cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnesium Absorption and Secretion along the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Chicken

Comparative-balance and isotope-dilution techniques were employed in two experiments to determine magnesium ( Mg ) absorption and secretion along the digestive tract of the chicken. Mature male chickens, fed semipurified diets containing 382 ppm Mg and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as a marker, were each given 14 /Â?Ci MMg by intramuscular injection. Samples were collected 24 and 48 hours after ""Mg administra tion in experiment 1 and 48 hours after administration in experiment 2. At the end of each period the chickens were killed and plasma, intestinal mucosa, heart, liver, tibia and gastrointestinal contents were sampled for analysis. The soft tissue Mg equilibrated with plasma ""Mg. However, only a small part of bone Mg was in equilibrium with the plasma Mg 48 hours postadministration. A net secretion of Mg occurred in the duodenum. However, absorption of both dietary and endogenous Mg was greatest in the duodenum and jejunum. Over 50% of the total dietary Mg absorbed during passage through the tract was absorbed in this region. Additional absorption occurred in the ileum and colon. The combined isotope-dilution and comparative-balance data showed that 72% of dietary Mg was absorbed during passage along the gastrointestinal tract, although comparative-balance data alone indicated that the chickens were essentially in Mg balance. J. Nutr. 103; 875-881, 1973.
Chemotherapy for Salivary Gland Cancer

Because of the scarcity of such lesions, little is known about the efficacy of chemotherapy for advanced salivary gland cancers. Although surgery and irradiation are the mainstays of treatment, patients with recurrent tumors and those with unresectable or metastatic cancer are not candidates for this usual approach. Ten patients with recurrent, metastatic, or unresectable salivary gland tumors were treated with combination chemotherapy, primarily with cisplatin, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide, or cisplatin with 5-fluorouracil. In patients whose tumors exhibited no response, second-line drugs were used. The overall response rate was 50%--with one complete response--but the duration of response was short. This report contributes to the growing data base that demonstrates definite chemosensitivity of these tumors. To date, 116 patients have been reviewed. Adenocarcinoma-like cancers respond best to cisplatin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, and 5-fluorouracil. High-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma may show a sensitivity similar to that of squamous cell carcinoma. Multi-institutional protocols need to be developed to assess the roles of adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy in the treatment of salivary gland cancer.
Integer-forcing interference alignment: Iterative optimization via aligned lattice reduction

For the K-user MIMO interference channel, some form of interference alignment is needed to attain the highest possible rates. For the important special case of linear alignment strategies, many iterative optimization algorithms have been proposed that aim to maximize the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) at each receiver. Recent work has demonstrated the advantages of integer-forcing interference alignment (IFIA), which first decodes aligned integer-linear combinations of the codewords and then solves for the desired messages. This paper proposes a class of iterative optimization algorithms for IFIA and demonstrates its advantages via simulations.
Numerical studies of strong focusing in planar undulators

The present trend towards short wavelength operation with long undulators places tight requirements on the electron beam quality and hence the need to maintain a well focused beam. This paper examines the performance of alternating gradient (AG) sextupole focusing in planar undulators. Numerical simulation results of free electron laser performance using AG sextupole focusing are compared to results using only natural focusing and to those using quadrupole focusing. >
The proteolytic enzymes of the K-1 strain of Streptomyces griseus obtained from a commercial preparation (Pronase). Purification and characterization of the aminopeptidases.

Abstract We described earlier the purification of Streptomyces griseus trypsin. This enzyme was demonstrated to bind diaminoalkanes and as a consequence was selectively retarded during CM-cellulose chromatography (Awad, W. M., Jr., Soto, A. R., Siegel, S., Skiba, W. E., Bernstrom, G. G. & Ochoa, M. S. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4144–4154). In order to facilitate this procedure an affinity matrix, 1,6-diaminohexane-agarose, was synthesized and demonstrated to bind the trypsin. More significant was the finding that this agarose derivative also bound the two components with aminopeptidase activity present in Pronase. The trypsin was completely separated from the aminopeptidases by initial passage through a CM-cellulose column. Thereafter, the trypsin was selectively retarded by the hexanediamine-agarose; all associated components were eluted with 1 m NaCl at pH 8, whereas the trypsin could be eluted only after application of an acidic (pH 3) buffer. This enzyme appeared to be homogeneous by other studies. Bovine trypsin was not retarded by this chromatographic procedure. The aminopeptidases were purified by passage through the same column. Their complete selective retardation was achieved only after prior treatment with sodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate. Calcium ion at low concentrations eluted the two enzymes separately. Calcium ion was required for the activity of each enzyme and also stabilized each enzyme against heat denaturation. Strontium ion could restore about two-thirds of the activities to the metal-free proteins as compared to the activities noted with calcium; other divalent cations provided much less activity. The maximum activity of each aminopeptidase lies between pH values of 7.5 and 10; each enzyme is stable between pH values of 6 and 11. These enzymes have been tentatively designated aminopeptidase 1 and aminopeptidase 2 after the order of their elution from hexanediamine-agarose; gel filtration revealed their approximate molecular weights to be 23,000 and 25,000, respectively. A single band was seen for each protein after acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Flexural failure mechanisms in unidirectional glass fibre-reinforced thermoplastics

