cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine? A review of the evidence

This paper reviews the empirical literature on adolescent nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and their associated features. Data documenting nicotine dependence scores, diagnoses, and individual features among adolescents are reviewed in detail and compared to observations based on adult smokers. These data are derived from a broad variety of sources, including national surveys, school-based surveys, and smoking cessation studies. Overall, results indicate that one to three out of five adolescent smokers is dependent on nicotine, with some adolescent groups clearly at higher risk for dependence (those who are incarcerated, in vocational schools, daily smokers, and/or heavy smokers). Across studies, data consistently indicate that a large majority (two-thirds or more) of adolescent smokers report experiencing withdrawal symptoms during attempts to quit or reduce their smoking. Craving or strong desire to smoke was the most commonly reported withdrawal symptom in every study reviewed. Although analyses of concurrent validity generally support the dependence and withdrawal findings among adolescents, data on the predictive validity of measures used are needed. Moreover, studies of adolescent tobacco withdrawal rely almost exclusively on retrospective self-report data. Recommendations for enhancing methodology and advancing our understanding of adolescent nicotine dependence and withdrawal are offered.
Relationships among Edaphic, Climatic, and Vegetation Conditions at Release Sites and Aphthona nigriscutis Population Density

Abstract The role of site conditions on the success of leafy spurge control by Aphthona nigriscutis is poorly understood. Our objective was to determine the relationships among the climatic and edaphic conditions of A. nigriscutis release sites, A. nigriscutis population density, leafy spurge cover and density, and grass cover. We sampled 13 field sites in eastern Montana where A. nigriscutis had been established for 6 to 8 years. Sampling was done in June and July of 1998 along a randomly determined transect from the center of each release point to densely infested leafy spurge. Data were analyzed by step-down regression procedures using A. nigriscutis density, leafy spurge cover and density, cover of grass, forbs, litter, and bare ground as the dependent variables. Independent variables included vegetative and insect data sampled as well as site conditions. Average annual precipitation was the only edaphic or climatic site characteristic that influenced A. nigriscutis density; the beetle population density increased as precipitation increased. There was a negative association between A. nigriscutis and number of leafy spurge flowering stems and leafy spurge cover. Grass, litter, and bare ground cover increased as A. nigriscutis numbers increased. Within the range of site conditions sampled in this study, successful establishment and population expansion of A. nigriscutis appears to be related to the cover of leafy spurge, grass, forbs other than leafy spurge, litter, and bare ground. This information may aid in site selection for release of this important biological control agent or in creating conditions for optimum establishment.
Dilatation of the colon (toxic megacolon) in acute fulminating ulcerative colitis

A review has been presented of the historical background and pathogenesis of acute fulminating ulcerative colitis with distention of the colon. A personal series of ten cases has been summarized and symptomatology, physical findings, diagnosis and treatment have been discussed. Opinions have been expressed regarding problems involved in the management of this severe complication and recommendations have been made concerning the optimum surg cal procedure.
Responding to Concerns About Flexibility in Agricultural Water Management in the Western U.S: A Climate of Uncertainty

(I) Abstract: This paper for the Proceedings is due well before we will have results of workshops on problems which may arise from new forms of water transfer, so the paper describes the larger context and the new forms. These materials focus on Colorado, but applications are not limited to Colorado. The presentation will report on later progress; both will be available on a website to be established. The organization of the paper is (I): Abstract of the Presentation; (II) Changing Demands for Water – Additional Context; (III) Under-represented Interests; (IV) New Forms of Transfer Under Discussion; (V) Potential Benefits of Better Management: The Big Vision; and (VI) Getting There. The desirability of increased flexibility in agricultural water management in the Western U.S. has been long established (e.g. WWPRAC 1998, NRC 1992). The pressures of changing demands for water interact with very fast urban and peri-urban population growth to threaten transfer of irrigation water away from rural areas and traditional uses (DOI 2005) with minimal benefit to the areas of origin, and with significant threat to environmental and recreational interests. In a thin, disorganized water market, transfers have been generally large (Howe et al. 1986), carried high adverse impacts (Howe and Goemans 2003), and been arranged in secretive fashion (Olinger and Plunkett 2005). Leasing, water banking, and other flexible management techniques have increased in recent years (Clifford et al. 2004), partly in response to high interest in the preservation of agriculture and its landscapes (e.g. Governor's Commission 2000, , Fix et al. 2001). Improved flexibility in management includes increasing opportunity to respond to climate information (NOAA OGP 2006). Work on barriers to use of climate information applications led to envisioning use of water transfers to create means for non-market interests to enter water rights markets and to stimulate improvements in agriculture and rural viability. This paper includes a concise presentation of the author's formulation of three kinds of transfers needed, and principles important for water transfers.
Limits to the enhancement of piezoelectric transducers achievable by materials engineering

