cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity and metabolic perturbations after loss of aquaporin 7, the adipose glycerol transporter

Adipocytes are a dynamic reservoir for storage of energy in the absorptive phase and release of energy in the postabsorptive phase. The flux of carbon into and out of adipocytes is a highly regulated, although incompletely understood, process. Whereas insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose has been extensively studied, research on the transport of fatty acids and glycerol has lagged. Discovery of the aquaporin (AQP) family of proteins significantly advanced the biology of glycerol transport. To date, there are 11 identified proteins in the AQP family (1). These proteins assemble as tetramers in the plasma membrane, with each monomer containing a channel. Although most members of the family are specific for water transport, a subset consisting of AQP3, AQP7, AQP9, and AQP10 are also permeated by other solutes, including glycerol. Of these proteins, only AQP7 is expressed at high abundance in adipose tissue (2). Recent articles (3, 4), including one by Hibuse et al. in this issue of PNAS (5), provide strong evidence that AQP7 is required for efflux of glycerol from adipocytes, and lack of AQP7 influences not only adipocyte biology but also whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Glycerol is a key metabolite that plays an important role in adipose tissue, largely by serving as the carbon backbone for triacylglycerol. During the postabsorptive state and exercise, triacylglycerol is hydrolyzed by hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase to glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA), both of which are released into the bloodstream. Whereas nonesterified fatty acids are oxidized for energy throughout the body, glycerol is taken up by liver and kidney, phosphorylated by glycerol kinase, and converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis. Under lipolytic conditions, there is considerable recycling of fatty acids due to reesterification of glycerol, although the precise amount varies with species and length of fast. Importantly, the adipocyte …
Preliminary investigation of rate of torque development deficits following total knee arthroplasty

Background To assess changes in maximal strength and rate of torque development (RTD) following TKA, and examine the relationships between these measures and physical function.
Rotational magnetization of anisotropic media: Lag angle, ellipticity and accommodation

This paper discusses the change in the ellipticity of two-dimensional magnetization trajectories as the applied field rotates from the easy axis to the hard axis of a material. Furthermore, the impact that the reversible magnetization has on the ellipticity is discussed, including the relationship between the magnetization squareness and the reversible component of the magnetization.
Accelerated increases observed for hydrochlorofluorocarbons since 2004 in the global atmosphere

[1] Tropospheric accumulation rates of the three most abundant hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were up to two times faster during 2007 than measured in 2003–2004. Tropospheric chlorine from HCFCs increased at 10 pptCl/yr during 2006–2007, up from 6 pptCl/yr in 2003–2004, and offset declines in chlorine from other anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances in 2007 by approximately one-third. Derived global emissions for HCFCs increased by up to 60% since 2004, and, for HCFC-142b, emissions during 2007 were two times larger than projected recently. Measured tropospheric distributions suggest a shift in HCFC emissions to lower latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. These changes coincide with exponential increases in developing country production and consumption and decreases in other countries. When weighted by direct, 100-yr global warming potentials, HCFC emissions in 2007 amounted to 0.78 GtCO2-equivalents, or 30% larger than the average during 2000–2004, and were approximately 2.6% of fossil-fuel and cement related CO2 emissions.
Adsorption Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Enthalpy of N2O on Zeolite 4A and 13X

The adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and enthalpy of nitrous oxide adsorption on zeolites 4A and 13X were measured volumetrically at temperatures of (194, 237, and 298) K and gas pressure up to 108 kPa. It was found that zeolite 4A adsorbs more N2O than 13X in all of the conditions used. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Toth isotherm models were employed to correlate the adsorption isotherms. N2O diffusivity in these adsorbents at 298 K was calculated from the adsorption kinetic uptake curves by using a simple micropore diffusion model. It was found that the average diffusivity values in zeolite 4A and 13X are (3.38·10−14 and 1.05·10−12) m2·s−1, respectively. The heat of adsorption values are between (−33 and −21) kJ·mol−1 for zeolite 4A and (−28 and −22) kJ·mol−1 for 13X for adsorption loadings between (0.5 and 3.5) mmol·g−1.
Helminths of Belted Kingfishers, Megaceryle alcyon Linnaeus, 1758, from a Fish Hatchery in Ohio, U.S.A

