cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Illness in Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy: A Review

Background Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC), also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy, has been increasingly described in relation to psychiatric illness. Methods We performed a literature review to identify the key findings related to psychiatric illness in TC that may be relevant to the practice of mental health and other health care providers. Results The association of psychiatric illness with TC in addition to the spectrum of psychiatric illness found in TC, the role of exacerbation or treatment of psychiatric illness in triggering TC, different modes of presentation, prognostic implications, and long-term management of psychiatric illness in TC are discussed. Additionally, we review the limitations of the pre-existing literature and suggest areas of future research. Conclusions There is a strong association between pre-existing psychiatric illness, particularly anxiety and mood spectrum disorders, and TC. Acute exacerbation of psychiatric illness, rapid uptitration or overdose of certain psychotropic agents, and electroconvulsive therapy may trigger TC. Further studies are needed to better evaluate the prognostic significance and long-term management of psychiatric illness in TC.
Rhabdomyolysis following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: Case report.

Background Rhabdomyolysis results from the release of large quantities of muscle cell contents into plasma resulting in a classic triad of symptoms - muscle pain, weakness, and brown urine. Only a handful of rhabdomyolysis cases occurring after spinal surgery have been reported. Case description A 36-year-old male underwent an uneventful right-sided, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (miTLIF) for intractable lower back pain and right lower extremity radiculopathy attributed to L4-S1 degenerative spondylosis (DS). Postoperatively, the patient complained of intractable lower extremity pain resistant to medical management. He was subsequently diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis, and aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation resulted in complete recovery. Conclusions Rhabdomyolysis should be diagnosed and treated promptly with aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation to avoid acute kidney injury following miTLIF surgery.
A generalized frictional and hydrodynamic model of the dynamics and structure of dense colloidal suspensions

Controlling the structure and the rheological properties of colloidal suspension is essential in numerous applications to control the phenomenon known as shear-thickening. Here, we report on the nontrivial interplay between hydrodynamic and frictional interactions using mesoscopic characterization of semidense, φ = 0.48, and dense, φ = 0.58, colloidal suspensions. Monitoring computationally both rheology and microstructure of these complex fluids under an external deformation, we show that in the semidense regime the interactions in colloidal suspensions are dominated by hydrodynamics while the fraction of frictional bonds remains negligible and consequently the size of frictional clusters remain small. For these systems, the normal stresses remain negative and large. For dense suspensions, frictional forces are necessary to capture discontinuous shear-thickening (DST); however, the microstructure and rheology are sensitive to the level of roughness of colloidal particles. Furthermore, we show that the frictional bonds in the dense and semidense regime follow the same statistics as random networks introduced by Erdős–Renyi where the presence of frictional bonds in dense suspensions promotes formation of a Giant percolated cluster. We show that for both semidense and dense regimes hydroclusters initially form, within which the frictional contacts nucleate. In the case of dense suspensions these nuclei grow and percolate and form a frictional network. We show that the presence of such a percolated cluster is also necessary for DST to occur.
Optimal wing hinge position for fast ascent in a model fly

It was thought that the wing hinge position can be tuned to stabilize an uncontrolled fly. However here, our Floquet stability analysis shows that the hinge position has a weak dependence on the flight stability. As long as the hinge position is within the fly’s body length, both hovering and ascending flight are unstable. Instead, there is an optimal hinge position, . These results suggest that the ascending speed, in addition to energetics and stability, is a trait that insects are likely to optimize.
Understanding the Security in Privacy-Security Concerns: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination

Even though Privacy concerns and security concerns are acknowledged as separate constructs, many studies argue that they are related or, even worse, confused. Hence, this study clarifies the nuances between privacy and security concerns, and identifies the dimensions which pertain purely to the security side. It develops a scale to measure those “security dimensions”. It shows that unique dimensions relate to the transmission aspect of security concern. Hence we call this scale Internet Users Information Transmission Security Concern (IUITSC) scale. This study draws upon a sample of 270 Internet users to validate and empirically examine the factor structure of the scale. The results suggest that IUITSC may be represented as a second-order factor structure rather than a set of four first-order factors. The study argues that assurance could be the overarching theme which ties the first-order dimensions of security concern into the higher order IUITSC construct. The paper most importantly, theoretically and empirically establishes the distinctness of the IUITSC scale with privacy concern dimensions. Together the IUITSC and privacy concern dimensions cover the entire gamut of privacysecurity concerns.
Localizing the internet: implications of and challenges in geo-locating everything digital