Abstract The effect of the matrix modulus on the failure mechanisms in flexure of unidirectional glass fibre-reinforced composites with soft thermoplastic Hytrel matrices has been studied. Failure always originates on the compression side of the specimen. An increase in the matrix Young's modulus leads to a change in the failure mode from cooperative fibre microbuckling to delamination splitting microbuckling. The bending strength increases significantly with increasing matrix modulus. Cooperative fibre microbuckling is a catastrophic phenomenon without significant damage occurring in the composite system prior to the abrupt failure. Fibres are buckled both in the plane and normal to the plane of the compression surface, and the bending strength is controlled by the shear modulus of the composite. Delamination splitting microbuckling is associated with matrix splitting and consists of a relatively gradual accumulation of localized surface delaminations followed by buckling of fibre bundles. In this mechanism, the bending strength is dominated by the composite shear strength and the fibre/matrix adhesion.
Analytic-perceptual style and verbal conditioning.

Srmmary.-Relations among analytic-perceptual style, awareness, and desire for reinforcement within a Taffel-type verbal conditioning paradigm were assessed. Witkin's Embedded-figures Test and Mayman's Rorschach form level scores were analyzed separately as indices of analytic-scyle. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression with linear contrasts. Embedded-figure scores did not relare to any others. But form level interactions with awareness and desire for reinforcement and a triple interaction provided limited support for the hypothesis that an active analytic style facilitates awareness and verbal conditioning, if the reinforcer is desired. Attempts to relate personality and verbal conditioning variables have met with indifferent success (Doherty & Walker, 1966; Farber, 1963). Assuming that an active analytic perceptual style involves a problem-solving set, it was hypothesized that such a set within a verbal conditioning paradigm should result in a greater likelihood of awareness of the reinforcement contingency, and a higher level of operant responding provided the reinforcer is a desired one (Spielberger, Levin, & Shepard, 1962; Spielberger & DeNike, 1966). An active analytic-style has been concepn~alized as the ability to separate items from their irrelevant, embedding contexts (Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962) and to articulate, specify, and delineate experience. In contrast to an analytic-style, a passive global perceptual-cognitive style reflects a vague, diffuse, uncritical, experiential orientation. The positively intercorrelated methods for measuring cognitive-perceptual style within Witkin, et ul.'s (1962, pp. 44-45) framework are the tilting-room and chair, rod and frame, and Embedded-figures Test. The latter method was used in this study. The concept of secondary process thought (Hilgard, 1962) appears to have much in common with an active analytic-style: it is conceptually organized, hypothesis-testing and reality dominated. The most relevant method for assessing level of secondary thought process appears to be Mayman's ( 1962 ) Rorschach Form Level scoring system (Heath, 1965; Holt & Havel, 1960). According to Mayman, "Reality testing is an ego function when one maintains a critical-evalu
Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for giant spleens.

Background Laparoscopic splenectomy for massive splenomegaly is technically difficult, and the morcellated splenic tissue may be inadequate for histologic study. A hand-assisted technique may provide a technical advantage and allow removal of larger pieces of spleen. Methods Patients who underwent hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for massive splenomegaly were reviewed. Demographic information, operative data, and outcomes data were tabulated. Results Sixteen patients met these criteria. Mean age was 56 years (range, 35-78 years). Operating time averaged 240 min (range, 165-360 min), and median blood loss was 425 cc (range, 100-1800 cc). There were no conversions to an open procedure. Mean weight of extracted spleens was 2008 g (range, 543-4090 g). Postoperative length of stay averaged 3.3 days (range, 2-7 days). There was one postoperative complication (6.25%) and no mortality. Conclusions Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for massive splenomegaly is feasible and safe while preserving the recovery benefits of minimal access surgery. It provides an adequate specimen for histologic study.
Temperature‐induced changes in the performance of amorphous silicon multi‐junction modules in controlled light‐soaking

We extended our light-soaking tests of amorphous silicon (a-Si) modules, which were previously stabilized in light-soaking experiments conducted at 50°C and 35°C module temperatures for a combined total of 1840 h, to further light exposure at a lower temperature (25°C). We definitively establish that changes in the exposure temperature significantly modify module performance. Furthermore, we have determined that subsequent degradation observed upon light exposure at a lower temperature is completely recovered to start-of-test values within the accuracy of our measurements, as the operating temperature is increased again to 50°C. The behavior is qualitatively similar in all modules tested, suggesting that the phenomena observed are governed by fundamental a-Si properties. This conduct is consistent with the annual variations observed for a-Si modules and systems deployed in the field, at climates that undergo significant temperature variations between winter and summer seasons. Because we have emulated the annual winter–summer oscillations twice, in a controlled-climate, light-soaking chamber and because module performance was always determined from simulator measurements performed at standard conditions, it is hard to defend the notion that the changes observed are either spectral or spectrally induced in nature. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a US government work and is in the public domain in the United States.
Clinical Evaluation of the Appropriateness Use Criteria for Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography: Differences by Patient Population, Physician Specialty, and Patient Outcomes