Abstract In total, 9 helminth species (6 digenetic trematodes: Cathaemasia reticulata, Crassiphiala bulboglossa, Philophthalmus gralli, Uvulifer ambloplitis, Uvulifer semicircumcisus, unidentified strigeid trematode; 3 nematodes: Aviculariella alcyona, Contracaecum sp., Monopetalonema alcedinis) were found in 11 Megaceryle alcyon specimens examined from a fish hatchery near London, Ohio, in 2008 and 2009. Crassiphiala bulboglossa and U. ambloplitis each had a prevalence of 100%. Crassiphiala bulboglossa has the highest mean intensity and mean abundance. Uvulifer ambloplitis had the next highest mean intensity and mean abundance, followed by U. semicircumcisus. Of the nematodes, A. alcyona had the highest prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance. Gravid worms of all helminth species were found, except for Contracaecum sp. The mean helminth species richness for the birds was 4.8. Kingfishers become infected with C. reticulata, C. bulboglossa, P. gralli, U. ambloplitis, U. semicircumcisus, unidentified...
MR imaging of clinically suspected scaphoid fractures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of MR imaging in revealing occult fractures in patients with clinically suspected acute scaphoid fractures who have normal or equivocal findings on radiographs.Thirty-six patients underwent MR imaging within 7 days of wrist injury. All had physical findings suggestive of scaphoid fracture. Coronal T1-weighted, short inversion time inversion recovery, and either T2-weighted or proton density-weighted fast spin-echo sequences with fat suppression were used. Follow-up radiographs were obtained at least 2 weeks after MR imaging whenever possible. All imaging studies were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists.MR imaging revealed 22 occult fractures in 20 patients. Thirteen of these 22 fractures were in the scaphoid bone, and nine were in the distal radius. On MR images, 16 patients had no evidence of fracture. Follow-up radiographs were available in 14 of the 20 patients who had occult fracture revealed by MR imaging. Eleven of the 13 occult fract...
Plasma interaction with microbes

The germicidal effects of a non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma generated by a novel resistive barrier discharge on representatives of the two classes of bacteria (Gram-negative and Gram-positive) are discussed. The plasma exposure, while being lethal to both bacterial classes, also produced gross structural damage in the Gram-negative E. coli while none was observed in the more structurally robust Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. An electrophysical process involving the role of the electrostatic tension on a charged body in a plasma is invoked to explain both observations. Since the efficacy of this electrophysical process depends not only on the tensile strength of the bacterial cell wall but also on its shape and texture, the need for more experimental studies, using a wide range of bacteria belonging to various morphological groups, is suggested. Ways to further test the validity of this electrophysical lysis mechanism for Gram-negative bacteria on one hand, and also to extend its operation to the more robust Gram-positive bacteria on the other, are suggested.
Temperature dependence of the first sharp diffraction peak in vitreous silica

Diffraction measurements on glasses often generate a structure factor with a prominent first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP). A temperature dependent change in the FSDP is most often attributed to two competing effects. Reduced frustration arising from a lower density tends to increase the intensity and decrease the width, while thermal vibrations tend to decrease the intensity and increase the width. In covalent glasses, the FSDP typically broadens and decreases in height with increasing temperature. Most oxide and chalcogenide glasses display a reversibly increasing FSDP with increasing temperature. Although vitreous silica (SiO{sub 2}) has been extensively researched, only Soklakov et al. have investigated its structure factor at elevated temperatures. They concluded that the temperature dependence of the FSDP (observed in x-ray diffraction patterns) was comparable to other oxide and chalcogenide glasses. Vitreous SiO{sub 2}, however, has an extremely small coefficient of thermal expansion (0.55 {times} 10{sup {minus}6}cm/cm C{degree}). Consequently its density varies little with temperature and an increase in the intensity of its FSDP is not expected. The purpose of this study is to determine the temperature dependence of the FSDP in vitreous silica using modern methods of neutron scattering. 9 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Enhanced zirconia thermal barrier coating systems

AbstractThe results of a research programme sponsored by the Department of Energy and directed at establishing some of the scientific issues underpinning the development of enhanced zirconia thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are reviewed. Our studies have established the stability ranges for both yttria stabilized and codoped zirconia coating materials and identified the mechanisms responsible for failure of current coating systems. These reveal that it is likely that present EB-PVD coatings systems are limited by the performance of current bond-coats and their oxidation behaviour, especially under thermal cycle conditions, rather than the zirconia coating material itself. These studies provide the scientific framework for the development of enhanced zirconia-based thermal barrier coating systems for advanced industrial gas turbine engine applications.
Ontogeny of action syntax in altricial and precocial rodents : Grooming sequences of rat and guinea pig pups

Behavior occurs as coordinated patterns of serial order, with rules of 'action syntax'. Grooming behavior of adult rodents provides several striking examples of action syntax rules. The most stereotyped of these is a 'syntactic chain' pattern, which organizes up to 25 facial strokes and licking movements into a predictable sequence. This pattern previously has been found to be emitted by diverse rodent species from all major suborders: myomorph, sciuromorph, and caviomorph. In this study, we compared the postnatal ontogeny of grooming syntax in two rodent species: rat versus guinea pig. Rats are relatively altricial at birth, whereas guinea pigs are precocial. A day-by-day study of the fine-grain structure of sequential patterns was carried out during the first three weeks after birth, using slow-motion videoanalyses and a choreographic notation system for scoring behavioral grooming sequences. The results showed that substantial action syntax rules exist in guinea pig grooming even on the day of birth. For guinea pigs, postnatal grooming syntax development was limited to minor increments in the strength of the syntactic pattern and in postural control. By contrast, for rat pups, action syntax did not begin to appear until the second postnatal week, and developed gradually into the third week. The development of rodent syntactic patterns in both species appeared to be independent of the maturation of the movements that composed the pattern. Our results indicate that action syntax rules develop as hierarchical entities independent from constituent movements.
Reaching the Unreachable: Resolving Globalization vs. Localization Paradox

