cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Galactosyl transfer reactions catalysed by pneumococcal α-galactosidase☆

Abstract It was found that the α-galactosidase isolated from culture broths of Diplococcus pneumoniae synthesized both reducing and nonreducing oligosaccharides through transferring reactions. For synthesizing reducing oligosaccharides, the enzyme preparation transfers α- d -galactosyl groups from suitable oligosaccharides to various acceptors forming linkages which are predominately α-(1 → 6), but other α-linkages are also formed. Incubation of melibiose with pneumococcal α-galactosidase produced 2 nonreducing and 7 reducing oligosaccharides as detected by paper chromatography. One of the nonreducing oligosaccharides contained only galactose; the other contained both galactose and glucose. Among the reducing oligosaccharides, 4 were identified as galactobiose, galactotriose, manninotriose, and verbascotetraose. Three others were tentatively identified as isomers of galactotriose, manninotriose, and verbascotetraose. When raffinose was incubated with this enzyme, galactobiose, galactotriose, stachyose, verbascose, and 2 sucrose-containing oligosaccharides were formed. These results were confirmed by using sugars labeled with C 14 . When melibiose was incubated with the enzyme in the presence of d -glucose-1-C 14 , rapid incorporation of radioactivity into melibiose was found. Similarly, radioactive raffinose was formed from enzymic digests of raffinose in the presence of sucrose-U-C 14 . d -Glucose, d -galactose, sucrose, d -mannose, d -fructose, d -glucosamine, d -galactosamine, 2-deoxy- d -galactose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, d - and l -arabinose, d - and l -xylose, d -lyxose, and d -ribose were able to function as acceptors for the α- d -galactosyl group.
Emerging Regional Perspectives on Water Research and Management: An Introductory Comment

Two noted American geographers specializing in water resource management introduce a series of papers in a Eurasian Geography and Economics symposium on water security and hydro-politics by outlining the diverse regional constructs (e.g., river basins, nation-states, global regions) that have been utilized in water management efforts in the past. The authors suggest that the "problemshed" concept may represent the real context of contemporary regional water struggles and management, and may appear in such forms as water security regions, "water wars" between neighboring states, water-energy-food regions, and virtual water regions and footprints. They conclude by reviewing the ways in which the three symposium papers that follow contribute to a deeper understanding of transboundary water use and conflict management.
Impact of heart failure on hip fracture outcomes: a population-based study

Background Hip fracture and heart failure are becoming more prevalent conditions in hospitalized patients. Despite differences in postoperative outcomes from other intermediate risk procedures, guidelines classify hip fracture repair as an intermediate risk operation.
Simple interface for transferring high-boiling compounds from sample adsorption tubes onto capillary gas chromatographic columns

Abstract The description and performance of a simple and easily made interface for transferring high-boiling compounds from sample adsorption tubes onto capillary columns is described. Results obtained with diphenylamine, fenitrothion, cocaine, halogenated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls are presented. The quality of injection obtained with this interface is equal to that obtained using conventional injection and splitless systems. Use of the interface with on-adsorber derivatization of amphetamine, followed by capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometric analysis is also reported.
Loss of autophagy leads to failure in megakaryopoiesis, megakaryocyte differentiation, and thrombopoiesis in mice

During hematopoiesis, megakaryopoiesis, megakaryocyte differentiation, and thrombopoiesis are regulated at multiple stages, which involve successive lineage commitment steps and proceed with polyploidization, maturation, and organized fragmentation of the cytoplasm, leading to the release of platelets in circulation. However, the cellular mechanisms by which megakaryocytes derive from their progenitors and differentiate into platelets have not fully been understood. Using an Atg7 hematopoietic conditional knockout mouse model, we found that loss of autophagy, a metabolic process essential in homeostasis and cellular remodeling, caused mitochondrial and cell cycle dysfunction, impeding megakaryopoiesis and megakaryocyte differentiation, as well as thrombopoiesis and subsequently produced abnormal platelets, larger in size and fewer in number, ultimately leading to severely impaired platelet production and failed hemostasis.
Psychological systems questionnaire: An objective personality test designed for on-line computer presentation, scoring, and interpretation

Previous research efforts to use on-line computer systems for personality assessment are briefly reviewed. Shortcomings in the conversion of paper-and-pencil testing forms to computer media are noted. Construction of a new instrument, specifically designed for use with an on-line computer system, is described. Advantages of this approach are noted.
Tumor response parameters for head and neck cancer derived from tumor-volume variation during radiation therapy.

Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to reconstruct a distribution of cell survival fractions from tumor-volume variation for a heterogeneous group of head and neck cancer patients and compare this distribution to the data from predictive assays. Methods: To characterize the tumor-volume variation during radiation therapy treatment, the authors use a two-level tumor-volume model of cell population that separates the entire tumor cell population into two subpopulations of viable cells and lethally damaged cells. This parameterized radiobiological model is integrated with a least squares objective function and a simulated annealing optimization algorithm to describe time-dependent tumor-volume variation rates in individual patients. Several constraints have been used in the optimization problem because tumor-volume variation during radiotherapy is described by a sum of exponentials; therefore, the problem of accurately fitting a model to measured data is ill-posed. The model was applied to measured tumor-volume variation curves from a clinical study on tumor-volume variation during radiotherapy for 14 head and neck cancer patients in which an integrated CT/linear particle accelerator (LINAC) system was used for tumor-volume measurements. Results: The two-level cell population tumor-volume modeling is capable of describing tumor-volume variation throughout the entire treatment for 11 of the 14 patients. For three patients, the tumor-volume variation was described only during the initial part of treatment, a fact that may be related to the neglected hypoxia in the two-level approximation. The predicted probability density distribution for the survival fractions agrees with the data obtained usingin vitro studies with predictive assays. The mean value 0.35 of survival fraction obtained in this study is larger than the value 0.32 from in vitro studies, which could be expected because of greater repair in vivo. The mean half-life obtained in this study for the head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is equal to 3.8 mean potential doubling times, which agrees with 4.0 mean potential doubling times obtained previously for lung SCC. Conclusions: The distribution of cell survival fractions obtained in this study support the hypothesis that the tumor-volume variation during radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancer can be described by the two-level cell population tumor-volume model. This model can be used forin vivo evaluation of patient-specific radiobiological parameters that are needed for tumor-control probability evaluation.
Asymptotically robust detection for known signals in contaminated multiplicative noise

Abstract Robust detection of known weak signals of unknown amplitude is considered for a class of combined additive and nonadditive noise models and an asymptotically large set of independent observations. Cases where the additive noise distribution is known only to be a member of the Tukey-Huber contamination class of symmetric distributions and cases where the observation model is also known only to be a member of a particular class of multiplicative noise models are considered. The finite-sample-size performance of our schemes is found to be relatively insensitive to variations in the additive noise distribution and the observation model in a specific example.
Found Poetry in the Online Classroom: Part I

At the University of New England School of Social Work, Human Behavior in the Social Environment (HBSE) is designed to develop and refine students' consciousness of the continuous, dynamic, and his...
Fracture behavior in stitched multidirectional composites

Abstract Various two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) composite materials in different geometries and compositions were fabricated and examined. The 3D composites were produced by the techniques of stitching. Damage resistance and fracture mechanisms of composites were studied as a function of loading directions at both low and high loading rates. The effects of the type, concentration and distribution of the third-direction fibers on the mechanical behavior of an otherwise 2D composite were investigated. Failure analyses were conducted to determine the failure causes and crack propagation behavior by means of in situ optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Multidirectional composites were found to possess a greater damage resistance than did the conventional 2D composites. The third-direction fibers were found to reduce effectively the degree of delamination and to increase the flexural strength of composites by increasing the interlaminar fracture surface energy. Problems associated with the fabrication of 3D composites were identified and discussed.
An Analysis of State Adopted Foreign Language Textbooks Used in First- and Third-Year High School Spanish Classes

: At all stages and levels of foreign language instruction, teachers and students rely heavily on the core textbook. Research, however, has neglected the systematic evaluation and description of these texts. Using the Annehurst Curriculum Classification System as a tool for classifying, describing, and analyzing first- and third-year high school Spanish textbooks, this study provides information about the curriculum characteristics of these textbooks and determines what differences exist among the texts evaluated. The characteristics or dimensions are: experience, intelligence, motivation, emotion/personality, creativity, sociability, verbal expression, and auditory, visual, and motor perception. Results of this study indicate that these textbooks are consistently “deficient” on nearly all of the dimensions examined. Similarity of characteristics among first- and third-year Spanish textbooks suggests that the broad spectrum of cognitive and affective needs inherent in learners is not being met.
Possible competing superconducting and insulating mechanisms in semiconductors and semimetals

Abstract Superconducting and excitonic insulating phase transitions in semimetals and semiconductors are studied. It is suggested that in some materials with a many valley type band structure, excitonic insulating transition may compete with the superconducting transition and therefore these materials may exhibit a kind of “mixed” transition. A few materials are proposed which may show either the excitonic insulating or the mixed transition at low temperature and under pressure.
The influence of sol-gel processing on the electrochromic properties of mesoporous WO3 films produced by ultrasonic spray deposition

