cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The MEN 1 syndrome: the actual role of genetic testing on the timing and extent of surgery.

Accepted: 21 January 2001 Published online: 27 February 2002 © Springer-Verlag 2002 MEN 2 is caused by activating mutations affecting at least 13 codons of the RET (rearranged during transfection) protooncogene. A genotype–phenotype correlation of clinical importance exists [4]. In contrast, the MEN 1 syndrome is caused by more than 200 presently known inactivating mutations of the tumor suppressor gene menin, none of which has been associated with a particular phenotype. Using clinical and genetic analyses, MEN 2 can be diagnosed in more than 95% of all cases, whereas a mutation rate of that frequency can only be found in typical MEN 1-families presenting with two or three organ manifestations (primary hyperparathyroidism, pituitary adenoma, or neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas/duodenum). In oneorgan MEN 1 cases, the genetic detection rate is much lower (<30%). Hence, in contrast to MEN 2, no genotype-derived prophylactic surgical strategy is available in MEN 1 at present. Several articles in this issue of Langenbeck’s summarize the present knowledge regarding clinical and genetic diagnostic work-up in cases of suspected MEN 1 syndrome and give answers concerning the main surgical questions facing the endocrine surgeon: (1) Is the diagnosed organ lesion part of MEN 1-syndrome, and, if proven or highly suspected, (2) how radical should the surgery be? 1. Is the diagnosed organ lesion of the individual patient part of the MEN 1-syndrome? The reason for having to answer this question before surgical intervention comes from retrospective clinical and morphological studies that mostly showed a multifocal and earlier organ involvement compared to sporadic cases, [1,2], which is in accordance with other hereditary tumor syndromes. The clinical disease penetrance, i.e., the likeliness of gene carriers to develop clinical manifestations of the MEN 1 syndrome, is very high – approaching 90% at the age of 50 years. On the other hand, only 12% of MEN 1 patients exhibit two or more organ lesions at the time of first diagnosis. Only 10–40% of the cases with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and less than 1% of cases with primary hyperparathyroidism are attributable to MEN 1. To distinguish MEN 1 from sporadic disease, clinical and genetic diagnostic procedures have to be developed to enable timely surgery that fits the underlying disease pathogenesis. The article by Karges et al. in this issue outlines practical guidelines regarding the indications for MEN 1 genetic testing in patients with suspected MEN 1 syndrome and clinical follow-up strategies in asymptomatic MEN 1 mutation carriers that have been developed recently within the German MEN 1 – Study Group [3]. Because of the fact that organ maniLangenbeck’s Arch Surg (2002) 386:545–546 DOI 10.1007/s00423-002-0280-3 E D I T O R I A L
Acoustic emissions and shear instabilities during phase transformations in Si and Ge at ultrahigh pressures

ACOUSTIC emissions are commonly observed at low pressures as they are characteristic of brittle deformation1,2. Most solids are ductile above a few gigapascals (GPa), and acoustic emissions have not been recorded from solids above 5 GPa. Here we describe acoustic emissions and shear instabilities that are associated with theβ-Sn → simple-hexagonal phase transformation in Si and Ge to pressures as high as 70 GPa, well above the brittle–ductile transitions of both elements. We propose that the events are driven by rapid atomic motions across displacive phase transformations, and not by fracturing or cracking of the samples. These phenomena may be relevant to the processes that generate deep-focus seismicity in the Earth's mantle.
Apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous NaCl solutions from 0.05 to 3.0 mol·kg−1, 350 to 600 K, and 2 to 18 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar heat capacities have been measured for aqueous NaCl solutions from 0.05 to 3.0 mol·kg−1, 350 to 600 K, and 2 to 18 MPa. A method of representing multi-dimensional surfaces is proposed which does not appreciably bias the results due to the choice of a model (the only bias is the constraint requiring continuity of first and second derivatives over the surface). This method of representation has been applied to these apparent molar heat capacities, and the resulting surface has been used to compare the present results with other literature data. In most cases there is good agreement with the literature data. The effects of using different formulations of the dielectric properties of water for calculation of Debye-Huckel limiting-law slopes are also considered.
What is the incidence of isolated paraaortic nodal recurrence in grade 1 endometrial carcinoma

