cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
South Korea’s Arctic policy: political motivations for 21st century global engagements

As one of the Arctic Council’s permanent observer states, South Korea has implemented various policies related to the Arctic despite its significant geographical and cultural distance from the Arct...
Cold-responsive adipocyte progenitors couple adrenergic signaling to immune cell activation to promote beige adipocyte accrual

The full array of cold-responsive cell types within white adipose tissue that drive thermogenic beige adipocyte biogenesis remains undefined. We demonstrate that acute cold challenge elicits striking transcriptomic changes specifically within DPP4+ PDGFRβ+ adipocyte precursor cells, including a β-adrenergic receptor CREB-mediated induction in the expression of the prothermogenic cytokine, Il33 Doxycycline-inducible deletion of Il33 in PDGFRβ+ cells at the onset of cold exposure attenuates ILC2 accumulation and beige adipocyte accrual. These studies highlight the multifaceted roles for adipocyte progenitors and the ability of select mesenchymal subpopulations to relay neuronal signals to tissue-resident immune cells in order to regulate tissue plasticity.
Design and Analysis of a Biodegradable Polycaprolactone Flow Diverting Stent for Brain Aneurysms

The flow diverting stent (FDS) has become a promising endovascular device for the treatment of aneurysms. This research presents a novel biodegradable and non-braided Polycaprolactone (PCL) FDS. The PCL FDS was designed and developed using an in-house fabrication unit and coated on two ends with BaSO4 for angiographic visibility. The mechanical flexibility and quality of FDS surfaces were examined with the UniVert testing machine, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and 3D profilometer. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) adhesion, proliferation, and cell morphology studies on PCL FDS were performed. The cytotoxicity and NO production by HUVECs with PCL FDS were also conducted. The longitudinal tensile, radial, and bending flexibility were found to be 1.20 ± 0.19 N/mm, 0.56 ± 0.11 N/mm, and 0.34 ± 0.03 N/mm, respectively. The FDS was returned to the original shape and diameter after repeated compression and bending without compromising mechanical integrity. Results also showed that the proliferation and adhesion of HUVECs on the FDS surface increased over time compared to control without FDS. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and NO production showed that PCL FDS were non-toxic and satisfactory. Cell morphology studies showed that HUVECs were elongated to cover the FD surface and developed an endothelial monolayer. This study is a step forward toward the development and clinical use of biodegradable flow diverting stents for endovascular treatment of the aneurysm.
Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of Marfan Syndrome.

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a systemic connective tissue disorder that is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable penetrance. While clinically this disease manifests in many different ways, the most life-threatening manifestations are related to cardiovascular complications including mitral valve prolapse, aortic insufficiency, dilatation of the aortic root, and aortic dissection. In the past 30 years, research efforts have not only identified the genetic locus responsible but have begun to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis underlying this disorder, allowing for the development of seemingly rational therapeutic strategies for treating affected individuals. In spite of these advancements, the cardiovascular complications still remain as the most life-threatening clinical manifestations. The present chapter will focus on the pathophysiology and clinical treatment of Marfan syndrome, providing an updated overview of the recent advancements in molecular genetics research and clinical trials, with an emphasis on how this information can focus future efforts toward finding betters ways to detect, diagnose, and treat this devastating condition.
King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom: Call for an ecumenical council

When James VI of Scotland came to the English throne as James I in 1603, he looked upon this event as one of enormous significance and promise, both for himself and for his two kingdoms. In his proclamation of October 1604, in which he declared his title to be king of Great Britain, he called attention to “the blessed Union, or rather Reuniting of these two mightie, famous, and ancient Kingdomes of England and Scotland, under one Imperiall Crowne.” The two kingdoms, he observed, shared an island which “within it selfe hath almost none but imaginarie bounds of separation … making the whole a little world within it selfe.” Its inhabitants shared “A communitie of Language, the principall meanes of Civil societie, An unitie of Religion, the chiefest band of heartie Union, and the surest knot of lasting Peace.” Even the ancient laws of the two kingdoms were marked by “a greater affinitie and concurrence” than existed between those “of any other two Nations.” This union, brought about not by conquest but by James's descent from the ancient royal lines of both kingdoms, would join the energies and talents of two “mightie Nations” that had been “ever from their first separation continually in blood against each other.” James intended the result to be the perpetuation of the era of peace existing between England and Scotland, peace which had begun with his own reign in the north and was a decisive step towards a complete political and constitutional union.
Improving performance and retention in CS1

