cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anionic graft polymerization of methyl acrylate to protein functional groups.

Graft polymerization of methyl acrylate to functional groups in proteins was studied with model compounds and with whole gluten proteins. Polymerization was carried out in the presence of sodium hydride or sodium in dimethyl sulfoxide. Initiation proceeds by an anionic mechanism, and the rate-determining step is the production of the initially formed carbanion. The rate of disappearance of methyl acrylate was followed via gas chromatography. Amino acid analyses indicated that the functional groups of the amino acids, as well as the peptide bonds, were acting as the initiation sites in proteins. Reaction rates of the functional groups were determined on model compounds in the presence of sodium and sodium hydride. With both the model compounds and the proteins, polymerization was initially rapid and then leveled off, although rates depended on the concentration of activator and acrylate. Methoxyl group analyses of modified model compounds and proteins indicated that from 5 to 10 methyl acrylate residues were introduced per reactive site.
The Globalization of Oil: A Prelude to a Critical Political Economy

(2006). The Globalization of Oil: A Prelude to a Critical Political Economy. International Journal of Political Economy: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 4-34.
Effects of Supported Lipid Monolayer Fluidity on the Adhesion of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Lines to Fibronectin-Derived Peptide Ligands for α5β1 and α4β1 Integrins

Mimicking the in vivo stem cell niche to increase stem cell expansion will likely require the presentation of multiple ligands. Presenting ligands in fluid-supported lipid monolayers (SLMs) or bilayers (SLBs) allows for ligand diffusion to complement the arrangement of cell receptors as well as cell-mediated ligand rearrangement and clustering. Cells in tissues interact with ligands presented by other cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), so it will likely be beneficial to present both cell-associated and ECM-derived ligands. A number of investigators have incorporated cell-membrane-associated ligands within fluid surfaces, and several groups have shown that these ligands cluster beneath the cells. However, few studies have investigated cell adhesion to ECM-derived ligands in fluid surfaces. Fibronectin is an important ECM component in many tissues, including the hematopoietic stem cell niche. We examined the adhesion of the M07e and THP-1 hematopoietic progenitor cell lines to fibronectin-derived pep...
Characterization of the human auditory cortex by the neuromagnetic method.

Neuromagnetic studies show that the location of cortical activity evoked by modulated tones and by click stimuli in the steady state paradigm can be determined non-invasively with a precision of a few millimeters. The progression of locations for tones of increasing frequency establish an orderly tonotopic map in which the distance along the cortex varies as the logarithm of the frequency. The active region responding to clicks lies at a position that is consistent with this map if the stimulus is characterized by the frequency of the peak of its power spectrum. A latency of about 50 ms observed for the response to clicks is in close correspondance with a strong component of the transient response to an isolated click reported in the literature. Monaural stimulation of the ear contralateral to the hemisphere being monitored produces a latency which is about 8 ms shorter than stimulation of the ipsilateral ear, in agreement with previous studies of transient responses. The amplitudes of the responses for binaurally presented clicks for sleeping subjects is substantially diminished for repetition rates above 20 Hz but is enhanced for lower rates.
Reverse revenue sharing: A modest proposal

While no claim is made that reverse revenue sharing is, even from a private interest perspective, the best fiscal arrangement, it has been argued that it represents an improvement over current arrangements in important ways. Still, reverse revenue sharing surely will be seen by most as a rather extreme proposal. For some this will come from the fact that it is the public interest model of government that remains dominant in structuring their view of the political process. But even those who accept the private interest model of government will see the proposal as extreme in terms of its political infeasibility. The very considerations that make the decentralization of the reverse revenue proposal desirable (i.e., reducing the power of political interest groups) make it unlikely that it will generate enthusiastic political support. Indeed, few things would provide more compelling evidence that reverse revenue sharing is a badly flawed proposal than the formation of an effective coalition of political interests in favor of it. I conclude this paper with confidence that the case for reverse revenue sharing is completely safe from this damaging prospect.
Phylogenetic conservation of ganglioside GD3 expression during early vertebrate ontogeny.

Abstract Gangliosides were investigated in adult brains and in 5-vesicle stage embryos of representatives belonging to the four vertebrate classes: Chondrichthyes, Amphibia, Aves and Mammalia. Considerable variability in brain ganglioside composition and concentration was observed among the adult vertebrates. The ganglioside patterns of the developmentally matched vertebrate embryos were similar in that each comprised GD3 as the predominant ganglioside. The phylogenetic conservation of abundant GD3 expression during early vertebrate ontogeny is interpreted as biochemical evidence consistent with von Baer's theory of increasing differentiation and suggests that GD3 is of critical importance for normal vertebrate development.
Functions of Flavin Reductase and Quinone Reductase in 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Degradation by Cupriavidus necator JMP134

