cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a physical interpretation of the Schwarzschild metric

A method is devised for giving a physical interpretation to the customary Schwarzschild coordinates in the vicinity of a charged or uncharged isolated mass. The construction is accomplished by introducing systems that are allowed to freely fall in toward the mass from infinity (drift-systems). It is demonstrated that the Schwarzschild spatial coordinates and their increments have a full physical significance in terms of rod and clock measurements performed in the drift-systems. The time coordinate and its increment are not so amenable to treatment and cannot be considered as having been given such physical significance. In the discussion the Schwarzschild metric about an uncharged and charged mass is derived, in part, by heuristic classical arguments employing conservation of energy. The arguments are then shown to be valid by consulting the Field Equations. In the derivation the gravitational singularity (at 2GM/C2) takes on the significance of being the location at which a drift-system achieves the speed of light relative to a proper system at the same point.
Mitosis-specific phosphorylation causes 83K non-muscle caldesmon to dissociate from microfilaments

AT mitosis in eukaryotic cells there are profound changes of shape and structure whose causes are almost entirely obscure. What is known is that there are changes in the organization of microfilaments1,2, including the disassembly of microfilament bundles during prophases and the accompanying rounding-up of cultured cells; the formation of transient contractile rings during cytokinesis; and, subsequently, the reassembly of microfilament bundles and the respreading of the two daughter cells. As an initial step towards the biochemical understanding of these events, in which the disassembly and reassembly of microfilaments appear to play an important part, we searched for alterations of the molecular constitution of microfilaments during mitosis. We found that non-muscle caldesmon, a protein with a relative molecular mass (Mr ) of 83,000 (83K) which binds to actin and calmodulin, is dissociated from microfilaments during mitosis, apparently as a consequence of phosphorylation. This process may contribute to the changes of shape and structure of cells in mitosis, as caldesmon inhibits actomyosin ATPase.
Developing design guidelines for a case-picking warehouse

Abstract Warehouses can be characterized in many ways, including the number of items stored, the average number of cases per pallet, throughput and inventory requirements, and demand profile, to name a few. Thus, there is no one-size-fits-all design for case-picking warehouses, and hundreds of designs are possible. Moreover, the decision variables in warehouse design are interrelated and this further complicates the design process. The purpose of this paper is to provide a set of guidelines for arriving at a “good” design configuration for a manual, case-picking warehouse. Our goal in developing a set of guidelines is that it would provide a design that is close to the optimal solution, which could then be further analyzed and improved. We limit the decision variables considered in our analysis to include the size and layout of the forward area, dock door configuration, pallet area shape, and pallet rack height. To develop our design guidelines we employ a statistical-based methodology, whereby we use one set of data to develop the guidelines and an independent set of data to evaluate the performance of the guidelines. Our response variable is the number of labor hours. We use analytical models to evaluate labor hours for each design in the solution space. The most impactful parameter that influences our guidelines is using a forward area. Other parameters include: the ratio of SKUs to bottom-level pallet locations, ABC curve skewness, and number of lines per batch. Our results indicate that our guidelines provide a good design that minimizes labor hours.
Structural and functional differences in medial prefrontal cortex underlie distractibility and suppression deficits in ageing

Older adults experience deficits in working memory (WM) that are acutely exacerbated by the presence of distracting information. Human neurophysiological studies have revealed that these changes are accompanied by a diminished ability to suppress visual cortical activity associated with task-irrelevant information. Although this is often attributed to deficits in top-down control from a prefrontal cortical source, this has not yet been directly demonstrated. Here we evaluate the neural basis of distraction's negative impact on WM and the impairment in neural suppression in older adults by performing structural and functional MRIs while older participants engage in tasks that require remembering relevant visual stimuli in the context of overlapping irrelevant stimuli. Analysis supports both an age-related distraction effect and neural suppression deficit, and extends our understanding by revealing an alteration in functional connectivity between visual cortices and a region in the default network, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Moreover, within the older population, the magnitude of WM distractibility and neural suppression are both associated with individual differences in cortical volume and activity of the mPFC, as well as its associated white-matter tracts.
Menthol and nicotine oppositely modulate body temperature in the rat

Abstract Menthol is a prominent additive in many tobacco products. To investigate possible interactions with nicotine, (−)-menthol (200 or 400 mg/kg) and (−)-nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) were injected subcutaneously in rats, and body temperature, which is modulated by brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, was measured. Nicotine caused robust (− 1.6 °C) hypothermia, the magnitude and time course of which was not altered by menthol pretreatment. Menthol alone produced mild (0.4–0.8 °C) hyperthermia, which was not secondary to locomotor activation. Nicotine and menthol influence body temperature independently and oppositely; menthol does not appear to influence the function of the central nicotinic receptors that control body temperature.
Highway Construction Data Collection and Treatment in Preparation for Statistical Regression Analysis

