cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of as-cast microstructural heterogeneities and damage mechanisms in eutectic AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high entropy alloy

Abstract We have correlated as-cast microstructural features of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 with adiabatic shear localization (ASL) and crack formation, due to dynamic deformation from impact with a spherical projectile. The as-cast microstructure contained extensive FCC/B2 Kurdjumov-Sachs interfaces, and the BCC-ordered B2 domains had plate-like lamellae and clusters of irregularly-shaped morphologies. The primary FCC and B2 phases also contained FCC-ordered L12 and Cr-rich precipitates, respectively. ASL propagated across all FCC/B2 interfaces, and the varying B2 morphologies did not hinder its formation. ASL propagation involved subgrain formation and nanoscale-twinning inside FCC, while the B2 domains experienced extensive dislocation plasticity, even though the impact velocities and B2 morphologies influenced crack formation discernibly. At lower impact velocities the lamellar B2 regions were prone to crack propagation along the FCC/B2 interfaces. In comparison, at higher impact velocities, the cracks traced the locus of ASL paths; i.e., cracks propagated through lamellar and irregularly-shaped B2 domains alike. Deformation-induced steps formed at the FCC/B2 interfaces may have facilitated such trans-domain morphology-agnostic crack propagation. Finally, L12 precipitates minimally impacted any damage mechanisms, while Cr-rich precipitates deflected crack paths inside the B2 domains. Thus, efforts to engineer eutectic high entropy alloy microstructures should strengthen FCC/B2 interfaces in the lamellar regions while retaining the strengthening Cr-rich precipitates.
Land use and land cover control on the spatial variation of dissolved organic matter across 41 lakes in Mississippi, USA

While dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important indicator of water quality, land use and land cover (LULC) of watersheds define the source, quality, and quantity of DOM delivered to a waterbody. This study examined the influence of various LULC classes in the spatial distribution of DOM in 41 lakes across the state of Mississippi. To scale the influence of LULC classes on DOM distribution, we have classified 41 lakes into five clusters based on DOM compositions determined by parallel factor analysis. Four major DOM compositions including terrestrial humic-like (C1), microbial humic-like (C2), soil-derived humic-like (C3), and tryptophan-like or tyrosine like (C4) components were identified. Higher amounts of terrestrial humic-like and soil-derived humic-like DOM compositions were observed in lakes within watersheds dominated by forested, barren, wetlands, or agricultural areas with exposed unconsolidated soil. Higher amounts of microbial humic-like composition were observed in lakes surrounded by hay/pasture, rangeland, and urbanized areas. Additionally, protein-like DOM and ammonia were more enriched in larger lakes, indicating the influences of photochemical reactions. High amounts of forested areas and higher concentrations of terrestrial humic-like DOM composition were identified in all lakes suggesting forested areas in the watershed as the principal source of DOM in Mississippi lakes.
Does the Hood Canal Bridge traffic noise affect migrating steelhead smolts

Recent research conducted by NOAA's Manchester Research Laboratory has provided strong evidence of a substantial migration interference and increased mortality risk of steelhead smolts associated with the Hood Canal Bridge, which drives the need to investigate the sound and vibration generated by the vehicles crossing the bridge. A month-long monitoring of in-water sound pressure and the vibration of the bridge pontoons was performed at the Hood Canal Bridge by three sets of autonomous sound and vibration recording systems deployed along the bridge. At each deployment site, sound pressure in water was recorded by a hydrophone submerged three meters under water, and the vibration of the bridge pontoon was recorded by an array of three orthogonally mounted single-axis accelerometers. Both sound pressure and acceleration data were analyzed and compared to the threshold levels suggested by previous studies. Results show that the observed sound pressure levels and particle accelerations are strongly correlated with traffic volume across the bridge, and particle accelerations occasionally exceeded the threshold levels that could elicit the avoidance behavior of juvenile salmon. It is concluded that the Hood Canal Bridge traffic noise can potentially affect migrating salmonids due to the intense particle accelerations caused by the bridge pontoons in water.
History in a Crisis - Lessons for Covid-19.

History in a Crisis — Lessons for Covid-19 The history of human responses to epidemics carries various lessons for our current situation. Two of the more disheartening ones are that stigmatization ...
A Potential Complication of COVID-19: A Case of Non-Traumatic Rhabdomyolisis

Rhabdomyolysis can present as a clinical challenge due to broad etiological spectrum, non-specific symptomatology and numerous systemic complications including acute kidney injury. Emerging evidence suggests that rhabdomyolysis may be an associated early or late complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We present a case of a 55-year-old woman with recent COVID-19 pneumonia who was later found to have non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis incidentally captured on COVID-19 screening labs.
Semi-supervised New Event Type Induction and Event Detection

Most previous event extraction studies assume a set of target event types and corresponding event annotations are given, which could be very expensive. In this paper, we work on a new task of semi-supervised event type induction, aiming to automatically discover a set of unseen types from a given corpus by leveraging annotations available for a few seen types. We design a Semi-Supervised Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder framework to automatically learn a discrete latent type representation for each seen and unseen type and optimize them using seen type event annotations. A variational autoencoder is further introduced to enforce the reconstruction of each event mention conditioned on its latent type distribution. Experiments show that our approach can not only achieve state-of-the-art performance on supervised event detection but also discover high-quality new event types.
Epithelioid Sarcoma of the Peripheral Nerve: Clinicopathologic Series of Three Cases and Literature Review.

