cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conductor: A controller development framework for high degree of freedom systems

This paper details a new robotics programming framework called Conductor. The framework is unique in that it represents the hardware-software interface, and a user's interaction with that interface, in terms of state variables. Within Conductor hardware is represented to the user by its states of interest, with all other interface concerns abstracted to the greatest extent possible. This representation is enabled by a five-layered component structure which this paper describes. The structure of the program allows a designer to take advantage of bandwidth-saving optimizations in high degree of freedom cases and significantly improve performance over that of current tools.
Ultrastructural Morphometry of Bovine Blastocysts Produced In Vivo or In Vitro

The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro by using morphometric analysis. Blastocysts produced in vivo (multiple ovulations, MO) were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. For blastocysts produced in vitro, cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into one of three culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi, followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 168 hpi; and 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): mSOF + 0.6% BSA. At 168 hpi, six or seven grade 1 blastocysts from each of the four treatments (MO, IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF) were fixed and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Random micrographs of each blastocyst were used to determine the volume density of cellular components. Overall, as blastocysts progressed in development, the volume densities of cytoplasm and intercellular space decreased (P < 0.05) and the volume densities of mature mitochondria, nuclei, blastocoele, and apoptotic bodies increased (P < 0.05). Across treatments, the proportional volumes of nuclei and inclusion bodies were increased in inner cell mass cells compared with trophectoderm cells for mid- and expanded blastocysts. For blastocysts produced in vitro, the volume density of mitochondria was decreased (P < 0.05) as compared with that of blastocycts produced in vivo. The proportional volume of vacuoles was increased (P < 0.05) in blastocysts from the mSOF treatment as compared with blastocysts produced in vivo. For mid- and expanded blastocysts from all three in vitro treatments, the volume density of lipid increased (P < 0.05) and the volume density of nuclei decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those of blastocysts produced in vivo. In conclusion, blastocysts produced in vitro possessed deviations in volume densities of organelles associated with cellular metabolism as well as deviations associated with altered embryonic differentiation. However, the specific nature of these deviations varied with the type of culture conditions used for in vitro embryo production.
Characterization of a pseudocholinesterase purified from surgeonfish tissues confirms the atypical nature of this enzyme.

The sialated, presumed-globular form of an atypical pseudocholinesterase (pseudo-ChE) previously described from surgeonfish tissues (Leibel: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1988) has been purified to apparent homogeneity using a combination of salt fractionation along with ion-exchange and concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatographic techniques. An overall 1,400-fold purification has been achieved with a 24% final yield of a cholinesterase (ChE) whose final specific activity is 50 mumol/min-mg. The purified enzyme was subjected to detailed biochemical and physical analysis. The purified pseudo-ChE is a sialated, globular, tetrameric enzyme with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 11.5 S (+/- 0.5 S) and a molecular weight of 250 kilodaltons. The monomers are apparently not secured by disulfide bridges. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzes acetyl(thio)choline but also hydrolyzes propionyl(thio)choline at reduced but comparable rates along with a wide variety of other noncholine esters. As such, it demonstrates the relative nonspecificity associated with classical pseudo-ChEs. However, the enzyme exhibits limited, but real, substrate inhibition with all choline esters as does true acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The enzyme is insensitive to the AChE inhibitor BW 284C51, sensitive to one (RO2-0683) of two (RO2-1250) pseudo-ChE inhibitors, and particularly sensitive to paraoxon inhibition (10(3)-10(4)-fold more so than AChE). It exhibits the short thermal half-life characteristic of pseudo-ChEs but not the expected ionic activation/inhibition profile. It is clear from this and other studies of atypical extrasynaptic cholinesterase activities occurring in other vertebrates that the orthodox categorization of cholinesterase as either "true" ("specific"; E.C. 3.1.1.7) or "pseudo" ("nonspecific"; E.C. 3.1.1.8) is inadequate to accommodate the increasing instances of ChE activities that exhibit atypical, intermediate properties.
Dialectical Practices in Education Creating Third Spaces in the Education of Teachers

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888406411410077.
Closed-Form Optimization of Resonant Shunted Electromagnetic Tuned Mass Dampers for Vibration Control and Energy Harvesting

This paper investigated the electromagnetic shunted TMD, which consisted of a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) primary mechanical system, an electromagnetic transducer and a resonant circuit. It can provide similar vibration mitigation performance as the traditional TMD system without introducing additional mass. The analytical solutions to the optimal parameters are obtained using both H2 and H∞ optimization criteria. The optimal parameters are summarized in a closed form, which can be useful for practical implementation. The sensitivity analysis carried out in this paper also suggested that the vibration mitigation performance is not sensitive to the damping ratio namely the resistance of the circuit, while it is very sensitive to the frequency off tuning namely the capacitance or inductor of the circuit. Besides, this paper also investigated the parameter optimization for energy harvesting using the electromagnetic shunted resonant circuit. It is found that the power is independent of the parameters under white noise force disturbance, in a similar way as the finding on the dual-mass vibration energy harvester. The resonant circuit can also enhance the maximum energy harvesting rate.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Applied Aspects of Induced Resistance to Plant Virus Infection

