cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecological divergence in sympatry causes gene misexpression in hybrids.

Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves as a byproduct of adaptive divergence between populations. Selection favouring gene regulatory divergence between species could result in transgressive levels of gene expression in F1 hybrids that may lower hybrid fitness. We combined 58 resequenced genomes with 124 transcriptomes to identify patterns of hybrid gene misexpression that may be driven by adaptive regulatory divergence within a young radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes, which consists of a dietary generalist and two trophic specialists-a molluscivore and a scale-eater. We found more differential gene expression between closely related sympatric specialists than between allopatric generalist populations separated by 1,000 km. Intriguingly, 9.6% of genes that were differentially expressed between sympatric species were also misexpressed in F1 hybrids. A subset of these genes were in highly differentiated genomic regions and enriched for functions important for trophic specialization, including head, muscle and brain development. These regions also included genes that showed evidence of hard selective sweeps and were significantly associated with oral jaw length-the most rapidly diversifying skeletal trait in this radiation. Our results indicate that divergent ecological selection in sympatry can contribute to hybrid gene misexpression which may act as a reproductive barrier between nascent species.
Specialty Probation Officers as Street-Level Bureaucrats: Exploring How Discretion Is Perceived and Employed on a Mental Health Caseload.

This study explores the perceptions of specialty mental health caseload probation officers and their use of discretion in day-to-day supervision of individuals with mental illness in one large juri...
Multiple Multinational Tourism Positioning Using Correspondence Analysis

Multinational tourism research involves analysis of multiple origins, multiple tourist destinations, and multiple attributes for destination selections. For example, tourist perceptions of a destination may vary across countries of origin. This can have important implications for which countries to target with tourism promotion, or which of the destination's attributes should be stressed in the promotion. Correspondence analysis is a technique which can handle problems of this complexity where other multiattribute analytical methods cannot. This technique is applied to empirical tourist perception data on Singapore and other Pacific Rim countries. A discussion of how the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board can use the resulting output to improve Singapore's positioning in the tourism market is presented.
Caregiver resource utilization: Intellectual and development disability and dementia.

Background Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families have high need for support services. This study assessed resource utilization among caregivers of intellectual and developmental disabilities and other conditions. Methods We assessed 366 caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, dementia or other conditions Regressions assessed group differences in number of agency contacts and frequency of service use. A secondary analysis assessed reasons for underutilization of services. Results Caregivers of individuals with dementia contacted twice as many agencies as other caregivers and were more likely to report using suggested services. Agency contact and service utilization were similar among caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities compared to other caregivers. Caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental indicated that suggested services were unavailable to them. Conclusion The findings of this study shed light on challenges with access to and utilization of support services.
Parochial School Looks to Even the Playing Field Over Conference Rule

The Alabama High School Athletic Association recently changed its rules to compel any private school that wins a state championship to play in a larger conference, regardless of their enrollment numbers. St. Paul’s Episcopal School in Mobile, Ala., filed suit seeking an injunction to stop the new rule that forces it to play in a larger conference. In its complaint, St. Paul’s alleges that the balance rule is unconstitutional under the U.S. Constitution’s 14th Amendment, arguing that the rule is arbitrary and not rationally related to the governing body’s ultimate goal.
A genre and discourse-based examination of audio commentary

Providing comments on student writing is one of the most important, difficult, and time-consuming activities instructors undertake. Many studies have examined written feedback, and much research has shown the problems associated with this form, ranging from time spent providing thoughtful feedback to students’ confusion about the commentary. Some instructors have used audio commentary to address these issues. Audio commentary has been researched for years; the results have indicated that students prefer audio commentary, and it is perceived as more personal and positive by instructors and students. To date, little research has looked closely at audio commentary to understand if or how it might differ from written in form and function. This research uses as multicase approach and genre analysis to examine the organisational moves and discourse analysis uncover why audio commentary is perceived differently by both producers and consumers of this genre. Results show that audio commentary does not differ in form or function from its written counterpart, but metadiscursive features may play a role in how the genre is perceived by both instructors and students, providing real evidence of how audio commentary is different from written.
$K$-core analysis of shear-thickening suspensions

