cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE NEOMYCINS. XVII

Hexa-N-benzylneomycin and five analogs substituted on the phenyl ring have been prepared by reductive alkylation of neomycin with the appropriate benzaldehydes. Most of the six show activity, to varying degrees, against a number of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, in vitro. Little or no activity was evidenced in vivo against Staphylococcus aureus, however.
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Against N Protein of SARS Virus

Objective To produce monoclonal antibody against N protein of SARS virus. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with the recombinant plasmid pSecTagB/N. Immune spleen cells were collected and hybridoma cells were obtained by fusing the immune spleen cells with SP2/0 cells. Hybridoma cells producing monoclonal antibodies against N protein were screened by ELISA .The specificity of the antibodies to N protein was verified by Western blot. Results Ten hybridoma clones secreting antibody against N protein were obtained. N protein specific antibody was also detected in the mouse ascites fluid. Seven clones were capable to react with the inactivated SARS coronavirus. Conclusion Hybridoma cells capable to produce monoclonal antibodies specific for N protein and the inactivated SARS coronavirus were produced.
Self-Assembly of Protein Nanofibrils Orchestrates Calcite Step Movement through Selective Nonchiral Interactions.

The recognition of atomically distinct surface features by adsorbed biomolecules is central to the formation of surface-templated peptide or protein nanostructures. On mineral surfaces such as calcite, biomolecular recognition of, and self-assembly on, distinct atomic kinks and steps could additionally orchestrate changes to the overall shape and symmetry of a bulk crystal. In this work, we show through in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments that an acidic 20 kDa cement protein from the barnacle Megabalanus rosa (MRCP20) binds specifically to step edge atoms on {1014} calcite surfaces, remains bound and further assembles over time to form one-dimensional nanofibrils. Protein nanofibrils are continuous and organized at the nanoscale, exhibiting striations with a period of ca. 45 nm. These fibrils, templated by surface steps of a preferred geometry, in turn selectively dissolve underlying calcite features displaying the same atomic arrangement. To demonstrate this, we expose the protein solution...
Intrinsic Hemolytic Anemias: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Hemolysis is the term for accelerated destruction of red blood cells (RBCs), which necessarily denotes a shortened RBC lifespan. Depending upon the rate and duration of hemolysis, anemia may or may not occur. If the degree of hemolysis is modest and the erythropoietic response of the bone marrow completely compensates for the decreased RBC lifespan, then the hemoglobin concentration may remain normal, producing a state called compensated or fully compensated hemolysis. If the erythropoietic response is insufficient to completely compensate for hemolysis, then anemia occurs, producing a state call uncompensated or incompletely compensated hemolysis. In common usage, the term “hemolytic anemias” refers to both uncompensated and compensated hemolytic states, even though anemia may not always be present.
Myopathy in scleroderma and in other connective tissue diseases.

Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the most updated literature of myopathy in scleroderma and other connective tissue diseases.Recent findingsIn the past year, studies have demonstrated that myopathy in scleroderma is associated with poor outcomes such as disability and mortality. In addition, m
STRENGTHENING LARGE THIN GLASS SHELLS BY OVERCOATING WITH GDP

Large glass shells (≥ 1200 μm diameter) made by the traditional drop tower technique are usually thin walled (≤4 μm). Therefore, even the highest quality shells cannot hold more than ∼70 atmospheres (arm) of gas pressure. This report describes the strengthening of these shells by over-coating them with Glow Discharge Polymer (GDP). Glass shells overcoated with various thicknesses of GDP were permeation-filled and burst tested. It was found that tens of microns of GDP overcoating significantly increased the strength of the original glass shells. In particular, composite shells able to hold 200 arm of helium were made. The burst test survivors were tested against possible undetected microcracks by confirming that the half-life for the release of the gas from filled shells was consistent with the expected half-life for an intact shell.
An attentional bias for thin bodies and its relation to body dissatisfaction.

Abstract Research suggests that humans have an attentional bias for the rapid detection of emotionally valenced stimuli, and that such a bias might be shaped by clinical psychological states. The current research extends this work to examine the relation between body dissatisfaction and an attentional bias for thin/idealized body shapes. Across two experiments, undergraduates completed a gender-consistent body dissatisfaction measure, and a dot-probe paradigm to measure attentional biases for thin versus heavy bodies. Results indicated that men ( n = 21) and women ( n = 18) show an attentional bias for bodies that correspond to their own gender (Experiment 1), and that high body dissatisfaction among men ( n = 69) and women ( n = 89) predicts an attentional bias for thin same-gender bodies after controlling for body mass index (BMI) (Experiment 2). This research provides a new direction for studying the attentional and cognitive underpinnings of the relation between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders.
Anal sac diseases and perianal fistula

