cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Functions of Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q is well defined as a crucial component of the oxidative phosphorylation process in mitochondria which converts the energy in carbohydrates and fatty acids into ATP to drive cellular machinery and synthesis. New roles for coenzyme Q in other cellular functions are only becoming recognized. The new aspects have developed from the recognition that coenzyme Q can undergo oxidation/reduction reactions in other cell membranes such as lysosomes, Golgi or plasma membranes. In mitochondria and lysosomes, coenzyme Q undergoes reduction/oxidation cycles during which it transfers protons across the membrane to form a proton gradient. The presence of high concentrations of quinol in all membranes provides a basis for antioxidant action either by direct reaction with radicals or by regeneration of tocopherol and ascorbate. Evidence for a function in redox control of cell signaling and gene expression is developing from studies on coenzyme Q stimulation of cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis, control of thiol groups, formation of hydrogen peroxide and control of membrane channels. Deficiency of coenzyme Q has been described based on failure of biosynthesis caused by gene mutation, inhibition of biosynthesis by HMG coA reductase inhibitors (statins) or for unknown reasons in ageing and cancer. Correction of deficiency requires supplementation with higher levels of coenzyme Q than are available in the diet.
National Study of Non-urgent Emergency Department Visits and Associated Resource Utilization

Introduction: Reducing non-urgent emergency department (ED) visits has been targeted as a method to produce cost savings. To better describe these visits, we sought to compare resource utilization of ED visits characterized as non-urgent at triage to immediate, emergent, or urgent (IEU) visits.Methods: We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the 2006-2009 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Urgency of visits was categorized using the assigned 5-level triage acuity score. We analyzed resource utilization, including diagnostic testing, treatment, and hospitalization within each acuity categorization.Results: From 2006-2009, 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2-11.2) of United States ED visits were categorized as non-urgent. Most (87.8% [95%CI, 86.3-89.2]) non-urgent visits had some diagnostic testing or treatment in the ED. Imaging was common in non-urgent visits (29.8% [95%CI, 27.8-31.8]), although not as frequent as for IEU visits (52.9% [95%CI, 51.6-54.2]). Similarly, procedures were performed less frequently for non-urgent (34.1% [95%CI, 31.8-36.4]) compared to IEU visits (56.3% [95%CI, 53.5-59.0]). Medication administration was similar between the 2 groups (80.6% [95%CI, 79.5-81.7] vs. 76.3% [95% CI, 74.7-77.8], respectively). The rate of hospital admission was 4.0% (95%CI, 3.3-4.8) vs. 19.8% (95%CI, 18.4-21.3) for IEU visits, with admission to a critical care setting for 0.5% of non-urgent visits (95%CI, 0.3-0.6) vs. 3.4% (95%CI, 3.1-3.8) of IEU visits.Conclusions: For most non-urgent ED visits, some diagnostic or therapeutic intervention was performed. Relatively low, but notable proportions of non-urgent ED visits were admitted to the hospital, sometimes to a critical care setting. These data call into question non-urgent ED visits being categorized as “unnecessary,” particularly in the setting of limited access to timely primary care for acute illness or injury. [West J Emerg Med.609-616.]
Elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may be associated with decreased overall survival in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy

Objective Inflammatory serum markers have proven to be a powerful predictive tool of patient prognosis in cancer treatment for a wide variety of solid organ malignancies, predominantly in the context of localized disease. In this study we evaluated the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a predictive tool in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Carbon storage landscapes of lowland Hawaii: the role of native and invasive species through space and time.

Tropical forests are important storehouses of carbon and biodiversity. In isolated island ecosystems such as the Hawaiian Islands, relative dominance of native and nonnative tree species may influence patterns of forest carbon stocks and biodiversity. We determined aboveground carbon density (ACD) across a matrix of lava flows differing in age, texture, and vegetation composition (i.e., native or nonnative dominated) in wet lowland forests of Hawaii Island. To do this at the large scales necessary to accurately capture the inherent heterogeneity of these forests, we collected LiDAR data across areas of interest and developed relationships between LiDAR metrics and field-based estimates of forest ACD. This approach enabled us to inventory, rather than merely sample, the entire populations (i.e., forests) of interest. Native Hawaiian wet lowland forests exhibited ACD values similar to those of intact tropical forests elsewhere. In general, ACD of these forests increased with increasing lava flow age, but patterns differed between native and nonnative forest stands. On the youngest lavas, native-dominated forest ACD averaged <60 Mg/ha, compared to ∼100 Mg C/ha for nonnative-dominated forests. This difference was due to the presence of the nonnative, N2-fixing trees F. moluccana and C. equisetifolia in the nonnative-dominated forest stands, as well as the corresponding absence of N2-fixing trees in native-dominated forest stands. Following ∼500 years of primary succession and thereafter, however, both forest types exhibited ACD values averaging ∼130 Mg C/ha, although it took nonnative forests only 75–80 years of post-establishment succession to reach those values. Given the large areas of early-successional M. polymorpha-dominated forest on young lava flows, further spread of F. moluccana and C. equisetifolia populations would likely increase ACD stocks but would constitute a significant erosion of the invaluable contribution of Hawaii's native ecosystems to global biodiversity.
ZTF-8 Interacts with the 9-1-1 Complex and Is Required for DNA Damage Response and Double-Strand Break Repair in the C. elegans Germline

