cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Backhaul Load Constraint

In the previous two chapters, we have considered cooperative transmission schemes that are constrained by the number of transmitters to which each message can be assigned. While meeting a backhaul capacity limit by a per-message constraint can have its analytical advantages, such as reducing a difficult information-theoretic problem to a simple combinatorial one, this approach suffers from a few important drawbacks. For one, the maximum transmit set size constraint may not reflect most practical scenarios for two reasons. First, because fractional reuse across different resource (e.g., frequency or time) slots can be used to achieve an equal load on the backhaul per message, it may not make sense to impose a maximum transmit set size constraint for each channel use. Secondly, the maximum transmit set size constraint may not reflect the nature of the backhaul link, as we will discuss further below. Also, as we have discussed in the previous chapter, the optimal solutions for the maximum transmit set size constraint may not fully utilize the constraint; i.e., for the optimal solution, some messages need not be assigned to the allowed maximum number of transmitters. We have seen in Chapter 6 that this is the case for the optimal schemes for linear interference networks, as well as for general locally connected networks where we impose the restriction of using only zero-forcing coding schemes. The appropriate constraint to consider for the assignment of messages to transmitters should depend on the nature of the backhaul link used in practice (see, e.g., [69, 86]). For example, in the context of heterogeneous networks, the backhaul can be a wireless network, and an overall backhaul load constraint would be a more appropriate choice. On the other hand, for the case of wireline or optical fiber backhaul links, the maximum transmit set size constraint can be useful. However, even with wireline backhaul links, an average transmit set size constraint can allow for flexible solutions that interleave the use of the backhaul links over multiple communication sessions. In general, a constraint that bounds the average transmit set size is more relevant to practice than imposing a maximum constraint on each transmit set size. We show in this chapter how the solutions for the CoMP transmission problem provided under the maximum transmit set size constraint can be used to find solutions under an average transmit set size or backhaul load constraint.
Ethiopia’s new Organizations of Civil Societies Proclamation No. 1113/2019: Promises and Pitfalls

Starting from the 1990s, civil society organizations (CSOs) have made significant contributions in promoting social justice and human rights in Ethiopia. Unfortunately, the work of CSOs in this area was not always received with open hands. In Ethiopia, the push back against the pro-democracy and pro-rights advocacy began intensifying following the 2005 elections and took concrete shape with the passing of the Proclamation to Provide for the Registration and Regulation of Charities and Societies (CSP) in 2009. The claim that the 2009 CSP, and its associated directives, violated international human rights standards was one of the underlying reasons behind calls for the reform of the law. A call that would not be heeded until the recent political changes that swept the country in April 2018 and the subsequent passing of the new Organizations of Civil Societies Proclamation in March 2019. This article, based on doctrinal legal research and standards developed by the UN and African human rights systems, compares the two laws including by pointing out their peculiar features. Underlining the areas that merit further attention, the paper concludes that the new CSO law is a step towards democratization and wider CSO engagement in the country.
Special Features of Human Lung ACE2 Sensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

The present review explains some special features of lung tissues in relation to angiotensin (Ang) metabolism and function. The enzymes ACE and ACE2 remain in a balanced state to maintain the normal physiological vaso-status. In some pathological conditions, this balance is hampered, and the immediate effects are pressure deregulations and hypertension. A number of cardiac and renal anomalies are associated with hypertensive disorder. Adrenal functions and corticosteroids are also associated with physiological functions of angiotensin and peripheral salt regulation linking hyper- or hypotension. ACE2 is the most efficient target of SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the present pandemic that claimed millions of life globally. The death from this virus is mostly caused by higher rate of viral propagation with extreme fidelity and Ang-linked multi-organ failure. The special property of lung surface ACE2 and its efficacy in viral propagations have been briefly reviewed in this chapter with some therapeutic strategies related to Ang regulations.
INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON DEFORMATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURED COMPOSITES

Abstract Anisotropy caused by flow-induced fiber orientation of discontinuous fibers within the extrudate in the Extrusion Deposition Additive Manufacturing (EDAM) process gives rise to anisotropic shrinkage in printed parts and thereby, final part deformations. Three fiber orientation states, described by the second-order orientation tensor, were investigated to determine their influence upon final geometry. Two material systems were investigated including a short glass fiber-reinforced polyamide and a short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide. A curvilinear geometry was modeled and printed virtually in the thermo-mechanical simulation, ADDITIVE3D©. The scale of the printed geometry was in the range of 300–400 mm and contained three semicircular geometry regions connected to linear regions, thereby inducing significant magnification of the spring-in deformation. The predicted deformation of the printed geometry for the three fiber orientation states and two material systems were compared. The deformation predicted for glass fiber-filled polyamide and carbon fiber-filled polyamide of the same fiber orientation states showed comparable deformations. The largest residual deformation was shown to correspond to the orientation tensor with the greatest degree of anisotropy.
Integrated Control with Structural Feedback to Enable Lightweight Aircraft

