cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of field emission in superconducting cavities with high power pulsed RF

Abstract A systematic study is presented of the effects of pulsed high power RF processing (HPP) as a method of reducing field emission (FE) in superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities to reach higher accelerating gradients for future particle accelerators. The processing apparatus was built to provide up to 150 kW peak RF power to 3 GHz cavities, for pulse lengths from 200 μs to 1 ms. Single-cell and nine-cell cavities were tested extensively. The thermal conductivity of the niobium for these cavities was made as high as possible to ensure stability against thermal breakdown of superconductivity. HPP proves to be a highly successful method of reducing FE loading in nine-cell SRF cavities. Attainable continuous wave (CW) fields increase by as much as 80% from their pre-HPP limits. The CW accelerating field achieved with nine-cell cavities improved from 8–15 MV/m with HPP to 14–20 MV/m. The benefits are stable with subsequent exposure to dust-free air. More importantly, HPP also proves effective against new field emission subsequently introduced by cold and warm vacuum “accidents” which admitted “dirty” air into the cavities. Clear correlations are obtained linking FE reduction with the maximum surface electric field attained during processing. In single cells the maximums reached were E peak = 72 MV/m and H peak = 1660 Oe. Thermal breakdown, initiated by accompanying high surface magnetic fields is the dominant limitation on the attainable fields for pulsed processing, as well as for final CW and long pulse operation. To prove that the surface magnetic field rather than the surface electric fields is the limitation to HPP effectiveness, a special two-cell cavity with a reduced magnetic to electric field ratio is successfully tested. During HPP, pulsed fields reach E peak = 113 MV/m ( H peak = 1600 Oe) and subsequent CW low power measurement reached E peak = 100 MV/m, the highest CW field ever measured in a superconducting accelerator cavity.
How well do we acknowledge intellectual debts

Authors of scientific articles often read a paper that fails to cite their prior work when they feel it should have. A survey of university faculty shows the extent to which such opinions abound. If justified, they reflect non‐use of bibliographic search methods, their inadequacy or non‐scholarly use of the result. Principles for the design of a new kind of automated or semi‐automated document retrieval system are formulated. They are analysed and shown likely to improve the scholarly quality of scientific work as represented by the bibliographies in manuscripts reporting that work.
The U.S. Navy's Contribution to Airbreathing Missile Propulsion Technology

The U.S. Navy has made sustained investments over the years that have contributed to advances in U.S. high speed missile designs employing airbreathing propulsion technology. A general review is presented of the U. S. Navy's contributions to the worldwide evolution of ramjet and scramjet propulsion from WWII to today. A perspective of the technological developments from subsonic to hypersonic flight speeds is provided to allow an understanding for the variety of candidate engine cycles explored. The development history and principal contributing development programs are reviewed. Major airbreathing propulsion technologies are identified that had enabling impact upon the maturation of ramjet propulsion and engine designs. The U.S. Navy's contributions to general state of flight-demonstrated technology are summarized. Ramjet and scramjet propulsion technology has matured dramatically over the years in support of both military and space access applications.
Applications of defect prevention in software development

A description is given of the defect prevention process. It consists of causal analysis meetings to identify the root causes of errors and suggest preventive actions, an action team that implements the preventive actions, stage kickoff meetings to provide feedback to developers at each stage of the development cycle, and data collection and tracking of associated data. Typical preventive actions include process changes (including common error lists, checklists, and other forms of feedback), new or improved tools, improved education, product changes, and improved communications among developers. The defect prevention process has been applied successfully in a number of software development organizations within IBM, with significant reduction in errors. The application of this process to different types of organizations involved in software development, including design, development, test, information development, planning and requirements, and human factors is described. For each type of organization, different processes, tools, and methodologies are used. It is shown that the defect prevention process can be applied to errors arising from each particular process. >
Activin-A in Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Malformations in Embryos

BACKGROUND Heart defects are the most common abnormalities in infants of diabetic mothers. Cardiac malformation is associated with altered expression of the genes in the transforming growth factor β system, including inhibin βA, which forms activin-A as a homodimer and functions through its effectors, Smad2 and Smad3. This study aimed to investigate the role of activin-A in diabetes-induced cardiac malformations. METHODS Diabetes mellitus in female mice (C57BL/6J) was induced via intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The expression of inhibin βA protein and phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in the embryonic hearts were examined using immunohistochemical, in situ proximity ligation, and immunoblot assays. Embryos and endocardial cushions of nondiabetic mice were cultured in a high concentration of glucose and treated with activin-A. Mitosis was examined using BrdU incorporation assay and immunohistochemistry of phosphorylated histone H3. Migration of the endocardial cells was assessed using a collagen-based cell migration assay. RESULTS The levels of inhibin βA expression and Smad2 and Smad3 activation were significantly reduced by maternal diabetes. Treatment with activin-A significantly increased cell proliferation in the myocardium and migration of endocardial cells, compared with those in vehicle-treated high glucose group, to the level in the euglycemic control group. CONCLUSIONS Maternal diabetes suppresses the expression of inhibin βA protein, as well as the activation of Smad2 and Smad3. Activin-A rescues cell proliferation in the myocardium and migration of the endocardial cells suppressed by hyperglycemia. The activin-Smad2/3 signaling system appears to play a role in cardiac malformation in diabetic embryopathy. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 98:260–267, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rat bite fever, a fatal case of Streptobacillus moniliformis infection in a 14-month-old boy.