Abstract High performance mesoporous tungsten oxide films were deposited by ultrasonic spray deposition using templated sol–gel chemistry. The dynamics of both sol preparation and hydrolysis were investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy. A stable sol was formed after 12 h, while optimum electrochromic performance was obtained for 12 h of hydrolysis. Electrochromic performance is strongly correlated to the annealing conditions, with optimized films displaying coloration efficiency >50 cm2/C and switching times
An inequality concerning the production of vorticity in isotropic turbulence

An inequality is demonstrated involving the rate of production S of mean-square vorticity in isotropic turbulence and a factor γ which may be said to allow for intermittency or for the non-vanishing of fourth-order cumulants. An extreme state, corresponding to equality of this relationship, occurs if S = 0·64 and γ = 2·14. The experimental values are S = 0·4 and γ = 4. Another kinematical relation shows that the mechanism of vorticity production resembles collision between fluid particles rather than the swirling of contracting jets.
Topiramate Modulates GABA-Evoked Currents in Murine Cortical Neurons by a Nonbenzodiazepine Mechanism

Summary: Purpose: These studies further investigate the ability of topiramate (TPM) to enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition through a benzodiazepine-insensitive pathway. Methods: Topiramate (30 and 100 μM) enhancement of GABA (1 μM)-evoked currents in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons was studied by using whole-cell electrophysiologic techniques. Results obtained with TPM (30 μM) were compared with those obtained with clonazepam (CZP; 1 μM). Results: Topiramate enhanced GABA currents in a subset of cortical neurons tested. In addition, TPM enhanced GABA-evoked currents in CZP-insensitive neurons, and CZP was effective in a subset of TPM-insensitive neurons. Related studies in vivo demonstrated that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of either TPM (25 mg/kg) or CZP (0.012 mg/kg) increases pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold. This effect of CZP, but not TPM, was reversed by the benzodiazepine (BZD) antagonist flumazenil (FMZ; 40 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusions: These results indicate that GABAA-receptor sensitivity to TPM is not dependent on the presence of BZD sensitivity. Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition through a BZD-insensitive pathway may represent one mechanism through which TPM exerts its anticonvulsant action.
Soil Science Simplified, Fourth Edition.

MILO I. HARPSTEAD, THOMAS J. SAUER, and WILLIAM F. BENNETT. Illustrated by MARY C. BRATZ. Iowa State University Press, 2121 South State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014. 2001. Hardback, 225 p. $44.95. ISBN 0-8138-2942-9. The first edition of this book was published in 1980. The second edition was published
Dextran-encapsulated barium sulfate nanoparticles prepared for aqueous dispersion as an X-ray contrast agent

Barium sulfate (BaSO4) nanoparticles (\100 nm) are of interest to provide improved performance over microscale BaSO4 particles, which are currently used clinically as an X-ray contrast agent or radiopacifier, and to further enable passive or targeted delivery of BaSO4 contrast agents. The stability of BaSO4 nanoparticle dispersions in aqueous media is critical for these uses but has received little attention. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prepare and characterize a BaSO4 nanoparticle con- trast agent with colloidal stability in aqueous media. Monodisperse BaSO4 nanoparticles, *13 nm in diameter, were synthesized using water-in-oil nano- emulsions wherein the aqueous droplet size limited particle growth and the surfactant layer provided a barrier against aggregation. The as-synthesized nano- particles were readily redispersed in organic solvents but agglomerated when redispersed in aqueous media due to exhibiting a low, nearly isoelectric zeta potential at neutral pH. Therefore, the as-synthesized BaSO4 nanoparticles were subsequently encapsulated by crosslinked dextran within the nanoemulsion droplets in order to provide both steric and electro- static stabilization upon breaking the nanoemulsion. Dextran encapsulation increased the particle diameter to *40 nm, but enabled BaSO4 nanoparticles to be readily redispersed in water and maintain colloidal stability for more than a month. The X-ray attenuation of dispersed dextran-encapsulated BaSO4 nanoparti- cles was not different from that measured for either a commercial microscale BaSO4 suspension or a solu- tion of barium ions prepared in water at an equal mass concentration of barium, but was significantly greater than the attenuation exhibited by soft tissues. Thus, dextran-encapsulated BaSO4 nanoparticles appear to be suitable for passive or targeted delivery as an X-ray contrast agent.
Dynamic Data Recovery from Damaged CD Media

Data recovery from damaged CD media is demonstrated on a dynamic spin stand. Types of damage include broken fragments, microwave irradiation, knurling, and sanding. Digital signal processing is used to improve probability of recovery.
Reconstruction of a three-dimensional object from a limited range of views

Abstract We define the Radon transform R and the back projection R ∗ (adjoint of R ) on the space of C∞ rapidly decreasing functions J and on the space of distributions of compact support E ′. We show that R ∗ R is a convolution operator. The result is true in the case of full views as well as in the case of a limited range of views. An application to the medical image reconstruction is given.
P50 sensory gating in multiplex schizophrenia families from a Pacific island isolate.

