cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organocobalt cluster complexes : XVI. Vinyl derivatives of methylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl: useful precursors to (OC)9 Co3 c-substituted carbonium ions and functionally substituted derivatives

Abstract Vinyl-substituted of methylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl of the type RR′CC(R″)CCo3(CO)9 have been prepared, with vinylic groups CH2 CH, CH2 C(CH)3, Me3SiCHCH and CH3 C(O)CHCH. Reaction of the first two with HPF6 produced the carbonium ions via β-proton addtions to the CC bonds. Acetylium ion addition also could be achieved. Proton addition to the Me3Si compound resulted in desilylation.
Vaginal prolapse following hysterectomy.

Abstract The results of operations performed at the Mayo Clinic for posthysterectomy vaginal prolapse on 69 patients are reviewed. On follow-up 1 to 10 years or more after operation it was found that in 52 patients satisfactory support had been obtained, and in 11 it was unsatisfactory. Six patients could not be traced. The repair was attempted abdominally in 15 patients. In 10 of the 11 patients in whom the primary abdominal approach was utilized successfully, it was necessary also to repair the vaginal walls from below or to support the vault with a fascial sling to ensure a satisfactory result. The repair of the vault was attempted vaginally in 54 patients; 6 were untraced, but 41 (85.4 per cent) of the 48 traced patients had a satisfactory result. Among the patients in whom the vagina was preserved and who have attempted to have coitus, vaginal function was satisfactory in 9 of 13 treated abdominally although 2 of the 9 have recurrent prolapse), and in 12 of 21 treated vaginally. A technique for vaginal repair of vault prolapse is presented.
Setting as revisionism: Vasari's use of Dürer's Siege in the Palazzo Vecchio

Giorgio Vasari's workshop decorated the Room of Clement VII in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence in circa 1556–62 with history paintings celebrating Pope Clement VII's achievements. The paintings present the Medici pope's family in a favourable light, even at the expense of historical fact, to legitimize their newly established ducal rule. The painting Cardinal Ippolito de'Medici Sent to Hungary as Papal Legate demonstrates Vasari's encomiastic charge. The background reproduces Albrecht Durer's woodcut of an invented siege to illustrate the cardinal's participation in the 1532 siege of Vienna – a siege that never happened. The painting ignores Ippolito's misconduct to present the Medici as saviours of Emperor Charles V. The use of the Durer woodcut aids in this revisionism by generalizing the setting while arguing for the emperor's weak defence through its fortification display. With the painting of Cardinal de’Medici, Vasari argued that Medici aid supported and justified the family's imperially decreed duchy, an argument that fits the general truthfulness of Vasari's theme by glossing over the specifics of the historical events.
A numerical solution of the planar supersonic near-wake with its error analysis

Planar supersonic near wake flow field problem with variable viscosity and base injection, investigating boundary errors spatial decay rate
Raman Spectroscopy in Virus Structure Analysis

The structures of complex biological assemblies, such as viruses, and the molecular mechanisms governing virus assembly in vivo and in vitro require investigation by multiple biophysical techniques. One such technique is Raman spectroscopy, which is particularly useful for probing key steps in the assembly pathways of viruses and for elucidating the molecular structures of viral proteins and nucleic acids. Here, we briefly review the implementation of methods of Raman spectroscopy, including ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy and polarized Raman spectroscopy as structural probes of native viruses, viral precursor assemblies and their constituent proteins, and nucleic acids. We illustrate the powerful analytical approaches of singular value decomposition (SVD) and polarized Raman microspectroscopy for unique quantitative assessments of viral protein structures. Attention is focused on recent applications to bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) of icosahedral (P22 and HK97) and cylindrical (fd, Pf1, Pf3, and PH75) capsid architectures. Methods of Raman spectroscopy provide novel and unique insights into viral macromolecular structures and their transformations that are essential to morphogenesis. Keywords: Raman spectroscopy; virus; protein; DNA; RNA structure
Is the Coarse-Grained Entropy of Classical Statistical Mechanics an Anthropomorphism?

I am delighted that the editors of this volume are violating the injunction “Fest no Schriften” issued in a recent letter published in Science. As a former student of Professor Margenau, I am glad to have this opportunity to join in a tribute to him. In his course on the foundations of physics at Yale, I came to appreciate that classical statistical mechanics contains some important lessons for the philosophy of physics despite the physical inadequacies of that prequantum theory. The present paper is intended to argue for what I believe to be a philosophical moral of the status of the coarse-grained entropy of classical statistical mechanics.
Do People Appreciate the Value of Listening to a Variety ofDifferent Opinions

This paper presents experimental evidence about how individuals learn from information that comes from inside versus outside their ethnic group. In the experiment, Thai subjects observed information that came from Americans and other Thais that they could use to help them answer a series of questions. Consistent with previous research, the subjects display overconfidence in their own opinions and place too low a value on all the information that they observe. Subjects achieve optimality, however, in how they weigh observed American information relative to observed Thai information. The data indicates that subjects understand that outside information has extra value because people from different groups know different things and so have an opportunity to learn from each other. The results demonstrate the importance of forming diverse groups to solve problems.
Rapid enzymatic measurement of blood lactate and pyruvate. Use and significance of metaphosphoric acid as a common precipitant.

