cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peddlers of Progress and the Transformation of the Rural North, 1760–1860

In 1839 Erastus Salisbury Field painted one of the great images of nineteenthcentury life, Joseph Moore and His Family. Moore, recently arrived at Ware, Massachusetts, from Windham, Maine, was a hatmaker in winter, itinerant dentist in summer, and professor of religion all year round. The Moores' furnishings arrest our attention with their exuberant colors and prominent position. Field successfully juggled all the Moores' possessions around the stenciled furniture -chairs, stands, and mirror. The mobile portrait maker celebrated the production, distribution, and consumption of mass-produced objects. In this example, the crowded interior is filled with a country cornucopia of commodities, all made available to farm families by rural peddlers and artisan-entrepreneurs, partners in a transformation of rural life.' Peddlers brought to the rural peoples of the northern United States a new culture, a market culture, in the form of objects. Peddlers helped create a market for new consumer goods: chairs, clocks, books, and portraits. Their commercial activities weakened the structure of local exchange by directly tapping rural tastes for commodities and bypassing such older suppliers as the storekeeper or household. They led consumers on to a richer diet of merchandise, until their homes came to resemble that of the Joseph Moore family.2 But even more important were the roles
Hydrogen-atom abstraction from Ni(I) phosphido and amido complexes gives phosphinidene and imide ligands

Hydrogen-atom abstraction from M−E(H) to generate M═E-containing complexes (E = PR, NR) is not well studied because only a few complexes are known to undergo such reactions. Hydrogen-atom abstraction from nickel(I) phosphide and amide complexes led to the corresponding phosphinidene and imide compounds. These reactions are unparalleled in the organometallic chemistry of nickel and feature an unusual example of a transition-metal phosphinidene synthesized by hydrogen-atom abstraction.
Comparative accuracy of fitness tracking modalities in quantifying energy expenditure

The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of wrist-worn, consumer-grade pedometers and earbud sensor technology in quantifying energy expenditure. Nineteen participants (24.6 ± 3.1 years) performed 5 min exercise stages on a treadmill (80.5 m/min, 107.3 m/min, 134.1 m/min and 160.9 m/min) while measuring energy expenditure via the Fitbit Charge pedometer and Jabra Sport Pulse Wireless Earbuds, comparing with indirect calorimetry. Paired samples t-tests were used to calculate differences and Pearson correlations to examine associations between kcals measured from the Fitbit and Jabra earbuds from indirect calorimetry. Results indicate significant underestimations of kcals for both devices at all speeds except one (Jabra earbuds at 107.3 m/min). Moderate correlations were observed for the Fitbit at 107.3 m/min and 107.3 m/min, and 134.1 m/min for the Jabra earbuds. Both devices considerably underestimated kcals, suggesting that caution be used when incorporating such data into fitness/health goals.
CHAPTER 16 – Interleukin-12 Family [IL-12, 23, 12RA and 27]

The pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects of interleukin (IL-12), complex patterns of regulation of the production of each of its subunits p35 and p40 in individual cell type, and the recent emergence of novel family members provide ample areas for investigation that are discussed in this chapter. Systemic administration of rhIL-12 demonstrated the therapeutic potential of this cytokine in cancer, and chronic infections. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of this cytokine is likely to be facilitated by a targeted delivery of IL-12 as well as its combination with other factors modulating the responsiveness to IL-12 including cytokines and cells, including DCs. IL-12 was also described as a CTL maturation factor (CLMF).
Remediation of Language Disorders in Adults

There are many approaches to language rehabilitation for adults with acquired aphasia. This brief review describes the major types of language treatments and provides examples of each. Treatment efficacy and effectiveness are also addressed.
Nonlocal correlations in the orbital selective Mott phase of a one-dimensional multiorbital Hubbard model

We study nonlocal correlations in a three-orbital Hubbard model defined on an extended one-dimensional chain using determinant quantum Monte Carlo and density matrix renormalization group methods. We focus on a parameter regime with robust Hund's coupling, which produces an orbital selective Mott phase (OSMP) at intermediate values of the Hubbard $U$, as well as an orbitally ordered ferromagnetic insulating state at stronger coupling. An examination of the orbital- and spin-correlation functions indicates that the orbital ordering occurs before the onset of magnetic correlations in this parameter regime as a function of temperature. In the OSMP, we find that the self-energy for the itinerant electrons is momentum dependent, indicating a degree of nonlocal correlations while the localized electrons have largely momentum independent self-energies. These nonlocal correlations also produce relative shifts of the holelike and electronlike bands within our model. The overall momentum dependence of these quantities is strongly suppressed in the orbitally ordered insulating phase.
Concomitant Suppurative Parotitis and Condylar Osteomyelitis.

