cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron-star mass limit in the bimetric theory of gravitation

The "neutron"-star upper mass limit is examined in Rosen's bimetric theory of gravitation. An exact solution, approximate scaling law, and numerical integration of the hydrostatic equilibrium equation show the dependence of the mass limit on the assumed equation of state. As in general relativity, that limit varies roughly as $\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ is the density above which the equation of state becomes "stiff." Unlike general relativity, the stiffer the equation of state, the higher the mass limit. For ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and $P=(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}){c}^{2}$, we found ${M}_{max}=81{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. This mass is consistent with causality and experimental tests of gravitation and nuclear physics. For $\frac{\mathrm{dp}}{d\ensuremath{\rho}}g{c}^{2}$ it appears that the upper mass limit can become arbitrarily large.
A 10-year analysis of 214 HEMS backcountry hoist rescues.

Abstract Background Few published studies on civilian helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) hoist programs exist. This study provides a demographic analysis of hoist rescue operations performed by the only FAA Part 135 hoist-approved civilian HEMS operator in the United States. Methods All persons hoisted between May 29, 2001, and May 28, 2011, were retrospectively analyzed. Results Over a 10-year period, 212 of 214 victims were hoisted. The most common indications were fall injuries (38%) and being stranded (21%). Victim demographics showed an average age of 35 ± 17years, predominantly male (79%), often associated with trauma (66%), with a majority (68%) of all victims requiring subsequent transport to a hospital by ground ambulance (24%) or flown by Life Flight (44%). Hoists occurred most often in the afternoon (14:07 ± 3:47 hours), during the weekend (53%), in the months of May-September (71%), at an altitude of 7,488 ± 1487 feet, with the seat harness (39%) being the most common mode of victim extraction. Hoist insertion of search and rescue (SAR) personnel occurred infrequently (5%). Conclusion The results from this demographic study on hoist operations can provide important demographic information for HEMS contemplating backcountry hoist operations and programs that interface with SAR agencies.
Risk factors for conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic management of an ectopic pregnancy

Objective: To identify risk factors for conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancy. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent laparoscopy for treatment of ectopic pregnancy, during a 32-month period (6/1999–2/2002), at the University of Miami Jackson Memorial Hospital. We identified 229 patients; 201 had a successful laparoscopy (non-converted group) and 28 who were converted to laparotomy (converted group).Variables analyzed between the two groups were demographic data, patient-related risk factors available to the surgeon prior to the surgery (previous laparotomy, previous laparoscopy, history of PID, history of endometriosis, diameter of ectopic pregnancy as measured by ultrasound, amount of free fluid on ultrasound, BMI), and surgeons’ experience. Results: Out of the 229 laparoscopies, 28 were converted to laparotomy (12.2%). The rate of conversion was significantly higher for less experienced compared to experienced surgeon (OR=6.1, 95% CI=2.35–15.88). Significantly more women had a BMI>30 kg/m2 in the converted group compared to the non-converted group (42% vs. 14%; OR=4.28, 95% CI=1.7–10.75) and the converted group had significantly higher rate of large free fluid reported on ultrasound compared to the non-converted group (21.42% vs. 7.46%; OR =3.38, 95% CI=1.04–10.61). Conclusion: Less experienced surgeon, BMI>30 kg/m2, and large amount of free fluid on ultrasound increase the risk of conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancy.
Nonlinear dynamics: A new perspective on IHRM research and practice in the 21st century

Abstract This article discusses how the field of IHRM will be influenced in the next century by paradigmatic changes that are taking place in the social sciences. The article delineates the essential constructs of nonlinear dynamical systems, a vying paradigm to logical positivism, and discusses the implications of this paradigm on the domains of IHRM research. The article concludes with musings of how IHRM scholars can best prepare for and adjust to this Kuhnian-like shift in the social sciences.
A structural model of race, gender, class, and attitudes toward labor unions

Abstract This paper develops a theoretical model that explains how race, gender, and class affect people’s attitudes toward labor unions. The model predicates that race and gender stratify people into social and economic classes and that race, gender, and class influence people’s attitudes toward labor unions directly and indirectly through their experience of economic hardship. The study uses data from the 1991 General Social Survey to test the model. The results showed that race and gender affect people’s socioeconomic position, and that race and class affect union attitudes directly and indirectly through negative economic events. Gender, however, does not have a direct effect on union attitudes but has an indirect effect on union attitudes through disadvantaged socioeconomic position.
Precision Laser Micromachining

Lasers continue to enter many exciting new fields that have been traditionally the domain of other equipment. Lately, lasers and their associated precision positioning equipment have replaced the more conventional methods used in the micromachining area because of better control, repeatability and precision. This paper discusses some of the latest applications of laser micromachining utilizing a medium-powered Nd:YAG laser. Topics will include machining ceramics, silicon and other materials as well as precise removal of thin films from various substrates. Some of the techniques created to accomplish the required results will be shown as well as improvements over previous methods.
Genetically engineered resistance to organophosphate herbicides provides a new scoreable and selectable marker system for transgenic plants

