cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Powering Comparative Classification with Sentiment Analysis via Domain Adaptive Knowledge Transfer

We study Comparative Preference Classification (CPC) which aims at predicting whether a preference comparison exists between two entities in a given sentence and, if so, which entity is preferred over the other. High-quality CPC models can significantly benefit applications such as comparative question answering and review-based recommendation. Among the existing approaches, non-deep learning methods suffer from inferior performances. The state-of-the-art graph neural network-based ED-GAT (Ma et al., 2020) only considers syntactic information while ignoring the critical semantic relations and the sentiments to the compared entities. We propose Sentiment Analysis Enhanced COmparative Network (SAECON) which improves CPC accuracy with a sentiment analyzer that learns sentiments to individual entities via domain adaptive knowledge transfer. Experiments on the CompSent-19 (Panchenko et al., 2019) dataset present a significant improvement on the F1 scores over the best existing CPC approaches.
Designing an Online Retail Marketplace: Leveraging Information from Sponsored Advertising

This paper studies a marketplace design problem with asymmetric information where the platform jointly considers leveraging information revealed in ad auctions and setting sales commissions to maxi...
Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism

Abstract Where does morality come from? Why are moral judgments often so similar across cultures, yet sometimes so variable? Is morality one thing, or many? Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) was created to answer these questions. In this chapter, we describe the origins, assumptions, and current conceptualization of the theory and detail the empirical findings that MFT has made possible, both within social psychology and beyond. Looking toward the future, we embrace several critiques of the theory and specify five criteria for determining what should be considered a foundation of human morality. Finally, we suggest a variety of future directions for MFT and moral psychology.
The micro persistence of layouts and design: Quasi-experimental evidence from the United States housing corporation

Abstract Neighborhood plans have been a crucial tool used by urban planners to control developments' type and character. This paper examines whether the initial plan of neighborhoods and their design features have a causal and persistent effect on a neighborhood's physical form. I explore this question in the context of the United States Housing Corporation—the first large-scale urban planning housing initiative in the United States. I show that the plans introduced by the USHC persisted and continue to influence the structure of neighborhoods today. To disentangle the role of location fundamentals (e.g., geography) from the causal effect of plans, I exploit a sharp natural experiment where I compare USHC neighborhoods that were planned but canceled with others that were planned and constructed and show that this persistence is causal and reflects the path dependence of plans. I then decompose plans into their design features and show that the configuration of blocks and the street layout persist via path dependence and are, therefore, characteristics that urban planners can influence in the long-run. Finally, I discuss potential mechanisms and provide suggestive evidence pointing to the role of coordination failures in generating path dependence.
The Treatment of Minimum Wage in Principles of Economics Textbooks Revisited

Following the Global Occupy movement and the Great Recession of 2008-09, the discussion of how economics is taught in undergraduate courses has become more topical with two main themes emerging. Students at prominent universities complain that professors preach free-market fundamentalism in first-year economics courses, while researchers have warned against the dangers of teaching economics as a settled science in undergraduate courses. We review the coverage of minimum wage policy in the Principles of Economics textbooks to determine whether the aforementioned criticism of free-market fundamentalism applies to the minimum wage topic. Most textbooks show that the minimum wage creates unemployment among unskilled workers and cite the empirical results of a survey paper by Brown et al. (1982) that a 10 percent rise in the minimum wage leads to a 1 to 3 percent increase in unemployment among teenagers. We propose three simple examples to present new implications of the minimum wage that are rarely discussed in current textbooks. Our goal is to provide a richer framework that highlights the effects of the minimum wage in a more nuanced way and help students develop critical thinking skills. A secondary goal is to put to rest the criticism that full-time professors teach economics as a settled science in undergraduate courses.
The effects of adenosine triphosphate and dinitro-O-cresol upon the form and movement of Amoeba proteus: A pressure-temperature study

Abstract 1. 1. When a relatively high concentration (0.002 M ) of adenosine triphosphate was added to the normal culture medium (Brandwein solution) the amoebae slowly contracted, each into a dark rounded mass with numerous surface blebs and a large light central area. 2. 2. At a lower concentration (0.0005 M ) the amoebae continued to display normal form and movement. However, the pseudopodia displayed an increased stability when subjected to the solating effects of high pressure. 3. 3. The stabilizing effects of ATP on the pseudopodia was measured at four temperatures (10 °, 15 °, 20 ° and 25 °C) and in each case the pressure differential amounted to approximately 500 lbs/in 2 . 4. 4. Similar positive results were obtained when adenosine monophosphate was substituted for ATP, but in this case the concentration required was about four times higher. 5. 5. Essentially negative results were obtained using adenosine, inorganic phosphates (Na 2 HPO 4 and Na 4 P 2 O 7 ) and dinitro- o -cresol. 6. 6. Dinitro- o -cresol, which alone gave little or no effect (except after several hours), produced a marked weakening of pseudopodial structure when used in combination with ATP. 7. 7. These results and those of previous experiments are discussed in relationship to the hypothesis that the plasmagel of the amoeba is a contractile system which can receive energy from the metabolism of high potential phosphate compounds in the cell.
Selected great basin playa clays

