrations; 2) FUL/Pl suppressed IGF-I concentrations (P < 0.001); 3) FUL abrogated estrogen’s elevation of IGF binding protein-1 concentrations (P < 0.001); and 4) FUL did not oppose estrogen’s suppression of IGF binding protein-3 concentrations (P < 0.001). Summary and Conclusions: Responses to a non-CNS permeant ERα antagonist indicate that E2 inhibits FSH secretion in part via pituitary/peripheral ERα, drives prolactin output via nonpituitary/nonperipheral-ERα effects, and directs GH secretion and IGF-I-binding proteins by complex mechanisms.
Fixing Apples' Broken Clipboard, with Java

The Mac OS X clipboard is infamous for changing the format of bit-mapped images that are pasted to it. These images are typically encoded using a QuickTime Tiff compressor that renders them unreadable on other platforms (e.g. Windows and Linux). This means that Mac users who create screen-shot based Word or PowerPoint documents are not able to view the images in those documents on nonMac platforms. QuickTime is available only under license. As a result, it is not generally available under any of the major open-source versions of UNIX (ironic, considering MacOS X is a kind of Unix). Further, windows’ users (even the ones that have QuickTime) cannot decode these images (installing QuickTime is no help). As a result, the QuickTime images in documents are unreadable. This article describes a work-around for the problem, using Java. The code has been tested and shown to work on a variety of platforms (even running under emulation using QEMU and Linux) [QEMU]. The program is distributed as a webstart application in the JAddressBook project.
Monoclonal antibodies for immunological disorders: a review of recent patents

During the last two decades the field of antibody-based therapeutics has seen major progress. The development of new technologies made possible the generation of human–mouse chimaeric or humanised monoclonal antibodies or even human monoclonal antibodies of minimal immunogenicity and greatly enhanced half-life, resulting in sustained drug action and permitting multiple administrations. At the same time, the development of new methods employed in the study of immune and inflammatory diseases has resulted in the identification of a whole new range of targets against which antibody-based therapeutics could be developed. In this article, review recent literature and patents for antibody-based therapeutics in immune and inflammatory diseases published over the last four years are reviewed.
Low temperature pyroelectric properties of α‐LiIO3 single crystals

Pyroelectric properties of α‐LiIO3 in the temperature range between 320 and 120 K are measured. It is found that α‐LiIO3 has low dielectric constant, low tan δ, and useful pyroelectric properties at low temperature about 125 K. The primary and secondary pyroelectric contributions at 253 K are estimated.
Infant sleep placement after the back to sleep campaign.

Objectives. The Back to Sleep campaign has been credited with recent declines in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. Using survey data for the 1996–1998 birth cohorts, this epidemiologic study examines infant sleep position in a large, population-based sample. Data and Methods. Data concerning infant sleep position are drawn from the 1996–1998 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for 15 states. Weighted multiple logistic regression analysis is used to examine correlates of infant sleep position. Results. The prevalence of prone infant sleeping significantly declined between 1996 and 1998 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.63, 0.78]). African Americans were more likely than non-Hispanic whites to sleep prone, (AOR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.33,1.59), and were less likely to sleep supine (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.57). Hispanic/Latinos were less likely overall than non-Hispanic whites to sleep prone (AOR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.95), but were also less likely to sleep supine (AOR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.87). Adherence to sleep position recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics increased sharply among Hispanic/Latino infants. Very low birth weight infants and infants in larger families were less likely to sleep in the recommended supine position. Infants born between 1001 and 1500 g (AOR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.57, 0.79), and extremely low birth weight infants between 500 and 1000 g (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.72) were especially unlikely to sleep supine. Infants in households with more than 3 other children (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.08, 2.74) were more likely to sleep prone. Conclusions. The prevalence of supine infant sleep increased between 1996 and 1998. Low adherence to sleep position recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics among African Americans, very low birth weight infants, and infants in large families remain public health concerns.
Increased c-fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala and enhancement of cued fear memory in Dyt1 ΔGAG knock-in mice

