cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receptor-mediated inositide hydrolysis is a neuronal response: comparison of primary neuronal and glial cultures

Abstract Cholinergic and adrenergic receptor-stimulated inositide hydrolysis was studied in neuronal and glial cells cultured from brains of 1-day-old Wistar-Kyoto rats. Incubation of the cells with [3H]inositol led to the incorporation of radioactivity specifically into inositol phospholipids. Labeling of the membrane lipids reached a maximum in 2–3 days. Receptor-stimulated breakdown of inositides was determined by following the accumulation of inositol phosphates after incubation of the labeled cells for 60 min with carbachol or norepinephrine in the presence of 10 mM lithium. Carbachol (1 mM) stimulated inositol phosphate production in neurons 30 times higher than that seen in glia. The response stimulated by norepinephrine (75 μM) was 6 times higher in neurons than glia. The response to carbachol was blocked by atropine, and the norepinephrine-induced response was inhibited by prazosin suggesting that the receptors mediating the responses were muscarinic and α1-adrenergic, respectively. These results suggest that muscarinic cholinergic and α1-adrenergic stimulated inositide hydrolysis is primarily a neuronal response and that this biochemical event may be important for transmembrane signaling which occurs during neurotransmission.
Degradation of mimosine during ensiling of leucaena

The causes of the degradation of the toxic component, mimosine, during ensiling of leucaena leaves were investigated in small-scale laboratory preparations. Degradation of mimosine to 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone was shown to be caused almost entirely by endogenous enzymes in the leaf and not by fermentation during ensiling.
Social Cognitive Predictors of Interest in Environmental Science: Recommendations for Environmental Educators.

The authors examined the influence of social cognitive variables on students' interest in environmental science careers and investigated differences between White and ethnic minority students on several career-related variables. The sample consisted of 161 undergraduate science majors (124 White students, 37 ethnic minority students). Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses found self-efficacy, outcome expectations, role model influence, perceived supports and barriers, and environmental concerns contributed significant variance to the prediction of these students' interest in environmental science. When compared with White students, ethnic minority students perceived greater barriers to pursuing a career in environmental science, exhibited less concern about environmental problems, and had less interest in environmental science. The authors highlight implications for environmental educators who are in a position to increase diversity within the field.
Structural, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties Development during Curing of Low-k Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Films

Changes in structure and properties of a commercial low dielectric constant (low-k) silsesquioxane (SSQ) material are examined as a function of curing temperature (375-450°C). Curing results in a chemical reaction in which cage-like (HSiO 1.5 ) SSQ oligomers network via -()-Si-O- linkages, A direct consequence of the chemical and structural evolution is a change in electrical and mechanical properties. A correlation is made between chemical and structural changes on curing (quantified by infrared spectroscopy) and the resulting dielectric constant, film stress. hardness, and modulus. In particular, infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify the increased -O-Si-O- oligomer network formed as a result of increased curing temperature. Film modulus and hardness, determined by depth-sensing indentation, were shown to increase as a result of increased networking. Residual film stress, determined by a curvature measurement technique, was determined to be tensile with increased magnitude on increased network formation. Film dielectric constant determined by capacitance measurements of metal dot structures increased as a result of increased network formation. Capping SSQ films with thin layers of SiN x was shown to greatly improve resistance to stress-corrosion cracking for all levels of network formation.
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Mental Changes Following Brain Damage

(1958). Qualitative Versus Quantitative Mental Changes Following Brain Damage. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 339-346.
Total syntheses of 2,2'-epi-cytoskyrin A, rugulosin, and the alleged structure of rugulin.

The total syntheses of 2,2‘-epi-cytoskyrin A, rugulosin, and the alleged structure of rugulin are described. These naturally occurring bisanthraquinones and their relatives are characterized by novel molecular architectures at the core, at which lies a more or less complete, cage-like structural motif termed “skyrane”. The strategies developed for their total synthesis feature a cascade sequence called the “cytoskyrin cascade” and deliver these molecules in short order and in a stereoselective manner.
A New Combined Technique of Reinforced Parastomal Hernia Repair

