cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VITRO : XI. Suppression of Primary IgM and IgG Plaque-Forming Cell Responses In Vitro by Alloantisera Against Leukocyte Alloantigens

The effects of alloantisera against leukocyte alloantigens on plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep erythrocytes and the terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) by mouse spleen cells in vitro have been investigated. Polyspecific antibodies against both H-2 and non-H-2 alloantigens on responding spleen cells suppressed both IgM and IgG PFC responses; antisera against alloantigens coded for by the K and I regions, but not the D region, of the H-2 complex also effectively suppressed PFC responses. The suppression was not due to cytotoxicity to the spleen cells or anti-immunoglobulin activity in the sera and was directly related to the amount of antiserum added to the cultures. The suppression was specific for spleen cells against which the alloantiserum was directed. The alloantisera suppressed responses most effectively when present during the first 24 h of incubation, and although not rendering lymphoid cells incapable of developing PFC responses after removal of noncell-bound antibody, did act by interfering with successful initiation of the PFC response. The alloantisera suppressed both IgM and IgG PFC responses when directed against alloantigens only on macrophages, but selectively suppressed IgG responses when directed against alloantigens only on lymphoid cells. The alloantisera did not interfere with the ability of macrophages to bind GAT or to support the viability of the lymphoid cells, but did interfere with the ability of macrophage-associated antigen to effectively stimulate antibody responses by the lymphoid cells. Possible mechanisms for the effects of alloantisera on macrophages and the selective suppression of IgG responses when the antisera are directed against alloantigens on lymphoid cells are discussed with reference to our current understanding of genetic restrictions governing cell interactions in the development of antibody responses in mice.
Integrating Behavioral and Social Sciences with Public Health

Integrating Behavioral and Social Sciences with Public Health. Neil Schneiderman. Marjorie A. Speers. Julia M. Silva. Henry Tome. and Jacquelyn H. Gentry. eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. xvi. 405 pp.
Transactive memory and exception handling in high-performance project teams

This paper describes empirical research in which we examined the operation of transactive memory in a project team at the Jet Propulsion Lab using real-time concurrent design processes to develop conceptual hardware designs for future Mars missions. Our preliminary findings suggest that in cases where the information encountered by a team is clearly partitioned into distinct functional domains, a team with a highly differentiated transactive memory structure might constitute a good fit. However, in task situations where teams encounter new information that isn't easily partitioned and allocated into well-defined functional domains, a team with a less differentiated transactive memory structure might be needed for greater information "uptake." This empirical research constitutes input for further work aimed at combining formal models of exception handling and transactive memory into an integrated framework that can be used to represent and model the operation of distributed information and expertise in project exception handling.
Surreptitious Ipecac Administration Simulating Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction

Excerpt Surreptitious administration of ipecac, presumably by a mother to her mentally retarded son, caused an illness that resembled intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Case Report An 18-year-old white...
The course of simultaneously inoculated, concomitant infections with Plasmodium vinckei and Plasmodium berghei in white mice

Abstract A study was carried out on mixed infections with P. vinckei and P. berghei in white mice. Daily parasite counts of invaded mature and young red cells in animals inoculated simultaneously with both plasmodia, compared with their numbers and distribution in single plasmodial species control groups, gave clear results, showing the predominance of P. vinckei , in the mixed, concomitant infection and its antagonistic effect on P. berghei development. A strong suppressive effect on P. berghei gametocyte production in animals developing mixed P. vinckei and P. berghei infections was observed. This effect led to the disappearance of P. berghei gametocytes from the peripheral blood in animals with concomitant infections on the sixth day of their overt parasitaemia.
Variable effects of human and canine polymorphonuclear leucocytes on vascular smooth muscle tone

Objective: Previous studies have shown variable effects of human and canine polymorphonuclear leucocytes (neutrophils) on vascular tone. The aim of this study was to identify whether these variations in neutrophil function are due to species differences. Methods: Canine and human arterial rings (with and without endothelium) were contracted with the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619, and then exposed to isolated neutrophils. Results: Human neutrophils caused a significant relaxation of the human mammary arterial rings, and the relaxation was unaffected by the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD), and inhibited by oxyhaemoglobin. The relaxant effect of human neutrophils was also diminished upon pretreatment with NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA), indicating that the vasorelaxant material released by the neutrophils was nitric oxide (NO). Human neutrophils also relaxed canine femoral arterial rings, and the relaxant effect was potentiated by SOD and inhibited by pretreatment with oxyhaemoglobin or L-NMMA, confirming that the vasorelaxation was via release of NO. Canine neutrophils, on the other hand, caused an endothelium dependent contraction of autologous femoral arterial rings. This vasoconstriction was not affected by indomethacin, SOD, oxyhaemoglobin, or L-NMMA. However, treatment of canine neutrophils with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor piriprost attenuated (p<0.02) their contractile effect on vascular rings, suggesting that neutrophil generated 5-lipoxygenase products were probably responsible for smooth muscle contraction. Presence of the leukotriene C4 and D4 receptor antagonist FPL 55,712 totally blocked the contractile effects of canine neutrophils, indicating that femoral arterial ring contraction was mediated by peptido-leukotrienes. Conclusions: The endothelium dependent nature of the canine neutrophil induced contraction suggests that the 5-lipoxygensase product leukotriene A4 is taken up by endothelial cells for conversion to peptido-leukotrienes. Since SOD had no effect and FPL 55,712 totally blocked the vasoconstrictor effects of canine neutrophils, it appears that the vasoconstrictor effects of the latter are mediated primarily through peptido-leukotrienes. In contrast, the vasorelaxation by human neutrophils is mediated through release of NO.
A New Basis for Decision Theory

