cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Integrity Assessment Criteria and Service Life Prediction of Cold Wrinklebends

Three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis (FEA) is performed in this paper to simulate the complicated stresses and deformation of wrinklebends in a pipeline from its bending formation to operation under cyclic loading. Three plastic hardening models (isotropic, kinematic and combined isotropic/kinematic) are discussed and used in FEA of wrinklebend response that considers strain hardening and Bauschinger effects. The FEA simulation is carried out first for an elbow held at constant pressure while subject to cyclic bending, which serves as a benchmark case. The results show that the three hardening models lead to very different outcomes. Comparable FEA simulations are then developed for wrinklebends under cyclic pressure. Detailed parametric analysis is considered, including finite-element type, element sensitivity, computation time, and material input data. Based on those results viable nonlinear FEA model is developed as the basis to quantify wrinklebend response under service-like conditions. Based on the FEA results, fatigue damage is quantified using the Smith, Watson and Topper (SWT) parameter, and thereafter a damage criterion is proposed to predict the fatigue life of a wrinklebend under the pressure cycles of 72%–10% of SMYS for typical X42 pipeline steel. The results show that the wrinkle aspect ratio H/L is a key parameter to control the service life of a wrinklebend.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Reproducing Gender in Nineteenth-century Illustrations

In American metropolitan centers from the mid-nineteenth-century onward, inescapable images--in the home, in books, magazines, as daguerreotypes, carte de visits, album cards, prints, and chromos, or on the streets in posters and advertisements--coincided with rising middle-class anxiety about what appearances actually revealed. Was that well-dressed visitor in your parlor the gentleman he claimed to be, or a con man? Was the lady a tramp? How did these proliferating images operate and provide knowledge about the changing city, newly settled regions, and their inhabitants or enable viewers to locate themselves in an unfamiliar landscape?
The socially optimal and equilibrium locations of two stores or libraries with consumer search

This paper examines the socially optimal (and also equilibrium) locations of two stores or libraries on a linear market of unit length. If each consumer has probability \(w\) of finding a desired product at each store, then the socially optimal locations are never completely centralized for full information, but are completely centralized for \(w \le 0.5\) when costly visit search is necessary. The Nash equilibrium locations of two stores, and various alternative models for the socially optimal locations of two stores, are also examined.
Modeling Border Traffic Flow Using Cell Phone Header Packets

This research in progress paper describes a novel approach for improving resource allocation decision-making at ports of entry along a border. The approach involves the collection of cell phone header packets to estimate density of a population around a port of entry, and proposes that such data, if collected in real-time, could allow border agents to more effectively respond to random increases or decreases in border traffic. It is further suggested that such data could be incorporated continuously to update border flow models and help identify trends in traffic flow. The overall result of these advantages could lead to decision-makers at ports of entry being able to reduce queue times and thereby use resources more efficiently.
Phase II trial of a novel capecitabine dosing schedule in combination with lapatinib for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer

Our group applied mathematical modeling to capecitabine dosing and predicted 7 days of treatment followed by 7 days of rest (7–7) would improve efficacy and minimize toxicity. The conventional schedule of capecitabine limits full dosing in combination with other agents due to toxicity. Lapatinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase of HER2 and has activity when added to conventionally scheduled capecitabine for the treatment of patients with trastuzumab-refractory, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We performed this study to evaluate the activity and tolerability of capecitabine 7–7 with lapatinib in patients with trastuzumab-refractory MBC. Eligible patients had measurable, HER2-positive, MBC that progressed following exposure to trastuzumab. Treatment consisted of capecitabine 2,000 mg orally twice daily, 7–7 and lapatinib 1,250 mg orally daily. The primary endpoint was response rate. Secondary endpoints included toxicity, progression-free survival, and stable disease ≥6 months. Twenty-three patients were treated on study. More than 60% had prior chemotherapy for MBC and all had prior trastuzumab. After a median of 23 weeks (range 2–96+), five patients had partial responses (23; 95 CI, 7–44%) and six (27; 95 CI, 10–48%) had stable disease ≥6 months. Median progression-free survival was 9.4 months. The most common treatment-related toxicities ≥ grade (gr) 2 were hand-foot syndrome (gr 2 43%; gr 3 4% gr 4 0%), diarrhea (gr 2 26%; gr 3/4 0%), elevated liver chemistries (gr 2 17%; gr 3/4 0%), and anemia (gr 2 13%; gr 3 4%; gr 4 4%). No grade ≥3 nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea events occurred. This study demonstrated feasibility and after meeting biostatistical requirements for continued accrual was terminated in anticipation of slow enrollment. Capecitabine 7–7 with lapatinib was well tolerated with minimal gastrointestinal toxicity. Antitumor activity was observed in patients with trastuzumab-refractory MBC.
Gene–teratogen interaction: Potentiation of actinomycin D teratogenesis in the house mouse by the lethal gene brachyury

