cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staufen1 promotes HCV replication by inhibiting protein kinase R and transporting viral RNA to the site of translation and replication in the cells

Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to chronic hepatitis C (CHC), which often progresses to liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanisms that establish CHC and cause its subsequent development into LC and HCC are poorly understood. We have identified a cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA binding protein, Stau1, which is crucial for HCV replication. In this study, Stau1 specifically interacted with the variable-stem-loop region in the 3' NTR and domain IIId of the HCV-IRES in the 5' NTR, and promoted HCV replication and translation. Stau1 coimmunoprecipitates HCV NS5B and a cell factor, protein kinase R (PKR), which is critical for interferon-induced cellular antiviral and antiproliferative responses. Like Stau1, PKR displayed binding specificity to domain IIId of HCV-IRES. Stau1 binds to PKR and strongly inhibits PKR-autophosphorylation. We demonstrated that the transport of HCV RNA on the polysomes is Stau1-dependent, being mainly localized in the monosome fractions when Stau1 is downregulated and exclusively localized in the polysomes when Stau1 is overexpressed. Our findings suggest that HCV may appropriate Stau1 to its advantage to prevent PKR-mediated inhibition of eIF2α, which is required for the synthesis of HCV proteins for translocation of viral RNA genome to the polysomes for efficient translation and replication.
Aortic Valve Resuspension and Graft Replacement of the Ascending Aorta and Proximal Hemiarch During Moderate Hypothermic Systemic Circulatory Arrest and Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion for Repair of Acute Aortic Dissection

Acute dissection involving the entire thoracic aorta (i e., DeBakey type I) is a highly lethal condition. Although it is universally accepted that proper management of type I dissection entails emergent surgical repair of the ascending aorta, there is remarkable variation in the technical and strategic aspects of this operation, and very little evidence to support the use of any one technique over the others. The purpose of this chapter is to present our preferred approach to managing acute type I aortic dissection. Our preferred approach revolves around the overarching philosophy that the primary goal is to save the patient’s life by preventing or treating aortic rupture, cardiac tamponade, severe valvular regurgitation, and malperfusion of the heart, brain, and other vital organs. The secondary goal of preventing late dissection-related complications in residual aorta is considered, but any such efforts should not substantially diminish the patient’s chance of early survival. Thus, when treating typical cases, we favor performing aortic valve resuspension and graft replacement of the ascending aorta and proximal hemiarch during moderate hypothermic systemic circulatory arrest and antegrade cerebral perfusion. Although it is currently unclear which patients will benefit from concomitant placement of a stent-graft in the proximal descending thoracic aorta, the potential to slow the rate of aneurysmal expansion over time or, perhaps, halt the distal propagation of the dissection is attractive and justifies its application in selected patients.
Leonhard's classification of the chronic schizophrenias.

The conceptual development of Leonhard's classification of the chronic schizophrenias is outlined. The recognition within that classification of the importance of the polarity dimension has led to the identification of two distinct populations — atypical nonsystematic and typical systematic schizophrenia — each with a variety of different subtypes. It is hoped that recognition and validation of this group of illnesses which, for three-quarters of a century, have been called “schizophrenia” will provide a basis for meaningful biological research. Increasing interest in the system has already produced an awareness that future progress in the understanding of mental illness will greatly depend upon re-establishing the central place of psychopathology in psychiatric research.
ENSO prediction and short-term climate prediction

We begin by making some non-standard distinctions, solely for convenience in the following discussion. We will define “ENSO prediction” as the process of predicting the SST in the tropical Pacific a month to a year or so in advance. We will use “short-term climate prediction” to refer to the procedure of predicting the climatic conditions in the global atmosphere or over land away from the tropical Pacific a month to a year in advance. The utility of this distinction is that ENSO prediction can only be accomplished by coupled models, whereas short-term climate prediction, which depends in part on the thermal forcing due to the distribution of regions of persistent precipitation and is partly determined by the SST distribution in the tropical Pacific, can be accomplished by a global atmospheric model (with predicted tropical SST specified) but can also be accomplished by a fully coupled climate model. The distinction will become clearer in our discussion of one-tiered and two-tiered prediction below. The possibility that coupled climate models, whether simple or complex, can predict aspects of the future evolution of ENSO is not at all obvious. The atmosphere is known to be of limited predictability, basically because it is chaotic: inevitable small errors in the initial conditions grow and, depending on the growth rate, eventually limit the skill of prediction after a given time.
Vascular Targeting of Adipose Tissue

