cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Input–Output Recipes in an Information Economy

Input–Output can contribute most successfully where industries are strongly interdependent, where individual sectors differ significantly in their input structures and where those input structures change slowly. These conditions have been satisfied for the most part in traditional goods-producing industries and particularly in manufacturing where regular and detailed Census information supplied a strong database for constructing tables. Service sectors, which have been growing in relative importance, are less dependent on other sectors and are apparently relatively uniform in input structure. These and high-tech sectors depend heavily on information flows and on highly specialized human capital both of which are harder to map than conventional goods. A sketch of specialization in SIC 7372, ‘Prepackaged Sofware’, illustrates some challenges encountered in attempts to describe the structure of the information economy. Three are singled out: difficulties in valuing and tracing information flows as contrasted...
Binding of transfer RNA and arginine to the arginine transfer RNA synthetase of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The arginine transfer RNA synthetase of Escherichia coli is protected against thermal denaturation by its substrates arginine and tRNAArg but not by ATP, alone or in combination with the other substrates. The protection given by transfer RNA alone requires 20-fold higher concentrations above pH 7 than below, whereas the protection by arginine requires less at higher pH values but does not show a sharp transition at any pH value. Modification of the 3′-terminal adenosine eliminates catalytic activity but does not affect the binding or degree of protection. Stepwise removal of groups from the 3′-hydroxyl end of the transfer RNA shows that the three terminal nucleotides do not participate significantly in binding but that the phosphate that links the cytidine residues plays a role in increasing the resistance of the protein to denaturation. The concentration of arginine required to protect the arginine transfer RNA synthetase is decreased by the presence of tRNAArg. In contrast to the protection by the tRNA alone, the “synergistic protection” requires that the 3′-adenosine be intact. Esterification of arginine to transfer RNA does not increase the protection given by the RNA alone and eliminates synergistic protection.
Total Cross Sections for 190-Mev Positively Charged K Mesons in Complex Nuclei

The total attenuation cross section and the differential-scattering cross section in one angular interval were measured for ${K}^{+}$ mesons of 190-Mev kinetic energy. The targets were carbon, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.The cross sections were analyzed in terms of the optical model to determine the parameters of the complex square-well potential. The average real potential was found to be 24.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3 Mev. The mean free path in nuclear matter was determined to be consistent with an average ${K}^{+}$-nucleon scattering cross section of about 10 millibarns. Some evidence was found for an increase of the mean free path in nuclear matter with $Z$.
The multiple nature of reality in Pinter's the caretaker

The Caretaker shows different “realities” existing for different characters, depending upon their individual emotional capacities. Change is impossible for Davies, who possesses a selflish, callous personality. He is devastated when his illusions break down. Aston and Mick, who are not so handicapped, are each able to grow and form more mature relationships after the breakdown of their illusions.
Exploring Formal Service Use by Older Chinese: A Case Study on a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community

ABSTRACT This study examined secondary data from a naturally occurring retirement community in which 296 older Chinese were interviewed to understand and identify the factors related to formal service usage. Regression analysis found that the importance of perception of formal services impacts predicting service use. The results also indicated older female Chinese participants were more likely to use services. Implications for practice and policy to improve access to services by older Chinese were presented and the development of culturally sensitive services for this group is encouraged.
Mechanisms of myocardial depression after bolus injection of sodium bicarbonate.

Abstract Purpose : The classic model for the effects of NaHco3 on myocardial function predicts transient myocardial depression after an intravenous bolus of sodium bicarbonate in association with myocardial acidosis. Methods : Five anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated dogs underwent midline sternotomy. Myocardial global function was assessed by cardiac output, left ventricular (LV) dp/dt, LV end-systolic, and LV end-diastolic pressures. Regional myocardial function assessed by measuring the LV regional end-systolic, LV end-diastolic lengths, and LAD coronary blood flow. Coronary sinus, intramyocardial and arterial pH were measured as was free serum Ca++. Animals were made acidemic by infusion of 0.3 N HCI and then given a bolus of sodium bicarbonate. This produced transient depression followed by recovery of myocardial function. Results : During the depression phase there was no significant decrease in interstitial pH or an increase in A-Vco2 difference as predicted by the current model. However, there was a significant decrease in the serum free Ca++ that coincided with myocardial depression. Conclusion : We could not confirm the predictions of the classic model and hypothesize that myocardial depression may be caused by decreased availability of free Ca++ of decreased Ca++ flux rather than intracellular acidosis.
Temporal Hemodynamic and Oxygen Transport Patterns in Medical Patients: Septic Shock

