cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of motor unit firing during step-like increases in voluntary force.

In most skeletal muscles, force is generated by a combination of motor unit (MU) recruitment and increases in the firing rate of previously active MUs. Two contrasting patterns of firing rate organization have been reported. In the first pattern, the earliest recruited MUs reach the highest firing rates as force is increased, and later recruited MUs fire at lower rates. When firing rate of multiple MUs are superimposed, these rate trajectories form a concentric layered profile termed ‘onion skin’. In the second pattern, called ‘reverse onion skin’, later recruited MUs reach higher firing rates, and crossing of firing rate trajectories for recorded MUs is common (although such trajectories are assembled routinely from different trials). Our present study examined the firing rate organization of concurrently active MUs of the first dorsal interosseous muscle during serial, step-like increases in isometric abduction forces. We used a surface sensor array coupled with MU discrimination algorithms to characterize MU firing patterns. Our objective was to determine whether ‘onion skin’ profiles are contingent upon the force trajectory of the motor task, examined here using step-like increases of force output, and also whether they are manifested at different force levels. Our results revealed that the overall ‘onion skin’ firing rate profile was retained as the force level increased with each force step up to 15% MVC. However, the distribution of firing rates across MUs was compressed with increasing force, and overlapping firing rate of units were observed. This rate compression was largely due to rate saturation of the relatively high frequency discharging MUs. Our results reflect flexible firing patterns across MUs at different levels of excitation drive. It is also evident that many units did not follow all the step increases consistently. This failure to track firing rate increases at higher forces could be due to an intrinsically mediated saturation of firing rate
Hot bugs: body temperature of insects in sunshine.

![Figure][1] It is always tempting to see the past as a dark and primitive age or a golden and heroic one. Peter Digby's classic paper, after half a century, can perhaps be viewed from both perspectives. Either way it represents, if not a turning point, certainly a substantial stride toward
Preparation of functionalized zinc and copper organometallics containing sulfur functionalities at the alpha or gamma position

Organolithiums stabilized by sulfurl are important carbanionic intermediates in organic synthesis. Their excellent abiity to form new carbon-carbon bonds combined with the easy conversion of the sulfur group to various other functionalities has led to numerous synthetic applications. However, the high reactivity of these reagents prohibits the presence of most functional groups in these organometallics. Herein, we report a new approach to a-thiocarbanions of zinc and copper allowing for the first time the presence of functional groups such as an ester- or a cyano-group in these compounds. We have recently found that the presence of an oxygen at the alpha position to a carbon-halide bond considerably facilitates the insertion of zinc into this carbon-halide bond, affording organozinc halides at the alpha position to oxygen.2 We have
Fractals and the Pareto Distribution Applied to Petroleum Accumulation-Size Distributions

This chapter is about probability modeling of petroleum accumulation-size distributions. In the 1980s fractals became widely known, and the Pareto distribution began to displace the lognormal distribution as a model for petroleum accumulation-size distributions. Adoption of the Pareto distribution was independent of, and seemingly unrelated to, the study of fractals; however, the Pareto distribution is the probability distribution characteristic of fractals (Mandelbrot, 1982). The objective of this chapter is to establish the Pareto distribution as a model for the size distributions of oil and gas fields in the context of fractals. The Pareto distribution is related to fractals because it has a power-law form with two important scaling (self-similar) properties: scaling under lower truncation and asymptotic scaling under addition. The fractal approach is used to further substantiate the application of the Pareto distribution as a model for the size distributions of oil and gas accumulations. In this chapter, we examine the two fractal properties of the Pareto distribution with respect to petroleum accumulation sizes. This provides insight into the economic truncation observed in the size distributions of oil and gas accumulations. The fractal approach also yields a new quantitative description of these.
Nest Site Characteristics of the Endangered Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) in Southwest Virginia

Abstract We investigated nest site use of the federally endangered northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) in southwest Virginia at Mount Rogers National Recreation Area. In second-growth and old forests, number of nests used by both sexes combined was x = 3.3 ± 0.8 (females n = 3, x = 2.7 ± 0.9, males n = 8, x = 3.7 ± 1.2, overall range = 1–6). Nest site characteristics varied and flying squirrels used a variety of nest types including subterranean structures. We found northern flying squirrels chose larger taller nest trees regardless of nest tree type [red spruce (Picea rubens), n = 3, P = 0.04, deciduous, n = 8, P = 0.02, snags, n = 3, P = 0.01] compared to the available trees of the same type within a 200 m2 area of the nest tree. Nest sites in old forest stands (i.e., ≥125 y old) were characterized by greater downed wood (% cover/ha) that can be associated with the increased density of fungal colonies, lower snag density (n-snags/ha) that means a more open midstory for clearer gli...
Advances in Pediatric Small Bowel Imaging

