cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular-targeted antitumor agents. 19. Furospongolide from a marine Lendenfeldia sp. sponge inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation in breast tumor cells.

A natural product chemistry-based approach was employed to discover small-molecule inhibitors of the important tumor-selective molecular target hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Bioassay-guided isolation of an active lipid extract of a Saipan collection of the marine sponge Lendenfeldia sp. afforded the terpene-derived furanolipid furospongolide as the primary inhibitor of hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation (IC50 2.9 μM, T47D breast tumor cells). The active component of the extract also contained one new cytotoxic scalarane sesterterpene and two previously reported scalaranes. Furospongolide blocked the induction of the downstream HIF-1 target secreted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and was shown to suppress HIF-1 activation by inhibiting the hypoxic induction of HIF-1α protein. Mechanistic studies indicate that furospongolide inhibits HIF-1 activity primarily by suppressing tumor cell respiration via the blockade of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I)-mediated mitochondrial electron tra...
The local geometry of multiattribute tradeoff preferences

Existing representations for multiattribute ceteris paribus preference statements have provided useful treatments and clear semantics for qualitative comparisons, but have not provided similarly clear representations or semantics for comparisons involving quantitative tradeoffs. We use directional derivatives and other concepts from elementary differential geometry to interpret conditional multiattribute ceteris paribus preference comparisons that state bounds on quantitative tradeoff ratios. This semantics extends the familiar economic notion of marginal rate of substitution to multiple continuous or discrete attributes. The same geometric concepts also provide means for interpreting statements about the relative importance of different attributes.
Real-time tagless monitoring of cell viability using patch-clamp microdevices

Real-time tagless monitoring of cell viability using patch-clamp microdevices is reported and validated by using fluorescence imaging techniques for the first time. Specifically, human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 have been used for these studies. Systematic experiments on these cells found that the impedance change of captured cells by the micro-electrodes is a valid indicator of cell's living or death, which might provide an efficient way to monitor the drug effects on cells, thereby benefiting high throughput drug screen and discovery process.
Geographic origin and culture method influence the overwinter mortality of juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.)

Abstract Overwinter mortality of juvenile northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, is a major impediment to the aquaculture industry from the mid-Atlantic US through Atlantic Canada. Mortality occurs during prolonged exposures to low temperatures and/or during the winter–spring transition when water temperatures are rising. Recent efforts to overwinter juveniles of M. mercenaria produced from native Maine (ME, USA) broodstock in eastern ME have found high survival while using a newly adopted methodology (i.e. cages in the water column rather than the standard practice of bottom planting) for overwintering. The current study aimed to determine if the high survivorship was a result of the culture methodology or if the ME genetic stock is better adapted for overwinter survival. Field studies were performed across two consecutive winters in ME, New York (NY) and New Jersey (NJ, USA) to compare survivorship of two size classes of juvenile M. mercenaria using the new methodology to the standard practice of bottom planting, and to compare the survival and physiological condition of the ME stock vs. the NY and NJ stocks across a latitudinal gradient. The ME stock had greater survival than the NY and NJ stock at all sites and in both study years. Both of the ME size classes exhibited lower mortality ( M. mercenaria in eastern Maine cannot be applied effectively to more southern locations. However, the results suggest that selective breeding programs may be able to develop aquaculture stocks that are better adapted to overwintering conditions.
The Parkinson larynx: Tremor and videostroboscopic findings

Patients with Parkinson's disease have a high incidence of speech, voice, and laryngeal abnormalities. To characterize laryngeal abnormalities, visual-perceptual ratings of endoscopic and stroboscopic examinations of 22 patients diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 7 patients with Parkinson's-plus syndromes were carried out by for trained viewers. Incidence of tremor, tremor location, phase closure, phase symmetry, amplitude, and mucosal waveform were scored. Tremor was observed in one or more of these conditions-rest, normal pitch and loudness, or loud phonation-for most of the 29 patients. Fifty-five percent of the idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients had tremor, with the primary location being vertical laryngeal tremor. Sixty-four percent of the Parkinson's-plus patients had tremor, with the arytenoid cartilages being the primary location. Laryngeal tremor was observed early in the disease in these Parkinson's disease patients. The most striking stroboscopic findings for the idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients were abnormal phase closure and phase asymmetry. Amplitude and mucosal wave-form were essentially within normal limits in the majority of the idiopathic Parkinson patients.
HUMANITY IN NATURE: CONSERVING YET CREATING