Organophosphate hydrolase (OPH, E.C. 3.1.8.1; encoded by the bacterial opd gene) provides a new scoreable and selectable genetic marker system for use in plant cell culture and regenerated plant tissue. OPH hydrolyzes a wide range of substrates that produce visually detectable products, which can be readily quantified in biological tissues. A variety of different OP compounds, both herbicides and pesticides, have been identified as acceptable enzymatic substrates, which can be used to generate transgenic markers for various types of plant tissues. For example, transgenic leaf tissue was easily differentiated from non-transgenic tissue by a simple fluorescent assay utilizing the OP insecticide coroxon. Transformed callus and intact whole seed could be easily distinguished from non-transformed tissue using novel non-destructive methods which allowed callus or seeds to grow and/or to germinate after phenotypic scoring with non-herbicidal OP insecticides such as paraoxon. In addition to being used as a scoreable phenotypic markers with various OP pesticides, the OP compounds Haloxon and Bensulide (Bensumec-4LF) were effective as positive selection agents for callus and germinating seeds.
Oxygen-sensing neurons in the caudal hypothalamus and their role in cardiorespiratory control

Work from this laboratory has shown that the caudal hypothalamus modulates the cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia. The purpose of this review is to describe the modulation of respiratory output by the caudal hypothalamus during hypoxia and how neurons in this area respond to hypoxia. The diaphragmatic activity response to hypoxia was significantly attenuated following microinjection of either cobalt chloride or kynurenic acid into the caudal hypothalamus of rats. In addition, caudal hypothalamic neurons in anesthetized rats and cats responded to hypoxia with an increased firing frequency. This response was maintained in the absence of input from the vagus and carotid sinus nerves in the cat. When recorded extracellularly or by whole-cell patch clamp in vitro, these neurons responded to hypoxia with an increase in firing frequency, membrane potential and inward current. These results suggest that the caudal hypothalamus exerts excitatory influence on respiration during hypoxia, that may originate from the ability of these neurons to sense changes in oxygen levels.
On the Effects of "Quality" of Attention in the Functional Analysis of Destructive Behavior.

Abstract Two young children with mental retardation displayed inconclusive patterns of destructive behavior when a functional analysis was conducted using the procedures described by Iwata et al 1994a , Iwata et al 1994b . A second functional analysis incorporated modifications to the social attention condition that were based on interview data from care providers and descriptive observations. Results of the modified social attention condition indicated that a specific “quality” of attention was needed to identify the maintaining contingency for destructive behavior within an experimental analysis. Results are discussed in terms of considerations for further assessment when traditional analog functional analysis conditions are ineffective in isolating maintaining contingencies for destructive behavior.
Some effects of involuntary eye movements.

This is a theoretical investigation of how involuntary eye movements may affect the visual image. Saccades introduce transients for all but very low spatial frequencies. These transients may be important for brief periods of time, but do not affect decisions based on long-time averages. Drift and tremor distort high spatial frequencies, but have little or no effect on images having low spatial frequencies. Both of these movements can radically alter an image, but not if the image contains low spatial frequencies and only if it exhibits exactly appropriate temporal frequencies.
A time analysis system for life-time measurements☆

Abstract A time analysis system is described for measurement of lifetimes of nuclear states, including limiters for photo-multiplier outputs, time-to-pulse height converter and fast coincidence system. The intrinsic resolving time for the time-to-pulse height converter is 40 psec and the resolving time of the whole system is about a nsec.
Quantum criticality of reconstructing Fermi surfaces in antiferromagnetic metals

We present a functional renormalization group analysis of a quantum critical point in two-dimensional metals involving Fermi surface reconstruction due to the onset of spin-density wave order. Its critical theory is controlled by a fixed point in which the order parameter and fermionic quasiparticles are strongly coupled and acquire spectral functions with a common dynamic critical exponent. We obtain results for critical exponents and for the variation in the quasiparticle spectral weight around the Fermi surface. Our analysis is implemented on a two-band variant of the spin-fermion model which will allow comparison with sign-problem-free quantum Monte Carlo simulations.
The assembly in vitro of some small spherical viruses, hybrid viruses, and other nucleoproteins.

