cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of zinc on the viability and phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages.

SummaryPeritoneal macrophages ioslated from mice treated for four days with low doses of zinc showed higher viability when exposed to the toxic effect of silica particles (1 μ). By pretreatment with high doses of zinc, the cytotoxic effect of silica was increased. The protective effect of low doses of zinc was not found to be related to the interaction of zinc with silica particles and is thought to lie within the cell.Some functions of macrophages, screened by determination of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus albus and rate of phagocytosis, were inhibited in mice treated with both low as well as high doses of zinc.The concentration of zinc in macrophages, and also in platelets and lymphocytes, increased by a factor of 5-10 when the cells were incubated in medium containing zinc. Zinc accumulation in these cells was pH dependent, but was not pH dependent in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction.
Social Services and Societal Fragility

During recent decades, social policies in the developing world have undergone significant changes. Education and health care promotion and reforms, expansion of social protection and other social-service investments have taken prominent place on the agendas of domestic policymakers and international development agencies—all becoming important areas to apply principles of conflict sensitivity.
Liposome size and charge optimization for intraarterial delivery to gliomas.

Nanoparticles such as liposomes may be used as drug delivery vehicles for brain tumor therapy. Particle geometry and electrostatic properties have been hypothesized to be important determinants of effective tumor targeting after intraarterial injection. In this study, we investigate the combined roles of liposome size and surface charge on the effectiveness of delivery to gliomas after intraarterial injection. Intracarotid injection of liposomes was performed in separate cohorts of both healthy and C6 glioma-bearing Sprague Dawley rats after induction of transient cerebral hypoperfusion. Large (200 nm) and small (60–80 nm) fluorescent dye-loaded liposomes that were either cationic or neutral in surface charge were utilized. Delivery effectiveness was quantitatively measured both with real-time, in vivo and postmortem diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Semi-quantitative multispectral fluorescence imaging was also utilized to assess the pattern and extent of liposome targeting within tumors. Large cationic liposomes demonstrated the most effective hemispheric and glioma targeting of all the liposomes tested. Selective large cationic liposome retention at the site of glioma growth was observed. The liposome deposition pattern within tumors after intraarterial injection was variable with both core penetration and peripheral deposition observed in specific tumors. This study provides evidence that liposome size and charge are important determinants of effective brain and glioma targeting after intraarterial injection. Our results support the future development of 200-nm cationic liposomal formulations of candidate intraarterial anti-glioma agents for further pre-clinical testing.
Doe reproduction and preweaning litter performance of straightbred and crossbred rabbits.

Reproductive characters (N = 430 matings) of four doe genetic groups and preweaning performance of litters (N = 280) were evaluated in a 15-mo study. Doe genetic groups were New Zealand White (NN) and Californian (CC) straightbreds and Californian X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) crossbreds. Does and litters were provided either a commercial control or a 74% alfalfa pelleted diet. Sires of litters included NN, CC and Flemish Giant (FG) straightbred bucks. The linear and quadratic regression on age of dam affected (P less than .01) litter birth weight. The NN does were heavier than CC does at first breeding at 154 d and produced heavier litters at birth and weaning (all P less than .01). Percentage survival of kits from birth to weaning and doe and preweaning litter feed intake and efficiency were greater from NN than CC does (all P less than .01). Numbers born and reared/litter to weaning at 28 d were likewise greater for NN vs CC straightbred does. Heterosis estimated from comparing litters of reciprocal crossbred vs straightbred does was significant for number born, litter birth and weaning weights and doe and preweaning litter feed intake. Reciprocal crossbred differences were observed (P less than .05) for doe breeding weight, number born and weaned per litter, litter birth and weaning weights and doe and preweaning litter feed intake, favoring CN does reared by NN straightbred dams over NC does. Diet, in consistent favor of the 74% alfalfa diet, significantly affected all traits studied with the exception of doe longevity, doe fertility percentage, and doe and litter feed efficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Growth and Heat Resistance of Salmonella enteritidis in Refrigerated and Abused Eggs.

The effect of storage temperature on the growth and heat resistance of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in eggs artificially inoculated with 20 CFU per egg has been investigated. SE organisms grew to a stationary phase (1 × 109 CFU/ml of egg) within 2-3 d after storing the eggs at room temperature (23°C), while minimal or no growth occurred in similarly inoculated eggs that were refrigerated at 4°C. None of the common methods of egg cooking was found totally effective in eliminating SE organisms in massively contaminated eggs. SE organisms survived in significantly higher proportions of the eggs that were stored at 23°C than in refrigerated eggs after cooking by different methods (P < 0.05). Higher rates of Salmonella survival after cooking were detected in the eggs that were stored at room temperature for 5 d or longer than in eggs stored for shorter time (P < 0.05). Data from this study indicated: i) storage abuse of eggs can be a major factor in increasing the prevalence of eggborne SE infections by increasing the infectious load and heat resistance of the SE organisms in the contaminated eggs, and ii) that breaking and pooling of eggs immediately before cooking can minimize the substantial multiplication of SE organisms from slightly contaminated eggs. Refrigeration, therefore, can be a significant barrier against SE infections through its growth inhibitory and heat resistance-reducing effects on the SE organisms in contaminated shell eggs as well as in large volumes of liquid eggs intended for pasteurization.
Angiomyolipoma: Clinical Metamorphosis and Concepts for Management

