cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomic Considerations of the Lips

The lips are a prominent facial feature and play an important role in communication, both verbal and nonverbal, mastication, deglutition, and providing an oral seal. The American Joint Committee on Cancer defines the lip as the junction of the vermillion border with the skin and includes only the vermillion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip. It is well defined into an upper and lower lip joined at the commissure of the mouth. A thorough understanding of lip anatomy allows the surgeon to confidently perform lip reconstruction following tumor resection, understand the basis for selected neck dissections in lip cancer, and provide a high level of patient care. The anatomy of the lip can be broken down into the surface anatomy, microanatomy, and lymphatic anatomy. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the anatomy of the lip.
Retinal-Inspired Algorithms for Detection of Moving Objects

The retina plays an important role in animal vision --- namely preprocessing visual information before sending it to the brain through the optic nerve. Understanding how the retina does this is of particular relevance for development and design of neuromorphic sensors, especially those focused towards image processing. Our research focuses on examining mechanisms of motion processing in the retina. We are specifically interested in detection of moving targets under challenging conditions, specifically small or low-contrast (dim) targets amidst high quantities of clutter or distractor signals. In this paper we compare a classic motion-sensitive cell model, the Hassenstein-Reichardt model, to a model of the OMS (object motion-sensitive) cell, that relies primarily on change-detection, and describe scenarios for which each model is better suited. We also examine mechanisms, inspired by features of retinal circuitry, by which performance may be enhanced. For example, lateral inhibition (mediated by amacrine cells) conveys selectivity for small targets to the W3 ganglion cell --- we demonstrate that a similar mechanism can be combined with the previously mentioned motion-processing cell models to select small moving targets for further processing.
Experimental and computational phase boundary mapping of Co4Sn6Te6.

Binary Co4Sb12 skutterudite (also known as CoSb3) has been extensively studied; however, its mixed-anion counterparts remain largely unexplored in terms of their phase stability and thermoelectric properties. In the search for complex anionic analogs of the binary skutterudite, we begin by investigating the Co4Sb12–Co4Sn6Te6 pseudo-binary phase diagram. We observe no quaternary skutterudite phases and as such, focus our investigations on the ternary Co4Sn6Te6via experimental phase boundary mapping, transport measurements, and first-principles calculations. Phase boundary mapping using traditional bulk syntheses reveals that the Co4Sn6Te6 exhibits electronic properties ranging from a degenerate p-type behavior to an intrinsic behavior. Under Sn-rich conditions, Hall measurements indicate degenerate p-type carrier concentrations and high hole mobility. The acceptor defect SnTe, and donor defects TeSn and Coi are the predominant defects and rationally correspond to regions of high Sn, Te, and Co, respectively. Consideration of the defect energetics indicates that p-type extrinsic doping is plausible; however, SnTe is likely a killer defect that limits n-type dopability. We find that the hole carrier concentration in Co4Sn6Te6 can be further optimized by extrinsic p-type doping under Sn-rich growth conditions.
Large Minors in Expanders.

In this paper we study expander graphs and their minors. Specifically, we attempt to answer the following question: what is the largest function $f(n,\alpha,d)$, such that every $n$-vertex $\alpha$-expander with maximum vertex degree at most $d$ contains {\bf every} graph $H$ with at most $f(n,\alpha,d)$ edges and vertices as a minor? Our main result is that there is some universal constant $c$, such that $f(n,\alpha,d)\geq \frac{n}{c\log n}\cdot \left(\frac{\alpha}{d}\right )^c$. This bound achieves a tight dependence on $n$: it is well known that there are bounded-degree $n$-vertex expanders, that do not contain any grid with $\Omega(n/\log n)$ vertices and edges as a minor. The best previous result showed that $f(n,\alpha,d) \geq \Omega(n/\log^{\kappa}n)$, where $\kappa$ depends on both $\alpha$ and $d$. Additionally, we provide a randomized algorithm, that, given an $n$-vertex $\alpha$-expander with maximum vertex degree at most $d$, and another graph $H$ containing at most $\frac{n}{c\log n}\cdot \left(\frac{\alpha}{d}\right )^c$ vertices and edges, with high probability finds a model of $H$ in $G$, in time poly$(n)\cdot (d/\alpha)^{O\left( \log(d/\alpha) \right)}$. We note that similar but stronger results were independently obtained by Krivelevich and Nenadov: they show that $f(n,\alpha,d)=\Omega \left(\frac{n\alpha^2}{d^2\log n} \right)$, and provide an efficient algorithm, that, given an $n$-vertex $\alpha$-expander of maximum vertex degree at most $d$, and a graph $H$ with $O\left( \frac{n\alpha^2}{d^2\log n} \right)$ vertices and edges, finds a model of $H$ in $G$. Finally, we observe that expanders are the `most minor-rich' family of graphs in the following sense: for every $n$-vertex and $m$-edge graph $G$, there exists a graph $H$ with $O \left( \frac{n+m}{\log n} \right)$ vertices and edges, such that $H$ is not a minor of $G$.
An Empirical Study of Transformative Use in Copyright Law