Abstract Objectives To describe the incidence of isolated paraaortic nodal recurrences in patients with a final diagnosis of grade 1 endometrial carcinoma initially treated with surgery. Methods Records from a prospectively maintained endometrial carcinoma database were reviewed to identify sites of recurrence. Patients with any papillary serous or clear cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, squamous carcinoma, or adenosarcoma were excluded. Recurrence sites were classified into 4 main categories: 1) pelvic (including vaginal and other soft tissue pelvic sites); 2) abdominal (including peritoneum, omentum and liver); 3) distant (including lung, brain, supraclavicular, and groins); and 4) isolated paraaortic nodal recurrence (including any nodal recurrence between the midcommon iliac to renal vessels). Results Between 1/93 and 5/06, 1453 patients with endometrial carcinoma met the study inclusion criteria. Final grade distribution included: grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma, 310 (21%); grade 2, 578 (40%); grade 3, 481 (33%); and incomplete, 84 (5.8%). In all, 154 patients (11%) had documented recurrences. Recurrence sites for all patients/all grades included: pelvis, 52 (34%); abdomen, 51 (33%); distant, 41 (27%), and isolated paraaortic, 10 (6%). None of the isolated paraaortic recurrences occurred in patients with a final diagnosis of grade 1 carcinoma. Furthermore, 9/10 (90%) isolated paraaortic nodal recurrences were in grade 3 tumors. Only 8 (2.6%) of 310 patients with grade 1 tumors recurred. Sites of recurrence for grade 1 tumors included: abdomen, 3; pelvis, 3; and distant, 2. Conclusions This large series of endometrial carcinoma patients initially treated with surgery confirms that isolated paraaortic nodal recurrence in women with a final diagnosis of grade 1 endometrial carcinoma is extremely rare. These rare isolated paraaortic nodal recurrences appear to be limited to high-grade endometrial carcinomas.
An example concerning unions of two starshaped sets in the plane

LetS be a closed, simply connected subset of the plane,J a line segment (or a one-pointed set),J⊂S. If for every three points ofS there is a point ofJ seeing at least two of these points viaS, thenS is a union of two starshaped sets. IfJ⊈S or ifS is not simply connected, the result fails.
Isomers of gallium arsenide cluster ions

Gallium arsenide cluster ions were generated by laser vaporization in a supersonic nozzle, trapped in a Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, and allowed to react with NH_3 forming addition complexes with the cluster cations. With excess NH_3, Ga_xAs_y(NH_3)^+_z with the same GaAs composition (x+y) was observed with several values of z. This observation of different numbers of chemisorbed NH_3 molecules at completion is explained in terms of the existence of multiple isomers of positive GaAs clusters. Negative Ga_xAs^−_y clusters were found to be inert toward NH_3.
A systematic review of instruments that measure attitudes toward homosexual men.

Scientific interest in the measurement of homophobia and internalized homophobia has grown over the past 30 years, and new instruments and terms have emerged. To help researchers with the challengi...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known or probable human carcinogens. We evaluated the relationship between PAH exposure and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using concentrations in residential dust as an exposure indicator. We conducted a population-based case-control study (251 ALL cases, 306 birth-certificate controls) in Northern and Central California from 2001 to 2007. We collected residential dust using a high volume small surface sampler (HVS3) (n=185 cases, 212 controls) or by sampling from participants' household vacuum cleaners (n=66 cases, 94 controls). We evaluated log-transformed concentrations of 9 individual PAHs, the summed PAHs, and the summed PAHs weighted by their carcinogenic potency (the toxic equivalence). We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression adjusting for demographic characteristics and duration between diagnosis/reference date and dust collection. Among participants with HVS3 dust, risk of ALL was not associated with increasing concentration of any PAHs based on OR perln(ng/g). Among participants with vacuum dust, we observed positive associations between ALL risk and increasing concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (OR perln[ng/g]=1.42, 95% CI=0.95, 2.12), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.11, 3.55), benzo[k]fluoranthene (OR=1.71, 95% CI=0.91, 3.22), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.04, 3.16), and the toxic equivalence (OR=2.35, 95% CI=1.18, 4.69). The increased ALL risk among participants with vacuum dust suggests that PAH exposure may increase the risk of childhood ALL; however, reasons for the different results based on HVS3 dust samples deserve further study.
A mass proportion method for calculating melting reactions and application to melting of model upper mantle lherzolite

We present a method for calculating quantitative melting reactions in systems with multiple solid solutions that accounts for changes in the mass proportions of phases between two points at different temperatures along a melting curve. This method can be applied to any data set that defines the phase proportions along a melting curve. The method yields the net change in mass proportion of all phases for the chosen melting interval, and gives an average reaction for the melting path. Instantaneous melting reactions can be approximated closely by choosing sufficiently small melting intervals. As an application of the method, reactions for melting of model upper mantle peridotite are calculated using data from the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-Na2O (CMASN) over the pressure interval 0.7 – 3.5 GPa. Throughout almost this entire pressure range, melting of model lherzolite involves the crystallization of one or more solid phases, and is analogous to melting at a peritectic invariant point. In addition, we show that melting reactions for small melting intervals ( 10%), reaction stoichiometries calculated in CMASN are usually in good agreement with those available for melting of natural peridotite. The coefficients of melting reactions calculated from this method can be used in equations that describe the behavior of trace elements during melting. We compare results from near-fractional melting models using (1) melting reactions and rock modes from CMASN, and (2) constant reactions representative of those used in the literature. In modeling trace element abundances in melt, significant differences arise for some elements at low degrees of melting (< 10%). In modeling element abundances in the residue, differences increase with increase in degree of melting. Reactions calculated along the model lherzolite solidus in CMASN are the only ones available at present for small degrees of melting so we recommend them for accurate trace element modeling of natural lherzolite.
Pillow burning rates