Germline mutations in DNA repair genes are linked to tumor progression. Furthermore, failure in either activating a DNA damage checkpoint or repairing programmed meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) can impair chromosome segregation. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis for DNA damage response (DDR) and DSB repair (DSBR) within the germline is highly important. Here we define ZTF-8, a previously uncharacterized protein conserved from worms to humans, as a novel factor involved in the repair of both mitotic and meiotic DSBs as well as in meiotic DNA damage checkpoint activation in the C. elegans germline. ztf-8 mutants exhibit specific sensitivity to γ-irradiation and hydroxyurea, mitotic nuclear arrest at S-phase accompanied by activation of the ATL-1 and CHK-1 DNA damage checkpoint kinases, as well as accumulation of both mitotic and meiotic recombination intermediates, indicating that ZTF-8 functions in DSBR. However, impaired meiotic DSBR progression partially fails to trigger the CEP-1/p53-dependent DNA damage checkpoint in late pachytene, also supporting a role for ZTF-8 in meiotic DDR. ZTF-8 partially co-localizes with the 9-1-1 DDR complex and interacts with MRT-2/Rad1, a component of this complex. The human RHINO protein rescues the phenotypes observed in ztf-8 mutants, suggesting functional conservation across species. We propose that ZTF-8 is involved in promoting repair at stalled replication forks and meiotic DSBs by transducing DNA damage checkpoint signaling via the 9-1-1 pathway. Our findings define a conserved function for ZTF-8/RHINO in promoting genomic stability in the germline.
Computer applications in recombinant DNA research.

I would like to present an “audience-friendly” introduction to computer applications in recombinant DNA research. For those who wish to rapidly learn more about computer applications in general, I recommend the February 12, 1982, issue of Science [1]. For an in-depth look at some specific programming efforts in nucleic acids research, I recommend the January 11, 1982, issue of Nucleic Acids Research [2].
Memory Efficient Prediction With Truncated Observations

The main reason why the nonparametric prediction using Gaussian processes has not been popular for resource-constrained multi-agent systems is the fact that the optimal prediction must use all cumulatively measured values in a non-trivial way [74, 75].
The Time Has Come Bayesian Methods for Data Analysis in the Organizational Sciences

The use of Bayesian methods for data analysis is creating a revolution in fields ranging from genetics to marketing. Yet, results of our literature review, including more than 10,000 articles publi...
Role of the Coiled-Coil Structural Motif in Polyglutamine Aggregation

Polyglutamine repeat motifs are known to induce protein aggregation in various neurodegenerative diseases, and flanking sequences can modulate this behavior. It has been proposed that the 17 N-terminal residues (HttNT) of the polyglutamine-containing huntingtin protein accelerate the kinetics of aggregation due to the formation of helix-rich oligomers through helix-pairing interactions. Several hypotheses that explain the role of helical interactions in modulating aggregation have been proposed. These include (1) an increase in the effective concentration of polyglutamine chains (proximity model), (2) the induction of helical structure within the polyglutamine domain itself (transformation model), and/or (3) interdomain interactions between the flanking sequence and the polyglutamine domain (domain cross-talk model). These hypotheses are tested by studying the kinetics of polyglutamine aggregation using a Q25 sequence fused to a well-defined heterotetrameric coiled-coil model system. Using a combined spec...
Inhibition of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3Production by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3in Rats

Abstract The regulation of the hepatic vitamin D325-hydroxylase enzyme system by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3was examined using male rats. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3levels decreased in response to increasing doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3as determined by HPLC and serum protein binding assay. A maximum reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3of 57.7% was achieved by the administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3and higher doses produced no further reduction. Thein vitrorate of vitamin D 25-hydroxylation by liver homogenates from rats given 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3was also reduced by 60.4%. Whole rat extracts from animals given [3H]vitamin D3contained 50.4% less 25-[3H]hydroxyvitamin D3in treated rats given 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3than in those given only the vehicle. Further, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3treatment had no effect onin vivodisappearance of 25-[3H]hydroxyvitamin D3. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the decrease in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3levels observed in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated rats results from a decrease in production and not an increase in the metabolic clearance of 25-[3H]hydroxyvitamin D3.
Category-Selectivity in Human Visual Cortex Follows Cortical Topology: A Grouped icEEG Study.

