cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternally sequestered therapeutic polypeptides – a new approach for the management of preeclampsia

The last several decades have seen intensive research into the molecular mechanisms underlying the symptoms of preeclampsia. While the underlying cause of preeclampsia is believed to be defective placental development and resulting placental ischemia, it is only recently that the links between the ischemic placenta and maternal symptomatic manifestation have been elucidated. Several different pathways have been implicated in the development of the disorder; most notably production of the anti-angiogenic protein sFlt-1, induction of auto-immunity and inflammation, and production of reactive oxygen species. While the molecular mechanisms are becoming clearer, translating that knowledge into effective therapeutics has proven elusive. Here we describe a number of peptide based therapies we have developed to target theses pathways, and which are currently being tested in preclinical models. These therapeutics are based on a synthetic polymeric carrier elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), which can be synthesized in various sequences and sizes to stabilize the therapeutic peptide and avoid crossing the placental interface. This prevents fetal exposure and potential developmental effects. The therapeutics designed will target known pathogenic pathways, and the ELP carrier could prove to be a versatile delivery system for administration of a variety of therapeutics during pregnancy.
Intermittency and anomalous scaling of passive scalars in any space dimension.

We establish exact inequalities for the structure-function scaling exponents of a passively advected scalar in both the inertial-convective and viscous-convective ranges. These inequalities involve the scaling exponents of the velocity structure functions and, in a refined form, an intermittency exponent of the convective-range scalar flux. They are valid for three-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence and satisfied within errors by present experimental data. The inequalities also hold for any ``synthetic'' turbulent velocity statistics with a finite correlation in time. We show that for time-correlation exponents of the velocity smaller than the ``local turnover'' exponent, the scalar spectral exponent is strictly less than that in Kraichnan's [Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1016 (1994); Phys. Fluids 11, 945 (1968); J. Fluid Mech. 64, 737 (1974); 62, 305 (1974)] soluble ``rapid-change'' model with velocity \ensuremath{\delta} correlated in time. Our results include as a special case an exponent inequality derived previously by Constantin and Procaccia [Nonlinearity 7, 1045 (1994)], but with a more direct proof. The inequalities in their simplest form follow from a Kolmogorov-type relation for the turbulent passive scalar valid in each space dimension d. Our improved inequalities are based upon a rigorous version of the refined similarity hypothesis for passive scalars. These are compared with the relations implied by ``fusion rules'' hypothesized for scalar gradients. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
On the metastable system mercury-thallium

Abstract Metastable Hg-Tl alloys were prepared by rapid quenching (splat cooling) to 77 K. Four new phases were retained and the structures of two of these were identified: α′ (tetragonal) and β(~HgT1) (cubic). Two further phases, X and α″, exist in Hg-rich alloys. α-Hg can dissolve up to 10 at.% T1 without measurable change of its rhombohedral angle. There is a composition gap between 50 and 80 at.% Hg in which single-phase alloys could not be prepared. The crystal chemistry of all the phases is discussed.
Charge Collection by Drift during Single Particle Upset

An improved analytical model for the drift charge collection during a single particle upset is developed. The model is based on the assumption that initially the plasma column created by an energetic particle is spread by the ambipolar diffusion. Then the collection occurs via the ambipolar drift process at the outer radius of the plasma column where the plasma density drops to a value comparable to the substrate doping. In agreement with experimental data the model predicts that the collected charge increases with the decrease in the substrate doping. A good fit to experimental data for beryllium, oxygen and copper ions is obtained for Si n+p and p+n samples.
The Effects of Cohesiveness on Distributive Justice

Abstract Exchange theorists assume that equitable sharing is normative in all interpersonal exchanges. However, it was reasoned that one's definition of the relationship is a major factor in determining how people share. Subjects (N = 140) assigned to either a cohesive or noncohesive condition and paired with an opposite-sex confederate partner were asked to share a $7 reward after being required to contribute more inputs to an enterprise than their partners. Those in the cohesive relationship shared equally even after contributing more inputs; those not cohesively bonded did not. Only partial support was received for the hypothesis that subjects with high prosocial orientation would not differ in sharing in the cohesive condition but would share equally in the noncohesive condition more frequently than their low prosocial counterparts.
A space for safety: the transformation of automobile safety advertising in response to NHTSA crash test implementation, 1977 and 1981

Abstract Automobile safety became an issue of increased public concern during the 1960s. These concerns were institutionalized in the creation of a national regulatory administration charged with overseeing automobile safety. This article examines the impact of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s 1979 mandated federal automobile crash testing program (FMVSS 208) on the content of automakers’ advertising. Automakers’ advertisements were not directly responsive to mandated safety testing, though references to safety features increased.
Determination of the composition of crystallizing copolymers by X-ray

