cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Adversarialism?: Collaboration and Therapeutic Goals

This chapter examines the theory of therapeutic jurisprudence and highlights the centrality of this orientation for MHCs. I outline the major paradigm shifts characteristic of MHCs—treatment orientation and collaboration and describe my formulation of “therapeutic justice.” I detail the mission of MHCs and the changes in court structure and culture, noting how a treatment orientation works in practice of a less adversarial model of criminal justice. In the chapter, I show that net-widening does occur in the case of MHCs—expanding the number of individuals under the control of the criminal justice system and the intensity and severity of criminal justice intervention—resulting in offenders becoming entangled in wider, stronger and denser nets. The chapters ends by revisiting the court’s mission.
Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension: History and Perspectives

A well-organized, systematic classification scheme is important in any disease process; this is especially true in pulmonary hypertension. Classification serves as a framework for clinical studies, as well as patient care. It provides structure for inclusion and exclusion criteria for clinical trials, as well as the development of screening, diagnostic, and treatment algorithms. There are several distinct classification schemes used in pulmonary hypertension: diagnostic category, functional, and pathologic. This chapter will briefly review each of these classification schemes, providing a historical perspective, and illustrating the utility of each.
Complex learning environments: hierarchies and the use of explanation

At Columbia, our work on concept learning covers a wide range of topics involving complex learning domains. In this summary, we briefly describe three areas of recent research: generalizing hierarchically structured representations; an experiment in explanation-based learning; and first steps at integrating explanation and similarity-based methods.
Neuromuscular control of locomotion is altered by tail autotomy in geckos

Animal locomotion is driven by underlying axial and appendicular musculature. In order for locomotion to be effective, these muscles must be able to rapidly respond to changes in environmental and physiological demands. Although virtually unstudied, muscles must also respond to morphological changes, such as those that occur with tail autotomy in lizards. Tail autotomy in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) results in a 25% loss of caudal mass and significant kinematic alterations to maintain stability. To elucidate how motor control of the locomotor muscles is modulated with these shifts, we used electromyography (EMG) to quantify patterns of in vivo muscle activity in forelimb and hindlimb muscles before and after autotomy. Forelimb muscles (biceps brachii and triceps brachii) exhibited no changes in motor recruitment, consistent with unaltered kinematics after autotomy. The amplitude of activity of propulsive muscles of the hindlimbs (caudofemoralis and gastrocnemius) was significantly reduced and coincided with decreases in the propulsive phases of femur retraction and ankle extension, respectively. The puboischiotibialis did not exhibit these changes, despite significant reductions in femur depression and knee angle, suggesting that the reduction in mass and vertical ground-reaction force by autotomy allows for the maintenance of a more sprawled and stable posture without increasing motor recruitment of the support muscles. These results highlight the significant neuromuscular shifts that occur to accommodate dramatic changes in body size and mass distribution, and illuminate the utility of tail autotomy as a system for studying the neuromuscular control of locomotion.
Preparation and characterization of microcapsules based self-healing coatings containing epoxy ester as healing agent

Abstract Cracks caused by chemicals or mechanical forces would damage the performance of coatings leading to the coating failure. Microcapsules based self-healing smart coatings can provide automatic recovery and extend the durability of coatings. In this study, poly urea-formaldehyde microcapsules contained tall oil fatty acid based-epoxy ester as core materials were synthesized through in situ polymerization. The synthesized microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The core content of microcapsules was 67 wt. %; the average diameter of microcapsules was 101 ± 48 μm. The self-healing coatings were prepared by embedding the poly(urea-formaldehyde)-epoxy ester (PUF-epoxy ester) microcapsules into epoxy coatings. Salt spray, SEM, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were examined, and the self-healing coatings exhibited satisfactory self-healing property and sufficient corrosion resistance recovery.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia with marrow purged with alkyl-lysophospholipid

Alkyl-lysophospholipids are anticancer agents that are selectively toxic to leukemic cells and relatively sparing of normal bone marrow cells. Thus, they would be likely candidates for purging remission marrows before autologous bone marrow transplant. One of the more promising agents is edelfosine, which could be safely used for purging without prolonging marrow recovery. Assays for marrow progenitor cells were performed before and after purging and cryopreservation in 64 patients. There was no significant reduction in colony formation after purging when compared with unpurged cryopreserved marrow, but there was a significant reduction after cryopreservation. Twenty-four patients with acute leukemia in second (16 patients) or third remission (3 patients), early relapse (3 patients), or in first remission with successfully treated extramedullary relapse (2 patients) received marrow-ablative chemotherapy and total body irradiation followed by infusion of marrow purged for 4 hours with 50 to 100 micrograms/mL of edelfosine. There were 9 lymphoblastic and 15 myelogenous leukemia patients. The median time to granulocyte recovery to 500/microL was 26 and 33 days for the 50 and 75 microgram/mL doses, respectively. The patient whose marrow was purged at the dose of 100 micrograms/mL failed to engraft. The median time to platelet recovery to 25,000/microL was 45 and 37 days for the 50 and 75 micrograms/mL doses, respectively. Twenty-nine percent of the patients remain disease free from 131 to 1,291 days, with a median of 356 days. These results have established that purging with 75 micrograms/mL of edelfosine is a safe dose and is recommended for a phase II trial.
Immunologic effects of morphine in rodents, rabbits, monkeys, and cats

