cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inventing wellness systems for aging in place

Unlike "mainframe healthcare," personal wellness technologies can scale with the needs of an aging population. They can also drive a demanding specification for the requirements of ubiquitous, proactive computing in everyday life. Ultimately, aging-in-place research supports a broader vision of "personal wellness systems" that provide highly individualized support for home based healthcare to all age groups.
Human auditory attention: the olivocochlear bundle may function as a peripheral filter.

Two experiments examined whether focused attention toward a visual display would alter the sensory transmission properties of the human auditory nerve and brainstem centers to irrelevant auditory tone pips. In the first experiment, 16 subjects either listened to 1000 Hz, 50dB SL tone pips presented binaurally at 10/sec (“Listen”), or mentally counted letters flashed rapidly on a screen (“Look”). The auditory brainstem potentials recorded from the vertex were averaged on-line in groups of 500 with a 10-msec sweep and a bandpass of 150–1500 Hz. Results indicated that during the “Look” trials, Wave 5 generated from the inferior colliculus (7.322 msec latency) was significantly reduced in amplitude by 16.4% and increased in latency by 27 μsec. A second experiment with 8 subjects demonstrated that the effects of attention are limited to the auditory nerve component when using 8000 Hz stimuli but are significant for both the auditory nerve and collicular components when a mid-frequency (2000 Hz) tone pip is used. These results suggest that during concentrated attention toward visual stimuli, irrelevant auditory stimuli may be attenuated at a peripheral level possibly through the action of the efferent olivocochlear bundle.
Efficient Parabolic Solvers Scalable across Multi-Architectural Levels

High end computing hardware has been growing fast in both uniprocessor performance and parallel system scales. Steadily advancing but somewhat lagging behind is the speed of memory accesses. Thus, needed are software and algorithms behind software that adapt well with architectural features of high end computing hardware. Stable explicit implicit domain decomposition (SEIDD) is a class of numerical algorithms originally introduced for solving parabolic equations on parallel computers, which has adequately high parallelism, flexible controllability for load balancing, minimal communication cost, and good stability and efficiency. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of SEIDD in harnessing the computing power at the inter-processor level for parallel processing as well as the level of cache memories for fast memory accesses.
Multimedia coverage of organismal diversity in freshman biology at Clemson University

At Clemson University in the fall of 1994, spring of 1995 and the spring of 1996, HyperStudio multimedia modules were used to teach the portion of freshman biology dealing with "diversity" (the different types of animals, plants and microorganisms in the living world). Working individually in our AV center, the students completed the modules outside of class. This experiment saved much class time, and instructional results were positive. This paper discusses this project's methods, problems and results
Long-term remission of APL with a second allogeneic BMT after CNS relapse following HLA-identical allogeneic BMT.

Second allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for AML relapsing after an initial BMT has a poor prognosis, with a probability of a 2-y disease-free survival below 30 per cent, caused both by treatment-related mortality (TRM) and high relapse rate. While TRM is most likely due to heavy pretreatment, AML relapse after BMT may be due to resistant disease or to a poor graft-versus-leukaemia (GvL) effect of the transplant. The degree of GvL may depend on individual donor/recipient immunoreactivity. In most published cases of second allogeneic BMT, both transplants were performed from the same donor. Here, we describe a patient who was first transplanted for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) (AML FAB M3v) from his HLA-identical brother and received intensive immunotherapy including donor lymphocytes and IL2. He remained free from GvHD >I°, but developed CNS relapse. After a second BMT from another HLA-identical brother, he spontaneously developed GvHD III°, and has now been disease free for nearly 3 years. In this patient, long-term remission of AML relapsing after BMT was achieved by combining remission induction using an individual chemotherapy protocol with a second BMT from an alternative matched related donor and transient GvHD III°, which probably conferred a GVL effect.
Xenobiotic biotransformation/bioactivation in organogenesis-stage conceptual tissues: implications for embryotoxicity and teratogenesis.

(1992). Xenobiotic Biotransfor Mation/Bioactivation in Organogenesis-Stage Conceptal Tissues: Implications for Embryotoxicity and Teratogenesis. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 195-238.
A FURTHER AND FINAL REPORT ON A CASE OF TETANIA PARATHYREOPRIVA, TREATED FOR A YEAR WITH PARATHYROID EXTRACT (COLLIP), WITH EVENTUAL DEATH AND AUTOPSY*

