cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE VERB TENSE TO BE USED IN THE INVESTIGATOR'S BROCHURE

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations pertaining to preparation of an Investigator’s Brochure (IB) emphasize that the IB should summarize preclinical and clinical effects of the drug substance, and not that experiments should be archived in detail. The proper verb tense for presenting summarized effects believed by sponsors to characterize the effects of a new drug is the present. For example, sponsors should summarize results from their supportive animal safety studies in the IB by asserting which effects are or arc not present in the species under test, and not which were or
Humanist Spirituality and Ecclesial Reaction: Thomas More's Monstra

Cornelius Grapheus was responsible for this sales promotion. Along with other prefatory material, it introduced Thomas More's Utopia to readers in 1516. More's friend, Erasmus of Rotterdam, had collected endorsement, and either he or Peter Giles had approached Grapheus, then secretary to the municipal government at Antwerp. It is reasonable to assume that Grapheus jumped at the chance to associate his name with the new work. He had published nothing before this time, save for some devotional verse in 1514, yet careers were launched, patrons found, and reputations ennobled by promotional material as well as by the material promoted.2 But Grapheus appears oddly equivocal when he cheers More's monstra. The inducement hardly seems compatible with what we know, or with what we think we know of humanists' sunny and optimistic dispositions. What are we to make of that "vast emptiness?" Did Grapheus smuggle some skepticism into his assignment? Could "nova monstra" mean both "marvelous new things" and "monstrous new things?"
Measurement of the Secondary Radionuclides 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 54Mn, and 14C and Implications for the Galactic Cosmic-Ray Age

We report on abundance measurements of ^(10)Be, ^(26)Al, ^(36)Cl, and ^(54)Mn in the Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) using the Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) instrument aboard the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft at energies from ~70 to ~400 MeV nucleon^(-1). We also report an upper limit on the abundance of GCR ^(14)C. The high statistical significance of these measurements allows the energy dependence of their relative abundances to be studied. A steady-state, leaky-box propagation model, incorporating observations of the local interstellar medium (ISM) composition and density and recent partial fragmentation cross section measurements, is used to interpret these abundances. Using this model, the individual galactic confinement times derived using data for each species are consistent with a unique confinement time value of τ_(esc) = 15.0 ± 1.6 Myr. The CRIS abundance measurements are consistent with propagation through an average ISM hydrogen number density n_H = 0.34 ± 0.04 H atoms cm^(-3). The surviving fractions, f, for each radioactive species have been calculated. From predictions of the diffusion models of Ptuskin & Soutoul, the values of f indicate an interstellar cosmic-ray diffusion coefficient of D = (3.5 ± 2.0) × 10^(28) cm^2 s^(-1).
Defending the Union: Andrew Jackson's Nullification Proclamation and American Federalism

This essay contends that we can better understand Andrew Jackson's distinctive account of federalism by looking outside the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian political traditions. More appropriate peers for Jackson, as a constitutional statesman, are John Marshall and Abraham Lincoln. Existing treatments of Jackson miss these connections because they focus primarily on his roles as party leader and reformer, to the neglect of his constitutional statesmanship. A major cause of this neglect is the apparent inconsistency between Jackson's “nationalist” account of the Union in the Nullification Proclamation and his advocacy of “states' rights” elsewhere, a tension that can be resolved by a closer reading of Jackson's rhetoric. Among other things, this redefinition of Jackson's legacy demonstrates that there is no necessary tension between a strong union and meaningful limits on federal power; nor is there a necessary affinity between narrow construction of federal power and state-compact theory.
Measuring intensive care nurses' perspectives on family-centered end-of-life care: Evaluation of 3 questionnaires

