cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formal verification of division and square root implementations, an Oracle report

Oracle has developed new implementations for integer division and floating-point division and square root. Our task was to verify the correctness of the new designs by formally proving equivalence between the RTL for these designs and their specifications in the SPARC ISA and in the IEEE 754 Standard on floating-point arithmetic. Performing such verifications involved many steps, which we describe in this paper. The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, this paper describes Oracle's methodology for abstracting from low-level Verilog to a high-level algorithm using the latest open-source tools. Second, this paper describes the use of interval arithmetic in the error analysis of each algorithm. Our verification efforts proved that the designs had no errors, resulted in various improvements, and reduced the lookup tables by approximately 50% (division) and 75% (square root).
Web based programming practice with code hunt: conference tutorial

This tutorial provides an introduction to Code Hunt, including viewing a student's view of the system and a brief walk-though of creating a custom programming level. Developed in conjunction with Microsoft, Code is an educational gaming platform for practicing programming skills in Java or C#. Meant to parallel and augment a traditional programming course, Code Hunt is web-based and provided as a cloud resource. The system is easily accessible on a wide variety of Internet connected devices and platforms. Unique to Code Hunt is that students are not given program specification only test results, and must discover the patterns within results before creating their completed answers. The system presents an opportunity for educators to engage their students in programming using critical thinking, iterative problem solving and deductive reasoning. As a gaming environment, Code Hunt also provides a virtual reward system to both measure student progress and motivate continued engagement. To date Code Hunt has been used by over 140,000 students at both the K-12 and Collegiate levels. Further discussion will focus on integrating Code Hunt to existing curricula
Better Locker Rooms: It’s Not Just a Transgender Thing

This Article discusses several cases that have placed a national spotlight on transgender access to bathrooms. While legislative battles over transgender rights have focused on school bathrooms, the issue of transgender rights in the entire sporting world is not a new one. Changes at higher levels indicate a shifting, more trans-inclusive sport landscape. Regardless of the outcome of the court cases, sport associations in the educational context and beyond can, and in the Authors' view should, continue to lead the way toward more inclusive practices and spaces for all athletes.
A technique to positively identify the vaginal fornices during complicated postpartum hysterectomy

The frequency of cesarean hysterectomy is increasing, predominantly driven by an increased incidence of morbidly adherent placenta associated with previous cesarean delivery with or without placenta previa. Most cases of morbidly adherent placenta are located anteriorly with involvement of the bladder. The lower uterine segment in increta and percreta cases frequently is thinned and deformed, with extensive vascular supply to the bulging placenta. This deformation of the lower segment makes identification of the cervicovaginal interface and vaginal fornices difficult. This may result in either removal of excess vaginal tissue with unnecessary vaginal shortening, or alternatively, a supra- or transcervical hysterectomy that may include placental tissue within the pedicle and increase blood loss. We have developed a technique, repurposing a reusable and cost-effective device designed to help in bowel anastomosis (end-to-end anastomosis sizer), that improves identification of the vaginal fornices, helps to secure the vaginal angles, and improves the ability to perform a total hysterectomy.
Melt dynamics and melt-through time in continuous wave laser heating of metal films: Contributions of the recoil vapor pressure and Marangoni effects

Abstract The relative contributions of evaporation and melt expulsion due to the recoil vapor pressure and Marangoni effects to the laser damage and melt dynamics in continuous wave (CW) laser interactions with free-standing aluminum films are evaluated in two-phase hydrodynamic simulations. In order the establish the dominant damage mechanisms in different irradiation regimes, the results of hydrodynamic simulations are compared with the predictions of several simplified models that only account for a subset of the involved processes. The hydrodynamic simulations performed in the range of film thickness from 0.2 mm to 4 mm and laser spot radius from 0.1 mm to 1 cm reveal only a marginal effect of the Marangoni stresses on the overall picture of melt flow and the melt-through time. The recoil pressure effect, on the contrary, is capable of strongly decreasing the melt-through time in a certain range of laser intensity. At laser intensities below this range the melting process is largely defined by heat transfer in the radial direction, while at laser intensities above this range the thickness of the molten pool and the efficiency of melt expulsion decrease and evaporation becomes the primary mechanism of material removal from the center of the laser spot. The range of laser intensities where the melt-through time is controlled by the recoil pressure effect is not unique and depends on the film thickness. A simple two-phase one-dimensional thermal model of laser melting, where melt expulsion due to the recoil pressure effect is accounted for based on the Bernoulli integral, is developed and found to be capable of accurate prediction of the melt-through time above a certain level of laser intensity. The one-dimensional thermal model captures all qualitative trends revealed in the direct hydrodynamic simulations and can be used as a robust engineering tool for the first-order estimation of the conditions for CW laser damage of metal films.
SEARCH, Computational Processes in Evolution, and Preliminary Development of the Gene Expression Messy Genetic Algorithm.

