cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horizontal Transmission of Amblyospora opacita (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) between the Mosquito, Culex territans, and the Copepod, Paracyclops fimbriatus chiltoni

Abstract Meiospores of Amblyospora opacita from the fat body of field-infected Culex territans larvae were infectious to the copepod Paracyclops fimbriatus chiltoni . Haploid spores of A. opacita from experimentally infected P. f. chiltoni were transmitted horizontally to early instar Cx. territans , but were not infectious to either Culex salinarius or Anopheles quadrimaculatus . Thus, P. f. chiltoni is shown to be the intermediate host of A. opacita . A. opacita meiospores were not infectious to the copepod hosts of either Amblyospora californica or Parathelohania anophelis . Meiospores of A. californica , P. anophelis , and Parathelohania obesa did not infect P. f. chiltoni , further demonstrating the specific identity of A. opacita .
Mastery of your anxiety and worry: A multimodal case study of the effectiveness of a manualized treatment for generalized anxiety disorder

Despite the proliferation of manualized treatments, and clinical trials that generally support their efficacy, there is a need for further documenting the effectiveness of a manualized treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)—the Mastery of Your Anxiety and Worry (MAW) protocol. A single-case treatment outcome study using the MAW program with a woman having a principal diagnosis of GAD is presented, with interview, questionnaire, and psychophysiological assessments as markers of change. Reductions in frequency of worry and autonomic arousal, but not mean number of anxiety symptoms, were reliably observed across the 22-week treatment period, with more robust reductions in worry frequency coinciding with the treatment phases involving training in progressive muscle relaxation (i.e., clear improving trend, modest change in level) and worry exposure (i.e., clear change in level). Treatment gains were reliably maintained at 4- and 6-month follow-up. The need for treatment-client matching and a flexible idiographic approach is discussed in the context of front-line practitioners who adopt standardized treatment packages in their work with clients.
Frequent Loss of Heterozygosity on Chromosome Arm 18q in Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Identification of 2 Regions of Loss—18q11.1-q12.3 and 18q21.1-q23

Objectives: To determine the frequency and regions of loss on chromosome arm 18q in uncultured head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Design: Polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA extracted from 18 tumor specimens (1 patient had 2 tumors) and blood samples from 17 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was performed using primers flanking 16 microsatellite repeat polymorphisms spanning most of chromosome 18q. DNA was extracted only from specimens with greater than 70% tumor nuclei. Setting: Research university. Patients: Seventeen individuals with newly diagnosed head and neck cancer. Main Outcome Measure: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Results: There was LOH at more than 1 locus in 52% (9/17) of the tumors; 3 tumors had LOH at all informative markers. Four had loss at only 1 locus, raising the total with loss to 12 (75%) of 16. Loss of 18q11.1-q12.3 in 4 tumors without distal loss defines a proximal region of loss. Loss of heterozygosity affecting 18q21.1 in 1 tumor, without proximal loss and LOH for 18q21.1-18q22, or 18q23 in 9 (52%) of 17 tumors defines a distal region of loss. Conclusions: Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arm 18q is not an artifact of in vitro culture. The finding of 18q LOH in 50% to 70% tumors makes 18q an important region for study. Regions 18q11.1-q12.3 and 18q21.1-q23 are common regions of loss, indicating that there may be more than one 18q tumor suppressor gene involved in the genesis and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:610-614
TGF-α and EGF-receptor mRNAs in human oral cancer

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been shown to be present in most squamous cell carcinomas. Using the Syrian hamster oral cancer model, we have recently demonstrated the consistent presence of TGF-alpha and EGFR mRNAs in chemically transformed hamster oral keratinocytes. We now present evidence that in human oral cancer (in vivo and in vitro), TGF-alpha and EGFR mRNAs can also be consistently detected. No TGF-alpha mRNA can be detected in normal human oral epithelium by Northern blot analysis. These findings reinforce the use of the hamster cheek pouch as an experimental model for the study of oral cancer development, at least in reference to the possible participation of TGF-alpha in the malignant transformation process.
The Role of Grammatical Relations in the Abstraction of Linguistic Ideas.

Bransford and Franks (1971) showed that people integrate and retain the ideas expressed in linguistic input, and do not simply store the discrete set of sentences they hear. The present study replicated Experiment II of Bransford and Franks (1971) . Subjects heard sentences which conveyed parts of the meanings of four complex ideas, and were then asked whether they recognized new sentences derived from the same ideas. The results indicate that while subjects integrate the ideas expressed, they are no more confident in their responses to complex recognition sentences than to simple ones. The mean confidence rating for a sentence is shown to be a function of the grammatical relations existing between the propositions embedded in it and the complex sentence from which it is derived.
Numerical quadratures for singular and hypersingular integrals

