cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and General Biological Activity of a Small Adenosine-5′-(Carboxamide and Sulfanilamide) Library

A small library of fifty-five adenosine peptide analogs was synthesized, under the Pilot Scale Library (PSL) Program of the NIH Roadmap initiative, from 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine-5′-carboxylic acid 2. The coupling of amine or sulfanilamide reactants to the free 5′-carboxylic acid moiety of 2, in automated solution-phase fashion, led after acid-mediated hydrolysis to target compounds 3–57 in good yields and high purity. No marked anticancer or antimalarial activity was noted on preliminary cellular testing. Initial screening through the MLPCN program, however, indicates that these analogs may show diverse and interesting biological activities.
Isolation of cowpox virus A-type inclusions and characterization of their major protein component

Abstract A-type inclusions (ATI) 2 are large well-defined structures that appear in the cytoplasm during the late stages of the multiplication cycles of many poxviruses. The ATIs produced by the CPRC1 strain of cowpox virus in strain 143 human osteosarcoma cells have been isolated and characterized. These inclusions which can be recovered in large amounts (about 20 mg per 10 9 cells), appear to consist entirely of a single protein species that has a molecular weight of 160,000. It is a late protein, stable in infected cells, and during the late stages of the multiplication cycle it is one of the most abundantly synthesized proteins. Very similar ATIs composed of a serologically closely related protein of the same size are formed in cells infected with raccoonpox virus. In cells infected with vaccinia virus strain WR much smaller inclusions are formed; further, in such cells large amounts of a late protein with a molecular weight of 94,000 are produced that is also closely related to the cowpox virus ATI protein.
Do we conceptualize every color we consciously discriminate

Abstract Mandik understands color-consciousness conceptualism to be the view that one deploys in a conscious qualitative state concepts for every color consciously discriminated by that state. Some argue that the experimental evidence that we can consciously discriminate barely distinct hues that are presented together but cannot do so when those hues are presented in short succession suggests that we can consciously discriminate colors that we do not conceptualize. Mandik maintains, however, that this evidence is consistent with our deploying a variety of nondemonstrative concepts for those colors and so does not pose a threat to conceptualism. But even if Mandik has shown that we deploy such concepts in these experimental conditions, there are cases of conscious states that discriminate colors but do not involve concepts of those colors. Mandik’s arguments sustain only a theory in the vicinity of conceptualism: The view that we possess concepts for every color we can discriminate consciously, but need not deploy those concepts in every conscious act of color discrimination.
Effects of laser radiation on surfaces and coatings

A summary is given of the principal aspects of laser-induced damage to polished optical surfaces and dielectric, thin-film, high-reflectivity and antireflective coatings. Methods for producing porous antireflective surfaces and coatings and their damage properties are also reviewed. Finally, new areas of basic research to solve current and future problems are addressed.
On-Bark Behavior of Dendroctonus frontalis: A Markov Chain Analysis

Tree-killing species of the Scolytidae (Coleoptera) must locate suitable hosts at least once per generation for successful reproduction. The process used to select hosts is complex, involving a sequence of steps and many possible outcomes. Because more beetles land on bark (host-find) than bore galleries (host-recognize), postlanding behaviors appear to be important in determining whether a potential host is selected. We applied Markov chain analysis to on-bark behaviors of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, that were described by previous investigators. Predictions obtained from our analysis agree well with earlier descriptions and provide additional information not heretofore apparent. By developing chains for each sex, sexually dichotomous fighting behaviors were revealed. Testable predictions were generated for outcomes of complex interactions that occurred when tree resistance and predator density were varied. Markov chain analysis also provides a framework for future host selection studies. Use of this type of analysis requires collecting data over the entire behavioral sequence of interest, with concentration on estimating the transition probabilities among states. This approach provides results for the many possible outcomes derived from a sequence of interrelated activities. We expect that such an integrated treatment will lead to a greater understanding of important facets of scolytid host selection behavior.
Spontaneous renaturation of newly-synthesized bacteriophage T7 deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract When pulse label is supplied to replicating bacteriophage T7 DNA in phage-infected Escherichia coli , up to 42% of the label is found in spontaneously-renaturable structures. Parental phage DNA or admixed mature phage DNA is not spontaneously renaturable. From this we conclude that newly replicated polynucleotide chains are chemically joined to chains of complementary sequence.
Passive damage detection in composite laminates with integrated sensing networks

The initiation and propagation of damage in composite laminates generate Acoustic Emission. The use of real time AE monitoring has been quite extensive for in-service composite structures. In the present work, experimental and numerical studies were performed to characterize the acoustic wave propagation in thin glass/epoxy composite plates. Experimentally obtained and simulated emission signals were used to identify and locate the source of the acoustic wave. Signal processing algorithms and a passive damage diagnosis system based on AE techniques were proposed for continuously monitoring and assessing the structural health of composite laminates. The local sensing and distributed processing features of the sensor system result in a decreased demand for bandwidth and lower computational power needed at each node.
The 9E3/CEF4 gene and its product the chicken chemotactic and angiogenic factor (cCAF): Potential roles in wound healing and tumor development