In testing a theory of decision making under uncertainty it is usually assumed that subjects understand the words used by the experimenter to describe the alternatives being offered. Or, perhaps more accurately, the experimenter assumes he knows how the subject understands the experimenter’s words. Given the complexity of wagers, the obscurity of the connection that is supposed to exist between states of nature and outcomes, and the many other ways misunderstandings can occur, the assumption of perfect communication between subject and experimenter is often not satisfied. Even if it were, the assumption is unsatisfactory from a theoretical point of view. For the interpretation of another’s language is a problem very similar to the problem of discovering his subjective probabilities and utilities: belief, desire and meaning are all attitudes towards propositions. And the two problems are closely interlocked, as will become clear.
An anti-Hick’s effect for exogenous, but not endogenous, saccadic eye movements

Previously, we have shown that the reaction times (RTs) of exogenously generated saccadic eye movements decrease with an increase in the number of response alternatives (Lawrence et al. in J Vis 8(26):1-7, 2008; Lawrence and Gardella in Exp Brain Res 195(3):413-418, 2009). Because this pattern of RTs is in the direction opposite that predicted by Hick (Q J Exp Psychol 4:11-26, 1952), we termed the effect an "anti-Hick's" effect. In the present study, we examined whether this effect characterizes saccades in general, or only those saccades that are exogenously generated. An anti-Hick's effect was found for exogenous, but not for endogenous, saccades. These results demonstrate a clear dissociation between exogenously and endogenously generated saccades and place an important constraint on the anti-Hick's effect.
Management of fetal mediastinal teratoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose Mediastinal teratomas are rare congenital germ cell tumors that prenatally can compress mediastinal structures and cause hydrops. Two possible presentations of massive fetal mediastinal teratoma include hydrops leading to fetal demise, or fetal esophageal and airway compression causing late-gestation polyhydramnios and preterm labor. The authors present 2 cases of fetal mediastinal teratoma that illustrate successful strategies for either of these presentations. Methods A 37-year-old woman carrying a fetus with a mediastinal mass and secondary hydrops at 23 weeks of gestation underwent in utero resection of the mass. Delivery was by cesarean delivery at 25 weeks because of preterm labor. A 24-year-old mother carrying a fetus with a mediastinal mass and severe polyhydramnios at 36 weeks of gestation underwent an ex utero intrapartum therapy procedure for establishment of an airway and tumor resection on uteroplacental support. Results These strategies resulted in physiologic improvement in the first case and controlled resection and resuscitation in the second. The first patient had significant sequelae of prematurity including bronchopulmonary dysplasia but is currently well at 9 months of age. The second patient is well at 1 year of age. Conclusions Massive fetal mediastinal teratoma can result in fetal or neonatal mortality by a variety of mechanisms. Optimal prenatal and perinatal management is required to salvage fetuses compromised by this lesion.
Angiogenic potential of human macrophages on electrospun bioresorbable vascular grafts.

The aim of this study was to investigate macrophage interactions with electrospun scaffolds and quantify the expression of key angiogenic growth factors in vitro. This study will further help in evaluating the potential of these electrospun constructs as vascular grafts for tissue repair and regeneration in situ. Human peripheral blood macrophages were seeded in serum free media on electrospun (10 mm) discs of polydioxanone (PDO), elastin and PDO:elastin blends (50:50, 70:30 and 90:10). The growth factor secretion was analyzed by ELISA. Macrophages produced high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and acidic fibroblast growth factor. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) secretion was relatively low and there was negligible production of basic fibroblast growth factor. Therefore, it can be anticipated that these scaffolds will support tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Turbulence and dispersion modeling near highways

Traffic-induced turbulence plays a dominant role in the dispersion of pollutants near highways. The formulations for velocity deficit and turbulence in vehicle wakes, developed from theoretical and physical modeling studies of Eskridge and his colleagues at US EPA about 20 years ago, are discussed. The vehicle wake parameterizations incorporated in ROADWAY-2, a near-highway pollutant dispersion model, and its evaluation results are described. The first field measurements of velocities and turbulence in the vehicle wake, using a towed array of 3-D sonic anemometers, are analyzed, and the results are presented and discussed. Specific recommendations are made for additional work in field measurements, laboratory studies, and mathematical model development and evaluation.
Reinforcement Learning agents applied to a class of control system problems