Objectives Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) rarely arises in the nerve. To increase our understanding of this unusual tumor originating in the nerve, we describe the features of three cases and review the literature. Methods Clinical data, imaging, pathology, treatment, and follow-up are detailed. A systematic literature review was conducted. Results Two patients were male and one female; the median age was 24 years. The patients had neurologic symptoms, and the tumors arose in large nerves and ranged from 2.4 to 5.8 cm. The tumors were avid on positron emission tomography-computed tomography and showed increased signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Centered in the nerve, the tumors grew with an infiltrative pattern and encased the nerve fascicles. All were treated with wide resection, and adjuvant treatment included combinations of chemotherapy and radiation. One recurred, and the limb was amputated. Metastases were documented to lymph nodes, lung, pleura, and skin. One patient died of disease after 54 months. Literature review including our cases showed that tumors stained with pancytokeratin (9/9), EMA (4/4), and CD34 (7/7); there was loss of INI1 in all six cases tested. Conclusions ES rarely arises in the peripheral nerve, and its infiltrative nature often requires morbid surgery. The differential includes a variety of benign and malignant epithelioid neoplasms.
The mitigating impact of physical activity on mentally healthy days: differential effects based on race, ethnicity and gender

Social inequalities have been linked to mental disorders, with the poor and disadvantaged reporting higher rates. Additionally, differences in socioeconomic status have substantial effects on both physical and mental health through access to healthcare, environmental exposure, and health behaviour. This paper directly controls for race and ethnicity in addition to gender, education and income, and finds physical activity, for all races and ethnicities, to be associated with lower number of reported mentally unhealthy days. Complementing early work using accelerometers but not limited by their methodological constraints, our work highlights the manner by which mental health varies by race, ethnicity, and gender for the adult population. These results are relevant to public policy setting, showing how physical activity benefits a wider scope of factors regarding mental health.
Version Upgrades and Security/Privacy Downgrades: A Cautionary Tale

While systems developers usually carefully test their systems before they are fielded, the same is not true when an update is made. Unfortunately, some updates may -- without intending to -- cause failures of system components. This article discusses the problem and suggests countermeasures.
Distributed synthesis of sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in cardiac myocytes

It is widely assumed that synthesis of membrane proteins, particularly in the heart, follows the classical secretory pathway with mRNA translation occurring in perinuclear regions followed by protein trafficking to sites of deployment. However, this view is based on studies conducted in less-specialized cells, and has not been experimentally addressed in cardiac myocytes. Therefore, we undertook direct experimental investigation of protein synthesis in cardiac tissue and isolated myocytes using single-molecule visualization techniques and a novel proximity-ligated in situ hybridization approach for visualizing ribosome-associated mRNA molecules for a specific protein species, indicative of translation sites. We identify here, for the first time, that the molecular machinery for membrane protein synthesis occurs throughout the cardiac myocyte, and enables distributed synthesis of membrane proteins within sub-cellular niches where the synthesized protein functions using local mRNA pools trafficked, in part, by microtubules. We also observed cell-wide distribution of membrane protein mRNA in myocardial tissue from both non-failing and hypertrophied (failing) human hearts, demonstrating an evolutionarily conserved distributed mechanism from mouse to human. Our results identify previously unanticipated aspects of local control of cardiac myocyte biology and highlight local protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes as an important potential determinant of the heart's biology in health and disease.
The impact of murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) route and age at infection upon virus spread, immune responses and the establishment of latency

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous human virus, which establishes a characteristic lifetime infection in its host. Murine CMV (mCMV) is a widely-used infection model that has been employed to investigate the nature and extent of CMV9s contribution to inflammatory, immunological, and health disturbances in humans. In an effort to assess the role of route and age in modeling hCMV infection in mice, we have performed a comparative analysis of two common experimental modes of infection (intraperitoneal and intranasal) at two different clinically relevant ages (4 weeks, or prepubescent childhood equivalent, and 12 weeks, or young postpubescent adult). We found that while both routes of infection led to similar early viral loads, differential activation of several parameters of innate immune function were observed. In particular, younger, prepubescent mice exhibited the strongest NK activation in the blood in response to i.p. infection, with this trend holding true in NK cells expressing the mCMV-specific receptor Ly49H. Moreover, i.p. infected animals accumulated a larger amount of anti-mCMV IgG and experienced a greater expansion of both acute and latent phase CD8+ T cells. This was especially true for young postpubescent mice, further illustrating a distinction in the bloodborne immune response across not only infection routes, but also ages. These results may be important in the understanding of how a more physiologically applicable model of CMV influences immunity, inflammation, and health over the lifespan.
Mineral Nutrition Of Soybeans