Parotitis is a common occurrence in the immunocompromised, dehydrated, and malnourished patient as a result of dysfunctional ductal and parotid cells. Inflammation can be acute or chronic based on clinical history, and it can be suppurative based on the presence of micro or macro abscess formation within the substance of the gland. This report presents a case of concomitant condylar osteomyelitis and chronic suppurative parotitis in the setting of previous methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus foot infection. Ultimately, resection of osteomyelitis, drainage of parotid infection, and intravenous antibiotic therapy led to full resolution of the infection and symptoms. The final pathology of osteomyelitis of the temporomandibular joint and methicillin-resistant S aureus infection is an unusual consequence of chronic parotitis. The patient was restored with a total joint replacement approximately 3 months after resection with no recurrence of infection after 24 months.
The Pro-Competitive Effect of Chinese Imports: Amplification Through the Input–Output Network

The share of Chinese manufacturing imports in U.S. consumption has increased eight-fold between 1993 and 2011, from 1 to over 8 percent. While the literature has documented the pro-competitive price effect of the rising Chinese import competition on U.S. industries, I provide new empirical evidence for a quantitatively larger, indirect effect: for the average manufacturing industry, the increase in import exposure of upstream suppliers reduces domestic producer prices by 0.82 percent per year, compared to a reduction of 0.27 percent due to the increase in direct import exposure. Together, the direct and indirect effects imply on average a lower price of more than 1 percent per year. By calibrating a general-equilibrium multi-industry model with input-output linkages, I further show that the net welfare gains from trade with China increase by 60 percent when the production network amplifies the pro-competitive effect. This mechanism also creates a substantially wider dispersion of industries that benefit and lose out from trade.
Effects of Early Writing Intervention Delivered Within a Data-Based Instruction Framework

We examined effects of research-based early writing intervention delivered within a data-based instruction (DBI) framework for children with intensive needs. We randomly assigned 46 students with and without disabilities in Grades 1 to 3 within classrooms to either treatment or control. Treatment students received research-based early writing intervention within a DBI framework for 30 min, 3 times per week, for 12 weeks. Control students received business-as-usual writing instruction. We measured writing performance using curriculum-based measures (CBM) and Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ III). We found significant treatment effects on CBM outcomes (Hedges g = 0.74 to 1.36). We also found a significant interaction between special education status and condition on the WJ III favoring treatment students with disabilities (Hedges g = 0.45 to 0.70). Findings provide preliminary support for using a combination of research-based intervention and DBI with students with intensive writing needs.
Quality Assurance in Breast Pathology: Lessons Learned From a Review of Amended Reports

Context.—A review of amended pathology reports provides valuable information regarding defects in the surgical pathology process. Objective.—To review amended breast pathology reports with emphasis placed on interpretative errors and their mechanisms of detection. Design.—All amended pathology reports for breast surgical specimens for a 5-year period at a large academic medical center were retrospectively identified and classified based on an established taxonomy. Results.—Of 12 228 breast pathology reports, 122 amended reports were identified. Most (88 cases; 72%) amendments were due to noninterpretative errors, including 58 report defects, 12 misidentifications, and 3 specimen defects. A few (34 cases; 27.9%) were classified as misinterpretations, including 14 major diagnostic changes (11.5% of all amendments). Among major changes, there were cases of missed microinvasion or small foci of invasion, missed micrometastasis, atypical ductal hyperplasia overcalled as ductal carcinoma in situ, ductal carcino...
Pelvic Radiation and Normal Tissue Toxicity

Radiation is a component of treatment for many pelvic malignancies, most often originating in the gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. Therefore, the management of acute and long-term side effects is an important part of practice as a radiation oncologist, and limiting morbidity is a primary goal. Toxicities vary and are dependent on treatment techniques. Advances in radiation delivery, imaging, and knowledge of underlying biologic determinants of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity can guide treatment of acute and long-term side effects from pelvic radiation.
Is Mississippi Really the Worst State to Live in? A Spatial Equilibrium Approach to Ranking Quality of Life

Quality-of-life rankings could induce economic development and planning policy makers into wastefully committing too many resources into attracting human and physical capital if they are based on a methodology that is atheoretical and biased in its approach to accounting for what individuals value as contributing to their quality of life in the places they live. An alternative theoretically coherent and unbiased approach to measuring quality-of-life in particular locations is to recognize that a significant amount of what individuals value in the places they optimally choose to live is unobservable, and is reflected in the difference between amenity-adjusted housing prices and income. We implement a ranking scheme consistent with this notion, and find that in contrast to a ranking of states in terms of quality-of-life that uses an explicit amenity accounting method, states typically rated as being among the lowest in terms of being livable, move up the rankings substantially. Relative to a standard explicit amenity accounting quality-of-life measure, our spatial equilibrium measures better explain the location choices of individuals, as measured by net migration
Courtship in Stepfamilies

