cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of deposition in limiting the hazard extent of dense-gas plumes

Abstract Accidents that involve large (multi-ton) releases of toxic industrial chemicals and form dense-gas clouds often yield far fewer fatalities, casualties and environmental effects than standard assessment and emergency response models predict. This modeling study, which considers both dense-gas turbulence suppression and deposition to environmental objects (e.g. buildings), demonstrates that dry deposition to environmental objects may play a significant role in reducing the distance at which adverse impacts occur—particularly under low-wind, stable atmospheric conditions which are often considered to be the worst-case scenario for these types of releases. The degree to which the released chemical sticks to (or reacts with) environmental surfaces is likely a key parameter controlling hazard extents. In all modeled cases, the deposition to vertical surfaces of environmental objects (e.g. building walls) was more efficient in reducing atmospheric chemical concentrations than deposition to the earth’s surface. This study suggests that (1) hazard extents may vary widely by release environment (e.g. grasslands vs. suburbia) and release conditions (e.g. sunlight or humidity may change the rate at which chemicals react with a surface) and (2) greenbelts (or similar structures) may dramatically reduce the impacts of large-scale releases. While these results are demonstrated to be qualitatively consistent with the downwind extent of vegetation damage in two chlorine releases, critical knowledge gaps exist and this study provides recommendations for additional experimental studies.
On the energy momentum dispersion in the lattice regularization

For a free scalar boson field and for U(1) gauge theory finite volume (infrared) and other corrections to the energy-momentum dispersion in the lattice regularization are investigated calculating energy eigenstates from the fall off behavior of two-point correlation functions. For small lattices the squared dispersion energy defined by $ E_{{\mathrm{dis}\hbox{,}\overrightarrow{k}}}^2=E_{\overrightarrow{k}}^2-E_0^2-4\sum {_{i=1}^{d-1 }} \sin {{\left( {{k_i}/2} \right)}^2} $ is in both cases negative (d is the Euclidean space-time dimension and $ {E_{\overrightarrow{k}}} $ the energy of momentum $ \overrightarrow{k} $ eigenstates). Observation of $ E_{{\mathrm{dis}\hbox{,}\overrightarrow{k}}}^2=0 $ has been an accepted method to demonstrate the existence of a massless photon ( E 0 = 0) in 4D lattice gauge theory, which we supplement here by a study of its finite size corrections. A surprise from the lattice regularization of the free field is that infrared corrections do not eliminate a difference between the groundstate energy E 0 and the mass parameter M of the free scalar lattice action. Instead, the relation $ {E_0}={\cosh^{-1 }}\left( {1+{M^2}/2} \right) $ holds independently of the spatial lattice size.
Constraints on gravity wave induced diffusion in the middle atmosphere

A review of the important constraints on gravity wave induced diffusion of chemical tracers, heat, and momentum is given. Ground-based microwave spectroscopy measurements of H2O and CO and rocket-based mass spectrometer measurements of Ar constrain the eddy diffusion coefficient for constituent transport (K zz ) to be (1 – 3) × 105 cm2s-1 in the upper mesosphere. Atomic oxygen data also limits K zz to a comparable value at the mesopause. From the energy balance of the upper mesosphere the eddy diffusion coefficient for heat transport (D H ) is, at most 6 × 105 cm2s-1 at the mesopause and decreasing substantially with decreasing altitude. The available evidence for mean wind deceleration and the corresponding eddy diffusion coefficient for momentum stresses (D M ) suggests that it is at least 1 × 106 cm2s-1, in the upper mesosphere. Consequently the eddy Prandtl number for macroscopic scale lengths is > 3.
Implications of middle‐school behavior problems for high school graduation and employment outcomes of young adults: estimation of a recursive model

The potentially serious adverse impacts of behavior problems during adolescence on employment outcomes in adulthood provide a key economic rationale for early intervention programs. However, the extent to which lower educational attainment accounts for the total impact of adolescent behavior problems on later employment remains unclear As an initial step in exploring this issue, we specify and estimate a recursive bivariate probit model that 1) relates middle school behavior problems to high school graduation and 2) models later employment in young adulthood as a function of these behavior problems and of high school graduation. Our model thus allows for both a direct effect of behavior problems on later employment as well as an indirect effect that operates via graduation from high school. Our empirical results, based on analysis of data from the NELS, suggest that the direct effects of externalizing behavior problems on later employment are not significant but that these problems have important indirect effects operating through high school graduation.
Status of the NGNP graphite creep experiments AGC-1 and AGC-2 irradiated in the advanced test reactor

