cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the Pharmacist in Medication Therapy Management Services in Patients With Osteoporosis.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to review and summarize clinical trial data, updated guidelines, and expert opinions on the recommendations for drug holidays in patients being treated for osteoporosis. Methods Three unique PubMed searches using the terms osteoporosis drug holiday, osteoporosis discontinuation, and osteoporosis extension produced 149 articles, of which 16 with relevance to postmenopausal osteoporosis and treatment discontinuation were selected. A separate search of 6 national societies with interest in the treatment of osteoporosis produced 2 guideline statements with specific mention of therapy duration. Findings No pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis should be considered indefinite. After 3 to 5 years of therapy, a comprehensive patient assessment of individualized risk for fracture should occur. In patients who are at mild to moderate risk for fracture after initial treatment, therapy with a bisphosphonate may be discontinued, whereas patients who remain at high risk for fracture should continue therapy. Although discontinuation with bisphosphonate agents may be appropriate due to mechanism of action and expected residual effects, which may last several years after discontinuation, discontinuation of shorter-acting agents (nonbisphosphonate agents) will result in a rapid reversal of therapeutic benefits and may not be appropriate. Patients who undergo a drug holiday should be monitored and reassessed for re-initiation of therapy. Caution should be employed by readers generalizing results to male patients with osteoporosis as pivotal trial data are limited to postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Implications Pharmacists play a crucial role in ensuring that patients achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. This achievement is partly accomplished through medication-adherence monitoring and education. Most chronic disease states require that patients remain on therapy, even when asymptomatic, for an indefinite period to meet and maintain therapeutic goals. To improve health-related outcomes, some pharmacist-managed medication therapy management programs are devoted entirely to treatment adherence. However, osteoporosis is a chronic disease state for which indefinite therapy may no longer be recommended due to potential long-term tolerability issues. It is crucial that the pharmacist understand the data and new guidelines addressing the optimal duration of therapy in osteoporotic patients so that they recognize which patients qualify for a drug holiday, do not mistakenly categorize a patient as nonadherent when therapy is stopped, and recommend when therapy should be restarted. This understanding will result in better patient management and health system cost-savings.
Biases in the recording of performance-related information: The effects of initial impression and centrality of the appraisal task

Abstract Two variables, initial impression and rating task centrality, were hypothesized to bias the recording of performance-related behavioral incidents used by raters during appraisal. Eighty students viewed two short videotapes of a single lecturer delivering lecture segments and collected behavioral incidents (both good and bad) exhibited by the lecturer using the behavior diary format. Students were randomly assigned to a single experimental condition where both initial performance of the lecturer (good vs poor performance on the first lecture seen) and importance of the behavior collection task (high vs low rating task centrality) were manipulated. The hypothesized effects of initial impression and rating task centrality were only partially demonstrated. In particular, initial impression produced a significant contrast effect in the subsequent recording of behavioral incidents. There was no significant difference in the number of incidents collected under varying conditions of rating task centrality. However, a significant rating task centrality × initial impression interaction showed that while under low rating task centrality subjects in the negative impression condition collected more incidents than subjects in the positive condition, and the opposite effect was found for subjects in the high rating task centrality condition.
An Analysis of Composite Piezoelectric Actuators Incorporating Nonlinear Material Behavior

