cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending the fatigue life of steel bridges using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites

Abstract: This chapter examines the use of fiber-reinforced polymeric doublers to repair fatigue damage in steel bridges. The use of composite materials to prevent and limit fatigue damage is discussed for various types of structural elements, loading conditions and geometric configurations. Fatigue damage in steel bridges is classified into two broad categories based on the type of driving force mechanism: in-plane and out-of-plane or distortion-induced fatigue damage. Methods of repair for both types of fatigue damage are presented. The chapter includes discussions on the use of composite materials to repair fatigue damage in plates subjected to tension, in welded connections and in cross-frame to girder web connections. The main parameters affecting the performance of each type of repair are presented and discussed, based on the results from computer simulations and experiments with components and systems subjected to cyclic loading.
Meaningful Communication in Primates, Birds, and Other Animals

Communication plays a role, and sometimes a major role, in almost all aspects of behavior that have to do with higher cognition in animals. Research in this area has usually concentrated on several distinct topics, these being memory, problem solving, learning, using tools, concept formation and categorization, referential signaling, inferring the state of another, and even engaging in hunting. Debates on the cognitive abilities of apes have dominated the last decade and have been the impetus for a substantial volume of research and innovative writing (e.g., Byrne, 1995; Byrne and Whiten, 1988; Carruthers and Smith, 1996; Harcourt, 2000; Heyes, 1998; Heyes and Huber, 2000; Parker and Gibson, 1990; Gibson and Ingold, 1993; Russon et al., 1996; Sternberg and Kaufman, 2002). Many experiments conducted with chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans have since underscored the belief that great apes have higher cognitive abilities, but the view that these might be unique to great apes amongst animals has become incresingly doubtful.
Coal: Prospects in the Twenty-First Century: Exhaustion Trumped by Global Warming?

There has been a great transformation in the nature and location of use of coal, as well as in the location of its production. China and India have emerged as the major producers and consumers of coal. Electricity generation has become its main use. Interest in coal as a replacement for depleting oil and natural gas resources remains, but at a greatly diminished level. Fears of global warming have supplemented traditional concerns about pollution from coal. These and other concerns have led to extensive policies regulating the production and use of coal. The United States has programs affecting labor standards in coal mining, reclamation of mined land, leasing of coal resources on federally owned land, and air and water pollution. Air pollution controls try to directly control pollution through standards on the allowable pollutant content in the atmosphere and to indirectly regulate it by setting emission standards at individual pollution sources. These complex and overlapping regulations are proving difficult to design and implement. As global warming control must be worldwide, its achievement involves daunting implementation barriers.
Grade Groups Provide Improved Predictions of Pathological and Early Oncologic Outcomes Compared with Gleason Score Risk Groups

Purpose:The GG (Grade Group) system was introduced in 2013. Data from academic centers suggest that GG better distinguishes between prostate cancer risk groups than the Gleason score (GS) risk grou...
Perception of talker height and sex from children’s voices

Several recent studies have investigated the ability of listeners to judge the height of adult talkers from their speech. Here, we examine the perception of talker height from a sample of /hVd/ syllables spoken by children ranging in age from 5 through 18 years, with 3 talkers of each sex at each age level. Twenty college students judged the height and sex of the talker for each trial. Perceptual estimates of height were moderately correlated with actual height (for males, r = 0.78; for females, r = 0.67). Consistent with our recent findings concerning the perception of talker age [Barreda & Assmann, JASA-EL 143(5), EL361, 2018], listeners' judgments of talker height appear to incorporate assumptions about talker sex and the relationships between speech acoustics and veridical height for male and female talkers of different heights. For example, when older girls were misidentified as boys, their height was likely to be underestimated. This behavior results in predictable error patterns in height judgments from speech: in situations where talker sex is misidentified, listeners apply the “wrong” acoustic model to estimate talker height, leading to correlated error patterns between apparent height and sex. Several recent studies have investigated the ability of listeners to judge the height of adult talkers from their speech. Here, we examine the perception of talker height from a sample of /hVd/ syllables spoken by children ranging in age from 5 through 18 years, with 3 talkers of each sex at each age level. Twenty college students judged the height and sex of the talker for each trial. Perceptual estimates of height were moderately correlated with actual height (for males, r = 0.78; for females, r = 0.67). Consistent with our recent findings concerning the perception of talker age [Barreda & Assmann, JASA-EL 143(5), EL361, 2018], listeners' judgments of talker height appear to incorporate assumptions about talker sex and the relationships between speech acoustics and veridical height for male and female talkers of different heights. For example, when older girls were misidentified as boys, their height was likely to be underestimated. This behavior results in predictable error patterns in height judgments...
Recurrent natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct in a 59-year-old Caucasian woman.