The 9E3/CEF4 gene was one of the first inducible chemokine genes to be discovered. Its product, the chicken chemotactic and angiogenic factor (cCAF), is highly homologous to IL-8. It is expressed at low levels in tissues of mesenchymal origin but is highly expressed shortly after wounding and persists throughout the period of granulation tissue formation. It also is highly expressed around Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors. The most potent natural stimulator of this gene is thrombin and in vivo cCAF is chemotactic for monocytes and lymphocytes and is angiogenic. The chemotactic properties can be potentially important in the inflammatory response and in the deterrence of tumors, whereas the angiogenic properties could be important in wound repair and tumor growth. The very rapid stimulation of 9E3 by thrombin and fast synthesis and secretion of cCAF suggest that this is a new type of stress response protein whose rapid production is designed to protect tissues rather than individual cells.
Phenomenological theory of the 2(3)P state of 3He.

For the first time, a theory has been developed for the structure of the ${2}^{3}$P state of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ which is consistent with all experimental data. Using our effective Hamiltonian, containing both spin-symmetric and -antisymmetric operators, we have obtained new values for several important hyperfine parameters. The three most accurate of these are the spin-symmetric constants C, D, and E corresponding, respectively, to the contact, orbital, and tensor interactions. We find C${=4283.84}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.01}^{+0.02}$ MHz, D=-28.145(21) MHz, and D/E=-3.9445(21). We have also obtained improved values for other hyperfine parameters and for the orbital g factor. Our results are shown to be in agreement with ab initio calculations after making some plausible corrections for isotope and relativistic shifts. We believe that this state is now well understood at the level of 20 kHz in the interaction constants.
Modulation of the hypoxic ventilatory response by Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent protein kinase C in the dorsocaudal brainstem of conscious rats.

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is critical for mounting an appropriate hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). Furthermore, hypoxia elicits translocation of both Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent PKC isoforms in the NTS. However, the relative functional contribution of such PKC isoforms in mediating HVR is unclear.To study these issues, chronically instrumented adult Sprague–Dawley rats underwent hypoxic challenges (10% O 2 balance in N 2 ) following dorsocaudal brainstem microinjections of the selective Ca 2+ -dependent PKC inhibitor Go 6976 (10 mmol in 1 μ l). Compared with vehicle, Go 6976 did not modify normoxic ventilation but maximally attenuated HVR by 38.4±6.7% ( n =9; P 2+ -selective PKC blocker BIM I was concurrently microinjected with Go 6976, further reductions in peak ventilatory responses to hypoxia occurred ( P n =6; Go 6976 vs. Go 6976+BIM V: P =NS). We conclude that in the dorsocaudal brainstem, PKC-mediated components of HVR involve activation of both Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent PKC isoforms.
Modality representation in the lumbar and cervical fasciculus gracilis of squirrel monkeys.

Abstract The first-order fibers comprising the fasciculus gracilis in the spinal cord of squirrel monkeys were studied with electrophysiological techniques. The data indicate that the modality composition of the fasciculus is modified systematically as it ascends to the nucleus gracilis in the brain stem. At lumbar levels of the spinal cord the fasciculus is comprised of modality-specific fibers, some of which supply cutaneous receptive fields in the periphery; and others which innervate the deeper-lying tissues such as the joint capsules, periosteum, fascia, and muscle. Within the lumbar portion of the tract the ‘skin’ and ‘deep’ fibers are completely intermingled in their topographical distribution and, to a first approximation, the fasciculus contains equal numbers of the two classes of fibers. At high cervical levels the fasciculus gracilis contains only fibers which supply cutaneous receptive fields. This change in the modality composition of the fasciculus between lumbar and cervical levels provides a firm basis for the previous reports that total destruction of the primate cervical dorsal columns fails to alter hindlimb kinesthetic function.
“Oh My God, I'm Home”: The Socioreligious Significance of Gay Older Women's Experiences of Women's Bars Before Stonewall

This article examines the narratives of 57 older gay women about their experiences in gay women's bars in the United States during the pre-Stonewall era (1945–1969). Cartier's (2010) concept of “theelogy” is used to develop two parallel theories that illustrate the meaning of the bars for these women. Christian rituals are used to outline the socioreligious significance of the bars, while achieving self-acceptance is expressed through language that illustrates interconnectedness (including “to see each other” and “to have each other”). The article closes by addressing the significance of these theories and this approach to spirituality for the field of gerontology.
The Effects of Local Labor Market Conditions on Labor Force Participation of Puerto Rican, White, and Black Women