This paper considers the issue of scalable search with little domain knowledge and explores implications in the context of evolutionary computation. It presents the Search Envisioned As Relation and Class Hierarchizing (SEARCH) framework introduced elsewhere [26, 31] for developing a theoretical understanding of the issue and argues that scalable evolutionary search needs efficient techniques for detecting relations among the members of the evolutionary search space. It offers a perspective of this argument in the context of natural gene expression (representation transformations that construct the protein from the DNA). It also reports on the preliminary development of the gene expression messy genetic algorithm (GEMGA) [27, 28] that exploits the understandings developed here. Theoretical claims are also substantiated by experimental results for a test bed, comprised of different large, multimodal, scaled problems.
Evaluating Model Fit and Structural Coefficient Bias: A Bayesian Approach to Multilevel Bifactor Model Misspecification

Appropriate model specification is fundamental to unbiased parameter estimates and accurate model interpretations in structural equation modeling. Thus detecting potential model misspecification has drawn the attention of many researchers. This simulation study evaluates the efficacy of the Bayesian approach (the posterior predictive checking, or PPC procedure) under multilevel bifactor model misspecification (i.e., ignoring a specific factor at the within level). The impact of model misspecification on structural coefficients was also examined in terms of bias and power. Results showed that the PPC procedure performed better in detecting multilevel bifactor model misspecification, when the misspecification became more severe and sample size was larger. Structural coefficients were increasingly negatively biased at the within level, as model misspecification became more severe. Model misspecification at the within level affected the between-level structural coefficient estimates more when data dependency ...
Direct instrumental nonparametric estimation of inverse regression functions

Abstract This paper treats the estimation of the inverse g − 1 of a monotonic function g satisfying E [ Y − g ( X ) | W ] = 0 where ( X , W ) is continuously distributed. Using instrumental restrictions, many parameters of interest in econometrics can be expressed as inverses of functions satisfying such a conditional moment. As far as I know, consistent estimators are available only if g ( X ) = E [ Y | X ] , which precludes endogenous models. This, and other technical concerns, motivates a methodology for estimating g − 1 in one step from the data when W contains components excluded from X . The presented estimator achieves this objective by identifying g − 1 as the solution of a nonlinear integral equation whose sample analog can be estimated nonparametrically. The existence of a ‘well-behaved’ joint density function for ( X , W ) produces an ill-posed problem, namely the solution is discontinuous in the data. To solve this, the estimator is regularized with the Tikhonov technique. If g − 1 is smooth in a certain sense, then the MSE rate of convergence in a global metric is equal to ϑ ( n − r ∕ ( 2 r + 1 ) ) where ϑ is a continuous function with ϑ ( 0 ) = 0 , and r > 1 denotes the number of partial derivatives for the joint density of ( X , W ) with respect to its second argument. The analytical expression of ϑ depends on a link function characterizing the smoothness of g − 1 . This result holds for a broad class of link functions belonging to a suitable space.
Vulpes vulpes (Common fox)

The X chromosome is identifiable because it is the largest chromosome with highly unequal arm ratio. The identification of the Y is subjective because the two “microchromosome”-like autosomes are of similar size. It is also questionable whether the Y is biarmed.
Design and participant characteristics of a primary care adaptation of the Look AHEAD Lifestyle Intervention for weight loss in type 2 diabetes: The REAL HEALTH-diabetes study.

Abstract Background/Aims The REAL HEALTH -Diabetes Study is a practice-based clinical trial that adapted the Look AHEAD lifestyle intervention for implementation in primary care settings. The trial will compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of in-person group lifestyle intervention, telephone group lifestyle intervention, and individual medical nutrition therapy (MNT), the current recommended standard of care in type 2 diabetes. The primary outcome is percent weight loss at 6 months with outcomes also measured at 12, 18, 24 (intervention completion), and 36 months. Here, we describe the adaptation, trial design, implementation strategies, and baseline characteristics of enrolled participants. Methods The study is a three-arm, patient-level, randomized trial conducted in three community health centers (CHCs) and one diabetes practice affiliated with one academic medical center. Results The study used existing clinical infrastructure to recruit participants from study sites. Strategies for successful conduct of the trial included partnering with health-center based co-investigator clinicians, engaging primary care providers, and accommodating clinical workflows. Of 248 eligible patients who attended a screening visit, 211 enrolled, with 70 randomly assigned to in-person group lifestyle intervention, 72 to telephone group lifestyle intervention, and 69 to MNT. The cohort was 55% female, 29% non-white, with mean age 62 years and mean BMI 35 kg/m 2 . Enrollment rates were higher at CHC sites. Conclusions A practice-based randomized trial of a complex behavioral lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes can be implemented in community health and usual clinical settings. Participant and provider engagement was higher at local CHC sites reflecting the study implementation focus. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02320253
Towards Data Poisoning Attacks in Crowd Sensing Systems