The Internet allows for near-total anonymity in online discussions and transactions; leading to challenges such as identity theft, spear phishing, cyber-bullying and lack of user-retailer trust for small online retailers. In an effort to restore prosperity, security and trust to our increasingly digitally interconnected society, it is important to tie some sense of the physical world in with the cyber world, e.g., creating a geo-coded Internet. However, geo-coding the vast amount of content currently on the web, along with providing reliable geo-location authentication services against the difficulties of spatial analysis and the inherent probabilistic estimate of current location-identification technology.
Understanding Documents with Hyperknowledge Specifications

Finding concepts considering their meaning and semantic relations in a document corpus is an important and challenging task. In this paper, we present our contributions on how to understand unstructured data present in one or multiple documents. Generally, the current literature concentrates efforts in structuring knowledge by identifying semantic entities in the data. In this paper, we test our hypothesis that hyperknowledge specifications are capable of defining rich relations among documents and extracted facts. The main evidence supporting this hypothesis is the fact that hyperknowledge was built on top of hypermedia fundamentals, easing the specification of rich relationships between different multimodal components (i.e. multimedia content and knowledge entities). The key challenge tackled in this paper is how to structure and correlate these components considering their meaning and semantic relations.
CEO Prestige and Strategic Deviance

Do prestigious CEOs engage in more deviant strategic action? Arguments built on upper echelon, neo-institutional, social capital and human capital theories make two contrasting predictions based on...
Approximation by a Kantorovich–Shilkret Quasi-interpolation Neural Network Operator

In this chapter we present multivariate basic approximation by a Kantorovich–Shilkret type quasi-interpolation neural network operator with respect to supremum norm. This is done with rates using the multivariate modulus of continuity. We approximate continuous and bounded functions on \( \mathbb {R}^{N}\), \(N\in \mathbb {N}\). When they are additionally uniformly continuous we derive pointwise and uniform convergences. It follows (Anastassiou, Quantitative approximation by a Kantorovich–Shilkret quasi-interpolation neural network operator (2018) [3]).
Modulation of the tumor suppressor p53 pathway by arginine methyltransferases

1564 The tumor suppressor p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. As a transcription factor, p53 plays an essential role in the induction of cellular processes such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence in response to stress signals. Post-translational modifications and interaction with cofactors are the primary mediators of p53 stabilization and activation upon cellular stresses. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are known to methylate histones and many cellular proteins involved in diverse processes such as DNA repair, transcription, and RNA processing. Here, we showed that inhibition of protein methyltransferases, especially arginine methyltransferases, prevents the induction of p21 and MDM2 as well as the repression of ECT2 in response to DNA damage, in a p53-dependent manner. To identify which arginine methyltransferase is required for p53 transcriptional activity, we generated multiple cell lines in which PRMT1, CARM1, or PRMT5 are inducibly knocked down by the tetracycline-inducible shRNA expression system in MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. We found that PRMT1 and/or CARM1 knockdown has a limited effect on cell proliferation. In addition, PRMT1 and CARM1 deficiency do not have an effect on p53 stabilization and transcriptional activity upon DNA damage or MDM2 inhibition. However, we found that PRMT5 is required for cell proliferation. In addition, we showed that deficiency in PRMT5 leads to cell cycle arrest in G1. Interestingly, we also found that PRMT5 knockdown attenuates p53 stabilization upon DNA damage, leading to a decreased induction of MDM2 and p21. Taken together, we uncovered that the arginine methyltransferase family member PRMT5 has a pro-survival function and also acts as a novel modulator of p53 transcriptional activity.
Ureteral Access Sheaths and Irrigation Devices

Ureteral access sheaths have become an increasingly popular tool for urologists in the endoscopic management of ureteral and renal calculi. While there are multiple advantages to access sheaths, including increased irrigation and ease of reentry to the upper tract with the ureteroscope, significant disadvantages exist as well. Ureteral wall damage is not uncommon secondary to the use of access sheaths. This chapter outlines the basics of ureteral access sheaths and the pros and cons of their use during ureteroscopy.
New radio access technologies for 5G with enhanced network reliability and channel capacity

The explosive growth of mobile applications, e.g., ultra-high definition video streaming, virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) wearables, incurs lots of changes in 5G network of its reliability, coverage, transmission throughput and received quality of service (QoS). Therefore, to make 5G a reality, Fiber-Wireless Integration and Networking (FiWIN) is the key architecture in serving such diverse user scenarios, which provides a comprehensive network design for signal delivery. In this paper, some of the great challenges in 5G mobile fronthaul and the possible solutions will be discussed. In particular, we will review the recent breakthroughs in the FiWIN research center of the digitally spreading OFDM, polarization division multiplexing (PDM) radio-over-fiber (RoF), and beamforming enhanced mobile fronthaul. From the network perspective, by employing the 5G new radio and dense small cells deployment, the 5G wireless environment could become sophisticated, and the unexpected interference would cause a significant received performance declination. In this case, a spreading OFDM exhibit a superior received performance over the typical OFDM is considering as a promising signal format. While, the photonic-aided RoF system greatly simplified the 5G small cell hardware design. In order to maintain that beneficial feature, a self-polarization PDM scheme may be applied in mobile fronthaul for increasing the channel capacity and network coverage. The narrow beam-width property of 5G new radio reduces the tolerance of antenna misalignment. To address such issue, we will present the future-proof experiment of the fiber-wireless integration network with a 1-by-4 beamforming receiver with full reception angles (±90o) and signal waveforms transparency.
Interaction of egg cortisol and offspring experience influences stress-related behaviour and physiology in lake sturgeon

