cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cs-free N-polar III-nitride photocathode detectors with high quantum efficiency: role of impurity incorporation at interfaces and planes

We report here our latest results of achieving high quantum efficiency (QE) N-polar GaN photocathodes through engineering of bulk and interfacial impurity concentrations. The photocathode structures studied consist of an N-polar p-GaN absorbing layer with 10 nm u-GaN cap layer. An increase in QE from 0.27% to 10.1% is observed for photocathodes grown without a regrowth interface between p-GaN and u-GaN cap layers compared to an identical structure with a regrown interface. SIMS is used to identify impurities at the regrowth interface, which cause lower QE due to scattering and modification of the electric field. The QE is further increased to 26.6% through a 2x increase in hole concentration when the structure is grown on a high hillock density template. This work demonstrates a combined approach that has the promise of advancing toward and surpassing performance of current state-of-the-art photocathodes in the UV range.
Is the Antioxidant Capacity of Stored Human Milk Preserved

Background: In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) expressed mothers' milk usually is stored frozen until used. We found that when human milk was stored at −20°C for up to 9 months there were r...
Recasting Canons of Interpretation and Construction into 'Canonical' Queries

This Article advocates recasting the canons of construction into neutral queries rather than presumptions or directives of meaning. Such an approach would not only rectify problems with the canons discussed in this Article. It would also provide lawyers with highly useful "checklists" of semantic questions lawyers might otherwise overlook when interpreting and construing meaning in contexts of both private law (e.g., contracts) and public law (e.g., constitutional provisions and statutes). As a part of such advocacy, this Article explores in detail the following "canonical" queries and sub-queries (and the canons of construction they replace where applicable): the applicable text query, the plain meaning query, the ambiguity sub-query, the vagueness sub-query, the indeterminacy sub-query, the ordinary meaning query, the technical and term of art query, the grammar query, the punctuation query, the further meaning query, and the irony/non-literal meaning query. This Article also includes a detailed Appendix outlining further needed queries to be addressed in future articles. These include the ejusdem generis query, the noscitur a sociis query, the expressio unius query, the antecedent/subsequent query (rejecting the rule of the last antecedent), the anaphora query, the whole text query, the surplusage query, the absurdity query, the exercise of power query (rejecting general construction against the drafter), and queries of meaning through time. Additionally, to help direct proper application of the queries, this Article also explores the distinction between interpretation and construction.
Demo: Disaggregated Dataplanes

Modern programmable network hardware enables in-network computing-pushing increasingly-complex logic into the network to improve the performance, flexibility and reliability of network services. But the current network programming paradigm is constrained to programming a single network device at a time. The lack of support for in-network programs that use several and heterogeneous network hardware simultaneously constrains the scale and behaviour of in-network programs. Dataplane Disaggregation is a new paradigm that addresses this problem. It distributes computations across programmable network hardware including switches and smart NICs. This paradigm transforms a monolithic in-network program into a distributed system executing on possibly heterogeneous resources. The goal of this demo is to make an accessible presentation of Dataplane Disaggregation to the wider distributed systems community. This is intended to stimulate discussion on effective ways to program distributed and heterogeneous systems. Our demo is based on the Flightplan system prototype. Flightplan is open-source and comes with detailed documentation and support scripts, yet it requires some effort to set up and run. This impedes its study by others. Our demo runs completely in the browser and does not burden viewers with any installation effort at all. The technical contribution of this demo consists of a customised visualisation of Flightplan experiments. Moreover, the demo is well-suited to virtual events—as is being planned for ICDCS'21—since it can be run independently and asynchronously by viewers of the demo. This is especially helpful for viewers with slow or intermittent Internet connections. We make the demo's source code freely available online for use by others, including researchers who want to build similar demos.
Effects of Convective Asymmetries on Hurricane Intensity: A Numerical Study

The influence of the uniform large-scale flow, beta effect, and vertical shear of the environmental flow on hurricane intensity is investigated in the context of the induced convective or potential vorticity asymmetries with a hydrostatic primitive equation hurricane model. In agreement with the previous studies, imposing of one of these environmental effects can substantially weaken the simulated tropical cyclones. In response t o the environmental influence, significant asymmetries develop with a structure similar to the spiral bands in real hurricanes, which are dominated by wavenumber-one components. The tendencies of the mean radial, azimuthal winds and temperature associated with the environment-induced convective asymmetries are evaluated respectively. The resulting asymmetries can effectively reduce hurricane intensity by directly producing the negative tendency of the mean tangential wind in the vicinity of the radius of maximum wind, and by weakening the mean radial circulation. The reduction effects are closely associated with the spiral structure of the induced asymmetries. The time lag observed between the imposition of the environmental influence and the resulting rise in the minimum central pressure is the time required for developing the spiral structure. This study also confirms the axisymmetrization process associated with the induced wavenumber-one components of potential vorticity asymmetries, but it exists only within the radius of maximum wind.
Promoting Environmental Health in the Arab American Community