This presentation for the Fundamental Aeronautics Program Technical Conference covers the benefits of active structural control, related research areas, and focuses on the use of optimal control allocation for the prevention of critical loads. Active control of lightweight structures has the potential to reduce aircraft weight and fuel burn. Sensor, control law, materials, control effector, and system level research will be necessary to enable active control of lightweight structures. Optimal control allocation with structural feedback has been shown in simulation to be feasible in preventing critical loads and is one example of a control law to enable future lightweight aircraft.
Integrating precipitation, grazing, past effects and interactions in long-term vegetation change

Abstract Determining the causes of vegetation change in arid and semi-arid environments can be difficult and may involve multiple factors, including disturbance, inter-annual climatic variation, soils, effects from years past and interactions between these factors. Theoretical models describing vegetation change in these systems have generally focused on a single aspect as the primary driver. The integration of these factors into a single model may be what is required to fully understand the drivers of vegetation change in desert systems. To test the contributions of these various factors, we analyzed a long-term (1979–2011) vegetation dataset using multiple linear regression. While precipitation and livestock density were important variables for explaining vegetation change, the consistency with which past effects and interactions significantly improved the models underscores their importance. Past effects were included in every model except for shrub diversity, and included both precipitation and livestock density effects. A novel approach to addressing the interaction between grazing and precipitation was included by dividing precipitation by stocking density. Grass density had a high positive correlation with this metric, while shrub cover had a small negative correlation. These results support the integration of multiple factors to explain vegetation change.
Polyclonal nature of the intestinal mucosal lymphocyte populations in inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract To define the clonality of the intestinal lymphocytes involved in the immune response of inflammatory bowel disease, we performed a molecular genetic analysis of the arrangement of the immunoglobulin and antigen-specific T-cell receptor genes of isolated lamina propria lymphocytes derived from resected intestinal specimens of 12 patients with Crohn's disease, 5 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, and 7 patients with other gastrointestinal diseases. The sensitivity of this technique is sufficient to detect a monoclonal population when there is as little as 1% clonal expansion in a mixed cell population. In all these groups of patients, deoxyribonucleic acid from the non-T cells demonstrated only a germ-line gene pattern, and no non-germ-line rearrangements of immunoglobulin genes as assessed by an immunoglobulin-joining heavy-chain gene probe. Deoxyribonucleic acid from the lamina propria T cells showed a rearrangement pattern of the antigen-specific T-cell receptor β- and γ-chain genes that is characteristic of polyclonal T cells as assessed by T-constant β- and T-joining γ-gene probes. These results indicate that the lamina propria non-T- and T-lymphocyte populations in inflammatory bowel disease and controls are polyclonal.
Optimum Conditions for the Reaction Between Uric and Phosphotungstic Acids in the Presence of Glycerol-Silicate Reagent, Including a Proposed Modification of the Archibald Method

By controlling the alkalinity and the amount of phosphotungstic acid (PTA), turbidity and gelling in the final colored solution obtained in the reaction between uric acid and PTA in the presence of sodium glycerol silicate (NaGS) can be eliminated without using antiturbidity reagents. The optimum range of alkalinity is 0.55-0.76 mEq. of excess alkali in a total volume of 7.75 ml. A modification of the Archibald (1) method is proposed to assure optimum color development between uric acid and PTA-whether the uric acid is in an acidic protein-free filtrate or in a practically neutral aqueous standard solution.
Left Atrial Volume and Pulmonary Artery Diameter Are Noninvasive Measures of Age-Related Diastolic Dysfunction in Mice

Impaired cardiac diastolic function occurs with aging in many species and may be difficult to measure noninvasively. In humans, left atrial (LA) volume is a robust measure of chronic diastolic function as the LA is exposed to increased left ventricular filling pressures. We hypothesized that LA volume would be a useful indicator of diastolic function in aging mice. Further, we asked whether pressures were propagated backwards affecting pulmonary arteries (PAs) and right ventricle (RV). We measured LA, PA, and RV infundibulum dimensions with echocardiography and used mouse-specific Doppler systems and pressure catheters for noninvasive and invasive measures. As C57BL/6 mice aged from 3 to 29-31 months, LA volume almost tripled. LA volume increases correlated with traditional diastolic function measures. Within groups of 14- and 31-month-old mice, LA volume correlated with diastolic function measured invasively. In serial studies, mice evaluated at 20 and 24 months showed monotonic increases in LA volume; other parameters changed less predictably. PA diameters, larger in 30-month-old mice than 6-month-old mice, correlated with LA volumes. Noninvasive LA volume and PA diameter assessments are useful and state independent measures of diastolic function in mice, correlating with other measures of diastolic dysfunction in aging. Furthermore, serial measurements over 4 months demonstrated consistent increases in LA volume suitable for longitudinal cardiac aging studies.
A tiered area‐of‐review framework for geologic carbon sequestration

