cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical efficacy and mechanism of bilayered living human skin equivalent (HSE) in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

UNLABELLED Bilayered living human skin equivalent (HSE) consists of cultured keratinocytes residing on the surface of a fibroblast-populated collagen lattice. Although HSE is FDA-approved for treatment of diabetic foot and venous stasis ulcers, its clinical efficacy remains limited, because the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effect are not fully understood. It is, therefore, often applied mistakenly as a skin graft. In this report, we delineate a mechanism of HSE biological effect and consequent optimal clinical use in accelerating closure of diabetic foot ulcers. EXPERIMENTAL HSE was grafted onto nude mice and the release of various growth factors was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunochemistry. Clinical: HSE was grafted onto 11 consecutive patients with diabetes who had 13 non-ischemic foot ulcers and healing was measured as time to 100% closure (e.g., no drainage and 100% epithelialized). EXPERIMENTAL HSE cellular components were determined to express 15 different growth factors/cytokine genes known to promote wound healing. Histological evidence from the nude mice showed that the collagen component of HSE underwent remodeling within the first seven days of grafting. Clinical: All diabetic foot ulcers healed in 31.8 12.4 days. Local release of a unique combination of 15 growth factors expressed by HSE keratinocyte and fibroblast components generates closure of diabetic foot ulcers. HSE should be applied with the same surgical conditions for a skin graft (i.e., no cellulitis, no drainage, and negligible bacteria). We hypothesize that bilayered HSE generates its effect by way of the local synthesis and release of multiple growth factors in specific combination and concentration, which improves the impaired reparative process of chronic wounds.
Aceh-Andaman earthquake: what happened and what's next?

The huge earthquake of 26 December 2004 and ensuing tsunami were caused by a submarine rupture running from offshore Aceh, Indonesia, to the Andaman Islands. A clearer picture of events is starting to emerge.
Optical Coherence Tomography: Clinicopathologic Correlations - The 2016 Gordon K. Klintworth Lecture.

Background/Aims: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has become a mainstay of ophthalmic practice that has revolutionized the assessment and treatment of a variety of ocular disorders. Studies that directly correlate SD-OCT and histopathology are necessary to demonstrate the actual nature of the retinal pathology responsible for the images that resemble histologic sections, but are generated by mathematical algorithms. Methods: Careful correlative light microscopy was performed on a small number of eyes undergoing enucleation for intraocular tumors that had pertinent findings imaged by SD-OCT. Expeditious processing and a fixation technique that prevented retinal detachment minimized tissue distortion and sectioning artifact. Results: The retinal layers disclosed by SD-OCT images do not correspond directly to light microscopy. Photoreceptor ellipsoids can persist in foveal detachments without a distinct ellipsoid band in corresponding SD-OCT images. Lipidized histiocytes can appear as bright hyperreflective spots, and clumps of subretinal macrophages as “shaggy photoreceptors” overlying choroidal tumors. Conclusion: The meaningful interpretation of SD-OCT's striking visual imagery requires a firm foundation in ocular histology and pathology. The accuracy of interpretation can be improved by correlative studies that directly compare OCT and histopathology.
Identifying articles relevant to drug-drug interaction: Addressing class imbalance

Interactions between drugs (also known as drug-drug interactions or DDIs), which may cause adverse affects, are of much concern; predicting, anticipating and avoiding them is key for improving patient safety and treatment outcome. Knowledge of DDIs is important for physicians to avoid adverse effects when prescribing two drugs simultaneously. DDIs are often published in the biomedical literature; however, gathering information about DDIs is time consuming given the shear volume of publications. Automatic text classification can speed up access to documents related to DDIs. However, the biomedical literature contains a relatively small number of publications relevant to DDIs, compared to the vast amount of irrelevant publications. This imbalance can lead to incorrect classification. While methods addressing class imbalance have been introduced to correctly identify items in the minority (relevant) class to improve recall, they often misclassify items in the majority (irrelevant) class, which leads to low precision. To reduce the number of irrelevant documents misclassified as relevant (false positive), we develop a two-stage cascade classifier. In each step, we separate publication abstracts that are DDI-relevant from those that are either drug-irrelevant or drug-relevant but DDI-irrelevant. We compare our classifier with other popular learning methods that aim to handle imbalance, applying the methods to a well-curated corpus consisting of DDI-relevant and DDI-irrelevant PubMed abstracts. Our method achieves higher precision and F1 measure than other methods while maintaining similar recall.
Zusammenfassung des Problems