Abstract A new method is proposed for determining the composition of crystallizing copolymers, which is based on determining the molecular weight of the comonomer unit M by measuring crystallinity K and density ϱ of the sample studied. It is assumed that elementary cell volume V k of the copolymer analysed and the density of its amorphous segments ϱ a are known. In those cases when the copolymer cannot be rendered fully amorphous, ϱ a may be determined from the position of maximum of the amorphous halo on the X-ray photograph, which is dependent on intermolecular interference. The effect of these values on the accuracy of determining M and therefore composition, is analysed.
Omega-Functionalized Fatty Acids, Alcohols, and Ethers via Olefin Metathesis

Methyl 17-hydroxy stearate was converted to methyl octadec-16-enoate using copper sulfate adsorbed on silica gel. This compound served as a useful substrate for the olefin metathesis reaction. As a result, several fatty acids with novel functional groups at the ω-end were prepared: a glyceryl ether attached at the 18-carbon, an aromatic fatty acid from eugenol, and a ferrocenyl fatty acid. By employing the unsaturated fatty alcohol, other groups were introduced, namely the terminal fluoride, bromide, and iodide were prepared, as was a thiol derivative. The penultimate and omega olefins reported here should serve as building blocks that allow fatty acids to make a greater contribution to a range of emerging technological areas.
Apoptotic pathways in ischemic acute renal failure

Apoptotic pathways in ischemic acute renal failure. The study of cell death has emerged as an important and exciting area of research in cell biology. Although two kinds of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, are recognized, one of the major advances in our understanding of cell death has been the recognition that the pathways traditionally associated with apoptosis may be very critical in the form of cell injury associated with necrosis. Renal tubular epithelial cell injury from ischemia has been generally regarded as a result of necrotic form of cell death. We briefly describe recent evidence indicating that pathways generally associated with apoptosis, including endonuclease activation, role of mitochondria and caspases, are important in renal tubular injury. It is likely that the cascades that lead to apoptotic or necrotic mode of cell death are activated almost simultaneously and may share some common pathways.
Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by senile plaques and neurodegeneration although the neurotoxic mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. It is clear that both oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the illness. The compound curcumin, with a broad spectrum of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrilogenic activities may represent a promising approach for preventing or treating AD. Curcumin is a small fluorescent compound that binds to amyloid deposits. In the present work we used in vivo multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to demonstrate that curcumin crosses the blood–brain barrier and labels senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Moreover, systemic treatment of mice with curcumin for 7 days clears and reduces existing plaques, as monitored with longitudinal imaging, suggesting a potent disaggregation effect. Curcumin also led to a limited, but significant reversal of structural changes in dystrophic dendrites, including abnormal curvature and dystrophy size. Together, these data suggest that curcumin reverses existing amyloid pathology and associated neurotoxicity in a mouse model of AD. This approach could lead to more effective clinical therapies for the prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation and neurotoxicity associated with AD.
On the Incompatibility of Enduring and Perduring Entities

Presentism is the doctrine that the present time is ontologically privileged. According to the presentist, all that exists, exists at the present time; and an object has only those properties it exemplifies at the present time. Those who reject presentism hold that all times are on an ontological par, and the present time is special only because it is the time at which we (or our current time-slices, current utterances, current actions or current thoughts, etc.) are located; the present time, according to this position, is merely this time. This place (the place in which I now sit) is simply one place among many; likewise, says one who denies presentism, the present time is simply one time among many. I shall call the view opposed to presentism, since it treats being present as simply being this time, "the indexical view of the present" or "indexicalism" for short. ' One might be suspicious that presentism, as I have described it, is trivially true, and thus my attempt to describe a substantive philosophical thesis has failed. For one might think that simply knowing English and its use of tense is enough to tell us that an object has all and only those properties it has at the present moment. Since no one moved by this concern will be helped by my saying that presentism is the doctrine that all that really exists is what exists at the present time and all the properties an object really has (I mean really has) are the ones it has at the present time, I shall try a different approach entirely. I shall ignore this objection and go on to argue that each theory of the present rules out a different account of persistence. Seeing the sort of controversial inferences each account sanctions in the arguments below should clarify the ways in which each is a substantive philosophical thesis.
Retrospective review of 400 consecutive free flap reconstructions for oncologic surgical defects.

