cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macroscopic models for long-range dependent network traffic

A common way to inject long-range dependence in a stochastic traffic model possessing a weak regenerative structure is to make the variance of the underlying period infinite (while keeping the mean finite). This method is supported both by physical reasoning and by experimental evidence. We exhibit the long-range dependence of such a process and, by studying its second-order properties, we asymptotically match its correlation structure to that of a fractional Brownian motion. By studying a certain distributional limit theorem associated with such a process, we explain the emergence of an extremely skewed stable Levy motion as a macroscopic model for the aforementioned traffic. Surprisingly, long-range dependence vanishes in the limit, being “replaced” by independent increments and highly varying marginals. The marginal distribution is computed and is shown to match the one empirically obtained in practice. Results on performance of queueing systems with Levy inputs of the aforementioned type are also reported in this paper: they are shown to be in agreement with pre-limiting models, without violating experimental queueing analysis.
Implementing a condensed dialectical behavior therapy skills group for binge-eating behaviors in adolescents.

Subthreshold binge-eating disorder (BED) symptoms can lead to additive physical and psychological health challenges and may put youth at risk for developing BED during the early adulthood. We examined the implementation of a condensed dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) skills intervention for subthreshold binge-eating behaviors in adolescents. Fifteen 14–18 years old participated in a 10-week DBT skills group, which experientially introduced mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness skills in the context of emotionally driven overeating behaviors. Adolescents and caregivers completed measures of emotional eating and binge-eating behaviors at baseline and post-intervention, including the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and Emotional Eating Scale for Children and Adolescents. Eleven participants were retained at 3-month follow-up. Descriptive statistics were compared at all three time points. Results suggested a reduction in emotional eating and binge-eating behaviors based on youth self-report and caregiver report. Acceptability ratings of the treatment were high among participants completing the intervention. Using DBT skills to target emotionally driven overeating behaviors in youth may be useful in the treatment of subthreshold BED behaviors and potentially deter future development of full-criteria BED. Level IV, uncontrolled pilot trial.
Injury severity score associated with concurrent bladder injury in patients with blunt urethral injury

Delayed diagnosis of concurrent bladder damage in a patient with blunt urethral trauma can lead to a high rate of morbidity. In patients with a high index of suspicion, genitourinary workup is recommended. In complicated patients with multi-trauma, this workup has a risk of being delayed. A proven prognostic indicator to evaluate the likelihood of bladder injury in this population has not been established. The aim of this study was to determine if there was a clinical association between the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and bladder injury involvement among these patients. Retrospective analysis was performed on a cohort of 98 patients who presented with blunt urethral trauma to R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center between 2002 and 2014. Univariate analysis was performed to determine if there was an association between concurrent bladder injuries and ISS among other factors. A receiver operating characteristic curve plot was performed to analyze the association between ISS and bladder involvement. Of the 98 patients with blunt urethral trauma, 28 had concurrent bladder injury. ISS was shown to have a significant correlation with concurrent bladder injury (OR = 2.2 per 10 unit change in ISS, p = 0.0001). ROC curve analysis showed an area under the curve for the prediction of bladder injury. Patients with ISS ≥ 34 had a 54% chance of bladder injury, while patients with ISS < 34 had a 13% chance. ISS ≥ 34, a score in the range of severe multi-trauma, may be a clinical indicator of bladder injury in patients presenting with blunt urethral trauma. This research was supported in part by the Proposed Research Initiated by Students and Mentors (PRISM) Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine Office of Student Research.
Integration and Prediction in Language Processing: A Synthesis of Old and New.

Current theories of language processing emphasize prediction as a mechanism to facilitate comprehension, which contrasts with the state of the field a few decades ago, when prediction was rarely me...
Forecasting Markers of Habitual Driving Behaviors Associated With Crash Risk

Both distracted and aggressive driving are habitual in nature, constituting an insurance risk, which has been difficult to quantify. Here, in this paper, we propose a method that produces short term predictions for these two dangerous driving behaviors. The method feeds an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) algorithm with the most informative features of a set of physiological and vehicular variables. The XGB algorithm operates on a learning window covering the last 30 seconds to make fast track predictions (FT) for the next 10 seconds. For aggressive driving, FT predictions are final, while for distracted driving, FT predictions are weighted over one minute, to form a meta-prediction. This more deliberative process for predicting distractions fits their intermittent manifestation. The method has been tested on SIM 1, a publicly available dataset from a distracted driving experiment. In this dataset, the drivers ( $n=59$ ) are labeled as distracted based on the presence of mental activity or physical interactions antagonistic to the driving task; their driving style is defined by steering and acceleration, and is classified as aggressive or normal. The method attains classification performance that exceeds 87%. Alerting drivers when distractions and aggressiveness have taken hold on them can provide sobering awareness, given that people drift into these states subconsciously. The behavioral modification effects of such awareness mechanisms are rooted in Cognitive Behavioral Theory. The proposed method can also be used in future vehicles with advanced automation, weighing in the computer’s decision to wrest vehicular control from an unrepentant driver.
Application of Surface Chemical Fundamentals to Improving Industrial Filtration Rates

