cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open-Vessel Microwave-Promoted Suzuki Reactions Using Low Levels of Palladium Catalyst: Optimization and Scale-Up

Representative Suzuki couplings in water using low catalyst concentrations in conjunction with microwave heating have been transferred from sealed-vessel to open-vessel reaction conditions. They have then been scaled-up to the mole scale using a dedicated multimode microwave apparatus. The reactions are complete within 20 min of heating at reflux.
Abstract SY10-02: Breast cancer subtypes have selective kinome reprogramming in response to kinase inhibitors.

Multiplexed Inhibitor Beads coupled with quantitative Mass Spectrometry (MIB/MS) allows study of over 60-70% of the expressed kinome simultaneously using lysates from cell lines, mouse tumors and human specimens. Cells or tumors are assessed before and after addition of agonists or inhibitors. Results show a systems kinome reprogramming in response to highly selective inhibitors that creates inhibitor resistance. The activation signatures and changes in the kinome activation profile (kinome reprogramming) are unique for each breast cancer subtype (Luminal, HER2+, Basal-like, Claudin-low) in response to highly selective, clinically relevant kinase inhibitors (MEKinh, mTOR/PI3Kinh). Window trials in patients with TNBC have shown kinome reprogramming in response to MEKinh, suggesting understanding kinome resiliency is necessary for rational design of effective combination therapies to treat cancer in individual patients. Citation Format: Gary Johnson. Breast cancer subtypes have selective kinome reprogramming in response to kinase inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY10-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-SY10-02
Effects of anesthesia and K+ ATP channel blockade on interstitial adenosine accumulation in ischemic rabbit myocardium.

Glibenclamide, a K+ ATP channel antagonist, blocks the anti-infarct effect of ischemic preconditioning in rabbits, but only when the latter are anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine. Furthermore, the protection triggered by pinacidil, a K+ ATP channel opener, can be aborted by treatment with the adenosine antagonist 8-(P-sulfo-phenyl) theophylline. This study tests whether either the anesthetic regimen or glibenclamide affects infarct size by modulating interstitial adenosine levels. Interstitial adenosine and total purine concentrations were assessed in open-chest rabbits by the microdialysis technique. Dialysis fibers were inserted into myocardium served by a coronary artery branch surrounded by a snare. All animals sustained a 30-min coronary occlusion and then 120-min reperfusion. Rabbits were anesthetized with either sodium pentobarbital or a ketamine-xylazine mixture. Half of the latter animals also received glibenclamide. The control levels of adenosine in the dialysate were comparable in the three groups, as were those of total purines, and the infusion of glibenclamide caused no change. Ischemia led to 10- to 20-fold increases in interstitial adenosine and 10-to-40-fold rises in total purine concentrations. These increase were equivalent in all groups. Furthermore, infarct size as a percentage of the myocardium at risk was also comparable in the three groups. Neither the anesthetic agent nor glibenclamide appears to modulate interstitial adenosine release from ischemic tissue.
Data contributing to an analysis of metaphase mechanics

1. The length of the spindle is independent of the size of the chromosomes but is correlated with the dimensions of the cell, of the nucleus, and of the centrioles (Arvelius). 2. Under certain conditions there may be a direct attraction between the centers and the chromosomes (bouquet stage; Anisolabis diakinesis), but under other conditions the centers appear to influence the chromosomes indirectly by way of the nuclear membrane (diakinetic spacing; equatorial ring in Brachystethus). 3. An attraction between the centers and extrachromosomal elements of the nucleus is evinced at certain periods (diffuse stage of Loxa; diakinesis of Brachystethus, Mecistorhinus and others). 4. In monopolar spindles neither an equatorial plate nor a normal ellipsoidal spindle is formed, though the chromosomes become oriented toward the single pole (Anisolabis and others). 5. The establishment of the equatorial plate occurs only after the formation of spindle fibers and involves positive as well as negative forces, i. e. the give and take of chromosomal fibers as well as the tendency of the spindle body to evict the chromosomes (Homarus; harlequin lobe of Loxa; mantids). 6. Irregularities in the timing or general condition of the chromosomes and the kinetochores may result in their expulsion from the equatorial plate; extreme displacement of this sort involves pressure arising from a forcible elongation of chromosomal fibers while the length of the polar axis is not increased (Brachystethus; Mecistorhinus).
Homer-1a immediate early gene expression correlates with better cognitive performance in aging

The molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive decline during healthy aging remain largely unknown. Utilizing aged wild-type C57BL/6 mice as a model for normal aging, we tested the hypothesis that cognitive performance, memory, and learning as assessed in established behavioral testing paradigms are correlated with the differential expression of isoforms of the Homer family of synaptic scaffolding proteins. Here we describe a loss of cognitive and motor function that occurs when Homer-1a/Vesl-1S protein levels drop during aging. Our data describe a novel mechanism of age-related synaptic changes contributing to loss of biological function, spatial learning, and memory formation as well as motor coordination, with the dominant negative uncoupler of synaptic protein clustering, Homer-1a/Vesl-1S, as a potential target for the prophylaxis and treatment of age-related cognitive decline.
Feminist responses to Rogerian argument

