cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An organizational analysis of the future of educational technology

In this special issue, the reader has the opportunity to examine an interesting and diverse set of futuristic scenarios from authors Bowie, Bratton, Knirk, and Reiser. It is a difficult intellectual challenge to compare and contrast them. However, I believe there is merit in such an analysis. There are provocative similarities and differences across the articles, and it seems they can be sharpened by a systematic, organizational analysis. The tool I have chosen is an organizational analysis method developed by some systems analysts a number of years ago (Kurpius, 1985). I cu r ren t ly use the tool as an intellectual template in analyzing complex development projects or assessing organizations for the suitability of organ iza t iona l and ins t ruc t iona l development interventions. The tool is broad enough to analyze these alternate futures and should provide one powerful, integrated perspective of all our authors ' predictions. As i l lus t ra ted in F igure 1, the analysis tool is used to sort organizat ional dynamics into five p r imary categories. The environment, that is, forces external to an organization, is often most important. In many ways, the most significant determinants of our professional futures are outside of our control. We are not large enough as a profession to directly manipulate the organizational structures in which we reside. We may ultimately succeed or fail as a field according to our ability to capitalize on patterns and trends well beyond our immediate control. We are comfortable in analyzing the purposes or goals of our client systems, and in recent years have become quite sensitive to the norms, values, and cultural factors that form the context for expressions of purpose. In some ways, our in te l lec tua l pu r su i t of needs analysis (Mayer & Kaufman, 1985) can be seen as an explicit recognition of the complex manner in which organizations express value, direction, and purpose. Some in our field have argued that our interventions are profound
International Law on the Agenda of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Towards Global Environmental Security?

By resolution 44/228 of 22 December 1989, the United Nations General Assembly decided to convene a United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) to be held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in June 1992 at the highest possible level of participation.1 The Rio Conference will mark the twentieth anniversary of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, which had indeed envisaged the holding of a follow-up conference,2 a recommendation echoed by the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report).3
Effects of dibromothymoquinone on mung bean mitochondrial electron transfer and membrane fluidity

Abstract The effects of the quinone analog dibromothymoquinone on electron transfer in isolated mung bean mitochondria are described. Both the main, cyanidesensitive and the alternate, cyanide-insensitive pathways are inhibited by dibromothymoquinone but in markedly different fashions. Half-maximal inhibition appeared at 40 μM and 20 μM dibromothymoquinone for the cyanide-sensitive and alternate pathways, respectively. With succinate as the electron donor, dibromothymoquinone inhibited the alternate pathway at a single site; showing a mixed, non-competitive type inhibition. On the succinate, cyanide-sensitive pathway dibromothymoquinone showed two sites of inhibition and neither coincides with the site of inhibition associated with the alternate pathway. With malate as the electron donor, two sites of inhibition by dibromothymoquinone were observed regardless of the pathway measured. Dibromothymoquinone also inhibited the rate of valinomycin-induced swelling of isolated mung bean mitochondria. Steady-state kinetics showed the inhibition to be non-competitive with respect to valinomycin. Additionally dibromothymoquinone was observed to increase the fluorescence polarization associated with the hydrophobic probe 1,6-diphenylhexatriene. The results indicated that dibromothymoquinone decreased the fluidity of the inner mitochondrial membrane and suggested that the inhibition of mitochondrial electron transfer by dibromothymoquinone may be associated with this decrease in membrane fluidity. The relationship of the multisite nature of the inhibition of electron transfer by dibromothymoquinone and the possible role of mobile electron carriers such as ubiquinone on the main and alternate respiratory pathways of higher plants is discussed.
Enantiomerization Dynamics and a Catalytic Dynamic Resolution of N-Trimethylallyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine

The barriers to enantiomerization of N-trimethylallyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine have been measured in the presence of sparteine,1, N,N'-diisopropylbispidine, 2, and diaminoalkoxide 3. We have additionally demonstrated a rare example of a catalytic dynamic resolution using either of two ligands, achieving enantiomer ratios of up to 93:7.
Body Mass Index and Risk for End-Stage Renal Disease

In this study of a cohort of patients in a large integrated health care system, people with higher body mass index (BMI) at baseline had a higher incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) even af...
The ablastin phenomenon: Inhibition of membrane function☆

Autoradiography of Trypanosoma lewisi labeled in vivo with 3H-thymidine (3HTdR) shows that the shortest doubling time for labeled organisms is 8 hr in intact and immunosuppressed rats. The parasite doubling time increases progressively after the fourth day of infection to 12 hr in immunosuppressed rats and to 24 hr or more in intact rats. The number of days following infection during which the trypanosomes reproduce is prolonged in immunosuppressed rats. In vitro studies of ablastin using 3HTdR-labeled trypanosomes confirmed that cell reproduction halts in the presence of ablastin, but resumes when the parasites are removed from the antibody. Several lines of evidence have been obtained, indicating that the primary effects of ablastin may be on membrane function. Thus, the saturable component for glucose transport in reproducing and ablastin inhibited trypanosomes has an average Km value of 2.8 × 10−4M, but the average Vmax values for glucose transport are reduced from 3.15 nmole/min/1.25 × 107 reproducing parasites to an average of 1.8 nmole/min/1.25 × 107 nonreproducing forms. Glucose transport is competitively inhibited by 2-deoxyd-glucose (2DOG). The exit and counterflow of 16C-2DOG from previously loaded trypanosomes is restricted in the presence of antiserum.
PRODUCTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN CHLORINE CONTAINING ENVIRONMENTS

