cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in bioenergetics due to changes in mitochondrial DNA copy number

All mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded genes are involved in mitochondrial electron transport and ATP production. Alterations of mtDNA due to dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG) induce loss of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial ATP generation. Total intracellular ATP is generated by two energetic pathways, glycolysis and mitochondrial OXPHOS. Decreased ATP generation from mitochondria due to mitochondrial dysfunction induces compensatory upregulation of cytoplasmic glycolysis process, thus increasing the contribution of glycolysis to the total cellular ATP generation. Decreased mitochondrial respiration and ATP generation with concomitant enhanced glycolysis is associated with mitochondrial disease and cancer. This chapter introduces a novel assay using a pharmacological profiling strategy in combination with a Seahorse XF24 instrument, which quantifies mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate for the measurement of OXPHOS and glycolysis, respectively. This assay combined with an analysis of steady-state ATP levels was used to study the bioenergetics of cells depleted of mtDNA (rho0 cells).
Forskolin stimulates pinealocyte cGMP accumulation Dramatic potentiation by an α1-adrenergic → [Ca2+]i mechanism involving protein kinase C

The effect of forskolin on cGMP regulation was investigated using dispersed rat pinealocytes. Forskolin stimulated cGMP accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner; this response was strongly potentiated by an α1-adrenergic → [Ca2+]i mechanism involving protein kinase C. These findings provide further evidence that activation of two receptor-regulated signal transduction mechanisms may be commonly required for maximal stimulation of cGMP accumulation, and establish a new experimental approach to the study of cGMP regulation.
On the preparation of azepinones

We report here a simple and efficient preparation of 1H-azepin-5(2H)-ones and their unexpectedly facile isomerization to 1H-azepin-5(4H)-ones under mildly basic reaction conditions.
Access to knowledge from pictures but not words in a patient with progressive fluent aphasia

We present data from a patient with a progressive fluent aphasia, BA, who exhibited a severe verbal impairment but a relatively preserved access to knowledge from pictures. She exhibited surface dyslexia and dysgraphia and was impaired in the production of the past tense of irregular verbs and the plural form of irregular nouns. She exhibited a mild-moderate impairment in auditory and visual lexical decision tasks that, we argue, was explicable on the basis of a semantic deficit. Knowledge of numbers and body parts was largely preserved even when on tasks involving verbal stimuli. On the basis of this and other evidence, we argue for a distributed, multi-modality system for semantic memory in which information is stored in different brain regions and in different representational formats.
A Dimer of Escherichia coli UvrD is the active form of the helicase in vitro.

The Escherichia coli UvrD protein is a 3' to 5' SF1 DNA helicase involved in methyl-directed mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair of DNA. We have characterized in vitro UvrD-catalyzed unwinding of a series of 18 bp duplex DNA substrates with 3' single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) tails ranging in length from two to 40 nt. Single turnover DNA-unwinding experiments were performed using chemical quenched flow methods, as a function of both [UvrD] and [DNA] under conditions such that UvrD-DNA binding is stoichiometric. Although a single UvrD monomer binds tightly to the single-stranded/double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) junction if the 3' ssDNA tail is at least four nt, no unwinding was observed for DNA substrates with tail-lengths /=12 nt, and the unwinding amplitude displays a sigmoidal dependence on [UvrD(tot)]/[DNA(tot)]. Quantitative analysis of these data indicates that a single UvrD monomer bound at the ssDNA/dsDNA junction of any DNA substrate, independent of 3' ssDNA tail length, is not competent to fully unwind even a short 18 bp duplex DNA, and that two UvrD monomers must bind the DNA substrate in order to form a complex that is able to unwind short DNA substrates in vitro. Other proteins, including a mutant UvrD with no ATPase activity as well as a monomer of the structurally homologous E.coli Rep helicase, cannot substitute for the second UvrD monomer, suggesting a specific interaction between two UvrD monomers and that both must be able to hydrolyze ATP. Initiation of DNA unwinding in vitro appears to require a dimeric UvrD complex in which one subunit is bound to the ssDNA/dsDNA junction, while the second subunit is bound to the 3' ssDNA tail.
Development of partial thickness articular cartilage injury in an ovine model.

