cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor surface – molecule interactions: a case study in the wet etching of InP by α-hydroxy acids

The controllable etching of InP semiconductor surfaces is desired in removing damaged layers for facilitating regrowth and obtaining good electronic properties. We have observed that organic acids (α-hydroxy acids: tartaric, lactic, citric and malic) used in conjunction with HCl to etch (100) InP result in smoother and defect free surfaces, in comparison to etches based on inorganic acids alone. The chelating action of the organic acids aids in efficiently removing In from the surface. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that a consideration of the energy levels of the semiconductor and adsorbed molecules could help in devising new semiconductor etchants.
Flow-dependent K+ secretion in the cortical collecting duct is mediated by a maxi-K channel.

K+ secretion by the cortical collecting duct (CCD) is stimulated at high flow rates. Patch-clamp analysis has identified a small-conductance secretory K+ (SK) and a high-conductance Ca2+-activated ...
A minimal model for human whole body cholesterol metabolism

Important work by others has shown that human whole body cholesterol metabolism can be described by a three-compartment model computed from plasma cholesterol specific activity after an intravenous infusion of labeled cholesterol. However, some parameters of that model cannot be estimated precisely [coefficient of variation (CV) 15-19% after 40 wk of follow-up], making its use in routine clinical investigation difficult. On the other hand, a simpler two-compartment model can be calculated with excellent precision from only 10 wk of data (CV 2-8%), but its parameters are inaccurate (for example, the size of the central pool is overestimated by 20%, and the rate constant for fractional excretion of cholesterol from the body is underestimated by 15%). Thus both three-compartment and two-compartment models of cholesterol turnover have important limitations. An alternative is provided by a minimal model that takes advantage of the increased precision expected in the solution of models with fewer parameters. A three-compartment structure is used, but only four (rather than 6 or more) parameters are calculated: the mass of the rapidly mixing central cholesterol compartment, the fractional rate of cholesterol elimination from the body, and the average forward and reverse rate constants for cholesterol transfer between the rapid compartment and both slower compartments. Each of these parameters can be determined unambiguously (without the need to use a minimum or maximum estimate), accurately (mean values within 2% of theory), and with precision (CV 3-13%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanism of decreased adenosine protection in reperfusion injury of aging rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the protective effects of adenosine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury are altered with age, and if so, to clarify the mechanisms that underlie this change related to nitric oxide (NO) derived from the vascular endothelium. Isolated perfused rat hearts were exposed to 30 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. In the adult hearts, administration of adenosine (5 μmol/l) stimulated NO release (1.06 ± 0.19 nmol · min−1 · g−1, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle), increased coronary flow, improved cardiac functional recovery (left ventricular developed pressure 79 ± 3.8 vs. 57 ± 3.1 mmHg in vehicle, P < 0.001; maximal rate of left ventricular pressure development 2,385 ± 103 vs. 1,780 ± 96 in vehicle, P < 0.001), and reduced myocardial creatine kinase loss (95 ± 3.9 vs. 159 ± 4.6 U/100 mg protein, P < 0.01). In aged hearts, adenosine-stimulated NO release was markedly reduced (+0.42 ± 0.12 nmol · min−1 · g−1 vs. vehicle), and the cardioprotective effects of adenosine were also attenuated. Inhibition of NO production in the adult hearts significantly decreased the cardioprotective effects of adenosine, whereas supplementation of NO in the aged hearts significantly enhanced the cardioprotective effects of adenosine. The results show that the protective effects of adenosine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury are markedly diminished in aged animals, and that the loss in NO release in response to adenosine may be at least partially responsible for this age-related alteration.
AN OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM INVOLVING BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

(1999). An Optimization Problem Involving Binomial Coefficients. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 223-227.
Enhanced Approaches to Solving the Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem

Two modifications to the solution methods for the Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (MTSP) will be presented with a focus on their potential applications to UAV swarm route planning. The scenario discussed in this paper involves a set of randomly distributed cities and a specified number of UAVs. To solve the MTSP, cities are divided into clusters based on their location in space, typically using K-means clustering, and each UAV is assigned to a cluster. Next the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is solved for each cluster using a constructive heuristic called the 2-Opt to determine the shortest route through the set of cities. An optimal solution to the problem is one that minimizes the longest route of any UAV. The first modification that will be presented is a modification to the 2-Opt which improves computation time by beginning with an initial route determined using the nearest neighbor algorithm, rather than a route determined at random. The second modification is a new clustering method that builds upon K-means clustering to reduce the maximum tour distance of any cluster. These results could lead to large reductions in UAV mission times.
Analysis of detection results of antibody level after rabies vaccination in 9606 cases

