cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Superficial Zone Protein (SZP)/Lubricin/PRG4 and Boundary Mode Frictional Properties of the Bovine Diarthrodial Joint

The diarthrodial, knee joint is a remarkably efficient bearing system; articulating cartilage surfaces provide nearly frictionless performance with minimal wear. The low friction properties of the cartilage surfaces are due in part to the boundary lubricant, superficial zone protein (SZP); also known as lubricin or proteoglycan 4 (PRG4). In previous work, SZP localization and cartilage friction were examined across the femoral condyles. Studies in the literature have also individually investigated the other tissues that comprise the human knee and four-legged animal stifle joint, such as the meniscus or patella. However, comparisons between individual studies are limited due to the variable testing conditions employed. Friction is a system property that is dependent on the opposing articulating surface, entraining speed, and loading. A cross-comparison of the frictional properties and SZP localization across the knee/stifle joint tissues utilizing a common testing configuration is therefore needed. The objective of this investigation was to determine the friction coefficient and SZP localization of the tissues comprising the three compartments of the bovine stifle joint: patella, patellofemoral groove, femoral condyles, meniscus, tibial plateau, and anterior cruciate ligament. The boundary mode coefficient of friction was greater in tissues of the patellofemoral compartment than the lateral and medial tibiofemoral compartments. SZP immunolocalization followed this trend with reduced depth of staining and intensity in the patella and patellofemoral groove compared to the femoral condyles and tibial plateau. These results illustrate the important role of SZP in reducing friction in the tissues and compartments of the knee/stifle joint.
The Use of Control Volume Analysis and Non-potential Junction Concepts to Model Liquid Piston Engine Dynamics

A study of the dynamics of a liquid piston engine/pump is undertaken using the bond graph modeling technique. Several of the highly transient hydraulic components used in liquid piston engines are studied with a control volume analysis and their bond graph representations are presented. These components form a set of "building blocks" which can then be joined together by "non-potential" hydraulic junctions to model complex liquid piston engine configurations. A total bond graph of a simple 2-stroke liquid piston engine is assembled using these components and results from a simulation study of the state equations derived from this bond graph are presented.
Statistical analysis of the geomagnetic response to different solar wind drivers and the dependence on storm intensity

Geomagnetic storms start with activity on the Sun that causes propagation of magnetized plasma structures in the solar wind. The type of solar activity is used to classify the plasma structures as being either interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or corotating interaction region (CIR) driven. The ICME-driven events are further classified as either magnetic cloud (MC) driven or sheath (SH) driven by the geoeffective structure responsible for the peak of the storm. The geoeffective solar wind flow then interacts with the magnetosphere producing a disturbance in near-Earth space. It is commonly believed that a SH-driven event behaves more like a CIR-driven event than a MC-driven event; however, in our analysis this is not the case. In this study, geomagnetic storms are investigated statistically with respect to the solar wind driver and the intensity of the events. We use the Hot Electron and Ion Drift Integrator (HEIDI) model to simulate the inner magnetospheric hot ion population during all of the storms classified as intense (Dstmin ≤ −100 nT) within solar cycle 23 (1996–2005). HEIDI is configured four different ways using either the Volland-Stern or self-consistent electric field and either event-based Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) magnetospheric plasma analyzer (MPA) data or a reanalyzed lower resolution version of the data that provides spatial resolution. Presenting the simulation results, geomagnetic data, and solar wind data along a normalized epoch timeline shows the average behavior throughout a typical storm of each classification. The error along the epoch timeline for each HEIDI configuration is used to rate the model's performance. We also subgrouped the storms based on the magnitude of the minimum Dst. We found that typically the LANL MPA data provide the best outer boundary condition. Additionally, the self-consistent electric field better reproduces SH- and MC-driven events throughout most of the storm timeline, but the Volland-Stern electric field better reproduces CIR-driven events. Contrary to what we expect, examination of the HEIDI model results and solar wind data shows that SH-driven events behave more like MC-driven events than CIR-driven storms.
Identification of an amyloidogenic region on keratoepithelin via synthetic peptides.