Single intraperitoneal injections of actinomycin D (70 μg/kg female body weight) on day 6 1/4 of gestation yielded no abnormal embryos in wild-type mice. Fifty percent of embryos similarly exposed to actinomycin D but obtained from matings in which one of the parents was heterozygous for Brachyury (T), a semidominant lethal gene at the T locus on linkage group IX, were abnormal. The abnormal embryos were presumably heterozygotes for T. Mesodermal derivatives and neural tissue were predominantly affected. Morphologically these abnormalities were very similar to those already described in homozygotes of T and early-acting lethal t alleles. In a similar study trypan blue was also tested. This agent did not interact with T in producing abnormalities, and the abnormal development observed differed from that seen with actinomycin D. The results were interpreted as indicating that actinomycin D summates with T in converting T + heterozygotes into phenocopies of T/T homozygotes and early-acting lethal t-allele homozygous embryos.
Digital imaging of laser-ignited combustion

Ignition of combustible hydrocarbon and air mixtures by ultraviolet lasers was studied. Single-point time-resolved emission spectra and two- and three-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence images of the hydroxyl radical, OH, were recorded. Strong-line emission from carbon atoms and an anomalous enhancement in the carbon emission, 150-nsec after the ignition laser pulse, suggest the possible importance of resonance pumping of carbon atoms, possibly followed by photoionization, as an energy-deposition mechanism. The three-dimensional distribution measurements show the kernel to be cylindrically symmetric. The OH images also show a preferential growth of the ignition kernel in the direction of the incident laser.
Comparative study of human mitochondrial proteome reveals extensive protein subcellular relocalization after gene duplications

Gene and genome duplication is the principle creative force in evolution. Recently, protein subcellular relocalization, or neolocalization was proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for the retention of duplicated genes. This hypothesis received support from the analysis of yeast genomes, but has not been tested thoroughly on animal genomes. In order to evaluate the importance of subcellular relocalizations for retention of duplicated genes in animal genomes, we systematically analyzed nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins in the human genome by reconstructing phylogenies of mitochondrial multigene families. The 456 human mitochondrial proteins selected for this study were clustered into 305 gene families including 92 multigene families. Among the multigene families, 59 (64%) consisted of both mitochondrial and cytosolic (non-mitochondrial) proteins (mt-cy families) while the remaining 33 (36%) were composed of mitochondrial proteins (mt-mt families). Phylogenetic analyses of mt-cy families revealed three different scenarios of their neolocalization following gene duplication: 1) relocalization from mitochondria to cytosol, 2) from cytosol to mitochondria and 3) multiple subcellular relocalizations. The neolocalizations were most commonly enabled by the gain or loss of N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signals. The majority of detected subcellular relocalization events occurred early in animal evolution, preceding the evolution of tetrapods. Mt-mt protein families showed a somewhat different pattern, where gene duplication occurred more evenly in time. However, for both types of protein families, most duplication events appear to roughly coincide with two rounds of genome duplications early in vertebrate evolution. Finally, we evaluated the effects of inaccurate and incomplete annotation of mitochondrial proteins and found that our conclusion of the importance of subcellular relocalization after gene duplication on the genomic scale was robust to potential gene misannotation. Our results suggest that protein subcellular relocalization is an important mechanism for the retention and gain of function of duplicated genes in animal genome evolution.
The classroom teacher and the speech correction program

(1955). The classroom teacher and the speech correction program. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 42-45.
Realistic supersymmetric model with composite quarks

We describe a realistic, renormalizable, supersymmetric ``quindecuplet'' model in which the top quark, left-handed bottom quark, and up-type Higgs boson are composite, with a compositeness scale $\ensuremath{\sim}1\char21{}3\mathrm{TeV}.$ The top-quark\char21{}Higgs-boson Yukawa coupling is a dynamically generated strong interaction effect, and is naturally much larger than any other Yukawa coupling. The light-quark doublets and right-handed up-type quarks are also composite but at higher energies; the hierarchy of quark masses and mixings is due to a hierarchy in the compositeness scales. Flavor-changing neutral currents are naturally suppressed, as is baryon-number violation by Planck-scale dimension-five operators. The model predicts that the most easily observable effects would be on $b$-quark physics and on the \ensuremath{\rho} parameter. In particular, a small negative $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ leads to $\ensuremath{\Delta}{R}_{b}g+2\ensuremath{\epsilon}.$ There are effects on $B$-meson mixing and on flavor-changing neutral-current $b$-quark decays to leptons which might be detectable, but not on $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}.$ The model also suggests the supersymmetry-breaking mass for the right-handed top squark might be considerably larger than that of the left-handed top squark.
Detection of unexpected tones in gated and continuous maskers.