The effects of prolonged morphine administration on immunologic reactivity against morphine was studied in a number of animal species: rabbit, monkey, guinea pig, rat, and cat. Some evidence for increased serum binding of 14C-labeled morphine was noted after morphine treatment in all test species, with the rabbit the best responder and the cat showing little or no response. In addition to measurements on serum binding of 14C-labeled morphine, other methods (measurement of serum binding of 14C-labeled codeine and methadone, competitive inhibition tests, radial immunodiffusion, and passive hemagglutination) were used for one or more of the species. Overall, results with these test methods have shown that prolonged morphine administration can result in immunologic responsiveness to morphine in animals.
Article II Treaties and Signaling Theory

Some scholars contend that, under modern law and practice, presidents can choose to conclude any international agreement by obtaining either ex ante authorization or ex post approval from a majority of Congress rather than obtaining the supermajority “advice and consent” of the Senate that is specified in Article II of the Constitution. If presidents in fact have this freedom of choice, there appears to be a puzzle: why do they ever choose to use the Article II treaty process, which is more politically difficult than the executive agreement processes? To be sure, the use of the Article II process has been in decline, but the process is still used for some agreements, including in situations in which the process seems to make it more difficult for presidents to obtain approval of agreements that they support. A common answer to this puzzle is based on signaling theory: using the Article II process, it is said, allows the president or the country to signal valuable information to potential treaty partners. This book chapter argues that the signaling explanation is questionable and suggests that domestic legal and political factors better explain the continued (although recently much diminished) use of the Article II process. It also highlights a number of empirical questions relating to this issue that would benefit from further study.
Predictors of Lymph Node Involvement by Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremity: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Background and Objectives Lymph node metastases (LNM) in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the trunk and extremity are rare but are associated with worse survival. Established risk factors for LNM in this group are based on small institutional retrospective reviews. This study identifies the risk factors associated with LNM in otherwise non-metastatic trunk/extremity STS patients using the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and sought out to delineate a high-risk group that may be considered for pathologic nodal evaluation. Methods The files of 10,731 patients with STS of the trunk/extremity without distant metastasis from 2004 - 2015 were evaluated. Exclusion criteria included neoadjuvant therapy and a lack of pathologic nodal evaluation. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to evaluate variables associated with LNM. Results Of the total of 10,731 patients, 223 (2.1%) had LNM. On multivariable analysis, LNM was associated with Grade 3 tumors (odds ratio (OR) 15.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.36 - 38.04, p < 0.001) and clear cell/angiosarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma/epithelioid (CARE) histology (OR 4.72, 95% CI 3.35 - 6.66, p < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (OR 5.86, 95% CI 3.33 - 10.31, p < 0.001, and bone invasion (BI) (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.32 - 5.61, p = 0.006). Patients with Grade 3 CARE tumors (n = 402) had an 11.9% risk of LNM vs. 1.7% of adults without all these characteristics (p < 0.001). Patients with Grade 3 CARE tumors and either LVI or BI (n = 36) had a 33.3% risk of LNM. Conclusions High-grade and CARE histology are associated with LNM in STS. Adult patients with both features have an overall 11.9% risk of LNM and may be considered for pathologic LN assessment, particularly with the presence of LVI or BI.
CSR and Spiritual Performance

This chapter discusses Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the context of Spiritual Performance. Appropriate theoretical framings are referred to with the intent of creating a deeper understanding and application of CSR in a religious perspective. The research method is a qualitative research approach relying on critical review of scholarly articles on CSR. The authors also carried out in-depth interviews with some church leaders from the two featured cases in this chapter. Religious writings and books, including the Christian sacred book, the Bible, were important sources of information.
Development and Initial Validation of the Menstrual Sensitivity Index

