cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phototransduction and retinal degeneration in Drosophila.

Drosophila visual transduction is the fastest known G-protein-coupled signaling cascade and has therefore served as a genetically tractable animal model for characterizing rapid responses to sensory stimulation. Mutations in over 30 genes have been identified, which affect activation, adaptation, or termination of the photoresponse. Based on analyses of these genes, a model for phototransduction has emerged, which involves phosphoinoside signaling and culminates with opening of the TRP and TRPL cation channels. Many of the proteins that function in phototransduction are coupled to the PDZ containing scaffold protein INAD and form a supramolecular signaling complex, the signalplex. Arrestin, TRPL, and Gαq undergo dynamic light-dependent trafficking, and these movements function in long-term adaptation. Other proteins play important roles either in the formation or maturation of rhodopsin, or in regeneration of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), which is required for the photoresponse. Mutation of nearly any gene that functions in the photoresponse results in retinal degeneration. The underlying bases of photoreceptor cell death are diverse and involve mechanisms such as excessive endocytosis of rhodopsin due to stable rhodopsin/arrestin complexes and abnormally low or high levels of Ca2+. Drosophila visual transduction appears to have particular relevance to the cascade in the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in mammals, as the photoresponse in these latter cells appears to operate through a remarkably similar mechanism.
Theoretical Assessment of Uncertainty in Regional Averages due to Network Density and Design

Abstract Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations are performed over Russia for July and December 2005, 2006, and 2007 to create a “dataset” to assess the impact of network density and design on regional averages. Based on the values at all WRF grid points, regional averages for various quantities are calculated for 2.8° × 2.8° areas as the “reference.” Regional averages determined based on 40 artificial networks and 411 “sites” that correspond to the locations of a real network are compared with the reference regional averages. The 40 networks encompass 10 networks of 500, 400, 200, or 100 different randomly taken WRF grid points as sites. The real network’s site distribution misrepresents the landscape. This misrepresentation leads to errors in regional averages that show geographical and temporal trends for most quantities: errors are lower over shores of large lakes than coasts and lowest over flatland followed by low and high mountain ranges; offsets in timing occur during frontal pas...
REFRIGERATED SEAWATER SPRAY SYSTEM MODEL FOR SHRIMP VESSELS

A mathematical simulation of refrigerated seawater spray cooling of shrimp onboard a vessel is described. The simulation describes compressor and chiller performance and heat transfer between shrimp and recirculating spray water. It also accounts for conduction through the hull and for pump energy. A series of temperature measurements onboard vessels verified the model which can be used to evaluate the sensitivity of cooling rates to changes in equipment or operating procedures.
Blood Cell Surface Changes in Drosophila Mutants with Melanotic Tumors

When wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate is bound to hemocytes from larvae of Drosophila melanogaster, two populations of hemocytes are distinguished. One shows a fluorescent speckled surface (spk+) and the other lacks this characteristic (spk-). In mutant larvae with melanotic tumors and in larval hosts with heterospecific implants, most of the lamellocytes (a hemocyte variant involved in capsule formation and tissue rejection) are spk+, whereas the lamellocytes in nontumorous larvae are spk-. This suggests that spk+ lamellocytes are necessary for encapsulation of aberrant tissues in the mutant larvae and are responsible for rejection of foreign tissue implants.
Correlation of limestone beds using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometric analysis

Correlation of limestone beds is commonly based on a variety of features, including the age of the bed, the fossil assemblage, internal sedimentary structures, and the relationship to other units in the stratigraphy. This study uses laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to correlate 16 limestone beds from Kansas, USA, using three multivariate techniques: (1) soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) classification, (2) a partial least squares regression, 1 variable (PLS-1) model in which the spectra are regressed against a matrix of the indicator variables 1 through 16, and (3) a matching algorithm that consists of a sequence of binary PLS-1 models. Each gravel-sized limestone particle was analyzed by one LIBS shot; ten spectra were averaged into a single spectrum for chemometric analysis. The entire spectrum (198–969 nm wavelength) is used for multivariate analysis; the only preprocessing is averaging. The SIMCA and PLS-1 models fail to discriminate among the beds, which are chemically similar. In contrast, the matching algorithm has a success rate of 95% to 96%, using half of the spectra to train the model and the other half of the spectra to validate it. However, 100% success can be accomplished by accepting the classification of the majority of spectra for a given bed as the correct classification. This study indicates that LIBS can be applied to complex geologic correlation problems and provide rapid, accurate results.
New Three-phase Inverter for UPS application