Abstract The spherical brome mosaic and broad bean mottle viruses, in addition to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, some of the properties of which are further described, have been disassembled and reassembled. “Hybrids” among these three viruses have been made, and all those tested were infectious. Either cowpea chlorotic mottle virus-RNA or brome mosaic virus-RNA, coated with the protein of any one of the three viruses, was resistant to snake venom phosphodiesterase. Host range was not influenced by coat protein, and the progeny of hybrid viruses was that of their RNA. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein has been assembled around RNA from tobacco mosaic virus, bacteriophage f2, ribosomal-RNA, and sRNA, and also around single-stranded DNA from bacteriophage S13, to form spherical nucleoprotein particles similar in appearance to the protein donor.
An Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Sex Differences in Exercise Behaviors and Motivations

Researchers have found that men and women pursue sex-appropriate strategies to attract mates. On the basis of intrasexual competition, men should be more likely to enact behaviors to look larger, whereas women should be more likely to enact behaviors to look smaller. The types of exercises that each performs should reflect this expectation. The present study replicates and extends work by L. Mealey (1997) on sex differences in exercise behavior. In the present study, male participants focused their energy on gaining muscle mass and enhancing their upper body definition, whereas female participants focused their energy on losing weight with emphasis on their lower body. Both sexes reported efforts to improve their abdominal region. It appears that men and women adopt sex-appropriate exercise behavior as a method of self-enhancement for intrasexual competition.
Computer simulation study of synthetic 4-helix bundle that binds halothane

Abstract 1. The synthetic peptide H10A24 self-assembles in aqueous solution into a 4-helix bundle, which exhibits saturable binding of halothane. 2. Molecular dynamics simulation techniques have been used to study the vacuum structure of this bundle. 3. The simulation, initiated as four ideal parallel α -helices, resulted in a compact bundle, whose secondary structure remains predominantly α -helical. 4. The hydrophobic core has no apparent pocket large enough to accomodate halothane.
The fluid events model: Predicting continuous task action change.

The fluid events model is a behavioural model aimed at predicting the likelihood that people will change their actions in ongoing, interactive events. From this view, not only are people responding to aspects of the environment, but they are also basing responses on prior experiences. The fluid events model is an attempt to predict the likelihood that people will shift the type of actions taken within an event on a trial-by-trial basis, taking into account both event structure and experience-based factors. The event-structure factors are: (a) changes in event structure, (b) suitability of the current action to the event, and (c) time on task. The experience-based factors are: (a) whether a person has recently shifted actions, (b) how often a person has shifted actions, (c) whether there has been a dip in performance, and (d) a person's propensity to switch actions within the current task. The model was assessed using data from a series of tasks in which a person was producing responses to events. These we...
Diagnosis of HIV: Challenges and Strategies for HIV Prevention and Detection Among Pregnant Women and Their Infants

Diagnosis and management of perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection poses many challenges in the areas of diagnosis, clinical and psychosocial intervention, and public health policy. Diagnostic tests have evolved over the years and many are currently used in the perinatal setting. Considerable progress has been realized in each of these areas through cooperative efforts of laboratory scientists, clinical teams, and stakeholders. However, there remain multiple challenges to address in the future.
Switch box routing: a retrospective

Abstract Detailed routing is a crucial task in physical design of VLSI chips. Many routing algorithms have been proposed and most of them, besides the maze and line search, are oriented towards handling specified detailed routing tasks. In this paper, we discuss routing strategies for switch box problems. Switch boxes are closed, rectilinear regions with terminals on all of their sides. They create the most difficult detailed routing tasks. Here, we discuss problems which make switch box routing so difficult and give an overview of representative heuristics for solving it.
33.3: Small‐Area Black Luminance Measurements on White Screen Using Replica Masks

Luminance measurements of small areas of black pixels on white-screen backgrounds are often used as metrics in display measurements, such as character-stroke contrasts or deep modulation transfer functions. Serious errors may be made in measurements and subsequent ergonomic conclusions if glare contributions of the measurement are not considered. We show a simple method for accounting for glare corruption of luminance measurements by using replica masks.
Development of simplified dynamic models using optimization: Application to crushed tubes

Abstract Optimization formulations and algorithms for development and verification of simplified dynamic models for dissipative dynamic systems are presented using axially crushed tubes as examples. The crushing of a tube is simplified to a single degree of freedom lumped mass model whose motion is resisted by nonlinear force elements. The crushing behavior is captured in the nonlinear force–displacement ( F – D ) curve for the force elements. The shape of the force curve is interpreted as a progressive elastoplastic-collapse behavior. In the first proposed formulation, the F – D curve is mathematically represented using several elastoplastic-collapse elements that are defined with piecewise linear functions of the displacement. Other representations for the F – D curve are also presented using splines and the moving least squares approximation. To identify the F – D curve for a crushed tube, the error between the acceleration calculated using the mathematical representation of the force element and the given numerical acceleration is minimized with constraints on the response of the system. Optimization problems defined for simplified model development and redesign of an automotive component are solved and the results are discussed. The developed optimization formulations are general where any error function can be minimized subject to constraints on the dynamic response and optimization variables. The formulations can be useful in other practical applications that require verification of analytical models using the experimental data.
Analysis of classes of compounds of environmental concern: III. Organochlorine pesticides

