cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frontiers in metabolic reconstruction and modeling of plant genomes

A major goal of post-genomic biology is to reconstruct and model in silico the metabolic networks of entire organisms. Work on bacteria is well advanced, and is now under way for plants and other eukaryotes. Genome-scale modelling in plants is much more challenging than in bacteria. The challenges come from features characteristic of higher organisms (subcellular compartmentation, tissue differentiation) and also from the particular severity in plants of a general problem: genome content whose functions remain undiscovered. This problem results in thousands of genes for which no function is known (‘undiscovered genome content’) and hundreds of enzymatic and transport functions for which no gene is yet identified. The severity of the undiscovered genome content problem in plants reflects their genome size and complexity. To bring the challenges of plant genome-scale modelling into focus, we first summarize the current status of plant genome-scale models. We then highlight the challenges – and ways to address them – in three areas: identifying genes for missing processes, modelling tissues as opposed to single cells, and finding metabolic functions encoded by undiscovered genome content. We also discuss the emerging view that a significant fraction of undiscovered genome content encodes functions that counter damage to metabolites inflicted by spontaneous chemical reactions or enzymatic mistakes.
Emulating Volunteer Computing Scheduling Policies

Volunteer computing systems such as BOINC use several interacting scheduling policies, which must address multiple requirements across a large space of usage scenarios. In developing BOINC, we need to design and optimize these policies without direct access to the target nodes (volunteered PCs). To do this, we developed an emulation-based system that predicts the policies' behavior in specific scenarios. This system has been useful in the design and evaluation of policies, in software development, and in the resolution of problems occurring in the field.
An Access Control System for Web Service Compositions

Service composition has emerged as a fundamental technique for developing Web applications. Multiple services, often from different organizations or trust domains, may be dynamically composed to satisfy a user's request. Access control in the presence of service compositions is a challenging security problem. In this paper, we present an access control model and techniques for specifying and enforcing access control rules on Web service compositions. A key advantage of our approach is that past histories of service invocations can be used to make access control decisions. Our approach allows role hierarchies and separation of duty constraints. Access controls rules may be parameterized by one or more arguments. We have implemented our access control model via a declarative policy specification language which uses pure-past linear temporal logic (PPLTL). We describe an implementation of our approach using a supply chain management (SCM) application. Our experiments show that our approach can enforce expressive and flexible access control policies while incurring reasonable performance overhead on the application.
Specificity of training as indicated by heart-rate response to exercise.

Heart rates of 30 male Ss were monitored prior to, during, and in recovery from a standard treadmill walk. 10 Ss were trained distance runners and were considered trained in the specific work studi...
Survival of Rainbow Trout and Lake Trout after Sea Lamprey Attack

Abstract Survival was significantly higher (P = 0.054) for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) than for lake trout Salvelinus namaycush when the fish were subjected in the laboratory to a single attack by a sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Of 77 rainbow trout, 40% died (35% by direct attack and 5% by secondary infection) and 60% survived; of 77 lake trout, 56% died (42% by direct attack and 14% by secondary infection) and 44% survived. The higher survival of rainbow trout probably resulted from their more aggressive feeding behavior in captivity, greater resistance to secondary infection, and better adaptation to water temperatures higher than 10°C. The location of sea lamprey attachment on the fish was not a factor in the mortality of either species. These results are the first to indicate that survival is higher for one salmonid than for another after a single sea lamprey attack.
Examining the Reliability of Running Records: Attaining Generalizable Results

The authors present results of a generalizability study of running record assessment. They conducted 2 decision studies to ascertain the number of raters and passages necessary to obtain a reliable estimate of a student's reading ability on the basis of a running record assessment. Ten teachers completed running record assessments of 10 first-grade students on 2 leveled reading passages. Findings indicate that each student assessed with running records should read a minimum of 3 passages to produce a reliable score. Using a fully crossed design in which all students were rated by each rater on all passages did not provide sizable advantages over a nested design in which students were crossed with passages and nested in raters.
Report of Myctophum phengodes (Teleostei: Myctophidae) with Extraneous Photophores

A unique specimen of Myctophum phengodes (family Myctophidae) from the South Atlantic is reported with three extraneous primary photophores along one side of the dorsal profile; all usual photophore series for this species are present. The supracaudal gland is encircled by a silvery band instead of a simple black band, a condition not observed in other species of Myctophum examined. Photophore patterns of myctophids are the primary method of determining species identification. Other myctophids have been found with small positional variations for a single photophore (usually only one side of the body), but are readily identifiable to species. While one specimen with extraneous photophores widely separated from and not part of typical series is not considered taxonomically significant, it is important to determine if this is a single abnormal individual or a unique population identifier.
Plant polyploidy and non-uniform effects on insect herbivores

