cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel, high-resolution carbon and sulfur isotope records of the evolving Paleozoic marine sulfur reservoir

Links between the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur are expressed in the evolving stable isotope composition of the ocean. Carbonate rocks record the inorganic carbon isotope composition of the oceanic reservoir through geological time, along with the sulfate sulfur isotope composition preserved as carbonate-associated sulfate (CAS). An inverse relationship exists between the first-order carbon and sulfur records of the Paleozoic; however, the isotope curves also reveal higher-frequency variations superimposed on the first-order (10 7 –10 8 yr) trend. Because of links between carbon and sulfur cycling, high-resolution, CASbased S isotope data have the potential to shed essential light on the mechanisms behind carbon isotope excursions observed in the geologic record. Results from the Late Cambrian SPICE event at Shingle Pass, Nevada, show parallel positive C (5‰) and S (25‰) isotope excursions, likely recording a large-scale marine organic carbon burial event with sympathetic pyrite burial. Carbon and sulfur records from other events throughout the Paleozoic reveal different and evolving relationships. A Silurian–Devonian boundary section at Strait Creek, West Virginia, reveals a positive C excursion of 6‰ but with an enigmatic, apparently negative S excursion (15‰) antithetic to the C shift. By contrast, a Kinderhookian–Osagean (Early Mississippian) section in the Confusion Range, Utah, shows invariant S isotope ratios across a C isotope excursion of 6‰. The coupling of the high-resolution C–S isotope records may have weakened in the mid-to-late Paleozoic with decreasing sensitivity of the seawater S isotope reservoir to flux changes as the marine sulfate concentrations increased through the Paleozoic. The progressively decreasing isotopic variability of CAS across three positive carbon excursions suggests that the Paleozoic was transitional between a Proterozoic ocean with rapid isotopic variability and thus low sulfate concentration and the comparatively more stable isotopic properties of a relatively more sulfate-rich Mesozoic and Cenozoic ocean. Furthermore, the emergence of the terrestrial ecosystems during the late middle and late Paleozoic yielded new loci of organic burial that also likely played a central role in the decoupling carbon and sulfur isotope records. Organic carbon burial in these sulfate-limited environments occurred in the absence of significant pyrite burial. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Phase Shift of the Asymmetric Friedel-Anderson Impurity

The ground state of the asymmetric Friedel-Anderson (aFA) impurity is calculated within the FAIR (Friedel artificially inserted resonance) theory. Its properties are investigated by means of the fidelity with different Friedel impurities and by its Friedel oscillations. Friedel impurities with a specific phase shift δ at the Fermi level possess a finite fidelity with the aFA impurity. This phase shift δ determines other properties of the aFA impurity such as the amplitude and displacement of its Friedel oscillations. One can find the parameters of a Friedel impurity which coincides in its Friedel oscillations almost perfectly with the aFA impurity, thereby avoiding an Anderson orthogonality catastrophe.
The role of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of thymic neoplasia.

Background: Fine needle aspiration biopsy is commonly used to document the metastasis to the mediastinum. It is less often used to make the primary diagnosis of tumors, particularly thymic neoplasms. This is due to fear of sampling error, rarity of thymic tumors, multiplicity of lesions in the mediastinum, and inexperience on the part of the cytopathologist. We show that needle aspiration sampling of thymic tumors, both thymoma and thymic carcinoma, is an accurate method of diagnosis. Methods and Results: In our series of 22 thymic tumors aspirated preoperatively and compared with the subsequent surgical resection, the accuracy of a diagnosis of thymoma was 100%, and the accuracy of a diagnosis of carcinoma was 100%. Difficulties were encountered when vague terminology was used, and insufficient information was conveyed. Immunohistochemical stains can be applied to cytologic material to aid in the identification of the epithelial and lymphocytic components of thymoma. Discussion: Correlation with clinical and radiographic information is necessary, and wording of the cytology report should be as complete and clear as possible.
Magnetooptic Quadrilayer Reliability And Performance

The stability of magnetooptic recording films based on rare earth - transition metal alloys has been investigated. Experimental results show two distinct degradation processes, one of which has been identified as oxidation of the active layer, the other of which appears to be a thermally activated relaxation of the microstructure. Performance data are presented for newly developed, stable structures which exhibit virtually unchanged 55-60 dB C/N ratios after annealing at 200 degrees centigrade in air. Environmental stability is discussed.
Heterolytic cleavage of H2 by bifunctional manganese(I) complexes: impact of ligand dynamics, electrophilicity, and base positioning