Keywords:forensic science;Streptobacillus moniliformis;rat bite fever;Spirillum minus;sodoku;Haverhill fever;Actinobacillus muris;pediatric Abstract: Streptobacillus moniliformis is the primary cause of rat bite fever in North America. Children under 12 years of age are primarily infected, presenting with an acute syndrome of fever, rash, and polyarthritis. Common vectors include rats and mice. Transmission is predominantly from a bite or scratch, but contact with or ingestion of food contaminated with feces or saliva has also been reported. We report a fatal case of S. moniliformis infection in a 14-month-old-boy. At home, the child was exposed to filthy living conditions and the family had pet ferrets. Autopsy revealed a red-pink, mostly confluent rash and a circumscribed area suspicious for a possible bite mark. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive for S. moniliformis. This case highlighted key features, such as the morbiliform rash, but lacked lymphadenopathy or joint manifestations. It is important to consider rat or rodent exposure as a source of infection.
Ca channels in cardiac myocytes: structure and function in Ca influx and intracellular Ca release

There are Ca channels in the plasma membrane and also the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane in cardiac myocytes. The relationship between channel structure, associated proteins and function of these Ca channels is discussed. The sarcolemmal Ca channels are crucial both to the basic cellular electrophysiological properties and control of cardiac contractility (via excitation-contraction coupling). The intracellular Ca release channels (or ryanodine receptors) respond to triggering events mediated by sarcolemmal ion currents and are largely responsible for releasing Ca which activates the myofilaments to produce contraction. Several possible mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling are discussed. The Ca released from the SR can also feedback on several sarcolemmal ion currents and alter action potential configuration as well as contribute to arrhythmogenesis.
Relationship Between the Anatomical Orientation of the Interventricular Septum and the Manifest Orientation of Ventricular Depolarization in Dogs

Exact anatomical orientation of the interventricular septum was compared with apparent direction of electrical activity during ventricular depolarization in 22 dogs. In 15 control animals, the mean orientation of a vector normal to the right septal surface was toward the front, to the right, and slightly headward. The mean orientation of the 10-msec. vector (QRS) was almost directly toward the front and slightly tailward. The mean orientation of the polar vector was to the left, slightly to the front, and slightly headward. The values for each of these means were obtained in spherical coordinates: anatomical vector--141.7 degrees azimuth, 20.2 degrees altitude; 10-msec. vector (QRS)--92.0 degrees azimuth, -9.4 degrees altitude; and polar vector--14.8 degrees azimuth, 20.0 degrees altitude. In 7 dogs, rotation of the heart to the right by means of previously implanted guy sutures consistently moved the 10-msec. vector to the right also, but there was simultaneous unpredictable deviation either headward or tailward of the electrical vector. Polar vector shift was not consistent. Rotational transformation of axes for each dog, bringing the vector of the right septal surface into coincidence with the negative X-axis, did not bring to a focus the scatter of orientations of either group of electrical vectors, indicating that variation in electrical position depends upon other factors in addition to variation in anatomical position.
Behavior of a CSTR with a recirculating jacket heat transfer system

Continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) with a recirculating jacket heat transfer system may have more interesting dynamic behavior than the classical representation of a "once through" jacket. A particular CSTR with a single steady-state as a function of jacket temperature may have multiple steady-state behavior if the jacket inlet temperature is considered to be the manipulated input. A cascade control strategy with jacket inlet temperature as the secondary variable may not stabilize the reactor, although one with the jacket outlet temperature does. The jacket recirculation flowrate is a bifurcation parameter that determines whether or not there is multiple steady-state behavior.
Sub-picosecond optical switching in the near-infrared using negative index metamaterials

We study the ultrafast non-linear optical properties of a negative-index metamaterial. In particular, we achieve sub-picosecond optical switching allowing for terabits per second modulation at telecommunication wavelengths.
Direction-finding performance of the multistage CM array

The constant modulus (CM) array is a blind adaptive beamformer that steers nulls in the directions of cochannel interferers without requiring a training (pilot) signal. A cascade implementation of the system, known as the multistage CM array, is designed to recover ("copy") several narrowband cochannel signals and provide estimates of their angles of arrival. Each stage is composed of a CM array that "captures" one of the sources and an adaptive signal canceler that removes the source from the array input. This signal cancelation influences the capture and direction finding performance of the remaining stages. The authors quantify this behavior using a stochastic model of convergence and present computer simulation results for some example source scenarios. >
Ovalbumin Messenger RNA: Evidence That the Initial Product of Transcription Is the Same Size as Polysomal Ovalbumin Messenger

