cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection against ischemic/hypoxic brain damage: blockers of ionotropic glutamate receptor and voltage sensitive calcium channels

The growing number of cellular and molecular pathways believed to be involved in mechanisms of ischemic cell death in the brain has spurred a similar growth in the number of potential neuroprotective modalities, the majority of which are pharmacological in nature. Preventing or minimizing the first few steps in the cascade of events leading to ischemic cell death would have a more profound effect on the postischemic outcome than intervention at later steps in that cascade. This logic is, of course, at the heart of the urgency in providing the stroke or cardiac arrest patient with the earliest possible neuroprotective treatment. For the purpose of assessing potential neuroprotective modalities, the use of a well-established cerebral hypoxic/ischemic model system is a prerequisite. In our studies, we have used two major approaches, in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated both agonists and antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptor channels (IGRC) and their effects in exacerbating and attenuating, respectively, the posthypoxic/ischemic outcome. Other drugs were tested for their ability to block the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC), which are responsible for calcium influx and overload upon hypoxia/ischemia. These two membrane protein entities, the IGRC and the VSCC, are believed to be involved in the early stages of the cellular cascade that leads to the demise of neurons posthypoxia/ischemia. Some of the drugs were also tested for possible interaction with each other searching for possible synergy. These and other published studies in the field are reviewed here.
The NH Band and the Dissociation Energy of Nitrogen

THE so-called ammonia band at 3360–70 A., photographed first by Eder in 1892, has since been studied and measured by many authors. Fowler and Gregory (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 218, 351; 1919) have published beautiful photographs of it. Lately this band has been attributed by Barrat (Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 98, 40; 1920), Hulthen and Nakamura (NATURE, 119, 235; 1927), and others to the NH molecule. Using R. W. Wood's arrangement for the optical excitation of mercury vapour (Phil. Mag., Oct. 1925, Sept. 1927), I have observed the appearance of it when about 4 mm. nitrogen and very little hydrogen—perhaps a few thousands of mm.—are admitted to the quartz tube containing the mercury vapour which is being excited by the light of a water-cooled, magnetically deflected mercury arc.
NEW SPECIES OF SPAULIGODON (NEMATODA: PHARYNGODONIDAE) IN LEPIDODACTYLUS NOVAEGUINEAE (SAURIA: GEKKONIDAE) FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Spauligodon zweifeli n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from the large intestines of a gecko, Lepidodactylus novaeguineae (Sauria: Gekkonidae), is described and illustrated. Prevalence of infection was 57% (mean intensity 8.5, range 1– 23). Spauligodon zweifeli n. sp. is the 43rd species to be assigned to this genus and differs from other species in the genus by possessing asymmetrical fusiform eggs in which the ends are extended as digitiform processes. It is the second species to be described from the Australian biogeographical realm.
Natural Enemies of the Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Sprayed and Unsprayed Apple Orchards in Wisconsin

Ten species of primary parasitoids but few predators were found to attack the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabricius), in Wisconsin. An ectoparasitoid, Sympiesis marylandensis Girault, and an endoparasitoid, Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) were the most frequently collected parasitoids of tissue-feeding larvae. Scambus decorus Walley, a new parasitoid record for P. blancardella , oviposited on third-generation larvae, producing mostly male offspring. S. decorus adults were also observed feeding on leafminer larvae. S. decorus, P. ornigis , and Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford) are new species records for Wisconsin. Mortality of tissue feeding leafminer larvae is caused primarily by ovipositing parasitoids. It is suggested that host feeding and stinging of hosts without oviposition account for much of the remaining tissue feeder mortality. Parasitism of tissue feeders was highest in unsprayed orchards, lower in sprayed orchards and very low in orchards sprayed specifically for P. blancardella . Mortality caused by P. ornigis was highest during the first and third host generations, whereas eulophid-induced mortality of tissue feeders was greatest during the second host generation. Lower apparent parasitism by P. ornigis in unsprayed orchards may be the result of multiparasitism.
Contributions of TRIZ and axiomatic design to leanness in design: an investigation

Abstract Lean applications, which focus mostly on manufacturing, are deemed important contributors to industrial success. Today companies are striving for leanness in other functional areas such as product design and development. In this paper, we review the state of the art on lean design, and the appropriateness of two tools for lean design applications: Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and Axiomatic Design (AD). The literature review section reveals the need and scope for more research on lean design. We also enunciate how the lean design approach fits within the traditional product design and development process, and then evaluate TRIZ and AD for their contributions to leanness. Our evaluation reveals a close correlation between these tools and the lean design metrics. The paper concludes by proposing the use of a synergistic problem solving approach based on TRIZ and AD to increase efficiency and quality of the process while also helping to achieve lean design goals for a company.
Detection of aortic insufficiency by pulse Doppler echocardiography.