OBJECTIVE: Multiplex schizophrenia families from Palau, Micronesia, were assessed with P50 sensory gating to 1) test for replication of the association between this inhibitory neurobiological trait and familial schizophrenia in non-Caucasian subjects and 2) evaluate the ability of the P50 trait to serve as an endophenotype in a genetic linkage study of these families. METHOD: A paired-stimulus auditory event- related potential paradigm was used to examine P50 sensory gating in 85 schizophrenia patients (56 medicated with typical antipsychotics and 29 unmedicated), 83 of their first-degree relatives (46 parents and 37 siblings), and 29 normal comparison subjects. RESULTS: Auditory sensory gating as measured by the P50 ratio was similarly impaired in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients compared to the normal subjects, and medication dose had no significant effect on any P50 variable. This impairment extended to first-degree relatives, who also showed significantly higher P50 ratios than the nor...
"Tastily Bound with Ribands": Ribbon-bordered Dress of the Great Lakes Indians, 1735-1839:

This research illuminates the historical context and cultural significance of ribbon-bordered dress of the Native Americans in the Great Lakes region in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Period manuscripts and print materials were studied to document access to European-produced silk ribbon, to trace the spread of ribbon-bordered dress among Great Lakes tribes, to explore the origins of cut-and-sewn ribbonwork borders on dress, and to interpret the cultural context in which ribbon-bordered dress arose. In summary, ribbon-bordered dress was found to embody a creative and innovative response to an imported material by Great Lakes Indian women. Moreover, through its use and transformation in Native American dress, silk ribbon both established cultural boundaries and bound cultures together.
Ultraviolet inducible protein associated with error prone repair in E. coli B.

Escherichia coli is affected in many ways by irradiation with ultraviolet light. New DNA is made containing gaps resulting from synthesis on damaged templates1,2 and postreplication repair seals them by exchanging sections of DNA between daughter duplexes3,4. The induction of mutations by ultraviolet light has been attributed to errors occurring during this type of repair5–7 and so this repair has been called error prone. Ultraviolet radiation also results in pro-phage induction8, inhibition of respiration9, filamentous growth10 and the development of extra capacity to promote the survival11 and mutagenesis12 of irradiated infecting phages. All these events require the rec A+ and exr+ genes2,7,9,13–23 but the ways in which rec A+ and exr+ gene products affect such a diversity of postirradiation events are not known. One proposal is that they act in a single molecular process which in some way initiates all the phenomena described above and that the rec A+ exr+ dependent functions are inducible23 by ultraviolet light and thus require the synthesis of new protein(s) in irradiated bacteria. Here I demonstrate that E. coli does indeed synthesise a protein in response to ultraviolet irradiation and that the synthesis of this protein is dependent on exr+ and rec A+ genes.
Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide with Ammonia over ZSM-5 Based Catalysts for Diesel Engine Applications

Fe/ZSM-5 and Cu-ZSM-5 were investigated for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia. The Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst showed over 90% NO conversion from 350 to 500 °C and Cu-ZSM-5 showed over 90% NO conversion from 250 to 350 °C. After pretreatment in 10% H2O at 700 °C, the Fe/ZSM-5 still exhibited high activities and stability. On the basis of the experiments, Fe/ZSM-5 and Cu-ZSM-5 seem to be promising candidates for diesel-engine NOx emission control.
Differential expansion and survival of high and low avidity cytotoxic T cell populations during the immune response to a viral infection.

Abstract The importance of high avidity CTL for the effective clearance of viral infections is now well established. Thus one would predict that the preferential activation and expansion of high avidity CTL following viral challenge and retention of these cells in the memory pool would be optimal for the immune response. However, whether this actually occurs during the immune response to viral infection is unknown. In this report I have analyzed the avidity of the CTL specific for the OVA 257–264 peptide during acute infection with a recombinant vaccinia expressing ovalbumin and in the memory population. I have found that the relative ratio of high and low avidity CTL varies over the course of an immune response. Thus CTL avidity is an important factor in the expansion and survival of CTL in vivo.
Chaotic Scattering and Self-Organization in Spheromak Sustainment

Flux core spheromak sustainment by electrostatic helicity injection is studied in resistive MHD. The geometry has magnetized electrodes at the ends held at a potential difference $V$. For $Vg{V}_{c}$ the central current column is kink unstable. The nonlinear state with $V$ just above ${V}_{c}$ has a large volume of flux surfaces, with rotational transform provided by the helical kinking of the column. As $V$ increases the kink becomes stronger, the tori are destroyed, and the field lines exhibit chaotic scattering. The distribution of field line lengths $L$, related to confinement and parallel current density, is studied. At larger $V$ or larger Lundquist number $S$, a limit cycle appears.
Exercise-Induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: Lack of evidence for platelet activation or fibrin formation in peripheral venous blood