ABSTRACTA 59-year-old Caucasian woman with past medical history significant for Natural Killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma of the right nasal septum in remission for nine months presented after surveillan...
Individual differences in the biological basis of androphilia in mice and men.

Abstract For nearly 60 years since the seminal paper from W.C Young and colleagues (Phoenix et al., 1959), the principles of sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior have maintained that female-typical sexual behaviors (e.g., lordosis) and sexual preferences (e.g., attraction to males) are the result of low androgen levels during development, whereas higher androgen levels promote male-typical sexual behaviors (e.g., mounting and thrusting) and preferences (e.g., attraction to females). However, recent reports suggest that the relationship between androgens and male-typical behaviors is not always linear – when androgen signaling is increased in male rodents, via exogenous androgen exposure or androgen receptor overexpression, males continue to exhibit male-typical sexual behaviors, but their sexual preferences are altered such that their interest in same-sex partners is increased. Analogous to this rodent literature, recent findings indicate that high level androgen exposure may contribute to the sexual orientation of a subset of gay men who prefer insertive anal sex and report more male-typical gender traits, whereas gay men who prefer receptive anal sex, and who on average report more gender nonconformity, present with biomarkers suggestive of low androgen exposure. Together, the evidence indicates that for both mice and men there is an inverted-U curvilinear relationship between androgens and sexual preferences, such that low and high androgen exposure increases androphilic sexual attraction, whereas relative mid-range androgen exposure leads to gynephilic attraction. Future directions for studying how individual differences in biological development mediate sexual behavior and sexual preferences in both mice and humans are discussed.
Investigating Geopolymer Cement Performance in Presence of Water based Drilling Fluid

Abstract Oil well cementing is one of the most important steps in drilling and completion processes and providing a full zonal isolation which is the most important features in the oil cementing. Traditionally, Portland cement is used for oil cementing operations, however, a few years ago, a new cost-effective material came to light called geopolymer. In this research, a fly ash class C based geopolymer was used. This research investigates the effect of drilling fluid contamination with geopolymer cement to understand its impact on geopolymer rheological and mechanical performance. Initially, the optimized geopolymer was prepared and mixed with different drilling fluid ratios, including 0%, 5%, and 10% by weight of cement at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature (24 °C). Same percentages were added to Portland cement to compare it with the geopolymer. Four tests were conducted to determine the effects of drilling fluids including: rheology, density, fluid-loss, and compressive strength for different curing time (1 day, 3 days, and 7 days). Results showed that drilling fluids enhanced the geopolymer rheological behavior by improving geopolymer viscosity and reducing the fluid loss. Drilling fluids reduced the geopolymer viscosity which facilitates the pumping operation during the cementing. In contrast, mixing the drilling fluid with Portland cement had a negative effect on rheological behavior as well as fluid loss. Mixing the drilling fluid with Portland cement increased the fluid loss significantly. In term of compressive strength, as the amount of drilling fluids increased, the compressive strength of geopolymer was not significantly affected. After 3 days curing time, geopolymer lost about 8.5% of its strength when 5% of drilling fluids weight percent was added. Whereas, Portland cement has lost 38.4% of its strength when 5% of drilling fluids weight percent was added. After 7 days curing time, geopolymer lost about 23% of its strength when 5% of drilling fluid by weight of cement was added. However, Portland cement lost 49% of compressive strength in the same conditions. These obtained results indicates that geopolymer has the ability to withstand the drilling fluids contamination.
Group interviews for a cohort hire: Lessons learned at the University of Wyoming

After several years of hiring freezes, the University of Wyoming (UW) Libraries received approval from university administration to recruit three entry-level librarians for our Research and Instruction Services (R&I) department. Staffing reductions made dedicated librarian support for disciplines unrealistic, so three traditional liaison positions were reframed as learning and engagement, student success, and instructional design librarians to align with the university’s emphasis on undergraduate retention. Library administration assembled a committee in January 2018 to conduct a triple search.
Cell-Type Specific Gene Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Central Nervous System

Since 1964 when Nagatsu, Levitt and Udenfriend1 identified and partially characterized tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) from the rat adrenal gland as the rate limiting enzyme in the catecholamine (CA) biosynthetic pathway, TH has become one of the most studied enzymes in biochemistry, pharmacology and neuroscience. It has been also widely used as a marker protein for catecholamine neurons in the studies on human brain diseases that include behavioral (Schizophrenia, depression, drug abuse, etc.) and neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson’s disease).
A Conversation with Sandra L. Bertman.