Technological advances for visualizing the small bowel have significantly grown over the past few decades. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy has come to the forefront of these innovations, and has been found to be safe and effective in children with small bowel ailments. The expanding body of research into balloon-assisted enteroscopy will continue to refine the current knowledge base of this technique, along with a growing assessment of the long-term benefits of such interventions.
Research data services in veterinary medicine libraries

Objective: The study investigated veterinary medicine librarians’ experience with and perceptions of research data services. Many academic libraries have begun to offer research data services in response to researchers’ increased need for data management support. To date, such services have typically been generic, rather than discipline-specific, to appeal to a wide variety of researchers. Methods: An online survey was deployed to identify trends regarding research data services in veterinary medicine libraries. Participants were identified from a list of contacts from the MLA Veterinary Medical Libraries Section. Results: Although many respondents indicated that they have a professional interest in research data services, the majority of veterinary medicine librarians only rarely or occasionally provide data management support as part of their regular job responsibilities. There was little consensus as to whether research data services should be core to a library’s mission despite their perceived importance to the advancement of veterinary research. Furthermore, most respondents stated that research data services are just as or somewhat less important than the other services that they provide and feel only slightly or somewhat prepared to offer such services. Conclusions: Lacking a standard definition of ‘‘research data’’ and a common understanding of precisely what research data services encompass, it is difficult for veterinary medicine librarians and libraries to define and understand their roles in research data services. Nonetheless, they appear to have an interest in learning more about and providing research data services.
Connecting laboratory behavior to field function through stable isotope analysis

Inherent difficulties of tracking and observing organisms in the field often leave researchers with no choice but to conduct behavioral experiments under laboratory settings. However, results of laboratory experiments do not always translate accurately to natural conditions. A fundamental challenge in ecology is therefore to scale up from small area and short-duration laboratory experiments to large areas and long durations over which ecological processes generally operate. In this study, we propose that stable isotope analysis may be a tool that can link laboratory behavioral observations to past field interactions or function of individual organisms. We conducted laboratory behavioral assays to measure dominance of invasive rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, and used stable isotope analysis to hindcast trophic positions of these crayfish under preceding natural conditions. We hypothesized that more dominant crayfish in our assays would have higher trophic positions if dominance were related to competitive ability or willingness to pursue high-risk, high-reward prey. We did not find a relationship between crayfish dominance and trophic position, and therefore infer that laboratory dominance of crayfish may not necessarily relate to their ecology in the field. However, this is to our knowledge the first attempt to directly relate laboratory behavior to field performance via stable isotope analysis. We encourage future studies to continue to explore a possible link between laboratory and field behavior via stable isotope analysis, and propose several avenues to do so.
Investigations of Mixing Zones subject to Thermal Fatigue

Further the through wall crack in an elbow of the Residual Heat Removal (RHR) system of Civaux 1 in 1998, a large investigation program has been completed on removed parts of pipes to better assess the factors responsible for thermal fatigue cracking in pipe components where hot and cold fluids mix together. This article presents the results of destructive investigations performed on numerous parts of the RHR system of EDF plants, on a nozzle of the primary system and on a nozzle of the secondary system and their contribution to understanding and assessing harmfulness of the phenomenon.The damage concerns only certain RHR mixing zones: the mixing tee at intersection between downstream the exchanger and the by-pass line and the mixing tee at location of intersection of two portions of minimum flow line. Deep cracks are always associated with high temperature differences and long times of operation. The deepest cracks are always located close to the welds, in areas showing geometrical singularities and minimal thickness. Crack networks in running parts concern only the very first millimeters of the inner wall.Other mixing zones have been investigated: destructive examinations of a charging line primary nozzle of the Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS), of two tees between the main line and the minimum flow line of the RHR system and of one tee connecting the Feed Flow Control System (FFCS) to the Auxiliary Feedwater System (AFS) did not show any thermal fatigue crack.EDF has developed a method for identification of fluid mixing zones subject to thermal fatigue damage. This method is based on the assessment of a usage factor, using the knowledge acquired during a large R&D program. This program investigated the thermal loadings in mixing tees acquired through several thermohydraulic mockup tests and the austenitic steel behavior under high cycle thermo-mechanical loadings.The results of the destructive examinations have been used to strengthen the identification methodology of mixing zones potentially affected by thermal fatigue. Damage found in the destructive examinations are always correlated with usage factors a lot greater than 1.The methodology has been applied to all mixing zones of safety related circuits of plants operated by EDF. It has lead to identify the ones with a usage factor greater than unity and to an appropriate in-service inspection program based on volumic non-destructive examinations.
Visually-driven ocular growth in mice requires functional rod photoreceptors.