Mutations of keratoepithelin (KE) gene in human chromosome 5q31 have been linked with corneal epithelial or stromal dystrophies characterized by the abnormal deposits of amyloid fibrils and/or non-amyloid aggregations in corneal tissue. We report herein that synthetic peptide containing amino acid (a.a.) residues of 515–532 of native KE protein can readily form β-sheet-containing amyloid fibrils in vitro. Amyloid fibrils formed in various conditions from short synthetic peptides (containing a.a. 515–532 and 515–525, respectively) were characterized by thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, Congo red staining, electron microscopy (EM) and circular dichroism (CD). Triple-N-methylation of the synthetic peptides prevented the β-sheet polymerization and related amyloid fibril formation. Comparison study with ThT fluorescence further demonstrated that synthetic peptides containing corneal dystrophy-related mutations within this region formed amyloid fibrils to various extents. Our results suggest that each individual dystrophy-related mutation by itself does not necessarily potentiate amyloid fibril formation of KE. Roles of these intrinsically amyloidogenic foci in abnormal KE aggregations and amyloid deposits of stromal corneal dystrophies await further investigation.
Taxonomy and distribution of Chaptalia dentata and C. Albicans (Asteraceae: Mutisieae)

Chaptalia dentata (L.) Cass. andC. albicans (Sw.) Vent. ex Steudel incorrectly have been recognized as conspecific in recent treatments. Although they are vegetatively similar, they differ in features of the flowers and fruits—especially the mature achenes. Both species occur in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles of the West Indies:Chaptalia dentata is endemic to that area, absent only from Jamaica;C. albicans is more widespread, as it occurs in Jamaica as well as in scattered localities on the American mainland—southern Florida, various localities in Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala, and the Mexican states of Veracruz, San Luis Potosi, Chiapas, and Yucatan.
Geophysical evidence for wedging in the San Gorgonio Pass structural knot, southern San Andreas fault zone, southern California

Geophysical data and surface geology define intertonguing thrust wedges that form the upper crust in the San Gorgonio Pass region. This picture serves as the basis for inferring past fault movements within the San Andreas system, which are fundamental to understanding the tectonic evolution of the San Gorgonio Pass region. Interpretation of gravity data indicates that sedimentary rocks have been thrust at least 5 km in the central part of San Gorgonio Pass beneath basement rocks of the southeast San Bernardino Mountains. Subtle, long-wavelength magnetic anomalies indicate that a magnetic body extends in the subsurface north of San Gorgonio Pass and south under Peninsular Ranges basement, and has a southern edge that is roughly parallel to, but 5–6 km south of, the surface trace of the Banning fault. This deep magnetic body is composed either of upper-plate rocks of San Gabriel Mountains basement or rocks of San Bernardino Mountains basement or both. We suggest that transpression across the San Gorgonio Pass region drove a wedge of Peninsular Ranges basement and its overlying sedimentary cover northward into the San Bernardino Mountains during the Neogene, offsetting the Banning fault at shallow depth. Average rates of convergence implied by this offset are broadly consistent with estimates of convergence from other geologic and geodetic data. Seismicity suggests a deeper detachment surface beneath the deep magnetic body. This interpretation suggests that the fault mapped at the surface evolved not only in map but also in cross-sectional view. Given the multilayered nature of deformation, it is unlikely that the San Andreas fault will rupture cleanly through the complex structures in San Gorgonio Pass.
Effect of lining non-linearity on realized attenuation of tonal noise

Abstract An iterative model based on an FEM propagation code is introduced for prediction of attenuation in a duct in the presence of a two degree of freedom acoustic lining for which impedance depends on local grazing flow speed and overall local Sound Pressure Level. A general approach is described; however this investigation is limited to the case of a source Sound Pressure Level spectrum dominated by a single tone for which the lining is optimized. The tone is specified by its circumferential mode and a statistically represented radial modal amplitude distribution. It is assumed that the underlying broad band spectrum is diffuse and relatively unaffected by the lining. Lining impedance is computed locally and is described by an iterative model imbedded in the propagation code. It is determined how local variation of Sound Pressure Level affects realized attenuation by comparing attenuation predictions when impedance depends on source Sound Pressure Level and when impedance depends on local Sound Pressure Level. Predicted attenuation is dependent on local variation in lining impedance when the tone level is significantly above the overall broadband level. When suppression of the tone has little effect on the overall Sound Pressure Level there is little effect of local impedance variation on attenuation.
Bildung eines Phosphadistannacyclobutens durch Addition eines Distannens an ein Phosphaalkin

L'addition de la dimethyl-2,2 propylidyne phosphine sur le di-[bis-trimethylsilyl methyl] stannylene fournit un derive de phospha-1 distanna-3,4 cyclobutene-1 dont la structure cristalline est etudiee
Newborn Jaundice Technologies: Unbound Bilirubin and Bilirubin Binding Capacity in Neonates

Neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia), which is extremely common in neonates, can be associated with neurotoxicity. A safe level of bilirubin has not been defined in either premature or term infants. Emerging evidence suggest that the level of unbound (or "free") bilirubin has a better sensitivity and specificity than total serum bilirubin for bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. Although recent studies suggest the usefulness of free bilirubin measurements in managing high-risk neonates, including premature infants, no widely available method exists to assay the serum free bilirubin concentration. To keep pace with the growing demand, in addition to reevaluation of old methods, several promising new methods are being developed for sensitive, accurate, and rapid measurement of free bilirubin and bilirubin binding capacity. These innovative methods need to be validated before adopting for clinical use. We provide an overview of some promising methods for free bilirubin and binding capacity measurements with the goal to enhance research in this area of active interest and apparent need.
Children's activities and their behavior: are activities worth manipulating?

