cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Protozoa and Nutrient Availability on Nitrification Rates in Subsurface Sediments

Protozoan abundance, nitrification potential, and related factors in saturated subsurface sediments and the overlying soil were compared at a nonfertilized grassland and an agricultural cropland site. In a 6-week laboratory experiment, DOC, ammonium, and protozoan abundance were manipulated in flasks containing groundwater-sediment slurries. Microbial abundance (protozoa, actively respiring bacteria, and total bacteria) and nutrient concentrations (extractable ammonium and nitrate) were measured. Results from the soil profile analysis showed that protozoan abundance declined with depth at both sites, but significant numbers (392 cells g ˛1 dw) were found in groundwater sediments at the cropland site. Nitrification potential declined with depth at the grassland site and increased with depth at the cropland site. In the laboratory experiment, treatment responses generally were observed within 3 weeks, but had diminished by 6 weeks. Protozoa reduced bacterial populations through the first 3 weeks, but this effect was not significant by week 6. In the cropland sediments, increased net nitrate production occurred in the two reduced protozoa treatments that received ammonium, suggesting that nitrification was occurring and was limited by ammonium. High protozoan abundance in the cropland sediments increased the nitrate flux response, unless DOC was added; in this case, no response occurred. No such responses were recorded in the grassland sediments. Apparently, appreciable nitrification can occur in some groundwater sediments, if sufficient ammonium is present and DOC availability is low. Furthermore, nitrification can be enhanced when protozoan abundance is elevated. Finally, our results suggest that surface land use practices can alter subsurface nitrification rates and microbial community structure.
The Supply Side of Congressional Redistricting: Race and Strategic Politicians, 1972-1992

The goal of empowering minorities through redistricting has been attacked from all sides. The Supreme Court recently called the North Carolina redistricting plan "political apartheid" (Shaw v. Reno 1993) while critics on the left reject the approach because it merely provides descriptive rather than substantive representation (Guinier 1991a, 1134-53). This article offers a new perspective from which to assess the viability of this approach to black empowerment: the supply side of redistricting. Using a unique data set from the 1972, 1982, and 1992 congressional elections in black districts, we examine how individual politicians respond to the changing electoral context imposed by new district lines and how, in turn, their decisions shape the electoral choices and outcomes in a given district. We argue that individual politicians acting in their own self-interest may tip the balance of electoral power to black and white moderates in the district. We find that this outcome prevails in approximately half of ...
The Role of Ventrolateral Striatal Acetylcholine in the Production of Tacrine-Induced Jaw Movements

Abstract The anticholinesterase tacrine induces tremulous jaw movements in rats, and considerable evidence indicates that this response is dependent upon ventrolateral striatal mechanisms. Three experiments were conducted to study the relation between ventrolateral striatal acetylcholine and the production of tremulous jaw movements. In Experiment 1, intracranial microinjection of the acetylcholine synthesis inhibitor hemicholinium-3 into the ventrolateral neostriatum reduced tremulous jaw movements induced by 5.0 mg/kg tacrine. Microinjection of hemicholinium into a cortical site dorsal to striatum (Experiment 2) was without significant effect upon tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements. In Experiment 3, rats were implanted with dialysis probes in the ventrolateral striatum to measure extracellular levels of acetylcholine during tacrine-induced jaw movements. Tacrine (2.5–5.0 mg/kg) increased both extracellular acetylcholine and tremulous jaw movements. The 5.0 mg/kg dose of tacrine produced a substantial increase in ventrolateral striatal acetylcholine levels (324% of baseline within 30 min). Across all tacrine-treated rats there was a significant linear correlation between tremulous jaw movements and acetylcholine levels ( r = +0.56) during the first 30-min postinjection period. This correlation was largely due to the group that received 5.0 mg/kg tacrine; within this group, there was a very high correlation ( r = +0.87) between tremulous jaw movements and acetylcholine levels in the first sample after injection. These data are consistent with the notion that tremulous jaw movements induced by tacrine are mediated by ventrolateral striatal acetylcholine. Moreover, these results suggest that dialysis methods could be used to monitor the relation between striatal acetylcholine and tremulous movements induced by a variety of different conditions.
Collaborating with executable content across space and time

Executable content is of growing importance in many domains. How does one share and archive such content at Internet-scale for spatial and temporal collaboration? Spatial collaboration refers to the classic concept of user collaboration: two or more users who are at different Internet locations performing a task using shared context. Temporal collaboration refers to the archiving of context by one user and use of that context by another user, possibly many years or decades later. The term “shared context” has typically meant shared documents or a shared workspace such as a whiteboard. However, executable content forces us to think differently. Just specifying a standardized data format is not sufficient; one has to accurately reproduce computation. We observe that the precise encapsulation of computing state provided by a virtual machine (VM) may help us solve this problem. We can cope with large VM size through a streaming mechanism that demand fetches memory and disk state during execution. Based on our positive initial experience with VMs for archiving execution state, we propose the creation of Olive, an Internet ecosystem of curated VM image collections.
The Effect of Subtropical Cooling on the Amplitude of ENSO: A Numerical Study