Purpose. Proper refractive eye growth depends on several features of the visual image and requisite retinal pathways. In this study, we determined the contribution of rod pathways to normal refractive development and form deprivation (FD) myopia by testing Gnat1−/− mice, which lack functional rods due to a mutation in rod transducin-α.
DIASTOLIC MYOCARDIAL STIFFNESS ESTIMATED BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH AORTIC STENOSIS

Patients with aortic stenosis (AS) have chronic left ventricular (LV) pressure-overload, leading to LV hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia and fibrosis. These factors alter intrinsic tissue properties, reduce myocardial distensibility, increase filling pressures, and alter LV function. Thus,
Receptor–Ligand Interaction at 5-HT3 Serotonin Receptors: A Cluster Approach

A fundamental understanding of the interaction of ligands with biological receptors is important because many drugs exert their influence via receptors. Using a cluster approach, we have studied the role of structural and electronic parameters on receptor–ligand binding by carrying out density functional theory based calculations. As model systems, we have studied substituted arylguanidines, which activate 5-HT3 receptors in a manner similar to that of serotonin. The geometries of the arylguanidine derivatives were fully optimized to obtain the lowest energy structures. Electronic properties such as binding energies, dipole moments, polarizabilities, and electron affinities, as well as geometric properties, such as molecular volume and dihedral angles were calculated, and their relationship with binding affinity was evaluated. Results obtained were compared to experimental ligand–receptor binding affinity data available. These fundamental studies show that though both electronic and geometric properties o...
On the derivation of hyperspectral infrared emission from the sea-surface

In this work we overview the validation of a new model for calculating surface-leaving infrared (IR) radiance from terrestrial water surfaces using an exhaustive set of Fourier transform spectrometer data collected at sea.
Heavy Metal Conflict Management

Conflict management skills are invaluable not only in the workplace but for life in general. I have identified a series of movie clips that connect with the students and aid in bringing the theory to practice. The documentary Metallica: Some Kind of Monster shows the metal band Metallica producing an album and the many conflicts that ensued during the 2-year process. The somewhat unorthodox setting helps capture the attention of the students. This article describes a lecture and discussion guide that I use in an undergraduate management class. It can be easily used in an organizational behavior, leadership, or team class and also in a master’s-level class.
The application and study of determining water driving recovery factor with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation

It's a problem that get the water driving recovery with the last evaluation matrix when using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.This paper determines a new way based on cut and trial method to solve this problem and take WuErhe oilfield as an example.Application of the experiential formulas and water displacement curves confirm the new method's accurateness and quantitativeness.
Reflections on Humanism-oriented Education in Pediatric Clinical Teaching

The traditional biomedical model cannot meet the needs of the society and the people.It is necessary to transform to a new medical model: a bio-psycho-socio medical model,which requires reforms to be made in medical education.Clinicians who give students guidance in practice should change their conceptions by putting patients in the center of their work and foster medical students' humanism spirit while improving their own quality of humanism.
Beating the Binaries

Frank Palmeri's Satire in Narrative offers a synchronic and diachronic study of narrative satire by means of an analysis of five texts with problematic generic status: Petronius's Satyricon, Swift's Tale of a Tub, Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Melville's Confidence-Man, and Pynchon's Crying of Lot 49. In identifying and elaborating a set of generic features and strategies in the book's first chapter, Palmeri attempts to construct a theory of narrative satire that will in subsequent chapters "illuminate the satiric nature of these narratives and … improve our ability to make sense of each" (17). In this effort, he is largely successful.
Sleep Spindle Abnormalities with Generalized Spike-Wave Discharges

Sleep and sleep spindle parameters were examined in 15 children with primary generalized spike-and-wave discharges at University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium.
The curium-oxygen system

Abstract Oxygen vapor pressures have been measured over nonstoichiometric curium oxides in the temperature and pressure intervals of 300–900°C and 2–730 mm O2. The resulting isobaric temperature-composition plots allowed deductions concerning the nature of the phase equilibria in the curium-oxygen system. The postulated phase diagram is characterized by two intermediate phases occurring at CmO1·72 and CmO1·82, while additional nonstoichiometric phases occur near the dioxide and sesquioxide compositions. All of the isobars showed pronounced hysteresis loops in the diphasic regions during heating and cooling cycles.
High current density MEMS deuterium ionizers

In this work, we report a high current density MEMS ionizer for deuterium that is based on an array of high aspect ratio field emitter microstructures. The Si field emitter structure has a unique device architecture that uses a high-aspect-ratio (∼50:1) silicon nanowire current limiter to regulate electron flow to each field emitter tip in the array. The nanowire diameter is 100–200 nm while the height is 10 μm. The gate electrode of the field emitter is supported by a 10 μm tall dielectric matrix while a 3–4 μm thick dielectric is under the contact pad and together they enable a bias of >300 V between the ionization tip and the gate without breakdown. Field emission characterization of field emitter arrays similar to this device show that the field factor, β, is > 1.2×106 cm−1, which is consistent with electrostatic simulations using COMSOL. Analytical and numerical modeling of the structure based on the measured tip radius statistics, suggest that it is possible demonstrate a D+ ion source with high current (500 μA) at high current density of 12 mA/cm2 in a compact volume while consuming less than 1 W.
Linking the content to demographic reach of online advertising of electronic nicotine delivery systems.