The effect of gating a wideband masker on the detectability of tones having unexpected frequencies was assessed using a probe‐signal method. This method leads the listener to expect a target frequency by presenting the signal most often at that frequency, and measures sensitivity to other unexpected frequencies via occasionally presented probe tones. For 295‐ms signals, the probe‐signal contours (percent correct as a function of probe frequency) of two of four subjects were considerably broader for a 295‐ms masker than for a continuous masker. For 5‐ms signals, the probe‐signal contours of four of five subjects were quite broad and similar for both gated and continuous maskers. When the probe‐signal contours were expressed as the attenuation in decibels of the probes, the resulting ‘‘probe‐signal filters’’ were frequently broader than auditory filters measured using notched noise in the same subjects. This suggests that subjects may monitor multiple auditory filters under some conditions in the probe‐signal task. Signal threshold tended to be higher for conditions showing wider probe‐signal filters, indicating a potential link between changes in signal threshold due to masker gating and the number of frequency channels that are monitored.
Chemistry of photoreceptor membrane preparations from squid retinas

Photoreceptor membrane preparations were made from retinas of the squid Loligo (Doryteuthis) plei for protein and lipid analysis. Lipid analysis was also completed on a single membrane preparation from Loligo pealei. (1) The membranes contain 75 wt. % protein and 25 wt. % lipid. Neutral lipids make up 26 mol % of the total lipid, the remaining 74% being phospholipid. No glycolipids were observed. (2) Free fatty acids and cholesterol comprise 8.6 and 17 mol %, respectively of the total lipid. No other neutral lipids were found. (3) Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are the major phospholipids. Lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylserine are present in small quantities. Phosphatidylinositol was not detected in the membranes. (4) The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally 20:4 omega 6, 20:5 omega 3, and 22:6 omega 3 are higher in the squid membranes than in any othr vertebrate or invertebrate retina that has been examined thus far. These acids account for 58 mol % of the fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, 75 mol % of the free fatty acids, and nearly 90% of the fatty acids of lyso- and phosphatidylethanolamine. The results from L. plei and L. pealei were indistinguishable. (5) Rhodopsin is the major protein of the membrane preparations and has a molecular weight of 50 500 +/- 850 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis.
Sudakov suppression in the soft heavy to light meson transition form factor

The authors calculate hard gluon contribution to the decay vertex that determines the heavy-to-light meson transition form factor at large recoil. It is found that resulting Sudakov suppression significantly decreases the soft, wave function dependent contribution to the form factor. Phenomenological implications of these findings are discussed.
Computing the normalized dirac wave function for oblique electric and magnetic fields

Interactions taking place in superstrong gravitational and magnetic fields can account for a wide variety of spectral emissions from compact objects such as neutron stars. A quantum treatment of the particle transport in these environments,e.g., needed to calculate the anisotropic electrical conductivity, depends on the evaluation of matrix elements with solutions to the Dirac equation in oblique electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields. However, due to the complexity of the bispinors, these overlap integrals are often extremely difficult to compute. Indeed, no normalized wave function yet exists. Here we show that, in the special case whenE/H≲10−4, a simplification of the matrix elements permits an analytic integration that yields explicit expressions for the normalization constant and other overlap integrals. Physical quantities, such as the conductivity tensor, that depend directly on these matrix elements may then be computed in a straightforward way.
Office Wall Color: An Assessment of Spaciousness and Preference:

The perceptions of environmental characteristics in comparing red, green and white offices were evaluated by 124 undergraduate students. In addition, subjects were asked about their general color preferences. Over-all, the white office was favored in terms of several environmental characteristics and also preferred over many other colors as an appropriate office color.
Highly segmented detector arrays for studying the resonant decay of unstable nuclei

Abstract Resonant spectroscopy of short-lived nuclei produced in nucleus–nucleus collisions can provide information on the nature of the nuclear surface and the formation of clusters. Detection of these resonant decays requires detector arrays with good energy and angular resolution. This newest generation of detector array is typically comprised of silicon strip detectors with several hundred to several thousand independent segments. As a key issue of such arrays is the processing of their signals, we report on the development of a non-ASIC system designed to simplify the analog processing and readout from a highly segmented silicon detector array. The non-ASIC system called MASE (multiplexed analog shaper electronics) focuses on providing good energy resolution and adequate timing information for up to 4096 channels. It consists of 16-channel boards which can be either used independently or as part of a larger system. The analog portion of each channel has low and high gain shapers with associated leading edge discriminators and peak hold circuits. The logic for readout of the analog signals is performed by two FPGA chips located on each board. Readout of MASE channels is multiplexed. Logical signals are transferred via LVDS while the analog signals are sequenced into a multisampling ADC. Signals are also multiplexed for inspection purposes. Shaper gains and discriminator thresholds are adjustable through DACs via a USB interface.
A mathematical model of tumor growth. III. comparison with experiment