Burning rates have been determined for four common pillow types and one of newer design, intended to be especially fire resistive. One replicate test was run and showed satisfactory reproducibility. The order of performance, best to worst, was: fiberfill (protected with fiberglass cover); feathers; fiberfill (ordinary construction); polyurethane foam; latex foam.
A tale of two wars: sex and death in Ninth Company and Cargo 200

AbstractThe films Ninth Company and Cargo 200, set in the final years of the Soviet Union, are groundbreaking precisely because of the visual explicitness of sexual scenes—each. flouting taboo and thus controversial in its own way. While some have criticized such explicitness as excessive and others dismissed it as gratuitous, the argument can be made that within each film the graphic scene is essential, especially as it plays on audience expectations. Moreover, visualized sexuality in each is not a coincidental occurrence but connects the films in an intertextual relationship and broader meta-narrative. It draws from and informs the legacy of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, in particular how the war's figuration has been shaped by glasnost/early post-Soviet representations. Central to this meta-narrative is rape, as a symbolic conceit of the anti-epic and its themes of violation and betrayal. In this regard, the contours of the war's contested legacy, as reflected in Ninth Company and Cargo 200, can be li...
Selecting sourcing partners for a make-to-order supply chain

Abstract Make-to-order manufacturers face an idiosyncratic and complex situation in the sourcing selection process. Although they can source from several key suppliers, each order requires custom key parts that cannot be stocked. Our research provides a decision model to facilitate the sourcing process for these manufacturers using information about their sourcing partners’ cost and processing time. The manufacturer can calculate the total cost and on-time probability for all possible combinations of certified suppliers and key part allotments to obtain a sourcing portfolio with several sourcing alternatives for a desired service level. The portfolio allows the manufacturer to make trade-offs between cost and reliability to finish the job on time. Additionally, the portfolio can be obtained for a given due date or for reduced due dates in a competitive bid situation. The portfolio approach allows the manufacturer to maintain control over the sourcing selection process by partnering with sourcing members to keep costs low without losing the needed flexibility to meet customer demands.
Promises and Challenges for the Use of Adapted Primary Literature in Science Curricula: Commentary

The papers in this collection provide compelling arguments that the use of Adapted Primary Literature (APL) in science education holds great promise for enriching inquiry science instruction at the secondary level. The integration of this genre of written text into science curricula illustrates the ways in which reasoning in reading and reasoning in science are tightly connected. I discuss three major themes that arise from a reading of the papers in this set: (1) the concept of authenticity as an adherence to scientific reasoning and practice within science education, and the ways in which APL is a welcome complication to simpler notions of “authentic” experiences for learners, (2) issues around the use of tools such as APL in science curriculum design and implementation, including the need to consider discipline-specific science reading strategies and ways to support teachers in their use of APL, and (3) the possible implications for extending the concept of APL into younger (primary age) and older (college age) classrooms than those examined in these papers.
PULSAR PERIODS AND RAPID CHANGES IN THE TERRESTRIAL ROTATION RATE.

Random variations of terrestrial rotation rate effects on pulsar observations, discussing methods to minimize effects
Efficacy of phosphonic acid, metalaxyl-M and copper hydroxide against Phytophthora ramorum in vitro and in planta

The ability of metalaxyl-M, phosphonic acid in the form of phosphonate, and copper hydroxide to inhibit different stages in the life cycle of Phytophthora ramorum , the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD), was tested in vitro using 12 isolates from the North American forest lineage. In addition, experiments were conducted in planta to study the ability of phosphonic acid injections and metalaxyl-M drenches to control pathogen growth on saplings of California coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia ), and of copper hydroxide foliar sprays to control infection of California bay laurel ( Umbellularia californica ) leaves. Phytophthora ramorum was only moderately sensitive to phosphonic acid in vitro , but was highly sensitive to copper hydroxide. In planta experiments indicated the broad efficacy of phosphonic acid injections and of copper hydroxide sprays in preventing growth of P. ramorum in oaks and bay laurels, respectively. Finally, although metalaxyl-M was effective in vitro , drenches of potted oak trees using this active ingredient were largely ineffective in reducing the growth rate of the pathogen in planta .
59Fe Autoradiography of Bone-Marrow Culture from Normal Subjects and Patients with Uraemia and Pernicious Anaemia*

