cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and functional characterization of T cell lines from canine Peyer's patches

We have propagated concanavalin A-stimulated cells from canine Peyer's patches in vitro in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). The cells were characterized as T cells by determination of their phenotype and by functional assays. They are IL-2 dependent and respond to IL-2 of murine, primate and canine origin. The long-term cultured cells provided help for immunoglobulin production by purified autologous B cells and suppressed IgG production by nonseparated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Novel MEMS Fabry-Perot Interferometric Pressure Sensors

A novel design for a Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensor (FPIS) consisting of a Fabry-Perot cavity formed between two bonded surfaces is discussed. The Fabry-Perot cavity and the optical fiber to which it is coupled are used as the sensing element and interconnect, respectively. The Fabry-Perot cavity is fabricated using the Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. The introduction of a center rigid body diaphragm gives this sensor considerable advantage when compared with previous Fabry-Perot cavity based sensors.
Health risks, race, and adolescents' use of school-based health centers: policy and service recommendations.

School-based health centers (SBHCs) offering health and behavioral health services in educational settings are an increasingly popular strategy to improve adolescents’ access to care, particularly in lowincome communities of color where youth experience social, economic, and geographic barriers to care that result in high rates of unmet behavioral and physical health needs. Recent studies of SBHCs in high school settings indicate that, relative to their proportion in the general school population, Black and Latino students tend to be overrepresented in these programs, whereas White and Asian youth are underrepresented. One possible explanation is that these patterns reflect differential need for services resulting from higher health risks (e.g., depression, substance use, asthma, or unprotected sexual activity) among Black and Latino youth because of their disadvantaged social location. Growing up in neighborhoods with concentrated poverty and exposure to racial discrimination is associated with a host of negative health and psychosocial outcomes in adolescence. In addition, limited availability and quality of health services in low-income communities of color, along with inadequate insurance
Classroom aeroallergen exposure in Arkansas head start centers.

Background The impact of preschool environmental conditions on classroom aeroallergen concentrations is not fully understood. Objective To examine the relationship between school environmental conditions and classroom aeroallergen concentrations in the Pulaski County Head Start (HS) Program. Methods Thirty-three HS centers in Pulaski County, Arkansas, underwent a detailed environmental evaluation. Classroom settled dust samples were analyzed for the presence of common indoor allergens. Results Classroom eating (70%), wall-to-wall carpeting (58%), and water damage (33%) were common. Median classroom allergen levels were as follows: dust mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1), 0.6 μg/g; Fel d 1, 0.4 μg/g; Can f 1, 1.7 μg/g; cockroach, below detection; Mus m 1, 0.18 μg/g; and mold spores, 17,800 CFU/g. Can f 1 and Mus m 1 allergens were detected in 100% of HS centers. Facilities with carpeting, increased humidity, and single-use facilities showed trends toward increased dust mite concentrations. Detectable cockroach allergen was more common in classrooms cleaned by teachers than by professional housekeepers. Conclusions Aeroallergens were commonly detected in Pulaski County HS center classrooms, with dog and mouse allergens detected in 100% of centers. Median classroom allergen concentrations were low, and classroom characteristics were not strongly predictive of increased allergen exposure.
Functional role of intravascular coronary endothelial adenosine receptors.

Abstract The endothelium is relatively ‘impermeable’ to adenosine. In addition, infusion of adenosine deaminase and transient infusion of large size adenosine agonists (molecular weight 100 kD) which are confined to the intravascular space depress effects of endogenous adenosine and retain physiologic activity respectively. Accordingly, the concept that intravascular adenosine may exert some of its action on the capillary lumen was tested by coupling the agonists: N 6 -([aminoethylamino]carbonyl)methylphenyladenosine (ADAC) and N 6 -octylamine adenosine (NOA) to carboxylated latex microspheres (0.07 μm diameter); thus, insuring their intravascular confinement. Our results demonstrated that sustained infusion of these particles into isolated saline perfused guinea pigs heart caused a decreased in coronary vascular resistance, ventricular contraction, spontaneous ventricular rhythm, inhibition of auricular ventricular transmission and glycolytic flux. These effects were reversible and specific since microspheres without purines had no effect and the adenosine antagonist sulphophenyltheophylline blocked these responses. Furthermore, the effects were not the result that during the passage of the sphere-agonist complex through the heart the covalent bond hydrolyzed, releasing free agonist. Our data indicate that selective activation of intravascular coronary purine receptors may cause the release of endothelial bioactive messengers that regulate the function and metabolism of vascular and cardiac cells.
A Self-Balancing Capacitance Bridge

The combined advantages of the quick indicating capacitance meter and the precision capacitance bridge are obtained in a new form of self-balancing capacitance bridge. Features of the new instrument include per cent deviation indications, a wide capacitance range and an average balancing time of less than two seconds. A single scale, easily read and greatly expanded, serves for the entire range of the instrument and represents an improvement of some 3,000 per cent over conventional capacitance meters. The paper discusses the bridge network development, detector system requirements, and other design considerations.
Spray-tank-mix compatibility of manganese, boron, and fungicide: solution pH and precipitation.