Genomic duplication through polyploidy has played a central role in generating the biodiversity of flowering plants. Nonetheless, how polyploidy shapes species interactions or the ecological dynamics of communities remains largely unknown. Here we provide evidence from a 4 year study demonstrating that the evolution of polyploidy has reshaped the interactions between a widespread plant and three species of phytophagous moths. Our results show that polyploidy has produced non-uniform effects, with polyploids less attacked by one insect species, but significantly more attacked by two other species. These results suggest that the evolution of plant polyploidy may not generally confer uniform resistance to multiple species of insect herbivores. In the absence of such a uniform release, the extreme evolutionary success of polyploid plants is probably due to factors other than escape from herbivory. Together, these results suggest that a primary consequence of plant polyploidy may be to shape the ecological structure of plant-insect interactions, thereby providing opportunities for diversification in both plant and insect taxa.
ON THE FREDHOLM SOLVABILITY FOR A CLASS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL HYPERBOLIC PROBLEMS

We prove the Fredholm alternative for a class of two-dimensional first-order hyperbolic systems in the Schauder canonic form with periodic Dirichlet boundary conditions. Our approach is based on regularization via a right parametrix.
The X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source

The X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy instrument is dedicated to the study of dynamics in condensed matter systems using the unique coherence properties of free-electron lasers. It covers a photon energy range of 4–25 keV. The intrinsic temporal characteristics of the Linac Coherent Light Source, in particular the 120 Hz repetition rate, allow for the investigation of slow dynamics (milli­seconds) by means of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Double-pulse schemes could probe dynamics on the picosecond timescale. A description of the instrument capabilities and recent achievements is presented.
Synthesis and antibacterial characterization of sustainable nanosilver using naturally-derived macromolecules

Greener nanosynthesis utilizes fewer amounts of materials, water, and energy; while reducing or replacing the need for organic solvents. A novel approach is presented using naturally-derived flavonoids including Quercetin pentaphosphate (QPP), Quercetin sulfonic acid (QSA) and Apigenin Triphosphate (ATRP). These water soluble, phosphorylated flavonoids were utilized both as reducing agent and stabilizer. The synthesis was achieved at room temperature using water as a solvent and it requires no capping agents. The efficiency of the resulting silver nanoparticle synthesis was compared with naturally-occurring flavonoid such as Quercetin (QCR). Results show that QCR reduced Ag(+) faster followed by QPP, QSA and ATRP respectively. This is the first evidence of direct utilization of QCR for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in water. The percentage conversion of Ag(+) to Ag(0) was determined to be 96% after 35min. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive absorption spectroscopy (EDS), UV-vis spectroscopy, High resolution TEM (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The particle sizes ranged from 2 to 80nm with an average size of 22nm and in the case of ATRP, the nanoparticle shapes varied from spherical to hexagonal with dispersed particle size ranging from 2 to 30nm. Crystallinity was confirmed by XRD and the SAED of (111), (200), and the fringes observed in HRTEM images. Results were in agreement with the UV resonance peaks of 369-440nm. The particles also exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii in water.
Violencia intrafamiliar y transferencias monetarias condicionadas : el impacto de Familias en Acción en Colombia

Este trabajo analiza el impacto causal del pago de las transferencias monetarias condicionadas (TMC) del programa Familias en Accion en la tasa de violencia intrafamiliar a nivel municipal en Colombia. Al analizar la variacion exogena de estos pagos en el tiempo y el espacio, se encuentra que durante los meses en los que las madres beneficiarias reciben el dinero la tasa de violencia intrafamiliar en el municipio se reduce en un 6%, en particular la violencia en la pareja. La magnitud del efecto varia dependiendo de la region, los niveles de pobreza y el tiempo en el programa. Por ultimo, consistente con las teorias de punto de referencia, los impactos son asimetricos, dependiendo de si es un pago sorpresa o un "no pago" no esperado.
Practices and Challenges of Writing Instruction in K-2 Classrooms: A Case Study of Five Primary Grade Teachers

Given the interrelated role of writing and the development of early literacy skills, recommendations have been made to increase instructional writing experiences in K-2 classrooms. In an effort to increase the amount of writing in the primary grades that leads to later literacy success, it is important that teachers engage in instructional practices that align with how early writing skills develop in young children. To this end, early childhood teachers and teacher educators can benefit from an enhanced understanding of the writing instructional practices teachers have engaged in and the associated challenges they have experienced as they respond to the expectation to increase writing experiences in their classrooms. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine how five K-2 teachers perceived, implemented, and reflected on writing instruction in their classrooms. Using a case study design, researchers examined interview, survey, and observational data, resulting in an in-depth description and analysis of the writing instructional experiences of these five teachers. Qualitative analyses identified two meta-themes related to writing instruction: opportunities and obstacles. Implications for K-2 teacher preparation and professional development are discussed.
Research Report: Evaluating Short-Term Tourism Economic Effects in Confined Economies – Conceptual and Empirical Considerations:

Given the necessary involvement of government with the tourism product, accountability for government's expenditures of tax dollars is of increasing importance. This paper discusses the literature for three types of analyses that governments can use to ascertain the effectiveness of their spending of tax dollars to promote a tourism destination. The shortcomings and benefits for each method are discussed. Conclusions based on the type of method chosen require that the user understand the specific context, time horizon and their need for the study. For the case study presented in this paper, the context of a confined area, the time horizon of short-term and the need of finding out the economic impact of tourism for Kissimmee/St Cloud, the I-O/SAM method is deemed optimal. A case study of Kissimmee/St Cloud, along with the results of the economic impact, is presented. Results of the study show that taxpayers are receiving a substantial return on their tax investment for the tax dollars spent.
Effects of Hyperparasites on Population Levels of Bathyplectes curculionis in Colorado

Cocoons of Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) often harbor hyperparasites. Emergence of all hyperparasites from diapause cocoons over a 5-yr period averaged 52.9%. Hyperparasites averaged 36% of the total emergence from diapause cocoons in 1969, increased to 74.1% in 1971%72, then dropped to the low of 29% in 1973–74. Emergence of all hyperparasites from nondiapause cocoons over a 3-yr period averaged 50.3%. Hyperparasites averaged 68.7% of the total emergence from nondiapause cocoons in 1970, then steadily decreased to the low of 36.3% during the last year. Populations of hyperparasites fluctuate from year to year which probably reflects environmental pressure. Most hyperparasites emerge from one type of cocoon (diapause or non-diapause) more than the other. The degree of hyperparasitism to larvae in either type of cocoon appears primarily dependent upon the predominance of one cocoon type (or formation of) over the other when hyperparasites emerge in the field. B. curculionis larvae in diapause cocoons are heavily hyperparasitized by S. grandiclava (Walker) and Mesochorus nigripes Ratzeburg, whereas those in nondiapause cocoons are heavily hyperparasitized by Mesochorus agilis Cresson and Eupteromalus americanus Gahan. The more important species have one or more favorable biological characteristics of multivoltinism, lack of diapause, extended longevity, or gregariousness.
An Age Differential of Migrants in Coastal California

While the age distribution and species composition of North American avian breeding populations is reasonably well known, comparable information is generally not available on migrating populations. Capture data taken at the Point Reyes Bird Observatory on the coast at Bolinas, 23 km NW of San Francisco, and at other stations in California have provided information on the composition, seasonal timing, and relative abundance of various species of land bird migrants.
‘You are here’: locating ‘spirituality’ on the map of the current medical world

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clinical works at the intersection of 'spirituality, religion, theology and medicine' are studied to identify various aspects of what constitutes spirituality, what contributes to spiritual health and how to provide spiritual-healers for our current health-care system. RECENT FINDINGS Spiritual care in the current medical world can be classed grossly into two departments: complementary and alternative medicine, considered as proxy variable for spirituality, and physician-initiated clinical Chaplaincy, informed by theology. The large body of research on 'self' as a therapeutic tool, though, falls into subtle categories: phenomenological studies, empathy, embodied care, and mindfulness-based therapies. Development in the field of 'spiritual medicine' has focused on spirituality-related curricula. SUMMARY As mindfulness-based meditation programs help build deep listening skills needed to stay aware of the 'self', Clinical Pastoral Education trains the chaplain to transcend the 'self' to provide embodied care. Clinical chaplaincy is the destination for health-care professionals as well as theological/religious scholars who have patients' spiritual health as their primary focus. Medical education curricula that train students in chaplain's model of transpersonal-mindfulness/empathy founded on neuro-physiological principles would help them gain skills in embodied care. Such education would seamlessly integrate evidence-based clinical practice and spiritual-theological concepts.
Vanishing points: reflecting on my respondents

The six reviewers all offer critically insightful readings of Are we all post-racial yet? In so doing, they identify aporias and pauses in the arguments of the book, signalling compelling lines of ...
Local moments and the Kondo effect