This paper discusses the current guidance given by the United States Environmental Protec- tion Agency (EPA) on delineating the so-called Area of Review (AoR) for the permitting of geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) projects. According to the EPA's regulatory framework for GCS, the AoR refers to the region surrounding the CO2 injection well(s) wherein leakage of CO2 and/or the migration of formation fl uids could possibly endanger overlying groundwater resources. Our evaluation of the current framework for delineating the size of this area fi nds unnecessary conservatism in the defi nition of the critical pressure, which could lead to a heavy burden on permit applicants that seek to get regulatory compliance, in particular for very large GCS projects. We propose a risk-based re-interpre- tation of this framework, separating the total Area of Review into different sub-areas with different regulatory requirements depending on whether the concern is about free-phase CO2 or pressure- driven brine migration. This leads to a tiered AoR defi nition in which the projected region of CO2 plume extent would have the highest regulatory standards regarding site characterization, monitoring, and corrective action. The requirements in the AoR outside this central region would be less burdensome because of a narrower focus on major pathways for brine leakage such as unplugged wellbores and large faults. We expect that this revised framework would allow for a reduction in the cost of regulatory compliance for projects with very large injection volumes, while ensuring that the objective of protect- ing valuable groundwater resources is preserved. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Reflectors, lenses and horns: past, present and future

The pioneering work of Maxwell (1864), Hertz (1888), Marconi (1895), Jansky (1948) and many other prominent researchers brought us the age of personal communications and sophisticated astronomical observations. The technological demands in fulfilling these dreams are vast and cover a multi-disciplinary usage of broad-based innovative engineering developments. Among the prominent technological challenges the applications of high performance antenna designs are one of the prime elements of the successful implementations of these systems. Reflector, lens and horn antennas are an integral part of both the satellite payload and a key component in the radio astronomy and remote sensing radar. This article looks at the historical events and then highlights several exciting developments by providing an overview of modern developments in the arenas of communications, remote sensing, radio astronomy, etc.
Hemodynamics and aneurysm development in vascular allografts.

Abstract Purpose: Mechanical and immunologic factors may play a role in the development of native arterial and biologic graft aneurysms. We developed an experimental rat aortic allograft aneurysm model in which segments of infrarenal aorta were transplanted between hypertensive and normotensive rats to study these factors in this model. Methods: Aortic allografts and autografts were inserted into spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Effects of immunologic and antihypertensive therapy were evaluated. Graft diameters were followed up with magnetic resonance imaging and at harvest. Direct-pressure measurements were taken and dp/dt max (force of ventricular contractions) was calculated before harvest. Results: Autografts remained isodiametric and maintained their histologic architecture. Aneurysmal dilation of transplanted segments occurred in SHR host allografts but not in WKY host allografts. Histologic examination of all allograft specimens noted a rejection reaction characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and medial smooth muscle cell loss. Antigenic enhancement accelerated aneurysm development in SHR hosts but had no significant effect on WKY hosts. Rates of allograft enlargement and final allograft diameters were similar in antihypertensive treated and untreated SHR hosts. The dp/dt max in untreated SHR hosts was greatest and differed significantly from that in the WKY rats but only marginally from that in treated SHR hosts. Conclusions: Immunologic rejection but not abnormal hemodynamics is necessary for development of allograft aneurysm in this Model. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:955-64.)
Left out, sluggardly, and blue: Low self-control mediates the relationship between ostracism and depression

Abstract Ostracism strikes at the core of well-being, often increasing depression. Yet, it is unclear whether low self-control may account for the relationship between ostracism and depression. When people experience ostracism, they lose their willingness to control their impulses. This lack of self-control may have negative consequences for ostracized people’s mental health, including their level of depressive symptoms. Using two large, independent samples of young adolescents (Ns = 918 and 487), we examined whether chronic ostracism would relate to lower self-control, which may predict higher levels of depressive symptoms. We found that in both samples, self-control mediated the relationship between ostracism and depressive symptoms. Further, the relationship between self-control and depressive symptoms was moderated by the level of ostracism. Discussion centers on the role of self-control processes in understanding and reducing the negative consequences of ostracism.
Oral estrogens decrease bleeding time and improve clinical bleeding in patients with renal failure