A modification of enzymatic technics for measurement of concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in blood is described. A common protein-free filtrate is prepared by adding blood directly to cold 5% metaphosphoric acid. Theoretical yields are obtained. Recoveries for lactate range from 98 to 102% and for pyruvate from 97 to 104%. Assay of both lactate and pyruvate is simplified and has a high order of reliability. Since both analyses are completed within a period of 20 mm., the method is especially valuable in the emergent clinical situation in which measurements of lactate and pyruvate are obtained for assessment of the severity of shock and other forms of cardiorespiratory failure.
Purification of protein toxins from Leiurus Quinquestriatus Hebraeus that modify Na channels

Two protein toxins (Lqh1 and Lqh2) were purified from crude venom obtained from Middle Eastern scorpions, Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, by using cationic exchange chromatography. Lqh1 and Lqh2 were compared to toxin V (Lqq5) obtained from the venom of the North African scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus. Lqh1 and Lqh2 were purified to homogeneity; they had mol. wts of 6390 and 5870, respectively; thus both toxins differ in size from Lqq5 (7462). Electrophysiological experiments also suggested that all three toxins are different. In a dose-dependent manner, Lqh1, Lqh2 and Lqq5 lengthened and attenuated propagated compound action potentials (AP) recorded from frog sciatic nerves using the single sucrose-gap technique. Toxins Lqh1 and Lqh2 were found to be more effective than Lqq5 in both lengthening and blocking APs. Voltage-clamp experiments using the vaseline-gap technique on frog skeletal muscle fibres showed that Lqh1 and Lqh2 attenuated the Na current amplitude and slowed inactivation, while Lqq5 primarily lengthened the Na current duration. Increases in the holding potential increase the current attenuation caused by all three toxins. Evidence from sucrose-gap and voltage-clamp experiments suggests that all three toxins bind to Na channels and block them, besides their well-known ability to slow inactivation kinetics. The increased effectiveness of Lqh1 appears to be produced by a slowed rate of exit of the toxin from its binding site.
Rate constants for the reactions of the hydroxyl radical with CHF2CF2CF2CHF2 and CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3

Abstract Rate constants have been measured over the temperature range 245–419 K for the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical with the hydrofluorocarbons CHF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CHF 2 and CF 3 CHFCHFCF 2 CF 3 . The Arrhenius expressions k (CHF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CHF 2 ) = (7.80 ± 3.40)×10 −13 exp[−1.51±0.26)×10 3 / T ] and k (CF 3 CHFCHFCH 2 CF 3 )=(4.21±1.28)×10 −13 exp[−(1.40 ± 0.18) ×10 3 / T ] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 were derived from the kinetic data. The atmospheric lifetimes of CHF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CHF 2 and CF 3 CHFCHFCf 2 CF 3 were estimated, relative to CCl 3 CH 3 , to be 14 and 17 years.
Direct supercritical fluid extraction of nitrogenous bases from aqueous solution

The feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide for both static and dynamic extraction of organic bases from an aqueous matrix has been investigated. It appears that the greater the lipophilic portion of the molecule the more readily is the base extracted: triprolidine, sulfamethazine and caffeine were extracted whereas picolinic acid, succinonitrile, and nicotine were not.
Monodisperse core/shell latex particles containing carboxylic acid groups and their optimum acid content for pore generation

Monodisperse seeded latex particles with a core–shell morphology were prepared by copolymerizing, via dropwise addition, styrene (St)–methyl methacrylate (MMA)–acrylic acid (AA) or St–MMA–methacrylic acid (MAA) onto monodisperse seed latex particles of P(St–MMA). The seeded particles thus prepared were subjected to an alkali/acid treatment in order to generate pores in the particles. For the same carboxylic acid content, the volume expansion of the particles due to pore generation was higher in the particles containing AA than in those containing MAA. The size of the pores increased with increasing AA content. However, a maximum particle volume expansion of about 50% was observed for the particles containing 8 mol % AA in the monomer mixture employed in the second stage, and an explanation for this optimum is suggested. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1455–1460, 1999
Intravenous energy infusion in lambs: effects on nitrogen retentin, plasma free amino acids and plasma urea nitrogen