Late in 1924, J. B. Collip announced “the extraction of a parathyroid hormone which will prevent or control parathyroid tetany and which regulates the level of blood calcium.” In a series of articles (1, 2, 3, 4), culminating in his Harvey Lecture (5) Collip presented convincing evidence of the potency of the extract. Suffice it to state that a stable and purified principle was obtained which, when injected subcutaneously into experimental animals, produced a rise in the blood serum calcium level, and which in overdosage resulted in an alarming and sometimes fatal hypercalcemia. It was furthermore shown that frequently repeated small doses of this extract are cumulative in action and will eventually raise the blood calcium to dangerous levels (values over 15 mgm.), due to a “pyramiding of the effect of each successive injection upon the preceding one.” Hence the importance of accurate and dependable blood calcium determinations to control the dosage, very much as one checks the administration of insulin b...
Quartic collimator design for high-energy gamma rays

Abstract In a gamma ray detection system, the only rays that need to be shielded from a detector are those that could have entered unwanted. Gamma rays that could not have encountered the detector do not need shielding. This simple optimization principle leads to a quartic shape for a full aperture collimator of minimal volume for a generic detector. Both cylindrical and spherical cases are derived, and the results compare very favorably with other common configurations and collimator shapes, such as standard cylindrical apertures and parallel-hole masks. For one example of collimating 2.615 MeV gamma rays, a quartic collimator reduces the required volume by over 70% from a standard cylindrical collimator.
Natural history of prenatally diagnosed 46,X,isodicentric Y.

Objectives The karyotype 46,X,isodicentric Y has rarely been reported in the context of prenatal diagnosis. The literature is replete with descriptions of individuals with 46,X,isodicentric Y/45,X mosaicism, presenting with a spectrum of phenotypes. The postnatal phenotype is believed to depend on the extent of mosaicism in the gonads or other affected tissues. The purpose of this article is to delineate the natural history of this chromosomal abnormality when identified in the context of prenatal diagnosis. Methods We identified a 45,X/46,X,idicY karyotype in the structurally normal male fetus of a woman presenting with an abnormal triple screen. Four other prenatally ascertained cases were found in our files as well as ten in the medical literature. Results Of the 15 cases presented here, 11 (73%) were reported as phenotypically normal males, 1 was found to have an epididymal cyst, and 1 had normal male genitalia, but was also found to have a cardiovascular defect. One out of 15 (7%) was found to have female genitalia and was therefore confirmed to have Turner syndrome. In one case, the outcome was not reported. Conclusion An individual diagnosed prenatally with idic(Y) may in many cases be a normal male, similar to the outcome for prenatally diagnosed 45,X/46,XY. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent multimedia repositories (IMRs) for project estimation and management: an empirical study

Abstract This research explores whether the use of multimedia and intelligent agents foster the reuse of artifacts from a repository. That is, can a repository enhance reuse effectivity if it can (1) offer diverse media for conveying an artifact's information, and (2) utilize agents that support human reuse processes? A study was conducted with 33 professional respondents in a software project estimation repository. Performance and reaction data were collected on the purpose, role, usefulness, impact, and importance of 14 media/artifact categories. Results show the repository improves performance significantly, and the multimedia and agents play an important role. Specific lessons learned are offered for the design of reuse repositories, the use of multimedia, and the role for intelligent agents.
Generation of Transgene‐Free Lung Disease‐Specific Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Single Excisable Lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette

The development of methods to achieve efficient reprogramming of human cells while avoiding the permanent presence of reprogramming transgenes represents a critical step toward the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for clinical purposes, such as disease modeling or reconstituting therapies. Although several methods exist for generating iPSC free of reprogramming transgenes from mouse cells or neonatal normal human tissues, a sufficiently efficient reprogramming system is still needed to achieve the widespread derivation of disease-specific iPSC from humans with inherited or degenerative diseases. Here, we report the use of a humanized version of a single lentiviral "stem cell cassette" vector to accomplish efficient reprogramming of normal or diseased skin fibroblasts obtained from humans of virtually any age. Simultaneous transfer of either three or four reprogramming factors into human target cells using this single vector allows derivation of human iPSC containing a single excisable viral integration that on removal generates human iPSC free of integrated transgenes. As a proof of principle, here we apply this strategy to generate >100 lung disease-specific iPSC lines from individuals with a variety of diseases affecting the epithelial, endothelial, or interstitial compartments of the lung, including cystic fibrosis, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency-related emphysema, scleroderma, and sickle-cell disease. Moreover, we demonstrate that human iPSC generated with this approach have the ability to robustly differentiate into definitive endoderm in vitro, the developmental precursor tissue of lung epithelia.
Lack of global meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, and paucity of tissue-specific gene expression on the Drosophila X chromosome