The kinetics of iron metabolism have been extensively investigated by radioisotopic techniques. In 1961 Pollycove and Mortimer may perhaps have carried the mathematical interpretation of the plasma iron turnover and the red cell incorporation of iron to theoretical limits. However, ferrokinetic studies have been limited by incomplete knowledge of the ‘middle compartment’ of iron metabolism, the bone marrow. Autoradiography with 59Fe offers a direct cytological approach for study of the incorporation of iron into individual normoblasts. Austoni (1956) and Lajtha and Suit (1955) made exploratory observations with this technique in vitro and, recently, Alpen and Cranmore (1959) evaluated erythropoiesis in dogs with 59Fe autoradiography. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate 59Fe autoradiography in suspensions of human bone marrow and to compare the rate of 59Fe incorporation into normoblasts of normal subjects and patients with pernicious anaemia and the anaemia of chronic renal failure.
Biphasic Gabaergic Regulation of GnRH Secretion in GT1 Cell Lines

The mouse GT1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal cell lines exhibit highly differentiated properties of GnRH neurons. This report investigates the direct effect of γ-aminobutyri
A Hirshfeld-I interpretation of the charge distribution, dipole and quadrupole moments of the halogenated acetylenes FCCH, ClCCH, BrCCH, and ICCH

We report the dipole and quadrupole moments of the halogenated acetylenes calculated using large basis sets and the SCF, DFT(B3LYP), and CCSD methods, and we analyze the charge density using the Hirshfeld and Hirshfeld-I techniques. The atomic charges, dipoles, and quadrupoles resulting from the Hirshfeld-I analysis are used to interpret the unusually small molecular dipole moments in the sequence as well as the molecular quadrupole moments. The very small dipoles obtain for two reasons. First, the dipole moment associated with the σ and π electron densities is comparable in magnitude and opposite in direction. Second, the charge and induced dipole contributions for ClCCH, BrCCH, and ICCH have opposite signs further reducing the molecular dipoles. The molecular quadrupole moments are the sum of a charge, atomic dipole, and in situ quadrupole terms, and are dominated by the atomic dipoles and in situ quadrupoles with the charge contributions playing an unexpectedly minor role.
Assessment of Alcohol Use Patterns Among Spanish-Speaking Patients

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to assess drinking patterns of Spanish-speaking patients using a bilingual computerized alcohol screening and brief intervention (CASI) tablet computer equipped with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary university hospital emergency department (ED) between 2006 and 2010. Data from 1816 Spanish-speaking ED patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test for independence, and the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test for comparisons using quantitative variables. Results: Overall, 15% of Spanish-speaking patients were at-risk drinkers, and 5% had an AUDIT score consistent with alcohol dependency (≥20). A higher percentage of Spanish-speaking males than females were at-risk drinkers or likely dependent. Spanish-speaking males exhibited higher frequency of drinking days per week and higher number of drinks per day compared with females. Among older patients, nondri...
Enhanced protection against false data injection by dynamically changing information structure of microgrids

For a power grid, false data injection attacks attempt to exploit the configuration and information structure of the power system, introduce erroneous but conforming values into certain state variables, and evade the existing detection techniques based on residual testing, leading to severe security threat to the overall system. Accordingly, an enhanced method of evading false data injection in power grids is proposed. Since the power system can typically be partitioned into a group of microgrids the proposed approach shows that the microgrids (i.e., their boundaries and information sharing structures) are dynamically reconfigured, which makes it impossible to organize a synchronized data injection that exploits a fixed configuration and coordinately attacks certain meters in the configuration. Examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
A beta-alumina fabrication scheme with some special features

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the major factors involved in the fabrication of homogeneous beta-alumina ware of high density and good microstructure. A fabrication scheme involving forming by electrophoretic deposition and sintering by a fast firing method facilitates control of such factors. The generally deleterious role of water in fabrication, the importance of deagglomerating powder particles, the need to heat quickly to the sintering temperature, and furnace atmosphere control during sintering are the factors emphasized.
Regulation Of Enzymes That Synthesize Neurotransmitter Monoamines

Abstract The synthesis of neurotransmitter amines (catecholamines and serotonin) appears to be closely coupled with the activity of neurons. Regulation of the synthesis of these monoamines occurs primarily at the first enzymatic step in their synthesis, i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase. Acute alterations in the activity of monoamine neurons lead to changes in the activity of these enzymes without a change in enzyme amount. Mechanisms for these acute changes in enzyme activity are not fully understood but may include alteration of the affinity of the enzymes toward substrates and inhibitors or changes in the intraneuronal concentrations of amino acid substrates. Chronic changes in neuronal activity are associated with changes in the amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase and perhaps also tryptophan hydroxylase. Apparently the degree of stimulation of synaptic receptors regulates the activity and amounts of initial enzymes in the synthesis of serotonin and catecholamines within neurons.
Total laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma: recognizing disease patterns to aid detection of tumor recurrence☆