The purpose of this study was to create a controlled partial thickness cartilage lesion in a sheep model, and to provide a foundation to study the natural history of the progression of this lesion. Twenty-eight sheep divided into four groups (1, 12, 24, and 52 weeks, n = 7/group) were used in this study. In one stifle, a mechanical tool was used to create a 200 µm partial thickness lesion (1.5 × 1.5 cm2) on the medial femoral condyle via arthroscopy. Joint fluid was drawn presurgery and after euthanasia for analysis of collage II 3/4 C long (C2C). After euthanasia, the condyle was analyzed by gross appearance, confocal laser microscopy (CLM) for cell viability, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) for surface roughness, Artscan for cartilage stiffness, and histology for cartilage morphology. The gross appearance of the treated area appeared rough, soft, and swollen compared to untreated control over time. CLM demonstrated that the depth of cell death increased to 590 µm at 52 weeks after surgery. SEM demonstrated that the treated area became more irregular over time. Stiffness of the treated area was significantly less than control by 12 weeks after surgery. Histologic analysis demonstrated that the 12, 24, and 52 week groups had significantly poorer histologic scores than the 1 week group. Joint fluid analysis demonstrated that the treatment group at 1 week had significant higher levels of C2C than the pretreatment baseline data. The results of this study demonstrated that partial thickness injury of cartilage continued to propagate and degenerate over time in this sheep model. Options for the prevention or treatment of this lesion may be tested using this model in the future. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1974–1982, 2006
Introduction to molecular endocrine pathology.

The applications of molecular techniques to endocrine pathology have been rapidly expanding in the past few years. This article reviews some of the basic concepts and techniques in molecular biology and summarizes recent applications of these techniques in the study of endocrine diseases. The applications of clonal analysis, hybridization techniques, single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and the polymerase chain reaction technique in the study of neoplasms including specific mutations of oncogenes and suppressor genes in various endocrine tissues are discussed. The rapidly developing field of homeobox genes and their role in development including studies of normal pituitary development and pituitary tumor expression of the Pit-1 transcription factor, a member of the POU family of homeobox genes, are also summarized.Endocr Pathol 4:64-72, 1993.
Facial neuropathy with imaging enhancement of the facial nerve: a case report

ABSTRACT A young women developed unilateral facial neuropathy 2 weeks after a motor vehicle collision involving fractures of the skull and mandible. MRI showed contrast enhancement of the facial nerve. We review the literature describing facial neuropathy after trauma and facial nerve enhancement patterns with different causes of facial neuropathy.
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments revealed as dynamic and multipurpose scaffolds

Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal polymers encoded by a large family of differentially expressed genes that provide crucial structural support in the cytoplasm and nucleus of higher eukaryotes. Perturbation of their function accounts for several genetically determined diseases in which fragile cells cannot sustain mechanical and non-mechanical stresses. Recent studies shed light on how this structural support is modulated to meet the changing needs of cells, and reveal a novel role whereby intermediate filaments influence cell growth and death through dynamic interactions with non-structural proteins.
[3H]oestradiol metabolism by 18-day rat interstitial cells in culture and the effect of FSH: Presence of 16α-hydroxylase

The metabolism of [3H]oestradiol by interstitial cells in culture prepared from 18-day old rat testes was investigated. Interstitial cells were able to convert [3H]oestradiol to [3H]oestriol as confirmed by recrystallization of oestriol to constant specific activity from samples containing cells and not from controls. This demonstrated for the first time the presence of 16 alpha-hydroxylase in rat testicular interstitial cells. The effect of in vitro FSH treatment on the cells in culture was also investigated. FSH failed to affect 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity since we could not demonstrate a significant difference between treated and untreated preparations. The 16 alpha-hydroxylation of phenolic steroids is widely regarded as the major pathway of oestrogen metabolism in mammals. This metabolic step significantly reduces the biological activity of oestradiol. The presence of 16 alpha-hydroxylase in interstitial cells suggests that it may play a role in inactivating the oestradiol that is produced in the Leydig cells and thus prevent its intracellular accumulation. Such activity may conceivably play a role in the overall local "fine tuning" of androgen biosynthesis.
Simple explanations before complex theories: Alternative interpretations of Sirotin and Das’ observations

Abstract We make a few additional points regarding our discussion with Sirotin and Das' 2009 Nature paper and their 2011 NeuroImage response to our commentary. While we find their data interesting in itself, we remain concerned with how the data are interpreted by the authors. We discuss two categories of methodological issues that limit the conclusions one can draw from their results. (1) The measures of fit quality between the optical and electrical data : kernel shape variation, variance of predicted/measured signals, and R 2 , interact with each other and are confounded by the fact that one condition has a lower signal magnitude and therefore, lower signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). (2) Hemodynamic responses to distinct events will be incorrectly or inefficiently estimated if the hemodynamic responses overlap across periodic trials that are not jittered and have an inter-trial interval less than 15 s. Most importantly, the overlapping responses across trials might cause transient effects that look similar to the anticipatory effects presented by Sirotin and Das. While their study demonstrates a potentially useful way to probe neurovascular coupling, we believe the current results have little practical relevance for interpreting hemodynamic measures of neural activity such as those used in fMRI. We conclude by making several suggestions for future analyses, which might help elucidate the mechanisms behind these observations and lead to a better understanding of how these observations relate to hemodynamic based measures of neural activation.
Effects of Growth Factors and Stress Conditioning on the Induction of Heat Shock Proteins and Osteogenesis