Shear thickening of suspensions is studied by discrete-particle simulation, accounting for hydrodynamic, repulsive, and contact forces. The contact forces, including friction, are activated when the imposed shear stress $\sigma$ is able to overcome the repulsive force. The simulation method captures strong continuous and discontinuous shear thickening (CST and DST) in the range of solid volume fraction $0.54 \le \phi\le 0.56$ studied here. This work presents characteristics of the contact force network developed in the suspension under shear. The number of frictional contacts per particle $Z$ is shown to have a one-to-one relationship with the suspension stress, and the conditions for simple percolation of frictional contacts are found to deviate strongly from those of a random network model. The stress is shown to have important correlations with topological invariant metrics of the contact network known as $k$-cores; the $k$-cores are maximal subgraphs (`clusters') in which all member particles have $k$ or more frictional contacts to other members of the same subgraph. Only $k\le 3$ is found in this work at solid volume fractions $\phi \le 0.56$. Distinct relationships between the suspension rheology and the $k$-cores are found. One is that the stress susceptibility, defined as $\partial \sigma/\partial \dot{\gamma}$ where $\dot{\gamma}$ is the shear rate, is found to peak at the condition of onset of the $3$-core, regardless of whether the system exhibits CST or DST. A second is that the stress per particle within cores of different $k$ increases sharply with increase of $k$ at the onset of DST; in CST, the difference is mild.
Stabilization of MAPbI3 Nanocrystals by Dual Ligands for Photodetectors

Organohalide perovskite nanocrystals (OHPNCs) and their wide range of optoelectronic applications have attracted much interest due to their unparalleled photoluminescent intensity and quantum effic...
Resonant tunneling in stacked dielectrics: a novel approach for obtaining the electron tunneling mass-conduction band offset energy products for advanced gate dielectrics

We report on a novel method for obtaining the electron tunneling mass-conduction band offset energy products for high-k gate dielectrics based on a quantum mechanical WKB-approximation.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Age-related Maculopathy: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of age-related maculopathy in three racial/ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Methods: People 40 years of age or older who participated in a nationally representative population-based sample of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined from 1988 to 1991. Age-related maculopathy was determined by grading of fundus photographs using a standardized protocol for a sample of 4007 persons. Results: The prevalence of any age-related maculopathy in the civilian noninstitutionalized United States population including those 40 years of age or older was 9.2% as estimated from the sample. Prevalence was higher in non-Hispanic whites (9.3%) compared with non-Hispanic blacks (7.4%)and Mexican Americans (7.1%). Before 60 years of age, Mexican Americans (odds ratio [OR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–2.35) and non-Hispanic blacks (OR,1.59; 95% CI, 0.86–2.95) had a greater chance of having any maculopathy than non-Hispanic whites; thereafter, Mexican Americans (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44–0.90) and non-Hispanic blacks (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37–0.68) had a lesser chance than non-Hispanic whites. Conclusion: These survey data indicate that age-related maculopathy is prevalent in all groups studied. Differences among the racial/ethnic groups vary by age and sex.
Japan’s Future Embracing Multi-ethnic Complexities through Physical Education & the Martial Arts

Japan is preparing for a major social change that is setting the stage for the revamping of the educational curriculum. The nation of Japan is planning for the first time to allow mass immigration in order to cope with a declining population. Public and private schools are gearing up for this major societal change and are seeking ways to internationalize the educational curriculum so that the next generation of Japanese will be able to easily assimilate into this new world. On Okinawa, an unlikely school subject, physical education, is being used to foster a global perspective and to develop what can be defined as an international character. The educational community is introducing Okinawan karate as a physical education requirement for graduation. Educators hope that the character traits that are developed through martial art training will aid in the acceptance and assimilation of the predicted new immigrants as the indigenous Japanese population declines.
Effect of antihepatotoxic agents against microcystin-LR toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes.

Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were used to investigate the effects of two putative therapeutic agents, dithioerythritol and silymarin on microcystin-LR-induced hepatotoxicity. Cell injury was assessed by the extent of cellular [14C]adenine nucleotides and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the medium and the extent of hepatocyte detachment from monolayers. Microcystin-LR (1 µM) induced a significant release of both 14C-labeled nucleotides and LDH from hepatocytes as well as significant detachment of cells from monolayers. Although both dithioerythritol (0.63–5 mM) and silymarin (25–200 µM) reduced the amount of marker release and cell detachment from microcystin-LR-treated wells, silymarin provided significantly greater protection than dithioerythritol at one-tenth the concentration. Furthermore, silymarin and dithioerythritol treatment prevented morphological deformations and detachment of cells.
Evaluation of the Sysmex UF-100 automated urinalysis analyzer

