cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphoinositides and other phospholipids in sympathetic ganglia and nerve trunks of rats. Effects of neuronal activity and inositol analogs ( - and -hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane)) on ( 32 P)-labelling, synaptic transmission and axonal conduction.

— Paired vagus nerves, phrenic nerves or superior cervical sympathetic ganglia from adult white rats were incubated for 4 h at 37°C in a bicarbonate-buffered physiological solution containing glucose and 32P1. At the end of incubation triphosphoinositide (TPI) contained more 32P than any other lipid in the vagus nerves and was second only to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the phrenic nerves. In the sympathetic ganglia phosphatidylinositol (PI) contained more 32P than did TPI, but both had less than PC. Conducted nerve impulses, initiated by electrical stimulation during the final 3 h of incubation, caused a highly significant increase in the [32P]-labelling of PI in ganglia (as previously reported) probably decreased the labelling of TPI in the vagus nerves, and decreased the labelling of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the ganglia. Addition to the incubation medium of §- or γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (analogs of inositol) reversibly blocked transmission through the sympathetic ganglia at concentrations less than 0·1 mM. The §-isomer also blocked conduction along axons at similar concentrations; only the γ-isomer (lindane) exerted a selective effect on synaptic transmission. In the ganglia, the §-isomer increased the [32P]-labelling of PI and diphosphoinositide (DPI) relative to that of PC. The γ-isomer did not affect the relative labelling of PI in the ganglia, whereas it decreased that of TPI, but only at relatively high concentrations. Thus, various affects of the hexachlorocyclohexanes were not explicable by assuming that they acted as analog inhibitors of inositol metabolism. In the ganglia, the hexachlorocyclohexanes reduced the effect of neuronal activity on the labelling of PI in proportion to the extent by which they blocked transmission. This metabolic effect was therefore presumed to be secondary to a ganglionic blocking action.
Cellulite Reduction: Photothermal Therapy for Cellulite

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cellulite reduction. Cellulite is a means to maximize subcutaneous adipose retention, ensuring sufficient caloric availability for pregnancy and lactation. Cellulite, which is mainly located on the lateral aspects of the thighs and buttocks, is thought to primarily exist due to the underlying connective tissue anatomy rather than from excessive adipose tissue. Therefore, cellulite is not synonymous with obesity, which is marked by hypertrophy of adipocytes. Since it can be located in any area of the body that contains subcutaneous adipose tissue, thin and obese women, alike, are inflicted with this condition. While many women may view cellulite as a pathologic condition, there is no morbidity or mortality associated with it. However, if serious cases of cellulite are not adequately treated, this condition can cause pathological tissue alterations such as lipodystrophic and fibrosclerotic degeneration. Cellulite can be illustrated further by dividing it into two distinct grades: incipient cellulite and full-blown cellulite. Incipient cellulite, which is hardly visible, is characterized by a discrete padded look or “orange peel” aspect, demonstrable by the “pinch test.” The lumpy-bumpy appearance of a skin surface with cellulite results from a weakening and thinning of the connective tissue network that normally tethers the dermis to deeper skin layers.
Linking the Leadership Identity Development Model to Collegiate Recreation and Athletics

The Leadership Identity Development (LID) Model (Komives, Owen, Longerbeam, Mainella, & Osteen, 2005) provides a stage leadership development model for college students that can be applied to collegiate recreation student staff, volunteers, participants, and varsity student-athletes. This chapter provides guidance to implement the model in these settings and to create environments that support development.
TRANSDUCTION OF THE ATTACHED SEX FACTOR OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

DeWitt, Susanne K. (University of California, Berkeley) and Edward A. Adelberg. Transduction of the attached sex factor of Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 83: 673–678. 1962.—The linkage of the sex factor to one extremity of the chromosome in Hfr cells of Escherichia coli has been confirmed by transduction experiments. In Hfr P4x-6, lac is the last marker to penetrate the female during conjugation. When lac + was transduced from P4x-6 into a lac − strain by phage Plkc, 5% cotransduction of the sex factor was observed. No cotransduction of the sex factor was observed when markers other than lac + were selected. The transduced males resembled the Hfr parent with respect to the site of attachment and orientation of the sex factor, the order of genetic markers transferred, and the gradient of recombination frequencies produced with a given female. When the lac − recipient used in the transduction carried an sfa locus in a different region of the chromosome, the over-all rate of cotransduction was tenfold lower, but the transduced males again resembled the Hfr parent in their sexual behavior.
Subungual melanoma in situ presenting as longitudinal melanonychia in a patient with familial dysplastic nevi.