AbstractIn 10 years the diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma was made in 44 patients (female-to-male ratio 8:1) at our institution; 4 cases were associated with tuberous sclerosis. Of these patients 29 underwent surgical exploration because of a renal mass; 11 patients with renal masses that were consistent with angiomyolipoma radiologically have not undergone exploration. Of the 4 patients with and the 29 patients without tuberous sclerosis 1 (25 per cent) and 2 (7 per cent), respectively, had renal cell cancer in association with angiomyolipoma. Metachronous involvement of the contralateral kidney has not been noted in any of our patients who underwent nephrectomy for unilateral involvement, nor has there been progression of the contralateral lesion in 3 patients with bilateral disease without tuberous sclerosis during a followup of about 6 years. Furthermore, we have not noted progression of lesions in the 11 patients under observation for a mean followup of almost 3 years. We recommend elective explorati...
‘And then they left’: Challenges to child protection systems strengthening in South Sudan

International child protection work has undergone a paradigm shift, moving from addressing issues such as trafficked children, street children and child labour separately to a more integrated systems approach. As a young nation still marked by conflict, South Sudan offers insight into how the interplay between a fragile national child protection system in a conflict-affected country and the efforts of international humanitarian actors can promote or undermine systems strengthening. From June to August 2012, 52 semi-structured key informant interviews with international-, national- and community-level actors were completed. Eight community-level focus group discussions were also conducted separately with men, women, boys and girls. Interview guides were designed to explore participant perceptions of child protection system functioning. Data were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Four dimensions emerged as crucial pillars for child protection systems strengthening: coordination, capacity, funding and community inclusion. These factors were found to have taken root in unequal measure. Respondents at all systemic levels indicated that child protection systems strengthening efforts operated largely in isolation from the quotidian realities of children, families and communities. The humanitarian apparatus — marked by short-term funding and accountability to the international community — will require significant reform to situate humanitarian efforts in a systems strengthening framework. If the objective is to strengthen national child protection systems, emergency response activities must better align with household- and community-level efforts to protect children.
When Bad Things Happen to the Endorsers of Good Products

We investigate how a firm's financial performance (as measured by stock returns) is influenced when celebrity endorsers become involved in undesirable events, i.e., events that have a deleterious effect on the spokespersons. We find that the stock market reaction to these events is negatively related to spokesperson blameworthiness. The lower (higher) the culpability, the higher (lower) the stock return. Interestingly, it is only those firms associated with spokespersons having high culpability that tend to experience losses in stock market value. In contrast, we find that events rated at or below the mean level of blameworthiness are associated with positive stock market returns.
The World Wide Web as Linguistic Corpus

Increasingly, corpus linguists have begun using the World Wide Web as a corpus for conducting linguistic analyses. The Web, however, is really a very different kind of corpus: we do not know, for instance, precisely how large it is or what kinds of texts are on it. In this chapter, we evaluate the Web as a linguistic corpus, providing estimates of its size and composition. In addition, we conduct a series of sample analyses of the Web, demonstrating that while commonly available search engines have definite limitations, they can in a matter of seconds retrieve extremely large volumes of data that are very relevant to a corpus analysis, and also provide frequency information that may not be entirely accurate but suggestive of how frequently particular words and grammatical constructions occur.
The Sino-Soviet Alliance: An International History

The alliance described by Austin Jersild in The Sino–Soviet Alliance was no ordinary alliance. Defined by its members in terms of ‘proletarian internationalism’ and ‘friendship of peoples’, it was ...
Vitamin D metabolite quantitation by LC-MS/MS