Sixty-five patients were studied for the presence of aortic insufficiency by auscultation, conventional M mode echocardiography (echo), range-gated pulse Doppler flowmeter (Doppler), and supravalvular aortic angiography. Aortic insufficiency was demonstrated angiographically in 49 patients, of which eight (16 per cent) were missed by auscultation. Echo missed 20 (41 per cent), and Doppler missed seven (14 per cent). Only two (4 per cent) were missed by auscultation and Doppler combined. All methods were highly specific, but the combination of auscultation and Doppler was the most sensitive noninvasive method for detecting aortic insufficiency.
Analytical solutions for flow to a well through a fault

Abstract We present explicit analytical solutions to problems of steady groundwater flow to a pumping well in an aquifer divided by an infinite, linear fault. The transmissivity of the aquifer is allowed to jump from one side of the fault to the other to model the juxtaposition of host rocks with different hydrologic properties caused by faulting. The fault itself is represented as a thin anisotropic inhomogeneity; this allows the fault to act as a combined conduit–barrier to groundwater flow, as is commonly described in the literature. We show that the properties of the fault may be represented exactly by two lumped parameters—fault resistance and fault conductance—and that the effects of the fault on flow in the adjacent aquifer is independent of the fault width. We consider the limiting cases of a purely leaky and a purely conductive fault where the fault domain may be replaced exactly by internal boundary conditions, and we investigate the effects of fault properties on the flow behavior in the adjacent aquifers. We demonstrate that inferring fault properties based on field observations of head in the aquifer is inherently difficult, even when the fault may be described by one of the two limiting cases. In particular, the effects of a leaky fault and a conductive fault on heads and discharges in the aquifer opposite the fault from the well, are shown to be identical in some cases.
Century-long trend of global ocean warming identified

One of the largest sources of uncertainty in reconstructing the warming of the past century stems from problems with historical ocean temperature records. Inconsistencies in method or technology or gaps in observation caused by two world wars mean that long-term records of sea temperature need to be interpreted with care. Drawing on two historical sets of ocean temperature observations—one of the sea surface and the other of the upper 20 meters—Gouretski et al. found that the twentieth century saw a long-term trend of ocean warming. The two data sets were mostly collected independently, using different tools and techniques, and were subjected to different processing. The authors suggest that, owing to the distinct ways in which the data were gathered, the presence of a similar trend could mean that it is not a spurious finding.
Least-criteria record matching in database systems

This paper examines a common issue in commercial database systems; that of the existence and location of duplicated records. After a discussion of the problem is provided, this paper then explores a systematic approach to identifying the duplicate records using a method which the authors call least-criteria record matching.
Surface Expression of Kv1 Channels Is Governed by a C-terminal Motif

Voltage-gated K+ channel subunits must reach the plasma membrane to repolarize action potentials. Yet the efficiency of cell surface targeting varies among Kv subunits with some requiring auxiliary subunits for optimal expression. Here we identify a conserved motif located in the variable C-terminal region of Kv1 channels that controls the efficiency of functional channel expression. Variations among wild type channels in the optimal sequence VXXSL produce differences in distribution and the requirement for auxiliary subunits. Furthermore, deletion of this motif decreases subunit glycosylation and surface localization but does not prohibit subunit multimerization. Finally, the action of the essential sequence is shown to be independent of the chaperone effect of Kvβ subunits. Thus, the newly identified C-terminal motif governs processing and cell surface expression of Kv1 voltage-gated K+ channels.
Public Service Reform and the New Security Agenda

How have the events of Fall 2001 and its aftermath reshaped perceptions about the role of government and the goals of public sector reform? Has the new focus on public security placed us at a critical juncture in the evolution of public management policy? There is evidence that some widely accepted public management prescriptions for reform are now under challenge. How broad and durable are these challenges likely to be? This paper offers a preliminary account of the how the public security agenda could reshape the wider public management policy agenda.
Pain in Patient Groups Frequently Treated by Physiatrists

This article highlights the significant prevalence and impact of pain in persons who have disabilities and points to the need for additional research in this area. Theory-driven research examining biopsychosocial models of and treatments for chronic pain are the important next steps in this area. The extensive literature on persons in whom pain is the primary disability provides a useful basis for such research. Pain may be one of several problems facing rehabilitation professionals in their care of persons with disabilities. Nonetheless, given the suffering associated with it, pain warrants careful assessment and, as indicated, intervention.
Fall Armyworm Oviposition on Cotton Plants Expressing WideStrike™, Bollgard® , and Bollgard II® Cry Proteins

Abstract. Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), plants expressing insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) constitute the majority of cotton acreage planted across the southern region of the United States. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), can be a significant cotton pest in some years, but this species has not been a primary target of Bt cotton technologies. The objective of this study was to characterize fall armyworm oviposition sites on cotton plants expressing Bt proteins. Fall armyworm adults were released into isolation cages containing cotton plants expressing either single (Bollgard®, Cry1Ac) or pyramided proteins (Bollgard II®, Cry1Ac:Cry2Ab; WideStrike™, Cry1Ac:Cry1F) or a conventional non-Bt cotton line. Following an oviposition period of two-three days, cotton plants were destructively sampled to locate egg masses. The distribution of egg masses on Bt cotton plants was not significantly different from that on non-Bt plants. Most egg masses wer...
Nintedanib, a triple angiokinase inhibitor, enhances cytotoxic therapy response in pancreatic cancer