Obesity is a rapidly increasing worldwide threat to health due to its ­association with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and a number of other medical conditions. Considerable efforts are underway to develop drugs for obesity prevention and treatment. Like tumors, white adipose tissue (WAT) overgrowing in obesity depends on functional blood vessels for its expansion and maintenance. Recent findings indicate the apparent vasculogenic role of WAT-derived cells recruited by tumors. Based on these notions, endothelial and perivascular cell populations in WAT have been considered as potential therapy targets in the context of obesity and cancer. In this chapter, we discuss studies aimed at inactivation of WAT vasculature and evaluate it as a prospective approach to treating obesity and its potential implications for cancer and other diseases.
Nonstationary Risk Model with Geophysical Input

A geophysical model of ground-motion simulation is used to generate the statistics of the power spectral density (PSD) of the acceleration at the bedrock level of a site. A nonstationary Poisson model of occurrences is then developed to combine the effects of all the probable sources in the seismic zone of interest. The consistent probability PSD is computed as a basic design parameter. Consistent probability peak response spectra, rms response spectra, and pseudotime histories are also derived as design parameters. A numerical example is given for a site in southern California to demonstrate the applicability of the method.
Evaluation for Heart Transplant Candidacy

Despite advances in pharmacological and device treatment of chronic heart failure, long-term morbidity and mortality remain unacceptably high; the 5-year mortality rate for patients with symptomatic heart failure approaches 50% and may be as high as 80% at 1 year for end-stage patients [1]. For those patients in whom these therapies (as detailed in Chaps. 1 and 2) have been attempted without success, heart transplantation may be a suitable option, and is considered the gold standard for the treatment of refractory end-stage heart failure. Evaluation for transplant candidacy is a multidisciplinary endeavor. This chapter aims to summarize the medical and psychosocial criteria for transplant listing including indications and contraindications, the methods by which these criteria are measured, and other extraneous considerations regarding suitability for transplantation.
Synthesis and Quantitative Verification of Tradeoff Spaces for Families of Software Systems

Designing software subject to uncertainty in a way that provides guarantees about its run-time behavior while achieving an acceptable balance between multiple extra-functional properties is still an open problem. Tools and techniques to inform engineers about poorly-understood design spaces in the presence of uncertainty are needed. To tackle this problem, we propose an approach that combines synthesis of spaces of system design alternatives from formal specifications of architectural styles with probabilistic formal verification. The main contribution of this paper is a formal framework for specification-driven synthesis and analysis of design spaces that provides formal guarantees about the correctness of system behaviors and satisfies quantitative properties (e.g., defined over system qualities) subject to uncertainty, which is factored as a first-class entity.
Importance sampling for unbiased on-demand evaluation of knowledge base population

Knowledge base population (KBP) systems take in a large document corpus and extract entities and their relations. Thus far, KBP evaluation has relied on judgements on the pooled predictions of existing systems. We show that this evaluation is problematic: when a new system predicts a previously unseen relation, it is penalized even if it is correct. This leads to significant bias against new systems, which counterproductively discourages innovation in the field. Our first contribution is a new importance-sampling based evaluation which corrects for this bias by annotating a new system’s predictions on-demand via crowdsourcing. We show this eliminates bias and reduces variance using data from the 2015 TAC KBP task. Our second contribution is an implementation of our method made publicly available as an online KBP evaluation service. We pilot the service by testing diverse state-of-the-art systems on the TAC KBP 2016 corpus and obtain accurate scores in a cost effective manner.
Mechanism for temporal changes in exercise capacity after Fontan palliation: Role of Doppler echocardiography.

Background The objective was to better understand Doppler hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with Fontan palliation by delineating the hemodynamic mechanism for temporal changes in their peak oxygen consumption (V o 2). Methods We performed a retrospective review of adult Fontan patients with systemic left ventricle (LV) who underwent serial transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE) and cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) at Mayo Clinic in 2000-2015. TTE and CPET data were used (1) to determine agreement between V o 2 and Doppler-derived LV function indices (eg, stroke volume index [SVI] and cardiac index [CI]) and (2) to determine agreement between temporal changes in peak V o 2 and LV function indices. Results Seventy-five patients (44 men; 59%) underwent 191 pairs of TTE and CPET. At baseline, mean age was 24 ± 3 years, peak V o 2 was 22.9 ± 4.1 mL/kg/min (63 ± 11 percent predicted), SVI was 43 ± 15 mL/m2, and CI was 2.9 ± 0.9 L/min/m2. Peak V o 2 correlated with SVI (r = 0.30, P o 2 correlated with changes in SVI (r = 0.48, P = .005) and CI (r = 0.49, P = .004) among the 33 patients without interventions during the study. In the 19 patients with Fontan conversion, percent predicted peak V o 2 and chronotropic index improved. Conclusions Overall, there was a temporal decline in peak V o 2 that correlated with decline in Doppler SVI. In the patients who had Fontan conversion operation, there was a temporal improvement in peak V o 2 that correlated with improvement in chronotropic index.
Ethical considerations in developing an evidence base for pre-exposure prophylaxis in pregnant women.