With the proliferation of sensor-rich mobile devices, crowd sensing has emerged as a new paradigm of collecting information from the physical world. However, the sensory data provided by the participating workers are usually not reliable. In order to identify truthful values from the crowd sensing data, the topic of truth discovery, whose goal is to estimate each worker's reliability and infer the underlying truths through weighted data aggregation, is widely studied. Since truth discovery incorporates workers' reliability into the aggregation procedure, it shows robustness to the data poisoning attacks, which are usually conducted by the malicious workers who aim to degrade the effectiveness of the crowd sensing systems through providing malicious sensory data. However, truth discovery is not perfect in all cases. In this paper, we study how to effectively conduct two types of data poisoning attacks, i.e., the availability attack and the target attack, against a crowd sensing system empowered with the truth discovery mechanism. We develop an optimal attack framework in which the attacker can not only maximize his attack utility but also disguise the introduced malicious workers as normal ones such that they cannot be detected easily. The desirable performance of the proposed framework is verified through extensive experiments conducted on a real-world crowd sensing system.
The Chinese Family

China has undergone a major revolutionary transformation since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 (“Liberation”) and the “Cultural Revolution,” the 10-year period of struggle and turmoil from 1966 to 1976. In the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution, China has embarked upon a new program of “socialist modernization” that promises to bring about additional changes in the society. The conventional wisdom holds that the traditional Chinese family has consequently experienced similar revolutionary changes and transformation. This is based on the assumption that the political ideology of the Chinese Communist Party contradicts the values of the traditional Chinese family. However, whether this assumption is correct, that is, whether the values of the traditional Chinese family have in fact changed, and if so, to what degree, are questions that call for more careful investigation.
Photonic Simulation and Design Space

As discussed in the previous chapter, the progress in silicon photonics research has enabled the physical demonstration of all the devices that are necessary to build extremely high-bandwidth density and energy-efficient links for on-chip and off-chip communications. Photonic network design, however, requires a major paradigm shift from traditional network design due to the fundamental differences in how electronics and photonics operate. Consequently, new modeling and analysis methods must be employed to realize a chip-scale photonic interconnection network. This chapter describes a methodology and a supporting computer-aided design (CAD) environment to model the basic photonic devices, to combine them to realize photonic network architectures, and to analyze the physical-layer and system-level performance properties of these networks.
Affective medicine: technology with emotional intelligence.

For a long time people have kept emotions out of the deliberate tools of medicine and science; scientists, physicians, and patients have often felt and sometimes expressed emotion, but no tools could sense, measure, and respond to their affective information. A series of recent studies indicates that emotions, particul arly stress, anger, and depression, are important factors with serious and significant implications for health. This paper highlights research at the MIT Media Lab aimed at giving computers the ability to comfortably sense, recognize, and respond to certa in aspects of human emotion, especially affective states such as frustration, confusion, interest, stress, anger, and joy. Examples of recently developed systems are shown, including computer systems that are wearable and computers that respond to people with a kind of active listening, empathy, and sympathy. Results are reported for computer recognition of emotion, for teaching affective skills to autistics, and for having computers help users manage emotions such as frustration.
Microcirculation: A Key Effector in Insulin Resistance

The mechanisms underlying insulin resistance are still incompletely defined, and target cell biochemical abnormalities, while numerous, do not fully explain the reductions in organ glucose uptake in vivo. Since the highlighting of insulin vasodilatory actions, experimental and later clinical research has provided demonstrations of a key role of the smallest vessels in partly determining the muscle uptake of glucose. While insulin alone acts as a dilator at the level of the terminal arterioles feeding the capillary units, the more physiological state of combined elevated glucose and insulin, such as in the postprandial period, is characterized by microflow redistribution due to activation of precapillary vasomotion. It was found that glucose delivery, i.e., microflow, accounts for 30–40% of muscle glucose uptake. This process is hampered by inflammation factors or NO inhibition. The ubiquitous presence of concomitant insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in most various diseases suggests a causal, bidirectional, link between both processes. Possible mechanisms leading to derangements in this relation are reviewed.
Management of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Inhibitor Therapy After Renal Transplantation: A Comparative Analysis and Associated Outcomes:

Background: Biologic agents inhibiting the tumor necrosis factor α pathway (TNFα-Is) are used to treat systemic inflammatory diseases. The best management of these agents after renal transplantation is unknown. Objective: Evaluate peritransplant use of TNFα-Is and associated outcomes. Methods: Retrospective, single-center study of adult renal-transplant-recipients (RTRs) transplanted between 1/1/1998-12/31/2017, who received TNFα-Is for inflammatory disease prior to transplant. Qualifying patients were divided into 2 cohorts: patients who resumed TNFα-Is after transplant and those who did not. Outcomes were evaluated. Results: A total of 5256 renal transplants occurred in the study window; 14 patients met inclusion criteria. Primary indication for TNFα-I was Crohn’s-disease (CD; 57.1%). Infliximab was utilized most frequently (50%). Seven RTRs resumed TNFα-I posttransplant; mean time to resumption of 10.6±4.35 months (median=6 months), 85.7% for CD. Immunosuppression was modified in 2 patients (28.6%) in ...
Reduction of Medical Errors in Emergency Medical Care

This paper presents a review on the value of specific health information technologies on reducing medical errors in hospital Emergency Departments (ED). We focus on three technologies including electronic health records (EHRs), health informatics, and medical devices connected through the Internet to examine their impact on reducing medical errors.
Optimization of Microemulgel for Tizanidine Hydrochloride

Background: Tizanidine hydrochloride acts centrally as a muscle relaxant. It is used for the treatment of painful muscle spasm, spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury and treatment of muscle spasticity in spinal cord disease. Tizanidine hydrochloride belongs to BCS class II. It has low oral bioavailability and short half-life. Incorporating this drug in microemulgel is an excellent way to overcome problems associated with the drug. Objectives: Present research work was aimed to develop and optimize a microemulsion based gel system for tizanidine hydrochloride. Methods: Screening of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant was carried out. Ternary phase diagram was constructed to obtain concentration range of components. The prepared microemulsion was evaluated for pH, globule size, zeta potential, conductivity, density and viscosity. 32 level factorial design was applied to study the effect of concentration of carbopol 934 and HPMC K15M on % cumulative drug release and viscosity of microemulgel using software Design Expert. Microemulgel was evaluated for pH, spreadability, viscosity, syneresis, drug content, bioadhesive strength, in-vitro as well as ex-vivo diffusion study. Results: Microemulsion was prepared by using isopropyl myristate as oil, tween 80 as a surfactant and transcutol P as cosurfactant. Largest transparent microemulsion region was found with Smix ratio of 1:1. FE-SEM showed globule size 28µm for batch B1 and zeta potential was -1.27mV indicating good stability of the microemulsion. Optimised batch was F6 which showed 92% drug release within 8 hours. It followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Conclusion: A stable, effective and elegant microemulgel formulation, exhibiting good in-vitro and ex-vivo drug release was formulated.
What you do is less important than how you do it: the effects of learning environment on student outcomes

Higher education has seen a shift towards promoting student-centred learning. There has also been a push for identifying the ‘best’ teaching models and an insistence that instructors use these models, despite mixed results regarding their effectiveness. In the current paper, we compare the effects of an autonomy-supportive learning environment on student learning and achievement with those of the specific course features of contact hours and active learning. In a large-scale comprehensive survey with over 14,000 responses from students enrolled in courses constituting various disciplines, course levels and instructors, data across all student outcome variables suggested that those in highly autonomy-supportive learning environments experienced significant increases in satisfaction of students’ basic psychological needs, student motivation, course evaluations and academic performance. These results suggest that what is most important for students is not the specific techniques used by instructors but the quality of student–instructor interactions.
Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Kidney Stones

Risk factors for kidney stones include genetic and environmental factors. An underlying genetic condition should be suspected in those diagnosed at a young age or with recurrent or bilateral disease. Most genetic defects increase production or excretion of lithogenic components, while others alter urinary pH. Genetic alterations cause hypercalciuria mostly by decreasing calcium resorption, thereby increasing the risk of calcium-based stones. Hyperoxaluria can be caused by several genetic factors related to increased oxalate production and excretion. There are two major genes responsible for the development of cystinuria and genotype is now used for classification. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency in the enzyme responsible for adenine metabolism that is associated with both kidney stones and renal failure.
Benchmarking Gaze Prediction for Categorical Visual Search