Abstract In this paper a model of nonuniform inhibitor production is used to discuss some experimental results obtained by Folkman and Hochberg for multicellular spheroids (of V-79 Chinese hamster lung tissue). Built into the mathematical model is a parameter b which is a measure of the degree of nonuniformity of the inhibitor production rate. The “inverse problem” is solved by finding the value of b necessary to account for results with which the uniform model is incompatible [6]. The resulting value of b enables a good estimate to be made for the observed width of peripheral mitotic zones in the V-79 spheroids, and the resulting stability parameters lie in appropriate ranges for the model to be a significant improvement over uniform models. Further improvements are discussed, including a heuristic model for estimating the destabilizing effect of vascularization on tissue growth.
EFFECT OF GLYCEROL ON NONENZYMATIC BROWNING IN A SOLID INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE MODEL FOOD SYSTEM

Maillard browning is one of the main chemical reactions causing deterioration and shortening shelf life of intermediate moisture food (IMF) systems. The purpose of this research was to study Maillard browning in an IMF model system containing casein, glucose and the liquid humectant glycerol. The kinetics of pigment production, glucose utilization and loss of DNP-available lysine were studied as a function of temperature, moisture content and water activity. It was found that the factors which control reactant (glucose and available lysine) utilization also control end-product (brown pigment) accumulation. The rate of the Maillard browning pigment production, after an initial induction period, follows zero order kinetics. The initial loss rate of both glucose and available lysine, however, follows first order kinetics. Exceedingly large nutritional (available lysine) losses occur before brown discoloration is appreciable. Slightly greater than one mole of glucose reacts per mole of lysine made unavailable. Based on this, nutritional losses may be relatively easily estimated by monitoring the loss of specific reducing sugars. The Maillard browning reaction proceeds 33 times faster at 45°C than at 2S°C, with the maximum rate occurring at 0.4–0.5 aw. This is an aw range considerably lower than the 0.65–0.75 aw range usually found for maximum browning in dehydrated foods. The downward shift in the aw maximum for browning is because glycerol being liquid has water-like properties and increases reactant mobility and/or solubility at aw's below which most water soluble reactions occur very slowly.
Semilattice decompositions of semigroups

The purpose of this paper is to develop a general theory of semilattice decompositions of semigroups from the point of view of obtaining theorems of the type: A semigroup S has propertyD if and only if S is a semilattice of semigroups having property β. As such we are able to extend the theories of Clifford [3], Andersen [1], Croisot [5], Tamura and Kimura [14], Petrich [9], Chrislock [2], Tamura and Shafer [15], Iyengar [7] and Weissglass and the author [10]. The root of our whole theory is Tamura's semilattice decomposition theorem [12, 13]. Of this, we give a new proof.
Observation of ionization electrons drifting large distances in liquid argon

Abstract Measurements using a 137 Cs internal conversion source demonstrate that ionization electrons will drift at least 35 cm in liquid argon in electric fields of a few kV/cm.
Brownian motion with nonlinear friction

Abstract There is no guarantee that the Brownian movement of a suspended particle can be described on the basis of a Langevin equation when the friction is not proportional to the velocity. It is tentatively assumed, however, that this is legitimate, and it is shown that if the nonlinear term in the friction is treated as a perturbation, the Langevin equation obtained is compatible with a random force without memory. It follows further that it is necessary to generalize some of the postulates of the classical theory in the sense suggested by Kramers. First-order corrections to the correlation functions are derived. It is found that when the friction is increased by the nonlinear term, the velocity autocorrelation function decreases more rapidly with increasing time at first, but less rapidly at later times than if the friction had been proportional to the velocity.
A statistical study of the multivariate structure and race-sex differences of American white and Negro fetal skeletons.

The techniques of factor analysis and discriminant analysis have been applied to 21 measurements of 115 fetal, American White and Negro skeletons. It was found that the factor patterns of the race-sex groups are similar and that two factors describe approximately 85% of the total variance of the multivariate structure of the skeleton. Discriminant analyses showed that differences between the sexes are more marked than those between the races. A function was obtained by which the sex of fetal skeletons may be classified.
Innovative uses from carbon adsorption of heavy metals from plating wastewaters: II. Seeding the metal hydroxide/metal sulfide reactor with activated carbon

An innovative technology has been explored which involves seeding the metal hydroxide/metal sulfide precipitation reactor with activated carbon as a means of promoting the precipitation step. Based on the results of this preliminary study for the Zn(OH)2 system, significant metal removal enhancement can be achieved with this process. For long settling times (t ⩾ 30 minutes), little enhancement is observed over the case with no seeding. For short settling times, however, the residual metal concentration is approximately an order of magnitude lower than the same case without the activated carbon seeding. For the case of seeding the reactor with Darco S51 activated carbon, operation at pH ˜ 10.5 is preferable to operation at pH ˜ 8.1 due to much lower residual metal concentrations being achieved. For operation at pH ˜ 10.5, seeding with Darco HD3000 proved superior to seeding with Darco S51 activated carbon; the residual concentrations at the short detention time were about one-half the concentrations achieved with Darco S51 activated carbon. For Darco HD3000, little improvement in heavy metal removal occurred for activated carbon dosages exceeding 50 mg/l.
Fast Distributed Transactions and Strongly Consistent Replication for OLTP Database Systems