This article presents an empirical study based on all reported transformative use decisions in U.S. copyright history through January 1, 2017. Since Judge Leval coined the doctrine of transformative use in 1990, it has been gradually approaching total dominance in fair use jurisprudence, involved in 90% of all fair use decisions in recent years. More importantly, of all the dispositive decisions that upheld transformative use, 94% eventually led to a finding of fair use. The controlling effect is nowhere more evident than in the context of the four-factor test: A finding of transformative use overrides findings of commercial purpose and bad faith under factor one, renders irrelevant the issue of whether the original work is unpublished or creative under factor two, stretches the extent of copying permitted under factor three towards 100% verbatim reproduction, and precludes the evidence on damage to the primary or derivative market under factor four even though there exists a well-functioning market for the use. Although transformative use has harmonized fair use rhetoric, it falls short of streamlining fair use practice or increasing its predictability. Courts diverge widely on the meaning of transformative use. They have upheld the doctrine in favor of defendants upon a finding of physical transformation, purposive transformation, or neither. Transformative use is also prone to the problem of the slippery slope: courts start conservatively on uncontroversial cases and then extend the doctrine bit by bit to fact patterns increasingly remote from the original context. This article, albeit being descriptive in nature, does have a normative connotation. Courts welcome transformative use not despite, but due to, its ambiguity, which is a flexible way to implement their intuitive judgments yet maintain the impression of stare decisis. However, the rhetorical harmony conceals the differences between a wide variety of policy concerns in dissimilar cases, invites casual references to precedents from factually unrelated contexts, and substitutes a mechanical exercise of physical or purposive transformation for an in-depth policy analysis that may provide clearer guidance for future cases.
Abolishing the frontier: (De)colonizing ‘public’ education

In this paper, we situate the public university as a frontier where structures of settler colonialism, racialization, and citizen formation are both created and contested. We use the historical-geo...
Direct Chronotropic and Inotropic Effects of Local Anesthetic Agents in Isolated Guinea Pig Atria

The direct chronotropic and inotropic effects of procaine, chloroprocaine, cocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, tetracaine, and bupivacaine were studied in an isolated guinea pig atrial preparation. All of the agents tended to produce a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect at high concentrations. Bupivacaine and tetracaine were most potent in terms of their negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, whereas procaine was least potent in terms of depression of atrial rate and contractility. The potency of the various agents with regard to their depressive cardiac effects is related to their potency as local anesthetic agents. No stimulatory effect on atrial rate was observed with any of the agents. With regard to atrial contractility, chloroprocaine did show a biphasic effect, i.e. initial positive inotropic action followed subsequently by a negative inotropic effect. The concentration of the various local anesthetics required to produce depression of cardiac rate and contractility which might be considered clinically significant occurred at concentrations which were higher than are usually seen during the normal use of these agents for regional anesthesia.
Efficient and robust methods for causally interpretable meta-analysis: Transporting inferences from multiple randomized trials to a target population

We present methods for causally interpretable meta-analyses that combine information from multiple randomized trials to estimate potential (counterfactual) outcome means and average treatment effects in a target population. We consider identifiability conditions, derive implications of the conditions for the law of the observed data, and obtain identification results for transporting causal inferences from a collection of independent randomized trials to a new target population in which experimental data may not be available. We propose an estimator for the potential (counterfactual) outcome mean in the target population under each treatment studied in the trials. The estimator uses covariate, treatment, and outcome data from the collection of trials, but only covariate data from the target population sample. We show that it is doubly robust, in the sense that it is consistent and asymptotically normal when at least one of the models it relies on is correctly specified. We study the finite sample properties of the estimator in simulation studies and demonstrate its implementation using data from a multi-center randomized trial.
Chapter 3 – First-Best and Second-Best Analyses and the Political Economy of Public Sector Economics

Chapter 3 discusses two issues. One is the distinction between first-best and second-best analyses. The other is the political economy of public sector theory, centered on the social welfare function and Arrow's impossibility theorem. The social welfare function is the one indispensable political element in normative mainstream public sector models.
Coordination of different modes of neuronal migration and functional organization of the cerebral cortex

Abstract The cerebral cortex is divided into areas with different functions in a process called arealization. The areas are further subdivided into vertical columns of excitatory projection neurons (PNs) and inhibitory interneurons (INs) that preferentially intersynapse and simultaneously respond to the same input modality. These elementary functional units of the cortex are called minicolumns. How does the process of neuronal migration contribute to the formation of minicolumns? According to the Radial Unit Hypothesis, minicolumns are composed of sister PNs that arise from a single neural progenitor cell and migrate into the cortical plate through a narrow radial path. This path is kept narrow though a variety of cell–cell interactions and secreted molecules, which constrain the tangential distribution of migrating PNs. The mechanisms that direct migrating INs into particular minicolumns are less clear, but the regulation of the timing and location of a migrating IN's shift from tangential to radial migration is likely to determine which column it enters. A shift from one migration mode to another (radial to tangential or vice versa) is a mechanistically complicated shift, and problems in that shift in both PNs and INs might lead to misfashioned columns and might underlie certain developmental disorders such as autism or schizophrenia.
Super Glenn for staged biventricular repair: impact on left ventricular growth?

