cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workarounds to barcode medication administration systems: their occurrences, causes, and threats to patient safety.

The authors develop a typology of clinicians' workarounds when using barcoded medication administration (BCMA) systems. Authors then identify the causes and possible consequences of each workaround. The BCMAs usually consist of handheld devices for scanning machine-readable barcodes on patients and medications. They also interface with electronic medication administration records. Ideally, BCMAs help confirm the five “rights” of medication administration: right patient, drug, dose, route, and time. While BCMAs are reported to reduce medication administration errors—the least likely medication error to be intercepted— these claims have not been clearly demonstrated. The authors studied BCMA use at five hospitals by: (1) observing and shadowing nurses using BCMAs at two hospitals, (2) interviewing staff and hospital leaders at five hospitals, (3) participating in BCMA staff meetings, (4) participating in one hospital's failure-mode-and-effects analyses, (5) analyzing BCMA override log data. The authors identified 15 types of workarounds, including, for example, affixing patient identification barcodes to computer carts, scanners, doorjambs, or nurses' belt rings; carrying several patients' prescanned medications on carts. The authors identified 31 types of causes of workarounds, such as unreadable medication barcodes (crinkled, smudged, torn, missing, covered by another label); malfunctioning scanners; unreadable or missing patient identification wristbands (chewed, soaked, missing); nonbarcoded medications; failing batteries; uncertain wireless connectivity; emergencies. The authors found nurses overrode BCMA alerts for 4.2% of patients charted and for 10.3% of medications charted. Possible consequences of the workarounds include wrong administration of medications, wrong doses, wrong times, and wrong formulations. Shortcomings in BCMAs' design, implementation, and workflow integration encourage workarounds. Integrating BCMAs within real-world clinical workflows requires attention to in situ use to ensure safety features' correct use.
In-band transition of a nationwide air/ground radio system from an analog to a digital architecture

The Next-Generation Air/Ground (A/G) Radio Communications System (NEXCOM) will provide a digital voice and data capability for air traffic control in USA airspace. The nationwide transition from today's all-voice analog system to NEXCOM will take several years. Since digital interference characteristics differ markedly from those of analog radios, most A/G radio circuits will need to change their operating frequencies when they are converted to NEXCOM, to avoid RF interference with neighboring circuits. The size and complexity of the system make it a challenging task to identify an incremental sequence of frequency changes that will enable a smooth, gradual, and cost-effective transition. In this paper, we present simulation results demonstrating the feasibility of a nondisruptive incremental transition to NEXCOM and identify specific measures for reducing the complexity of the transition and, thus, its overall cost.
The Tippecanoe Sequence: Middle Ordovician???Lower Devonian

The second great Paleozoic epeiric sea, the Tippecanoe sea, transgressed on the craton beginning in the early Middle Ordovician and withdrew totally in the Early Devonian. During this interval a number of important events transpired, among the most significant being the Taconic Orogeny on the Appalachian continental margin. Beginning with Tippecanoe topics, and continuing virtually through the remaining text, we will split (somewhat artificially) discussion of cratonic events from discussion of marginal/tectonic events; this is a necessity due to the large variety of conditions which were present on the post-Cambrian continent.
The postweaning rise of tonic luteinizing hormone secretion in anestrous cows is not prevented by chronic milking or the physical presence of the calf.

The objective of the following study was to examine the ability of frequent milking, the physical presence of the calf, and their combination to prevent a postweaning rise in tonic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, estrus, and ovulation. Thirty Hereford cows were allowed to suckle their calves ad libitum until 17-21 days post partum and confirmed as anestrus. They were then assigned alternately by order of calving to 1 of 5 treatment groups: (1) Suckled (S) ad libitum; (2) Nonsuckled (NS)-calf removed for 102 h; (3) Nonsuckledcalf present (NSC)-calf remained with cow, but muzzled to prevent suckling for 102 h; (4) Nonsuckled-milked 8 times a day (NSM)-calf removed for 102 h and cow hand-milked for 10 mm every 2 h from 0700 to 2100 h; (5) Nonsuckled-calf present-milked 8 times a day (NSMC)-combination of 3 and 4. Luteinizing hormone secretion patterns, estrous activity, and ovulation were monitored throughout the experiment. Prior to treatment (Day 0), mean pulse frequency (pulses/6 h), mean concentrations (ng/ml), and median concentrations (ng/ml) of LH did not differ (p>O.45) between groups, and were 0.7 ± 0.15, 2.8 ± 0.14, and 2.6 ± 0.11, respectively. Marked rises (p<0.Ol-p<0.03) in LH pulse frequency were observed in all groups except S between 48 and 54 h after onset of treatment. Mean and median concentrations of LH were lower (p<0.02) in S cows than in all other groups at 48-54 h. At 96-1 02 h, LH pulse frequency had increased (p<0.01) 4-to 6-fold (3-5 pulses/6 h) in all groups exceptS, which remained low (1.3 pulses/6 h). Estrus occurred in 4/6 NS cows, and 5/6 ovulated within 120 h. Only 1/24 cows in the remaining groups exhibited estrus. However, 8/18 in NSC, NSM, and NSMC groups ovulated. Results suggest that the ability of the suckling calf to suppress tonic LH secretion derives from unique cues that are not fully simulated by frequent milking and the presence of the nonsuckling calf However, one or both of these factors may modulate behavioral estrus.
High-contrast imaging testbed