Abstract The messenger RNA for ovalbumin, the major secretory protein of the chick oviduct, appears not to be made as a high-molecular-weight precursor when artifacts due to aggregation are eliminated. No ovalbumin messenger RNA sequences that will hybridize to complementary DNA made against ovalbumin mRNA are found in concentrated samples of hen oviduct RNA larger than 28 S. The sensitivity of the hybridization assay is sufficient to detect less than one molecule of ovalbumin mRNA precursor per tubular gland cell. Newly synthesized ovalbumin messenger RNA isolated from immature chicks stimulated briefly by estrogen is the same size as that found in hen polyribosomes. We conclude that ovalbumin messenger RNA does not undergo any significant change in molecular weight from its initial transcription to its incorporation into polyribosomes.
Simulation of Stream Water Alkalinity Concentrations using Coupled Models of Soil air CO2 and Stream Water Chemistry

The ability to predict stream alkalinity values over timescales shorter than monthly or annually is needed to understand the response of stream chemistry to acidic inputs which occur across short time scales (days). We develop and apply a coupled series of physically-based models which are able to predict daily stream alkalinity values by first calculating soil air CO2 concen trations. We apply the model to a 9 year record of discharge and stream chemistry from a small catchment in the Shenandoah National park of Virginia. We find that we are able to accurately predict the minimum daily stream alkalinity values for all years and we are able to accurately predict the entire annual cycle for 6 of the 9 years (Nash-Sutcliffe criterion equals 0.26). For the 3 years which we overpredict summer stream alkalinity, summer precipitation was greater than normal and much greater than the period for which the model was calibrated.
First principles study of thermodynamics and phase transition in low-pressure (P21/c) and high-pressure (C2/c) clinoenstatite MgSiO3

[1] Using first principles quasi-harmonic theory, we have investigated the vibrational and thermodynamic properties of P21/c and C2/c MgSiO3 clinoenstatites. Very good agreement between experimentally measured thermodynamic properties, such as equation of state, and those predicted by the local density approximation (LDA) functional has been found. The level of agreement found in these chain silicates is comparable to that found in framework silicates such as MgSiO3 perovskite. The phase boundaries calculated by the LDA and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) bracket the experimentally measured ones following the established trend that the GGA functional overestimates the transition pressure while the LDA functional underestimates it. The calculated Clapeyron slope is 2.9 MPa K−1 and is used to constrain the position of the 3-pyroxene (P21/c, C2/c, and Pbca) triple point in MgSiO3, with the aid of room temperature experimental hysteresis in the P21/c to C2/c transition.
An optical cross-connect system as a high-speed switching core and its performance analysis

In this paper, we study the system performance of an optical cross-connect based on a proposed architecture [1] as an ultra-high-speed switching core in a switching system. We provide some conceptual designs for its implementation. Using the designs, we analyze the system performance, through which the factors degrading the performance are identified. The main issue considered in the paper is crosstalk due to using space division switches which interconnect WDM subcross-connects. Other issues such as power loss, gain saturation effect and spontaneous emission noise of the amplifiers are also considered. Detailed numerical results are presented for a 64/spl times/64 optical cross-connect system, as an example, with the specified designs based on the proposed architecture. The results show possibility of constructing a 64/spl times/64 optical cross-connect with existing technologies.
A parallel genetic algorithm for two detailed routing problems

This paper presents a novel approach to solve the VLSI channel and switchbox routing problems. The approach is based on a parallel genetic algorithm, GAP, which runs on a distributed network of workstations. Our algorithm optimises both physical constraints (length of nets, number of vias) and crosstalk (delay due to coupled capacitance). We show that our parallel approach outperforms traditional sequential genetic algorithms when applied to these routing problems. An extensive investigation of the parameters of our algorithm yields routing results that are qualitatively better or as good as the best published results.
Effect of Endotoxin on Canine Gastrointestinal Motility and Transit

Ileus is common during sepsis; however, the etiology of this gastrointestinal dysmotility is unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of a single, sublethal dose of endotoxin on canine gastrointestinal motility, gastric emptying, gastric acid secretion, and colonic transit. Six dogs underwent placement of manometric catheters in the stomach and small bowel and insertion of a gastric and a cecal cannula. After the animals recovered, fasting and fed gastrointestinal motility was recorded, and gastric emptying and colonic transit were studied with nonabsorbable liquid and solid markers, respectively. Following completion of baseline studies, each dog was given a single dose of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (200 micrograms/kg intravenously) and the studies were repeated on Postendotoxin Days 1-3. The single bolus of endotoxin abolished the migrating motor complexes, decreased the fasting motility index, decreased hydrogen ion output, slowed liquid gastric emptying, and prolonged colonic transit for 2 days. Gastrointestinal motility and transit returned to baseline on Postendotoxin Day 3. In conclusion, a single, sublethal dose of endotoxin temporarily disrupts fasting and postprandial canine gastrointestinal motility and transit.
An extended compact tension specimen for fatigue crack growth and fracture testing