Due to globalization and the need to seek out new markets (sometimes labelled as business to 4-billion [B2-4B]), rural marketing is gaining new importance in India as well as across the globe. This article examines three facets: the marketing, linguistic and advertising of these markets. Our study shows that global companies are engaged in devising new strategies to market their products. Indian media planners have pioneered new media forms (for example, Video Vans) combining conventional and non-conventional advertising to meet the challenge of reaching rural India. The result is that messages are customized effectively to meet their audiences’ regional sensibilities and tastes.The main focus of this study is on the analysis of the messages in the ‘unconventional’ media and wall advertising. We base our study on an empirical investigation of over 2,000 ads in rural settings. The ads include commercial, social and service advertisements. The findings indicate that the advertisers favour the ‘cooperative’ ...
Flight test of a digital controller used in a helicopter autoland system

This paper describes the flight test evaluation of an advanced digital helicopter flight control system. The controller was designed using an optimal control design procedure for a fully coupled lateral and longitudinal vehicle model. Explicit integrals of the guidance error were included to produce a type 1 characteristic. Gain scheduling was used to account for changes in the vehicle dynamics. The digital controller was exercised by combining it with state estimators, a trajectory generator, and a closed-loop guidance algorithm to form a helicopter autoland system. A CH-47 tandem rotor helicopter was equipped with sensors, on-board digital flight computers, and electrohydraulic actuators. The system was exercised by automatically flying straight-in descending decelerating trajectories typcial of VFR manual landing approaches. A description of the test-ground facilities, the flight hardware and software, and the velocity and position tracking performance is included.
Are teacher effects larger in small classes

Teachers spend most of their time in school in classrooms, and their instruction and teaching practices may be affected by classroom context such as class size. We examine whether teacher effects interact with classroom context such as class size. Specifically, we seek to determine whether teacher effects are more pronounced in small classes than in regular size classes in early grades. The results point to some evidence that teacher effects are more variable in small classes than in regular size classes. However, the pattern does not seem to be systematic.
Feedback control with finite accuracy: more knowledge and better control for free

Abstract It is known [Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (11) (1990) 1196–1199] that a system can be controlled near an unstable period-k point by applying a small perturbation signal to some parameter in the system. The required perturbation is calculated as a function of the current system state. We consider that, in applications, such stabilizing algorithms can be implemented with only finite accuracy. The error associated with the finite accuracy will grow exponentially, requiring repeated application of the parameter perturbation to keep the system near the fixed point. We show that under a repeated perturbation control algorithm, the resultant dynamical system is a piecewise expanding map that is well approximated by a Renyi transformation. Additionally, we show that by an analysis of the kneading sequences, the system state can be known with greater accuracy than is measured. Furthermore, we modify the standard parametric control algorithm to provide better time averaged control of the system without increasing the complexity of implementation. We demonstrate application of these principles to the 2D case by considering a saddle fixed point of the Ikeda map and the OGY [Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (11) (1990) 1196–1199] algorithm.
Analysis of Foreshock Sequences in California and Implications for Earthquake Triggering

We analyze foreshock activity in California and compare observations with simulated catalogs based on a branching aftershock-triggering model. We first examine foreshock occurrence patterns for isolated $$M \ge 5$$ earthquakes in southern California from 1981 to 2011 and in northern California from 1984 to 2009. Among the 64 $$M \ge 5$$ mainshocks, excluding 3 swarms and 3 doubles, 53 % of the rest are preceded by at least one foreshock within 30 days and 5 km. Foreshock occurrence appears correlated with mainshock faulting type and depth. Foreshock area is correlated with the magnitude of the largest foreshock and the number of foreshocks, however, it is not correlated with mainshock magnitude. We then examine the occurrence pattern of all seismicity clusters without a minimum magnitude requirement, and the possibility that they are “foreshocks” of larger mainshocks. Only about 30 % of the small clusters lead to a larger cluster. About 66 % of the larger clusters have foreshock activities, and the spatial distribution pattern is similar to $$M \ge 5$$ mainshocks, with lower occurrence rates in the Transverse Range and central California and higher occurrence rates in the Eastern California Shear Zone and the Bay Area. These results suggest that foreshock occurrence is largely controlled by the regional tectonic stress field and fault zone properties. In special cases, foreshock occurrence may be useful for short-term forecasting; however, foreshock properties are not reliably predictive of the magnitude of the eventual “mainshock”. Comparison with simulated catalogs suggest that the “swarmy” features and foreshock occurrence rate in the observed catalogs are not well reproduced from common statistical models of earthquake triggering.
Subchondral Calcium Phosphate is Ineffective for Bone Marrow Edema Lesions in Adults With Advanced Osteoarthritis

Background Injury to subchondral bone is associated with knee pain and osteoarthritis (OA). A percutaneous calcium phosphate injection is a novel approach in which subchondral bone marrow edema lesions are percutaneously injected with calcium phosphate. In theory, calcium phosphate provides structural support while it is gradually replaced by bone. However, little clinical evidence supports the efficacy of percutaneous calcium phosphate injections.
A microfluidic photobioreactor array demonstrating high-throughput screening for microalgal oil production.