The hypothesis that exercise-induced myocardial ischemia is associated with abnormal platelet activation and fibrin formation or dissolution was tested in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing upright bicycle stress testing. In vivo platelet activation was assessed by radioimmunoassay of platelet factor 4, beta-thrombo-glob-ulin and thromboxane B2. In vivo fibrin formation was assessed by radioimmunoassay of fibrinopeptide A, and fibrinolysis was assessed by radioimmunoassay of throm-bin-increasable fibrinopeptide B which reflects plasmin cleavage of fibrin I. Peripheral venous concentrations of these substances were measured in 10 normal subjects and 13 patients with coronary artery disease at rest and during symptom-limited peak exercise. Platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin and thromboxane B2concentrations were correlated with rest and exercise catecholamine concentrations to determine if exercise-induced elevation of norepinephrine and epinephrine enhances platelet activation. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, ejection fraction and segmental wall motion were measured at rest and during peak exercise by first pass radionuclide angiography. All patients with coronary artery disease had documented exercise-induced myocardial ischemia manifested by angina pectoris, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, left ventricular segmental dyssynergy and a reduction in ejection fraction. Rest and peak exercise plasma concentrations were not significantly different for platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, thromboxane B2, fibrinopeptide A and thrombin-increasable fibrinopeptide B. Peripheral venous concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine increased significantly (p
Face recognition in young children : When the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Do young children recognize faces differently than older children and adults? Previous research (Carey & Diamond, 1977) has suggested that, before the age of 8, children recognize a face by its individual features; after the age of 8, they switch to a whole-face (holistic) recognition strategy. The part-whole paradigm provides a suitable test for the encoding switch hypothesis. In this paradigm, memory for a face part is probed when the part is presented in isolation and in the whole face. The difference in performance between the two test conditions serves as an index of holistic processing. Results from such studies reveal that even 6-year-olds remember parts from upright faces better when tested in the whole-face context than in isolation. When faces are inverted, the holistic processes of young children and older children are disrupted. These results indicate that counter to the encoding switch hypothesis, children recognize faces holistically by 6 years of age.
Acute and persistent alterations in pulmonary inflammatory cells and airway mast cells induced by Sendai virus infection in neonatal rats.

Neonatal rats inoculated with parainfluenza type 1 (Sendai) virus develop alveolar dysplasia and bronchiolar hypoplasia by 30 to 110 days after inoculation. Weanling rats do not develop these abnormalities. Because neonatal animals have hyporesponsive immune and inflammatory cell functions, and because neonatal rats support pulmonary viral replication for longer duration and are delayed in their viral antibody response compared to weanling rats, we compared inflammatory and immune responses of two age groups of rats following viral inoculation. Data from quantitative bronchoalveolar lavage 1 to 29 days following viral inoculation demonstrated that neonates had significantly fewer (P < 0.05) lymphocytes and macrophages in their bron- choalveolar fluid per cm2 alveolar surface than weanlings. Magnitude of neutrophil responses in neonatal rats compared to weanlings were not depressed. Pulmonary interferon activity was lower in neonates than in weanlings at 2, 3, 4, and 5 days after viral inoculation. Neonates failed to make antibody following intraperitoneal inoculation of inactivated viral antigen, whereas weanling rats had detectable viral antibody by 3 to 5 days after injection of antigen. At 90 days after inoculation of neonates, viral-inoculated rats had over 100-fold greater numbers (P < 0.05) of mast cells in enzyme-dissociated lung preparations compared to age-matched controls. Viral-inoculated rats had two- to three-fold greater densities of mast cells (#/mm) in bronchiolar walls (P < 0.02) than did control rats. We conclude that the enhanced susceptibility of neonatal rats as compared to weanling rats to Sendai virus-induced abnormalities in alveolar and bronchiolar growth is associated with a less intense pulmonary lymphocytic inflammatory cell response as well as a less effective antibody and interferon response to viral infection. Neonatal viral infection also induces persistent increases in airway mast cells that might be important in the pathogenesis of viral-induced airway hyperreactivity.
Influence of Exposure Time on Gene Expression by Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Exposed to Lactobacillus acidophilus

Analysis of global temporal gene expression by human intestinal cells when exposed to Lactobacillus acidophilus revealed induction of immune-related pathways and NF-κB target genes after a 1-h exposure, compared to a 4- or 8-h exposure. Additionally, an L. acidophilus derivative expressing covalently bound flagellin resulted in increased induction of il8, cxc1, and cxcl2 compared to the parent L. acidophilus.
Comparison of wavelength splitting for selectively oxidized, ion implanted, and hybrid vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