The specimen has been used successfully for fatigue and fracture studies, and environmental and elevated temperature testing for a variety of material systems. Testing has included all common laboratory techniques including front- and back-face compliance and electric potential drop crack length measurements. The specimen has also been used for more complex crack closure measurements and small crack studies
Array prefetching for irregular array accesses in Titanium

Summary form only given. Compiling irregular applications, such as sparse matrix vector multiply and particle/mesh methods in a SPMD parallel language is a challenging problem. These applications contain irregular array accesses, for which the array access pattern is not known until runtime. Numerous research projects have approached this problem under the inspector executor paradigm in the last 15 years. The value added by the work described in this paper is in using performance modeling to choose the best data communication method in the inspector executor model. We explore our ideas in a compiler for Titanium, a dialect of Java designed for high performance computing. For a sparse matrix vector multiply benchmark, experimental results show that the optimized Titanium code has comparable performance to C code with MPI using the Aztec library.
Simulation of thermal effects in electrical systems

Simulators based on the SPI CE program have one major limitation in that every device in a system must operate at the same temperature. A discussion is presented of modifications implemented in SPICE such that each device's operating temperature can be set independently by operating-point power dissipation and/or user input, and can vary during a transient analysis controlled by a user-defined parallel thermal network. The method used to describe the thermal system is an electrical analog. The temperature is characterized as voltage and the power as current. The thermal resistances and capacitances are represented with resistors and capacitors. The thermal network is then solved simultaneously with the electrical network using the same algorithms. >
A systematic histological study of palm fruits. V. Subtribe Archontophoenicinae (Arecaceae)

Pericarp histology in the Archontophoenicinae provides little to characterize the subtribe as a whole, revealing instead two separate trends with parallels in other subtribes of the Areceae. The data support a close relationship among the three genera occurring in New Caledonia:Chambeyronia, Actinokentia, andKentiopsis, in which there is a complex endocarp consisting of short, oblique fibrous bundles embedded in a thick mantle of brachysclereids, and a loose endocarp of heavily fibrous, flattened vascular bundles adjacent to a relatively thin locular epidermis. The data also support a close relationship between the two genera of the New Zealand/Tasman Sea region:Hedyscepe andRhopalostylis, in which the pericarp is more or less fibrous throughout, with purely fibrous bundles in the outer pericarp and heavily fibrous vascular bundles in the inner pericarp. These results confirm relationships revealed by other morphological data.Archontophoenix appears to be most like the New Caledonian genera in its pericarp structure, with a similar mantle of short fibrous bundles embedded in a a mantle of brachysclereids in the outer pericarp, although it differs significantly in other aspects of morphology and anatomy.
Hassan Shahrasebi: The Golden Boy

This case describes an example of overworking in the non-U.S. culture of Iran. The CFO of a successful office machine supply company has overworked himself consistently for years. He finds himself at the hospital after a terrible accident caused by his falling asleep at the wheel on his way home. Company executives think they have solved the problem of Shahrasebi's obsessive work behavior in one afternoon.
Superficial Mucocele of the Ventral Tongue: Presentation of a Rare Case and Literature Review

The superficial mucocele is a rare variant of the common mucocele and noted microscopically by subepithelial pools of mucin. To increase the understanding of oral superficial mucoceles, a database was created from the demographics of case reports and case series from a PubMed search. At least 200 patients with superficial mucoceles have been described in the English-language literature, 82 of whom had biopsy-proven lesions; additional clinical information was available for 39 of these 82 patients. Compiled data suggest superficial mucoceles offered phenotypic distinctions from the common mucocele because they were more apt to occur in middle-aged women, often on the soft palate and buccal mucosa. Affected patients frequently had multiple lesions that were smaller than 3 mm and nearly 50% of patients developed recurrence. This report also describes the first histopathologically confirmed case of a superficial mucocele arising on the ventral tongue in a 22-year-old man. It is speculated that the glossal lesion might have developed from long-term impingement from exposed metal barbs from an orthodontic splint. Persistent lesions or atypical presentations underscore the need for histopathologic examination.
Observation of optical limiting using polymer-dispersed liquid crystal thin films

