cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The projected power consumption of a wireless clock distribution system and comparison to conventional distribution systems

A wireless interconnect system has been proposed for global clock signal distribution. The system transmits and receives signals at 20 GHz or higher. The received signal is then amplified, frequency divided to 4 GHz or lower, and buffered to provide a clock signal to the local clock distribution system. An analysis comparing the projected power dissipation of a wireless clock distribution system to conventional grid-based and H-tree based distribution systems for 0.1 /spl mu/m generation microprocessors is performed, based on the total capacitive loading of the global distribution system. The results show that in terms of power dissipation, the wireless clock distribution system should be comparable to conventional systems.
Urinary incontinence and disability in community-dwelling women: a cross-sectional study.

Aims Disability, an individual's reduced capacity to perform physical tasks encountered in daily routine, is associated with urinary incontinence in the elderly. Our objective was to determine if urinary incontinence is associated with disability in community-dwelling women 40 years and older. Methods Cross-sectional study among US women ≥40 years (n = 4,458) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–2010. We estimated the age-stratified weighted prevalence and factors independently associated with disability (Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), mobility, and functional limitations) in women with and without urinary incontinence while controlling for confounders of the association between disability and urinary incontinence. Results The weighted prevalence of all disabilities was higher in women with urinary incontinence than women without urinary incontinence across most decades of life with the greatest difference in the prevalence of mobility disabilities: 40–49 years (12.1% vs. 7.0%), 50–59 years (17.0% vs. 9.2%), 60–69 years (28.3% vs. 19.8%), and 70+ years (43.8% vs. 33.0%, all P < 0.05). On multivariable analysis, after controlling for the confounding effect of age, co-morbidities, and income-poverty ratio, urinary incontinence was weakly associated with disabilities. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of disabilities for urinary incontinence was ADL 1.96 (1.07, 3.58), IADL 1.18 (0.78, 1.78), mobility 1.26 (1.01, 1.56), and functional limitations 1.36 (1.07, 1.73). Conclusions Urinary incontinence is weakly associated with disabilities and cannot be implicated as a cause of disability in community dwelling women. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:539–543, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole-body cortisol response of zebrafish to acute net handling stress

Zebrafish, Danio rerio, are frequently handled during husbandry and experimental procedures in the laboratory, yet little is known about the physiological responses to such stressors. We measured the whole-body cortisol levels of adult zebrafish subjected to net stress and air exposure at intervals over a 24 h period; cortisol recovered to near control levels by about 1 h post-net-stress (PNS). We then measured cortisol at frequent intervals over a 1 h period. Cortisol levels were more than 2-fold higher in net stressed fish at 3 min PNS and continued to increase peaking at 15 min PNS, when cortisol levels were 6-fold greater than the control cortisol. Mean cortisol declined from 15 to 60 min PNS, and at 60 min, net-stressed cortisol was similar to control cortisol. Because the age of fish differed between studies, we examined resting cortisol levels of fish of different ages (3, 7, 13, and 19 months). The resting cortisol values among tanks with the same age fish differed significantly but there was no clear effect of age. Our study is the first to report the response and recovery of cortisol after net handling for laboratory-reared zebrafish.
Biventricular Badness: Rare Images of Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve in a Patient with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

We report a rare case of hypoplastic left heart syndrome coexisting in a patient with Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve, which has previously been described only in pathological studies. A fetal echocardiogram at 27-weeks gestation showed severe aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome, significant endocardial fibroelastosis, a dysplastic tricuspid valve with moderate regurgitation, right atrial and ventricular dilation, and signs of fetal congestive heart failure. Due to inadequate left heart size, the patient was not a candidate for fetal intervention for critical aortic stenosis, and repeat studies showed progression of the lesion through the pregnancy. The infant was delivered at 36-weeks gestation with signs of hydrops, and a postnatal echocardiogram confirmed hypoplastic left heart syndrome as well as severe Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve. The infant did not survive to intervention.
Elemental tellurium as a chiral p-type thermoelectric material

The thermoelectric transport properties of elemental tellurium are investigated by density functional theory combined with the Boltzmann transport equation in the rigid band approximation. We find that the thermoelectric transport properties parallel and perpendicular to the helical chains are highly asymmetric (almost symmetric) for p- (n-) type doped tellurium due to the anisotropic (isotropic) hole (electron) pockets of the Fermi surface. The electronic band structure shows that the lone-pair derived uppermost heavy-hole and extremely light-hole lower valence bands offer the opportunity to obtain both a high Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity along the chains through Sb or Bi doping. Furthermore, the stairlike density of states yields a large asymmetry for the transport distribution function relative to the Fermi energy which leads to large thermopower. The calculations reveal that tellurium has the potential to be a good p-type thermoelectric material with an optimum figure of merit zT of 0.31 (0.56) at room temperature (500 K) at a hole concentration around 1×10^19 cm^−3. Exploiting the rich chemistry of lone pairs in chiral solids may have important implications for the discovery of high-zT polychalcogenide-based thermoelectric materials.
Dynamics of leaf area for climate and weather models