The case of a piezoelectric material with infinity m axial symmetry (applicable to piezoceramics and most piezocomposites) is analyzed, and formulae for the resulting structures are derived. In terms of transducer design, the constraints on the elastic and dielectric constants provide no blockage to achieving acoustic impedance matching to the medium and electric impedance matching to the electronics. Electromechanical coupling is shown to be limited by the material's maximal coupling factors. A simple formula is derived which facilitates evaluating the maximal electromechanical coupling factor when the electric field is applied along the polar axis from the planar coupling factor and the thickness coupling factor, which can be readily evaluated from the lateral and thickness resonances of a disk. >
Auxin-Induced Water Uptake by Avena Coleoptile Sections.

It is known that auxin induces the uptake of water by plant tissues. Three principal suggestions have been made concerning the mechanism of such auxininduced net water uptake. The first proposes that auxin in some manner plasticizes the cell wall. The second suggests that auxin brings about active synthesis of cell wall material. These two mechanisms suppose osmotic entry of water into the cell in response to lowered wall pressure. The third is that auxin brings about a non-osmotic transport of water into the tissue. Thimann (22) has grouped these into two hypotheses in the form of models. One model visualizes a pump (active transport) and the other a piston arrangement (cell wall pressure reduction). Such active transport has been rigorously defined by Rosenberg (21) as the movement of a substance against a chemical potential or concentration gradient, i.e., an uptake of water against a diffusion gradient as defined by Levitt (16). Active transport of water would consist then of water movement against an osmotic gradient. A fourth possibility in principle would be that an auxin-induced increase in the concentration of osmotically active solutes might occur within the cell. The cells of plant tissues are surrounded by relatively rigid cell walls and one must discuss water movement in terms of diffusion pressure gradients rather than in terms of osmotic pressure. In the terminology proposed by Meyer and Anderson (19) and by Crafts et al (10), DPD = OP-WP where DPD = diffusion pressure deficit, OP = osmotic pressure of cell contents, and WP = wall pressure. The DPD gradient from an external solution to the inside of the tissue can then be expressed as ? DPD = DPDj -DPDe(DPDe = OPt?) where i= internal and e = external. If ? DPD is negative, the gradient is outward; if ? DPI) is positive, the gradient is inward. To demonstrate a net active water uptake it is necessary to show that water uptake occurs while the purely osmotic ? DPD is negative. When the external solution is hypertonic, wall pressure becomes zero and DPDi = OPi. The net uptake of water from hypertonic solution would then involve movement against an osmotic gradient. It will be shown below that cells of Avena coleoptile sections are essentially in diffusion pressure equilibrium with the external solution over a wide range of external solute concentrations both in the presence and in the absence of auxin. There is no detectable net uptake of water from hypertonic solution by this tissue. It is concluded that water uptake by Avena coleoptile sections both in the presence and absence of auxin is a purely osmotic phenomenon. Materials and Methods
An implementation of bounded obligations

An implementation of bounded obligations is demonstrated. Bounded obligations facilitate the expression of requirements such as 'a user must return a book on or before its due date'. The implementation translates a simple, declarative form of a bounded obligation into the equivalent data structures and operations necessary to ensure its adherence. Incremental development and exploration is achieved by modifying a 'strict' bounded obligation to become 'violatable' together with a way of recognizing when it has been violated. Again, a simple declaration to this effect is appropriately translated by the implementation. Finally, response to such violations can also be declared and automatically translated into running code. The implementation is described and illustrated on examples drawn from a simple library system. >
A Synthesis-based Bandwidth Enhancing Technique for CML Buffers/Amplifiers

A synthesis-based bandwidth enhancing technique for current-mode-logic (CML) buffers/amplifiers is presented, which achieves bandwidth-enhancement-ratio (BWER) of 4.84, close to a proven theoretical upper limit of 4.93. By employing a complete step-by-step design methodology, the proposed technique can be applied to any load condition, which is characterized by the ratio between the load capacitance and the output capacitance of the transconductor cell. Several prototype buffer/amplifier circuits are designed using lower order passive networks to save chip area. The test chip is fabricated in a 0.18 mum CMOS process, and measurements show a BWER of 3.8.
Optical fiber sensors for high temperature harsh environment sensing

This paper summarizes our recent research progresses in developing optical fiber harsh environment sensors for monitoring the operating conditions of a coal-fired power plant and in-situ detection of key gas components in coal-derived syngas. The sensors described in this paper include a miniaturized inline fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) fabricated by one-step femtosecond (fs) laser micromachining, a long period fiber grating (LPFG) and a fiber inline core-cladding mode interferometer (CMMI) fabricated by controlled CO 2 laser irradiations. Their operating principles, fabrication methods, and applications for measurement of various physical and chemical parameters in a high temperature and high pressure coexisting harsh environment are presented.
Automation integration with UPnP modules