The effect of an enhanced subtropical surface cooling on El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through the ''ocean tunnel'' is investigated using a coupled model. Here, the term ''ocean tunnel'' refers to the water pathway that connects the equatorial upwelling water to the subtropical/extratropical surface water. The subtropical cooling is introduced through a reduction of the radiative-convective equilibrium SST (SSTp) in that region. The SSTp for the equatorial region is kept fixed. It is found that an enhanced cooling in the subtropics results in a regime with stronger ENSO. This is because an enhanced subtropical cooling reduces the temperature of the water feeding the equatorial undercurrent through the ocean tunnel. The resulting larger difference between the warm-pool SST and the temperature of the equatorial thermocline water—the source water for the equatorial upwelling—tends to increase the equatorial zonal SST contrast between the western and the eastern Pacific. In response to this destabilizing forcing to the coupled equatorial ocean-atmosphere, a stronger ENSO develops. ENSO is found to regulate the time-mean difference between the warm-pool SST and the temperature of the equatorial undercurrent. The findings provide further support for the ''heat pump'' hypothesis for ENSO, which states that ENSO is an instability driven by the meridional differential heating over the Pacific Ocean and that ENSO regulates the long-term stability of the coupled equatorial Pacific climate. The results also substantiate the notion that surface variability from higher latitudes may influence equatorial SST variability through the ocean tunnel.
Chromosome structure with special reference to the role of metal ions.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chromosome structure with special reference to the role of metal ions. At the molecular level, unequivocal evidence using X-ray diffraction procedures has been provided to demonstrate the various spacings between DNA molecules in chromosomes. The structural protein is attached to the DNA as histone or protamine and these helical configurations have precise and orderly arrangements. Various data are discussed in the chapter on the nature of secondary bonds in chromosomes. Many experiments concerning the labeling of DNA are discussed in the chapter because of their importance to the overall interpretation of structure and reduplication. These data include the findings from chromosomes of bacteriophage, bacteria, and from higher plants and animals. X-ray diffraction and electron microscope techniques have been employed to examine nucleohistone and nucleoprotamine as they occur in the natural state.
Privates Vices, Public Benefits: Mandragola in Machiavelli’s Political Theory

Scholars often interpret Machiavelli’s Mandragola as a contest of would-be princes displaying their virtu. I offer an alternative interpretation of the play in which the characters, each vicious and self-interested, constitute an “economy of vice.” This interpretation highlights Machiavelli’s appreciation for the public (and political) import of ordinary vice and thereby provides – when considered in light of medieval influences on Machiavelli’s understanding of constitutions – new purchase on Machiavelli’s political theory. In contrast to the image of Machiavelli as a profoundly political thinker, my argument underscores Machiavelli’s role as a precursor to comparatively anti-political modes of thought: in particular, commercial liberalism.
Structural BMPs for Stormwater Treatment Control – a Performance Based Design Method for Urban Drainage System

Stormwater management has shifted focus to 'starting from the source'. The concepts of low impact development (LID), better site design and 'smart …
Mathematical Models in Integrated-Circuit Manufacturing: A Review

In this paper, we review mathematical models that have been developed for improving the performance of a wafer fab that faces yield uncertainty and system uncertainty such as machine failures. Specifically, we focus on models that deal with the design and operational issues arising from a wafer fab. We classify these models into two main categories: yield models and wafer-design models. These models address different strategic and planning issues that related to yield uncertainty and system uncertainty in IC manufacturing, and can be used to predict system performance of a specific production plan or system design. Besides the predictive power, these models can be used for optimization.
The Isolation of Bacterium necrophorum in the Presence of Proteus.

The inclusion of motile Proteus species in the intestinal flora introduces great obstacles to the isolation of many organisms of medical importance. The isolation of Bacterium necrophorum is especially difficult since the conditions1 favoring its growth are also favorable for the swarming of Proteus, namely blood agar plate medium in an environment of high humidity accompanying anaerobic conditions.2 The swarming of Proteus has received attention in studies of the variation of this organism. Results of these studies indicate beyond doubt that this property is due to the active motility of the organism, which is in turn dependent upon the presence of flagellae.3 Several methods have been devised to prevent the swarming of Proteus on the surface of solid medium. Ethyl alcohol and phenol have been used to destroy the flagellar component of the organisms. Other investigators have used narcotics to inhibit motility. One worker attacked the problem by pouring a layer of agar over a streaked plate. Some of these methods were tried in our studies with Bact. necrophorum.
THE STRUCTURE OF SHOPPING IN A METROPOLIS