Study design Because of the gradual insidious transitions between localized infection, generalized infection, and septic shock, it is difficult to compare data of patients in various stages and to differentiate primary from secondary and tertiary events. The aim of the present study was to describe the sequential pattern of hemodynamic and oxygen transport patterns of survivors and nonsurvivors of septic shock in order to evaluate possible physiologic mechanisms and to provide a template to relate the sequence of physiologic events to biochemical mediators. Procedure A previously described defined protocol was used prospectively to study the sequence of physiologic events using specific criteria to define stages as: (a) early period, the first recorded change in cardiac output; (b) middle period, time of maximal metabolic activity defined as the highest recorded oxygen consumption ( V ˙ o 2 ); and (c) late period, the time of death or recovery. In addition, three time lines were defined as the first time mean arterial pressure fell below 70 mm Hg, the first time temperature rose above 38°C, and the earliest fall in V ˙ o 2 . Physiologic data were aligned in actual time before or after the time these criteria were met. Invasive hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables were measured with systemic and pulmonary artery catheters; intravascular pressures, arterial and mixed venous gas levels, cardiac output, and derived calculations were made at frequent intervals and keyed to the time of the cardiac output; each set of measurements in turn was keyed to the aforementioned time periods to describe the early, middle, and late periods. Results Beginning with increased cardiac index and oxygen delivery ( V ˙ o 2 ) as the early physiologic changes, there were progressive increases in cardiac index, Do 2 , and V ˙ o 2 throughout the early and middle periods. They were maintained above the normal range in the late stage of survivors, but fell in the last 16 h in nonsurvivors. These values were greater in survivors than in nonsurvivors throughout. There were early transient reductions in V ˙ o 2 that preceded the rise in temperature and the fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Although 84 percent of the septic patients were hyperdynamic, there were transient hypodynamic episodes defined as cardiac index of less than 2.5 L/min•m 2 in approximately 10 percent of the measurements. There were also transient preterminal hypermetabolic periods in about 8 percent of the nonsurvivors. Conclusion We conclude that increased cardiac index and Do 2 represent compensations for circulatory inadequacies that limit body metabolism as reflected by V ˙ o 2 . Cardiac index, Do 2 , and V ˙ o 2 values of survivors were higher than those of nonsurvivors and normal values. Therapy directed toward increasing cardiac index to supranormal values empirically determined by survivors has been reported to improve outcome. Additional studies to describe temporal relationships of biochemical mediators of these physiologic patterns are needed.
Psychometric properties of disability measures among patients with social anxiety disorder.

Abstract Background : Although recognition of the importance of disability as a construct has increased in recent years, there has been little examination of the reliability and validity of disability measures. Methods : This study examined three disability measures, the Liebowitz Self-Rated Disability Scale (LSRDS), the clinician-rated Disability Profile (DP), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) among patients with a primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. Results : The disability measures correlated strongly with each other, as well as with measures of social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and patients’ subjectively-evaluated quality of life. The LSRDS and DP were more internally consistent than the SDS Total Score. All measures discriminated between patients with generalized and non-generalized social anxiety disorder. However, the LSRDS and DP also showed greater sensitivity to ecological indicators of distress than the SDS. Social anxiety symptoms accounted for significant variance in disability, above and beyond that accounted for by depressive symptoms. Conclusions : Overall, the LSRDS, DP, and SDS appear to be valid tools in the study of disability in social anxiety disorder, although the LSRDS and the DP appear to be somewhat more sensitive to the experiences of socially anxious patients.
Leveraging the membrane – cytoskeleton interface with myosin-1

Class 1 myosins are small motor proteins with the ability to simultaneously bind to actin filaments and cellular membranes. Given their ability to generate mechanical force, and their high prevalence in many cell types, these molecules are well positioned to carry out several important biological functions at the interface of membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Indeed, recent studies implicate these motors in endocytosis, exocytosis, release of extracellular vesicles, and the regulation of tension between membrane and the cytoskeleton. Many class 1 myosins also exhibit a load-dependent mechano-chemical cycle that enables them to maintain tension for long periods of time without hydrolyzing ATP. These properties put myosins-1 in a unique position to regulate dynamic membrane–cytoskeleton interactions and respond to physical forces during these events.
Heterogeneity of deformation texture in equal channel angular extrusion of copper

Texture evolution and heterogeneity during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of an annealed pure copper billet are investigated using a combined finite element-polycrystal modeling approach. For the first ECAE pass, texture predictions at several locations across the billet using either the visco-plastic self consistent (VPSC) or Taylor model are compared against orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) texture measurements. The results show significant spatial variation in texture, in good agreement with the OIM measurements, and indicate a better performance of the VPSC model than the Taylor model. The study was extended for routes A and C up to 16 passes. For route A the textures at the top and middle regions are similar, remain much stronger than that in the bottom region, and strengthen with the number of passes. In route C, the textures at the top and bottom positions become similar after the second pass, but are quite different from the textures in the middle; the texture heterogeneity is smaller for odd-numbered passes than for even-numbered passes.
Biomechanics of breast tumor: effect of collagen and tissue density