Parastoma herniation is the most common complication of a permanent stoma. The incidence ranges from 3% to 48% after colostomy, and up to almost 30% after ileostomy creation. Although the majority of parastomal hernias develop within the first 2 years after stoma creation, the risk of herniation extends up to 20 years out. The majority of parastomal hernias are asymptomatic and amenable to conservative treatment. However, poorly fitting appliances, pain, discomfort, and cosmetic concerns may be indications for surgical treatment. With its rising popularity, laparoscopic surgery has become a common approach to parastomal hernia repair. Laparoscopic repair often includes placement of mesh in onlay, inlay, or sublay location. The intraperitoneal approach was first described in 1980 by Sugarbaker, who covered the fascial defect with synthetic mesh, with excellent results. Specifically, a piece of synthetic mesh was secured around the fascial defect margin, except laterally where the colon exited the abdominal cavity to form the ostomy. The keyhole approach is a technique in which the loop for the stoma is brought out through an aperture cut into the prosthetic material, paralleling the lateral route, in which the loop is extracted through the mesh without the cut hole. Similar to the open intraperitoneal mesh repair, the Sugarbaker, the keyhole, and a combination of both (sandwich) approaches are used. The recurrence rate is significantly lower with laparoscopic repair using the Sugarbaker compared with the keyhole technique. Regardless of the chosen technique, laparoscopic closure of parastomal defects can be technically challenging, which may account for the high recurrence rates. The Quill SRS bidirectional barbed suture (Quill SelfRetaining System; Angiotech Pharmaceuticals) consists of a delayed-absorbable material (polydioxanone) cut with barbs, which prevents slippage through tissue and avoids
Abdominal compartment syndrome: does intra-cystic pressure reflect actual intra-abdominal pressure? A prospective study in surgical patients

Background Abdominal compartment syndrome is defined as the adverse physiologic effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure. Prolonged, unrelieved pressure may lead to respiratory compromise, renal impairment, cardiac failure, shock, and death. Abdominal compartment syndrome is diagnosed by measuring intra-cystic pressure as a reflection of intra-abdominal pressure. To examine the validity of the technique, we conducted a prospective study in surgical patients by directly measuring bladder and abdominal pressures simultaneously during laparoscopic cholecystectomy using a previously described technique.
A World with Limitations Implications for Applied Behavioral Science

In the years since World War II, the primary focus of applied behavioral science has been on improving organizational functioning. The following article expresses an interest in directing research and practice toward the limitations inherent in human experience, toward realities of organizational and societal life that cannot be controlled, improved, or corrected. After examining examples of individual, organizational, and societal limitations, the article begins a discussion of three questions: Can we accept the existence of these limits? If we accept them, how do we live (practice, study, teach, manage) alongside them? Can we use behavioral science knowledge to help individuals, groups, and instittions manage continuous limitation as well as continuous improvement?
A mouse model of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1, develops multiple endocrine tumors

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome, characterized primarily by multiple tumors in the parathyroid glands, endocrine pancreas, and anterior pituitary. Other tumors, including gastrinoma, carcinoid, adrenal cortical tumors, angiofibroma, collagenoma, and lipoma, also occur in some patients. Individuals with MEN1 almost always have loss-of-function mutations in the MEN1 gene on chromosome 11, and endocrine tumors arising in these patients usually show somatic loss of the remaining wild-type allele. To examine the role of MEN1 in tumor formation, a mouse model was generated through homologous recombination of the mouse homolog Men1. Homozygous mice die in utero at embryonic days 11.5-12.5, whereas heterozygous mice develop features remarkably similar to those of the human disorder. As early as 9 months, pancreatic islets show a range of lesions from hyperplasia to insulin-producing islet cell tumors, and parathyroid adenomas are also frequently observed. Larger, more numerous tumors involving pancreatic islets, parathyroids, thyroid, adrenal cortex, and pituitary are seen by 16 months. All of the tumors tested to date show loss of the wild-type Men1 allele, further supporting its role as a tumor suppressor gene.
Further Remarks on Exploitation: A Reply to Newcomer and to Derman and Levin

not attributed to their authors, as the citations are only pages in the edited volume and in the journal, but no names of authors are given. Quotations without attribution Dalton suggests is a method of avoiding "emotion and ideology" and ensuring their representative nature. This is an interesting positivist divergence from scholarly practice. One wonders whether, if one removes the author's name from the quotation, the idea represents just one variation in a collective conscious, a monolithic theoretical view, or simply a blind random choice.
Identification of Noncrystalline (Fe,Cr)(Oh)3 by Infrared Spectroscopy

Iron-chromium hydroxides are important solid phases governing the aqueous concentrations of Cr(III) in soils and fly ashes. Although direct identification of noncrystalline (Fe,Cr)(OH)3 is difficult, the infrared spectra of noncrystalline Fe(OH)3 and Cr(OH)a, coprecipitated (Fe,Cr)(OH)3, and physical mixtures of Fe(OH)3 and Cr(OH)3 can be distinguished on the basis of the asymmetric stretching doublet (v3) of structural carbonate anions. As the Cr mole fraction of the coprecipitated (Fe,Cr)(OH)3 increases, the position of the low-frequency v3 peak (v3") changes progressively to higher frequencies, and the carbonate v3 splitting decreases. No change in carbonate v3 splitting or u3" location was observed for physical mixtures of Fe(OH)3 and Cr(OH)3. The changes in u3 splitting are believed to be caused by different degrees of polarization of the carbonate ligand by the Fe and Cr cations. Pure Cr(OH)3 exhibits a strong affinity for carbonate and H20 and tends to remain noncrystalline even at very high pHs. In contrast, pure Fe(OH)3 gradually converts to crystalline goethite at high pH, to the exclusion of much of the HzO and carbonate. The presence of Cr in (Fe,Cr)(OH)3 solid solutions seems to inhibit the transformation to crystalline goethite. The strong association of carbonate with Cr and the kinetic inertness of Cr(III) inner-sphere complexes in general may account for the maintenance of non- crystalline solid-solution materials in lieu of transformation to a crystalline end product.
Multiuser capacity of cellular time-varying channels

