cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach to the prediction of low-cycle fatigue data

Low-cycle fatigue data for annealed AISI Type 304, 316, and 348 stainless steel to 816°C have been analyzed and a new relationship has been identified associating fatigue data with shortterm tensile behavior. A logarithmic plot of plastic strain range vs time to fracture was shown to be linear with a slope of minus unity. This line was also found to originate at the point corresponding to the tensile ductility. A similar analysis for elastic strain range data revealed a relationship with the strain-hardening exponent measured in a short-term tensile test at the same temperature and strain rate. These correlations have been combined to provide an equation for predicting the relationship between total strain range and cycles to fracture. This approach has been termed the Method of Characteristic Slopes.
Robust multiple hypothesis tests

;. Introduction. There has long been interest in problems of deciding between two hypotheses when there is uncertainty In the statistical models for the observations. Huber (1965) showed that for scme finite-sample problems, tests can be found that are minimax-robust in terms Of risk. Specifically, Huber considered problems in which the observation under each of two hypotheses consists of a sequence of independent random variables whose densities are known only to lie in uncertainty classes. He showed that, in some eases, there exist least-favorable densities in the classes, having the property that likelihood ratio tests based on those densities minimize the maximum risk as the true observation densities vary. Huber's results have been extended and modified for different situations by many subsequent researchers. However, there are not many results concerning robust multiplehypothesis tests. Problems of deciding among more than two hypotheses occur in many applications, including image processing, and there is often uncertainty in the observation models. In this paper, we consider finite-sample multiple-hypothesis tests, such as those that arise in image segmentation problems, our goal is to see to what extent methods used to define robust two-hypothesis tests can be used to define robust or approximately robust multiple-hypothesls tests. Suppose that we have a problem of deciding among M hypotheses. Most multiplehypothesis tests are Bayes tests, and in general 8ayes tests can be put in the form of comparing likelihood ratios for pairs of hypotheses to thresholds. That is, if
Boundary Condition Sets Limits on Brass’s Model Life Table Parameters

The Brass mortality model is based on a strong linear relationship between the logits of the survivorship probabilities of any two life tables. This strong empirical relationship justifies the construction of model life tables from any life table taken as a standard by manipulating the values of the parameters of the linear equation. The purpose here is to show that a boundary condition exists for this model which has so far gone unnoticed....[It] can only be found through an investigation of other forms of relationships between life tables which must also be true if the linear model holds. (SUMMARY IN FRE) (EXCERPT)
Architecture for event-driven intelligent fuzzy controller

The authors describe a model for synchronous finite state machines based on fuzzy logic. Such finite state machines can be used to build both event-driven time-varying rule-based systems and the control unit section of a fuzzy logic computer. The architecture of a pipelined intelligent fuzzy controller is presented, and the linguistic model is represented by an overall fuzzy relation stored in a single rule memory. A VLSI integrated circuit implementation of the fuzzy controller is suggested. At a clock rate of 30 MHz, the controller can perform 3 M fuzzy logical inferences per second (FLIPS) on multidimensional fuzzy data. >
Depression and disability in seasonal and migrant Hispanic agricultural workers.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between depression and disability in seasonal and migrant Hispanic agricultural workers. Methods A total of 315 adult Hispanic agricultural workers living in northwest farmworker housing were interviewed to diagnose major and minor depression and assess disability. Statistical analysis determined demographic and clinical factors significantly related to a diagnosis of depression and examined the association between depression and disability. Results The rate of major depression was 3.2% (n=10) and of minor depression, 6.3% (n=20). The sole demographic factor significantly associated with depression was female gender (P Conclusions This study confirms the known association between depression and disability and extends it to the seasonal and migrant Hispanic farmworker population. The severity of disability found in the depressed group was such that it could affect performance of agricultural work compared with that found in the nondepressed group.
Verifying the operational definition of neighborhood for the psychosocial impact of structural deterioration

The physical decay of neighborhoods is associated with social conditions such as disease risk, poor mental health, and fear of crime. Researchers assessing neighborhood effects commonly operationalize neighborhoods via municipal boundaries such as U.S. Census Tracts, although more sophisticated analyses examine structures within a defined radius of respondents, typically .25-mile. This study verifies the .25-mile heuristic as a sound operational definition for neighborhood residential structures consequential to social conditions with measures of social contact with neighbors, perceptions of social capital, fear of neighborhood crime, and satisfaction with neighborhood quality of life. Deteriorating commercial structures cluster in smaller areas than deteriorating residential structures; however, the peak consequential radius appears to occur at 4 times the distance of residential structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of geometry layout and metal pattern to optimize ESD performance of silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)

We investigate the geometry layout and metal pattern in order to seek robust and optimized electrostatic discharge (ESD) performance for the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). Parallel and crossing topologies, and different emitter lengths of the parasitic bipolar transistors, finger widths, and finger numbers are shown to significantly affect not only the ESD robustness but also the holding voltage of SCR. This paper provides useful guidelines to ameliorate the SCR performance for ESD protection applications.
Amino acid active transport and stimulation by substrates in the absence of a Na+ electrochemical potential gradient

Uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was examined in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells treated with the cation-exchange ionophore nigericin (20 μg/ml). Membrane voltages were measured using the voltage-sensitive dye diethyloxadicarbocyanine (DOCC). In normal phosphate-buffered media, nigericin changed the distribution ratios of Na+ and K+ (the ratio of intra- to extracellular concentrations) nearly to unity, but AIB was still accumulated to a distribution ratio of ∼9.0. When all but 40mm Na+ in the medium was replaced by choline, nigericin resulted in K+ loss and Na+ gain and both cation distribution ratios approached 2.8–3.4, as would be expected if both ions were distributing near electrochemical equilibrium with a membrane voltage in the range of −28 to −33 mV. This conclusion was supported by the observation that the addition of 5×10−7 m valinomycin to the nigericin-treated cell suspension produced no change in DOCC absorbance. In spite of the apparent zero electrochemical potential gradients for Na+ and K+, AIB was accumulated to a distribution ratio of 5.4 in the low-Na+ medium. Addition of 0.1mm oubain or 50 μm vanadate did not alter the extent of AIB accumulation as would have been expected if a large component of the membrane voltage were due to electrogenic operation of the (Na++K+)-ATPase. Addition of lactate, pyruvate or glucose increased the AIB distribution ratios to 11.9, 9.4 and 15.3, respectively. The effect of glucose could be explained, at least in part, by an enhanced Na+ electrochemical potential gradient. However, neither lactate nor pyruvate produced any change either in membrane voltage or the intracellular Na+ concentration. Therefore, these results confirm the existence of a metabolic energy source which is coupled to AIB accumulation and operates in addition to the Na+ co-transport mechanism, and which is augmented by metabolic substrates such as lactate and pyruvate.
Effects Of Long-Term Viewing Of VISIDEP tm 3-D Television

A comparison was made between viewing normal television and VISIDEP TM television which produces three-dimensional images by the method of alternating images. Two separate groups of fifteen university students reviewed fifty minute unrelieved exposure to television; one group watched standard television and the other watched VISIDEP. Both groups were surveyed regarding questions of eye strain, fatigue, headache, or other discomforts, as well as questions of apparent depth and image quality. One week later the participants were all shown the VISIDEP television and surveyed in the same manner as before. In addition, they were given a chance to make a direct side-by-side comparison and evaluate the images. Analysis of the viewer responses shows that in relation to viewer comfort, VISIDEP television is as acceptable to viewers as normal television, for it introduces no additional problems. However, the VISIDEP images were clearly superior in there ability to invoke an enhanced perception of depth.
Opiate rewarding action: independence of the cells of the lateral hypothalamus

The posterior lateral hypothalamic area has been suggested as a possible site of action for the reinforcing effects of opiates on the basis of the finding that rats would lever-press for direct microinjections of opiates into this region. The present study reports the effects of kainic acid-induced lateral hypothalamic cell loss on the intravenous self-administration of heroin. Kainic acid injection resulted in marked cellular depletion yet failed to alter heroin self-administration.
Magnetic and structural properties of a cyano-bridged 1D ruthenium(III)–nickel(II) coordination polymer

Abstract Reaction of [Ni(cyclam)](ClO4)2 (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) with Na[Ru(salen)(CN)2] (2) (salen = ethylenebis(salicylimine)) generated the 1D coordination polymer [Ru(III)(salen)(CN)2][Ni(II)(cyclam)](ClO4) (1). X-ray diffraction studies of 1 revealed a structure consisting of alternating Ni(II) and Ru(III) ions bridged by cyanide ligands. The cyano C-terminus remained bound to the Ru(III) center while the perchlorate anion induced a deviation from linearity along the Ru–CN–Ni axis. Structural characterization of 2 disclosed a 2D framework where the sodium counterions bridge between [Ru(salen)(CN)2] units. Magnetic measurements of 1 indicate ferromagnetic coupling between Ni(II) and Ru(III) with no long-range magnetic order above 3 K.
The role of sidechains in the luminescence of an electroactive polymer

We report here results of luminescence studies on a series of poly(2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene) derivatives incorporating an oxadiazole moiety in the conjugated backbone. While there is no difference in the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield in solution, the photoluminescence intensity of thin films of the polymers shows a strong dependence on the length of the linear dialkoxy sidechains as it is varied from hexyloxy to dodecyloxy. We attribute this to differences in the packing of the chains and the interchain spacings in the polymers. The side group determines the spacing between the conjugated backbones and thereby, its luminescence efficiency. While there is a direct correlation between chain spacing and PL efficiency, the correlation with electroluminescence (EL) efficiency is subtler. A wider separation between the backbone chains, while suppressing formation of bound polaron pairs and thus aiding luminescence, may hinder interchain charge transport, carrier injection or carrier balance. Hence the actual dependence of EL efficiency on the sidechain is an interplay between these two opposing factors.
The Evolution of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