In Fall 2003, we introduced a new course, Introduction to Computer Science (CS0), and required it of all prospective Computer Science majors and Information Systems majors. Our intention was to improve the subsequent performance of students in our Introduction to Computer Programming course (CS1), which had formerly been our first major course, to reduce the proportion of students who withdrew from the latter course, and to increase the proportion of CS1 students who became Computer Science or Information Systems majors. This paper reports our progress on these measures. Our results show that students who completed CS0 performed better in CS1 than students who completed CS1 before CS0 was introduced, and that this difference is statistically significant. We are as yet unable to definitely attribute this difference to CS0. We have some evidence that the availability of CS0 reduces the number of students who withdraw from CS1. A higher proportion of students who completed both CS0 and CS1 declared Computer Science or Information Systems majors, than the proportion of those who just completed CS1.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AFFLICTING TAILWATER STREAM REACHES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES

The tailwater is the reach of a stream immediately below an impoundment that is hydrologically, physicochemically and biologically altered by the presence and operation of a dam. The overall goal of this study was to gain a nationwide awareness of the issues afflicting tailwater reaches in the United States. Specific objectives included the following: (i) estimate the percentage of reservoirs that support tailwater reaches with environmental conditions suitable for fish assemblages throughout the year, (ii) identify and quantify major sources of environmental stress in those tailwaters that do support fish assemblages and (iii) identify environmental features of tailwater reaches that determine prevalence of key fish taxa. Data were collected through an online survey of fishery managers. Relative to objective 1, 42% of the 1306 reservoirs included in this study had tailwater reaches with sufficient flow to support a fish assemblage throughout the year. The surface area of the reservoir and catchment most strongly delineated reservoirs maintaining tailwater reaches with or without sufficient flow to support a fish assemblage throughout the year. Relative to objective 2, major sources of environmental stress generally reflected flow variables, followed by water quality variables. Relative to objective 3, zoogeography was the primary factor discriminating fish taxa in tailwaters, followed by a wide range of flow and water quality variables. Results for objectives 1–3 varied greatly among nine geographic regions distributed throughout the continental United States. Our results provide a large-scale view of the effects of reservoirs on tailwater reaches and may help guide research and management needs. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Perception of Quantum Systems

Quantum mechanics presents us with a world view with which many of us have become familiar as long as it is restricted to the domain of the very small or very exceptional. It has become so much a part of the tradition of contemporary physics that a new level of intuition regarding such systems has developed for the research physicist. A high-energy physicist or an atomic physicist can often deduce in a non-computational manner the behavior of quantum systems of interest. For example, the identification of forces with exchange of quanta or the behavior of a particle in a potential well; or even the interrelationship of the hierarchy of groups to patterns of particles and interactions are no more mysterious than the “feel” a structural engineer has for the strength of a building design or of a good driver for his automobile. The present generation of physicists have no serious preoccupation with the wave-particle dualism or the indeterminacy principle.
A Self-Configuring Sensing System for Data Centers.

Wiring sensors in a data center is extremely expensive in comparison to the wiring of computing equipment. This is due to the central architecture of traditional sensing systems, which requires long wires to be connected between racks and a central box. In addition, a re-layout of the racks after the sensor wires are deployed is practically impossible. We propose using a wireless self-configuring network of smart sensing nodes to alleviate these problems. We explore how to design the sensor control software to be self-reconfiguring when nodes relocate. The software is divided in three layers: network organization, data aggregation and visualization. In this paper, we identify several insights into the thermal monitoring requirements, design issues and initial design solutions for these layers.
ERD2 PROTEINS MEDIATE ER RETENTION OF THE HNEL SIGNAL OF LRP'S RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (RAP)

The 39 kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP) is a receptor antagonist that interacts with several members of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family. Upon binding to these receptors, RAP inhibits all ligand interactions with the receptors. Our recent studies have demonstrated that RAP is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein and an intracellular chaperone for the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). The HNEL sequence at the carboxyl terminus of RAP represents a novel ER retention signal that shares homology with the well-characterized KDEL signal. In the present study, using immunoelectron microscopy we demonstrate that cells stably transfected with human growth hormone (GH) tagged with either KDEL (GH + KDEL) or HNEL (GH + HNEL) signals exhibit ER and cis-Golgi localization typical of ER-retained proteins. Overexpression of not only GH + HNEL but also GH + KDEL cDNA in transfected cells results in saturation of ER retention receptors and secretion of endogenous RAP indicating that the two signals interact with the same ER retention receptor(s). The role of RAP in the maturation of LRP is further supported by the observation that functional LRP is reduced about 60% as a result of decreased intracellular RAP. Pulse-chase labeling and immunolocalization studies of ERD2.1 and ERD2.2 proteins in transfected cells demonstrate a long half-life and Golgi localization for both receptors. Finally, overexpression of either ERD2.1 or ERD2.2 proteins significantly increases the capacity of cells to retain both KDEL and HNEL-containing proteins. Taken together, our results thus demonstrate that ERD2 proteins are capable of retaining the novel ER retention signal associated with RAP.
Fault-tolerant adaptive routing for two-dimensional meshes