Several high-contrast imaging systems are currently under construction to enable the detection of extra-solar planets. In order for these systems to achieve their objectives, however, there is considerable developmental work and testing which must take place. Given the need to perform these tests, a spatially-filtered Shack-Hartmann adaptive optics system has been assembled to evaluate new algorithms and hardware configurations which will be implemented in these future high-contrast imaging systems. In this article, construction and phase measurements of a membrane 'woofer' mirror are presented. In addition, results from closed-loop operation of the assembled testbed with static phase plates are presented. The testbed is currently being upgraded to enable operation at speeds approaching 500 hz and to enable studies of the interactions between the woofer and tweeter deformable mirrors.
ESTIMATION OF POPULATION SIZE AND PROBABILITIES OF SURVIVAL AND DETECTION IN MEAD'S MILKWEED

Statistical similarities exist between estimating numbers of cryptic animals and of inconspicuous plants. Without flowers, Mead's milkweed ( Asclepias meadii )i s an unobtrusive prairie plant, and most plants flower irregularly. We used maximum likelihood to estimate probabilities of survival and detection for milkweeds in annual censuses during 1992-1999. Initially, we assumed no recruitment and fit models to all data and to flowering plants only. Because plants were marked when located, probabilities of resighting exceeded those of initial discovery. Plants were most likely to flower and be detected in years when the prairie was burned. We marked 177 plants in eight years but estimated the 1992 pop- ulation to be 337 or 191 plants with 166 or 121 surviving to 1999, depending on the data set. Thus, estimated population size exceeded number of plants seen. Estimated annual survival probability was generally $0.95, but aggregate survival over eight years predicted rapid extinction without recruitment. When we included recruitment, estimates of survival changed little, and estimated population size varied between 118 and 147 individuals. Discovery of new plants in two additional years (2000 and 2001) appeared to be consistent with required recruitment, but simple counts of these plants did not track population trends.
Applying Aggregation Concepts for Image Search

Through the influx of information content on the Internet, a number of image search methodologies have been presented and implemented to increase the accuracy of image retrieval including keywords, object classification and feature processing. Both keyword and object classification models rely heavily on human subjects, which is time-consuming and error-prone with inconsistency in word agreement. We propose two feature processing methods without human intervention. The feature collage algorithm compares images based on particular features such as color histogram whereas the feature independent algorithm considers each feature's dimension as independent contributors to the image quality. Using query-by-example, we organize images using rank aggregation methods, previously applied in text information retrieval. We show through empirical experimentation the benefits of our feature processing algorithms over traditional CBIR approaches.
Simulation Modeling For Emergency Medical Service Systems

A simulation model was developed with the purpose of providing EMS planners and managers with a tool to help them in the planning of their operations and in their decision making role in general. The model was successfully tested on one of the seven EMS regions in the state of West Virginia. Policy changes were tested by running the model under different conditions, and measuring their impact on the performance of the EMS system. Policies investigated include the elimination and addition of squads, reallocation of vehicles, and changing the level of personnel training and preparedness.
Intraspecific and interspecific interactions mediated by a phytotoxin, (-)-catechin, secreted by the roots of Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed).

Centarea maculosa Lam. (spotted knapweed) is one of the most destructive invasive weeds in the western United States, particularly in pastures and rangelands. One of the components that may contribute to its invasiveness is the naturally produced, root-secreted allelochemical (−)-catechin. This compound has been shown to have broad-spectrum phytotoxic activity, possibly assisting C. maculosa in displacing native plant communities. As a recently characterized phytochemical, little is known about the specific effect of (−)-catechin on either C. maculosa or other plant species. We have found that, in vitro, C. maculosa begins to secrete phytotoxic levels of (−)-catechin within 2–3 weeks of seedling emergence. Furthermore, (−)-catechin concentrations consistent with those naturally secreted by C. maculosa were sufficient to inhibit germination in all species tested, including C. maculosa. These concentrations were also often either phytotoxic or growth inhibitory to seedlings in a range of plant species, while having no negative effects on the growth of C. maculosa seedlings. However, our results also indicate that different levels of resistance and susceptibility to (−)-catechin exist in plant populations, suggesting that the capability of C. maculosa to invade an area through allelochemistry may be dependent on the age and species composition of plants in that area.
Intrapartum obstetric management