A method for leveraging a communication protocol called Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) for workcell automation and integration is presented. By leveraging UPnP for automation equipment, a workcell can potentially be built in a modular manner whereby the modules can be easily replaced, reused, or upgraded over time with minimal re-engineering of a workcell. UPnP devices can be automatically discovered and their services can be activated remotely via a communication network. However, the UPnP protocol is relatively new and it was designed primarily for connecting home entertainment devices for serving and playing movies and songs. This paper will present preliminary investigative work required to integrate typical automation equipment such as a robot and its vision system in a simple pick and place workcell.
David Rittenhouse: Logarithms and Leisure

The life and times of David Rittenhouse (1732-1796) suggest that leisure and the love of calculation united in early America to stimulate mathematical practice and start, ever so obscurely, our research tradition. Of all the Colonial and Revolutionary natural philosophers, Rittenhouse was the most adept at calculation and mathematics even though his strength and accomplishments lay more in astronomy and the manufacture of precision scientific instruments [2], [3], [4]. Self-taught in mathematics, Rittenhouse read with care Newton's Principia Mathematica. "Some intricate calculation or other, always takes up my idle hours," he wrote [1, p. 221], [4, III]. William Barton, his early biographer, remarked that "he considered all his hours as 'idle' ones which were not occupied in some manual employment" [1, p. 221]. Frangois-Jean Marquis de Chastellux (1734-1788), member of the Academie Frangaise and American military ally in the Revolution, observed that Rittenhouse was "not a mathematician of the class of the Eulers, and the D'Alemberts" (almost a self-evident truth, Brooke Hindle notes), yet he had many American admirers, of whom Thomas Jefferson was the foremost [3, p. 344]. W. C. Rufus summarizes Rittenhouse's papers in [9]. Rooted in problems of astronomy and measurement of time, they reflect the inchoate, isolated state of mathematics in Colonial and Federal America and the work of good, if undeveloped pragmatic mathematical talent. Rittenhouse's paper of 12 August 1795: "Method of raising the common Logarithm of any Number immediately," read when he was president of the American Philosophical Society, is a good case in point (see [4], [6]). Printed posthumously in 1799, it approximated in continued fraction form the base-10 logarithm of a positive number. Logarithms were of great use in Colonial surveying; Laplace claimed they doubled the life of the astronomer. Rittenhouse's method in his own spare words is this:
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling increases proliferation and hyperplasia of the ovarian surface epithelium and decreases follicular integrity through upregulation of the PI3-kinase pathway.

The ovarian surface epithelium responds to cytokines and hormonal cues to initiate proliferation and migration following ovulation. Although insulin and IGF are potent proliferative factors for the ovarian surface epithelium and IGF is required for follicle development, increased insulin and IGF activity are correlated with at least two gynecologic conditions: polycystic ovary syndrome and epithelial ovarian cancer. Although insulin and IGF are often components of in vitro culture media, little is known about the effects that these growth factors may have on the ovarian surface epithelium morphology or how signaling in the ovarian surface may affect follicular health and development. Ovaries from CD1 mice were cultured in alginate hydrogels in the presence or absence of 5 μg/ml insulin or IGF-I, as well as small molecule inhibitors of IR/IGF1R, PI 3-kinase signaling, or MAPK signaling. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of cytokeratin 8 to mark the ovarian surface epithelium, Mullerian inhibiting substance to mark secondary follicles, and BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation. Changes in gene expression in the ovarian surface epithelium in response to insulin or IGF-I were analyzed by transcription array. Extracellular matrix organization was evaluated by expression and localization of collagen IV. Culture of ovarian organoids with insulin or IGF-I resulted in formation of hyperplastic OSE approximately 4–6 cell layers thick with a high rate of proliferation, as well as decreased MIS expression in secondary follicles. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway restored MIS expression reduced by insulin but only partially restored normal OSE growth and morphology. Inhibition of the PI 3-kinase pathway restored MIS expression reduced by IGF-I and restored OSE growth to a single cell layer. Insulin and IGF-I altered organization of collagen IV, which was restored by inhibition of PI 3-kinase signaling. While insulin and IGF are often required for propagation of primary cells, these cytokines may act as potent mitogens to disrupt cell growth, resulting in formation of hyperplastic OSE and decreased follicular integrity as measured by MIS expression and collagen deposition. This may be due partly to altered collagen IV deposition and organization in the ovary in response to insulin and IGF signaling mediated by PI 3-kinase.
Episodic sampling: Towards energy-efficient patient monitoring with wearable sensors

