cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term Performance of Anoxic Limestone Drains

Ten anoxic limestone drains (ALDs), buried beds of limestone gravel that add alkalinity through dissolution of calcite, have been monitored for a decade. Influent and effluent water quality data have been analyzed to determine the long-term performance of each ALD for treating coal mine drainage. Alkalinity concentrations in the effluent of the ten ALDs ranged from 80–320 mg/L as CaCO3 with near maximum levels of alkalinity being reached after approximately 15 hours of detention. ALDs that received mine water containing less than 1 mg/L of both ferric iron and aluminum have continued to produce consistent concentrations of alkalinity since their construction. However, an ALD that received 21 mg/L of aluminum experienced a rapid reduction in permeability and failed within eight months.
Robotic Surgical Approaches to Bladder Reconstruction in Adults

Robot-assisted urologic surgeries have demonstrated safety and efficacy. While pioneered for urologic oncology cases, robot-assisted surgeries have subsequently been successfully applied in urologic pelvic reconstructive procedures. Robot assistance in reconstructive surgeries enables the surgeon’s ability to handle delicate suturing, eliminating many challenges of pure laparoscopic suturing. Robotic technology also greatly improves visualization in the pelvis. Thus, robotics facilitates the possibility for minimally invasive techniques in reconstructive pelvic surgeries, reducing length of stay and blood loss and allowing faster recovery. As in all surgeries, positioning and setup contributes to the ease of the entire procedure. This article aims to discuss key points in robot-assisted bladder diverticulectomy, ureteral reimplants, urinary diversions, and repair of vesicovaginal fistulae.
Non-keratinous agar media as substrates for the ascigerous state in certain members of the gymnoascaceae pathogenic for man and animals

Agar media containing oatmeal with and without tomato paste served as non-keratinous, soil-free substrates for the abundant production of fertile cleistothecia by several Nannizzia and Arthroderma species and by 2 homothallic isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum capable of producing the perfect form.
A Targeted MRM Approach for Tempo-Spatial Proteomics Analyses

When deciding to perform a quantitative proteomics analysis, selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility are important criteria to consider. The use of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) has emerged as a powerful proteomics technique in that regard since it avoids many of the problems typically observed in discovery-based analyses. A prerequisite for such a targeted approach is that the protein targets are known, either as a result of previous global proteomics experiments or because a specific hypothesis is to be tested. When guidelines that have been established in the pharmaceutical industry many decades ago are taken into account, setting up an MRM assay is relatively straightforward. Typically, proteotypic peptides with favorable mass spectrometric properties are synthesized with a heavy isotope for each protein that is to be monitored. Retention times and calibration curves are determined using triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers. The use of iRT peptide standards is both recommended and fully integrated into the bioinformatics pipeline. Digested biological samples are mixed with the heavy and iRT standards and quantified. Here we present a generic protocol for the development of an MRM assay.
Effect of Storage Temperature on Self-Irradiation Damage of 238PU-Substituted Zirconolite

/sup 238/Pu-substituted cubic zirconolite (CaPuTi/sub 2/O/sub 7/) was stored at ambient temperature, 575/sup 0/ K, and 875/sup 0/ K until alpha decay doses of 2.4 to 3.6 x 10/sup 25//m/sup 3/ had been accumulated. The ambient temperature material swelled to a saturation value of 5.5 vol %, and the originally crystalline structure was transformed to one with an amorphous matrix and small domains that had retained their crystallinity. At 575/sup 0/ K, lesser amounts of swelling (4.1 vol %) and transformation were observed, reflecting concurrent partial recovery. The material held at 875/sup 0/ K remained crystalline, swelled only 0.4 vol %, and exhibited formation of isolated defect clusters. 5 figures.
How Early Does the CS Gender Gap Emerge?: A Study of Collaborative Problem Solving in 5th Grade Computer Science

Elementary computer science has gained increasing attention within the computer science education research community. We have only recently begun to explore the many unanswered questions about how young students learn computer science, how they interact with each other, and how their skill levels and backgrounds vary. One set of unanswered questions focuses on gender equality for young computer science learners. This paper examines how the gender composition of collaborative groups in elementary computer science relates to student achievement. We report on data collected from an in-school 5th grade computer science elective offered over four quarters in 2014-2015. We found a significant difference in the quality of artifacts produced by learner groups depending upon their gender composition, with groups of all female students performing significantly lower than other groups. Our analyses suggest important factors that are influential as these learners begin to solve computer science problems. This new evidence of gender disparities in computer science achievement as young as ten years of age highlights the importance of future study of these factors in order to provide effective, equitable computer science education to learners of all ages.
Abstract T P115: Sarcopenia and Physical Function in Chronic Stroke

