cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscous interaction of flow redevelopment after flow reattachment with supersonic external streams

A flow model has been developed to study the flow development after reattachment with supersonic external streams. Special attention is given to the pressure difference across the viscous layer, and it is suggested that such a flow redevelopment can be treated as a relaxation of this pressure difference. Upon correlating the pressure difference with a slope parameter of the velocity profile, the system of equations governing the flow would produce a saddle point singularity corresponding to the fully rehabilitated asymptotic flow condition. A method of calculation for this flowfield, in conjunction with the matching of the upstream flow, has been derived and is discussed. Samples of calculations are also presented. Reasonably good agreement with experimental data has also been observed.
Nanoparticle ordering by dewetting of Co on SiO2

Most metals on SiO2 have a finite contact angle and are therefore subject to dewetting during thermal processing. The resulting dewetting morphology is determined primarily by nucleation and growth or instabilities. The dewetting mechanism implies a disordered spatial arrangement for homogeneous nucleation, but an ordered one for instabilities such as spinodal decomposition. Here, we show that the morphology of laser-melted ultrathin Co film (4-nm thick) can be attributed to dewetting via an instability. Dewetting leads to breakup of the continuous Co film into nanoparticles with a monomodal size distribution with an average particle diameter of 75 nm±23 nm. These nanoparticles have short-range order (SRO) of 130 nm in their separation. This result has important implications for nanomanufacturing with a robust spacing or size selection of nanoparticles in addition to spatial ordering.
Local Variations of Strain and Strain Rate in Roll Bite Region During Rolling of Steels

A combined experimental-numerical approach has been developed to quantify the strain rate variation of the workpiece in the roll bite region. In this approach, cold rolling experiments at a production mill were conducted first. Then, tensile and microhardness tests were performed on workpieces before and after cold rolling to establish the relationship between the microhardness and plastic strain of the material. Microhardness measurements were also conducted in the roll bite region on a partially cold rolled workpiece. A finite element rolling simulation was performed to predict the spatial variations of the strain and strain rate. Through microhardness matching, it was found that the finite-element predicted strains agree very well with those actually existing in the rolled workpiece. Consequently, the finite-element predicted strain rates, whose time-accumulation directly gave strains which matched the actual strains, were verified. Finally, a finite-element simulation of both cold and hot rolling was conducted to assess the effect of several major rolling parameters on the strain rate variation in the bite region. Results show that the spatial variations of strain rate in the roll bite region are extremely nonunifonn for both cold and hot rolling.
Body mass index in spinal cord injury -- a retrospective study.

Retrospective chart review. To identify the prevalence of overweight and severely overweight (obese) in veterans with spinal cord injury. Veterans Administration Hospital in Wisconsin. A retrospective chart review of all the patients registered in the current database with the Spinal Cord Injury Unit in the Veterans Administration Hospital was undertaken Data collected for each patient included age, sex, height, date of assessment of the height, weight, date of assessment of the weight, duration of spinal cord injury and the type of spinal cord injury – paraplegia versus quadriplegia. The body mass index (BMI) was subsequently calculated for each patient and the prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined. There were a total of 408 patients registered in the database with the Spinal Injury Unit. The median age was 56 years, and the mean age 55.8 years. Of all patients with spinal cord injury, 52.2% patients had paraplegia and 47.7% had quadriplegia. The mean duration of injury was 19 years. Of the total number of patients, 46.0% were ASIA A, 11.0% were ASIA B, 12.7% were ASIA C and 29.1% were ASIA D. In all, 27.9% patients had a normal BMI and 3.6% patients were undernourished (BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2). The prevalence of overweight was 65.8% and 29.9% patients were obese. Overweight and obesity are problems of a significant magnitude in veterans with spinal cord injury.
Psychometric properties of reverse-scored items on the CES-D in a sample of ethnically diverse older adults.