Abstract Foliar application of manganese and boron mixed with pesticides in water solution is a common practice for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. This study was conducted to determine the compatibility of mixing manganese, boron, and leafspot fungicides using water from three sources. Spray mixtures of the chelated manganese salt of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate and the inorganic salts of manganese as manganese sulfate(TECMANGAMTM), manganese sulfate monohydrate, manganese chloride, and manganese nitrate were developed using deep-well water, shallow well water, or distilled water. Boron was added to these mixtures using boric acid or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. In addition, all combinations were mixed with the leafspot fungicides chlorothalonil or cupric hydroxide plus sulfur. Mixtures were equivalent to recommended rates of manganese, boron, and fungicide applied to the foliage in 140 L ha-1 of spray volume. Measurements were made of solution pH and manganese remaining in solution after...
Feeder cells enhance oncolytic and proliferative activity of long-term human bone marrow interleukin-2 cultures and induce different lymphocyte subsets.

The effect of feeder cells on oncolytic activity of lymphocyte subsets and their growth was evaluated in long-term human bone marrow interleukin-2 (IL-2) cultures. Two B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (Daudi and Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed BSM) and two human leukemias, AML-M5, were used as feeder cells. The most prominent effects were seen in cultures stimulated with Daudi cells. In these cultures, cytotoxic activity was 100–1000 times increased against a broad range of target cells and the total cellular expansion was more than 40 times higher than in control cultures. This Daudi-related effect appeared to be mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, since cellular expansion occurred mostly in the CD16+ and CD56+ CD3− NK cell subset. In cultures stimulated with BSM and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) feeder cells, the increase in proliferation was similar, but the enhancement of cytotoxicity, even though significant, was less prominent. Although all feeder cells were effective in stimulation of bone marrow reactivity, the highest cytotoxicity was always observed with feeder cells autologous to the targets, indicating some degree of specificity. This was especially evident in cultures stimulated with autologous versus allogeneic AML feeder cells. In contrast to Daudistimulated IL-2 cultures, in which the highest expansion of CD3− CD56+ NK cells was observed, in BSM and AML cultures, the CD3+ CD56+/- T cell subsets were more prolific. This indicates that the response and phenotypic heterogeneity of bone marrow cultures depends on the type of feeder cells used. This observation indicates that the preferential stimulation of a pertinent lymphocyte subset for therapeutic purposes may be possible.
Optical reconfiguration of electrical networks

The temporary modification of electrical networks on a sub-nanosecond time scale via photoconductive gating of circuit components is reported. Frequency agility and amplitude-shifting of VHF signals, as well as enhanced tunability of transient wave shapes, have been demonstrated. The signals generated are applicable to fusion, communications and radar studies, perhaps up to the millimetre- and submillimetre-wave regimes.
Stress and role satisfaction experienced by employed and nonemployed mothers with young children

The associations between employment status, role choice, social support, stressful events, and mothers' experiences of stress and role satisfaction were investigated. Interviews and questionnaires were used to obtain information from 105 mothers with two-year-old children. Role choice, social support, and stressful events each predicted the amount of stress mothers experienced in their lives, although not all did so independently. Employment status, role choice, and social support predicted role satisfaction.
Fatal inhalation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane

A 13-year-old male was found dead in the woods subsequent to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) inhalation. Autopsy findings included tissue congestion of lung, liver and kidney. Certain precautions were taken in collecting and storing biological samples in order to prevent loss of TCE by evaporation. The availability of volatile solvents coupled with the increase of volatile substance abuse makes it easy for abusers to obtain.
Amor y Pedagogia: Ceguera y lucidez en Miguel de Unamuno

(1998). Amor y Pedagogia: Ceguera y lucidez en Miguel de Unamuno. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 2-20.
Computational models for predictive cardiac ion channel pharmacology

A wealth of experimental data exists describing the elementary building blocks of complex physiological systems. However, it is increasingly apparent in the biomedical sciences that mechanisms of biological function cannot be observed or readily predicted via study of constituent elements alone. This is especially clear in the longstanding failures in prediction of effects of drug treatment for heart rhythm disturbances. These failures stem in part from classical assumptions that have been made in cardiac antiarrhythmic drug development - that a drug operates by one mechanism via one target receptor that arises from one gene.
Senescence-Associated Gene YPEL3 Is Downregulated in Human Colon Tumors