Currently, there is not an understanding of the project factors having a statistically significant relationship with highway construction duration. Other industry sectors have successfully used statistical regression analysis to identify and model the project parameters related to construction duration. While the need is seen for such work in highway construction, there are very few studies which attempt to identify duration-influential parameters and their relationship with the highway construction duration. The purpose of this work is to describe the highway construction data needed for such a study, identify a data source, collect early-design project data, and prepare the data for statistical regression analysis. The Virginia Department of Transportation is identified as the optimal data source. The data collected include historical contract and project level parameters. To prepare for statistical regression analysis, the contract duration collected is converted to construction duration by a seasonal adjustment process which removes historically typical nonworking days.
Passive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat with activated spleen cells: differential activation with mitogens.

Abstract It has previously been shown that spleen cell transfer of clinical EAE requires donor cells to be cultured in vitro prior to transfer. Donor cells must be stimulated when cultured, and either Con A or the encephalitogen, guinea pig myelin basic protein (BP), satisfies this stimulation requirement. Following recovery from passive disease, recipients of these in vitro cultured cells will subsequently develop clinical symptoms of EAE sooner than controls when challenged with BP in complete Freund's adjuvant (BP-CFA). In the present study, three T-cell mitogens were evaluated as donor cell stimulants in the required in vitro culture period. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) as well as Con A stimulated the donor cell population to the degree that clinical EAE could be transferred with 5 × 106 cultured viable cells. Con A at culture levels below 0.25 μg/ml did not yield transfer active cells even though proliferation levels were similar to those found at concentrations of Con A that did yield transfer active cells. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures did not transfer clinical disease even though the degree of lectin induced proliferation ([3H]thymidine uptake as well as recovered cells from culture) was equivalent to the PWM- or Con A-stimulated, transfer positive, cultures. Mixing experiments suggested that the inability of PHA or low doses of Con A to induce transfer active cells was not due to the induction of suppressor cells. Although cells cultured with PHA do not transfer clinical EAE, recipients of these cells as well as recipients of either PWM- or Con A-stimulated donor cells develop an early appearance of disease upon subsequent challenge with BP-CFA. This included cells incubated with a concentration of Con A (0.1 μg/ml) which did not induce cells capable of transferring clinical EAE. These results suggest that PHA and perhaps the low dose of Con A may stimulate the proliferation of the EAE effector cell precursor population without causing the additional differentiation of this precursor population into the effector cell population which is capable of transferring clinical disease. Alternatively, PHA may expand only the helper cell population while effective doses of Con A and PWM would expand both helper and effector cell populations.
Holding our breath: The emerging and anticipated roles of microRNA in pulmonary hypertension

AbstractOver the past decade, the importance of non-coding RNA such as microRNA has been established in numerous processes that drive human pathogenesis. These crucial molecular regulators modulate networks of target gene transcripts that, in turn, orchestrate cellular phenotypes such as cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism among others and thus affect cardiopulmonary vascular disease conditions. Many of these same pathophenotypes figure prominently in the complex pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, an enigmatic vascular disorder characterized by a histological panvasculopathy and driven by disparate upstream triggers such as hypoxia, inflammation, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Yet, the importance of just a few microRNAs in pulmonary hypertension has been recognized, and we are only beginning to understand the integrative functions of these molecules in this disease. By combining systems biology with traditional experimental approaches, more direct insight into the...
Comparison of interplanar‐boson‐exchange models of high‐temperature superconductivity—possible experimental tests

Semiquantitative tests are considered of models, proposed earlier by this author, in which high Tc superconductivity follows from the exchange of unspecified intermediate bosons (IB) with ω≫ωphonon between fermionic pairs in different CuO2 layers. Earlier predictions of the dependence of Tc(n) on the number n of layers per cluster are extended to include the possibility that Tc(n=1)<∼10 K in the Tl 1201 and 2201 compounds. In common with other authors rapid saturation of Tc(n) with increasing n is found here. Nonetheless, the experimental value of Tc(n=1) in the Tl and Bi systems can play an important role in discriminating between the various models empirically.
A Suggested Curriculum for Associate Degree Culinary Arts Programs

The curriculum is the foundation of any academic program. Associate degree culinary arts programs (ADCAPs) are a relatively new segment of higher education, thus very little academic literature exists about these programs. This study applies mixed methodology to determine a suggested curriculum for ADCAP. The researcher compares current curriculum requirements derived from content analysis of degree worksheets to the opinions of culinary educators and industry chefs regarding the importance of teaching specific professional and general education subjects obtained through a survey using Dillman's (2000) Tailored Design Method. The resulting 67 semester credits suggested curriculum includes 49 credits of professional courses and 18 credits of general education courses, as well as work experience and internship requirements.
Analysis of a stochastic model for the optical and photon-echo decays of impurities in glasses

Abstract We analyze a stochastic model for the homogeneous optical linewidths and photon-echo decays of impurities in glasses. The dephasing arises from the modulation of the impurity with a random array of tunneling systems. Explicit results are obtained in the high-temperature limit for the optical dipole moment correlation function and the two-pulse photon echo decay with an interaction of the general form A/rn. Results are presented for the contribution from nearby systems, for which A/rn>R, and from distant systems, where A/rn
Gastrotomy for lactobezoar in a newborn infant.