(1990). Feminist responses to Rogerian argument. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 220-232.
THEORETICAL AND SOLID-STATE NMR STUDY OF ACETYLENE ADSORPTION ON NANO-SIZED MGO

We present a combined density functional theory, gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO), in situ 13C MAS NMR, and in situ infrared study of acetylene adsorption on nano-sized MgO powder. Geometries were optimized using the hybrid B3LYP exchange-correlation functional and triple-ζ basis sets. By utilizing models of the surface ranging in size from Mg4O4 to Mg8O8, we optimized geometries for a variety of surface-bound species on corner and edges sites. No stable dissociation products on the flat, (100)-like surface of an Mg12O12 cluster could be obtained theoretically, in agreement with a previous ultrahigh vacuum surface science experiment. We also present GIAO-restricted Hartree−Fock predictions of the 13C chemical shifts of all species and their vibrational frequencies. The agreement between theory and experiment is outstanding. Both the theoretical and experimental results strongly support the formation of an acetylide on the MgO surface, while an alternative vinylidene species is not present. A minority...
Towards an integrated theory of relational violence: Is bullying a risk factor for domestic violence?

Abstract Etiological exploration using the constructs “domestic violence” and “intimate partner violence” as phenomena of adult enactment, remains relatively isolated from inquiry into bullying. The prevailing policy view of domestic violence is that it is a product of socially sanctioned domination of women by men. Bullying is framed often from the standpoint of aggression and psychological deficits found in the bully. Risk factors and developmental antecedents of domestic violence may overlap with similar risk factors in bullying. From the standpoint of individual developmental chronology, bullying precedes domestic violence, but it is not known whether bullying itself is a risk factor for domestic violence in adulthood or if bullying and domestic violence simply have risk factors in common. In this paper, varying theoretical analyses are examined in light of available empirical data on risk, etiology, and patterns of enactment. Although a broader range of explanatory theory in both domestic violence and bullying is considered, psychological and developmental processes are emphasized. This integrated review of the literature supports a better theoretical understanding of the links between bullying and domestic violence and also contributes to an expanded theoretical view of violence overall. Conclusions include detailed recommendations for further empirical study.
The Global Dimension of a q-Skew Polynomial Ring

Abstract A q-skew polynomial ring is a “mixed case” skew polynomial ring in which the defining automorphism and derivation commute up to a scalar multiple. This paper establishes criteria on the maximal ideals of a commutative noetherian ring with finite global dimension which determine the global dimension of a q-skew polynomial ring extension.
Treating the Doll's House Marriage

The Doll's House, a common pitfall for family therapists, is an extremely unequal relationship in which one spouse's incompetence is required or encouraged by the other. This pattern of marriage is common in a sick population and is chosen by people with clear individual pathology. It may be stable and satisfying, but it is crisis prone. Doll's Houses are likely to be disrupted by the arrival of children, financial reverses, and, most important, the intrusion of another person upon whom the Doll is dependent and who sets out to equalize the marital relationship. A well-intentioned therapist with an intolerance for pathology can destroy the marriage. Therapy seems more successful when the therapist respects the basically unequal framework the couple has chosen and works toward greater understanding and respect for unique individual needs within that framework.
Neural and psychologic mechanisms and the problem of sudden cardiac death

Brain stimulation can provoke a variety of arrhythmias and lower the ventricular vulnerable threshold. In the animal with acute myocardial ischemia such stimuli suffice to provoke ventricular fibrillation. Vagal neural traffic or adrenal catecholamines are not the conduits for this brain-heart linkage. Accompanying increases in heart rate or blood pressure are not prerequisites for the changes in cardiac excitability. Increased sympathetic activity, whether induced by neural or neurohumoral action, predisposes the heart to ventricular fibrillation. Protection can be achieved with surgical and pharmacologic denervation or reflex reduction in sympathetic tone. With acute myocardial ischemia, augmented sympathetic activity accounts for the early surge of ectopic activity frequently precipitating ventricular fibrillation. Asymmetries in sympathetic neural discharge may also contribute to the genesis of serious arrhythmias. The vagus nerve, through its muscarinic action, exerts an indirect effect on cardiac vulnerability, the consequence of annulment of concomitant adrenergic influence, rather than of any direct cholinergic action on the ventricles. There exist anatomic, physiologic as well as molecular bases for such interactions. Available experimental evidence indicates that environmental stresses of diverse types can injure the heart, lower the threshold of cardiac vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation and, in the animal with coronary occlusion, provoke potentially malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Available evidence indicates that in man, as in the experimental animal, administration of catecholamines can induce ventricular arrhythmia, whereas vagal activity exerts an opposite effect. Furthermore, in certain subjects diverse stresses and various psychologic states provoke ventricular ectopic activity.
Vertebroplasty increases trabecular microfractures in elderly female cadaver spines