Piezoelectric actuators of various composite designs have been proposed during the last few years including extension and shear bimorphs, tubular composites and multilayered actuators. These designs exploit the ability to define the actuation direction by varying the alignment between poling direction and applied electric field. Considerable research effort has been put to accurately model these actuators in order to attain predictive capability. The common factor in almost all of these studies is the assumption that the poled material behaves linearly under applied electric field. However, this assumption may only be accurate for the limited case of a homogenous actuator under relatively unconstrained environment, such as that of simply supported boundary conditions. In the case of composite structures, the actuation can potentially be restricted by non-actuating constituents resulting in multi-dimensional loading states, which may cause domain switching. The same argument can be made for most boundary conditions that are imposed in practical applications, such as when the actuator is clamped or fixed. Another point of concern is the presence of discontinuities and minor defects in the actuator. Both of these would promote non-uniform electric field causing domain switching, and hence, unexpected actuator output. Unless proven otherwise, these concerns directly affect the credibility of life cycle estimates based upon linear models. In this paper linear and nonlinear material models will be used to determine actuator performance using an established constitutive model in a commercial finite element code. Actuator performance for both material cases will be calculated and compared with existing analytical predictions under the same set of boundary conditions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Equipartition theorem and the dynamics of liquids

In liquids, phonons have a very short lifetime and the total potential energy does not depend linearly on temperature. Thus it may appear that atomic vibrations in liquids cannot be described by the harmonic-oscillator model and that the equipartition theorem for the potential energy is not upheld. In this paper we show that the description of the local atomic dynamics in terms of the atomic-level stresses provides such a description, satisfying the equipartition theorem. To prove this point we carried out molecular-dynamics simulations with several pairwise potentials, including the Lennard-Jones potential, the modified Johnson potential, and the repulsive part of the Johnson potential, at various particle number densities. In all cases studied the total self-energy of the atomic-level stresses followed the $(3/2){k}_{B}T$ law. From these results we suggest that the concept of local atomic stresses can provide description of thermodynamic properties of glasses and liquids on the basis of harmonic atomistic excitations. An example of application of this approach to the description of the glass transition temperature in metallic glasses is discussed.
High-titer SV40 replication in human fibroblast cell lines derived from patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Human fibroblast cell lines established from skin biopsies of patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), a sex-linked immunodeficiency disorder, were found to have unusually high sensitivity to SV40 infection. When examined by immunofluorescence, two of the cell lines showed almost 100% positive staining for tumor and viral antigens 4 days after infection, while the third cell line showed 75% positive cells for both antigens. Marked cytopathic changes were seen in infected cultures and viral yields of 10(8) pfu/ml were obtained. After six serial passages in WAS cells, the viral DNA was examined by restriction endonuclease analysis and found to have HindIII cleavage pattern similar to that of DNA from SV40 grown in monkey cells.
Buprenorphine Treatment for Hospitalized, Opioid-Dependent Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Buprenorphine opioid agonist treatment (OAT) has established efficacy for treating opioid dependency among persons seeking addiction treatment. However, effectiveness for out-of-treatment, hospitalized patients is not known. Objective To determine whether buprenorphine administration during medical hospitalization and linkage to office-based buprenorphine OAT after discharge increase entry into office-based OAT, increase sustained engagement in OAT, and decrease illicit opioid use at 6 months after hospitalization. Design, Setting, and Participants From August 1, 2009, through October 31, 2012, a total of 663 hospitalized, opioid-dependent patients in a general medical hospital were identified. Of these, 369 did not meet eligibility criteria. A total of 145 eligible patients consented to participation in the randomized clinical trial. Of these, 139 completed the baseline interview and were assigned to the detoxification (n = 67) or linkage (n = 72) group. Interventions Five-day buprenorphine detoxification protocol or buprenorphine induction, intrahospital dose stabilization, and postdischarge transition to maintenance buprenorphine OAT affiliated with the hospital’s primary care clinic (linkage). Main Outcomes and Measures Entry and sustained engagement with buprenorphine OAT at 1, 3, and 6 months (medical record verified) and prior 30-day use of illicit opioids (self-report). Results During follow-up, linkage participants were more likely to enter buprenorphine OAT than those in the detoxification group (52 [72.2%] vs 8 [11.9%], P P = .007). Compared with those in the detoxification group, participants randomized to the linkage group reported less illicit opioid use in the 30 days before the 6-month interview (incidence rate ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.46-0.73; P Conclusions and Relevance Compared with an inpatient detoxification protocol, initiation of and linkage to buprenorphine treatment is an effective means for engaging medically hospitalized patients who are not seeking addiction treatment and reduces illicit opioid use 6 months after hospitalization. However, maintaining engagement in treatment remains a challenge. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00987961
Behavioral responses to tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar.