Plant virus diseases occur worldwide in cultivated plant species as well as many native (weed) plants. A plant virus is dependent on host and vector for its “survival”. The efficiency and extent of spread of infection within a plant are important factors for allowing the virus to be accessible to its vector(s), which in turn allows for dispersal of the virus to new plants and crops. If dispersal by a vector, such as an insect, is not part of the virus’ infection cycle, it may adapt alternative, and seemingly clever, approaches. For example, Tomato mosaic virus is not dispersed in nature by a recognized vector but its ability to persist in the environment allows it to be transmitted from soil bound decaying plant tissues, and virus occurred in clouds and fog which may have served as a source of virus for transmission to spruce trees (Castello et al. 1995). Plant viruses appear to represent extreme ends of a life spectrum; they are genetically and structurally simple infectious agents but their obligatory and intimate relationship with a host plant is quite complex.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor in Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation: Augmentation of Graft versus Tumor Effect via Antibody Dependant Cellular Cytotoxicity

Several immunomodulatory approaches have been explored with the aim of inducing a graft versus tumor effect (GVT) in autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor (GM-CSF) has been reported to induce antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) via stimulation of peripheral blood neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. We investigated the role of GM-CSF in inducing ADCC via bone marrow (BM) macrophages against murine and human tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo.Our data shows that stimulation of murine BM macrophages with GM-CSF induced a potent ADCC against a murine melanoma in vitro. Treatment of tumor bearing mice with a combination of GM-CSF and antibody against melanoma resulted in a significant reduction in the dissemination of melanoma both in a nontransplant as well as in a transplantation setting. Adoptive transfer of BM macrophages obtained from animals undergoing treatment with GM-CSF plus antibody significantly reduced the spread of tumo...
Notes from the Editors

Notes from the Editors for ASIANetwork Exchange: A Journal for Asian Studies in the Liberal Arts, Volume 20, Number 2 (2013)
Visualization of Procedural Abstraction

Visualizing impacts of an optimization pass helps to reason about, and to gain insight into, the inner workings of the optimization pass. In this paper, we visualize the impacts of two procedural abstraction passes. For this, we modified two procedural abstraction post pass optimizers to visualize for each the difference in machine code before and after optimization by drawing abstracted fragments in the original program. We then explain how the generated visualizations aid in better understanding the optimization passes.
A neural network classifier for recycling process

A neural-network-based material classification and sorting process is presented. The network is designed, built, and trained to classify four different recycling materials, i.e., plastic, aluminum, glass, and others into four classes. The network was tested on a set of measurements, and the network performance is graphically illustrated by plotting the actual measurements and the identified class for each measurement (neural net output). Detailed explanations including detection techniques, training rules, and procedures used to accomplish the task are presented. >
Translational repression mechanisms in prokaryotes

Translational repression results from a complex choreography of macromolecular interactions interfering with the formation of translational initiation complexes. The relationship between the rate and extent of formation of these interactions to form repressed mRNA complexes determines the extent of repression. A novel analysis of repression mechanisms is presented here and it indicates that the reversibility of repressed complex formation influences the steady state balance of the distribution of translationally active and inactive complexes and therefore has an impact on the efficiency of repression. Reviewed here is evidence for three distinct translational repression mechanisms, regulating expression of the transcription factor sigma32, threonine tRNA synthetase and ribosomal proteins on the alpha operon in Escherichia coli. Efficient regulation of expression in these systems makes use of specific mRNA structures in quite different ways.
CASE STUDY: Manure Management Practices on New Jersey Equine Farms

The number of equine farms is increasing in Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states. These farms may influence environmental and water quality because of manure collection, storage, spreading, and disposal practices. A manure management survey was mailed to 2,000 New Jersey equine farms during the winter of 2006 to 2007. Of the 2,000 surveys sent, 472 were returned; 18.5% were from training or performance farms, and the remainder (81.5%) were from breeding, boarding, or pleasure farms. Fifty-four percent of all farms spread manure on their farms. Of those who spread manure, only 27% had more than 8.09 ha (20 acres) available for spreading. Seventy-four percent had a designated area for manure storage. Eighty-three percent said their manure storage was greater than 61 m (200 ft) from water or wetlands, and 86% said storage was greater than 61 m (200 ft) from neighbors. Data were modeled to determine the relationship between manure storage or manure spreading and other management practices. The storage model showed that farms with 6 to 10 horses were more likely to have storage facilities than farms not included in the model. This model had a predictive accuracy of 83.3% and an R2 of 0.35 (P < 0.01). The manure spreading model showed that those who spread manure were also likely to credit manure for its fertilizer value. The spreading model had an overall predictive accuracy of 95.5% and an R 2 of 0.795 (P < 0.01). These results indicate that although most equine farms did not pose a direct risk to water quality or to a neighbor, most do not currently use best management practices in managing, spreading, or storing manure.
HIGH TEMPERATURE RADIATION INDUCED CONTRACTION IN GRAPHITE