Maternal cardiac disease complicates approximately 1–2% of all pregnancies in the United States. Just as during the antepartum period, in the immediate period surrounding delivery, obstetrical patients with cardiac disease (both congenital and acquired) will have specialized needs, tailored to the patient and her specific lesion. While the basic principles of labor and delivery management protocols are relevant to this subgroup of patients, there are certain areas in which adjustments must be made. These include endocarditis prophylaxis, recent anticoagulation, fluid management, and the need for increased maternal cardiac monitoring. Awareness of the challenges of the intrapartum period combined with a multi-disciplinary approach from anesthesia, cardiology, and the obstetrical provider will optimize the patient for a safe delivery.
A Two-Level Strategy for Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a two-level strategy for topology control in wireless sensor networks. The energy saving methods in most of the existing research work can be categorized into two types: active subnetwork and short hops. The active subnetwork and short hops methods have different network conditions for them to perform well. We propose a two-level topology control strategy which integrates the above two methods to achieve further energy saving. The simulation results show that the two-level topology control strategy achieves better performance in terms of energy saving than both active subnetwork and short hops methods in networks with a wide range of node densities
Methods of development of a three dimensional model of the normal female pelvic floor

The anatomy of the pelvic floor is complex and the structures interact in non-obvious ways to maintain continence. Thus, a visualizable model would help our understanding of this part of the body. The goal of this project was to establish the methods necessary to develop a static three-dimensional (3D) model of the normal female pelvic floor. An asymptomatic nulliparous twenty-three year old female with no urinary incontinence symptoms underwent a pelvic floor MRI scan. Manual segmentations were done of selected pelvic floor structures: bladder, urethra, vagina, uterus, cervix, levator ani, obturator externus, obturator internus, and pubic bone (Mimics, Materialise). 3 clinicians verified accuracy of the 3D models. With high-resolution scans, accurate segmentation of the structures was possible. Three-dimensional models of the female pelvic floor could enhance our understanding of anatomy. They can be used as tools for research and teaching, facilitating improved treatment of pelvic floor pathologies.
Characteristics of a turbulent boundary layer perturbed by spatially-impulsive dynamic roughness

Statistical and spectral analyses of the manipulation of a canonical zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer using static roughness and low-frequency dynamic roughness patches are presented. A shift of spectral energy away from the wall downstream of the roughness patch is observed. The dynamic roughness is shown to disrupt the structure of the boundary layer, while embedding its periodic signature in an extensive stretch of the downstream flow field.
Composition of Gum Turpentines of Pines XXVIII. *:A Report on Pinus edulis from eastern Arizona, P. tropicalis from Cuba, and P. elliottii var. densa from Florida

Abstract Composition of gum turpentine of three pine species is reported. The turpentine of P. edulis contained: d and dl-a-pinene, 46%; unidentified terpenes, 1%; myrcene, 2%; d-∆-carene, 6%; ocimene 1%; dl-limonene, 1%; terpinolene 1%; ethyl cap- rylate, 6%; unidentified mixture of oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons, 12%; sequiterpenes related to cadinene, 16%; residue and loss, 8%. The turpentine of P. tropicalis consisted of: d and dl-γ-pinene, 96%; d and dl-limonene, 1-2%; an un-identified terpene, 1%, and pot residue and loss 1.6%. The turpentine from P. elliottii var. densa contained: l- and dl-γ-pinene, 71%; l-β-pinene, 3-4%; unidentified terpene, 1-2%; l-γ-phellandrene, 19%; methyl chavicol, 3%; pot residue and loss 1.2%.
Pastoral counseling and the changing times.

Recalls that although long-term psychotherapy was the underpinning of pastoral counseling in its early days of development and remains so for many practitioners today, recent outcome studies demons...
Religion and the Workplace: A Social Science Perspective

Contrary to the expectations of secularization theory, the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw an increase in the political engagement of religious commitment around the globe. In the legal realm, this upsurge of religiously-based political conflict has become evident in demands by workers that employers respect and honor their religious rights in the workplace. From a social scientific perspective, the Nantes papers about religion in the workplace indicate that (1) the legal status accorded such claims reflects the general position of religion in the legal culture of each nation rather than any specialized body of employment law; (2) the religion recognized in law, usually based on the dominant religious tradition of the nation, often differs from and conflicts with the "lived religion" of adherents who file claims of religious discrimination, and (3) such claims are challenging because they often represent an integralist form of religiosity which is in tension with legal norms.
Causality, Invariance, and Policy