Abstract We present a procedure for the design of high-order quadrature rules for the numerical evaluation of singular and hypersingular integrals; such integrals are frequently encountered in solution of integral equations of potential theory in two dimensions. Unlike integrals of both smooth and weakly singular functions, hypersingular integrals are pseudo-differential operators, being limits of certain integrals; as a result, standard quadrature formulae fail for hypersingular integrals. On the other hand, such expressions are often encountered in mathematical physics (see, for example, [1]), and it is desirable to have simple and efficient “quadrature” formulae for them. The algorithm we present constructs high-order “quadratures” for the evaluation of hypersingular integrals. The additional advantage of the scheme is the fact that each of the quadratures it produces can be used simultaneously for the efficient evaluation of hypersingular integrals, Hilbert transforms, and integrals involving both smooth and logarithmically singular functions; this results in significantly simplified implementations. The performance of the procedure is illustrated with several numerical examples.
Simultaneous modeling of nonlinear deterministic and stochastic dynamics

Abstract We present a method which can simultaneously model the nonlinear deterministic and stochastic dynamics underlying an observed time series. It is formulated to treat Markov processes in continuous and discrete time. The procedure, which we call Sequin (Stochastic EQUation INference) is a generalization of that which we have developed previously for continuous time systems (Borland and Haken, 1992a,b; 1993a,b; Haken 1988). The theory behind the method as well as its numerical implementation is discussed. Simulations using Sequin to analyze finite-size time series stemming from nonlinear processes with additive and multiplicative dynamical noise in continuous time are shown. Furthermore, we show that Sequin can extract the underlying dynamics of discrete time noisy chaotic processes, such as the logistic map with additive dynamical noise. The success of the method in being able to characerize a system consisting partly of a deterministic chaotic element, and partly of a stochastic element indicates its possible application to many interesting real-world problems.
Women, Race, and Ethnicity: Exploring Earnings Differentials in Metropolitan America

We draw on leading theories about the structural causes of inequality in the United States to explore inter–metropolitan differences in average earnings for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women....
Electromagnetic absorption in a multilayered slab model of tissue under near-field exposure conditions

The electromagnetic energy deposited in a semi-infinite slab model consisting of skin, fat, and muscle layers is calculated for both plane-wave and near-field exposures. The plane-wave spectrum (PWS) approach is used to calculate the energy deposited in the model by fields present due to leakage from equipment using electromagnetic energy. This analysis applies to near-field exposures where coupling of the target to the leakage source can be neglected. Calculations were made for 2,450 MHz, at which frequency the layered slab adequately models flat regions of the human body. Resonant absorption due to layering is examined as a function of the skin and fat thicknesses for plane-wave exposure and as a function of the physical extent of the near-field distribution. Calculations show that for fields that are nearly constant over at least a free-space wavelength, the energy deposition (for skin, fat, and muscle combination that gives resonant absorption) is equal to or less than that resulting from plane-wave exposure, but is appreciably greater than that obtained for a homogeneous muscle slab model.
Identification of molecular pathways implicated in the metastasis process in a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma

A global survey of cancer has shown that lung cancer is the most common cause of the new cancer cases and cancer deaths in both men and women worldiwide. In Qatar a recent retrospective study based on a cohort of patient registry of Al Amal Cancer Hospital from 1991-2006, showed that lung cancer and lumph node cancer are the major cancers in men (5.9%, incident rate per 100,000) while in women breast cancer had the highest incidence. To study the mechanisms of lung cancer development we recently developed a transgenic mouse model overexpressing CRT under the control of Tie2-promotor. The main phenotype of these mice is the development of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma similar to human patients. The objectives of the current study was to identify the molecular pathways involved in the metastatic behavior of lung adenocarcinoma. To examine our objectives we used anchorage independent and adherent culture of lung adenocarcinoma cells isolated from mouse and human cell lines. Using microarray and bioinformatic analysis we have identified several pathways and genes that are altered in mouse cells. The microarray analysis demonstrates that 90 genes are up-regulated and 66 genes are down regulated under anchorage-independent condition compared to adherent conditions. The bioinformatic analyses demonstrate that the up-regulated genes are implicated in cellular development, cellular growth and proliferation pathways. These pathways include: VEGF signaling, bladder cancer signaling, VEGF family ligand-receptor interaction and Ephrin-receptor signaling. The bioinformatic analyses also demonstrate that the downregulated genes were implicated in cell cycle regulation and cell-to-cell signaling and interaction. The analysis of these genes by canonical pathawy demonstrate that these genes are involved in the regulation of very relevant pathaway implicated in cancer essentially : Hematopoeisis from multipotent stem cells, TGF-β signaling and tight junction signaling. We are currently examining these pathways in human adenocarcinoma cell line. In conclusion, our data illustrate that although calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium binding chaperone, it is involved in the process of tumor development and metastasis. Further work is needed to decipher the molecular mechanism of involvement of calreticulin in tumor development. This research was funded by QNRF grants UREP09-084-3-016 and NPRP4-043-3-016.
Exploring Instructional Strategies in Student Leadership Development Programming