This article examines whether the differing impact of local labor market conditions may help explain differences in the labor force participation of Puerto Rican, White, and Black women. The authors' analysis, using the standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) as unit of analysis, indicates that White, Black, and Puerto Rican women are affected differently by earnings, unemployment, city size, industrial change, and other variables affecting the supply side of labor markets. In particular, White women are less responsive to income changes and more responsive to the discouraged worker effect when unemployment rises than are Black and Puerto Rican women. White women are not significantly affected by the size of the cities in which they live nor by changes in the regional demand for labor. In contrast, Black and Puerto Rican women are adversely affected by the size of the cities in which they live. However, Black women have not been affected by changes in the demand for labor, whereas Puerto Rican women...
Crossover in the local density of states of mesoscopic superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor junctions

Andreev levels deplete energy states above the superconductive gap, which leads to the peculiar nonmonotonous crossover in the local density of states of mesoscopic superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor junctions. This effect is especially pronounced in the case when the normal metal bridge length $L$ is small compared to the superconductive coherence length $\ensuremath{\xi}$. A remarkable property of the crossover function is that it vanishes not only at the proximity induced gap ${ϵ}_{g}$ but also at the superconductive gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}$. Analytical expressions for the density of states at both gap edges, as well as the general structure of the crossover are discussed.
Ethnic heterogeneity and the enforcement of environmental regulation

Abstract We examine the relationship between the administrative enforcement of environmental regulation, ethnic heterogeneity, and other community characteristics in New Jersey and New York. We find that the percentage of non-white population in a community is positively related with administrative penalties imposed on violators. However, penalties are lower in more ethnically diverse communities. This result may be due to the fact that these communities are less likely to coordinate to create solidarity across ethnic groups and demand stronger enforcement.
Anti-ETA IgG neutralizes the effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A

Abstract Background. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe infections in immunocompromised hosts. Among P. aeruginosa -infected burn patients, mortality may reach as high as 50%. Due to their immunocompromised status, burn patients may benefit from passive immunotherapy against infection. As a potential multivalent immunoglobulin therapy, specific polyclonal antibodies against four P. aeruginosa virulence factors, including exotoxin A (ETA), were prepared. Materials and methods and results. In this study, we analyzed the ability of ETA antibody (ETA-Ab) to neutralize the in vivo effects of ETA. Adult mice injected with purified ETA suffered 100% mortality. The cytosolic DNA of their hepatocytes was fragmented, indicating ETA induction of apoptosis. In addition, multiprobe RNase protection assays showed that ETA upregulates the expression of the genes for proinflammatory cytokines as well as apoptosis genes in the livers of ETA-injected mice. Treatment with ETA-Ab prior to ETA injection prevented mortality, ETA-induced hepatocyte DNA fragmentation, and upregulation of the cytokine and apoptosis-related genes. The role of ETA during P. aeruginosa infection of the burn wound was examined by determining the in vivo virulence of P. aeruginosa PA103 and its isogenic, ETA-deficient mutant PA103Ω:: toxA using the thermally injured mouse model. The lethality, local spread, and systemic spread of PA103Ω:: toxA were significantly reduced compared to PA103. Conclusion. These results suggest that (1) ETA induces apoptosis in hepatocytes, (2) specific cytokines are produced in response to ETA, (3) ETA-Ab neutralizes these effects, and (4) ETA contributes to the spread of P. aeruginosa during burn wound infection.
A climate of obstinacy: symbolic politics in Australian and Canadian policy

Despite sharing a large number of attributes, Canada and Australia's foreign policy positions in international climate negotiations have varied significantly. Given the similarities in variables affecting climate policy, how do we explain the variation in foreign policy responses to climate change between the two countries? Rational choice and domestic political analyses have failed to fully explain the observed variation. National responses to climate change in Australia and Canada appear to be significantly shaped by ideational forces as well. In particular, political leaders have pursued symbolic climate policies to cultivate national identities for two distinct audiences—international partners and domestic voters. International climate policy positions have been frequently used as communication tools by both states with the resulting climate positions bearing little relationship to each government's domestic climate policies. The Australian and Canadian cases raise important questions regarding the re...
Transcription Elongation Complex Stability THE TOPOLOGICAL LOCK

Transcription machinery from a variety of organisms shows striking mechanistic similarity. Both multi- and single subunit RNA polymerases have evolved an 8-10-base pair RNA-DNA hybrid as a part of a stably transcribing elongation complex. Through characterization of halted complexes that can readily carry out homopolymeric slippage synthesis, this study reveals that T7 RNA polymerase elongation complexes containing only a 4-base pair hybrid can nevertheless be more stable than those with the normal 8-base pair hybrid. We propose that a key feature of this stability is the topological threading of RNA through the complex and/or around the DNA template strand. The data are consistent with forward translocation as a mechanism to allow unthreading of the topological lock, as can occur during programmed termination of transcription.
Precoding techniques for PAPR reduction in asymmetrically clipped OFDM based optical wireless system