Urinalysis is a high-volume procedure that currently requires significant labor to examine microscopic sediment. We evaluated the Sysmex UF-100 automated urinalysis analyzer for performing this task. Instrument accuracy was assessed by comparing continuous counts of microscopic elements from the UF-100 with ranges of cells (per low-power field or high-power field) from manual microscopy performed on centrifuged urines. Counts showed good agreement between methods (gamma statistic: 0.880-0.970) for all microscopic elements in 252 urine samples. Within-run imprecision of cell counts expressed as CV (mean cell count/microL) was for erythrocytes (RBC) 31% (5), 18% (50), 2.4% (800); for leukocytes (WBC) 14% (10), 11% (100), 8.5% (400); for squamous epithelial cells (SEC) 18% (5), 12% (30), 7.0% (100); for casts 45% (1), 17% (4); for bacteria 2-12% (entire range of 40-2500). Between-run imprecision on quality-control cell suspensions expressed as CV (mean cell count/microL) was for RBC 6.1% (50), 2.7% (256); for WBC 26.9% (54), 4.9% (228). Cells counted on dilution were 99.1% of expected for RBC, 102.0% for WBC, and 121.8% for bacteria. Carryover was <0.04% for RBC, <0.03% for WBC, <0.14% for SEC, <0.29% for bacteria. We conclude that the UF-100 can automatically perform reliable quantitative microscopic urinalysis in batches without operator interaction.
Positron-annihilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy studies of the (100) and (111) surfaces of silicon

Experimental results are presented which provide a direct comparison of spectra obtained using positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES) for two different faces of a semiconductor, Si(100)-(2×1) andSi(111)-(7×7), taken under similar experimental conditions. The factors that affect positron annihilation induced core-hole creation probabilities are discussed and the relationships between parameters that determine the positron annihilation induced Auger intensity and the core-hole annihilation probability by a surface-trapped positron are derived. The experimental annihilation probabilities for Si 2p core-level electrons are found to be significantly different for two studied surfaces: 2.01′0.02% and 0.65 ′0.01% for the Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces, respectively. The large dependence of the core annihilation rate on the crystal face differs significantly from the much smaller face dependence found on metal surfaces. The values of the annihilation probabilities for the two different silicon surfaces provide data for a stringent test of calculations of annihilation characteristics of positrons in surface states. The observed sensitivity of the annihilation probabilities to the crystal face indicates that PAES could serve as an important surface diagnostic tool capable of distinguishing different semiconductor surfaces and defining their state of reconstruction.
Determination of thorium in granite by gamma spectrometry and by radiotracer

Abstract Thorium in granite samples has been determined by gamma-spectrometric measurement of the 2.6-MeV gamma radiation from thallium-208, a daughter. Concentrations ranged from a few to several hundred ppm, and both untreated and leached samples were analysed. Thorium-234 tracer was successfully applied in finding the sources of error in a difficult chemical analysis and, upon suitable treatment, obtaining the correct analytical values. This study affords an example of the use of a tracer in analysis, and is somewhat unusual in that both negative and positive deviations were discovered. Agreement between results by the two independent methods has been quite good.
Optimal Environmental Taxation from Society's Perspective

Much has been made recently of comparisons between the optimal environmental tax and the marginal social damage from pollution when moving from a first-best setting to a second-best setting involving distortionary taxes (Bovenberg and de Mooij, Parry, Bovenberg and Goulder). Generally speaking, the recent literature observes that results for a first-best setting may not be valid in a secondbest setting. The present analysis finds that this same general theme applies when defining social values and, in particular, when expressing the social marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between the environment and income on which the definition of marginal social damage (MSD) is based. We find that a commonly used expression for MSD involving the sum of individuals’ private marginal rates of substitution between the environment and income is only equal to the social MRS at the first-best optimum. In a second-best setting with distortionary taxes, this expression is no longer equal to the social MRS and thus does not provide a consistent measure of relative values from society’s perspective. When MSD is defined based on general analytical expressions for the social MRS (ones that are valid in both first-best and secondbest settings), the optimal environmental tax is found generally to rise above MSD as we move from a first-best to a second-best setting. These results are fully consistent with the intuition of “revenue recycling” and the “double-dividend
Assessment of retromesenteric position of the third portion of the duodenum: an US feasibility study in 33 newborns

US can be used to assess bowel and does not require ionizing radiation or the administration of contrast material. Prior studies of the duodenum with US are limited. This study assesses the success rate of US demonstration of the third portion of the duodenum (D3) between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the aorta in newborns to exclude malrotation based on embryologic and anatomic principles. Thirty-three newborns underwent US studies. The structures between the SMA and the aorta, including D3, were evaluated in axial and longitudinal planes. The length of time to acquire diagnostic images was recorded. In both the axial and longitudinal planes, D3 was seen between the SMA and the aorta in all 33 infants, including some with abundant bowel gas. The mean length of time to acquire diagnostic images was 34 s. Bedside US successfully illustrated the retromesenteric position of D3 in all 33 infants. Overlying gas-filled bowel was effectively effaced by graded compression. The short study duration indicates the practicality of the method. Further studies in broader patient populations and in correlation with other imaging and/or surgical findings is required to validate our technique.
The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Intentions to Attend a Sport Event