Although the health of the older adult population can be promoted by high quality research on aging outcomes, such research is dependent on the availability of adequate assessments. Fortunately, standardized health-related outcome measures such as the Rand 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) perform reasonably well when used to assess a variety of older adult populations (Walters, Munro, & Brazier, 2001; Roberts, 1980; Radloff, 1977). However, despite their essential usefulness, some commonly used measures may contain particular types of items that create difficulties for elders, leading to measurement error. Reverse-scored items (i.e., items for which a high score indicates the opposite of the construct being assessed, with a reverse-coding transformation applied) employ a structural format that may be especially problematic for older adult respondents. Such items force the respondent to (a) notice the altered direction of wording and (b) use the opposite end of the rating scale to produce a response that is consistent with the prior items. Although reverse-scored items serve a useful function by disrupting undesirable response sets such as acquiescence or disacquiescence, these benefits may be outweighed by the potential for methodologically induced bias (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991; Nunnaly, 1967). Consistent with this possibility, across a variety of populations and assessments, it is common for reverse-scored items to cluster into a separate factor (Lyyra, Tormakangas, Read, Rantanen, & Berg, 2006; Long-Foley, Reed, Mutran, & DeVellis, 2002). Although these factors are often interpretable substantively, their content nonetheless co-varies with a reversed item format, raising the possibility that the loadings are at least partially methodologically based (Marsh, 1996; Marsh, 1986; Dunbar, Ford, Hunt, & Der, 2000). Such a methodological effect could in part result from confusion that causes directionally opposite responding (e.g., among older adults who have reading difficulties). Due to the extreme deviation from the respondent’s true standing on the item, such directionally based errors would be especially psychometrically disruptive. In the present study, we examined the psychometric properties of reverse-scored items contained on the CES-D in a sample of ethnically diverse, primarily low income, community-dwelling older adults. We hypothesized that, due in part to directional response errors, reversed items are associated with: (a) a lower coefficient alpha and lower item-scale correlations; and (b) a greater percentage of individual item scores that are statistically deviant relative to a given elder’s wider pattern of CES-D responses. Additionally, we hypothesized that (c) an individually applied correction procedure enhances psychometric outcomes for the set of such items.
Quality time: How parents' schooling affects child health through its interaction with childcare time in Bangladesh

A child health production function is presented with the key feature being an interaction term between a caregiver's schooling and their exposure time to the child. The production function is estimated using a 2SLS fixed effects model with lagged childcare time, resource allocation and child health as instruments for the first differences of these same endogenous variables. The 1978 Intrafamily Food Distribution and Feeding Practices Survey dataset from Bangladesh is used together with census data. The production function estimates indicate that part of the salutary effects of parental education on child health require that the child actually be exposed to the educated parent. Given the demographic makeup of the study sample and the assumption that age education and gender completely account for productivity, teenage brothers and fathers would have the highest marginal productivity for child health and mothers and grandmothers the least. If economic opportunity draws mothers away from childcare, the presence of other household members with higher schooling levels offers the potential for an improvement in the overall quality of childcare time. In the present study the households failed to set the marginal labour product of child health for each of the caregivers equal. Thus, the quality of childcare may not be the household's sole concern in determining time allocation.
Unraveling the 3D genome: genomics tools for multiscale exploration

A decade of rapid method development has begun to yield exciting insights into the 3D architecture of the metazoan genome and the roles it may play in regulating transcription. Here we review core methods and new tools in the modern genomicist's toolbox at three length scales, ranging from single base pairs to megabase-scale chromosomal domains, and discuss the emerging picture of the 3D genome that these tools have revealed. Blind spots remain, especially at intermediate length scales spanning a few nucleosomes, but thanks in part to new technologies that permit targeted alteration of chromatin states and time-resolved studies, the next decade holds great promise for hypothesis-driven research into the mechanisms that drive genome architecture and transcriptional regulation.
Subcutaneous Olanzapine for Hyperactive or Mixed Delirium in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Preliminary Study

Abstract Context Oral olanzapine is effective in controlling agitation in patients with delirium, but often, parenteral administration is necessary. Intramuscular (IM) olanzapine is approved for managing agitation in schizophrenia, but this route is inappropriate for terminally ill patients. Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the safety and tolerability of subcutaneous (SC) olanzapine in the management of hyperactive or mixed delirium in patients with advanced cancer. Methods We conducted a prospective open-label study in patients with advanced cancer who had agitated delirium (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale [RASS] score ≥+1) that had not responded to a 10mg or higher dose of parenteral haloperidol over 24 hours. Patients received olanzapine 5mg SC every eight hours for three days and continued haloperidol for breakthrough agitation. For patients requiring more than 8mg of rescue haloperidol daily, the olanzapine dose was increased to 10mg SC every eight hours. Injection site, systemic toxicity, and efficacy (RASS score Results Twenty-four patients received at least one olanzapine injection, and 15 (63%) completed the study. Median age of evaluable patients was 58 years (range 49–79), and 67% were males. No injection site toxicity was observed after 167 injections. Probable systemic toxic effects were observed in four patients (severe hypotension [blood pressure Conclusions IM olanzapine is well tolerated subcutaneously. Further research is needed to evaluate its efficacy in controlling agitated delirium.
Plant taphonomy in incised valleys: Implications for interpreting paleoclimate from fossil plants