Ganz allgemein gesprochen geht es uns um das Problem der Stabilitat unserer industriellen Zivilisation, und dabei insbesondere um die gemeinhin als demokratisch bezeichneten Gemeinschaften. Unsere Zivilisation hat sich in einem Ausmas entwickelt, das noch vor wenigen Generationen unglaublich erschienen ware. Und doch wurde ein unparteiischer Beobachter bei genauerem Studium unserer heutigen Welt wohl kaum davon zu uberzeugen sein, das unsere Lebensformen sich als dauerhaft erwiesen haben oder das sie einen sinnvollen Rahmen fur die von ihnen geforderte menschliche Tatigkeit darstellen. Wir stimmen in unserer Haltung mit denjenigen uberein, die auf eine bessere Zukunft als Folge einer geordneten Evolution nach unseren heutigen Grundsatzen hoffen, und die Zukunft nicht als das Ergebnis einer radikalen Verwerfung unserer historischen Vergangenheit sehen konnen. Ein verstandiges und kluges Handeln ist ein Ertrag langer Erfahrung. Ich setze keine Hoffnung auf Plane, die diese Erfahrung verwerfen wollen. Das praktische Problem besteht darin, unsere soziale Erfahrung so zu verwerten, das sie dazu beitragt, unsere Gegenwart in die Richtung einer befriedigenden Evolution zu fuhren. Dauernde Veranderungen sind unter unserem heutigen sozialen System und bei der menschlichen Natur, wie wir sie vorfinden, unumganglich.
Race-specific genetic aberrations in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.

e22000Background: B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and the leading cause of death in children. Studies have shown that African-American (AA) children have ...
Producing Moral Palatability in the Mexican Surrogacy Market

Scholars have long debated the relationship between morality and the market. Some argue that morality tempers market interests, while others argue that the market has its own moral order. Meanwhile...
Low-income homebound older adults receiving home-delivered meals: Physical and mental health conditions, incidence of falls and hospitalisations.

Significant differences in health across racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups in the US signal increasing numbers of low-income homebound older adults in a rapidly ageing society. The purpose of this study was to examine physical and psychiatric conditions and their association with incidence of self-reported falls and hospitalisations among largely low-income and racial/ethnic minority adults age 50+ (N = 2,224), clients from a home-delivered meals programme in Central Texas. Data came from comprehensive, in-home assessments done in 2017 by these older adults' case managers. We used bivariate analyses to compare those with and without incidence of self-reported past-year falls and those with and without a hospitalisation episode with respect to their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to examine sociodemographic and clinical correlates of any incidence of falls and negative binomial regression analysis to examine these correlates of the number of hospitalisations in the preceding 12 months. The rates of chronic physical illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal disease, lung disease and renal failure, were extremely high. The 41% of reported falls among the study sample was also higher than the rate among US older adults in general. More diagnosed physical illnesses, depression, chewing/swallowing problems, chronic/severe pain, activities and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/IADL) impairments and ambulation assistive device use were associated with greater odds of falling. The rate of past-year hospitalisation was 26%, and more diagnosed physical illnesses, ADL/IADL impairments, ambulation assistive device use and any fall incidence were positively associated with the number of hospitalisations. These findings indicate the need for fall prevention programmes for frail homebound older adults as well as health and social care services that help older adults better manage physical/mental health problems and reduce preventable health crises and hospitalisations.
THU0469 CLUES TO RECOGNIZE SECONDARY FIBROMYALGIA IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS ACCORDING TO A FIBROMYALGIA ASSESSMENT SCREENING TOOL OF SCALES ON A MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE (MDHAQ/FAST3-F)

Background: A multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ) includes scales for a self-report painful joint count, symptom checklist, and fatigue visual analog scale (VAS), which may be compiled into a fibromyalgia assessment screening tool (FAST3-F), in addition to physical function, pain VAS, and patient global VAS, compiled into routine assessment of patient index data (RAPID3). FAST3-F agrees >80% with 2011 formal fibromyalgia (FM) criteria in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have secondary FM. Objectives: To recognize clues to secondary FM in osteoarthritis (OA) patients seen in routine care, according to FAST3-F, and to analyze MDHAQ demographic and other clinical data in OA patients who did or did not meet MDHAQ/FAST3-F criteria for secondary FM. Methods: All patients complete an MDHAQ at all visits prior to seeing the rheumatologist at an academic rheumatology site. The 2-page MDHAQ includes RAPID3 to analyze clinical status, and a cumulative 0–3 FAST3-F scale to recognize FM, FAST3-F is scored 0-3, with 1 point each for 0-10 fatigue VAS ≥6, 0-54 self-report joint count ≥16, and 0-60 symptom checklist ≥16. FAST3-F scores of ≥2/3 agree >80% with formal 2011 FM revised diagnostic criteria, based on data for area under the curve (AUC) on receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. A two-sample t test was used to compare the two groups; p values were considered significant if ≤0.05. Results: Among 173 OA patients, 55 (32%) met FAST3–F criteria of ≥2/3 for secondary FM. Patients who met criteria had lower formal educational level (p=0.01-Table), but did not differ significantly from those who did not meet criteria according to age, sex, or body mass index (BMI) (Table). MDHAQ scores for physical function, pain, patient global assessment, RAPID3, poor sleep quality, anxiety, and depression were significantly higher in the FAST3-F positive than negative patients (p Abbreviations: FAST3-F= fibromyalgia assessment screening tool, BMI=body mass index Conclusion: MDHAQ/FAST3-F provides clues to identify OA patients with secondary FM in routine care. Nonetheless a definitive diagnosis requires a physician. The findings may be useful to recognize a basis for poor responses in clinical care, clinical trials, and other clinical research, and enhance understanding of pain mechanisms in OA versus FM versus OA with FM. Disclosure of Interests: : None declared
Negative pressure wound therapy with intermittent instillation of rifampin for the treatment of an infected vascular bypass graft