Severe dental wear and tooth loss is often assumed to impede the processing, breakdown, and ener- getic conversion of food items, thereby negatively impact- ing individual health, reproduction, and survival. Ring- tailed lemurs at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve dem- onstrate exceptionally high frequencies of severe dental wear and antemortem tooth loss, yet often survive multi- ple years with these impairments. To test the hypothesis that these lemurs mitigate tooth loss through behavioral adjustments, we collected 191 h of observational data from 16 focal subjects, eight without tooth loss and eight with between 3% and 44% loss. These data indicate den- tally-impaired ring-tailed lemurs show compensatory behaviors consistent with the demands of living in a social group. During early afternoon (12:00-14:30 h) individuals with loss showed trends towards higher frequencies of for- aging and grooming, while individuals without loss rested significantly more often. Individuals with >10% loss (n 5 7) showed higher frequencies of feeding, foraging, and grooming, and lower frequencies of resting during this pe- riod than individuals with <10% loss (n 5 9). Individuals with tooth loss maintained relatively higher levels of feed- ing and foraging throughout the day. These individuals licked tamarind fruit at higher frequencies, likely spend- ing more time softening it before ingestion. These individ- uals did not demonstrate longer feeding bouts overall, although bouts involving tamarinds were significantly longer. Individuals with marked toothcomb wear engaged in higher rates of certain types of allogrooming, demon- strating that social behaviors are used to compensate for reduced grooming efficiency. These data have implications for interpreting behavioral responses to dental impair- ment in the fossil record. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:120-
Financial pricing models and competitive underwriting returns for the insurance industry

Abstract The article develops two financial models for pricing insurance based on CAPM and APT. Empirical tests show that underwriting returns are negative and that different tax rates for underwriting profits and investment income are relevant factors in pricing insurance.
Numerical Solution of the Boltzmann Transport Equation

Abstract A numerical model for solution of the linear Boltzmann Transport Equation is formulated. By applying the same techniques used in the derivation of the analytic equation, a discrete analog of the Boltzmann equation is derived for a finite cell in phase space. Initially undetermined coefficients in the analog are determined by requiring the numerical formulation to include properties (e.g., particle conservation) of the analytic equation. Terms occurring in the finite-cell analog are defined, and two treatments of the angular dependence are illustrated. A discrete ordinates representation is derived based on a connected straight-line-angular representation. This formulation maintains optical reciprocity and may be generalized. The second portion of the paper describes the systematic derivation of difference relations necessary to complete solution of the numerical formulation. Both representation schemes, based on assumed forms of particle fluxes in the cell, and characteristic schemes are examined. Difficulties encountered in extrapolations made by the use of representation schemes are clarified, and insight is gained for methods that can be used to prevent flux oscillations in numerical calculations.
Treatment of a Case Example with PTSD and Chronic Pain.

Abstract This commentary reviews the case of GH, a survivor of a road traffic collision, who has chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The case formulation, assessment strategy, and treatment plan are informed by the relevant experimental literature and empirically supported treatments using a cognitive behavioral perspective. Given this framework, the commentary includes a focus on the treatment of PTSD with an eye toward generalizing the therapeutic strategies to chronic pain problems. Psychoeducation, imaginal exposure to the traumatic event, in vivo exposure to avoided activities, and cognitive interventions including coping self-statements, correction of logical errors, decatastrophizing and developing alternative explanations are all included in the recommendations as part of a standard cognitive behavioral treatment for PTSD. Added to this standard PTSD protocol is the suggested use of interoceptive exposure to address GH’s feared bodily sensations. In the assessment domain, standard measures for pain and PTSD assessment are suggested along with tracking of depression and anxiety sensitivity. Some recognition of more recent approaches to cognitive behavioral therapy (e.g., Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) is given in considering potential obstacles to treatment.
Software reuse experience at Hewlett-Packard