This paper proposes a new three-phase inverter for UPS application. The control of the proposed inverter is based on circuit-level decoupling (Salmon, 1996 and Qiao and Smedley, 1999) instead of d/q conversion; it's implemented by appropriate logic circuitry in combination with a control-core and a PID compensator. The control-core can be implemented by one-cycle controller (OCC), pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller, hysteresis controller and current-programmed mode (CPM) controller, etc. Superior performance such as low THD, fast dynamic response, as well as low switching loss has been demonstrated. The proposed concept is supported by simulation and experimental results from 1kW prototypes built and tested under all loading conditions i.e. zero load, full load and non-linear load. With OCC control-core, it has the added strength of full rejection of input voltage perturbations as well as the ability to track abrupt reference change
Design and development of receptor-avid peptide conjugates for in-vivo targeting of cancer

Radiometallated peptides that exhibit high specificity for cognate receptors over expressed on cancer cells offer important potential as site-directed diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceutical. The formation of effective radioactive drugs for specific in vivo targeting of cancerous tumors is being facilitated by the integration of novel chelation strategies and receptor-avid derivatives. Significant efforts are being made to design Technetium-99m labeled for diagnostic imaging of cancerous tumors for use in conjunction with Single Photon Emission Tomography instrumentation in nuclear medicine. Receptor avid radiopharmaceutical are also being developed that utilize other radionuclides for imaging and therapeutic applications. Despite the technological challenges that must be overcome, radiolabeled receptor avid peptide conjugates are providing promising site-directed targeting agents for the assessment and treatment of cancerous tumors in humans.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simple model for Λ-doublet propensities in bimolecular reactions

A simple geometric model is presented to account for lambda-doublet propensities in bimolecular reactions A + BC - AB + C. It applies to reactions in which AB is formed in a pi state, and in which the unpaired molecular orbital responsible for lambda-doubling arises from breaking the B-C bond. The lambda-doublet population ratio is predicted to be 2:1 provided that: (1) the motion of A in the transition state determines the plane of rotation of AB; (2) the unpaired pi orbital lying initially along the B-C bond may be resolved into a projection onto the AB plane of rotation and a projection perpendicular to this plane; (3) there is no preferred geometry for dissociation of ABC. The 2:1 lambda-doublet ratio is the 'unconstrained dynamics prior' lambda-doublet distribution for such reactions.
Rethinking population distribution policies.

Developed and developing nations are generally dissatisfied with the spatial distributions of their populations. Dissatisfaction is particularly acute on the part of developing nations which view their problems of population distribution as more serious than those of natural increase. The overwhelming majority of governments have already adopted policies to affect rates and patterns of internal migration or the configuration of their rural and urban populations. However, recent reviews of these policies suggest they have been only partially successful. Apparent policy deficiencies are reviewed and possible remedies suggested in regard to the need for intervention, the scope of policies, their objectives, instruments, and evaluation.
Oral self-administration of phencyclidine analogs by rhesus monkeys: conditioned taste and visual reinforcers.

Three monkeys self-administered orally-delivered phencyclidine, 1-(1-phencyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP), N-ethyl-1-phencyclohexylamine (PCE), and 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP) over a wide range of concentrations (0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/ml). Water was also available under a concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 16 schedule. Drug deliveries were substantially higher than concurrent water deliveries at all concentrations, indicating that the three compounds functioned as effective reinforcers. Maximum liquid deliveries occurred at concentrations of 0.0625 (PCP and TCP) and 0.125 mg/ml (PCE). TCP was much shorter-acting (10–15 min) than PCP (4–6 h) based on observations of severe ataxia at high concentrations. To investigate the conditioned reinforcing effects of taste, a quinine solution (0.088 mg/ml) was substituted for PCP (0.25 mg/ml) in five monkeys. Four monkeys responded for quinine in excess of water for a range of seven to over 30 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) did not show any substantial responding for quinine. With the same five monkeys (treatment order mixed), the effect of visual stimuli was tested by substituting water for PCP while retaining the visual stimuli indicating drug availability. Four monkeys showed increased responding on the side signaling drug for only 0–4 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) showed persistent responding for water on the side with drug stimuli for 29 sessions. These results indicated that taste functioned as an effective conditioned reinforcer, while visual stimuli appeared to be less effective in the oral drug self-administration paradigm.
The Who and the What of Educational Cosmopolitanism

In the educational strand of cosmopolitanism, much attention has been placed on theorizing and describing who is cosmopolitan. It has been argued that cosmopolitan sensibilities negotiate and/or embody such paradoxes as rootedness and rootlessness, local and global concerns, private and public identities. Concurrently, cosmopolitanism has also been formulated as a globally-minded project for and ethico-political responsibility to human rights and global justice. Such articulations underscore cosmopolitanism in anthropocentric terms. People can be cosmopolitan and cosmopolitan projects aim to cultivate cosmopolitan subjectivities. What is striking about scholarship in educational cosmopolitanism is its lack of serious attention placed on the greatest global threat facing not only but largely created by human beings: environmental degradation. In this paper, I provide an overview of key texts written on the who in educational cosmopolitanism which helps lay the groundwork for an analysis of what is cosmopolitan. Regarding the what, I examine a range of boundary-defying emergencies described in cosmopolitan terms including climate change, radioactive poisoning of the planet, and bioinvasion. In the last analysis, I consider what it would take and what the possibilities are for our species to be truly committed to caring not only for the human world.
SYNTHESIS OF BIPYRIDINE AND BIQUINOLINE COMPLEXES OF GROUP 4 METALLOCENES