Many massively parallel computers in use today utilize simple deterministic XY wormhole routing to transmit messages between nodes. Because XY routing does not provide any routing adaptability, it lacks the ability to avoid congested links, as well as faults. Therefore, the focus of this paper will be two-fold: improving the performance of wormhole routing and providing fault tolerance for up to N-1 faults in an N/spl times/N two-dimensional mesh. A simulation model based on the Intel Paragon is presented that compares several known routing strategies with the proposed strategy to illustrate how local state information can be used to provide a potential network throughput improvement of up to 20%, while achieving fault tolerance. >
Both PD-1 Ligands Protect the Kidney from Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common problem in hospitalized patients that enhances morbidity and mortality and promotes the development of chronic and end-stage renal disease. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the major causes of AKI and is characterized by uncontrolled renal inflammation and tubular epithelial cell death. Our recent studies demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) protect the kidney from ischemia reperfusion-induced inflammation and injury. Blockade of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on the surface of Tregs, prior to adoptive transfer, negates their ability to protect against ischemic kidney injury. The present study was designed to investigate the role of the known PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, in kidney IRI. Administration of PD-L1 or PD-L2 blocking Abs prior to mild or moderate kidney IRI significantly exacerbated the loss of renal function, renal inflammation, and acute tubular necrosis compared with mice receiving isotype control Abs. Interestingly, blockade of both PD-1 ligands resulted in worse injury, dysfunction, and inflammation than did blocking either ligand alone. Genetic deficiency of either PD-1 ligand also exacerbated kidney dysfunction and acute tubular necrosis after subthreshold ischemia. Bone marrow chimeric studies revealed that PD-L1 expressed on non-bone marrow-derived cells is critical for this resistance to IRI. Finally, blockade of either PD-1 ligand negated the protective ability of adoptively transferred Tregs in IRI. These findings suggest that PD-L1 and PD-L2 are nonredundant aspects of the natural protective response to ischemic injury and may be novel therapeutic targets for AKI.
Numerical analysis and accurate computation of heteroclinic orbits in the case of center manifolds

In earlier papers (see the preceding paper and the references there), Doedel and the author have developed a numerical method for the computation of branches of heteroclinic orbits for a system of autonomous ordinary differential equations in ℝ n in the case that the solution approaches the fixed points exponentially. The idea of the method is to reduce a boundary value problem on the real line to a boundary value problem on a finite interval by using linear approximation of the unstable and stable manifolds. Using the fact that the linearized operator of the problem is Fredholm in Banach spaces with exponential weights, the authors employed the general theory of approximation of nonlinear problems to show that the errors in the approximate solution decay exponentially with the length of the approximating interval. In this paper we extend the analysis in the preceding paper to the case of center manifolds which requires the refinement of the analysis in the preceding paper. The algorithm is applied to a model problem: the DC Josephson Junction. Computations are done using the software package AUTO.
Dose-response relationship for rat liver DNA damage caused by 49 rodent carcinogens

An experimental approach was taken to the question of dose-response curves for chemical carcinogenesis. DNA damage in female rat liver was chosen as the experimental parameter because all chemicals found to damage hepatic DNA were rodent carcinogens. The lowest dose causing DNA damage was determined for the 12 active chemicals (1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,4-dioxane, methylene chloride, auramine O, Michler's ketone, selenium sulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, N-nitroso-piperidine and butylated hydroxytoluene). The resulting dose-response curves for rat hepatic DNA damage were plotted versus log of the molar dose (all activity was in five orders of magnitude) and versus percent of chemicals' oral rat LD50 (most of the activity was in only two orders of magnitude). Dose-response studies of the active chemicals were analyzed by regression methods. With the exception of butylated hydroxytoluene, the dose-response curves fit a linear model well (r2 = 0.886) and a quadratic model even better (r2 = 0.947). Based on experimental data from 11 DNA-damaging carcinogens (a dose range of 6 orders of magnitude), an equation and graph of the dose-response relationship of an 'average DNA-damaging carcinogen' is presented over the x-axis dose range of eight orders of magnitude.
Guest Editorial: Micro-Optics

This PDF file contains the editorial “Guest Editorial: Micro-Optics” for OE Vol. 33 Issue 11
The mechanical properties of the lungs in experimental asthma in the guinea pig

Abstract 1.1. A technique has been described which permits the quantitative measurement of the resistance to air flow and compliance in experimental asthma in the guinea pig. 2.2. Animals exposed to histamine reacted uniformly with a significant increase in resistance and decrease in compliance. 3.3. In contrast, there was a wide range of variation in the changes in resistance and compliance of the sensitized animals exposed to the antigen. The reactivity varied from no response to marked changes in the mechanics of breathing in lethal anaphylactic shock. 4.4. The mechanics of breathing in experimental allergic asthma are similar to human bronchial asthma.
Predictors of serious injury among hospitalized patients evaluated for falls