Abstract The factors affecting the formation and growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chlorine-containing environments are investigated. The experimental results obtained in shock-tube pyrol-ysis of chlorinated C1, and C2, hydrocarbons are re-analyzed in terms of Cl-to-H molar ratio of the mixture and it is found that the sooting tendency and hence PAH production are increased with the increase in [C1]/[H] ratio. Based on the analysis of the reaction kinetics and results or detailed modeling, two basic factors are suggested to be responsible for this phenomenon: (1) the enhanced, chlorine-catalized molecular degradation that promotes the formation of aromatic-ring compounds; and (2) the large concentration of CI atoms that accelerates the abstraction of aromatic H from stable PAH molecules, which activates them for further growth. The modeling results also provide an evidence against existence of a correlation between PAHs and CO in flame environments.
Nutritional Requirements for the Cultivation of Fully Deuterated Yeasts Torulopsis utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

CONTINUING our work on the isotope effects of deuterium on living systems1–3 the effects of 99.6 per cent deuterium oxide on the growth of two species of yeast have been investigated in this laboratory. Attempts to cultivate a strain of Torulopsis utilis (ATCC No. 8205) in a medium composed of inorganic salts and glucose4 in deuterium oxide were not successful although a medium of identical composition in ordinary water supported good growth of this organism. Addition to the D2O-medium of small amounts of intracellular components of algae grown in heavy water3 promoted growth of this yeast. (Reference in the text to H2O- or D2O-medium implies nutrient solutions composed of inorganic salts, ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source, and glucose (after Wickerham4) in distilled water or 99.6 per cent deuterium oxide.) Fig. 1 shows a growth curve of T. utilis in a D2O-medium supplemented with a deuterated extract of algae.
On the Selection of Telecommunication Port Impedance Stabilization Networks (ISNs)

When measuring telecommunication port conducted disturbances on 10 BaseT or 100 BaseT Ethernet, test labs will find different test results based on whether they select an ISN for 2 differential pairs or for 4 differential pairs. This paper discusses the reason why test data from the two ISN designs will sometimes agree and sometimes diverge.
Protein phosphatase 2A-mediated cross-talk between p38 MAPK and ERK in apoptosis of cardiac myocytes

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play different regulatory roles in signaling oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in cardiac ventricular myocytes. The regulation and functional role of cros...
Visibility and Bias Phase Noise in Fiber-optic Interferometers with an Output Polarizer

The presence of a polarizer at the output of a fiber-optic interferometer is shown to significantly increase the effect of fluctuations of the input polarization on the bias phase noise at the interferometer output.
Cold-Sensitive Mutation of Pseudomonas putida Affecting Enzyme Synthesis at Low Temperature

A cold-sensitive mutant of Pseudomonas putida has been isolated which grows normally at 30 C but is unable to grow on mandelate as a source of carbon at 15 C. The mutation results in the inability of the strain to carry out the reaction catalyzed by cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme at low temperature and must lie in the structural gene for that enzyme, because the mutant enzyme produced at 30 C shows altered thermal stability. The mutant enzyme is not intrinsically cold-labile, nor is it cold-labile at the moment of synthesis. The activity of the mutant enzyme is not inhibited at low temperature. Evidence is presented to establish that this mutation in the structural gene coding for cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme results in the lack of expression of that gene at low temperature.
Experimental and analytical investigation of thermally induced warpage for printed wiring boards

An analytical approach using finite-element techniques has been developed to simulate PWB (printed wiring board) thermo-mechanical behavior. To validate the analytical approach, a separate experimental approach is being conducted. Four different experimental techniques were investigated for their suitability for PWB warpage measurements: ultrasonics, laser, projection speckle (using vision system), and shadow moire. The shadow moire method has been chosen for measuring warpage of PWBs because it offers good resolution and full-field measurement. Seven test samples with different configurations were carefully designed and fabricated to ensure that the thermally induced warpage would be sufficient for measurement. These test samples consist of copper layers and various FR-4 dielectric layers. Two specimen configurations were tested for a temperature range from 25 degrees C to 100 degrees C. Attempts have also been made to correlate the experimental results with the analytical results, although accurate material properties are not known. A good match was obtained for a set of material properties extracted from a number of publications. >
Terminal iron dinitrogen and iron imide complexes supported by a tris(phosphino)borane ligand.