Abstract Negative pressure wound therapy with intermittent instillation, especially with the addition of antibiotics in the case of infection, is a versatile treatment modality for the closure of wounds and can be used both primarily after debridement and secondarily after failure of muscle flap coverage. We present a case in which negative pressure wound therapy with intermittent instillation of rifampin was used to successfully close a groin wound secondary to an infected prosthetic vascular graft that initially failed to close with a muscle flap. Consideration of this approach to wound closure and graft salvage is important because of the seriousness and relatively common incidence of prosthetic vascular graft infection after infrainguinal arterial bypass revascularization.
Adaptive Control of Discrete-Time Systems with Unknown, Unstable Zero Dynamics.

Adaptive control of systems with poorly known or unmodeled unstable zero dynamics remains a challenging problem. This paper presents an extension of retrospective cost adaptive control (RCAC) called data-driven RCAC (DDRCAC), which does not require that the zero dynamics be known a priori. Instead, the method uses online identification to obtain an approximate model of the plant numerator dynamics for use in the target model of RCAC. DDRCAC is demonstrated numerically on systems with linear and nonlinear unstable zero dynamics that are a priori unknown.
Coronary artery spasm following dobutamine stress echocardiogram.

A 53-year-old woman with atypical chest pain underwent a dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) and developed a coronary spasm (CS) with severe pain and dramatic ST-segment elevation 9 min after dobutamine infusion was discontinued. The spasm resolved after sublingual nitroglycerin administration. The same-day coronary angiogram showed non-significant stenosis in the three coronary territories. Retrospectively, we found that the patient had vasospastic angina (VSA), a condition that has been strongly associated with the development of dobutamine-induced CS. Mechanisms of dobutamine-induced CS are not fully understood and include endothelial dysfunction leading to deficient nitric oxide-mediated coronary vasodilation in response to increased myocardial oxygen demand as well as imbalance between β1 and β2 adrenergic effects of dobutamine. Dobutamine-induced CS has also been much more frequently reported in patients from Asian descent with VSA. VSA should be systemically recognised in patients considered for DSE and, if present, other modalities of stress imaging should be discussed.
Removal Of Blocking Artifacts From JPEG-Compressed Images Using a Neural Network

The goal of this research was to develop a neural network that will improve the quality of JPEG compressed images, irrespective of compression level. After reviewing related articles, published papers, and previous works on developing a computationally efficient algorithm for reducing the blockiness and Gibbs oscillation artifacts in JPEG compressed images, we decided to integrate a neural network into a previously developed technique. For this approach, the Alphablend filter [35] was used to post process JPEG compressed images to reduce noise and artifacts. The Alphablend result was further improved upon by the application of a trained neural network. We compare our results with various other published works using post compression filtering methods. (Abstract)
Malignant Envy & Preservation of the Idealized Object: Discussion of “Whose Envy Is It Anyway?”

The author examines the various types of envy in his discussion, specifically looking at how the type of envy to which we subscribe to influences our thinking about envy as primary or secondary. He...
Knee Malignment: Is There a Role for Correction in Primary ACLR?

Sagittal and coronal knee alignment impacts the biomechanics of the surrounding ligamentous structures, including the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Biomechanical studies have shown that increased degrees of varus alignment (>3°-5°) and increased amount of posterior tibial slope (>12°) significantly increase the force on the native ACL. Malalignment in the coronal and sagittal planes have been implicated as primary contributing factors in graft failure following ACL reconstruction. Clinical series have demonstrated encouraging results following either valgus-producing or slope-reducing proximal tibial osteotomy, although largely in the setting of revision ACL reconstruction, with lower rates of graft failure and improved patient-reported outcomes. However, few studies have reported on the success of osteotomy in the setting of a primary ACL rupture.
Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests and Ocular Findings in Healthy Adult Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

ABSTRACT Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) are a common companion psittacine for which little ophthalmic data has been gathered. The goal of this study was to establish normal ocular parameters in healthy cockatiels and evaluate whether intraocular pressure (IOP) varies by restraint method. Twenty-five cockatiels free of ophthalmic disease underwent complete ophthalmic examination including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and measurement of palpebral fissure diameter, tear production by absorbent paper point tear test (PPTT) and rebound tonometry. IOP measurements were obtained with birds held in two different body positions (vertical and dorsal recumbency). Cockatiel eyes are atapetal, anangiotic, and possess robust filoplumes, brown irises, pleated pecten, and circular pupil. There was no significant difference for horizontal palpebral fissure diameter, vertical palpebral fissure diameter, PPTT or IOP when comparing dorsal to vertical recumbency. For all eyes (50 eyes from 25 cockatiels), the mean (range) of horizontal palpebral fissures was 5.45 (5.0–6.0) mm, PPTT was 9.39 (6–14) mm/15s, and IOP (both recumbencies) was 13 (8.0–24.0) mm Hg. Described data can be used to improve diagnosis and management of ocular alterations in this species.
Loss of Hydrogen from Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate during Glyceryl Ether Synthesis