Angiogenesis remains a sensible target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) therapy. VEGF, PDGF, FGF and their receptors are expressed at high levels and correlate with poor prognosis in human PDAC. Nintedanib is a triple angiokinase inhibitor that targets VEGFR1/2/3, FGFR1/2/3 and PDGFRα/β signaling. We investigated the antitumor activity of nintedanib alone or in combination with the cytotoxic agent gemcitabine in experimental PDAC. Nintedanib inhibited proliferation of cells from multiple lineages found in PDAC, with gemcitabine enhancing inhibitory effects. Nintedanib blocked PI3K/MAPK activity and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In a heterotopic model, net local tumor growth compared to controls (100%) was 60.8 ± 10.5% in the gemcitabine group, −2.1 ± 9.9% after nintedanib therapy and −12.4 ± 16% after gemcitabine plus nintedanib therapy. Effects of therapy on intratumoral proliferation, microvessel density and apoptosis corresponded with tumor growth inhibition data. In a PDAC survival model, median animal survival after gemcitabine, nintedanib and gemcitabine plus nintedanib was 25, 31 and 38 days, respectively, compared to 16 days in controls. The strong antitumor activity of nintedanib in experimental PDAC supports the potential of nintedanib-controlled mechanisms as targets for improved clinical PDAC therapy.
Analysis of failure modes in an impact loaded thermoviscoplastic prenotched plate

Kalthoff observed experimentally that the failure mode in a prenotched maraging steel plate impact loaded on the notched side changes from brittle to ductile with an increase in the impact speed. Here we numerically investigate the effect on the failure mode transition speed of the shape of the notch-tip and the presence of a hole ahead of a circular notch-tip. The shape of the notch-tip is varied by changing the ratio, a/b, of the principal axes of an elliptic notch. For a circular notch-tip, we also investigate the effect, on the failure mode transition speed, of the presence of a circular void ahead of the notch-tip and situated either on or away from the axis of the notch. The Bodner–Partom thermoviscoplastic relation is used to model the strain hardening, strain-rate hardening and thermal softening response of the material of the plate. The transient plane strain thermomechanical deformations of the plate are analyzed by the finite element method. It is found that for a/b=2.0 and 10.0, the brittle failure preceded the ductile failure for the six impact speeds studied herein, and for a/b=0.4 and 1.0, the failure mode transitioned from the brittle to the ductile with an increase in the impact speed. The presence of a circular void ahead of the circular notch-tip shifts towards the axis of the notch the point on the the notch-tip surface where a shear band initiates. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
EFFECTS OF ASPHALT CONTENT AND AIR VOID CONTENT ON MIX FATIGUE AND STIFFNESS

The primary objective of most procedures for asphalt concrete mix design is to find an asphalt content that minimizes the possibility of stability failure while providing adequate fatigue and other durability characteristics. To date, the consequences of asphalt content selection and construction compaction on fatigue performance and flexural stiffness have not been thoroughly investigated and documented with experimental data. The results of laboratory-controlled strain flexural beam testing, (i.e., fatigue life and flexural stiffness) for one aggregate and asphalt cement combination, five asphalt contents, and three air void contents are presented. The results clearly indicate the benefits of a lower air void content on both fatigue life and initial stiffness. Increased asphalt content was found to increase fatigue life and reduce stiffness. Alternative models for predicting fatigue life and initial stiffness using asphalt content, air void content, voids filled with bitumen, and the volume concentrations of asphalt and aggregate were evaluated. Elastic-layer theory was used to simulate the effects of air void content and asphalt content on the fatigue life of several example overlays using the models for stiffness and fatigue life from the laboratory testing. The simulations indicated an increase in predicted pavement fatigue life for lower air void contents and higher asphalt contents. Example simulations of the effects of increased asphalt content and decreased air void content at the bottom of thick overlays indicated a marked increase in predicted fatigue life. It was also concluded that stiffness should not be included in regression for fatigue life models for mix design unless there is a clear understanding of the effects of other variables in the model that correlate with both fatigue life and stiffness.
Effect of Methylene Blue and Related Redox Dyes on Monoamine Oxidase Activity; Rat Pineal Content of N‐Acetylserotonin, Melatonin, and Related Indoles; and Righting Reflex in Melatonin‐Primed Frogs