Adaptable metallaboratranes: A tris- (phosphino)borane ligand stabilizes both low-valent Fe-N_2 complexes and a mid-valent imido species with a Fe≡NAr bond, thanks to its ability to shuttle between trigonal-bipyramidal and pseudotetrahedral geometries by elongation of the apical iron–boron bond (see picture)
Studies on lysosomes. XI. Characterization of a hydrolase-rich fraction from human lymphocytes.

Pure suspensions of human lymphocytes were separated from peripheral blood by means of nylon wool, homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose-0.01 M EDTA solution, and fractionated by differential centrifugation. The bulk of acid hydrolase activity was found to be concentrated in a 20,000 g x 20 min granular fraction, whereas nuclear, debris, and supernatant fractions contained lesser concentrations of hydrolases. Acid hydrolase activity present in the granular fraction showed appropriate "latency" as judged by its dose-dependent release into the 20,000 g x 20 min supernatant after exposure to membrane-disruptive agents such as streptolysin S, filipin, and lysolecithin. Heparin proved to be necessary in the suspending medium so that reproducible homogenization and cell fractionation could be obtained. Even excessive contamination of lymphocyte suspensions with platelets did not appreciably alter the acid hydrolase activity of lymphocyte homogenates or the distribution of enzymes in subcellular fractions. Discontinuous density-gradient centrifugation of a 500 g x 10 min supernatant, containing both acid hydrolase-rich organelles and mitochondria, resulted in partial resolution of hydrolase-rich organelles from mitochondria. Fine structural studies of the intact lymphocytes showed the presence of acid phosphatase-positive, membrane-bounded organelles. Electron microscopy of the "large granule" (20,000 g x 20 min) fraction of such lymphocytes demonstrated 80–90% mitochondria, 5–10% platelets, and 5–10% membrane-bounded acid phosphatase-positive structures. The data indicate the presence in human peripheral blood lymphocytes of acid hydrolase-rich granules which possess many of the biochemical and structural characteristics of lysosomes in other tissues.
Recent observations of the OI 8446 Å emission over Millstone Hill

Evening twilight spectra of the OI 8446 A emission were obtained during May and June of 1993 using a single-etalon, pressure scanning, Fabry-Perot interferometer located in the Millstone Hill Optical Facility. The goals of this work are to positively identify the 8446 A emission in the twilight airglow and to determine the intensity decay as a function of solar depression angle. Also, a study of the relative triplet line strengths is performed in hopes of establishing the importance of the primary excitation mechanisms (photoelectron impact or Bowen fluorescence) during the twilight period. Although absent in most of the data, a distinct auroral influence is also found to contribute considerably, on occasion, to the emission over Millstone Hill. The ratio of the combined 8446.26 A and 8446.38 A intensities to the 8446.76 A intensity varies as 0.13 +/- 0.03 per degree of solar depression angle, indicating that secondary excitation mechanisms are becoming increasingly important as evening twilight progresses. Bowen fluorescence is not found to be the primary excitation mechanism at any time during twilight, contributing just a few Rayleighs at most. These observations are an important first step toward a better characterization of highly variable thermospheric oxygen concentrations through ground-based measurements of the OI 8446 A emission.
Soy isoflavones in the prevention of menopausal bone loss and menopausal symptoms: a randomized, double-blind trial.

Background Concerns regarding the risk of estrogen replacement have resulted in a significant increase in the use of soy products by menopausal women who, despite the lack of evidence of the efficacy of such products, seek alternatives to menopausal hormone therapy. Our goal was to determine the efficacy of soy isoflavone tablets in preventing bone loss and menopausal symptoms. Methods The study design was a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial conducted from July 1, 2004, through March 31, 2009. Women aged 45 to 60 years within 5 years of menopause and with a bone mineral density T score of −2.0 or higher in the lumbar spine or total hip were randomly assigned, in equal proportions, to receive daily soy isoflavone tablets, 200 mg, or placebo. The primary outcome was changes in bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck at the 2-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes included changes in menopausal symptoms, vaginal cytologic characteristics, N -telopeptide of type I bone collagen, lipids, and thyroid function. Results After 2 years, no significant differences were found between the participants receiving soy tablets (n = 122) and those receiving placebo (n = 126) regarding changes in bone mineral density in the spine (−2.0% and −2.3%, respectively), the total hip (−1.2% and −1.4%, respectively), or the femoral neck (−2.2% and −2.1%, respectively). A significantly larger proportion of participants in the soy group experienced hot flashes and constipation compared with the control group. No significant differences were found between groups in other outcomes. Conclusions In this population, the daily administration of tablets containing 200 mg of soy isoflavones for 2 years did not prevent bone loss or menopausal symptoms. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00076050
Observations on bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of erythromycin.