Abstract The United States Department of Energy's Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Program will be irradiating six nuclear graphite creep experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The graphite experiments will be irradiated over the next six to eight years to support development of a graphite irradiation performance data base on the new nuclear grade graphites now available for use in high temperature gas reactors. The goals of the irradiation experiments are to obtain irradiation performance data, including irradiation creep, at different temperatures and loading conditions to support design of the next generation nuclear plant (NGNP) very high temperature gas reactor, as well as other future gas reactors. The experiments will each consist of a single capsule that will contain six peripheral stacks of graphite specimens, with half of the graphite specimens in each stack under a compressive load, while the other half of the specimens will not be subjected to a compressive load during irradiation. The six peripheral stacks will have three different compressive loads applied to the top half of three diametrically opposite pairs of specimen stacks, while a seventh stack will not have a compressive load. The specimens will be irradiated in an inert sweep gas atmosphere with on-line temperature and compressive load monitoring and control. There will also be sampling the sweep gas effluent to determine if any oxidation or off-gassing of the specimens occurs during irradiation of the experiment.
Electric fields and forces in semi-insulating liquids

Abstract With the dual objectives of providing case studies for the teaching of electromagnetic field theory and documenting electrohydrodynamic phenomena of general interest, the film “Electric Fields and Moving Media” was produced for the National Committee on Electrical Engineering Films by the Educational Development Center. Illustrated in the film are: charge relaxation in heterogenous systems of uniform conductors, effects on the electric field of charge convection, electric Reynolds number, contact charging of macroscopic particles, electrohydrodynamic instability of liquid drops stressed by an electric field, accumulation of free charge in regions where the electrical properties are non-uniform, electrical shear stresses on charge monolayers at liquid interfaces, current-driven jets, Von Quincke's rotor and related elecrohydrodynamic phenomena, travelling-wave induced convection and phenomena based on the relation of the frequency of an imposed field to the electrical relaxation time, bulk free charge caused by a thermally induced conductivity gradient and an imposed electric field, electric augmentation of heat transfer in liquids, and polarization forces. Associated quantitative models for the illustrated phenomena are discussed.
A Cryogenically Cooled, Multidetector Spectrometer For Infrared Astronomy

A liquid helium-cooled, 24 detector grating spectrometer was developed and used for low resolution astronomical observations in the 5 to 14 micron spectral range. The instrument operated on the 91 cm Kuiper Airborne Observatory, the 3 m IRTF (Mauna Kea), the 3 m Shane telescope Observatory, the 3 m Shane telescope (Lick Observatory), and the 152 cm NASA and University of Arizona telescope. The detectors are discrete Si:Bi photoconductors with individual metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor preamplifiers operating at 4 K. The system uses a liquid helium-cooled slit, order-sorter filter, collimator mirror, grating, and camera mirror arranged in a Czerny-Turner configuration with a cold stop added between the collimator mirror and the grating. The distances between components are chosen so that the collimator mirror images the secondary mirror of the telescope onto the cold stop, thus providing a very effective baffle. Scattered radiation is effectively reduced by using liquid helium-cooled, black baffles to divide the spectrometer into three separate compartments. The system noise-equivalent flux density, when used on the 152 cm telescope from 8 to 13 microns with a resolving power of 50, is 4.4 x 10 to the minus 17th power W/sq cm micron square root of Hz. The main applications are for measuring continuum radiation levels and solid state emission and absorption features in regions of star and planet formation.
Robotic exploration of the surface and atmosphere of Venus

Abstract Venus, the “greenhouse planet,” is a scientifically fascinating place. The US National Academies of Sciences listed a Venus surface in situ explorer as one of the highest priority planetary science missions. A mission concept for a robotic mission to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus has been designed. The mission includes both surface robots, designed with an operational lifetime of 50 days on the surface of Venus, and also solar-powered airplanes to probe the middle atmosphere. At 450 ∘ C , and with 90 atmospheres of pressure of carbon-dioxide atmosphere, the surface of Venus is a hostile place for operation of a probe. The mission design trade-off looked at three options for surface operation: developing technology to operate at Venus surface temperatures, using an active refrigeration system to lower the temperature inside a “cool electronics enclosure,” or developing a hybrid system, where the computer system and the most temperature-sensitive electronics are on an aerial platform at lower temperature, and less sophisticated surface electronics operate at the ambient surface temperature. This paper presents the mission objectives, discusses the technology options for materials, power systems, electronics, and instruments, and presents a short summary of the mission.
The third way: German–Russian–European Jewish identity in a global Jewish world

From 1990 until 2008, about 200,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union migrated to Germany. At the same time, Germany re-unified and took its place at the centre of the new Europe. In a global world, in which people maintain multiple homes, languages, identities and means of communication across thousands of miles, these migrants challenged German Jewish notions of identity, rootedness and community. Their particular Soviet and post-Soviet approaches to these issues also challenged the liberalising tendencies of an emerging European Jewish identity. This review essay examines how Soviet and post-Soviet Jewish migration to Germany interacted and intersected with new notions of European Jewish identity in Germany, with special focus on Berlin, the largest, most cosmopolitan Jewish community in Germany. Rather than continuing to bemoan the ‘failed integration’ of post-Soviet Jewry into some notion of fixed German Jewish identity or into liberal European notions of identity, a global approach would allow for t...
The Resistive State in a Superconducting Wire: Bifurcation from the Normal State

