cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparing and Evaluating Research Reports.

Preparation of research reports for journal publication or dissemination in some other form is a central part of the research process. This article discusses preparation of the report in light of how the information is likely to be evaluated and how the report contributes to the research process. The focus is on three essential features: description, explanation, and contextualization of the study. These features are elaborated by reviewing the contents of each section of the manuscript and questions to guide authors and reviewers for preparing and evaluating the report. Emphasis is placed on conveying the rationale for decisions made in the design, execution, and analysis of the study. Common issues related to the interpretation of assessment studies, including test validity data, the relation of constructs and measures, and sampling, are highlighted as well. The research process consists of the design and execution of the study, analysis of the results, and preparation of the report (e.g., journal article). The final step seems straightforward and relatively easy, given the nature and scope of the other steps. In fact, one often refers to preparation of the article as merely "writing up the results." Yet the implied simplicity of the task belies the significance of the product in the research process. The article is not the final step in this process. Rather, it is an important beginning. The article is often a launching platform for the next study for the authors themselves or for others in the field who are interested in pursuing the findings. Thus, the report is central to the research process. The article itself is not only a description of what was accomplished, but it also conveys the extent to which the design, execution, and analyses were well conceived and appropriate. Recognition of this facet of the report is the reason why faculty require students in training to write a proposal of the study in advance of its execution. At the proposal stage, faculty can examine the thought processes, design, planned execution, and data analyses and make the necessary changes in advance. Even so, writing the full article at the completion of the study raises special issues. At that point, the authors evaluate critical issues, see the shortcomings of the design, and struggle with any clashes or ambiguities of the findings in light of the hypotheses. The purpose of this article is to discuss the preparation and evaluation of research reports (articles) for publication.1 Guidelines are presented to facilitate preparation of research articles. The guidelines cover the types of details that are to be included, but more important, the rationale, logic, and flow of the article to facilitate communication and to advance the next stage of the research process. Thus, preparation of a research report involves many of the same considerations that underlie the design and plan of the research.
Inverse surface macro-segregation in high-pressure die-cast AM60 magnesium alloy and its effects on fatigue behavior

Abstract Metallographic evidence is presented for existence of inverse surface macro-segregation in a HPDC AM60 Mg-alloy. The process conditions that facilitate the inverse surface macro-segregation are identified, and the effects of macro-segregation on the low and high cycle fatigue behavior of the HPDC alloy are studied.
Inflammatory and autoimmune complications of common variable immune deficiency

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is associated with autoimmune and inflammatory complications in addition to recurrent infections. The most common conditions are idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, sarcoid-like granulomatous disease and gastrointestinal inflammation. IVIG administration reduces the frequency of infections, but does not always prevent autoimmunity or inflammation. TNF antagonists and anti-CD20 immunomodulators have shown some efficacy in CVID in a few patients; further controlled studies are needed to determine the best management of these conditions in the setting of immunodeficiency.
The male germ unit in the pollen and pollen tubes ofPetunia hybrida: Ultrastructural, quantitative and three-dimensional features

The male germ unit ofPetunia hybrida was examined quantitatively and qualitatively at the ultrastructutral level. Three-dimensional reconstructions, the determination of nuclear and cytoplasmic volumes and surface areas, and organelle counts were obtained from serial ultrathin sections and computer analysis. In the mature pollen grain, an elongated generative cell is found in direct physical association with and partially surrounded by the vegetative nucleus. The mature generative cell lacks plastids and has mitochondria equally distributed at both of its tapering ends. In the pollen tube, the sperm cells are physically associated by cytoplasmic connections to each other and to the surrounding vegetative cell membrane. At full style length, the lobed vegetative nucleus and sperm pair are found in close association near the end of the pollen tube. The two sperms of a pair are not strongly dimorphic.
Lessons and opportunities in ICT4D: three things I did not know before I started my research

If ICT4D aims to effectively answer the grand challenges it faces, young researchers, in both design and computer science, must be aware of the consequences of how terminology frames this field, be willing to critique and adjust research methods and attend to neglected, challenging concepts.
Interstitial Spaces: Visual Culture, Domesticity, and Metaphor

Allison Buenger graduated from the Ohio State University with a bachelor of fine arts degree in ceramics in December 2009. Her works morph domestic objects into vessels of meaning, sculptures displayed in larger installations of textiles and found objects. Originally from Northeast Ohio, Allison resides in Columbus, Ohio, and works at Open Door Art Studio, a nonprofit studio providing art education services to adults with developmental disabilities. Allison actively exhibits her work and plans to pursue graduate studies in the future. She can be contacted at allisonbuenger@gmail.com.
A novel method to synthesis magnetic thin film of iron oxide