Strongly correlated electrons One of the fascinating growth areas in condensed matter physics concerns strongly correlated systems : states of matter in which the many-body interaction energies dominate the kinetic energies, becoming large enough to qualitatively transform the macroscopic properties of the medium. The growing list of strongly correlated systems includes the following: • Cuprate superconductors , where interactions among electrons in localized 3 d -shells form an antiferromagnetic Mott insulator , which develops high-temperature superconductivity when doped • Heavy-electron compounds , in which localized magnetic moments immersed within the metal give rise to electron quasiparticles with effective masses in excess of a thousand bare-electron masses • Fractional quantum Hall systems , where strong interactions in the lowest Landau level of a two-dimensional electron fluid generate an incompressible state with quasiparticles of fractional charge and statistics • Quantum dots , which are tiny pools of electrons in semiconductors that act as artificial atoms. As the gate voltage is changed, the electron repulsion in the dot causes a Coulomb blockade , whereby electrons can only be added one-by-one to the quantum dot • Cold atomic gases , in which the interactions between neutral atoms governed by twobody resonances can be magnetically tuned to create a whole new world of strongly correlated quantum fluids. In each case, the electron system has been tuned – by electronic or nuclear chemistry, by geometry or nanofabrication, to give rise to a quantum state with novel collective properties, in which the interactions between the particles are large compared with their kinetic energies. The next three chapters will introduce one corner of this field: the physics of local moments and heavy-fermion compounds. A large class of strongly correlated materials have atoms with partially filled d - or f -orbitals. Heavy-electron materials are an extreme example, in which one component of the electron fluid is highly localized, usually inside f -orbitals, giving rise to the formation of magnetic moments. The interaction of localized magnetic moments with the conduction sea provides the driving force for the strongly correlated electron physics in these materials.
Closer Looks at Speech Rate and Pause Variation: Interlocutors and Accommodation

Chapter 5 focused on large-scale analyses of the speech rate and pause data derived from the SLAAP archive and Chapter 6 reexamined some of these data from additional perspectives to gain deeper understandings of their patterns. In order to assess overarching patterns in the data in those chapters, I downplayed potential qualitative differences between the interviews that were examined. There are also, of course, other kinds of potential influences on speakers’ timing features that we have not yet considered. I have not, for instance, examined the role that the interlocutors involved in the interviews may play in influencing talkers’ speech rates and pause patterns. Different kinds of interactions can occur in sociolinguistic interviews, which may yield different styles of speech (in terms of, for example, Labov’s 1972 attention to speech, or Tannen’s 1984[2005] conversational styles), and I have not considered issues of comparability between the interview excerpts used for analysis here (see Gregersen, Beck Nielsen, and Thogersen 2009 and Gregersen and Barner-Rasmussen 2011 for some recent considerations of issues of comparability across sociolinguistic interviews). There are also likely important differences across the interviews that are beyond the capabilities of the present corpus-based analysis.
Applications of advances in nonlinear sensitivity analysis

The following paper summarizes the major properties and applications of a collection of algorithms involving differentiation and optimization at minimum cost. The areas of application include the sensitivity analysis of models, new work in statistical or econometric estimation, optimization, artificial intelligence and neuron modelling. The details, references and derivations can be obtained by requesting „Sensitivity Analysis Methods for Nonlinear Systems“ from Forecast Analysis and Evaluation Team, Quality Assurance, OSS/EIA, Room 7413, Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20461.
Liquid Imbibition in Ceramic-Coated Carbon Nanotube Films.

Understanding of the liquid imbibition dynamics in nanoporous materials is important to advances in chemical separations, phase change heat transfer, electrochemical energy storage, and diagnostic assays. We study the liquid imbibition behavior in films of ceramic-coated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The nanoscale porosity of the films is tuned by conformal ceramic coating via atomic layer deposition (ALD), enabling stable liquid imbibition and precise measurement of the imbibition dynamics without capillary densification of the CNTs. We show that the imbibition rate decreases as the ceramic coating thickness increases, which effectively changes the CNT-CNT spacing and therefore decreases the permeability. We derive a model, based on Darcy's law, that incorporates an expression for the permeability of nanoscale post arrays, and we show that the model fits the experimental results with high accuracy. The tailorable porosity, along with controllable surface wettability and mechanical stability...
Oxidative Stress, Synaptic Dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder without a cure. Most AD cases are sporadic where age represents the greatest risk factor. Lack of understanding of the disease mechanism hinders the development of efficacious therapeutic approaches. The loss of synapses in the affected brain regions correlates best with cognitive impairment in AD patients and has been considered as the early mechanism that precedes neuronal loss. Oxidative stress has been recognized as a contributing factor in aging and in the progression of multiple neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with age- and disease-dependent loss of mitochondrial function, altered metal homeostasis, and reduced antioxidant defense directly affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission in neurons leading to cognitive dysfunction. In addition, molecular targets affected by ROS include nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, lipids, proteins, calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics and function, cellular architecture, receptor trafficking and endocytosis, and energy homeostasis. Abnormal cellular metabolism in turn could affect the production and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, which independently could exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production, thereby contributing to a vicious cycle. While mounting evidence implicates ROS in the AD etiology, clinical trials with antioxidant therapies have not produced consistent results. In this review, we will discuss the role of oxidative stress in synaptic dysfunction in AD, innovative therapeutic strategies evolved based on a better understanding of the complexity of molecular mechanisms of AD, and the dual role ROS play in health and disease.
Laser refrigeration of rare-earth doped sodium-yttrium-fluoride nanowires

