cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile Simulation Training and Teaching Overview

Caring for patients in a rural or remote area has many challenges. One such challenge is the need for opportunities for real-life training for rare, high impact medical events. In fact, even the more common medical emergencies may be considered a rarity due to the low population density in these settings and the time and distance between providers. Mobile simulation training has proven useful in improving the skills and knowledge for those providers who practice in rural or remote areas. The uses of mobile simulation will expand as the technology matures and its utility continues to grow.
Setting a bad precedent: Sexual compliance in undergraduate women’s sexually coercive relationships

Objective: Undergraduate women are more likely to comply with unwanted sexual behavior if they have experienced sexual coercion from their partner. We investigated whether the severity and frequency of sexual coercion was associated with sexual compliance.Participants: A sample of 195 female university students in committed relationships.Methods: Participants completed an online survey about sexually coercive experiences in their relationship and hypothetical sexual compliance.Results: We found that undergraduate women exposed to more frequent mild sexual coercion from their current partner predicted they would be more compliant with hypothetical sexual coercion from that partner-both mild and severe.Conclusion: There may be a precedent for sexual compliance in some sexually coercive relationships; this precedent seems to be gradually set. Prevention programs should emphasize that even the mildest forms of sexual coercion can potentially have negative implications for a relationship.
Phase 1 dose escalation trial of TAS-102 (trifluridine/tipiracil) and temozolomide in the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumors.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are understudied and have limited systemic treatment options. Prior studies for patients with advanced NETs have demonstrated promising results when antimetabolite agents, including fluoropyrimidines, were combined with temozolomide TMZ. TAS-102 (trifluridine/tipiracil) is an antineoplastic agent that is non-cross resistant with 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine and that has a different toxicity profile. This study evaluated the safety of TAS-102 in combination with TMZ in patients in neuroendocrine tumors. Escalating doses of TMZ (100, 150 and 200 mg/m2) on days 8–12 were given in combination with TAS-102 (35 mg/m2 twice a day) on days 1–5 and 8–12 of a 28 day cycle in subjects with advanced NETs. Primary endpoints were safety and determination of maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Growth factor support was mandated starting with level 2 to avoid treatment delays. Fifteen evaluable subjects were enrolled in the phase 1 study. No dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed on level 1. One DLT was observed on level 2 (grade 3 fatigue and inability to resume treatment), and 1 on level 3 (grade 4 thrombocytopenia). The most common grade ≥ 3 adverse events included neutropenia (33%), lymphopenia (27%), and thrombocytopenia (27%). Disease control rate of 92% and partial response rate of 8% were observed in 13 evaluable subjects. This study established MTD of TAS-102 (35 mg/m2 twice daily) and TMZ (200 mg/m2 daily). This regimen was well tolerated. Early signs of clinically meaningful activity were observed. Further evaluation of the efficacy of this regimen is warranted.
Hamiltonian and Diffeomorphism Constraints Generalized for Timelike and Spacelike 3+1 Foliation

The form of Hamiltonian and Diffeomorphism constraints in Sen-Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi variables is well known for the spacelike 3+1 ADM foliation. It is also known that Sen-Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi connection can be introduced only in 3 dimensional space and does not work for $D > 3$. The reason it works in $D = 3$ is due to existence of isomorphism between $so(3)$ algebra and $R^3$ space with vector product. It turns out that similar isomorphism exists between $so(2,1)$ algebra and $R^3_{2,1}$ space algebra with respect to its vector product. By using this isomorphism we find both analog of Sen-Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi connection for timelike 3+1 foliation and corresponding forms of Gauss, Diffeomorphism and Hamiltonian constraints. We then combine spacelike and timelike foliation constraints into the generalized form of the Hamiltonian and Diffeomorphism constrains using generalized Sen-Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi connection variables. We prove that Immirzi parameter is covariant with respect to timelike-spacelike ADM foliation change as in both cases in self-dual Ashtekar case it disappears in Hamiltionian constraint keeping it polynomial.
Tracing the Lines: A Review of Viscoelastography for Emergency Medicine Clinicians.

Abstract Background Viscoelastography (VE) is an established method to identify coagulopathies in various disease processes. Clinical decisions can be made with real-time tracings and quantitative values at the bedside. Thromboelastography (TEG®) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) have been utilized in several disease states with clinical varying success. Objectives This review will summarize the literature and provide recommendations pertaining to major disease processes where VE may be beneficial, including trauma, anticoagulation reversal, liver disease, acute ischemic stroke, and acquired brain injuries. Discussion VE has a role in many emergency medicine patients encountered by clinicians. Reduced mortality, decreased blood product utilization, and prognostication ability makes VE an intriguing tool that can be utilized by providers to improve patient care. Conclusion This review serves as a way for emergency medicine clinicians to utilize VE in their practice and provides an insightful literature overview.
Survey of Anopheles vectors in Nanyang City from 2005 to 2017