The Anxiety Sensitivity Index is a widely-used measure to assess anxiety sensitivity (i.e., the fear of anxiety and its associated symptoms). More recently, researchers have developed disease-specific measures assessing sensitivity to specific symptoms. To assess sensitivity to menstrual symptoms, we developed and evaluated the reliability and initial validity of the Menstrual Sensitivity Index (MSI), a modification of the Visceral Sensitivity Index. The MSI consists of 10 items rated on a 6-point Likert scale from 1 (“strongly agree”) to 6 (“strongly disagree”). Items assess respondents’ menstrual symptom-specific anxiety (e.g., fear and anxiety induced by menstrual pain, the thought that menstrual pain is a sign of other problems, etc.). Items are reverse scored and re-coded on a 0 to 5 scale. Total scores are calculated by summing all item responses; higher scores indicate more severe menstrual-specific anxiety. Participants included 1,160 women ages 18-55 years (mean=34.6, SD=9.5) who completed an online survey. Average menstrual pain was rated on a 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain possible) Numeric Rating Scale; enrollment was stratified such that 14.8% of participants rated their menstrual pain as 0-2, 59.7% rated 3-7, and 25.4% rated 8-10. All participants had self-reported regular menstrual cycles over the previous 12 months. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, and initial validity was assessed using Pearson bivariate correlations. The MSI demonstrated excellent internal consistency (alpha=0.942). Scores were positively correlated with measures of average menstrual pain, menstrual symptoms, non-menstrual bodily pain, anxiety sensitivity, and pain catastrophizing (R's from 0.39-0.65; all p's
Role of Ring6 in the function of the E. coli MCE protein LetB

LetB is a tunnel-forming protein found in the cell envelope of some double-membraned bacteria, and is thought to be important for the transport of lipids between the inner and outer membranes. In Escherichia coli the LetB tunnel is formed from a stack of seven rings (Ring1 - Ring7), in which each ring is composed of a homo-hexameric assembly of MCE domains. The primary sequence of each MCE domain of the LetB protein is substantially divergent from the others, making each MCE ring unique in nature. The role of each MCE domain and how it contributes to the function of LetB is not well understood. Here we probed the importance of each MCE ring for the function of LetB, using a combination of bacterial growth assays and cryo-EM. Surprisingly, we find that {Delta}Ring3 and {Delta}Ring6 mutants, in which Ring3 and Ring6 have been deleted, confer increased resistance to membrane perturbing agents. Specific mutations in the pore-lining loops of Ring6 similarly confer increased resistance. A cryo-EM structure of the {Delta}Ring6 mutant shows that despite the absence of Ring6, which leads to a shorter assembly, the overall architecture is maintained, highlighting the modular nature of MCE proteins. Previous work has shown that Ring6 is dynamic and in its closed state, may restrict the passage of substrate through the tunnel. Our work suggests that removal of Ring6 may relieve this restriction. The deletion of Ring6 combined with mutations in the pore-lining loops leads to a model for the tunnel gating mechanism of LetB. Together, these results provide insight into the functional roles of individual MCE domains and pore-lining loops in the LetB protein. HighlightsO_LIDeleting MCE domains 3 or 6 from LetB confers increased resistance to membrane-perturbing agents C_LIO_LICryo-EM structure of {Delta}Ring6 LetB mutant highlights the modular nature of MCE domains C_LIO_LIMutations along LetB pore-lining loops modulate detergent resistance C_LI
Safety Issues in Laser Surgery

The introduction of lasers into the medical environment poses several unique problems, as with electrical or electronic equipment. Potential hazards of electrical shock exist requiring appropriate grounding, and other electrical safety procedures are essential. However, there are no particular unique electrical safety problems associated with laser use and biomedical engineers and bioelectronic technicians familiar with safe installation of electrical and electron equipment in hospital and health care environments should have no difficulty in providing guidance for the safe electrical use of laser equipment. As already said in the first chapter, the use of proper radiometric terminology and interaction mechanisms is recommended. Unfortunately, the misuse of radiometric terms such as fluence (for radiant exposure) and fluence rate (for irradiance) continue in the literature. These two terms should only be used for flux densities in tissue. The principal radiometric concepts used to describe laser-tissue interactions and the laser interaction mechanisms used in laser surgery are represented in Figures 1 and 2, respectively the dosimetric terms and the laser tissue interactions; approximate thresholds for laser interactions as a function of pulse duration are shown in Figure 3. Since thresholds actually depend also somewhat upon focal image size, the above values are only approximate and represent values developed from extensive research on laser retinal injury.
Prediction of insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains by polymerase chain reaction product profiles.

A rapid analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis strains predictive of insecticidal activity was established by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Primers specific to regions of high homology within genes encoding three major classes of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins were used to generate a PCR product profile characteristic of each insecticidal class. Predictions of insecticidal activity were made on the basis of the electrophoretic patterns of the PCR products. Included in the screen were PCR primers specific for cryI, cryIII, and cryIV genes, which are insecticidal for lepidopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans, respectively. Known B. thuringiensis strains as well as unidentified strains isolated from soil and insect cadavers were analyzed by PCR. Small amounts of crude sample lysates were assayed in a single PCR reaction containing 12 to 20 primers capable of distinguishing between the different insecticidal genes. Insecticidal activity predicted by the PCR screen was found to correspond with the insecticidal activity of insect bioassays. In addition to identifying strains with known insecticidal genes, the PCR screen can identify strains with altered electrophoretic patterns containing potentially novel genes. Images
Reflections on Past and Future Photometric Calibration Situations and the Role of Small Telescopes