Abstract In order to obtain information on the mechanism of ether bond formation in the synthesis of O-alkyl lipids, a study was carried out to determine if there is a loss of hydrogen from carbon 3 of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) (non-phosphorus-linked carbon) in the course of its incorporation into glyceryl ethers. Accordingly, a mixture of [1,3-3H2] DHAP and [1,3-14C2]DHAP was prepared. In a microsomal enzyme system from Tetrahymena pyriformis which synthesizes O-alkyl lipids, it was found that there was a loss of hydrogen from carbon 3 of glyceryl ethers synthesized from double-labeled DHAP. The loss was quantitatively consistent with the labilization of one of the hydrogens linked to carbon 3 of DHAP and was not due to isomerase activity.
Eighteenth‐Century Land Speculation at the Margins of the Anglo‐American World

Sometimes, by looking closely at one emblematic life we can see the ways in which historical dynamics work themselves out. Such is the case with George Morgan and his pursuit of land in the trans-Appalachian west. During the late eighteenth century he was, like many others, a fur trader, a diplomat, and a partner in a variety of land speculation schemes west of the Appalachian Mountains. As Americans of European extraction moved farther west, Morgan applied the trans-Appalachian speculation model in a unique manner and attempted to gain vast wealth and political power by obtaining rights to land west of the Mississippi River in Spanish Louisiana. In the end, his attempts to settle land and create a new society west of the Mississippi River extended, expedited, and facilitated the spread of Anglo-American settlements across the nation during the nineteenth century.
Omics investigations of HIV and SIV pathogenesis and innate immunity

In the 30 years since the advent of the AIDS epidemic, the biomedical community has put forward a battery of molecular therapies that are based on the accumulated knowledge of a limited number of viral targets. Despite these accomplishments, the community still confronts unanswered foundational questions about HIV infection. What are the cellular or biomolecular processes behind HIV pathogenesis? Can we elucidate the characteristics that distinguish those individuals who are naturally resistant to either infection or disease progression? The discovery of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) and the ensuing development of in vivo, nonhuman primate (NHP) infection models was a tremendous advance, especially in abetting the exploration of vaccine strategies. And while there have been numerous NHP infection models and vaccine trials performed, fundamental questions remain regarding host–virus interactions and immune correlates of protection. These issues are, perhaps, most starkly illustrated with the appreciation that many species of African nonhuman primates are naturally infected with strains of SIV that do not cause any appreciable disease while replicating to viral loads that match or exceed those seen with pathogenic SIV infections in Asian species of nonhuman primates. The last decade has seen the establishment of high-throughput molecular profiling tools, such as microarrays for transcriptomics, SNP arrays for genome features, and LC–MS techniques for proteins or metabolites. These provide the capacity to interrogate a biological model at a comprehensive, systems level, in contrast to historical approaches that characterized a few genes or proteins in an experiment. These methods have already had revolutionary impacts in understanding human diseases originating within the host genome such as genetic disorders and cancer, and the methods are finding increasing application in the context of infectious disease. We will provide a review of the use of such ‘omics investigations as applied to understanding of HIV pathogenesis and innate immunity, drawing from our own research as well as the literature examples that utilized in vitro cell-based models or studies in nonhuman primates. We will also discuss the potential for systems biology to help guide strategies for HIV vaccines that offer significant protection by either preventing acquisition or strongly suppressing viral replication levels post-infection.
Neither Mask nor Mirror

Summary Feminist family therapy focuses on the gendered context of clients' lives, but has been criticized for mirroring the needs of White, middle-class women only. The multicultural approach to therapy emphasizes respect for diverse cultural values, but is vulnerable to using tradition to mask abuses. Integration of these two perspectives can address these criticisms, but also raises ethical concerns. Therapists need to be aware of these dilemmas as well as suggestions for managing them.
"Rocking the match": applying and getting into residency.