The author explored 24 commonly used instructional strategies in student leadership development programming recently profiled in the leadership education literature. Through a national web-based survey, this study asked leadership educators teaching classroom-based academic credit-bearing undergraduate leadership studies courses how often they used certain instructional strategies. Leadership educators showed a preference for discussion-based pedagogies as well as instructional strategies that promoted conceptual understanding and personal growth. Although the infrequent use of tests and quizzes in leadership education was anticipated, the sparse use of highly experiential skill-building activities such as simulation, role play, and games was surprising.
Patient-Driven Education Materials: Low-Literate Adults Increase Understanding of Health Messages and Improve Compliance

Providing educational materials for low-literate patients is an enormous challenge for nursing professionals given that 90 million adults in the health care setting have limited literacy skills. Through the use of a 5-step process, patient educational materials can be created to increase patient understanding of health messages and improve patient compliance.
EXPOSURE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES TO FOOD AND TEMPERATURE ABUSE USING A DIALYSIS TUBING CULTURE METHOD

Foodborne illnesses are often linked to foods that have been contaminated postprocessing and exposed to temperature abuse conditions prior to consumption. Limitations in methods to recover sufficient numbers of a target bacterium from an (inoculated) intentionally contaminated food can hinder genomic/proteomic analysis, and in conducting in vitro assays using the recovered cells. In this study, a dialysis tubing culture technique was developed to facilitate the recovery of high numbers of Listeria monocytogenes exposed to temperature abuse while in association with chocolate milk and frankfurter slurry. The impact of exposure to foods, followed by temperature abuse, on the virulence of L. monocytogenes was investigated using the Caco-2 cell infection assay. The expression of groEL, associated with stress, was also determined. L. monocytogenes inoculated into brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth (control), chocolate milk or frankfurter slurry was held at 4C for 24 h to simulate short-term exposure to each food. The L. monocytogenes-contaminated food was then exposed to a series of temperature shifts to simulate temperature abuse. The final temperature of the abused BHI and chocolate milk was 30C, and the frankfurter slurry was 22C. The stress response gene, groEL, was only induced in the control cells (suspended in BHI) after they had been exposed to temperature abuse conditions. The expression of groEL was also evident in cells exposed to foods and temperature abuse conditions, suggesting that the foods used in this study were a stressful environment for the cells. This study showed that the exposure of L. monocytogenes to chocolate milk or frankfurter slurry, or temperature abuse has no impact on the virulence of L. monocytogenes as demonstrated using the Caco-2 cell assay. However, the expression of groEL suggests that the foods evaluated can be stressful environments for L. monocytogenes despite its ability to grow or survive in those foods. The dialysis tubing culture technique developed is a simple and highly cost-effective method for exposure of bacteria to food and the recovery of a large number of cells suitable for additional analysis.
Evaluation of Candida acidothermophilum in ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

A Saccharomyces-cerevisiae-based simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of lignocellulosic biomass is limited to an operating temperature of about 37 degrees C, and even a small increase in temperature can have a deleterious effect. This points to a need for a more thermotolerant yeast. To this end, S. cerevisiae D5A and a thermotolerant yeast, Candida acidothermophilum, were tested at 37 degrees C, 40 degrees C, and 42 degrees C using dilute-acid-pretreated poplar as substrate. At 40 degrees C, C. acidothermophilum produced 80% of the theoretical ethanol yield, which was higher than the yield from S. cerevisiae D5A at either 37 degrees C or 40 degrees C. At 42 degrees C, C. acidothermophilum showed a slight drop in performance. On the basis of preliminary estimates, SSF with C. acidothermophilum at 40 degrees C can reduce cellulase costs by about 16%. Proportionately greater savings can be realized at higher temperatures if such a high-temperature SSF is feasible. This demonstrates the advantage of using thermophilic or thermotolerant yeasts.
Constructivism, Computer exploratoriums, and Collaborative learning: Constructing Scientific Knowledge

1I sincerely thank those colleagues who have so greatly contributed to the development of the ideas presented herein: Susan Jungck, John N. Calley, Angelo Collins, Chuck Dyke, Robin Greenler, Nils Peterson, Frank Price, Scott Roberts, John Rosenwald, Patti Soderberg, Jim Stewart, and Bill Wimsatt. They have endured numerous discussions and helped me to articulate, defend, and develop a practice which has been more collectively grown than individually designed. Dan Marshall, Teresa Holevas, Susan Jungck, Angelo Collins, and Jenn Tipton made close readings of earlier drafts, and their editorial comments have substantially improved the manuscript. To these colleagues and all the members of BioQUEST, I am sincerely grateful.
The L1 norm of the approximation error for splines with equidistant knots