Paleoclimatic interpretations of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Colorado Plateau) based on plants conflict with those based on the sedimentary rocks. The plants are suggestive of a humid, equable climate, whereas the rocks are more consistent with deposition under highly seasonal precipitation and ground-water conditions. Fossil plant assemblages are limited to the lower members of the Chinle Formation, which were deposited within incised valleys that were cut into underlying Lower to Middle Triassic and older rocks. In contrast, the upper members of the formation, which were deposited across the fluvial plain after the incised valleys were filled, have few preserved fossil plants. The taphonomic characteristics of the plant fossil assemblages, within the stratigraphic and hydrologic context of the incised valley-fill sequence, explain the vertical and lateral distribution of these assemblages. The depositional, hydrological, and near-surface geochemical conditions were more conducive to preservation of the plants. Fossil plant assemblages in fully terrestrial incised-valley fills should be taphonomically biased toward riparian wetland environments. If those assemblages are used to interpret paleoclimate, the paleoclimatic interpretations will also be biased. The bias may be particularly strong in climates such as those during deposition of the Chinle Formation, when the riparian wetlands may reflect local hydrologic conditions rather than regional climate, and should be taken into account when using these types of plant assemblages in paleoclimatic interpretations.
Prediction of Long-Term Canker Disease Damage from the Responses of Juvenile Poplar Clones to Inoculation with Septoria musiva

Stem cankers caused by Septoria musiva severely limit production of susceptible hybrid poplars in eastern North America. A field experiment was conducted to determine whether short-term responses of poplar stems to inoculation with S. musiva were predictive of long-term canker disease damage. Stems of 27 poplar clones were inoculated during their first season of growth by removing the fourth or fifth fully expanded leaf and placing an agar plug colonized by an aggressive isolate of S. musiva over the resulting wound. Four months after inoculation, incidence of cankers, canker length, and percent of stem circumference affected (girdle) were recorded. Clones varied greatly in canker incidence (12 to 98%), mean canker length (10 to 53 mm), and mean girdle (14 to 94%). Logistic regression analysis was used to compare these inoculation responses with canker disease damage categories assigned on the basis of information from longer-term field studies. Incidence, canker length, and girdle data were all informative, but girdle data from this field experiment correctly predicted assigned canker disease damage categories most frequently (24 of 27 clones). Responses of 15 of these clones also were evaluated in a similar greenhouse experiment. Although responses usually were predictive of long-term damage categories, the probability of correct prediction was lower than that obtained in the field experiment for most clones. These results demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefit of screening juvenile poplar clones for responses to inoculation with S. musiva before undertaking field trials for productivity and subsequent release to growers.
Composition and Abundance of Drifting Fish Larvae in the Canadian River, Texas

ABSTRACT We documented the species composition and abundance of drifting ichthyoplankton in the Canadian River, Texas during the 2000 and 2001 reproductive seasons. Eleven species of fishes representing four families were collected. Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi), red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis), peppered chub (Macrlzybopsis tetranema), and plains minnow (Hybognathus placitus) were the most abundant species in the drift. The density of drifting larvae ranged from 0 to 10 fish 100 m−3 in 2000 and from 0 to 4 fish.100 m−3 in 2001. However, density was typically less than 3 fish. 100 m−3 except for June in both years when the greatest peaks in density occurred. The overall abundance of drifting larvae was much greater during the 2000 reproductive season than it was during the 2001 reproductive season. This is likely a result of consistently greater stream discharge that occurred during 2000.
High Brilliance and High Pressure : A New Diamond Anvil Cell Facility at the Advanced Photon Source

High energy and high brilliance make the Advanced Photon Source (APS) an ideal tool for high pressure studies. In this paper, we describe the diamond anvil cell (DAC) facility that is being developed for the APS by the GeoSoilEnviroCARS group of the Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources (CARS). The DAC program aims at studying properties of materials across the entire pressure-temperature spectrum of the terrestrial planets by a variety of experiments. Recent progress and the design concept are presented.
Validation of the PIII CLI risk score for the prediction of amputation-free survival in patients undergoing infrainguinal autogenous vein bypass for critical limb ischemia.

Objective The PREVENT III (PIII) critical limb ischemia (CLI) risk score is a simple, published tool derived from the PIII randomized clinical trial that can be used for estimating amputation-free survival (AFS) in CLI patients considered for infrainguinal bypass (IB). The current study sought to validate this risk stratification model using data from the prospectively collected Vascular Study Group of Northern New England (VSGNNE). Method We calculated the PIII CLI risk score for 1166 patients undergoing IB with autogenous vein by 59 surgeons at 11 hospitals between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2007. Points (pts) were assigned to each patient for the presence of dialysis (4 pts), tissue loss (3 pts), age ≥75 (2 pts), and coronary artery disease (CAD) (1 pt). Baseline hematocrit was not included due to a large proportion of missing values. Total scores were used to stratify each patient into low-risk (≤3 pts), med-risk (4-7 pts), and high-risk (≥8 pts) categories. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate AFS for the three risk groups. Log-rank test was used for intergroup comparisons. To assess validation, comparison to the PIII derivation and validation sets was performed. Result Stratification of the VSGNNE patients by risk category yielded three significantly different estimates for 1-year AFS (86.4%, 74.0%, and 56.1%, for low-, med-, and high-risk groups). Intergroup comparison demonstrated precise discrimination ( P Conclusion The PIII CLI risk score has now been both internally and externally validated by testing it against the outcomes of 3286 CLI patients who underwent autogenous vein bypass at 94 institutions by a diverse array of physicians (three independent cohorts of patients). This tool provides a simple and reliable method to risk stratify CLI patients being considered for IB. At initial consultation, calculation of the PIII CLI risk score can reliably stratify patients according to their risk of death or major amputation at 1 year.
Stickstoffverbindungen der Phosphor‐ und Phosphonsäuren IV. Notiz zur Herstellung einiger neuer N‐mono‐ und N‐disubstituierter Derivate der Phosphoramidsäure