Abstract Objective Posttreatment head and neck scans are among the most difficult to read due to the potentially complex surgical resection and reconstruction performed and additional radiation therapy changes. We aimed to determine the most common patterns and the timing of tumor recurrence following total laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa). Methods and materials Retrospective review of imaging studies from January 2005 to May 2013 of patients with recurrent disease following prior total laryngectomy for locally advanced or locally recurrent SCCa. Patients were only included if recurrence was pathologically proven. Results Twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria in the study period. The median time to recurrence following laryngectomy was 13.3 months (range, 1–138 months). Recurrences were most common locoregional to the resection site. The most common site of recurrence as a distant metastasis was the lung. In addition, many patients demonstrated recurrent disease at multiple sites. Four patients demonstrated a second recurrence after salvage therapy of the first, 75% of whom had lung metastases. Subgroup analyses revealed a more rapid average time to nodal recurrence (median: 9.4 months, standard deviation: 5.2) than local recurrence (median: 12.0 months, standard deviation: 37.3). Lung metastases had the longest time to recurrence (median: 20.0 months, standard deviation: 20.5). Conclusion Trends of location-specific temporal recurrence for SCCa following total laryngectomy may help the interpreting radiologist to more carefully evaluate particular sites based on the postsurgical time frame. Specifically, in the first 12 months lymph nodes and the surgical anastomoses should be carefully evaluated for new masses. Pulmonary metastases were found with a median onset of 20 months.
Molecular thermometers for potential applications in thermal ablation procedures

Thermal ablation is a promising minimally invasive method for treating tumors without surgical intervention. Thermal ablation uses thermal sources such as lasers, radiowaves or focused ultrasound to increase the temperature of the tumor to levels lethal to cancer cells. This treatment based on heat therapy may be problematic as the temperature of the operation site is unknown. To address this problem, we developed optical molecular thermometers that can potentially measure the temperature on a molecular scale and be compatible with in vivo measurements. The thermometers are centered on a combination of two fluorophores emitting in two distinct spectral ranges and having different temperature-dependent emission properties. In this design, a fluorophore with relatively insensitive temperature-dependent fluorescence serves as a reference while another sensitive fluorophore serves as a sensor. We have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach using a coumarin-rhodamine conjugate. The sensitivity of the construct to the clinically relevant ablation temperatures (20-85 °C) was demonstrated in vitro.
Respiratory function after selective respiratory motor neuron death from intrapleural CTB-saporin injections.

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes progressive motor neuron degeneration, paralysis and death by ventilatory failure. In rodent ALS models: 1) breathing capacity is preserved until late in disease progression despite major respiratory motor neuron death, suggesting unknown forms of compensatory respiratory plasticity; and 2) spinal microglia become activated in association with motor neuron cell death. Here, we report a novel experimental model to study the impact of respiratory motor neuron death on compensatory responses without many complications attendant to spontaneous motor neuron disease. In specific, we used intrapleural injections of cholera toxin B fragment conjugated to saporin (CTB –SAP) to selectively kill motor neurons with access to the pleural space. Motor neuron survival, CD11b labeling (microglia), ventilatory capacity and phrenic motor output were assessed in rats 3–28 days after intrapleural injections of: 1) CTB–SAP (25 and 50 μg), or 2) unconjugated CTB and SAP (i.e. control; (CTB + SAP). CTB–SAP elicited dose-dependent phrenic and intercostal motor neuron death; 7 days post-25 μg CTB–SAP, motor neuron survival approximated that in end-stage ALS rats (phrenic: 36 ± 7%; intercostal: 56 ± 10% of controls; n = 9; p
Using a Movie to Study the COSO Internal Control Framework: An Instructional Case

Following enactment of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 (U.S. House of Representatives 2002), public accounting firms and publicly traded companies are much more focused on internal controls. Accordingly, many accounting graduates will be asked to evaluate, document, and perhaps test the adequacy of an organization's internal control structure. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations' (COSO 1992) Internal Control—Integrated Framework is the most widely used tool for this purpose. This instructional case, based on the movie, Rogue Trader, gives students the opportunity to see the consequences of lax corporate governance and weak internal controls at the Barings Bank. Students view the movie and then use the COSO framework to critically analyze the collapse of a well‐established financial institution.
Phase Retrieval with Broadband Light

Image-based wavefront sensing by phase retrieval can be performed with broadband light, using a few different approaches. One may also estimate the spectrum of the light while retrieving the phase.
Ocular dominance, eye alignment and visual acuity in kittens reared with an optically induced squint

A horizontal concomitant strabismus produced optically in kittens with prisms caused a decrease in the proportion of binocularly excitable striate neurons with approximately equal percentages of neurons being driven by each eye. In addition, preventing fusion with prisms resulted in alterations in interocular alignment and in some cases a mild strabismic amblyopia. The changes in ocular dominance were dependent on the amount and direction of the prism induced deviation; however, regardless of the type of prisms worn, the kittens which demonstrated interocular misalignments were esotropic.
The pH of jimpy glia is increased: intracellular measurements using fluorescent laser cytometry.