The tcpRXABCYD operon of Cupriavidus necator JMP134 is involved in the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), a toxic pollutant. TcpA is a reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)-dependent monooxygenase that converts 2,4,6-TCP to 6-chlorohydroxyquinone. It has been implied via genetic analysis that TcpX acts as an FAD reductase to supply TcpA with FADH2, whereas the function of TcpB in 2,4,6-TCP degradation is still unclear. In order to provide direct biochemical evidence for the functions of TcpX and TcpB, the two corresponding genes (tcpX and tcpB) were cloned, overexpressed, and purified in Escherichia coli. TcpX was purified as a C-terminal His tag fusion (TcpX(H)) and found to possess NADH:flavin oxidoreductase activity capable of reducing either FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN) with NADH as the reductant. TcpX(H) had no activity toward NADPH or riboflavin. Coupling of TcpX(H) and TcpA demonstrated that TcpX(H) provided FADH2 for TcpA catalysis. Among several substrates tested, TcpB showed the best activity for quinone reduction, with FMN or FAD as the cofactor and NADH as the reductant. TcpB could not replace TcpX(H) in a coupled assay with TcpA for 2,4,6-TCP metabolism, but TcpB could enhance TcpA activity. Further, we showed that TcpB was more effective in reducing 6-chlorohydroxyquinone than chemical reduction alone, using a thiol conjugation assay to probe transitory accumulation of the quinone. Thus, TcpB was acting as a quinone reductase for 6-chlorohydroxyquinone reduction during 2,4,6-TCP degradation.
Fabrication of microcellular metal foams with sphere template electrodeposition

Abstract Microcellular metal foam (MMF) is a new class of metallic material with many potential applications such as solar energy storage. In this study we present a sphere template electrodeposition process for bulk MMF fabrication. To overcome ion diffusion limitation and uneven metal growth problems we explore the benefit of a pulse reverse electrodeposition technique. An experimental study was conducted on the effect of pulse voltage and frequency. It is shown that metal deposition uniformity can be significantly improved with high pulse frequency and amplitude. This study suggests that bulk MMFs could be fabricated with a microsphere template electrodeposition process.
Drosophila larvae lacking the bcl-2 gene, buffy, are sensitive to nutrient stress, maintain increased basal target of rapamycin (Tor) signaling and exhibit characteristics of altered basal energy metabolism

B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins are the central regulators of apoptosis. The two bcl-2 genes in Drosophila modulate the response to stress-induced cell death, but not developmental cell death. Because null mutants are viable, Drosophila provides an optimum model system to investigate alternate functions of Bcl-2 proteins. In this report, we explore the role of one bcl-2 gene in nutrient stress responses. We report that starvation of Drosophila larvae lacking the bcl-2 gene, buffy, decreases survival rate by more than twofold relative to wild-type larvae. The buffy null mutant reacted to starvation with the expected responses such as inhibition of target of rapamycin (Tor) signaling, autophagy initiation and mobilization of stored lipids. However, the autophagic response to starvation initiated faster in larvae lacking buffy and was inhibited by ectopic buffy. We demonstrate that unusually high basal Tor signaling, indicated by more phosphorylated S6K, was detected in the buffy mutant and that removal of a genomic copy of S6K, but not inactivation of Tor by rapamycin, reverted the precocious autophagy phenotype. Instead, Tor inactivation also required loss of a positive nutrient signal to trigger autophagy and loss of both was sufficient to activate autophagy in the buffy mutant even in the presence of enforced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Prior to starvation, the fed buffy mutant stored less lipid and glycogen, had high lactate levels and maintained a reduced pool of cellular ATP. These observations, together with the inability of buffy mutant larvae to adapt to nutrient restriction, indicate altered energy metabolism in the absence of buffy. All animals in their natural habitats are faced with periods of reduced nutrient availability. This study demonstrates that buffy is required for adaptation to both starvation and nutrient restriction. Thus, Buffy is a Bcl-2 protein that plays an important non-apoptotic role to promote survival of the whole organism in a stressful situation.
Differential modulation of Purkinje cell activity by enkephalin and corticotropin releasing factor.

