cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term results of intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer.

SUMMARY Intravesical chemotherapy will cause complete regression of existing papillary tumor in one third to one half of patients. Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that chemotherapy reduces the short-term incidence of tumor recurrence by 15% to 18%, but by 5 years, the number of patients suffering tumor recurrence is equal to that in patients treated with surgery alone. Tumor progression cannot occur in the absence of tumor recurrence, but existing studies of intravesical chemotherapy have failed to demonstrate significant reduction in disease progression or mortality rate with treatment. Immunotherapy has the advantage of a mechanism of action different from that of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Immunotherapy with BCG has resulted in complete tumor regression in one half or more of treated patients with papillary tumors and in more than 70% of those with CIS. Controlled studies similarly demonstrate a significant reduction in tumor recurrence, and protection from tumor recurrence has been observed to persist for 5 years or more. At the present time, data remain limited, but three controlled studies have found statistically significant reductions in the rate of disease progression, and one has found a significant reduction in the mortality rate, with BCG immunotherapy. These observations provide convincing evidence that immunotherapy is the treatment of choice for patients with aggressive superficial tumors and suggest that the development of immunotherapeutic alternatives to BCG is likely to be rewarding.
Urogenital Sinus Abnormalities in the Female Patient

Three patients with a urogenital sinus and 1 with a cloaca presented with complex diagnostic and therapeutic anomalies. A classification of these and other vaginal anomalies is based on the theory that they all represent an arrest in normal embryological development. Six categories are described, including vaginal agenesis, urogenital sinus, vaginal atresia, vaginal septa, vaginal stenosis and cloaca.
Neurochemical effects of DDT in rat brain in vivo.

p,p’-DDT and related agents act to hold the sodium channel open once opened and this effect is believed to be responsible for neurological effects of tremor and hyperexcitability in vivo. There is a good correlation between DDT-induced tremor and an increase in the levels of the metabolites of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5HT) and, to a lesser extent, dopamine (DA) in the brain stem (BS), hypothalamus (HYP), striatum (STR), or hippo-campus (HPC). DDT also increases levels of excitatory amino acids glutamate (GLU) and aspartate (ASP), but the effect occurs only in the brain stem. These effects are dose- and time-related. Pharmacological studies found that blockade of α1-adrenergic receptors attenuate DDT-induced tremor, while blockade of serotonergic, cholinergic muscarinic, and dopaminergic receptors augment the toxicity of DDT. Tremor was almost completely blocked in rats pretreated with hydantoin, an anticonvulsant believed to block repetitive firing of nerves by interfering with the inactivation gate of the sodium channel. A similar antagonism was observed for permethrin, a Type I pyrethroid believed to have a mechanism of action very similar to that of DDT. However, hydantoin increased the tremorigenic effects of chlordecone, an organochlorine whose mechanism has not been linked to the sodium channel. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the in vivo neurotoxicity of some organochlorine insecticides is related to their effects on the sodium channel.
Impact of bariatric surgery on breast cancer disease burden in the obese breast cancer survivor.

e13072Background: Excess body weight has been associated with worsening breast cancer (BC) survival. While bariatric surgery (BS) has been associated with less incident BC, it is unclear the role B...
Analysis of sonar clutter using backscattered spatial correlation

Sonar clutter events are one of the primary limitations of long-range active sonar systems within the littoral environment. For this reason, research towards understanding their acoustic return characteristics and ultimately their mitigation are of high importance. This paper discusses measurements and modeling of the backscattered horizontal correlation function from clutter events and comparison with returns from the littoral environment. A statistical model for returns from boundaries, as well as general expectations of returns from common clutter sources will be discussed. The horizontal correlation function is estimated via sub-aperture beamforming of the Five Octave Research Array (FORA), a towed line array system owned and operated by Penn State and funded by the Office of Naval Research. [Work supported by Office of Naval Research.]Sonar clutter events are one of the primary limitations of long-range active sonar systems within the littoral environment. For this reason, research towards understanding their acoustic return characteristics and ultimately their mitigation are of high importance. This paper discusses measurements and modeling of the backscattered horizontal correlation function from clutter events and comparison with returns from the littoral environment. A statistical model for returns from boundaries, as well as general expectations of returns from common clutter sources will be discussed. The horizontal correlation function is estimated via sub-aperture beamforming of the Five Octave Research Array (FORA), a towed line array system owned and operated by Penn State and funded by the Office of Naval Research. [Work supported by Office of Naval Research.]
A keeper of many crypts: the parasitoidEuderus setmanipulates the behavior of a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species

