cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric transport of continentally derived lipids to the tropical North Pacific

Lipid class compounds have been used as source markers to ascertain the terrestrial, marine, or anthropogenic origin of atmospheric aerosols from rural continental and coastal oceanic environments1–11. However, there are only limited data on the composition and source of lipids in remote marine aerosols. Studies off the West African coast suggest that surface waxes of terrestrial vascular plants are a major source of lipid class compounds in dust samples6,11. Uniform concentrations of lipids found7,10 in aerosols from urban, rural and oceanic regions imply either a long residence time for continental material or a uniform production rate of the compounds over the oceans. It has also been concluded1–3,8 that oceanic aerosols have significant marine sources. However, previous organic chemical studies have not been conducted in conjunction with other chemical analyses of the aerosols or with climatological and meteorological studies. We report here, as part of the Sea/Air Exchange Program (SEAREX), the temporal variation of the transport of continentally-derived lipids (hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols and fatty acids) to the central tropical North Pacific.
Membrane currents elicited by porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in follicle-enclosed Xenopus oocytes.

Membrane currents were recorded from voltage-clamped Xenopus laevis oocytes, surrounded by their enveloping follicular and epithelial cells. Porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) generated a membrane current due to an increase in membrane conductance to K + . The VIP current was mimicked by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and was potentiated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, suggesting that adenosine 39, 59-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) plays a role in mediating the response. Though resembling the follicle’s responses to catecholamines and adenosine in ionic basis and apparent mechanism, the response to VIP was not blocked by catecholaminergic or purinergic antagonists, indicating the presence of a specific VIP receptor in the follicle. Among the VIP related peptides, PHM-27 generated similar but smaller K + currents and porcine secretin and glucagon neither elicited a response nor blocked that to VIP. After treating follicles with collagenase to remove the epithelial and follicular cells the responses to VIP were either substantially reduced or abolished, suggesting that the VIP receptors and K + channels are both located in the follicular cells.
Power efficient encoding techniques for off-chip data buses

Reducing the power consumption of computing devices has gained a lot of attention recently. Many research works have focused on reducing power consumption in the off-chip buses as they consume a significant amount of total power. Since the bus power consumption is proportional to the switching activity, reducing the bus switching is an effective way to reduce bus power. While numerous techniques exist for reducing bus power in address buses, only a handful of techniques have been proposed for data-bus power reduction, where Frequent Value Encoding (FVE) is the best existing scheme to reduce the transition activity on the data buses.In this paper, we propose improved frequent value data-bus encoding techniques aimed at reducing more switching activity and hence, more power consumption. We propose three new schemes and five new variations to exploit bit-wise temporal and spatial locality in the data bus values. Our technique does not use additional external control signal and captures bit-wise locality to efficiently encode data values. For all the embedded and SPEC applications we tested, the overall average switching reduction is 53% over unencoded data and 11% more than the conventional FVE scheme.
The nature of thinking, shallow and deep.

Because the criteria for success differ across various domains of life, no single normative standard will ever work for all types of thinking. One method for dealing with this apparent dilemma is to propose that the mind is made up of a large number of specialized modules. This review describes how this multi-modular framework for the mind overcomes several critical conceptual and theoretical challenges to our understanding of human thinking, and hopefully clarifies what are (and are not) some of the implications based on this framework. In particular, an evolutionarily informed “deep rationality” conception of human thinking can guide psychological research out of clusters of ad hoc models which currently occupy some fields. First, the idea of deep rationality helps theoretical frameworks in terms of orienting themselves with regard to time scale references, which can alter the nature of rationality assessments. Second, the functional domains of deep rationality can be hypothesized (non-exhaustively) to include the areas of self-protection, status, affiliation, mate acquisition, mate retention, kin care, and disease avoidance. Thus, although there is no single normative standard of rationality across all of human cognition, there are sensible and objective standards by which we can evaluate multiple, fundamental, domain-specific motives underlying human cognition and behavior. This review concludes with two examples to illustrate the implications of this framework. The first example, decisions about having a child, illustrates how competing models can be understood by realizing that different fundamental motives guiding people’s thinking can sometimes be in conflict. The second example is that of personifications within modern financial markets (e.g., in the form of corporations), which are entities specifically constructed to have just one fundamental motive. This single focus is the source of both the strengths and flaws in how such entities behave.
Double-Armature Polyphase Synchronous Generator with Capacitive Excitation

An experimental study of a capacitively excited synchronous machine having armature windings on both rotor and stator is discussed. Voltage regulation, efficiency, and power output data show the machine to be a compact, high-energy density, low-impedance source of electric energy. Effects of unbalanced resistive load and magnetic saturation are illustrated. Voltage regulation of 10 percent and electromagnetic efficiency of 84 percent have been realized, with the machine operating in the manner of a self-excited dc shunt generator without a voltage regulator.
Reaction behavior of associated rare earth minerals during coal-based reduction