Quantifying transgenerational effects of stress is important to predict outcomes of anthropogenic disturbances for wildlife species. Maternal stress can programme physiological and behavioural phenotypes in offspring, which may be maladaptive if maternal and offspring environments are mismatched. We investigated effects of a match and mismatch between egg cortisol and offspring stress levels in lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, using artificially elevated egg cortisol levels (simulating maternal stress) and a chronic unpredictable stress regime for offspring after hatch. Offspring cortisol levels were quantified at baseline and after an acute stressor. Multiple measures of offspring swimming activity were assessed in behaviour trials. Individuals that experienced elevated egg cortisol and high offspring stress exhibited a diminished cortisol response to an acute stressor, but responses varied among offspring from different families. Results suggest that the interaction between maternal and offspring experience may cue an offspring phenotype that is adaptive in high-stress conditions. Principal components analysis characterizing interindividual variation in offspring behavioural variables showed that treatment significantly affected multivariate offspring response along the PC1 axis (associated with inactivity), and both treatment and family significantly affected response along the PC2 axis (associated with shorter distance moved). The largest differences for PC1 occurred between the ‘mismatch’ treatments (high egg cortisol and low offspring stress exhibiting lower activity; low egg cortisol and high offspring stress exhibiting higher activity), indicating that the combination of egg cortisol and offspring stress is more important in determining offspring behaviour than is egg cortisol or offspring stress alone. Findings suggest that family effects, such as genetic components or maternal experience, may mediate how the interaction of maternal and offspring stress influences offspring physiological and behavioural outcomes, and indicate the need for further research into environmental factors experienced by females that influence how offspring respond to egg cortisol and early life stress.
Lightweight Integrated Design of PUF and TRNG Security Primitives Based on eFlash Memory in 55-nm CMOS

We present a lightweight, suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, integrated design of physically unclonable function (PUF) and true random number generator (TRNG) based on embedded flash memory in 55-nm CMOS. In the proposed approach, the randomness in nonlinear ${I} - {V}$ characteristics and temporal current fluctuations of embedded flash memories are exploited to generate the dynamic and static entropies. Shared silicon in designing PUF and TRNG results in a very compact and energy-efficient topology. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate >10200 key space, 0.58-pJ/b energy efficiency for < 5% controllable bit error rate at 80 °C, up to 192.3-Mbps throughput, high Shannon entropy, and resiliency toward machine learning attacks. Accelerated aging measurements indicate stable physical unclonable function response after 900 min of baking at 85 °C.
Polarization Behavior in Thin Film Ferroelectric Capacitors at the Nanoscale

A physical principle of most of ferroelectric-based devices is electrically induced polarization reversal, which on a microscopic level occurs via the nucleation and growth of a large number of domains. The dynamic characteristics of domain growth as well as static properties of domain structure to a large extent determine the ferroelectric device performance. Recent advances in the synthesis and fabrication of micro- and nanoscale ferroelectric structures [1–4] make it imperative to understand the domain switching behavior at this scale. A major limitation in acquiring this crucial information is the lack of experimental methods to characterize the domain kinetics with the nanometer length and nanosecond time resolution. The most effective approach to visualization of domain kinetics is based on linear coupling between ferroelectric and piezoelectric parameters, which on the experimental level can be detected either by X-ray scattering or by scanning force microscopy. High-resolution studies using time-resolved X-ray microdiffraction imaging [5–7] have demonstrated reproducible switching behavior of polarization from cycle to cycle and allowed direct measurements of domain wall velocity at high electric fields.
Influence of Insurance Status and Demographic Factors on Outcomes Following Tracheostomy.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Little data exists regarding the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic factors and tracheostomy outcomes. The goal of this study was to determine associations between socioeconomic status (SES), demographic factors, and insurance status with hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, and mortality following tracheostomy. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS A retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent tracheostomy at an urban tertiary-care academic hospital from 2016 to 2017 was performed. Patients were aggregated into low-, middle-, and high-income brackets. Other variables included age, sex, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Outcomes included hospital and ICU LOS, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality following tracheostomy. Outcomes were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables and χ2 or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. The α level was set to .05. RESULTS In total, 523 patients were included in the study. Patients from high-income areas were more likely to be male (P < .01), white (P < .01), and had lower body mass index (P = .04). On multiple regression analysis, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was associated with an increased odds of 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 4.43, P = .020). CCI was also associated with increased odds of 30-day mortality (OR: 1.12, P = .039). CONCLUSIONS Lower SES was not associated with increased morbidity or mortality after tracheostomy. Although Hispanic patients tended to have a lower CCI score, they had increased 30-day mortality, suggesting there are factors specific to this population that may influence outcomes, and future targeted studies are warranted to study these relationships. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1463-1467, 2021.
Reaction π + + p → π + + p + ω at 3.5 BeV/ c

