cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Social Norms Promote Misleading Social Feedback and Inaccurate Self-Assessment

Self-assessments are often prone to error. Past research has identified cognitive and motivational biases that lead self-assessments astray. In the present paper, we discuss how behavior shaped by social norms leaves the negative information that people require for accurate self-assessments invisible. First, social norms lead people to suppress critical feedback in favor of more positive evaluations. Although people recognize that they prefer to provide positive feedback to others, they fail to consider that they might be the recipient of incomplete feedback. As a result, they are left with overconfident self-impressions. Second, social norms lead people to hide their own negative emotional experiences from others. Again, people are aware that this positivity norm influences their own behavior but do not apply this knowledge to their understanding of others. As a result, people regard their own negative emotions as more socially aberrant than is actually the case.
Comparative Tests of Multivariate Models of Recruiting Sources Effects

This study evaluated the prevailing explanations for why recruiting sources are differentially effective: realism and individual differences. Structural equations modeling analyses tested whether these psychological processes mediate source effects in a sample of 221 nurses. Results supported a model comprising both mediators, but showing that realism processes largely translate how recruiting sources influence job satisfaction, turnover, and absenteeism. However, the study also found direct effects of recruiting source on posthire outcomes, suggesting that unexplored mechanisms may be operating. Implications of these findings are identified and discussed.
Assessing compensation for loss of vacuolar function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We analyzed how Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells compensate for the lack of a functional vacuole, an acidic membrane-bound degradative and ion storage compartment. We hypothesized that cells lacking ...
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF PISSODES GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): SEASONALITY, MORPHOLOGY, AND SYNONYMY OF P . APPROXIMATUS HOPKINS AND P . NEMORENSIS GERMAR

Pissodes approximatus Hopkins (1911) is a junior subjective synonym of P. nemorensis Germar (1824). The conspecificity of these entities, traditionally considered distinct based only on distribution and slight morphological differences, is corroborated here with comparative studies of ecology, behavior, and morphology. When pheromone-baited traps were deployed during the spring (May–June) and fall (November–December) in several localities to examine seasonal activity, southern populations (P. nemorensis sensu Hopkins) responded only in the fall and northern populations only in the spring, but a population in Virginia responded during both seasons. Laboratory studies found that individuals from five southern populations became reproductively mature under 16:8, 12:12, and 8:16 (L:D) photoperiods but weevils in a New York population did not mature under the 8:16 photoperiod. A two-species model based on strict seasonal isolation between northern and southern populations is rejected. Morphometrics revealed significant differences in six body dimensions and three morphometric ratios among 13 populations, but there was no geographic pattern of differences to suggest the existence of two species. Sexual dimorphism in rostrum length was most pronounced in southern populations but occurred in all five populations in which it was investigated. Examination of male and female genitalia revealed similar variation in northern and southern populations and conflicted with previously reported diagnostic differences. Our study and the results of earlier work lead us to conclude that the populations previously represented by the names P. nemorensis and P. approximatus comprise one widely distributed species and display intraspecific variation in life history and morphological characters.
Measurement considerations for zero-field time-of-flight studies of minority carrier diffusion in III–V semiconductors

Abstract The zero-field time-of-flight technique for measuring minority carrier diffusivity in III–V semiconductors is critically examined. The effects of photon recycling, circuit parasitics and test structure design are examined in detail as is the analysis procedure used to extract the minority carrier diffusion coefficient. The analysis shows that substantial errors can result if test structures are not carefully designed. Guidelines for designing test structures and for analyzing measured results are presented. This work demonstrates that the technique can be an accurate and convenient method for characterizing the doping- and temperature-dependence of minority carrier diffusivity, or equivalently mobility, in compound semiconductors.
Growth and relaxation mechanisms of YBa2Cu3O7−x films

Abstract Using a combination of Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and plan view diffraction contrast imaging, we have studied the growth and relaxation mechanisms of YBa2Cu3O7−x deposited on MgO and SrTiO3 substrates. Two-dimensional island growth occurs on SrTiO3 substrates, with relaxation through the nucleation of dislocation half-loops. The threading dislocation segments then have a screw component and can lead to kinetic roughening through the development of growth pyramids. In contrast, growth on MgO occurs by true three-dimensional island growth (with no wetting layer), most of the interface being incommensurate with the substrate (although crystallographically aligned). Dislocations with both edge and screw components are generated on island coalescence. A highly anisotropic surface energy is shown to be responsible for cell-by-cell c⊥ growth being thermodynamically preferred, although at high supersaturations a transition to a⊥ growth occurs.
Submillimeter spectroscopy from space — Missions planned between 1995 and 2005