Energy efficiency presents a critical design challenge in wireless, wearable sensor technology, mainly because of the associated diagnostic objectives required in each monitoring application. In order to maximize the operating lifetime during real-life monitoring and maintain sufficient classification accuracy, the wearable sensors require hardware support that allows dynamic power control on the sensors and wireless interfaces as well as monitoring algorithms to control these components intelligently. This paper introduces a context-aware sensing technique known as episodic sampling – a method of performing context classification only at specific time instances. Based on Additive-Increase/Multiplicative-Decrease (AIMD), episodic sampling demonstrates an energy reduction of 85 percent with a loss of only 5 percent in classification accuracy in our experiment.
Public nutrition in emergencies: an overview of debates, dilemmas and decision-making.

This paper introduces and discusses the main themes and issues arising from the workshop 'International Public Nutrition in Emergencies: The Potential for Improving Practice'. Good co-ordination within the nutrition sector of the international humanitarian response system has led to a range of achievements in recent years. Major constraints to improving programme impact remain, however, including misconceptions about the scope of nutrition among the wider humanitarian system, which tends to give it a narrow focus on malnutrition and feeding people. In contrast to this limited view, the Public Nutrition approach brings a more broad-based emphasis to assessing and responding to nutritional problems in emergencies, and takes into account the wider social, economic and political causes of malnutrition. Six case study presentations illustrated the various components of a Public Nutrition approach, including in-depth assessment, analysis and tailoring programmes accordingly. Additional presentations considered the nature of vulnerability, the concept of Public Nutrition, the responsibilities for addressing nutritional problems and some of the operational tools and frameworks in current use. Participants agreed on the necessity of raising levels of awareness and understanding among all actors in the humanitarian sphere about the impact of their actions on nutrition. Strategies for achieving this included developing better multi-sectorial working relationships and also strengthening relationships with donors and key decision-makers in the humanitarian system. Other related strategies included institutional learning, training and capacity building, particularly in relation to institutions based in developing countries and building upon initiatives such as the Sphere Project, which has successfully brought together the various actors within the humanitarian system in order to improve quality of response. Language: en
In search of physiologically based distribution volume estimates for macromolecules.

In their semimechanistic analysis of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) pharmacokinetics, Chudasama et al., as reported in this issue, modeled the process of T-DM1 deconjugation with a series of transit compartments representing plasma volume and a single peripheral compartment. The implausibility of the two-compartment distribution model used in this study as well as in other recent attempts to analyze the distribution kinetics of trastuzumab and other macromolecules reflects the fact that this modeling has been guided primarily by statistical rather than physiological considerations. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 92 4, 419–421. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.156
Principles of New Park-area Planning as Applied to the Wrangell-St Elias Region of Alaska

In an era of increasing land-use demands, it is getting ever-more-difficult to set aside lands for parks or equivalent units where protection rather than (multiple) use of the resource is the goal. Developing a sufficient justification for establishing an area of parkland is directly related to the proper use of well-recognized ecological principles—particularly to the fact that the area included should encompass a unique or nationally significant resource (Polunin & Eidsvik, 1979). This paper discusses four basic criteria that were used to evaluate potential boundary and resource-management alternatives for a seven-million-ha region in south-central Alaska, much of which was eventually included in the Wrangell-St Elias National Park and Preserve. The necessity or basing the planning decisions on sound data cannot be overemphasized. The paper discusses the different data-types used in the planning process. It was the feeling of all involved in the planning process that more was known about the natural and social resources of the new Alaskan parks than had been known about any other new areas that had been added to the system. The need for good data is particularly acute when the establishment of the parks involves considerable controversy and opposition, as was the case here.
Baroreflex Failure as a Late Sequela of Neck Irradiation

Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy increase long-term survival in patients with head and neck tumors. Late complications of treatment, however, are being recognized increasingly. Surgery or radiotherapy of the carotid sinuses or brain stem can evoke labile hypertension and orthostatic intolerance from acute or subacute baroreflex failure. Here we report cases in which chronic baroreflex failure appeared to develop as a late sequela of neck irradiation. Three patients referred for autonomic nervous system function testing had labile blood pressure and chronic orthostatic intolerance that developed years after neck irradiation for cancer. In each patient, heart rate remained constant during performance of the Valsalva maneuver, suggesting baroreflex-cardiovagal failure. All 3 patients had virtually zero baroreflex-cardiovagal gain, quantified by interbeat interval-systolic blood pressure relationships after intravenous phenylephrine or nitroglycerine. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring revealed highly variable blood pressure, with sudden pressor and depressor episodes, a characteristic feature of baroreflex failure. Cardiovagal efferent function, assessed by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability during slow, deep respiration, was normal. Sympathetic noradrenergic efferent function, assessed by cold pressor testing and plasma catecholamine levels during supine rest and orthostasis, was also normal or increased. These findings indicated a primarily afferent lesion. Carotid ultrasonography revealed intimal thickening and atheromatous plaques in all 3 patients. We propose that labile hypertension and orthostatic intolerance can develop as a late sequela of neck irradiation, due to chronic carotid baroreflex failure, which in turn is due to radiation-induced accelerated development of carotid arteriosclerosis. Splinting of carotid sinus mechanoreceptors in rigidified arterial walls would impede detection of alterations in blood pressure and thereby disrupt baroreflex regulation of cardiovagal and sympathetic outflows.
Telematic timelapse: surveillance suite