Background: Paucity of male-biased genes on the Drosophila X chromosome is a well-established phenomenon, thought to be specifically linked to the role of these genes in reproduction and/or their expression in the meiotic male germline. In particular, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) has been widely considered a driving force behind depletion of spermatocyte-biased X-linked genes in Drosophila by analogy with mammals, even though the existence of global MCSI in Drosophila has not been proven. Results: Microarray-based study and qRT-PCR analyses show that the dynamics of gene expression during testis development are very similar between X-linked and autosomal genes, with both showing transcriptional activation concomitant with meiosis. However, the genes showing at least ten-fold expression bias toward testis are significantly underrepresented on the X chromosome. Intriguingly, the genes with similar expression bias toward tissues other than testis, even those not apparently associated with reproduction, are also strongly underrepresented on the X. Bioinformatics analysis shows that while tissue-specific genes often bind silencingassociated factors in embryonic and cultured cells, this trend is less prominent for the X-linked genes. Conclusions: Our data show that the global meiotic inactivation of the X chromosome does not occur in Drosophila. Paucity of testis-biased genes on the X appears not to be linked to reproduction or germline-specific events, but rather reflects a general underrepresentation of tissue-biased genes on this chromosome. Our analyses suggest that the activation/repression switch mechanisms that probably orchestrate the highly-biased expression of tissue-specific genes are generally not efficient on the X chromosome. This effect, probably caused by dosage compensation counteracting repression of the X-linked genes, may be the cause of the exodus of highly tissuebiased genes to the autosomes.
An in vitro system of T cell maturation-effect of cytokines and of thymic epithelial cells ♦ 865

An in vitro system of T cell maturation-effect of cytokines and of thymic epithelial cells ♦ 865
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR VERSUS BIVENTRICULAR PACING FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces symptoms and improves survival in patients with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and a prolonged QRS duration. The extent to which such benefit is due to biventricular (BV) versus LV pacing is unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis
Notes: Vitellolipid and Vitelloprotein Profiles of Environmentally Stressed and Nonstressed Populations of Striped Bass

Abstract Striped bass Morone saxatilis were collected from Lake Anna, a thermally enriched Virginia reservoir, and Smith Mountain Lake, an ambient-temperature Virginia reservoir, and their ovaries were compared for differences in vitellolipid and vitelloprotein. Habitat analyses indicated summer temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations were stressful to striped bass in Lake Anna and nonstressful to striped bass in Smith Mountain Lake. Summer ovary weights, condition factors, and body lengths and weights were significantly lower for Lake Anna striped bass than for Smith Mountain Lake fish. Total vitellolipid and total vitelloprotein concentrations did not differ significantly between the two samples, but concentrations of vitellotriglyceride and other esters and of certain component vitelloproteins were significantly greater in ovaries of Smith Mountain Lake striped bass. These data indicate bioenergetic stresses in Lake Anna did not significantly affect the quantity of vitellolipids and vitellopro...
Modular acoustic velocity sensor: a general-purpose flow meter

The accuracy of an acoustic current meter, called the modular acoustic velocity sensor (MAVS), is evaluated. Sources of error, such as flow disturbance from potential flow around the sensor cage, wake effects from support structure and transducers, vortex shedding from the cage, and electronic zero-point offsets, are discussed. The electronic error dominates at velocities less than 5-10 cm/s, while flow disturbance dominates at higher speeds. The estimated RMS error of the MAVS will be on the order of 3.7% of the mean flow, with a low velocity error floor of 0.1 cm/s. >
Saphenous vein graft bypass of the sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb during the removal of glomus jugulare tumors. Report of two cases.

✓ Glomus jugulare tumors always invade the jugular bulb and sigmoid sinus, making it difficult to resect these tumors totally without sacrificing the involved sinus. Although the sinus can be sacrificed safely in most patients, a few patients will have serious consequences. Reconstruction of the jugular bulb using a saphenous vein graft may enable tumor resection in these patients without complications. The authors describe two cases of saphenous vein grafting used to bypass the sigmoid sinus. The first case is that of a 61-year-old man with a glomus jugulare tumor that invaded the dominant sigmoid sinus, which was poorly collateralized. Temporary occlusion of the sinus during surgery caused a 15-mm Hg increase in intrasinus pressure, without brain swelling or changes in evoked potentials. A saphenous vein graft was used to bypass the sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb and to allow for total tumor removal. The patient had a good outcome. The second case is that of a 41-year-old man with a left glomus jugulare...
Spatial approaches to moons from resonance relative to invariant manifolds

Abstract In this study, the final approach to a moon or other body from resonance is explored and compared to the invariant manifolds of unstable periodic orbits. It is shown that the stable manifolds of planar Lyapunov orbits can act as a guide for the periods or resonances that are required for the final approach in both the planar and spatial problems. Previously developed techniques for the planar problem are expanded for use with resonances and used for comparison with trajectories approaching a moon from these resonances. A similar technique is then used for exploring the relationship of invariant manifolds to approach trajectories in the spatial problem. It is shown that the invariant manifolds of unstable periodic orbits provide insight into the trajectory design, and they can be used as a guide to the more direct approach trajectories.
Human and organization factors: engineering operating safety into offshore structures