Background: Free tissue transfer has become an important method for reconstructing complex oncologic surgical defects, allowing single stage reconstruction in most instances. The purpose of this study is to review a single center's experience with free flap reconstruction and describe trends that have evolved with respect to technique and donor site selection. Methods: A retrospective review of 400 consecutive free flap reconstructions performed in 396 patients over 10 years was done. Regional applications include the head and neck (63%), trunk and breast (16%), lower extremity (16%), and upper extremity (5%). Donor sites include the fibula (109), rectus abdominis (93), forearm (72), latissimus dorsi (51), scapula (26), gluteus (25), jejunum (16), and five others (8). Microvascular anastomoses were performed to large-caliber vessels using a continuous suture technique; end-to-end anastomoses were preferred. Flaps were designed to avoid the need for vein grafts. Postoperative flap monitoring included clinical observation, conventional Doppler ultrasonography, surface temperature probes, and pinprick testing. Results: The overall free flap success rate was 97%. Twenty-eight flaps (7%) were reexplored, of which seventeen were salvaged (61%). Surviving flaps resulted in a healed wound that did not delay postoperative radiation or chemotherapy. The complication rate was 14%. The mean duration of hospitalization was 21 days, with an average cost of $40,000. Conclusions: The use of fewer, reliable donor sites to reconstruct the vast majority of oncologic defects and the simplification of the microsurgical process have contributed to the success of free tissue transfer in this series.
Smoothing and the second law

The technique of obtaining second order, oscillation free, total variation diminishing (TVD), scalar difference schemes by adding a limited diffusion flux (smoothing) to a second order centered scheme is explored. It is shown that such schemes do not always converge to the correct physical answer. The approach presented here is to construct schemes that numerically satisfy the second law of thermodynamics on a cell by cell basis. Such schemes can only converge to the correct physical solution and in some cases can be shown to be TVD. An explicit scheme with this property and second order spatial accuracy was found to have an extremely restrictive time step limitation (Delta t less than Delta x squared). Switching to an implicit scheme removed the time step limitation.
Distal corporoplasty for lateral extrusion of penile prosthesis cylinders.

AbstractPurpose: Lateral extrusion of a penile prosthesis cylinder is an uncommon but distressing problem. A technique is described to reseat the cylinder in a more medial and secure position under the glans penis by creating a new cavity for the cylinder behind the back wall of the fibrotic sheath containing it.Materials and Methods: A total of 14 patients underwent corporoplasty using this technique with followup as long as 2 years.Results: All patients had a satisfactory result with no recurrence of the original problem.Conclusion: This method which places the cylinder behind 2 secure layers is straightforward, simple and reliable.
Successful stent-graft repair of a vertebrojugular arteriovenous fistula.

Purpose:To describe an apparently unreported endovascular means of treating a vertebral arteriovenous fistula (AVF) using a small-caliber stent-graft to permanently reconstruct the involved vessels...
Bone cell viability on collagen immobilized poly(3‐hydroxybutrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) membrane: Effect of surface chemistry

The effect of surface chemistry on proliferation and morphology of bone cells cultured on surface modified poly(3-hydroxybutrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and untreated PHBV was evaluated. The surface of cast PHBV film was physically and chemically immobilized with collagen. For preparing chemically immobilized collagen surface, PHBV film was ozone treated followed by grafting of PMAA chains and the immobilization of collagen. The surface roughness and hydrophilicity of PHBV film were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements, respectively. It was found that the duration of ozone exposure and monomer concentration used for grafting PMMA chains influenced the amount of collagen immobilized. The cell proliferation on PHBV surfaces with chemically and physically immobilized collagen was compared with untreated PHBV using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The bone cell activity on chemically and physically immobilized collagen PHBV films was found to be 246 and 107% for UMR-106 and 68 and 9% for MC3T3 cell lines, respectively. Although the results are very preliminary, the chemically grafted collagen on PHBV surface provided a favorable matrix for cell proliferation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2445–2453, 2004
Probabilistic information processing: Effects of a biased payoff matrix on choices and bids