In this study, the theory of planned behaviour was used to better understand consumers’ intentions to attend a sport event (i.e., hockey). The theory was also extended by including previous behaviour. Data were gathered from 136 university students enrolled in physical activity classes. After controlling for race, independent variables accounted for 64% unique variance in intentions. Attitudes, subjective norms, previous behaviour and perceived behavioural control-time were positively related to intentions, with the former two variables accounting for the most variance. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical extensions, practical implications and future directions.
Evaluating dimensionality in spatial voting models

Spatial models of voting are widely used in Economics and Political Science. Spatial theory is an attractive framework to analyze choice because Euclidean geometry is easy to visualize and the language of politics is full of spatial references. Empirical tests have generally supported the theory but the estimation methods employed to produce the spatial representations of voters have raised serious statistical issues which have not been fully resolved. One of these issues is determining the number of dimensions. This is a difficult problem because the number of estimated parameters increases with the number of dimensions. We show a solution for this problem in this paper. We assume a uniform distribution of voters through an N-dimensional unit hypersphere with perfect spatial voting and equally salient dimensions. We then solve for the projection of this perfect voting onto one dimension and the resultant classification error. We derive the probability density function of the classification errors which can be used to calculate the likelihood that a sample of votes was drawn from an N-dimensional hypersphere. Our Monte-Carlo investigation into the properties of this likelihood function shows that it can be used reliably for low N with small sample sizes.
Age Stereotypes in Middle-Aged through Old-Old Adults:

The primary goal of the study was to compare adult age groups on aging bias, with measures of knowledge of aging in the physical, psychological, and social domains and life satisfaction. The study sample, consisting of 752 men and women, 40 to 95 years of age, was tested using Neugarten, Havighurst, and Tobin's (1961) Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) and Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz (1998) modified to extract bias toward older adults and categorized into 3 domains: physical, psychological, and social. Independent variables were 3 levels of LSI from the Neugarten et al. quiz. Aging bias was measured among the age groups, gender, life satisfaction, and knowledge of aging domains. Significant bias differences were found in age group, life satisfaction, and knowledge of aging domain variables. Financial, health, and volunteer status interacted with these effects. Among other significant findings, the data indicate that middle-aged adults 40-59 have the most negative bias in the psychological and social domains and the least negative bias in the physical domain compared to the older participants. Both middle aged and old-old adults have the most negative aging biases. These differential aging stereotypes (positive and negative) among the physical, psychological, and social perceptions of aging over adult age groups are interpreted within aging stereotyping and aging self-stereotyping.
Early Results from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite

For 10 months the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) provided astronomers with what might be termed their first view of the infrared sky on a clear, dark night. Without IRAS, atmospheric absorption and the thermal emission from both the atmosphere and Earthbound telescopes make the task of the infrared astronomer comparable to what an optical astronomer would face if required to work only on cloudy afternoons. IRAS observations are serving astronomers in the same manner as the photographic plates of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey; just as the optical survey has been used by all astronomers for over three decades, as a source of quantitative information about the sky and as a "roadmap" for future observations, the results of IRAS will be studied for years to come. IRAS has demonstrated the power of infrared astronomy from space. Already, from a brief look at a miniscule fraction of the data available, we have learned much about the solar system, about nearby stars, about the Galaxy as a whole and about distant extragalactic systems. Comets are much dustier than previously thought. Solid particles, presumably the remnants of the star-formation process, orbit around Vega and other stars and may provide the raw material for planetary systems. Emission from cool interstellar material has been traced throughout the Galaxy all the way to the galactic poles. Both the clumpiness and breadth of the distribution of this material were previously unsuspected. The far-infrared sky away from the galactic plane has been found to be dominated by spiral galaxies, some of which emit more than 50 percent and as much as 98 percent of their energy in the infrared—an exciting and surprising revelation. The IRAS mission is clearly the pathfinder for future missions that, to a large extent, will be devoted to the discoveries revealed by IRAS.
A discrete Bayesian network framework for discrimination of gene expression profiles

Using gene expression profiles for predicting phe-notypic differences that result from cell specializations or diseases poses an important statistical problem. Graphical statistical models such as Bayesian networks may improve the prediction accuracy by identifying alternations in gene regulations due to the experimental conditions. We consider a discrete Bayesian network model that represents pairs of experimental classes by networks that share a common graph structure but have distinct probability tables. We apply a score-based network estimation procedure that maximizes the KL-divergence between class probabilities. The proposed method performs an implicit model selection and does not involve additional complexity penalization parameters. Classification of gene profiles is performed by comparing the likelihood of the estimated class networks. We evaluate the performance of the new model against support vector machine, penalized linear regression and linear Gaussian networks. The classifiers are compared by prediction accuracy across 9 independent data sets from breast and lung cancer studies. The proposed method demonstrates a strong performance against the competitors.
Contemporary German literature: 20 authors you might want to collect