Abstract : Mineralogical studies of samples from Deep Springs Playa, Calif., Mud Lake and Humboldt Playa, Nevada, Sevier Playa, Utah and the Animas Playa, New Mex., indicate that the mica-type clay minerals illite, vermiculite, and montmorillonite are prominent in these playa crusts. These widely separated localities suggest a general distribution. The weathering of the mica-type layer silicates results in the development of intensive heterogeneity of lattice layers along the c-direction. The continuous scattering in the lower angle region 20 = 4-8.8 degrees shows gradual transitions between mica-type layers with different basal spacings. Further, there is an intensive disorder in a-b planes of many layers, i.e., random displacements of the layers causing 'continuous scattering' accompanying the normal Bragg reflections. The b-dimensions and the high MgO+FeO+Fe2O3 contents of the mica-type layers indicate their derivation from tetrasilicic members of the dioctahedral mica-type layers. The existence of sensitive layers like those of vermiculite and montmorillonite in the playas is important in explaining the physical behaviour of the surface of the playas. These layers exfoliate when dried and also expand with an increase in humidity. (Author)
The active site sulfhydryl of aconitase is not required for catalytic activity.

Previous reports have demonstrated that aconitase has a single reactive sulfhydryl at or near the active site (Johnson, P. G., Waheed, A., Jones, L., Glaid, A. J., and Gawron, O. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74, 384-389). On the basis of experiments with phenacyl bromide in which enzyme activity was abolished while substrate afforded protection, it was concluded that this group was an essential sulfhydryl. We have further examined the reactivity of this group and confirmed the result that, when reagents with bulky groups (e.g. N-ethylmaleimide or phenacyl bromide) modify the protein at the reactive sulfhydryl, activity is lost. However, when smaller groups, e.g. the SCH3 from methylmethanethiosulfonate or the CH2CONH2 from iodoacetamide, are introduced, there is only partial (50%) or no loss of activity. Experiments were performed to obtain evidence that these reagents are modifying the same residue. Methylmethanethio-sulfonate-treated enzyme showed an increase in the Km for citrate from 200 to 330 microM. EPR spectra were taken of the reduced N-ethylmaleimide- and iodoacetamide-modified enzyme in the presence of substrate. The former gave a spectrum typical of the substrate-free enzyme, while the spectrum of the latter was identical to enzyme with bound substrate. We, therefore, conclude that modification of this sulfhydryl affects activity by interfering with the binding of substrate to the active site and is not essential in the catalytic process.
Effects of the ferritin open reading frame on translational induction by iron.

Publisher Summary Ferritin—a multimeric iron-storage protein—is evolutionarily conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. It has been proposed that ferritin acts both to store iron for later use and to defend the cytosol against the generation of potentially toxic free radicals via Fenton oxygen chemistry. The regulation of ferritin synthesis is tightly coupled to changes in intracellular iron concentrations in both cultured cells and model vertebrate organisms. Cells in vertebrate organisms respond to excess iron chiefly by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Factors that modulate the effect of iron on ferritin expression are cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), and oxidative agents. Cytokines such as IL-1β modulate the expression of ferritin in the presence of iron. The regulation is accomplished both by transcriptional and translational mechanisms. There have been numerous reports demonstrating that the effect of ferritin iron-responsive element (IRE) on the iron inducibility of heterologous open reading frames is not as potent as on that of endogenous ferritin mRNAs. The difference in inducibility is accounted for by sequences downstream from the IRE and probably within the ferritin open reading frame (ORF). However, mRNAs that contain the ferritin ORF but lack IRE have little or no iron inducibility. This indicates a requirement for iron-responsive protein (IRP) to bind the IRE, and this interaction serves as the fundamental iron-responsive component of the translational regulatory system for ferritin.
Programmable factory IC manufacturing for the 21st century

Stanford University have built a large interdisciplinary program aimed at exploring radically different semiconductor manufacturing opportunities. The approach is to build a highly flexible computer controlled manufacturing facility-the programmable factory and in parallel with this factory, a suite of simulation tools the virtual factory which emulate all functions of the real factory. Controlling both of these and integrating them is the manufacturing automation. The programmable factory is an alternative approach to IC fabrication, based on a new generation of multifunctional equipment with extensive use of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) for added flexibility. The new type of multiprocessing equipment quickly processes one semiconductor wafer at a time, performs several process steps in situ- in contrast to the conventional alternative of slowly processing many wafers simultaneously and one step per equipment. Single wafer processing enables the use of in-situ monitoring and real-time control. The process equipment is also modular, with common mechanical and electronic interfaces. Such modularization and standardization is expected to decrease the amount and expense of equipment that must be purchased for existing fabs to upgrade to new generations of technology. Extensive use of CIM for specification, monitoring, control, and information management should make switching between processes faster and more reliable, should increase the case by which large numbers of different products could simultaneously be routed and tracked through the factory, and maximize equipment utilization. >
Evaluation Of College Faculty: What Do Accounting Students Really Think?