A rich data source on retail and service establishments permitted a comprehensive description and analysis of the structure of business districts of the Seattle metropolitan area. Particular attention is paid to the hierarchy of centers and to functional specialization in relation to theories of urban structure. A simple hierarchical central place structure proved dominant, but within this structure, planned and unplanned centers, as well as arterial strips all exhibited successful specialization and market adaptability. However, comparison with similarly good 1954 data revealed the fundamental restructuring from city to suburb that has occurred.
Proof without Words: Alternating Sums of Triangular Numbers

(1995). Proof without Words: Alternating Sums of Triangular Numbers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 284-305.
Application of GIS technology in status analysis of regional agricultural plan

Regional agricultural plan can provide scientific theory basis and strategic direction for the development of local agriculture, and status analysis is the base of regional agricultural plan. GIS can be applied in regional agricultural plan, can organically integrate data and maps, enhance quantitative analysis of maps, for scientific and rational technical support for the compilation and implementation of regional agricultural plan. Taking the general plan of modern agricultural demonstration garden in Shuanghe town of Heshan city as an example, land use status, terrain, location and transportation were analyzed by GIS technology. The result showed that GIS technology had characters of accuracy, truth, visualization and expansion in status analysis, could provide fair base of data and technological support for the plan.
Analysis on static voltage stability of system with large-scale wind power integration

Due to the stochastic and intermittent characteristic of wind power,large-scale wind farm integration has a great impact on the power system stability.An analysis method on static voltage stability of system with large-scale wind power integration is proposed.This method considers the effect of low voltage ride-through ability inadequacy of wind generator on system static voltage stability based on the conventional continuous power flow.The method and model proposed are applied to analysis of a provincial power network static voltage stability with large scale wind farm integration and the results verify its validity.
Salespeople's Time Use and Performance

Previous research has found the proportion of time spent with customers is not related to several objective measures of concurrent performance. This article focuses on the results that emerged from a field study that investigated potential associations between time spent calling on accounts and annual sales and subjective sales performance. While time spent calling on potential accounts does not influence either measure of performance, time spent calling on established accounts is associated with subjective sales performance. One's career stage does not appear to moderate this relationship, although it is an independent predictor of how much time salespeople allocate to established accounts. Suggestions are made for future research and recommendations are offered for marketing practitioners.
Cerebroprotective Effects of a Parenteral Flunarizine Formulation

Since the synthesis of flunarizine over 25 years ago, there have been over 230 experimental and 150 clinical peer-reviewed descriptions of its pharmacological activity. According to the proposed WHO classification of calcium antagonists, flunarizine is regarded as a type IV compound [9]. However, it has a wide range of inhibitory actions (Table 1) and potential clinical applications (Table 2). Prominent among these is cerebroprotection. Most of the experimental investigations on flunarizine’s protectant and resuscitant properties have obtained positive results [13]. Nevertheless, neither the mechanism(s) nor the site(s) of action for this cerebroprotection are known with certainty. The primary site for this effect could reside within neurons, glia, or the cerebral capillary endothelium. Until recently, the lack of an appropriate intravenous formulation limited both mechanistic studies and the clinical evaluation of flunarizine’s protectant action.
Toward farmer decision profiles to improve food security in Kenya

The decision-making processes of small-scale farmers are frequently ignored in discussions about food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, policies intended to improve land productivity often fail or produce ambiguous results regarding their efficacy. As rainfall becomes increasingly unpredictable, and as productive land becomes increasingly scarce, we must rethink how to enable more efficient land management strategies, with greater emphasis on enabling the individuals who manage the land. In this paper, we study two different groups of farmers in Kenya: traditional rural farmers and an emerging class called the “telephone farmer.” They face different operational constraints but share the common goal of deriving profits from agriculture. We develop eight profiles that attempt to explain what production actions farmers are likely to take and why. Our findings suggest that better characterization of the small-scale farming landscape can help to shape policies and incentives in ways that will amplify farmer priorities to increase land productivity and ultimately improve the prospects for food security.
Abstract 525: Nanomolar Ouabain Increases Na/Ca Exchanger-1 Expression and Enhances Ca2+ Signaling in Human Arterial Myocytes: A Mechanism That Links Salt to Increased Vascular Resistance?

