cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space matters: The impact of formal learning environments on student learning

The objective of this research is to identify the relationship between formal learning spaces and student learning outcomes. Using a quasi-experimental design, researchers partnered with an instructor who taught identical sections of the same course in two radically different formal learning environments to isolate the impact of the physical environment on student learning. The results of the study reveal that, holding all factors excepting the learning spaces constant, students taking the course in a technologically enhanced environment conducive to active learning techniques outperformed their peers who were taking the same course in a more traditional classroom setting. The evidence suggests strongly that technologically enhanced learning environments, independent of all other factors, have a significant and positive impact on student learning.
Novel fast adapting interneurons mediate cholinergic-induced fast GABAA inhibitory postsynaptic currents in striatal spiny neurons

Previous work suggests that neostriatal cholinergic interneurons control the activity of several classes of GABAergic interneurons through fast nicotinic receptor-mediated synaptic inputs. Although indirect evidence has suggested the existence of several classes of interneurons controlled by this mechanism, only one such cell type, the neuropeptide-Y-expressing neurogliaform neuron, has been identified to date. Here we tested the hypothesis that in addition to the neurogliaform neurons that elicit slow GABAergic inhibitory responses, another interneuron type exists in the striatum that receives strong nicotinic cholinergic input and elicits conventional fast GABAergic synaptic responses in projection neurons. We obtained in vitro slice recordings from double transgenic mice in which Channelrhodopsin-2 was natively expressed in cholinergic neurons and a population of serotonin receptor-3a-Cre-expressing GABAergic interneurons were visualized with tdTomato. We show that among the targeted GABAergic interneurons a novel type of interneuron, termed the fast-adapting interneuron, can be identified that is distinct from previously known interneurons based on immunocytochemical and electrophysiological criteria. We show using optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs that fast-adapting interneurons receive a powerful supra-threshold nicotinic cholinergic input in vitro. Moreover, fast adapting neurons are densely connected to projection neurons and elicit fast, GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic current responses. The nicotinic receptor-mediated activation of fast-adapting interneurons may constitute an important mechanism through which cholinergic interneurons control the activity of projection neurons and perhaps the plasticity of their synaptic inputs when animals encounter reinforcing or otherwise salient stimuli.
Calculating the x Dependence of Nucleon Parton Distribution Functions

I present a first direct lattice-QCD calculation of the x dependence of hadron structure functions. By taking a hadron with a large momentum boost, we are able to connect light-cone quantities to lattice-QCD nonlocal but time-independent matrix elements. Since the largest attainable momentum is limited, we correct for the sizable leading momentum dependence systematically. I present a first study of the nucleon quark density, helicity and transversity distributions, and pion distribution amplitudes on the lattice; I demonstrate this can be done using today’s computer resources and directly on the physical pion mass next.
A high-performance 64-bit adder implemented in output prediction logic

Output Prediction Logic (OPL) is a technique that can be applied to conventional CMOS logic families to obtain considerable speedups. When applied to static CMOS, OPL retains the restoring character of the logic family. Speedups of 2/spl times/ to 3/spl times/ over (optimized) conventional static CMOS are demonstrated for a variety of circuits, ranging from chains of gates, to datapath circuits, and to random logic benchmarks. Such speedups are obtained using identical netlists without remapping. When applied to pseudo-nMOS and dynamic families in combination with remapping to wide-input NORs, OPL yields even greater speedups over static CMOS. In this paper we present a novel 64-bit adder design implemented in OPL, using a combination of 8-bit Carry Look Ahead (CLA) and Carry Select (CS). The very fast wide-input OPL NORs enabled the use of 8-bit CLA units instead of the usual 4-bit. Using a process-independent metric for comparison, this adder is twice as fast as previously published 64-bit adders.
EMERGENT SANDBAR CONSTRUCTION FOR LEAST TERNS ON THE MISSOURI RIVER: EFFECTS ON FORAGE FISHES IN SHALLOW‐WATER HABITATS

Emergent sandbars on the Missouri River are actively managed for two listed bird species, piping plovers and interior least terns. As a plunge-diving piscivore, endangered least terns rely on ready access to appropriately sized slender-bodied fish: <52 mm total length for adults and <34 mm total length for young chicks. As part of a multi-agency recovery programme, aimed at enhancing nesting habitat for plovers and terns, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers mechanically created several emergent sandbars on the Missouri River. However, it was unknown whether sandbar construction is a benefit or a detriment to forage abundance for least terns. Therefore, we studied the shallow-water (<1.5 m) fish community near river and mechanically created emergent sandbars during three nesting seasons (2006–2008). We sampled every 2 weeks each year from late May to July within 15–16 areas to document the relative abundance, species richness and size classes of fish. Fish relative abundance was negatively related to depth. Catches were dominated by schooling species, including emerald shiner, sand shiner, spotfin shiner and bigmouth buffalo. Significant inter-annual differences in relative abundance were observed, with generally increasing trends in intra-seasonal relative abundance of shiners and the smallest size classes of fish (<34 mm). Significant differences in the fish communities between the sandbar types were not detected in this study. Results suggest that mechanical sandbar habitats host comparable fish communities at similar levels of relative abundance. Further analyses are required to evaluate if the levels of fish relative abundance are adequate to support least tern foraging and reproduction. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two homologous rat cellular retinol-binding proteins differ in local conformational flexibility.