Student opinion surveys of teaching are widely implemented at the university level for many reasons. Faculty members use the input from students to improve their teaching while administrators often use the information for merit, and tenure and promotion decisions. The extensive use of student ratings is in part the result of the increased interest in improving teaching and the growing demand for greater accountability on the part of colleges and universities. At issue is the concern that students are asked to evaluate faculty on components of teaching deemed important by divisions of institutional research and not necessarily by faculty themselves. Final approval of student opinion surveys may be prematurely granted without sufficient input from consumers. The purpose of this paper is to explore issues surrounding the wide spread use of student opinion of teaching surveys for evaluative purposes and to describe the role of student ratings in judging teaching effectiveness. An extensive review of literature was used to construct a survey administered to 165 students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate accounting courses. Students were asked to rank effective teaching practices. The results of this survey guide faculty and administrators to understand, from students’ perspective, effective teaching practices. Conclusions are drawn concerning the appropriate use of the information obtained from student evaluations and the impact the student ratings have on the quality of instruction in colleges and universities.
Impact of student ethnicity and patient-centredness on communication skills performance.

OBJECTIVES The development of patient-centred attitudes by health care providers is critical to improving health care quality. A prior study showed that medical students with more patient-centred attitudes scored higher in communication skills as judged by standardised patients (SPs) than students with less patient-centred attitudes. We designed this multicentre study to examine the relationships among students' demographic characteristics, patient-centredness and communication scores on an SP examination. METHODS Early Year 4 medical students at three US schools completed a 12-item survey during an SP examination. Survey items addressed demographics (gender, ethnicity, primary childhood language) and patient-centredness. Factor analysis on the patient-centredness items defined specific patient-centred attitudes. We used multiple regression analysis incorporating demographic characteristics, school and patient-centredness items and examined the effect of these variables on the outcome variable of communication score. RESULTS A total of 351 students took the SP examination and 329 (94%) completed the patient-centredness questionnaire. Responses indicated generally high patient-centredness. Student ethnicity and medical school were significantly associated with communication scores; gender and primary childhood language were not. Two attitudinal factors were identified: patient perspective and impersonal attitude. Multiple regression analysis revealed that school and scores on the impersonal factor were associated with communication scores. The effect size was modest. CONCLUSIONS In a medical student SP examination, modest differences in communication scores based on ethnicity were observed and can be partially explained by student attitudes regarding patient-centredness. Curricular interventions to enhance clinical experiences, teaching and feedback are needed to address key elements of a patient-centred approach to care.
An equilibrating device for use in conjunction with the automatic determination of carbon dioxide-combining power.

The CO2 equilibrating device described has been found to yield results which are clinically satisfactory and, in addition, to render the automatic procedure for CO2-combining power simpler, more convenient, and less time-consuming. The method developed by Skeggs for the determination of carbon dioxide with the use of an automated system of analysis has been found to be practical, accurate, and reliable.
Treatment of rickets and tetany by parenteral administration of one massive dose of vitamin D

Summary The harmlessness of one single dose of 600,000 units of vitamin D is shown theoretically and is practically demonstrated by its administration to 158 children in whom no toxic manifestations occurred. The parenteral administration of one massive vitamin D dose is recommended for certain clinical purposes. The absorption of parenteral vitamin D depots can be accelerated by using a mixture of oil and ether instead of oil alone as solvent. The superiority of an oil-ether mixture in this respect is demonstrated by animal experiment. Rickets and tetany respond to this form of parenteral vitamin D shock therapy as promptly as to the oral administration of equal doses of vitamin D. Serum calcium and phosphorus become normal usually after three to seven days. Roentgenographic evidence of calcification shows within one week, and recalcification is usually complete thirty days after the beginning of the treatment. Tetanic convulsions cease within 24 hours after the parenteral administration of one massive dose of vitamin D.
Primary Care Management of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes substantial morbidity and mortality; however, there are limited data to comprehensively assess quality of care in this area. To assess quality of care for CKD according to patient risk and identify correlates of improved care delivery. Retrospective cohort. Fifteen health centers within a multi-site group practice in eastern Massachusetts. 166 primary care physicians caring for 11,774 patients with stages 3 or 4 CKD defined as two estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) between 15 and 60. Two measures of kidney disease monitoring, five measures of cardiovascular disease management, four measures of metabolic bone disease and anemia management, and one measure of drug safety were extracted from the electronic health record. Primary care recognition of CKD was assessed as a problem list diagnosis, and nephrology co-management was assessed as at least one visit with a nephrologist in the prior 12 months. Overall, 46% of patients were high risk for death based on the presence of diabetes, proteinuria, or an eGFR <45. Seventy percent of patients lacked annual urine protein testing, 46% had a blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg and 25% were not receiving appropriate angiotensin blockade. Appropriate screening for anemia was common (76%), while screening rates for metabolic bone disease were low. Use of potentially harmful drugs was common (26%). Primary care physician recognition and nephrology co-management were both associated with improved quality of care, though rates of both were low (24% and 10%, respectively). Significant deficiencies in the quality of CKD care exist. Opportunities for improvement include increasing physician recognition of CKD and improving collaborative care with nephrology.
S11.2 Sex in the United States in the New Millennium: Temporal Trends Among Men and Women Aged 15–44 Years