The mechanisms by which excess dietary NaCl raises blood pressure (BP) in hypertension are unresolved. Much evidence indicates that endogenous ouabain (EO, an adrenocortical hormone and Na + pump blocker) plays a role. In rodents, arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) Na + pumps with an α2 catalytic subunit (ouabain EC 50 ≤1.0 nM) are crucial for some hypertension models, even though ≈80% of ASMC Na + pumps have an α1 subunit (ouabain EC 50 ≈5 μM). Human α1 Na + pumps, however, have high ouabain affinity (EC 50 ≈ 20 nM). Therefore, we studied the expression, distribution and function of Na + pump α subunit isoforms in ASMCs from surgically-recovered human artery segments. Immunoblots and immunocytochemistry reveal that human ASMCs (hASMCs) express α1 and α2 Na + pumps. As in rodents, α2, but not α1, pumps are confined to plasma membrane (PM) microdomains adjacent to sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR (identified with ER Tracker, an SR stain, and anti-SR Ca 2+ pump-2, SERCA2, antibodies). Na/Ca exchanger-1 (NCX1) and TRPC6 (component of receptor-operated channels, ROCs) co-localize with α2 in the PM microdomains. Incubation (72 hr) with 100 nM ouabain (blocks nearly all α1 and α2 pumps) was toxic to most cultured hASMCs, but 10 nM ouabain (blocks 90-95% of α2 and P n =5 patients). Ca 2+ transients were measured with fura 2: The 72 hr, 10 nM ouabain pre-treatment increased 10 μM ATP-induced SR Ca 2+ release in 0Ca 2+ media by 27±8% ( P n =3), and increased Ca 2+ influx when external Ca 2+ was restored (ATP still present) by 96±15% ( P n =3 patients). This Ca 2+ influx was likely mediated primarily by ROCs and store-operated Ca 2+ channels. Thus, α2 Na + pumps, NCX1, ROCs, and the SR are structurally and functionally linked. Freshly-isolated myocytes from the arteries of several rat hypertension models display comparable protein expression and Ca 2+ signaling changes. We conclude that the same molecular mechanisms regulate long-term Ca 2+ homeostasis and signaling in human and rodent ASMCs. These ouabain/EO-modulated mechanisms underlie the ‘whole body autoregulation’ associated with increased vascular resistance and elevation of BP in human hypertension.
Deletion of TXNIP mitigates high-fat diet-impaired angiogenesis and prevents inflammation in a mouse model of critical limb ischemia

Background: Previous work demonstrated that high-fat diet (HFD) triggered thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and that silencing TXNIP prevents diabetes-impaired vascular recovery. Here, we examine the impact of genetic deletion of TXNIP on HFD-impaired vascular recovery using hind limb ischemia model. Methods: Wild type mice (WT, C57Bl/6) and TXNIP knockout mice (TKO) were fed either normal chow diet (WT-ND and TKO-ND) or 60% high-fat diet (WT-HFD and TKO-HFD). After four weeks of HFD, unilateral hind limb ischemia was performed and blood flow was measured using Laser doppler scanner at baseline and then weekly for an additional three weeks. Vascular density, nitrative stress, infiltration of CD68+ macrophages, and expression of inflammasome, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 were examined by slot blot, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: By week 8, HFD caused similar increases in weight, cholesterol and triglycerides in both WT and TKO. At week 4 and week 8, HFD significantly impaired glucose tolerance in WT and to a lesser extent in TKO. HFD significantly impaired blood flow and vascular density (CD31 labeled) in skeletal muscle of WT mice compared to ND but not in TKO. HFD and ischemia significantly induced tyrosine nitration, and systemic IL-1β and infiltration of CD68+ cells in skeletal muscle from WT but not from TKO. HFD significantly increased cleaved-caspase-1 and IL-1 β compared to ND. Under both ND, ischemia tended to increase VEGF expression and increased VEGFR2 activation in WT only but not TKO. Conclusion: Similar to prior observation in diabetes, HFD-induced obesity can compromise vascular recovery in response to ischemic insult. The mechanism involves increased TXNIP-NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome activation, nitrative stress and impaired VEGFR2 activation. Deletion of TXNIP restored blood flow, reduced nitrative stress and blunted inflammasome-mediated inflammation; however, it did not impact VEGF/VEGFR2 in HFD. Targeting TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome can provide potential therapeutic target in obesity-induced vascular complication.
Privacy, Disability, and Family: Exploring the Privacy Management Behaviors of Parents with a Child with Autism

This exploratory study utilizes communication privacy management theory to uncover how parents (n = 80) manage private details following their child’s autism diagnosis. Cross-sectional survey data revealed that disclosing risk-laden information about autism predicted boundary coordination. Further, the anticipation of boundary turbulence led parents to become less communicatively open and more coordinated when making disclosures. Content analysis results revealed that parents mainly confide in their own parents, siblings, friends, and certain medical professionals regarding private details of their child’s diagnosis. Findings highlight parents’ roles as information guardians in managing their family and child’s privacy after an unforeseeable diagnosis.
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a disorder of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons within the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. It is believed to be caused by repetitive microtrauma and subsequent inflammation in the tendon sheath containing the two aforementioned components, such as when performing activities requiring forceful gripping with ulnar deviation. It is the most common tendonitis of the wrist, preferentially affecting individuals between 30 and 50 years of age and the female gender in a 10:1 ratio, particularly postpartum women. Pain and tenderness are typically located over the radial styloid. “Finkelstein’s maneuver” is used to help diagnose this condition. Most common treatments include rest, modalities, analgesics, thumb spica splint, and corticosteroid injections.
Sketching as a Modality in Intelligent Tutoring Systems