This study assessed whether vertebroplasty increases trabecular bone microfractures in adjacent vertebrae of elderly female cadavers. Results indicated microfractures were almost two times greater in superior adjacent vertebrae for vertebroplasty treated spines compared to non-treated controls. This finding may aid in developing improved treatments for osteoporotic women with vertebral fractures. Although vertebroplasty may stabilize compression fractures and reduce pain, subsequent vertebral fractures occur in approximately 25 % of patients, reducing the overall safety of this procedure. This is particularly a concern in vertebrae surrounding the treated level where bone cement may cause abnormal transfer of forces to adjacent spinal structures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the effects of vertebroplasty on local trabecular bone damage in adjacent vertebrae. Five level motion segments (T11-L3) from osteopenic/osteoporotic female cadaver spines (T-score −2.9 ± 1.0) were assigned into either vertebroplasty or control (no vertebroplasty) groups (n = 10/group) such that T-score, trabecular microarchitecture, and age were similar between groups. Compression fractures were created in the L 1 vertebra of all specimens and PMMA bone cement was injected into the fractured vertebra of vertebroplasty specimens. All spine segments were subjected to cyclic axial compression (685–1370 N) for 115,000 cycles. Post-testing, trabecular cubes were cut from adjacent (T12 and L2) vertebral bodies and histologically processed. Trabecular microfractures were identified and normalized by bone area in each section. There were significantly more trabecular microfractures (p < 0.001) in superior adjacent vertebral bodies of the vertebroplasty group (0.091 ± 0.025 microfractures/mm2) when compared to the control group (0.049 ± 0.018 microfractures/mm2). However, there was no difference in trabecular microfractures (p = 0.835) between vertebroplasty (0.045 ± 0.022 microfractures/mm2) and control groups (0.035 ± 0.013 microfractures/mm2) for inferior adjacent vertebral bodies. Vertebroplasty specifically impacts the superior adjacent vertebrae of elderly female spines resulting in almost two times more trabecular microfractures when compared to non-treated controls.
Liquid crystalline, rheological and thermal properties of konjac glucomannan

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) exhibited liquid crystalline (LC) behaviour in aqueous solutions above 7% (w/w) concentrations as was determined by polarized optical microscopy and circular dichroism. The rheological properties of the concentrated LC solutions of KGM exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour. The fibrous extrudates retained a significant degree of flow-induced orientation as was determined by wide angle X-ray scattering, thereby indicating potential applications of KGM as fibres and films. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that a significant degree of interaction occurred between KGM and water and that the KGM gels produced in our study cannot be classified as thermoreversible.
Learning Chemistry for an Exciting (and Uncertain) Future

We and our chemistry students face an exciting and uncertain future. To meet this future, what does it require of us, especially those who teach introductory courses? One possible answer is to select more interesting topics around which to organize student learning, especially in first-year chemistry courses. Almost any topic will do; a starter set could include energy, water, public health, and food, topics that fall under the larger umbrella of sustainability and global stewardship. A second answer is to develop more robust learning goals for our students, especially those relating to the world around us. For example, we and our students need the ability to think across time and space in order to gain multiple points of view. We need to connect the dots both globally and locally, tracing the pathways of substances from cradle to grave. Although our students don't really need superpowers, perhaps enhanced powers of the imagination could help them better connect chemistry to the world in which they live. The ultimate goal is to better prepare them for an exciting and uncertain future.
Studies in the Psycho-Physiology of Transfer: III. Bilateral Practice Effects in Normal and Mirror Writing

(1938). Studies in the Psycho-Physiology of Transfer: III. Bilateral Practice Effects in Normal and Mirror Writing. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 285-289.
Improving cell-free protein synthesis through genome engineering of Escherichia coli lacking release factor 1.

Site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids (NSAAs) into proteins opens the way to novel biological insights and applications in biotechnology. Here, we describe the development of a high yielding cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform for NSAA incorporation from crude extracts of genomically recoded Escherichia coli lacking release factor 1. We used genome engineering to construct synthetic organisms that, upon cell lysis, lead to improved extract performance. We targeted five potential negative effectors to be disabled: the nuclease genes rna, rnb, csdA, mazF, and endA. Using our most productive extract from strain MCJ.559 (csdA(-) endA(-)), we synthesized 550±40 μg mL(-1) of modified superfolder green fluorescent protein containing p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine. This yield was increased to ∼1300 μg mL(-1) when using a semicontinuous method. Our work has implications for using whole genome editing for CFPS strain development, expanding the chemistry of biological systems, and cell-free synthetic biology.
Thermally Stable Nanocrystalline Mesoporous Gallium Oxide Phases

