cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exogenous glutathione protects intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative injury.

Abstract Exogenous GSH provided rat small-intestinal epithelial cells with significant protection against injury induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide or menadione. This protection was found to be dependent upon uptake of intact GSH. Uptake of GSH occurred by a Na+-dependent electrogenic system found in the basolateral membrane. Thus, rat small-intestinal epithelial cells can utilize plasma GSH to support intracellular detoxication systems that function in protection against chemically induced injury.
A prospective, parallel, double-blind comparison of iodixanol and iohexol in extremity phlebography

Rationale and Objectives. A two-center, prospective, double-blind study was conducted to compare the performance parameters (efficacy, safety, and injection-associated discomfort) of iohexol with those of the new, isosmolar contrast medium iodixanol in extremity phlebography. Methods. Ninety-nine patients from two centers, for whom venography was clinically indicated, were blindly randomized into two groups, iohexol at 300 mg I/ml (IOH-300) or iodixanol at 270 mg I/ml (IOD-270). Patient vital signs and reports of adverse events were recorded for a minimum of 1 hr and monitored until the outcome was known. Any discomfort associated with the injection was also recorded. Laboratory measures included urinalysis, creatinine levels in serum and blood urea nitrogen. Results. Both contrast media provided good or excellent visualization in nearly all patients (100% of patients in the IOD-270 group and 96% in the IOH-300 group). The incidence of adverse reactions was low in both groups (8.5% in the IOD-270 group and 10% in the IOH-300 group). Injection-associated discomfort lasting less than 4 min occurred in nine patients, four in the IOD-270 group and five in the IOH-300 group. Although clinically relevant changes in vital signs occurred in more than half the patients, most were judged to be anxiety related. Review of laboratory data revealed no evidence of toxicity for either agent. There was no statistically significant difference between the two agents with regard to any of these observed parameters. Conclusion. The data support the conclusion that both IOD-270 and IOH-300 are safe and effective agents when used for adult phlebography and are associated with little injection-site discomfort.
A Very Low Bandwidth, Unattended Imager For Surveillance Applications

The need arises in certain vehicular surveillance applications for an electronic imager that can perform without human interaction and can transmit definitive images over very low bandwidth channels. The investigators have found that line scan imagers offer particular advantages toward these ends. Specifically, the use of a line scan imager facilitates the following processing steps: 1) Segmentation of the vehicle from the background, 2) Auto-matic exposure control, 3) Light level equalization prior to quantization, and 4) Implementation of an adaptive sampling scheme. These processing steps together with the source encoder may be implemented on a relatively low throughput processor and achieve near real time operation. The specific encoding method used here is an extended differential pulse code modulation (DPCM). A prototype system has been developed, producing medium resolution images at less than 10K bits per frame.
Self-reported empathy deficits are uniquely associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia ☆

Abstract Background Social cognitive deficits have been proposed to be among the causes of poor functional outcome in schizophrenia. Empathy, or sharing and understanding the unique emotions and experiences of other people, is one of the key elements of social cognition, and prior studies suggest that empathic processes are impaired in schizophrenia. The current study examined whether impairments in self-reported empathy were associated with poor functioning, above and beyond the influences of neurocognitive deficits and psychopathology. Methods Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 46) and healthy controls (n = 37) completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), a measure of emotional and cognitive empathy. Participants also completed a neuropsychological test battery, clinical ratings of psychopathology, and functional outcome measures assessing both functional capacity and community functioning. After testing for between-group differences, we assessed the relationships between self-reported empathy and the measures of functioning, neurocognition, and psychopathology. Regression analyses examined whether empathic variables predicted functional outcomes. Results Individuals with schizophrenia reported lower IRI scores for perspective-taking and empathic concern, and higher IRI scores for personal distress than controls. Among individuals with schizophrenia, lower perspective-taking, greater disorganized symptoms, and deficits in working memory and episodic memory were correlated with poorer functional capacity and community functioning. Lower scores for perspective-taking explained significant incremental variance in both functional capacity (ΔR 2 = .09, p 2 = .152, p Conclusions Impaired perspective-taking, a component of cognitive empathy, is associated with poor functioning even after taking into account the influences of neurocognitive deficits and psychopathology. These findings support further efforts to clarify the underlying causes of empathic disturbances and suggest that treatments for these disturbances may help functional recovery in schizophrenia.
Sales Quotas: Unintended Consequences on Trust in Organization, Customer-Oriented Selling, and Sales Performance

Despite a growing strategic, operational, and research spotlight on relational building and retention in recent years, practitioners must balance this vision with commonly critical selling practices and needs (i.e., obtain sales quota while building and retaining customer relationships). In such an environment, this paper proposes that marketers can prosper if they more fully understand the connections between sales quotas and other important organizational issues (i.e., trust in the organization, customer-oriented selling, and sales performance). The significance of sales quotas as a directing force has been noted by researchers and practitioners for some time. Yet beyond their obvious influence (e.g., as sales goals), little is understood as to what extent these frequently utilized performance objectives connect and impact other critical organizational issues within the selling group. Using a sample of 345 business-to-business salespeople, this study explores how the application of sales quotas have far...
Science and Technology Studies Approaches to Internet Research