Publisher Summary Diagnosis of the mineral–nutrition problem of soybeans is facilitated by knowing the cardinal concentrations in the total plant and plant parts, which define and separate deficiency, adequacy, and luxury levels of nutrition. Uptake rates and the translocation of nutrients within the plant is prerequisite information for understanding nutrition problems. In spite of the recognition of these facts by agronomists and plant nutritionists, these values and related information are most incomplete for soybeans and many other crops. This chapter discusses each nutrient separately under the subtitles of nutrient contents in the plant at various stages of growth, uptake rate, translocation, and fertilization.
RADIATION RESISTANCE AND GENETIC SEGREGATION IN A LARGE CELL POSSIBLY POLYPLOID STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

Comparative tests were made of the resistance to radiation of Escherichia coli strain 82/r and a stable, large cell, possibly polyploid derivative, P6, produced by exposure of 82/r to camphor vapors. P6 was markedly more resistant to x rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet. (auth)
Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Connectivity Repair with K-Redundancy

Connectivity is an important requirement for wireless sensor networks especially in real-time monitoring and data transfer applications. However, node movements and failures change the topology of the initial deployed network, which can result in partitioning of the communication graph. In this paper, we present a method for maintaining and repairing the communication network of a dynamic mobile wireless sensor network. We assume that we cannot control the motion of wireless sensor nodes, but there are robots whose motion can be controlled by the wireless sensor nodes to maintain and repair the connectivity of the network. At the heart of our method lies a novel graph property, k-redundancy, which is a measure of the importance of a node to the connectivity of a network.We first show that this property can be used to estimate repair time of a dynamic network. Then, we present a dynamic repair algorithm that minimizes expected repair time. Finally, we show the effectiveness of our method with extensive simulations and its feasibility with experiments on real robots and motes.
Effects of temperature on conformation, hydroxylation, and secretion of chick tendon procollagen.

Abstract When freshly isolated chick embryo tendon fibroblasts were incubated at 37° with [14C]proline and 0.5 mm α,α'-dipyridyl, a ferrous iron chelator which inhibits prolyl hydroxylase, the labeled unhydroxylated procollagen molecules accumulated intracellularly. When pepsin digestion at 15° was used as an enzymatic probe of conformation, these molecules were shown to be non-triple helical, indicating that hydroxylation of proline is necessary for triple helix formation at normal body temperatures. When cells which had accumulated unhydroxylated procollagen at 37° were then incubated at 25°, large amounts of unhydroxylated procollagen were secreted into the medium. Although these secreted molecules were sensitive to pepsin they were shown to be largely triple helical when prolyl hydroxylase was used as another probe of collagen conformation. The retained molecules were shown to be largely non-triple helical by this same test. This result suggests that triple helix formation may be necessary for normal secretion of procollagen by these cells. When cells which had accumulated unhydroxylated procollagen at 37° were then incubated at different temperatures between 20° and 37° in the presence of excess ferrous iron to reverse the inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase, the accumulated molecules were secreted and the extent of hydroxyproline formation increased as the temperature during the reversal period increased. At 20° less than 1% of the [14C]proline in the secreted molecules was hydroxylated while at 37° this value increased to 33%. This result implies that under some conditions the body temperature of an organism may in part regulate the hydroxyproline content of the collagen molecules.
Functional trajectories in older persons admitted to a nursing home with disability after an acute hospitalization.

Among persons who were 65 years old in 2000, 44% are projected to be admitted to a nursing home during their remaining life, and over half of these are projected to have more than a year of nursing home use (1). According to the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey, approximately 1.5 million persons aged 65 years or older reside in a nursing home (2). The percentage of nursing home residents ranges from about 1.1% of those aged 65 to 74 years to 18.2% of those aged 85 years or older (3). These nursing home residents include a mixture of persons receiving subacute (or postacute) care and those receiving long-term (or custodial) care, many of whom were admitted initially for subacute care after a disabling event (4). The burden of disability among nursing homes residents is high and has been increasing over the past three decades. This increase is thought to be attributable to the aging of the nursing home population and the rise in alternative sites of long-term care (5). Relatively little is known about the functional trajectories of older persons admitted to a nursing home with disability after an acute hospitalization. Prior studies have focused almost exclusively on long-term care residents; hence, they provide no information on subacute care residents or on transitions in disability after discharge from the nursing home. The absence of data in these areas is problematic given the high rate of transfers between the nursing home and other sites of care, including the community (6), and the importance of functional status to independent living. In the current study, we set out to characterize the functional trajectories of older persons admitted to a nursing home with disability after an acute hospitalization. We hypothesized that three common and clinically meaningful trajectories would emerge—discharged home without disability, discharged home with disability, and continuous disability in the nursing home. To accomplish our aims, we used data from a unique longitudinal study that includes monthly assessments of disability for up to nine years, along with nearly complete ascertainment of nursing home admissions and hospitalizations, on a large cohort of community-living older persons.
Ducted and Unducted Fans in Airbreathing Engines

