cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quine on Who’s Who

For a while, it seemed that my dialogue with Van Quine—a dialogue partly real, partly fictional—had been carried as far as it could profitably be continued.1 The salient points of this dialogue are worth summing up. Quine’s old objections to modal logic were not all dispelled by the development of a genuine semantics (model theory) for modal logics, contrary to what the first full-fledged possible-world semanticists had hoped—and believed. The interpreta-tional problems Quine had so vigorously made us aware of merely seemed to settle down on a new location: on the problem of cross-identification.2 Against the superficial contrary claims of Kripke, Montague, and others, I argued that we cannot take cross-identifications for granted. It does not suffice simply to postulate a domain of individuals which would be prior to the possible worlds they inhabit and each of which then would (or would not) make its appearance in any given world.3 There is every reason to think that Quine would approve of the purported conclusions of my arguments. Indeed, if I am not mistaken, Quine’s arguments against modal logic preserve their sting even after their precise address is changed so that they now are directed against the possibility or at least the reasonableness of cross-identification.
The Concept of Phenotypic Plasticity and the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in Life History Traits

This chapter addresses the concept of phenotypic plasticity in life history traits as I understood it in 1981 and as I have seen it develop since then, in part as a result of the Dahlem Conference. It also deals with my attempts to conceptualize the role of development in life history evolution and to teach about the role of development in evolution in general. I conclude by noting an important change in emphasis in life history evolution since the Dahlem conference that was not directly influenced by it but which may eventually yield a tighter connection between life history evolution and Evo-devo.
Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borreliosis: An Overview with a Focus on a Specialty Psychiatrist’s Clinical Practice

There is increasing evidence and recognition that Lyme borreliosis (LB) causes mental symptoms. This article draws from databases, search engines and clinical experience to review current information on LB. LB causes immune and metabolic effects that result in a gradually developing spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms, usually presenting with significant comorbidity which may include developmental disorders, autism spectrum disorders, schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, intrusive symptoms), eating disorders, decreased libido, sleep disorders, addiction, opioid addiction, cognitive impairments, dementia, seizure disorders, suicide, violence, anhedonia, depersonalization, dissociative episodes, derealization and other impairments. Screening assessment followed by a thorough history, comprehensive psychiatric clinical exam, review of systems, mental status exam, neurological exam and physical exam relevant to the patient’s complaints and findings with clinical judgment, pattern recognition and knowledgeable interpretation of laboratory findings facilitates diagnosis. Psychotropics and antibiotics may help improve functioning and prevent further disease progression. Awareness of the association between LB and neuropsychiatric impairments and studies of their prevalence in neuropsychiatric conditions can improve understanding of the causes of mental illness and violence and result in more effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Protean Masculinity, Hegemonic Masculinity: Soldiers in the Third Reich

Hegemonic masculinity in Nazi Germany, as well as in many militarized societies around the globe, meant physical, emotional, and moral “hardness.” The ideal man, embodied by the soldier, was tough and aggressive, in control of his body, mind, and psyche. He did not hesitate to sacrifice life and limb on behalf of the Fatherland, or to subordinate his individuality under the command of a conformist group of comrades. Whereas many scholars have already stressed these features of hegemonic masculinity, this article argues that the act of soldiering provided men with a male identity that was ultimately not defined by the repudiation, but rather integration, of what was (and is) often coded as feminine. In the social practice of male interaction, diversity and flexibility were needed, thus allowing for the display of femininely coded behavior like affection, tenderness, empathy, caring, and tolerance toward emotional breakdowns and moments of weakness in their midst. Thanks to its inclusive nature, such “protean” masculinity enabled different types of soldier-men to establish male identities; it also allowed them to switch among different emotional and moral states without losing their manliness. Yet, this was true only if the predominance of hardness was respected. Eventually, protean masculinity integrated diverse men and diverse emotional and moral conditions into a fighting unit, and, in the case of the Third Reich, into a genocidal society.
A Study of Asymptomatic Newcastle Disease in a Breeding Flock

SUMMARY An asymptomatic form of Newcastle disease which was diagnosed by chance by means of the haemagglutination inhibition test is described. No evidence of transmission of the virus was found following contact exposure of susceptible chickens for as long as 179 days to asymptomatic but infected birds. Newcastle disease virus could not be isolated from serologically reacting chickens, from embryos of eggs laid by the hens, or from the progeny of the breeding flock.
Michel de Montaigne: Accidental Philosopher

Michel de Montaigne, the inventor of the essay, has always been acknowledged as a great literary figure but has never been thought of as a philosophical original. This book treats Montaigne as a serious thinker in his own right, taking as its point of departure Montaigne's description of himself as 'an unpremeditated and accidental philosopher'. Whereas previous commentators have treated Montaigne's Essays as embodying a scepticism harking back to classical sources, Ann Hartle offers an account that reveals Montaigne's thought to be dialectical, transforming sceptical doubt into wonder at the most familiar aspects of life. This major reassessment of a much admired but also much underestimated thinker will interest a wide range of historians of philosophy as well as scholars in comparative literature, French studies and the history of ideas.
Digital Removable Complete Denture (DRCD)