The field of science and technology studies provides three landmarks useful for orienting the loose constellation of intellectual projects pursued under the rubric of Internet research. Interdisciplinarity, networks, and politics offer a foundation from which social change and progress can be assessed. These landmarks can help to examine the rapid change, the micro and macro connections, the constraints and possibilities for self-organization that stand to reconfigure the substance of power, class, and culture associated with the adoption of new communication technologies.
Snapping scapula syndrome: Three case reports and an analysis of the literature

The snapping scapula syndrome is an infrequently described source of shoulder discomfort characterized by painful, audible, and/or palpable abnormal scapulothoracic motion. The syndrome may be caused by skeletal or soft-tissue abnormalities that interfere with articulation between the scapula and the rib cage. Often, no obvious source of the snapping can be identified with imaging studies. Three new cases with electrodiagnostic and imaging studies are presented. For the first time a critical analysis and review by diagnoses, gender, age, treatment, and outcome of 89 reported cases is presented. Accurate recognition of the syndrome may lead to prompt and long-term relief of symptoms by conservative or surgical treatment.
A unique role for Stat5 in recovery from acute anemia

The precise role of erythropoietin receptor-activated (EpoR-activated) Stat5 in the regulation of erythropoiesis remains unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Menon and colleagues present new experimental data that indicate a distinct role for Stat5 in the regulation of stress-induced erythropoiesis, such as during acute anemic states (see the related article beginning on page 683). A critical function for Stat5 is to promote cell survival, possibly through transcriptional induction of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x. In the present experimental system, erythropoietin-Stat5 signals did not induce Bcl-x expression but did induce oncostatin-M. Moreover, oncostatin-M was found to enhance survival of erythroid progenitors. This work differentiates between steady-state (or homeostatic) erythropoiesis and stress-induced erythropoiesis at the level of EpoR signaling.
Climate warming and water management adaptation for California

The ability of California's water supply system to adapt to long-term climatic and demographic changes is examined. Two climate warming and a historical climate scenario are examined with population and land use estimates for the year 2100 using a statewide economic-engineering optimization model of water supply management. Methodologically, the results of this analysis indicate that for long-term climate change studies of complex systems, there is considerable value in including other major changes expected during a long-term time-frame (such as population changes), allowing the system to adapt to changes in conditions (a common feature of human societies), and representing the system in sufficient hydrologic and operational detail and breadth to allow significant adaptation. While the policy results of this study are preliminary, they point to a considerable engineering and economic ability of complex, diverse, and inter-tied systems to adapt to significant changes in climate and population. More specifically, California's water supply system appears physically capable of adapting to significant changes in climate and population, albeit at a significant cost. Such adaptation would entail large changes in the operation of California's large groundwater storage capacity, significant transfers of water among water users, and some adoption of new technologies.
A microscale isolation of hemins from hemeproteins by use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract An analytical and semipreparative procedure has been developed for the isolation of the prosthetic groups of various hemeproteins by use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of erythrocyte formylhemeprotein in the presence of 20 m m cyanide and subsequent elution of the sharp hemin band resulted in 87% recovery of hemin and isolation of apoprotein. Removal of the protohemin prosthetic groups from methemoglobin, metmyoglobin, horseradish peroxidase and erythrocyte cytochrome b5 were also effected (in 47–80% yield) if urea as well as cyanide were present. The procedure is straightforward, rapid, gives good yield from only a few nanomoles of protein, and has the important advantage of avoiding the use of acidic conditions and organic solvents employed in conventional heme extraction procedures.
Hotel Marketing Managers' Responses to Ethical Dilemmas

ABSTRACT This research concerns the perceptions and decisions of lodging sales and marketing executives in dealing with ethical marketing issues. Respondents were given ten vignettes, representing ethical dilemmas in the five categories of ethical behavior (coercion and control, personal integrity, physical environment, paternalism, and conflict of interest) identified by previous researchers. They were first asked to determine whether each issue was a question of ethics or not. Next, the respondents were asked what action they would take given the dilemma. The findings did not reveal any consistent pattern of respondent perceptions or actions. All of the vignettes embodied ethical choices. Results indicate a need for lodging sales and marketing executives to develop and adhere to ethical guidelines for the unique situations they face.
Masses of Carriers in Conductors

Barnett and Brown present, in a recent paper, experimental evidence that supports the theoretical findings of Darwin in an earlier paper; namely, that all metals should have the same effective $\frac{m}{e}$ in acceleration, despite the differences in their Hall coefficients. The present paper derives the same conclusion from more elementary premises.
On relative measurements of the viscosity of gases by the oscillating-disk method