The original implementation of the most often used of the various photometric systems will be reviewed. The role of small telescopes, herein defined as those whose diameters are less than 2.5-m, in current and future efforts at enhancing photometric standards will be recounted, and future needs driven both by science and technology will be explored. The community must focus on and invest in these cost-effective activities.
Effect of combination therapy consisting of enalapril, α-lipoic acid, and menhaden oil on diabetic neuropathy in a high fat/low dose streptozotocin treated rat

We have previously demonstrated that treating diabetic rats with enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, α-lipoic acid, an antioxidant, or menhaden oil, a natural source of omega-3 fatty acids can partially improve diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In this study we sought to determine the efficacy of combining these three treatments on vascular and neural complications in a high fat fed low dose streptozotocin treated rat, a model of type 2 diabetes. Rats were fed a high fat diet for 8 weeks followed by a 30 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin. Eight weeks after the onset of hyperglycemia diabetic rats were treated with a combination of enalapril, α-lipoic acid and menhaden oil. Diabetic rats not receiving treatment were continued on the high fat diet. Glucose clearance was impaired in diabetic rats and significantly improved with treatment. Diabetes caused steatosis, elevated serum lipid levels, slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction, thermal hypoalgesia, reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber profiles, decrease in cornea sub-basal nerve fiber length and corneal sensitivity and impairment in vascular relaxation to acetylcholine and calcitonin gene-related peptide in epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve. Treating diabetic rats with the combination of enalapril, α-lipoic acid and menhaden oil reversed all these deficits to near control levels except for motor nerve conduction velocity which was also significantly improved compared to diabetic rats but remained significantly decreased compared to control rats. These studies suggest that a combination therapeutic approach may be most effective for treating vascular and neural complications of type 2 diabetes.
Fatigue Damage in Notched Pultruded Composite Rods

The primary damage mode in a notched pultruded composite rod in rotating bending fatigue was found to be fiber-matrix debonding which originated at the notch root and extended along the length of the specimen. At stress amplitudes equal to or greater than 35% of the tensile strength of the material, debonding was followed by tensile rupture of the fibers at or near the notch, resulting in catastrophic failures of the specimens. At lower stress amplitudes, the slow growth in debonding resulted in a gradual increase in the dynamic deflection of the specimen. The static flexural stiffness ratio of a fatigue-damaged specimen to that of an undamaged specimen was found to be a reasonable measure of damage due to fiber-matrix debonding.
Detection of piluslike structures on clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio vulnificus.

Abstract Twenty clinical isolates of Vibrio vulnificus were compared with 10 environmental strains by using electron microscopy and agglutination assays with human erythrocytes, guinea pig erythrocytes, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, the isolates were tested for ability to adhere to the human epithelial cell lines HEp-2 and A549. When examined by electron microscopy, 16 (80%) of the 20 clinical isolates demonstrated the presence of piluslike structures; the composition of the bacterial populations ranged from 0 to 68% piliated cells. In contrast, only 3 (30%) of the 10 environmental isolates were piliated, with a range from 0 to 16% piliated cells. A significant association between the presence of piliated cells and the isolate source was found (P less than 0.05). None of the 30 strains agglutinated erythrocytes or yeast cells. V. vulnificus adherence results obtained with HEp-2 cells showed 10 (50%) of 20 clinical isolates and 0 (0%) of 10 environmental isolates with averages of greater than 10 adherent bacteria per cell, demonstrating a correlation between attachment and the isolate source (P less than 0.05). Selected strains were tested to determine whether methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, fructose, or alpha-L-(-)-fucose would inhibit bacterial adherence to HEp-2 cells. Multiple patterns of adherence inhibition were observed. Adherence to A549 cells showed 8 (40%) of 20 clinical isolates and 0 (0%) of 10 environmental strains with averages of greater than 10 adherent bacteria per cell. A statistical association between attachment and the isolate source was demonstrated (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that the presence of piluslike structures and the ability to adhere to human epithelial cell lines may be more closely associated with V. vulnificus isolates from clinical specimens than with environmental strains.
Evolving Concepts of Evolution: The Case of Shame and Guilt

Evolutionary biologists often refer to a distinction between ultimate and proximate explanation. On the one hand, such a distinction points to important issues for social psychologists, especially in terms of what it means to say that people experience emotions such as guilt and shame. On the other hand, the value of the ultimate/proximate distinction depends on how it is understood because its application can be problematic. We illustrate the use and possible misuse of the distinction in terms of its application to the differentiation of the self-conscious emotions guilt and shame.
Impact of Tournaments on the Largemouth Bass Population at Sam Rayburn Reservoir, Texas