In this paper, we have analyzed different precoding based Peak-to-Average-Power (PAPR) reduction techniques for asymmetrically-clipped Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) optical wireless communication systems. Intensity Modulated Direct Detection (IM/DD) technique is among the popular techniques for optical wireless communication systems. OFDM cannot be directly applied to IM systems because of the bipolar nature of the output signal. Therefore some variants of OFDM systems have been proposed for (IM/DD) optical wireless systems. Among them are DC-biased-OFDM, Asymmetrically-Clipped Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) [2] and Pulse Amplitude Modulated Discrete Multitone (PAM-DMT) [3]. Both ACO-OFDM and PAM-DMT require low average power and thus are very attractive for optical wireless systems. OFDM systems suffer from high PAPR problem that can limit its performance due to non-linear characteristics of LED. Therefore PAPR reduction techniques have to be employed. This paper analyzes precoding based PAPR reduction methods for ACO-OFDM and PAM-DMT. We have used Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) coding, Zadoff-Chu Transform (ZCT) [8] and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for ACOOFDM and only DCT for PAM-DMT since the modulating symbols are real. We have compared the performance of these precoding techniques using different QAM modulation schemes. Simulation results have shown that both DFT and ZCT offer more PAPR reduction than DCT in ACO-OFDM. For PAM-DMT, DCT precoding yields significant PAPR reduction compared to conventional PAM-DMT signal. These precoding schemes also offer the advantage of zero signaling overhead.
Divergence of high order Gaussian módes.

A simple expression for the beam divergence from a laser oscillating in a high order Gaussian mode can be derived from the properties of the mathematical expressions for these modes.
Damping effects on the Kubo-Greenwood conductance of various lattice models in one, two, and three dimensions.

The effects of a finite value of the Green-function damping parameter \ensuremath{\eta} on the Kubo-Greenwood conductance are treated exactly in several lattice models. Simple closed-form formulas for the conductance of a finite segment of length L of an infinite one-dimensional (1D) chain are extended to give conductance expressions for quasi-1D ribbons, for quantum wires of triangular cross section, and for 2D square and 3D simple-cubic lattices. For the 1D chain, the conductance at fixed energy for finite \ensuremath{\eta} decays away precisely exponentially as a function of L. In other cases, the L dependence is not exponential. Expressions given here for the length, energy, and damping dependence of the conductance of these lattices are important for assessing the effects of disorder or of varying model geometry whenever Green functions are used in the calculation.
Science souring on sugar

Accumulating evidence points towards a role for sugar and other refined carbohydrates in the development of overweight
UNAVOIDABLE FLOW-RATE ERRORS IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract Two different types (low-pressure mixing and high-pressure mixing) of high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) solvent delivery systems were evaluated for their flow-rate accuracy using three common hydro-organic mobile phases: methanol-water, acetonitrile-water and tetrahydrofuran-water. Both systems delivered flow-rates 2–12% lower than the desired (set) values, depending on the mobile phase composition. Further investigations revealed that these errors in flow-rate were due in part to non-ideal mobile phase behavior (non-zero volumes of mixing, non-zero compressibilities, pressure dependent viscosities, and deviations from Darcy's law) and non-ideal stationary phase behavior (column expansivity and packing compression). An approach to correct for the systematic errors in flow-rate is described for binary solvent mixtures. The approach utilizes correction factors based on non-ideal mobile and stationary phase behavior and has been experimentally confirmed for the mobile phases and columns we examined. Although approximate in nature, our approach reduces the systematic errors in flow-rate about ten-fold, and provides a means for estimating the instrumental contribution to flow-rate error as well. This leaves only an instrumental bias which can be measured and then factored out for all further experiments with that instrument. The resulting improvements in flow-rate accuracy provided by our approach will be extremely useful to researchers who need very accurate retention data for physicochemical measurements as well as to HPLC manufacturers and users for quality control and troubleshooting of these solvent delivery systems.
The settling of helium and the ages of globular clusters

Model low-mass globular-cluster stars were evolved with their helium allowed to diffuse under the influence of gravity, thermal diffusion, and concentration gradient. The evolution tended to speed up. Also, the turnoff point moved toward lower luminosity and slightly lower surface temperature. If the luminosity at turnoff is used as the sole criterion for determining the age of a globular cluster, the inferred ages of such clusters are reduced by about 22% from starting values in the vicinity of 15 billion years.
Benthic barium and alkalinity fluxes: Is Ba an oceanic paleo‐alkalinity proxy for glacial atmospheric CO2?

