cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequence analysis of the EF-lα gene family of Mucor racemosus

Abstract Our previous studies have shown that Mucor racemosus possesses three genes (TEF-1, -2 and -3) for EF-1 alpha, and that all three genes are transcribed. However, the level of transcription varies markedly between the three genes, with TEF-1 mRNA levels being approximately two fold higher than TEF-3 and 6 fold higher than TEF-2. We have now completed the DNA sequence of both strands of all three genes and have found that these genes are highly homologous. TEF-2 and TEF-3 are more similar to each other than they are to TEF-1. The TEF-2 and the TEF-3 coding regions differ from TEF-1 at 30 and 37 positions respectively out of 1374 nucleotides. Twenty-six of these nucleotide substitutions were common to both TEF-2 and TEF-3, and the majority of the substitutions were clustered in the 5' region of the coding sequences. While the majority of these changes were silent, TEF-2 and TEF-3 differed from TEF-1 by having a lysine instead of a glutamate at amino acid position 41. In addition, TEF-2 and -3, but not TEF-1, each have an intron located near the 5' end of the coding region, although its size and sequence is not conserved between the two genes. All three genes have a conserved intron near the 3' end of the coding region. The sequence data have been analyzed with respect to the structure and function of EF-1 alpha in protein biosynthesis.
Exercise-induced alterations of signal-averaged electrocardiograms in marathon runners.

Abstract Late potentials have been shown to predict malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. To determine whether prolonged, strenuous activity is associated with the development of ventricular late potentials, signal-averaged electrocardiography was performed on 30 marathon runners before, immediately after, and during a recovery period at least 1 week after they had a 26.2-mile race. The filtered ORS duration decreased immediately after the marathon to 94.4 ± 10.0 msec from baseline values of 97.3 ± 10.1 msec ( p p
Synthesis of indolidines by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides with methylenecyclopropanes followed by cyclopropyumine rearrangement

Abstract Cyclic imines 6a and 6b were obtained by the intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides with methylenecyclopropanes. Acid catalyzed rearrangement produced bicyclic (−)-enamines 7 , which upon reduction provided indoilizidenes 8 . A similar strategy was used for the synthesis of (−)-8a-epi-desacctoxyslaframine 16 .
Teaching and Learning about Controversial Issues: Lessons from Northern Ireland

Teaching about controversial issues is a powerful tool in the repertoire of civic educators. Despite widespread agreement concerning the social, academic, and civic benefits to be gained from discussing controversial public issues within the classroom, empirical research reveals that doing so is a rare occurrence. While the literature explains this fact by detailing the many challenges confronted by teachers, less attention is given to the emotional and cognitive risks that lead students to evade, and at times actively resist, engaging with controversial issues. This qualitative case study examines the experiences of students and teachers struggling to address issues of national and cultural identity within Northern Ireland in order to investigate dynamics that may remain less visible in contexts where differences and conflict are less overt. Findings reveal a range of responses whereby students attempt to preserve the viability of current understandings and to minimize the risk of critical self-reflectio...
The site distribution and characteristics of colorectal adenomas in Hispanics: a comparative study

The site distribution and characteristics of colorectal adenomas in Hispanics: a comparative study
Effect of Enzymatic Tempering of Wheat Kernels on Milling and Baking Performance

ABSTRACT This study examined the effect of cell-wall-degrading enzymes added to temper water on wheat milling performance and flour quality. An enzyme cocktail consisting of cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase and five independent variables (enzyme concentration, incubation time, incubation temperature, tempered wheat moisture content, and tempering water pH) were manipulated in a response surface methodology (RSM) central composite design. A single pure cultivar of hard red winter wheat was tempered under defined conditions and milled on a Ross experimental laboratory mill. Some treatment combinations affected flour yield from the break rolls more than that from the reduction rolls. However, a maximum for flour yield was not found in the range of parameters studied. Though treatments did not affect the optimum water absorption for breadmaking, enzyme-treated flours produced dough exhibiting shorter mixing times and slack and sticky textures compared with the control. Regardless of differences in mixing ti...
Clinical features and resolution of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome: 10-year experience

