cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies Toward Optimal Charge Stratification in a Rotary Engine

Abstract With charge stratification, efficiency and emission improvements are possible with relatively minor modifications of standard power plants. However, for most stratified charge engines, more research and development is necessary to obtain uniformly clean and efficient combustion over broad speed-load operating ranges. A theoretical model for the early stages of the fuel-air mixing process was developed and applied to a direct injection stratified charge rotary engine. The goal is the selection of injection parameters so as to achieve an optimal spatial distribution of the vapor fuel in the combustion chamber at the time of ignition. The constraint is imposed that this optimal distribution is to be maintained over the entire speed-load operating range. The model makes use of semi-empirical relationships for the initial conditions for the spray and enables one to compute the penetration, vaporization and mixing processes as they unfold in space and time. The trends predicted by the model are shown t...
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay the occurrence of renal involvement and are associated with a decreased risk of disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus—results from LUMINA (LIX): a multiethnic US cohort

Objective. To examine if angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use delays the occurrence of renal involvement and decreases the risk of disease activity in SLE patients. Methods. SLE patients (Hispanics, African Americans and Caucasians) from the lupus in minorities: nature vs nurture (LUMINA) cohort were studied. Renal involvement was defined as ACR criterion and/or biopsy-proven lupus nephritis. Time-to-renal involvement was examined by univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Disease activity was examined with a case-crossover design and a conditional logistic regression model; in the case intervals, a decrease in the SLAM-R score ≥4 points occurred but not in the control intervals. Results. Eighty of 378 patients (21%) were ACE inhibitor users; 298 (79%) were not. The probability of renal involvement free-survival at 10 yrs was 88.1% for users and 75.4% for non-users (P = 0.0099, log rank test). Users developed persistent proteinuria and/or biopsy-proven lupus nephritis (7.1%) less frequently than non-users (22.9%), P = 0.016. By multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, ACE inhibitors use [hazard ratio (HR) 0.27; 95% CI 0.09, 0.78] was associated with a longer time-to-renal involvement occurrence whereas African American ethnicity (HR 3.31; 95% CI 1.44, 7.61) was with a shorter time. ACE inhibitor use (54/288 case and 254/1148 control intervals) was also associated with a decreased risk of disease activity (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34, 0.94). Conclusions. ACE inhibitor use delays the development of renal involvement and associates with a decreased risk of disease activity in SLE; corroboration of these findings in other lupus cohorts is desirable before practice recommendations are formulated.
Effects of prolonged oxygen exposure at 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5 ATA on pulmonary function in men (Predictive Studies V)

As part of a study of human organ O2 tolerance, lung flow-volume and spirometric measurements were performed repeatedly before, during, and after continuous O2 exposures at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ATA fo...
A sea-of-gates style FPGA placement algorithm

The placement objectives for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is to achieve 100% routability within the architectural constraints. We present a hierarchical placement approach for a sea-of-gates style FPGA. The global placement phase minimizes congestion estimates of the global routing regions and satisfies all constraints at a coarser level. The detailed placer seeks to maximize the routability of the FPGA by considering factors which cause congestion at the detailed routing level and to precisely satisfy all of the constraints. Despite having limited knowledge about the gate level architectural details, we have achieved a 90% reduction in the number of unrouted nets in comparison to an industrial tool (the only other tool) developed specifically for this architecture. >
Adolescent Mothers and Depression: Predictors of Resilience and Risk through the Toddler Years.

ABSTRACT This study investigated predictors of depression in 278 African-American, 206 European-American, and 122 Hispanic teen mothers approximately 36 months after the birth while controlling for depression 14 months after the birth. Predictor variables were age, ethnicity, mastery, knowledge of development, and parental distress. Younger teens were not more depressed than older teens. Although there were not significant differences by ethnicity in 14 month depression, significant differences were evident at 36 months. European-American mothers were the most depressed, whereas Hispanic mothers were the least depressed. Parental distress was positively associated with depression at 36 months while controlling for depression at 14 months. This study provides information for targeting teen mothers at the highest risk for depression through the toddler years, as well as spurs ideas for intervention stategies.
Differential Coronary Microvascular Exchange Responses to Adenosine: Roles of Receptor and Microvessel Subtypes

Objective: To assess the role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of coronary microvascular permeability to porcine serum albumin (PsPSA).Methods: Solute flux was measured in single perfused arterioles and venules isolated from pig hearts using fluorescent dye-labeled probes by microspectro-fluorometry. Messenger RNA, protein, and cellular distribution of adenosine receptors in arterioles and venules were analyzed by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence.Results: Control venule PsPSA (10.7 ± 4.8× 10− 7 cm · s− 1) was greater than that of arterioles (6.4± 2.8× 10−7 cm · s−1; p < .05). Arteriolar PsPSA decreased (p < .05) with adenosine suffusion over the range from 10− 8 to 10−5 M, while venular PsPSA did not change. The nonselective A1 and A2 receptor antagonist, 8-(p-sulfophenyl) theophylline, blocked the adenosine-induced decrease in arteriolar PsPSA. Messenger RNA for adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors was expressed in arterioles and venules. Protein for A1, A2A, and A2B, but not A3, wa...
Smoking-induced upregulation of AKR1B10 expression in the airway epithelium of healthy individuals.