Abstract The purpose of the experiment was to determine how subjects process equivocal information relevant to a choice between two hypotheses when one of the hypotheses is more valuable than the other. Within the context of the theory proposed by Wallsten [Journal of Mathematical Psychology 1976 14 144–185; In Castellan, N.J., Pisoni, D., & Potts, G. R. (Eds.), Cognitive theory (Vol. II) 1977] the two hypotheses should be differentially salient to the subjects, and this should cause biases in the processing of relevant information. Accordingly, on each of several hundred trials over many sessions, six subjects independently observed relevant equivocal information and then chose between two hypotheses which differed in value. Subjects used the Marschak bidding procedure to provide confidence ratings in their decisions. Analysis of the binary choice probabilities showed that four subjects had a choice bias for the more valuable hypothesis, while two subjects demonstrated the reverse bias. Corresponding analyses of the bid data suggested a different bias pattern, which was explainable by considering the subjects' strategies in arriving at the bids. Nevertheless, the ordinal properties of the bid data were investigated in accordance with the models and techniques developed elsewhere by Wallsten 1976, with the results that (i) the algebraic models of information processing described well the data from individual subjects, and (ii) the model parameters derived for each subject demonstrated information-processing biases consistent with the independently observed choice biases. These data in conjunction with the aforementioned processing theory suggest that hypothesis salience can be manipulated in a way that affects information processing and, furthermore, that subjects have choice biases toward more or less risky gambles according to whether the more or less valuable event is more salient to them.
Erythromycin strengthens the defective lower esophageal sphincter in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Motilin induces phase III activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Erythromycin has a motilin-like effect on the stomach and significantly increases the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in normal volunteers. This investigation was performed to evaluate the effects of erythromycin on esophageal function in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Esophageal manometry was performed in 10 GERD patients before and after intravenous infusion of 500 mg of erythromycin. Values are expressed as mean +/- SEM. LES pressure increased from 13.9 +/- 2.9 mm Hg at baseline to 28.9 +/- 3.6 mm Hg after infusion of erythromycin (p < 0.01). The duration of contractions in the proximal, middle, and distal esophagus was significantly prolonged from 3.5 +/- 0.4 seconds, 3.8 +/- 0.4 seconds, and 4.1 +/- 0.5 seconds to 4.2 +/- 0.2 seconds, 4.6 +/- 0.5 seconds, and 5.6 +/- 0.6 seconds, respectively, after infusion of erythromycin (p < 0.05 for each comparison). Erythromycin did not effect esophageal body contraction amplitude or velocity, or the upper esophageal sphincter. Serum motilin decreased slightly after the administration of erythromycin. We concluded the following: (1) Erythromycin profoundly stimulates the defective LES in patients with GERD. This appears to be a direct motilin agonist-like effect rather than being mediated by release of endogenous motilin. (2) Erythromycin has less effect on the esophageal body, although it does prolong the duration of esophageal contractions.
A Question of Permanence

Scientific literature has a definite structure, a connectivity matrix consisting of citations from one article to previous articles. This structure was recognized by Science 45 years ago ([1][1]). In fact, Science took a leadership role by publishing several articles dealing with the literature ([2
Body mass index in primary and secondary pediatric hypertension.

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the relationship of body mass index (BMI) to primary or secondary hypertension in children and adolescents and (2) to assess BMI at the age of onset of hypertension in children and adolescents. Patient demographics, BMI, family history, presentation of disease, etiology of hypertension, medication, laboratory data, and findings from other procedures were recorded for all patients with hypertension followed in the Pediatric Nephrology Clinic at Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, over a 4-year period. In total, 314 patients were studied: 218 with primary hypertension and 96 with secondary hypertension. Our patient population (166 males, 148 females) was diverse in age (13±6.3 years) and ethnicity (237 Caucasians, 54 African-Americans, 23 other). BMI was greater in patients with primary (27.5±9.2 kg/m2) versus secondary (23.9±9.3 kg/m2) hypertension (P =0.002). Children with primary hypertension with an increased BMI presented at an earlier age than children with secondary hypertension and an increased BMI. The age of onset (10.5±2.6 years) in primary hypertension was related to increased BMI ( r =0.12, P =0.001); however, there was no relationship between BMI and age of onset of secondary hypertension (P =0.21). Children whose family members had essential hypertension had increased BMI compared with children without a family history of essential hypertension. Based on the logistic regression model constructed from our data, the likelihood of primary versus secondary hypertension was influenced by the presence of family history of hypertension independent of presence of obesity in the child. In conclusion, increased BMI is more common in children with primary than secondary hypertension; earlier onset of primary hypertension in the pediatric population was associated with increased BMI; the assessment of BMI is important in the evaluation of secondary as well as primary hypertension; the role of obesity in the development of secondary as well as primary hypertension in children merits further study.
A multi-channel cooperative MIMO MAC protocol for clustered wireless sensor networks

Recently, several multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to improve network capacity and boost energy efficiency. In addition, cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique has been shown to be able to significantly enhance the energy efficiency of WSNs if properly configured. However, these two promising techniques have not been jointly considered in clustered WSNs. In this paper, we explore such a joint design by proposing a novel MAC protocol for clustered WSNs that takes advantage of both multiple channels and cooperative MIMO to further boost network performance. Specifically, sensor nodes in a WSN are organized into clusters and each cluster head selects some cooperative nodes to help forward traffic to or receive from other clusters by utilizing a cooperative MIMO technique. For intra-cluster communications, different channels are assigned to adjacent clusters to reduce collisions, while for inter-cluster communications, cooperative MIMO links are scheduled to improve energy efficiency and concurrent transmissions are enabled by assigning different channels to them. We also provide a network-wide time synchronization approach to facilitating the functionality of this protocol. We carry out extensive simulations and the results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can significantly increase throughput and improve energy efficiency compared to other schemes. For example, for a WSN with 150 sensors in a 250 i? 250 m 2 field, with five available channels, the protocol can achieve three times saturated throughput while saving 14 % energy per bit for inter-cluster communications. Propose a multi-channel, cooperative MIMO MAC protocol for clustered WSNs.Employ cooperative MIMO links for inter-cluster communications.Assign orthogonal channels to interfering cooperative links to boost throughput.Numerical results show that energy efficiency of WSNs is remarkably improved.Simulation results show that network throughput is significantly enhanced.
Can Nature Make Us More Caring? Effects of Immersion in Nature on Intrinsic Aspirations and Generosity:

Four studies examined the effects of nature on valuing intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations. Intrinsic aspirations reflected prosocial and other-focused value orientations, and extrinsic aspirations predicted self-focused value orientations. Participants immersed in natural environments reported higher valuing of intrinsic aspirations and lower valuing of extrinsic aspirations, whereas those immersed in non-natural environments reported increased valuing of extrinsic aspirations and no change of intrinsic aspirations. Three studies explored experiences of nature relatedness and autonomy as underlying mechanisms of these effects, showing that nature immersion elicited these processes whereas non-nature immersion thwarted them and that they in turn predicted higher intrinsic and lower extrinsic aspirations. Studies 3 and 4 also extended the paradigm by testing these effects on generous decision making indicative of valuing intrinsic versus extrinsic aspirations.
The organization of neuronal somata in the first sacral spinal ganglion of the cat.

Abstract The basis of organization of neuronal somata within a spinal ganglion has been studied using histological techniques. The positions of the largest neuronal cell bodies, which are thought to innervate muscle receptors, were plotted for unoperated and sham operated animals. These ganglion cells were found in all sectors of the ganglion and their distribution generally reflected that of the total ganglion cell population in the respective sectors. The positions of neuronal somata undergoing the axonal reaction following various nerve lesions were plotted. Altered neurons were not preferentially accumulated in any sector of the ganglion after lesions of cutaneous nerves, nerves to muscle, or nerves innervating the distal part of the hind limb, but they often occurred in clusters which were found in all parts of the ganglion. Following a lesion of either the pudendal nerve, the S1 dorsal primary ramus, or the S1 ventral root, altered neurons tended to be grouped in one or more sectors of the ganglion. These data suggest that ganglion cells innervating skin or muscle often occur in small groups distributed throughout the ganglion, while processes of afferent neurons which branch from the spinal nerve and do not travel through a limb plexus tend to have their cell bodies restricted to a particular region of the ganglion.
Clinical Emergency Medicine, Today and Tomorrow

Abstract Arthur L Kellermann, MD, MPH, FACEP [Kellermann AL: Clinical emergency medicine, today and tomorrow. Ann Emerg Med February 1995;25:235-238.]
Covariates affecting spatial variability in bison travel behavior in Yellowstone National Park

Understanding mechanisms influencing the movement paths of animals is essential for comprehending behavior and accurately predicting use of travel corridors. In Yellowstone National Park (USA), the effects of roads and winter road grooming on bison (Bison bison) travel routes and spatial dynamics have been debated for more than a decade. However, no rigorous studies have been conducted on bison spatial movement patterns. We collected 121 380 locations from 14 female bison with GPS collars in central Yellowstone to examine how topography, habitat type, roads, and elevation affected the probability of bison travel year-round. We also conducted daily winter bison road use surveys (2003-2005) to quantify how topography and habitat type influenced spatial variability in the amount of bison road travel. Using model comparison techniques, we found the probability of bison travel and spatial distribution of travel locations were affected by multiple topographic and habitat type attributes including slope, landscape roughness, habitat type, elevation, and distances to streams, foraging areas, forested habitats, and roads. Streams were the most influential natural landscape feature affecting bison travel, and results suggest the bison travel network throughout central Yellowstone is spatially defined largely by the presence of streams that connect foraging areas. Also, the probability of bison travel was higher in regions of variable topography that constrain movements, such as in canyons. Pronounced travel corridors existed both in close association with roads and distant from any roads, and results indicate that roads may facilitate bison travel in certain areas. However, our findings suggest that many road segments used as travel corridors are overlaid upon natural travel pathways because road segments receiving high amounts of bison travel had similar landscape features as natural travel corridors. We suggest that most spatial patterns in bison road travel are a manifestation of general spatial travel trends. Our research offers novel insights into bison spatial dynamics and provides conceptual and analytical frameworks for examining movement patterns of other species.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF BRUNNER'S GLANDS IN THE MOUSE