Abstract Several peptides have been localized within afferents to the opossum's cerebellum, including cholecystokinin (15), enkephalin (16, 17) and corticotropin releasing factor (7, 9). Each of these peptides has a heterogeneous laminar and lobular distribution. Two peptides, enkephalin (ENK) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) are present in specific populations of climbing fibers and mossy fibers, which have an overlapping distribution in several areas of the cerebellum, in particular the lateral aspect of vermal lobules VII and VIII. Within this location ENK and CRF are co-localized in individual climbing fibers and mossy fibers (7). In the present study, the physiological effects of these peptides on Purkinje cell activity were analyzed. The data indicate that ENK and CRF have opposite effects on Purkinje cell activity. ENK suppresses spontaneous activity as well as that induced by application of glutamate and aspartate, as described previously (5). In contrast, CRF enhances both spontaneous and amino acid-induced unit activity. Further, when applied simultaneously, CRF blocks the suppressive effect induced by ENK. Previous studies have shown that climbing fibers, as well as the mossy fiber-parallel fiber pathway, are excitatory to Purkinje cells (11). However, immunohistochemical data have shown that these afferents are heterogeneous with respect to their chemical content (7–9, 15–17, 25). As found in the current and previous studies (3, 5) peptides in climbing and mossy fibers modulate the responsiveness of Purkinje cells to primary excitatory neurotransmitters in selected areas of the cerebellar cortex. However, the firing rate of individual Purkinje cells is differentially altered depending on which neurochemical messenger(s) are released. Thus, within circumscribed lobules of the cerebellum, activation of a climbing fiber or the mossy fiberparallel fiber pathway may not always result in a stereotypical excitation of their target neurons. The release of neuromodulators with the primary neurotransmitter may lead to a modification of the response. Thus, a wide range of responses following activation of a single afferent fiber is possible leading to synaptic plasticity in cerebellar circuitry.
On the Interpretation of Casing Measurements in Axial Compressors

Experimental studies of stall inception in axial compressors typically involve the measurement of basic flow variables (often pressure or velocity) with low spatial resolution. These measurements are used to make inferences about the fluid dynamics of stall. This experimental paradigm has been used by many investigators to great effect over the last several decades. However, several limitations remain which restrict the utility of these types of measurements for developing further insight into stall inception physics. Primary among these limitations is the impracticality of making measurements within the rotating blade passages. This is especially troublesome in light of recent computational studies which indicate that the generation of short length-scale rotating disturbances is related to the rotor tip clearance flow. This study utilized the results of a recent full annulus rotating stall simulation to investigate the relationships between the casing pressure field and less observable flow quantities which are believed to be causally related to the generation of rotating disturbances. The CFD results are assumed to represent the true flow physics within the compressor. To the extent that this approximation is true, these results can be used to interpret the meaning of experimental measurements of basic flow variables. These observations not only provide new insight into the interpretation of the large catalog of experimental stall measurements found in the literature, they also give directives for future measurements and numerical simulations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Treatment of rhamnogalacturonan I with lithium in ethylenediamine

Abstract Rhamnogalacturonan I is a pectic polysaccharide that is solubilized from the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells (Acer pseudoplatanus) by the action of a highly purified endo-1,4-α-polygalacturonanase. Rhamnogalacturonan I has a linear backbone consisting of the diglycosyl repeating unit, →4)-α- d -GalpA-(1→2)-α- l -Rhap-(1→. Approximately half of the α- l -rhamnosyl residues of the backbone are branched at O-4. Selective cleavage at the galactosyluronic acid residues of the backbone by treatment of rhamnogalacturonan I wit lithium in ethylenediamine resulted in the release of the neutral glycosyl-residue sidechains that had been attached to the backbone. Various analytical techniques, including combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were used to determine the structure of the side chains. The majority of the sidechains were isolated as oligoglycosylalditols, with rhamnitol at the “reducing” end. Terminal 2-, 4-, or 6-linked galactosyl residues were found attached to O-4 of the rhamnitol residues The 2-, 4-, and 6-linked galactosyl residues had terminal or 2-linked arabinosyl, or additional galactosyl, residues attached to them. Based on the results of fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry, the side chains were found to range in size from one to fourteen glycosyl residues. The side-chain structures suggest that there are four or more distinct families of side chains attached to the backbone of rhamnogalacturonan I.
Primate ABO glycosyltransferases: Evidence for trans-species evolution

The human ABO blood group system is controlled by alleles at a single locus on chromosome 9. The alleles encode glycosyltransferases, which add different sugar residues to the terminal part of the oligosaccharide core, thus generating the A or B antigens; an allele encoding enzymatically inactive protein is responsible for the blood group O. The A and B antigens are present not only in humans, but also in many other primate species and it has been proposed that the AB polymorphism was established long before these species diverged. Here we provide molecular evidence for the trans-species evolution of the AB polymorphism. Polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing has revealed that the critical substitutions differentiating the A and B genes occurred before the divergence of the lineages leading to humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. This polymorphism is therefore at least 13 million years old and is most likely maintained by selection. Comparison of the sequences derived from different species indicates that the difference in enzymatic activities between the A and B transferases is caused by two single nucleotide substitutions responsible for Leu-Met and Gly-Ala replacement at positions 265 and 267 in the polypeptide chains, respectively.
Space Shuttle Entry Flight Control Off-Nominal Design Considerations

