cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioural catalogue analysis methods

Abstract An estimate of the amount of additional sampling needed in order to add a given number of new behaviour types (distinguishable acts) to an existing catalogue of types can be valuable in studies of behaviour. Estimation of the size of the repertory, i.e. the total number of behaviour types that a given animal or species is capable of expressing in a given class of situations, is also of interest. Practical solutions to these problems are presented and data from four species (domestic cats, human children, rhesus monkeys, and workers of the ant Leptothorax curvispinosus ) analysed.
2 Cephalometrics as a Diagnostic Tool

Radiographic cephalometrics is used to study the effects of growth and development on the skeletal morphology of the face, and to assess the effect of controlled environmental forces on the spatial relationship of the teeth and jaws. A clinical cephalometric evaluation makes it possible to determine areas of dysplasia and thus help predetermine the effects of surgical alternatives on the dentofacial pattern.
Sinusoidal Modeling of Ictal Activity Along a Thalamus-to-Cortex Seizure Pathway I: New Coherence Approaches

Understanding associations in neuronal circuitry is critical for tracing epilepsy pathways. Two new methods of measuring coherence between field potentials and EEG channels are proposed for modeling the level of linear association between channels during epileptic seizures. These methods rely upon modeling the repetitive clonic seizure activity as a sum of sinusoids with varying degrees of phase locking. Estimating the amplitude of sinusoids from correlation and cross-correlation time domain data, we can find the coherences from a ratio of these amplitudes. One method utilizes amplitude finding from the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) technique. The other method uses alterations in amplitude of individual sinusoids and their ratios in a matrix pencil equation formed from cross- and auto-correlation matrices. The corresponding generalized eigenvalues of these equations form the coherence ratios. This utilizes the estimation of signal parameters using rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm to arrive at coherence amplitude ratios. Simulations illustrate that the MUSIC method provides better noise immunity as it outperforms the conventional Fourier transform-based method for coherence estimation. Both coherence estimators reflect presence of sinusoidal components that are propagated or not propagated along a particular transmission pathway. We illustrate the value of both methods by examining the strength of correlation between seizure EEG from specific thalamic nuclei and cortex in a rodent model of generalized epilepsy. The pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) chemoconvulsant model in rats reflects selective activation of the anterior thalamic nucleus. Using both methods, this neuronal element has much larger coherence with cortex than another thalamic region, the posterior thalamus (p < 0.05). These methods isolate the unique contribution of anterior thalamus in the formation of an ictal network and corroborate earlier conventional or periodogram techniques.
Failure analysis of clinically failed all-ceramic fixed partial dentures using fractal geometry

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that fracture toughness of the veneers in clinically failed zirconia-based fixed partial dentures (FPDs) is not significantly different from that of the in vitro group and to determine the potential reasons for their failures. Methods Fracture toughness values of the veneer layers in clinically failed zirconia core/glass veneer FPDs (n = 4) and laboratory prepared glass veneer bar specimens (n = 6) were determined using fractal analysis. A modified slit island technique was employed to measure the fractal dimensional increment (D*) of the two studied groups. The fracture toughness (KC) values were estimated using equation K C = E a o 1 / 2 D * 1 / 2 , where E is the elastic modulus and ao is a characteristic length parameter. Fracture toughness (KC) values of the specimens calculated using fractal analysis and fractography were statistically compared using a paired t-test. Results The average fracture toughness of the veneer in clinically FPDs (0.5 ± 0.05 MPa m1/2) is not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the bar specimens (0.6 ± 0.1 MPa m1/2). The reasons for the early failures in FPDs could be occlusal overloading, stress corrosion, fatigue or improper structure design. Significance Fractal analysis is shown to be an alternative analytic tool for clinically failed ceramic restorations, especially for those with fracture origins chipped off during mastication and hence could not be analyzed using other techniques, such as fractography.
Seasonal variability of the South Equatorial Countercurrent

[1] Using the 1.5-layer long Rossby wave model forced by the seasonal European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite scatterometer wind, we demonstrate that the seasonal variability of the South Equatorial Countercurrent (SECC) is due to the interplay of two types of forced Rossby waves: the resonantly forced Rossby waves north of 10� S and the locally forced Rossby waves south of 10� S. The resonantly forced Rossby waves north of 10� S are due to the annually varying tropical Pacific wind, and the locally forced Rossby waves south of 10� S in the western basin are associated with the Western Pacific Monsoon. Both types of waves are intensified westward in the SECC region but have different phases across the SECC; this latitudinal phase jump results in the seasonal variability of the SECC, which reaches its maximum in March and its minimum in August. Favorable agreement between the seasonal SECC signals from the model and from the satellite sea surface height measurements confirms this new insight about the seasonal modulation of the SECC. INDEX TERMS: 4231 Oceanography: General: Equatorial oceanography; 4227 Oceanography: General: Diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles; 4512 Oceanography: Physical: Currents; KEYWORDS: SECC, seasonal variability, Rossby waves
Peripapillary Choroidal Neovascularization Associated with Optic Nerve Head Drusen Treated with Anti-VEGF Agents