In order to ascertain the reaction behavior of rare earth minerals in coal-based reduction, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were applied to investigate the rare earth minerals in Bayan Obo. The occurrence state and regularity of rare earth elements were analyzed under different reduction time. The results reveal that rare earth elements in rare earth minerals exist in RE(CO3)F (bastnaesite) and REPO4 (monazite). In this research, at 1,498 K with a C/O molar ratio (i.e., molar ratio of fixed carbon in the coal to reducible oxygen in the ore) of 2.5, rare earth minerals primarily decompose into RE2O3 at 5 min. When the time is extended to 10 min, solid-phase reactions occur among RE2O3, CaO, and SiO2, and the resultant is cerium wollastonite (CaO·2RE2O3·3SiO2). At reaction time >20 min, rare earth elements mainly exist in cerium wollastonite (CaO·2RE2O3·3SiO2), and the grain size varies in the range of 10–30 μm. The results show that coal-based reduction is efficient to recover rare earth minerals in reduced materials.
Unexpected photostability improvement of aromatics in polyfluorinated solvents

The photostability of aromatic compounds in the presence of air is significantly improved through perfluoroalkylation of the corresponding aromatic cores and use of polyfluorinated solvents despite higher O2 concentration in polyfluorinated solvents than in hydrocarbon solvents.
Writing the Critique, a Text about a Text:

The research reported investigated how 32 undergraduate students in an upper-level sociology course wrote critiques and how their texts were evaluated by 4 professors in the discipline. Students represented different majors and education levels. Features associated with critique were tested for their relationship to the professors' summed holistic quality scores. Student's status as major and their educational level were also tested for their relationship to the summed scores. Results indicate that (a) students were more likely to receive higher scores if they found weaknesses in the source article, basing their judgments on disciplinary knowledge and employing an integrated text configuration, and (b) neither major nor educational level was a strong predictor of quality. Findings suggest that current pedagogy that promotes personal evaluation of texts may not lead to the type of writing valued in particular disciplinary communities, where evaluative commentary may be more linked to unique disciplinary st...
The role of political behaviours in managing financial, infrastructure, and labour obstacles in Central Eurasian region: a multi-country investigation

Drawing on a sample of Central Eurasian firms across seven countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan), this paper explores the extent to which firms in the region rely on political behaviours such as spending time with or making unofficial payments (in the forms of bribes or gifts) to government officials, in order to respond to financial, infrastructure, and labour-related obstacles in the business environment. Further, the direct effects of political behaviours on firm performance and their mediating roles in the relationship between business obstacles and firm performance are also explored.
Visualization study of pool boiling from thin confined enhanced structures

Abstract A visualization study of pool boiling at atmospheric pressure from top-covered enhanced structures was conducted for a dielectric fluorocarbon liquid (PF 5060). The single layer enhanced structures studied were fabricated in copper and quartz, had an overall size of 10 mm × 10 mm and were 1 mm thick. The parameters investigated in this study were the heat flux (in the range of 1–11 W/cm 2 for copper and 1–4 W/cm 2 for quartz) and the width of the microchannels (65–360 μm). A high-speed camera (maximum frame rate 1000 f/s at full resolution) with attached magnifying lens allowed precise observation of the evaporation process in the bottom and top channels. The heat transfer performance of the enhanced structures was found to depend weakly on the channel width. The internal evaporation has a significant contribution to the total heat dissipation, especially at low heat fluxes.
Are C-H groups significant hydrogen bonding sites in anion receptors? Benzene complexes with Cl-, NO3-, and ClO4-.

Theoretical calculations,examination of crystallographic data, and experimental binding energies suggest that even in the absence of electron-withdrawing substituents, simple arenes such as benzene form hydrogen bonds with anions that can exceed 50% of the strength of those formed by O−H and N−H groups. Thus, when present in a receptor, even moderately acidic C−H groups can significantly enhance the anion binding affinity and they should be considered as additional binding sites within the host cavity.
Assessment of interatomic potentials for molecular dynamics simulations of GaAs deposition

Computational studies of atomic assembly processes during GaAs vapor deposition require interatomic potentials that are able to reasonably predict the structures and energies of a molecular arsenic vapor, a variety of elemental gallium and arsenic lattices, binary GaAs lattices, GaAs lattice defects, and 001 GaAs surfaces. These properties were systematically evaluated and compared to ab initio and experimental data for one Tersoff and two Stillinger-Weber SW GaAs interatomic potentials. It was observed that bulk and arsenic molecular properties calculated by the Tersoff parametrization matched density functional predictions and experimental observations significantly better than either of the SW parametrizations. These trends can be related to the bonding physics included in each potential format. Surface free energy calculations indicate that none of these potentials correctly predict the low-energy surface reconstructions of the GaAs 001 surface. Simulated As2 molecular bonding with gallium-rich GaAs 001 surfaces indicate a high sticking probability for SW potentials, which is in good agreement with experimental observations at low growth temperatures. However, the Tersoff parametrization resulted in an unphysically high desorption probability for As2 over a wide range of surface temperatures.
Functional neuroimaging of memory: implications for cognitive aging.