Mechanisms for meson ( omega ) production in the reaction iscussed. Experimental angular, mass, and momentum transfer distributions for the reaction are illustrated. (C.E.S.)
Thermal shift assay to probe melting of thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin monomer, and fibrin: Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro induces a fibrin monomer-like state in fibrinogen.

Abstract Background Thrombin activates fibrinogen and binds the fibrin E-domain (Kd ~ 2.8 μM) and the splice variant γ’-domain (Kd ~ 0.1 μM). We investigated if the loading of D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone inhibited thrombin (PPACK-thrombin) onto fibrin could enhance fibrin stability. Methods A 384-well plate thermal shift assay (TSA) with SYPRO-orange provided melting temperatures (Tm) of thrombin, PPACK-thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin monomer, and fibrin. Results Large increases in Tm indicated that calcium led to protein stabilization (0 vs. 2 mM Ca2+) for fibrinogen (54.0 vs. 62.3 °C) and fibrin (62.3 vs. 72.2 °C). Additionally, active site inhibition with PPACK dramatically increased the Tm of thrombin (58.3 vs. 78.3 °C). Treatment of fibrinogen with fibrin polymerization inhibitor GPRP increased fibrinogen stability by ΔTm = 9.3 °C, similar to the ΔTm when fibrinogen was converted to fibrin monomer (ΔTm = 8.8 °C) or to fibrin (ΔTm = 10.4 °C). Addition of PPACK-thrombin at high 5:1 M ratio to fibrin(ogen) had little effect on fibrin(ogen) Tm values, indicating that thrombin binding does not detectably stabilize fibrin via a putative bivalent E-domain to γ’-domain interaction. Conclusions TSA was a sensitive assay of protein stability and detected: (1) the effects of calcium-stabilization, (2) thrombin active site labeling, (3) fibrinogen conversion to fibrin, and (4) GPRP induced changes in fibrinogen stability being essentially equivalent to that of fibrin monomer or polymerized fibrin. Significance The low volume, high throughput assay has potential for use in understanding interactions with rare or mutant fibrin(ogen) variants.
SARS-CoV-2 proteins and anti-COVID-19 drugs induce lytic reactivation of an oncogenic virus.

An outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease, has infected almost one hundred million people since the end of 2019, killed over two million, and caused worldwide social and economic disruption. Because the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells and its pathogenesis remain largely unclear, there are currently no antiviral drugs with proven efficacy. Besides severe respiratory and systematic symptoms, several comorbidities increase risk of fatal disease outcome. Therefore, it is required to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on pre-existing diseases of patients, such as cancer and other infectious diseases. In the current study, we report that SARS-CoV-2 encoded proteins and some currently used anti-COVID-19 drugs are able to induce lytic reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), one of major human oncogenic viruses, through manipulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Our data indicate that those KSHV + patients especially in endemic areas exposure to COVID-19 or undergoing the treatment may have increased risks to develop virus-associated cancers, even after they have fully recovered from COVID-19. Chen et al. find that SARS-CoV-2 encoded proteins and some anti-COVID-19 drugs can induce lytic reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), one of the major human oncogenic viruses. This study suggests that KSHV-positive patients exposed to COVID-19 or undergoing its treatment may have increased risks to develop virus-associated cancers, even after they have fully recovered from COVID-19.
Establishing a STEM Summer Research Program for Underrepresented Minority Students

The proportion of underrepresented minority (URM) students graduating with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) degrees, matriculating to graduate programs, and entering the STEM workforce continues to be significantly low. The Virginiaâ€“North Carolina Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (the VAâ€“NC Alliance) (National Science Foundation-funded award #1712724) offers recruitment, retention, and enrichment activities tailored to meet the needs of URM STEM students with the goal of reducing this gap at its individual partner institutions. One of the VAâ€“NC Allianceâ€™s signature activities is its summer research program. This paper serves two purposes. First, it analyzes data from summer research program alumni surveys on participant outcomes. Second, it presents recommendations on how to establish an impactful undergraduate research program that supports tangible outcomes for URM STEM participants from schools in the region, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), community colleges, and Predominately White Institutions (PWIs).
Receptor binding mechanisms of Clostridioides difficile toxin B and implications for therapeutics development.