Abstract A novel method is used to deposit iron oxide thin film. Frozen iron acetate is used as a target for pulsed laser deposition of iron oxide thin film. KrF excimer laser having wavelength of 248 nm with pulsed duration of 20 ns is used to deposit the film. Structural characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction and atomic/magnetic force microscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the polycrystalline nature of α-Fe 2 O 3 . Temperature dependence magnetic measurements in zero field cooled showed the presence of blocking temperature at ∼60 K. The magnetic measurements revealed the existence of superparamagnetic behavior above blocking temperature and freezing of magnetic moments arising from uncompensated surface spins below blocking temperature.
Polymerase activity in lymphocyte culture supernatants from patients with Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis of infancy and early childhood characterized by high fever, rash, mucositis, lymphadenopathy and coronary artery damage1. Large epidemics have been described in Japan and the United States and the number of cases reported annually is steadily increasing2,3. The aetiology of KD is unknown. During the acute phase of the disease marked immunologic alterations occur including generalized T-cell lymphocytopenia, activation of circulating T4+ helper T cells, decreased numbers of T8+ suppressor T cells and marked B-cell activation4,5. We postulated that a lymphotropic virus with affinity for endothelial and lymphoid cells might explain the vasculitis and immunological abnormalities in KD. We report here our study of the participate fraction from culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for evidence of retrovirus-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. Activity was found in the supernatants from KD patients but not control cultures. This RT activity was transmitted to an established T-cell line (HUT-78) and thus may be due to an exogenous agent infecting KD lymphocytes.
Emotional content enhances true but not false memory for categorized stimuli

Past research has shown that emotion enhances true memory, but that emotion can either increase or decrease false memory. Two theoretical possibilities—the distinctiveness of emotional stimuli and the conceptual relatedness of emotional content—have been implicated as being responsible for influencing both true and false memory for emotional content. In the present study, we sought to identify the mechanisms that underlie these mixed findings by equating the thematic relatedness of the study materials across each type of valence used (negative, positive, or neutral). In three experiments, categorically bound stimuli (e.g., funeral, pets, and office items) were used for this purpose. When the encoding task required the processing of thematic relatedness, a significant true-memory enhancement for emotional content emerged in recognition memory, but no emotional boost to false memory (Exp. 1). This pattern persisted for true memory with a longer retention interval between study and test (24 h), and false recognition was reduced for emotional items (Exp. 2). Finally, better recognition memory for emotional items once again emerged when the encoding task (arousal ratings) required the processing of the emotional aspect of the study items, with no emotional boost to false recognition (Exp. 3). Together, these findings suggest that when emotional and neutral stimuli are equivalently high in thematic relatedness, emotion continues to improve true memory, but it does not override other types of grouping to increase false memory.
Molecular characterization of the complete genomes of two new field isolates of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, and their phylogenetic analysis

Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV, family Bromoviridae) is found worldwide and has been used as a model virus for a long time, but no data is available about the genetic diversity of field isolates. Recently, two new field isolates (Car1 and Car2) of CCMV obtained from cowpea showed distinct phenotypic symptoms when inoculated to cowpea. CCMV-Car1 induced severe mosaic and interveinal chlorosis, while CCMV-Car2 produced mild mottling and leaf rolling. Both isolates produced asymptomatic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. The complete genome of both isolates was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using specific primers against the CCMV sequences available in the GenBank database, cloned and sequenced. Both nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared between the newly sequenced CCMV isolates and the three previously characterized CCMV strains (T, M1, and R). Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA 1 sequence showed that CCMV-Car1 was in a separate branch from the rest of the CCMV isolates while CCMV-Car2 grouped together with CCMV-R. On the basis of RNA 2 and RNA 3 sequences, two major groupings were obtained. One group included CCMV-Car1 and CCMV-Car2 isolates while the other contained CCMV-T, CCMV-M1, and CCMV-R strains. Recombination programs detected a potential recombination event in the RNA 1 sequence of CCMV-Car2 isolate but not in RNA 2 and RNA 3 sequences. The results showed that both mutations and recombination have played an important role in the genetic diversity of these two new isolates of CCMV.
True total-tract digestibility of phosphorus in corn and soybean meal for fifteen-kilogram pigs are additive in corn–soybean meal diet

2012-5295 ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to verify the additivity of true total-tract P digestibility (TPD) in corn and soybean meal (SBM) for15-kg pigs. Fifty- four barrows with an average initial BW of 14.7 ± 1.6 kg were used in a randomized complete block design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of 6 diets. Three P sources included corn, SBM, and their mixture at a ratio of 2:1. Each P source was provided at low or high level. The diets were fed for a 5-d adjustment period followed by a total collection period of 7 d with ferric oxide as a marker to determine the initiation and termination of fecal collection. The results showed the high P level of each P source increased (P < 0.001) P intake, fecal P output, and digested P compared with the low P level. The respective apparent total-tract digestibility of P were 35.66 and 40.57% for low and high P levels in corn, 35.72 and 38.04% for low and high P levels in SBM, and 41.85 and 38.53% for low and high P levels in the corn-soybean meal mixture without signifi cant difference between P levels within P sources. Regressing daily digested P against daily P intake, the TPD was estimated at 40.53, 35.96, and 37.52% for corn, SBM, and their mixture, respectively. The expected TPD in corn and SBM mixture was calculated to be 37.92% based upon the P contribution coeffi cient calculated to be 0.428 for corn and 0.572 for SBM. The determined TPD (37.52%) in the mixture was not statistically different from the expected (37.92%). In conclusion, the TPD in corn and SBM are additive in corn-soybean meal diet for pigs.
Competitive dynamic pricing under demand uncertainty