Objective:To find out the antibody responses of the rabies vaccination.Methods:The antibody level after the rabies vaccination was determined by ELISA test.Results:9606 serum samples have been detected in 2007~2008.There were 9320 antibodies positive.The positive rate is 96.99%.There are 4881 male serum samples and 4710 antibodies positive.The positive rate is 96.50%.There are 4728 female serum samples and 4610 antibodies positive.The positive rate is 97.50%.The rate of 10 years old team is 99.81% and the highest one.The rate of 60 years old above is 95.54% and the lowest one.Conclusion:Rabies vaccine is the most effective way to prevent the rabies.People should propagate the injury awareness of the dog attack.Raise the awareness of self-protection.People has been already attacked by dog should be vaccinated soon.
New millennium, old dilemmas.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the issues involved in evaluating and choosing cancer screening guidelines. DATA SOURCES Current epidemiologic literature. DATA SYNTHESIS Screening is universally accepted as being important for cancer control. A number of organizations have developed cancer screening guidelines. However, agreement on who should be screened, with what tests, and at what ages and intervals is far from universal. Choice of screening guidelines may be influenced by differences in populations of interest and considerations of screening effectiveness. CONCLUSION Directing patients toward appropriate screening tests and intervals requires attention to information about screening tests and to individual and institutional characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Oncology nurses should be aware of the various issues that influence cancer screening recommendations. Nurses advising patients about or developing cancer screening services must consider identifying both the patient population to be screened and factors influencing screening test effectiveness. This information then can be used to choose the most appropriate guidelines from those available. Consideration of the issues also can be applied as advances in screening evolve.
Impact of Fiber Treatment on the Oil Absorption Characteristics of Plant Fibers

Most plant fibers are good sorbents of oil; however, synthetic sorbents have a much higher sorption capacity (SC) than plant fibers. This study evaluated the effect of fiber treatments, specifically hot-water treatment and mercerization, on the absorption characteristics of selected plant fibers. Five common plant fibers—corn residues, soybean residues, cotton burr and stem (CBS), cattail, and oak—were evaluated for their absorption characteristics in crude oil, motor oil, deionized (DO) water, and a 80:20 mix of DO water. The fiber treatments included ground fiber (control), hot-water treatment at 80 °C for 4 h and 125 °C for 4 h, mercerization at room temp for 48 h, and mercerization at 300 °C for 1 h. The absorption capacity (AC) varied with fiber type, absorption medium, and fiber treatment. Mercerization at 300 °C increased the water absorption of soybean residue up to 8 g/g. Mercerization at room temperature and the hot-water treatment at 125 °C increased the crude oil absorption capacity. After certain treatments, the crude oil absorption capacity of CBS and corn fibers increased over 5 g/g, and the motor oil absorption capacity of cattail, corn, and soybean also increased to 4 to 5 g/g.
Modern concepts in the treatment of unicameral bone cysts of the proximmal humerus.

Summary Although many reviews of unicameral bone cysts have appeared in the literature, the etiology and treatment for this condition remain controversial. Tachdjian19 has stated that at least 50 per cent of unicameral bone cysts occur in the proximal humerus. Neer and others have shown that recurrence can be expected in 18 to 30 per cent of the cases in which curettage and bone grafting have been utilized. Fahey has reported good success, and Neer has shown improved results, in obliterating unicameral bone cysts utilizing subtotal resection and bone grafting. In the 14 patients with unicameral bone cysts treated by subperiosteal diaphysectomy reported in the literature, no recurrences have been detected to date. Included in this series were patients with cysts in both active and latent stages and children above and below the age of 10 years. No reported incidence of growth plate damage or subsequent growth disturbance has been seen in association with this technique to date. Diaphysectomy has the added advantage of being effective in the treatment of other cystic lesions in the nonweight bearing bones. It has been utilized with success in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts and other benign lesions in the skeletally immature patient. Although the series of reported cases with unicameral bone cysts of the proximal humerus treated by subperiosteal diaphysectomy is small, and adequate long term follow-up evaluation is still being compiled, it would appear that this technique may substantially reduce the number of recurrences in these patients with unicameral bone cysts of the proximal humerus.
Smoking Effects in the Human Nervous System

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide. There are more than a billion smokers worldwide, an estimated 700 million children are exposed to second-hand smoke at home, and about 5 million people die from tobacco-related illnesses each year. The prevalence of smoking in the US decreased to 20.6% in 2008. Nonetheless, tobacco use is still the most common cause of preventable death and disease in the US, accounting for approximately 438,000 premature deaths annually, representing 18% of total yearly deaths. Smoking reduces the median survival of smokers by an average of 10 years, but by stopping cigarette smoking, a patient improves survival even among those who stop after age 50. Nonetheless, habitual smokers find it extremely difficult to successfully stop smoking. Although more than two-thirds of smokers would like to stop, and 40% make at least one cessation attempt per year, only 3-5% of smokers per year are successful in stopping long term on their own. While most of the morbidity and mortality from smoking is due to toxic compounds and carcinogens ingested during tobacco smoke inhalation, nicotine is the active ingredient in the development of addiction and the substance responsible for its central nervous system effects.
What can imaging tell us about influenza virus transmission and protection