Abstract There have been concerns regarding tournament-related impacts on black bass Micropterus spp. for 40 years, but few studies have quantified those impacts. About 52% of anglers at Sam Rayburn Reservoir (46,356 ha) participate in tournaments, and the annual number of events probably exceeds 300. In 2003, we tagged and released 6,021 largemouth bass M. salmoides to estimate the annual proportion of the population caught and retained by tournament anglers. Tag returns were obtained via creel sampling to avoid nonreporting uncertainty, adjusted for recruitment and tag loss, and expanded to estimate the total annual tagged fish catch and harvest. We conducted simulations to evaluate the impacts of tournament mortality using rates of 10, 30, and 50% and compared those estimates with nontournament harvest and catch-and-release mortality (simulated at 5, 10, and 15%) to assess the specific contributions to annual angling and total mortality. From 3,447 angler interviews, creel clerks identified 40 largemou...
Extent and effect of Black Band Disease on a Caribbean reef

The effect of Black Band Disease (BBD) among colonies ofMontastrea annularis, M. cavernosa, Diploria strigosa, D. labryinthiformis, S. siderea andColpophyllia natans was determined at 7 shallow locations in the Virgin Islands. Between September 1988 and November 1988, 0.2% of 9204 colonies of these species were infected with BBD in 6908 m2 of reef at 22 randomly chosen areas. Infected colonies were not clumped suggesting that the disease is not highly infectious between colonies. BBD infection rates in areas surveyed 4 times between August 1988 and September 1989 in Greater Lameshur Bay, St. John, USVI, were significantly lower in winter compared to summer. BBDs were found on 5.5% of the colonies ofD. strigosa in Fall 1988, and 7 out of 12 infected colonies lost >75% of their tissue in 6 months. Low level, chronic BBD infections could convert 3.9% of the living cover ofD.strigosa to free space per year, thereby creating substrata for successional processes.
Variable pay as a risky choice: Determinants of the relative attractiveness of incentive plans

This paper presents an experimental investigation of risk preferences in the context of compensation. In five studies, participants indicated their preference between a job offering a fixed salary and one having a lower certain component but the potential to earn a higher amount contingent on performance. Results demonstrate that people are not generally risk averse in this context, as found in earlier research, but rather that risk preferences depend on the nature of the variable pay plan. In particular, in both between- and within-subjects designs, variable pay was preferred more often when incentives were based on individual rather than collective (team or organizational) performance, and participants were more optimistic about the likelihood of receiving incentives as individuals. The effects of individual differences such as self-efficacy and preference for group work were contingent on the format of the variable pay plan. Implications for designing compensation plans and employee recruitment and retention are discussed.
Bias of heritability estimates from twin data in presence of errors of zygosity determination

Simple heritability estimators of continuous as well as discrete traits from twin data are known to overestimate the degree of genetic determination of the measured traits for several reasons. Errors of zygosity determination will, however, underestimate the true heritability. The bias due to wrong assignment of dizygous twin pairs into monozygous type is evaluated here, and the results indicate that this negative bias has a compensatory effect on the estimate of the degree of genetic determination when other factors of similarity between twin pairs are taken into account. It is shown that when an estimate of zygosity error is available, the bias due to this factor can be evaluated quantitatively, and hence the adjustment for zygosity error can be incorporated in the estimation of the degree of genetic determination of a trait.
Cloning of the gene encoding Leishmania donovani S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, a potential target for antiparasitic chemotherapy.

Abstract A full-length gene encoding the S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) enzyme has been isolated from a genomic library of Leishmania donovani DNA in λ GEM-11 by cross-hybridization to the full-length human AdoHcyase cDNA. The nucleotide sequence of the Sal I fragment contained a single open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 438 amino acids (47 712 Da). After maximum gap alignment, the predicted amino acid sequence of the leishmanial Ado Hcyase was 70–73% identical to AdoHCyases from higher eukaryotes. In addition, a data base search revealed that the primary structure of all AdoHcyase proteins was highly homologous to that of a protein encoded by a mRNA from Drosophila melanogaster that maps near the r element function of the Abd-b homeotic gene. In Northern blots, the Sal I fragment hybridized to a 3.0-kb transcript that presumably encodes the parasite enzyme. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA revealed that the AdoHcyase gene did not exist as a tandemly repeated array within the L. donovani genome. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies generated against human AdoHcyase recognized a leishmanial protein on immunoblots. Finally, the growth of L. donovani promastigotes could be arrested by micromolar concentrations of 3-deazaaristeromycin (C 3 Ari) and 9-( trans -2′, trans -3′-dihydroxycyclopentanyl)adenine, 2 known inhibitors of mammalian AdoHcyase. C 3 Ari also induced a substantial expansion of the intracellular pools of both AdoHcy and S -adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), as well as a significant diminution of the AdoMet/AdoHcy ratio. Thus, AdoHcyase may have therapeutic potential for the selective treatment of diseases of parasitic origin.
A coupled atmosphere‐ocean model for transient climate change studies