Examined with the electron microscope, the secretory cells of the submucosal glands of Brunner in the mouse present a curious combination of the fine-structural features of both serous and mucus-secreting cells. The cells have numerous mitochondria, abundant basal ergastoplasm, dense secretory granules that bear a superficial resemblance to pancreatic zymogen granules, and an unusually extensive Golgi apparatus. The prominence of the lamellar, vesicular, and vacuolar elements of the Golgi complex facilitates detailed observation of these components. More evident than in other glandular cells, aggregates of small vesicles appear to represent the transitional elements and are vehicles for transport of the product between the ergastoplasm and the Golgi complex. The numerous vesicular evaginations of smooth-surfaced regions on cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and accumulations of innumerable vesicles of similar size in the area between the nearest profiles of the ergastoplasm and the Golgi complex support this contention. The cytological characteristics and physiologic properties of Brunner's glands in various species are discussed briefly. It is concluded that the submucosal glands of the mouse are excellent material for exploration of the ultrastructural correlates of both protein and carbohydrate secretion, and it is suggested that their secretion may have functions other than those generally attributed to them, namely, chemical and mechanical protection of the duodenal surface epithelium.
The Role of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges Between Adolescents, their Peers and Family as Predictors of Suicide Ideation

The role of positive and negative social exchanges between adolescents, their peers and family as predictors of suicide ideation was investigated in a national random sample of 1591 adolescents from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Four indexes measured socio-emotional exchanges by type (positive or negative) and by source (family or peers). Negative exchanges with family were associated with increased suicide ideation scores in younger (15–17) but not in older (18–19) adolescents. Positive support provided as significant buffering effect that was age-specific and independent of gender, income or mood disorders. Providers, especially social workers need to identify both positive and negative exchanges that adolescents experience with family and peers.
Uncorrected refractive error in a Latino population: proyecto VER.

Purpose To determine the prevalence of refractive error (RE), the proportion of those with uncorrected RE, and factors associated with uncorrected RE in Latino adults. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants A random sample of 4509 Latinos aged ≥40 years from Arizona with both ophthalmic evaluation and questionnaire. Methods A case of RE was defined as a subject wearing prescription glasses for distance vision whose presenting visual acuity (PVA) was ≥20/25, or a subject with PVA 1.0 D or cylinder ≥ +1.0 D. Among those with RE, those who on refraction achieved ≥2 line improvement in at least 1 eye (definition 1) or in both eyes (definition 2) were classified as uncorrected RE. A questionnaire on access to care, acculturation, and socioeconomic variables was used. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of RE and proportion of uncorrected RE. Results The prevalence of RE was 64% in at least 1 eye and 51% in both eyes. Of participants with RE in at least 1 eye, 35% have uncorrected RE. Of those with RE in both eyes, 19% have uncorrected RE. Compared with participants with corrected RE, those with uncorrected RE in at least 1 eye were more likely to have lower levels of acculturation (odds ratio [OR] 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–1.4 per unit decrease) and education (OR 1.6 for ≤6 years vs. >12 years; 95% CI, 1.2–2.2). Uncorrected RE was also associated with not having insurance (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.6), with a low family income (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.7 for 1 year vs. Conclusions In our sample of Latinos, the proportion of uncorrected RE is high and suggests that one third of those with RE may benefit from new glasses. Indices of marginalization are associated with uncorrected RE and could be targeted for future interventions. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Biomass and community structure of the abyssal microbiota determined from the ester-linked phospholipids recovered from Venezuela Basin and Puerto Rico Trench sediments.

Abstract Extractible phospholipid fatty acids of abyssal sediment cores from three stations in the Venezuela Basin, transects between them, and a station in the Puerto Rico Trench were analyzed to determine microbial biomass and community composition. Results were compared to abyssal sediments from an area of high-energy boundary currents in the North Atlantic, and estuarine sediments from Apalachee Bay, Florida. Venezuela Basin and Puerto Rico Trench sediments were characterized by low microbial biomass, measured as phospholipid palmitic acid. Venezuela Basin sediments of three different sedimentary regimes showed a remarkably similar microbial community structure, as characterized by fatty acid profiles. Prokaryotic organisms dominated the microbial community, and fatty acids believed to be signatures of anaerobic organisms were present in greater proportions in Venezuela Basin and Puerto Rico Trench sediments than in either the North Atlantic abyssal sediments or shallow-water estuarine sediments.
Celebrating Twenty Years of a Serials Column