OBJECTIVE To investigate the malaria vectors in Nanyang City. METHODS Two townships were selected as malaria vector surveillance sites in Nanyang City from 2005 to 2017, including Mazhenfu Township in Tanghe County and Huaiyuan Township in Tongbai County, and the malaria vectors were investigated using the semi-overnight human baiting trapping method and mosquito trapping in nets. RESULTS The mean density of Anopheles sinensis was 0.65 to 22.30 mosquitos/(person · hour) in the two surveillance sites in Nanyang City using the human baiting trapping method from 2005 to 2017, and the peak density was detected in June and July. An. anthropophagus was captured only in Tongbai County during the period between 2008 and 2011, with a mean density of 0.03 to 1.10 mosquitos/(person · hour). The mean density of An. sinensis was 0.08 to 0.24 mosquitos/(net · night) using the mosquito trapping in nets from 2005 to 2011, and the peak density was detected in July and August, while few An. anthropophagus captured only in Tongbai County, with a mean density of 0.01 to 0.02 mosquitos/(net · night). CONCLUSIONS There are malaria vectors in Nanyang City, including An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus, and An. sinensis is the dominant mosquito species.
Deadly Barks: Acousmaticity and Post-Animality in Lucrecia Martel's La ciénaga

Acousmatic sound is often defined as a sound whose source is unseen, that is, in terms of a separation between the senses of hearing and seeing. Discussions about the acousmatic have generally focu...
Latent trajectories of eating disorder treatment response among female patients in residential care

Objective Eating disorder (ED) treatment outcomes are highly variable from beginning to end of treatment; however, little is known about differential trajectories during the course of treatment. This study sought to characterize heterogeneous patterns of ED treatment response during residential care. Method Participants were adolescent girls and adult women (N = 360) receiving residential ED treatment for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, other specified feeding or eating disorder, unspecified feeding or eating disorder, or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Self-report symptom assessments were completed at admission, discharge, and approximately weekly throughout the residential stay to assess curvilinear patterns of change. Latent growth mixture modeling was applied to identify subgroups of patients with similar treatment response trajectories. Results Three latent groups emerged, including gradual response (58.3%; steady improvements from admission to discharge), rapid response (23.9%; steep early improvements that were maintained through discharge), and low-symptom static response (17.8%; nearly nonclinical self-reported symptoms at admission that remained static through discharge). Groups differed on important clinical characteristics, such as body mass index, endorsement of compensatory behaviors, severity of global ED psychopathology at admission, and degree of symptom improvement by end of treatment. Discussion Patients follow heterogeneous response patterns in residential ED treatment, and these patterns are associated with differential treatment outcome. Future work should explore whether these trajectories are associated with differential outcomes at follow-up and whether tailoring clinical intervention to a patient's trajectory type can improve treatment response.
Short-term Outcomes of the Study of Refeeding to Optimize Inpatient Gains for Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance The standard of care for refeeding inpatients with anorexia nervosa, starting with low calories and advancing cautiously, is associated with slow weight gain and protracted hospital stay. Limited data suggest that higher-calorie refeeding improves these outcomes with no increased risk of refeeding syndrome. Objective To compare the short-term efficacy, safety, and cost of lower-calorie vs higher-calorie refeeding for malnourished adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa. Design, setting, and participants In this multicenter randomized clinical trial with prospective follow-up conducted at 2 inpatient eating disorder programs at large tertiary care hospitals, 120 adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 24 years hospitalized with anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia nervosa and 60% or more of median body mass index were enrolled from February 8, 2016, to March 7, 2019. The primary analysis was a modified intent-to-treat approach. Interventions Higher-calorie refeeding, beginning at 2000 kcal/d and increasing by 200 kcal/d vs lower-calorie refeeding, beginning at 1400 k/cal and increasing by 200 kcal every other day. Main outcomes and measures Main outcomes were end-of-treatment outcomes; the primary end point of this trial will be clinical remission over 12 months. Short-term efficacy was defined a priori as time to restore medical stability in the hospital, measured by the following 6 indices: 24-hour heart rate of 45 beats/min or more, systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more, temperature of 35.6 °C or more, orthostatic increase in heart rate of 35 beats/min or less, orthostatic decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or less, and 75% or more of median body mass index for age and sex. The prespecified safety outcome was incidence of electrolyte abnormalities; cost efficacy was defined as savings associated with length of stay. Results Because 9 participants withdrew prior to treatment, the modified intention-to-treat analyses included 111 participants (93%; 101 females [91%]; mean [SD] age, 16.4 [2.5] years). Higher-calorie refeeding restored medical stability significantly earlier than lower-calorie refeeding (hazard ratio, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.10-2.53]; P = .01). Electrolyte abnormalities and other adverse events did not differ by group. Hospital stay was 4.0 days shorter (95% CI, -6.1 to -1.9 days) among the group receiving higher-calorie refeeding, which was associated with a savings of $19 056 (95% CI, -$28 819 to -$9293) in hospital charges per participant. Conclusions and relevance In the first randomized clinical trial in the US to compare refeeding approaches in patients with anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa, higher-calorie refeeding demonstrated short-term efficacy with no increase in safety events during hospitalization. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02488109.
Advance Care Planning and Transitions to Comfort Measures after Stroke.

Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is recommended to align treatment with patient goals, although there has been little study of the impact of ACP on in-hospital stroke treatment. Objective: To examine the association between ACP and transitions to comfort measures after stroke. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting/Subjects: Hospitalized stroke patients 45 years and older and surrogate decision makers from a population-based study in Corpus Christi, TX. Measurements: Surrogates were interviewed to assess presence of patient prestroke ACP, categorized as none, informal conversations only, or formal documentation. Patient records were reviewed for time from admission to transition to comfort measures only (CMO) (defined as in-hospital comfort measures or discharge with hospice services). Cox proportional-hazards models assessed the relationship between ACP and time to transition to CMO. Results: Of 148 included stroke patients, 37% transitioned to CMO (median time five days). For ACP, 44% had only informal conversations, 38% had formal documentation (98% of which also reported informal conversations), and 18% had neither. After adjustment for age, severity, and baseline disability, informal conversations alone (hazard ratio [HR] 3.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35-9.33) and formal documentation (HR 2.85; 95% CI: 1.05-7.72) were associated with earlier transition to comfort measures compared to no ACP. There was no difference between formal documentation and informal conversations on time to comfort measures (HR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.40-1.63). Conclusions: There was no additional association of formal ACP documentation over informal conversations on time to transition to comfort measures after stroke. Further study of formal ACP is warranted.
Aging faster: worry and rumination in late life are associated with greater brain age

Abstract Older adults with anxiety have lower gray matter brain volume—a component of accelerated aging. We have previously validated a machine learning model to predict brain age, an estimate of an individual's age based on voxel-wise gray matter images. We investigated associations between brain age and anxiety, depression, stress, and emotion regulation. We recruited 78 participants (≥50 years) along a wide range of worry severity. We collected imaging data and computed voxel-wise gray matter images, which were input into an existing machine learning model to estimate brain age. We conducted a multivariable linear regression between brain age and age, sex, race, education, worry, anxiety, depression, rumination, neuroticism, stress, reappraisal, and suppression. We found that greater brain age was significantly associated with greater age, male sex, greater worry, greater rumination, and lower suppression. Male sex, worry, and rumination are associated with accelerated aging in late life and expressive suppression may have a protective effect. These results provide evidence for the transdiagnostic model of negative repetitive thoughts, which are associated with cognitive decline, amyloid, and tau.
Comprehensive Physics-Based Model for Millimeterwave Transistors

This paper presents a novel comprehensive model for analyzing devices at the W-band and beyond. The presented simulation scheme makes this physics-based model suitable for both small- and large-signal analysis purposes. In this approach, there is no need to extract the intrinsic parameters of the transistor that is the main cause of inaccuracy in other modeling techniques. The semiconductor transport aspects are modeled using a spatially-distributed time-domain simulation. The transmission line theory together with the finite difference method is utilized to account for the wave propagation effects over the electrodes of the transistors. The validity of the proposed model has been evaluated by comparing the simulation results with the measured data from fabricated devices. A power sweep analysis has been conducted for two different frequencies to demonstrate the model’s potential for simulating device performance in the linear and nonlinear regions.
Motoric Subtypes of Delirium and Long-Term Functional and Mental Health Outcomes in Adults After Critical Illness.

Objectives Adult ICU survivors that experience delirium are at high risk for developing new functional disabilities and mental health disorders. We sought to determine if individual motoric subtypes of delirium are associated with worse disability, depression, and/or post-traumatic stress disorder in ICU survivors. Design Secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort study. Setting Academic, community, and Veteran Affairs hospitals. Patients Adult ICU survivors of respiratory failure and/or shock. Interventions We assessed delirium and level of consciousness using the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU and Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale daily during hospitalization. We classified delirium as hypoactive (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale ≤ 0) or hyperactive (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale > 0). At 3- and 12-month postdischarge, we assessed for dependence in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Adjusting for baseline and inhospital covariates, multivariable regression examined the association of exposure to delirium motoric subtype and long-term outcomes. Measurements and main results In our cohort of 556 adults with a median age of 62 years, hypoactive delirium was more common than hyperactive (68.9% vs 16.8%). Dependence on the activities of daily living was present in 37% at 3 months and 31% at 12 months, whereas dependence on instrumental activities of daily living was present in 63% at 3 months and 56% at 12 months. At both time points, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder rates were constant at 36% and 5%, respectively. Each additional day of hypoactive delirium was associated with higher instrumental activities of daily living dependence at 3 months only (0.24 points [95% CI, 0.07-0.41; p = 0.006]). There were no associations between the motoric delirium subtype and activities of daily living dependence, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusions Longer duration of hypoactive delirium, but not hyperactive, was associated with a minimal increase in early instrumental activities of daily living dependence scores in adult survivors of critical illness. Motoric delirium subtype was neither associated with early or late activities of daily living functional dependence or mental health outcomes, nor late instrumental activities of daily living functional dependence.
Vitamin E Supplementation Strategies for Newly Received Feedlot Cattle