Optic nerve head drusen can be associated with peripapillary choroidal neovascularization, in both the pediatric and adult population. These membranes can involve the macula, causing significant visual loss. Herein, we present a case that required treatment with an anti-VEGF agent. The patient failed to respond to the initial agent, but subsequently responded to a change of agent. Adult patients with macular degeneration involving peripapillary choroidal neovascularization associated with optic nerve head drusen may require individualized treatment plans.
A cortex-like learning machine for temporal hierarchical pattern clustering, detection, and recognition

A learning machine, called a clustering interpreting probabilistic associative memory (CIPAM), is proposed. CIPAM consists of a clusterer and an interpreter. The clusterer is a recurrent hierarchical neural network of unsupervised processing units (UPUs). The interpreter is a number of supervised processing units (SPUs) that branch out from the clusterer. Each processing unit (PU), UPU or SPU, comprises ''dendritic encoders'' for encoding inputs to the PU, ''synapses'' for storing resultant codes, a ''nonspiking neuron'' for generating inhibitory graded signals to modulate neighboring spiking neurons, ''spiking neurons'' for computing the subjective probability distribution (SPD) or the membership function, in the sense of fuzzy logic, of the label of said inputs to the PU and generating spike trains with the SPD or membership function as the firing rates, and a masking matrix for maximizing generalization. While UPUs employ unsupervised covariance learning mechanisms, SPUs employ supervised ones. They both also have unsupervised accumulation learning mechanisms. The clusterer of CIPAM clusters temporal and spatial data. The interpreter interprets the resultant clusters, effecting detection and recognition of temporal and hierarchical causes.
Corrosion testing of candidates for the alkaline fuel cell cathode

Current/voltage data have been obtained for specially made corrosion electrodes of some oxides and of gold materials for the purpose of developing a screening test of catalysts and supports for use at the cathode of the alkaline fuel cell. The data consist of measurements of current at fixed potentials and cyclic voltammograms. These data will have to be correlated with longtime performance data in order to evaluate fully this approach to corrosion screening.
Nuclear Power – A Panacea for Future Energy Needs?

Each week seems to bring further evidence that the Earth is warming at a faster rate than previously estimated. Pressure is building to replace power sources that emit carbon dioxide with those tha...
The effect of a mnemonic device on retention of verbal material

After 48 h, the retention of two lists of nine words, one list containing high meaningful words, the other low meaningful words, was compared for a group that was instructed in the use of a mnemonic device and a group that received no such instruction. The mnemonic group was instructed that the initial letters of the nine words could be arranged to spell the word “education.” Overall, the high meaningful list gave superior retention, and Ss who employed the mnemonic device showed superior retention, but the general method effect was not significant.
AVIAN SPECIATION IN THE PANTEPUI: THE CASE OF THE RORAIMAN ANTBIRD (PERCNOSTOLA [SCHISTOCICHLA] “LEUCOSTIGMA” SATURATA)

Abstract We document the first records for Guyana of Roraiman Antbird (Percnostola [Schistocichla] “leucostigma” saturata), an endemic of the tepui highlands of southeastern Venezuela, northern Brazil and western Guyana. This form is well differentiated from nominate leucostigma (Spot-winged Antbird) of the Guianan lowlands in morphology, vocalizations, and genetics, and replaces it both altitudinally and ecologically. The two taxa are distributed parapatrically on the continuously forested northeastern slopes of the eastern tepuis, and they almost certainly come into contact, yet there is no evidence of intermediacy. We recommend that saturata be treated as a distinct species of Percnostola, and consider its' origin in the light of various models of speciation in the tepuis. Especiacion de Aves en el Pantepui: El Caso de Percnostola (Schistocichla) “leucostigma” saturata Resumen. En este trabajo documentamos los primeros registros para Guyana de Percnostola (Schistocichla) “leucostigma” saturata, un horm...
Operational and commercial training on National Grid Company's despatch training simulator

The National Grid Company has installed a training simulator to train engineers in the operation of the power transmission system of England and Wales. The simulator enables engineers to experience a wide range of power system fault incidents and abnormal occurrences which are comparatively rare in reality. In addition, the new systems being added to the simulator will enable economic operation of the power system to be measured. This element of simulator operation is considered essential in developing the commercial awareness of staff and thus ultimately minimising costs to the end consumers.
1066 DECREASED NEUTROPHIL PRODUCTION AFTER LITHIUM CHALLENGE IN NEWBORN RATS