The prediction of human shifts of attention is a widelystudied question in both behavioral and computer vision, especially in the context of a free viewing task. However, search behavior, where the fixation scanpaths are highly dependent on the viewer’s goals, has received far less attention, even though visual search constitutes much of a person’s everyday behavior. One reason for this is the absence of real-world image datasets on which search models can be trained. In this paper we present a carefully created dataset for two target categories, microwaves and clocks, curated from the COCO2014 dataset. A total of 2183 images were presented to multiple participants, who were tasked to search for one of the two categories. This yields a total of 16184 validated fixations used for training, making our microwave-clock dataset currently one of the largest datasets of eye fixations in categorical search. We also present a 40-image testing dataset, where images depict both a microwave and a clock target. Distinct fixation patterns emerged depending on whether participants searched for a microwave (n=30) or a clock (n=30) in the same images, meaning that models need to predict different search scanpaths from the same pixel inputs. We report the results of several state-of-the-art deep network models that were trained and evaluated on these datasets. Collectively, these datasets and our protocol for evaluation provide what we hope will be a useful test-bed for the development of new methods for predicting category-specific visual search behavior.
Study Protocol for ‘Patient Referral and Education Program prior to Renal Replacement Therapy (PREP-RRT)”:

Patients with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially racial minorities, often do not receive treatment or education until specific symptoms begin to manifest. The Patient Referral and Education Program prior to Renal Replacement Therapy (PREP-RRT) study is intended to capture the perspective of African Americans receiving renal care and then tailor education for hospitalized patients who may not be well linked to the medical system. In the U.S., African Americans and other minorities are less likely to be seen by a nephrologist prior to dialysis and the lack of pre-dialysis care and education is associated with lower likelihood of pre-emptive transplant. The primary outcome for the PREP-RRT study will be change in patient knowledge, attitudes and behavior about CKD treatment options which will be assessed by the previously validated Kidney Knowledge Survey (KiKS). Secondary outcomes of interest are patient satisfaction with education, time-to-event for nephrology appointment, appearance at transplant center, likelihood of fistula, self-care dialysis at dialysis initiation, or documentation of patient decision not to initiate RRT. The PREP RRT intervention will identify, educate and motivate patients to increase CKD self-care and to improve communication and shared decision-making about RRT treatments among patients, their families and their providers.
Effect of post inoculation drying procedures on the reduction of Salmonella on almonds by thermal treatments

Abstract Since two outbreaks of salmonellosis were linked to the consumption of almonds in 2001 and 2004, the study of pathogen inactivation kinetics in almonds has been encouraged, often by conducting inoculated challenge studies. The inoculation method could affect the results of such challenge studies, because of the possible increase of moisture on the almonds resulting from a wet inoculation procedure, which may result in a potential overestimation of the effectiveness of treatments used to pasteurize almonds in industrial settings. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis phage type 30 (PT30) isolated from an almond-linked outbreak was inoculated on nonpareil almonds and dried by accelerated (drying the inoculated almonds at 37 °C for 12 h) and conventional (drying inoculated almonds overnight at room temperature) drying methods, before treating the almonds with hot water (blanching) at 88 °C or hot oil (oil roasting) at 127 °C. The Weibull model explained the death of this pathogen on almonds better than log-linear model for oil roasting, whereas both log-linear and Weibull models were similarly effective for blanching. For blanching, the D values for Salmonella Enteritidis PT30 were 12.7 and 10.7 s with accelerated and conventional drying, respectively. For oil roasting, the b-values were 4.59 and 4.18 s with accelerated and conventional drying, respectively. Based on the models, it was concluded that the accelerated drying process resulted in a significantly smaller reduction in Salmonella Enteritidis PT30 on almonds in comparison to conventional drying for both blanching and roasting. Although conventional drying led to significantly lower D or b – values (depending on the model), this difference is not likely to affect the current processing parameters used by the almond industry.
The Banality of Segregation: Why Hirsch Still Helps Us Understand Our Racial Geography:

Even as laws have banished the practice, residential segregation continues to be a defining feature of the metropolitan United States. How does the scholarship of Arnold Hirsch help us to understan...
Influence of Dye Sensitizers on Charge Dynamics in SnO2 Nanoparticles Probed with THz Spectroscopy

Using dye-sensitized water-splitting photoelectrochemical cells is a promising way to satisfy an increasing demand for energy without significant production of greenhouse gases. These cells commonl...
Analyzing the Performance and Accuracy of Lossy Checkpointing on Sub-Iteration of NWChem

Future exascale systems are expected to be characterized by more frequent failures than current petascale systems. This places increased importance on the application to minimize the amount of time wasted due to recompution when recovering from a checkpoint. Typically HPC application checkpoint at iteration boundaries. However, for applications that have a high per-iteration cost, checkpointing inside the iteration limits the amount of re-computation. This paper analyzes the performance and accuracy of using lossy compressed check-pointing in the computational chemistry application NWChem. Our results indicate that lossy compression is an effective tool for reducing the sub-iteration checkpoint size. Moreover, compression error tolerances that yield acceptable deviation in accuracy and iteration count are quantified.
Reproductive intentions in mothers of young children with sickle cell disease

