cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of the scaphoid strain during wrist motion.

The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured of the carpal bones [Taleisnik, J., The Wrist, Churchill Livingstone, New York (1985)]. This project was undertaken to qualitatively evaluate the strain in the scaphoid during wrist motion using a newly developed strain gage method. Strain gage resettes were mounted within the scaphoid and the range of motion of the hand was monitored using a custom designed electrogoniometer and data acquisition system. Ten specimens were utilized for this study. Results indicated that supination/pronation (SP) of the forearm did not affect the strain in the scaphoid. A map of the strain in the waist of the scaphoid, as a function of flexion/extension (FE) and radial/ulnar deviation (RU), was generated. The contour plot of scaphoid strain vs range of motion (ROM) shows a valley where strains are low. Minimum scaphoid strain was found near neutral FE and 15° of ulnar deviation.
Deformation localization in orogens: Spatiotemporal expression and thermodynamic constraint

Abstract Orogens are spatiotemporal expressions of instabilities in materials under load, constrained by thermodynamics, and preserved in the cold outer shell of the planet. Their pressure–temperature–time histories are consistent with the predictions of differential grade-2 (DG-2) materials in pure shear. We place the statistically invariant shear localization mechanism of these materials in a coherent thermodynamic context using an analysis of strained elastic materials. This prototype system exhibits non-classical thermodynamic symmetry-breaking, where the potentials are all functions of a single variable and the distinction between heat and work fades from view. Consequently, internal energy must be described by a monotonically decreasing function of the entropy in order for heat capacity and absolute temperature to be positive. The entropy itself exhibits an inverse dependence on length. These constraints are satisfied by the overall shape and slope of the distributed deformation threshold ψ D for DG-2 materials, and its noted 1/length correlation with naturally observed folds as a function of thermomechanical competence κ / χ . We predict that temperature in this non-linear elastic material will vary in proportion to the slope of ψ D , being high at low competence, and low at high competence. Similar constraints apply to a self-gravitating body, where the energy function varies inversely with radius. Assigning zero pressure at the surface of the body, we also predict that pressure, the tensor trace of its stress–energy density, will vary inversely with radius. Thus, the body force of gravity will be expressed in this elastic self-gravitating system through the interplay of elastic and thermal lengths. Deformation localization in DG-2 materials arises due to the dynamic rescaling of lengths in response to a spike in the intrinsic energy ψ I at κ/χ = ½. While the intrinsic ψ I and localization ψ L thresholds are monotonically decreasing for κ / χ > ½, they exhibit positive slopes at lower competence, signaling a return to classical thermodynamics and Joule heating in this transitional domain. Numerous structural and tectonic observations can be correlated using this remarkably simple model, beginning with the thickness and mechanical character of the brittle crust and oceanic lithosphere. In effect, this model projects the kinematic theory of plate tectonics into four-dimensional spacetime.
White families and race: colour-blind and colour-conscious approaches to white racial socialization

This paper examines the role that social context plays in mediating racial socialization in upper-middle-class white families. Outcomes of white racial socialization, as well as the process itself, depend in large part on the distinctive racial contexts designed by parents in which white children live and interact. I examine variation in white middle-school-aged children's common-sense racial knowledge and discuss the importance of exploring the social reproduction and reworking of racial ideologies and privilege in childhood.
Population trends of a newly introduced species, Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on commercial watermelon plantings in Hawaii.

Population trends of a newly introduced species, Thrips palmi Karny, are reported on commercial watermelon plantings in Hawaii. Eight plantings were surveyed weekly for thrips on foliage and melon vine tips. Peak infestation levels varied from 2.5 to 53.6 thrips per leaf and from 18 to 97% infested vine tips per planting. Treatments of oxamyl appeared to reduce immature thrips densities, but did not affect adults. No correlation was found between thrips density on foliage and percentage of infested vine tips per planting.
Magnetic viscosity studies of cobalt-aluminum fine-particle ferromagnets

Magnetic viscosity experiments were performed on Co-25-at.% Al fine-particle ferromagnets aged to peak magnetic hardness in the temperature range 298-573 K, and the results were found to obey the relationship M=A-S/sub 0/ ln t over a time interval of approximately 1 to 10/sup 3/-10/sup 4/ s. Coefficients of magnetic viscosity and susceptibility data are analyzed taking into account corrections for a finite demagnetizing factor, thus allowing the determination of the fundamental viscosity coefficient S/sub nu /=k/sub b/T/ nu M/sub s/, where nu is the activation volume. A linear fit and extrapolation of the temperature dependence of the maximum effective viscosity coefficients gives rise to nonzero intercepts, suggesting that interparticle interactions may influence magnetization reversal. The viscosity data are found to be in general agreement with a previously proposed modified Stoner-Wohlfarth coherent rotation model for predicting the levels of coercivity in these Co-Al alloys. >
Looking back at Orpheus: Opera and cultural integration