Digital dentistry has evolved very rapidly in recent years. Areas of digital fixed and implant dentistry have shown a wide range of improvement from examinations to production of prostheses. Digital applications in removable prosthodontics have been initiated as two-visit techniques during the late 2000s by two commercially available companies. However, further improvements and increased number of applications in digital removable complete denture (DRCD) have been done lately since several new companies have announced new developments in this field. In this chapter, you will find background information of the evolution of DRCD with a literature review, comparison of conventional and digital workflows of denture fabrication, current concepts and different fabrication methods of DRCD, and advantages and limitations of DRCD. Wax rim impression and replication DRCD techniques are explained and illustrated in a step-by-step fashion.
SOHO State of the Art Update and Next Questions: Advances in the Treatment of Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has largely followed the successful pediatric model that uses multi-agent chemotherapy regimens. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy can induce complete remissions, elderly patients are frequently unable to tolerate its intensity owing to toxicities and comorbidities. Elderly patients particularly often relapse, leading to a 5-year overall survival (OS) of only 20%. In an effort to improve outcomes while minimizing toxicities, novel targeted therapies have been developed: monoclonal antibodies against CD19, CD20, and CD22; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies; and BH3 mimetics. Here, we discuss advancements in the treatment of ALL and their places in the armamentarium for adult patients.
Intersectionality: The Confluence of Arts, Technology, and Wellbeing

Arts and humanities have central roles to play to transform the culture of care, wellbeing, and health. How we educate health care professionals and artists is shifting in response to global pressures, and a rapidly accelerating tech-fueled world. This chapter explores the intersections of arts, health, technology, education, and society.
PL07.1 Global trends in HIV in the era of combination prevention – what progress have we made towards elimination?

The global HIV response has had notable effects on the trajectory of the epidemic. Dramatic declines in morbidity and mortality have been noted in association with the scale-up of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Additionally, the number of new HIV infections has decreased to historical lows. However, only about half of the persons living with HIV have accessed ART and more than one million new HIV infections were reported in 2017. Evidence indicates that there is unlikely to be a single magic bullet for prevention of HIV transmission. Rather, combination HIV prevention strategies have been posited as the way to achieve the goal of decreasing the number of new infections to 500,000 by 2020, with a focus on both HIV negative and HIV positive individuals. A mix of behavioral, biomedical and structural HIV prevention interventions are likely to be needed. Several large studies have been completed examining the effect of combination prevention strategies on HIV with mixed results at a community level. At the same time, the findings from recently conducted Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) surveys in several sub Saharan African countries have demonstrated some impressive, but variable progress in controlling the epidemic. Both of these efforts have shed light on the gaps in the HIV response. This plenary talk will provide background information on the status of the global HIV epidemic, progress to date, gaps in the response, and ways in which combination prevention approaches can show the path towards epidemic control.
Securing private medical data, and influencing medical device design to prioritize privacy: A Systems Analysis Approach

As device integration continues to expand across the global market of the healthcare industry, the threats of data loss, exploitation and device control by nefarious actors are negative outcomes we are seeking to avoid. Medical device manufacturers in the U.S. market are required to comply with federal regulations like quality system regulations (QSRs) however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not conduct premarket testing or evaluations of implemented software on said devices, and is even less concerned with it once the hardware has been officially launched into the marketplace. The responsibility for validation of software design changes, penetration testing, and simulations regarding IoT security falls upon the manufacturer. Smart healthcare is the integration of digital solutions to improve patient outcomes and the operational efficiency of the facility. Privacy in the healthcare sector is the practice of ensuring the security and confidentiality of patient records, dependent upon the discretion of healthcare providers and the communication methods that are employed. Complex problems are those in which solutions can be derived from differing perspectives to achieve multiple results applicable to the scenario.We approach this subject from a systems perspective and emphasize taking actionable steps to achieve long term change in the policy, technical and social aspects of this complex problem. Due to the scale of the industry, individual scrutiny for each revision and update of all healthcare sector products by a third party is an unrealistic expectation. The keystone of our solution is to encourage the instantiation of a new NIST standard that would encompass the healthcare sector and the medical devices that are used within it. This categorization change positively influences device manufacturers’ access to the standards that are currently relevant within their domain.
1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3-Octa­carbonyl-1,1,2,3-tetra­kis­(1,3,5-tri­aza-7-phosphatri­cyclo­[3.3.1.13,7]decane-κP)-triangulo-triosmium(0)

The title compound, [Os3(C6H12N3P)4(CO)8], crystallizes in the ortho­rhom­bic space group Pbca with Z = 8. The mol­ecule consists of a triangular triosmium(0) core surrounded by eight carbonyl ligands and four 1,3,5-tri­aza-7-phosphatri­cyclo­[3.3.1.13,7]decane (or PTA) ligands. One Os atom is coordinated by two PTA ligands and two CO ligands, while the other two Os atoms are each bonded to a single PTA ligand and three CO ligands. There is a small disorder associated with the Os3 unit so that a minor orientation has an occupancy of 2.17 (4)%. The title compound represents the first structurally characterized triangular Os3 carbonyl cluster with four monodentate tertiary phosphane ligands.
Temperature and flow rate limit the optimal ex-vivo perfusion of the heart - an experimental study