ABSTRACTThe throughput of any process is limited by the step with the lowest throughput. In iron ore processing, filtration is used to dewater the iron ore concentrate created during reverse flotat...
IDEALS IN FINITELY-GENERATED PI-ALGEBRAS

This chapter describes the ideals in finitely-generated Pi-algebras. In the study of algebras satisfying a polynomial identity the finitely generated algebras play a central role. The determination of the finitely-generated ideals is important. It is known that the maximal ideals of finitely-generated Pi-algebras over commutative Noetherian rings are finitely generated as ideals. On the other hand, there are many examples of ideals in generic matrix rings. The Procesi's result are generalized and applied to hereditary rings. It is found that if R is simple, the conclusion is just one form of the Nullstellensatz. The Wedderburn theorems dispose, then, of the semi-simple case. In the general situation, if J is the radical of R , then the J i-1 / J i are finitely-generated modules over R/J and, hence, finite-dimensional vector spaces over F . It is observed that since J n = ( 0 ) for some n, R is finite-dimensional over F .
How Do Boundaries of Difference Participate in Defining Curriculum

A new a priori question now frames curriculum studies because indegenteity is both the focus and the method of theory and practice, grounded in Hacking's five-aspect dynamic framework, and the processes of eventalizing.
An order N log N parallel solver for time-spectral problems

Abstract The time-spectral method is a fast and efficient scheme for computing the solution to temporal periodic problems. Compared to traditional backward difference implicit time-stepping methods, time-spectral methods incur significant computational savings by using a temporal Fourier representation of the time discretization and solving the periodic problem directly. In the time-spectral discretization, all time instances are fully coupled to each other, resulting in a dense temporal discretization matrix, the evaluation of which scales as O ( N 2 ) , where N denotes the number of time instances. However, by implementing the time-spectral method based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) the computational cost can be reduced to O ( N log ⁡ N ) . Furthermore, in parallel implementations, where each time instance is assigned to an individual processor, the wall-clock time necessary to solve time-spectral problems is reduced to O ( log ⁡ N ) using the FFT-based approach, as opposed to the O ( N ) weak scaling incurred by previous dense matrix or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) parallel time-spectral solver implementations. In this work, first an FFT-based approximate factorization (AF) scheme is used to solve time-spectral problems with large numbers of time instances. Subsequently, this solution strategy is reformulated as a preconditioner to be used in the context of a Newton-Krylov method applied directly to the complete non-linear space-time time-spectral residual. The use of the Generalized Minimal Residual Method (GMRES) Krylov method enables additional coupling between the various time instances running on different processors resulting in faster overall convergence. The GMRES/AF scheme is shown to produce significantly faster convergence than the AF scheme used as a solver alone, and achieves orders of magnitude gains in efficiency compared to previous DFT-based implementations of similar solution strategies for large numbers of time instances.
Chronic Stress and Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors among Low-Income African-American Female Caregivers

Background Chronic stress increases the risk of excess intake of calorie-dense foods. Low-income minority caregivers in the United States are cumulatively exposed to stressors and unhealthy foods, but evidence of this association is limited in this population group. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between chronic stress and unhealthy dietary behaviors among low-income African-American caregivers in Detroit, Michigan. Methods Data came from Detroit Dental Health Project, a longitudinal study of pairs of African-American caregivers and children during 2002-2007. A sample of 912 female caregivers were included and their baseline (2002-2003) survey responses were analyzed to identify those with chronic stress and patterns of dietary behaviors. The likelihood of having unhealthy dietary behaviors was compared between chronically stressed caregivers and others, and the mediator role of depressive symptoms or current smoking was tested. Results Approximately 10% of caregivers experienced chronic stress as they all reported discrimination, residential movement, and lack of social support. Twenty-five percent of the caregivers were found to have an unhealthy dietary pattern characterized by excess intake of high fatty foods and soda. Chronically stressed caregivers were more likely to exhibit unhealthy dietary behaviors (prevalence ratio: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.84), and this relation was significantly mediated by depressive symptoms, not current smoking. Conclusions These findings suggest that chronic stress played a role in negatively influencing dietary behaviors. As this association might be mediated by depressive symptoms, an intervention to reduce depressive symptoms can be considered as an effective strategy to promote healthy dietary behaviors among chronically stressed minority caregivers.
What Causes the Disposition Effect? Evidence from Corporate Insiders

While most researchers agree on the existence of the disposition effect, questions remain regarding its cause. We investigate several potential theories by examining the trading decisions of corpor...
Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) regulates BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene expression after ovarian cortex transplantation.