Abnormal host defenses are associated with the neonate's inability to deal with infectious diseases. This study tested the hypothesis that granulocytopoeisis is less efficient in the newborn than the adult. One day old and adult rats were challenged with lithium chloride,an agent which produces neutrophilia by increasing granulocyte production. LiCl(20mg/kg) was administered daily for up to 10 days and the bone marrow and peripheral blood pools measured daily. LiCl did not have a significant effect on the magnitude of the femoral marrow pool in either adults or neonates. The blood neutrophil pool of adults increased by 19% after one day of LiCl treatment. This neutrophilia persisted (260% increase by the day 10). Conversely, the neonatal blood neutrophil pool decreased by 90% after one day of LiCl treatment and remained at that or pretreatment levels throughout the subsequent 10 days(p<0.001 for adults and newborn neutrophil values on days 2-10). Neonates thus were able to maintain a dynamically stable bone marrow pool of neutrophils but were unable to produce a blood neutrophilia in response to LiCl,suggesting a limited responsiveness of hematopoeitic tissues. These data demonstrate another relative defect in the life cycle of the neonatal neutrophil (for example, we have already reported indolent release of neutrophils from the bone marrow pool after endotoxin challenge and inefficient recruitment of phagocytes to focal sites of infection). These abnormal features of neutrophil function may play an important role in the neonate's altered response to infection.
The long-term effect of bile duct injuries on health-related quality of life: a meta-analysis

Abstract Background The reported effects of biliary injury on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) have varied widely. Meta‐analysis methodology was applied to examine the collective findings of the long‐term effect of bile duct injury (BDI) on HRQOL. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in March, 2012. Because the HRQOL surveys differed among reports, BDI and uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) groups' HRQOL scores were expressed as effect sizes (ES) in relation to a common, general population, standard. A negative ES indicated a reduced HRQOL, with a substantive reduction defined as an ES ≤ −0.50. Weighted logistic regression tested the effects of BDI (versus LC) and follow‐up time on whether physical and mental HRQOL were substantively reduced. Results Data were abstracted from six publications, which encompass all reports of HRQOL after BDI in the current, peer‐reviewed literature. The analytic database comprised 90 ES computations representing 831 patients and 11 unique study groups (six BDI and five LC). After controlling for follow‐up time ( P ≤ 0.001), BDI patients were more likely to have reduced long‐term mental [odds ratio (OR) = 38.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 19.14–77.10; P P = 0.993) HRQOL compared with LC patients. Discussion This meta‐analysis of findings from six peer‐review reports indicates that, in comparison to LC, there is a long‐term detrimental effect of BDI on mental HRQOL.
Adherence to Dietary Regimens 2: Components of Effective Interventions

Diet has an important impact not only on health but also on daily functioning, cognitive performance, and, perhaps, psychological well-being. Much is known about the specific dietary changes necessary to improve these factors, yet it becomes ever more clear that information about proper diet is rarely sufficient to change dietary behavior. Interventions aimed at changing diet must consider the typical dietary practices of the population in question and, as a corollary, must deal with the cultural obstacles to eating the "proper" foods. Psychological factors are paramount in setting the stage for dietary change. These include the individual's perception of being at risk, perceived benefits of a change in diet, confidence that the necessary change can be made, and the symbolic and real role food plays in a person's life. Nutrition education has traditionally focused on what changes should be made, and behavioral psychology has emphasized how to make the changes. These two fields must come together, and there must be recognition that nutrition education can provide necessary information, and behavioral change strategies can provide the necessary skills. There is now a considerable amount of information on strategies for nutrition education and on principles and techniques for behavioral change. Many intervention programs to alter dietary behavior have been undertaken. These have varied from programs aimed at an entire country, such as the National Cholesterol Education Program in the United States, to programs aimed at individuals. Although these vary considerably in size, strategy, and effects, collectively they yield valuable information on effective methods for changing behavior and for maintaining behavioral change. Programs that integrate behavioral procedures such as self-monitoring, stimulus control, coping skills, and relapse prevention appear to hold the most promise. Policy is an area that has received little attention as a means of changing dietary behavior. Government officials have made major efforts to enhance food safety, improve nutrition labeling on foods, and educate the public about a balanced diet. Much more may be possible, however. Financial incentives might be offered to increase production of healthy foods, thereby lowering cost and increasing availability. Legislation could govern food advertising and food availability (eg, vending machines) to which the entire population or selected groups (eg, children) are exposed. Existing studies on dietary adherence span different interventions, populations, disease targets, methods of evaluation, and other factors, so it is not surprising that results across studies are mixed. Enough of the studies have shown positive findings, however, to lead to the conclusion that meaningful dietary modification is possible, at least in some individuals making some dietary changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Dopamine depletion abolishes apomorphine- and amphetamine-induced increases in extracellular serotonin levels in the striatum of conscious rats: a microdialysis study