Neuroimaging studies suggest that category-selective regions in higher-order visual cortex are topologically organized around specific anatomical landmarks: the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS) in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) and lateral occipital sulcus (LOS) in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC). To derive precise structure-function maps from direct neural signals, we collected intracranial EEG (icEEG) recordings in a large human cohort (n = 26) undergoing implantation of subdural electrodes. A surface-based approach to grouped icEEG analysis was used to overcome challenges from sparse electrode coverage within subjects and variable cortical anatomy across subjects. The topology of category-selectivity in bilateral VTC and LOC was assessed for five classes of visual stimuli—faces, animate non-face (animals/body-parts), places, tools, and words—using correlational and linear mixed effects analyses. In the LOC, selectivity for living (faces and animate non-face) and non-living (places and tools) classes was arranged in a ventral-to-dorsal axis along the LOS. In the VTC, selectivity for living and non-living stimuli was arranged in a latero-medial axis along the MFS. Written word-selectivity was reliably localized to the intersection of the left MFS and the occipito-temporal sulcus. These findings provide direct electrophysiological evidence for topological information structuring of functional representations within higher-order visual cortex.
Carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes for chronic EEG recordings in microwave research

Conventional metal electrodes can cause serious modification and intensification of the rate of energy absorption in tissues during exposure of animals to microwaves. Carbon-loaded Teflon with a conductivity close to that of tissue has been implanted and maintained for four to six months at cortical and subcortical locations in rabbits. The EEG and its spectrum as recorded from the carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes are comparable to those recorded from conventional metal electrodes. Histological examination showed good tissue compatibility. Recordings made during acute exposure of rabbits to microwave radiation (2450-MHz) at 100 mW/cm2 showed no electromagnetic interference. The results indicate that carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes can be implanted chronically to record the EEG in animals during the course of microwave radiation.
Eosinophilic Pyeloureteritis: Report of a Case

A case is reported of ureteral obstruction that was owing to eosinophilic pyeloureteritis, a previously unrecorded entity. The microscopic findings of extensive fibrosis and a relatively mild eosinophilic infiltrate were similar to those found in a series of eosinophilic cystitis, which was reported recently from this laboratory. Also, local injury appears to initiate some examples of eosinophilic cystitis and in the present case there was a striking history of injury 1 month before the symptoms of ureteral obstruction.
Crisis, subjectivity, and the polymorphous character of immigrant family detention in the United States

ABSTRACTCrisis, subjectivity and the polymorphous character of immigrant family detention in the United States. Territory Politics Governance. This article expands on research into the politics of ‘immigration crises’ by bringing feminist insights to bear on how one understands the political unfolding of immigration crises. In order to do so, it draws on ethnographic research and media and policy analysis to trace the 2014 ‘immigration crisis’ surrounding unauthorized family immigration and detention in the United States. In doing so, it is argued that in order to understand the shifting spatialities and mechanisms of border enforcement we must also attend to the way in which these processes play out in relation to different forms of subjectivity; cultural and legal frameworks surrounding precisely who can be detained and how detention can play out shapes the legal and practical options available to policy-makers and border enforcement agencies. Moreover, in examining both the proliferation of brick-and-m...
Association of sociodemographic factors with nonguideline treatment in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

e17096 Background: There is wide variability in the management of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and 2009 American Thyroid Association guidelines ar...
An information theoretic feature selection framework based on integer programming

We propose a general framework for information theoretic feature selection based on the integer programming. Filter feature selection methods usually rely on a greedy forward or backward selection heuristic to find a satisfactory set of features, as the exact search is a combinatorial problem. We formulate the existing filter information theoretic criteria into an integer programming problem, and by using objective functions, we can represent many different existing scoring criteria. The integer programming framework can be solved efficiently by the existing solvers. We demonstrate the superior performance of the integer programming formulation over its corresponding criterion empirically.
Analysis of Network Segmentation Techniques in Cloud Data Centers | NIST

Cloud Data centers are predominantly made up of Virtualized hosts. The networking infrastructure in a cloud (virtualized) data center, therefore, consists of the combination of physical IP network (data center fabric) and the virtual network residing in virtualized hosts. Network Segmentation (Isolation), Traffic flow control using firewalls and IDS/IPS form the primary network-based security techniques with the first one as the foundation for the other two. In this paper, we describe and analyze three generations of network segmentation techniques – Virtual Switches & Physical NIC-based, VLAN-based & Overlaybased. We take a detailed look at the overlay-based virtual network segmentation and its characteristics such as scalability and ease of configuration.
Score (Radley Metzger, 1973)