The Spatial Intelligence and Learning Center (SILC) pioneered the idea of spatial learning: improving learning about spatial concepts and using spatial concepts to facilitate learning about other domains. Spatial concepts are of significant importance in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education including physics, chemistry, geoscience, and biology, as well as most branches of engineering. Spatial concepts are also important in the military. For example, sand tables are used to understand the terrain, since calculating Line of Sight (LOS) for cover and concealment on the battlefield can mean the difference between life or death. In addition, land navigation using topographic maps is a critical skill that all members of the military are required to obtain.
Flowchart for Basic Non-destructive Testing Technologies in Biomaterials

Many accidents result in bone loss, tissue loss or vein loss either in the limbs, hands, spinal, skull or teeth. Biomaterials have their applications in orthopedic, vascular, tissue, dental and spinal implants to augment and replace the loss. However, the biomaterials which are to be implanted into the human body must be compatible with the human body and hence a close, long follow up observation should be employed to monitor for any adverse effects that may occur. Currently we have a few non-destructive testing technologies available to characterize the various features that may arise during and after the implantation. Depending on the different types of biomaterials, different features interested, different purposes of testing, the different nondestructive testing technologies should be used. This study aims to provide a general flowchart to determine the most suitable nondestructive evaluation technologies based on their working mechanism and applications. A flowchart has been drawn based on the review of the current non destructive testing techniques in biomaterials. All the steps that are to be followed in non destructive testing are indicated in the flowchart.
Posterior Vertebral Column Resection (VCR) for Complex Spinal Deformities

Vertebral column resection (VCR) for severe spinal deformity was first described in the 1970s and 1980s [1–3], though vertebrectomy as a surgical procedure has been employed since the 1920s for treatment of scoliosis [4]. A circumferential VCR approach to the surgical management of severe pediatric and adult deformities was considered as a viable option, as the development of segmental instrumentation made stable posterior constructs—and thus successful manipulation of the severely deformed spine—possible. Throughout the 1990s, the described series of patients undergoing VCR for deformity correction continued to slowly expand in both the pediatric and adult populations [5, 6]. The technique itself involves resection of the vertebral body and discs from a formal anterior approach, as well as removal of the posterior elements and posterior instrumentation and fusion from the posterior approach [7]. Recent developments in posterior-only exposures to achieve resection of the anterior column have obviated the requirement for traditional anterior and posterior approaches [8, 9], and the technique continued to gain relative popularity for the treatment of severe pediatric and adult spinal deformities [10–12]. Posterior-only VCR allows the procedure to be completed in one stage, thus reducing overall operative time and blood loss, and providing the greatest amount of surgical correction when compared to all other spinal osteotomy types [7]. The advantage of posterior VCR over traditional pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is that one obtains complete control and access of the spinal column and spinal cord during the disarticulation of the proximal and distal ends of the spinal column being realigned [13].
GABA-transaminase antisense oligodeoxynucleotide modulates cocaine- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice.

The mechanism of action of many anticonvulsive agents is to increase the function of the GABAergic system. Inhibition of GABA-Transaminase (GABA-T), the degradative enzyme for GABA, increases GABA levels in the brain. In this study, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASO) targeted at the start codon region of GABA-Transaminase mRNA were used to modify seizure activity. Mice were treated, by intracerebroventricular injection, with antisense oligos or appropriate controls. At various times after treatment, the animals were challenged with cocaine (70 mg/kg, i.p.) and observed for seizure activity. At 15 hours after treatment, 1.152 and 1.44 nmol antisense oligo blocked cocaine-induced seizures. There was no effect of antisense oligo 8 or 36 hours after treatment. In addition, treatment with 7.2 nmol antisense oligo prevented pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. These data demonstrate the modulation of seizure threshold using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to GABA-T.
Tourism and Economics: Technologically Enabled Transactions

This chapter is concerned with economic paradigms for growth, stability, employment, and, ultimately, development vis-a-vis tourism. It analyzes profound changes, even shifts, of these paradigms in the last 15 years and their influence on tourism theory and practice. It is often held that the world economy has entered an age of low growth and weakened demand, at the same time that there is increased inequality in the ownership of control and property rights. This has enormous consequences for the future of tourism that must be explored. Simultaneously, technological as well as market innovations (e.g., the so-called ‘shared economy’) have deep effects on the production, distribution, and consumption of tourism goods and services, while these effects also impinge on tourism destination governance and the supposed beneficial action of tourism on development. This chapter analyzes these new scenarios and proposes tourism policy framework to deal with the new realities.
Brief Report: Autism Knowledge and Stigma in University and Community Samples

Increased public understanding of autism may lead to better access to services and participation in the community for individuals with autism. The goal of this study was to explore autism understanding and stigma among university students, and general community members recruited at a state fair. Participants between 18 and 79 years of age (n = 478) completed the Autism Stigma and Knowledge Questionnaire (ASK-Q; Harrison et al., Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 47(10):3281–3295, 2017). All ASK-Q means fell within the adequate knowledge range, indicating relatively high levels of autism knowledge and low levels of stigma. ASK-Q scores were correlated with gender, education, and self-ratings of understanding but not age. The results of this study suggest the need for continued inquiry into metrics that indicate autism understanding and stigma.
Synthesis and Structure of Two New Ternary Nitrides: FeWN2 and MnMoN2