Summary An instance of gastric obstruction in an infant by a lactobezoar produced by inspissated milk is recorded. The lactobezoar apparently was related to the feeding of a hypercaloric milk formula.
The synthesis of mouse hemoglobin chains in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system programmed with mouse reticulocyte 9S RNA

Abstract The 9S RNA fraction of mouse reticulocyte polysomes has been purified and shown to direct the synthesis of mouse hemoglobin β- chains. This has been accomplished by adding mouse 9S RNA to a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system and incubating in the presence of labeled leucine. After the incubation, carrier mouse hemoglobin was added, globin prepared and mouse β-chains isolated by column chromatography. Labeling of the mouse β-chains in the rabbit cell-free system was strictly dependent upon addition of mouse 9S RNA, demonstrating that the fraction contains the mRNA for mouse hemoglobin β-chains. This is the first definitive demonstration of protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-free system under the direction of a mRNA isolated from a different mammalian species.
A Class of Homomorphism Theories for Groupoids

In a well-behaved homomorphism theory for a class of algebraic systems certain “closed objects” relative to a given G ∈ are distinguished which act as kernels of homomorphisms. For example, if is the class of groups then the closed objects relative to a given group G are the normal subgroups of G ; if is the class of semigroups with zero element then one can devise a homomorphism theory in which the closed objects relative to a given S ∈ are the ideals of S [cf. Rees (3)]; in the class of groupoids one may define the closed objects relative to a given groupoid G to be the congruence relations on G , that is, subsets π⊆ G × G which are equivalence relations having the property that ( x 1 y 1 , x 2 y 2 ) ∈ π whenever ( x 1 , x 2 ), ( y 1 , y 2 ) ∈ π. Given such a closed object N relative to G there exists a “factor” system G/N and a (canonical) homomorphism η: G → G/N characterised by the property: If σ G → H is a homomorphism with kernel N then there is a unique homomorphism : G / N → H such that . η = σ and the kernel of is trivial in the sense that the kernel of is the unique smallest closed object relative to G / N .
Alternative approach to the repair of Ebstein’s malformation: intracardiac repair with ventricular unloading

Abstract Background . Moderate to severe Ebstein's malformation remains a surgical challenge. Although the various approaches that have been used are appropriate and successful in many patients, there are many for which these approaches are suboptimal. To improve the prognosis for patients across the full spectrum of Ebstein's malformation, alternative surgical approaches are necessary. Methods . From December 1995 to October 1997, 10 patients (median age, 9 years) with moderate or severe Ebstein's malformation and mild to severe tricuspid regurgitation had partial biventricular repair with reduction of right ventricular volume load. All patients were symptomatic in New York Heart Association functional class II (n = 9) or III (n = 1). In addition to bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis and closure of intracardiac defects in all patients, 6 underwent tricuspid valve repair using a variety of procedures, most often simple horizontal annuloplasty. Results . There were no deaths. Early reoperation was required in 1 patient (atrial septostomy on the day after operation for right ventricular failure) and another required revision of the tricuspid valve repair 10 months postoperatively for recurrent regurgitation. At follow-up ranging from 2 to 24 months, all patients are in New York Heart Association class I and have trivial tricuspid regurgitation, including the 4 who had no tricuspid valvuloplasty performed. Conclusions . We have presented an alternative approach to the management of severe Ebstein's malformation that focuses on both the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle. Just as tricuspid valve repair and reduction of regurgitation will likely improve right ventricular performance, reducing the volume load on the ventricle may improve both ventricular (right and left) and tricuspid valve function. All patients have demonstrated improved exercise tolerance and right heart function at follow-up ranging to 24 months. Additional experience will be necessary to evaluate this strategy more completely.
Improvements in determinations using the Cu-64 annihilation gamma rays.