High temperature radiation induced contraction of physical dimensions has been observed in graphite samples irradiated above 300 °C. At 400° to 500°C four types of graphite, KC, SGBF, CSGBF and CSF, in order of decreasing structure development and aeolotropy, display contractions at 5000 MWD/AT ranging from 0.00 per cent for KC to 0.06 per cent for CSF. However, the rate of contraction as a function of exposure is positive for all four types at 5000 MWD/AT. High temperature graphite irradiations at 600° to 1050°C are in progress at the Materials Testing Reactor and preliminary results indicate contractions ranging from 0.13 to 1.0 per cent for integrated fast fluxes (> 1 MeV) of 1.9 × 1020 and 2.6 × 1020 respectively. An attempt has been made to relate these irradiations to Hanford equivalent damaging exposures. A model involving the production of vacancies and mobile interstitials by high energy carbon atoms is suggested in explanation for this contraction.
Second harmonic generation (SHG) as a characterization technique and phenomological probe for organic materials

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) is a powerful technique to study nonlinear optical properties of materials. SHG is notable for its requirement for the absence of a material inversion center. In an electric field induced SHG (EFISHG) experiment, symmetry is broken by an electric field allowing SHG. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) is another technique that probes incoherent SHG in isotropic solution. Both EFISHG and HRS are used to study molecular nonlinear optical mechanisms and characterize new materials.
MR anatomy and pathology of the ulnar nerve involving the cubital tunnel and Guyon’s canal

Ulnar neuropathy is a common and frequent reason for referral to hand surgeons. Ulnar neuropathy mostly occurs in the cubital tunnel of the elbow or Guyon's canal of the wrist, and it is important for radiologists to understand the imaging anatomy at these common sites of impingement. We will review the imaging and anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist, and we will present magnetic resonance imaging examples of different causes of ulnar neuropathy, including trauma, overuse, arthritis, masses and mass-like lesions, and systemic diseases. Treatment options will also be briefly discussed.
Abstract A69: High‐throughput library screening identifies phytochemical inducers of phase II metabolism enzymes GSTP1 and NQO1 in human lung cells

Many phytochemicals possess cancer‐preventive properties, some putatively through phase II metabolism‐mediated mutagen/oxidant quenching. However, in studies to date, most candidate agents are not active in human lung cells. In vitro and in vivo screening studies for discovery are clearly needed for new, more potent chemopreventive agents for lung cancer. Here we applied a gene expression‐based high‐throughput screening approach to identify phytochemical inducers of phase II metabolism enzymes GSTP1 and NQO1 in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). We have screened 800 compounds in the MicroSource Natural Products Library for inducers of GSTP1 and NQO1 expression, and identified 2, 3‐dihydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐4′‐ethoxybenzophenone, triacetylresveratrol, ivermectin, sanguinarine sulfate, and daunorubicin as new inducers for GSTP1 and NQO1 mRNA expression. Consistent with this effect, the induction of NQO1 protein expression by immunoblot was found for all these agents in both HBEC and NHBE cells at the same concentration (1.0 µM, final concentration) that induced NQO1 mRNA expression. However, GSTP1 protein expression did not significantly change with any selected agents. Proliferation/viability assays showed that HBEC and NHBE were significantly inhibited by ivermectin, sanguinarine sulfate, and daunorubicin. These data demonstrate the feasibility of high‐throughput screening for inducers of NQO1. Moreover, the data identify 2, 3‐dihydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐4′‐ethoxybenzophenone and triacetylresveratrol as most potent and low toxicity inducers [12‐fold, and 10‐fold, respectively, at the protein level], implying they are potential new agents for further in vitro and preclinical in vivo testing for prevention of tobacco‐related lung cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A69.
Blockade of thromboxane and the prevention of eicosanoid-induced sudden death in mice.