The ability of methylene blue (MB) to inhibit the nitric oxide-induced stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors has been suggested as a possible mechanism of MB's clinical antidepressant action. This study evaluated the alternative/additional mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of MB on biochemical and behavior levels. Selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) is widely accepted as a major mechanism of the clinical antidepressant effect. MB and the related redox dyes toluidine blue O (TBO), thionine (TN), brilliant cresyl blue (BCB), and toluylene blue (TB) were reversible competitive inhibitors of both MAO-A and MAO-B and were highly selective toward MAO-A. TBO was the most potent inhibitor, followed by TN, BCB, MB, and TB. The dyes studied increased rat pineal N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and melatonin content, in accordance with our previous observations of the stimulating effect of selective inhibition of MAO-A on pineal melatonin biosynthesis. The redox dyes exerted antidepressant-like activity in frogs; that is, they suppressed the righting reflex in melatonin-primed frogs. This study's results indicate that selective inhibition of MAO-A might mediate the clinical antidepressant effect of MB through NAS stimulation and melatonin biosynthesis.
Coming Full Circle: Cyclin-Dependent Kinases as Anti-cancer Drug Targets

Because the normal control of cell proliferation is disturbed in cancer, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that trigger DNA synthesis and mitosis have been popular targets for inhibition with small molecules, but the jury is still out on whether this will be an effective anti-tumor strategy. There is debate about which of the multiple CDKs active during the mammalian cell cycle might be good targets, reflecting fundamental confusion about what, precisely, those different CDKs really do. In the classical view, based largely on their activation timing in cycling cells, different CDKs are specialized to perform discrete functions during distinct cell-cycle intervals. A revisionist model has emerged in which all functions essential to cell division can be performed by a single catalytic subunit, based on the ability of cells to proliferate and animals to survive when individual CDKs are removed by gene deletion or depleted by RNA interference. That those situations in no way resemble ones in which CDKs are inhibited pharmacologically is often overlooked or downplayed. A more nuanced – and accurate – picture is now coming into view, thanks to recent studies that reveal kinetically distinct pathways of activation for closely related CDKs and CDK-specific roles in the temporal control of S phase. The basic question of whether CDKs can be effectively targeted in cancer has yet to be answered but can now be addressed in chemical-genetic model systems that approximate the situation – still hypothetical – of truly selective CDK inhibition in vivo.
Relaxed energy densities for large deformations of membranes

The theory of plane stress for infinitesimal deformations of elastic membranes commonly yields solutions that are unstable with respect to out-of-plane perturbations. This can be remedied by replacing the elastic strain energy by a certain relaxed energy density. This procedure yields tension field theory when it is appropriate. Minimum energy and minimum complementary energy theorems, based on the relaxed energy density, are proved
Abstract C48: Racial-specific differences in breast cancer treatment

Although the incidence of breast cancer (BCa) among Blacks is lower than Whites, health outcomes are dire, as the cancer is often diagnosed at a higher grade and more advanced stage. Additionally, in Blacks, BCa tends to be more aggressive, as triple negative breast cancer is more prevalent, is more lethal and less treatable than the cognate disease in Whites. In addition to the high prevalence of aggressive disease in Blacks, we hypothesized that recurrence and survival outcomes may also be due to treatment differences between populations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if there were racial-specific treatment differences in BCa cases in Washington, DC (N=5932) between 2000 and 2010. Using chi-square and regression analysis, we demonstrate that after controlling for age, stage, grade, ER, PR, HER2, and BCa molecular subtype, no significant racial-specific differences in surgery or radiation were found. However, overall, Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to receive chemotherapy for BCa when compared to whites (OR for Blacks: 3.57, 95% CI: 1.66-8.33 and OR for Hispanics: 4.76, 95% CI: 1.33-0.16.67). Among those with Stage 3 and 4 BCa, Blacks and Hispanics were still more likely to receive chemotherapy (OR for Blacks: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.16-3.20 and OR for Hispanics: 3.95, 95% CI: 1.03-15.15). Differences in hormonal therapy were also found with Blacks and Hispanics being more likely to receive hormone therapy for ER and/or PR positive disease (OR for Blacks: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.27-7.69 and OR for Hispanics: 8.33, 95% CI: 2.27-33.33). Studies that identify driving factors behind these racial-related treatment differences are warranted. Citation Format: Brittany N. Barley, Sara Horton, Jacqueline Dunmore-Griffith, Luisel Ricks-Santi. Racial-specific differences in breast cancer treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C48. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C48
When We Partner with Teachers: Educators as (Co-)Designers

In this special issue, we asked a broad question: what do our designs look like when we partner with teachers? More specifically, we began by acknowledging the fact that our design decisions - the “what has gone into this effort?” - are not always visible in our research publications. The result is a diverse collection of contributing teachers, teacher educators, and educational researchers. This is the first of two special issues focusing on partnership implementations of instructional designs intended for K-12 classrooms. From an open call for proposals, we invited manuscripts that represented different design approaches, contexts, and products, and gave special attention to those authored or co-authored by teachers. After several rounds of peer review, seven manuscripts were selected for the first issue. In this issue, we have brought together a collection of design cases that reflect a range of science instruction resulting from designing new or re-designing existing curricula to creating web-based virtual rainforest journeys to digital physics games. The authors document details of their design thinking, priorities, and influencers. They discuss implementation considerations and confront tensions that existed between their design ideas and the needs of the learners who would use their instructional products in contexts where resources and constraints cannot always easily be known in advance.
Technical note: The effects of Bluestar® and luminol when used in conjunction with tetramethylbenzidine or phenolphthalein