The complexes Cp2ML2, with M=Ti, Zr and Hf, and L2=bipyridyl, biquinoline and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl, were prepared in excellent yields via magnesium reduction of the respective group 4 metallocene dichlorides in THF solution. 1H NMR spectroscopy in benzene-d6 indicates that this synthetic route affords Cp2Ti(bpy) as a diamagnetic product.
An eight-year study of the viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in humans: Ultrastructural observations and seasonal distribution with a major emphasis on coronavirus-like particles

During an 8-yr period, 862 stool specimens from patients with gastroenteritis were examined by electron microscopy after negative staining with 2% phosphotungstic acid (pH 6.5) (1). Forty-one percent of the specimens submitted over an 8-yr period were determined to be positive for virus or viruslike particles belonging to one or more of seven morphologically distinct viral groups. Coronaviruslike particles (CVLPs) were present in 69.8% of the positive stool specimens. Membranous profiles containing “complement-type” holes (10 nm in diameter) were identified in some preparations containing CVLPs. The second most prevalent viral agent found in stool specimens was the rotavirus (17% of all positive stools). The incidence of other viruses identified in the survey were as follows: adenovirus 4.5%, picorna/parvovirus agents 2.9%, Norwalk-like agent 2.9%, astrovirus 1.9%, and calicivirus 0.5%. Unclassified small round viruses (~25–30 nm in diameter) represented 0.5%. It was also determined that there was a seasonal distribution in excretion of all viruses except for CVLPs. A greater number of viruses were identified in the cooler, drier months of the year.
‘United We Stand’: American Attitudes toward (Muslim) Immigration Post‐September 11th

L'a. expose les resultats d'une enquete qu'il a menee aupres de la population americaine, apres les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, en octobre et novembre 2001. Elle vise a connaitre l'attitude des citoyens vis a vis de l'immigration, et notamment celle en provenance d'Irak, d'Afghanistan et d'Asie du Sud-est. L'a. souligne la contradiction entre les ideaux proclames et la precarisation croissante depuis 40 ans du statut des immigres aux Etats-Unis. L'impact des attaques du 11 septembre 2001 est clair, et une majorite d'americains souhaitent voir l'immigration en provenance du Moyen Orient baisser. Il note cependant que la connaissance d'une personne originaire de ces regions, diminue nettement les reticences.Il conclut qu'il est necessaire de favoriser les relations inter-ethniques pour faire fonctionner l'integration a l'americaine.
Seamus Heaney's LIMBO

In his Seamus Heaney: The Making of the Poet (1993), Michael Parker sets forth the cultural context of Heaney's “Limbo” and draws an accurate picture of the plight of a young woman in a sexually re...
Bond percolation critical probability bounds for three Archimedean lattices

Rigorous bounds for the bond percolation critical probability are determined for three Archimedean lattices: .7385 < pc((3, 122) bond) < .7449, .6430 < pc((4, 6, 12) bond) < .7376, .6281 < pc((4, 82) bond) < .7201. Consequently, the bond percolation critical probability of the (3, 122) lattice is strictly larger than those of the other ten Archimedean lattices. Thus, the (3, 122) bond percolation critical probability is possibly the largest of any vertex-transitive graph with bond percolation critical probability that is strictly less than one.
Polarimetric techniques for enhancing SAR imagery

This paper describes several techniques for enhancing fully polarimetric, high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Image enhancement is viewed as a pre-processing step to prepare the SAR data for sophisticated detection, discrimination, and classification algorithms. The paper considers enhancement techniques that use polarimetric information in the imagery to achieve one or both of the following goals: (1) reduction of image speckle, and (2) improvement in target-to-clutter contrast. Three enhancement techniques are presented: the polarimetric whitening filter (PWF), the polarimetric enhancement filter (PEF), and the polarimetric matched filter (PMF). These polarimetric processing techniques are applied to actual SAR data gathered by the Lincoln Laboratory MMW airborne sensor. The resulting target and clutter statistics are compared for typical data sets at both 1ft by 1ft resolution and 1m by 1m resolution.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Teratologic Evaluation of Liquid Propellant (XM46) in the Rat