Microalgae are envisioned as a future source of renewable oil. The feasibility of producing high-value biomolecules from microalgae is strongly dependent on developing strains with increased productivity and environmental tolerance, understanding algal gene regulation, and optimizing growth conditions for higher production of target molecules. We present a high-throughput microfluidic microalgal photobioreactor array capable of applying 64 different light conditions to arrays of microscale algal photobioreactors and apply this device to investigate how light conditions influence algal growth and oil production. Using the green colony-forming microalga Botryococcus braunii, the light intensity and light–dark cycle conditions were identified that induced 1.8-fold higher oil accumulation over the typically used culture conditions. Additionally, the studies revealed that the condition under which maximum oil production occurs is significantly different from that of maximum growth. This screening test was accomplished using the developed photobioreactor array at 250 times higher throughput compared to conventional flask-scale photobioreactors.
A Microwave Magnetic Microscope

A microwave magnetic probe capable of measuring the spatial variation of the magnetic properties of materials has been developed. In contrast to other forms of microscopes, this instrument measures the spatial variation of the important magnetic properties of a sample directly by a selective microwave resonance technique. To date, we have observed clear resonances in portions of Permalloy films (∼1000 A thick) with a cross‐sectional diameter of 0.010 in. By using a cavity made of superconducting material, it is anticipated that resonances in spots as small as 200 A in cross‐sectional diameter may be observed. Some representative experimental results using this microscope are given to indicate its utility.
Barrier Performance of Bentonite-Polyacrylate Nanocomposite to Artificial Ocean Water

The hydraulic conductivity and typical indicator parameters (viz. swell index, fluid loss) of a bentonite-polyacrylate nanocomposite (BPN) to artificial ocean water is evaluated. Thin layers of BPN and Na-bentonite simulating geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) were permeated directly in flexible-wall permeameters under low average effective stress (20 kPa). BPN retained low hydraulic conductivity (less than 1.8 x 10 -12 m/s) to artificial ocean water at hydraulic and chemical equilibrium termination criteria. In contrast, Na-bentonite permeated with artificial ocean water had a hydraulic conductivity at least 4.5 orders-of-magnitude higher. BPN maintains low hydraulic conductivity in artificial ocean water despite having a low swell index (9.0 mL/2 g), similar to Na-bentonite in the same solution (9.3 mL/2 g). Despite low swelling, BPN exhibited a low fluid loss (8.1 mL) similar to BPN in deionized water (6.5 mL) and 8-times lower than Na-bentonite in artificial ocean water (66 mL). These data illustrate that BPN can be used to prevent saltwater intrusion, or for the containment of sodic solutions, but that swell index is not an accurate indicators for the hydraulic conductivity of BPN. Fluid loss appears to be a more useful indicator parameter for BPN.
Independent component analysis‐based multifiber streamline tractography of the human brain

An independent component analysis-based approach has been developed to estimate the orientations of two or three crossing fibers in a voxel to conduct human brain streamline tractography from diffusion data acquired along 25 gradient directions at a b-value of 1000 sec/mm(2) . The approach relies on unmixing signals from fibers mixed within, and spread over, a small cluster of 11 voxels. Simulation studies of diffusion data for two or three crossing fibers at signal-to-noise ratios of 15 and 30 suggest the accuracy to determine interfiber angles with independent component analysis is similar to that attained by a gaussian mixture and other multicompartmental models but at two orders of magnitude faster computational speed. Compared to previous multicompartmental models, independent component analysis visually shows good recovery of fiber orientations and tracts in the crossing region of commonly available orthogonal and 60° phantom diffusion datasets. A 3T MRI human studies show that in contrast to conventional streamline tractography and a multicompartment model, independent component analysis shows better recovery of the continuity of fronto-occipital tracts and cingulum from regions where these tracts are mixed with corpus callosum and other pathways.
Basin-Scale Consequences of Agricultural Land Use on Benthic Light Availability and Primary Production Along a Sixth-Order Temperate River