We report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity with H2 of a series of MnI complexes of the type [(P–P)Mn(L2)CO]+ (L2 = dppm, bppm, or (CO)2; P–P = PPhNMePPh or PPh2NBn2) that bear pendant amine ligands designed to function as proton relays. The pendant amine was found to function as a hemilabile ligand; its binding strength is strongly affected by the ancillary ligand environment around Mn. Tuning the electrophilicity of the Mn center leads to systems capable of reversible heterolytic cleavage of the H–H bond. The strength of pendant amine binding can be balanced to protect the Mn center while still leading to facile reactivity with H2. Neutral MnIH species bearing pendant amines in the diphosphine ligand were found to react with one-electron oxidants and, after proton and electron transfer reactions, regenerate cationic MnI species. The reactivity presented herein indicates that the Mn complexes we have developed are a promising platform for development of Mn-based H2 oxidation electrocatalysts.
Political Literature and the Response of the Reader: Experimental Studies of Interpretation, Imagery, and Criticism

The influence of political literature has often proved elusive to empirical political science, partly because of the subjectivity of literary response, and partly because of social science methods which are largely incapable of dealing with subjective phenomena in a satisfactory way. A distinction is made between the experimental methods of expression which focus on objective responses, and the methods of impression which focus on subjective responses. Experimental methods are then applied to interpretations of Golding's Lord of the Flies, to the effects on imagery of reading Mazlish's In Search of Nixon, and to reactions to Burdick's The Ninth Wave. An illustration is also given of the experimental study of literary response in the single case.
Multiple Recurrent Serosanguineous Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachments in Black Women

Three middle-aged black women suffered recurrent, multiple, bilateral, asymmetric, serosanguineous retinal pigment epithelial detachments. These involved the posterior fundus with resolution and recurrences producing subretinal hemorrhages, vitreous hemorrhages, retinal pigment epithelial pigmentary mottling, and chorioretinal scars. Fluorescein angiography showed evidence of choroidal neovascular membranes, choroidal serosanguineous leaks, or both. Ocular inflammation was not evident. Systemic laboratory tests were noncontributory. The clinical pattern was not characteristic of any other entity producing serosanguineous retinal pigment epithelial detachments. The origin remains to be defined.
Reading reaction times of stuttering and nonstuttering subjects to unilaterally presented concrete and abstract words

Abstract The present study was an attempt to investigate further the issues pertaining to cerebral organization for visual language processing in a stuttering and nonstuttering population. Reading reaction times were obtained for a group of 14 stutterers and 14 nonstutterers to unilateral, tachistoscopically presented concrete and abstract words. Results of separate analysis of variance procedures showed that a significant interaction occured between visual fields and stimuli for both groups. In each case, post hoc tests suggested that the left hemisphere proved superior for processing both types of lexicon, with the concrete words being read significantly faster than the abstract items. Additionally, right hemispheric processing was predicted from the data, with reaction times to the abstract words being significantly faster than corresponding values for the concrete items. Such findings suggested that the reciprocal, interhemispheric interactions that account for phonemic recoding asymmetries in the stutterers were similar to those obtained for nonstuttering subjects. It appears that hemispheric asymmetries in the stuttering population are influenced by the processing operation imposed by the experimental task demands.
Identification of Gβγ binding sites in the third intracellular loop of the M3-muscarinic receptor and their role in receptor regulation

Gβγ binds directly to the third intracellular (i3) loop subdomain of the M3-muscarinic receptor (MR). In this report, we identified the Gβγ binding motif and G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK2) phosphorylation sites in the M3-MR i3 loop via a strategy of deletional and site-directed mutagenesis. The Gβγ binding domain was localized to Cys289–His330 within the M3-MR-Arg252–Gln490 i3 loop, and the binding properties (affinity, influence of ionic strength) of the M3-MR-Cys289–His330 i3 loop subdomain were similar to those observed for the entire i3 loop. Site-directed mutagenesis of the M3-MR-Cys289–His330 i3 loop subdomain indicated that Phe312, Phe314, and a negatively charged region (Glu324–Asp329) were required for interaction with Gβγ. Generation of the full-length M3-MR-Arg252–Gln490 i3 peptides containing the F312A mutation were also deficient in Gβγ binding and exhibited a reduced capacity for phosphorylation by GRK2. A similar, parallel strategy resulted in identification of major residues (331SSS333 and348SASS351) phosphorylated by GRK2, which were just downstream of the Gβγ binding motif. Full-length M3-MR constructs lacking the 42-amino acid Gβγ binding domain (Cys289–His330) or containing the F312A mutation exhibited ligand recognition properties similar to wild type receptor and also effectively mediated agonist-induced increases in intracellular calcium following receptor expression in Chinese hamster ovary and/or COS 7 cells. However, the M3-MRΔCys289–His330 and M3-MR(F312A) constructs were deficient in agonist-induced sequestration, indicating a key role for the Gβγ-M3-MR i3 loop interaction in receptor regulation and signal processing.
Folate deficiency in normal human fibroblasts leads to altered expression of genes primarily linked to cell signaling, the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