Disease of the anal sac is a common reason for presentation of dogs (and less commonly cats) to the veterinary surgeon. They are often just emptied by a veterinary surgeon or veterinary nurse, but this does not always lead to resolution of clinical signs. An understanding of the diseases affecting the anal sacs and possible treatment options can increase the likelihood of a positive outcome. This paper will look at these issues, together with mention of perianal fistula (anal furunculosis) a disease that often involves the anal sacs.
Pepsin as a biomarker for laryngopharyngeal reflux in children with laryngomalacia

Objectives/Hypothesis Laryngomalacia is a common cause of newborn stridor. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) has been associated with laryngomalacia. Although pepsin, a component of LPR, has been associated with inflammatory diseases of the aerodigestive tract, its presence in the airways of laryngomalacia patients is unknown. Study Design Prospective case-control study comparing patients under age 3 years with laryngomalacia to children without laryngomalacia. Methods Children less than 3 years old undergoing supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia or surgery unrelated to the airway, without a history of laryngomalacia, reflux, or respiratory disease, were offered enrollment. Supraglottic lavage samples (3 mL) were obtained from all subjects. Two-millimeter arytenoid biopsies were collected from laryngomalacia patients. Pepsin Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed. Results Ten laryngomalacia and five control subjects were enrolled. Pepsin was detected in lavages of laryngomalacia patients (8/10) but absent in controls (0/5; P = .007). Pepsin was observed more frequently in lavages (8/10) than biopsies (4/10; P = .046) of laryngomalacia subjects. Higher median pepsin concentration was observed in laryngomalacia than control lavages (P = .025). Conclusions Pepsin in supraglottic specimens demonstrated an association with laryngomalacia, supporting a role for refluxed pepsin in laryngomalacia. These data corroborate previous work implicating pepsin in inflammatory diseases of the upper airways. Further studies are warranted to investigate the contribution of pepsin to the pathophysiology of laryngomalacia. Level of Evidence 3b. Laryngoscope, 127:2413–2417, 2017
Molecular impact of selective NFKB1 and NFKB2 signaling on DLBCL phenotype

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has been categorized into two molecular subtypes that have prognostic significance, namely germinal center B-cell like (GCB) and activated B-cell like (ABC). Although ABC-DLBCL has been associated with NF-κB activation, the relationships between activation of specific NF-κB signals and DLBCL phenotype remain unclear. Application of novel gene expression classifiers identified two new DLBCL categories characterized by selective p100 (NF-κB2) and p105 (NF-κB1) signaling. Interestingly, our molecular studies showed that p105 signaling is predominantly associated with GCB subtype and histone mutations. Conversely, most tumors with p100 signaling displayed ABC phenotype and harbored ABC-associated mutations in genes such as MYD88 and PIM1. In vitro, MYD88 L265P mutation promoted p100 signaling through TAK1/IKKα and GSK3/Fbxw7a pathways, suggesting a novel role for this protein as an upstream regulator of p100. p100 signaling was engaged during activation of normal B cells, suggesting p100's role in ABC phenotype development. Additionally, silencing p100 in ABC-DLBCL cells resulted in a GCB-like phenotype, with suppression of Blimp, IRF4 and XBP1 and upregulation of BCL6, whereas introduction of p52 or p100 into GC cells resulted in differentiation toward an ABC-like phenotype. Together, these findings identify specific roles for p100 and p105 signaling in defining DLBCL molecular subtypes and posit MYD88/p100 signaling as a regulator for B-cell activation.
High Prevalence of Nontraumatic Shoulder Pain in a Regional Sample of Female High School Volleyball Athletes.

Background:Shoulder pain is becoming increasingly problematic in young players as volleyball gains popularity. Associations between repetitive motion and pain and overuse injury have been observed ...
Data Set Appendix: Around the World of Securities Fraud in 80 Motions to Dismiss

This data set, summarizing 80 opinions on motions to dismiss securities fraud class actions, is an appendix to the following essay: Wendy Gerwick Couture, Around the World of Securities Fraud in 80 Motions to Dismiss, 45 45 LOY. U. CHI. L.J. __ (forthcoming 2014). In the essay, I discuss emerging issues in courts’ rulings on motions to dismiss securities fraud class actions. In order to ensure that my comments reflect current trends in this ever-evolving area, I analyzed a data set of 80 opinions issued in 2013 on motions to dismiss securities fraud class actions. I compiled this data set of 80 opinions as follows: On November 17, 2013, I performed the following "terms and connectors" search in the DCT (U.S. District Court Cases) database on Westlaw: "securities fraud" & "motion to dismiss" & ("P.S.L.R.A." "private securities litigation reform act") & "class action" & da(aft 1/1/2013). There were 153 results. I discarded opinions that (1) did not rule on motions to dismiss; (2) did not rule on putative class actions; or (3) did not rule on claims of securities fraud. In addition, if the data set included multiple opinions on successive motions to dismiss filed in the same case, I included only the last opinion. Finally, after performing the above culling, I chose the first 80 opinions to have been issued in 2013. Please contact me by email to obtain an Excel version of this data set. The paper, "Around the World of Securities Fraud in 80 Motions to Dismiss," to which this Appendix applies is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2373807
Comparison of auras and triggering factors in epilepsy.