Summary1. Erythromycin was bactericidal to low cell concentrations of growing S. aureus but not to heavy suspensions of the same growing cells. 2. Turbidity of the heavy suspension continued to increase after addition of erythromycin, although at a reduced rate. This increase was not paralleled by any increase in viable units. 3. Viable cells in a drug-treated suspension were still as sensitive to erythromycin as before addition of the drug. 4. Addition of a nitrate of a drug-treated, dense suspension to a dilute suspension of growing cells delayed onset and reduced rate of sterilization of these cells by erythromycin.
Hybrid beamforming and steering with reconfigurable arrays

Reconfigurable arrays offer an advantage over traditional ultrasound arrays because of their flexibility in channel selection. To improve ultrasound beamforming and coverage through beam steering, we propose a hybrid beamforming technique to elongate the depth of focus of transmit beams and a method of element selection that improves steering capabilities that take advantage of array reconflgurability using annular rings. A local minimization technique to optimize the hybrid aperture is discussed in this paper. The chosen hybrid apertures covering four focal zones result in improved range in depth of focus when compared with pure spherical beams via point spread functions (PSF) and lesion signal-tonoise ratio (LSNR) calculations. Improvements were statistically significant at focal depth extremes. Our method of beam steering utilizing a quantized phase delay selection to minimize delay errors indicated better performance by removing an artifact present with traditional ringed element selection.
Erratum---A Note on Sharpe's Algorithm for Minimizing the Sum of Absolute Deviations in a Simple Regression Problem

Erratum to the authors' paper “A Note on Sharpe's Algorithm for Minimizing the Sum of Absolute Deviations in a Simple Regression Problem”, Vol. 19, No. 2 October 1972, pp. 222--225.
Designing for the Base of the Pyramid By Patrick Whitney and Anjeli Kelkar

Designing for complex systems is at the pioneering edge of the design field. Designing for the complex systems of the slums of India or Africa takes us even further. This piece by Patrick Whitney, dean of the Institute of Design (ID) at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Anjali Kelkar, who was at that time a research associate at ID and now works for Steelcase, highlights how far we have come in creating methodologies of understanding for the field of design itself. One of the most important issues of design is social complexity. Products and services exist within deep cultural and social norms and networks. Designing without taking this context into account usually dooms the designer and the design. For over a decade now, Whitney has been leading an effort to create a systematic methodology of discovery and measurement of need and fulfillment, especially at The Base of the Pyramid. The framework is able to sift through the myriad of forces helping people poor to focus on one or two factors that can be improved and through their improvement, leverage the betterment of peoples' lives. In this article, we get a look at ID's research in India. It shows that lack of access to clean water and financial credit are two of the most important factors in keeping people poor. ID goes further and designs a new clean water delivery business model. It could service a critical need, as well as employ local people. ID has also designed a business model to provide credit to poor people at the bottom of the pyramid. Of course, this approach to design should be applied to the entire pyramid—bottom, middle, and top. The power of design needs to be applied throughout society in all societies.
A fuzzy rule based approach to identify brain structures using MRI, in the presence of individual anatomical differences

A major limitation to brain imaging studies is experimental noise generated at multiple levels, including the measurement instrument, the individual's responses to a task and anatomical differences that make precise localization difficult. To accommodate these limitations, groups of test subjects are necessary, and anatomical variations among individual brain MRI's are reduced through a geometric "warping" technique that transforms each individual's brain to a standard norm, upon which functional activation patterns are superimposed. In this way, reliability of the data obtained is increased. The disadvantage of such a process is the need to ignore individual differences in the absence of proof that they do not actually constitute noise. A method in which an individual's activation patterns can be reliably superimposed upon their own anatomy prior to being entered into the data analysis would reduce at least one source of error. Because subtle anatomical variations exist even among normals, yet major structures have remarkable consistency between persons, we have begun to explore the potential of establishing fuzzy "maps" by which an individual's activation pattern can be tied directly to their anatomy in an efficient, unbiased way. We have already demonstrated the feasibility of this approach with a fuzzy rule based method to identify the frontal lobes, in which the major landmarks that an expert uses to identify brain structures were translated into rules and identification accomplished when multiple criteria were applied. We have determined that in order to extend this method to more complex structures, additional data needs to be incorporated in a flexible model. An example of a complex structure of interest is the hippocampus, a curved structure without clear identifiable borders. We have turned to the anatomical literature in which individual differences in brain structure are often extensively catalogued, most commonly to aid the surgeon, and in which the range of "normal" variation is presented in statistical form. Our intention is to use membership values derived from the incidence of anatomical variation in the normal population and to assign fuzzy values to borders where landmarks are less distinct. We will determine whether such a process can generate an anatomical segmentation suitable for functional activation studies. Such a process should obviate the need for the extensive data reduction that inevitably occurs in conventional warping technique. The variety of data available and the strategies tested thus far will be presented and discussed.
Two uneliminated uses for "concepts": hybrids and guides for inquiry