Rickets as a pathological entity has been known since the archaic times but the first scientific description of rickets dates back to the late 1600s. It was not until the early 1920s that findings demonstrating that rickets could be cured with “accessory’’ food nutrients or by exposing affected children to ultraviolet (UV) light were published. These groups of accessory food nutrients also shown at that time, to cure scurvy by feeding fresh vegetables to sea-faring sailors were termed as vital amines or vitamins by Casimir Funk. McCollum and Edward Mellanby classified vitamins into water or fat soluble compounds and showed that cod liver oil contained the antirachitic compound that could cure experimental dogs made to acquire rickets by restricting sunlight exposure. This fat-soluble antirachitic substance, shown to be different than vitamin A by McCollum, was named as vitamin D. Orr in 1923 demonstrated that vitamin D stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium, whereas Shipley and Holtrop’s work in 1926 showed that bone mineralization is promoted by an increased plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations directly regulated by vitamin D. The findings that vitamin D has to be metabolically activated to exert its calcemic effects and that it also plays a rather counter-intuitive role on calcium resorption from bone in presence of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were established during 1950–70. In the decades that followed the scientific literature witnessed an exponential growth in the understanding of vitamin D biochemistry along with the advent of advanced quantitative tools including radio immunoassays (RIAs), which helped isolate and quantitate vitamin D and its metabolites with high degree of accuracy.
“Everything was mute and calm; everything grey;” Benito Cereno, White Authority and #BlacklivesMatter

This paper examines how Herman Melville’s Benito Cereno presents the focalized perspectives of white authority figures in order to deconstruct different forms of racism, even from authority figures who exhibit sympathy for black slaves. I argue that Benito Cereno ’s message resonates with the current efforts of activists to bring attention to the ways in which authority figures translate the activities of black citizens. America is increasingly debating the biases among our authority figures, specifically those involved in law enforcement. For instance, recent attention to law enforcement discrimination towards black Americans has spawned the group #BlackLivesMatter, which fights for justice in such cases. Benito Cereno is riddled with translations that create crises for the characters and readers forced to interpret ambiguous signals that serve to reveal their prejudiced perspectives. I suggest that the text, especially in its deposition section, undermines the authority of law enforcement narratives by subtly revealing the cultural biases that sometimes guide them.
Influence of euthanasia method on blood and gill variables in normoxic and hypoxic Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis

In many experiments, euthanasia, or humane killing, of animals is necessary. Some methods of euthanasia cause death through cessation of respiratory or cardiovascular systems, causing oxygen levels of blood and tissues to drop. For experiments where the goal is to measure the effects of environmental low oxygen (hypoxia), the choice of euthanasia technique, therefore, may confound the results. This study examined the effects of four euthanasia methods commonly used in fish biology (overdose of MS-222, overdose of clove oil, rapid cooling and blunt trauma to the head) on variables known to be altered during hypoxia (haematocrit, plasma cortisol, blood lactate and blood glucose) or reflecting gill damage (trypan blue exclusion) and energetic status (ATP, ADP and ATP:ADP) in Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis after 24 h exposure to well-aerated conditions (normoxia, 7·93 mg O2 l-1 , c. 150 mm Hg or c. 20 kPa) or reduced oxygen levels (0·86 mg O2 l-1 , c. 17 mm Hg or c. 2·2 kPa). Regardless of oxygen treatment, fish euthanized by an overdose of MS-222 had higher haematocrit and lower gill ATP:ADP than fish euthanized by other methods. The effects of 24 h hypoxic exposure on these and other variables, however, were equivalent among methods of euthanasia (i.e. there were no significant interactions between euthanasia method and oxygen treatment). The choice of an appropriate euthanasia method, therefore, will depend upon the magnitude of the treatment effects (e.g. hypoxia) relative to potential artefacts caused by euthanasia on the variables of interest.
Simplified Tolerancing of Alignment Errors in Dynamic Freeform Optical Systems

We discuss and demonstrate approaches for analyzing and quantifying the sensitivity of dynamic freeform optical systems to positioning errors, and the resulting impacts on optical performance. Imaging and non-imaging examples are considered.
Modeling, analysis and simulations of MERS outbreak in Saudi Arabia

This work describes a continuous differential equations model for the dynamics of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and provides its computer simulations. It is a continuation of our previous paper Al-Asuoad et al. (Biomath, 2016) and it extends the simulations results provided there, which were restricted to the city of Riyadh, to the whole of Saudi Arabia. In addition, it updates the results for the city of Riyadh itself. Using an optimization procedure, the system coefficients were obtained from published data, and the model allows for the prediction of possible scenarios for the transmission and spread of the disease in the near future. This, in turn, allows for the application of possible disease control measures. The model is found to be very sensitive to the daily effective contact parameter, and the presented simulations indicate that the system is very close to the bifurcation of the stability of the Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) and appearance of the Endemic Equilibrium (EE), which indicates that the disease will not decay substantially in the near future. Finally, we establish the stability of the DFE using only the stability number $\mathcal{R}_c$, which simplifies and improves one of the main theoretical results in our previous paper.
The Battered Woman: Is She Ready for Help?:

Professionals must consider the issues of the woman's degree of learned helplessness, her system of causal attribution, and her locus of control in assessing a battered woman's psychological readin...
Other Verb Classes, Other Issues, and Conclusions