Background Food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non–IgE-mediated food allergy. FPIES diagnosis is frequently delayed because of the absence of classic allergic symptoms and lack of biomarkers. Objective We sought to characterize the clinical features and resolution of FPIES in patients evaluated in our practice. Methods Subjects 6 months to 45 years of age with FPIES were prospectively recruited for oral food challenges (OFCs). Medical records were searched to identify the subjects who did not participate in OFCs. Results Among 160 subjects, 54% were male; median age at diagnosis was 15 months. We performed 180 OFCs to 15 foods in 82 subjects; 30% of the study population had FPIES confirmed based on OFC results. The most common foods were cow's milk (44%), soy (41%), rice (22.5%), and oat (16%). The majority (65%) reacted to 1 food, 26% reacted to 2 foods, and 9% reacted to 3 or more foods. The majority were atopic, and 39% had IgE sensitization to another food. Thirty-nine (24%) subjects had positive specific IgE levels to the food inducing FPIES. Among children with specific IgE to cow's milk, 41% changed from a milk FPIES to an IgE-mediated phenotype over time. The median age when tolerance was established was 4.7 years for rice, 4 years for oat, and 6.7 years for soy. Median age when milk tolerance was established for subjects with undetectable milk-specific IgE levels was 5.1 years, whereas none of the subjects with detectable milk-specific IgE became tolerant to milk during the study ( P = .003). Conclusion FPIES typically resolves by age 5 years. Milk FPIES, especially with detectable food-specific IgE, can have a protracted course and eventually transition to acute reactions.
Some practical reasons for reconsidering the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is a method for comparing the distributions of two independent groups that has virtually disappeared from applied research and introductory statistics books for the social sciences. The apparent reason is the perception that it has low power compared to methods for comparing means in particular and measures of location in general. However, extant studies comparing the power of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to other methods for comparing means are limited to normal distributions having a common variance. This note points out that, even under a shift model, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test not only can have high power relative to methods for comparing robust measures of location, there are situations where it has higher power than methods for comparing robust measurement of location. Some additional features of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are noted, and a simple S-PLUS program for computing the exact significance level is provided. Data from a study on the effects of drinking alcohol are used to illustrate the potential advantage of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
An experimental investigation of the near-field flow development in coaxial jets

The near-field region of a coaxial jet having inner to outer diameter ratio di/do=0.39 is investigated experimentally for four ratios of annular to central jet velocities of η=0.18, 0.48, 0.8, and 1.11. Measurements were acquired nonintrusively using molecular tagging velocimetry at downstream distances up to six inner jet diameters. High spatial-resolution profiles of mean axial velocity, axial turbulent intensity, skewness, kurtosis, radial gradients of mean velocity, and velocity gradient fluctuations are presented and discussed. In the near-exit region of the inner mixing layer, evidence suggests the existence of two trains of vortices shed from the inner jet wall for velocity ratios η>0.18. The results also indicate that for the flow configuration examined the length of the annular potential core is a function of the velocity ratio. Turbulence characteristics of the flow appear to be influenced by both the velocity ratio and absolute velocity of the annular jet. Integral length and Taylor microscales...
Calorie restriction increases Fas/Fas‐ligand expression and apoptosis in murine splenic lymphocytes

One-month-old male ICR mice were fed a nutritionally adequate, semipurified diet, either ad libitum (AL) or calorie restricted (CR) (40% less food) for 6 months and were killed to obtain spleens. Flow cytometric analysis revealed increased proportions of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in CR-fed mice compared to AL-fed mice. The T cell subsets of CR-fed mice were also found to have higher levels of plasma membrane Fas receptor expression. Similarly, Fas-ligand (Fas-L) expression was higher in anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CR-fed mice also had increased numbers of annexin V-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in stimulated splenic lymphocytes suggesting an increased potential for apoptosis. Fas and Fas-L gene expression in splenic lymphocytes, which correlated closely with the observed increased rate of apoptosis, was significantly increased in CR-fed mice compared to AL-fed mice. In conclusion, these results indicate that CR increases the expression of Fas and Fas-L which may contribute to the known beneficial effects of CR such as prolongation of life span by activating chronic physiologically mediated apoptosis.
Is Membrane Transport of FFA Mediated by Lipid, Protein, or Both?

![Figure][1] J. Patrick Kampf Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California ![Figure][1] Alan M. Kleinfeld Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California akleinfeld{at}tpims.org The mechanism of free fatty acid (FFA)
Economic interest groups and the consolidation of democracy in the Czech Republic

This paper discusses organized economic interest groups in the Czech Republic placed in the context of the development of interest group activity in the post communist era and how this bodes for the consolidation of Czech democracy. After a brief overview of Czech political and economic developments since the end of communist rule, the origins, evolution and present state of interest groups are outlined. There has been a proliferation of economic interest groups, particularly in the business arena. However, there are some concerns about interest groups activity, which are examined next. The paper then moves to its main focus—the examination of economic interests. It does this by explaining the interaction among business, labour and government in the policy-making arena and explaining apparent contradictions in the perceived influence of business. This is followed by a similar look at Czech agriculture. The paper concludes with some speculation about the likely future development of interest groups and what this might mean for the nature of Czech democracy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional Intraclass Contingency Tables

When the probabilities underlying a contingency table are assumed to be symmetric, it is advantageous to combine the frequencies of equiprobable cells (Haber, 1981, 1982).The present work introduces models, as well as exact and asymptotic methods, for analyzing such ‘intraclass’ contingency tables in several dimensions.
Postoperative risk of venous thromboembolism in rheumatic disease patients.