Abstract Parasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their host’s behavior, the complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasite’s host range. The recently described crypt-keeper wasp, Euderus set, changes the behavior of the gall wasp Bassettia pallida such that B. pallida chews an incomplete exit hole in the side of its larval chamber and “plugs” that hole with its head. E. set benefits from this head plug, as it facilitates the escape of the parasitoid from the crypt after it completes development. Here, we ask whether this behavioral manipulator is limited to Bassettia hosts. We find that E. set attacks and manipulates the behavior of at least six additional gall wasp species, and that these hosts are taxonomically diverse. Interestingly, each of E. set’s hosts has converged upon similarities in their extended phenotypes: the galls they induce on oaks share characters that may make them vulnerable to attack by E. set. Behavioral manipulation in this parasitoid system may be less important to its host range than other dimensions of the host-parasitoid interaction, like the host’s physical defenses.
A Conformational Anastomotic Device for Heart Transplantation

Purpose Automated donor to recipient anastomosis has the potential to reduce procedural & ischemic times . A major impediment to automated anastomosis is creating the hemostatic end to end anastomosis without luminal compromise. We present our design of a conformational felt sandwich anastomotic device. Methods An adjustable anastomotic platform with a calibrated railing system (diameter: 10-100mm) was designed and tested in-vitro with a biomimetic heart phantom. Felt-incorporated two circular platforms, anvil and staple cartridge respectively, can be circumferentially tightened and released. Staples are deployed in an interlocking triangular pattern for hemostasis . Results A one cm cuff is created for both donor and recipient heart structure to be anastomosed. A modular anvil with incorporated conformational felt was then clasped around the structure to be anastomosed and the wall was everted on to the anvil and engaged in the spikes (Figure). The positional pins were then engaged, with a clockwise movement accurate apposition was achieved. The handle was depressed to discharge a specially arranged staple to achieve a hemostatic seal. The automated anastomosis obtains a hemostatic seal with a conformational felt on the outside of the vessel wall (Figure). The system also works well with bovine pericardium . Conclusion An automated donor to recipient anastomosis can improve the operational ease and reduce procedural/ischemic times while obtaining reproducible results.
Microsequencing of Myosins for PCR Primer Design

1.1. Background Their large size and their relative resistance to proteolytic cleavage (1) make myosins particularly difficult substrates for the acquisition of their peptide sequences by standard protocols. For this reason, instead of identifying myosins first according to their biochemical activity and then obtaining their sequences, PCR and other DNA-based techniques exploiting the highly conserved sequences in the amino end, the “head” domain, have been used to find new myosins (2–5). However, such identification of myosins by sequence leaves open the question of their function. If peptide sequence could be obtained from myosin proteins whose biochemical behavior was known, then the gap between function and sequence could be bridged. We describe here a method that enabled us to acquire peptide sequences of semi-purified myosins (6).
Pragmatic Rigor: Principles and Criteria for Conducting and Evaluating Executive Scholarship

Executive scholarship is a novel and promising avenue for addressing the gap between academic research and practice. To advance the objective of publishing the findings of executive scholarship, we propose the concept of pragmatic rigor. Pragmatic rigor consists of principles and criteria for conducting and evaluating research with respect to its practical value. Pragmatic rigor includes criteria for evaluation, so that research may be judged on pragmatic merits, in addition to scientific criteria. We propose four principles of pragmatic rigor, along with associated criteria for evaluation: relevance, actionability, comprehensibility, and ethical reasoning. The principles suggest a range of variation for pragmatic rigor rather than a critical threshold. The criteria may be incorporated into journal review processes to ensure that studies considered for publication meet standards for both scientific and pragmatic rigor.
Shadow enhancers can suppress input transcription factor noise through distinct regulatory logic.

In all higher organisms, life begins with a single cell. During the early stages of development, this single cell grows and divides multiple times to develop into the many different kinds of cells that make up an organism. This is a highly regulated process during which cells receive instructions telling them what kind of cell to become. These instructions are relayed via genes, and a particular combination of activated genes determines the cell’s fate. Specific pieces of DNA, known as enhancers, act as switches that control when and where genes are active, while so-called shadow enhancers are found in groups and work together to turn on the same gene in a similar way. Shadow enhancers are often active during the early stages of life to direct the formation of specialized cells in different parts of the body. But so far, it has been unclear why it is beneficial to the divide the role of activating genes across several shadow enhancers rather than a single one. Here, Waymack et al. examined shadow enhancers around a gene called Kruppel in embryos of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Manipulating the shadow enhancers showed that they help to make gene activity more resistant to changes. Factors such as fluctuations in temperature have different effects on each shadow enhancer. Having several shadow enhancers working together ensures that, whatever happens, the right genes still get activated. For genes like Kruppel, which are key for healthy development, the ability to withstand unexpected changes is a valuable evolutionary benefit. The study of Waymack et al. reveals why shadow enhancers are involved in the regulation of many genes, which may help to better understand developmental defects. Many conditions caused by such defects are influenced by both genetics and the environment. Genetic illnesses can vary in severity, which may be related to the roles of shadow enhancers. As such, studying shadow enhancers could lead to new approaches for treating genetic diseases.
Assessing tree ring δ15N of four temperate deciduous species as an indicator of N availability using independent long-term records at the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV.