Abstract The method of γγ coincidence counting has been applied to the determination of Cu via the 64Cu annihilation gamma rays. Preliminary experiments show that at least an order of magnitude reduction in 24Na interference may be obtained by employing the 511–511 keV coincidence peak rather than the singles 511-keV peak. The effect of the sample matrix on the yield of 24Na pair-production events was investigated by a combination of experimental measurements and Monte Carlo calculations.
Effects of overflights on the national park experience

Visitors to parks and protected areas expect tranquil surroundings, and the ability to hear the sounds of nature. With the spread of anthropogenic noise into natural areas, experiencing quiet and the natural soundscape has become more difficult. Aircraft overflights offer one such example. Previous research shows we can detect low levels of noise in urban and natural settings, that noise pollution detracts from the enjoyment of the visitor experience, and that we place a high value on naturally quiet, pristine settings. In the current study, a laboratory simulation was employed to differentiate between three types of aircraft noise common to national parks. Two-hundred sixty-eight participants rated 40 natural landscapes synchronized with natural sounds or aircraft overflight noise in a between-subjects design. Overflight noise was presented at a maximum of 50 dB(A) with a 25 percent audibility rate. Participants rated each scene on several psychological dimensions related to a national park experience: annoyance, scenic beauty, tranquility, solitude, naturalness, and overall preference. Results revealed statistical differences between the three aircraft noise conditions and natural sounds on annoyance, solitude, and tranquility. Helicopter noise was perceived as the most disruptive to the national park experience, followed closely by propeller plane noise, with jet airplanes being the least negative of the three noise conditions, when noise was present. Results show the importance of natural sounds, and the negative consequences associated with exposure to aircraft noise in a national park context.
Invariant subspaces of analytic multiparticle Hamiltonians

Abstract The quantum mechanics of n particles interacting through analytic two-body interactions can be formulated as a problem of functional analysis on a Hilbert space G consisting of analytic functions. On G , there is an Hamiltonian H with resolvent R(λ). These quantities are associated with families of operators H(ϑ) and R(λ, ϑ) on L , the case ϑ = 0 corresponding to standard quantum mechanics. The spectrum of H(ϑ) consists of possible isolated points, plus a number of half-lines starting at the thresholds of scattering channels and making an angle 2ϑ with the real axis. Assuming that the two-body interactions are in the Schmidt class on the two-particle space G , this paper studies the resolvent R(λ, ϑ) in the case ϑ ≠ 0. It is shown that a well known Fredholm equation for R(λ, ϑ) can be solved by the Neumann series whenever ¦λ¦ is sufficiently large and λ is not on a singular half-line. Owing to this, R(λ, ϑ) can be integrated around the various half-lines to yield bounded idempotent operators Pp(ϑ) (p = 1, 2,…) on L . The range of Pp(ϑ) is an invariant subspace of H(ϑ). As ϑ varies, the family of operators Pp(ϑ) generates a bounded idempotent operator Pp on a space G . The range of this is an invariant subspace of H. The relevance of this result to the problem of asymptotic completeness is indicated.
Universalism & Particularism: Fighting to a Draw

For decades now, moral philosophy and bioethics have been dominated variously by universalist and particularist impulses, both of which exert legitimate pull on our thinking. Although there is little prospect of settling the debate by recourse to theory, classifying the cases in which particularist and universalist demands compete reveals a rough practical guide.
Finding emotionally involved speech using implicitly proximity-annotated laughter

Browsing through collections of audio recordings of conversation nominally relies on the processing of participants' lexical productions. The evolving verbal and non-verbal context of those productions, likely indicative of the degree of participant involvement, is often ignored. The present work explores the relevance of laughter to the retrieval of conversation intervals in which the speech of one or more participants is prosodically or pragmatically marked as involved. Experiments indicate that the relevance of laughter depends on its temporal distance to the laugher's speech. The results suggest that in order to be pertinent to downstream emotion recognition applications, laughter detection systems must first and foremost detect that laughter which is most temporally proximate to the laugher's speech.
The evaluation ranking scale: clarification of methodological and procedural issues.

Abstract Compared with the CSQ-8, a typical questionnaire approach to assessing global patient satisfaction, the Evaluation Ranking Scale (ERS) had equally good patient acceptability, yielded more normally distributed satisfaction scores, and results allowed comparative information about patients' evaluation of specific service dimensions. The study also addressed key questions that have emerged about the ERS procedure. Patients apparently do not distinguish conceptually between “importance” of dimensions and “satisfaction” with dimensions in the first phase (ranking) of the ERS. Results did confirm that the ERS sequence of ranking and then rating the dimensions is essential to achieving optimal utility of results. The ranking task seems to have an organizing effect on patients' approach to the rating task. This effect does not work to dictate results in the rating phase but rather seems to familiarize patients with the dimensions to be rated thereby yielding greater potential discriminative capacity for the ERS. Finally, results indicate that the ERS can be administered in a flexible fashion that yields additional information about the absolute importance of the six dimensions without loss of desired operating characteristics for the measure.
The Effect of Spring Planted Cereal Rye on the Yield of Fresh Market Vegetables

ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of spring-planted rye cultivars in vegetable cropping systems. Snap bean and tomato yields were reduced in the rye plots compared to conventional tillage plots. In one of the years, squash yields were reduced in the rye plots, except for ‘Florida 401’, compared to conventional tillage plots. The reduced vegetable yields were probably caused by weed competition, nitrogen immobilization, soil compaction and changes in the microenvironment caused by the rye. Spring-seed rye systems are not recommended for vegetable crops because of the risk of reduced yields.
Comparison of [11C]diprenorphine and [11C]carfentanil in vivo binding to opiate receptors in man using a dual detector system

A simple dual detector coincidence system was used to measure the binding of [11C]carfentanil and [11C]diprenorphine to opiate receptors in normal volunteers before and after the administration of naloxone. Total radioactivity without naloxone and the ratio of total/non-specific radioactivity was 2 times greater for [11C]diprenorphine than [11C]carfentanil. The dose of naloxone required to maximally block specific [11C]diprenorphine binding was 10 times that for [11C]carfentanil, indicating that [11C]diprenorphine labels opiate receptor subtypes in addition to mu opiate receptors.
Metabolism of 14CO2 by leaves of different photosynthetic types of Neurachne species

Abstract Following a series of continuous exposures to 14CO2 for different lengths of time, leaves from Neurachne munroi (C4), N. minor (C3-C4) and N. tenuifolia (C3| were estimated to assimilate 100%, 9% and 2–4%, respectively, of atmospheric CO2 by the C4 pathway. The percentage of 14C-label appearing in malate and aspartate in leaves of N. minor progressively increased with longer exposure times indicating that a significant proportion of its C4 acids are formed as secondary products. In 14CO2/12CO2 pulse/chase experiments, the 14C-label in leaves of N. munroi was rapidly transferred from C4 acids to sugar monophosphates plus sugar diphosphates, and finally to sucrose. In leaves of N. minor, the 14C-label was slowly metabolized from the C-4 carboxyl of malate and asparate (apparent half-time = 250 s), and the formation of C4 acids as secondary products was again evident. 14C-label in serine/glycine accumulated to comparable magnitudes in both N. minor and in N. tenuifolia, but there was an initial lag phase in the accumulation of label in N. minor. C4 photosynthesis is apparently of minimal importance in reducing photorespiration in N. minor, but leaf anatomical specializations and a possible compartmentation of photorespiratory metabolism may be of considerable importance.
RB virus: a strain of Friend virus that produces a ‘Friend virus-like’ disease in Fν-2rr mice

RB virus is a newly derived strain of Friend virus that was adapted to produce a 'Friend-like' disease in mice that are genetically resistant to wild-type Friend virus. RB virus was produced by passing high titers of the wild-type Friend virus (Lilly-Steeves polycythemia-producing strain) through adult Fv-2rr mice. Titration of the defective spleen focus-forming virus indicated RB virus infected similar numbers of Fv-2ss or Fv-2rr target cells. Analysis of the spleens from mice infected with RB virus indicated that RB induced the early stage of Friend disease (erythroid proliferation) in both Fv-2rr and Fv-2ss mice. Fv-2ss mice infected with RB virus developed the classical Friend disease within 3 weeks. In contrast, the percentage of Fv-2rr mice developing the 'Friend-like' disease after infection with RB virus never exceeded 60%. The latency period of RBV in Fv-2rr mice was strain dependent. D2.R16 (Fv-2rr) developed the syndrome more rapidly than C57BL/6 (Fv-2rr). RB virus retained the capacity to transform erythroprogenitor cells from both Fv-2ss and Fv-2rr animals. Cells infected with RB virus consistently produced a modified SFFV envelope protein, gp48.
Towards a Meditation Brain State Model for Scientific Study of Chan

Meditation has clear effects in bringing practitionersâ€™ mind into a tranquil state and promoting both the mental and the physical health. The effect of meditation is measurable. The authors propose to establish a model for meditation state by applying modern experimental sciences to brain wave data. The authors start with a project that aims to create an application that takes electroencephalographic (EEG) data and exposes it to various analytical techniques so the resultant brain states can be studied and predicted. The authors present explanations of the design and implementation offered herein. Furthermore, a summary of the applicationâ€™s functionality is elucidated. Upon completion, the authors anticipate that this software can be used to produce important and dependable conclusions about a given subjectâ€™s brain states and correlate that to an identified physical or psychological activity. Although their project is still in an early stage towards a model for meditation, through these studies, the authors believe they will be able to make meditation a beneficial practice to promote humanâ€™s life in modern society.
Examining the Effects of a Low-Cost Prompt to Reduce Retail Theft

The present study evaluated the extent to which a low-cost, antitheft intervention impacted theft and sales in a multiple baseline design across two grocery stores. Previous research has measured the impact on theft of items that have a sign indicating their high theft rate and stickers next to or on the items. In contrast, this study tracked four intervention groups: a group directly marked with a sign and ribbons, two indirectly targeted groups (sign-only and a group down the aisle from the sign-only), and a group with no intervention. Results indicated the largest decrease in theft for one of the indirectly targeted groups, from 45 total items stolen to 13, compared to a smaller decrease in theft (i.e., 64 to 40) for the directly targeted sign and ribbons products. Implications of these findings for applying behavior-based antitheft interventions in retail businesses are discussed and future research is proposed.
Reactive Attachment Disorder in Adopted and Foster Care Children Implications for Mental Health Professionals