Previous work has demonstrated YPEL3 to be a growth-suppressive protein that acts through a pathway of cellular senescence. We set out to determine whether human colon tumors demonstrated downregulation of YPEL3. We collected colon tumor samples with matched normal control samples and analyzed them for YPEL3 gene expression by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and CpG hypermethylation of the YPEL3 promoter by base-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. Colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HCT116−/− p53) were used to assess YPEL3 gene expression after treatment with 5-azadeoxycytidine or trichostatin A. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated a decrease in YPEL3 expression in tumor samples when compared to their patient-matched normal tissue. We determined that DNA methylation of the YPEL3 promoter CpG island does not play a role in YPEL3 regulation in human colon tumors or colon cancer cells lines, consistent with the inability of 5-azadeoxycytidine treatment to induce YPEL3 expression in colon cancer cell lines. In contrast, colon cell line results suggest that histone acetylation may play a role in YPEL3 regulation in colon cancer. YPEL3 is preferentially downregulated in human colon adenocarcinomas. DNA hypermethylation does not appear to be the mechanism of YPEL3 downregulation in this subset of collected patient samples or in colon cell lines. Histone acetylation may be a relevant epigenetic modulator of YPEL3 in colon adenocarcinomas. Future investigation of YPEL3 and its role in colon cancer signaling and development may lead to increased understanding and alternative treatment options for this disease.
Characterization of the alkaline degradation products of an oligodeoxynucleotide containing 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2‘-deoxyguanosine exhibit alkaline sensitivity and undergo cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone. Identification of the major degradation products and unstable intermediates formed in concentrated ammonia was accomplished by HPLC isolation and characterization by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Unstable intermediates were reduced in situ with NaBH4 prior to isolation and mass analysis. This technique produced accurate mass data for an oligonucleotide intermediate containing an abasic site, a strand cleavage product containing the 3‘-terminus, and two products with the 5‘-terminus. 8-Oxoguanine was not present in the product HPLC chromatogram, suggesting rearrangement or degradation of this moiety prior to glycosidic bond cleavage. A scheme for the decomposition of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2‘-deoxyguanosine-containing oligonucleotides in 28% ammonia solution is presented.
Evaluation and Assessment in Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers

This article examines assessment as it pertains to the development of IFSPs under Part H of PL 99-457. Specific attention is drawn to determining eligibility and where, in the IFSP process, assessment data can be collected. Implications for early intervention programs are highlighted.
Time-dependent failure in poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyethylene

Abstract Time-dependent failure of PMMA and polyethylene are characterized within the framework of a cumulative damage model for failure. It is found that the mean failure times in constant rate of stress experiments can be successfully predicted from the model using a time to fail function determined from constant stress experiments. For zero-tension sinusoidal fatigue tests, differences of up to an order of magnitude are observed between predicted and experimental failure times. PMMA and polyethylene data deviate from the predictions in different ways. In PMMA, the distribution of failure times in constant stress tests is moderately broad, as measured by the coefficient of variation, and symmetric about the mean, while in the fatigue tests the distribution is considerably broader, has a high positive skewness and shows evidence of being bimodal. For polyethylene, the distribution changes from being moderately broad and positively skewed in constant stress tests to a moderately broad, symmetric distribution in the fatigue tests. The model also predicts the total lifetime in sinusoidal fatigue tests to be independent of test frequency. Experimental results show that the lifetime of PMMA decreases with increasing frequency, although less rapidly than if the fatigue process were cycle dependent. The lifetime of polyethylene increases with increasing test frequency.
Insulin: inducer of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract 1. Liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased in metabolic states of hypoinsulinism (starvation, diabetes). When starved animals were refed (which brings about insulin secretion) the enzyme activity rose to high levels. Injection of insulin concurrently with refeeding brought about more pronounced enzyme increases. 2. Insulin increased enzyme activity in normal animals. 3. In diabetic rats the enzyme activity decreased; and insulin treatment returned enzyme activity to levels markedly higher than normal. When diabetic rats were starved the enzyme activity decreased to low levels. Refeeding returned the activity to the diabetic level only. However, when insulin was injected concurrently with refeeding, the enzyme activity markedly increased. 4. Dose-response curves with insulin injected in diabetic rats showed that the increase in this enzyme activity depends on the insulin dose given. 5. The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase showed a similar responsiveness to insulin regulatory control, but in a minor degree. 6. Since the insulin-induced increase in the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities was blocked by actinomycin, it is assumed that the insulin-induced rise is due to de novo enzyme biosynthesis involving new RNA production.
An Economic Definition of the Middle Class

The concept of a middle class is prevalent in both common parlance and the social sciences; concern is frequently expressed that the middle class is shrinking, and politicians often position themselves as champions of the middle class. Yet the phrase “middle class” is extremely ambiguous; no consensus exists on either the upper bound or the lower bound separating the middle class from other classes. The present paper employs the government’s official poverty line as the demarcation between the poor and the middle class, and develops an equivalent distinction to separate the middle class from the wealthy. Based on the new definition, the paper provides some rough empirical estimates of the size of the American middle class over the 1989–2004 period.
Logical Properties of Warrant