The emergence of zoonotic influenza infections is a constant threat to public health. One of the major determinants of pandemic potential is the ability to transmit from animal to human and/or human to human via respiratory droplets. Understanding viral tropism and spread is crucial for predicting which viruses represent the most threatening to human health. Recently, a replication-competent influenza reporter virus was described that permitted in vivo imaging and visualization of infection in ferrets for the first time. This review will focus on the applications of luminescent reporter viruses toward understanding transmission of influenza viruses and development of therapeutic interventions.
Kansas Windscape - 2016 Status

Kansas has played a significant role for the growth of wind energy in the United States. Kansas ranks sixth among states for wind-energy capacity, and is third in the nation for per-capita production of electricity from the wind. Wind farms are sited in topographically high positions on uplands, drainage divides, escarpments, and other rural sites in which there are few or no obstacles to interrupt near-surface wind flow. The best regions of the state include the High Plains, especially in southwestern Kansas, the Blue Hills and Flint Hills, and on the Missouri-Arkansas drainage divide in the Osage Cuestas. Rapid development of wind energy has taken place in these regions during the past few years, except for the Flint Hills, which is an exclusion zone for new wind farms. Bird and bat mortality remains an issue, but with appropriate wildlife mitigation much more wind energy could be developed in Kansas. Aesthetic issues include visibility and noise. Developing safe and renewable energy resources that have...
The Invisible Hand of U.S. Commercial Banking Reform: Private Action and Public Guarantees

(2006). The Invisible Hand of U.S. Commercial Banking Reform: Private Action and Public Guarantees. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 217-219.
A $k$ -Space Pseudospectral Method for Elastic Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Anisotropic Media

This paper presents the theory of the $k$ -space method generalized to model elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous anisotropic media. The $k$ -space methods are promising time integration techniques giving, in conjunction with collocation spectral methods, accurate and efficient numerical schemes for problems in heterogeneous media. In this paper, the $k$ -space operator is derived in a spatially continuous form using the Fourier analysis of the displacement formalism of elastodynamics. An efficient numerical algorithm is then constructed by applying a Fourier collocation spectral method, leading to define the discrete $k$ -space scheme. The proposed method is temporally exact for homogeneous media, unconditionally stable for heterogeneous media, and also allows larger time steps without loss of accuracy. Implementation of the method is discussed in detail. The method is validated through a set of numerical tests. The numerical results show the efficacy of the method compared with the conventional schemes.
Machine Learning for Higher-Level Linguistic Tasks

Annotation is one of the main vehicles for supplying knowledge to machine learning systems built to automate text processing tasks. In this chapter, we discuss how linguistic annotation is used in machine learning for different natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Specifically, we focus on how different layers of annotation are leveraged in tasks that aim to discover higher-level linguistic information. We present how machine learning fits into the annotation process in the MATTER cycle, discuss some common machine learning algorithms used in NLP, explain the fundamentals of feature selection, and explore methods for leveraging limited quantities of annotated data. We close with a case study of the 2012 i2b2 NLP shared task which targeted temporal information extraction, a higher-level task that requires a synthesis of information from multiple linguistic levels.
Recurrent Upper Extremity Thrombosis Associated with Overactivity: A Case of Delayed Diagnosis of Paget-Schroetter Syndrome

Paget-Schroetter syndrome is thrombosis of the axillary-subclavian vein that is associated with strenuous and repetitive activity of the upper extremities. Overuse of the arm coupled with external compression results in microtrauma in the intima of the subclavian vein, resulting in the activation of the coagulation cascade. Diagnosis is usually made by Doppler ultrasound and the treatment involves thrombolysis, while routine surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet is controversial. In this report, we present a case of a patient who presented with a second episode of spontaneous right upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. The first episode was inadequately treated with oral anticoagulation alone. During the second episode, Paget-Schroetter syndrome was diagnosed, after careful review of his occupational history. He subsequently underwent angioplasty and decompression of thoracic outlet with no recurrence of thrombosis in a 12-month follow-up period.
Discovery of patterns in spatio-temporal data using clustering techniques

Spatial-temporal clustering is very useful unsupervised learning technique and can be used to identify interesting distribution patterns from geo-located data. It is one of the most commonly used data mining techniques in many application domains, e.g. geographic information science, health science, and environmental science. In this paper, we propose a density-based spatial-temporal clustering algorithm for geo-located data points, based on an extension of the SNN (Shared Nearest Neighbor) clustering. The proposed algorithm allows the integration of location, time and other semantic attributes in the clustering process. This algorithm can find clusters of different sizes, shapes, and densities in noisy data. We evaluate the effectiveness of our algorithm through a case study involving a New York City taxi cab pickup data and Maryland crime data. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can discover interesting patterns and useful information from spatial-temporal data.
Driving and Epilepsy