We study formally and rigorously the bifurcation to steady and time-periodic states in a model for a thin superconducting wire in the presence of an imposed current. Exploiting the PT-symmetry of the equations at both the linearized and nonlinear levels, and taking advantage of the collision of real eigenvalues leading to complex spectrum, we obtain explicit asymptotic formulas for the stationary solutions, for the amplitude and period of the bifurcating periodic solutions and for the location of their zeros or “phase slip centers” as they are known in the physics literature. In so doing, we construct a center manifold for the flow and give a complete description of the associated finite-dimensional dynamics.
Non-cancellative Boolean circuits: a generalization of monotone boolean circuits

Cancellations are known to be helpful in efficient algebraic computation of polynomials over fields. We define a notion of cancellation in Boolean circuits and define Boolean circuits that do not use cancellation to be non-cancellative. Non-cancellative Boolean circuits are a natural generalization of monotone Boolean circuits. We show that in the absence of cancellation, Boolean circuits require super-polynomial size to compute the determinant interpreted over GF(2). This non-monotone Boolean function is known to be in P. In the spirit of monotone complexity classes, we define complexity classes based on non-cancellative Boolean circuits. We show that when the Boolean circuit model is restricted by withholding cancellation, P and popular classes within P are restricted as well, but classes NP and above remain unchanged.
A Young Super Star Cluster in the Nuclear Region of NGC 253

We present observations of a massive star cluster near the nuclear region of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253. The peak of near-infrared (IR) emission, which is spatially separated by 4'' from the kinematic center of the galaxy, is coincident with a super star cluster whose properties we examine with low-resolution (R ~ 1200) infrared Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory spectroscopy and optical/near-IR Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Extinction, measured from Fe II lines, is estimated at AV = 17.7 ? 2.6. The age of the cluster is estimated at 5.7 Myr, based on Br? equivalent width for an instantaneous burst using Starburst99 modeling. However, a complex star formation history is inferred from the presence of both recombination emission and photospheric CO absorption. The ionizing photon flux has a lower limit of 7.3 ? 2.5 ? 1053 s?1, corrected for extinction. Assuming a Kroupa initial mass function, we estimate a cluster mass of ~1.4+0.4 ?0.5 ? 107 M ?. We observe a strong Wolf-Rayet signature at 2.06 ?m and report a weak feature at 2.19 ?m which may be due to a massive stellar population, consistent with the derived mass and age of this cluster.
Unseen science? Representation of BRICs in global science

A survey of scientific periodical publications (or venues-as distinct from articles) from BRIC country practitioners counted more than 15,000 national publications. Data collected from and about Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC countries) show that 495 venues, or about 3%, are listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded© (SCIE©) in 2010. Contrary to our expectation of under-representation overall and coverage limitation of SCIE, the average percentage of SCIE-listed venues for the BRICs is about the same as that for advanced countries. China has the lowest representation of national venues in SCIE at 2% of all publications; Russia has the highest at about 8%. India has about 6% of venues in SCIE; Brazil has about 4%. In other words, SCIE includes about the same percentage of high quality science from these four countries as for North America and Europe, meaning that these countries are not under-represented in SCIE. Moreover, the number of national venues available as outlets suggests that national scientists in these countries have good access to publications and venues. Some of the BRIC national publications are difficult to "see" at the global level because of language barriers, diverse publication formats, and lack of digitization. Other national differences represent historical traditions surrounding publication.
The least-luminous galaxy: Spectroscopy of the milky way satellite Segue 1

We present Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy of Segue 1, an ultra-low-luminosity (M_V = –1.5^(+0.6)_(–0.8)) Milky Way satellite companion. While the combined size and luminosity of Segue 1 are consistent with either a globular cluster or a dwarf galaxy, we present spectroscopic evidence that this object is a dark matter-dominated dwarf galaxy. We identify 24 stars as members of Segue 1 with a mean heliocentric recession velocity of 206 ± 1.3 km s^(–1). Although Segue 1 spatially overlaps the leading arm of the Sagittarius stream, its velocity is 100 km s^(–1) different from that predicted for recent Sagittarius tidal debris at this position. We measure an internal velocity dispersion of 4.3 ± 1.2 km s^(–1). Under the assumption that these stars are gravitationally bound and in dynamical equilibrium, we infer a total mass of 4.5^(+4.7)_(–2.5) × 10^5 M_☉ in the mass-follow-light case; using a two-component maximum-likelihood model, we determine a mass within 50 pc of 8.7^(+13)_(–5.2) × 10^5 M_☉ . These imply mass-to-light (M/L) ratios of ln(M/L_V ) = 7.2^(+1.1)_(–1.2) (M/L_V = 1320^(+2680)_(–940)) and M/L_V = 2440^(+1580)_(–1775), respectively. The error distribution of the M/L is nearly lognormal, thus Segue 1 is dark matter-dominated at a high significance. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that Segue 1 has been tidally disrupted, we do not find kinematic evidence supporting tidal effects. Using spectral synthesis modeling, we derive a metallicity for the single red giant branch star in our sample of [Fe/H] = –3.3 ± 0.2 dex. Finally, we discuss the prospects for detecting gamma rays from annihilation of dark matter particles and show that Segue 1 is the most promising satellite for indirect dark matter detection. We conclude that Segue 1 is the least luminous of the ultra-faint galaxies recently discovered around the Milky Way, and is thus the least-luminous known galaxy.
Formal theories of knowledge in AI and robotics