Abstract A new coupled atmosphere‐ocean model has been developed for climate predictions at decade to century scales. The atmospheric model is similar to that of Hansen et al. (1983) except that the atmospheric dynamic equations for mass and momentum are solved using Arakawa and Lamb's (1977) C grid scheme and the advection of potential enthalpy and water vapour uses the linear upstream scheme (Russell and Lerner, 1981). The new global ocean model conserves mass, allows for divergent flow, has a free surface and uses the linear upstream scheme for the advection of potential enthalpy and salt. Both models run at 4° × 5° resolution, with 9 vertical layers for the atmosphere and 13 layers for the ocean. Twelve straits are included, allowing for subgrid‐scale water flow. Runoff from land is routed into appropriate ocean basins. Atmospheric and oceanic surface fluxes are of opposite sign and are applied synchronously. Flux adjustments are not used. Except for partial strength alternating binomial filters (Shap...
Cystatin, a protein inhibitor of cysteine proteases alters viral protein cleavages in infected human cells.

Summary Chicken cystatin is a previously described small protein which has the property of inhibiting cysteine active site proteases. The protein, when added to cultured human cells, alters the intracellular proteolytic processing of pollovirus proteins, and causes a reduction in virus yield. It is suggested that the cystatin is able to penetrate to the cellular cytoplasm and inhibit the action of the pollovirus protease.
Determining the saliency of input variables in neural network classifiers

This paper examines a measure of the saliency of the input variables that is based upon the connection weights of the neural network. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, a comparison of this method with the traditional stepwise variable selection rule in Fisher's linear classification analysis (FLDA) is made. It is found that the method works quite well in identifying significant variables under a variety of experimental conditions, including neural network architectures and data configurations. In addition, data from acquired and liquidated firms is used to illustrate and validate the technique.
AHS research at the California PATH program and future AHS research needs

The conceptual basis for automated highway systems (AHS) was established 70 years ago, long before it was technologically feasible. The historical context of thinking about AHS since then is reviewed, followed by a focus on the development of PATHpsilas research program on AHS during the past 20 years. The primary contributions to knowledge from the PATH AHS research are summarized, followed by identification of the key remaining issues that need attention.
The gibberellic acid biosynthesis mutant ga1-3 of Arabidopsis thaliana is responsive to vernalization.

The Arabidopsis mutant ga1-3 contains a deletion in an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the synthesis of gibberellic acid. It has been shown that ga1-3 mutant plants cannot flower under 8-h short-day (SD) conditions, even after vernalization. In this article, we present data demonstrating that the ga1-3 mutation does not block the response to vernalization in intermediate photoperiods or in long-day conditions in a late-flowering, vernalization-responsive background. Thus, GA may not have a direct role in the vernalization response in Arabidopsis, but it may be required for an alternate pathway that promotes flowering in noninductive photoperiods.
Erythrocyte actin and spectrin. Interactions with muscle contractile and regulatory proteins.

Abstract Actin and spectrin were isolated from washed red blood cell membranes. Spectrin bound and polymerized erythrocyte actin in the absence of potassium. Spectrin coated onto polystyrene latex particles bound 8–9 mol of erythrocyte actin per mol of spectrin when actin was in its depolymerized state. Spectrin enhanced the interaction of erythrocyte actin with muscle myosin as manifested by changes in Mg2+-ATPase activity. A similar enhancement also was observed with muscle α-actinin while muscle tropomyosin abolished these effects. The data suggest that spectrin may play the role of polymerizing factor as well as the anchoring site for erythrocyte actin just as α-actinin is the anchoring site for actin filaments in muscle and other non-muscle cells.
Computed tomographic and ultrasound appearance of kim-ray greenfield vena caval filters and potential for noninvasive localization

The appearance of the Kim-Ray Greenfield filter in the inferior vena cava on both computed tomography and sonography is described. The potential use of these modalities in the noninvasive localization of caval filters is discussed.
Diagnosis of early intramural ectopic pregnancy

Intramural ectopic pregnancy is a very rare diagnosis. Establishing a diagnosis is difficult and is often made intraoperatively. Demonstration of a live extrauterine gestation is the only specific sign of such a pregnancy. A small number of ectopic pregnancies are interstitial or cornual pregnancies. Rupture of an intramural ectopic pregnancy is a serious clinical complication. Diagnosis of this ectopic pregnancy can sometimes be made using 2-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), but it may also require 3-dimensional TVS. We present the case of a 25-year-old gravida 0, para 0 woman with amenorrhea lasting 6(+5) weeks. Previous surgery included a right adnexectomy for torsion of a right dermoid cyst. The patient's serum hCG was elevated. TVS provided a detailed view of the endometrial cavity. The results of 2-dimensional TVS suggested the presence of an ectopic pregnancy. The sonogram showed a gestational sac with an embryonic pole and a yolk sac, which was separated from the endometrium. Use of 3-dimensional TVS demonstrated a live embryo in a gestational sac surrounded by myometrium below the right cornu lying outside the endometrium. This finding was confirmed by laparotomy and the conceptus was excised. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged 7 days after surgery. In our case, the previous adnexectomy was an identifiable risk factor. Nonetheless, making a diagnosis of an intramural pregnancy was challenging. Suspicion may arise when sonography has revealed an intramural gestational sac.
Local application of cyclic AMP in the rat brain: Characterization of the cardiovascular response