Discusses collection building of contemporary German belles‐lettres and introduces 20 contemporary German‐language writers of the younger generation, presenting their bio‐bibliographies. Librarians who are not already collecting these authors might consider expanding their German literature collections by adding some of the works listed.
The relationship of the level of training and area of medical specialization with registrant performance in an advanced trauma life-support course

Approved advanced trauma life-support (ATLS) programs were given to 160 residents and practitioners of various specialties, utilizing a standardized 50-item, multiple-choice posttest. Level of training (practitioner ν resident) and area of medical specialization with registrant performance on total score and in specific subcontent areas of ATLS were evaluated by subjecting total and subcontent percent scores to a two-way analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls pairwise comparisons. Practitioners outperformed the residents in the subcontent area of abdominal injuries, P<.05. In specialization, emergency medicine outperformed internal medicine specialists, P< .05. Pairwise differences among specialists were not statistically significant. In airway problems, surgeons and internists were outperformed by emergency medicine, whereas in burns, emergency medicine and family practitioners significantly outperformed the surgeons. Emergency medicine outperformed internal medicine, P<.05, in subcontent area of extremity injuries. We conclude that registrants are likely to benefit from an ATLS course, but preliminary evidence would seem to justify some “tailoring” of the ATLS curriculum for different registrant specialty groups.
Paper solubilization chromatography: Phenols

The RF values of a series of eleven phenols have been determined using paper-chromatographic techniques on filter paper loaded with ion-exchange resin. The data have been used to predict the separation of various mixtures of these phenols by development with aqueous solutions of acetic acid.
A note on the set systems used for broadcast encryption

An exclusive set system is a family of subsets of a universe with the property that every large subset may be written as the union of subsets from the family. We obtain new upper bounds on the size of such families, showing that in a universe of n elements, there is a system of 48k3 (nk)r/k In subsets with the property that every subset of the universe of size n -- r can be written as the union of k subsets in the system. Such sets systems form the combinatorial foundation of many broadcast encryption schemes.
Mixed-fiber interferometric sensor with microretroreflectors

Interferometric sensors1 utilizing long lengths of optical fiber offer extreme sensitivity to physical parameters but are large. Another class of problem potentially simplified by this technology requires very localized sensitivity. This type of fiber probe, sensing a tiny region with little perturbation, has received much less attention. The fiber Doppler velocimeter (FDV),2 however, does offer sensing localized in a small volume with little distributed sensitivity. A new FDV will be described, offering large gains in stability, sensitivity localization, and optical efficiency and allowing for the first time not just object velocimetry but static sensing.
PCV27: A PHARMACOECONOMIC MODEL TO EVALUATE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DVT PHARMACOPROPHYLAXIS

Economic analysis of various treatment modalities used to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in various medical and surgical at-risk patients has been limited by lack of consistent and representative methods to evaluate various resource costs attributed to both the prevention of DVT and the diagnosis and treatment of prophylaxis failures. OBJECTIVE: To develop a systematic and comprehensive method to identify and prioritize all direct costs associated with DVT prophylaxis. METHODS: A decision tree was developed to identify and prioritize all medical, surgical and diagnostic procedures that contribute to overall direct cost. Included were costs of prophylaxis, cost of diagnosing a prophylaxis failure (a DVT) and costs of major complications of this therapy (pulmonary embolism, major bleeding and thrombocytopenia.) Diagnostic procedures were also prioritized clinically as either a “standard”, “alternative or confirmatory”, or “supplemental” procedure. This prioritization allows for probability multipliers to be assigned to each category of diagnostic procedures in order to get a weighted average of the cost of this procedure. Likewise, the various costs associated with prophylaxis failure were prioritized. Next a spreadsheet was developed to match this decision tree. This spreadsheet contained all identified resource costs shown on the decision tree and indicated the quantity or units of each resource that are typically used. Lastly, the corresponding CPT and ICD9 codes for all resources were identified. RESULTS: Major categories of resources identified include diagnostic, treatment, and monitoring. These 3 areas are divided into 13 sub-categories which in turn include over 60 specifically identified cost related resources. CONCLUSION: This model allows any institution to accurately identify, prioritize and analyze institution specific resource costs instead of using literature values to determine the cost-benefit of various pharmacoprophylactic regimens including unfractionated heparin and various low molecular weight heparins used at their site.
Towards enhancing survivors' organizational and personal reactions to layoffs: A rejoinder to daniels