Abstract The submillimeter wavelength range (100 μm≤ λ ≤ 1mm) is exceptionally rich in atomic and molecular transitions that provide direct measures of the chemical composition, temperature, density, and cooling of the interstellar medium. In part, this is due to the fact that the most abundant oxygen- and carbon-bearing species as well as the most common hydrides have their lowest lying transitions within this wavelength region. However, because of the great abundance of many of these same species in our own atmosphere (e.g., H2O and O2), terrestrial absorption at submillimeter wavelengths is strong, rendering much of the sky inaccessible to ground- and even airborne observing platforms. In recognition of the scientific importance of the submillimeter range to astronomy and the limitations placed on its pursuit by the atmosphere, both NASA and ESA have embarked on ambitious programs to explore these wavelengths from space.
Vibration of a tapered cantilever of constant thickness and linearly tapered width

The vibration of a cantilever beam with constant thickness and linearly tapered sides is solved using a novel accurate, efficient initial value numerical method. The effects of tip mass, base fixity, and taper on the natural frequencies are determined. This geometrically anisotropic beam vibrates in a mixture of modes in two perpendicular directions.
Subcellular distribution and phosphorylation state of insulin receptors from insulin- and isoproterenol-treated rat adipose cells.

Rat adipose cells treated with insulin followed by isoproterenol exhibit a change in glucose transporter intrinsic activity (lowered maximal activity) and a decrease in insulin sensitivity (rightward shift of the concentration-response curve) when assayed for 3-O-methylglucose transport. To investigate the latter phenomenon, the distribution and phosphorylation state of insulin receptors was examined. Isoproterenol augmented the effect of insulin cell surface receptors by 20–30%. These receptors were recovered in microsomal fractions. Isoproterenol also markedly reduced insulin-stimulated [32P]phosphate incorporation into the plasma membrane receptor β-subunit. These effects may account for the effect of isoproterenol to decrease the sensitivity of the glucose transport response to insulin.
Use of mixed-mode stress-intensity algorithms for photoelastic data

A generalization of irwin's method and a new algorithm, called ‘quadratic,’ are proposed for the extraction of mixed-mode stress-intensity factors (SIF) in three-dimensional cracked-body problems. These new algorithms are evaluated along with the existing ones of Smith, Sanford-Dally and Theocaris-Gdoutos, and their SIF results compared. It is shown that all these algorithms deliver SIF values in good agreement and that they all can be applied reliably to near-tip photoelastic data.
Matching maternal isodisomy in mucinous carcinomas and associated ovarian teratomas provides evidence of germ cell derivation for some mucinous ovarian tumors.

The tissue derivation of mucinous ovarian carcinoma remains a mystery; however, rare tumors are associated with mature teratoma. Two decades ago, studies of chromosomal heteromorphisms and DNA polymorphisms proved that ovarian teratomas arise during female gametogenesis. We sought to exploit the rel
Variability of Neurotransmitter Concentration and Nonsaturation of Postsynaptic AMPA Receptors at Synapses in Hippocampal Cultures and Slices

To understand the elementary unit of synaptic communication between CNS neurons, one must know what causes the variability of quantal postsynaptic currents and whether unitary packets of transmitter saturate postsynaptic receptors. We studied single excitatory synapses between hippocampal neurons in culture. Focal glutamate application at individual postsynaptic sites evoked currents (I(glu)) with little variability compared with quantal excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The maximal I(glu) was >2-fold larger than the median EPSC. Thus, variations in [glu]cleft are the main source of variability in EPSC size, and glutamate receptors are generally far from saturation during quantal transmission. This conclusion was verified by molecular antagonism experiments in hippocampal cultures and slices. The general lack of glutamate receptor saturation leaves room for increases in [glu]cleft as a mechanism for synaptic plasticity.
In vivo estimation of fatty acid synthesis in the chicken (Gallus domesticus) utilizing 3H2O.

Abstract 1. 1. Tritiated water was found to rapidly equilibrate with the body water of chicks after injection. 2. 2. The 3H also rapidly appeared in both liver and carcass fatty acids, with the greatest rates of incorporation occurring in the initial time periods of measurement. 3. 3. Incorporation of 3H into fatty acids in the liver appeared to proceed primarily via de novo synthesis whereas incorporation of 3H into fatty acids in the carcass occurred primarily via chain elongation.
The Origin of the Kirkwood Gaps: A Mapping for Asteroidal Motion Near the 3/1 Commensurability

A mapping of the phase space onto itself with the same low order resonance structure as the 3/1 commensurability in the planar elliptic three-body problem is derived. This mapping is approximately one thousand (1000) times faster than the usual method of numerical integration of the averaged equations of motion (as used by Schubart, Froeschle and Scholl in their studies of the asteroid belt). This mapping exhibits some very surprising behavior that might provide the key to the origin of the gaps. A test asteroid placed in the gap may evolve for a million years with low eccentricity ( 0.3) becoming a Mars-crosser. The asteroid can then be removed by a close encounter with Mars. To test this hypothesis a distribution of 300 test asteroids in the neighborhood of the 3/1 commensurability was evolved for two million years. When the Mars-crossers are removed, the distribution of initial conditions displays a gap at the location of the 3/1 Kirkwood gap. The planar elliptic mapping is then extended to include the inclinations and the secular perturbations of Jupiter’s orbit. The two million year evolution of the 300 test asteroids is repeated using the full mapping. The resulting gap is somewhat larger yet still too small. Finally, the possibility that over longer times more asteroids will become Mars-crossers is tested by studying the evolution of one test asteroid near the border of the gap for a much longer time. A jump in its eccentricity occurs after 18 million years indicating that indeed it may simply be a matter of time for the full width of the gap to open.
Sulfur Amino Acid Stability. Effects of Processing on Legume Proteins