[1] Barium (Ba) and alkalinity (Alk) fluxes were determined from benthic chambers deployed at a variety of environments in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans to test if Ba and Alk fluxes from sediments differ from the current oceanic relationship. We find a benthic flux ratio (Ba/Alk ∼ 0.2 mmol/eq) that is significantly lower than the modern deep water trend (0.67 mmol/eq). This difference suggests that Ba is preferentially regenerated in the water column rather than from the sediments as compared to Alk. While the oceanic relationship between barium Ba and Alk has previously been used to predict the alkalinity of past oceans from Ba/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera, our results suggest that the Ba and Alk cycles in the ocean are not coupled. This raises doubts that higher Ba/Ca ratios measured in glacial-age benthic foraminifera can be interpreted as higher glacial ocean Alk, one mechanism proposed to lower glacial atmospheric CO2.
Hellfire and Delinquency Revisited

While Hirschi and Stark conclude that religiosity is unrelated to delinquency, their findings and a replication of their study in the Pacific Northwest (Burkett and White) may not be generalizable to other areas of the country. Using self-report data from 1,383 Atlanta tenth graders in 1970, we found a moderate negative relationship between church attendance and delinquent behavior. Our data also suggest a causal structure in which respect for the juvenile court system links church attendance with delinquency. We suspect that church attendance may be a truer reflection of adolescents' religious experience in the South than the West, so accounting for the differences between our findings and those of previous research. Social scientists have long been interested in the relationship between religiosity and delinquent behavior. Some have argued that religion is a deterrent to delinquency, whereas others assert that religion promotes delinquent behavior due to the perceived insincerity of church leaders, the ethnocentrism of denominationalism, and the identification of the church with society's power structure (Gannon). Research findings have been equally conflicting. Glueck and Glueck, Nye, and Travers and Davis found that children who attended church regularly or had a higher degree of "religious intensity" were less likely to be delinquent than non-attenders or those having a lower degree of religious intensity. On the other hand, Kvaraceus concluded that there were no significant differences between the proportion of delinquents in the general population (New Jersey) and among those who were active church members. Since these early studies are generally unsophisticated methodologically, they are often inadequate for testing the relationship between religiosity and delinquent behavior. Hirschi and Stark's research does not suffer these same limitations. Their analysis revealed that church attendance was unrelated to delinquent behavior. They concluded that the commonsense notion which regards religion as a deterrent to delinquency is simply wrong. They also found that one set of variables, which they called measures of acceptance of moral values (e.g., respect for the police), was negatively related to delinquency, but unrelated or weakly related to church attendance. Therefore, they argued that previous researchers who did find modest, negative relationships between church attendance and delinquent behavior should have explored possible causal structures that might have linked the two, rather than assuming a simple and direct causal structure. A recent partial replication (Burkett and White) of Hirschi and Stark's research essentially corroborates their finding of no relationship between religiosity
EFFICACY OF SAFETY-RELATED INVESTMENTS TO REDUCE FATALITIES ON THE EAST JAPAN RAILWAY

In any organization there is a limit on the amount of resources that can be used for risk reduction. By examining strategies for reducing the risk of fatalities on the East Japan Railway (JR East), a framework in which risk-reduction resources can be used well is described. Basic principles of risk assessment are introduced. Various analyses and models to study collisions, earthquake effects, level-crossing accidents, and operating policies regarding natural hazards are presented. The concept of a global risk assessment of JR East is included. The question of perceived versus objective risk is discussed in the context of safety-related investment.
Simulation of terrain and forest shelter effects on patterns of snow deposition, snowmelt and runoff over a semi‐arid mountain catchment

1 ABSTRACT. In mountainous regions, topographic structure and vegetation control patterns of snow deposition, climate conditions, and snowmelt. A topographically distributed snow accumulation and melt model (ISNOBAL) was coupled to a wind field and snow redistribution model to simulate the development and ablation of the seasonal snowcover over a small mountainous catchment, the Reynolds Mountain East basin (0.38 km 2 ) in southwestern Idaho, USA. The model was driven by hourly terrain and canopy corrected data grids derived from meteorological data from two stations located within the catchment for four water years (1986, 1987, 1989 and 1997). In the preceding paper, Winstral and Marks (this issue) detail how terrain and vegetation data were used to distribute station data to simulate snow redistribution and create hourly images of the snowcover energy and mass balance. The catchment was divided into four shelter classes based on terrain and vegetation that were 1 used for an analysis of how the mass and energy balance of the snowcover varies over the basin as a function of terrain and forest characteristics for each of the selected years. As shown by the simulations and verified by detailed point measurements and the late season areal photographs of snow covered area (SCA), in all years the wind-exposed areas developed thinner snowcovers and were essentially bare of snow prior to the onset of spring meltout in wind-sheltered areas. The meltout of the wind-sheltered drift and canopy-enclosed regions occurred in conjunction with the springtime increase in solar radiation generating the bulk of springtime runoff. Melt contributions from the drifts may continue into the late spring and early summer. This research uses a unique set of point and spatial verification data to show that a snow accumulation and ablation model, adjusted for wind redistribution effects, reliably simulated the topographic and vegetation influences on snow distribution, the energy balance, and the hydrology of snow and wind-dominated mountainous regions.
Dual epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition with vandetanib sensitizes bladder cancer cells to cisplatin in a dose‐ and sequence‐dependent manner