In this issue Daniels critiques a report which appeared in the Strategic Management Journal's Special Issue on Corporate Restructuring. The report described two studies which delineated several determinants of the reactions of layoff survivors (Brockner et al., 1993). Daniels interpreted Brockner et al. to be saying that managers in downsizing organizations should implement layoffs in ways that maximize survivors' organizationally-relevant reactions. even if doing so imposes personal costs on the survivors. Unfortunately, Daniels failed to perceive our intended message: that layoffs (and other forms of restructuring) should be implemented in ways that optimize outcomes for both the organization and its people.
Developmental consequences of prenatal exposure to methadone

This paper has presented evidence of growth and behavioral effects related to prenatal methadone exposure. The data suggest that methadone may have a small direct teratological effect reflected in reduced head circumference, poorer motor coordination, increased body tension, and delayed acquisition of motor milestones in methadone-exposed toddlers. In the sample as a whole, there are no direct effects of methadone exposure on mental development. However, methadone-exposed infants reared in extremely poor environmental circumstances show very delayed mental development. They function more poorly than nonexposed infants reared in such environments and more poorly than methadone-exposed infants reared in more adequate (although still economically poor) environments. This finding is important because it suggests that in the cognitive domain, methadone may not cause a behavioral deficit, but instead create a vulnerability in these children that then makes them more susceptible to impoverished environments. The results from this study indicate that a large subgroup of methadone-exposed children are clearly at risk for poor early intellectual development and that the source of the risk is to a large degree related to environmental factors. These findings suggest that preventive interventions--focused both on enriching the early experiences of such children (e.g., high-quality infant day care) and improving the quality of caregiving provided in the homes--might be particularly effective.
Knowledge Base Representation for Axiomatic Design Through Ontologies

Axiomatic Design has been applied and developed as a tool, offering a scientific basis for design and improving design activities. Axiomatic Design has been used in various fields such as software system design, structure design, and product design. However, several challenges and limitations exist in Axiomatic Design including: the inconsistency in identifying design parameters, existence of coupled design, and multiple groups of functional requirements and design parameters. Aimed at using Axiomatic Design to generate conceptual solutions in engineering design while overcoming its limitations, a formal ontology is developed. The ontology defines functional requirements, design parameters, concepts, components and variables and their relationships. Axioms and rules of Axiomatic Design for the ontology are summarized. The Axiomatic Design ontology is applied to the design of a car seat as an example generating several concepts, and then compared and analyzed multiple groups of the concepts with the help of Axiomatic Design rules. More design ideas can be generated by combining detailed concepts as the higher level possible solutions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Gauge theories and “elastic” weak neutral currents☆

For the gauge group O(4) x U(1), the alternatives: left-handed leptons are (a) 4-spinors, (b) 4-vectors are shown to imply (a) possible presence, (b) absence of elastic nu /sub mu / -e and nu /sub mu / --nuc leon amplitude to O(G). Some properties of the new spinor model are described. It contains a neutral current closely akin to the one in the Salam -Ward -Weinberg model. (auth)
Same origins of DNA replication function on the active and inactive human X chromosomes.

We previously characterized a functional origin of DNA replication at the transcriptional promoter of the human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene (Cohen et al. [2002] J. Cell. Biochem. 85:346-356). This origin was mapped using a quantitative PCR assay to evaluate the relative abundance of HPRT markers in short nascent DNA strands isolated from asynchronous cultures of male fibroblasts. The HPRT gene on the X chromosome is transcriptionally active in male human fibroblasts. It is known that on the heterochromatic X chromosome in female cells the HPRT gene is transcriptionally silenced and its replication timing changes from early to late in S phase. This change in replication timing could indicate that replication of the HPRT gene is under the control of different origins of DNA replication in the active (euchromatic, early replicating) and the inactive (heterochromatic, late replicating) X chromosomes. In the present study, we identified the location of the origin of replication of a second X chromosome gene, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which we mapped to its transcriptional promoter, in normal male human fibroblasts. Then, we determined the activity of the previously identified HPRT and the G6PD human origins in hybrid hamster cells carrying either the active or the inactive human X chromosome. The results of these studies clearly demonstrated that the human HPRT and G6PD origins of replication were utilized to the same extent in the active and the inactive X chromosomes. Therefore, transcription activity at the HPRT and G6PD genes is not necessary for initiation of DNA replication at the origins mapped to these chromosomal loci. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 923–931, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Variational studies on charge transfer in a molecularly doped polymer