Die Abhandlung enthalt die Ableitung einer Arbeitsgleichung fur Relativmessung der Zahigkeit, bei der nach der Methode der oszillierenden Scheibe eine dunne Scheibe zwischen zwei feststehenden Platten Drehschwingungen ausfuhrt. In der Formel ist der Randeinfluss nachKestin undWang durch den sogenannten Randkorrekturfaktor berucksichtigt. Dieser aus dem Verhaltnis des wirklichen Reibungsmomentes zum theoretischen sich ergebende Faktor ist abhangig von der Geometrie der experimentellen Anordnung, deren Abmessungen mit der Grenzschichtdicke dimensionslos gemacht sind. Da vonKestin undWang fur Anordnungen mit sehr grossen und sehr engen Spalten fruher schon Formeln gebracht wurden, beschrankt sich die Ableitung hier auf mittlere Spaltweiten. Um die Richtigkeit der der Arbeitsgleichung zugrunde liegenden hauptsachlichen Annahmen zu uberprufen, wurden die nach dem Relativverfahren gewonnenen Werte mit neuen und sehr genauen kurzlich vonKestin undLeidenfrost durchgefuhrten Absolutmessungen verglichen. Es ergab sich eine Ubereinstimmung von 0,1%.
Analysis of the effluent from a high voltage spark discharge with a microwave-induced plasma

A high voltage spark discharge was used to sample ferrous alloy samples in a point-to-plane configuration. An enclosed Petry spark stand was used so that the effluent from the spark could be put into a microwave discharge sustained at 2450 MHz. The emission from the eroded metals in the microwave discharge was monitored with a PARC Vidicon detector. This method of detection provided spectral simplification and improved signal-to-background ratios up to six-fold over the emission observed from the spark discharge. The emission from the microwave was shown to be linear with concentration for many lines observed.
Evolving better satellite image compression and reconstruction transforms

This paper summarizes the results of a continuing investigation into the evolution of transforms that minimize the error present in satellite images compressed and subsequently reconstructed under conditions subject to quantization error. Using coefficients describing the Daubechies-4 (D4) discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a starting point, our genetic algorithm (GA) evolves real-valued coefficients describing matched forward and inverse transform pairs that reduce mean squared error (MSE) by 17.9% (0.86 dB) on satellite images used for training, and by an average of more than 11.0% (0.5 dB) on a large test set of satellite images. This result improves upon previous work on satellite images, which evolved only the reconstruction transform, and establishes evolutionary computation as a viable methodology for identifying state-of-the-art solutions to this difficult class of problems.
Design of patterned multilayer films with eigenstrains by topology optimization

Abstract We develop a formal approach to design shaped microstructures from multilayer films with eigenstrains in the layers. The eigenstrains are inelastic strains that vary from layer to layer resulting in elastic misfit between the layers. Examples include thermal expansion mismatch between the layers, piezoelectric strains, and strains in shape memory alloys. In our approach, the eigenstrains are manipulated by spatially patterning the films to generate structures that, although fabricated by a conventional, planar thin film technology, deform into desired three-dimensional shaped surfaces. The material patterns in the individual layers are determined by topology optimization allowing the creation of arbitrarily complex, geometric layouts. In contrast to existing topology optimization methods for patterning plate structures, the goal of the proposed approach is to generate large deformations via eigenstrains, rather than to increase the stiffness of plate via reinforcement patterns. The optimization methodology is demonstrated by the design of two- and three-layer thin film structures. The performance of the optimized designs is verified by experiments showing the importance of accounting for a nonlinear kinematics in order to obtain the desired shape in the deformed configuration. While our approach is demonstrated in the context of the design of three-dimensional microstructures, it can be easily applied to a variety of problems where it is desired to control the complex shape of plate-like structures by spatial actuation—the spatial actuators are represented by eigenstrains.
Departures from classical beam theory in laminated, sandwich, and short beams

where Eq. (12) holds on y= [Br/F(Br) ] f [ F ( B r ) x ] , exactly as before, F being arbitrary. Equation (8) for the pressure coefficient still holds, except that the freestream Mach number of the affinely related flow (instead of being zero) is now V2, and (3 is replaced by B. This supersonic flow is exactly the canonical wave problem treated by Heaslet and Lomax, in which supersonic sources and doublets were introduced, with the conormal replacing the geometric normal. Thus the tools of classical supersonic and subsonic analysis are applicable immediately if the approximation given in Eq. (4) is used.
Anatomy and Physiology of an Agile Transition

A macro view of an enterprise transition from the point of view of a coach in the trenches. What brought about the transition that this group undertook, previously described in"Letters from the Edge of an Agile Transition?" What was the ecology the team metamorphosed in? Follow me as I uncover the answers to these questions and more. Read how a high level sponsor set out to alleviate the pain of an organization. Hear some of the details that lead him to champion that change. Find out how the organization continues to learn and grow now that the beginning of the transition is over.
Effects of sealing the perforated sinus membrane with a resorbable collagen membrane: a pilot study in humans.