(2011). The Evolution of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 131-140.
Improving simulation accuracy of spread phenomena in a raster-based Geographic Information System

Abstract Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm is widely used in spread simulation. While Dijkstra's algorithm is robust in solving classical network problems, its implementation in raster-based geographical information systems (GIS) has not been satisfying. A major reason for the inadequate simulation is the restricted number of raster cells (generally the 4 to 8 adjacent cells) included as links in the algorithm. We propose several alternative methods that incorporate non-adjacent cells as additional links, thus overcoming the limitation of a raster data structure. The simulation accuracy is increased from less than 60 per cent to above 95 per cent for a spatially homogeneous elliptical spread and appears to be increased significantly for spatially heterogeneous conditions. The computational cost of the new methods are higher but still reasonable in practical use.
Efficacy of antithrombin III supplementation in animal models of fulminant Escherichia coli endotoxemia or bacteremia

Plasma antithrombin III (ATIII) levels decrease early during gram-negative septicemia, and even a moderate decrease in this major inhibitor of the coagulation system is associated with serious disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Herein the efficacy of high-dose (at least 250 units/kg) ATIII supplementation in animal models of Escherichia coli endotoxemia or bacteremia is reported. An endotoxemic rat model demonstrated that: (1) DIC occurs very early, before the appearance of deleterious cardiovascular abnormalities; (2) ATIII prophylaxis attenuates DIC, metabolic dysfunction, and organ damage; (3) ATIII prophylaxis increases permanent survival; (4) ATIII treatment one hour after endotoxin challenge attenuates DIC, metabolic dysfunction, and organ damage, although not as well as when given prophylactically, and survival is not increased. An endotoxemic sheep pulmonary dysfunction model demonstrated that: (1) ATIII prophylaxis prevents the typical decrease in arterial oxygen partial pressure; (2) ATIII prophylaxis combined with alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor significantly attenuates indices of pulmonary dysfunction. An E. coli bacteremic baboon model demonstrated that ATIII prophylaxis and treatment significantly attenuate indices of DIC and organ damage and prevent death in an otherwise completely lethal dose bacterial challenge. In conclusion, prophylactic treatment with high doses of ATIII may be efficacious in disease states of impending disseminated intravascular coagulation, such as primary or secondary gram-negative septicemia.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the binding of nitroaromatic electron acceptors to lecithin

Abstract It was found from the chemical shifts measurements of carbon-13 and proton resonances, that the phosphate group of lecithin forms charge-transfer complex with 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, but not with s-trinitrobenzene. The conclusion is, that hydrogen bond formed between phenolic OH proton and phosphate group of lecithin facilitates electron transfer process.
The Portable In Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL): A new method to measure PM10 windblown dust properties and potential for emissions

Abstract A new device—the Portable In Situ Wind ERosion Lab (PI-SWERL)—for measuring the potential for wind erosion and dust emission from soil surfaces is described. The device uses an annular ring (inner diameter=39 cm, outer diameter=51 cm) that rotates 6 cm above the soil test surface. Dust and sand are mobilized by the shear created by the rotating ring. Dust concentrations within the chamber that encloses the annular ring are measured by light scattering, used as a surrogate for particulate matter mass concentrations. While the PI-SWERL does not realistically simulate natural wind erosion processes that are often driven by saltation, measurements with the device provide a robust index of wind erosion/dust emission potential. Compared to traditional field wind tunnels used for the same purpose, the PI-SWERL offers significant economy in size, portability, and ease of use.
Flexural fatigue of unidirectional fiberglass-reinforced polyeste

Flexural fatigue data about a non-zero mean stress are presented for unidirectional fiberglass-reinforced polyester composites. The data are useful for the design of structural components and extend our knowledge regarding the mechanical performance of composite materials. In particular, the dependence of modulus, strength, and fatigue strength on glass content, both dry and wet, is described. Also, the extent to which design allowable stresses are influenced by minor impacts and by machining is discussed.
Internal Consistency and Factor Structure of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales in a Sample of Deaf Female College Students

The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) is currently the most widely used measure for identifying cases of intimate partner violence within the hearing population. The CTS2 has been used successfully with individuals from various countries and cultural backgrounds. However, the CTS2 had not yet been used with Deaf individuals. The goal of the present study was to investigate the internal consistency reliability and the factor structure of the CTS2 within a sample of Deaf female college students. Psychometric analyses indicated that subscales measuring Victimization of Negotiation, Psychological Aggression, Physical Assault, and Injury proved both reliable and valid in the current sample. Three subscales did not evidence reliability and the factor structure was not valid for Perpetration items.
Concentration and state dependent reductions in corn oil intakes after glossopharyngeal nerve transections in rats