1. Acetate, propionate, butyrate and glucose were each administered intravenously (2.09 MJ (0.5 Mcal)/d) to lambs on either high-concentrate (HC) or high-roughage (HR) diets in two experiments with 4 × 4 Latin square design. During a control period all animals received a saline infusion. 2. In lambs on the HC diet glucose was the most effective metabolite tested for improving nitrogen retention. Acetate was 51%, butyrate, 75%, propionate, 90% as effective as glucose in promoting N retention. Propionate infusion was most effective in increasing N retention in lambs on the HR diet. Acetate was 60%, butyrate, 75%, and glucose, 80% as effective as propionate. Glucose infusion did not lower plasma urea N (PUN) concentration in lambs receiving the HC diet, but the three volatile fatty acids (VFA) did lower it ( P 3. Plasma concentrations of valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were depressed to 57, 71, 89 and 90% of their control values during glucose, propionate, butyrate and acetate infusion. Plasma concentrations of lysine and methionine were significantly decreased from control values ( P P P 4. The results indicated that glucose and propionate were superior to acetate and butyrate as energy sources for protein formation. 5. The poor relationship between PUN and N balance and plasma free essential amino acids suggested that PUN concentration may have been inappropriate to assess the protein status under some dietary conditions.
Thermal conductivity of selected superconducting materials

Increasing emphasis on the development of HTS-based devices suggests the need for a better understanding of their heat transfer characteristics. Therefore, knowledge of the thermal conductivity of superconductor materials, as well as the associated carrier materials, is essential. One class of HTS materials that has become increasingly important is the yttrium-barium-copper-oxide compounds; however, only limited information is available concerning the thermal characteristics of such compounds. This lack of knowledge concerning the characteristics of these materials may limit their usefulness. Therefore, an experimental investigation was conducted to determine the thermal conductivity of selected yttrium- and bismuth-based copper oxide superconducting materials.
Toward a Theory of Minority Student Participation in Predominantly White Colleges and Universities

This article describes the construction of an alternative framework for minority, specifically Chicano, student participation in predominantly White colleges and universities. The framework described is based on a two-year study investigating the experiences and actions of first-generation college students who identify themselves as Chicano. Through interpretation of interviews, observations, and documents, an in-depth understanding of the nature of their experiences and actions on a predominantly White university in the Southwest United States was gained. The culmination of this understanding was captured in the construction of a grounded (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), conceptual framework. Development of the framework occurred in three stages: first the role of the students as cultural workers was posited, highlighting the ways in which the students took active roles in fighting their marginalization; the next stage focused on the ways in which Chicano culture provided “cultural nourishment” for the students...
Dynamics of water, methanol, and ethanol in a room temperature ionic liquid.

The dynamics of a series of small molecule probes with increasing alkyl chain length: water, methanol, and ethanol, diluted to low concentration in the room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, was investigated with 2D infrared vibrational echo (2D IR) spectroscopy and polarization resolved pump-probe (PP) experiments on the deuterated hydroxyl (O–D) stretching mode of each of the solutes. The long timescale spectral diffusion observed by 2D IR, capturing complete loss of vibrational frequency correlation through structural fluctuation of the medium, shows a clear but not dramatic slowing as the probe alkyl chain length is increased: 23 ps for water, 28 ps for methanol, and 34 ps for ethanol. Although in each case, only a single population of hydroxyl oscillators contributes to the infrared line shapes, the isotropic pump-probe decays (normally caused by population relaxation) are markedly nonexponential at short times. The early time features correspond to the timescales of the fast spectral diffusion measured with 2D IR. These fast isotropic pump-probe decays are produced by unequal pumping of the OD absorption band to a nonequilibrium frequency dependent population distribution caused by significant non-Condon effects. Orientational correlation functions for these three systems, obtained from pump-probe anisotropy decays, display several periods of restricted angular motion (wobbling-in-a-cone) followed by complete orientational randomization. The cone half-angles, which characterize the angular potential, become larger as the experimental frequency moves to the blue. These results indicate weakening of the angular potential with decreasing hydrogen bond strength. The slowest components of the orientational anisotropy decays are frequency-independent and correspond to the complete orientational randomization of the solute molecule. These components slow appreciably with increasing chain length: 25 ps for water, 42 ps for methanol, and 88 ps for ethanol. The shape and volume of the probe, therefore, impact reorientation far more severely than they do spectral diffusion at long times, though these two processes occur on similar timescales at earlier times.
Effective Bilingual Education: From Theory to Academic Achievement in a Two-Way Bilingual Program

Abstract Program evaluation can be used to shift the debate on effective schools for bilingual students from an ideological impasse to a data- driven and research-based discussion. Using the example of the Barbieri Two-Way Bilingual Education Program in Framingham, Massachusetts, this article links theoretical understandings about bilingualism and second language acquisition to program design and implementation, and subsequently to academic outcomes. Disaggregated academic achievement data in English and Spanish show that the Barbieri program meets its academic and linguistic goals for both target groups by fifth grade. Reflections on these academic achievement patterns, in turn, have prompted changes in the program to further increase its effectiveness.
Corrosion of ternary carbides by molten lead

Abstract Two ternary carbides, Ti2AlC and Ti3SiC2 were tested for corrosion in circulating molten lead at 650 °C and 800 °C for possible application as cladding or structural materials in a lead-cooled fast reactor. The extent of reaction was minimal for both materials. The only observed interaction with the lead was a result of surface cracks and strains in the Ti2AlC produced by machining prior to exposure to the lead.
The Perception of Facial Expressions By Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes

The production of facial expressions is important for social communication, and has been described for many primate species. The perception of facial expressions, however, has received considerably less attention. This study reports the results of two experiments that investigated the ability of chimpanzees to discriminate five of their species-typical facial expressions: bared-teeth display, hoot face, relaxed-lip face, relaxed open mouth face, and scream face. Unfamiliar con-specifics' facial expressions were presented as black and white, digitized images using a computerized joystick-testing apparatus and matching-to-sample paradigm. Subjects were first presented with a sample facial expression, and were then required to choose between two comparison, one of which showed the same expression as the sample. The first task demonstrated that all expressions except the relaxed-lip face were discriminated from a neutral face significantly above chance, several on the first day. The second task showed impaired discrimination when the sample and nonmatching comparison expressions shared similar features, supporting the hypothesis that facial expressions were categorized using distinctive features. The overall correlation between the number of shared features and performance was only weakly negative, suggesting that additional discrimination strategies may be involved.
Exercise with compression stockings improves reflux in patients with mild chronic venous insufficiency

Purpose: This study evaluates the effectiveness of calf muscle strengthening with compression stockings on the haemodynamics in patients with venous disease.Method: Patients were assigned to a protocol of aggressive management of their chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) including compression stockings (Jobst knee high, 30–40 mmHg ankle), intermittent leg elevation, and a supervised calf muscle strengthening programme. Patients underwent baseline air plethysmography (APG) with and without stockings (T1) and SF-12, Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire and venous severity score. Exercise sessions included a total of 18, 1 h supervised sessions, 2–3 times per week, consisting of 15 min on treadmill, 10 min on a Stairmaster, 10 min on a Nustep, and 5 min on an airdyne bicycle and lower body strength training. The sessions were supervised by an exercise physiologist. At completion, patients underwent a second APG (T2) and a third (T3) one month later, as well as answering questionnaires. A final venous severity...
Two case studies of Marjolin's ulcers in patients referred for management of chronic pressure ulcers.

Abstract The term “Marjolin's ulcer” is often used to describe the formation of neoplastic changes in the scar tissue of chronic ulcers. This type of carcinoma is most often seen in postburn scars, but it may be seen in many types of chronic wound scars. The most common cell type is squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinomas resulting from Marjolin's ulcers have a much greater tendency to metastasize than squamous cell carcinomas arising from other causes, which makes early diagnosis imperative. The 2 case studies in this article describe Marjolin's ulcers occurring in chronic pressure ulcers, which should alert the clinician to the possibility of malignancy in any long-standing wound with an atypical presentation. (J WOCN 2002;29:266-8.)
Inelastic neutron scattering from high-density fcc /sup 4/He

The phonon dispersion relations in high-density crystals of fcc /sup 4/He have been measured along high-symmetry directions by the neutron-inelastic-scattering technique. A recent study of the lattice dynamics of fcc /sup 4/He by Eckert et al. has been extended to cover the fcc phase diagram at pressures below 5 kbar. Molar volumes of 9.03, 9.43, and 9.97 cm/sup 3//mole have been studied in the temperature range from near the melting curve to near the fcc-hcp transition line. The phonon dispersion relations are in good agreement with a first-order self-consistent phonon theory calculation by Goldman. The observed phonon-group line shapes at large energy and momentum transfers show evidence for multiphonon scattering in agreement with calculations by Glyde. Eckert et al. reported extremely large anharmonic isochoric temperature shifts of the phonon energies. The present work studied the shifts as a function of molar volume and temperature. Mode-Grueneisen-parameter dispersion curves have been measured using the present data and earlier measurements at lower density in the fcc phase by Traylor et al. Macroscopic Grueneisen parameters have been calculated from the phonon density of states obtained from the data.
Cultural and Economic Sources of Homicide in the United States

Are high rates of homicide better explained by cultural or economic factors? Some research suggests that a regional culture of violence underlies high rates of homicide, whereas other research sugg...
Geochemistry and Diagenesis of Macrokaolinite

Three stages of diagenesis can be identified in the sediments that form the Alloway Clay Member of the Miocene Kirkwood Formation in New Jersey. Clay- and sand-size muscovite, mixed with woody debris, formed the original sediment. These materials were deposited in restricted lagoons receiving a high amount of fresh water runoff. Transgression of the sea then resulted in the deposition of marine clays above the lagoonal sediments. Following regression, the muscovite was altered to sand-size kaolinite by the action of acidic ground water. This highly permeable unit was locally cemented by deposition of siderite, forming large concretions. Later, all calcareous fossils in the macrokaolinite bed were removed by dissolution, while those inside the siderite concretions were preserved. These diagenetic episodes are controlled by changes in Ca+2 and Fe+2 concentration of the ground water and, significantly, by permeability.
Wind-Turbine Gear-Box Roller-Bearing Premature-Failure Caused by Grain-Boundary Hydrogen Embrittlement: A Multi-physics Computational Investigation