AbstractWe studied the effects of thromboxane-receptor antagonism and thromboxane synthetase inhibition in a thrombotic model of sudden death in mice. Intravenous injection of ara-chidonic acid (AA; 80 mg/kg) or the prostaglandin-endoperoxide analog U-46,619 (2.3 mg/kg) results in sudden death in approximately 90% of the animals. Pretreatment with the thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ-29,548 (0.3–10 mg/kg) protects dose-dependently against AA and U-46,619-induced sudden death. In contrast, CGS-13,080, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, shows a dose-dependent beneficial effect in AA-induced sudden death only. Although PTA2 has partial thromboxane agonistic properties in the rabbit, it protected the mice against AA-induced sudden death, thus demonstrating TxA2 antagonistic properties in this species. These data emphasize the importance of thromboxane A2 as a major mediator of arachidonic acid-induced sudden death and the effectiveness of thromboxane-receptor antagonists in endoperoxide-induced sudden death.
A comparative evaluation of structural response to high strain ratesusing Eulerian and Lagrangian hydrodynamic codes

The analysis of structural response to ma~erials at high stIain ~ a t e s by mcana of simulation icchniques is considered. Two numerical mrthods arc u s c d to simulate a high vclocity impact oi a l o n g steel rod instrumented with strain gages, namely: a two-dimensional Eulcrian finite diffcrrncc codc, IIELP, and a two-dimensional Lagrangian f i n i t e element code, EPIC-2. Computational r r s u l t s with both codes show excellent agreemcnc with ths experimental data during thc elastic phasc of t h e deformation, but with thc o n s c t o f plastic deformation agreement is depcndciit on thc failure criteria incorporated in the codes. 'The rrsults indicate the need to determine material properties a t high strain r a c e s t o adrqueteiy model the responsc of structure a t high impact velocities.
Host Location by House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitoids in Poultry Manure at Different Moisture Levels and Host Densities

Manure moisture varies widely under field conditions, but little is known about the impact of this environmental factor on natural enemies of house flies. Five species of parasitoids [ Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Walker, Spalangia gemina Boucek, and Dirhinus himalayanus (Masi)] were evaluated for their ability to locate house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae in manure containing 45, 55, 65, 75, or 85% moisture at low (2.5:1) and high (50:1) host:parasitoid ratios. M. raptor preferred manure with 75% or less moisture, and responded most strongly to manure containing 45% moisture, with little change in search patterns caused by host density. The 3 Spalangia spp. showed a strong preference for manure containing 45–65% moisture, but attacked pupae in wetter manure when hosts were in short supply. S. endius showed the strongest preference among the Spalangia spp. for dry manure, attacking twice as many hosts in the 45% moisture treatments as in the 55 or 65% treatments. D. himalayanus was similar to M. raptor and preferred dry manure, although this species had low overall rates of host attacks and reproduction compared with the other species. The results suggest that releases of combinations of species with different manure moisture preferences may be more effective than single-species releases in poultry houses that are heterogeneous with respect to moisture conditions.
"Making it real" time.

It has been 30 years since the first description of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—corresponding, coincidentally, with the year of the first issue of BioTechniques. Ensuing decades have seen r...
The Thermal Breadth of Nylanderia fulva (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Is Narrower Than That of Solenopsis invicta at Three Thermal Ramping Rates: 1.0, 0.12, and 0.06°C min-1.

Determining the upper (CTmax) and lower (CTmin) critical thermal limits of invasive ants provides insight into how temperature could shape their distribution, seasonality, and daily activity. Understanding the potential distribution of invasive ants is imperative to improving quarantine and management efforts. Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (tawny crazy ant) and Solenopsis invicta (Buren) (red imported fire ant) are invasive ants that are established throughout the southeastern United States. Recent studies have found that body size and thermal ramping rate can affect the estimation of critical thermal limits. However, the effects of both variables and their interactions on the thermal limits of N. fulva and S. invicta have not previously been described. Thus, we evaluated the impacts of body size and ramping rate on the critical thermal limits of N. fulva and S. invicta Overall, N. fulva had a narrower thermal breadth than S. invicta (Nf CTmin = 7.3°C and Nf CTmax = 41.3°C vs. Si CTmin = 4.1°C and Si CTmax = 45.3°C). For both species, slower ramping rates resulted in lower CTmax values and ants with smaller head capsules had a narrower thermal breadth than ants with larger head capsules. These data improve our understanding of the critical thermal limits of both species and could be useful for developing predictive models that estimate the future spread of these invasive ants in nonnative ranges.
Conceivability arguments for haecceitism

According to haecceitism, some maximal possibilities differ even while they are qualitatively indiscernible. Since haecceitism is a modal thesis, it is typically defended by appeal to conceivability arguments. These arguments require us to conceive of qualitatively indiscernible possibilities that differ only with respect to the identity of the individuals involved. This paper examines a series of conceivability arguments for haecceitism and a variety of anti-haecceitist responses. It concludes that there is no irresistible conceivability argument for haecceitism even while anti-haecceitist responses do come with certain notable commitments.
Reporting of treatment fidelity in behavioural paediatric obesity intervention trials: a systematic review.