Some control system problems are sufficiently complex that it is difficult to define all of the decision weighting up-front. Reinforcement Learning (RL) can be applied to “tune” system performance. The Centipede Game from Economic Game Theory is used to simulate a control system problem with competing subsystem goals. RL agents are applied to the Centipede Game, which pits agents against each other in a game with increasing payoffs if cooperation is developed between the players. The Centipede Game has been studied both in theory and empirically using human players by other researchers. Human players are more inclined to cooperate and achieve the longer-term payoff than economic game theory would predict. This paper focuses on an experimental study of cooperation between RL players (agents) without explicit communications between the players. This work has application in control systems problems where communications is constrained.
Heat shock induced proteins in plant cells

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and soybean (Glycine max) tissue culture cells were exposed to a heat shock and protein synthesis studied by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after labeling with radioactive amino acids. A new pattern of protein synthesis is observed in heat-shocked cells compared to that in control cells. About 12 protein bands, some newly appearing, others synthesized in greatly increased quantities in heat-shock cells, are seen. Several of the heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in both tobacco and soybean are similar in size. One of the HSPs in soybean (76K) shares peptide homology with its presumptive 25°C counterpart, indicating that the synthesis of at least some HSPs may not be due to activation of new genes. The optimum temperature for maximal induction of most HSPs is 39–40°C. Total protein synthesis decreases as heat-shock temperature is increased and is barely detectable at 45°C. The heat-shock response is maintained for a relatively short time in tobacco cells. After 3 hr at 39°C, a decrease is seen in the synthesis of the HSPs, and after 4 hr practically no HSPs are synthesized. After exposure to 39°C for 1 hr, followed by a return of tobacco cells to 26°C, recovery to the control pattern of synthesis requires greater than 6 hours. These results indicate that cells of flowering plants exhibit a heat-shock response similar to that observed in animal cells.
Differentiating adenosine receptors and adenosine uptake sites in brain.

AbstractThe characteristics of adenosine receptors and adenosine uptake sites in brain are presented. High affinity adenosine receptors of the A1 type bind [3H]cyclohexyladenosine ([3H]CHA) and [3 H]diethyl-phenyl-xanthine ([3H]DPX) with 10−9 potency while adenosine uptake sites are labeled 10−10 potency with [3 H]nitrobenzyl-thioinosine ([3H]NBI). NBI does not inhibit either [3H]CHA (agonist) or [3H]DPX (antagonist) binding to adenosine receptors in brain cortical membranes and conversely CHA and other adenosine receptor ligands are very poor inhibitors of [3H]NBI binding to adenosine uptake sites. A number of other differences between the receptor and uptake site are discussed which provide rather strong evidence that these two sites are quite distinct and that the labeled ligands used represent specific probes for each site.
The Trypanosoma cruzi Sylvio X10 strain maxicircle sequence: the third musketeer

Chagas disease has a diverse pathology caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and is indigenous to Central and South America. A pronounced feature of the trypanosomes is the kinetoplast, which is comprised of catenated maxicircles and minicircles that provide the transcripts involved in uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing. T. cruzi exchange genetic material through a hybridization event. Extant strains are grouped into six discrete typing units by nuclear markers, and three clades, A, B, and C, based on maxicircle gene analysis. Clades A and B are the more closely related. Representative clade B and C maxicircles are known in their entirety, and portions of A, B, and C clades from multiple strains show intra-strain heterogeneity with the potential for maxicircle taxonomic markers that may correlate with clinical presentation. To perform a genome-wide analysis of the three maxicircle clades, the coding region of clade A representative strain Sylvio X10 (a.k.a. Silvio X10) was sequenced by PCR amplification of specific fragments followed by assembly and comparison with the known CL Brener and Esmeraldo maxicircle sequences. The clade A rRNA and protein coding region maintained synteny with clades B and C. Amino acid analysis of non-edited and 5'-edited genes for Sylvio X10 showed the anticipated gene sequences, with notable frameshifts in the non-edited regions of Cyb and ND4. Comparisons of genes that undergo extensive uridine insertion and deletion display a high number of insertion/deletion mutations that are likely permissible due to the post-transcriptional activity of RNA editing. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire maxicircle coding region supports the closer evolutionary relationship of clade B to A, consistent with uniparental mitochondrial inheritance from a discrete typing unit TcI parental strain and studies on smaller fragments of the mitochondrial genome. Gene variance that can be corrected by RNA editing hints at an unusual depth for maxicircle taxonomic markers, which will aid in the ability to distinguish strains, their corresponding symptoms, and further our understanding of the T. cruzi population structure. The prevalence of apparently compromised coding regions outside of normally edited regions hints at undescribed but active mechanisms of genetic exchange.
Parental functioning and pediatric sleep disturbance: An examination of factors associated with parenting stress in children clinically referred for evaluation of insomnia