Ex-vivo heart perfusion can be utilized to study a variety of physiologic and molecular pathways in a controlled system outside of the body. It can also be used in clinical settings such as for organ preservation before transplantation. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) correlates with energy production in the myocardium and can also be used to determine the balance between the oxygen supply and demand of the perfused heart. This study sought to determine an ex-vivo perfusion rate that matches the metabolic demands of the heart according to different temperatures and solution compositions (with and without the addition of erythrocytes), a flow below which the supply of oxygen is not sufficient to maintain an aerobic state of the perfused heart (“DCRIT”). Under general anesthesia, rat hearts were procured and preserved by perfusing with the University of Wisconsin Belzer machine perfusion system (UW Belzer MPS) solution saturated with 100% O2. The key elements of this solution include supraphysiological potassium (to stop the heartbeat and reduce the cellular metabolic demand), starch, gluconate and mannitol (to maintain cell wall integrity), glucose (to sustain basal metabolism), and glutathione (to scavenge free radicals). Three groups of rat hearts (n = 7) were randomly allocated to be perfused at 15 °C, 22 °C or 37 °C, at a varying flow index (FI) starting from a minimum of 380 mL/min/100 g to less than 50 mL/min/100 g, decreasing by 50 mL/min/100 g at 10 min intervals while measuring the MVO2 at each FI. Lactate was measured from coronary sinus samples to determine the onset of tissue hypoxia/anaerobic state. The DCRIT at 15 °C was 99.9 ± 4.9 mL/min/100 g; however, at 22 °C and 37 °C we could not reach a DCRIT. The myocardial oxygen demand could not be met at 22 °C and 37 °C with the maximum FI above 380 mL/min/100 g even when erythrocytes (10% V/V) were added to the solution. At 15 °C, the production of lactate was evident only below the DCRIT, while at 22 °C lactate production was present at all flow indices. Determining the DCRIT for optimal ex-vivo perfusion of the heart is necessary to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation and limit anaerobic state. Temperatures employed above 15 °C limit the efficient ex-vivo perfusion preservation of heart with the UW Belzer MPS solution.
A drug discovery toolbox for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) characterization of ligands and their targets

Abstract Information about the structure, dynamics, and ligand-binding properties of biomolecules can be derived from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and provides valuable information for drug discovery. A multitude of experimental approaches provides a wealth of information that can be tailored to the system of interest. Methods to study the behavior of ligands upon target binding enable the identification of weak binders in a robust manner that is critical for the identification of truly novel binding interactions. This is particularly important for challenging targets. Observing the solution behavior of biomolecules yields information about their structure, dynamics, and interactions. This review describes the breadth of approaches that are available, many of which are under-utilized in a drug-discovery environment, and focuses on recent advances that continue to emerge.
Elastase Activity From Pseudomonas aeruginosa Respiratory Isolates and ICU Mortality.

Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a common cause of respiratory infection and morbidity. Pseudomonas elastase is an important virulence factor regulated by the lasR gene. Whether PA elastase activity is associated with worse clinical outcomes in ICU patients is unknown. Research Question Is there an association between PA elastase activity and worse host outcomes in a cohort of ICU patients? Methods PA respiratory isolates from 238 unique ICU patients from two tertiary-care centers within the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center health system were prospectively collected and screened for total protease and elastase activity, biofilm production, antimicrobial resistance, and polymicrobial status. The association between pathogen characteristics and 30-day and 90-day mortality was calculated using logistic regression. For subgroup analysis, two patterns of early (≤72 h) and late sample (>72 h) collection from the index ICU admission were distinguished using a finite mixture model. Lung inflammation and injury was evaluated in a mouse model using a PA high elastase vs low elastase producer. Results PA elastase activity was common in ICU respiratory isolates representing 75% of samples and was associated with increased 30-day mortality (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 1.39 [1.05-1.83]). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that elastase activity was a risk factor for 30- and 90-day mortality in the early sample group, whereas antimicrobial resistance was a risk factor for 90-day mortality in the late sample group. Whole genome sequencing of high and low elastase producers showed that predicted loss-of-function lasR genotypes were less common among high elastase producers. Mice infected with a high elastase producer showed increased lung bacterial burden and inflammatory profile compared with mice infected with a low elastase producer. Interpretation Elastase activity is associated with 30-day ICU mortality. A high elastase producing clinical isolate confers increased lung tissue inflammation compared with a low elastase producer in vivo.
Cognitive Function, Sarcopenia, and Inflammation Are Strongly Associated with Frailty: A Framingham Cohort Study.