We report on the observation of optical limiting using polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) thin films. These structures consist of a polymer host within which is a random distribution (in terms of spatial location and diameter) of spheroidal cavities containing liquid crystal molecules. In general, binary mixtures of dissimilar dielectric materials are referred to as heterogeneous mixtures and, in the nonlinear regime, have been demonstrated for use as saturable absorbers1 with various materials. More recently, such media have been proposed for use as optical limiters.2–4 In the latter case, the PDLC materials are selected so that the linear refractive index of the host (the polymer) matches that of the dispersant (the ordinary index of the liquid crystal).
Abstract 1973: Targeting activated alleles of EGFR derived from glioma and lung cancer: Correlating kinase active-site occupancy with efficacy

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Introduction: The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) features prominently in malignant glioma (MG), yet attempts to exploit this target in patients with MG have been somewhat disappointing. Unlike the highly sensitizing kinase site alleles of EGFR derived from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLCA), mutationally activated alleles of EGFR derived from patients with MG respond poorly to the currently available reversible clinical EGFR inhibitors. We hypothesize that the anti-tumor effects of EGFR inhibitors in MG-associated alleles of EGFR require more efficient blockade to achieve anti-tumor responses, in comparison with NSCLCA-associated alleles of EGFR, and that thisincreased efficiency can be achieved using irreversible inhibitors. Methods: We generated glioma and fibroblast cell lines that expressed wild-type or tumor-associated alleles of EGFR derived either from MG (EGFRvIII) or NSCLCA (L858R or del 747-753). Using an EGFR affinity probe (an irreversible EGFR inhibitor tethered to a flourophore), we quantified occupancy of the kinase active site in response to erotinib, a clinical reversible inhibitor of EGFR, correlating occupancy with proliferation and apoptosis. Next, we repeated these measurements using the tool compound and irreversible EGFR inhibitor PD-168394. Results: Using the affinity probe in pulse-chase experiments, we quantified active site occupancy of EGFR int response to increasing doses of inhibitors. In cells expressing MG-derived alleles, irreversible EGFR inhibitors were significantly more potent than reversible agents in abrogating signaling downstream of EGFR and in decreasing viability. Using the affinity probe, we found that irreversible inhibitors showed nearly complete occupancy of the active site, whereas treatment with reversible EGFR inhibitors resulted in only partial occupancy. Cells containing NSCLCA-derived EGFR alleles showed similar signaling and growth responses to both reversible and EGFR inhibitors, despite a large difference in EGFR kinase site occupancy with the two types of inhibitors. Flow cytometry studies correlating kinase site occupancy with downstream signaling in individual cells will also be presented. Conclusions: Activated alleles of EGFR derived from MG require significantly higher levels of kinase site blockade to achieve an anti-proliferative threshold, as compared with activated alleles derived from NSCLCA. This higher degree of kinase site blockade can be achieved using irreversible inhibitors of EGFR. These studies support the initiation of clinical trials using irreversible inhibitors of EGFR in MG. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1973.
The Paper Chase Myth: Law Students of the 1970s

This is a report of a study that examined the social and academic climates of two American law schools, concluding that the environment in which legal education takes place is not conducive to significant socialization. The diminution after 7 months of law school of the expectations of first-year students to work as professionals after graduation in attaining justice and establishing social reforms was due largely to rational cognitive processes, inasmuch as there were no significant changes in basic motives and attitudes. The study supports adult socialization theory that holds that adult individual rationality is a powerful inhibitor of attempts to bring about fundamental affective changes.
Proton Transport and pH Control in Fungi

Despite diverse and changing extracellular environments, fungi maintain a relatively constant cytosolic pH and numerous organelles of distinct lumenal pH. Key players in fungal pH control are V-ATPases and the P-type proton pump Pma1. These two proton pumps act in concert with a large array of other transporters and are highly regulated. The activities of Pma1 and the V-ATPase are coordinated under some conditions, suggesting that pH in the cytosol and organelles is not controlled independently. Genomic studies, particularly in the highly tractable S. cerevisiae, are beginning to provide a systems-level view of pH control, including transcriptional responses to acid or alkaline ambient pH and definition of the full set of regulators required to maintain pH homeostasis. Genetically encoded pH sensors have provided new insights into localized mechanisms of pH control, as well as highlighting the dynamic nature of pH responses to the extracellular environment. Recent studies indicate that cellular pH plays a genuine signaling role that connects nutrient availability and growth rate through a number of mechanisms. Many of the pH control mechanisms found in S. cerevisiae are shared with other fungi, with adaptations for their individual physiological contexts. Fungi deploy certain proton transport and pH control mechanisms not shared with other eukaryotes; these regulators of cellular pH are potential antifungal targets. This review describes current and emerging knowledge proton transport and pH control mechanisms in S. cerevisiae and briefly discusses how these mechanisms vary among fungi.
Optics vs. copper — From the perspective of Thunderbolt 3 interconnect technology