This chapter has five aims: 1. To explain the puzzling methodology of an important econometric study of health and status. 2. To note the widespread use of invariance in both economic and philosophical studies of causality to guarantee that causal knowledge can be used, as we have always supposed it can be, to predict the effects of manipulations. 3. To argue that the kind of invariance seen widely in economic methodology succeeds at this job whereas a standard kind of invariance now popular in philosophy cannot. 4. To question the special role of causal knowledge with respect to predictions about the effects of manipulations once the importance of adding on invariance is recognized. 5. To draw the despairing conclusion that both causation and invariance are poor tools for predicting the outcomes of policy and technology and to pose the challenge: what can we offer that works better?
Abstract A65: Evaluating the reliability of an instrument assessing cancer clinical trial perceptions in a predominantly African American sample

Background: African Americans (AA) are disproportionately impacted by cancer mortality compared to their European American (EA) counterparts. Greater participation in cancer clinical trials among AA could help to reduce this disparity. However, negative perceptions of trials appear to negatively impact trial participation among AA. The Attitudes towards Randomized Trials Questionnaire (ARTQ) has been found to be a reliable measure of trial perceptions among EA. However, the utility of this instrument has never before been tested among AA. Objective: To evaluate the reliability of the ARTQ in assessing perceptions of cancer clinical trials in a predominantly AA sample. Methods: Principal component analysis (PCA) and Cronbach9s alpha estimates were used to assess the reliability of the ARTQ. The sample consisted of residents from South Carolina counties with high racial disparities in cancer mortality rates (N=315, 81.4% AA) who participated in the study between 2008 and 2013. Results: Slightly more than half of the participants had at least a college diploma (60.8%), 84.8% were female, and 53.4 % had an annual household income of $40,000 or more. In this study, the PCA analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the ARTQ. Cronbach9s alpha for the ARTQ was 0.86. Conclusion: The ARTQ displayed strong evidence of high statistical reliability in this predominantly AA sample. This analysis has great implications for future research as it represents the first test of reliability of the ARTQ in AA. The results lay the groundwork for use of the ARTQ in future studies in diverse populations. The ARTQ could be administered to potential trial participants to identify those whose trial perceptions indicate that they could benefit from participating in a clinical trials education program. The ARTQ could thus be used to foster communication with potential trial participants by highlighting areas where investigators could spend additional time describing the trial design and the safeguards in place for participants. Citation Format: Marvella E. Ford, Dana Burshell, Franshawn Mack, Wei Wei, Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer. Evaluating the reliability of an instrument assessing cancer clinical trial perceptions in a predominantly African American sample. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A65. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-A65
Nationwide Trends of Hospital Admission and Outcomes Among Critical Limb Ischemia Patients: From 2003–2011

Abstract Background Critical limb ischemia (CLI) continues to be a major cause of vascular-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. Objectives The study sought to characterize the trends in hospitalization of U.S. patients with CLI from 2003 to 2011, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. We compared the cost utilization and in-hospital outcomes of endovascular and surgical revascularization procedures for CLI. Methods CLI and revascularization procedures were identified using International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Edition-Clinical Modification codes. In-hospital mortality and amputation were coprimary outcomes. Length of stay (LOS) and cost of hospitalization were secondary outcomes. Results We included a total of 642,433 admissions with CLI across 2003 to 2011. The annual rate of CLI admissions has been relatively constant across 2003 to 2011 (∼150 per 100,000 people in the United States). There has been a significant reduction in the proportion of patients undergoing surgical revascularization from 13.9% in 2003 to 8.8% in 2011, while endovascular revascularization has increased from 5.1% to 11.0% during the same time period. This was accompanied by a steady reduction in the incidence of in-hospital mortality and major amputation. Compared to surgical revascularization, endovascular revascularization was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality (2.34% vs. 2.73%, p Conclusions While CLI admission rates have remained constant from 2003 to 2011, rates of surgical revascularization have significantly declined and endovascular revascularization procedures have increased. This has been associated with decreasing rates of in-hospital death and major amputation rates in the United States. Despite multiple adjustments, endovascular revascularization was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality compared to surgical revascularization during 2003 to 2011.
Utilization of Different Varieties of Raw Soybeans by Male and Female Chicks

Abstract Three trials, including 352 male and 96 female 8-day-old chicks, were conducted to compare the nutritional values of a trypsin-inhibitor variant soybean designated 661, and the commercial soybean varieties, Clark and Harosoy. Solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) was used as the control protein source. SBM was superior to the raw soybean proteins. Chicks fed raw 661 gained faster (P dl -methionine addition (0.3%) improved (P
Parenting Transgender Children in PFLAG