New layered ternary transition metal nitrides, FeWN2 and MnMoN2, were synthesized in single-step reactions by the ammonolysis of ternary transition metal oxides. Solid-state precursors FeWO4 and MnMoO4 were treated with ammonia at 625 and 800 °C to yield the ternary nitrides FeWN2 (P63/mmc; a = 2.87630(5) A, c = 10.9320(4) A) and MnMoN2 (P63/mmc; a = 2.92262(8) A, b = 10.8564(4) A), respectively. Structures are proposed on the basis of Rietveld analysis of powder X-ray diffraction data. These compounds are members of a family of layered hexagonal ternary nitrides, consisting of alternating layers of MN6 (M = Fe, Mn) octahedra and M‘N6 (M‘ = W, Mo) trigonal prisms. The conductivity data for both compounds indicate metallic-like behavior.
Child-Report of Food Insecurity Is Associated with Diet Quality in Children.

Food insecurity (FI) is adversely associated with physical and mental wellbeing in children. The mechanism underlying this association is assumed to be dietary intake; however, evidence has been mixed. This study examined the relationship between self-reported FI and dietary quality among low-income children. Cross-sectional data were used from TX Sprouts, a school-based cooking, gardening, and nutrition intervention. A sample of 598 children completed two 24-h dietary recalls and a questionnaire including an adapted version of the 5-item Child Food Security Assessment (CFSA). Food security was categorized as food secure or FI based on summed CFSA scores. Dietary quality was assessed using the Health Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). Mixed effects linear regression models examined associations between FI and dietary quality. Children were 64% Hispanic, 55% female, and were 9.2 years old on average. Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, BMI percentile, and energy intake, FI was associated with lower HEI-2015 total scores (β = −3.17; 95% CI = −5.28, −1.06; p = 0.003). Compared to food secure children, FI children had lower greens and beans (2.3 vs. 1.9, p = 0.016), seafood and plant protein (2.0 vs. 1.6, p = 0.006), and added sugar (7.4 vs. 8.0, p = 0.002) component scores. Interventions targeting low-income and FI children should investigate ways to improve dietary quality.
Determination of γ′ P at the National Bureau of Standards

The gyromagnetic ratio of the proton, γ′P is one of our most important fundamental physical constants. (The prime indicates that the protons are in a spherical sample of pure H2O.) Not only is it used for calibration purposes in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, but it plays a crucial role in determining the fine structure constant from the measurement of 2e/h via the ac Josephson effect (1). Additionally the continued measurement of γ′P can be used to monitor as-maintained units of current (2).
Creative industries in the United States: programme and policy evaluation in cultural affairs

In policy fields such as public health, policing, and pollution abatement, evaluation of the effectiveness of programmes and policies is commonplace: What are the goals sought? What means have been...
Preliminary investigation of actinide and xenon reactivity effects in accelerator transmutation of waste high-flux systems

The possibility of an unstable positive reactivity growth in an accelerator transmutation of waste (ATW)-type high-flux system is investigated. While it has always been clear that xenon is an important actor in the reactivity response of a system to flux changes, it has been suggested that in very high thermal flux transuranic burning systems, a positive, unstable reactivity growth could be caused by the actinides alone. Initial system reactivity response to flux changes caused by the actinides and xenon are investigated separately. The maximum change in reactivity after a flux change caused by the effect of the changing quantities of actinides is generally at least two orders of magnitude smaller than either the positive or negative reactivity effect associated with xenon after a shutdown or startup. In any transient flux event, the reactivity response of the system to xenon will generally occlude the response caused by the actinides. The capabilities and applications of both the current actinide model and the xenon model are discussed. Finally, the need for a complete dynamic model for the high-flux fluid-fueled ATW system is addressed.
Modeling of collisional energy transfer in optically pumped far infrared lasers

Optically pumped far infrared (OPFIR) lasers have been the subject of extensive theoretical and experimental investigations. A detailed review of this work has been published recently (1). Although many important aspects of these lasers are now well understood, comprehensive modeling of these lasers is very difficult because of the large number of states that influence the lasing and because of potentially nonlinear and inhomogeneous effects of the pump laser. Consequently numerous approximations and simplifications have been required to obtain tractable analytic models. An additional complication has been a lack of the requisite extensive experimental data needed to guide the development of these models. The net effect has been models that extrapolate poorly into new operating regimes (e.g. pump intensity and pressure) and derived parameters that are related to actual physical processes in complicated or unknown ways.
Forensic e-mental health: Review, research priorities, and policy directions