Clostridioides difficile is classified as an urgent antibiotic resistance threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). C. difficile infection (CDI) is mainly caused by the C. difficile exotoxin TcdB, which invades host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, many natural variants of TcdB have been identified including some from the hypervirulent strains, which pose significant challenges for developing effective CDI therapies. Here, we review the recent research progress on the molecular mechanisms by which TcdB recognizes Frizzed proteins (FZDs) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as two major host receptors. We suggest that the receptor-binding sites and several previously identified neutralizing epitopes on TcdB are ideal targets for the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors to protect against diverse TcdB variants.
Designing for health

System readiness is vital to supporting the war fighter's needs. A robust health management system (HMS) enables the war fighter and maintainer to quickly access the health of a system through diagnostics and the probable failure impact of a mission through prognostics increasing probability of mission success. This systems engineering approach to integrated diagnostics and prognostics provides the foundation to supporting the total test environment with traceability of requirements through analysis and implementation while reducing false alarms and could-not duplicates (CNDs)
Creating an Online Gerontology Course

Abstract This article describes the process by which a basic distance education course in gerontology can be designed, implemented and administered. Eight steps of a “bottom-up” approach present key aspects of an online course and discuss the resources required to successfully develop an effective learning environment.
Timing Is Everything: Temporal Reasoning and Temporal Data Maintenance in Medicine

Both clinical management of patients and clinical research are essentially time-oriented endeavors. In this paper, I emphasize the crucial role of temporal-reasoning and temporal-maintenance tasks for modern medical information and decision support systems. Both tasks are important for management of clinical data, but the first is often approached mainly through artificial-intelligence methodologies, while the other is usually investigated by the database community. However, both tasks require careful consideration of common theoretical issues, such as the structure of time. In addition, common to both of these research areas are tasks such as temporal abstraction and management of variable temporal granularity. Finally, both tasks are highly relevant for applications such as patient monitoring, support to application of therapy guidelines, assessment of the quality of guideline application, and visualization and exploration of time-oriented biomedical data. I propose that integration of the two areas should be a major research and development goal. I demonstrate one integration approach by presenting a new architecture, a temporal mediator, which combines temporal reasoning and temporal maintenance, and integrates the management of clinical databases and medical knowledge bases. I present and discuss examples of using the temporal mediator for several of the application areas mentioned. I conclude by reemphasizing the importance of effective knowledge representation, knowledge reuse, and knowledge sharing methods to medical decision support systems in general, and to time-oriented systems in particular.
Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Possibilities of Establishing Them in Iraq

This research discusses the Sovereign Wealth Funds phenomena in Iraq as well as their types and sources. It first explains the concept of Sovereign Wealth Funds and some main characteristics of them. In addition, it attempts to answer the question of whether Iraq has Sovereign Wealth Funds, and whether the Development Fund for Iraq is considered to being a Sovereign Wealth Fund. Then it discusses corporate governance of SWFs by explaining their organizational and legal structure and investment strategy by giving two different examples, Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) and Government Pension Fund Global (GPF-G) of Norway that may have an impact on governance structure of the potential Iraqi Sovereign Wealth Funds. Moreover, this research identifies benefits that SWFs offer to Iraq as well as challenges that need to be addressed in order to develop SWFs role in supporting Iraq’s economy. Overall, this research encourages the Iraqi government to consider building a well-diversified investment portfolio that would create a sustainable source of revenue, reduce the economy's dependence on oil and act as a savings fund for the future. This would also help in realizing the future strategic plan of the government of Iraq to develop non-oil dependent economy in the next decade.
Hydrodynamics and Roughness of Irregular Boundaries

Abstract : The research goals of the work target accurate parameterization and modeling of nearshore waves, currents and turbulence in complex reef environments. A central theme of this work is the response of steady and oscillating flow to highly irregular, broad-banded roughness. Previous ONR supported study by the PI's group have quantified reef roughness, examined the hydrodynamic response to a variable roughness at small scales and explored the relationship between hydrodynamic and physical roughness.
Delayed hypersensitivity in the mouse.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), the prototype model of cellular immune phenomena as it occurs in mice. Most of the recent explosive development in the field of cellular immunology has emphasized the in vitro demonstrations of cellular responses to immunologic challenge and the various products of such stimulated cells, which possibly have in vivo phlogogenic or cytotoxic potential. However, before the full significance of cellular immune responses in in vivo situations can be determined, it will be necessary to transfer the in vitro observations to in vivo delayed hypersensitivity reactions. For this purpose, the mouse appears to be the most likely subject. Footpad tests, flank skin tests, and epicutaneous tests all have become well established and routinely used indicators of DTH in mice. The excellence of mice for studying the pathogenetic roles of DTH in infectious disease is well illustrated by a series of recent experiments on the formation of infectious granulomas around schistosome eggs, deposited in the lungs of mice by intravenous injection.
Embedding speech in Web interfaces