Objectives The Super Glenn procedure involves targeted increased in blood flow to left sided heart structures with fenestrated atrial septation. The objective of this study was to examine the outcomes of patients who had this procedure as a part of biventricular staging and specifically evaluate the effect on dimensions of left heart structures. Methods Data for patients who had this procedure between 2005 and 2019 were retrospectively identified. Results Thirty-seven patients were identified. Most common diagnosis was hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 40% (n = 15). On echocardiography, the median mitral valve z score was -2.26. On cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, median indexed left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 31.5 ml/m2 and mitral/tricuspid inflow ratio was 0.35. The median age at Super Glenn was 2.3 years (interquartile range 1.5-3.6) while median weight was 12 kg (interquartile range 9.8-14). There were no early/hospital deaths. The median intensive care unit length of stay was 4 days, and median hospital length of stay was 10 days. Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 3 years (range 15 days to 13.2 years). There was a statistically significant increase in indexed left ventricular dimensions. There were 5 deaths (14%). Three patients (8%) underwent heart transplant. Freedom from death/transplant was 79% at 5 years. Seven patients (19%) needed a reoperation. Twenty-three patients (62%) underwent biventricular conversion after a median of 11.3 months after Super Glenn. Conclusions The Super Glenn procedure achieves consistent increase in left ventricular dimensions. This may be a useful strategy to help achieve a successful biventricular circulation in patients with borderline left ventricle. The superiority/non-inferiority of this approach over the conventional Fontan pathway is unclear.
Influence of flight parameters on UAS-based monitoring of tree height, diameter, and density

Abstract Increased focus on restoring forest structural variation and spatial pattern in dry conifer forests has led to greater emphasis on forest monitoring strategies that can be summarized across scales. To inform restoration objectives with data sources that can characterize individual trees, groups of trees, and the entire stand, different remote sensing strategies such as aerial and terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) have been explored. Unfortunately, high equipment and operational costs of aerial systems, along with limited spatial extent of terrestrial scanners, have restricted widespread adoption of these technologies for repeated forest monitoring. This study investigates applications of unmanned aerial system (UAS) imagery for Structure from Motion derived modeling of individual tree and stand-level metrics. Specifically, we evaluate how flight parameters impact UAS extracted height and imputed DBH accuracies against field stem-mapped values. In total, 30 UAS image datasets collected from combinations of three altitudes, two flight patterns, and five camera orientations were assessed. Tree heights were extracted using a variable window function that searched UAS-derived canopy height models, while DBH was sampled from point cloud slices at 1.32–1.42 m using a least squares circle fitting algorithm. The sample trees were then filtered against National Forest Inventory data from the study region to ensure reasonable matching of extracted heights and diameters. The matched values were used to create a height to diameter relationship for predicting missing DBH values. Extracted and imputed tree values were compared against stem-mapped values to determine tree commission and omission rates, the accuracy and precision of extracted tree height, DBH, as well as overstory and understory stand density. Finding that, 1) tree extraction accuracy and correctness was maximized (F-score = 0.77) for nadir crosshatch UAS flight designs; 2) extracted tree height R2 with stem-mapped values was high (R2 ≥ 0.98) for all UAS flight parameters, but the quality (mean error = 0.79 cm) and quantity (~10% of all trees) of extracted DBH values was maximized for lower altitude, nadir crosshatch acquisitions; 3) the distribution of predicted DBH values most closely matched field observed values for off-nadir crosshatch flight designs; 4) using either off-nadir or crosshatch flight designs at lower altitudes maximized correlation (r > 0.70) and accuracy (basal area within 2 m2 ha−1) of stand density estimates. This study demonstrates a novel UAS-based inventory strategy for estimating individual tree structural attributes (i.e., location, height, and DBH) in dry conifer forests, without the need for in situ field observations.
A 455-Mb/s MR preamplifier design in a 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS process