Our understanding of the ways in which changes in specific neural systems mediate adult age differences in memory is rapidly increasing, due in no small part to the advent of functional neuroimaging techniques. This article reviews age-related changes in memory performance obtained with behavioral measures, describes models of the neural mechanisms of memory, and derives predictions from these models regarding age-related changes in brain activation patterns. The neuroimaging findings obtained to date support models emphasizing the role of prefrontal cortex in age-related changes in memory functioning, especially for episodic memory retrieval. In general, neural activation associated with episodic memory encoding is regionally similar for younger and older adults but relatively lower in magnitude for older adults. During retrieval, activation that is restricted to the right prefrontal cortex for younger adults is more likely to be bilateral for older adults. Prefrontal activation exhibits an age-related increase when working memory tasks require simple storage and an age-related decrease when working memory requires higher-level executive processes. Although the evidence is limited, behavioral performance and activation patterns appear to be similar among younger and older adults on tests of semantic (context-independent) and implicit memory. We conclude that several methodological issues, such as defining the relation between brain structure and function, and determining the relationship between performance and activation, are particularly important for understanding age-related changes. Future directions for aging research include further investigation of the relation between encoding and retrieval and the identification of both spared and impaired neural systems.
Bathymetry of the continental rise off Cape Hatteras

Abstract The principal morphologic features of the continental rise off Cape Hatteras are Hatteras Outer Ridge and Hatteras Transverse Canyon, which trend parallel to regional isobaths, and the Hatteras and Pamlico canyons, which trend perpendicular to regional isobaths. Continuous geostrophic contour currents have shaped the Hatteras Outer Ridge while episodic tubidity currents have contributed to the development of the submarine canyons.
Functional analysis of prismatic blades and bladelets from Pinson Mounds, Tennessee

Hopewell prismatic blade industries are a standardized technology but not a specialized one. Exactly why they are ubiquitous and synonymous with Hopewell is a puzzle. That Hopewell prismatic blade technology satisfied basic tool needs concurrent with efficient usage of toolstone are beyond dispute. Prismatic blades from Pinson Mounds and other Hopewell sites in the Midwest and Southeast United States were simple, easily repaired, modular tool forms of variable usage. This functional evaluation of 125 artifacts documents far distant preferential exploitation of prismatic blade toolstone sources within the Ohio River valley and its tributaries, reveals statistically significant differences among seven technological types, explicates a production chain model for burins, and argues that prismatic blade technology had an equal or greater social meaning and identity as a quintessential symbol of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere.
Tryptophan Substitutions Surrounding the Nucleotide in Catalytic Sites of F1-ATPase†

Novel tryptophan substitutions, surrounding the nucleotide bound in catalytic sites, were introduced into Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. The mutant enzymes were purified and studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. One cluster of Trp substitutions, consisting of beta-Trp-404, beta-Trp-410, beta-Asp-158 (lining the adenine-binding pocket), and beta-Trp-153 (close to the alpha/beta-phosphates), showed the same fluorescence responses to MgADP, MgAMPPNP, and MgATP and the same nucleotide binding pattern with MgADP and MgAMPPNP, with one site of higher and two sites of lower affinity. Therefore, in absence of catalytic turnover (and of gamma-subunit rotation), sites 2 and 3 appeared similar in affinity, and the region of the catalytic site sensed by these Trp substitutions did not change conformation with different nucleotides. In contrast, alpha-Trp-291 and beta-Trp-297, both close to the gamma-phosphate, showed very different fluorescence responses to MgADP versus MgAMPPNP, and in these cases the response was due exclusively or predominantly to nucleotide binding at the first, high-affinity catalytic site, thus allowing specific detection of this site. Titration with MgATP showed that the high-affinity site was present under conditions of steady-state, Vmax MgATP hydrolysis.
Effects of crotoxin (lecithinase A) on egg yolk and yolk constituents.