Interactive installation comprising a suite of musical video compositions. Footage is harvested from public surveillance cameras; a synchronized musical score accompanies the micro-narratives. Time-lapse videos are presented alongside live networked camera feeds.
Real-time MR imaging of myocardial regional function using strain-encoding (SENC) with tissue through-plane motion tracking

Purpose To implement real-time myocardial strain-encoding (SENC) imaging in combination with tracking the tissue displacement in the through-plane direction. Materials and Methods SENC imaging was combined with the slice-following technique by implementing three-dimensional (3D) selective excitation. Certain adjustments were implemented to reduce scan time to one heartbeat. A total of 10 volunteers and five pigs were scanned on a 3T MRI scanner. Spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM)-tagged images were acquired on planes orthogonal to the SENC planes for comparison. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in two pigs and the resulting SENC images were compared to standard delayed-enhancement (DE) images. Results The strain values computed from SENC imaging with slice-following showed significant difference from those acquired without slice-following, especially during systole (P < 0.01). The strain curves computed from the SENC images with and without slice-following were similar to those computed from the orthogonal SPAMM images, with and without, respectively, tracking the tag line displacement in the strain direction. The resulting SENC images showed good agreement with the DE images in identifying MI in infarcted pigs. Conclusion Correction of through-plane motion in real-time cardiac functional imaging is feasible using slice-following. The strain measurements are more accurate than conventional SENC measurements in humans and animals, as validated with conventional MRI tagging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inbreeding depression and selfing rate of Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula (Convolvulaceae).

Inbreeding depression and selfing rate were investigated in the self-compatible vine Ipomoea hederaceato assess the variability of the breeding system. Inbreeding depression differed between populations and the magnitude varied at germination, growth (as measured by aboveground biomass), and reproductive potential. Plants from Macon County, Alabama, USA, had significant inbreeding depression (31%) at germination, but no significant inbreeding depression for aboveground biomass or number of reproductive structures (buds and flowers) at 45 d post germination in the greenhouse or in the field. Plants from Morgan County, Alabama, however, had significant inbreeding depression (.50%) for all three stages in the greenhouse. In allozyme comparisons, five of the 11 I. hederacea populations surveyed had high selfing rates (66.66‐92.53%) and high levels of homozygosity (IS 5 0.500‐0.861) in 2003, and three of four populations surveyed in 2004 had selfing rates that exceeded 50%. High selfing rates, high levels of homozygosity, and low levels of inbreeding depression suggest that inbreeding depression may not present a significant barrier to the transmission of selfing alleles in some populations of I. hederacea, but does not account for the maintenance of a mixed mating system in other populations.
A new control scheme for high-frequency link inverter design

A high-frequency link inverter design with bi-directional power flow using cycloconverter techniques is proposed in this paper. A new control scheme is used to reduce the switching losses and overall size. Detailed operation modes are discussed and the harmonic components for the key waveforms are analyzed with theoretical calculation. The control scheme is verified by both the simulation and experimental results.
Washback of IELTS on the Assumption College English Program

This paper reports and discusses how the IELTS test has brought its impact to Assumption College Thonburi English Program (ACTEP)'s exit testing, English courses offered and foreign teachers' teaching. Two different methods of data collection apply; an interview with the ACTEP Academic Head and questionnaire for Grades 10-11 students and foreign teachers. It has been found that in order to assure Grade 12 performance on the IELTS test, other well-known achievement tests have been put into the ACTEP academic policy. IELTS preparatory courses have been listed into the Grades 10- 12 ACTEP curriculum. The findings show that the foreign teachers, both Native-English speakers and Non-Native English speakers teaching staff in the ACTEP, need more insights to the IELTS test format. It is also well worth recommending that students need to practice more during their high school years as their Grade 11exit test, the CU-TEP test, cannot reflect all strategies needed in the IELTS test.
A Software Procurement and Security Primer