Previous studies indicate a role for the glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) in the detection of dietary fats. The present experiments examined the effects of bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve transections (GLx) on the intake of low (4.8%), moderate (16%), and full-fat (100%) corn oil in non-deprived, food-deprived, and water-deprived rats. The rats had access to oils, 0.3 M sucrose, and water in a gustometer that measured number of licks and latency to the first lick during brief access trials. The behavioral measures were used as indices of the amount consumed and the motivation to ingest, respectively. After baseline intakes had stabilized, the rats received GLx or sham transections (Sham) and were then re-tested. Pre and post-surgery responses were compared to determine the impact of GLx on intake and the motivation to ingest. In non-deprived rats, GLx reduced the intake of 4.8% and 16% oils and decreased the motivation to ingest these oils. In food-deprived rats, GLx prevented increases in the ingestion of 4.8% and 16% oils and in the motivation to ingest these oils. In water-deprived rats, GLx reduced the intake of 100% oil and produced a general decrease in the motivation to consume low, moderate, and full-fat emulsions. These results indicate that GL is partially involved in corn oil intake and suggest an interactive effect of oil concentration with homeostatic state.
Criticality of lateral inhibition for edge enhancement in neural systems

Although the role of lateral inhibition in edge (contrast) enhancement is well known, it has not been parametrized. This paper investigates the imbalance between the lateral inhibitory and excitatory stimuli and its effect on the edge enhancement and stability. It is shown that this imbalance can be expressed through @c, a ratio of inhibitory to excitatory weights in a neuron. Stability requires @c to be less than the critical [email protected] As @c approaches @Q, edge enhancement increases, the rise being the sharpest just before instability. The increase in edge enhancement is also accompanied by an increase in the lateral spread of perturbations across the neuron layer.
IL28B Polymorphisms as a Predictor of Response to Therapy in Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C Infections

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. There are more than 170 million cases worldwide, and about 70% of patients will have persistence of the virus resulting in a chronic infection [1]. These patients are at risk of developing significant complications: 20% will develop cirrhosis, and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is 2% per year in infected patients [2, 3]. Spontaneous remission of the disease is uncommon, and chronic hepatitis C remains the most common cause for liver transplantation in Europe and the United States [4]. The goal of combination therapy with pegylated interferonα and ribavirin is to eradicate the virus and prevent longterm complications of hepatitis C. Combination therapy is administered for 24 weeks for HCV genotype 2 or 3 and 48 weeks for HCV genotypes 1 and 4 [5]. A sustained virologic response (SVR) is attained in 80% of patients with genotype 2 and 3 infections [6]. However, in patients infected with genotype 1 virus—the most common virus in the United States and Europe—the overall response rate to therapy is only between 40% and 50%, and this number has remained largely unchanged for the past 10 years [7]. Therefore, the manner in which different people respond to HCV infection varies considerably, and the viral genotype has the greatest bearing on response to therapy. However, even after controlling for clinical characteristics, disease severity, and medication regimens, African Americans and Hispanics with genotype 1 HCV have lower rates of remission compared to their European-American counterparts [8, 9]. It therefore follows that host genetics also plays a large role in the response to hepatitis C infection. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) by Ge et al. was the first one to convincingly identify host genetic factors that determine the response to treatment with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin.
Possible regional climate consequences of the Pinatubo eruption: An empirical approach

The regional climate consequences of the greatest volcanic eruptions of the last two centuries are discussed. The pattern of changes of seasonal temperature after such eruptions is compared to these changes after the Pinatubo eruption (in June 1991). The unusually warm winter of 1991–92 in Eastern Europe coincides with the pattern following earlier eruptions. According to this pattern cool summers in Eastern Europe and the northeastern USA are probable in the next two or three years.
Lactation in pituitary-autografted rats.

A rat pituitary gland transplanted under the renal capsule in mid-gestation secretes, during lactation, daily amounts of MH (mammotrophic or lactogenic hormone) comparable in activity to that of at least 2.5 mg (75 IU) of purified ovine MH injected once daily subcutaneously. Previous experiments had shown that this hormone supplemented with 0.4 rag of prednisolone acetate supported subnormal lactation in hypophysectomized rats. A similar result was obtained in this experiment with an autograft instead of exogenous MH plus either 0.1 or 0.2 mg of prednisolone acetate. In neither experiment was exogenous oxytocin necessary for lactation. However, using Rothchild’s procedure of transplanting the pituitary during lactation and injecting 0.5 U oxytocin every 4 hr without exogenous corticoids, it was possible in a small group of rats to maintain lactation (about 50 % of normal) as he has reported. Considering the complexity of the hormonal control of mammary growth and lactation, it might be concluded that the ...
Synchronization in a parallel-accessed data base

The following problem is considered: Given a data base which can be manipulated simultaneously by more than one process, what are the rules for synchronization which will maximize the amount of parallel activity allowed. It is assumed that the data base can be represented as a graph. An example of such a data base is a hierarchy of directories for an on-line file system. Methods for synchronization of processes are examined; their validity is discussed and their performance compared.
Landscape‐Scale Attributes of Elk Centers of Activity in the Central Black Hills of South Dakota