We describe work in progress at the MITRE Corporation on embedding speech enabled interfaces in Web browsers. This research is part of our work to establish the infrastructure to create Web hosted versions of prototype multimodal interfaces, both intelligent and otherwise. Like many others, we believe that the Web is the best potential delivery and distribution vehicle for complex software applications, and that the functionality of these Web hosted applications should match the functionality available in standalone applications. We discuss our approach to several aspects of this goal.
Siting the Death Penalty Internationally

We examine sources of variation in possession and use of the death penalty using data drawn from 193 nations in order to test theories of punishment. We find the death penalty to be rooted in a country's legal and political systems, and to be influenced by its religious traditions. A country's level of economic development, its educational attainment, and its religious composition shape its political institutions and practices, indirectly affecting its use of the death penalty. The article concludes by discussing likely future trends.
A mathematical model of electrophysiological activity in a bullfrog atrial cell

We have developed a model of cardiac atrial electrical activity based on voltage-clamp measurements obtained from single cells isolated from the bullfrog atrium. These measurements have allowed us ...
Computer-driven image-based soil fauna taxonomy

Abstract The study of soil ecology has long been hampered by the diversity of species and functional groups of soil fauna. Many of these taxa are poorly studied and integrated taxonomic references are unavailable on a regional basis. We used HyperCard, a hypermedia program for the Macintosh computer, to develop COMTESA (computer taxonomy and ecology of soil animals). COMTESA is an image-based, taxonomic key for soil fauna, which also acts as a data base to store ecological information about the organisms. Multi-level linking within COMTESA allows the user to peruse the module in a non-linear fashion so that learning can proceed at an individualized pace that is driven by curiosity. Its basic design can be useful to all levels of users from novice to experienced soil zoologist. COMTESA is conceptually divided into two parts designed to deal with different scales of resolution. Part I distinguishes 150 different functional/taxonomic groups, has an ecological emphasis and should be useful throughout North America. Part II consists of modules that provide identification to the generic and species level and are specific to region/site/ecosystem. Within the community of individuals involved in soil ecology research the demand is high for those with skills in identification of soil fauna. Since few individuals are knowledgeable in this area, the burden for identification of specimens falls either on inadequately trained ecologists or upon the limited resource of taxonomic specialists. COMTESA can offer a partial solution to this problem of “communication”. Taxonomists can use COMTESA to produce user-friendly regional keys that can be rapidly updated and quickly distributed to users at a low cost. Ecologists would have better resolution in their results, and by high-grading their samples could provide material more likely of interest to the taxonomists. Successful integration would generate broader interest and support for the multi-disciplinary basic research that needs to be done. A simplified version could be introduced to science classes in the secondary education system, to expose a new generation of potential taxonomists and soil ecologists to the world of soil biology.
Physical and Functional Interactions of the Arf Tumor Suppressor Protein with Nucleophosmin/B23.

The Arf tumor suppressor inhibits cell cycle progression through both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms, including interference with rRNA processing. Using tandem-affinity-tagged p19Arf, we purified Arf-associated proteins from mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts undergoing cell cycle arrest. Tagged p19Arf associated with nucleolar and ribosomal proteins, including nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM), a protein thought to foster the maturation of preribosomal particles. NPM is an abundant protein, only a minor fraction of which binds to p19Arf; however, a significant proportion of p19Arf associates with NPM. The interaction between p19Arf and NPM requires amino acid sequences at the Arf amino terminus, which are also required for Mdm2 binding, as well as the central acidic domain of NPM and an adjacent segment that regulates NPM oligomerization. The interaction between p19Arf and NPM occurs in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts, including those lacking both Mdm2 and p53. In an NIH 3T3 derivative cell line (MT-Arf) engineered to conditionally express an Arf transgene, induced p19Arf associates with NPM and colocalizes with it in high-molecular-weight complexes (2 to 5 MDa). An NPM mutant lacking its carboxyl-terminal nucleic acid-binding domain oligomerizes with endogenous NPM, inhibits p19Arf from entering into 2- to 5-MDa particles, and overrides the ability of p19Arf to retard rRNA processing.
Brightness scaling of white and colored stimuli.