Summary Behavioural interventions for paediatric obesity are promising, but detailed information on treatment fidelity (i.e. design, training, delivery, receipt and enactment) is needed to optimize the implementation of more effective interventions. Little is known about current practices for reporting treatment fidelity in paediatric obesity studies. This systematic review, in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, describes the methods used to report treatment fidelity in randomized controlled trials. Treatment fidelity was double-coded using the National Institutes of Health Fidelity Framework checklist. Three hundred articles (N = 193 studies) were included. Mean inter-coder reliability across items was 0.83 (SD = 0.09). Reporting of treatment design elements within the field was high (e.g. 77% of studies reported designed length of treatment session), but reporting of other domains was low (e.g. only 7% of studies reported length of treatment sessions delivered). Few reported gold standard methods to evaluate treatment fidelity (e.g. coding treatment content delivered). General study quality was associated with reporting of treatment fidelity (p < 0.01) as was the number of articles published for a given study (p < 0.01). The frequency of reporting treatment fidelity components has not improved over time (p = 0.26). Specific recommendations are made to support paediatric obesity researchers in leading health behaviour disciplines towards more rigorous measurement and reporting of treatment fidelity. © 2016 World Obesity
Screening for Colorectal Neoplasia

Key Clinical PointsColorectal Cancer Screening Patients at average risk for the development of colorectal cancer should begin screening at 50 years of age. Screening between 76 and 85 years of age should be tailored, and screening should stop after 85 years of age. There is no “best” strategy for colorectal cancer screening; therefore, the most effective strategy is the one that a patient can adhere to consistently. Screening strategies for colorectal cancer among patients at average risk include annual fecal occult blood testing (with the use of highly sensitive guaiac-based or immunochemical tests) or colonoscopy every 10 years. If these strategies are declined, other screening options may include flexible sigmoidoscopy, computed tomographic colonography, or blood or stool DNA testing. Although the harms of specific tests vary greatly, the overall risks of complications from screening are related mainly to colonoscopies (performed up front or as follow-up to other positive screening tests) and polypecto...
Total Synthesis of (±)-Berkeleyone A.

A 13-step total synthesis of the fungal meroterpenoid berkeleyone A is reported. The molecular skeleton is formed using the first examples of two critical construction reactions: (1) an epoxide-initiated, β-ketoester-terminated polycyclization, and (2) an isomerization–cyclization cascade to generate the remaining bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane framework. The resulting 6-step synthesis of the carbocyclic core of the berkeleyone natural products has been used to access protoaustinoid A and berkeleyone A, and will aid future biosynthetic investigations into the origin of related natural products.
Concordium 2016: Data and Knowledge Transforming Health

Introduction and Context: Concordium 2016 celebrated the potential for data and knowledge to transform health. Through a series of plenaries, presentations, workshops and demonstrations, the conference highlighted projects among four themes: effectiveness and outcomes research, health care analytics and operations, public and population health, and quality improvement. Papers in the Special Issue: The eight papers that comprise this special issue of eGEMs provide exemplars of solutions to the Big Data problems faced in today’s healthcare environment. Cross-Cutting Elements and Overlapping Themes: Several of the papers contain elements of multiple overlapping themes. We integrate these into five overlapping themes: telehealth, user-centered design/usability, clinic workflow, patient-centered care, and population health management through prediction modeling and risk adjustment. Conclusion and Future Directions: The effort to leverage all types of Big Data to improve health and healthcare is a monumental effort that will require the work of numerous stakeholders, and one that will unfold incrementally over time. This collection of eight papers reflects the current state of the art. Concordium 2017 will take a different form, inviting a small set of leaders in the field to focus on the next round of exciting and provocative research currently underway to improve the nation’s health.
The proof is in the powder: revealing structural peculiarities in the Yb3Rh4Sn13 structure type

Compounds adopting the Yb3Rh4Sn13 structure type have drawn attention because of the revelation of exotic states such as heavy fermion behavior, superconductivity, charge density wave, and quantum critical behavior. The prototypical structure has historically been modeled with a primitive cubic space group, Pmn; however, structural studies have led to the realization of disordered atomic sites, requiring lower symmetry models. We will review the low symmetry models required to describe the structural distortions in the related Yb3Rh4Sn13 structure type. In addition, we present the structure determination of a new analogue, Lu3Ir4Ge13, which adopts a new structural model in I41/amd.
Single-reference coupled cluster theory for multi-reference problems.