Introduction Recent studies have separately examined the content and demographic reach of the advertising of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). No study to our knowledge has linked the two in investigating whether racial/ethnic groups are differentially exposed to the comparative messages conveyed in online ENDS advertisements. Methods 932 unique ENDS advertisements (6311 total), which were posted on 3435 websites between December, 2009 and October, 2015, were categorized as either comparative or non-comparative with respect to the traditional cigarette. The race/ethnicity of website visitors was obtained from a proprietary source and used in constructing variables for racial/ethnic viewership. The variables for advertising content and website racial/ethnic viewership were then linked yielding a final sample of 551 unique ENDS advertisements (2498 total) on 1206 websites. A two-level hierarchical generalized linear model, used in estimating website racial/ethnic viewership as a predictor of comparative advertising, accounted for the nesting of advertisements (level 1) within 152 ENDS brands (level 2). Results In contrast to racial/ethnic minorities, a greater proportion of non-Hispanic whites visited websites with ENDS advertisements than the overall proportion of nonHispanic white U.S. Internet users. Yet, it was the advertisements on websites that appealed to Hispanics that had greater odds of comparing ENDS to traditional cigarettes. Conclusions The lower exposure to ENDS advertising among racial/ethnic minorities versus non-Hispanic whites is consistent with survey data. Yet, the greater odds of comparative advertising of ENDS on websites that appeal to racial/ethnic minorities (ie, Hispanics) could impact the longterm health of minority smokers. Implications This study’s findings have important implications for the uptake of ENDS among minority smokers. If the comparative advertising yields greater interest and eventual use of ENDS, then minority smokers could either benefit from smoking cessation because they switch to ENDS, or adopt dual tobacco use. The fate of comparative advertising of ENDS versus the traditional cigarette will depend on the Food and Drug Administration enforcement of its deeming rules and the ensuing changes in the ENDS marketplace.
Mutagenesis of a single AT basepair in mice transgenic for PhiX174 am3, cs70: II. Brain

Most cell divisions in the mouse brain have ceased by 14 days after birth. Therefore, spontaneous mutations that occur in brain cells can be assumed to be fixed by replication during brain development. Spontaneous and ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced reverse mutations at a single AT base pair were measured in brain tissue by using mice transgenic for PhiX174 am3, cs70. The line (am54) has 50 PhiX genomes per haploid genome integrated in a tandem array and is maintained by random breeding on a C57BL/6 background. For mutagenesis studies, homozygous am54 males were mated to non-transgenic C57BL6/J females. Four-day old offspring from this cross were treated with 50 mg/kg ENU and were euthanized at 68-80 days of age. The ENU-treated animals had a significantly higher frequency of am3 revertants in brain than did concurrent controls. In a second experiment, hemizygous male offspring (85 to 94 days old) were treated with 150 mg/kg ENU and euthanized at various post-injection intervals (3, 10 and 110 days). The revertant frequencies 3 and 10 days after treatment were not significantly different from control values. At the 110 days post-injection interval, however, the average revertant frequency in the treated group was significantly lower than controls. In a second study animals were euthanized 3, 10 and 74 days after treatment. Two groups (3 and 74 days post-injection) also showed a significant decrease in the revertant frequency as compared to controls. Additional sets of adult animals were treated with 50 and 150 mg/kg ENU and were euthanized 195 to 201 days after treatment. The average revertant frequency of the animals that were treated with 50 or 150 mg/kg ENU was not significantly different from the control value. Thus, although an increase in mutant frequency is detected in the PhiX174 system when neonatal mice are treated with ENU, treatment of mature mice with ENU did not result in an increase in the mutant frequency. Moreover, under certain conditions, ENU-produced a significantly lower mutant frequency than was observed in the control animals. This decrease in the revertant frequency among the treated animals was likely due to selective killing of cells with a higher spontaneous revertant frequency than cells with lower frequency.
Considerations When Treating Cosmetic Concerns in Men of Color.