Abstract We researched the environmental attributes (n = 28) associated with elk (n = 50) summer range (1 May–30 Sep) in the central Black Hills of South Dakota, USA, during 1998–2001. We defined high-use areas or centers of activity as landscapes underlying large concentrations of elk locations resulting from the shared fidelity of independently moving animals to specific regions on summer range. We divided the study area into 3-km grid cells to represent the distance elk travel in a 24-hour period. We computed mean elevation and slope, proportion and configuration of overstory canopy cover, proportion and configuration of dominant vegetation type, estimated biomass, road density, traffic rate, and amount of habitat not dissected by improved surface roads for each cell. We used a combination of multiple stepwise regression and likelihood ratio tests to develop spatially adjusted models with total number of elk locations per cell as the dependent variable. Environmental attributes varied in their signific...
Composition and Structural State of Feldspar Inclusions from Alkali Olivine Basalt, Potrillo Basalt, Southern New Mexico

Crystals of anorthoclase, lime-anorthoclase, potash-plagioclase, and plagioclase (Ab 42.7 to 72.7, An 4.6 to 53.5, and Or 4.0 to 32.0 mole percent) are found as inclusions in lava flows, as loose crystals on the flanks of cinder cones and maar craters, and in the cores of ejected bombs in the upper Quaternary Potrillo Basalt (denned here), south-central New Mexico. Nodules and crystals of olivine-spinel-pyroxene, pyroxene, and amphibole are associated with the feldspar crystals in undifferentiated lava. The structural state of the alkali feldspar crystals is high, whereas that of the plagioclase appears to range from high to low. The feldspar inclusions probably formed in a deep-seated high-temperature environment.
NFκB-mediated metabolic inflammation in peripheral tissues versus central nervous system

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the associated metabolic syndrome are known as the aggregate products from nutritional excess, and have become huge epidemics and represent public health problems in the developed world. Yet, there exist few successful approaches for the treatment and prevention of these complex diseases, in part because they are not well understood at the molecular levels. Recent research has revealed that many nutrient- and pathogen-sensing systems can be highly integrated, positing the regulatory system of immune response at the mechanistic interface between metabolic regulation and the development of overnutrition-related diseases. The underlying molecular processes have been associated with the basis of how nutritional changes trigger atypical inflammation and how metabolic inflammation affects the signaling and functions of metabolic tissues and cells. In this endeavor, the pro-inflammatory axis consisting of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB and its upstream kinase IKKbeta has been identified as one critical mediator that is responsible for nutritionally-induced inflammation, and a large body of research has been documented to support the concept that IKKbeta/NFkappaB represents a general cause of various metabolic dysfunctions under overnutrition. Here, we comparatively review the tissue-specific programs and actions of IKKbeta/NFkappaB in causing and promoting overnutrition-related diseases.
Derivation of human T lymphocytes from cord blood and peripheral blood with antiviral and antileukemic specificity from a single culture as protection against infection and relapse after stem cell transplantation.

Viral infections and leukemic relapse account for the majority of treatment failures in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) or cord blood (CB) transplants. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) provides protection against common viruses causing serious infections after HSC transplantation without concomitant graft-versus-host disease. We have now generated CTL lines from peripheral blood (PB) or CB units that recognize multiple common viruses and provide antileukemic activity by transgenic expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting CD19 expressed on B-ALL. PB-derived CAR+ CTLs produced interferon-γ (IFNγ) in response to cytomegalovirus-pp65, adenovirus-hexon, and Epstein-Barr virus pepmixes (from 205 ± 104 to 1034 ± 304 spot-forming cells [SFCs]/105 T cells) and lysed primary B-ALL blasts in 51Cr-release assays (mean, 66% ± 5% specific lysis; effector-target [E/T] ratio, 40:1) and the CD19+ Raji cell line (mean, 78% ± 17%) in contrast to nontransduced controls (8% ± 8% and 3% ± 2%). CB-derived CAR+ CTLs showed similar antiviral and antitumor function and both PB and CB CAR+ CTLs completely eliminated B-ALL blasts over 5 days of coculture. This approach may prove beneficial for patients with high-risk B-ALL who have recently received an HSC or CB transplant and are at risk of infection and relapse.
Association of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Substance Disorder Morbidity in a Clinical Sample