Die Herstellung einiger neuer N-mono- und N-disubstituierter Derivate der Phosphoramidsaure wird beschrieben. Einige altere Literaturangaben werden berichtigt.
Perception of Home Environment and School Abilities as Predictors of Reading Power and School Achievements

A sample of 565 sixth grade, middle-school students in two urban settings in the Southwestern United States completed the My Education (ME) scale and the Degrees of Reading Power. Responses to the ...
SELECTION AMONG "SPECIES": A FORMULATION IN TERMS OF NATURAL FUNCTIONAL UNITS.

The unit that directly evolves under the action of higher-level natural selection "among species" must be the higher-level analogue of the population. Contrary to present formulations of "species selection," clades (or other higher taxa) do not fulfill the basic structural and dynamic criteria to be so considered. Clades are not localized, their members do not share an environment, and they cannot be said to respond to local selective regimes. Traditional species selection does not provide a causal mechanism for evolutionary change in terms of the interaction of the units of selection with a shared environment in the way that conventional organismic selection does; as used by some authors, species selection is a purely descriptive term. Communities do fulfill the criteria required by a theory of natural selection. Within communities, selection is among the populations of different species that make up the community, here termed "avatars" of those species. Avatars are the closest analogues of individual organisms in traditional selection theory. Just as populations evolve by organismic selection, communities evolve by avatar selection, and more inclusive units, the higher-level analogues of the species, evolve as their component communities do. This formulation of higher-level selection reveals a congruence with processes at the lower, organism-based level and suggests the most profitable direction to be taken in attempts at formal extension of selection theory.
Religiously affiliated intensive care unit patients receive more aggressive end-of-life care

Abstract Background Previous studies among cancer patients have demonstrated that religious patients receive more aggressive end-of-life (EOL) care. We sought to examine the effect of religious affiliation on EOL care in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients admitted to any adult ICU at a tertiary academic center in 2010 requiring at least 2 d of mechanical ventilation. EOL patients were those who died within 30 d of admission. Hospital charges, ventilator days, hospital days, and days until death were used as proxies for intensity of care among the EOL patients. Multivariate analysis using multiple linear regression, zero-truncated negative binomial regression, and Cox proportional hazard model were used. Results A total of 2013 patients met inclusion criteria; of which, 1355 (67%) affirmed a religious affiliation. The EOL group had 334 patients, with 235 (70%) affirming a religious affiliation. The affiliated and nonaffiliated patients had similar levels of acuity. Controlling for demographic and medical confounders, religiously affiliated patients in the EOL group incurred 23% (P = 0.030) more hospital charges, 25% (P = 0.035) more ventilator days, 23% (P = 0.045) more hospital days, and 30% (P = 0.036) longer time until death than their nonaffiliated counterparts. Among all included patients, survival did not differ significantly among affiliated and nonaffiliated patients (log-rank test P = 0.317), neither was religious affiliation associated with a difference in survival on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio of death for religious versus nonreligious patients 0.95, P = 0.542). Conclusions Compared with nonaffiliated patients, religiously affiliated patients receive more aggressive EOL care in the ICU. However, this high-intensity care does not translate into any significant difference in survival.
Frequency of abnormal pancreatic and biliary sphincter manometry compared with clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction

Background : Sphincter of Oddi manometry as performed at ERCP is the most accepted method to evaluate for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. To fully assess for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, both the pancreatic and the bile ducts must be evaluated. We assessed the frequency of pancreatic and biliary sphincter abnormalities in a large series of patients. Methods : A total of 593 patients underwent manometry of the biliary and pancreatic ducts at one endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography session. Basal sphincter pressure greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg was considered abnormal. Phasic waves were not evaluated. Manometric abnormalities were correlated with the clinical presentation as categorized using a modified Geenen/Hogan classification. Results : Of 360 patients with intact sphincters, 18.9% had abnormal pancreatic sphincter basal pressure alone, 11.4% had abnormal biliary basal sphincter pressure alone, and in 31.4% the basal pressure was abnormal for both sphincters; thus, 60.1% of the patients had sphincter dysfunction. The frequency of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction did not differ whether typed by biliary or pancreatic criteria: approximately 65% type II and 59% type III. Of patients without pancreatitis, 55.9% had an abnormal basal sphincter pressure, whereas sphincter dysfunction was present in 72.3% of those with idiopathic pancreatitis and 53.9% of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Of patients with an ablated biliary sphincter, 45.9% had abnormal basal pancreatic sphincter pressure and only 0.6% had an abnormal biliary sphincter pressure alone. Abnormal pressure in both sphincters was found in 9.3%. Conclusion : If both portions of the sphincter of Oddi are studied simultaneously, abnormalities are found very commonly (55% to 72%). Assessment of both sides of the sphincter is necessary. Classifying patients according to both pancreatic and biliary sphincter segments is cumbersome, and may be replaced by an overall type. Using this modified classification, the frequency of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is similar in both type II and type III patients (59% to 67%).
Automatic inference of mental states from spontaneous facial expressions

Human face is a display of mental states that reflect the true feelings of a person. In this paper, we propose a framework for the video analysis of spontaneous facial expressions using an automatic facial emotion recognition system. Regional Hidden Markov Models (RHMMs) are created to describe the states of facial attributes for eyebrows, eyes, and mouth regions registered in a video sequence. The performance results reported in the paper show that the proposed technique outperforms the designated HMM for each emotion type [1, 2] tested with the Cohn-Kanade database for the person-independent case. More importantly, we used the proposed system to infer the mental states of a person based on spontaneous facial expressions. Merit of the proposed system is validated with human based evaluations. Index Terms—Automatic facial emotion recognition, facial perception, Regional Hidden Markov Model, states of face regions, mental states
Emotional expressivity and intrusive cognitions in women with family histories of breast cancer: Application of a cognitive processing model

Objectives. Women with family histories of breast cancer exhibit significant distress and intrusive cognitions about cancer. The role of intrusive cognitions in adjustment to chronic stressors is unclear. While they may be a source of distress in themselves, they may also be part of a cognitive processing strategy that aids in the adaptation process, particularly if they are accompanied by more deliberate processing such as emotional expression. Applying cognitive processing models of stress, the present study examined the role of dispositional emotional expressivity in intrusive cognitions about breast cancer and distress in women dealing with the stressful experience of having a family history of breast cancer. Two competing hypotheses were tested: (1) emotional expressivity is associated with reduced intrusive cognitions and thus lower distress; (2) emotional expressivity buffers the relations between intrusive cognitions and distress. Design. Using a cross-sectional design, hypotheses were addressed with multiple regression analyses according to established methods. Method. Healthy women (N = 104) who had one or more first-degree relatives with breast cancer were recruited from cancer screening programs. They completed questionnaires regarding family history of cancer, emotional expressivity, distress, and intrusive cognitions. Results. Emotional expressivity was not associated with reduced intrusive cognitions (Hypothesis 1) but moderated the relations between intrusive cognitions and distress (Hypothesis 2). Conclusions. The data further our understanding of cognitive processing theories of stress and underline the importance of including emotional expression in interventions, helping women to process the stressful experiences associated with having family histories of breast cancer.
Finite-element solutions of crack growth in incompressible elastic-plastic solids with various yielding extents and loadings: Detailed comparisons with analytical solutions

We have conducted numerical finite element studies of plane strain quasistatic crack growth in elastic-plastic material for a wide range of applied loading conditions and yielding extents, especially general yielding. To facilitate precise comparisons with previous analytical results, we have employed a fully incompressible, nonhardening material model. A reduced/selected integration procedure is successfully used to enforce material incompressibility. For crack growth under bending-dominant conditions, we employ an experimentally-measured applied load versus crack length history for a compact tension specimen that experiences crack growth from small-scale yielding through general yielding conditions. A constant crack tip opening angle crack growth criterion is employed to investigate crack growth under tension-dominant loadings in the same geometry. We have also conducted a small-scale yielding crack growth simulation employing a highly refined mesh, and several additional general yielding stationary crack solutions to further explore the effects of different far-field loading combinations. Detailed comparisons of the finite element results with Drugan and Chen's [1] ‘m-family’ of asymptotic analytical solutions are made in an effort to assess the latter's accuracy and range of applicability, and to identify their asymptotically indeterminate parameters m and R as functions of crack growth history. Among several interesting results, we find that Drugan and Chen's near-tip characterizing parameter has a nearly constant value of m ≈ 1.23 for the entire crack growth process from small-scale yielding through general yielding conditions under bending-dominant loading when specimens have traction-free sides. However, we find m to vary significantly from that value as general yielding conditions are approached in tension-dominant loading situations, and whenever specimen sides are subjected to uniform applied loading. The numerical solutions confirm that Chen and Drugan's [2] global approximate analytical solutions for general yielding crack growth are remarkably accurate to substantial distances from the crack tip under a wide variety of loading conditions. The fully incompressible material model employed also facilitates great physical insight into the global stress and deformation fields accompanying general yielding crack growth: numerous figures display the slip lines (which are characteristics for both the stress and velocity fields) throughout the plastically deforming regions.
Four great challenges confronting our understanding and modeling of sliding friction