Sandra L. Bertman has held several faculty positions, among them Professor of Humanities in Medicine, UMass Medical School; Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Nova Osteopathic Medicine; an...
Use of SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are the newest class of oral antihyperglycemic medications approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Although they are not approved for use in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), SGLT2 inhibitors may help DM1 patients achieve their HbA1c goals by decreasing their insulin requirements, without inducing hypoglycemic episodes and weight gain. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 26 patients with DM1 treated with off-label SGLT-2 inhibitors. The primary objective was change in HbA1c and weight. The secondary objective was assessing the effect on insulin requirements, blood pressure, and lipid profile. Results: Improvement in HbA1c level was seen in 20 of the 26 patients (77%) after initiation of SGLT-2 inhibitors. The average decrease in HbA1c was 0.32% (P = .032), with changes seen as early as 1 month posttherapy and maintained with continued SGLT-2 inhibitor use. There was a trend toward weight loss that was not significant. No significant changes in blood pressure or lipid profiles were seen except for a slight increase in low-density lipoprotein (P = .049). No patient developed euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Three patients discontinued therapy due to uncontrolled genital yeast infections. Conclusion: SGLT-2 inhibitors can be a useful adjunctive therapy in patients with DM1 to improve glycemic control and weight. Although our study did not show any significant changes in the metabolic profile and insulin requirements in these patients, a larger sample size may yield different results.
An Accurate Method for Designing, Characterizing, and Testing a Multi-Layer Radome for mm-Wave Applications

This paper presents an accurate procedure to design, characterize and test a radome for millimeter-wave applications. In this procedure, an accurate analytical model is presented to design a radome structure that takes into consideration the bandwidth, losses, reflections and depolarization factor as a function of frequency and incident angle. To guarantee a good operational electrical performance, the proposed procedure includes a material characterization and accurate test procedure based on the free-space Gaussian beam method and time gating filtering technique. Four radomes (two-monolithic and two A-sandwich) at 82 GHz and 94 GHz are designed, characterized and tested to validate the proposed technique. Results obtained with this procedure are compared with numerical simulations and experimental results. This method is shown to be accurate and versatile for radomes in mm-Wave applications.
Reason for refusal of insulin therapy among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in primary care clinic in Bangalore

Background: Early initiation of insulin therapy and thereby the better control of blood sugar levels has shown reduction in complications. Although insulin therapy has been demonstrated to be efficacious, its initiation is often delayed due to multiple factors including the refusal of insulin therapy by the patients. This study aims to explore the reasons for the refusal of insulin therapy in a resource-constrained primary care setting in an urban slum in India. Materials and Methods: We included 148 patients who required insulin therapy but refused. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered by a primary care physician. Chi-square test was done to test the association between demographic factors and the reasons for refusal. P
A Survey on Cloudlets, Mobile Edge, and Fog Computing

Internet of Things (IoT) continues to play a critical role with a rapid increase in connected devices. Fog computing, accompanied by the edge paradigms for computing such as cloudlet, mobile edge, and multi-access edge computing (MEC), provide solutions to manage massive volume of time-sensitive and security-critical data produced by the IoT. The centralized cloud computing experiences various network challenges such as high latency which is not sufficient to meet the rigorous of IoT applications.
Are Black Holes Fussy Eaters

New observational techniques and theoretical ideas are enabling us to find black holes and measure their masses with increasing precision, and we may soon be able to measure black hole spins. We are now in a position to study the formation and demography of black holes, and to develop a deeper understanding of how they interact with their environments.
A Modulatory Effect of Pituitary Polypeptides on Peripheral Nerve and Muscle

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the modulatory effect of pituitary polypeptides on peripheral nerve and muscle. Pituitary polypeptides are implicated in many ways in the modulation of nervous activity. The implantation of ACTH 4-10, in various brain regions indicates that it exerts its effects within the nervous system. Studies on peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle also indicate an extradrenal effect of pituitary polypeptides, an action that may involve the neuromuscular junction. In these experiments, adult male rats weighing from 200 to 300 g were maintained on a 12 hr dark-12 hr light schedule. α-MSH, β-MSH, ACTH 4-10 ,-7-L-phe and its D-isomer were administered to normal and hypophysectomized rats. These are all pituitary polypeptides, sharing a common amino acid sequence and without adrenocortical stimulating action. ACTH 4-10 ,-7-L-phe and α-MSH increase the amplitude of sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle action potentials (APs) and decrease fatigue, when measured in situ during 30 min of nerve stimulation. The augmenting action of these polypeptides on AP amplitude is most clearly seen in fatigued animals and particularly in the hypophysectomized, fatigued rat.
HST Imaging of GM Aurigae: A Circumstellar Disk Seen in Scattered Light