We live in an era when the term dating is considered old fashioned, and in fact, the concept of dating may be passe as well. However, dating, or whatever term is currently used, is a relevant concept when considering the processes by which individuals find and choose romantic partners. We use the term courtship to describe the general methods used by adults when seeking and selecting a mate. This chapter focuses mostly on courtship for remarriage because there is far more information about remarried couples than cohabiting couples who have children from prior relationships. When there is relevant information on cohabiting couples, either gay or heterosexual, we include it.
Critical Health Issues Impacting Asian Indian Americans

Asian Indians or Indian Americans claim their ancestry from India, the second most populous country in the world. Immigrant Asian Indians represent the third largest Asian subgroup in the US. They are a diverse and heterogeneous group based on a variety of religions, languages, socio-economic status, and cultures. Indian Americans are at higher risk for chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Lifestyle changes that occurs with acculturation to the westernized lifestyle has resulted in an increase in obesity and health problems in this immigrant group. This chapter will provide a brief overview of Asian Indian immigration history to the U.S. and will also provide an overview of the current health issues and concerns facing the Indian American community today.
Polymers: Basic Principles

Abstract Polymers represent the largest class of materials used in medicine. They have a range of unique properties making them useful in biomaterial applications, including orthopedics, dental, hard and soft tissue replacements, drug delivery, and cardiovascular devices. This chapter explains the basic principles of polymer science, illustrates how polymer materials can be specifically designed to fill needs in the biomaterials field, and provides examples of how this class of materials is currently used in medical applications. Structure–property relationships, including molecular architecture, molecular mass, and chemical composition related to the physical and chemical properties of the macroscopic material, are included. A biomaterials scientist aware of structure–property relationships can engineer a polymer system for a specific need.
The Anisotropic Free Energy of the Solid-Liquid Phase Boundary in Al

We have performed large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of solid-liquid interfaces in aluminum, in order to calculate their interfacial stiffness and free energy. The anisotropy of these properties, though small, is key for determining the steady-state solutions for solidification in three dimensions. We find that the interfacial free energy, γ(θ), can be well represented by the form γ(θ) = γ0(1 + e cos 4θ, where θ measures the angle relative to the [100] interface, rotating about a [001] direction. We find values of γ0 = 120 ± 6 mJ/m2 and e = 1.3 ± 0.4%, in agreement with previous estimates and current experimental results.
THE ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF MEMBRANE AND SECRETORY PROTEINS TO GLYCOPROTEINS

The oligosaccharide chain of N-glycosidically linked glycoproteins is invariably found attached to an Asn that is part of the sequence -Asn-X-Ser(Thr)-, where X may be one of the 20 amino acids. Using crude or purified RER preparations from hen oviduct it was found that proteins containing unglycosylated sequences could be glycosylated via lipid-linked saccharides only after they were denatured and S-alkylated. With denatured α-lactalbumin (α-LA) as a model substrate the minimal peptide sequence required for glycosylation was studied. The smallest peptide fragment isolated from α-LA that was active as an acceptor of the oligosaccharide chain was a heptapeptide. To more precisely define the minimal acceptor requirements a series of tripeptides were chemically synthesized. The results indicate that simple tripeptides of the type Asn-X-Ser(or Thr) serve as substrates, providing that their amino and carboxy termini are blocked. To study the possible role of glycosylation of proteins in secretion we have investigated the effect of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of saccharide-lipid synthesis and hence protein glycosylation, using hepatocytes. These studies revealed that inhibition of the glycosylation of several secretory proteins has no inhibitory effect on their secretion. Finally, using α-LA bearing a glucose-containing oligosaccharide chain as a substrate, we have undertaken a search for glycosidases that act on the oligosaccharide chain of glycoproteins. A glucosidase that excises Glc from the oligosaccharide chain of α-LA has been detected in crude oviduct membranes. Currently we are investigating the subcellular localization and the properties of this neutral glucosidase, as well as its role in processing of the oligosaccharide chain of glycoproteins.
Universal Biomarker Analysis: Aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Universal Biomarker Analysis is a GC×GC-ToFMS method that provides absolute quantification and non-targeted pseudo MS-MS for all resolved hydrocarbon components in petroleum and rock extracts. This is achieved by merging two chromatographic datasets obtained under field ionization (FI), which provides molecular ions, and electron impact (EI), which provides diagnostic fragment ions. We recently demonstrated this technique for the analysis of saturated biomarkers (Walters et al., 2018). Here, we show its application to aromatic biomarkers. Universal Biomarker Analysis is compared to conventional GC–MS for frequently analyzed aromatic hydrocarbons, such as the alkylated naphthalenes and biphenyls, mono- and tri-aromatic steroidal hydrocarbons to illustrate where this new method provides demonstrated advantages. The technique is well suited for the analysis of rare species not commonly analyzed in targeted GC–MS/MS analyses. This is illustrated by the tentative identification of A/B-ring C26-C29 diaromatic steroidal hydrocarbons in a crude oil, compounds that have been previously identified as minor components of immature rock extracts, and indications of previously unknown C26 methyl-triaromatic steroidal hydrocarbons.
Soluble CD64 Is a Novel Marker of Steroid Refractory Acute Gastrointestinal Graft Versus Host Disease in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Background CD64 is expressed on neutrophils and monocytes and is upregulated by mediators of inflammation such as interferon-gamma, G-CSF, infection or tissue injury. Soluble CD64 is elevated in new onset Crohn's disease and is a marker of intestinal inflammation. In Crohn's disease, elevated surface expression of CD64 has been associated with infliximab loss of response. The role of CD64 is not described in pediatric gastrointestinal graft versus host disease (GI GVHD). We hypothesized that CD64 would be elevated at diagnosis in children with acute GI GVHD at diagnosis. Methods Plasma CD64 was measured by ELISA in 40 patients (GI GVHD n=20, No GVHD n=20) at the following time points: before BMT and at diagnosis of acute GVHD or a comparable time point after BMT in controls (∼ day+35). Values were compared to new onset pediatric Crohn's disease (n=47) and non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pediatric controls (n=42). Neutrophil CD64, measured by flow cytometry, was assessed in an independent group of 27 consecutive pediatric allogeneic BMT patients at diagnosis of GVHD or comparable time points in patients without GVHD. Results Patient demographics are shown in Table 1. Soluble CD64 was elevated in patients with GI GVHD at diagnosis compared to transplant patients without GVHD (p=0.003), Crohn's disease (p Nine of the 27 patients in the independent consecutive patient cohort had acute GVHD. Four patients had GI GVHD, 3 steroid refractory and one responsive. Median CD64 expression on neutrophils by flow cytometry was 14.3% in the GI GVHD patients compared to 4.92% in patients without GVHD (p=0.2) (Figure 2). Conclusion CD64 is a novel biomarker which could portend refractory acute gut GVHD in children. These findings need to be validated in a larger independent cohort.
High reversible capacity hydrogen storage through Nano-LiBH4 + Nano-MgH2 system