Machery's case against hybrids rests on a principle that is too strong, even by his own lights. And there are likely important generalizations to be made about hybrids, if they do exist. Moreover, even if there were no important generalizations about concepts themselves, the term picks out an important class of entities and should be retained to help guide inquiry.
LPM-based RST invariant digital image watermarking

Based on log-polar mapping (LPM), this paper presents a novel digital image watermarking scheme that is invariant to rotation, scaling, and translation (RST). We embed watermark in the log-polar mapping (LPM) of the Fourier magnitude spectrum of original image to simplify the effects of RST transformations into simple shifts. For watermark embedding, the approximate ILPM is employed to replace ILPM, in order to eliminate the imprecision caused by ILPM. Therefore actually watermarks are embedded in the Fourier magnitude spectrum of the original image, to achieve the effect of being embedded in LPM domain. Watermark extraction does not need original image, we use exhaustive search in the embedding area to handle the shift of watermark positions in LPM domain caused by rotation and scaling in spatial domain. The scheme avoids computing inverse log-polar mapping (ILPM) to preserve the image quality. Evaluations demonstrate that the scheme is invariant to rotation and translation, sufficiently invariant to scaling transformation, and very robust to JPEG compression and other attacks.
Seizing control of epileptic activity can improve outcome

In epileptic encephalopathy, the seizures and interictal epileptiform activity create additional neurocognitive dysfunction beyond that due to the underlying etiology. Treatment leading to a reduction in seizures or interictal abnormalities may help improve neurocognitive function in these situations. The focus of our discussion is reviewing data that support the concept that treatment can impact outcome independent of the etiology in some cases.
Geochemical Evolution of Ground Water in the Great Plains (Dakota) Aquifer of Nebraska: Implications for the Management of a Regional Aquifer System

The Great Plains (Dakota) aquifer system is one of the most extensive in North America extending from the Arctic Circle to New Mexico, and underlies approximately 94% of Nebraska. In Nebraska, we do not have the physical ground water monitoring data at the scale that is necessary to manage ground water flow systems. However, first-order management strategies for this regional aquifer can be developed by understanding the geochemical evolution of the ground water. Using major-ion water chemistry data from 203 wells in 19 counties in eastern Nebraska, reconnaissance δ180, δD, and δ87Sr data, and two geochemical models, PHREEQC and SNORM, we determine that modern meteoric water, NaCl brines from underlying formations, and cold glacial melt water are the primary sources for the water in the Dakota Aquifer. Based on these three water sources and the geochemical evolution of the various water types, the following first-order management strategies are suggested. In areas where CaSO4 and Ca-Na SO4 type water occur, Pleistocene-age glacial meltwater is the source. This water supply is not easily renewable. It is recommended that detailed water resource evaluation be conducted before extensive development occurs. The source of Ca (± Mg) HCO3 type water is from recharge by local precipitation and should be managed to maintain them as a renewable resource. In mixed ground water type areas, the ground water chemistry reflects the interaction of two distinct water types, one of which is meteoric water and the other is either CaSO4 and Ca-Na SO4-type water or NaCl-type water. If the relatively fresh ground water is extracted at a rate that changes the location of the interface between the endmembers, then monitoring changes in water chemistry in a well over time could be used as an early warning system for the onset of potential problems related to overpumping.
Assessment in undergraduate medical education: a review of course exams.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to describe an approach for evaluating assessments used in the first 2 years of medical school and report the results of applying this method to current first and second year medical student examinations. Methods: Three faculty members coded all exam questions administered during the first 2 years of medical school. The reviewers discussed and compared the coded exam questions. During the bi-monthly meetings, all differences in coding were resolved with consensus as the final criterion. We applied Moore’s framework to assist the review process and to align it with National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) standards. Results: The first and second year medical school examinations had 0% of competence level questions. The majority, more than 50% of test questions, were at the NBME recall level. Conclusion: It is essential that multiple-choice questions (MCQs) test the attitudes, skills, knowledge, and competency in medical school. Based on our findings, it is evident that our exams need to be improved to better prepare our medical students for successful completion of NBME step exams. Keywords: undergraduate medical education; assessment; course exams; NBME (Published: 6 March 2013) Citation: Med Educ Online 2013, 18 : 20438 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v18i0.20438
Can Pragmatists be Constitutionalists? Dewey, Jefferson and the Experimental Constitution