GM Aurigae (HBC 77, IRAS 04519+3017) is a K3V classical T Tauri star located at a distance of 140 pc. It is a young (l-2xl06 yrs), low-mass (0.7 M⊙), low-luminosity (0.8 L⊙ ) object with far-infrared and submillimeter excesses indicating substantial circumstellar dust. The absence of optical jets or high velocity CO indicates that the source lacks any bipolar outflow. The excess emission has been well-modeled by assuming the source possesses a circumstellar disk of diameter 300 AU and mass 0.1 M⊙ (Beckwith et al. 1990 AJ 99 924). The IRAS 12 µm flux is below disk model predictions, however, which has led to speculation that the disk has an inner hole of radius 0.4 AU (Marsh and Mahoney 1993 Ap.J. 405 L71).
Decay and Strichartz Estimates for DNLS

one deals with time evolution problem, which does not improve smoothness with time. This simple but very fundamental observation (in sharp contrast with the better behaved parabolic evolution) has necessitated radically different approach to the standard questions of local and global well-posedness, persistence of smoothness, stability of localized structures etc. Indeed, tackling these questions took some time, in fact the first rigorous mathematical results did not appear until the late 70’s. Let us explain some of the ingredients that were crucial for understanding these issues. First, for F = 0 in (1), we have the representation
Effect of high temperatures on three-way automotive catalysts

The thermal deactivation of current automotive three-way catalysts (TWCs) was studied under various high temperature conditions to determine which were most damaging. The catalysts were aged on an engine dynamometer simulating the U.S. emission durability cycle with additional periodic exposure to high temperatures. The deactivation was measured as a function of the duration, temperature and air-fuel ratio during the high temperature exposure. With lean air-fuel ratios during the high temperature exposure, TWC performance as measured at 600/sup 0/F was most susceptible to deactivation showing appreciable loss of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) conversions after 20 minutes of aging at 1600/sup 0/F. The TWC performance as measured at 800/sup 0/F had comparable loss only after 60 minutes of aging at 2200/sup 0/F. With rich air-fuel ratios the TWC performance remained nearly unaffected by aging up to 2000/sup 0/F. The results are explained in terms of the loss of active metal surface area and the rates of the various reactions involved in TWC operation.
Lydia J.Roberts's Nutrition Research and the Rhetoric of "Democratic" Science

This article examines nutritionist Lydia J. Roberts s use of the "democratic approach" as a rhetorical strategy both to build solidarity among scientists and to enact participatory research in a rural Puerto Rican community. This example suggests that participatory scientific methodologies are not necessarily democratic but may function rhetorically to serve nondemocratic purposes.
High Potential Iron Sulfur Proteins

Keywords: iron; non-Heme Proteins; iron-Sulfur Clusters; electron transfer protein; bacterial electron transport; fe4S4 prosthetic group related to bacterial ferredoxins
An example of computer-enhanced analysis

In this report, a first order nonlinear partial differential equation with a parameter dependent initial condition is examined. Even though an analytic solution of the equation is determined, a surprising bifurcation phenomenon is discovered via computer graphics. This “computer-discovered” bifurcation, in turn, leads to further mathematical analysis and deeper geometric understanding of the solution. Indeed, this is a simple example of an elementary catastrophe (in the sense of Thorn) and demonstrates the usefulness of numerical computations in providing qualitative information even in the presence of exact solutions.
A single component provides improved magamp regulator performance

The most common magamp configuration employs current reset and is driven by a pulse-width-modulated input waveform. Adjustment of the output impedance of the reset stage of this configuration can dramatically improve the regulator's line ripple rejection. Measured and analytical results are presented. >
EEG arousal norms by age.

Study Objectives:Brief arousals have been systematically scored during sleep for more than 20 years. Despite significant knowledge concerning the importance of arousals for the sleep process in nor...
Abridgment of double windings for turbine alternators

Large turbine alternators with two similar independent armature windings to permit the electrical segregation of bus sections in large stations without loss of synchronizing power have recently been proposed. Several such generators have been installed or are under construction, and it now seems that they will become of paramount importance in very large future stations. This paper explains the theory and design limitations of these double-winding generators, and describes their application in systems having different types of bus connections.
Distribution of Androgen Receptor mRNA Expression in Vocal, Auditory, and Neuroendocrine Circuits in a Teleost Fish

Across all major vertebrate groups, androgen receptors (ARs) have been identified in neural circuits that shape reproductive-related behaviors, including vocalization. The vocal control network of teleost fishes presents an archetypal example of how a vertebrate nervous system produces social, context-dependent sounds. We cloned a partial cDNA of AR that was used to generate specific probes to localize AR expression throughout the central nervous system of the vocal plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus). In the forebrain, AR mRNA is abundant in proposed homologs of the mammalian striatum and amygdala, and in anterior and posterior parvocellular and magnocellular nuclei of the preoptic area, nucleus preglomerulosus, and posterior, ventral and anterior tuberal nuclei of the hypothalamus. Many of these nuclei are part of the known vocal and auditory circuitry in midshipman. The midbrain periaqueductal gray, an essential link between forebrain and hindbrain vocal circuitry, and the lateral line recipient nucleus medialis in the rostral hindbrain also express abundant AR mRNA. In the caudal hindbrain-spinal vocal circuit, high AR mRNA is found in the vocal prepacemaker nucleus and along the dorsal periphery of the vocal motor nucleus congruent with the known pattern of expression of aromatase-containing glial cells. Additionally, abundant AR mRNA expression is shown for the first time in the inner ear of a vertebrate. The distribution of AR mRNA strongly supports the role of androgens as modulators of behaviorally defined vocal, auditory, and neuroendocrine circuits in teleost fish and vertebrates in general.
The human locus coeruleus and anxiogenesis