BACKGROUND:: Inpatient falls are common and result in significant patient morbidity. OBJECTIVE:: To identify predictors of serious injury being found on imaging studies of inpatients evaluated after a fall. DESIGN:: Retrospective study. SETTING:: An 1171-bed urban academic medical center. PATIENTS:: All inpatients who fell on thirteen medical and surgical units from January 1 to December 31, 2006. MEASUREMENTS:: Patient characteristics, circumstances surrounding falls, fall-related injuries, and length of stay were collected through review of incident reports and computerized medical records. Primary outcome of fall-related injury was determined by evidence of injury on imaging studies within two weeks of the fall. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for injury after an inpatient fall. RESULTS:: A total of 513 patients had 636 falls during the study time period. Fall incidence rate was 1.97 falls per 1,000 patient days. 95 patients (19%) fell multiple times (range, 2-6 events); 74% of the falls occurred in patients who were previously assessed as being "at risk" by the nursing staff. Multivariate analysis, adjusting for age and sex, found evidence of trauma after a fall (OR = 24.6, P Language: en
Beyond Recidivism: How Formerly Incarcerated Women Define Success

This study explores how formerly incarcerated women define success. Qualitative analysis of data from in-depth interviews with 30 women who had been released from prison at least 3 months prior to ...
Estimating convective momentum fluxes using geostationary satellite data

[1] Research and case studies have shown that convection plays a large role toward the feedbacks of momentum to the large-scale environment. Convective momentum fluxes have been studied for many years using in situ and aircraft measurements, along with numerical simulations. However, little work has been conducted on developing a method to use satellite remote sensing as a tool to diagnose these fluxes. Using this as motivation, a case study-based approach is used to determine if information derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) data, such as cloud-drift winds and brightness temperature differences, can be used to diagnose these fluxes. Using satellite-derived winds for mesoscale atmospheric motion vectors (MAMVs), one can obtain the appropriate winds occurring within a convective environment. Outflow boundaries and upper tropospheric anvil outflow produce “perturbation” winds on convective scales (∼1–3 km) that the MAMV algorithm can measure. Using a computed background wind field from the MAMVs (smoothed and averaged over a larger region), horizontal perturbations, u′ and v′, associated with the mesoscale flow are calculated. To compute w′, an algorithm was developed using IR satellite temperature differences, along with convective available potential energy profiles, to diagnose mass fluxes which can be used to infer vertical motion. Using these methods resulted in area-averaged convective momentum fluxes between ±1 m2 s−2, which were similar in magnitude and sign to those computed using a cloud-resolving model.
Review: several interventions reduce fear of falling in older people living in the community.

R Zijlstra Correspondence to: Ms R Zijlstra, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; R.Zijlstra@zw.unimaas.nl In older people in the community, which interventions reduce fear of falling? ### Data sources: Medline, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PsycINFO (to 2005); reference lists; and 14 experts. ### Study selection and assessment: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed fear of falling in community-dwelling people who had a mean age ⩾65 years. Studies of people with a specific medical condition were excluded. 19 RCTs met the selection criteria. Interventions included multifactorial interventions (8 RCTs), tai chi (3 RCTs), exercise interventions (4 RCTs), balance interventions (6 RCTs), hip protectors (1 RCT), and a fall risk-factor intervention (1 RCT). Some RCTs assessed ⩾1 intervention. 3 interventions had the explicit aim of reducing fear of falling. Duration of interventions ranged from 1 home visit to 1 hour/week for 1 year. Study follow-up ranged from 1.5 …
An electrically injected InAs/GaAs quantum-dot photonic crystal microcavity light-emitting diode

An electrically injected InAs/GaAs self-organized quantum-dot photonic crystal microcavity light-emitting diode operating at 1.04 μm is demonstrated. Light–current characteristics are obtained for devices with two- and five-defect period cavities with maximum light output of 0.17 μW measured in the surface-normal direction. Near-field images were also obtained for an injection current of 8.35 mA, showing light confinement within a few periods of the photonic crystal defect microcavity.
N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine inhibits ligand binding to certain G protein-coupled receptors

Abstract N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) is used widely in biological systems to chelate certain heavy metals, particularly Zn2+. Here we show that TPEN inhibits ligand binding to certain G protein-coupled receptors and is an antagonist at muscarinic receptors. In intact human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, the binding of the muscarinic receptor ligand [N-methyl-3H]scopolamine methyl chloride was inhibited by TPEN (Ki∼26 μM), as was muscarinic receptor agonist-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation (Ki∼26 μM). This antagonism was not due to metal ion chelation, indicating that it resulted from a direct interaction of TPEN with muscarinic receptors. Examination of the effects of TPEN on other receptors in SH-SY5Y cell membrane preparations showed that the binding of the nonpeptide opioid receptor ligand [15,16-3H]diprenorphine was strongly inhibited, whereas binding of [125I]vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was not. This pattern of selectivity was also seen in AR4-2J rat pancreatoma cell membranes, in which TPEN inhibited ligand binding to muscarinic receptors, but not that to cholecystokinin receptors. In conclusion, these data show that TPEN inhibits ligand binding to certain G protein-coupled receptors and exhibits selectivity towards those receptors whose transmembrane helices form the predominant site for ligand interaction. TPEN may have widespread antagonistic activity towards G protein-coupled receptors of this kind.
Low temperature thermoelastic properties of galena in a simple, self-consistent, two-term Debye model