The myth of Orpheus is intricately implicated in the origin of song. For centuries, myth and music have cooperated in a variety of genres, foremost among them in opera. The myth, open to reinterpre...
Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization among individuals with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with TNF-α inhibitor therapy

Objective. We investigated the relationship between Staphylococcus aureus colonization and the use of immunosuppressive therapies in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Methods. We prospectively enrolled IMID patients from the rheumatology and dermatology departments of Oregon Health & Science University. At enrolment, we surveyed patients for S. aureus infection risk factors and those using immune-modulating therapies, and evaluated their colonization status with bilateral nares and inguinal fold cultures. Patients were asked to follow up 612 months later for reassessment of colonization status by repeat culture. S. aureus isolates were tested for the presence of methicillin resistance by PCR. Results. We enrolled a total of 548 IMID patients. At enrolment, 219 (40.0%) patients were colonized with S. aureus, of which 27 (12.3%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Baseline colonization rates were similar between TNF-a inhibitor users and non-users (40.5% and 39.4%, P = 0.79), but were significantly higher for psoriasis patients compared with those with RA (43.5% and 31.8%, P = 0.02). A total of 384 patients were available for follow-up. Patients who were colonized at enrolment were more likely to be colonized at follow-up if they were treated with TNF-a inhibitors during the study as compared to patients without TNF-a inhibitor exposure [odds ratio (OR) = 2.2 (95% CI 1.1, 4.2), P = 0.02]. Conclusion. Patients with psoriasis are more likely to be colonized with S. aureus than patients with RA. Patients who are colonized with S. aureus are more likely to remain colonized if exposed to TNF-a inhibitors.
Privacy: a machine learning view

The problem of disseminating a data set for machine learning while controlling the disclosure of data source identity is described using a commuting diagram of functions. This formalization is used to present and analyze an optimization problem balancing privacy and data utility requirements. The analysis points to the application of a generalization mechanism for maintaining privacy in view of machine learning needs. We present new proofs of NP-hardness of the problem of minimizing information loss while satisfying a set of privacy requirements, both with and without the addition of a particular uniform coding requirement. As an initial analysis of the approximation properties of the problem, we show that the cell suppression problem with a constant number of attributes can be approximated within a constant. As a side effect, proofs of NP-hardness of the minimum k-union, maximum k-intersection, and parallel versions of these are presented. Bounded versions of these problems are also shown to be approximable within a constant.
Effects of temperature on hydrocyclone efficiency

Abstract Plant investigations and laboratory experiments have been conducted in order to study the effects of temperature on the classification efficiency of a cyclone. It was demonstrated that, under otherwise constant operating conditions, alterations in temperature produced a nearly linear change in d 50(c) size. However, the sharpness of the separation, as defined by the reduced efficiency curve, showed no dependence on temperature.
Integrating self‐managed work teams into project management

Purpose – To present the advantages and possible deterrents of self‐managed work teams, and offer recommendations on ways to integrate these teams into project management.Design/methodology/approach – A range of works, which provide a description and practical advice about self‐managed work teams, are reviewed in an effort to provide a thorough picture of self‐managed work teams. The information is sorted into sections: history of self‐managed work teams; self‐managed work teams: a definition; characteristics of self‐managed work teams; the role of emotional intelligence in self‐managed work teams; developing and empowering the team; barriers to successful self‐managed work teams; factors to consider before forming a self‐managed work team; and the longevity of self‐managed work teams.Findings – Integrates theories and findings from other works to offer a holistic view of self‐managed work teams in today's workplace.Research limitations/implications – Resources from USA, as well as European writings, were...
Some applications of rational matrices to problems in systems theory

This paper deals with the residue theorems of rational A-matrices having complex variables ( A) and the associated rational matrix functions with square matrix variables. First, some fundamental properties of A-matrices and the associated matrix poly. normals with square matrix variables are defined by employing the Cauchy' s integral theorem. Then, a new matrix residue theorem is derived via the generalized Cauchy' s integral theorem. Finally, the block partial fraction expansion and spectral factorization of rational A-matrieos are developed via the newly extended matrix residue theorem.
A plea for end-of-life discussions with patients suffering from Huntington's disease: the role of the physician

Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) by request and/or based on an advance directive are legal in The Netherlands under strict conditions, thus providing options for patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and other neurodegenerative diseases to stay in control and choose their end of life. HD is an inherited progressive disease characterised by chorea and hypokinesia, psychiatric symptoms and dementia. From a qualitative study based on interviews with 15 physicians experienced in treating HD, several ethical issues emerged. Consideration of these aspects leads to a discussion about the professional role of a physician in relation to the personal autonomy of a patient. Such a discussion can raise awareness that talking about end-of-life wishes with an HD patient is part of the legal, professional and moral responsibility of the physician, and that a letter of intent on behalf of the physician can improve active participation in the process. Discussion of these issues can help to advance the debate on euthanasia and PAS in HD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Spelling Assessment of Students With Disabilities: Formal and Informal Procedures

Accurate spelling is a complex act that requires cognitive and linguistic knowledge of the phonological, morphological, syntactical, and semantic principles of our language. Students with disabilities frequently exhibit spelling difficulties related to language learning disorders and inefficient cognitive processing. These difficulties often are developmental in nature. Remediation of spelling disorders in students with disabilities requires accurate, comprehensive assessment. Accurate, comprehensive assessment involves the use of both formal and informal assessment measures. In this article, we discuss the theory and research that support the assessment of spelling in students with disabilities and we describe formal and informal spelling assessment procedures.
Recovery from Metabolic Syndrome Is Both Possible and Beneficial

Cardiovascular disease is a major killer in the US and worldwide. Although many of the major factors contributing to atherosclerosis have been described over the past half-century, highly sophisticated investigations into its causes are ongoing. Family history is an important predictor of future heart disease, but the findings of recent genome-wide association studies have not demonstrated effect sizes that are large enough to explain the observed familial trends. We are left to suppose that the strong family-history effect in large part represents an effect of lifestyle. This hypothesis is strengthened by a recently published manuscript by Koskinen and coworkers regarding the effects of recovery from metabolic syndrome on arterial structure and function (1). The study of Koskinen et al. (1) was based on data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, an ongoing epidemiologic survey of Finnish males and females first examined in childhood (age 3–18 years) in 1980. There have been 2 subsequent examinations in 2001 and 2007, both of which have included anthropometrics and lipid and vascular measures, including carotid intima–media thickness (IMT)1 and distensibility, as well as brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in response to ischemia induced with a blood pressure cuff. This 2010 publication (1) reports on members of the original cohort who both participated in follow-up examinations and provided data for comparison. The follow-up examinations also included information on nutrition (food frequency questionnaires) and physical activity (“metabolic equivalent index”), as well as a panel of testing that allows a designation of metabolic syndrome at both time points. Thus, the authors were able to correlate changes in metabolic abnormalities over time, and the presence of metabolic syndrome, to several vascular findings. These changes are most likely attributable to alterations in lifestyle that occurred over the course of the 6-year follow-up period. Results of the …
Singular solutions and ill-posedness for the evolution of vortex sheets

The evolution of a planar vortex sheet is described by the Birkhoff–Rott equation. Duchon and Robert [C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 302 (1986), pp. 183–186], [Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 13 (198...
Selective stimulation of in vitro limb-bud chondrogenesis by retinoic acid

Embryonic exposure to pharmacologic doses of vitamin A analogs (retinoids) is a well-known cause of limb-skeletal deletions, limb truncation and other skeletal malformations. The exclusively inhibitory effect of retinoic acid (RA) on chondrogenesis in standard serum-containing cultures of limb-bud mesenchymal cells is equally well known and has provided a means to explore the cellular basis for RA-mediated skeletal teratogenesis. Recent studies showing that lower RA concentrations can cause skeletal duplication when applied directly to the anterior border of a developing limb, suggest that RA may have a role in normal limb development as a diffusible morphogen capable of regulating skeletal pattern. While RA treatment causes both, skeletal deletions and duplications are clearly different (if not opposing) effects, the latter of which is difficult to reconcile with RA's heretofore exclusively inhibitory effect on in vitro chondrogenesis. In the present study. RA's effects on chondrogenesis and myogenesis were examined in serum-free cultures of chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells and compared with its effects on similar cultures grown in serum-containing medium. When added to serum-free medium, concentrations of RA known to cause skeletal duplication in vivo dramatically enhanced in vitro chondrogenesis (to over 200% of control values) as judged by both Alcian-blue staining and [35S]sulfate incorporation, while having little effect on myogenesis. Higher concentrations inhibited both chondrogenesis and myogenesis. The results indicate that at physiological concentrations. RA can selectively modulate chondrogenic expression and suggest that at higher concentrations, RA's inhibitory effects are less specific.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular profiling of the role of the NF-κB family of transcription factors during alloimmunity

Allograft rejection involves a complex network of multiple immune regulators and effector mechanisms. In the current study, we focused on the role of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB/Rel. Previous studies had established that deficiency of the p50 NF-kappaB family member prolonged allograft survival only modestly. However, because of its crucial role in signal transduction in inflammatory and immune responses, we hypothesized that other NF-kappaB/Rel family members may produce more profound effects on alloimmunity. Therefore, in addition to p50, we analyzed the role of c-Rel, which is expressed predominantly in lymphocytes. Also, to investigate NF-kappaB activation in T cells, we examined transgenic mice that express a transdominant inhibitor of NF-kappaB [IkappaB(DeltaN)] regulated by a T cell-restricted promoter. Allograft survival was prolonged indefinitely in the c-Rel-deficient and IkappaB(DeltaN)-transgenic recipients. To determine the molecular basis of NF-kappaB modulation of rejection, we analyzed a panel of 58 parameters including effector molecules, chemokines, cytokines, receptors, and cellular markers using hierarchical clustering algorithms and self-organizing maps in p50(-/-), c-Rel(-/-), and IkappaB(DeltaN)-transgenic, experimental groups plus allogeneic-, syngeneic-, and lymphocyte-deficient (alymphoid) control groups. Surprisingly, profiles of gene expression in the c-Rel recipients (which have indefinite graft survival) were similar to the p50(-/-) and allogeneic recipients (which rapidly reject grafts). As expected, gene expression in the IkappaB(DeltaN) recipients (which also have indefinite graft survival) was similar to profiles of nonrejecting syngeneic and alymphoid recipients. Importantly, self-organizing maps identified a small subset of genes including several chemokine receptors and cytokines with expression profiles that correlate with graft survival. Thus, our results demonstrate a crucial role for NF-kappaB in acute allograft rejection, identify different molecular mechanisms of rejection by distinct NF-kappaB family members, and identify a small subset of inducible genes whose inhibition is linked to graft acceptance.
Addressing Substance Abuse Among Nursing Students: Development of a Prototype Alternative-to-Dismissal Policy

Substance abuse and dependency are health issues that require effective policies within nursing education. In 2007, the University of Memphis School of Nursing drafted a new substance abuse policy using the American Association of Colleges of Nursing’s Policy and Guidelines for Prevention and Management of Substance Abuse in the Nursing Education Community. These guidelines include the assumption that addiction is an illness that can be treated and the philosophy that schools of nursing are committed to assisting students with recovery. The new policy at University of Memphis School of Nursing incorporated prevention, education, identification, evaluation, treatment referral, and reentry guidelines, as well as disciplinary action for students unwilling to undergo rehabilitation. It is hoped this new substance abuse policy will serve as a prototype for other institutions.
Factors Affecting Expenditures of Single-Parent Households

Single-parent households compose an increasing share of all households with children, and these households often face financial constraints. This study exam ines the factors influencing the housing, transportation, food, and clothing ex penditures of such households. Data from the 1984–85 Consumer Expenditure Survey for 224 single-parent households were used for the analyses. A double-log model was employed. After-tax income significantly affected all four expenditures in a positive direction. One or more of the expenditures were affected by house hold size; the sex, age, race, education, and employment status of the single parent; and automobile ownership. These results provide public policy makers with information on the expenditure patterns of single-parent households, and provide family resource management professionals with information on how the characteristics of such households affect expenditures.
Strategies for undersampling and reconstructing MR DTI data

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has emerged as a reliable, non-invasive method of characterizing tissue micro-structure using MRI, but is limited by long scan time and low SNR. In order to accelerate acquisition, different strategies for undersampling and a model-based reconstruction method are presented. The model-based approach estimates diffusion tensors directly from undersampled k-space data via minimizing an L2-norm cost function. Three different undersampling schemes are investigated: variable density, center-only and center offset. Each scheme was compared against a gold standard and found to perform better than the fully encoded case with equivalent scan time. Minor differences in the performance metrics and qualitative observations were seen among the schemes. These findings suggest the proposed strategy can be used to reduce DTI scan time while incurring little loss in parameter estimation accuracy.
Art and Multiple Personality Disorder: An Expressive Framework for Occupational Therapy

Patients with multiple personality and dissociative disorders have learned to create an alternate identity system, originally designed to protect them from experiencing the pain of inescapable, unrelieved trauma and abuse. The resulting amnesia and identity confusion cause significant dysfunction in daily living. Issues of trust and control are paramount, and occupational therapists are challenged with the task of engaging these patients in meaningful activity. Although these patients often avoid structured groups, they have generally been responsive to expressive art opportunities as an initial activity. This paper outlines an expressive framework by which occupational therapists can therapeutically manage the artwork behaviors of the patient with dissociative or multiple personality disorder. The material presented is based on clinical observation of more than a dozen patients with multiple personality disorder in various stages of recovery and of many persons with dissociative trauma who may have multiple personality disorder. These observations took place within an acute care, inpatient occupational therapy setting. Guidelines for the creation of a positive working alliance and therapeutic climate for self-expression are outlined, and a progressive model for the viewing of patients' art products is described.
Early Onset Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Bradykinin B2 Receptor Null Mice