Abstract Background Frailty is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in chronic liver disease. Understanding the contributors to frailty has the potential to identify individuals at risk for frailty and may potentially provide targets for frailty-modifying interventions. We evaluated the relationship among cognitive function, inflammation, and sarcopenia and frailty. Methods Using cohorts from the Framingham Heart Study (2011-2014), we evaluated for factors associated with frailty. Exposures included cognitive tests (combined Trails A/B test, Animal Naming Test, and combined Digit Span Forward/Backward test), inflammation (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor receptor II), and sarcopenia (creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio). We performed linear and logistic regression to identify the relationship between these exposures and the Liver Frailty Index (LFI). Results The study population (N = 1208) had a median age of 70 years, was 56% female, and 48.5% had evidence of liver disease. The combined Trails A/B test (β 0.05, P Conclusions Cognitive performance, inflammation, and sarcopenia, each highly prevalent in cirrhosis, are associated with the LFI in this population-based study of persons without cirrhosis. Further research is warranted for interventions aiming to prevent frailty by tailoring their approach to the patient's underlying risk factors.
Ex vivo isolation, expansion and bioengineering of CCR7+CD95-/or CD62L+CD45RA+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from acute myeloid leukemia patients' bone marrow

T cell based immunotherapies can be applicable to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therefore, the selection of optimal T cells, cell manufacturing, and therapeutic T cell engineering are essential for the development of effective adoptive T cell therapies for AML. Autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been in clinical trials to treat solid malignancies. Herein, we assessed whether TILs can be isolated from the bone marrow (BM) of AML patients, expanded ex vivo and utilized as a novel therapeutic strategy for AML. To this end, firstly we analyzed the immunophenotypes of a series of primary BM samples from AML patients (N = 10) by flow cytometry. We observed a variable amount of CD3+ TILs (range ∼2.3-∼32.6% of mononuclear cells) among BM samples. We then developed a novel protocol that produced a three-log ex vivo expansion of TILs isolated from AML patient BM (N = 10) and peripheral blood (PB) (N = 10), including from patients with a low number of CD3+ T cells, within 3, 4 weeks. Further, we identified previously described naive T cells (CCR7+CD95-/or CD62L+CD45RA+) in AML BM and PB samples, which seemed to be required for a successful TILs ex vivo expansion. Finally, we showed that the expanded TILs could: (1) cause cytotoxicity to autologous AML blasts ex vivo (90.6% in control without T cell treatment vs. 1.89% in experimental groups with PB derived T cells and 1.77% in experimental groups with BM derived TILs, p < 0.01), (2) be genetically engineered to express CYP27B1 gene, and (3) infiltrate the BM and reside in close proximity to pre-injected autologous AML blasts of engrafted immunodeficiency mice. Altogether, these results provide a rationale for further studies of the therapeutic use of TILs in AML.
Other Large Cardinals

In Section 32 we studied weakly compact cardinals, which are inaccessible cardinals satisfying the weak compactness theorem for the infinitary language L k,ω. If we remove the restriction on the size of sets of sentences in the model theoretic characterization of weakly compact cardinals, we obtain a considerably stronger notion of large cardinals. This notion, (strong) compactness, turns out to be much stronger than measurability.
Chapter X Finite Group Actions on Homotopy 3-Spheres

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the finite group actions on homotopy 3-spheres. The Smith conjecture states that certain types of smooth actions of a cyclic group on a homotopy 3-sphere are essentially linear. This hypothesis is proved in a substantial number of cases based on theorems presented in the chapter. It is an immediate consequence of the Schonflies theorem and the definition of essentially linear that any essentially linear action on S 3 is equivariantly diffeomorphic to a linear action. The chapter introduces the notion of an orbifold coined by Thurston to describe spaces that are locally the quotients of finite group actions. The chapter discusses two- and three-dimensional examples of these spaces. The language of orbifolds is a convenient framework for dealing with the quotient spaces of properly discontinuous group actions. The connection between finite group actions and linear actions through the intermediary of Seifert-fibered orbifolds is established.
The evaluation of the rates of biological processes from tracer kinetic data. II. RNA metabolism in growing bacteria.

Abstract Because messenger RNA continuously breaks down to form nucleotides that are reutilized for synthesis of all forms of RNA, analysis of the kinetics of uptake of precursors into the nucleic acids of cells is complicated. Our theoretical work ( Koch, 1962 ) is now extended to evaluate the effects of recycling for the case of growing cells. Equations are derived for several different assumptions about the turnover of the intermediate pool of RNA precursors. Even if one assumes the pool infinitesimal, the equations apply to uptake at times greater than a minute for Escherichia coli. The effective turnover rate constant of messenger is smaller than the true turnover rate constant by a factor which is the ratio of the rate at which molecules enter the intermediate pool from the exogenous source to the total rate at which molecules enter the pool from all sources. The initial lag in the incorporation of isotope into total nucleic acids can be used to measure the velocity of synthesis of the pool from all sources if the pool size is known. If the pool size is unknown, it may be estimated from the lag time extrapolated from uptake measurements at intermediate times. Short lag times, however, do not necessarily reflect a small pool. The pool may be large and it may communicate with a bypass or with the external medium but still give rise to a short lag because of the initial rapid uptake of precursor into messenger. The percentage of the isotope in particular classes of nucleic acid relative to the total nucleic acids is a quantity that can be measured. These measurements can be used to measure both the rate of synthesis and the amount of labile RNA in the cells.
Non-intrusive physiological monitoring for automated stress detection in human-computer interaction