Paul Kechijian, MD New York, New York Although the term dysplastic remains controversial,1 patients with large numbers of dysplastic nevi are at increased risk for developing malignant melanoma.2, 3 This article illustrates the importance of longitudinal melanonychia in a patient with many atypical nevi. It also presents the first account of subungual melanoma in situ in a patient with atypical nevi and a family history of melanoma.
Three-phase cystoscopic inspection of vesicoureteral valve

Abstract Attempts to visualize cystoscopically what happens to the ureterovesical valve mechanism before and during detrusor contractions, much as one does on voiding cystograms, are described. In some patients, especially those demonstrating reflux, the valve changes are remarkable as the bladder contracts.
Nurses' roles in helping families understand procedures after a death.

When a loved one dies, the next of kin (NOK) often have a host of questions for nurses. This article presents useful information about the role of the Coroner/Medical Examiner, types of examinations, death-related reports, and autopsies.
Pion production: Where's the coherence

Formal solutions to the \ensuremath{\Delta}-hole and particle-hole coefficients describing nuclear coherent states are presented using the degenerate schematic model. These solutions are used to analytically solve for the momentum-dependent nuclear form factors in which the target is excited to a transition-spin-isospin, \ensuremath{\Delta}-giant resonance through the creation of coherent \ensuremath{\Delta}-hole states, whereas the projectile is excited to an ordinary spin-isospin giant resonance. The target then decays to its ground state emitting a pion. A more general model operator is proposed that leads to complete coherence for all momenta. The magnitudes of the nuclear form factors are calculated theoretically and the results coming from the completely coherent model are compared to the low-momentum coherent model. The calculation is then completed by introducing these models into the pion triple-differential cross section and energy distributions are calculated and compared. The importance of how the nuclear structure and coherence affect the magnitudes and shapes of the form factors and the pion-energy distributions is assessed.
Distribution of α2-adrenergic receptor subtype gene expression in rat brain

alpha 2-Adrenergic receptors in brain are important presynaptic modulators of central noradrenergic function (autoreceptors) and postsynaptic mediators of many of the widespread effects of catecholamines and related drugs. alpha 2-Adrenergic agonists are currently used as antihypertensives and preanesthetic agents, but new subtype-selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists have additional therapeutic application potential. Three genes encoding specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes (alpha 2A, alpha 2B, and alpha 2C) have been isolated and characterized. RNA blotting indicates that all three are expressed in rat brain. This study used in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled RNA probes to map the distribution of alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtype gene expression in rat brain. alpha 2A mRNA was most abundant in the locus coeruleus, but was also widely distributed in the brain stem, cerebral cortex, septum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala. alpha 2B mRNA was observed only in the thalamus. alpha 2C mRNA was mainly localized to the basal ganglia, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. These mRNA distributions largely agree with previous findings on the alpha 2-adrenoceptor distributions in the rat brain, but suggest that the localization patterns for each receptor subtype are unique. The expression of alpha 2A mRNA in noradrenergic neurons indicates that this subtype mediates presynaptic autoreceptor functions. Furthermore, the localization of alpha 2A mRNA in noradrenergic projection areas suggests that this receptor may also have an important role in mediating postsynaptic effects. The precise physiological and pharmacological roles of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes are still largely unknown, but it is expected that in situ hybridization coupled to various methods to identify the transmitter phenotypes of the subtype-expressing neurons will help to clarify these important issues in the near future.
THE EFFECT OF FAT LEVEL AND TRIM INCORPORATION ON THE ATTRIBUTES OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF ROASTS FROM U.S. UTILITY CHUCKS1

Boneless chucks from U.S. Utility beef carcasses were incorporated in restructured beef roasts to evaluate physical properties influenced by the incorporation of trimmings obtained from heavy connective tissue. Muscles were boned, trimmed and ground through a kidney-shaped plate. Trimmings (20% of the boneless weight) and fat fractions were comminuted through a microcut emulsifier and formulated into restructured roasts containing 10 or 15% fat with 0, 50 or 100% connective tissue trim incorporation at a constant 30% of the formulation by the addition of lean. Treatments were replicated 3 times. Oxidative rancidity decreased (P < 0.05) with the incorporation of trimmings. Shear values indicated that less force (P < 0.05) was required to shear roasts formulated to 10% fat than those with 15% fat. Tensile strength and amount of work to pull particles apart were higher (P < 0.05) for the samples with 10% fat. The tangent modulus was higher (P < 0.05) for the 15% fat product.
Economic impact of paralytic shellfish poison on the oyster industry in the Pacific United States

Abstract The oyster industry on the west coast of the continental United States extends from Morro Bay, California, north to and including Puget Sound, Washington. Periodic outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poison caused by dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyaulax have resulted in reported symptoms and even death from consumption of contaminated shellfish. Although no deaths and only two reported outbreaks have affected commercial oysters, the fear of paralytic shellfish poison results in seasonal depressions in oyster markets, even when outbreaks are not present. This, coupled with inaccurate or misleading information distributed to the public, not only affects marketing of oysters under normal circumstances, but also has an impact on the interstate shipment of nonaffected, Health Service-approved oysters from nonaffected areas. Because of the nature of the west coast industry, both in terms of investment for acquisition of seed and cost of structures used in grow-out techniques, interruptions in the marketing of oysters have a drastic impact on the oyster industry. This study reviews the economic impact of paralytic shellfish poisoning, the factors that increase the impact beyond the normal response, and requirements necessary to lessen the impact on the oyster industry.
Optical Design of Anechoic Chambers