BACKGROUNDMen of color include a diverse population encompassing individuals with Fitzpatrick skin Types IV through VI. Yet, there is a paucity of data describing the cosmetic concerns of this population.OBJECTIVETo review the basic science of advantages and disadvantages of skin of color and pathop
Enhanced Shear Performance of Hybrid Glass Fiber–Epoxy Laminates Modified with Boron Nitride Nanotubes

Matrix enhancement using nanotubes is one method to produce hybrid, multiscale fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites with improved interlaminar performance and added functional properties. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been shown to be promising, and recent advances in the manufacturing of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), which are largely unexplored for structural reinforcement of hybrid composites with microscale fibers, offer new opportunities to employ BNNTs in reinforced hybrid composite structures. This study investigates the shear and impact properties of BNNT hybrid composites, specifically glass fiber–epoxy/BNNT composite laminates. Two manufacturing techniques were used to fabricate the specimens: wet layup and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Shear punch, short beam shear, and modified Charpy tests were selected for their relevance to complex loading systems that involve shear, such as ballistic or other impact loading. The addition of 1 wt % BNNTs to the epoxy resin was found...
ACE Inhibitors and ARB’s

Pharmacologic manipulation of afterload or systemic vascular resistance (SVR) has become increasingly important in the management of pediatric cardiac patients, just as it has for adult cardiac patients.
Author Correction: A changeable day in the life of Venus

In the version of this Sketch-Up originally published, labels describing atmospheric torques acting on Venus were incorrect. The sketch suggested that the speed-up effect of mountain waves is balanced by a slow-down from thermal tides; instead, both mountain waves and thermal tides speed up the rotation, and this effect is balanced by a slow-down from the solar gravitational torque on the solid body, which is transmitted to the atmosphere. This error has now been corrected in the online versions by adjusting the relevant labels; that is, “Mountain waves speed the planet up” has been changed to “Mountain waves and thermal tides speed the planet up”, and “Thermal tide slows the planet down” has been changed to “Solar gravitational torques slow the planet down”.
The Temporal Relationship Between Medicaid Payment Acceptance and the Implementation of Medication-Assisted Drug Treatment.

Objective:To examine the temporal relationship of Medicaid funding on the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in outpatient substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.Methods:We examined ...
Eden, Just Not Ours Yet: On Parable of the Trickster and Utopia

The last chapter of Octavia E. Butler’s Parable of the Talents (1998) sees an aged Lauren Olamina in 2090, surrounded by several of her most devoted disciples at the launch of the first Earthseed m...
Structures and Metabolic Properties of Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Potential in the Development of Novel Therapeutics

Among the many bioactive components in human milk, the free oligosaccharides (OS) have been intensely studied in recent decades due to their unique ability to selectively modulate the infant gut microbiota, in addition to providing numerous other health benefits. In light of the demonstrated value of these compounds, recent studies have set out to characterize the structures and properties of the similar and more widely-available OS in the dairy industry. This mini review gives a brief overview of the common analytical techniques used to characterize bovine milk OS and highlights several recent, key studies that have identified valuable physiological and metabolic effects of these molecules in vivo. Although traditionally considered indigestible by human enzymes, evidence now suggests that milk OS are partially absorbed in the intestines and likely contribute to the development of molecular structures in the brain. Furthermore, aside from their prebiotic effects, these compounds show promise as therapeutics that could alleviate numerous metabolic abnormalities, including undernutrition, obesity, and excessive intestinal permeability. The need for novel treatments to address these and related health issues is motivating the development of scalable techniques to produce large quantities of milk OS for use as food ingredients. The safety and tolerability of high dosages of bovine milk OS have been demonstrated in two independent human studies, which potentially opens the door for further research aiming to utilize these molecules to alleviate common metabolic health issues.
Always Rational Choice Theory? Lessons from Conventional Economics and Their Relevance and Potential Benefits for Contemporary Sociologists

The paper reconsiders the problem of whether traditional economics constitutes or comprises rational choice theory in the sense of a comprehensive economic model of and approach to human action and society. Rational choice theorists in economics as well as sociology and beyond claim that their theory and approach is founded in, derived from and justified by classical and neoclassical economics, especially its major figures. This reconsideration casts strong doubt on such claims to “rational choice” traditional economics. It argues and shows that both classical political economy and neoclassical economics essentially is or has no rational choice theory. This applies to virtually all the major economics classics and neoclassics, with some exceptions among their lesser counterparts. The paper aims to contribute to understand better the origins and rationale or lack thereof of rational choice theory and the economic approach to behavior and their implications for its sociological version. The rationale/benefit of this analysis and its finding for contemporary sociologists is three-fold. The first relating to rational choice sociologists is showing that classical/neoclassical economics is not rational choice theory and does not represent their theoretical foundation and precursor. The second pertaining to economic sociologists is demonstrating that conventional economics has elements of economic sociology, especially more than of rational choice theory. The third concerning other sociologists is to make them more familiar with the original ideas of conventional economics as distinct from their interpretations by contemporary economist pursuing the economic approach and rational choice theory.
Recovering a Voice: West European Jewish Communities after the Holocaust