Abstract Background Parenting stress is an aspect of parent functioning relevant in clinical settings. Within the context of behavioral sleep medicine, the role of parenting stress is not well understood. Methods Prospective evaluation of patients 1.5–10years old with insomnia. Subjects were 156 primary caregiver-child pairs who completed the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Aims: (1) determine prevalence of clinically significant parenting stress in primary caregivers of children clinically referred for insomnia; (2) identify childhood sleep problems that play a role in parenting stress; (3) identify relevant correlates of parenting stress within the context of a behavioral sleep medicine clinic; and (4) identify the most salient child sleep and behavioral variables associated with parenting stress. Results Forty-seven percent of primary caregivers had clinically significant parenting stress. When examining the relationship between child sleep problems and parenting stress, bedtime resistance ( p =0.030) and daytime sleepiness ( p =0.0003) stood alone as having the most salient associations with parenting stress. When considering a broader range of covariates (child age and child gender) and clinically relevant variables (parent history of sleep problems, parent history of psychiatric conditions, child behavior problems and child sleep problems) in a single regression equation, both child externalizing behavior problems ( β =0.570, p β =0.152, p =0.028) independently explained significant variability in parenting stress. Conclusions Many primary caregivers of children clinically-referred for insomnia evaluation and treatment have significant parenting stress. Parenting stress is associated with daytime behavioral problems and sleepiness in children with insomnia. Clinicians working with pediatric insomnia patients should carefully evaluate parenting stress and child daytime behavior as these aspects of functioning may have an impact on service delivery and treatment outcomes.
Inflamm-aging: Autoimmunity, and the immune-risk phenotype

Aging of the immune system, or immunosenescence, is a complex subject best defined as a decline in cell-mediated immunity, particularly with respect to T cell function. Paradoxically with the decline in immune function is an increase in autoantibody frequency. It has been postulated that the accumulation of anamnestic cells over time and/or environmental/infectious mimics leads to the production of autoantibodies, sometimes accompanied by autoimmune disease. This specific phenotype has given rise to the concept of a specific cluster of cytokine profiles, coined an immune-risk phenotype (IRP). The IRP is likely dictated by not only cytokine production, but also defects in activation-induced cell death and also a shift in T cell subsets. These concepts are an important bridge between basic immune function and clinical immunology in the hopes for generation of effective reconstitution to improve immune function in the elderly.
Farmer's lung in a 10-year-old girl.

F A R M E R ' S L U N O is a serious disabling pulmonary disease found among agricultural workers throughout the wor ld? Although the disease occurs most frequently in adult males, women have also been known to develop it.2, a The disease has not been confirmed by lung biopsy and serologic studies in children. The purpose of this report is to call the disease to the at tent ion of the pediatr ician and radiologist; it should be considered in any farm child with an unusual interstitial pneumonitis.
Migration pathways of corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) indicated by tetroon trajectories

The corn earworm moth, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a nocturnal pest insect that is capable of long-distance flights. Buoyant superpressure balloons (tetroons) with attached transponders were tracked as surrogate markers of moths migrating from three corngrowing regions in Texas. Launches were synchronized with peak emergence of corn earworm moths in June and July 1992. The tetroons were launched at the time (approximately 0.5 h after sunset) of peak take off (ascent of moths into the boundary layer) from the corn-growing areas, and ballasted to drift near the altitude (500-1000 m a.g.1.) of the maximum insect flight concentration. Each tetroon was followed by a tracking vehicle or the Argos satellite for maximum distances of 466 km per 9 h night flight, and for one to four successive nights. The endpoints of four of the six tetroons that were tracked for 9 h from Weslaco, Texas were clustered within a 40 km radius circle centered 35 km east of Uvalde, Texas. The prorated (9 h) vector-average of National Weather Service forecast trajectories at the surface and 85.0 kPa geopotential-height estimated mean atmospheric displacements 57% as long as, and 3” clockwise from seven observed 9 h tracks of tetroons. Implications of these findings are discussed relative to the prediction of insect migrations and development of area-wide pest management.
Generalized public health and industrial nurses work together.

Occupational health has been considered a subset of public health nursing for years. The first industrial or occupational health nurses were employed by large companies in the 1890s but the role evolved quickly in the early 20 th century. By mid-century, many large companies employed a physician and nurse (s) to provide examinations, screenings, episodic care, and trauma intervention for workers. Occupational health nurses faced different problems than community-based public health nurses in generalized nursing service. The intersection of public health and employee health was apparent, though, because large industries often constituted the main workplace for a smaller community and sickness could spread throughout a town if the occupational health nurse was not well-prepared in principles of infection control and health promotion. Excerpts from this July 1949 article about building relationship between public health and industrial nurses illustrate the benefits hoped for when they were formally connected to one another through cross-training and in-service education. The author, Margaret Schwem, was a supervisor at the Rensselaer County Department of Health in Troy, New York. In the original article, Schwem included a list of reference materials for those interested in public health and industrial nursing.
Serpentinization: a review