We consider a multi-seller dynamic pricing problem with unknown demand models. In this problem, each seller offers prices sequentially to a stream of potential customers. Each customer considers only the lowest price among all sellers, and the probability of making a purchase is governed by an unknown demand model that can take a finite number of possible forms. The problem is formulated as a repeated game with incomplete information. We develop a dynamic pricing strategy that leads to an efficient subgame perfect equilibrium and offers a finite regret with respect to the ideal case of a known demand model.
Plastic-Hinge methods for advanced analysis of steel frames

Abstract A number of recent research efforts have focused on the development of advanced analysis techniques and their possible application in limit-states design of steel structures. The new Australian Standard AS4100-1990 allows the use of this type of analysis for the design of frames in which the members are of compact section and are sufficiently restrained against lateral-torsional buckling to develop the system's in-plane capacity. The term ‘advanced’ is intended to indicate any method of analysis that sufficiently captures the limit states encompassed by specification equations for member proportioning such that the checking of such equations is not required. The first part of this paper presents a detailed investigation of the adequacy of two second-order plastic-hinge based approaches for use as advanced analysis techniques. This is followed by a discussion of one possible approach for consideration of geometric imperfection effects in advanced analysis/design. The paper closes with a look at some of the issues regarding consideration of out-of-plane strength and rotation capacity in frames designed based on two-dimensional advanced inelastic procedures.
Hexamethylenetetramine multiple catalysis as a porosity and pore size modifier in carbon cryogels

Abstract Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) base catalysis is used to control the porosity and pore size of resorcinol furaldehyde cryogels synthesized in tert-butanol. While HMTA produces ammonia and formaldehyde in aqueous media, other carbon–nitrogen molecular units are possible in non-aqueous solvents. The results suggest that at least two paths are possible from this decomposition, a reactive catalyst in pure tert-butanol or a base like catalyst in an aqueous mix. Due to the catalytic effect under high catalysis in tert-butanol the samples promoted high macroporosity > 70%, reduced shrinkage
Multi-block Lattice Boltzmann method: Extension to 3D and validation in turbulence

Abstract In this paper, a multi-block method is applied to 3D problems. In this application, interpolation schemes are carefully addressed to avoid the inconsistency when information is transferred from coarse to fine blocks. Two test cases are employed to assess information transfer scheme and accuracy improvement with respect to grid refinement.
Advertising and pricing policies in the equine breeding industry or sex and the single stallion

A unique aspect of the equine breeding industry is the way in which the current year's demand for stud services depends on the previous year's production levels. In a monopolistically competitive market, product differentiation and product promotion and advertisement are important aspects of industry conduct. A stallion's reputation and therefore demand for his services depend on the stallion owner's ability to differentiate the product. The price a stallion owner charges depends on the quality of the stud himself, and also on the quality of his offspring. The producer's output (foals) become advertisements for the stallion when they are raced, shown, etc. They also can become substitutes for the stallion, since they are an alternative source of the stallion's genes. Stallion owners are in the special position that they need to prove their stallion's ability to sire quality offspring, while bearing in mind they are producing possible substitutes. Outstanding offspring will generate demand for the parent's...
How proteolysis drives the cell cycle

Oscillations in the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) promote progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. This review examines how proteolysis regulates CDK activity—by degrading CDK activators or inhibitors—and also how proteolysis may directly trigger the transition from metaphase to anaphase. Proteolysis during the cell cycle is mediated by two distinct ubiquitin-conjugation pathways. One pathway, requiring CDC34, initiates DNA replication by degrading a CDK inhibitor. The second pathway, involving a large protein complex called the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome, initiates chromosome segregation and exit from mitosis by degrading anaphase inhibitors and mitotic cyclins. Proteolysis therefore drives cell cycle progression not only by regulating CDK activity, but by directly influencing chromosome and spindle dynamics.
A blocking agent and a blocking step are not needed in ELISA, immunostaining dot-blots and Western blots

The effect of blocking and non-blocking was compared in ELISA, immunostaining dot-blots and western blots using phosphate-buffered saline with and without the addition of Tween 20 for washes and dilutions. The results indicated that when Tween 20 was included in phosphate-buffered saline, a blocking agent and a blocking step were not required in immunoassays. Moreover, the use of protein-based blocking agents was found to somewhat lower the reactivity between the antibody and the antigen, possibly due to steric hindrance.
Non-randomness of Ammo-acid Changes in the Evolution of Homologous Proteins