Various clinical studies have established the influence of breast tissue density on the onset and formation of breast tumor. In this paper we develop a mathematical correlation of the change in density with the change in collagen content and the corresponding change in the bio-mechanical characteristics of the breast tissue. The developed computational model is used in understanding the mechanical response of the breast tissue using multiscale mathematical homogenization techniques. The mathematical modeling is carried out using hyperelastic material formulations for the macro-scale finite element simulations and small strain material models for the lower order homogenization.
A Unified Total Synthesis of the Immunomodulators (−)-Rapamycin and (−)-27-Demethoxyrapamycin: Assembly of the Common C(1−20) Perimeter and Final Elaboration

The potent, naturally occurring immunomodulators (−)-rapamycin (1) and (−)-27-demethoxyrapamycin (2) have been synthesized via a unified and highly convergent strategy. In the preceding paper we discussed the construction of common building blocks A−C and their linkage to provide the C(21−42) segments of 1 and 2. Herein we describe model studies of triene generation and hydroxyl deprotection, the preparation and coupling of building blocks D and E, a two-step protocol for macrocycle formation via union of the ABC and DE subtargets, and completion of the total syntheses. The synthesis of 27-demethoxyrapamycin (2) confirmed the assigned structure.
Pulmonary epithelial permeability in rats exposed to O3

Measurements of pulmonary epithelial permeability were made in rats exposed for 2 h to either purified air or ozone (O3) at concentrations of 0.8 or 2 ppm. [99mTc]Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate ([99mTc]DTPA) (492 daltons) and 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA) (69,000 daltons) were injected intravenously, and the lungs were lavaged 6 min later. In rats exposed to air, transfer of the larger tracer molecule (BSA) from blood to the lavage fluid was less than that of the smaller molecule (DTPA) when the amount of tracer in the lavage fluid was calculated as percent of the counts in femoral artery blood 5 min after injection, i.e., 1 min prior to lavage. In rats exposed to O3, alveolar permeability increased in a dose-related fashion, the increase under all exposure conditions was greater for the smaller molecule than for the larger one, and the permeability was reversible with time. The increase in permeability from blood to air was comparable to the increase from air to blood reported earlier (Bhalla et al., 1986). The increased permeability provided an early and reliable indicator of short-term O3 exposure effect in rats. Autoradiography by electron microscopy identified multiple pathways for BSA transfer from blood to the alveolar space. Grains produced by [125I]BSA were localized over endothelial and epithelial cell surfaces, were associated with cytoplasmic vesicles, were over cell surface invaginations, and were found in the cytoplasm of apparently degenerating cells. Although defects in tight junctions of alveolar type I cells were observed in lungs of rats exposed to O3, autoradiographic grains also appeared in intercellular spaces, with the intercellular junctions remaining intact.
Transferable tight-binding models for silicon.

A transferable tight-binding model for silicon is found by fitting the energies of silicon in various bulk crystal structures and examining functional parametrizations of the tight-binding forms. The model has short-range radial forms similar to the tight-binding Hamiltonian of Goodwin, Skinner, and Pettifor but can be utilized in molecular dynamics with a fixed radial cutoff for all structural configurations. In addition to a very good fit to the energy of Si in different bulk crystal structures the model describes very well the elastic constants, defect-formation energies for vacancies and interstitials in crystalline silicon, the melting of Si, and short-range order in liquid silicon. Results for phonon frequencies and Gr\"uneisen constants in c-Si are also presented.
Estimating permeability using median pore-throat radius obtained from mercury intrusion porosimetry

Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) has been widely used to characterize the pore structure for various types of porous media. Several relationships between permeability and pore structure information (e.g., porosity and pore-size distribution) have been developed in the literature. This work is to introduce a new, and simpler, empirical equation to predict permeability by solely using the median pore-throat radius (r50), which is the pore-throat radius corresponding to 50% mercury saturation. The total of 18 samples used in this work have a wide range of permeability, from 10 −6 to 10 3 mD, which makes the new equation more
"Breaking the chain of poverty": family planning, community involvement, and the Population Council-Office of Economic Opportunity alliance.

The Office of Economic Opportunity-Population Council program is an example of a mid-twentieth-century federal government/private foundation cooperative effort to place family planning and maternal health at the center of a fight against entrenched poverty. These joint efforts were the trend in family planning and maternal health provision by the 1960s and had two overlapping but also contradictory goals. The first was to provide contraceptive services to poor women to reduce the numbers of poor children thus relieving the poor of added mouths to feed. Popular fears of a population explosion mounting welfare rolls and an increase in the numbers of African Americans receiving welfare fueled this goal. The second aim however was to expand comprehensive maternal health services to help reduce poverty by increasing poor womens involvement in and control over the health institutions that could have significant impact on their lives. While the first goal pivoted on encouraging poor women to bear fewer children the second sought to integrate poor women into community healthcare delivery systems.
Hani Motoko and the Education of Japanese Women

(1996). Hani Motoko and the Education of Japanese Women. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 391-401.
Experimental off-pump coronary artery revascularization with adenosine-enhanced reperfusion.