The next generation of wireless networks will require efficient use of the underlying time-varying channel. Cellular architectures efficiently utilize the limited spectrum by reusing the same channel in spatially separated cells. However, frequency reuse introduces cochannel interference, which determines the data rate that can be supported by each channel for a given BER. The efficiency within a cell is quantified by its spectral efficiency: the data rate per user per unit of bandwidth. In this paper the maximum spectral efficiency for cellular systems with channel estimation and transmitter feedback is derived from Shannon theory. We first review capacity results for single-user time-varying channels, which show that efficiency is maximized through a combination of power control, adaptive coding, and variable data rates. We then extend this result to the multiuser capacity region for both broadcast and multiaccess channels. This yields an analytical framework to compare the efficiency of channel sharing within a single cell using TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. We conclude that CDMA with interference cancellation is optimal, but TDMA and FDMA have superior performance if interference cancellation is not exploited. Moreover, if the received power of all users is kept constant, then CDMA with interference cancellation does no better than FDMA and TDMA. >
A novel system for the irrigation of open fractures

It is accepted that a good washout of contaminated wounds with copious fluids reduces the rate of infection. We describe a simple method of rapidly irrigating wounds with high volumes of fluid.
Removal of diurnal tidal effects from an ultra-high-resolution 3-D marine seismic survey on the continental shelf offshore New Jersey

An ultra‐high‐resolution 3-D, single‐channel seismic survey was performed off the coast of New Jersey in 1993 to study the late Quaternary history of sedimentation on the northwest Atlantic continental margin (see Davies et al., 1992) as a part of the Office of Naval Research STRATAFORM initiative (Nittrouer and Kravitz, 1995). Three different sets of profiles were acquired (Figure 1), but only the set with highest spatial density is discussed here. A single ten‐element receiver recorded 300 ms of data for every shot during the survey, which covers a total area of 0.6 km (north‐south) × 7.75 km (east‐west) (see Table 1). The deep‐towed Huntec™ source (deployed at ∼30 m depth) produced frequencies of 500 to 3500 Hz; a band‐pass filter with corner frequencies at 1000 and 3500 Hz was applied during preprocessing.
Using network analysis to understand the relation between cuisine and culture

Cuisine is a key cultural component in all societies. The motto “we are what we eat” is known to most people; recently it has even been argued that “we are what we cook”. This paper delves into the complicated issue of trying to establish cultural communities based on recipes. Our hypothesis is that recipes and the ingredients of a recipe can tell us the origin of the people who prepared it. This approach could be used to define cultures not bounded by country borders but by similarities on how people prepare their food. In a more practical way, the understanding of relations between recipes can be used by automated recommendation systems in restaurants, supermarkets or be made available as an application to mobile devices. Our approach is based on Network Science. We have created a network were nodes represent a particular recipe, and edges connecting the nodes are defined based on ingredients shared by the nodes. We focused on ingredients because more classical recipes tend to prefer ingredients that are found locally—so the recipe captures a level of geo-dimension. After its creation, we evaluated the network of recipes (NoR) on the basis of topological properties. The measurements suggest that the NoR is a small-world network with scale-free properties. To delve into cultures we perform community analysis and correlate that with the ground truth available for each recipe (region or country of origin). Results suggest that in many cases one can derive the culture from the community structure alone.
Fertility and rural labor market inefficiencies: Evidence from India☆

Abstract Informational frictions are an important source of inefficiency in rural labor markets. I examine the role of family size in mitigating costs that arise due to these frictions. I show that an increase in family size decreases the demand for hired labor in tasks for which worker output and effort are difficult to observe (monitoring intensive tasks). In contrast, in tasks for which worker output is easily observed, I find no relationship between family size and hired labor use. I provide evidence that supervision costs drive the preference for family labor in monitoring intensive tasks. As a consequence, larger families spend less time in supervision. I develop a theoretical framework, that illustrates the empirical challenge of identifying the link between family size and labor demand: factors that determine labor demand on the farm also determine family size. To address this endogeneity problem, I use exogenous variation in fertility induced by both a family planning policy in India, which provides cash incentives for sterilization take up, and income shocks. I show that while neither incentive payments nor income shocks by themselves are valid instruments for completed fertility, their interaction is a valid instrument. I infer that population control policies must take into account market inefficiencies that make larger families profitable.
Follow-up imaging of benign pediatric liver tumors.