A calculation of the extent of the differences between homologous proteins shows that the amino-acid “mutations” are not as random as might have been thought. In fact, natural selection seems to act to favour those amino-acid substitutions that tend to maintain the original conformation of the protein.
Exact and explicit travelling wave solutions for the nonlinear Drinfeld–Sokolov system

Abstract The Drinfeld–Sokolov (DS) system is investigated by using the tanh method and the sine–cosine method. A variety of exact travelling wave solutions with compact and noncompact structures are formally derived. The study reveals the power of the two schemes in handling identical systems.
Analyzing Internal Fragmentation of Electrosprayed Ubiquitin Ions During Beam-Type Collisional Dissociation

Gaseous fragmentation of intact proteins is multifaceted and can be unpredictable by current theories in the field. Contributing to the complexity is the multitude of precursor ion states and fragmentation channels. Terminal fragment ions can be re-fragmented, yielding product ions containing neither terminus, termed internal fragment ions. In an effort to better understand and capitalize upon this fragmentation process, we collisionally dissociated the high (13+), middle (10+), and low (7+) charge states of electrosprayed ubiquitin ions. Both terminal and internal fragmentation processes were quantified through step-wise increases of voltage potential in the collision cell. An isotope fitting algorithm matched observed product ions to theoretical terminal and internal fragment ions. At optimal energies for internal fragmentation of the 10+, nearly 200 internal fragments were observed; on average each of the 76 residues in ubiquitin was covered by 24.1 internal fragments. A pertinent finding was that formation of internal ions occurs at similar energy thresholds as terminal b- and y-ion types in beam-type activation. This large amount of internal fragmentation is frequently overlooked during top-down mass spectrometry. As such, we present several new approaches to visualize internal fragments through modified graphical fragment maps. With the presented advances of internal fragment ion accounting and visualization, the total percentage of matched fragment ions increased from approximately 40% to over 75% in a typical beam-type MS/MS spectrum. These sequence coverage improvements offer greater characterization potential for whole proteins with no needed experimental changes and could be of large benefit for future high-throughput intact protein analysis.
Derivation of the screening effects in a plasma in statistical and thermal equilibrium.

A derivation of screening effects in a moderately dense equilibrated plasma, based on the methods of finite temperature field theory, demonstrates the limits of validity of the ``weak screening`` form. Because the systematics of the theory make it possible to unambiguously separate off the leading order {ital e}{sup 3}, there can be no effects that cancel screening. The static nature of the equilibrium removes questions connected with use of time-response methods for a steady-state problem. The derived screening potential approaches the Debye-Huckel potential at large separations, but is cut off by quantum effects at short distances; the inherent violations of self-consistency in classical derivations of the Debye-Huckel potential are absent. Applied to the conditions of the Sun`s central region, screening corrections deviate only moderately from the classical, {similar_to}15%. The partial degeneracy of electrons also presents only small effects beyond those accounted for by the appropriate population factors. Given the weak role of screening, the effect of the corrections on solar neutrino fluxes is, therefore, seen to be small.
RecA relieves negative autoregulation of rdgA, which specifies a component of the RecA–Rdg regulatory circuit controlling pectin lyase production in Erwiniacarotovora ssp. carotovora

The production of pectin lyase (Pnl) in Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora strain 71 is induced by DNA-damaging agents such as mitomycin C (MC). This induction requires functions of recA, rdgA and rdgB genes. Based upon sequence homology, rdgA was predicted to encode a repressor and rdgB was presumed to specify a transcriptional activator. To elucidate the function of rdgA, the gene has been over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the 30 kDa product purified by ammonium-sulphate precipitation, heparin-agarose chromatography and gel filtration. The results of gel mobility-shift and DNase I protection assays revealed that purified RdgA specifically binds the rdgA operator sequence located between the -10 and -35 boxes. The expression of a rdgA-lacZ gene fusion in E. coli MC4100 is suppressed upon overproduction of RdgA from a Ptac-rdgA construct induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). However, the suppression of rdgA-tacZ expression is relieved by MC in the RecA+ E. coli strain MC4100, but not in its RecA- derivative, MC4160. An immunoblot analysis revealed RecA-dependent in vivo cleavage of the 30 kDa RdgA protein upon MC treatment. These results demonstrate that the transcription of rdgA is autoregulated, and strongly support the idea that proteolytic activity of RecA* is responsible for the derepression of rdgA expression.
Metal cluster hydrodesulfurization catalysts based on ternary lanthanum molybdenum sulfides

Abstract Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysis by a new group of reduced ternary molybdenum sulfides involving Mo 6 S 8 clusters has been investigated. A low temperature synthesis route was used to produce LaMoS materials with initial surface areas near 200 m 2 /g. Pretreatment at 200–700°C in flowing H 2 yielded amorphous materials that retained the lower Mo oxidation state characteristic of metal clusters (Mo 6 S 8 ). Higher temperature pretreatment (800°C) resulted in formation of the corresponding Chevrel phase. The LaMoS materials prepared and pretreated at the lower temperatures had similar thiophene and benzothiophene HDS rates to those for Chevrel phases. After HDS reaction, the surface areas of the catalysts were near 30–50 m 2 /g.
FRET detection of Octamer-4 on a protein nanoarray made by size-dependent self-assembly