Abstract —Kinins have been implicated in the hemodynamic adaptation to postnatal life. The present study examined the impact of bradykinin B 2 receptor (B 2 R) gene disruption on the postnatal changes in blood pressure (BP) and the susceptibility to early onset salt-sensitive hypertension in mice. B 2 R null (−/−) and wild-type (+/+) mice were fed normal (NS, 1% NaCl) or high (HS, 5% NaCl) salt diets during pregnancy. After birth, the pups remained with their mothers until they were weaned and were subsequently continued on the respective maternal salt intake until 4 months of age. The age-related changes at 3 and 4 months in tail-cuff BP and anesthetized mean arterial pressure at 4 months were not different in NS/B 2 R −/− and NS/B 2 R +/+ mice. However, there was a mild increase in BP in NS/B 2 R −/− at 2 months versus NS/B 2 R +/+ . In contrast, HS/B 2 R −/− mice manifested early onset and persistent elevations of tail-cuff BP ( P 2 R −/− than HS/B 2 R +/+ , NS/B 2 R −/− , and NS/B 2 R +/+ (91±3 versus 75±5, 74±2, and 70±2 mm Hg, respectively; P 2 R from early development does not alter the maturation of BP under conditions of normal sodium intake, and (3) exposure to a HS diet during fetal life is not sufficient in itself to induce long-term hypertension in either wild-type or B 2 R null mice.
Elbow arthroscopy: early complications and associated risk factors.

Background Elbow arthroscopy is increasingly used to treat complex pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate early complication rates after elbow arthroscopy and identify risk factors for adverse events. Methods Consecutive elbow arthroscopies performed during a 13-year period were reviewed, identifying early perioperative complications. Major complications included deep infection, permanent nerve injury, or complications requiring additional anesthesia. Minor complications included superficial wound complications and transient nerve palsies. Complications were compared with a surgical complexity scale based on the procedure performed, the number of arthroscopic portals, and tourniquet time. Results Of 417 procedures, there were 37 minor (8.9%) and 20 major (4.8%) complications. The rates of superficial and deep infections were 6.7% and 2.2%, respectively. Major complications included 9 deep infections, 6 cases of heterotopic ossification requiring further surgery, and 4 manipulations under anesthesia. There were 7 transient sensory nerve complications, and no motor deficits. No differences in complication rates were seen between low-, moderate-, and high-complexity (10.2%, 16.3% and 14.4%, respectively) cases. Intraoperative steroid injections were strongly associated with postoperative superficial (14.1% vs 2.0%) and deep infection (4.9% vs 0.4%) in elbows receiving vs those not receiving steroid ( P Conclusions Complications of elbow arthroscopy are seen in approximately 14% of cases. Most complications are minor, not affecting clinical outcome. Major complications occur in 5% of cases, often requiring repeat surgery. Intraoperative postsurgical steroid injections are associated with increased risk of perioperative infections. Case complexity does not appear to affect the rate of complications with modern surgical techniques.
Compositional and isotopic characteristics of organic matter for the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198

The occurrence of intervals of enhanced sequestration of organic matter (OM) during the Mid-Cretaceous—collectively termed ‘Oceanic Anoxic Events’ (OAE)—reflect abrupt changes in global carbon cycling. These episodes raise questions about the causes for such perturbations, and their linkages to fluctuations in climate, marine biota, and ocean geochemistry preserved in the sedimentary record. Detailed assessment of the early Aptian event (OAE1a) in the Pacific has been precluded by the limited recovery of this stratigraphic interval, in contrast to the many records from the Tethyan realm. The recovery of pelagic sequences of OM-rich sediments at Site 1207 on Shatsky Rise (ODP Leg 198) corresponding to OAE1a has enabled recognition of high-resolution temporal variations in the elemental and isotopic compositions of this event in the Pacific. However, the continuous 45 cm OM-rich interval recovered is likely only the initiation of OAE1a rather than a complete section based on natural gamma and uranium logs, which suggest that the full thickness of this interval is ∼ 1.2 m. Exceedingly high organic carbon (Corg > 20%) and total sulfur (TS > 5%) contents—among the highest ever recorded for pelagic Cretaceous sequences—attest to the enhanced sequestration of OM during OAE1a. δ13Corg values are lowest (− 27.7‰) at the base of the recovered OM-rich interval, followed by a 2.4‰ positive shift. This isotopic profile resembles part of the δ13Ccarb record at Resolution Guyot and is comparable with segments C3 and C4 of the Cismon δ13Corg record. Low δ15N values (< − 2‰) provide evidence for nitrogen fixation, perhaps coupled with elevated cyanobacterial populations, that suggest that the marine nitrogen cycle in the Cretaceous was different from the modern. Overall, the temporal fluctuations in elemental and isotopic data through OAE1a at Shatsky Rise describe differences in production and preservation of OM that likely reflect variations in ocean conditions associated with both local and global environmental changes.
FreeSim - a free real-time freeway traffic simulator