ABSTRACTParents of transgender children (N = 14) recounted four ways in which their parenting experiences were more difficult and isolating than those of other parents of a national GLBT support organization: the physical changes their children undergo, the lack of media representations of transgender lives, the effect of their child's gender transition on their identity as a parent, and the tensions involved in their child's successful transition in public settings. Parental isolation may be alleviated, however, by recognizing four unrecognized similarities shared among parents of GLBT children: adjusting to changes in their child's appearance, the process of grief and mourning, the tendency to hierarchically rank parental difficulties, and fears of being a bad parent. The isolation faced by parents of transgender children is imposed not only by antitrans prejudice and lack of information, but also by the unacknowledged and undiscussed ways in which a child's gender transition affects parental gender ide...
Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on pulmonary surfactant during cardiopulmonary bypass in infants

AIM: To study the effects of inhaled Nitric Oxide(NO) on pulmonary function and pulmonary surfactant during cardiopulmonary bypass in infants.METHODS: Thirty infants with congenital heart disease with the high degree of PH were randomly divided into two groups: control group(n=15) and NO group(n=15).From throughout the cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB),40 μl/L NO was inhaled in NO group.Before CPB and at 1,5 and 10 min after aortic declamping,air tube was lavaged by small amounts of normal saline,the levels of TPL,SatPC and TP were determined and the values of SatPC/TPL and SatPC/TP were calculated.RESULTS: The levels of SatPC/TPL and SatPC/TP post-operation were lower than those before CPB(P0.01) and the decreased formants of SatPC/TPL and SatPC/TP in control group were higher than those in NO group.CONCLUSION: Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is obvious during CPB in infants and manifests as sub-clinical pulmonary function injury.Inhale 40 μl/L NO has marked protective effect on the lung function during CPB.
Differential Display Analysis of Inflammatory Genes in Airway Epithelium

Airway epithelial cells (ECs) form a continuous pseudostratified layer in the lung, creating a tight barrier that protects underlying tissue from the external environment. As such, airway ECs have been described classically as barrier cells that are involved in homeostasis; these cells respond to a variety of environmental stimuli, resulting in the alteration of their cellular functions, such as ion transport and movement of airway secretions. Recent evidence, however, suggests that airway ECs may also act as immune-effector cells, in response to noxious endogenous or exogenous stimuli. Several studies have shown that airway ECs express and secrete various immune molecules, such as lipid mediators, oxygen radicals, adhesion molecules, and a wide variety of cytokines, including chemokines (1). Through the expression and production of these immune molecules, the epithelium is now thought to be important in the initiation and exacerbation of inflammatory diseases of the lung, such as asthma.
[Time-space study on viral hepatitis C in Gansu province, from 2009 to 2013].

Objective To study the time-space distribution of viral hepatitis C in Gansu province during 2009-2013, using the time-space statistics. Methods Using Geoda to analysis the univariate Moran's I and univariate local Moran's I while using SaTScan to detect the time-space gathering areas. Results There was spatial autocorrelation on incidence of hepatitis C noticed in Gansu during 2009-2013. The hot spots areas were counties as Jinchang, Wuwei, Zhangye and Lanzhou. Cold spot areas would include counties as Dingxi, Longnan, Pingliang, Gannan, Jiuquan, Qingyang, Baiyin and Tianshui. There were time-space gathering areas nitoced, during 2009-2010. Qinzhou and Maiji counties belonged to high incidence gathering areas. Lintao and Linxia were of low incidence gathering areas. In 2011-2013, high incidence gathering area would include counties as Zhangye, Jinchang, Wuwei Lanzhou and Baiyin while low incidence gathering areas would include counties as Dingxi, Tianshui, Pingliang, Longnan and Qingyang. Conclusion There appeared time-space gathering of hepatitis C in Gansu province during 2009-2013. High and low gathering areas varied with time and high incidence gathering area mainly distributed in the western and central areas of Gansu province. Key words: Viral hepatitis C; Time-space distribution; Detection
Mineral and Bone Metabolism Disorders in Minority Incident ESRD Patients in an Inner-City Hemodialysis Unit

Background : Chronic kidney disease (CKD) predisposes patients to mineral and bone metabolism disorder (CKD- MBD), which is a well-known risk factor for increased mortality. Because Medical Evidence Form 2728 from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients does not require documentation of CKD-MBD markers, MBD status on incident patients remains unknown. Objective : Retrospective observational study to determine the prevalence of mineral and bone metabolism disorder in minority incident ESRD patients. Methods : We studied all incident ESRD patients in our hemodialysis unit between January 2000 and September 2008. Patients followed for less than three months were excluded. Target values for CKD stage 5 were defined as per 2003 Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines. Results : One hundred seventy-four patients were stud- ied, with a mean age of 53.7±16.1 years, mean body mass index of 26.67±5.98 kg/m 2 , and mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of 6.7±4.03 mL/min/1.73m 2 . Mean lab values with one standard deviation were as follows: corrected calcium 8.5±1.3 mg/dL, serum albumin 3.05±0.77 g/dL, phosphorus 5.5±2.2 mg/dL, calcium-phosphorus product 46.7±18.5 mg 2 /dL 2 , and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) 440.9±397.8 pg/mL. Target values for cal- cium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product, and iPTH were met in 34%, 42%, 72%, and 31% of the patients, respectively, while only 6% of the patients met all four target values. Conclusions : CKD-MBD is widely prevalent in minority incident dialysis patients at initiation of therapy. Its management continues to be a challenge and warrants early recognition and therapy in CKD patients.
Safeguarding the News in the Era of Disruptive Sources