Although the concept ofknowledge plays a central role in artificial intelligence, the theoretical foundations of knowledge representation currently rest on a very limited conception of what it means for a machine to know a proposition. In the current view, the machine is regarded as knowing a fact if its state either explicitly encodes the fact as a sentence of an interpreted formal language or if such a sentence can be derived from other encoded sentences according to the rules of an appropriate logical system. We contrast this conception, the interpreted-symbolic-structure approach, with another, the situated-automata approach, which seeks to analyze knowledge in terms of relations between the state of a machine and the state of its environment over time using logic as a metalanguage in which the analysis is carried out.
Boundary conditions in the Mirabelli and Peskin model

We show how the (globally supersymmetric) model of Mirabelli and Peskin can be formulated in the boundary (``downstairs'' or ``interval'') picture. The necessary Gibbons-Hawking-like terms appear naturally when using (codimension one) superfields. This formulation is free of the δ(0) ambiguities of the orbifold (``upstairs'') picture while describing the same physics since the boundary conditions on the fundamental domain are the same. The (natural) boundary conditions follow from the variational principle and form a closed orbit under supersymmetry variation. They reduce to the ``odd =0'' boundary conditions in the absence of bulk-boundary coupling. We emphasize that the action is supersymmetric without the use of any boundary conditions in the off-shell formulation (but some boundary conditions are necessary for on-shell supersymmetry!).
Flare in Schmidt cameras

The flare pattern obtained when a heavy over-exposure is made with a Schmidt camera on a bright object well off-axis consists of a secondary image, halos about the primary and secondary images and an annulus with these images at extremities of a diameter. The bearing of this flare pattern on the design of a Schmidt camera is discussed and it is shown how one may test a Schmidt camera by the use of its flare pattern.
Performance of charring ablative materials in the diffusion-controlled surface combustion regime.

Ablative behavior of low and high density phenolic nylon in diffusion controlled surface combustion regime
The Paradox of Misaligned Profiling Theory and Experimental Evidence

This article implements an experimental test of a game-theoretic model of equilibrium profiling. Attackers choose a demographic “type” from which to recruit, and defenders choose which demographic types to search. Some types are more reliable than others in the sense of having a higher probability of carrying out a successful attack if they get past the security checkpoint. In a Nash equilibrium, defenders tend to profile by searching the more reliable attacker types more frequently, whereas the attackers tend to send less reliable types. Data from laboratory experiments with financially motivated human subjects are consistent with the qualitative patterns predicted by theory. However, we also find several interesting behavioral deviations from the theory.
Estimation for monotone sampling: competitiveness and customization

Random samples are lossy summaries which allow queries posed over the data to be approximated by applying an appropriate estimator to the sample. The effectiveness of sampling, however, hinges on estimator selection. The choice of estimators is subjected to global requirements, such as unbiasedness and range restrictions on the estimate value, and ideally, we seek estimators that are both efficient to derive and apply and admissible (not dominated, in terms of variance, by other estimators). Nevertheless, for a given data domain, sampling scheme, and query, there are many admissible estimators. We define monotone sampling, which is implicit in many applications of massive data set analysis, and study the choice of admissible nonnegative and unbiased estimators. Our main contribution is general derivations of admissible estimators with desirable properties. We present a construction of order-optimal estimators, which minimize variance according to {\em any} specified priorities over the data domain. Order-optimality allows us to customize the derivation to common patterns that we can learn or observe in the data. When we prioritize lower values (e.g., more similar data sets when estimating difference), we obtain the L* estimator, which is the unique monotone admissible estimator and dominates the classic Horvitz-Thompson estimator. We show that the L* estimator is 4-competitive, meaning that the expectation of the square, on any data, is at most $4$ times the minimum possible for that data. These properties make the L* estimator a natural default choice. We also present the U$^*$ estimator, which prioritizes large values (e.g., less similar data sets). Our estimator constructions are general, natural, and practical, allowing us to make the most from our summarized data.
Inverse probability weighted M-estimators for sample selection, attrition, and stratification

I provide an overview of inverse probability weighted (IPW) M-estimators for cross section and two-period panel data applications. Under an ignorability assumption, I show that population parameters are identified, and provide straightforward \(\sqrt{N}\)-consistent and asymptotically normal estimation methods. I show that estimating a binary response selection model by conditional maximum likelihood leads to a more efficient estimator than using known probabilities, a result that unifies several disparate results in the literature. But IPW estimation is not a panacea: in some important cases of nonresponse, unweighted estimators will be consistent under weaker ignorability assumptions.
Overlap in odd dimensions