At the beginning of the present century, a debate over the compatibility of constitutionalism and pragmatism erupted in the pages of the journal Administration and Society. Several scholars (especially James Stever, Kevin Snider and Patricia Shields) expressed concern that Deweyan pragmatism, or the classic pragmatism of John Dewey that some contemporary philosophers subscribe to, might be incompatible with the commitment to constitutional order found at the heart of the administrative state tradition. In this paper, the issue that arose in Administration and Society is framed more generally: Can pragmatists, and particularly Deweyan pragmatists, be constitutionalists? By way of answering this question, I define Dewey’s experimentalism in terms of his theory of inquiry and action, before proceeding to the administrative state debate, where the claim emerges that constitutional limits offend the experimentalist drive of Dewey’s pragmatism. Next, three typical (though by no means exhaustive) conceptions of constitutionalism are presented: (i) traditionalism (or that a constitution expresses the traditions or mores of its drafters’ society), (ii) organicism (or that a constitution is a living document, the meaning of which evolves with the changing values and norms of each new generation) and (iii) functionalism (or that a constitution functions as an ordering device, both creating and perpetuating legitimate legal-political frameworks). Then, I consider whether a founding document modeled after each conception can preserve political stability amidst a tolerable level of political change without offending Dewey’s experimentalism. In light of Dewey’s essay “Presenting Thomas Jefferson,” a related issue arises: Does Jefferson’s notion of generational sovereignty have any bearing on the matter of pragmatism and constitutionalism’s compatibility? The paper concludes with a final evaluation of the degree to which Deweyan experimentalism can accommodate a commitment to constitutionalism in its various forms.
Focus On...Hybrid Pension Plans Under the New Regulations

On October 19, 201'8 Treasury and the IRS issued final regulations (the Final Regulations) on hybrid retirement plans [75 Fed. Reg. 64123]. On the same date, they also issued proposed regulations (the 2010 Proposed Regulations) [75 Fed. Reg. 64197]. The regulations provide guidance on changes made by the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA), as amended by the Worker, Retiree, and Employer Recovery Act of 2008 (WRERA). The guidance provided in the regulations with respect to the Code also applies for purposes of the parallel amendments to ERISA made by Section 701(a) of PPA.
Contribution of Pyrimidines to the Biosynthesis of Fecal Uric Acid in Normal and Busulfan-Treated Boll Weevils,,

Fecal uric acid from Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) injected with thymidine-2-14C and uridine-2-14C was radioactive; the guanine present in the feces was not. In normal weevils treated with thymidine, the greatest amount of activity was in the carbon 6 fraction; in similar weevils treated with uridine, the greatest amount was in the carbon 2 and 8 fractions. The pattern of labeling in normal weevils treated with thymidine was changed by force-feeding the weevils with busulfan.
Interrupted matings and the effectiveness of second inseminations in the twospotted spider mite.

Competition between males of Tetranychus urticae may lead to disrupted matings in which an intruder replaces the original male and inseminates the female a second time. It is estimated that in crowded populations about 14% of the females are doubly inseminated at emergence. The success of second matings depends upon how soon after the onset of the first copulation the interruption occurs. When progeny of mixed parentage are produced, the relative effectiveness of the first mating is greatest early in oviposition. Apparently, the sperm stores from a complete first mating become depleted in older females, but even so, such females cannot effectively mate again. These findings are interpreted in light of male competition and precopulatory behavior.
Antiplatelet Agents in Arterial Vascular Disease

The prominent role of platelets in arterial thrombosis has led to the testing and use of antiplatelet agents in patients known to have symptomatic arterial vascular disease. Platelet activation, a complex process, may be triggered in vivo by alterations in vascular integrity, disruption of the normally antithrombotic characteristics of the endotheliallining, and arterial shear stress. A number of agents produce permanent (such as aspirin) or transient (such as sulfinpyrazone) defects in known platelet metabolic processes. For many pharmacologic antiplatelet agents, the mechanism of action remains obscure in vitro, and often the mode of action does not predict the in vivoeffect. The difficulty is compounded by the paucity of convenient clinical laboratory tests that may be performed to reliably evaluate antiplatelet effects. Nonetheless, largescale clinical trials of the efficacy of several antiplatelet agents in arterial vascular thrombotic disease have been successfully undertaken. Considered here are the potentially beneficial effects of aspirin and other agents in cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease.
Impact Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Glass Matrix Composites

Ceramic matrix composites with continuous fibers in glass matrices were tested with instrumented impact apparatuses. The composite architectures were unidirectional (0°) and crossply (0/90°). For the 0/90° laminates, interlaminar and edge on orientation specimens were tested. An orientation dependence was observed. The CMC material with a weaker fiber/matrix interfacial bond had longer fiber pullout, and hence due to the frictional sliding mechanism higher dynamic work to fracture. In the fracture analysis discussion it is suggested that the use of the LEFM, K, parameter should be qualified in the fracture testing of CMC materials. These qualified toughness K values were found to be in the range of those reported for metal matrix composites.
Effects of the Oral Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (SQ 14225) on One-Kidney Hypertension in the Dog