Background The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) gene superfamily codes for monomeric, soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent oxidoreductases that mediate elimination reactions. AKR1B10, an AKR that eliminates retinals, has been observed as upregulated in squamous metaplasia and non-small cell lung cancer and has been suggested as a diagnostic marker specific to tobacco-related carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that upregulation of AKR1B10 expression may be initiated in healthy smokers prior to the development of evidence of lung cancer. Methods Expression of AKR1B10 was assessed at the mRNA level using microarrays with TaqMan confirmation in the large airway epithelium (21 healthy nonsmokers, 31 healthy smokers) and small airway epithelium (51 healthy nonsmokers, 58 healthy smokers) obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and brushing. Results Compared with healthy nonsmokers, AKR1B10 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in both large and small airway epithelia of healthy smokers. Consistent with the mRNA data, AKR1B10 protein was significantly upregulated in the airway epithelium of healthy smokers as assessed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, with AKR1B10 expressed in both differentiated and basal cells. Finally, cigarette smoke extract mediated upregulation of AKR1B10 in airway epithelial cells in vitro, and transfection of AKR1B10 into airway epithelial cells enhanced the conversion of retinal to retinol. Conclusions Smoking per se mediates upregulation of AKR1B10 expression in the airway epithelia of healthy smokers with no evidence of lung cancer. In the context of these observations and the link of AKR1B10 to the metabolism of retinals and to lung cancer, the smoking-induced upregulation of AKR1B10 may be an early process in the multiple events leading to lung cancer.
Analysis of Nsdhl-deficient embryos reveals a role for Hedgehog signaling in early placental development

The X-linked Nsdhl gene encodes a sterol dehydrogenase involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene cause the male lethal phenotypes in human CHILD syndrome and bare patches (Bpa) mice. Affected male embryos for several mutant Nsdhl alleles die in mid-gestation with a thin and poorly vascularized placental labyrinth. The timing and specific abnormalities noted suggest a defect in one or more developmental signaling pathways as a possible mechanism. Here, we examined the possible involvement of the hedgehog signaling pathway in the placental pathology of Nsdhl mutants using a transgenic mouse line (Ptch1 tm1Mps) that contains a lacZ reporter under the control of the promoter for Ptch1, the gene that encodes the major hedgehog receptor. We demonstrate expression of Ptch1 in allantoic mesoderm of the placenta from wild-type mid-gestation embryos. The evidence suggests that the signaling is induced by Indian hedgehog that is produced by distal (ectoplacental) visceral endoderm cells that migrate into the allantoic mesoderm before embryonic day 10.0. Using a ubiquitously expressed, X-linked lacZ transgene that undergoes normal X-inactivation, we demonstrate that the placental defects in Nsdhl/+ female embryos are non-cell autonomous. Further, affected placentas from mutant Nsdhl Bpa-8H male embryos demonstrate markedly decreased or no Ptchl-lacZ staining and no migration of Ihh expressing cells into the developing placenta. These data strongly implicate the hedgehog signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of the placental defects in NSDHL deficiency and provide evidence for a role for the hedgehog pathway in the development of a functional mammalian placenta.
Roles of diet and physical activity in the prevention of osteoporosis.

In recent years, much attention has been directed toward the prevention of osteoporosis, since this disease has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly women. Research has demonstrated that the prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures may best be achieved by initiating sound health behaviors early in life and continuing them throughout life. Evidence suggests that osteoporosis is easier to prevent than to treat. In fact, healthy early life practices, including the adequate consumption of most nutrients, regular physical activity, and other healthy behaviors, contribute to greater bone mineral measurements and optimal peak bone mass by the fourth decade of life of females, and, perhaps, also of males. Several reports have shown that the adequate consumption of nutrients, calcium in particular, during the pre-pubertal and early post-pubertal years of females contribute to increased peak bone mass. Indeed, skeletal benefits from long-term calcium supplementation have...
Aging skeletal muscle mitochondria in the rat: decreased uncoupling protein-3 content