Abstract A nano-LiBH4 ​+ ​nano-MgH2 mixture which can reversibly release and absorb ∼5.0 wt% H2 at 265 °C is synthesized via a new processing method, termed as Ball Milling with Aerosol Spraying (BMAS) established in this study. The reversible storage capacity of ∼5.0 wt% H2 is the highest one ever reported for the LiBH4 + MgH2 system at temperature ≤265 °C. It is found that the unusually high reversible hydrogen storage is accomplished through two parallel reaction pathways. One is nano-LiBH4 decomposes to form Li2B12H12 and H2 first and then Li2B12H12 reacts with MgH2 to form MgB2, LiH and H2. The other is nano-MgH2 decomposes to form Mg and H2 first and then Mg reacts with LiBH4 to form MgB2, LiH and H2. These reaction pathways become possible because of the presence of nano-LiBH4 and nano-MgH2 and their intimate mixing, enabled by the BMAS process. This study unambiguously shows that nano-engineering can overcome kinetics barriers for thermodynamically favorable systems like the LiBH4 ​+ ​MgH2 mixture and even provides thermodynamic driving force to enhance hydrogen release at low temperature. The principle established in this study also opens up a new direction for investigating and improving the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation properties of many other systems containing multiple hydride components that have favorable thermodynamic properties for reversible hydrogen storage, but with limited kinetics.
Validation of the MMPI-A-RF for Youth with Mental Health Needs: a Systematic Examination of Clinical Correlates and Construct Validity

Over the last several decades, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) has continued to be the most extensively studied and commonly used adolescent assessment measure (Archer and Newsom 2000). Most recently, the MMPI-A was substantially revised resulting in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent-Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF; Archer et al. 2016). The current study evaluated its construct validity in a sample of youth referred for mental health services. As a primary focus, the current research represents the first independent investigation of clinical correlates since the MMPI-A-RF test manual was published. This study particularly emphasized item-level symptom correlates that may further strengthen MMPI-A-RF interpretive statements. In particular, the RCd and RC4 evidenced especially strong convergent and discriminant validity, but findings raised some concerns about RC9. Combined with previous research, the current study highlighted the MMPI-A-RF’s usefulness in assessing psychopathology along the broad externalizing and internalizing spectrum.
Increasing engagement in students with autism in inclusion classrooms