Objectives. Determine outcome of the 2005 appropriateness use criteria (AUC) for SPECT in a diverse population of patients and physicians. Background. AUC for SPECT were the first cardiology document to identify 52 clinical indications for imaging, 49 of them for stress SPECT. AUC have been proposed as cornerstone of responsible use of perfusion imaging. Methods. 585 consecutive patients undergoing SPECT were evaluated prospectively. Appropriateness was examined for demographic variables, clinical variables, and for physician and patient subgroups. Combined end-point of total mortality, cardiac revascularization, and cardiac admissions at 1 year post SPECT was evaluated. Results. SPECT indications were: appropriate, 63%; uncertain, 20%; inappropriate, 14%; not assigned, 3%. Most appropriate SPECT were observed in patients with known coronary disease (72%), chest pain syndrome (89%), high pre-test likelihood of disease (100%), men (70%), inpatients (72%), and cardiovascular physicians' referrals (69%). End-point was reached in 53 patients (97.4% follow up). Unadjusted event rates were: appropriate (12%), uncertain (7.1%), inappropriate (2.4%) SPECT (𝑃=.01). Conclusion. Appropriateness of SPECT differs in subgroups of patients and physicians. Clinically significant outcomes occur more frequently in the appropriate stress SPECT group. Focused efforts are need for outpatients, asymptomatic patients, women, and non-cardiovascular physicians.
Automated expert multiexponential biomodeling interactively over the Internet

DIMSUM, an acronym for DIMension of a SUM of exponentials, is a highly automated expert system for fitting multiexponential models of increasing dimension to time series data. Up to now, a researcher has needed an individual copy of DIMSUM on his or her own computer as well as support to learn how to use it. W^3DIMSUM, a new implementation of DIMSUM, is web-based, new territory for interactive biomodeling, allowing interactive multiexponential model building and model discrimination over the Internet. The algorithms used are numerically intensive, so we have implemented a distributed system, with numerical processing done on our server. Only the user interface is run on the client machine, but users can load and save data and results on their machines, facilitated by our use of Java WebStart.
Elastic constants of the transition metals from a uniform electron gas.

The trends in the elastic constants of the simple and transition elemental cubic metals are explained in terms of a uniform electron-gas theory. Recently, the bonding energetics of elemental metals were systematized using a new uniform electron-gas model. Dubbed the ``ideal metal,'' this model stems from a physical interpretation of the process of cleaving the positive background, and posits that no forces act on the background in the uniform state. Previously, this new model was used to show that the cohesive energies of the elemental transition metals depend primarily on the bonding valence and the average electron density at the boundary of the unit cell. Here, we use a slight modification of the same model to show that the elastic constants of the elemental cubic metals depend primarily on the bonding valence, the density at the cell boundary, and the symmetry of the lattice.
Weapon-carrying, physical fighting, and fight-related injury among U.S. adolescents.

Abstract Introduction: Access to firearms and other weapons has been cited as an important factor contributing to the rise in violence-related injury among adolescents in the United States. Methods: Data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed to examine relationships among weapon-carrying, physical fighting, and fight-related injury among U.S. adolescents aged 12–21 years (N = 10,269). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were used to describe the association of weapon-carrying during the past 30 days with physical fighting and fight-related injury during the past 12 months. Results: Weapon-carrying (15%) and physical fighting (39%) were common among adolescents. One out of 30 (3.3%) adolescents reported receiving medical care for fight-related injuries. Controlling for demographic characteristics, youth who carried weapons were more likely than those who did not to have been in a physical fight (OR = 3.3). The association between weapon-carrying and physical fighting was stronger among females (OR = 5.0) than among males (OR = 2.9), but did not vary significantly by age, race/ethnicity, or place of residence (urban, suburban, rural). Controlling for frequency of physical fighting and demographics, adolescents who carried a handgun (OR = 2.6) or other weapon (OR = 1.6) were more likely than those who did not carry a weapon to have had medical care for fight-related injuries. Conclusions: Among adolescents, weapon-carrying is associated with increased involvement in physical fighting and a greater likelihood of injury among those who do fight. Efforts to reduce fight-related injuries among youth should stress avoidance of weapon-carrying.
Six Sigma: The role of goals in improvement teams