This paper addresses four challenges whose solutions may together enable significant progress in the predication and control of friction for energy conservation. Posed as questions these are: (1) how can materials with greatly different properties and compositions produce similar kinetic friction coefficients when tested under comparable conditions; (2) how is it possible that the kinetic friction coefficient for the same materials pair can differ greatly when it is slid in different tribosystems; (3) how can frictional phenomena at different size scales be reconciled; and (4) how can the effects of the machine, the materials (including lubricants) and the environment be successfully incorporated into quantitative and predictive friction models? Examples related to these four challenges are provided, as are possible approaches for attacking them in future research efforts.
Of Mice and Men: What Rodent Populations Can Teach Us about Complex Spatial Dynamics

Models of complex systems need not be themselves complex, let alone complicated. To illustrate this important point, a very simple cellular automaton model of rodent population dynamics is used to generate a wide variety of different spatiotemporal structures corresponding to different forms of equilibrium, cyclical, quasi-cyclical, and chaotic system behavior. The issue of complexity as it pertains to a number of different contemporary scientific fields is then discussed, and in particular its implications for prediction. The discussion ends with some general reflexions about modeling in human geography.
The photo-induced reaction of disilane with the Si(100) and Si(100)(2×1):D surfaces

Abstract Photo-induced surface reactions brought about by the ultraviolet photolysis of adsorbed disilane on the Si(100) and Si(100)(2 × 1): D surfaces have been investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions using temperature programmed desorption. Even without UV irradiation, disilane adsorption on clean Si(100) at 120 K produces a chemisorbed SiHx (x = 1 − 3) layer and, for high exposures, a disilane multilayer. The chemisorption is limited to a monolayer, as determined by comparing the coverage dependence of the hydrogen, silane, and disilane thermal desorption yields. Silane desorption is used as an indicator of surface trihydride production. Post UV irradiation of the disilane-exposed Si(100) surface at 120 K does not affect the chemisorbed layer, but does lead to molecular disilane desorption. Simultaneous UV irradiation during disilane exposure at 120 K results in significantly enhanced reaction, beyond the first chemisorbed layer. For Si2H6 exposure during photo-irradiation, the desorption yields of hydrogen and silane are enhanced, and increase with increasing simultaneous exposure. A linear increase in the silane to hydrogen desorption ratio illustrates the increase in trihydride population with Si2H6 exposure during UV irradiation. Model mechanistic studies using the partially and fully deuterated Si(100)(2 × 1):D surface reveal that the photo-induced surface reaction is dominated by an insertion reaction by the photo-generated diradical species, silylene.
Peripheral blood and synovial fluid monocyte activation in inflammatory arthritis. II. Low levels of synovial fluid and synovial tissue interferon suggest that gamma-interferon is not the primary macrophage activating factor

Because synovial fluid monocytes (SFM) in patients with inflammatory arthritis bear an activated phenotype (i.e., high expression of HLA-DR and low expression of the monocyte differentiation antigen Mo2), we assessed the role of gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) in the activation of these cells. Sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays detected only 0.40 +/- 0.20 units/ml of gamma-IFN in the SF of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 0.61 +/- 0.67 units/ml of gamma-IFN in the SF of patients with other forms of chronic inflammatory arthritis. There was no detectable alpha-IFN in any SF studied by radioimmunoassay. Bioassays failed to detect nonimmunoreactive IFN. Synovial tissue (ST) explants produced very little gamma-IFN (0.14 +/- 0.091 units/ml), and production was not increased by the presence of indomethacin in the cultures or by removal of adherent cells. However, gamma-IFN was produced if ST was cultivated in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. In SF and ST supernatants, gamma-IFN-mediated induction of HLA-DR on monocytes was inhibited, even though the amount of immunoreactive IFN was not affected. Prostaglandin E2 was shown to be one possible inhibitor. We demonstrated that a factor that induces HLA-DR on some individuals' peripheral blood monocytes, and cannot be neutralized by monoclonal anti-gamma-IFN antibody, is present in SF and ST supernatants. These data suggest that activation of SFM may occur by mechanisms other than gamma-IFN.
Lifetime Enhancement of Wireless Sensor Networks by Differentiable Node Density Deployment