The Shuttle Obiter entry flight control system (PCS) was designed to meet certain specific performance requirements for given aerodynamics, line replaceable unit (LRU) tolerances, and flight envelopes. Further consideration was given in the design to provide for design assessment requirements under stress conditions. This paper addresses the off-nominal design considerations by providing a definition of the design performance requirements and the conditions under which these requirements are to be met. The approach taken in the classification of the aerodynamic uncertainties are given and the sensitivity of the flight control stability margins to aerodynamics is presented. Finally, the flight control verification process that was undertaken and a comparison of flight test results to predicted performance are discussed.
In-Situ Fracture Mapping Using Geotomography and Brine Tracers

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is currently assessing the capabilities of high resolution geophysical methods to characterize geologic sites for the disposal of high level nuclear waste. A successful experiment has recently been performed in which salt water tracers and high frequency electromagnetic waves were utilized to map rock mass fracture zones in-situ. Multiple cross-borehole EM transmissions were used to generate a tomographic image of the fractured rock region between two boreholes. The tomographs obtained correlate well with conventional wireline geophysical logs which can be used to infer the location of fractured zones in the rock mass. This indirect data suggests that the geotomography and brine tracer technique may have merit in mapping fractured zones between boreholes.
Eye movements induced by stimulation of the pontine reticular formation: evidence for integration in oculomotor pathways

Abstract Ipsilateral horizontal eye movements were induced in monkeys at short latency by electrical stimulation of the paramedian zone of the pontine reticular formation (PPRF). Eye muscle potential changes occurred within 2.3–3 msec after PPRF stimulation. This is 0.5–1 msec longer than activation from MLF stimulation over monosynaptic pathways. Within limits the amplitude of the eye movements induced by PPRF stimulation was independent of eye position, the velocity was constant, and the amplitude and speed were linearly related to the frequency of stimulation. Depending on the strength, frequency, and duration of stimulation, eye movements similar to slow phases of nystagmus and pursuit movements, or saccades and quick phases of nystagmus could be induced by PPRF stimulation. In alert animals the eyes held the new positions of deviation for variable periods after stimulation. These periods of fixation were generally longer than several hundred milliseconds and were similar to naturally occurring positions of fixation. Previous studies have suggested that slow and rapid eye movements and positions of fixation in the horizontal plane are generated in the pontine reticular formation. The data are compatible with this hypothesis. Moreover, activity induced by the stimulating pulses appeared to have been mathematically integrated. It seems likely that one integration of neural activity in the visual-ocular or vestibulo-ocular reflex arcs probably takes place in the PPRF.
Examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning

Abstract The examination record should contain, in simple form, all the entries necessary to record complete information on the patient. The diagnosis becomes more complete at each subsequent appointment through increased knowledge of the patient's health, his emotional status, and the expectations he has regarding dentures. Therefore, a good diagnosis is based on a complete history of the patient. Such a history includes his physical health as well as his emotional status. Also a profile record, the facial contours, vertical dimension, lip line, and asymmetry should be recorded. A clinical diagnosis can only be made after a thorough visual, digital, and roentgenographic evaluation. Accurate, articulated study casts are of great value. The dentist should make use of educational diagnostic aids to enable him to serve his patients better. The patient should be prepared psychologically to receive dentures by making use of an educational program which consists of personal explanations and books and pamphlets. The patient also needs to be prepared physiologically by establishment of a proper diet which includes nutritional elements supplemented by adequate dosages of vitamins and minerals.
O- and N-demethylation of venlafaxine in vitro by human liver microsomes and by microsomes from cDNA-transfected cells: effect of metabolic inhibitors and SSRI antidepressants

The biotransformation of venlafaxine (VF) into its two major metabolites, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) and N-desmethylvenlafaxine (NDV) was studied in vitro with human liver microsomes and with microsomes containing individual human cytochromes from cDNA-transfected human lymphoblastoid cells. VF was coincubated with selective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors and several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to assess their inhibitory effect on VF metabolism. Formation rates for ODV incubated with human microsomes were consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics for a single-enzyme mediated reaction with substrate inhibition. Mean parameters determined by non-linear regression were: Vmax = 0.36 nmol/min/mg protein, K(m) = 41 microM, and Ks 22901 microM (Ks represents a constant which reflects the degree of substrate inhibition). Quinidine (QUI) was a potent inhibitor of ODV formation with a Ki of 0.04 microM, and paroxetine (PX) was the most potent SSRI at inhibiting ODV formation with a mean Ki value of 0.17 microM. Studies using expressed cytochromes showed that ODV was formed by CYP2C9, -2C19, and -2D6. CYP2D6 was dominant with the lowest K(m), 23.2 microM, and highest intrinsic clearance (Vmax/K(m) ratio). No unique model was applicable to the formation of NDV for all four livers tested. Parameters determined by applying a single-enzyme model were Vmax = 2.14 nmol/min/mg protein, and K(m) = 2504 microM. Ketoconazole was a potent inhibitor of NDV production, although its inhibitory activity was not as great as observed with pure 3A substrates. NDV formation was also reduced by 42% by a polyclonal rabbit antibody against rat liver CYP3A1. Studies using expressed cytochromes showed that NDV was formed by CYP2C9, -2C19, and -3A4. The highest intrinsic clearance was attributable to CYP2C19 and the lowest to CYP3A4. However the high in vivo abundance of 3A isoforms will magnify the importance of this cytochrome. Fluvoxamine (FX), at a concentration of 20 microM, decreased NDV production by 46% consistent with the capacity of FX to inhibit CYP3A, 2C9, and 2C19. These results are consistent with previous studies that show CYP2D6 and -3A4 play important roles in the formation of ODV and NDV, respectively. In addition we have shown that several other CYPs have important roles in the biotransformation of VF.
Patterns of trust and policy