Abstract In odd dimensions the lattice overlap formalism is simpler than in even dimensions. Masslessness of fermions can still be preserved without fine tuning and gauge invariance without gauge averaging can be maintained, although, sometimes, only at the expense of parity invariance. When parity invariance is enforced invariance under small gauge transformations can be maintained and continuum global gauge anomalies are reproduced.
Photonic crystals: working at the speed of light

Summary form only given. During the last several years, a very innovative and exciting new class of materials has emerged called photonic band gap materials, or photonic crystals, for simplicity. The basic idea is to design materials that can control the properties of electromagnetic waves (photons) in much the same way that a semiconductor crystal controls the properties of electrons. Therefore, if one were to construct a material consisting of a periodic array of macroscopic uniform "dielectric atoms", then, as in the case of electrons, the photons in this crystal could be described in terms of a band structure. The beauty of possessing a band structure is the possibility of having a complete (or omnidirectional) photonic band gap, i.e. a range of frequencies for which photons are forbidden to travel within the crystal for any direction of propagation.
OPTIMAL MASS CONFIGURATIONS FOR LENSING HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES

We investigate the gravitational lensing properties of lines of sight containing multiple cluster-scale halos, motivated by their ability to lens very high redshift (z ~ 10) sources into detectability. We control for the total mass along the line of sight, isolating the effects of distributing the mass among multiple halos and of varying the physical properties of the halos. Our results show that multiple-halo lines of sight can increase the magnified source-plane region compared to the single cluster lenses typically targeted for lensing studies and thus are generally better fields for detecting very high redshift sources. The configurations that result in optimal lensing cross sections benefit from interactions between the lens potentials of the halos when they overlap somewhat on the sky, creating regions of high magnification in the source plane not present when the halos are considered individually. The effect of these interactions on the lensing cross section can even be comparable to changing the total mass of the lens from 1015 M ? to 3 ? 1015 M ?. The gain in lensing cross section increases as the mass is split into more halos, provided that the lens potentials are projected close enough to interact with each other. A nonzero projected halo angular separation, equal halo mass ratio, and high projected halo concentration are the best mass configurations, whereas projected halo ellipticity, halo triaxiality, and the relative orientations of the halos are less important. Such high-mass, multiple-halo lines of sight exist in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
Tensor product stabilization in Kac–Moody algebras

Abstract We consider a large class of series of symmetrizable Kac–Moody algebras (generically denoted X n ). This includes the classical series A n as well as others like E n whose members are of Indefinite type. The focus is to analyze the behavior of representations in the limit n → ∞ . Motivated by the classical theory of A n = sl n + 1 C , we consider tensor product decompositions of irreducible highest weight representations of X n and study how these vary with n . The notion of “double-headed” dominant weights is introduced. For such weights, we show that tensor product decompositions in X n do stabilize, generalizing the classical results for A n . The main tool used is Littelmann's celebrated path model. One can also use the stable multiplicities as structure constants to define a multiplication operation on a suitable space. We define this so-called stable representation ring and show that the multiplication operation is associative.
Designing secure library networks

Focuses on designing a library network to maximize security. Considers various options including separation of staff servers from public servers, subdividing the network using a router, multiple hubs and public access ethernet ports, ethernet switches, ATM environments and firewalls. Evaluates the security of each against the impact on functionality.
ASCENDING CHAIN CONDITIONS IN FREE BAXTER ALGEBRAS

In this paper we study ascending chain conditions in a free Baxter algebra by making use of explicit constructions of free Baxter algebras that were obtained recently. We investigate ascending chain conditions both for ideals and for Baxter ideals. The free Baxter algebras under consideration include free Baxter algebras on sets and free Baxter algebras on algebras. We also consider complete free Baxter algebras.
Heteropolyacid-based catalysts for selective alkane oxidation: mechanism of formation of maleic anhydride from propane

Highly active and selective alkane oxidation catalysts, obtained by heating pyridinium- and niobium-exchanged phosphomolybdate and phosphovanadomolybdate salts under inert atmosphere, can under some conditions lead to maleic anhydride as a major product of propane oxidation. Mechanistic studies based on oxidation of postulated intermediates as well as selectively isotopically labeled propane implicate a route involving oxidative dehydrogenation to propylene followed by acid-catalyzed dimerization to branched C6 hydrocarbons, the main precursors to maleic anhydride.
On three-periodic trajectories of multi-dimensional dual billiards

We consider the dual billiard map with respect to a smooth strictly convex closed hypersurface in linear 2m-dimensional symplectic space and prove that it has at least 2m distinct 3-periodic orbits.
Fabrication of Low Cost Thermoelectric Materials With Improved Properties Using Modulation-Doping Strategy