Abstract The effects of repairing the perforated sinus membrane with collagen membrane are unknown. The purpose of this pilot study was to clinically, histologically, and histomorphometrically eval...
Electron beam effects on diethylsilane-covered Si(100) surfaces investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Ethylated silanes and germanes are promising candidates for heterojunction atomic layer epitaxy of SiGe devices. However, thermal dissociation of unwanted ligands in the parent molecules usually is not suitable for device fabrication. Hence, alternative means for dissociation employing low thermal budgets are desirable. In this work, an electron beam was used to irradiate diethylsilane (DES)-covered Si(100) surfaces at 100 K in order to initiate non-thermal, electron-driven dissociation and desorption processes in the adsorbed species. Clean Si(100) surfaces were dosed with gas-phase DES molecules at 100 K followed by irradiation with 600-eV electrons (current density 5.4 µAcm−2). The effects of electron irradiation were investigated by obtaining x-ray photoelectron spectra before and after exposing the DES/Si(100) to the electron beam. Shifts in the binding energy of the C 1s photoelectron peak and a decrease in the total surface carbon concentration are indicative of dehydrogenation and removal of carbon species by electron irradiation. Our results suggest the possibility of electron-beam-assisted β-hydride elimination at 100 K as one channel for surface carbon removal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended Field Experiences and Cohorts with Elementary Science Methods: Some Unintended Consequences

Cohorts and expanded field experiences are two structures intended to promote reflective thinking in preservice teacher education programs. In this paper, two science methods classes are compared. One class had expanded field experiences and was organized as a cohort. The second was a more traditionally structured class that was not in a cohort and had only limited field experiences. The two differed in their attitudes and approach to science education. This had broad implications for the structure of preservice teacher education in science.
New concepts of ambulatory home hyperalimentation.

Various infusion systems have been devised to allow long-term administration of total parenteral nutrition solutions on an ambulatory basis to patients who are unable to maintain adequate enteral nutrition and/or who might benefit from a period of bowel rest. During the past 3 yr, the intravenous hyperalimentation team of The Hermann Hospital and The University of Texas Medical School at Houston has gained considerable experience in developing a specially designed patient vest which is comfortable, attractive and practical for continuous or intermittent central venous or enteral feeding on an ambulatory basis. The system is described together with the results of its use. in 25 patients ranging in age from 23 mo to 66 yr for a cumulative total ambulatory home hyperalimentation experience equivalent to 12.4 man-years. Complications related to the technique have been minimal, and clinical results have been most gratifying. It is anticipated that further advances in this vital field will contribute to increas...
Amino acid synthesis during hyperosmotic stress in penaeus aztecus postlarvae

Abstract 1. 1. Glycine, proline, and taurine are the quantitatively most important amino acid osmolytes in Penaeus aztecus postlarvae. 2. 2. Taurine dominates the amino acid pool in low salinity, while proline dominates the amino acid pool at higher salinities. 3. 3. Although not major contributors to the pool, glutamate and alanine are constitutively synthesized from [14C]glucose and [14C]glutamate under constant salinity and under hyperosmotic stress treatments. 4. 4. Proline synthesis from [14C]-precursors is apparent under constant high (but not low) salinity and is significantly induced by hyperosmotic stress. 5. 5. No appreciable glycine synthesis was observed from [14C]glucose or [14C]glutamate under any experimental conditions.
In Vitro Heating With Polyethylene Glycol Coated Fe Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles coated with a biocompatible polymer are potential candidates for biomedical applications associated with the detection and treatment of cancer. By varying the length of a reaction tube, the nanoparticle size increases from 10 to 30 nm with a 1-3 nm carboxyl terminated polyethylene glycol (cPEG) coating. The saturation magnetization for all samples is greater than 100 emu/g. By increasing the length of the reaction tube there is an incorporation of an amorphous phase. Subjecting samples to a 4 Oe magnetic field oscillating at 500 kHz there are two characteristic temperatures depending on particle size. The temperature measured for larger particles saturates with time to 35degC. Below a critical nanoparticle size the temperature reached exceeds 50degC within the same timeframe
Critical Questions and Argument Stratagems: A Framework for Enhancing and Analyzing Students' Reasoning Practices

This article explores the concepts of critical questions (from D. N. Walton, 1996) and integrative and refutational argument stratagems as an approach for teaching argumentation and critical thinking. A study was conducted for 6 months in 3 sections of a 7th-grade social studies classroom in which 30 students discussed and wrote about current events. One section served as a comparison group. Over time the experimental group made more arguments that integrated both sides of each issue. Collectively, the experimental group also successfully constructed salient critical questions, particularly in regard to weighing values and designing practical creative solutions. In-depth analysis of 1 student showed how conceptual structures and argument practices improved incrementally over time and how the appropriation of stratagems may have been facilitated by the dialectical nature of the intervention (e.g., using critical questions and stratagems successfully in discourse). The theoretical and practical importance o...
Diesel engines: environmental impact and control.