To help overcome the problem of horizontal-axis wind-turbine (HAWT) gear-box roller-bearing premature-failure, the root causes of this failure are currently being investigated using mainly laboratory and field-test experimental approaches. In the present work, an attempt is made to develop complementary computational methods and tools which can provide additional insight into the problem at hand (and do so with a substantially shorter turn-around time). Toward that end, a multi-physics computational framework has been developed which combines: (a) quantum-mechanical calculations of the grain-boundary hydrogen-embrittlement phenomenon and hydrogen bulk/grain-boundary diffusion (the two phenomena currently believed to be the main contributors to the roller-bearing premature-failure); (b) atomic-scale kinetic Monte Carlo-based calculations of the hydrogen-induced embrittling effect ahead of the advancing crack-tip; and (c) a finite-element analysis of the damage progression in, and the final failure of a prototypical HAWT gear-box roller-bearing inner raceway. Within this approach, the key quantities which must be calculated using each computational methodology are identified, as well as the quantities which must be exchanged between different computational analyses. The work demonstrates that the application of the present multi-physics computational framework enables prediction of the expected life of the most failure-prone HAWT gear-box bearing elements.
Electron probe microanalysis of silicon in grass leaves 1

Abstract Silicon is a major constituent of grasses, therefore, research was initiated to evaluate the use of the paraffin technique for electron probe microanalysis of Si in grass leaf tissue. Mature healthy leaves of a tropical grass, Wilmington bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), and a cool season grass, tall fescuegrass (Festuca arundinacea Schred), were selected for study. Paradermal sections (10 μ) of paraffin impregnated leaf tissue were placed on sheet carbon that had been attached with Haupt's adhesive to 2.5 cm glass discs. The grass sections were fixed to the sheet carbon with Haupt's adhesive and the paraffin removed with xylene prior to microanalysis. Silicon was found to be highly concentrated in the epidermis of fescuegrass and bahiagrass. Short cells, many containing opal bodies, had the highest contents of Si of the epidermal cells. Large quantities of Si was also present in guard cells but long cells contained relatively small amounts.
Nonparametric tests for the mean of a non-negative population

We construct level-α tests for testing the null hypothesis that the mean of a non-negative population falls below a prespecified nominal value. These tests make no assumption about the distribution function other than that it be supported on [0,∞). Simple tests are derived based on either the sample mean or the sample product. The nonparametric likelihood ratio test is also discussed in this context. We also derive the uniformly most powerful monotone (UMP) tests for special cases.
A COMPARISON OF HUMAN AMNION TISSUE AND AMNION CELLS IN PRIMARY CULTURE BY MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CRITERIA

Prostaglandins, which are believed to mediate the initiation or maintenance of human labor or both, are synthesized from arachidonic acid. We have shown previously that the arachidonic acid content of two glycerophospholipids (diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol) in amnion tissue obtained during early labor is decreased compared with that in amnion tissue obtained before labor commenced. We and others have demonstrated that amnion tissue synthesizes prostaglandin E2 from exogenous and endogenous arachidonic acid. Thus, the amnion may be a source of prostaglandins involved in the initiation of parturition. We have investigated whether amnion cells in monolayer culture could be utilized as an in vitro model system for the study of glycerophospholipid and arachidonic acid metabolism in amnion. Several morphological biochemical, and enzymatic characteristics of amnion cells in culture were compared with those of amnion tissue. Morphologically, the amnion cells in culture and amnion tissue are similar. The lipid composition and arachidonic acid content of lipid fractions of amnion cells in culture and of amnion tissue also are similar. The specific activities of phospholipases A2 and C, the enzymes that initiate and thus probably regulate the release of arachidonic acid from phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol, are lower in amnion cells in culture than in amnion tissue obtained from term placentas. The specific activities of diacylglycerol lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and diacylglycerol kinase, enzymes that catalyze the release of arachidonic acid from diacylglycerol produced by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol, are similar in amnion cells in culture and in amnion tissue. Therefore, we conclude that, based on morphology, lipid composition and enzymatic activities amnion cells in primary culture seem to be an appropriate in vitro model system for the investigation of the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in amnion.
Multimode characteristics in mechanically-coupled silicon carbide (SiC) nanowire array resonators

We report on the measurements and modeling of mechanically-coupled arrays of very thin silicon carbide nanowire (SiC NW) nanomechanical resonators. The exceptional mechanical properties and attractive optical properties of SiC make it highly interesting for resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), with resonant modes operating at high frequencies that can be exploited for resonance-based signal processing and sensing applications. In this work, we demonstrate arrays consisting of SiC NWs as narrow as 50nm, patterned by electron beam lithography and focused ion beam, on ~50-500nm SiC thin epitaxial layers and polycrystalline layers. We investigate the multimode resonances in mechanically coupled arrays. We show that by controlling the undercut ledges of suspended SiC NW arrays, we can tune the strength of mechanical coupling in such arrays and engineer their multimode resonance characteristics.
Personalized sensing towards building energy efficiency and thermal comfort