In this paper we describe FreeSim, which is a fully-customizable macroscopic and microscopic freeflow traffic simulator. FreeSim allows for multiple freeway systems to be easily represented and loaded into the simulator as a graph data structure with edge weights determined by the current speeds. Traffic and graph algorithms can be created and executed for the entire freeway system or for individual vehicles, and the traffic data used by the simulator can be user-generated or be converted from real-time data gathered by a transportation organization. The vehicles in FreeSim can communicate with the system monitoring the traffic on the freeways, which makes FreeSim ideal for ITS simulation. FreeSim is licensed under the GNU General Public License, and the source code is available for download from http://www.freewaysimulator.com.
Percolation in a nanotube–polymer system and its lumped-circuit modeling

Electrical properties of composites composed of polyurethane polymer and multi-walled nanotubes are reported. Samples with different nanotube volume fractions are prepared, and an impedance spectroscopy technique in the frequency range from 10 mHz to 10 MHz is used to characterize the properties of the samples. It is observed that the resistivity of the mixture can be varied widely, from ∼10 MΩm to ∼1 Ωm, just by slightly altering the volume fraction of nanotubes. A lumped-circuit model illustrated that the micro-scale morphology between nanotube-clusters influences the resistive relaxation in the composite system. The investigations show that the presented binary mixture has a potential to be utilized in conductive electrical components (flexible electrodes), electromagnetic shielding, and electrostatic and field grading materials for electronic and high voltage insulation technologies.
Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma presenting as an isolated external ear swelling in a two-year-old child

The incidence of lymphoma in children is increasing in the United States and is the third most common childhood cancer. The head and neck is second only to the abdomen as the most common site of extranodal presentations of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We present and discuss the diagnosis and management of the first report of a child with an auricular mass as the sole manifestation of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In summary, the otolaryngologist and pediatrician should be cognizant of potential for NHL in atypical lesions of the head and neck in children.
Intrapulmonary distribution of bronchial blood flow after moderate smoke inhalation

The systemic blood flow to the airways of the left lung was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique before and 17 h after smoke inhalation in six conscious sheep (smoke group) and six sheep insufflated with air alone (sham group). Smoke inhalation caused a sixfold increase in systemic blood flow to the lower trachea (baseline 10.6 +/- 1.7 vs. injury 60.9 +/- 16.1 ml.min-1.100 g-1) and an 11- to 14-fold increase to the intrapulmonary central airways (baseline range 9.5 +/- 1.9 to 13.5 +/- 3.7 ml.min-1.100 g-1 vs. injury 104.6 +/- 32.2 to 187.3 +/- 83.6 ml.min-1.100 g-1). There was a trend for this hyperemic response to be greater as airway diameter decreased from the trachea to 2-mm-diam central airways. In airways smaller than 2 mm, the hyperemic response appeared to diminish. The total systemic blood flow to whole lung is predominantly to small peripheral airways and showed no significant increase from its baseline level of 17.5 +/- 3.7 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in the lung homogenate. Occlusion of the bronchoesophageal artery decreased central airway blood flow 60-80% and peripheral airway blood flow 40-60% in both the sham and the smoke groups.
Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category Between 2000 and 2010

Conceptualizing and operationalizing American Indian populations is challenging. Each census for decades has seen the American Indian population increase substantially more than expected, with indirect and qualitative evidence that this is due to changes in individuals' race responses. We apply uniquely suited (but not nationally representative) linked data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses (N = 3.1 million) and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey (N = 188,131) to address three research questions. First, to what extent do American Indian people have different race responses across data sources? We find considerable race response change, especially among multiple-race and/or Hispanic American Indians. Second, how are people who change responses different from or similar to those who do not? We find three sets of American Indians: those who (1) had the same race and Hispanic responses in 2000 and 2010, (2) moved between single-race and multiple-race American Indian responses, and (3) added or dropped the American Indian response, thus joining or leaving the enumerated American Indian population. People in groups (1) and (2) were relatively likely to report a tribe, live in an American Indian area, report American Indian ancestry, and live in the West. Third, how are people who join a group different from or similar to those who leave it? Multivariate models show general similarity between joiners and leavers in group (1) and in group (2). Population turnover is hidden in cross-sectional comparisons; people joining each subpopulation of American Indians are similar in number and characteristics to those who leave it.
Improving Law Enforcement Cross Cultural Competencies through Continued Education

Over the last thirty years Community Oriented Policing (COP) has spawned advancements in creating community partnerships with law enforcement agencies. Agencies that focus on such partnerships have served to reduce crime and resolve conflict. However, community opinions towards law enforcement have become increasingly negative due to recent civil disturbances throughout the United States. Multiculturalism is rapidly expanding within our American communities. The lack of cross-cultural leadership has lent to increased societal conflict. Within law enforcement agencies, annual continued education in the effective interaction and communication with citizens from diverse backgrounds is increasingly necessary. Agencies who form partnerships with educational institutions create opportunities for annual education on cross-cultural leadership. Annual continued education for law enforcement in critical thinking creates opportunities for improved professional self-regulation, decision-making, problem solving and proper analysis of various plausible outcomes. Annual continued education geared towards interpersonal skills creates opportunities for increased communication, enhanced community rapport, and improved potential for de-escalation of hostile events.
The diuretic activity of tetrahydroaminacrin in rats.