OBJECTIVE To investigate the activity of the combination of vandetanib and cytotoxic agents using in vitro models of bladder cancer, as modern chemotherapy regimens are built around cisplatin, with gemcitabine or a taxane such as docetaxel also commonly added in combination for the treatment of advanced bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human bladder cancer cells HTB3, HT1376, J82, RT4, CRL1749, T24, SUP and HTB9 were cultured. The activity of gefitinib (ZD1839) and vandetanib (ZD6474) was assessed in these eight bladder cancer cell lines with a tetrazolium-based assay of cell viability. RT4 bladder cancer cells, determined to have moderate cisplatin resistance and also moderate sensitivity to vandetanib, were treated with vandetanib and cisplatin. RT4 and T24 cells were treated with six different regimens. The apoptosis and cell-cycle analysis were studied by flow cytometry. Expression of p21 and p27 was detected by Western blotting. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 was performed for all cell lines. RESULTS At equal concentrations, vandetanib was a more potent inhibitor of cell viability, compared to gefitinib. At vandetanib concentrations of ≤2 µM, the combination with cisplatin was synergistic, especially in the treatment sequence of cisplatin followed by vandetanib, and additive with vandetanib followed by cisplatin. An analysis of the cell-cycle distribution showed that vandetanib treatment induced G1 arrest at high concentrations, but not at lower concentrations. High-concentration treatment was associated with increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase p27. FISH analysis showed that there was a low level of genomic gain, and no gene amplification. Mutational analysis of exons 18, 19, and 21 of EGFR in each cell line revealed no mutation. CONCLUSION Vandetanib has synergistic activity when given at low concentration with cytotoxic chemotherapy. The addition of vandetanib to cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens merits further study.
A comparison of methods for measuring the interletter similarity between capital letters

Measures of interletter similarity are often required in perception experiments. The most reliable and valid of the available measures appears to be Townsend’s (1971) set of similarity parameters based on the Luce choice model. A simple mechanical measure offered a fairly strong prediction of the Luce choice-model similarity measure, as did a subjective rating measure based on the 10-point visual similarity ratings of eight subjects. By comparison, Gibson et al.’s (1963) matching-confusion matrix faired poorly, as did Gibson’s (1969) distinctive feature analysis based on a letter pair’s number of shared features. Distinctive feature analysis was significantly improved by substituting the feature set proposed by Geyer and DeWald (1973) or by weighting the features optimally via regression analysis. Such analyses suggested that figural curvature may be a particularly important perceptual feature, but in no case did these feature-analytic models predict the Luce measure as well as the mechanical or subjective rating measures.
Polarization Aberrations Of Lenses

Polarization aberrations are variations of intensity and polarization of an optical beam in the exit pupil of an optical system, and the dependence of these variations on the position of the object in the field. A set of functions has been derived to describe the low-order polarization aberrations of a symmetric optical system. A method is given for calculating polarization aberration coefficients for a refracting system from a paraxial raytrace. A model of these aberrations as weak polarizers that vary across the pupil will be discussed.
Possible pitfalls in theoretical determination of ground-state crystal structures: The case of platinum nitride

In many theoretical studies of the properties of solids, the first and often crucial step entails the determination of the crystal structure via some form of energy minimization. Here we discuss general potential pitfalls that are often encountered in such calculations. We do so in the context of the classic zinc-blende crystal structure that underlines all octet semiconductors and was more recently invoked to explain nonoctet half-metallic magnets such as CrAs, as well as noble-metal nitrides such as PtN, PdN, and NiN. These pitfalls are related to the way in which mechanical instabilities of assumed structures are identified, discarded, and replaced. Using a more general global space-group optimization (GSGO) approach uncovers different and more complex structures that have much lower energies and do not have mechanical instabilities.
Photoionization of N-alkylphenothiazines in Mesoporous Me-AlMCM-41 Containing Transition Metal Ions Me = Ni(II), Fe(III), and Cu(II)

Photoionization of N-alkylphenothiazines in mesoporous Me-AlMCM-41 containing ion-exchanged transition metal ions Me = Ni(II), Fe(III), and Cu(II) was investigated. N-alkylphenothiazine cation radicals (PCn+.) are produced by 320 nm light at room temperature and characterized by electron spin resonance and ultraviolet−visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Me-AlMCM-41 materials are shown to be efficient heterogeneous hosts for the photoinduced formation of long-lived PCn+. cation radicals, indicating efficient photoinduced charge separation. Ni−AlMCM-41 shows the highest photoionization efficiency compared to Fe−AlMCM-41 and Cu−AlMCM-41. The photoionization efficiency depends on the metal ion type and concentration ion-exchanged into mesoporous Me-AlMCM-41 molecular sieves. Also, as the alkylphenothiazine alkyl chain length increases from methyl to hexadecyl, the photoionization yield decreases.
III. WISC-R scatter indices: Useful information for differential diagnosis?