Sarcopenia is defined as an age-related loss in skeletal lean muscle mass and strength and is as a leading contributor to the development of frailty. Stroke survivors have muscle atrophy in paretic (P) vs. nonparetic (P) legs that could contribute to whole body sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the sarcopenic index in a large population of chronic stroke survivors and compare this group to age, gender, and BMI-matched non-stroke controls. Chronic stroke survivors aged 40 to 84 yrs (n=180, 61% female, 59% African American, BMI: 29±1 kg/m2, X±SEM) with mild to moderate gait deficits underwent whole body DXA scans to assess sarcopenic index (appendicular lean mass/ht2). The cutoffs for sarcopenia, by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia, were used and defined as a skeletal muscle index of <7.23 kg/m2 in men and <5.67 kg/m2 in women. In the entire group, the prevalence of sarcopenia in stroke survivors (13%) did not differ significantly from that of populations reported previously in the literature. In 61-70 year olds, 87% (n=63) had normal muscle mass and 13% (n=9) were sarcopenic. In 71-80 year olds, 79% (n=30) had normal skeletal muscle index and 21% (n=8) were sarcopenic. Stroke survivors (n=39) were matched with 39 controls on the basis of race, gender, age ±4 years and BMI±2.5 units. After matched pair analysis, 5.1% of the controls had sarcopenia while 12.8% of the control group were sarcopenic (P<0.0001). Sarcopenic index was related to six-minute walking speed (r=0.28, P<0.01). In conclusion, stroke survivors may be at an elevated risk for sarcopenia when considering age, gender, and race to non-stroke individuals which is related to functional mobility in this population.
Analysis of Gas Dynamic Waves in Explosively Actuated Valves

A mathematical model is formulated for assessing quasi-one-dimensional gasdynamics occurring within an axi-symmetric explosively actuated valve. The model accounts for pressure-dependent explosive combustion within an actuator, compressible product gas flow through a narrow port connecting the actuator to a gas expansion chamber, and piston motion driven by gasdynamic forces within the expansion chamber. The initialboundary-value problem is posed in terms of generalized coordinates to facilitate numerical computations on a domain that volumetrically expands due to combustion and piston motion. The model equations are numerically integrated using a TVD, high-resolution shock capturing method. For a baseline configuration that is representative of a conventional valve, preliminary predictions indicate that gasdynamic waves do not result in irregular valve operation implying that spatially homogeneous models may be adequate for describing the performance of such valves. Small changes in valve geometry relative to the baseline configuration are shown to produce variations in gasdynamic fields. Importantly, port diameter is shown to control the rate of both explosive energy release and acoustic energy transport which can significantly affect piston motion and stroke time.
Multiple sclerosis: will it come between us? Sexual concerns of clients and their partners.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), an unpredictable neurologic disease, is sometimes called the crippler of young adults. This crippling effect often involves sexual functioning. Sexuality is an issue that is frequently difficult for clients, their partners and health care providers to discuss. To address this difficulty, a teaching pamphlet entitled, MS ... Will it Come Between Us? was produced. Open communication and creativity are helpful in dealing with problems frequently encountered by clients with MS: fatigue, impotence, decreased vaginal lubrication, bladder and bowel dysfunction. The pamphlet helps clients with these issues as well as the basics of sexuality as a whole.
Community composition of bacteria involved in fixed nitrogen loss in the water column of two major oxygen minimum zones in the ocean

The community composition of bacteria involved in nitrogen (N) transformations in the oxy- gen minimum zones (OMZ) may be related to the rates of fixed N loss in these systems. The abundance of both denitrifying and anammox bacteria and the assemblage composition of denitrifiers were investi- gated in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific and the Arabian Sea using assays based on bacterial molecu- lar markers. Quantitative PCR was used to investi- gate the abundance and distribution of genes encod- ing nitrite reductase (nirK and nirS) in denitrifying bacteria and hydrazine oxidase (hzo) and 16S rRNA genes in anammox bacteria. All of these genes had depth distributions with maxima associated with the secondary nitrite maximum in low-oxygen waters. NirS was much more abundant than nirK and much more abundant than the 16S rRNA gene from anam- mox bacteria. The ratio of hzo:16S rRNA was low and variable, implying greater unexplored diversity in the hzo gene. Assemblage composition of the abun- dant nirS-type denitrifiers was evaluated using a functional gene microarray. Of the nirS archetypes represented on the microarray, very few occurred specifically in one region or depth interval, but the assemblages varied significantly. Community com- position of denitrifiers based on microarray analysis of the nirS gene was most different between geo- graphical regions. Within each region, the surface layer and OMZ assemblages clustered distinctly. Thus, in addition to spatial and temporal variation in denitrification and anammox rates, microbial abun- dance and community composition also vary between OMZ regions and depths.
Cognitive Effects of Topiramate and Valproate

Cognitive and behavioral effects of topiramate (TPM) and valproate (VPA) as adjunctive therapy with carbamazepine (CBZ) were compared in 62 adults (16 to 55 years old) with refractory partial seizures, in a randomized, double-blind trial at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta.
Studies on Histomonas meleagridis: III. The influence of anaerobic versus aerobic environments on the growth of the organism in vitro