Though many women in need of access to HIV preventive regimes are pregnant, there is a dearth of data to guide these care decisions. While oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to prevent HIV infection in numerous high-risk populations, pregnant women have been excluded from all major prospective trials. We propose for ethical examination a theoretical trial—a prospective, observational study of PrEP for pregnant women at risk for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa—highlighting an ethical tradeoff that characterizes issues faced for advancing research in pregnancy. On the one hand, an “opportunistic” study design has certain ethical advantages: as formally construed, the research activity usually begins after decisions to use PrEP during pregnancy are made in the clinical setting. This minimizes research risks and avoids ethical problems that a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing PrEP to placebo would entail, particularly withholding care proven beneficial in other populations. On the other hand, observational studies yield less precise information than RCTs. This raises a broader question about the pace of research with pregnant women, as it typically takes many years after a drug’s approval for use in the general population to determine safety of the medication in pregnancy. Such delays can have the effect of making it impossible to ethically conduct an RCT with pregnant women, reducing the likelihood that the research community is able to obtain robust, pregnancy-specific evidence. While an observational cohort is potentially the most ethically and scientifically justified research design to study PrEP in pregnancy, earlier involvement of pregnant women in studies of newer preventives may lead to evidence that is more timely and robust.
A quantitative assessment of dynamical differences of RSV infections in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Experimental results in vitro and in animal models are used to guide researchers in testing vaccines or treatment in humans. However, viral kinetics are different in vitro, in animals, and in humans, so it is sometimes difficult to translate results from one system to another. In this study, we use a mathematical model to fit experimental data from multiple cycle respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in vitro, in african green monkey (AGM), and in humans in order to quantitatively compare viral kinetics in the different systems. We find that there are differences in viral clearance rate, productively infectious cell lifespan, and eclipse phase duration between in vitro and in vivo systems and among different in vivo systems. We show that these differences in viral kinetics lead to different estimates of drug effectiveness of fusion inhibitors in vitro and in AGM than in humans.
The business of urban coolness: Emerging markets for street art

Abstract Street art gradually evolved from an activity that normally involves the illegal defacement of property to an established and highly legitimate art form. It has also followed in the footsteps of other countercultural art movements where mainstreaming has been coupled with commercialization, which in turn is understood to progressively erode the integrity of this art form. The article explores how recent developments in digital media created a new ecology for the commercialization of street art as an important genre of urban counterculture. It examines the various ways in which contemporary street art has been commodified including its use in fashion design, city branding, guerrilla marketing campaigns, as tourist attraction in alternative city tours, and whether these developments challenge the countercultural aspirations of street art. The central argument is that despite various forms of commercialization, street art remains an incompletely commodified and quintessentially interstitial practice that combines urban transgressive cultural activity, legitimate art and commercial design, thus continuing to traverse the boundaries of these fields. The analysis identifies three key processes that underlie the incomplete and fragmented commodification of street art: 1) the emergence of multiple, intersecting markets, and strategies to decouple commercial from non-commercial practices; 2) mass merchandising techniques as vehicles to democratize art; 3) the ambivalence of the artwork once it is reproduced primarily through photographs.
DC Motor Cruise Control by Interfacing IR Sensor Tachometer and SIMULINK, Regardless Motor Specifications and Change of Shaft Load

DC motor could be controlled different ways with different approaches. One of the problems has been identifying internal specifications of DC motor such as Torque constant, back-emf constant, viscous friction constant, internal resistance and inductance. These parameters are needed for modelling the system of a DC motor. Unfortunately, those are not specified in most commercially manufactured DC motor's data sheet. Most popular controlling methods available are PID controller, Adaptive controller or intelligent controller in some cases. Proposed experiment disregards all these problems and methods mentioned above to build a very simple, effective and cheap cruise controller of a DC motor. This experiment divided into two key parts; first phase focuses on a simple IR sensor tachometer designing in microcontroller (LPC1768 ARM) platform which performs DAC (digital to analog conversion) in essence. Tachometer's RPM reading gives the feedback into controller function to compare against the desired RPM set by the user until they align on the same line. A SIMULINK diagram has been implemented in ARDUINO Mega for the cruise control which contains controller function. Results analyzed for different RPM and concludes the system's high efficiency for RPM range between 300–1200.
An exercise-induced messenger boosts memory in Alzheimer's disease.