ABSTRACTThis article explores the categorical confusion surrounding erotica auteur Radley Metzger’s 1973 film Score, which defies conventions of the sexploitation genre (particularly its attendant gendered expectations) and encroaches on pornography. Tracing the film’s critical and commercial reception from its original theatrical exhibition through its recent re-emergence on home video via distributor Cult Epics allows us to see how various parties have understood it with reference to genre and imagined audience at specific moments and through particular logics and ideologies – sexual and otherwise.
POPULATION SUPPRESSION IN SUPPORT OF THE STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE

Suppression or eradication of insect pest populations by the release of sterile insects is often dependent on supplementary methods of pest reduction to levels where the target pest population can be overflooded with sterile insects. Population suppression activities take place in advance of, or coincide with, the production of sterile insects. Supplementary methods to remove breeding opportunities, or management methods that prevent access of pests to the hosts, may reduce the population or prevent damage. Insecticides have been used widely in direct applications or applied as baits, in traps, or on specific sites where the pest makes contact or reproduces. As sterile insect release does not kill the pest, adult biting pests or fertile mated females of the pests will continue to attack hosts after the release of sterile insects. Thus supplementary pest suppression programmes and quarantine measures are essential to prevent damage or the spread of disease. Eradication or effective pest management requires that the entire population of the pest be treated, or that the programme apply immigration barriers. When supplementary pest control activities benefit the human population in areas being treated, such as in mosquito or screwworm eradication programmes, these activities are usually acceptable to the public, but when the public receives no direct benefit from supplementary control activities such as in fruit fly programmes, social resistance may develop.
Shape-directed dynamics of active colloids powered by induced-charge electrophoresis

The symmetry and shape of colloidal particles can direct complex particle motions through fluid environments powered by simple energy inputs. The ability to rationally design or “program” the dynamics of such active colloids is an important step toward the realization of colloidal machines, in which components assemble spontaneously in space and time to perform dynamic (dissipative) functions such as actuation and transport. Here, we systematically investigate the dynamics of polarizable particles of different shapes moving in an oscillating electric field via induced-charge electrophoresis (ICEP). We consider particles from each point group in three dimensions (3D) and identify the different rotational and translational motions allowed by symmetry. We describe how the 3D shape of rigid particles can be tailored to achieve desired dynamics including oscillatory motions, helical trajectories, and complex periodic orbits. The methodology we develop is generally applicable to the design of shape-directed particle motions powered by other energy inputs.
Interviews with Ivorian Political Journalists: Examining the Political Role of Local and Foreign Journalists during Ivory Coast’s 2010–2011 Electoral Crisis

Few studies written in English have problematised how French and US media cover the political conflict in the former colonies of France in West Africa, such as Gabon, Senegal, Burkina Faso‚ or Ivory Coast. This chapter’s interviews with foreign and local Ivorian journalists help investigate how France and the US media imperialism and coloniality of power continue to influence international media coverage of West Africa. Based on field interviews conducted in 2016 in Abidjan with Ivorian journalists and French foreign correspondents, this book chapter argues the international and French media were influenced by France’s military power and now-president Alassane Ouattara’s friendly relations with France to write stories in favour of Ouattara, thus playing a powerful and decisive role in the international news about the conflict.
PSED II and the Kauffman Firm Survey

While new firm creation is an important feature of modern economies, research on major aspects of the early stages of the business life course is hampered by the length and complexity of the process. Conceptual complexity is reflected in the difficulty of developing simple, precise measures of initiating the firm gestation process, or conception, as well as the transition from a nascent enterprise to an operating business – a new firm birth. The length of the process is reflected in the substantial time many nascent enterprises stay in the gestation process. It takes over 5 years after conception for over 90% to reach a resolution as new firms or to be abandoned; one-third seem to continue indefinitely as nascent enterprises (Reynolds, 2007).
The Natural Occurrence, Mutagenic and other Toxicological Implications of Fusarin C from Fusarium moniliforme

The fungus Fusarium moniliforme occurs in both the humid temperate and tropical zones of the world where it is a major parasite of several economically important gramineous plants, especially corn (Zeae mays) (Marasas et al., 1984; Ayers et al., 1989; Leonian, 1932; Kommedahl and Windeis, 1981). The fungus consists of a myriad complex of plant pathogenic types, some always virulent, others virulent but only under severe environmental stress, while still others are nonvirulent. It is primarily this latter category which enters the food chain where some isolates are capable of producing one of several known mycotoxins: moniliformin, the fumonisins, and the fusarins. This field fungus, which under favorable circumstances can continue its production of toxins in storage, has been shown to be hepatotoxic (Kriek et al., 1981; Voss et al., 1989) and it is implicated in the etiologies of human esophageal cancer, abnormal bone development of poultry, and equine leukoencephalomalacia (Marasas et al., 1984). Some of its mycotoxins have been identified as producing one or more of these animal disorders (Marasas et al., 1988; Gelderblom et al., 1988). Pure cultures of the fungus are acutely toxic to mice, pigs, sheep, ducklings, and baboons (Kriek et al., 1981; Marasas et al., 1984; Thiel et al., 1986; Jeschke and Nelson 1987).
Research on the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children and the Estimated Learning Potential