Background Examining national trends in sexual behaviour can aid in the understanding of STD trends. We examined trends in sexual behaviour, focusing on sub-populations most impacted by STDs in the US. Methods We used data from the 2002 and 2006–10 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), a multi-stage survey nationally representative of men and women aged 15–44 years living in the United States (US). The sample sizes and response rates for the surveys were 12, 571 (79%) in 2002 and 22,682 (77%) in 2006–10. Sexual behaviours included in this analysis were predominantly from audio computer assisted self-interview and were compared by several demographics, separately by sex. Data were weighted to represent the US population and data analyses accounted for the multi-staged sampling procedures used by NSFG. Results Sexual behaviours with opposite- and same-sex partners were frequently similar in 2002 and 2006–10. Of women who ever had vaginal sex, there was no change in the average number of partners in the past 12 months (1.21 in 2002, 1.11 in 2006–10); however there was a slight decrease over time for Hispanic and black women and a slight increase among women in the non-Hispanic other category. Findings for men were similar except for a slight increase in partners among white men. Overall, HIV-related risk with opposite-sex partners decreased from 2002 to 2006–10. Specifically, exchanging sex for money or drugs significantly decreased among women (2.0% to 0.7%, p Conclusion Preliminary findings suggest that behaviours have not changed much during this time; however, we did identify shifts in behaviours among sub-populations.
Detection of unusual trajectories using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms and rough sets

Detection of unusual trajectories of moving objects (e.g., people, automobiles, etc.) is an important problem in many civilian and military surveillance applications. In this work, we propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithms and rough sets-based approach that breaks down 2-dimensional trajectories into a set of additive components, which then can be used to build a classifier capable of recognizing typical, but yet unseen trajectories, and identifying those that seem suspicious.
Maritime acoustic detection of aircraft to increase flight safety and homeland security: an experimental study

For several years ARL has studied acoustics to track vehicles, helicopters, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and others targets of interest. More recently these same acoustic sensors were placed on a "simulated" buoy in an attempt to detect and track aircraft over a large body of water. This report will investigate the advantages of using acoustic arrays to track air and water craft from a fixed floating platform as well as potential concerns associated with this technology. Continuous monitoring of aircraft overflight will increase situational awareness while persistent monitoring of commercial and military flight paths increases overall homeland security.
Determination of the surface temperature of water during evaporation studies. a comparison of thermistor with infrared radiometer measurements

Abstract In this investigation the temperature of a water surface was measured by two techniques, one utilizing a commercial infrared radiometer and the other, thermistor probes. Both methods were shown to be satisfactory for following changes in surface temperature during evaporation studies; however, the radiometer used was less sensitive to changes in temperature than the thermistors, being limited to changes in temperature of 0.1°C. or greater. The radiometer does have the advantage of measuring the temperature of a much thinner layer of water than the thermistor, 0.1 mm. as compared to 2 or 3 mm. It also responds more rapidly to changes in water temperature than the thermistor and can be operated at some distance from the water surface. It was shown during this study that the presence of a monomolecular film will not significantly alter the emissivity of a water surface, within the limit of sensitivity of the radiometer. Any change in apparent temperature detected by the radiometer when a monolayer is spread at the interface must, therefore, be due to changes in the real temperature of the water surface. Such changes could result from the monolayer's influence on the rate of evaporation or on movement of surface water.
The scaling of relativistic double-layer widths: Poisson--Vlasov solutions and particle-in-cell simulations

The study of relativistic plasma double layers is described through the solution of the one-dimensional, unmagnetized, steady-state Poisson-Vlasov equations and by means of one-dimensional, unmagnetized, particle-in-cell simulations. The thickness vs potential-drop scaling law is extended to relativistic potential drops and relativistic plasma temperatures. The transition in the scaling law for 'strong' double layers suggested by analytical two-beam models by Carlqvist (1982) is confirmed, and causality problems of standard double-layer simulation techniques applied to relativistic plasma systems are discussed.
Selection of thermostable Newcastle disease virus progeny from reference and vaccine strains.