• BACKGROUND Attempts to improve end-of-life care increasingly focus on family-centered care, but few validated assessment tools exist. • OBJECTIVES To evaluate 3 new short questionnaires measuring nurses’ perspectives on family-centered end-of-life care in the intensive care unit and to show the usefulness of the questionnaires. • METHODS Principal components analysis of data from 141 critical care nurses evaluating care given to families of 218 patients was used to develop domain scores for number of nursing activities with each family, number of barriers experienced, and nurses’ satisfaction that the family’s needs were met. Random effects models were used to test associations between critical care processes and outcome. • RESULTS Nursing activities fell into 2 domains: general and culture-related communication/support. Barriers consisted of 2 domains: patient/family barriers and system/team barriers. Meeting the needs of patients’ families represented a single dimension. In a path model based on domain scores, general activities had significant associations with both nurse communication and meeting families’ needs; patient/family barriers, with nurse communication; and nurse and physician communication, with meeting families’ needs. In a path model based on total activities and barriers scores, total activities and total barriers had significant associations with nurse communication ratings and meeting families’ needs. Patients’ and nurses’ characteristics were not significant independent predictors of meeting the needs of patients’ families. • CONCLUSIONS The 3 questionnaires provide a consistent, valid picture of nurses’ perspectives on family-centered critical care and may be useful in evaluating family care processes and outcomes and in targeting areas for improvement. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2006;15:568-579)
Congenital esotropia in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Abstract Objective To determine the birth prevalence of and risk factors associated with congenital esotropia. Design Population-based prevalence study with nested case-control study. Participants All residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota who were diagnosed with congenital esotropia and born between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1989 (n = 47). Control subjects were chosen by selecting the next two sequential births to parents residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota (n = 94). Methods Cases were identified through the Medical Diagnostic Index of Mayo and the Rochester Epidemiology Project. The community medical records were reviewed to confirm case status and ascertain risk factor information. Main outcome measure Birth prevalence of congenital esotropia. Results Forty-seven cases were identified from 17,536 live births, for a birth prevalence of 27 per 10,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 20–35). Congenital esotropia was associated with prematurity (odds ratio [OR], 11.5; 95% CI, 3.4–39.2), a birth weight less than 2500 grams (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.7–12.9), a low Apgar score at 1 minute (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.7–11.2) and at 5 minutes (OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 1.3–30.7), and a family history of strabismus (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5–8.3). Conclusions The birth prevalence of congenital esotropia in Olmsted County, Minnesota is lower than previous estimates. Prematurity, low birth weight, low Apgar scores, and a family history of strabismus are significant risk factors for congenital esotropia.
A prospective multi-institutional study of antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring. I. Risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity according to antepartum fetal heart rate test results.

Abstract A total of 18,517 antepartum fetal heart rate (AFHR) monitoring studies were conducted on 7,448 high-risk patients in 18 institutions in the United States between 1976 and 1980. Data were gathered prospectively. A perinatal mortality rate of 12.9/1,000 (5.5/1,000 corrected) with a fetal death rate of 3.2/1,000 (1.9/1,000 corrected) was found. Nonreactive nonstress tests and nonreactive positive contraction stress tests were associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. When patients were ranked by “worst test result,” the presence of persistent late decelerations (positive contraction stress test) appeared to be an earlier warning sign of fetal deterioration than did the loss of reactivity.
Modeling of user perceived webserver availability

We propose to use Markov regenerative process (MRGP) models to study the availability of Internet-based services perceived by a web user, which capture the interactions between the service facility and the user. The necessity of the sophisticated MRGP modeling is evidenced by the comparisons with the corresponding continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) models, which show that the popular convenient CTMC models tend to overestimate user-perceived service unavailabilities by 26% to 125%. We study two different online service scenarios: (1) single-user-single-host and (2) single-user-multiple-host. It is found that user-perceived service unavailability depends not only on the infrastructure's failure-recovery characteristics but also, more importantly, on the user's behavior. Also, for a service provider, to improve users' satisfaction, inventing a fast recovery mechanism is more effective than striving for a more reliable platform given the platform availability is the same.
Effect of gender on the development of hypocapnic apnea/hypopnea during NREM sleep.

We hypothesized that a decreased susceptibility to the development of hypocapnic central apnea during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in women compared with men could be an explanation for the ...
Arterial baroreflex resetting mediates postexercise reductions in arterial pressure and heart rate

We tested the hypothesis that postexercise reductions in arterial pressure and heart rate (HR) are mediated by a lowering of the operating point and a reduction in the gain of the arterial baroreflex. To test this hypothesis, spontaneous changes in arterial pressure and the reflex responses of HR were examined before and after a single bout of mild to moderate dynamic exercise in 19 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 10 male and 9 female). Eleven SHR subjected to sinoaortic denervation (SAD) (6 male, 5 female) were also studied. All rats were instrumented with an arterial catheter for the measurement of arterial pressure and HR. After exercise, arterial pressure and HR were reduced below preexercise levels. Furthermore, the operating point and spontaneous gain (G) of the arterial baroreflex were reduced. Specifically, after exercise, the spontaneous range of HR (P1, 50%), the pressure at the midpoint of the pressure range (P3, 13%) and the HR at the midpoint of the HR range (H3, 10%), the spontaneous minimum HR (P4, 8%) and maximum HR (10%), and G (76%) were significantly attenuated. SAD significantly attenuated the relationship between arterial pressure and HR by reducing G (males 94%, females 95%). These results demonstrate that acute exercise resulted in a postexercise resetting of the operating point and a reduction in the gain of the arterial baroreflex. Furthermore, these data suggest that postexercise reductions in arterial pressure and HR are mediated by a lowering of the operating point of the arterial baroreflex.
NOTICE OF TRANSFER OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE, PALEONTOLOGY COLLECTION TO THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY

The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Invertebrate Paleontology (LACMIP), recently acquired the California State University at Northridge (CSUN) fossil collection. The CSUN collection, which was accessioned by LACMIP in July 2001, is mostly regional (southern California) in scope and predominantly comprised of invertebrates, although a few vertebrate and plant fossils are included. This acquisition will add 26 cabinets containing approximately 3,500 lots, or about 45,000–50,000 specimens. …
Parental Alienation Syndrome and Alienated Children - Getting it Wrong in Child Custody Cases

This article examines mental health and legal responses when children resist visits with noncustodial parents. In Parental Alienation Syndrome and Alienated Children, it finds a lack of rigorous analysis that endangers children. The author concludes by suggesting better ways to evaluate new theories from the social sciences. Citation conventions are based in part on "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" (Harvard Law Review Assoc, 17th edn, 2001).
Testing and debugging exascale applications by mocking MPI

Debugging and code verification present daunting challenges for message-passing parallel applications that employ billions of processes/threads. Yet often it is only at scale that software defects first show themselves. When it is difficult or impossible to replicate problems on small scale platforms, development delays and resource costs are significant considerations.Software mocks, in which reconfigurable components replace dependencies in an application component under test, are a powerful and versatile way to side-step expensive, complex, and/or otherwise impractical dependencies. We propose that mocking application dependencies, and MPI in particular, is an effective technique for testing and debugging exascale message-passing software using small-scale computing resources.
The Developmental Basis of Stomatal Density and Flux.

Equations for stomatal density and maximum theoretical stomatal conductance as functions of stomatal initiation rate, epidermal cell size, and stomatal size enable scaling from development to flux.
Observatoons on fetal heart rate and fetal biochemistry. II. Fetal-maternal pH differences.

Abstract Eighty-eight intrapartum patients were studied with continuous fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine contraction recordings. Fetal-maternal (F-M) pH differences were calculated from fetal scalp blood and maternal arterial blood samples obtained within 5 minutes of each other. The preceding FHR patterns were correlated with the pH differences and means ± 1 standard deviation were calculated. Generally, the mean F-M pH differences are small with innocuous FHR patterns. The mean F-M pH difference increases with the degree of severity of the ominous patterns.
Diabetes mellitus treatment-Related medical knowledge among health care providers.

Abstract Objective To compare the knowledge of physicians, residents and medical students in diagnosis, use of insulin and oral medication in management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) working in different healthcare specialties. Methods A cross sectional survey of faculty, residents and medical students of different subspecialties in a single center was conducted. Questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was used. These questions were designed to assess knowledge about diagnosis, nomenclature of different insulin/oral medications and management of DM. There were 4 answers to every question with only one correct answer based on ADA guidelines and most recent literature. Results The overall percentage correctly answered questions was ∼74% for IM faculty, 64% for EM faculty, 71% for IM residents, 60% for FM residents, 56% for EM residents and 59% for students. Questions based on knowledge of insulin nomenclature and characteristics were answered correctly 74% of the time by IM faculty, 62% by EM faculty, 66% by IM residents, 69% by FM residents, 45% by EM residents and 49% by medical students. Questions on the use of insulin and inpatient DM management were answered correctly 66% for IM faculty, 54% for EM faculty, 66% for IM residents, 46% for FM residents, 55% for EM Residents, and 44% medical students. Questions based on oral medications and DM diagnosis were answered correctly by 81% for IM faculty, 73% for EM faculty, 78% for IM Resident, 76% FM Resident, 64% for EM residents and 79% for students. Conclusion This study demonstrates the need for focused educational initiatives required in all subspecialties involved in management of diabetes mellitus for safe and efficient management of diabetes mellitus.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach for Optimization of a Sensor Network

We optimize the placement of sensors for detecting a nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) attack in a dense urban environment. This approach draws from two main areas: (1) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations and (2) sensor placement algorithms. The main objective was to minimize detection time of a NBC sensor network for attacks on a generic urban environment. To this end we conducted simulations in such environments using thirty-three (33) unique attack locations, thirty-three (33) candidate sensor locations, prevailing wind conditions, and the properties of the chemical agent, chlorine gas. A total of ninety-nine (99) simulated attack scenarios were created (three sets of thirty-three unique attack simulations) and used for optimization. Simulated chemical agent concentration data were collected at each candidate sensor location as a function of time. The integration of this concentration data with respect to time was used to calculate the contaminant "consumption" of the network and the sensor placement algorithm, along with contaminant-level detection, minimized consumption to the network while also minimizing the number of sensors placed. Our results show how a small number of properly placed sensors (eight (8), in our case) provides the best achievable coverage (additional sensors do not help).
Mental Health Service Delivery to Sexual Minority and Gender Non-Conforming Students in Schools: A Winnicottian Approach