A 41-year-old female pilot for a major airline presented with subacute worsening of brief events of involuntary stereotyped motor movements. The episodes began 3 years ago and until recently were sporadic. They consisted of an abrupt onset of left arm posturing with elevation toward her face and “smacking her lips.” At the same time she reported that her left face would draw upward associated with a transient inability to verbally respond to questions. The episodes were several seconds in duration and occurred three times daily on average. She reported that they were so brief that they did not impact her cognition or impair her overall ability to function. Worsening began following a long airplane flight where she had been sleep-deprived due to a busy and difficult work schedule causing them to occur several times an hour. Her general and neurological examination was normal. An MRI was obtained and was found to be normal. A serum drug screen and laboratory was unrevealing. An EEG was subsequently obtained and captured an episode (Fig. 21.1).
Human Altruism and Cooperation: Needs and the Promotion of Well-Being in Modern Life: Introduction Part V

The remarkable journey that this volume represents on the exploration of the origins of altruism and cooperation reaches its last station, one that is eminently human. Altruism may be seen as the unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others. Cooperation involves joint activity for a common purpose or benefit. Together, these concepts denote high forms of prosocial behavior and illustrate forms of positive health or well-being (Cloninger, 2004; Cloninger & Zohar, 2011; Mezzich, 2005). A brief analysis of the scope and implications of the above health concepts may be helpful for understanding their bases better and advancing their fulfillment.
Position-Dependent Sleep Apnea: Implications for Diagnosis and Management

The position dependence of obstructive sleep apnea is an important facet of the complex phenotypic disease spectrum. The implications are important for understanding the pathophysiology, accurately diagnosing the presence and severity during overnight testing, and predicting the utility of certain treatment modalities. A thorough understanding of position dependence is critical in achieving an optimal approach to patients with obstructive sleep apnea, with implications for clinical care as well as clinical research.
Studies of CNI Copper Coordination Compounds: What Determines the Electron-Transfer Rate of the Blue-Copper Proteins?

Unlike heme iron and iron-sulfur electron-transfer proteins, cuproproteins have no extrudable coordination complex, since the active-site structure exists only through chelation of the copper ion with protein residues.1 Thus, the study of small-molecule copper complexes offers one of the few means to evaluate the active-site contribution to electron transfer for copper proteins. Small-molecule model compounds for copper protein electron-transfer dynamics should ideally demonstrate coordination number invariance (CNI) and an outer-sphere mechanism of electron transfer. Synthetic copper systems rarely meet these two criteria, and the literature documents only a few well-defined candidates.2–6 The high kinetic lability of copper and its tendency to adopt different coordination numbers and geometries in the +1 and +2 oxidation states pose formidable obstacles in the design and synthesis of appropriate small-molecule systems. Despite such difficulties, we have obtained data for several CNI five-coordinate complexes and for one four-coordinate complex by synthesizing ligands carefully tailored to help control such problems. The synthesis and characterization of the five-coordinate complexes have been described elsewhere,6 while the four-coordinate complex is presented here for the first time.
Estimating the Relative Excess Risk Due to Interaction in Clustered-Data Settings

The risk difference scale is often of primary interest when evaluating public health impacts of interventions on binary outcomes. However, few investigators report findings in terms of additive interaction, probably because the models typically used for binary outcomes implicitly measure interaction on the multiplicative scale. One measure with which to assess additive interaction from multiplicative models is the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). The RERI measure has been applied in many contexts, but one limitation of previous approaches is that clustering in data has rarely been considered. We evaluated the RERI metric for the setting of clustered data using both population-averaged and cluster-conditional models. In simulation studies, we found that estimation and inference for the RERI using population-averaged models was straightforward. However, frequentist implementations of cluster-conditional models including random intercepts often failed to converge or produced degenerate variance estimates. We developed a Bayesian implementation of log binomial random-intercept models, which represents an attractive alternative for estimating the RERI in cluster-conditional models. We applied the methods to an observational study of adverse birth outcomes in mothers with human immunodeficiency virus, in which mothers were clustered within clinical research sites.
SR-BI (Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1) Is Critical in Maintaining Normal T-Cell Development and Enhancing Thymic Regeneration.