Abstract purpose: A prolonged bleeding time is associated with platelet dysfunction and clinical bleeding in patients with renal failure. Parenteral estrogens have been shown to shorten the prolonged bleeding time in patients with chronic renal failure, although the mechanism of action is unknown. We conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of oral conjugated estrogens in this setting. patients and methods: Four patients with renal failure, prolonged bleeding time, and clinical bleeding were given 50 mg of conjugated estrogen (Premarin) daily. results: Bleeding time normalized in two cases and was reduced to less than 50% of the pretreatment value in one of the remaining two cases. Bleeding stopped in all patients within two days. Ten dialysis patients with prolonged bleeding time were randomized to a course of 50 mg of Premarin daily or placebo. The bleeding time in all five patients in the Premarin group normalized or decreased to below 50% of the pretreatment value after 7.0 ± 4.2 days of therapy. The bleeding time did not normalize in the five patients treated with placebo. No side effects attributable to therapy were reported. conclusion: We conclude that orally administered conjugated estrogens effectively improve the bleeding tendency in patients with chronic renal failure.
Asymptomatic Cardiac Toxicity in Long-Term Cancer Survivors: Defining the Population and Recommendations for Surveillance

Advances in the treatment of pediatric and adult cancer have reduced the mortality rates from these disorders and have led to an ever-increasing population of long-term survivors. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy may cause premature cardiac disease that may be asymptomatic or symptomatic. All patients exposed to chemotherapy with cardiotoxic potential or chest radiotherapy have stage A heart failure and the goal of surveillance and treatment is to prevent progression to stages B-D. Screening strategies, including the use of biomarkers, echocardiography, and expert opinion surveillance and treatment recommendations, are presented.
Targeting interferon regulatory factors to inhibit activation of the type I IFN response: Implications for treatment of autoimmune disorders

The type I interferon (IFN) response plays a critical role in autoimmunity and is induced by innate receptor ligation and activation of IFN-regulatory factors (IRF). The present study investigated the roles and functional hierarchy of IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7 in expression of cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases in human THP1 monocytic cells. Targeted IRF knockdown was followed by evaluation of gene expression, promoter activation, and mRNA stability to determine the role of IRF as potential targets for modulating IFN responses in patients with autoimmune diseases. IRF played a distinct role in regulation of type I IFN gene expression in human monocytic cells and specifically regulated gene expression through the IFN-stimulated response element, with no contribution to transcription of traditionally AP-1 or NF-kB regulated genes. IRF7 regulated IL-6 gene expression by increasing IL-6 mRNA stability. IRF regulation of inflammation and induction of the IFN signature might contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and therefore represent novel therapeutic targets.
Microfluidic dielectrophoretic sorter using gel vertical electrodes.

We report the development and results of a two-step method for sorting cells and small particles in a microfluidic device. This approach uses a single microfluidic channel that has (1) a microfabricated sieve which efficiently focuses particles into a thin stream, followed by (2) a dielectrophoresis (DEP) section consisting of electrodes along the channel walls for efficient continuous sorting based on dielectric properties of the particles. For our demonstration, the device was constructed of polydimethylsiloxane, bonded to a glass surface, and conductive agarose gel electrodes. Gold traces were used to make electrical connections to the conductive gel. The device had several novel features that aided performance of the sorting. These included a sieving structure that performed continuous displacement of particles into a single stream within the microfluidic channel (improving the performance of downstream DEP, and avoiding the need for additional focusing flow inlets), and DEP electrodes that were the full height of the microfluidic walls (“vertical electrodes”), allowing for improved formation and control of electric field gradients in the microfluidic device. The device was used to sort polymer particles and HeLa cells, demonstrating that this unique combination provides improved capability for continuous DEP sorting of particles in a microfluidic device.
Individual differences in verbal-spatial conflict in rapid spatial-orientation tasks.

Objective:The impact of interference from irrelevant spatial versus verbal cues is investigated in an auditory spatial Stroop task, and individual differences in navigation strategy are examined as a moderating factor.Background:Verbal-spatial cue conflict in the auditory modality has not been extensively studied, and yet the potential for such conflict can be high in certain settings, such as modern aircraft and automobile cockpits, where multiple warning systems and verbally delivered instructions may compete for the operator’s spatial attention.Method:Two studies are presented in which participants responded to either the semantic meaning or the spatial location of directional words, which were presented from congruent and incongruent locations. A subset was selected from the larger sample for additional analyses based on their navigation strategy.Results:Results demonstrated greater interference when participants were responding to the spatial location and thus attempting to ignore conflicting semanti...
Combinatorial and statistical methods for part selection for object recognition