Current research highlights the increased risk factors that sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual) and gender minority (transgender/gender non-conforming) students face as compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers. These risk factors include higher rates of depression, suicide, substance use, school dropout, sexually transmitted infections, experiences with bullying on school campuses and increased risk of homelessness. Although this research has aided our understanding of the needs and risks of this population of youth, few articles have emerged from these data which offer a comprehensive theoretical approach to work clinically with these adolescents in school-based settings. This article explores how school mental health staff can address the behavioural health needs of sexual and gender minority students through the adoption of a Winnicottian theoretical approach. With an intensive focus on academic achievement, schools have historically been limited in their usage of evidence-based data to create programs which adequately address the mental health needs of student populations on their campuses. Yet, sexual and gender minority students are likely to be present in almost every school in the country. Schools can serve as gateways to mental health access and can offer innovative and culturally responsive practices across racial, ethnic, class, and geographic lines. As the single largest holders of the student population in the United States, schools have the ability to play a significant role in mental health service provision for sexual and gender minority youth.
Comparative water quality and channel catfish production in earthen ponds and a biofloc technology production system

ABSTRACTThis 210-day study compared variation in water quality and fish growth for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; 47 g/fish) stocked in earthen ponds (1.5 fish/m2, 14,820/ha) and in a biofloc technology (BFT) production system with high-density polyethylene-lined rectangular tanks (12.6 fish/m2, 126,000/ha). Feed input and culture environment affected water-quality dynamics. In ponds, phytoplankton uptake predominated and little nitrification occurred, whereas in the BFT system phytoplankton uptake and nitrification maintained low ammonia-nitrogen concentrations. Size classes of fish were skewed toward the larger market sizes in ponds and toward smaller market sizes in the BFT system. Mean final fish weight was 630 g/fish in ponds and 542 g/fish in the BFT system. Despite these differences, fish yield was higher in the BFT system (7.7 kg/m3 v. 1.5 kg/m3) because of the greater initial stocking rate.
Generation of patient-derived xenografts from fine needle aspirates or core needle biopsy

Background Patient-derived xenografts have recently become a powerful tool for cancer research and may be used to guide personalized therapy. Thus far, patient-derived xenografts have been grown from tumor tissue obtained after operative resection; however, many cancer patients never undergo operative intervention for a variety of reasons. We hypothesized that xenograft tumors could be grown from smaller volumes of patient tissue, such as those obtained during diagnostic biopsies. Methods Surgical specimens were obtained after resection of primary or metastatic lesions of the following cancers: pancreatic carcinoma, non–small cell lung cancer, bladder (urothelial) carcinoma, and melanoma. At least 10 cases of each cancer were included in this study. To mimic clinical biopsies, small fragments of the surgical specimens were biopsied with a 22-gauge needle, and the needle contents were injected subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice. The tumor fragment from which the biopsy was taken was also implanted subcutaneously in the contralateral side of the same mouse as a control. Results Success rates of the traditional method of xenograft implantation ranged from 27.3%–70%. Success rates of the fine needle aspirate technique ranged from 0%–36.4%. An attempt to engraft a percutaneous core needle liver biopsy of a metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma also was successful. Conclusion We have found that it is possible to engraft fine needle aspirates and core biopsies of solid tumors in order to generate patient-derived xenografts. This may open up xenografting to a wider cancer patient population than previously possible.
Free Vibration of Stochastic Beam-Column

The mean and variance of n th natural frequency of a beam-column are obtained by a perturbation method when the material and geometric properties, the axial load, and the boundary conditions are probabilistic. The realtive effects of uncertainty in input parameters such as axial load and structural properties with uncertainty in output parameters of natural frequency are studied. It is found that the deviation of the output is great for the small deviation of inputs.
Centrifugal driven, reduced dimension, planar chromatography

A fundamental problem with efficiency in capillary action driven planar chromatography results from diminishing flow rates as development proceeds, giving rise to molecular diffusion related band dispersion for most sample types. Overpressure and electrokinetic means to speed flow have been used successfully in TLC. We explore the use of centrifugal force (CF) to drive flow for reduced-dimension planar platforms (ultra-TLC, low micrometer features, and nano-TLC, nanoscale features). The silicon wafer platforms have two forms of continuous 2D arrays created by either photolithography or metal dewetting followed by deep reactive ion etching and coated with porous SiO2 . The flow pattern is unusual with co-planar flows above and within the arrays. The effects of parameters such as spin rate, solvent type, and surface character on flow rates is established and can be substantially greater than capillary action flow. Using fluorescent dyes, we investigate retardation factors and chromatographic plate height; the latter falls in the low to sub-micrometer range. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate the first analytical separations performed in pillar arrays using CF to augment solvent flow.
A Two-Component System Regulates Bacteroides fragilis Toxin to Maintain Intestinal Homeostasis and Prevent Lethal Disease