Forty five organochlorine pesticides (currently listed in EPA Method 8081A) have been chromatographed on DB-5/DB-1701 and SPB-5/SPB-1701 column pairs which were in each case connected to an inlet splitter and separate electron capture detectors. Thirteen additional compounds were evaluated for their suitability as internal standards or surrogate compounds for incorporation into Method 8081A. Method reproducibility and linearity are discussed, and results are presented for extracts of six real samples spiked with fifteen organochlorine pesticides and analyzed using the dual-column, dual-detector arrangement.
Synthesis And Characterization Of Nine Metal Nitrides

The authors demonstrate a simple electrochemical method suitable for preparing precursors for nine different metal-nitride ceramics. These precursor powders were calcined in flowing NH{sub 3} or Ar to yield metal-nitride ceramic powders. This electrochemical synthetic technique was applied to Al, Ga, Mo, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, and Zr and resulted in a nitride of each of these metals. The calcination conditions determined the resulting phase, composition, and morphology of the product. The ceramic materials were characterized primarily by powder XRD.
Epidemiology of Diabetes and Diabetes Complications in the Elderly: An Emerging Public Health Burden

Diabetes in the elderly is a growing public health burden. Persons with diabetes are living longer and are vulnerable to the traditional microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes but also at increased risk for geriatric syndromes. Peripheral vascular disease, heart disease, and stroke all have a high prevalence among older adults with diabetes. Traditional microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy also frequently occur. Unique to this older population is the effect of diabetes on functional status. Older adults with diabetes are also more likely to experience geriatric syndromes such as falls, dementia, depression, and incontinence. Further studies are needed to better characterize those elderly individuals who may be at the highest risk of adverse complications from diabetes.
A Hecke Correspondence Theorem for Nonanalytic Automorphic Integrals

Abstract In this paper we prove a Riemann–Hecke–Bochner correspondence for nonanalytic automorphic integrals on the Hecke groups. We also present several applications of this theorem. One of these settles a question, posed by M. Knopp in 1983 (Lecture Notes in Math., Vol. 1013, pp. 284–291, Springer-Verlag, New York/Berlin) regarding the Mellin transform of modular integrals.
The Pipeline Embolization Device: learning curve and predictors of complications and aneurysm obliteration.

BACKGROUND The Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) has emerged as a promising treatment for intracranial aneurysms. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and efficacy of the PED, to analyze the effect of operator experience on the complication rate, and to identify predictors of complications and obliteration. METHODS A total of 109 patients with 120 aneurysms were treated with PED at our institution. The patient population was divided into 3 consecutive equal groups to assess whether overall and major complication rates decreased over time: group 1, patients 1 through 37; group 2, patients 38 through 73; and group 3, patients 74 through 109. RESULTS The number of PEDs used was 1.40 per aneurysm. Symptomatic and major procedure-related complications occurred in 11% and 3.7% of patients, respectively. The rate of complications decreased from 16.2% in group 1 to 5.6% in group 3, and the rate of major complications fell dramatically from 10.8% in group 1 to 0% in groups 2 and 3 (P < .05). Procedure time significantly decreased over time (P = .04). In multivariate analysis, previously treated aneurysms were predictive of procedural complications (P = .02). At the latest follow-up, 65.8% of aneurysms were completely occluded, 9.6% were nearly completely occluded, and 24.6% were incompletely occluded. In multivariate analysis, fusiform aneurysms (P = .05) and shorter angiographic follow-up (P = .03) were negative predictors of aneurysm obliteration. CONCLUSION PED therapy may have an acceptable safety-efficacy profile. The risk of complications appears to decrease dramatically with physician experience, supporting the existence of a learning curve. Patients with previously treated aneurysms have higher complication rates, whereas fusiform aneurysms achieve lower obliteration rates.
NEW VARIANT OF GALACTOSEMIA

Several variants of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (G-l-P UT) are known. We have studied an infant with what is probably a new biochemical variant of galactosemia. He was identified by routine newborn screening at the age of 3 days when he was found to have a slightly increased blood galactose concentration. Unlike “classical” galactosemics, blood galactose in this infant varied from 50 mg/100 ml. on a normal diet. Activity of erythrocyte G-1-P UT was measured at 0.6 U/gm Hgb by UDPG consumption assay at 3 hour incubation. This is within the range of activity found in “classical” galactosemia and is less than corresponding activity in any “Duarte” variant state. However, in contrast to “classical” galactosemia and the “Negro” variant, there was repeatedly moderate activity by the fluorescent spot technique after 16 hours incubation. Additional studies ruled out presence of the “Indiana” variant. By a “milk loading test”, this infant accumulated galactose in blood to a peak of >50 mg/100 ml. at 90 minutes but completely cleared galactose from the blood by 180 minutes, in contrast to a “classical” patient who did not clear by 4 hours, to a “Negro” variant patient who “peaked” only to 4 mg/100 ml., and to “Duarte” variant patients who did not accumulate any detectable blood galactose. Galactosemic variants such as this have considerable significance in terms of therapy and subsequent evaluation.
Effect of the Streptococcus pneumoniae MmsA protein on the RecA protein-promoted three-strand exchange reaction: Implications for the mechanism of transformational recombination