Both traditional and disease-related risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) must be considered when assessing rheumatic disease patients preoperatively. While many studies suggest that patients with rheumatic diseases are at higher risk of VTE overall, studies in rheumatoid arthritis patients do not demonstrate an increased risk of postoperative VTE. Here, we review the literature on VTE risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Behcet’s disease, and vasculitis. The data suggest that disease activity is a driver of VTE risk. While rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing elective arthroplasty are not at elevated VTE risk, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome undergoing surgery have an elevated risk of postoperative VTE.
Vertical thermal actuators for micro-optoelectromechanical systems

This paper presents novel micro-opto-electro-mechanical (MOEM) applications employing vertical thermal actuators. The high force and large deflection of backbent vertical thermal actuators are useful in many applications, particularly when a single large deflection is required for device setup. For example, backbending two actuators driven in parallel flips a 250 micrometer square mirror to 45 degrees off the substrate. The actuators can then be driven to permit scanning over 45 degrees. In another example, 3 backbent actuators are used to position an electrostatically actuated optical beam steering mirror 10 micrometer off the substrate thereby increasing the maximum steering angle by a factor of 5. Critical to applications like these is predictable and repeatable operation of the actuators. The actuators are comprised of a polysilicon cantilever bar mechanically coupled to two expansion arms. If sufficient current is driven through the expansion arms they deform, bowing upward. Upon removal of the drive current the expansion arms shrink, backbending the actuator by pulling the tip of the actuator upward. Test actuators of three different sizes were carefully backbent. After backbending, the deflection of each actuator was measured on an interferometric microscope with plus or minus 5 nm precision. Although nonlinear, the relationship of backbending deflection to drive power is well behaved, and repeatable.
Intellectual Property and the Organization of Information Production

Abstract This paper analyzes an area that economic analysis of intellectual property has generally ignored, namely, the effects of intellectual property rights on the relative desirability of various strategies for organizing information production. I suggest that changes in intellectual property rules alter the payoffs to information production in systematic and predictable ways that differ as among different strategies. My conclusion is that an institutional environment highly protective of intellectual property rights will (a) have less beneficial impact, at an aggregate level, than one would predict without considering these effects, and (b) fosters commercialization, concentration, and homogenization of information production, and thus entails normative implications that may be more salient than its quantitative effects.
Optimum subband filter bank design and compensation in presence of quantizers

Optimum M-band subband codec structure in the presence of PDF-optimized quantizers is proposed. Using the polyphase decomposition of analysis/synthesis filter bank(FB), we derive the formula for mean square error(MSE) at the reconstructed output. We show that the optimum M-band FB structure can be designed by a suitable choice of a simple scalar compensator following each quantizer. Specific design examples have been developed for two different classes of filter banks, the paraunitary FB and the biorthogonal FB for the 2 channel case. >
Molecular dynamic simulations of the metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis in the presence and absence of a tight-binding inhibitor.

The beta-lactam-based antibiotics are among the most prescribed and effective antibacterial agents. Widespread use of these antibiotics, however, has created tremendous pressure for the emergence of resistance mechanisms in bacteria. The most common cause of antibiotic resistance is bacterial production of actamases that efficiently degrade antibiotics. The metallo-beta-lactamases are of particular clinical concern due to their transference between bacterial strains. We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to further study the conformational changes that occur due to binding of an inhibitor to the dicanzinc metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis. Our studies confirm previous findings that the major flap is a major source of plasticity within the active site, therefore its dynamic response should be considered in drug development. However, our results also suggest the need for care in using MD simulations in evaluating loop mobility, both due to relaxation times and to the need to accurately model the zinc active site. Our study also reveals two new robust responses to ligand binding. First, there are specific localized changes in the zinc active site—a local loop flip—due to ligand intercalation that may be critical to the function of this enzyme. Second, inhibitor binding perturbs the dynamics throughout the protein, without otherwise perturbing the enzyme structure. These dynamic perturbations radiate outward from the active site and their existence suggests that long-range communication and dynamics may be important in the activity of this enzyme.
A multichannel time of flight recording system

Abstract The design and performance of a 30 channel time of flight recording system is described. The system used an eight trace oscilloscope and photographic recording, in conjunction with an optical spark chamber experiment.
What Happened in East European (Political) Economies? A Balance Sheet for Neoliberal Reform