SUMMARY. In a study of low-virulence Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from poultry, 38% of the isolates had a more thermostable hemagglutinin than the lentogenic reference strains B1 and La Sota or live vaccines derived from those strains. Whether those strains with a more thermostable hemagglutinin are truly indigenous or whether they could have originated from vaccines used in the flocks was unknown. Seven monovalent NDV vaccines of B1 or La Sota type and reference B and La Sota strains were heat treated at 56 C to select variants more thermostable than the parent virus. Four thermal treatment cycles were completed, and virus propagated from the second and fourth heat treatments was assayed for changes in thermostability and antigenicity. The hemagglutinin thermostability of all vaccine and reference strain variants increased from the initial -10 min to >120 min after four treatments. Antigenic changes evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition against NDV monoclonal antibodies identified changes in only the heat-treated La Sota strains. The results demonstrate that the field isolates with a more thermostable hemagglutinin could have been derived by selection from the heterogenous NDV populations in vaccine strains and that minor antigenic changes may be a result of that selection.
Low noise DC SQUIDs fabricated in Nb-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Nb trilayer technology

The authors have designed, fabricated and tested all-refractory DC SQUIDs in Nb-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Nb trilayer technology that have noise performance comparable to the best previously reported for any technology. A variety of SQUID designs were incorporated as part of a trilayer process development test vehicle. SQUID inductance, junction area, and resistive shunt geometry were varied in matrix fashion to give SQUIDs with near-optimum parameter values for a factor of five range in Josephson current density and shunt sheet resistance. The devices were fabricated using a selective niobium anodization with a minimum feature size of 2 mu m. The base electrode and Nb wiring were patterned with dry etching, and the junction areas were defined by anodization: the Ti resistors were patterned with a lift-off process. Current density on different wafers was varied from 400 to 1000 A/cm/sup 2/ with typical junction V/sub m/'s of 60 mV. The shunt sheet resistance was varied in the 1-5- Omega / Square Operator range. The noise was measured with an RF SQUID direct small-signal readout scheme. A 50-pH SQUID with 3- mu m/sup 2/, 16- mu A junctions and 14- Omega shunt resistors was shown to have an ideally low white noise of 1*10/sup -13/ Phi /sub 0//sup 2//Hz, a white to 1/f crossover frequency at 7 Hz, and a noise level less than 6*10/sup -12/ Phi /sub 0//sup 2//Hz at 0.1 Hz.
Radiative Heating in Scramjet Combustors

Currently, there is considerable interest in scramjet engines for hypersonic aircraft and missiles. This paper presents preliminary calculations of the radiative heating of the walls of scramjet combustion chambers. The analysis assumes isothermal, constant property  ow elds that are representative of actual combustor  ow elds. The fuel is H2, and N2 is taken as inert. Temperature in the combustor is on the order of 2000– 3000 K and the pressure is of the order of 5 atm. The combustion products consist mainly of H2O and OH. These gases are strong radiators in the infrared. Radiation heating can be signi cant because of high temperature and pressure and the strong gas emission. The radiation  uxes from H2O and OH are predicted to be as large as 24 W/cm, depending on the size of the combustor. Larger combustors have larger radiative heating. Radiation heating is roughly 10% of the convective heating. For airplane applications, where the engine must go through many cycles between overhauls, the combustor will need thermal radiative protection.
A New Class of Oxo-Bridged High-Valent Hexamanganese Clusters Supported by Sterically Hindered Carboxylate Ligands

A new class of oxo-bridged high-valent hexamanganese (Mn6) clusters containing a novel (Mn6O8)6+ core, [MnIV(4)MnIII2(mu-O)4(mu3-O)4(dmb)6(O2CR)2]4+ (where dmb=4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, and RCO2=2,6-di(p-tolyl)benzoate (Ar(Tol)CO2-) (3) or 2,6-di(4-tert-butylphenyl)benzoate (Ar(4-tBuPh)CO2-) (4)), was synthesized using sterically hindered m-terphenyl-derived carboxylate ligands. These complexes can be synthesized by oxidizing the MnII mononuclear complexes, [Mn(dmb)2(OH2)(O2CR)]+ (where RCO2=Ar(Tol)CO2- (1) or Ar(4-tBuPh)CO2- (2)) with (n-Bu4N)MnO4, by direct Mn(II) + Mn(VII) in situ comproportionation reactions, or by ligand substitution on the dinuclear manganese (III,IV) or (IV,IV) complexes, [(Mn2(mu-O)2(dmb)4)](3+/4+). The compound [MnIV4MnIII2(mu-O)4(mu3-O)4(dmb)6(Ar(Tol)CO2)2](OTf)4 [3(OTf)4] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n, with the cell parameters a=15.447(1) A, b=15.077(2) A, c=27.703(2) A, beta=91.68(2) degrees, V=6449.3(6) A3, and Z=2. The X-ray structure reveals that there are three different bridging modes for the oxo groups: mu, "pyramidal" mu3, and "T-shaped" mu3. Solid-state variable temperature magnetic susceptibility studies suggest that the Mn centers are net antiferromagnetically coupled to yield a diamagnetic ST=0 ground spin state with a large number of low-lying, thermally accessible states with ST>0. 1H NMR spectra were recorded for both Mn6 clusters and selected resonances assigned. The electronic and redox properties of these complexes along with the effect of the presence of the bulky carboxylate ligands are also described here.
An unusual complication of endotracheal tube suctioning.