Tissue engineering is an emerging field that focuses on development of methods for repairing and regenerating damaged or diseased tissue. Successful development of engineered tissues is often limited by insufficient cellular proliferation and insufficient formation of extracellular matrix. To induce effective bone regeneration, many research groups have investigated the cellular response and capability for tissue regeneration associated with bioreactor conditions and addition of growth factors [1]. Bioreactors in tissue engineering have been developed to expose cells to a similar stress environment as found within the body or induce elevated stress levels for potential induction of specific cellular responses associated with tissue regeneration. Native bone encounters a diverse array of dynamic stresses such as shear, tensile, and compression daily. Stress conditioning protocols in the form of thermal or tensile stress have been shown to induce up-regulation of molecular chaperones called heat shock proteins (HSPs) and bone-related proteins like MMP13 (matrix metallopeptidase 13) [2] and OPG (osteoprotegerin) [3, 4]. HSPs have important roles in enhancing cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Osteogenic growth factors such as TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) and BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) are related to bone remodeling and osteogenesis as well as HSP induction [5]. Therefore, identification of effective preconditioning using growth factors and stress protocols that enhance HSP expression could substantially advance development of bone regeneration. The purpose of this research was to identify preconditioning protocols using osteogenic growth factors and tensile stress applied through a bioreactor system to enhance expression of HSPs and bone-related proteins while minimizing cellular injury for ultimate use for bone regeneration.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Pseudoaneurysm of the profunda femoris artery following a long anterograde intramedullary nail for an unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture: A case report and review of the literature

The incidence of hip fracture has been on the increase and projected to be higher than 6 million cases by the year 2050. Complications due to surgical fixation of hip fractures include, but are not limited to, infection, mal or nonunion, avascular necrosis, hardware failure, neurovascular injuries, and death. Vascular complications after surgical hip fracture fixation are very rare. We report a patient who developed Pseudoaneurysm of the profunda femoris artery following an anterograde trochanteric entry long intramedullary nail for an unstable hip fracture. This patient presented 2 weeks postoperatively with weakness, dizziness, and loss of strength. Her hematocrit on presentation was 19.7, and the arterial duplex showed a 6 × 7 cm pseudoaneurysm in the profunda femoris artery. Vascular coil embolization was performed, and the patient fully recovered. Discussion of this particular case and complication along with a full literature review on the topic of pseudoaneurysm after fracture fixation is presented.
Cerebellar histamine-H1 receptor distribution: An autoradiographic study of purkinje cell degeneration, staggerer, weaver and reeler mutant mouse strains

The distribution of 3H-mepyramine binding sites in cerebellae of normal mice and Purkinje cell degeneration, staggerer, weaver and reeler mutant mice was studied by light microscopic autoradiography. The binding of 3H-mepyramine to 20 micron coronal sections through the cerebellum and medulla had the characteristics expected of histamine-H1 receptor labeling. In the cerebellar cortex of normal mice, a high density of 3H-mepyramine binding was observed over the molecular layer and an intermediate density over the Purkinje cell layer, while the granule cell layer and white matter were almost devoid of labeling. The deep cerebellar nuclei were labeled to an intermediate density. In the 54 day old Purkinje cell degeneration mutant cerebellum, which is depleted of Purkinje cells, a greatly reduced labeling of the cerebellar cortex was observed. Labeling in the deep cerebellar nuclei was unaffected. In the 27 day old staggerer cerebellum, a mutation characterized by Purkinje cells which are almost devoid of spines and which do not form synaptic contacts with granule cells, a higher than normal grain density was seen over the cerebellar cortex, while normal grain density was observed over the deep cerebellar nuclei. The cerebellar cortex of 81 day old weaver mice, which is almost devoid of granule cells, had a high grain density over medial regions of the cortex, while the portion of the granule cell layer which remained relatively unaffected in the lateral parts of the cerebellum was unlabeled. The deep cerebellar nuclei had grain densities similar to littermate controls. In the 29 day old reeler cerebellae, which contain malpositioned Purkinje cells, high grain density regions corresponding to the heterotopically located Purkinje cells were observed. The present observations suggest that cerebellar cortical histamine-H1 receptors are associated predominantly with Purkinje cells. Furthermore, the expression of these H1 receptors appears not to be adversely affected by several alterations in the Purkinje cell environment, which have previously been shown to dramatically influence Purkinje cell morphology.
Some Like It Hot: Teaching Strategies for Managing Tactical Versus Genuine Anger in Negotiations