(1979). Research on the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children and the Estimated Learning Potential. School Psychology Review: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 63-70.
Aminoglycoside Interactions with Other Drugs

Aminoglycoside antibiotics account for a large percentage of nephrotoxin-induced acute renal failure in humans. Clinically, other drugs are also frequently implicated. Such drugs include chemotherapeutic agents, anesthetics, and several antimicrobial agents. Not infrequently, patients who are critically ill receive one or more potentially nephrotoxic drugs during the course of aminoglycoside therapy. Thus attention has been directed to the possibility that interactions exist between the aminoglycosides and other pharmacologic agents which may modulate aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. In addition, aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity is influenced by several nonpharmacologic factors. These include the presence of acidemia, chronic osmotic diuresis, and the state of sodium and potassium balance. When considering the risks of aminoglycoside therapy, these features must all be taken into account (Bennett et al., 1980).
Diet, Circulating Estrogen Levels and Estrogen Excretion

There have been a number of reports of increased frequency of breakthrough bleeding and pregnancies in women taking oral contraceptives and antibiotics simultaneously (1–4). One affect of the possible mechanism for this is the ability of antibiotics to interfere with the enterohepatic circulation of estrogens (5). Diet may also influence estrogen cycling and therefore impact on the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. The relationship between diet and plasma estrogen levels and excretion patterns are the subject of this report.
Defining Patient Safety Events in Inpatient Psychiatry.

Objectives The past 20 years have seen the emergence of a national movement to improve hospital-based healthcare safety in the United States. However, much of the foundational work and subsequent research have neglected inpatient psychiatry. The aim of this article was to advance a comprehensive approach for conceptualizing patient safety in inpatient psychiatry as framed by an application of the Institute of Medicine patient safety framework. Methods This article develops a framework for characterizing patient safety in hospital-based mental health care. We discuss some of the conceptual and methodological issues related to defining what constitutes a patient safety event in inpatient psychiatry and then enumerate a comprehensive set of definitions of the types of safety events that occur in this setting. Results Patient safety events in inpatient psychiatry are broadly categorized as adverse events and medical errors. Adverse events are composed of adverse drug events and nondrug adverse events, including self-harm or injury to self, assault, sexual contact, patient falls, and other injuries. Medical errors include medication errors and nonmedication errors, such as elopement and contraband. We have developed clear definitions that would be appropriate for use in epidemiological studies of inpatient mental health treatment. Conclusions Psychiatry has not been an integral part of the national safety movement. As a first step toward breaching this chasm, we have considered how psychiatric events fit into the safety framework adopted across much of medicine. Patient safety should become a key part of inpatient psychiatry's mission and pursued rigorously as the subject of research and intervention efforts.
Quantifying the impact of viscosity on mass-transfer coefficients in redox flow batteries

Abstract Here, a model redox-active electrolyte (RAE) is fully characterized in terms of its transport properties, and subsequent flow cell polarization experiments enable extraction of mass-transfer coefficients. Specifically, experimental manipulation of flow rate and electrolyte viscosity are coupled with a 1-D polarization model in a flow cell to quantify the mass-transfer coefficients as a function of these material and operating parameters. Both flow-through and interdigitated flow fields are used to develop dimensionless correlations that describe mass-transfer rates as a function of RAE properties. Experimental results and fitted model parameters illustrate and quantify the changes in limiting current and mass-transfer coefficient as a function of electrolyte velocity and viscosity. The resulting power-law correlations for the Sherwood (Sh) number, in terms of the Peclet (Pe) and Schmidt (Sc) numbers, are S h = 0.0040 P e 0.75 S c − 0.24 and S h = 0.018 P e 0.68 S c − 0.18 for the flow-through and interdigitated flow fields, respectively. These correlations provide quantitative estimates of mass-transfer coefficients within high-performance flow cell architectures as a function of geometry and RAE properties, enabling front-end screening in future RAE development campaigns, as well as performance benchmarking for potential redox flow batteries (RFBs).
Stress Measurement in Seven-Wire Strands using Higher Order Guided Ultrasonic Wave Modes:

This paper investigates the use of higher order longitudinal guided modes for stress measurement within individual wires of a steel strand. The effect of stress on the phase velocity of higher orde...
Neural Correlate of Visual Familiarity in Macaque Area V2