David Weinberg's multi-national study focuses on the efforts by the Jews of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands to reconstruct their lives after the Second World War. These efforts have largely been ignored, perhaps because the emphasis on assisting survivors in displaced persons camps in occupied Germany, Austria, and Italy and in developing Israel as the centre of the Jewish world after the Holocaust diverted attention from the struggle by Jews in western Europe to recover their voice and sense of purpose. Weinberg attempts to set the record straight, presenting the challenges that were faced both in the national context and in the world Jewish arena and examining how they were dealt with. Weinberg begins his study by reviewing the action taken to revive Jewish communities in the three countries materially and institutionally, remodelling them as efficient, self-sustaining, and assertive bodies that could meet new challenges. With the creation of the State of Israel, Jews who stayed in western Europe had to defend their decision to do so while nevertheless showing public support for the new nation. There was also a felt need to respond quickly and effectively to any sign of antisemitism. In addition, tensions arose between Jews and non-Jews concerning wartime collaboration in deportations, and the need to memorialize Jewish victims of Nazism. The Cold War offered challenges of its own: the perceived need to exclude communist elements from communal affairs was countered by a resistance to pressures from American Jewish leaders to sever links with Jews in eastern Europe. Yet beneath the show of assertiveness Jewish life was fragile, not only because of the physical depletion of the population and of its leadership but because the Holocaust had shaken religious beliefs and affiliations and had raised questions about the value of preserving ethnic and religious identity. At the same time, new forms of Jewish consciousness had evolved, meaning that Jewish leaders had to provide for diverse educational, religious, and cultural needs. This book's comprehensive approach offers a broad and valuable addition to existing studies on the regeneration of Jewish life in individual European countries. Underscoring the similar political, cultural, social, and economic issues facing Jewish survivors in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands after the Holocaust, David Weinberg demonstrates how, with the aid of international Jewish organizations, they used unprecedented means to meet unprecedented challenges. It is a story worth telling that adds much to our understanding of postwar European Jewish life.
How emotional displays and service quality impact satisfaction and loyalty: A gendered look

Success in the restaurant industry is, in part, determined by boundary spanning service providers’ ability to manage their emotions with the goal of providing excellent service while simultaneously...
Foo, Bar, Baz…: The Metasyntactic Variable and the Programming Language Hierarchy

This article argues that the English-language nonsense words “foo,” “bar,” “baz,” and others in a more or less standardized sequence of so-called metasyntactic variables commonly used in computer programming ought to be understood as meta-abstractive, re-representing a linguistically derived code’s abstraction of language and the abstraction of the programming language hierarchy itself, making it legible in a manner that rewards culturally oriented study: for example, of programming as a culture and of cultures of software development or engineering.
Changes in Parkinsonian gait kinematics with self-generated and externally-generated cues: a comparison of responders and non-responders.

AbstractPurpose: Rhythmic auditory stimulation such as listening to music can alleviate gait bradykinesia in people with Parkinson disease (PD) by increasing spatiotemporal gait features. However, ...
Development and initial testing of the Multidimensional Cultural Humility Scale

This study describes the development and initial testing of the Multidimensional Cultural Humility Scale (MCHS), a counselor-report scale to measure a counselor’s cultural humility, with a sample o...
Chapter 7 – Reaching and Grasping

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the reaching and grasping that depend on a blend of initial planning and subsequent correction. The initial planning is based on perception of the objects to be grasped and memory of what the objects afford in the way of grasping. Based on such information, one can decide whether to pick up objects with one hand or two, with a large grip or a small grip force. The chapter illustrates that vision dominates touch. Relevant illusions may have practical benefits in physical therapy. Vision for action may use a different neural subsystem than vision for recognition of objects. The eye and hand are tightly coupled in visually guided manual aiming tasks. Studies of eye-hand coordination have shed light on language processing and other functions.
Coronary artery aneurysm in kawasaki disease

A 3-year-old male presents to the emergency department with chief complaints of fever and vomiting. He had a positive rapid streptococcus throat test with cervical lymphadenopathy. The patient was started on antibiotics. On examination, there was diffuse erythematous macular rash on the chest. Laboratory tests revealed elevated white cell count and C-reactive protein. Electrocardiogram was notable for prolonged PR interval indicating 1st degree atrioventricular block. Echocardiogram revealed ectasia of the right coronary artery (RCA). A presumptive diagnosis of Kawasaki disease was made and the patient was started on high-dose aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulins. Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed an aneurysm of the proximal RCA measuring up to 7.4 mm. The RCA immediately proximal to the aneurysm measured 3 mm in diameter. The Z score was 13.4. Oblique coronal image from cardiac CTA and volume rendered images demonstrated an aneurysm of the proximal RCA. The patient improved with treatment.
Cardiac MRI utilizing late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and T1 mapping in the detection of radiation induced heart disease.