Semicrystalline and fully crystalline mesoporous galliumoxide phases were synthesized in the presence of ionic and non-ionic structure directing agents via Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly (EISA) and Self-Assembly Hydrothermal-Assisted (SAHA) methods respectively. EISA led to partially crystalline mesoporous gallium oxide phases displaying unimodal pore size distribution in the range of ca. 2–5 nm and surface areas as high as 300 m2/g. SAHA led to nanocrystalline mesoporous uniform micron-sized gallium oxide spheres (ca. 0.3–6.5 μm) with narrow size distribution displaying cubic spinel type structure. These mesophases displayed surface areas as high as ca. 221 m2/g and unimodal pore size distribution in the 5–15 nm range. Textural properties such as surface areas and pore sizes were effectively fine-tuned by the nature and relative concentration of the structure directing agents. Due to their high surface areas, tunability of pore sizes and the nature of the wall structure, these gallium oxide mesophases could find potential applications as heterogeneous catalysts.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Good sequences of integers

Abstract A sequence (aj) of integers is α-good (α real) if the sequence (ajα) of real numbers is uniformly distributed mod 1. For each polynomial P(x) of positive degree with real coefficients, we determine the set of real numbers α for which the sequence of integer parts ([P(j)]) is α-good.
Loss of hyaluronate-dependent coat during myoblast fusion☆

Cultured myoblasts were found to exhibit extensive, Streptomyces hyaluronidase-sensitive pericellular coats as revealed by exclusion of particles (fixed red blood cells). These coats are not discernible subsequent to fusion of the myoblasts to form myotubes. The myoblasts contained 2.5 times more hyaluronate attached to their cell surface than myotubes when the data was expressed per unit of protein, but no change in hyaluronate was evident on a per DNA basis. Hyaluronidase activities in the cultures were equivalent when expressed per unit of protein. We conclude that, although the myotubes accumulate larger amounts of protein than myoblasts, there is no compensatory increase in hyaluronate.
Magnetic switching of ferromagnetic thin films under thermal perturbation

In this paper, we study the magnetic switching of submicron-sized ferromagnetic thin films under thermal noise and external field. It is shown that the presence of the noise makes the switching easier with weaker external fields and induces more intermediate metastable states in the switching pathways. Different switching pathways are preferred at different temperatures. A quantitative relation between the temperature and the switching field for different metastable states is given through an adjusted Arrhenius formula near the critical field. Based on this, preferred switching pathways at different temperatures are obtained by comparing the energy barriers along different pathways.
What Do We Know About 40 Hz Activity and the Function It Serves

Abstract This section is intended to be clinically focused. Therefore, contributions are often more informal and do not always include references. Our clinical work is guided by science whenever possible, but limitations in knowledge require practitioners to be guided often by clinical experience, no matter what their specialty. In other words, clinical work involves art as well as science. Thus, contributions to this section will refer both to science and to “clinical wisdom.” Readers may send questions to: D. Corydon Hammond, PhD, University Medical Center, PM&R, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 (E-mail address: D.C.Hammond@m.cc.utah.edu).
A study of the conduction properties of a rectifying nGaAs-n(Ga, Al)As heterojunction

Abstract The I – V characteristics of a rectifying n GaAs- n Al x Ga 1- x As heterojunction ( x ≈ 0.28) have been measured over a temperature range of 145–300°K and compared with theory. The non-saturating behavior of the reverse current can be explained by using the graded gap model for the heterojunction. The conduction band-edge step at the interface, determined from these measurements, is 280 meV, in good agreement with existing evidence. This model however fails to account for the forward current, which exhibits an anamolous “pseudo-saturation” behavior. The forward characteristics are qualitatively explained by including in the model deep-level states near the interface, which become negatively charged under forward bias.
Combinatorial cationic lipid-like nanoparticles for efficient intracellular cytotoxic protein delivery

Introduction: Although protein-based drugs have shown success, they have been limited mostly to cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and monoclonal antibodies, all of which function primarily extracellularly. There are a number of diseases, including genetic diseases and cancers, that have the potential to be treated through proteins with an intracellular target. However, proteins alone are not usually able to cross the cell membrane in order to reach their intracellular targets. Hence it is desirable to develop efficient and effective tools as well as strategies that will enable us to deliver therapeutic proteins in their active forms to tumor cells or tissues. Here we present a combinatorial approach for the creation of cationic lipid-like nanoparticles (termed “lipidoids”) to facilitate intracellular cytotoxic protein delivery for the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.
Experimental and theoretical study of the stability of plane shock waves reflected normally from perturbed flat walls

The rate of damping of perturbations on a shock wave reflected from a perturbed flat wall was measured in a shock tube. Incident shock wave Mach numbers of 1·45 and 1·09 in air together with sinusoidal and Gaussian wall perturbations were employed. These measurements were compared with a modified form of a linearized theory due to Zaidel (1960). The linearization was performed about the basic solution of a plane shock wave reflected normally from a flat wall.The rate of decay and the frequency and phase of oscillations agreed very well with the theoretical predictions; the amplitudes of the oscillations were some-what larger than predicted. The reflected shock shape was initially in good agreement with theory, but higher frequency perturbations on the reflected shock front caused deviations from the predicted shape after the shock front had travelled about one wall-wavelength away from the wall.The generally satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment supports the use of linearized analysis in predicting shock wave stability.
Platelet Function Studies in Coronary Artery Disease