Abstract The common alteration assemblage produced by serpentinization of ultramafic rocks is: lizardite, chrysotile, magnetite±brucite±antigorite. Lizardite-chrysotile serpentinites are more common than antigorite; the presence of antigorite indicates that the serpentinite has undergone prograde metamorphism or that the periootite was serpentinized in a higher P,T regime than lizardite and chrysotile. The iron subsitution into serpentine minerals and brucite is a function of temperature at low f O 2 , with increased temperature enhancing magnetite formation. The presence of awaruite and native Fe are strong evidence for a locally very reducing environment. Isotopic studies have shown a wide variety of origins for the fluids involved in serpentinization. The increased boron content of serpentinized rocks when compared to boron contents of the parent ultramafic body indicates a possible sea water origin for the fluids. Serpentinization takes place under both constant volume and constant chemical composition conditions. The factors in evaluating the importance of the two processes for an individual serpentinite are: (1) determination of the mineral assemblage and its paragenesis, (2) the structural and tectonic relationship of the ultramafic body to its country rock, (3) fluid access to the rock in duration and amount, and (4) timing of serpentinization - before, during or after emplacement into the crust.
Chlorite Vermiculitization and Pyroxene Etching in an Aeolian Periglacial Sand Dune, Allen County, Indiana

Weathering has etched and deeply-denticulated the constituent orthopyroxenes, and chlorite has been transformed to vermiculite in the upper 3 m of an aeolian, periglacial sand dune formed in northeastern Indiana about 13,000 b.p. Pyroxene weathering begins with the development of cleavage-parallel etch pits on {010} and {100} surfaces. These pits coalesce and eventually crop out on basal surfaces as denticulations. The mean denticulation size increases logarithmically toward the surface, and the denticulation size of the orthopyroxenes is a quantifiable feature of the weathering process. Ferruginous pendants, microboxworks of iron oxides, and other indications of iron redeposition within the ortho-pyroxene microenvironments were not observed. Chlorite in the dune has been weathered to vermiculite. The parent chlorite is a high-Fe variety, and the transformation to vermiculate does not involve the development of a chlorite/vermiculite intermediary phase. Fe2+ is oxidized as part of the transformation process and this iron is retained in the sediment as discrete goethite and as crystalline and noncrystalline coatings on the dune grains. The vermiculite from depths shallower than 64 cm is only partly expandable and is completely collapsed by K-saturation or heat treatment. This is a hydroxy-Al vermiculite and its formation is typical of intense weathering under the acid conditions prevalent at the dune surface.
JPL Molecular Contamination Investigation Facility

The Molecular Contamination Investigation Facility (MCIF) is discussed in terms of its use for improving the far-UV performance of a camera and its broader applications. The MCIF incorporates two independent vacuum systems with sample isolation chambers and regulated heat exchangers as well as three quartz-crystal microbalances (QCMs) and a residual gas analyzer. One cryogenic QCM is heat sunk into an LN2 heat exchanger, while the others are thermoelectrically controlled and are heat sunk into a regulated heat exchanger. Outgas accumulation can be measured at three surface temperatures between -180 and 80 C simultaneously, and results are presented for the testing of 34 samples in a large-chambered system and 22 samples in a system with a smaller chamber. The MCIF results provide a database for fabrication processes, material selection, maximum bakeout temperatures, and the development of an ultraclean bakeout chamber.
Über die Isolierung leiehtflüehtiger Stoffe aus sehr verdünnten Lösungen

Es wird ein einfaches Verfahren beschrieben, um kleine Mengen fluchtiger Stoffe aus grossen Mengen eines hoher siedenden Losungsmittels zu isolieren. Experimentell wurden nur einzelne Beispiele (wassrige Losungen) untersucht, die im Hinblick auf die toxikologische Analyse Interesse bieten. Alkohol aus 60 ccm 0,01%iger Losung, Methanol aus 30ccm 0,1%iger Losung, Aceton aus 30 ccm 0,01%iger Losung konnten in einer Operation in hochkonzentriertem Zustande erhalten werden. Chloroform und Ather konnten aus 30, bezw. 60 ccm 0,01%iger Losungen rein isoliert werden. Der zur Anwendung kommende Rektifizierkolben ist eine Kochflasche mit langem engen Hals, der im Oberteil doppelt knieformig gebogen ist, um das Sammeln des aufsteigenden ersten Kondensatringes zu ermoglichen, der wesentlich aus dem niedriger siedenden Bestandteil besteht.
The role of diazepam in skin hyperpigmentation.