SummaryTHA administered subcutaneously caused a dose-related diuresis in rats. This diuretic response was probably not due to a muscarinic action of THA, as the diuresis was not blocked by atropine. Preliminary experiments in the dog and the chicken indicate that in these species there was little if any direct renal effect. The diuretic response to THA in rats does not appear to involve release of a pituitary hormone since hypophysectomy did not abolish the diuretic effect of THA.
INNOVATION AND PRESTIGE AMONG NORTHERN HUNTER-GATHERERS: LATE PREHISTORIC NATIVE COPPER USE IN ALASKA AND YUKON

Several different ethnolinguistic groups in south-central Alaska and southwestern Yukon used native copper. This indige nous innovation diffused throughout the region with the majority of use occurring from A.D. 1000 to 1700. The relatively recent origin of this technology and its continued use long after European contact provide an opportunity to examine the process of innovation among hunter-gatherers using archaeology, metallurgy, and ethnohistory. The analysis of these data using a Behavioral Archaeology framework demonstrates that native copper was used for both practical and prestige tech nology among groups of varying social complexity. Northern Athabascans did not use native copper overtly as prestige technology, but its many supernatural associations suggest it was a “prestigious” material. Furthermore, native copper provided northern Athabascan aggrandizer-innovators the opportunity to acquire prestige and power through their monop olization of trade relationships and subsequent control of the movement of native copper. Plusieurs groupes ethnolinguistiques du centre-sud de l’Alaska et du sud-ouest du Yukon faisaient usage du cuivre natif. Cette innovation autochtone s’est diffuse a travers la region, avec un usage particulierement intense entre 1000 et 1700 AD. L’o rigine relativement recente de cette technologie et son usage continu au-dela du contact Europeen offre l’opportunite d’ex aminer le processus d’innovation chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs a travers l’archeologie, la metallurgie, et l’ethnohistoire. L’analyse de ces donnees dans une perspective d’archeologie comportementale (Behavioral Archaeology) indique que l’usage du cuivre natif s’inserait dans des technologies autant utilitaires que de prestige chez des groupes aux degres de complexite varies. Bien que chez les Athabascans du nord le cuivre n’etait pas ouvertement utilise comme bien de prestige, ses associa tions surnaturelles suggerent qu’il s’agissait neanmoins d’un materiau prestigieux. De plus, le cuivre natif pouvait procurer aux innovateurs-agrandisseurs Athabascans des opportunites d’obtention de pouvoir et prestige a travers le monopole de rela tions d’echanges et le controle subsequent des mouvements du cuivre natif.
Abstract 2007: Epigenetic reactivation ofCCN5/WISP2by combined effect of green tea polyphenol and epigenetic modulators in highly aggressive breast cancer cells

CCN5/WISP-2 has been considered as an antiinvasive gene because CCN5/WISP-2 silencing augments the invasive phenotypes in vitro. One of the major functions of the CCN5 protein is to block aggressive behavior, such as the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) of cancer cells. CCN5/WISP-2 is constitutively expressed in less aggressive human breast cancer cells, whereas its expression is undetected in the highly aggressive breast cancer cells. Dietary green tea polyphenol, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), is believed to be an anticancer agent in part through its regulation of epigenetic processes. Our studies were aimed to address the epigenetic mechanisms of CCN5 reactivation by EGCG in highly aggressive breast cancer cells. In our current studies, we found that EGCG can reactivate CCN5 expression in highly aggressive breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and augments mesenchymal-epithelial transition process by modulating multiple EMT regulators. Combination studies using EGCG with the epigenetic modulators including the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin (TSA) and the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor such as 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5- aza), revealed a synergistic effect of reactivation of CCN5 expression in highly aggressive breast cancer cells. Our findings help to assess the key mechanisms of EGCG chemoprevention and therapy by impacting epigenetic pathways toward aggressive breast tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2007. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2007
Species variability in angiotensin receptor expression by cultured cardiac fibroblasts and the infarcted heart

Cardiac fibroblasts, an abundant cell of the left ventricle (LV), proliferate and synthesize collagen in the heart after acute injury and during pressure overload hypertrophy. From many studies, angiotensin II (ANG II) receptors have been implicated in promoting collagen formation by the rat cardiac fibroblast. The present study examined species variability in ANG II receptor expression. Cultured rat fibroblasts expressed 43,000 +/- 15,000 ANG II (AT1-specific) receptors per cell (dissociation constant = 0.92 +/- 0.34 nM), whereas rabbit and neonate human cardiac fibroblast cultures expressed few receptors. Angiotensin increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in rats but not in rabbit or human cardiac fibroblasts and stimulated arachidonic acid release in rat but not rabbit fibroblasts. In situ, 6 days after coronary artery ligation, angiotensin receptor expression was increased 34.8 +/- 13.4-fold in the infarcted area relative to the noninfarcted tissue in the rat LV, whereas rabbit hearts demonstrated only a 3.2 +/- 1.6-fold increase in ANG II binding within the infarcted tissue. These species differences in receptor expression raise questions as to the role of angiotensin as a mediator of collagen formation across species and as a direct target of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to regulate cardiac fibroblast function.
Exposure to human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus in hepatic and stellate cell lines reveals cooperative profibrotic transcriptional activation between viruses and cell types