This paper is concerned with the estimation of the L 1 norm of the difference between a function f of bounded variation in [0, 1] and the associated variation-diminishing spline function with equidistant knots, S m,n f, with see Schoenberg [4]. For f bounded on [0, 1] and for integers m, n such that $$ n \geqslant m \geqslant 2, $$ (1.1) the function S m,n f is defined by $$ S_{m.n} f\left( x \right) = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^\iota {f\left( {n^{ - 1} \xi \left( {m,j} \right)} \right)\bar N_{m.j} \left( {nx} \right),} $$ (1.2) where $$ l = m + n - 2, $$ (1.3) $$\xi \left( {m,j} \right) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\frac{{\left( {j + 1} \right)j}}{{2\left( {m - 1} \right)}},} \hfill & {j = 0, \ldots ,m - 2} \hfill \\ {j + 1 - \frac{m}{2},} \hfill & {j = m - 1, \ldots ,n - 1,} \hfill \\ {n - \xi \left( {m,l - j} \right),} \hfill & {j = n, \ldots ,l,} \hfill \\ \end{array} } \right.$$ (1.4) $${{\tilde{N}}_{{m,j\left( x \right)}}} = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\frac{{j + 1}}{m}{{h}_{{m.j + 1}}}\left( x \right),} \hfill & {j = 0, \ldots ,m - 2,} \hfill \\ {{{h}_{m}}\left( {x + m - j - 1} \right),} \hfill & {j = m - 1, \ldots ,n - 1,} \hfill \\ {{{{\bar{N}}}_{{m.l - j}}}\left( {n - x} \right),} \hfill & {j = n, \ldots ,l,} \hfill \\ \end{array} } \right.$$ (1.5) $${{h}_{{m,k}}}\left( x \right) = \frac{m}{{k!}}\sum\limits_{{i = 1}}^{k} {{{{( - 1)}}^{{k - i}}}{{i}^{{k - m}}}} \left( {_{i}^{k}} \right)\left( {i - x} \right)_{ + }^{{m - 1}}{\mkern 1mu} {\text{for }}x0,$$ (1.6) $$ h_m \left( x \right) = h_{m.m} \left( x \right).$$ (1.7) .
Constraint-based structuring of network protocols

The complexity of designing protocols has led to compositional techniques for designing and verifying protocols. We propose a technique based on the notion of parallel composition of protocols. We view a composite protocol as an interleaved execution of the component protocols subject to a set of constraints. Using the constraints as building blocks, we define several constraint-based structures with each structure combining the properties of the component protocols in a different way. For instance, the component protocols of a multifunction protocol can be structured so that the composite protocol performs all the individual functions concurrently or performs only one of them depending on the order of initiation of the component protocols. We provide inference rules to infer safety and liveness properties of the composite protocol. Some properties are derived from those of the component protocols while others are derived from the structuring mechanism (the set of constraints) used to combine the component protocols.
Acceleration of widespread adenoviral gene transfer to intact rabbit hearts by coronary perfusion with low calcium and serotonin

Acceleration of widespread adenoviral gene transfer to intact rabbit hearts by coronary perfusion with low calcium and serotonin
Inter-sensor relationships between IKONOS and Landsat-7 ETM+ NDVI data in three ecoregions of Africa

The goal of this research was to establish inter-sensor relationships between IKONOS and Landsat-7 ETM+ data. Dry and wet season images were acquired on the same date or about the same date from IKONOS and ETM+ sensors to enable direct comparison between the two distinctly different data types. The images were from three distinct ecoregions located in African rainforests and savannas that encompass a wide range of land use/land cover classes and ecological units. The IKONOS NDVI had a high degree of correlation with ETM+ NDVI with R 2 values between 0.67 and 0.72. Inter-sensor model equations relating IKONOS NDVI with ETM+ NDVI were determined. The characteristics that contribute to the increased sensitivity in dynamic ranges of IKONOS NDVI relative to ETM+ NDVI were attributed to: (1) radiometric resolution that adds more bits per data point (11-bit IKONOS data as opposed to 8-bit ETM+); and (2) spatial resolution that helped in resolving spectral characteristics at micro landscape units. Spectral bandwi...
A note on the complexity of the asymmetric traveling salesman problem

One of the most efficient approaches known for finding an optimal tour of the asymmetric traveling salesman problem (ATSP) is branch-and-bound (BnB) subtour elimination. For two decades, expert opinion has been divided over whether the expected complexity of the ATSP under BnB subtour elimination is polynomial or exponential in the number of cities. We show that the argument for polynomial expected complexity does not hold.
Fluorescence-expressing viruses allow rapid identification and separation of rare tumor cells in spiked samples of human whole blood