Case reports of five patients are presented, each with a specific aura at the onset of the seizures. All of these patients’ had seizures during the waking state. Their auras were carefully replicated and presented to the patients under various conditions. The presentation of the auras evoked neither clinical nor EEG evidence of seizures. A sixth patient had seizures only when asleep which were preceded by vivid nightmares. Since the seizures occurred only when the patient was asleep, we considered that the seizures could be reflex in nature and evoked by a dream. Replication of the dream, however, did not evoke clinical or EEG evidence of epilepsy. The dreams, therefore, were auras or a part of the seizure complex.
Teaching Gift Wrapping Skills in a Quadruple Instructional Arrangement Using Constant Time Delay

This investigation evaluated the use of a quadruple instructional arrangement in teaching gift-wrapping skills to four students with functional mental disabilities. The targeted gift wrapping skills included boxing the item, wrapping the box, and decorating the box. The trainer divided each skill into four parts. For each of the three targeted skills each student received direct instruction on one part of the task analysis during each instructional session, rotating through each of the four parts during subsequent instructional sessions. This allowed each student to have direct instruction on the entire chained task over the course of four instructional sessions. Students received instruction using a constant time delay. A multiple probe design across skills and replicated across four students evaluated the effectiveness of the response prompting procedure within this teaching arrangement. The results indicated that three of the four students acquired the gift wrapping skills. In addition, the three students generalized the skills across settings and materials with at least 94% accuracy.
Organic Cyclic Polymers

It has been shown that several alternative routes to organic cyclic polymers are now well established. However, the synthesis of ring polymers with MW > 100 000 has not been completely successful. This synthesis is a challenge at the edge of present day controlled macromolecular engineering. At this level there is a lack of synthetic precision, of good separation techniques and of sufficiently discriminating analytical methods. As a result, the dilute solution properties of ring polymers are not yet firmly established in the high MW limit that is of fundamental importance in polymer science. For the same reasons, the melt properties, especially diffusion and viscoelastic properties of ring polymers, are only marginally explored despite the importance of the ring polymer properties to the entanglement concept and reptation model. On the other hand, the study of Tg and the lamellar structure of truly monodisperse cycloalkanes are well advanced. As indicated in this review, it can be foreseen that new separation methods and new powerful analytical methods will most likely contribute to further advances in the study of organic ring polymers.
Small Strangers: The Experiences of Immigrant Children in America, 1880–1925

Review of: "Small Strangers: The Experiences of Immigrant Children in America, 1880–1925," by Melissa R. Klapper.
The Novel Small-Molecule SR18662 Efficiently Inhibits the Growth of Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a member of the SP/KLF family of zinc finger transcription factors, is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer specimens, and this overabundance is associated with aggressive cancer development and progression. We demonstrated that mice haploinsufficient for Klf5 had reduced intestinal tumor burden in the background of germline mutation in Apc, a gatekeeper of intestinal tumorigenesis. Based on a high-throughput screening strategy, we developed ML264, a small-molecule compound that inhibits KLF5, and showed that it inhibits growth of colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo Through optimization efforts based on the structure of ML264, we have now identified a new lead compound, SR18662. We find that treatment with SR18662 significantly reduces growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells as compared with treatment with vehicle control, ML264, or SR15006 (a less optimized analogue from SAR efforts leading to SR18662). SR18662 showed improved efficacy in reducing the viability of multiple colorectal cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis following SR18662 treatment showed an increase in cells captured in either S or G2-M phases of the cell cycle and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells, the latter a unique property compared with ML264 or SR15006. SR18662 treatment also reduces the expression of cyclins and components of the MAPK and WNT signaling pathways. Importantly, we observed a significant dose-dependent inhibition of xenograft growth in mice following SR18662 treatment that exceeded the effect of ML264 at equivalent doses. These findings support further development of SR18662 and its analogues for colorectal cancer therapy.
Focused Concept Miner (FCM): Interpretable Deep Learning for Text Exploration