Hexagonal sodium yttrium fluoride (β-NaYF 4 ) crystals are currently being studied for a wide range of applications including color displays, solar cells, photocatalysis, and bio-imagβing. β-NaYF 4 has also been predicted to be a promising host material for laser refrigeration of solids. However, due to challenges with growing Czochralski β- NaYF 4 single-crystals, laser refrigeration of bulk β-NaYF 4 has not yet been achieved6. Recently hydrothermal processing has been reported to produce Yb-doped β-NaYF 4 nanowires (NWs) that undergo laser refrigeration during single-beam optical trapping experiments in heavy water. The local refrigeration of the individual nanowire is quantified through the analysis of its Brownian motion through the analysis of forward scattered light that is focused onto a quadrant photodiode. The individual β-NaYF 4 nanowires show maximum local cooling of 9°C below ambient conditions. Here we present the emission lifetime for the 4 S 3/2 – 4 I 15/2 transition for Er(III) ions in Yb/Er-codoped -NaYF 4 NW ensembles was measured to be (220 ± 6) μs using a an electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) as a detector with high spatial resolution. This lifetime is consistent with values reported in the literature.
Exploring the influence of precipitation on fertility timing in rural Mexico

The influence of environmental conditions on fertility decision-making is becoming increasingly important in the context of contemporary climate change. Deforestation, land availability, and environmental quality may shape decisions regarding family size, particularly in regions with high levels of natural resource dependence. This research examines the relationship between fertility timing and precipitation in rural Mexico by linking household event-history data to municipal-level precipitation measures. Even after controlling for other factors that impact fertility, in historically dry areas, households are more likely to have a child following above average precipitation, using both 1-year and 2-year prior precipitation measures. Conversely, the relationship between precipitation and fertility timing in humid areas of rural Mexico is not statistically significant. Overall, the findings reveal that the fertility-environment connection is highly context-specific and differs across climate zones in Mexico, but that fertility timing is associated with recent rainfall patterns for households in dry areas of rural Mexico.
Gas permeability measurements from pressure pulse decay laboratory data using pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time transformations

This paper presents a pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time straight-line approach to interpret laboratory pulse decay data in order to estimate rock core permeability using gas as the pore fluid. The implementation of the straight-line approach provides a practical method to estimate gas permeability from experimental data, as long as changes in gas viscosity and compressibility are negligible. On the other hand, pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time allow the transformation of the compressible flow equation from its highly nonlinear form to a quasi-linear partial differential equation, where changes in gas viscosity, gas compressibility and compressibility factor are accounted for. The purpose of this work is to combine both, pseudo-functions and the straight-line approach to estimate gas permeability from pressure pulse laboratory data with a more rigorous treatment of gas properties. Five pulse decay experiments were performed in Marcellus shale cores at pore pressures ranging from 130 to 700 psi in a triaxial cell to estimate permeability and porosity of ultra-low permeability cores. The experiments were made in an increasing order of equilibration pressure starting from 130 until 700 psi, and vertical and radial stresses kept constant at 1500 psi. Permeability estimates were compared against the P 2-approach to show the validity of the proposed method at low gas pressures.
Use of frailty to predict survival in elderly patients with early stage non-small-cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Abstract Objectives Frailty has been shown to increase morbidity and mortality independent of age, but studies are lacking in radiation oncology. This study evaluates a modified frailty index (mFI) in predicting overall survival (OS) and non-cancer death for Stage I/II [N0M0] Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT). Materials and Methods Medical records for all patients with Stage I/II NSCLC treated at our institution with SBRT from 2009 to 2014 were reviewed. A validated mFI score, consisting of 11 variables was calculated, classifying patients as non-frail (0–1) or frail (≥ 2). Primary endpoint (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank. Secondary endpoint, non-cancer death, was analyzed using Fine-Gray's method, with death from lung cancer as a competing risk. Results Patient cohort consisted of 38 (27.3%) non-frail and 101 (72.7%) frail [median total mFI score 3.0 (range 0–7)]. Median age and pack-year history was 74 and 46 years, respectively. Median follow-up among survivors was 38.5 months (range 4.0–74.1 months). Frailty was associated with a lower 3-year OS (37.3% vs. 74.7%; p = 0.003) and 3-year cumulative incidence of non-cancer death (36.7% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.02). Frailty remained significant in the multivariate model [OS HR for mFI ≥ 2: 2.25 (1.14–4.44); p = 0.02]. Conclusion Frailty is associated with lower OS in older patients with early stage NSCLC treated with SBRT, yet frail patients survived a median 2.5 years, and were more likely to die of causes unrelated to the primary lung cancer, suggesting SBRT should be considered even in older patients deemed unfit for surgery.
Regularizing the Cauchy Problem for the Heat Equation by Sign Restrictions