Abstract The gelation of egg yolk caused by freezing was reduced by incubation with crotoxin (lecithinase A) before or after freezing. The lipoprotein fractions of yolk, lipovitellin and lipovitellenin, were attacked by crotoxin. The lysophospholipoproteins formed were hemolytic, had changed solubilities in water, and could be split by ethanol to yield impure lysophospholipide (desoleophospholipide) and the protein moiety. The lipoprotein complex did not appear split by action of the enzyme. The possible relationships between the changed properties of the lipoproteins and the modified gelation characteristics of frozen yolk were discussed. The hemolytic activities of yolk fractions treated with crotoxin were studied. With purified lysophospholipide preparations hemolysis of rat and rabbit erythrocytes exhibited a partial “all or none” characteristic.
Estimating the Reliability of Systems Subject to Imperfect Repair

Abstract This study of statistical inference for repairable systems focuses on the development of estimation procedures for the life distribution F of a new system based on data on system lifetimes between consecutive repairs. The Brown—Proschan imperfect-repair model postulates that at failure the system is repaired to a condition as good as new with probability p, and is otherwise repaired to the condition just prior to failure. In treating issues of statistical inference for this model, the article first points out the lack of identifiability of the pair (p, F) as an index of the distribution of interfailure times T 1, T 2, …. It is then shown that data pairs (Ti, Zi ) (i = 1, 2, …) render the parameter pair (p, F) identifiable, where Zi is a Bernoulli variable that records the mode of repair (perfect or imperfect) following the ith failure. Under the assumption that data of the form {(Ti, Zi )} are drawn via inverse sampling until the occurrence of the mth perfect repair, the problem of estimating the...
Fast optical recording of light-flash evoked neural activation in amphibian retina

Imaging of fast intrinsic optical responses closely associated with neural activation promises important technical advantages over traditional single and multi-channel electrophysiological techniques for dynamic measurements of visual processing and early detection of eye diseases. We have developed a fast, no-moving-parts optical coherence tomography (OCT), system based on an electro-optic phase modulator, and used it to record dynamic near infrared (NIR) light scattering changes in frog retina activated by a visible light-flash. We also employed transmitted light for highly sensitive measurement and imaging of neural activation, and to optimize illumination and optical configuration. Using a photodiode detector, we routinely measured dynamic NIR transmitted optical responses in single passes. When the whole retina was illuminated by a visible light-flash, a positive peak was typically observed in transmitted light measurements. CCD image sequences disclosed larger fractional responses, in some cases exceeding 0.5% in individual pixels, and showed evidence of multiple response components with both negative- and positive-going signals with different timescales and complex but consistent spatial organization. The fast negative-going signals are highly correlated with the a-wave of the electrophysiological signals, and may reflect the activation of photoreceptors. The fast positive-going responses are related to the b-wave of the electrophysiological signals, and may result from the activation of ON bipolar cells. Slow optical responses may signal metabolic changes of retinal tissue. Our experimental results and theoretical analysis suggest that the optical responses may result from dynamic volume changes associated with neural activation, corresponding to ion and water flow across the cell membrane.
Delayed sleep phase syndrome in adolescents

Abstract The delayed sleep phase syndrome is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep at a socially acceptable time of night and an inability to be easily aroused in the morning. Most commonly encountered in adolescents, this condition can produce daytime sleepiness and poor school performance, and it can lead to behavioral problems. The clinical features of the syndrome are described in 22 adolescents. Nine subjects participated in a protocol of polysomnographic recordings to simulate habitual "weekday" and "weekend" sleep patterns. There was a significant increase in total sleep time ( p p
Links between Older and Younger Adolescent Siblings' Adjustment: The Moderating Role of Shared Activities.

Siblings' constructive and unstructured shared activities were examined as moderators of the links between first- and second-born siblings' adjustment across a two-year period in adolescence. Siblings (N = 189 dyads) reported on their depression, peer competency, self worth during home interviews, and their time together in constructive (e.g., sports, hobbies) and unstructured (e.g., hanging out) activities during seven nightly phone interviews. Siblings spent an average of 10 hours together across seven days, about 12% in constructive and 25% in unstructured activities. Regression analyses revealed that, controlling for adjustment at Time 1, associations between siblings' adjustment scores were moderated by siblings' constructive and unstructured shared time. These patterns were most evident in mixed-sex dyads.
Noise-exploitation and adaptation in neuromorphic sensors

Even though current micro-nano fabrication technology has reached integration levels where ultra-sensitive sensors can be fabricated, the sensing performance (resolution per joule) of synthetic systems are still orders of magnitude inferior to those observed in neurobiology. For example, the filiform hairs in crickets operate at fundamental limits of noise; auditory sensors in a parasitoid fly can overcome fundamental limitations to precisely localize ultra-faint acoustic signatures. Even though many of these biological marvels have served as inspiration for different types of neuromorphic sensors, the main focus these designs have been to faithfully replicate the biological functionalities, without considering the constructive role of "noise". In man-made sensors device and sensor noise are typically considered as a nuisance, where as in neurobiology "noise" has been shown to be a computational aid that enables biology to sense and operate at fundamental limits of energy efficiency and performance. In this paper, we describe some of the important noise-exploitation and adaptation principles observed in neurobiology and how they can be systematically used for designing neuromorphic sensors. Our focus will be on two types of noise-exploitation principles, namely, (a) stochastic resonance; and (b) noise-shaping, which are unified within our previously reported framework called Σ▵ learning. As a case-study, we describe the application of Σ▵ learning for the design of a miniature acoustic source localizer whose performance matches that of its biological counterpart(Ormia Ochracea ).© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) precipitating a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flare

