cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Groupthink and Terrorist Radicalization

Why do groups adopt terrorism? Major theories of terrorist radicalization assume it to be a rational process whereby groups select terrorism as the policy most likely to advance their goals. Not all terrorism is rational, however, and these theories cannot explain cases when groups pursue terrorism despite it being self-defeating. We distinguish between rational and irrational terrorism, and explain the latter using social psychology's groupthink mechanism. Although terrorists are widely assumed to be vulnerable to groupthink, empirical work on the phenomenon has focused overwhelmingly on decision-making by national executives. We firmly establish the link between groupthink and terrorist radicalization by tracing groupthink's operation through the development of the Weather Underground, an American terrorist group that emerged in the late 1960s and conducted six years of bombings against the U.S. government. All of the antecedent conditions, symptoms, and decision-making defects predicted by groupthink a...
In vitro bactericidal capacity of Blaberus craniifer hemocytes

Abstract Blaberus craniifer hemocytes, maintained in short-term culture, are capable of phagocytosing and destroying Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus faecalis, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis. The observed bactericidal activity of the hemocyte suspensions was entirely a function of the phagocytes; the medium, the hemolymph, and cell products elaborated during incubations were not bactericidal. No humoral opsonic factors were required for, or facilitated, bacterial phagocytosis in vitro. Washed hemocyte monolayers bathed by hemolymph-free medium were capable of phagocytosing bacteria. The addition of hemolymph concentrated by ultrafiltration did not increase the bactericidal capacity of the hemocytes. Bacteria opsonized with concentrated hemolymph were not killed more efficiently than were untreated bacteria. A partial blockage of bactericidal capacity was induced by prior exposure of the hemocytes to bacteria or to latex particles. The functional blockade was more complete with bacteria than with latex particles. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, and Diplococcus pneumoniae were phagocytosed but not killed by the hemocytes. This lack of bactericidal activity suggests that roaches may encounter difficulty in eliminating these organisms from the hemocoel. However, deficient bactericidal capacity probably does not entirely correlate with pathogenicity since the known insect pathogens, Staphylococcus albus, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis, are killed by the hemocytes. Pathogenicity seems to depend on a complex of factors including bacterial strain, dose received, and intracellular survival of ingested bacteria. A possible connection between the lack of hemocytic bactericidal capacity and the role of roaches as potential disease vectors warrants further investigation.
Epidemiology and Impact of Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks

Ixodes scapularis and other ticks in the Ixodes ricinus complex may transmit multiple pathogens, but research on coinfections has been limited. Coinfections occur with varying frequency in ticks, but single infections are more common than dual infections. The proportion of I. scapularis or I. ricinus ticks coinfected with both Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophila is generally low, ranging from < 1% to 6% in six geographic areas. A higher prevalence of tick coinfection (26%) has been reported in Westchester County, New York. Genetic variants of the human disease-causing strain of A. phagocytophila are present in some tick populations, and they may affect the risk of coinfection or clinical illness. The proportion of Ixodes ticks coinfected with B. burgdorferi and Babesia microti has ranged from 2% in New Jersey to 19% on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. In humans, cross-sectional seroprevalence studies have found markers of dual infection in 9-26% of patients with a tick-borne infection, but such studies often fail to distinguish simultaneous coinfection from sequential infections. Several studies have prospectively assessed the occurrence of acute coinfection. Among patients with a confirmed tick-borne infection, coinfection rates as high as 39% have been reported. The most commonly recognized coinfection in most of the eastern United States is Lyme borreliosis (LB) and babesiosis, accounting for approximately 80% of coinfections. LB and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis coinfections are less common, occurring in 3-15% of patients with a tick-borne infection in Connecticut or Wisconsin. Studies of clinical outcomes suggest that patients with acute Babesia coinfection have more severe symptoms and a longer duration of illness than patients with LB alone, but the risk of spirochete dissemination is similar. Coinfections can modify the immune response and alter the severity of arthritis in animal models. Future coinfection research should focus on long-term clinical outcomes, the role of genetic variants, immunologic effects, and the potential role of Bartonella species as tick-borne pathogens.
Does Medicaid improve utilization of medical and dental services and health outcomes for Medicaid-eligible children in the United States?