The molecular basis linking folate deficiency to certain health conditions and developmental defects is not fully understood. We examined the consequences of folate deficiency on global gene expression by microarray and compared transcript levels in normal human fibroblast cells (GM03349) grown in folate-deficient and -sufficient medium. The largest represented groups from the selected genes functioned in cell signaling, the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix and included the Wnt pathway genes DKK1, WISP1 and WNT5A. Twelve selected genes were further validated by qRT-PCR. Analysis of six genes at 4, 7, 10 and 14 days indicated that the relative differences in transcript levels between folate-sufficient and -deficient cells increases with time. Transcripts for 7 of the 12 selected genes were detected in the human lymphoblast cell line GM02257, and of these, changes in 4 genes corresponded to the results with fibroblast cells. Fibroblast cells were treated with the compounds homocysteine, methotrexate and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, and relative transcript levels of six genes were determined. U0126 caused changes that more closely mimicked those detected in folate-deficient cells. The response of the DKK1 and TAGLN gene promoters to folate deficiency and compounds was examined in NIH3T3 cells using luciferase reporter plasmids. Promoter activity for both genes was decreased by folate deficiency and methotrexate and unaffected by homocysteine. U0126 caused a decrease in DKK1 promoter activity at 50 μM and had no effect on TAGLN promoter activity. These findings suggest an alternative mechanism for how folate deficiency leads to changes in gene expression and altered cell function.
Evaluation of mathematical distribution methods for the determination of triglyceride composition.

The triglyceride composition of a number of animal and vegetable fats was determined directly by means of selective argentation and lipase hydrolysis, and compared to that given by the 1,3-random,2-random method of analysis described by Vander Wal [JAOCS37, 18 (1960)].
LITURGICALLY TRAINED MEMORY: A READING OF SUMMA THEOLOGIAE III.83

Drawing on Ciceronian rhetorical tropes, Thomas Aquinas treats the rite of the Eucharist in terms of the classical ars memoriae. The Eucharist, for Aquinas, is the schooling in desire whereby we are trained to order the associations of our memory to their proper objects in terms of their relations to God. He thus conceives of the liturgy of the Mass as rhetoric proper, which truly teaches, moves and delights. Since memory is the condition of all thought, as both Thomas and Augustine claim, the Eucharist is the “site” of all theological production, and therefore the liturgy is the art of memory of which all other similar arts are derivative.
Hypergammaglobulinemia in the pediatric population

Purpose Hypergammaglobulinemia in adult patients is usually related to malignancy, autoimmune disease, or infection. The differential diagnosis of hypergammaglobulinemia in children has not been similarly well defined. Malignancies and autoimmunity are much less common in children compared to the adult population, and therefore the implications of an elevated immunoglobulin in a pediatric patient are less clear. We therefore sought to establish the differential diagnosis of hypergammaglobulinemia in children through a retrospective cohort analysis.
Solar wind mechanism suggested for weather and climate change

It was suggested by Sir William Herschel about 200 years ago that changes in the growing season for wheat in England could be related to the 11-year sunspot cycle. He speculated that there was a change in the luminosity of the Sun that was correlated with the sunspot variation, and that it affected precipitation and the winds. As discussed recently in Eos by Lean and Rind [1994], the luminosity of the Sun does vary on the 11-year cycle, but only by about one part in 103, which is too small to explain such a change in the weather. Lean and Rind argue that on the 200-year (Maunder) timescale a larger change, by up to 2.5 parts in 103, is plausible. This would then provide for about a 0.46°C change in global mean temperature, and could account for as much as half of the cooling usually associated with the coldest part of the little ice age.
Stabilization of the N-terminal β-hairpin of ubiquitin by a terminal hydrophobic cluster

Study of model beta-hairpin peptides allows for better understanding of the factors involved in the formation of beta-sheet secondary structure in proteins. It is known that turn sequence, sidechain-sidechain interactions, interstrand hydrogen bonding, and beta-sheet propensity of residues are all important for beta-hairpin stability in aqueous solution. However, interactions of the sidechains of the terminal residues of hairpins are thought to contribute little to overall hairpin stability since these residues are typically frayed. Here, the authors report a stabilizing hydrophobic cluster of residues at the termini of the naturally occurring excised N-terminal beta-hairpin of Ubiquitin that folds autonomously in aqueous solution. Our data show that deletion of Met1 and Val17 from this hairpin destabilized the folded state in both aqueous solution and in aqueous-methanol solutions. These results suggest that interactions of terminal residues which are usually frayed can nonetheless contribute significantly to overall stability of beta-hairpin.
A Radio-Frequency Coupling Network for Heating of Citrate-Coated Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Design and Analysis