There are numerous presumptive tests available in the forensic science field to help identify the presence of blood. While many articles are available on the effects of Bluestar® and luminol and potential interactions with subsequent DNA identification, the research field falls short in identifying the effects these two presumptive tests may have on subsequent presumptive tests used to help identify blood. To rectify this ongoing issue in the forensic science field, the chemiluminescence methods of Bluestar® and luminol for the detection of blood at a crime scene were tested for their effects when used in conjunction with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) or phenolphthalein (PT) at the forensic science laboratory. Six different substrates (untreated wood, pressure treated wood, ceramic tile, shag carpet, cement block, and cotton clothing) were stained with varying dilutions (range 1:1 to 1:100,000) of blood. Neither luminol nor Bluestar® affect the results of PT or TMB tests at blood dilutions equal to or less than 1:100. However, interactions did occur between agents and substrates with blood dilutions 1:1000 or greater. Bluestar® was the only presumptive test that can detect blood dilutions of 1:100,000 on some substrates and luminol was inclusive on pressure treated wood. These findings suggests that forensic science laboratory personal need to know and understand the details of how the blood was detected by the crime scene investigator and the substrate on which the blood was obtained from for their preparation of presumptive blood testing with PT or TMB.
Testing an uncertainty model for women with multiple sclerosis

This study sought to explain adaptation to the uncertainty of multiple sclerosis (MS) in women.A causal model, developed from the literature and from interviews with four women with MS, was tested on a sample of 90 women with MS. Successful adaptation was measured by self-esteem and mastery. The mod
Theoretical Foundations for the Discipline of Systems Engineering

This paper describes a theory that aims to provide the foundation for the “Discipline of Systems Engineering (DSE).” DSE is explicitly modeled on classical engineering disciplines such as electrical or mechanical engineering, in its use of formal models using physical and logical laws and properties to understand system design and performance. The DSE approach places great emphasis on defining a suite of models that can be used in a formal process to produce systems engineering products with far fewer errors than current, Traditional Systems Engineering. This paper will develop and elucidate a suite of proposed principles for DSE, as a starting point for the later description of the required models and DSE process.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AN UNSTEADY 3-D HUMAN THERMAL MODEL

The present study pertains to the thermodynamic investigation of the human thermoregulatory system based on the computer simulation results. The simulations are conducted with the help of an unsteady, three-dimensional human thermal model. The model includes the effects of heat transfer mechanisms in tissue, internal organs, vascular structures, circulatory and respiratory systems. The model is validated with the experimental data and extensive parametric study is conducted. The entropy generation term is developed from the principles of second law of thermodynamic s and it takes into account most of the energy transfer processes taking place between the body and the environment. Thus, entropy generation term is expected to provide deeper insight that could lead to the development of an Objective Thermal Stress Index (OTSI). NOMENCLATURE area, cm' specific heat or heat capacity, J/g-°C convective heat loss from skin surface, J/sec radiative heat loss from skin surface, J/sec EEVAP evaporative heat loss from skin surface, J/sec Id dimensionless thermal resistance of clothing ensemble
Y 1 − x La x VO 3 : Effects of doping on orbital ordering

The effects of isovalent doping on orbital ordering in the perovskite ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{VO}}_{3}$ were investigated using neutron diffraction and the pair distribution function analysis. ${\mathrm{YVO}}_{3}$ is a prototype for orbital ordering, exhibiting two consecutive transitions to G-type and C-type ordering with decreasing temperature. Evidence for local orbital ordering above the transition temperature of ${T}_{OO}\ensuremath{\sim}200$ K is presented, obtained from the temperature dependence of the oxygen-oxygen octahedral correlations. This suggests that locally, G-type orbital ordering is present above the ${T}_{OO}$ temperature but it is short range. With doping, it is expected that orbital ordering disappears altogether. By 30% of doping, as in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{La}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{VO}}_{3}$, even though no orbital ordering is expected, we find that locally, C-type orbital correlations are most likely present below the magnetic transition temperature ${T}_{N}$, allowing for a direct paramagnetic to orbitally ordered/antiferromagnetic transition in this composition.
Revealing the semiconductor–catalyst interface in buried platinum black silicon photocathodes