As more data management software is designed for deployment in public and private clouds, or on a cluster of commodity servers, new distributed storage systems increasingly achieve high data access throughput via partitioning and replication. In order to achieve high scalability, however, today's systems generally reduce transactional support, disallowing single transactions from spanning multiple partitions. This article describes Calvin, a practical transaction scheduling and data replication layer that uses a deterministic ordering guarantee to significantly reduce the normally prohibitive contention costs associated with distributed transactions. This allows near-linear scalability on a cluster of commodity machines, without eliminating traditional transactional guarantees, introducing a single point of failure, or requiring application developers to reason about data partitioning. By replicating transaction inputs instead of transactional actions, Calvin is able to support multiple consistency levels—including Paxos-based strong consistency across geographically distant replicas—at no cost to transactional throughput. Furthermore, Calvin introduces a set of tools that will allow application developers to gain the full performance benefit of Calvin's server-side transaction scheduling mechanisms without introducing the additional code complexity and inconvenience normally associated with using DBMS stored procedures in place of ad hoc client-side transactions.
Application of Mie theory to determine the structure of spheroidal scatterers in biological materials

We present here the results of a numerical study on light scattering from nonspherical particles with relevance to detecting precancerous states in epithelial tissues. In previous studies of epithelial cell nuclei, the experimental light scattering data have been analyzed by comparison with Mie theory. However, given the spheroidal shape of many cell nuclei, the validity of this assumption demands a thorough investigation. We investigate this assumption by using the T-matrix method to model light scattered from spheroids with parameters relevant to epithelial cell nuclei. In our previous studies, we have developed a data analysis procedure that extracts the oscillatory component of the angular-scattering distribution for an ensemble of epithelial cell nuclei for comparison with Mie theory. We demonstrate that application of our analysis procedure to the predictions of the T-matrix method for spheroids, oriented such that their axis of symmetry is aligned with the incident light propagation direction, generally yields the spheroid dimension that is transverse to the incident light propagation direction with subwavelength accuracy.
Osteopetrosis in the Rat: Coexistence of Reductions in Osteocalcin and Bone Resorption*

Osteocalcin, one of the vitamin K-dependent bone proteins, has recently been implicated in bone resorption. To explore this hypothesis, bone and serum osteocalcin were measured in three different osteopetrotic rat mutations characterized by reduced bone resorption. These three mutations (ia/ia, tl/tl, and op/op) exhibit heterogeneity with respect to osteoclast number and activity and response to being cured by bone marrow transplantation. Calvarial bone osteocalcin was present in normal amounts, but difficult to extract, in ia/ia rats that have increased numbers of inactive osteoclasts. Bone osteocalcin was greatly decreased in op/op (53-60% of control) and tl/tl (64-73% of control) osteopetrotic rats, in which osteoclasts are both reduced in number and inactive. These decreases in osteocalcin levels in bone coexist with elevated serum levels of osteocalcin in all three mutations. Since osteocalcin synthesis is known to be stimulated by 1,25(OH)2D3, the increase in serum osteocalcin may be a reflection of the elevated blood levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 known to occur in each of these mutations. These findings indicate that the composition of osteopetrotic bone is abnormal with respect to osteocalcin in the two rat osteopetrotic mutations showing decreased osteoclast numbers. Considered together with the emerging evidence that the extracellular matrix in many developing tissues plays a role in cell recruitment and differentiation, these data suggest that osteocalcin abnormalities may be a contributing factor to the spectrum of osteoclast aberrations in osteopetrosis.
Gel electrophoresis of intact subcellular particles.

Abstract The review describes the application of gel electrophoresis to the characterization and separation of viruses, ribosomes, vesicles and other subcellular particles. The preparation of the sample, the choice of the buffer, the gel medium, the apparatus and the detection of the particle (staining and scanning) as well as the necessary theory are discussed. This includes the mathematical evaluation of experimental data on the basis of Ferguson plots using the extended Ogston theory. Simple methods and sophisticated computer simulation techniques are described and exemplified in application to the determination of particle size and charge, the pore size of the gel (unpublished data) and the two dimensional agarose electrophoresis (unpublished). It is shown that the nature of the particle (e.g. spherical or rod-shaped, pliable or rigid texture) determines the shape of the non-linear of gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, titration curves and immuno-electrophoresis to subcellular particles. Pros and cons are evaluated. A comparison with other analytical procedures is made. The review is concluded by a futuristic outlook.
Reduction in carbon flux in Mya arenaria caused by a spill of No. 6 fuel oil