Background Finding and isolating rare tumor cells in blood allows for diagnosis of disseminated cancer and for molecular profiling to direct the choice of biologic therapy. We explored whether the candidate gene therapy virus NV1066—designed to specifically infect cancer cells and express green fluorescence protein (GFP)—can be used for rapid infection, identification, and isolation of rare circulating tumor cells (CTC) in human whole blood. Methods Mixtures of human cancer cell lines and human whole blood were exposed to NV1066 or heat-inactivated virus, incubated, and then examined for GFP expression by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) was used to determine the efficiency of virally assisted tumor cell isolation. Sorted cells were subsequently stained for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to determine if cells isolated in this way would maintain sufficient cellular integrity for molecular characterization. Results In our study, there was 100% specificity for detection of cancer cells. Detection was consistent even at the highest dilution tested (10 cancer cells in 10 ml whole blood). The processing involved simple incubation without the technical demands of immunohistochemistry. FACS allowed for rapid isolation of GFP-expressing cells. Cells isolated by this method can subsequently undergo molecular characterization. Conclusion Oncolytic herpes simplex virus mediated green fluorescence in combination with FACS is a novel technique for the identification and isolation of cancer cells in an experimental model of blood-borne metastases. This procedure is a promising method for improving our diagnosis, staging, and molecular profiling of cancer.
Effect of metoclopramide on ejaculatory threshold in a group of premature ejaculators

The exact etiology of premature ejaculation is not known. Recent data using rats has demonstrated that dopamine agonists can lower ejaculatory thresholds while pretreatment with substituted benzamides will block that effect. Metoclopramide, the only drug in the group available in the United States, and a placebo were given to 12 premature ejaculators in a double-blind crossover fashion. Couples had intercourse on Wednesdays and Saturdays for four weeks. Ejaculatory latencies were recorded separately by husbands and wives on a 1–5 scale. There was no statistical difference in perception of ejaculatory latency between metoclopramide- and placebo-treated coiti although the P values for the wives' perception was.067. An added observation was that approximately 80% of premature ejaculators had palmar hyperhidrosis. It is conjectured that early ejaculation and palmar hidrosis are manifestations of sympathetically mediated “overreactivity”.
CRF2 alpha and CRF2 beta receptor mRNAs are differentially distributed between the rat central nervous system and peripheral tissues

We have recently described the cloning and characterization of a novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype (CRF2) from rat brain that exists in two alternatively spliced forms, CRF2 alpha and CRF2 beta. These forms differ in their N-terminal coding sequence which results in the production of two distinct receptors of 411 and 431 amino acids, respectively. To assess whether these two forms might represent distinct targets for CRF action, RNase protection and in situ hybridization studies were performed using specific N-terminal cRNA probes. The results showed a differential distribution of the mRNAs for these two receptor forms in the rat. The mRNA for CRF2 alpha is found almost exclusively in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus, lateral septum, and olfactory bulb, whereas the mRNA for CRF2 beta appears to be both in the brain and in the periphery, with the greatest abundance in the heart and skeletal muscle. Thus, the data suggest that these alternatively spliced forms of the CRF2 rece...
State-selective differential single-electron-capture cross sections for O2+-He collisions.

Energy-gain spectra for single-electron capture by O/sup 2+/ ions colliding with He have been measured at laboratory energies between 60 and 200 eV, and scattering angles between 0/sup 0/ and 4/sup 0/. The spectra indicate that the predominant exit channel is the (2p/sup 3/ /sup 2/P) excited state of O/sup +/. Differential cross sections for capture into the (/sup 2/P) state were also measured. The data show an oscillatory structure. The measurements are in qualitative agreement with recent theoretical calculations based on a full quantum-mechanical description.
Gi-Dependent Localization of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling to L-Type Ca2+ Channels

A plausible determinant of the specificity of receptor signaling is the cellular compartment over which the signal is broadcast. In rat heart, stimulation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)-AR), coupled to G(s)-protein, or beta(2)-AR, coupled to G(s)- and G(i)-proteins, both increase L-type Ca(2+) current, causing enhanced contractile strength. But only beta(1)-AR stimulation increases the phosphorylation of phospholamban, troponin-I, and C-protein, causing accelerated muscle relaxation and reduced myofilament sensitivity to Ca(2+). beta(2)-AR stimulation does not affect any of these intracellular proteins. We hypothesized that beta(2)-AR signaling might be localized to the cell membrane. Thus we examined the spatial range and characteristics of beta(1)-AR and beta(2)-AR signaling on their common effector, L-type Ca(2+) channels. Using the cell-attached patch-clamp technique, we show that stimulation of beta(1)-AR or beta(2)-AR in the patch membrane, by adding agonist into patch pipette, both activated the channels in the patch. But when the agonist was applied to the membrane outside the patch pipette, only beta(1)-AR stimulation activated the channels. Thus, beta(1)-AR signaling to the channels is diffusive through cytosol, whereas beta(2)-AR signaling is localized to the cell membrane. Furthermore, activation of G(i) is essential to the localization of beta(2)-AR signaling because in pertussis toxin-treated cells, beta(2)-AR signaling becomes diffusive. Our results suggest that the dual coupling of beta(2)-AR to both G(s)- and G(i)-proteins leads to a highly localized beta(2)-AR signaling pathway to modulate sarcolemmal L-type Ca(2+) channels in rat ventricular myocytes.
Dielectric Anisotropy and the van der Waals Interaction between Bulk Media