Brightness scales for chromatic and achromatic test stimuli have been obtained by the methods of ratio production and magnitude estimation for the darkadapted observer and conditions of brief foveal stimulation. All scalesadhere to the form of a power law for brightness, and scales obtained underthe differing psychophysical procedures agree.
Lower doses of oral estrogen and progestogens as treatment for postmenopausal women.

Estrogen, with or without a progestin, is effective for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Larger doses of estrogen/progestin have been used than required for the amelioration of menopausal symptoms. Both positive and negative outcomes of hormone therapy are reported in postmenopausal women. The positive aspects have been those associated with a reduction in menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, and improvement in vulvovaginal atrophy with maintenance of bone mineral density. The problems have included an increased risk of venous thrombosis and breast cancer. The anticipation is that as the dose of oral estrogen and progestins is lowered, the benefits can be maintained and the side effects reduced. Recent clinical trials have found that lower doses of estrogen and/ or progestin reduce or improve menopausal symptoms and maintain bone mineral density. The impact of lower doses of hormones on heart disease, and venous thromboembolism and stroke remain to be determined in future studies.
Spelling--A Task Analysis.

This paper analyzes a typical school spelling task in terms of an information processing model of spelling performance. It explores the nature of the speller's internal representation of the word to be spelled, the information he must have in memory about the target word, and the organization of the processes available to use that information to produce a spelling and verify its accuracy. Sources of error in the execution of the task, with examples of errors from children's spelling tests, are discussed in terms of the model. Ways in which the model may be adapted to explain performance on other kinds of spelling tasks and some implications for instruction are suggested. A partially implemented computer simulation of the spelling process is described.
Subgraph trees in graph theory

The classical clique tree approach to chordal graphs (and, more recently, to strongly chordal graphs) can be generalized to show a common structure for other classes of graphs, including clique graphs of chordal graphs, outerplanar graphs, distance-hereditary graphs, and chordal bipartite graphs.
Locally-weighted homographies for calibration of imaging systems

A homography is traditionally formulated as a linear transformation and is used in multiple-view geometry as a linear map between projective planes (or images). Analogous to the use of homography-based techniques to calibrate a pin-hole camera, non-linear homographies extend the pinhole camera model to deal with non-linearities such as lens distortion. In this work, we propose a novel non-parametric nonlinear homography technique. Unlike a parametric non-linear mapping that can have inherent biases, this technique automatically adjusts model complexity to account for non-linearities in observed data. With this technique, we demonstrate nonparametric estimation of lens distortion from a single calibration image. We evaluate this technique on real-world lenses and show that this technique can improve the stability of cameracalibration. Furthermore, the non-parametric nature of our technique allows rectification of arbitrary sources of lens distortion.
Personality correlates of method effects due to negatively worded items on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale

Covariance modeling was used to investigate correlates of method effects associated with negatively worded items on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (Rosenberg, M., 1989) differentiated by respondent’s sex. Six personality measures thought to be related to the presence of this method effect (e.g., social desirability, evaluations by others, and self regulation of behavior) were incorporated into a path model. Analyses suggested that method effect associated with negatively worded items may be more prominent for subjects possessing selected personality traits than for others. Additionally, relationships varied by sex. Females reported that negative feedback from others spurred close reflection of behavior, while males reported greater tendencies to inhibit behavior before the negative outcome occurred.
Effects of Application Programs on Citrus Red Mite Control and Development of Resistance to Acaricides

Under field conditions citrus red mite ( Panonychus citri (Mc-Gregor)) populations became resistant to demeton and Tedion® (2,4,4′,5-tetrachlorodiphenyl sulfone) following 3 to 5 applications, to Kelthane®(4,4′-dichloro- alpha -(trichloromethyl)benzhydrol) after 7 to 12 treatments, to Neotran® (bis( p -chlorophenoxy) methane) as a result of 14 sprays but remained susceptible to Aramite® (2-( p-tert -butylphenoxy)-1-methylethyl 2-chloroethyl sulfite) through 19 treatments covering a period of 8 years. Alternating acaricides, combining acaricides into a single treatment, or combining acaricides with petroleum oil did not increase the possible number of applications before resistance developed. Where demeton was ineffective and mites had developed resistance to organophosphorus compounds in general, ethion applications resulted in adequate control even though laboratory tests indicated a 10-fold degree of resistance to ethion. Resistance to ovex continued for the 8 years covered by this study; but Neotran-resistant mites became susceptible again in 3 years where Neotrun treatments had been replaced by a Tedion and petroleum oil combination.
Reactions of 2',7'-bis(acetoxymercuri)- fluorescein with certain complexing anions

Absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of 2',7'-bis (acetoxymercuri)-fluorescein (AMF) at various pH values and in the presence of mercury-complexing agents such as mercaptoacetic acid, cyanide and iodide have been employed in the study of the reactions of AMF with these ligands. The findings have been applied to the development of methods for the determination of submicrogram quantities of iodide and cyanide with a precision of better than 10%.
THE PARADOX OF JOHN STUART MILL