An exercise-linked hormone, FNDC5/irisin, mediates the benefit of exercise in Alzheimer’s disease models by enhancing synaptic plasticity and memory.
NeuADC: Neural Network-Inspired Synthesizable Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Traditional analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) employ dedicated analog and mixed-signal (AMS) circuits, requiring time-consuming manual design process. They also exhibit limited configurability to support diverse quantization schemes on the same circuitry. In this paper, we propose NeuADC—an automated design approach to synthesizing an analog-to-digital (A/D) interface that can approximate the desirable quantization function using a neural network (NN) with a single hidden layer. We leverage the mixed-signal resistive random-access memory (RRAM) crossbar architecture to design a novel dual-path configuration for the implementation of the basic NN operations at the circuit level. We exploit alternative bits encoding scheme to the conventional binary encoding to improve the training accuracy. Our method incorporates nonidealities at the device and circuit level into the training process to ensure NeuADC’s robustness against variations of process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT). Results obtained from SPICE simulation based on RRAM and standard 130-nm CMOS technology suggest that not only can NeuADC deliver promising performance compared to the state-of-the-art ADCs and other emerging converter designs across comprehensive design metrics, but it can also intrinsically support multiple configurable quantization schemes using the same hardware substrate, paving ways for future adaptable application-driven signal conversion. Our systematic evaluations on the proposed NeuADC framework also quantify the impacts on the ADC quantization quality from hidden neuron sizes, RRAM resistance imprecision, and PVT variations, and reveal the design tradeoff between speed, power, and area in a NeuADC circuit.
The Exact Capacity-Memory Tradeoff for Caching with Uncoded Prefetching in the Two-Receiver Gaussian Broadcast Channel

The two-receiver Gaussian broadcast channel (BC) is studied when each receiver has a cache memory. Using a joint cache-channel coding scheme, the exact capacity-memory tradeoff—the highest rate of reliable communication as a function of the cache size—is established for any cache size.
“Balance-Sheet” City: Martin Wagner and the Visualization of Statistical Data:

Martin Wagner (1885-1957) was a leading city planner of the Weimar Republic and chief planner for Greater Berlin from 1926 to 1933. This essay addresses the role of statistical data visualizations ...
GraphDefense: Towards Robust Graph Convolutional Networks.

In this paper, we study the robustness of graph convolutional networks (GCNs). Despite the good performance of GCNs on graph semi-supervised learning tasks, previous works have shown that the original GCNs are very unstable to adversarial perturbations. In particular, we can observe a severe performance degradation by slightly changing the graph adjacency matrix or the features of a few nodes, making it unsuitable for security-critical applications. Inspired by the previous works on adversarial defense for deep neural networks, and especially adversarial training algorithm, we propose a method called GraphDefense to defend against the adversarial perturbations. In addition, for our defense method, we could still maintain semi-supervised learning settings, without a large label rate. We also show that adversarial training in features is equivalent to adversarial training for edges with a small perturbation. Our experiments show that the proposed defense methods successfully increase the robustness of Graph Convolutional Networks. Furthermore, we show that with careful design, our proposed algorithm can scale to large graphs, such as Reddit dataset.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Environmental Public Health Tracking Program

The mission of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Environmental Public Health Tracking Program (Tracking Program) is to provide information from a n...
Quantifying background nitrate removal mechanisms in an agricultural watershed with contrasting subcatchment baseflow concentrations

Numerous studies have documented the linkages between agricultural nitrogen loads and surface water degradation. In contrast, potential water quality improvements due to agricultural best management practices are difficult to detect because of the confounding effect of background nitrate removal rates, as well as the groundwater-driven delay between land surface action and stream response. To characterize background controls on nitrate removal in two agricultural catchments, we calibrated groundwater travel time distributions with subsurface environmental tracer data to quantify the lag time between historic agricultural inputs and measured baseflow nitrate. We then estimated spatially distributed loading to the water table from nitrate measurements at monitoring wells, using machine learning techniques to extrapolate the loading to unmonitored portions of the catchment to subsequently estimate catchment removal controls. Multiple models agree that in-stream processes remove as much as 75% of incoming loads for one subcatchment while removing <20% of incoming loads for the other. The use of a spatially variable loading field did not result in meaningfully different optimized parameter estimates or model performance when compared with spatially constant loading derived directly from a county-scale agricultural nitrogen budget. Although previous studies using individual well measurements have shown that subsurface denitrification due to contact with a reducing argillaceous confining unit plays an important role in nitrate removal, the catchment-scale contribution of this process is difficult to quantify given the available data. Nonetheless, the study provides a baseline characterization of nitrate transport timescales and removal mechanisms that will support future efforts to detect water quality benefits from ongoing best management practice implementation.
Remediation of crude oil-contaminated coastal marsh soil: Integrated effect of biochar, rhamnolipid biosurfactant and nitrogen application.