Abstract. Developing a scientifically grounded philosophy of cosmic evolution, and using the moral norm of completeness as dynamic harmony, this paper argues that humans are a part of nature in both its conserving and emergent aspects. Humans are both material and cultural, instinctual-emotional and rational, creatures and creators, and carriers of stability and change. To ignore any of the multifaceted aspects of humanity in relation to the rest of nature is to commit one of a number of fallacies that are grounded in a dualistic-conquest mentality. Examples of some new developments in philosophy and theology, metaphorical images, and ritual show how to overcome dualism in favor of a dynamic harmony of humanity within nature.
Associations of Posthemodialysis Weights above and below Target Weight with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality

Background and objectives Fluid removal via ultrafiltration is a primary function of hemodialysis, and inadequate volume control is associated with significant morbidity and mortality among chronic dialysis patients. Treatment-to-treatment fluid removal goals are typically calculated on the basis of interdialytic weight gain and prescribed target weight. The clinical effect of frequent missed target weights is unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the associations of postdialysis weights above and below the prescribed target weight (separately) and outcomes. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Data were taken from a national cohort of 10,785 prevalent, thrice-weekly, in-center hemodialysis patients dialyzing from 2005 to 2008 (median time at risk, 2.1 [25th percentile, 75th percentile] years) at a single dialysis organization. Patients were characterized as having an above target weight miss if their postdialysis weight was >2 kg above target weight in at least 30% of baseline treatments (14.6% of cohort), or they were characterized as control otherwise. Below target weight miss characterization was analogous for patients with postdialysis weight >2 kg below target weight (6.6% of cohort). Coprimary endpoints were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results Above target weight miss in at least 30% of treatments (versus not) was associated with greater all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.43); and below target weight miss in at least 30% of treatments (versus not) was associated with greater all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.40). Both above and below target weight misses were also significantly associated with greater cardiovascular mortality. Secondary analyses demonstrated dose-response relationships between target weight misses and mortality. Results from sensitivity analyses considering the difference in postdialysis and target weights as a proportion of body weight were analogous to the primary results. Conclusions Postdialysis weights >2 kg above and below target weight are associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Consistent target weight achievement is a viable target for improving fluid management.
Criminal Appeals Over the Last 100 Years

Among the more popular “political” explanations of increased crime have been the charges that courts have been coddling criminals and handcuffing the police. These accusaticms are often coupled with the general perception that if criminal defendants appeal they will usually win. During the past 20 years there clearly has been an increase in criminal defendant due process rights that have been created largely by the courts. Notwithstanding these developments, are criminal defendants more likely to win than lose on appeal, and has the probability of winning been increasing? This article examines state courts of last resort from 1870 to 1970 to determine both the odds of winning and how they have changed. It also investigates whether these trends are different for the traditional South than for the more liberal states of the Northeast. The data indicate that, in fact, defendants today are far more likely to lose on appeal than they were 100 years ago. In addition, there appears to be little regional variation in criminal appellate outcomes over the last 100 years.
Enhancement Of Intracellular Growth Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In Human Monocytes by Transforming Growth Factor-βl

The production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta 1) by human monocytes (MN) infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its effects on the intracellular fate of the organism were studied. M. tuberculosis infection of MN induced both expression of mRNA and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and TGF beta 1 protein. Neutralizing antibody to TGF beta 1 reduced the intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis. The growth-enhancing effects of TGF beta 1 could not be explained by increased initial bacterial load. Preculture with TGF beta 1 decreased uptake of M. tuberculosis. Exposure of MN to increasing concentrations of TGF beta 1 before or after infection with M. tuberculosis accelerated intracellular bacterial replication. Both TNF alpha and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) limited mycobacterial replication. TGF beta 1 (10 ng/mL) abrogated the bacteriostatic effects of TNF alpha and IFN-gamma. Within the infected focus, TGF beta 1 produced by mononuclear phagocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, in part by modulating the response to potentially protective cytokines such as TNF alpha and IFN-gamma.
APOBEC3G Incorporation into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles

APOBEC3G is promiscuous with respect to its antiretroviral effect, requiring that it be packaged into diverse retrovirus particles. Here, we show that most virally encoded human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particle components are dispensable for APOPEC3G incorporation. However, replacement of the nucleocapsid (NC) Gag domain with a leucine zipper abolished APOBEC3G incorporation. Moreover, coprecipitation analysis showed that APOBEC3G-Gag interaction requires NC and nonspecific RNA. These observations suggest that APOBEC3G exploits an essential property of retroviruses, namely, RNA packaging, to infiltrate particles. Because it is, therefore, difficult to evolve specific sequences that confer escape from APOBEC3G, these findings may explain why lentiviruses evolved an activity that induces its destruction.
Sticky Price and Sticky Information Price Setting Models: What is the Difference? ∗