Platelets have been implicated and abnormal platelet function proposed in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). This investigation examines platelet function in men with stable, arteriographically defined CAD and correlates results with lipid pattern, history of angina or myocardial infarction and smoking habits. Platelet survival (51Chromium method), adhesiveness, and aggregation were measured in 21 men with CAD. Twelve patients had Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia and nine patients had normal lipoprotein level. Eighteen had angina and 13 had had infarction. The average platelet survival for the total group was normal (6.8 ± 0.24 days, avg ± sem), but survival was shortened in 11 and normal in ten. There was no significant difference between: (1) patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (6.8 ± 0.30 days) and those with normal lipoproteins (6.9 ± 0.41 days); (2) patients with angina (6.8 ± 0.28 days) and without (6.6 ± 0.26 days); (3) patients with infarction (6.8 ± 0.26 days); and without (6.8 ± 0.50 ...
Calcium Antagonists in Manic-Depressive Illness

Increased free intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) has been found in lymphocytes and blood platelets of patients with bipolar affective disorders when they are acutely ill, but not after recovery. Because lithium alters intracellular calcium ion dynamics and lowers platelet [Ca2+]i in affectively ill patients but not controls, drugs whose primary action is to modulate [Ca2+]i in hyperactive cells have been used as antimanic agents. The best studied of these is verapamil, a calcium channel blocking agent (CCB) that appears most effective for lithium-responsive patients. Because they interact with different central CCB receptors, second-generation CCBs may have a different spectrum of action. CCBs are usually well tolerated and may be useful for a number of other psychiatric, neurological and medical conditions.
Temporary As Compared to Permanent High School Dropout

More and more high school dropouts are obtaining GEDs or returning to school to earn diplomas, and several studies point to socioeconomic status, academic standing, parenthood status, and students' expectations as predictors of dropouts' later high school certification. Absent from these studies, however, are measures of students' motivational characteristics and employment patterns prior to dropping out. This article, which takes a life course perspective, draws upon a longitudinal study of first- time dropouts in Baltimore, where the dropout rate is high (over 40%), to compare those who dropped out temporarily with those who dropped out permanently. We find that Baltimore students who later achieved high school degrees resembled their counterparts — those who finished high school — in national studies in terms of demographics and school performance. We also find that before dropping out, the temporary dropouts had more positive motivational qualities and were more often employed than the permanent dropouts. Policy implications of the findings are discussed, including the pivotal role of work and alternative routes to high school certification in the lives of disadvantaged adolescents.
Stability of Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts in Model Biomass Solutions

The stability of a Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in liquid water and aqueous solutions of 5 wt% glycerol or sorbitol at 225 °C is examined using a variety of physicochemical methods. It is demonstrated that the presence of glycerol and sorbitol significantly reduces the hydration of γ-Al2O3 to form boehmite as compared to treatment in pure water. The stability against hydration increases with increasing carbon chain length. Treatment with polyol solutions also results in reduced agglomeration of supported metal particles. The prevention of boehmite formation and agglomeration of metal particles are attributed to the formation of carbonaceous species on the surface. In addition to these effects, the deposits block a considerable portion of active metal surface area. IR spectroscopic analysis indicates that dehydration reactions play an important role in the formation of the carbonaceous deposits. The present results illustrate that water and dissolved biomass compounds can strongly affect the stability of heterogeneous catalysts under reaction conditions.
Rotational spectra and molecular structures of N-nitroso-derivatives of pyrrolidine, piperidine, and morpholine and their isoelectronic formyl analogues

Abstract Three isoelectronic pairs of compounds, N-formyl- and N-nitrosopyrrolidine, piperidine, and morpholine, have been characterized by microwave spectroscopy. Only one conformational isomer is observed in each compound. Both the inertial constants and the 14 N quadrupole coupling constants determined here show that the molecular geometries of each isolectronic pair are extremely similar. Rotational spectra of vibrationally excited species of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N-nitrosopiperidine are assigned. The range of structural variation among the vibrationally excited states is comparable to the structural variation within the isoelectronic pairs of compounds, suggesting that a biological receptor for one compound is likely to bind its isoelectronic analog as well. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of N-formylpyrrolidine at the MP2/6–31G∗∗//MP2/31G∗∗ level reproduce the observed rotational econstants extremely well with a model that includes essentially planar bonding about the amino N atom.
Informing and Educating Parents About the Risks and Outcomes of Prematurity

The current process of educating and informing parents of the concerns and outcomes of premature infants is suboptimal, mostly because of modifiable factors. Proven methods to improve the transference of information are underused. In most institutions, the task to inform and educate parents is left to individual providers. Effective parent-clinician communication depends collectively on parents, clinicians, and the health care systems. Efforts must focus on improving communication and not on decreasing information provided to parents. If done successfully, we might find new and worthy allies in the trenches of the NICU.
Militarism and world health