Trenton Merricks argues that on any reasonable account, warrant must entailtruth. I demonstrate three theses about the properties ofwarrant: (1) Warrant is not unique;there are many properties that satisfy the definition of warrant. (2) Warrant need not entail truth; there are some warrant properties that entailtruthand others that do not. (3) Warrant need not be closed under entailment, even if knowledge is. If knowledge satisfies closure, then some warrant properties satisfy closure while others do not;if knowledge violates closure, then allwarrant properties violate closure.
Elimination of high transient currents and electrode damage during electroformation of TiO2-based resistive switching devices

Transient currents associated with electroforming TiO2-based resistive switching devices were measured using three distinct circuits designed to limit them, and they were correlated with physical changes in the top electrode using scanning electron microscopy. A transient current more than 10 times greater than expected was observed when only using the source meter to limit the current via the compliance set point. The large excursion arose from equipment delays and resulted in significant physical changes to the top electrode. An external resistor was used to decrease the excess transient current value to nearly zero, as long as parasitic capacitive discharges were also suppressed. Simultaneously, the physical changes to the top electrode were completely suppressed, indicating physical damage was related to Joule heating from the excess forming currents. The switching characteristics of all devices were similar, implying damage during electroformation of functional switches can be avoided by device/circuit design.
Cosmology: The dark side of distortion

Einstein told us that gravity could bend light. Astronomers now use an effect known as gravitational lensing to observe images of galaxies distorted by dark matter. Such images can be used to estimate the amount of dark matter in the Universe.
PTEN/PI3K and MAPK signaling in protection and pathology following CNS injuries

Brain and spinal cord injuries initiate widespread temporal and spatial neurodegeneration, through both necrotic and programmed cell death mechanisms. Inflammation, reactive oxidation, excitotoxicity and cell-specific dysregulation of metabolic processes are instigated by traumatic insult and are main contributors to this cumulative damage. Successful treatments rely on prevention or reduction of the magnitude of disruption, and interfering with injurious cellular responses through modulation of signaling cascades is an effective approach. Two intracellular signaling pathways, the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades play various cellular roles under normal and pathological conditions. Activation of both pathways can influence anatomical and functional outcomes in multiple CNS disorders. However, some mechanisms involve inhibiting or enhancing one pathway or the other, or both, in propagating specific downstream effects. Though many intracellular mechanisms contribute to cell responses to insult, this review examines the evidence exploring PTEN/PI3K and MAPK signaling influence on pathology, neuroprotection, and repair and how these pathways may be targeted for advancing knowledge and improving neurological outcome after injury to the brain and spinal cord.
Land-Use Plan Design via Interactive Multiple-Objective Programming

An urban land-use plan-design model is cast as a multiple-criterion optimization problem and is solved by using a generalized interactive technique. Three different objectives are selected for use in a representative formulation: (1) the minimization of land-development costs, (2) the maximization of residential accessibility, and (3) the minimization of energy consumption in transportation. It is found that interactive multiple-objective programming represents an efficient way of generating compromise land-use plans which provide satisfactory levels for the various objectives. The approach is illustrated for a hypothetical planning problem for Germantown, Wisconsin, USA.
Photoreceptor-specific efficiencies of β-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein for photopigment formation deduced from receptor mutant Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila rearing media had only β-carotene, zeaxanthin or lutein as precursors for photopigment chromophores. Zeaxanthin and lutein are potentially optimum sources of the 3-hydroxylated retinoids of visual and accessory photopigments. Mutants made the electroretinogram in white (w) eyes selective for compound eye photoreceptors R1–6, R7 and R8: R1–6 domiantes w's electroretinogram; R7/8 generates w;ora's (ora = outer rhabdomeres absent); R8 generates w sev;- ora's (sev = sevenless). Microspectrophotometry revealed R1-6's visual pigment. In w, all 3 carotenoids yielded monotonic dose-responses for sensitivity (Fig. 4) or visual pigment (Fig. 7). An ultraviolet sensitivity peak from R1-6's sensitizing pigment was present at high but not low doses (Fig. 1). In w;ora, all 3 carotenoids gave similar spectra dominated by R7's high ultraviolet sensitivity (Fig. 2). For w sev;ora, all spectra were the shape expected for R8, peaking around 510 nm (Fig. 3). The sensitivity dose-response was at its ceiling except for low doses in w;ora (Fig. 5) and zero supplementation in w sev;ora (Fig. 6). Hence, without R1-6, most of our dose range mediated maximal visual pigment formation. In Drosophila, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein mediate the formation of all major photopigments in R1-6, R7 and R8.
Fine-structure photoionization cross sections of Fe II