"Thunderbolt 3" has adopt both copper and optical interconnect technologies, depends on the cable length used. Single cable can now support 2×20Gb/s of data throughput driven by the 4K video which quickly becomes the mainstream. Future 8K video only pushes the bandwidth requirement even higher. Both copper and optical interconnect technologies are compared on the basis of cost, power, form factor, and scalability. New technologies developed to enable this high data rate for consumer electronics are also discussed, such as robust copper and optical cables, miniature optical engine, and low power integrated circuits for VCSEL and photodetector.
SUPERVISION OF TEMPERATURE AND RUNNING STATE OF RACEWAY IN BLAST FURNACE WITH COAL INJECTION

Temperature distribution of blast furnace raceway was measured and studied with an infra-red thermal image system.During coal injecting,the temperature at the pulverized coal outlet is about 700℃lower than the average temperature of the raceway cross section.Oxygen enrichment of hot blast increases the temperature of the raceway.The development of CCD(Charger Coupled Devices) technology makes the supervision of the raceway and automatic adjustment of pulverized coal injection into practice.
Lessons for BP from More Considered Reviews

There is little doubt now that there was not one single engineering, equipment, or human failure that led to the Macondo disaster. The oil industry now well knows that complex systems create the possibility of complex failures. The Challenger space shuttle disaster has taught engineers that risk management must expand in proportion to the complexity of engineered systems. What is less understood, even today, is the role of management systems that can rival in sophistication the engineering systems designed to mitigate risk. After all, as BP’s own engineering analysis shows, even multiple engineering safeguards and sophisticated data acquisition may fail if humans cannot properly manage an enterprise growing in complexity.
Value of information for spatially distributed systems: Application to sensor placement

Abstract This paper investigates how the value of information (VoI) metric can guide information collection and optimal sensor placement in spatially distributed systems. VoI incorporates relevant features to decision-making, such as uncertainty about the state of the system, precision of measurements, the availability of intervention actions, and the overall cost of managing the system. Spatially distributed systems also allow for information propagation, i.e. measurements collected at one location can be used to update knowledge at other related locations. In this paper, while restricting our attention to Gaussian random field and binary state models, we illustrate first how sensor placements depend on the decision-making problem to be addressed, as encoded in a problem-specific loss function, and second how the complexity of VoI computations is impacted by this loss function's characteristics. In doing so, we consider several loss functions and present computational techniques for evaluating VoI under them. Finally, we apply these techniques to efficiently optimize sensor placements by the VoI metric in two example applications.
DNA contents in Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera) selected in Texas and Oklahoma determined by flow cytometry

Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera Torr.) is a dioecious, perennial, cool-season grass native to southern Kansas, Oklahoma, western Arkansas and most of Texas. Its major use has been for forage on rangelands in Texas and Oklahoma. More recently, interspecific hybrids between Texas bluegrass and Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis L.) have been developed and commercially released as heat tolerant turfgrass. Currently, the 2C nuclear DNA content of Texas bluegrass is unknown. Therefore, flow cytometry was performed on an assortment of male and female Texas bluegrass genotypes (n = 24) collected from fourteen locations in Texas and Oklahoma to estimate DNA content in picograms (pg). The DNA content of Texas bluegrass fell into two groups based on collection location. Plants collected from northwest Oklahoma and five other locations west of 33.75, −98.39 (latitude, longitude) ranged from 9.64 ± 0.04 to 10.07 ± 0.09 pg. Plants collected from four sites in Texas, east of 33.20, −98.16 contained a DNA content that ranged from 14.02 ± 0.04 to 14.75 ± 0.13 pg. Based on a root tip chromosome count, a male Texas bluegrass plant estimated to be 9.96 pg, appeared to contain 56 chromosomes, indicating the smaller DNA content plants may be octaploids (2n = 8x = 56). Significant differences were not detected between male and female plants based on DNA content. Knowledge of the DNA content in Texas bluegrass should be useful in a breeding program for characterizing germplasm and identifying desired DNA content levels among parental genotypes.
Sugerencias para la re-forma de pensiones en el Perú

This essay proposes the need for an integral re-reform of the Peru pensionsystem, preceded by broad social dialogue, in order to overcome this system’smajor flaws. As well as a comprehensive model of re-reform, it recommendsspecific measures that: extend the low level of coverage of the labor forceand the elderly, expand Pension 65, guarantee the minimum pension, improvebenefits, unify the national and private pension systems, increase competitionand reduce the high administrative costs and profits of private pension funds(AFP), create a public AFP, strengthen financial and actuarial sustainability, raisecapital returns, and shift the disability-survivors premium to employers. Thisproposal also favors mandatory rather than voluntary affiliation to the AFP.
Codon optimization markedly improves doxycycline regulated gene expression in the mouse heart.