Affective Computing, one of the frontiers of Human-Computer Interaction studies, seeks to provide computers with the capability to react appropriately to a user's affective states. In order to achieve the required on-line assessment of those affective states, we propose to extract features from physiological signals from the user (Blood Volume Pulse, Galvanic Skin Response, Skin Temperature and Pupil Diameter), which can be processed by learning pattern recognition systems to classify the user's affective state. An initial implementation of our proposed system was set up to address the detection of "stress" states in a computer user. A computer-based "Paced Stroop Test" was designed to act as a stimulus to elicit emotional stress in the subject. Signal processing techniques were applied to the physiological signals monitored to extract features used by three learning algorithms: Naive Bayes, Decision Tree and Support Vector Machine to classify relaxed vs. stressed states.
Stormtime Ring Current and Radiation Belt Ion Transport: Simulations and Interpretations

We use a dynamical guiding-center model to investigate the stormtime transport of ring current and radiation-belt ions. We trace the motion of representative ions' guiding centers in response to model substorm-associated impulses in the convection electric field for a range of ion energies. Our simple magnetospheric model allows us to compare our numerical results quantitatively with analytical descriptions of particle transport, (e.g., with the quasilinear theory of radial diffusion). We find that 10-145-keV ions gain access to L approximately 3, where they can form the stormtime ring current, mainly from outside the (trapping) region in which particles execute closed drift paths. Conversely, the transport of higher-energy ions (approximately greater than 145 keV at L approximately 3) turns out to resemble radial diffusion. The quasilinear diffusion coefficient calculated for our model storm does not vary smoothly with particle energy, since our impulses occur at specific (although randomly determined) times. Despite the spectral irregularity, quasilinear theory provides a surprisingly accurate description of the transport process for approximately greater than 145-keV ions, even for the case of an individual storm. For 4 different realizations of our model storm, the geometric mean discrepancies between diffusion coefficients D(sup sim, sub LL) obtained from the simulations and the quasilinear diffusion coefficient D(sup ql, sub LL) amount to factors of 2.3, 2.3, 1.5, and 3.0, respectively. We have found that these discrepancies between D(sup sim, sub LL) and D(sup ql, sub LL) can be reduced slightly by invoking drift-resonance broadening to smooth out the sharp minima and maxima in D(sup ql, sub LL). The mean of the remaining discrepancies between D(sup sim, sub LL) and D(sup ql, sub LL) for the 4 different storms then amount to factors of 1.9, 2.1, 1.5, and 2.7, respectively. We find even better agreement when we reduce the impulse amplitudes systematically in a given model storm (e.g., reduction of all the impulse amplitudes by half reduces the discrepancy factor by at least its square root) and also when we average our results over an ensemble of 20 model storms (agreement is within a factor of 1.2 without impulse-amplitude reduction). We use our simulation results also to map phase-space densities f in accordance with Liouville's theorem. We find that the stormtime transport of approximately greater than 145-keV ions produces little change in f-bar the drift-averaged phase-space density on any drift shell of interest. However, the stormtime transport produces a major enhancement from the pre-storm phase-space density at energies approximately 30-145 keV, which are representative of the stormtime ring current.
Generalization of orthogonal multiprocessor for massively parallel computation

The authors present a multidimensional orthogonal multiprocessor (OMP) conceived for massively parallel computation. The OMP compares favorably with the generalized hypercube and spanning-bus hypercube. All three architectures extend the original concept of binary n-cube. Among the three, the OMP requires equal or less hardware and yet presents some interesting application potentials in massively parallel computation. The orthogonal architecture is a viable alternative to the conventional single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) array computers which use distributed local memories. A detailed description of binary and k-ary OMP architecture is provided. Interprocessor communication strategy and network characteristics are presented. Potential applications and conclusions are included. >
Activation and Oxidation of Mesitylene C–H Bonds by (Phebox)Iridium(III) Complexes

A pincer iridium(III) complex, (Phebox)Ir(OAc)2OH2 (1) (Phebox = 3,5-dimethylphenyl-2,6-bis(oxazolinyl)), selectively cleaves the benzylic C–H bond of mesitylene to form an isolable iridium mesityl complex, (Phebox)Ir(mesityl)(OAc) (3), in >90% yield. The trifluoroacetate analogue, (Phebox)Ir(OCOCF3)2OH2 (2), was synthesized to compare with complex 1 for C–H activation, and (Phebox)Ir(mesityl)(OCOCF3) (4) was synthesized by ligand exchange of complex 3. Both complexes 1 and 2 catalyze H/D exchange between mesitylene and D2O at 180 °C, exclusively at the benzylic position; 2 gave a higher turnover number (11 TO) than 1 (6 TO) in 12 h. Using d4-acetic acid as the source of deuterium, up to 92 turnovers of benzylic H/D exchange of mesitylene were obtained with complex 1. (Phebox)Ir(OCOCF3)2OH2 catalyzed the benzylic C–H oxidation of mesitylene using Ag2O as a terminal oxidant at 130 °C, to form 3,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde and 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid in 35% ± 4% yield (5.1 ± 0.6 TO). DFT calculations were used ...
Regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor gene expression in HepG2 and Caco2 cells by palmitate, oleate, and 25-hydroxycholesterol.