We investigated how serotonergic neurotransmission was affected by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioning of the adult rat brain dopamine (DA) system. In this animal model for Parkinson's disease (PD), the effect of destroying ascending DA pathways on extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT innervation in rat striatum were examined. Profound unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal DA pathways were made by infusing 6-OHDA unilaterally into either the right medial forebrain bundle or the right substantia nigra. At 5 weeks after lesioning extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT were determined with microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography under basal conditions and after systemic injections of apomorphine or amphetamine. DA nerve-terminal destruction and 5-HT innervation were determined with quantitative autoradiography. 6-OHDA lesioning reduced extracellular levels of DA below detection limits and led to statistically significant increases in extracellular 5-HT. Apomorphine, and amphetamine, respectively increased extracellular 5-HT to 8.2- and 2.2-fold above baseline levels in intact animals; these effects were absent in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. Basal levels of [(3)H]paroxetine binding to 5-HT transporters in caudate-putamen increased by 41% in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. These results suggest that 6-OHDA lesioning led to hyperinnervation of 5-HT nerve terminals and increases in basal extracellular 5-HT levels, but also to an unexplained loss of apomorphine and amphetamine-induced release of 5-HT. Addressing whether this impairment has significance in the onset of PD might lead to development of new strategies to manage parkinsonian symptoms.
Effects of surgical excision on survival of patients with stage IV breast cancer.

Background Non-palliative resection of the primary tumor in stage IV breast cancer is controversial. Our aim was to determine whether surgery improves survival in stage IV patients. Methods We reviewed records of all stage IV breast cancer patients (1990–2000) at our institution. Data collection included demographics, metastasis sites, treatment, and survival. Survival was compared between metastasis type, hormonal therapy versus no hormonal therapy, chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy, radiation versus no radiation, and surgery versus no surgery. To ascertain local therapy effects while accounting for chemotherapy, we analyzed survival among chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy with radiation versus chemotherapy with surgery. We also performed multivariate analysis by multiple linear regression. Results Of 157 patients, 58 (37%) had bone-only metastases, 99 (63%) had visceral metastases. Both groups had a 17-mo median survival. Eighty (51%) received hormonal therapy while 77 (49%) did not. Both groups had a 15-mo median survival. Eighty-four (54%) received chemotherapy with a 25-mo median survival versus 8 mo for 73 (46%) not receiving chemotherapy, Wilcoxon ( P P = 0.02). Fifty-eight (37%) received radiation and 99 (63%) did not, with both groups having a 17-mo median survival. Fifty-two (33%) with surgery to the breast primary had a 25-mo median survial, while 105 (67%) without surgery had a 13-mo median survival, Wilcoxon ( P = 0.004) and log-rank ( P = 0.06). Among patients receiving chemotherapy, 37 with chemotherapy alone had a 21-mo median survival versus 40 mo for the 14 with chemotherapy and radiation and 22 mo for the 33 with chemotherapy and surgery. These differences were not significant by Wilcoxon ( P = 0.41) or log-rank ( P = 0.36). Multivariate analysis determined chemotherapy as the only factor associated with improved survival ( P = 0.02). Conclusion Our data, when standardized for chemotherapy, suggests loco-regional therapy does not improve survival.
Activation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Synaptogenesis: Role in the Actions of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants

Antidepressants that produce rapid and robust effects, particularly for severely ill patients, represent one of the largest unmet medical needs for the treatment of depression. Currently available drugs that modulate monoamine neurotransmission provide relief for only a subset of patients, and this minimal efficacy requires several weeks of chronic treatment. The recent discovery that the glutamatergic agent ketamine produces rapid antidepressant responses within hours has opened a new area of research to explore the molecular mechanisms through which ketamine produces these surprising responses. Clinical and preclinical findings have exposed some of the unique actions of ketamine and identified a cell-signaling pathway known as the mammalian target of rapamycin. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and increased synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex are crucial in mediating the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Importantly, the synaptic actions of ketamine allow rapid recovery from the insults produced by exposure to repeated stress that cause neuronal atrophy and loss of synaptic connections. In the following review, we explore some of the clinical and preclinical findings that have thrust ketamine to the forefront of rapid antidepressant research and unveiled some of its unique molecular and cellular actions.
Multispectrum analysis of the ν9 band of 12C2H6: Positions, intensities, self- and N2-broadened half-width coefficients

Abstract Line positions, intensities, Lorentz self- and N2-broadened half-width coefficients have been measured for PQ3, PQ2, PQ1, RQ0, RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 sub-band transitions in the ν9 fundamental band of 12C2H6. A multispectrum nonlinear least-squares fitting technique was used to fit up to 17 high-resolution (∼0.00156 cm−1), room temperature absorption spectra of pure (99.99% chemical purity) natural sample of ethane and lean mixtures of the high-purity ethane diluted with N2. A Bruker IFS 120HR Fourier transform spectrometer located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), in Richland, Washington was used to record the data. A standard Voigt line shape was assumed to fit all the data since no line mixing or other non Voigt line shapes were required to fit any of the spectra used in the analysis. Short spectral intervals (∼2–2.5 cm−1) of all 17 spectra covering a specific PQ or RQ sub-band were fit simultaneously. For the first time in an ethane band, pressure-broadened half-width coefficients were determined for the torsional-split components. However, for better reliability of the retrieved coefficients for the weaker components (transitions with large intensity ratios of 4:1 or 3:1 for most K levels between the strong and weak components), constraints were used such that the half-width coefficients of both torsional-split components for a given J were identical for a specific broadening gas. No pressure-induced shift coefficients were necessary to fit the spectra to their noise level. The present study revealed for the first time the dependence of self- and N2-broadened half-width coefficients upon the J, K quantum numbers of the transitions in ethane. A number of transitions belonging to the ν9+ν4−ν4 and the ν9+2ν4−2ν4 hot bands were also observed in the fitted regions and measurements were made when possible.
Suicide and Freedom from Suffering in Schopenhauer’s “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung”