With the goal of producing larger working regions of uniform irradiance and phase in microwave anechoic chambers, we have built a disassemblable, tapered chamber in which to study the effects of (a) source size and (b) source position. Recognizing that the long walls of tapered anechoic chambers are partially reflecting mirrors, we have developed an elementary theory for optical design of chambers, and made computations that agree with microwave experiments. To design wider plateaus of irradiance in the working region, we have used computer programs for the interference patterns produced by the primary source and the multiple-image virtual sources.
Genetic basis of pathogen community structure for foundation tree species in a common garden and in the wild

Summary 1. Genetic variation within and among foundation plant species is known to affect arthropod, plant and soil microbial communities. We hypothesized that the same would be expected for pathogen communities, which have typically been studied only as individual pathogen species. 2. In a common garden in Utah, USA, we first tested how genetic differences within and among Populus angustifolia, P. fremontii and their interspecific hybrid P. 9 hinckleyana affect a fungal leaf pathogen community. Next, we tested how Populus genetic differences at the level of species and hybrids affect fungal leaf pathogen communities in the wild, specifically in a natural Populus hybridization zone (13 river km) and throughout the larger Weber River watershed (150 river km). 3. In the common garden, genetic variation both within and among Populus species and hybrids significantly affected the structure (i.e. species abundances and composition) of pathogen communities. In the wild, genetic variation among Populus species and hybrids also significantly affected pathogen communities, though not as strongly as was found in the common garden environment. Stand-level density of the susceptible Populus species most strongly affected the structure of pathogen communities in the hybrid zone. 4. Synthesis. Plant species and genotypic variation can affect the local and geographic distribution of pathogen communities in a similar fashion as other diverse organisms (e.g. arthropods, plants, soil microbes), both within a relatively controlled common garden environment and in the wild.
587 ILEAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE INTRACTABLE DIARRHEA SYNDROME OF INFANCY

The intractable diarrhea syndrome of infancy is a multifactorial enterocolitis associated with nutritional failure (AJDC 125: 358, 1973). Impaired upper intestinal function may persist for months despite clinical recovery (Ped. 66:730, 1980). Ileal function was assessed by the Schilling test with and without intrinsic factor (Co57 and Co58) in 13 patients. All required i.v. hyperalimentation and/or elemental diet. Mean duration of hospitalization was 4.5 mos. Renal function was normal and none were on antibiotics. Hypoalbuminemia and impaired xylose absorption were present in 12/13. Intestinal biopsies ranged from normal to total villus atrophy. Fecal flora in the upper intestine was only present in 1/12. Results showed impaired vitamin B12 absorption in 9/13 (mean ± 1 SD % excreted Co57 = 2.32 ± 1.93, Co58 2.63 ± 2.17, normal >10%). Response to Cholestyramine was inconsistent. Follow up studies in 4 patients showed persistent abnormalities, but serum vitamin B12 levels remained normal. Schilling tests in 36 other patients showed abnormalities in Crohn's disease (8/18), immunodeficiency syndromes (2/6), post-resection (2/6) and other malabsorption syndromes (0/6). Conclusions: 1) Ileal involvement is present in the majority of infants with intractable diarrhea. 2) Recovery of ileal function is delayed.
Proteins C23 and B23 are the major nucleolar silver staining proteins

Abstract To examine the silver staining proteins of Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli, the nucleolar proteins were separated on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels with an isoelectric focusing first dimension and an acid-urea gel second dimension. The nucleoli were sequentially extracted with (1) 0.6 M potassium acetate, pH 5.5 and (2) 2 M potassium acetate — 5 M urea — 10 mM Tris, pH 7.5. The silver staining method used for the detection of silver binding proteins in gels was similar to that used to stain the nucleolar granules on microscope slides. Two major silver staining proteins were found which were identified as (molecular weight × 10 −3 /pI) proteins C23 (100/5.3) and B23 (37/5.1). These two proteins are the major acidic proteins in Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli.
Malaysia's Industrialization: The Quest for Technology

Until recently Malaysia has been dependent on technology transfer through direct foreign investment. In 1986 the Industrial Master Plan was passed. This work examines the objectives of this Plan which highlights the fact that future industrial development must be propelled by domestic technological capabilities. The book also explores strategic options for public and private interaction in development.
The larval dwelling and feeding structure of Macronema transversum (Walker) (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)

Abstract Trichopteran larvae ( Macronema transversum ) construct a feeding chamber and larval retreat of sand and silk on stones in large streams. The structure has two openings to the exterior; a vertical opening on an elevated tube serving as the entrance for inflowing water and a horizontal opening, on a shorter tube, serving as an exit. Both tubes connect with a large ventral chamber across which is spun an extremely fine meshed capture net. A smaller chamber adjacent to the larger chamber serves as a larval retreat and has two openings into the larger chamber, one on either side of the capture net. The larger opening, through which the larva protrudes when feeding on particles trapped by the net, connects with the upstream side of the larger chamber. The smaller opening connects with the downstream side and serves the dual function of allowing a flow of water over the gills of the larva and providing an exit for the larval faeces into the outgoing current.
The measurement of children's sleep disturbances and somatic complaints following a disaster

Child-victims of a lightning-strike disaster were interviewed and their mothers completed a checklist describing their adjustment in terms of sleep disturbance and somatic complaints. Results showed that a number of children experienced significant sleep and somatic problems and that, in keeping with this study's purpose, the checklist is a reliable and valid measure of children's emotional distress.
Conditions for stability and instability of retrial queueing systems with general retrial times

We study the stability of single server retrial queues under general distribution for retrial times and stationary ergodic service times, for three main retrial policies studied in the literature: classical, constant and control policies. The approach used is the renovating events approach to obtain sufficient stability conditions by strong coupling convergence of the process modeling the dynamics of the system to a unique stationary ergodic regime. We also obtain instability conditions by convergence in distribution to improper limiting sequences.
New Approach to Guidance Law Design

The proposed new guidance law design approach enables us to create laws that improve the effectiveness of the proportional navigation law. This new class of the guidance laws is developed based on the Lyapunov method. The new laws will augment the proportional navigation law which is a part of these laws; additional components are selected based on the negative definiteness of the derivative of the Lyapunov function. The guidance law components are determined based on the partial stability of the guidance system dynamics under consideration and only with respect to the line-of-sight derivative. The comparative analysis of the modified proportional navigation algorithms with the traditional proportional navigation law showed that the new guidance laws guarantee shorter homing time requirements and larger capture area.
Electrically Controlling the Chassis Via A Notching Approach for Improved Handset Performance

We present in this paper an approach to control the chassis through electrically extending the length of the ground plane. With this, improved antenna performance in the handset is achieved. The electrical lengthening is made through a nothing approach to the ground plane longitudinal edges. The notches are carefully designed such that they do not interact with the antenna deteriorating its characteristics or radiate causing interference issues. We show the proposed approach through implementation on an internal hexa-band antenna. The improved antenna performance is measured through its bandwidth and efficiency. The performance is examined at two frequencies, 900 MHz and 1880 MHz. An improvement of 22% in the bandwidth at 900 MHz and a 2% improvement at the higher 1880 MHz band are achieved with a similar or a slight improvement in antenna efficiency. The proposed approach is flexible and practical in its implementation and can easily be implemented in the handset to improve the antenna performance, thus,...
Fat appetite in rats: Flavor preferences conditioned by nutritive and non-nutritive oil emulsions☆

Two experiments examined the rat's preference for flavors associated with nutritive corn oil and non-nutritive mineral oil emulsions. In Experiment 1 food deprived rats developed a preference for a flavor mixed into a 7.1% corn oil emulsion over a flavor presented in water. A significant but weaker preference was obtained for a flavor mixed into a 7.1% mineral oil emulsion. In Experiment 2 the rats acquired a preference for a flavor that preceded the ingestion of the corn oil emulsion by 10 min. The mineral oil emulsion, however, failed to condition a flavor preference using this delay paradigm. The results suggest that both the orosensory properties (flavor) and postingestive nutritive effects of oil can reinforce flavor preferences. The appetite for dietary fats is, therefore, a combined response to the flavor and nutritive qualities of this class of nutrients.
Centralized and decentralized formation control with controllable interaction laws

In this paper, we will consider a formation control model whereby the multi-agent system is governed by a set of controllable interactions between pairs of agents, and a connected, undirected graph is used to specify selected interactions that are under control. We investigate the control model from two perspectives: one is from the view of classic control theory while the other is from the view of decentralized formation control. We show that the model, when treated as a centralized control system, is approximately path-controllable. We establish this result by identifying the control model with a related control-affine system, and then verifying the Lie algebra rank condition. After that, we look into the control model as a decentralized control system. A particular pattern of information flow will be considered and a decentralized solution that relates to a gradient-like flow will be investigated in detail.
Establishing Behavioral Correlates: The MMPI as a Case Study

Two methods have been used to determine MMPI behavioral correlates: the whole-sample and split-sample techniques. The latter technique, which splits a sample into half samples, is currently in use because it ostensibly controls more adequately for Type I errors by requiring significance in both half samples. By simply adjusting the level of significance for the whole-sample approach, however, it can control for Type I errors as well as the split-sample technique. Furthermore, the whole-sample approach appears to control more adequately for Type II errors than the split-sample technique. Finally, data are presented suggesting that as an indicator of the average result obtained by repeated random splittings of a sample, results from the whole-sample approach are preferable to those from a single split of a sample. The whole-sample method was thus recommended; however, the probability of a Type I error for each correlate tested should be set at values smaller than those currently used.
Immunotherapy for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma

The treatment of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma remains a major challenge. Immunotherapy is a new approach to the treatment of advanced cancer and might offer a window of hope to patients with renal-cell carcinoma. The enthusiasm for this form of cancer therapy is mainly due to the recent advances achieved in immunology and molecular biology. This report reviews our experience with immunotherapy for renal-cell carcinoma. Although it is yet experimental, adoptive immunotherapy and combined cytokine administration appears to be a promising therapeutic modality for a selected group of patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma.
Dimethylsulfate Methylation of Guanine Residues in Mammalian DNA: Inverse Correlation between Methylation Susceptibility and Mutagenesis by Bromodeoxyuridine and Thymidine

We have previously demonstrated that mutagenesis by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and thymidine (dT) in mammalian cells occurs with a high degree of sequence specificity within runs of multiple adjacent guanine residues. To determine whether there is a structural component to this sequence specificity, we have analyzed stereochemical properties of guanine residues in different sequence contexts. Stereochemical differences were assessed by measuring the susceptibility of individual guanine residues to methylation by the agent dimethylsulfate (DMS). The results from this study suggest that there is a strong inverse correlation between susceptibility of various guanine residues to DMS methylation and the susceptibility of those residues to mutagenesis by BrdU and dT. These results suggest that the stereochemical attributes of guanine residues in different sequence contexts affect the susceptibility of those guanine residues to mutagenesis by BrdU and dT.
Anemia and retinal function in a mouse model of acute colitis

Individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have an elevated risk of ocular inflammation. Both the anterior and posterior eye can be affected by IBD, although posterior eye dysfunction is more likely to go undetected. Little investigative attention has been directed toward the mechanisms of ocular dysfunction with IBD; however, given the prevalence of anemia in IBD and the effects of anemia on the retina, we examined the association between retinal function (electroretinography, ERG) and the anemia induced by experimental IBD, and we tested for a potential retinal benefit of acutely attenuating anemia (via red blood cell (RBC) infusion). Colitis was induced in mice in a model involving drinking water ingestion of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), with untreated drinking water administered to controls. A subset of the DSS mice was infused with RBCs to attenuate the severity of the anemia induced by DSS. ERG signals (a-waves, b-waves, and oscillatory potential amplitudes and implicit times) were compared between the three groups of mice to evaluate retinal function. ERG amplitudes were significantly decreased in DSS mice compared to controls, with the amplitudes demonstrating a positive correlation with hematocrit, that is, the lowest ERG amplitudes were found with the most severe cases of anemia. An acute infusion of RBCs into DSS mice provided an improvement in the oscillatory potential implicit times, but no significant improvements in other ERG parameters. Despite the association between anemia and ERG signals in DSS-induced colitis, acute RBC infusion may only partially attenuate the associated retinal dysfunction.
The Effect of Adduct Formation on the Distribution of Bis(8-quinolinolo) Zinc(II) between Nonaqueous Solvents

Abstract This investigation concerns the formation of adducts between bis(8-quinolinolo) zinc(II) and several nitrogen bases, and the effect of adduct formation on the distribution of zinc between two nonaqueous solvents, nitromethane and 1-decanol. Pyridine and 4-isopropylpyridine formed adducts with the zinc-8-quinolinol chelate in nitromethane. The addition of the nitrogen bases enhanced the distribution of zinc into nitromethane coincident with the adduct formation. The influence of the addition of nitrogen base on the distribution of zinc indicated that dibutyl amine forms a 1:1 adduct with the zinc-8-quinolinol chelate in 1-decanol.
Shortage of intensive care specialists in the United States: recent insights and proposed solutions

We believe that before arguing about the “real” or “imagined” intensivist shortage, there are several fundamental issues to address. First, it is important to agree on a definition of an intensivist. High quality practice and credible team leadership of critical care medicine (CCM) should require the intensivist to devote 100% effort to critical care. Unfortunately, this comprises a small fraction of US practitioners and is predominantly limited to academic medical centers with Accredited Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited fellowship programs. Because the vast majority of adult intensivists are actually part-time practitioners based in pulmonary medicine, operating rooms (surgeons/anesthesiologists), or emergency medicine, the bulk of CCM board certificates are allocated to part-time physicians;
Education and national identity in a comparative context

A missing link in the voluminous chain of prior studies on Canadian versus American identity is a comparative analysis of the impact of social studies – especially civics – education on the construction of national identity in these two North American nation-states. This article analyzes curricular documents and secondary-level school textbooks to learn more about how social studies education contributes to constructing a sense of ‘being a Canadian’ versus ‘being an American’ north and south of the 49th parallel.
A non-genetic route to aneuploidy in human cancers