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy associated with morbidity and mortality. We sought to understand family planning intentions of parents of young children with SCD including the awareness of three reproductive options (adoption, in vitro fertilization with egg/sperm donation [IVFD], in vitro fertilization [IVF] with preimplantation genetic testing [IVF/PGT]) to decrease the risk of having a child with SCD. Procedure Qualitative, semistructured, one-on-one interviews with 18 female parents of young children with SCD at an urban, tertiary care pediatric hospital. Results Half of the parents knew their hemoglobinopathy status or their partner's status before pregnancy. Eight parents chose to have no further children because of fear of SCD in another child. Awareness of reproductive options prior to study enrollment was limited. After brief introduction, 7 parents would consider adoption, 2 IVFD, and 10 IVF/PGT. Desire for a biological child, fear of parental jealousy, ethical or religious considerations, and cost affected the acceptability of these options. Participants universally wanted information about reproductive options available to others prior to pregnancy. Conclusions There is limited awareness and variable acceptability of alternative reproductive options available to decrease the risk of a future child having SCD. Participants universally endorsed the need for education regarding hemoglobinopathy status, SCD, and reproductive options prior to pregnancy because for many participants having a child with SCD affected their reproductive intentions. Educational interventions to ensure informed reproductive decision making should be sensitive to desires for a biological child, and ethical and financial considerations.
Tools for top-down performance analysis of GPU-accelerated applications

This paper describes extensions to Rice University's HPCToolkit performance tools to support measurement and analysis of GPU-accelerated applications. To help developers understand the performance of accelerated applications as a whole, HPCToolkit's measurement and analysis tools attribute metrics to calling contexts that span both CPUs and GPUs. To measure GPU-accelerated applications efficiently, HPCToolkit employs a novel wait-free data structure to coordinate monitoring and attribution of GPU performance metrics. To help developers understand the performance of complex GPU code generated from high-level programming models, HPCToolkit's hpcprof constructs sophisticated approximations of call path profiles for GPU computations. To support fine-grain analysis and tuning, HPCToolkit attributes GPU performance metrics to source lines and loops. Also, HPCToolkit uses GPU PC samples to derive and attribute a collection of useful GPU performance metrics. We illustrate HPCToolkit's new capabilities for analyzing GPU- accelerated applications with three case studies.
Protocol for the impact of CBT for insomnia on pain symptoms and central sensitisation in fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction Approximately 50% of individuals with fibromyalgia (a chronic widespread pain condition) have comorbid insomnia. Treatment for these comorbid cases typically target pain, but growing research supports direct interventions for insomnia (eg, cognitive behavioural treatment for insomnia (CBT-I)) in these patients. Previous research suggests sustained hyperarousal mediated by a neural central sensitisation mechanism may underlie insomnia and chronic pain symptoms in fibromyalgia. We hypothesise CBT-I will improve insomnia symptoms, improve clinical pain and reduce central sensitisation. The trial will be the first to evaluate the short-term and long-term neural mechanisms underlying insomnia and pain improvements in fibromyalgia. Knowledge obtained from this trial might allow us to develop new or modify current treatments to better target pain mechanisms, perhaps reversing chronic pain or preventing it. Methods and analysis Female participants (n=130) 18 years of age and older with comorbid fibromyalgia (with pain severity of at least 50/100) and insomnia will be recruited from the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, and surrounding areas. Participants will be randomised to 8 weeks (plus 4 bimonthly booster sessions) of CBT-I or a sleep hygiene control group (SH). Participants will be assessed at baseline, post-treatment, 6 and 12 months follow-ups. The following assessments will be completed: 2 weeks of daily diaries measuring sleep and pain, daily actigraphy, insomnia severity index, pain-related disability, single night of polysomnography recording, arousal (heart rate variability, cognitive affective arousal), structural and functional MRI to examine pain-related neural activity and plasticity and mood (depression, anxiety). Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was obtained in July 2018 from the University of Missouri. All data are expected to be collected by 2022. Full trial results are planned to be published by 2024. Secondary analyses of baseline data will be subsequently published. Trial registration number NCT03744156.
Incidence of Refeeding Syndrome in Children With Failure to Thrive.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of refeeding syndrome in otherwise healthy children METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed on patients aged ≤36 months admitted with a primary diagnosis of FTT from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of patients with laboratory evidence of refeeding syndrome. Exclusion criteria included admission to an ICU, parenteral nutrition, history of prematurity, gastrostomy tube feeds, and any complex chronic conditions. RESULTS: Of the 179 patients meeting inclusion criteria, none had laboratory evidence of refeeding syndrome. Of these, 145 (81%) had laboratory work done at the time of admission, and 69 (39%) had laboratory work repeated after admission. A small percentage (6%) of included patients experienced an adverse event due to repeat laboratory draw. CONCLUSIONS: In otherwise healthy hospitalized patients
Variant Plantaris Anatomy During Tendon Harvest.