Schopenhauer’s stance on suicide focuses on the possibility of achieving freedom from suffering through the denial of the individual will-to-life. Ultimately, Schopenhauer argues that suicide fails to achieve this freedom, primarily because it is an act of will that confirms, rather than denies, the will-to-life. Suicide, he argues, is a kind of contradiction in that it involves the individual will’s willfully seeking to exterminate itself as a way of escaping the wretchedness of willing. While Schopenhauer explicitly states that one possesses the individual right to commit suicide in order to attempt to obtain freedom from suffering, and even admits that he can understand why one would attempt to do so, he denies that there is any possibility that this freedom may be actualized. To take one’s life indicates a lack of awareness (or an unwillingness to become aware) of the futility of the individual will and the experience of the wholeness and totality of will-in-itself. One has the freedom to destroy oneself, but one’s freedom to free oneself from suffering is an illusion. If one concurs with Schopenhauer that suicide should be understood as a futile escape from the freedom of suffering, one cannot deny the brilliant insights of his argument. His is, one the one hand, a brilliant articulation of the function of suicide—placing the act squarely within what one would intuit as its primary purpose (freedom from suffering). On the other hand, given Schopenhauer’s philosophical framework, it negates that possibility and precludes consideration of any others.
Evidence of mitochondrial synchrony in synchronous cell cultures of yeast.

Abstract Diploid cell cultures were grown in liquid media containing 3% glucose or galactose after synchronization by an alternating feeding-and-starving method. There were stepwise increases in rates of nuclear DNA synthesis and malate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, as indications of cell synchrony. Mitochondrial synchrony was demonstrated by stepwise doublings of cytochrome c oxidase activity and organelle DNA content, once per cell cycle. In contrast with these data, there were continuous rate increases in culture turbidity, protein content, and oxygen uptake.
Matthew 18:15-17: Conflict, Confrontation, and Conflict Resolution in a "Fictive Kin" Association

The aim of this study is to establish a plausible scenario for Matthean conflict resolution and to further clarify the stage of group formation of the Matthean group. It defends the thesis that the Matthean author modifies, and thereby intentionally obscures, a more sharply developed disciplinary process that existed in the Matthean fictive kin association, one that is analogous to processes such as those in the groups mentioned below. Matthew 18:15-17 thus reveals the tip of a developing organizational iceberg. After opening with a brief hermeneutical statement about writers, texts, and readers, this study explores the three-step process in Matthew 18:15-18 in relation to similar processes of analogous groups, especially voluntary associations, in the ancient Mediterranean. It includes analysis of (a) the tradents of the "reproof" exegetical traditions stemming from Leviticus 19:15-17, (b) the group(s) behind the Dead Sea Scrolls, (c) the Iobakchoi, (d) comments representing Rabbinical debates, and (e) t...
Ethics of refusal to treat patients as a social statement

As a menber of a large vascular surgery group prastice in a mid-sized city, you are approached by a woman seeking surgery for varicose veins. Her father, a prominent state legislator, is a leading opponent of malpratice reform in your state, one of those hardest hit by soaring insurance preniums and the exodus of many physicians to more hospitable parts of the country..
A Short-Lived Chromospheric Flare-Point with a Lifetime of 20 Seconds and Rise and Fall Times of 5 Seconds

We have observed a chromospheric brightening in the H alpha and Ca II K lines with a diameter of about 1 arc second. The time structure of this event, obtained with a relative resolution of 1 second, shows the rise time to be 4 seconds, the lifetime (FWHM) to be 20 seconds, and the decay time to be 5 seconds. This imposes new constraints on flare-point models. These restrictions can be accommodated easily by either an infall-impact flare model or a model invoking the precipitation of high-energy particles from the corona.
Mixed monolayer studies of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid and its esters