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are nontoxic, can be functionalized with ligands, and preferentially accumulate in tumors. We have developed a 13.56-MHz RF-electromagnetic field (RFEM) delivery system capable of generating high E-fleld strengths required for noninvasive, noncontact heating of GNPs. The bulk heating and specific heating rates were measured as a function of NP size and concentration. It was found that heating is both size and concentration dependent, with 5 nm particles producing a 50.6 ± 0.2°C temperature rise in 30 s for 25 μg/mL gold (125 W input). The specific heating rate was also size and concentration dependent, with 5 nm particles producing a specific heating rate of 356 ± 78 kW/g gold at 16 μg/mL (125 W input). Furthermore, we demonstrate that cancer cells incubated with GNPs are killed when exposed to 13.56 MHz RF-EM fields. Compared to cells that were not incubated with GNPs, three out of four RF-treated groups showed a significant enhancement of cell death with GNPs (p <; 0.05). GNP-enhanced cell killing appears to require temperatures above 50°C for the experimental parameters used in this study. Transmission electron micrographs show extensive vacuolization with the combination of GNPs and RF treatment.
The Longevity Revolution: The Benefits and Challenges of Living a Long Life by Robert N. Butler

The focus of The Longevity Revolution: The Benefits and Challenges of Living a Long Life is on the need for adaptation to the world's increasing population over age 65, which is projected to become...
WOMEN AND THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Women have been active in the American Psychological Association (APA) almost from the beginning. In general, however, they did not attain high-level office, editorships, and significant committee posts at the same level as their male counterparts. During one 51-year period, for example, no women were elected to the APA presidency. Despite protests, little changed. Finally, in the 1970s, the climate in the APA shifted. The Committee on Women in Psychology was formed, as was the APA Division of the Psychology of Women. From then on, women's issues have remained an important concern of the association.
Statistical Analysis and Application of Quasi Experiments to Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention Studies

Quasi-experimental study designs are frequently used to assess interventions that aim to limit the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. However, previous studies using these designs have often used suboptimal statistical methods, which may result in researchers making spurious conclusions. Methods used to analyze quasi-experimental data include 2-group tests, regression analysis, and time-series analysis, and they all have specific assumptions, data requirements, strengths, and limitations. An example of a hospital-based intervention to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection rates and reduce overall length of stay is used to explore these methods.
Success rates for consent and collection of prenatal biological specimens in an epidemiologic survey of child health.

Background The National Children's Study (NCS) Vanguard Study began enrollment in January 2009 as an initial pilot study for a planned large-scale, longitudinal U.S. cohort study of the effect of environmental influences on child health and development, with biological and environmental sample collection conducted in seven locations from April 2009 to October 2010. We sought to determine rates of consent for, and success of collection of, maternal and paternal biospecimens before and during pregnancy in the NCS Vanguard Study. Methods Samples of blood, saliva, vaginal swabs, urine, hair, and nails were collected before and during pregnancy. All specimens were sent to a central repository for processing, storage, and quality assessment. Results Of 780 pregnant women asked to consent to sample collection, 773 (>99%) agreed, and of 295 nonpregnant women, 292 (99%) agreed. Of 440 fathers asked to consent to sample collection, 435 (99%) agreed. Frequency of successful collection of biospecimens varied depending on sample and visit type. In descending order, the ranges over all visit types of the proportion of expected samples successfully collected from women were: urine, 92.5 to 95.7%; hair, 89.6 to 92.5%; vaginal swab, 84.2 to 88.5%; blood, 74.9 to 78.5%; 2-day saliva, 65.8 to 81.6%; and nails, 76.4 to 76.7%. For fathers, rates were highest for urine (94.9%) and lowest for hair (63.0%). Conclusion High rates of consent for and collection of a wide variety of biospecimens can be achieved in prospective epidemiologic cohort studies of pregnant women. Ease of sample collection may be a primary factor influencing successful biospecimen collection. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:47–54, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion and cavitation

Improved formulation of bedrock erosion laws requires knowledge of the actual processes operative at the bed. We present qualitative field evidence from a wide range of settings that the relative efficacy of the various processes of fluvial erosion (e.g., plucking, abrasion, cavitation, solution) is a strong function of substrate lithology, and that joint spacing, fractures, and bedding planes exert the most direct control. The relative importance of the various processes and the nature of the interplay between them are inferred from detailed observations of the morphology of erosional forms on channel bed and banks, and their spatial distributions. We find that plucking dominates wherever rocks are well jointed on a submeter scale. Hydraulic wedging of small clasts into cracks, bashing and abrasion by bedload, and chemical and physical weathering all contribute to the loosening and removal of joint blocks. In more massive rocks, abrasion by suspended sand appears to be rate limiting in the systems studied here. Concentration of erosion on downstream sides of obstacles and tight coupling between fluid-flow patterns and fine-scale morphology of erosion forms testify to the importance of abrasion by suspended-load, rather than bedload, particles. Mechanical analyses indicate that erosion by suspended-load abrasion is considerably more nonlinear in shear stress than erosion by plucking. In addition, a new analysis indicates that cavitation is more likely to occur in natural systems than previously argued. Cavitation must be considered a viable process in many actively incising bedrock channels and may contribute to the fluting and potholing of massive, unjointed rocks that is otherwise attributed to suspended-load abrasion. Direct field evidence of cavitation erosion is, however, lacking. In terms of the well-known shear-stress (or stream-power) erosion law, erosion by plucking is consistent with a slope exponent ( n ) of ∼2/3 to 1, whereas erosion by suspended-load abrasion is more consistent with a slope exponent of ∼5/3. Given that substrate lithology appears to dictate the dominant erosion process, this finding has important implications for long-term landscape evolution and the models used to study it.
The release of 14 C-depleted carbon from the deep ocean during the last deglaciation: Evidence from the Arabian Sea