Objective— Continuous T-cell production from thymus is essential in replenishing naive T-cell pool and maintaining optimal T-cell functions. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the T-cell...
Surface Hopping without Momentum Jumps: A Quantum-Trajectory-Based Approach to Nonadiabatic Dynamics

We describe a new method for simulating nonadiabatic dynamics using stochastic trajectories. The method, which we call quantum trajectory surface hopping (QTSH), is a variant of the popular fewest-switches surface-hopping (FSSH) approach, but with important differences. We briefly review and significantly extend our recently described consensus surface-hopping (CSH) formalism, which captures quantum effects such as coherence and decoherence via a collective representation of the quantum dynamics at the ensemble level. Using well-controlled further approximations, we derive an independent trajectory limit of CSH that recovers the FSSH stochastic algorithm but rejects the ad hoc momentum rescaling of FSSH in favor of quantum forces that couple classical and quantum degrees of freedom and lead to nonclassical trajectory dynamics. The approach is well-defined in both the diabatic and adiabatic representations. In the adiabatic representation, the classical dynamics are modified by a quantum-state-dependent vector potential, introducing geometric phase effects into the dynamics of multidimensional systems. Unlike FSSH, our method obeys energy conservation without any artificial momentum rescaling, eliminating undesirable features of the former such as forbidden hops and breakdown of the internal consistency of quantum and ensemble-based state probabilities. Corrections emerge naturally in the formalism that allow approximate incorporation of decoherence without the computational expense of the full CSH approach. The method is tested on several model systems. QTSH provides a surface-hopping methodology that has a rigorous foundation and broader applicability than FSSH while retaining the low computational cost of an independent trajectory framework.
A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF PATIENT WITH CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION WERE DIAGNOSED WITH MAY-THURNER SYNDROME USING SCREENING VENOGRAPHY

May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) is a rare condition in which patients develop left iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) due to an anatomical variant in which the right common iliac artery overlies and compresses the left common iliac vein. Currently, there is no evidence in the medical literature to
Excited Nucleon Spectrum and Structure Studies with CLAS and CLAS12

The study of the spectrum and structure of excited nucleon states employing the electroproduction of exclusive reactions is an important avenue for exploring the nature of the non-perturbative strong interaction. The CLAS detector in Hall~B has provided the dominant part of the available world data on most relevant meson electroproduction channels off the nucleon in the resonance region for $Q^2$ up to 5~GeV$^2$. Analyses of CLAS data for the exclusive channels $\pi N$, $\eta N$, and $\pi^+ \pi^- p$ on a proton target have provided the only results available on the $Q^2$ evolution of the electro-excitation amplitudes for the transitions from the initial photon-proton to the final $N^*$ states in the mass range up to $W$=1.8~GeV. These electrocouplings allow for exploration of the internal structure of the produced excited nucleon states. This work has made it clear that consistent results from independent analyses of several exclusive channels with different resonance hadronic decay parameters and non-resonant backgrounds but the same $N^*$ electro-excitation amplitudes, is essential to have confidence in the extracted results. Starting in early 2018, a program to study the spectrum and structure of $N^*$ states in various exclusive electroproduction channels using the new CLAS12 spectrometer commenced. These studies will probe the structure of $N^*$ states in the mass range up to $W$=3~GeV and for $Q^2$ as low as 0.05~GeV$^2$ and as high as 10-12~GeV$^2$, thus providing a means to access $N^*$ structure information spanning a broad range of distance scales. Quasi-real photoproduction studies are also planned to search for additional $N^*$ states, the so-called hybrid baryons, for which the glue serves as an active structural component. In this talk the $N^*$ programs from both CLAS and CLAS12 will be reviewed.
Uniform Stabilization with Arbitrary Decay Rates of the Oseen Equation by Finite-Dimensional Tangential Localized Interior and Boundary Controls

We consider an unstable Oseen equation (linearized Navier-Stokes equations) defined on a 2-d or 3-d open connected bounded domain and subject to two types of ‘tangential’ controls: (i) a (Dirichlet-type) tangential boundary control acting on an arbitrarily small open sub-portion \(\tilde{\varGamma }\) of positive measure of the full boundary \(\varGamma \); and (ii) an interior control acting tangentially on a localized collar of the boundary supported on \(\tilde{\varGamma }\). The main result of the paper asserts, constructively, feedback uniform stabilization (even at a higher norm than \(L_2\)) of the Oseen equation with arbitrary decay rates by means of a pair of controls of the type noted above, which moreover are both finite dimensional and in feedback form. The basic approach is based on the strategy introduced in [28] in 1975, though under considerably more involved technicalities, even in the analysis of the finite dimensional fully general unstable projected dynamics. Subsequent work will then yield local uniform stabilization in a neighborhood of an equilibrium (or steady-state) solution of the full Navier-Stokes model by combining the present result with techniques introduced in [4] in the case of the Navier-Stokes equations and abstracted in [5, 6].
Asymptotic Criticality of the Navier-Stokes Regularity Problem

The problem of global-in-time regularity for the 3D Navier-Stokes equations, i.e., the question of whether a smooth flow can exhibit spontaneous formation of singularities, is a fundamental open problem in mathematical physics. Due to the super-criticality of the equations, the problem has been super-critical in the sense that there has been a fixed `scaling gap' between any regularity criterion and the corresponding a priori bound (regardless of the functional setup utilized). The purpose of this work is to present a mathematical framework--based on a suitably defined `scale of sparseness' of the super-level sets of the positive and negative parts of the components of the higher-order spatial derivatives of the velocity field--in which the scaling gap between the regularity class and the corresponding a priori bound (in the vicinity of a possible singular time) vanishes as the order of the derivative goes to infinity. This reveals asymptotically critical nature of the Navier-Stokes regularity problem.
Alterations in promoter interaction landscape and transcriptional network underlying metabolic adaptation to diet