We present the first calculation of fine-structure photoionization cross sections for the ground state of singly ionized Fe. These large-scale ab initio calculations, limited to the near-threshold region, were performed in the close-coupling approximation using a Dirac–Coulomb R-matrix method implemented within a modified version of the DARC package. Our calculated cross sections reproduce in detail the resonance structures observed in previous experimental determinations.
Transient Hydrogen Atom Adducts to Disulfides. Formation and Energetics

Hydrogen atom adducts to the disulfide bonds in dimethyl disulfide (1) and 1,2-dithiolan (2) were generated transiently by collisional electron transfer to gaseous cations CH3SS(H)CH3+ (1H+) and 2H+, respectively. Hypervalent radical 1H dissociated completely on the 4.6 μs time scale to 1 + H•, CH3SH + CH3S•, and CH3SSH + CH3•. The sulfur-containing dissociation products were detected and identified by neutralization−reionization mass spectrometry. Radical 1H was found to be weakly bound; the SS, SC, and SH 0 K bond dissociation energies were calculated by a modified G2++(MP2) method as 8, 52, and 96 kJ mol-1, respectively. The energy to drive these dissociations was supplied by Franck−Condon effects on vertical neutralization of 1H+ (161−230 kJ mol-1). Two stereochemically distinct pathways were found for the exothermic hydrogen atom addition to 1. A rear attack at the disulfide bond had a small activation energy, Ea = 9 kJ mol-1, while a side attack had Ea = 33 kJ mol-1. Collisional neutralization of 2H...
Profiles of California farmers by degree of IPM use as indicated by self-descriptions in a phone survey

Abstract Increasing numbers of growers in the USA report that they use integrated pest management (IPM) as their method of controlling agricultural pests. This study measured IPM adoption based on growers’ account of practices used to control a specific pest and self-descriptions of their general approach to pest management. Responses from telephone interviews with 195 California vegetable and fruit crop growers were used to develop five categories of intensity of IPM use. The majority of growers practiced at least a minimum level of IPM for key insect pests on their crops. Growers with relatively small farms and very large farms were the most intensive users of IPM. There was no difference between the intensity of IPM used by growers of different crops, even though the availability or economic feasibility of reduced risk control options for the key pests differed among the crops. Grower responses tended to elevate estimates of IPM use level through self-descriptions when compared with their account of practices used to control specific pests on these crops. Higher intensity of IPM was used by growers whose pest control advisors (PCAs) were not affiliated with agricultural chemical distributors than for those who were. Further, PCAs not affiliated with agricultural chemical distributors influenced growers to change their practices to a greater degree than did those affiliated with agricultural chemical distributors or employed in-house by growers. The combined use of growers’ control methods used for a specific pest and self-description of their approach to pest management proved an effective tool for estimating the degree of adoption of IPM among selected growers in California.
Research on geomagnetic pulsations from January 1969 to July 1972-A review

Abstract This brief review of geomagnetic micropulsation research is intended to cover the scientific publications from the period of January 1969 through July 1972. The extensive bibliography has been organized into subsets of theoretical and observational groupings with some separation by the usual Pc and Pi classifications. Note is given to especially commendable papers.
An Insight into the XylE Transport Cycle by Characterizing Proton Binding Site and its Coupling to the Substrate Transport

Characterizing the proton binding site and its coupling to the substrate transport??in XylE?The diffusion of glucose across the plasma membrane is facilitated by carrier proteins called GLUTs. In the absence of a crystal structure for GLUTs, XylE serves as an excellent model to study the transport cycle in these proteins, not only due to its high sequence and structural similarity, but since it is the only MFS member with structures in various conformational states. In this study, we aim to characterize the structural determinants of substrate and proton binding and their coupling to protein conformational transitions in XylE. Using multiple sets of equilibrium MD simulations and free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations, we propose one of the acidic residues of XylE within the transmembrane region of the protein as the uncharacterized proton-binding site. Through comparative simulation studies, we show that the protonation of this residue results in the breakage of a salt bridge, which in turn induces the transition of the protein from the occluded state towards the open state. The observed conformational coupling, which was reproduced in multiple independent simulations, appears to involve the rotation of TM2 and TM7, and thereby perturbing the Xylose binding site as evident by the movement of Y298. Using sequence analysis of GLUTs we show the absence of this mechanistically important salt bridge in GLUTs, which can account for their H+-independent transport mechanism. This work hence claims to give insight into the thermodynamic cycle corresponding to the change from outward facing occluded state to the open state and hence helps in elucidating the entire cycle in future.
Note on the Courant and Snyder Invariant

A review is given of the mathematical derivation of the Courant and Snyder invariant which is well-known as the betatron emittance in accelerators or storage rings. It is shown that the existance of such an invariant is a remarkable characteristic of a linear system even for non-periodic motion.
Intergranular basaltic melt is distributed in thin, elogated inclusions