In object recognition tasks, where images are represented as constellations of image patches, often many patches correspond to the cluttered background. In this paper, we present a two-stage method for selecting the image patches which characterize the target object class and are capable of discriminating between the positive images containing the target objects and the complementary negative images. The first stage uses a combinatorial optimization formulation on a weighted multipartite graph. The following stage is a statistical method for selecting discriminative patches from the positive images. Another contribution of this paper is the part-based probabilistic method for object recognition, which uses a common reference frame instead of reference patch to avoid possible occlusion problems. We also explore different feature representation using principal component analysis (PCA) and 2D PCA. The experiment demonstrates our approach has outperformed most of the other known methods on a popular benchmark dataset while approaching the best known results.
Lessons from the Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) project

We present lessons and best practices for conflict data collection from the experiences of the ICOW project. Lessons include the development of a search strategy for potential events, the consultation of a broad range of sources, and recognition of the limitations of these sources. More general best practices address the development of detailed instructions for coders, detailed descriptions for data users, and strategies for managing research assistants and preserving project documentation.
Ovulation in the perfused ovary in vitro: further evidence that estrogen is not required.

The effect of inhibition of estrogen synthesis on ovulation in rat ovaries perfused in vitro with medium without phenol red was examined. The addition of luteinizing hormone (LH, 0.1 μg/mL) plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 0.2 mM) to phenol red-free perfusion medium (M199 + 4% bovine serum albumin) induced ovulation. The number of ovulations was similar to that found in medium containing phenol red. There was a similar increase in estradiol (1,3,5 (10)-estratriene-3, 17β-diol) levels in the medium in both groups. The addition of 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dione (4-OH-A, 5 μM) to phenol red-free medium blocked the increase in estradiol levels induced by LH + IBMX, but did not prevent ovulation. There was no significant difference in the number of ovulations in the three groups. In conclusion, phenol red in the perfusion medium does not influence ovulation induced by LH + IBMX. Furthermore, an increase in estrogen is not required during the immediate preovulatory period for ovulation to occur.
Baryons as Quarks in a Skyrmion Bubble

Abstract We suggest a model for baryons with quarks populating an unbroken vacuum bubble in the center of a topological soliton (“skyrmion”). The problems involved in such an introduction of quarks into the Skyrme-Witten soliton are investigated. The SU(3) generalization of the model is briefly discussed.
A Functional Assay for Centromere-Associated Sister Chromatid Cohesion

Cohesion of sister chromatids occurs along the entire length of chromosomes, including the centromere where it plays essential roles in chromosome segregation. Here, minichromosomes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are exploited to generate a functional assay for DNA sequences involved in cohesion. The centromeric DNA element CDEIII was found to be necessary but not sufficient for cohesion. This element was shown previously to be required for assembly of the kinetochore, the centromere-associated protein complex that attaches chromosomes to the spindle. These observations establish a link between centromere-proximal cohesion and kinetochore assembly.
BUILDING URBAN GOVERNANCE: An Agenda for the 1990s

Effective and democratic local self-governance is the basic building block of the federal system. It allows citizens to make and carry out important decisions affecting their day-to-day lives. To f...
Ensemble clustering with voting active clusters

Clustering is an integral part of pattern recognition problems and is connected to both the data reduction and the data understanding steps. Combining multiple clusterings into an ensemble clustering is critical in many real world applications, particularly for domains with large data sets, high-dimensional feature sets and proprietary data. This paper presents voting active clusters (VACs), a method for combining multiple ''base'' clusterings into a single unified ''ensemble'' clustering that is robust against missing data and does not require all the data to be collected in one central location. In this approach, separate processing centers produce many base clusterings based on some portion of the data. The clusterings of such separate processing centers are then pooled to produce a unified ensemble clustering through a voting mechanism. The major contribution of this work is in providing an adaptive voting method by which the clusterings (e.g., spatially distributed processing centers) update their votes in order to maximize an overall quality measure. Our results show that this method achieves comparable or better performance than traditional cluster ensemble methods in noise-free conditions, and remains effective in noisy scenarios where many traditional methods are inapplicable.
Some Practical Techniques in Serial Number Analysis