Abstract Histomonas , accompanied by bacterial flora, is capable of growth in both aerated and non-aerated media. Its growth in the latter environment is appreciably better, however. The organism, on the basis of these experiments, might be characterized as a facultative anaerobe. The reducing agent, cysteine HCl (0.2%) used singly or in conjunction with a vaseline-paraffin overlay, prevents growth of Histomonas . The same reducing agent used alone, in a 0.1% concentration, brings about an initial lag in growth of the flagellate, followed by a sharp increase in the rate of multiplication. Incorporation of biotin (0.0020 μg/ml) in the medium results in better growth of Histomonas .
Nanocrystalline SiC Formation From Sputter-Deposited Non-Equilibrium a-SixC1-x Alloys

There exists considerable interest in the synthesis of nanocrystalline SiC particles embedded in an a-Si x C 1−x :H matrix. This study investigated the formation of nanocrystalline SiC by annealing a non-equilibrium a-Si 0.35 C 0.65 alloy sputter deposited onto oxidized (100) Si. Evolution of the microstructure was characterized by thin film sheet resistance measurements, glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that films annealed at temperatures below 850°C remained amorphous. Annealing at temperatures above 850°C resulted in the formation of SiC nanocrystallites, as revealed by GAXRD and TEM. The electrical conductivity also showed an abrupt increase around 950°C. Prolonged annealing resulted in a further increase in conductivity, implying that the transformation continued. Annealing at 1100°C for 3 hours increased the film conductivity by two orders of magnitude relative to the as-deposited film.
State-Based Single-Payer Health Care — A Solution for the United States?

The governor of Vermont, wishing to implement systemic health care reform to solve the intertwined problems of high and escalating health care costs and access to care for the swelling ranks of the uninsured, is turning toward a single-payer system.
Conversation through journalism: Searching for organizing principles of public and citizen journalism:

This article reviews the public and citizen journalism movements of recent years and offers some perspectives on how the current and future journalism can function to benefit democratic public life. A major argument of this article is that ‘conversation’ defines news as a process of negotiated social meaning and that it should be the organizing principle of today’s journalism. It is also argued that traditional journalistic principles such as objectivity and distance may no longer be useful to today’s citizen journalism and that we see a rise of new journalistic principles such as interactivity and transparency. Finally, borrowing from deliberative democracy literature, a bottom-up flow model to connect citizen and public journalism is discussed.
GENETIC STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY WITHIN LOCAL POPULATIONS OF BACILLUS MYCOIDES.

Sixty strains of Bacillus mycoides were isolated from each of two sites and characterized by their responses to standard metabolic tests used in bacterial taxonomy, by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), and by restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of Southern blots probed with both a conserved DNA fragment derived from a Salmonella typhimurium ribosomal cistron and with two cosmid probes derived from B. mycoides ATCC strain 6463. Both MLEE and RFLP analyses indicated that the collection contained two genetically distinct sets of strains (I and II); one of these sets was further differentiated genetically by the same analyses (IIA and IIB). Standard taxonomic analysis did not distinguish these sets of strains; biochemical test profiles were similar for all isolates. The genetic distance between groups I and II is as great as that observed for recognized species of bacteria. It is proposed that these groups are sibling species having a common evolutionary descent and that their metabolic phenotype has been conserved, whereas their DNA and protein sequences have diverged. No strong evidence of geographic differentiation between strains from the two sites appeared in either genetic or phenetic characters.
Mapping QTLs with epistatic effect and QTL×environmental interaction effect of heading date in rice

A population of 284 recombinant inbred lines(RIL) from the indica-japonica rice cross Lemont×Teqing was used to analyze the main effects,epistatic effects of the QTLs,and QTL by environmental interactions(QEs) controlling heading date(HD).Three QTLs with additive effects for HD were mapped in the chromosome 3,7 and 11,which accounted for 18.86% of the phenotypic variation.The percentage of phenotypic variation was explained by individual additive QTLs ranged from 2.95% to 10.56%.QTL×environmental interaction was detected on qHD7-1,which explained the phenotypic variation of HD with 2.18%.Epistasis analysis indicated that nine pairs of epistasis were detected for heading date.The results indicated that some QTLs were environmentally sensitive and epistasis was important genetic basis for heading date.The information obtained in this study should be very useful for manipulating the QTLs for heading date by molecular MAS.
Monitoring Results on Disinfection Quality of Medical Institution in Urumqi City during 2005-2009