The thermoelastic properties of the thermoelectric chalcogenide galena, lead sulfide (PbS), have been determined in the temperature interval 10–350 K from high resolution neutron powder diffraction data, and literature values of the isobaric heat capacity. Within this temperature range, galena can be described by a simple phenomenological model in which the cation and anion vibrate independently of one another in a Debye-like manner, with vibrational Debye temperatures of 120(1) K for the lead, and 324(2) K for the sulfur. Simultaneous fitting of the unit cell volume and the isochoric heat capacity to a two-term Debye internal energy function gives characteristic temperatures of 110(2), and 326(5) K in excellent agreement with the measured vibrational Debye temperatures derived from fitting the atomic displacement parameters. The thermodynamic Gruneisen constant derived from the isochoric heat capacity is found to monotonically increase with decreasing temperature, from 2.5 at 300 K, to 3.25 at 25 K, in agreement with the deductions of earlier work. The full phonon density of states calculated from the two-term Debye model shows fair agreement with that derived from density functional theory.
Clinical, virologic, histologic, and biochemical outcomes after successful HCV therapy: a 5-year follow-up of 150 patients.

One hundred fifty patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) after treatment of chronic hepatitis C were enrolled in a long-term clinical follow-up study; patients were followed for 5 years for liver-related outcomes and evidence of biochemical or virologic relapse. Patients with stage 2 or greater fibrosis on pretreatment biopsy were invited to undergo a long-term follow-up biopsy after their fourth year of follow-up. One hundred twenty-eight patients (85%) were followed through their fourth year, and long-term follow-up biopsies were obtained from 60 patients (40%). Forty-nine patients had paired pretreatment and long-term follow-up biopsies blindly rescored. Forty of these patients (82%) had a decrease in fibrosis score, and 45 (92%) had a decrease in combined inflammation score. Ten patients (20%) had normal or nearly normal livers on long-term follow-up biopsy. Two patients with pretreatment cirrhosis developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and one died. All the other patients with pretreatment cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis had improved fibrosis scores on long-term follow-up biopsy. No patient had conclusive evidence of virologic relapse. Three patients had persistently elevated alanine aminotransferase levels; two of these had new liver disease. Conclusion: In a cohort of 150 patients with SVR followed for 5 years, the majority of patients had good outcomes. Serum virologic relapse was not seen, but two patients with pretreatment cirrhosis developed HCC, and one died. In a blind rescoring of 49 paired pretreatment and long-term follow-up biopsies, 82% improved fibrosis scores and 92% improved at least one component of inflammation. A minority of patients had normal or nearly normal liver tissue on long-term follow-up biopsy. Patients with cirrhosis pretreatment are at a low but real risk of HCC after SVR. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Pre-clean synergy with poly EMP process

This paper describes the process integration between pre-clean and poly-silicon (poly) chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes that result in the most cost effective manufacturing capability. It is shown how the choice of pre-clean and dryer variables can influence the throughput of the poly CMP process. This indirectly takes away redundant process steps and reduces manufacturing cost. It was observed that different pre-clean process variables result in various surface potential charges and conditions that can influence the polish rate of the poly-silicon during the CMP process.
Fragmentation dynamics in asperity collisions: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Abstract We study asperity fragmentation where two slabs of materials, each with a thickness of ∼ 100 A , are moving parallel to each other at an ∼ 200 A separation and at a relative velocity ν varying from 1/100 to 1/10 the sound speed c0 of the material. On opposite surfaces of the slabs protrude two wedges of height and base equal to ∼ 133 A and collide along an infinite line length transverse to the direction of motion. Brittle material and ductile material are modelled through the choice of interatomic potential functions which are Lennard-Jones and Embedded-Atom potential functions, respectively. Our interest is to learn about the fragmentation process due to asperity collision as a function of relative velocity and type of material. We find three distinct fragmentation regimes as a function of increasing impact velocity: 1) brittle fracture at a single apex resulting in material transfer to the other asperity and no accompanying transverse gap; 2) ductile fracture at both apexes resulting in a free fragment and resulting in a transverse gap; 3) midplane slip fracture with minimal material transfer and no transverse gap. The features for the LJ and EAM materials correlate well with the facts that the melting temperatures for the two materials at zero pressure are related by TmLJ ∼ 2.0TmEAM, and the vacancy formation energies are related by EvacLJ ∼ 3.0EvacEAM.
Isolation and characterization of brush border membrane vesicles from pig small intestine