Metabolic adaptation to nutritional state requires alterations in gene expression in key tissues. Here, we investigated chromatin interaction dynamics, as well as alterations in cis-regulatory loci and transcriptional network in a mouse model system. Chronic consumption of a diet high in saturated fat, when compared to a diet high in carbohydrate, led to dramatic reprogramming of the liver transcriptional network. Long-range interaction of promoters with distal regulatory loci, monitored by promoter capture Hi-C, was regulated by metabolic status in distinct fashion depending on diet. Adaptation to a lipid-rich diet, mediated largely by nuclear receptors including Hnf4α, relied on activation of preformed enhancer/promoter loops. Adaptation to carbohydrate-rich diet led to activation of preformed loops and to de novo formation of new promoter/enhancer interactions. These results suggest that adaptation to nutritional changes and metabolic stress occurs through both de novo and pre-existing chromatin interactions which respond differently to metabolic signals. Metabolic adaptation to different diets results in changes to gene expression. Here, the authors characterise the chromatin landscape and transcriptional network in mice on a diet of high saturated fat, compared to a diet high in carbohydrate, finding a dramatic reprogramming of the liver transcriptional network.
Environmental factors affecting degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by In2O3 nanoparticles.

Abstract Nanophotocatalysts have shown great potential for degrading poly- and perfluorinated substances (PFAS). In light of the fact that most of these catalysts were studied in pure water, this study was designed to elucidate effects from common environmental factors on decomposing and defluorinating perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by In2O3 nanoparticles. Results from this work demonstrated that among the seven parameters, pH, sulfate, chloride, H2O2, In2O3 dose, NOM and O2, the first four had statistically significant negative effects on PFOA degradation. Since PFOA is a strong acid, the best condition leading to the highest PFOA removal was identified for two pH ranges. When pH was between 4 and 8, the optimal condition was: pH = 4.2; sulfate = 5.00 mg/L; chloride = 20.43 mg/L; H2O2 = 0 mmol/L. Under this condition, PFOA decomposition and defluorination were 55.22 and 23.56%, respectively. When pH was between 2 and 6, the optimal condition was: pH = 2; sulfate = 5.00 mg/L; chloride = 27.31 mg/L; H2O2 = 0 mmol/L. With this condition, the modeled PFOA decomposition was 97.59% with a defluorination of approximately 100%. These predicted results were all confirmed by experimental data. Thus, In2O3 nanoparticles can be used for degrading PFOA in aqueous solutions. This approach works best when the target contaminated water contains low concentrations of NOM, sulfate and chloride and at a low pH.
15 – Electronic Funds Transfer Systems, Security, Privacy, and Computer Crime

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews what electronic funds transfer (EFT) is and how it works. The chapter presents the differences between credit cards and debit cards, and reviews the security and privacy issues surrounding the use of computers. EFT is the transfer of money electronically by computers and communications systems without checks. EFT networks already carry half a trillion dollars of funds transfers per day between banks. One of the earliest forms of EFT was direct deposit of payroll involving a single company and a single bank. Automated teller machines (ATMs) are computerized devices that handle routine teller transactions automatically. They can handle deposits, withdrawals, and installment loan payments. To operate an ATM, a client needs an identification card, a personal identification number (PIN), and an account at the bank. Computer crimes are performed by people who use a computer as a tool. Super-zap method uses legitimate computer programs used by systems programmers to override normal systems controls and modify data; it can be used for criminal purposes.
Near Real-Time HDD Pullback Force Prediction Model Based on Improved Radial Basis Function Neural Networks

AbstractPipeline pullback is a crucial part of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) construction. Accurate pullback force prediction is the prerequisite for ensuring construction safety. However, ...
Narrative and the Origins of Law

This Essay considers how social contract narratives about the genesis and development of legal orders share certain characteristics. Using the tools of narratology developed in literary theory, we show how these social contract narratives become recognizable not only as a genre but also as a kind of legal-political super-narrative that works to legitimize legal and constitutional ordering.
The meta-Allee effect: A generalization from intermittent metapopulations

Abstract Intermittent population trajectories are likely to emerge in almost any population that faces a predator yet has a refuge from that predator. Using the well-known model of Pomeau and Manneville for intermittent populations, a collection of a group of inherently unstable subpopulations can survive through the balance of extinction and migration rates, which is a metapopulation. This formulation also generates a meta-Allee point, which is to say a minimal number of subpopulations that must exist to sustain the population over the long term.
A perfect storm: The distribution of tissue damage depends on seizure duration, hemorrhage, and developmental stage in a gyrencephalic, multi-factorial, severe traumatic brain injury model.