Coupled cluster (CC) theory is widely accepted as the most accurate and generally applicable approach in quantum chemistry. CC calculations are usually performed with single Slater-determinant references, e.g., canonical Hartree-Fock (HF) wavefunctions, though any single determinant can be used. This is an attractive feature because typical CC calculations are straightforward to apply, as there is no potentially ambiguous user input required. On the other hand, there can be concern that CC approximations give unreliable results when the reference determinant provides a poor description of the system of interest, i.e., when the HF or any other single determinant ground state has a relatively low weight in the full CI expansion. However, in many cases, the reported “failures” of CC can be attributed to an unfortunate choice of reference determinant, rather than intrinsic shortcomings of CC itself. This is connected to well-known effects like spin-contamination, wavefunction instability, and symmetry-breakin...
Effect of bariatric surgery on urinary sphingolipids in adolescents with severe obesity

Abstract Background Untreated severe obesity of adolescents is associated with abnormal kidney function and development of chronic kidney disease. Lipotoxicity due to lipid accumulation in glomeruli might be an important mechanism in the progression of kidney disease in obesity. Objective To assess subclinical glomerular injury by measuring urinary sphingolipids in adolescents with severe obesity before and after weight loss surgery. We hypothesized that the levels of urinary sphingolipids would be elevated at baseline and improve after weight reduction. Setting Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati. Methods Ten adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery with no microalbuminuria and normal kidney function were selected. Urinary sphingolipids (ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and sphingomyelins) were quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry at baseline and 1 year postoperatively. The levels of sphingolipids were compared with lean and moderately obese controls. Results Participants with severe obesity had a mean baseline body mass index of 50 kg/m2 that decreased to 36 kg/m2 at 1 year postsurgery (28% reduction). Almost all urinary ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and sphingomyelin species were significantly elevated in participants with severe obesity compared with controls at baseline (P Conclusions Our study indicates that severe obesity is associated with increased urinary excretion of sphingolipids despite the absence of microalbuminuria or decreased kidney function. Urinary sphingolipids may therefore represent a marker of early (subclinical) glomerular injury in adolescents with severe obesity.
Academic fluid power research in the USA

With the formation of the Center for Compact and Efficient Fluid Power (CCEFP) in 2006, there has been a resurgence of academic fluid power research in the USA. The centre's vision is to make fluid power the technology of choice for power generation, transmission, storage, and motion control. To address fluid power's key technical barriers, the CCEFP research strategy supports and coordinates pre-competitive research in three thrust areas: efficiency, compactness and effectiveness, where effectiveness means making fluid power safer, easier to use, leak free and quiet. This paper reviews some of the most important results from the first decade of CCEFP research.
Are Sanctions Constitutional? A Law and Economics Analysis

The Constitution of the United States is one of limited powers. The federal government has the authority to do only those things the Constitution says it can do. Over the centuries, the General Welfare Clause has been used as justification to expand federal power. However, if one were to apply utilitarian economic theory to the General Welfare Clause, one might reasonably conclude that the government only has the authority to pass legislation that benefits some supermajority of the population. In other words, all special interest legislation is unconstitutional, and therefore not valid law. This paper explores the issue of sanctions from the perspective of law and economics.
Abstract 130: The Diversity of Coronary Artery and Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Low reliability and reproducibility in heart failure research has been a major concern. The purpose of the present study is to explore factors that affect model consistency of myocardial infarction...
Monetary Policy and the Quality of Information

This paper is the revised version of a keynote address presented at the Eighth International Conference on “Monetary Policy in a World of Knowledge-Based Growth, Quality Change, and Uncertain Measurement,” sponsored by the Bank of Japan’s Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies on June 18–19, 1998. The paper is to be included in the proceedings of the conference to be published by the Macmillan Press. The author thanks Randolph Stempski for his assistance. MONETARY AND ECONOMIC STUDIES/DECEMBER 1998
Capturing 3D large-strain Euler-bending filament dynamics in fibrous media simulations; sample case of compression collapse in dendritic actin network.

Cytoskeletal networks to transmission towers are comprised of slender elements. Slender filaments bend and buckle more easily than stretch. Therefore a deforming network is expected to exhaust all possible bending-based modes before engaging filament stretch. While the large-strain bending critically determines fibrous-media response, simulations use small-strain and jointed approximations. At low resolution, these approximations inflate bending resistance and delay buckling onset. The proposed string-of-continuous-beams (SOCB) approach captures 3D nonlinear Euler bending of filaments with high fidelity at low cost. Bending geometry (i.e. angles and its differentials) is solved as primary variables, to fit a 5th order polynomial of the contour angle. Displacement, solved simultaneously as length conservation, is predicted with C3 and C6 smoothness between and within segments, using only 2 nodes. In the chosen analysis frame, in-plane and out-plane moments can be decoupled for arbitrarily-curved segments. Complex crosslink force-transfers can be specified. Simulations show that when a daughter branch is appended, the buckling resistance of a filament changes from linear to nonlinear before reversible collapse. An actin outcrop with 8 generations of mother-daughter branching produced the linear, nonlinear, and collapse regimes observed in compression experiments. ‘Collapse’ was a redistribution of outcrop forces following the buckling of few strands.
Understanding and Trusting Science