Aneuploidy is common in human tumours and is often indicative of aggressive disease. Aneuploidy can result from cytokinesis failure, which produces binucleate cells that generate aneuploid offspring with subsequent divisions. In cancers, disruption of cytokinesis is known to result from genetic perturbations to mitotic pathways or checkpoints. Here we describe a non-genetic mechanism of cytokinesis failure that occurs as a direct result of cell-in-cell formation by entosis. Live cells internalized by entosis, which can persist through the cell cycle of host cells, disrupt formation of the contractile ring during host cell division. As a result, cytokinesis frequently fails, generating binucleate cells that produce aneuploid cell lineages. In human breast tumours, multinucleation is associated with cell-in-cell structures. These data define a previously unknown mechanism of cytokinesis failure and aneuploid cell formation that operates in human cancers.
Labour‐management cooperation in productivity

It is generally recognised that the United States is in the grip of a productivity crisis. What is not generally recognised is what to do about it. Do solutions lie primarily in the hands of management?
Appendix A—Ground-water investigations in California

As a part of the preliminary flood-control surveys which the United States Department of Agriculture is making, the Bureau of Agricultural Engineering is investigating ground-water conditions in California. Information has been collected on variations in water-table level, ground-water replenishment, overdraft of underground water-supply, etc, in the Merced Group, Kings River, and Ventura River areas. More detailed surveys are contemplated in the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana River watersheds. In the Kings River Area in central California, high ground-water resulting from the floods of 1937 and 1938 has seriously damaged agricultural crops such as deciduous fruits. Water in excess of irrigation-requirements is permitted, as far as possible, to seep underground to replenish ground-water supplies. Such practice, however, while providing for low pumping lifts, is likely, in periods of excess flow, to be detrimental to both soil and crops. Water-levels allowed to invade the root-zones of crops not only damage the roots by submergence, but often cause concentration of alkali salts in toxic quantities. Thus observation of water as now practiced may, and sometimes does, result in destruction of crops. Where these crops are fruit trees requiring years to bring to maturity, the situation becomes serious.
Infancy is not a quiescent period of testicular development.

Postnatal evolution of the testis in most laboratory animals is characterized by the close continuity between neonatal activation and pubertal development. In higher primates, infancy, a long period of variable duration, separates birth from the beginning of puberty. This period has been classically considered as a quiescent phase of testicular development, but is actually characterized by intense, yet inapparent activity. Testicular volume increases vigorously shortly after birth and in early infancy due to the growth in length of seminiferous cords. This longitudinal growth results from active proliferation of infantile Sertoli cells which otherwise display a unique array of functional capabilities (oestrogen and anti-mullerian hormone secretion, increase of FSH receptors and maximal response to FSH). Leydig cells also show recrudescence after birth, possibly determined by an active gonadotrophic-testicular axis which results in increased testosterone secretion of uncertain functional role. This postnatal activation slowly subsides during late infancy when periodic phases of activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis are paralleled by incomplete spermatogenic spurts. The beginning of puberty is marked by the simultaneous reawakening of Leydig cell function and succeeding phases of germ cell differentiation/degeneration which ultimately lead to final spermatogenic maturation. The marked testicular growth in this stage is due to progressive increase at seminiferous tubule diameter. Sertoli cells, which have reached mitotic arrest, develop and differentiate, establishing the seminiferous tubule barrier, fluid secretion and lumen formation, and acquiring cyclic morphological and metabolic variations characteristic of the mature stage. All of these modifications indicate that, far from being quiescent, the testis in primates experiences numerous changes during infancy, and that the potential for pubertal development and normal adult fertility depends on the successful completion of these changes.
Warm Core Vortex Amplification over Land

Abstract A convectively generated mesoscale vortex that was instrumental in initiating and organizing five successive mesoscale convective systems over a period of three days is documented. Two of these convective systems were especially intense and resulted in widespread heavy rain with localized flooding. Based upon radar and satellite data, the detectable size of the vortex became much larger following the strong convective developments, nearly tripling its initial diameter over its three-day life cycle. During nighttime, when convection typically intensified within the vortex, movement of the system tended to slow. Following dissipation of the convection in the morning, the daytime movement accelerated. Cross sections of potential vorticity taken through the vortex center clearly show a maximum at midlevels and a well-defined minimum directly above. The vortex and the potential vorticity maximum were essentially colocated and the system was nearly axisymmetric in the vertical. Over the three-day life ...
Efficient method for expressing transgenes in nonhuman primate embryos using a stable episomal vector