The goal of the present study was to discern the cellular mechanism(s) that contributes to the age-associated decrease in skeletal muscle aerobic capacity. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, a parameter of oxidative capacity, was significantly lower (25 and 20% calculated on the basis of citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, respectively) in 24-mo-old Fischer 344 rats compared with 6-mo-old adult rats. Mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of both age groups had identical state 3 (ADP-stimulated) and ADP-stimulated maximal respiratory rates and phosphorylation potential (ADP-to-O ratios) with both nonlipid and lipid substrates. In contrast, mitochondria from 24-mo-old rats displayed significantly lower state 4 (ADP-limited) respiratory rates and, consequently, higher respiratory control ratios. Consistent with the tighter coupling, there was a 68% reduction in uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) abundance in mitochondria from elderly compared with adult rats. Congruent with the respiratory studies, there was no age-associated decrease in carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II activities in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, there was a small, significant decrease in tissue total carnitine content. It is concluded that the in vivo observed decrease in skeletal muscle aerobic capacity with advanced age is a consequence of the decreased mitochondrial density. On the basis of the dramatic reduction of UCP-3 content associated with decreased state 4 respiration of skeletal muscle mitochondria from elderly rats, we propose that an increased free radical production might contribute to the metabolic compromise in aging.
Erratum to: Tissue microarray analysis of eIF4E and its downstream effector proteins in human breast cancer

Correction to Kleiner HE, Krishnan P, Tubbs J, Smith M, Meschonat C, Shi R, Lowery-Nordberg M, Adegboyega P, Unger M, Cardelli J et al: Tissue microarray analysis of eIF4E and its downstream effector proteins in human breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2009, 28:5.
Mondo Nano: Fun and Games in the World of Digital Matter

In Mondo Nano Colin Milburn takes his readers on a playful expedition through the emerging landscape of nanotechnology, offering a light-hearted yet critical account of our high-tech world of fun and games. This expedition ventures into discussions of the first nanocars, the popular video games Second Life , Crysis , and BioShock , international nanosoccer tournaments, and utopian nano cities. Along the way, Milburn shows how the methods, dispositions, and goals of nanotechnology research converge with video game culture. With an emphasis on play, scientists and gamers alike are building a new world atom by atom, transforming scientific speculations and video game fantasies into reality. Milburn suggests that the closing of the gap between bits and atoms entices scientists, geeks, and gamers to dream of a completely programmable future. Welcome to the wild world of Mondo Nano .
Early detection of adenomatous polyposis coli in Gardner's syndrome.

Gardner9s syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder, consists of multiple polyposis of the colon associated with various soft-and hard-tissue tumors. The appearance of adenomatous hyperplasia and polyposis in at-risk patients before adolescence has not been fully appreciated. Four preadolescent children from a kindred with Gardner9s syndrome were examined by use of colonoscopy and mucosal biopsy. In three children (18 months, 6 years, and 9 years old) adenomatous hyperplasia or polyposis was found. The colon of the fourth child (3 years old) was normal. The three affected children were asymptomatic. The youngest had a barium enema and results were normal. The oldest child had polyps. Biopsies revealed focal atypical hyperplasia of the glands with pseudostratification of the epithelial cells, frequent mitotic figures, and the absence of goblet cells. More severe manifestations were noted in the splenic flexure than in the sigmoid flexure or rectum. The youngest patient showed early adenomatous hyperplasia characterized by a marked reduction of the goblet cells, especially in the surface epithelium. Colonoscopy and mucosal biopsies are mandatory in at-risk children. By deferring colonic examination until adolescence, a patient is placed at risk for malignant degeneration of the adenomatous tumor.
Latent Traps in Patent Exhaustion after Quanta

The Supreme Court’s recent opinion in Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. notably affirmed the exhaustibility of method patents. Yet the Quanta decision also introduces other, more subtle elements into patent exhaustion jurisprudence. First, the Court conflates two formerly independent preconditions of patent exhaustion, namely (1) the utility of the unfinished article and (2) the purpose of the exhausting sale. Second, the Court purports to relax the standard of alternate uses for the patented article, from merely possible alternate uses to reasonable ones. These changes have the potential to shift the balance of power in patent litigation significantly toward alleged infringers.
The Doctoral Degree in Dental Hygiene: Creating New Oral Healthcare Paradigms.