The emerging spatial scale of interest for fluvial ecosystem studies and applications is the river basin. Although much focus has been directed toward habitat availability and nutrient cycling across the fluvial landscape, light availability has received considerably less attention and has not been assessed quantitatively at the basin-scale despite it being the primary energy source for aquatic ecosystems. We developed a basin-scale light availability model that couples readily available broad spatial data with easily measured synoptic data using a GIS framework and the principles of hydraulic geometry. We used this model to (i) quantify benthic light availability (E bed) along a 160-km river in central Wisconsin, USA, (ii) predict gross primary production (GPP) along the same river, and (iii) assess the effects of agricultural land use on E bed and GPP. Overall, E bed decreased in the downstream direction due primarily to increased turbidity, and there was considerable local variation caused by changes in topography, riparian vegetation, and channel orientation. These local variations in E bed caused GPP to fluctuate greatly over short distances, as much as 2.1 g C m−2 d−1 over 260 m. When summed over the entire channel length, present-day, post-agricultural GPP (635 kg C d−1) was about eight times lower than estimated pre-agricultural GPP (4992 kg C d−1). Model simulations revealed that agricultural land use can cause an order of magnitude change in GPP, reduce or increase inter-sectional variability in GPP, and significantly alter broad spatial trends in GPP. Our basin-scale benthic light availability model is a tool that researchers can use to investigate relationships between light availability and ecosystem processes at broad spatial scales and also one that practitioners can use for more holistic fluvial ecosystem assessments.
Quartz presence in relationship to gibbsite stability in some highly weathered soils of Brazil

Determination of the mineralogical composition of six highly weathered soils of the Central Plateau of Brazil showed that the sand content (predominantly quartz) was not related to the relative amounts of gibbsite and kaolinite in the clay ( < 2 #m) fractions. The latter is in agreement with kinetic considerations of the involved mineral species, but in disagreement with thermodynamic considerations. However, that dissolution of quartz has been operative in these soils is indicated by an excellent relationship (r 2 = 0.96) between the amount of sand-size quartz and the reactive SiOe content of the clay fractions.
Nuclear localization of Rad51B is independent of Rad51C and BRCA2

Rad51B is one of the five paralogs of human Rad51 and is found in a multiprotein complex with three other Rad51 paralogs, Rad51C, Rad51D and Xrcc2. Participation of Rad51B in this complex depends on its direct interaction with Rad51C. Examination of EGFP-Rad51B fusion protein in HeLa S3 cells and immunofluorescence in several human cell lines reveal the nuclear localization of Rad51B. Mutations in the N-terminal KKLK motif of Rad51B (amino acids 4-7), result in the cytoplasmic localization of Rad51B suggesting that the KKLK sequence is the nuclear localization signal (NLS) for the Rad51B protein. Examination of wild-type EGFP-Rad51B fusion protein in hamster irs3 mutant cells, deficient in Rad51C, showed that Rad51B localizes to the nucleus independently of Rad51C, the only known direct binding partner for Rad51B. Utilization of a BRCA2 mutant cell line, CAPAN-1, showed that Rad51B also localizes to the nucleus independent of BRCA2. Although both Rad51B and BRCA2 are clearly involved in the homologous recombinational repair pathway, Rad51B and BRCA2 do not appear to associate. This study finds that a KKLK motif in the N-terminus of Rad51B serves as an NLS that allows Rad51B to localize to the nucleus independent of Rad51C or BRCA2.
On-line signal processing using J-DSP

The Java-DSP (J-DSP) on-line laboratory software has been developed from the ground up at Arizona State University to support the computer lab portion of the senior-level DSP course. J-DSP provides capabilities for web-based DSP simulations that can be run using a PC with a Java-enabled browser. J-DSP is accompanied by exercises that actively engage students in several concepts including Z-transforms, filter design, spectral analysis, and random signal processing. Tools and on-line instruments for assessment of the J-DSP software and the associated lab exercises have been developed and described in this letter. Statistical analysis of the pre/post assessment data revealed that the effect of student involvement and the student learning has been enhanced by using J-DSP.
Primary antiphospholipid syndrome-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.

Objective Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is an uncommon complication of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of primary APS–associated DAH in a single center. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all adults with primary APS–associated DAH evaluated at Mayo Clinic over a 15-year period. DAH was defined as bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid documenting progressively bloody returns and/or the presence of >20% hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Patients with other causes of DAH were excluded. Results Eighteen patients were identified (median age 43 years). Capillaritis was present in surgical lung biopsy samples of 3 patients. BAL differential cell counts revealed predominantly neutrophils. All patients were treated initially with glucocorticoids. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) was used in 8 patients; complete remission was achieved in 3 patients treated with CYC alone and in 1 patient receiving combination therapy with rituximab (RTX). RTX was used in 9 patients; 2 patients achieved remission with RTX alone, whereas 3 patients required combination therapy with CYC or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). No patient achieved complete remission while receiving single therapy with MMF, azathioprine, or plasma exchange. Intravenous gamma globulin therapy was administered in 5 patients; no patient achieved control of the disease. Six patients died, all because of complications related to uncontrolled DAH or its therapy. Conclusion We present the largest case series of primary APS–associated DAH reported in the literature. DAH carries a very poor prognosis and therapeutic options are limited. Immunosuppression with either CYC or RTX is associated with the highest likelihood of remission induction and should be considered early.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ORF6 Antagonizes STAT1 Function by Sequestering Nuclear Import Factors on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum/Golgi Membrane