Though surgery has been recommended in the past for the management of benign hepatic tu- mors, the current emphasis is on medical manage- ment. This report of 4cases with long-term (8-28months) follow-up emphasizes the natural history of these tumors which serves to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of CT and ultra- sound. The lesions typically involute with some cal- cification. Calcification can technically be a prob- lem in follow-up with sonography.
Development and application of MIPAR™: a novel software package for two- and three-dimensional microstructural characterization

Three-dimensional microscopy has become an increasingly popular materials characterization technique. This has resulted in a standardized processing scheme for most datasets. Such a scheme has motivated the development of a robust software package capable of performing each stage of post-acquisition processing and analysis. This software has been termed Materials Image Processing and Automated Reconstruction (MIPAR™). Developed in MATLAB™, but deployable as a standalone cross-platform executable, MIPAR™ leverages the power of MATLAB’s matrix processing algorithms and offers a comprehensive graphical software solution to the multitude of 3D characterization problems. MIPAR™ consists of five modules, three of which (Image Processor, Batch Processor, and 3D Toolbox) are required for full 3D characterization. Each module is dedicated to different stages of 3D data processing: alignment, pre-processing, segmentation, visualization, and quantification. With regard to pre-processing, i.e., the raw-intensity-enhancement steps that aid subsequent segmentation, MIPAR’s Image Processor module includes a host of contrast enhancement and noise reduction filters, one of which offers a unique solution to ion-milling-artifact reduction. In the area of segmentation, a methodology has been developed for the optimization of segmentation algorithm parameters, and graphically integrated into the Image Processor. Additionally, a 3D data structure and complementary user interface has been developed which permits the binary segmentation of complex, multi-phase microstructures. This structure has also permitted the integration of 3D EBSD data processing and visualization tools, along with support of additional algorithms for the fusion of multi-modal datasets. Finally, in the important field of quantification, MIPAR™ offers several direct 3D quantification tools across the global, feature-by-feature, and localized classes.
Antibody to discrete areas of the brain in normal individuals and patients with schizophrenia.

Autoimmune syndromes are frequently associated with the presence of serum antibodies that bind to autoantigens of the involved tissue (Botazzo et al. 1974). Reports of antibrain antibody in patients with schizophrenia have produced conflicting results (Kuznetsova and Semenov 196 1; Fessel 1963; Rubin 1965; Heath and Krupp 1967; Whittingham et al. 1968; Logan and Deodhar 1970; DeLisi et al. 1985; Pandey et al. 1981). In the work reported here, an enzymelinked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) was used, with antigen extracted from discrete areas of the brain, to look for serum autoantibodies in patients with schizophrenia.
Detecting the "point of originality" in student writing

This paper proposes a new method for the objective evaluation of student work through the identification of original content in writing assignments. Using WordNet as a lexical reference, this process allows instructors to track how key phrases are employed and evolve over the course of a student's writing, and to automatically visualize the point at which the student's language first demonstrates original thought, phrased in their own, original words. After sketching the method for isolating "points of originality," the paper provides a method for visualizing the resulting information. By visualizing otherwise subjective information in a way that is objectively intelligible, the goal is to provide educators with the ability to monitor student investment in concepts from the course syllabus, and to extend or modify the boundaries of the syllabus in anticipation of pre-existing knowledge or trends in interest.
Roles of conformational stability and colloidal stability in the aggregation of recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor

We studied the non-native aggregation of recombinant human granulocyte stimulating factor (rhGCSF) in solution conditions where native rhGCSF is both conformationally stable compared to its unfolded state and at concentrations well below its solubility limit. Aggregation of rhGCSF first involves the perturbation of its native structure to form a structurally expanded transition state, followed by assembly process to form an irreversible aggregate. The energy barriers of the two steps are reflected in the experimentally measured values of free energy of unfolding (ΔGunf) and osmotic second virial coefficient (B22), respectively. Under solution conditions where rhGCSF conformational stability dominates (i.e., large ΔGunf and negative B22), the first step is rate-limiting, and increasing ΔGunf (e.g., by the addition of sucrose) decreases aggregation. In solutions where colloidal stability is high (i.e., large and positive B22 values) the second step is rate-limiting, and solution conditions (e.g., low pH and low ionic strength) that increase repulsive interactions between protein molecules are effective at reducing aggregation. rhGCSF aggregation is thus controlled by both conformational stability and colloidal stability, and depending on the solution conditions, either could be rate-limiting.
Looped carbon capturing and environmental remediation: case study of magnetic polypropylene nanocomposites