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that central administration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) produces a dose-dependent rise in blood pressure accompanied by tachycardia. In an attempt to delineate brain sites that mediate these cardiovascular responses, DBcAMP was stereotaxically injected into local brain areas. Injections of 100 μg into the right lateral, third, and fourth ventricles produced pressor responses. Perfusion of the brain from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna with 15 μg/25 μl per min induced a rise in blood pressure and significant bradycardia. The cyclic nucleotide was injected unilaterally in doses of 10, 25, and 50 μg into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PNH), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), locus coeruleus (LC), and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). PHN injections induced tachycardia with minimal changes in blood pressure. Bradycardia and a depressor response were observed following injection of the 10 μg dose into the LC. Within the AHA, DBcAMP (10 μg) did not induce significant changes in cardiovascular function. Additionally, injections into the NTS initiated a biphasic depressor-pressor effect. Within these sites, cardiovascular responses to the 10 μg dose of DBcAMP paralleled those observed after adrenergic activation. These results strongly suggest that cyclic AMP functions as a second messenger within select central cardiovascular regulatory sites and plays an important role in cardiovascular regulation.
Biopsy Gleason score: how does it correlate with the final pathological diagnosis in prostate cancer?

Objective To evaluate the role of the Gleason score of needle biopsies of the prostate in predicting the final pathological staging of patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated by radical prostatectomy. Patients and methods The records of 466 patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated by radical prostatectomy were reviewed, comparing the Gleason scores of the core-needle biopsies with the Gleason score and final pathological staging of the surgical specimens. Results The biopsy grade was the same as that of the prostatectomy specimen in 54% of the patients. The most common discordance was the upgrading of well-differentiated tumours in 75% of the patients. When the biopsy grade was compared with the surgical pathological stage, 49% of low- and 82% of high-grade lesions in the biopsy had capsular penetration by tumour or locally advanced disease (Stage C and D1). Conclusion Well-differentiated tumours on the biopsy core are not predictive of organ-confined disease, but a poorly differentiated lesion is a good indicator of extracapsular extension of the cancer.
CD45 isoforms associated with distinct functions of CD4 cells derived from unusual healthy donors lacking CD45RA—T lymphocytes

We now report two healthy individuals whose T lymphocytes were over 95% positive for CD45RA antigen expression. However, these donors normally expressed both the CD29 high (CD29+) and CD45RO high (CD45RO+) antigens on approximately 40 and 50% of their CD4 cells, respectively. Despite the strong CD45RA expression on the surface of almost all CD4 cells, the CD29 marker allowed T cells from these donors to be divided phenotypically into subsets having distinct in vitro function. CD4+CD29+ cells from these donors responded maximally to recall antigens such as TT and provided strong helper function for B cell Ig synthesis. In contrast, CD4+CD29- cells responded poorly to recall antigens and had poor helper function for B cell Ig synthesis, but had strong suppressor activity. Thus, CD29 antigen expression was still predictive of the in vitro functional activity as previously described for normal donors. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of the distribution of individual CD45 isoforms on the surface of these subsets of CD4 cells revealed distinct differences. The CD4+CD29 high (CD4+CD29+) subset of cells primarily expressed the 180-, 190-, and 205-kDa CD45 isoforms, while the CD4+CD29 low (CD4+CD29-) cells primarily expressed the 190-, 205-, and 220-kDa CD45 isoforms. These results suggest that despite the superficial phenotypic similarity of CD4 cells in these donors, distinctions in the distribution of both CD29 and the 180- and 220-kDa CD45 isoforms exist and might play a role in the different functions of freshly isolated CD4 lymphocytes.
The isolation and characterization of a colony stimulating factor from human lung.

Abstract Serum-free conditioned medium from human lung obtained at autopsy provides a rich source of colony stimulating factor which stimulates granulocytic and macrophagic colony growth in both mouse and human bone marrow. The appearance of the factor is enhanced by endotoxin and inhibited by either puromycin or actinomycin D. Human lung colony stimulating factor is stable at the pH range of 6.5–10 and temperature of 56°C for 30 min. It is resistant to trypsin and neuraminidase but is sensitive to subtilisin, chymotrypsin and periodate. It shows heterogeneity on Sephadex gel filtration with two activity peaks having molecular weight of 200 000 and 40 000, respectively. Upon gel electrophoresis, human lung colony stimulating factor migrates in the α-globulin post-albumin region. Using the combination procedures of hydroxyapatite chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a 600-fold purification was achieved with a final specific activity of 6 · 10 5 units per mg protein. The purified colony stimulating factor is very labile: however, the activity can be stabilized by the addition of gelatin or bovine serum albumin at the concentration of 0.1% and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively.
Regulation of arrestin-3 phosphorylation by casein kinase II.