Abstract The benefits of inclusion classrooms for students with Autism Spectrum Disorders have been frequently acknowledged by parents, instructors, and professionals in education settings. However, despite the general support for inclusion classrooms, students with autism often struggle academically. Among some of the factors that contribute to this outcome are: problems of student motivation, ineffective consequences for academic behavior, and ineffective learning histories with the instructor and the classroom environment. We review and describe evidence-based practices relative to each of these problems, all of which can be implemented by educators or other professionals in a classroom setting. We provide a description of these strategies, and examples of how to incorporate them effectively into daily instructional activities to improve academic engagement in children with autism.
Chapter 18 – Bedbugs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses bedbugs, which are widely recognized and detested insects. Bedbugs are small- to -sized (4–12 mm), ovate, and dorsoventrally flattened. Adults are micropterous and their wings are represented by nonfunctional wing pads. Like other Heteroptera, Cimicidae have sucking mouthparts, metathoracic scent glands in the adults, and abdominal scent glands in the immatures. The mouthparts comprise labium and maxillary and mandibular stylets, with the latter two forming the salivary and food canals. Bedbugs have several specialized features in common with some closely related groups, such as loss of ocelli, a sickle-shaped left paramere of the male, and a paragenital system of the female. Bedbugs belong to one of the three lineages within Heteroptera that have evolved obligate blood feeding or hematophagy. Similar to other obligate blood-feeding insects, cimicids have microbial symbionts occurring in specialized organs that are in all probability important for supplementing the blood diet. The long and disturbing shared history of humans and bedbugs are reflected in language and legend. Human sensitivity to the bite of a bedbug ranges from insensitive to severe immune reactions and depends in part on the level of past exposure. Many people will develop a hypersensitivity following repeated feeding by bedbugs.
Uncertainty Quantification for Atmospheric Motion Vectors with Machine Learning

Abstract. Wind-tracking algorithms produce Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs) by tracking clouds or water vapor across spatial-temporal fields. Thorough error characterization (also known as uncertainty quantification) of wind-tracking algorithms is critical in properly assimilating AMVs into weather forecast models and climate reanalysis datasets. Uncertainty quantification should yield estimates of two key quantities of interest: bias, the systematic difference between a measurement and the true value, and standard error, a measure of variability of the measurement. The current process of specification of the errors input into inverse modelling is often cursory and commonly consists of a mixture of model fidelity, expert knowledge, and need for expediency. The methods presented in this paper supplement existing approaches to error specification by providing an error-characterization module that is purely data-driven and requires few tuning parameters. This paper proposes an error-characterization method that combines the flexibility of machine learning (random forest) with the robust error estimates of unsupervised parametric clustering (using a Gaussian Mixture Model). Traditional techniques for uncertainty quantification through machine learning have focused on characterizing bias, but often struggle when estimating standard error. In contrast, model-based approaches such as k-means or Gaussian mixture modelling can provide reasonable estimates of both bias and standard error, but they are often limited in complexity due to reliance on linear or Gaussian assumptions. In this paper, a methodology is developed and applied to characterize error in tracked-wind using a high-resolution global model simulation, and it is shown to adequately capture the error features of the tracked wind.
An Intelligent Control System for an Urban Greenhouse

This paper presents the design, build, integration, and implementation of a control system for an urban greenhouse. A next generation programmable logic controller (PLCnext technology) is used to realize the control system application. PLCnext based controller interactions with sensor network and electromechanical systems are documented. The sensor network includes temperature, humidity, moisture, and light sensors. The electromechanical system includes heaters, fans, motors, solenoids, lights, and other required electrical components. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) for the sensor network and control system interface are custom designed. System integration, laboratory testing, and on-site implementation results are included in this paper.
The Role of Hedge Funds in the 2020 Treasury Market Turmoil

This paper provides new evidence about the behavior of hedge funds during the disruptions that occurred in the Treasury market in March 2020. In contrast to some recent policy papers arguing that hedge funds were a major amplifier of those disruptions, we show that aggregate Treasury positions held by hedge funds were far too small to be the main disruptive factor. Moreover, we find that a range of parties, especially non-US official institutions, sold Treasuries as they sought to lock in US dollars in cash. The hedge funds implementing the Fixed Income Relative Value strategy behaved in a way that was consistent with market expectations as they faced challenging financing conditions when banks abruptly withdrew from funding their positions in the repo market. Overall, this evidence also highlights important vulnerabilities of the Treasury market. Since the last financial crisis, exploding federal deficits led to a significant increase in the stock of marketable Treasuries which outstripped the capacity of dealers to safely intermediate the market on their own balance sheets.
Donald Trump and the Parties: Impeachment, Pandemic, Protest, and Electoral Politics in 2020