The Army has proposed using a liquid propellant (XM46) composed of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and triethanolammonium nitrate (TEAN) in its Advanced Field Artillery System. This study was undertaken to determine the potential threat to the unborn fetus should female Army personnel become exposed to this compound during pregnancy. Timed pregnant rats (Crl:CD® Charles River Laboratories, Inc.) were purchased on day 4 of pregnancy and divided into a control and four dose groups of 25-28 animals each. Animals were dosed orally with XM46 on days 6-15 of pregnancy at the rate of 0.0, 162.5, 325 and 650 mg kg -1 body wt day -1 . Cesarean section was performed on gestation day 20. Maternal body weight was significantly reduced in the 650 mgkg -1 day -1 dose group on days 5-20 of pregnancy. Likewise, maternal food consumption was significantly reduced in the high-dose animals during the dosing period. There were no exposure-related differences in fetal weight, number, sex or frequency of malformations observed in fetuses between control and treated dams. The results of this study indicate that XM46 is not a teratogen in the rat.
The Effects of Caging Birds by Body Weight on Egg Production and Mortality

Abstract Commercial poultrymen house pullets in cages without regard to body weight. This project was initiated to determine if egg production and mortality would be affected if pullets were caged according to body weights. It was assumed that where birds with different body weights were housed in the same cage that the difference in size could cause a decrease in production and an increase in mortality. In this study egg production and mortality of pullets housed with uniform body weights, within cages, were compared with those of randomly housed pullets. PROCEDURE Three houses, each with 4 rows of 12 10-inch cages were used to house 432 19-week old S.C. White Leghorn pullets. Three pullets were randomly placed in each cage, simulating commercial methods of housing. All birds were immediately weighed and leg banded. Every other cage was used for treatment 1. Birds in treatment 1 were controls and were kept as…
Diagnosis of African horsesickness

African horsesickness (AHS) is a very serious, non-contagious disease of horses and other solipeds caused by an arthropod-borne orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. The epizootic nature of the disease makes rapid, accurate diagnosis of AHS absolutely essential. Currently, diagnosis of AHS is based on typical clinical signs and lesions, a history consistent with vector transmission and confirmation by laboratory detection of virus and/or anti-AHS virus antibodies. The clinicopathologic presentation of AHS, current and next generation laboratory diagnostic methods are discussed.
Use of vancomycin in vitrectomy infusion solution and evaluation of retinal toxicity.

The retinal toxicity of vancomycin in infusion solution used in vitrectomy and lensectomy was investigated in rabbit eyes by means of electroretinography and histologie study (light microscopy). Concentrations of 8μg/ ml, 16μg/ml, and 32μg/ml of vancomycin in balanced salt solution caused no abnormal ERG or histologic changes. However, ERG amplitude depression and abnormal histologie changes occurred when the concentration of 100μg/ml of vancomycin was used.
Platelet factor 4 efficiently reverses heparin anticoagulation in the rat without adverse effects of heparin-protamine complexes.

BACKGROUND It has been observed that the reversal of heparin anticoagulation in humans by protamine sulfate (PS) results in various adverse reactions including leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, activation of complement, increased vascular permeability, systemic hypotension, pulmonary vasoconstriction, and pulmonary edema. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and effects of native platelet factor 4 (PF4) and recombinant platelet factor 4 (rPF4) with those of PS in heparin neutralization in vivo, using a rat model. METHODS AND RESULTS Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and the right femoral vein and carotid artery were cannulated. For determination of activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, white blood cell count, and complement titer, arterial blood samples were taken before and immediately after heparin (10 units/100 g) infusion and at several time points after the infusion of the neutralizing agent (PS, 0.1 mg/100 g; PF4, 0.5 mg/100 g). In separate groups of animals, mean arterial blood pressure was monitored throughout identical protocols and the lungs were prepared for histological examination. The anticoagulant activity of heparin was effectively reversed by all of the neutralizing agents (PS, PF4, and rPF4). Platelet count (48% of initial), white blood cell count (52% of initial), complement titer (60% of initial), and mean arterial pressure (20% decrease) decreased significantly in heparinized animals receiving PS but not in those receiving PF4 or rPF4. Lung interstitium appeared normal when heparin was followed by PF4; however, interstitial edema and hemorrhage were observed with heparin-PS. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PF4 efficiently reverses heparin anticoagulation in the rat without the adverse effects of heparin-protamine complexes. Therefore, rPF4 may be an appropriate substitute for PS in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery and other procedures that require heparin anticoagulation.
Investigation of silicon etching and silicon dioxide bubble formation during silicon oxidation in HCl-oxygen atmospheres

Abstract Experiments performed to characterize the silicon etching occurring at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface during thermal oxidation of silicon in dry oxygen-HCl atmospheres at 1100 °C are described. The etching was accompanied by bubble formation or bowing of the silicon dioxide film and ultimately by complete loss of adhesion of the thermally grown film. Pre-oxidation experiments with dry oxygen suggest that silicon etching is primarily dependent upon the chlorine concentration at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface, with oxide growth prior to HCl addition having a small effect.
Workplace demands and resources as antecedents of job burnout among public child welfare workers: A longitudinal study.