Our in vivo studies in mice have shown that LDL- receptor gene expression is regulated differently in both liver and intestine by dietary cholesterol and dietary saturated fat. While dietary cholesterol serves to regulate at transcriptional levels, dietary fatty acids do not. To study the mechanism of regulation of LDL-receptor by saturated fat and cholesterol at the cellular level, where any secondary effects of long-term feeding in vivo are minimized, we used the cultured hepa- toma and colon carcinoma cells, He G2 and Caco2. LDL-re- ceptor activity was determined by 1y51-labeled LDL binding and uptake, LDLreceptor protein by Western blotting, LDL- receptor mRNA by RNase protection assay, and relative rates of LDL-receptor mRNA transcription by nuclear 'run-off assay. Incubation of cells in lipoproteindeficient serum (LPDS) for 48 h progressively induced LDLreceptor activity and LDL-receptor protein by 5- to 6-fold in HepG2 cells and 2- to 3-fold in Caco2 cells. Absolute levels of LDL-receptor mRNA and relative rates of LDL-receptor mRNA transcrip- tion also increased in parallel to the LDLreceptor activity and protein levels in both cell lines. These data suggest that LPDS induced the LDLreceptor gene by transcriptional mecha- nism. The suppressive effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol on LDL-receptor regulation was studied by incubating HepG2 and Caco2 cells grown either in 10% FCS or 10% LPDS for
Genetic diversity in birds is associated with body mass and habitat type

In some organisms, their habitat can broadly predict their population genetic diversity. For example, marine fishes harbor considerably more genetic diversity than do freshwater fishes because of the larger long-term evolutionary effective population sizes in the former. Body mass (BM) is another predictor of genetic variation, in that small-bodied mammals generally have higher rates of molecular evolution than large mammals. Does genetic variation in birds vary similarly? We investigated the relationships among microsatellite DNA diversity, BM and habitat type (aquatic or terrestrial) in 76 avian species. Our results show that across 1008 avian microsatellite loci, mean heterozygosity was positively correlated with the number of alleles per species. The mean level of heterozygosity and allele number in birds were similar to those of mammals and reptiles, but smaller than fishes. Terrestrial birds have greater genetic diversity (both in terms of mean heterozygosity and allelic diversity per population) than aquatic species. BM of aquatic birds was significantly larger than that of terrestrial birds and there was a negative relationship between mean heterozygosity and BM. Our results, interpreted in light of previously published data from other vertebrates, suggest that patterns of genetic diversity in birds depends on their evolutionary effective population size (determined in part by ecological and environmental features) and on the rate of molecular evolution.
A two‐station embossing process for rapid fabrication of surface microstructures on thermoplastic polymers

An embossing strategy involving a hot station and a cold station for sequentially heating and cooling the embossing tool was investigated to reduce cycle times in hot embossing polymer microstructures. Experimental studies showed that aluminum stamps with a thickness of 1.4 mm can be rapidly heated from room temperature to 200°C in 3 s using contact heating against a hot station at 250°C. Microchannels and microlenses were successfully embossed onto high-density polyethylene and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene substrates using a heating time less than 3 s and a total cycle time around 10 s. The two-station embossing process for the microlens was also numerically studied. The simulated filling behavior agreed with the experimental observation and the predicted thermal and deformation history of the polymer offered a good explanation on the experimentally observed process characteristics. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:530–539, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
ResearchBroker: connecting researchers to real-world research opportunities

ResearchBroker is an online system, which connects academic researchers with real-world research opportunities at companies, organizations and government institutions. A number of companies and organizations don't have the expertise or the resources to conduct research studies on their application software/systems. Similarly PhD students are looking for research work in industry that also aligns with their academic research interests. ResearchBroker has been developed to connect these two parties. In this demo, we first introduce ResearchBroker system along-with its current usage and then discuss a prototype for an interactive browsing experience on ResearchBroker.
Use of the scan statistic on disaggregated province-based data: foot-and-mouth disease in Iran.