Abstract Doctoral dental hygiene education would prepare scholars and leaders to improve population health through changes in oral health policy and delivery. Background Discussions about doctoral education in dental hygiene have centered on the need to create a cadre of dental hygiene researchers and scholars who will expand the body of knowledge for the profession. It has been proposed that scholars are needed to lead the development of theory and disseminate knowledge unique to the discipline of dental hygiene. Transformation to doctoral education is not a new trend as many other health care disciplines have already implemented curricular models, establishing the doctoral degree for entry level into practice. The Institute of Medicine has called for the exploration of new models for care delivery. Dental hygienists need to be prepared with leadership skills enabling them to participate and lead interprofessional teams and develop policies designed to improve the delivery of oral health care services to enhance population health. Current educational models do not adequately prepare dental hygienists to serve in this capacity. Methods The purpose of this article is to present 2 models of doctoral education for dental hygiene that will illustrate how dental hygienists can be better prepared as scholars and leaders for the profession. Conclusion These proposed models of doctoral education in dental hygiene present a paradigm shift in dental hygiene education. As with other disciplines that have evolved, both academically and professionally, dental hygiene will be positioned to achieve the hallmark of professional status with this terminal degree.
EEG Asymmetry in Borderline Personality Disorder and Depression Following Rejection

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) share numerous features, including dysphoric affect, irritability, suicidality, and a heightened sensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection. However, these disorders are associated with divergent profiles of reactivity to rejection: Individuals with MDD are more likely to respond with withdrawal and isolation, and those with BPD appear to respond with increased approach behaviors and greater hostility. Potential mechanisms underlying these divergent patterns of response have not been elaborated. The goal of the present study was to assess whether prefrontal cortical asymmetry is associated with these behavioral profiles. EEG alpha activity was recorded at baseline and after individuals with BPD, MDD and healthy controls (HCs) participated in a rejection task. Although no differences were found at baseline, results demonstrated that following rejection, individuals with BPD showed greater left cortical activation, consistent with approach motivation, whereas those with MDD showed greater right cortical activation, consistent with withdrawal motivation. HCs evidenced a more balanced cortical profile, as hypothesized. Although BPD and MDD are highly comorbid, are easily confused, and are phenomenologically similar in a number of ways, individuals with these two disorders respond in very different ways to perceived rejection.
P135 Defining the intracellular innate immune synapse

Introduction Innate immunity to RNA virus infection is triggered when the cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor RIG-I engages viral RNA in infected cells. RIG-I pathway signaling is transmitted by the RIG-I adaptor protein MAVS, which resides on mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM), a distinct membrane that links ER to mitochondria. During RNA virus infection, RIG-I is recruited into the MAM where it binds MAVS and drives the actions of a signalosome that mediates downstream induction of antiviral, proinflammatory, and immunomodulatory genes that impart control of infection and immunity. MAM-tethering to mitochondria and peroxisomes coordinates MAVS localization to form a signaling synapse between membranes. The importance of the MAM within this “innate immune synapse” is highlighted by the fact that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease cleaves MAVS on the MAM, but not the mitochondria, to evade immunity. Methods To identify the components that regulate formation and function of the innate immune synapse and the MAVS signalosome, we characterized the proteome of MAM, ER, and cytosol subcellular fractions from uninfected cells and from cells with either chronic (HCV) or acute (Sendai) RNA virus infections. Results Comparative analysis of protein trafficking dynamics during both chronic and acute infection reveals differential protein profiles in the MAM compartment under RIG-I pathway activation. We also identified molecules recruited to the MAM in both chronic and acute RNA viral infections representing proteins that drive immunity and/or regulate viral replication. Conclusion Our proteomic analysis reveals dynamic cross-talk between subcellular compartments during both acute and chronic RNA virus infection, and demonstrates the importance of the MAM as a central platform that coordinates innate immune signaling to initiate immunity against RNA virus infection.
Coming to voice: the power of emancipatory community interventions.

Despite public and community health nursing's long history of social activism and the advocation of community collaborative and partnership ventures to enhance health status, most community interventions continue to focus on the individual.Larger social structures and institutions that create and support unhealthy behaviors and environments have not been seen as sites for nursing interventions. This article examines the challenges associated with community-level interventions. Community organization and participatory research are offered as models of emancipatory community-level interventions particularly germane to disenfranchised communities.
Biological effects and its control of dificiency of Vitamin A

Vitamin A plays an important biological role in human vision,immunity,growth and differentiation of cells and so on.Despite massive Vitamin A supplementation public health policies in developing countries has been carried out,the burden of VAD is still common,especially in low income countries or regions.Future efforts should be maintained to better target populations at risk with more sensitive,accurate,cheap,feasible evaluation indexes and methods,and better,effective,sustainable integrated interventions approaches to promote prevention and treat ment of Vitamin A dificiency.
Emotional distress and burden among caregivers of children with oncological/hematological disorders.