Abstract Cellular retinol-binding protein I (CRBP I) and cellular retinol-binding protein II (CRBP II) are closely homologous proteins that play distinct roles in the maintenance of vitamin A homeostasis. The solution structure and dynamics of CRBP I and CRBP II were compared by multidimensional NMR techniques. These studies indicated that differences in the mean backbone structures of CRBP I and CRBP II were localized primarily to the αII helix. Intraligand NOE cross-peaks were detected for the hydroxyl proton in the NOESY spectrum of CRBP I-bound retinol, but not for CRBP II-bound retinol, indicating that the conformational dynamics of retinol binding are different for these two proteins. As determined by Lipari–Szabo formalism, both the apo and holo forms of CRBP I and CRBP II are conformationally rigid on the pico- to nanosecond timescale. transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill -based 15N relaxation dispersion experiments at both 500 MHz and 600 MHz magnetic fields revealed that 84 and 62 residues for apo-CRBP I and II, respectively, showed detectable conformational exchange on a micro- to millisecond timescale, in contrast to three and seven residues for holo-CRBP I and II, respectively. Thus binding of retinol markedly reduced conformational flexibility in both CRBP I and CRBP II on the micro- to millisecond timescale. The 15N relaxation dispersion curves of apo-CRBP I and II were fit to a two-state conformational exchange model by a global iterative fitting process and by an individual (residue) fitting process. In the process of carrying out the global fit, more than half of the residue sites were eliminated. The individual chemical exchange rates kex, and chemical shift differences, Δδ, were increased in the putative portal region (αII helix and βC-βD turn) of apo-CRBP II compared to apo-CRBP I. These differences in conformational flexibility likely contribute to differences in how CRBP I and CRBP II interact with ligands, membranes and retinoid metabolizing enzymes.
Stool microflora in extremely low birthweight infants

AIM—To serially characterise aerobic and anaerobic stool microflora in extremely low birthweight infants and to correlate colonisation patterns with clinical risk factors. METHODS—Stool specimens from 29 infants of birthweight <1000 g were collected on days 10, 20, and 30 after birth. Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic cultures were performed. RESULTS—By day 30, predominant species were Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterbacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria spp were identified in only one infant. In breast milk fed (but not in formula fed) infants, the total number of bacterial species/stool specimen increased significantly with time (2.50 (SE 0.34) on day 10; 3.13 (0.38) on day 20; 4.27 (0.45) on day 30) as did quantitative bacterial counts; Gram negative species accounted for most of the increase. On day 30, significant inverse correlations were found between days of previous antibiotic treatment and number of bacterial species (r=0.491) and total organisms/g of stool (r=0.482). Gestational age, birthweight, maternal antibiotic or steroid treatment, prolonged rupture of the membranes, and mode of delivery did not seem to affect colonisation patterns. CONCLUSIONS—The gut of extremely low birthweight infants is colonised by a paucity of bacterial species. Breast milking and reduction of antibiotic exposure are critical to increasing fecal microbial diversity.
The N-formylpeptide receptor (FPR) and a second Gi-coupled receptor mediate fMet–Leu–Phe-stimulated activation of NADPH oxidase in murine neutrophils

Abstract N -Formylypeptides such as fMet–Leu–Phe (fMLF) potently induce superoxide production through NADPH oxidase activation. The receptors that mediate this response have not been defined. Here, we provide definitive proof using a mouse model that formyl peptide receptor (FPR) is a receptor, but not the only receptor, that mediates fMLF-induced oxidase activation. In wild-type (FPR +/+ ) mouse neutrophils, superoxide production is dependent on the concentration of fMLF with an EC 50 of ∼5 μM and a peak at ∼50 μM. In contrast, FPR-deficient (FPR −/− ) mouse neutrophils produced markedly less superoxide with an EC 50 of ∼50 μM and a peak at ∼200 μM. Yet, FPR +/+ and FPR −/− neutrophils showed similar oxidase activation kinetics and G i protein-dependent pharmacological sensitivities. These results suggested that a second receptor, likely FPR2, mediates superoxide production at high concentrations of fMLF. This less sensitive second pathway may permit continued oxidant generation in response to formyl peptides when FPR is desensitized in high concentrations of the chemotactic gradient.
The Hooper equal opportunity measure: An operational definition of ecological dissonance theory