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a naturally transformable bacterium that is able to incorporate DNA from its environment into its own chromosome. This process, known as transformational recombination, is dependent in part on themmsA gene, which encodes a protein having a sequence that is 40% identical to that of the Escherichia coli RecG protein, a junction-specific DNA helicase believed to be involved in the branch migration of recombinational intermediates. We have developed an expression system for the MmsA protein and have purified the MmsA protein to more than 99% homogeneity. The MmsA protein has DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis and DNA junction-helicase activities that are similar to those of the E. coli RecG protein. The effect of the MmsA protein on the S. pneumoniae RecA protein-promoted three-strand exchange reaction was also investigated. In the standard direction (circular single-stranded (ss) DNA + linear double-stranded (ds) DNA → linear ssDNA + nicked circular dsDNA), the MmsA protein appears to promote the branch migration of partially exchanged intermediates in a direction opposite of the RecA protein, resulting in a nearly complete inhibition of the overall strand exchange reaction. In the reverse direction (linear ssDNA + nicked circular dsDNA → circular ssDNA + linear dsDNA), however, the MmsA protein appears to facilitate the conversion of partially exchanged intermediates into fully exchanged products, leading to a pronounced stimulation of the overall reaction. These results are discussed in terms of the molecular mechanism of transformational recombination.
Promoting diversity in contemporary black philanthropy: Toward a new conceptual model

The concept of black philanthropy should be expanded to include practices derived from African diasporan cultural traditions that have had both historical and contemporary influences on American philanthropy.
Process window monitoring: an emerging requirement for efficient low-k1 lithography

There are practical challenges associated with manufacturing implementation of optical photolithography at aggressive design rules. As k1 factors decrease, lithographic focus-exposure process windows have collapsed from a comfortable several-micron depth of focus (DOF) at the 1um technology node, to a challenging to 0.3-to-0.4um at the 0.13um node. As a consequence, the monitoring, management, and control of lithography tool process windows are increasingly important to efficient semiconductor manufacturing. A standard method to deduce lithography-tool process window position and size is based on data from a focus-exposure matrix (FEM) wafer. Unfortunately, the data transfer, analysis, and fab-wide reporting of best focus and other important tool parameters can require a large amount of engineering time and effort, effectively making it impossible in a large-scale production-fab environment. In this work, we present results obtained with a new automated CD-SEM system used to monitor the 0.15um and 0.13um tools and processes in TSMC Fab 6 (70k wafer starts per month). To enable daily FEM-based tool monitoring in this high-volume production fab, these systems provide full “hands-off” automation of data analysis and web-based reporting of best focus, best energy, DOF, image tilt and other significant performance parameters and metrics for each cell. Using these systems, we demonstrate detection of fluctuations in single-tool best focus as small as approximately 20nm using an FEM with focus steps of 200nm. This capability is then used to detect and diagnose process window drifts in single exposure tools as well as mismatches in best focus between multiple exposure tools of several hundred nanometers. The monitoring and reduction of these lithography process window variations have allowed us to increase the performance and efficiency of our advanced lithography manufacturing lines.
Sensible and latent heat exchange in low latitude synoptic scale systems

The transfer equations are applied to a set of forty-six days of data collected from an oceanographic research vessel on a station in the low latitude western Atlantic. In this region the lapse rate and shear in the boundary layer of the atmosphere is such that the transfer equations may be applied with a reasonable degree of confidence. In particular, the most accurate results are likely when large transfers occur, the least accurate when small transfers occur. Under these conditions a linear dependence of the eddy exchange coefficient with wind speed and stability were used to compute latent and sensible heat transfer from time averages over one hour of specific humidity, temperature and wind speed at 6 m and at the sea surface. Sea surface temperatures were measured at 10 cm and compared with infrared radiometer measurements. Individual synoptic scale systems that moved over or close to the point of observation were examined. Over limited regions of these disturbances latent and sensible heat transfers were found to increase by an order of magnitude. Integrated over the whole disturbance the energy flux is found to be double the undisturbed values. By using both streamline analysis and a rainfall amount and occurrence technique, the frequency and size of synoptic systems are determined. This makes possible the construction of summer, winter and annual maps of latent and sensible heat transfer for the tropical Atlantic. Significant differences are found when they are compared with results of earlier workers. The role of synoptic scale disturbances in the atmospheric energy balance is emphasized by these results. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01504.x
Resource curse? governmentality, oil and power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