A co-editor of “The Balance Point” column looks back at its twenty-year history, its current function and its future in serving the serials professional and scholarly community. The author examines how the column emerged as an idea by then Serials Review editor Cindy Hepfer in 1988 to be a forum on important serials issues for practitioners who might not otherwise write formally on these topics. The column has continued though the 1990s and 2000s to provide that function, as well as serve as an important place where authors are invited to explore serial issues much in need of a balanced approach. The author shares comments from past “Balance Point” column editors, John Riddick, Mary Beth Clack, Ellen Finnie Duranceau, Karen Cargille, Markel Tumlin, and Kay Johnson on how they regarded the column, the rewards and challenges they faced, and how they see the future of this format in an evolving electronic communication milieu.
Structured Case Analysis: Developing Critical Thinking Skills in a Marketing Case Course

Structured case analysis is a hybrid pedagogy that flexibly combines diverse instructional methods with comprehensive case analysis as a mechanism to develop critical thinking skills. An incrementa...
A proteasome inhibitor reduces concurrent, sequential, and long-term IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced ECAM expression and adhesion

A promising approach for reducing aberrant leukocyte-endothelial adhesion during pathological inflammation is to inhibit endothelial cell adhesion molecule (ECAM) expression at the transcription le...
Compact distributed RLC interconnect models - part IV: unified models for time delay, crosstalk, and repeater insertion

For pt. III see ibid., vol. 50, p. 1081-93 (2003). Using a new physical model for the transient response of a distributed resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) interconnect with a capacitive load, novel compact expressions have been derived for the 1) time delay, 2) peak crosstalk for coupled lines, 3) optimum number and size of repeaters, and 4) time delay for repeater-inserted distributed resistance-capacitance (RC) and RLC lines. These new models are used to define a design space that illustrates the tradeoff between the number of repeaters and wire cross-section for specified delay and crosstalk constraints.
Effect of chemical milling on low-cycle fatigue behavior of an Al–Mg–Si alloy

The effect of alkaline chemical milling used for dimensionally reducing aluminum-alloy structures is assessed in terms of total fatigue life and crack-initiation mechanisms. Chemically milled Al–Mg–Si specimens exhibited a 50% reduction in average fatigue lives compared to electropolished Al–Mg–Si specimens at comparable peak-applied loads above macroscopic yield. The fatigue-life reduction of the chemically milled specimens is likely associated with early onset of crack initiation due to pit-induced-stress concentrations. Fractographic analyses suggest a transition in the crack-initiation mechanisms from predominantly {1 1 1}-slip plane cracking to partly or predominantly pit-inducedstress driven depending on the depth of surface pits.
Alcohol and sexual HIV risk behavior among problem drinking men who have sex with men: an event level analysis of timeline followback data.

While heavy drinking among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been shown to be associated with an increase in sexual risk taking, a temporal relationship between drinking and an increase in subsequent HIV risk behaviors among adult samples has been less obvious. This study used an event level analysis to examine this relationship among HIV negative problem drinking MSM. Within subjects analyses show a higher probability of unprotected anal intercourse after drinking. Post-hoc analyses of within subjects data indicate that drinking increases risk taking when engaging in receptive anal intercourse but not for insertive anal intercourse. Findings from this study support evidence that drinking is a factor that increases risk taking among HIV negative problem drinking MSM, particularly for receptive anal intercourse.
Temperature and Organisms

Temperature is an extremely important environmental variable to all life. The temperature of any object, solid or fluid, living or nonliving, is a measure of its energy status, determined by energy exchange with the environment. The distance of the earth from the sun is such that the planet earth is neither too warm nor too cold for higher forms of life. The rate of spin of the earth on its axis makes the length of day and night agreeable to life. If the rate of spin were slower, daytime temperatures would be much warmer and nighttime temperatures much colder. If the rate of spin were more rapid, then day and night would be shorter and temperature extremes would be less great. The molecular composition of the atmosphere greatly affects the climate near the ground and has been an important factor in the evolution of life.
Language, perception, and the schematic representation of spatial relations

Schemas are abstract nonverbal representations that parsimoniously depict spatial relations. Despite their ubiquitous use in maps and diagrams, little is known about their neural instantiation. We sought to determine the extent to which schematic representations are neurally distinguished from language on the one hand, and from rich perceptual representations on the other. In patients with either left hemisphere damage or right hemisphere damage, a battery of matching tasks depicting categorical spatial relations was used to probe for the comprehension of basic spatial concepts across distinct representational formats (words, pictures, and schemas). Left hemisphere patients underperformed right hemisphere patients across all tasks. However, focused residual analyses using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) suggest that (1) left hemisphere deficits in the representation of categorical spatial relations are difficult to distinguish from deficits in naming these relations and (2) the right hemisphere plays a special role in extracting schematic representations from richly textured pictures.
Identifying swing mode bifurcations and associated limits on available transfer capability