Research has indicated that organizations have climates that may affect the behavior of individuals within the organization. The purpose of this study was to define equal opportunity climate as a specialized form of organizational climate and to develop further the Hooper, Miller, Topping, and Wells-Parker (1989) measure of equal opportunity that is sensitive to sex inequity on the college campus. In addition, the study was designed to provide evidence for ecological dissonance theory, which predicts, among other things, that environments with ecological dissonance will result in low satisfaction and commitment among inhabitants. The results indicated, and it was concluded, that the factorial validity established through factor analysis, the internal consistency analysis, and the discriminant validity provided evidence for construct validity. Ecological dissonance theory predictions were also confirmed.
Time-dependent configuration changes of the magnetotail and plasma sheet thinning

Abstract The configuration of the magnetotail magnetic field has been calculated for a situation where a disruption of a portion of the tail current system develops. The decrease of the current in a localized region of the magnetotail leads to a collapse of the magnetic field in that vicinity. The calculated configuration of the field resembles what is predicted by reconnection models with the field lines moving toward the neutral sheet and then connecting and either moving toward or away from the earth. Associated with this changing magnetic field there is an induced electric field which will then influence the motion of the plasma in the magnetotail via E × B drifts. When the current from X sm = −20 to −40 R E in the tail is decreasing with a tune-constant of 0.5 h the electric field produced, which is primarily westward, has a maximum value of 0.83 mV m −1 and produces plasma sheet thinning velocities of 0.3 km s −1 . Higher velocities result for more rapid rates of current decrease, and they agree well with experimental observations. The plasma flows in the sunward direction are, however, much smaller than what has been observed. This is due in part to the inability of the magnetic field model to adequately represent the magnetic field in the immediate vicinity of the neutral sheet. Use of an improved model would give better agreement with the observations. The calculations show that the induced electric field of a time-dependent magnetic field is able to explain certain observed features of the plasma sheet motions. Also, this agreement suggests that the assumption that there is no charge separation contribution to the electric field may be reasonable during situations of large scale and rapid current disruptions in the magnetotail.
Purification, characterisation, and quantification of the soy allergen profilin (Gly m 3) in soy products

Abstract Profilins are pan-allergen proteins present in various plant foods and pollens. The objective was to develop a method for purification and characterisation of profilin from soy protein isolate. Furthermore, profilin was quantified in soy products and the effect of processing evaluated. Profilin was purified using poly- l -proline affinity chromatography, dialysis and ultrafiltration, and its quantification was implemented by indirect ELISA. Profilin in soymilks ranged from 4.37 ± 0.14 to 7.24 ± 0.30 mg/g protein, while in fermented products profilin ranged from 1.67 ± 0.02 to 5.47 ± 0.02 mg/g protein. Pasteurisation of soymilk was an ineffective method to completely eliminate profilin. Food matrix influenced thermal stability; at 100 °C, β-sheet and random coil structures were altered, while the α-helices remained intact. Induced fermentation of soybean meal by Bifidobacterium lactic , Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in 68.3% to 72.7% reduction of soy profilin. Heat treatment, fermentation and hydrolysis effectively reduced soy profilin.
Redefinition of exon 7 in the COL1A1 gene of type I collagen by an intron 8 splice-donor-site mutation in a form of osteogenesis imperfecta: influence of intron splice order on outcome of splice-site mutation.

Summary Most splice-site mutations lead to a limited array of products, including exon skipping, use of cryptic splice-acceptor or -donor sites, and intron inclusion. At the intron 8 splice-donor site of the COL1A1 gene, we identified a G+1→A transition that resulted in the production of several splice products from the mutant allele. These included one in which the upstream exon 7 was extended by 96 nt, others in which either intron 8 or introns 7 and 8 were retained, one in which exon 8 was skipped, and one that used a cryptic donor site in exon 8. To determine the mechanism by which exon-7 redefinition might occur, we examined the order of intron removal in the region of the mutation by using intron/exon primer pairs to amplify regions of the precursor nuclear mRNA between exon 5 and exon 10. Removal of introns 5, 6, and 9 was rapid. Removal of intron 8 usually preceded removal of intron 7 in the normal gene, although, in a small proportion of copies, the order was reversed. The proportion of abnormal products suggested that exon 7 redefinition, intron 7 plus intron 8 inclusion, and exon 8 skipping all represented products of the impaired rapid pathway, whereas the intron-8 inclusion product resulted from use of the slow intron 7–first pathway. The very low–abundance cryptic exon 8 donor site product could have arisen from either pathway. These results suggest that there is commitment of the pre-mRNA to the two pathways, independent of the presence of the mutation, and that the order and rate of intron removal are important determinants of the outcome of splice-site mutations and may explain some unusual alterations.
The Curious Case of the Vanishing Debate over Irish Home Rule: The Dominion of Canada, Irish Home Rule, and Canadian Historiography