Success in life requires talent and skill. But in addition, preparation is critical because it allows a person to use talent and skill to their maximal advantage, putting the person in the best position possible for whatever is planned. Success in the residency application process is more likely if the student keeps this in mind. If a student begins to prepare long before the deadlines and due dates, the process will be easier and things will be more likely to work to his or her advantage. This article is written from the perspective of someone who has evaluated many residency applications and many residency applicants. It is "an insider's view" into the process and provides some tips to medical students as they contemplate the next step after medical school. The points in the article can be remembered with the mnemonic "MRS. POPE," which should allow the student to recall the importance of Mentoring; how to prepare a Resume; the value of good Scores; the skills involved in Promoting oneself; the role of careful Observation during the interview process; and how to Present oneself and Express interest during and after the visit. Even if the mnemonic cannot be recalled, the student should remember above all that the process of preparing oneself for applying for residency begins the first day of medical school, if not sooner. Hopefully, students can use the information in this manuscript as a recipe for "rocking the match."
Airfield Pavement Systems

THE CONCEPTS ON WHICH ARE BASED THE MOST POPULAR OF THE CURRENT PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURES WERE INTRODUCED NEARLY THIRTY YEARS AGO. AT THAT TIME, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT PROBLEMS HAD A DOMINANT EFFECT ON DESIGN PROCEDURES. WHILE OTHER REQUIREMENTS ARE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN PROCESS, THEY HAVE BEEN TREATED IN AN AD-HOC MANNER AS DIFFICULTIES AROSE. WITH THE ARRIVAL OF THE JUMBO JETS, THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PAVEMENT TO THE AIR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS BECOMING APPARENT. THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY PREDICTS 5 TIMES THE PASSENGER MILES AND 10 TO 20 TIMES THE CARGO TONNAGE BY 1985. AIRPLANES ARE EXPECTED TO BE TWICE THE SIZE AND WEIGHT OF THOSE CURRENTLY FLYING. THE DEMANDS OF THESE LARGE, HEAVY, HIGH PERFORMANCE AIRCRAFT WILL BE MORE RIGOROUS THAN THOSE OF TODAY AND A NEW AND COMPREHENSIVE LOOK AT THE PAVEMENT'S ROLE IS NEEDED. THE SYSTEMS APPROACH HOLDS THE KEY TO AN INTEGRATED PLAN FOR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS. /AUTHOR/
Comparison of oral and intramuscular administration of iron for prevention of the late anemia of premature infants.

Intramuscular administration of iron, given at the time a weight of 2,100 grams is reached, is as effective as oral use of iron in the treatment of the late anemia of prematurity. No toxicity or untoward side effects were noted when iron was given intramuscularly in the manner and dosage described. Intramuscular administration of iron is preferred when follow-up of infants after discharge from the nursery is difficult. Where follow-up is assured, orally administered iron remains the treatment of choice. (See Addendum.)
An essay on the past and future (?) of information science education—I: Historical overview

Abstract The rapid and rather chaotic evolution of information science has left the field's academic sector in a largely disorganized state. This essay examines the basic issues confronting information science education, issues that must be resolved if information science education and thus information science itself are to evolve in an orderly fashion. For the quality of a field's professional services and research activities depends upon the quality of its formal academic programs. The essay is organized in three parts. In this first part are considered definitions and in a historic context the emergence, evolution and current state of information science and its education. The second part considers the “externalities” of education—problems and unresolved questions in information science education that deal with: (i) academic affiliations, (ii) degree levels, (iii) admission requirements, (iv) jurisdiction and (v) financing. The third part considers the problems and unresolved questions in respect to internal aspects (“internalities”) of information science education: (i) objectives, (ii) content, (iii) teachers and (iv) teaching. It is suggested that information science cannot prosper; possibly even survive in the next decade if serious, concentrated action is not undertaken in the “externalities” and “internalities” of its education. Recommendations about the areas that need action are made.
Visual Field Defects in Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

In 120 patients (168 eyes) with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), the pattern of visual field defects, and their relationship to the optic disc changes and visual acuity, were evaluated, both at the start of the disease and after a follow-up period; the various factors which influence the progress of visual field defects were also investigated. Visual field defects were seen much more frequently than defects in the visual acuity in AION. The field defects were present in 100% and 97% of the eyes with AION associated with temporal arteritis (Group I) and without temporal arteritis (Group II) respectively. The pattern of field defects, although complex and diverse, could be classified as optic-disc-related. In Group II, the commonest defects were inferior nasal segmental defect, inferior altitudinal hemianopic defect and central scotoma. In Group I, there was usually massive visual loss so that either no fields were obtained or only a small island field was seen, and in the rest the pattern was otherwise similar to that seen in Group II. In Group II, a marked potential for visual recovery was seen after systemic corticosteroid therapy, as compared to untreated cases (p<0.0005), especially when they were treated soon after the onset of AION while the optic disc still showed a fair amount of edema.
Cattle and Sheep from Old to New Spain: Historical Antecedents

Abstract The transfer of cattle and sheep from Spain to Mexico during the sixteenth century raises questions about regional evolution and variability of livestock economies in the source area, the regional and socioeconomic roots of the emigrants, and the ecological and economic integration of specific animals, management methods, and related products within New Spain. Such issues of diffusion, cultural adaptation and transformation must be disentangled before interpretation is attempted, and this paper focuses on the Old World antecedents. Traditional nineteenth-century patterns of livestock herding in different regions of the Iberian Peninsula were already established in Roman times and changed but little during the Islamic period. Long-distance sheep transhumance is verified prior to the Christian reconquest and was greatly amplified thereafter. Yet late Medieval Spain was not a great ranching frontier, but an agrosystem in which farming and livestock raising always formed a complementary but interlink...
Field testing of UV biological spectral weighting functions for higher plants