– Background: Data are lacking to support the contention that Medicaid services improve utilization of healthcare services and result in better health. Objective: To compare sociodemographic, utilization of healthcare services and health status characteristics among Medicaid-eligible children. Methods: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included 2821 children 2–16 years of age eligible for Medicaid. The main outcome measures are annual physician visit, annual dentist visit, general health status, oral health status, asthma (second most common childhood disease), dental caries (most common childhood disease), asthma treatment needs, and dental treatment needs. We quantified the association of these outcome measures with Medicaid insurance status and sociodemographic status using multiple logistic regression modeling, taking into account the complex survey design and sample weights. Results: Among Medicaid-eligible children, 27% were uninsured. Among uninsured Medicaid-eligible children, 62% had an annual physician visit, 32% had an annual dentist visit, 10% needed asthma treatment, and 57% needed dental treatment. Among insured Medicaid-eligible children, 81% had an annual physician visit, 39% had an annual dentist visit, 13% needed asthma treatment, and 42% needed dental treatment. After simultaneously taking into account other characteristics, uninsured Medicaid-eligible children were more likely to not have an annual physician visit (ORNoMDvisit = 2.21; 1.26–3.90), and to need dental treatment (ORDentalNeed = 1.57; 1.13–2.18). Conclusions: This USA population-based study found disparities exist within Medicaid's services between utilization of dental and medical services. Medicaid insurance improved utilization of medical services, but did not improve the utilization of dental services. This suggests that Medicaid insurance does not improve access to dental services for poor children.
Close association of Pneumocystis carinii from infected rat lung with culture cells as shown by light and electron microscopy.

Studies of the association of rat-originPneumocystis carinii with culture cells were performed both to learn more about the role of cells inP. carinii culture and to evaluate additional cell lines in an effort to improve culture methods. Proliferation of trophozoites ofP. carinii from rat lung in cultures with six lung cell lines was demonstrated by light microscopic evaluations of both Giemsa-stained and immune-specific-stained culture samples. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the organism's interaction with culture cells and demonstrated a close association ofP. carinii with cells in cell lines that supported growth. Proliferation with the MVILU line was suboptimal and there was less organism interaction with these cells than with other cell lines that allowed proliferation. Two cell lines evaluated, Chinese Hamster ovary CHOKI and CHOLEKI, did not allow proliferation and had no association ofP. carinii with cells. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs demonstrated the close association of organisms with rat fetal lung (RFL), human embryonic lung (HEL), human diploid lung (HFL), and feline embryonic lung (AKD) culture cells. It appears that the association of rat-originP. carinii with cells is essential for parasite proliferation in short-term culture.
Dyeing Acetate Fibers with 1,4-Diaminoanthraquinone Using Didodecyldimethylammonium Bromide as the Dye Vehicle:

The effects of a double-tailed surfactant, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDDMAB), on disperse dyeing of acetate fibers with 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone (1,4- DAA) are investigated at 60, 70, and 80°C. From dyeing rate curves and dyeing iso therms, DDDMAB makes it possible to reduce the dyeing temperature to 60°C. The evidence for vesicle formation of DDDMAB containing 1,4-DAA is obtained by trans mission electron microscopy and dynamic laser light scattering. In addition, DDDMAB strongly adsorbs on acetate fibers. It is likely that the enhanced dyeing properties in dye/DDDMAB dispersion are due to a concentrated dye layer on the fiber surface formed by the strong interaction of DDDMAB and acetate fibers.
The association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of colorectal cancer among postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative

Purpose Inflammation is a process central to carcinogenesis and in particular to colorectal cancer (CRC). Previously, we developed a dietary inflammatory index (DII) from extensive literature review to assess the inflammatory potential of diet. In the current study, we utilized this novel index in the Women’s Health Initiative to prospectively evaluate its association with risk of CRC in postmenopausal women.
Electron-Transfer Component in Hydroxyl Radical Reactions Observed by Time Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy†

The existence of an electron-transfer pathway in the reaction of •OH radical with aromatic molecules in water has been established, for the first time, using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool and p-dimethoxybenzene as a model system. In the currently accepted mechanism, the cation radical is produced by •OH addition to the ring, followed by loss of OH-. The present work demonstrates that this process competes with direct electron transfer. A generalized reaction mechanism has been proposed in terms of potential energy diagrams to explain two-step formation of the cation radical. In this reaction mechanism, the electron-transfer component and the rate of OH- elimination from the •OH adduct both depend on the ionization potential (IP) of the molecule. The cation radical yield by electron transfer increases from 6% in p-dimethoxybenzene to 30% in p-anisidine and 85% in p-phenylenediamine. For neutral molecules with IP > 8 eV, the •OH addition is the first step in the chemistry, ...
Mutations in GATA2 cause human NK cell deficiency with specific loss of the CD56bright subset

Mutations in the transcription factor GATA2 underlie the syndrome of monocytopenia and B- and natural killer (NK)-cell lymphopenia associated with opportunistic infections and cancers. In addition, patients have recurrent and severe viral infections. NK cells play a critical role in mediating antiviral immunity. Human NK cells are thought to mature in a linear fashion, with the CD56bright stage preceding terminal maturation to the CD56dim stage, considered the most enabled for cytotoxicity. Here we report an NK cell functional defect in GATA2-deficient patients and extend this genetic lesion to what is considered to be the original NK cell-deficient patient. In most cases, GATA2 deficiency is accompanied by a severe reduction in peripheral blood NK cells and marked functional impairment. The NK cells detected in peripheral blood of some GATA2-deficient patients are exclusively of the CD56dim subset, which is recapitulated on in vitro NK cell differentiation. In vivo, interferon α treatment increased NK cell number and partially restored function but did not correct the paucity of CD56bright cells. Thus, GATA2 is required for the maturation of human NK cells and the maintenance of the CD56bright pool in the periphery. Defects in GATA2 are a novel cause of profound NK cell dysfunction.
Urine as a communicator in a New World primate,Saimiri sciureus