Abstract The tenets of goal theory have been well established as a motivation mechanism in the management literature. However, some quality-management advocates, such as W. Edwards Deming, often criticize the use of goals. This research investigates the tension between goals and quality management in the Six Sigma context. We find empirical support that goals can be effective in Six Sigma improvement teams when teams adhere to the Six Sigma tools and method. However, challenging goals are counterproductive when Six Sigma teams do not use the tools and methods rigorously. This research reconciles the differences between quality management and goal theory by showing that the Six Sigma tools and method interact with goals.
The effects of dorsolateral-frontal and ventrolateral-orbitofrontal lesions on nonspatial test performance

Performance of four Rhesus monkeys with lesions of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex was compared with that of five monkeys with ventrolateral-orbitofrontal lesions and four normal controls on tasks of spatial and nonspatial discrimination and delayed response. All of the tasks were presented in auditory and in visual modalities. Results suggest that removal of the spatial cue improves normal auditory discrimination performance, but retards normal visual discrimination performance. Lesions of either of the two areas of prefrontal cortex resulted in a large decrement in nonspatial visual discrimination performance, but did not change the nonspatial auditory discrimination scores. Removal of the spatial cue also had a deleterious effect upon normal delayed-response performance, more so with auditory than with visual cues. Removal of ventrolateral-orbitofrontal cortex produced effects similar to those observed with normal monkeys, but lesions of dorsolateral cortex had no effect on delayed-response performance in either modality.
INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GALL OF AYLAX GLECHOMAE ON NEPETA HEDERACEA

THE PROBLEM of cell growth and its control is of major importance in biological research today. Galls offer an excellent opportunity for study of abnormal tissue initiation and growth both because of their abundance and the comparative simplicity of the tissues involved. European botanists in the latter part of the 19th century catalogued and observed galls and gall-makers and made a few anatomical studies of galls. Relatively little research on galls has been carried on since the turn of the century. Gall studies need reinterpretation and further investigation in the light of more recent developments in the fields of anatomy, cytology, and physiology. Toward this end the present study undertakes to determine how -gall growth takes place, how normal leaf cells compare with gall cells, and if possible, the nature of the stimulus for gall formation. The gall of Nepeta hederacea was selected for study because normal leaf growth is relatively simple with only primary tissues involved except in major veins. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Materials were collected near Roanoke, Virginia, in Charlottesville, Virginia, and at Blandy Experimental Farm near Boyce, Virginia. Seventy stem apices and over sixty galls of graduated size were fixed in formalinacetic-alcohol for 18-24 hr., or in Randolph's modification of Navas'hin for 12 hr. Galls to be tested for ribose nucleic acid were fixed in Helly's mixture (Lee, 1937) for 12 hr. and later treated with iodine alcohol. The stem apices and galls were dehydrated and cleared in ethyl alcohol and chloroform respectively, after which they were embedded in a 1 :1 paraflin-Tissuemat combination. Stem apices were sectioned at 7 and at 12 /, either longitudinally or transversely. 'Galls were cut at 7 and at 12 I, longitudinally, transversely, or paradermally. For general anatomical study most of the sectioned material was stained with safranin-fast green or safranin-anilin blue using tannic acid mordant. Photomicrographs were made in most cases from slides stained with safranin-anilin blue. Sectioned material for nuclear observations was stained by the Feulgen reaction. Tissues fixed in Helly's mixture to be tested for ribose nucleic acid were treated with ribonuclease.2 Twenty slides were placed in distilled water con-
The concerted trimerization of ethyne to benzene revisited

Abstract CCSD(T)/6-311G ∗∗ //QCISD/6-311G ∗∗ calculations on the concerted [2+2+2] trimerization of ethyne to benzene yield Δ H trim o (HCCH)=−140.2 kcal/mol and Δ H act o (HCCH)=53.1 kcal/mol. The corresponding transition state (TS) possesses C 2 symmetry, although both the planar D 3h and nonplanar D 3 structures are negligibly higher in energy, indicating extreme flatness of the potential energy hypersurface along the distortion paths. The analogous trimerizations of HCCCl and ClCCCl are predicted to be considerably more exothermic. As the respective TSs cannot be located and the planar pseudo-TSs that possess several imaginary vibrational frequencies are associated with high reaction barriers, the concerted mechanism can be ruled out for these reactions.
Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with a childhood history of attention deficit disorder: II. Information processing.

Abstract Nineteen adolescents with a childhood history of Attention Deficit Disorder received tests of memory scanning and vigilance after 3 weeks each of placebo and methylphenidate therapy. Cognitive processing and event-related potentials were enhanced by the stimulant. A detailed examination of these measures disclosed that methylphenidate speeded up evaluation as well as response processes. Thus, as previously found among preadolescent ADD patients, methylphenidate yielded clinical benefits and improved information processing among adolescent ADD patients.
Thermoresponsive Nanocomposite Hydrogels: Transparency, Rapid Deswelling and Cell Release.