Abstract Objective: Although beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting has recently gained popularity, it eliminates the protective strategies (ie, cardioplegia) developed for use in conventional cardiac operations. We recently introduced the technique of perfusion-assisted direct coronary artery bypass to perfuse the grafted vessels during multivessel off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that intracoronary reperfusion with the cardioprotective agent adenosine during simulated perfusion-assisted direct coronary artery bypass attenuates reperfusion injury. Methods: In anesthetized dogs the heart was exposed, and the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 75 minutes. Reperfusion was achieved through a catheter in the left anterior descending coronary artery by means of a computer-controlled pump. Intracoronary left anterior descending coronary artery perfusion pressure was continuously matched to mean arterial blood pressure. In one group (adenosine group) 10 μmol/L adenosine was added to the blood during the first 30 minutes of reperfusion, whereas another group (vehicle group) received a comparable volume of saline solution. Results: During the first 30 minutes of reperfusion, blood flow through the left anterior descending coronary artery was significantly greater ( P P –1 · g –1 tissue). In isolated postischemic left anterior descending coronary artery rings, the maximal relaxation response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine was significantly greater in the adenosine group than in the vehicle group (97.9% ± 5.6% vs 64.7% ± 6.5%, P Conclusion: This novel reperfusion strategy for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting can be used not only in cases requiring multiple grafting but also to attenuate necrosis and endothelial dysfunction in acute evolving infarction. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:570-9)
On decentralized dynamic routing for congested traffic networks

The problem of routing traffic through single destination congested networks is considered, when the network has deterministic inputs and may contain looping paths. A decentralized dynamic routing strategy is proposed which assures that no traffic is directed around loops.
Response to Malhotra et al.

We are writing regarding a recent article entitled ‘‘Renal Metastasis from Hurthle Cell Thyroid Carcinoma and Its Evaluation with Hybrid Imaging’’ by Djekidel et al. (1). We agree with the authors’ point regarding the rarity of renal involvement from primary cancers of the thyroid. In our recently accepted article, however, a literature search revealed that renal metastases from a primary thyroid cancer have been reported in about 20 patients to date (2). This is contrary to the authors’ claim that these metastases have been reported in only 10 patients. Another pertinent reference describing single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography evidence for renal metastasis from follicular thyroid cancer should also be noted (3). Second, Marino et al. (4) have reported a rare case of renal metastasis from thyroid carcinoma that started as Hurthle cell adenoma and transformed into a carcinoma with a follicular appearance after 26 years. Hence, this may not be the first case of Hurthle cell cancer with renal metastases. Third, we were surprised to find that multiple lesions that showed F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake were not thought to show iodine concentration. Perhaps, a small amount of abnormal uptake could have been missed on the radioiodine scan. In the literature and from our institutional experience of treating advance metastatic thyroid cancer, we find that many such lesions show both fluorodeoxyglucose and iodine avidity. Hence, they are amenable to administration of radioiodine therapy, in high doses of 200–250 mCi, with intent to palliate. Many such patients have dramatic symptomatic relief and good quality of life despite harboring multiple metastases.
Localized Excitons in InGaN

Emission mechanisms of the device-quality quantum well (QW) structure and bulk three dimensional (3D) InGaN materials grown on sapphire substrates without any epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN (ELOG) base layers were investigated. The InxGx1−xN layers showed various degree of spatial potential (bandgap) fluctuation, which is probably due to a compositional inhomogeneity or monolayer thickness fluctuation produced by some kinetic driving forces initiated by the threading dislocations (TDs) or growth steps during the growth. The degree of fluctuation changed remarkably around nominal InN molar fraction x=0.2, which changes to nearly 8–10 % for the strained InxGa1−xN. This potential fluctuation induces energy tail states both in QW and 3D InGaN, showing a large Stokes-like shift combined with the red shift due to quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) induced by the piezoelectric field. The spontaneous emission from undoped InGaN single quantum well (SQW) light-emitting diodes (LED's), undoped 3D double heterostructure (DH) LED's, and multiple quantum well (MQW) laser diode (LD) wafers was assigned as being due to the recombination of excitons localized at the potential minima, whose area was determined by cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping to vary from less than 60 nm to 300 nm in lateral size in the case of QW's. The lasing mechanisms of the cw In0.15Gao.85N MQW LD's having small potential fluctuation, whose bandgap broadenings are less than about 50 meV, can be described by the well-known electron-hole-plasma (EIHP) picture with Coulomb enhancement. The inhomogenous MQW LD's are considered to lase by EHP in segmented QW's or Q-disks. It is desirable to use entire QW planes with small potential inhomogeneity as gain media for higher performance LD operation.
Design of non-woven geotextiles for coal refuse filtration