Abstract We derive the van der Waals interaction energy between two semi-infinite dielectrically anisotropic bodies acting across a planar slab filled with a third anisotropic material. The derivation, valid in the non-retarded limit, is performed by a summation of electromagnetic surface-mode fluctuations. The result is a free energy of interaction as a function of body separation and of rotation of the various media. The angular dependence of the energy predicts a torque between the two bodies; in some cases the van der Waals interaction between like substances will change from attraction to repulsion under rotation.
Imaging of Thoracic Cavity Tumors

Computed tomography (CT) is the primary imaging modality for the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of most thoracic cavity tumors. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT has established itself as a supplementary tool to CT in lung cancer staging and in the assessment for distant metastases of many thoracic tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging is an important adjunctive imaging modality in thoracic oncologic imaging and is used as a problem-solving tool to assess for chest wall invasion, intraspinal extension, and cardiac/vascular invasion. Imaging can facilitate minimally invasive biopsy of most thoracic tumors and is vital in the pretreatment planning of radiation therapy.
Kant's Principle of Purposiveness and the Missing Point of (Aesthetic) Judgements

My plan in this article is to begin by raising the question of the point of judgements of beauty, and then to examine Kant's account of beauty in the third Critique from the perspective opened up by that question. Having raised the question of the point, I will argue, first, that there is an implied answer to it in Kant's text, and, second, that the answer is ultimately unsatisfying in that it falsely assumes that there is a ‘need’, or ‘task’, or ‘purpose’, that we all necessarily share, to conceptualize all that encounters us in our experience, and fit it into one unified and comprehensive system. It is only against this assumption of our transcendental cognitive interest that Kant can so much as seem to have a real story to tell about where the value that we (‘disinterestedly’) claim for things in calling them ‘beautiful’ derives from. This, in effect, means that to the extent that Kant offers us any answer at all to the question of the point of judgements of beauty, that answer testifies to his general neglect of the question of the point of judgements. And my purpose is to draw attention to that neglect, and to begin to assess its significance for Kant's transcendental project in general and for his conception of beauty in particular.
How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? The Role of Local Conditions

ABSTRACT Using panel data methods to analyze data from 14 Latin American countries from 1978 to 2003, this paper empirically examines the links between foreign direct investment (FDI), local conditions, and economic growth. The results suggest that FDI plays an important role in contributing to economic growth. However, the effect of FDI on economic growth is dependent on host economy–based conditions. The empirical results from this study show that there is a positive interaction effect of FDI with technology gap and a negative interaction effect of FDI with the level of school attainment on economic growth. Furthermore, the empirical results from the FDI equation suggest that inflation, trade, school attainment, and telephone lines are the most determinant of location decisions for foreign investors. To explore the relationship between FDI and economic growth further, this paper examines Granger-causality between FDI and economic growth. Our empirical evidence shows that the direction of causality is fr...
The Pygmalion Effect: What Teacher Behaviors Mediate It.

Current literature suggests that a teacher's expectancies for a pupil may in part determine the pupil's subsequent behavior. This review asks how such expectancies affect the teacher's own behavior, with the goal of determining what teacher behaviors mediate the observed effect on the pupil. A model of this process is proposed, using Skinner's analysis of rule-dependent behavior as an organizational framework for recent research from several fields. The model identifies these sets of independent variables which warrant further investigation: (a) variables affecting the process through which a teacher deduces contingency rules from information about a pupil; (b) variables affecting the content of these rules; and (c) variables affecting the teacher's performance of the rule-specified actions.
Strategic Factors in Balance of Payments Adjustment

A PROPER balance of payments is one that J1~ enables a country, over an average of good years and bad, to meet its international payments, including ordinary capital outflow, with its receipts from current transactions and ordinary capital inflow, without compelling it to keep economic activity below a desirable level or to restrict imports merely for the purpose of avoiding a deficit in its payments. This definition could be further refined to provide that a proper balance of payments should enable a country to add to its monetary reserves a share of the newly mined gold going into the world monetary stock or its equivalent in foreign exchange. A country whose balance of payments is not a proper one has a payments problem. For convenience, this discussion is framed in terms of countries whose payments difficulties take the form of a large and persistent deficit. Certain payments difficulties are not considered here; for example, a temporary deterioration in a country's payments because of a fall in export prices or the failure of a major crop. If countries cannot maintain the flow of imports under temporarily adverse conditions, their problem is one of reserves rather than of balance of payments. This definition also excludes widespread payments difficulties incident to a deep and prolonged depression in a great trading country. Such a payments problem should be considered in relation to the concept of a scarce currency rather than as one of the types of payments problem that have their origin in conditions affecting one or a few countries.
Public Space and Communication: The Zoning of Public Interaction

This essay explores the relationships among environmental planning and design, social interaction, and media development. Interaction in a public place and the need and form of the most basic type of communication—face-to-face interpersonal communication - has been altered by media consumption. Architecture and design, media technologies, and patterns of social interaction influence each other in complex ways. Zoning laws, through which design and planning decisions are implemented, serve as the vehicle for examining these connections.
Acid proteinases and other acid hydrolases in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: pinpointing the source.