Nitrogen deposition in the northeastern US changed N availability in the latter part of the twentieth century, with potential legacy effects. However, long-term N cycle measurements are scarce. N isotopes in tree rings have been used as an indicator of N availability through time, but there is little verification of whether species differ in the strength of this signal. Using long-term records at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, we examined the relationship between soil conditions, including net nitrification rates, and wood δ15N in 2014, and tested the strength of correlation between tree ring δ15N of four species and stream water NO3− loss from 1971 to 2000. Higher soil NO3− was weakly associated with higher wood δ15N across species, and higher soil net nitrification rates were associated with higher δ15N for Quercus rubra only. The δ15N of Liriodendron tulipifera and Q. rubra, but neither Fagus grandifolia nor Prunus serotina, was correlated with stream water NO3−. L. tulipifera tree ring δ15N had a stronger association with stream water NO3− than Q. rubra. Overall, we found only limited evidence of a relationship between soil N cycling and tree ring δ15N, with a strong correlation between the wood δ15N and NO3− leaching loss through time for one of four species. Tree species differ in their ability to preserve legacies of N cycling in tree ring δ15N, and given the weak relationships between contemporary wood δ15N and soil N cycle measurements, caution is warranted when using wood δ15N to infer changes in the N cycle.
¿Somos distintos o estamos locos? Los dobles vínculos del fútbol y la identidad en Bilbao

Athletic Bilbao has a unique player recruitment policy, allowing only Basque-born players or those developed at the youth academies of Basque clubs to play for the team, a policy that rejects the internationalism of contemporary globalised sport. Despite this, the club has never been relegated from the top division of Spanish football. In 2007, however, Athletic came one game away from descending to second division, which sent the fan community into an impasse of identification. Its proud exceptionalism, the philosophy that made the club a "unique case in the world" now appeared to be in conflict with first division performance, and the identity of the city was at stake. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this paper approaches collective identity as a Catch-22 type double bind as theorized by Bateson: an impasse that reveals not just the pleasure, but also the intense suffering identity produces in Basque soccer and society.
Circulating SHBG (Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin) and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: Findings From the WHI.

Background and Purpose— Circulating levels of SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) have been inversely linked to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and other cardiometabolic disorders. It remains uncertain...
Extreme Nonreciprocal Near-Field Thermal Radiation via Floquet Photonics

By using Floquet driving protocols and interlacing them with a judicious reservoir emission engineering, we achieve extreme nonreciprocal thermal radiation. We show that the latter is rooted in an interplay between a direct radiation process occurring due to temperature bias between two thermal baths and the modulation process that is responsible for pumped radiation heat. Our theoretical results are confirmed via time-domain simulations with photonic and rf circuits.
Quality Competition at the Competitive Margin in US Residential Broadband Markets

This paper investigates the effects of local market structure on residential broadband service quality. Using data from multiple sources, we build a rich panel data set covering all broadband services available, by ISP, technology and maximum advertised download speed for each of approximately six million populated U.S. census blocks between December 2014 and December 2017. In contrast with the previous literature, we utilize highly disaggregated data, control for evolving government subsidies to underserved census blocks, employ individual provider quality measures rather than market-level indexes, and relax strong statistical and economic assumptions maintained in prior work. We estimate causal effects by constructing a novel set of plausibly exogenous instruments exploiting spatial technological variation among incumbent and entrant broadband ISPs. These allow us to identify the effects of entry of new ISPs on service quality for residential customers in spatially disaggregated local markets. Preliminary results suggest that these effects can be substantial, and that intramodal competition (across broadband service technologies) is a primary competitive margin driving improvements in maximum U.S. residential broadband speeds. We find that entry or exit by wireline competitors in census blocks containing only incumbent wireline competitors has essentially no impact on maximum download speeds offered by wireline ISPs. By contrast, entry or exit by wireless competitors in census blocks containing other wireless incumbents is associated with large changes in maximum download speeds offered by wireline ISPs.
Exploring an anomaly: the synthesis of 7,7′-diazaindirubin through a 7-azaindoxyl intermediate