In the 1880s, the British Empire was abuzz with debate over the Irish Home Rule Bills being discussed at that time in the Westminster Parliament. The Dominion of Canada was no exception and the Canadian House of Commons held no fewer than three debates on the concept of Irish Home Rule. Studying these debates provides a way to explore British identity beyond the British Isles. Although the nineteenth century attempts to implement Irish Home Rule were ultimately a failure, for almost half a century the concept was discussed throughout the Empire. This article takes an in-depth look at the Canadian parliamentary response to Irish Home Rule. In doing so, it argues that the debates reveal much about British identity in the Dominion, at least at the parliamentary level, and sheds light on conceptions of Britishness in the wider British world. It also suggests that these imperial debates represent an important stage in the development of Canadian history and deserve to take their place in Canadian historiography.
PULSE WAVES FOR A SEMI-DISCRETE MORRIS-LECAR TYPE MODEL

We establish the existence of a pulse traveling wave for an infinite system of ODEs modeling a one dimensional string of nerve cells of identical Morris–Lecar type dynamics: Here v j and w j represent, respectively, the electrical potential and the conductance of electrically active membrane of the jth nerve cell. We assume that D is a small positive constant, and F and G are certain nonlinear functions such that the ode system v′=F, w′=G has three equilibria: one is stable, another is a saddle, and the third is unstable.
A SURVEY OF EPR INVESTIGATIONS OF BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS

— Investigations in which EPR has been used as a probe of the mechanism of the primary quantum conversion reaction and/or electron transport reactions in bacterial photosynthesis are surveyed. These investigations include studies of whole cell organisms and simpler sub-cellular preparations, chromatophores and bacteriochlorophyll-protein complexes. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies have successfully demonstrated that the primary donor of the photosynthetic, photochemical reaction involves a dimer of bacteriochlorophyll, generally referred to as P870. P870 is photochemically oxidized to a cation radical which exhibits a g= 2.0025 EPR signal. Comparative studies of the time behaviour of this signal in whole cells and in sub-cellular preparations show that electron flow in the whole cells is substantially different than in the cell-free systems. The primary acceptor molecule of the photochemical reaction has not been conclusively identified. When it is photochemically reduced, it exhibits a broad EPR absorbance centered at g= 1.8 observable only at low temperatures. This signal involves an iron atom and a quinone molecule. Two possible identifications of the species responsible for the g= 1.8 signal are an iron-quinone complex and an iron-sulfur protein. The latter identification would require that one primary acceptor function for two primary donors and that the removal of a tightly held quinone alter the integrity of the system so as to inhibit the photochemistry. When the primary acceptor is chemically reduced, a photo-induced, polarized triplet EPR spectrum is detected. Both absorption and emission lines are, observed as if only one substate (m= 0) of the triplet manifold is populated. The zero field parameters of the triplet spectrum suggest that the triplet is formed through a decay of a biradical, not through an optical singlet to triplet transition. Low temperature EPR studies of photosynthetic preparations which had been poised at room temperature by subjecting the preparations to different redox potentials and/or dark adaptation and illumination show the presence of a number of light-influenced, EPR active components. The spectral characteristics of these components are indicative of iron-heme (both low and high-spin forms) and iron-sulfur (both oxidized and reduced) proteins and at least one other organic free radical distinct from P870+. The spectra varied for different strains of bacteria. Also, some of the signals detected in the whole cell organism were not detected in cell free preparations and the kinetics of the light influenced signal amplitudes were different in the whole cells than in chromatophores.
Vocal Tremor Reduction with Deep Brain Stimulation

Abstract Vocal tremor has been a challenging problem for patients and their physicians. In some cases, it has been possible to lesson the symptom's tremor through medications and/or voice therapy. However, in most cases no good treatment has been availabe. Chronic stimulation of the thalamus has been successful in controlling tremors of the upper limb and other portions of the body. Our preliminary experience suggests that it may also be helpful in controlling vocal tremor.
TESTS OF THE 30 MJ SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE UNIT

A 30-MJ (8.4 kWh) superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit with a 10-MW converter was installed during the later months of 1982 at the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Tacoma substation in Tacoma, Washington. The unit, which is capable of absorbing and releasing up to 10 MJ of energy at a frequency of 0.35 Hz, was designed to damp the dominant power swing mode of the Pacific AC Intertie. Extensive tests were performed with the unit during the first half of 1983. This paper will review the major components of the storage unit and describe the startup and steady state operating experience with the coil, dewar, refrigerator and converter. The unit has absorbed power up to a level of 11.8 Mw. Real power was modulated following a sinusoidal power demand with frequencies from 0.1 to 1.2 Hz and a power level up to +- 8.3 MW. The unit has performed in accordance with design expectations and no major problems have developed.
PAX-2: A Developmental Gene Constitutively Expressed in the Mouse Epididymis and Ductus Deferens

AbstractPurpose: To characterize expression of the transcriptional activator, Pax-2, in the mouse lower genitourinary tract.Materials and Methods: Expression of Pax-2 was studied by Northern analysis, ribonuclease protection and immunohistochemistry.Results: Immunostaining revealed localized expression in the epithelium of the ductus deferens and epididymis at all time points from birth to adulthood. Expression in these structures in adult mice was confirmed by Northern analysis and ribonuclease protection assays.Conclusion: Pax-2 is a transcriptional regulator expressed in the epithelium of the ductus deferens and epididymis and may be a regulator of epithelial genes involved in sperm maturation and support.
CL-20 photodecomposition: ab initio foundations for identification of products.