Assessing the results of neoliberal reform remains controversial even twenty years after 1989. While neoliberal reform programs appeared to have finally produced rapid economic growth in the 2000s ...
Fluid and kinetic structure of magnetic merging in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment

Received 1 July 2005; revised 27 September 2005; accepted 26 October 2005; published 6 December 2005. [1] Measurement of the in-plane Lorentz force and the outof-plane magnetic field associated with the Hall electric field near the reconnection zone in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) confirms expectations, based on simulation, theory and spacecraft data, that the quadrupolar out-of-plane magnetic field is a signature of collisionless effects in magnetic reconnection with a weak guide field. Citation: Matthaeus, W. H., C. D. Cothran, M. Landreman, and M. R. Brown (2005), Fluid and kinetic structure of magnetic merging in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23104, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023973.
Resonant inversion of tunneling magnetoresistance.

Resonant tunneling via localized states in the barrier can invert magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions. Experiments performed on electrodeposited Ni/NiO/Co nanojunctions of area smaller than 0.01 microm(2) show that both positive and negative values of magnetoresistance are possible. Calculations based on Landauer-Buttiker theory explain this behavior in terms of disorder-driven statistical variations in magnetoresistance with a finite probability of inversion due to resonant tunneling.
liquid: Context-Aware Distributed Queries

As low-level architectural support for context-aware computing matures, we are ready to explore more general and powerful means of accessing context data. Information required by a context-aware application may be partitioned by any number of physical, organizational, or privacy boundaries. This suggests the need for mechanisms by which applications can issue context-sensitive queries without having to explicitly manage the complex storage layout and access policies of the underlying data. To address this need, we have developed liquid, a prototype query service that supports distributed, continuous query processing of context data. This paper articulates the current need for such systems, describes the design of the liquidsystem, and presents both a room-awareness application and notification service demonstrating its functionality.
Design of scanning spherical trireflector antennas with high aperture efficiency

It is frequently desirable to scan the main beam of a large antenna system without moving the main aperture structure. Spherical reflectors have excellent potential in this application. However, they are not commonly used because of poor aperture efficiency and high side lobes in traditional implementations. This work introduces a new dual-subreflector feed system design which does not require oversizing the spherical main reflector to accommodate scan and yet permits a controlled aperture illumination. The design yields high aperture efficiency, low cross-polarization, and low side lobes. >
Mechanical properties of tracheal tubes in the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)

Insects breathe using an extensive network of flexible air-filled tubes. In some species, the rapid collapse and reinflation of these tubes is used to drive convective airflow, a system that may have bio-inspired engineering applications. The mechanical behavior of these tracheal tubes is critical to understanding how they function in this deformation process. Here, we performed quasi-static tensile tests on ring sections of the main thoracic tracheal trunks from the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana )t o determine the tracheal mechanical properties in the radial direction. The experimental findings indicate that the stress‐strain relationships of these tracheal tubes exhibit some nonlinearities. The elastic modulus of the linear region of the stress‐strain curves tubes was found to be 1660 ± 512 MPa. The ultimate tensile strength, ultimate strain and toughness were found to be 23.7 ± 7.33 MPa, 2.0 ± 0.7% and 0.207 ± 0.153 MJ m ! 3 ,r espectively. This study is the fi rst experimental quantif ication of insect tracheal tissue, and represents a necessary step toward understanding the mechanical role of tracheal tubes in insect respiration. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Measurement of activated clotting time in children--comparison of the Celite i-STAT ACT with the Medtronic ACT II.

Background: To evaluate a recently introduced blood-saving method for the measurement of activated clotting time (ACT), the Celite i-STAT® ACT, by comparing the values obtained with those from the widely used Medtronic ACT® II device. Methods: In a prospective clinical study, we compared ACT values from the i-STAT® device with the Medtronic ACT® II device in 60 paediatric, interventional, cardiac catheterization procedures necessitating prophylactic heparinization. Blood samples were pair-analyzed using two i-STAT® analyzers and one Medtronic ACT® II device with double-tube-cartridges before and after heparinization. Data were compared using Bland-Altman bias analysis, Student's t-test and simple regression analysis. Results: Bias and precision between the Medtronic ACT® II and the i-STAT® ACT values was −5.4 ± 26.3. The i-STAT® and Medtronic ACT® II values were similar before heparinization (P = 0.22), but i-STAT® ACT values became significantly longer than Medtronic ACT® II values after heparinization (P = 0.021). The increase of ACT after heparinization was greater (median 86.3; range 40–187 s) in the i-STAT® analyzer than in the Medtronic ACT® II analyzer (median 73.0; range 19–235.5 s). Increase in ACT values was inversely affected by intraoperative haemoglobin concentration in the Medtronic ACT® II analyzer (P = 0.001) but not in the i-STAT® analyzer. Conclusion: Activated clotting times obtained from the Celite i-STAT® ACT and the Medtronic ACT® II demonstrated poor agreement. The technical principles are quite different and the two methods showed diverse susceptibility to intraoperative haemoglobin concentration. Users have to be aware of technique-specific ACT target ranges and their confounders, which need to be provided by the manufacturers.
A Level-Set Approach for Large Scale Cavitation