Abstract The jimpy mutation lies in the gene which codes for myelin proteolipid protein, and the brains and spinal cords of jimpy mice contain little myelin and no measurable proteolipid protein. It has been thought that the mutation affected only the myelin forming oligodendroglial cells, but there is now considerable evidence that astroglia are also a target of the mutation since jimpy astrocytes exhibit a prominent gliosis along with defects in metabolism and proliferation. Because cell proliferation is associated with an increase in intracellular pH, we investigated whether the pH of jimpy glia was abnormal. Using a pH sensitive fluorescent dye and a laser cytometry system we measured the intracellualr pH of individual cells in cultures derived from both jimpy and normal brains. The relative pH of flat astrocytes in jimpy cultures was higher than in normal cultures by an average of 0.24 pH units, and these increased values were evident 2–3 days after plating. At this in vitro age the cultures contain only a few oligodendrocytes, none of which express detectable proteolipid protein. The pH of the process-bearing cell population, which contains the oligodendrocytes as well as some astrocytes and presumptive glial precursors, was also increased but not until 7 days in culture. The finding that a mutation in the myelin proteolipid protein gene can alter the normal pH of astrocytes is quite unexpected since, as far as is known, astrocytes do not make proteolipid protein. These results and others discussed in this paper support the hypothesis that either proteolipid protein itself, or some other product of the gene, may have an important role in central nervous system development.
Surface atomic and electronic structure of ZnO polymorphs.

The surface atomic and electronic structures of the zinc-blende-, wurtzite-, and rocksalt-structure polymorphs of ZnO are investigated within a unified tight-binding (TB) model. For the fourfold-coordinated wurtzite and zinc-blende structures, large relaxations ({similar to}0.54 A) of the surface atoms are observed as a consequence of their ability to undergo approximately bond-length-conserving motions. For the sixfold-coordinated rocksalt structure, these motions are prohibited by the close-packed surface topology. Thus, only small movements of the cation and anion are expected in the direction normal to the surface. Within the resolution of this TB model ({similar to}0.01 A), we observe no surface relaxation of the rocksalt structure.
When Is a Proton Not a Proton

In spite of the large number of protonated complexes, their use in catalytic cycles has been little explored. The existing examples suggest that catalytic processes initiated by the protonation of a low-valent metal hold promise for the development of selective, efficient, and atom-economical addition reactions under very mild conditions, if the protonation occurs with weak acids. The acidity required depends upon the basicity of the metal, and the latter can be increased by the use of more electron-rich ligands (see figure).
A Joint Strategic Plan for Management of Great Lakes fisheries: A cooperative regime in a multi-jurisdictional setting

Two nations, eight states, the province of Ontario, two U.S. intertribal authorities, and the binational Great Lakes Fishery Commission all play a role in managing the Great Lakes fishery. No overarching institution has the authority to compel cross-border cooperation. Rather, the fishery agencies adhere to A Joint Strategic Plan for Management of Great Lakes Fisheries, a voluntary, multi-jurisdictional agreement signed in 1981. This article provides a brief overview of the roles and responsibilities of the management jurisdictions and describes how the Joint Strategic Plan helps agencies cooperate across jurisdictional boundaries. The plan relies on four strategies—consensus, accountability, information sharing, and ecosystem management—to foster cooperation, and to operationalize collective action on both lake and technical committees. The plan is a model for multi-jurisdictional cooperation in a politically fragmented region.
A practical approach to in vivo high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging of rhesus monkeys on a 3-T human scanner

The nonhuman primate brain study provides important supplemental means for human brain exploration since the two species share close anatomical and functional similarities. MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in human brain has revealed exquisite details of brain structures especially in the brain white matter. However, most previous monkey brain DTI results lack the spatial resolution in comparison to the conventional tracing and postmortem imaging methods, especially when it is acquired in commonly available human MRI scanners of field strength of 3 T or lower. To meet the increasing demands for nonhuman primate DTI studies, we proposed an in vivo high-resolution monkey DTI acquisition protocol that is practically feasible and combined it with an improved postprocessing procedure for a 3-T human scanner. The acquisition protocol, susceptibility distortion correction method with phase reversal acquisition, and postprocessing steps were proved to be effective in our study of rhesus monkeys. Results from diffusion tensor estimations and fiber tractography at 1 x 1 x 1 mm(3) resolution were found to be comparable to previous ex vivo DTI studies with much longer acquisition times. Effects of image resolution were evaluated and it was confirmed that the partial volume effect due to the larger voxel size in low-resolution data biased the diffusion tensor estimation and produced erroneous fiber tractography. Our results suggest that in vivo high-resolution monkey brain DTI can be achieved within practical time, which allows accurate diffusion tensor estimation and fiber tractography in monkey brains, so that the complex anatomical structures within many small but important anatomic structures can be delineated.
Ceramide inhibition of NF-κB activation involves reverse translocation of classical protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes: requirement for kinase activity and carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation of PKC for the ceramide response