We describe a method to analyze the melt distribution in experimentally produced ultramafic partial melts. It is shown that the melt inclusions can be approximated by ellipses in two dimensions and by penny-shaped ellipsoids in three dimensions. The aspect ratios of these ellipses (the ratio of the minor to the major axis) can in turn be used to calculate bulk physical properties of partial melts. We apply this method to two olivine-basalt samples with 3.2% and 0.75% melt fraction. In the samples analyzed approximately 75% of the melt is contained in inclusions with much smaller aspect ratios than triple junction tubules. The reduction of P-wave velocities calculated for this melt distribution is twice as large as for melt distributed solely in triple junction tubules.
Linear approximations of nonlinear systems

A method for designing an automatic flight controller for short and vertical take off aircraft is presently being developed at NASA Ames Research Center. This technique involves transformations of nonlinear systems to controllable linear systems and takes into account the nonlinearities of the aircraft. In general, the transformations cannot always be given in closed form. Using partial differential equations, an approximate linear system called the modified tangent model, was recently introduced. A linear transformation of this tangent model to Brunovsky canonical form can be constructed, and from this an approximation (about a state space point x0) of an exact transformation for the nonlinear system can be found. Here we show that a canonical expansion in Lie brackets about the point x0 yields the same modified tangent model.
Discussion of “River depletion resulting from pumping a well near a river”

In addition to the notation used by the authors, the following is also used: b = the thickness of the artesian aquifer, ft b′ = the thickness of the confining bed through which vertical leakage takes place in proportion to the drawdown, ft K′ = permeability of the confining bed, ft/sec T = transmissibility of the aquifer which is equal to Kb in confined flow systems, and equals KD in unconfined flow systems, ft/sec S = storage coefficient which, in artesian aquifers, is the volume of water that a unit decline of head releases from storage in a vertical prism of the aquifer of unit cross-section; its ultimate value in water table aquifers is the specific yield of the aquifer, which is designated by V in the authors' paper, demensionless B = leakage factor, which equals ft [Hantush and Jacob, 1954] erf (Z) = the error function or the probability integral = dv erfc (Z) = the complementary error function = 1 − erf (Z)
A stochastic model of particle dispersion in the atmosphere

Stochastic models of turbulent atmospheric dispersion treat either the particle displacement or particle velocity as a continuous time Markov process. An analysis of these processes using stochastic differential equation theory shows that previous particle displacement models have not correctly simulated cases in which the diffusivity is a function of vertical position. A properly formulated Markov displacement model which includes a time-dependent settling velocity, deposition and a method to simulate boundary conditions in which the flux is proportional to the concentration is presented. An estimator to calculate the mean concentration from the particle positions is also introduced. In addition, we demonstrate that for constant coefficients both the velocity and displacement models describe the same random process, but on two different time scales. The stochastic model was verified by comparison with analytical solutions of the atmospheric dispersion problem. The Monte Carlo results are in close agreement with these solutions.
War and Peace

This article attends the intersection of personal and collective memory. Drawing on the author's childhood memories, particularly those of his grandmother, the article explores the ways in which one's past is registered and reexperienced as an ongoing relation between intimate recollections and grand historical narratives. The article contrasts Homi Bhabha's (1994) use of the psychoanalytic concept of Nachtraglichkeit to a parallel conception of past-present interaction in the writings of Franz Kafka (1954), Ernst Bloch (1963), and Walter Benjamin (1955). Reflecting on the heavy charge carried from the past into the future, on what Emmanuel Levinas (1995) called in this context “insoluble problems” (p. 88), the article argues for a notion of agency that reaches beyond the subject, toward a consideration of subjectivity as a focal point, and link, between collective tradition and its potential trajectory.
The Web and E-Mail in Science Communication:

Using open-ended interviews, researchers identified twelve themes concerning Web and e-mail use by science writers. The Web and e-mail “speed information” between sources, reporters, editors, and audiences. “Skepticism” about information quality leads science writers to urge practices of “good judgment” by Web users. A diagram illustrates ways “speeds information” is changing journalistic work. Suggestions concerning future research on diffusion of information are offered.
Documents librarianship in the 1980s: Current issues and trends in research

Abstract This article is based on a speech delivered at the symposium on “Government Information in the 80s: Collection Development Organization and Online Retrieval” held at the University of Toronto and sponsored by its Faculty of Library Science (November 19–21, 1981). The article identifies current issues and provides a state of the art assessment on research in the documents field. It portrays documents librarianship as a fertile field for research and as one in which concern for the practical prevails.
Monetary aggregate versus interest rate rules

Abstract This paper analyzes the issue regarding whether the central bank should stabilize the interest rate, a monetary aggregate, or some combination thereof, in the context of a model with rational expectations and with permanent and temporary aggregate supply, IS, and LM disturbances. Monetary policy has a role due to the assumption that the monetary authority uses information on the current interest rate while wage setters do not. The analysis confirms Poole (1970) for the case of temporary IS and LM shocks, and provides several additional results when disturbances are permanent and when they affect supply.
Nanocomposites containing nanoclusters of Ag, Cu, Pt, Os, Co3C, Fe2P, Ni2P, Ge, or Pt Sn