We consider the non-characteristic Cauchy problem for the heat equation. For certain a priori information about the solution the amount of regularization, i.e. the behaviour of the module of continuity is investigated. Especially for sign restrictions continuous dependence of Holder type in the interior is shown. This sharpens a result of Pucci (1959), who did not succeed in estimating the module of continuity. This estimate leads to some conjectures, which fit quite well within the results of numerical case studies.
Multiple inheritance in smalltalk-80

Smalltalk classes may be arranged in hierarchies, so that a class can inherit the properties of another class. In the standard Smalltalk language, a class may inherit from only one other class. In this paper we describe an implementation of multiple inheritance in Smalltalk.
"Be Straight Up and So Will He": Evaluation of a Novel HIV Prevention Condom Distribution and Health Communication Intervention Targeting Young African American Females

This study evaluated a novel 3-month campus-based HIV prevention condom distribution and health communication intervention for African American females attending a historically Black college in North Carolina. The theoretical framework for study incorporated the integrative model of behavioral prediction and the theory of gender and power. The intervention provided free condoms via condom dispensers with point-of-access messaging on the dispensers. We assessed 195 individuals before and 118 three months after the intervention. Almost 90% of participants were exposed to the intervention. Forty-four percent used the dispensers, 70% of whom reported using the condoms for sexual intercourse. Perceptions of condom availability and accessibility increased significantly after the intervention. In a multiple regression analysis controlling for covariates, dispenser use was significantly associated with greater condom use. These findings show the promise of a low-cost, broad-reach HIV/STI prevention intervention for young African American women.
Mammismo /Momism: On the History and Uses of a Stereotype, c.1940s to the Present

In today’s Italy the term mammismo is often used to denote an allegedly Italian peculiarity which sets the country apart from that advanced Europe to which it aspires to belong. This stereotype resonates both in Italian culture and abroad in part due to the centuries-old feminized image of the country. Patriarca argues that the appearance of the term in the post-Second World War period was connected not only to the impact of military defeat and occupation, but also to the American idea of “momism,” which blamed “moms” for various societal problems. She then discusses the gendered debate on Italy’s “maternal civilization” that took place in the 1950s, and the role of film in creating, popularizing and stigmatizing the figure of the dependent and cowardly male, the mammone.
Intercalated cushion cells within the cardiac outflow tract are derived from the myocardial troponin T type 2 (Tnnt2) Cre lineage

Background The origin of the intercalated cushions that develop into the anterior cusp of the pulmonary valve (PV) and the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve (AV) is not well understood. Results Cre transgenes in combination with the Rosa TdTomato-EGFP reporter were used to generate three-dimensional lineage mapping of AV and PV cusps during intercalated cushion development. Tie2-Cre;EGFP was used to mark endothelial-derived mesenchymal cells, Wnt1-Cre;EGFP for cardiac neural crest and cardiac Troponin T (Tnnt2)Cre;EGFP, for myocardial lineage. The highest percentage of intercalated cushion cells at embryonic day (E) 12.5 was Tnnt2-Cre; EGFP positive; 68.0% for the PV and 50.0% AV. Neither Tnnt2 mRNA nor Tnnt2-Cre protein was expressed in the intercalated cushions; and the Tnnt2-Cre lineage intercalated cushion cells were also positive for the mesenchymal markers Sox9 and versican. Tnnt2-Cre lineage was present within the forming intercalated cushions from E11.5 and was present in the intercalated cushion derived PV and AV cusps and localized to the fibrosa layer at postnatal day 0. Conclusions Intercalated cushions of the developing outflow tract are populated with Tnnt2-Cre derived cells, a Cre reporter previously used for tracing and excision of myocardial cells and not previously associated with mesenchymal cells. Developmental Dynamics 247:1005-1017, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
QChD Lite: Lark model for elementary particles

AbstractLarks are relativistic massless Dirac ﬁelds of spin 1/2 tensored withspinors over a Hermitian charge space of a semi-simple compact gaugeLie group. A quantum charge dynamics (QChD Lite) of larks and anti-larks mediated by the gauge bosons has an inﬁnite and relatively discretevariational energy-mass spectrum. In particular, for gauge groups SU(2)and SU(3) one gets inﬁnite energy-mass spectra of constituent leptonsand quarks. The lark model of elementary particles is non-perturbativeand has no free parameters. απoσπασµα τoυ θǫo˜ ˜υ 1 Introduction 1.1 Preamble The ill-fated non-linear ”world equation” for spinor-isospinor ﬁeldswas Heisen-berg’s uniﬁcation project (cp. heisenberg[4]) intended to describe all elemen-tary particles as bound states of these non-observable ﬁelds.Unfortunately, thequantization in an indeﬁniteHilbert spaceon theMinkowskispace met with insurmountable challenges from Pauli, Feynman et al. The co-nundrum inspired I. Segal’s program of non-linear quantization (segal[11]) ina deﬁnite Hilbert space of Cauchy data, a cornerstone of the present paper.Quark ﬁelds of the standard model with its gauge non-linearity can beviewed as a later vindication of the basic Heisenberg idea (who himself dis-cussed such a connection 10 years after his controversial 1958 paper.) Yetsolution of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is notoriously diﬃcult. Theapproximate QCD Lite of wilczek[12] (cp. also okun[10]) is the QuantumChromodynamics of the lightest u and d quarks with their Lagrangian massterms cut oﬀ.1
Et Tu, Fair Use? The Triumph of Natural Law Copyright