To test whether recombinant anti-Mullerian hormone (rAMH) could exert an inhibitory function on BRCA1/2 expression in human ovarian cortex. Pilot study on ovariectomized nude mice xenotransplanted ...
Would an Object Representation Invariant Provide Sufficient State Based Knowledge to Adapt Network Intrusion Detection System Rules With Minimal Impact to System Resources

This work illustrates experimentally with an implemented system and defined representation invariant that when the representation invariant is violated security adaptations can be made to a Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS). The adaption process has minimal resource overhead and would improve overall safety for the network. The experimental setup is a back-end web service with clearly defined representation states as an initial test case. Results are collected, stored, and analyzed under three test conditions: a baseline with no user input, normal operations with user input, and finally a series of SQL injection attacks. The objective of test cases is to show that incorporation of protection mechanisms after post evaluation of objects and before updating the back end services provides little resource overhead. Therefore adapting the NIDS provides added safety and security with little impact on the service or users of a system. Libraries are implemented to interface to a firewall and adapt its rules when an invariant is violated. Evidence will be shown that an adaptive approach to securing a NIDS by a service endpoint can thwart malicious actors with little impact on system resources. Concluding a hybrid approach of using both the representation invariant and machine learning will be presented discussing the next stages of future research.
The Ethics of Service as a Department Chairperson or Residency Director

Serving as a department chairperson or residency program director is a complex job requiring financial, educational, and research skills, leadership ability, and the aptitude to balance the needs of the university, faculty, residents, medical students, and patients. Success requires a mission-driven zeal, common sense, a strong moral compass and a concern for others that outweighs one’s own self-interest. This chapter reviews the ethical beliefs required to improve a department or a residency program. It also provides a series of case scenarios that demonstrate the complexity of ethical situations faced by chairs and residency directors on a day-to-day basis.
Healthcare Openness and Access Project 2020 (prerelease)

The Healthcare Openness and Access Project (HOAP) is a collection of state-by-state comparative data on the flexibility and discretion that US patients and providers have in seeking and delivering healthcare. HOAP combines these data to produce 41 indicators of openness and accessibility. In turn, these indicators are aggregated into 5 broad categories (Professional Regulation, Institutional Regulation, Patient Regulation, Payment Regulation, and Delivery Regulation), which in combination form the overall HOAP index. In addition, there are 7 indicators grouped under the title “Watchlist”—variables worth tracking, but not incorporated at this time into the categories or overall index. The indicators, categories, and overall index are all scored on a 1-to-5 Likert scale. Using the data provided on HOAP’s website, readers may adjust the weight given to each indicator to custom-build subjective measures and rankings that differ from the ones presented in this paper. The authors have substantially revised and expanded the list of indicators since HOAP 2016 and HOAP 2018, as well as revising some of the previous data. In addition, HOAP 2020 replaces the previous 10 subindexes with 5 new categories. Therefore, the 2020 rankings are not directly comparable with prior HOAP rankings.
Estimation of absolute stress in the hypocentral region of the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquakes

Strength of the upper brittle part of the Earth's lithosphere controls deformation styles in tectonically active regions, surface topography, seismicity, and the occurrence of plate tectonics, yet ...
La Complejidad Económica de Chiapas: Análisis de Capacidades y Oportunidades de Diversificación Productiva (The Economic Complexity of Chiapas: Analysis of Capabilities and Opportunities for Productive Diversification)

Spanish Abstract: Chiapas es el estado mas pobre de Mexico, y tambien el menos diversificado en su estructura productiva. Segun los hallazgos de este reporte, esa dualidad no es una coincidencia casual. La escasa complejidad economica de Chiapas, medida tanto por la escasa sofisticacion de sus exportaciones como por la exigua diversidad en la composicion de su empleo, es uno de los factores asociados a sus bajos niveles de ingreso y escaso crecimiento. Para cambiar el patron de crecimiento de Chiapas es necesario cambiar su estructura de produccion, haciendola mas compleja y sofisticada. English Abstract: Chiapas is the poorest state in Mexico and the least diversified in its productive structure. According to the findings of this report, that duality is not a casual coincidence. The low economic complexity of Chiapas, measured both by the low sophistication of its exports and the scant diversity of employment, is one of the factors contributing to its low incomes and stagnant growth. Changing Chiapas’ growth trajectory will require a transformation in the structure of its production, making it more complex and diverse. Fortunately, there is significant untapped potential for distinct parts of Chiapas to gradually move toward more complex products and industries based on the knowledge that exists today. Not all places within Chiapas have the same potential; the extreme diversity of productive capabilities that exists across Mexico also occurs within localities in Chiapas, as evidence of the fractal inequality in the country. These findings show that the variance of income levels in the interior of the 9 regions of Chiapas is even larger than the differences across those regions. This characteristic motivates the use of a municipal approach, centered on those urban zones with larger populations and sufficient productive diversification and sophistication so as to justify an analysis of the “adjacent” products and industries that offer gains in complexity and require similar capabilities to those already present. This approach recognizes that the short-term goal for many citizens that do not live around the most sophisticated regions of the state is the possibility of moving gradually toward greater agricultural productivity. The report identifies the products and industries that offer the greatest potential for productive diversification to improve the economic complexity of the four most complex municipalities in Chiapas, considering their initial capabilities. The report presents a differentiated strategy for the primary opportunities and the barriers that must be overcome to capitalize on each.
Glycolytic inhibition with 3-bromopyruvate suppresses tumor growth and improves survival in a murine model of anaplastic thyroid cancer.