In this paper, we present a CMOS preamplifier for use with magnetoresistive (MR) read elements in disk drives. The performance of the CMOS design is competitive with the more expensive current generation of BiCMOS MR preamplifiers. The measured gain for the preamplifier is 43 dB and the measured 3-dB bandwidth is greater than 273 MHz corresponding to a 455-Mb/s data rate. Likewise, the measured input-referred voltage noise is less than 0.57 nV//spl radic/Hz, and measured input-referred current noise is less than 10.54 pA//spl radic/Hz at an MR bias current of 10 mA, The preamplifier has been implemented in a 0.8-/spl mu/m 5 V CMOS process and occupies a die area of 1.78/spl times/1.78 mm/sup 2/ In this paper, we introduce a new scheme to reduce current noise below that contributed by a single MOS device, This technique has the potential for even more impact for future submicron processes. We also showed that voltage amplifiers offer lower noise than transimpedance amplifiers for similar gain and bandwidth constraints.
An Examination of Hofstede's Paradigm of National Culture and Its Malleability

Abstract This exploratory study investigates Hofstede's contention of cultural stability over time and his concept of distinct national cultures. Underlying issues include the convergence, divergence, and crossvergence debate regarding cultural change; the question of subcultures within nations; and the use of student proxies to examine Hofstede's paradigm. A comparison between Hofstede's original IBM sample (1980) and the current study's 2003 survey (using Value Survey Module 94) of Italian (n = 42) and U.S. (n = 38) students found no differences except for both countries' not unexpected similar shifts in the dimension of Power Distance, thus supporting the contention of cultural stability. The analysis of two postulated Italian “subcultures” (northern, n = 47 and southern, n = 111) revealed no differences on each of Hofstede's five dimensions, giving credence to his concept of national culture. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered.
Role of the second-trimester 'genetic sonogram' for Down syndrome screen in the era of first-trimester screening and noninvasive prenatal testing.

Ultrasonography for the screening of Down syndrome was first introduced about 25 years ago. Different combinations of markers detectable at second-trimester ultrasonography have been proposed under the banner of ‘genetic sonogram’. In recent years, several developments in first-trimester screening and the recent introduction of noninvasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy screening have had important implications for the prevalence of these conditions in the second-trimester and the screening performance of a genetic sonogram. Several second-trimester sonographic markers for Down syndrome have been reported; meta-analysis has shown that the most powerful predictors are mild ventriculomegaly, increased nuchal fold, hyperechoic bowel, and absent or hypoplastic nasal bone. Whereas use of individual markers should be discouraged and scoring systems of multiple markers are now obsolete, use of combined likelihood ratio and logistic regression analysis formulae provides better accuracy. However, there is significant heterogeneity in results among studies. Despite such limitations, the genetic sonogram will continue to have a place in prenatal screening, particularly in twin and higher-order multiple pregnancies, in countries with limited access to the most recent genetic screening tests, in cases with borderline results at maternal serum screening tests, and as noninvasive supplementary test for high-risk women reluctant to undergo invasive diagnostic testing. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Are the Right Targets for Psychopharmacology

Successive generations of medicines to treat mental illness have reduced the burden of suffering for these diseases, but for many patients, treatment-resistant symptoms and disabilities suggest we must do better. It is widely recognized that advances in genetics and molecular neurobiology will hasten the identification of new molecular targets, but these may not result in effective new treatments unless we also develop better "clinical targets": dimensions of psychopathology or dysfunction more proximate to pathophysiology. Such clinical targets are not necessarily well represented in our currently accepted clinical endpoints and consensus-derived diagnostic systems for mental disorders.
Mechanisms of egg recognition in brown-headed cowbird hosts: the role of ultraviolet reflectance

One of the most effective adaptations to counter avian brood parasitism is rejection of the parasitic egg, yet relatively few hosts reject eggs of the brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater. Studies have demonstrated that ultraviolet (UV; 300–400 nm) reflectance of eggs plays a role in egg rejection by hosts of parasitic cuckoos Cuculus spp. Only two studies have experimentally tested whether a cowbird host utilizes UV light when making egg rejection decisions, and those studies found no evidence that UV light was a significant factor. We experimentally blocked the UV reflectance of one host egg in the clutches of three rejecter species: brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum, American robin, Turdus migratorius, and grey catbird, Dumetella carolinensis, to determine whether they utilize UV reflectance when rejecting eggs. We also measured the UV reflectance of each species' eggs. All host species rejected more of their own UV-blocked eggs than they did control eggs, but brown thrashers were significantly more likely to reject their own UV-blocked eggs than were American robins and grey catbirds. Brown thrasher eggs also reflected significantly more UV light than both American robin and grey catbird eggs. Our results coupled with those from similar studies suggest that hosts with brighter UV-reflecting eggs should be more likely to reject UV-blocked eggs than hosts with duller UV-reflecting eggs. This is the first study to demonstrate that UV reflectance is a parameter used by hosts of the brown-headed cowbird when rejecting eggs and further increases our understanding of the mechanisms of egg recognition in brood-parasitic hosts.
Using Textual Patterns to Learn Expected Event Frequencies