The diesel engine is the most efficient prime mover commonly available today. Diesel engines move a large portion of the world's goods, power much of the world's equipment, and generate electricity more economically than any other device in their size range. But the diesel is one of the largest contributors to environmental pollution problems worldwide, and will remain so, with large increases expected in vehicle population and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) causing ever-increasing global emissions. Diesel emissions contribute to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of air, water, and soil; soiling; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. Where instituted, control programs have been effective in reducing diesel fleet emissions. Fuel changes, such as reduced sulfur and aromatics content, have resulted in immediate improvements across the entire diesel on- and off-road fleet, and promise more improvements with future control. In the United States, for example, 49-state (non-California) off-road diesel fuel sulfur content is 10 times higher than that of national on-road diesel fuel. Significantly reducing this sulfur content would reduce secondary particulate matter (PM) formation and allow the use of control technologies that have proven effective in the on-road arena. The use of essentially zero-sulfur fuels, such as natural gas, in heavy-duty applications is also expected to continue. Technology changes, such as engine modifications, exhaust gas recirculation, and catalytic aftertreatment, take longer to fully implement, due to slow fleet turnover. However, they eventually result in significant emission reductions and will be continued on an ever-widening basis in the United States and worldwide. New technologies, such as hybrids and fuel cells, show significant promise in reducing emissions from sources currently dominated by diesel use. Lastly, the turnover of trucks and especially off-road equipment is slow; pollution control agencies need to address existing emissions with in-use programs, such as exhaust trap retrofits and smoke inspections. Such a program is underway in California. These and other steps that can be continued and improved will allow the use of the diesel engine, with its superior fuel consumption, to continue to benefit society while greatly reducing its negative environmental and health impacts. The next ten years can and must become the "Decade of Clean Diesel."
Frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator for generating high-frequency microwave signals with low phase noise

A novel frequency-doubling optoelectronic-oscillator technique utilising the wavelength dependence of the half-wave voltage of a Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator is presented. Two wavelengths (1310 and 1550 nm) corresponding to the quadrature and null-transmission bias settings are used to pump the oscillator and to simultaneously generate self-starting 10 and 20 GHz signals with low-phase-noise properties.
A prospective registry of 5,451 patients with ultrasound-confirmed deep vein thrombosis

We enrolled 5,451 patients with ultrasound-confirmed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), including 2,892 women and 2,559 men, from 183 United States sites in our prospective registry. The 5 most frequent co-morbidities were hypertension (50%), surgery within 3 months (38%), immobility within 30 days (34%), cancer (32%), and obesity (27%). Of the 2,726 patients who had their DVT diagnosed while in the hospital, only 1,147 (42%) received prophylaxis within 30 days before diagnosis.
VEGF Receptor Blockade Markedly Reduces Retinal Microglia/Macrophage Infiltration into Laser-Induced CNV

Although blocking VEGF has a positive effect in wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the effect of blocking its receptors remains unclear. This was an investigation of the effect of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 and/or 2 blockade on retinal microglia/macrophage infiltration in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a model of wet AMD. CNV lesions were isolated by laser capture microdissection at 3, 7, and 14 days after laser and analyzed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining for mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies for VEGFR1 or R2 and the microglia inhibitor minocycline were injected intraperitoneally (IP). Anti-CD11b, CD45 and Iba1 antibodies were used to confirm the cell identity of retinal microglia/macrophage, in the RPE/choroidal flat mounts or retinal cross sections. CD11b(+), CD45(+) or Iba1(+) cells were counted. mRNA of VEGFR1 and its three ligands, PlGF, VEGF-A (VEGF) and VEGF–B, were expressed at all stages, but VEGFR2 were detected only in the late stage. PlGF and VEGF proteins were expressed at 3 and 7 days after laser. Anti-VEGFR1 (MF1) delivered IP 3 days after laser inhibited infiltration of leukocyte populations, largely retinal microglia/macrophage to CNV, while anti-VEGFR2 (DC101) had no effect. At 14 days after laser, both MF1 and DC101 antibodies markedly inhibited retinal microglia/macrophage infiltration into CNV. Therefore, VEGFR1 and R2 play differential roles in the pathogenesis of CNV: VEGFR1 plays a dominant role at 3 days after laser; but both receptors play pivotal roles at 14 days after laser. In vivo imaging demonstrated accumulation of GFP-expressing microglia into CNV in both CX3CR1gfp/gfp and CX3CR1gfp/+ mice. Minocycline treatment caused a significant increase in lectin+ cells in the sub-retinal space anterior to CNV and a decrease in dextran-perfused neovessels compared to controls. Targeting the chemoattractant molecules that regulate trafficking of retinal microglia/macrophage appears to be a compelling therapeutic strategy to control CNV and treat wet AMD.
Symposium on the chemoprophylaxis of infection. I. Introduction and general principles.