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus that infects both normal and compromised hosts. In normal hosts, CMV presents most often as an "infectious mononucleosis-like" illness, but less commonly may present as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), colitis, hepatitis, or fever of unknown origin. In compromised hosts, CMV often presents as CAP, encephalitis, retinitis, adrenalitis, hepatitis, or colitis. Not unlike parvovirus B19, CMV is an immunomodulatory virus that may cause or exacerbate rheumatic/inflammatory disorders, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Acute CMV infection may result in de novo SLE or more commonly may precipitate an SLE flare. In patients with SLE who are taking immunosuppressives, CMV increases the degree of immunosuppression of cell-mediated immunity. We present the case of a 40-year-old woman with SLE who presented with severe CMV CAP. CMV infection was suspected because of 2 nonspecific laboratory findings: increased serum transaminases and atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral smear. SLE is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that spares the liver. Therefore, in a patient with SLE who experiences an SLE flare, increased serum transaminases should suggest the possibility of CMV. In patients with SLE with flare, the likelihood of CMV is further increased if serum transaminases are elevated with atypical lymphocytes and should prompt specific testing for CMV. This patient's severe CMV CAP was treated successfully with oral valganciclovir, and she made a slow but complete recovery.
A landmark point analysis with cytotoxic agents for advanced NSCLC.

Introduction As a result of recent publications, we hypothesized that period of 8 weeks after initiation of treatment is a useful landmark point for cytotoxic agents for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To test this hypothesis, we conducted landmark analyses with clinical trials employing cytotoxic agents. Our goal was to assess the proper design of clinical trials with cytotoxic agents for NSCLC for maximizing patients' benefit. Methods We conducted landmark analyses of a phase II study of pemetrexed in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC and a phase III study of Four-Arm Cooperative Study for advanced NSCLC. A total of 806 patients who received chemotherapy (pemetrexed, cisplatin and irinotecan, paclitaxel and carboplatin, cisplatin and gemcitabine, cisplatin and vinorelbine) were included in this assessment. Results Tumor-shrinkage rate at 8 weeks was significantly associated with longer survival in the study with pemetrexed (p = 0.043), whereas tumor-shrinkage rate at 4 weeks did not correlated with survival (p = 0.139). Similarly, using the Four-Arm Cooperative Study data, the optimal landmark point was 8 weeks (p = 0.002), not 4 weeks (p = 0.190). Conclusion The landmark point for NSCLC was 8 weeks with all cytotoxic agents in our analysis when the therapy was given as a frontline or subsequent therapy. Our result suggests the concept of a disease-specific landmark point, which may lead to a change of phase II/III clinical study design to evaluate cytotoxic agents and clinical investigators, and their sponsors may consider an early look to assess the efficacy of cytotoxic agents for NSCLC.
Stable isotope partitioning in seep and vent organisms: chemical and ecological significance

Abstract Several hundred stable isotopic ratios (C, N and S) acquired over seven years of investigations at both seep and vent locations are compiled and interpreted. The stable isotopic compositions of tissues derived from the chemosynthetic fixation of carbon reflect a complex interaction between chemical and biological processes. The stable isotopic composition of bivalves that utilize reduced sulfur suggests that seawater-and/or vent water-dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is their primary source of carbon during chemosynthesis. All thiotrophic bivalves studied appear to possess a similar sulfide oxidation metabolism. The δ13C-values of tissues from methanotrophic mussels are close to the δ13C of the methane utilized. Apparently, little of the kinetic isotope fractionation associated with methanotrophy is expressed in the host's tissue. Vestimentiferan carbon isotopic composition reflects both carbon limitation and the isotopic composition of the substrate utilized. The δ13C-values of vent vestimentiferans tend to be affected by carbon limitation, whereas those of seep vestimentiferans reflect the variable isotopic composition of pore-water DIC. Stable nitrogen isotopic compositions are consistent with nitrogen (N2) fixation, but the presence of the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, has not been conclusively demonstrated. A variety of nitrogen sources [N2, NH4+, PON (particulate organic nitrogen), DON (dissolved organic nitrogen) and NO4−] may be utilized by vent and seep organisms. However, the δ15N data suggest that the mechanism of nitrogen metabolism is not a function of the species or the symbiont type. Sulfur is a key element in vent and seep environments and thiotrophy is the major chemosynthetic activity. The sources of sulfur are highly variable in quantity and isotopic composition but are almost always linked to bacterial activity,l either free-living and/or symbiont. Nitrogen and sulfur nutritional requirements appear to be derived from a wide variety of sources. The relative importance of nutrition derived from heterotrophy and chemoautotrophy depends on the chemical environment and animal physiology. Stable isotope compositions provide insight into these diverse metabolic strategies; however, a complete inventory of the concentration and isotopic composition of inorganic and organic substrates, as well as supporting biochemical, enzymatic and observational studies, are needed to resolve fundamental ecological questions.
Hyperbolic conservation laws with large initial data. Is the Cauchy problem well-posed?