Intestinal microbes are recognized for their role in human disease. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) has been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer; however, colonization alone is insufficient to cause these illnesses. We hypothesized that homeostasis in healthy carriers is maintained by colonic mucus, the major constituent of which is the glycoprotein Muc2. We found that Muc2-deficient mice succumb to lethal disease from ETBF colonization in a B. fragilis toxin (BFT)-dependent manner. We identify a toxin regulator, the two-component system RprXY, which suppresses BFT expression in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of either component was sufficient to prevent lethal disease in Muc2-deficient mice. Our studies demonstrate that homeostasis in the context of ETBF colonization is dependent on a dynamic interaction between intestinal mucus, a bacterial toxin, and a toxin regulatory system. Regulation of virulence may offer a therapeutic target to maintain intestinal homeostasis in susceptible patients.
Effect of heparin on fibrinolytic activity and platelet function in vivo

Heparin, a polyanionic glycosaminoglycan, is used routinely before the induction of cardiopulmonary bypass. Earlier observations in our laboratory suggested that the postoperative bleeding that occurs, despite neutralization of heparin with protamine, is secondary to hypothermia and dilutional anemia during bypass. An additional, potential mechanism for excessive bleeding following cardiopulmonary bypass is that heparin activates the fibrinolytic system, which may, in turn, adversely affect hemostasis. To understand better the effects of heparin administration on the fibrinolytic system in vivo, we simulated the anticoagulant regimen of cardiopulmonary bypass by administering increasing doses of intravenous heparin to five adult baboons over 60 min. We measured fibrinolytic parameters serially following heparinization and demonstrated that heparin induces activation of the fibrinolytic system. We showed that the fibrinolytic system was activated in vivo as evidenced by an increase in plasmin activity and immunoreactive plasmin light chain, as well as an increase in immunoreactive fibrinogen fragment E in vitro. These results demonstrate that the fibrinolytic system is activated in vivo by the administration of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass. These data suggest that, despite administration of a neutralizing agent such as protamine, heparin may contribute to postoperative bleeding complications following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery owing principally to its longer lived effects on the fibrinolytic system.
Statistical analyses of milk traits in the New Zealand dairy cattle population

Dairy cattle breeding systems have a common goal of improved milk production. Extensive research has been carried out to increase our understanding of the biology behind milk production. This biological information has then been used to improve the prediction of a cow’s milk production. This thesis explores two ways in which milk production can be better understood and predicted. The first study investigates whether the sex of the calf that initiates a lactation has an impact on milk yield during that lactation as well as whether the sex of calves in different parities affects milk yield during that lactation. The second study investigates the additive and dominance effects of four quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) for milk fat yield and evaluates whether including the QTN in genomic prediction analyses as either a random covariate, fixed covariate or fixed class improves estimated breeding values (EBV). Calf sex was shown to have an effect on milk yield in each of the first three lactations, with heifer calves resulting in a higher milk yield than bull calves. Some of the effect of calf sex is explained by a greater number of days-in-milk for a cow when a female calf was born, as evidenced by a decrease in the effect of calf sex when days-in-milk was fitted in the model. While days-in-milk explained some of the effect, there was still some effect of calf sex within and across lactations. Dominance was observed at the majority of QTN, suggesting that milk fat yield EBV could be improved by the correct modeling of dominance in prediction models. Including QTN in genomic prediction models did not significantly change prediction accuracy, however including QTN significantly decreased bias in many cases, such as when AGPAT6,
A cognitive model-based approach to testing mechanistic explanations for neuropsychological decrements during tobacco abstinence

Cigarette smokers often experience cognitive decrements during abstinence from tobacco, and these decrements may have clinical relevance in the context of smoking cessation interventions. However, limitations of the behavioral summary statistics used to measure cognitive effects of abstinence, response times (RT) and accuracy rates, may restrict the field’s ability to identify robust abstinence effects on task performance and test mechanistic hypotheses about the etiology of these cognitive changes. The current study explored whether a measurement approach based on mathematical models of cognition, which make the cognitive mechanisms necessary to perform choice RT tasks explicit, would be able to address these limitations. The linear ballistic accumulator model (LBA: Brown and Heathcote, Cogn Psychol 57(3):153-178, 2008) was fit to an existing data set from a study that evaluated the impact of overnight abstinence on flanker task performance. The model-based analysis provided evidence that smokers’ rates of mind wandering increased during abstinence, and was able to index this effect while controlling for participants’ strategy changes that were related to the specific experimental paradigm used. Mind wandering is a putative explanation for cognitive withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation and may be indexed using the LBA. More broadly, the use of formal model-based analyses in future research on this topic has the potential to allow for strong and specific tests of mechanistic explanations for these symptoms.
Uncovering the impacts of endogenous liquidity consumption in intraday trading patterns

We document new intraday trading patterns indicative of the key roles of endogenous trading responses of investors to variations in imperfectly-competitive liquidity provision. When measured in trade times of fixed dollar values, price impacts and volatility fall sharply from open to close, and as trading activity rises. We also document reversions in trade-time returns in inactive markets, and priced, heavily-forecastable, order flow imbalances in active markets. Standard calendar-time aggregation approaches conceal these primitive trading patterns by matching up overly-balanced signed-trade observations with large price movements in active markets. Once one controls for over-aggregation, calendar-time patterns align with trade-time patterns.
2013 Jack Kenney Award for Outstanding Service