Commonsense reasoning requires knowledge about the frequency with which ordinary events and activities occur: How often do people eat a sandwich, go to sleep, write a book, or get married? This paper introduces work to acquire a knowledge base pairing factoids about such events with frequency categories learned from simple textual patterns. We are releasing a collection of the resulting event frequencies, which are evaluated for accuracy, and we demonstrate an initial application of the results to the problem of knowledge refinement.
Squeezing and cavity induced transparency

Summary form only given. We consider a single two-level atom inside a resonant optical cavity, with cavity loss rate K, atomic fluorescence rate into noncavity modes A, and atom-field coupling g. For large atom cavity coupling (g>A, K) and weak driving fields, the fluorescence from this system exhibits a splitting of the spectral line, known as vacuum-Rabi splitting. When the cavity loss rate is the largest rate in the problem (K>A, g), the fluorescent spectrum is Lorentzian with a cavity-enhanced width. We examine the regime where A>g>K, and find that the spectrum exhibits a hole at line center as a result of quantum interference effects. This effect is formally identical to the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in multilevel atomic systems. We discuss the relationship of these spectral holes to the presence of squeezing in the intracavity field, and present results also for the emission spectra, and incoherent spectra in transmission and fluorescence.
Early Termination of Breast-Feeding: Identifying Those at Risk

In a private pediatric practice, 94 infants who were breast-feeding were followed for the first 2 months of life in order to define the frequency of cessation of breast-feeding and to identify factors that would predict mothers and infants at risk for early cessation. At 8 weeks, 30% of the mothers had stopped nursing. Factors associated with cessation were: maternal lack of confidence in breast-feeding (P less than .001); anticipated duration of nursing less than 6 months (P = .002); ratings by the nursery staff of infant's excessive crying (P = .007), infant's demanding personality (P = .007), trouble with feeding (P = .001), and future trouble with feeding (P = .004). Together, these factors predicted 77% of the mothers who terminated breast-feeding. Supplementing with formula before the 2-week office visit also led to termination of breast-feeding by 8 weeks (P = .006). This decision was frequently made without medical advice. Nearly 64% (14/22) of the mothers who added formula within the first 2 weeks did so without contacting the pediatric practice.
Biochemical decomposition of the herbicide N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methylpentanamide and related compounds.

Organisms capable of decomposing N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methylpentanamide (Karsil) were isolated, identified, and tested for their ability to hydrolyze this herbicide. Primary products of Karsil decomposition by cells and cell-free extracts of a Penicillium sp. were identified as 2-methyl-valeric acid and 3,4-dichloroaniline. The Karsil acylamidase (EC 3.5.1.a aryl acylamine amidohydrolase) was an induced enzyme. It was partially purified and tested for its ability to hydrolyze 25 related compounds. Some relations between the structures of these compounds and their susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis were discerned.
Knowledge of Results Precision and Motor Skill Acquisition

The effect of varying KR precision levels on the initial acquisition and later performance of a linear positioning task was investigated with 40 female undergraduates serving as subjects. Subjective evaluations of performance and estimates of accuracy were recorded along with actual scores. KR precision level (centimeters or millimeters) did not affect actual performance, but extremely precise KR (millimeters) had detrimental effects on performance evaluations and the labeling process of estimate performance.
Histochemical localization of cholinesterase activity in Fascioloides magna (Bassi) 1875.

Abstract 1. 1. Cholinesterase activity was studied histochemically in the trematode Fascioloides magna . 2. 2. Acetylcholinesterase was localized in elements of the nervous system, tegument, pharynx, and oral sucker of the trematode. 3. 3. Pseudocholinesterase activity was localized in the pharynx of the trematode. Due to the size of this trematode, other areas were not studied. 4. 4. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in F. magna is compared with that published for Fasciola hepatica .
A dominating set model for broadcast in all-port wormhole-routed 2D mesh networks

A new model for broadcast in wormhole-routed networks is proposed. The model uses and extends the concept of dominating sets in order to systematically develop efficient broadcast algorithms for all-port wormhole-routed systems, in which each node can simultaneously transmit messages on different outgoing channels. In this paper, two broadcast algorithms for two-dimensional (2D) mesh networks are presented. In the first approach, the source node uses a multicast algorithm to deliver the message to a set of dominating nodes, which can subsequently deliver the message to all other nodes in the network in a single message-passing step. This algorithm requires at most [log2N] steps, where N is the total number of nodes in the network, although in many cases only [log2N]−1 steps are needed. The second algorithm, called the D-node algorithm, reduces the number of steps by using multiple levels of dominating nodes in a recursive manner. For square meshes containing N=22(k+2) nodes, k≥0, the D-node algorithm requires at most k+4 steps. Similar upper bounds are shown to hold for meshes of other sizes and shapes. For specific source nodes and mesh shapes, the number of steps is shown to equal the theoretical lower bound of [log5N]. A simulation study confirms the advantage of the D-node algorithm, under various system parameters and conditions, over other broadcast algorithms.
Genetic Diversity Patterns among Phytophthora Resistant Soybean Plant Introductions Based on SSR Markers