The photoinduced charge transfer between a conjugated polymer chain and an adjacent dopant molecule is studied by constructing a variational wavefunction for the whole system including the chain and dopant. The dopant is modeled by assuming it has an acceptor level for the electron and interacts with the polymer chain only via a nearest neighbor hopping. The initial exciton state in the polymer is calculated from a recently developed exciton theory for conjugated polymers. The variational wavefunction contains two terms: the first term describes the exciton as confined to the chain while the other describes the electron, with different electron momenta corresponding to different probability of transfer to the dopant. Minimizing the energy of the variational state we obtain an equation from which the energy of the variation state and associated probability of charge transfer can be calculated. It is shown that a crossover occurs when the acceptor level approaches the exciton energy. When the energy of the acceptor level is higher than a critical value, the electron mainly remains on the chain, otherwise the electron will transfer to the dopant molecule with high probability. The hopping strength and the dopant concentration influence charge transfer by controlling the width of the crossover energy regime. Our results also indicate that the symmetry of the exciton wavefunction is important to charge transfer. For the A g exciton, there exists a threshold for the acceptor level, below this value the electron will transfer to the dopant completely. In contrast, for the B u exciton there is a long tail below the critical value, implying that the electron can still be found on the polymer chain with some likelihood.
Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury A Review of the Literature — Part 1: Neuromuscular and Anatomic Risk

Context: Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee are immediately debilitating and can cause long-term consequences, including the early onset of osteoarthritis. It is important to have a comprehensive understanding of all possible risk factors for ACL injury to identify individuals who are at risk for future injuries and to provide an appropriate level of counseling and programs for prevention.Objective: This review, part 1 of a 2-part series, highlights what is known and still unknown regarding anatomic and neuromuscular risk factors for injury to the ACL from the current peer-reviewed literature.Data Sources: Studies were identified from MEDLINE (1951–March 2011) using the MeSH terms anterior cruciate ligament, knee injury, and risk factors. The bibliographies of relevant articles and reviews were cross-referenced to complete the search.Study Selection: Prognostic studies that utilized the case-control and prospective cohort study designs to evaluate risk factors for ACL injury were included in this review.Results: A total of 50 case-control and prospective cohort articles were included in the review, and 30 of these studies focused on neuromuscular and anatomic risk factors.Conclusions: Several anatomic and neuromuscular risk factors are associated with increased risk of suffering ACL injury—such as female sex and specific measures of bony geometry of the knee joint, including decreased intercondylar femoral notch size, decreased depth of concavity of the medial tibial plateau, increased slope of the tibial plateaus, and increased anterior-posterior knee laxity. These risk factors most likely act in combination to influence the risk of ACL injury; however, multivariate risk models that consider all the aforementioned risk factors in combination have not been established to explore this interaction.
SU‐E‐T‐442: Comparison of Global versus Local Gamma Criteria for Planar Dose IMRT QA

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of using global vs local gamma analysis on planar dose IMRT QA . Methods: Seven EclipseIMRT plans, with nine fields each, for head and neck and pelvic cancer were evaluated; planar doses from verification plans calculated on a flat phantom were compared with measurements obtained using a 2D detector array (Matrixx). An in‐house developed software was used to evaluate the measured doses using the local gamma scheme where percent dose difference is calculated relative to dose at each point, as well as the global gamma in which percent dose difference is calculated relative to the maximum dose in the measurement plane. Percent of pixels that passed (gamma >1) were compared and points that failed were investigated. Results: With 3%/3mm gamma criteria and 10% threshold dose, overall passing rate with local gamma was 4.9% (+/− 1.6%) smaller on the average than global gamma rates. Maximum difference in the passing rate was as high as 16%, with an average of 10.3% (+/−3.6%) for all fields; the variation was more pronounced for pelvic plans with simultaneous integrated boost which involved multiple planning target volumes with different prescribed doses. Points failing the local gamma criteria were mostly in lower dose (i.e., about 40–60% of maximum planar dose) and low gradient regions. Conclusions: For planar dose IMRT QA, global gamma analysis gives higher passing rates where points in lower dose and low gradient regions pass the global dose criterion with higher actual percent dose differences between measured and planned doses. Higher percent dose deviations in lower dose regions might possibly be due to deficiencies in IMRT commissioning and/or planning which could have been missed using the global gamma analysis. Users need to be aware of the limitations of the techniques used in the dosimetric analysis of IMRT plans.
Effect of Palmitoyl Nanogold Particles on the Subzero Thermal Properties of Phosphate Buffered Saline Solutions