ABSTRACTObligations and loyalties that develop between reporter and source both enable and enrich—and impede and corrupt—the flow of publicly significant information to wide audiences. Source relations are at the core of journalism practice, yet they are a thinly developed area of journalism ethics, and the digital era emergence of what are called here “disruptive sources”—arising from outside the normal nexus of authoritative informants, often disclosing information that undermines the credibility of that nexus—suggests a re-examination is warranted. The recent wave of prosecutions of disruptive sources in the United States suggests that confidentiality pledges—even buttressed by shield laws—may protect journalists, but do little to protect sources. What’s needed is a stronger ethical commitment among the news media to stand by truthful sources who break the law in the service of public illumination, and whistleblower laws that allow sources who violate secrecy provisions to defend their actions as socia...
Unveiling the recovery time zone of tolerance: when time matters in service recovery

This article examines the link between recovery time and customer compensation expectations for service failures that cannot be immediately redressed. First, we show that the relationship between recovery time and compensation expectations is nonlinear. Initially, in a recovery time zone of tolerance, compensation expectations do not increase. Beyond this zone, the relationship follows an inverted U-shape, such that compensation expectations first increase but decrease in the long run. Second, our results show that long recovery times are accompanied by additional negative effects, including lower satisfaction with the recovery and negative word of mouth, so postponing service recovery represents a poor option. Third, relationship strength functions as a moderator. First-time customers expect higher compensation earlier; relational customers display a recovery time zone of tolerance but claim considerably higher compensations afterwards. Fourth, communication initiatives like the separate provision of status updates or an explanation may limit increases in compensation expectations over time. Still, their joint usage creates a “too-much-of-a-good-thing” effect, suggesting that if the usage of communication initiatives is taken too far it may lead to negative outcomes such as increasing compensation expectations.
Designing Courses for Pracademic Learning

A recent symposium in PS focused on “pracademics,” the mixture of academic and practitioner roles (McDonald and Mooney, 2011). The term is of recent origin, most notably developed in Posner’s essay on career roles in public administration (2009). While these pieces cover the concept of a faculty member being a pracademic, they do not push very far into the possible learning applications of the pracademic concept for students. In this paper I develop the concept of pracademic learning experiences from the point of view of course design. The concept development takes place in two phases. First, I posit two idealized poles of academic and practitioner courses in order to define what the blended, middle ground of a pracademic course would look like. Second, I briefly compare the resulting conception of a pracademic course to two related pedagogies: the broad concept of problem-based learning and the more narrow idea of community-based research. This brief set of comparisons allows a further refinement of the concept of a pracademic course and also suggests (based on the evaluation research on the related pedagogies) that a pracademic course could realize valued outcomes for students. In the final major section of the paper I present some choices, challenges, and opportunities presented by developing a course for pracademic learning, illustrated with some examples from my own course design and teaching experiences.
Single phase liquid cooling of hotspots in a heterogeneous pin-fin-enhanced microgap with non-uniform fin array

Single-phase liquid cooling in microchannels and microgaps has been successfully demonstrated for heat fluxes of ∼1 kW/cm2 in Si components. Surface area enhancements such as uniformly distributed pin-fin arrays can provide further improvements in cooling performance. However, effectively managing localized hot spots in heterogeneous integration (HI), which refers to the integration of various components that achieves complex functionalities, entails a thermal challenge. Here we address this thermal challenge of HI by using non-uniform pin-fin array-enhanced microgap liquid-cooling. This paper tests the liquid-cooling performance of four test device vehicles (TDVs), each with a pin-fin-enhanced microgap with non-uniform fin arrays. Multiple combinations of hot spot and background heat fluxes are evaluated. Nonuniform heating conditions were created using four background heaters located from the upstream to the downstream, and one additional hotspot heater located in the center. Thermal performance of cylindrical fin-enhanced TDVs and hydrofoil fin-enhanced TDVs are examined. Both have two designs: one with increased fin density around the hotspot only, and another with increased fin density along the spanwise direction. Deionized (DI) water is the coolant for all test cases, with heat flux varying from 125 W/cm2 to 625 W/cm2 for the hotspot, and 125 W/cm2 to 250 W/cm2 for background heaters. The resulting heat flux ratio of the localized hotspot to background heaters varies from 1 to 5. The TDVs of the spanwise-increased hydrofoil fins exhibited the best thermal performance∼6% to 14% lower hotspot temperature than others. The TDVs of the spanwise-increased cylindrical fins maintain a balance between hotspot cooling performance and pressure drop. In general, as the temperature of hotspot remains around 70 °C with a heat flux of 625 W/cm2, the non-uniform fin-enhanced microchannel-cooling technology appears to be a promising hotspot thermal management approach under moderate background heat flux.
Fibroadenoma mimicking papillary carcinoma on ThinPrep of fine-needle aspiration of the breast.