[Objective] To master the disinfection quality of medical institutions in Urumqi city, provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of nosocomial infection.[Methods]The disinfection quality of medical institutions was monitored and analyzed.[Results]The average qualified rate of samples in medical institutions was 90. 08%, and there was significant difference in the qualified rate between 2005 and 2008 (χ2=36.16,P0.05). The difference in the qualified rate between gradeⅠand Ⅲ medical institutions was significant (χ2=9.33,P0.05). There was significant difference in the qualified rate of air between 2005 and 2008 (χ2=26.53, P0.05). The difference in the qualified rate of sewage between 2005 and 2009 was significant (χ2=12.53,P0.05).[Conclusion]The qualified rate of disinfection quality of medical institutions in Urumqi has been improved, but the professional training among full-time personnel who are responsible for disinfection in medical institution, especially gradeⅠmedical institutions, should be strengthened. The supervision and monitoring should be enhanced, and the hardware facilities should be improved.
Cardiac Pacing in Children

Advances in pacemaker technology over the last 25 years have made cardiac pacing in infants and children a safe and practical therapy. Some of the technical challenges encountered with the first permanent pacemaker implantation in children during the early 1960s have been solved with miniaturized generators, lithium batteries, noninvasive programmability, and improved placement techniques. This chapter reports common causes of bradydysrhythmias in children, reviews the indications for permanent pacemaker implantation in children, describes current pacing systems appropriate for children, and identifies nursing implications and potential pacemaker complications unique to children.
Phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense (Broden 1904).

Observations on the haematology and histopathology of T. congolense infection in Blackhead Persian sheep provided evidence of erythrocyte and leucocyte phagocytosis on a large scale throughout the reticuloendothelial tissues. It is postulated that this phenomenon contributed substantially to the anaemia that developed in the course of the disease and might have been the prime factor. Possible causes of this phagocytic activity include (i) the coating of cells with parasitic antigen, (ii) the production of defective cells and (iii) an auto-immune reaction.
Polynomials and Roots

Perhaps the main reason for the invention of complex numbers was the fact that certain polynomials in ℝ[x] had no roots in ℝ, for example x2+ 1,x2 + x+ 1, x2 + 2, etc. By defining ℂ, the complex numbers, mathematicians provided “imaginary” roots for these polynomials, by, in essence, inventing them.
Gynecologic tuberculosis: A brief review of thirty-two cases, including one of tuberculous cervicitis

Abstract The history and pathology of gynecologic tuberculosis have been briefly reviewed. Surgical and autopsy records of 32 patients affected with gynecologic tuberculosis at Mt. Sinai Hospital in Cleveland have been summarized, and the case histories reported. There was no immediate operative mortality. Thirteen patients have not been followed. Four are known to be dead, one with tuberculosis. Six, and possibly 7, are living and apparently free of the disease, while two have active, nongynecologic tuberculosis. The pelvic findings were incidental in 5 of the 6 diagnosed at autopsy. The sixth died one month after delivery. Preoperative diagnosis was seldom correct, and most patients had a septic postoperative course. All drained incisions disrupted, and almost half of the patients left the hospital with draining wounds. Except for a history of menometrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and relative sterility, gynecologic history was not typical. A case of an 18-year-old negress with extensive pelvic tuberculosis, who was treated by radical surgery, with apparent recovery, is reported in detail. Various methods of treatment of gynecologic tuberculosis are presented.
Valproate-Induced Hepatic Failure with Cox Deficit

A fatal hepatic failure in a 3 year-old girl with myoclonic epilepsy after 3 months of treatment with valproate (VPA) is reported from Hopital d’Enfants, Marseilles, and Hopital des Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.
Synchronized navigation of current and prior studies using image registration improves radiologist’s efficiency

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of multi-modal rigid image registration integrated within a standard picture archiving and communication system affects the efficiency of a radiologist while performing routine interpretations of cases including prior examinations. Six radiologists were recruited to read a set of cases (either 16 neuroradiology or 14 musculoskeletal cases) during two crossover reading sessions. Each radiologist read each case twice, one time with synchronized navigation, which enables spatial synchronization across examinations from different study dates, and one time without. Efficiency was evaluated based upon time to read a case and amount of scrolling while browsing a case using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Significant improvements in efficiency were found considering either all radiologists simultaneously, the two sections separately and the majority of individual radiologists for time to read and for amount of scrolling. The relative improvement for each individual radiologist ranged from 4 to 32% for time to read and from 14 to 38% for amount of scrolling. Image registration providing synchronized navigation across examinations from different study dates provides a tool that enables radiologists to work more efficiently while reading cases with one or more prior examinations.
A remade tapestry

Beehives, butterfly and shell markings, tree branches, snowflakes and cloud formations: the natural world is filled with patterns. Many of these patterns may appear to be unrelated, yet hints of similarities between them suggest that we ought to be able to trace their origins to a few common sources.
The Use of the Mirror Tracing Persistence Task as a Measure of Distress Tolerance in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Behavioral tasks offer an objective index of processes associated with psychopathology. The mirror tracing persistence task (MTPT) has been used as a measure of distress tolerance, or the ability to endure negative internal states. In generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a poor ability to tolerate aversive internal states may relate to the inability to adaptively regulate emotion. This study examined if those with GAD exhibit lower distress tolerance compared to controls as evidenced by length of time persisting on the MTPT. Participants underwent diagnostic interviews to determine the presence of absence of GAD and following group assignment, completed the MTPT. Results demonstrated that the groups differed significantly in time spent persisting on the task, with controls persisting longer than those with GAD, supporting the hypothesis that individuals with GAD exhibit lower distress tolerance than controls. These results provide support for the use of behavioral assessments as potential markers of distress tolerance.
An HDAC3-PROX1 corepressor module acts on HNF4α to control hepatic triglycerides