DYT1 dystonia is caused by a trinucleotide deletion of GAG (ΔGAG) in DYT1, which codes for torsinA. A previous epidemiologic study suggested an association of DYT1 ΔGAG mutation with early-onset recurrent major depression. However, another study reported no significant association with depression, but instead showed an association with anxiety and dystonia. In this study, we analyzed these related behaviors in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mice. The knock-in mice showed a subtle anxiety-like behavior but did not show depression-like behaviors. The mutant mice also displayed normal sensorimotor gating function in a prepulse inhibition test. While normal hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory and hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) were observed, the knock-in mice exhibited an enhancement in the formation of cued fear memories. Anatomical analysis indicated that the number of c-fos positive cells was significantly increased while the size of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CE) was significantly reduced in the knock-in mice. These results suggest that the Dyt1 ΔGAG mutation increased the activity of the CE and enhanced the acquisition of the cued fear memory.
Development of kineto-dynamic quarter-car model for synthesis of a double wishbone suspension

Linear or nonlinear 2-degrees of freedom (DOF) quarter-car models have been widely used to study the conflicting dynamic performances of a vehicle suspension such as ride quality, road holding and rattle space requirements. Such models, however, cannot account for contributions due to suspension kinematics. Considering the proven simplicity and effectiveness of a quarter-car model for such analyses, this article presents the formulation of a comprehensive kineto-dynamic quarter-car model to study the kinematic and dynamic properties of a linkage suspension, and influences of linkage geometry on selected performance measures. An in-plane 2-DOF model was formulated incorporating the kinematics of a double wishbone suspension comprising an upper control arm, a lower control arm and a strut mounted on the lower control arm. The equivalent suspension and damping rates of the suspension model are analytically derived that could be employed in a conventional quarter-car model. The dynamic responses of the propos...
Simultaneous Transmission/Emission Myocardial Perfusion Tomography Diagnostic Accuracy of Attenuation-Corrected 99mTc-Sestamibi Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Background The purpose of the present study was to assess the diagnostic performance of attenuation-corrected (AC) stress 99mTc-sestamibi cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for the identification of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods and Results With a triple-detector SPECT system with a 241Am transmission line source, simultaneous transmission/emission tomography (TCT/ECT) was performed on 60 patients with angiographic coronary disease and 59 patients with ≤5% likelihood of CHD. Iteratively reconstructed AC stress 99mTc-sestamibi perfusion images were compared with uncorrected (NC) filtered-backprojection images. Normal database polar maps were constructed from AC and NC images for quantitative analyses. From the low-likelihood patients, the visual and quantitative normalcy rates increased from 0.88 and 0.76 for NC to 0.98 and 0.95 for AC (P<.05). For the detection of CHD, the receiver operating characteristic curves for the AC images demonstrated improved discrimination capaci...
Methamphetamine Users in the Psychiatric Emergency Services: A Case-Control Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the sociodemographic, clinical, and service use characteristics of patients with positive methamphetamine (MA) urine toxicology and compare with non-MA users seen in an urban Psychiatric Emergency Services (PES). One hundred twenty patient charts were extracted for demographics, mode of arrival, clinical information, medication treatment of MA-intoxication, and disposition. Compared with non-MA patients, MA patients were significantly younger, male, referred by police, with cardiac symptoms, psychosis, dysphoria, past substance use, and were less likely to have a diagnosis of Schizophrenia, a past psychiatric history/hospitalization, and a history of suicide attempts. Subsequent hospitalization rates did not differ. MA patients treated with medications more readily accepted the referral to chemical dependency treatment. This study shows that hypertension and tachycardia upon arrival to the PES, symptoms of dysphoria and psychosis, past substance use and not having the diagnosis of Schizophrenia are all related to methamphetamine use.
Widowhood and self-rated health among Chinese elders: The effect of economic condition

Objective: To examine the mediating effect of economic condition (income, work status, self-rated financial situation and financial support) on widowhood and self-rated health in elderly Chinese. Methods: The study sample consists of 17 556 married and widowed elders age 60 and older selected from the nationwide 2000 Sample Survey on Aged Population in Urban/Rural China. Path analysis is used to identify the direct and indirect relationships of economic condition between widowhood and self-rated health. Results: Widowhood has a direct effect on self-rated health for those widowed for more than 4 years. Work status and perceived financial situation mediate that relationship regardless of length of time widowed. Being older, male, less educated, and functionally healthy are associated with better self-rated health among those widowed. Conclusions: Work status and perceived financial situation have a more significant effect on widowhood and self-rated health than income and financial support. The findings have cross-cultural implications for developing elder care programs.
Antimicrobial therapies for Q fever.