Objectives: The aims were to determine among patients with substance use disorder (SUD) whether those with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) manifest less, the same, or more of the following: 1) temporal course of substance use, 2) severity of substance-related symptoms and problems, 3) familial SUD, 4) number and type of SUD diagnoses, and 5) extent of SUD treatment, as compared to patients without ASPD. Design and Definition: Scheduled interviews using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) criteria were used to determine ASPD, which required childhood conduct disorder plus adult antisocial behavior. Clinicians blind to the ASPD assessment collected the remainder of the data. Settings: Alcohol-drug treatment programs were located in two university medical centers. Subjects: Six hundred and six voluntary patients aged 18 and older met diagnostic criteria for SUD. Results: SUD patients with ASPD reported more substance-related problems in seven out of eight areas of the interview-based Minnesota-Sub...
Urinary protein excretionin the premature infant

human erythrocytes to inheritance of methemoglobinemia, J. Clin. Invest. 39: 1176~ 1960. 7. Gerald, P. S., and Efron, M. L.: Chemical studies of several varieties of HbM, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. 47: 1758, 1961. 8. Gerald, P. S.: The clinical implications of hemoglobin structure, Pediatrics 31: 780, 1963. 9. Scott, E. M., and McGraw, J. C.: Purification and properties of diphosphopvridine nucleotide diaphorase of human erythrocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 237: 249, 1962. 10. Scott, E. M.: Purification of diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase from methemoglobinemic erythrocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 9: 59, 1962.
Hypoxia preconditioning protects corneal stromal cells against induced apoptosis.

The purpose of this study, was to determine whether hypoxia preconditioning can protect corneal stromal cells from UV stress and cytokine mediated apoptosis. Two models were implemented. First, primary cultured bovine corneal fibroblasts were preconditioned with 0.5–1.5% O2 for 4 hr and stressed with UV-irradiation or stimulation of Fas receptor. Second, bovine eyes were preconditioned with 0.5% O2 for 4 hr and stressed by epithelial scraping to induce anterior keratocyte apoptosis. Cell fate was analyzed at 4 hr after stress using quantitative TUNEL or condensed nuclei assays. Cell apoptotic rates in hypoxia preconditioned groups were significantly lower (50–80%) than that of normoxia control groups. Hypoxia prevented the degradation of the transcription factor HIF-1α. CoCl2 (100–200 μM), a chemical inducer of HIF-1α, also produced strong protection against UV and Fas induced apoptosis. Moreover, hypoxia preconditioned media protected cells against UV-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that hypoxia preconditioning has a generalized protective effect against stromal fibroblast and keratocyte apoptosis and suggest that HIF-1α mediated expression and secretion of protective factors is involved.
Lipid-gramicidin interactions: Dynamic structure of the boundary lipid by 2D-ELDOR

The use of 2D-electron-electron double resonance (2D-ELDOR) for the characterization of the boundary lipid in membrane vesicles of DPPC and gramicidin A′ (GA) is reported. We show that 2D-ELDOR, with its enhanced spectral resolution to dynamic structure as compared with continuous-wave electron spin resonance, provides a reliable and useful way of studying lipid-protein interactions. The 2D-ELDOR spectra of the end-chain spin label 16-PC in DPPC/GA vesicles is composed of two components, which are assigned to the bulk lipids (with sharp auto peaks and crosspeaks) and to the boundary lipids (with broad auto peaks). Their distinction is clearest for higher temperatures and higher GA concentrations. The quantitative analysis of these spectra shows relatively faster motions and very low ordering for the end chain of the bulk lipids, whereas the boundary lipids show very high “y-ordering” and slower motions. The y-ordering represents a dynamic bending at the end of the boundary lipid acyl chain, which can then coat the GA molecules. These results are consistent with the previous studies by Ge and Freed (1999) using continuous-wave electron spin resonance, thereby supporting their model for GA aggregation and HII phase formation for high GA concentrations. Improved instrumental and simulation methods have been employed.
Association of prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness to androgen pathway genes: SRD5A2, CYP17, and the AR

BACKGROUND The prostate is an androgen-regulated organ and polymorphisms in genes involved in testosterone synthesis, in particular, SRD5A2 (A49T and V89L variants), CYP17 (MspAI variant), and the AR (CAG, GGC repeats), represent candidate risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and aggressiveness. METHODS We evaluated the relationship between these five polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk in a family-based case-control study (N = 920). Cases were diagnosed at major medical institutions in Cleveland Ohio, and Detroit Michigan, and their unaffected brothers were used as controls. Associations were investigated with regard to prostate cancer risk, and clinical characteristics at diagnosis (i.e., tumor stage/grade, age, family history). RESULTS The SRD5A2 V89L variant was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.56, P = 0.02). This association was driven primarily by men diagnosed at an earlier age (OR = 2.35, P = 0.001), or with more aggressive disease (OR = 1.63, P = 0.06). None of the other variants exhibited noteworthy associations with disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the SRD5A2 V89L variant may influence risk of developing prostate cancer, especially among men with a younger age of diagnosis or more aggressive disease. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changing the trajectory of cognitive decline

Environmental enrichment or intracranial injection of a histone deacetylase inhibitor results in improved memory function in mice with neurodegeneration.
Characterization of a Replication-Incompetent Pseudorabies Virus Mutant Lacking the Sole Immediate Early Gene IE180