We introduce the modulation-doping strategy in bulk SiGe nanostructures to improve the thermoelectric power factor. By separating charge carriers from their parent atoms via embedding heavily doped nanoparticles inside an intrinsic host matrix, the ionized impurity scattering rate could be largely reduced, resulting in enhanced mobility. By band engineering, the carriers can spill over from nanoparticles into the host matrix, resulting in similar carrier concentrations, Fermi levels and consequently Seebeck coefficients as those of the uniform nanocomposites. In addition, nanoparticles with low thermal conductivities can further reduce the overall thermal conductivity of the sample. Combining the enhanced electrical conductivity, the reduced thermal conductivity and the unaffected Seebeck coefficient, we were able to enhance the thermoelectric properties of Si-rich Si95Ge5. And therefore were able to fabricate a low-cost sample with a competitive performance as those of the state of the art Si80Ge20.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
ARECIBO MULTI-FREQUENCY TIME-ALIGNED PULSAR AVERAGE-PROFILE AND POLARIZATION DATABASE

We present Arecibo time-aligned, total intensity profiles for 46 pulsars over an unusually wide range of radio frequencies and multi-frequency, polarization-angle density diagrams, and/or polarization profiles for 57 pulsars at some or all of the frequencies 50, 111/130, 430, and 1400 MHz. The frequency-dependent dispersion delay has been removed in order to align the profiles for study of their spectral evolution, and wherever possible the profiles of each pulsar are displayed on the same longitude scale. Most of the pulsars within Arecibo's declination range that are sufficiently bright for such spectral or single pulse analysis are included in this survey. The calibrated single pulse sequences and average profiles are available by web download for further study.
Efficient synthesis of carbobicyclic and carbopolycyclic compounds via intramolecular carbopalladation catalyzed by palladium-phosphine complexes

Abstract Intramolecular aryl- and alkenylpalladation reactions of cyclic olefins catalyzed by palladium-phosphine complexes, such as Pd(PPh3)4, can produce fused, bridged, and spirofused carbobicyclic and carbopolycyclic compounds in high yields.
Conical Electrostatic Probe Response in a Weakly Ionized Gas Flow

The current-voltage characteristics of conical electrostatic probes were measured in a partially ionized argon flow over the range of ion number density 108-1013 cm"3. The characteristics were compared to theoretical predictions of various thin and thick-sheath theories, including the Stahl and Su theory, modified for the conical geometry. No theory gave completely satisfactory predictions, but the thin-sheath theories, when modified to include a dependence of the current on the square root of the probe voltage, were somewhat more satisfactory than the thick-sheath ones.
Using physical layer emulation to optimize and evaluate mobile and wireless systems

Testing and evaluating protocols and applications for wireless networks and mobile users is challenging because the physical environment has a significant impact on the behavior and dynamics of the system. It is however important that these physical world effects are considered during system implementation and evaluation to ensure correct and efficient operation. Unfortunately, since these physical world effects are hard to control and model, this adds considerable complexity to system development. In this paper we show how a wireless networking testbed based on signal propagation emulation was used in the development, testing, and evaluation of mobile systems. The paper is organized as two case studies at different levels of the system: roaming in 802.11 networks and video streaming. We found that the combination of realism and control improved both efficiency and performance during development.
Gravitational lensing and dark structures

We examine whether a cosmologically significant distribution of dark galaxy group or cluster-sized objects can have an optical depth for multiple imaging of distant background sources, which is comparable with that from known galaxies while at the same time producing angular splittings of the same order of magnitude. Our purpose is to explore whether such objects could realistically account for some of the observed lenses. Modeling such systems as isothermal spheres with core radii and assuming a Schechter-type distribution function, we find that independent of the cosmology (open, flat matter-dominated, or flat cosmological constant-dominated) an allowed, albeit narrow, parameter range exists that is comparable in velocity dispersion with that for known compact groups of galaxies, although the preferred core radii are somewhat smaller than that normally assumed for compact groups. Dark cluster-sized objects, on the other hand, cannot reproduce the observed lensing characteristics. If the one known dark cluster were a good representative of such a distribution, most such objects would not produce multiple images. We also present a result for the angular splitting from an isothermal sphere lens with nonzero core radius, extending earlier work of Hinshaw & Krauss. Our results are expressed as contour plots for fixed lensing probabilities and angular splittings.
On area/depth trade-off in LUT-based FPGA technology mapping

In this paper, we study the area and depth trade-off in lookup-table (LUT) based FPGA technology mapping. Starting from a depth-optimal mapping solution, we perform a sequence of depth relaxation operations and area-minimizing mapping procedures to produce a set of mapping solutions for a given design with smooth area and depth trade-off. As the core of the area minimization step, we have developed a polynomial time optimal algorithm for computing an area-minimum mapping solution without node duplication for a K-bounded general Boolean network, which makes a significant step towards complete understanding of the general area minimization problem in FPGA technology mapping. The experimental results on MCNC benchmark circuits show that our solution sets outperform the solutions produced by most existing mapping algorithms in terms of both area and depth minimization. >
Whatever happened to payola? an empirical analysis of online music sharing