This paper proposes a new paradigm of trust and policy that provides a unified treatment of organizational and data system policies. Policy is the programming language of organizations and just like any other language must be formally specified or specifiable. This paper attempts to demonstrate that it is specifiable. Trust is a major component of policy. Trust is presented as a function of specific elements - identity, reputation, capability, stake and benefit. These elements are defined and presented in the form of a trust equation. The points at which trust enters into the formal definition of policy are identified. The trust equation provides a useful way do &scribe trust in general that is not circular (unlike many previous definitions). The resulting constructs can be st&iently nontechnical that both systems people and those without a technical background can understand them The availability of a common language to guide analysis of policy requirements, policy formulation and policy execution may provide a way for organizations to break out of a recurring cycle of policy failures.
TheL 2 squeezing property for nonlinear bipolar viscous fluids

A squeezing property inL2(Ω) is established for orbits of the semigroup associated with the equations of motion of a nonlinear incompressible bipolar viscous fluid; it is assumed thatΩ=[0,L] n ,n=2 or 3,L>0, and that the velocity vector satisfies a spatial periodicity condition. The proof depends, in an essential manner, on key estimates for both the nonlinear operator generated by the nonlinear viscosity term in the model and the time integral of theH3(Ω) norm of the velocity.
The development of an integrated Faraday modulator and compensator for continuous polarimetric glucose monitoring

ABSTRACT In recent years, significant advances have been made in the development of noninvasive polarimetric glucose detection systems, salutary for the treatment of our rapidly increasing diabetic population. This area of research utilizes the aqueous humor as the detection medium for its strong correlation to blood glucose concentration and highlights three major features: the optical activity of glucose, minimal scattering of the medium, and the ability to detect sub-millidegree rotation in polarized light. However, many of the current polarimetric systems are faced with size constraints based on the paramount optical components. As a step toward developing a low cost hand-held design, our group has designed a miniaturized integrated single-crystal Faraday modulator/compensator. This devi ce is capable of replacing the traditional two component arrangement that has been widely reported on in many Faraday-based polarimetr ic configurations. In this study, the newly designed prototype is compared with a theoretical model and its performance is evaluated experimentally under both noninvasive static and dynamic glucose monitoring conditions. The combined rotator can achieve modulation depths above 1°, and when operating in a compensated closed-loop configuration, it has demonstrated glucose prediction errors of 1.8 mg/dL and 5.4 mg/dL under hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, respectively. These results demonstrate that such an integrated design can perform similar if not better than its larger two-part predecessors. This technology could also be extended to facilitate the use of multispectral polarimetry by considerably reducing the required number of physical components. Such multispectral techniques have demonstrated usefulness for in vivo and multi-analyte noninvasive sensing. Keywords: optical polarimetry, noninvasive glucose sensing, integrated Faraday modulator and compensator (IFMC), diabetes, continuous monitoring, flow system, aqueous humor
Correlates of male reproductive success in the browncheek blenny, Acanthemblemaria crockeri (Blennioidea : Chaenopsidae)

Acanthemblemaria crockeri exhibits a resource defense polygyny mating system with male parental care. Females preferred to mate with the larger of two males in laboratory experiments, and male size was positively correlated with the number of eggs defended by males at two sites in the Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico. Females appeared to avoid mating with males defending heavily-fouled shelters. The role of other factors including the intensity of male courtship coloration and displays in determining male reproductive success was studied in Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico by providing glass vials as shelters. This provided a non-destructive technique for counting of eggs defended by males and allowed repeated assessment of the reproductive success of individual males. Males varied greatly in their duration of residency of shelters and in their color score and intensity of courtship displays. The number of eggs received by males was positively correlated with their duration of residency in shelters, and females appeared to avoid mating with new residents. Mated males deserted shelters less frequently and were more likely to receive future matings than were unmated males. The mean color score of males was unrelated to their reproductive success, while the intensity of male courtship displays was negatively correlated with the number of eggs received. This may have resulted because female mate choice is based on multiple criteria, including some that more accurately reflect the quality of parental care afforded by males.
DNA Microarrays in the Undergraduate Microbiology Lab: Experimentation and Handling Large Datasets in as Few as Six Weeks