I T I S of course, eminently logical to a t tempt to prevent any disease, regardless of cause, rather than to treat it after it has become clinically manifest. Preventive medicine has been most vigorously practiced in the broad field of infectious diseases; the control of diphtheria, smallpox, tetanus, and poliomyelitis, to mention a few, by immunologic means is evidence of the success of the preventive approach. Similarly, a number of illnesses caused by enteric pathogens can be
Learning transfer in English-for-academic-purposes contexts: A systematic review of research

Abstract A fundamental goal of EAP instruction is learning transfer to students' other courses. Although research has provided evidence of such transfer, gaps exist regarding its circumstances. However, a related body of research, focusing on learning in EAP contexts, is of value here: While this research does not provide evidence of transfer specifically to other courses, it does provide evidence of transfer across situations in EAP contexts, and an analysis of this can shed light on transfer to other courses. Therefore, 41 studies that investigated learning in EAP contexts were analyzed using the transfer taxonomy ( Barnett & Ceci, 2002 ) (i.e., a 9-dimension analytic tool developed to clarify research on transfer and used to analyze studies in experimental psychology). This analysis revealed much about what is possible for transfer in EAP contexts, specifically that (a) instruction can result in transfer, and such transfer can (b) involve various kinds of learning, (c) have a positive impact on the quality of students' work, (d) occur in situations that place minimal demands on students' memories and in situations that place greater demands on students' memories, and (e) occur across varying distances. Implications for research and practice in EAP contexts are discussed.
Matrix selection for the analysis of hydrophilic dyes by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

Abstract This paper summarizes and compares the negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra ofazo and anthraquinone acid, and direct dyes using thioglycerol, glycerol, diethanolamine and 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol as FAB matrices. The results show thioglycerol to be the best general matrix and the one to try first for mono-, di- and trisulfonated dyes having a molecular weight in the range m/z 300–700. Thioglycerol facilitated the formation of molecular ion species (MXXX, [M - H] − and [M - Na] − ), as well as abundant fragment ions, due to cleavage of azo linkages or carbon-nitrogen bonds adjacent to the azo linkages. Diethanolamine and 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol were effective, but less so, in this molecular-weight range. For sulfonated dyes having a molecular weight of 700–900, glycerol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol and thioglycerol occasionally gave good results. However, no matrix investigated consistently afforded abundant sample ions for dyes having a molecular weight above 900.
Short-term temporal stability in observed retail food characteristics.

Abstract Objective Use of direct observation to characterize neighborhood retail food environments is increasing, but to date most studies have relied on a single observation. If food availability, prices, and quality vary over short time periods, repeated measures may be needed to portray these food characteristics. This study evaluated short-term (2-week), within-season temporal stability in retail food availability, prices, and quality. Design In-person observations of retail food stores at 2 time points, 2 weeks apart. Setting Southwest Chicago, IL. Sample 157 food stores. Main Outcome Measures Availability and prices of food items selected from the following food groups: fruit, vegetables, grains, meats and beans, and dairy, as well as fresh produce quality. Analysis Temporal stability was tested for availability using a McNemar test and for price and quality using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Measures of food availability and prices as well as fresh produce quality at stores were generally stable at the 2 time points. Conclusions and Implications This study suggests that a single observation may be sufficient to accurately characterize within-season food availability, food prices, and fresh produce quality.
Petrology and geochemistry of lunar dimict breccia 61015

The results of a petrological and geochemical study of the dimict breccia 61015 at the Apollo 16 site are presented and discussed. The breccia consists predominantly of granulated anorthosite and impact melt rock of very high aluminum-basalt composition. It probably formed in the floor of an expanding crater cavity when impact melt generated within the cavity was injected into underlying anorthositic bedrock and solidified rapidly, the anorthosite and melt rock being fragmented by deformation in the later stages of the impact. A possible source crater for the breccia is identified. The breccia has been affected by at least one recent small impact, which produced internal shock-induced melting of the breccia and injected and coated the rock with externally derived melts. The TiO2 content of the coating and vein glasses establish that they cannot be melted soils; their composition requires a mafic, low-TiO2 protolith component.
Diagnosis and management of BHD-associated kidney cancer.