One key concern of child mental health professionals is the structuring of children's activities so as to enhance their positive behavior and minimize their negative behavior. This paper addresses the relationship between activities and child behavior through a brief review of the literature and a report of a two-fold study which found (1) no significant differences between the percentage of time spent in formal, informal, task, and solitary activities of children with mentally ill parents and children with parents who are not mentally ill and (2) a significant relationship between such activities and the problem behavior exhibited by children with mentally ill parents. Formal activities were significantly associated with lower levels of problem behavior Solitary activities were significantly associated with higher levels of problem behavior. This association was strongest for adolescent girls.
Comprehensive evaluation approach of power quality based on neural network ensemble and subordinate degree

Based on the standards of power quality in China, a neural network ensemble (NNE) model was constructed for comprehensive evaluation of power quality. Back Propagation (BP) neural network with same topology structure were applied to all subnets of this ensemble model. The number of ensemble subnets are 20 respectively, determined with the incremental method. A large number of samples based on the random-distribution theory were produced to train these networks, and the NNE output results were analyzed according to the subordinate degree rule. The simulation test result shows that the generalization ability of NNE is superior to simplex BP neural network. Meanwhile, the model was applied to analyzing the power quality for a 0.38kV distribution network. The results show that the proposed method can evaluate the PQ grade correctly and help find out the key factor which impacts the power quality.
A model study of overtone-induced isomerization: The role of non-linear resonances

Abstract Overtone-induced isomerization is studied in a simple model for unimolecular isomerization. Considerable reaction rate enhancement occurs for certain initial overtone excitations, and the reactivity patterns differ markedly from those expected from statistical ideas. The critical role of bend—stretch Fermi resonance in this model process is discussed.
The isolation and synthesis of dolichotheline

Abstract An imidazole alkaloid named dolichotheline has been isolated from Dolichothele sphaerica (Dietrich) Britton and Rose, and characterized as 4(5)-[2- N -isovalerylaminoethyl[imidazole ( N -isovalerylhistamine) (I). Its structure has been confirmed by synthesis and a biogenetic pathway is proposed.
Detection of chromosomal abnormalities with multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) imaging and multi-spectral wavelet analysis

Multicolor karyotyping technologies, including both multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) [l] and spectral karyotyping (SKY) [2], are recently developed molecular cytogenetic techniques for rapid visualization of genornic aberrations at sub-cellular level. Multi-color karyotyping techniques are based on multi-spectral microscopic imaging in combination with high resolution molecular probes developed in genomics, which have been successhlly used in postnatal and cancer cytogenetics. Despite their promise, the current techniques are not reliable for clinical use [3]. Routine clinical application of these techniques for molecular cytogenetic diagnosis has been hampered by several technical limitations. A primary problem is the pixel by pixel classification of chromosomes from the multi-color image representations. In this work, we propose a new wavelet transform for multi-color image representation, which can effectively reduce the redundancy between multi-color images such that the classification accuracy can be improved. The algorithm was validated by testing on a database containing chromosome images obtained from a variety of M-FISH probes.
Firearm Possession in Schools: Disarming the Myths

There is no single image that symbolizes the public’s preoccupation with school violence more than that of youths bringing guns to school. This behavior so deeply violates fundamental school safety values that it is the focus of State and National legislation. Even the Supreme Court recently ruled on the constitutionality of the Federal Gun-Free School Act. This paper reviews empirical studies that shed light on the presence and impact of firearms on school campuses focusing on national and California findings. Given understandable concern about school safety, one would presume that there is a body of empirical information that documents the presence of firearms on school campuses. In fact, it is shown that information is incomplete, at best, but what is known suggests that gun possession is not as prevalent as is generally presumed. Studies profiling youth who report carrying guns are reviewed; they show that gun possession can be interpreted by school psychologists as one aspect of a constellation of significant risk factors in a youth’s life that are commonly addressed by school psychologists.
Composition and volume of gas released by crushing coal from West Virginia, Kentucky and Alabama