In biological research on the ozone depletion issue, action spectra are typically used as biological spectral weighting functions (BSWF). There has been little testing, however, of the appropriateness of different functions under realistic field conditions. Here we quantitatively evaluate a new BSWF for plant growth response to UV radiation, and other action spectra potentially usable as BSWF, in two seasons of field experiments. We utilized supplemental UV-B radiation with various combinations of filtered solar UV-A radiation. Our new BSWF, which we call the UV plant growth weighting function, indicates responses in the UV-A waveband. In field tests it proved to be the most appropriate weighting function for the responses we measured in oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Otana) over the two field seasons in these studies. A 10-day field experiment with canola, Brassica rapa L. cv. Goldrush, also suggested substantial effects of both UV-B and UV-A radiation on growth. If this new UV plant growth BSWF proves to be appropriate for many plant species, it represents a lower radiation amplification factor (RAF) than several previously used weighting functions for plants. This means less change in biologically effective UV for each increment of ozone column change. However, the lower RAF also means that experiments utilizing supplemental UV treatments have supplied milder doses of additional UV than intended, since they were based on BSWF that overemphasized UV-B and ignored the UV-A region. While we await continued field testing of BSWF on diverse taxa, we recommend: (1) reporting weighted irradiance with our new BSWF, and other appropriate functions; (2) continued reporting of the generalized plant weighted UV for continuity and comparative purposes, since it has been so widely used.
Effect of limited modification of amino groups on the reactivity of human factor Xa.

The basis of the specificity of human coagulation factor Xa has been probed with a reagent that reacts with nucleophiles, N-succinimidylpropionate. At pH 8.0 and 0.25 mM N-succinimidylpropionate, 0.4 μM factor Xa lost approx. 90% of its activity toward prothrombin in 4 min. The decay was first-order, k = 0.64 min−1, which increased to 0.98 min−1 in 1 mM Ca2+, and the dependence of k upon pH was consistent with primary amines being the target. The rate of modification was unaffected by the presence of a tetrapeptide substrate during modification; likewise, activity toward a tripeptide p-nitroanilide was unaltered during exposure of factor Xa to N-succinimidylpropionate with or without Ca2+. In addition, inhibition by antithrombin III was retained with a somewhat enhanced rate after modification; however, the acceleration of this by heparin was significally less. Kinetic determination of the number of residues modified gave a reaction order of 2.0, while reaction with N-succinimidyl[3H]propionate yielded labeled factor Xa containing 1.0 mol N-succinimidylpropionate/mol factor Xa and 50% normal clotting activity, or 2.0 mol N-succinimidylpropioate/mol and 1% activity, respectively. Thus, one nucleophilic group is required for the reaction of factor Xa with prothrombin but not for the hydrolysis of peptides or recognition of antithrombin III. The decay of clotting activity of the factor X zymogen in N-succinimidylpropionate was much slower though still Ca2+-dependent. Conversely, the reaction of a related compound — N-succinimidyl-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate or Bolton-Hunter reagent — with factor Xa broadly resembled that of N-succinimidylpropionate but the decay curves indicated more complex kinetics. Therefore, the target groups vary in their accessibility to modification according to the structural characteristics of both the protein and the reagent.
Trends in death rates from hypertensive disease in memphis, Tennessee, 1920–1960

Abstract Whatever the etiology of hypertensive diseases, it would seem that under present conditions of human resistance and environment these diseases are losing ground in Memphis. Perhaps an important factor in their decline has been the influence of selective mortality and of environmental improvements that tend to raise what may be called non-specific human resistance. The data from this mortality study lend support to the ideas that: (1) much of what was formerly called nephritis is now called hypertensive disease; and (2) there has been a long-term decline in mortality from hypertensive disease similar to the pattern of nfectious disease.
On the equations of motion of shells in the reference state

Shell motion equations derived in terms of reference state from three-dimensional theory based on Cauchy motion laws for undeformed bodies
Critical points in the 16-moment approximation

The singular points in steady state, field-aligned plasma transport models based on velocity moment theory are examined. In particular, two separate singular points in the equations obtained from the 16-moment approximation are identified. These equations are presented in a form that makes the singularities apparent, and they are solved in a simple illustrative case. The singular points, one occurring at the sonic point and the other at a critical value of the parallel heat flux, give rise to different outflow regimes, characterized generically by different asymptotic behavior. The existence of the different outflow regimes separated by the heat flux critical point has been only hinted at in previous discussions of numerical simulation of the polar wind.
Enantioselective α-Hydroxylation of 2-Arylacetic Acid Derivatives and Buspirone Catalyzed by Engineered Cytochrome P450 BM-3

Here we report that an engineered microbial cytochrome P450 BM-3 (CYP102A subfamily) efficiently catalyzes the α-hydroxylation of phenylacetic acid esters. This P450 BM-3 variant also produces the authentic human metabolite of buspirone, R-6-hydroxybuspirone, with 99.5% ee.
Aptitude and Experience Influences on Proportional Reasoning during Adolescence: Focus on Male-Female Differences.