Introduction Caring for children with oncological and hematological disorders may lead to caregiver emotional distress and caregiver burden; however, little work has examined the relationship between children's symptoms and caregiver's distress and burden. Method This study used self-report survey data from caregivers (N = 96) and a cross-sectional design to examine correlates of caregiver emotional distress and burden. Data collected included caregiver and child demographic data, child symptoms (i.e., sleep problems, pain, and emotional/behavioral problems), caregiver emotional distress, and caregiver burden. Results Multiple linear regression found that parent reported financial difficulty (β = 0.29, t = 3.13, p = .003), greater child sleep problems (β = 0.29 t = 2.81, p = .007), greater child pain (β = 0.33 t = 3.48, p = .001), and greater child emotional/behavioral problems (β = 0.27, t = 2.71, p = .009) were all related to higher levels of caregiver emotional distress. Only financial difficulties (β = -0.35, t = -2.03, p = .04) and child pain (β = -0.30, t = -2.33, p = .02) were related to caregiver burden. Discussion Child symptoms may play an important role in the development of caregiver distress and caregiver burden; future research should utilize longitudinal designs to examine temporal and casual relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record
Functional Neuroimaging Reveals Decline From Premorbid Functioning in AD

Correct and early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is critical to exclude other, treatable, conditions, and is now achieving greater importance with the growing availability of specific treatments. Some of the new dementia treatments are associated with significant toxicity, requiring caution in their widespread use. There is also growing recognition of a wide spectrum of geriatric degenerative diseases that may be pathophysiologically and biochemically distinct. This may, in the near future, require a fundamental rethinking of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Assessment of the clinical cardiac drug-drug interaction associated with the combination of hepatitis C virus nucleotide inhibitors and amiodarone in guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys.

In 2015, European and U.S. health agencies issued warning letters in response to 9 reported clinical cases of severe bradycardia/bradyarrhythmia in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients treated with sofosbuvir (SOF) in combination with other direct acting antivirals (DAAs) and the antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone (AMIO). We utilized preclinical in vivo models to better understand this cardiac effect, the potential pharmacological mechanism(s), and to identify a clinically translatable model to assess the drug-drug interaction (DDI) cardiac risk of current and future HCV inhibitors. An anesthetized guinea pig model was used to elicit a SOF+AMIO-dependent bradycardia. Detailed cardiac electrophysiological studies in this species revealed SOF+AMIO-dependent selective nodal dysfunction, with initial, larger effects on the sinoatrial node. Further studies in conscious, rhesus monkeys revealed an emergent bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia in 3 of 4 monkeys administered SOF+AMIO, effects not observed with either agent alone. Morever, bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia were not observed in rhesus monkeys when intravenous infusion of MK-3682 was completed after AMIO pretreatment. Conclusions These are the first preclinical in vivo experiments reported to replicate the severe clinical SOF+AMIO cardiac DDI and provide potential in vivo mechanism of action. As such, these data provide a preclinical risk assessment paradigm, including a clinically relevant nonhuman primate model, with which to better understand cardiovascular DDI risk for this therapeutic class. Furthermore, these studies suggest that not all HCV DAAs and, in particular, not all HCV nonstructural protein 5B inhibitors may exhibit this cardiac DDI with amiodarone. Given the selective in vivo cardiac electrophysiological effect, these data enable targeted cellular/molecular mechanistic studies to more precisely identify cell types, receptors, and/or ion channels responsible for the clinical DDI. (Hepatology 2016;64:1430-1441).
ENERGY ABSORPTION IN LARGE PANEL STRUCTURAL JOINTS

Abstract With regard to large-panel prefabricated buildings, it is commonly accepted today that during a major earthquake, the panels remain “elastic” while the dynamic load is mainly taken up by the joints which function it is to ensure the stability of the structure. The panels are connected by horizontal and vertical joints within a shearwall, which may be regarded as a system of vertical cantilevers each consisting of several panels connected by horizontal joints. The transfer of dynamic load between the cantilevers induces shear in both vertical and horizontal joints. The principal properties of the “conventional” key-joint, and its behavior under static and dynamic loading - as they appear in various papers - are briefed. The vertical lock-joint, whose behavior is less known in literature, is analyzed. A mathematical model for its absorption of energy and the validity of this model is established. The same procedure is applied for the horizontal joint between the panel and the floor-slab. The correspondence between the mathematical model of absorption of energy in horizontal joint and the experimental data is found to be good. Finally, the absorption of energy in large panel structural joints is analyzed in different stages of loading and the limits of application of the established models is determined.
Mechanistic Study of Common Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Resistant Mutations with K103N and Y181C Substitutions