Abstract This three-wave longitudinal study is the first multiple point longitudinal study to examine the impact of workplace demands and resources on the development of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization among public child welfare workers. This study is contextualized within the Job Demands and Resources (JD-R) theoretical model of burnout development. Growth curve analyses results from an availability sample of 335 public child welfare workers indicate that emotional exhaustion and depersonalization increase over time. Organizational tenure, job stress, and work–family conflict were found to be associated with the development of emotional exhaustion, while age, work–family conflict, and organizational support were related to the development of depersonalization. Implications for workforce management in child welfare organizations and directions for future research are discussed.
Endogenous risk and protection premiums

Endogenous risk implies an individual perceives he can influence the likelihood that a state of nature will occur. To add structure to endogenous risk models, I define a protection premium for reduced uncertainty about protection efficiency when a stochastic variable enters the probability functionp(x) rather than the utility function. For a binary lottery, a measure of aversion of uncertain protection efficiencyΓ(x) =-p″(x)/p′(x) is defined to unambiguously determine the effects of increased risk on an individual's voluntary contribution to public good supply earmarked to reduce the probability of an undesirable state. Finally, I examine the protection premium in ann-state discrete lottery and when uncertainty exists in both the probability and utility function.
Synthesis of chondromucoprotein by chondrocytes in suspension culture.

Abstract Embryonic chick chondrocytes growing in suspension culture excrete into the medium chondromucoprotein which appears to be identical to chondromucoprotein isolated from epiphyseal cartilage. Low oxygen tension favored maximum production of chondromucoprotein. The presence of ascorbic acid enhanced both chondromucoprotein and collagen synthesis. Glycosyltransferases involved in chondromucoprotein synthesis were detected in homogenates of such cultured chondrocytes.
SOME PROPERTIES OF PLASMA PRODUCED BY LASER GIANT PULSE

Production of plasma by the action of a laser giant pulse on aluminum, gold, carbon, and tungsten targets is described. Absorption of the laser energy by the plasma was measured. In the presence of magnetic fields, diamagnetic signals from the trapped plasma were measured, and timeexposure photographs of the light emitted from the plasma region were taken. (L.B.S.)
Minority species concentration measurements in flames by the photoacoustic technique.

The potential of the photoacoustic technique to detect minority species concentrations in combustion environments has been investigated. In particular, we have detected very low concentrations of NO2 molecules produced in the combustion of methane, oxygen, and nitrogen in a flat-flame burner.
A Cross-Layer Approach for Early-Stage Power Grid Design and Optimization

Power integrity has become increasingly important for sub-32nm designs. Many prior works have discussed power grid design and optimization in the post-layout stage, when design change is inevitably expensive and difficult. In contrast, during the early stage of a development cycle, designers have more flexibility to improve the design quality. However, there are several fundamental challenges at early stage when the design database is not complete, including extraction, modeling, and optimization. This article tackles these fundamental issues of early-stage power grid design from architecture to layout. The proposed methods have been silicon validated on 32nm on-market chips and successfully applied to a 22nm design for its early-stage power grid design. The findings from such practices reveal that, for sub-32nm chips, an intrinsic on-die capacitance and power gate scheme may have more significant impact than expected on power integrity, and needs to be well addressed at early stage.
Completion Of The Marine Aerosol Spectrum

Field measurements of large marine aerosols (radius, r >60 pm)were performed at an elevation of 6m above the mean sea surface under high wind velocities (U>9m/s). Sizes and concentrations of large droplets were measured via an optical technique. From these measurements, aerosol size spectra have been constructed and are used to complete the marine aerosol spectrum. In the meantime, sea-salt concentrations were simultaneously measured and are incorporated with spray data to ionfirm the shape of the entire aerosol spectrum. In doing so, the Gathman aerosol model , which predicts the effect of the entire aerosol spectrum on atmospheric propagation, is verified.
De-channelling contrast in annular dark-field STEM

Abstract The image contrast in high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) for crystalline specimens oriented so that the incident beam axis is parallel to a principal axis or plane of the crystal is considered to be produced by a process of channelling of the electrons along rows or planes of atoms plus a process of high-angle scattering by the atoms. Crystal defects or the termination of a crystal at a face can change the channelling conditions and hence give image contrast. It is shown that at MgO crystal faces and at dislocations in Al the de-channelling of the electron beam produces an expansion of the diffraction pattern and hence an increase of ADF image intensity. It is suggested that the HAADF STEM technique may be particularly valuable for the study of defects in thick crystals and of surface structures.
Dynamic pedogenesis: new views on some key soil concepts, and a model for interpreting quaternary soils.