Decontamination of oil spills from coastal wetland soils requires a delicate approach. A microcosm study was carried out to investigate the impact of integrated application of biochar, rhamnolipid (RL) biosurfactant and nitrogen (N) on petroleum hydrocarbon remediation in a Louisiana coastal saline marsh and their impact on soil microbial community. The soil was artificially contaminated with crude oil and subjected to treatments of different combinations of sugarcane residue biochar, RL, and coated urea. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the contaminated soil were analyzed periodically using gas chromatograph and associated soil bacterial community was studied using 16 s rRNA sequencing technologies. Results showed that integrated application of biochar + RL, biochar + N, and biochar + N+RL reduced 32.3%, 73.2%, 80.9% of TPH, respectively, and exhibited synergic interaction with higher efficiency than application individually. Combined treatments showed distinct functions that biochar increased the sorption of aromatic compounds, while RL and N enhanced the degradation of heavy and light aliphatic compounds. All remediation treatments caused reduction of soil bacterial diversity while RL and N shifted the microbial community to higher abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, respectively. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the positivity of applying integrated biochar, biosurfactant, and N treatment in oil remediation in wetland soils.
Technical Communication is a Social Medium

Technical communicators can manage the content users share in online communities, but this is only feasible if the users act like a community with a shared understanding of what the software does. ...
An Ergonomic Wireless Charging System for Integration With Daily Life Activities

In this article, we present a clothing-integrated wireless power transfer and harvesting system that uses a novel class of anchor-shaped antennas for wireless power transfer up to the 4-ft distance. Notably, the system allows wireless charging during daily life activities, such as sitting on a chair or while lying on a fabric surface. Owning to up to a 4-ft power transfer, a user may also walk around during the wireless charging. The proposed system features a novel anchor-shaped antenna, which is miniaturized than a loop antenna and extends the range of fringing fields. Furthermore, a textile-based rectifying circuit with RF-to-dc conversion efficiency of 77.23% at 22.5 dBm is proposed. The efficiency remains better than 60% for an input power from 2 dBm to 24 dBm. For garment integration, a system consisting of a rectifier and an antenna were prototyped by using embroidered conductive thread on denim fabric. To understand the effectiveness, wireless power transfer tests are conducted under mechanical deformations and misalignments. The resulting prototype was tested for power transfer of several mW power over an area of 4 ft $\times4$ ft and by using a 1-W transmitter. This textile power harvesting system can be used as an ergonomic charging platform to supply power to a wide range of wearable medical, Internet of Things, and portable devices.
Exposure to permethrin or chlorpyrifos causes differential dose- and time-dependent behavioral effects at early larval stages of an endangered teleost species

Pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides are two of the most commonly used classes of insecticide worldwide. At sublethal concentrations, permethrin (a pyrethroid) and chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) impact behavior in model fish species. We investigated behavioral effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of permethrin or chlorpyrifos on early larval delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a Critically Endangered teleost species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Delta, California, USA. Using a photomotor behavioral assay of oscillating light and dark periods, we measured distance moved, turn angle, meander, angular velocity, rotations, thigmotaxis (time spent in the border versus center), and swim speed duration and frequency. The lowest concentrations of permethrin used in the tests (0.05 and 0.5 μg l-1) caused significant increases in distance moved at 72 and 96 h, respectively. At 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure, 5 μg l-1 of permethrin caused a hyperactive state in which the larvae significantly decreased thigmotaxis, quickly turning in short bouts of activity, characterized by significant increases in rotations and freezing events. Larvae exposed to 0.05 μg l-1 chlorpyrifos significantly increased thigmotaxis at 72 and 96 h. In response to 5 μg l-1 chlorpyrifos, larvae significantly increased velocity at 72 h exposure, and significantly increased freezing events at 96 h. Behavioral data on larval delta smelt exposed to contaminants present in their limited habitat have the potential to aid evaluations of the suitability of spawning and rearing habitats for this endangered species, thus improving conservation management strategies focused on this sensitive life stage.
Iron-catalysed synthesis and chemical recycling of telechelic 1,3-enchained oligocyclobutanes.

Closed-loop recycling offers the opportunity to mitigate plastic waste through reversible polymer construction and deconstruction. Although examples of chemical recycling of polymers are known, few have been applied to materials derived from abundant commodity olefinic monomers, which are the building blocks of ubiquitous plastic resins. Here we describe a [2+2] cycloaddition/oligomerization of 1,3-butadiene to yield a previously unrealized telechelic microstructure of (1,n′-divinyl)oligocyclobutane. This material is thermally stable, has stereoregular segments arising from chain-end control, and exhibits high crystallinity even at low molecular weight. Exposure of the oligocyclobutane to vacuum in the presence of the pyridine(diimine) iron precatalyst used to synthesize it resulted in deoligomerization to generate pristine butadiene, demonstrating a rare example of closed-loop chemical recycling of an oligomeric material derived from a commodity hydrocarbon feedstock. Iron-catalysed [2+2] cycloaddition/oligomerization of neat butadiene affords (1,n′-divinyl)oligocyclobutane—a telechelic, crystalline material consisting of 1,3-enchained cyclobutyl units. This oligocyclobutane can be chemically recycled to pure butadiene using the same iron catalyst employed in its synthesis, demonstrating design principles for next-generation plastic materials that can be returned to pristine monomer.
The role of CT and endoscopy in the evaluation of patients referred for intranasal Cryoablation.