—In Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), quantitative histochemical techniques were used to measure the activities of several hydrolytic enzymes, especially acid proteinases, and their levels were correlated with the concentrations of DNA and total lipids. Only those samples which contained lesions (visualized directly or in stained nearby sections) had elevated acid hydrolase activities. A lipase-esterase hydrolysing a fluorogenic substrate at pH 5.0 was more active in lesions; activity on the same substrate at pH 7.2 was not elevated. β-Glucuronidase rather than acid proteinase or cathepsin D was the enzyme showing the greatest differences. In a monkey with EAE, studied for comparison, a massive inflammatory lesion appeared to leak β-glucuronidase to a distance of about 2.5 mm beyond its margin.
Which parallel finite element algorithm for which architecture and which problem

The various forms of parallel numerical algorithms that speed up finite element computations are as numerous as the number of researchers working on the problem. In this paper, we review some of these parallel computational strategies and assess their adequacy for a given architecture and a given problem. We also report on the performance of both extreme parallel hardware technologies on real‐life structural problems.
Decisive test of color coherence in proton-nucleus collisions at the LHC.

Proton-nucleus collisions ($p+A$) at LHC energies provide a rigorous test of color glass condensate (CGC), a model proposed to describe the high energy limit of quantum chromodynamics. In the CGC the average multiplicity of charged particles at midrapidity in $p+A$ collisions depends logarithmically on the number of participants, ${N}_{\mathrm{part}}$. In contrast, the wounded nucleon model of independent nucleon-nucleon scatterings, verified at RHIC energies, predicts that multiplicity in $p+A$ depends linearly on ${N}_{\mathrm{part}}$. We argue that the dependence of mean multiplicity on ${N}_{\mathrm{part}}$ in $p+A$ collisions at LHC energies can single out a model of particle production, thus offering a stringent test of the CGC and the wounded nucleon model. Based on this observation we propose a novel experimental test of color coherence in $p+A$ collisions.
The Philadelphia Chromosome Negative Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders: A Practical Overview

The chronic myeloid disorders are collectively characterized by a stem cell origin of the clonal process and a variable tendency to undergo indigenous disease transformation and leukemic conversion. Classification of the chronic myeloid processes is based primarily on the presence or absence of the Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl translocation) and secondarily on the morphologic picture of the bone marrow in conjunction with the clinical manifestation. Essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) constitute the classical group of bcr-abl negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders. PV is characterized by a clonal increase in red blood cell mass, AMM by bone marrow fibrosis, and ET by thrombocytosis. Most of these features, however, are not diagnostically specific, and secondary causes of erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, and bone marrow fibrosis must be excluded. Treatment may be deferred or limited to phlebotomy alone in some patients with ET or PV, respectively. In contrast, thrombosisprone patients with PV or ET require drug therapy, and new platelet-lowering agents are increasingly being used. In this article, current diagnostic and therapeutic issues of ET, PV, and AMM are discussed.
System Identification and Adaptive Steering of Tractors Utilizing Differential Global Positioning System

A real-time gradient-based method of identifying parameters de ning the dynamic response of a farm tractor is presented. By use of a linear state-space model of the vehicle, four parameters are identi ed with carrier-phase differential Global Positioning System as the primary sensor for position and attitude, and a linear potentiometer is used to measure steering angle. The resulting real-time estimates of the vehicle parameters are used to redesign linear control gains. This adaptive estimation and control scheme achieves a 25% improvement in lateral error standard deviation over a conventional  xed-gain controller.
Trends in Marine Sport Fisheries Research

Abstract Marine sport fisheries research in North America—its historically stated goals, its actual accomplishments, and its future—is reviewed from the standpoint of the angler, administrator, and fisheries scientist. Emphasis is placed upon the future of marine sport fisheries research and its problems of rationale and motivation, funding, quality and quantity of manpower, the need for and application of management, research, and public education, and a synopsis of real and potential problems of the future.
Jewish Nonprofit Organizations in the U.S.: A Preliminary Survey

Organizations are at the heart of American Jewish life. Though there has been considerable research on specific organizations and types of organizations, there has been very little on the overall organizational structure of the Jewish community. This article takes some preliminary steps in that direction. It pulls together historical data on American Jewish organizations and data on contemporary Jewish organizations from a source not previously used: the U.S. Internal Revenue Service’s database on nonprofit charitable organizations. A majority of the 9,482 Jewish organizations listed are educational and religious but there are significant numbers of other types as well. Hundreds of organizations link American Jews to Israel and close to 300 link American Jews to Jews in other countries. New York State remains the organizational center of American Jewry. Few organizations are targeted to the needs of Jewish young adults. An agenda for future research is provided.
Background and Organizational Factors in Absenteeism