Abstract Inasmuch as soils are open systems and rarely, if ever, achieve equilibrium with their environments, it is philosophically sound to view all soils as expressing varying levels of polygenesis as that term has been redefined. Soil genesis and resultant morphology may then be viewed in a comprehensive framework of soil evolution that consists of two linked pathways, one developmental and the other regressive, that reflect interactions of both exogenous and endogenous vectors (vectors are factors, processes, and conditions of pedogenesis). Following this philosophy, a model of pedogenesis is framed in an evolutional paradigm that emphasizes the integrated effects of dynamic and passive pedogenic vectors in directing pathways and in controlling rates of soil genesis through time. The dynamic vectors include energy and mass fluxes, frequencies of soil wetting and drying, water table dynamics, organisms, feedback processes, and pedoturbation. The passive vectors include parent materials, soil chemical environment, stability of geomorphic surfaces, and various evolved soil properties and conditions (accessions). Both sets of vectors vary spatially, and the dynamic vectors, more so than passive vectors, fluctuate through time. The model is expressed as S=f(D,P, dD dt , dD dt ) where S is the state of the soil or degree of profile evolution, D is the set of dynamic vectors, P is the set of passive vectors, and dD dt and dP dt denote change through time t. The model helps explain the apparent minimal development and regressed character of some old soils and the rapid and strong development of some young ones.
Growth and Function of En Bloc Infant Kidney Transplants: A Preliminary Study

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the growth and function of 21 pairs of en bloc infant kidneys transplanted into adult recipients. Serum creatinine,99m technetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid glomerular filtration rates, kidney volumes and resistive indexes were determined at 1 to 3, 3 to 6 and beyond 6 months, and compared using repeated measures analysis of variance tests. En bloc kidneys grew at a statistically significant rate (p <0.001), for example nearly 2-fold in 3 to 6 months (209 +-/69 cc from 132 +-/70 cc), and approaching 3-fold at 6 months and longer (325 +-/106 cc). Similarly, the glomerular filtration rates increased almost 4-fold (83 +-/52 ml. from 23 +-/11 ml. per minute) and 5-fold (121 +-/45 ml., p <0.001), respectively, during the same periods. Resistive indexes remained at normal range (0.60 to 0.63). Recipient blood pressure was normal. Our study shows that infant en bloc kidney transplants grow rapidly and provide excellent function to the adult recipient.
Epitaxial Growth of Rare Earths on Rare Earth Fluorides and Rare Earth Fluorides on Rare Earths: Two New Epitaxial Systems Accessed by MBE

We report two new epitaxial systems, prepared by MBE: basal plane epitaxy of the rare earth metal Dy onto LaF 3 films and vice versa. SQUID magnetometry studies indicate that buried epitaxial Dy films, of ∼300A thick, order ferromagnetically at similar temperatures to bulk Dy crystals.These epitaxial systems are one member of a new family of epitaxial systems of basal plane epitaxy of rare earth metals on rare earth fluorides and vice versa. Such systems may be used to probe the effects of strain and dimensionality on magnetic ordering in rare earth metal films and multilayers.
Commentary: Mortality increases during economic upturns

evidence from the 1998 Russian crisis. Economic Discussion Paper No 541. Colchester: University of Essex, Department of Economics, 2002. 15 Andreev EM, Nolte E, Shkolnikov VM, Varavikova E, McKee M. The evolving pattern of avoidable mortality in Russia. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:437–46. 16 Field MG, Twigg JL. Russia’s Torn Safety Nets: Health and Social Welfare During the Transition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. 17 Wallace R, Wallace D. Origins of public health collapse in New York City: the dynamics of planned shrinkage, contagious urban decay and social disintegration. Bull N Y Acad Med 1990;66:391–434. 18 Gerdtham U-G, Ruhm CJ. Deaths rise in good economic times. Evidence from the OECD. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 9357. Cambridge, MA: NBER, 2003. 19 Jantti M, Martikainen P, Valkonen T. When the welfare state works: unemployment and mortality in Finland. In: Cornia GA, Paniccia (eds). The Mortality Crisis in Transitional Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. 351–91. 20 Lindert PH. Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 1206 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra of In/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/N-GaN quantum wells: comparison between experimental and theoretical studies

InGaN-GaN represents an important heterostructure with applications in electronics and optoelectronics. It also offers a system where we can study the effects of interface roughness, alloy clustering, and the piezoelectric effect. In the paper, we examine how these factors influence the photoluminescence and excitation photoluminescence in InGaN-GaN quantum wells. We examine the Stokes shift as a function of the excitation level and doping and relate the values to the piezoelectric effect and disorder in the system. Detailed comparisons are made with experimental results.
Supervisory design using Petri nets

A Petri net model is described that is consistent with the control theory for discrete event systems. The purpose is to apply the theoretical approach of supervisory control to a model that permits an efficient solution of the control problem. The focus is at the model level. The authors show how Petri nets may be used to design a supervisor. The design requires two steps. In the first step, a coarse structure for a supervisor is synthesized by means of a concurrent composition of different modules. In the second step, the structure is refined to avoid reaching forbidden markings. The refinement procedure may always be applied when the net is conservative. In both steps, the use of Petri nets allows the structure of the model to be small. >
Three Facets of Visual and Verbal Learners: Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Style, and Learning Preference.