Militarism is a rapidly growing factor in that complex network of social, political and economic causes of ill health among the world's poor. This complex of causes is driving a spiral of class inequality, political instability, and military repression in many less developed nations. These nations share a uniform security doctrine, which has major health impacts. Here five impacts are noted: diversion of resources, suppression of dissent, military classism, environment damage, and crime and terrorism. The demand stimulated by the recent Persian Gulf War for expensive, high-technology weapons may deepen Third World debt and fuel the cycle of poverty, ill health, social unrest, and military oppression. International health workers need to take account of the causes and effects of militarism in their studies of health problems. Their work could be aided by organizations that promote disarmament and environment preservation.
Monitoring an owner: The case of Turner broadcasting

Abstract Turner Broadcasting illustrates how organizational mechanisms can be adapted to prevent a majority owner from imposing costs on minority shareholders through inept management or opportunistic behavior. These mechanisms involve issuing preferred stock with unusual features, concentrating its ownership among a small group of investors, allowing the new preferred shareholders to elect several directors, and requiring supramajority approval of major management decisions by a reconstituted board of directors. The alienability of the preferred stock is restricted to help insure that its ownership stays concentrated and in the hands of those with the specific knowledge and incentives to be effective monitors.
On Generalized Cross-Validation for Multivariate Smoothing Spline Functions

Let there be given data $y_i = f(t_i ) + \varepsilon _i ,i = 1, \cdots ,n$, where f is an element of $H^m (\Omega )$, $\Omega $ is a bounded subset of $R^d $ with smooth boundary and satisfying a uniform cone condition, and the errors $\varepsilon _i $ are i.i.d. random variables with zero mean. To estimate f we use the Thin Plate Smoothing Spline $S_{m,n,\lambda } $ defined as the unique solution to the minimization problem \[ \mathop {{\text{Minimize }}}\limits_{u \in D^{ - m} L^2 \left(R^d \right)} \lambda | u |_m^2 + \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i = 1}^n {\left[ {u\left( {t_i } \right) - y_i } \right]^2 } \]where the smoothing parameter $\lambda $ is obtained using the method of Generalized Cross-Validation. Under mild assumptions on the limiting behavior of the knots, we prove that this method is asymptotically optimal, and \[\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } E\left[ {\left| {f - S_{m,n,\lambda _n^ * } } \right|_{0,\Omega }^2 } \right] = 0\] where $\lambda _n^ * $ is the minimizes of the Generalized Cross-Validation function.
Cosmogenic neon in recent lavas from the western United States

The absolute cosmogenic production of 21Ne (21Nec) and 3He (3Hec) in olivine (Fo81) is measured for the well-dated Tabernacle Hill flow. Values scaled to sea level and high latitude ( > 60°) are 45 atoms/g/yr for 21Nec and 109 atoms/g/yr for 3Hec for the past 17,800 years.Production rates for 21Nec are about 50% higher than the theoretical values given by Lal [1991]. A ratio of 21Nec/3Hec of 0.41 ± 0.05 is measured in olivines that have a range of 25 in cosmogenic exposure; there is no evidence of 3Hec loss in samples older than 100,000 years. Volcanic plagioclase is shown to be a suitable mineral for cosmogenic 21Nec dating of surfaces. 21Nec in co-existing plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts have a constant ratio of 0.42 ± .04 in samples with more than 106 atoms of 21Nec. Using all of the 21Nec data and the 3Hec as a cosmic ray flux monitor, production of 21Nec in Ab36 plagioclase is calculated at 16.8 ± 1.7 atoms/g-yr for the past 17,800 years. The production of 21Nec from 23Na is estimated at 160 ± 50 atoms/g/yr at 60° and sea level or equivalent to that on 24Mg.
Action potential of the motorneuron

The excitability of various regions of the spinal motorneuron can be specified by solving the partial differential equation of a nerve fiber whose diameter and membrane properties vary with distance. For our model geometrical factors for the myelinated axon, initial segment and cell body were derived from anatomical measurements, the dendritic tree was represented by its equivalent cylinder, and the current-voltage relations of the membrane were described by a modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley model that fits voltage-clamp data from the motorneuron. In order to compute spike waveforms that match experimental observations, 1) the dendritic membrane must be inexcitable, 2) the voltage threshold of the initial segment of the axon must be ten millivolts lower than that of the cell body, and 3) the density of sodium conductance in the initial segment must be ten times greater than in a typical unmyelinated axon.
Analyzing the impact of increasing Mechanical Index (MI) and energy deposition on shear wave speed (SWS) reconstruction in human liver

Shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) has found success in liver fibrosis staging. However, technical failure and unreliable shear wave speed (SWS) estimation have been reported to increase both with elevated patient body mass index (BMI) and in the presence of significant hepatic fibrosis. Elevated BMI results in a significant amount of subcutaneous fat which attenuates acoustic radiation force (ARF) and abberates tracking beams. Advanced fibrosis results in small displacement amplitudes in stiff livers. This work evaluates hepatic SWEI measurement success as a function of push pulse energy using 2 Mechanical Index (MI) values (1.6 and 2.2) over a range of pulse durations. The rate of successful SWS estimation for 8 repeated measurements is linearly proportional to the push energy level. As expected, elevated push energy in SWEI measurements results in higher displacement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). SWEI measurements with elevated push energy are successful in patients for whom standard push energy levels failed. Deep liver capsule is shown to be an indicator for lower yield of SWS estimation. Patients with deep liver capsules are likely to benefit from elevated push energies. We conclude that there is clinical benefit to using elevated acoustic output for hepatic SWS measurement in “difficult to image” patients.
An Overlooked Priority: Puberty in Sub-Saharan Africa

Early adolescence remains an overlooked window of opportunity for public health intervention with girls and boys in sub-Saharan Africa. Minimal health data exist on pubescent girls and boys.Considerable morbidity and mortality related to HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy emerge soon after puberty, suggesting the importance of targeting early adolescents. The fundamental goal of primary prevention would be better served if girls and boys between the ages of 10 and 14 years were targeted for effective and contextually relevant interventions.Such interventions should address healthy transitions to young adulthood to effectively advance the public health agenda with postpubescent (aged 15 to 24 years) young women and men. The global health community is overdue to build the empirical database for intervention with this age group.
Responses of zooplankton and zoobenthos to experimental acidification in a high‐elevation lake (Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.)

SUMMARY. 1. During the summer of 1987 we conducted an acidification experiment using large enclosure at Emerald Lake, a dilute, high-elevation lake in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A. The experiment was designed to examine the effects of acidification on the zooplankton and zoobenthos assemblages of Sierran lakes. 2. Treatments consisted of a control (pH 6.3) and pH levels of 5.8, 5.4, 5.3, 5.0 and 4.7; each treatment was run in triplicate. The experiment lasted 35 days. 3. The zooplankton assemblage was sensitive to acidification. Daphnia rosea Sars emend. Richard and Diaptomns signicauda Lilljeborg decreased in abundance below pH 5.5–5.8, and virtually disappeared below pH 5.0. Bosmina longirostris (Muller) and Keratella taurocephala Ahlstrom became more abundant with decreasing pH. although B. longirostris was rare in the pH 4.7 treatment. These species might serve as reliable indicators of early acidification in lakes such as Emerald Lake. 4. The elimination of D. rosea in acidified treatments probably allowed the more acid-tolerant taxa to increase in abundance because interspecific competition was reduced. Even slight acidification can therefore alter the structure of the zooplankton assemblage. 5. In contrast to the zooplankton, there was no evidence that the zoobenthos in the enclosures was affected by acidification.
Biography: Walter T. Hughes, MD: Pioneer and leader in the battle against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia *

Abstract With the increased prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children and adolescents, diagnosis and treatment of other associated diseases, many of which pose specific risks for this particularly vulnerable population, are of concern to pediatricians. An important opportunistic infection associated with this increased prevalence is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which recently has occurred in epidemic proportions in these populations. Untreated, the disease always is fatal. Since his first descriptive report on P carinii pneumonia in 1971, Walter T. Hughes, MD, has been the unequaled authority on the disease, its prevention, and its treatment. He is the subject of this article, which seeks to honor his outstanding research accomplishments, his commitment to his profession and to his patients, and his devotion to his family, all of which find their source in his faith. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Opioid regulation of parental behavior in juvenile rats

Abstract When exposed to young rats for a period of days, juvenile rats will respond with full parental behavior (FPB: retrieval and grouping of, and crouching over, pups). Because the parental behavior of juveniles is so robust, and because opiates have been shown to be involved in the regulation of parental behavior in adult animals, we examined morphine's ability to disrupt the display of parental behavior in the juvenile animal. In Experiment 1, 25-day-old males and females were administered one of three injection regimens of morphine (MOR), saline (SAL), or naloxone (NAL)−[MOR (5.0 mg/kg) + SAL; MOR + NAL (0.5 mg/kg); or SAL + SAL]-and 1 h later were exposed to three 1- to 6-day-old neonates. Behavior was scored over a 60-min period and animals were considered parental if they responded with FPB for 2 consecutive testing days. Whereas the SAL + SAL and MOR + NAL were not different, MOR + SAL virtually failed to respond to young over a 10-day period. Experiment 2 exposed juveniles to young for a period of days until they displayed 2 consecutive days of FPB. Next, separate groups of juveniles were treated with the same regimen as above. Again, SAL + SAL and MOR + NAL responded rapidly to young, whereas MOR + SAL did not. These data suggest that the display of parental behavior, both its onset (Experiment 1) and maintenance (Experiment 2), appears to be regulated by opiates.
Regime shift in marine ecosystems and implications for fisheries management, a review