Abstract 1. 1. Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were isolated from swine mid-intestine by a MgCl2 precipitation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. 2. 2. Transport of d -glucose and l -alanine were Na+-stimulated and into an osmotically sensitive space. 3. 3. Estimates of kinetic parameters for Na+-dependent d -glucose transport were: apparent Kt = 1.8 mM and Jmax = 16.8 nmol/mg protein/min. 4. 4. Results of experiments with the ΔpH sensitive fluorescent probe 9-aminoacricline indicated indepen- dent mechanisms for Na+-dependent glucose transport and Na+/H+ exchange. 5. 5. This study demonstrates that pig BBMV provide a useful model for investigating intestinal membrane transport.
Galerkin's procedure, quasilinearization, and nonlinear boundary-value problems

Among the popular and successful techniques for solving boundary-value problems for nonlinear, ordinary differential equations (ODE) are quasilinearization and the Galerkin procedure. In this note, it is demonstrated that utilizing the Galerkin criterion followed by the Newton-Raphson scheme results in the same iteration process as that obtained by applying quasilinearization to the nonlinear ODE and then the Galerkin criterion to each linear ODE in the resulting sequence. This equivalence holds for only the Galerkin procedure in the broad class of weighted-residual methods.
Proliferating trichilemmal cyst: A simulant of squamous cell carcinoma

Comparison of 50 proliferating trichilemmal cysts with 50 "ordinary" trichilemmal cysts indicated that both types almost invariably occurred on the scalps of women, were diagnosed clinically as cysts, followed a benign course, and featured trichilemmal keratinization. A spectrum was observed from trichilemmal cyst with minimal hyperplasia, to full-blown proliferating trichilemmal cyst. Occasionally, patients had ordinary trichilemmal cysts on their scalps associated with a proliferating trichilemmal cyst. In addition to trichilemmal keratinization, which is characteristic of the follicular isthmus, proliferating trichilemmal cysts showed a wider range of differentiation, including features of the follicular infundibulum, the lower nonkeratinizing portion of the follicular outer root sheath, and sebaceous cells. Intense inflammatory infiltrate and cellular atypia, sometimes of significant proportions, were also seen in proliferating trichilemmal cysts. It is concluded that trauma and inflammation may induce a trichilemmal cyst to proliferate and show a broader spectrum of pilosebaceous differentiation and cellular atypia of pseudocarcinomatous proportions, while maintaining its benign biologic behavior.
Acquisition of apparent DNA slippage structures during extensive evolutionary divergence of pcaD and catD genes encoding identical catalytic activities in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.

Abstract The pca operon from the Gram − bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus encodes all of the enzymes required for catabolism of protocatechuate to common intermediary metabolites. This report presents the 2754-nucleotide (nt) sequence of a Hin dIII restriction fragment containing pcaD , the 801-bp gene encoding β-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase I. The deduced primary structure of A. calcoaceticus PcaD shares 44% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with the aligned primary structure of CatD (β-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase II) from the same organism, and the overall nt sequence identity of the two genes is 51.8%. In the 56% of the genes where selection for identical aa residues was not imposed, pcaD and catD have diverged so extensively that nt sequence identity of the aligned segments is only 28.2%; the G + C contents of these segments from the respective genes differ by 8%. Conserved within the aligned PcaD and CatD aa sequences is a Ser residue corresponding to the nucleophile within the α/β-fold of many hydrolytic enzymes. In this region of primary structure, PcaD and CatD appear to have maintained some different aa sequences derived from a common ancestor. Conservation of the different aa sequences during extreme evolutionary divergence suggests that separate segments of primary structure, conserved within either PcaD or CatD, may be functionally incompatible within recombinant enzymes. Consequently, selection for avoidance of genetic exchange between pcaD and catD could account for the thorough nt substitution in regions where identical aa were not selected. Sequence repetitions within pcaD suggest that the multiple mutations required for its extensive divergence from catD were achieved in part by acquisition of a complex DNA slippage structure.
Etiological factors in the development of PTSD in clinical samples of Vietnam combat veterans

This paper presents a review of empirical literature that deals with etiological factors in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Variables implicated in PTSD from three time frames, premilitary, military, and postmilitary, are identified, and findings from relevant research are discussed. There is consistency across studies in showing significant correlations between PTSD and combat exposure and post-military psychosocial adjustment. Less consistent are the findings with regard to relationships between premilitary psychosocial factors and PTSD. Recent findings from studies that have explored possible physiological correlates of PTSD also are discussed. Based on current literature, implications for future research on etiological factors in combat-related PTSD are presented.
Microfabrication of Intelligent Biomimetic Networks for Recognition of d-Glucose