What might it mean to say that resources, and resource-dependency, have consequences for the conduct of politics? This article explores the research conducted under the sign of resource politics associated with the work of Michael Ross, Paul Collier and others through a detailed examination of the political economy of oil in Nigeria. Much of the resource politics work suffers from either too strong a commodity-determinism or an insufficient attention to the ways in which specific resource characteristics matter analytically with respect to politics, rule and conflict. I approach the oil question in Nigeria by using the work of Michel Foucault and Nikolas Rose and by identifying three different forms of governable space and rule (the chieftainship, the ethnic minority, and the nation state) associated with oil-based capitalism. Governable spaces as forms of rule, identity and territoriality are not necessarily fully governable (they may be almost ungovernable and wracked by internal dissent and conflict) a...
Coagulation and thrombotic risk in thalassemia intermedia

As the life expectancy of β-thalassemia patients has markedly improved over the last few decades, several manifestations are increasingly recognized. The presence of a high incidence of thromboembolic events, mainly in thalassemia intermedia patients, has led to the identification of a hypercoagulable state in thalassemia. In this review, the current clinical experience attributed to the coagulopathy in thalassemia intermedia patients is summarized. Recommendations for thrombosis prophylaxis are also discussed. 近几十年来，随着β地中海贫血患者的平均寿命得到显著提高，几种试验结果得到了进一步证实。 地中海贫血中间患者出现高发血栓栓塞症，得以识别地中海贫血高凝状态。 本文总结了当前地中海贫血中间患者的凝血病临床经验， 也讨论了血栓症预防的推荐方法。
Advances in fabrication of emulsions with enhanced functionality using structural design principles

Abstract Emulsion science and technology has been used for many years to create a diverse range of commercial products, including pharmaceuticals, foods, agrochemicals, lubricants, personal care products, and cosmetics. The majority of these products are conventional emulsions consisting of droplets of one liquid dispersed in another immiscible liquid, e.g., oil-in-water emulsions. Recently, there has been growing interest in extending the functional performance of emulsion-based products using structural design principles. This article reviews recent developments in the creation of structured emulsions, including multiple emulsions, multilayer emulsions, colloidosomes, microclusters, filled hydrogel microspheres, and hybrid systems. The structure, fabrication, properties, and potential applications of each type of structured emulsion are discussed. In addition, recent advances in the fabrication of emulsion droplets with specific properties (size, charge, interfacial properties, and physical state) are also reviewed, since these are the basic building blocks of structured emulsions.
Electrochemical and mechanistic studies of Re(CO)3(dmbpy)CI] and their relation to the catalytic reduction of CO2

Abstract Electrochemical and mechanistic studies of the title compound in acetonitrile have been performed. The complex can undergo a reversible one-electron reduction to the radical anion as well as a further irreversible reduction to the dianion. The former can dimerize to give a presumed metal/metal bonded dimmer and the later undergoes rapid loss of chloride and incorporation of acetonitrile. The dimmer can undergo reversible one-electron oxidation and reduction, as well as additional irreversible oxidation and reduction reactions. The results seems to indicate that the reported catalytic activity of this and related materials for the reduction of carbon dioxide involves a sesqui-coordinated bipyridine intermediate.
Toward a healthy wireless privacy ecosystem

Privacy can be a fraught topic even on traditional desktop systems, and mobility only complicates the issue. Consumers, companies, researchers, and government all want an outcome in which consumers feel safe entrusting their data to mobile technologies, rapid innovation continues, and researchers create the technologies of the future. What does this healthy outcome look like, and how can we get there? What can we do now to make it more likely? How can researchers contribute?
A numerical model of the viscosity of an epoxy prepreg resin system

The development of the viscosity of a thermoset material during processing is complicated because of the dependence of the initial material state and the kinetic rate of conversion from a liquid to a solid material. Uncured thermoset materials typically have a low enough viscosity such that the consumption of energy to generate flow is relatively low. However, as the curing process advances, the flow mechanisms become hindered by the development of a network gel during crosslinking. Once the resin has reached the appropriate degree of cure for gelation, the resin system is incapable of large fluid-like deformations. In this research, the rheological properties of an epoxy resin system used in laminate processing were measured and numerically fit with a modification to the dual Arrhenius model to predict the progression of the viscosity during cure. The numerical results were compared with the experimental measurements, and it was found that the model predicts the experimental observations quite well. It was found that the initial degree of cure of the prepreg is not as significant a factor as the temperature rate dependence on the processing time between the point of flow onset and gelation. However, the minimum viscosity during processing is strongly influenced by the initial degree of cure of the prepreg system.
Gradient anion chromatography with hydroxide and carbonate eluents using simultaneous conductivity and pH detection