Many Arab American immigrants were born in countries that did not enforce laws and regulations related to environmental health and safety issues. Thus, they were not exposed to environmental health and safety programs during the mandatory primary years of schooling in their native countries. Many of them immigrated to North America without an awareness of healthy lifestyle practices. This chapter describes how Arab American community leaders in the field of environmental health can collaborate with the policy and decision makers who are responsible for approving programs to enhance healthy lifestyle practices in Arab Americans. When nonprofit community organizations and clubs are willing to collaborate with researchers to conduct pilot studies, they will be in a better position to make recommendations to policy and decision makers who can then implement these recommendations. The goals of these endeavors are to achieve healthy living environments and greater productivity not only for Arab Americans but for Americans overall.
Magnetodielectric coupling in Mn 3 O 4

We have investigated the dielectric anomalies associated with spin-ordering transitions in the tetragonal spinel ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ using thermodynamic, magnetic, and dielectric measurements. We find that two of the three magnetic ordering transitions in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ lead to decreases in the temperature-dependent dielectric constant at zero applied field. Applying a magnetic field to the polycrystalline sample leaves these two dielectric anomalies practically unchanged, but leads to an increase in the dielectric constant at the intermediate spin-ordering transition. We discuss possible origins for this magnetodielectric behavior in terms of spin-phonon coupling. Band structure calculations suggest that in its ferrimagnetic state, ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ corresponds to a semiconductor with no orbital degeneracy due to strong Jahn-Teller distortion.
Cobots for the automobile assembly line

Intelligent assist devices (IADs) are a new class of hybrid devices for direct, physical, interaction with a human operator in shared workspaces. These devices-designed for the assembly line worker-can reduce ergonomics concerns that arise due to on-the-job physical and cognitive loading, while improving safety, quality and productivity. Cobots, a sub-set of IADs, implement software defined virtual guiding surfaces while providing some amplification of human power. They exemplify the central theme of this paper-that humans are critical in many assembly operations and ergonomics tools that enable them to perform their duties are necessary. The paper describes broad design principles for human-machine interaction in these industrial settings. Prototype industrial cobots designed for testing and validation are described.
Historic Imbalances and Great Debates: Do the Economists See It Coming?

Today’s debates over the international flows of capital, goods, and services center around the puzzle of privilege—the possibility for some countries to enjoy “an excess return on assets relative to liabilities allowing them to sustain larger trade deficits in equilibrium”--- as Christopher Meissner and Alan Taylor define it in their contribution to this conference (p.5). Why do foreigners, at apparently such low rates of return, continue to invest so heavily in the United States? Why do American investments abroad apparently earn higher returns than others derive operating in the same countries? How sustainable is a state of affairs in which the US current account deficit is about 7 percent of GDP with a resulting debt that over time will place a large share of the country’s capital stock in foreign hands? Absent any agreement on the basic mechanisms and relationships underlying this situation, and even any agreement on the existence or not of a serious problem for public policy, scenarios of readjustment diverge widely.
HYDROGENASE OF COLEMAN'S SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM

Hydrogenase enzyme property study in order to elucidate process of sulfate reduction in Coleman organism
Theoretical analysis of the thermal conductivity of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ single crystals

We analyze the in-plane thermal conductivity of single-crystal ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$. Our theoretical fit provides an excellent description of the experimental data throughout the temperature range 10 KT200 K. From this fit, we can extract information about the lattice microstructure and the electronic contribution to the total thermal conductivity. Our calculations indicate that long-wavelength phonons, with mean free paths of the order of the crystal thickness, contribute significantly to the thermal conductivity up to \ensuremath{\sim}75 K. The phonon-electron coupling strength \ensuremath{\lambda} for the phonons which dominate in the heat-conduction process is calculated to lie in the range 0.030.08. In addition, we extract a value of (1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathrm{BCS}}$ for the superconducting energy gap.
On the Subunit Structure of the Protein of Human Serum High Density Lipoprotein: II. A STUDY OF SEPHADEX FRACTION IV