Given society's increasing dependence on software-intensive systems, each business unit within an organization should examine its role in delivering and deploying secure systems. Software procurement is an early element of the process that organizations often leave out of the security equation until an incident occurs and sensitive materials, such as personally identifiable information from a customer database, are lost or misused. This article explores some useful concepts that help integrate security more firmly into the software-procurement process. In keeping with Basic Training's spirit, these concepts are merely food for thought - a conceptual framework for asking the right questions at the right time. For those involved with software or software procurement in an organization, it helps to start by asking potential vendors some simple questions about their software-development processes, education and training, and accountability
Three-Dimensional Seismic Attenuation Structure around the SAFOD Site, Parkfield, California

Abstract We present models of the three-dimensional (3D) seismic attenuation structure, both Q p and Q s , for a 16 km 2 area centered on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The P - and S -wave t * -values used in the inversion were determined from local earthquake data recorded by seismic network and portable array stations within the Parkfield region by inverting arrival spectra for source parameters, t * , and site response. Two techniques for determining the site response, the joint and alternating methods, were compared and it was found that the alternating method significantly underestimated site response variations. The t * -values were inverted to obtain 3D frequency-independent Q p and Q s models using 3D V p and V s models and associated event locations. A shallow low- Q area ( Q p and Q s about 50–75) on the southwest edge of both models is attributed to the low-velocity Cenozoic sedimentary rocks that overlie the Salinian basement rock. A high- Q feature ( Q p and Q s about 250 to 300) abuts this area and is interpreted as the Salinian basement. Adjacent to the San Andreas fault (SAF) trace, on its southwest side, there is a low- Q feature ( Q p and Q s about 50–80) attributed to a wedge of sedimentary rocks; uniformly low Q p - and Q s -values suggest that the wedge is fluid rich. A low- Q basin feature ( Q p and Q s about 50–75) on the northeast side of the SAF is interpreted as a fluid rich zone. Beneath this area there is a high- Q feature ( Q p and Q s about 220–300), which may be caused by crack closure due to increased pressure with depth in the rocks of the Franciscan formation. Given these high Q -values, it seems unlikely that this area acts as a fluid pathway for fluids entering the fault zone from the east into the seismogenic zone of the SAF.
Observations on WoCo9

The Ninth Working Conference on Grid-Based Problem Solving Environments brought together researchers and practitioners interested in the use of numerical software in a distributed setting. This note summarizes some of the successes and challenges in working with numerical software in a Grid environment. This is not a comprehensive list of the contributions in the meeting; rather, it provides one person’s impressions of the common themes and issues. In addition, some items were noticeable by their absence, and a number of these are discussed here. Opportunities for future work also are described.
Early postoperative changes in regional systolic and diastolic left ventricular function after transmyocardial laser revascularization: a comparison of holmium:YAG and CO2 lasers.

Abstract OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) on regional left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial water content (MWC). BACKGROUND Clinical studies of TMR have noted a significant incidence of cardiac complications in the early postoperative period. However, the early post-treatment effects of laser therapy on the myocardium and their potential contribution to postoperative cardiac morbidity are unknown. METHODS Swine underwent holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (holmium:YAG) (n = 12) or carbon dioxide (CO2) (n = 12) laser TMR. Regional systolic function for the lased and nonlased regions was quantitated using preload recruitable work area (PRWA) and regional diastolic function with the ventricular stiffness constant alpha. RESULTS Preload recruitable work area was significantly decreased in the lased regions both 1 (59.8 ± 13.0% of baseline, p = 0.02) and 6 h (64.2 ± 9.4% of baseline, p = 0.02) after holmium:YAG TMR. This decreased PRWA was associated with a significant reduction in MBF to the lased regions (13.2% reduction at 1 h, p = 0.02; 18.4% decrease at 6 h post-TMR, p = 0.01). These changes were not seen after CO2 laser TMR. A significant increase in MWC (1.4 ± 0.3% increase with holmium:YAG, p = 0.004; 1 ± 0.2% increase with CO2, p = 0.002) and alpha (217.4 ± 44.2% of baseline 6 h post-holmium:YAG TMR, p = 0.05; 206 ± 36.7% of baseline 6 h post-CO2 TMR, p = 0.03) was seen after TMR with both lasers. CONCLUSIONS In the early postoperative setting, impaired regional systolic function in association with regional ischemia is seen after TMR with a holmium:YAG laser. Both holmium:YAG and CO2 lasers are associated with increased MWC and impaired diastolic relaxation in the lased regions. These changes may explain the significant incidence of early postoperative cardiac morbidity. The impact of these findings on anginal relief and long-term outcome are not known.
SPECIFIC ELEMENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETECTION BY PLASMA SPECTRAL EMISSION, AS APPLIED TO ORGANOMETALLICS AND GOLD-CONTAINING DRUGS