Abstract Analyses of the composition and volume of gaseous inclusions in samples of coal from West Virginia, Alabama and Kentucky have been made at room temperature by mass spectrometric techniques. This was done by crushing the coal in the high-vacuum inlet system of a research mass spectrometer. The gases observed were composed of C, S, H, O, N, He and Ar atoms. Water was the most abundant gas; others were hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia, methanol, ethanol, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, ethane, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, argon and carbon dioxide. Gas compositions were found to be a function of the source of the coal. For example, over 6% of the gas from Alabama coal was methane, but West Virginia coal contained only 0.1% methane. The volume of gas also was a function of the coal source. Coal from Kentucky contained 2.3 cm 3 g −1 (STP), whereas coal from West Virginia contained 0.4 cm 3 g −1 .
An electro-mechanically coupled SDOF piezoelectric stack actuator model

Piezoelectric actuators used in nano-positioning devices exhibit highly non-linear behavior and strong hysteresis, which limits the efficiency of conventional non-model-based controllers. This paper presents the first results of a free energy model based on the theory of thermal activation for single crystal piezoceramics that couples mechanical stress and electric field. It is capable of predicting the hysteretic behavior along with the frequency-dependence present in these materials. The model is then coupled with a spring as a first step toward a SDOF model of a commercial nano-positioning stage and is the basis for future control applications. Quasi-static simulations are presented to illustrate the effects of spring loading on the actuator behavior.
Healthy Women, Healthy Men, and Healthy Adults: An Evaluation of Gender Role Stereotypes in the Twenty-first Century

An important question often asked when counselors-in-training read textbook discussion of gender role stereotypes, especially of older work such as the classic study by the Brovermans and their colleagues, is “Haven’t these biases been eliminated or at least reduced?” The current study was designed to replicate the work of the Brovermans and their colleagues to answer that specific question and to determine how current counselors-in-training perceive healthy adult women, healthy adult men, and healthy adults. As in the prior research, initial ratings of the social desirability of traditional gender role stereotypes were conducted, and the findings showed many similarities to past research. That investigation was followed by a modified Stereotype Questionnaire, based on the original work of Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, I. Broverman, and D. M. Broverman (1968). Healthy adult women were found to be significantly different from healthy adult men as well as from healthy adults. In addition, the results suggest that there have been changes in counselors’ perceptions of healthy adults. Counselors-in-training were found to hold two standards for mental health—one for women and another for men.
Direct transesterification of total fatty acids of adipose tissue, and of freeze-dried muscle and liver with boron-trifluoride in methanol

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate direct transesterification of fatty acids of tissue total lipids with boron-trifluoride in methanol. Adipose tissue, muscle, and liver samples obtained from market-weight lambs, were transesterified with 14% boron-trifluoride in methanol at 80 °C. Total lipids of additional samples were first solvent-extracted and then transesterified with 14% boron-trifluoride in methanol. Thin layer Chromatographic evaluation revealed quantitative conversion of triacylglycerol- and polar lipid-fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters using direct transesterification. No differences in fatty acid composition were observed for adipose tissue (p > 0.05); however, for muscle, 20:4 was greater (p = 0.01) with direct transesterification. For liver, greater concentrations of fatty acids were observed for the direct transesterification method (p < 0.02). Weight percentages of adipose and muscle fatty acids were unchanged from 15 to 180min of direct transesterification; however, 120 and 90 min of direct transesterification were required for adipose tissue and muscle, respectively, for complete transesterification. It was concluded that for analysis of total fatty acids, one-step direct transesterification with boron-trifluoride in methanol is a useful and acceptable procedure.
Mixed Genres and the Logic of Slavery in Toni Morrison's Beloved

(1995). Mixed Genres and the Logic of Slavery in Toni Morrison's Beloved. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 96-106.
Joint isometric complements

We define the complement of a contraction and note that such contractions are subnormal. Necessary conditions for Toeplitz operators to be complemented are discussed. A class of subnormal contractive Toeplitz operators that cannot be complemented is provided.
Comparative study of predictive methods for woven fabric composite elastic properties

Several methods used to predict the elastic properties of woven fabric composite materials are compared and a new one is presented. The compared methods are the method of cells and the four-cell method presented earlier by the principle author and the three-dimensional finite element method. The new method is a simplified version of the method of cells for woven composites. The four-cell method and the simplified method of cells are the most computationally efficient method as compared to other methods. Specifically, the four-cell method can directly be used in finite element codes to predict structural behavior of components mode of woven composites. Where as the local/global finite element/finite element procedure is very costly which prohibits using it in structural analysis of woven composites. Numerical results are generated for engineering constants by the considered methods and compared to each other. Good agreements are obtained using the presented new method with respect to the other methods of cells and the finite element results.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERSISTERS AND . LEAVERS IN SEMINARY TRAINING