The emergence of Information Technology (IT) based sensing has received increasing attention and acceptance in buildings due to its noninvasive nature and its ability in delivering real-time and potentially highly personalized feedback to building energy and comfort management. This study presents results of a pilot deployment experiment on such an IT-based sensing system - Personal Office Energy Monitor (POEM) developed by Intel Labs. The pilot study shows that with appropriate analytic methods the POEM sensor data could be transferred into valuable inputs to building management system (BMS). This study applies building science principle based models as the first step to calculate intermediate building performance indices based on raw measurement data. The intermediate performance indices are then further analyzed in order to reveal potential means to improve a building's operational energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Results demonstrate that POEM sensor data could lead to energy saving opportunities through localized comfort management, plug load sensing and scheduling, and occupancy based building control. As an IT platform-integrated and occupant centered sensing system, POEM provides a convenient, low-cost, and efficient sensing solution to the next generation of smart buildings, featured by its ability in assisting BMS to improve operational building energy efficiency without compromising occupants' thermal comfort and indoor environmental quality.
Adaptation of an Acculturation Scale for African Refugee Women

Newly-arrived African refugees are a vulnerable group of immigrants for whom no validated acculturation measures exist. A valid measurement tool is essential to understand how acculturative processes impact health and health disparities. We adapted the Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire (BIQ) to characterize its reliability among ethnic Somali women residing in Minnesota, and Somali, Somali Bantu, and Burundian women in Arizona. Surveys were administered to 164 adult women. Analyses were conducted along socio-demographic variables of ethnicity, geographic residence, age, and length of time in the United States through t tests and one-way analysis of variance. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the modified BIQ. Exploratory factor analyses yielded five subscales: “Speak Native Language”, “Speak English Language”, “Enjoy Native Activities”, “Enjoy American Activities”, and “Desired Ideal Culture”. The subscales of the modified BIQ possessed Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.68 to 0.92, suggestive that all subscales had acceptable to excellent internal consistency. The modified BIQ maintained its psychometric properties across geographic regions of resettled Central and East African refugees.
A numerically stable optimization method based on A homogeneous function

An improved version of an unconstrained optimization algorithm based upon a homogeneous function is presented. The method is numerically stable and uses the Bartels--Golub factorization instead of Householder's modification formula. Several numerical tests indicate that the proposed method is robust and very efficient.
Electron spin resonance in heavy-fermion systems

The electron-spin-resonance (ESR) linewidth for localized moments is studied within the framework of the Kondo impurity and Kondo lattice models. An ESR signal for an impurity can only be observed if the Kondo temperature is sufficiently small. For the Kondo lattice, short-range ferromagnetic correlations between the localized spins are necessary to obtain an observable signal. These results are very similar to those derived by Abrahams and W\"olfle [Phys. Rev. B 78, 104423 (2008)] for the Anderson impurity and Anderson lattice models. It is concluded that from ESR data alone it is not possible to distinguish if the resonance is due to localized spins or conducting heavy electron spins.
Gender differences in the correlates of hazardous drinking among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans

Abstract Background Despite increasing numbers of women veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, few studies have examined hazardous drinking in this group. The present study examined the prevalence of and risk and protective factors for hazardous drinking in a community-based sample of men and women veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND). Methods Veterans completed a structured survey that assessed hazardous drinking using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and a broad range of demographic, life history, and psychopathology variables. Correlations and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine risk and protective factors associated with hazardous drinking. Results A total 30.2% of male veterans and 16.3% of female veterans screened positive for hazardous drinking. In a multivariate analysis in male veterans, younger age, lifetime exposure to assaultive trauma, and conflict in interpersonal relationships were independently associated with hazardous drinking (p Conclusions Results of this study suggest that hazardous drinking is prevalent in both men and women OEF/OIF/OND veterans and is more likely to occur at younger ages. In addition, results indicate gender differences in the association between hazardous drinking and lifetime trauma history, PTSD symptoms, and interpersonal conflict, which may have important implications for the treatment of alcohol problems in men and women veterans.
The relation of mathematical biophysics to experimental biology

Nach einer allgemeinen Diskussion des Zusammenhanges zwischen theoretischer und experimenteller Forschung, wird in Hinblick auf die vom Verfasser entwickelten physikalisch-mathematischen Grundlagen der Biologie, eine Reihe von Einzelproblemen betrachtet. Es wird an Hand von Kurvenmaterial gezeigt wie weit die mathematisch vorausgesagten Beziehungen mit den experimentellen Befunden ubereinstimmen. Folgende Fragen werden besprochen: Zellatmung, Zellgrossen, deren Abhangigkeit von Stoffwechsel, Zellteilung, Protoplasmastromungen, Nervenerregung, psychophysische Gesetze, Reaktion auf geometrische Gestalten. Apres une mise au point generale de la relation entre les sciences theoriques et experimentales, diverses questions sont discutees, du point de vue des fondations physico-mathematiques de la biologie, developpees recemment par l'auteur. On montre par la comparaison des courbes calculees a celles observees, comment les relations predites mathematiquement se trouvent verifiees. Les questions suivantes sont discutees: respiration cellulaire, dimensions cellulaires et leur rapport au metabolisme, division cellulaire, mouvements protoplasmiques, excitation nerveuse, les lois psychophysiques, perception des formes geometriques.
Generalized Derivations of Lie Algebras