We introduce the Focused Concept Miner (FCM), an interpretable deep learning text mining algorithm to (1) automatically extract coherent corpus-level concepts from text data, (2) focus the discovery of concepts so that they are highly correlated to the user-specified outcome, and (3) quantify the concept correlational importance to outcome. FCM is used to explore and potentially extract apriori unknown concepts from text that may explain business outcome. FCM is a custom neural network model explicitly configured to increase corpus-level insights and recovered-concept diversity without the need to provide any training data. We evaluate FCM using a dataset of online purchases containing the reviews read by each consumer. Compared to 4 interpretable baselines, FCM attains higher interpretability as quantified by 2 human-judged metrics and 1 automated metric, and higher recall of unique concepts as supported by several experiments. In addition, FCM extracted constructs relating to product quality theorized to impact conversion in literature, without being explicitly trained to do so. FCM also achieves superior predictive performance compared to 4 interpretable benchmarks while maintaining superior or competitive predictive performance compared to 8 blackbox classifiers. In further experiments, we evaluate FCM on text data from online newsgroups and a crowdfunding platform, investigate the impact of focusing on concept discovery, and study the interpretability-accuracy trade-off. We present FCM as a complimentary technique to explore and understand text data before applying standard causal inference techniques. We conclude by discussing managerial implications, potential business applications, limitations, and ideas for future development.
Why Do Some Countries Prosper More in Tourism than Others? Global Competitiveness of Tourism Development:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the competitiveness of tourism destinations, worldwide, utilizing a regional economic policy tool known as the shift-share analysis. The changes in touri...
What is Thermal Fatigue

Definitions are suggested for terms such as thermal fatigue, thermal-mechanical fatigue, and thermal-stress fatigue. Historical developments in the field of thermal fatigue from 1838 to the present are reviewed. It is hypothesized that we have advanced from qualitative to quantitative understanding of the thermal fatigue process and can now make life predictions with factor-of-two reliability for conventional metals.
Newborn Screening for Hemoglobinopathies

Inherited hemoglobin disorders including sickle cell disease (SCD) and the thalassemia syndromes represent a heterogeneous group of inherited blood disorders that have been shown to benefit from early detection and intervention. Newborn screening (NBS) programs are the primary method by which we detect children affected by hemoglobinopathy disorders.
Uranium concentration using reactive polymer thin films for spectroscopic analyses

Abstract This contribution describes the development of reactive polymer films for the concentration of uranium from circumneutral pH solutions for spectroscopic analyses. These films were prepared by grafting uranium-selective polymers from polyethersulfone (PES) films via UV-initiated polymerization, and by introducing uranium-selective functional groups to polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films by chemical reaction. Ellipsometry was used to study poly(phosphoric acid 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ester) film growth kinetics on PES films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of modified PAN films revealed conversion of nitrile groups to amidoxime groups to be as high as 40% and showed that the extent and depth of reaction could be varied precisely. Static uptake experiments with solutions of depleted uranium spiked with 233U were conducted to determine uranium binding capacities and kinetics of the modified polymer films at different pH values from 4 to 8. Sorption isotherm data were fitted to the Langmuir model, and the highest sorption capacities of 1.09 × 10−2 ± 1.03 × 10−3 mmol m−2 and 1.02 × 10−2 ± 3.00 × 10−3 mmol m−2 were obtained at pH 6 for modified PAN (M-PAN) and PES (M-PES) films. Capacities at pH 4 and 8 were lower and could be explained by differences in sorption mechanisms. Uranium batch uptake kinetics followed a pseudo-second order rate model. Equilibrium uptake was attained within 3 h for M-PAN film and 1 h for M-PES film. Alpha spectroscopy pulse height spectra were analyzed to study the role of selective layer film thickness on peak energy resolution. Full width at half maximum values from 29 to 41 keV were recorded for M-PAN film and from 26 to 45 keV for M-PES film. Whereas uranium uptake increased with selective layer film thickness and varied with polymer chemistry/extent of modification, the peak energy resolution was independent of layer thickness and polymer chemistry within the experimental measurement uncertainties. Results from this work are being used to guide the development of thin-film composite membrane-based detection methods for the rapid, fieldable analysis of radionuclides in water for nuclear forensics investigations and environmental studies.
Am I Welcome Here? Campus Climate and Psychological Well-Being Among Students of Color

By analyzing 11,232 college students using a large longitudinal national dataset, this study examined students of Color’s perceived campus climate and its impact on their psychological well-being c...
Electrostatic Manipulation of Phase Behavior in Immiscible Charged Polymer Blends

Microphase separation in a binary blend of oppositely charged polymers can in principle be stabilized electrostatically without the need for connected block polymer architectures. This provides a r...
Neural network middleware for model predictive path tracking of networked mobile robot over IP network

The potential use of IP networks for real-time high performance robots and automation is enormous and appealing. A widely attractive objective for an IP-based mobile robot is to control a mobile robot over the IP network to track a predefined path. This paper proposes a model predictive path tracking control methodology over an IP network via middleware. In addition to the normal use of middleware, this paper utilizes middleware to schedule a control parameter for IP network delay compensation. The parameter is adjusted externally at the output of the path tracking algorithm with respect to the current network traffic conditions and a predictive performance measure computed by a neural network. Simulation results show that the mobile robot with neural network middleware provides significantly better IP networked control system performance.
A focused crawler with ontology-supported website models for information agents