An alternative approach for fabricating a protein array at nanoscale is suggested with a capability of characterization and/or localization of multiple components on a nanoarray. Fluorescent micro- and nanobeads each conjugated with different antibodies are assembled by size-dependent self-assembly (SDSA) onto nanometer wells that were created on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate by electron beam lithography (EBL). Antibody-conjugated beads of different diameters are added serially and electrostatically attached to corresponding wells through electrostatic attraction between the charged beads (confirmed by zeta potential analysis) and exposed p-doped silicon substrate underneath the PMMA layer. This SDSA method is enhanced by vibrated-wire-guide manipulation of droplets on the PMMA surface containing nanometer wells. Saturation rates of antibody-conjugated beads to the nanometer patterns are up to 97% under one component and 58–70% under two components nanoarrays. High-density arrays (up to 40,000 wells) could be fabricated, which can also be multi-component. Target detection utilizes fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from fluorescent beads to fluorescent-tagged secondary antibodies to Octamer-4 (Oct4), which eliminates the need for multiple steps of rinsing. The 100 nm green beads are covalently conjugated with anti-Oct4 to capture Oct4 peptides (39 kDa); where the secondary anti-Oct4 and F(ab)2 fragment of anti-gIgG tagged with phycoerythrin are then added to function as an indicator of Oct4 detection. FRET signals are detected through confocal microscopes, and further confirmed by Fluorolog3 spectrofluorometer. The success rates of detecting Oct4 are 32% and 14% of the beads in right place under one and two component nanoarrays, respectively. Ratiometric FRET is used to quantify the amount of Oct4 peptides per each bead, which is estimated about 2 molecules per bead.
Double layer interactions of unlike spheres. III. Nonlinear and two-dimensional effects☆

Abstract The problems of electrostatic interactions of systems consisting of two unlike spheres or of the plate/sphere configuration are discussed. Comparisons between the results based on the formulation of R. Hogg, T. W. Healy, and D. W. Fuerstenau [Trans. Faraday. Soc. 62, 1638 (1966)] and the recently developed theory using the two-dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation are offered. The reasons for distinct differences in electrostatic energies, found at sufficiently close separations between surfaces of different potentials, are offered.
The troponin I: inhibitory peptide uncouples force generation and the cooperativity of contractile activation in mammalian skeletal muscle

Hodges and his colleagues identified a 12 amino acid fragment of troponin I (TnI-ip) that inhibits Ca2+-activated force and reduces the effectiveness Ca2+ as an activator. To understand the role of troponin C (TnC) in the extended cooperative interactions of thin filament activation, we compared the effect of TnI-ip with that of partial troponin TnC extraction. Both methods reduce maximal Ca2+-activated force and increase [Ca2+] required for activation. In contrast to TnC extraction, TnI-ip does not reduce the extended cooperative interactions between adjacent thin filament regulatory units as assessed by the slope of the pCa/force relationship. Additional evidence that TnI-ip does not interfere with extended cooperativity comes from studies that activate muscle by rigor crossbridges (RXBs). TnI-ip increases both the cooperativity of activation and the concentration of RXBs needed for maximal force. This shows that TnI-ip binding to TnC increases the stability of the relaxed state of the thin filament. TnI-ip, therefore, uncouples force generation from extended cooperativity in both Ca2+ and RXB activated muscle contraction. Because maximum force can be reduced with no change—or even an increase—in cooperativity, force-generating crossbridges do not appear to be the primary activators of cooperativity between thin filament regulatory units of skeletal muscle.
Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs.

Psychotropic drugs with hepatotoxic potential can be classified based on their intended use: 1) antipsychoticsneuroleptics including phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and clozapine; 2) antidepressants including tricyclics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors; 3) anti-anxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines; 4) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as tacrine; and 5) drugs of abuse including cocaine and ecstasy. Antiseizure drugs represent another class of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, but will not be considered here. Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs occurs in a variable but small proportion of users and therefore can be considered unpredictable or idiosyncratic. When these uncommon adverse events occur in association with rash, eosinophilia, and/or a rapid positive rechallenge, sufficient circumstantial evidence exists to ascribe the mechanism to an immune-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Acute overt reactions to drugs tend to have clinicopathological features of hepatitis (destruction of liver parenchyma), cholestasis (impaired bile secretion), or both. The hepatotoxic reactions to psychotropic drugs conform to these general patterns. Furthermore, as with most hepatotoxic drugs, individual psychotropic drugs have a characteristic pattern of injury, i.e., cholestatic for some (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, tricyclics), hepatitic for others (e.g., hydrazines, MAO inhibitors, cocaine, ecstasy) (see Table 1).
Determinants of employment of recently arrived Mexican immigrant wives.