Abstract This study analyzed the WISC-R verbal-performance, full scale IQ, verbal IQ, and performance IQ scatter indices of 101 verified special education students. The results indicated that none of these measures discriminated among emotionally disturbed, learning disabled, minimally brain injured, and educable mentally retarded children. These scatter indices were also compared with analogous data collected from a nationwide, representative sample of normal children (Kaufman, 1976a, 1976b). Statistically significant differences were obtained between the two groups on verbal-performance, full scale IQ, and performance IQ scatter dimensions. Further analyses revealed, however, that 40% of the normal children exhibited as much or more scatter than the average special education student on each of these three scatter indices. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the verbal IQ scatter index. The results are discussed in terms of the limited utility of WISC-R scatter indices for the purpose of differential diagnosis.
Understanding the Perceptions and Attitudes of Pharmacy Students on Administering Adult Vaccines

Background:Community pharmacy practice is changing to include pharmacist-administered immunization. As this change occurs, there is a need to understand pharmacy students' attitudes and interests regarding this new role.Objective:To examine the attitudes and interests of pharmacy students in administering immunizations and to use the information obtained to design and implement an immunization training program within an existing course in the PharmD curriculum at a college of pharmacy.Methods:A survey questionnaire was distributed to the first- and second-year PharmD students during the fall semester of the 2003–2004 academic year. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to report the data.Results:Two hundred nine surveys were distributed to first- and second-year students, and 172 were completed, yielding a response rate of 82%. Survey results showed that 76.7% of the students were aware that pharmacists can legally administer adult immunizations in Ohio, 94.2% think phar...
Five decades of neighborhood classifications and their transitions: A comparison of four US cities, 1970–2010

Abstract This paper examines 50-year spatio-temporal trajectories of neighborhoods (Census Tracts) for four cities discerned by their population growth trends and spatial patterns of growth: Buffalo, New York; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; and Portland, Oregon. Using five decades of Census data from 1970 to 2010, a clustering procedure is used to establish five classes of neighborhoods: Suburban, Stability, Blue Collar, Struggling, and New Starts. The transitions and sequences of neighborhoods through these groups are compared, revealing marked differences in the dynamics of neighborhoods according by city. Findings show that while Struggling neighborhoods, characterized largely by high poverty and unemployment levels, were very unlikely to transition out of this group over the course of 50 years in the cities of Buffalo, Charlotte, and Chicago, nearly half Portland's struggling neighborhoods transitioned to a neighborhood of higher socioeconomic status during that time period. The types of neighborhoods that exhibited signs of gentrification also varied according to city. The variability of neighborhood trajectories was greatest for the rapidly growing cities of Charlotte and Portland while neighborhoods in Buffalo and Chicago tended to follow a more predicable downgrading process.
A unique experimental method for monitoring aggregate settlement in concrete

Abstract A unique experimental method for monitoring the settlement of aggregate in fresh concrete is introduced and demonstrated. Using nuclear medicine techniques, real-time images of aggregate settlement due to vibration are obtained. These images are used to study the rheological properties of the vibrated concrete mix. The technique developed allows the experimental verification of a number of assumptions regarding the rheology of fresh concrete and the implications of the accepted rheological model of fresh concrete. Additionally, the effects of vibration on aggregate settlement are clearly shown, including effects resulting from the location of the vibrator and the size and density of the aggregate.
Cholestasis and biliary excretion of lipids induced by ethinylestradiol in rats fed polyunsaturated oils

Abstract Pharmacologic doses of ethinylestradiol are known to cause intrahepatic cholestasis in the rat. This is associated with a decrease in liver plasma membranes fluidity and a modification of the activity of membrane-bound enzymes related to bile flow. The intake of a diet containing highly polyunsaturated fats could modify the effects of estrogen, by increasing membranes fluidity due to their incorporation into structural phospholipids. To evaluate this action, rats were fed semipurified diets containing 17% corn (Zea mais) oil or rose hip (Rosa moschata Mill) seed oil during 20 days. Following this period, a group of animals were injected with ethinylestradiol during 5 days, while a control group and a pair fed group were included. Cholestasis was similar between corn and rose hip oils fed to ethinylestradiol treated rats. The biliary excretion of cholesterol was higher in rose hip oil compared to corn oil-fed control rats. Biliary cholesterol/phospholipids ratio decreased in estrogen-treated rats compared to control animals. Our results show that the intake of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids did not modify the expected action of ethinylestradiol in rats.
Satisfying due-dates in large multi-factory supply chains