Two independent methods generating 7-azaindoxyl as an intermediate verify that 7,7′-diazaindirubin is formed exclusively over 7,7′-diazaindigo. This contrasts with long-standing knowledge related to the reactivity of indoxyl, which proceeds via a radical-initiated homodimerization process, leading to indigo. A series of experiments confirms 7-azaindoxyl as an intermediate with results suggesting a condensation pathway followed by oxidation.
Contemporary Chinese Diasporas: edited by M. Zhou, Springer, Singapore, 2017, 435 pp., $109, ISBN-13: 978-981-10-5595-9

Chinese diasporas refer to the overseas Chinese population including foreign-born migrants (temporary and permanent) and native-born individuals with Chinese ancestry (Zhou, 2017). In the edited bo...
Purging black solider fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens ) compromises their nutritive value as a feedstuff

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) is rapidly becoming a new sustainable ingredient. Currently, there is no information on purging BSFL and consequently their nutritional profile. In the first part of this study, the BSFL urea/ammonia content along with proximate, fatty acid and amino acids were examined when food was withdrawn at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h. After 3 h, urea content linearly increased until 24 h, while ammonia also increased linearly, but then decreased by 24 h. Total amino acids and total fatty acids gradually decreased and increased over time, respectively. At 3 and 6 h, butyric and acetic acid significantly decreased, respectively. In a follow-up separate study, providing coconut fibers mitigated the ammonia/urea increases within 48 h. Results indicate that the nutritional profile of BSFL reduces over time and thus should be processed immediately. Further research should explore the possibility of nutrient loading prior to harvest and more effective ways for purging BSFL.
Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Severe or Fulminant Clostridioides difficile.

Severe and fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has proved to be a highly effective treatment for recurrent CDI, its efficacy in severe or fulminant CDI remains uncertain. To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis evaluating clinical outcomes and safety of FMT in severe and fulminant CDI. A systemic review with meta-analysis was performed through comprehensive search of Embase, Medline (Ovid), trial registers, and conference abstracts through January 2020. Studies on FMT in severe and fulminant CDI were included. Meta-analysis was done with random effects models given heterogeneity to estimate rates of cure, mortality, and colectomy. Publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test. Sixteen studies comprised of one randomized controlled trial, four cohort studies, and eleven case series were analyzed. In total, 676 patients underwent FMT for severe or fulminant CDI. The overall rate of clinical cure after single FMT was 61.3% (95% CI 43.2–78.0%) with 10.9% (95% CI 0.2–30.2%) of patients experiencing major adverse events. The overall pooled colectomy rate after FMT was 8.2% (95% CI 0.1–23.7%) with a pooled all-cause mortality rate after FMT of 15.6% (95% CI 7.8–25.0%). Low-quality data support the use of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with severe and fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection.
Optimizing anaerobic co-digestion of goat manure and cotton gin trash using biochemical methane potential (BMP) test and mathematical modeling

Anaerobic co-digestion is widely adopted to enhance process efficacy by balancing the C/N ratio of the feedstock while converting organic wastes to biomethane. Goat manure (GM) and cotton gin trash (CGT) were anaerobically co-digested in triplicate batch bioreactors. The process was optimized and evaluated utilizing mathematical equations. The liquid fraction of the digestate was analyzed for nitrate and phosphate. The co-digestions with 10 and 20% CGT having the C/N ratios of 17.7 and 19.8 yielded the highest and statistically similar 261.4 ± 4.8 and 262.6 ± 4.2 mL/gvs biomethane, respectively. The biodegradability (BD) of GM and CGT was 94.5 ± 2.7 and 37.6 ± 0.8%, respectively. The BD decreased proportionally with an increase in CGT percentage. The co-digestion having 10% CGT yielded 80–90% of biomethane in 26–39 d. The modified Gompertz model-predicted and experimental biomethane values were similar. The highest synergistic effect index of 15.6 ± 4.7% was observed in GM/CGT; 30:70 co-digestion. The concentration of nitrate and phosphate was lower in the liquid fraction of digestate than the feedstocks, indicating that these nutrients stay in the solid fraction. The results provide important insights in agro-waste management, further studies determining the effects of effluent application on plants need to be conducted.
Late Vistulian and Holocene inland dunes in the central part of the former GDR - an overiew of post-war research