Inorganic gas and liquid chromatographic analysis is finding application in bioanalytical areas. Characterization methods for complex samples include specific element detection. Plasma emission spectroscopy exhibits notable advantages for such detection by virtue of versatility, sensitivity, selectivity and multi-element capability. Among the plasma systems which have been evaluated, the atmospheric pressure microwave plasma has shown wide suitability for analysis of both metallic and non-metallic elements; high-resolution capillary GC maximizes detection limits. Thus, trialkyl Pb compounds have been determined, directly and as organometallic derivatives, in aqueous samples down to ppb after suitable extraction and pre-concentration procedures. Other published examples include characterization of fluorine-containing metabolites in blood plasma and determination of boronate esters and steroidal carboranes.
Cancer survivorship care-planning: Practice, research, and policy implications for social work

Increasing numbers of cancer survivors are living longer than 5 years from their diagnosis date. This has resulted in a growing population of cancer survivors, expected to reach 19 million by 2024. Survivors frequently experience late effects caused by cancer and its treatment, reducing survivors' quality of life in multiple domains. Survivorship care-plans may aid the many physical, psychosocial, and financial needs that emerge posttreatment. However, the lack of reimbursement mechanisms, the limited amount of effectiveness research, and minimal guidelines for content and delivery are barriers to the widespread provision of survivorship care-plans. Challenges and opportunities for social work practice, research, and policy are identified and discussed.
The Sweat Test for Quantitation of Electrolytes: A Challenge in Precision

The sweat test, a quantitative analysis of electrolytes in sweat, is the most valuable and widely used laboratory test for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Despite its importance, this test is performed in only 19% of US laboratories, according to a recent survey by the College of American Pathologists. The sweat test's reliability may be in jeopardy owing to several factors, including a lack of uniformity in the preanalytic pilocarpine iontophoresis stimulation and subsequent sweat collection, and in the analytic procedures for sweat electrolytes. This article reviews the quantitative analysis of sweat electrolytes, with emphasis on quality assurance and accuracy of techniques.
Recent advances in small molecule microarrays: applications and technology

The field of Small Molecule Microarray's (SMM's) is an ever-expanding part of the larger microarray field. SMM's are array based detection systems that use small molecules as probes immobilized on a variety of microarray surfaces that are screened against a number of targets for purposes including, but not limited to, protein-small molecule ligand recognition and protein function profiling. This review covers the recent advances in the field with particular emphasis on the successful applications of SMM's, as well as technical advances in platform optimization and novel small molecule immobilization strategies.
P3-04-07: Physiological Concentrations of Genistein and 17b-Estradiol Inhibit MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation by Increasing Bax/Bcl2 Ratio and Decreasing pERK1/2 Expression.

Background: Our previous results were the first to show that physiological concentrations (1 μM) of genistein, a soy component, in the presence of17β-estradiol (1 nM) inhibited the cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 (Estrogen receptor (ER) β positive) breast cancer cells. These results are relevant in premenopausal women with breast cancer of the ERα-negative and ERβ-positive type, especially given the increasing trends of soy intake among the US population in the past decade. The aim of the present study was to identify the mechanism by which genistein plus 17β-estradiol inhibits the cell proliferation of ERα-negative and ERb-positive breast cancer cells. Our hypothesis is that the balance of signaling actions by genistein plus 17β-estradiol from different signaling pathways is likely to lead to the cell9s choice to either proliferate or enter the apoptotic pathway. For this purpose, the effect of low and high concentrations of genistein (1 μM and 100 μM) in the presence or absence of 17β-estradiol (1 nM) was studied on the expression of cell signaling proteins involved in cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis (pERK1/2, pAkt, Bax and Bcl2) and correlated to cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 (ERβ positive and ERα negative) breast cancer cells. Methods: Cell proliferation was determined by the MTT assay, apoptosis determined microscopically by the use of acridine orange and ethidium bromide dyes and the expression of cell signaling proteins by western blotting. Results: Our results show that 1μM genistein plus 17β-estradiol significantly increased apoptosis (p Conclusion: In conclusion, our results show that physiological concentrations of genistein in the presence of17β-estradiol inhibit cell growth through apoptosis via increased Bax/Bcl2 and a concomitant decrease in pERK1/2 expression. Our results also suggest that different concentrations of genistein elicit cell responses through different signaling mechanisms. These results are especially relevant to the cohort of premenopausal women with breast cancer of the ERβ positive and ERα negative type. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-07.
The systematic review as a research process in music therapy.