Using a partial equilibrium framework, Mankiw and Reis [2002] show that a sticky information model can generate a lagged and gradual inflation response after a monetary policy shock, whereas a sticky price model cannot. Our paper demonstrates that that finding is sensitive to their model’s parameterization. To determine a plausible parameterization, we specify a general equilibrium model with sticky information. In that model, we find that inflation peaks only one period after a monetary disturbance. A sensitivity analysis of our results reveals that the inflation peak is delayed by including real rigidities when the monetary policy instrument is money growth, whereas inflation peaks immediately when the policy instrument is the nominal interest rate.
Fatigue failure stress of the femoral neck A case report

Fatigue fractures are frequent injuries in military pop ulations and occur more frequently in joggers in the civilian population. Repetitive stress below failure levels in a time period inadequate to permit remodeling is known to cause fatigue fractures. However, data on stress levels, the number of cycles to failure, and the time interval in in vivo human fatigue fractures is unknown. We recently treated a patient with a fatigue fracture of the femoral neck and were able to deter mine this data from patient records and finite element stress analysis. From this data we recommend a max imum total distance of 161 km (100 miles) over a three-month interval for runners who are beginning training. Shorter total distance would be advisable for obese patients.
Continuously adjustable phase center displacement in phased array antenna

A simple method is presented for electrically shifting the phase center of an array by an arbitrary distance. This is accomplished by adding an amplitude slope to the array excitation function. For an array with uniform illumination a formula for calculating the amplitude slope is given. For other excitation functions a similar formula can be numerically determined. >
Demonstration of plasma beat wave acceleration of electrons from 2 MeV to 20 MeV

We describe the results from recent experimental on the plasma beat wave accelerator (PBWA) scheme at UCLA. A relativistic electron plasma wave (which is the accelerating structure) is resonantly excited in a plasma by the beating of two co-propagating electromagnetic waves (obtained from a CO/sub 2/ laser operating simultaneously on two wavelengths). A 2 MeV, 200 mA (peak-current) electron beam, roughly 1 nsec (FWHM) in duration is used as a source of test particles for measuring the longitudinal fields of the plasma wave which itself is moving with a relativistic Lorentz factor of about 34. Accelerated electrons are energy-selected with an imaging sector magnet and detected simultaneously with a cloud chamber and surface barrier detectors. Initial experiments show that electrons are accelerated up to 20 MeV over roughly 1 cm (the uniform length of plasma) indicating an gradient of acceleration of more than 1.8 GeV/m. >
Nutritional characteristics of kura clover ( Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) compared with other forage legumes

Kura or Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) is a perennial, rhizomatous legume indigenous to Caucasian Russia and adjacent regions (Kannenberg & Elliott,1962; Bryant, 1974). Those agronomic characteristics that lend it potential significance, namely an extensive root-rhizome system, winter-hardiness, resistance to numerous and serious clover pests, and the production of nectar-rich flowers, were enumerated by Parker & Allen (1952). These authors also pointed out that usage of kura clover was hampered by ineffective nodulation. However, in recent years commercial and effective inoculant preparations have become available. Consequently, it has been suggested that kura clover could have potential as a pasture legume and for soil conservation purposes (Bryant, 1974; Spencer et al. 1975). Pertinent literature on kura clover is scanty. The present study evaluated the nutritional characteristics of kura clover relative to otherforage legumes.
Instability of the equilibrium of a liquid below its vapour between horizontal heated plates

We study the stability of a motionless liquid below its vapour between heated horizontal plates. The temperature of the bottom plate is held below the vaporization temperature and the top plate is hotter than the vaporization temperature. A water film is on the cold plate and a vapour film on the hot plate. We find a basic solution depending only on the variable y normal to the plates, with steady distributions of temperature, a null velocity and no phase change. The linear stability of this basic state is studied in the frame of incompressible fluid dynamics, without convection, but allowing for phase change. An ambiguity in the choice of the conditions to be required of the temperature at the phase-change boundary is identified and discussed. It is shown that the basic state of equilibrium is overstable under conditions of large temperature gradient, when the other parameters have suitable values. An analysis of the energy of the most dangerous disturbance shows that the source of the instability is associated with change of phase.
Inherited Neurodegenerative Diseases and Transgenic Models

In recent years, the identification of mutations in specific genes in several inherited neurodegener-ative disorders, combined with advances in the field of transgenic methods, has provided neurosci-entists and neuropathologists with information and strategies to develop transgenic (Tg) models to study human diseases. These approaches have proved to be extraordinarily useful in modeling familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) and Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and the spectrum of triplet-repeat disorders. Investigations of these models have begun to provide new insights into the roles of disease-specific mutant proteins and the pathogenic mechanisms of disease as well as opportunities to test therapeutic interventions.
Comparison of learning efforts using fuzzy graded mean integration method