John Stuart Mill is the critical transitional figure between the classical liberalism of the 19th century, with its emphasis upon the creative power of free individuals unfettered by government or social interventions, and the welfare-state liberalism of the 20th century, with its combination of individual choice in matters of belief and lifestyle and the political redistribution of wealth. In On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Mill offered a defense of self-sovereignty and voluntary association that appeared to extend explicitly to the economic spheres. Both works are celebrations of the productive and moral enhancements of individual liberty. In The Principles of Political Economy, however, Mill's categorical distinction between “production” and “distribution” assigned the latter to the “expedient” discretion of the state, inviting, in theory, a democratic redistributionist state. Mill's posthumous Essays on Socialism reveal that he was no friend of socialism or Marxism, but that he welcomed a more active and interventionist state. One of individual liberty's most notable defenders, paradoxically, provided the theoretical underpinning of its current diminution.
Failure Processes in Elastomers at or Near a Rigid Spherical Inclusion

A systematic experimental study has been carried out of two distinct failure phenomena, cavitation and debonding, in an elastomer containing a rigid spherical inclusion. Several elastomers were employed containing glass beads of various diameters, ranging from 60 to 5000 μm, and with chemically different surfaces. The critical stress for cavitation was found to depend upon both Young's modulus, E, of the elastomer and the diameter of the bead. By extrapolation, it was found that the stress for cavitation near an infinitelylarge bead is given by 5E/12, as predicted by theory. In contrast, the critical stress for debonding decreased somewhat with increasing Young's modulus of the elastomer. This is attributed to a concomitant decrease in the strength of adhesion between the elastomer and the bead surface, due to rheological effects. The stresses for both cavitation and for debonding were found to vary approximately with the negative half-power of the bead diameter. This suggests that a similar Griffith mechanism governs both failure processes when the bead size is small. A study of cavitation and debonding in the presence of two glass beads was also carried out. As predicted from theoretical considerations, both stresses were found to decrease as the distance between the two beads was decreased, irrespective of the diameter of the bead and Young's modulus of the elastomer. At higher strains, however, a second cavitation process was found to take place at a point midway between the beads. Tensile fracture of the specimen resulted from the unrestrained lateral growth of the second cavity.
The Continental Origins of Verificationism

Verificationism, in the strictest sense, is the doctrine that the truth or falsity of every cognitively meaningful statement can be decided by finitely many possible observations. The system of Car...
Moiré butterflies in twisted bilayer graphene

The Hofstadter butterfly spectral patterns of lattice electrons in an external magnetic field yield some of the most beguiling images in physics. Here we explore the magnetoelectronic spectra of systems with moir\'e spatial patterns, concentrating on the case of twisted bilayer graphene. Because long-period spatial patterns are accurately formed at small twist angles, fractal butterfly spectra and associated magnetotransport and magnetomechanical anomalies emerge at accessible magnetic field strengths.
Optimum acceleration factors for iterative solution of linear and nonlinear differential systems

Abstract A new acceleration concept for iterative schemes is described. The concept is based on elementary variational calculus, and can be readily implemented in the iterative solution of a wide variety of linear and nonlinear differential systems. The method is not limited to finite difference, finite element or finite volume discretization schemes, but only to schemes that are inherently iterative. Most importantly, the method is exact in the sense that optimal relaxation/acceleration factors can be analytically determined for a class of commonly encountered systems possessing simple nonlinearity. For systems exhibiting complex nonlinearity, the method can be applied in a semi-exact but highly accurate fashion using truncated Taylor series. Without any modification, this acceleration method can be directly applied to existing iterative schemes using either orthogonal or completely arbitrary non-orthogonal computational grids, since the formulation of the method is dependent only on the governing differential system. The described method belongs to the general class of minimal residual techniques, but can be applied to nonlinear systems.
Wettability Literature Survey- Part 2: Wettability Measurement

Article de synthese sur les limites et les avantages des methodes de mesure de la mouillabilite. Ces methodes sont quantitatives: methode Amott, methode du Bureau des Mines des Etats-Unis (USBM), methode de l'angle de contact ou qualitatives: imbibition, examen microscopique, flottation, ecoulement vitreux, courbes de permeabilite relative, courbes de pression capillaire, capillarimetrie, pression capillaire de deplacement, relations permeabilite/saturation et diagraphie de reservoir. Les methodes de RMN et d'adsorption de colorant destinees a mesurer la mouillabilite fractionnelle sont egalement discutees. Enfin l'auteur propose une methode qui permet de determiner si une carotte a une mouillabilite mixte