Neurons in macaque inferotemporal cortex (ITC) respond less strongly to familiar than to novel images. It is commonly assumed that this effect arises within ITC because its neurons respond selectively to complex images and thus encode in an explicit form information sufficient for identifying a particular image as familiar. However, no prior study has examined whether neurons in low-order visual areas selective for local features also exhibit familiarity suppression. To address this issue, we recorded from neurons in macaque area V2 with semichronic microelectrode arrays while monkeys repeatedly viewed a set of large complex natural images. We report here that V2 neurons exhibit familiarity suppression. The effect develops over several days with a trajectory well fitted by an exponential function with a rate constant of ∼100 exposures. Suppression occurs in V2 at a latency following image onset shorter than its reported latency in ITC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Familiarity suppression, the tendency for neurons to respond less strongly to familiar than novel images, is well known in monkey inferotemporal cortex. Suppression has been thought to arise in inferotemporal cortex because its neurons respond selectively to large complex images and thus explicitly to encode information sufficient for identifying a particular image as familiar. No previous study has explored the possibility that familiarity suppression occurs even in early-stage visual areas where neurons are selective for simple features in confined receptive fields. We now report that neurons in area V2 exhibit familiarity suppression. This finding challenges our current understanding of information processing in V2 as well as our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie familiarity suppression.
An experimental approach to Intergroup Threat Theory: Manipulations, moderators, and consequences of realistic vs. symbolic threat

According to Intergroup Threat Theory (Stephan, Ybarra, & Rios, 2015), perceived threats from outgroups can be categorised into realistic threats (to the ingroup’s power, resources, or well-being) ...
Visual Simultaneity Judgments Activate a Bilateral Frontoparietal Timing System

In everyday life, we often make judgments regarding the sequence of events, for example, deciding whether a baseball runner's foot hit the plate before or after the ball hit the glove. Numerous studies have examined the functional correlates of temporal processing using variations of the temporal order judgment and simultaneity judgment (SJ) tasks. To perform temporal order judgment tasks, observers must bind temporal information with identity and/or spatial information relevant to the task itself. SJs, on the other hand, require observers to detect stimulus asynchrony but not the order of stimulus presentation and represent a purer measure of temporal processing. Some previous studies suggest that these temporal decisions rely primarily on right-hemisphere parietal structures, whereas others provide evidence that temporal perception depends on bilateral TPJ or inferior frontal regions (inferior frontal gyrus). Here, we report brain activity elicited by a visual SJ task. Our methods are unique given our use of two orthogonal control conditions, discrimination of spatial orientation and color, which were used to control for brain activation associated with the classic dorsal ("where/how") and ventral ("what") visual pathways. Our neuroimaging experiment shows that performing the SJ task selectively activated a bilateral network in the parietal (TPJ) and frontal (inferior frontal gyrus) cortices. We argue that SJ tasks are a purer measure of temporal perception because they do not require observers to process either identity or spatial information, both of which may activate separate cognitive networks.
A formal method for assessing the impact of task-based erroneous human behavior on system safety

Abstract Erroneous human behavior is often cited as a major factor to system failure. However, the complexity of the human-automation interaction can make it difficult for engineers to anticipate how erroneous human behavior can contribute to failures. In this work, we introduce a novel method for generating human errors based on the task-based taxonomy of erroneous human behavior. This allows erroneous acts to manifest as divergences from task models. We implement our method using the Enhanced Operator Function Model. We further show how the method can be used with formal system modeling and formal verification with model checking to prove whether or not potentially unanticipated erroneous behavior could contribute to system failures. We evaluate how our method scales and use it to evaluate three case studies: a radiation therapy machine, a pain medication pump, and an Apache helicopter. We discuss these results and explore options for future work.
Influence of Anti-Inflammatory Steroids on Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Release from Tissues

Natural glucocorticosteroids and synthetic antiinflammatory steroids (“steroids” for brevity) are widely used in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions however the mechanism of their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions remains unknown. Steroids do not significantly affect antibody production in man but seem to prevent macrophages from responding to lymphokines that are elaborated by T lymphocytes (Claman, 1975). Steroids potentiate stimulatory effects of catecholamines and PGE1 on accumulation of cyclic-AMP in human leucocytes and lymphocytes (Parker et al. 1973; Mendelsohn et al., 1973), and if so, this might result in a decreased liberation of eosinophil chemo-tactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and histamine from appropriate cells (Kaliner and Austen, 1975). Indeed, steroids depress the release of histamine from anaphylactic guinea pig lungs (Gryglewski et al., 1975) and from other tissues (Kurihara and Shibata, 1975). Early reports that steroids impair the formation of kinins has not been confirmed (Eisen et al., 1968).
Accessibility to emergency food systems in south-central Indiana evaluated by spatiotemporal indices of pressure at county and pantry level