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed of wireless sensors using batteries with energy constraints, which limits the network life-time. How to maximize the network lifetime is an important issue in the design of WSNs. We establish a relationship between node density and network lifetime in a periodically data delivery scenario of WSNs with sensors transmitting data to the sink node periodically. Based on our analysis, we propose a sensor node density deployment method that could implement a differential node density in WSNs so that the lifetime of the network could be maximized. Both theoretic analysis and simulation results show that our method outperforms the uniform node distribution method in terms of the network lifetime.
The electronic spectra of p-terphenyl and its derivates

Abstract This investigation deals with the effect of para-substituents on the positions observed in the high intensity bands (K-bands) of a p-polyphenyl series as the length of the conjugated system increases. The results obtained are interpreted in terms of the polarity and polarizability of the absorbing system. It is implicit in the discussion that a vinyl, or phenyl group behaves in the same manner as any of the other simple groups discussed.
Concentration effects of hydroxyl radical oxidizing systems on biochemical properties of porcine muscle myofibrillar protein

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the dose-dependency of myofibrillar protein oxidation on oxidizing ferric ion. Pork myofibrillar protein isolates (MPI) were suspended in 15 mM piperazine- N , N bis(2-ethane sulfonic acid) (PIPES) buffer (pH 6.0) with 0.6 M NaCl, and incubated at 4 °C for 24 h with two levels of ferric ion (0.01 and 0.1 mM FeCl 3 ) at eight concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.00–10 mM H 2 O 2 ). In both high and low [FeCl 3 ] oxidizing systems, the Ca-ATPase activity steadily increased with the H 2 O 2 concentration. On the other hand, K-ATPase activity, protein carbonyl content, and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances increased with H 2 O 2 up to 1.0 mM, and then gradually declined. Protein unfolding and loss of myosin heavy chain occurred continuously with increasing H 2 O 2 concentrations. All changes, except for K-ATPase activity, were generally more rapid and extensive in the high [FeCl 3 ] oxidizing system. Overall, the biochemical changes in MPI exposed to ferric iron-oxidizing systems were more pronounced at high [FeCl 3 ] than at low [FeCl 3 ], but the pattern of the biochemical alterations appeared to be independent of the FeCl 3 concentration.
The Impact of Coronagraphs

Given the grandeur of a total solar eclipse, it is likely that prehistoric humans marveled at the Sun's corona. Artificially rejecting light from the solar disk to see the million times fainter corona is a significant challenge, so it is not surprising that efforts to reproduce an eclipse were not successful until relatively recently.
Protein interactions with immobilized transition metal ions: quantitative evaluations of variations in affinity and binding capacity.

The interaction of proteins with immobilized transition-metal ions proceeds via mechanisms influenced by metal type and degree of coordination, variations in mobile phase constituents, and protein surface architecture at or near the metal binding site(s). The contributions each of these variables make toward the affinity of protein surfaces for immobilized metal ions remain empirical. We have used equilibrium binding analyses to evaluate the influence of pH and competitive binding reagents on the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and binding capacity of immobilized Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions for several model proteins of known three-dimensional structure. Linear Scatchard plots suggested that 8/13 of the proteins evaluated interacted with immobilized metal ions via a single class of operational (Kd = 10-700 microM) binding sites. Those proteins with the highest affinities for the immobilized Cu(II) ions (5/13) showed evidence of multiple, non-identical or nonindependent binding sites. The effects of altered metal type, pH, and concentration of competitive affinity reagents (e.g., imidazole, free metal ions) on the apparent Kd and binding capacity varied in magnitude for individual proteins. The presence of free Cu(II) ions did not detectably alter either the affinity or binding capacity of the proteins for immobilized Cu(II) ions. The expected relationship between the relative chromatographic elution sequence and calculated affinity constants was not entirely evident by evaluation under only one set of conditions. Our results demonstrate the utility of nonchromatographic equilibrium binding analyses for the quantitative evaluation of experimental variables affecting the relative affinity and capacity of immobilized metal ions for proteins. This approach affords the opportunity to improve understanding and to vary the contribution of interaction mechanisms involved.
Voluntary control of male sexual arousal

Forty-eight adult male volunteers attempted to suppress sexual arousal while viewing a sexually explicit videotape and generate an arousal response while viewing a neutral videotape. Attendance to the stimuli was assured by requiring subjects to provide an ongoing verbal description of the videotape they were viewing. While significant effects in controlling arousal were obtained, the degree of subject success varied as a function of the criteria used for evaluating outcome. The most conservative analysis, a simultaneous discriminant analysis procedure comparing subjects penile plethysmographic responses across the entire 3 min of each condition, revealed that in no case was a subject able to produce a pattern of sexual response that was misclassified as the condition he was attempting to emulate. Results support the value of requiring attendance to experimental stimuli and of analyzing trends/patterns of arousal across an entire experimental period in identifying attempts to “fake” sexual preferences. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Anticipate, Simulate, Get Results and Win: Modeling at the Speed Faster than Real Time