Abstract Neutral, low-valent complexes of transition metals or an organometallic compound of Ge are prepared containing ancillary ligands which bear silicate ester or (alkoxy)silicon functional groups. Inclusion of these molecules as dopant species in a conventional sol-gel synthesis of silica xerogels affords silica xerogels in which dopant molecules have presumably been covalently incorporated into the xerogel matrix with uniform and high dispersion. Subsequent thermal treatment of these molecularly doped xerogels under reducing or oxidizing/reducing conditions gives nanocomposites containing nanoclusters of metals or semiconductor substances. Nanocomposites containing nanoclusters of Ag, Cu, Pt, Os, Co3C, Fe2P, Ni2P, or Ge have been prepared. Preliminary evidence for the formation of a nanocomposite containing Pt-Sn nanoclusters derived from a bimetallic molecular precursor is also presented. These results support the hypothesis that covalent incorporation of molecular precursors containing low-valent metals into a silica xerogel can afford nanocluster phases with high dispersion, relatively small particle size, and unusual elemental composition.
The Localized Pinch Model as a High Energy Ion Collective Acceleration Mechanism

We present analytic and numerical calculations of the localized pinch model for ion collective acceleration by intense relativistic electron beams. These studies demonstrate the model's postulated synchronous acceleration of the ion clump and beam pinch. However, the configuration is found to be phase unstable, terminating the acceleration process before significant ion energy is acheived. Therefore, although the localized pinch model may be an appropriate explanation for some previous experimental observations of collectively accelerated MeV ions, it does not appear to be a suitable mechanism for high energy ion acceleration.
Family Structure, Private Transfers, and the Economic Well-Being of Families with Children

This study examines the relationship between family structure, private transfers, and the economic well-being of families with children under 18. We use family wealth as a measure of economic well-being to mitigate some of the criticisms of traditional measures based on income. We examine family structure beyond marital status to include remarriage, cohabitation, and the gender of single parenthood. We focus on financial transfers from both kin and nonkin. After analyzing the distribution of family wealth and transfers by family structure, we estimate the effects of family structure, transfers, and their interaction on family wealth. Drawing on data from the National Survey of Families and Households (1987-88), we find that (1) family net wealth and total private transfers vary with family structure along three lines, marriage-remarriage, marriage-cohabitation, and male-female single parenthood; (2) marriage is a wealth-enhancing institution; (3) private transfers promote family net wealth; and (4) marriage reinforces the promoting effect of private transfers on family wealth
Novel ultra-high dielectric constant polymer based composite development for embedded capacitor application

Embedded capacitor technology can increase silicon packing efficiency, improve electrical performance, and reduce electronic assembly cost compared with traditional discrete capacitor technology. Developing a suitable material that satisfies electrical, reliability and processing requirements is one of the major challenges of incorporating capacitors into a printed wiring board (PWB) substrate for demanding wireless, RF portable telecommunication products. A novel epoxy-based composite with ultra high dielectric constant (/spl epsiv//sub r//spl sim/1000) has been developed in this work. The previous record of /spl epsiv//sub r/=150 was only recently reported. To our best knowledge, this is the highest K value of the polymer based composite ever reported. High dielectric constant is obtained by increasing the concentration of conductive filler close to but not exceed the percolation threshold within the polymer matrix. This novel ultra high K material also has low dielectric loss (<0.02), good adhesion and perfect multi-chip-module laminate (MCM-L) process compatibility. An embedded capacitor prototype with capacitance density of 100 nF/cm/sup 2/ has been manufactured using this composite and spin coating technology. This novel composite is the perfect material candidate for the integral embedded capacitor applications for next generation electronic products.
Open set face recognition using transduction

This paper motivates and describes a novel realization of transductive inference that can address the open set face recognition task. Open set operates under the assumption that not all the test probes have mates in the gallery. It either detects the presence of some biometric signature within the gallery and finds its identity or rejects it, i.e., it provides for the "none of the above" answer. The main contribution of the paper is open set TCM-kNN (transduction confidence machine-k nearest neighbors), which is suitable for multiclass authentication operational scenarios that have to include a rejection option for classes never enrolled in the gallery. Open set TCM-kNN, driven by the relation between transduction and Kolmogorov complexity, provides a local estimation of the likelihood ratio needed for detection tasks. We provide extensive experimental data to show the feasibility, robustness, and comparative advantages of open set TCM-kNN on open set identification and watch list (surveillance) tasks using challenging FERET data. Last, we analyze the error structure driven by the fact that most of the errors in identification are due to a relatively small number of face patterns. Open set TCM-kNN is shown to be suitable for PSEI (pattern specific error inhomogeneities) error analysis in order to identify difficult to recognize faces. PSEI analysis improves biometric performance by removing a small number of those difficult to recognize faces responsible for much of the original error in performance and/or by using data fusion.
Clinical and hemodynamic comparison of VVI versus DDD pacing in patients with DDD pacemakers.