Four legume protein sources: peanuts, dry beans, alfalfa and soybeans were processed in laboratory, pilot plant and commercial processing facilities. Raw ingredients, intermediate and final protein products were analyzed for total and reactive cysteine/cystine (Cys), total methionine, methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone. Lysine, total and reactive, was determined on each legume protein sample. Processing of soybeans, peanuts and alfalfa into protein products caused no significant loss of lysine or the sulfur amino acids. The production of a protein concentrate from dry beans resulted in a significant loss of Cys. One commercial soy isolate was found to contain 51% of its total methionine as methionine sulfoxide, yet its Cys was unaffected.
Refining the criteria for pulsed doppler diagnosis of mitral regurgitation by comparison with left ventricular angiography

Abstract Doppler echocardiography is established as a useful method for detecting mitral regurgitation (MR). However, studies also show that Doppler echocardiography may be too sensitive for diagnosing pathologic MR. To determine whether the false-positive or clinically insignificant diagnosis of MR can be eliminated by defining more specific diagnostic criteria, pulsed Doppler findings were compared with left ventricular angiographic findings in 81 patients. Using the conventional Doppler criterion of any systolic increased spectral dispersion detected in the left atrium, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 76%. Using holosystolic increased spectral dispersion as the criterion, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 92%. Using the combined criteria of holosystolic increased spectral dispersion plus peak regurgitant blood flow velocity of >150 cm/s, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 97%. Doppler studies in 20 clinically normal persons showed that the combined Doppler criteria were 100% specific. In conclusion, the presence of hofosystolic increased spectral dispersion within the left atrium with a peak regurgitant flow velocity >150 cm/s appears to be as sensitive as and more specific than the presence of any systolic Doppler increased spectral dispersion in identifying patients with MR.
Carpal Tunnel Pressure during Typing: Effects of Wrist Posture and Typing Speed:

With increasing frequency, reports appear in the popular press linking hand and wrist musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) with keyboard work. Excessive ulnar deviation and self-perceived fast typing speed are two of the many risk factors identified through various epidemiological studies of upper extremity MSD symptoms among those working with keyboards. Yet no study has offered quantitative, biomechanical evidence to explain how these factors might contribute to MSD development. A study was designed to examine carpal tunnel pressure (CTP) during typing, and the effect of radial-ulnar wrist posture and typing speed on CTP. Female subjects typed on a commercially-available keyboard which was oriented in standard and in split configurations. In the split arrangement ulnar deviation was eased in all but one wrist. In the split arrangement, all subjects demonstrated a decrease in CTP concomitant with a decrease in ulnar wrist deviation. However, only one subject exhibited CTP which significantly exceeded pressur...
Chronic performance of a novel radiofrequency ablation device on the beating heart: Limitations of conduction delay to assess transmurality

Objective The creation of consistently transmural lesions with epicardial ablation on the beating heart has represented a significant challenge for current technology. This study examined the chronic performance of the AtriCure Coolrail device (AtriCure Inc, West Chester, Ohio), an internally cooled, bipolar radiofrequency ablation device designed for off-pump epicardial ablation. The study also examined the reliability of using acute intraoperative conduction delay to evaluate lesion integrity. Methods Seven swine underwent median sternotomy. The right atrial appendage and inferior vena cava were isolated with a bipolar radiofrequency clamp. Linear ablation lines were created between these structures with the AtriCure Coolrail. Paced activation maps were recorded with epicardial patch electrodes acutely before and after ablation and after keeping the animals alive for 4 weeks. The conduction time across the linear ablation was calculated from these maps. The lesions were histologically evaluated with trichrome staining. Results Only 76% of cross-sections of Coolrail lesions were transmural, and only 1 of 12 ablation lines was transmural in every cross-section examined. Mapping data were available in 5 of the animals. Significant conduction delay was present after the creation of each line of ablation acutely; however, after 4 weeks, conduction time returned to preablation values, demonstrating lack of transmurality. Conclusions The AtriCure Coolrail failed to reliably create transmural lesions. Although the Coolrail was able to create acute conduction delay, its failure to transmurally ablate the atrial myocardium left gaps along the length of the lesion, which resulted in neither chronic conduction block nor delay across any line of ablation.
Measurement of Faraday Effect and Cotton-Mouton Effect Using Transient Magnetic Fields and a Photo-Multiplier-Type Compensator*