This paper advocated the use of ontology-supported website models to provide a semantic level solution for an information agent so that it can provide fast, precise, and stable query results Based on the technique, a focused crawler, namely, OntoCrawler, was developed, which can benefit both user requests and domain semantics Equipped with this technique, we have developed an ontology-supported information agent shell in Scholar domain which manifests the following interesting features: ontology-supported construction of website models, website models-supported website model expansion, website models-supported webpage retrieval, high-level outcomes of information recommendation, and accordingly proved the feasibility of the related techniques proposed in this paper.
Cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma

There appear to be four primary areas of interest in the application of cytogenetic techniques to the study of malignant lymphomas: (1) the role of cytogenetics in the diagnosis of lymphoma in problem cases, (2) as an aid to the classification of malignant lymphomas, (3) whether specific chromosomal patterns will have prognostic significance for response to therapy or survival, and (4) the role of cytogenetics in staging of malignant lymphomas. A case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is reported in which cytogenetic studies demonstrated an aneuploid clone suggesting that cytogenetic abnormalities of lymphoma may precede the diagnostic histopathologic picture. The occurrence of 14q+ marker chromosomes in plasmacytic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, malignant lymphomas, Burkitt’s lymphoma, and ataxia-telangiectasia suggest that a common etiologic or pathogenetic mechanism may be present in some of these disorders. A preliminary pilot study of spleens removed at staging laparotomy for Hodgkin’s disease suggests that cytogenetic studies may be able to detect Hodgkin’s disease that is not apparent histologically. Further studies are required to provide answers to these areas of interest in cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma.
Designing Highly Adaptive Tutorial Learning Units

This tutorial will show the participants how to design adaptive tutorial learning units for the computer. It will also consider briefly implementation and evaluation of the designs.
Interorganelle Signaling Is a Determinant of Longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Replicative capacity, which is the number of times an individual cell divides, is the measure of longevity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, a process that involves signaling from the mitochondrion to the nucleus, called retrograde regulation, is shown to determine yeast longevity, and its induction resulted in postponed senescence. Activation of retrograde regulation, by genetic and environmental means, correlated with increased replicative capacity in four different S. cerevisiae strains. Deletion of a gene required for the retrograde response, RTG2, eliminated the increased replicative capacity. RAS2, a gene previously shown to influence longevity in yeast, interacts with retrograde regulation in setting yeast longevity. The molecular mechanism of aging elucidated here parallels the results of genetic studies of aging in nematodes and fruit flies, as well as the caloric restriction paradigm in mammals, and it underscores the importance of metabolic regulation in aging, suggesting a general applicability.
Anatomy and systematic affinity of Stanleya neritinoides (Smith, 1880), an enigmatic member of the thalassoid gastropod species flock in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa (Cerithioidea, Paludomidae)

The radiation of gastropods in Lake Tanganyika is an ideal system for testing competing hypotheses of species flock formation. Yet, much of the basic biology of these species remains unknown. In an ongoing effort to understand the evolution of Tanganyikan gastropods, we here describe Stanleya neritinoides. Alcohol-preserved material of the soft parts is rare, consequently, the systematic position of the species, and a repeated suggested affinity to Tanganyicia rufofilosa, have been based primarily on features of the shell. However, features of the radula and operculum are unique and do not suggest an affinity to any other Tanganyikan species. Thus, S. neritinoides has remained a particularly poorly known and enigmatic member of the species flock. This investigation confirmed that several aspects of internal and external anatomy are shared between S. neritinoides, T. rufofilosa, and other Tanganyikan gastropods, but that S. neritinoides is unique in features of the radula and seminal receptacle. Moreover, S. neritinoides differs from T. rufofilosa in features of the foregut, midgut, hindgut, kidney, nervous system, reproductive system and reproductive strategy. These new data are inconsistent with an interpretation of identity of Stanleya and Tanganyicia. In addition, given the pervasive differences between the two, a sister-group relationship between the two is unlikely. More precise systematic placement of S. neritinoides awaits the establishment of a phylogenetic framework for all Tanganyikan gastropods.
Towards a Research Agenda for Social Work Practice in Virtual Worlds

Due to the unique applications of virtual reality in many modern contexts, Second Life (SL) offers inimitable opportunities for research and exploration. A review of current research regarding SL has examined the influence of real world social influences in online interactions and what the effects on users may be. This suggests the importance of developing an understanding of the relationship between users’ real life and their Second Life, and how the two are related. Some research has begun to reveal the effectiveness of telecommunication and computer simulation with certain clients in the fields of mental health and social work, yet there is a lack of sufficient research done within the context of virtual worlds. The implications for social work intervention in virtual reality could solve persistent concerns with transportation, distance, access to services and education, however questions about the relevance of social work practice in SL and the potential for implementation must be answered.
Chlorophyll fluorescence monitoring of freezing point exotherms in leaves