Abstract This paper presents research findings on grain size distribution changes of coal refuse affecting the design of non-woven geotextiles used as filters in rock drains at coal waste impoundments. The research involved performing hydraulic conductivity tests on refuse – geotextile filters followed by grain size distribution tests. Data was evaluated for geotextile filter retention, permittivity, and clogging potential requirements as published by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration’s Second Edition, “Engineering and Design Manual Coal Refuse Disposal Facilities”. Key findings indicate that refuse particles undergo slaking and aggregation which change the initial grain size distribution. Grading envelopes were developed and indicate that particle size zones influence the geotextile design parameters for retention, filtration, and clogging. The clogging criteria do not appear to be easily satisfied by the typical ranges of coarse coal refuse, at pre- and post-compaction grain size, for compatibility with non-woven geotextiles having an AOS = 0.212 mm. Conclusions impacting the specification and field installation of geotextiles include: i) post grain size distribution tests are suggested to be performed on specimens and at all compaction levels to observe changes in key indices of D 85 and D 15 for meeting retention and clogging criteria requirements; ii) the evaluation of the initial refuse stability indicate that at the low compaction energy conditions, which have mobile fines and high Cu values, are initially unstable with regards to their internal soil gradation; and iii) construction of geotextile wrapped drains is preferred to be made in pre-compacted refuse lifts. This condition is beneficial because the filter becomes more stable for retention and permeability; however clogging is still a concern.
Smart power in reunified Germany

Since its reunification, Germany has struggled with the dilemma of power. Many of Germany’s European allies feared the possibility of a resurgently powerful German nation that would revert to power politics and endanger the established European order. Such worries were prevalent even among many Germans who, still struggling with their past, weren’t sure that they could trust themselves with the use of power. Yet Germany, just as any other country, had foreign policy objectives and global responsibilities that sometimes required the use of power to achieve. This article examines how Germany responded to this dilemma and how the use of both hard and soft power have evolved in German foreign policy since reunification. It demonstrates that at first Germany relied almost exclusively on the use of soft power. As Germany established trust among its allies, the international community, and its own citizens, it gradually began to increase its use of hard power and to take on greater international responsibilities...
The role of grain boundaries in high temperature deformation

Abstract The grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials often play a very significant role in the flow and fracture characteristics at elevated temperatures. These characteristics are reviewed by defining four distinct grain size ranges, termed macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic and nanoscopic respectively. The role of grain boundary sliding in the mesoscopic grain size range is examined and it is shown that sliding measurements may be analyzed to give a rate equation for the sliding process. Grain boundary sliding accounts for essentially all of the strain in metals with microscopic grain sizes in the superplastic region of flow, but in ceramic materials with microscopic grain sizes the presence of glassy phases at the boundaries is also important. Nanoscopic grain sizes provide the potential for attaining high superplastic ductilities but there are difficulties associated with achieving fully dense materials with grain sizes of the order of approximately 0.01 μm.
The structure of the mouse mammary tumor virus: Isolation and characterization of the core

Abstract A number of different conditions were evaluated to obtain a quantitatively efficient isolation procedure for the production of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) cores. The efficiency of each procedure was determined by the recovery of radiolabeled MMTV-RNA in particles with a density of 1.24 – 1.26 g/cm 3 . Maximum recoveries of 40–60% were obtained with pretreatment of virions with 0.5 – 1% nonionic detergent at 37° for 15 min followed by isopycnic centrifugation. The resulting particles were morphologically identical to the internal core structure of MMTV virions and contained 60–70 S RNA and reverse transcriptase. The isolated cores were analyzed by immunodiffusion and by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The major polypeptides of the cores were p30, p28, and p14. Two polypeptides, p28 and p14, were also major virion polypeptides. The emergence of p30 as a major core polypeptide was considered to be from interconversion and selective retention of other MMTV polypeptides. The envelope glycoproteins could not be identified among the many minor polypeptides.
Distribution of zooplankton on the continental shelf off Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula, during Austral Fall and Winter, 2001

Abstract The Marguerite Bay region of the Western Antarctic Peninsula is known to support a large population of krill during the summer and is hypothesized to be a site of successful overwintering of krill. The distributions of zooplankton biomass, abundance, and taxonomic composition at six locations on or near the continental shelf at Marguerite Bay were determined for fall and winter, 2001, as a part of the Southern Ocean GLOBEC program. Water column zooplankton were sampled using a 1-m 2 MOCNESS. Samples were analyzed for taxonomic composition, size, and estimated biomass using silhouette analysis. Characteristics of four categories (small and large copepods, small and large krill) were described in detail. Total biomass and abundance were markedly reduced in winter relative to fall. The vertical distributions of total abundance and biomass, and of taxonomic composition, were associated with the hydrographic structure of the water column. Larger larval krill were observed at all locations during winter than during fall. Krill were relatively unimportant to total biomass and abundance at most locations, while copepods frequently dominated both biomass and abundance. In fall, greatest abundance and biomass of larval krill were observed on the continental shelf in association with a persistent clockwise gyre located to the west of Adelaide Island. During winter, much lower abundances of larval krill were present in the water column throughout the study region. High abundance and biomass of juvenile and adult krill were observed only in Laubeuf Fjord (Marguerite Bay) during fall.
Dynamic recruitment of human CD2 into lipid rafts. Linkage to T cell signal transduction.