Q fever is caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii and has both acute and chronic forms. The acute disease is a febrile illness often with headache and myalgia that can be self-limiting, whereas the chronic disease typically presents as endocarditis and can be life threatening. The normal therapy for the acute disease is a 2 week course of doxycycline, whereas chronic disease requires 18–24 months of doxycycline in combination with hydroxychloroquine. Alternative treatments are used for pregnant women, young children and those who cannot tolerate doxycycline. Doxycycline resistance is rare, but has been reported. Co-trimoxazole is a currently recommended alternative treatment, but quinolones, rifampin and newer macrolides may also provide some benefit.
The relationship between hirudin and activated clotting time: implications for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing cardiac surgery.

UNLABELLED Anticoagulation with recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) (Refludan) has been suggested as an alternative to heparin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring cardiac surgery. We sought to develop a modified activated coagulation time (ACT) that would allow quantification of the levels of r-hirudin required during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Twenty-one patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgical procedures requiring CPB were enrolled in this IRB-approved study. R-hirudin was added to blood specimens obtained before heparin administration (before CPB) and 30 min after heparin neutralization with protamine (after CPB) to result in concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, or 8 microg/mL. Kaolin/ACT and complete blood count measurements were assayed in native specimens (first 10 patients, Phase I) or in specimens mixed with equal volumes of commercial normal plasma (second 11 patients, Phase II). In Phase I, good (r(2) = 0.83) linear relationships between ACT values and r-hirudin concentrations ( 999 s) at hirudin concentrations >2 microg/mL. In patient specimens mixed with normal plasma (Phase II), ACT/hirudin relationships (i.e., hirudin/ACT slope values obtained with hirudin concentration < or =4 microg/mL) in the post-CPB period (0.022 +/- 0.004 microg. mL(-1). s(-1)) were similar (P = 0.47) to those (0.019 +/- 0.004 microg. mL(-1). s(-1)) obtained in the pre-CPB period. Accordingly, a significant relationship between normal plasma-supplemented ACT values and predilution hirudin concentration was obtained in the post-CPB (hirudin = 0.039ACT - 4.34, r(2) = 0.91) period. Although our data demonstrate that the ACT test cannot be used to monitor hirudin during CPB, the addition of 50% normal plasma to post-CPB hemodiluted blood specimens yields a consistent linear relationship between hirudin concentration and ACT values up to a predilution concentration of 8 microg/mL. Plasma-modified ACT may be useful in monitoring hirudin anticoagulation during CPB. IMPLICATIONS A modified activated clotting time test system that may be helpful in monitoring hirudin anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is described.
Crosslinking of glycoproteins in human erythrocyte ghosts.

Membrane glycoproteins of human erythrocytes can be resolved into three major bands (GP-1, GP-2, and GP-3) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the ghosts or intact erythrocytes were reacted with a crosslinking reagent, dimethyl malonimidate, a novel glycoprotein band (GP-A) of crosslinked product appeared on gel electrophoretograms of the solubilized membranes. When the crosslinked glycoproteins (GP-A) were ammonolyzed to cleave the crosslinks and subjected again to electrophoresis, on fresh gels, two glycoprotein bands (GP-1 and GP-2) were produced. It is concluded that GP-1 and GP-2 were crosslinked to form GP-A in the membrane. Only a small fraction of the glycoproteins was crosslinked, even after the ghosts were reacted with excess amounts of the reagent and for extended periods of time of crosslinking.
Institutional impact and quote behavior implications of the options penny pilot project

Abstract In this study, we expand the analysis of the impact of the options penny pilot project (PPP) using a sample that covers the first three phases of the project, a control group of options that were not part of the project, and options market specific control variables. We show that proportional national best bid offer spreads decrease significantly for the pilot securities, with the control sample demonstrating a general increase in relative spreads. Regression analysis indicates that a decrease in relative spreads can be explained by the switch to penny quoting. We find that the average quote size significantly declines and most pilot securities experience significant increases in quote traffic during the pilot period. For equity options in the pilot group we do not find a pattern of change in the average trading volume that can be attributed to the PPP. The average trading volume shows a general increase for the ETF options in the pilot group during the pilot period. Based on the findings derived from a sample of opening and closing “large” trades, we do not find conclusive evidence that trading in penny increments has a negative impact on the volume of institutional trading activity on the options exchanges during the first few months of Phase I. Our results for relative spreads, average quote size, quote traffic and trading volume are robust to Phases I–III of the PPP.
Antibiotic use in children with renal failure