A waste-free process to recycle Fe@Fe2O3/polypropylene (PP) polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) is introduced to synthesize magnetic carbon nanocomposites (MCNCs) and simultaneously produce useful chemical species which can be utilized as a feedstock in petrochemical industry. The magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are found to have an effective catalytic activity on the pyrolysis of PP. The PNCs (with a NP loading of 20.0 wt%) undergo a complete degradation with 2 h pyrolysis at 500 °C in a H2/Ar atmosphere and the degradation components exhibit a distribution of species with different numbers of carbon, while only 40% of pure PP is decomposed after applying the same pyrolytic conditions. The coked solid waste from the conventional process has been utilized as a carbon source to form a protective carbon shell surrounding the magnetic NPs. The magnetic carbon nanocomposites (MCNCs) pyrolyzed from PNCs containing 20.0 wt% NPs demonstrate extremely fast Cr(VI) removal from wastewater with the almost complete removal of Cr(VI) within 10 min. The pH effect on the Cr(VI) removal efficiency is investigated with a preferable value of 1–3. The adsorbent exhibits much higher adsorption capacity in acidic solutions than that in alkali solutions. The large saturation magnetization (32.5 emu g−1) of these novel magnetic carbon nanocomposites allows fast recycling of both the adsorbents and the adsorbed Cr(VI) from the liquid suspension in a more energetically and economically sustainable way by simply applying a permanent magnet. The significantly reduced treatment time required to remove the Cr(VI) makes these MCNCs promising for the efficient removal of the heavy metals from wastewater. Kinetic investigation reveals the pseudo-second-order adsorption of Cr(VI) on these novel magnetic carbon nanocomposite adsorbents.
Children Placed at Risk for Learning and Behavioral Difficulties Implementing a School-Wide System of Early Identification and Intervention

Over the past 2 decades, a substantial knowledge base has accumulated about the fundamentals of young children's learning difficulties and behavioral problems. This information provides educators with powerful and practical information about how to identify children in need of intervention and how to ensure successful school experiences for all learners. In addition, a growing body of research is beginning to shed light on how to effectively incorporate empirically supported approaches into daily practices. This article describes a school-wide system of early identification and intervention for children placed at risk for school success and discusses how schools might implement the recommendations offered in the literature.
A Flip-Chip-Packaged 25.3 dBm Class-D Outphasing Power Amplifier in 32 nm CMOS for WLAN Application

A 2.4 GHz outphasing power amplifier (PA) is implemented in a 32 nm CMOS process. An inverter-based class-D PA topology is utilized to obtain low output impedance and good linearity in the outphasing system. MOS switch non-idealities, such as finite on-resistance and finite rise and fall times are analyzed for their impact on outphasing linearity and efficiency. Outphasing combining is performed via a transformer configured to achieve reduced loss at power backoff. The fabricated class-D outphasing PA delivers 25.3 dBm peak CW power with 35% total system Power Added Efficiency (includes all drivers). Average OFDM power is 19.6 dBm with efficiency 21.8% when transmitting WiFi signals with no linearization required. The PA is packaged in a flip-chip BGA package. Good linearity performance (ACPR and EVM) demonstrates the applicability of inverter-based class-D amplifiers for outphasing configurations.
Controlling chaotic continuous-time systems via feedback

The authors study how to design a conventional nonlinear feedback controller to drive a chaotic trajectory of the well-known (continuous-time) Duffing system to any of its inherent periodic orbits. The motivation for this research is twofold. First, the controller's design for driving a chaotic trajectory to a periodic orbit is more difficult and hence more interesting from a theoretical point of view. Second, it has a more significant physical meaning, for example, when a periodic oscillation of a machine is expected to be recovered from its chaotic situations during the motion and then to be maintained thereafter. >
Atom probe tomography of isoferroplatinum

Here we apply the relatively new analytical technique of atom probe tomography (APT) to a naturally occurring isoferroplatinum grain (Pt3Fe) from northern California to constrain its origin and the nanoscale distribution of trace elements within the grain. Each analysis detected the positions of 10 million atoms in three dimensions with sub-nanometer spatial resolution. The (111) atomic planes are clearly resolved and their orientation was confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The elemental concentrations of all elements (Pt, Fe, Ir, Ni, Rh, Ru, and Cu) determined from the APT mass/charge spectra are within 2 standard deviations of electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) of the grain. The isotopic abundances determined by APT matches NIST standard compositions over a wide range of concentrations, down to 100 ppmw. Nanoscale areas free of minor and trace elements are present throughout the sample. These could be due to the random distribution of atoms. Alternatively, the Pt-Fe phase diagram indicates that order-disorder precipitates of an L12 structure could have formed as the isoferroplatinum cooled from magmatic temperatures (Nose et al. 2003). The trace element free areas could be such precipitates, which would support a high-temperature igneous origin for the isoferroplatinum, rather than formation during low-temperature serpentinization. The results highlight the unique capabilities of APT and the potential utility of knowing the location and identity of atoms in nanometric volumes.
The human minisatellite consensus at breakpoints of oncogene translocations.