The popularity of online music-sharing networks has attracted interest from the music industry, artists, consumer advocacy groups, the popular press, and government legislative and regulatory entities. P2P networks have become lightning rods for debates on intellectual property rights and music market fates. Yet, to date, little has been based on actual observed activity on online sharing networks. Here we report on an initial P2P network data gathering and analysis endeavor and relate it to market performance of music albums. The relative market performance of music albums is gauged using the list of top 100 albums on the weekly Billboard charts. The P2P sharing data gathered is longitudinal, spanning a period of 8 weeks. We also identify and track data for 47 upcoming album releases providing pre- and post-release comparisons of sharing activity. We offer four main findings: (1) significant piracy opportunity and activity were observed; (2) the level of sharing opportunities are related to albums' relative chart positions; (3) there is evidence of both "pre-purchase sampling" piracy and "lost-sales" piracy; and, (4) sharing activity levels provide leading indicators of direction of movement of albums on the Billboard charts. Points (3) and (4) have particular implications for music marketing and promotion.
Stripe correlations of spins and holes in cuprate superconductors

It is argued that the stripe order of spins and holes found in La2−xSrxNiO4+δ is a useful model for spin and charge correlations in La2−xSrxCuO4. A direct connection with the cuprates is now established by neutron diffraction evidence for stripe order in La1.6−xNd0.4SrxCuO4 withx=0.12. The experimental work has stimulated new theoretical ideas.
Imaging superficial tissue layers using polarized light with a hand-held camera

A hand-held polarized light camera yields an image whose contrast is based on photons scattered from the superficial subsurface region of tissues. The general approach toward polarized light imaging is presented, discussing the Stokes Vector description of polarized light and the Mueller Matrix description of the scattering process. The simple approach of the hand-held camera is presented with a first clinical image of melanoma
An illuminating counterexample

Sd+1PI1 occurs exactly as a product (aci . .* aliklaak ... aid)(/llaj), where the index j belongs to {1, 2, ..., n} \ {il, ..., id) and ik-1 < j < ik. (Of course if j < ii, then aj is the first factor, while if id < j, then aj is the last factor in the bracket.) Therefore each such summand ailai2 ... a d Occurs n d times. Precisely because (n d)sd consists of the monomials y-(n d)ail ... aid where 1 < i1 < i2 < ... < id < n, we see that B contains no positive monomial. The upshot: we see that in the sum A + B there are only negative monomials, whereas in C there are only positive monomials. Therefore no monomial in A + B can be cancelled out by a monomial in C. Thus A + B = 0 = C, and our proof is complete.
Diet and Exercise Intervention Adherence and Health-Related Outcomes among Older Long-Term Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer Survivors

Background Diet and exercise interventions for cancer survivors result in health benefits; however, few studies have examined health outcomes in relation to adherence.
Cell-penetrating peptides, electroporation and drug delivery

Certain short polycations, such as trans-activating transcriptional activator and oligoarginine, rapidly pass through the plasma membranes of mammalian cells by a mechanism called transduction, as well as by endocytosis and macropinocytosis. These cell-penetrating peptides can carry with them cargos of 30 amino acids, more than the nominal limit of 500 Da and enough to be therapeutic. An analysis of the electrostatics of a charge outside the cell membrane and some recent experiments suggest that transduction may proceed by molecular electroporation. Ways to target diseased cells, rather than all cells, are discussed.
Radical anionic versus neutral 2,2′-bipyridyl coordination in uranium complexes supported by amide and ketimide ligands

The synthesis and characterization of (bipy)(2)U(N[t-Bu]Ar)(2) (1-(bipy)(2), bipy = 2,2'-bipyridyl, Ar = 3,5-C(6)H(3)Me(2)), (bipy)U(N[(1)Ad]Ar)(3) (2-bipy), (bipy)(2)U(NC[t-Bu]Mes)(3) (3-(bipy)(2), Mes = 2,4,6-C(6)H(2)Me(3)), and IU(bipy)(NC[t-Bu]Mes)(3) (3-I-bipy) are reported. X-ray crystallography studies indicate that bipy coordinates as a radical anion in 1-(bipy)(2) and 2-bipy, and as a neutral ligand in 3-I-bipy. In 3-(bipy)(2), one of the bipy ligands is best viewed as a radical anion, the other as a neutral ligand. The electronic structure assignments are supported by NMR spectroscopy studies of exchange experiments with 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl and also by optical spectroscopy. In all complexes, uranium was assigned a +4 formal oxidation state.
Comparison of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellite markers for linkage analysis in the COGA and simulated data sets for Genetic Analysis Workshop 14: Presentation Groups 1, 2, and 3.