Abstract Following supercooling prompt chlorophyll fluorescence and delayed fluorescence from leaves undergo transients simultaneous with the freezing point exotherm. The degree of supercooling and, hence, the temperature at which the exotherm occurs is dependent upon the leaf water content. Winter wheat leaves ( Triticum aestivum L.) that had the lowest water content (hardened “Kharkov”) supercooled to a greater degree than those leaves with a higher water content (hardened “Rescue” and unhardened “Kharkov” or “Rescue”). Seeding the leaves with ice increased the temperature at which the exotherm occurred and decreased the difference between varities but not between hardened and unhardened material. Our results suggest that freeze-avoidance via supercooling may be one mechanism in winter wheat for withstanding subfreezing temperatures.
Effects of pupillary dilation on automated perimetry in normal patients

The effects of pupillary dilation (tropicamide 1%) on automated static threshold perimetry were studied in 18 normal subjects using the Humphrey field analyzer 30-2 and STATPAC programs. The mean defect worsened by 0.83 decibels (standard deviation, 0.92 decibels) in dilated fields as compared with baseline visual fields (P = 0.001). These findings indicate that pupillary dilation in healthy subjects who are not receiving ocular medications produces statistically significant declines in threshold sensitivities. Valid comparison of results from serial visual field testing, therefore, depends on control of or adjustment for the effect of pupillary dilation.
Better at What

In reading the title of Johnson et al.’s (2010) article on synthetic validity, I immediately asked myself ‘‘Better at what?’’ Motor oil serves three functions in internal combustion engines: lubricate, cool, and clean engine parts. There is little doubt that synthetic motor oil does all three of these better than nonsynthetic motor oil, although some might argue that it is not as cost effective. Johnson et al. described two approaches to synthetic validity and then argued why synthetic validity is ‘‘the best approach for many situations.’’ I strongly agree with their contention that synthetic validity is ‘‘practically useful’’ and with their less directly stated contention that it also holds value in developing theory. Hence, I will limit my comments exactly to how synthetic validity inferences might best contribute to the complimentary goals of advancing theory and practice, although these might cause Johnson et al. to rethink some of their observations.
Development of Rainbow Trout Brood Stock by Selective Breeding

Abstract Management programs to maintain and increase the sports fishery require large numbers of strong, healthy, acclimatized fingerlings for restocking the lakes and streams. To produce the fingerling trout needed, stocks of fish are first developed and selected at fishery laboratories, then tested in the field. At the University of Washington over a period of 23 years of intensive selective breeding, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) stocks have shown increased growth rate, earlier maturity, increased tolerance to warm water temperatures, resistance to disease, and greatly increased egg production. The egg production has been most satisfactory, rising from an average of less than 1,000 eggs from 4-year-old spawners in 1932 to an average of 3,894 eggs for 2-year-old females, 5,029 for 3-year-old females, and 4,984 eggs for 4-year-old females in 1955.
Full-Frame Image Registration By Address Modification

The essential problem of scene-matching is that of the differences that may exist between the two pictures that are to be matched. These are classified as differences in intensity, structure, and geometry. Preprocessing operations to extract invariants, such as edges or higher level features are required to deal with differences in intensity and structure. However, even when the pictures have been processed in this way to eliminate or minimize intensity and structural differences, the pictures may still exhibit substantial differences (of scale, rotation, aspect, etc) if they were taken from two different camera positions and directions. In this paper it is shown how such geometrical differences can be dealt with by means of a frame-warping technique called Address Modification. The required frame warp (for a coplanar scene) is completely defined in all cases by eight parameters. These eight parameters can be derived by a serial processing operation performed on the two pictures. The parameters can then be applied to one of the pictures to bring them into exact area registration with each other over the full picture frame.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Seismology: greatness thrust upon them.

The latest research seems to imply that all earthquakes are born equal. But combining that insight with earlier, seemingly contradictory, work could help us to tell which tremors grow to become more equal than others.
Prototyping of poly(dimethylsiloxane) interfaces for flow gating, reagent mixing, and tubing connection in capillary electrophoresis

Integrated microfluidic systems coupled with electrophoretic separations have broad application in biologic and chemical analysis. Interfaces for the connection of various functional parts play a major role in the performance of a system. Here, we developed a rapid prototyping method to fabricate monolithic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) interfaces for flow-gated injection, online reagent mixing, and tube-to-tube connection in an integrated capillary electrophoresis (CE) system. The basic idea was based on the properties of PDMS: elasticity, transparency, and suitability for prototyping. The molds for these interfaces were prepared by using commercially available stainless steel wires and nylon lines or silica capillaries. A steel wire was inserted through the diameter of a nylon line and a cross format was obtained as the mold for PDMS casting of flow gates and 4-way mixers. These interfaces accommodated tubing connection through PDMS elasticity and provided easy visual trouble shooting. The flow gate used smaller channel diameters, thus reducing flow rate by 25-fold for effective gating compared with mechanically machined counterparts. Both PDMS mixers and the tube-to-tube connectors could minimize the sample dead volume by using an appropriate capillary configuration. As a whole, the prototyped PDMS interfaces are reusable, inexpensive, convenient for connection, and robust when integrated with the CE detection system. Therefore, these interfaces could see potential applications in CE and CE-coupled systems.
On laboratory simulation and the evaporation rate of water on Mars