On April 30, 2010, Jack Kenney retired from the ASM Journals Department after 25 years of service. He served as the production editor for the Journal of Bacteriology for the last 13 of those years. I worked with Jack for almost 10 years. He was an especially gifted production editor; he solved
Entrepreneurship, Excise Taxes, and the “Flight to Quality”:

Research on entrepreneurial marketing is now fairly common, and macromarketing is an established field. However, studies that incorporate variables of interest to both entrepreneurial marketing and...
Changes in cardiac anxiety and self-care practices in heart failure patients following implantation of wireless hemodynamic monitoring sensors.

Background:Wireless implantable hemodynamic monitors assist cardiac care providers in tailoring medication regimens to reduce chronic heart failure hospital admissions and to improve patient qualit...
SEC Non-GAAP Comment Letters and Firm Disclosures

Is the SEC’s non-GAAP comment letter process effective? Specifically, what are the determinants of non-GAAP comment letters and how do managers respond? We find that the SEC issues comment letters to firms with larger differences between Street and GAAP earnings, but is less likely to issue to firms with Big 4 auditors. Managers respond by issuing longer earnings announcements that are more difficult to read. Importantly, managers do not reduce the strategic nature of non-GAAP reporting (that is, there are no reductions in differences between Street and GAAP earnings nor the likelihood of meeting or beating analyst forecasts). Perhaps most importantly, firms receiving non-GAAP comment letters are more likely to receive non-GAAP comment letters again in the following three years, but are not more likely to receive GAAP comment letters, consistent with ongoing noncompliance in non-GAAP disclosures. These results should be of interest to both academics and regulators interested in non-GAAP comment letters.
Putting the Pieces in Place: Mobilizing Cellular Players to Improve Annulus Fibrosus Repair

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is an integral load-bearing tissue that derives its function from its composite structure and extracellular matrix composition. IVD herniations involve the failure of the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the extrusion of the nucleus pulposus beyond the disc boundary. Disc herniations can impinge the neural elements and cause debilitating pain and loss of function, posing a significant burden on individual patients and society as a whole. Patients with persistent symptoms may require surgery; however, surgical intervention fails to repair the ruptured AF and is associated with the risk for reherniation and further disc degeneration. Given the limitations of AF endogenous repair, many attempts have been made toward the development of effective repair approaches that reestablish IVD function. These methods, however, fail to recapitulate the composition and organization of the native AF, ultimately resulting in inferior tissue mechanics and function over time and high rates of reherniation. Harnessing the cellular function of cells (endogenous or exogenous) at the repair site through the provision of cell-instructive cues could enhance AF tissue regeneration and, ultimately, improve healing outcomes. In this study, we review the diverse approaches that have been developed for AF repair and emphasize the potential for mobilizing the appropriate cellular players at the site of injury to improve AF healing. Impact statement Conventional treatments for intervertebral disc herniation fail to repair the annulus fibrosus (AF), increasing the risk for recurrent herniation. The lack of repair devices in the market has spurred the development of regenerative approaches, yet most of these rely on a scarce endogenous cell population to repair large injuries, resulting in inadequate regeneration. This review identifies current and developing strategies for AF repair and highlights the potential for harnessing cellular function to improve AF regeneration. Ideal cell sources, differentiation strategies, and delivery methods are discussed to guide the design of repair systems that leverage specialized cells to achieve superior outcomes.
Association of prepartum lying time with nonesterified fatty acids and stillbirth in prepartum dairy heifers and cows