Tetracycline regulated gene expression in transgenic animals is potentially a very powerful technique (Furth et al., 1994; Gossen & Bujard 1992). We have utilized this system in an attempt to overcome the perinatal lethality resulting from constitutive transgenic expression in the heart (Valencik & McDonald, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280: H361–H367). We found that compound hemizygous animals created by mating selected reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) and transresponder (TR) lines display tightly regulated TR expression in the heart. However, we identified two fundamental problems. First, codon usage bias appeared to severely limit the expression of the rtTA driven by the cardiac α-myosin heavy chain promoter. Second, co-injection of rtTA and TR transgenes led to compound hemizygous animals that exhibited unregulated TR gene expression. Codon optimization of the rtTA construct leads to marked improvement (increasing the average induction from 20-fold to 832-fold) in cardiac myocyte expression. The resulting opt-rtTA lines can be bred to homozygosity, facilitating rapid screening of F0 TR animals for doxycycline regulated transgene expression.
Yield potential of Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats., a new desert plant resource for hydroxy fatty acids

Seed yields of unselected bulk populations of Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats, grown at populations ranging from 100,000 to 1·1 million plants/ha averaged nearly 1200 kg/ha. One cycle of selection increased seed yields about 15%. Mean seed yield of the 10 best half-sib families from single plant selections, from which a second cycle of selection was initiated, was 1573 kg/ha. These yields and increases through selection strongly support the conclusion that lesquerella can be successfully developed as a new desert plant source for hydroxy fatty acids, and can serve as a replacement for castor oil.
Low-degree test with polynomially small error

A long line of work in Theoretical Computer Science shows that a function is close to a low-degree polynomial iff it is locally close to a low-degree polynomial. This is known as low-degree testing and is the core of the algebraic approach to construction of PCP. We obtain a low-degree test whose error, i.e., the probability it accepts a function that does not correspond to a low-degree polynomial, is polynomially smaller than existing low-degree tests. A key tool in our analysis is an analysis of the sampling properties of the incidence graph of degree-k curves and k′-tuples of points in a finite space \({\mathbb{F}^m}\). We show that the Sliding Scale Conjecture in PCP, namely the conjecture that there are PCP verifiers whose error is exponentially small in their randomness, would follow from a derandomization of our low-degree test.
Two new species and a new combination in Protium (Burseraceae) from Costa Rica

Two new species of Protium (Burseraceae) are described and illustrated: Protium aguilariisp. nov., from the Pacific slope of the Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; and Protium hammeliisp. nov., from wet forests on the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In addition, Protium brenesiicomb. nov., is proposed as a new combination based on Trichilia brenesii, a name that was based on a specimen collected with flowers in the mountains near San Ramon, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica. It is compared with Protium costaricense, a similar species with which it has been confused for more than 90 years. Finally, illustrations and specimen citations are provided for all the aforementioned taxa, and some others with which they have been confused.
Kunststoffe – Additive verbessern Verarbeitungs- und Gebrauchseigenschaften

Erst Additive (Zusatzstoffe) modifizieren die Eigenschaften von Polymeren so, dass diese alltagstaugliche Kunststoffe ergeben. So wird beispielsweise hartes, sprodes PVC erst mit 15 % Weichmacher flexibel genug, um z. B. fur Bodenbelage verwendet zu werden. Das Verblenden von Polymeren mit Additiven zu gebrauchsfertigen Kunststoffen wird als Compoundieren bezeichnet. Die Polymervertraglichkeit des Zusatzstoffes ist Grundvoraussetzung, da Unvertraglichkeiten mit der Zeit zur Entmischung von Polymer und Additiv fuhren wurden, erkennbar an einem „Ausschwitzeffekt“ auf der Kunststoffoberflache.
"Are Organizations Still Relevant to Organizational Studies, Theoretically, Empirically, Pragmatically?"

This panel will engage in a lively dialogue as they address the question: Are organizations still relevant to organizational studies, theoretically, empirically, and pragmatically? Are organization...
Cutaneous features and diagnosis of primary Sjögren syndrome: An update and review.

Sjogren syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder (CTD) that principally affects the lacrimal and salivary glands. Although SS is 1 of the 3 most common autoimmune CTDs alongside systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive systemic sclerosis, it is the least researched CTD overall. SS poses a particular diagnostic challenge because it shares multiple clinical and immunologic features with other CTDs. However, there are some characteristic cutaneous clinical features that can precede the well-known sicca symptoms by years. By familiarizing themselves with these clinical features and having a high suspicion for SS, dermatologists can play an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
The Evolution of "Association" as a Model for Lay/Religious Collaboration in Catholic Education, Part I: From "One and Only Masters" to the Lasallian Family, 1719-1986

Maintaining Catholic identity is a struggle that takes on many forms. For schools with historical ties to founding religious communities, this question often takes the form of how to preserve and grow the charisms of the religious community in the absence of any members of that community on the school faculty or staff. This article, first of a two-part series, explores how one community, the Brothers of the Christian Schools, came to answer that question.
Biochemical Correlates of the Topographical Fate of Ligand-Receptor Complexes