Dermabrasion of the face for multiple conditions requiring reconstructive surgery continues to be a valuable procedure. An important complication of the procedure, however, in the form of hyperpigmentation, led to a search for the cause. When normal anatomic studies failed to indicate a valid reason for this complication in a female patient, further search revealed a biochemical reason—diazepam (Valium). Treatment with a bleaching agent, hydroquinone ointment, reversed the hyperpigmentation and led to a permanent satisfactory result.
Ecological morphospace of New World ants

Abstract. 1. Here the quantitative relationships between ecology, taxonomy, and morphology of ant workers are explored. The morphospace for worker ants taken from 112 genera and 12 subfamilies of New World ants is described. 2. Principal components analysis was used to characterise a morphospace based on 10 linear measurements of ant workers. Additionally, strongly covarying measures were removed to generate a simplified morphological space that uses three common and ecologically relevant traits: head size, eye size, and appendage length. 3. These morphological traits are then associated with diet and foraging substrate. For example, workers in predaceous genera tend to be small, with relatively small eyes and limbs; omnivores, while small, have proportionately large eyes and limbs. Ants that forage on surface substrates are larger and have proportionately larger eyes than subterranean foragers.
Polymyositis with vesical dysfunction.

Abstract A case of bladder dysfunction secondary to polymyositis is presented. The findings from the pyelogram, cystoscopy, bladder biopsy, electromyogram, and cystometrogram support this diagnosis. The patient responded favorably to corticosteroid therapy and surgical enlargement of the bladder outlet.
Recombination of dispersed repeated DNA sequences in yeast

Yeast transformation can be used to insert new sequence arrangements into a variety of chromosomal locations by homologous recombination. These newly inserted sequences can recombine with similar sequences located on other chromosomes. In these events, information is duplicated without being lost at the site from which it is derived. Similar mechanisms might be utilized by cells to provide new functions during development or differentiation.
Science and Technology in United States Foreign Trade

Economists generally believe that modern science-technology, such as the presence of scientists and engineers or research and development, is a central factor in the comparative advantage of advanced industrial nations. However, most discussion of this topic rests on cross-industry regressions, which (Leamer and Bowen, I981 ) do not provide a valid indication of factor abundance, so the overall role of science still remains to be established. In addition, much remains to be known about the role of different facets of science and innovation in the process of generating comparative advantage. There are two fundamentally different ways of understanding technological differences between countries. One point of view, adopted in the standard neoclassical theory of international trade, assumes all countries are on the same production function. Under these circumstances, relative factor abundance determines the factor services which a country exports or imports. Within this perspective, one can make progress towards an understanding of the role of science and technology in international trade by dividing science into many highly specific narrowly defined input factors. Calculations can then determine the relative abundance of those inputs associated with science-technology, versus other input factors, in a given country or the relative abundance of different elements within the broad area of overall science-technology. Quite another procedure assumes there are substantial differences in the production possibilities faced by different countries. For example, Krugman (I979) recently argued that advantages in innovation and lags in the diffusion of knowledge are the basic influences which permit incomes to be higher in the industrialised world than in developing nations. This view illustrates the potential economic significance of innovation in advanced countries, since the generation of new technologies in industrialised countries and their diffusion to the rest of the world then essentially determines world income distribution and world economic development. However, empirical implementation of the diffusion viewpoint requires data for many countries, which greatly limits the number of facets of technology which can be considered. Since the present paper is centrally concerned with the effect which a wide variety of technological elements has on international trade, we choose to select a framework within which the ample data available on different aspects of technology in the United States can be utilised. The first view of technological
Development of a perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PMCH) permeation plug release vessel (PPRV) for tracer gas studies in underground mines

Abstract Perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PMCH) is a member of the perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) group of compounds. PMCH has been widely used in various tracer gas studies to characterize ventilation systems, atmospheric transport patterns, and pollution distribution schemes. PMCH exists as a volatile liquid at room temperature and pressure, a characteristic that prevents PMCH from being deployed using traditional means. This paper presents a design for a permeation plug release vessel (PPRV) for PMCH. The PPRV is designed to passively deploy PMCH vapor at constant rate as a function of temperature and plug thickness for quantitative tracer gas studies. Details regarding the development process and the release rate analysis are included.
X-ray crystal structural analysis of the binding site in the ferric and oxyferrous forms of the recombinant heme dehaloperoxidase cloned from Amphitrite ornata.

The dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata is an enzyme that converts para-halogen­ated phenols to the corresponding quinones in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Its enzymatic activity is similar to that of heme peroxidases such as horseradish peroxidase, yet it has the structural characteristics of the globin family of proteins, the main functions of which are oxygen transport and storage. In order to investigate the dual function of this hemoglobin peroxidase, the enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant protein in its wild-type form and as a mutant protein in which Cys73 was replaced by a serine residue (C73S). Both the wild-type and mutant proteins were crystallized and their structures were determined at 100 K to a resolution of 1.62 A. The structure of the wild-type protein demonstrated that it was in the metaquo form, with the heme iron in the ferric oxidation state and the bound water lying 2.2 A from the heme iron. The structure of the C73S mutant protein was shown to contain a ferrous heme iron with a bound oxygen molecule. The bent bonding geometry of the Fe–O(1)–O(2) adduct results in a hydrogen bond of length 2.8 A between the second O atom, O(2), of molecular oxygen and N∊2 of the distal histidine residue (His55) in both subunits contained within the asymmetric unit. This hydrogen-bonding interaction between His55 and the bound diatomic oxygen molecule provides new insight into the catalytic activation of H2O2, which is essential for peroxidase activity.
Differential responsiveness to dissonance manipulations by open- and closed-minded subjects in a forced-compliance situation.