Abstract Background Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a rare but devastating malignancy. Anaplastic thyroid cancer cells exhibit the Warburg effect by preferentially undergoing glycolysis even in aerobic conditions, leading to high glucose use. Here we assess if targeted inhibition of glycolysis can diminish anaplastic thyroid cancer growth and improve outcomes. Methods Human anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line 8505C was grown in medium containing high (25 mmol/L) or low (3 mmol/L) glucose concentration and hexokinase II inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate (200 μM). Cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured. An orthotopic xenograft model of anaplastic thyroid cancer was generated in nude mice using 8505C cells. Animals were provided standard chow or a ketogenic diet and treated with 3-bromopyruvate (1.8 mg/kg). Overall survival time was monitored. Necropsies were performed to harvest tumors for analysis. Results Growth of 8505C in low-glucose medium with 3-bromopyruvate decreased cell proliferation by 89%, migration by 44%, and invasion by 73% (P Conclusion Glycolytic inhibition with 3-bromopyruvate inhibits tumor growth and extends survival in a murine model of anaplastic thyroid cancer when combined with the ketogenic diet. Thus, targeted glycolytic inhibition of anaplastic thyroid cancer exhibits context-specific utility and may only be effective during ketosis induced by dietary restriction of glycolytic inputs.
Acquired Humoral Immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans

Research initiated in the late 1980s has been the driving force behind a major expansion of one's knowledge about Ab immunity (AI) to cryptococcal disease (cryptococcosis) and a sea change in the understanding of mechanisms of AI to Cryptococcus neoformans and other microbes for which AI is not thought to be the predominant protective host defense mechanism. This chapter highlights this information, placing emphasis on how new knowledge about AI to C. neoformans has advanced one's understanding of pathogenesis, virulence, and mechanisms of Ab action. Levels of IgG to glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) were higher in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected than HIV-uninfected individuals in studies using a direct GXM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but lower in studies using different ELISA methods. The major effect of monoclonal Ab (MAb) to GXM on effector cell function is achieved by enhancing expression of costimulatory molecules, cytokine receptors, and cytokines that polarize the cellular response toward a Th1-like response. A long-recognized mechanism that is central to AI to cryptococcal disease is Ab-mediated clearance of GXM. The remarkable expansion of knowledge about AI to cryptococcal disease since the late 1980s has already translated into potential therapies to ameliorate human cryptococcal disease. The study of AI to C. neoformans has provided precedents that have informed and influenced one's views on Ab immunity in general and the efficacy of Abs against other microbes.
Core competencies required for the cardiac surgical nurse practitioner.

Purpose: To propose a set of core competencies for the cardiac surgery nurse practitioner (CSNP). Data sources: Research, review articles, standards of practice, hospital practice guidelines. Conclusion: Although there have been preliminary studies that demonstrate the effectiveness and cost savings associated with the use of a CSNP, specific competencies have yet to be defined. The CSNP provides direct patient care and functions simultaneously as part of an interdisciplinary team. The CSNP cares for the patient from preadmission until postdischarge. The CSNP facilitates the transfer of information along the transitions of care that is vital to positive patient outcomes. Implications for practice: Changes in health care have forced providers to find ways to decrease the cost of services while maintaining high-quality, efficient care for their patients. In addition, there is a rising acuity of the patient population admitted for cardiac surgery. The continued development of the role of the CSNP and evidence that supports the cost savings and improved patient outcomes that result from the use of CSNPs will encourage more and more cardiac surgery programs to use CSNPs along the continuum of care.
JACME2T: an industry-academic consortia to enhance continuing engineering education

