cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Striatal and Extrastriatal microPET Imaging of D2/D3 Dopamine Receptors in Rat Brain with [18F]Fallypride and [18F]Desmethoxyfallypride

In this study, we compared two different D(2/3) receptor ligands, [¹⁸F]fallypride and [¹⁸F]desmethoxyfallypride ([¹⁸F]DMFP) with respect to the duration of the scan, visualization of extrastriatal receptors, and binding potentials (BP(ND) ) in the rat brain. In addition, we studied the feasibility of using these tracers following a period of awake tracer uptake, during which the animal may perform a behavioral task. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were imaged with [¹⁸F]fallypride and with [¹⁸F]DMFP in four different studies using microPET. All scans were performed under isoflurane anesthesia. The first (test) and second (retest) study were 150-min baseline scans. No retest scans were performed with [¹⁸F]DMFP. A third study was a 60-min awake uptake of radiotracer followed by a 90-min scan. A fourth study was a 150-min competition scan with haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg) administered via tail vein at 90-min post-[¹⁸F]fallypride injection and 60-min post-[¹⁸F]DMFP. For the test-retest studies, BP(ND) was measured using both Logan noninvasive (LNI) method and the interval ratios (ITR) method. Cerebellum was used as a reference region. For the third study, the binding was measured only with the ITR method, and the results were compared to the baseline results. Studies showed that the average transient equilibrium time in the dorsal striatum (DSTR) was at 90 min for [¹⁸F]fallypride and 30 min for [¹⁸F]DMFP. The average BP(ND) for [¹⁸F]fallypride was 14.4 in DSTR, 6.8 in ventral striatum (VSTR), 1.3 in substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), 1.4 in colliculi (COL), and 1.5 in central gray area. In the case of [¹⁸F]DMFP, the average BP(ND) values were 2.2 in DSTR, 2.7 in VSTR, and 0.8 in SN/VTA. The haloperidol blockade showed detectable decrease in binding of both tracers in striatal regions with a faster displacement of [¹⁸F]DMFP. No significant changes in BP(ND) of [¹⁸F]fallypride due to the initial awake state of the animal were found, whereas BP(ND) of [¹⁸F]DMFP was significantly higher in the awake state compared to baseline. We were able to demonstrate that dynamic PET using MicroPET Inveon allows quantification of both striatal and extrastriatal [¹⁸F]fallypride binding in rats in vivo. Quantification of the striatal regions could be achieved with [¹⁸F]DMFP.
A microprocessor-based vehicle longitudinal controller

A longitudinal controller was designed to meet the following requirements: a velocityinvariant response, physical realizability, a comfortable ride, a small, vehicle-position error, short ramp lengths for merging entries, and minimal effects from disturbance inputs. A reduced-order observer was used to derive the required state feedback signals, the controller was designed to obtain a velocity-invariant response, and was realized on a microcomputer. The vehicle longitudinal dynamics were simulated on an analog computer, and the performance of the controlled system was evaluated. It was concluded that all design requirements were met. The designed digital controller is an attractive candidate for implementation, and at the very least, indicates the type of longitudinal performance one can expect from a realistically designed controller over the speed range 0-30 m/s.
Travel using managed lanes: An application of a stated choice model for Houston, Texas

Managed lane (ML) travel adds flexibility, but also complexity, to travel choices. Stated choice models (SCMs) are often used for modeling complex transportation choices such as these in an effort to predict demand for these travel options. The design methods for SCMs have evolved from simple orthogonal designs to more sophisticated designs such as D-efficient design that can increase efficiency in estimation. We used three different survey design strategies to produce the stated preference portion of surveys, which were used to elicit travel choices for a sample of Houston travelers. Apart from the D-efficient design we also used random and adaptive random designs to generate attribute levels. There were observable differences in choice behavior depending on what design strategy was used. These differences appear to influence estimates of the value of travel time savings (VTTS) obtained from the random parameter logit (RPL) models estimated using these data. This, in turn, would greatly impact the percentage of travelers predicted to use the MLs. The adaptive random strategy was superior to the other design methods in several categories, and it had similar efficiency to the D-efficient design. However, the mean of VTTS estimate obtained from a D-efficient design was closer to what is typically found in the literature. The difference was considerable and could greatly influence traffic and revenue estimates for the MLs, illustrating the importance of the survey design strategy.
Vena Cava Interruption

Anticoagulation has been proven to be effective in preventing and treating deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. However, many critically ill patients are unable to receive anticoagulation or suffer recurrent venous thromboembolism despite adequate treatment. This article examines the use of vena cava filters in the critically ill. Indications for, techniques, and complications of vena cava filter insertion are reviewed. The importance of vena cava filters with the option to be retrieved and bedside insertion in the intensive care unit is emphasized.
Superinfection Exclusion Is an Active Virus-Controlled Function That Requires a Specific Viral Protein