Abstract A reexamination of human minisatellite (hypervariable) regions following the cloning and sequencing of the new minisatellite, VTR1.1, revealed that many of these structures possessed a strongly conserved copy of the chi-like octamer, GC[A/T]GG[A/T]GG. In oncogene translocations apparently created by aberrant VDJ recombinase activity, this VTR octamer was often found within a few bases of the breakpoint (p less than 10(-10)). Three bcl2 rearrangements which occurred within 2 bp of one another were located precisely adjacent to this consensus; it defined the 5' border of that oncogene's major breakpoint cluster. Several c-myc translocations also occurred within 2 bp of this sequence. While the appearance of a chi-like element in polymorphic minisatellite sequences is consistent with a role promoting either recombination or replication slippage, the existence of such elements at sites of somatic translocations suggests chi function in site-specific recombination, perhaps as a subsidiary recognition signal in immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. We discuss the implications of these observations for mechanisms by which oncogene translocations and minisatellite sequences are generated.
The multiple faces of RAGE – opportunities for therapeutic intervention in aging and chronic disease

Introduction: This review focuses on the multi-ligand receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily – receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). The accumulation of the multiple ligands of RAGE in cellular stress milieux links RAGE to the pathobiology of chronic disease and natural aging.Areas covered: In this review, we present a discussion on the ligands of RAGE and the implications of these ligand families in disease. We review the recent literature on the role of ligand–RAGE interaction in the consequences of natural aging; the macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes; obesity and insulin resistance; autoimmune disorders and chronic inflammation; and tumors and Alzheimer’s disease. We discuss the mechanisms of RAGE signaling through its intracellular binding effector molecule – the formin DIAPH1. Physicochemical evidence of how the RAGE cytoplasmic domain binds to the FH1 (formin homology 1) domain of DIAPH1, and the consequences thereof, are also reviewed.Expert opinion: We discuss th...
Therapeutic Uses of Iron(III) Chelators and Their Antimicrobial Conjugates

The assimilation of ionic iron, especially iron (III) is made very difficult by its insolubility at physiological pH. Many microorganisms circumvent this problem of low iron bioavailability by synthesizing and excreting siderophores, iron chelators that solubilize and sequester iron. Under iron-stressed conditions, these iron complexes can be recognized by outer membrane receptors of the microorganism and then are transported through the cellular membrane via active transport. As indicated by the generalized trihydroxamate, the most effective siderophores contain multiple ligands that bind iron(III) in an octahedral complex with the iron binding sites in a particular orientation to minimize the entropic effects of separate ligands. Numerous siderophores possess antibiotic properties. These antibiotic siderophores, or sideromycins, defend against iron assimilation by foreign organisms. The Shanzer group has synthesized several nonnatural siderophores to map the surface of ferrichrome receptors. This work demonstrated that iron chelators have two domains of siderophore-receptor interactions. The first domain is the iron binding domain, which is very sensitive to structural modification, whereas the second domain consists of the linker to the iron binding moiety, which is more tolerant of modification. Many groups synthesized simple iron chelators such as catechols and hydroxamic acids that were conjugated to β-lactam antibiotics at the C-6 or C-7 position. Unlike natural siderophores which usually contain two or three bidentate ligands, these were the simplest siderophores, with only one bidentate ligand. These conjugates had excellent activities against gram-negative bacteria, even in cases where the initial drug could not permeate the cell membrane alone.
Embodied Spatial Thinking in Tangible Computing

Tangible user interfaces are based on the premise that embodied cognition in computing can enhance cognitive processes. However, the ways in which embodied cognition in computing transform spatial thinking have not yet been rigorously studied. I have co-designed Tangible Landscape -- a continuous shape display powered by a geographic information system -- and used it to explore how technology mediates spatial cognition in a rigorous experiment. In this terrain modeling experiment I use geospatial analytics to analyze how visual computing with a GUI and tangible computing with a shape display mediate multidimensional spatial performance. My initial findings suggest that: 1. digital sculpting via a GUI is unintuitive, 2. shape displays like Tangible Landscape can be intuitive, enhance spatial performance, and enable rapid iteration and ideation, and 3. different analytics encourage significantly different modes of spatial thinking and strategies for modeling.
Poor diets, abnormal breathing, and SIDS risk

plasticity is a fundamental property of neural systems, enabling animals to change as environmental conditions change. This plasticity is often greatest during perinatal development, making immature animals particularly susceptible to profound, and potentially deleterious, changes in neural function
Application of Prototype Teaching Method in Accounting Teaching

The core thought of Prototype Teaching Method is: with the abundant fulfillment teaching experience,the teacher use example or real objects explain,or ask for help from the computer in teaching to imitate teaching or operating.To do this,the students can understand the knowledge structure,master the operating ability in a kind of vivid and interesting teaching environment.Prototype Teaching Method matches the people's habits to cognize thing from special to general perception.It leads into the means of the emulation to the teaching and gets good teaching result.
An Enlightenment of Inter-Culturality on Education & Management of International Students in University——A Case Analysis Based on International College of Jinan University