Gas turbine engines for modern aircraft are efficient, environmentally friendly, safe and reliable in supplying thrust required for aircraft flight. These engines rely on many components to meet required performance standards expected by the commercial aviation industry. One of the primary component systems is the fan or open rotor system used to generate the preponderance of thrust generated by the engine. This chapter is intended to introduce several aspects related to the design of fan and open rotor systems. This includes how the fan defining parameters are established and subsequently a high-level review of how the systems are designed in terms of aerodynamic and structural performance, acoustics, materials, and manufacturing considerations. Included in the sections addressing each of these disciplines are some design paradigms for increased performance and efficiency. The bulk of the material discusses ducted fans that are common to modern turbofan engines but some material is included for open rotors (high-speed propellers also known as unducted fans or propfans). Throughout the chapter issues and challenges facing the fan designer of modern systems are noted and common design requirements and methods are covered to a limited extent. Keywords: commercial aircraft; ducted fans; gas turbine engines; propfan technology; turbofan engines; turbomachinery
DBLPminer: A Tool for Exploring Bibliographic Data

Exploring publications in academia usually entails browsing a collection of published literature through either bibliographic databases or full featured digital libraries. Bibliographic databases contain an organized collection of references to published literature, whereas digital libraries host publications in full-text. Although lacking full-text content of a publication, bibliographies contain rich metadata such as publication titles, venues or contributing authors that offer clues to the search process. DBLP, one of the computer science bibliographic databases, supports publication exploration by providing interfaces for finding specific bibliographic records or collections of records by a specific author. However, it lacks means for deep search process. In this paper, we describe a tool called DBLPminer that indexes DBLP records by topic categories under the taxonomy of ACM Computing Classification System, and offers a prototype web application interface through which researchers can organize or search for DBLP records by topic categories, or find associated topics for a DBLP record. Preliminary analysis of the indexing algorithm's performance yields promising results. We also compare DBLPminer with several other bibliographic exploration tools.
A Humanistic Approach to Mediation and Dialogue: An Evolving Transformative Practice

The humanistic approach to mediation developed in parallel to Bush and Folger's transformative mediation in the 1990s. While fully harmonizing with transformative mediation, humanistic mediation emphasizes a greater departure from skill-based techniques and gives less attention to problem solving. By highlighting the humanizing capacities of mediators, parties, and communication processes, the humanistic approach deepens a dialogue process as it fosters good mediator presence and the uninterrupted flow of “heart language” between parties. Nine areas of practice, including preparation meetings, nondirective mediation, and use of silence, are presented in their applicability to both restorative justice and dispute resolution contexts.
A Review of The Anthropology of Religious Charisma: Ecstasies and Institutions

It is fitting that an edited volume on the anthropology of religious charisma would end up being an extended dialogue with Max Weber, the great political economist who provided probably the most in...
Regional Metabolie Dependency in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Abnormalities of oxygen use occur in obstructive sleep apnea, as do impaired cerebral perfusion and alterations of cerebral function. In this case study, the authors quantitated the local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in two patients with obstructive sleep apnea (one with and one without oxygen supply dependency) and assessed cerebral glucose use by increasing oxygen delivery through passive leg elevation. Obstructive sleep apnea was confirmed by visual analysis of nocturnal pulse oximetry traces in two patients and its severity assessed from the respiratory disturbance index and minimum oxygen saturation. Awake local cerebral glucose metabolic rate (μM/min/100 g) was determined by positron-emission tomography using [18 F]-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose at baseline and on the following day during passive leg elevation. Conditions otherwise were unchanged. The patient with global oxygen supply dependency exhibited a significant increase in the local cerebral glucose metabolic rate. In contrast, the patient without global supply dependency had no change in the local cerebral glucose metabolic rate. These case studies demonstrate the first evidence of improvement in regional metabolic consumption in response to increased oxygen delivery and in the presence of global oxygen supply dependency.
Human leukocyte antigen in torticollis and other idiopathic dystonic syndromes