Abstract The problem discussed is that of sampling from continuous and discrete uniform distributions. An application of this problem is presented which deals with the analysis of serial numbers on manufactured items in order to estimate the total number of items manufactured. Estimates of bounded relative error are obtained. Some justification for the use of these estimates is presented from the loss (cost) function point of view. Confidence intervals for the parameters are obtained and graphs are presented which may be used to determine the sample size required for confidence intervals of a given expected relative length. Tests of hypotheses are discussed. A method is presented for determining whether the serial numbers obtained are a random sample from a population of consecutive serial numbers. 1 1 The author is indebted to Mr. William A. Aronow, New Holland Machine Company, and to Professor Harry V. Roberts, University of Chicgo, for very helpful comments.
Occurrence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract A total of 521 residents of Rochester, Minnesota, who were diagnosed as having rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the period 1950–1974 and who fulfilled the American Rheumatism Association criteria for probable, definite or classic RA were identified. The medical records of all of these patients were searched for evidence of diabetes mellitus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis both before and after the diagnosis of RA. Observed numbers were compared with expected numbers on the basis of known incidence and prevalence rates of the two endocrine diseases in the Rochester population. For neither of the diseases examined (diabetes and thyroiditis) was the difference between observed and expected numbers statistically significant.
Possible Worlds and Situations

In the days before situation semantics1, some of us who wished to take a little of the metaphysical wind out of the sails of possible worlds semantics took to referring to possible worlds as “possible situations.” Now that the term “situation” has been pre-empted — tied to a certain theory and a certain ideology — I suppose those who still like possible worlds ought to find a new label. On the other hand, maybe it wouldn’t be so bad to use terminology which helps to blur the line between situations, in the new technical sense of Jon Barwise and John Perry, and possible worlds. I think the contrasts and conflicts between these notions, and between the respective theories or frameworks which take their names from them, have been exaggerated. There may be important substantive differences, technical and philosophical, between situation semantics and one or another formulation of possible worlds semantics, but they need to be characterized more sharply than they have been before the notions and theories can be compared.
Reactive effects of concurrent verbalization in person perception tasks

The reactive effects of concurrent verbalization (CV) on task performance in impression formation research have not been investigated, despite increasing use of this process tracing method. Since many person perception tasks involve multiple trials, assessment of reactivity should focus on carry-over and reactive-practice effects, as well as changes in task performance concurrent with thinking aloud. An experimental method for assessing these three forms of reactivity was demonstrated in an information-request impression formation task. Concurrent reactive effects were found for both continuous and intermittent CV. For the former, task processing was mildly slowed but altered in a manner suggestive of more efficient learning of, and memory for cues requested early in task performance. The substantial slowing of task processing during trial 1 intermittent CV largely disappeared by trial 2, indicating that subjects may require more practice for this method to be used effectively. The results for continuous CV are in line with recent findings which are inconsistent with certain predictions from the predominant theory of verbal protocol generation (Ericsson and Simon, 1984). Investigators using CV are urged to incorporate empirical checks for reactivity into their experimental designs.
Pathophysiologic basis for the use of third-generation cephalosporins

After 10 years of use, the third-generation cephalosporins remain excellent antibiotics. They have superior activity against selected streptococcal species compared with other cephalosporins, and superior activity against Haemophilus, Neisseria, Branhamella, and other less common oral gram-negative aerobic species. Despite a very broad spectrum of activity, the third-generation cephalosporins, like all other cephalosporins, have only poor activity against enterococci, Listeria, Corynebacterium jekeium, and methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Over the past 10 years, the activity of the third-generation cephalosporins against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Providencia, Serratia, Haemophilus, and Neisseria has remained excellent. Equally as important, though perhaps less well recognized, is the activity of some of these agents against mouth anaerobic species and the anaerobic Bacteroides and Clostridium spp. of the pelvic area. At present, there are two main threats to the continued use of the third-generation cephalosporins. These are the increasing number of infections due to Enterobacter spp., which constitutively produce large amounts of a beta-lactamase that hydrolyzes cephalosporins, and the recent appearance of Klebsiella spp. in many parts of the world that possess new plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that destroy cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and related third-generation parenteral cephalosporins. Correlation of pharmacologic properties with in vitro activity provides information as to reasonable dosage regimens for the third-generation cephalosporins. For most serious infections cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, and ceftazidime should be given three times a day provided that the patient has relatively normal renal function. Ceftriaxone can be administered once daily in less severe infections. The use of lower doses or less frequent dosing with cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, or ceftazidime is recommended in aged patients whose renal function is impaired. The unique interaction of cefotaxime with its active metabolite, desacetylcefotaxime, allows cefotaxime to be administered less frequently than three times a day in selected anaerobic infections. Correlation of the antibacterial activity and pharmacology of cephalosporins will help us to tailor their use more appropriately, so that the third-generation cephalosporins will remain useful antimicrobial agents for a further decade.
Exploration of the continental basement by seismic reflection profiling

The structure of the continental crust and uppermost mantle is being explored with higher resolution than previously attained through application of the seismic reflection profiling technique of the petroleum industry. Crustal structure is diverse, and features such as faults, unconformities, magma bodies, and the crust–mantle boundary have been delineated.
Reduction and reactivation of human and bovine milk lysozymes.