Thermal modulation reversibly switches poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels between a water-swollen and a deswollen state which is useful for a variety of biomedical applications. The utility and efficiency of PNIPAAm hydrogels requires tailoring their rate of deswelling/reswelling, mechanical properties and/or optical clarity. In the current work, we prepared novel thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels comprised of a PNIPAAm hydrogel matrix and polysiloxane colloidal nanoparticles (~54 nm ave. diameter) via in situ photopolymerization of aqueous solutions of NIPAAm monomer, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS, crosslinker), photoinitiator and 0.5–4.0 wt% polysiloxane nanoparticles (wt% solids of nanoparticles with respect to NIPAAm weight) at ~7 °C. At these nanoparticle concentrations, the nanocomposite hydrogels were more optically transparent versus those prepared with analogous larger nanoparticles (~219 nm ave. diameter). The volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of the nanocomposite hydrogels was conveniently unaltered versus that of the pure PNIPAAm hydrogel. Incorporation of nanoparticles caused enhancement in modulus as well as the extent and rate of deswelling. When cooled from 37 °C to 25 °C, mouse smooth muscle precursor cells (10T1/2) were effectively detached from nanocomposite hydrogel surfaces due to hydrogel swelling.
The sympathetic tone mediates leptin's inhibition of insulin secretion by modulating osteocalcin bioactivity

The osteoblast-secreted molecule osteocalcin favors insulin secretion, but how this function is regulated in vivo by extracellular signals is for now unknown. In this study, we show that leptin, which instead inhibits insulin secretion, partly uses the sympathetic nervous system to fulfill this function. Remarkably, for our purpose, an osteoblast-specific ablation of sympathetic signaling results in a leptin-dependent hyperinsulinemia. In osteoblasts, sympathetic tone stimulates expression of Esp, a gene inhibiting the activity of osteocalcin, which is an insulin secretagogue. Accordingly, Esp inactivation doubles hyperinsulinemia and delays glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice, whereas Osteocalcin inactivation halves their hyperinsulinemia. By showing that leptin inhibits insulin secretion by decreasing osteocalcin bioactivity, this study illustrates the importance of the relationship existing between fat and skeleton for the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
Practical guidelines for the management of chronic myelogenous leukemia with interferon alpha.

Interferon-A (IFN-A) is an effective agent in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Hematologic remissions occur in the majority of patients with newly diagnosed disease, and cytogenetic remissions may occur in up to 50% of patients. Several studies have shown a correlation between the dose of IFN-A and achievement of a major cytogenetic response; this response has also been correlated with prolonged survival. However, IFN-A may be associated with significant side effects that reduce enthusiasm for the use of this drug, produce difficulties in patient compliance, and limit the dose delivered to the patient, thus resulting in ineffective use of IFN-A. Experience with this drug has led to a refinement in techniques for initiation of therapy as well as interventions to deal with side effects. These strategies are often not discussed in publications dealing with response rates and survival. In this review we discuss strategies to minimize toxicity and improve the effectiveness of IFN-A in the t...
TRIAL COURTS AS ORGANIZATIONS: A Critique and Synthesis

This article has two purposes: (1) to suggest that the informal workgroup is the most appropriate concept from organization theory to explain both participant behavior occurring in criminal trial courts and trial court outputs; and (2) to use the informal workgroup framework to structure the findings generated by previous studies of trial courts. The informal workgroup proves to be a useful way to account for the disjuncture between the adversarial expectations and regularized individual behavior patterns researchers find in criminal trial courts. Furthermore, this concept provides a vehicle to explain the development of uniformities in output such as a classification of criminals, the categorization of crime, and sentencing yardsticks. The conclusion discusses the implications of the informal workgroup for efforts aimed at court reform.
Thermoelastic transformation in Cu - Al - Mn alloys

Heat treatment of Cu - 10%Al - Mn alloys with a low concentration of manganese can be accompanied by a β′ → β″ transformation. The effect of manganese on the temperature range of this transformation and its kinetics is investigated.
Protein transport to the yeast vacuole

Genetic and biochemical analyses of yeast vacuolar protein localization have identified more than 40 gene products that play a role in this process. Included among these components are a sorting receptor, a protein kinase, a phosphatidylinositol kinase, small GTP-binding proteins and a dynamin-like GTPase. Some of these gene products are homologous to proteins required for sorting and transport at other stages of the secretory and endocytic pathways. Others appear to be required for unique functions in the vacuolar protein localization pathway. Recent studies have helped to define the role that each of these components plays in vacuolar protein localization and have offered new insights into the molecular mechanisms of protein sorting.
Genetic analysis of behaviors related to the solution of a detour learning task

A diallel cross involving five noninbred (purebred) lines of Japanese quail indicated that additive and nonadditive genetic effects had important influences on behaviors involved in a detour learning task. Social isolation for 3 hr was used to provide additional motivation which enabled detection of differences among strains. The percentage of quail, within purebred lines, that solved a 4-min detour task three or more consecutive times ranged from 52 to 72. Differences among purebreds were significant for most of the components of the learning task. Further, the data suggested strain differences associated with the successful attainment of the desired goal when there was a similar level of general activity.
Phase transitions in amorphous ferromagnets with uniaxial and biaxial anisotropy