The three state Universities in Arizona (Arizona State University, University of Arizona, Northern Arizona University) and six of the largest, high tech companies (AlliedSignal, Boeing, Hughes Missile Systems, IBM, Intel and Motorola) have completed a Technology Reinvestment Program (NSF award 3518) which is now a permanent self-supporting consortia known as JACME2T (Joint Arizona consortium-Manufacturing and Engineering Education for Tomorrow). The Consortium is devoted to advancing university industry interactions-especially in life long learning areas. Overall direction is provided by a Policy Board of top industry, university and public sector leaders. Day to day direction is provided by the Technical Advisory Board, again comprised of industry and university managers. A central office is maintained at ASU and a branch office for Southern Arizona at Hughes Missile Systems in Tucson. Six curriculum development groups are developing/providing advanced level education at the noncredit, certificate and graduate levels in the following areas: manufacturing processes, IPPD, software, environmental, design and quality.
Predictions of the Swelling-Induced Pre-Stress in Articular Cartilage

Due to the presence of fixed charges in articular cartilage, the tissue in situ is in a swollen state with its associated pre-stresses. In this paper, the triphasic theory, which models the tissue as a mixture of three phases (solid, fluid and ions), is used to predict the swelling-induced stresses and strains in a geometrically simplified (spherical layer) model of articular cartilage on the femoral or humoral head. The model predictions indicate that the residual stresses and strains depend strongly on the magnitude and distribution of the fixed charged density, matrix stiffness and the curvature of the layer of the tissue. This study indicates that specific models for each diarthrodial joint and cartilage layer must be developed in order to assess the relative importance of these three factors on influencing the residual-stress states within the tissue.
LIPS: lightweight internet permit system for stopping unwanted packets

In this paper, we propose a Lightweight Internet Permit System (LIPS) that provides a lightweight, scalable packet authentication mechanism for ensuring traffic-origin accountability. LIPS is a simple extension of IP, in which each packet carries an access permit issued by its destination host or gateway, and the destination verifies the access permit to determine if a packet is accepted or dropped. We will first present the design and the prototype implementation of LIPS on Linux 2.4 kernel. We then use analysis, simulations, and experiments to show how LIPS can effectively prevent protected critical servers and links from being flooded by unwanted packets with negligible overheads. We propose LIPS as an domain-to-domain approach to stop unwanted attacks, without requiring broad changes in backbone networks as other approaches. Therefore, LIPS is incrementally deployable in a large scale on common platforms with minor software patches.
Almond Harvesting, Processing, and Microbial Flora

This survey was set up on a statistical sampling plan to determine the microbial quality of almonds as they are received at the processing plant. The total aerobic bacterial count and yeast and mold count distribution were skewed by a few high counts compared with the majority of relatively low counts. Hard shell varieties of almonds had lower counts than did soft shell, and almonds with complete shells had lower counts than shelled almonds. Almonds harvested onto canvas had lower counts than those harvested by knocking onto the ground. Nuts with the least amounts of foreign material mixed into the sample had the lowest counts, as did nuts with the least amount of insect damage. Coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus were isolated from the nuts, and their presence was correlated with soil contamination. When almonds are stored, the total plate count, the Streptococcus count, and the E. coli count after an initial drop remain nearly constant for more than 3 months. In addition to the indicator organisms, several genera of bacteria were isolated including Bacillus, Xanthomonas, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus or Staphylococcus, and Brevibacterium.
From science to technology to products and profits

Abstract We follow the evolution of superconductivity from empirical discovery to theory development, to proof of the theory by General Electric (GE) laboratory experiments by Nobel laureate Ivar Giaever, to the development, design and manufacture of superconducting materials and magnets, to the creation of new venture (Intermagnetics General, IGC), to application to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which resulted in GE's world leadership. We highlight the role of R&D management in encouraging creativity, transferring technology to operations and achieving leadership through technology. We also discuss implications for R&D managers and entrepreneurs in established companies who wish to start an internal venture, and for technological entrepreneurs who are planning a spin-off.
A Conjunctively Decomposed Boolean Representation for Symbolic Model Checking

A canonical boolean representation is proposed, which decomposes a function into the conjunction of a sequence of components, based on a fixed variable order. The components can be represented in OBDD form. Algorithms for boolean operations and quantification are presented allowing the representation to be used for symbolic model checking. The decomposed form has a number of useful properties that OBDD's lack. For example, the size of conjunction of two independent functions is the sum of the sizes of the functions. The representation also factors out dependent variables, in the sense that a variable that is determined by the previous variables in the variable order appears in only one component of the decomposition. An example of verifying equivalence of sequential circuits is used to show the potential advantage of the decomposed representation over OBDD's.
Mathematical modeling in a displacement field for multiphase flow through a vadose zone