A disruption in the initial attachment formed between an infant and a primary caregiver often leads to some type of disordered or disorganized attachment. While research has been conducted on the etiology, symptoms, and effective forms of therapy regarding this disorder, much definitive information remains unknown or unclear. With the increasing use of foster care in America and the frequency of adoption, it is becoming obvious that more attention is needed in the area of how to best appropriately approach a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. This article will discuss current trends and implications for mental health professionals working in the field of foster care and adoption settings.
Proteomic Scale Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS):applications and Implications

High throughput solution structural analyses by small angle X-ray scattering efficiently enables the characterization of shape and assembly for nearly any purified protein. Crystallography has provided a deep and broad survey of macromolecular structure. Shape and assembly from SAXS in combination with available structures is often enough to answer critical mechanistic questions both enhancing the value of a structure and obviating larger crystallographic projects. Moreover, SAXS is a solution based technique, sample requirement are modest and compatible with many other biophysical methods. Here we present our high throughput SAXS data collection and analysis pipeline as applied to structural genomics targets, and metabolic pathways. Our goals of metabolic engineering and understanding protein mediated reactions rely on knowing the shape and assembly state of reactive complexes under an array of conditions. Given the number of gene products involved in metabolic networks, SAXS will play an important role in characterizing the structure of each individually, in complex with partners, and in various contexts. SAXS is well positioned to bridge the rapid output of bioinformatics and the relatively slow output of high resolution structural techniques.
Sonic Hedgehog Mediates the Polarizing Activity of the ZPA

The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is a region at the posterior margin of the limb bud that induces mirror-image duplications when grafted to the anterior of a second limb. We have isolated a vertebrate gene, Sonic hedgehog, related to the Drosophila segment polarity gene hedgehog, which is expressed specifically in the ZPA and in other regions of the embryo, that is capable of polarizing limbs in grafting experiments. Retinoic acid, which can convert anterior limb bud tissue into tissue with polarizing activity, concomitantly induces Sonic hedgehog expression in the anterior limb bud. Implanting cells that express Sonic hedgehog into anterior limb buds is sufficient to cause ZPA-like limb duplications. Like the ZPA, Sonic hedgehog expression leads to the activation of Hox genes. Sonic hedgehog thus appears to function as the signal for antero-posterior patterning in the limb.
Critical Realism … or Critical Idealism?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue that the school of thought known as Critical Realism and the thinkers involved in the current revival of interest in British Idealism would benefit from interacting with each other.Design/methodology/approach – The paper proceeds by critically examining central tenets in the thought of each school, and exhibit their affinities and differences.Findings – It is found that there are central themes and concerns shared by each school of thought, and that the recognition of such commonalities might prove mutually beneficial to the relevant parties in their goal of positively transforming social reality. Furthermore, the Critical Realist worry about Idealisms “irreality” is shown to be unfounded.Originality/value – The close relationship of the ideas of these two “lines of thought” has not, to our knowledge, previously been highlighted. Having done so in the paper, a useful dialogue may ensue.
A Chondrule in the Chainpur Meteorite

The occurrence of glass as a major constituent in a chondrule from the Chainpur meteorite provides evidence that the chondrules formed by rapid cooling of liquid droplets. The virtual absence of nickel in the silicates suggests that it segregated into the metal phase in the molten stage, prior to crystallization of the silicates.
Decay scheme of 58Ni from (p′, γ) coincidence studies at 8.0 MeV

Abstract The gamma rays from the 58Ni(p, p′γ)58Ni reaction at Ep = 8.0 MeV have been studied with a Li-Ge counter and by particle-gamma-ray coincidence measurements using a two-dimensional pulse-height analyser. The major decay modes of the first 14 levels have been established and gamma-ray intensity ratios for a fixed geometry were determined.
Defining high-throughput email users

In this paper we make the case for the existence and importance of a special class of email user, the high-throughput email user, whose needs are not well-served by current clients. We establish these groups by quantitative and qualitative definitions derived from fieldwork, a large-scale survey, and subsequent analysis of the user population, along with analysis of current email clients. We conclude with directions for future research.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors block long-term potentiation induced by weak but not strong tetanic stimulation at physiological brain temperatures in rat hippocampal slices