Summary A study was reported that examined the effects on attitude change of forced or voluntary participation in a group discussion for open- and closed-minded subjects. Open and closed subjects with favorable attitudes toward student activism were presented with a taped group discussion of student activism which was composed of attitudinal information counter to their own, and then were either given a choice or forced to join the group. Conditions of choice and no-choice but with no exposure to the taped discussion were also included as controls. It was found that closed-minded subjects exposed to the taped discussion reacted in a manner predicted by dissonance theory when confronted with choice and no-choice situations; i.e., under choice they engaged in attitude change toward the group. Open-minded subjects exposed to the tape under choice reacted in the opposite manner, becoming even more strongly proactivist. Under the control conditions, no-tape, both ends of the dogmatism continuum responded alike...
Effect of the Teen Driving Plan on the Driving Performance of Teenagers Before Licensure: A Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE: Many studies have failed to show an effect of parent-supervised practice driving on the driving performance of teenagers; nevertheless, most Graduated Driver Licensing programs have provisions that require supervised practice. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a web-based intervention, the Teen Driving Plan (TDP), can improve the driving performance of teenagers before licensure as measured by the Teen On-road Driving Assessment (tODA). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized, single-blind, clinical trial among 217 dyads (1 parent: 1 teenaged learner's-permit holder) to test TDP effectiveness on increasing the quantity and diversity of supervised practice and improving the teenagers' prelicensed driving performance. The study was conducted from December 2011 through January 2013 in Southeastern Pennsylvania. INTERVENTIONS: Dyads were randomized (3:2) to receive the TDP or the Pennsylvania driver's manual (control group). The TDP is a psychoeducational intervention designed to increase the quantity and diversity of parent-supervised practice. Materials are grouped by the following driving environments: empty parking lots, suburban residential streets, intermediate (1- or 2-lane) roads, highways, rural roads with curves and elevation changes, and commercial districts. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcomes were self-reported practice driving across 6 environments and 2 conditions and driving performance as measured by the teenagers' completion of the standardized and validated tODA 24 weeks after enrollment. Certified professional driving evaluators blinded to randomization status terminated the tODA if they determined that the teenager could not safely complete it. We examined mean differences in the quantity of supervised practice, differences in the overall proportion of teenagers in each group that had assessments terminated for unsafe driving, and the point of termination during the assessment. RESULTS: The TDP dyads reported more practice in 5 of the 6 environments and at night and in bad weather compared with the control dyads. Overall, 5 of 86 TDP teenagers (6%) had the tODA terminated compared with 10 of 65 control teenagers (15%) (risk difference [TDP RESULTS: - control], -9% [95% CI, -21% to 2%]; P = .06). The hazard ratio for exposure to TDP was 0.35 (95% CI, 0.12-1.03; P = .05, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Preliminary evidence suggests that the TDP improves supervised practice and the driving performance of prelicensed teenaged drivers. Future studies can explore how to revise the TDP to enhance the treatment effect and how best to disseminate the TDP without compromising implementation fidelity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01498575. Language: en
The toroidal crossing number of K4,n

In this paper, we show that the toroidal crossing number of K"4","n, K"1","3","n, K"2","2","n, K"1","1","2","n and K"1","1","1","1","n is @?n4@?[2n-4(1+@?n4@?)]. In addition, a new lower bound for the toroidal crossing number of K"m","n has been obtained. We also discuss about the crossing number of K"4","n in the general surfaces.
Perspective: Catch melanoma early

The United States and other nations should follow Germany in routine skin screening, say Susan M. Swetter and Alan C. Geller.
Yeast prions: proteins templating conformation and an anti-prion system.