[1] Leaf area is the most relevant scalar variable for describing the dynamics of vegetation on seasonal time scales, and hence is required as part of the land-surface component of a meteorological model. A mathematical scheme for the dynamic vegetation component of such a model is formulated and reduced to a toy model for seasonal leaf dynamics. Leaf growth is seen as a temperature-initiated instability of the ecosystem that drives it away from its state of winter dormancy; the onset of dormancy in autumn consists of cold temperatures breaking the summer-time attractor; the temperature-dependent controls are represented by a "ramp-up" function. Results from ensemble simulations driven by a stochastic temperature model show that leaf variability statistics have a very strong seasonality, such that variability is largely confined to spring and autumn. These variability windows promote non-Gaussian and nonstationary statistics that occur when the stable attractor of one season has flipped to the stable attractor of the other season. During such periods of high variability, any dynamic vegetation model will be most unreliable without observational constraints because of its unstable trajectory.
1-Deoxy-5-hydroxysphingolipids as new anticancer principles: an efficient procedure for stereoselective syntheses of 2-amino-3,5-diols.

Enantioselective preparation of the linear homoallylic alcohol I allows efficient formation of the 2-amino-3,5-diol moiety present in several biologically active compounds, including 1-deoxy-5-hydroxysphingosine analogue IV, which has exhibited excellent biological activity against colon cancer. The conversion of I into IV involves a sequence of enantioselective epoxidation of the O-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative of I, followed by regioselective and stereospecific oxacyclization of II to introduce differentiated oxygens in III.
Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process for Selecting and Modeling Stormwater Best Management Practices

: Engineers are increasingly expected to consider several influential criteria when selecting a single best management practice (BMP) for stormwater management. These criteria include site physical characteristics; local, state, and federal pollution control ordinances; stakeholder input, and BMP implementation and long-term maintenance costs. This paper discusses the development of a software-aided approach based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a decision-making tool for selecting stormwater management BMPs. Supported with input from a geographic information system, the AHP can provide an objective, mathematically-based alternative to the existing, often subjective BMP selection approaches. In this study, the developed AHP decision support software was applied in a demonstration site in the Town of Blacksburg, Virginia. First, the AHP decision support algorithm was applied to evaluate and rank BMP options for the demonstration site. Second, the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to effectively model the BMPs recommended by the AHP software. Results indicate potential advantages over traditional BMP selection methods.
A Questionnaire Measure of Individual Differences in Achieving Tendency

Reliability and validity data are reported for a questionnaire measure of individual differences in achieving tendency which is an expanded and improved version of Mehrabian's (1969) scales. The fi...
Teenage pregnancy and neonatal behavior: effects in Puerto Rico and Florida.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between neonatal behavior and prenatal and perinatal risk factors in infants of teenage and older mothers in Puerto Rico and Mainland United States. The sample included approximately 300 newborn infants;half were examined in Puerto Rico, the other half in Florida, using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Comparisons by maternal age and the number of obstetrical complications showed that for the Puerto Rican group, infants with fewer obstetrical complications were better able to regulate their crying and active states. Infants of teenage mothers with fewer complications had a higher level of arousal than infants of older mothers with fewer complications. Infant behavior in the Mainland sample did not vary by maternal age or complications. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the combination of biomedical variables significantly predicted neonatal behavior in both cultures. Mother's age was not separately correlated with neonatal behavior, but was repeatedly combined with other variables in the significant regressions. The findings suggest that infants of teenage mothers may differ from infants of older mothers, particularly in the organization of state behavior, and that the effects of maternal age on neonatal behavior are increased in the presence of biological outcome factors.
Cerebral cortex of the mouse after prenatal chemical insult

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a short term chemical insult to neuroepithelial cells (the matrix cells of neurons) causes a clearly defined neuronal deficit in the neocortex and hippocampal region. In the first experiment 15-day pregnant mice were given a single dose of 5-azacytidine (4 mg/kg); 30–60 minutes later they were injected with tritiated thymidine (6 μc/g). The fetuses were sacrificed at various hours and days after treatment. No cellular abnormalities were observed one or two hours after treatment with 5-azacytidine, but at three to four hours abnormal mitotic figures became visible at the lumen. Usually the chromosomes were clumped together, forming commaand circle-shaped structures. Sometimes chromosome breaks were observed. The number of cells with chromosomal abnormalities increased during the following hours, but ten hours after treatment a few normal mitotic figures appeared again. In the meantime the affected cells moved from the lumen toward the cortical plate. Their number gradually decreased and 48 hours after treatment all had disappeared. Since in the controls many labeled cells reached the cortex but in the experimental animals none, a neuronal deficit resulted from the treatment. It was difficult, however, to pinpoint the type of neuron lacking in the brain of the treated newborn. In the second experiment pregnant animals were given several doses of 5-azacytidine (2 mg/kg on days 13, 14 and 15 of gestation) and sacrificed at various days after birth. The neocortex as well as the hippocampal region of the treated animals contained fewer cells than the same structures in the controls. In addition many neurons both in the cortex and hippocampus were morphologically abnormal. It is thus concluded that single and repeated shortterm chemical insults to neuroepithelial cells during the later stages of fetal life, result in a shortage of neurons and the presence of morphologically abnormal neurons.
Advanced CIM environment for manufacturing data analysis