Genetic diversity is low among elite Northern American soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding populations. Fewer than 20 soybean cultivars are responsible for 80% of the genes in public soybean cultivars released in recent years. Diversifying the soybean germplasm base could introduce new genes for agronomic diversity as well. Recently, soybean plant introductions (PIs) have been identified as additional sources of both partial and specific resistance to Phytophthora sojae MJ. Kaufmann & J.W. Gerdemann (syn. P. megasperma Drechs. f. sp. glycinea T. Kuan & D.C. Erwin). The objective of this study was to compare the genetic diversity present among soybean PIs resistant to P. sojae in relation to cultivars and breeding lines that represent U.S. breeding germplasm, and to develop guidelines for the genetic study and practical use of these resistant resources in applied breeding. Ninety-three accessions from South Korea, China, and Japan and 15 genotypes from the USA were evaluated for 52 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. The South Korean material included 32 P. sojae resistant, 49 partially resistant, and 7 susceptible accessions. The SSR data were used to compute Nei's distance estimates. Clustering and multivariate analysis of Nei's distance estimates demonstrated that accessions from South Korea are genetically different from U.S. germplasm. These results indicate that the South Korean germplasm may contain alleles not present in U.S. cultivars, such as new alleles for P. sojae resistance. Additionally, this study identifies SSR markers that can be used to begin mapping P. sojae resistance alleles in South Korean germplasm.
Defective protein folding as a basis of human disease

The ability of a polypeptide to fold into a unique, functional, three-dimensional structure in vivo is dependent upon its amino acid sequence and the function of molecular chaperone proteins and enzymes that catalyse folding. Intense study of the physical chemistry and cell biology of folding have greatly aided our understanding of the mechanisms normally employed. Evidence is accumulating that many disease-causing mutations and modifications exert their effects by altering protein folding. Here we discuss the pathobiology of these processes.
Muqdisho in the Nineteenth Century: A Regional Perspective

During the nineteenth century Muqdisho experienced a significant revival in its fortunes after several centuries of gradual decline from its medieval heyday. While it remained on the periphery of the Omani empire on the coast of East Africa, steady commercial penetration of Indian merchant capital based at Zanzibar inexorably drew the entire Benaadir coast into the Omani orbit. Massive infusions of slave labour transformed agricultural commodity production in the Benaadir hinterland and created a new basis for ruling-class collaboration between town and country. At Muqdisho these external factors intertwined with established internal rivalries which were based on moiety competition and the traditional search for supporting alliances in the hinterland. The end result of this complex process was increased competition and tension between the town moieties that affected both the spatial segregation of the two quarters and enabled first Omani Zanzibar and then Italy to insinuate themselves into a dominant mediating position within the urban community. At the end of the century the urban culture of Muqdisho had also been influenced by the incorporation of a large slave population. While all of these changes indicate that Muqdisho was integrally a part of the wider coastal region of East Africa, other cultural evidence establishes no less that it was still uniquely Soomaali within that context.
Civility: A contemporary context for a meaningful historical concept

An overview of the relationship between social structure and social order is employed to highlight the importance of the civility concept to civic society. In discussing these issues, the author provides a brief historical and a contemporary context for assessing the civility concept. This assessment draws on an eclectic literature that addresses the relationship among civility, socialization, and learning, the role of education in the civility process, the changing emphasis of higher education, the culture of individualism, and technology. The author concludes with a brief discussion of culture and the future of civility. The problem of order arises out of the dual circumstance that human beings have limited (though not nonexistent) capacities for sympathy with their fellows and that they inhabit an environment that fails to provide them with sufficient resources to satisfy fully the needs of all of them. The problem of order is therefore rooted in inescapable conflict between the interests and desires of individuals and the requirements of society: to wit, the pacification of violent strife among men and the secure establishment of cooperative social relations making possible the pursuit of collective goals. (Wrong 1994, p. 36)
A possible eddy generating mechanism in the Ligurian basin

Abstract This note investigates a possible mechanism for the production of eddies in a flat semi-enclosed sea. The model, which is an application to the Ligurian Sea of the Bryan and Ripa models and Willmott and Mysak models, simulates density anomalies by atmospherically forced planetary wave propagation, obtaining an eddy-like structure. The role of a particular forcing is investigated.
Selective inhibition of eukaryotic RNA polymerase: a possible new mechanism of antitumor drug action.