New World primates face problems of communication distinct from those of their Old World counterparts. We suspected that the odor of urine might serve the function of communicating information among animals or troops. Two studies were conducted withSaimiri sciureus; one examined, in a laboratory enclosure, the influence of breeding season, social condition, area, and whether the urine was from known animals or from strangers, and the second measured, in a seminatural rain forest, responses to our spreadingSaimiri urine on selected sites. Enclosure and field produce the same general patterns of frequencies of behavior for urination, the urine wash and kick wash, and rubbing. The chief difference in behavior between the environments is found in the frequency of sneezing. Season (breeding or nonbreeding) is the most effective variable producing this general pattern: During the breeding season, males urine-wash throughout the enclosure or troop range, whereas during the nonbreeding season, this behavior is restricted in location, at least in the enclosure. At this time, females increase their frequencies of sniffing and rubbing. Many of these behaviors are observed only in special locations of the enclosure. The results show thatSaimiri respond differently to the urine of known and foreign animals, depending upon the season and whether they are with members of their own sex or both sexes. It is suggested that primates not equipped with specialized organs for scent marking may use urine opportunistically to communicate.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions

Excerpt To the editor: The annotated bibliography of recent literature in clinical pharmacology (1) did not contain any references on drug-nutrient interactions. This exciting area has significantl...
The behavioral treatment of hypertension: Long-term effects

In this paper, we review the long-term effects of behavioral or nonpharmacological approaches to hypertension, including relaxation and biofeedback therapy, physical exercise, salt restriction, and weight reduction. Relaxation and biofeedback therapy have been tested most comprehensively and with the most sophisticated research methodology, but their long-term clinical effectiveness was not confirmed in several recent large-scale trials, partially due to improvements occurring in the control groups during follow-up. Long-term studies on dietary interventions indicate modest effects from mild restriction of sodium intake but substantial benefits from weight loss. Dynamic physical exercise (cardiovascular fitness training) may lead to reductions in blood pressure, but few of the studies assessing the effect of exercise have been well controlled. Future research should be directed towards establishing predictors of treatment effects, designing behavioral methods to increase compliance and reduce drop-out rate, assessing further the effects of physical exercise, and developing more powerful behavioral interventions.
Nociceptive, but not tactile, thresholds are elevated in bulimia nervosa.

A reduction in the satiating properties of food has been postulated to be a factor responsible for the prolonged eating episodes its bulimia nerrosa (e.g., Pyle et al 1981; Geracioti and Liddle 1988; Smith 1989). With remarkably few exceptions, satiety-related information is relayed to the central nervous system via the vagus nerve (Giduck et al 1987; Kim et al 1989; Robinson et al 1988). Therefore, abnormalities in vagal function may possibly underlie the absence of the nomtal satiety response present in bulimia nervosa. Recent findings suggest that the vagus may serve as a common substrate in the peripheral control of both satiety and anti-nociception. Electrical stimulation of the vagus, including subdiaphragmatic branches, inhibits ~esponsivity to a noxious somatosensory stimulus (e.g., Pen et al 1088) and vagotomy reduces the analgesic response to peripherally administered opiates in the rat (Randich and Maixner 1984; Aicher and Randich 1988; Steinman et al 1986). Thus, we hypothesized that if bulimia nervosa
Use of Reduced-Calorie/Reduced-Fat Foods by Young Adults: Influence of Gender and Restraint

Reduced-calorie/reduced-fat (RC/RF) foods are widespread in the food supply, but there are few published data on who is using them and why. A total of 226 college men (n = 76) and women (n = 150) participated in a survey investigating the influence of gender and dietary restraint on eating habits, dieting and the use of 11 categories of RC/RF foods. Men did not differ from women in their overall use of RC/RF foods, although specific foods were consumed by a greater percentage of women. Restrained eating was strongly related to use of all the foods (p < or = 0.001). Women and those higher in restraint used the foods primarily for weight-control purposes, whereas men and those lower in restraint tended to use the foods for both weight control and other reasons. Women and those high in restraint were also more likely to have changed their eating habits to achieve weight loss and maintenance goals and to achieve a healthier lifestyle. In contrast, a greater percentage of men and those low in restraint wanted to achieve weight gain. These data suggest that RC/RF foods were popular among respondents in the study, but that the reasons for their use by restrained and unrestrained eaters might reflect gender differences in body weight and health concerns.
The effects on communication of data representation of nested preconditionings for massively parallel architectures

Abstract The effect which the representation of the data (matrices and vectors) has on the communication patterns of preconditionings for exploitation of massively parallel architectures is discussed. Preconditioned iterative methods are used to solve the sparse linear systems generated by discretizations of partial differential equations in many areas of science and engineering. The preconditionings considered are based on nested incomplete factorization with approximate tridiagonal inverses using a two color line ordering of the discretization grid. These preconditionings can be described in terms of vector-vector to vector operations of dimension equal to half the total number of grid points.
International Direct Marketing: Export Value Chain, Transaction Cost, and the Triad

Abstract Within the context of recent technological, economic, political, and social developments, this article covers the following: market entry strategies and international direct marketing, export value chain and transaction cost analysis for judging the effectiveness of international direct marketing, the drivers encouraging the growth of international direct marketing, and the Triad and international direct marketing.
“A place where living things affect and depend on each other”: Qualitative and quantitative outcomes associated with inclusive science teaching

This investigation employed qualitative/quasi-experimental methods to describe the school factors associated with inclusive science instruction, and to evaluate the classroom achievement of students with disabilities with respect to nondisabled students in the same class. In addition, achievement and attitude comparisons were made between the inclusive science classroom and two comparison classrooms. Two of the three classroom teachers taught an ecosystems unit using the district-adopted textbook and accompanying materials. A third classroom, which also contained five students with various disabilities, was taught the same unit using an activities-based approach. The accommodations that were necessary to include students with disabilities in the science classroom were documented. All students were pre- and posttested on science content, concepts, and processes. Qualitative findings replicated conclusions regarding variables meaningfully associated with successful inclusion in science. Quantitative findings suggested that students in the activities/inclusion classroom demonstrated superior performance on content recall, higher level thinking, verbal elaboration, and affective measures. Students with disabilities in the activities-based classroom made academic gains equivalent to those of their classroom peers, and superior to most nondisabled students in textbook-based classrooms. Implications for instruction and practice are described. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed82:163–179, 1998.
Developing problem solving and interpersonal communication skills through intentionally structured groups

Abstract The effectiveness of structured groups as a collaborative approach to developing problem-solving and interpersonal communication skills of students in a remedial program is examined.
Colloidal quantum dots as optoelectronic elements

Novel optoelectronic systems based on ensembles of semiconductor nanocrystals are addressed in this paper. Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots and related quantum-wire structures have been characterized optically; these optical measurements include those made on self-assembled monolayers of DNA molecules terminated on one end with a common substrate and on the other end with TiO2 quantum dots. The electronic properties of these structures are modeled and compared with experiment. The characterization and application of ensembles of colloidal quantum dots with molecular interconnects are considered. The chemically-directed assembly of ensembles of colloidal quantum dots with biomolecular interconnects is demonstrated with quantum dot densities in excess of 10+17 cm-3. A number of novel photodetectors have been designed based on the combined use of double-barrier quantum-well injectors, colloidal quantum dots, and conductive polymers. Optoelectronic devices including photodetectors and solar cells based on threedimensional ensembles of quantum dots are considered along with underlying phenomena such as miniband formation and the robustness of minibands to displacements of quantum dots in the ensemble.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF α‐AMYLASE IMMOBILIZED ON COLLAGEN MEMBRANES

Crystalline pancreatic α-amylase was codispersed with hide collagen at pH 4.0 and tanned to form a membrane which degraded starch. The optimum pH for the codispersed membrane preparation was at pH 7.0 in contrast to the soluble enzyme which was as active at pH 8.0 as at pH 7.0. The immobilized enzyme responded maximally to 0.22M chloride whereas 0.02M chloride gave optimum rates for the soluble enzyme. The immobilized enzyme resisted thermal inactivation better than the soluble α-amylase. Raising the temperatures from 30 ° to 50 °C produced a 500% increase in rate for the bound enzyme. It was also demonstrated that membranes retained greater activity when stored in starch solution than in water. The effect of glutaraldehyde concentration on membrane activity was also studied.
A miniature low-power ultra-wideband low noise amplifier in 0.18 μm CMOS

A 0.18-μm CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) operating over the entire ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range of 3.1–10.6 GHz, has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The UWB LNA achieves the measured power gain of 7.5 ± 2.5 dB, minimum input matching of −8 dB, noise figure from 3.9 to 6.3 dB, and IIP3 from −8 to −1.9 dBm, while consuming only 9 mW over 3–10 GHz. It occupies only 0.55 × 0.4 mm2 without RF and DC pads. The design uses only two on-chip inductors, one of which is such small that could be replaced by a bonding wire. The gain, noise figure, and matching of the amplifier are also analyzed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low-Cost Specification Based Testing of RF Amplifier Circuits using Oscillation Principles