A critically important skill in any negotiation is the ability to manage the emotions that are inevitably evoked by conflict. Anger is one of the most widely studied emotions that occur in negotiation. The purpose of this article is to introduce strategies for managing tactical and genuine anger in negotiations. The difference between tactical and genuine anger is discussed along with different strategies for managing each of these types of anger. The article concludes with advice for instructors to help negotiation students acquire experience in managing both their own and the other party’s anger.
Adaptations of Aboriginal justice in the United States

Aboriginal justice in the United States is unique for two reasons. First, Aboriginal Natives subscribed to the Harmony Ethos, a system whereby Natives did not detach themselves from nature. Unlike Western cultures, they lived cooperatively with ‘Mother Earth’, ‘Father Sky’ and everything these two entities represented. Secondly, no other group in US history has been subjected to the magnitude of deliberate policies aimed at their destruction. Manifest physical genocide towards Native peoples was exercised and sanctioned by the US government until the 1890s while the more subtle practice of ‘cultural genocide’ continues to the present. Yet, in spite of these assaults on Native culture, attributes of their Aboriginal ways have not only survived but have experienced a resurgence within the past decade. Unfortunately, it appears that the more Native traditions survive, the more adamant are local, state, and federal efforts towards destroying any remnants of traditional values and customs including tribal autonomy.
Focusing on the Positive: A Review of the Role of Child Positive Affect in Developmental Psychopathology

This review proposes a transactional model of child positive affect (PA) to reflect the ways that PA, in various contexts, may confer both risk and protection for psychosocial adjustment. Though research has largely explored the ways that low PA relates to maladjustment in youth, much less research has focused on the ways that PA can facilitate adjustment, particularly under conditions of risk. Yet, theory suggests that a greater emphasis on PA as a protective factor is an important endeavor in developmental psychopathology research; such conceptual issues are explored in this review. This review also seeks to spur a more nuanced approach to the study of child PA through the use of increased multi-method, longitudinal assessments as well as the consideration of contextual factors. Building upon this research base is important for aiding in the development of intervention and prevention efforts that attempt to promote positive psychosocial development and mitigate the course of psychopathology in youth at risk for PA difficulties.
A method for the automatic generation of triangular elements on a surface

An algorithm is given to discretize a polygon or curved surface into triangular arrays. The method first involves the manual division of the array into quadrilaterals with specified numbers on rows and columns. The individual points are then filled in automatically and elements are automatically generated. A point of particular importance is that the number of columns or rows may be made to change. A subroutine is given to perform this task.
Some results for type I censored sampling from geometric distributions

This paper gives the likelihood function for a Type I censored sample from the geometric distribution with parameter p, and the maximum likelihood estimator for p. Exact and asymptotic sampling distributions of joint sufficient statistics for p are derived. Such distributional results make it possible to develop tests or confidence intervals based on discrete censored data, which are not available now in the literature. Neyman-Pearson tests for p are developed. Examples are given to illustrate these results.
Penrose pair production as a power source of quasars and active galactic nuclei

Penrose pair production in massive canonical Kerr black holes (those with a/M equal to 0.998) is proposed as a way to explain the nature of the vast fluctuating energy production associated with active galactic nuclei and quasars. It is assumed that a Kerr black hole with a mass of the order of 100 million solar masses lies at the center of an active nucleus and that an accretion disk is formed. Penrose pair production in the inner ergosphere of such a massive canonical Kerr black hole is analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) particle pairs are ejected within a 40 deg angle relative to the equator; (2) the particle energy is of the order of 1 GeV per pair; (3) the pressure of the electron-positron relativistic gas is proportional to the electron-positron number density; (4) pair production may occur in bursts; and (5) the overall lifetime of an active nucleus would depend on the time required to exhaust the disk of its matter content. A test of the theory is suggested which involves observation of the 0.5-MeV pair-annihilation gamma rays that would be generated by annihilating particle pairs.
Virtual Intergovernmental Linkage Through the Environmental Information Exchange Network

Over the past decade the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the states have partnered in developing a web-based information sharing initiative that provides state environmental agencies easy access to federal environmental monitoring data and to the environmental data of other states, and gives the EPA access to data from state sources. The Environmental Information Exchange Network (EIEN) has established basic data exchange nodes in each of the states. Using multiple regression analysis we investigate the factors that account for the number and development stage of the data exchanges in which the states participate as of 2009. Overall, we find that administrative factors, especially the EPA's grant program, are more important than political or environmental conditions. Participation in the exchanges is important not only as a way to reduce costs for data reporting and communication, but also as a precursor to greater eventual interstate environmental collaboration. Though clear evidence of a transition to collaboration is not yet seen here, there are some indications it may emerge in time.
Optimal Expenditures for Agricultural Research and Extension: Implications of Underfunding