Families living in poverty in the United States rely on earnings, federal government programmes, the emergency food system (EFS) and a variety of informal networks to get adequate nutrition. The EFS is a large network of emergency food operations (EFOs) that serve as a supplement both for people receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits and for those requiring food aid who do not qualify for government assistance. The static view of the distribution of EFOs across 11 counties in south-central Indiana typically employed by policymakers and non-governmental organizations shows this largely rural area to be well covered. However, when examined by the time of day and day of month that EFOs in the region operate, coverage proves illusory. Here, we map and analyse the spatiotemporal availability of services offered by these EFOs and develop measures of availability of EFOs, dependent on EFO open hours, service area limitations and numbers of food-insecure individuals. This allows policymakers and non-governmental organizations to better gauge the adequacy of the EFS within a given region. Food pantries are part of the emergency food network in the United States, but they are an understudied component of food access. The Pantry Accessibility Index and Individual Accessibility Index developed here allow measurement of the spatiotemporal availability of these services to the food insecure of south-central Indiana.
Induction regimens and post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after pediatric intestinal transplantation: Single-center experience.

Pediatric recipients of intestinal transplants have a high incidence of PTLD, but the impact of specific induction immunosuppression agents is unclear. In this single-center retrospective review from 2000 to 2017, we describe the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of PTLD after primary intestinal transplantation in 173 children with or without liver, after induction with rATG, alemtuzumab, or anti-IL-2R agents. Thirty cases of PTLD occurred among 28 children, 28 EBV+ and 2 EBV-. Although not statistically significant, the PTLD incidence was higher after isolated intestinal transplant compared with liver-inclusive allograft (19.3% vs 13.3%, P = .393) and after induction with anti-IL-2R antibody and alemtuzumab compared with rATG (28.6% and 27.3% vs 13.3%, P = .076). The 30 PTLD cases included 13 monomorphic PTLD, 13 polymorphic PTLD, one spindle cell, one Burkitt lymphoma, and two cases too necrotic to classify. After reduction of immunosuppression, management was based on disease histology and extent. Resection with or without rituximab was used for polymorphic tumors and limited disease extent, whereas chemotherapy was used for diffuse disease. Of the 28 patients, 11 recovered with functioning allografts (39.3%), 10 recovered after enterectomy (35.7%), and seven patients died (25%), three due to PTLD and four due to other causes. All who died of progressive PTLD had received chemotherapy, highlighting the mortality of PTLD, toxicity of treatment and need for novel agents. Alemtuzumab is no longer used for induction at our center.
Global land mask for satellite ocean color remote sensing

Abstract We develop a methodology to derive a global medium resolution (250 m) land mask from several existing data sources. In particular, a number of improved land mask data sets have been developed from satellite measurements recently, though some artifacts and omissions still remain. We show how combining global land mask data from multiple independent data sources can decrease the frequency of artifacts, and improve the data consistency and quality. We use the ocean color product imagery derived from measurements of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) to evaluate and validate the new global land mask implemented in the Multi-Sensor Level-1 to Level-2 (MSL12) ocean color data processing system, and demonstrate the improvements in the derived global ocean color data coverage. Results show that when using the new proposed land mask the accuracy of global ocean color data coverage is significantly improved over coastal and inland waters. The new land mask more accurately represents the current global land coverage status, providing more complete and consistent global land/water coverage data set for ocean color remote sensing and for various other satellite Earth observing applications.
Dissociation in basolateral and central amygdala effective connectivity predicts the stability of emotion-related impulsivity in adolescents with borderline personality symptoms: a resting-state fMRI study

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with altered activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala, yet no studies have examined fronto-limbic circuitry in borderline adolescents. Here, we examined the contribution of fronto-limbic connectivity to the longitudinal stability of emotion-related impulsivity (ERI), a key feature of BPD, in symptomatic adolescents and young adults. Methods: We compared resting-state effective connectivity (EC) in 82 adolescents and emerging adults with and without clinically significant borderline symptoms (n BPD = 40, ages 13-30). Group-specific directed networks were estimated amongst fronto-limbic nodes including PFC, ventral striatum (VS), central amygdala (CeN), and basolateral amygdala (BLA). We calculated directed centrality metrics and examined if these values were associated with initial levels and rates of change in ERI symptoms over a one-year follow-up using latent growth curve models (LGCMs). Results: In the healthy group, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal ACC had a directed influence on CeN and VS respectively. In the borderline group bilateral BLA had a directed influence on CeN, whereas in the healthy group CeN influenced BLA. LGCMs revealed that in borderline adolescents, ERI remained stable across follow-ups. Further, higher output of R CeN in controls was associated with stronger within-person decreases in ERI. Conclusions: Functional inputs from BLA and vmPFC appear to play competing roles in influencing CeN activity. In borderline adolescents BLA may predominate over CeN activity, while in controls the ability of CeN to conversely influence BLA activity is associated with more rapid reductions in ERI.
Telecommuting: A new business work style