Summary N-Trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14- O -Hemiadipate (AD 143), a new derivative of adriamycin with greater antitumor activity and lower cardiotoxicity, was shown not to interact with DNA and yet inhibit the activities of both RNA polymerase I and II of chicken myeloblastosis cells in vitro with ID50 values equal to 6.5 μ M and 7 μ M, respectively. On the other hand, an approximately 35-fold higher concentration of AD 143 was required to cause a similar inhibition of the activity of DNA polymerase α from chicken myeloblastosis cells. Under the same assay conditions, AD 143 had even less effect on either RNA polymerase or DNA polymerase I of E. coli cells (ID50 > 265 μM for both enzymes). These studies suggest that AD 143, in contrast to its parental drug adriamycin, may have a selective inhibitory effect against eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
Management of childhood epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a common childhood neurological morbidity needs careful evaluation, relevant investigations and precise therapy with appropriate antiepileptic drugs for optimal duration. Majority of childhood epilepsy remits with antiepileptic drugs and should be managed in the community. Practising Pediatricians must counsel the family for possible etiology of epilepsy, compliance during treatment and possible outcome. It is important to distinguish pseudo seizures and nonepileptic events from true epilepsy, as this would reduce the burden of unwanted medication. It is also equally important to enable ourselves to recognize early predictors of intractability and refer them to appropriate referral units. Epilepsy is a social and an economic burden for the family. Preventive strategies by improved perinatal care, prevention and managemnt of neuro infections and infestations which will mitigate epilepsy burden in the community are essential. In this context it is important to familarize appropriate and relevant use of investigations. Inappropriate antiepileptic drug usage is common in the community and drug therapy should be rationalized. Epilepsy management requires a close interaction between the patient, family and the treating physician and a concerted effort is essential.
Competitiveness of commercial space transportation services

Abstract Competition between the providers of space transportation has become intense with the distinct possibility of governments providing both direct and indirect subsidies in order to influence transportation user choices. This bodes well for users of transportation services but has serious ramifications with regard to the future makeup of the international space transportation industry. This paper addresses the following key issues: selecting a launch service given a decision to establish a business to provide satellite communication services; establishing the price that should be bid by a launch provider in order to have a specified chance of being awarded the launch contract; and assessing the possibility that a launch provider is utilizing unfair or predatory pricing in order to increase the likelihood of winning launch contracts and thereby increasing market share. A method is developed and results presented based upon establishing ‘value in use’ pricing that explicitly takes into account the multiple attributes of alternative launch services. This leads to an assessment of ‘predatory’ pricing in terms of the value in use pricing.
On the trail of the 2-body reduced density matrix

Abstract A brief review is made of developments in the theory of reduced density matrix estimation of fermion system properties, to which John Coleman contributed enormously. Emphasis is placed upon those constraints that are peculiar to the system in question, as well as to those of “universal” validity. The former are typically obtained by following the consequences of the insertion or deletion of one of the particles of the system, and, for example, the PY equation of classical fluid theory is identified as the “saturation” of a valid inequality. An analogous process for fermion systems is introduced but not carried out very far.
Differential transcriptional regulation of the human squalene synthase gene by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) 1a and 2 and involvement of 5' DNA sequence elements in the regulation.

Abstract Transcription of the human squalene synthase (HSS) gene is regulated by variations in the level of cellular cholesterol. Three regulatory elements in the HSS promoter region are known to be involved in the regulation: 1) a modified sterol regulatory element (SRE) 1 (HSS-SRE-1), 2) an inverted SRE-3 (Inv-SRE-3), 3) an inverted Y box (Inv-Y-Box). We report here the regulatory role of distinct cis-elements in the HSS promoter by using mutants of an HSS-luciferase promoter reporter. The activity of a wild-type promoter reporter transiently transfected into HepG-2 cells is increased by sterol depletion of the cells or by coexpression of mature forms of the SRE-binding proteins (SREBP) 1a and SREBP-2. Differential activation by SREBP-1a and SREBP-2 of the reporter gene mutated at various regions of the promoter is observed. Mutation of either the HSS-SRE-1 or the Inv-SRE-3 sequence diminished the activation by SREBP-1a and by sterol depletion but did not affect the activation by SREBP-2. Simultaneous mutations of both of these sequences almost completely abolished activation of the promoter by SREBP-1a or by sterol depletion, but activation by SREBP-2 was retained at 70%. Mutation of the Inv-Y-Box sequence element decreased the activity of the promoter by 50% or more, and if mutated together with both SREs, the activation was almost completely abolished. Mutation of any single GC box of the two located at −40 to −57 did not affect activity, whereas simultaneous mutation of the two decreased activation by SREBP-2 by 60%, by lipid depletion by 20%, and had no effect on the activation by SREBP-1a. A Y box motif at −159 to −166 and an SRE-like sequence element (SRE-1(8/10)) at position −101 to −108 are also involved in the sterol regulation. These results indicate that the complex sterol-mediated transcriptional regulation of the HSS gene is due to the presence of multiple copies of diverse cis elements in the HSS promoter. The differential activation of the HSS promoter may point to specific role of the SREBPs in cholesterogenesis.
Prolactin activates all three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons in ovariectomized rats.