Abstract 1,5-Dihydrodiimidazo[4,5-b:4′5′e]pyrazine, 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine, and 1H-imidazole were considered as possible products of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) photodecomposition. Since we took as a reference the product obtained after CL-20 irradiation in methanol solution, the nature of intermolecular bonds between heterocycles under study and methanol molecules was analyzed in detail. Existing hydrogen bonds were found to be quite strong, so dependence of calculations results on an influence of solvent was taken into account using both the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and the supermolecular approach. Electronic spectra of 1,5-dihydrodiimidazo[4,5-b:4′5′e]pyrazine, 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine and 1H-imidazole were simulated using time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and single-excitation configuration interaction (CIS) method. We observed that TD-DFT excitation energies are lower if compared to corresponding values obtained by the CIS method. Results of calculations with PCM and the supermolecular approach are very close. It was found that differences between calculated gas phase excitation energies and those values obtained by applying solvent models increases when the number of conjugated bonds in a molecule increases. Oscillator strengths of UV bands of the considered molecules are higher in the gas phase than in modeled methanol solutions. We found that the predicted spectrum of 1H-imidazole is in close agreement with the experimental UV spectrum of the CL-20 photolysis product.
A theoretical analysis of the diffusion porometer: Steady diffusion through two finite cylinders of different radii

Abstract Calibration and use of the diffusion porometer are imprecise because of imperfect understanding of steady diffusion through a porous material. The case of a flat plate with uniformly distributed right circular cylindrical holes is approximated by diffusion through two finite right circular cylinders: one representing the pore, and one representing the area into which vapor diffuses — its size determined by the mutual interference with neighboring pores. An exact three-dimensional solution is presented. It is found that for large pore spacing the empirical result of Holcomb and Cooke is excellent, but for close pore spacing some error occurs. A method for calculation of true calibration plate resistance is described as well as a method for estimating pore size for an unknown plate or membrane.
Administration of MPTP acutely increases glucose utilization in the substantia nigra of primates

The quantitative 2-[14C]deoxyglucose autoradiographic method was used to map the regional distribution of the acute effects of administration of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), on local cerebral glucose utilization in rhesus monkeys. Metabolic activity was increased (+80%) in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which has been shown to be the main target site of MPTP toxicity. Metabolic activity was also increased in the nucleus paranigralis, nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus, and ventral lamella of the inferior olive. In contrast, substantial decreases in glucose utilization were found diffusely distributed throughout many of the other structures examined, most prominently in portions of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum.
A New Approach to the Problem of Pole Assignment through Output Feedback

The problem of pole assignment through output feedback is examined by investigating the effect of small changes in the feedback matrix on the closed loop pole locations. The main outcome is a feasible directions search procedure for finding a feedback matrix which places the poles at specified locations. The algori thm and variations of it are described, convergence conditions are given, comparisons with other methods are made, and a numerical example is presented.
Detection of shared antigenic determinants on whole Moraxella bovis pili by use of antisera to cyanogen bromide-cleaved M bovis pilus protein

Objective To determine the ability of antisera against cyanogen bromide-cleaved pili from 4 strains of Moraxella bovis to react with whole or nondenatured pili. Sample population Antisera to 4 strains of M. bovis produced by New Zealand White rabbits. Procedure Pili from 4 strains of M. bovis were collected and purified. Pilus proteins (pilin) were cleaved, using cyanogen bromide. Whole pilus and cyanogen bromide-cleaved pilin were injected into rabbits. Antisera were serially diluted, reacted with 4 strains of M. bovis, and examined by immunoelectron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Results Antisera to whole pili aggregated and distorted pili from homologous strains, but pili from heterologous strains were unaffected. Antisera to cleaved pilin fragments resulted in partial aggregation and thickening of homologous and heterologous pili, suggestive of heterospecific antibodies. Attachment of antibodies to pili was detected by indirect immunofluorescence, indicating a strong reaction of antisera to whole pili with homologous pili. Weak cross-reactions were evident with certain heterologous strains. In contrast, antisera to cleaved pilin fragments reacted strongly with pili from homologous and heterologous strains. Conclusions and clinical relevance We detected shared antigenic determinants on pili from various strains of M. bovis that were not immunogenic in intact pili. These sites were immunogenic after cleavage of pilus protein with cyanogen bromide, and antisera produced to protein fragments reacted with whole pili from heterologous strains of the organism. Vaccines produced from cyanogen bromide-treated pili may induce broader immunity against infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis than that provided by currently available vaccines.
Queuing network decomposition and facilities planning