In this paper, we propose a low-cost approach for testing GHz RF amplifiers. It is demonstrated for the first time that GHz RF amplifiers can be tested for their specifications using oscillation principles. In the test mode, the RF test signal is "self generated" by the amplifier with the help of additional external circuitry which forces the amplifier to oscillate (Barkhausen criterion) around its characteristic frequency. The RF sinusoidal output from the oscillating RF amplifier is down-converted to a lower frequency enabling low frequency test response analysis as well as increased sensitivity to parametric deviations. In addition to the detection of catastrophic failures, it is shown that multiple RF specifications (Gain, P1dB, and Noise Figure) can be predicted via analysis of the frequency of the down-converted response. To account for RF parasitics on the production floor, a calibration technique is proposed in the test-setup. Thus, the proposed method reduces test cost significantly by reducing the cost of test setup (by as much as 80%) and significantly reducing test time. The viability of the proposed test method is demonstrated both by simulation experiments and measurement.
Nonlinear coupled oscillators: Modal equation approach

Abstract A one-dimensional system of equimass particles coupled by identical nonlinear springs is studied. The equations of motion are expressed in terms of the normal coordinates of the corresponding linear system. Selection rules are developed for interactions among the modes, and the number of interaction terms in the modal equations is reduced byconsidering thecase of a singledominant mode. The equations are considerably simplified by judicious approximation, and their validity checked by direct numerical computation. In terms of the resulting coupled Mathieu equations it is possible to investigate stability questions and to explain recent results of computational experiments. The bearing on ergodicity and time-correlation is discussed.
History Education for Democratic Citizenship

(2005). History Education for Democratic Citizenship. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 432-437.
A near-bottom geophysical traverse of the Reykjanes Ridge

Abstract We report here the results of a near-bottom geophysical survey of the Reykjanes Ridge, a mid-ocean ridge that is oriented obliquely to the perpendicular spreading direction. From a combination of the bathymetric profiles, side-scan sonar data, and regional bathymetric maps we infer that the present center of spreading is made up of a number of N15°E-trending en echelon ridge segments in the southern half of our survey area. Insufficient data prevent the identification of the spreading pattern in the northern half. The side-scan records show that the ridge flanks are highly fractured by inward-facing faults displaced 40 m or less and trending in a N21°E direction. The lack of side-scan features parallel to the spreading direction except in the southernmost portion of the survey area suggests that the ridge segments are not connected by transform faults in the usual sense. Although the mechanism by which en echelon ridge segments can be maintained during sea-floor spreading over time is unclear, similar patterns of crustal accretion have been reported on Iceland. It appears that the accretionary processes along the Reykjanes Ridge are more related to those of Iceland than to those of typical mid-ocean ridges.
Control of serial manipulators with unknown variable loading

We present a method for controlling a serial manipulator acted upon by unknown external loadig, The control strategy proposed here is based on a feedbackgain interpolation procedure. The major calculations required for the procedure are performed off-line so that only minimal calculations are required in real time.
Automatic Generation of Network Invariants for the Verification of Iterative Sequential Systems

In this paper we present new results on the verification of iterative sequential systems. We address bilateral interconnections and circular arrangements of cells, and extend our previous treatment [13] of unilateral systems. Our approach is based on the new definition of boundedness, given in terms of regularity of the union of an infinite number of languages. The definition of boundedness provides sufficient conditions for the equivalence of iterative systems to be decidable. It also provides network invariants for inductive proofs. This new framework allows the derivation of some previously known results as well as the new ones presented here.
A recoil proton detector using cylindrical multiwire proportional chambers with delay-line cathode readouts

Abstract We have built and operated a set of two low-mass cylindrical multiwire proportional chambers to detect recoil protons emerging from a liquid hydrogen target. The chambers were 20 and 40 cm in diameter and ∼ 50 cm long, with axes and anode wires parallel to the beam direction. “Magic gas” was used to ensure that avalanches measured the points of closest approach for particle trajectories, which were often at small angles to the anode wires. Azimuthal coordinates were provided by the 2 mm-spaced anode wires (at positive high voltage); longitudinal coordinates were obtained from 4 mm-wide circular cathode strips perpendicular to the anode wires, read out by 12 nsec/cm delay lines. For single-track events, resolutions better than 1 mm rms were obtained for both coordinates.
Putting a Big Chill on a “Big Hurt:” Genuine Interest in Employment of Salts in Assessing Protection Under the National Labor Relations Act