Superinfection exclusion, a phenomenon in which a preexisting viral infection prevents a secondary infection with the same or a closely related virus, has been described for various viruses, including important pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. The phenomenon was initially used to test the relatedness of plant viruses. Subsequently, purposeful infection with a mild isolate has been implemented as a protective measure against virus isolates that cause severe disease. In the medical and veterinary fields, superinfection exclusion was found to interfere with repeated applications of virus-based vaccines to individuals with persistent infections and with the introduction of multicomponent vaccines. In spite of its significance, our understanding of this phenomenon is surprisingly incomplete. Recently, it was demonstrated that superinfection exclusion of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a positive-sense RNA closterovirus, occurs only between isolates of the same strain, but not between isolates of different strains of the virus. In this study, I show that superinfection exclusion by CTV requires production of a specific viral protein, the p33 protein. Lack of the functional p33 protein completely eliminated the ability of the virus to exclude superinfection by the same or a closely related virus. Remarkably, the protein appeared to function only in a homology-dependent manner. A cognate protein from a heterologous strain failed to confer the exclusion, suggesting the existence of precise interactions of the p33 protein with other factors involved in this complex phenomenon.
Climate change and the future of California's endemic flora.

The flora of California, a global biodiversity hotspot, includes 2387 endemic plant taxa. With anticipated climate change, we project that up to 66% will experience .80% reductions in range size within a century. These results are comparable with other studies of fewer species or just samples of a region’s endemics. Projected reductions depend on the magnitude of future emissions and on the ability of species to disperse from their current locations. California’s varied terrain could cause species to move in very different directions, breaking up present-day floras. However, our projections also identify regions where species undergoing severe range reductions may persist. Protecting these potential future refugia and facilitating species dispersal will be essential to maintain biodiversity in the face of climate change.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the brain is a downstream effector of insulin resistance- associated promotion of Alzheimer’s disease β-amyloid neuropathology

The goal of this study was to further explore potential mechanisms through which diabetogenic dietary conditions that result in promotion of insulin resistance (IR), a feature of non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus (type-2 diabetes), may influence Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using genome-wide array technology, we found that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a gene product described previously for its involvement in diabetic fibrosis, is elevated in brain tissue in an established mouse model of diet-induced IR. With this evidence we continued to explore the regulation of CTGF in postmortem AD brain tissue and found that CTGF expression correlated with the progression of AD clinical dementia and amyloid neuritic plaque (NP) neuropathology, but not neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) deposition. Consistent with this evidence, we also found that exposure of Tg2576 mice (a model AD-type amyloid neuropathology) to a diabetogenic diet that promotes IR results in a ~2-fold elevation in CTGF steady-state levels in the brain, coincident with a commensurate promotion of AD-type amyloid plaque burden. Finally, using in vitro cellular models of amyloid precursor protein (APP)-processing and Abeta generation/clearance, we confirmed that human recombinant (hr)CTGF may increase Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42 peptide steady-state levels, possibly through a mechanism that involves gamma-secretase activation and decreased insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) steady-state levels in a MAP kinase (MAPK)/ phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)/protein kinase-B (AKT)1-dependent manner. The findings in this study tentatively suggest that increased CTGF expression in the brain might be a novel biological predicative factor of AD clinical progression and neuropathology in response to dietary regimens promoting IR conditions.
Nucleated red blood cells are a direct response to mediators of inflammation in newborns with early-onset neonatal sepsis.

Objective The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that inflammation modulates fetal erythroblastosis and/or the release of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) independent of hypoxia or fetal stress. We sought to determine whether fetal inflammation is associated with an elevation in neonatal NRBC count in the setting of inflammation-associated preterm birth. Study Design The relationships between peripheral NRBC count, histological chorioamnionitis, umbilical cord interleukin (IL)-6, erythropoietin (EPO), cortisol, and acid-base status were analyzed in 68 preterm singletons, born to mothers who had an amniocentesis to rule out infection. Proteomic profiling of amniotic fluid identified presence of intraamniotic inflammation according to established parameters. NRBC counts were assessed within 1 hour of birth. Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) was established based on hematological and microbiological indices. IL-6, EPO, and cortisol levels were measured by immunoassays. Fetal acid-base status was determined within 10 minutes of delivery. Parametric or nonparametric statistics were used. Results Fetuses with EONS (n = 19) were delivered at earlier gestational ages (mean ± SD: 27.1 ± 2.8 weeks, P = .001) and more often by mothers with intraamniotic inflammation ( P = .022) and histological chorioamnionitis ( P P = .011). NRBC counts were directly correlated with cord blood IL-6 levels ( P Conclusion In the setting of inflammation-associated preterm birth and in the absence of hypoxia, elevations in NRBCs in the early neonatal period may be a direct response of exposure to inflammatory mediators in utero.
ROLE OF STRUCTURAL HYDROGEN IN THE REDUCTION AND REOXIDATION OF IRON IN NONTRONITE