Forensic e-mental health is an area of psychology that is relatively underdeveloped considering technological advancements and the many mental health needs of justice-involved individuals It includes the procurement, storage, sharing, and provision of forensic mental health information and services via electronic means and is associated with improved accessibility, efficiency, cost-savings, and safety During the COVID-19 pandemic, clinics, hospitals, jails, prisons, and the courts rapidly adopted these modalities for service continuity out of necessity, rather than choice In the absence of formal guidelines, practitioners, researchers, and policymakers were left searching for answers: what forensic e-mental health technologies are available, what was their research evidence, and what could the future hold? A "primer" covering the many aspects of technology-assisted forensic practice and research was overdue To address this knowledge gap, we reviewed the e-mental health research base encompassing forensic evaluations and interventions Considering stakeholders' needs, cost, and feasibility, we prioritized key topics that should rise to the top of the forensic e-mental health research agenda: the psychometric properties of forensic e-mental health assessments, impact of video recording evaluations, how to assess and treat diverse populations, restoration of competence to proceed, continuum of care, minimizing treatment attrition, and decreasing substance use We report how to plan for and overcome logistical hurdles when implementing forensic e-mental health policy, utilize technology for training and education, and harness digitized data across the forensic realm In conclusion, we find that there is ample opportunity for leveraging technology to improve forensic mental health practice, research, and policy (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Commensal Microbes and Their Metabolites: Influence on Host Pathways in Health and Cancer

Commensal microbial homeostasis has been associated with the health of an individual for centuries. Microbial dysbiosis (alteration of microbial composition, with expectation of adverse outcome) in disease, infection, and chronic metabolic disorders are associated with distinct comorbidities, hitherto known, and yet poorly understood. With extensive use of sequence-based molecular phylogeny, we now understand the commensal microbial association with the diseases, their manifestation, and pathogenesis. Microbiome and its metabolic products continuously interact with the host, both immunologically and biochemically in health and disease. This interaction can be beneficial or adversarial, depending on its nature of participation in the host metabolic process. In this chapter, we have discussed the major microbial metabolites that dominate the metabolic landscape of gut microbiota (the cancer microbiome) and influence cancer pathogenesis and chemotherapeutic efficacy.
Effect of Wiring Density and Pillar Structure on Chip Packaging Interaction for Mixed-Signal Cu Low k Chips

Multilevel finite element analysis (FEA) was used to study the effects of wiring density and solder pillar structure on chip-package interaction (CPI) for advanced Cu/low k mixed-signal chips. The mixed signal chip has analog and digital wiring designs with different metal densities, incorporating extreme low-k (ELK), low-k (LK) and oxide dielectrics in 10 wiring layers. The results are compared with uniform signal chips with uniform metal density on each wiring layer. The first principal stress was found to increase by 1.5 to 3x in the mixed signal chip between the analog and the isolation channel of the ELK and LK layers due to the different wiring density. In addition, the energy release rate (ERR) was significantly increased to reach a critical ERR ratio higher than 1 to drive interfacial delamination, raising serious chip-package interaction (CPI) reliability concern for the mixed signal chip. The results were attributed to the Dundurs effect due to the material mismatch and the nonuniform metal density in the mixed signal chip. In the study of the pillar structure effect, intermetallic compound (IMC) growth was found to be important and can substantially increase the critical ERR ratio to degrade the CPI reliability of the mixed signal chip.
Fast Construction of 4-Additive Spanners.

A $k$-additive spanner of a graph is a subgraph that preserves the distance between any two nodes up to a total additive error of $+k$. Efficient algorithms have been devised for constructing 2 [Aingworth et al. SIAM '99], 6 [Baswana et al. ACM '10, Woodruff ICALP '13], and 8-additive spanners [Knudsen '17], but efficiency hasn't been studied for 4-additive spanner constructions. In this paper we present a modification of Chechik's 4-additive spanner construction [Chechik SODA '13] that produces a 4-additive spanner on $\widetilde{O}(n^{7/5})$ edges, with an improved runtime of $\widetilde{O}(mn^{3/5})$ from $O(mn)$.
Plasma, platelet and red blood cell transfusion ratios for life-threatening non-traumatic haemorrhage in medical and post-surgical patients: An observational study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite the broad utilization of component-based transfusion strategies that aim to reconstitute whole blood during acute traumatic haemorrhage, data for haemorrhage occurring outside of trauma and surgery are limited. METHODS This is an observational cohort study of adults experiencing critical non-traumatic, non-intraoperative haemorrhage during hospitalization at an academic medical centre from 2011 to 2015. The primary goal was to evaluate differences in plasma and platelet to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion ratios across patient demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Secondarily, associations between transfusion ratios and clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Seven hundred nine patients were included: 498 (70.2%) medical and 211 (29.8%) post surgical. The gastrointestinal tract (36.7%) was the most common site of bleeding. Most patients received RBCs without plasma (35.5%) or platelets (54.2%). Among those receiving plasma, 82.3% received a plasma to RBC ratio < 1:1 at 24 h. For platelets, the most common ratio was 1-2:1 (52.9%). Transfusion ratios were generally consistent across comorbid disease severity, admission type and anatomic sites of bleeding. Higher plasma utilization was observed in the emergency department, while greater platelet utilization occurred in intensive care units. Higher transfusion ratios were observed in those with greater laboratory haemostatic abnormalities prior to the haemorrhagic event. Clinical outcome differences were limited, though greater platelet utilization in the first 24 h was associated with higher mortality and fewer hospital-free days. CONCLUSIONS Transfusion ratios for critical non-traumatic haemorrhage were primarily related to laboratory abnormalities preceding the haemorrhagic event and practice environments. Clinical outcome differences across ratios were limited.
Protocol for assessing real-time changes in mitochondrial morphology, fission and fusion events in live cells using confocal microscopy