Two groups totaling 67 patients with idiopathic focal, segmental, and generalized dystonia, including torticollis, were compared with normal controls to determine whether there was a difference in the frequency of A, B, and C locus human leukocyte (HLA) antigens. The results indicated no statistically significant deviations in HLA antigen frequencies between the patients and the normal controls. Thirteen of the patients with idiopathic torsion dystonia were compared with normal controls for DR locus antigens. A trend of increased DR3 antigens observed in the patients may be significant. HLA genotyping of parents and children in nine families was also studied to determine if an HLA-linked factor could be related to the dystonic syndrome in the children. The results were indeterminate, suggesting that further family studies are required to resolve this issue.
Landsat Data Continuity Mission operational land imager and thermal infrared sensor performance

The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) will have two pushbroom Earth-imaging sensors: the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS). The OLI has the reflective 30-meter and panchromatic 15-meter ETM+ bands plus additional 30-meter bands at 443 nm and 1375 nm. The TIRS has two 100-meter bands that spectrally split the ETM+ thermal band. OLI has completed performance testing and is scheduled for a late summer 2011 delivery to the spacecraft. OLI radiometric performance has shown that polarization sensitivity is 1-2%; Signal-to-Noise Ratios at signal levels about 5-10% of full scale are between 6-12 times better than ETM+, e.g., 250 versus 30; radiometric stability over 16 days is better than 0.5% (2-sigma); coherent noise is not visible; detector operability is 100% (no dead or inoperable detectors), absolute radiance calibration uncertainty is ~4%, reflectance calibration uncertainty is ~2.5% and detector-to-detector radiometric uniformity is generally better than 0.5%. TIRS completed initial performance testing in March 2011 and in August 2011 will be entering its primary thermal vacuum performance testing with the integrated instrument. At this point indications are that the TIRS instrument will have noise levels roughly ¼ of the ETM+ bands and detector-to-detector radiometric uniformity of better than 0.5%.
Distribution and geochemistry of selected trace elements in the Sacramento River near Keswick Reservoir

Abstract The effect of heavy metals from the Iron Mountain Mines (IMM) Superfund site on the upper Sacramento River is examined using data from water and bed sediment samples collected during 1996–97. Relative to surrounding waters, aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, thallium, zinc and the rare-earth elements (REE) were all present in high concentrations in effluent from Spring Creek Reservoir (SCR), which enters into the Sacramento River in the Spring Creek Arm of Keswick Reservoir. SCR was constructed in part to regulate the flow of acidic, metal-rich waters draining the IMM Superfund site. Although virtually all of these metals exist in SCR in the dissolved form, upon entering Keswick Reservoir they at least partially converted via precipitation and/or adsorption to the particulate phase. In spite of this, few of the metals settled out; instead the vast majority was transported colloidally down the Sacramento River at least to Bend Bridge, 67 km from Keswick Dam. The geochemical influence of IMM on the upper Sacramento River was variable, chiefly dependent on the flow of Spring Creek. Although the average flow of the Sacramento River at Keswick Dam is 250 m 3 /s (cubic meters per second), even flows as low as 0.3 m 3 /s from Spring Creek were sufficient to account for more than 15% of the metals loading at Bend Bridge, and these proportions increased with increasing Spring Creek flow. The dissolved proportion of the total bioavailable load was dependent on the element but steadily decreased for all metals, from near 100% in Spring Creek to values (for some elements) of less than 1% at Bend Bridge; failure to account for the suspended sediment load in assessments of the effect of metals transport in the Sacramento River can result in estimates which are low by as much as a factor of 100.
James-stein estimation from an alternative perspective

Abstract In the comparison of estimators, the typical viewpoint of mean squared error has been challenged by C. R. Rao. In this article we propose a method of selecting estimators in normal populations based on their regions of preference. These regions of preference are a natural consequence of Rao's emphasis on Pitman nearness. We apply the method in the case of estimation of the mean of a bivariate normal through the James-Stein class.
Non-planar, non-linear oscillations of a beam II. Free motions

Large amplitude whirling motions of a simply supported beam constrained to have a fixed length are investigated. Equations of motion taking into account bending in two planes and longitudinal deformations are developed. Using the method of harmonic balance, response curves for certain planar and non-planar steady state, forced motions are obtained. Another approximate scheme is used to study the stability of these motions. Stable regions corresponding to non-planar motions are found, thus confirming the existence of whirling motions. Numerical results are presented and discussed for several specific cases.
Projecting future concentrations of atmospheric CO2 with global carbon cycle models: The importance of simulating historical changes