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a mainstay of therapy for human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1) infections. However, their effectiveness can be hampered by the emergence of resistant mutations. To aid in designing effective NNRTIs against the resistant mutants, it is important to understand the resistance mechanism of the mutations. Here, we investigate the mechanism of the two most prevalent NNRTI-associated mutations with K103N or Y181C substitution. Virus and reverse transcriptase (RT) with K103N/Y188F, K103A, or K103E substitutions and with Y181F, Y188F, or Y181F/Y188F substitutions were employed to study the resistance mechanism of the K103N and Y181C mutants, respectively. Results showed that the virus and RT with K103N/Y188F substitutions displayed similar resistance levels to the virus and RT with K103N substitution versus NNRTIs. Virus and RT containing Y181F, Y188F, or Y181F/Y188F substitution exhibited either enhanced or similar susceptibility to NNRTIs compared with the wild type (WT) virus. These results suggest that the hydrogen bond between N103 and Y188 may not play an important role in the resistance of the K103N variant to NNRTIs. Furthermore, the results from the studies with the Y181 or Y188 variant provide the direct evidence that aromatic π–π stacking plays a crucial role in the binding of NNRTIs to RT.
Lethal intimate partner violence in later life: Understanding measurements, strengths, and limitations of research.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to conduct a critical analysis of existing family violence literature related to elder abuse homicide, also known as “eldercide.” The focus relates to fatal violence perpetrated by current or former intimates. Men are the most likely victims of homicide but are rarely murdered by partners. Older women are most often killed in the home by a spouse or other family, consistent with the notion of “femicide.” The Federal Bureau of Investigation Supplemental Homicide Reports and the Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey are utilized to illustrate trends by sex over time. Intimate partner homicide-suicide is examined via news surveillance. Strengths and limitations of data and methods are addressed. Homicide trends among the members of the baby boom cohort are predicted based on current and future patterns as they age. To facilitate prevention, researchers are encouraged to move beyond simple prevalence estimates toward greater understanding of comple...
Controller design for dc motor drives using multi-objective optimization evolutionary algorithms

Effective motor speed control for electric machine drives need to find a tradeoff among various conflicting control objectives. However, this task Is often not sufficiently cost-effective as accurate system modeling by taking all the nonlinear factors into account is very complex. As a result, the designed controller designer is not able to lead to optimum system performance. However, by using evolutionary computation based stochastic search techniques such as genetic algorithms (GAs) we can find a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. In this paper, a control scheme based on multi-objective optimization evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) is proposed, which is able to tune the current controller and speed controller simultaneously in order to find Pareto-set optimization solution for a cascaded dc motor drive system.
Global Convergent Inferential Self-Tuning Control Algorithm

Abstract A new inferential self-tuning control algorithm presented in this paper can deal with the systems with unmeasured controlled output. This control algorithm uses the generalized minimum variance control law and inferential strategy adopting double measurements as auxiliary outputs. The analysis of global convergence of this controller is also given.
Targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase as a therapeutic strategy for antitussive therapy

Cough is the most common reason to visit a primary care physician, yet it remains an unmet medical need. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that breaks down endocannabinoids, and inhibition of FAAH produces analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Cannabinoids inhibit vagal sensory nerve activation and the cough reflex, so it was hypothesised that FAAH inhibition would produce antitussive activity via elevation of endocannabinoids.Primary vagal ganglia neurons, tissue bioassay, in vivo electrophysiology and a conscious guinea pig cough model were utilised to investigate a role for fatty acid amides in modulating sensory nerve activation in vagal afferents.FAAH inhibition produced antitussive activity in guinea pigs with concomitant plasma elevation of the fatty acid amides N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide), palmitoylethanolamide, N-oleoylethanolamide and linoleoylethanolamide. Palmitoylethanolamide inhibited tussive stimulus-induced activation of guinea pig airway innervating vagal ganglia neurons, depolarisation of guinea pig and human vagus, and firing of C-fibre afferents. These effects were mediated via a cannabinoid CB2/Gi/o-coupled pathway and activation of protein phosphatase 2A, resulting in increased calcium sensitivity of calcium-activated potassium channels.These findings identify FAAH inhibition as a target for the development of novel, antitussive agents without the undesirable side-effects of direct cannabinoid receptor agonists.
Publication of Podium Presentations at the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Annual Meetings: 2008-2012.

Objective To determine journal publication rates of podium presentations from the OTA Annual Meetings between 2008 and 2012. Methods Podium presentations from the 2008 to 2012 OTA annual meeting were compiled from the Annual Meeting archives. During December 2016, and Google Scholar were performed using individual keywords in the abstract title and content. The results were reviewed for matches to the meeting abstracts with regard to the title, authors, and abstract content. Yearly publication rates were calculated, along with time to publication and common journals for publication. Results The publication rate for the 357 podium abstracts presented at the OTA between 2008 and 2012 was 72.8%. Eighty-one percent of abstracts were from the US institutions. The mean time to publication from podium presentation was 23.4 months, and the most common journals of publication were Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma (45.4%) and The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (15.3%). Conclusions The publication rate of the podium presentations at the OTA Annual Meeting from 2008 to 2012 has increased since previous years. Compared with other orthopaedic subspecialty and nonorthopaedic specialty meetings, the OTA publication rate is among the highest in the medical field. OTA annual meetings are an opportunity for early access to high-quality research in the area of orthopaedic trauma.
Mesoporous TiO2 coating on carbon–sulfur cathode for high capacity Li–sulfur battery