The effects of reduction and reoxidation of octahedral Fe 3+ on the exchange of structural hydrogen in nontronite were determined using tritium (all) as a label element. The uptake of H from the surrounding solution of nontronite suspensions increased as the reduction of structural Fe 3+ increased. Similarly, the loss of H from the structure increased as the reduction increased. The results are generally consistent with a reduction mechanism involving the loss of structural OH, leaving the affected Fe sites with less than six-fold coordination. The attenuation of increased negative charge on the clay layer, however, was less than predicted by such a mechanism. During the reoxidation of reduced nontronite in suspension, about one-third of the H remaining as part of the structure following reduction was lost, whereas twice that amount of H was incorporated into the structure from the surrounding solution. A reoxidation mechanism is proposed whereby H20 from the surrounding solution is incorporated into the mineral structure followed by the elimination of a hydrogen ion, returning the Fe to six-fold coordination. This mechanism implies the reversibility of Fe reduction in nontronite.
Outcrossing and the Maintenance of Males within C. elegans Populations

Caenorhabditis elegans is an androdioecious nematode with both hermaphrodites and males. Although males can potentially play an important role in avoiding inbreeding and facilitating adaptation, their existence is evolutionarily problematic because they do not directly generate offspring in the way that hermaphrodites do. This review explores how genetic, population genomic, and experimental evolution approaches are being used to address the role of males and outcrossing within C. elegans. Although theory suggests that inbreeding depression and male mating ability should be the primary determinants of male frequency, this has yet to be convincingly confirmed experimentally. Genomic analysis of natural populations finds that outcrossing occurs at low, but not negligible levels, and that observed patterns of linkage disequilibrium consistent with strong selfing may instead be generated by natural selection against outcrossed progeny. Recent experimental evolution studies suggest that males can be maintained at fairly high levels if populations are initiated with sufficient genetic variation and/or subjected to strong natural selection via a change in the environment. For example, as reported here, populations adapting to novel laboratory rearing and temperature regimes maintain males at frequencies from 5% to 40%. Laboratory and field results still await full reconciliation, which may be facilitated by identifying the loci underlying among-strain differences in mating system dynamics.
The tainted legacy of Hans Reiter

There is more than ample evidence that Hans Reiter, whose name has been eponymously linked to a rheumatologic syndrome, was a Nazi war criminal. He was responsible for heinous atrocities that violated the precepts of humanity, ethics, and professionalism. The authors suggest that Reiter's legacy is sufficiently tainted that the professional and ethical position of the medical community should be to no longer afford him this recognition. He should be remembered symbolically to remind us of our moral and professional responsibilities to prevent the kind of "experiments" he perpetrated as Director of the Nazi office for such matters. Medicine is a moral enterprise. Physicians serve to promote the welfare of their patients. Hans Reiter and others like him who have behaved in such a manner have acted beyond the pale of acceptable human behavior. These crimes by Reiter and others like him were transcendently aberrant and evil. We regard Reiter and others like him as tainted. We see no acceptable rationale to preserve any professional memory of Reiter and others like him within our medical culture except as a symbol of what our societal values obligate us to reject. We suggest reverting to or substituting other terms for the syndrome (such as spondyloarthropathy, spondyloarthritis, oligoarthritis, inflammatory oligoarthritis, reactive arthritis, [oligo-] arthritis with conjunctivitis/urethritis/diarrhea, etc) until pathophysiologic or other insights lead to better ones. (It should be noted that the description of this syndrome was not original to Reiter and that current nomenclature is probably in need of revision in any case because the terminology and classification is outdated and clinically imprecise.) We offer these recommendations because we cannot forget. We cannot forget that Reiter and others like him represented an abhorrent evil. We cannot forget that Reiter and others like him desecrated the traditions of our civilization. We cannot forget that Reiter and others like him violated the precepts of the Hippocratic oath. The legacy of Hans Reiter should be that we remember only this and resolve that such transgressions never again occur.
Induction of puberty in hypogonadal children