article i nfo During the last deglaciation the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increased and the radiocarbon activity (Δ 14 C) of the atmosphere declined in two steps corresponding in timing to Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas. These changes have been attributed to the redistribution of 14 C-depleted carbon from the deep ocean into the upper ocean and atmosphere. Recently, reconstructions of Δ 14 C in intermediate waters of the eastern tropical Pacific have revealed pulses of very old water during the deglaciation, consistent with the release of 14 C-depleted carbon from the deep ocean at this time. Here, we present reconstructions of intermediate water Δ 14 C from the northern Arabian Sea near the coast of Oman. These reconstructions record significant aging of intermediate waters in the Arabian Sea during Heinrich Stadial 1 and, to a lesser extent, during the Younger Dryas. The timing and magnitude of 14 C depletion in the Arabian Sea during Heinrich Stadial 1 is very similar to that previously observed in the eastern North Pacific near Baja California, indicating that similar mechanisms were involved in controlling Δ 14 C at these two sites. The most parsimonious explanation of the Δ 14 C records from the Arabian Sea and Baja California remains the release of 14 C-depleted carbon from the deep ocean by renewal of upwelling and mixing in the Southern Ocean. These
Antiviral activity of the EB peptide against zoonotic poxviruses

The EB peptide is a 20-mer that was previously shown to have broad spectrum in vitro activity against several unrelated viruses, including highly pathogenic avian influenza, herpes simplex virus type I, and vaccinia, the prototypic orthopoxvirus. To expand on this work, we evaluated EB for in vitro activity against the zoonotic orthopoxviruses cowpox and monkeypox and for in vivo activity in mice against vaccinia and cowpox. In yield reduction assays, EB had an EC50 of 26.7 μM against cowpox and 4.4 μM against monkeypox. The EC50 for plaque reduction was 26.3 μM against cowpox and 48.6 μM against monkeypox. A scrambled peptide had no inhibitory activity against either virus. EB inhibited cowpox in vitro by disrupting virus entry, as evidenced by a reduction of the release of virus cores into the cytoplasm. Monkeypox was also inhibited in vitro by EB, but at the attachment stage of infection. EB showed protective activity in mice infected intranasally with vaccinia when co-administered with the virus, but had no effect when administered prophylactically one day prior to infection or therapeutically one day post-infection. EB had no in vivo activity against cowpox in mice. While EB did demonstrate some in vivo efficacy against vaccinia in mice, the limited conditions under which it was effective against vaccinia and lack of activity against cowpox suggest EB may be more useful for studying orthopoxvirus entry and attachment in vitro than as a therapeutic against orthopoxviruses in vivo.
Building organizational commitment: A multifirm study

Although much research has been conducted in the area of organizational commitment, few studies have explicitly examined how organizations facilitate commitment among members. Using a sample of 291 respondents from 45 firms, the results of this study show that rigorous recruitment and selection procedures and a strong, clear organizational value system are associated with higher levels of employee commitment based on internalization and identification. Strong organizational career and reward systems are related to higher levels of instrumental or compliance-based commitment.
Motion-Perception Deficits and Reading Impairment: It's the Noise, Not the Motion

We tested the hypothesis that deficits on sensory-processing tasks frequently associated with poor reading and dyslexia are the result of impairments in external-noise exclusion, rather than motion perception or magnocellular processing. We compared the motion-direction discrimination thresholds of adults and children with good or poor reading performance, using coherent-motion displays embedded in external noise. Both adults and children who were poor readers had higher thresholds than their respective peers in the presence of high external noise, but not in the presence of low external noise or when the signal was clearly demarcated. Adults' performance in high external noise correlated with their general reading ability, whereas children's performance correlated with their language and verbal abilities. The results support the hypothesis that noise-exclusion deficits impair reading and language development and suggest that the impact of such deficits on the development of reading skills changes with age.
Static lock capabilities for deadlock freedom

We present a technique --- lock capabilities --- for statically verifying that multithreaded programs with locks will not deadlock. Most previous work on deadlock prevention requires a strict total order on all locks held simultaneously by a thread, but such an invariant often does not hold with fine-grained locking, especially when data-structure mutations change the order locks are acquired. Lock capabilities support idioms that use fine-grained locking, such as mutable binary trees, circular lists, and arrays where each element has a different lock.Lock capabilities do not enforce a total order and do not prevent external references to data-structure nodes. Instead, the technique reasons about static capabilities, where a thread already holding locks can attempt to acquire another lock only if its capabilities allow it. Acquiring one lock may grant a capability to acquire further locks; in data-structures where heap shape affects safe locking orders, the heap structure can induce the capability-granting relation. Deadlock-freedom follows from ensuring that the capability-granting relation is acyclic. Where necessary, we restrict aliasing with a variant of unique references to allow strong updates to the capability-granting relation, while still allowing other aliases that are used only to acquire locks while holding no locks.We formalize our technique as a type-and-effect system, demonstrate it handles realistic challenging idioms, and use syntactic techniques (type preservation) to show it soundly prevents deadlock.
Diminishing Discoloration in Methacrylate Accelerator Systems