The host innate immune response is an important deterrent of severe viral infection in humans and animals. Nuclear import factors function as key gatekeepers that regulate the transport of innate immune regulatory cargo to the nucleus of cells to activate the antiviral response. Using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as a model, we demonstrate that SARS-COV ORF6 protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi membrane in infected cells, where it binds to and disrupts nuclear import complex formation by tethering karyopherin alpha 2 and karyopherin beta 1 to the membrane. Retention of import factors at the ER/Golgi membrane leads to a loss of STAT1 transport into the nucleus in response to interferon signaling, thus blocking the expression of STAT1-activated genes that establish an antiviral state. We mapped the region of ORF6, which binds karyopherin alpha 2, to the C terminus of ORF6 and show that mutations in the C terminus no longer bind karyopherin alpha 2 or block the nuclear import of STAT1. We also show that N-terminal deletions of karyopherin alpha 2 that no longer bind to karyopherin beta 1 still retain ORF6 binding activity but no longer block STAT1 nuclear import. Recombinant SARS-CoV lacking ORF6 did not tether karyopherin alpha 2 to the ER/Golgi membrane and allowed the import of the STAT1 complex into the nucleus. We discuss the likely implications of these data on SARS-CoV replication and pathogenesis.
Distributed revision of belief commitment in multi-hypotheses interpretation

This paper extends the applications of belief-networks models to include the revision of belief commitments, i.e., the categorical instantiation of a subset of hypotheses which constitute the most satisfactory explanation of the evidence at hand. We show that, in singly-connected networks, the most satisfactory explanation can be found in linear time by a message-passing algorithm similar to the one used in belief updating. In multiply-connected networks, the problem may be exponentially hard but, if the network is sparse, topological considerations can be used to render the interpretation task tractable. In general, finding the most probable combination of hypotheses is no more complex than computing the degree of belief for any individual hypothesis.
Upwelling Detection in AVHRR Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Images using Neural-Network Framework

In this paper we present a novel method for the detection and segmentation of upwelling regions in AVHRR SST data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm on data from the Monterey Bay region, with prominent upwelling regions. A byproduct of the upwelling detection algorithm is the detection of frontal boundaries. The process is started with the training of a feed-forward back-propagation neural network for the purpose of finding regions of "uniform" temperatures, resulting in labeled clusters. Then statistical information is gathered from the various clusters. A quantitative criterion is developed that is used to test the existence of prominent upwelling region followed by detection and segmentation. The algorithm is applied on data from July 2003 to September 2003 and their results presented.
Bandwidth Improvement in Multimode Optical Fibers Via Scattering From Core Inclusions

We show that a controlled intentional mode coupling induced via scattering from core inclusions can substantially improve the bandwidth of graded index multimode fibers with centerline defect. We present a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the dielectric constant, size, density, and location of micrometer size inclusions on the bandwidth and attenuation of these fibers. We show that using a proper design, the bandwidth of a 1-km-long fiber can improve from 693-MHz to more than 2.5-GHz with less than 1-dB additional power loss. We also show that in practice, it is possible to obtain the desired level of mode coupling by exposing the photosensitive core of the fiber to a UV laser, therefore creating the micrometer size inclusions after the draw process.
Distribution of Bluetongue Virus in Tissues of Experimentally Infected Pregnant Dogs as Determined by In Situ Hybridization

Six female dogs (four pregnant and two nonpregnant) were inoculated with bluetongue virus (BTV), serotype 11. Pregnant animals and one nonpregnant dog received 5.5-6.3 log10 of cell culture-adapted virus. The other nonpregnant dog received a modified live vaccine contaminated with bluetongue virus. The non-pregnant animals never became clinically ill and were euthanatized 35 days post-inoculation. Three of the four pregnant dogs aborted, and all four died or were euthanatized 5-10 days post-inoculation. The predominant pathologic feature in the adults was severe pulmonary edema. Various tissues from the bitches and fetuses were examined by in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled probe corresponding to the nonstructural protein-1 gene of BTV-17. By this technique, viral nucleic acid was detected predominantly in endothelial cells of lung of all four dogs, with lesser amounts in capillaries of uterus, spleen, and kidney in some of the dogs. In two adult dogs, bluetongue viral nucleic acid was detected in mononuclear cells of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths of spleen. There was minimal staining of capillaries in placenta in three of the five fetuses examined. There was no viral nucleic acid detected in any of the other fetal tissues.
Chemotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic pulmonary carcinoid tumors