Increasing doses (0, 150, 500, or 1,000 IU/d) of supplemental vitamin E (VE) fed to newly received steers linearly increased VE status and 150 IU/steer/d was adequate to prevent a decline in VE status over the 26-d trial. Although feedlot performance was not affected by supplemental VE treatments, the highest VE dose (1,000 IU/d) resulted in greater Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibody titers 20 d after receiving a booster vaccine. The positive effects of VE on antibody titers in the current study, suggest supplemental VE is an effective nutritional strategy for supporting immune system function. Further research is needed to determine the optimal dose and timing of VE supplementation for newly received cattle with specific emphasis on resiliency to, and recovery from, stressful events.
Characterization of x-ray focal spots using a rotating edge.

Purpose: The focal spot size and shape of an x-ray system are critical factors to the spatial resolution. Conventional approaches to characterizing the focal spot use specialized tools that usually require careful calibration. We propose an alternative to characterize the x-ray source’s focal spot, simply using a rotating edge and flat-panel detector. Methods: An edge is moved to the beam axis, and an edge spread function (ESF) is obtained at a specific angle. Taking the derivative of the ESF provides the line spread function, which is the Radon transform of the focal spot in the direction parallel to the edge. By rotating the edge about the beam axis for 360 deg, we obtain a complete Radon transform, which is used for reconstructing the focal spot. We conducted a study on a clinical C-arm system with three focal spot sizes (0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 mm nominal size), then compared the focal spot imaged using the proposed method against the conventional pinhole approach. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the focal spots along the width and height of the focal spot were used for quantitative comparisons. Results: Using the pinhole method as ground truth, the proposed method accurately characterized the focal spot shapes and sizes. Quantitatively, the FWHM widths were 0.37, 0.65, and 1.14 mm for the pinhole method and 0.33, 0.60, and 1.15 mm for the proposed method for the 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 mm nominal focal spots, respectively. Similar levels of agreement were found for the FWHM heights. Conclusions: The method uses a rotating edge to characterize the focal spot and could be automated in the future using a system’s built-in collimator. The method could be included as part of quality assurance tests of image quality and tube health.
Strategic Evacuation for Hurricanes and Regional Events with and without Autonomous Vehicles

A scheduling algorithm is developed for optimal planning of large-scale, complex evacuations to minimize total delay plus travel time across residents. The algorithm is applied to the eight-county ...
Sculpting bespoke mountains: Determining free energies with basis expansions

The intriguing behavior of a wide variety of physical systems, ranging from amorphous solids or glasses to proteins, is a direct manifestation of underlying free energy landscapes riddled with local minima separated by large barriers. Exploring such landscapes has arguably become one of statistical physics’s great challenges. A new method is proposed here for uniform sampling of rugged free energy surfaces. The method, which relies on special Green’s functions to approximate the Dirac delta function, improves significantly on existing simulation techniques by providing a boundary-agnostic approach that is capable of mapping complex features in multidimensional free energy surfaces. The usefulness of the proposed approach is established in the context of a simple model glass former and model proteins, demonstrating improved convergence and accuracy over existing methods.
Deficits, money and inflation: Comment

Abstract This paper re-examines the fiscal policy-money growth linkage analysed by Hamburger-Zwick (1981) in this Journal . Newly revised national income accounts data are employed. Unlike Hamburger-Zwick we do not find any strong evidence of a positive Federal budget deficit-money growth relationship over the period 1961–1974. When the estimation period is extended to 1976 and then to 1978, the results suggest no relationship between deficits and money growth.
Electrical Technologies and the Consumer Culture

This chapter contains sections titled: Electricity in the Home Mass Entertainment The Consumer Culture
Multivariate analysis of dimensionality in health attitude structure.

(1983). Multivariate Analysis of Dimensionality in Health Attitude Structure. Health Education: Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 16-21.
Relationship Learning Software: Design and Assessment

Interface designers have been studying how to construct graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for a number of years, however adults are often the main focus of these studies. Children constitute a unique user group, making it necessary to design software specifically for them. For this study, several interface design frameworks were combined to synthesize a framework for designing educational software for children. Two types of learning, relationships and categories, are the focus of the present study because of their importance in early-child learning as well as standardized testing. For this study the educational game Melo's World was created as an experimental platform. The experiments assessed the performance differences found when including or excluding subsets of interface design features, specifically aesthetic and behavioral features. Software that contains aesthetic, but lack behavioral features, was found to have the greatest positive impact on a child's learning of thematic relationships.
Mathematical Methods for Deriving Wavefronts from Interferograms