Abstract To identify better those subgroups of pacemaker recipients who will benefit from dual chamber pacing, 19 patients with DDD pacemakers that were physiologically paced were entered into a blinded, randomized protocol comparing long-term VVI versus DDD pacing. Patients were evaluated in each of the pacing modes for exercise performance, cardiac chamber size, cardiac output, functional status and health perception. Eight patients (42%) insisted on early crossover, from VVI to DDD pacing, after only 1.8 ± 1.4 weeks because of symptoms consistent with pacemaker syndrome. Overall, 12 patients preferred DDD pacing and no patient preferred VVI pacing (p = 0.001). Percent fractional shortening (30 ± 8 vs 24 ± 6%, p = 0.009) and cardiac output (6.3 ± 2.6 vs 4.4 ± 2.2 liters/min, p = 0.0001) where significantly greater in the DDD mode. Exercise duration was greater during DDD compared with VVI pacing (11.3 ± 3.7 vs 10.1 ±3.7 minutes, p = 0.006). However, it was only in the crossover subgroup that DDD pacing resulted in significant improvement in exercise performance and health perception compared with VVI pacing. This subgroup of patients was characterized by an intrinsic sinus rate of
Do Differences in Risk Factors, Medical Care Seeking, or Medical Practices Explain the Geographic Variation in Campylobacteriosis in Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) Sites?

BACKGROUND In the United States, considerable geographic variation in the rates of culture-confirmed Campylobacter infection has been consistently observed among sites participating in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). METHODS We used data from the FoodNet Population Surveys and a FoodNet case-control study of sporadic infection to examine whether differences in medical care seeking, medical practices, or risk factors contributed to geographic variation in incidence. RESULTS We found differences across the FoodNet sites in the proportion of persons seeking medical care for an acute campylobacteriosis-like illness (range, 24.9%-43.5%) and in the proportion of ill persons who submitted a stool sample (range, 18.6%-40.7%), but these differences were not statistically significant. We found no evidence of geographic effect modification of previously identified risk factors for campylobacteriosis in the case-control study analysis. The prevalence of some exposures varied among control subjects in the FoodNet sites, including the proportion of controls reporting eating chicken at a commercial eating establishment (18.2%-46.1%); contact with animal stool (8.9%-30.9%); drinking water from a lake, river, or stream (0%-5.1%); and contact with a farm animal (2.1%-12.7%). However, these differences do not fully explain the geographic variation in campylobacteriosis. CONCLUSIONS Future studies that quantify Campylobacter contamination in poultry or variation in host immunity may be useful in identifying sources of this geographic variation in incidence.
Forgery and Appropriation in Art

Although art forgery is documented throughout the history of Western art, philosophical discussion of the problems of art forgery is a relatively recent matter, beginning largely in the latter half of the twentieth century. Arising even more recently is the practice of creating ‘appropriation art’, a topic that has so far been largely ignored in aesthetics but which raises some challenging questions especially when compared with forgery. This article introduces some of the philosophical problems that arise from the practice and products of art forgery and in the contemporary movement of art appropriation. Rather than involving issues on the periphery of aesthetics, I suggest, forgery and appropriation art cut to the heart of issues in the ontology of art, the intersection of aesthetics and ethics, and other central areas in the philosophy of art.
SPASS: scalable and energy-efficient data acquisition in sensor databases

Scalability and energy management issues are crucial for sensor network databases. In this paper, we introduce the Sharing and PArtitioning of Stream Spectrum (SPASS) protocol as a new approach to provide scalability with respect to the number of sensors and to manage the power consumption efficiently. The spectrum of a sensor is the range/distribution of values read by that sensor. Close-by sensors tend to give similar readings and, consequently, exhibit similar spectra. We propose to combine similar spectra into one global spectrum that is shared by all contributing sensors. Then, the global spectrum is partitioned among the sensors such that each sensor carries out the responsibility of managing a partition of the spectrum. Spectrum sharing and partitioning require continuous coordination to balance the load over the sensors. Experimental results show that the SPASS protocol relieves a sensor database system from the burden of data acquisition in large-scale sensor networks and reduces the per-sensor power consumption.
Weighting versus pruning in rule validation for detecting network and host anomalies

For intrusion detection, the LERAD algorithm learns a succinct set of comprehensible rules for detecting anomalies, which could be novel attacks. LERAD validates the learned rules on a separate held-out validation set and removes rules that cause false alarms. However, removing rules with possible high coverage can lead to missed detections. We propose to retain these rules and associate weights to them. We present three weighting schemes and our empirical results indicate that, for LERAD, rule weighting can detect more attacks than pruning with minimal computational overhead.