Our conclusions in Chapters 5 and 6 about Clausal Fusion and the Prohibition Against Double Fusion led us to reanalyze the Conceptual Structures, Argument Structures, and linking patterns of a number of verb classes. But not all of the verb classes that we have discussed require a reanalysis; as we will show in Sections 1 and 2, below, many of our original linking analyses can stand. In Section 3, we tie up a loose end from Chapter 1, our proposal to streamline CS by reducing the number of CS primitives: a) subsuming go under a form of be, namely become (our term for Jackendoff’s inch oative be), and b) replacing path with place. After reviewing our original arguments, we present additional evidence for these modifications. In Section 4, our final section, we step back to review the progress we have made.
From the Sky to the Fundamental Physics

We discuss the relation between string theory/supergravity and the observational data in cosmology, as well as at LHC, past and future. We pay particular attention to the possibility of the future detection of primordial gravitational waves and how this might affect our understanding of fundamental physics.
Rapid Multisite Remote Surface Dosimetry for Total Skin Electron Therapy: Scintillator Target Imaging.

Purpose The goal of this work is to produce a surface-dosimetry method capable of accurately and remotely measuring skin dose for patients undergoing total skin electron therapy (TSET) without the need for postexposure dosimeter processing. A rapid and wireless surface-dosimetry system was developed to improve clinical workflow. Scintillator-surface dosimetry was conducted on patients undergoing TSET by imaging scintillator targets with an intensified camera during TSET delivery. Methods and Materials Disc-shaped scintillator targets were attached to the skin surface of patients undergoing TSET and imaged with an intensified, time-gated, and linear accelerator–synchronized camera. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) were placed directly adjacent to scintillators at several dosimetry sites to serve as an absolute dose reference. Real-time image-processing methods were used to produce background-subtracted intensity maps of Cherenkov and scintillation emission. Rapid conversion of scintillator-light output to dose was achieved by using a custom fitting algorithm and calibration factor. Surface doses measured by scintillators were compared with those from OSLDs. Results Absolute surface-dose measurements for 99 dosimetry sites were evaluated. According to paired OSLD estimates, scintillator dosimeters were able to report dose with Conclusions Scintillators were able to report dose within
Temporal trends in opioid prescribing for common general surgical procedures in the opioid crisis era.

Abstract Background Recent data has demonstrated that postoperative patients are at risk of chronic opioid abuse. It is unknown whether surgeon postoperative opioid prescribing changed as the opioid crisis entered its peak. Methods The Institutional Data Warehouse was queried to identify patients who underwent three common elective ambulatory procedures between 2014 and 2018 (n = 3495), including: laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (IHR), and open IHR. The main outcome of interest was opioid pills prescribed, converted to an equianalgesic pill number (1 pill = 5 mg oxycodone). Results Postoperative opioid prescribing was stable from 2014 to 2016 then decreased significantly in 2017 and 2018 (p Conclusions Reductions in postoperative pills prescribed over time as the opioid crisis worsened suggests that surgeons may be considering the potential for opioid abuse and diversion. Persistently high median number of pills prescribed and continued variation in number of pills prescribed suggests room for further improvement.
Impact of reactive gastrostomy tube placement on clinical course of oropharynx cancer patients treated with chemoradiation.

e17540Background: Prophylactic percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PEG) insertion reduces toxicity from chemoradiation to the head and neck but is thought to increase long term feeding tube dependence. ...
Testing the Intervention of OER Renewable Assignments in a College Course

The purpose of this study was to explore students and instructor perceptions of the concept of renewable assignments in the open educational resources (OER) movement. Mixed methods were used, with a combination of a survey and semi-structured interview, administered at George Mason University in the United States. Eleven graduate students enrolled in the Instructional Design and Technology program in the course Advanced Instructional Design were invited to complete an online survey. A face-to-face interview was conducted with the instructor of the course. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to examine the results of the study. The data analysis found that only a small number of students were knowledgeable about OER, but the majority of participants indicated that they were very satisfied with the concept of renewable assignments. The findings suggest further investigation of the pedagogical models that tend to support student-generated OER.
Welcome Back? Job Performance and Turnover of Boomerang Employees Compared to Internal and External Hires:

“Boomerang” employees are workers who leave an organization and are later rehired by that same organization. Although many organizations rehire former employees, only a handful of studies have exam...
Effect of Different Methods of Reperfusion on Short-Term Outcomes in Patients with Acute Inferior S-T Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Associated with Ischemic Mitral Regurge