ABSTRACT The alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) encodes a single immediate early gene called IE180. The IE180 protein is a potent transcriptional activator of viral genes involved in DNA replication and RNA transcription. A PRV mutant with both copies of IE180 deleted was constructed 20 years ago (S. Yamada and M. Shimizu, Virology 199:366–375, 1994, doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1134), but propagation of the mutant depended on complementing cell lines that expressed the toxic IE180 protein constitutively. Recently, Oyibo et al. constructed a novel set of PRV IE180 mutants and a stable cell line with inducible IE180 expression (H. Oyibo, P. Znamenskiy, H. V. Oviedo, L. W. Enquist, A. Zador, Front. Neuroanat. 8:86, 2014, doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00086), which we characterized further here. These mutants failed to replicate new viral genomes, synthesize immediate early, early, or late viral proteins, and assemble infectious virions. The PRV IE180-null mutant did not form plaques in epithelial cell monolayers and could not spread from primary infected neurons to second-order neurons in culture. PRV IE180-null mutants lacked the property of superinfection exclusion. When PRV IE180-null mutants infected cells first, subsequent superinfecting viruses were not blocked in cell entry and formed replication compartments in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and neurons. Cells infected with PRV IE180-null mutants survived as long as uninfected cells in culture while expressing a fluorescent reporter gene. Transcomplementation with IE180 in epithelial cells restored all mutant phenotypes to wild type. The conditional expression of PRV IE180 protein enables the propagation of replication-incompetent PRV IE180-null mutants and will facilitate construction of long-term single-cell-infecting PRV mutants for precise neural circuit tracing and high-capacity gene delivery vectors. IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is widely used for neural tracing in animal models. The virus replicates and spreads between synaptically connected neurons. Current tracing strains of PRV are cytotoxic and kill infected cells. Infected cells exclude superinfection with a second virus, limiting multiple virus infections in circuit tracing. By removing the only immediate early gene of PRV (called IE180), the mutant virus will not replicate or spread in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, or neurons. The wild-type phenotype can be restored by transcomplementation of infected cells with IE180. The PRV IE180-null mutant can express fluorescent reporters for weeks in cells with no toxicity; infected cells survive as long as uninfected cells. Infection with the mutant virus allows superinfection of the same cell with a second virus that can enter and replicate. The PRV IE180-null mutant will permit conditional long-term tracing in animals and is a high-capacity vector for gene delivery.
Effects of Carbonic Acid Dips and Packaging Films on the Shelflife of Fresh Fish Fillets

Carbonic acid and semi-permeable packaging materials were investigated for their effect on shelflife of fresh fish. Cod fillets (Gadus morhua) were dipped in carbonic acid and then stored packaged and unpackaged at 2°C. Samples were evaluated for weight loss, surface pH, texture changes, surface microbial growth, headspace gas composition, and sensory characteristics of cooked flavor, odor, and appearance. Carbonic acid was capable of extending shelflife between 7 and 21 days; however, only at a quality level judged as fair to marginal by sensory evaluations. Low permeability packaging slowed bacterial growth and extended shelflife, but retained off-odors and established low oxygen conditions which may present a risk from the growth of pathogenic organisms.
NONADDITIVE OPEN SYSTEMS AND THE PROBLEM OF CONSTRAINTS

Klimontovich's S theorem serves as a measure of order relative to a reference state for open systems, thereby providing the correct ordering of entropy values with respect to their distance from the equilibrium state. It can also be considered as a generalization of Gibbs' theorem if one of the distributions is associated with the equilibrium state. Here, a nonadditive generalization of S theorem is obtained by the employment of Tsallis entropy. This generalized form is then illustrated by applying it to the Van der Pol oscillator. Interestingly, this generalization procedure favors the use of ordinary probability distribution instead of escort distribution.
Matriarchy, polyandry, and fertility amongst the Mosuos in China

A survey of 232 households of the Mosuo minority group in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, suggested that polyandrous matriarchy did not raise the birth rate per household, but lowered the community birth rate by restricting many women's chances of marrying. The results imply that tolerance by the national government of polyandry within certain minority groups (e.g. Mosuos and Tibetans) will not prevent but may aid the attainment of zero population growth by China in the twenty-first century.
Nanoengineered Sn–TiC–C composite anode for lithium ion batteries

A Sn–TiC–C nanocomposite having a dispersion of amorphous Sn particles in a nanostructured TiC + C conductive matrix offers excellent cyclability with high capacity and rate capability in lithium ion cells.
Functional significance of the affiliative smile

Common human social signals, such as smiling, are often attributed certain functions without documentation. The intent of this study was to ascertain the efficacy of the affiliative smile in a minimal social space. Elevators were chosen as the observational setting, since dyadic interactions have a definite beginning (entrance) and ending (exit). Eight hundred adults (males and females, ages 19-60 years) were observed as they entered individually an elevator where a male or female observer stood in one of nine equally divided floor cells and displayed either an affiliative smile or a neutral face (no smile). In the affiliative situation (particularly for female observers), the distance between the subject and the observer was significantly shorter than in the neutral situation, where the distance was maximized.
Management of neonatal morbidities during hypothermia treatment.