Electrical stimulation of locus coeruleus (LC), via permanently implanted electrodes with confirmed localization and effectiveness, did not elicit any subjective or behavioral manifestations of anxiety. This is evidence against the hypothesis that LC is a mediator of anxiogenesis in man.
Controllability for a class of simple Wiener–Hammerstein systems

Abstract Controllability for a class of simple Wiener–Hammerstein systems is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for dead-beat and complete controllability for these systems are presented. The controllability tests consist of two easy-to-check tests for the subsystems.
A low-power resonant micromachined compass

This paper describes a micromachined magnetic field sensor based on magnetic resonant structures. A micromechanical resonator fabricated using surface micromachining techniques is modified so as to incorporate a magnetic material. The shift of the fundamental mechanical resonant frequency of the device, caused by the interaction of the external magnetic field and the magnetic component of the resonant system, is used to determine the amplitude or the direction of the external field. We have designed, fabricated and tested two types of micromachined magnetic field sensors relying on the proposed principle of operation. The fabrication of the sensors follows CMOS-compatible and low temperature processes based on surface micromachining. Devices have been fabricated which exhibit a minimum resolution of 45° at 30 µT or less, at an excitation voltage of 10 V, demonstrating their utility as a magnetic compass. The power consumed to actuate the resonator is on the order of 20 nW. A theoretical model of the magnetic field sensor was developed using vibration analysis and nonlinear deflection theory. Good agreement was observed between the predicted and observed behavior of the compass.
A hybrid algorithm for solving the absolute value equation

We propose a hybrid algorithm for solving the NP-hard absolute value equation (AVE): \(Ax-|x|=b\), where \(A\) is an \(n\times n\) square matrix. The algorithm makes no assumptions on the AVE other than solvability and consists of solving iteratively a linear system of equations followed by a linear program. The algorithm was tested on 100 consecutively generated random solvable instances of the AVE with \(n=\) 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000. The algorithm solved \(100\,\%\) of the test problems to an accuracy of \(10^{-8}\) by solving an average of 2.77 systems of linear equations and linear programs per AVE.
Being Conscious of Ourselves

1. Consciousness of the Self What is it that we are conscious of when we are conscious of ourselves? Hume famously despaired of finding self, as against simply finding various impressions and ideas, when, as he put it, "I enter most in timately into what I call myself"1 "When I turn my reflexion on myself I never can perceive this ^//without some one or more perceptions; nor can I ever perceive any thing but the perceptions."2 It is arguable that the way Hume attempted to become conscious of the self seriously stacked the deck against success. Hume assumed that being conscious of a self would have to consist in perceiving that self. Per ceiving things does make one conscious of them, but perceiving some thing is not the only way we can be conscious of it. We are also conscious of something when we have a thought about that thing as being present. I may be conscious of an object in front of me by seeing it or hearing it; but, if my eyes are closed and the object makes no sound, I may be conscious of it instead by having a thought that it is there in front of me. Not all thoughts one can have about an object result in one's being conscious of that object. We resist the idea that having thoughts about objects we take to be distant in place or time, such as Saturn or Caesar, makes one conscious of those objects; so the thought must be about the object as being present to one. And the thought must presumably have an assertorie mental attitude; doubting and wondering something about an object do not make one conscious of the object. Nor does simply being disposed to have a thought about something make one conscious of it; the thought must be occurrent. But having an occurrent, assertorie thought about an object as being present does intuitively make one conscious of that object. Hume would presumably have argued that this alternative way of being conscious of things has no advantage here, since he maintained that thinking
Cortisol Production by Cells Isolated from the Outer and Inner Zones of the Adrenal Cortex of the Guinea Pig