Transgenesis in the nonhuman primate can enhance the study of human biology by providing animal models for the study of primate-specific physiology, pathophysiology, and embryonic development. Progress with this technology has been hindered by the inherent inefficiency of transgenesis, transgene silencing, and practical restrictions on the production of sufficient pronuclear stage nonhuman primate zygotes. We have developed a novel technique using an Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-based episomal vector to produce rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) embryos expressing a transgene. Plasmid DNA containing the latent origin of replication, oriP, and Epstein Barr Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) of EBV, as well as a CMV IE-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression cassette, was introduced into rhesus embryos by direct pronuclear microinjection. We detected eGFP in early cleavage stage embryos (4-8 cell) and throughout the duration of culture (day 8-9 blastocysts) by epifluorescent microscopy. A 50% transduction rate was obtained with the EBV-based vector. Microinjected embryos expressed eGFP and retained their developmental capacity as evidenced by development to the blastocyst stage. EBV-based vectors present a novel and efficient means of delivering transgenes for the study of the molecular control of primate embryonic development.
Pulmonary petechiae: ventilatory-circulatory interactions.

Summary: Pulmonary petechial hemorrhages are typically observed in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), but their cause has not been determined. Some data suggest that SIDS infants die with an obstructed airway. Inspiratory efforts against the closed airway can decrease the efficiency of the cardiac pump by increasing the afterload on the left ventricle and/or by decreasing left ventricular compliance. If these effects are augmented by hypoxia-induced decreases in cardiac contractility as occlusion is maintained, the resultant failure of the left ventricle could produce a large increase in end-diastolic pressure. Increases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure will then increase pressures in the pulmonary circuit, where rupture of small blood vessels gives rise to petechial hemorrhages. To evaluate this postulated mechanism of petechiae formation, lightly anesthetized adult rabbits were sacrificed using three 1-min end-expiratory airway occlusions plus a fourth occlusion maintained until death; systemic arterial, intratracheal, and pulmonary wedge pressures (the latter approximating left atrial pressure) were measured during inspiratory efforts and expiratory intervals. Those animals showing minimal evidence of left heart failure, as evidenced by a relatively small difference between wedge and intratracheal pressures during obstructed breathing, showed few pulmonary petechiae. When the above pressure difference was large (greater than 25 mmHg during inspiratory efforts and greater than 10 mmHg during expiratory intervals) numerous pulmonary petechiae (usually n > 40) could be observed. Progressive increases in pulmonary wedge pressure and bradycardia during occlusion suggested that direct and/or reflex hypoxic depression of the myocardium contributed to the observed effects. The occlusions produced little change in systemic arterial pressure. These results are consistent with the possibility that mechanical interactions between the heart and lung pumps, along with hypoxia-induced decreases in cardiac contractility accompanying airway obstruction, account for intrathoracic petechiae in SIDS.
The Challenge of Causal Inference in Gene-Environment Interaction Research: Leveraging Research Designs From the Social Sciences.

The integration of genetics and the social sciences will lead to a more complex understanding of the articulation between social and biological processes, although the empirical difficulties inherent in this integration are large.One key challenge is the implications of moving “outside the lab” and away from the experimental tools available for research with model organisms. Social science research methods used to examine human behavior in nonexperimental, real-world settings to date have not been fully taken advantage of during this disciplinary integration, especially in the form of gene–environment interaction research.This article outlines and provides examples of several prominent research designs that should be used in gene–environment research and highlights a key benefit to geneticists of working with social scientists.
Stacking and electric field effects in atomically thin layers of GaN

Atomically thin layers of nitrides are a subject of interest due to their novel applications. In this paper, we focus on GaN multilayers, investigating their stability and the effects of stacking and electric fields on their electronic properties in the framework of density functional theory. Both bilayers and trilayers prefer a planar configuration rather than a buckled bulk-like configuration. The application of an external perpendicular electric field induces distinct stacking-dependent features in the electronic properties of nitride multilayers: the band gap of a monolayer does not change whereas that of a trilayer is significantly reduced. Such a stacking-dependent tunability of the band gap in the presence of an applied field suggests that multilayer GaN is a good candidate material for next generation devices at the nanoscale.
Submitral left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after mitral valve replacement: early diagnosis and successful repair

Late left ventricle (LV) rupture with pseudoaneurysm after mitral valve replacement is rare. We report its early diagnosis by advanced technologies, e.g. MRI and successful repair of a type I AV rupture through left atrial approach.
Dissociation of rabbit red blood cell cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase I by protamine

Abstract When protamine is used as the protein substrate for the rabbit red blood cell cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase I, no dependency on cyclic AMP is observed. It appears that protamine is capable of interacting with the regulatory subunit of kinase I, leading to the dissociation of the regulatory subunit from the catalytic subunit. This releases the catalytic moiety for enzymic activity. The results suggest an alternative mechanism by which protein kinase I may be activated by protein-protein interaction without the participation of the cyclic nucleotide.
G-proteins in rat blood vessels--II. Assessment of functional involvement.