In this work, a new level-set-based approach is presented and applied to compressible, multiphase flows. Using a species-mass-conservation-based level-set transport equation, several advantages over signeddistance- function-based methods are demonstrated. Specific improvements include a ghost-fluid-free method for highly compressible problems, extensions to an arbitrary number of specie, and finite-rate chemistry mass transfer modeling. While maintaining higher-order numerics, the approach is applicable to threedimensional (3D), time-accurate/steady, turbulent simulations. Herein, the method is applied to a flow solver that fully couples the mass, momentum, energy, and level-set transport equation; although the methods are equally applicable to segregated flow solvers. The methods are tested for ventilated supercavities, natural cavitation (incompressible, compressible, and thermal), and shock-induced boiling. Lastly, new reinitialization methods are developed specific to cavitating flows that decrease the interface diffusion where needed, while retaining an ability to admit subgrid-scale mixtures. Such an approach enables a more physical solution method for certain classes of multiphase flows. This formulation of the level-set approach is a general, valid, method that could easily be incorporated into any species-mass conservation solver.
Social interaction-mediated lifespan extension of Drosophila Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mutants

Beneficial effects of social interaction on aging have been studied in humans and other species. We found that short-lived Drosophila mutants of the antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase displayed a robust lifespan extension, with improved stress resistance and motor ability, upon cohousing with active flies of longer lifespan or younger age. Genetic, surgical, and environmental manipulations revealed motor and sensory components in behavioral interactions required for the lifespan extension induced by cohousing. Our results provide a definitive case of beneficial social interaction on lifespan and a useful entry point for analyzing the underlying molecular networks and physiological mechanisms.
RB-Pathway Disruption Is Associated with Improved Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer

Purpose: We sought to determine whether dysregulation of the RB tumor suppressor pathway was associated with improved response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Experimental Design: An RB-loss signature was used to analyze the association between pathway status and pathological complete response in gene expression datasets encompassing three different neoadjuvant regimens. Parallel immunohistochemical analysis of the RB-pathway was performed on pretreatment biopsies to determine the association with pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Results: An RB loss gene expression signature was asssociated with increased pathological complete response in datasets from breast cancer patients treated neoadjuvant therapy encompasssing approximately 1,000 patients. The association with improved response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was true in both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer. Elevated expression of p16ink4a is associated with the RB-loss of signature (R=0.493-0.5982), and p16ink4a mRNA levels were strongly associated with pathological complete response. In an independent cohort, immunohistochemical analyses of RB and p16ink4a revealed an association of RB loss (p=0.0018) or elevated p16ink4a (p=0.0253) with pathological complete response. Additionally, by Miller-Payne and Clinical-Pathologic Scoring (CPS) analyses, RB-deficient tumors experienced an overall improved response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: Disruption of the RB-pathway as measured by several independent methods was associated with improved response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The RB-pathway status was relevant for pathological response in both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer with similar results observed with multiple chemotherapy regimens. Combined, these data indicate that RB-status is associated with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer and could be employed to inform treatment.
Postural knowledge of transitive pantomimes and intransitive gestures

Patients with apraxia are more impaired when performing transitive pantomimes than intransitive gestures. This dissociation might be related to the differences in movement complexity. Alternatively, the programs for intransitive gestures might be better defined, more widely distributed, or easier to activate than are those for transitive pantomimes. The purpose of this study was to test the complexity versus representational hypotheses. Twenty right-handed normal subjects both performed and discriminated correct from incorrect transitive pantomimes and intransitive gestures. The discrimination was performed by having subjects point at illustrations of hand postures. The subjects performed better when discriminating postures than when performing gestures or pantomimes. On both the production and discrimination tests, subjects performed better with intransitive gestures than transitive pantomimes. Although the finding that even normal subjects had more difficulty performing transitive pantomimes than intransitive gestures might appear to support the complexity hypothesis, that subjects also had more difficulty discriminating transitive than intransitive postures supports the representational activation hypothesis.
Effects on L1 during early acquisition of L2: Speech changes in Spanish at first English contact