The wavelength splitting between the LP/sub 01/ and LP/sub 11/ modes of selectively oxidized, ion implanted, and hybrid ion implanted/selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers is studied by experiment and theory. Measured splittings at threshold show marked differences between the different laser structures due to the effects of index guiding and thermal lensing. Theoretical results were obtained using a vector optical mode solver and show good agreement with experimental results. The hybrid lasers exhibited behavior intermediate between the ion implanted and selectively oxidized lasers and could be optimized for high power single transverse mode emission.
Evaluating the trustworthiness of Wikipedia articles through quality and credibility

Wikipedia has become a very popular destination for Web surfers seeking knowledge about a wide variety of subjects. While it contains many helpful articles with accurate information, it also consists of unreliable articles with inaccurate or incomplete information. A casual observer might not be able to differentiate between the good and the bad. In this work, we identify the necessity and challenges for trust assessment in Wikipedia, and propose a framework that can help address these challenges by identifying relevant features and providing empirical means to meet the requirements for such an evaluation. We select relevant variables and perform experiments to evaluate our approach. The results demonstrate promising performance that is better than comparable approaches and could possibly be replicated with other social media applications.
Enhanced Histopathology of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

The secretory epithelial surfaces of the body are a major route of entry for potentially pathogenic substances. The organized mucosal lymphoid tissues that are found within the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are therefore particularly important as a first line of defense against harmful compounds. The major function of these mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) is to initiate local IgA immune responses, which are then passed on to draining lymph nodes. For enhanced histopathology, the separate compartments of each lymphoid tissue should be evaluated separately for changes in size and lymphocyte cellularity and descriptive rather than interpretive terminology should be used to characterize any changes. The organization of MALT is similar to that of lymph nodes with B-cell-rich follicles and T-cell-rich interfollicular areas. Therefore, these two compartments should be evaluated separately for changes in size and lymphocyte cellularity and the germinal center development within lymphoid follicles should be evaluated as well.
Broken windows or window dressing? Citizens'(in) ability to tell the difference between disorder and crime

Broken windows theory (and policing strategies based on this perspective) predicts that citizens’ perceptions of disorder in their communities cause fear and social withdrawal, which thereby opens the streets for serious predatory crime. A key assumption, therefore, is that the primary exogenous variable in the broken windows process (disorder) and its outcome variable (crime) are actually separate constructs. The empirical evidence regarding the discriminant validity of measures of disorder and crime, however, is mixed. This confusion is caused in part by the general reliance on comparing “objective” indicators of disorder and crime (e.g., using systematic social observations of disorder and/or official records of crime), which fail to capture the social meaning ascribed to disorder by community residents that may trigger the broken windows process. To address this issue, the current study presents competing confirmatory factor analytic models to test the relative fit of one- and two-factor models of citizens’ perceptions of disorder and crime in their communities. The results show that the two-factor model is inappropriate because of a high correlation between perceptions of disorder and crime. The primary implication of this finding is that broken windows theory and order maintenance policing need to be reconsidered.
On 3D scene flow and structure estimation

In this paper, novel algorithms computing dense 3D scene flow from multiview image sequences are described. A new hierarchical rule-based stereo matching algorithm is presented to estimate the initial disparity map. Different available constraints under a multiview camera setup are investigated and then utilized in the proposed motion estimation algorithms. We show two different formulations for 3D scene flow computation. One formulation assumes that initial disparity map is accurate while the other does not make this assumption. Image segmentation information is used to maintain the motion and depth discontinuities. Iterative implementations are used to successfully compute 3D scene flow and structure at every point in the reference image. Novel hard constraints are introduced in this paper to make the algorithms more accurate and robust. Promising experimental results are seen by applying our algorithms to real imagery.
Experience and grammatical agreement: statistical learning shapes number agreement production.

A robust result in research on the production of grammatical agreement is that speakers are more likely to produce an erroneous verb with phrases such as the key to the cabinets, with a singular noun followed by a plural one, than with phrases such as the keys to the cabinet, where a plural noun is followed by a singular. These asymmetries are thought to reflect core language production processes. Previous accounts have attributed error patterns to a syntactic number feature present on plurals but not singulars. An alternative approach is presented in which a process similar to structural priming contributes to the error asymmetry via speakers’ past experiences with related agreement constructions. A corpus analysis and two agreement production studies test this account. The results suggest that agreement production is shaped by statistical learning from past language experience. Implications for accounts of agreement are discussed.
Algae-facilitated chemical phosphorus removal during high-density Chlorella emersonii cultivation in a membrane bioreactor