To improve color stability in methacrylate accelerator systems, a comparison was made of systems of chemical compounds used in the polymerization of methacrylate monomers at room temperature. This paper reports the tendency of these compounds to form discolored products.
GLOBALIZATION OF CAPITAL MARKETS AND THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS

This article has three basic aims: (1) to analyze the impact of the opening of their capital markets on the economies of host countries; (2) to investigate the causes of the Asian financial crisis; and (3) to evaluate the likely effects of the South Korean government's recent attempts to restructure its corporate sector. Although the recent Asian financial crisis has led some to question the merits of open capital markets and to call for regulatory restraints on capital flows across international borders, the scientific evidence suggests that the opening of stock markets to foreign investors has been largely beneficial for emerging economies. On average, stock market liberalization has been accompanied by increases in stock prices and reductions in stock return volatility, reductions in inflation, and reductions in the rate of currency depreciation. Much of the blame for the Asian currency crises is assigned to Asian policymakers' futile attempts to defy market forces by trying to maintain their currencies at artificially high levels. But a more fundamental cause of Asia's economic problems has been the widespread value destruction by Asian corporations, which has led to a lower value for the overall economy and weakened the banking sector. The government-directed banking systems and weak corporate governance structures (including managerial incentives to increase size and market share at the expense of shareholders) that characterize most Asian economies have resulted in systematic overinvestment, bloated payrolls, and sharp declines in corporate profitability. While applauding most of the Korean government's recent measures to reform the economy, the article expresses skepticism about the government-mandated restructuring of the chaebol known as the “big deal.” Rather than trying to direct the process of restructuring, Korean policymakers should limit their efforts to improving the market mechanism by increasing competition in the markets for capital, corporate control, and goods and services. The Korean market for corporate control transactions could be greatly improved by increasing the efficiency of bankruptcy proceedings and by allowing hostile takeovers by foreign as well as domestic investors. To increase the productivity of capital, Asian companies should seek to realign managerial with shareholder interests by tying compensation to measures of value creation like EVA.
Enzyme Treatment of Wool and Specialty Hair Fibers

Enzyme treatment is one of the most prospective eco-friendly processes, for treating wool. Although, extensive research has been conducted on the effectiveness of enzymes as antifelting agents for ...
Current trends in the integration and reimbursement of complementary and alternative medicine by managed care, insurance carriers, and hospital providers.

Objectives.To assess the status of managed care and insurance coverage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the integration of such services offered by hospitals.Methods.A literature review and information search was conducted to determine which insurers had special policies for CAM and which hospitals were offering CAM. Telephone interviews were conducted with a definitive sample of 18 insurers and a representative subsample of seven hospitals.Results.A majority of the insurers interviewed offered some coverage for the following: nutrition counseling, biofeedback, psychotherapy, acupuncture, preventive medicine, chiropractic, osteopathy, and physical therapy. Twelve insurers said that market demand was their primary motivation for covering CAM. Factors determining whether insurers would offer coverage for additional therapies included potential cost-effectiveness based on consumer interest, demonstrable clinical efficacy, and state mandates. Some hospitals are also responding to consumer i...
Innovation Through Optimal Licensing in Free Markets and Free Software

developers. We also find conditions when firms choose proprietary licenses despite innovation and network eects. In social planning terms, we find that optimal protection for reusable information is not arbitrarily long. Overlong protection interferes with the inputs to downstream innovation. Further, licenses must enforce shorter-than-privately-optimal disclosure terms. Otherwise, a prisoner’s dilemma in private incentives limits free access to derivative work, essential for decentralized innovation. In modeling terms, we add to the recent literature on two-sided network eects by incorporating a production function on one side of the market. We also contribute a framing innovation that places several existing license types in a space suggesting that socially optimal but unexplored licenses might exist.
Kodak Versus Fuji (C): A Section 301 Petition: Government Action

This series of cases (see also the A and B cases, UVA-BP-0370 and UVABP-0372) examines Eastman Kodak's section 301 petition against Fuji Film Company of Japan and the Japanese government, Fuji's response, and the U.S. trade representative's role in the dispute. The cases are a vehicle for discussing key aspects of United States trade policy, the World Trade Organization, and the nature of global competition in the photographic film industry.
Cultural sovereignty in the Balkans and Turkey: The politics of preservation and rehabilitation

This article explores preservation and restoration projects in the Balkans and Turkey in light of current Turkish and American foreign policy initiatives. Of specific interest are the political goa...
Contributions to the Study of Ugolino Di Nerio's Art