Abstract Background Cryoablation (CA) of the posterior nasal nerves has garnered increasing interest as an office-based procedure for chronic rhinitis (CR). Standardized preoperative evaluation, specifically the role of computed tomography (CT) and nasal endoscopy, has yet to be defined. We report a series of patients who underwent CT and endoscopy as part of CR work-up in patients referred for CA. Objective Highlight the importance of both nasal endoscopy and CT scan in the evaluation of CR given significant overlap of symptoms and common occurrence of related sinonasal conditions. Methods Retrospective analysis of all patients referred to a single tertiary rhinology practice for CA was performed. Results Fifteen patients were sent for CA by medical allergists. Five patients were deemed CA candidates, and 1 patient received only medical CR treatment. Four patients had evidence of incomplete prior sinus surgery and/or continued chronic rhinosinusitis on endoscopic exam. These 4 patients received a combination of medical and surgical management with either complete resolution or improvement in CR symptoms. In 3 patients, CT confirmed chronic rhinosinusitis that was not apparent on endoscopy, and received a combination of medical and surgical management with symptom improvement. In the last two patients, final diagnoses were nasal valve collapse and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis. Conclusions Referrals for CA are becoming more common and the optimal preoperative work up remains unclear. In this limited retrospective review, 67% of patients had diagnoses other than CR and thus were not deemed candidates for CA. Both CT and endoscopy are complementary to a detailed history and physical examination and can aid in CA candidate selection.
LogExtractor: Extracting Digital Evidence from Android Log Messages via String and Taint Analysis

Abstract Mobile devices are increasingly involved in crimes. Therefore, digital evidence on mobile devices plays a more and more important role in crime investigations. Existing studies have designed tools to identify and/or extract digital evidence in the main memory or the file system of a mobile device. However, identifying and extracting digital evidence from the logging system of a mobile device is largely unexplored. In this work, we aim to bridge this gap.Specifically, we design, prototype, and evaluate LogExtractor, the first tool to automatically identify and extract digital evidence from log messages on an Android device. Given a log message, LogExtractor first determines whether the log message contains a given type of evidentiary data (e.g., GPS coordinates) and then further extracts the value of the evidentiary data if the log message contains it. Specifically, LogExtractor takes an offline-online approach. In the offline phase, LogExtractor builds an App Log Evidence Database (ALED) for a large number of apps via combining string and taint analysis to analyze the apps' code. Specifically, each record in the ALED contains 1) the string pattern of a log message that an app may write to the logging system, 2) the types of evidentiary data that the log message includes, and 3) the segment(s) of the string pattern that contains the value of a certain type of evidentiary data, where we represent a string pattern using a deterministic finite-state automaton. In the online phase, given a log message from a suspect's Android device, we match the log message against the string patterns in the ALED and extract evidentiary data from it if the matching succeeds. We evaluate LogExtractor on 65 benchmark apps from DroidBench and 12.1 K real-world apps. Our results show that a large number of apps write a diverse set of data to the logging system and LogExtractor can accurately extract them.
Prevention of Failure to Rescue in Obstetric Patients: A Realist Review

BACKGROUND At least 40% of maternal deaths are attributable to failure to rescue (FTR) events. Nurses are positioned to prevent FTR events, but there is minimal understanding of systems-level factors affecting obstetric nurses when patients require rescue. AIMS To identify the nurse-specific contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes underlying obstetric FTR and the interventions designed to prevent these events. METHODS A realist review was conducted to meet the aims. This review included literature from 1999 to 2020 to understand the systems-level factors affecting obstetric nurses during FTR events using a human factors framework designed by the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety. RESULTS Existing interventions addressed the prevention of maternal death through education of clinicians, improved protocols for care and maternal transfer, and an emphasis on communication and teamwork. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION Few researchers addressed task overload or connected employee and organizational outcomes with patient outcomes, and the physical environment was minimally considered. Future research is needed to understand how systems-level factors affect nurses during FTR events.
Chapter 44: Cholinergic and glutamatergic effects on neocortical neurons may support rate as well as development of conditioning