Significant increases in agricultural productivity will be needed for the United States to meet its future food policy goals related to an abundant and stable food supply. The nation's ability to meet this challenge will depend on the level of investment in agricultural research and extension. Each dollar of underfunding relative to the economically efficient level of research and extension expenditures (a) will cost the government $2.56 ($1.50 discounted) if it later makes up for the low investment level or (b) will cost consumers $4.39 ($3.07 discounted) if the government does not make up for the low level of investment.
Mechanical damping using adhesive micro or nano powders

A particle dynamics simulation model is developed and used to design a mechanical damping device that uses micro or nano powders as the damping medium. A damping device based on a powder has the advantage over the traditional use of a viscous fluid of temperature insensitive operation. Adhesion forces significantly affect the behavior of small particles. The damping mechanism targeted stems from energy dissipated due to the breaking of many adhesive particle contacts. Adhesive contacts can dissipate energy due to hysteresis in the force between particle loading and unloading. In this work adhesion hysteresis is added to the JKR model of adhesive contact and then used in particle dynamics simulations. The effects of adhesive properties and packing densities are studied in two device geometries (shear and piston) using simulation.
TiSi2 phase transformation characteristics on narrow devices

Accurate prediction of TiSi2 transformation requires test structures with small silicided surface areas. To evaluate the area dependence of the C49 to C54 transformation, a new monitor was developed with minimal silicide surface area. Small area structures were found to exhibit a bimodal resistance distribution that was nearly insensitive to process transformation conditions. Starvation for C54 nucleation sites resulted in a high frequency of non-transformation even at high annealing temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the Ti silicide in these structures is either C49 or C54 phase, with little or no mixed phases present. A cooperative C54 nucleation mechanism is proposed to explain this phenomena. The presence of small quantities of a molybdenum impurity such as molybdenum during silicide formation has been found to increase the availability of C54 forming nuclei by two orders to magnitude. The molybdenum acts as a catalyst and does not require interface mixing or the creation of an amorphous Si layer to enhance nucleation. The addition of molybdenum has been demonstrated to eliminate the bimodal resistance distribution.
Point source moving above a finite impedance reflecting plane - Experiment and theory

A widely used experimental version of the acoustic monopole consists of an acoustic driver of restricted opening forced by a discrete frequency oscillator. To investigate the effects of forward motion on this source, it was mounted above an automobile and driven over an asphalt surface at constant speed past a microphone array. The shapes of the received signal were compared to results computed from an analysis of a fluctuating‐mass‐type point source moving above a finite impedance reflecting plane. Good agreement was found between experiment and theory when a complex normal impedance representative of a fairly hard acoustic surface was used in the analysis.
OXIDATION STATES AND ASCENT HISTORY OF THE APOLLO 17 VOLCANIC BEADS AS INFERRED FROM METAL-GLASS EQUILIBRIA

Abstract The composition, mode of occurrence, and relationships of metal blebs in the Apollo 17 74001/2 core have been examined to provide insight into variations in oxidation states during ascent and eruption of the lunar volcanic glasses. The 74001/2 core is composed of ∼99% orange volcanic glasses and their crystallized equivalents (black beads), with olivine phenocrysts, metal blebs, and, in the upper 8 cm of the core, lithic fragments composing the remaining 1%. In an analysis of this core, twenty-nine metal blebs larger than 4 μm in size were discovered in thin sections taken along the length of the 68 cm deep core. These blebs are classified into three types on the basis of their shape, composition, and distribution. Fourteen of the metal blebs were found trapped inside or between olivine phenocrysts (Type I blebs). Microprobe analyses showed that these spherical blebs have a homogeneous composition of 85% Fe, 14% Ni, and 1.1% Co from core to rim. Six Type II rounded blebs were discovered trapped inside volcanic beads. Their core compositions are similar to the Type I but near the rim these blebs have a sharp decrease in Fe and increase in Ni content. In the lower half of the 74001/2 core where the beads are predominantly black, many contain ≤5 μm amoeba-shaped Type III metal blebs. Type III blebs are composed of Fe with trace amounts of Ni. Two angular metal fragments could not be classified into any of the three types. We propose that the Type I blebs formed initially at 4.0 km depth and 1.3 log units below IW at a pressure of 200 bars and a temperature of 1320°C by the formation of CO gas during graphite oxidation. Once trapped by olivine phenocrysts, the blebs were buffered from further reactions with the melt. The Type II blebs remained in contact with the melt during ascent and experienced loss of Fe to the surrounding melt phase by oxidation reactions which range from 1.3 to 0.9 log below IW. Finally, Type III blebs formed either by exsolution of Fe during crystallization in the fire fountain or by loss of volatiles originally coordinated with Fe to the volcanic gas phase under the reduced conditions in the fountain.
Chronically administered nicotine attenuates bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation and aggravates arthritis-induced joint injury in the rat.