Abstract 1. 1. In this study, we compared G-protein-mediated contractile responses of rat aorta and mesenteric artery rings induced by the α-adrenoceptor agonist, norepinephrine (NE) and by the direct G-protein activator, sodium fluoride, using various probes. 2. 2. Activator of the stimulatory G-protein (G s ), cholera toxin (CT), attenuated the sensitivity and maximum contractile response of both aorta and mesenteric artery to NE and sodium fluoride. The effect of the toxin on the NE-sensitivity was greater in mesenteric artery. 3. 3. Pretreatment of tissues with the inhibitor of G i -protein, pertussis toxin (PT), reduced the sensitivity as well as maximum contraction of both the aorta and mesenteric artery to sodium fluoride, and of the mesenteric artery to NE. PT attenuated only the sensitivity but not the maximum contraction of the aorta to NE. The inhibitory effect of PT on sensitivity to NE or sodium fluoride was greater in the aorta. 4. 4. NE and sodium fluoride-induced contractions were reduced by the sulfhydryl G-protein inhibitor, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in both blood vessels. NEM produced greater inhibitory effect on the sensitivity of the aorta to both contractile agents. 5. 5. These data demonstrate that CT, PT and NEM-sensitive G-proteins are involved in NE- and sodium fluoride-induced contractile responses of the rat aorta and mesenteric artery. The differential effects of the G-protein probes indicate that certain variations in G-protein-mediated contractile responses exist among the two blood vessels, suggesting that G-protein involvement in functional responses may vary with the type of blood vessel investigated.
The role of D2-like dopamine receptors in the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine in mice.

Rationale: Previous studies indicate antagonism of cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity by dopamine D2-like receptor antagonists, but only at doses of the antagonists that by themselves attenuate locomotor activity, raising questions of the specificity of the interaction and whether it might be due solely to a summation of opposing effects. Objectives: The interactions of cocaine and several D2-like dopamine antagonists and non-dopamine "physiological antagonists" were compared across a full range of doses in order to fully characterize the interaction and assess the specificity of the effects of dopamine antagonists and cocaine. Methods: Swiss-Webster mice were treated with either vehicle, a D2-like antagonist (haloperidol, spiperone, raclopride, spiperone, (+) or (–) eticlopride), or a "physiological" antagonist (chlordiazepoxide, clonidine, or R(–) N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine) and cocaine (5–80 mg/kg) prior to a 30-min locomotor activity test. Results: All test drugs decreased locomotor activity when given alone. All test drugs attenuated cocaine-induced locomotion and decreased peak responding to cocaine. In general, the D2-like antagonists also decreased maximal responding to cocaine and decreased the slope of the ascending limb of the cocaine dose–effect curve, effects not obtained with physiological antagonists. Conclusions: Blockade of D2-like receptors resulted in an interaction with cocaine that was fundamentally different from that produced through non-dopaminergic mechanisms and appears to be more than a summation of opposing effects. The present data suggest that D2-like receptors are involved in the mechanisms underlying the induction of locomotor activity by cocaine.
Quantitation of Amikacin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, and Tobramycin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Using the Hantzsch Reaction

A spectrophotometric assay method for the quantitative determination of amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tobramycin in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. The method is based on the Hantzsch reaction, forming dihydrolutidine derivatives which can be measured spectrophotometrically. The excipients EDTA, phenol, sodium bisulfite, and sodium citrate do not interfere, while salts of ammonia do interfere. The relative standard deviations based on seven readings were 1.64, 1.88, 2.10, and 1.93% for amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tobramycin, respectively. Assay results have been compared with microbiological assay results provided by the manufacturers. The assay method appears to be stability indicating.
Improved growth media and culture techniques for genetic analysis and assessment of biomass utilization by Caldicellulosiruptor bescii

Methods for efficient growth and manipulation of relatively uncharacterized bacteria facilitate their study and are essential for genetic manipulation. We report new growth media and culture techniques for Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, the most thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium known. A low osmolarity defined growth medium (LOD) was developed that avoids problems associated with precipitates that form in previously reported media allowing the monitoring of culture density by optical density at 680 nm (OD680) and more efficient DNA transformation by electroporation. This is a defined minimal medium and does not support growth when a carbon source is omitted, making it suitable for selection of nutritional markers as well as the study of biomass utilization by C. bescii. A low osmolarity complex growth medium (LOC) was developed that dramatically improves growth and culture viability during storage, making it a better medium for routine growth and passaging of C. bescii. Both media contain significantly lower solute concentration than previously published media, allowing for flexibility in developing more specialized media types while avoiding the issues of growth inhibition and cell lysis due to osmotic stress. Plating on LOD medium solidified by agar results in ~1,000-fold greater plating efficiency than previously reported and allows the isolation of discrete colonies. These new media represent a significant advance for both genetic manipulation and the study of biomass utilization in C. bescii, and may be applied broadly across the Caldicellulosiruptor genus.