Global and local surface-fitting algorithms for interferogram reduction have been programmed at White Sands Missile Range. A program has also been written which uses a combination of Zernike polynomial fitting and local quadratic surface fitting for interpolation. A comparison of results from the methods programmed is given.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia with Bilateral Renal Masses Masquerading as Nephroblastomatosis

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in the pediatric patient population. However, renal involvement as the primary manifestation of ALL is rare. We report a case of a 4-year-old boy with bilateral renal lesions resembling nephroblastic rests as the first finding of early stage ALL preceding hematological changes and subsequent classic clinical findings by two weeks. These renal hypodensities completely resolved after one week of induction chemotherapy. This case demonstrates that renal involvement can be the only initial presenting finding of leukemia. Children with lesions resembling nephroblastic rests need appropriate surveillance due to the risk of malignant disease.
Detection of the precursor and effector cells of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the thoracic duct of the rat

Abstract Despite strong evidence pointing to the fundamental role of the T cell in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), little has been known about the normal traffic of the precursor (unprimed) and effector (primed) cells of EAE. We have demonstrated the recirculation of the precursor cells in that B rats regained their susceptibility to EAE following reconstitution with thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) passed through an irradiated intermediate host as well as following reconstitution with normal thymocytes or normal TDL. The effector cells were shown to be present in TDL in that TDL from donors immunized 11 or 12 days prior to transfer could passively transfer EAE to naive recipients.
Gardasil for guys: correlates of intent to be vaccinated

Abstract Background: The lack of post Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approval acceptance studies among males aged 18–26 years is problematic relative to the design of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine promotion programs designed to target males. Accordingly this study identified correlates of intention to receive the HPV vaccine among young men. Methods: Young men (n = 150) were recruited from two university campuses in the southern United States. Men completed an audio computer-assisted self administered interview assessing their beliefs, attitudes, and intent to receive the vaccine, newly approved for males. Bivariate associations between various measures and men's intent to be vaccinated in the next 12 months were assessed using t-tests. Measures achieving bivariate significance were entered into a regression model. Results: In the regression model, those reporting oral–genital sex were more likely to have positive intent (β = 0.32, t = 4.20, P = 0.0001). Those classified as having a relatively hi...
177 SIMPLE AND CHEAP APPARATUS FOR INHALATORY APPLICATION OF NITRIC OXIDE (NO) WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF CONTINUOUS MONITORING NO AND NO2 IN THE INHALATION MIXTURE

Introduction The direct application of NO into the ventilator's circuit has disadvantages: 1) it is expensive; 2) large volume of this inert gas carrying NO can decrease FiO2 in the respiratory circuit of the ventilator.
Structural studies of of "active complex" of bleomycin: assignment of ligands to the ferrous ion in a ferrous-bleomycin-carbon monoxide complex

Abstract Proton NMR studies at 360 MHz establish the binary Fe(II)-bleomycin complex to be paramagnetic with a spectrum covering 70 ppm. Addition of carbon monoxide generates a stable, diamagnetic Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO complex that is a putative structural analog of the "active" Fe(II)-bleomycin-O2 complex. The following six groups have been determined to be coordinated to the Fe(II) ion from analysis of the highly resolved 1H NMR spectra of this complex: CO, the primary and secondary amine nitrogens of the beta-aminoalanine moiety, the carbamoyl moiety on the 3-position of mannose, the pyrimidine N-1, and the imidazole N-1. The Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO complex binds to DNA, as shown by fluorescence quenching experiments, but Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO does not mediate thymine release. These results necessitate a major revision in the current model for metal coordination to bleomycin.
The new frontier: Conquering the World Wild Web by mule.

Abstract This article offers a close examination of the effects that teaching hypertext markup language (HTML) has on students’ perceptions of class goals in a networked composition classroom. A networked classroom that requires students to send documents using a file transfer protocol (FTP) by command line and view the World Wide Web with a textual browser shifts the emphasis of the class from writing to coding. Helping students identify a balance between computer technology and writing goals becomes essential to a successful classroom.
Coloring Graphs without Short Non-bounding Cycles

It is shown that there is a constant c such that if G is a graph embedded in a surface of genus g (either orientable or non-orientable) and the length of a shortest non-bounding cycle of G is at least c log(g + 1), then G is six-colorable. A similar result holds for three- and four-colorings under additional assumptions on the girth of G.
NAD+ and NADH in brain cortex from mice exposed to high oxygen pressure