We recently showed that acute administration of nicotine in the rat decreases bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation and that adrenal medullary-derived epinephrine, acting at a beta 2-adrenergic receptor, mediates the nicotine effect. Since agents which decrease bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation have been associated with increased joint injury in a rat model of chronic inflammation (experimental arthritis induced by subcutaneous injection of Mycobacterium butyricum) we examined the effect of chronic nicotine on both plasma extravasation and the severity of joint injury. In normal rats, bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation was decreased after nicotine administered both by repeated injection (10(-2) mg/kg, s.c., once per h for 4 h) and by continuous long-term infusion (subcutaneous mini-osmotic pump; 1.5 x 10(-3) mg/kg per h for 30 days). Nicotine-induced inhibition of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation did not show tachyphylaxis. In rats with arthritis, chronic administration of nicotine also produced a decrease in bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation. This effect of chronic nicotine in the arthritic rats was antagonized by co-administration of hexamethonium (a nicotinic receptor antagonist), by surgical removal of the adrenal medulla, or by co-administration of ICI-118,551 (a beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist). Chronic administration of nicotine decreased the latency to the onset of arthritis and, in a dose-dependent manner, led to an increase in the radiographic joint injury score.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Identification of Fatigue Biomarkers in Treated and Treatment-Naive HIV Patients: Preliminary Results

Objective assessment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related fatigue has been elusive because the biological mechanisms are not well characterized. We tried to identify low-abundance plasma proteins that correlate with self-reported fatigue intensity in people living with HIV. We used plasma samples from 32 patients with HIV with varying degrees of fatigue who were either treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or treatment naive. The plasma samples were enriched for low-abundance proteins and trypsinized. The peptides were analyzed using shotgun proteomics. Five targets correlated with severity of fatigue: apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), histine-rich glycoprotein, alpha-1 B glycoprotein, and orosomucoid 2. These targets were selected based on total abundance and spectral count differences, and ApoA1 and ApoB were analyzed via Western blots to verify the mass spectrometry results. ApoA1 levels were higher in untreated patients, while ApoB results suggested a possible positive trend in treated patients. Further analysis is needed to identify additional low-abundance proteins and confirm already-identified proteins as potential fatigue biomarkers.
Temporal characterization of changes in hippocampal cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus

Abstract Several reports have focused on the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in hyperexcitability, particularly in seizure and epilepsy models. Our laboratory recently characterized a novel plasticity change of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor in hippocampi of epileptic rats following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). This long-term redistribution included selective layer-specific changes in CB1 receptor expression within distinct hippocampal subregions. However, the temporal characteristics of this redistribution during the development of epilepsy had not been examined. Therefore, this study was initiated to evaluate the time course by which pilocarpine-induced SE produced changes in CB1 receptor expression. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that within 1 week following SE, there was a pronounced loss in CB1 receptor expression throughout the hippocampus, while staining in many interneurons was preserved. By 1 month post-SE, pilocarpine-treated animals began to display epileptic seizures, and CB1 receptor expression was characteristic of the redistribution observed in long-term epileptic rats, with decreases in CB1 receptor immunoreactivity in the stratum pyramidale neuropil and dentate gyrus inner molecular layer, and increases in the strata oriens and radiatum of CA1–3. Observed changes in CB1 receptor expression were confirmed at multiple time points by western blot analysis. The data indicate that overall decreases in expression following SE preempt a long-lasting CB1 receptor redistribution, and that differential responses occur within the hippocampus to initial CB1 receptor losses. This suggests a role for dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system during epileptogenesis and indicates that the CB1 receptor redistribution temporally correlates with the emergence of epileptic seizures.
Invited Paper Digital System Applications Of Optical Interconnections

Optical communications technology has seen highly successful implementations in telecommunications and local area networks and is now being explored for data, control, and clock applications within digital systems, such as computers and signal processors. The requirements for optical interconnections within these systems are significantly different from those applications where optical communications are used today. Digital systems require short high-speed interconnections with miniature transmit/receive modules that dissipate little power. These interconnections must also be compatible with standard digital packaging, power supply voltages, and environmental conditions. This paper explores insertion opportunities for optical interconnections within digital systems, the implementation issues, and specific examples of this technology.
EQUIVARIANT DERIVED CATEGORIES, ZUCKERMAN FUNCTORS AND LOCALIZATION