Abstract We have shown previously that open, closed, and mixed networks of queues are viable means of analyzing the configuration and composition of resources in facility layout problems. In this paper, we explore the scope and limitations of decomposition techniques for modelling general arrival and service processes M/G/C, M/D/C and GI/G/C within facilities. The robustness of our analytical approach is then compared with a simulation analysis of an example facility.
Excitation suppression in an ultracold rydberg gas due to a local van der waals blockade

We observe an excitation suppression effect due to van der Waals interactions between ultracold Rydberg atoms. The observed dependence of this effect on sample density suggests a viable blockade mechanism for realizing quantum gates
Angular Momentum Coupling and the Internucleon Interaction in the Calcium Isotopes

A partial analysis is made of the results of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Van de Graaff group on ($d, p$) reactions leading to the levels of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{41}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{43}$, and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{45}$. The results demonstrate that the coupling scheme is rather close to the $\mathrm{jj}$ limit; more precisely they give small values for the amplitudes of certain minor components of the wave functions for low-lying odd-parity states (e.g., the ${{({f}_{\frac{7}{2}})}^{2}}_{0}{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ component of the lowest $J=\frac{3}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ level in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{43}$). The amplitudes determined in this way are used to deduce some features of the effective internucleon interaction. It turns out that the ($d, p$) amplitudes for the low-lying "multiparticle" states are essentially proportional to a matrix element which vanishes identically for any spin-dependent nucleon-nucleon interaction (of either ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}$, tensor or vector type) and thus we obtain directly an approximate range vs depth relationship for the spin-independent interaction. Finally, an approximate spin-dependent central interaction is determined by considering the level structures. A fairly satisfactory interaction between identical nucleons is found to be ${H}_{12}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}3[3\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}]\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{r}^{2}}{{{r}_{0}}^{2}})$ Mev with ${r}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}2.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. The general features of the results are similar to those of Levinson and Ford, who consider level structures and magnetic moments, but the exchange nature of the interaction is different.
Phage-borne peptidomimetics accelerate the development of polyclonal antibody-based heterologous immunoassays for the detection of pesticide metabolites.

Competitive immunoassays for the detection of small analytes, such as pesticides and their metabolites, use haptens that compete with the target compounds for binding to the antibody. This competing hapten can be either the same as the immunizing hapten (homologous assay) or structurally modified mimics of the immunizing hapten (heterologous assay). Polyclonal antibody-based heterologous immunoassays have shown superior sensitivities to homologous ones, but the synthesis of heterologous haptens may be time-consuming, requiring expertise in synthetic chemistry. In this work we demonstrate that phage display peptide libraries can be used as a source of phage-borne peptidomimetics to facilitate the development of sensitive heterologous assays. Different strategies for the isolation of these peptides were explored using two metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides. The sensitivities of the best competitive phage heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were 13 fold and 100 fold better than the homologous...
Stable Transfection of Mammalian Cells by Syringe-Mediated Mechanical Loading of DNA

Abstract We show that mammalian cells can be stably transfected by a mechanical loading procedure in which cells are forced through a small opening in the presence of DNA. A suspension of cells and plasmid DNA in growth medium was passed up and down through a 30-gauge needle attached to a 1-ml syringe. Cells were immediately plated at appropriate densities for subsequent selection for stable expression of a marker gene. Two rodent cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary and mouse L tk − cells, were successfully transfected with an efficiency of about one transfectant per 5 × 10 4 cells. The human HeLa cell line was transfected with a somewhat lower efficiency. Pluronic F-68, a detergent believed to aid in healing of membrane injuries, had no beneficial effect when present during the loading procedure. Successful transfection was accomplished using three different genes as selectable markers. Southern blotting analysis revealed that transfectants contained one or very few copies of the introduced DNA construct integrated into the genome. Several transfectants were demonstrated to remain stable for more than 20 generations of growth in the absence of selection. This procedure is fast, economical, and of general utility.
Sedimentation equilibrium techniques: Multiple speed analyses and an overspeed procedure

The use of a single high-speed sedimentation equilibrium experiment to analyze mixed associating systems is inadequate to determine the association mode even if the molecular weight of one species is known. Simultaneous analysis of the concentration distributions at three equilibrium speeds greatly reduces the lack of uniqueness. Linear least-squares multi-speed fits discriminate between association models in which the molecular weights are assumed. Experiments at a series of initial concentrations as well as rotor speeds further increases the discrimination. An overspeed procedure is proposed. The overspeed time depends only slightly on the sedimenting species molecular weight, but significantly on the frictional ratio. A minimal overspeed time may be estimated.
Low temperature magnetic and electrical properties of DHCP Ce-La alloys