As union membership has continued to decline steadily in the US, union organizers have become more creative and vigilant with their organizing strategies. Chief among these strategies has been “salting,” a process by which unions attempt to organize employees from the inside rather than the outside. The Supreme Court has ruled that, under the National Labor Relations Act, “salts” cannot be discriminated against solely on the basis of their status as salts. This paper examines employer responses to resist salting efforts, including a recent decision by the National Labor Relations Board, which redefines the landscape under which salting activities can be conducted and considered protected activity.
Outcome Differences in Community- Versus Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia in Patients With a Diagnosis of Heart Failure

Background—Hyponatremia at hospital admission is a well-known risk factor of morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there are few data about hyponatremia developing during hospitalization in patients with HF. The present study compares hospital-acquired hyponatremia (HAH) with community-acquired hyponatremia (CAH) in HF patients with respect to outcome. Methods and Results—A total of 5347 consecutive hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of HF were analyzed. CAH was defined as a serum sodium value of ≤135 mEq/L at the time of hospital admission. HAH was defined as development of a serum sodium level of ≤135 mEq/L during hospitalization in the setting of a serum sodium value >135 mEq/L on admission. In-hospital mortality, length of stay, worsening kidney function, and discharge to short-/long-term care facilities were analyzed. CAH and HAH were identified in 1039 patients (19.4%) and in 1302 patients (24.4%) of the 5347 patients admitted, respectively. Both types of hyponatr...
MBD5 haploinsufficiency is associated with sleep disturbance and disrupts circadian pathways common to Smith–Magenis and fragile X syndromes

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who have an identifiable single-gene neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD), such as fragile X syndrome (FXS, FMR1), Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS, RAI1), or 2q23.1 deletion syndrome (del 2q23.1, MBD5) share phenotypic features, including a high prevalence of sleep disturbance. We describe the circadian deficits in del 2q23.1 through caregiver surveys in which we identify several frequent sleep anomalies, including night/early awakenings, coughing/snoring loudly, and difficulty falling asleep. We couple these findings with studies on the molecular analysis of the circadian deficits associated with haploinsufficiency of MBD5 in which circadian gene mRNA levels of NR1D2, PER1, PER2, and PER3 were altered in del 2q23.1 lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), signifying that haploinsufficiency of MBD5 can result in dysregulation of circadian rhythm gene expression. These findings were further supported by expression microarrays of MBD5 siRNA knockdown cells that showed significantly altered expression of additional circadian rhythm signaling pathway genes. Based on the common sleep phenotypes observed in del 2q23.1, SMS, and FXS patients, we explored the possibility that MBD5, RAI1, and FMR1 function in overlapping circadian rhythm pathways. Bioinformatic analysis identified conserved putative E boxes in MBD5 and RAI1, and expression levels of NR1D2 and CRY2 were significantly reduced in patient LCLs. Circadian and mTOR signaling pathways, both associated with sleep disturbance, were altered in both MBD5 and RAI1 knockdown microarray data, overlapping with findings associated with FMR1. These data support phenotypic and molecular overlaps across these syndromes that may be exploited to provide therapeutic intervention for multiple disorders.
Design as exploration: creating interface alternatives through parallel authoring and runtime tuning

Creating multiple prototypes facilitates comparative reasoning, grounds team discussion, and enables situated exploration. However, current interface design tools focus on creating single artifacts. This paper introduces the Juxtapose code editor and runtime environment for designing multiple alternatives of both application logic and interface parameters. For rapidly comparing code alternatives, Juxtapose introduces selectively parallel source editing and execution. To explore parameter variations, Juxtapose automatically creates control interfaces for "tuning" application variables at runtime. This paper describes techniques to support design exploration for desktop, mobile, and physical interfaces, and situates this work in a larger design space of tools for explorative programming. A summative study of Juxtapose with 18 participants demonstrated that parallel editing and execution are accessible to interaction designers and that designers can leverage these techniques to survey more options, faster.
Immunochemical characterization of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in rat brain.

: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) in rat brain was studied immunochemically, using antibodies against the bovine kidney PDHC, by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, inhibition of enzyme activity, and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). The immunoblots showed that the antibodies bound strongly to the α peptide of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component, and to the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) and the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) components of PDHC. A similar immunoblotting pattern was observed in all eight brain regions examined. On immunoblotting of the subcellular fractions, these PDHC peptides were observed in mitochondria and synaptosomes but not in the postmitochondrial supernatants. This agrees with other evidence that brain PDHC is localized in the mitochondria. These results, together with those from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitin, also showed that the αE1, βE1, and E3 peptides of rat brain PDHC are very similar in sizes to those of the bovine kidney PDHC, being 42, 36, and 58 kD, respectively. The size of the E2 peptide, 66 kD, is different from that of bovine kidney E2, 73 kD. The relative abundance of PDHC protein in nonsynaptic mitochondria was compared by enzyme activity titration and ELISA. Both methods demonstrated that the amount of PDHC antigen in the mitochondria from cerebral cortex is greater than that in the olfactory bulb mitochondria. This is consistent with the results of the activity measurement. The ELISA also showed that the PDHCs in both mitochondrial populations are antigenically similar. Our results suggest that variations of PDHC activity among different brain regions represent quantitative variations in the amount of PDHC protein.
Revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Cleptommation (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

The cleptoparasitic bee genus Cleptommation Engel, Brooks, & Yanega, new status (Halictinae: Augochlorini), is revised. In addition to the type species, Cleptommation minutum (Friese), new combination , the following new species are recognized: C . bulivyense Engel, new species, C . tupaqi Engel, new species, and C . chibchani Engel, new species. A lectotype is designated for C . minutum and a key to the species is provided.
Detection of somatization and depression in primary care in Saudi Arabia.