The objective of the present study was to assess the association of prepartum lying time (LT) and the coefficient of variation (CV) of LT within 7 d before calving with prepartum serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration at 7 ± 3 d prepartum (dpp) and stillbirth. Prepartum pregnant Holstein heifers and cows from 3 dairy herds were used (n = 1,044). Animals were housed in freestall barns using a prepartum pen 21 d before the expected calving date and were moved into a contiguous maternity pen at parturition. Monthly, cohorts of 20 to 36 animals (heifers and cows combined) were enrolled at each farm and electronic data loggers (IceQube, IceRobotics, Edinburgh, UK) were fitted to the hind leg of individual animals to assess their behavioral activity. Stillbirth was defined as a calf born dead or died during the first 24 h after parturition in dams with normal gestation length. The LT was recorded for the last 7 dpp to assess differences among dams with stillbirth versus those with a calf born alive. Mean LT within 7 d before blood NEFA collection was assessed to determine the association with prepartum serum NEFA at 7 ± 3 dpp. Blood samples for the assessment of serum NEFA concentration were collected from prepartum animals at 14 ± 3 and at 7 ± 3 dpp. Blood samples for total serum calcium concentration were collected from postpartum cows within 48 h after parturition to assess differences among cows with stillbirth versus those with a calf born alive. Data were analyzed using CORR, MIXED, or GLIMMIX procedures of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Dams experiencing dystocic births had a greater proportion of stillbirth, but herd, parity, and season did not have an effect. Dams with a stillborn calf had reduced LT and increased CV of LT within the last 7 dpp compared with dams with a calf born alive, regardless of parity. Multiparous cows with a stillborn calf had higher prepartum serum NEFA concentration compared with multiparous cows with a calf born alive, but this did not differ for first-calf heifers. Regardless of parity, the proportion of postpartum cows with hypocalcemia was higher for dams with a stillborn calf compared with those with a calf born alive. Regardless of parity, LT of prepartum dams was strongly correlated with the CV of LT (as LT increased, the CV decreased), and prepartum dams with a mean LT between 11 and 15 h/d had the lowest serum NEFA concentration compared with dams with LT of 8 to 10 or >16 h/d. Serum NEFA concentrations at 7 ± 3 dpp was positively correlated with the CV of LT within 7 d before blood sample. These results show that the dam's prepartum LT and its consistency over time are associated with prepartum serum NEFA and calf survival at calving.
Two new finite element schemes and their analysis for modeling of wave propagation in graphene

Abstract In this paper, we investigate a system of governing equations for modeling wave propagation in graphene. Compared to our previous work (Yang et al., 2020) , here we re-investigate the governing equations by eliminating two auxiliary unknowns from the original model. A totally new stability for the model is established for the first time. Since the finite element scheme proposed in Yang et al. (2020) is only first order in time, here we propose two new schemes with second order convergence in time for the simplified modeling equations. Discrete stabilities inheriting exactly the same form as the continuous stability are proved for both schemes. Convergence error estimates are also established for both schemes. Numerical results are presented to justify our theoretical analysis.
Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Medicinal Plants Hipericum Perforatum, Matricaria Chamomilla, Geranium Sangguineum and Nepeta Cataria and their Application in the Treatment of Certain Infectious Diseases in Macedonia

For our research survey was conducted on the entire territory of the Republic of Macedonia...
Tooth for a Tooth: Does Fighting Serve as a Deterrent to Greater Violence in the Modern NHL

Fighting has been part of the fabric of the NHL for nearly a century. Recent sharp declines in the frequency of fighting and increased understanding of the long-term consequences of traumatic brain injuries have led many to question whether fighting still has a place in the modern NHL. League commissioner Gary Bettman as recently as 2019 testified before Canadian Parliament that fighting has a deterrent effect, reducing the overall level of violent and dangerous plays within the game. This study empirically examines this claim and tests whether fighting indeed serves as a deterrent to undesirable behaviors in the NHL. I examine data on all regular season penalties from 2010-2019 to determine whether fighting and the threat of fighting is empirically related the level of violence in NHL games. Using a mix of descriptive and quasi-experimental approaches, I find no quantifiable evidence that fighting serves as a deterrent to undesirable violent behaviors in the NHL. To the contrary, I find that teams and players who fight are responsible for a disproportionate amount of the violent penalties that happen across the league. These results have implications for player safety in the many professional—and especially junior—hockey leagues around the world that sanction in-game fighting.
Linear quantifier elimination as an abstract decision procedure

This paper develops abstract quantifier elimination procedures for linear arithmetic over the reals and integers. They are formulated as theory solvers in the context of an abstract DPLL-based search. The resulting procedures allow the solvers to maintain integral control of the search process. We also evaluate this procedure and compare it with several alternatives. So far, the evaluation indicates that the proposed approach has some compelling advantages.
A Review on Cloud Computing: Design Challenges in Architecture and Security

Cloud computing is becoming a powerful network architecture to perform large-scale and complex computing. In this paper, we will comprehensively survey the concepts and architecture of cloud computing, as well as its security and privacy issues. We will compare different cloud models, trust/reputation models and privacy-preservation schemes. Their pros and cons are discussed for each cloud computing security and architecture strategy.
Temperature influence in developing tadpoles: II. Influence of temperature on isozymes and energies of activation of partially purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase☆☆☆

Abstract Isozymic banding patterns and energies of activation were studied in partially puriled G6PDH preparations from spring and fall Rana pipiens eggs and tadpoles raised at 10 °C and 20 °C. G6PDH preparations from spring tadpoles raised at 20 °C demonstrated new isozyme patterns. However, in the spring 10 °C and fall 10 °C and 20 °C raised tadpoles G6PDH preparations conserved isozymes already present. The energies of activation of G6PDH determined from the maximum velocity constants in the spring groups are lower than in the corresponding fall groups.
Bacterial community transcription patterns during a marine phytoplankton bloom.