In this paper, a meso-porous TiO2 (titania) coating is shown to effectively protect a carbon–sulfur composite cathode from polysulfide dissolution. The cathode consisted of a sulfur impregnated carbon support coated with a few microns thick mesoporous titania layer. The carbon–sulfur cathode is made using activated carbon powder (ACP) derived from biomass. The mesoporous titania coated carbon–sulfur cathodes exhibit a retention capacity after 100 cycles at C/3 rate (433 mA g −1) and stabilized at a capacity around 980 mA h g−1. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the sulfur cathodes suggests that the charge transfer resistance at the anode, (Ract) is stable for the titania coated sulfur electrode in comparison to a continuous increase in Ract for the uncoated electrode implying mitigation of polysulfide shuttling for the protected cathode. Stability in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) data for the first 5 cycles further confirms the polysulfide containment in the titania coated cathode while the uncoated sulfur electrode shows significant irreversibility in the CV with considerable shifting of the voltage peak positions. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirm the adsorption of soluble polysulfides by mesoporous titania.
Ceramide and Exosomes: A Novel Target in Cancer Biology and Therapy

Exosomes are secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry micro RNAs and other factors to reprogram cancer cells and tissues affected by cancer. Exosomes are exchanged between cancer cells and other tissues, often to prepare a premetastatic niche, escape immune surveillance, or spread multidrug resistance. Only a few studies investigated the function of lipids in exosomes although their lipid composition is different from that of the secreting cells. Ceramide is one of the lipids critical for exosome formation, and it is also enriched in these EVs. New research suggests that lipids in the exosomal membrane may organize and transmit "mobile rafts" that turn exosomes into extracellular signalosomes spreading activation of cell signaling pathways in oncogenesis and metastasis. Ceramide may modulate the function of mobile rafts and their effect on these cell signaling pathways. The critical role of lipids and, in particular, ceramide for formation, secretion, and function of exosomes may lead to a radically new understanding of cancer biology and therapy.
Too Much Happiness, Too Much Suffering … Never Enough Reality through Narrative

This paper uses the controversial new book by David Shields, Reality Hunger, which advocates a new literary form, the “lyric essay,” to argue for the importance of retaining what Shields hopes to discard: a respect for and attention to the individual context and specificity of writers’ ideas and reflections on what constitutes truth. Referring to phenomenologists Iris Murdoch and Emmanuel Levinas, it emphasizes the moral nature of giving full attention to the Other as applied to the art of narrative. To illustrate the role of narrative in enhancing readers’ attention and moral consciousness, we discuss Alice Munro’s title story of her collection Too Much Happiness. In it the real-life mathematical genius, Sophia Kovalevsky, is presented as a woman whose one great love was poisoned by the man’s resentment of her acclaim as the first woman to receive the prestigious Bordin Prize. Munro’s narrative exemplifies the otherness of genius as well as the humanity of this woman’s loss of love and life. W.G. Sebald’s mixture of memoir, illustrated travelogue, and historical reflection on the unfathomable suffering of the Holocaust, as exemplified by the first story of his collection The Emigrants, exemplifies Levinas’s moral precept that we are responsible to be present to the Other in life as well as in the isolation of death. We explore these authors’ use of narrative to position readers as attentive outsiders to the suffering and isolation of Others, even as they face their own death.
High-Speed Gas Bearings for Micro-Turbomachinery

The mechanical design and architecture of high-speed rotating machinery, independent of size or scale, are strongly governed by the rotordynamic behavior of the spool and its bearing arrangement. Large-scale gas turbine engines yield multi-spool shaft constructions where the rolling contact bearings are close to the centerline of the engine supporting the shaft and disk assemblies as shown in Fig. 6.1 on the left.
Characterizing Time-of-Day Conformational Changes in the Intrinsically Disordered Proteins of the Circadian Clock.