The spatial scan statistic was applied to density-smoothed data that approximated the spatial distribution within the area and reduced the potential bias produced when location data have been aggregated for large areas. The method is illustrated, using data on the location of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Iran. Data examined were 4477 FMD outbreaks reported on a per province basis between June 1996 and September 2003. A kernel density of the outbreak locations was estimated, using a fixed radius and the centroid of each province as the designated location of all cases reported for the province. The radius that produced a density map with the highest correlation with expert opinion was 4° (latitude/longitude). Livestock density was used as a proxy for the underlying population at risk of acquiring FMD. Livestock and outbreak density maps were overlain to obtain the number of outbreaks and livestock in each of 15,599 cells covering the mapped surface of the country. A spatial scan statistic was applied to the density-smoothed data assuming that the outbreaks had a Poisson distribution. Results were compared with those obtained using a spatial scan statistic on provincially aggregated data. Application of the spatial scan statistic on the density-smoothed data allowed identification of clusters (P < 0.01) related more to the actual geographic distribution of cases (expert opinion) and of animals at risk, than to the distribution of the provinces. Significant clusters of FMD were identified that coincided with roads, neighboring countries, and high-density population areas, suggesting that the region may represent a route for cross-continent transmission of FMD.
Recursive MAP displacement estimation and restoration of noisy-blurred image sequences

In this paper, we develop a recursive model-based maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator that simultaneously estimates the displacement vector field (DVF) and intensity field from a noisy- blurred image sequence. Current motion-compensated spatio-temporal filters treat the estimation of the DVF as a preprocessing step. Thus, no attempt is made to verify the accuracy of these estimates prior to their use in the filter. By simultaneously estimating these two fields, information is made available to each filter regarding the reliability of the estimates provided by the other filter. Nonstationary models are used for both the DVF and the intensity field in the proposed estimator, thus avoiding the smoothing of boundaries present in both.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modulation of chloride secretion in the rat ileum by intracellular bicarbonate.

Abstract Increasing intracellular bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]i) inhibits calcium-mediated Cl− secretion in rat distal colon and T84 cells. We investigated the effect of [HCO3−]i on Cl− secretion in rat ileum. Segments of intact ileum from Sprague–Dawley rats were studied in Ussing chambers and villus and crypt intracellular pH and [HCO3−]i were determined using BCECF. A range of crypt and villus [HCO3−]i from 0 to 31 mM was obtained by varying Ringer's composition. Basal serosal-to-mucosal Cl− flux (JClsm) averaged 8.5 ± 0.2 μeq · h−1 · cm−2 and was unaffected by changing [HCO3−]i or serosal bumetanide. Carbachol increased JClsm by 3.9 ± 0.5 μeq · h−1 · cm−2 at [HCO3−]i = 0 mM but only by 1.0 ± 0.3 μeq · h−1 · cm−2 at high crypt and villus [HCO3−]i. Dibutyryl-cAMP increased JClsm by 2.5 ± 0.2 μeq · h−1 · cm−2 at all [HCO3−]i. Carbachol and db-cAMP showed mutual antagonism at low [HCO3−]i and near-additivity at high [HCO3−]i. We conclude that like rat colon and T84 cells, calcium-mediated but not cAMP-mediated Cl− secretion in the ileum is inhibited by increasing [HCO3−]i. Mutual antagonism between carbachol and db-cAMP at low [HCO3−]i was present in ileum and distal colon but not in T84 cells.
Oxygen/sulfur substitution reactions of tetraoxometalates effected by electrophilic carbon and silicon reagents.

Reactions of [MO4]2- (M = Mo, W) with certain carbon and silicon electrophiles were investigated in acetonitrile in order to produce species of potential utility in the synthesis of analogues of the sites in the xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme family. Silylation of [MoO4]2- affords [MoO3(OSiPh3)]1-, which with Ph3SiSH is converted to [MoO2S(OSiPh3)]1-. Reaction with (Ph3C)(PF6)/HS- yields the tetrahedral monosulfido species [MO3S]2-, previously obtained only from the aqueous system [MO4]2-/H2S. Dithiolene chelate rings are readily introduced upon reaction with 1,2-C6H4(SSiMe3)2, leading to the square pyramidal trioxo complexes [MO3(bdt)]2-, a previously unknown dithiolene molecular type. Further ring insertion occurs upon reaction of [WO3(bdt)]2- with 1,2-C6H4(SSiMe3)2, giving [WO2(bdt)2]2-. Related reactions occur with [ReO4]1-. Treatment with 1 equiv of (Me3Si)2S produces [ReO3S]1-; with 3 equiv of 1,2-C6H4(SSiMe3)2, [ReO(bdt)2]1- is obtained with concomitant ReVII → ReV reduction. X-ray structures are r...
Synthesis and characterization of segmented poly(esterurethane urea) elastomers for bone tissue engineering