Radiotherapy has been associated with late dose-dependent cardiovascular toxicity. In this cross-sectional pilot study, radiation dose distributions were correlated with areas of localized and diffuse myocardial fibrosis as measured by novel cardiac MRI (CMR) sequences including late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and T1 mapping with the goal to identify early markers of myocardial damage. Twenty-eight patients with chest tumors including lung, breast, esophagus, and lymphoma underwent CMR per study protocol on average 46.4 months (range 1.7–344.5) after radiotherapy. Patients without pretreatment cardiac history were included if the volume of heart receiving 5 Gy or more was at least 10% (V5Gy ≥ 10%). The association of LGE with cardiac dosimetric factors, clinical factors (e.g., tumor type, smoking history, BMI), and T1 values was analyzed. Cardiac maximum (Dmax) and mean dose (Dmean) equivalent to doses delivered in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) were on average 50.9 Gy (range 6.2–108.0) and 8.2 Gy (range 1.0–35.7), respectively, compared to 60.8 Gy (40.8–108.0) and 6.8 Gy (1.8–21.8) among the 9 patients with LGE. Doses were not different between patients with and without LGE (p = 0.16 and 0.56, respectively). The average T1 value of the left ventricle myocardium was 1009 ms (range 933–1117). No significant correlation was seen for heart Dmax and Dmean and T1 values (p = 0.14 and 0.58, respectively). In addition, no significant association between clinical factors and the development of LGE was identified. No relation between cardiac doses, the presence of LGE or T1 values was observed. Further study is needed to determine the benefit of CMR for detecting radiotherapy-related myocardial fibrosis.
Stochastic Dynamic Pricing for EV Charging Stations With Renewable Integration and Energy Storage

This paper studies the problem of stochastic dynamic pricing and energy management policy for electric vehicle (EV) charging service providers. In the presence of renewable energy integration and energy storage system, EV charging service providers must deal with multiple uncertainties—charging demand volatility, inherent intermittency of renewable energy generation, and wholesale electricity price fluctuation. The motivation behind our work is to offer guidelines for charging service providers to determine proper charging prices and manage electricity to balance the competing objectives of improving profitability, enhancing customer satisfaction, and reducing impact on power grid in spite of these uncertainties. We propose a new metric to assess the impact on power grid without solving complete power flow equations. To protect service providers from severe financial losses, a safeguard of profit is incorporated in the model. Two algorithms—stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) algorithm and greedy algorithm (benchmark algorithm)—are applied to derive the pricing and electricity procurement policy. A Pareto front of the multi-objective optimization is derived. Simulation results show that using SDP algorithm can achieve up to 7% profit gain over using greedy algorithm. Additionally, we observe that the charging service provider is able to reshape spatial-temporal charging demands to reduce the impact on power grid via pricing signals.
Compositionally graded Ga1−xInxP buffers grown by static and dynamic hydride vapor phase epitaxy at rates up to 1 μm/min

We demonstrate Ga1−xInxP compositionally graded buffers (CGBs) grown on GaAs with lattice constants between GaAs and InP by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). Growth rates were up to ∼1 μm/min, and the threading dislocation density (TDD) was as low as 1.0 × 106 cm−2. We studied the effect of the substrate offcut direction, growth rate, and strain grading rate on the CGB defect structure. We compared the effect of a “dynamic” grading style, which creates compositional interfaces via mechanical transfer of a substrate between two growth chambers, vs “static” grading where the CGB grows in a single chamber. Dynamic grading yielded smoother grades with higher relaxation, but TDD was not significantly different between the two styles. The substrate offcut direction was the most important factor for obtaining CGBs with low defect density. (001) substrates offcut toward (111)B yielded smoother CGBs with lower TDD compared to CGBs grown on substrates offcut toward (111)A. Transmission electron microscopy of static and dynamic CGBs grown on A- and B-offcuts only found evidence of phase separation in a static A-offcut CGB, indicating that the B-offcut limits phase separation, which, in turn, keeps TDD low. Reductions in growth rate led to the appearance of CuPt-type atomic ordering, which affected the distribution of dislocations on the active glide planes but did not alter TDD significantly. Higher growth rates led to smoother CGBs and did not appreciably increase TDD as otherwise predicted by steady-state models of plastic relaxation. These results show HVPE's promise for lattice-mismatched applications and low-cost InP virtual substrates on GaAs.
Batalion, Judy. The Light of Days: The Untold Story of Women Resistance Fighters in Hitler’s Ghettos. New York, NY: William Morrow, 2020.