A photoelectric apparatus is described which measures approximately the Faraday effect and Cotton-Mouton effect in transparent substances in transient magnetic fields, and indicates directly upon an oscilloscope. The apparatus was used to determine the dispersion curve of the Verdet constant in the visible region for methacrylate polymer, styrene monomer, allyl diglycol carbonate monomer, and toluene; and to determine the Cotton-Mouton constant of nitrobenzene.
Influence of Droplet Size and Concentration on the Color of Oil-in-Water Emulsions

The influence of droplet size (0.2−15 μm) and concentration (0−20 wt %) on the turbidity and color of n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions containing a blue food dye has been investigated. Emulsion turbidity was maximum for droplets with diameters of ∼2 μm (at 650 nm). Colorimetry measurements of the tristimulus coordinates (L,a,b) of emulsions indicated that they became less light, more green, and more blue as droplet size increased and more light as droplet concentration increased. Sensory analysis showed emulsions became lighter and less blue as droplet size decreased and droplet concentration increased. The observed behavior can be explained in terms of the scattering and absorption of light by emulsions. Our results show that food emulsion appearance can be optimized by carefully controlling droplet characteristics, such as size and concentration. Keywords: emulsion; color; turbidity; droplet size; droplet concentration; light scattering
Management of perirenal hematoma found during laparotomy in patient with multiple injuries

The medical records of 158 patients with perirenal hematoma found during laparotomy for intra-abdominal injury from external trauma were analyzed. Small perirenal hematomas were usually associated with renal contusions and renal artery thrombosis, while large perirenal hematomas often were present with large renal lacerations, renal ruptures, and renal pedicle injuries with rupture of the renal vein, renal artery, polar artery, or branch of the renal artery. The management of the perirenal hematoma found during laparotomy depends on the degree of the underlying renal injury and not on the size or extent of the perirenal hematoma.
Geneva's “Enlightened Orthodoxy”: The Middle Way of Jacob Vernet (1698–1789)

Jacob Vernet (1698–1789) numbers among those eighteenth-century theologians whose relationships to the philosophes have saved them from being forgotten but at the cost of being misrepresented. Vernet is usually remembered for editing the first edition of Montesquieu's De l'esprit des lois, helping to restore Rousseau to Calvinism, and corresponding and then crossing swords with D'Alembert and Voltaire: it is especially the controversy with D'Alembert surrounding the article on “Geneva” in the seventh volume of the Encyclopedie (1757), as well as a sustained conflict with Voltaire over many issues, that have secured him scholarly attention. The scholars who have noticed Vernet have accordingly concentrated on aspects of his person: ascertaining whether he was mendacious, conniving, and hypocritical, as some of the philosophes, especially Voltaire contended, or the figure of impeccable behavior and conscience suggested by his office and his hagiographers. This one-sided emphasis on his person obscures the fact that Vernet wrote a shelf of books and was such an influential figure that he was the representative Genevan theologian of his day. The neglect of his thought is hardly astounding, however, since it is characteristic of the treatment accorded eighteenth-century theology in general. Theologians and students of religion have for long dismissed eighteenth-century theology as derivative; students of the Enlightenment have considered it outside the canon of Enlightenment literature and thus beyond their purview. Both these assumptions should be challenged.
John B. Watson remembered: an interview with James B. Watson

Little is known about the personal life of John B. Watson, and this interview aims at capturing the personality of the founder of American behaviorism through the eyes of his son, James B. Watson. Today, psychologists and other social scientists increasingly realize that there is an intimate link between the biography of a psychologist and the kind of psychology he or she founds. Thus biographical information about a founding psychologist can help researchers make explicit this essential link.
Opioids for refractory dyspnea

Refractory dyspnea is breathing difficulty that persists at rest or with minimal activity despite optimal therapy of the underlying condition. Both endogenous (β-endorphin) and exogenous (morphine) opioids modulate the perception of dyspnea by binding to opioid receptors. Proposed mechanisms whereby opioids relieve refractory dyspnea include: decreasing respiratory drive with an associated decrease in corollary discharge; altering central perception; altering activity of peripheral opioid receptors located in the lung and decreasing anxiety. As patients respond variably to opioid therapy, a low dose of an opioid should be prescribed initially to manage refractory dyspnea. The dose should be titrated to achieve the lowest effective dose based on patient ratings of breathing difficulty. Research is needed to address clinical uncertainties and to identify genetic factors to improve the use of opioids to relieve refractory dyspnea.
Cyber Bullying and Physical Bullying in Adolescent Suicide: The Role of Violent Behavior and Substance Use