Advances in computer and networking technologies now permit organizations to allow employees to work from home and thus relieve them of the daily commute. This new work style is known as telecommuting. This paper introduces the concept of telecommuting, and discusses its advantages and disadvantages to both employees and organizations. We finally suggest meth­ ods by which an employer can develop and manage a successful telecommuting program.
Ground-Water Contamination by Fertilizer Nitrogen

Nitrogen percolation beneath the crop root zone was significantly reduced by careful irrigation management using the USDA irrigation scheduling program. Deep percolation losses were measured directly using vacuum extractors. Analyses of both deep soil cores and water samples from piezometers suggest that significant amounts of percolating nitrate are removed by denitrification, either before or soon after reaching the water table, thus reducing the potential for ground-water contamination.
Culturally Competent Clinical Assessment

Psychiatric work relies heavily on clinical skill to solicit information from the patient for assessment and diagnosis. Soliciting information involves interaction between the clinician and the patient, which is subject to personal factors of the patient, including gender, personality, sociocultural background as well as motivation for making complaints, and the psychopathology involved such as its severity and nature. It is also subject to factors of the therapist including personality, sociocultural background as well as professional orientation. This interaction is influenced by the clinician–patient relationship, which is subject to various factors such as status assignment, power structure between them, and the medical culture and service system in which the interaction takes place. Naturally, the whole process of clinical assessment is subject to cultural impact. It is found that several basic qualities are required to become a culturally competent clinician, for which training must aim. These qualities include cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge, cultural empathy, and culture-relevant relations and interaction. In addition, in clinical and research work, psychological testing is often conducted to evaluate a patient's psychological status, personality, psychopathology, stress encountered, and patterns of adjustment and coping. This provides supplemental objective data in addition to subjective clinical information that will lead to a comprehensive understanding, assessment, and diagnosis of the patient.
MEASUREMENT OF OPSONIC PHAGOCYTOSIS BY HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the measurement of opsonic phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN). Phagocytosis is recognized as a primary and critical cell function in host defense. In higher vertebrates, such as humans, this function is performed largely by “professional” phagocytes like the PMN. Termed opsonins (from the Greek opsonion , “a relish, seasoning, or sauce”), these humoral factors bind to the surface of foreign material and, engage receptors on the phagocytic cell surface that initiate the endocytic (phagocytic) process. Measurements of phagocytosis of microbial parasites by phagocytic cells such as PMNs have employed a wide variety of techniques that can be broadly divided into two main categories: (1) direct measures of phagocyte-target interactions and (2) indirect measures that quantitate metabolic events or biochemical markers associated with ingestion and cellular activation, such as lysosomal enzyme release, superoxide anion (O 2 -) production, and chemiluminescence. The three direct techniques for the measurement of phagocytosis are presented. The first is a novel flow cytometric assay that uses unfractionated whole blood. The second, a fluorescence microscopic method compatible with a wide variety of microorganisms, employs cytocentrifugation and cell fixation. The third is an adaptation of the oil red O method originally described by Stossel in 1973 to the user- (and technology-) friendly 96-well microtiter plate format.
A Priestly View of Bible Arithmetic: Deity’s Regulative Aesthetic Activity Within Davidic Musicology

In “Music as Basic Metaphor and Deep Structure in Plato and in Ancient Cultures,” Patrick Heelan modified the concepts of Boolean algebra to accord with Plato’s musicalized political theory in the fourth century BC.1 The result is a non-distributive lattice of partially ordered sets displayed in Figure 1.
Illustrating the curse of dimensionality numerically through different data distribution models

The purpose of this paper is to numerically illustrate a known problem, the curse of dimensionality in high dimensional database applications. The curse of dimensionality occurs when information is retrieved from indexed structures such as an R-tree and its variants that store feature vectors, which are extracted from multimedia data such as images. The "curse" says that as the dimension of the vectors increases, the cost of retrieving data increases dramatically. This problem has been discussed by other authors in some special cases. In this paper, we discuss distance distributions of vectors by assuming many well known distribution models. A Java applet. jCurse. has been built to show that the distance distributions of vectors always approach the boundary of a considered data region as the dimension increases. We discuss these vectors by using different distance metrics and distribution models. The program can easily be applied to more distribution models.
Compartmentation of antifungal compounds in oil cells of avocado fruit mesocarp and its effect on susceptibility to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides decays the mesocarp of unharvested and harvested unripe avocado fruits despite high concentrations of two preformed antifungal compounds within. These compounds, 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene and 1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-n-heptadeca-16-ene, a diene and monoene, were found to be largely compartmentalized in specialized oil cells of the avocado mesocarp. The results therefore suggest that a major portion of the antifungal compounds are sequestered in the mesocarp, where they are unavailable to provide resistance to fungal decay. This is in contrast to the case in avocado peel (pericarp), where the antifungal compounds are not sequestered and presumably contact invading fungal hyphae to provide disease resistance.