Studies have shown a high worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in primary care. Many patients present with unexplained physical symptoms rather than psychological complaints, resulting in an excess number of costly clinical investigations. This study investigates the ability of primary care physicians to correctly detect and diagnose somatization and depression in Saudi Arabian patients. In all 431 primary care patients in Riyadh Saudi Arabia were screened for somatization and depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Primary care physicians independently assessed these same patients while blinded to the results of the PHQ. Agreement between physician observations and the screening instrument was examined. Using the PHQ as the standard of comparison for measuring the detection rates of Saudi physicians, the agreement between and the PHQ and physician assessments was κ=0.40 for depression (0.45 females, 0.31 males) and κ=0.27 for somatization (0.36 females, 0.12 males). Physicians assessed higher rates of somatization than indicated by the screening instrument and demonstrated poor diagnostic agreement on somatization and depression, particularly for male patients. Saudi primary care physicians have awareness of psychiatric disorders, but their diagnostic skills are poor for somatization and depression. Psychiatric training should be supported in the continuing education of primary care physicians and patients should be encouraged to report psychological complaints to family physicians. A simple screening instrument for identifying mental disorders in developing countries is a valuable tool for assessment in primary care.
Non-invasive apocrine lesions of the breast

Abstract Apocrine change is seen in a wide spectrum of breast lesions, ranging from microscopic cysts to frankly malignant lesions. This article gives an overview of the non-invasive lesions in which apocrine change occurs, and discusses the available data on the clinical significance of these lesions. While many of these cases do not present any diagnostic difficulty, apocrine proliferations demonstrating cytological atypia can be particularly challenging. The histological criteria that have been proposed to foster reproducibility in categorizing such lesions are reviewed. This review also attempts to clarify the terminology that has been applied to a range of benign lesions, including sclerosing adenosis and complex sclerosing lesions, containing foci of apocrine change.
Characterization of Anti-Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Monoclonal Antibodies

17 monoclonal antibodies generated against purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), subtype ayw, were characterized by solid-phase radioimmunoassays. Eleven of these antibodies had specificity against the group-specific alpha determinant of HBsAg, two demonstrated antibody activity against the w HBsAg subtype, one against human serum albumin, and three against human IgG. All monoclonal antibodies were of the IgG class.
4,4'-dipyridine·2H2O: Complementarity of hydrogen bond donor:acceptor ratio

Abstract Attempts to grow single crystals of 4,4'-dipyridine (dipy) by the slow evaporation of methanolic dipy solutions yielded only crystals of the hydrated form, 4,4'-dipyridine·2H 2 O, 1 . The isolation of 1 illustrates the importance of balancing the hydrogen bonding donor:acceptor ratio through inclusion of water molecules in the solid state. The dipy molecule in 1 has an interplanar angle of 42.0°, which is found to corroborate AM1 semi-empirical calculations. A general survey of the Cambridge Structural Database on dipy molecular fragments revealed molecular conformations in the range of 0–40°.
Elongation, proliferation & migration differentiate endothelial cell phenotypes and determine capillary sprouting

Angiogenesis, the growth of capillaries from preexisting blood vessels, has been extensively studied experimentally over the past thirty years. Molecular insights from these studies have lead to therapies for cancer, macular degeneration and ischemia. In parallel, mathematical models of angiogenesis have helped characterize a broader view of capillary network formation and have suggested new directions for experimental pursuit. We developed a computational model that bridges the gap between these two perspectives, and addresses a remaining question in angiogenic sprouting: how do the processes of endothelial cell elongation, migration and proliferation contribute to vessel formation? We present a multiscale systems model that closely simulates the mechanisms underlying sprouting at the onset of angiogenesis. Designed by agent-based programming, the model uses logical rules to guide the behavior of individual endothelial cells and segments of cells. The activation, proliferation, and movement of these cells lead to capillary growth in three dimensions. By this means, a novel capillary network emerges out of combinatorially complex interactions of single cells. Rules and parameter ranges are based on literature data on endothelial cell behavior in vitro. The model is designed generally, and will subsequently be applied to represent species-specific, tissue-specific in vitro and in vivo conditions. Initial results predict tip cell activation, stalk cell development and sprout formation as a function of local vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations and the Delta-like 4 Notch ligand, as it might occur in a three-dimensional in vitro setting. Results demonstrate the differential effects of ligand concentrations, cell movement and proliferation on sprouting and directional persistence. This systems biology model offers a paradigm closely related to biological phenomena and highlights previously unexplored interactions of cell elongation, migration and proliferation as a function of ligand concentration, giving insight into key cellular mechanisms driving angiogenesis.
Washington State's adoption of a child welfare practice model: An illustration of the Getting To Outcomes implementation framework