Changes in mitochondrial size, shape, and subcellular position, a process collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics, are exploited for various cancer traits. Modulation of subcellular mitochondrial trafficking and accumulation at the cortical cytoskeleton has been linked to the machinery of cell movements, fueling cell invasion and metastatic spreading. Here, we detail a technique to track changes in mitochondrial volume using a commercial CellLight™ Mitochondria-RFP/GFP reporter and live confocal microscopy. This allows a real-time study of mitochondrial dynamics in live cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Bertolini et al. (2020).
Event History Analysis of a Waterfront Redevelopment Project on Existing Retailers

Event history analysis was utilized to determine the survival/failure experience of 93 retail establishments subsequent to the redevelopment of a downtown riverfront business district in a small urban area. Results indicate that nearly a third of previously existing businesses failed within five years from completion of the construction project.Research and policy implications for the marketing strategy of existing retailer establishments are discussed.
Experimental cardiac anaphylaxis. Physiologic, pharmacologic and biochemical aspects of immune reactions in the isolated heart.

Abstract Experimental cardiac anaphylaxis is initiated by a specific reaction between antigen and antibody, one of which has to be fixed to susceptible cells in the cardiac tissue. The biochemical steps initiated by the reaction appear eventually to release a variety of agents which, either by their direct effect or by their indirect effect as enzymes acting on plasma substrates, exert pharmacologic actions on the heart, producing a variety of irregularities. In most animals, and particularly in the guinea pig, histamine is the principal agent liberated. It is especially abundant in the mast cells of the right atrium, and its release accounts for most of the increased rate and amplitude of contraction, coronary constriction and atrioventricular block observed in the perfused heart. The chronotropic and inotropic responses in anaphylaxis are demonstrated equally well in the isolated atria and they are indistinguishable, electrophysiologically, from similar changes produced by histamine. The intensity of the reaction, as demonstrated in experiments utilizing passive sensitization, depends on the load of immunologic reactant fixed to the tissue and the concentration of the agent, either antigen or antibody, used to evoke it. The character of the vasoactive agent released is, additionally, determined by the electrophoretic class of antibody used for sensitization. Finally, bacterial toxins such as streptolysin can simultaneously produce a double insult to the heart of an immunized animal: They evoke anaphylaxis by the specific reaction of the antigenic determinant with sensitized cells at the same time that they produce damage to other regions of the heart through the toxic group of the molecule.
Optimizing Static Power Dissipation by Functional Units in Superscalar Processors

We present a novel approach which combines compiler, instruction set, and microarchitecture support to turn off functional units that are idle for long periods of time for reducing static power dissipation by idle functional units using power gating [2,9]. The compiler identifies program regions in which functional units are expected to be idle and communicates this information to the hardware by issuing directives for turning units off at entry points of idle regions and directives for turning them back on at exits from such regions. The microarchitecture is designed to treat the compiler directives as hints ignoring a pair of off and on directives if they are too close together. The results of experiments show that some of the functional units can be kept off for over 90% of the time at the cost of minimal performance degradation of under 1%.
Inhibition of streaming in amoeba by pinocytosis inducers: Possible mechanisms☆

Abstract 1. 1. A simple technique is presented for the assay of resumption of streaming in small populations of cells (20–30). 2. 2. Pinocytosis inducers of group II (basic dyes and proteins) temporarily inhibit streaming after treatment and washing of amoebae in the cold; the effect is a function of the concentration used in the pre-treatment. Acid dyes had no effect. Intermediate concentrations that have little effect on streaming produce monopodal forms. 3. 3. Reversible inhibition of streaming is also produced by 2–5 m M ATP, ITP, GTP and EDTA but not significantly by 5 m M AMP, 10 m M NaCl or 10 m M CaCl 2 . Both ATP and EDTA inhibition are prevented by addition of excess calcium ions to the medium. However, at low calcium ion concentration (5 × 10 −4 M ) ATP has an effect in addition to its chelating action. 4. 4. Possible interrelationships between the pinocytosis inducers, calcium ions and ATP are considered.