Abstract Suppose L is a finite-dimensional Lie algebra with multiplication μ: L ∧ L → L . Let Δ( L ) denote the set of triples ( f , f ′, f ″), with f , f ′, f ″ ∈ Hom( L , L ), such that μ ∘ ( f ∧ I L + I L ∧ f ′) = f ″ ∘ μ. We consider the Lie algebra GenDer( L ) = { f ∈ Hom( L , L )|∃ f ′, f ″: ( f , f ′, f ″) ∈ Δ( L )}. Well-researched subalgebras of GenDer( L ) include the derivation algebra, Der( L ) = { f ∈ Hom( L , L )|( f , f , f ) ∈ Δ( L )}, and the centroid, C( L ) = { f ∈ Hom( L , L )|( f , 0, f ) ∈ δ( L )}. We now study the subalgebra QDer( L ) = { f ∈ Hom( L , L )|∃ f ′: ( f , f , f ′) ∈ Δ( L )}, and the subspace QC( L ) = { f ∈ Hom( L , L )|( f , − f , 0) ∈ Δ( L )}. In characteristic ≠ 2, GenDer( L ) = QDer( L ) + QC( L ) and we are concerned with the inclusions Der( L ) ⊆ QDer( L ) and C( L ) ⊆ QC( L ) ∩ QDer( L ). If Z( L ) = 0 then C( L ) = QC( L ) ∩ QDer( L ) and, under reasonable conditions on Lie algebras with toral Cartan subalgebras, we show QDer( L ) = Der( L ) + C( L ); if L is a parabolic subalgebra of a simple Lie algebra of rank > 1 in characteristic 0, then we even have GenDer( L ) = ad( L ) + ( I L ). In general QC( L ) is not closed under composition or Lie bracket; however, if Z( L ) = 0 then QC( L ) is a commutative, associative algebra, and we describe conditions that force QC( L ) = C( L ) or, equivalently, GenDer( L ) = QDer( L ). We show that, in characteristic 0, GenDer( L ) preserves the radical of L , thus generalizing the classical result for Der( L ). We also discuss some applications of the main results to the study of functions f ∈ Hom( L , L ) such that f ∘ μ or μ ∘ ( f ∧ I L ) defines a Lie multiplication.
Visceral and cognitive levels of credibility judgment in an authorless environment: A factor analysis of the influence of visual design

In thinking about the impact of social computing and Web 2.0 trends affecting information seekers (and the professionals who help them), the age-old problem of determining credibility in an authorless environment again comes to the fore. First impressions are key for web page content. Regardless of the quality or credibility of content, a poorly designed or aesthetically unappealing web page will likely produce a negative impression of credibility. This study compared credibility judgments for websites in which the visual design had been varied. A factor analysis showed patterns of higher credibility scores for higher visual design treatments. The importance of the findings presented here is that visual design has impact beyond decoration. It is a common (if latent) assumption that all serious web sites wish to be perceived as credible, believable, and trustworthy, especially in an authorless environment.
Sexually transmitted infections in alleged sexual abuse of children and adolescents.

AIM: To describe the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in children and young people aged 0-17 years seen for suspected sexual abuse in Auckland, New Zealand. METHODS: Retrospective review of consecutive medical records over a 7-year period from December 1991 to December 1998. RESULTS: A total of 2162 children and young people had a genital examination related to concerns about possible sexual abuse, of whom 1909 (88.3%) had some form of screening test for STI. Sixty children and young people (2.8%) had STI, diagnosed either by examination, laboratory investigation, or both. The rate was 5.6% (43/770) in those aged 10 years or older and 1.2% (17/1392) in those aged under 10 years. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of STI in children and young people referred for suspected sexual abuse is low but significant. Chlamydia and pelvic inflammatory disease were the most common infections. No STI was found in an asymptomatic pre-pubertal child. Language: en
(0,1) - Matrices and semigroups of ring endomorphisms.