Experiments were done in vivo to determine the effect of oxygen at high pressure (OHP) on NAD+ and NADH in mouse brain cortex. A 7% decrease (N.S.) in NADH was found in brain cortex from mice exposed to 6 atm of 100% oxygen for 8 min, while a 20% decrease (P less than 0.01) in cortical NADH, when compared to controls, occurred when mice were exposed to this oxygen pressure for either 16 min or 48 min. A 20% decrease (P less than 0.05) in cortical NADH was also observed in mice which had been killed during hyperactivity (a state preceding convulsions), at seizure onset, or 10 s post-convulsions. No measurable change in cortical NAD+ was observed at any of these oxygen exposure times or stages of toxicity. When mice were exposed to either 3.5 atm or 6 atm of oxygen for 16 min, a statistically significant decrease in cortical NADH (P less than 0.01) coupled with an increase in the NAD+/NADH ratio was found only at 3.5 atm and 6 atm, and not at 1 atm. The decrease in cortical NADH and increase in the NAD+/NADH ratio were reversed when mice were decompressed and exposed to air for 30 min. Disulfiram, a drug found to delay the onset of oxygen seizures, did not prevent the oxygen-induced decrease in cerebral NADH or increase in the NAD+/NADH ratio. The decrease in cortical NADH in mice exposed to OHP did not correlate with the onset of oxygen-induced convulsions.
Adjuvant treatment recommendations in older women with breast cancer—A survey of oncologists

Abstract Objective Previous studies demonstrate differing treatment patterns between older and younger patients with breast cancer. To explore the reasons for these disparities we conducted a survey of 28 oncologists specializing in breast cancer. Design and methods Twenty-eight medical oncologists from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the University of California Los Angeles who specialize in the treatment of breast cancer were asked to provide adjuvant treatment recommendations in hypothetical scenarios featuring older patients with high-risk breast cancer. For each of these hypothetical patients, the patient's age was varied over four possible values (70, 75, 80, or 85 years of age) and health and functional status varied across three possible states (perfect health, average health, or major health problems). Survey data were compiled and analyzed to determine the impact of theoretical patient age, baseline health, and functional status on their treatment recommendations. Results The proportion of oncologists who recommended adjuvant chemotherapy decreased as the patient's age increased or as the patient's functional status and health status decreased. For 96% of physicians (95% CI, 82–100%), patient age influenced chemotherapy recommendations, controlling for health/functional status; the same proportion of respondents were influenced by health/functional status, controlling for patient age. There was increased variability in treatment recommendations as the patient's age increased or functional status and health status decreased. Conclusion Among these medical oncologists who primarily treat breast cancer adjuvant treatment recommendations vary based on patient age, health, and functional status. Future studies are needed to correlate age, health, and functional status with the risks and benefits of adjuvant therapy so that consensus guidelines can be formed. A more comprehensive baseline assessment of the older patient, such as can be derived from a comprehensive geriatric assessment may be useful in this regard.
Subnanosecond isomerization in an osmium-dimethyl sulfoxide complex.

We report the structure, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry of cis-[Os(bpy)2(DMSO)2](OTf)2, where bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine, DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide, and OTf is trifluoromethanesulfonate. Electroch...
Nasal and Facial Reconstruction in a Dog Following Severe Trauma

Successful reconstruction of the nasomaxillary region requires closure of oronasal communication and maintenance of a patent upper airway. A dog with traumatic amputation of the nasomaxillary region was presented for reconstructive surgery. Staged surgical procedures were performed with the goal of closing the oronasal fistula, reapposing facial tissues, forming a granulation bed in each nasal passage, and harvesting and placing mucosal grafts in the nasal passages. A novel technique for developing a granulation tissue bed for mucosal grafts using silicone rubber tubing was employed. The end result of the reconstructive surgeries was a relatively cosmetic appearance with patent nasal openings.
Plasma Tubes Intercept Micorwave Radiation Independent of Polarization

Summary form only given. We have been designing a plasma shield intended to protect sensitive microwave equipment from intense electronic warfare signals. A layer of plasma tubes is used as a microwave reflector. The plasma tubes work extremely well in intercepting microwave radiation when the incident wave electric field is parallel to the tubes. However, if the electric field is perpendicular to the tubes, the normally induced plasma current cannot flow, and the plasma effects are not expected to appear. To our surprise, when the plasma tubes were experimentally tested with the electric field perpendicular to the tubes, the plasma tubes not only intercepted the microwave signal, but the observed cut-off with a pulsed plasma lasted about twice as long. The effect appears to be due to an electrostatic resonance, and preliminary calculations suggest that a normally ignored term in Maxwell's equations is responsible. nabla2E - nabla(nablaldrE) = mu0epsiv0(omegap 2 + part2E/partt2). The term responsible appears to be nabla(nablaldrE).The frequencies involved are in the range of 2.5 GHz. The plasma tubes used are conventional fluorescent lamps. In any event, regardless of the theory, the experimental results demonstrate that shielding a sensitive receiving antenna by a layer of parallel plasma tubes is considerably more effective than had been expected.
Photoabsorption cross-sections of (FSO3)2 and FSO3