Multiple-phase flow in a displacement field or a velocity field plays a significant role in modeling of groundwater contaminant and solute transport within a vadose zone. In the present paper, a new governing equation written in phase displacement for pore fluids (i.e., water and gas) has been developed to describe multiphase flow through an unsaturated zone. Both inertial and viscous terms are included in development of this equation so that mechanical behaviors of wave and diffusion can be included and described. Establishment of governing equations for viscous pore water and gas flow in the unsaturated zone is based on the first principles such as conservations of flow mass and momentum as well as constitutive relationship. General relations between drag and driving forces for pore water and gas flow have been discussed. The relation of drag-driving force for each phase is actually an alternative expression of momentum conservation with the specific constitutive relationship of fluids. The momentum equation can eventually reduce to extended expressions of Darcy-Gersevanov's and Darcy's Laws for multiphase flow. A relation for an average viscous force on an assemblage volume developed by Li and Helm is modified and introduced in the present paper so that flow movement can be described under both dynamic and transient conditions.
Template Properties of Glucose-Deficient T-Even Bacteriophage DNA

Abstract The vegetative DNA isolated from T4-infected Escherichia coli W4597 (UDPG PPase-) was about two to six times more active in stimulating protein synthesis in cell-free extracts than that isolated from T4-infected E. coli B06. This suggested that nonglucosylated vegetative DNA may be a better template than the glucosylated form. This view was supported by experiments measuring RNA synthesis on mature T-even DNAs with a range of glucose contents. The extent of 14C-GTP polymerization was inversely proportional to the glucose content of the DNA. Differences were also observed in both the kind and quantity of polypeptides produced in response to these DNAs.
Information and Trading on Electronic Communications Networks

The differences between ECNs and Nasdaq market makers are used to formulate and test several hypotheses about the choice of trading venue and the importance of ECN trades in the price discovery process. Trades are more likely to occur on ECNs when spreads are narrow and when trading volume and stock-return volatility are high. Medium and large trades on ECNs have lower effective spreads than comparable market-maker trades, although this is not the case for small trades unless they occur on noninteger ticks. ECN trades have greater permanent price impacts than market-maker trades implying that informed trades are more likely to occur on ECNs. Overall, more private information is revealed through ECN trades than through market-maker trades even though more trades occur with market makers.
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in hippocampal neurons is regulated by the lipid composition of the plasma membrane.

Non-technical summary The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, and drugs that potentiate α7 nAChRs through the regulation of desensitization are currently being developed. Here we show that changes to the lipid composition of the plasma membrane in rat hippocampal neurons, through either acute treatment with drugs that remove cholesterol and breakdown sphingomyelin or chronic treatment with synthesis inhibitors for cholesterol and sphingomyelin, result in significant changes in the desensitization of α7 nAChRs. These data provide evidence that the lipid composition of the plasma membrane is able to modulate the desensitization of α7 nAChRs, which will be important for the development of new therapeutic reagents. Abstract The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in cellular events such as neurotransmitter release, second messenger cascades, cell survival and apoptosis. In addition, they are a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, and drugs that potentiate α7 nAChRs through the regulation of desensitization are currently being developed. Recently, these channels were found to be localized into lipid rafts. Here we show that the disruption of lipid rafts in rat primary hippocampal neurons, through cholesterol-scavenging drugs (methyl-β-cyclodextrin) and the enzymatic breakdown of sphingomyelin (sphingomyelinase), results in significant changes in the desensitization kinetics of native and expressed α7 nAChRs. These effects can be prevented by cotreatment with cholesterol and sphingomyelin, and can be mimicked by treatment with cholesterol and sphingomyelin synthesis inhibitors (mevastatin and myriocin, respectively), suggesting that the effects on desensitization kinetics are indeed due to changes in the levels of cholesterol and sphingomyelin in the plasma membrane. These data provide new insights into the mechanism of desensitization of α7 nAChRs by providing evidence that the lipid composition of the plasma membrane can modulate the activity of the α7 nAChRs.
Family, Medicine, NAPCRG, and the Great Mandella

(Excerpts from acceptance of the Maurice Wood Award at the North American Primary Care Research Group Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2010.) In the mid 1970s, I remember NAPCRG as a small band of family physicians, none professing to be a researcher, but all believing that the future of
Methodology for Determination of Process Induced BTI Variability in MG/HK CMOS Technologies Using a Novel Matrix Test Structure

Process variations in addition to random stochastic variations contribute to variability in aggressively scaled CMOS devices. To decouple the process variation from the random stochastic variations, a novel transistor test structure utilizing a matrix configuration is introduced. Based on this structure, it is shown that the local VT and local bias temperature instability (BTI)-induced variance scales inversely with the gate oxide area over a range of 1000x, whereas process variations lead to saturation in the variance when determined using samples across the wafer. The gate area dependence of the VT and the BTI-induced variance can be modeled independently using two stochastic processes.
Turing machine approach to solve psychrometric attributes