The histone deacetylase HDAC3 is a critical mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism, and liver-specific deletion of HDAC3 leads to fatty liver. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, here we report a method of cross-linking followed by mass spectrometry to define a high-confidence HDAC3 interactome in vivo that includes the canonical NCoR–HDAC3 complex as well as Prospero-related homeobox 1 protein (PROX1). HDAC3 and PROX1 co-localize extensively on the mouse liver genome, and are co-recruited by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). The HDAC3–PROX1 module controls the expression of a gene program regulating lipid homeostasis, and hepatic-specific ablation of either component increases triglyceride content in liver. These findings underscore the importance of specific combinations of transcription factors and coregulators in the fine tuning of organismal metabolism. HDAC3 is a critical mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism and its loss leads to fatty liver. Here, the authors characterize the liver HDAC3 interactome in vivo, provide evidence that HDAC3 interacts with PROX1, and show that HDAC3 and PROX1 control expression of genes regulating lipid homeostasis.
Brief of Professor Suja A. Thomas As Amicus Curiae in Support of Plaintiff-Appellant Jerberee Jefferson and Reversal of District Court

This amicus brief to the Eleventh Circuit, filed in an employment discrimination case, argues that the issue of whether summary judgment is unconstitutional has not been decided, argues summary judgment is unconstitutional under the Seventh Amendment, and argues that the reasonable jury standard underlying summary judgment is unconstitutional.
Rural/urban differentials in demographic processes: The Central Asian states

While the populations of the Central Asian successor states are extremely heterogeneous on many indicators, the issue of rural or urban residence is consistently important in terms of differentials in population growth, socio-economic status and public health. In this paper I focus on rural population trends in Kazakhstan, Kyrghyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. I explore the relatively disadvantaged position of rural inhabitants as well as regional variations within the rural population. The differentials in fertility and mortality rates and the large projected population increases indicate that future policy interventions and data collection efforts should incorporate a specific focus on rural areas.
“I thought it was just knowledge but it’s definitely a lot of guts”: Exploring Emotional and Relational Dimensions of Critical Consciousness Development

The development of critical consciousness (CC) is associated with a range of positive outcomes, including involvement in social action. In the current study, CC is defined as the highest level of socio-political-cultural historical consciousness (SPCHC). SPCHC reflects the range or extent to which an individual can interpret broad social, political, cultural, and historical forces and structures and how these affect individuals and groups to which a person may or may not belong. Additionally, SPCHC encompasses an efficacy that one can impact these structures and, critically, taking actions to change these forces. The SPCHC framework seeks to expand past models of CC by integrating an understanding of the emotional and relational dimensions of the developmental process. Qualitative research, including observations in an urban university capstone course and interviews with course participants, are used to explore and refine the model. Findings from the processes of awakening theme are presented and reflect course participants’ emotional and relational experiences in the course, and how these relate to their journey along the SPCHC continuum.
The change in metabolic heat production is a primary mediator of heat acclimation in adults