We present an example in which the Glimm estimate for a strictly hyperbolic system of two conservation laws is violated.
2,4,6-Tris(dimethyl­amino)-1,3,5-trimethyl­borazine

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C9H27B3N6, the borazine ring displays significant distortion away from a planar six-membered ring to a boat configuration. The distortion results in layered packing of the mol­ecules to accommodate the distorted borazine rings.
Fluid immersion as a means for reducing resonance effects in rotary compensators.

Index-matching fluid immersion as means for reducing optical resonance effects in rotary compensators
The Effects of Environmental Temperature Upon Domestic Fowl Deprived of Feed and Water

Abstract THE avian kidney is more efficient in the elimination of nitrogenous waste than the mammalian kidney (Sturkie, 1965). The main advantage is that less water is used in the excretion of uric acid, the major nitrogenous product of birds, than is required in the excretion of urea the chief constituent of mammalian urine. Another factor in water conservation of birds is the relatively high production of metabolic water in proportion to body size (Bartholomew and Cade, 1963). Conversely, birds have a higher rate of evaporative water loss than do most animals. Sufficient research has been conducted to determine the normal water requirements of domestic fowl. Several researchers have reported a water to feed ratio for chickens of about 2 ml. of water consumed per gram of feed consumed. Wilson (1948) and Wilson et al. (1957) found that an increase in environmental temperature caused an increase in water consumption. Joiner and . . .
Analysis of the effects of pulsatile capillary blood flow and volume on gas exchange

Blood flow into the pulmonary capillaries and the volume of blood within the capillary bed are both pulsatile with the cardiac cycle. We have developed a quantitative model of diffusional gas exchange in the lung to investigate the effects of coupling between these two time-varying parameters on lung O2 and CO2 exchange. For normal man breathing room air at rest, the computed results agree well with previous predictions for the constant flow and volume case, and for the case of pulsatile flow alone. When coupled time-varying pulmonary capillary blood flow and volume are included, using the best data available in the literature to define these parameters, diffusional O2 exchange is improved over the cases of pulsatile flow or volume alone, and closely approximates that obtained for the hypothetical constant flow and volume case. CO2 exchanges, and O2 exchange during hypoxia, are not affected by pulsatile flow and/or volume. These results suggest that O2 exchange is efficient in the presence of coupled blood flow and blood volume pulsations as they exist in the lung capillaries, and that these conditions may be optimal for gas exchange under certain physiological (or pathological) conditions.
Yes, but Cautiously:

Attention by social work researchers and clinicians to empirically supported treatments is overdue. A distinction is warranted between research-supported interventions and expert consensus, in favor of the former. Social work researchers can contribute substantially to practice guidelines in the mental health arena, particularly in the areas of incorporating context and sample diversity. Caution is in order to prevent rigidity in formulating and adopting empirically supported practice guidelines.
Postherpetic neuralgia in immunocompetent elderly people

The most menacing complication of herpes zoster in immunocompetent elderly people is chronic pain or postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). The cardinal epidemiological feature of PHN is its striking relationship to aging. Among zoster patients over 60 years old, estimates of the occurrence of PHN, defined as pain 1 month after rash onset, vary from 27 to 68%. The pathogenesis of PHN is incompletely understood but seems to involve varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-induced damage of peripheral afferent neurons and resultant changes in central afferent neurons and efferent pain-modulating neurons. PHN improves over time in many elderly patients, but an unfortunate subset experience of debilitating pain lasts for years. They experience constant and/or intermittent spontaneous pain and stimulus-evoked pain such as allodynia or hyperpathia. The outcomes of this pain include fatigue, sleep disturbance, anorexia, depression, social withdrawal, impaired activities of daily living and profound lowering of quality of life. The management of PHN is hampered by two problems: (1) a uniformly effective treatment for PHN is not available (although tricyclic antidepressants, local or regional anaesthetics, capsaicin, opiates, anticonvulsants and physical therapies are sometimes useful); and (2) early antiviral therapy of zoster may be ineffective in preventing PHN, partly related to the fact that days of VZV replication and neuronal destruction have occurred by the time the patient reaches the doctor. A potential solution to the problem of PHN is the vaccination of elderly persons with the varicella vaccine to prevent or attenuate zoster or PHN.
Mammalian cell fusion. IV. Regulation of chromosome formation from interphase nuclei by various chemical compounds