Summary Bacterioplankton consume a large proportion of pho- tosynthetically fixed carbon in the ocean and control its biogeochemical fate. We used an experimental metatranscriptomics approach to compare bacterial activities that route energy and nutrients during a phytoplankton bloom compared with non-bloom con- ditions. mRNAs were sequenced from duplicate bloom and control microcosms 1 day after a phy- toplankton biomass peak, and transcript copies per litre of seawater were calculated using an internal mRNA standard. Transcriptome analysis revealed a potential novel mechanism for enhanced efficiency during carbon-limited growth, mediated through membrane-bound pyrophosphatases (V-type H(+)- translocating; hppA); bloom bacterioplankton partici- pated less in this metabolic energy scavenging than non-bloom bacterioplankton, with possible implica- tions for differences in growth yields on organic sub- strates. Bloom bacterioplankton transcribed more copies of genes predicted to increase cell surface adhesiveness, mediated by changes in bacterial sig- nalling molecules related to biofilm formation and motility; these may be important in microbial aggre- gate formation. Bloom bacterioplankton also tran- scribed more copies of genes for organic acid utilization, suggesting an increased importance of this compound class in the bioreactive organic matter released during phytoplankton blooms. Transcription patterns were surprisingly faithful within a taxon regardless of treatment, suggesting that phylogeny broadly predicts the ecological roles of bacterial groups across 'boom' and 'bust' environmental backgrounds.
Effect of Environment and Prestrain on IASCC of Austenitic Stainless Steels

The effect of environment and prestrain on IASCC of austenitic stainless steels was investigated in post-irradiation CERT tests in Ar at 288°C and simulated BWR NWC. Two alloys susceptible to IASCC were selected for this study, which are commercial alloy 304 and high purity Fe-15Crl2Ni. Samples were irradiated to 5 dpa with 2 MeV protons at 360°C and strained to about 2% in Ar at 288°C. The results showed that the water environment is the key to inducing IASCC at 288°C. No intergranular cracking was observed in either alloy following straining in Ar up to ~3.5%. However, cracking occurred once the samples were subsequently strained to an additional 1% in simulated BWR NWC. Cracks tended to be long and extend over many grain boundaries rather than single grain facets, perhaps due to the prestrain in Ar. Cracking induced by 0.2% plastic strain in simulated BWR NWC in CP304 with 3.4% prestrain in Ar was also observed. Normal stress is critical in determining the crack initiation location in CP304 and Fe-15Cr12Ni when strained in simulated BWR NWC because the cracked grain boundaries were preferentially aligned perpendicular to the tensile direction.
Effect of inert gas additive species on Cl2 high density plasma etching of compound semiconductors: Part I. GaAs and GaSb

The role of the inert gas additive (He, Ar, Xe) to C12 Inductively Coupled Plasmas for dry etching of GaAs and GaSb was examined through the effect on etch rate, surface roughness and near-surface stoichiometry. The etch rates for both materials go through a maximum with Clz 0/0 in each type of discharge (C12/'He, C12/Ar, C12/Xc), reflecting the need to have efficient ion-assisted resorption of the etch products. Etch yields initially increase strongly with source power as the chlorine neutral density increases, but decrease again at high powers as the etching becomes reactant-limited. The etched surfaces are generally smoother with Ax or Xe addition, and maintain their stoichiometry.
SoNIC: precise realtime software access and control of wired networks

The physical and data link layers of the network stack contain valuable information. Unfortunately, a systems programmer would never know. These two layers are often inaccessible in software and much of their potential goes untapped. In this paper we introduce SoNIC, Software-defined Network Interface Card, which provides access to the physical and data link layers in software by implementing them in software. In other words, by implementing the creation of the physical layer bitstream in software and the transmission of this bitstream in hardware, SoNIC provides complete control over the entire network stack in realtime. SoNIC utilizes commodity off-the-shelf multi-core processors to implement parts of the physical layer in software, and employs an FPGA board to transmit optical signal over the wire. Our evaluations demonstrate that SoNIC can communicate with other network components while providing realtime access to the entire network stack in software. As an example of SoNIC's fine-granularity control, it can perform precise network measurements, accurately characterizing network components such as routers, switches, and network interface cards. Further, SoNIC enables timing channels with nanosecond modulations that are undetectable in software.
Cell-Size Control

Cells of a given type maintain a characteristic cell size to function efficiently in their ecological or organismal context. They achieve this through the regulation of growth rates or by actively sensing size and coupling this signal to cell division. We focus this review on potential size-sensing mechanisms, including geometric, external cue, and titration mechanisms. Mechanisms that titrate proteins against DNA are of particular interest because they are consistent with the robust correlation of DNA content and cell size. We review the literature, which suggests that titration mechanisms may underlie cell-size sensing in Xenopus embryos, budding yeast, and Escherichia coli, whereas alternative mechanisms may function in fission yeast.