At Hewlett-Packard, we have had visible divisional software reuse efforts since the mid-1980s. In 1990, we initiated a multi-faceted corporate reuse program to gather information about reuse from within HP and from other companies. As we studied the existing reuse programs, we discovered that certain issues were poorly understood, and as a consequence, mistakes were made in starting and running certain programs at HP and elsewhere. Our corporate reuse program focused on packaging best-practice information and guidelines to avoid common pitfalls. We also developed technology transfer and educational processes to spread this information and enhance reuse practice within the company. In 1992, we launched a multi-disciplinary research program to investigate and develop better methods for domain-specific, reuse-based software engineering. We have learned that for large-scale reuse to work, the problems to be overcome are mostly non-technical. >
The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920

This colorful and perceptive study presents persuasive evidence that the saloon, far from being a magnet for vice and crime, played an important role in working-class community life. Focusing on public drinking in "wide open" Chicago and tightly controlled Boston, Duis offers a provocative discussion of the saloon as a social institution and a locus of the struggle between middle-class notions of privacy and working-class uses of public space.
Model selection in canonical correlation analysis (CCA) using Bayesian model averaging

Understanding the relationship between ecological indicators and environmental stressors is difficult. One problem is that the environmental data often consist of a large number of variables. The relationship between ecological data and environmental data is investigated using canonical correlation analysis with Bayesian model averaging used to identify important variables. A set of data from Ohio, U.S.A., is studied. Activation probabilities are used to indicate the important ecological indicators and environmental variables. A plot of model coefficients adjusted by activation probabilities is used to indicate variables that are important to canonical correlation axes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of aromatic ether phosphine oxide containing oligomeric phthalonitrile resins with improved oxidative stability

A series of multiple aromatic ether-linked phthalonitrile resins containing an aromatic ether phosphine oxide group in the backbone have been synthesized and characterized. The oligomeric phthalonitrile monomers were prepared from the reaction of an excess amount of either bisphenol A or resorcinol with bis(4-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphine oxide in the presence of K2CO3 in a N,N-dimethylformamide/toluene solvent mixture, followed by reacting with 4-nitrophthalonitrile in a two-step, one-pot reaction. Rheometric measurements and thermogravimetric analysis of the cured resins showed that the oligomeric phthalonitrile resins maintained good structural integrity upon heating to elevated temperatures and exhibited excellent thermal properties. When subjected to long-term oxidative exposures, the phosphorus-containing phthalonitriles showed superior performance and less oxidative damage compared to other aromatic-containing phthalonitrile resins. Scanning electron spectroscopy studies showed the formation of microcracks during the oxidative aging at elevated temperatures.
Infant lesion effect: II. Sparing and recovery of function after spinal cord damage in newborn and adult cats

Considerable disagreement exists concerning the degree to which sparing and/or recovery of function occurs following CNS damage at birth rather than in adulthood. To study this question, the spinal cord was hemisected in neonatal and adult cats and the motor behavior of the two groups was compared when the neonatal operates matured and the adult operates recovered. Quantitative analysis of the motor behavior indicated that the effects were not uniform: in some aspects of motor behavior sparing of function was found in neonatal operates; in others, the adult operates displayed performance which was superior to the neonatal group. Both groups exhibited considerable recovery of locomotor function, but adult operates showed greater accuracy of limb placement during locomotion. Furthermore, the neonatal group had some deficits in locomotion and postural reflexes which were not seen at all in adult operates. There were, however, examples of greater recovery in neonatal operates, e.g. in ipsilateral hopping responses and in the reduced hypermetria of the proprioceptive placing reflexes. True sparing of function was manifested by the presence of tactile placing in neonatal operates which was always abolished permanently in adult operates. The characteristics of the performance suggested that although sparing of function had obviously occurred, the response had never matured fully. These results taken together indicate that the relationship between age at the time damage occurs and ultimate outcome in terms of motor behavior is complex: different motor patterns respond differently to the same lesion. True sparing of function may be restricted to motor patterns which are not directly affected by the lesion because they have not yet developed when the lesion is made.
The efficacy of auditory and visual conjugate reinforcers in infant conditioning