Abstract Fraction IV, separated and purified from delipidated human serum high density lipoprotein of d 1.063 to 1.125 g per ml (HDL2) by gel filtration in 8 m urea, was further studied before and after reduction with β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), or reduction and carboxymethylation (iodoacetamide). Both the reduced (R-IV) and the reduced and S-carboxymethylated (SC-IV) preparations exhibited a single band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight of about 8,500, a figure corroborated by Sephadex G-200-8 m urea and agarose-guanidine HCl column chromatography. In the absence of the reducing agent, Fraction IV had a molecular weight of about 17,000. Treatment of R-IV (in the presence of β-ME) or of SC-IV by the bifunctional reagent dimethylsuberimidate led to the formation of four components separable by analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel, with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 8,500; 17,000; 25,000; and 33,000. In turn, unreduced and suberimidate-treated IV, exhibited two bands (SDS-polyacrylamide) with an apparent molecular weight of 17,000 and 33,000, respectively. In initial studies, where partially carbamylated preparations were used, fractionation of SC-IV by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography yielded two major and three minor fractions which all reacted with antisera raised in rabbit against whole Fraction IV, and differed mainly from each other in lysine and homocitrullin content. In subsequent studies, which used noncarbamylated products, SC-IV gave a single peak by both Sephadex and DEAE-chromatography, a major component by isoelectric focusing, and exhibited a single band by 8 m urea or SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. This preparation had no histidine, arginine, or tryptophan, and had glutamine as COOH-terminal (carboxypeptidase digestion and hydrazinolysis). It contained no sialic acid, showed no NH2-terminal by either dansylation or by the Edman's procedures, and gave a single precipitin line against specific antisera. It is concluded that Fraction IV, as separated and purified from apo HDL2 by Sephadex chromatography, is made up of chemically very similar, and possibly identical protomers each having the same molecular weight (about 8,500). The data also indicate that in HDL2 these protomers are paired by a single disulfide linkage into dimers of equivalent weight.
An Introduction to Object-Oriented RuleML

Semantic Web languages such as RDF (Schema) and OWL permit object-centered, taxonomic, and description-logic modeling in the URI-based distributed information system of the Web. Rule efforts of the Semantic Web have thus spurred interest in deductive object-oriented databases and object-extended LP approaches such as F-Logic, TRIPLE, and FORUM. Object-Oriented RuleML (OO RuleML) is an extension of the proposed standard Rule Markup Language that employs object-centered, role-keyed atoms / complex terms (ROLED), allows URI-grounded, ‘webized’ facts and rules (GROUNDED), and permits typed variables via URI links into Web-based taxonomies (TYPED).
PRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL OF 99 Tc IN He-SHELL RECURRENT THERMAL PULSES

After a brief introduction to the present state of art of nuclear beta-decay studies in astrophysics, we report our recent work on the long-standing 99Tc problem. Having combined a detailed study of the recurrent He-shell thermal-pulse, third dredge-up episodes in a 2.25 M⊙ star and an s-process network calculation, we show that a substantial amount of 99Tc can be produced by the s-process and can survive to be dredged up to the stellar surface. We stress that the factual observation of 99Tc the surface of certain stars does not necessarily preclude the 22Ne(α,n)25Mg reaction from remaining as the neutron source for the s-process. The calculated surface abundances of 99Tc and elements with neighboring atomic numbers are compared with observations.
Downstream modulation of North Pacific atmospheric river activity by East Asian cold surges

[1] An East Asian cold surge (EACS) is characterized by rapid advancement of a polar airmass toward the east coast of the Eurasian continent in boreal winter. Over the east coast of Asia, extratropical cyclogenesis and the amplitudes of atmospheric disturbances ranging from synoptic to subseasonal timescales are immediately enhanced as the cold air approaches. This study investigates for the first time the impact of these EACS-excited disturbances on the activity of atmospheric rivers (ARs) over the North Pacific. Applying a new AR detection algorithm to the NASA MERRA dataset, we show that the daily occurrence probability of ARs over the eastern North Pacific near the west coast of U.S. is effectively modulated by EACS. In particular, this downstream dynamical modulation goes through two distinct stages: during the period Day 0–3, where Day 0 corresponds to the time of the peak intensity of an EACS event, high-frequency (HF, 12-day) barotropic disturbances developed from the merging of high-frequency troughs increase the daily occurrence probability of ARs near the west coast of the U.S. by 50%, relative to the climatological value. The results reported here demonstrate the critical role of IF and LF disturbances in establishing the link between the predictability of EACS and that of the AR-related extreme precipitation events in the western U.S. in boreal winter.
An Analysis of Existential Anankastics: How to Get There from Here

Here, the antecedent clause mentions a goal – getting to Harlem – and the consequent clause mentions a condition for achieving that goal – taking the Atrain. The condition is a necessary one, as indicated by the universal modal expression have to in the consequent. The sentence will be true just in case the addressee is at a location where the only available means of getting to Harlem is the A-train. An existential version of this sentence is in (3).
Multifunctional graphene‐based nanostructures for efficient electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen

Graphene derivatives have been used extensively as a functional support for nanoparticle catalysts in diverse applications, in particular, oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) at fuel cell cathodes. This review summarizes recent progress in this area of research, where the catalytic performance is evaluated within the context of stabilization of metal nanoparticles against sintering/aggregation and metal–substrate interactions that manipulate the electronic properties of metal nanoparticles and hence the bonding interactions with reaction intermediates. Also discussed are the latest breakthroughs of heteroatom-doped graphene derivatives as effective metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction. In addition, the review includes a perspective on the development of effective ORR catalysts with a focus on a further understanding of the ORR mechanism as well as on other two-dimensional layered nanostructures such as MoS2 that have been observed to exhibit electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Leading mechanistic models are discussed to account for the electrocatalytic activity. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The mechanism for iron-catalyzed alkene isomerization in solution