The inland dunes of the young moraine area (=area formerly covered by the Weichselian ice cap) of the former GDR, south of the Pomeranian terminal moraine, have never been the subject of an overall treatment, that means, a review of existing publications is missing. In this article a review of literature from 1945 onwards is presented, with emphasis on the dating of the inland dunes due to a lack of knowledge on this subject. Most authors accept a periglacial genesis of the majority of the inland dunes ("Altdunen"). During the Holocene a transformation of a part of those Late Glacial continental dunes took place ("Jungdunen mit Altdunenkern"), and also new forms developed ("Jungdunen"). The grain-size distribution, forms and geographical distribution of the inland dunes in the study area are relatively well described by Seeler (1962), Noack (1965) and others. The inland dunes were mainly formed by westerly winds. They can reach heights from 15 up to 25 m.
OP27.02: Biochemical maternal serum markers alone and in combination predict extremes of Doppler abnormality (AREDV)

Objectives: Maternal serum markers and Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery are independent assessments of placental function. Our goal was to evaluate a relationship between maternal serum biochemical markers and extreme Doppler abnormalities of the umbilical artery-absent or reversed end diastolic velocity (AREDV). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 68 patients with AREDV at 18–39 wks who had 1st (1T) and/or 2nd (2T) trimester trisomy screening along with 3700 controls who had 1T and 2T screening. The optimal combination of markers using continuous log MoM values was determined using stepwise logistic regression. Screening performance was evaluated based on modeling of log Gaussian Distributions. Results: Median MoMs in the AREDV group were: free beta hCG (1T)-1.07, PAPP-A-0.52, AFP-1.27, free beta hCG (2T)-1.45, unconjugated estriol (UE3)-0.74 and inhibin-2.15. Except for free beta hCG (FBhCG)-1T, all were significantly different from controls (P 95th percentile. A combination of PAPP-A, inhibin, AFP and UE3 log MoMs significantly predicted risk. Table 1 shows screening performance. Conclusions: Early knowledge of pregnancies that go on to have AREDV may have significant clinical implications. Our data indicate that a combination of maternal serum markers identifies up to 75% of these pregnancies. Such an approach may provide a more precise risk assessment for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, IUGR and stillbirth.
Cervical cancer after initial negative and atypical vaginal cytology.

Abstract Increasing concern has been expressed over the likelihood of the failure of vaginal cytology to detect existent cervical cancer. A review of 39,343 women, cytologically screened over a 6 year interval suggests that true false negative cytology is an infrequent occurrence if adequate cellular samples are interpreted by competent cytologists. Cervical carcinoma, however, may be frequently suspected initially by the atypical smear and may primarily reflect coexistent dysplasia. After the initial screening examination, a significantly greater number of carcinomas will be detected through atypical smears. Invasive cervical cancer probably does not invariably follow a predictable period of dysplasia and in situ carcinoma; if such changes do precede the invasive lesion, the transition phase may be remarkably accelerated.
The Art of Suicide: Notes on Foucault and Warhol*

Andy Warhol, the ultimate copycat, is famously remembered for claiming in 1963: “I want to be a machine.” What is often forgotten, however, is that Warhol adopted the techniques of photo-silkscreening days after Marilyn Monroe committed suicide in August 1962. I argue that by copying and multiplying a publicity photo of Monroe taken for her 1953 film Niagara, Warhol spaces-out the supposed “interiority” of suicide by linking it metonymically with Niagara Falls, a top suicide destination in America. Similarly, Michel Foucault, in the inaugural issue of Gai Pied, the first French magazine for homosexuals, publishes a justification of suicide as a kind of impersonal technique, entitled “The Simplest of Pleasures” (1979). In this paper, I investigate the relationship between these two techniques—or arts—of suicide, and the way both Warhol and Foucault attempt to (dis)place the author(ity) of “suicide” as a supposedly “personal,” “intentional” act.
Genes Involved in Sister Chromatid Separation and Segregation in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Accurate chromosome segregation requires the precise coordination of events during the cell cycle. Replicated sister chromatids are held together while they are properly attached to and aligned by the mitotic spindle at metaphase. At anaphase, the links between sisters must be promptly dissolved to allow the mitotic spindle to rapidly separate them to opposite poles. To isolate genes involved in chromosome behavior during mitosis, we microscopically screened a temperature-sensitive collection of budding yeast mutants that contain a GFP-marked chromosome. Nine LOC (loss of cohesion) complementation groups that do not segregate sister chromatids at anaphase were identified. We cloned the corresponding genes and performed secondary tests to determine their function in chromosome behavior. We determined that three LOC genes, PDS1, ESP1, and YCS4, are required for sister chromatid separation and three other LOC genes, CSE4, IPL1, and SMT3, are required for chromosome segregation. We isolated alleles of two genes involved in splicing, PRP16 and PRP19, which impair alpha-tubulin synthesis thus preventing spindle assembly, as well as an allele of CDC7 that is defective in DNA replication. We also report an initial characterization of phenotypes associated with the SMT3/SUMO gene and the isolation of WSS1, a high-copy smt3 suppressor.
Optimal redshift weighting for baryon acoustic oscillations