Surnmwy.-The present research investigated the comparison of Rorschach responses of 152 male Catholic seminarians with the expected norms for the general adult population. The seminarians were also divided into two groups, 98 persisters and 54 lavers. A comparison of Rorschach responses between these groups was made by means of a univariate analysis of variance. Personality correlates of these responses were proposed and discussed. Results indicated that a majority of seminarians' responses differed significantly from the norms and suggested that seminarians are introversive, non-conforming, and not at ease in their ability to maintain interpersonal relationships. They tend to be anxious but with adaptive ego strength which is less rigid than expected. They also tend to have more blatant sexual content and less self-devaluation than expected. Results also indicated that persisters differed from lavers mainly in amount and quality of anxiety. Anxiety for leavers appeared related to aggressive impulses pushing for expression while persisters experienced anxiety over a lack of emotional fulfillment related to need for affection and interpersonal relationships. Difficulties in the homogeneity of groups and further study were discussed. In recent years there has been a significant number of individuals who have left the Catholic priesthood and seminary training. Although there have been numerous studies of differences between those who remain in seminary training and those who drop out, most studies have used rather superficial or unsuitable instruments in assessing differences. Kennedy (1972) has suggested the use of projective techniques for comparing personality dynamics of those who leave and those who remain. There has been little systematic research reported from the relatively small number of seminaries who use projective methods in assessing their seminarians. In this investigation students were assessed on entrance as part of a program to give them increased insight into their own dynamics. Another part of the program provided counseling for those who wished further understanding of themselves. A large percentage of seminarians elected counseling. MBTHOD
Effect of a local charge compensator on trapping cross-section and photoionization energy of impurities in a crystal

Abstract Electron trapping of Tm3+, Sm3+ and Ce3+ with and without local charge compensation has been studied in alkaline earth fluoride crystal. Some qualitative results show that the lattice constant as well as the type of charge compensation play an important role on the trapping efficiency while the characteristics of impurity has its own effect in the process.
The surgeon's role in improving medical care

Abstract Surgeons have a history of almost 100 years of being in the forefront of efforts to standardize medical care and improve patients' health outcomes. Recently, increases in the “for-profit” sector have made it more difficult for patients to receive quality medical care. In this new era, surgeons need to stay involved in all areas of the establishment of patient care standards, to ensure patients continue to have access to surgical treatments.
Activin inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth: selective actions on androgen-responsive LNCaP cells.

Prostate epithelial cell growth is under the control of both steroid and peptide factors. Human prostate cancer cell lines have been used to investigate similar agents in malignancy. Activins are dimeric peptides structurally related to transforming growth factor-beta and produced in the gonads and a wide array of extragonadal tissues. The activins act at the pituitary to regulate the synthesis and secretion of FSH. At other sites, such as bone marrow, liver, and gonads, activin may play an important role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It was the purpose of the current study to determine whether activin had similar actions on prostate cancer cells, specifically the androgen-responsive LNCaP and the androgen-resistant PC-3 cell lines. Using reverse transcription-PCR, messenger RNAs for type I and type II activin receptor subunits as well as the activin-binding protein follistatin were detected in both cell lines. Activin treatment rapidly (<24 h) inhibited LNCaP, but not PC-3, cell g...
St. Augustinegrass Response to Plant Growth Retardants