DNA microarrays have significantly impacted the study of gene expression on a genome-wide level but also have forced a more global consideration of research questions. As such, it has become critical to introduce undergraduate students to genomics approaches to research. A challenge with performing a DNA microarray experiment in the teaching lab is determining the time required for the study and how to handle the voluminous data generated. At an unexpectedly low cost, a 6-week, project-based lab module has been developed that provides 3 weeks for wet lab (hands-on work with the DNA microarrays) and 3 weeks for dry lab (analyzing data, using databases to help with data analysis, and considering the meaning of data within the large dataset). Options exist for extending the number of weeks dedicated to the project, but 6 weeks is sufficient for providing an introduction to both experimental genomics and data analysis. Students indicate that being able to both perform array experiments and thoroughly analyze data enriches their understanding of genomics and the complexity of biological systems.
The hilbert problem for hyperanalytic functions

(1981). The hilbert problem for hyperanalytic functions. Applicable Analysis: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 303-323.
Adapting practice patterns to a managed care environment: carotid endarterectomy--a case example.

Abstract The way American medicine is practiced is changing rapidly. By the beginning of the next century, most Americans may be enrolled in for-profit managed care plans in which physicians are responsible for both a budget and a population of patients. As health care is revolutionized, the overriding issue is whether the mission of health care organizations will be simply to contain costs, or whether it will be to increase the value (i.e., the quality) that we get for the money we are willing to spend on health care. The purpose of this article is to illustrate for carotid endarterectomy how quality can remain on the health care reform agenda. Vascular surgeons must assume a leadership role, and they must be willing to alter their practice patterns. More specifically, they should: (1) support and facilitate the development of clinically-detailed multispecialty criteria that describe under what circumstances carotid endarterectomy is both appropriate and necessary; (2) support the development of a system for publicly reporting outcome data by physician and hospital; (3) support regionalization of carotid endarterectomy; (4) conduct a prospective assessment of appropriateness before the procedure is performed; (5) consider changing the system by which carotid angiographies are read to increase their reliability; and (6) help develop a system to ensure that people who need carotid endarterectomy are offered the procedure. (J Vasc Surg 1996;23:913-7.)
Tunneling Potentials Associated with Thermoelectric Quasiparticle Transport in Superconductors

A superconductor in a thermal gradient assumes a steady state with counterflowing super and normal currents. A quasiparticle transport theory is presented for this current, and the resulting nonequilibrium quasiparticle distribution function is used to discuss NIS tunneling. For zero tunneling current, we derive a bias voltage which is quadratic in ▽ T and which is of roughly the same magnitude as the linear effect recently measured by Falco.
Extended materials based on the [Mo6Cl8]4+ building block bridged by 4,4′-bipyridine

Abstract Octahedral molybdenum clusters containing labile SO 3 CF 3 − ligands attached to the vertices of the octahedron were allowed to react with the linear bidentate 4,4′-bipyridine to produce microporous xerogels that exhibit size selective ion exchange.
Young Authors' Interactions with Peers and a Teacher: Toward a Developmentally Sensitive Sociocultural Literacy Theory.

A contrastive analysis of teacher -student and peer collaborations reveals diverse approaches to writing. Results of this study suggest that children draw on social and affective resources to support cognitive and linguistic aspects of written language development.
Blockade of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Expression by Caveolin-1

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a major protein constituent of caveolae, a type of plasma membrane raft. We observed that coexpression of human Cav-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) blocked virion production from cells that are ordinarily highly permissive. Further investigation showed that this effect is specific, occurs at low ratios of Cav-1 to HIV-1 DNA, depends on expression of Cav-1 protein, and involves severely impaired expression of HIV-1 proteins. Cav-1 also blocked HIV-2 expression. In contrast, Cav-1 did not inhibit protein expression by a paramyxovirus and did not induce apoptosis or affect cellular morphology, cell viability, or cell cycle progression. Although only small amounts of HIV-1 virions were released from Cav-1-transfected cells, these were fully infectious. Deletion mutagenesis showed that the C-terminal 78 residues were as active as the full-length (178-amino-acid) protein in producing the block. In contrast, the 100 most N-terminal amino acids of Cav-1, which include the previously identified oligomerization and scaffolding domains, were shown to be dispensable. Study of single-amino-acid-exchange mutants of Cav-1 established that palmitoylation was not required. Additional deletion mutants then identified the hydrophobic, membrane-associated domain (residues 101 to 135) as the main determinant. Cellular distribution of wild-type and mutant proteins correlated with ability to block HIV-1 expression. Finally, Cav-2 also blocked HIV-1 expression. These data show that coexpression of caveolins can markedly inhibit expression of HIV proviral DNA and establish that the inhibition is mediated by the hydrophobic, membrane-associated domain.
Isoelectric focusing in Pevikon slabs