The learning efforts of different learning systems are often difficult to compare. In this paper, the graded mean integration method is applied to compare learning efforts with step form membership function. At first, the representation values of fuzzy numbers with step form membership function are calculated by using the graded mean integration method. Then two or more fuzzy numbers with step form membership function can be ranked by comparing their representation values. Finally, numerical examples of learning efforts of two different learning systems have been computed and then compared by using the proposed method.
The effect of a family-focused intervention on self management of diet, medication-taking, and activity after six months

The Effect of a Family-Focused Intervention on Self Management of Diet, Medication-Taking, and Activity after Six Months Sandra B. Dunbar, Patricia C. Clark, Christi Deaton, Anindya De, Andrew L. Smith,2—Nell Hodsgon Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Center for Heart Failure Therapy and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA
A DEAD Box RNA Helicase Is Essential for mRNA Export and Important for Development and Stress Responses in Arabidopsis

An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, cryophyte, was isolated and found to have an enhanced cold stress-induction of the master regulator of cold tolerance, C-repeat binding factor 2 (CBF2), and its downstream target genes. The mutant is more tolerant to chilling and freezing stresses but is more sensitive to heat stress. Under warm but not cold growth temperatures, the mutant has a reduced stature and flowers earlier. Under long day conditions, flowering of the mutant is insensitive to vernalization. The mutant is also hypersensitive to the phytohormone abscisic acid. The mutation was found in a DEAD box RNA helicase gene that is identical to the previously identified low expression of osmotically responsive genes 4 (LOS4) locus, which was defined by the los4-1 mutation that reduces cold regulation of CBFs and their target genes and renders Arabidopsis plants chilling sensitive. We show evidence suggesting that the CRYOPHYTE/LOS4 protein may be enriched in the nuclear rim. In situ poly(A) hybridization indicates that the export of poly(A)+ RNAs is blocked in the cryophyte/los4-2 mutant at warm or high temperatures but not at low temperatures, whereas the los4-1 mutation weakens mRNA export at both low and warm temperatures. These results demonstrate an important role of the CRYOPHYTE/LOS4 RNA helicase in mRNA export, plant development, and stress responses.
Deterministic global optimization of molecular structures using interval analysis

The search for the global minimum of a molecular potential energy surface is a challenging problem. The molecular structure corresponding to the global minimum is of particular importance because it usually dictates both the physical and chemical properties of the molecule. The existence of an extremely large number of local minima, the number of which may increase exponentially with the size of the molecule, makes this global minimization problem extremely difficult. A new strategy is described here for solving such global minimization problems deterministically. The methodology is based on interval analysis, and provides a mathematical and computational guarantee that the molecular structure with the global minimum potential energy will be found. The technique is demonstrated using two sets of example problems. The first set involves a relatively simple potential model, and problems with up to 40 atoms. The second set involves a more realistic potential energy function, representative of those in current use, and problems with up to 11 atoms.
Modeling Medical Content for Automated Summarization

A BSTRACT : Medical information is available from a variety of new online resources. Given the number and diversity of sources, methods must be found that will enable users to quickly assimilate and determine the content of a document. Summarization is one such tool that can help users to quickly determine the main points of a document. Previous methods to automatically summarize text documents typically do not attempt to infer or define the content of a document. Rather these systems rely on secondary features or clues that may point to content. This paper describes text summarization techniques that enable users to focus on the key content of a document. The techniques presented here analyze groups of similar documents in order to form a content model. The content model is used to select sentences forming the summary. The technique does not require additional knowledge sources; thus the method should be applicable to any set of text documents.
The Types of Authority in Christian Belief

This presentation is limited to an exposition and estimate of the chief types in which authority has appeared in the church, to which are added one or two fundamental suggestions. The first type is naturally that of the Roman Catholic church. Authority here was a gradual growth. At the outset no one could have foreseen the ultimate result, yet the claims of a series of bishops of the early church of Rome, not seldom men of the greatest administrative ability, whose assumptions were favored by circumstances, grew at length into the acknowledged supremacy of the Roman see. This supremacy gradually took the place of the state and subordinated every government to its own law and end, and this claim now extends to every interest of every individual whenever and wherever the church sees fit to exercise its prerogative.
Genetic and environmental determinants of human NK cell diversity revealed by mass cytometry

Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in immune defense and reproduction, yet remain the most poorly understood major lymphocyte population. Because their activation is controlled by a variety of combinatorially expressed activating and inhibitory receptors, NK cell diversity and function are closely linked. To provide an unprecedented understanding of NK cell repertoire diversity, we used mass cytometry to simultaneously analyze 37 parameters, including 28 NK cell receptors, on peripheral blood NK cells from 5 sets of monozygotic twins and 12 unrelated donors of defined human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype. This analysis revealed a remarkable degree of NK cell diversity, with an estimated 6000 to 30,000 phenotypic populations within an individual and >100,000 phenotypes in the donor panel. Genetics largely determined inhibitory receptor expression, whereas activation receptor expression was heavily environmentally influenced. Therefore, NK cells may maintain self-tolerance through strictly regulated expression of inhibitory receptors while using adaptable expression patterns of activating and costimulatory receptors to respond to pathogens and tumors. These findings further suggest the possibility that discrete NK cell subpopulations could be harnessed for immunotherapeutic strategies in the settings of infection, reproduction, and transplantation.
Home Health Care Utilization:A Review of the Research for Social Work