Background: Follow-up of patients with inferior STEMI having acute significant mitral regurgitation to assess the effect of mitral regurgitation and the type of reperfusion therapy whether thrombolytic therapy or PCI on the prognosis of these patients Patients and methods: This is a prospective, observational, non-controlled study included two hundred and forty patients with inferior STEMI admitted at National Heart Institute from august 2016 to August 2018. The patients were classified into 2 groups according to presence or absence of mitral regurgitation, 120 patients in each group. Group A (ischemic MR) was further subdivided into 2 subgroups, 60 patients who underwent primary PCI and 60 patients who received thrombolytic therapy. Results: Patients presenting with inferior STEMI and having ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) had more, in hospital, complications regarding life threatening arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock and mortality. On three months follow-up these patients had more incidence of developing congestive heart failure and low ejection fraction. On analyzing the data of each subgroup, the patients who had IMR and received thrombolytic therapy had more sever mitral regurgitation, more in-hospital complications and more incidence of congestive heart failure than those patients who had IMR but underwent primary PCI. Conclusion: Patients with inferior STEMI and having IMR are at more risk for developing in hospital complications and have higher incidence to develop congestive heart failure. However, in these patients those who underwent primary PCI have much better prognosis than those who received thrombolytic therapy.
Structural and rheological aging in model attraction-driven glasses by Rheo-SANS

Aging in a model colloidal suspension comprised of particles with a thermoreversible attraction is studied using Rheo-SANS techniques in the attractive-driven glass state. Multiple thermal pathways lead to a common rheological and microstructural aging trajectory, as was observed previously for a thermoreversible gel. SANS measurements of the colloidal glass microstructure as a function of temperature and time during various quench protocols are quantitatively characterized in terms of an effective interaction strength that becomes an order parameter defining the microstructural state of the glass. Using previously validated concepts of a fictive temperature, a semi-empirical, quantitative relationship similar to an Avrami relationship is established between the mechanical aging (elastic modulus) and microstructural aging (order parameter) that is independent of thermal history for the thermal profiles studied herein at long times. Furthermore, shear rejuvenation is studied, and while shear may only partially reduce the degree of structure in the glass, aging upon flow cessation is found to follow a common trajectory when viewed in terms of the microstructural order parameter.
Reviving the Gilley Board: Measuring the Index of Refraction of Water

Apparatus catalogues of the first half of the 20th century contain a number of clever and simple devices for measuring the index of refraction of a liquid. In some cases students can put together one of these pieces of apparatus and then make their own measurements. The Gilley board was one of the devices that caught my eye, and I would like to recall it for the use of modern teachers of introductory physics.
ENABLING REUSABILITY OF A SPACECRAFT DESIGN TOOLSET VIA MBSE

As technology advances, so does the complexity of engineering projects. Systems en- gineering has evolved with these technological advances as a means of coping with this complexity. Traditionally, systems engineers use separate documents to track all project in- formation. This trend continues today, as projects are becoming more complex than before and the traditional document based approach is now seen as time consuming and error prone. Model based Systems engineering (MBSE) is a systems engineering approach that seeks to incorporate all project information into a single source of truth that can be thought of as a model. However, there are several challenges that face widespread MBSE adoption, includ- ing data transfer incompatibilities between MBSE and engineering discipline models. These incompatibilities are a major focus of this thesis. One goal of this thesis is to demonstrate the addition of a translation framework between MBSE and the Modeling Architectures and Parameterization for Spacecraft (MAPS) environment. The translation framework takes information read from System Modeling Language (SysML) diagrams and converts it into a representation suitable for the MAPS environment. Adding a translation framework en- ables more rapid analysis of different architectures and allows more users to interact with the MAPS environment. This thesis also seeks a method by which to evaluate MBSE and systems engineering tools. A qualitative framework is created based on rigor in systems en- gineering. The rigor evaluation framework specifically targets weaknesses commonly found in MBSE to enable users to find better directions for these tools. The effectiveness of the translation framework is shown via a demonstration case. Additionally, the rigor evalua- tion framework is applied to the translation framework. This application results in several recommendations for improvements and demonstrates the evaluation framework’s ability to find and address problem areas in MBSE tools.
Not Afraid to Blame: The Neglected Role of Blame Attribution in Medical Consumerism and Some Implications for Health Policy

A crucial aspect of medical consumerism has been overlooked in past research and policymaking: how consumers decide whom to "blame" for bad outcomes. This study explores how, in a system increasingly dominated by managed care, these attributions affect consumers' attitudes and behavior. Using data from the experiences of people with serious mental illness, hypotheses are tested regarding the origins and consequences of blaming for medical consumerism. Blame was allocated to health plans in a manner similar, but not identical, to the way in which blame was allocated to health care professionals. Both allocations are shaped by enrollment in managed care, with blame allocation affecting consumers' subsequent willingness to talk about adverse events. Policy implications include the need for more finely tuned grievance procedures and better consumer education about managed care practices.
Rape Exceptionalism Returns to California: Institutionalizing a Credibility Discount for College Students Reporting Sexual Misconduct