Rates of respiration, assimilation and filtration have been determined on a monthly basis for two populations of Mya arenaria in Casco Bay, Maine (USA), one of which was heavily oiled by a spill of No. 6 fuel oil. Monthly estimates of carbon flow have been calculated from these data. The same general trends were seen in each population; small negative carbon flow in winter, large negative carbon flow during the spring; large positive carbon flow during summer. However, the oiled population gained carbon at only 50% of the rate seen in the unoiled population. This difference results from the uptake of hydrocarbons by the oiled population.
An electrochemical heat engine for direct solar energy conversion

Abstract A system is described and tested which converts heat directly into electrical energy. It employs a solution electrochemical reaction with a small polarizability and a large molar entropy change Δ S . This is run in opposite directions in two cells: one at high temperature, where heat is absorbed, and one at low temperature, where heat is emitted. The difference in heat absorbed and heat emitted is available as electrical work; recirculation of the solutions between these cells gives a closed regenerative EMF system. The conversion efficiency of the system is high, varying from 50 to 75 per cent of the Carnot efficiency as the power output varies from maximum to 75 per cent of maximum. The power output depends strongly upon the reaction used. For the reaction tested here, the power output density was 6.4 W/m2 of cell area for operation between 90° and 30°C. Design factors for improving power output density and minimizing costs are discussed, and basic requirements for successful cell reactions are given. The feasibility of obtaining power output on the order of 2 × 102 W/m2 of cell area at 35 per cent conversion efficiency using 300°C input heat is discussed.
Complexity: learning to muddle through

The articles in this special issue are placed in the context of the literature of general systems theory. The focus is on the complexity (or requisite variety) of complex work domains and the implications for control. Following the insights of Ashby’s law of requisite variety, it is concluded that classical hierarchical or servomechanism-type control systems are inadequate as a basis for dealing with the unanticipated variability endemic to complex work domains. Alternative types of control (e.g., self-organizing systems) and alternative images of cognition are suggested as a theoretical context for modeling performance in complex work domains.
GnRH induced LH release in suckled beef cows. II. The effects of exogenous corticoids and estradiol benzoate on luteinizing hormone release by GnRH.

Abstract In Experiment 1, 24 suckled beef cows were assigned to 4 treatment groups (6 cows/group). Group I cows calved spontaneously. Parturition was induced in Groups 2, 3 and 4 with 20 mg dexamethasone (DEX) 8 to 12 days prior to expected calving date. Additionally, cows in Groups 3 and 4 received 8 mg triamcinalone acetonide (TA) 6 days prior to DEX treatment. Animals in Group 4 also received 10 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) with TA, and on alternate days until DEX, when 20 mg EB was given. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH, 100 μg) was given intramuscular (IM) to all cows on days 2 or 3 postpartum. Plasma LH increased (P In Experiment II, 36 mature Hereford cows were assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial experiment (6 cows/group). Groups 1 and 2, 3 and 5, and 4 and 6 received 0, 100, or 200 μg GnRH (IM) at 78 hr postpartum, respectively. In addition, cows in Groups 2, 5 and 6 received 5 mg EB at 36 hr postpartum. Plasma LH concentrations were not different (P
Microbial carbon utilization on the continental shelf and slope during the SEEP-II experiment

Abstract Microbial processes were measured as part of the Shelf Edge Exchange Processes II (SEEP-II) experiment, which was designed to re-examine the hypothesis that a substantial fraction of primary production on the continental shelf is exported to the slope and deeper ocean. Bacterial-mediated carbon remineralization was defined as the sum of measured bacterial production plus estimated bacterial respiration. Carbon remineralization, summed over the water column plus surficial sediment, was 90–180 mg C m−2 day−1 on the shelf and 270–540 mg C m−2 day−1 on the slope. These are equivalent to 12–24% and 33–66% of daily primary production on the shelf and slope, respectively. The majority of bacterial activity occurs in sediments on the shelf, but not the slope it is attributable to bacteria in the deep water column. Concurrent sediment trap data indicate that material sinking from surface waters overlying the slope can supply only a small fraction of carbon remineralized by bacteria in the intermediate water column. Bacterial production in slope water and sediments may be subsidized by export from the shelf. Because of the greater width of the shelf than slope, this additional demand on shelf carbon would represent only 7.5–15% of shelf primary production. Mean specific growth rates of sediment bacteria were very uniform at depths between 40 and 2000 m. This suggests bacterial growth may be limited by some common factor, although environmental factors known to affect growth rates generally vary with depth. DNA synthesis rates (measured by thymidine incorporation) were comparable to rates observed for marine bacteria in nutrient-replete culture. The implication is that sediment bacteria were not limited by nutrient availability. If true, water column and sediment bacterial production are likely to be controlled by very different processes: water-column bacteria by both nutrient limitation and grazing, and sediment bacteria by grazing alone.
PATHOS: pervasive at home sleep monitoring