Here we report nano- through microsecond time-resolved IR experiments of iron-catalyzed alkene isomerization in room-temperature solution. We have monitored the photochemistry of a model system, Fe(CO){sub 4}({eta}{sup 2}-1-hexene), in neat 1-hexene solution. UV-photolysis of the starting material leads to the dissociation of a single CO to form Fe(CO){sub 3}({eta}{sup 2}-1-hexene), in a singlet spin state. This CO loss complex shows a dramatic selectivity to form an allyl hydride, HFe(CO){sub 3}({eta}{sup 3}-C{sub 6}H{sub 11}), via an internal C-H bond-cleavage reaction in 5-25 ns. We find no evidence for the coordination of an alkene molecule from the bath to the CO loss complex, but do observe coordination to the allyl hydride, indicating that it is the key intermediate in the isomerization mechanism. Coordination of the alkene ligand to the allyl hydride leads to the formation of the bis-alkene isomers, Fe(CO){sub 3}({eta}{sup 2}-1-hexene)({eta}{sup 2}-2-hexene) and Fe(CO){sub 3}({eta}{sup 2}-1-hexene){sub 2}. Because of the thermodynamic stability of Fe(CO){sub 3}({eta}{sup 2}-1-hexene)({eta}{sup 2}-2-hexene) over Fe(CO){sub 3}({eta}{sup 2}-1-hexene){sub 2} (ca. 12 kcal/mol), nearly 100% of the alkene population will be 2-alkene. The results presented herein provide the first direct evidence for this mechanism in solution and suggest modifications to the currently accepted mechanism.
Competencies: Alternative frameworks for competitive advantage

Abstract Competencies in organizations can be broadly classified as employee-level and organizational-level. Since organizational-level competencies are embedded in employee-level competencies, the identification of the latter is important for organizations interested in using competencies to achieve competitive advantage. In this paper, we present a model of employee competencies as a means to organizational competitiveness and discuss various frameworks for identifying employee competencies. In addition to the traditional frameworks, which are more suitable for organizations functioning in a static environment, we offer two alternative frameworks that can be useful in identifying competencies in a dynamic organizational environment. Once appropriate employee-level competencies are identified, a competency-based human resource system can be implemented to ensure that employees actually do possess the identified competencies.
Electrolyte and acid-base disorders associated with AIDS: an etiologic review

In summary, patients with HIV infection may develop a bewildering variety of electrolyte and acid-base disturbances. Hyponatremia from many causes is common and associated with an increased mortality. Potassium disorders are frequent, with hyperkalemia, even to life-threatening levels, more common than hypokalemia. Disturbances in calcium and uric acid homeostasis are less frequent. Acid-base disorders also complicate the clinical course of AIDS and, as with the electrolyte perturbations, may result from HIV infection itself, the illnesses associated with AIDS, or medications.
On pole assignment problems in polynomial rings

Abstract A result giving conditions under which a polynomial ring over a principal ideal domain is not pole assignable is proved. It is then deduced that Z[ Xa ] and K[ X , Y ] ( K a field) are not pole assignable rings. Explicit examples of reachable pairs of matrices which are not pole assignable are also given.
Genetics: broken giant linked to heart failure.

Genetic mutations can cause a type of heart disease called dilated cardiomyopathy, by predisposing the organ to enlarge and function poorly. It has now been found that 27% of cases are due to mutations that disrupt the muscle protein titin.
Commentary on: Calcium and vitamin D use among adults in periodontal disease maintenance programmes

Commentary on: Calcium and vitamin D use among adults in periodontal disease maintenance programmes
Comparison of four multi-user quantum key distribution schemes over passive optical networks

The performance of four passive optical network topologies in implementing multi-user quantum key distribution is compared. The networks considered are the passive-star network, the optical-ring network based on the Sagnac interferometer, the wavelength-routed network, and the wavelength-addressed bus network. An analysis of the quantum bit-error rate and sifted key rate for each of these topologies is used to determine their suitability for providing service to networks of various sizes.
SN1987A constraints on Z-less neutrinos

Abstract The fourth-generation lepton triplet model of Foot, Lew and Joshi implies the existence of a new neutrino without tree-level neutral-current couplings. The radiatively-induced couplings are sufficiently small to enable such neutrinos to escape quickly from the core of a supernova, yet sufficiently large to maintain a thermal distribution. Emission and energy-loss rates are derived for the allowed parameter range of the model, and are used to severely constrain the model by estimating the effects on the observed neutrino signal from supernova SN1987A.
Econometric Issues in DSGE Models