The authors examined the hypothesis that some people are verbal learners and some people are visual learners. They presented a battery of 14 cognitive measures related to the visualizer-verbalizer dimension to 95 college students and then conducted correlational and factor analyses. In a factor analysis, each measure loaded most heavily onto 1 of 4 factors: cognitive style (such as visual-verbal style questionnaires), learning preference (such as behavioral and rating instruments involving visual-verbal preferences in multimedia learning scenarios), spatial ability (such as visualization and spatial relations tests and verbal-spatial ability self-ratings), and general achievement (such as tests of verbal and mathematical achievement). Results have implications for how to conceptualize and measure individual differences in the visualizer-verbalizer dimension and cognitive style in general. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
“An Anthropomorphic Insolence of Short Duration”: Oedipus, Masculinity, and the Death of “Man” in the Work of Samuel Beckett

Compared with other ancient Greek myths of royal investiture, the Oedipus myth offers an unusual picture of masculine development. Oedipus's intellectual heroism (vis-a-vis the Sphinx) marks him as a representative of mankind's self-declared triumph over the natural world. However, in compliance with mythic logic, it also dooms him to incest and parricide. Beckett plays on this mythic inextricability of human identity and self-consciousness with incest and, especially in his famous trilogy Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable (originally published in French, 1950-52), he represents masculinity as a condition that simultaneously contests and capitulates to the apparent inevitability of myth. Beckett's characters treat the Oedipus myth (and especially Freud's interpretation of its centrality to human development) as an absurd but necessary narrative blueprint around which they can construct their own otherwise ungrounded musings on human nature and masculine identity.
Facebook users have become much more private: A large-scale study

We investigate whether Facebook users have become more private in recent years. Specifically, we examine if there have been any important trends in the information Facebook users reveal about themselves on their public profile pages since early 2010. To this end, we have crawled the public profile pages of 1.4 million New York City (NYC) Facebook users in March 2010 and again in June 2011. We have found that NYC users in our sample have become dramatically more private during this period. For example, in March 2010 only 17.2% of users in our sample hid their friend lists, whereas in June 2011, just 15 months later, 52.6% of the users hid their friend lists. We explore privacy trends for several personal attributes including friend list, networks, relationship, high school name and graduation year, gender, and hometown. We find that privacy trends have become more pronounced for certain demographics. Finally, we attempt to determine the primary causes behind the dramatic decrease in the amount of information Facebook users reveal about themselves to the general public.
Human Body Shape Prediction and Analysis Using Predictive Clustering Tree

Predictive modeling aims at constructing models that predict a target property of an object based on its descriptions. In digital human modeling, it can be applied to predicting human body shape from images, measurements, or descriptive features. While images and measurements can be converted to numerical values, it is difficult to assign numerical values to descriptive features and therefore regression based methods cannot be applied. In this work, we propose to use Predictive Clustering Trees (PCT) to predict human body shapes from demographic information. We build PCTs using a dataset of demographic attributes and body shape descriptors. We demonstrate empirically that the PCT-based method has similar predicting power as the numerical approaches using body measurements. The PCTs also reveal interesting structures of the training dataset and provide interpretations of the body shape variations from the perspective of the demographic attributes.
Use of Mannitol Inhalation Challenge in Assessment of Cough

Bronchial provocation testing uses a variety of direct and indirect inhalational challenges to evaluate airway hyperreactivity. Mannitol, a simple, easy-to-administer hypertonic stimulus available in many countries, is currently under review by the FDA in the US. Healthy subjects show no airway response to inhaled mannitol; asthmatic patients respond with airway narrowing similar to challenges with hypertonic saline and exercise. Mannitol challenge also has a tussive effect that is independent of bronchoconstriction, suggesting different physiologic pathways. Patients with chronic cough show increased sensitivity to mannitol, and mannitol testing may be useful for evaluating heterogeneity in the cough response.
“Silent” myocardial ischemia during and after exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease☆☆☆

Abstract Although many patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have a positive exercise test without pain, the frequency and significance of this “silent” ischemia is unclear. Therefore, we studied 122 consecutive clinically stable patients with angiographically defined CAD (> 75 per cent luminal stenosis) and a positive exercise test. Seventy-eight patients had pain or anginal equivalent during or after a positive exercise test; 44 did not, including 32 (26 per cent) with no symptoms at all. Patients were evaluated as to age, sex, prior myocardial infarction, congestive failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and digoxin or propranolol therapy-in addition to anginal symptoms before, during, or after the exercise itself. Extent of CAD, presence of collaterals, and left ventricular ejection fraction were also determined. All exercise tests were evaluated for evidence of ST-T abnormalities or prior infarction on the control ECG as well as peak heart rate during exercise and post-exercise degree of ST segment depression. There were no significant differences between patients with and without exercise-induced pain in regard to any of the clinical and angiographic features noted above, demonstrating that “silent” myocardial ischemia during or after exercise testing is not uncommon and is not readily atributable to any obvious clinical or catheterization findings. Further studies are necessary to determine if patients with evidence of “silent” myocardial ischemia are especially prone to sudden death.
Cryopreservation of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stem cells