SummaryAngiotensin blockade was produced one day before and for 7 days after renal artery stenosis in three unilaterally nephrectomized dogs by administration of SQ 14225. The completeness of angiotensin blockade was demonstrated by reduced or absent pressor responses to exogenous angiotensin I and by a normal plasma aldoster-one level after renal artery stenosis. A depressor response (9 mm Hg) during the day before renal artery constriction and markedly exaggerated depressor responses to exogenous bolus injections of bradykinin after several days of SQ 14225 administration might reflect an increased plasma level of bradykinin but additional studies are needed on this idea. The arterial pressure response to renal artery constriction was markedly diminished during SQ 14225 and arterial pressure was not significantly elevated until the fifth day. PRA was elevated throughout the period of SQ 14225 administration and renal artery constriction. These findings confirm the earlier observations that the renin-ang...
Kinetics of the SiH3 + H2O2 and SiH3 + O2 reactions

The kinetics of the reaction of silyl radicals (SiH 3 ) with H 2 O 2 and O 2 were studied using time-resolved infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The rate constant SiH 3 + H 2 O 2 at 298 K was determined to be 9.8 x 10- 1 2 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 . This rate constant is independent of temperature over the range 298-573 K. The yield of OH products was quantified by reaction with CO to produce CO 2 , which was detected by infrared spectroscopy. The branching ratio of the SiH 3 + H 2 O 2 reaction into OH product channels was estimated to be <0.05 at 298 K. Similar experiments on the SiH 3 + O 2 reaction indicated an OH product branching ratio of 0.076 ′ 0.04 at 298 K.
An analysis on genotype of wild type measles virus circulated in Dongguan City in 2008

Objective:To know the genotype of wild type measles viruses circulating in 2008 in Dongguan City and the mutation situation of the nucleoprotein gene.Methods:To collect the serum,throat swabs or urine specimens from measles patients in outbreaks and isolate the viruses by inoculating the throat swabs or urine specimens to Vero-Slam cell line.To extract the RNA from the viruses.The COOH-terminal of nucleoprotein gene was amplified by RT-PCR,the expected length of the fragment was 594 bp.PCR products were purified,sequenced and the 450 bp COOH-terminal of nucleoprotein gene fragment was analyzed.Results:11 viruses were isolated from patients in outbreaks,Phylogenetic analysis of the N gene sequences showed that all of the isolates belonged to H1 genotype H1a subtype.The homology of nucleotides sequence and predicted amino acids sequence of these viruses ranged from 98% to 100% and 96.7% to 100% respectively,the number 2,4,5,7,8 have the same sequence,the number 9,10,11 have the same sequence.all the viruses have 98.7%~99.3%,96.7%~97.3% and 97.1%~98.2% homology of nucleotides sequence with China 93_2 virus,China94_7 virus and other H1 genotype virus respectively.Conclusion:11 measles virus circulateing in Dongguan City were H1 genotype H1a subtype,it is in accordance with the situation of china.No any other genotype virus or new genotype virus emerged in dongguan city.
Monetary Politics: The Federal Reserve and the Politics of Monetary Policy: Introduction and Overview

Among powerful governmental institutions, the Federal Reserve is surely in the first rank. It is in the first rank because of the policy responsibilities it is assigned – determining monetary aspects of macroeconomic policy and regulating financial institutions. The Federal Reserve is important, and it is increasingly controversial. In the past two decades, there have been repeated new departures in monetary policy in response to economic crises. According to critics, policy has been conducted unsteadily. The Federal Reserve has been accused of destabilizing the economy. It has been criticized for seeming to say one thing and then doing another. Nevertheless, political scientists have rarely studied the Federal Reserve systematically, and economists have often had to undertake their own bootstrap political analyses of the institution. Perhaps political scientists have been misled because, despite the fact that the Federal Reserve's responsibilities are politically sensitive ones, it is supposedly independent of political influences. Plainly, the Federal Reserve is a key political institution. It defines, sets, and implements public policy in a central arena. It is engaged in conflict that is increasingly overt. Its actions have important consequences for other institutions that political scientists have studied extensively. This work provides an introductory survey of some political aspects of the Federal Reserve System, particularly the System's relationships with other political actors. There is much work to be done in this area.
Accessories and Sampling Techniques for FT-IR Spectrometry

The optics of most mid-infrared FT-IR spectrometers are designed so that absorption spectra of most samples may be measured using accessories which have been designed for grating spectrometers with relatively minor modification. The collimated beam from the interferometer is directed onto one of two off-axis paraboloidal mirrors which focus the beam at what would usually be considered as the “sample” and “reference” positions in the sample compartment of a conventional double-beam spectrometer. The beam is then refocused onto the detector. The beam can be passed through the front or back channel by simultaneously switching the position of two plane mirrors.
Doping-Induced Tunable Wettability and Adhesion of Graphene

We report that substrate doping-induced charge carrier density modulation leads to the tunable wettability and adhesion of graphene. Graphene’s water contact angle changes by as much as 13° as a result of a 300 meV change in doping level. Upon either n- or p-type doping with subsurface polyelectrolytes, graphene exhibits increased hydrophilicity. Adhesion force measurements using a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer-coated atomic force microscopy probe reveal enhanced attraction toward undoped graphene, consistent with wettability modulation. This doping-induced wettability modulation is also achieved via a lateral metal–graphene heterojunction or subsurface metal doping. Combined first-principles and atomistic calculations show that doping modulates the binding energy between water and graphene and thus increases its hydrophilicity. Our study suggests for the first time that the doping-induced modulation of the charge carrier density in graphene influences its wettability and adhesion. This opens up un...
The Plight of the Working Woman