Review of Batalion, Judy. The Light of Days: The Untold Story of Women Resistance Fighters in Hitler’s Ghettos. New York, NY: William Morrow, 2020.
Glial TGFβ activity promotes axon survival in peripheral nerves

Axons can represent the majority of the volume of a neuron and are energetically very demanding. Specialized glia ensheathe axons and are believed to support axon function and maintenance throughout life, but molecular details of glia-neuron support mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here we identify a collection of secreted and transmembrane genes that are required in glia for long-term axon survival in vivo. We show that key components of the TGF{beta} superfamily are required cell-autonomously in glia for peripheral nerve maintenance, although their loss does not disrupt glial morphology. We observe age-dependent neurodegeneration in the absence of glial TGF{beta} signaling that can be rescued by genetic blockade of Wallerian degeneration. Our data argue that glial TGF{beta} signaling normally acts to promote axon survival and suppress neurodegeneration. Significance StatementAxon maintenance is critical to preserving the functional integrity of the nervous system across animal lifespan. Glia contribute to axon maintenance, but their precise roles remain to be fully characterized. We identify glial genes that regulate axon support and provide new molecular insight into the means by which glia promote axon survival, which may help explain why neurodegeneration occurs when glia are lost in disease. We show that TGF{beta} signaling in mature glia is essential for long-term maintenance of axons, and that loss of TGF{beta} signaling activates an axon death signaling pathway.
Public Transit's Effect on Ride-Hail and Taxi Usage

The long debate on the optimal regulation of car services has been reinvigorated with the introduction of ride-hail regulation in major cities. Critics of the regulation have argued that regulation restricting car services like ride-hail and taxis are leaving passengers stranded. Instead, they argue that policymakers should focus their efforts in expanding transit to reduce car service usage. It is unclear whether this alternative policy proposal will work, because there is little evidence in the literature about the substitution patterns between any car service and transit. This paper uses the opening of the Second Avenue Subway in New York City in 2017 as a natural experiment to characterize substitution patterns from both taxis and ride-hail to transit. I use broad data that covers 74% of all car service trips in NYC. The data includes shared and private ride-hail from two competing platforms, Uber and Via. I find that the SAS caused trip volume to decrease by 13.3% total along the origin-destination pairs ("OD pairs") easily served by the subway. Decreases were more dramatic for shared trips, with UberPool trips decreasing by 49% and shared Via trips by 38%. I argue that the decreases in trip volume were driven by demand, rather than supply, platform actions, or search frictions.Finally, I provide suggestive evidence that these decreases resulted in a modest improvement in congestion in the affected OD pairs.
Association Between Genetic Testing for Hereditary Breast Cancer and Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Among Multiethnic Women Diagnosed With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

PURPOSEIncreasing usage of multigene panel testing has identified more patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P or LP) variants in low-moderate penetrance genes or variants of uncertain sig...
The Wolfe cycle of carbon dioxide reduction to methane revisited and the Ralph Stoner Wolfe legacy at 100 years.

Abstract Methanogens are a component of anaerobic microbial consortia decomposing biomass to CO2 and CH4 that is an essential link in the global carbon cycle. One of two major pathways of methanogenesis involves reduction of the methyl group of acetate to CH4 with electrons from oxidation of the carbonyl group while the other involves reduction of CO2 to CH4 with electrons from H2 or formate. Pioneering investigations of the CO2 reduction pathway by Ralph S. Wolfe in the 70s and 80s contributed findings impacting the broader fields of biochemistry and microbiology that directed discovery of the domain Archaea and expanded research on anaerobic microbes for decades that continues to the present. This review presents an historical overview of the CO2 reduction pathway (Wolfe cycle) with recent developments, and an account of Wolfe's larger and enduring impact on the broad field of biology 100 years after his birth.
PIRMedic: physics-driven fault diagnosis for PIR sensors

Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensors are an integral part of modern living. They have diverse applications ranging from automatic lighting and heating control in smart buildings, towel dispensers in washrooms, security alarms (for intrusion detection) to even human detection robots (for search and rescue). Unfortunately, PIR sensors are prone to failures during deployment due to reasons such as environmental damage, incorrect installation and component degradation among others that can lead to incorrect or faulty data. Currently, such failures are typically detected using either : (a) heavily engineered data-driven, statistical approaches that can have high false positive rates due to unseen data patterns or (b) expensive methods that use additional hardware such as video cameras or a golden reference sensor. The second approach inhibits scalability. In this work, we first create a taxonomy for the most common PIR sensor failures. We then present PIRMedic---a physics-driven approach, implemented at the edge, to detect the various classes of failures. We show that we can both detect and diagnose the failures in a PIR sensor using an intrinsic hardware signal viz., the analog output from the pyroelectric element in the sensor. Using this hardware signal in conjunction with frequency analysis and supervised machine learning methods, we obtain a high accuracy of 98 -- 99% in failure detection and diagnosis. We evaluate our methods using real-world deployments in three distinct locations, in different environment and usage conditions.
Isolation methods II: Column chromatography

Summary This chapter briefly describes the various types of packing materials and equipment that can be utilized to isolate impurities from drug substances. It then goes into how to screen for impurity isolation and how to move from the screening phase of the project to develop an analytical-scale preparative method. The chapter concludes by giving rules on how to scale that preparative method up to any size column that will be used in the impurity isolation.