The impact of bullying in all forms on the mental health and safety of adolescents is of particular interest, especially in the wake of new methods of bullying that victimize youths through technology. The current study examined the relationship between victimization from both physical and cyber bullying and adolescent suicidal behavior. Violent behavior, substance use, and unsafe sexual behavior were tested as mediators between two forms of bullying, cyber and physical, and suicidal behavior. Data were taken from a large risk-behavior screening study with a sample of 4,693 public high school students (mean age = 16.11, 47 % female). The study’s findings showed that both physical bullying and cyber bullying associated with substance use, violent behavior, unsafe sexual behavior, and suicidal behavior. Substance use, violent behavior, and unsafe sexual behavior also all associated with suicidal behavior. Substance use and violent behavior partially mediated the relationship between both forms of bullying and suicidal behavior. The comparable amount of variance in suicidal behavior accounted for by both cyber bullying and physical bullying underscores the important of further cyber bullying research. The direct association of each risk behavior with suicidal behavior also underscores the importance of reducing risk behaviors. Moreover, the role of violence and substance use as mediating behaviors offers an explanation of how risk behaviors can increase an adolescent’s likelihood of suicidal behavior through habituation to physical pain and psychological anxiety.
Corrections for X-Ray Polychromaticity Effects on Three-Dimensional Reconstruction

The effect of polychromaticity on the reconstruction of attenuation coefficients from X-ray transmissions is presented by computer simulations of two simple phantoms. The distortions resulting from different amounts of X-ray beam hardening along different paths can be reduced by an equivalent water path analysis and a two parameter energy independent analysis. The first method transforms the projected paths into equivalent (i.e., same total transmission) water path lengths. The second method uses two spectra to factor out the energy independent parts of the photoelectric and Compton coefficients. This solution also involves conversion into equivalent water path lengths.
Pelvic Nodal Dosing With Registration to the Prostate: Implications for High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose To determine whether image guidance with rigid registration (RR) to intraprostatic markers (IPMs) yields acceptable coverage of the pelvic lymph nodes in the context of a stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) regimen. Methods and Materials Four to seven kilovoltage cone-beam CTs (CBCTs) from 12 patients with high-risk prostate cancer were analyzed, allowing approximation of an SBRT regimen. The nodal clinical target volume (CTV N ) and bladder were contoured on all kilovoltage CBCTs. The V 100 CTV N , expressed as a ratio to the same parameter on the initial plan, and the magnitude of translational shift between RR to the IPMs versus RR to the pelvic bones, were computed. The ability of a multimodality bladder filling protocol to minimize bladder height variation was assessed in a separate cohort of 4 patients. Results Sixty-five CBCTs were assessed. The average V 100 CTV N was 92.6%, but for a subset of 3 patients the average was 80.0%, compared with 97.8% for the others ( P P P P Conclusion A majority of patients had acceptable nodal coverage after RR to IPMs, even when approximating SBRT. However, a subset of patients had suboptimal nodal coverage. These patients had large bony-to-fiducial translations and large variations in bladder height. Nodal coverage should be excellent if the superior–inferior axis bony-to-fiducial translation and the relative bladder height change (both easily measured on CBCT) are kept to a minimum. Implementation of a strict bladder filling protocol may achieve this goal.
MULTICENTER SURVEY OF ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX USING POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

AbstractPurpose: Endoscopic subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) injection has been used successfully to treat primary and secondary vesicoureteral reflux in children. We review the results of subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection in terms of its effectiveness, long-term followup and morbidity.Materials and Methods: A total of 53 pediatric urologists and/or pediatric surgeons at 41 centers worldwide answered an inquiry regarding experience with subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection in vesicoureteral reflux. Data were collected from a completed standard questionnaire. From 1984 to 1996, 1,921 boys and 6,411 girls with a mean age of 4.5 years (12,251 refluxing ureters) were treated endoscopically with subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection. Reflux was grades I to V in 407 (3.3%), 3,832 (31.2%), 5,213 (42.5%), 2,218 (18.1%) and 581 (4.7%) ureters, respectively. In the majority of patients subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection was performed on an outpatient basis. Most u...
Activation and other properties of ascorbic acid oxidase.

Abstract The properties of several different preparations of highly pure ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) have been studied using both the Warburg and spectrophotometric methods. Activating agents were found to affect both the initial rate and maintenance of AAO activity. The enzymic catalysis is increased when oxygen replaces air as the gas phase. AAO activity, in the presence of activator, was found to be stable even when the enzyme was stored at 0° C in a diluted state, but was unstable at—15° C or 30° C. Estimated Km for ascorbate was 5·10−3M and 3·9·10−5M as determined by the Warburg and spectrophotometric technique respectively. Activators of AAO proved to be of two general types. The largest group comprises substances which activate AAO but never inhibit at any concentration. Most of these substances are powerful copper chelators and include representative proteins, amino acids, thyroxine analogs, and nucleic acid components. Activation was also observed with Al+++ and Ca++. Activation at low concentrations but inhibition at high levels was obtained with cyanide, diethyldithiocarbamate, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Irreversible inhibition was observed with Cu++ and several other metal ions. A deinhibited enzyme, however, could not be prepared. The possible sulfhydryl nature of AAO was suggested by the above data and the observation of the reversal of the phenylmercuric chloride inhibition of AAO by sulfhydryl compounds. The interpretation of the data is complicated by the ability of non-sulfhydryl compounds also to reverse and prevent the phenylmercuric chloride inhibition of AAO. The implications of these observations is considered. Several schemes are presented to account for the properties and interactions of AAO involving the release of inhibitory Cu++ from the enzyme and the production of a highly reactive intermediate in ascorbic acid oxidation.
Content Analysis as a Tool for Consumer Research