A procedure is developed for the simultaneous scheduling of multi-factory supply chains, including inter-factory transportation. A job-shop scheduling procedure, known to provide near-optimal solutions to industrial-sized problems, is enhanced to include transportation elements in the fundamental model. In order to demonstrate the quality of the solutions, a lower bound calculation is compared to the procedure's solutions on a number of large-scale test problems. The lower bound is an enhancement of the classic lower bound calculation for the N-job, M-machine job shop. The computational effort in scheduling is linear in the size of the problem, and high quality solutions to large-scale problems can be obtained in seconds.
Compassionate Love, Agape, and Altruism: A New Framework for Understanding and Supporting Impoverished Consumers:

This article advances the premise that other-centered love is a resource that may improve the lives of impoverished consumers. It opens with a brief description of compassionate love, agape, and altruism and their potential relationship to helping behaviors. Data description and analysis are next, followed by ethnographic evidence that support the love-as-resource perspective. This support is distilled into five interrelated themes: loss/lack of familial/friendship love, lack of other-centered love or disdain, reactions to the loss/lack of love, expressions of other-centered love, and consumption adequacy. The article closes with implications for other-centered love as a paradigm to further the consumption adequacy of the poor on a global basis.
Chemical Weathering of Pleistocene Glacial Outwash Sediments: A Comparison of Contemporary and Long-term Rates for Soils and Groundwaters

Pore water solutes increase to depths of up to six meters in unsaturated 10 kyr-old glacial outwash sediments in the Trout Lake Basin of northern Wisconsin, USA. After correction for evapotranspiration, these increases reflect weathering gradients produced from plagioclase, calc-magnesium pyroxenes, and amphiboles. In spite of relatively abundant K-feldspar, solute K and Rb reflect negative gradients produced by nutrient plant uptake and cycling. Weathering rates are calculated from solute gradients (b solute), hydraulic fluxes (q h ), volumetric BET surface areas (S v ), and mineral-specific stoichiometric coefficients (β) such that $$ R_{\text{solute}} = \frac{{q_{h} }}{{b_{\text{solute}} \beta {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} S_{v} }} $$ Average plagioclase weathering rates (R plag = 1.6–3.1 × 10−15 mol m−2 s−1) bracket rates calculated for other Quaternary glaciated landscapes. Deeper soil pore waters are as chemically concentrated as underlying groundwaters which, based on hydrologic analyses, have traveled distances up to several kilometers over transient times of hundreds of years. Pore water recharge essentially sets solute compositions close to thermodynamic saturation, thus limiting additional weathering potential along these ground water flow paths. Solid-state elemental and mineral gradients, unlike solute gradients, are essentially invariant with soil depth, reflecting low weathering intensities produced over the relatively short geologic time since sediment deposition. A spreadsheet calculator reproduces modest mass loses from such profiles and indicates that present-day weathering is kinetically and not saturation/transport controlled.
Formation rates of subtropical underwater in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract Water mass formation rates were calculated for subtropical underwater (STUW) in the North and South Pacific by two partially independent methods. One is based on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)/TOGA drifter array over two periods: 1988–1992, and 1992–1996. Drifter velocities were used to calculate two components of the subduction rate, lateral induction and vertical pumping. The second method used CFC-12 data (1987–1994) from WOCE and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory to calculate ages on σ θ surfaces. Subduction rates were estimated from the inverse age gradient. The two subduction rate methods are independent, but they share a common identification of STUW formation area based on satellite-derived surface temperature maps. Using both methods, one can put bounds on the formation rates: 4–5 Sv in the North and 6–7 Sv in the South Pacific. The drifter calculated STUW subduction rates for 1988–1992 and 1992–1996 are 21 and 13 m/yr in the North Pacific and 25 and 40 m/yr in the South. The CFC-12 calculated STUW subduction rate in the North Pacific is 26 m/yr, and 32 m/yr in the South. The South Pacific rates exceed those in the North Pacific. Consistent differences between the two methods support earlier studies, they conclude that mixing contributes to STUW formation in addition to the larger-scale circulation effects. The drifter and tracer rates agree well quantitatively, within 22%, except for the second period in the North Pacific and there are some differences in spatial patterns. Tracer rates integrate over time, and drifters allow analysis of interannual variability. The decrease in subduction rate between periods in the North Pacific is due to negative lateral induction entraining STUW into the mixed layer. The increase in the South Pacific rate is due to an increase in the vertical pumping. Although Ekman pumping is in phase in the North and South, the subduction rate is out of phase. These results confirm that subduction depends on the large-scale circulation and a combination of the outcrop pattern and air–sea fluxes. Temporal differences in rates and partitioning between the hemispheres are consistent with interannual changes in gyre intensity and current positions.
Initial postbuckling behavior of beams on non-linear elastic foundations

Hypothese de dependance lineaire de la partie lineaire du module de la fondation sur la compression asciale exercee sur la poutre. Modelisation d'un fibre dans un composite a un fibre, la fondation etant la matrice