Abstract Objective.—To compare and contrast benign and malignant lesions of the breast that have similar appearances on fine-needle aspiration cytology and that constitute diagnostic pitfalls. Desi...
Towards Grasping with Spiking Neural Networks for Anthropomorphic Robot Hands

Representation and execution of movement in biology is an active field of research relevant to neurorobotics. Humans can remember grasp motions and modify them during execution based on the shape and the intended interaction with objects. We present a hierarchical spiking neural network with a biologically inspired architecture for representing different grasp motions. We demonstrate the ability of our network to learn from human demonstration using synaptic plasticity on two different exemplary grasp types (pinch and cylinder). We evaluate the performance of the network in simulation and on a real anthropomorphic robotic hand. The network exposes the ability of learning finger coordination and synergies between joints that can be used for grasping.
Evaluation and Treatment of Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) comprise one of the most common medical conditions in aging men. The most common cause of these voiding symptoms is due to prostatic obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). LUTS management consumes a growing portion of medical expenditures and is expected to more than double in the next 25 years. In the present day, this problem is likely to be initially treated by a primary care physician with only cases refractory to initial therapy referred to the urologist for consideration of further treatment. Given that over 12.5 million visits per year are related to BPH/LUTS-related management, it is imperative that the primary care physician have knowledge of the etiology, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of this common complaint. This chapter serves to review the most up-to-date management guidelines as recommended by the American Urologic Association (AUA), focusing on the essentials for the primary care physician.
Are Provided Examples or Faded Examples More Effective for Declarative Concept Learning

Declarative concepts (abstract concepts denoted by key terms and definitions) are foundational content in many courses at most grade levels. The current research compared the relative effectiveness of provided examples to faded examples (a technique involving a transition from studying provided examples to completing partial examples to generating examples) for learning declarative concepts. In two experiments (experiment 1: n = 146, experiment 2: n = 131), participants were randomly assigned to study provided examples or complete faded examples. Two days later, participants took two final tests to assess their long-term learning: a novel example classification test and an example generation test. Results across experiments were highly consistent: performance on both final tests was similar following provided examples and faded examples practice; however, provided examples took much less time to implement during practice. Therefore, considering both long-term learning and efficiency outcomes collectively for evaluating the effectiveness of learning techniques, provided examples continue to be more effective than techniques involving both provided examples and generated examples for learning declarative concepts.
Effect of Cone Penetration Conditioning on Random Field Model Parameters and Impact of Spatial Variability on Liquefaction-Induced Differential Settlements

AbstractThe prediction of liquefaction-induced damage to structures can be aided in part by an understanding of the magnitude of inherent spatial variability of the underlying liquefaction-suscepti...
Occluder Contact Lens Tolerance in Noncompliant Patients with Amblyopia

Amblyopic children who are noncompliant with an occlusive patch are at risk for permanent loss of vision. We studied tolerance with an occluder contact lens as an alternative for amblyopia therapy ...
Multiphoton Ionization in Analytical Chemistry

Multiphoton ionization methods for analysis became attractive when single atom detection was achieved (1–3). Single atoms of Cs formed from the nuclear fission of Cf were detected within a proportional counter after they were ionized by a dye laser tuned to a resonant transition. The ionization continuum was reached after a second photon was absorbed by the excited Cs atom. Since then, the resonance enhanced ionization methods have been extended to include many of the other elements in the periodic table (4). Different schemes are used to cause ionization depending upon the energy level structure of the particular atom. Some atoms require a resonant two photon excitation as the first step while others require two resonant absorptions before the ionization step.
A computational method for thermal tomography by time dependent boundary integral equation method

This paper is concerned with a geometrical identification of corrosion shape in the thermal testing of materials. To estimate the corrosion shape of materials, we formulate a parameter estimation problem using temperature data from the front surface of materials. We propose a new estimation algorithm based on the time-dependent boundary integral equation method. Summaries of computational experiments by the proposed method are given.
The use of benzydamine HCl for the management of cancer therapy-induced mucositis: preliminary report of a multicentre study.