Projections of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations using global carbon cycle models and assumed time series of future anthropogenic CO2 emissions are only useful if simulations agree reasonably well with the observed history of past changes in atmospheric CO2. In this article we compare simulations from a set of eight global carbon cycle models with observations of atmospheric CO2 from the Siple Station, Antarctica, ice core and the monitoring station at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, USA. Our comparisons reinforce previous assessments that early estimates of biospheric CO2 emissions derived by reconstruction of historical land-use change are incompatible with the understanding of atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange codified in conventional carbon cycle models and the observed history of changes in atmospheric CO2. More recent estimates of the history of CO2 emissions associated with land-use change do not significantly resolve this incompatibility. Terrestrial biospheric emissions estimated by deconvolution of atmospheric CO2 observations provide reasonable correspondence between simulation and observation, but the deconvolution estimates differ dramatically from the estimates by land-use reconstruction. Resolution of this difference is a challenge for modelers of the global terrestrial biosphere. In the interim, caution is required in interpreting atmospheric CO2 projections from models that have not yet resolved the basic inconsistencies among emission estimates, models of oceanic uptake, and observations of atmospheric CO2.
Intellectual deficits in children born withsubclinical congenital toxoplasmosis: A preliminary report

The intellectual and social development of eight children, ages 2 to 4 years, who were identified at birth as having subclinical congenital toxoplasmosis, was compared to the development of eight matched control children. All evaluations were done on a single-blind basis by one examiner. Results suggest that subclinical congenital toxoplasmosis may have an adverse effect on intellectual development. Three infected infants who were treated with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid during the first month of life had no evidence of intellectual impairment.
The levels of analysis

Il y a quatre niveaux d'analyse du probleme de la causalite: les origines evolutives, les consequences fonctionnelles, les processus ontogenetiques et les mecanismes
Mechanism of Action of Retinyl Compounds on Wound Healing III: Effect of Retinoic Acid Homologs on Granuloma Formation

A series of homologs of retinoic acid was synthesized. The activities of these compounds on granuloma formation induced by implanted cotton pellets were studied. The compound (s-C22 acid) with two more carbons on the side chain of retinoic acid is the most active. The hexosamine and hydroxyproline contents in the granuloma affected by these compounds are also increased. The mechanisms of action of these compounds on wound healing are discussed.
Binocular depth perception and the optic chiasm.

Abstract After sagittal transaction of the optic chiasm, a human can still recognize the depth of an object briefly exposed in front of his fixation point, even though its images fall upon temporal retina in both eyes and therefore project separately to the two hemispheres. There might be an interhemispheric link for binocular integration in central vision.
Biochemical mechanisms of salicylate teratology in the rat.

Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid and EDTA have been previously reported to be teratogenic in the rat, and such was confirmed in this study. However, neither the m- nor the p-isomers of salicylic acid, the analogs (neither an SH nor an NH2 group in place of OH, nor a CONH2 group in place of COOH), nor metabolites of salicylic acid were teratogenic. It is concluded that the teratogenic effect of aspirin is due to salicylic acid, its hydrolysis product, and that addition, shifting or substituting functional groups on the aromatic ring eliminates the teratogenic activity. The possibility that these teratogens act through mineral chelation was considered. The agents were administered by s.c. injection followed by 54Mn, 59Fe and 65Zn on day 9 or 16 of pregnancy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Measurements of urinary excretion and fetal uptake of the mineral isotopes were made at subsequent intervals. EDTA caused a marked increase in urinary excretion and a significant decrease in fetal uptake of all isotopes. Neither aspirin, salicylic acid, nor metabolites of aspirin, nor isomers, nor analogs of salicylic acid produced any significant alterations of mineral excretion or fetal uptake. It is postulated that while neither salicylic acid nor related compounds reduce fetal uptake of the minerals tested, they may still bind them in the maternal-fetal environment so that they are insufficiently available for normal biochemical functions of the developing fetus.
More comprehensive approaches for determining risk sensitivities to component aging

Abstract As part of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Nuclear Plant Aging Research (NPAR) Program, methods are being developed to evaluate the risk effects of aging. These methods are being developed under the Risk Evaluations of Aging Phenomena (REAP) Project. As part of the effort under REAP, more comprehensive approaches for prioritizing the risk effects of component aging have been developed. These risk prioritization approaches do not have the limitations of previously developed approaches which have been published. Straightforward formulas are obtained which incorporate both the risk importance of the component and the aging effects on the component failure rate. Available Probabilistic Risk Analyses (PRA's) can be utilized to efficiently prioritize systems, components, and aging mechanisms. The linear aging failure rate model is specifically utilized in the general formulas to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the approaches.
Strategies for Efficient Numerical Implementation of Hybrid Multi-scale Agent-Based Models to Describe Biological Systems

Biologically related processes operate across multiple spatiotemporal scales. For computational modeling methodologies to mimic this biological complexity, individual scale models must be linked in ways that allow for dynamic exchange of information across scales. A powerful methodology is to combine a discrete modeling approach, agent-based models (ABMs), with continuum models to form hybrid models. Hybrid multi-scale ABMs have been used to simulate emergent responses of biological systems. Here, we review two aspects of hybrid multi-scale ABMs: linking individual scale models and efficiently solving the resulting model. We discuss the computational choices associated with aspects of linking individual scale models while simultaneously maintaining model tractability. We demonstrate implementations of existing numerical methods in the context of hybrid multi-scale ABMs. Using an example model describing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, we show relative computational speeds of various combinations of numerical methods. Efficient linking and solution of hybrid multi-scale ABMs is key to model portability, modularity, and their use in understanding biological phenomena at a systems level.
Comparison of the agar block and Lieber-DeCarli diets to study chronic alcohol consumption in an aging model of Fischer 344 female rats.