Abstract Circadian rhythms are 24-h oscillations conserved in nearly all living organisms that allow for the anticipation of daily environmental changes. These rhythms are maintained by a molecular clock comprised of a transcriptional/translational negative feedback loop. Many of the proteins that organize this feedback loop are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which lack a fixed or ordered three-dimensional structure. Little is known about the impact of intrinsic disorder in clock proteins and this lack of comprehension is compounded by the fact that sophisticated techniques to understand the inherent nature of IDPs are only now emerging. Here, we add to that conversation by describing our novel protocol to track the conformation of a core clock protein (FREQUENCY) in a vital clock model organism ( Neurospora crassa ). Our protocol, C i R cadian n A tive F as T parallel proteol Y sis (CRAFTY), utilizes a parallel proteolysis approach in native conditions to determine the conformational shifts in FREQUENCY over time, providing biologically relevant information and contributing to our understanding of the importance of disorder in the circadian clock.
Between Violence and Exclusion: Cinematic Representation of Gender Politics in Antarmahal and Water

This article explores representation of gender politics in two films— Antarmahal and Water —to illuminate the synergy of patriarchy and religion that creates a structure of cultural violence against women. A sense of feminist consciousness pitted against dogmatic social practices drives the narratives of these films. This study employs Julia Kristeva’s idea of semanalysis as an analytic framework to consider the signification process as dynamic because it is driven by an interplay of bodily drives and pulsions (genotext) and symbolic structures (phenotext). The cinematic texts under analysis address two aspects of gender relations in Indian Hindu society: conjugality and widowhood. Conjugality is marked by men’s sexual gratification and an obsession for an heir, and widowhood effaces women’s sexual and social existence. Three themes emerged from the textual analysis: women’s desire, patriarchy and power relations, and vulnerability. The film texts reveal a constant struggle between patriarchal subjugation and women’s agency. Hindu patriarchy creates unequal power relations that exacerbate the vulnerability of women. However, women often resist such misogynistic practices by circumventing the norms of patriarchy.
Death by a Thousand Hyperlinks: The Commodification of Communication and Mediated Ideologies

Political identities created long before us have been positioned to represent our daily struggles and how we are to identify with them. The mediatization of these political identities makes them inexorable as they further the processes of simulation. We become more dependent on systems of representation to communicate these ideas, instead of finding identities through encounters and establishing connections through face-to-face interactions—thereby escaping our roles as online participants. Social media and political participation are now linked. With social media, representation has taken on a new meaning—each form of technology, either productively or aesthetically, represents a facet of human life. Yet, no one is ever fully represented and conflict is created throughout society because of the contradictions found between representation and self-identification. How can critical theory effectively challenge the idea of representation? For this, perhaps we should consider theorists that typically are not associated with critical theory: Jean Baudrillard and Vilem Flusser.
Arithmetic Dynamics of Diagonally Split Polynomial Maps

Let $K$ be a number field or the function field of a curve over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. Let $n\geq 2$, and let $f(X)\in K[X]$ be a polynomial of degree $d\geq 2$. We present twoarithmetic properties of the dynamics of the coordinate-wise self-map $\varphi=f\times\ldots\times f$ of $(\bP^1)^n$, namely the dynamical analogs of the Hasse principle and the Bombieri-Masser-Zannier height bound theorem. In particular, we prove that the Hasse principle holds when we intersect an orbit and a preperiodic subvariety, and that the intersection of a curve with the union of all periodic hypersurfaces have bounded heights unless that curve is vertical or contained in a periodic hypersurface. A common crucial ingredient for the proof of these two properties is a recent classification of $\varphi$-periodic subvarieties by Medvedev-Scanlon. We also present the problem of primitive prime divisors in dynamical sequences by Ingram-Silverman which is needed and closely related to the dynamical Hasse principle. Further questions on the bounded height result, and a possible generalization of the Medvedev-Scanlon classification are briefly given at the end.
Decellularized Adipose Tissue Hydrogel Promotes Bone Regeneration in Critical-Sized Mouse Femoral Defect Model

Critical-sized bone defects fail to heal and often cause non-union. Standard treatments employ autologous bone grafting, which can cause donor tissue loss/pain. Although several scaffold types can enhance bone regeneration, multiple factors limit their level of success. To address this issue, this study evaluated a novel decellularized human adipose tissue (DAT) hydrogel as an alternative. In this study, DAT hydrogel alone, or in combination with adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC), osteo-induced ASCs (OIASC), and hydroxyapatite were tested for their ability to mediate repair of a critical-sized (3 mm) femoral defect created in C57BL/6 mice. Micro-computed tomography results showed that all DAT hydrogel treated groups significantly enhanced bone regeneration, with OIASC + hydroxyapatite treated group displaying the most robust bone regeneration. Histological analyses revealed that all treatments resulted in significantly higher tissue areas with the relative mineralized tissue area significantly increased at 12 weeks; however, cartilaginous content was lowest among treatment groups with OIASC. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that DAT hydrogel enhanced collagen I and osteopontin expression, while the addition of OIASCs to the hydrogel reduced collagen II levels. Thus, DAT hydrogel promotes bone regeneration in a critical-sized femoral defect model that is further enhanced in the presence of OIASCs and hydroxyapatite.