Arrestins play an important role in regulating the function of G protein-coupled receptors including receptor desensitization, internalization, down-regulation, and signaling via nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Previous studies have revealed that arrestins themselves are also subject to regulation. In the present study, we focused on identifying potential mechanisms involved in regulating the function of arrestin-3. Using metabolic labeling, phosphoamino acid analysis, and mutagenesis studies, we found that arrestin-3 is constitutively phosphorylated at Thr-382 and becomes dephosphorylated upon β2-adrenergic receptor activation in COS-1 cells. Casein kinase II (CKII) appears to be the major kinase mediating arrestin-3 phosphorylation, since 1) Thr-382 is contained within a canonical consensus sequence for CKII phosphorylation and 2) wild type arrestin-3 but not a T382A mutant is phosphorylated by CKII in vitro. Functional analysis reveals that mutants mimicking the phosphorylated (T382E) and dephosphorylated (T382A or T382V) states of arrestin-3 promote β2-adrenergic receptor internalization and bind clathrin, β-adaptin, and Src to comparable levels as wild type arrestin-3. This suggests that the phosphorylation of arrestin-3 does not directly regulate interaction with endocytic (clathrin, β-adaptin) or signaling (Src) components and is in contrast to arrestin-2, where phosphorylation appears to regulate interaction with clathrin and Src. However, additional analysis reveals that arrestin-3 phosphorylation may regulate formation of a large arrestin-3-containing protein complex. Differences between the regulatory roles of arrestin-2 and -3 phosphorylation may contribute to the different cellular functions of these proteins in G protein-coupled receptor signaling and regulation.
Recent Progress and Plans for Heavy Ion Fusion

The heavy ion inertial fusion community has completed two years of conceptual designs, cost estimates, theoretical analyses and a modest experimental effort in ion sources and preaccelerators. Designs have narrowed to rf linacs (with storage rings) and induction linacs. Considerable progress has been made in the theory of high current beam handling. Ion sources at levels appropriate to both linac types have been demonstrated. Attention is turning to more detailed accelerator designs appropriate to a three-stage program, the first stage involving demonstration of high current beam techniques, the second stage aimed at ion-pellet deposition experiments, the third stage being a megajoule class pellet driver. In this paper progress is reviewed, with emphasis on program implications.
Linear Estimates of Variable-Volume, Single-Pool Kt/V: An Analysis of Error

Two linear approximations of variable-volume, single-pool Kt/V were compared. Each is based on the corrected postserum/preserum urea nitrogen ratio (R), called R', where R' = R - 0.03 - UF/W (UF/W being the ratio of the ultrafiltrate volume removed to the postdialysis weight). The two formulas were derived by construction of tangents to the exponential curve y = -In(R') at approximately 1.0 and 1.3, namely, y = 2 - 2.7(R') and y = 2.2 - 3.3(R'), respectively. The linear formulas were compared with each other and to our previous logarithmic formula -In(R - 0.008*t - UF/W). All were compared with the modeled Kt/V using a variable-volume, single-pool kinetic model in 500 dialysis sessions, with Kt/V ranging from 0.7 to 2.1. Analysis of error uncovered systematic errors in all the formulas. However, each of the new linear formulas had very little systematic error in the Kt/V range it was designed for, over a span of 0.6 - 0.7 Kt/V units. Outside this range the linear formulas underestimate the variable-volume, single-pool modeled Kt/V, but, barring two-pool or other technical errors, they do not markedly overestimate Kt/V in any Kt/V range. The total error with the new linear formulas was an acceptable 5%, in the range they were designed for. The results suggest that precise estimates of Kt/V can be derived using linear formulas as long as a given Kt/V range is targeted.
Are Encapsulated Papillary Carcinomas of the Breast In Situ or Invasive? A Basement Membrane Study of 27 Cases

Encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) of the breast is traditionally considered a variant of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, recent studies show EPCs lack myoepithelial cells at their periphery, leading some to conclude that EPCs are invasive. We used a robust collagen type IV immunohistochemical procedure to assess invasion in 21 cases of pure EPC and 6 EPCs with adjacent invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and compared these results with those for papilloma, DCIS, and IDC. Moderate to intense collagen type IV expression was seen in all EPCs and was absent or decreased in all IDCs. All patients with pure EPC had negative axillary nodes with the exception of 1 who had a micrometastasis, and all were alive with no evidence of disease at follow-up (mean, 40.4 months). EPCs are in situ carcinomas with an excellent prognosis and can be managed with local therapy with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Distributed Feature-Specific Imaging

We describe a distributed network of low-power feature-specific (i.e., compressive) imagers. Several candidate projection types are compared. Linear minimum mean squared error estimation is used for reconstruction. Image quality and sensor lifetime are quantified.