HIV/HCV co-infection accelerates progressive liver fibrosis, however the mechanisms remain poorly understood. HCV and HIV independently induce profibrogenic markers TGFβ1 (mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS)) and NFκB in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in monoculture, however, they do not account for cellular cross-talk that naturally occurs. We created an in vitro co-culture model and investigated the contributions of HIV and HCV to hepatic fibrogenesis. GFP reporter cell lines driven by functional ROS (ARE), NFκB, and SMAD3 promoters were created in Huh7.5.1 and LX2 cells, using a transwell to generate co-cultures. Reporter cells lines were exposed to HIV, HCV or HIV/HCV. Activation of the 3 pathways were measured, and compared according to infection status. Extracellular matrix products (Col1A1 and TIMP1) were also measured. Both HCV and HIV independently activate TGFβ1 signaling via ROS (ARE), NFκB, and SMAD3 in both cell lines in co-culture. Activation of these profibrotic pathways was additive following HIV/HCV co-exposure. This was confirmed when examining Col1A1 and TIMP1, where mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in LX2 cells in co-culture following HIV/HCV co-exposure compared with either virus alone. In addition, expression of these profibrotic genes was significantly higher in the co-culture model compared to either cell type in monoculture, suggesting an interaction and feedback mechanism between Huh7.5.1 and LX2 cells. We conclude that HIV accentuates an HCV-driven profibrogenic program in hepatocyte and HSC lines through ROS, NFκB and TGFβ1 upregulation. Furthermore, co-culture of hepatocyte and HSC lines significantly increased expression of Col1A1 and TIMP1. Our novel co-culture reporter cell model represents an efficient and more authentic system for studying transcriptional fibrosis responses, and may provide important insights into hepatic fibrosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Realizing full n-shifts in simple Smale flows

Abstract Smale flows on 3-manifolds can have invariant saddle sets that are suspensions of shifts of finite type. We look at Smale flows with chain recurrent sets consisting of an attracting closed orbit a, a repelling closed orbit r and a saddle set that is a suspension of a full n-shift and draw some conclusions about the knotting and linking of a ∪ r . For example, we show for all values of n it is possible for a and r to be unknots. For any even value of n it is possible for a ∪ r to be the Hopf link, a trefoil and meridian, or a figure-8 knot and meridian.
HSV-2 Encephalitis Presenting as Multifocal Ischemic Stroke (P4.375)

OBJECTIVE To report a rare case of HSV-2 meningoencephalitis presenting as multifocal ischemic stroke. BACKGROUND While most ischemic strokes are treated with antithrombotics (or anticoagulants) and aggressive vascular risk factor management, a high index of suspicion needs to be maintained to identify those cerebral infarcts requiring alternate treatments. Recognizing infectious causes of stroke is of particular importance, as treatment is effective if readily instituted. CASE SUMMARY The patient is a 68-year-old right-handed Hispanic female with a medical history of systemic lupus erythematosus on immunosuppressive therapy, hypertension, and migraine, who initially presented with a slight holocephalic headache of 3 weeks followed by acute left-sided numbness in the setting of urine tract infection. She also experienced brief hallucinations, attributed initially metabolic causes. She was treated for ischemic stroke, after MRI showed three areas of acute ischemia on DWI, involving the right anterior inferior insula and two regions in the right frontal cortex. Three days later she developed transient slurring of speech and right-sided facial weakness that resolved within an hour. MRI did not show any new findings suggestive of acute stroke. A lumbar puncture was then performed which showed significantly elevated proteins and white count with 100[percnt] lymphocytes predominance. PCR was positive for HSV type 2 in CSF and she was started on acyclovir 800 mg IV every 8 hours for a three week course. The patient continued to do well with improvement in her headaches and remained otherwise symptom free and neurologically intact. CONCLUSION A high index of suspicion needs to be maintained to diagnose infectious vasculitis. A history of immunosuppression and headache preceding cerebral infarction were important factors that ultimately led to the appropriate work up and diagnosis in this case. Lumbar puncture and prompt initiation of antiviral treatment is essential in stroke case of suspected CNS infection with HSV-2. Disclosure: Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sumida has nothing to disclose. Dr. Margolesky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tornes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ramos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Koch has nothing to disclose.