Abstract The pathophysiology of extensive cortical tissue destruction observed in hemispheric hypodensity, a severe type of brain injury observed in young children, is unknown. Here, we utilize our unique, large animal model of hemispheric hypodensity with multifactorial injuries and insults to understand the pathophysiology of this severe type of traumatic brain injury, testing the effect of different stages of development. Piglets developmentally similar to human infants (1 week old, “infants”) and toddlers (1 month old, “toddlers”) underwent injuries and insults scaled to brain volume: cortical impact, creation of mass effect, placement of a subdural hematoma, seizure induction, apnea, and hypoventilation or a sham injury while anesthetized with a seizure-permissive regimen. Piglets receiving model injuries required overnight intensive care. Hemispheres were evaluated for damage via histopathology. The pattern of damage was related to seizure duration and hemorrhage pattern in “toddlers” resulting in a unilateral hemispheric pattern of damage ipsilateral to the injuries with sparing of the deep brain regions and the contralateral hemisphere. While “infants” had the equivalent duration of seizures as “toddlers”, damage was less than “toddlers”, not correlated to seizure duration, and was bilateral and patchy as is often observed in human infants. Subdural hemorrhagewas associate with adjacent focal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The percentage of the hemisphere covered with subarachnoid hemorrhage was positively correlated with damage in both developmental stages. In “infants”, hemorrhage over the cortex was associated with damage to the cortex with sparing of the deep gray matter regions; without hemorrhage, damage was directed to the hippocampus and the cortex was spared. “Infants” had lower neurologic scores than “toddlers”. This multifactorial model of severe brain injury caused unilateral, wide-spread destruction of the cortex in piglets developmentally similar to toddlers where both seizure duration and hemorrhage covering the brain were positively correlated to tissue destruction. Inherent developmental differences may affect how the brain responds to seizure, and thus, affects the extent and pattern of damage. Study into specifically how the “infant” brain is resistant to the effects of seizure is currently underway and may identify potential therapeutic targets that may reduce evolution of tissue damage after severe traumatic brain injury.
A Distinct Variant of Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) First Characterized Some 41 Years Ago Is Caused by the 3-kb STX16 Deletion

In 1980, Farfel and colleagues (NEJM, 1980;303:237-42) provided first evidence for two distinct variants of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) that present with hypocalcemia and impaired parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated urinary cAMP and phosphate excretion, either in the presence or absence of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). An "abnormal allele" and an "unexpressed allele" were considered as underlying defects, predictions that turned out to be correct for both forms of PHP. Patients affected by the first variant (now referred to as PHP1A) were later shown to be carriers of inactivating mutations involving the maternal GNAS exons encoding Gsα. Patients affected by the second variant (now referred to as PHP1B) were shown in the current study to carry a maternal 3-kb STX16 deletion, the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant PHP1B, which is associated with loss of methylation at GNAS exon A/B that reduces or abolishes maternal Gsα expression. However, the distinct maternal mutations leading to either PHP1A or PHP1B are disease-causing only because paternal Gsα expression in the proximal renal tubules is silenced, ie, "unexpressed." Our findings resolve at the molecular level carefully conducted investigations reported some 41 years ago that had provided first clues for the existence of two distinct PHP variants. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A 48-Hour Comparison of 4 Subglottic Suction Endotracheal Tube Models in Ex-Vivo Porcine Tracheas

Background: Endotracheal tube (ETT) intubation is the single largest risk factor for the development of a ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the ICU. ETT intubation compromises the cough reflex, mucocilliary clearance, injures the tracheal epithelial surface, provides a direct conduit for rapid access of bacteria, and provides a surface for the formation of biofilms. The use of single suction port subglottic suction endotracheal tubes (SSETT) for the prevention of VAP has been endorsed by many professional medical societies. Numerous random controlled trials demonstrate that SSETTs reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, antibiotic treatment, and delays the onset of VAP. There are several industry approved single port SSETTs used clinically with reports of variable performance outcomes. We aim to evaluate the performance of two brands of single port SSETTs in a trachea model over a clinically relevant period, under manufacturer recommended guidelines. Methods: Five porcine tracheas which were set up in simulate a 30-degree semi-recumbent position. The study apparatus was designed to mimic a realistic clinical setting to observe the functionality of various subglottic endotracheal tubes over a period of at least 48 hours. The porcine tracheas mimic anatomic structures in a patient and tissues provide a more realistic model when compared to clear acrylic tubes. Positioning each ETT such that the subglottic region above the cuff balloon came into direct contact with the posterior tracheal wall simulates real clinical positioning of the tube. This helps to also simulate the phenomenon that as fluid is aspirated the mucosa would be drawn closer to the suction lumen and would likely increase the risk of occlusion. Results: A control model using a tapered polyurethane cuffed tube without subglottic suction was established and demonstrated 95% of solution leaked pass the cuff and was recovered over 51.5 hours. Conclusions: The findings in the four other models involving two brands of SSETTs, revealed that both brands experienced suction failure due to herniation of tissue into the single suction port. This was observed at manufacturer recommended intermittent and continuous suction pressure settings and both single suction port SSETTs were unable to prevent fluid accumulation above their respective cuffs.
Loss of Christianson Syndrome Na+/H+ Exchanger 6 (NHE6) Causes Abnormal Endosome Maturation and Trafficking Underlying Lysosome Dysfunction in Neurons.