The author reviewed the literature to identify the variables associated with home health care utilization using the Andersen-Newman model as a framework for analysis. Sixty-four studies published between 1985 and 2000 were identified through PUBMED, Sociofile, and PsycINFO databases. Home health care was defined as in-home skilled nursing, homemaker, mobile meals, home health aide, physical therapy, occupational therapy, or social work services. The review indicates that the client most likely to use home health care is elderly, has a high number of ADL/IADL impairments, lives alone, has a low level of informal support, and has Medicaid coverage. In the presence of informal support or when care recipients live with others, the initiation of formal services may be delayed until physical impairment of the care recipient is severe or caregiver burden is high. Implications for social work practice and research are discussed.
The apparent colors of surfaces of small subtense: A preliminary report

The early observations of Konig on the apparent tritanopia of the central fovea were confirmed by Willmer and Wright. Hartridge showed that the small size of the test field, rather than the location of its image on the retina, leads to the tritanopia. In the present work, twenty colors around the Munsell 5-plane were observed against a dark grey background at an angular subtense of 2 minutes and 1 minute of arc, under Macbeth (6800°K) daylight. They were matched with a complete chart of the 5-plane on a similar background and under the same illumination, a mask being provided for the isolation of one color. The phenomenon is somewhat personal but its main features are beyond question. The locus of the “reduced” colors approximates an ellipse with its long axis in the general direction red to blue-green but differing in eccentricity for different observers. The displacement of most of the colors is approximately towards or away from the blue end of the spectrum. There is evidence that the phenomenon cannot be explained by the effect of the macular pigment, but the “dominator-modulator” theory of Granit would seem to offer an explanation for it.
The Effect of Brand Acquisition and Disposal on Stock Returns

Abstract Brand acquisitions and disposals are key strategic marketing decisions and often the largest single marketing investments that firms make. Yet little is known about the performance effects of such decisions. This study examines stock market reactions to brand acquisition and disposal announcements in 31 consumer industries. The results reveal that returns to such announcements depend crucially on three complementary firm assets—marketing capabilities, channel relationships, and brand portfolios—but that these effects may not be symmetric across brand acquisitions and disposals. Acquirer abnormal returns are greater for firms with strong marketing capabilities and those that buy brands with higher price/quality positioning than their existing portfolio. Investors also reward buyers that identify cost synergies in integrating new brand(s) into their portfolios but punish those that identify revenue synergies. Conversely, greater abnormal returns arise for sellers with inferior channel relationships...
Identification of mRNAs Associated with αCP2-Containing RNP Complexes

Posttranscriptional controls in higher eukaryotes are central to cell differentiation and developmental programs. These controls reflect sequence-specific interactions of mRNAs with one or more RNA binding proteins. The alpha-globin poly(C) binding proteins (alphaCPs) comprise a highly abundant subset of K homology (KH) domain RNA binding proteins and have a characteristic preference for binding single-stranded C-rich motifs. alphaCPs have been implicated in translation control and stabilization of multiple cellular and viral mRNAs. To explore the full contribution of alphaCPs to cell function, we have identified a set of mRNAs that associate in vivo with the major alphaCP2 isoforms. One hundred sixty mRNA species were consistently identified in three independent analyses of alphaCP2-RNP complexes immunopurified from a human hematopoietic cell line (K562). These mRNAs could be grouped into subsets encoding cytoskeletal components, transcription factors, proto-oncogenes, and cell signaling factors. Two mRNAs were linked to ceroid lipofuscinosis, indicating a potential role for alphaCP2 in this infantile neurodegenerative disease. Surprisingly, alphaCP2 mRNA itself was represented in alphaCP2-RNP complexes, suggesting autoregulatory control of alphaCP2 expression. In vitro analyses of representative target mRNAs confirmed direct binding of alphaCP2 within their 3' untranslated regions. These data expand the list of mRNAs that associate with alphaCP2 in vivo and establish a foundation for modeling its role in coordinating pathways of posttranscriptional gene regulation.
Self-Aligned, Emitter-Edge-Passivated AIGaAs/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors with Extrapolated Maximum Oscillation Frequency of 350 GHz