Cortisol production by cells isolated from the outer (glomerulosa and fasciculata) and inner (reticularis) zones of the adrenal cortex of the guinea pig was evaluated in order to clarify the steroidogenic function of the zona reticularis. Basal cortisol production by the outer zone cells was 5-10 times greater than that by the inner zone cells. Cells from the outer zone increased cortisol production in response to ACTH (ED50, approximately 33 pg/ml), while cells from the inner zone failed to respond to ACTH. Likewise, cells from the outer zone increased cortisol production in response to (Bu)2cAMP, while cells from the inner zone failed to respond. When either pregnenolone or progesterone was added to the incubation mixture, an increase in cortisol production by cells of the inner zone was noted, although the increase was significantly less than that observed for cells from the outer zone. These results suggest that the zona reticularis of the guinea pig adrenal ordinarily produces little or no cortisol, although the enzyme machinery is present and capable of producing a limited amount of cortisol when supplied with the appropriate precursor.
Tissue response to intraosseous implants in albino rats.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the soft or hard tissue surrounding isolated intraosseous implants. Implant screws were machined to uniform dimension from three gold-base alloys, two cobalt-base alloys, two stainless steel, and one platinum-iridium alloy. Adult, male albino rats (375 to 475 grams) were used. Perforations were made on the lateral aspect of the femur bone by means of friction-grip, round carbide burs, and screws were placed loosely in the perforations. Each animal received one implant only. Sham-operated controls were included for each group. Animals were killed at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Longitudinal sections of the bone (with respect to the longitudinal axis of the implant) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A layer of connective tissue was present surrounding all implants. This capsule differed according to the type of metal and the duration of implantation. The formation and maturation of new bone appeared to have begun in the spiral adjacent to the periosteal end of the screw and to have proceeded toward the apex of the screw. Implants were completely encapsulated by newly formed bone at the end of the fourth week. The rate of formation of bone appeared to be higher in the control wounds. On the basis of the amount of bone formed around the implants, cobalt-base and stainless steel alloys were found to be more suitable for implantation than the other materials tested.
Design calculations for countercurrent gas-liquid reactors

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed for a countercurrent differential contactor in which a gas-liquid reaction occurs. The local mass transfer rates near the gas-liquid interface are computed from a stagnant film model that includes a second-order reaction term. The contactor model accounts for enhancement of the gas absorption rate as well as the contributions to liquid reactant conversion from both the boundary layer region and the bulk liquid. Orthogonal collocation based on Lobatto polynomials has been used to solve the nonlinear equations for both the local mass transfer rates and the macroscopic differential mass balances. Parametric studies indicate that the number of transfer units, the chemical reaction kinetics and the absorption factor all play important roles in determining reactor performance. Collocation techniques are also employed to solve the design equations that include liquid-phase axial dispersion in the countercurrent gas-liquid reactor. These techniques have been found to be sufficiently efficient and robust that they should be useful for reactor design and parameter estimation applications.
The Olympic Games: Sport as International Politics

(1984). The Olympic Games: Sport as International Politics. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 23-30.
Insulin-sensitive tyrosine kinase is increased in livers of adult obese Zucker rats: correction with prolonged fasting.

Adult obese Zucker rats (fa.fa) are hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant. Specific insulin binding to crude membranes prepared from livers was 2.8% (per mg protein) in fatty animals compared with 7.9% in homozygous lean (Fa,Fa) and 9.0.% in heterozygous lean (Fa.fa) animals. Insulin binding increased in liver membranes from fatty animals after a 72-h fast to 6.4%. The reduced insulin binding in livers from fatty rats was associated with elevated insulin-sensitive tyrosine kinase activity, which fell towards control values after the fast. The elevated tyrosine kinase activity was associated with an increased maximum velocity (Vmax without a change in Michaelis- Menten constant (Km) for its substrates, ATP and poly(Glu,Tyr)4:l. These findings suggest that, in adult fatty rats, insulin-sensitive tyrosine kinase has increased intrinsic activity. Further, the effect of the prolonged fast on both insulin binding and kinase activity, suggest that in this model environmental factors, and not necessarily a genet...
The use of financial incentives in promoting smoking cessation

article i nfo Available online 16 April 2012 Keywords: Incentives Contingency management Smoking cessation Tobacco Nicotine Behavioral Reinforcement Objective: CigarettesmokingistheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheUnitedStatesandworld.Despite the availability of numerous therapies for smoking cessation, additional efficacious interventions are greatly needed.Weprovideanarrative reviewof publishedstudies evaluating financial incentivesforsmokingcessation and discuss the parameters important for ensuring the efficacy of incentive interventions for smoking cessation. Methods: Published studies that evaluatedthe impact of incentivesto promote smoking cessation and included an appropriate control or comparison condition were identified and reviewed. Results: Incentives are efficacious for promoting smoking abstinence across the general population of smokers as well as substance abusers, adolescents, patients with pulmonary disease, patients with serious mental illness and other challenging subgroups. To develop and implement an effective incentive treatment for smoking, special attention should be paid to biochemical verification of smoking status, incentive magnitude and the schedule of incentive delivery. Conclusion: Consistent with theextensive literatureshowing thatincentives areeffectiveinreducing illicit drug use, a large body of evidence supports their effectiveness in reducing smoking. Continued efforts are warranted to further develop and disseminate incentive-based treatments for smoking cessation across clinical settings and populations.
Artificial Neural Network for Enhancing Selection of Pavement Maintenance Strategy