A technique for selecting psychrometric equations and their solution order is presented. The solution order for a given psychrometric problem is not always readily identifiable. Furthermore, because the psychrometric equations can be solved in many different sequences, the solution process can become convoluted. For example, if atmospheric pressure, dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity are known and it is desired to determine the other 12 psychrometric attributes, then there are approximately 37,780 different orders in which to solve the equations to determine the other parameters. The tasks of identifying these many possible combinations of equations, and selecting an appropriate one, is called a decision problem in computation theory. One technique for solving decision problems is a Turing machine computational model. We have constructed a Turing machine which we refer to as a Psychrometric Turing Machine (PTM), to solve all possible psychrometric problems. The PTM selects the optimal equation order based upon a user-specified optimality criterion of CPU cycles. A solution is comprised of a series of functions based on equations found in the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. The PTM is shown to be a practical application to a non-deterministic, multiple-path problem. It required 700 ms on an engineering workstation (100 MHz, Sparc 10) to search all possible combinations and determine the optimal solution route for the most complicated “two-to-all” psychrometric problem. For a particular psychrometric problem, once the equation order is found, these equations can be used to determine the unknown attributes from the known attributes in a consistent manner that is in some sense optimal. We demonstrate the application of the PTM with several examples: a psychrometric calculator, a source code generator, and a listing of the optimal function call sequence for most “two-to-all” psychrometric problems encountered.
Neutral planes in stratified, thermally driven multiple-room enclosures

Abstract When an opening connects two rooms, the neutral plane is the vertical location in the opening at which no air exchange between the rooms occurs. The neutral plane is widely used in modeling and data analysis for predicting thermal performance of buildings but, when more than one occurs, determining their locations has in the past been muddled with algebraic complexity. We first define the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple neutral planes and then provide a simple geometric method to locate them relative to each other.
Development, Democracy, and Mass Killings

Using a newly assembled dataset spanning from 1820 to 1998, we study the relationship between the occurrence and cruelty of episodes of mass killing and the levels of development and democracy across countries and over time. We find that massacres are more likely at intermediate levels of income and less likely at very high levels of democracy, but we do not find evidence of a linear relationship between democracy and probability of mass killings. In the 20th century, discrete improvements in democracy are systematically associated with less cruel massacre episodes. Episodes at the highest levels of democracy and income involve relatively fewer victims.
Nilpotent elements in representation rings over fields of characteristic 2

whereg(m an) =gm @gn,gEG, mEM, neN. If p is an odd prime, it has been shown that a(kG) is semisimple if and only if thep-Sylow subgroups of G are cyclic (Green [3], O’Reilly [4], Zemanek [S]). I f p = 2, a(kG) is semisimple if the 2-Sylow subgroups of G are cyclic [3,4]. However, the converse is false. Conlon [l] and Wallis [7] have shown that a(kG) is semisimple if the 2-Sylow subgroup is a (2,2)-group. The question being settled for 2-groups of order at most 4, we were led to consider the noncyclic groups of order 8. In this paper we shall prove the following:
The immediate source of stuttering: An integration of evidence

The second question posed for this conference is, “What level of the communicative process (i . e . , phonatory , linguistic, or behavioral) appears to be most important in our attempt to explain the nature of the “stuttering block”? I will dispose of the third alternative at the outset by saying that I am not at all sure what to understand by “behavioral.” The term “behavior” has been used with such breadth of implication-that is, from the miniscule to the molar-and yet with such redundancy, that it has lost a good deal of the meaning I once thought it had. I suspect that in most instances of its use in the professional literature there is something of an intent to convey a sense of objectivity. On the other hand, I think there is also a definite intent to imply that whatever activity is referred to by this term is learned activity. The word has had this significance for many years. In recent times it has assumed the equivalence of “modifiable,” which actually is simply more of the same. The word behavior turns up too often and in usage that is redundant. For instance, including the word behavior is unnecessary in such expressions as “verbal behavior,” “speech behavior,” “stuttering behavior,” and even “aggressive behavior.” In fact, use of the word is often more than redundant: it also serves to confound matters. It does not help to objectify or specify; rather, it frequently clouds the issue. To the considerable extent that its use implies learning, a presumption is insidiously introduced. To make the point more clearly, in addition to “verbal behavior,” etc., why not speak of “peristaltic behavior,” “sphincter behavior, ” “reflexive behavior,” and ‘ ‘brain-wave behavior”? The word “behavioral” is a very broad generic term and in current usage it is much more connotative than denotative. If one wishes to refer objectively to a certain activity that is to be the object of attention or scrutiny, then one should simply specify the activity clearly. In contrast to the word “behavioral” the terms “linguistic” and “phonatory”
A globally aggregated reconstruction of cycles of carbon and its isotopes