Most yeast prions (infectious proteins) are amyloids, linear β-sheet-rich polymers of a single protein with the β-strands perpendicular to the long axis of the filament. A single prion protein can form any of many different prion variants, differing in structure and biological properties, but with the same amino acid sequence. The folded in-register parallel β-sheet architecture we have shown for several yeast prions explains how a given prion variant can be propagated stably, how a protein can template its conformation, just as DNA can template its sequence. We have found an anti-prion system that sequesters prion seeds, preventing their even distribution to daughter cells. This system involves Btn2p, Cur1p, and Hsp42, and cures most of the [URE3] variants arising. Btn2p is weakly homologous to mammalian HOOK proteins, which include the aggresome-active HOOK2. While mammalian prions (infectious proteins) are rare, many common human amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and others, have prion aspects, including infectivity in some cases. Most yeast prions are infectious amyloids, filamentous polymers of a single protein. Work on yeast prions was the first to establish the protein-only (prion) hypothesis, and, now, work on the structure of yeast prion infectious amyloid explains how a prion protein can template its conformation, just as DNA can template its sequence. The recent discovery of a cellular anti-prion system that cures most arising prions of the yeast Ure2 protein offers a possible direction to look for treatments of amyloidoses. The yeast non-chromosomal genetic elements [URE3] and [PSI+] were discovered to be prions of Ure2p and Sup35p, respectively, based on their unusual genetic properties [1], and were demonstrated to be based on amyloids of these proteins [2–4]. There are now at least eight amyloid-based prions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (reviewed in [5,6]) and one of Podospora anserina [7]. In addition to the PrP-related mammalian prion diseases, recent work indicates that Alzheimer disease and other common human amyloidoses have prion-like aspects, including infectivity (reviewed by [8]). This broadens the importance of detailed studies of yeast prions.
Neuropeptide Y-induced enhancement of the evoked release of newly synthesized dopamine in rat striatum: Mediation by Y2 receptors

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not activation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors resulted in an enhancement or attenuation of the KCl (50 mM) evoked release of [3H]dopamine newly synthesized from [3H]tyrosine in superfused striatal slices and, if so to identify the NPY receptor subtype mediating the effect. Rat striatal slices were prepared and placed in microsuperfusion chambers and continuously superfused with physiological buffer containing 50 microCi/ml of l-3-5-[3H]tyrosine. Superfusate effluents were collected and analyzed for [3H]dopamine by liquid scintillation spectrometry following amberlite CG50 and alumina chromatography. NPY agonists (NPY and PYY3-36) were added 6 min prior to the addition of KCl, while the Y1, Y2, and Y5 antagonist BIBO3304, BIIE0246 and CGP71683A, respectively were added 6 min prior to the agonists. Continuous superfusion with [3H]tyrosine resulted in the production of [3H]dopamine which reached a steady state at approximately 48 min. Depolarization with KCl resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in [3H]dopamine overflow. NPY and PYY3-36 produced a concentration dependent enhancement in the KCl induced increase in newly synthesized [3H]dopamine overflow. The Y2 antagonist BIIE0246 produced an attenuation of both the NPY and PYY3-36 induced enhancement while the Y1 antagonist BIBO3304 and theY5 antagonist CGP71683A failed to alter the NPY or PYY3-36 induced enhancement. These results are consistent with the NPY-Y2 receptor subtype mediating the facilitatory effect.
Meningoencephalitis in Trypanosoma equiperdum infection of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Abstract Ninety-eight deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) were infected with 1 × 10 3 Trypanosoma equiperdum organisms. Infected mice died or were killed between 2 and 202 days after infection and brains were sectioned for light microscopic examination. Although the neuropathology varied in intensity, location and sometimes quality from mouse to mouse, the following pattern of neuropathological development was apparent: brain lesions were not apparent until day 25, and the mildest lesion consisted of meningeal thickening and proliferation of leptomeningeal cells followed by, or concurrent with lymphocyte, macrophage and plasma cell infiltration of the meninges and choroid plexus. The lesions progressed to parenchymal perivascular mononuclear cuffs (as early as day 42) that were often located in subcortical white and basal ganglia areas, although cuffs were seen in all areas of brain. Vacuolation of lower white matter, especially cerebellar white matter, was first seen at day 40 and was an inconstant finding in mice infected longer than 40 days. Trypanosomes were found in arterioles and venules, perivascularly in choroid plexus and meninges, and within brain parenchyma, but their location and presence was inconstant. T. equiperdum infection of deer mice induces a relatively consistent laboratory animal model of human trypanosomal encephalitis.
Model-Based Shear Stress Gradient in Realistic Vascular Flows and Its Relation to Arterial Macromolecular Permeability

Evans blue dye (EBD) was injected into the carotid arteries of three anesthetized pigs and allowed to circulate for 90 minutes. At the conclusion of the 90-minute period, the animals were sacrificed and injection casts of the infrarenal aorta and iliac-femoral arteries were prepared. The casts with their surrounding arteries were removed and immersed in fixative. After fixation, the EBD-stained vessels were separated from the casts, which were used to construct computational meshes for simulation of the flow fields and wall shear stress distributions that had existed in the casted regions during the experiments. The inlet flow waves and flow partitions were based on flow measurements performed during each experiment. Based on a conceptual model of the relation between shear stress nonuniformity and permeability increase, the spatial and angular variation of the gradient of the time-average shear stress at the walls of the external iliac arteries was found from the computational fluid dynamic simulations for each experiment. Using affine transformations, the gradient and time-average shear stress results, and the EBD optical density distributions, were mapped to a common template, allowing pixel-by-pixel correlations of the hemodynamic stress parameters and local permeability. The results suggest that both shear stress gradient and time-average shear play a role in determining vascular permeability to macromolecules.© 2003 ASME