Nanoporous “black” silicon semiconductors interfaced with buried platinum nanoparticle catalysts have exhibited stable activity for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution even after months of exposure to ambient conditions. The mechanism behind this stability has not been explained in detail, but is thought to involve a Pt/Si interface free from SiOx layer that would adversely affect interfacial charge transfer kinetics. In this paper, we resolve the chemical composition and structure of buried Pt/Si interfaces in black silicon photocathodes from a micron to sub-nanometer level using aberration corrected analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy. Through a controlled electrodeposition of copper on samples aged for one month in ambient conditions, we demonstrate that the main active catalytic sites are the buried Pt nanoparticles located below the 400–800 nm thick nanoporous SiOx layer. Though hydrogen production performance degrades over 100 h under photoelectrochemical operating conditions, this burying strategy preserves an atomically clean catalyst/Si interface free of oxide or other phases under air exposure and provides an example of a potential method for stabilizing silicon photoelectrodes from oxidative degradation in photoelectrochemical applications.
Analysis on X-ray Manifestations and Pathogenic Factor of Chronic Renal Failure with Heart Abnormity(A Report of 87 Cases)

Objective:To improve the understanding of X-ray manifestations of chronic renal failure with heart abnormity.Methods:The X-ray manifestations and the main pathogenic factor of chronic renal failure with heart abnormity were analysed in 87 cases.Results:Cardiac enlargement of the shape was 49.4%,of which aortic type of heart was 46.5%,type of generally enlargement was 44.2%,the mixed type of generally enlargement and mitralization was 9.3%,the rate of cardiac enlargement was growed with the increase of diastolic pressure,anemia and urea nitrogen (The Ρ value was 0.01Ρ0.05;0.01Ρ0.05;0.01Ρ0.05,respectively).Conclusion:There are no characteristic X-ray manifestations in chronic renal failure with heart abnormity,the X-ray diagnosis of which must depend on clinical data.
Inhibitory Cell Types, Circuits and Receptive Fields in Mouse Visual Cortex

The diversity and the specialized connectivity and function of inhibitory cortical neurons have been the focus of intense research for many decades (Fishell and Rudy, Ann Rev Neurosci 34:535–567, 2011). Until recently, technical limitations have restricted the power of experiments that could be conducted in vivo. Nevertheless, in vitro studies identified dozens of distinct cortical inhibitory neuron types, each with unique chemical properties, intrinsic firing properties and connection specificity. And at the same time, post-mortem studies from human patients have demonstrated defects of inhibitory circuit markers in diseases such as schizophrenia (Curley and Lewis, J Physiol 590:715–724, 2012; Stan and Lewis, Curr Pharm Biotech 13:1557–1562, 2012; Lewis, Curr Opin Neurobiol 26:22–26, 2014). Together, these observations have led to the hypothesis that distinct types of inhibitory neurons play distinct functional roles in the dynamic regulation of brain states and in the context-dependent extraction of sensory information, cognitive function, and behavioral output—functions thought to be disrupted in disorders such as schizophrenia and autism.
A review of the non-Alzheimer dementias.

Objective: To review the clinical features, neuropathologic features, clinical course, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and management strategies of the primary non-Alzheimer degenerative and prion disorders that cause dementia. Data Sources: The PubMed MEDLINE search engine was used to query for all published articles written in English from January 1990 to August 2005 using the keywords non-Alzheimer, tau, tauopathy, synuclein, synucleinopathy, prion, cognitive impairment, and dementia syndrome. These and related terms were queried on the following additional search engines: On-Line Mendelian Inheritance in Man and GeneTests. Reputable organizations whose aims include promoting education and research in specific syndromes and disorders were queried using the search engine Google. Study Selection: The original articles on the disorders and syndromes, and subsequent articles and consensus papers that discussed in detail the clinical features, pathologic features, differential diagnosis, evaluation, management strategies, or some combination thereof, were selected for this review. Data Extraction: Data were extracted from articles that include generally accepted concepts and guidelines on the non-Alzheimer degenerative and prion disorders as viewed by the author. Data Synthesis: The following data were synthesized and emphasized: the cardinal clinical features, differential diagnosis, findings on ancillary studies most helpful in establishing accurate diagnoses, diagnostic criteria, and key principles of management. Conclusions: This article provides an up-to-date overview of the primary non-Alzheimer disorders that cause cognitive impairment/dementia to aid the clinician in establishing diagnoses and deciding on appropriate management.
Errors in spectral fingerprints and their effects on climate fingerprinting accuracy in the solar spectrum

Abstract Using the Earth׳s reflected solar spectrum for climate change fingerprinting is an emerging research area. The spectral fingerprinting approach directly retrieves the changes in climate variables from the mean spectral data averaged across large space and time scales. To investigate this fingerprinting concept, we use ten years of satellite data to simulate the monthly and annual mean reflected solar spectra and the associated spectral fingerprints for different regions over the ocean. The interannual variations in the spectral data are derived and attributed to the interannual variations in the relevant climate variables. The fingerprinting retrieved changes in climate variables are then compared with the actual underlying variable changes from the observational data to evaluate the fingerprinting retrieval accuracy. Two important errors related to the fingerprinting approach, the nonlinearity error and the averaging error in the mean fingerprints, and their impact on the retrieval accuracy, are investigated. It is found that the averaging error increases but the nonlinearity error decreases as the region size increases. The averaging error has minimal effect on the fingerprinting retrieval accuracy in small regions but has more of an impact in large regions. In comparison, the effect of nonlinearity error on the retrieval accuracy decreases as the region size increases. It is also found that the fingerprinting retrieval accuracy is more sensitive to the nonlinearity error than to the averaging error. In addition, we compare the fingerprinting accuracy between using the monthly mean data and the annual mean data. The results show that on average higher retrieval accuracy is achieved when the annual mean data are used for the fingerprinting retrieval.
When bad things happen: Toward a sociology of troubles