Abstract Reduction of the disulfide bonds in human milk lysozyme (HML) and bovine milk lysozyme (BML) with 2-mercaptoethanol destroyed their lytic activity. Titration with p -mercuribenzoate (PMB) revealed six free SH groups in the reduced lysozymes. Enzymic activity was rapidly regenerated during reoxidation at 37 °C in Tris-chloride buffer (pH 8.5). Regeneration of HML yielded a maximum of 84% of its native activity while regeneration of BML yielded 328% activity. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the reoxidation medium decreased both the rate and extent of BML reactivation. Reoxidized HML and BML possess no free SH groups. The data indicate that reoxidized HML has the same structure and specific activity of the native enzyme. BML, when compared to the native enzyme, was found to have same electrophoretic mobility but differed markedly in its spectral properties and specific activity. Possible explanations for the altered properties of BML are discussed.
Equisummability of eigenfunction expansions under analytic multipliers

In this paper we present some abstract criteria for equisummability of expansions in eienfunctions of certain pairs of elliptic operators on general domains of [w”. The criteria to be developed originate in some cases from general Banach space arguments, and in others from the more specific spatial nature of the differential operators involved. The importance of our analysis of L”-equisummability of two operators is that the question of convergence of the two summability means is reduced essentially to showing that the difference of the modified resolvent operators is uniformly bounded. We apply these criteria to give a simple proof of an equisummability result of Gurarie and Kon [4] for a certain class of elliptic operators whose leading terms are positive and lower order terms have coefficients which are singular on a nowhere dense set. The key technique is to analyze kernels of the resolvents and use ,&‘-radial bounds of the resolvents developed in [3]. The prototypical case for equisummability is found in the study of equiconvergence for differential operators. Classically Haar [ 51, Walsh [lo], Birkhoff [2], and Tamarkin [lo] have shown that the difference between expansions with respect to eigenfunctions of a Sturm-Liouville operator (or Birkhoff series) and the ordinary Fourier series tends to zero uniformly in every finite interval. In this case the multiplier or summator function is the characteristic function. In some one-dimensional cases where such equiconvergence fails, Stone [9], Levitan and Sargsjan [6], and Benzinger [1] have showed equisummability for Riesz typical means of eigenfunction expansions of differential operators, where the summator function is
Color correspondence in apparent motion.

To maintain figural identity during motion perception, the visual system must match images over space and time. Correct matching requires a metric for identifying “corresponding” images, those representing the same physical object. To test whether matching is based on achromatic (black/white) polarity and chromatic (red/green) color, observers viewed an ambiguous motion display and judged the path of apparent motion. Matching preserved black/white identity regardless of whether frames were viewed binocularly or dichoptically. Red/green identity was also preserved, but coherence of motion depended in part on the number of frames in the motion sequence and on the background luminance. These results suggest that correspondence is computed by a weighted metric containing terms for image features coded early in visual processing.
Inhibition by leukotriene B5 of leukotriene B4-induced activation of human keratinocytes and neutrophils

Leukotriene B5 (LTB5) that is generated enzymatically from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), was compared with arachidonic acid-derived LTB4 for its DNA synthetic effect on cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and for its chemokinetic effect on human blood neutrophils. Leukotriene B5 was much less potent than LTB4 in stimulating DNA synthesis and in inducing chemokinesis. Furthermore, the maximum response to LTB5 was only a mean of 38% that of LTB4 for mitogenesis and 70% that of LTB4 for chemokinesis. At an optimally active concentration of LTB4 (10(-10) M) the addition of LTB5 suppressed the enhancement by LTB4 of DNA synthesis in keratinocytes by a mean of 21%, 33%, and 54%, respectively, at 10(-9) M, 10(-8) M, and 10(-7) M LTB5. Leukotriene B5 inhibited to a lesser extent the maximum neutrophil chemokinetic response elicited by 10(-10) M LTB4 with mean inhibition of 10%, 20%, and 18%, respectively, by 10(-9) M, 10(-8) M, 10(-7) M LTB5; LTB5 was without effects on N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-elicited neutrophil chemokinesis and on thrombin-stimulated keratinocyte DNA synthesis. The dietary introduction of n-3 fatty acids, such as EPA, may reduce the epidermopoiesis and neutrophil migration evoked by LTB4 through decreases in generation of LTB4 and the capacity of LTB5 to inhibit the effects of LTB4.
New explorations in organizational relationships: An expectancy model of human symbolic activity