In addition to the associated cutaneous and pulmonary manifestations, individuals with the Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome have an increased risk of developing kidney cancer, which is often bilateral and multifocal. The risk of developing a renal tumor in this population does not decrease with age and therefore warrants a lifelong screening approach. We recommend abdominal imaging every 36 months in individuals without renal lesions at initial screening. Once renal tumors are identified, they should be followed with interval imaging studies until the largest tumor reaches 3 cm in maximal diameter, at which point nephron-sparing surgery should be ideally pursued. While the histology of renal tumors can vary in the BHD syndrome, most tumors possess a relatively indolent natural history and do not require adjuvant therapy if resected when localized to the kidney. With this approach, the vast majority of patients will achieve a curative oncologic outcome and avoid the medical sequelae of chronic renal insufficiency that could otherwise result from total nephrectomy.
Chemotherapy Patients with C. difficile Colitis Have Outcomes Similar to Immunocompetent C. difficile Patients

Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) patients receiving chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies are anticipated to have worse outcomes than immunocompetent CDC patients. An IRB approved retrospective cohort study (2004–2009) identified an equal number (n = 49) of CDC inpatients receiving chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies (CDC-HM) as well as CDC patients without malignancies (CDC-NM). Chi-squared tests, linear regression, and analysis of variance were used to compare outcomes. No difference (p > 0.05) was noted between groups regarding age, hypertension, diabetes, COPD, or coronary artery disease. Approximately 62 % of CDC-HM patients required colony-stimulating factor for neutropenia. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in peak lactate or creatinine levels. None of the CDC-HM group required colectomy, while four CDC-NM patients required surgery (p = 0.04); neither group experienced death. No differences were noted regarding need for ICU admission for CDC or the need for vasopressors (p > 0.05). Mean hospital length of stay was longer for the CDC-HM group (22 days vs. 10 days; p = 0.001). CDC-HM patients had longer lengths of stay than CDC-NM patients without an increase in rates of death, colectomy, or ICU admission. Outcomes in CDC-HM are better than many would anticipate, underscoring the current knowledge deficit regarding C. difficile infection.
Efficient transformation and artificial miRNA gene silencing in Lemna minor

Despite rapid doubling time, simple architecture and ease of metabolic labelling, a lack of genetic tools in the Lemnaceae (duckweed) has impeded the full implementation of this organism as a model for biological research. Here, we present technologies to facilitate high-throughput genetic studies in duckweed. We developed a fast and efficient method for producing Lemna minor stable transgenic fronds via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration from tissue culture. Additionally, we engineered an artificial microRNA (amiRNA) gene silencing system. We identified a Lemna gibba endogenous miR166 precursor and used it as a backbone to produce amiRNAs. As a proof of concept we induced the silencing of CH42, a magnesium chelatase subunit, using our amiRNA platform. Expression of CH42 in transgenic L. minor fronds was significantly reduced, which resulted in reduction of chlorophyll pigmentation. The techniques presented here will enable tackling future challenges in the biology and biotechnology of Lemnaceae.
Benign clear cell tumor (“sugar tumor”) of the trachea

A benign clear cell tumor occurring in the trachea of a 48-year-old woman is described. This is the first such case to be reported with location outside of the lung parenchyma. Symptoms consisted of dyspnea on exertion, nonproductive cough, and finally fairly brisk hemoptysis. Histology and electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis.
Transforming Consumption: From Decoupling, to Behavior Change, to System Changes for Sustainable Consumption

Consumption, although often considered an individual choice, is deeply ingrained in behaviors, cultures, and institutions, and is driven and supported by corporate and government practices. Consumption is also at the heart of many of our most critical ecological, health, and social problems. What is referred to broadly as sustainable consumption has primarily focused on making consumption more efficient and gradually decoupling it from energy and resource use. We argue for the need to focus sustainable consumption initiatives on the key impact areas of consumption—transport, housing, energy use, and food—and at deeper levels of system change. To meet the scale of the sustainability challenges we face, interventions and policies must move from relative decoupling via technological improvements, to strategies to change the behavior of individual consumers, to broader initiatives to change systems of production and consumption. We seek to connect these emerging literatures on behavior change, structural inte...
Effect of intravenous propranolol or verapamil on infant orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia

The effects of intravenous verapamil (0.15 mg/kg) and propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) with regard to atrioventricular (AV) conduction and tachycardia termination during paroxysmal atrial tachycardia were compared in 2 groups of infants (verapamil n = 14, propranolol n = 18, mean age 80 +/- 21 days, range 1 to 364). Using transesophageal recording techniques, tachycardia cycle length, AV intervals and ventriculoatrial intervals were measured before and after drug administration. Both intravenous propranolol and verapamil significantly prolonged tachycardia cycle length and AV interval (cycle length--propranolol 230 +/- 30 to 262 +/- 33 ms, p less than 0.05, verapamil 223 +/- 38 to 245 +/- 32 ms, p less than 0.05; AV interval--propranolol 98 +/- 26 to 126 +/- 38 ms, p less than 0.05, verapamil 96 +/- 19 to 109 +/- 24 ms, p less than 0.05). Neither drug prolonged the ventriculoatrial interval. Tachycardia terminated after intravenous verapamil in 11 of 14 infants (79% efficacy rate). Tachycardia terminated in 0 of 18 after intravenous propranolol (0% efficacy rate). In 8 infants an atrial deflection was recorded on the esophageal electrocardiogram at the time of tachycardia termination after intravenous verapamil, which suggested that tachycardia terminated by block occurring in the AV node. In 2 infants a ventricular deflection was recorded at the time of tachycardia termination after verapamil, which suggested that block occurred in the accessory connection. Both drugs prolonged tachycardia cycle length by prolonging AV conduction to a similar degree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low Levels of Population Genetic Structure in Pinus Contorta (Pinaceae) Across a Geographic Mosaic of Co-Evolution