During every administration from Harry Truman’s to Barak Obama’s the public’s judgment of the president’s character, commitments, and performance have shaped affect toward the president’s party and its other leaders, beliefs about where it stands on issues, assessments of its competence in managing domestic and foreign affairs, its drawing power on election day, and its appeal as an object of personal identification in both the short and long runs. Despite his bizarre and unorthodox presidency, Donald Trump is having a stronger impact on attitudes toward the parties—and that partisan priors are having a stronger impact on opinions of him—than of any of his post-war predecessors. This paper reviews a selection of the evidence for this conclusion and considers Trump’s past and prospective influence on the electoral fates of down-ballot Republican candidates and the future strength and composition of the Republican and Democratic coalitions.
Latent trait modeling of tau neuropathology in progressive supranuclear palsy.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is the second most common neurodegenerative Parkinsonian disorder after Parkinson's disease, and is characterized as a primary tauopathy. Leveraging the considerable clinical and neuropathologic heterogeneity associated with PSP, we measured tau neuropathology as quantitative traits to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) within PSP to identify genes and biological pathways that underlie the PSP disease process. In 882 PSP cases, semi-quantitative scores for phosphorylated tau-immunoreactive coiled bodies (CBs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), tufted astrocytes (TAs), and tau threads were documented from 18 brain regions, and converted to latent trait (LT) variables using the R ltm package. LT analysis utilizes a multivariate regression model that links categorical responses to unobserved covariates allowing for a reduction of dimensionality, generating a single, continuous variable to account for the multiple lesions and brain regions assessed. We first tested for association with PSP LTs and the top PSP GWAS susceptibility loci. Significant SNP/LT associations were identified at rs242557 (MAPT H1c sub-haplotype) with hindbrain CBs and rs1768208 (MOBP) with forebrain tau threads. Digital microscopy was employed to quantify phosphorylated tau burden in midbrain tectum and red nucleus in 795 PSP cases and tau burdens were used as quantitative phenotypes in GWAS. Top associations were identified at rs1768208 with midbrain tectum and red nucleus tau burden. Additionally, we performed a PSP LT GWAS on an initial cohort, a follow-up SNP panel (37 SNPs, P < 10-5) in an extended cohort, and a combined analysis. Top SNP/LT associations were identified at SNPs in or near SPTBN5/EHD4, SEC13/ATP2B2, EPHB1/PPP2R3A, TBC1D8, IFNGR1/OLIG3, ST6GAL1, HK1, CALB1, and SGCZ. Finally, testing for SNP/transcript associations using whole transcriptome and whole genome data identified significant expression quantitative trait loci at rs3088159/SPTBN5/EHD4 and rs154239/GHRL. Modeling tau neuropathology heterogeneity using LTs as quantitative phenotypes in a GWAS may provide substantial insight into biological pathways involved in PSP by affecting regional tau burden.
Minimum Wage Impacts on the Wage Distribution and Inequality in China

This paper examines the distributional impacts of the minimum wage on the urban wages of Han-minority workers and the implications for urban inequality. County-level minimum wage data is combined with recent proprietary household survey data representative of China’s ethnically diverse areas. The identiﬁcation strategy relies on an unconditional quantile regression framework that takes into account policy endogeneity using an instrument variable approach. The ﬁndings show that minimum wages lead to wage compression along the bottom and middle parts of the urban wage distribution. The minimum wage effects are larger for lower-skilled workers located in ethnic minority counties or that belong to an ethnic minority group. Counterfactual analysis further shows that minimum wages help to signiﬁcantly reduce aggregate urban wage inequality: increasing minimum wages from a counterfactual benchmark to their observed levels, an average increase of 26%, reduces the Gini coefﬁcient of wages by 10-12%.
sxtA4+ and sxtA4- Genotypes Occur Together within Natural Pyrodinium bahamense Sub-Populations from the Western Atlantic

Saxitoxin (STX) is a secondary metabolite and potent neurotoxin produced by several genera of harmful algal bloom (HAB) marine dinoflagellates. The basis for variability in STX production within natural bloom populations is undefined as both toxic and non-toxic strains (of the same species) have been isolated from the same geographic locations. Pyrodinium bahamense is a STX-producing bioluminescent dinoflagellate that blooms along the east coast of Florida as well as the bioluminescent bays in Puerto Rico (PR), though no toxicity reports exist for PR populations. The core genes in the dinoflagellate STX biosynthetic pathway have been identified, and the sxtA4 gene is essential for toxin production. Using sxtA4 as a molecular proxy for the genetic capacity of STX production, we examined sxtA4+ and sxtA4- genotype frequency at the single cell level in P. bahamense populations from different locations in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, and Mosquito Bay (MB), a bioluminescent bay in PR. Multiplex PCR was performed on individual cells with Pyrodinium-specific primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene and sxtA4. The results reveal that within discrete natural populations of P. bahamense, both sxtA4+ and sxtA4- genotypes occur, and the sxtA4+ genotype dominates. In the IRL, the frequency of the sxtA4+ genotype ranged from ca. 80–100%. In MB, sxtA4+ genotype frequency ranged from ca 40–66%. To assess the extent of sxtA4 variation within individual cells, sxtA4 amplicons from single cells representative of the different sampling sites were cloned and sequenced. Overall, two variants were consistently obtained, one of which is likely a pseudogene based on alignment with cDNA sequences. These are the first data demonstrating the existence of both genotypes in natural P. bahamense sub-populations, as well as sxtA4 presence in P. bahamense from PR. These results provide insights on underlying genetic factors influencing the potential for toxin variability among natural sub-populations of HAB species and highlight the need to study the genetic diversity within HAB sub-populations at a fine level in order to identify the molecular mechanisms driving HAB evolution.
Pyres, Haircuts, and CACs: Lessons from Greco-Multilateralism for Creditors

The restructuring of Greece’s debt offers a clean case study of the dynamics of sovereign restructuring. This essay discusses the powerlessness of sovereign creditors, Greece’s predicament, and its resolution through (a) a two-step refinancing with bond accumulation and value injection and (b) collective action legislation and equivalent clauses. The experience suggests that a sovereign insolvency regime should grant priority to post-insolvency creditors over pre-insolvency creditors, should allow voting by classes, and should be conditional on the debtor’s continued compliance with reform and supervision.
Retrospective Study of Bleeding Risk with Concomitant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and Anticoagulation.