Abstract History indicates clearly that the safety of offshore structures is determined primarily by the humans and organizations responsible for these structures during their design, construction, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning. If the safety of offshore structures is to be preserved and improved, then attention of engineers should focus on to how to improve the reliability of the offshore structure ‘system,’ including the people that come into contact with the structure during its life-cycle. This article reviews and discusss concepts and engineering approaches that can be used in such efforts. Two specific human factor issues are addressed: (1) real-time management of safety during operations, and (2) development of a Safety Management Assessment System to help improve the safety of offshore structures.
Plasmon hybridization in nanorod dimers

Using the plasmon hybridization method we investigate the plasmon modes of nanorod dimers in axial and parallel orientations. We show that the plasmon modes of the system can be viewed as bonding and anti-bonding modes resulting from the hybridization of the plasmon modes of the individual nanorods. The dimer plasmon modes are found to depend sensitively on separation between the nanorods and on their relative spatial orientation. The calculated optical properties agree quantitatively with results from the numerical finite-difference time-domain method. The electric field enhancements are found to depend strongly on aspect ratio defined as the ratio of the major and minor radii, and on the relative orientation of the nanorods. For a nanorod dimer of fixed overall length, the maximum field enhancements are lower than those induced in a solid sphere dimer.
Combined modality treatment for Stage III non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract There are increasing reports of studies in which combined modality treatment is being tested in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Randomized trials in which sequential chemo-radiotherapy has been compared to radiation alone and in which single agent cisplatin and simultaneous thoracic radiation were compared to radiation are reviewed and discussed. The largest and the most mature phase II trials of preoperative chemotherapy are also included in this review. Similarly the results from recently reported small randomized trials evaluating preoperative treatment are described. Potential future directions for clinical trials are suggested, including the incorporation of new agents in combined modality regimens.
Visual hallucinosis in non‐delusional elderly

The goal of this article was to review the literature on visual hallucinations (VH) and, more specifically, the association of visual perceptual disorders with age, specific pathologies that are etiologically related to the VH, the anatomical location of the pathology, and the relation of the characteristics of the VH to the pathology and location of the lesions and, in addition, the importance of insight in the differential diagnosis of the VH. A total of 45 articles, representing 117 cases dating from 1940 to 1991, were reviewed. This review, although relying on information provided retrospectively, includes cases of VH from all disciplines and attempts to identify characteristics associated with this disorder. Our review does show an increased frequency of VH in the elderly, with almost 50% of the case reports in the past 50 years occurring in patients in their seventh and eighth decades. There was a large differential diagnosis of VH and there may be multifactorial causality. Eye pathology was the most frequent association with VH in patients over age 60 in our review, with cataracts accounting for over half of the cases reported within this group. Our review confirms that VH can occur as a result of a lesion anywhere within the visual perceptual system—from the lens to the association cortex.
Holographic grating formation in dye- and fullerene C(60)-doped nematic liquid-crystal film.

Transient and persistent holographic gratings have been observed in dye- and fullerene C60-doped nematic liquid-crystal films. The nature and time evolution of the underlying mechanisms, such as space-charge field production, flows, and dielectric- and conductivity-induced torques, and the resultant director axis reorientation and refractive-index gratings are examined.
Clinical trial of vitamin A supplementation in infants susceptible to bronchopulmonary dysplasia

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to determine whether vitamin A supplementation from early postnatal life could reduce the morbidity associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Forty VLBW neonates (700 to 1300 g birth weight, 26 to 30 weeks gestational age), who were oxygen dependent and required mechanical ventilation for at least 72 hours after birth, were given by the intramuscular route either supplemental vitamin A (retinyl palmitate 2000 IU) or 0.9% saline solution on postnatal day 4 and every other day thereafter for a total of 14 injections over 28 days. The study groups were comparable in gestational maturity, clinical characteristics, initial lung disease, and vitamin A status at entry into the trial. Vitamin A administration resulted in significantly higher mean plasma concentrations of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in treated infants compared with controls. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was diagnosed in nine of 20 infants given vitamin A supplement and in 17 of 20 control infants (P
Brain uridine monophosphate: reduced incorporation of uridine during avoidance learning.