Outlines a method for using content analysis of print media to answer questions about how to present products for effective consumer advertising. Argues that the application of content analysis to consumer research should become standard practice for marketers, using the perfume industry as a case example. Concludes that content analysis yields insights on how to integrate a product visually with its consumers to produce advertising that embodies relative values.
160 DYNAMIC EXERCISE TRAINING IN HYPERTENSIVE ADOLESCENTS

The relationship of physical conditioning and resting blood pressure (BP) levels in hypertensive subjects has received only sparse attention in the medical literature. The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of a dynamic fitness program on the resting BP in adolescents with persistently elevated BP. Seven hypertensive adolescents completed a 6 month program. Subjects jogged 2 miles 3 times a week at a pace sufficient to maintain a training heart rate. This group showed a significant increase in Max VO2. Another group of 6 hypertensive adolescents served as controls. They had no change in Max VO2. The results in each group showed no significant changes between pre and post exercise BP levels: These data suggest that adolescents participating in a dynamic exercise program of moderate intensity show no greater fall in resting BP levels than do controls.
Micrometeorology and Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Starting with simple definitions and the scope of micrometeorology and the atmospheric planetary boundary layer (PBL), the importance of small-scale turbulent exchange and energy dissipation processes in the PBL to the evolution of local weather and climate is pointed out. The energy budgets of an “ideal” surface and a near-surface canopy layer are briefly described and typical diurnal variations of measured energy fluxes at two (a rural and a suburban) sites are illustrated. Using the conservation equations of thermodynamic energy and moisture, temporal and spatial variations of mean air temperature and specific humidity are described. Diurnal evolutions of potential temperature profiles and the corresponding PBL height are illustrated with some observed data. Typical mean wind profiles in the daytime convective boundary layer (CBL) and the nighttime stable boundary layer (SBL) are also shown and discussed. The strong influence of stability on the PBL height and structure and their diurnal variations are discussed. The widely used flux-profile relations based on the Monin-Obukhov surface-layer similarity theory are presented with a brief discussion of parameterization of surface roughness and fluxes. The statistical description of the PBL turbulence and its commonly used quantitative measures are presented with an illustration of observed time series of turbulence. Some of the better-known similarity theories and scaling of turbulence in the PBL are described. Finally, different types of turbulence closure theories and numerical simulations/models of the PBL are briefly reviewed.
Surgical treatment of traumatic pediatric humeral diaphyseal fractures with titanium elastic nails

Abstract Background Nearly all pediatric humeral shaft fractures can be successfully treated with closed methods. Some patients, however, require internal fixation either because of an inability to maintain an adequate reduction, significant soft tissue injury, or concomitant fractures. Methods This is a retrospective review of all traumatic humeral shaft fractures treated at our hospitals between 1999 and 2006. Thirteen pediatric patients ranging in age from 4.8 to 16.7 years (mean age 12.0 years) were treated surgically with titanium elastic nails (TENs). Relative surgical indications included open fractures, inability to maintain an acceptable reduction, the presence of ipsilateral forearm fractures (floating elbow), concomitant lower extremity fractures, and closed head injury. Two patients had associated radial nerve injury at presentation. Results The patients were followed for a mean of 29 months. All fractures healed in good alignment. There were no intraoperative complications, including neurolog...
Enhancement of surface NMR by laser-polarized noble gases

The transfer of spin polarization from laser-polarized helium and xenon to spins such as $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ on the surface of high-surface-area solids (Aerosil) is demonstrated over a temperature range from 4 to 200 K. The transfer mechanism is dipole-dipole cross relaxation between the spins of the adsorbed mobile noble gas and the surface spins (spin-polarization-induced nuclear Overhauser effect). The enhancement of surface proton magnetization by laser-polarized helium at 4 K and 10 K is between one and twofold. Using laser-polarized xenon, enhancement factors of up to 20 were obtained when compared to the Boltzmann polarization in a field of 4.2 T and at a temperature of 130 K.
Human muscle fiber types in power lifters, distance runners and untrained subjects.

Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of 12 males: 5 control subjects, 4 power lifters and 3 distance runners. Three fiber “types” were distinguished by comparing serial sections for alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activities: 1. high ATPase and low SDH; fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG). 2. High ATPase and high SDH; fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG). 3. Low ATPase and high SDH; slow-twitch-oxidative (SO). In some cases the distinction between the FOG and FG classes was not clear and a group termed “transitional” was employed. A variation in percentage of fiber types and fiber area was found among individuals. The percentage of SO fibers varied from 19.6–60.1% within all 3 groups, with a mean of 40.5%. In the control group approximately 75% of the fibers were oxidative (FOG+SO). The major characteristics of the lifters were a decrease in the percentage of FOG fibers and a hypertrophy of FOG and FG fibers. The distance runners had a high percentage of oxidative fibers with few FG fibers. It is suggested that the fast-twitch fibers are mainly involved in the adaptation of muscle to exercise since the percentage of SO fibers varies greatly among individuals within and between the 3 groups studied.
Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in children with viral meningitis