Extensive studies document the effect of nanoparticles on thermal properties of fluids, such as thermal conductivity, although very few exist at subzero temperatures. The current study reports the effect of 1.4 nm palmitoyl nanogold particles (NPs) on the freezing properties of phosphate buffered saline solutions with the help of a differential scanning calorimeter. The results show that NPs have a complex effect on the two properties of interest, i.e., homogeneous nucleation temperature (Th) and phase change temperature (or the melting temperature, Tm). The homogeneous nucleation temperature was significantly elevated at a concentration of 1 nM/ml NPs with 0.167% (v/v) DMSO, and 3 nM/ml NPs with 0.50% (v/v) DMSO concentration, whereas at the other concentrations (1.2 nM/ml NPs with 0.20% DMSO, 1.5 nM/ml NPs with 0.25% DSMO, and 6 nM/ml NPs with 1% DMSO), it was significantly depressed. A similar phenomenon was also noticed in the measured values of the melting temperature of PBS solutions.
Prosthetic dentistry in the treatment of movement disorders : dyskinesias and other neurological abnormalities

As long as the scope of dentistry is limited to teeth and supporting structures, their care and repair, probably no body of medical knowledge can be considered more traditional. However, a number of muscular and neurologic phenomena have been related to the dentition: unconventional dental prosthetic therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders and movement disorders such as spontaneous orofacial dyskinesia and tardive dyskinesia. Although only anecdotal, the above results and an unanticipated event that occurred in one case of dystonia muscolorum deformans question everything that had been previously assumed about the limits of dentistry.
Colonization of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Gnotobiotic Chicks

Germ-free chicks hatched in flexible film gnotobiotic isolators were dosed orally at 2 days of age with a pure culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus. The chicks monoassociated with L. acidophilus were killed at 2 weeks of age to obtain gastrointestinal tract specimens for histological sectioning. Both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed to determine colonization and adhesion of lactobacilli. This strain of L. acidophilus was found associated with epithelium from three segments of the gastrointestinal tract (crop, proventriculus, and duodenum) of the gnotobiotic chick. The electron micrographs showed not only a close relationship between the Lactobacillus organism and the crop epithelia, but also an attachment through physical contact.
Two-photon contributions to lepton production in pp scattering

Abstract We find that the two-photon process in proton-proton scattering is a significant or dominant contribution to certain channels at sufficiently high energy. In particular, for colliding 1 TeV protons on 1 TeV protons the production of e+e- pairs via two photons is larger than the production from the Drell-Yan process for pair masses up to ≈60 GeV.
In-plane cavity-backed coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide transition

A transition from cavity-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) to rectangular waveguide using a short-circuited pin in conjunction with resonant sections of coplanar waveguide (CPW) and reduced height waveguide segments is presented. The proposed transition is designed with prismatic features in order to ease the fabrication process. An equivalent circuit model is developed to facilitate the design procedure and full-wave analysis is used to optimise the design. As an example a transition operating at Ka-band is designed and shown to have insertion loss of less than 1 dB and reflection below −10 dB over 9% of bandwidth for a back-to-back structure. To further validate the results a prototype transition at Ka-band for a standard WR-28 rectangular waveguide was fabricated and tested. The measured S-parameters of the prototype show a very good agreement with the simulation results.
Role of cardiac resynchronization therapy in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic heart failure

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves quality of life, left ventricular (LV) size and function, and mortality among moderate to severe symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF) patients with decreased LV ejection fraction and QRS prolongation. Whether these benefits extend to similar groups with minimal or mild CHF is an area of ongoing investigation. Two small studies with limited follow-up demonstrated reverse remodeling but no symptomatic improvement. A recent, larger study in a population of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic CHF patients with longer follow- up confirmed the beneficial effect of CRT on LV size and function; furthermore, it was the first study to show that CRT improves clinical outcome with delayed time to heart failure hospitalization. Ongoing trials of CRT in such patients will soon provide further data on morbidity and mortality.
Segregation and Crime The Relationship between Black Centralization and Urban Black Homicide

Among the handful of studies that examine the influence of segregation on crime, there is a heavy reliance on the idea that segregation is a structured form of inequality that generates high crime rates in ways similar to that of other forms of inequality. The authors attempt to sharpen the link between Black segregation and Black crime by considering whether the centralization of urban Blacks to inner-city areas is associated with high rates of Black violence in the United States. Using racially disaggregated U.S. census and Uniform Crime Report data for 1990, the authors estimate sequential ordinary least squares models that examine the link between segregation and Black violence. A positive relationship between the city rates of Black homicide and the geographic centralization of Blacks relative to Whites is found. The evidence suggests that the structural impediments unique to the inner city are strongly related to the rates of Black homicide in those areas.