Science communication via testimony requires a certain level of trust. But in the context of ideologically-entangled scientific issues, trust is in short supply—particularly when the issues are politically ‘entangled’. In such cases, cultural values are better predictors than scientific literacy for whether agents trust the publicly-directed claims of the scientific community. In this paper, we argue that a common way of thinking about scientific literacy—as knowledge of particular scientific facts or concepts—ought to give way to a second-order understanding of science as a process as a more important notion for the public’s trust of science.
I Need My Methadone, but I Cannot Breathe at Night

The goal of this chapter is to assist the clinician in the consideration of sleep disorders in patients with substance use disorders (SUD). After developing a differential diagnosis of potential sleep disorders in SUD, the treatment team can then develop an initial plan in order to evaluate and treat the patient appropriately. Patients with SUD are susceptible to all of the sleep disorders that can affect patients without SUD, plus additional SUD-related sleep conditions. Due to this complexity, the diagnostic phase may require more than one diagnostic endeavor and/or treatment trial before proceeding with definitive treatment.
Hormonal management of menopausal symptoms in women with a history of gynecologic malignancy.

Objective The aim of the study was to review the role of hormone therapy in menopausal patients with breast cancer and gynecologic malignancies. Methods We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed) using a combination of keywords and database-specific subject headings for the following concepts: menopause, hormone therapy, and cancer. Editorials, letters, case reports, and comments were excluded, as were non-English articles. Additional references were identified by hand-searching bibliographies of included articles. The searches yielded a total of 1,484 citations. All citations were imported into EndNote X9, where they were screened by the authors. Results In breast cancer survivors, systemic hormone therapy is not recommended, whereas local low-dose estrogen therapy may be considered after discussion with the patient's oncologist. Among endometrial cancer survivors, hormone therapy is considered safe in low-risk cancers but should be avoided in high-risk subtypes. For survivors of epithelial ovarian cancer and cervical cancer, hormone therapy can be considered, but should be avoided in women with estrogen-sensitive histologic subtypes. Conclusions The risks of hormone therapy should be assessed on an individual basis, with consideration of age, type of hormone therapy, dose, duration of use, regimen, route, and prior exposure. Systemic hormone therapy is not recommended in breast cancer survivors, whereas vaginal low-dose estrogen appears safe. Hormone therapy may be used by endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer survivors with low-risk, non-estrogen-receptor-positive subtypes. Video Summary: http://links.lww.com/MENO/A516.
Hospital and Shift Work Influences on Nurses’ Dietary Behaviors: A Qualitative Study:

Background: Nurses working in hospitals face unique influences on their workplace dietary behaviors, but little is known about what nurses experience as dietary influencers in the hospital setting. Understanding these influences is paramount in developing effective programs that target healthy workplace eating. This study aimed to explore hospital shift nurses' experiences and perceptions of influences on making healthy nutritional choices while at work. Methods: This qualitative, descriptive study was guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework and analyzed using thematic analysis. Twenty-one Registered Nurses working 10- to 12-hour shifts in hospitals in South Carolina, USA, in 2018 were interviewed individually or in focus groups about their workplace dietary behaviors and influences. Findings: Framework constructs most relevant to hospital shift nurses included (a) environmental context and resources; (b) social/professional role and identity; (c) memory, attention, and decision processes; (d) social influences; (e) emotion; and (f) behavioral regulation. In addition, four major themes emerged: (a) Nursing roles and responsibilities restrict freedom of movement and minimize individual control over dietary practices; (b) The hospital food environment is oppressively unhealthy; (c) Free food is currency and influences consumption; and (d) Shift work is a major barrier to healthy eating. Conclusions/Applications to Practice: To achieve healthy eating practices in the workplace, hospital shift nurses need supportive systems, policies, and interventions that target and reduce the barriers inherent in hospital-based nursing shift work. To improve hospital shift nurses' workplace dietary behaviors, these findings should inform hospital food policies, workplace wellness programs, administrative practices, and staff education.
Confluence of Politics and Religion: An Introduction

It is never easy to write about the nature and processes of secularism. Many factors have come to impact consistently on its form, definition, and manifestation. The process has been multilayered, complicated, colored by internal and external forces and subtle and not so subtle nuances. In different time periods, many scholars have tried to explain and autopsy various facets of this phenomenon. This edited volume is one such attempt; it asks questions and offers various perspectives on a topic dubious yet over explored. Debates continue unresolved because the role of religion in society is misunderstood and misconstrued. It is religion and its gigantic power which continually cast doubt on the understanding and practice of secularism in human society even now in the twenty-first century.
Statistical Network Analysis: A Review with Applications to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