The role of superior and subordinate relationships in successful organizational functioning has been a primary concern of communication researchers for decades. However, two important issues have been neglected in the past: (1) the dimensions of congruent communicative expectations in supervisor and subordinate relationships; and (2) the focus upon symbolic exchanges between supervisors and subordinates from a communicative perspective. This paper first addresses the dimensions of expectancy theory as it interfaces with human communicative behavior, and second, examines human expectancies from a communicative perspective. Finally, it proposes an expectancy model of human symbolic activity centering communicative expectancies with supervisor and subordinate relationships.
Fragmentation behavior of multiple-metal-coordinated acidic oligosaccharides studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry

Abstract Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization we have been able to form gas-phase mixed metal complexes by doping acidic oligosaccharides simultaneously with two different alkali metals. Multiple metal coordination brings up several interesting points such as whether the alkali metals act like point charges by repelling one another, and whether the alkali metals bind to specific sites within the saccharide In this work we carried out collision induced dissociation (CID) on multiply coordinated oligosaccharides to gain insight into these questions. By using CID of the mixed metal complexes we find that different alkali metals show differing specificity for whether they bind to the sialic acid containing fragment, or the remaining oligosaccharide fragment. We also find that the sialic acid is not capable of solvating two small alkali metals simultaneously, but for larger alkali metals such as cesium this is not the case. Molecular modeling of acidic sugars show that there is not a “defined” binding site to which the different alkali metals bind, but many local minima exist.
Electrification of Large Open-Pit Copper Mines

The transportation problem of a large strip mine involves the loading, hauling, and dumping of both ore and waste. These materials are loaded with large electric shovels operating on benches along the slope of a hill or pit. The ore is transported over main-line tracks to the reduction plant, while the waste is hauled to suitable dumps. All main-line tracks are permanent and are equipped with permanent overhead distribution systems (Figure 1). All bench and dump tracks are portable and are equipped with portable overhead distribution systems. Sixty per cent of the world's copper is now obtained by open-pit mining of low-grade ore. Electrification of haulageways for open-pit mining is keeping pace with the expansion and is modernizing the transportation of huge tonnages. Huge capacities necessitating heavy cars and heavy grades demanding short-period overloads have been responsible for the selection of the electric locomotive for motive power. From the standpoint of locomotive capacity, rail size, dump-car capacity, and density of traffic, most open-pit electrifications compare in size with our large steam-road installations and hold an important place in the field of heavy traction (Figure 2). In addition to describing the haulage problem of large open-pit copper mines, this paper discusses the design of permanent and portable distribution systems.
Invasive cervical cancer in the 1990s

The death rate from invasive cervical cancer has decreased by 70% since the classic work by Papanicolaou and Traut in 1941 on the use of cytologic evaluation to detect cancer of the uterine cervix in the preinvasive in situ stage--a nearly 100% curable disease. Unfortunately, the survival stage for stage of invasive cervical cancer has remained static over the nearly 5 decades since their report. However, discoveries in the decade of the 1970s of the natural spread of cervical cancer, not only to the known pelvic lymph nodes, but the increasing incidence of paraaortic lymph node metastasis with advanced stages, the higher dose of radiation required to sterilize pelvic lymph node metastasis discovered at the time of radical hysterectomy or for locally advanced cervical cancer treated solely by radiation therapy, and the use of radiation potentiators, such as hydroxyurea, should lead to the significant reduction in the annual 7,000 deaths from this disease in the decade of the 1990s.
Some universal deformations for a class of compressible elastic solids

Two finite deformations that carry a family of coaxial elliptic cylinders into another such family, or a family of concentric ellipsoids into another such family, are shown to be controllable or universal deformations for a class of homogeneous, isotropic, compressible elastic solids.
Formation of hybridoma clones in soft agarose: Effect of pH and of medium

Optimal conditions for the formation of hybridoma clones in soft agarose are described. The hybridization frequency is shown to be highly dependent on the pH of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution used for fusion and on the cloning medium. Maximal numbers of clones are obtained when the PEG solution used for fusion is at pH 8.0–8.2.
Communication assessments of individuals with limited hearing

Communicative competence is not a matter of selecting a sentence and applying it to some use. Nor is competence a single dimension: It is a matter of interacting in socially coordinated ways with o...
Stereotyping and the treatment of missing data for drug and alcohol clinical trials

Stigma and stereotyping of marginalized groups often is insidious and shows up in unlikely places, for instance in how clinical trials consider dropouts in treatment research. A surprising number of studies presume that people who do not complete the study protocol relapse and code their data as if they had been observed. There is no good statistical rationale for this treatment of missing data and numerous and more defensible alternative methods are available. We need to be mindful about our attitudes and preconceptions about the people we are intending to help. There is no good reason to continue to support science built on this scientifically indefensible stereotyping, however unintentional.