Abstract The structure of the phase transitions for a spin-one Heisenberg ferromagnet with uniaxial and biaxial single-ion anisotropy is investigated within a mean-field approximation. Using Landau's theory of continuous phase transitions, conditions are established for the regions of first- and second-order transitions. Having determined these regions for the crystalline case, the magnitudes of the uniaxial and biaxial anisotropies are then allowed to fluctuate randomly within a uniform distribution about their crystalline values. The magnetization curve is shifted from its crystalline values for both types of fluctuations. It is possible for these fluctuations to cause a second-order transition to go over to a first-order one.
The EGF\EGF-Receptor Axis Modulates Enterocyte Apoptosis during Intestinal Adaptation

Background.Adaptation after small bowel resection (SBR) is characterized by a new set point in the balance of enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis. Since epidermal growth factor (EGF) augments both proliferation and adaptation, we sought to determine the effect of EGF receptor manipulation on apoptosis following SBR. Materials and Methods.Male ICR mice underwent 50% SBR or sham operation (bowel transection with reanastomosis) and then were given EGF (50 μg/kg/day) or saline by orogastric gavage. At 1 week, a proliferation index (PI) was measured in the ileum by BrdU uptake and an apoptosis index in crypts (cAI) and villi (vAI) scored by counting apoptotic bodies in enterocytes. In other experiments, AI was scored after SBR in mice with defective receptors (waved-2). Results are expressed as means ± SE and evaluated statistically using ANOVA. # denotesP< 0.001. Results.Following SBR, EGF increased PI (40 ± 2% vs 50 ± 1% BrdU + cells; #), villus height (252 ± 4μm vs 401 ± 15 μm; #), and crypt depth (77.3 ± 1.5μm vs 120.8 ± 5 μm; #). When compared with sham, SBR resulted in increased cAI (0.3 ± 0.02 vs 2.0 ± 0.1; #) and vAI (0.4 ± 0.05 vs 1.1 ± 0.1; #). EGF attenuated both cAI (0.5 ± 0.04) and vAI (0.5 ± 0.03) following SBR. In thewaved-2mice, the highest levels of cAI (3.1 ± 0.2) and vAI (3.6 ± 0.3) were noted after SBR. Conclusions.Enterocyte apoptosis during adaptation is attenuated by EGF and exaggerated when the EGF receptor is defective. In addition to enhancing proliferation, suppression of apoptosis may provide a previously unrecognized mechanism for the beneficial effect of EGF during intestinal adaptation.
The effect of oxidation on the mechanical behavior of nickel at 600°C

Abstract The tensile and creep behavior of 99.85 and 99.97% nickel were determined at 600°C after oxidation for various times at 1200°C. Marked changes occurred in the creep properties of 99.85% nickel, but there was little effect on the tensile properties. Severe degradation was found in both tensile and creep properties of the 99.97% nickel after oxidation. The higher-purity nickel internally oxidized at the grain boundaries, resulting in notch effects, increased cavitation and inherent brittleness. Results are correlated with structural differences caused by oxidation.
Social isolation, activeness and leisure reading among the blind.

Abstract In a pilot study of blind persons, social isolation correlates negatively with several measures of interest in reading. To explain this finding, isolation, it is argued, must be thought of as one facet of a larger constellation of psychological tendencies. This constellation is operationalized as the activeness variable. Activeness shows a fairly strong correlation with reading, a correlation which is not wiped out by controlling for education. Data suggesting some antecedents of activeness are presented, and the policy implications of the findings discussed.
Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by the microinjection of nerve growth factor into the pontine reticular formation of the cat

Abstract Nerve growth factor is an endogenous protein which belongs to the neurotrophin family of trophic factors.13 According to the neurotrophic hypothesis, neurotrophins are synthesized by target tissues and regulate the survival and phenotype of their innervating neurons.12,13 Whereas these trophic molecules have been mainly thought to be involved in developmental processes, their existence in the central nervous system of the adult animal suggests that they may play a role in neuronal physiology. Recently, it has been reported that neurons that express messenger RNA for two neurotrophins, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3, are located medial to the locus coeruleus and ventral to the fourth ventricle.6 This area corresponds to the latero-dorsal tegmental nucleus, which contains cholinergic neurons that have been implicated in the generation of rapid eye movement sleep.11,21 In turn, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus is reciprocally connected with the nucleus pontis oralis in the rostrodorsal pontine reticular formation,20 which is an area that is involved in the initiation of the physiological patterns of activity that define the state of rapid eye movement sleep.5,10,11 Scattered neurons in the nucleus pontis oralis express the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor18 which also binds the other neurotrophins with similar affinity.12 In addition, neurons in the area of the nucleus pontis oralis have been reported to express a subtype of the neurotrophin high affinity receptors.7 These membrane receptors, independently or in combination with the low affinity receptors, have been proposed to mediate the delayed, long-term effects of neurotrophins.9,15 Based upon these data, we tested the hypothesis that neurotrophins may induce a delayed, long-term enhancement of rapid eye movement sleep by acting as a signal to upregulate the activity of nucleus pontis oralis neurons that are implicated in the generation of this state. We found that the microinjection of nerve growth factor, the prototypic neurotrophin, into the nucleus pontis oralis elicited with a relatively short latency a behavioral state which was polygraphically identical to rapid eye movement sleep. This finding indicates that nerve growth factor is capable of inducing a rapid change in the activity of nucleus pontis oralis neurons related to rapid eye movement sleep and raises the intriguing possibility that neurotrophins may be implicated in the generation of this behavioral state.
A note on plant cell growth modelling