This article argues that troubles – including how they are identified, how responsibilities for their creation and remedy are assigned, and the actions people pursue to resolve them – are a central sociological concern that runs across a wide array of sub-fields. This article illustrates this point by examining how troubles are discussed in literatures including the sociology of law (or, more broadly, law and society), social movement studies, social problems, and organizational quality and conflict. Furthermore, this article argues that more is being lost by parceling these questions into disconnected sub-fields chosen based on the resolution process (i.e., use a court to resolve the problem, use a social movement, use policy-making) than is being intellectually gained. To make this point, common findings, questions, and quandaries that emerge from a broader examination of a sociology of troubles are discussed. The article recommends that a broader sociology of troubles be developed, bringing the welter of sub-fields studying troubles into smoother conversation, and recommends analyses that consider multiple resolution alternatives (e.g., filing a lawsuit, versus protesting, versus “lumping it”).
Estimation of human percutaneous bioavailability for two novel brominated flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP).

Abstract 2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) are novel brominated flame retardants used in consumer products. A parallelogram approach was used to predict human dermal absorption and flux for EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP. [14C]-EH-TBB or [14C]-BEH-TEBP was applied to human or rat skin at 100 nmol/cm2 using a flow-through system. Intact rats received analogous dermal doses. Treated skin was washed and tape-stripped to remove “unabsorbed” [14C]-radioactivity after continuous exposure (24 h). “Absorbed” was quantified using dermally retained [14C]-radioactivity; “penetrated” was calculated based on [14C]-radioactivity in media (in vitro) or excreta + tissues (in vivo). Human skin absorbed EH-TBB (24 ± 1%) while 0.2 ± 0.1% penetrated skin. Rat skin absorbed more (51 ± 10%) and was more permeable (2 ± 0.5%) to EH-TBB in vitro; maximal EH-TBB flux was 11 ± 7 and 102 ± 24 pmol-eq/cm2/h for human and rat skin, respectively. In vivo, 27 ± 5% was absorbed and 13% reached systemic circulation after 24 h (maximum flux was 464 ± 65 pmol-eq/cm2/h). BEH-TEBP in vitro penetrance was minimal ( Chemical compounds studied in this article 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (PubChem CID: 71316600; CAS No. 183658-27-7 FW: 549.92 g/mol logPest: 7.73–8.75 (12)) Abdallah et al., 2015a . Other published abbreviations for 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate are TBB EHTeBB or EHTBB Abdallah and Harrad, 2011 . bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (PubChem CID: 117291; CAS No. 26040-51-7 FW: 706.14 g/mol logPest: 9.48-11.95 (12)). Other published abbreviations for bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate are TeBrDEPH TBPH or BEHTBP.
Improving accuracy of Gaussian mixture model classifiers with additional discriminative training

Gaussian mixture models (GMM) remain popular in pattern classification applications due to their well understood Bayesian framework and the availability of good training algorithms such as the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. EM is a non-discriminative training algorithm. The performance of a GMM trained with the EM algorithm can often fall short of other discriminative pattern classification techniques such as support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) architectures such as deep networks and extreme learning machines (ELM). In this paper a discriminative training method based on the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, often used in the ELM, is applied to the GMM classifier first trained with the EM algorithm. It is shown that on a number of benchmark pattern classification problems the proposed method improves accuracy of the GMM classifier significantly and produces results that are comparable to the SVM or ELM. The advantages of the proposed method are that there are no tunable parameters and the training is straightforward and fast.
Targeting the Nuclear Cathepsin L CCAAT Displacement Protein/Cut Homeobox Transcription Factor-Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Pathway in Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells with the Z-FY-CHO Inhibitor

The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes tumor migration and invasion by downregulating epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and upregulating mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. Cathepsin L (Cat L) is a cysteine protease that can proteolytically activate CCAAT displacement protein/cut homeobox transcription factor (CUX1). We hypothesized that nuclear Cat L may promote EMT via CUX1 and that this could be antagonized with the Cat L-specific inhibitor Z-FY-CHO. Mesenchymal prostate (ARCaP-M and ARCaP-E overexpressing Snail) and breast (MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 overexpressing Snail) cancer cells expressed lower E-cadherin activity, higher Snail, vimentin, and Cat L activity, and a p110/p90 active CUX1 form, compared to epithelial prostate (ARCaP-E and ARCaP-Neo) and breast (MCF-7 and MCF-7 Neo) cancer cells. There was increased binding of CUX1 to Snail and the E-cadherin promoter in mesenchymal cells compared to epithelial prostate and breast cells. Treatment of mesenchymal cells with the Cat L inhibitor Z-FY-CHO led to nuclear-to-cytoplasmic relocalization of Cat L, decreased binding of CUX1 to Snail and the E-cadherin promoter, reversed EMT, and decreased cell migration/invasion. Overall, our novel data suggest that a positive feedback loop between Snail-nuclear Cat L-CUX1 drives EMT, which can be antagonized by Z-FY-CHO. Therefore, Z-FY-CHO may be an important therapeutic tool to antagonize EMT and cancer progression.
Hunting for healthy microbiomes: determining the core microbiomes of Ceratina, Megalopta, and Apis bees and how they associate with microbes in bee collected pollen