A globally aggregated model of the carbon cycle with an upwelling/diffusion ocean and a 6-box biosphere is developed to consistently reconstruct the carbon cycle and isotopic variation in the atmosphere and oceans. The calculated atmospheric δ 13 C trend, based on a model that reproduces the CO 2 concentration record, agrees well with the observed ice core and tree-ring δ 13 C records. The model has also been used to estimate the δ 13 C of oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon, and our model results match observations well within the range of observational uncertainty. This model is found to also match measured values (within measurement error) of the pre-bomb decrease in 14 C in the atmosphere and the mixed layer due to the Suess Effect , the bomb- 14 C in the mixed layer, the bomb- 14 C penetration depth, the bomb- 14 C ocean inventory, and the vertical distribution of total dissolved carbon and 14 C. In addition, the model is used to close the balance between the rates of increase of global inventory and of bomb production of radiocarbon. Our confidence in both the global aggregation of data and our understanding of global carbon cycle is strengthened by the consistency between carbon isotope concentration data and model results. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1996.t01-1-00012.x
Parameterizing Potential Exposure to Sulfur Mustard (HD) Using Mixed Model Regression

ABSTRACT The possible threat posed by terrorists using chemical warfare agents (CWAs) against civilian targets is a major concern, reflecting the fact that CWAs are highly toxic to unprotected populations, with releases as vapors or aerosols likely to produce mass casualties on a highly localized basis within minutes or hours after an incident. A conceptual site model is developed and mixed model regression is used to estimate concentration values for the vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) based on the output from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation following wind tunnel experimentation. The analysis provides a first-approximation of the spatial and temporal distribution of potential exposures within a set of 50 m × 50 m × 2 m grids across a 1000 m width by 300 m height by 2250 m length domain in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The HD concentration values are calculated as log-averaged mean and the 95% confidence intervals for each grid at 1.9 d and 6.0 d after initial release. The ...
Pokeweed Antiviral Protein: Its Cytotoxicity Mechanism and Applications in Plant Disease Resistance

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) is a 29 kDa type I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) found in pokeweed plants. Pokeweed produces different forms of PAP. This review focuses on the spring form of PAP isolated from Phytolacca americana leaves. PAP exerts its cytotoxicity by removing a specific adenine from the α-sarcin/ricin loop of the large ribosomal RNA. Besides depurination of the rRNA, PAP has additional activities that contribute to its cytotoxicity. The mechanism of PAP cytotoxicity is summarized based on evidence from the analysis of transgenic plants and the yeast model system. PAP was initially found to be anti-viral when it was co-inoculated with plant viruses onto plants. Transgenic plants expressing PAP and non-toxic PAP mutants have displayed broad-spectrum resistance to both viral and fungal infection. The mechanism of PAP-induced disease resistance in transgenic plants is summarized.
Catalytic properties of dendron-OMS hybrids

Abstract The synthesis and catalytic testing of several dendron–ordered mesoporous silica hybrids are reported. These materials are active in both the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction and the transesterification of glyceryl tributyrate to afford methyl esters. In both reactions it is observed that dendrons terminated with primary amines are more catalytically active than samples containing dendrons terminated with secondary amines. On a mmol nitrogen per gram of silica basis, the first generation dendrons are the most active for both chemistries, and the SBA-15 samples display a higher activity than the MCM-41 samples. The pore-size effect observed is consistent with significant diffusion resistance in the MCM-41 samples. The activity trend observed in the SBA-15 materials is consistent with decreased cooperative effects between the amines and surface silanols as the dendrons become larger. Clear trends are observed indicating that higher generation dendrons are more selective to alcohol formation in the Henry reaction. The dendron catalysts are much more active and stable than simple amines attached to silica in the transesterification of triglycerides. Preliminary results shown indicate that these materials can also catalyze more demanding chemistries, an example of which is the Aldol condensation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural and acetone. The results shown indicate that dendron–OMS hybrids can serve as effective solid base catalysts for a diverse range of chemistries.
Social Networks in Mainstream Classrooms: Social Affiliations and Behavioral Characteristics of Students with EBD.

This study examines the social networks formed in mainstreamed classrooms that contained students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). The sample consisted of 20 students with EBD and their classmates in 16 third- through sixth-grade classes (N = 406). A group-administered interview gathered information on classroom social networks and on peer-assessed behavioral characteristics. Teachers completed the Teacher Report Form for students with EBD. Although they were significantly higher in peer-assessed aggression and disruption and lower in cooperation than general education boys, boys with EBD tended to associate with peers at a level comparable to that of general education boys. The peer clusters containing boys with EBD were characterized by high levels of peer-assessed aggression and disruption and low levels of peer-assessed cooperation, leadership, and academic performance.