Recent studies illustrate the potential for improving the cryopreservation of stem cells. Reduced DMSO concentrations in the cryopreservation medium, post thaw washing of cells and increased cell concentration have been actively studied. Standardization of cell processing has led to the study of liquid storage prior to cryopreservation, validation of mechanical (uncontrolled rate freezing) freezing, and cryopreservation bag failure. Finally, the need for the systematic study and optimization of preservation processes has not been fulfilled. As the sources and applications of stem cells (hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic) continue to be developed, the need for effective preservation methods will only grow.
Spectral analysis and analytic interpolation

Consider a stationary stochastic input driving a known linear filter and assume knowledge of the resulting covariance of the state vector. We are interested in characterizing all input spectra which are consistent with the given state-covariance. We first identify the dependance of the state covariance on the filter equations and then characterize all admissible input power spectra via solutions to a related analytic interpolation problem.
A Pade/spl acute/ via AWE fast frequency sweep for quasi-static coupled electromagnetic and circuit simulation

The Pade/spl acute/ approximation via AWE (asymptotic wave expansion) and other model order reduction techniques have been used for the efficient solution of a wide variety of problems. The paper considers a coupled EM-circuit system where the EM portion of the system is expressed using boundary element integral equations represented by the method of moments (MoM), and the circuit portion is described using modified nodal analysis (MNA). The system therefore contains two different kinds of physics. The advantage of the coupled approach is the ability to observe circuit effects on EM quantities, and to design EM-aware microelectronic circuits. We show that Pade/spl acute/ via AWE can be used successfully to implement fast frequency sweeps for coupled EM-circuit systems.
Movement of myosin fragments in vitro: Domains involved in force production

We have used the Nitella-based movement assay to localize the site of force production in myosin. Methods were developed to use nonfilamentous myosin or proteolytic fragments of myosin in place of the thick filaments used in the original assay. In the experiments described here, the tail of myosin or its subfragments is anchored via antibodies to the surface of small particles. Nonfilamentous myosin or its subfragments move along Nitella actin cables at speeds similar to those obtained with filamentous myosin. We generated short HMM, a myosin fragment containing the heads and only 400 A of the tail. Although short HMM lacks the "hinge" region proposed by Harrington to be the site of force generation, and is incapable of forming thick filaments, it moves along actin at speeds above 1 micron/sec. Therefore, neither a thick filament nor the carboxy-terminal 1100 A of the tail is required for movement along actin. The results indicate that force production occurs in or near the myosin heads.
Reontologising Race: The Machinic Geography of Phenotype:

In contradistinction to the treatment of race as a problem of epistomology—how is phenotype represented in racial discourse—the author seeks to defend a materialist ontology of race. The creative materiality of race is asserted following the ‘material turn’ in feminism, anthropology, complexity theory, and Deleuze. Race is shown to be an embodied and material event, a ‘machine assemblage’ with a different spatiality than the self/other scheme of Hegel. Taking issue with the calls for the transcendence of race amongst cultural studies scholars such as Paul Gilroy, the author ends the paper by suggesting that the political battle against racial subordination includes a serious engagement with its biological dimensions. Race should not be eliminated, but its energies harnessed through a cosmopolitan ethics which is sensitive to its heterogeneous and dynamic nature.
Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrained sensor network

Consider a situation where a set of distributed sensors and a fusion center wish to cooperate to estimate an unknown parameter over a bounded interval [-U,U]. Each sensor collects one noise-corrupted sample, performs a local estimation, and transmits a message to the fusion center, while the latter combines the received messages to produce a final estimate. This correspondence investigates optimal local estimation and final fusion schemes under the constraint that the communication from each sensor to the fusion center must be a one-bit message. Such a binary message constraint is well motivated by the bandwidth limitation of the communication links, fusion center, and by the limited power budget of local sensors. In the absence of bandwidth constraint and assuming the noises are bounded to the interval [-U,U], additive, independent, but otherwise unknown, the classical estimation theory suggests that a total of O(U2/epsi2) sensors are necessary and sufficient in order for the sensors and the fusion center to jointly estimate the unknown parameter within epsi root mean squared error (MSE). It is shown in this correspondence that the same remains true even with the binary message constraint. Furthermore, the optimal decentralized estimation scheme suggests allocating 1/2 of the sensors to estimate the first bit of the unknown parameter, 1/4 of the sensors to estimate the second bit, and so on