Urinary excretion rates of antidiuretic hormone were determined by radioimmunoassay in children with bacterial (6) and viral (11) meningitis, and in children with other febrile illnesses (7). These values were compared to normal data obtained from 50 healthy, normally hydrated children ranging in age from 1 week to 9 years. Plasma sodium concentrations were measured in the sick children; urine osmolality and creatinine concentrations were measured in all children. Upon admission, all children with bacterial meningitis and 64% of those with viral meningitis had urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion rates greater than 2 S.D. above values obtained from age-matched controls. Fifty-seven percent of children with other febrile illnesses had similarly elevated antidiuretic hormone values; however, only in the bacterial and viral meningitis groups were antidiuretic hormone excretion rates inappropriate because they occurred when serum sodium concentrations were found to be normal or low normal (i.e., 136 +/- 2 mEq/L and 137 +/- 1 mEq/L, respectively). The average serum sodium in the group with other febrile illnesses was higher (146 +/- 5 mEq/L; p less than 0.05) and could represent an appropriate stimulus for antidiuretic hormone release. In spite of high levels of antidiuretic hormone, most viral meningitis patients did not concentrate their urine, probably because all except 2 were younger than 2 months of age. We conclude that viral meningitis, like bacterial meningitis, frequently is associated with inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion; however, most children with viral meningitis may be protected from developing hyponatremia because of their inability to concentrate their urine.
Dial-up switched 56,000 bits-per-second teleradiology system

A dial-up, wide bandwidth, digital teleradiology system was implemented between Irwin Army Community Hospital (Fort Riley, Kansas), Munson Army Community Hospital (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas), and the University of Kansas (KU) Medical Center (Kansas City, Kansas). A laser film digitizer and a gray scale display system were used at Irwin and Munson Army Community Hospitals to digitize radiographic films and display digital images. A laser film printer at KU Medical Center generates a film hardcopy of the transmitted digital data and an interactive gray scale display is used to review the digital image data. The communication system consists of dial-up, switched, multiple 56,000 bits per second digital channels, transmitting digital image data in parallel. Conventional radiographic films, multiformat camera films, and laser printed films from multimodality imaging systems-- computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), ultrasound (US), nuclear medicine (NM), digital fluorography, and phosphor plate computed radiography (CR)--have been successfully digitized, transmitted, and laser film recorded or gray scale displayed. It is concluded that the implemented dial-up, wide bandwidth, multiple 56,000 bits per second digital teleradiology system provides clinically acceptable image quality reproductions.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Signal processing for Eddy current nondestructive evaluation

Eddy current techniques of nondestructive testing have grown considerably more sophisticated ever since Hughes [1,2] showed conclusively that the method can be used with success to characterize conductive materials. Despite the antiquity of the method, progress was limited until recent years, when a combination of factors contributed to the growth in the number and variety of applications. These factors include advances in instrumentation and a better appreciation of the underlying physical process. The availability of relatively inexpensive analog and digital signal processing devices have contributed to the development of instrumentation with unprecedented levels of sensitivity. In addition the entry of microprocessors into the arena has rendered such mundane tasks as calibration and data base management less wearisome. The development of mathematical models characterizing the process [2–6] has not only led to a better understanding of the underlying physical mechanism but has also contributed to better transducer and experiment design [7]. One of the most important contributors to the growth in the popularity of the method has been the development of signal processing techniques capable of extracting information relevant to the properties of the material under test from the signal [8]. The drive behind the effort to develop signal processing techniques has also stemmed from a desire to automate the inspection procedure and minimize human involvement.
Using networked multimedia to improve educational access for deaf and hard of hearing students

Educational technology has the potential to better include deaf and hard of hearing students in the academic mainstream. This research involves development and testing of a classroom platform for deaf and hard of hearing students to access remote interpreters and captioners, avoid visual dispersion, and facilitate interaction in the classroom.
Modeling the effects of nonuniform soil moisture on detection efficacy of minelike objects with GPR

We present dispersive soil finite difference time domain wave propagation situations to study the effects of realistic multilayered soil moisture on modulated short pulse ground penetrating radar mine detection excitations. Our conclusions suggest the amount of water and application time - as a function of soil hydraulic conductivity - that is necessary for modifying the ground to most effectively detect non-metallic anti-personnel mines.
INCREASED LUNG PROTEIN PERMEABILITY OF PREMATURELY DELIVERED AND VENTILATED LAMBS