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors have been shown to block long-term synaptic enhancements in the mammalian hippocampus. This effect has been somewhat controversial, however, showing sensitivity to both temperature and stimulus strength. We have demonstrated a differential effect of the NOS inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine (NOArg) on long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by weak and strong tetanic stimulation in slices of rat hippocampus. NOArg prevented LTP induction by a weak tetanus that produced stable potentiation in control slices, while the NOS inhibitor was without effect when strong tetani were used. These results suggest that nitric oxide (NO) produced as a result of tetanic stimulation plays a role in adjusting the threshold of LTP induction, but is not necessary for establishing synaptic enhancement under conditions of strong synaptic activation.
The handicapped child and child abuse

For a group of children with handicaps, growth and development are also affected by abuse or neglect. Our understanding of the problems of the abused, handicapped child emerges from experience with 37 children with cerebral palsy who have been maltreated, coupled with a review of the literature in related areas. We identify the following four problems as crucial to the study of abuse and neglect to the child with handicaps: (1) abuse that causes handicaps, (2) abuse that occurs to the handicapped child, (3) compromises in care that can occur when the handicapped child becomes involved with the medical and legal systems, and (4) arrangements for foster care or other out-of-home placement for the child with handicaps. We conclude that the very systems designed to protect and care for the child often fail, leaving the handicapped child without opportunity to reach developmental potential. In light of our observations, we recommend that the pediatrician not only be aware of the existence of abuse and neglect in the population of handicapped children, but also serve in the dual role of coordinator of services and advocate for these children.
Impact of a Simulation on Nursing Students' Attitudes Toward Schizophrenia

Abstract Background Individuals with schizophrenia experience disparities in health based in part on negative perceptions of nurses. Attitudes and behaviors toward schizophrenia may improve when opportunities for interaction are increased. Method This study compared the impact of a novel two-part simulation with a traditional didactic and clinical experience (N = 145). Measures included empathy, attitude, and intention of undergraduate student nurses toward individuals with schizophrenia. Analysis included testing for differences between control and intervention. Results Treatment group had significantly lower negative perceptions with no significant change in empathy. Conclusions Providing students opportunities to gain real or simulated experience with clients with schizophrenia may reduce negative perceptions.
Quasi-steady flame standoff ratios during methanol droplet combustion in microgravity

Abstract Recently, Aharon and Shaw developed a simplified analytical expression to predict quasi-steady flame stand-off ratios for alkane fuels. Their analysis is strictly valid only for alkane-type fuels where there is no reabsorption of flame generated species back into the droplet. In this note we show that Aharon and Shaw’s analysis can be extended to methanol droplet combustion where water generated at the flame-sheet is absorbed back into the droplet. The model predictions are shown to compare well with available experimental results.
Designing Communication Technologies for Children with a Chronic Illness

Children with a chronic illness who must frequent the hospital for various treatments and procedures are removed from familiar environments, such as their home or school, to stay close to the hospital. Their temporary removal from familiarity can cause feelings of isolation. Social connectedness with their friends and classmates may help alleviate their feelings of isolation and help make them feel more "normal" like their healthy counterparts. However, current communication technologies are not designed specifically for chronically ill patients. By understanding how patients use current technologies to stay connected with their friends, I propose to develop and carry out a participatory design methodology to produce technologies that assist the chronically ill pediatric population.
BIOLOGICAL MOTION AND NIGHTTIME PEDESTRIAN CONSPICUITY

Two experiments were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate potential benefits of different retroreflective markings for nighttime pedestrian visibility. Video recordings of a jogger wearing four ...
Non-iterative switching window computation for delay-noise

In this paper, we present an efficient method for computing switching windows in the presence of delay noise. In static timing analysis, delay noise has traditionally been modeled using a simple switch-factor based noise model and the computation of switching windows is performed using an iterative algorithm, resulting in an overall run time of O(n/sup 2/), where n is the number of gates in the circuit. It has also been shown that the iterations converge to different solutions, depending on the initial assumptions, making it unclear which solution is correct. In this paper, we show that the iterative nature of the problem is due to the switching-factor based noise model and the order in which events are evaluated. We utilize a delay noise model based on superposition and propose a new algorithm with a run time that is linear with the circuit size. Since the algorithm is non-iterative and does not operate with initial assumptions, it also eliminates the multiple solution problems. We tested the algorithm on a number of designs and show that it achieves significant speedup over the iterative approach.
Hierarchical Methods for Landmine Detection with Wideband Electro-Magnetic Induction and Ground Penetrating Radar Multi-Sensor Systems

A variety of algorithms are presented and employed in a hierarchical fashion to discriminate both anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP) landmines using data collected from wideband electromagnetic induction (WEMI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) sensors mounted on a robotic platform. The two new algorithms for WEMI are based on the In-phase vs. Quadrature plot (the Argand diagram) of the complex measurement obtained at a single spatial location. The angle prototype match method uses the sequence of angles as a feature vector. Prototypes are constructed from these feature vectors and used to assign mine confidence to a test sample. The angle model based KNN method uses a two parameter model; where the parameters are fit to the In-phase and Quadrature data. For the GPR data, the Linear Prediction Processing and Spectral Features are calculated. All four features from WEMI and GPR are used in a Hierarchical Mixture of Experts model to increase the landmine detection rate. The EM algorithm is used to estimate the parameters of the hierarchical mixture. Instead of a two way mine/non-mine decision, the HME structure is trained to make a five way decision which aids in the detection of the low metal anti personnel mines.
An O ( ND ) difference algorithm and its variations