Abstract A mixture of Pevikon C-870 and Sephadex G-75 superfine is proposed for isoelectric focusing in granular beds. The beds are easy to prepare, and pH gradients are stable for 36 hr under the given conditions. Precise and clean fractionations are obtained with excellent recoveries of focused substances.
Hermeneutics and science education: An introduction

This paper is a programmatic sketch of a line of theoretical investigation in the philosophy of science education. The basic idea is that philosophical hermeneutics is an appropriate framework for science education in most of its aspects. A brief discussion is given of hermeneutics in general, of the version of it developed by H. G. Gadamer, and of the reasons for its relevance to science and to the problem of meaning in science education. A key element in this approach is the suggestion that each science be biewed as a language. Arguments against the appropriateness of hermeneutics to natural science are also discussed. One application of the theory to ongoing educational research — ‘misconceptions’ — is specifically treated.
Finding Employment and Staying Employed After Leaving Welfare

Abstract This paper examines the impact of transportation, childcare, and illness on the ability of former welfare recipients to secure employment and to maintain employment once more “distal” or structural factors are controlled. The impact of these variables on gaining and keeping employment is evaluated in a series of probit regression models. The analysis suggests that the current labor market has transformed securing and maintaining employment into two separate events and that most of the factors traditionally used to predict the ability of welfare recipients to gain employment are now more important to maintaining employment. In particular, the absence of an automobile reduces the probability of keeping a job by 24 points.
Our Katrina Experience: Providing Mental Health Services in Concordia Parish, Louisiana

Responding to the call for psychologists to serve Louisiana and the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina, 2 school psychologists spent almost 2 weeks in central Louisiana in early September 2005. They were located in a rural area and provided mental health services to evacuees from Hurricane Katrina in a number of small shelters, an RV park, and the schools. This article describes their experiences as mental health volunteers and the impact those experiences had on their professional and personal lives.
Linear Algebra for Large-Scale Information Retrieval Applications

Currently, most approaches to retrieving textual materials from large databases depend on a lexical match between words in users’ requests and those in or assigned to database objects. Because of the tremendous diversity in the words people use to describe the same object, lexical methods are necessarily incomplete and imprecise. Using the singular value decomposition (SVD), one can take advantage of the implicit higher-order structure in the association of terms with text objects by determining the SVD of large sparse term by text-object matrices. Terms and objects represented by dominant singular subspaces are then matched against user queries in the semantic space. Preliminary tests ([2]) find this method widely applicable and a promising way to improve users’ access to many kinds of textual materials, or to objects and services for which textual descriptions are available.
Discovering regulatory motifs in the Plasmodium genome using comparative genomics

Motivation: Understanding gene regulation in Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is an important step in deciphering its complex life cycle as well as leading to possible new targets for therapeutic applications. Very little is known about gene regulation in Plasmodium, and in particular, few regulatory elements have been identified. Such discovery has been significantly hampered by the high A-T content of some of the genomes of Plasmodium species, as well as the challenge in associating discovered regulatory elements to gene regulatory cascades due to Plasmodium's complex life cycle. Results: We report a new method of using comparative genomics to systematically discover motifs in Plasmodium without requiring any functional data. Different from previous methods, our method does not depend on sequence alignments, and thus is particularly suitable for highly divergent genomes. We applied our method to discovering regulatory motifs between the human parasite, P.falciparum, and its rodent-infectious relative, P.yoelii. We also tested our procedure against comparisons between P.falciparum and the primate-infectious, P.knowlesi. Our computational effort leads to an initial catalog of 38 distinct motifs, corresponding to over 16 200 sites in the Plasmodium genome. The functionality of these motifs was further supported by their defined distribution within the genome as well as a correlation with gene expression patterns. This initial map provides a systematic view of gene regulation in Plasmodium, which can be refined as additional genomes become available. Availability: The new algorithm, named motif discovery using orthologous sequences (MDOS), is available at http://www.ics.uci.edu/~xhx/project/mdos/. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Waveband Assignment in Bi-directional Ring Networks

In this paper, we give an integer linear programming formulation and present a heuristic algorithm to minimize the worst-case tuning ROADM range in a bi-directional ring network to support all-to-all traffic.
New Challenges in the Management of Prolonged Survivors of Pediatric Neuromuscular Diseases: A Pulmonologist's Perspective