High exchange capacity membrane suppressors make gradient anion chromatography practical, with submicromolar detection limits attainable for a number of common anions when a data acquisition system is used to store a blank run and perform background subtraction. With hydroxide eluents, pH measurement yields attractive detection limits. Postsuppressors, based on a porous polypropylene tubular membrane as is, or coated with silicone rubber, permit acceptable performance with the more commonly used carbonate-based eluents. For isocratic elution with hydroxide eluents, direct potentiometric pH detection allows limits of detection only slightly worse than conductometry and is adequate for most purposes.
Emerging chemical sensor technologies for use in on-line applications

Abstract Advances in instrumentation and process control capabilities are being driven by the increased sensitivity of analytical chemistry methods, the commoditization and ruggedization of instruments and associated electronics, and changing consumer concerns and expectations, as well as government regulations. The emergence of biotechnology methods for the detection of contaminants, and the miniaturization and ruggedization of more standard analytical instruments based on mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy will be discussed as related to on-line process monitoring.
Block of current through T-type calcium channels by trivalent metal cations and nickel in neural rat and human cells

1. The effects of the trivalent cations yttrium (Y3+), lanthanum (La3+), cerium (Ce3+), neodymium (Nd3+), gadolinium (Gd3+), holmium (Ho3+), erbium (Er3+), ytterbium (Yb3+) and the divalent cation nickel (Ni2+) on the T-type voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) were characterized by the whole-cell patch clamp technique using rat and human thyroid C cell lines. 2. All the metal cations (M3+) studied, blocked current through T-type VGCC (IT) in a concentration-dependent manner. Smaller trivalents were the best T-channel antagonists and potency varied inversely with ionic radii for the larger M3+ ions. Estimation of half-maximal blocking concentrations (IC50s) for IT carried by 10 mM Ca2+ resulted in the following potency sequence: Ho3+ (IC50 = 0.107 microM) approximately Y3+ (0.117) approximately Yb3+ (0.124) > or = Er3+ (0.153) > Gd3+ (0.267) > Nd3+ (0.429) > Ce3+ (0.728) > La3+ (1.015) >> Ni2+ (5.65). 3. Tail current measurements and conditioning protocols were used to study the influence of membrane voltage on the potency of these antagonists. Block of IT by Ni2+, Y3+, La3+ and the lanthanides was voltage independent in the range from -200 to +80 mV. In addition, the antagonists did not affect macroscopic inactivation and deactivation of T-type VGCC. 4. Increasing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration reduced the potency of IT block by Ho3+, indicative of competitive antagonism between this blocker and the permeant ion for a binding site. 5. The results suggest that the mechanism of metal cation block of T-type VGCC is occlusion of the channel pore by the antagonist binding to a Ca2+/M3+ binding site, located out of the membrane electric field. 6. Block of T-type VGCC by Y3+, lanthanides and La3+ differ from the inhibition of high voltage-activated VGCC block in several respects: smaller cations are more potent IT antagonists; block is voltage independent and the antagonists do not permeate T-type channels. These differences suggest corresponding structural dissimilarities in the permeation pathways of low and high voltage-activated Ca2+ channels.
Mesh analysis via breadth-first traversal

This paper describes a novel tool for analysis of polygonal surface meshes, based on a modified breadth-first traversal of mesh vertices. The value of this technique lies in the fact that it relies only on mesh connectivity, making it invariant to model pose and transformation. It does this by leveraging the close relationship between geometry and connectivity in polygonal meshes. A breadth-first traversal of the mesh is used to construct a simplified graph representation of the mesh, where each vertex in the new graph is associated with some subset of vertices in the original mesh. This graph provides valuable information about the nature of the mesh's shape. This paper discusses the modified breadth-first traversal, the construction of the new graph and some ways in which this graph can be used for shape analysis on the original mesh.
In vitro effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone on total and polysomal ribonucleic acid synthesis in monolayer cultures of sheep thyroid cells.

The effects of TSH on total cell RNA and polysomal RNA from monolayer cultures of sheep thyroid gland cells were investigated. The cells were dispersed from their glandular matrix with collagenase and subsequently cultured at high cell densities. A small transient increase in the incorporation of [3H]uridine into total cellular RNA was observed 1 h after TSH addition to the cultures. TSH addition also resulted in a 1.3- to 2.6-fold increase in the incorporation of either [3H]uridine or [3H]adenosine into the total polysomal RNA prepared from the postnuclear supernatant of detergent-lysed cells. Oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography was used to fractionate polysomal RNA into poly (A)-containing and poly(A)-lacking classes. TSH increased the labeling but not the size distribution of RNA in the poly (A)-lacking class (mostly ribosomal RNA). However, the poly(A)-containing RNA molecules (mRNA) from TSH-treated cells were not only more heavily labeled, but the size distribution of these labeled molecules, as dete...
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Safety Characterization for Infants and Children: Assessment in the USEPA Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program