CD2 mediates T cell adhesion via its ectodomain and signal transduction utilizing its 117-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. Here we show that a significant fraction of human CD2 molecules is inducibly recruited into lipid rafts upon CD2 cross-linking by a specific pair of mitogenic anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (anti-T112 + anti-T113) or during cellular conjugate formation by CD58, the physiologic ligand expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Translocation to lipid microdomains is independent of the T cell receptor (TCR) and, unlike inducible TCR-raft association, requires no tyrosine phosphorylation. Structural integrity of rafts is necessary for CD2-stimulated elevation of intracellular free calcium and tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates. Whereas murine CD2 contains two membrane-proximal intracellular cysteines, partitioning CD2 into cholesterol-rich lipid rafts constitutively, human CD2 has no cytoplasmic cysteines. Mapping studies using CD2 point mutation, deletion, and chimeric molecules suggest that conformational change in the CD2 ectodomain participates in inducible raft association and excludes the membrane-proximal N-linked glycans, the transmembrane segment, and the CD2 cytoplasmic region (residues 8–117) as necessary for translocation. Translocation of CD2 into lipid rafts may reorganize the membrane into an activation-ready state prior to TCR engagement by a peptide associated with a major histocompatibility complex molecule, accounting for synergistic T cell stimulation by CD2 and the TCR.
Doping-controlled ion diffusion in polyelectrolyte multilayers: mass transport in reluctant exchangers.

A new paradigm for nonlinear doping-controlled ion transport in soft condensed matter is presented, where the mobility of a minority “probe” ion is controlled by majority “salt” ion. The class of materials to which this paradigm applies is represented by ultrathin films of polyelectrolyte complexes, or multilayers. Intersite hopping of probe ions of charge ν occurs only when the charge of the destination site, produced by clustering of monovalent salt ions, is at least −ν, conserving electroneutrality. Salt ions are reversibly “doped” into the multilayer under the influence of external salt concentration. In situ ATR-FTIR reveals that the doping level, y, is proportional to salt concentration. Because hopping requires coincidence, or clustering, of salt, a strongly nonlinear dependence of flux, J, on salt concentration is observed: J ∼ [NaCl]ν ∼ yν. This scaling was reproduced both by Monte Carlo simulations of ion hopping and by continuum probability expressions. The theory also predicts the observed sc...
Charge interactions in sperm-egg recognition

Summary A novel method using derivatized agarose beads for investigating the types of molecules, when isolated from all others, that can form stable adhesive bonds, was recently described by Roque et al. (1996). The findings from this study were extended to living sea urchin cell systems. Both the bead results and the experiments with sea urchin cells suggested that phosphorylated amino acids can form stable adhesive bonds with positively charged peptides (Roque et al., 1996). As these experiments only examined phosphorylated amino acids, the validity of the hypotheses developed in the earlier study was dependent on extending the experiments to additional phosphorylated molecules. In this study, effects of o-mannose, o-mannose-1-phosphate, o-fructose, o-fructose-1-phosphate, maltose and maltose-1-phosphate on embryo cell reaggregation and sperm-egg interaction using untreated, jelly coat-free and vitelline layer disrupted Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin eggs were examined. The phosphorylated sugars (50 mM), and not their non-phosphorylated counterparts, strongly inhibited fertilization of the 3 types of eggs. ATP, at concentrations as low as 0.8 mM also completely inhibited fertilization. The phosphorylated sugars had little or no effect on reaggregating sea urchin blastula cells. A likely explanation of these results is that sperm-egg interaction in the sea urchin involves positively and negatively charged receptors; the positively charged receptors are blocked by exogenously added phosphorylated molecules. These and earlier studies indicate that by extending results from bead modeling studies to living systems, interesting information can be obtained regarding bonding mechanisms that may modulate adhesive interactions.
Influence of vocalic context on perception of the [∫]-[s] distinction