The paper by An and Schorfheide reviews an important body of literature that takes the empirical implications of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models seriously. Often, in the past, ...
Driving Error and Anxiety Related to iPod mp3 Player Use in a Simulated Driving Experience

Driver distraction due to cellular phone usage has repeatedly been shown to increase the risk of vehicular accidents; however, the literature regarding the use of other personal electronic devices while driving is relatively sparse. It was hypothesized that the usage of an mp3 player would result in an increase in not only driving error while operating a driving simulator, but driver anxiety scores as well. It was also hypothesized that anxiety scores would be positively related to driving errors when using an mp3 player. 32 participants drove through a set course in a driving simulator twice, once with and once without an iPod mp3 player, with the order counterbalanced. Number of driving errors per course, such as leaving the road, impacts with stationary objects, loss of vehicular control, etc., and anxiety were significantly higher when an iPod was in use. Anxiety scores were unrelated to number of driving errors.
Local exchange-correlation functional : numerical test for atoms and ions

Self-consisent calculations on a number of atoms and ions are carried out with the new local ``Wigner-scaled'' exchange-correlation functional generated by Zhao, Levy, and Parr: ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{\mathrm{ws}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}]=-${\mathit{a}}_{0}$F${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{4/3}$ [1-\ensuremath{\kappa}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{1/3}$ln(1+1/\ensuremath{\kappa}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{1/3}$)]dr, with ${\mathit{a}}_{0}$=0.932 22 and \ensuremath{\kappa}=9.473 62\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. Results appear to be better than those for any known local exchange-correlation functional.
Inhibition of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells by actidione

Abstract In mammalian cells in culture, actidione markedly inhibited the incorporation of a number of precursors into DNA under conditions that produced little or no inhibition of incorporation into RNA. In attempts to define the site of action responsible for the selective inhibition of DNA synthesis, it was found that (a) in cell-free systems actidione was without effect on DNA polymerase (deoxynucleoside-triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidytransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) and kinases (phosphotransferase, EC class 2.7.4) for deTMP, deCMP, deAMP, and deGMP; and (b) cell-free supernatants from cells exposed in culture to actidione contained all of the enzyme activities required for incorporation of deTMP in vitro into DNA. In addition, several types of studies failed to provide evidence for a binding of actidione to DNA in vitro. The related glutarimide antibiotics, streptovitacin A and E-73, were also without effect on DNA synthesis in vitro as measured by incorporation of deTMP. Under all experimental conditions used, actidione also profoundly depressed protein synthesis. Inhibitions of synthesis of both protein and DNA occurred so rapidly after exposure of cells to actidione that a temporal relationship between the initiation of inhibition of the two processes has not yet been established.
Dostoevsky and Kant: Dialogues on Ethics. By Evgenia Cherkasova

Dostoevsky and Kant: Dialogues on Ethics. By Evgenia Cherkasova (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009), xiv + 128 pp. $43.40/€28.00 paper. In developing Dostoevsky and Kant: Dialogues on Ethics, Evgenia Cherkas...
The Local Context of a Sports Strategy for Economic Development

Three streams of research offer results in conflict with the conclusion that governments that provide tax dollars to build sports facilities are wasting money. Hamilton and Kahn and Rosentraub and Swindell found instances where the value placed on the intangible benefits of teams could exceed the cost of facilities. Carlino and Coulson's analysis indicated the presence of a National Football League franchise accounted for an 8% increase in rent levels, and Santo's work, also using regression models, found regions with teams and new facilities had higher income levels. Despite possible regional gains, the value of a sports investment rests on its context and the outcomes for the city and county that invested in the facilities. This analysis focuses on the outcomes for Cleveland and then offers a framework to assess the range of economic effects on investor communities.
Analysis of coastal erosion and storm surge hazards

Abstract Prediction of shoreline erosion and storm-surge penetration is essential for coastal planning and management in the United States. Historical aerial photography provides the best data base for information that can be used in establishing hazard zones along and across the coast. In this paper we summarize a new methodology for deriving risk probabilities. The method is tested and applied along a highly developed (90 km) reach of the New Jersey coast.
Kategoria and apologia: On their rhetorical criticism as a speech set

This essay demonstrates that a speech of accusation motivates a response in a speech of defense and that both should be treated as a rhetorical speech set. The author uses Fisher's motives of affirmation and purification, Bitzer's conception of the rhetorical situation, and the Classical schema of stasis to explicate the speech set. He offers Pope Leo X vs. Martin Luther as an illustrative example.
Effects of darbepoetin alfa administered every two weeks on hemoglobin and quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy.