In the background of multicultural cultural,the education and management of international students is a cross-cultural education and management,a deep-level model of service-oriented education and management.In the education and management of international students in university,management agencies and workers should actively transform management concepts and effectively improve service awareness;broaden the channels of cultural exchange and deepen the model of education and management;give the students more autonomy and guide them into the effective "self-management";advocate cultural self-discipline and establish the perfect education and management system for the students;pay close attention to cultural difference and inter-culturality and cope well with the education and management of emergencies from international students.
Rat hepatic mRNA-S14 and lipogenic enzymes during weaning: role of S14 in lipogenesis

The rapid and marked response of hepatic mRNA-S14 sequence to both triiodothyronine and carbohydrate intake has made this sequence an attractive model for studying the action of hormonal and dietary factors. Because it is highly expressed and regulated only in lipogenic tissues, we have suggested that it plays a role in some aspect of lipid synthesis, transport, or metabolism. To provide more precise information regarding the function of S14 we have measured lipogenesis, lipogenic enzymes, beta-oxidation, and mRNA-S14 levels in spontaneously weaning neonatal rats and in rats prematurely weaned to a laboratory diet on postnatal day 17. After birth, the levels of lipogenesis, mRNA-S14, and the lipogenic enzymes malic enzyme (ME) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were almost undetectable but increased with the onset of spontaneous weaning. Coincident with these changes, beta-oxidation decreased. Premature weaning beginning on day 17 resulted in an earlier and even more marked increase in lipogenesis, ME, FAS, and mRNA-S14. On day 19, ME and FAS activities were 6- to 19-fold more than activities in control suckling pups, whereas mRNA-S14 levels had risen to greater than 100 times the control values. Thus directional shifts in mRNA-S14 corresponded with indices of lipogenesis and were opposite to indices reflecting beta-oxidation. The response of mRNA-S14 therefore suggests that it may be related to the synthesis of fatty acids. On the other hand, the level of lipogenesis in the fetus was high despite the fact that the levels of both mRNA-S14 and ME were low. This dissociation raises the possibility that the S14 protein participates in lipogenesis in the neonate and adult but not in the fetus.
RANO Criteria: Application to Response Assessment in Clinical Trials

Abstract One of the most vexing problems in neuro-oncology is the accurate determination of disease progression, which is often confounded by phenomena such as pseudoprogression. The advent of antiangiogenic agents has further obfuscated an already difficult problem by producing a new imaging artifact, namely pseudoresponse. With the increasing number of novel agents and delivery techniques being explored in clinical trials there is a strong need for robust and adaptable criteria to monitor response assessment and thus define endpoints. The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group was created to address these and other problems as they relate to outcome assessments in neuro-oncology. This chapter provides a review of the work as of this writing performed by RANO to update response assessment criteria and endpoint definition as part of the fundamentals of clinical trial design across the spectrum of neuro-oncology.
A Military Anti-Shock Trousers Program in the Small Hospital

MAST trousers have proven extremely effective in rural areas to control hemorrhagic shock in patients with severe trauma who must be transported some distance for treatment. A teaching outline for their use is included.
Belgium: The Politics of Extreme Segmentation

When Belgium gained its independence in 1830, it was linguistically and culturally French. Increasing immigration by the Flemish who are linguistically and culturally distinct from the original Francophones challenged the French character of Belgian society. Pressure by the Flemish to elevate their language to an official status brought about fundamental constitutional change beginning in 1970. This process completed Belgium’s transformation from a unitary state into a loose confederation in which the final power devolved to cultural councils that governed each of the sub-cultures. The party system accommodated these cultural and constitutional changes with the appearance of populist parties of sub-cultural identity. A proportional electoral system permits this fragmentation of the party system in which no party draws significant support from outside its geographically defined sub-culture.
Bureaucratically distorted communication: The case of managed mental health care

Mental health treatment providers today are subject to insurance company regulation. Using grounded theory to analyze 33 interviews of treatment providers, I portray this regulation as a form of surveillance that operates through discourse, and ask how treatment providers communicate with and through this system. My findings reveal that mental health treatment providers are required to deliver information to insurers within a rationalized medical discourse that is supposed to represent treatment, but is inadequate for the task. I argue this bureaucratic system demands that providers communicate with insurers in a distorted way. These findings are theorized in dialogue with Habermas’ communication typology and his theory of lifeworld colonization. I argue that the case of managed mental health care presents an arena of communication and colonization which is best suited by building from the Habermasian framework. Colonization occurs, yet on within a specific channel of communication, despite pretensions of thoroughgoing colonization. Systematically generated communicative distortions occur, but often without necessarily involving self-deceptions or strategic private agendas. This paper contributes to Habermasian theory by suggesting it could be further elaborated upon to account in for forms of colonization and distorted communication that occur in varied social contexts.
Adherence to the Original Intentions in Constitutional Adjudication: Three Objections and Responses