Sleeping disorders affect a large percentage of the population, and many of them go undiagnosed each year because the method of diagnosis is to stay overnight at a sleep center. Because pervasive technologies have become so prevalent and affordable, sleep monitoring is no longer confined to a permanent installation, and can therefore be brought directly into the user home. We present a unique solution to the problem of home sleep monitoring that has the possibility to take the place of and expand on the data from a sleep center. PATHOS focuses not only on analyzing patterns during the night, but also on collecting data about the subject lifestyle that is relevant and important to the diagnosis of his/her sleep. PATHOS means "evoking emotion." Here, we mean Pathos will help us to keep healthy: both mentally and physically. Our solution uses existing technology to keep down cost and is completely wireless in order to provide portability and be easily to customize. The daytime collection also utilizes existing technology and offers a wide range of input methods to suit any type of person. We also include an in-depth look at the hardware we used to implement and the software providing user interaction. Our system is not only a viable alternative to a sleep center, it also provides functions that a static, short-term solution cannot provide, allowing for a more accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Draft Genome Sequence of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex Strain Griffin-1 from Quercus rubra in Georgia.

ABSTRACT The draft genome sequence of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strain Griffin-1, isolated from a red oak tree (Quercus rubra) in Georgia, is reported here. The bacterium has a genome size of 2,387,314 bp, with a G+C content of 51.7%. The Griffin-1 strain genome contains 2,903 predicted open reading frames and 50 RNA genes.
Role of mask acuity in advanced lithographic process design

Traditionally the design, layout, mask image and wafer image were considered to be equivalent. Effective modeling of the wafer image could be done with the assumption that the layout and mask had no impact on the predicted result. The ever-decreasing k 1 factor and the associated increase of reticle enhancement technology (RET) has changed all this. Optical proximity correction (OPC) causes the layout to no longer look like either the design or the desired wafer image. The acuity constraints of mask lithography further complicate the problem by limiting the information transfer between the layout and the reticle image. Two design methodologies have evolved to deal with mask acuity limitations. One approach is to exhaustively characterize the mask and it's relationship with wafer imaging through iterative empirical techniques. This is too time consuming in the process development phase and treats the mask process as a black box, but it does drive to a reasonable cost mask solution. The other is to require masks of the highest acuity, which most accurately replicate the layout. This approach is faster in the process design phase but locks in the highest mask costs for the entire process life cycle. Both approaches are inflexible with regard to alternate mask sources, either from different mask litho tools & processes or from different mask vendors. This paper examines the role of mask acuity in advanced lithographic process development and proposes alternatives to the standard approaches through the use of advanced lithographic modeling, which incorporates models for the mask image.
Geometrically exact beam theory without Euler angles

Abstract In modeling highly flexible beams undergoing arbitrary rigid–elastic deformations, difficulties exist in describing large rotations using rotational variables, including three Euler angles, two Euler angles, one principal rotation angle plus three direction cosines of the principal rotation axis, four Euler parameters, three Rodrigues parameters, and three modified Rodrigues parameters. The main problem is that such rotational variables are either sequence-dependent and/or spatially discontinuous because they are not mechanics-based variables. Hence, they are not appropriate for use as nodal degrees of freedom in total-Lagrangian finite-element modeling. Moreover, it is difficult to apply boundary conditions on such discontinuous and/or sequence-dependent rotational variables. This paper presents a new geometrically exact beam theory that uses no rotation variables and has no singular points in the spatial domain. The theory fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities and initial curvatures by using Jaumann strains, exact coordinate transformations, and orthogonal virtual rotations. The derivations are presented in detail, fully nonlinear governing equations and boundary conditions are presented, a finite element formulation is included, and the corresponding governing equations for numerically exact analysis using a multiple shooting method is also derived. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the problems of using rotational variables and to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed geometrically exact displacement-based beam theory.
SF3B1 mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

SF3B1 is a critical component of the splicing machinery, which catalyzes the removal of introns from precursor messenger RNA (mRNA). Next-generation sequencing studies have identified mutations in SF3B1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) at high frequency. In CLL, SF3B1 mutation is associated with more aggressive disease and shorter survival, and recent studies suggest that it can be incorporated into prognostic schema to improve the prediction of disease progression. Mutations in SF3B1 are predominantly subclonal genetic events in CLL, and hence are likely later events in the progression of CLL. Evidence of altered pre-mRNA splicing has been detected in CLL cases with SF3B1 mutations. Although the causative link between SF3B1 mutation and CLL pathogenesis remains unclear, several lines of evidence suggest SF3B1 mutation might be linked to genomic stability and epigenetic modification.
Tube Choledochoureterostomy: A Simple Method for Bile Diversion

A technique of bile diversion by tube choledochoureterostomy has been devised for the purpose of studying the role of bile in the intestinal absorption of drugs. This method was used in six dogs. No technical difficulties or major complications developed, as are inevitable with alternative methods, including external fistula.
Combating the effects of turnover: Military lessons learned from project teams rebuilding Iraq