Segmented polyurethanes have been used extensively in implantable medical devices, but their tunable mechanical properties make them attractive for examining the effect of biomaterial modulus on engineered musculoskeletal tissue development. In this study, a family of segmented degradable poly(esterurethane urea)s (PEUURs) were synthesized from 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, a poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) macrodiol soft segment and a tyramine-1,4-diisocyanatobutane-tyramine chain extender. By systematically increasing the PCL macrodiol molecular weight from 1100 to 2700Da, the storage modulus, crystallinity and melting point of the PCL segment were systematically varied. In particular, the melting temperature, T(m), increased from 21 to 61 degrees C and the storage modulus at 37 degrees C increased from 52 to 278MPa with increasing PCL macrodiol molecular weight, suggesting that the crystallinity of the PCL macrodiol contributed significantly to the mechanical properties of the polymers. Bone marrow stromal cells were cultured on rigid polymer films under osteogenic conditions for up to 21 days. Cell density, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteopontin and osteocalcin expression were similar among PEUURs and comparable to poly(d,l-lactic-coglycolic acid). This study demonstrates the suitability of this family of PEUURs for tissue engineering applications, and establishes a foundation for determining the effect of biomaterial modulus on bone tissue development.
Expanding and Shrinking 7-Year-Old Dentures: Report of Cases

Two sets of upper and lower complete dentures, one made of vulcanite and one made of epoxy resin, were evaluated for serviceability and for dimensional changes from the time they were made until they had been worn seven years. Deterioration in serviceability was caused by changes in the tissues of the patient rather than by dimensional changes in the dentures. The epoxy resin dentures expanded gradually but there was practically no warpage. There was warpage in the vulcanite dentures, possibly caused by the differences in water absorption between the two types of rubber that were used for the facial sides and for the bases.
Loss of Lipoprotein Lipase-derived Fatty Acids Leads to Increased Cardiac Glucose Metabolism and Heart Dysfunction

Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) are the predominant energy substrate utilized by the adult heart. The heart can utilize unesterified FA bound to albumin or FA obtained from lipolysis of lipoprotein-bound triglyceride (TG). We used heart-specific lipoprotein lipase knock-out mice (hLpL0) to test whether these two sources of FA are interchangeable and necessary for optimal heart function. Hearts unable to obtain FA from lipoprotein TG were able to compensate by increasing glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glucose oxidation. HLpL0 hearts had decreased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and increased cardiomyocyte expression of glucose transporter 4. Conversely, FA oxidation rates were reduced in isolated perfused hLpL0 hearts. Following abdominal aortic constriction expression levels of genes regulating FA and glucose metabolism were acutely up-regulated in control and hLpL0 mice, yet all hLpL0 mice died within 48 h of abdominal aortic constriction. Older hLpL0 mice developed cardiac dysfunction characterized by decreased fractional shortening and interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. HLpL0 hearts had increased expression of several genes associated with transforming growth factor-β signaling. Thus, long term reduction of lipoprotein FA uptake is associated with impaired cardiac function despite a compensatory increase in glucose utilization.
High-temperature mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and TiCp/Ti-6Al-4V composite

Mechanical behaviors at 538 °C, including tensile and creep properties, were investigated for both the Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the Ti-6Al-4V composite reinforced with 10 wt pct TiC particulates fabricated by cold and hot isostatic pressing (CHIP). It was shown that the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the composite were greater than those of the matrix alloy at the strain rates ranging from approximately 10−5 to 10−3 s−1. However, the elongation of the composite material was substantially lower than that of the matrix alloy. The creep resistance of the composite was superior to that of the matrix alloy. The data of minimum creep strain rate vs applied stress for the composite can be fit to a power-law equation, and the stress exponent values of 5 and 8 were obtained for applied stress ranges of 103 to 232 MPa and 232 to 379 MPa, respectively. The damage mechanisms were different for the matrix alloy and the composite, as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of fracture surfaces and the optical microscopy examination of the regions adjacent to the fracture surface. The tensile-tested matrix alloy showed dimpled fracture, while the creep-tested matrix alloy exhibited preferentially interlath and intercolony cracking. The failure of the tensile-tested and creep-tested composite material was controlled by the cleavage failure of the particulates, which was followed by the ductile fracture of the matrix.
GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF ONE-MILLIMETER EXCISED ROOT TIPS.

In 1893 Rechinger (5) attempted to find the degree of divisibility of plant parts beyond which no growth could take place. He concluded that the presence of vascular strands is necessary to the growth of isolated plant tissue. In 1922 Kotte (7) refuted this conclusion, which had been corroborated by Lamprecht in 1918, by securing as many as six centimeters of growth from one millimeter root tips (including the cap). Since then White (11) has found that the terminal one tenth millimeter detached from a root retains the capacity to differentiate into regions of root cap, epidermis, cortex, and vascular strand. The present investigation was undertaken more for comparison with previous work of the author, in which the original length of the root tips was 10 mm., rather than as a confirmation of Kotte's work.
Demonstration of a novel three-dimensional autostereoscopic display

We report what we believe is the first static implementation of the partial-pixel architecture, which provides a conceptual framework for the construction of real-time three-dimensional displays that are functionally equivalent to holographic stereograms (i.e., the simultaneous display of a series of stereoscopic images). The device is physically realized as a set of amplitude diffraction gratings on a chrome mask that was fabricated by standard photolithographic techniques. The intended three-dimensional object encoded in the display was strikingly visible on readout with an incoherent illumination source.