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Population genetic analyses provide information on the population context in which evolutionary processes operate and are important for understanding the evolution of geographically variable traits. Earlier studies showed that cone structure of lodgepole pine in the Rocky Mountains diverged among populations because of geographic variation in coevolutionary interactions involving mammalian and avian seed predators. Analyses of population genetic variation are needed to determine whether this divergence has arisen despite extensive gene flow and whether populations to the east and west of the Rocky Mountains have evolved convergent phenotypes independently. METHODS We investigated genetic structuring across 22 stands of lodgepole pine in the central Rocky Mountains and in isolated peripheral populations that experience different seed predators and exhibit parallel divergence in cone traits using a set of nine simple sequence repeats and 235 AFLP loci. KEY RESULTS Our analyses reveal high levels of genetic diversity within and low genetic differentiation among populations. Nonetheless, geographic and genetic distances were correlated, and isolated populations to the east and west of the Rocky Mountains had higher levels of differentiation than did populations in the central part of the range. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate not only that adaptive divergence of cone traits across a geographic mosaic of coevolution has occurred despite minimal genetic differentiation, but also that isolated populations to the east and west of the Rocky Mountains have evolved distinctive cones independently and in parallel. The population structure quantified here will inform future research aimed at detecting genetic variants associated with divergent adaptive traits.
Dominance of CD8 Responses Specific for Epitopes Bound by a Single Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecule during the Acute Phase of Viral Infection

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses are thought to control human immunodeficiency virus replication during the acute phase of infection. Understanding the CD8(+) T-cell immune responses early after infection may, therefore, be important to vaccine design. Analyzing these responses in humans is difficult since few patients are diagnosed during early infection. Additionally, patients are infected by a variety of viral subtypes, making it hard to design reagents to measure their acute-phase immune responses. Given the complexities in evaluating acute-phase CD8(+) responses in humans, we analyzed these important immune responses in rhesus macaques expressing a common rhesus macaque major histocompatibility complex class I molecule (Mamu-A*01) for which we had developed a variety of immunological assays. We infected eight Mamu-A*01-positive macaques and five Mamu-A*01-negative macaques with the molecularly cloned virus SIV(mac)239 and determined all of the simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses against overlapping peptides spanning the entire virus. We also monitored the evolution of particular CD8(+) T-cell responses by tetramer staining of peripheral lymphocytes as well as lymph node cells in situ. In this first analysis of the entire CD8(+) immune response to autologous virus we show that between 2 and 12 responses are detected during the acute phase in each animal. CTL against the early proteins (Tat, Rev, and Nef) and against regulatory proteins Vif and Vpr dominated the acute phase. Interestingly, CD8(+) responses against Mamu-A*01-restricted epitopes Tat(28-35)SL8 and Gag(181-189)CM9 were immunodominant in the acute phase. After the acute phase, however, this pattern of reactivity changed, and the Mamu-A*01-restricted response against the Gag(181-189)CM9 epitope became dominant. In most of the Mamu-A*01-positive macaques tested, CTL responses against epitopes bound by Mamu-A*01 dominated the CD8(+) cellular immune response.
The Impact of Load on Dynamic versus Static Situational Knowledge While Driving

Situation awareness (SA) was examined while driving in a driving simulator under load or no load conditions. Participants drove through two simulated maps and were periodically interrupted, the driving paused, and were asked questions regarding dynamic (i.e., moving) and static (i.e., non-moving) aspects of the environment. Participants in the load condition also had to count backwards by sevens during the drive. Results indicate that driving under load conditions leads to an overall drop in performance in processing of the dynamic elements of the scene, but no such decrement was observed for the static elements. Implications for current theories of SA and applied attention, as well as the potential relevance to understanding impaired driving performance from cell phone use, are discussed.
A strategic management support architecture: integration of the balanced scorecard and enterprise resource planning

The power of information technology to support strategic management at the executive level may currently be underutilised. A recently developed strategic management system incorporating extensive domain knowledge can be integrated with advanced data utilisation technology to form a comprehensive strategic management architecture. Specifically, we propose an information architecture that exploits the synergies between the balanced scorecard business model, data warehousing and data mining to more completely support management and performance measurement. Our proposed strategic management support architecture may provide new perspectives on how information technology can add value to enhance strategic management.