Puberty is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood when physical, sexual, and psychosocial maturation occurs. The onset of puberty is controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron and is triggered when inhibition of the neuron is lifted. Subsequently, GnRH induces secretion of other hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn stimulate the gonads. Concurrently, increases in estrogen levels in both boys and girls stimulate growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) secretion, which are responsible for the pubertal growth spurt. In hypogonadal children, however, hypothalamic/pituitary defects or gonadal diseases preclude the production of these hormones, preventing the onset of puberty. Hormone replacement therapy with either estrogen or testosterone is a viable treatment option for hypogonadal children. These should be administered with consideration of sexual maturation rates, statural and bone growth rates, and occurrence of adverse effects. The merits and disadvantages of various hormone replacement therapies for girls and for boys are discussed.
Selected Disorders of the Endocrine and Metabolic System

The endocrine system regulates the metabolic activities of the body and affects the functions of many organ systems. It is important to consider an endocrine disorder in most clinical situations, especially when a patient presents with vague multisystem complaints. The endocrine system is regulated by the complex interactions of the central nervous system (CNS), the pituitary, and the target gland, organ, or tissue. Knowledge of these interactions aids in determining the etiology of endocrine disease, understanding the clinical presentation, initiating a diagnostic evaluation, and instituting appropriate therapy.
Pathological features of congenital fibrosarcoma and haemangiopericytoma with long term followup after local surgical resection

The treatment of congenital neoplasms has been the subject of debate due to their infrequent occurrence, and difference in biological behaviour compared to adult tumours of similar histological appearance. We report 2 cases of congenital fibrosarcoma and haemangiopericytoma, respectively with long term followup, in which the sole method of treatment was local surgical resection. Case I: A term male infant underwent excision of a 10 cm. diameter mass that was overlying the left scapula. Histologically the tumour was a fibrosarcoma which abutted the resection margin, and had up to 3 mitoses/HPF, with moderate nuclear pleomorphism. The patient is alive and well with no evidence of recurrence or of metastasic disease at 18 yr followup. Case II: A term female infant underwent excision of a 5 cm diameter facial mass. Histologically the tumour was a haemangiopericytoma which abutted the resection margin, and had 1 mitosis/3 HPF, with focal areas of necrosis. The patient is alive and well with no evidence of recurrence or of metastasic disease at 15 yr followup. Histologic features of frequent mitoses, cytologic pleomorphism and necrosis did not signify a poor prognosis in these congenital tumours. Subsequent ploidy analysis of both tumours revealed predominantly diploid cell populations, and so it is possible that this may be of use as an alternative prognostic parameter. As these cases both had reasonable cosmetic and functional results, local surgical resection alone with careful followup may be regarded as a viable treatment option. The added advantage of extensive surgery, or of adjuvant therapy with chemo- or radiotherapy would have to be questioned, particularly in view of the apparently incomplete nature of the original excisions. Given reports in the literature of recurrence and metastases in similar neoplasms and the lack of reliable histological features predicting outcome in individual cases, close and prolonged clinical followup is, however, essential.
Magnesium requirement for survival and growth of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Abstract Magnesium requirement of coturnix may be met by a level of 150 mg./kg. in the diet or about 50 mg./liter in drinking water for survival as well as growth. The requirement for survival may be higher than for growth.
Assay of vitamin K concentrates.

SummaryA curative method of assay of Vitamin K based on Trevan's principles of bioassay has been found to give satisfactory results.
Nonlinear Light Scattering as a Generally Applicable Approach for Studying Molecular Transport across Biological Membranes

Characterization of molecular interactions with biological membranes is of fundamental biological importance. We have previously demonstrated use of second-harmonic light scattering (SHS), a phenomenon based upon second-harmonic generation (SHG)1–4, as a real-time measure of molecular uptake in living cells. A critical limitation of SHS for characterizing membrane-specific transport is that the molecule-of-interest must be SHG-active (i.e. possessing measurable optical nonlinear polarizability). This is particularly severe as many biologically significant molecules are SHG-inactive. To circumvent this limitation, we describe here a proof-of-concept study establishing competitive transport as a means of extending SHS to quantify SHG-inactive species. Briefly, the measured transport kinetics of an SHG-active molecule can be perturbed by the co-presence of an SHG-inactive species competing to cross a common barrier. Deconvolution of the perturbed signal yields the transport rate of the SHG-inactive species. As a representative example, we examine competitive transport of a strong SHG-active cation, malachite green (MG+), against the weakly SHG-active dication, propidium (Pro2+), across the outer-membrane protein channels in E. coli. Compared to MG+, Pro2+ produces a negligible SHS signal. However, as it is SHG-active, Pro2+ transport can be measured directly. A one-site channel model is developed to extract the Pro2+ transport rate from the perturbed MG+ signal, and is validated against the directly measured rate.REFERENCES1. Zeng, J., et al., Biophys. J. 104: 139–145 (2013).2. Wilhelm, M.J., et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 605-606: 158–163 (2014).3. Wilhelm, M.J., et al., ACS Chem. Biol. 10: 1711−1717 (2015).4. Wilhelm, M.J., et al., Biochemistry 54: 4427-4430 (2015).
Analysis of External Quality Control of Salt Iodine Labs in 30 Counties of Henan Province in 2008