Hybrid HeLa cells formed by the fusion of mitotic with interphase cells have been used as a test system to study the effects of various positively and negatively charged compounds on the induction of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) of the interphase nuclei. Among the various positively charged compounds tested, spermine, putrescine and Mg++ were specific in promoting the PCC induction while spermidine was unique in inhibiting this event. All the negatively charged compounds including estradiol-17β were uniformly inhibitory. The inhibitory effect of estradiol was reversed by putrescine. The inhibition of PCC induction by estradiol seems to be due to its binding to interphase chromatin rather than to the PCC inducers. The differences between the polyamines in their effects on the PCC inducing system has been explained on the basis of their abilities to bind stereospecifically with chromatin.
In vitro evidence of two-component system phosphorylation between the Mycobacterium tuberculosis TrcR/TrcS proteins.

Abstract Two-component regulatory proteins, histidine kinases and response regulators, function in bacteria as sensing and adaptive factors in response to a wide range of environmental stimuli. Conserved histidine and glycine regions of histidine kinase sensor proteins were used to design degenerate oligonucleotide primers for amplification of DNA fragments fromMycobacterium tuberculosis. Two adjacent genes,trcRandtrcS, which encode a response regulator and a histidine kinase, respectively, have been identified. Full-length and truncated TrcR and TrcS proteins have been expressed inEscherichia coli. Difficulties in expressing recombinant full-length TrcS and a truncatedN-terminal form of TrcS reveal that the transmembrane domains are toxic toE. coli. Overexpressed truncated C-terminal transmitter domains of TrcS have been autophosphorylatedin vitroand have transphosphorylated both the full-length recombinant TrcR protein and theN-terminal receiver/regulator domain of TrcR.In vitroautophosphorylation of TrcS requires the presence of Mn2+or Ca2+as a divalent cation cofactor and subsequent transphosphorylation of TrcR is evident in the presence of TrcS-phosphate and Ca2+. Transphosphorylation between these two proteins provides evidence that theseM. tuberculosisgenes encode functional two-component system regulatory proteins that are members of a signal transduction circuit.
Understanding clinical complexity in delinquent youth: comorbidities, service utilization, cost, and outcomes.

Abstract This study describes the extent and severity of multiple comorbidities in a juvenile detention center population, and explores how these numerous problems impact the utilization of treatment services, costs, and outcomes including those for substance abuse, mental illness, and criminal activity. Cluster analyses of the outcome scales at intake yielded two groups: youth high (42%) and youth lower (58%) on all factors. Girls experienced the most significant impairments across emotional problems, behavior complexity, internal mental distress, and victimization domains, utilized significantly more units of residential treatment, individual counseling and case management, and had the highest treatment costs. The total cost of services ($1,171,290, N = 114) was significantly related to substance problems in the past year (r = .219, p < .05), emotional problems (r = .237, p < .05), behavior complexity (r = .318, p < .05), internal mental distress (r = .263, p < .05), environmental risk (r = .205, p < .0...
PSYCHOLOGY OF COMPUTER USE: XL. ADDICTIVE USE OF THE INTERNET : A CASE THAT BREAKS THE STEREOTYPE

This case involves a homemaker 43 years of age who is addicted to using the Internet. This case was selected as it demonstrates that a nontechnologically oriented woman with a reportedly content home life and no prior addiction or psychiatric history abused the Internet which resulted in significant impairment to her family life. This paper defines addictive use of the Internet, outlines the subject's progression of addictive on-line use, and discusses the implications of such addictive behavior on the new market of Internet consumers.
Gamma-Ray Angular Distribution in Coulomb Excitation

In view of discrepancies in the literature regarding signs in formulas for the angular distribution of gamma rays emitted in Coulomb excitation, this distribution is worked out for the special case of 0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2 transitions. The calculation is quantum mechanical and neglects higher than first-order effects in the Coulomb energy. The signs and forms obtained are confirmed by a semiclassical calculation.
A demonstrational interface for recording technical procedures by annotation of videotaped examples