Abstract Introduction Post-menopausal women have a greater risk of developing alcoholic complications compared to age-matched men. Unfortunately, animal models of chronic ethanol consumption with estrogen deficiency are lacking. Here, we characterize the ability of the agar block and Lieber–DeCarli models of chronic ethanol consumption to produce elevated blood alcohol content (BAC) and liver pathology in the F344 postmenopausal animal model of aging. Methods Adult (3 mo) and aged (18 mo) F344 ovary-intact or ovariectomized rats were administered ethanol for 14–20 weeks as follows: diet 1 , standard chow access, 10% ethanol in drinking water, and 40% ethanol in agar blocks; diet 2 , diet 1 plus low phytoestrogen chow (known to affect ethanol metabolism) for the final 4 weeks; diet 3 , Lieber–DeCarli all liquid diet with 36% kcal ethanol. Control animals were matched isocalorically with dextrin. Results For the agar block diet, average BAC was 13 ± 4 mg/dL across groups. BAC was unaffected by reducing dietary phytoestrogen content (12 ± 4 mg/dL), which is known to interfere with ethanol metabolism. Liver pathology was unaffected by the agar block diet. In contrast, the Lieber–DeCarli diet resulted in BAC of 45 ± 5 mg/dL in conjunction with more severe hepatopathology.223 Discussion We conclude that the Lieber–DeCarli diet produces greater BAC and hepatopathology to study the effects of chronic ethanol administration in the F344 postmenopausal rodent model of aging when compared to an ethanol agar block diet.
The Connection between Worship Attendance and Racial Segregation Attitudes among White and Black Americans

The present study finds that, for Whites, worship attendance is associated with heightened support for racial segregation. This has much to do with the fact that the individuals that attend worship service the least, secular and young adults, tend to be more racially progressive. That is, the extent to which secular and Generation X and Y individuals attend worship services as often as others, worship attendance is associated with weakened opposition to racial segregation. Conversely, worship attendance, religious affiliation, and age cohort are largely unrelated to Black racial segregation attitudes.
Cyclic migraine: A disorder responsive to lithium carbonate

Abstract Cyclic migraine occurs in cycles of two weeks or longer, with headache-free periods in between. During the cycles, severe, clearly separated migraine attacks occur several times per week. Many patients experience accompanying depression. A case history and a report on a study of 27 patients clarify the characteristics of this variety of migraine. Its existence strengthens the link between migraine and cluster headache, and points toward a possible alteration of the limbic-hypothalamic axis in migraine. Finally, the diagnosis of cyclic migraine has practical importance because of the condition's prompt response to lithium carbonate.
Parameter Correlation in Models of Hyperthermic Cell Death

A number of mathematical models have been developed to predict the survival of cells after heating. Some of these models have been based on first principle arguments, while others have been empirically motivated. Some models have been inspired by analogs of damage to cells by ionizing radiation. Evidence exists for multiple targets leading to cell death, although precise definition of the pathways for the various temperature ranges and environmental conditions remains in question. For reviews of the cellular targets of heating, see [1], [2], or [3].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Carbon dioxide gas delivery to thin-film aqueous systems via hollow fiber membranes

Abstract Three methods of gas delivery, namely bubbling via an open tube, a porous diffuser and a unique hollow fiber membrane (HFM) manifold, were tested to compare the effects of mass transfer. Carbon dioxide gas was delivered to a deionized water bath at liquid depths of 1.5, 3, and 5 in. (3.8, 7.6 and 12.7 cm). A gas flow rate of 0.1 liter per minute (1E−4 cubic meter per minute) was used and pH was measured over time for each trial, and the carbonic acid dissociation relationships were used to calculate the total amount of carbon in the system for each time point. The hollow fiber membranes proved to be a far superior method to introduce the CO 2 gas into the system than both bubbling and a commercial diffuser, and demonstrated even greater superiority at more shallow depths; which makes them ideal for use in thin-film algae growth systems such as the Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS®) technology. Further experiments were performed using the HFM manifold at the 1.5″ (3.8 cm) depth and temperatures were varied at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C to determine the effects of temperature on the mass transfer. An evapoporometry technique was used to estimate the average pore size for the HFMs. Bubble sizes for each method were estimated by photography as well as a bubble size prediction model developed by Ramakrishnan for the open tube and HFMs. The effective mass transfer coefficient, k L a , was determined from the carbon values averaged from three trials for each set of the parameters tested. Finally, a parallel mass transfer model was developed to calculate the carbon concentration in the system over time for the hollow fiber membranes. This model shows that the bubbles on the membranes, before they release, are quite important to the mass transfer of carbon dioxide into the system.
Formation of Novel TRPC Channels by Complex Subunit Interactions in Embryonic Brain