Objectives The optimal management of locally advanced and metastatic pulmonary carcinoid tumors remains to be determined.
Linear composites in multiattribute judgement and choice: Extensions of Wilks' results to zero and negatively correlated attributes

One of the most common ways of evaluating two or more options that vary along multiple criteria is to form linear composites that incorporate the decision maker's assessment of the relative importance of each criterion. Variations of this procedure are prevalent in both the behavioural and policy disciplines. Over 50 years ago Wilks (1 938) showed that if the criteria underlying the options are sufficiently highly correlated then the choice of weights does not matter, in the sense that the correlation between composites formed from any two independent sets of ratings tends to 1 as the number of criteria increases. Wilks' result, however, requires two assumptions, namely positively correlated attributes and independent choices of weights. Through various extensions of his results, we show that Wilks' conclusion is highly robust-nly extreme, simultaneous violation of both assumptions produces negatively correlated composites.
Marek’s Disease in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

When eighty families were exposed by contact to CR64 strain of acute Marek's disease virus (M.D.V.), IS families exhibited no lesions while all of the offspring in 3 families were affected. Gross and microscopic lesions of M.D. appeared when quail were 75 days of age (68 days post exposure). Lesions, which were generally present in the liver, spleen, kidney, and small intestines, were characterized by presence of heterogenous lymphoid cells and occasionally plasma cells. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 139-143, 1973 HE Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) has become more popular as an experimental animal because of its size, rapid maturation, and similarity to the domestic chicken. This study attemtped to evaluate the quail as an experimental ani­ mal model in Marek's disease (M.D.) re­ search.
Optomechanical Imaging: Biomechanic and Hemodynamic Responses of the Breast to Controlled Articulation

The optomechanical response of the breast was explored during fine articulation as a function of the applied force protocol. Comparisons between calculated internal pressure or stress maps and reconstructed hemodynamic images show strong correlations.
The role of the spleen in hemolysin production in rabbits receiving multiple antigen injections.

In a previous paper, we (1950) presented evidence that the spleen forms most of the antibody during the initial antibody rise in rabbits following a single injection of sheep red cells and then probably stops forming antibody at or near the peak serum titer. Splenic antibody then disappears at a constant logarithmic rate due to normal metabolic degradation until a constant or slowly declining level is reached which represents the continuing antibody production of nonsplenic sources. In the present study, our methods have been extended to splenectomized and intact rabbits receiving multiple antigen injections. Under these circumstances, not only is the spleen relatively less important, but hemolysin titers rise much higher in splenectomized than in intact animals. This work has been published in preliminary form (1951 and 1951b).
Timing of Food Plant Availability: Effect on Survival and Oviposition of the Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The objective of these experiments was to estimate the effects of large-scale adoption of delayed soybean planting on population dynamics of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), in the Midwest. If growers throughout a region (e.g., thousands of contiguous hectares) planted soybean at the end of the optimal planting period (i.e., late May), beetles would be forced to remain on alternate food plants until soybean emerged. To simulate this consequence of delayed soybean planting, overwintered adult C. trifurcata were caged on foliage of selected plant species for 5–28 d. Plants tested were alfalfa (‘Blazer’ and ‘Vernal’), oats (‘Starter’), wheat (‘Guard’), maize (‘Garst 8532’ and ‘Henze 6338’), and soybean (‘Corsoy 79’) as a control. Beetles that survived were transferred to soybean (‘Corsoy 79’) foliage for the remainder of their lives. In all treatments, female lifespans and oviposition rates were reduced significantly relative to the soybean control. Females caged on grasses had significantly shorter lifespans and lower oviposition rates than those caged on alfalfa. Lifespan and oviposition declined in proportion to number of days without soybean. Survivors from alfalfa regained relatively high oviposition rates once transferred to soybean. In contrast, beetles caged on grasses for 14 d or longer never oviposited even after being transferred to soybean. Results suggest that large-scale adoption of delayed soybean planting would reduce beetle survival and reproduction, with the magnitude of reductions being greatest in regions without alfalfa.
High fidelity GPS satellite simulation results

Lockheed Martin Mission Systems is developing a high fidelity simulator for the Air Force's Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite command and control operations. To accomplish this goal, each spacecraft subsystem was broken down into a series of algorithms that describes the subsystem dynamic behavior. The measurable effects produced by these algorithms were compared to actual GPS satellite data for algorithm validation. Several subsystems that posed particular difficulty include orbit determination, thermal control, and reaction control. The primary algorithms used to simulate these subsystems are included herein as well as a discussion pertaining to issues surrounding the development of these algorithms. Finally, some of the required anomalies are discussed along with their relation to the derived algorithms.
Nest-Site Selection by Abert's Squirrel: Chemical Characteristics of Nest Trees