Abstract Electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements on CeLa alloys have shown that 5% La in βCe (dhcp) stabilizes βCe with respect to αCe, preventing β from transforming to α in the 15–50 K region. The remarkable Kondo-like properties of pure βCe are also found in the alloys over a wide concentration range.
Future directions for thermal information sensors

Abstract The microscale thermal-expansion element and the pyroelectric effect are discussed as illustrations of future directions for thermal measurements.
Right Ventricular Infarction During Left Ventricular Assist System Support

Left ventricular assist devices are frequently used to bridge patients to cardiac transplantation. As this experience grows, new and unanticipated complications will occur. This report describes a 50-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy being bridged to cardiac transplantation who suffered an acute right ventricular infarction during the interval of support.
Improved Coating Window for Slot Coating

Slot die is a premetered coating operation in which the coating solution is extruded from a feed slot onto the surface of a substrate passing through. The defect-free region of operation is known as the “coating window”, and the wider it is, the more versatile the operation will be. The slot-coating experiments reported here were carried out with two types of coating solutions, a hard coating solution with low viscosity and a polysilica solution with high viscosity. The coating windows were measured as flow rates q versus minimum and maximum coating speeds, Vmin and Vmax, respectively. Therefore, at a given flow rate of the coating solution, there exists a minimum speed and a maximum speed that border the corresponding coating window, outside which coating defects occur. Also, in our experiments, the coating windows shifted to higher coating speed and obtained thinner coating film thicknesses through different settings of the die angle to the substrate and different geometries of die lips. The data showed...
Small recursive ordinals, many-one degrees, and the arithmetical difference hierarchy

Let W be the Markwald-Spector [ 10] set of GiSdel numbers for recur. sive well-ordering relations; for each recursive ordinal e, let W(a) denote the set of Gbdel numbers for recursive well-orderings of order type /1) and deg m W(a) the m-degree of W(t~). Then
Successful reconstruction of a complex traumatic carinal disruption

Complex traumatic tracheobronchial disruption often results in mortality or prolonged morbidity. This case report highlights a successful strategy for diagnosis and management of an unusually extensive carinal disruption in a patient with multiple trauma.
Response to the first stimulus determines reduced auditory evoked response suppression in schizophrenia: single trials analysis using MEG.

Abstract Objective : Reduced auditory evoked response (AER) suppression in a paired-stimulus paradigm may index genetic liability for schizophrenia. In most published studies of AER suppression, scores are based on data averaged over numerous stimulus presentations and recorded from few channels. It is unclear whether averaged data are equally representative of single trial responses in normal and schizophrenia subjects. In the present report, we used 148 channel magnetoencephalography to investigate grand-average and single trial responses on AER suppression. Methods : The typical paired-stimulus paradigm was used to evoke time-locked AERs from 20 normal and 20 schizophrenia patients. Gamma band response (GBR) and low frequency response (LFR) characteristics were measured on grand-averaged and single trial data. Generalized eigenvalue decomposition was used to reduce the multiple channel information to a vector that accounted for the most AER variance for the GBR and LFR. Results : Group performances on grand-average and single trials were similar. A remarkable difference, which replicates previous studies, was that schizophrenia subjects had smaller LFR amplitudes in response to the first stimulus than normal. Conclusions : These findings are inconsistent with the ‘poor suppression' theory often used to explain schizophrenia–normal group differences when using the paired-stimulus paradigm.
Pulmonary Hypertension and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Two Reports and a Review of the Literature

Pulmonary hypertension may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary. While the etiologies for secondary pulmonary hypertension are diverse, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has not been included. To date there have been 16 reported cases of pulmonary hypertension in the HIV-infected population. Plexogenic arteriopathy was the most common pathologic finding. We report two HIV-infected patients who were concomitantly found to have pulmonary hypertension with plexogenic arteriopathy. One patient had lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, an entity not previously associated with pulmonary hypertension. We review the 16 previous cases of pulmonary hypertension and HIV infection and discuss this association.
Complex dynamic behaviour during ethylene oxidation on a supported silver catalyst

Abstract Ethylene oxidation was carried out on a commercial supported silver catalyst (Ag/α-Al 2 O 3 ) in a spinning-basket catalytic reactor. The progress of the reacting system from initial start-up to final steady state, under certain operating conditions, revealed a complex oscillatory dynamic behaviour. The oscillatory pattern in carbon dioxide concentration in the reactor effluent vanished after a certain time (∼ 100 h) and the system attained steady state. Experiments were carried out to determine the range of reactant (ethylene and oxygen) concentrations wherein oscillations were possible. The dynamic behaviour is explained qualitatively in terms of the competition between reactants and products for adsorption and subsequent reaction on the catalyst surface, occurring simultaneously with slow thermal sintering.
Some simple economics of improved cookstove programs in developing countries