Publisher Summary There is growing evidence that the development of some forms of mammalian associative conditioning depends on interactions between acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate (GLUT) in neocortical neurons. Unlike long-term potentiation (LTP), another model of mammalian neural plasticity, this mechanism of enhancement appears to be based on postsynaptic changes in neural excitability induced by ACh, and a close relationship has been demonstrated between these changes and behavioral conditioning. Recent studies have shown that an end point of the ACh-mediated cascade is a decrease in a rapidly activated neuronal current. Single electrode voltage clamp techniques were adapted to measure currents in vivo in single cortical neurons. This chapter describes some of the evidence for involvement of ACh and GLUT in the development of conditioning, reviews evidence for a role of a rapidly activated potassium conductance, gK+(A), in mediating increased postsynaptic neural excitability without the need for steadily increased rates of baseline discharge and addresses a new issue, the possible role of GLUT in influencing the rate of conditioning.
Introduction to Nuclear Science

Introduction Radiation Atomic Structure Nuclear Transformations Nuclear Stability Ionizing Radiation A Biological Threat Natural and Anthropogenic Radiation The Chart of the Nuclides Questions Mathematics of Radioactive Decay Atomic Masses and Average Atomic Masses Nature of Decay Specific Activity Dating Branched Decay Equilibria Statistics Questions Energy and the Nucleus Binding Energy Total Energy of Decay Decay Diagrams Questions Applications of Nuclear Science I: Power and Weapons Nuclear Power Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Forensics Questions Radioactive Decay: The Gory Details Alpha Decay Beta Decay Positron Decay Electron Capture Multiple Decay Modes Valley of Beta Stability Isomeric Transitions Other Decay Modes Questions Interactions of Ionizing Radiation with Matter Ionizing Radiation Charged Particles Photons Attenuation of Gamma and x-Radiation Questions Detection of Ionizing Radiation Gas-Filled Detectors Scintillation Detectors Other Detectors Gamma Spectroscopy Questions Applications of Nuclear Science II: Medicine and Food Radiology Radiation Therapy Food Irradiation Nuclear Medicine Questions Nuclear Reactions Energetics Cross Section Yield Accelerators Cosmogenic Nuclides Questions Fission and Fusion Spontaneous Fission Neutron-Induced Fission Fusion Stellar Nucleosynthesis Synthesis of Unknown Elements Questions Applications of Nuclear Science III: More about Nuclear Reactors Reactions in Reactors Other Reactor Types Reactor Safety Systems Nuclear Power Plant Accidents Fusion Reactors Questions Radiation Protection Terms Regulations and Recommendations Risk Questions X-Ray Production Conventional X-Ray Beams High-Energy X-Ray Beams Questions Dosimetry of Radiation Fields Percent Depth Dose Tissue-Air Ratio Tissue Maximum Ratio Isodose Curves Moving Fields Proton and Electron Beam Dosimetry Questions Appendix A: Useful Constants, Conversion Factors, SI Prefixes, and Formulas Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements Appendix C Appendix D: Table of Chi-Squared Bibliography Index
The Short Road Home to Delaware: Boilermakers Local 154 Retirement Fund v. Chevron

One of the biggest Delaware Supreme Court cases of 2013 wasn’t. The Delaware Court of Chancery opinion in Boilermakers Local 154 Retirement Fund v. Chevron Corp., upheld the enforceability of Delaware forum selection clause bylaws unilaterally adopted by corporate boards of directors. It was widely expected that the Delaware Supreme Court would uphold the Court of Chancery’s opinion. However, Plaintiffs dismissed their appeal and moved to dismiss their remaining claims in the Court of Chancery, leaving intact Chancellor Strine’s strong support of forum selection clauses. National Industries Group (Holding) v. Carlyle Investment Managements L.L.C. and TC Group, L.L.C., a 2013 Delaware Supreme Court opinion, preceded Chevron and addressed the contractual enforceability of forum selection clauses. Chevron was followed by a late 2013 Court of Chancery action, Genoud v. Edgen Group Inc., which highlighted the interplay between Chevron and Carlyle, foreshadowing the impact of these cases on future litigation.These three cases pave the short road home to Delaware. Chevron confirms three scenarios by which corporate boards can enact forum selection clauses - unilateral board bylaw amendments, shareholder-ratified bylaw amendments, and inclusion in corporate charters before an IPO. Carlyle supports the contractual validity of forum selection clauses by limiting enforceability challenges to claims of fraud or unreasonableness of the provision, rather than the contract as a whole. Construing a breach of a forum selection clause as a grounds for personal jurisdiction and a possible basis of irreparable harm for purposes of an injunction, Carlyle further supports the enforceability of forum selection clauses. Finally, Edgen signals how forum selection clauses should be enforced articulating that the first line of defense is to petition the foreign court for dismissal.
Restoration But Also More Justice

This short essay replies to Erik Luna's endorsement of restorative justice. He is right that the goal of healing victims, defendants, and their families is important but all too often neglected by substantive criminal law and procedure, which is far too state-centered and impersonal. The problem with restorative justice is that too often it seeks to sweep away punishment as barbaric and downplays the need for deterrence and incapacitation as well.In short, restorative justice deserves more of a role in American criminal justice. Shorn of its political baggage and reflexive hostility to punishment, restorative justice has much to teach us. But to restore victims and criminals who commit serious crimes, the state must first punish before it and we can forgive. Cheap grace and promiscuous forgiveness demean the crime and the victim.
A new preparedness policy for EMS logistics