Loss-of-function mutations in endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger 6 (NHE6) cause the X-linked neurologic disorder Christianson syndrome (CS). Patients exhibit symptoms associated with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative abnormalities. While loss of NHE6 has been shown to over-acidify the endosome lumen, and is associated with endolysosome neuropathology, NHE6-mediated mechanisms in endosome trafficking and lysosome function have been understudied. Here, we show that NHE6-null mouse neurons demonstrate worsening lysosome function with time in culture, likely as a result of defective endosome trafficking. NHE6-null neurons exhibit overall reduced lysosomal proteolysis despite over-acidification of the endosome and lysosome lumen. Akin to Nhx1 mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we observe decreased endosome-lysosome fusion in NHE6-null neurons. Also, we find premature activation of pH-dependent cathepsin D (CatD) in endosomes. While active CatD is increased in endosomes, CatD activation and CatD protein levels are reduced in the lysosome. Protein levels of another mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR)-dependent enzyme, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, were also decreased in lysosomes of NHE6-null neurons. M6PRs accumulate in late endosomes, suggesting defective M6PR recycling and retromer function in NHE6-null neurons. Finally, coincident with decreased endosome-lysosome fusion, using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), we also find a prominent increase in fusion between endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and the plasma membrane (PM), indicating enhanced exosome secretion from NHE6-null neurons. In summary, in addition to over-acidification of endosomes and lysosomes, loss of NHE6 leads to defects in endosome maturation and trafficking, including enhanced exosome release, contributing to lysosome deficiency and potentially leading to neurodegenerative disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loss-of-function mutations in the endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger 6 (NHE6) cause Christianson syndrome (CS), an X-linked neurological disorder. Loss of NHE6 has been shown to over-acidify endosomes; however, endosome trafficking mechanisms have been understudied, and the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration are largely unknown. In NHE6-null mouse neurons in vitro, we find worsening lysosome function with days in culture. Notably, pH-dependent lysosome enzymes, such as cathepsin D (CatD), have reduced activity in lysosomes yet increased, precocious activity in endosomes in NHE6-null neurons. Further, endosomes show reduced fusion to lysosomes, and increased fusion to the plasma membrane with increased exosome release. This study identifies new mechanisms involving defective endosome maturation and trafficking that impair lysosome function in CS, likely contributing to neurodegeneration.
The Reasonably Loyal Person

This chapter is a contribution to a book on John Gardner’s work in private law theory. The chapter takes up a puzzle that Gardner raised: why is there no “reasonably loyal trustee” in fiduciary law? Notably, he proposes that the role of a trustee might lack a law-independent counterpart. That, in turn, could make it impossible for trust law (and by implication, fiduciary law) to “pass the buck” to whatever it is that the “reasonably loyal person” would do. I will suggest that fiduciary relationships frequently do have law-independent counterparts, and moreover that such counterparts can evolve over time. Relatedly, I will argue that a wide range of extra-legal conceptions of loyalty are available for buck passing purposes; not all loyalty is built on a prior meaningful relationship between a loyal party and the object of her loyalty. Lastly, I will conclude with some thoughts on why buck passing could be valuable.
15 – Principles, Methods, and Applications of Diffusion Tensor Imaging

This chapter describes measurements of the molecular diffusion process using magnetic resonance (MR). Analysis of anisotropy is straightforward because it is scalar and can be analyzed in the same way as other MR images. Measurements of anisotropy have been performed for various brain diseases, and abnormalities (mostly reduction) have been reported. The diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an inherently time-consuming, low-resolution, and artifact-prone technique and, therefore, it is important to confirm whether anisotropy measurements provide unique and important information that cannot be obtained by conventional MR images and, thus, the DTI studies are justifiable in clinical settings. Especially the elucidation of intra-white matter structures with DTI can greatly enhance the ability of MRI to study normal and abnormal brain neuroanatomy. One DTI data set contains a large amount of anatomical information, which often cannot be fully appreciated simply because of the lack of appropriate tools to analyze it. The development of computer-aided analysis tools will be, thus, an important research endeavor in the DTI field. On the other hand, it is equally important to understand assumptions and limitations of the technique.