Abstract Avoidance training produced no detectable changes in the radioactivity incorporated from [5-3H]uridine into total RNA of mouse brain, but decreased the radioactivity in brain uridine monophosphate. The chemical response was largest in the subcortical forebrain, and did not occur in yoked control mice. This phenomenon has important implications for the interpretation of previous experiments, which employed the amount of radioactivity in uridine monophosphate as the pool correction factor in studying the effects of avoidance training upon the incorporation of uridine into brain RNA.
Acoustically Consistent Investigation of Combustion Instabilities in a Dump Combustor

An acoustically consistent, linear modal analysis-based analytical method is presented to predict the longitudinal and transverse combustion instabilities in a two-dimensional Cartesian dump combustor. At first, rigorous acoustical analysis (without combustion) is performed of two duct configurations with one and two discontinuities in the cross-sectional area. Novel, acoustically consistent jump or matching conditions are developed and applied at the duct cross-sectional interface(s), with distinct forms for the purely axial and nonaxial modes. The effects of uniform and nonuniform mean flows, cross-sectional area ratio, as well as of different types of boundary conditions on the duct acoustic modes are investigated. Acoustic modal frequency predictions are in excellent agreement with the analytical and numerical results of Meissner (“Effect of Cross-Sectional Area Discontinuities in Closed Hard-Walled Ducts on Frequency of Longitudinal Modes,” Archives of Acoustics, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2010, pp. 421–435). I...
An Ice Age Refugium for Large Mammals in the Alexander Archipelago, Southeastern Alaska

Genetic and paleontological evidence are combining to provide a new and surprising picture of mammalian biogeography in southeastern Alaska. Prior to our study, the brown and black bears of the Alexander Archipelago were considered postglacial immigrants that never had overlapping ranges. Vertebrate fossils from caves on Prince of Wales Island now demonstrate that brown and black bears coexisted there (and even inhabited the same caves) both before and after the last glaciation. Differences in mtDNA sequences suggest that living brown bears of the Alexander Archipelago comprise a distinct clade and are more closely related to polar bears than to their mainland conspecifics. We conclude that brown bears, and perhaps other large mammals, have continuously inhabited the archipelago for at least 40,000 yr and that habitable refugia were therefore available throughout the last glaciation.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ-Deficient Heterozygous Mice Develop an Exacerbated Neural Antigen-Induced Th1 Response and Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates cell growth, differentiation, and homeostasis. PPARgamma agonists are potent therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and inflammation. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a Th1 cell-mediated inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis. We have shown recently that PPARgamma agonists inhibit EAE by blocking IL-12 production, IL-12 signaling, and neural Ag-induced Th1 differentiation. In this study, we show that the PPARgamma-deficient heterozygous mice develop an exacerbated EAE with prolonged clinical symptoms than the wild-type littermates, following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) p35-55 peptide. The exacerbation of EAE in PPARgamma(+/-) mice associates with an increased expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and expression of CD40 and MHC class II molecules in response to MOGp35-55 Ag. The PPARgamma(+/-) mice also showed an increase in T cell proliferation and Th1 response to MOGp35-55 Ag than the wild-type littermates. These findings suggest that PPARgamma be a critical physiological regulator of CNS inflammation and demyelination in EAE and perhaps multiple sclerosis and other Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Real-time SEM/FIB studies of whisker growth and surface modification

We report on real-time measurements that enable us to watch the morphology of whiskers and hillocks forming in real-time and provide insight into the mechanisms controlling their growth and initiation. These measurements show that whiskers appear to grow out of a single grain on the surface with little lateral growth. To understand why whiskers initiate at specific sites, we modified the surface using the focused ion beam to remove the oxide in selected areas. Whiskers did not grow out of these uncovered areas, indicating that the underlying grain structure is important to whisker growth and it is not sufficient to just remove the oxide barrier. In comparison with whiskers, we found that hillock formation is accompanied by a large amount of grain growth and often by grain rotation at the surface.
Mouse Models of Brain Tumors and Their Applications in Preclinical Trials

Primary brain tumors, including gliomas and medulloblastomas, often represent the most devastating and difficult-to-treat tumors, and are thought to arise from glial cells and/or their precursors or the external granule cell layer, respectively. The majority of genetic alterations characteristic of the human brain tumors are thought to occur in genes encoding proteins involved in signal transduction or cell cycle regulation. Accurate recapitulation of these genetic alterations using genetically engineered mouse models allows for in vivo modeling of brain tumors with similar histopathology, etiology, and biology. These mouse models, in turn, increase our understanding of brain tumor initiation, formation, progression, and metastasis, providing an experimental system to discover novel therapeutic targets and test various therapeutic agents.
Superconductivity at General Electric (1960-1990): from science to technology to products and profits