Abstract The effectiveness of the separate auditory and visual components of a combined auditory-visual conjugate reinforcer was assessed in 273-month-old infants. All conditions of contingent reinforcement were equally effective in promoting acquisition, but only the removal of the singly presented auditory component resulted in significant response diminution. Although noncontingent stimulation in all conditions was ineffective in altering operant footkicks, it did sustain visual attention at a high level equivalent to that produced by contingent stimulation over the major portion of acquisition. The results were discussed in terms of the reinforcing properties of varied stimulation.
Anisotropic aspects of the environmental stress cracking of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers in methanol

Critical strains causing environmental stress cracking of injection-molded poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) and poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) (SAN) plaques were determined upon exposure to methanol. Measurements were obtained for samples strained either parallel or perpendicular to the melt flow direction and for samples located at various distances from the mold gate. Critical strains were significantly higher in the direction parallel to the melt flow compared to the transverse direction. The degree of anisotropy increased with increasing rubber content. For ABS containing 46 percent rubber, the critical strain at one point was determined to be 2.99 percent in the direction of melt flow, but only 0.47 percent in the orthogonal direction. For this material, critical strains determined parallel to the melt flow decreased with distance from the gate; whereas, critical strains for SAN and ABS containing 30 percent rubber remained essentially constant. Orientation of the plaques was assessed using shrinkage determinations and a thermal conductivity technique. Though a straightforward correlation of orientation with critical strain is observed for ABS, a similar relationship is not observed for SAN. These results suggest that although stress cracking occurs in the glassy matrix of ABS, it is the dispersed rubbery phase which controls the magnitude of strain required to initiate cracking.
Broadband parametric frequency combs with sub-100-GHz repetition rates

We demonstrate comb generation with spacings of 80, 40, and 20 GHz using cascaded parametric oscillation in silicon-nitride spiral microresonators. Our measurements indicate that the comb linewidth is due to fluctuations in the pump power.
Reinventing Ramanand: Caste and History in Gangetic India

According to Sir George Grierson, one of the pre-eminent Indologists of the early twentieth century, Ramanand led ‘one of the most momentous revolutions that have occurred in the religious history of North India.’Yet Ramanand, the fourteenth-century teacher of Banaras, has been conspicuous by his relative absence in the pages of English-language scholarship on recent Indian history, literature, and religion. The aims of this essay are to reflect on why this is so, and to urge historians to pay attention to Ramanand, more particularly to the reinvention of Ramanand by his early twentieth-century followers, because the contested traditions thereof bear on the vexed issue of caste and hierarchy in colonial India. The little that is known about Ramanand is doubly curious considering that Ramanandis, those who look to Ramanand for spiritual and community inspiration, are thought to comprise the largest and most important Vaishnava monastic order in north India. Ramanandis are to be found in temples and monasteries throughout and beyond the Hindi-speaking north, and they are largely responsible for the upsurge in Ram-centered devotion in the last two centuries. A fairly recent anthropological examination of Ayodhya, currently the most important Ramanand pilgrimage center in India, has revealed that Ramanandi sadhus, or monks, can be grouped under three basic headings: tyagi (ascetic), naga (fighting ascetic), and rasik (devotional aesthete).4 The increased popularity of the order in recent centuries is such that Ramanandis may today outnumber Dasnamis, the better-known Shaiva monks who look to the ninth-century teacher, Shankaracharya, for their organizational and philosophical moorings.
Signal processing's education survey results