Summary form only given. The authors present self-aligned, emitter-edge-passivated AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with extrapolated maximum oscillation frequency of 350 GHz. To the authors' knowledge, this is the highest f/sub max/ ever reported for an HBT. The self-aligned, emitter-edge-passivated dual-liftoff process reported here enhances the device RF performance and DC current gain. The current gain of a typical HBT with 2 emitter fingers each 2 mu m*10 mu m was measured to be more than 20 at current density of 5*10/sup 4/ cm/sup 2/. A record high maximum oscillation frequency of 350 GHz was extrapolated by assuming 6-dB/octave falloff rate from the unilateral gains obtained from the s-parameters measured up to 40 GHz. >
A rapid, non-destructive method for estimating aboveground biomass of salt marsh grasses

Understanding the primary productivity of salt marshes requires accurate estimates of biomass. Unfortunately, these estimates vary enough within and among salt marshes to require large numbers of replicates if the averages are to be statistically meaningful. Large numbers of replicates are rarely taken, however, because they involve too much labor. Here, we present data on a fast, non-destructive method for measuring aboveground biomass of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis that uses only the average height of the five tallest shoots and the total density of shoots over 10 cm tall. Collecting the data takes only a few minutes per replicate, and calculated values for biomass compare favorably with destructive measurements on harvested samples.
Deliberative Ripples: The Network Effects of Political Events

What are the ripple effects from structured deliberation sessions? To better understand the potential aggregate consequences of these (somewhat limited) opportunities, we focus on the social networks of participants, looking for the informational consequences of second-hand exposure. We report on the results of a field experiment in which randomly selected constituents attended a deliberative session with a U.S. Senator. Pre and post session data were collected from participants – as well as control subjects – regarding interpersonal political discussion networks. We evaluate whether the encounter spurred increased political discussion among named discussants, and whether certain factors moderated these rates of political talk. Our results indicate that attending the deliberative session increased discussion of specific issues, and that spouses were especially likely targets for discussion. Importantly, follow-up surveys indicate that these ripple effects lasted for months after the initial encounter.
The Eco Logic Process

The ECO LOGIC process was developed by the ECO LOGIC company of Rockwood, Ontario, Canada and is built around the moderately high temperature reaction of hydrogen and steam with liquid or gaseous organic wastes to form, primarily, methane, and hydrogen, lesser amounts CO, CO2 and, for hetero atoms, products of their reactions with hydrogen. Ancillary processes include a batch oven and a molten tin pyrolysis unit for treating contaminated solids, a steam reformer for production of hydrogen, and a gas scrubbing system for purification of the reactor product.
Responses to persecution : research in progress

The Department of Politics and International Relations at Taylor University, Indiana, USA, has initiated a research project analyzing responses to persecution by Christians in eleven Asian, Middle Eastern and African countries. The research will specifically analyze responses to persecution through understanding the following: what forms does persecution take? What responses has the church made to these acts? How have these responses impacted on the persecution? How does the persecution impact on the church's theology? In what ways does the church being persecuted receive support from Christians living in other parts of the world?
Stagnant Stunting Rate despite Rapid Economic Growth-An Analysis of Cross Sectional Survey Data of Undernutrition among Children under Five in Papua New Guinea.

Background: Maternal and child under-nutrition is a pervasive and detrimental condition in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Despite the rapid economic growth during the past decade, the stunting rate for children under 5 has remained at 46 percent in PNG. Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the association between the demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors with undernutrition for children less than five years old in PNG. Data and Method: The study used the 2009–2010 PNG Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The final sample included 3057 children under 5 years old. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the odds of stunting, wasting and underweight. Odds ratios were adjusted for independent variables at household and individual levels. Statistical analyses were done with Stata (version 14). Findings: Logistic regression analysis showed household wealth was a significant predictor of stunting: children in the richest wealth quintile were 28.9% (0.711 [0.53–0.95]) less likely to be stunted than were children in the poorest wealth quintile. Other factors also associated with stunting include geographic locations, household head education and incidence of malaria. Similar results were found when wasting and underweight were dependent variables.
Water activities of NaClO 4 , Ca(ClO 4 ) 2 , and Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 brines from experimental heat capacities: Water activity >0.6 below 200 K

Abstract Perchlorate salts found on Mars are extremely hygroscopic and form low eutectic temperature aqueous solutions, which could allow liquid water to exist on Mars despite cold and dry conditions. The formation, dynamics, and potential habitability of perchlorate salt solutions can be broadly understood in terms of water activity. Water activity controls condensation and evaporation of water vapor in brines, deliquescence and efflorescence of crystalline salts, and ice formation during freezing. Furthermore, water activity is a basic parameter defining the habitability of aqueous solutions. Despite the importance of water activity, its value in perchlorate solutions has only been measured at 298.15 K and at the freezing point of water. To address this lack of data, we have determined water activities in NaClO4, Ca(ClO4)2, and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions using experimental heat capacities measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Our results include concentrations up to near-saturation and temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 178 K. We find that water activities in NaClO4 solutions increase with decreasing temperature, by as much as 0.25 aw from 298.15 to 178 K. Consequently, aw reaches ∼0.6–0.7 even for concentrations up to 15 molal NaClO4 below 200 K. In contrast, water activities in Ca(ClO4)2 and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions generally decrease with decreasing temperature. The temperature dependence of water activity indicates that low-temperature NaClO4 solutions will evaporate and deliquesce at higher relative humidity, crystallize ice at higher temperature, and potentially be more habitable for life (at least in terms of water activity) compared to solutions at 298.15 K. The opposite effects occur in Ca(ClO4)2 and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions.
Quantification of Non-Light Chain Amyloid Precursors and Acute Phase-Related Proteins in AL-Amyloid Sera.

This study examined the serum concentration of various non-light chain amyloid-related proteins and enzymes in patients (pts) with plasma cell dyscrasia+amyloid (AL, n=13), plasma cell dyscrasia without amyloid (PCD, n=28), pts with non-PCD non-AL disorders (NPCD, n=13), and normal controls (n=30). Compared with normals, AL pts had significantly lower serum levels of prealbumin and plasminogen. s2-microglobulin and protease inhibitors α1-antichymotrypsin, α1-antitrypsin and α2-macroglobulin were significantly elevated. Thirty-eight percent of AL sera (vs. 46% of normal controls) contained ≥0.03 mg/ml of amyloid P-component (SAP). No serum amyloid A (SAA) was detectable in AL pts, despite significant elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. PCD pts had below normal prealbumin, and elevated values of s2-microglobulin, α1-antichymotrypsin, α2-macroglobulin and CRP. Plasminogen and αl-antitrypsin levels in PCD pts did not differ from normals. NPCD sera contained elevated levels of all three protease inhibitors, whereas the other proteins were within normal limits. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) were increased in AL and NPCD groups. These observations suggest that AL is accompanied by quantitative changes in serum non-light chain amyloid precursors and acute phase-related proteins; these altered levels may be relevant to amyloid deposition.
Undescribed Species of Japanese Crane-Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) Part VII

The initial part of this series of papers was published in the Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 12:327–348, 1919; the preceding part in the Annals, 40 :350–371, 1947. In the present report I am construing the limits of the paper as including the former Japanese Empire and am discussing species not only from the main islands of Japan but also from Manchuria, Korea and Formosa. Except where indicated to the contrary the types of the new species are preserved in my personal collection of crane-flies.
In vitro Incubation of Rat and Rabbit Thyroid with L-Tyrosine-C14, Sodium Iodide-I131, and L-Mono- and Diiodotyrosine-C14-I131.∗

SummaryIncubation of surviving rat and rabbit thyroid tissue in media containing labelled L-tyrosine, MIT or DIT failed to result in incorporation of the label into iodothyronines. When iodide-I131 was present in the media, the label was incorporated into iodothyronine by rat but not by rabbit thyroid tissue. The cause of this species difference is not known.
CFD Validation of a Designed Quad-Rotor

This document discusses the lift and drag validation of a designed quad-rotor. In the report, the setup of the CFD model in FLUENT (academic version) is mentioned, and the results for the wing-fuselage-payload body are compared with the 2D airfoil data at different angles of attack. In order to get more accurate results, the influence of the payload and the propeller are also modeled at -4 degree angle of attack, and the lift and drag coefficients are compared with the wing-fuselage body results.
Spin-lattice coupling and phonon dispersion of CdCr 2 O 4 from first principles

First-principles calculations are used to investigate the effects of magnetic ordering on the minimum-energy structure and on the full phonon dispersion relation of CdCr${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$, focusing on the changes through the coupled magnetic/structural transition which shows relief of the geometric frustration of the antiferromagnetic ordering on the pyrochlore lattice. We computed the full phonon dispersion relations for the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic orderings in cubic and tetragonal structures of CdCr${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$. We extracted the phonon dispersion for the cubic paramagnetic phase and found that it compares well with the experimental results. The AFM ordering is seen to lower the symmetry and induce a lattice distortion comparable in magnitude to that observed in the transition. While the spin-phonon couplings are large for modes which involve displacement of the Cr atoms, there are no unstable modes at any point in the Brillouin zone for either of the magnetic orderings considered, and thus we conclude that the phase transition is driven not by spin-phonon coupling, but by the atomic forces and stresses induced by the magnetic order. Finally, by comparison of the phonon frequencies for structures with different magnetic orderings and structural distortions, we find that the spin-phonon coupling, rather than the coupling of the phonons to the structural change, is the dominant factor in the observed changes of phonon frequencies through the phase transition.
Stable or situated understandings of adolescent reading engagement across readers and raters