Since its advent in 1841, the fair use doctrine has been hailed as a powerful check on the limited monopoly granted by copyright. Fair use, we are told, protects public access to the building blocks of creation and advances research and criticism. This Article challenges the conventional wisdom about fair use. Far from protecting the public domain, the fair use doctrine has played a central role in the triumph of a natural law vision of copyright that privileges the inherent property interests of authors in the fruits of their labor over the utilitarian goal of progress in the arts. Thus, the fair use doctrine has actually enabled the expansion of the copyright monopoly well beyond its original bounds and has undermined the goals of the copyright system as envisioned by the Framers. Specifically, the Article first analyzes the anti-monopolistic impetus for federal copyright protection and reflects on the original understanding of copyright as epitomized by a series of early cases on the rights of translation and abridgement. The Article then examines the impact of the fair use doctrine on the copyright monopoly and progress in the arts. All told, the Article calls for a serious reassessment of the role of fair use in the infringement calculus, especially in an age where networked computers and malleable digital content has enabled new forms of artistic and post-modern experimentation.
An Approach to Manipulator Kinematic Modeling

“Low level” kinematic model of robot manipulators is considered. In the low-level model the kinematic formulas are expressed in terms of lengthy trigonometric expressions, rather then in a compact matrix form. This is however needed for efficient computations in the case of a specific manipulator type. It is shown that even this model can be structured and represented in a more compact form without loosing the computational efficiency. This is achieved by using operators which represent subexpressions of the form a cos(φ) − b sin(φ) and a sin(φ) + b cos(φ). It is shown that the direct and inverse kinematics in closed-form can be expressed in terms of these operators. A set of identities which these operator satisfy can help in symbolic manipulations. This is illustrated by an example of manual derivation of the closed-form solution for inverse kinematicss for the PUMA manipulator with arbitrary values of joint twist angles. It is believed that this approach can be used in computer-aided derivation of closed-form formulas using simbolic manipulation programs.
Effects of a Lag Schedule with Progressive Time Delay on Sign Mand Variability in a Boy with Autism

For some children with autism, mand training can produce highly repetitive manding unless the environment is arranged in a manner that promotes mand variability. Prior research demonstrated that mand training using a lag schedule and progressive time delay increased variability in vocal manding in children with autism. Whether lag schedules have similar effects on sign mand topographies is unknown. The current study evaluated the effects of mand training with a Lag 1 schedule of reinforcement and progressive time delay (TD) on topographical variability and the development of a sign mand response class hierarchy in a boy with autism. The results suggest independent use of all sign mand topographies occurred, a mand response class hierarchy was developed, and topographically variant sign manding increased under the Lag 1 + TD schedule compared to a Lag 0 schedule of reinforcement. Implications for practitioners, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Commerce and Socialist Construction

Soviet revolutionaries regarded private merchants and traders as “unproductive” and largely eliminated them. This wasn’t feasible in the new PRC. China had no state capacities or personnel to replace 2+ million commercial actors, so instead undertook to harness their wholesale and retail skills through first encouraging, then pressuring them to join private–public partnerships and sales cooperatives. Even then, the state had few facilities to supervise these operations or school their owner-managers in the rudiments of socialism. Yet such merchants proved critical to managing markets and contracts bringing rural foods and handicrafts to cities and delivering industrial goods to farming districts. Enthusiasts for the Great Leap forbade the operation of rural market fairs, some of whose histories stretched back centuries, but once the Leap faded, the fairs roared back into prominence, with state commercial and economic publications recounting best practices and pitfalls to be avoided. Wholesalers developed market relations outside official channels and “unlicensed” traders multiplied to the extent that fears of “spontaneous capitalism” mounted among Maoist cadre, revealing fracture points about commercial activity that would crack wide open in the next decade’s Cultural Revolution.
Bone stress injuries in male distance runners: higher modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment scores predict increased rates of injury.