Recent litigation filed by students disciplined for student conduct code violations involving sexual misconduct persuaded some federal and state courts to reconsider student rights in college disciplinary adjudications. Although most of the litigation was unsuccessful, the few, but significant, victories have been hailed as evidence that Title IX forced colleges to overcorrect their responses to campus sexual assault by abandoning procedural fairness for respondents. This framing of the issue is misleading and contributes to problematic outcomes. Rather than apply settled law to address procedural errors in individual cases, a few courts created new, unprecedented procedural rights for college students accused of sexual misconduct. Embedded within the discussion of why students facing college discipline for sexual misconduct need procedural protections not afforded to students facing other kinds of student misconduct is “rape exceptionalism”—the insidious myth that students reporting sexual assault are more likely to lie than students reporting other kinds of misconduct. By creating new procedural rights for student respondents in sexual misconduct cases to cross-examine complainants and witnesses in a live hearing setting in order to test credibility, courts are effectively ordering colleges to institutionalize processes that discount the credibility of students reporting sexual assault. They are forcing colleges to signal to their students that victims of sexual assault are less trustworthy and therefore must submit themselves to credibility testing in an adversarial This Article focuses on a 2019 California appellate opinion that required most public and private colleges in the state to rewrite their procedures for campus sexual misconduct adjudications. It shifts the focus from the discussion about the individual rights of student respondents to the implications of this abrupt change in state law for California student victims of sexual assault. This Article further considers the potential impact of this case on a college’s ability to respond to campus sexual assault.
Factors associated with wrong blood in tube errors: An international case series - The BEST collaborative study.

Background A wrong blood in tube (WBIT) error signifies a blood sample that does not match the patient identified on the sample label. WBIT errors can result in ABO mistransfusions. Study design and methods In this international, multicenter, descriptive study, healthcare facilities provided detailed information on WBIT errors occurring from 1/1/2019 to 12/31/2020. Factors contributing to WBIT errors were classified as protocol violations, knowledge gaps, and slips/lapses. Results 331 WBIT errors were compiled from 36 centers in 11 countries. WBIT errors were most frequently detected through pretransfusion sample testing (191, 58%), with 38 (20%) detected by a second ("check") sample. WBIT errors were divided almost evenly between intended patient drawn/wrong label applied (166, 50%) and wrong patient drawn/intended label applied (158, 48%). Information on contributing factors was available for 260 WBIT errors; most involved a combination of protocol violations and slips/lapses (139, 53%). The most frequent contributing factor was another patient's sample labels or tubes being available during phlebotomy (61%). Protocol violations were more likely to result in wrong patient being drawn (p = .0007). In 43 WBIT errors, electronic positive patient identification (ePPID) was not used when available or was used incorrectly. Conclusions Protocol violations and slips/lapses frequently contribute to WBIT errors. Sample collection processes should be designed to minimize error opportunities; staff should be educated on why protocol compliance is critical for patient safety. Using ePPID does not eliminate all WBIT errors. Institutions using ePPID may elect to require check sample verification as an added safety measure.
The Caltech Tomography Database and Automatic Processing Pipeline

Here we describe the Caltech Tomography Database and automatic image processing pipeline, designed to process, store, display, and distribute electron tomographic data including tilt-series, sample information, data collection parameters, 3D reconstructions, correlated light microscope images, snapshots, segmentations, movies, and other associated files. Tilt-series are typically uploaded automatically during collection to a user’s “Inbox” and processed automatically, but can also be entered and processed in batches via scripts or file-by-file through an internet interface. As with the video website YouTube, each tilt-series is represented on the browsing page with a link to the full record, a thumbnail image and a video icon that delivers a movie of the tomogram in a pop-out window. Annotation tools allow users to add notes and snapshots. The database is fully searchable, and sets of tilt-series can be selected and re-processed, edited, or downloaded to a personal workstation. The results of further processing and snapshots of key results can be recorded in the database, automatically linked to the appropriate tilt-series. While the database is password-protected for local browsing and searching, datasets can be made public and individual files can be shared with collaborators over the Internet. Together these tools facilitate high-throughput tomography work by both individuals and groups.
The Implied Obligation of Good Faith in Contract Law: Is it Time to Write its Obituary?