Infections are serious complications for children with either acute or chronic renal failure. The appropriate antibiotic management for these children requires an understanding of the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs. Equally important is frequent monitoring for adverse drug reactions and for evidence of clinical and bacteriological cure. In this article, the epidemiology, the evaluation of the renal function, the incidence of infectious complications, and the underlying immunological deficits in children with renal failure are discussed. Principles of clinical pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutics of antibiotics in patients with renal failure also are discussed. Finally, a description is given of the most important antimicrobials used in children, their indications, toxicities, routes of elimination, and adjustments in renal failure. Because specific information for children is lacking in the literature, most of the information contained in this article is extrapolated from adult patients.
Synthesis of daunorubicin-14-14C and adriamycin-14-14C

Reaction of adriamycinone with excess 14CH3Mgl and periodate cleavage of the resulting glycol (5) affords daunomycinone-14-14C (6). Bromination and hydrolysis of 6 gives adriamycinone-14-14C (8). Coupling of 6 and the 14-0-p-anisyldiphenyl-methyl derivative (9) with 1-chloro-3-N-trifluoroacetyl-4-0-p-nitrobenzoyldau-nosamine (10) affords daunorubicin-14-14C (1) and adriamycin-14-14C (2), respectively, after deprotection.
A spreadsheet-based methodology for quality evaluations

Abstract This paper describes the development of a systematic, spreadsheet-based methodology for performing quality capability self-evaluation and diagnosis. ISO 9000 series standards and multicriteria evaluation techniques are employed to provide a sound basis for an easily applied decision support package.
A Review of: “Art, Culture, and Media Under the Third Reich / The Unmaking of Fascist Aesthetics”

Author(s): Spackman, Barbara | Abstract: This book exposes the "madness" inherent in such a course, which attests to the impossibility of disengaging visual and rhetorical constructions from political, ideological, and moral codes.
Pollen irradiation and the transfer of maternal genes in Pisum sativum

Pollen of Pisum sativum was exposed to doses of 900 to 6,000 r of X-rays prior to pollinating a multiply marked genotype. The first generation progeny closely resembled that produced with unirradiated pollen. In the second generation, five loci were monitored, and the results showed that irradiation enhanced the proportion of maternal information transmitted to the progeny; the practical implications of the data, as well as the mechanism underlying the effect are discussed.
Transcriptional regulation of calcium-activated neutral protease in cardiomyocytes of hypertensive rats

Increased enzymatic activity of calcium-activated neutral protease II (CANP II) has been reported previously in cardiac tissues of rats with 2 kidney, 1 clip Goldblatt hypertension (2K, 1C-HT); this was associated with elevated intracellular free Ca(++). Because it was suggested that increased levels of the enzyme were responsible for the enhanced activity, CANP II mRNA expression was assessed in cardiomyocytes isolated from 2K, 1C-HT rats and from a genetic model of hypertension, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Utilizing a rabbit probe for the large subunit of CANP II (pLM 1006 cDNA), a 3.7 kilobase mRNA band was visualized in Northern blots of poly A+ RNA. Densitometric analysis of the blots revealed that there was a significant (p < 0.005) increase in the levels of CANP II large subunit mRNA in cardiomyocytes of 2K, 1C-HT rats when compared with controls. Interestingly, CANP II mRNA levels were comparable in cardiomyocytes of SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Results of nuclear runoff transcription assays indicated that enhanced expression of CANP II mRNA in 2K, 1C-HT rat hearts was regulated at the transcriptional level. The data support specific CANP II gene activation in the hearts of renal hypertensive rats.
A general converse theorem for mean-value theorems in linear elasticity

We prove a rather general mean-value formula in the theory of elasticity, which expresses the value of the displacement at the centre of a sphere in terms of certain combinations of integral averages over the sphere itself of the traction and the displacement. We also establish the corresponding converse to this mean-value formula under minimal smoothness assumptions on the displacement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.