An algae-based membrane bioreactor (A-MBR) was evaluated for high-density algae cultivation and phosphorus (P) removal. The A-MBR was seeded with Chlorella emersonii and operated at a hydraulic retention time of 1day with minimal biomass wastage for about 150days. The algae concentration increased from initially 385mg/L (or 315mg biomass COD/L) to a final of 4840mg/L (or 1664mg COD/L), yielding an average solids (algae biomass+minerals) production rate of 32.5gm(-3)d(-1) or 6.2gm(-2)d(-1). The A-MBR was able to remove 66±9% of the total P from the water while the algal biomass had an average of 7.5±0.2% extracellular P and 0.4% of intracellular P. The results suggest that algae-induced phosphate precipitation by algae is key to P removal and high-density algae cultivation produces P-rich algal biomass with excellent settling properties.
A Reinnervating MicroRNA

MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides in length) that negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to the 3′-untranslated region of target RNAs. Over the past 15 years, critical roles for microRNA have been established in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and development, and death ( 1 ). Recent investigations have implicated microRNA networks in diverse disorders, such as cancer and cardiac disease. On page 1549 in this issue, Williams et al. ( 2 ) define a role for a microRNA (miR-206) in reinnervating the neuromuscular junction after injury and improving survival in a mouse model of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The findings provide insight into the molecular basis of neuromuscular junction plasticity in the adult and also into determinants of rates of disease progression in motor neuron disease.
Light Water Reactor Fuel Cycle Optimization: Theory Versus Practice

In the thirty years of electrical energy generation from nuclear power, there has been much research into the most efficient manner of utilizing the reactor fuel. Researchers have published over a hundred journal articles, theses, and topical reports on light water reactor fuel cycle optimization*. These have addressed many of the important questions in such optimization from the single and multi-cycle perspective.
Radiation from Vee Antennas

Certain aspects of the directional qualities of a nonresonant inclined vee antenna are discussed briefly. Formulas, based on the assumption of a perfectly conducting earth, are derived for the radiation intensity in two planes. These relations show that the antenna is unidirectional when center driven. Its wideband performance, combined with ease of erection and low cost should make it an attractive antenna, particularly for receiving applications.
Attributions of Responsibility for Obesity: Narrative Communication Reduces Reactive Counterarguing among Liberals.

Informed by theory and research on attributions and narrative persuasion, we compared the effectiveness of narrative and nonnarrative messages in changing attributions of responsibility for causes and solutions related to obesity in the United States. We randomly assigned 500 adults to view one of three messages (narrative, evidence, and a hybrid of the two) emphasizing environmental causes of obesity, or a no-exposure control condition. The narrative condition increased the belief that societal actors (government, employers) are responsible for addressing obesity, but only among liberals. This pattern of results was partially explained by the success of the narrative condition in reducing reactive counterarguing, relative to the evidence condition, among liberals. We conclude with theoretical and practical implications.
On the interrelations between topography, soil depth, soil moisture, transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale

Relations between the spatial patterns of soil moisture, soil depth, and transpiration and their influence on the hillslope water balance are not well understood. When determining a water balance for a hillslope, small scale variations in soil depth are often ignored. In this study we found that these variations in soil depth can lead to distinct patterns in transpiration rates across a hillslope. We measured soil moisture content at 0.05 and 0.10 m depth intervals between the soil surface and the soil–bedrock boundary on 64 locations across the trenched hillslope in the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA. We related these soil moisture data to transpiration rates measured in 14 trees across the hillslope using 28 constant heat sapflow sensors. Results showed a lack of spatial structure in soil moisture across the hillslope and with depth when the hillslope was in either the wet or the dry state. However, during the short transition period between the wet and dry state, soil moisture did become spatially organized with depth and across the hillslope. Variations in soil depth and thus total soil water stored in the soil profile at the end of the wet season caused differences in soil moisture content and transpiration rates between upslope and midslope sections at the end of the summer. In the upslope section, which has shallower soils, transpiration became limited by soil moisture while in the midslope section with deeper soils, transpiration was not limited by soil moisture. These spatial differences in soil depth, total water available at the end of the wet season and soil moisture content during the summer appear responsible for the observed spatial differences in basal area and species distribution between the upslope and midslope sections of the hillslope.
Electric-field-induced quantum coherence of the intersubband transition in semiconductor quantum wells

An intense coherent laser field couples two electron subbands in quantum wells. Using generalized self-consistent density functional theory, we study the nature of the Coulomb and light-induced electronic renormalization. We show electric-field-induced transparency and light amplification without population inversion of a weak probe beam in such a system. The effects of the pump field strength, electron density, and δ-doping position are investigated.
Improving the performance of turbo codes through concatenation with rectangular parity check codes

We show that a concatenated code with a simple rectangular-parity-check outer code and a turbo inner code performs significantly better than a turbo code alone.
GPS/GNSS Current Bibliography