The preceding chapters have focused on how to identify and characterize a specific cell surface receptor. Up to this point, the interaction between ligand and receptor has been conceptualized in a rather static framework, as if the receptor molecule remains unchanged in isolated membrane preparations or in detergent-solubilized solution, even after receptor occupancy. This may or may not be true. However, when ligand binding to intact cells is measured, a static conceptualization of the receptor population is almost certainly not valid. Not only is the cell surface membrane itself a dynamic medium but receptors are continually being synthesized, internalized, recycled, or degraded, so that the receptor population accessible for interaction with ligand at the cell surface is continually changing.
The Veneziano form

TheVeneziano form is a model scattering amplitude which satisfies all finite energy sum rules. Its properties, some simple consequences, and the technique of constructing from it amplitudes with specified crossing symmetry are briefly described. Also the relation of the ‘Schmid circles’ computed from it to its resonances is discussed.
A Comparative Feature Selection Approach for the Prediction of Healthcare Coverage

Determining the factors that contribute to the healthcare disparity in United States is a substantial problem that healthcare professionals have confronted for decades. In this study, our objective is to build precise and accurate classification models to predict the factors, which attribute to the disparity in healthcare coverage in the United States. The study utilizes twenty-three variables and 67,636 records from the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). In our comparative analysis, three statistical feature extraction methods, Chi-Square, Gain Ratio, and Info Gain, were used to extract a set of relevant features, which were then subjected to the classification models, AdaBoost, Random Forest, Radial Basis Function (RBF), Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes, to analyze healthcare coverage. The most important factors that were discovered in the model are presented in this paper.
State pesticide regulatory programs: themes and variations.

State pesticide regulation varies with region, with the amount and type of agriculture, with pesticide use, and with political conditions that are sometimes volatile and unpredictable. Dr. Arne offers an overview of state regulatory programs and their connections to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Utility of Anakinra in Acute Crystalline Diseases: A Retrospective Study Comparing a University Hospital with a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anakinra in inpatient management of acute gout and pseudogout. Methods. Hospitalized patients with acute gout (n = 77) or pseudogout (n = 11) or both (n = 3) were analyzed for response to anakinra and adverse effects. Results. Half of all patients had comorbidities limiting the treatment choice. Anakinra was well tolerated, and 92% of gout flares and 79% of pseudogout flares responded to treatment. Conclusion. Anakinra is an effective and safe treatment for acute gout and pseudogout in hospitalized patients, particularly in those with comorbidities.
Performance analysis of a hybrid ground source heat pump system integrated with liquid dry cooler

Abstract Soil temperatures of a few meters underground range from 7 °C to 21 °C, and are relatively stable throughout the year, at least in milder climates. In order to take advantage of this relatively steady source of thermal energy underground for utilization in heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, a hybrid ground source heat pump (HGSHP) system is designed and assembled in Transient System Simulation tool (TRNSYS). Ground source heat pump (GSHP) system provides buildings with more efficient heating and cooling comfort at a higher coefficient of performance (COP) comparing to conventional HVAC units such as furnace, electrical resistance or air source heat pump. In order to improve the overall performance, various auxiliary components can be coupled to the original system to assemble a hybrid system. In this design, the system is presented as a horizontal ground loop in parallel with a liquid dry cooler. The flow of the working fluid of the hybrid system is controlled by a newly-developed type in TRNSYS, which serves as a functional part to improve the overall performance of the hybrid system. Both heating and cooling effects have been studied for a case study house located in Birmingham, Alabama. The model has also been tested in the climate of other cities. The simulations run for a full calendar year (simulation time) to generate important analytical data such as annual energy consumption and heat rate. After analyzing the results of various pipe lengths and diverter set-point temperatures, the optimal values have been recommended.
Nitric oxide synthase: Irreversible inhibition by L-NG-Nitroarginine in brain in vitro and in vivo

Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity by L-NG-Nitroarginine (NO2Arg) in brain preparations is not reversed by dialysis and is enhanced by prolonged preincubation of NO2Arg with the enzyme. By contrast, the weaker inhibition by NO2Arg of macrophage NO synthase is fully reversible. NO2Arg inhibits NO synthase activity in the brain after i.p. administration of 5 or 50 mg/kg. This in vivo inhibition also appears to be irreversible. The potent in vivo inhibition of central NO synthase by NO2Arg may facilitate studies of the physiologic function of NO as a neuronal messenger.
Using Social Media as a Tool for Learning in Higher Education.

The use of social media has become ubiquitous in many industries, including higher education. Emerging research shows that incorporating various social media platforms into course instruction can increase student interest, participation, and engagement as well as provide instructors and students with multiple platforms for communication and research that can be used to enhance the sense of community in an online group. This study determined whether various groups of students had differing attitudes toward using social media for class assignments. The recommendations provided are intended to help instructors interested in using social media for class assignments to learn more about how various student groups perceive this practice.