Abstract Photoabsorption cross-sections are measured for peroxydisulfuryl difluoride (FSO3)2 and the fluorosulfate radical FSO3. For (FSO3)2, the cross-sections measured at 298 K decline smoothly from 7.43 × 10−18 cm2 at 180 nm to 1.27 × 10−21 cm2 at 340 nm. At wavelengths between 340 and 450 nm, temperature-dependent measurements yield both dimer and radical cross-sections. For this second set of data, calculated cross-sections depend strongly on the choice of Keq for the dimer—radical equilibrium. If the results are analyzed with the Keq value determined by Dudley and Cady (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85 (1963) 3375), dimer cross-sections decline smoothly from 1.21 × 10−21 cm2 at 340 nm to 5.42 × 10−23 cm2 at 430 nm and then increase slightly to 9.31 × 10−23 cm2 at 450 nm. For FSO3, the cross-sections increase from 5.51 × 10−19 cm2 at 340 nm to 4.21 × 10−18 cm2 at 450 nm. If the results are calculated with the Keq value obtained by Cobos et al. (J. Phys. Chem., 93 (1989) 3089), the dimer cross-sections decline smoothly from 1.21 × 10−21 cm2 at 340 nm to 6.54 × 10−23 cm2 at 430 nm and then increase slightly to 1.08 × 10−22 cm2 at 450 nm. Radical cross-sections increase from 4.30 × 10−19 cm2 at 340 nm to 3.29 × 10−18 cm2 at 450 nm. The present results are in reasonable agreement with the previous σ (FSO3) measurements of Croce (J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 51 (1990) 293) and Cobos et al., but disagree markedly with the measurement of Cobos et al. at 450 nm.
Prenatal Chromosome Analysis

CHROMOSOME analysis can be performed on fibroblasts cultured from amniotic fluid1–3. This is the basis of a technique for the intrauterine detection of chromosomal aberrations in the foetuses of women who are known to have a high risk of producing abnormal offspring. Valenti et al.1, for example, reported the intrauterine detection of trisomy 21 in amniotic fluid cell cultures and they subsequently performed a therapeutic abortion. The pathological findings on the foetus confirmed the diagnosis.
Constant versus variable arity operators in genetic programming

In this paper we compare typical variable arity operators to constant arity operators in which extraneous branches are treated as no-ops. We hypothesized that the consistent arity implementation would perform poorer than the variable arity implementation, due to a large amount of non-productive changes experienced during the early life of a consistent arity individual. Contrary to the expected result, both algorithms performed nearly identically. The consistent arity population developed a better average population faster, indicating that it would be a better option for tasks requiring many options for success. The variable arity population developed much smaller individuals on average, taking up much less space. This may be partly due to the large proportion of arity one operators in the operator set. However, a comparison of the execution times produced surprisingly mixed results, with the variable arity approach sometime taking significantly more time despite producing significantly smaller trees.
Cerebral microglia mediate sleep/wake and neuroinflammatory effects of methamphetamine.

Methamphetamine and modafinil exert their wake-promoting effects by elevating monoaminergic tone. The severity of hypersomnolence that occurs subsequent to induced wakefulness differs between these two agents. Microglia detects and modulates CNS reactions to agents such as D-methamphetamine that induce cellular stress. We therefore hypothesized that changes in the sleep/wake cycle that occur subsequent to administration of D-methamphetamine are modulated by cerebral microglia. In CD11b-herpes thymidine kinase transgenic mice (CD11b-TK(mt-30)), activation of the inducible transgene by intracerebroventricular (icv) ganciclovir results in toxicity to CD11b-positive cells (i.e. microglia), thereby reducing cerebral microglial cell counts. CD11b-TK(mt-30)and wild type mice were subjected to chronic icv ganciclovir or vehicle administration with subcutaneous mini-osmotic pumps. D-methamphetamine (1 and 2 mg/kg), modafinil (30 and 100 mg/kg) and vehicle were administered intraperitoneally to these animals. In CD11b-TK(mt-30) mice, but not wild type, icv infusion of ganciclovir reduced the duration of wake produced by D-methamphetamine at 2 mg/kg by nearly 1h. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, studied ex vivo, and NOS expression were elevated in CD11b-positive cerebral microglia from wild type mice acutely exposed to d-methamphetamine. Additionally, CD11b-positive microglia, but not other cerebral cell populations, exhibited changes in sleep-regulatory cytokine expression in response to d-METH. Finally, CD11b-positive microglia exposed to d-methamphetamine in vitro exhibited increased NOS activity relative to pharmacologically-naive cells. CD11b-positive microglia from the brains of neuronal NOS (nNOS)-knockout mice failed to exhibit this effect. We propose that the effects of D-METH on sleep/wake cycles are mediated in part by actions on microglia, including possibly nNOS activity and cytokine synthesis.
Determination of optical properties in semi-infinite turbid media using imaging measurements of frequency-domain photon migration obtained with an intensified charge-coupled device

Frequency-domain photon migration measurements across the surface of a tissue-mimicking, semi-infinite phantom are acquired via an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detection system and used in conjunction with the diffusion approximation to determine the optical properties. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients are determined least accurately when relative measurements of average light intensity I(rel)dc are employed either alone or in a combination with relative modulation amplitude data I(rel)ac and/or relative phase shift data theta(rel). The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients are found accurate to within 15 and 11%, respectively, of the values obtained from standard single-pixel measurements when theta(rel) measurements are employed alone or in combination with I(rel)ac data.
Neuronal maturation in mammalian cell culture is dependent on spontaneous electrical activity