Abstract A model for plant cell growth in batch cultures1 is reassessed. By simple analysis, it is shown that the predicted oscillatory growth behavior resides mostly with the assumed cell distribution for the inoculum. The substrate consumption equation is shown to imply that cells consume substrate at only a short and well defined interval of the cell cycle. Alternatives to generate the initial synchrony are briefly discussed.
Heterotypic signaling between epithelial tumor cells and fibroblasts in carcinoma formation.

Tumors arise from cells that have sustained genetic mutations resulting in deregulation of several of their normal growth-controlling mechanisms. Much of the research concerning the origins of cancer has focused on the genetic mutations within tumor cells, treating tumorigenesis as a cell-autonomous process governed by the genes carried by the tumor cells themselves. However, it is increasingly apparent that the stromal microenvironment in which the tumor cells develop profoundly influences many steps of tumor progression. In various experimental tumor models, the microenvironment affects the efficiency of tumor formation, the rate of tumor growth, the extent of invasiveness, and the ability of tumor cells to metastasize. In carcinomas, the influences of the microenvironment are mediated, in large part, by paracrine signaling between epithelial tumor cells and neighboring stromal fibroblasts. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the paracrine signaling interactions between epithelial cancer cells and associated fibroblasts and examine the effects of these bidirectional interactions on various aspects of carcinoma formation. We note, however, that paracrine signaling between other cell types within the carcinomas, such as endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, may play equally important roles in tumor formation and we will refer to these heterotypic interactions where relevant.
The generalised machine layout problem

The Generalised MAchine Layout Problem (GMALP) is a generalisation of the integrated machine and layout problem, which is an extension of the machine layout problem. More specifically, the GMALP is the designing of a facility layout by defining the product mix, selecting the number of machines to be used, assigning these machines to the plant floor, and assigning products to machines such that total profit is maximised. Moreover, the GMALP integrates the quadratic assignment problem with a multicommodity flow problem. Therefore, the GMALP is a computationally intractable problem. Consequently, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model was developed and used to solve small problem instances. Also, two simple construction algorithms and a tabu search (TS) heuristic were developed for solving large GMALP instances in acceptable computation times. In addition, a test dataset was used to evaluate the performances of the TS heuristic using the different construction algorithms. The results show that the TS he...
Compatible, total energy conserving and symmetry preserving arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian hydrodynamics in 2D rz – Cylindrical coordinates

We present a new discretization for 2D arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian hydrodynamics in rz geometry (cylindrical coordinates) that is compatible, total energy conserving and symmetry preserving. In the first part of the paper, we describe the discretization of the basic Lagrangian hydrodynamics equations in axisymmetric 2D rz geometry on general polygonal meshes. It exactly preserves planar, cylindrical and spherical symmetry of the flow on meshes aligned with the flow. In particular, spherical symmetry is preserved on polar equiangular meshes. The discretization conserves total energy exactly up to machine round-off on any mesh. It has a consistent definition of kinetic energy in the zone that is exact for a velocity field with constant magnitude. The method for discretization of the Lagrangian equations is based on ideas presented in [2,3,7], where the authors use a special procedure to distribute zonal mass to corners of the zone (subzonal masses). The momentum equation is discretized in its “Cartesian” form with a special definition of “planar” masses (area-weighted). The principal contributions of this part of the paper are as follows: a definition of “planar” subzonal mass for nodes on the z axis (r=0) that does not require a special procedure for movement of these nodes; proof of conservation of the total energy; formulated for general polygonal meshes. We present numerical examples that demonstrate the robustness of the new method for Lagrangian equations on a variety of grids and test problems including polygonal meshes. In particular, we demonstrate the importance of conservation of total energy for correctly modeling shock waves. In the second part of the paper we describe the remapping stage of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian algorithm. The general idea is based on the following papers [25–28], where it was described for Cartesian coordinates. We describe a distribution-based algorithm for the definition of remapped subzonal densities and a local constrained-optimization-based approach for each zone to find the subzonal mass fluxes. In this paper we give a systematic and complete description of the algorithm for the axisymmetric case and provide justification for our approach.1 The ALE algorithm conserves total energy on arbitrary meshes and preserves symmetry when remapping from one equiangular polar mesh to another. The principal contributions of this part of the paper are the extension of this algorithm to general polygonal meshes and 2D rz geometry with requirement of symmetry preservation on special meshes. We present numerical examples that demonstrate the robustness of the new ALE method on a variety of grids and test problems including polygonal meshes and some realistic experiments. We confirm the importance of conservation of total energy for correctly modeling shock waves.
A Question of Balance: The Autism-Vaccine Controversy in the British and American Elite Press