Author(s): Zhu, F; Padmanabhan, N; White, M | Abstract: Future baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) surveys will survey very large volumes, covering wide ranges in redshift. We derive a set of redshift weights to compress the information in the redshift direction to a small number of modes. We suggest that such a compression preserves almost all of the signal for most cosmologies, while giving high signal-to-noise measurements for each combination. We present some toy models and simple worked examples. As an intermediate step, we give a precise meaning to the 'effective redshift' of a BAO measurement.
Appetitive feeding behavior of Aplysia: behavioral and neural analysis of directed head turning

The appetitive phase of feeding behavior in Aplysia consists of a behavioral sequence in which the quiescent animal starts to locomote and then assumes a characteristic feeding posture. In this position, head-turning responses can be elicited by a localized food stimulus (seaweed) delivered to the lips or tentacles. In response to brief (open loop) stimulation with seaweed, the animal turns toward the stimulus but greatly overshoots the target. However, the angular velocity and the final turning angle are a function of the eccentricity of the stimulus, progressively increasing with greater eccentricities. In a food-aroused animal, a brief tactile stimulus evokes turning and biting responses similar to those triggered by seaweed, which provides both tactile and chemical stimulation. Upon repeated tactile stimulation, however, the response magnitude decrements rapidly, whereas the magnitude remains high when turning responses are repeatedly elicited by food stimuli. A purely chemical stimulus sometimes can elicit a turning response, but chemical stimuli alone are much less efficacious than tactile stimuli alone. When the stimulus is maintained in a stationary position (closed loop), the animal turns until its mouth is oriented over the food. A turning response to a lateral stimulus can be reduced by an immediately following medial stimulus. To explain the above findings, we propose a form of response substitution, in which the response to the first, lateral stimulus is substituted by a weaker response to a more medial stimulus. No turning response is evoked when the animal is stimulated while performing spontaneous or evoked bites, though biting per se does not interrupt ongoing turning movements. In animals with lesions of the cerebral-buccal connectives, a food stimulus on the mouth is also followed by a reduction of the capacity of stimuli to elicit turning responses. In these lesioned animals, the food stimulus appears to elicit a bite command, though the biting behavior itself does not occur. Thus, it appears that the bite-related gating of stimuli is of cerebral origin, rather than due to the generation of the buccal motor program. The force necessary to power the turning movements was calculated from the trajectories of the movements. The results indicate that a power phase during the first half of the duration of the total movement is sufficient to generate a turn. The power phase can be followed by a brief gliding phase, and finally the movement appears to be actively terminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Occurrence of Crohn’s disease in children after total colectomy for ulcerative colitis

Background Colectomy is the definitive treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC) to remove the inflammatory burden. Crohn’s disease, however, can affect any portion of the bowel with a propensity to involve the terminal ileum. In some patients with fulminant colitis, distinction between the two is imperfect. Manifestations of Crohn’s after colectomy can be devastating because the ileum is needed for restoration of continuity. There is currently little information in the pediatric literature addressing this concern. Therefore, we reviewed all of our patients who underwent colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease to evaluate the risk of subsequent Crohn’s manifestations and to document the outcomes. Methods A two-center retrospective review of children who underwent colectomy for IBD from January 2000 to July 2010 was performed. Demographic, diagnostic, management, and outcome variables were recorded. Results We identified 70 patients who underwent colectomy for UC. The mean age at diagnosis was 12 y ± 7 y, and 59% were female. Clinical diagnosis prior to colectomy was UC in 90%, and indeterminate colitis in 10%. There was discordance between clinical and pathologic diagnosis in five patients, two patients were clinically diagnosed with UC but had an indeterminate biopsy, and three patients were clinically diagnosed as indeterminate colitis with a biopsy confirming UC. Indications for colectomy were refractory bleeding in 63%, failure of medical treatment in 28%, toxic megacolon in 6%, and perforation in 3%. A restorative pouch was created after colectomy in 46% using a two-stage approach while, 53% were managed with an initial colectomy and three3-stage approach. In one patient, Crohn’s was intraoperatively diagnosed from the operative colectomy specimen. This patient had a clinical diagnosis of UC with concordant biopsy prior to surgery. After total abdominal colectomy, 68 patients went on to ileal pouch anal anastomosis by either a two-stage or three-stage approach. In these patients, nine (13%) had a change in their diagnosis to Crohn’s after reconstruction. Crohn’s complications requiring an operation consisted of two patients with anastomotic dilations, four patients with fistulotomies, and one patient with perianal abscess drainage procedures. Conclusions In the children studied, 13% had a diagnostic change to Crohn’s disease, and 13% were diagnosed with Crohn’s after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). In patients with IPAA and Crohn’s, there were more operative interventions for perianal disease.
Dynamic modelling and simulation of a room with hot water baseboard heater