The data from 33 responses to the more than 100 survey forms that were sent out to north American universities are tabulated and analyzed. The following information was selected: program statistics, including number of faculty, faculty hiring, number of Ph.D and Masters students, Ph.D graduation statistics, and research funding levels and funding trends; instructional aids, i.e. software used for computer-aided instruction and DSP laboratory hardware information; and course information, including course title, undergraduate/graduate enrollment, and subject area coverage. Statistics and various graphs and charts on program information, CAI software adoption, DSP laboratory facilities, and course subject area coverage are presented. It is concluded that not enough is known about DSP education at this time to speculate on its future. >
Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm defined by ovarian stroma: demographics, clinical features, and prevalence of cancer.

Background & Aims: Pancreatic mucin-producing cystic neoplasms are classified into 2 distinct entities: mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). In previous studies, MCN often has been defined loosely and has not always been distinguished clearly from IPMN. Our aims were to determine the demographics, clinical features, and prevalence of invasive cancer in MCN defined by the presence of characteristic ovarian stroma. Methods: By using the presence of ovarian stroma as a requisite criterion for diagnosis of MCN, a single pathologist, unaware of clinical information, identified 56 MCNs from 243 mucin-producing neoplasms resected at Mayo Clinic between 1986 and 2003. Medical records of the MCN patients were reviewed to obtain clinical and demographic data. Results: Patients with MCN were almost exclusively (98%) women; we identified 1 man with a neoplasm containing ovarian stroma. The mean (±SD) age at resection was 48 ± 15 years (84% Conclusions MCN defined by ovarian stroma has a distinct demographic and clinical profile and a low prevalence of invasive cancer. These observations suggest that ovarian stroma should be used as the defining criterion for diagnosing MCN.
Germanium rectifiers for industrial applications

MANY processes and applications in industry require d-c power which has to be obtained from an a-c source. Metallic rectifiers have served well in this field of conversion, and the operating characteristics of magnesium copper sulphide, copper oxide, and selenium are well known. A more recent development is the germanium rectifier, with different characteristics which required that new design techniques be developed. A review of these characteristics in terms of the older metallic rectifiers will be a help in understanding the design and application problems.
Age-dependent polydipsia in the SWR/J mouse

Abstract Both absolute water intakes (ml) and relative water intakes (ml/100 g body weight) increased with age in the SWR/J mouse. This age-dependent polydipsia was more pronounced in the females than in the males. The polydipsia was abolished by food deprivation and by giving a 20% sucrose solution in place of water. Intakes of polydipsic mice were elevated still further by offering 5% sucrose and 0.2% and 0.5% saccharin. The well-defined circadian rhythm of drinking in this strain was not altered by the development of polydipsia. In females, the increase in water intakes was accompanied by a decrease in intakes of isotonic and hypertonic NaCl solutions in a single tube test. It is suggested that the SWR/J mouse might provide a model for the study of behavioral changes accompanying age-dependent renal deterioration.
Thermal-Structural Analysis of the MacArthur Maze Freeway Collapse

At approximately 3:41 AM on the morning of April 29, 2007, a tractor-trailer rig carrying 8,600 gallons (32.6 m3 ) of fuel overturned on Interstate 880 in Oakland, CA. The resultant fire weakened the surrounding steel superstructure and caused a 50-yard (45.7 m) long section of the above connecting ramp from Interstate 80 to Interstate 580 to fail in approximately 18 minutes. In this study, we performed a loosely-coupled thermal-structural finite element analysis of the freeway using the LLNL Engineering codes NIKE3D, DYNA3D and TOPAZ3D. First, we applied an implicit structural code to statically initialize the stresses and displacements in the roadway at ambient conditions due to gravity loading. Next, we performed a thermal analysis by approximating the tanker fire as a moving box region of uniform temperature. This approach allowed for feasible calculation of the fire-to-structure radiative view factors and convective heat transport. We used a mass scaling methodology in the thermal analysis to reduce the overall simulation time so an explicit structural analysis could be used, which provided a more computationally efficient simulation of structural failure. Our approach showed structural failure of both spans due to thermal softening under gravity loading at approximately 20 minutes for a fixed fire temperature of 1200°C and fixed thermal properties. When temperature-dependent thermal properties were applied, the south and north spans collapsed at approximately 10 minutes and 16 minutes, respectively. Finally, we performed a preliminary fully-coupled analysis of the system using the new LLNL implicit multi-mechanics code Diablo. Our investigation shows that our approach provides a reasonable first-order analysis of the system, but improved modeling of the transport properties and the girder-box beam connections is required for more accurate predictions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Science, Publicity, and Consciousness