1. Ensure that the suction catheter size is appropriate in relation to the lumen of the ETT prior to insertion. 2. Consider lubricant or silicone spray when a larger diameter suction catheter is considered for suctioning. 3. Consider the use of a smaller diameter suction catheter. 4. Avoid manipulation (back and forth advancement and withdrawal) of the suction catheter within the lumen of the ETT. 5. When using a larger diameter suction catheter, completely remove the suction catheter from the ETT and re-insert if needed for a subsequent pass.
Short-range correlations in two-dimensional liquid crystals. II. Smectic and crystalline phases

A molecular theory of two-dimensional liquid crystals is developed. Taking short-range correlations explicitly into account, it is shown that in addition to isotropic and nematic phases, solutions representing smectic and crystalline phases can also be constructed as the number density increases beyond certain critical values. Relevant order parameters defined in a canonical ensemble are obtained as functions of density at fixed temperature. (auth)
Book Banning, Censorship, and Ethnic Studies in Urban Schools: An Introduction to the Special Issue

In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons ofindigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who isindigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members ofhis or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his orher own religion, or to use his or her own language.Article 30, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989Article 30 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) protectsminority and indigenous children’s (anyone under the age of 18) right to practicetheir community’s culture, religion, and use of their own language within theirrespective larger nation State. Unfortunately, the US, along with South Sudan andSomalia, are the only countries in the world that have not ratiﬁed this internationaltreaty and several other international treaties that protect the rights of minority andindigenous peoples, especially minority and indigenous children. Lamentably, theUS is not, and has not been a model historically in the protection of minority andindigenous peoples’ human rights (Acun˜a 2000; Spring 2004; Vargas 2005).A history of genocide, both physical and cultural, often obscured by USexceptionalism, is part of our nation’s expansion and growth story, both here in ourown soil and abroad (Pease 2000). Indeed the US ‘‘melting pot’’ myth has beenbased on a history of racism, ethnocide, and cultural genocide in which assimilationis the method and schooling the institution (Dunbar and Skutnabb-Kangas 2008),which has been used to legally sustain the white supremacist foundations of the
Influence of environmental factors on conidial germination and survival of Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens

Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens is the cause of Sphaeropsis rot in apples and pears. In this study, effects of temperature, wetness duration, relative humidity (RH), dryness, and interrupted wetness duration on conidial germination of the fungus were evaluated. Conidial germination and germ tube elongation occurred at temperatures from 0°C to 30°C. The optimum temperature for germination and germ tube elongation appeared to be 20°C, at which a minimum wetness period of 5 h was required. Conidia germinated at RH as low as 92% after 36 h at 20°C, but not at 88.5% RH. The effect of dry periods on germination depended on RH. Conidial germination at 85% RH was higher than that at 25% RH within a 4-h dry period, after which time no difference was observed. Less than 10% conidia germinated after a 10-day dry period at both 20°C and 28°C. Conidial germination decreased as the wetness duration prior to dryness increased. Conidia wetted for 6 h prior to dryness died within a 1-h dry period. After a 12-h dry period, no or few conidia germinated at 25% RH, whereas 3% to 10% of the conidia germinated at 85% RH and no further decrease was observed as the dry period increased. The results contribute to our understanding of conditions required for conidial germination of S. pyriputrescens and infection of fruit leading to Sphaeropsis rot.
Paradoxically aggressive multiple sclerosis in the face of natalizumab therapy.

In the pivotal trials of natalizumab in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (AFFIRM and SENTINEL), a dramatic reduction in relapse rate, new or enlarging T2-hyperintense lesions...
Effect of gonadectomy and gonadal hormones on singly established Hymenolepis diminuta in rats

Abstract The effects of gonadectomy and gonadal hormones on singly-established H. diminuta in rats on “complete” and “deficient” diets have been studied by means of estimations of the number of eggs eliminated by the parasite per 24-hour periods over varying intervals of time. A decline in the number of eggs of H. diminuta eliminated per 24 hours over a period of 3 months was observed in castrated male rats fed a “complete” diet which was comparable to the effects observed in normal male hosts on a “deficient” diet. Castrated males fed a “deficient” diet, however, exhibited a decline in the numbers of eggs of this cestode eliminated which was comparable to that observed in normal female hosts on a “deficient” diet. Testosterone and progesterone, administered at the rate of 1 mg per day, restored egg output to approximately normal levels in castrated male hosts. Testosterone was also similarly effective in normal female rats on “deficient” diet, but progesterone was ineffective. Chorionic gonadotropin raised the egg output of H. diminuta in normal male and female rats on “deficient” diet but not in gonadectomized hosts. A stimulation of testosterone production is postulated as a possible mechanism in the case of normal male rats and possibly the production of estrogen in the normal female hosts. Accidental concurrent infections with a few Moniliformis dubius had no evident effect on egg production of H. diminuta. These acanthocephalans were lost quickly from hosts on “deficient” diet.
Science at the Timescale of the Electron: Coherent keV X-Rays from Tabletop Femtosecond Lasers