St. Augustinegrass [(Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntz.] is the preferred warm-season turfgrass for Florida's commercial and residential landscapes with an estimated 0.7 million hectare under growth and management. Limited published information is available on St. Augustinegrass response to plant growth retardants (PGRs). A 2-yr study was implemented to monitor St. Augustinegrass turf quality, lateral stolon growth, percent cover, mowing frequency, cumulative turfgrass clippings, and seedhead suppression following PGR application. Treatments were applied on 23 June 1995 and 22 June 1996 as a single application (SIA) at label use rate (LUR) or as twin split applications (TSA) at half LUR each: the sequential application was only used when mowing interval equaled the untreated. The PGRs and rates were flurprimidol [α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol] and paclobutrazol [(+/-)-(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chloro-phenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol] at 1.12 kg ha -1 for SIA and 0.56 kg ha -1 for TSA, trinexapac-ethyl [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexane carboxylic acid ethylester] and mefluidide [N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide] at 0.28 kg ha -1 for SIA and 0.14 kg ha -1 for TSA, and imazapic [(±)-2-[4,5-dihydrol-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridine-carboxylic add] at 0.028 kg ha -1 for SIA and 0.014 kg ha -1 for TSA. Responses were observed for a 12-wk period following initial application, and turf quality was acceptable (>7) for all PGRs. Turf quality for imazapic was generally better than the untreated for Weeks 6 to 10. Greatest control of lateral stolon growth 10 wk after initial application was achieved with TSA of imazapic (68%) and mefluidide (61%). Percent cover 12 wk after initial application was lowest for SIA and TSA imazapic (66 and 53%, respectively). Greatest reduction in mowing frequency was provided by trinexapac-ethyl (50%), while flurprimidol and mefluidide reduced mowing frequency by 26 and 20%, respectively. The only PGR that reduced cumulative turfgrass clippings (CTC) was trinexapac-ethyl (63%). Greatest seedhead inhibition during peak production (about 35%) was provided by imazapic and mefluidide. The two most effective PGRs were trinexapac-ethyl (reduced mowing frequency and CTC) and imazapic (controlled lateral stolon growth and seedhead production), while mefluidide demonstrated some potential. Combinations of these products could be examined in future studies.
Detection of improper fixation in MTI photoscreening images.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the effect of fixation shift on photoscreening crescents, the ability of human interpreters to detect fixation shift, and the potential improvement by image processing. Methods: MTI photoscreening (Medical Technologies & Innovations, Inc, Lancaster, PA) images, measured at 11 positions of gaze, were obtained from 10 subjects (9 with refractive error warranting spectacle correction). Photographs were taken with subjects fixating at 20, 15, 10, and 5 cm to the left and the right of the camera fixation target (1 m distant); 5 cm above and below the camera fixation target; and on-axis. Photographs were inspected by 11 experienced raters, who indicated if the subject appeared to be looking directly at the camera. The photographs were digitized, enlarged, contrast enhanced, and measured by 3 raters. For each photograph, distance from the corneal light reflex to the nasal limbus was measured and a measure of asymmetry computed. Results: Raters could reliably detect off-axis fixation greater than 10 cm away from the intended fixation target. Raters correctly identified on-axis subject viewing 73% of the time. Crescents became larger when the fixation shifted off-axis for both the myopic and hyperopic subjects. Image analysis correctly classified 10 of 10 on-axis measurements and 34 of 39 off-axis measurements. Conclusion: Direct inspection of photoscreening images by trained raters can result in the failure to detect small but relevant errors of fixation. These fixation shifts can cause crescents to become larger than expected, resulting in false-positive classification. Image analysis offers a potential improvement in the detection of off-axis fixation in MTI photoscreening images. (J AAPOS 2001;5:35-43)
PTEN Regulates PDGF Ligand Switch for β-PDGFR Signaling in Prostate Cancer

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family members are potent growth factors that regulate cell proliferation, migration, and transformation. Clinical studies have shown that both PDGF receptor β (β-PDGFR) and its ligand PDGF D are up-regulated in primary prostate cancers and bone metastases, whereas PDGF B, a classic ligand for β-PDGFR, is not frequently detected in clinical samples. In this study, we examined the role of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in the regulation of PDGF expression levels using both a prostate-specific, conditional PTEN-knockout mouse model and mouse prostate epithelial cell lines established from these mice. We found an increase in PDGF D and β-PDGFR expression levels in PTEN-null tumor cells, accompanied by a decrease in PDGF B expression. Among Akt isoforms, increased Akt3 expression was most prominent in mouse PTEN-null cells, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt activity was essential for the maintenance of increased PDGF D and β-PDGFR expression. In vitro deletion of PTEN resulted in a PDGF ligand switch from PDGF B to PDGF D in normal mouse prostate epithelial cells, further demonstrating that PTEN regulates this ligand switch. Similar associations between PTEN status and PDGF isoforms were noted in human prostate cancer cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which loss of PTEN may promote prostate cancer progression via PDGF D/β-PDGFR signal transduction.
Distribution behavior of phosphorus in the coal-based reduction of high-phosphorus-content oolitic iron ore

This study focuses on the reduction of phosphorus from high-phosphorus-content oolitic iron ore via coal-based reduction. The distribution behavior of phosphorus (i.e., the phosphorus content and the phosphorus distribution ratio in the metal, slag, and gas phases) during reduction was investigated in detail. Experimental results showed that the distribution behavior of phosphorus was strongly influenced by the reduction temperature, the reduction time, and the C/O molar ratio. A higher temperature and a longer reaction time were more favorable for phosphorus reduction and enrichment in the metal phase. An increase in the C/O ratio improved phosphorus reduction but also hindered the mass transfer of the reduced phosphorus when the C/O ratio exceeded 2.0. According to scanning electron microscopy analysis, the iron ore was transformed from an integral structure to metal and slag fractions during the reduction process. Apatite in the ore was reduced to P, and the reduced P was mainly enriched in the metal phase. These results suggest that the proposed method may enable utilization of high-phosphorus-content oolitic iron ore resources.
Sulfur, sea salt, and radionuclide aerosols in GISS ModelE

[1] We simulate a suite of aerosols in the new GISS ModelE GCM: present-day sulfur species and the natural species sea salt, radionuclides 7Be (stratospheric source), and 210Pb (derived from 222Rn from soils). The natural species are used to test the model and to help diagnose the anthropogenic sulfur species. Model improvements over previous versions include increased vertical resolution, addition of a stratiform dissolved species budget (DSB), better tracer coupling to the boundary layer, and an improved relative humidity-dependent radiative scheme. The DSB reduces the loads of most soluble species since it increases stratiform precipitation scavenging. We compare the model with extensive surface and aircraft concentration measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere. We compare three different formulations of the 222Rn emissions and find that a scheme with reduced radon flux at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere for all seasons gives the best 210Pb results. Although the 222Rn emissions appear to be approximately the right order of magnitude, model 210Pb is too large. Conversely, our 7Be source is too small (since concentrations in the upper troposphere and stratosphere are deficient), while the 7Be surface concentrations are as observed. These radionuclide results suggests that model scavenging (by moist convection) is deficient. Our new model uses increased natural sulfur emissions; however, the DSB causes sulfate to be generally less than observed and indicates a need for additional sulfur oxidation mechanisms. Model radiative forcing for sulfate and sea salt are −0.54 and −1.1 W m−2, respectively. The anthropogenic sulfate forcing is −0.25 W m−2, less than the −0.68 W m−2 in our previous model mainly owing to an 18% decrease in industrial emissions.
Effect of gypsum separating media on the appearance of stone cast surfaces

Statement of problem Several well-known parameters influence the appearance of the denture base surface, including proper isolation of the dental stone. There is lack of data describing the influence of this parameter on the appearance of the denture base surface. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2 dental stone separating media on the surface of the denture base. Material and methods A conventional flasking technique for fabricating a denture base was used. Twenty casts were poured with Type III yellow dental stone to produce 20 identical denture bases. Each cast was sectioned into halves. One half of the cast was treated with Al-Cote (control group) and the other half with Iso-K separating material. Once the denture base was finished, a single examiner, blinded to the experiment, visually compared the 2 surfaces of each cast (right and left part of the cast) under natural light to determine which surface was glossier. The McNemar test (.05 significance level) was used to compare the discordant pairs (20 discordant pairs). Results Two pairs (10%) were glossier than the Iso-K treatment, and 18 pairs (90%) within the Iso-K treatment were glossier than the treatment with Al-Cote. A statistically significant difference was found between the 2 treatments ( P Conclusions When used according to the manufacturer's instructions, denture surfaces treated with Iso-K appeared glossier than when treated with Al-Cote separating material.
Growth and Program Evaluation in Community Health Education Centers

Abstract An increasing number of health education centers deliver health education to various segments of the population. Currently, 25 centers provide health education to over three quarters of a million individuals annually. The centers utilize state-of-the-art classroom technology in carefully designed classrooms. The programs are delivered by trained teachers and are often interactive. This study was conducted to examine the current status and the use of program evaluations in health education centers throughout the United States. Questionnaires were sent to all executive directors belonging to the National Association of Health Education Centers. Information on programmatic and operating procedures as well as efforts to evaluate educational programs were requested. Twenty of the 25 centers returned questionnaires. The median operating budget was $312,500, for a reported 21 (median) different programs offered. Eighty-nine percent of the centers performed some form of program evaluation, but there was ...
Development of a methodology based on metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions and mass spectrometry to determine the metal binding sites in copper metalloproteins

Efforts have been made to develop a method that uses metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) reactions and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify the binding site of copper in metalloproteins. This method uses...
Some alternative tests of forward exchange rates as predictors of future spot rates

Abstract The paper provides empirical analysis on the issue of forward premiums as predictors of future exchange depreciations. The need to specify an alternative to the null hypothesis, other than its complement is emphasized. Two such alternatives are considered: the random walk model and the possibility of excessive or insufficient exchange rate volatility to accord with the efficiency of exchange markets.
Natural genetic variation in male reproductive genes contributes to nontransitivity of sperm competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster

Female Drosophila melanogaster frequently mate with multiple males, and the success of a given male depends not only on his genotype but also on the genotype of his competitor. Here, we assess how natural genetic variation affects male–male interactions for traits influencing pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection. Males from a set of 66 chromosome substitution lines were competed against each other in a ‘round-robin’ design, and paternity was scored using bulk genotyping. We observed significant effects of the genotype of the first male to mate, the second male to mate and an interaction between the males for measures of male mating rate and sperm utilization. We also identified specific combinations of males who show nontransitive patterns of reproductive success and engage in ‘rock-paper-scissors’ games. We then tested for associations between 245 polymorphisms in 32 candidate male reproductive genes and male reproductive success. We identified eight polymorphisms in six reproductive genes that associate with male reproductive success independent of the competitor (experimentwise P < 0.05). We also identified four SNPs in four different genes where the relative reproductive success of the alternative alleles changes depending on the competing males' genetic background (experimentwise P < 0.05); two of these associations include premature stop codons. This may be the first study that identifies the genes contributing to nontransitivity among males and further highlights that ‘rock-paper-scissors’ games could be an important evolutionary force maintaining genetic variation in natural populations.
Genomic analysis of a hybridoma batch cell culture metabolic status in a standard laboratory 5 L bioreactor