Analytic techniques for predicting onset of voltage collapse in power systems often rely upon identification of a saddle node bifurcation. While many authors acknowledge that the separation between voltage phenomena and phase angle phenomena is far from absolute, most recent works have viewed voltage variation as the more significant problem. The goal of the work presented here is to shift focus back to loss of stability mechanisms associated with phase angle behavior and electromechanical swing modes. We will exploit structural features in the network to identify a typical form for the eigenvector associated with a bifurcating "swing mode" that reduces in frequency and ultimately loses stability. In a simple case study, we demonstrate that the participation of angles in such a mode is greater than that of voltages.
Intercoder Reliability for Validating Conclusions Drawn from Open-Ended Interview Data

Intercoder reliability is a measure of agreement among multiple coders for how they apply codes to text data. Intercoder reliability can be used as a proxy for the validity of constructs that emerg...
Simple Use of SiO2 Film Thickness for the Control of Carbon Nano-Tube Diameter During Ferrocene Catalyzed CVD Growth

Selective growth of carbon nano-tubes (CNT) on micron scale patterned substrates has been accomplished by taking advantage of the non-reactivity of ferrocene catalyst on H-terminated Si surfaces in a CVD process. Demonstrated here is that this phenomenon can be used to control the diameter of CNTs when sufficiently narrow lines of SiO2 surrounded by H-terminated Si are used. Narrow lines of SiO2 (12–60nm) are formed at the etched face of a Si/SiO2/Si multilayer structure. This allows the precisely controllable thickness of an SiO2 film to determine an exposed SiO2 line width. There is no need for e-beam lithography since film thickness determines nm-scale line dimensions. CNTs are then formed by CVD with a ferrocene/H2/Ar mixture at 700°C. CNTs are observed to grow only on the exposed SiO2 surface at the edge of the ‘mesa’ structure. CNT diameters of 13.2, 20.5, 34.2, 64.3nm are observed for SiO2 film thickness of 12, 19, 35, and 65 nm. The larger distribution of CNT diameter with increased line width is consistent with wider SiO2 linewidths not being able to affect smaller nucleation centers. These results are consistent with the use of self-assembly chemistry of iron catalyst onto nano-particles of catalyst support.
Multiscale, multifunction diffractive structures wet etched into fused silica for high-laser damage threshold applications

We combined functionalities of two diffractive optics with almost 100× lateral and vertical scale-length difference onto a single fused-silica surface. Fine-scale (2-μm-period) gratings for beam sampling were printed in photoresist by interference lithography and transferred to the substrate by a hydrofluoric acid etch. Subsequently, 115-μm-linewidth stairstep gratings for color separation at focus were proximity printed and wet etched in a two-mask process. Line shapes of the lamellar sampling grating are remarkably preserved following etching of the much deeper color separation grating structures with this nominally isotropic etch process. Model simulations of isotropic etching of topographical features show good agreement with the measured shape evolution of the sampling grating profiles, and the simulations reveal the sensitivity of the final feature shape to its initial aspect ratio. As a rule of thumb, lamellar grating profiles can be etched approximately 0.08A-2 times their modulation depth, where A is their initial aspect ratio (height/width), before they evolve into a cusplike shape and begin to lose height.
The 2002 PhRMA Code and Pharmaceutical Marketing: Did Anybody Bother to Ask the Reps?

After marketing tactics resulted in $1.2 billion fines, the 2002 PhRMA Code attempted to standardize marketing and sales practices. Self-regulation had varied success by other industries and by pharmaceutical industries in other countries. Similarly, the Code addressed negative responses about pharmaceutical's practices but had no provisions for monitoring violations. Representative's (reps) perspectives were assessed using an 18-item instrument with 72 reps from 25 companies. Analyses indicated that reps from bigger companies, PhRMA and non-PhRMA, adhered better. The way reps adhered was split between adhering reluctantly and following faithfully. Two thirds felt it was more difficult to do their jobs, resulting from prior entertainment-based relationships with physicians.
How Emotions Influence Trust in Online Transactions Using New Technology

Online trust has recently become a critical issue, due to widely publicized information leaks, account hacking, and privacy breaches. This study investigates whether or not emotions have effects on trust in online transactions, particularly when a new technology is involved. We explored the effects of happiness and sadness on participants’ choice of a payment method for online transactions. Forty-four undergraduates participated in online transactions with a prototype webpage after either happiness or sadness induction, compared to a neutral group. Different emotion mechanisms would predict different effects of each emotion. Results showed that when the item cost was relatively low ($10), a higher percentage of participants in both emotion conditions selected a novel payment method than those in a neutral condition. With more expensive items ($50 and $100) the number of participants who chose the new option equally increased across all conditions because participants could benefit relatively a large amoun...