[Objective]To understand the experimental detection ability of iodine deficiency disorders,and evaluate the quality of conventional iodine detection in salt so as to establish well external quality system.[Methods]A total of 30 salt iodine labs at county level were conducted external quality monitoring based on blind sample provided by national reference laboratory of iodine deficiency disorders.Iodine concentration in salt was determined by direct titrimetric method.[Results]Totally 28 labs were up to grade,relative standard error of unqualified labs was more than 10%.[Conclusion]93.33% county labs have mastered the methods of detecting iodized salt.The unqualified ones should eliminate the system errors and random errors as soon as possible.
The Immersive Computer-controlled Audio Sound Theater: Experiments in multi-mode sound diffusion systems for electroacoustic music performance

Multi-channel sound diffusion has been an essential part of the electroacoustic music process from the very beginning of the genre. We see early experimentation in sound spatialization in Varese’s use of loudspeaker “paths” in Poeme Electronique, Stockhausen’s experiments in quad and cubebased speaker arrangements (Chadabe 1997), and Chowning’s computational approach to sound diffusion in works like Turenas (Roads and Strawn 1985). Experimentation in deployment and usage of audio loudspeakers is seen in the loudspeaker orchestras at Bourges (Clozier 2001), GRM and Birmingham (Harrison 1999), Richard Moore’s notion of loudspeakers as “windows” to the virtual world beyond (Moore 1989), and the development of standard configurations for multichannel audio in digital video (5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 10.2) (Stampfl and Dobler 2004). And the recent interest in Ambisonic recording technologies (Malham and Myatt 1995) has furthered the aesthetic goal of an immersive audio environments that place the listener in an alternative sonic world – a “virtual world” created by composers and sound artists. The Immersive Computer-controlled Audio Sound Theater (ICAST, pronounced “eye-cast”) is a project that addresses the various needs of multiple performance modes through a computer-controlled loudspeaker environment that is malleable, adaptable and intuitive. The system also explores new and novel metaphors for sound control using both conventional and unconventional interfaces. ICAST is a hardware and software solution, based on a client-server computer control system, commodity audio interface hardware, and high-quality audio amplifiers and loudspeakers. What we have learned from this research has applications that go well beyond concert hall performances, and include virtual reality environments, cinema, and video games.
Pneumococcal vaccine rates in persons age 65 years and older: a U.S. Air Force Medical Facility record review.

UNLABELLED The pneumococcal vaccine is underused according to self-reported surveys and the full scope of the problem remains undetermined. OBJECTIVE Primary aims were to determine whether the pneumococcal vaccination rates varied between clinics for patients 65 years of age and older and to compare the results with national survey reports and claims data. METHODS A total of 368 medical records were examined in this prevalence survey with 268 records from the Internal Medicine Clinic and 100 records from the Family Practice Clinic at Wilford Hall U.S. Air Force Medical Center. RESULTS Documented vaccination rates were 92.9% and 69.0% for Internal Medicine Clinic and Family Practice Clinic, respectively. This difference in vaccination rates was statistically significant (chi2 = 35.462; df = 1; p < 0.001), and both clinics exceeded rates found in surveys and claims data. CONCLUSIONS Clinics differ in their vaccination rates and self-reported national survey data may not accurately reflect the prevalence of pneumococcal vaccination among military retirees.
Resolving Adeno-Associated Viral Particle Diversity With Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry.

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are promising vectors for human gene therapy. However, current methods for evaluating AAV particle populations and vector purity are inefficient and low resolution. Here, we show that charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) can resolve capsids that contain the entire vector genome from those that contain partial genomes and from empty capsids. Measurements were performed for both single-stranded and self-complementary genomes. The self-complementary AAV vector preparation appears to contain particles with partially truncated genomes averaging at half the genome length. Comparison to results from electron microscopy with manual particle counting shows that CDMS has no significant mass discrimination in the relevant mass range (after a correction for the ion velocity is taken into account). Empty AAV capsids are intrinsically heterogeneous, and capsids from different sources have slightly different masses. However, the average masses of both the empty and full c...
Hypofractionated Palliative Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer

Locally advanced or recurrent breast cancer can cause a wide range of debilitating symptoms that diminish quality of life and which may persist until death. Hypofractionated radiotherapy successfully and efficiently palliates these symptoms and is recommended for women with a limited life expectancy, poor performance status, or difficulties with transportation. The two most common sites of palliative radiotherapy for metastatic breast cancer are bone and brain, each of which can be effectively treated with short courses. Multiple prospective randomized trials have confirmed metastatic bone pain relief following regimens of 8–30 Gy in 1–10 fractions, with some studies also suggesting good results after a single 8 Gy fraction for patients with spinal cord compression and poor performance status. Patients with brain metastases and limited life expectancy can receive 20 Gy in 5 fractions with results similar to courses lasting 10 fractions and delivering 30 Gy. Treatment guidelines and quality measures have increasingly documented the benefit of hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy.
FATS AND THEIR LIPID CONSTITUENTS