Since the invention of the laser, scientists have been striving to extend coherent light into the X-ray region. Very recently, because of a new ability to manipulate electrons on their natural, attosecond, time-scales, the dream of realizing bright, laser-like, X-ray beams on a tabletop with photon energies >1.6keV (wavelengths <8) has become a reality.
Interactive display of large solid models for walkthroughs

A new paradigm for designing complex engineering systems has emerged from computer graphics and CAD/CAM technology. Virtual design environments allow users to design and visualize all stages of the product. They not only free designers from the two dimensions of pencil and paper but also eliminate costly construction of physical mock-ups. We are developing the necessary technology for interactive walkthroughs of large mechanical and architectural models. This development includes model construction, display and interfacing with high-performance graphics systems and immersive technologies. Our ultimate goal is to create an environment where users will explore the complete model of a large design, such as a submarine, and verify that all constraints are satisfied in the same way they would a real one-by walking around in it. In applying our approach to a submarine storage and handling system model, we improved the overall frame rate by three to four times compared with rendering the polygonal B-rep. The online triangulation allows us to spend our rendering resources in the parts of the model significant for the current image. The overall system is currently being applied to large CAD models like submarines and fighting vehicles.
Effect of Specific Heat Ratio on Two-Dimensional Transonic Aerodynamics

HEAVY gases can be used to increase simulation Reynolds number. For this reason, and to test transonic modeling, interferograms were taken of 10% nonlifting biconvex airfoils in gases with specific heat ratios 7 of 1.101.67. The airfoils were mounted in Ludwieg/shock tubedriven solid-wall test sections and run at chord Reynolds number of O.SOxlO 6 to 5.5xl0 6 with nominal Mach numbers M of 0.70 to 0.80. No 7 effect was detected at subcritical M, and the data were in agreement with inviscid theory. A 13% systematic decrease in peak negative pressure coefficient and forward shock movement were observed as 7 increased in supercritical flow, contrary to the predictions of inviscid theory. A model incorporating a viscous displacement correction explained these results. Contents New simulation problems can arise from changing test gases.l For the present study, real gas effects are calculated to be unimportant compared with a change in the specific heat ratio 7. This parameter appears in the similarity rules obtained from the small-disturbance form of the inviscid equations of motion, but it persists to first order only in transonic flow. Recent experiments have shown that some correlation may be achieved at supercritical M through use of transonic similarity.2 However, the boundary-layer development depends on local properties, which change with 7. Thus the displacement thickness, transition point, separation point, and shock/boundary-layer interaction may also exhibit 7 dependence. This investigation primarily used a Ludwieg-tube-d riven staged nozzle with a 30x40 cm cross-section solid-wall test section.3 Biconvex airfoils 10% thick, with chords c of 9.8 and 7.3 cm, were pin mounted in windows centered 35 cm upstream of the choke. The airfoils had cross-sectional area blockages of 2.5 and 1.8%, tunnel half height H to c ratios of 2.0 and 2.7, and aspect ratios of 3 and 4, respectively. They were tested in unheated A, N 2, or CO 2 (7 = 1.67, 1.40, 1.31). In order to avoid condensation, a shock-tube-dri ven 7.5 x 10 cm solid-wall test section was used for the Freon - 12 and SF6 7=1.10 experiments. For these a 10% biconvex airfoil with c = 2.5 cm was pin mounted in windows centered 30 cm upstream of the choke, giving H/c and aspect ratio identical to
Uterosacral Ligament Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Is Increased in Women With Uterine Prolapse

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the smooth muscle content and apoptosis of the uterosacral ligament in women with and without uterine prolapse. Study Design: Uterosacral ligaments were sampled in women with (n = 9) or without (n = 9) uterine prolapse undergoing hysterectomy. Smooth muscle of the uterosacral ligament was identified by immunohistochemistry. Digital image analysis was used to determine the fractional area of smooth muscle in the histologic cross sections. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucelotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling method. Results: The fractional area of nonvascular smooth muscle in the uterosacral ligament of women with uterine prolapse was significantly decreased compared to women without prolapse (0.32 + 0.12 vs. 0.42 + 0.03, P = .02) and the apoptotic index was significantly higher compared to women without prolapse (0.20 + 0.06 vs. 0.08 + 0.04, P < .01). Conclusion: The fraction of smooth muscle in the uterosacral ligaments is signifi...
A Novel Thermally Induced Draft Air Power Generation System for Very Tall, Man-Made and Natural Geo-Physical Phenomena