Spanish phonological development was examined in six sequential bilingual children at the point of contact with English and eight months later. We explored effects of the English vowel and consonant inventory on Spanish. Children showed a significant increase in consonant cluster accuracy and in vowel errors. These emerging sequential bilingual children showed effects of English on their first language, Spanish. Cross-linguistic transfer did not affect all properties of the phonology equally. Negative transfer may occur in specific areas where the second language is more complex, requiring reorganization of the existing system, as in the transition from the Spanish five-vowel to the English eleven-vowel system.
Conductive pathways for chloride and oxalate in rabbit ileal brush-border membrane vesicles

To evaluate the possibility that an apical membrane conductive pathway for oxalate is present in the rabbit distal ileum, we studied oxalate ([14C]oxalate) and chloride (36Cl) uptake into brush-bor...
Measurements of Turbulence in Water at High Velocity

Hot-film turbulence measurements in water flow have been carried out by many investigators. However, all of these measurements were conducted at low velocities. The present study measurements presented herein have been made in a water tunnel at a high velocity.
Fragmentation and high entropy of neonatal experience predict adolescent emotional outcome

Vulnerability to emotional disorders including depression derives from interactions between genes and environment, especially during sensitive developmental periods. Across evolution, maternal care is a key source of environmental sensory signals to the developing brain, and a vast body of work has linked quantitative and qualitative aspects of maternal care to emotional outcome in children and animals. However, the fundamental properties of maternal signals, that promote advantageous vs pathological outcomes in the offspring, are unknown and have been a topic of intense study. We studied emotional outcomes of adolescent rats reared under routine or impoverished environments, and used mathematical approaches to analyze the nurturing behaviors of the dams. Unexpectedly, whereas the quantity and typical qualities of maternal care behaviors were indistinguishable in the two environments, their patterns and rhythms differed drastically and influenced emotional outcomes. Specifically, unpredictable, fragmented maternal care patterns translated into high-entropy rates of sensory signals to the offspring in the impoverished cages. During adolescence, these offspring had significant reductions in sucrose preference and in peer-play, two independent measures of the ability to experience pleasure. This adolescent anhedonia, often a harbinger of later depression, was not accompanied by measures of anxiety or helplessness. Dopaminergic pleasure circuits underlying anhedonia are engaged by predictable sequences of events, and predictable sensory signals during neonatal periods may be critical for their maturation. Conversely, unpredictability maternal-derived signals may disrupt these developmental processes, provoking anhedonia. In sum, high-entropy and fragmented patterns of maternal-derived sensory input to the developing brain predicts, and might promote, the development of anhedonia in rodents, with potential clinical implications.
Stability Inequalities for One-Dimensional Singular Perturbation Problems

AbstractWe establish stability inequalities for quasi-linear singularly perturbed twopoint boundary value problems. Our approach uses integral representations of the exact solution in terms of different approximate solutions, like the WKB asymptotic solutions. We prove our inequalities under conditions which are more general than those required for the similar results obtained by Lorenz in 1982 and by Kopteva in 2001. This is illustrated by several examples. Moreover, an example of the nonturning-point case shows that our inequalities are sharper.
Tutorial: Cognitive Psychology as a Radical Behaviorist Views It

Cognitive psychology is the name for a class of positions that embrace mentalism: appeals to explicitly nonbehavioral states, mechanisms, processes, structures, and the like, operating in an explicitly nonbehavioral dimension of the mind, as causally effective antecedents in explanations of behavior. The present article reviews the background and nature of cognitive psychology, especially as contrasted with behaviorism. Of particular interest are the theoretical and philosophical differences between cognitive psychology and behaviorism, for instance, as those differences concern their respective explanatory practices. We conclude that cognitive psychology has conceptual affinities with mediational neobehaviorism, and that the radical behaviorism of B. F. Skinner differs from them both.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OUTCROSSING IN AN INTIMATE PLANT-HERBIVORE RELATIONSHIP. II. DOES OUTCROSSING POSE A PROBLEM FOR THRIPS ADAPTED TO THE HOST-PLANT CLONE?

The thrips herbivore Apterothrips apteris reproduces both sexually and parthenogenetically and exhibits fine-scale local adaptation to individual phenotypes of its host plant, Erigeron glaucus. We ask whether we can disrupt the ability of thrips to use progeny of their "home"-plant clone by outcrossing females with males from other plant clones. We compare the performance of sexually produced thrips to that of parthenogenetically produced thrips on plant progeny of the home clone. Because we use thrips from plant clones experiencing both high and low infestations by thrips, we also ask whether the relative performance of "sexuals" versus "parthenogens" differs with the infestation level of the home clone. Plant progeny of 10 E. glaucus clones were either the product of selfing or of outcrossing with the other 9 clones. We have shown in previous work that selfing preserved the parental phenotype with respect to attack by thrips. Because of this result, we predicted that parthenogens should fare better than sexuals on the selfed progeny of the home-plant clone. Our results, however, showed the contrary: sexuals outperformed parthenogens on these selfed plants. We also found that plant characters appear to influence thrips performance more than the mating system of thrips. We found no evidence for outbreeding depression in this system.
High-Fidelity Computational Simulation of the Wake Characteristics of a Model Wind Turbine