This study investigated the role of aptitudes and experience in sex-related differences in proportional reasoning. Subjects were 778 7th, 9th, and 11th graders. Fewer than half the subjects consistently displayed proportional reasoning, with females slightly less successful than males. Sex-related differences in proportional reasoning were not accounted for by various measures of spatial ability, field dependence-independence, or Piagetian formal reasoning. Course experience in mathematics and science did not explain the differences. A single-aptitude explanation for the observed sex differences in proportional reasoning seems unlikely, and many additional influences of experience remain to be investigated.
AffyMAPSDetector: a software tool to characterize Affymetrix GeneChip expression arrays with respect to SNPs.

Background Affymetrix gene expression arrays incorporate paired perfect match (PM) and mismatch (MM) probes to distinguish true signals from those arising from cross-hybridization events. A MM signal often shows greater intensity than a PM signal; we propose that one underlying cause is the presence of allelic variants arising from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To annotate and characterize SNP contributions to anomalous probe binding behavior we have developed a software tool called AffyMAPSDetector.
A Practical Device for the Transfer of Liquid Reagents at Low Temperature

A convenient and practical device designed for cooling and transferring air-sensitive reagents at low temperature during laboratory syntheses is described. The setup can be easily constructed from a cannula and a cooling/insulating sheath with an optional circulating chiller.
The confusion between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in youth: where does it stand in the 1990s?

ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether the bias against diagnosing bipolar disorder in youth continues, and if so, why. Method Subjects are bipolar and schizophrenic patients taken from a county-wide sample of first admissions for psychosis. Patients are given structured interviews and consensus diagnoses at intake and 6 months. Age of onset of psychosis, gender, and 6-month consensus diagnosis between both groups are compared. To assess diagnostic bias, diagnostic stability and facility discharge diagnoses are examined in young (aged 15 through 20 years) versus adult (aged 30 through 40 years) patients. Results Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are diagnosed at similar rates in younger age groups by 6-month consensus. However, bipolar disorder was underdiagnosed by Suffolk County's psychiatric hospitals in the youth. The stability of both disorders in both age groups was similar and excellent. Schizophrenia had a slightly older age at first psychosis than bipolar disorder and an equal gender representation. Bipolar disorder in males was rare after age 30. Conclusions Community psychiatrists no longer call young bipolar patients schizophrenic, but they underdiagnose bipolar disorder. The more complicated nature of early-onset bipolar disorder may be a contributing factor.
Diverse functions of aromatase: O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin.

In studying the diverse functions of aromatase we found that purified and reconstituted aromatase also catalyzes O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. Aromatase cytochrome P450 was purified from human term placentas by monoclonal antiaromatase P450 antibody-Sepharose 4B column chromatography. Kinetic analysis of the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin by reconstituted aromatase showed Km of 200 microM, Vmax of 12.5 nmol.min-1.mg-1, and turnover rate of 1.06 min-1. 7-Ethoxycoumarin competitively inhibited androstenedione aromatization, the Ki was 180 microM. Fadrozole (CGS16949A), a specific competitive aromatase inhibitor, and MAb3-2C2, an antiaromatase P450 monoclonal antibody, inhibited both aromatase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities dose responsively. The IC50 of Fadrozole was 33 nM for aromatase and 67 nM for 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase. The IC50 of MAb3-2C2 was 1.1 micrograms IgG for aromatase and 4.0 micrograms IgG for 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase. These results indicate that the two enzyme activities are catalyzed by the same active site of the cytochrome P450. Contrary to the previous postulate on the mechanism-based inactivation of microsomal aromatase by 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione, we found that with purified aromatase, both the initial 19-hydroxylase and the after lyase reactions are simultaneously inactivated by the steroid suicide inhibitor.
Gas drag in primordial circumplanetary envelopes: A mechanism for satellite capture

Known properties of the current solar system and Bodenheimer's (1977) model of early Jovian evolution are employed to develop a mechanism for satellite capture based on gas drag in primordial circumplanetary envelopes. In particular, the deceleration and fragmentation of two parent bodies passing through an extended primordial Jovian nebula may account for the clusters of prograde and retrograde satellites of Jupiter. Subsequently, the fragments probably underwent limited orbital evolution, and were dispersed by collision with a stray body. The heavy element cores of the outer planets may also be due to primordial gas drag capture. Nebular drag capture of the Martian satellites Phobos and Deimos, Neptune's Nereid and Triton, and Saturn's Phoebe and Iapetus is also conceivable.
Effects of rare-earth oxide catalysts on the ignition and combustion characteristics of boron nanoparticles