Protein kinase C (PKC) is known to activate NF-kappaB whereas the lipid mediator ceramide was recently shown to inhibit activation of this transcription factor (1, 2). In this study, the mechanisms by which ceramide interferes with this pathway were examined in Jurkat leukemia and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Both exogenous and endogenous ceramide inhibited selectively PKC-mediated activation of NF-kappaB by reverting PKC translocation to the membrane. Next, confocal and immunofluorescence studies were performed to evaluate the direct effects of ceramide on PKC. These studies showed that ceramide inhibited translocation of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PKCbeta2 fusion protein in response to PMA. A mutant PKC in which autophosphorylation sites were mutated to alanine (PKC-DA) was resistant to ceramide. A kinase-inactive mutant (PKC-KR) was also resistant to ceramide action, and the results were supported using kinase inhibitors of the enzyme. Finally, overexpression of PKC-DA prevented, at least partly, the ability of ceramide to inhibit activation of NF-kappaB. Taken together, these studies show that ceramide has acute effects on translocation of PKC by inducing reverse translocation, and this reversal requires both the kinase activity of PKC and phosphorylation of the autophosphorylation sites.
Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease

Dialysis patients have increased cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and vascular calcification, and the latter appears to impact the former. Recent evidence indicates that vascular calcification is an active, cell-mediated process. Osteoblast differentiation factor Cbfa1 and several bone-associated proteins (osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen) are present in histologic sections of arteries obtained from patients with end-stage renal disease (chronic kidney disease stage V [CKD-V]). This supports the theory that vascular smooth muscle cells can dedifferentiate or transform to osteoblast-like cells, possibly by up-regulation of Cbfa1. In in vitro experiments, addition of pooled serum from dialysis patients (versus normal healthy controls) accelerated mineralization and increased expression of Cbfa1, osteopontin, and alkaline phosphatase in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Clinically, the pathogenesis of vascular calcification is not completely understood, although increased levels of phosphorus and/or other potential uremic toxins may play an important role by transforming vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. Presumably, once this process begins, increased serum calcium X phosphorus product, or calcium load from binders, accelerates this process. In addition, it is likely that circulating inhibitors of calcification are also important. Further understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular calcification is needed to intervene appropriately.
Corrections and Clarifications to "Argument Conditions for Hurwitz and Schur Polynomials from Network Theory"

Some typographical corrections and clarifying remarks are reported on a recent paper. I. MAIN RESULT Recently, established concepts from network realizability theory have been shown to provide very simple proofs of the monotonicity conditions for certain functions that are derived from the phase func- tion of a Hurwitz polynomial and the Schur polynomial counterparts. 1 Because of the increasing interest of such results and their relevance in recent investigations on convex directions and the growth condition on the derivative of the phase function of Hurwitz polynomials (1), the typographical errors in the above-mentioned paper are corrected below. The contents within quotation marks refer to statements or references in the above-mentioned paper. Equation (4) should be replaced by (2, p. 42)
Sumoylation of the P Protein at K254 Plays an Important Role in Growth of Parainfluenza Virus 5

The P protein of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is an essential cofactor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Phosphorylation of the P protein can positively or negatively regulate viral gene expression, depending on the precise phosphorylation sites. Sumoylation, a process of adding small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to proteins posttranslationally, plays an important role in regulating protein function. In this study, we have found that the P protein of PIV5 was sumoylated with SUMO1 in both transfected and infected cells. The K254 residue of the P protein is within a consensus sumoylation motif. Mutation of the P protein at K254 to arginine (P-K254R) reduced PIV5 minigenome activity, as well as the sumoylation level of the P protein. Incorporation of K254R into a recombinant PIV5 (rPIV5-P-K254R) resulted in a virus that grew to a lower titer and had lower levels of viral RNA synthesis and protein expression than wild-type PIV5, suggesting that sumoylation of the P protein at K254 is important for PIV5 growth. Biochemical studies did not reveal any defect of P-K254R in its interactions with viral proteins NP and L or formation of homotetramers. We propose that sumoylation of the P protein at K254 regulates PIV5 gene expression through a host protein.
Cell-free hemoglobin preserves renal function during normothermic ischemia.