A dynamic model of a room with a hot water baseboard heater is developed. In the modelling methodology used, a typical finned-tube baseboard heater with its cover was divided into several control volumes. The mass, energy balance and momentum equations were formulated and solved for each control volume. The dynamic model was used to study the effect of important design and operating parameters on the heat output rate of the baseboard heater. Simulation runs showing the dynamic responses of airflow rates, air temperature from the heater, and hot water temperature are presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jung, art and psychotherapy re-conceptualized by the symbol that joins us to the wildness of the universe

Despite the impact of the publication of Jung's own (literally) monumental work of rendering images in The Red Book (2009), the relation of art, artists, art psychotherapy and Jungian studies is puzzling and complex. As Tjeu van den Berk's excellent Jung on Art (2012) demonstrates, Jung by no means posited a comfortable continuum between his psychology and aesthetics. Even artists impressed by his notions of the inherently creative unconscious imagination do not share the priorities of Jungian-oriented art psychotherapists. In exploring this problem of Jungian psychology and the aesthetic domain, I take issue with some of van den Berk's conclusions, proposing instead that in his core concept of the ‘symbol’ Jung constructs a theory of the imagination that overcomes disciplinary, mythic and individual boundaries: rather, it is an idea of radical re-visioning of psyche as expressed in time and space. By dismantling the notion of psyche as bound to an individual person, I suggest the symbol transforms the di...
Pch2 Acts through Xrs2 and Tel1/ATM to Modulate Interhomolog Bias and Checkpoint Function during Meiosis

Proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis requires the formation and repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) to form crossovers. Repair is biased toward using the homolog as a substrate rather than the sister chromatid. Pch2 is a conserved member of the AAA+-ATPase family of proteins and is implicated in a wide range of meiosis-specific processes including the recombination checkpoint, maturation of the chromosome axis, crossover control, and synapsis. We demonstrate a role for Pch2 in promoting and regulating interhomolog bias and the meiotic recombination checkpoint in response to unprocessed DSBs through the activation of axial proteins Hop1 and Mek1 in budding yeast. We show that Pch2 physically interacts with the putative BRCT repeats in the N-terminal region of Xrs2, a member of the MRX complex that acts at sites of unprocessed DSBs. Pch2, Xrs2, and the ATM ortholog Tel1 function in the same pathway leading to the phosphorylation of Hop1, independent of Rad17 and the ATR ortholog Mec1, which respond to the presence of single-stranded DNA. An N-terminal deletion of Xrs2 recapitulates the pch2Δ phenotypes for signaling unresected breaks. We propose that interaction with Xrs2 may enable Pch2 to remodel chromosome structure adjacent to the site of a DSB and thereby promote accessibility of Hop1 to the Tel1 kinase. In addition, Xrs2, like Pch2, is required for checkpoint-mediated delay conferred by the failure to synapse chromosomes.
Abstract 923: Association ofTGF-β1genetic variants with HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose: Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in inflammation and immune responses, which control the HPV clearance and escape of immune surveillance, and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to HPV16 infection. Experimental Design: In this case series study, we analyzed the HPV16 status in tumor specimens and genotyped three TGF-β1 polymorphisms using genomic DNA from blood of 200 squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP). We calculated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in univariate and multivariable logistic regression models to examine the association between the TGF-β1 polymorphisms and HPV16 status in SCCOP. Results: Compared with those with the common homozygous genotype, the TGF-β1 T869C variant genotypes were significantly associated with HPV16-positive tumor status among patients with SCCOP (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.03 − 3.76) but no significant association was observed for the TGF-β1 C509T or G915C polymorphism. However, when all variant genotypes were combined, SCCOP patients carrying genotypes with any of these TGF-β1 variant were more than twice as likely to have an HPV16-positive tumor (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.16-4.50) as patients with no variant genotypes. When stratified by demographic and clinical characteristics, those under 54 years of age, non-Hispanic white patients, never smokers, and never drinkers with any variant TGF-β1 genotypes were also more likely to have HPV16-positive tumors. Conclusions: TGF-β1 polymorphisms may serve as a susceptibility marker for tumor HPV16 status among SCCOP patients, particularly those who were never smokers and never drinkers. Large studies are needed to validate our findings. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 923.
Young, Black, and Male in Foster Care: Relationship of Negative Social Contextual Experiences to Factors Relevant to Mental Health Service Delivery.