Mammalian short TRP channels (TRPCs) are putative receptor- and store-operated cation channels that play a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Assembly of the seven TRPC homologs (TRPC1-7) into homo- and heteromers can create a large variety of different channels. However, the compositions as well as the functional properties of native TRPC complexes are largely undefined. We performed a systematic biochemical study of TRPC interactions in mammalian brain and identified previously unrecognized channel heteromers composed of TRPC1, TRPC4, or TRPC5 and the diacylglycerol-activated TRPC3 or TRPC6 subunits. The novel TRPC heteromers were found exclusively in embryonic brain. In heterologous systems, we demonstrated that assembly of these novel heteromers required the combination of TRPC1 plus TRPC4 or TRPC5 subunits along with diacylglycerol-sensitive subunits in the channel complexes. Functional interaction of the TRPC subunits was verified using a dominant negative TRPC5 mutant (TRPC5DN). Co-expression of TRPC5DN suppressed currents through TRPC5- and TRPC4-containing complexes; TRPC3-associated currents were unaffected by TRPC5DN unless TRPC1 was also co-expressed. This complex assembly mechanism increases the diversity of TRPC channels in mammalian brain and may generate novel heteromers that have specific roles in the developing brain.
Critical currents after thermal neutron irradiation of uranium doped superconductors

Fission fragment damage was introduced into aligned sintered samples of various superconductors containing small additions of UO2 by irradiation with thermal neutrons. Samples of aligned, sintered YBa2Cu3Ox, powdered Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Oy, powdered Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3Oz, and epitaxial films of YBa2Cu3Ox on (100)SrTiO3 were used. Magnetic hysteresis, with the critical state model, was used to evaluate changes in the intragranular critical current. In the case of the Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3Oz powders an increase in intragranular Jc at 0.8 T of greater than 70 times was produced by the radiation. The epitaxial film showed no change in Jc on irradiation. This behavior upon irradiation is attributed to the pinning caused by damage produced by the fission products of uranium.
D-lysergic acid reduces microtubule-associated tau protein in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.

1. 1. SH-SY5Y, an adrenergic human neuroblastoma cell line, was used to examine the hypothesis that d-lysergic acid (LSD) affects the metabolism of microtubule-associated tau protein, thus affecting microtubule assembly and the transport of neurotransmitters. 2. 2. After 48 hr treatment LSD (10−5 and 10−7 M) decreased 50 kDa tau protein in the membrane (pellet) fraction. The drug (10−5 M) also decreased in the cytoplasmic (supernatant) fraction. 3. 3. This reduction in tau protein was accompanied by a 65% increase (P < 0.05) in total protein after LSD (10−7 M) in the cytoplasmic fraction.
Data Requirements for Staple Spinning Frames (Results of a Survey of US Spinners)

A survey of US spinners was carried out by the College of Textiles (North Carolina State University), in collaboration with the American Textile Manufacturers' Institute, to determine the current and future use of electronic data collection and transfer systems. The analysis concentrated on the spinning frame since it was believed that this was the most frequently updated unit, and the absence of a communication ‘standard’ presented particular difficulties when new frames were to be integrated into existing communications systems. A summary is given of information which was solicited concerning companies' philosophies with respect to data communication, and this is based on both current practice and possible future needs. The survey also produced data on the specific spinning machines installed in different facilities, and the use that is made of available components. In addition, opinions were sought on the usefulness of various data elements for process/product monitoring and control, and the results ob...
Religious Involvement and Health-Related Behaviors Among Black Seventh-Day Adventists in Canada:

Background. Most studies that involve Black Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) have been conducted in the United States. We sought to examine the association between religious involvement and lifestyle ...
Growth of Cloud Droplets in a Turbulent Environment

Motivated by the need to resolve the condensation-coalescence bottleneck in warm rain formation, a significant number of studies have emerged in the past 15 years concerning the growth of cloud droplets by water-vapor diffusion and by collision-coalescence in a turbulent environment. With regard to condensation, recent studies suggest that small-scale turbulence alone does not produce a significant broadening of the cloud-droplet spectrum because of the smearing of droplet-scale fluctuations by rapid turbulent and gravitational mixing. However, different diffusional-growth histories associated with large-eddy hopping could lead to a significant spectral broadening. In contrast, small-scale turbulence in cumulus clouds makes a significant contribution to the collision-coalescence of droplets, enhancing the collection kernel up to a factor of 5, especially for droplet pairs with a low gravitational collision rate. This moderate level of enhancement has a significant impact on warm rain initiation. The multiscale nature of turbulent cloud microphysical processes and open research issues are delineated throughout.