In the selection of an economical treatment for rehabilitation of a deteriorated pavement section, decision makers usually encounter various situations. Factors affecting selection of a flexible pavement maintenance strategy may include distress conditions, traffic volume, and road class, among others. Traditionally engineers make their selection on the basis of their experience and judgment and past maintenance data. Experts' judgments are usually compromised in a group discussion to construct decision trees or decision matrices or even to develop knowledge-based expert systems. An artificial neural network is known to be an efficient technique for selection of an appropriate maintenance strategy. A genetic adaptive neural network training algorithm with a single hidden layer and sigmoid squashing function constitutes the network. The input vector represents the factors affecting maintenance strategy selection, and the output vector represents the appropriate maintenance strategy. A set of examples is de...
Ion Induced Coil to Helix Transition of Dialyzed Poly d(A‐T) from Cancer borealis

Naturally occurring poly d(A-T) from testes of Cancer borealis was prepared starting with a fibrous DNA-RNA complex. The complex was chromatographed on a methylated albuminkieselguhr column, fractions with a high poly d(A-T) content were collected, treated with a large amount of pancreatic ribonuclease and rechromatographed on methylated albumin-kieselguhr. The purest preparations obtained had 0.74 mole % of cytosine and 0.71 mole % of guanine. Controlled dialysis of the poly d(A-T) against distilled water resulted in a hyperchromic shift closely resembling thermal melting. Graded addition of bivalent metal (preferably Mg++) to the dialyzed polymer at room temperature reversed the hyperchromic shift. The term “ionic freezing” is suggested for the transition from coil to helix induced by the addition of metal. The midpoint of this transition, designated If, is as characteristic for a preparation of DNA as Tm. In the Mg++ to P ratio range of 0 to 0.5 both values are directly proportional, and the change in If of 10 μM Mg++ corresponds to the change in Tm of 5°. In this Mg++ to P ratio range, the metal is bound stoichiometrically. Divalent cations differ in their efficiency of reforming helix and are arranged in the following series starting with the least effective (highest Tm at 50 μM): Zn>Mg>Ba>Ca>Mn>Co. The ion-induced coil to helix transition is pH dependent. The ion-induced transition may also be accomplished in 8 M urea provided the temperature is lowered to – 0.5°. From several considerations it seems probable that the bases participate in metal binding. Partial separation of the strands of poly d(A-T) after dialysis and their reunification by the added Mg++ was confirmed by electron microscopy. Biological implications of this finding were discussed in terms of the possible role of Mg in the initiation of strand separation.
A method of calculating the cost of reducing the risk exposure of non-compliant process instances

A method is introduced to measure the risk of being non-compliant and the cost of reducing the risk by performing internal audits with the help of automated audit tools. Risk exposure of a business process is defined in terms of the prevalence of non-compliant process instances that are subject to penalty. The risk exposure can be reduced by detecting the non-compliant process instances in advance with the help of manual audits and automated auditing tools. The cost of this hybrid approach, however, should be kept less than the reduction amount of risk exposure.
Identification of two novel glial-restricted cell populations in the embryonic telencephalon arising from unique origins

Considerably less attention has been given to understanding the cellular components of gliogenesis in the telencephalon when compared to neuronogenesis, despite the necessity of normal glial cell formation for neurological function. Early proposals of exclusive ventral oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation have been challenged recently with studies revealing the potential of the dorsal telencephalon to also generate oligodendrocytes. The identification of OPCs generated from multiple regions of the developing telencephalon, together with the need of the embryonic telencephalon to provide precursor cells for oligodendrocytes as well as astrocytes in ventral and dorsal areas, raises questions concerning the identity of the precursor cell populations capable of generating macroglial subtypes during multiple developmental windows and in differing locations. We have identified progenitor populations in the ventral and dorsal telencephalon restricted to the generation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. We further demonstrate that the dorsal glial progenitor cells can be generated de novo from the dorsal telencephalon and we demonstrate their capacity for in vivo production of both myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and astrocytes upon transplantation. Based on our results we offer a unifying model of telencephalic gliogenesis, with the generation of both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes from spatially separate, but functionally similar, glial restricted populations at different developmental times in the dorsal and ventral CNS.
Effect of enzyme inhibitors on profiles of IR-ACTH/β-endorphin in brain and pituitary

Processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in brain and pituitary results in various proportions of multiple peptides appearing as immunoreactive (IR-) ACTH and IR-beta-endorphin. Because it is desirable that molecular profiles of POMC-related peptides reflect in vivo processing and not isolation artifact, inhibition of proteolytic activity during extraction is critical. Although enzyme inhibitors are frequently used during extraction of POMC-related peptides, their benefit or necessity has not been established. To determine the benefit of using enzyme inhibitors for studying molecular profiles of IR-ACTH and IR-beta-endorphin from rat brain and pituitary, chromatographic profiles were compared to assess the effect of each of several enzyme inhibitors. Results suggested that the enzyme inhibitors studied provided no additional benefit in terms of inhibition of extraction proteolysis over that provided by a strong acid and heat inactivation.
The Pentagon's gay ban is not based on military necessity.