Physical and chemical characteristics of 25 nest trees of Sciurus aberti were examined in an old-growth, ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) forest in northern Arizona. These characteristics were compared with control trees and with physical and chemical features of trees used by the squirrels as preferred sources of inner bark. Nest-site selection by Abert's squirrels was associated with specific chemical features of the phloem and xylem of nest trees. The phloem of nest trees had lower concentrations of copper, iron, and silicon, and higher levels of sodium and nonstructural carbohydrates than phloem of control trees. Percentage composition of α-pinene was lower in xylem oleoresin collected from nest trees than in oleoresin from control trees. Most nests were constructed in larger ponderosa pines, on the south to east side of the bole. Discriminant-function analysis based solely on chemical characteristics of phloem correctly classified 90.6% of the trees used in the analysis as either a nest tree or a control tree, suggesting that tree chemistry plays a role in nest-site selection by this species.
The impact of abuse and mood on bowel symptoms and health-related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common abdominal pain disorder without an organic explanation. Abuse histories (physical, sexual, emotional) are prevalent in IBS. While abuse relates to mood disorders (depression and anxiety) also common in IBS, the influence of abuse on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and its independence from psychological symptom comorbidity has not been studied. Methods Consecutive GI outpatients completed the ROME III Research Diagnostic Questionnaire and questionnaires on trauma (Life-Stress Questionnaire), mood (Beck Depression/Anxiety Inventories), somatic symptoms (PHQ-12), and HRQOL (SF-36). Current GI symptom severity and bother were assessed using 10-cm Visual Analog Scales. Key Results 272 ROME-defined IBS (47.6 ± 0.9 years, 81% female) and 246 non-FGID (51.6 ± 1.0 years, 65% female) subjects participated. IBS patients reported greater rates of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse (p < 0.006 each), and higher depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms (p < 0.001). Greater bowel symptom bother (7.4 ± 0.2 vs 6.7 ± 0.2, p = 0.040), severity (7.7 ± 0.2 vs 6.5 ± 0.2, p < 0.001), recent symptomatic days (9.8 ± 0.4 vs 8.5 ± 0.3, p = 0.02), and poorer HRQOL (40.9 ± 2.3 vs 55.5 ± 1.7, p < 0.001) were noted in IBS with abuse. Abuse effects were additive, with greater IBS symptom severity and poorer HRQOL noted in cases with multiple forms of abuse. Mediation analyses suggested that abuse effects on GI symptoms and HRQOL were partially mediated by mood. Conclusions & Inferences Abuse experiences common among IBS sufferers are associated with reports of greater GI symptoms and poorer HRQOL, particularly in those with multiple forms of abuse; this relationship may be partially mediated by concomitant mood disturbances.
Interaction of Gcn4 with target gene chromatin is modulated by proteasome function

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) influences gene transcription in multiple ways. One way in which the UPS affects transcription centers on transcriptional activators, the function of which can be stimulated by components of the UPS that also trigger their destruction. Activation of transcription by the yeast activator Gcn4, for example, is attenuated by mutations in the ubiquitin ligase that mediates Gcn4 ubiquitylation or by inhibition of the proteasome, leading to the idea that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Gcn4 is required for its activity. Here we probe the steps in Gcn4 activity that are perturbed by disruption of the UPS. We show that the ubiquitylation machinery and the proteasome control different steps in Gcn4 function and that proteasome activity is required for the ability of Gcn4 to bind to its target genes in the context of chromatin. Curiously, the effect of proteasome inhibition on Gcn4 activity is suppressed by mutations in the ubiquitin-selective chaperone Cdc48, revealing that proteolysis per se is not required for Gcn4 activity. Our data highlight the role of Cdc48 in controlling promoter occupancy by Gcn4 and support a model in which ubiquitylation of activators-not their destruction-is important for function.
Irradiation Creep and Growth

Creep is the time-dependent deformation of a metal under constant load and at high temperature (T/T m > 0.3). The metal responds by elongating with a strain defined as either the nominal strain, e, calculated from the original length of the sample.
The Greek Revolt and Tsar Nicholas’s First Turkish War

On the evening of 22 June 1827, after an Imperial review, a squadron of nine line ships, eight frigates, two corvettes and a brig of the Russian Baltic Fleet weighed anchor from Kronstadt and headed west.’ Vice-Admiral Dmitri Nikolaevich Seniavin, one of Russia’s most experienced naval officers, was in command.2 Commanding the flagship Azov-74 was Captain Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, future commander of the Black Sea Fleet;3 among the junior officers were Lieutenant Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, midshipmen Vladimir Ivanovich Istomin and Vladimir Alekseivich Kornilov, and gardemar-in Grigorii Ivanovich Butakov, future defenders of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. The ships were new, most having been built during the previous three years at the Archangel, Kronstadt, and St Petersburg Admiralty wharves.4 The Azov-74 had been built at Archangel in 1826 under the personal supervision of Lazarev.5 The squadron’s immediate destination was Portsmouth, where further orders would be waiting, a result of discussions in London between Russian, French, and British representatives on how best to achieve a solution to the Greek insurrection, a running sore that European diplomacy could no longer ignore.