Simulations of a model wind turbine at various tip-speed-ratios are carried out using Tenasi, a node-centered, finite volume unstructured flow solver. The model wind turbine was designed using the NREL S826 airfoils as cross sections and detailed experimental data is available for a variety of flow conditions. The simulations included the tunnel walls as the blockage (based on tower area and the swept area of the rotor) was 12%. The results presented here are for tip-speed-ratios of 3, 6 and 10, with 6 being the design point. All simulations were carried out at a freestream velocity of 10 m/s and the wind turbine RPM was varied to achieve the desired tip-speed-ratio. Results are presented for various oneand two-equation turbulence models. Turbine performance as well as wake data at various locations is compared to experiment. The overall agreement between the computation and experiment is good.
OCT Image Guidance for RFA Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias

OCT imaging has the potential to improve radio-frequency ablation therapy of cardiac arrhythmias by providing realtime information such as confirmation of catheter contact, confirmation of lesion development, early detection of over-treatment, and identification of critical structures.
The Experience of intervenient treatment of empyema by using pig-tail catheter

Objective:Discuss the advantages and opportunity of interventional treatment of empyema by using catheter,and comparing with the traditional treatment.Method:14 patients by putting the pig-tail catheter into the limited empyema with local anesthesia and to wash the cavity with antibiotics solution ,and pull out the cather from the empysema step by step with the reduction of the purulent fluid. Result:12 of 14 patients recovered entirely ,2 patients got well obviously, the average date in the hospital is 22.3 days without other clinical complications.Conclusion:It is very effective and safe methods for treating the limited empyema by using pig-tail catheter.
Congenital dislocation of the knee.

Twelve patients with congenital dislocation of the knee (nineteen knees) were studied. Genetic factors appear to predominate in the etiology of the condition, although the effects of environment on the fetus cannot be entirely discounted. The condition is frequently associated with other congenital anomalies and has a higher incidence in females than in males. It is relatively rare compared with congenital dislocation of the hip, but in many ways these two anomalies are similar. Congenital dislocation of the knee is, in essence, a dislocation of the proximal part of the tibia anterior to the articular surface of the femur. With the less severe deformities, excellent results are obtained by early treatment with conservative measures. The technique of open reduction, when indicated, is varied according to the deformity. In one knee with a severe long-standing deformity arthrodesis was necessary.
Lack of BRAF-V600E Mutation in Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region

Background Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) is a rare central nervous system tumor with a variably aggressive clinical behavior, corresponding to World Health Organization grade II/III. Very little is known about the genetic mutations comprising PTPR. Recent studies have shown that other papillary tumors harbor BRAF-V600E mutations, namely papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary craniopharyngioma, the latter of which is a midline central nervous system papillary tumor like PTPR. Objective To determine whether PTPR may contain the BRAF-V600E mutation. Methods A search of our institutional files was conducted for PTPR cases. Chart review was performed to obtain demographics and pertinent clinical information when possible. Immunohistochemistry was performed with an anti-BRAF-V600E antibody for cases with additional material for testing. Results We identified 19 PTPR cases occurring in 16 patients. The patient age range was 1 to 73 years (average, 32.2 years). The male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Thirteen patients presented with symptoms of obstructive hydrocephalus, and the other 3 had unknown presenting symptoms. Initial magnetic resonance imaging characteristics tended to include partially cystic masses with heterogeneous postcontrast enhancement. The tumor size ranged from 1.1 to 4.4 cm (average, 2.5 cm). Conclusion Of the 16 patients, 13 had additional material for BRAF-V600E immunohistochemistry, all of which demonstrated negativity for BRAF-V600E. This rate is unlike that of other midline papillary tumors and suggests that these tumors, despite their papillary phenotype, may have a distinctive molecular background.
100 GHz VELOCITY MATCHED TRAVELING WAVE MODULATOR

As semiconductor lasers reach bandwidth limitation based on relaxation oscillations, the need for high speed optical modulators will increase. Integrated optical technology has made great strides in addressing the need for modulators well into the GHz regime. The best guide-wave modulators are, however, still limited by the difference between the transit time of the modulating signal and that of the optical signal.
Multi-beam laser beacon propagation over lunar distance: comparison of predictions and measurements