Summary form only given. In this case history, we discuss the evolution of superconductivity from empirical discovery to theory development, to proof of the theory by the General Electric (GE) laboratory experiments, to the development, design and manufacture of superconducting materials and magnets for a limited market, to the breakthrough of application to magnet resonance imaging (MRI) which resulted in the world leadership of GE in sales and profits in the medical diagnostic imaging market. We show how the basic research by GE physicist Ivar Giaever led to a Nobel Prize but did not produce any commercial benefit for GE for twenty years. In fact, GE decided not to enter the superconducting materials and magnets business, and allowed entrepreneurial researchers to spin off a new venture. Only ten years later did GE decide to reenter the business and produce its own magnets for vertical integration within its MRI business to become the world leader. By analyzing the risks involved in new product development and launch, we explain why GE's decision to spin off the business in 1971 was strategically correct, and why the decision to reenter the business ten years later was equally strategically correct.
Nutritional consequences of chronic maternal conditions during pregnancy and lactation: lupus and diabetes

Few treated chronic conditions preclude the ability of a mother to conceive. However, consequences of the condition may undermine the pregnancy or aggravate maternal disease. Most chronic conditions require nutritional intervention beyond the normal needs of pregnancy. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are two common autoimmune disorders that affect women of childbearing age. Little has been published about the long-term consequences of current medication regimens for SLE and their interactions with either nutrient metabolism or requirements. More information is available on macronutrient dietary needs and metabolism during pregnancy and lactation in women with IDDM, but little is published about the metabolism of other nutrients in this condition. Thus, the nutritional consequences of treating these diseases during pregnancy and lactation must be evaluated continually.
Microbial responses to simulated tillage in cultivated and uncultivated soils

Tillage is known to have long-term eAects on organic matter and labile pools of nutrients in soil, but the short-term changes in microbial dynamics and activity after tillage are less well understood. We investigated the immediate eAects of simulated tillage on microbial community structure as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, microbial activity, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools. Intact cores were obtained from Chualar sandy loam soils under grassland and vegetable production. The top 15 cm of soil was sieved to simulate tillage, then the cores were incubated in the greenhouse. Sampling took place 1 day before the tillage simulation and throughout the next 2 weeks. In the grassland soil, multivariate analysis showed changes in PLFA profiles within hours, indicating rapid changes in microbial community structure. Specific PLFA markers indicated a reduction in microeukaryotic biomass as well as an increase in a microbial stress marker after sieving. Respiration (as determined by soil incubation in sealed containers) decreased immediately after sieving and continued to decline through the next 14 days. Sieving was followed by a continuous accumulation of nitrate. In the vegetable soil, the changes in PLFA profiles were slow and gradual. The PLFA stress indicator rose only slightly. Microbial activity and biomass were low, and only small changes occurred in most variables. A decline in respiration and an increase in nitrate occurred several days after sieving. In both soils, decreased soil moisture may have contributed to changes in soil responses after sieving. Short-term responses to tillage may be less pronounced in soils with a long history of cultivation because of a relatively resilient microbial community and/or because lower initial microbial biomass and nutrient pools preclude a strong response to disturbance. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
iPoG: fast interactive proximity querying on graphs

Given an author-conference graph, how do we answer proximity queries (e.g., what are the most related conferences for John Smith?); how can we tailor the search result if the user provides additional yes/no type of feedback (e.g., what are the most related conferences for John Smith given that he does not like ICML?)? Given the potential computational complexity, we mainly devote ourselves to addressing the computational issues in this paper by proposing an efficient solution (referred to as iPoG-B) for bipartite graphs. Our experimental results show that the proposed fast solution (iPoGB) achieves significant speedup, while leading to the same ranking result.
Interdisciplinary science with large aperture detectors

Large aperture detector systems to measure high energy cosmic rays also offer unique opportunities in other areas of science. Disciplines include geophysics such as seismic and volcanic activity, and atmospheric science ranging from clouds to lightning to aerosols to optical transients. This paper will discuss potential opportunities based on the ongoing experience of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Geochemical Variations in Peoria Loess of Western Iowa Indicate Paleowinds of Midcontinental North America during Last Glaciation

Peoria Loess deposited in western Iowa during the last glacial maximum (LGM) shows distinct geochemical and particle-size variations as a function of both depth and distance east of the Missouri River. Geochemical and particle-size data indicate that Peoria Loess in western Iowa probably had two sources: the Missouri River valley, and a source that lay to the west of the Missouri River. Both sources indicate that LGM paleowinds in western Iowa had a strong westerly component, similar to interpretations of previous workers. A compilation of loess studies in Iowa and elsewhere indicates that westerly winds were dominant during loess transport over much of the midcontinent south of the Laurentide ice sheet, which is not in agreement with paleowinds simulated by atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). AGCMs consistently generate a glacial anticyclone with easterly or northeasterly winds over the Laurentide ice sheet and the area to the south of it. Loess deposition in the midcontinent during the LGM may be a function of infrequent northwesterly winds that were unrelated to the presence of the glacial anticyclone.
Combinational profiles of sequential benchmark circuits