Abstract The literature concerning turnover has traditionally been composed of studies and analyses which assume that turnover rates are malleable, and can be reduced. We take the opposite position and contend that turnover rates for certain organizations are not variable, but rather remain fixed. Is it possible, then, to reduce the deleterious effects of turnover without reducing the actual churn of individuals? To answer this question, we draw from experiences of the U.S. military during Operation Iraqi Freedom, in order to learn from its methods of dealing with high personnel turnover during the management of projects. Specifically, we offer four best practices that reduce the negative effects of turnover, while allowing the rate itself to remain constant. These best practices aim toward sharing the knowledge and mental models critical for sustained operations, to insulate the organization against the departure of key personnel. Herein, we demonstrate how efficient operations can be maintained amidst high churn rates.
Fecal and urinary continence after ileal cecal cystoplasty for the neurogenic bladder.

Purpose: In patients with a neurogenic bladder augmentation with the ileal cecal segment has generally been disregarded as an option due to concerns regarding fecal incontinence. We report our results using a hemi-Indiana pouch bladder augmentation for neurogenic bladder.Materials and Methods: A review of 63 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction treated with a hemi-Indiana pouch bladder augmentation was performed. None of the patients had fecal incontinence before surgery.Results: Median followup interval was 6 years (range 1 to 10). Etiology of the neurogenic bladder was spinal cord injury in 42 patients (66%), myelodysplasia in 18 (29%) and sacral agenesis in 3 (5%). One patient (1.5%) died immediately postoperatively from a pulmonary embolus. Of the remaining 62 patients, urinary continence was achieved in 54 (87%) and 8 were incontinent per the abdominal stoma. All 8 patients were treated with Contigen injections into the stoma and 4 (50%) became continent. The 4 patients with persistent urinar...
Modeling of porous radiant burners with large extinction coefficients

A comparative study of numerical and analytical results for a porous radiant burner (PRB) is presented. It is shown that the analytical method captures all the features of the system and can be used for quantitative applications. Two solutions are found, one is located close to the inlet of the burner and the second one is close to the outlet. The effects of the molar flow rate, the interphase heat transfer coefficient (hs) and the location of the flame in the matrix, on the radiation efficiency (RE) of the burner are studied. Local maxima in the RE vs. hs curves indicate that intermediate values of hs will be the optimum choice. Other trends are also analyzed and some recommendations are made. On presente une etude comparative des resultats numeriques et analytiques pour un bruleur radiant poreux (PRB). On montre que la methode analytique reproduit toutes les caracteristiques du systeme et qu'elle peut etre utilisee pour des applications quantitatives. Deux solutions ont ete trouvees, l'une situee pres de l'entree du bruleur, l'autre pres de la sortie. Les effets du debit molaire, du coefficient de transfert de chaleur interphase (hs) et de l'emplacement de la flamme dans la matrice sur l'efficacite de la radiation (RE) du bruleur sont etudies. Les maximums locaux dans les courbes de RE en fonction de hs indiquent que les valeurs intermediaires de hs seront le choix optimal. D'autres tendances sont aussi analysees et certaines recommandations sont faites.
Mechanics of an Adhesive Anchor System Subjected to a Pullout Load. II: Viscoelastic Analysis

AbstractAn analytical viscoelastic model is proposed to predict the time-dependent displacement of adhesive anchoring systems under axial tension. Using the correspondence principle, the elastic solution in Paper I has been extended to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of adhesive anchors. A model is developed to predict the creep behavior of adhesive anchoring systems, modeling the adhesive with a constant Poisson’s ratio. Epoxy-based adhesives are modeled by a Prony series approximation, that is derived from experimental data of the creep compliance. The capability and the applications of the proposed model are demonstrated by analyzing and comparing the proposed model to existing experimental data. The closed-form approximate solution is then verified with a finite-element model (FEM) for various geometric and material properties. Since the proposed mechanics-based model is developed for a general case, it can be used in the design and the analysis of different types of adhesive anchoring systems, ...
Thermooptical switches using coated microsphere resonators

We report the development of a novel optical switching technique consisting of a silica microsphere optical resonator coated by a conjugated polymer. A 250-/spl mu/m diameter silica microsphere was coated by dipping into a toluene solution of poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene). The resonator properties were characterized by evanescently coupling 1.55-/spl mu/m light propagating along a stripline-pedestal antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide into optical whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of the microsphere. WGM resonant frequency shifts as large as 3.2 GHz were observed when 405-nm pump light with a power density of /spl sim/10/sup 4/ mW/cm/sup 2/ was incident on the microsphere. The time constant of the observed frequency shifts is approximately 0.165 s, leading us to attribute the frequency shift to thermooptic effects. As microsphere resonators with WGM linewidths less than 2 MHz (corresponding to cavity Q>10/sup 8/) can be easily fabricated, initial measurements indicate that such a system is capable of thermooptically switching the WGM resonant frequency at speeds on the order of 100 ms.