In this paper we investigate semigroups of ring endomorphisms of several classes of rings. As one result we find that the Green relations in the endomorphism semigroup, End R, for a ring R in a given class, are restrictions of those in the transformation semigroup .
A Question of Origins: Goddess Cults Greek and Modern

Although Greco-Roman material has been of considerable interest to the creators of modern goddess cults, there has been little response to their claims from classicists, who apparently view their efforts as marginal and eccentric.2 Indeed, unlike the study of the evidence for the worship of goddesses in pre-history and in ancient civilizations, goddess cults and their theorists have found a marginal place in the academic world, but operate largely beyond its boundaries. Hence the study of these cults offers an opportunity to consider the relation of an important popular feminist movement in the U.S. to the concerns of feminists in the academy. In this essay I propose to take a look at some contemporary goddess cults and the claims of spiritual feminism from a classicist’s perspective. In an attempt to be selective rather than comprehensive, I have chosen to concentrate above all on the writings of Starhawk and Carol Christ as representatives of a diverse movement.3 I shall not address one major area of contemporary interest in ancient goddesses, the neo-jungian psychotherapeutic movement based on the use of goddess images as archtypes.4 The first half of the essay takes a critical look at the theoretical claims made in favor of this movement (rather than considering actual practice) ; the second half turns to classical material. An examination of archaic and classical Greek literary representations of the relation between myths and cults involving goddesses and women reveals, I shall argue, not only significant misappropriation of ancient sources, but missed opportunities for a fuller understanding of the religious project in which spiritual feminism has engaged.
Protein kinase injection reduces voltage-dependent potassium currents

Intracellular iontophoretic injection of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase increased input resistance and decreased a delayed voltage-dependent K+ current of the type B photoreceptor in the nudibranch Hermissenda crassicornis to a greater extent than an early, rapidly inactivating K+ current (IA). This injection also enhanced the long-lasting depolarization of type B cells after a light step. These findings suggest the involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation in the differential regulation of photoreceptor K+ currents particularly during illumination. On the other hand, conditioning-induced changes in IA may also be regulated by a different type of phosphorylation (for example, Ca2+-dependent).
The effect of time between sessions on within-session patterns of responding

Four pigeons pecked keys for food reinforcers delivered by variable interval 1-min schedules during two successive 50-min sessions or one 100-min session. When 50-min sessions were conducted, they were separated by a 0-, 10- or 30-min delay, spent either inside or outside of the experimental enclosure. Responding usually increased to a peak and then decreased within sessions. This pattern was not altered by either the length of the delay between sessions or by the place where the subjects spent the delay. These results suggest that the beginning of the session or the passage of a short time between sessions restores the conditions necessary to produce within-session changes in responding. The results are incompatible with theories that explain these changes in terms of recovery from the handling routine, accumulation of arousal, priming, fatigue, or satiation. They can be reconciled with theories that attribute within-session changes in responding to reinstatement of memory or changes in attention only by arguing that memory and attentional adjustments are erased quickly between sessions.
An analysis of the ignition of slot-injected gaseous hydrogen in a supersonic air stream.

Initial air boundary layer effect on ignition of slot-injected gaseous hydrogen in supersonic airstream, discussing isotherm and streamline patterns
Polyhedral-based nonlinear optical materials. Part 1. Theoretical investigation of some new high nonlinear optical response compounds involving carboranes and charged aromatic donors and acceptors

A calculational investigation using semiempirical methods of the molecular and electronic structures, along with the nonlinear optical responses, of a series of compounds in which icosahedral carborane polyhedra bridge charged aromatic donor and acceptor moieties, specifically tropyl (C7H7 ) and cyclopentadienyl (C5H5 ) groups, found that these molecules show exceptionally large calculated second-order responses. These compounds were found to give calculated first hyperpolarizabilities (b) ranging from 8.6 to 1226.010 30 cm 5 esu 1 at 0.5 eV excitation energy. These nonlinear optical responses are understood within the framework of the two-state model using molecular orbital and electronic structure considerations. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Splenic erythroblasts in anemia-inducing Friend disease: a source of cells for studies of erythropoietin-mediated differentiation

Splenic erythroblasts obtained from mice during the acute disease caused by either the polycythemia-inducing (FVP) or anemia-inducing (FVA) strain of Friend virus were examined for their degree of terminal differentiation. Morphology, benzidine staining, and heme synthesis kinetics showed that many erythroblasts from FVP-infected mice were undergoing terminal differentiation, while few erythroblasts from FVA-infected mice showed evidence of terminal differentiation. When cultured in methylcellulose medium, splenic erythroblasts from FVP-infected mice completed differentiation without the addition of erythropoietin (EP) to the medium. However, splenic erythroblasts from FVA-infected mice underwent terminal differentiation in vitro only when EP was added to the medium. From spleens of FVA-infected mice, a population of large, immature-appearing erythroblasts was obtained by separation with velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Serial studies of the separated erythroblasts which were cultured with EP showed that despite some heterogeneity in their proliferative capacity, they were relatively homogeneous in their degree of differentiation in that they had not begun to synthesize heme or globin. Morphological changes and syntheses of heme and globins were monitored during terminal differentiation induced in vitro by EP. The accumulation of immature erythroblasts in vivo, their responsiveness in vitro to EP, and availability of large numbers of cells (10(8) or more) make the splenic erythroblasts of FVA-infected mice an ideal population of cells with which to study EP-mediated terminal differentiation. This erythroblast population should permit the biochemical and molecular studies in erythroid differentiation which heretofore had to be done with chemically induced erythroid differentiation in continuous cell lines.