In conventional knowledge acquisition, a domain expert interacts with a knowledge engineer, who interviews the expert, and codes knowledge about the domain objects and procedures in a rule-based language, or other textual representation language. This indirect methodology can be tedious and error-prone, since the domain expert's verbal descriptions can be inaccurate or incomplete, and the knowledge engineer may not correctly interpret the expert's intent. We describe a user interface that allows a domain expert who is not a programmer to construct representations of objects and procedures directly from a video of a human performing an example procedure. The domain expert need not be fluent in the underlying representation language, since all interaction is through direct manipulation. Starting from digitized video, the user selects significant frames that illustrate before- and after- states of important operations. Then the user graphically annotates the contents of each selected frame, selecting portions of the image to represent each part, labeling the parts, and indicating part/whole relationships. The actions that represent the transition between frames are described using the technique of programming by demonstration (also called programming by example). The user performs operations on concrete visual objects in the graphical interface, and the system records the user's actions. Explanation-based learning techniques are used to synthesize a generalized program that can be used on subsequent examples. The knowledge acquisition and video annotation facilities are implemented as part of the graphical editor Mondrian, which incorporates a programming by demonstration facility. We explain the operation of Mondrian's interface in its base domain of graphical editing as well as for the video annotation and knowledge acquisition application. The result of the knowledge acquisition process is object descriptions for each object in the domain, generalized procedural descriptions, and visual and natural language documentation of the procedure. We illustrate the system in the domain of documentation of operational and maintenance procedures for electrical devices.
Working memory as assessed by subject-ordered tasks in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

We tested patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and normal subjects (n = 18 per group) on a self-paced, working memory task that, based on studies of patients with focal brain lesions and functional brain imaging studies of normals, is largely mediated by prefrontal cortex. The OCD patients had normal working memory spans and normal recognition memory for all types of material tested (abstract words, common objects, and novel nonsense objects). The patients, however, were slow (p < .005), and the time they took to complete the tasks was significantly correlated with ratings of OCD symptoms (r = .539, p < .05) and depression (r = .643, p < .01), but not anxiety. Slowed performance on this self-paced task was discussed in relation to normal response times by OCD patients under typical laboratory conditions. It was suggested that this discrepancy may be related to a broader dissociation between real-world and laboratory performance as seen in some patients with prefrontal lobe dysfunction.
Evidence for obligate monogamy in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus campbelli: pup survival under different parenting conditions

Two recent studies have described pregnancy blocking responses in female Djungarian hamsters, Phodopus campbelli, under conditions where the potential for paternal investment by the male is low (Wynne-Edwards and Lisk 1984; Wynne-Edwards et al. 1987). If this pattern of pregnancy block is adaptive, solitary females should have a low probability of successfully rearing a litter without investment by their mate. The present study was designed to compare the relative reproductive success of solitary females with that of paired females. Weights and survivorship were determined daily from birth through weaning (day 18 after birth) for litters of Djungarian hamster pups raised by solitary females (Solitary females), male-female pairs (Pairs), or female-female pairs consisting of the experimental female and her unmated littermate sister (Sisters). Unmated littermate sisters were included in the design to differentiate between the contribution of the mate and the contribution of another conspecific adult to the reproductive success of the experimental female. As predicted by the hypothesis that the pattern of incidence of pregnancy block was adaptive (Wynne-Edwards et al. 1987), the presence of the mate significantly affected the reproductive success of the female. Pairs were very successful, raising 95% of pups and 100% of litters to weaning. Solitary females were significantly less successful, raising only 47% of pups and 77% of litters with 16% of litters intact on day 18. A littermate sister did not compensate for the absence of the mate. Sisters raised only 61% of pups and 73% of litters with 36% of litters intact on day 18. Pup survival and weights were independent of sex. However, for pups that were still alive on day 18, weight distributions did not differ significantly across the three parenting conditions. Likewise, the proportion of ‘best’ pups alive on day 18 (with weights exceeding a threshold of 11.5 g) did not differ significantly across groups. Differences between parenting conditions lay in the survivorship of pups rather than in the quality of the pups that survived. This study provides evidence that the presence of the mate is essential for high female reproductive success even under the ideal climate and nutritional conditions of the laboratory. Thus, the Djungarian hamster is a strong candidate for a small mammalian species with obligate monogamy as the optimal mating system.
Tiddle: a trace description language for generating concurrent benchmarks to test dynamic analyses

Dynamic analysis is a promising technique for finding concurrency bugs in multithreaded programs. However, testing a dynamic analysis tool can be difficult. Researchers end up writing large amounts of small benchmark programs. Since the benchmarks themselves are concurrent programs, they may execute nondeterministically, complicating testing of the analysis tool.We propose testing dynamic analyses by writing traces in a simple trace description language, Tiddle. Our implementation, written in Haskell, generates deterministic multithreaded Java programs for testing dynamic analyses. We report that it is substantially easier to write programs with incriminating bugs such as race conditions in Tiddle than the corresponding Java source code version, reducing the amount of source code to maintain and understand. Although our implementation is targeted towards Java, the ideas extend to any other languages which support mutable fields and multiple threads.