Groups of 8 lambs were delivered at 122, 135 or 146 days (d) gestational age (GA) and ventilated. Lambs at 122 d were treated with natural sheep surfactant (NS). Mean blood gas values and ventilator settings were similar for all groups. The lambs at 146 d required lower peak inspiratory pressures (PIP) to normalize pCO2 values relative to the other lambs (15 vs 24 cm H2O). To control for this variable, 4 lambs at 146 d were ventilated at 25 cm H2O PIP with added CO2 to normalize pCO2. The exit from the airways of 125I-albumin added to fetal lung fluid at delivery, the entrance into the airways of 131I-albumin given by vascular injection, the protein in alveolar washes (AW), and % recovery of labeled albumin in lung tissue (corrected for blood volume) were measured after 3 hr of ventilation. The amount of 125I that left the alveoli increased, the amount of 131I that entered the alveoli increased, and total protein increased as GA decreased (p values <0.05, ANOVA). There is an increasing protein leak with decreasing GA in ventilated lambs that is independent of NS treatment or the PIP required to ventilate the lambs.
Total Synthesis of 2‘-O-Methylmyxalamide D and (6E)-2‘-O-Methylmyxalamide D

Hetero-bis-metalated 1,3,5-hexatrienes are employed in the linchpin coupling of synthetic fragments for the convergent construction of the central pentaene of the antifungal agent 2‘-O-methylmyxalamide D and its (6E) isomer. Sequential Stille and Suzuki−Miyaura couplings interpolate the boron/tin triene into the pentaene chain. The total synthesis of O-methylmyxalamide D and its (6E) isomer was accomplished efficiently.
US consumer interest in non-cigarette tobacco products spikes around the 2009 federal tobacco tax increase

Objectives This quasi-experimental longitudinal study monitored aggregate Google search queries as a proxy for consumer interest in non-cigarette tobacco products (NTP) around the time of the 2009 US federal tobacco tax increase. Methods Query trends for searches mentioning common NTP were downloaded from Google9s public archives. The mean relative increase was estimated by comparing the observed with expected query volume for the 16 weeks around the tax. Results After the tax was announced, queries spiked for chewing tobacco, cigarillos, electronic cigarettes (‘e-cigarettes’), roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco, snuff, and snus. E-cigarette queries were 75% (95% CI 70% to 80%) higher than expected 8 weeks before and after the tax, followed by RYO 59% (95% CI 53% to 65%), snus 34% (95% CI 31% to 37%), chewing tobacco 17% (95% CI 15% to 20%), cigarillos 14% (95% CI 11% to 17%), and snuff 13% (95% CI 10% to 14%). Unique queries increasing the most were ‘ryo cigarettes’ 427% (95% CI 308% to 534%), ‘ryo tobacco’ 348% (95% CI 300% to 391%), ‘best electronic cigarette’ 221% (95% CI 185% to 257%), and ‘e-cigarette’ 205% (95% CI 163% to 245%). Conclusions The 2009 tobacco tax increase triggered large increases in consumer interest for some NTP, particularly e-cigarettes and RYO tobacco.
Tracking binge drinking among U.S. childbearing-age women.

OBJECTIVE.: The purpose of this analysis was to track the estimated prevalence of binge drinking for the years 2001-2003 among U.S. women of childbearing age in order to inform ongoing efforts to prevent alcohol-exposed pregnancies. METHOD.: A total of 58,431, 64,181, and 65,678 women aged 18-44 for the years 2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively, participated in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. The estimated binge drinking prevalence for each survey year and changes in these estimates for the entire survey period were calculated for these women. RESULTS.: The estimated binge drinking prevalence among childbearing-age women 18-44 years for the years 2001, 2002, and 2003 was 11.9%, 12.4%, and 13.0%, respectively. The estimated number of childbearing-age women who engaged in binge drinking rose from 6.2 million in 2001 to 7.1 million in 2003, an increase of 0.9 million. CONCLUSION.: The results of this analysis provide support for enhancing efforts among healthcare providers to identify and intervene with childbearing-age women who engage in alcohol use that can increase their risks for various health problems, including an alcohol-exposed pregnancy. Language: en
TRISOMY 16 MOSAICISM IN AMNIOTIC FLUID CELL CULTURES

Trisomy 16 mosaicism was found in amniotic fluid cells in a patient undergoing amniocentesis because of elevated second-trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) (2.80 MOM), a markedly elevated human chorionic gonadotropin level (hCG) (12.02 MOM), and a Down syndrome risk of 1:55. Ultrasound evaluation of the fetus indicated the presence of an atrial septal defect and clinodactyly. Cytogenetic analyses of various fetal tissues using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) failed to detect substantial numbers of trisomy 16 cells; however, trisomy 16 mosaicism was identified in placental tissue. Molecular genetic analysis at five different loci [four analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and one by Southern blot analysis] failed to show any evidence for uniparental disomy. Although trisomy 16 cells could not be clearly demonstrated in the fetus, the presence of a clinically significant proportion of aneuploid cells early in development could not be excluded and it therefore cannot be assumed that a 'confined placental mosaicism' existed. The markedly elevated hCG and elevated MSAFP levels are consistent with abnormal placental function in trisomy 16 mosaicism. Serial ultrasound evaluation (to detect any late-onset growth retardation) and fetal echocardiography may be indicated for patients with extraordinarily high levels of hCG, especially if MSAFP is also elevated.