The plantaris tendon is commonly used in upper extremity reconstruction as a tendon graft. Variations in plantaris anatomy are described as terminating proximally into the calcaneal tendon or gastrocnemius in certain cases, making the tendon an unusable length as a graft. A case of anomalous attachment of the gastrocnemius muscle to the plantaris tendon is described. After division of this attachment through a counterincision, complete harvest of the plantaris tendon was possible. Further exploration when resistance is encountered in standard plantaris tendon harvest is recommended to avoid unnecessary abandonment of a plantaris harvest.
Automated device for public elevator control panel UVC sanitization

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have shown that frequently-touched surfaces that are contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 can pose a risk to public health and safety. Considering elevators as a high-risk environment for the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases via surface transmission, common methods of manually applying liquid-form disinfectants are impractical for sanitizing the elevator panel after each use. Therefore, an automated UVC light surface sanitization device with integrated sensing components to avoid UVC light-human interaction and perform frequent sanitization was developed. Algorithmically, the system uses a motion sensor, an inertial measurement unit, and a door sensor to determine when the elevator is empty, stationary, and shut. Once these conditions are met, the UVC lamp is enabled to safely sanitize the elevator control panel. The device's UVC irradiation capabilities were tested by applying UVC light to a mock control panel. A minimum power density of 0.31 mW/cm2 was detected, which can deactivate SARS-CoV-2. The sensing and control system was tested in an elevator and it was demonstrated to be able to detect operating conditions and activate the UVC light at appropriate instances. Our device operates using inexpensive hardware and it can be easily integrated into existing elevator infrastructures. © 2021 by ASME.
Daily variation in sleep characteristics in individuals with and without post traumatic stress disorder

Sleep disturbances are common in individuals with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about how daily variation in sleep characteristics is related to PTSD. This study examined the night-to-night and weekday versus weekend variation in sleep duration, sleep quality, trouble falling asleep, and difficulty staying asleep in individuals with and without PTSD. Participants (N = 157; 80 with PTSD, 77 without PTSD) completed daily self-reports of their nighttime sleep characteristics for 15 consecutive days. Linear mixed models were used to examine the associations between the 7 days of the week and weekday versus weekend variation in sleep characteristics and PTSD. Individuals with PTSD reported shorter sleep duration, lower sleep quality, more trouble falling asleep, and more difficulty staying asleep than individuals without PTSD. The pattern of change across the week and between weekdays and weekends was different between those with and without PTSD for sleep quality and trouble falling asleep. Among those with PTSD, sleep duration, sleep quality, and trouble falling asleep differed across the 7 days of the week and showed differences between weekdays and weekends. For those without PTSD, only sleep duration differed across the 7 days of the week and showed differences between weekdays and weekends. Neither group showed 7 days of the week nor weekday versus weekend differences in difficulty staying asleep. On average those with PTSD had shorter sleep duration, poorer sleep quality, and greater trouble falling and staying asleep. In particular, the day of week variation in sleep quality and trouble falling asleep specifically distinguishes those with PTSD from those without PTSD. Our findings suggest that clinical care might be improved by assessments of sleep patterns and disturbances across at least a week, including weekdays and weekends. Future studies should explore the mechanisms related to the patterns of sleep disturbance among those with PTSD.
Intestinal mucormycosis initially identified by next-generation sequencing of cell-free DNA

Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection that typically affects severely immunocompromised individuals, often resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Although early and aggressive intervention is necessary to prevent poor outcomes, diagnosis of this infection remains difficult. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of invasive gastrointestinal mucormycosis initially identified by next-generation sequencing of cfDNA from the blood, and discuss the various benefits and challenges which come with new molecular diagnostic techniques.
FLUORESCENCE DETECTION OF THE CHEMICAL RELAXATION OF THE REACTION OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE WITH REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.