Abstract Purpose This study examined whether heat acclimation (HA) results in either predominate improvements in heat dissipation or reduced endogenous heat production via individual components of the human heat balance equation. Methods Twelve healthy inactive subjects (5 females, mean ± SD): age 28 ± 6 y, 77.9 ± 2 kg), completed a 10-day HA (42 °C, 28% RH) hyperthermia clamp (90 min/day exercise, ∆1.5 °C in rectal temperature (T re )) and control workload matched (CON: 23 °C, 42% RH) protocols in a counterbalanced design separated by at least 2 mo. Pre-and post-HA were matched for external work rate (EX W R ; day 1 and day 10 first 30 min at 118 ± 29 W, last 60 min at 11 ± 5 W); and metabolic heat production (H prod ; day 1 and day 9, first 30 min at 296 ± 26 W m -2 , last 60 min 187 ± 33 W m-2). Results When Pre- and post- HA was matched for H prod , there was no difference during the first 30 or last 60 min of exercise for metabolic energy expenditure (MEE 363 ± 70/ 195 ± 32 W m -2 ), H prod (296 ± 67/ 187 ± 33 W m -2 ) or T re (∆2.1 ± 0.5 °C). When pre- and post-HA was EX W R equivalent, HA significantly attenuated MEE during the first 30 and last 60 min (303 ± 49/ 174 ± 35 W m -2 ), H prod (241 ± 44/ 168 ± 33, W·m -2 ), and ∆T re (∆1.3 ± 0.4 °C) (each P re , ∆T sk, ∆T b were each normalized per 100 W H prod , no differences were found for any pre-to post-HA comparison. Heat loss required (E req ) to maintain steady state internal temperature (E req = 220 ± 32 W m -2 ), maximal capacity of the climate for evaporative heat loss (E max = 266 ± 56 W m -2 ), evaporative heat loss from skin (E sk = 207 ± 38 W m -2 ) or skin wettedness (E req /E max = 0.88 ± 0.23 W m -2 ) were not different among each condition during the last 60 min. Conclusion The mechanisms that underlie heat acclimation are not wholly attributed to heat dissipation enhancements per se, but are significantly influenced by metabolic heat production alterations under uncompensable heat stress environments.
Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Radioactive materials for the medical, technological, and industrial sectors have been effectively regulated in the United States since as early as 1962. The steady increase in the exploration and production of shale gas in recent years has led to concerns about exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in oil and gas waste streams. This study applied policy surveillance methods to conduct a cross-sectional fifty-state survey of law and regulations of NORM and TENORM waste from oil and gas operations. Results indicated that seventeen states drafted express regulations to reduce exposure to oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste. States with active oil and gas drilling that lack regulations controlling exposure to NORM and TENORM may leave the public and workers susceptible to adverse health effects from radiation. The study concludes with recommendations in regard to regulating oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste.
G24(P) A salty allergy

Hyponatremia, unless associated with extracellular fluid volume expansion, is an uncommon paediatric electrolyte imbalance. We report an infant presenting with chronic hyponatremia suggestive of a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH); however without ADH secretion. In this case, a gain-of- function of AVPR 2 was found to be responsible for a SIADH-like state. Only very few cases have been reported in the literature. A healthy 19 month old presented to his local hospital with a tonic-clonic seizure, demonstrating a sodium of 119 mmol/L. A few months prior, hyponatraemia was noted in the context of a lower respiratory tract infection, treated with a short course of sodium chloride supplementation with no further follow-up. Recently he was diagnosed with cow’s milk protein allergy. His mother described him being a poor water drinker with infrequent wet nappies. He was developing appropriately with no significant family or social history. He examined normally. Over 48 hours, he received six hypertonic (2.7%) saline boluses. His sodium remained refractory (116–122 mmol/L) and nephrology input was sought. Results showed serum osmolality of 250 mosml/l, urinary osmolality of 520 mosml/l and urinary sodium of 171 mmol/L. Chest radiograph was normal. On transfer to tertiary nephrology services he was normotensive with unremarkable examination. Investigations demonstrated: CT head, renal ultrasound and renin/aldosterone, cortisol, thyroid function were normal. Paired plasma and urine results suggested syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIADH). No secondary causes were apparent; thus nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) caused by gain of function mutation in AVPR2 was postulated. Analysis of the AVPR2 gene confirmed this x-linked dominant disorder (mutation (c.409C>T)). Familial testing revealed his mother as a carrier, with subtle retrospective symptoms. We suspect the patient had chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia, acutely exacerbated by full switchover to oat milk in view of allergies, which has little protein content. This lowered his tubular osmotic load and coupled renal water loss. In conclusion, NSIAD can mimick SIADH and should be considered if no secondary cause found combined with a positive family history; though this was initially lacking in our case. This is the first case we have diagnosed in our centre.
Recommended Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Natural Product-Drug Interaction Research: a NaPDI Center Commentary

Sales of botanical dietary supplements and other purported medicinal natural products (NPs) have escalated over the past ∼25 years, increasing the potential for NPs to precipitate clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions with U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved medications [NP-drug interactions (NPDIs)]. However, published NPDI studies to date often lack consistency in design, implementation, and documentation, which present difficulties in assessing the clinical significance of the results. Common hurdles include large variability in the admixture composition of phytoconstituents between and within batches of a given NP, limited knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of precipitant NP constituents, and use of animal and/or in vitro models which, in some cases, are not mechanistically appropriate for extrapolation to humans. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health created a Center of Excellence for Natural Product-Drug Interaction Research (NaPDI Center) to address these unmet research needs. The NaPDI Center has two overarching goals: 1) develop Recommended Approaches to guide researchers in the proper conduct of NPDI studies, which will evolve over time concurrent with emerging technologies and new research data, and 2) apply the Recommended Approaches in evaluating four model NPs as precipitants of NPDIs with clinically relevant object drugs. The major objectives of this commentary are to 1) explain the rationale for creating the NaPDI Center; 2) describe the decision trees developed by the NaPDI Center to enhance the planning, rigor, and consistency of NPDI studies; and 3) provide a framework for communicating results to the multidisciplinary scientists interested in the NaPDI Center’s interaction projects.
Abstract 2047: The Importance of Oxygen during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) to Optimize Return of Spontaneous Circulation