Abstract Among a small, cross-sectional sample of young Black males transitioning from foster care ( n = 74 ), this study explored the relationship of their negative social contextual experiences to two factors relevant to the delivery of mental health services to them: cultural mistrust of mental health professionals and attitudes toward seeking professional help. Three domains of young Black male's negative social contextual experiences were measured: proximal negative experiences, distal negative experiences, and negative imagery experiences. Results of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) controlling for custody status, counselling status and history, and psychiatric history showed that young Black males reporting a high frequency of negative social contextual experiences reported significantly greater cultural mistrust of mental health professionals and significantly less positive attitudes toward seeking professional help for mental health problems than young Black males reporting a low frequency of negative social contextual experiences. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Report of the familial occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus in male siblings.

The occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is reported in 2 pairs of male siblings. Since the occurrence of idopathic SLE is uncommon in the male, these cases provide additional support to the hypothesis that genetic factors play an important role in pathogenesis. Of additional interest in these patients was the varied clinical manifestations of disease between brothers, suggesting that additional factors govern the clinical expression of this disorder.
Laser use in endodontics

Abstract The investigation of the use of a high power infrared laser in an attempt to seal the orifice to the root canal at the apex of a tooth in vitro has been continued. Although more information and insight associated with the laser's interaction with dentine was obtained, the use of the laser in endodontics is not yet feasible.
The Implementation of a “Work First” Welfare-to-Work Program in a Changing Environment

ABSTRACT Current welfare-to-work programs grapple with the issue of putting welfare recipients to work immediately or investing in long-term education and training. Because of the 1996 welfare reform time limits, “work first” approaches are predominating. This paper examines the innovative program developed by Goodwill Industries of Southern California, which meets the challenges of implementing a work first model with a low-skill Spanish-speaking population, while also providing services to overcome barriers to employment. This is accomplished in the context of a unique profit-generating business enterprise, which makes program participants both clients and employees.
Inverse topographic analysis of scratches

We describe an inverse numerical procedure that allows the analysis of scratches in brittle materials often used in optics manufacturing. The analysis assumes that materials deform by elastic/plastic mechanisms, i.e. no cracking, and that scratches are caused by spherical abrasives. As inputs we use the measured depth and width of surface scratches, and the micromechanical properties (elastic modulus, hardness, Poisson ratio) of the material surface. The outputs of the numerical procedure are estimates of the abrasive size and abrasive force (load) that caused the scratch in question. Materials we have examined to date are fused silica (FS), borosilicate glass (BK7), laser phosphate glass (LHG8), silicon (Si), and calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ). The inverse analysis also may be used to answer the question: What must the abrasive size and load be in order to produce scratches shallower in depth and narrower in extent than a given design requirement?
Ethical Considerations in Consenting Critically Ill Patients for Bedside Clinical Care and Research

Care of critically ill patients, as in any other field, demands the exercise of ethical principles related to respect of patient's autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and distributive justice. Professional duty and the common law require doctors to obtain consent before giving treatment or for requesting participation in clinical research. A procedure or research study must be adequately explained, and the patient must have the capacity to consent. If a patient does not have decision-making capacity, treatment must be given using alternative forms of consent or using principles of implied consent in emergency or life-threatening situations. In the case of clinical research, informed consent must always be sought. Exemptions to this rule are morally justified in circumstances related to research in life-threatening conditions or life-saving interventions in which the investigator departs from sound principles of equipoise. This usually implies the imposition of safeguards such as consultation with the community in which the study were to take place, oversight in patient screening and recruitment process by institutional review boards, special study designs, retrospective and prospective consent processes, and independent safety monitoring.
Racial Differences in High School Math Track Assignment.

Curriculum tracking continues as an entrenched part of schooling despite a substantial amount of research that shows educational advantages for college-track students and disadvantages for non-college-track students. This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the odds of being in the college and honors math tracks in high school and was primarily interested in the role that pre-high school composition factors and student coursework played in influencing that relationship. Prior math achievement, pre-high school composition factors, and student coursework all played roles in explaining racial/ethnic differences in track placement, but their influence varied by group.