Response time in emergency medical services (EMS) is defined as the interval for an ambulance to arrive the scene after receipt of a 911 call. When several ambulances are available upon the receipt of a new call, a decision of selecting an ambulance has to be made in an effort to reduce response time. Dispatching the closest unit available is commonly used in practice; however, recently the Preparedness policy was designed that is in a simplistic form yet being capable of securing a long-term efficiency. This research aims to improve the Preparedness policy, resolving several critical issues inherent in the current form of the policy. The new Preparedness policy incorporates a new metric of preparedness based on the notion of centrality and involves a tuning parameter, weight on preparedness, which has to be appropriately chosen according to operational scenario. Computational experiment shows that the new policy significantly improves the former policy robustly in various scenarios.
Stator flux oriented control of an integrated alternator/active filter for wind power applications

In response to electric energy concerns and power quality issues, a novel, simple and low cost variable speed alternator/active filter for wind power applications is proposed. The proposed integrated alternator/active filter (WAF) is capable of simultaneous generation of optimized green power and improving power quality, which are achieved by canceling the most significant and troublesome harmonics of the utility lines. Power factor correction and reactive power control are the other two significant features of the proposed technology. The novel field oriented method to control this alternator/active filter with higher power density under vector controlled condition is also part of this development. Analysis and simulation as well as experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated alternator/active filter method. The overall complete algorithm has been implemented using the TI DSP controller, TMS320LF2407.
Food Poisoning Caused by Gram-Positive Sporeforming Bacteria

At least three gram-positive sporeforming rods are known to cause bacterial food poisoning: Clostridium perfringens (welchii), C. botulinum, and Bacillus cereus. The incidence of food poisoning caused by each of these organisms is related to certain specific foods, as is food poisoning in general.
Analysis ofCladophora distribution in Lake Ontario using remote sensing

Abstract Multispectral remote sensing data were collected along the U.S. shoreline of Lake Ontario as part of the International Field Year on the Great Lakes (IFYGL) program in Lake Ontario. Data were processed to show the distribution ofCladophora (benthic algae) in the nearshore zone and to estimate the standing crop. The present report deals withCladophora distribution in the region from Niagara to Rochester, New York. The results show an extensive growth and development ofCladophora in the study area. Approximately 66% of a 350 meter wide nearshore bottom zone in the western portion of the lake is covered byCladophora. The results demonstrate the potential of remote sensing technology for determining the distribution of benthic communities.
Territorial imagination and visual culture in the centenary: the construction of the national landscape in Uruguay's Centenary Book (1926)

The formation of a canonical landscape helps the state to consolidate the symbolic unification of diversity. Through the 1920s the notion of a distinctive national landscape is formed for the first time in Uruguay alongside the expansion of image reproduction technologies and new directions in geographic studies. This article examines the relationship between territorial identity and landscape within the framework of the commemorative celebrations of the first centenary of national independence, starting with photographs and paintings reproduced in the Libro del centenario uruguayo (Uruguay Centenary Book, 1926). Analyses of this graphic material account for two different, though not necessarily exclusive, ways of looking at a landscape: one which projects it toward the future and another which secures it in its historical value. These two perspectives correspond to rival political projects whose discrepancies remained echoed in dissimilar commemorative initiatives. This article will address the functions...
Personality, social support and burnout among human service professionals in India

Recent research has investigated the relationship between personality and social support in predicting various forms of adjustment. This study explores this relationship in a sample of 137 human service professionals engaged in post-degree clinical skills training at the Christian Counselling Centre in Vellore, India. The impact of certain forms of social support on burnout was examined, after controlling for the effect of the personality trait of anxiety. As hypothesized, perceived social support was negatively associated with burnout, even after controlling for the effects of anxiety. This pattern was strongest for the males in this sample. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were the components of burnout most strongly related to perceived support. The perception of support received from ‘work-related’ and ‘other’ relationships made a stronger contribution than did ‘family’ or ‘social’ ties with respect to burnout. Implications for future cross-cultural investigation of the relationships among personality, social support and adjustment are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilateral In Utero Cerebellar Infarction

We report a case of complete bilateral cerebellar infarction diagnosed in utero by routine prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in a 26-week-old fetus. This posterior fossa ischemic stroke with secondary hemorrhage caused transient obstructive hydrocephalus and likely occurred subsequent to vertebrobasilar artery thrombosis. Such posterior fossa ischemic insults diagnosed in utero are rare with scarce clinical reports. The serial imaging characteristics, clinical, and developmental implications of this case are reviewed.