In this article, published in 1988, I reviewed and responded to the most common criticisms of the model of constitutional interpretation now called "original intentions originalism." In it, I defined that method as an attempt to interpret the relevant constitutional rule in in the sense that it was understood by the people whose assent caused it to become law. In the case of the original United States Constitution, that would be the understanding held by the people attending the ratifying conventions in 1787-89. I then treated the objection that deriving such an understanding was actually or effectively impossible because of inherent defects in linguistic communication, the multiplicity of constitution-makers, or the inaccessibility of distant historical intentions. Next I disputed the claim that constitution-maker themselves did not intend their intentions to govern subsequent interpretation, making this form of adjudication self-contradictory. Finally, I acknowledged the possibility that reasonable people might find the results of original intentions adjudication unacceptable because it imposes the values of a (sometimes long distant) past on a substantially changed society. I suggested that, valid or not on its own terms, this criticism was aimed at the stability and clarity that are core values of constitutionalism.
Technical standards for medical devices. Assisted circulation devices

The steep rise in the clinical use of high technology biomedical devices and materials, involving multidisciplinary competencies, points out the problem of mutual standards defining, first of all, functional characteristic and tests able to characterise and qualify devices, materials and minimal safety requirements both for patients and operators. Standards defined by consent of the parties or by law are used to this aim. Fast technical development in specific sectors produces besides lack of rules, which must be quickly filled up. The aim of this paper is both the presentation of the approach to problems related to technical standards for biomedical devices and the presentation of the set up of a technical standard for mechanical heart assist devices.
Polar maps: Captain Cook and the earliest historical charts of the ice edge in the Chukchi Sea

On 11 August 1778, Captain James Cook, the pre-eminent explorer of his age, sailed north through Bering Strait with two ships, Resolution and Discovery, in search of the Northwest Passage. Working ...
Focal Words and the Recovery of Sentence Meaning

In listening and reading, the foreign language learner must be able to process a tremendous amount of information in a short time. In order to do this, he must develop a strategy for choosing those items that help in recovering that information. One way of doing this is to concentrate on focal words: words containing key elements of meaning in the sentence. These words may then be used - in speech and writing - to reconstruct the original message. This paper explores the relationship of focel words to other sentence elements and describes various focal word exercises for listening and reading.
A Content Analysis of LGBT Research in Top Family Journals 2000-2015

The past decades have witnessed some of the most prolific changes in rights and experiences for LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) individuals and their families. Research during this period also witnessed a significant increase in the study of these changes. The current content analysis systematically reviewed all LGBT-related articles published in top-ranked, general family science journals from 2000 to 2015 to gauge the state of this growing field. Specifically, basic descriptives, theoretical foundations, methodological plurality, and inclusivity were examined. Results revealed that less than 3% of articles published were LGBT-related, most were atheoretical and infrequently included variables unique to this population (e.g., outness, discrimination), used purposive cross-sectional samples, focused most on lesbian and/or gay couples, and included primarily White and middle-class individuals in samples. Areas of strengths and future opportunities are discussed.
Materials science: How to suck like an octopus

Rubber sheets that reversibly bind and release substrates have been made by copying a subtlety in the shape of octopus suckers. The findings reveal how macro-scale biological structures can influence function. See Letter p.396 Adhesives fall broadly into two categories, working either through chemical bonding or attraction at the interface, or through mechanical interlocking to ensure that surfaces stick together. Finding an adhesive in either of these categories that works under dry conditions and when immersed in liquids, and isn't readily contaminated, is an ongoing challenge. Changhyun Pang and colleagues have taken inspiration from the shape of octopus suckers to develop and fabricate a textured polymer patch that adheres through mechanical deformation. The patch displays good adhesive properties in various media, yet is resistant to chemical contamination.
Selectively converting glucose to fructose using immobilized tertiary amines

Abstract Glucose isomerization to fructose is an important step in upgrading biomass to higher valued products. Tertiary amines can be highly selective catalysts for this reaction. In this work, tertiary amine analogues were functionalized on a mesoporous silica support to create heterogeneous catalytic materials. Experiments with homogeneous catalysts and silica revealed that silanols reduced the catalytic activity. Through using different strategies to limit amine-silanol interactions, it is determined that tuning parameters such as amine loading and alkyl linker length of the amine tether increases the fructose yield by a factor of four. Among the catalysts tested, the one found to be the best for glucose isomerization has a high amine loading (∼0.95 mmol g−1) with a methyl linker. Catalyst reuse tests demonstrated that organosilane leaching reduced amine content, but the immobilized amines with the methyl linker retained greater catalytic activity than amines with propyl linkers.