The problems of finding a longest common subsequence of two sequencesA andB and a shortest edit script for transformingA intoB have long been known to be dual problems. In this paper, they are shown to be equivalent to finding a shortest/longest path in an edit graph. Using this perspective, a simpleO(ND) time and space algorithm is developed whereN is the sum of the lengths ofA andB andD is the size of the minimum edit script forA andB. The algorithm performs well when differences are small (sequences are similar) and is consequently fast in typical applications. The algorithm is shown to haveO(N+D 2) expected-time performance under a basic stochastic model. A refinement of the algorithm requires onlyO(N) space, and the use of suffix trees leads to anO(N logN+D 2) time variation.
Supplier involvement in new product development projects: dimensionality and contingency effects

In contrast to previous literature, we hypothesize supplier involvement in new product development (NPD) projects to be multidimensional in nature and test this assumption using data from a large sample of NPD projects. We also test the contingent influence of supplier involvement on NPD project performance. The results supported the claim of multidimensionality of supplier involvement. Three distinct factors–communication and information sharing, design involvement and infrastructure–comprising supplier involvement were found. These factors were significantly related to one or more measures of NPD project performance. The study also found support for the contingent influence of market stability on the supplier involvement–NPD project performance relationships. The results suggest that managers ought to consider adopting different bundles of supplier involvement practices that depend on the level of stability in markets and also on the type of NPD performance objective that is being considered.
Evaluating Alternate Visualization Methods for Microsurgery: 2D and 3D Optical Microscopes and Flat-Panel Displays

Due to the inherent postural constraints from a microscope, surgeons who perform minimally invasive surgeries may be exposed to prolonged static postures. As 3D displays become more economically viable, their role in the healthcare industry may become more prominent. The purpose of this pilot-study is to assess the effect of stereoscopic displays on postural constraint, perceived effort, and performance during simulated microsurgery tasks. Ten subjects with no surgical experience performed microsurgical skills tests using four visualization methods: 2D flat panel display, 3D flat panel display, monoscopic microscope, and stereoscopic microscope. Body posture was measured via motion tracking equipment and task performance was captured through video analysis. Subjective data was gathered on posture, perceived effort, and equipment usability. Significant differences were found between all displays for each measured joint angle; however, all posture deviations can be classified as neutral. Participants were u...
Treatment of Periodontal Destruction Associated With a Cemental Tear Using Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background: A patient presented with moderate probing depth, pain on occlusal contact, and a fistula on a mandibular bicuspid. The probing depth increased 2 mm over a 3-month period despite relief of the occlusal trauma and resolution of the fistula. A radiograph showed an apparent separation of the cementum in the area of the pocket. Methods: The lesion was treated using a minimally invasive surgical approach to place a bone graft. Results: The probing depth was reduced to 2 mm with less than 1 mm of increased recession. A histologic examination of the damaged calcified tissue confirmed that it was cementum. Conclusions: The increasing probing depth associated with a cemental tear seems to indicate that this phenomenon contributed to loss of attachment and bone. Removal of the detached cementum in combination with bone grafting using a minimally invasive surgical approach appears to have successfully corrected the periodontal destruction. J Periodontol 2000;7l:1761-1766.
Chemical applications of topology and group theory. 11. Degenerate edges as a source of inherent fluxionality in deltahedra

Abstract The 5, 8, 9, and 11 vertex deltahedra containing the minimum number of tetrahedral chambers are inherently fluxional since certain possible diamond-square-diamond rearrangements can lead directly to a polyhedron identical to the original one except for interchanges of some vertices. By this criterion the 6, 10, and 12 vertex deltahedra are inherently rigid. The 7 vertex pentagonal bipyramid is also inherently rigid but can stereochemically non-rigid in cases where a capped octahedron is an accessible intermediate. These topological observations are consistent with known information on the stereochemical non-rigidity and hydrolytic stability stability of the delta-hedral borane anions BnH2−n and the stereochemical non-rigidity of MLn coordination complexes. Thus the stereochemical non-rigidity of all ML7 complexes investigated as contrasted with the stereochemical rigidity of B7H2−7 can be related to the energetic accessibility of capped octahedral species in ML7 complexes but not in B7H2−7.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-induced phosphorylation of ephrinB1 modulates its interaction with Dishevelled.

The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ligands, the ephrins, have been implicated in regulating cell adhesion and migration during development by mediating cell-to-cel...