Biomimetic, biocompatible polymer networks have been developed with tailored affinities, loading capacities, and transport properties for a given target molecule, and these networks promise to significantly impact a wide variety of biomedical fields, particularly diagnostic and therapeutic devices. Methods were developed to integrate these biomimetic networks with silicon substrates at the microscale, enabling the fabrication of microdevice platforms based on silicon technologies. Biomimetic polymer networks with recognition properties for d-glucose were micropatterned in fine dimensions onto silicon substrates and characterized by fluorescence and confocal microscopy studies. Novel copolymer networks containing poly(ethylene glycol)ndimethacrylate (where the number of EG repeat units n = 1, 4, and 14) at various cross-linking percentages (30, 67, and 80%) and acrylamide as a functional monomer were synthesized in polar, aprotic solvent with and without the target molecule present. Calculated diffusion co...
Behavioral Responses of Winged Bean Aphids to Colored Fluorescent Lamps

The behavioral response of the bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, a yellow-sensitive species, to yellow and other colored fluorescent lamps was observed in a flight chamber. In replicated experiments where flying aphids had a choice of 2 lamps, a blacklight lamp was the most attractive lamp tested. The other lamps listed in order of most to least attractive are: blue, cool green, pink, green, yellow (gold), and red. The yellow and red lamps reduced insect activity and blacklight increased aphid activity. These observed effects of the lamps on aphid behavior are related to both the ultraviolet and the visible energy emitted by the various lamps. Polarizing the energy emitted from a yellow lamp and a “natural” white lamp did not make them more attractive to the aphids. The reduced flight activity observed under the yellow lamp would indicate that the response to yellow reflective surfaces and yellow lamps may be the same, inhibition of flight activity.
Procathepsin D in cancer development

Abstract Over thirty years of research showed that procathepsin D is overexpressed and secreted by cells of several tumor types including lung, breast and prostate cancer. After secretion, it exhibits growth factor –like mitogenic
Soil Moisture and Surface Roughness Effects in Ground Penetrating Radar Detection of Land Mines

Nonmetallic mine detection with GPR is challenging because of poor target/soil contrast and clutter from the random rough ground surface. Greater soil moisture implies higher dielectric constant, which in turn increases contrast and scattering of radar waves, but also increases the contrast between the air and the soil, increasing clutter. The finite difference time domain method for modeling impulse radar is use to quantify the effects of clutter on the target signal for both ideal smooth ground surfaces and rough surfaces for uniformly dry, wet, and a profiled moisture distribution characteristic of short-time watering. Results indicate that each uniform moisture case offers detection features that allow for the distinct temporal and spatial separation of target and clutter signals, but that non-uniform soil moisture makes nonmetallic mine detection problematic.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 suppresses pyrophosphate elaboration by transforming growth factor β1-stimulated chondrocytes and cartilage

Our objective was to examine the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) elaboration by porcine cartilage. These studies further define the factors influencing ePPi accrual, a key step in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal formation. ePPi was measured in adult porcine organ and monolayer culture media in the presence of IGF-1, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1), IGF-1 antibody and synovial fluid (SF). As previously shown, TGFbeta-1 stimulated ePPi elaboration by cartilage and chondrocytes. IGF-1 significantly inhibited the stimulatory effect of TGFbeta-1 on ePPi elaboration by both cartilage explants and chondrocytes. Anti-IGF-1 antibody blocked this inhibition. Anti-IGF-1 antibody also decreased the inhibitory effect of SF on ePPi elaboration, suggesting the presence of active IGF-1. These results support an important regulatory role for IGF-1 in cartilage ePPi elaboration. IGF-1 inhibited the effects of the ePPi-stimulatory factor TGFbeta-1 and thus may protect normal joints from excess accumulation of ePPi and subsequent CPPD crystal formation.
Moral Education in a Third World Society: Southeastern Nigeria

(1982). Moral Education in a Third World Society: Southeastern Nigeria. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 363-384.
Perceptions of Humans Wearing Technology

The current study is an examination of how using “wearable technology” may impact the impressions formed by others about the technology user. Previous research has examined how technological devices that are made to be more humanlike may be perceived, yet little research has investigated the perceptions of humans who are made more like technological devices through the augmentation of their senses or abilities. Participants viewed faces of male and female models either wearing no external devices, wearing non-technological articles, wearing consumer electronic devices, or scientific/military devices (eye trackers). Overall, models were viewed less favorably when wearing technology, but the attributions were a complex interaction of the rater's comfort with technology, the sex of the model, and the particular attribute being examined. Wearable technology may augment cognitive abilities, but interfere with interpersonal relations.
A rapid non-destructive fluorometric assay for gangliosides.