Although balance is a well-known and arguably important journalistic norm, how should journalists adhere to this norm when the bulk of scientific evidence clearly favors one (presumably accurate) p...
Farmer Choice of Sorghum Varieties in Southern Mali

In southern Mali and throughout the semiarid tropics, small-scale family farmers are faced with the challenge of producing adequate harvests in difficult biophysical and socioeconomic environments. Professional plant breeders have had much difficulty developing modern varieties that outperform farmers’ traditional varieties in these environments, in part because of an incomplete understanding of why farmers choose the varieties they grow. Improved understanding of farmers’ varietal choices can contribute to collaboration between farmers and formal plant breeders. Based on a 15-month field study in Dissan, Mali, we examine farmer's choices among their traditional sorghum varieties in terms of one or more than one variety, and short-cycle or long-cycle varieties, and the interaction between these two choices. Results support our general hypothesis that farmers choose varieties to optimize outputs in the face of variation in the growing environment and in human managed inputs such as labor and tools.
Pre-Cenozoic normal faulting in the Osgood Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada

The Getchell fault system consists of several major faults extending for more than 25 km along the eastern side of the Osgood Mountains. Movement on the fault system has been complex and largely dip slip in character. The emplacement of igneous rocks and subsequent gold deposits was controlled by the fault system; dating of the igneous rocks indicates that the fault system existed in Late Cretaceous time.
Catalytic microdetermination of mercury

Abstract An automatic spectrophotometric reaction-rate method is described for the microdetermination of mercury. The method is based on the catalytic effect of mercury on the reaction of ferrocyanide with nitrosobenzene. The time required for production of a small fixed amount of the violet product as given by a preselected change in the output voltage of a photoconductive circuit, is measured automatically and related directly to the mercury concentration. The possibility of masking interfering ions with EDTA was examined. Amounts of mercury in the range 0.25–2.5 /smg, were determined with relative errors of 1–2% in measurement times of only 15–120 sec. Results obtained with mercurial compounds, treated with bromine water, were within 1–2% of the theoretical values and results obtained with pharmaceutical preparations were within the range assigned to those preparations.
The Effects of Rate on Single-Word Reading Assessment

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of introducing rapid stimulus presentation durations while limiting response durations on the decoding profiles of college students with...
Viscoelastic properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced multiscale syntactic foam

Abstract The viscoelastic properties of carbon nanofiber (CNF) reinforced multiscale composites are examined in this study in the temperature range −75 to 200 °C. The study is focused on determining the effect of CNF and glass hollow particle content on the properties of syntactic foams. Ten different compositions of CNF reinforced syntactic foam and four different compositions of CNF/epoxy composites are evaluated for storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping parameter using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. In addition, the maximum use and glass transition temperatures are also determined. With respect to neat epoxy, the storage modulus and loss modulus for CNF/epoxy composites increase with CNF content by as much as 14.6% and 22.6% at room temperature, respectively. The loss modulus of CNF/syntactic foams is shown to increase by up to 25.3% at room temperature, and the maximum use and glass transition temperatures of CNF/epoxy composites increased by a maximum of 9.1% and 8.6%, respectively. The maximum use and glass transition temperatures of CNF/syntactic foams are observed to increase by up to 27.1% and 25.0%, respectively, with respect to neat epoxy. The ability to tailor the properties by means of CNFs and glass hollow particles and improved stabilities of reinforced syntactic foams at high temperatures is important for aerospace applications of syntactic foams.
Early Child Care and Illness among Preschoolers

The majority of young American children regularly spend time in nonparental care settings. Such arrangements are associated with their experiences of common childhood illnesses. Why this linkage exists, how it varies across the socioeconomic spectrum, and whether it has implications for how parents arrange care are all important theoretical and policy issues. In this study, therefore, we applied a fixed-effects design within structural equation modeling to data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1,364). Results revealed that children were sick more often when cared for in a center and had more peer exposure in their primary care settings, although this latter association was observed only among children of the least educated mothers. Net of such factors, children in multiple arrangements did not experience more illness, but illnesses tended to decrease subsequent peer exposure as parents changed children's care arrangements.
Antiarrhythmic therapy in 2014: Contemporary approaches to treating arrhythmias

Advances in treating cardiac arrhythmias include autonomic manipulation, drugs, imaging, devices, and genetics. I have selected articles published in 2014 that further our knowledge in each area, and which are representative of other important articles that could not be cited. Highlighting five diverse areas emphasizes the complexity of treating arrhythmias.