BACKGROUND Patients with cancer are at higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding, in turn complicating anticoagulant therapy. An added complexity is the toxicity profile of agents used to treat certain cancers, namely the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which are associated with both thromboembolism and hemorrhages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether patients taking concurrent VEGF TKI and therapeutic anticoagulant were at higher risk for bleeding compared with patients taking VEGF TKI alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of patients who underwent treatment with a VEGF TKI with or without anticoagulant. The primary outcome included comparison of major bleeding rates between groups. Secondary outcomes included comparison of composite major and minor bleed rates and assessment of VTE incidence and recurrence among patients treated with a VEGF TKI and VEGF TKI plus anticoagulant, respectively. RESULTS A total of 184 and 74 patients were included in the VEGF TKI alone and VEGF TKI + anticoagulant groups, respectively. Major bleeding events occurred in 6 of 184 patients (3.3%) and 6 of 74 patients (8.1%), respectively (p = .095). Composite major and minor bleeding events occurred in 22 of 184 (13.6%) and 17 of 74 (23%), respectively (p = .026). A total of 26 of 258 patients (10.1%) experienced a VTE event while taking a VEGF TKI, and 1 of 26 (3.8%) experienced a recurrent VTE event while taking a VEGF TKI plus anticoagulant. CONCLUSION Patients who received concomitant VEGF TKI plus anticoagulant had increased incidence of bleeding, although prospective studies are needed to further explore this association. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The current study showed that use of concomitant vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGF TKI) and therapeutic anticoagulation was associated with an increased risk of composite bleeding events, although at comparable rates between patients treated with VEGF TKI plus direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) versus VEGF TKI plus non-DOAC anticoagulant. This suggests that when anticoagulation is indicated in a patient receiving a VEGF TKI, the novel DOACs may be a safe alternative to historical anticoagulants (warfarin and enoxaparin). These results fill a gap in the literature and will help guide treatment decisions for patients requiring concurrent VEGF TKI and anticoagulation.
Ca++-DEPENDENT AND Ca++-INDEPENDENT EFFECTS OF Mg++ ON CANINE RIGHT ATRIA

Mg++ and Ca++, the divalent cations that exist in highest concentrations in biological fluids, interact with cardiac cell membranes by binding to them or by crossing them through carriers or channels. Binding and transmembrane movement of Ca++ directly affect electrogenesis and contractility in cardiac cells. Mg++ has been thought to act less directly on electromechanical function by facilitating active transport or competing with Ca++ and other cations for membrane binding sites.
Market Mavens and the Relationship between Smart Buying and Information Provision: An Exploratory Study

The hypothesis that being a market maven moderates the form of the relationship between the "smart buying motive" and marketplace information provision is tested with a sample of husbands and wives. The hypothesis is not supported. Potential reasons for this finding and directions for future research on the antecedent processes associated with marketplace information provision are discussed.
Compulsive Consumers and Elements of Perceived Price

Traditional pricing approaches assume that the consumer operates under a rational framework of analysis. Recently, behavioral approaches have extended pricing models to include image, price-quality perceptions, and perceived value. While these advancements have helped increase our understanding of pricing and purchase decisions, this approach may not be applicable to all consumers. This paper specifically seeks to analyze a fringe group of consumers who may not operate under traditional price analysis and purchase models and those modified to include behavioral and individual considerations. It is the objective of this paper to investigate the generalizability of pricing research, specifically, aspects of perceived price, sacrifice, and perceived value to the compulsive consumer.
Electronic laboratory quality assurance program: A method of enhancing the prosthodontic curriculum and addressing accreditation standards.

Abstract Statement of problem An electronic quality assurance (eQA) program was developed to replace a paper-based system and to address standards introduced by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) and to improve educational outcomes. This eQA program provides feedback to predoctoral dental students on prosthodontic laboratory steps at New York University College of Dentistry. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the eQA program of performing laboratory quality assurance with the former paper-based format. Material and methods Fourth-year predoctoral dental students (n=334) who experienced both the paper-based and the electronic version of the quality assurance program were surveyed about their experiences. Additionally, data extracted from the eQA program were analyzed to identify areas of weakness in the curriculum. Results The study findings revealed that 73.8% of the students preferred the eQA program to the paper-based version. The average number of treatments that did not pass quality assurance standards was 119.5 per month. This indicated a 6.34% laboratory failure rate. Further analysis of these data revealed that 62.1% of the errors were related to fixed prosthodontic treatment, 27.9% to partial removable dental prostheses, and 10% to complete removable dental prostheses in the first 18 months of program implementation. Conclusions The eQA program was favored by dental students who have experienced both electronic and paper-based versions of the system. Error type analysis can yield the ability to create customized faculty standardization sessions and refine the didactic and clinical teaching of the predoctoral students. This program was also able to link patient care activity with the student's laboratory activities, thus addressing the latest requirements of the CODA regarding the competence of graduates in evaluating laboratory work related to their patient care.
Inactivation of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus and echovirus 12 as surrogates for human norovirus (NoV) and coliphage (F+) MS2 by ultraviolet light (254 nm) and the effect of cell association on UV inactivation

Aims: To determine inactivation profiles of three human norovirus (NoV) surrogate viruses and coliphage MS2 by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and the protective effect of cell association on UV inactivation. Methods and Results: The inactivation rate for cell-free virus or intracellular echovirus 12 was determined by exposure to 254-nm UV light at fluence up to 100 mJ cm−2. The infectivity of murine norovirus (MNV), feline calicivirus (FCV) and echovirus 12 was determined by cell culture infectivity in susceptible host cell lines, and MS2 infectivity was plaque assayed on Escherichia coli host cells. The UV fluencies to achieve 4-log10 inactivation were 25, 29, 30 and 70 (mJ cm−2) for cell-free FCV, MNV, echovirus 12 and MS2, respectively. However, a UV fluence of 85 mJ cm−2 was needed to inactivate intracellular echovirus 12 by 4 log10. Conclusions: Murine norovirus and echoviruses 12 are more conservative surrogates than FCV to predict the UV inactivation response of human NoV. Intracellular echovirus 12 was 2·8-fold more resistant to UV irradiation than cell-free one. Significance and Impact of the Study: Variation in UV susceptibilities among NoV surrogate viruses and a likely protective effect of cell association on virus susceptibility to UV irradiation should be considered for effective control of human NoV in water.
Characteristics of sediment in transport in the swash zone of a steep estuarine foreshore

Cross-shore grading of sediment has been observed on the surface of estuarine beaches but the swash zone processes responsible for this grading have not been measured. This study was conducted to provide an explanation for the cross-shore grading of sediment on a predominantly sandy estuarine foreshore. Data on wave and swash characteristics and sediment trapped in the uprush and backwash during 25 swash events were gathered from mid-rising to mid-falling tide on a small transgressive barrier in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA. Sediment is predominantly quartz and feldspar, medium to coarse sands with a gravel fraction of granules and pebbles. Wave energies increased with tidal rise. The percentage of gravel in transport in the uprush and backwash is similar (11% and 13%) during the rising tide when the swash zone is at mid-foreshore, decreases in the uprush (9%) and increases in the backwash (18%) when the swash zone is on the upper foreshore. When the swash zone is at mid-foreshore on the falling tide, the quantity of gravel in the backwash (30%) is greater than in the uprush (24%). The low proportion of gravel within the foreshore prior to trapping, and the increase in the percentage of gravel when the waves and swash are on the upper foreshore, suggests that the step is the primary source of gravel high on the foreshore. The size of the step increases as wave heights increase with tidal rise. The rate of delivery of gravel into the swash is enhanced by sediment entrained during wave breaking and interaction of the uprush with the previous backwash. The lag in the rate of step migration relative to breaker migration during the falling tide increases the likelihood of mining gravel from the step and subsequent transport in the uprush and backwash. These findings are important for low energy estuarine beaches sensitive to small changes in tidal range and wave energy that cause sedimentological change across the foreshore.
The Importance of High Assurance Security in Pervasive Computing

This talk will focus on the benefits that high assurance security (EAL6 or higher) can provide to pervasive computing devices. High assurance security is essential to defeating the attacks of sophisticated penetrators, and must be combined with countermeasures to defeat a variety of physical attacks, including threats such as power analysis, RF leakage, and fault insertion. The argument will be supported with examples from IBM’s work on development of a high-assurance smart card operating system, but will also discuss issues for such devices as cell phones and PDAs. Difficulties encountered in the Common Criteria evaluation process are also presented.
Negotiating Gender and (Free and Equal) Citizenship: The Place of Associations

This article focuses on the place of associations within John Rawls's political liberalism and in feminist liberalism. It revisits crucial components of political liberalism in light of feminist criticisms, such as those of Susan Moller Okin and Martha Nussbaum, that political liberalism's protection of associational life hinders women's free and equal citizenship. Offering a different reading of Rawls, it finds greater potential to draw on political liberalism to support such citizenship. It then brings liberal feminist ideas about the place of associations into dialogue with recent feminist work on gender, rights, and culture calling for models of rights within culture rather than rights versus culture.