Recent CPR work has stressed the importance of good quality chest compressions without interruption and a de-emphasis on minute-ventilation in order to improve cardiac arrest resuscitation rates. However, when ventilation is coupled with chest compression, the optimal oxygen concentration during CPR is not known. Reoxygenation is associated with increased reactive oxygen species production. Previous studies have shown that ventilation with high oxygen concentration after CPR is associated with worse neurologic outcome. We tested the hypothesis that initial ventilation during CPR without oxygen (100% N 2 ) improves resuscitation success. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (IP), intubated and ventilated with room air. A KCl bolus (0.04 mg/g) was given (IV) to induce asystolic cardiac arrest and ventilation was stopped. At 6 minutes, CPR was started with an automated chest compressor at a rate of 200 –240/min and epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg) was given 1 minute later. During CPR, the ventilation rate was 50% of baseline with one of three oxygen concentrations 0% O 2 (100% N 2 ) 21% O 2 , or 100% O 2 . The prescribed oxygen concentration was continued for 2 minutes after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and then all animals were switched to 100% oxygen for 1 hour prior to extubation. Blood gases were measured at 2 min and 1 hr after ROSC. Group comparisons were done using Fisher’s exact test and ANOVA. Results: ROSC was achieved in 1/10 (100% N 2 ), 9/11 (21% O 2 ) and 10/12 (100% O 2 , p 2 group and 95±11 sec in the 100% O 2 group (mean ± SEM, p = 0.5). Aortic end-diastolic pressure before ROSC was not different among groups. 100% oxygen ventilation in the first two minutes resulted in higher PaO 2 at ROSC 2 min (109±44 mm vs. Hg 33±8 mm Hg, p 2 ), 7/9 (21% O 2 ) and 8/10 (100% O 2 ) with a low neurologic deficit score in both O 2 groups (NDS range 5–25). Conclusions: In a mild cardiac arrest model with generally good neurologic recovery, initial CPR ventilation with no O 2 had no benefit and did not allow for ROSC. The potential harmful effects of high concentration O 2 ventilation are likely mitigated by the low myocardial oxygen delivery of CPR. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, AHA Great Rivers Affiliate (Delaware, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania & West Virginia).
Eastern European Studies: History

This article is a brief survey of the current state of and trends in academic historical scholarship on Eastern Europe, mainly in North America, but also in Europe. It presents several traditional methods of defining Eastern Europe, discusses main features of its historiography and some of its recent research directions. The article offers both a chronological and thematic narratives concerning the field's origins, its major developments and shifts as well as a reference guide for further research and reading.
Middle Ear Infection and Hearing Loss

The primary inflammatory disease of the middle ear (ME) is otitis media (OM), a common pediatric infection that accounts for more office visits and surgeries than any other pediatric condition. It also affects adults to a lesser degree. The presence of inflammatory mediators and cells is one of the hallmarks of OM. It is mediated primarily by innate immune receptors, which interact with molecules from the bacteria that cause ME infections without the need for prior sensitization. Chronic and recurrent ME infections in children lead to hearing loss during critical periods of language acquisition and learning, causing delays in reaching developmental milestones and if left untreated, have the potential risks of permanent damage to the middle and inner ear. In this review, we document the presence of inflammation in the ME during OM, discuss current evidence implicating innate immunity in the generation and regulation of ME inflammation, and review the effects of ME inflammation and infection on hearing, auditory processing, the acquisition of language and learning.
Relationship between Positive Environmental Disclosures and Environmental Performance: An Empirical Investigation of the Greenwashing Sin of the Hidden Trade‐off

Firms make positive discretionary disclosures about their environmental efforts in order to signify attention to the environmental impacts of their operations. On the one hand, firms may choose to make these disclosures to deflect attention away from other activities that may contribute negatively to their environmental performance (i.e., greenwashing in the form of the “sin of the hidden trade‐off ”). On the other hand, firms making these disclosures may legitimately improve their overall environmental performance. Our study empirically addresses the following question: Do firms that make positive discretionary environmental disclosures improve their overall environmental performance more than the firms that do not make such disclosures? Specifically, because press announcements have been shown to be a popular medium for positive discretionary disclosures, we examine the relationship between announcements in the press of firms’ environmental efforts beyond compliance, and suitably weighted‐aggregated firm‐level releases of the range of pollutants reported to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). We employ matching methods (coarsened exact matching and propensity score matching) that account for potential sources of endogeneity, including the relationship between firms’ prior environmental performance and their propensity to disclose environmental information. Our findings from the matching methods provide encouraging evidence that greenwashing in the form of the sin of the hidden trade‐off does not appear to be prevalent. Additionally, our post hoc analysis explores factors based on the content of disclosures and industry, that may help explain differences in environmental performance among the firms making the disclosures.
The Multidimensional Behavioral Health Screen 1.0: A Translational Tool for Primary Medical Care