Abstract Despite a great need for evidence-informed practices in child welfare, very few child welfare systems have implemented evidence-based case management models state-wide. While the literature on implementation from the perspective of model developers and researchers is steadily increasing, there has been little attention to the process of implementation originating from the reverse direction, by community organizations themselves, or with regard to going-to-scale implementation in child welfare. The Getting to Outcomes (GTO) model, which was originally created to help organizations choose and implement prevention programs, is a promising guide for child welfare systems seeking to initiate system-wide implementation of evidence-based practices. The GTO framework provides a step-by-step guide for surveying a system, building motivation, training, and evaluation. This article will illustrate the state-wide implementation of Solution-Based Casework (SBC), an evidence-based model of case management, by Washington State's Children's Administration, following the GTO framework. Despite some barriers and obstacles, the GTO model proved to be feasible and to aide in the implementation of SBC. Implications for the GTO model as a framework for empowering community organizations to choose and implement relevant evidence-based practices will be discussed.
Follow the Leader in Ariel Partnerships

The state of Illinois funded a large scale Ariel project. This is a report of the project's successes and shortcomings. Although widely successful, additional training in the use of sophisticated h...
Femtosecond Plasmonic Optical Tweezers Using Gold Bowtie Nanoantenna Arrays

We demonstrate plasmonic optical trapping based on a femtosecond-pulsed input source and gold bowtie nanoantenna arrays. The femtosecond plasmonic tweezers allow for simultaneous manipulation and two-photon fluorescence excitation of trapped particles.
Presumed Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis in Four Siblings

Four siblings in an East Indian family showed typical ophthalmoscopic findings of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Serologic data confirmed exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and the results of other tests excluded other etiologic agents. Three siblings had documented episodes of ocular inflammation consistent with recurrent toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. The fourth sibling developed a de novo lesion following an illness consistent with systemic toxoplasmosis.
CARIBBEAN BLACK POWER From Slogan to Practical Politics

This article assesses the evolution of Caribbean Black Power from its crudest form of sloganeering to its transformation as a weapon in the political process. The analysis begins with a brief assessment of New Worldism (Emanuel, 1983) through Black Power to the participation of former Black Power advocates in the very politics that they once debunked. First, it will be shown that the advocates of the 1 960s were the successors to the legacies of Marcus Garvey, C.L.R. James, Eric Williams, Jose Marti, Juan Bosch, Munoz Marin, and Aime Cesaire, who, a few decades earlier, had made a similar call for Caribbean empowerment. Second, the peculiar configuration of the Caribbean dictated a compelling search for an appropriate ideology to properly articulate the demands of the multiracial society. Caribbean Black Power of the 1960s was influenced by the civil rights movement in the U.S. Accepting that connection created peculiar problems. Newspapers, politicians, and business elements were vociferous in their condemnation of advocates as agents of international communism and as fraudulent mimic men (Jamaica Gleaner, 1968). Additionally, the establishment argued that if Black Power meant Caribbeanizing the institutions that support the state, the advocates had no case since locals had since replaced the expatriates in all key positions. And further, since political independence had been won, the society was well on its way to making the average citizen participate fully in the decision-making process. Criticisms aside, how did Black Power influence the societal arrangement? What was its impact on the political system? And since
Polymyxin E production by P. amylolyticus

Aims: To investigate antibiotic production by bacteria isolated from the hindgut of Tipula abdominalis, the aquatic crane fly. Methods and Results: A group of five isolates with 99·1% 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Paenibacillus amylolyticus were identified as antibacterial producers using the cross-streak method against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For one isolate, P. amylolyticus C27, biochemical tests were performed to confirm 16S rRNA identification and the antibacterials were purified using chromatographic methods. Postsource decay (PSD) mass spectroscopy (MS) was used to identify the antimicrobials, which were found to be polymyxins E1 and E2. Investigation of the remaining four isolates using PSD MS revealed they all produce polymyxins E1 and E2 as well. Conclusions, Significance and Impact of the Study: Although variants of the polymyxin antibiotics are known to be produced by several species within the Paenibacillus genus, this first investigation of antibacterial production by bacteria isolated from the hindgut of T. abdominalis describes a novel source for polymyxin E production as well as the first report of antibiotic production by P. amylolyticus.