Abstract Mixed monolayers of two bipolar/bipolar systems have been studied and the results are compared with those obtained from similar monopolar/monopolar systems. DL-12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, methyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate, and ethyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate were used as the bipolar substances in this paper. The surface pressure-area/molecule isotherms of both the DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid/methyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate system and the methyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate/ethyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate system were measured at a variety of compositions and temperatures. Taking advantage of the thermodynamic threatment which has been formulated by Motomura, the two-dimensional phase diagrams and the apparent molar entrophy, enthalpy and energy changes were evaluated for both systems. The DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid/ethyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate system exhibited a deformed cigar type diagram while the methyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate/ethyl DL-12-hydroxoctadecanoate system formed a normal cigar type diagram. The transition thermodynamic quantities of both the DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid/ethyl DL-12-hydroxoctadecanoate system and the methyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate/ethyl DL-12-hydroxyoctadecanoate system were respectively much larger than those of similar monopolar/monopolar systems: hexadecanoic acid/ethyl hexadecanoate and ethyl hexadecanoate/ethyl heptadecanoate.
Seasonal pheromone response by Ips pini in northern Arizona and western Montana, U.S.A.

Populations of Ips pini (Say) in northern Arizona and western Montana, U.S.A., were studied to determine regional pheromone response and to evaluate seasonal shifts in that response. A range of enantiomeric blends of the attractant ipsdienol, alone and in the presence of the synergist lanierone, were tested during spring and summer seasons over several years. 2 Both populations were most attracted to high levels of ( R )-( - )-ipsdienol, and lanierone was highly synergistic. 3 A significant seasonal shift in pheromone response between spring and summer seasons was found in both regions in both years. Shifts resulted in a more specific preference for the pheromone treatment of 97% ( R )-( - )-ipsdienol with lanierone. 4 Several coleopteran insect associates of I. pini also displayed responses to the ipsdienol and lanierone treatments. Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Trogositidae), Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Cleridae) and, to a limited extent, Lasconotus laqueatus (LeConte) (Colydiidae) were attracted to higher propor- tions of ( R )-( - )-ipsdienol with no apparent reaction to the presence of lanierone. Orthotomicus latidens (LeConte) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was strongly attracted to ( S )-( + )-ipsdienol with Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Cleridae), Pityogenes carinulatus (LeConte) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and Hylurgops porosus (LeConte) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) demonstrating some preferences for the ( S )-( + )-enantiomer. However, lanierone was synergistic for E. lecontei and P. carinulatus , inhibitory for O. latidens , and produced no significant reaction for H. porosus . Elacatis sp. (Salpingidae, previously Othniidae) was attracted to the presence of ipsdienol but displayed no preference to the enantiomeric ratios of ipsdienol or the presence of lanierone.
Enumeration of a symmetry class of plane partitions

Abstract A cyclically symmetric plane partition of size n is a plane partition whose three-dimensional Ferrers graph is contained in the box n =[1, n ]×[1, n ]×[1, n ] and which is mapped to itself by cyclic permutations of the coordinate axes. Given a cyclically symmetric plane partition with Ferrers graph F , we can form its transpose-complement, the plane partition whose Ferrers graph is the set of all triples ( i , j , k ) such that ( n + 1 − j , n + 1 − i , n + 1 − k ) ∋ F . This is again a cyclically symmetric plane partition. A cyclically symmetric plane partition is tc-symmetric if it is equal to its transpose-complement. THis cannot occur unless n is even. In this paper we show that the number of tc -symmetric plane partitions in H 2n is given by π k=0 n−1 (3K+1)(6k)!(2k)! (4k+1)!(4k)! We show that, with a suitable assignment of weights, the generating function for tc -symmetric plane partitions divides the generating function for all cyclically symmetric plane partitions. We give analogous results for other classes of plane partitions including descending plane partitions.
Lifetime measurements of the excited states of N2 AND N2+ by laser-induced fluorescence

Abstract Absorption and fluorescent scattering of nitrogen laser radiation by a low-pressure RF laboratory plasma (ne = 1012 cm−3) has been observed for the first negative system of N2+. A 67±1 ns lifetime of N2+ (B 2Σu+) was experimentally measured from the laser-induced fluorescence. In addition, enough collisionally excited N2 (B 3Πg) was produced to observe laser-induced fluorescence for the second positive system of N2. The lifetime of N2 (C 3Πu) was found to be 41±2 ns. The measured lifetimes are in good agreement with published values calculated from theory.
Nonlinear dynamics of microvascular blood flow.

Kiani et al. (Kiani, M. F., A. R. Pries, L. L. Hsu, I. H. Sarelius, and G. R. Cokelet, Am. J. Physics. 266: H1822–H1828, 1994) suggested that blood velocity, hematocrit, and nodal pressures can oscillate spontaneously in large microvascular networks in the absence of biological control. This paper presents a model of blood flow in microvascular networks that shows the possibility of sustained spontaneous oscillations in small networks (less than 15 vessel segments). The paper explores mechanisms which cause spontaneous oscillations under some conditions and steady states under others. The existence of sustained oscillations in the absence of biological control provides alternative interpretations of dynamic behavior in the microcirculation. The model includes the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect and plasma skimming but no biological control mechanisms. The model is a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. The equations have been solved numerically with the direct marching numerical method of characteristics. The model shows steady-state fixed point and limit cycle dynamics (sometimes showing period doubling). Plasma skimming, and the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect, along with arcade type topology are necessary for oscillations to occur. Depending on network parameters, nonoscillating, damped oscillating and sustaining oscillating dynamics have been demonstrated. Oscillations are damped when the residence time one of the vessels is large compared to the residence times for the other vessels. When the residence times for all vessels are comparable, sustained oscillations are possible. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Tt, 8710+e, 0230Jr
Placement stability in the context of child development

Abstract Placement stability is important for children to find permanent families, and for social, emotional and educational development of children. This study used the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW, long term foster care general sample) data set to examine foster child and caregiver characteristics, and the caregiver–child relationship as a predictor of placement stability. Logistic regression was performed to predict the odds of achieving placement stability. Due to differences across development, the sample was divided into two groups: early childhood and middle childhood. As expected, in the early childhood group more caregiver than child characteristics affected placement stability. In the middle childhood group it was expected that more child than caregiver characteristics would predict placement stability, however, only child problem behaviors and caregiver experience and age affected placement stability. It was noteworthy that marital status, caregiver education, and income did not. Implications for social work research and practice are discussed.
Invasive mould infections in newborns and children

Invasive mould infections represent important complications of different pediatric conditions. Epidemiology and clinical features vary according to the type of underlying conditions that determine the risk of invasive mycosis. No pediatric study has specifically evaluated the efficacy of prophylaxis or therapy invasive moulds infections, while pediatric dosages for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis are available for drugs that produced positive results in clinical trials undertaken in adults.
Geographical information systems for mapping maternal ground transport to level III care neonatal centers.

Objective The objective of this investigation was to determine maternal ground transport times from community hospitals to the nearest hospital offering comprehensive (level III) neonatal care within the contiguous United States. Study Design This observational study combined data from the 2010 U.S. Census tract and 2010 American Hospital Association Annual Survey. Level III (full complement of care) neonatal centers were plotted using 2010 geographical information systems (GIS) mapping software (ESRI, Redland, California, United States). Locations of level I (uncomplicated care) and level II (limited complicated care) centers and residences of reproductive-aged women (18 to 39 years old) were mapped to identify maternal ground transport times to level III centers. Results Most of the 584 level III neonatal centers were located in metropolitan areas (83.5%). The proportions of level I and level II hospitals within a 30-minute drive of a level III neonatal center were 19.8 and 47.3%, and 52.2 and 69.8% were within a 60-minute drive time. Ground transport times were shortest in the Northeast and metropolitan areas, and longest in the rural Great Plains and noncoastal West. Conclusion GIS mapping enables health providers and health policy makers to better understand maternal ground transport times to current and future regional hospitals offering level III neonatal services.
ASEAN: A Chronicle of Shifting Trade Exposure and Regional Integration

The paper characterizes trade exposure and regional integration in six ASEAN economies during 1997-2008. For this, the paper uses the 2000 Asian Input Output Tables which are extrapolated using National Income Accounts and COMTRADE data. On the demand side, the paper shows that the level and geographical nature of external exposure varies across the ASEANs, and has changed over time. In particular, there was a shift in the external demand exposure of ASEANs from mature markets, including the United States, to China and ROW. In addition, the share of China in East Asia's final demand, especially investment, rose sharply while that of Japan fell. On the supply side, the paper documents the rise of China into a "global factory" and the steady shift in regional production and integration from Japan and the United States to China.
Association of Combinations of Lipid Parameters With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Coronary Artery Calcium in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the association of combinations of lipid parameters with subclinical atherosclerosis. Background Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and coronary artery calcium (CAC) are significantly associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). The association between common dyslipidemias (combined hyperlipidemia, [simple] hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia of metabolic syndrome, isolated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and isolated hypertriglyceridemia) compared with normolipemia, and CIMT and CAC has not been previously examined. Methods The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) participants were White, Chinese, African-American, or Hispanic adults without clinical CVD. Subjects with diabetes mellitus or who were receiving lipid-lowering therapy were excluded. Every participant was classified into only 1 of 6 groups defined by specific low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglyceride cut points. Multivariate linear and relative risk regressions evaluated the cross-sectional associations with CIMT and CAC after adjusting for CVD risk factors. Interactions with race, sex, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were evaluated for CIMT and CAC outcomes. Results Among 4,792 participants, only those with combined hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia demonstrated both increased common CIMT (combined hyperlipidemia 0.048 mm thicker, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.016 to 0.080 mm; hypercholesterolemia 0.048 mm thicker, 95% CI: 0.029 to 0.067 mm) and internal CIMT (combined hyperlipidemia 0.120 mm thicker, 95% CI: 0.032 to 0.208 mm; and hypercholesterolemia 0.161 mm thicker, 95% CI: 0.098 to 0.223 mm) as well as increased risk for prevalent CAC (combined hyperlipidemia relative risk: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.38; hypercholesterolemia relative risk: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.34) compared with normolipemia. The interactions between lipid parameters and race, sex, or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were not significant for any outcomes. Conclusions Combined hyperlipidemia and simple hypercholesterolemia were associated with increased CIMT and prevalent CAC in a relatively healthy multiethnic population.
The Great Chicago Waiters’ Strike Producing Urban Space, Organizing Labor, Challenging Racial Divides in 1890s Chicago