Abstract Fetal mouse spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons undergo a process of maturation in cell culture lasting a month or more. We have investigated the role of electrical activity in this maturational process with the use of tetrodotoxin (TTX), the specific blocker of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel responsible for action potential generation. This agent completely eliminates the spikes and related synaptic activity which occur abundantly in untreated cultures. Such blockade of electrical activity in the cultures, when begun early (day 1 or day 8 in vitro), results in a 85–95% reduction in the number of large SC neurons, without affecting DRG neuron numbers. TTX treatment initiated when cultures are mature (day 70) has no significant effect on either DRG or SC neurons. Intermediate effects are obtained when treatment is initiated at day 35 in vitro. The activity of the nerve-specific enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, is significantly decreased by early TTX treatment, while DNA and protein content of the cultures (primarily contributed by glial and fibroblastic cells) is not affected.
Some things learned from Warren Smith

A summary of some things that may have been learned from Warren Smith over the years, and an appreciation of his role in spreading the good word about lens design.
Correcting Head Rice Yield for Surface Lipid Content (Degree of Milling) Variation

ABSTRACT Head rice yield (HRY) is the primary parameter used to quantify rice milling quality. However, HRY is affected by the degree of milling (DOM) and thus HRY may not be comparable between different lots if the DOM is different. The objective of this study was to develop a method by which HRY values can be adjusted for varying DOM values when measured by surface lipid content (SLC). Seventeen rough rice lots including long-grain and medium-grain cultivars and hybrids were harvested from two 2003 and five 2004 locations. Duplicate subsamples of each lot were milled in a McGill No. 2 laboratory mill for 10, 15, 20, or 40 sec after zero, one, two, three, and six months of storage. HRY and SLC were measured. The average HRY versus SLC slope across all milling duration data sets was 9.4. As such, it is suggested that, when milling with a McGill No. 2 laboratory mill, the HRY of a rice lot can be adjusted by a factor of 9.4 percentage points for every percentage point difference between the rice lot SLC an...
Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo.

The aims of this study were: (i) to quantify near-infrared optical properties of normal cervical tissues and high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (H-SIL); (ii) to assess the feasibility of differentiating normal cervical tissues from H-SIL on the basis of these properties; and (iii) to determine how cervical tissue optical properties change following photodynamic therapy (PDT) of H-SIL in vivo. Using the frequency domain photon migration technique, non-invasive measurements of normal and dysplastic ecto-cervical tissue optical properties, i.e. absorption (mu(a)) and effective scattering coefficients, and physiological parameters, i.e. tissue water and haemoglobin concentration, percentage oxygen saturation (%SO(2)), were performed on 10 patients scheduled for PDT of histologically-proven H-SIL. Cervix absorption and effective scattering parameters were up to 15% lower in H-SIL sites compared with normal cervical tissue for all wavelengths studied (674, 811, 849, 956 nm). Following PDT, all mu(a) values increased significantly, due to elevated tissue blood and water content associated with PDT-induced hyperaemia and oedema. Tissue total haemoglobin concentration ([TotHb]) and arterio-venous oxygen saturation measured in H-SIL sites were lower than normal sites ([TotHb]: 88.6 +/- 35.8 micromol/l versus 124.7 +/- 22.6 micromol/l; %SO(2): 76.5 +/- 14.7% versus 84.9 +/- 3.4%).
Semiotics for Citizens in Government Web Sites

High alert exists when the semiotic components of electronic communication are challenged to induce responsive citizenship. Evaluations of the uses of existing government websites are particularly important in that regard. They form a high tech network of data and communication efforts but do not contribute to the education of citizens. Do we dislike education when carried out by government? Governments seldom focus education as a force to change attitude and mentality of the citizenry. To educate means to create a difference through an educated appreciation of others – a necessary condition for life in institutions, supported by citizens who themselves grew up in the Western hemisphere with its overemphasis on ego-directed national goals, values and interests. One observes how materials for an electronically enhanced education program, made available in government web sites, remain out of use. An education deficit must be mentioned, which in its turn underestimates the contribution to semiotics in law and politics, in particular where theoretical foundations of the virtual are at stake.
Arabinosylcytosine induces fetal hemoglobin in baboons by perturbing erythroid cell differentiation kinetics

Arabinosylcytosine, a compound that inhibits DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, stimulates fetal hemoglobin in adult baboons and produces significant perturbations in the pools of erythroid progenitors. It appears that changes in the kinetics of erythroid cell differentiation rather than direct action on the gamma genes underlie stimulation of fetal hemoglobin in the adult animals in vivo. These results also suggest that chemotherapeutic agents selected for their low carcinogenic or mutagenic potential could be used for therapeutic induction of fetal hemoglobin in patients with sickle cell anemia.