Fats are mixtures of lipids. Lipids are chemical compounds present naturally in many foods. Lipid mixtures in the form of shortenings, frying fats, and salad oils are used in food preparation and are referred to as fats. The major functions of a fat in food preparation include (1) to tenderize, (2) to contribute to batter or dough aeration, (3) to serve as a heating medium, (4) to serve as a phase in an emulsion, (5) to contribute to flavor, and (6) to enhance smoothness, body, or other textural properties. The chemical structure of lipids determines both the physical properties and the chemical reactions that may occur. The relationship between the chemical properties of lipids and the physical properties of lipids and fats underlies the processing methods used for fats. The relationship between chemical and physical properties of lipids also underlies the functional properties of the fats used in food preparation. This chapter discusses the chemical structure of lipids. The chemical structure of lipids is basic to the study of all other aspects of lipids and the fats that contain them.
Constitutional Law and “The Tragedy of the Commons”

Part II is concerned with the constitutional dimension of factors that appear to have an impact on fertility decisions and family size. The impact of these factors, which is largely unintentional, is not generally recognized — therefore, the factors and their constitutional dimensions are all the more important. In this chapter we focus on a factor that forms the basis of a line of scientific research that is just commencing but holds the promise of affecting public policy on a wide variety of issues, including population. The factor is a phenomenon associated with goods and services that are owned by the public and thus shared in common. Biologist Garrett Hardin has termed the phenomenon “the tragedy of the commons” and has illustrated it as follows: Picture a pasture open to all. It is to be expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons.... As a rational being, each herdsman seeks to minimize his gain [and thus] the rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is to add another animal to his herd. And another.... But this is the conclusion reached by each and every rational herdsman sharing a commons. Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit—in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons.1
The ecofeminist subsistence perspective revisited in an age of land grabs and its representations in contemporary literature

espanolLa perspectiva de subsistencia ecofeminista surge tras anos de trabajo de campo feminista y elaboracion teorica, centrandose en las mujeres como productoras de vida. Se describe como una llamada a la conciencia para reorganizar las sociedades y renegociar las desigualdades globales. Se ha demostrado la necesidad de su implementacion mediante las actuales apropiaciones de tierras internacionales y sus efectos perjudiciales sobre la vida de las mujeres, el saber y el poder local. Las novelas de las escritoras Buchi Emecheta, Leslie Marmon Silko, Ana Castillo, Toni Morrison, Patricia Grace y Mahasweta Devi se han analizado con el fin de demostrar los retos a los que se enfrentan las mujeres y sus esfuerzos para abordar esos desafios por medio de diversas ejemplificaciones de la perspectiva de subsistencia con distintos grados de exito y represion. EnglishThe ecofeminist subsistence perspective arises from years of feminist fieldwork and theoretical elaboration focusing on women as producers of life. It is described as a call to consciousness to reorganize societies and renegotiate global inequalities. Its need for implementation is demonstrated by means of the current international land grabs and their deleterious effects on women's lives, knowledge, and local power. Novels by women writers Buchi Emecheta, Leslie Marmon Silko, Ana Castillo, Toni Morrison, Patricia Grace, and Mahasweta Devi are also discussed in terms of their demonstrating the challenges women face and their efforts to address those challenges by means of various instantiations of the subsistence perspective with varying degrees of achievement and repression.
Visualizing Document Similarity

A large category of text visualization techniques were developed to illustrate similarities of document files in a corpus. This is the most traditional research direction in this field. These techniques produce visualizations in a similar form in which document files are represented as points on the display sized by their importance and colored or shaped by their semantics (such as topics). The screen distance between any pair of points indicates the similarities of the corresponding documents that are captured by different measures in different analysis models, following the rule of the closer, the more similar. Two major types of approaches: projection (i.e., dimension reduction)-based methods and semantic-oriented document visualizations, are proposed to produce such a document overview; these approaches are developed based on different data and analysis models. In this section, we investigate these techniques and the corresponding document visualization systems.
Predictors of Outcome In Adult Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia In First Relapse