When President Bill Clinton attempted to lift the U.S. military's ban on gay and lesbian soldiers, Congress reacted by enact- ing a law that prohibits known homosexuals from serving in the U.S. armed forces. The official justification for the new policy is the unit cohesion rationale, the notion that if known gays and lesbians were allowed to serve, unit cohesion, performance, readiness and morale would decline. The thesis of this paper is that the evidence that advo- cates of discrimination invoke to support the plausibility of the unit cohesion rationale does not constitute scientifically valid data. This paper was delivered originally as a lecture at the Commonwealth Club of California and broadcast subsequently on National Public Radio. (Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: Website: E 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.)
Thermodynamics of liquid Fe-C solutions

The activity of carbon in liquid iron has been determined at low concentrations by means of the CO-CO2 equilibrium and at high concentrations by the solubility of graphite. At intermediate concentrations there is a broad region in which measurements have not been made because of thermal instability of gas mixtures high in CO. Because of this phenomenon it is suggested that the reported activity coefficients at low concentrations may be in error and are only useful in determining a limiting value at infinite dilution. At temperatures below the melting point of iron, activity coefficients at intermediate concentrations along the liquidus line are calculated from recent measurements of the activity in austenite and of the solidus and liquidus lines of the phase diagram. The results agree fairly well with the data of Richardson and Dennis at higher temperatures. Several interpolation formulae are investigated. Equations are presented which describe the thermodynamic properties of the binary liquid solution at all compositions between the eutectic and 1760°C.
The Effect of Spectral Estimation on Speech Enhancement Performance

It has long been observed that accuracy in spectral estimation greatly affects the quality of enhanced speech. A small decrease in the bias and variance of the estimator can greatly reduce the amount of residual noise and distortion in the recovered speech. To date, however, there has been little interest in a rigorous analysis quantifying such observations. In this paper, we analyze the effect of spectral estimate variance on enhanced speech as measured by quantitative and qualitative means. The performance analysis is derived for the signal subspace and the minimum mean square error short-time spectral amplitude estimators. Error is defined as the random function of frequency given by the difference between the estimated and the true power spectral density (PSD) functions. It is measured by its variance as a fraction of the clean speech PSD squared: a norm called the variance quality factor (VQF). The error VQF is derived in terms of the VQF of measurable quantities such as noisy speech and noise alone. It is shown that reducing the PSD estimate variance reduces significantly the VQF of the enhancement error. We provide analytical derivations to establish the results and accompanying simulations to confirm the theoretical analysis. Simulations test the periodogram, Blackman-Tukey, Bartlett-Welch, and Multitaper spectral estimation methods.
Comparison of heart rate variability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and controls

Recent studies have reported a close association between chronic fatigue syndrome and neurally mediated hypotension. We hypothesized that this association may result from an abnormality in autonomic function among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, which may be detectable using an analysis of heart rate variability. We prospectively studied 19 patients who fulfilled the Centers for Disease Control criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and 11 controls. Each subject underwent a two-stage tilt-table test while wearing a Holter monitor. Heart rate variability was assessed in the supine baseline position and during upright tilt using frequency domain parameters. In the baseline supine position, high frequency (HF) power, low frequency (LF) power, and the ratio of low frequency power to high frequency power (LF/HF ratio) were similar. In both patient groups, upright tilt resulted in a similar decrease in HF power, increase in LF power, and increase in the LH/HF ratio. In conclusion, autonomic function, as assessed using an analysis of heart rate variability, does not differ in the baseline supine state, nor in response to upright tilt among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy controls.
Uricase from fish liver: Isolation and some properties

1. 1. The uricase (urate: oxygen oxidoreducase EC.1.7.3.3) activities in livers from rainbow trout, mackerel, lake trout, catfish, shark and tilapia were 1000, 1180, 920, 630, 490 and 420 units (in moles uric acid oxidized mg−1 protein min−1) per gram liver, respectively. 2. 2. The enzyme from lake trout was purified twenty fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, protamine sulfate treatment and Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography. 3. 3. SDS-polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis indicated an oligomeric enzyme containing subunits of 32,500 daltons. 4. 4. The pH optimum was 8.8 but the enzyme had a relatively broad pH activity profile between pH 7.0–9.5. 5. 5. Apparent Km and Vmax values of 80 μM and > 1000 was obtained for the trout liver enzyme.