ABSTRACT A safety characterization specific to children was performed for methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) according to the guidelines of the Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP). The characterization indicates that MEK exposures are not expected to pose an acute or chronic risk to children. Hazard information, summarized as per the VCCEP Tier structure, indicated no need for additional studies. All exposure pathways potentially relevant to children were considered, including child contact with environmental media, food, drinking water, parental transfer to child (human milk or dermal contact), direct consumer product use, and presence during product use. The assessment found that exposures from anthropogenic sources that children may encounter on a daily basis are very low, and in particular well below the chronic inhalation and oral health benchmarks (RfC and RfD) derived by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Indoor uses of consumer products can result in higher acute exposur...
Determination of Rapid Visco Analyser Parameters in Rice by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT The objective of these studies was to find alternative Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) viscoelastic parameters that are predictable by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Currently, RVA instruments are widely used in assessing cooking and processing characteristics in rice. The ability to predict RVA parameters by NIRS would be useful in rapidly determining rice pasting qualities, but NIRS does not correlate with the traditional parameters (peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, consistency, and setback). Alternative RVA parameters were sought by collecting RVA and NIRS data for a total of 86 short, medium, and long grain rice cultivars. The amylose contents were 0.41–24.90% (w/w) and protein concentrations were 8.47–11.35% (w/w). Partial least squares (PLS) regression models generated for the entire NIR spectrum against the RVA curve showed viscosity at 212–228 sec (80°C ± 1) varied linearly with NIR spectra (1,100 to -2,500 nm). Regression coefficient values were R = 0.961 for 212 sec and R = 0....
Development of a high strength high toughness ausferritic steel

Abstract A new ausferritic steel with high strength and exceptionally high fracture toughness has been developed. This steel has been synthesized integrating concepts from Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) technology. The influence of the austempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this steel at room temperature and ambient atmosphere has been examined. The effect of microstructure on the plane strain fracture toughness and on the magnetic, electrical, and thermal properties was also investigated. Compact tension and cylindrical tensile specimens prepared from the low alloy medium carbon steel with high silicon content were initially austenitized at 927 °C for 2 h and then subsequently austempered at several temperatures between 260 °C (500 F) and 400 °C (750 F) to produce different microstructures. The microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical metallography. A combination of exceptionally high yield strength (1336 MPa) and a high fracture of toughness of 116 MPa√m (a value comparable to maraging steel) was obtained in this steel after austempering at 316 °C (600 F) for 2 h. Potential applications of this steel include the inexpensive fabrication of armored plates and components requiring high reliability and durability.
Optimal duration and temperature of prewarming.

BackgroundCore hypothermia developing immediately after induction of anesthesia results largely from an internal core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat. Although difficult to treat, redistribution can be prevented by prewarming. The benefits of prewarming may be limited by sweating, thermal
The Transformation of African Academies of Science: The Evolution of New Institutions.

Over the past few years, a push to reverse the overall paltry state of science academies in the developing world has emerged as a central theme in numerous reports and has garnered the attention of a variety of organizations, including The National Academies in the United States. In particular, the establishment and maintenance of well-organized and functioning national academies of science throughout Africa is becoming an increasingly essential and crucial element of their overall prospects for development. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the particular institutional traits and characteristics related to African science academies—including their small member-ships, lack of finances, little experience with policy advising, and worries about government backlash—and to argue that, because of these factors, these institutions must work to find suitable activities that will allow them to leverage whatever resources they do have to become effective policy advisors for government.
The wide diversity and complexity of peptides bound to class II MHC molecules.

The identification and quantitation of peptides selected by class II MHC molecules during natural processing of proteins is of key importance in understanding the repertoire and distribution of T cells. The examination of peptides selected by class II MHC molecules has depended greatly on mass spectrometry, a powerful technique that identifies and sequences peptides in complex mixtures with great sensitivity and precision. Such analysis has resulted in the identification of several factors, including the repertoire of peptides selected by MHC molecules during natural processing of proteins, motifs important for selection of processed peptides, conformational isomers of peptide–MHC complexes, and post-translational changes to the peptides.
Intravenous corticosteroid therapy for bilateral parsonage-turner syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.

Objective Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS) is a distinct clinical disorder characterized by pain, sensory loss, and impaired mobility of the upper extremities and, less commonly, the lower extremities. Manifestations vary from minor to fairly extensive involvement of the brachial and/or lumbosacral plexus. No evidence-based treatment protocol exists, with only anecdotal support of varied palliative efforts. Case Report We describe a case of PTS in an otherwise healthy 19-year-old man presenting with severe neuropathic pain in the right upper extremity progressing to include weakness and contralateral extremity involvement. Intravenous corticosteroids were initiated with resolution of the pain after the first day of therapy and improvement in muscular strength throughout his hospitalization. Conclusions This case supports the use of intravenous corticosteroids in the literature as a treatment option for PTS to ameliorate intractable pain as well as to impede the progression of motor dysfunction.