The concept of good faith has existed for thousands of years in Western civilization. Indeed, it has been asserted that the concept is “one of the bases of our civilized society.” The ancient Greeks recognized something similar to the notion of bona fides as “a universal social norm governing the relationships of its citizens.” For their part, the Romans converted the notion into a basis for legal action; Roman jurists incorporated the notion into the essence of “a number of legal rules defining the obligations in . . . normal commercial transactions . . . .” The notion played an especially important role in the enforcement of informal consensual contracts in classical Roman law. The concept has also found its way into American commercial law. A majority of our jurisdictions recognize the concept as a matter of case law. Likewise, the American Law Institute included the doctrine in the Restatement (Second) of Contracts. The concept has a prominent role in the Uniform Commercial Code. Fifty of the 400 Code provisions expressly mention good faith. Article 2 of the Code, devoted to sales, includes 13 sections explicitly using good faith standards. The Code’s general good faith provision, § 1-304, announces: “Every contract or duty within the Uniform Commercial Code imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance and enforcement.” Moreover, if one can take the broad language in some of the judicial opinions at face value, the obligation has meaningful substantive content; many opinions contain sweeping language to the effect that the obligation precludes a contracting party from taking any action that would destroy or impair the other party’s contractual rights or benefits. If anything, the obligation appears to be growing stronger. As originally adopted in 1952, the Code’s general definition of good faith required only “honesty in fact.” However, in 2003 that definition was amended to mandate “the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing” as well as honesty in fact. However, the thesis of this short article is that the Code’s endorsement of good faith has not had the desired effect. The first part of the article describes the Code’s initial adoption of good faith standards and the early, high hopes raised by that adoption. The second part details the controversy over good faith that arose shortly after the Code’s adoption. This part reviews the debate that ensued over the meaning of “good faith” in contract enforcement. The third part surveys the modern case law on good faith. This part demonstrates that although there is a split of authority over the approach to good faith under the Code, the majority of jurisdictions have embraced a cautious, restrictive interpretation of “good faith.” The fourth part explores the most plausible explanations for the courts’ unwillingness to expansively construe good faith. The final part discusses the implications for transactional attorneys and counsel litigating cases under the Code.
A heterogeneous modeling method for porous media flows

Summary This paper presents a new heterogeneous multiscale modeling method for porous media flows. Physics at the global level is governed by one set of PDEs, while features in the solution that are beyond the resolution capacity of the global model are accounted for by the next refined set of governing equations. In this method, the global or coarse model is given by the Darcy equation, while the local or refined model is given by the Darcy–Stokes equation. Concurrent domain decomposition where global and local models are applied to adjacent subdomains, as well as overlapping domain decomposition where global and local models coexist on overlapping domains, is considered. An interface operator is developed for the case where global and local models commute along the common interface. For the overlapping decomposition, a residual-based coupling technique is developed that consistently facilitates bottom-up embedding of scale effects from the local Darcy–Stokes model into the global Darcy model. Numerical results are presented for nonoverlapping and overlapping domain decompositions for various benchmark problems. Computed results show that the hierarchically coupled models accurately account for the heterogeneity of the medium and efficiently incorporate local features into the global response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manometric and radiographic verification of esophageal body decompensation for patients with achalasia.

Abstract Background: Although morphologic, radiographic, and manometric features of achalasia have been well defined, it has not been established by careful retrospective analysis whether achalasia is a progressive disorder resulting in complete decompensation. Study Design: To verify the hypothesis that achalasia is a progressive disease, we retrospectively investigated manometric, radiographic, and symptomatic data in patients with achalasia. Sixty-three patients (36 women and 27 men) with a median age of 44 years (range 11 to 79 years) were evaluated. The duration of symptoms ranged from 1 to 442 months, with a median of 48 months. Patients were divided into four groups according to the duration of symptoms: 36 patients with less than 5 years, 11 with 5 to 10 years, 9 with 10 to 15 years, and 7 with 15 years or more. Results: Contraction pressures of the esophageal body decreased significantly at every level when the duration of symptoms increased (p Conclusions: Achalasia is a progressive disease, as verified by manometric and radiographic findings. The classification of esophageal motor function expressed by amplitude of contraction pressure and angle of tortuosity is objective and useful. Classification of achalasia by duration of symptoms may be important in treatment selection and effectiveness.
Some topics in the magnetohydrodynamics of accreting magnetic compact objects

Magnetic compact objects (neutron stars or white dwarfs) are currently thought to be present in many accreting systems that are releasing large amounts of energy. The magnetic field of the compact star may interact strongly with the accretion flow and play an essential role in the physics of these systems. Some magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problems that are likely to be relevant in building up self-consistent models of the interaction between the accreting plasma and the star's magnetosphere are addressed in this series of lectures. The basic principles of MHD are first introduced and some important MHD mechanisms (Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities; reconnection) are discussed, with particular reference to their role in allowing the infalling matter to penetrate the magnetosphere and mix with the field. The structure of a force-free magnetosphere and the possibility of quasistatic momentum and energy transfer between regions linked by field-aligned currents are then studied in some detail. Finally, the structure of axisymmetric accretion flows onto magnetic compact objects is considered.
Towards Conceptual Query Answering