Abstract Introduction. The purpose of this study is to determine whether an infusion of polymerized hemoglobin solution is capable of suppressing the tubular damage and loss of renal function normally seen during a clinically relevant period of warm ischemia. Methods. Male rats (350–450 g) were randomized to treatment with control (5% human serum albumin, HSA, n = 6) or test solution (9% polymerized hemoglobin, PHB, n = 6). Following a right nephrectomy, the left renal artery was perfused with 4 ml of HSA or PHB at 37°C. The left renal artery was temporarily occluded for 50 min. At 72 h, creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and percentage hemoglobin (Hb) were measured and the kidney was removed. Stained kidney sections were graded for ischemic injury (0–4, 0 = normal and 4 = necrosis of the proximal tubule). All results were expressed as means ± SEM and statistical analysis was performed by t test. Results. Treatment with PHB resulted in lower Cr (1.2 ± 0.23 mg/dl vs 3.26 ± 0.60 mg/dl, P P P P Conclusions. During normothermic renal ischemia, renal artery infusion of PHB resulted in preservation of renal function and histologic architecture. PHB solutions may be useful in preserving organ function during prolonged periods of in vivo ischemia.
Meaning of illness for women with coronary heart disease.

Abstract Objective: The goal of this study was to describe the meaning of an acute cardiac event and cardiac illness for women with coronary heart disease. Design: A longitudinal, descriptive design was used. Setting: The study was undertaken at a tertiary care hospital in the Pacific Northwest. Patients: The study considered a purposive sample of 6 women ranging in age from 47 to 67 years, who were hospitalized for coronary heart disease (3 for coronary bypass surgery and 3 for coronary angioplasty). Methods: We completed a series of 2 focused semistructured interviews, 1 while women were hospitalized for coronary heart disease and the second 3 months later. The qualitative method of grounded theory guided the collection and analysis of data. Results: The meaning of illness for women with coronary heart disease evolved over time in a process we termed seeking understanding . After the onset of symptoms, women described 3 responses: denial, acknowledging, and being scared. These did not occur in sequence, but as iterative processes. They described 4 additional themes after obtaining medical attention: naming, seriousness of illness, comparing self with others, and causality. Conclusions: A substantive theory of seeking understanding was described in this study and contributes to our understanding of meaning and behavior of women with coronary heart disease. Future research with use of similar methods may lead to an understanding of women’s decision-making process regarding their illness. (Heart Lung ® 2000;29:105-12.)
Prediction of the speciation of alkaline earths adsorbed on mineral surfaces in salt solutions

Abstract Despite the fact that the bulk compositions of most low temperature natural surface waters, groundwaters, and porewaters are heavily influenced by alkaline earths, an understanding of the development of proton surface charge in the presence of alkaline earth adsorption on the surfaces of minerals is lacking. In particular, models of speciation at the mineral–water interface in systems involving alkaline earths need to be established for a range of different minerals. In the present study, X-ray standing wave results for Sr2+ adsorption on rutile as a tetranuclear complex [Fenter, P., Cheng, L., Rihs, S., Machesky, M., Bedyzk, M.D., Sturchio, N.C., 2000. Electrical double-layer structure at the rutile–water interface as observed in situ with small-period X-ray standing waves. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 225, 154–165] are used as constraints for all the alkaline earths in surface complexation simulations of proton surface charge, metal adsorption, and electrokinetic experiments referring to wide ranges of pH, ionic strength, surface coverage, and type of oxide. The tetranuclear reaction 4 > SOH + M 2 + + H 2 O = ( > SOH ) 2 ( > SO - ) 2 _ M ( OH ) + + 3 H + predominates for the large cations Sr2+ and Ba2+ (and presumably Ra2+), consistent with X-ray results. In contrast, the mononuclear reaction > SOH + M 2 + + H 2 O = > SO - _ M ( OH ) + + 2 H + predominates for the much smaller Mg2+ (and presumably Be2+), with minor amounts of the tetranuclear reaction. Both reaction types appear to be important for the intermediate size Ca2+. For all the alkaline earths on all oxides, the proportions of the different reaction types vary systematically as a function of pH, ionic strength, and surface coverage. The application of Born solvation and crystal–chemical theory enables estimation of the equilibrium constants of adsorption of all the alkaline earths on all oxides. On high dielectric constant solids (rutile, magnetite, manganese dioxide), where the solvation contribution is negligable, ion adsorption correlates with crystal radius: the equilibrium constants increase in the sequence Be2+
On referring to oneself

: According to John McDowell, in its central uses, ‘I’ is immune to error through misidentification and thus to be accounted strongly identification-free (I–II). Neither doctrine is obviously well founded (III); indeed, given that deixis is a proper part of ‘I’ (IV–VIII), it appears that uses of ‘I’ are identification-dependent (IX–X)
Biological Diversity and Public Health

In the wake of a species extinction event unprecedented in human history, how the variety, distribution, and abundance of life on earth may influence health has gained credence as a worthy subject for research and study at schools of public health and for consideration among policy makers. This article reviews a few of the principal ways in which health depends on biodiversity, including the discovery of new medicines, biomedical research, the provision of food, and the distribution and spread of infections. It also examines how changes in biological diversity underlie much of the global burden of disease and how a more thorough understanding of life on earth and its relationships has the potential to greatly alleviate and prevent human suffering.