Purpose/Objectives: To review the effects on hemoglobin and qual- ity of life of an every-two-week (Q2W) regimen of the erythropoietic agent darbepoetin alfa for treating patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. Data Sources: Published articles and abstracts. Data Synthesis: Darbepoetin alfa Q2W increases hemoglobin in patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia and is well tolerated. Increased hemoglobin is associated with improvements in fatigue and energy level. A starting dose of darbepoetin alfa 3.0 mcg/kg (approxi- mately 200 mcg for an average 70 kg patient) Q2W produces a similar level of response to recombinant human erythropoietin. Conclusions: Darbepoetin alfa effectively treats chemotherapy- associated anemia with fewer clinic visits and fewer injections than are required with conventional erythropoietic therapy. Implications for Nursing: The less-frequent dosing schedule of darbepoetin alfa can simplify anemia management for nurses and other clinic staff, and it offers patients greater freedom in their day-to-day activities, less dependence on caregivers, and less injection-associated discomfort.
The Earth's Elements

The elements that make up the earth and its inhabitants were created by earlier generations of stars.
The vibrational spectra and assignments of nitrobenzene, phenyl isocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate, thionylaniline and anisole

The Raman and infrared spectra of five monosubstituted benzenes have been measured. The spectra of all five were assigned on the basis of C2v symmetry. However, the spectra indicate that thionylaniline and anisole, as was to be expected, have lower symmetry than C2v; the number of polarized Raman lines suggests that they are both Cs molecules.
An experimental laboratory for pattern recognition and signal processing

An interactive computer-controlled scanning and display system has been in operation at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center for three years. The system includes two flying-spot scanners and a TV camera specially interfaced to a process control digital computer, dot-mode and vector displays, analog input and output facilities, and a variety of other experimental equipment. The system design and programming support are described and typical applications in scanner control, optical character recognition, and image processing are presented.
Linking tie-meaning with network structure: Variable connotations of personal lending in a multiple-network ecology

Abstract Accepting that a given type of tie in a network may have multiple meanings, we propose that this heterogeneity of meaning leaves traces in the network's micro- and macrostructure. By analyzing the variegated structure of a historical network, along with multiple other ties connecting its participants, we infer how different available meanings of a given type of tie were dominant in different parts of the network and social space. In this way we make a methodological and empirical contribution to recent debates linking network structure and cultural meaning. Meaning diversity arises from actors’ differential exposure to distinctive social contexts, or “netdoms,” and differential embeddedness of their ties in other networks within a multiple-network social ecology. We illustrate our argument using a directed-tie network of 3590 personal loans involving 2223 actors in Renaissance Florence. Within the network, we find a strong component marked by complex microstructures of reciprocation and triangulation and actors’ frequent participation in business and civic administration. Outside the strong component, lending was sparser, unreciprocated, and frequently conducted within family, apparently according to traditional lending norms. We suggest ways in which our methodological approach to discerning variety in relational meaning using multiple-networks can be generalized to other cases.
Normative data in quiet, broadband noise, and competing message for Northwestern University auditory test No. 6 by a female speaker

Two descriptive experiments were performed on a version of the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU No. 6) recorded by a female speaker that is included on an audio compact disc recently...
Phonon-modulated electron-electron interactions

The phonon modulation of electron-electron interactions are calculated for solids described by tight-binding models. In some cases the interaction can be larger than the usual electron-phonon effects.
On Detection of a PN Spread-Spectrum Signal in Colored Noise

The theory of detection of signals in colored noise is applied to PN spread-spectrum, noting the fact that the detection of a PN spread-spectrum signal in colored noise is a dual problem of the detection of a signal in white noise. In particular, the unrealizable and realizable whitening filters and the adaptive noise cancelling techniques are discussed to improve the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a spread-spectrum receiver. Infinite improvement in SNR, without signal distortion, can be achieved with adaptive noise cancellers. However, if whitening filters are employed, the improvement in SNR is greater for the unrealizable Wiener filter in comparison to the realizable Wiener filter. For uniform spectral-density of the signal and a strong narrowband interference, the improvement by unrealizable Wiener filter is approximately two-times the geometric mean of the bandwidth ratio of signal and interference spectrum and the ratio of interference and signal power and the improvement by realizable Wiener filter is half that of unrealizable Wiener filter. Finally, it is shown that, for nonuniform spectral-density of a PN spread-spectrum signal, the processing gain (without using a whitening filter) is reduced approximately by a factor of 2 for a narrowband interference and is dependent on the spectral-density of the interference.
The Role of Forcing in Cell Morphology and Evolution within Midlatitude Squall Lines