[1] In order to better understand the stability of water on Mars, and factors likely to affect that stability, we have measured the evaporation rate of water in a CO2 atmosphere at 7 mbar and ∼0°C in a large environmental chamber that minimizes fluctuation in conditions. The average evaporation rate we measured was 1.01 ± 0.19 mm/h. This includes correction for water vapor build-up in the chamber, but not the effect of Mars' lower gravity. When corrections for this are applied, our predicted evaporation rate for water on Mars at 0°C and 7 mbar is 0.73 ± 0.14 mm/h. This is in very good agreement with the value calculated by assuming that evaporation depends on diffusion and buoyancy. The consistency of these results suggests that – at least for these conditions – our approaches to the calculations and the laboratory simulations are reasonable.
On chain morphisms of commutative rings

On dit qu’un homomorphismef :A →B d’anneaux commutatifs est un morphisme de chaine (resp., den-chaine pour un entiern ≥ 1) si toute chaine d’ideaux premiers (resp., d’au plusn ideaux premiers) deA se releve en une chaine d’ideaux premiers deB. Sif est un morphisme den-chaine, alorsf n’est pas forcement un morphisme de (n + 1)-chaine, meme siA etB sont des anneaux integres, doncf n’est pas un morphisme de chaine. Sif est un morphisme den-chaine pour toutn, alorsf est un morphisme de chaine. Un morphisme de chaine n’est pas forcement un morphisme de chaine universel. Pour tout entiern ≥ 2,f est universellement un morphisme den-chaine si et seulement sif est universellement un morphisme de chaine. Un morphisme qui est universellement de chaine et universellement incomparable n’est pas necessairement entier, meme siA etB sont des anneaux integres de dimension 1 (au sens de Krull).
Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

The syndrome of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is defined and differentiated from other clinically similar states. Five carefully documented cases are reported and compared with five previously recorded cases in which the material presented permitted adequate analysis. Our patients had repeated bouts of intestinal pseudo-obstruction for which no organic cause or disease could be found. The obstruction was accompanied by diarrhea (at times steatorrheal), weight loss and in some instances progressive deterioration and death from malnutrition. Some patients had family members who apparently suffered or had died from a similar type of illness. Roentgenographic and motility studies showed delayed transit, hypomotility and gross distention of the small and occasionally the large intestine. Sweating disturbances and hypothermia were also features in some patients. Essentially normal gastrointestinal histologic appearance was found in all instances and permitted the differentiation of idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction as an entity distinct from scleroderma. The motility disturbance of the bowel and the questionable response to cholinergic drugs suggest a functional failure of the myenteric plexus. No form of treatment was found consistently effective in controlling the manifestations of this disease, although broad-spectrum antibiotics were transiently helpful in two patients. Avoidance of unnecessary surgical procedures, once the diagnosis has been established, is important.
Synesthetic colors induced by graphemes that have not been consciously perceived

Grapheme–color synesthetes experience colors when they see printed letters of the alphabet. Currently, we tested four “projector” synesthetes, whose colors evoked by graphemes have sensory support or quale and appear to be restricted spatially to the letters like real colors. We use three different kinds of puzzle pictures that contained hidden letters, which require 30 s or more for nonsynesthetes to identify. Grapheme–color projector synesthetes recognize them three times faster and report that the colors were evoked before conscious letter recognition, clueing them as to what the letters were. Subjectively, the synesthetic subjects reported that they also saw mirror-reversed letters in the same colors as nonreversed letters which enabled them to read mirror-reversed text at thrice the normal speed. We conclude that in some synesthetes colors are evoked preconsciously early in sensory processing.
A case-control study of unilateral and bilateral breast carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND Women with unilateral breast carcinoma are at increased risk for developing contralateral disease. The clinical significance of bilateral breast carcinoma has not been fully defined, and the subset of patients who may benefit from medical or surgical risk-reduction intervention has not yet been characterized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors and outcomes for bilateral breast carcinoma. METHODS A subject group of 70 bilateral breast carcinoma patients (62% metachronous) was matched by age and survival interval with a control group of 70 unilateral breast carcinoma patients. Median follow-up was 103 months. RESULTS Eighty-two percent of the unilateral patients and 80% of the bilateral patients had Stage I or II disease at diagnosis. Median age at presentation was 53 years. In the bilateral group, the contralateral cancer was diagnosed at the same or earlier stage than the first cancer in 87% of cases. Bilateral patients were significantly more likely to have multicentric disease and to have a positive family history for breast carcinoma compared with the unilateral group. There were no significant differences regarding history of exogenous hormone exposure, lobular histology, hormone-receptor status, or HER-2/neu expression. Five-year disease-free survival was 94% for the unilateral breast carcinoma patients and 91% for the bilateral breast carcinoma patients (P = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Survival for patients with bilateral breast carcinoma is similar to that of patients with unilateral disease; however, prophylactic risk-reduction intervention for the contralateral breast should be considered in patients who have multicentric unilateral disease or a positive family history for breast carcinoma. Cancer 2001;91:1845–53. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Representative action of the automorphisms of complex analytic groups