SUMMARY The combination of lactate dehydrogenase from rabbit skeletal muscle with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was in- vestigated fluorimetrically with the temperature jump method. Best agreement with the experimental results and the data of Zewe and Fromm is obtained by assuming a fast bimolecular step which is followed by a slow monomolecular interconversion. The dissociation constant of the former is 6 pM equilibrium con- stant of the latter is 0.3, resulting in an over-all dissociation con- stant of 1.4 PM. The bimolecular velocity constant is estimated near log M-’ set-I; the consecutive monomolecular constant is evaluated at 1000 se@. The enthalpy of the bimolecular reac- tion step is near 7 kcal per mole; that of the monomolecular one is nearly one-fifth of the former. The signal height of the chemi- cal change is generally only 10% of the total change, the re- mainder being caused by the change of fluorescence yield with temperature. Acknowledgments-We would like to express our high apprecia- 7 The reasoning for assuming this condition is quite similar to the reasoning outlined in footnote 5.
Taking mistakes seriously: equivalence notions for game scenarios with off equilibrium play

This paper investigates strategies for responding rationally to opponents who make mistakes. We identify two distinct interpretations of mistakes in the game theory literature: trembling hand and risk averse mistakes. We introduce the concept of an EFG Scenario, a game plus strategy profile, in order to probe the properties of these different types of mistake. An analysis of equivalence preserving transformations over EFG Scenarios reveals that risk averse mistakes are a form of rational play, while trembling hand mistakes are equivalent to moves by nature.
Put–Call Parity

Put–call parity is a fundamental relationship connecting European calls, puts, and forward contracts together. Keywords: option synthetics; option arbitrage; option replication; forward contract
Evaluation of prescribing and patient use of target-specific oral anticoagulants in the outpatient setting.

SummaryWhat is known and objective Pharmacist-managed anticoagulation programmes have been shown to improve appropriate use of warfarin, but few programmes have included the new target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) in their protocols. A greater understanding of TSOAC prescribing, monitoring and administration is needed to identify common errors in the current outpatient practice. The objective of this study is to assess the rate of errors related to prescribing, baseline monitoring and patient administration of TSOACs. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify patients on TSOAC therapy in each of four outpatient practice sites. Data were abstracted to include TSOAC indication, dosage and frequency prescribed, pertinent past medical history, and laboratory monitoring obtained at the time of TSOAC initiation. In addition, patients were contacted by telephone to assess TSOAC adherence, storage, administration and incidence of adverse events. Results and discussion A total of 395 patients were included in the evaluation. Prescribers did not obtain baseline laboratory values within 1 week before or after the time of TSOAC initiation for a majority of study patients. At the time of TSOAC initiation, two patients had abnormally elevated alanine aminotransferase, six had elevated total bilirubin, and 43 had low haemoglobin. A majority (61%) of study patients were prescribed an appropriate TSOAC dose based upon their indication and renal function; however, dosing accuracy could not be determined for all patients as baseline serum creatinine was not obtained by prescribers for 148 patients (37%) at the time of prescribing. TSOACs were dosed inappropriately according to baseline serum creatinine in six patients, and two patients receiving treatment for venous thromboembolism were maintained on a high dose of rivaroxaban for an inappropriate duration. A total of 157 (40%) patients were available by phone and agreed to answer questions regarding their current TSOAC use. Twenty-four patients (23%) reported taking rivaroxaban inappropriately without food, and six patients (14%) endorsed inappropriate storage of dabigatran. Ten patients (6%) reported missing at least one TSOAC dose per week, and 25 (16%) described minor bleeding with their TSOAC. What is new and conclusion Inappropriate prescribing, monitoring and administration of TSOACs occurred frequently in patients not formally enrolled in an anticoagulation monitoring programme. These results indicate a need for more thorough patient education at the time of TSOAC initiation, as well as improved prescriber education regarding recommended TSOAC dosing and monitoring.
Metabolic Influences on Tyrosine Excretion in Bacillus subtilis

The biosynthetic pathway for tyrosine synthesis is regulated both by repression of enzyme synthesis and by feedback inhibition of enzyme activity in Bacillus subtilis. Nevertheless, wild-type cells produce significantly more tyrosine than is required for protein synthesis, and part of this is excreted into the medium. Alteration of nutritional and other environmental conditions of cultivation strongly influenced the amount of tyrosine excretion. The excretion of tyrosine by wild-type cells was compared with that of a regulatory mutant having a feedback-insensitive prephenate dehydrogenase. Tyrosine excretion varied directly with the in vitro activity of prephenate dehydrogenase and inversely with temperature in the two strains. The regulatory mutant excreted five times as much tyrosine as the wild type at all growth temperatures examined. The carbon source used for growth significantly influenced the level of tyrosine excretion. The specific activity of prephenate dehydrogenase was also affected by the carbon source. Incorporation studies with isotopic tyrosine and fluorometric determinations of tyrosine concentrations extractable in hot water were used to measure operationally the tyrosine pools in the mutant and wild-type strains. The effects of various environmental conditions on the synthesis and excretion of tyrosine led to the conclusion that metabolic controls governing end product contrations exist which are completely independent of regulation by feedback inhibition and repression.