A set of 31 digital sequential circuits described at the gate level is presented. These circuits extend the size and complexity of the ISCAS'85 set of combinational circuits and can serve as benchmarks for researchers interested in sequential test generation, scan-based test generation, and mixed sequential/scan-based test generation using partial scan techniques. Although all the benchmark circuits are sequential, synchronous, and use only D-type flip-flops, additional interior faults and asynchronous behavior can be introduced by substituting for some or all of the flip-flops their appropriate functional models. The standard functional model of the D flip-flop provides a reference point that is independent of the faults particular to the flip-flop implementation. A testability profile of the benchmarks in the full-scan-mode configuration is discussed. >
Correlating fullerene diffusion with the polythiophene morphology: molecular dynamics simulations

Polymer film morphology is known to correlate with the efficient charge transport and device efficiency of the bulk heterojunction solar cell. Further improvements of the performance of organic solar cells require a better understanding of the mechanisms of diffusion and molecular rearrangement. In this paper, we used atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to provide insights into the factors affecting diffusion of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and fullerene (C60) into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We examined the diffusion and interactions of PCBMs in amorphous and around crystalline P3HTs at different temperatures. Simulations showed that fullerene particles tend to aggregate in amorphous P3HTs and on (100) surfaces. However, the diffusion of fullerenes on the (010) surface was mainly attributed to the preferential binding between fullerene cages and aromatic P3HT backbone which led to their directional diffusion on the thiophene backbone. The presence of the functional group in PCBM can be attributed to an increase in the diffusion coefficient by a factor of 1.5 to 2 as compared to C60. Interestingly low regioregularity of P3HTs reduced the diffusion and aggregation of PCBMs.
Optimal Growth, Resource Amenities and the Preservation of Natural Environments

This paper examines the conditions for which it is optimal to permanently preserve natural environments in which a productive natural resource is found. The conditions are more restrictive than those previously indicated in the literature on the economics of natural environments. Increasing consumption and declining commodity prices are not sufficient to warrant permanent preservation. The initial capital stock can be an important determinant of the optimal level of preservation. In addition, resource amenity values will increase the initial resource price and decrease the rate of growth of the resource price. The natural world provides a variety of services to the human community. Natural resources are essential inputs in the production of goods and services. In addition, the natural world generates a variety of amenity services including the scientific, recreational, and aesthetic value of preserved natural environments (Krutilla (1967), Krutilla and Fisher (1975a)). This paper examines the impact of resource amenity values on the optimal growth of an economy which depends upon natural resource inputs for the production of goods and services. In particular, the paper examines the conditions under which it is optimal to permanently preserve some natural environments in which the productive resource is found. The conditions which warrant permanent preservation are more restrictive than previously indicated by the literature on the economics of natural environments. Increasing consumption and declining commodity prices are not sufficient to warrant permanent preservation. In addition, the initial capital endowment can be an important determinant of the optimal level of preservation.
Surface activity determination of aqueous tear components in dry eye patients and normals

Abstract A micromethod based on contact angle goniometry has been developed to study surface activity changes in aqueous tear components of tear samples of 5 μl or even less. This method was used to investigate the effect of dilution and relative mucin content on the combined surface activities of tear components and tear component analogues. The following determinations were made: (1) the decrease in tension of a water-nonpolar interface due to adsorption of tear components; (2) the wettability by tears of a layer of surface-active tear components adsorbed on a nonpolar solid; (3) the approximate surface tension of the aqueous tears. The tears examined by this method were obtained from normals and from patients suffering from ocular pemphigoid, mild keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A slight decrease was observed in the combined surface activity of the tear components in tears from patients with ocular pemphigoid and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. This is attributed to a moderate decrease of the relative mucin content of the aqueous tears. The deviation from normal of tear component surface activity thus detected was insufficient to account for the tear film instability observed in these dry eye states. A significantly increased surface activity for tear components in tears from Stevens-Johnson patients was found. This is probably effected by unidentified inflammation products. The decrease in the wettability of the adsorbed tear components from tears of the sicca patients was attributed to the increased lipid contamination of the macromolecular tear components. It must be emphasized that composition and surface activity of the tear components do not offer information on the continuity and thickness of the underlying mucus layer of the tear film. These two layers are not even in equilibrium because of the low mobility of the macromolecules and the disturbing effect of frequent lid motion. Thus, the mucus layer in the dry eye states associated with reduced goblet cell population can be inadequate despite nearly normal tear composition and tear component surface activity, resulting in premature tear film breakup.
High-grade gliomas in patients with prior systemic malignancies