Let G be a complex analytic group, and denote by W(G) the group of all complex analytic group automorphisms of G. As is well-known, %‘(G) may be identified with a closed complex Lie subgroup of the group W(L) of all Lie algebra automorphisms of the Lie algebra L of G. Here, we shall be concerned with the representability of W(G) on finite-dimensional spaces of holomorphic representative functions on G, where Y’(G) acts naturally by composition. The example of a complex toroid of dimension greater than 1 shows that one should concentrate attention on the identity component W-(G), . Let A denote the Hopf algebra of all holomorphic representative functions on G. In the present context, it is appropriate to assume that A separates the points of G or, equivalently, that G has a faithful finite-dimensional holomorphic representation. This assumption will be in force from now on, and it is usually signalized by saying that G is faithfully representable. In the evident way, A is a right W(G),-module. Let A, denote the unique largest sub-Hopf algebra of A that is stable under the action of W(G)r and locally finite as a %‘“(G),-module. The representation-theoretical significance of B, may be illuminated by considering the semidirect product G . -t’“(G), and observing that a Jinitedimensional holomorphic G-module can be embedded as a G-submodule in a jinite-dimensional holomorphic G . W(G),-module if and only if the associated representative functions belong to A, . Consequently, G . TT(G), is faithfully representable ;f and only ;f A, separetes the points of G. Our main result is an intrinsic characterization of those groups G for which the above condition is satisfied. This depends heavily on the structure theory for faithfully representable analytic groups, and we begin with a recall of the relevant facts. Let G be a faithfully representable complex analytic group. The main structure theorem says that G is a semidirect product S . P, where P is a
Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Introduction: Disordered signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway is a hallmark of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Targeted therapies that inhibit and regulate this pathway are reasonable strategies for disease management. Only one JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor has gained FDA approval for treatment of myelofibrosis. Despite significant reductions in splenomegaly and disease-associated symptoms, additional agents are necessary to manage disease in those that do not respond. Areas covered: A review of the currently available literature and meeting abstracts for JAK inhibitors in myeloproliferative neoplasms identified studies aimed at improving outcomes and establishing alternative therapies in MPNs. Development of specific JAK inhibitors and ongoing trials involving ruxolitinib, CYT387, SAR302503, CEP701, SB 1518, XL-019, LY2784544, BMS-911453, NS-018, AZD1480 and INCB039110 are reviewed. Expert opinion: The identification of JAK2V617F mutation and its link to MPNs has revolutionized treatment options. Resultant ...
Pseudogynecomastia after massive weight loss: detectability of technique, patient satisfaction, and classification.

Background An increasing number of male patients are presenting for treatment of male chest deformity after massive weight loss. The authors prefer to preserve the nipple-areola complex on a dermoglandular pedicle. They sought to identify detectability of technique, assess patient satisfaction, and outline a treatment algorithm for this population. Methods Ten male massive weight loss patients underwent chest-contouring procedures over a period of 6 years and were surveyed to identify satisfaction with reconstruction. Preoperative photographs were used to devise a classification system. Twenty-seven medical professionals evaluated and rated digital photographs of the patients. Results Eight patients had pedicled reconstructions and two had free-nipple grafts. Mean age was 42.9 +/- 9.5 years, mean pre-weight loss body mass index was 54.1 +/- 10.6, post-weight loss body mass index was 29.4 +/- 4.5, and mean change in body mass index was 24.8 +/- 9.7. All patients would have surgery again, nine would recommend it to a friend, six would go shirtless in public, nine reported no loss of nipple sensation, and three reported dysesthesias of the nipple-areola complex. Medical professionals reproducibly associated poor wound healing with free-nipple grafting and rated poorly positioned nipple-areola complexes with low aesthetic scores. Medical professional scores for chest contour and nipple-areola complex aesthetics did not correlate with technique and were lower than scores provided by the patients. Conclusions Patient satisfaction for treatment of the male chest deformity after massive weight loss is high. In carefully selected patients, preservation of the nipple-areola complex on a dermoglandular pedicle can aid in achieving an optimal aesthetic result.