Abstract This study assesses the role of mesoscale forcing on cell morphology and early evolution of midlatitude squall lines. The forcing chosen was a cold front, simulated to frontal collapse to produce a specific set of thermodynamic profiles at the leading edge of the front. Use of a realistic, balanced, and persistent forced state allowed a unique evaluation of its importance in thunderstorm evolution compared with a traditional homogeneous environment without forcing. Three-dimensional squall lines were modeled with and without the front present, in low and high bulk Richardson number environments. The forced convection evolved in significantly different ways than their isolated, unforced counterparts. In low-shear conditions, the line of isolated convective cells split, with the adjacent split cells interfering destructively with neighboring cells in the line. With forcing present, differences in anticyclonic cell intensity and propagation prevented this interaction from occurring, leading to longe...
Medium-Scale Preparation of Useful Metabolites of Aromatic Compounds via Whole-Cell Fermentation with Recombinant Organisms

The whole-cell fermentation of aromatic coumpounds with Escherichia coli JM109 (pDTG601) on a medium scale (10−15 L) produces enantiopure cyclohexadienediols. A detailed procedure for the fermentat...
Selection and evaluation of potential burnable absorbers incorporated into modified TRISO particles

Abstract The quadruple isotropic (QUADRISO) particle concept modifies tri-structural-isotropic (TRISO) particles to add a layer of burnable absorber next to the fuel kernel. Previous studies have evaluated QUADRISO fuel particle designs for the transmutation of neptunium and plutonium, as a modification to the plutonium–thorium fuel cycle, and for excess reactivity management. This study screens the available nuclear isotope database to identify potential burnable absorbers for incorporation into modified TRISO fuel particles in a representative Very High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR). Based on this screening, eleven potential burnable absorbers are tested as QUADRISO burnable absorber layers, in either oxide or carbide forms. The addition of a burnable absorber layer to the TRISO fuel resulted in an increase in reactor operational lifetime in all cases considered in the present work when compared to a reactor with the same excess reactivity without burnable absorbers. The B4C, CdO and Gd2O3 cases resulted in the greatest operational lifetime, for the same initial excess reactivity, and the addition of these burnable absorbers to TRISO fuel particles decreased the magnitude of the excess reactivity change over the reactor lifetime when compared to the unmodified TRISO case. Thermal cross-section effects in QUADRISO particles generally result in excess reactivity decreasing with increasing temperature.
Substrate channeling and domain-domain interactions in bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase.

The thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes are found on a single polypeptide chain in several species of protozoa such as the parasitic Leishmania major. Earlier studies with the bifunctional TS−DHFR enzyme from L. major have suggested that this enzyme exhibits a phenomenon known as substrate channeling [Meek, T. D., et al. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 678−686]. This is a process by which a metabolite or intermediate is directly transferred from one enzyme active site to the next without being released free into solution. The crystal structure for the bifunctional TS−DHFR enzyme from L. major was recently solved, and it was shown that the TS active site was located 40 A from the DHFR active site [Knighton, D. R., et al. (1994) Nat. Struct. Biol. 1, 186−194]. On the basis of the crystal structure, a novel mechanism has been proposed for the channeling of the intermediate, dihydrofolate, from the TS active site to the DHFR active site [Knighton, D. R., et al. (1994) Nat. Struct. Bio...
The Serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica Protein Is a Phosphorylated Membrane Protein Containing O-Linked Terminal N-Acetylglucosamine Residues

Previously, we described the isolation of a cDNA clone and the gene encoding a protective antigen of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP). The derived amino acid sequence of the SREHP cDNA clone was remarkable for a high serine content (52/233 amino acids), a putative signal sequence, multiple hydrophilic dodecapeptide and octapeptide tandem repeats, and a hydrophobic C-terminal putative membrane-spanning region. Here, we show that SREHP is modified by the addition of phosphate at serine residues, O-linked terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues, and by acylation. When the SREHP gene is expressed in baculovirus transformed Sf-9 cells, the product is also phosphorylated and glycosylated and is localized to the plasma membrane of the insect cells. The native SREHP molecule also serves as a potent chemoattractant for amebic trophozoites. The data presented here suggest that SREHP is a unique membrane protein with phosphorylation and glycosylation patterns usually associated with nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins.
ERManI Is a Target of miR-125b and Promotes Transformation Phenotypes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

The MAN1B1 gene product, designated ER alpha-1, 2-mannosidase (ERManI), is an enzyme localized in the Golgi complex of mammalian cells. By functioning as a “gate keeper” to prevent the inappropriate secretion of misfolded glycoproteins, it plays a critical role in maintaining protein homeostasis in the mammalian secretory pathway. In the present study, we identified that a conserved motif within the 3’UTR of ERManI is a target of miR-125b, a microRNA frequently down-regulated in numerous types of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As predicted, the expression of ERManI is significantly elevated in HCC, as measured by immunohistochemistry in a liver spectrum tissue microarray. Additional analyses using several hepatoma cell lines demonstrated that the elevated ERManI inversely correlates with a diminished intracellular concentration of miR-125b. Moreover, functional studies indicated that RNAi-mediated knock-down of endogenous ERManI was sufficient to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatoma cells. These phenotypical changes occurred in the absence of alterations in global glycoprotein secretion or ER-stress status. Together, these results revealed a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism for ERManI and implied that this molecule contributes to the regulation of carcinogenesis in HCC independent of its function in glycoprotein quality control.
Kinetics of G-CSF-induced granulocyte mobilization in healthy subjects: effects of route of administration and addition of dexamethasone.