The focus of this paper is on the reliable operations and control of the electric power system. The electric power transmission grid is a large interconnected power grid controlled by a hierarchy of control devices and systems. Currently the overall control of the grid is today primarily through an energy management system (EMS), with some limited automatic control at substations by devices such as tap changing transformers and generation control devices. This paper presents initial results of the Fast Simulation and Modeling (FSM) project effort for transforming today's electric grid into an intelligent system of the future that can support significant and strategic improvements in security, quality, reliability and availability. This could be achieved through a robust, sustainable, adaptive, self-healing infrastructure.
Franconian witchcraft: A discussion of functionalism

The village elders of Franconian Switzerland, a province in central Germany, respect a tradition of witchcraft Inquiry was by participant observation, because the author was born and raised in the peasant society, speaks the dialect, and has access to informants, many of whom are members of his clan. Findings are discussed in a functional framework modified by an activist model. The research corroborates a number of established elements of witchcraft and also reveals a number of unique features, including conterminousness of belief and isolated geographic condition, strict polarization of healer and witch, suppression of crime through fear of witchery, preponderance of married over unmarried women dabbling in witchery, and the rapid shift from trusting supernatural forces to trusting scientific‐technological forces.
Ab Initio Intermolecular Potentials for Gas Hydrates and Their Predictions

Interaction energies between the guests CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and CO2 with hydrate cages are calculated using ab initio quantum mechanics (QM), and then fit to a Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential plus an electrostatic term to predict guest occupancies in the hydrate cavities. This procedure differs from that commonly used with the van der Waals and Platteeuw (vdWP) model in which the intermolecular potential parameters are fit to hydrate equilibrium pressures. The procedure here is seen to improve upon the vdWP model with Sloan's Kihara potential parameters when compared to Raman spectroscopy and NMR data for guest compositions in the hydrate cavities. The LJ potential fit to QM interaction energies is also used in our recently developed fugacity-based model to predict hydrate equilibrium pressures. For the ethane hydrate below 287.4 K and the ethane-carbon dioxide mixed hydrate, the percent absolute average deviation (%AAD) from experimental hydrate equilibrium pressures is only 3.4 and 3.5, respectively. This is ...
Ecosystem network analysis indicators are generally robust to parameter uncertainty in a phosphorus model of Lake Sidney Lanier, USA.

Abstract Understanding how data uncertainty influences ecosystem analysis is critical as we move toward ecosystem-based management. Here, we investigate how 18 Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) indicators that characterize ecosystem growth, development, and condition are affected by uncertainty in an ecosystem model of Lake Sidney Lanier (USA). We applied ENA to 122 plausible parameterizations of the ecosystem developed by Borrett and Osidele (2007, Ecological Modelling 200, 371–387), and then used the coefficient of variation (CV) to compare system indicator variability. We considered Total System Throughput (TST) as a measure of the underlying model uncertainty and tested three hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that non-ratio indicators whose calculation includes the TST would be at least as variable as TST if not more variable. Second, we postulated that indicators calculated as ratios, with TST in the numerator and denominator would tend to be less variable than TST because its influence will cancel. Last, we expected the Average Mutual Information (AMI) to be less variable than TST because it is a bounded function. Our work shows that the 18 indicators grouped into four categories. The first group has significantly larger CVs than the CV for TST. In this group, model uncertainty is amplified rendering these three indicators less useful. The second group of four indicators shows no significant difference in variability with respect to TST. Finally, there are two groups whose CV values are significantly lower than that for TST. The least variable group includes the ratio-based indicators and Average Mutual Information. Due to their low variability, we conclude that these indicators are the most robust to the parameter uncertainty and most useful for ecosystem assessment and comparative ecosystem analysis. In summary, this work suggests that we can be as certain, or more certain, in most of the selected ENA indicators as we are in the parameters of the model analyzed.
“Basic Black” in computer interfaces for psychological research

In this paper we present the specifications of a set of interface components able to connect a digital computer to any of a large number of psychological experiments We believe this set to be nearly inclusive of most of the needs of current computer controlled psychological research. The function and special requirements of each of the devices is described and a block diagram presented Specific details of electronics construction are not discussed
Molecular cloning of a gene encoding a Chlamydia psittaci 57-kDa protein that shares antigenic determinants with ca. 60-kDa proteins present in many Gram-negative bacteria

In order to develop reagents to study the immune response of guinea pigs to infection by Chlamydia psittaci guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis strain (GPIC), we constructed a plasmid clone bank with C. psittaci DNA. One of the recombinant clones isolated produced large amounts of a 57-kilodalton (kDa) protein that was immunoreactive with sera from GPIC infected guinea pigs. While investigating this recombinant protein, we discovered that all the Gram-negative bacteria analyzed so far have immunoreactive proteins of similar size. This protein seems to be a ‘common antigen’ already described in various Gram-negative bacteria.