With the increase in the volume and complexity of databases, we need much more sophisticated query-processing schemes in databases to satisfy the needs of truly intelligent user-machine interfaces required by new generation database applications. In this paper, we introduce a. partially witornaled method for conceptual query answering which is a inechanisin to answer queries specified with general and abstract terms rather than primitive data stored in databases. Conceptual query answering consists of two phases: preprocessing and execution. In the preprocessing phase, we discover useful and interesting abstract terms by building a set of concept hierarchies constructed by generalization of primitive data stored in a database into appropriate higher level concepts. Then, we construct an abs~racted database by generalizing and preprocessing primitive data in frequently referenced relations. Specifically, we find frequent conjuncts of the attributes which have meaningful correlations and replace the values of those attributes with the abstract terms defined in their concept hierarchies or results of aggregation functions on the values. In the execution phase, we receive a user's conceptual query and process the query with the concept hierarchies and the abstracted database. The contribution of this paper is that we develop a framework for processing conceptual queries. In addtion, we suggest strategies to reduce the computational complexity of the conceptual query answer generation process.
Erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, and lean body mass in adult men and women.

Erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, hematocrit, lean body mass (from total body water), skinfold thickness (at three sites), arm circumference, height, and weight were measured in 40 normal males, 38 normal females, and 12 obese females. From these data on the normal subjects, equations for estimating erythrocyte and plasma volumes were derived. Equations utilizing combined height-weight, surface area, height-weight-skinfold thickness, or lean body mass were found to be the most accurate for predicting erythrocyte and plasma volumes in normal and in obese subjects. The body:venous hematocrit ratio (BH:VH) and the variability of this ratio in our subjects were determined and discussed. Errors in indirect estimates of blood volumes based on this ratio are presented. Erythrocyte and plasma volume standards based on height-weight regression equations or surface area ratio equation are suggested for use in clinical laboratories. Tables and a nomogram based on these equations have been prepared and are available on request.
A Review of “Eating Together: Food, Friendship, and Inequality”

Food studies has been too often thought of as the arcane province of academic foodies, voyeuristic devotees of ethnic dishes, picayune gastronomic history, and fannish lovers of community cookbooks...
Bioavailability of low-dose oral etoposide.

PURPOSETo determine the bioavailability of oral etoposide capsules administered at doses of 100 mg and 400 mg.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe bioavailability of oral etoposide was determined by measuring the area under the etoposide plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) following intravenous (IV) etoposide administration and comparing that value to the AUC achieved following an oral dose administered 1 day later to the same patient. The bioavailability of a 100-mg oral dose of etoposide was measured on 16 occasions in 11 patients. The bioavailability of a 400-mg dose was determined on 12 occasions in six patients.RESULTSThe mean (+/- SD) bioavailability following a 100-mg dose of oral etoposide was 76% +/- 22%, which was significantly greater (P < .01) than the mean bioavailability of 48% +/- 18% following a 400-mg oral dose. The coefficient of variation in oral etoposide bioavailability was significant: 29% with a 100-mg oral dose and 37% with a 400-mg dose.CONCLUSIONBioavailability of a 100-mg oral etopo...
Beyond Consumption: Social Relationships, Material Culture, and Identity

Research on the relationship between the merchant elite, material culture, and identity has focused on consumption and purchase of goods, especially of newly available luxury goods. Some archaeological work attaches the very nature of modern individuality to consumption of the mass-produced items available after the 1760s. This chapter explores the identity of the patriarch of a rural merchant family in eighteenth-century Massachusetts, Eleazer Tyng, employing an approach that deemphasizes consumption and begins to consider historically contingent notions of individuality as part of a holistic study of identity encompassing status, ethnicity, and gender. Material culture was integral to the ways in which Tyng enacted and reshaped his identity and his affiliation with social groups and cultural ideals, but he made very selective use of new consumer goods. By examining incongruities or disjunctures in the material record, Tyng’s personal choices that position him in relationship to the debates and ideals of his day become evident. Tyng was aware of the revolution in consumer goods for the social rituals of drinking and dining that took place during his lifetime, but seems to have chosen not to participate in them at his own home, despite his construction of a fashionable Georgian mansion. Rather, both the construction of his grand house and his self-presentation through clothing and portraiture point to continual reshaping of himself in his later years. Concepts of gentility, pre-Revolutionary debates over manliness and politics, culturally specific notions of old age and retirement, and his rural residence all influenced Tyng. The uneven or “scrappy” (Buchli, 1999) archaeological and documentary records do not detract from understanding Tyng as an individual; instead, they force us to acknowledge the multiple influences to which individuals in the past were subject and to grapple with this complexity.