The concept of regime shift in marine ecosystems has arisen in recent years. This study reviews the origin, scientific meaning, driving forces of marine ecosystem regime shrifts. Driving forces include climate-ocean oscillation, fishing, introduced species, river flow, eutrophication, disease and pollution. Several controversial questions are discussed: whether regime shift is just a climate oscillation noise, the difficulties of separating driving forces, and whether the impacts of ecosystem regime shift are necessarily bad or good. The methods used to model regime shifts in ecosystems are reviewed. These methods include two types of models: general circulation model and historical description. The implications of regime shift in fisheries are considered, including examples of impacts, consequences of not considering regime shift, and difficulties in incorporating regime shift into the current stock assessment models. Possible future research needed to understand and model regime shifts is discussed, including strategies for fisheries management.
Proton exchange and hydrogen bonding in hydroxylamine derivatives

Abstract Proton exchange in hydroxylamines, RNHOH, has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Hydrogen bonding of the hydroxylamines and their N,N-and N,O-disubstituted derivatives by self-association as well as by their interaction with electron donors has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the OH group participates to a greater extent in hydrogen bonding than the NH group. The O-H⋯Y (Y = donor site) hydrogen bonds are found to be generally stronger than the N-H⋯Y bonds.
Fungi Associated with the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae, and Assessment of Entomopathogenic Isolates for Management

Fungi associated with the hemlock wooly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), were collected throughout the eastern USA and southern China. Twenty fungal genera were identified, as were 79 entomopathogenic isolates, including: Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) (Hypocreales: Insertae sedis), Isaria farinosa (Holm: Fries.) (Cordycipitaceae), Beauveria bassiana (Balasamo) (Hyphomycetes), and Fusarium spp (Nectriaceae). The remaining fungal genera associated with insect cadavers were similar for both the USA and China collections, although the abundance of Acremonium (Hypocreaceae) was greater in China. The entomopathogenic isolates were assayed for efficacy against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and yielded mortality ranging from 3 to 92%. Ten isolates demonstrating the highest efficacy were further assessed for efficacy against field-collected A. tsugae under laboratory conditions. Overall, two B. bassiana, one L. lecanii, and a strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), demonstrated significantly higher efficacy against A. tsugae than the others. Isolates were further evaluated for conidial production, germination rate and colony growth at four temperatures representative of field conditions. All isolates were determined to be mesophiles with optimal temperature between 25–30° C. In general, conidial production increased with temperature, though two I. farinosa produced significantly more conidia at cooler temperatures. When efficacy values were compared with conidial production and temperature tolerances, Agricultural Research Service Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungi (ARSEF) 1080, 5170, and 5798 had characteristics comparable to the industrial B. bassiana strain GHA.
Food Shopping Efficiency Among the Rural Poor: An Exploratory Inquiry

The research reported here deals with the development and application of a measure of food shopping efficiency. The measure is based upon the relationship between household dietary adequacy and household food expenditures. In the empirical application, attention is focused on the food shopping efficiency within a sample of approximately 300 rural poor households in Missouri. As the basis for analy sis, a measure of shopping efficiency was developed and labeled Daily Recommended Food Servings Efficiency (DRSE). The DRSE includes provisions for relating the servings of specific foods consumed by household members to recommended servings of the four basic food groups. It further provides for determining the household's efficiency of financial re source usage by relating these dietary data to dollars spent on food. The DRSE was consid ered the dependent variable, and the directional influence on it of 12 independent variables was hypothesized and tested using multiple regression analysis. The independent variables include: the age, education, and broadcast and print media exposure of the individual principally responsible for meal planning and food preparation, as well as householdsize, income, medical expenditures, home food production, freezer ownership, price as a store selection criterion, and shopping frequency. Three of these independent variables—household size, income per person, and shopping frequency—were found to have a statistically significant influence on DRSE.
Proliferation index as a prognostic marker in hemangiopericytoma of the head and neck

Background Hemangiopericytoma (HPC) of the head and neck is a rare neoplasm whose biologic behavior is difficult to predict by means of conventional histologic parameters. Methods H & E–stained sections from 12 cases of HPC were reviewed. Proliferation index was assessed using an immunoperoxidase stain for MIB-1 (Ki-67). Results The study group consisted of 4 adult men, 5 adult women, and 1 infant male. Necrosis, hypercellularity, and pleomorphism were found in 1, 5, and 6 case(s), respectively. The mitotic index per 10 high power fields varied from 0-1 to 15. Proliferation indices using MIB-1 ranged from 2.6% to 52.5%. Clinical follow-up revealed 3 cases with recurrence all possessing proliferation indices of approximately 10%. Conclusions Standard histomorphologic features may be inadequate predictors of clinical outcome. A proliferation index of 10% or greater may indicate a more aggressive subset of HPC of the head and neck. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 492–496, 2001.