When synthetic fricative noises from a [∫]-[s] continuum are followed by [a] or [u] (with appropriate formant transitions), listeners perceive more instances of [s] in the context of [u] than in the context of [a]. Presumably, this reflects a perceptual adjustment for the coarticulatory effect of rounded vowels on preceding fricatives. In Experiment 1, we found that varying the duration of the fricative noise leaves the perceptual context effect unchanged, whereas insertion of a silent interval following the noise reduces the effect substantially. Experiment 2 suggested that it is temporal separation rather than the perception of an intervening stop consonant that is responsible for this reduction, in agreement with recent, analogous observations on anticipatory coarticulation. In Experiment 3, we showed that the vowel context effect disappears when the periodic stimulus portion is synthesized so as to contain no formant transitions. To dissociate the contribution of formant transitions from contextual effects due to vowel quality per se, Experiment 4 employed synthetic fricative noises followed by periodic portions excerpted from naturally produced [∫a], [sa], [∫u], and [su]. The results showed strong and largely independent effects of formant transitions and vowel quality on fricative perception. In addition, we found a strong speaker (male vs. female) normalization effect. All three influences on fricative perception were reduced by temporal separation of noise and periodic stimulus portions. Although no single hypothesis can explain all of our results, they are generally supportive of the view that some knowledge of the dynamics of speech production has a role in speech perception.
Physical restraint produces rapid acquisition of the pigeon's key peck

The acquisition and maintenance of autoshaped key pecking in pigeons was studied as a function of intertrial interval. At each of six intervals, which ranged from 12 seconds to 384 seconds, four pigeons were physically restrained during training while four other pigeons were not restrained. Restrained subjects acquired key pecking faster and with less intragroup variability at each interval. The effects of restraint were specific to acquisition and were not evident in maintained responding after five postacquisition sessions.
Lifetime prevalence of ocular injuries from the Baltimore Eye Survey.

Objective: To estimate the cumulative lifetime prevalence, nature, and consequences of ocular injuries in a multiracial urban environment. Methods: Self-reported lifetime ocular injuries were ascertained in a population-based sample of persons aged 40 years or older residing in 16 clusters in east Baltimore, Md. A total of 5308 subjects underwent a screening eye examination and were interviewed about lifetime ocular injuries. Results: Eight hundred thirty ocular injury incidents were reported by 762 (14.4%) subjects. The maximum number of ocular injuries reported in a lifetime was four. At least one injury was reported by 22.5% of black men, 20.3% of white men, 12.2% of blackwomen, and 7.7% of white women. No treatment was sought for 18% of these injuries (22% black and 14% white subjects). The prevalence of visual impairment due to trauma per 1000 people was 22.3 among black men, 7.4 among white men, 6.7 among black women, and 3.5 among white women. The prevalence of blindness due to trauma in at least one eye was 21.2 per 1000 among black men, 3.7 times the rate among white men. Based on reports of injuries in the year prior to interview, the annual incidence of medically treated ocular injuries per 1000 people was 5.6 among black men, 4.1 among white men, 5.3 among black women and 1.8 among white women aged 40 years and older. Conclusions: Lifetime prevalences of ocular injuries were similar among both black and white men, but the visual consequences of the injuries were more severe among black men.
Different effects of sodium bicarbonate and an alternate buffer (Carbicarb) in normal volunteers

The effects of sodium bicarbonate and Carbicarb (International Medical Systems, South El Monte, CA) infusions on hemodynamic and systemic acid-base homeostasis were compared in six normal volunteers. Neither sodium bicarbonate nor Carbicarb caused any major adverse side effects or had a significant effect on heart rate and blood pressure. However, during the first 3 minutes following infusion, sodium bicarbonate induced marked increases in respiratory carbon dioxide excretion above baseline (▴VCO2) compared with Carbicarb (+0.61 ± 0.10 v +0.01 ± 0.10 mmol/kg, P < .01) and increases in PaCO2, whereas Carbicarb was associated with a transient decrease in PaCO2 (+11.8 ± 1.6v −5.0 ± .8 mm Hg, P < .01). We calculated that approximately 31% of sodium bicarbonate, but virtually no Carbicarb, was excreted as expired CO2. These data suggest that if used clinically, Carbicarb therapy might not be associated with the deleterious effects of sodium bicarbonate that are postulated to result from CO2 generation.
Intratesticular Site of Aromatization in the Human

To determine the intratesticular site of aromatization, homogenates of separated seminiferous tubules and intact tissue from human testes were incubated with [3H] androstenedione or [3H] testosterone. [3H] Estrogens were isolated and identified, and the amounts synthesized were expressed as pmol/mg protein incubated. In testicular tissue from the three adult subjects investigated, the total estrogen per mg protein was 1.5-2.7 times greater in intact tissue than in isolated seminiferous tubules. This suggests that the major site of aromatization in human testes is the interstitial tissue. Estradiol was by far the major estrogenic product. No differences were observed in the amount of estrogens synthesized whether the substrate was androstenedione or testosterone.
Dose-response studies of the suppression of whole blood histamine and basophil counts by prednisone