Abstract 3569 Treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first relapse has remained challenging and although relatively high response rates have been reported using selected combination chemotherapy regimens, long term leukemia-free survival has been less than 20% in most studies. A number of predictors of outcome have been reported of which the most significant are duration of first CR (CR1), cytogenetics at diagnosis, age at relapse, and whether allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) was performed in CR1 (Breems, DA, JCO, 2005). We sought to examine predictors of outcome after first relapse of AML incorporating some of the more recent relevant covariates such as molecular data, when available. From January 2000 to March 2010, 447 patients with AML (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia) in first relapse were seen at the University of Texas – MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and have available survival data; 275 received therapy at MDACC and 66 (24%) achieved a second CR (CR2), with 14 (5%) patients achieving CR without platelet recovery (CRp2). For the overall population, the median survival from relapse is 5 months (range, 1 to 103+) and the median follow-up in surviving patients is 34.3 months (range, 5 to 103+). On univariate analysis, the following factors predicted survival in first relapse: the duration of CR1 (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
FEMORAL PSEUDOANEURSYM MASQUERADING AS CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN

Iatrogenic common femoral artery (CFA) psuedoaneursym is a common and serious complication after left heart catheterization (LHC) via femoral approach. Patient was a 71-year-old female with known history of systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and
Three-dimensional reciprocal space x-ray coherent scattering tomography of two-dimensional object.

Purpose X-ray coherent scattering tomography is a powerful tool in discriminating biological tissues and bio-compatible materials. Conventional x-ray scattering tomography framework can only resolve isotropic scattering profile under the assumption that the material is amorphous or in powder form, which is not true especially for biological samples with orientation-dependent structure. Previous tomography schemes based on x-ray coherent scattering failed to preserve the scattering pattern from samples with preferred orientations, or required elaborated data acquisition scheme, which could limit its application in practical settings. Here, we demonstrate a simple imaging modality to preserve the anisotropic scattering signal in three-dimensional reciprocal (momentum transfer) space of a two-dimensional sample layer. Methods By incorporating detector movement along the direction of x-ray beam, combined with a tomographic data acquisition scheme, we match the five dimensions of the measurements with the five dimensions (three in momentum transfer domain, and two in spatial domain) of the object. We employed a collimated pencil beam of a table-top copper-anode x-ray tube, along with a panel detector to investigate the feasibility of our method. Results We have demonstrated x-ray coherent scattering tomographic imaging at a spatial resolution ~2 mm and momentum transfer resolution 0.01 A-1 for the rotation-invariant scattering direction. For any arbitrary, non-rotation-invariant direction, the same spatial and momentum transfer resolution can be achieved based on the spatial information from the rotation-invariant direction. The reconstructed scattering profile of each pixel from the experiment is consistent with the x-ray diffraction profile of each material. The three-dimensional scattering pattern recovered from the measurement reveals the partially ordered molecular structure of Teflon wrap in our sample. Conclusions We extend the applicability of conventional x-ray coherent scattering tomography to the reconstruction of two-dimensional samples with anisotropic scattering profile by introducing additional degree of freedom on the detector. The presented method has the potential to achieve low-cost, high-specificity material discrimination based on x-ray coherent scattering.
Mitochondrial Dynamics and Autophagy

Efficient mitochondrial quality control is critical for maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population. Both mitochondrial dynamics and selective mitochondrial autophagy, termed mitophagy, contribute to mitochondrial turnover and quality control. Mitochondrial fusion and fission allow for complementation of mitochondrial solutes, proteins, and DNA but also for generation of unequal daughter organelles. Selective fusion is utilized for incorporation of polarized mitochondria back into the network, while a depolarized mitochondrion will not fuse, but instead will be targeted for elimination by mitophagy. Mitophagy is dependent on mitochondrial dysfunction, such as depolarization, and a number of proteins are required for core autophagic machinery, signaling, and mitochondrial segregation and targeting. The relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy and how they may contribute to both mitochondrial and cellular quality control is beginning to be elucidated. Even with the questions that remain in regards to the regulation and interdependence of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, it is clear that alterations in these processes lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological states such as neurodegeneration.
Modeling the social response to a disease outbreak

With the globalization of travel and economic trade, disease can spread rapidly across the globe, sometimes causing panic, population flight and other forms of social disorder. These responses often herald a significant change in the epidemiological pattern or etiology of an infectious disease event. It is therefore increasingly important not only to detect outbreaks of infectious disease early, but also to anticipate and describe the social response to the disease. We use social network analysis to model situations in which a society exhibits social strain in connection with a disease. We model negative social response (NSR) by coupling disease spread and opinion diffusion and verify the results against real-world scenarios. This model captures the complex interaction between disease and culturally determined social responses, providing insights that may help operational analysts and policy makers better respond to sudden disease outbreaks.
Knowledge, attitude, and practices associated with the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections among medical students, residents, and attending physicians

Skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) are commonly encountered by medical students, residents, and trainees. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has updated its recommendations regarding SSTI diagnosis and management in June 2014. We assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices toward diagnosis and management of SSTIs using an online survey. We disseminated the survey to medical students, residents, and attending physicians practicing in family and internal medicine department at a university-based hospital. A total of 103 surveys were completed out of 121 sent (85.1%) between July 2015 and March 2016. There were nine medical questions in the survey. The mean of correct answers was 4.5/9 ± 2.0. Medical knowledge correlated with the level of education (P < 0.001) but not with subspecialty (P = 0.97). Around 35% were familiar with the updated IDSA guidelines pertaining to SSTIs. The majority (85%) responded that the hospital staff would benefit from additional training and 75% agreed that more antibiotic stewardship education is needed. Our study shows that there are significant opportunities for development among students and physicians who encounter SSTIs.
The effects of growth factors on tRNALys modification.

One of the more interesting questions in tRNA research is whether the redundancy of tRNA isoaccepting species has any functional meaning. Numerous reports have indicated that the distributions of these isoaccepting tRNA species are altered under different physiological conditions (Sueoka and Kano-Sueoka 1970; Littauer and Inouye 1973). The multiplicity of isoaccepting tRNA species seen in living cells suggests that these species may arise as a result of differences in base modification, which may play a role in regulating tRNA function (Agris and Soll 1977). Several laboratories have shown that RPC-5 chromatography can resolve tRNALys into three to nine isoaccepting species (Ortwerth and Liu 1973; Juarez et al. 1974; Katze 1975). All these species, however, share only two code words, AAA and AAG (Ortwerth et al. 1973; Rudloff and Hilse 1975). One of the tRNALys isoacceptors, tRNA4Lys, has been proposed as being a requirement for cell division (Ortwerth and Liu 1973). This tRNA is present in all tissues and cultured cells which have the ability to divide, but absent in tissues which have become terminally differentiated. Furthermore, the level of this tRNA correlated exactly with the doubling time of cells in culture (Conlon-Hollingshead and Ortwerth 1980). The levels of this tRNA remained high during log growth in Balb/c 3T3 cells, but decreased sharply just before the cells became confluent. Upon trypsinization and replating, the levels of this tRNA rose immediately and reached log growth levels before the cells began to divide. These alterations in tRNALys isoacceptors may be due to the modulation of the activity of certain tRNA modification enzymes brought about by cell density, medium depletion, or serum factors.
THE VIABILITY OF AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR URBAN DESIGN AND REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

Environmental justice is an increasingly problematic proposition, as the clash of political, economic, social and community interests invariably occur. The purpose of this research is to examine the viability of an integrated framework that establishes environmental justice from economic, social and cultural development perspectives in Malaysia. Case studies analysing Iskandar Low Carbon Blueprint (LCB) 2025 and the River of Life Project (ROL) are presented. Findings suggest that clear national policies on urban transformation is an increasingly important environmental justice issue in Malaysia, but sustaining liveability is a challenge in the face of more critical decisions on infrastructural and resource management and energy use, resulting in a lack of attitudinal and behavioural change in urban planning programmes. This suggests that meaningful stakeholder engagements and collaborations contribute in planning economically and ecologically viable solutions and initiatives for liveable and resilient cities.
Decreasing fire season precipitation increased recent western US forest wildfire activity.

Western United States wildfire increases have been generally attributed to warming temperatures, either through effects on winter snowpack or summer evaporation. However, near-surface air temperature and evaporative demand are strongly influenced by moisture availability and these interactions and their role in regulating fire activity have never been fully explored. Here we show that previously unnoted declines in summer precipitation from 1979 to 2016 across 31–45% of the forested areas in the western United States are strongly associated with burned area variations. The number of wetting rain days (WRD; days with precipitation ≥2.54 mm) during the fire season partially regulated the temperature and subsequent vapor pressure deficit (VPD) previously implicated as a primary driver of annual wildfire area burned. We use path analysis to decompose the relative influence of declining snowpack, rising temperatures, and declining precipitation on observed fire activity increases. After accounting for interactions, the net effect of WRD anomalies on wildfire area burned was more than 2.5 times greater than the net effect of VPD, and both the WRD and VPD effects were substantially greater than the influence of winter snowpack. These results suggest that precipitation during the fire season exerts the strongest control on burned area either directly through its wetting effects or indirectly through feedbacks to VPD. If these trends persist, decreases in summer precipitation and the associated summertime aridity increases would lead to more burned area across the western United States with far-reaching ecological and socioeconomic impacts.
Text and Tradition: Justice Scalia’s Consistent Application of His Original Public Meaning Approach to Separation of Powers

In this article, I argue that Scalia consistently and objectively applied his original public meaning approach to preserve separation of powers, ruling both for and against the legislative, executi...