Currently, there is a gap in the knowledge of the culture responses to controlled bioreactor environment during the course of batch cell culture from early exponential phase to stationary-phase. If available, such information could be used to designate gene transcripts for predicting cell status and as a quality predictor for a controlled bioreactor. In this study, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to obtain baseline gene expression profiles during the time-course of a hybridoma batch cell culture in a 5 L bench-scale bioreactor. Gene expression changes that were up or down modulated from early-to-late in batch culture, as well as invariant gene profiles with significant expression were identified using microarray. Typical cellular functions that seemed to be correlated with transcriptomics were oxidative stress response, DNA damage response, apoptosis, and cellular metabolism. As confirmatory evidence, microarray findings were verified with a more rigorous semiquantitative gene-specific Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of this study suggest that under predefined bioreactor culture conditions, significant gene changes from lag to log to stationary phase could be identified, which could then be used to track the culture state. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Mentoring Interdisciplinary Research Teams for the Study of Sex and Gender Differences in Health and Disease

Initiatives to hasten the translation of basic science discoveries to clinical care have necessitated the development of new approaches to interdisciplinary collaboration and training of future investigators. This has been nowhere more important than in the study of sex differences with implications for extension into areas of gender medicine. Clearly, gaining better understanding of the role that sex and gender play in health and disease is essential to the implementation of truly individualized medicine. This case report will describe our experiences in developing the Mayo Clinic Building Interdisciplinary Research Programs in Women's Health (BIRCWH) program, an interdisciplinary research and training program in women's health and sex and gender differences. We identify both our successes and the barriers we have encountered in order that others who are developing similar programs might benefit from our experiences.
Calmodulin increases Ca-dependent inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase in human red blood cells.

Abstract Proteins in human red cell hemolysate were purified to determine which of them increase inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase in the presence of 2 μ m free Ca. Samples purified 600,000-fold inhibited the Na,K-ATPase of human red cells in a Ca-dependent manner and stimulated the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase. These samples contained two proteins as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE): calmodulin (18,000 M r ), which comprised most (>90%) of the total protein, and an unidentified protein of approximately 13,000 M r . Both proteins were a distinctive light yellow when stained with silver. Calmodulin from bovine testes also inhibited the Na,K-ATPase and stimulated the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase. This preparation also contained two proteins as analyzed by SDS-PAGE: calmodulin (95 to 99% of the total protein) and another protein of approximately 13,000 M r (1 to 5% of the total protein). Both were light yellow when stained with silver. Since the amount of red cell protein was limited, the remainder of the study was carried out with the bovine testes preparation. Heating the testes preparation decreased, but did not abolish, inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase and reduced stimulation of the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase. When corrected for denatured calmodulin, both heated and unheated proteins increased inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase to the same extent. The Na,K-ATPase was inhibited at 2 μ m free Ca in a dose-dependent manner over a range of 15 to 100 n m calmodulin. To establish if the inhibition was due to the calmodulin or the 13,000 M r protein, both were electroeluted after SDS-PAGE. Electroeluted calmodulin stimulated the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase and increased Ca inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase. Electroeluted amounts of the smaller M r protein slightly stimulated the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase, but had no effect on the Na,K-ATPase. This protein was digested with cyanogen bromide, partially sequenced, and thereby identified as a fragment of calmodulin. We conclude that intact calmodulin increases inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase at 2 μ m free Ca. We suggest that calmodulin is part of a mechanism mediating the effects of physiological free Ca on the Na,K-ATPase.
A multiple objective goal programming approach to the truckload routing problem

Truckload (TL) routing has always been a challenge. The TL routing problem (TRP) itself is hard, but the complexity of solving the problem increases due to the stochastic nature of TL demand. It is traditionally approached using single objective solution methodologies that range from linear programming to dynamic programming techniques. This paper presents a deterministic multiple objective formulation of the TRP. A ‘route algebra’ is developed to facilitate the solution procedure, paving the way for the use of goal programming and tabu search techniques.
Quantitative determination of a series of malonic esters by gas chromatography.

Gas chromatography offers a convenient, rapid, and accurate method for analyzing a number of malonic esters which previously were determined less accurately by other physical methods.