The Harris semiconductor manufacturing systems organization has released a new environment for performing complex analyses of semiconductor manufacturing processes and IC products in its facilities worldwide. This innovative analysis toolset has increased the productivity of engineers by providing a method for complex manufacturing data reduction without the need for exhaustive training. The interactive, forms-based interface utility has also provided significant reductions in the time required to isolate parameters and identify relationships that significantly influence manufacturing yields. With little knowledge of data structures, query languages, or the underlying statistical analysis software, users of the system can access data in a variety of Harris worldwide locations and generate complex ad-hoc queries that result in statistics, histograms, box plots, and scatter plots. The more sophisticated user can enjoy the benefits of an open system. The foundation of the system is the internally developed, Unix-based manufacturing and engineering data base (MEDB). MEDB is a fully automated system for collecting and loading in-line manufacturing parameters, sample probe, wafer probe, and package test data from a variety of equipment platforms. The system is comprised of Harris proprietary database management software wrapped around the commercially available INGRES relational database product. >
Electroshock seizure thresholds and seizure patterns in two species of opossum, Didelphys virginiana and Marmosa mitis

Abstract Electroshock seizure thresholds and maximal electroshock seizure patterns were studied in the Virginia opossum, Didelphys virginiana and the South American murine opossum, Marmosa mitis. Marmosa exhibited the characteristic flexor-extensor tonic seizure whereas Didelphys exhibited only the flexor component of the tonic seizure. The difference in maximal seizure patterns was related to differences in spinal reflex mechanisms in these two species.
Burns and metabolism.

Burn and other severe injuries are associated with pronounced metabolic changes in most organs and tissues. Sepsis, a common and feared complication after major trauma, further aggravates injuryinduced metabolic changes. The focus of this review is the papers published during 1998 related to metabolism in burn injury and other critical illness, including sepsis. Papers presented at the Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons held in Orlando, FL in 1998 are highlighted, but other reports within the fields of injury, sepsis, and metabolism are also discussed. Because of clinical relevance, special attention is paid to studies aimed at preventing or reducing some of the metabolic consequences of burn and sepsis, including studies related to nutritional support and treatment with anabolic hormones.
Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Pb−Tl−O Superlattices on Single-Crystal Au(100)

Superlattices in the Pb−Tl−O system with modulation wavelengths varying from 5.2 to 18.9 nm were epitaxially electrodeposited on single-crystal Au(100) by periodically pulsing the current anodically between 0.05 and 5 mA/cm2. The films were grown at room temperature from an aqueous solution of 0.005 M TlNO3 and 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 in 5 M NaOH. Bulk films deposited at current densities of 0.05 and 5 mA/cm2 have compositions of approximately Pb0.46Tl0.54O1.7 and Pb0.74Tl0.26O1.9, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show a strong [100] out-of-plane orientation for the electrodeposited films. Seven orders of satellite peaks are seen in the XRD pattern for a superlattice with a modulation wavelength of 18.9 nm. Azimuthal scans for the (111) reflection of Au and Pb−Tl−O show that the film is rotated 45° in-plane with respect to the substrate. The in-plane rotation of 45° reduces the lattice mismatch between the Au substrate and the deposited superlattice from 31% to −7.6%. An epitaxial relationship consist...
The BTeV pixel detector

Abstract The pixel vertex detector is critical to the success of the BTeV experiment. It will provide very high-precision space points along charged particle trajectories with a readout fast enough so that this information can be used by the lowest level trigger. The detector will be placed in a 1.6 T dipole magnet, inside the beam vacuum, and with the innermost region as close as 6 mm from the colliding beams. The status of the technical design of this unique vertex detector is presented in this paper.
Molecular Orbital Study of the Mechanism of Platinum(0)-Catalyzed Alkene and Alkyne Diboration Reactions