It is well known that one of the necessities of designing very tall buildings is the need to control the internal and external airflows through the building. Presently, air flow control is required for maintaining proper ventilation for not only the occupants at 15–25 cfm per person (ref. 1) but also the electrical equipment generates heat at approx. 0.8 cfm/sq.ft. (ref. 2) for 2 to 3 W/ft2 (ref. 3). It is also well known that a 1,000+ ft. conduit (for example, an elevator shaft or an utility air chase within a skyscraper) extending into the atmosphere will have its top opening at lower atmospheric pressure and temperature than the opening at ground level. The difference is caused by the differences in the weight of the high air columns. For example, the air conditioning within the building includes considerable waste energy (albeit very low grade energy) from the building’s HVAC system. Increasing the air temperature, decreases the density of the air column achieves the desired effect: that of establishing more of a pressure differential across the inlet and outlet of the pneumatic conduit. The addition of heat certainly is energy consumption unless, as the disclosure claim states, it can be recovered from the building’s otherwise wasted energy sources. An alternative method for establishing a significant pressure differential would be to use a rather large pneumatic-ejector device on the top of the building that utilizes the Bernoulli effect to draw air upward, through the air conduit, using the high velocity air streams that are prevalent at those altitudes. If a pressure differential can be maintained then a continuous airflow (cfm) will be induced through such a conduit. A continuous air flow rate, and not one that is effected by land based obstacles or the sun’s heating and cooling of low level air masses, is ideal for generating a consistent level of electric power. This phenomenon has not been utilized for power generation. For a skyscraper, the conduits are ready-made: the under-utilized elevator columns or air chases. For this study the power generation from Pneumatic Column Power Recovery can also include free standing towers that can collect solar energy or even naturally occurring structures such as very deep mountainous chasms that could serve as a natural air draft. This paper will present an analysis of using wind-columns that are over 1,000 ft. tall together to generate power with state-of-the art wind turbine generators. The paper will conclude with a very bold, some would say: fanciful suggestion, that such power generation opportunities are available in enormous magnitudes if the formulations presented here are extended to man-made and natural geo-physical phenomenon that can be gargantuan in stature and thus produces a proportional increase in power recovery opportunity.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Research in physiology of significance to dentistry

This review of research in physiology includes preliminary findings as well as data that serve o confirm reasonably well-established findings. Inevitably, some of these data and hypotheses will be disproved in the future, but future research should continue to provide the dentist with newer and better diagnostic aids.
Laterality of acute otitis media: different clinical and microbiologic characteristics.

Background: A large individual patient data meta-analysis recently showed that children aged less than 2 years with bilateral, as compared with unilateral, acute otitis media (AOM) were at higher risk for persistent symptoms without antibiotic treatment. Prior studies have shown a propensity for children with bilateral AOM to be infected with bacterial pathogens, specifically Haemophilus influenzae. The objectives of this study were to further characterize risk factors for bilateral AOM and to assess the propensity for specific viral and bacterial pathogens to predispose to bilateral versus unilateral AOM. Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis on 1216 cases of AOM diagnosed and treated at our institution: 566 subjects underwent tympanocentesis and middle ear fluid (MEF) culture. We compared subjects with bilateral and unilateral AOM for demographic characteristics, clinical findings, parent/clinician perception of AOM severity, and MEF study results for bacteria and viruses. Results: When compared with children who have unilateral AOM, children with bilateral AOM were more likely to be younger (P < 0.001), have H. influenzae isolated from one or both MEFs (P < 0.0001), and have more severe inflammation of the tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Compared with children who have unilateral AOM, children with bilateral AOM are more likely to have bacteria in the MEF and have more severe inflammation of the tympanic membrane. This may help explain why children with bilateral AOM are more likely to experience persistent symptoms without antibiotic treatment. Laterality of AOM should be considered when discussing treatment options with parents.
Avian leukosis virus is a versatile eukaryotic platform for polypeptide display

Display technology refers to methods of generating libraries of modularly coded biomolecules and screening them for particular properties. Retroviruses are good candidates to be a eukaryotic viral platform for the display of polypeptides synthesized in eukaryotic cells. Here we demonstrate that avian leukosis virus (ALV) provides an ideal platform for display of nonviral polyaeptides expressed in a eukaryotic cell substrate. Different sizes of polypeptides were genetically fused to the extreme N-terminus of the ALV envelope glycoprotein in an ALV infectious clone containing an alkaline phosphatase reporter gene. The chimeric envelope glycoproteins were efficiently incorporated into virions and were stably displayed on the surface of the virions through multiple virus replication cycles. The foreign polypeptides did not interfere with the attachment and entry functions of the underlying ALV envelope glycoproteins. The displayed polypeptides were fully functional and could efficiently mediate attachment of the recombinant viruses to their respective cognate receptors. This study demonstrates that ALV is an ideal display platform for the generation and selection of libraries of polypeptides where there is a need for expression, folding, and posttranslational modification in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells.