cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient and Steady-State Radionuclide Transport Through Penetrations in Nuclear Waste Containers

In this paper we analyze the transport of radionuclides through penetrations in nuclear waste containers. Penetrations may result from corrosion or cracks and may occur in the original container material, in degraded or corroded material, or in deposits of corrosion products. We do not consider how these penetrations occur or the characteristics of expected penetrations in waste containers. We are concerned only with the analytical formulation and solutions of equations to predict rates of mass transfer through penetrations of specified size and geometry. Expressions for the diffusive mass transfer rates through apertures are presented. We present numerical illustrations for steady-state mass-transfer rates through a circular hole, including concentration isopleths. The results are extended to multiple holes, including a criterion for hole spacing wherein superposition of single-hole solutions can be used. Results illustrated for holes in thin-walled containers show that significant mass transfer can occur even if a small fraction of the container area is perforated. We also illustrate the case of holes facing a water gap, instead of being in intimate contact with porous rock. In this case the radionuclide flux from many small holes approaches that from a bare waste cylinder.
Structure in the Radiative Capture of 12 C by 12 C near the Coulomb Barrier

The yield curves of high-energy capture $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from $^{12}\mathrm{C}(^{12}\mathrm{C}, {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0})$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}(^{12}\mathrm{C}, {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1})$ were measured at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ from ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=5.0 \mathrm{to} 11.0$ MeV. A ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={2}^{+}$ resonance, with a width (full width at half-maximum) of 261\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}74 keV and a peak cross section at 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} of 44.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.5 nb/sr, was observed in $^{12}\mathrm{C}(^{12}\mathrm{C}, {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0})$ at (21.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03) MeV excitation in $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$. Several other resonant features were also observed in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray yields.
Subband image coding with jointly optimized quantizers

An iterative design algorithm for the joint design of complexity- and entropy-constrained subband quantizers and associated entropy coders is proposed. Unlike conventional subband design algorithms, the proposed algorithm does not require the use of various bit allocation algorithms. Multistage residual quantizers are employed because they provide greater control of the complexity-performance tradeoffs, and also because they allow efficient and effective high-order statistical modeling. The resulting subband coder exploits statistical dependencies within subbands, across subbands, and across stages, mainly through complexity-constrained high-order entropy coding. Experimental results demonstrate that the complexity-rate-distortion performance of the new subband coder is exceptional.
Calibrated Peer Review: A New Tool for Integrating Information Literacy Skills in Writing-Intensive Large Classroom Settings.

Calibrated Peer Review™ (CPR) is a program that can significantly enhance the ability to integrate intensive information literacy exercises into large classroom settings. CPR is founded on a solid pedagogic base for learning, and it is formulated in such a way that information skills can easily be inserted. However, there is no mention of its application for information literacy in the library literature. A sample implementation of CPR in a course co-taught by science disciplinary faculty and librarians at Purdue University is presented with recommendations for optimal use of this resource. CPR is a valuable new tool that librarians can use to further their collaborations with disciplinary faculty.
NSF/ANSI 14: Third Party Certification for High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe

NSF/ANSI Standard 14 (NSF 14) was developed in 1965 to establish a standard for the testing and certification of plastic materials for both toxicological health effects as well as performance. At the time of introduction, NSF 14 covered pipe and fittings for only potable water applications and a small number of plastic materials, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and polyethylene (PE). Over the 46 years since its development and introduction, NSF 14 has evolved into a plastic standard that is no longer restricted to potable water. It now covers a wide variety of applications such as DWV (drain, waste and vent), sewer, natural gas, industrial applications and reclaimed water. In addition, it covers a wide variety of materials such as polypropylene (PP), HDPE, Polyamide (PA), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) and polysulfone (PPSU). This paper will specifically cover third party certification for HDPE pipe. It will address material, performance and quality control requirements.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Dual expression of CD45RA and CD45RO isoforms on myelin basic protein-specific CD4+ T-cell lines in multiple sclerosis.

Myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T-cell lines from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls were analyzed for the expression of CD45 isoforms and adhesion molecules. In the multiple sclerosis group, 22 of 24 MBP-specific T-cell lines were CD4+. Two distinct patterns were observed with regard to CD45 isoform expression. Pattern I showed dual expression of CD45 isoforms (CD4+CD45RA+CD45RO+CD29+) and Pattern II included cells with a single CD45 isoform (CD4+CD45RA−CD45RO+CD29+). All 10 cell lines from healthy controls were CD4+ and displayed Pattern II (CD4+CD45RA−CD45RO+CD29+). The dual expression of CD45 isoform in T-cell lines from MS was stable, did not represent a transition stage from CD45RA to CD45RO, and was cell-cycle independent. All cell lines from MS and controls expressed increased levels of LFA-1 (CD11a), LFA-2 (CD2), LFA-3 (CD58), ICAM-1 (CD54), and VLA-4 (CDw49d). These data show the presence of unique MBP-specific T cells (CD4+CD45RA+CD45RO+CD29+) that might play a role in the pathogenesis of MS.
Construction of Integral Bases in Abelian Field-Extensions of Imaginary Quadratic Number-Fields

Abstract Let K be an imaginary quadratic number field and Rf the ring class field modulo f over K, f ∈ N . Let O f denote the order of conductor f in K and let A ⊆ K be a proper O f-ideal. Using the methods of R. Schertz (J. Reine Angew. Math. 398, 1989, 105-129) a relative integral basis is constructed for Rf(τ(ξ | A ))/Rf, (ξ ∈ K\ A . Here τ denotes the Weber function. The factorization into a product of prime ideals of the singular values φ(ξ | A ) of the Siegel function is completely determined.
Conodonts from the Margie Limestone in the Highland Border Complex, River North Esk

Synopsis Conodonts in a sample collected from the Margie Limestone in an abandoned quarry along the bank of the River North Esk near Edzell include elements of the apparatuses of Paracordylodus gracilis Lindstrom and of a species tentatively reported herein as Prioniodus sp. These conodonts are widely distributed globally in Arenigian strata (late Tremadocian and Floian Stages) that were deposited under cold-water conditions. Their presence is not consistent with the earlier report of Caradocian chitinozoans from the Margie Limestone, but they support previous physical comparisons with the Dounans Limestone in the Aberfoyle area.
Can ungulates foraging in a multiple-use landscape alter forest nitrogen budgets?

Ungulates alter nutrient dynamics within many of Earth's ecosystems. However, whether foraging ungulates transfer nutrients among ecosystems at a magnitude sufficient to alter nutrient budgets and associated ecological processes is unknown. I suggest that within eastern North American landscapes dominated by agriculture and forest, the juxtaposition of high nitrogen crops for foraging and forest used for diurnal concealment promotes a net transfer of nitrogen from cropland to forests by overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). To estimate the magnitude of this nutrient transfer I apply allometric relationships of deer nitrogen consumption and excretion to populations within a hypothetical landscape in which deer use forest and cropland in equal proportions daily and are not limited in habitat use by landscape spatial pattern. Results indicate a non-linear relationship between deer nitrogen deposition to forest and percent forest cover, with deposition rising toward estimated atmospheric nitrogen deposition when forest covers less than 40% of the landscape. This “spatial subsidy” of nitrogen to the forest-floor represents a previously unrecognized input to the forest nitrogen budget with equally unknown impacts on forest-floor ecosystem processes.
Post tonsillectomy hemorrhage: who needs intervention?

Abstract Background Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) remains a significant complication. There are no guidelines for Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) disposition of children with secondary PTH. Objectives To describe the incidence, clinical characteristics and interventions required by children presenting to a PED with secondary PTH. To identify patient and clinical characteristics associated with need for operative/inpatient intervention. Methods Retrospective chart review of healthy children 1–18 years with secondary PTH from 2005 to 2012. Demographics, clinical and oropharynx findings, laboratory data, intervention type and ED disposition were recorded. Results We encountered 181 children with 193 episodes of PTH. One hundred and twenty one patients were included in the final analysis. Secondary PTH rate was 2.3%. Only a minority of patients were hypotensive (3.3%) or had hemoglobin Conclusions Majority of children with secondary PTH were admitted and nearly 3/5th of them required an intervention. Our data suggests that healthy children
Social network analysis: practical and statistical challenges

Many thanks are owed to O’Malley and Marsden for taking on the challenging task of compiling this practical tutorial on the statistical analysis of social network data. Advancements in social network modeling have come over the years from a number of sources—including graph theorists, physicists, computer scientists, and sociologists. Only in the last few decades have statisticians really begun making their own contributions to the modeling and inference of network data. It is particularly important that we now communicate these methods and models for network analysis to a health-oriented audience, since many of the most powerful and exciting future developments are likely to occur within this arena. As highlighted in this tutorial, there are some fundamentally different ways that network models can be utilized: as predictors for individual outcome models, as dependent variables in relational models, or as substrates for dynamic processes that spread with personto-person contact (such as infectious diseases). It is important to emphasize the unique practical and statistical challenges that arise in each setting.
Real space transfer: Generalized approach to transport in confined geometries

Abstract Research on transfer of electrons between semiconductor heterolayers is reviewed and its importance and applications in new forms of heterolayer-structures are discussed. It is shown that the massive transfer of hot electrons transversal to the layers is interesting from both a device and a physics point of view due to the high speed of the effect and due to its dependence on the details of the electron energy distribution under conditions far away from equilibrium. Less visible but of no lesser importance for the understanding of transport phenomena is the spreading of hot electrons in confining fields such as the gate field in field effect transistors. This spreading can be viewed as a real space transfer effect and causes additional mobility degradation and generally the enhancement of effects of nonlinear transport, notably impact ionization. The transfer of minute electron numbers from silicon into silicon dioxide appears as a special case of real space transfer from this point of view. It will be shown, however, that a complete understanding of this latter effect involves complex quantum-transport principles. Finally, details of nonlinear transport of electrons over a well structure will be discussed. It will be shown that interesting combinations of k-space and real space transfer effects can be achieved which have potentially new applications. These effects vividly demonstrate the influence of the band-structure (band-gap engineering) on the energy distribution function of the electrons.
Exciplex Formation in Complexes between Cyclophane Hosts and Aromatic Guests: Evidence That the Ground-State Complexes Exist in More Than One Distinct Geometry

Several naphthalene derivatives and fluorene form exciplexes with cyclophane 1 when the host−guest complexes are photoexcited. The electron-rich aromatic units of host 1 act as electron donors (D), while the aromatic guests serve as electron acceptors (A). A linear dependence between exciplex fluorescence energy (hνemax) and the difference between the oxidation potential of the host and the reduction potential of the guest (EDox − EAred) has been established for the exciplexes observed with fluorene, naphthalene, and 1-fluoronaphthalene, in accord with data from previous studies in which triethylamine is the donor with these and other aromatic acceptors. Points for N-acetyl-2-naphthylalanine, 1-methylnaphthalene, 1-chloronaphthalene, and 2-chloronaphthalene deviate from the line, indicating reduced exciplex stability resulting from unfavorable steric interactions between host and guest. The guests with the highest reduction potentials, 1- and 2-cyanonaphthalene, exhibit extensive fluorescence quenching wi...
TNF-α and IL-1 Upregulate Membrane-Bound and Soluble E-Selectin through a Common Pathway

Abstract Background: Endothelial cell adhesion molecules such as E-selectin promote the capture of neutrophils (PMN) in the microcirculation and initiate the inflammatory response. In contrast, when “shed” into the microcirculation, soluble E-selectin can bind PMN in the blood stream, reducing the number available for adhesion to injured tissue. These experiments were designed to better characterize the molecular response to cytokines and the balance between cell surface (bound) and soluble (unbound) E-selectin. Methods: Cultured human umbilical veins, exposed to human recombinant TNF-α or IL-1 (10 pg/ml), were analyzed for E-selectin mRNA induction (Northern blot), E-selectin cell surface expression (flow cytometry), and sE-selectin release (ELISA). Transcriptional regulation was analyzed via Raf kinase dominant negative gene transfection. Results: E-selectin mRNA expression was markedly increased at 2 h and sustained through 8 h. No further induction was noted at 12 h. Upregulation of cell surface E-selectin was noted (mean fluorescence) as early as 2 h for TNF-α (baseline, 12.28 ± 1.32; TNF-α, 23.03 ± 1.81) or 4 h for IL-1 (baseline, 12.28 ± 1.32; IL-1, 70.00 ± 3.04) with maximum expression at 6 h (TNF-α, 118.8±15; IL-1, 94.11 ± 9.34). Expression returned to baseline levels by 24 h. Soluble E-selectin (ng/ml) assays demonstrated later increases beginning at 12 h (TNF-α, 0.313 ± 0.077; IL-1, 0.159 ± 0.075) and continuing through 24 h (TNF-α, 0.340 ± 0.062; IL-1, 0.157 ± 0.030). Transfection of endothelial cells with Raf kinase 301 dominant negative gene resulted in proportionate decreases in the peak expression in both surface (bound) E-selectin (TNF-α, 51.7%; IL-1, 29.6%) and sE-selectin (TNF-α, 49.2%; IL-1, 34.5%). Conclusion: The temporal sequence of late decreases in cell surface E-selectin accompanied by increases in soluble E-selectin indicates that the source of E-selectin in the microcirculation is shed receptors rather than synthesis of a different type of receptor. Enhancement of such “shedding” may decrease PMN adhesion to injured tissue and have therapeutic potential.
Slowly decaying correlations, testing normality, nuisance parameters

Abstract Slowly decaying serial correlations can cause goodness-of-fit tests for a distribution to reject the null hypothesis with probability tending to one with increasing sample size. When the null distribution is completely specified (simple null hypothesis) the problem is actually worse than for the case where there are nuisance parameters to be estimated (composite null hypothesis). In particular, we consider here testing normality. We discuss limit theorems and propose correction terms to be incorporated in certain goodness-of-fit statistics to improve the rates of convergence for the simple hypothesis case. We show how the problem is solved automatically for the composite null hypothesis case when the nuisance parameters are estimated from the data. Simulations illustrate the results.
Learning Preference Differences among Adults in Traditional and Nontraditional Baccalaureate Programs.

This study compared the learning preferences, defined as the choice of one instructional situation over another, of adult students in a nontraditional baccalaureate program with those of adults enrolled in a traditional program. The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the degree to which they preferred to structure their own learning. Adults in the nontraditional program preferred learning situations which they directed themselves, while the other group preferred those which were structured by the teacher. Both groups had a very strong preference for learning through concrete and applied tasks over those which were abstract in nature. Age and gender were not related to learning preferences. The paper recommends how administration, faculty, and students could use learning preference data for such purposes as individual program planning and the selection of teaching strategies.
On the dynamics of a solitary vortex

Abstract The dynamic equilibrium of a solitary vortex of permanent form but arbitrary shape is investigated on a β plane. The vortex is assumed to propagate in the east-west direction. Forces and moments acting on the vortex are computed and the balances between them obtained. The dynamic balances are required for the equilibrium of the vortex and represent the conditions necessary for the existence of a solitary vortex of permanent form. These conditions have two useful expressions, one as integral constraints on the vortex structure and the other as formulas for the propagation speed of the vortex. For the latter, the speed is shown to be proportional to the averaged velocity moment of the vortex and inversely proportional to its averaged relative vorticity. The propagation speed also depends on the size of the vortex; it increases with size for westward propagation and decreases with size for eastward propagation. The effect of current shear on the vortex is also investigated. The results of this study are applicable to the nonlinear barotropic vortex in a nondivergent fluid as well as to the baroclinic vortex, provided that the latter satisfies the quasigeostrophic approximation.
Ontogenesis of the depressant activity of carbachol on synaptic activity in rat visual cortex

Abstract We studied the ontogeny of muscarinic depression in the developing rat visual cortex using carbachol (a nonhydrolyzable cholinergic agonist) application to neocortical slices obtained from four postnatal age groups: 9–10 days, 15 days, 30–40 days and 18 months. Carbachol suppressed the evoked synaptic response of layers II–III to stimulation of layer II–III afferents. Atropine eliminated the carbachol effect, suggesting that it is mediated by muscarinic receptors. The results indicate a significant increase in muscarinic efficacy in the developing rat visual cortex.
Factors Influencing e‐commerce Adoption and Use by Small and Medium Businesses

The literature provides an extensive list of incentives and barriers to adoption and use of e‐business and e‐commerce information technology (EEIT) by small and medium businesses (SMEs). The objective of this current research was to consolidate these factors and determine their level of influence, either positively or negatively from the adopter's perspective, on the adoption decision. A set of 26 factors, used as variables in various adoption models from the literature, were presented in a neutral manner, without pre‐classifying them as barriers or incentives, through a survey sent to SMEs. Respondents were asked to rate the effect of these factors on their EEIT adoption decisions. In addition to examining all respondents, the analysis compares perceived differences among factors for SMEs that have adopted a business website, those that intend to adopt and those that will not adopt. Sixteen of the factors were found significant, ten as incentives and six as barriers. The only consistent factor across all...
High time resolution measurements in the magnetosphere

Summary form only given. The physics of the magnetosphere are characterized by the formation of thin boundaries. It is within these narrow regions that energy conversion and particle acceleration processes occur. These processes are often controlled by nonlinear microphysics occurring on time scales as fast as a few microseconds. To understand these phenomena it is necessary to measure the plasma distributions and time-domain electric and magnetic fields with appropriately high time resolution. Satellites have recently measured such phenomena as the dissipation mechanisms in the collisionless bow shock; large, spiky fields in the plasma sheet boundary layer; and the double layers which accelerate particles in the auroral zone
Stress development and relaxation in Al2O3 during early stage oxidation of β-NiAl

AbstractUsing a glancing synchrotron X-ray beam (Advanced Photon Source, Beamline 12BM, Argonne National Laboratory), Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns from thermally grown oxides on NiAl samples were recorded during oxidation at 1000 or 1100°C in air. The diffraction patterns were analyzed to determine strain and phase changes in the oxide scale as it developed and evolved. Strain was obtained from measurements of the elliptical distortion of the Debye-Scherrer rings, where data from several rings of a single phase were used. Results were obtained from α-Al2O3 as well as from the transition alumina, in this case θ-Al2O3, which formed during the early stage. Compressive stress was found in the first-formed transition alumina, but the initial stress in α-Al2O3 was tensile, with a magnitude high enough to cause Al2O3 fracture. New α-Al2O3 patches nucleated at the scale/alloy interface and spread laterally and upward. This transformation not only puts the alpha alumina in tension, but can also cause the tr...
HCV Triple Therapy is Equally effective in African-Americans and Non-African-Americans

Real-world experience with HCV medications differs from original the index studies. African-Americans (AA) are commonly underrepresented in clinical trials. Therefore, we hypothesized that postmarketing experience with the first generation HCV protease inhibitors (PI) (telaprevir and boceprevir) differs from premarket reports in clinically meaningful ways regarding patient race. We conducted a single-center, retrospective, observational analysis to evaluate the efficacy of HCV triple therapy in a nontrial setting. Clinical response and quantitative laboratory values were compared between AA and non-AA patients throughout the duration of treatment. Patients were included if they started triple therapy treatment after July 2011 and are not a part of any other clinical/pharmaceutical trials. Thirty-five patients with HCV genotype 1 were included in this study—22 non-AA and 13 AAs. AAs had a higher BMI compared to non-AA (33.6 vs 28.8, p = 0.046). “High” baseline HCV RNA values (above 800,000 copies) were more prevalent in AA (69.2 %) vs non-AA (63.6 %). AA had less favorable IL28B genotypes; only 7.7 % had type CC compared to 40.9 % of non-AA. SVR12 was achieved 82 % of the time with each PI but there was no significance in type of PI used (p = 1.00). Patients with cirrhosis were less likely to achieve SVR12 (40 %) compared to those without cirrhosis (88 %, p = 0.013). Thirty-three percent of the patients who received blood transfusions did not achieve SVR12 while every patient who did not require transfusion achieved SVR12 (p = 0.001). All patients with IL28B genotype CC achieved SVR12 (p = 0.007). SVR12 did not differ among AA (77 %) and non-AA (86.4 %) (p = 0.528).
Abiotic influences on the biomass of Vallisneria americana michx. In the upper mississippi river

American wildcelery, Vallisneria americana Michx. is an ecologically important component of aquatic communities in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). We conducted a study in 2002 to determine the association of several abiotic factors on the vegetative growth of Vallisneria in Navigation Pool 8 (Pool 8) of the UMR. We measured turbidity, percent light absorbance, surface water ammonium, surface water nitrate, current velocity, conductivity, pH and water depth throughout one growing season at 56 stratified sites based on where Vallisneria occurred in previous years. Sediment and aboveground biomass samples were collected during peak growth. Sediment was analysed for organic content, particle size, pore water nitrate and pore water ammonium. Vallisneria biomass samples were dried to constant mass. Because some sites were without water for much of the growing season, only data from 52 sites were reported. Biomass was associated with depth, percent light absorbance, turbidity and wind fetch. Vallisneria was abundant in the depth range of 0.55 to 1.03 m, in areas receiving at least 38% of surface light and in areas exposed to greater wind fetch (>2000 m). Our results suggest that the primary abiotic variable associated with Vallisneria americana in the UMR is light, not nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis of vicinal bis(dimethylarsino) compounds

Abstract The reaction between NaAs(CH 3 ) 2 and o -Cl 2 (C 6 H 4 ) has been studied and the following products identified: (CH 3 ) 2 AsH, o -[(CH 3 ) 2 As] 2 [C 6 H 4 ], (CH 3 ) 3 As, (CH 3 ) 2 As(C 6 H 5 ), 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydroarsanthren and methylbis[ o -(dimethylarsino)phenyl]arsine. The reaction between NaAs(CH 3 ) 2 and cis -1,2-dichloroethylene gives a mixture of cis - and trans -1,2-bis(dimethylarsino)ethylene, while 1,2-dibromoethylene yields bis(dimethylarsino)acetylene, and 1-bromo-1,2-bis(dimethylarisno)ethylene. NaAs(C 6 H 5 ) 2 , and NaP(C 6 H 5 ) 2 react with 8-dichloroquinoline to give 8-(diphenylarsino)quinoline and 8-(diphenylphosphino)quinoline, respectively. An improved synthesis of cis -1,2-bis(dimethylarsino)ethylene by hydroboration of bis(dimethylarsino)acetylene is also reported. The proton NMR and mass spectra of these novel arsine compounds are discussed.
Stereotypies and repetitive/restrictive behaviours in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder.

Purpose: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by severe and debilitating symptoms including stereotyped and repetitive behaviours. Stereotypies and repetitive behaviours constitute core features of ASD and markedly impede attempts to remediate the disorder. Little previous research has examined characteristics of the core features of ASD in infants.Method: In the present study, 760 infants with autism, PDD-NOS or no diagnosis of ASD but at risk for other developmental delays or physical disabilities were evaluated with respect to the nature and extent of their stereotyped and ritualistic behaviour using the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT). A Kruskal-Wallis test with follow-up Mann-Whitney tests were employed to test for significant differences.Results: Infants with autism evinced the highest amount of stereotypic behaviour, followed by those with PDD-NOS and atypical development. A sub-set of BISCUIT items could accurately predict diagnostic group membership.C...
21st-century humanities: Art, complexity, and interdisciplinarity

This article contends that the evolution toward interdisciplinary collaboration that we are witnessing in the sciences must also occur in the humanities to ensure their very survival. That is, humanists must be open to working with scientists and social scientists interested in similar research questions and vice versa. Digital humanities is a positive first step. Complexity science should be the next step. Even though much of the ground-breaking work in complexity science has been done in the natural sciences and mathematics, it can, if critically adapted, provide the needed metaphor for a broad integration of disciplines, humanistic and otherwise. Given its almost a-disciplinary nature, a complexity approach to the research problems in the humanities necessarily breaks down silos. Moreover, it can restore and reframe the seamless intellectual fabric sought by researchers before the atomization of the various disciplines in the nineteenthcentury academy.
Universal fuzzy controllers

A collection b of fuzzy controllers is a universal fuzzy controller if and only if given any controllable process P it can also be controlled by some fuzzy controller in b. This paper identifies a new type of universal fuzzy controller.
Integrating models of human-computer visual interaction

Predicting visual search behavior in human-computer interaction is a challenging problem. It is important for predictive modeling of human-computer interaction to integrate the visual search strategies identified in individual models in order to predict users' visual interaction with a variety of complex, real-world layouts. Individual research efforts have done well in developing models that predict users' visual search behavior for a single well-defined task. Considering the large variety of visual layouts users can encounter, many visual search strategies can come into play during visual search. This dissertation investigates principles for integrating strategies of visual search. These principles will be used to integrate four models of visual search from HCI literature.
Dmrt1 expression is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone and phorbol esters in postnatal Sertoli cells.

Dmrt1 is a recently described gene that is expressed exclusively in the testis and is required for postnatal testis differentiation. Here we describe the expression of Dmrt1 in postnatal rat testis and Sertoli cells. RNase protection analysis was used to examine Dmrt1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in intact testis during postnatal development and in primary cultures of Sertoli cells under various culture conditions. We show that Dmrt1 mRNA levels rise significantly beginning approximately 10 days after birth and remain elevated until after the third postnatal week. Thereafter, mRNA levels drop coincident with the proliferation of germ cells in the testis. In freshly isolated Sertoli cells, Dmrt1 mRNA levels were robust but decreased significantly when the cells were placed in culture for 24 h. Treatment of Sertoli cells with either FSH or 8-bromo-cAMP resulted in a significant rise in Dmrt1 mRNA levels. This cAMP response was sensitive to treatment with the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D but not to...
Dulaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Dulaglutide is a novel glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with a unique structure that supports once-weekly dosing in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), most of whom have a big pill burden. It appears to be efficacious in reducing hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) up to 1.59% and promotes modest weight loss up to 3 kg with a low incidence of hypoglycemia and mild to moderate gastrointestinal adverse events. Convenient weekly dosing could improve compliance and help attain sustained glycemic goals. Addressing obesity is an integral part of T2DM management and weight loss may contribute to better glycemic and cardiovascular benefits. Results of ongoing clinical trials on cardiovascular safety are important to determine the risk-to-benefit ratio. As with any drug, patient selection and ongoing monitoring will be important. If approved, dulaglutide will be the first weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist to be available in a ready-to-use pen device with an automatic injector.
Infrared band intensities in ammonium hydroxide and ammonium salts

We have applied Kramers-Kronig analysis to reflection spectra to determine the optical constants of ammonium hydroxide and of aqueous solutions of ammonium chloride and bromide. From considerations of the absorption indices k(nu) we conclude that ammonium hydroxide consists of a solution of NH3 in water, in which NH3 molecules are hydrogen bonded to neighboring water molecules. The spectrum of ammonium hydroxide differs from the spectra of ammonium salts, in which bands characteristic of NH4(+) ions are prominent. The existence of ammonium hydroxide as an aerosol in planetary atmospheres is briefly discussed
Ordering policies for multi-item inventory systems subject to multiple resource constraints

Abstract We study the multi-item inventory problem with multiple resource constraints. For the simplified variant of this problem with a single resource constraint, known heuristic solution approaches assume independent cycles, fixed cycles, and non-stationary order quantities. For the multiple constraint problem, however, only independent cycle solution algorithms exist in the literature. In this paper, we devise both fixed cycle and non-stationary approaches to the multiple constraint problem, and give computational results showing their potential cost-effectiveness over independent cycle methods. Scope and purpose We consider the problem of stocking inventories of multiple items that share common resources, like a warehouse space and a budget. For the classic version of this problem with a single resource constraint, independent cycle, fixed cycle, and non-stationary methods are available to provide heuristic solutions. The first two methodologies assume that order quantities do not vary over time, while the third relaxes this assumption. For the multiple constraint problem, however, only independent cycle solution approaches have been devised. In this paper, we demonstrate that both fixed cycle and non-stationary approaches are feasible and cost-effective ways of solving the multiple constraint problem.
A note on critical reflections of axially symmetric waves in an isotropic, elastic, hollow cylinder

Abstract At critical incidence of equivoluminal waves, the wave motion is evanescent in the case of an isotropic, elastic, hollow cylinder with traction-free cylindrical surfaces. However, it is shown that in this critical situation the wave motion can be obtained by using a suitable limiting procedure.
Design process and modeling studies of SSRL beam line wunder

Abstract SSRL Beam Line Wunder will be the first soft X-ray energy range synchrotron radiation beam line specifically designed to exploit the unique aspects of periodic insertion devices in the wiggler-undulator (wunder) regime. Aspects of the development of this beam line are described in this paper and in particular, we discuss the design methodology adopted and emphasize the joint optical, thermal and mechanical optimization studies that were required.
Solar energy storage as H2 and Br2 from HBr—II. Performance of an idealized system

Abstract An analytical model of an archetypal device which stores solar energy as H 2 and Br 2 from the single-step decomposition of HBr is presented. The large differences between the molecular weights of the components of equilibrium HBr make it an attractive candidate for effusional separations. The high degree of dissociation of HBr at temperatures which are substantially lower than those which characterize water dissociation suggest that the problems of finding reactor and membrane materials will be much easier with HBr than with water. Furthermore, even if energy storage, rather than H 2 production is the desideratum, HBr is worthy of serious consideration.
The use of soil anomalies to locate concealed talc bodies

Abstract Residual carbonate-rich collected from a site thought to overlie a talc body were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine which of five methods of pre-treatment or calculation is most efficient in showing the positive talc anomaly. A talc distribution map was plotted for each method with the following results: (1) the map of percent talc acid-treated samples showed one large anomaly. (2) The map of percent talc for non-acid-treated samples showed two smaller positive anomalies similar in area of coverage to that obtained for acid treated samples. (3) Intensities corrected for the amount of carbonate, yield a map with anomalies similar to acid treatment. (4 and 5) Data obtained for carbonate-containing samples analyzed for absolute talc intensity (uncorrected for carbonate) or from heat-treated (carbonate corrected) samples were of less value in finding areas of talc concentrations. Consequently, maps obtained by calculating percentage values for talc yield the best results. Acid-treated samples provide the greatest accuracy but take the longest time to prepare; whereas, non-acid-treated samples provide good results at a substantial saving of time.
Is it Reasonable to Treat Refractory Voiding Dysfunction in Children With Botulinum-A Toxin?

Purpose: We present our results with botulinum-A toxin transperineal pelvic floor/external sphincter injection combined with behavioral and biofeedback reeducation in children with voiding dysfunction who had been resistant to previously applied therapies.Material and Methods: Eight boys and 12 girls between 7 and 12 years old (mean age 9) with recurrent urinary tract infection, an interrupted or fractional voiding pattern and high post-void residual urine in whom behavioral, short biofeedback and α-blocker therapies had failed were included in the study. They were treated with botulinum-A toxin at a dose of 50 to 100 U. Botulinum-A toxin was injected transperineally into the pelvic floor and/or external sphincter in all patients. In boys the sphincter was localized endoscopically before injection (endoscopically assisted transperineal approach). Behavioral and biofeedback reeducation started 15 days after injection.Results: Followup was between 9 and 14 months. All patients were without urinary tract inf...
Common Factors or Processes of Change in Psychotherapy

To better identify and understand the role of common factors in psychotherapy, I argue that we should begin with what therapists actually do in psychotherapy, rather than what they say they do. Further, in contrast to Weinberger's position, I argue that there is not yet any convincing evidence regarding the causal role of any common factors in psychotherapy outcome, although research to determine the possible causal role of these and other potential change factors is sorely needed. Finally, I suggest that common factors are not isolated entities that should be taken out of context, but may more fruitfully be considered as complex, multidimensional and interactive processes that are affected by context and change over time. I believe that an important challenge for future work in common factors is the development of theories of the processes of change that include a variety of factors (common and specific) and their interactions.
Rat embryo culture to detect nutritional deficiency in women with poor reproductive histories

The cause of habitual early pregnancy loss is not known for most affected couples. It has been proposed that a deficiency of amino acids or other nutrients may contribute to early embryo loss, and an assay based on culture of rat embryos in human serum has been proposed to evaluate women with poor reproductive histories. We tested this assay in women with unexplained infertility (n = 27), habitual abortion (n = 15), and normal midtrimester pregnancies (n = 10) by examining the ability of subject's serum to support the normal development of rat embryos in culture with and without supplemental vitamins and amino acids. Nonpregnant women with nutrient deficiencies identified in this manner were given oral supplements or placebo and were retested. A similar proportion of women in each group had serum that was unable to support the normal development of rat embryos without supplemental vitamins and amino acids. When oral supplements were used, most sera were able to support normal embryo growth. There were no seroconversions on placebo. In spite of the apparent success in producing seroconversions on oral supplementation, only two women conceived, one on the placebo treatment and one on nutritional supplements. Because serum nutrient deficiencies identified by rat embryo culture could not distinguish normal pregnant women from women with unexplained infertility or habitual abortion, and because of the low pregnancy rates, we could not confirm the utility of this assay for the general population of women with habitual abortion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Counselors’ Role in HIV Medication Adherence: A Motivational Interviewing Perspective

For those living with HIV, adherence to medication can be the key to survival. As the number of individuals with HIV continues to grow and their mental health needs continue to affect their ability to maintain medication adherence, mental health counselors need to become educated on adherence techniques. This article reviews literature on motivational interviewing, a client-centered approach that has the potential to assist clients in increasing their adherence to medical regimens.
Structural mechanisms of chaperone mediated protein disaggregation.

The ClpB/Hsp104 and Hsp70 classes of molecular chaperones use ATP hydrolysis to dissociate protein aggregates and complexes, and move proteins through membranes. ClpB/Hsp104 are members of the AAA+ family of proteins which form ring-shaped hexamers. Loops lining the pore in the ring engage substrate proteins as extended polypeptides. Interdomain rotations and conformational changes in these loops coupled to ATP hydrolysis unfold and pull proteins through the pore. This provides a mechanism that progressively disrupts local secondary and tertiary structure in substrates, allowing these chaperones to dissociate stable aggregates such as beta-sheet rich prions or coiled coil SNARE complexes. While the ClpB/Hsp104 mechanism appears to embody a true power-stroke in which an ATP powered conformational change in one protein is directly coupled to movement or structural change in another, the mechanism of force generation by Hsp70s is distinct and less well understood. Both active power-stroke and purely passive mechanisms in which Hsp70 captures spontaneous fluctuations in a substrate have been proposed, while a third proposed mechanism--entropic pulling--may be able to generate forces larger than seen in ATP-driven molecular motors without the conformational coupling required for a power-stroke. The disaggregase activity of these chaperones is required for thermotolerance, but unrestrained protein complex/aggregate dissociation is potentially detrimental. Disaggregating chaperones are strongly auto-repressed, and are regulated by co-chaperones which recruit them to protein substrates and activate the disaggregases via mechanisms involving either sequential transfer of substrate from one chaperone to another and/or simultaneous interaction of substrate with multiple chaperones. By effectively subjecting substrates to multiple levels of selection by multiple chaperones, this may insure that these potent disaggregases are only activated in the appropriate context
Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry of surface immunoglobulin light chains and B and T cell antigens in lymph nodes involved with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the diagnostic usefulness of flow cytometric analysis of surface membrane immunoglobulin light chain and monoclonal antibody reactivities in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. For this purpose, lymph node cell suspensions from 80 patients (20 normal lymph nodes, 11 lymph nodes with benign lymphoid hyperplasia, and 47 lymph nodes with B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) were studied to detect the expression of surface B and T cell differentiation antigens recognized by a panel of monoclonal antibodies (anti-Leu-1, anti-Leu-5, anti-HLA-DR, J-5, anti-BL-1, anti-BL-2, and anti-BL-7). The clonal excess calculation, percent kappa-positive minus percent lambda-positive/percent kappa-positive plus percent lambda-positive cells per discrete level of fluorescence intensity, was used to study the clonality of surface membrane immunoglobulin light chain expression. Among the BL surface antigens, BL-7 proved to be most consistently expressed in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (79 percent). It was also present in 57 percent of lymph nodes with benign hyperplasia. No significant relationships were detected between the patterns of reactivity with the anti-BL monoclonal antibodies and histologic subtypes, although the small number of cases tested in each category precludes any definitive conclusions. Immunophenotypic heterogeneity within subgroups was also observed with expression of the other antigens examined. Monoclonal expression of surface membrane immunoglobulin light chain was seen in 43 of 47 (91 percent) of lymph nodes with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, three of 11 (27 percent) hyperplastic lymph nodes, and one of 22 (4 percent) normal lymph nodes. When the presence of BL-7 and clonal excess was examined as a panel, 83 percent of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were positively identified, whereas one normal lymph node and no hyperplastic lymph nodes gave positive results. The simultaneous presence of clonal excess and BL-7 can be a useful diagnostic aid in the differentiation of lymphomatous from hyperplastic lymph nodes. Cytofluorimetry provides a rapid, objective, and reproducible technology to confirm the diagnosis of lymph node involvement in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Collagenase degrades collagen in vivo in the ischemic heart.

Abstract Previously, we showed that ischemic rat heart contains an activated procollagenase capable of degrading collagen in vitro. We now demonstrate that the collagen resident in such hearts (in vivo) also becomes degraded, producing characteristic fragments implicating the action of an activated collagenase. The evidence is the appearance of amino-terminal dansyl-Ile (+dansyl-Leu) residues in pepsin digests of re-oxygenated rat hearts and immunoblots showing 3/4 length (αA) fragments from type I collagen. Also, in ischemic rat myocardium, αA(I) and αA(III) fragments were detected in pepsin digests. The time periods required for the cleavage and degradation of collagen suggest the participation of a procollagenase that becomes activated. Results demonstrate for the first time that an interstitial collagenase in such hearts initiates in vivo degradation of types I and III collagens.