In this paper we revisit some now classical constructions of modern representation theory: Zuckerman’s cohomological construction and the localization theory of Bernstein and Beilinson. These constructions made an enormous impact on our understanding of representation theory during the last decades (see, for example, [19]). Our present approach and interest is slightly different than usual. We approach these constructions from the point of view of a student in homological algebra and not representation theory. Therefore, we drop certain assumptions natural from the point of view of representation theorists and stress some unifying principles.
TOR and RAS pathways regulate desiccation tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Tolerance to desiccation in cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is inducible; only one in a million cells from an exponential culture survive desiccation compared with one in five cells in stationary phase. Here we exploit the desiccation sensitivity of exponentially dividing cells to understand the stresses imposed by desiccation and their stress response pathways. We found that induction of desiccation tolerance is cell autonomous and that there is an inverse correlation between desiccation tolerance and growth rate in glucose-, ammonia-, or phosphate-limited continuous cultures. A transient heat shock induces a 5000–fold increase in desiccation tolerance, whereas hyper-ionic, -reductive, -oxidative, or -osmotic stress induced much less. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the Sch9p-regulated branch of the TOR and Ras-cAMP pathway inhibits desiccation tolerance by inhibiting the stress response transcription factors Gis1p, Msn2p, and Msn4p and by activating Sfp1p, a ribosome biogenesis transcription factor. Among 41 mutants defective in ribosome biogenesis, a subset defective in 60S showed a dramatic increase in desiccation tolerance independent of growth rate. We suggest that reduction of a specific intermediate in 60S biogenesis, resulting from conditions such as heat shock and nutrient deprivation, increases desiccation tolerance.
Comparison of heparinized saline and 0.9% sodium chloride for maintaining peripheral intravenous catheter patency in dogs

Objective To determine whether heparinized saline would be more effective in maintaining the patency of peripheral IV catheters in dogs compared to 0.9% sodium chloride. Design Prospective blinded randomized study. Setting University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Animals Thirty healthy purpose bred dogs, intended for use in the junior surgery laboratory, were utilized. The dogs were randomized into 1 of 3 groups, 2 treatment groups and a control group. Interventions An 18-Ga cephalic catheter was placed in the cephalic vein of each dog. Each dog in the treatment group had their catheter flushed with either 10 IU/mL heparinized saline or 0.9% sodium chloride every 6 hours for 42 hours. The dogs in the control group did not have their catheters flushed until the end of the study period. Immediately prior to flushing catheters, each catheter was evaluated for patency by aspiration of blood and the catheter site was evaluated for phlebitis. Measurements and Main Results All dogs in the heparinized saline and 0.9% sodium chloride group had catheters that flushed easily at each evaluation point. More dogs in the saline group had catheters from which blood could not be aspirated, but there was no significant difference between these groups. All dogs in the control group had catheters that flushed easily at the end of the assigned 6 hour interval except in 1 dog. Phlebitis was not detected in any dog. Conclusions Flushes of 0.9% sodium chloride were found to be as effective as 10 IU/mL heparinized saline flushes in maintaining patency of 18-Ga peripheral venous catheters in dogs for up to 42 hours. For peripheral catheters placed with the intention of performing serial blood draws, heparinized flushes may be warranted.
Dynamical Model of Spontaneously Broken Gauge Symmetries

We demonstrate how a theory consisting of massless Fermi and vector-meson fields can lead to an excitation spectrum of solely massive particles. We eschew spinless Bose fields in the fundamental Lagrangian, contrary to current practice. A detailed model is presented and solved in lowest order. Fermion and axial-vector-meson masses are spontaneously generated, and the vector particle's mass is computed in terms of the fermion mass.
Object oriented tools for multisensor data fusion for an SIMD computer

The interpretation of remote sensing images challenges the image processing community not only by a variety of difficulties which are to be solved during the creation of an application but also by the computational effort required to run it. The solution to overcome the latter restriction is the use of parallel computers. However, programming such machines is another challenge. The present paper aims towards the design and implementation of powerful tools allowing the user to generate a remote sensing application even on images obtained from a variety of sensors, by icon manipulation. A graph of icons is parsed and a source code free of errors is produced in Objective C for an AIS-3500 massively parallel computer. The environment was used to generate an "Automated Road Detection" system running on the above parallel computer. The system was tested on images from Ottawa area. >
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF A TWO-STAGE TANDEM QUEUING SYSTEM WITH FLEXIBLE SERVERS

We consider the optimal control of two parallel servers in a two-stage tandem queuing system with two flexible servers. New jobs arrive at station 1, after which a series of two operations must be performed before they leave the system. Holding costs are incurred at rate h1 per unit time for each job at station 1 and at rate h2 per unit time for each job at station 2.The system is considered under two scenarios; the collaborative case and the noncollaborative case. In the prior, the servers can collaborate to work on the same job, whereas in the latter, each server can work on a unique job although they can work on separate jobs at the same station. We provide simple conditions under which it is optimal to allocate both servers to station 1 or 2 in the collaborative case. In the noncollaborative case, we show that the same condition as in the collaborative case guarantees the existence of an optimal policy that is exhaustive at station 1. However, the condition for exhaustive service at station 2 to be optimal does not carry over. This case is examined via a numerical study.
Dissociated neglect behavior following sequential strokes in the right hemisphere.