The work force participation of married Mexican-origin immigrant women who came to the US in the 1980s was investigated. Determinants of employment utilized in this study are the womens human capital stock household resources and labor market structural factors. Nine hypotheses were derived from the analytical model and were examined through logistic regression. Findings showed that all human capital resource and structural labor market factors were significantly related to employment. On the other hand four of the five family household factors namely: the age and presence of children in the household husbands income husbands employment and non-labor income were significantly related to employment. Furthermore the positive factors indicating the likelihood of being employed in 1989 for Mexican immigrant wives are: 1) being 25-54 years of age; 2) higher educational levels; 3) speaking fluent English; 4) lower levels of husbands income and non-labor income; 5) employment of husband in 1989; 6) absence of children under age 6 at home; 7) lower non-Hispanic female unemployment rates; 8) higher work force proportion employed in immigrant female-dependent occupations; 9) lower proportions of the Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) population being of Mexican origin; and 10) smaller MSA populations.
Validity of the Cognitive Error Questionnaire with Depressed and Nondepressed Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a measure of dysfunctional thinking when used with depressed and nondepressed older adults. Demographically similar groups of depressed and nondepressed elders completed the Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CEQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory. Scores from the questionnaire were submitted to factor analyses, and split-half reliabilities were calculated. The factor analyses indicated that one factor explained most of the variance, suggesting that the questionnaire measures general dysfunctional thinking in older adults. Collapsed scores reliably separated depressed and nondepressed elders, and the questionnaire evidenced high internal reliability. However, scores were nonsignificantly correlated with Beck Depression scores, which may reflect an instrument weakness or indicate age-related changes in the role of dysfunctional thinking. Directions for research are discussed.
Bubble growth in superheated He II

Abstract Bubble growth in superheated He II is controlled by the transfer of heat to the surface of the growing bubble by nonlinear Gorter-Mellink counterflow. The present work presents analytic formulae for the bubble radius as a function of time in the limiting cases of small and large superheats. The formulae include the effect of the inertial reaction of the surrounding liquid to the expansion of the bubble. A numerical example shows that bubble velocities of the order of metres per second are possible. A related problem, involving only heat transfer but no movement of the liquid, is the motion of the free surface of superheated He II in a very long tube. This problem has a similarity solution. The interfacial velocity in the tube is much smaller than the bubble growth velocity.
Pressure and concentration dependence of nucleation kinetics for crystallization of subtilisin

Abstract Nucleation kinetics of subtilisin was studied as a function of supersaturation (10–70 mg/ml) and pressure (0.1–34 MPa). The nucleation was found to have a 1.6 order dependence on supersaturation. Extent of nucleation decreased by a factor of 60 as the pressure increased from 0.1 to 34 MPa. High pressure was also used as a probe to understand the nucleation behavior of subtilisin and an estimation of the pressure-dependence of nucleation rate provided a value of 330 cm 3 /mol for the activation volume for nucleation. The residues in the contact region were determined to be hydrophilic by protein structure analysis. Responsible mechanisms are hypothesized.
Host immunity affects survival in myelodysplastic syndromes: Independent prognostic value of the absolute lymphocyte count.

The prognostic significance of the peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) has been carefully examined in lymphoid malignancies, but the importance of the baseline ALC in chronic myeloid neoplasms is less clear. In a recent analysis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) associated with deletion of chromosome 5q, we observed that an ALC < 1.2× 109 cells/L at diagnosis is independently associated with poorer survival. Clinicopathological data from 503 patients with non-del(5q) MDS evaluated at Mayo Clinic between 1996 and 2007 were reviewed to determine the prognostic impact of ALC at diagnosis in non-del(5q) MDS. Patients with MDS and an ALC at diagnosis ≥1.2× 109 (N = 248) experienced a superior overall survival (OS) compared with patients with an ALC < 1.2× 109/L (N = 255, median OS of 26.6 months versus 18.5 months, P < 0.001, respectively). ALC at diagnosis was an independent predictor for OS when compared with the International Prognostic Scoring System and the WHO-based Prognostic Scoring System. This study suggests that ALC at diagnosis is a prognostic factor for OS in MDS, and argues in favor of further studies to assess the role of host immunity in MDS clinical outcomes. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Audio-lingual Teaching and the Pattern Drill.

CONSIDERABLE rethinking of foreignlanguage teaching methodology in the past ten years has provided the interested teacher with a formidable, if not always enlightening literature. The dissemination of these studies and teaching materials has changed the classroom ways of many of us. Thousands of teachers have abandoned the traditional grammar-translation method of language instruction in favor of the New Key or audio-lingual methodology. But there are several discernible patterns of pedagogical procedure. Some teachers jumped aboard the band wagon and remained there throug thick and thin. Others became either quickly or slowly disillusioned with the new vogue and for various reasons have backed offeither by degrees or entirely. The die-hards, of course, were never seriously tempted by these language teaching innovations and have continued happily in their more seasoned habits of the traditional school. Now that the passions
Spears, Darts, and Arrows: Late Woodland Hunting Techniques in the Upper Ohio Valley

The belief that the bow and arrow replaced the spear and/or dart as hunting weapons in eastern North America between 1500 and 1200 B.P. is tested using a classification function that identifies bifaces as either spear/dart or arrow points. Results and their alternative interpretations bear important implications for the timing and nature of the technological transition. Moreover, the economic consequences of the transition are at once subtler and less profound than often supposed. Ethnographic data do not support simple notions of a uniform increase in acquisition efficiency across target species with the adoption of the bow and arrow.
Foodborne Illness Incidence Rates and Food Safety Risks for Populations of Low Socioeconomic Status and Minority Race/Ethnicity: A Review of the Literature

While foodborne illness is not traditionally tracked by race, ethnicity or income, analyses of reported cases have found increased rates of some foodborne illnesses among minority racial/ethnic populations. In some cases (Listeria, Yersinia) increased rates are due to unique food consumption patterns, in other cases (Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter) it is unclear why this health disparity exists. Research on safe food handling knowledge and behaviors among low income and minority consumers suggest that there may be a need to target safe food handling messages to these vulnerable populations. Another possibility is that these populations are receiving food that is less safe at the level of the retail outlet or foodservice facility. Research examining the quality and safety of food available at small markets in the food desert environment indicates that small corner markets face unique challenges which may affect the quality and potential safety of perishable food. Finally, a growing body of research has found that independent ethnic foodservice facilities may present increased risks for foodborne illness. This review of the literature will examine the current state of what is known about foodborne illness among, and food safety risks for, minority and low socioeconomic populations, with an emphasis on the United States and Europe.
A Note on Computer Diagnosis

A computer program is described for the preparation of decision tables (based upon observed statistics) for diagnosis. The procedure does not depend upon the assumption that symptoms occur independently. The program is intended for preliminary diagnosis or screening, therefore it should have value as a device of preventive medicine. This program is available from SHARE as HO BC CRIT.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Digoxin Disposition in Dogs and Its Preliminary Application to Humans

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin disposition developed in the rat was modified to account for the interspecies differences in tissue-to-plasma digoxin concentration ratios and applied to the dog. The model provided a quantitative assessment of the time course of digoxin concentrations in dog plasma, various tissues, and urine. It also predicted the effect of renal failure on digoxin pharmacokinetics in the dog. An attempt to scale the dog model to humans by simply considering differences in organ volumes, organ flow rates, and digoxin clearances was partially successful. Good predictions of plasma digoxin concentration and urinary digoxin excretion after a single dose and of steady-state plasma, heart, and skeletal muscle digoxin concentrations were obtained. However, the model predicted considerably higher kidney digoxin concentrations than are actually found. Although the model adequately characterized the time course of digoxin concentrations in patients with moderate renal impairment, it provided a relatively poor fit to that observed in anuric patients.
Characteristics of iodothyronine tyrosyl ring deiodination by rat cerebral cortical microsomes.

We studied the biochemical properties of tyrosyl ring (5-) deiodination of L-T3 and L-T4 by cerebrocortical microsomes from euthyroid rats. Incubations contained radioiodinated L-T3) or L-T4 and dithiothreitol (DTT), and products were analyzed by paper chromatography. The pH maximum was 7.5 for 5-deiodination of both T3 and T4. Increasing the DTT concentration from 5 to 200 mM caused a progressive increase in the 5- deiodination rate of 2 nM T3, but at 500 mM DTT the rate decreased. When three DTT concentrations (5.25, 10.1, and 20.1 mM) were used, double reciprocal plots of 5-deiodination rate as a function of T3 concentration (from 0.3–40 nM) showed a sequential type kinetic pattern, with a limiting Kn of 1.7 nM L-T3. Cerebral microsomes from 4-day-old rats had an apparent Km for L-T3 similar to that of cerebrocortical microsomes from adult rats, but the neonatal tissues had a 3.5- to 10-fold higher apparent maximum velocity. At 50 mM DTT, L-T3 and L-T4 each inhibited 5-deiodination of the other. The ap...
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Oxide on Aerosolized Silicon Nanoparticles

Nanoscale shells of ZrO2 were deposited onto size-selected, aerosolized Si nanoparticles by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CVD precursor was nitronium pentanitratozirconate (ZN, [NO2][Zr(NO3)5]), which has been used previously to deposit ZrO2 films on silicon wafers. Silicon nanocrystals were synthesized from silane in a low-pressure nonthermal plasma and were directly extracted from the plasma growth chamber into an atmospheric-pressure aerosol flow tube reactor. The particle streams flowed first through a preheating furnace, which could be set between room temperature and 1000 °C, and then through a differential mobility diameter (DMA) that was set to transmit particles having a mobility diameter of 12 nm. After size selection, ZN was mixed into the carrier gas stream, and the resulting nanocrystal/ZN/carrier gas mixtures passed through a heated reaction zone (T ≈ 100 °C), where deposition took place. The residence time in the reaction zone was approximately 8 s. The extent of deposition was deter...
CopperII catalysis of 8-acetoxyquinoline hydrolysis

Abstract The hydrolysis of 8-acetoxyquinoline in dilute acid solution has been found to be subject to copper II catalysis. The catalysed reaction is first order in 8-acetoxyquinoline (as the free base), first order in copper ion, and first order in hydroxide ion. It is proposed that a copper chelate is a reaction intermediate in the hydrolysis.
Arterialization of the portal vein in cirrhosis: the findings at wedge hepatic venography

A new operation for the treatment of cirrhosis and portal hypertension has recently been described involving arterialization of the portal vein in combination with an end-to-side portacaval shunt. We present, for thefirst time, the appearances at wedge hepatic venography. No significant change is seen in the wedge hepatic pressure as a result of this technique, and the sinusoidal pattern is preserved. Filling of the portosplanchnic collaterals is not as frequent as after end-to-side shunts alone, and the appearances seem to reflect improved sinusoidal perfusion. The clinical results have been encouraging.
Abstract 2035: Anti-epileptic drug targets Ewing sarcoma.

Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive and metastatic bone or soft tissue tumor that affects children and adolescents. It is characterized by chromosomal translocations involving EWS gene and one of the ETS (Erythroblastosis virus E26 transformation-specific) families of transcription factors (ERG, FLI1, ETV1, ETV4, E1AF and FEV). All of the fusion genes juxtapose the EWS gene to an ETS related gene. Previously our laboratory has discovered several ETS oncogenes that have shown to play major roles in human cancers. ERG (ETS Related Gene), an important member of the ETS family genes, discovered by Drs. Reddy and Rao is shown to be involved in Ewing sarcoma. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that ERG protein functions as a sequence specific transcriptional activator. Our preliminary results have shown that ERG and aberrant EWS-ERG proteins inhibit RXR transcriptional activation and apoptosis. These results suggest that transcriptional inhibition may play a major role in apoptosis function. Using a cell based assay system developed in our laboratory that measures the inhibitory activities of ERG proteins, we screened for known drugs that can reverse the inhibitory effects of RXR transcriptional activity. Since HDACs regulate nuclear receptors, we hypothesized that anti-epileptic drug, valproic acid and trichostatin-A (HDAC inhibitors) may reverse the inhibitory properties of EWS-ERG oncoprotein on RXR transcriptional activity and they can be used as therapeutic agents in Ewing sarcoma. Methods: Cell based assays were used to measure the RXR transcriptional activation function and in vivo assays were used to study the cell viability and apoptosis activity. Results: (1) Anti-epileptic drugs, valproic acid (VPA) and trichostatin-A (TSA) have shown to reverse the inhibitory effect of EWS-ERG on RXR transcriptional activity. (2) VPA and TSA inhibit the cell growth of Ewing sarcoma cells expressing EWS-ERG onco-protein. (3) VPA induce apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma cells. (4) VPA induce the expression of RXR target genes. Conclusion: Ewing sarcoma requires highly intensive chemotherapy along with surgery and/or radiation. Current therapies are associated with significant short and long term side effects. Hence new therapeutic approaches are needed. The above results suggest that the anti-epileptic drug VPA could be used as a potential treatment option for regulation of the function of EWS-ERG onco-protein. Thus, a promising drug with a new potential will have profound impact on prevention, management and treatment of Ewing family of cancers. Citation Format: Shubhalaxmi Kayarthodi, Yasuo Fujimura, Kunchala Rungsrisuriyachai, Jinbo Fang, Veena Rao, Shyam P. Reddy. Anti-epileptic drug targets Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2035. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2035
Christianity, Social Change, and Globalization in the Americas

A study of the ways in which diverse Protestant and Catholic congregations in the Americas interpret and respond to the changes wrought by globalization. Contributors from different fields draw on fieldwork to provide perspectives on economics, migration and increasing religious pluralism.
Calcium as a coagonist of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced calcium release

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced calcium release from intracellular stores is a regulator of cytosolic-free calcium levels. The subsecond kinetics and regulation of IP3-induced calcium-45 release from synaptosome-derived microsomal vesicles were resolved by rapid superfusion. Extravesicular calcium acted as a coagonist, potentiating the transient IP3-induced release of calcium-45. Thus, rapid elevation of cytosolic calcium levels may trigger IP3-induced calcium release in vivo. Extravesicular calcium also produced a more slowly developing, reversible inhibition of IP3-induced calcium-45 release. Sequential positive and negative feedback regulation by calcium of IP3-induced calcium release may contribute to transients and oscillations of cytosolic-free calcium in vivo.