Summary T0he availability of data on absenteeism for all nonsupervisory employees of a major airline for a full calendar year presented a unique opportunity for investigating some of the correlates of absenteeism. The quantitative analysis of these data was guided by two major objectives: the first was to test the prediction that the larger the size of the location (or “plant”) the higher the absenteeism, and the second was to determine how age, wage rate, seniority, and job classification were related to absenteeism with sex and “collar” held constant. The findings support the hypothesis that absenteeism is higher in larger units and thus lend credence to the notion that the characteristics of larger organizational units lead to lower levels of involvement and personal satisfaction. Other findings of the study indicate that the relationships between background factors and absenteeism are different for “blue collar” men than for other categories of employees. Among “white collar” men and women and among “blue collar” women, older, longer service, and higher paid employees are more often absent with length of service having the greatest influence. For “blue collar’ men longer length of service and higher job status are associated with lower absence rates. These findings indicate that great care should be taken in making any over-all generalization about the factors influencing absenteeism and, particularly, that careful controls should be established in making any inferences concerning “morale” or “supervisory skill” on the basis of comparative absenteeism figures. The findings of this study, while based on data from only one company, would indicate that constructive personnel programs aimed at minimizing absenteeism should focus effort on the following work settings: larger plants, high seniority white collar personnel and blue collar women, and blue collar, male job classifications characterized by low status and little “freedom.”
The cost-effectiveness of raising teacher quality

Abstract Econometric studies suggest that student achievement may be improved if high-performing teachers are substituted for low-performing teachers. Drawing upon a recent study linking teacher performance on licensure exams with gains in student achievement, an analysis was conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of requiring teacher applicants to meet a minimum 1000 SAT test score requirement, while raising teacher salaries by 45 percent in order to maintain an adequate pool of candidates. Results indicate that the cost-effectiveness of this approach to raising teacher quality is substantially lower than the cost-effectiveness of a competing approach for raising student achievement, involving the implementation of systems that provide formative assessment feedback to students and teachers regarding student performance in math and reading. The implementation of formative assessment instead of less cost-effective approaches would help to achieve the important goal of raising math and reading achievement while using fewer resources. The savings in resources may then be used to achieve other important educational goals—those that are not well-addressed through formative assessment.
Metal-organic frameworks as adsorbents for trapping and preconcentration of organic phosphonates.

Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) have high surface areas and tailorable molecular properties so they have the potential of being selective adsorbents for preconcentrators. In this paper, IRMOF1 is tested as an adsorbent for preconcentration for the first time using dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) as a test case. We find that DMMP is selectively adsorbed on IRMOF1 and is released upon heating to 250 °C. Concentration gains of more than 5000 are observed for DMMP with a 4-s sampling time. Sorption capacities are 0.95 g of DMMP/g of IRMOF1. By comparison, dodecane shows a preconcentration gain of ∼5 under similar conditions. These results demonstrate that MOFs can be quite useful in selective preconcentrators.
Detrital foodweb interactions in North American grassland ecosystems

Abstract Unique characteristics of grasslands which are important for understanding interactions of soil biota are: (1) the high proportion of primary production which occurs belowground; (2) the small amount of above-ground plant structural material; (3) the formation of Mollisols. These soils are usually quite fertile and contain large amounts of soil organic matter. Grassland soil biota live in a comparatively rich, structurally diverse habitat. Although the proportion of fungi and bacteria in grassland soils may vary from site to site, as a general rule they vary around equal proportions. The main consumers of the bacterial production are protozoa (mostly small naked amoebae) and free-living bacterial-feeding nematodes. Many taxonomic groups of microarthropods, previously thought to feed exclusively or predominantly on fungi, recently have been found to feed heavily on nematodes, some being obligate nematophages. Fungal production is consumed mostly by microarthropods and free-living, stylet-bearing nematodes. Microarthropods are the top predators in semi-arid grassland soils with different functional groups feeding on nematodes, microarthropods or both. Bacteria and, to a lesser degree, fungi, are responsible for most of the N mineralization in grasslands, but the protozoans, nematodes and microarthropods may contribute collectively as much as 40%. Although the biomass of the top predator microarthropods is small, this group could have a disproportionately large impact on the detrital community structure and function similarly to keystone predators in other communities. The dynamics of the different groups are closely interrelated. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the dynamics of all major functional groups to obtain a complete understanding of the system. Pulses of decomposition, and hence saprophagic production, are extremely important, especially in semi-arid grasslands, where rainfall triggers high soil-organism activity. Relative growth rates of organisms, active after rainfall events in semi-arid ecosystems, may determine the lag times for population development, strength of interactions of the different groups and overall production of microbial biomass, its turnover rates and the resultant mineralization.