Abstract Boron is a potential choice as a fuel additive, especially for biofuels, because it has a high volumetric heating value among different practical metal additives. Although theoretically it can yield a great amount of energy upon complete combustion, its combustion is retarded by the initial presence of boron oxide which coats the particle surface. The present study deals with an experimental investigation of the ignition and combustion behaviors of boron and ball-milled samples of boron and rare earth oxide catalysts in an ethanol spray flame. Commercial boron nanoparticles and both commercial and synthesized ceria-based catalysts have been used for this study. A simple ball-milling technique was employed to prepare the catalyst coated samples, and this technique can be easily adapted for production of large batches. It was observed that the addition of nano-sized catalyst particles to boron nanoparticles improved the ignition characteristics (significant reduction in ignition delay) of the boron. Three different percentages of catalyst loading were tested to determine the effects of catalyst loading on both the ignition behavior of the boron and the primary combustion reaction. Analysis of BO 2 ∗ emissions and of the exiting particles confirmed complete boron combustion in the combustor geometry. The nanoparticles containing ceria demonstrated improvements in both boron ignition (reduced ignition delay time) and (less significantly) the ethanol combustion.
Modesty and Monarchy: Rethinking Empress Maria Theresa at Schönbrunn

The austrian habsburg court under Empress Maria Theresa has been characterized as combining an informal domesticity with a rigid ceremonial structure inherited from her predecessors. In this picture of life at the Habsburg court, the strict protocol and elaborate calendar of ceremonies only partially designated how the imperial family structured its time; protocol and ceremony coexisted, it would seem, with more casual and relaxed forms of familial interaction. Popular Austrian writing on Maria Theresa has stressed the image of the empress as mother, and the maternal quality of this portrait has colored some modern notions of how her palaces were occupied and used. Tourists visiting Schonbrunn palace, for example, are often told that many of its rooms were designed with familial contact in mind, and the resulting picture of the palace's use and habitation is curiously modern. The notion that an “imperial domesticity” governed actions at Maria Theresa's Schonbrunn has found its way into scholarly literature as well; one scholar has gone so far as to describe Schonbrunn's admixture of ceremonial and intimate spaces as vorbiedermeierlich, that is, prefiguring the family-oriented, bourgeois culture of nineteenth-century Vienna. The instigator of this myth may be Stefan Zweig, who in 1932 described Marie Antoinette's childhood at Schonbrunn as one filled with carefree play, personal freedom, and adventure, all of which prepared her inadequately for her future role as queen of France. The modern visitor to Schonbrunn might be forgiven for thinking that, despite the palace's sumptuous rooms and elegant decoration, it differs minimally from the modern single-family home.
Analysis of the Single-stranded DNA Bacteriophage φX174, Refined at a Resolution of 3·0 Å

Abstract The structure of the bacteriophage φX174 was examined in a 2·7 A resolution map and refined, using 6·0 A 3·0 A resolution data with F ≥ 5σ(F). The final R -factor was 20·9% and the root-mean-square deviation from idealized bond lengths was 0·021 A. The Hendrickson-Konnert refinement was restrained by the phases derived from the molecular replacement icosahedral averaging procedure. The mature phage capsid consists of 60 copies of the F protein with 426 amino acids, the G protein with 175 amino acids and the J protein with 37 amino acids, as well as 12 copies of the H protein with 328 amino acids. The entire polypeptide chain of the F and G protein, all but the first N-terminal residue of the J protein, and 178 solvent molecules were included in the refinement calculations. The secondary structural features of the F, G and J proteins and their interactions with each other are described. The majority of the protein-protein interactions are between the icosahedral 5-fold related interfaces of the F and of the G proteins. These pentameric units of the F and G proteins form the 9 S and 6 S assembly intermediates, respectively. The J protein lacks any secondary structure and acts as a linking arm between the icosahedral 5-fold related F proteins. Water molecules were introduced only after phase extension to 2·7 A resolution had been completed. The F protein is associated with lower "thermal" parameters and exhibits greater water order in its environment than the G and J proteins. The largest thermal parameters occur in residues on the viral surface. The solvent contributes to the interactions between the proteins. There is an interface of solvent molecules between the F and the G pentamers which stabilizes the pentameric G protein spikes in a crater centered at each of the icosahedral 5-fold vertices of the F protein capsid. Sequence alignments of the F, G and J amino acid sequences for the homologous bacteriophages G4, α3, φK and φX174 with respect to the φX174 structure demonstrated the conservation of functionally important residues on the vital surface.
Review of the diagnosis and treatment of major depression for the non‐mental health professional

This paper is a review of the diagnosis and treatment of major depression for health professionals and the public. It is designed to help non-mental health professionals understand the important health and societal consequences of major depression. And, it serves as a guide to help health professionals make the diagnosis of major depression and explore treatment options with patients. Depression 3:108–120 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An algorithm for best approximate solutions ofAx=b with a smooth strictly convex norm

In this paper, overdetermined systems ofm linear equations inn unknowns are considered. With? m equipped with a smooth strictly convex norm, ?·?, an iterative algorithm for finding the best approximate solution of the linear system which minimizes the ?·?-error is given. The convergence of the algorithm is established and numerical results are presented for the case when ?·? is anl p norm, 1<p<?.