As the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak evolves, statistical network analysis is playing an essential role in informing policy decisions Therefore, researchers who are new to such studies need to understand the techniques available to them As a field, statistical network analysis aims to develop methods that account for the complex dependencies found in network data Over the last few decades, the area has rapidly accumulated methods, including techniques for network modelling and simulating the spread of infectious disease This article reviews these network modelling techniques and their applications to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
How many chickens does it take to make an egg? Animal welfare and environmental benefits of replacing eggs with plant foods at the University of California, and beyond

Our question “How many chickens does it take to make an egg?” was inspired by the successful replacement of egg-based mayonnaise with plant-based mayonnaise in general dining at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in order to increase animal welfare. Our indicator of improved animal welfare due to decreased egg consumption was the reduction in number of chickens in the stressful and unhealthy conditions of the US egg industry. To measure this we calculated the ratio of chickens to eggs and found it takes 6.3 chickens to make 1000 eggs (0.0063 chickens per egg). This equals 158 eggs per chicken, less than half the amount of eggs per laying hen because of mortality from hatching to entering the laying flock, including the disposal of male chicks. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions, irrigation water, reactive nitrogen, and land use would be reduced 43–98% from that of eggs. While the impact of plant-based mayonnaise was relatively small, we also estimated the substitution of eggs with tofu, which had a much greater impact: substituting 50% of eggs with tofu in first-year student breakfasts on all UC campuses would reduce the number of chickens in the egg industry by 9245. If this substitution was made by the US population, the welfare and environmental benefits would be 29 thousand times greater. Reducing egg consumption would greatly improve chicken welfare even if welfare certified eggs are replaced, since the requirements of the most commonly used chicken welfare certification programs do relatively little to reduce chicken suffering.
Functional diversity of small-mammal postcrania is linked to both substrate preference and body size.

Abstract Selective pressures favor morphologies that are adapted to distinct ecologies, resulting in trait partitioning among ecomorphotypes. However, the effects of these selective pressures vary across taxa, especially because morphology is also influenced by factors such as phylogeny, body size, and functional trade-offs. In this study, we examine how these factors impact functional diversification in mammals. It has been proposed that trait partitioning among mammalian ecomorphotypes is less pronounced at small body sizes due to biomechanical, energetic, and environmental factors that favor a “generalist” body plan, whereas larger taxa exhibit more substantial functional adaptations. We title this the Divergence Hypothesis (DH) because it predicts greater morphological divergence among ecomorphotypes at larger body sizes. We test DH by using phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the postcranial skeletons of 129 species of taxonomically diverse, small-to-medium-sized (<15 kg) mammals, which we categorize as either “tree-dwellers” or “ground-dwellers.” In some analyses, the morphologies of ground-dwellers and tree-dwellers suggest greater between-group differentiation at larger sizes, providing some evidence for DH. However, this trend is neither particularly strong nor supported by all analyses. Instead, a more pronounced pattern emerges that is distinct from the predictions of DH: within-group phenotypic disparity increases with body size in both ground-dwellers and tree-dwellers, driven by morphological outliers among “medium”-sized mammals. Thus, evolutionary increases in body size are more closely linked to increases in within-locomotor-group disparity than to increases in between-group disparity. We discuss biomechanical and ecological factors that may drive these evolutionary patterns, and we emphasize the significant evolutionary influences of ecology and body size on phenotypic diversity.
Cell-growth gene expression reveals a direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in red tide dinoflagellate prey.

Induced prey defences against consumers are conspicuous in microbes, plants and animals. In toxigenic prey, a defence fitness cost should result in a trade-off between defence expression and indivi...
A 27–46-GHz Low-Noise Amplifier With Dual-Resonant Input Matching and a Transformer-Based Broadband Output Network

This letter presents a 27–46-GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) in a 45-nm CMOS silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. Two circuit techniques are employed to enhance the LNA bandwidth. First, the intrinsic gate-to-drain parasitic capacitance of the input transistor and the frequency-dependent behavior of the first-stage load impedance are explored to realize dual resonances for $S_{11}$ , thus extending the input matching bandwidth. Second, a network synthesis methodology is presented to convert a canonical second-order bandpass filter to a transformer-based output network, which realizes broadband power gain while occupying only one inductor footprint. In the measurements, the LNA 3-dB gain bandwidth is from 25.5 to 50 GHz with a peak gain of 21.2 dB at 37.8 GHz. The effective bandwidth of the LNA is limited by the 10-dB return loss bandwidth, which is from 27 to 46 GHz. The minimum noise figure (NF) is 2.4 dB at 27.8 GHz, and the NF remains <4.2 dB within the effective bandwidth. The measured IIP3 is −11.0 dBm at 38 GHz with 25.5-mW dc power consumption.