The Multidimensional Behavioral Health Screen (MBHS) is a brief, 27-item questionnaire designed for screening every patient in primary medical care settings. It measures nine psychopathology constructs that represent the major distinctive core dimensions of the types of behavioral health symptoms most commonly encountered in primary care (anxiety-related, depressive, and attention/cognitive symptoms). The underlying design of the MBHS is based on the major paradigm shift that has occurred in the field of theoretical psychopathology, replacing categorical syndromes, or "disorders," with hierarchical-dimensional constructs. Existing screening tests such as the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are based explicitly on the categorical paradigm and thus suffer from the same (numerous) shortcomings as the categorical model itself. The dimensional paradigm supports enhanced measurement precision with very short scales. The goals of the MBHS are threefold: (1) to provide accurate, treatment-relevant behavioral health information to the medical provider; (2) to provide clear referral cut-points; (3) to contribute nine psychometrically sound behavioral health variables to the "healthcare big data cloud" to support future scholarship of discovery. Presented here are the basic psychometric properties of the MBHS, including reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and classification accuracy, as well as implementation considerations.
The Spirit and the poor in West Africa and Tanzania: A Pentecostal response to David J. Bosch’s “mission in the wake of the Enlightenment”:

This article describes a pneumatological methodology of Christian mission in solidarity with the poor, which is exhibited by African Pentecostal-Charismatics in ministry in Tanzania and West Africa...
Obstructive sleep apnea treatment and dementia risk in older adults.

Study objectives To examine associations between positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, adherence and incident diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia not otherwise specified (DNOS) in older adults. Methods This retrospective study utilized Medicare 5% fee-for-service claims data of 53,321 beneficiaries, aged 65 and older, with an obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis prior to 2011. Study participants were evaluated using ICD-9 codes for neurocognitive syndromes (AD [n = 1,057], DNOS [n = 378], and MCI [n = 443]) that were newly identified between 2011 and 2013. PAP treatment was defined as the presence of at least one durable medical equipment (Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System [HCPCS]) code for PAP supplies. PAP adherence was defined as at least two HCPCS codes for PAP equipment, separated by at least 1 month. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographic and health characteristics, were used to estimate associations between PAP treatment or adherence and new AD, DNOS, and MCI diagnoses. Results In this sample of Medicare beneficiaries with OSA, 59% were men, 90% were non-Hispanic whites and 62% were younger than 75 years. The majority (78%) of beneficiaries with OSA were prescribed PAP (treated), and 74% showed evidence of adherent PAP use. In adjusted models, PAP treatment was associated with lower odds of incident diagnoses of AD and DNOS (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.69 to 0.89; and OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.85). Lower odds of MCI, approaching statistical significance, were also observed among PAP users (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.02). PAP adherence was associated with lower odds of incident diagnoses of AD (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.76). Conclusions PAP treatment and adherence are independently associated with lower odds of incident AD diagnoses in older adults. Results suggest that treatment of OSA may reduce the risk of subsequent dementia.
An experimental study of rain erosion effects on a hydro-/ice-phobic coating pertinent to Unmanned-Arial-System (UAS) inflight icing mitigation

Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the variations of the surface wettability and ice adhesion strength on a typical hydro−/ice-phobic surface before and after undergoing continuous impingement of water droplets (i.e., rain erosion effects) at relatively high speeds (i.e., up to ~100 m/s) pertinent to Unmanned-Arial-System (UAS) inflight icing mitigation. The experimental study was conducted by leveraging a specially designed rain erosion testing rig available at Iowa State University. Micro-sized water droplets carried by an air jet flow were injected normally onto a test plate coated with a typical Super-Hydrophobic Surface (SHS) coating to simulate the scenario with micro-sized water droplets in the cloud impacting onto UAS airframe surfaces. During the experiments, the surface wettability (i.e., in the terms of static, advancing and receding contact angles of water droplets) and the ice adhesion strength on the SHS coated test plate were quantified as a function of the duration of the rain erosion testing. The surface topology changes of the SHS coated surface against the duration of the rain erosion testing were also measured by using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) system. The characteristics of the surface wettability and ice adhesion strength on the eroded SHS surface are correlated with the AFM measurement results to elucidate the underlying physics for a better understanding about the rain erosion effects on hydro−/ice-phobic coatings in the context of UAS inflight icing mitigation.
FNET/GridEye: A Tool for Situational Awareness of Large Power Interconnetion Grids

This paper gives an overview of a wide-area measurement system deployed at the distribution level: FNET/GridEye, which consists of hundreds of sensors, communication and a data center. The sensors are utilized to take frequency, voltage phase angle and magnitude measurements from the ordinary 110 or 220V outlets in offices or residential houses. These measurements are continuously transmitted to the data center via Internet. Many applications have been implemented to monitor large-scale interconnected power grids, and interpret grid operation status to improve system operators’ situational awareness capability. Some representative online and offline applications are presented in this paper, as well as several recently developed new applications.