Objectives Bone stress injuries (BSI) are common in runners of both sexes. The purpose of this study was to determine if a modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment tool would predict BSI in male distance runners. Methods 156 male runners at two collegiate programmes were studied using mixed retrospective and prospective design for a total of 7 years. Point values were assigned using risk assessment categories including low energy availability, low body mass index (BMI), low bone mineral density (BMD) and prior BSI. The outcome was subsequent development of BSI. Statistical models used a mixed effects Poisson regression model with p Results 42/156 runners (27%) sustained 61 BSIs over an average 1.9 years of follow-up. In the baseline risk factor model, each 1 point increase in prior BSI score was associated with a 57% increased risk for prospective BSI (p=0.0042) and each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 37% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.0079). In the longitudinal model, each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 27% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.05). BMI (rate ratio (RR)=1.91, p=0.11) and BMD (RR=1.58, p=0.19) risk scores were not associated with BSI. Conclusion A modified cumulative risk assessment tool may help identify male runners at elevated risk for BSI. Identifying risk factors may guide treatment and prevention strategies.
Dynamic Routing Problem in Distributed Parameter Setting Using Semigroup Theory

The aim of this chapter is to present the background information on semigroup theory and evolution equations and motivate their use in the design of controllers, especially feedback controllers, for the dynamic traffic routing and assignment problems. The chapter presents the highway model in the semigroup context and also provides a starting point for traffic routing control design using the semigroup theory. In order to present this framework, this chapter presents the fundamentals of the applicable functional analysis from the ground up. It reviews the topics of topological spaces, vector spaces, metric spaces, normed linear spaces, banach and Hilbert spaces, semigroups and finally how the routing problem can be viewed in this framework as an abstract differential controlled equation.
Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Periprosthetic Joint Infection of Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Background:Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is a serious complication that results in significant consequences to the patient and threatens the survival of the ...
Evaluation of image features for discriminating targets from false positives in synthetic aperture sonar imagery

With the increasing popularity of using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to gather large quantities of Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) seafloor imagery, the burden on human operators to identify targets in these seafloor images has increased significantly. Existing methods of automated target detection can have perfect or near-perfect accuracy, but often produce a high ratio of false positives. Thus, it is desired to find features that discriminate between targets and high-confidence false alarms. In this paper, we examine the potential of several classical methods of feature extraction in how well their generated features can separate the two classes of image tiles: those containing targets from those containing no targets. To quantify the ability of a set of features to separate these classes, we measure the region-based cross validation accuracy of a linear SVM trained on the features in question, extracted from SAS imagery provided to us by the U.S. Navy. We show that these general feature extraction methods show potential in the ATR problem, suggesting further research is warranted.
Abstract 5152: EMT cells increase the metastatic potential of neighboring carcinoma cells via non-canonical activation of GLI signaling through secretion of VEGF-C

Breast cancer is a devastating disease that claims around 50 million lives per year worldwide, and almost all of these deaths result from metastatic disease rather than from primary tumor burden. Recent studies clearly demonstrate that there is significant intratumor heterogeneity in breast cancer, and that this heterogeneity contributes to malignant progression. Our laboratories previously demonstrated that breast cancer cells that had undergone an oncogenic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) could increase metastasis of neighboring cells via activation of non-canonical GLI transcription factor activity in a paracrine manner that is dependent on Six1 expression in the EMT cells. However, the mechanism by which these Six1-expressing EMT cells activate GLI signaling thereby imparting aggressive properties on neighboring cells remained unknown. Herein we describe the novel discovery that VEGF-C, which is transcriptionally upregulated by Six1, mediates paracrine non-canonical activation of GLI and resultant enhancement of metastatic properties in cells that do not express Six1. Our data demonstrate that VEGF-C is upregulated in HMLER-Snail1 cells, MCF7-Six1 cells and in Met-1 cells endogenously expressing Six1, in a manner that depends on Six1 expression, and that VEGF-C is secreted into the conditioned media (CM) of these cells. Inhibition of VEGF-C in the HMLER-Snail1, MCF7-Six1, and the Met-1 models abrogates paracrine GLI activation and attenuates non-cell autonomous induction of proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro . In vivo , we show that cells expressing Six1 can enhance the growth and metastasis of those not expressing Six1, and studies will be discussed that examine whether VEGF-C inhibition in Six1 expressing cells disrupts the crosstalk and inhibits non-cell autonomous induction of metastasis by Six1. Finally, by interrogating the TCGA dataset we find that VEGF-C and GLI1 expression significantly positively correlate in human breast cancer encompassing all molecular subtypes. Taken together, these data suggest that VEGF-C secretion may be a novel and conserved paracrine means by which EMT cells activate GLI in neighboring tumor cells that do not express these EMT-inducing transcription factors (TF), ultimately enhancing overall metastasis of heterogenous breast tumors. Citation Format: Deguang Kong, Deepika Neelakantan, Hengbo Zhou, Michael T. Lewis, Heide L. Ford. EMT cells increase the metastatic potential of neighboring carcinoma cells via non-canonical activation of GLI signaling through secretion of VEGF-C [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5152.