Abstract Prior studies suggest that prolactin (PRL) stimulates release of dopamine (DA) from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons. In the present study, the time course over which PRL exerts its effects on all three populations of neuroendocrine dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron populations [TIDA, tuberohypophyseal (THDA) and periventricular-hypophyseal (PHDA)] was determined. Ten days following ovariectomy (OVX), groups of female rats were injected either with 15 μg of ovine PRL (oPRL) or saline at 0900 h. Rats were decapitated every 30 min from 0830 h–1100 h and hourly from 1200 h–1500 h. Trunk blood was assayed for rat PRL (rPRL) and oPRL using species-specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs). The concentration of DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the median eminence (ME), as well as the anterior (AL), intermediate (IL) and neural (NL) lobes of the pituitary gland were determined by HPLC-EC. The concentration of rPRL in oPRL-treated animals, compared to saline-treated animals, was diminished by 1000 h and again between 1200 h–1500 h. DOPAC/DA ratio, an indicator of dopaminergic neuronal activity, increased spontaneously in the ME, IL, and NL during the afternoon in OVX rats. In animals injected with oPRL at 0900 h, the DOPAC/DA ratio increased in the ME, IL and NL within 1 h. Moreover, a secondary increase in the DOPAC/DA ratio in the IL and NL occurred during the afternoon in oPRL-treated rats. However, the second increase of DA turnover present in the ME of control animals never occurred in oPRL-treated animals. Furthermore, there were two increases in the concentration of DA in the AL: the first coincided with the increased turnover of DA in all three terminal areas and the second with increased DA turnover in the IL and NL. These data suggest that all three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine DAergic neurons are activated by PRL and that PHDA/THDA neurons have a second `delayed' activation.
Centering and scaling of regression algorithms in the face of iii–conditioning

The role of centering and scaling in regression lgorithms is not clearly understood. A common belief is that both centering and scaling improve the conditioning of the least–squares problem and provide greater numerical accuracy. We study the impact of centering and scaling using a three parameter extension of the Wampler data set. Our study focuses on the Cholesky and QR decomposition algorithms. We find that scaling does not have a substantial impact on accuracy. Although centering does improve the accuracy of Cholesky, we show that this improvement is not due to centering itself. The improvement occurs because Cholesky with centering is a hybrid algorithm mixing ordinary Cholesky with the move accurate QR decomposition.
Design of a recursive vector processor using polynomial splines

The problem of obtaining smoothed estimates of function values, particularly their derivatives, from a finite set of inaccurate measurements is considered. A recursive two-dimensional vector processor is introduced as an approximation to the nonrecursive constrained least-squares estimation. Here, piecewise bicubic Hermite polynomials are extensively used as approximating functions, and the smoothing integral is converted to a discrete quadratic form. This makes it possible to convert the problem of fitting an approximating function to one of estimating the function values and derivatives at the nodes.
Marking for QoS improvement

Differentiated services architecture is receiving wide attention as a framework for providing different levels of service in the Internet. Current architecture allows customers to mark their packets and the network provider to check them for conformance to service contracts. This paper looks at the problem of achieving specific QoS goals of individual flows by flexibly managing resources available to an aggregated source. The paper shows that an aggregated source can maintain state of individual flows at the edge of the network and utilize this state effectively in adaptively marking packets of individual flows to meet their QoS goals. The paper also proposes a simple scheme for improving the service provided to a receiving-intensive application by transferring resources to the edge of the network on the sender's side. The paper studies the impact of these sender's side marking strategy and the receiver's willingness to pay for resources in achieving QoS goals of individual flows.
An appraisal of the present position and future potential of inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS)

The present position regarding the preparation of junctions suitable for IETS investigation and the various doping procedures is outlined, and a comparison is drawn between IETS and other surface spectroscopies. A survey of the systems already studied of interest in the fields of surface chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis, analytical chemistry and environmental pollution monitoring, adhesion science, radiation damage, biological chemistry and electronic energy level studies is presented. The parameters thought to affect the development of this technique and some potential applications to corrosion inhibitors and metal protection, lubrication studies, solid-state devices and photochemical energy converters are considered.
A Banded Vegetation Pattern in a High Arctic Community on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada

Abstract On Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada, a banded vegetation pattern occurred on a hillside where patterned ground and unidirectional abiotic fluxes, such as downslope water flow or wind, were not present. The parent material was the obvious source of the plant pattern, as the soils occurred on five distinct types of alluvial deposits. To examine the observed pattern, plants were inventoried and soils were sampled in July 1999. Twelve vascular species of plants, but no non-vascular species, were present at the site. Neither water, often thought to limit plant distribution in the High Arctic, nor any of the other measured soil variables, predicted plant abundance. The best predictor of plant abundance, based on regression tree analysis, was total soil nitrogen; however, higher plant density was associated with lower nitrogen. The five soil types differed in plant density and soil properties. Even though the sand soil always had soil nutrients equal to or lower than the blocky clay soil, the sand a...