Social corbiculate bees such as honey bees and bumble bees maintain a specific beneficial core microbiome which is absent in wild bees. It has been suggested that maintaining this microbiome can prevent disease and keep bees healthy. The main aim of our study was to identify if there are any core bacterial groups in the non-corbiculate bees Ceratina and Megalopta that have been previously overlooked. We additionally test for associations between the core bee microbes and pollen provisions to look for potential transmission between the two. We identify three enterotypes in Ceratina samples, with thirteen core bacterial phylotypes in Ceratina females: Rosenbergiella, Pseudomonas, Gilliamella, Lactobacillus, Caulobacter, Snodgrassella, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Sphingomonas, Commensalibacter, Methylobacterium, Massilia, and Stenotrophomonas, plus 19 in pollen (6 of which are shared by bees). Unlike Apis bees, whose gut microbial community differs compared to their pollen, Ceratina adults and pollen largely share a similar microbial composition and enterotype difference was largely explained by pollen age. Megalopta displays a highly diverse composition of microbes throughout all adults, yet Lactobacillus and Saccharibacter were prevalent in 90% of adults as core bacteria. Only Lactobacillus was both a core bee and pollen provision microbe in all three species. The consequences of such diversity in core microbiota between bee genera and their associations with pollen are discussed in relation to identifying potentially beneficial microbial taxa in wild bees to aid the conservation of wild, understudied, non-model bee species.
Characterization of dormant and active human cancer cells by quantitative phase imaging.

The switch of tumor cells from a dormant, non-angiogenic phenotype to an active, angiogenic phenotype is a critical step in early cancer progression. To date, relatively little is known about the cellular behaviors of angiogenic and non-angiogenic tumor cell phenotypes. In this study, holographic imaging cytometry, a quantitative phase imaging (QPI) technique was used to continuously and non-invasively analyze, quantify, and compare a panel of fundamental cellular behaviors of angiogenic and non-angiogenic human osteosarcoma cells (KHOS) in a simple and economical way. Results revealed that angiogenic KHOS cells (KHOS-A) have significantly higher cell motility speeds than their non-angiogenic counterpart (KHOS-N) while no difference in their cell proliferation rates and cell cycle lengths were observed. KHOS-A cells were also found to have significantly smaller cell areas and greater cell optical thicknesses when compared with the non-angiogenic KHOS-N cells. No difference in average cell volumes was observed. These studies demonstrate that the morphology and behavior of angiogenic and non-angiogenic cells can be continuously, efficiently, and non-invasively monitored using a simple, quantitative, and economical system that does not require tedious and time-consuming assays to provide useful information about tumor dormancy. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Music Generation with Relation Join

Given a data set taken over a population, the question of how can we construct possible explanatory models for the interactions and dependencies in the population is a discovery question. Projection and Relation Join is a way of addressing this question in a non-deterministic context with mathematical relations. In this paper, we apply projection and relation join to music harmonic sequences to generate new sequences in a given composer or genre style. Instead of first learning the patterns, and then making replications as early music generation work did, we introduce a completely new data driven methodology to generate music. Then we discuss exploring the difference between the original music and synthetic music sequences using information theory based techniques.
Will the medicare value modifier get us closer to rewarding quality care

Medicare's Value-Based Payment Modifier is a baby step in changing the reward system for medical care delivery, but opposition to it will detract from more concerted efforts to truly reform health care.
Single-Cell Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals B Lymphocyte Mutational Landscapes Across the Human Lifespan

Using a recently developed, highly accurate single-cell whole-genome sequencing method we analyzed the somatic mutational landscape of human B lymphocytes, from birth to over 100 years. Mutations increased with age from less than 500 in cord blood to over 3,000 per cell on average in individuals over 100. Distinct B cell-specific mutation signatures specific for age and function were identified, as well as a total of 24 hotspot regions, five of which were part of Immunoglobulin variable regions subject to somatic hypermutation. Functional annotation of all mutations demonstrated that cells from aged individuals contain on average 6.5 deleterious mutations per cell in transcribed genes, 18.5 mutations in transcribed UTR regions, and 24.5 mutations in proximate transcription factor binding sites. These results suggest that spontaneous somatic mutations accumulating with age reach high enough levels to contribute to age-related, intrinsic functional decline, such as the well documented degenerative changes in B lymphocytes.