A multi-beam beacon was transmitted from the Optical Communication Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) located at Table Mountain, CA to the Lunar Laser Space Terminal (LLST), on-board the Lunar Atmospheric Dust and Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft, during NASA’s recent Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD). The laser beacon (1568±0.1 nm) was square wave modulated and sensed by a quadrant sensor on LLST. While link acquisition and tracking proceeded with the sensed signal, on-board processing extracted power incident on the quadrant sensor and telemetered it down over the optical downlink. Subsequently, post-processing of the codewords received at OCTL retrieved the power time series recorded at LLST. Analysis comparing measured and predicted mean irradiance delivered to LLST consistently agreed to within < 1 decibel (dB). Irradiance fluctuations detected at LLST were reconciled with an uplink wave-propagation simulation model using Kolmogorov phase screens.
Cigarette Filter Ventilation and its Relationship to Increasing Rates of Lung Adenocarcinoma

The 2014 Surgeon General's Report on smoking and health concluded that changing cigarette designs have caused an increase in lung adenocarcinomas, implicating cigarette filter ventilation that lowers smoking machine tar yields. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now has the authority to regulate cigarette design if doing so would improve public health. To support a potential regulatory action, two weight-of-evidence reviews were applied for causally relating filter ventilation to lung adenocarcinoma. Published scientific literature (3284 citations) and internal tobacco company documents contributed to causation analysis evidence blocks and the identification of research gaps. Filter ventilation was adopted in the mid-1960s and was initially equated with making a cigarette safer. Since then, lung adenocarcinoma rates paradoxically increased relative to other lung cancer subtypes. Filter ventilation 1) alters tobacco combustion, increasing smoke toxicants; 2) allows for elasticity of use so that smokers inhale more smoke to maintain their nicotine intake; and 3) causes a false perception of lower health risk from "lighter" smoke. Seemingly not supportive of a causal relationship is that human exposure biomarker studies indicate no reduction in exposure, but these do not measure exposure in the lung or utilize known biomarkers of harm. Altered puffing and inhalation may make smoke available to lung cells prone to adenocarcinomas. The analysis strongly suggests that filter ventilation has contributed to the rise in lung adenocarcinomas among smokers. Thus, the FDA should consider regulating its use, up to and including a ban. Herein, we propose a research agenda to support such an effort.
Bayesian moment-based inference in a regression model with misclassification error

We present a Bayesian analysis of a regression model with a binary covariate that may have classification (measurement) error. Prior research demonstrates that the regression coefficient is only partially identified. We take a Bayesian approach which adds assumptions in the form of priors on the unknown misclassification probabilities. The approach is intermediate between the frequentist bounds of previous literature and strong assumptions which achieve point identification, and thus preferable in many settings. We present two simple algorithms to sample from the posterior distribution when the likelihood function is not fully parametric but only satisfies a set of moment restrictions. We focus on how varying amounts of information contained in a prior distribution on the misclassification probabilities change the posterior of the parameters of interest. While the priors add information to the model, they do not necessarily tighten the identified set. However, the information is sufficient to tighten Bayesian inferences. We also consider the case where the mismeasured binary regressor is endogenous. We illustrate the use of our Bayesian approach in a simulated data set and an empirical application investigating the association between narcotic pain reliever use and earnings.
Mechanisms of Resistance to PI3K and AKT Inhibitors

Hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway is frequent in human cancer. Whether it occurs via overexpression/phosphorylation of upstream receptors that promote the binding and activation of PI3K, or as a consequence of activating alterations of the nodes of the signaling cascade, deregulated PI3K signaling can promote tumor growth and survival. This provided the rationale to develop inhibitors targeting virtually all the components of this pathway. Despite these efforts, however, the responses in the clinic have been anecdotal and short lived for most of these agents.
My Shot: Inspiration for Organization Development From Hamilton: An American Musical:

How can organization development be more innovative? In what ways can organization development professionals do more inspired work? Using inspiration provided by Hamilton: An American Musical, this...
Structural dynamic problems in time domain under uncertainty: an interval finite element approach

An analysis of the structural dynamic response under uncertainty is presented. Uncertainties in load and material are modelled as intervals exploiting the interval finite element method (IFEM). To reduce overestimation and increase the computational efficiency of the solution, we do not solve the dynamic problem by an explicit step-by-step time integration scheme. Instead, our approach solves for the structural variables in the whole time domain simultaneously by an implicit scheme using discrete Fourier transform and its inverse (DFT and IDFT). Non-trivial initial conditions are handled by modifying the right-hand side of the governing equation. To further reduce overestimation, a new decomposition strategy is applied to the IFEM matrices, and both primary and derived quantities are solved simultaneously. The final solution is obtained using an iterative enclosure method, and in our numerical examples the exact solution is enclosed at minimal computational cost.