Background Music therapists are challenged to present evidence on the efficacy of music therapy treatment and incorporate the best available research evidence to make informed healthcare and treatment decisions. Higher standards of evidence can come from a variety of sources including systematic reviews. Objective To define and describe a range of research review methods using examples from music therapy and related literature, with emphasis on the systematic review. In addition, the authors provide a detailed overview of methodological processes for conducting and reporting systematic reviews in music therapy. Methods The systematic review process is described in five steps. Step 1 identifies the research plan and operationalized research question(s). Step 2 illustrates the identification and organization of the existing literature related to the question(s). Step 3 details coding of data extracted from the literature. Step 4 explains the synthesis of coded findings and analysis to answer the research question(s). Step 5 describes the strength of evidence evaluation and results presentation for practice recommendations. Results Music therapists are encouraged to develop and conduct systematic reviews. This methodology contributes to review outcome credibility and can determine how information is interpreted and used by clinicians, clients or patients, and policy makers. Conclusions A systematic review is a methodologically rigorous research method used to organize and evaluate extant literature related to a clinical problem. Systematic reviews can assist music therapists in managing the ever-increasing literature, making well-informed evidence based practice and research decisions, and translating existing music-based and nonmusic based literature to clinical practice and research development.
Feasibility Test of Cooling Water System Using Mixture of Circulating Water Drainage and Reclaimed Water

Through coagulation clarification test, dynamic simulation test and electrochemical corrosion test, this paper studied the feasibility and control technology of circulating cooling water system for auxiliary equipment in power plant, which used the mixture of circulating water drainage and reclaimed water. The research results could provide a new method and basis for the Water saving work in thermal power plants.
Hypertensive crisis during rhinoplasty.

(1984). Hypertensive Crisis During Rhinoplasty. Hospital Practice: Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 52J-55.
Leukoedema: an epidemiological study in white and African Americans

Leukoedema, a benign grayish-white lesion which characteristically involves the oral mucosa of humans, was once indicated as a probable precursor to leukoplakia. The author reports an incidence of fifty-three percent in a population of 13,000 white and African Americans who reside in the Southeastern region of the United States. This longitudinal study revealed that the incidence of leukoedema per 1,000 persons increased with age in both ethnic groups up to ages 40-49 and then declined systematically. There was no sex predilection. The occurrence of leukoedema was significantly greater in African Americans.
Tracking Medical Professionalism Across the Educational Continuum

Professionalism is a competency that can be shaped and developed over time; therefore, assessing behavior and growth across the educational continuum is essential. At Tulane, we are piloting a system that tracks patterns of behavior across all courses and years. This approach allows for longitudinal assessment of student performance and helps identify those who need additional support to meet expected competencies. Moreover, maintaining a professionalism theme throughout the curriculum raises awareness of our commitment to a culture of professionalism and assures that our graduating students embody the standards and ethics essential to the practice of medicine.
Comparison of vitreous loss rates between manual phacoemulsification and femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery

Purpose To compare the vitreous loss complication rate of manual phacoemulsification cataract surgery with that of femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery. Setting Mercy Eye Specialists, Springfield, Missouri, USA. Design Retrospective single-center case series. Methods Cataract surgeries from 2010 to 2014 performed by 4 surgeons were audited for rates of vitreous loss. Vitreous loss data were statistically analyzed with and without exclusions. Results Of the total 7155 cases from 2010 to 2014, 3784 were consecutively performed using manual phacoemulsification from 2010 to 2012 and 3371 were performed using femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery from 2013 to 2014. The rate of vitreous loss with exclusions was 1.17% in the manual phacoemulsification group and versus 0.65% femtosecond laser–assisted group; without exclusions, the rate was 1.40% versus 0.77%. In absolute terms, the rate decreased for every surgeon in the study. The chi-square test showed a statistically significant association between the date of surgery, and thus technique, and vitrectomy cases ( P Conclusions Conversion from manual phacoemulsification to femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery resulted in a statistically significant decrease in vitreous loss. Because vitreous loss increases the risk for other serious complications of cataract surgery, this new finding has important implications for the safety of cataract surgery. Financial Disclosure Proprietary or commercial disclosures are listed after the references.
Representation of subjective value in the striatum.

Publisher Summary Neuroscience findings suggest that valuation is a dynamic, componential, and ultimately subjective process. Technological advances now allow scientists to track these components of valuation, providing reason for hope rather than despair. Whether or not it is the site at which animal spirits transform sensory impressions into motor command, the striatum seems like a promising place to begin to search for the neural basis of subjective value. If striatal activation correlates with the representation of subjective value, then it should also contribute to subsequent choice (both economic and social) and perhaps even to memory. Indeed, direct infusion of dopamine-releasing agents into the ventral (but not dorsal) striatum of rats elicits increased approach to stimuli that have previously predicted reward and unconditionally evokes appetitive (but not aversive) behavior.