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte donors are frequently given G–CSF with or without dexamethasone approximately 18 hours before apheresis to increase cell yields. The purpose of this study was to assess the kinetics of G–CSF plus dexamethasone neutrophil mobilization to determine whether the neutrophils can be mobilized and collected the same day. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixteen subjects were given four separate mobilization regimens: IV G–CSF (5 μg/kg), subcutaneous G–CSF (5 μg/kg), IV G–CSF (5 μg/kg) plus oral dexamethasone (8 mg), and subcutaneous G–CSF (5 μg/kg) plus oral dexamethasone (8 mg). Blood cell counts were measured before and after G–CSF administration. RESULTS: Following all four mobilization regimens, neutrophil counts fell 0.5 hour after the mobilizing agents were given, rose above baseline levels at Hour 2, and increased further with each time interval to Hour 8. In the absence of dexamethasone at Hours 2 through 8, there was no difference in neutrophil counts by subcutaneous or IV G–CSF administration routes. The addition of dexamethasone enhanced mobilization of neutrophils from Hours 3 through 24. Through Hour 8, there was no difference in the degree of mobilization among the subcutaneous G–CSF plus dexamethasone and the IV G–CSF plus dexamethasone regimens. However, at Hour 24, neutrophil counts were sustained at higher levels with subcutaneous G–CSF plus dexamethasone than with IV G–CSF plus dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS: Granulocyte mobilization response to subcutaneous G–CSF plus dexamethasone is sustained at peak levels for 8 to 24 hours after coadministration of the two drugs. There was no advantage to giving G–CSF intravenously.
Effects of bile salts on brush-border and cytosolic proteolytic activities of intestinal enterocytes

Abstract The effects of bile salts, i.e., sodium deoxycholate, sodium glycocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium taurodeoxycholate, on the activities of individual rat intestinal brush-border membrane peptidases and cytosolic insulin-degrading activities were examined. At 2 mM, bile salts had no effects on aminopeptidases P and W, but did inhibit other brush-border peptidases though no single bile salt was able to inhibit every peptidase. Even at concentrations higher than the CMC, inhibition of brush-border insulin degradation is incomplete while that of cytosolic insulin degradation is complete at low concentrations. The results suggest that bile salts, inhibiting brush-border membrane and cytosolic proteolytic hydrolysis, may be useful for reducing intestinal degradation of peptide drugs; and that bile salts have stronger inhibitory effects on soluble than on membrane-bound insulin-degrading activity.
Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa of a Fifth Digit A Case Report

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) is a rare, nonhereditary, congenital malformation that primarily affects the proliferation of mesenchymal structures. It presents with localized macrodactyly of one...
Probabilistic threat propagation for malicious activity detection

In this paper, we present a method for detecting malicious activity within networks of interest. We leverage prior community detection work by propagating threat probabilities across graph nodes, given an initial set of known malicious nodes. We enhance prior work by employing constraints which remove the adverse effect of cyclic propagation that is a byproduct of current methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Probabilistic Threat Propagation on the task of detecting malicious web destinations.
Kant and Kantians on “the Normative Question”

After decades of vigorous debate, many contemporary philosophers in the Kantian tradition continue to believe, or at least hope, that morality can be given a firm grounding by showing that rational agents cannot consistently reject moral requirements. In the present paper, I do not take a stand on the possibility of bringing out the alleged inconsistency. Instead I argue that, even if a successful argument could be given for this inconsistency, this would not provide an adequate answer to “the normative question” (i.e., “why should I be moral?”). My defense of this claim emerges from a defense of a claim about Kant, namely, that he did not attempt to answer the normative question in this way. After carefully articulating Kant’s answer to the normative question, I argue that his answer to this question contains a lesson about why we should not embrace the approach that is popular among many contemporary Kantians.
Abnormal concentration and anomalous distribution of apolipoprotein A-I in Tangier disease

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was used to determine the concentration and distribution of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in the plasma of patients with Tangier disease. Obligate heterozygotes for Tangier disease had apoA-I levels that were 50% or less of controls, even when estimates of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration were normal. Plasma apoA-I levels in Tangier homozygotes were at most 3% of normal. Most of the apoA-I in the plasma of homozygotes sedimented in the ultracentrifuge at density 1.21 g/ml, and no more than 20% was recovered in the plasma lipoprotein fraction. Radioimmunoassay demonstrated no immunochemical differences between Tangier and control apoA-I.