The papers in presentation groups 1–3 of Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14) compared microsatellite (MS) markers and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for a variety of factors, using multiple methods in both data sets provided to GAW participants. Group 1 focused on data provided from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Group 2 focused on data simulated for the workshop. Group 3 contained analyses of both data sets. Issues examined included: information content, signal strength, localization of the signal, use of haplotype blocks, population structure, power, type I error, control of type I error, the effect of linkage disequilibrium, and computational challenges. There were several broad resulting observations. 1) Information content was higher for dense SNP marker panels than for MS panels, and dense SNP markers sets appeared to provide slightly higher linkage scores and slightly higher power to detect linkage than MS markers. 2) Dense SNP panels also gave higher type I errors, suggesting that increased test thresholds may be needed to maintain the correct error rate. 3) Dense SNP panels provided better trait localization, but only in the COGA data, in which the MS markers were relatively loosely spaced. 4) The strength of linkage signals did not vary with the density of SNP panels, once the marker density was ∼1 SNP/cM. 5) Analyses with SNPs were computationally challenging, and identified areas where improvements in analysis tools will be necessary to make analysis practical for widespread use. Genet. Epidemiol. 29:(Suppl. 1): S7–S28, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Galaxy Halo Masses from Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing

We present measurements of the extended dark halo profiles of bright early-type galaxies at redshifts 0.1 < z < 0.9 obtained via galaxy-galaxy lensing analysis of images taken at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope using the UH8K CCD mosaic camera. Six 05 ? 05 fields were observed for a total of 2 hr each in I and V, resulting in catalogs containing ~20,000 galaxies per field. We used V-I color and I magnitude to select bright early-type galaxies as the lens galaxies, yielding a sample of massive lenses with fairly well-determined redshifts and absolute magnitudes M ~ M* ? 1. We paired these with faint galaxies lying at angular distances 20'' < ? < 60'', corresponding to physical radii of 26 < r < 77 h-1 kpc (z = 0.1) and 105 < r < 315 h-1 kpc (z = 0.9), and computed the mean tangential shear ?T(?) of the faint galaxies. The shear falls off with radius roughly as ?T 1/? as expected for flat rotation curve halos. The shear values were weighted in proportion to the square root of the luminosity of the lens galaxy. This is optimal if the halo mass at a given radius varies as M , as is the case at smaller radii, and in this context our results give a value for the average mean rotation velocity of an L* galaxy halo at r ~ 50-200 h-1 kpc of v* = 238 km s-1 for a flat lambda (?m0 = 0.3,??0 = 0.7) cosmology (v* = 269 km s-1 for Einstein-de Sitter) and with little evidence for evolution with redshift. These halo masses are somewhat (2-3 times) lower than a simple perfectly flat rotation curve extrapolation from smaller scale dynamical measurements. They are also considerably lower than the masses of halos found from the best-studied X-ray halos. They do, however, agree extremely well with the masses of halos of the same abundance in lambda-CDM simulations. We find a mass-to-light ratio of M/LB 121 ? 28h(r/100 h-1 kpc) (for L* galaxies) and these halos constitute ? 0.04 ? 0.01(r/100 h-1 kpc) of closure density.
Distributed simulation with MPI in ns-3

While small topology simulations are important for validation and educational purposes, large-scale network simulations are a fundamental part of active networking research. Therefore, it is important for a network simulator to provide scalable and efficient solutions to execute these types of scenarios. Using standard sequential simulation techniques, large-scale topologies with substantial network traffic will require lengthy simulation execution times and a considerable amount of computer memory. Often, these execution times are too long for a networking researcher to run multiple simulations and collect significant data. Parallel and distributed simulation is one method that allows researchers to efficiently simulate these large topologies by distributing a single simulation program over multiple interconnected processors. To enable this scalable simulation methodology in ns-3, we formally present our distributed simulator, introduced in ns-3.8. This simulator uses the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard and a conservative lookahead mechanism. Using the distributed simulator, we conducted a performance study using a large-scale point-to-point campus network scenario with a variable number of nodes distributed across several interconnected processors within a computer cluster. We show near-optimal improvements in simulation execution time are possible using the distributed simulator in ns-3.
Public Health Aspects of Optimal Serum Lipid–Lipoprotein Levels

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of public health aspects of optimal serum lipid–lipoprotein levels. It discusses why optimal serum lipid–lipoprotein levels are a major public health concern. The concern with the public health aspects of optimal serum lipid–lipoprotein levels stems from the key role of serum lipids–lipoproteins in the etiology and pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic diseases, especially the premature coronary heart disease (CHD) epidemic in the western industrialized countries. This is the key epidemic disease of modern times in western industrialized countries, particularly the United States. In these countries, in the era of their full development and economic maturity, irrespective of social system, it is the great white plague, replacing tuberculosis, which was the massive epidemic disease of the infancy and childhood of modern urban society. The chapter further reviews the societal roots of epidemic disease, the need and rationale for the primary prevention of the atherosclerotic diseases, and scientific evidence on the key role of rich diet and nonoptimal serum lipids–lipoproteins in the etiology and pathogenesis of epidemic atherosclerotic disease. Improved nutrition is the central public health issue regarding further progress toward optimal serum lipid–lipoprotein levels.