Abstract An assay for gangliosides has been developed which is both rapid and non-destructive. The procedure is based on specific ganglioside serotonin binding and utilizes the inverse relationship between serotonin dialysis rates and ganglioside concentrations. The amount of serotonin in the diffusate after 30 minutes of dialysis is measured fluorometrically and converted, via a standard curve, to ganglioside content. Samples containing as little as 10 nanomoles of ganglioside have been assayed. A single assay is complete in 30 minutes and triplicate assays require less than an hour. Since no hydrolysis or other chemical reaction is involved, samples can be recovered intact by further dialysis and lyophilization.
Bone Mineral Density of the Spine Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

To evaluate the influence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) on bone mineral density (BMD), we measured BMD in 185 female patients with NIDDM using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). BMD was measured in lumbar vertebrae (L2-4). BMD is slightly higher in the diabetic patients compared with control subjects and bone loss related to menopause starts before the onset of menopause. The BMD of postmenopausal women showed a definite decrease with aging and there was abrupt bone loss after 55 years of age (p < 0.05). In relation to the duration of diabetes, the decrease of BMD for 15 years was 10.0%. BMD was negatively correlated with age, years since menopause (YSM), and disease duration (r = -0.584, r = -0.470, r = -0.186). These results suggest that age, YSM, and the duration of disease appear to be the risk factors for decreased BMD in the diabetic patients.
Infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing Fusobacterium spp. in children.

Fusobacteria are often implicated in infections that originate from the indigenous bacterial flora of the respiratory, genital and gastrointestinal tracts.1 The role of Fusobacterium spp. in pediatric infections became more important in recent years because of the emergence of penicillin resistance
Risk-Based Corridor Asset Management: Applying Multiattribute Utility Theory to Manage Multiple Assets

Simultaneous consideration of various types of assets and investment objectives for the purpose of allocating resources more efficiently can improve the systemwide performance of the transportation system. Various studies have been conducted on the development of management systems such as those for pavements, signs, mobility, safety, and preservation. However, not as many studies specifically investigate the synergistic effects of these systems on transportation system performance. This paper develops a multiattribute utility model that identifies high-risk corridors in a transportation system for prioritization on the basis of multiple objectives and various assets. Three objectives are used in evaluating the performance of the system: minimizing the number of incidents, maximizing mobility, and improving preservation of assets. The methodology is generally applicable to system-level management of transportation systems. The model is applied to a selected corridor in the state of Georgia. Results illust...
Micro Fuel Cell Technologies, Advancements, and Challenges

Compact fuel cells are gaining widespread recognition as the next generation power sources for portable and micro-scale electronics. Fuel cells are being implemented at the macro as well as microscale to provide pollution-free, high-density energy for various electronic applications. Micro fuel cells have been an innovative step in the direction of fuel cell miniaturization, and technologies are currently being developed for their commercialization. This paper is a review of micro fuel cell technologies based on an extensive study of the existing literature with the objective of identifying common components, designs, and fabrication methods for silicon based fuel cells, and compiling that information into a single location. This paper also evaluates the potential prospects for silicon micro fuel cells and various approaches employed to overcome several technical challenges.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Decreased DNA repair rates and protection from heat induced apoptosis mediated by electromagnetic field exposure.

In this study, we demonstrate that electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure results in protection from heat induced apoptosis in human cancer cell lines in a time dependent manner. Apoptosis protection was determined by growing HL-60, HL-60R, and Raji cell lines in a 0.15 mT 60 Hz sinusoidal EMF for time periods between 4 and 24 h. After induction of apoptosis, cells were analyzed by the neutral comet assay to determine the percentage of apoptotic cells. To discover the duration of this protection, cells were grown in the EMF for 24 h and then removed for 24 to 48 h before heat shock and neutral comet assays were performed. Our results demonstrate that EMF exposure offers significant protection from apoptosis (P<.0001 for HL-60 and HL-60R, P<.005 for Raji) after 12 h of exposure and that protection can last up to 48 h after removal from the EMF. In this study we further demonstrate the effect of the EMF on DNA repair rates. DNA repair data were gathered by exposing the same cell lines to the EMF for 24 h before damaging the exposed cells and non-exposed cells with H2O2. Cells were allowed to repair for time periods between 0 and 15 min before analysis using the alkaline comet assay. Results showed that EMF exposure significantly decreased DNA repair rates in HL-60 and HL-60R cell lines (P<.001 and P<.01 respectively), but not in the Raji cell line. Importantly, our apoptosis results show that a minimal time exposure to an EMF is needed before observed effects. This may explain previous studies showing no change in apoptosis susceptibility and repair rates when treatments and EMF exposure were administered concurrently. More research is necessary, however, before data from this in vitro study can be applied to in vivo systems. Bioelectromagnetics 23:106–112, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.