Summary. Many patients with pediatric neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are now achieving prolonged survival through advances in management of the cardiopulmonary complications of their illnesses. Because respiratory complications are among the main causes of mortality and morbidity in these diseases, pulmonologists are in a unique position to observe and describe the largely unanticipated medical, social, and ethical problems generated when patients with progressive NMDs achieve prolonged survival. For example, prolonged survivors of pediatric NMDsarenowexperiencingpreviouslyrareorunknownmedicalcomplications,anunprecedented severity of burden of disease and the potential for prolonged impairment of quality of life. As the patients age, their families must cope with a high level of burden of care. Society’s acceptance of theeligibilityofthesepatientstoutilizecriticalcareresources,andissuesrelatedtothetransitionof prolongedsurvivorsfrompediatrictoadultmedicalprovidersandvenueshaveresultedincomplex practical and ethical issues. In this article, the author, a pediatric pulmonologist closely involved in the care of patients with NMDs, will identify and discuss some of the major medical, social, and ethical implications of prolonged survival among these patients, with an emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common of the pediatric NMDs. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;
Abnormal Muscle Coactivation Patterns During Isometric Torque Generation at the Elbow and Shoulder in Hemiparetic Subjects

To study abnormal spatial patterns of muscle activation in hemiparetic stroke, we compared EMG activity in paretic and contralateral elbow and shoulder muscles of 10 hemiparetic subjects during 1.5- s voluntary isometric contractions, against five to eight different loads. Isometric forces were generated in eight directions, referenced to a plane orthogonal to the long axis of the forearm, and were recorded by a three degrees of freedom load cell, mounted at the wrist. Surface and intramuscular EMGs of six elbow and six shoulder muscles were recorded from both impaired and contralateral upper extremities of each subject. The spatial characteristics of EMG activation of individual muscles were summarized using two measures. The first, called the ‘net resultant EMG vector’ is a new measure which calculated the vector sum of EMG magnitudes for each of the eight directions, and the second, index of EMG focus, is a measure of the range of EMG activation recorded for each load level. Use of these measures permitted us to describe spatial EMG characteristics quantitatively, which has not been done previously. We observed consistent and statistically significant shifts in the resultant EMG vector directions in the impaired limb, especially in shoulder and other proximal muscles. Significant increases in the angular range of EMG activity were also identified and were most evident at the elbow. Correlation analysis techniques were used to assess the degree of coactivation of different muscle pairs. There were consistent EMG coactivation patterns observed across all subjects (both normal and hemiparetic). However, in spastic-paretic limbs, additional novel coactivational relationships were also recorded, especially between elbow flexors/shoulder abductors and elbow extensors/shoulder adductors. These novel coactivation patterns represent a reduction in the number of possible muscle combinations, or in the number of possible ‘synergies’ in the paretic limb of the stroke subject. This reduction in number of ‘synergies’ could result from a loss of descending command options; from an increased reliance on residual, descending brainstem pathways (such as the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal projections); from changes in spinal interneuronal excitability; or from a combination of several of these factors. The relative merits of these hypotheses are addressed.
Use of Coefficient of Variation in Assessing Variability of Quantitative Assays

We have derived the mathematical relationship between the coefficient of variation associated with repeated measurements from quantitative assays and the expected fraction of pairs of those measurements that differ by at least some given factor, i.e., the expected frequency of disparate results that are due to assay variability rather than true differences. Knowledge of this frequency helps determine what magnitudes of differences can be expected by chance alone when the particular coefficient of variation is in effect. This frequency is an operational index of variability in the sense that it indicates the probability of observing a particular disparity between two measurements under the assumption that they measure the same quantity. Thus the frequency or probability becomes the basis for assessing if an assay is sufficiently precise. This assessment also provides a standard for determining if two assay results for the same subject, separated by an intervention such as vaccination or infection, differ by more than expected from the variation of the assay, thus indicating an intervention effect. Data from an international collaborative study are used to illustrate the application of this proposed interpretation of the coefficient of variation, and they also provide support for the assumptions used in the mathematical derivation.
A Human Being, and Not a Mere Social Factor: Catholic Strategies for Dealing with Sterilization Statutes in the 1920s

In the wake of the 1927 landmark Supreme Court decision in the Buck v. Bell case, which affirmed the constitutionality of laws authorizing the compulsory sterilization of so-called “feeble-minded” residents of state institutions, moral theologian and priest John A. Ryan took up his pen to address the issue of sterilization from a Catholics perspective. In the resulting pamphlet, Human Sterilization, Ryan argued that eugenic sterilization measures were not only unscientific and bad social policy, but that the Buck decision in its articulation of civil rights represented a clear departure from the understanding of natural rights in Catholic moral teaching. The production of this text was the first piece of literature published by the National Catholic Welfare Conference that attempted to mobilize Catholic citizens throughout the United States in active opposition to eugenic sterilizahon laws as they came before the state legislatures.