A multicentre study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of benzydamine, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, in relieving oral pain and inflammation due to cancer chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis. Benzydamine or placebo mouthwash was administered in a double-blind fashion to patients with established mucositis who complained of at least moderate mucositis pain. Preliminary review of the data reveals encouraging trends, subjects who received benzydamine consistently reporting more effective pain relief than those receiving placebo. Benzydamine mouthwash provided good to excellent relief of oral mucositis pain when rated by patients after one day (68% vs 47%) and by examiners both after one day (60% vs 40%) and overall (60% vs 42%). When only very good to excellent responses were considered, observer impressions of benzydamine's effectiveness were found to be statistically significant (p less than .04). These initial results are encouraging and, though not all results are statistically significant, appear to support the potential usefulness of benzydamine mouthwash in managing oral mucositis due to cancer therapy.
Propagation of Twelve Alaska Native Plants by Summer Stem Cuttings

Abstract Twelve Alaska native plants were propagated from softwood and semi-hardwood stem cuttings collected from late June through August. Cuttings of new growth were treated with 0.3% indole-3-butyric acid powder and propagated in horticultural grade perlite and vermiculite (1:1 by vol) under intermittent mist with bottom heat [26C (79F)] in a greenhouse with a minimum night temperature of 15C (59F). After 6 weeks, cuttings were harvested and evaluated for rooting percentage and root quantity. Four species rooted poorly ( 80%) occurred June 20 for: Beauverd spiraea (Spiraea stevenii), sweetgale (Myrica gale), and thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia). Peak rooting for dwarf birch (Betula nana), feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum...
Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination Asymmetry Score Distinguishes Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy From Typical Development.

Abstract Background The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination is one of several useful tools for early identification of cerebral palsy; however, cut-off scores for cerebral palsy do not consistently distinguish infants with hemiplegia from those typically developing. We hypothesized that use of an asymmetry score, in addition to the assessment's standard total cutoff score, could remedy this problem in a clinical setting. Methods This retrospective study of a neonatal intensive care follow-up program with consistent clinical use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination matched infants with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy to infants without motor delays or evidence of neurodevelopmental impairments. Groups had same corrected and gestational ages at Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination assessment. Asymmetry presence was recorded. Results Of 74 infants with cerebral palsy, 28 had quadriplegia, 11 had diplegia, and 35 had hemiplegia. Median total Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination and asymmetry scores for hemiplegia were 57.5 and 10 versus 76 and 0 for those without cerebral palsy. Sensitivity and specificity to distinguish hemiplegia from typical development by combining a total Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination score less than 63 and an asymmetry score greater than 5 were 91.8% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions In a clinical setting, combining total Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination and asymmetry scores can help providers differentiate infants with hemiplegia from those typically developing.
AF-CBT for Families Experiencing Physical Aggression or Abuse Served by the Mental Health or Child Welfare System: An Effectiveness Trial:

The Partnerships for Families project is a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT), an evidence-based treatment (EBT) for families who are at risk of or have histories of child physical abuse. Across 10 agencies whose programs were supported by referrals from the mental health or child welfare system, individual providers were randomized to receive AF-CBT training ( n = 90) in a 6-month learning community or treatment as usual (TAU; n = 92) which provided trainings per agency routine. We recruited families served by providers in the AF-CBT ( n = 122) and TAU ( n = 73) conditions and collected multiple outcomes at up to four time points (0, 6, 12, and 18 months). Using univariate tests and growth curve models, the analyses revealed that AF-CBT (vs. TAU) showed improvements in both service systems (e.g., abuse risk, family dysfunction) or one service system (e.g., threats of force, child to parent minor assault), with some outcomes showing no improvement (e.g., parental anger). These findings are discussed in relation to AF-CBT, service system, provider, and family characteristics, and training/dissemination methods that affect the delivery of an EBT for this population in community settings.
Multiple surface segmentation using convolution neural nets: application to retinal layer segmentation in OCT images

Automated segmentation of object boundaries or surfaces is crucial for quantitative image analysis in numerous biomedical applications. For example, retinal surfaces in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images play a vital role in the diagnosis and management of retinal diseases. Recently, graph based surface segmentation and contour modeling have been developed and optimized for various surface segmentation tasks. These methods require expertly designed, application specific transforms, including cost functions, constraints and model parameters. However, deep learning based methods are able to directly learn the model and features from training data. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based framework to segment multiple surfaces simultaneously. We demonstrate the application of the proposed method by training a single CNN to segment three retinal surfaces in two types of OCT images - normal retinas and retinas affected by intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The trained network directly infers the segmentations for each B-scan in one pass. The proposed method was validated on 50 retinal OCT volumes (3000 B-scans) including 25 normal and 25 intermediate AMD subjects. Our experiment demonstrated statistically significant improvement of segmentation accuracy compared to the optimal surface segmentation method with convex priors (OSCS) and two deep learning based UNET methods for both types of data. The average computation time for segmenting an entire OCT volume (consisting of 60 B-scans each) for the proposed method was 12.3 seconds, demonstrating low computation costs and higher performance compared to the graph based optimal surface segmentation and UNET based methods.