WE know from Vasari and later writers that the Duccio follower Ugolino di Nerio (who is better known as Ugolino da Siena) painted the first high altarpiece for the present church of S. Croce, Florence, that this altarpiece was replaced about 1569 by a ciborium after Vasari's design, and that in the second half of the eighteenth century it was in the upper dormitory of the convent of S. Croce, where it was seen by the Padre Guglielmo della Valle.1 Judging from Della Valle's description, published in 1784 in the second volume of his Lettere senesi, at that time the work was still intact, but parts of it were in bad condition. A generation later, perhaps during the suppression of the Franciscan convent between 1810 and 1814 under the French regime,2 the altarpiece was broken up. Most if not all parts that were considered worth keeping were purchased by the English collector, engraver, and critic William Young Ottley, who took them to England. The German art historian Gustav Friedrich Waagen saw them in 1835 ...
Influence of total flavones of epimedium on serum levels of cytokines of viral myocarditis mouse

Aim:To observe the influence of total flavones of epimedium(TFE) on immunological regulation of viral myocarditis mice.Methods:A total of 32 male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into normal,model,TFE high-dose and TFE low-dose groups,and eight in each group.The viral myocarditis model was established with intraperitoneal inoculation of coxsackie virus B3 in model,TFE high-dose and TFE low-dose groups.1 h after the last inoculation,carboxymethlylcellulose sodium solution was irrigated to the mice in model and normal groups.200 and 100 mg/kg TFE was irrigated to the mice in TFE high-and low-dose groups for 14 d.Myocardial hypertrophy index was detected,pathologic changes of myocardium were observed with HE staining,serum LDH and CK levels were assayed with colorimetric method,and serum IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4,IL-10 levels were determined by ELISA method.Results:There were significant differences in these indices mentioned above among the four groups(F=42.895,105.240,96.955,15.679,12.661,25.453,13.925,P0.05).Compared with those of the normal group,the pathologic changes of myocardium happened,myocardial hypertrophy index,serum LDH,CK,IFN-γ,IL-2 levels obviously rised,while serum IL-4,IL-10 levels significantly decreased in the model group(P0.05).Compared with those of the model group,the pathologic changes of myocardium improved,the myocardial hypertrophy index,serum LDH,CK,IFN-γ,IL-2 levels decreased,and serum IL-4,IL-10 levels increased in the two TFE groups(P0.05).The effectiveness of TFE high-dose group was more significant.Conclusion:TFE could protect the hearts of viral myocarditis mice through immunological regulation.
New features in drug resistance of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from children with infection diseases in Suzhou during 2011-2012

Objectives To investigate the changes and features of drug resistance in Haemophilus influenzae(Hi) isolated from children with infection diseases in Suzhou. Methods One thousand two hundred and twenty-two Hi strains isolated from clinical specimens were collected from January 2011 to June 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer me-thod, and β-lactamase was analyzed by chromogenic nitrocefin method. Then strains were divided into four groups according to their specific resistance patterns: ①β-lactamase positive strains(except for cefuroxime-resistant strains), ②β-lactamase negative ampicillin-resistant(BLNAR) strains, ③cefuroxime-resistant strains, and ④other resistant strains. Results The resistance of iso-lated Hi from children in Suzhou area to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, cefaclor, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, azithromycin, cefu-roxime, ampicillin/sulbactam was 32.7%, 76.7%, 27.4%, 14.3%, 10.2%, 8.4%, 6.9% and 4.3%, respectively, and the detection rate in four groups was 29.0%, 2.6%, 6.9%, 41.2%, respectively. Multi-resistant strains were mainly distributed in Group ① and Group ②, accounting for 67.5% and 81.3% of each group. Azithromycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol showed high antimicrobial activity against BLNAR and cefuroxime-resistant Hi strains. The positive rate of resistance to β-lactamase was 30.8%. The rates of resistance to cefuroxime, cefaclor, ampicillin/sulbactam and cotrimoxazole in β-lactamase-positive ampicillin-resistant strains are significantly different from those in β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains. Conclusions The resistance feature of Hi isolated from children in Suzhou shows significant changes, including new appearance of cefuroxime-resistant strain, a rapid increase in resistance to azithromycin, and a large proportion of multidrug-resistant strains. The rapid increase in BLNAR and the emergence of cefuroxime-resistant strains have become the new resistance pattern of Hi in this area.
Identification of a membrane protein from T84 cells using antibodies made against a DIDS-binding peptide.