In the 1890s, restaurant and hotel waiters in Chicago formed a biracial labor organization that successfully challenged their employers. The Culinary Alliance, a rare example of biracial unionism in the late nineteenth century, was produced by, and helped to shape, a dramatic reorganization of urban space with the emergence of corporate capitalism and consumer culture in the city. The Alliance’s rise and demise demonstrates the ways urban space was a powerful force in the complex interactions between race and gender relations in urban labor markets.
Serotonin depletion attenuates cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

Rationale: Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission during cocaine withdrawal may be involved in incentive motivation for cocaine. Objective: The present study examined the effects of 5-HT depletion on cocaine- and food-seeking behavior (i.e., non-reinforced operant responding). Methods: Separate groups of rats were trained to lever press for cocaine infusions (0.33 mg/kg/0.1 ml, i.v.) or for food pellets (45-mg Noyes food pellets) on a fixed-ratio one schedule of reinforcement during 14 daily 2-h sessions. Half of each group then received treatment with either saline or the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA; 100 mg/kg, i.p.) on post-training day 5 and day 6. Twenty-four hours after their last treatment, rats were tested for cocaine- or food-seeking behavior by measuring operant responding in the absence of reinforcement until they reached an extinction criterion of no responses for 30 min. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after testing and brain 5-HT levels in various regions were quantified. Results: In cocaine-trained animals, p-CPA treatment significantly decreased cocaine-seeking behavior and produced a trend toward a decrease in extinction latency relative to saline treatment. In food-trained animals, p-CPA treatment failed to alter any of the behavioral measures during testing, suggesting that p-CPA treatment did not alter the animals’ memory or ability to perform an operant response. p-CPA significantly depleted 5-HT by 73–85% in every brain region examined. Conclusion: The results suggest that decreasing 5-HT neurotransmission may decrease incentive motivation for cocaine.
Cardiovascular responses to counterweighted single-leg cycling: implications for rehabilitation

Although difficult to coordinate, single-leg cycling allows for greater muscle-specific exercise capacity and subsequently greater stimulus for metabolic and vascular adaptations compared to typical double-leg cycling. The purpose of this investigation was to compare metabolic, cardiovascular and perceptual responses of double-leg cycling to single-leg cycling with and without the use of a counterweight. Ten healthy individuals (age 22 ± 2 years; body mass 78.0 ± 11.2 kg; height 1.8 ± 0.1 m) performed three cycling conditions consisting of double-leg cycling (DL), non-counterweighted single-leg cycling (SLNCW) and single-leg cycling with a 97 N counterweight attached to the unoccupied crank arm (SLCW). For each condition, participants performed cycling trials (80 rpm) at three different work rates (40, 80 and 120 W). Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), femoral blood flow, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and liking score were measured. VO2 and HR were similar for DL and SLCW conditions. However, during SLNCW, VO2 was at least 23 ± 13 % greater and HR was at least 15 ± 11 % greater compared to SLCW across all three intensities. Femoral blood flow was at least 65.5 ± 43.8 % greater during SLCW compared to DL cycling across all three intensities. RPE was lower and liking scores were greater for SLCW compared to SLNCW condition. Counterweighted single-leg cycling provides an exercise modality that is more tolerable than typical single-leg cycling while inducing greater peripheral stress for the same cardiovascular demand as double-leg cycling.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Bilirubin Are Early Surrogate Markers for Ischemic Cholangiopathy and Graft Failure in Liver Transplantation From Donation After Circulatory Death

Abstract Liver transplantation with the use of donation after circulatory death (DCD) is associated with ischemic cholangiopathy (IC) often leading to graft loss. We hypothesized that serial postoperative analysis of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin might identify patients who would later on develop ischemic cholangiopathy and/or graft loss, allowing early recognition and potentially retransplantation. The University of Washington DCD experience totals 89 DCD liver transplantations performed from 2003 to 2011 with Kaplan-Meier estimated 5-year patient and graft survival rates of 81.6% and 75.6%, respectively; 84/89 patients transplanted with DCD livers lived ≥60 days after transplantation and were analyzed. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels at 1 week, 2 week, 1 month, and 2 months after transplantation were analyzed. Two-month serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase proved to have the strongest associations with development of IC and graft failure. Two-month alkaline phosphatase of 300 U/L strongly associated with development of IC (P 2.5 mg/dL) developed graft failure within the 1st year (P