A theoretical study has been carried out for the mechanism of Pt(0)-catalyzed alkyne and alkene diboration reactions with the B3LYP density functional method. Two different paths are studied, path A where the first step is B−B oxidative addition and path B where the first step is alkyne/alkene coordination. Though the coordination energy of acetylene and ethylene to Pt(PH3)2 is larger than the energy gain of oxidative addition of (OH)2B−B(OH)2 to Pt(PH3)2, the trend reverses as the size of substituents on alkynes, alkenes, and (OH)2B−B(OH)2 increases, and for large alkynes path A is expected to be favored over path B. Path A has been shown to proceed via the following steps: (a) coordination of (OH)2B−B(OH)2 to Pt(PH3)2, (b) oxidative addition of the B−B bond to Pt, (c) dissociation of one phosphine ligand, (d) coordination of alkyne/alkene to form a π-complex, (e) migratory insertion of alkyne/alkene into a Pt−B bond, (f) migration of the CHxCHxB(OH)2 (x = 1 or 2) group to become cis to B(OH)2, (g) reco...
Magnetic coupling to a prolate spheroid model of man

Calculations are given for the induced current density and power absorbed by a prolate spheroid model of a man when exposed to transmission line magnetic fields. The spheroid model can be expected to provide values of the right order of magnitude. Biological hazards from exposure to magnetic fields are considered.
Aircraft voice intercommunications system design for Project Oculus

Project Oculus, an ongoing research platform for deploying airborne sensors on a C-130 aircraft, is currently in its pre-flight testing phase. The sensor platform is divided into two systems that rest on standard 463L pallets; a sensor deployment pallet and an operator station. The sensor pallet consists of a deployment arm and a pod, which can contain various sensors. The operator station houses power control equipment, data acquisition, and operators who control the sensors. Oculus is designed to fly on a C-130 aircraft, which has very high internal audible noise. Although Oculus' operator station contains noise-deadening material, a headset intercommunication system needs to be designed. This system must comply with different headset standards, communicate with the C-130 intercom, and be expandable to accommodate various audio sources like radios and satellites receivers. Throughout the years, intercom systems and headsets have evolved from the original standard consisting of an impedance rating of a speaker and a microphone. Early intercom systems were highly limited in functionality and quality due to simple electronics and common grounding. Advances in electronics allowed for the evolution of headset standards and intercom equipment, which permitted a multitude of new configurations and improved sound quality. With these advances, multiple headset standards and intercom interfaces have become popular among the military and civilian aviation. Due to the different standards for headsets, impedance matching plays a major role in the design of an intercom system. Oculus is a multi-mission platform and therefore must be designed to support a variety of standards including civilian and military headsets. This paper outlines the intercom units and parts considered for use in Oculus, and a design criteria for an extendable intercom system for Oculus.
Object behavior mining from mitochondiral shape databases for degenerated nerve disease studies

To make a biological information system valuable for the life sciences community, data analytics have to provide explainable results that can demonstrate the linkages between measurable features and biological meaning of interest. Neither traditional classification nor information retrieval methods are sufficient for biomedical applications if such linkages cannot be established. An example area is the understanding of mitochondrial dynamics in Drosophila segmental nerves. Simple shape analysis or image classification of mitochondrial objects is a far cry from in-depth study of the temporal patterns and transitions of mitochondria which are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells where mitochondria undergo frequent shape changes as well as active movement. We present a computational approach to perform mitochondrial shape analysis, pattern mining, and dynamic behavior retrievals. The capability of the computational methods may provide new insights into scientific discoveries for degenerated nerve diseases.
Effect of test duration and feeding on relative sensitivity of genetically distinct clades of Hyalella azteca

The amphipod Hyalella azteca is widely used in ecotoxicology laboratories for the assessment of chemical risks to aquatic environments, and it is a cryptic species complex with a number of genetically distinct strains found in wild populations. While it would be valuable to note differences in contaminant sensitivity among different strains collected from various field sites, those findings would be influenced by acclimation of the populations to local conditions. In addition, potential differences in metabolism or lipid storage among different strains may confound assessment of sensitivity in unfed acute toxicity tests. In the present study, our aim was to assess whether there are genetic differences in contaminant sensitivity among three cryptic provisional species of H. azteca. Therefore, we used organisms cultured under the same conditions, assessed their ability to survive for extended periods without food, and conducted fed and unfed acute toxicity tests with two anions (nitrate and chloride) whose toxicities are not expected to be altered by the addition of food. We found that the three genetically distinct clades of H. azteca had substantially different responses to starvation, and the presence/absence of food during acute toxicity tests had a strong role in determining the relative sensitivity of the three clades. In fed tests, where starvation was no longer a potential stressor, significant differences in sensitivity were still observed among the three clades. In light of these differences in sensitivity, we suggest that ecotoxicology laboratories consider using a provisional species in toxicity tests that is a regionally appropriate surrogate.
The Evolving Definition of Physical Fitness.

Traditional defintions of physical fitness have employed language that, when operationalized, encompasses a broad range of functional capacities. However, these definitions have not referred directly to the health outcomes of physical activity. The current body of knowledge in exercise science and society's view of physical fitness indicate that a definition of physical fitness should focus on the health related aspects of fitness. It is proposed that the physical education profession's primary concern should be for promotion of health related physical fitness, defined as a state characterized by (a) an ability to perform daily activities with vigor, and (b) demonstration of traits and capacities that are associated with low risk of premature development of the hypokinetic diseases (i.e., those associated with physical inactivity). In addition, physical fitness and motor performance are terms that may have utility for professional physical educators, if consensus can be built around precise literal and op...
The Precautionary Principle and Emerging Biologic Risks: Lessons From Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Blood Products

In times of crisis, such as during the early 1980s when acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized as a threat to the blood supply, it can be difficult to find reliable evidence upon which to base appropriate public health policies. Unreliable evidence produces substantial scientific uncertainty. Yet despite ambiguity and unanswered questions, decisions must be made and policy established to protect people’s health. The precautionary principle provides important guidelines for public health policy decision making that are of particular value in times of crisis, such as the emergence of a new pathogen: be open and honest about scientific uncertainty; communicate with the public; and consider immediate, adaptable policy decisions. Ongoing research into the important uncertainties and review of policies in light of the data that emerge are crucial to the development of good public policy.
Liquid crystalline polyethers based on conformational isomerism. XIX. Synthesis and characterization of flexible polyethers based on 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-r-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane with H, F, CH3, Br, Cl, and CF3 as R groups

The synthesis of 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (FBPE), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (CIBPE), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (BrBPE), and 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (CF3BPE), of the corresponding polymers based on 1,5-dibromopentane (RBPE-5), 1,8-dibromooctane (RBPE-8), and of the copolymers based on various ratios of 1,5-dibromopentane and 1,8-dibromooctane [RBPE-5/8(A/B)] is described. The phase transition temperatures and thermodynamic parameters of RBPE-5 and RBPE-8 polymers were compared to those of the corresponding polyethers based on 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (BPE) and 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (MBPE) which were reported previously. Both isotropic-nematic transition temperatures and corresponding thermodynamic parameters (i.e., enthalpy and entropy changes) decrease in the following order of the substituent R: H > F > CH3 > Cl > Br > CF3. This order corresponds to the increase of the breadth of the RBPE molecules, and agrees with the similar trends observed in low molar mass liquid crystals.
935-32 Differing Mechanisms of Late Arterial Responses to Transcatheter Therapy: A Serial Quantitative Angiographic and Intravascular Ultrasound Study

To evaluate the mechanisms of late arterial response to transcatheter therapy, we analyzed serial quantitative angiographic minimum lumen diameter (MLD) and diameter stenosis (DS) and intravascular ultrasound external elastic membrane (EEM), lumen, and plaque area in 137 lesions treated with various devices (31 PTCA, 57 directional and 26 rotational atherectomy, and 23 excimer laser angioplasty). From serial angiography (post-intervention and at follow-up 4.7 ± 2.8 mos later), lesions were divided into 3 groups based on Δ MLD and follow-up %DS. From serial intravascular ultrasound, late lumen loss (Δlumen area), geometric remodeling (ΔEEM area). and tissue growth (Δplaque area) were calculated for each group: ↑MLD (N = 14) ↓MLD, but DS l 0.5 (N = 44) ↓MLD and DS ≥ 05 p (N = 79) Post-intervention EEM (mm 2 ) 20.1 ± 3.7 20.7 ± 7.0 20.2 ± 6.5 NS Lumen (mm 2 ) 7.4 ± 2.0 7.0 ± 2.3 5.4 ± 2.2 l 0.0001 Plaque (mm 2 ) 12.7 ± 3.7 13.7 ± 5.9 14.8 ± 5.8 NS Follow-up EEM (mm 2 ) 21.3 ± 8.0 20.0 ± 6.6 18.0 ± 5.8 0.0849 Lumen (mm 2 ) 8.7 ± 6.7 5.6 ± 30 1.8 ± 1.5 l 0.0001 Plaque (mm 2 ) 12.6 ± 4.0 13.9 ± 5.0 16.2 ± 6.0 0.0169 Late lumen loss (mm 2 ) -1.3 ± 6.3 1.4 ± 2.6 3.5 ± 2.4 l 0.0001 Remodeling (mm 2 ) -1.2 ± 7.6 0.7 ± 2.9 2.3 ± 2.7 0.0014 Tissue growth (mm 2 ) -0.1 ± 4.0 0.7 ± 1.5 1.3 ± 2.4 0.0831 Geometric remodeling correlated with tissue growth (r = 0.426, p l 0.0001), but was independent of device used. We conclude: Patterns of the late arterial response following coronary intervention are determined less by tissue growth than by the direction and magnitude of geometric remodeling. Late lumen gain is the result of “overcompensation” with an increase in EEM area and minimal tissue growth. Late lumen loss without angiographic restenosis is the result of modest tissue growth with no decrease in EEM area. Angiographic restenosis is associated with moderate tissue growth, but is predominantly the result of geometric remodeling; a decrease in EEM area accounts for 66% of late lumen area loss
Clinical interpretation of maternal serum α-fetoprotein concentrations

Concentrations of maternal serum α-fetoprotein provide the basis for decisions to proceed to ultrasonography and amniocentesis in the multistaged screening/diagnostic process used for the prenatal detection of open neural tube defects, abdominal wall defects, and twins. The concentration of maternal serum α-fetoprotein at or above which women should be advised that amniocentesis is available (cutoff levels for amniocentesis) varies, depending upon a number of factors, such as maternal weight, race, residence, and gestational age. We briefly describe a methodology for computing the predicted risks of fetal conditions associated with a given concentration of maternal serum α-fetoprotein adjusted for important variables. This adjustment methodology provides a straightforward means for clinical laboratories to report results of assays of maternal serum α-fetoprotein in terms of predicted risks, to facilitate understanding by the physician and patient of the clinical meaning of the results of maternal serum α-fetoprotein testing.
A SIMPLE ASSAY FOR MEDIUM CHAIN ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE (MCADH) ACTIVITY IN DICARBOXYLIC ACIDURIA (DCA) FIBROBLASTS

DCA, an inborn error of β-oxidation, is due to MCADH deficiency, since we found MCADH activity in DCA fibroblast mitochondrial sonic supernatants (MS) to be 5% of control with a dye reduction assay. With a 3H-release assay that measures the 3H2O formed by the dehydrogenation of [2,3-3H]acyl-CoA's, short chain ADH, MCADH and isovaleryl-CoA DH (IVDH) activities were assayed with 100μM [2,3-3H]butyryl-, octanoyl- and isovaleryl-CoA's, respectively. Without the electron acceptor phenazine methosulfate (PMS), MCADH activity in DCA MS was 32% of control. PMS addition raised control ADH activities ten-fold and yielded DCA MCADH and SCADH activities of 5% (p<0.01) and 73% of control, respectively. DCA MCADH activity also remained 5.5% of control after FAD addition (20μM); neither PMS nor FAD correct MCADH deficiency in DCA. In DCA fibroblast sonic supernatants (CS), assayed with FAD and PMS, MCADH, SCADH and IVDH activities were 23% (p<0.05), 118% and 121% of control, respectively. After correcting ADH activities for the formation of 3H-species (i.e. 3H-acyl-carnitines), not routinely separated from 3H2O in our assay, we obtained SCADH, MCADH and IVDH activities that were 113%, 8% (p<0.01; N=6) and 87% of control, respectively, in DCA CS. Since CS are easily obtained, the 3H-release assay can demonstrate MCADH deficiency in DCA fibroblasts simply, rapidly and accurately. This method is applicable to MCADH assay in leukocyte pellets and tissue biopsies.
Isolation, purification, and chemical characterization of the serum mitogen for diploid human fibroblasts

We have found that diploid human fibroblasts, but not heteroploid human fibroblasts, stringently required serum for their multiplication. Using Diaflo ultrafiltration membrane units, isoelectric focusing and preparative gel electrophoresis, we have isolated and purified this mitogenic activity from mammalian sera. This electrophoretically homogeneous sialoprotein is 120,000 daltons in size, with an iso-electric point of pH 5.2–5.4; it is made up of two electrophoretically identical dimers weighing 57,000 each; it is thermostable and is inactivated by both trypsin and neuraminidase.
The effects of customer contact on organizational structure and performance in service firms

This study examines how customer interactions affects the organizational structure of service organizations, as well as how the alignment between firm structure and customer contact influences organizational performance. Results obtained from 234 service organizations in 96 different industries support our contention that variance in demand generated by the level of customer interaction strongly influences the type of structure a service firm adopts. High degrees of customer contact were significantly related to the use of higher degrees of organizational flexibility. In addition, the results indicate that firms that align organizational flexibility with customer contact achieve superior performance.
RETHINKING CYBER WAR

ABSTRACT Cybernetic attacks have been wrongly perceived as weapons of physical destruction rather than of disruption. Because modern, post‐industrial societies have become critically dependent on computer networks to function on a day‐to‐day basis, disruption of those networks could have serious social and economic consequences. In order to better protect society, policymakers will have to re‐orient their approach toward cyber security so as to emphasize the genuine cybernetic threat, which is network disruption rather than physical destruction.
TESTING PRICE TAKING IN LOAN AND DEPOSIT MARKETS BY FINANCIAL FIRMS

This paper tests for the failure of price taking in the markets for financial and nonfinancial services. A firm that can purchase or sell an unlimited quantity at the prevailing price is a price taker. This hypothesis is tested using historical data on a sample of eighteen banks, considering financial services, demand deposits, time deposits, labor, cash, materials, and capital. The empirical results indicate little flexibility in the financial technology, whether price taking is imposed on all markets or only on the labor market.
Evaluation of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature shift due to temper embrittlement and neutron irradiation by means of a small-punch test

Abstract By means of a small-punch testing technique, the effects of heterogenous intergranular impurity segregation and neutron irradiation on the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of impurity-doped and undoped alloy steels were investigated. It was found that antimony-doped steels and, in particular, non-homogenized steels with extremely heterogeneous intergranular dopant segragation frequently show initiation of microcracks as indicated by the appearance of serrations in the load-deflection curves. In this case the ductile to brittle transition is spread out over a wider temperature range than for tin- or phosphorus-doped steels as well as for undoped steel. The upper and lower bounds of the DBTT are uniquely correlated with the maximum and average values of the impurity segregation concentration distributed along grain boundaries. These relationships demonstrate the embrittling potency of the segregants, in agreement with results obtained from Charpy V-notch tests. Neutron irradiation of tin-doped steels caused the DBTT to shift to higher temperatures than that of undoped steels. The experimental results suggest a linear correlation between the DBTTs obtained from small-punch tests and those obtained from Charpy V-notch tests, as predicted by a recently developed kinetic model.
Magnetoexcitons in a GaSb-AlSb-InAs quantum-well structure.

We study theoretically the magnetoexcitons in a GaSb-AlSb-InAs quantum-well structure. Two numerical approaches, a variational and an expansion method, have been proposed to study the exciton ground state. The exciton binding energy has been found to increase with increasing applied magnetic field and with decreasing layer thicknesses of the GaSb, AlSb, and InAs materials. The strength of the applied magnetic field, along with quantum-well structure parameters, determines the condition under which the system undergoes transition from semiconductor to excitonic phase. The excited states of the magnetoexcitons have also been studied with the application of the expansion method.
Surface weather observations of atmospheric dust over the southwest summer monsoon region

Surface weather observations are analyzed to investigate the temporal and spatial distributions of dust loading associated with the southwest Indian summer monsoon region. The 1979 annual distribution of dust days for the region 10°N-37°N and 35°E-90°E are presented. Five year composites of dust loading for the months May, June and July are derived. Results are analyzed with respect to preferred wind direction and wind speed associated with dust loading, potential source regions and regions of deposition. A case study of the meteorological conditions of a dust outbreak that occurred over the Arabian Peninsula in June of 1979 is given. Rawinsonde temperature observations are analyzed to locate the top of the dust layer over the Rub al Khali desert. The top of the dust layer was found to vary from 400 mb during the summer to 600 mb in the late spring and early fall.
Comparison of esophagogastric junction distensibility changes during POEM and Heller myotomy using intraoperative FLIP

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel endoscopic surgical procedure for the treatment of achalasia. The comparative effects of POEM and laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) on esophagogastric junction (EGJ) physiology are unknown. A novel measurement catheter, the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP), allows for intraoperative evaluation of EGJ compliance by measuring luminal geometry and pressure during volume-controlled distensions. Distensibility index (DI) (defined as the minimum cross-sectional area at the EGJ divided by pressure) was measured with FLIP intraoperatively in patients undergoing LHM and POEM. Separate measurements were taken after each operative step. During LHM, measurements were performed after: (1) induction of anesthesia, (2) insufflation of pneumoperitoneum, (3) hiatal dissection and esophageal mobilization, (4) myotomy, (5) partial fundoplication, and (6) deinsufflation. During POEM, they were performed after: (1) induction of anesthesia, (2) submucosal tunnel creation, and (3) myotomy. Eleven LHM and 14 POEM patients underwent intraoperative FLIP. Baseline DI was similar between groups. LHM resulted in an overall increase in mean DI (pre 1.4 vs. post 7.6 mm2/mmHg, using a 40-ml distension volume; p < 0.001). Insufflation of pneumoperitoneum and hiatal dissection did not affect DI. Myotomy caused an increase in DI. Partial fundoplication (6 Toupet, 5 Dor) caused a decrease in DI, and deinsufflation caused an increase in DI. POEM also resulted in an overall increase in mean DI (pre 1.4 vs. post 7.9 mm2/mmHg; p < 0.001). Measured individually, both submucosal tunnel creation and myotomy caused increases in DI. When overall changes were compared, there were no differences in the amount of DI increase between LHM and POEM. POEM and LHM result in a similar improvement in EGJ distensibility intraoperatively. Further study is needed to correlate intraoperative FLIP measurements with postoperative symptomatic and physiologic outcomes.
Including injured workers without compensated time loss in Cox regression models: analyzing time loss using all available data.

Introduction Cox proportional hazards regression is commonly used to analyze time loss duration, but statistical packages conventionally exclude cases with no recorded follow-up time. For this and other substantive reasons, many researchers limit time loss analyses to the subset of workers who received time loss compensation. This can exclude both injured workers who missed no work days and those missing up to a week of work. For some research questions, excluding cases where injury is reported but no time loss is recorded may result in significant ascertainment bias. We present a novel technique based on standard survival analysis methods to allow for the inclusion of all cases when appropriate. Methods A simple technique to allow standard statistical software to include both medical-only and time loss claims in Cox regression is illustrated by example and compared with a two-part model using a time-varying step function to allow regression effects to change over time. Results We showed that a pooled analysis is obtained by simply adding a small constant to the time loss duration variable. This technique produced appropriate estimates while accounting for censoring when a suitable method was used for tied event times. Using a formal statistical framework, the combined model was justified as a special case of the more standard two-part model approach. Conclusions When it is desirable to have a single pooled outcome estimate for injured workers with both medical-only and time loss claims, all claims can be combined into one statistical model. This may have particular utility for research questions where the risk factor or intervention of interest would be expected to affect time loss duration beginning upstream of claim filing or statutory compensation waiting periods. This novel alternative modeling strategy expands the tool kit available for analyzing time loss data.
Mixing of H2O-CO2 in fluid inclusions; geobarometry and Archean gold deposits

Abstract A modified Redlich-Kwong (MRK) equation of state for H2O and CO2 was used to calculate bulk molar volumes, mole fractions and CO2 densities for mixed volatile fluid inclusions. The results allow very useful P-T diagrams to be constructed (for fixed CO2 density) and contoured with volume percent CO2 observed in the laboratory. These diagrams permit rapid qualitative or quantitative determination of the P-T path for a bulk inclusion isochore above the solvus in the system H2O-CO2 (±NaCl). The calculations suggest peak metamorphic pressures of 3–5 kb for some Archean greenstone gold deposits. Insights gained from this work may require reinterpretation of pressure estimates in published fluid inclusion studies.
Selenium in Water, Sediment, Plants, Invertebrates, and Fish in the Blackfoot River Drainage

Nine stream sites in the Blackfoot River watershed in southeastern Idaho were sampled in September 2000 for water, surficial sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish. Selenium was measured in these aquatic ecosystem components, and a hazard assessment was performed on the data. Water quality characteristics such as pH, hardness, and specific conductance were relatively uniform among the nine sites examined. Selenium was elevated in water, sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from several sites suggesting deposition in sediments and food web cycling through plants and invertebrates. Selenium was elevated to concentrations of concern in water at eight sites (>5 μg/L), sediment at three sites (>2 μg/g), aquatic plants at four sites (>4 μg/g), aquatic invertebrates at five sites (>3 μg/g), and fish at seven sites (>4 μg/g in whole body). The hazard assessment of selenium in the aquatic environment suggested low hazard at Sheep Creek, moderate hazard at Trail Creek, upper Slug Creek, lower Slug Creek, and lower Blackfoot River, and high hazard at Angus Creek, upper East Mill Creek, lower East Mill Creek, and Dry Valley Creek. The results of this study are consistent with results of a previous investigation and indicate that selenium concentrations from the phosphate mining area of southeastern Idaho were sufficiently elevated in several ecosystem components to cause adverse effects to aquatic resources in the Blackfoot River watershed.
New spectral-spatial imaging algorithm for full EPR spectra of multiline nitroxides and pH sensitive trityl radicals

An algorithm is derived and demonstrated that reconstructs an EPR spectral-spatial image from projections with arbitrarily selected gradients. This approach permits imaging wide spectra without the use of the very large sweep widths and gradients that would be required for spectral-spatial imaging with filtered back projection reconstruction. Each projection is defined as the sum of contributions at the set of locations in the object. At each location gradients shift the spectra in the magnetic field domain, which is equivalent to a phase change in the Fourier-conjugate frequency domain. This permits solution of the problem in the frequency domain. The method was demonstrated for 2D images of phantoms consisting of (i) two tubes containing (14)N and (15)N nitroxide and (ii) two tubes containing a pH sensitive trityl radical at pH 7.0 and 7.2. In each case spectral slices through the image agree well with the full spectra obtained in the absence of gradient.
Bland-White-Garland syndrome of anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA): a historical review

The landmark 1933 case report from Massachusetts General Hospital by Bland, White and Garland (Am Heart J 8:787–801) described a 3-month-old child with progressive feeding problems, cardiomegaly on chest radiography, and EKG evidence of left ventricular damage. Of interest was the fact that the vigilant father of the infant was Aubrey Hampton, a radiologist and future chairman of radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital. At autopsy, the left coronary artery originated from the pulmonary artery rather than from the aorta. Effective treatment for this condition was not available until 1960 when Sabiston, Neill and Taussig showed that the blood flowed from the left coronary artery toward the pulmonary artery. The anomalous left coronary artery was ligated at its junction with the pulmonary artery and the child survived. This historical review of Bland-White-Garland syndrome, now known as anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), stresses the continued diagnostic significance of cardiomegaly on chest radiography and EKG changes suggesting left ventricular damage in 2- to 3-month-old infants with feeding intolerance or irritability. With a high index of suspicion, an echocardiogram can be obtained to confirm the diagnosis. Modern surgical methods involve left coronary artery translocation and afford excellent outcomes.