The outwardly rectified chloride channel of secretory epithelial cells is inhibited by disulfonic stilbene (DS) compounds such as 4,49-diisothiostilbene-2,29-disulfonic acid (DIDS) [R. J. Bridges, R. T. Worrell, R. A. Frizzell, and D. J. Benos, Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Cell Physiol. 25): C902-C912, 1989]. A 13-amino acid peptide (P49) corresponding to the putative DS binding site region of the murine anion exchange protein was synthesized, and polyclonal antibodies were generated against it and then purified over a P49 affinity column. The resulting monospecific antibodies reacted on Western blots with a 95- to 100-kDa protein from human erythrocytes and a 55- to 60-kDa protein from the human colonic tumor cell line, T84. The reaction with T84 protein did not appear to represent recognition of an anion exchanger because anion efflux from T84 cells was independent of external Cl-. In addition, monoclonal antibodies raised against human band 3 recognized the band 3 protein in human red cell ghost preparations but recognized nothing in T84 cell membrane preparations. In T84 cells, DIDS protected the 60-kDa protein from antibody binding. The anti-P49 antibody blocked outwardly rectified Cl- channels incorporated into planar lipid bilayer membranes from rat colon. Immunocytochemical data reveal specific binding of the anti-P49 antibody to perinuclear cytoplasmic vesicles. Forskolin caused these antibody-labeled vesicles to migrate from the perinuclear region to the plasma membrane under conditions and with a time course identical to that seen for stimulation of Cl- transport in these cells. Our results suggest that the protein may be a part of a chloride channel complex of secretory epithelial cells.
Therapeutic embolization of the kidney with detachable silicone balloons.

Abstract: Detachable silicone balloons were used for therapeutic renal artery embolization in 14 patients. Hematuria was controlled by occlusion of the arteriovenous fistulas in 6 patients and aneurysms in 3. The method was used for preoperative occlusion of the renal artery in 4 patients with renal cell carcinoma and for renal ablation in an attempt to cure hypertension in 1 additional patient.Detachable silicone balloons offer a safe and precise method for the occlusion of traumatic arteriovenous fistulas and aneurysms of the renal artery branches. Although balloon embolization also can be applied to the preoperative occlusion of renal neoplasms the conventional embolization techniques using absorbable gelatin sponge and coils are equally effective with less expense. No complications were observed in our 14 patients.
The Treatment Journey in Epilepsy: Part 1: Sticking Points in Treatment Decision-Making (P1.081)

OBJECTIVE: To describe factors contributing to the duration of the treatment journey from the perspective of the patient with refractory focal epilepsy. BACKGROUND: Our published explanatory framework of treatment decision-making in people with drug refractory epilepsy demonstrates various factors contributing to a long treatment journey. This qualitative study is the next step in explaining patient-related contributors. METHODS: Personal semi-structured interviews were done in two groups of patients with focal uncontrolled seizures: those undergoing a pre-surgical evaluation (n=16) and those who had consented for epilepsy surgery (n=20). The mean age of participants was 36 years and the mean duration of refractory seizures was 16 years. RESULTS: Perceptions of disease severity emerged as an overarching influence shaping a multifaceted, and protracted treatment journey. Epilepsy was viewed as a hidden condition contained within the brain and often not visible to others or even the patient. Uncertainty about diagnosis, the process of drug trials and ignorance of treatment options led many patients to “ignore seizures”. Delays in accessing comprehensive care contributed to patient acceptance of uncontrolled seizures and contributed to the opinions of some participants that this is a condition to be “taken in stride” and “lived around”. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate understanding of the severity of epilepsy is a major obstacle in advancing care. Strategies are needed for informing patients and their support network about a complex diagnosis. Early in the disease process, the goals of care need to be clearly stated and the role of the comprehensive epilepsy center explained. Treatment alternatives should be presented before patients learn to tolerate/accept life-limiting consequences of this serious condition. Disclosure: Dr. Pieters has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ranit has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dewar has nothing to disclose.
Approaching History as Cultural Memory Through Humour, Satire, Comics and Graphic Novels

Recent empirical research into humour and memory attests to the fact that people remember better when they perceive a word, phrase or image to be humorous. When the proximity of multiple ethnic groups engenders jokes displaying diverse perspectives and what Henri Bergson described as ‘corrective’ satire, such jokes can help remedy racism and fear of the other. Taking a humorous or satirical stance allows artists and writers to explore alternatives to contemporary reality and to uncover truths overlooked or consciously elided by government and mass media discourse. Such is the case with the recent publications on humour discussed here. Although they vary widely by topic and time period, all focus on how power struggles, oppression and violence are represented by means of humour and satire, as well as by the not necessarily jocular but nevertheless related genres of comics and the graphic novel. Recent historical research demonstrates how these creative genres not only critique political events and figures but also preserve, in a sophisticated cultural format, their readers’ short-term everyday working memory and long-term cultural memory of prejudice, subjugation and mass murder. In these texts the authors spotlight how the primary source creators commented on historical events, incorporated historical artefacts in their works and generated countercultural memories that fill gaps in historical narratives from other sources.
Virchow's metamorphosis revealed triglycerides in the heart.

The essence of cardiac metabolism is easy to understand: in the normal human heart, supply and demand of energy-providing substrates is finely balanced to meet the energy needs for contraction by oxidative metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates. When it comes to energy, the heart is always on