Summary Although the primary goal of therapeutic hypothermia is to improve the neurodevelopmental outcome in asphyxiated infants, optimal management of the full range of multi-organ system complications typically presented by such infants during cooling treatment is necessary for improvement of the overall outcome. For this reason, adequate knowledge of how cooling affects all organ systems of asphyxiated infants with multi-organ hypoxic–ischemic injury is essential. Adequate diagnostic resources, readily available subspecialty consultant services and trained multidisciplinary staff to monitor and manage multi-organ system complications in asphyxiated infants during therapeutic cooling must be ensured during implementation of a cooling program. As therapeutic hypothermia is being used more widely, centers should consider participation in national or international benchmarking of outcomes and short-term adverse events during cooling to facilitate continuous quality improvement efforts.
New game, new goal posts: a recent history of timing closure

Timing closure is the most critical phase of modern system-on-chip implementation: without timing closure, there is no tapeout. Timing closure is the end result of (i) years of methodology development, script development, signoff recipe development, etc.; (ii) months of block- and top-level final physical implementation; and (iii) a last set of manual noise and DRC fixes, with a final signoff analysis and physical verification. Over the past decade, key aspects of the underlying process and device technologies, modeling standards, EDA tooling, design methodology, and signoff criteria have changed the nature of timing closure. This paper surveys such recent evolutions in timing closure and notes directions for near-term future evolutions.
Self-Efficacy in the Face of Threats to Entrepreneurial Success: Mind-Sets Matter

Results from two studies, extending implicit theories to entrepreneurship, demonstrated that incremental theorists (entrepreneurial ability is malleable), compared to entity theorists (entrepreneurial ability is fixed), reported more self-efficacy after threats to personal ability and business success. In Study 1, women induced to hold an incremental theory reported more self-efficacy regarding future entrepreneurial endeavors, compared to women induced to hold an entity theory, after being told entrepreneurial ability is primarily driven by masculine traits (threat condition). Results from Study 2, a sample of business owners, replicated this incremental buffering effect after threats to both men and women's entrepreneurial success (i.e., poor business performance). We discuss results in terms of how mind-sets matter for entrepreneurial endeavors, especially in the face of challenges.
Use of body mass index percentile to identify fat-free mass depletion in children with cystic fibrosis

Summary Background & aims Nutritional failure in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) has a negative effect on their morbidity and survival. It is unknown if determination of fat-free mass is a better screening method for nutritional failure than the currently recommended body mass index (BMI) alone. Methods This cross-sectional study in 77 children with CF (age: 14.8 ± 2.9 y) measured fat-free mass, fat mass, bone mineral content and density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Nutritional failure was defined as BMI t -tests. Results Thirty-one percent (31%) of the patients with CF was characterized by nutritional failure, and 14% had low fat-free mass index with preserved values for BMI (hidden depletion). Only 52% of the patients with fat-free mass depletion was detected when using the criteria BMI 1 ), independent of body mass index ( P P 1 , and in bone mineral loss. Conclusions Depletion of fat-free mass enhances morbidity in children with CF and is undetected in many of these children when only BMI percentile is used as screening method. BMI percentile of 20 should be considered as the new critical threshold for nutritional failure in CF if body composition techniques are not available.
Indexed extendible hashing

Abstract In the context of very large databases, the main problem is how to access the relevant data blocks in a minimum amount of time to satisfy user queries. To speed up the retrieval operations on very large databases, we propose a hashing scheme named Indexed Extendible Hashing (IEH). IEH is a modification of the well-known Extendible Hashing (EH) scheme. Compared to the directory of EH, the directory of IEH is smaller and has better storage utilization when the distribution of the hashed attribute values is not uniform, and IEH provides a higher degree of concurrency.
Demonstration of useful differences between magnetoencephalogram and electroencephalogram

For a dipole source, theory predicts 3 useful differences between the MEG and EEG spatial patterns over the head. These are seen when a comparison is made between theoretical MEG and EEG maps, due to the dipole in a spherical model of the head. If true, these differences would allow the MEG to better localize or differentiate neural sources in some ways than does the EEG. A first experimental test of the differences is made here. A comparison is made between MEG and EEG maps due to a neural source which appears to behave as a dipole (N20 of the somatic evoked response). The same 3 differences are seen, therefore the predicted differences are confirmed experimentally. The first 2 differences, due only to the tangential component of the dipole, are that the MEG pattern is rotated by 90 degrees from the EEG pattern and is one-third tighter. The first allows the MEG to localize a tangential dipole better in a preferred direction, across the dipole (while the EEG does so along the dipole); the second allows the MEG to localize somewhat better in its preferred direction than the EEG does in its preferred direction. The third difference is due only to the radial component of the dipole; while the MEG receives no contribution from this component, the EEG pattern is asymmetrical and is heavily weighted by it. This allows the MEG to reveal tangential sources which are obscured by the radial sources in the EEG. For sources which cannot be approximated by a dipole, the MEG-EEG differences will depend on the particular case; however, the spherical model can now be used with more confidence to predict differences in these cases.