This quick bibliography is a compilation of recently published peer-reviewed articles describing original research with citations that may be of interest to other investigators working in any of the GPS/GNSS fields. Titles of new books and conference proceedings that include a significant number of chapters and/ or articles dealing with GPS/GNSS are also listed in italics in this bibliography. Articles, primarily appearing in trade journals, containing interspersed advertisements are only identified by their first page number followed by the symbol +. Contributions with more than five authors will be referenced under the first author name and the extension et al.
Inhibitory spillover: intentional motor inhibition produces incidental limbic inhibition via right inferior frontal cortex.

article i nfo Neurocognitive studies have observed rIFC involvement in motor, cognitive, and affective inhibition, suggesting that rIFC is a common inhibitory mechanism across psychological domains. If true, intentional inhibition in one domain may have unintended inhibitory effects ("spillover") in other domains. The present study used an emotional go/no-go task that produces responses in both motor and affective domains, but induces intentional inhibition in only the motor domain. Data support the hypothesis that intentional inhibition in the motor domain, via rIFC, produces inhibitory spillover in the affective domain. Specifically, we observed increased rIFC along with reduced amygdala activity when participants intentionally inhibited motor responses during the presentation of negatively-valenced stimuli, and greater inverse connectivity between these regions during motor inhibition in a PPI analysis. Given the absence of intentional affect regulation, these results suggest that intentional inhibition of a motor response dampens the amygdala activation coincident with affective stimuli to the extent that rIFC activation is higher.
Packaging Technology for High Temperature Capacitive Pressure Sensors

High temperature pressure sensors are critical sensing elements for the next generation of intelligent aerospace engine technology, as well as long-term exploration missions to Venus, where the surface temperature is 485°C. Various high temperature pressure sensors based on different sensing mechanisms are under development at the NASA Glenn Research Center. In order to test long-term performance and reliability of these sensors in a high temperature environment, and eventually commercialize these sensors, high temperature durable and long-term reliable packaging is essential. A prototype packaging technology for micro-sensors designated for applications in high temperature and high differential pressure environments has been developed and reported previously. Packaged high temperature silicon carbide pressure sensors have been successfully tested between room temperature and 500°C. This paper reports an improved version of this packaging technology and testing results of a packaged commercial Si capaciti...
Moving from Theory to Practice: Integrating Mobile Devices in Elementary Reading Instruction

Technology integration continues to be a professional development concern, especially in elementary schools. It remains unclear why there is a difference between how teachers talk about using technology and how they apply it in teaching reading. The purpose of this investigation was to explore professional development options that would help teachers connect theory to practice by studying their decision-making process. In a case study design, 10 K-4 teachers participated in one 60-minute interview, one follow-up interview, and one 45-minute focus group. With the use of typological analysis, transcripts were coded for initial and emerging themes. Results indicated that integrating mobile devices was highly dependent upon teachers being self-directed learners. Teachers relied on informal collegial interactions when deciding to use mobile devices. Continuous professional development that addresses adult learning styles was recommended by the teachers to support technology adoption.
Endoscopists can sustain high performance for the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps following standardized and continued training.

Background and study aims: The learning curve for optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps with the narrow-band imaging (NBI) is unknown. To forego histological analysis of diminutive polyps diagnosed optically with high confidence, guidelines recommend ≥ 90 % negative predictive value (NPV) and concordance of ≥ 90 % for surveillance intervals predicted optically and histologically. We aimed to study the learning of optical diagnosis for colorectal polyps. Patients and methods: We studied five endoscopists as part of a randomized multisite trial comparing near-focus and standard-focus views for optical diagnosis. They trained using a computer-based module, followed by 10 real-time colonoscopies with pathology correlation. Endoscopists then optically diagnosed and resected all the polyps found during 558 consecutive colonoscopies, and diagnoses were compared with pathology. Endoscopists repeated the training module at the study midpoint. NPV and concordance of surveillance intervals for diminutive polyps diagnosed optically with high confidence were measured over time. Results : Endoscopists showed high diagnostic performance, with a nonsignificant trend toward higher NPV in the second half of the study. For the 445 polyps in the standard-view arm, the NPV was 88.0 % (95 %CI 75.7 % – 95.5 %) in the first half and 95.8 % (88.3 % – 99.1 %) in the second; P = 0.7. Three endoscopists in the first half and four in the second achieved > 90 % NPV. Concordance of surveillance intervals was identical in the first and second halves at 98.1 % (95 %CI 93.3 % – 99.8 %). Conclusions : High NPV for the prediction of non-neoplasms with NBI was achieved and maintained in this group of endoscopists who participated in standardized and continued training. Both NPV and surveillance interval agreement indicated high performance in the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps and exceeded thresholds.
Reliability of archery achievement.

(1969). Reliability of Archery Achievement. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 254-255.