plasmy in members of both families, including the 2 mothers. Single mtDNA deletions, occurring in a mother and her son, were previously reported 1131, but they differed in the 2 patients by size and localization, making direct transmission of the mutation unlikely. Since in all our patients deletions were present in different tissues, the origin of heteroplasmy must be traced back to a somatic mutation occurring at a stage earlier than organogenesis. In mouse C141 and Xenopus laevis 1151 embryos, mtDNA content increases tremendously during organogenesis. As a result, enormous amplification could occur even of a single deleted mtDNA, which because of its smaller size, replicates faster than wild-type mtDNA. Furthermore, the rapid cell proliferation will promote mitotic segregation, “loss” of mutant mtDNAs in the extrafetal structures, and negative selection of respiratory-deficient cells. These can be important clues to understanding the variability in the quantitative distribution of the heteroplasmic mtDNAs in different clinical phenotypes.
Pores galore for the Golgi

Strict control of cisternal pH in the Golgi is required for posttranslational modification and trafficking of proteins and lipids. A chloride channel to neutralize the charge of the proton pump and to keep the Golgi membrane potential near zero has finally been discovered.
Design for Scalability: A Case Study of the River City Curriculum

One-size-fits-all educational innovations do not work because they ignore contextual factors that determine an intervention’s efficacy in a particular local situation. This paper presents a framework on how to design educational innovations for scalability through enhancing their adaptability for effective usage in a wide variety of settings. The River City multi-user virtual environment (MUVE), a technology-based curriculum designed to enhance engagement and learning in middle school science, is presented as a case study. To date over 250 teachers and 15,000 students throughout the United States and Canada have participated in the River City curriculum. Designers creating and evolving interventions can use this scaling framework to help them increase effectiveness, sustainability, and spread.
An approach for confirmatory measurement and structural equation modeling of organizational properties

A crucial undertaking in research on organizations is to obtain valid estimates of the organization-level constructs and their relationships to one another. One organizational research methodology has multiple individuals within each firm act as informants and report their perceptions of these constructs. Drawing upon past work, a comprehensive, confirmatory measurement approach is presented that enables delineation of the organizational constructs of interest from potential sources of measurement error in multiple informant reports. A confirmatory composition model first specifies the relationship between measurements taken from multiple informants and organization-level indicators of organizational constructs. This model provides an explicit representation of the informants' perceptual agreement with respect to each measure, the bias in their responses due to their particular perspectives on the firm, and random measurement error. Measures which demonstrate significant perceptual agreement across informants are retained as organization-level indicators. A confirmatory measurement model is then presented that relates the defined indicators to their posited underlying organizational constructs, with the constructs allowed to freely inter-correlate. Finally, a structural model relates the constructs to one another as specified by some theory. The structure model in conjunction with the measurement model permits a comprehensive assessment of the construct validity of the organizational properties. An extension of the approach is also discussed where the assessment of commonalities and differences between different kinds of organizations with respect to some theoretical model is of interest. An illustration of the confirmatory approach is given, drawing upon data from a study of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working relationships.
A Breakdown of Reliability Coefficients by Test Type and Reliability Method, and the Clinical Implications of Low Reliability

The author presented descriptive statistics for 937 reliability coefficients for various reliability methods (e.g., alpha) and test types (e.g., intelligence). He compared the average reliability coefficients with the reliability standards that are suggested by experts and found that most average reliabilities were less than ideal. Correlations showed that over the past several decades there has been neither a rise nor a decline in the value of internal consistency, retest, or interjudge reliability coefficients. Of the internal consistency approaches, there has been an increase in the use of coefficient alpha, whereas use of the split-half method has decreased over time. Decision analysis and true-score confidence intervals showed how low reliability can result in clinical decision errors.
Implementation and Experimental Validation of Cycle Ambiguity Resolution with Position Domain Integrity Risk Constraints

Cycle ambiguity resolution in applications that require both high accuracy and high integrity is challenging. This paper describes new results, implementation details, and experimental validation for the Enforced Position-domain Integrity-risk Cycle resolution algorithm (EPIC). EPIC computes tight bounds on the integrity risk of cycle resolution by evaluating the impact of incorrect fixes in the position domain. Although the fundamentals of EPIC were mathematically formulated in previous work, EPIC was limited to simple snapshot-fixing systems (using least squares estimation). In this paper, EPIC's capabilities are expanded to more general applications that include Kalman filtering in the position estimation process. Practical implementation issues, such as using partially-fixed ambiguity vectors in the filter, dealing with satellite geometry changes and cycle slips, re-fixing the re-acquired satellites without jeopardizing integrity, and sensitivity analysis are thoroughly addressed. Finally, experimental validation is provided and the results are compared with other methods for integrity-constrained cycle resolution.