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to characterize the impact of a prior malignancy on the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of high-grade glioma. METHODS A retrospective study of 21 patients with a histologic diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), or anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) after a prior diagnosis of solid tumor or hematologic malignancy was conducted. Glioma histology (GBM vs. AA/AO), patient age (≤ 60 years vs. > 60 years), and extent of resection (biopsy vs. subtotal vs. complete) were evaluated for their prognostic influence. RESULTS Of the 21 patients studied, 17 had GBM, 3 had AA, and 1 patient had high-grade AO. There were 25 systemic carcinomas diagnosed in 21 patients (18 solid tumors including breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and melanoma and 7 hematologic malignancies). The glioma occurred within a previous radiation field in only three patients, two of whom had solid tumors and one of whom had a childhood hematologic malignancy. Surgical resection was the initial treatment for the brain tumor in 17 patients, and the majority of patients received radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Four patients who initially were misdiagnosed as having brain metastases received whole brain radiation therapy as their initial treatment, thereby compromising optimal care. The overall median survival for all the patients in the current study was 14 months (range, 1–44 months) from the time of brain tumor diagnosis. The extent of resection was found to be the only prognostic variable that was associated with survival (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Secondary glioma may occur in patients as a consequence of therapy for a prior malignancy, but most often represents a sporadic event. The outcome and recommended treatment are identical to those for patients with primary gliomas. Accurate diagnosis is essential; neuroimaging often is suggestive of a primary brain tumor and should initiate surgical intervention so that histopathology can be obtained early and appropriate treatment instituted. Cancer 2002;94:3219–24. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10595
Changes in Splenic Macrophage Mac Antigen Expression During Tumor Growth: A Kinetic Study of Accessory Cell Function and Antigen‐Defined Phenotypes

Three monoclonal antibodies, anti-Mac-i, -2, and -3, were used to modify accessory cell activity of whole spleen cell (WSC) or splenic adherent cell (SAC) preparations from normal or tumor-bearing hosts (TBH). Ligand activation by anti-Mac-i, -2 and -3 modified normal and TBH WSC lectin responses differentially; the most pronounced effect was with anti-Mac i, which augmented normal WSC responsiveness, whereas anti-Mac-2 and -3 augmented TBH WSC mitogenesis. Ligand interaction with Mac-2 epitopes resulted in significantly suppressed normal host WSC responsiveness. With complement, anti-Mac-i and -3 each reduced normal and TBH WSC proliferation. Reconstitution of blastogenesis was obtained by combining Mac-2-depleted with Mac3-depleted normal host WSC or by combining Mac-i-depleted with Mac-2depleted TBH WSC. To evaluate the role of different types of splenic adherent cells in T cell lectin responsiveness, adherent cells were collected and depleted by antibody plus complement treatment and added back to normal T cells. Removal of TBH SAC indicated the number of Mac-i + SAC susceptible to lysis increased during tumor growth, whereas those susceptible to anti-Mac-2 and-3 treatment decreased. Removal of Mac-i + normal host SAC stimulated the supportive accessory function of the remaining SAC. Enhancing accessory cell function diminished after removal of Mac-2� or Mac-i + normal and TBH SAC, respectively. T cell responsiveness was increased by adding back combinations of normal host SAC, Mac-i-depleted with Mac-3-depleted SAC or Mac-i-depleted with Mac-2-depleted SAC but not by Mac-2-depleted with Mac3-depleted SAC. In contrast, none of the TBH SAC combinations were completely restored in accessory activity. In summary, SAC from normal host demonstrated an accesssory cell function corresponding to a Mac-i - phenotype, which was either replaced or obscured by the predominance of a Maci + phenotype in TBH.
Simulation of multifilament semicrystalline polymer fiber melt-spinning

The goal of this effort is to provide an accurate simulation of multifilament fiber melt spinning, applicable for a wide range of material and process conditions. For ease of use, the model should run on a standard laptop or desktop computer in reasonable time (one hour or less). Most melt spinning models simulate the formation of a single filament, with little or no attention given to multifilament effects. Available multifilament simulations are primarily limited to Newtonian constitutive models for the polymer flow. We present a multifilament simulation based on the flow-enhanced crystallization approach of Shrikhande et al. [J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100, 2006, 3240-3254] combined with a variant on the multifilament quench model of Zhang, et al. [J. Macromol. Sci. Phys., 47, 2007, 793-806]. We demonstrate the versatility of this model by applying it to isotactic polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate, under a variety of process conditions.
Expression of a chimeric retroviral-lipase mRNA confers enhanced lipolysis in a hibernating mammal.

Hibernating mammals can survive several months without feeding by limiting their carbohydrate catabolism and using triacylglycerols stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) as their primary source of f...