If some clinical problems (e.g., radiographic contrast media reactions) arise from mediator release by circulating basophils, prednisone's capacity to prevent such is likely to be at least partly related to its suppressive effects on whole blood histamine and basophil levels. To establish an optimal dosage schedule, 15 healthy male volunteers entered a two-phased study to determine (1) the single dose of prednisone required to produce maximal suppression of histamine and basophil levels and (2) the effects of repeated prednisone doses. Parameters monitored were whole blood histamine, quantitative basophil counts, white blood cell (WBC) and differential counts, and plasma prednisone, prednisolone, and cortisol levels. Fifty milligrams prednisone suppressed whole blood histamine levels as much as a larger dose and also showed a marked effect on circulating basophils and other leukocytes. Three 50-mg prednisone doses given at 6-hr intervals had a greater effect on whole blood histamine and circulating leukocytes than fewer doses. Thus, the commonly used empirical prednisone dosage regimen is supported. One implication of the results of this study is that greater suppression of blood basophils and histamine levels might be obtained by administering the last prednisone dose about 6 hr before procedures in which a very rapid release of mediators from basophils is anticipated.
Ocean response to wind sheltering in the Southern California Bight

[1] A particularly warm surface oceanic wake persisted during the period 6–16 June 1999 in the south-eastern part of Santa Catalina Island in the Southern California Bight. From satellite images, regional atmospheric model results and hydrographic measurements around Catalina Island, a strong correlation appears between observed sea surface temperature, wind-stress and surface stratification. It is suggested that the warm island wake was probably due to lower turbulent mixing rates associated with wind sheltering effect. We argue that the sheltering effect may also account for a portion of the relatively warm sea surface temperature characteristic of the whole Bight, opposing previous arguments that temperature evolution of the surface ocean in this region is primarily driven by lateral advective fluxes.
Understanding and treating opioid addiction in a patient with cancer pain.

r. D. is a 25-year-old male who has struggled with heroin addiction since his late teens. He had initially completed a 30-day rehabilitation program but relapsed immediately and entered another 2-week program. It was during this hospitalization that laboratory abnormalities were noted, and he was subsequently diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. He received high-dose induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and daunorubicin but did not achieve remission. He was reinduced, achieved remission, and subsequently underwent stem cell transplantation with his younger sister as a donor. Throughout this prolonged 8-week hospitalization and treatment, he suffered from severe mucositis as well as abdominal pain of unclear etiology requiring patient controlled analgesia (PCA), delivering, at 1 point, over 600 mg of hydromorphone in a 24-hour period. By the time of discharge, the mucositis had resolved, the opioid gradually titrated downward, and he was transitioned to a 100-mcg fentanyl patch, which was weaned down as an outpatient over a 2-week period. Two weeks after titration off of fentanyl, the patient reported agitation, sweats, and nausea that continued. Mr. D’s parents accompanied him to each appointment; the patient continued to live with his parents so they could closely monitor him and they dispensed his medications due to the history of drug abuse. Less than 6 months from his transplant, his parents discovered evidence of an attempted transaction to purchase heroin, and the patient subsequently admitted to continued heroin use throughout his treatment including during his hospitalization. He continues to struggle with addiction; more than 300 days past transplant, he is currently at an inpatient drug rehab facility.
The Efficiency of Dietary Protein Utilization Is Increased during Puberty

We investigated whether the efficiency of dietary protein utilization for growth increases during the pubertal growth spurt in both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. We measured leucine oxidation and retention (intake minus oxidation) in orally fed nondiabetic (n = 9) and diabetic (n = 9) human subjects, aged 7–17 yr. Eight subjects were Tanner stage I, and 10 were Tanner stages III–V; groups were not matched for gender. After 3 days of consuming a diet containing approximately 1 g/kg · day protein, subjects drank a commercial liquid nutrition formula, containing l-[1-13C]leucine, every 30 min for a total of 6 h to provide 1 g protein/kg · day. Isotopic enrichment of CO2 was used to calculate the fractional leucine oxidation rate and, together with α-ketoisocaproate isotopic enrichment, to calculate total leucine oxidation. Leucine oxidation rates decreased with puberty in both nondiabetic subjects (36.0 ± 10.4 vs. 23.9 ± 4.2 μmol/kg fat-free mass (FFM) · h, prepubertal and pubertal, respectively; P < 0....
Thermal Contraction of Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes

We perform molecular dynamics simulations to study shape changes of carbon fullerenes and nanotubes with increasing temperature. At moderate temperatures, these systems gain structural and vibrational entropy by exploring the configurational space at little energy cost. We find that the soft phonon modes, which couple most strongly to the shape, maintain the surface area of these hollow nanostructures. In nanotubes, the gain in entropy translates into a longitudinal contraction, which reaches a maximum at T approximately 800 K. Only at much higher temperatures do the anharmonicities in the vibration modes cause an overall expansion.