Abstract More efficient cookstoves have been introduced in developing countries by development agencies to retard deforestation and to improve the welfare of low-income consumers. To date, studies of the economics of cookstove programs have been limited to financial analyses of stove costs and an input-output study of a single country. This paper examines the consequences of the implicit income effect of a 25% to 50% improvement in fuel efficiency of household cookstoves. A model is constructed to examine the spending pattern of resources saved from reduced fuel expenditures and the consequences of fuel price reductions caused by reductions in aggregate demand. It is found that, with parameter values typical of low-income developing countries, roughly 50% of technical fuel savings from stove efficiency improvements are lost through increased fuel use induced by income and price effects. Even when the income elasticity of demand for the fuel is zero and own-price elasticity is one-half, with a unitary supply elasticity, 28% of the initial technical savings will be lost through increased consumption.
Processor design based on dataflow concurrency

Abstract This paper presents new architectural concepts for uniprocessor system designs. They result in a uniprocessor design that conforms to the data-driven (i.e. dataflow) computation paradigm. It is shown that usage of this, namely D 2 -CPU (Data-Driven) processor, follows the natural flow of programs, minimizes redundant (micro)operations, lowers the hardware cost, and reduces the power consumption. We assume that programs are developed naturally using a graphical or equivalent language that can explicitly show all data dependencies. Instead of giving the CPU the privileged right of deciding what instructions to fetch in each cycle (as is the case for CPUs with a program counter), instructions are entering the CPU when they are ready to execute or when all their operand(s) are to be available within a few clock cycles. This way, the application-knowledgeable algorithm, rather than the application-ignorant CPU, is in control. The CPU is used just as a resource, the way it should normally be. This approach results in outstanding performance and elimination of large numbers of redundant operations that plague current processor designs. The latter, conventional CPUs are characterized by numerous redundant operations, such as the first memory cycle in instruction fetching that is part of any instruction cycle, and instruction and data prefetchings for instructions that are not always needed. A comparative analysis of our design with conventional designs proves that it is capable of better performance and simpler programming. Finally, VHDL implementation is used to prove the viability of this approach.
A Review of Common Oral Pathology Lesions, With a Focus on Periodontology and Implantology

The recognition, diagnosis, and management of common oral conditions requires knowledge of the lesion's clinical characteristics as well as the underlying pathology of the lesion. A thorough medical history, knowledge of normal anatomy, and a complete head and neck examination are necessary for the early recognition of oral lesions. Once any oral pathology is noted, clinical characteristics of size, location, texture, color, symptoms, and duration are necessary to arrive at a working plan and eventually a definitive diagnosis. In the end, the diagnosis often requires a biopsy or culture of the lesion. The clinical and histopathologic and/or mycologic correlation renders a final diagnosis leading to therapeutic options. A thorough knowledge of common oral lesions will allow the dentist/specialist to provide proper therapy or allow for referral to an oral medicine or oral surgery specialist. This review covers common infectious, reactive/traumatic, white, red, and bone lesions, as well as the vesiculobullous/desquamative gingival conditions, with a focus on periodontology and implantology. We cover the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, and treatment of each oral pathological condition.
Adverse effects of tris, hepes and mops buffers on contractile responses of arterial and venous smooth muscle induced by prostaglandins

Abstract The influence of artificial buffers, Tris, HEPES and MOPS, on PGA1, B2 and F2λ -induced contractile responses of isolated rat aorta and portal vein was investigated. All three buffers, in 5mM concentration, when substituted for bicarbonate and phosphate anions, differentially attenuated PG-induced contractile responses; the vein responses exhibited the greater sensitivity to artificial buffer inhibition. In the presence of the artificial buffers, the PG-induced fast phase contractile components on the arterial smooth muscle were obliterated and the slow, tonic components were markedly depressed. PG contractile concentration-effect curves were shifted, differentially, to the right, concomitant with differential reductions in maximum tensions.Reincubation of the vascular tissues in normal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate for 30–60 min resulted in a complete restoration of full PG-induced contractions. These results support the idea that Tris, HEPES and MOPS may interfere with the binding, translocation and utilization of calcium ions in vascular smooth muscle cells. One must be cautious regarding conclusions drawn for calcium-dependent responses obtained in smooth muscles in which Tris, HEPES or MOPS was the sole buffering agent.
The principle of inductive simplicity

costs, we must save meaning from dependence on naming (reference) and make the latter depend on the former. But this would tend to make all meaningful statements analytic, in the final epistemological and metaphysical view of them. So, to keep some connection with "experience" and its determinations, Quine argues that between the analytic and the synthetic there is no gulf. Yet, his initial subjectivistic preoccupation with "inner conceptual mechanisms" and their formative power conflicts with this argument, and weakens it.