In the collar-and-cuff factory Maggie takes a stool and a sewing machine in a room with twenty young women “of various shades of yellow discontent.” Placing her within a large room among much machinery and many women who scarcely differ from one another, Stephen Crane made Maggie’s situation that of all young female factory workers in the late nineteenth century who struggled to maintain their health, dignity, and self-respect amidst oppressive working conditions. Unlike other contemporary authors, however, Crane does not dwell on working conditions in the factory. While the reformers often described the number of hours women worked, the vast number of shirts they made, and the scant pay they received, Crane provides few particulars. The numerous magazine and newspaper articles treating the plight of the working woman that partially inspired Crane to write his book also obviated the need for him to write similarly. Instead, he could take a more aesthetic approach and use, for example, color imagery to depict female factory workers.
Abstract 2809: ROS signaling by NADPH oxidase 5 (Nox5) modulates proliferation of human melanoma UACC-257 cells and prolongs growth in the absence of serum or growth factors

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the NADPH oxidase (Noxs) homologs participate in signaling cascades regulating proliferation. Recently, we have reported substantial overexpression of Nox5 in several human cancers including those of prostate, ovary and melanomas. Despite being upregulated in many human cancers and implicated in promoting cell proliferation, the molecular mechanisms modulated by Nox5 are poorly understood. In this study, the functional significance of Nox5 was assessed in human UACC-257 and WM-852 melanoma cells by generating Nox5-overexpressing and knockdown cells. Stable overexpression of Nox5 in UACC-257 cells resulted in enhanced cell growth, increased BrdU positive cells and decreased protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. Additionally, these cells had increased normoxic Hif-1α expression and decreased p27Kip1 expression. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous Nox5 in UACC-257 cells resulted in decreased cell growth, decreased BrdU positive cells, decreased Hif-1α expression and increased p27Kip1 expression. Likewise, in human WM-852 melanoma cells, transient overexpression of Nox5 decreased p27Kip1 expression and knockdown of endogenous Nox5 resulted in increased p27Kip1 and gamma-H2AX expression with decreased cell growth. Cadherin switch, loss of E-cadherin expression and upregulation of N-cadherin was observed in UACC-257 Nox5 overexpressing cells indicative of an invasive phenotype; conversely, an upregulation of E-cadherin expression in Nox5 knockdown cells was noted. Cell invasion assay through matrigel-coated membranes also demonstrated enhanced invasion by Nox5 overexpressing cells. Additionally, 3D cultures of Nox5 overexpressing UACC-257 cells exhibit an amoeboid morphology compared to that of the Nox5 knockdown cells that were mesenchymal, suggestive of an amoeboid - mesenchymal (AMT) transition. Strikingly, UACC-257 cells that overexpress Nox5 were able to proliferate in serum-free conditions for over a month. In summary, our findings suggest that ROS signaling by Nox5 in human melanoma could modulate multiple signaling networks that regulate Hif-1α and p27Kip1 expression, contributing in part, to cell proliferation and the ability to grow in the absence of serum or growth factors. Citation Format: Smitha Antony, Yongzhong Wu, Diana C. Haines, Guojian Jiang, Jennifer L. Meitzler, Agnes Juhasz, Jiamo Lu, Krishnendu K. Roy, James H. Doroshow. ROS signaling by NADPH oxidase 5 (Nox5) modulates proliferation of human melanoma UACC-257 cells and prolongs growth in the absence of serum or growth factors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2809.
Technical Section: The effect of task on classification accuracy: Using gesture recognition techniques in free-sketch recognition

Generating, grouping, and labeling free-sketch data is a difficult and time-consuming task for both user study participants and researchers. To simplify this process for both parties, we would like to have users draw isolated shapes instead of complete sketches that must be hand-labeled and grouped, and then use this data to train our free-sketch symbol recognizer. However, it is an open question whether shapes drawn in isolation accurately reflect the way users draw shapes in a complete diagram. To answer this question, we present a systematic exploration of the effect of task on recognition accuracy using three different recognizers. Our study examines how task affects accuracy in the context of user-independent, user semi-dependent and user-dependent training data. We find that as the amount of user-specific training data increases, the effect of task on recognition accuracy also increases. We also show that the best overall recognition results are obtained by using user semi-dependent, task-specific training data. These results hold across three different domains: circuit diagrams, entity relationship diagrams and process diagrams. Finally, we introduce a variant of a popular and simple gesture recognition algorithm that recognizes freely drawn shapes as well as a highly accurate but more complex recognizer designed explicitly for free-sketch recognition.