ABSTRACTTeachers' skill in inferring students' reading motivation influences their ability to provide responsive literacy instruction. Yet, studies show that convergence between students' and teachers' reports of students' affective experience with reading is moderate to poor. The present study, with a sample of 140 students, and 15 middle school teachers, examined the convergence across different rater reports (teachers, students, and research observers) of reading motivation and behavioral engagement in daily reading activities as well as the factors that explain teachers' perceptions of students' daily behavioral engagement with reading. Results indicate that there was no correlation between teacher or research observer reports with student ratings. However, teachers' perceptions of students' behavioral engagement in reading was explained by stable as well as situated student indicators of reading engagement. Additional measures to help teachers more easily detect shifts in motivation as a function of ...
Laser Atherectomy for Treatment of Femoropopliteal In-Stent Restenosis:

Purpose: To investigate if laser atherectomy with adjunctive balloon angioplasty can improve endovascular treatment outcomes for femoropopliteal in-stent restenosis (ISR). Methods: A dual center st...
Laban head-motions convey robot state: A call for robot body language

Functional robots are an increasing presence in shared human-machine environments. Humans efficiently parse motion expressions, gaining an immediate impression of an agent's current action and state. Past work has shown that motion can effectively reveal a robot's current task objective to bystanders and collaborators, however, the layering of expression on pre-existing robot task motions has yet to be explored. Rather than showing us what the robot is doing, these layered motion characteristics leverage the how of the task motions to convey additional robot attitudes, e.g., confidence, adherence to deadline or flexibility of attention. To lay the foundations for this objective, we adapt the Laban Efforts, a system from dance and acting training in use for over 50 years. We operationalize features representing the four Laban Efforts (Time, Space, Weight, and Flow) to the movements of a 2-DOF Nao head and a 4-DOF Keepon robot during simple dance and look-for-someone behaviors. Using online survey, we collect 1028 motion ratings for 72 robot motion videos depicting contrasting Effort motion examples. We achieve statistically significant legibility results for all four Effort implementations. Even without human degrees of freedom, we find that robot motion patterns can convey complex expressions to people.
Serotonin Function and Gender Effects in Migraine Production and OCD

A high prevalence of comorbidity has been reported between migraines and psychiatric disorders. It has been proposed that migraine headaches are mediated by stimulation of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Past studies have demonstrated that migraine-like headaches have been produced following administration of the partial 5-HT agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP; believed to primarily affect the 5-HT2C receptor) in patients with migraines or eating disorders, especially bulimia, as well as in normal controls. We review the association between 5-HT dysfunction, as determined by response to m-CPP challenge, and migraines, looking specifically at the relationship between migraines and obsessive-compulsive disorder and gender effects.
Walking to Work: Trends in the United States, 2005–2014

I examined trends from 2005 through 2014 in walking to work compared with other modes of travel. For each year, I calculated the percentage of travel to work by private vehicle, public transportation, and walking and used distance decay functions to analyze the distribution of walking by distance. I found that the percentage of travel to work by walking remained stable, with a slight increase over time, and that people tended to walk longer to get to work. The trend is positive and encouraging, although more evidence is needed to confirm my findings.
Role of the Allergist-Immunologist and Upper Airway Allergy in Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Background Sleep-disordered breathing in general and obstructive sleep apnea in particular are commonly encountered conditions in allergy practice. Physiologically, nasal (or nasopharyngeal) obstruction from rhinitis, nasal polyposis, or adenotonsillar hypertrophy are credible contributors to snoring and nocturnal respiratory obstructive events. Nevertheless, existing practice parameters largely relegate the role of the allergist to adjunctive treatment in cases of continuous positive airway pressure intolerance. Objectives To survey active American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology members regarding their perceptions and practices concerning sleep-disordered breathing in adult and pediatric patients with rhinitis, and to review the medical literature concerning this connection to identify therapeutic implications and research gaps. Methods Members of the Work Group on Rhinitis and Sleep-disordered Breathing composed and distributed a Web-based clinically oriented survey to active American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology members in mid-2015. The group, in addition, conducted an English-language literature review using PubMed and other sources. Results Survey results were returned by 339 of 4881 active members (7%). More than two-third of respondents routinely asked about sleep problems, believed that sleep-disordered breathing was a problem for at least a "substantial minority" (10%-30%) of their adult patients, and believed that medical therapy for upper airway inflammatory conditions could potentially help ameliorate sleep-related complaints. Literature review supported the connection between high-grade nasal congestion/adenotonsillar hypertrophy and obstructive sleep apnea, and at least in the case of pediatric patients, supported the use of anti-inflammatory medication in the initial management of obstructive sleep apnea of mild-to-moderate severity. Conclusions Clinical allergy practice and the medical literature support a proactive role for allergists in the diagnosis and management of sleep-disordered breathing.