A traditional view is that scientific evidence can be produced only by intersubjective methods that can be used by different investigators and will produce agreement. This intersubjectivity, or publicity, constraint ostensibly excludes introspection. But contemporary cognitive scientists regularly rely on their subjects' introspective reports in many areas, especially in the study of consciousness. So there is a tension between actual scientific practice and the publicity requirement. Which should give way? This paper argues against the publicity requirement and against a fallback version of it, viz. that evidence-conferring methods must at least have their reliability publicly validated.
Free surface of the Bose Lennard-Jones fluid at 0 K: A density-functional perturbation approach.

We present a first-principles density-functional study of the free surface of a Bose Lennard-Jones (BW) fluid at zero temperature. Following the Weeks-Chandler-Andersen perturbation scheme for classical LJ fluids, we treat the repulsive part of the BW by a Bose hard-sphere (BHS) reference system, where the equivalent BHS diameter is taken from the approach of Kalos, Levesque, and Verlet [Phys. Rev. A 9, 2178 (1974)]. When the de Boer-Michels parameters of 4 He are chosen for the BW fluid, the calculated surface properties are in good agreement with those from experiment and Monte Carlo simulation
Levels of learning: A comparison of concept formation and language acquisition

Abstract The Competition Model of Bates and MacWhinney explains how multiple cues may be acquired and used in assigning linguistic roles in natural language sentences. This paper extends the domain of this model to the nonlinguistic realm by examining the acquisition of categories in a concept learning task. As in the linguistic domain, classification in this particular concept learning task is determined by multiple probabilistic cues. On any particular instance, a cue may or may not be present. Moreover, if a cue is in conflict with another, stronger cue, it may not indicate the correct classification. Error rates and reaction times on this type of concept learning task show a two stage pattern of development. People first rely on cues that most often give the correct classification over all the instances seen. When errors persist, people adjust the strengths of the cues to reflect the relative strengths cues have in conflict situations. The results from this laboratory concept learning task mirror those found in the natural language domain, underscoring the generality of the learning mechanism postulated in the Competition Model
Enamel wear caused by three different restorative materials

The ideal restorative material should cause minimal wear of opposing enamel. This study compared the effects of gold alloy, glazed porcelain, and a laboratory-processed composite on opposing enamel. Ten samples of a type III gold alloy, a porcelain, and a visible-light, heat, and vacuum-processed composite were abraded against cusps of extracted molars for 10,000 cycles on an abrading machine. Pretest and posttest profilometric measurements of the restorative materials demonstrated no statistical difference. Pretest and posttest tracings of the cusps were made on an optical comparator to determine loss of vertical height and surface area. The porcelain caused significantly more loss of vertical height and surface area than the gold alloy or the composite, which were similar.
Uncertainty in xenotransplantation: Individual benefit versus collective risk

Xenotransplantation continues to present daunting scientific hurdles but there is now a genuine prospect for clinical application. There are also significant and unknown risks. We call for a moratorium on all human xenotransplantation and offer a strategy for balancing the ethical, medical, scientific and societal demands of xenotransplantation prior to human clinical trials.
The effect of surfactants on a packed distillation column

Abstract Z uiderweg and H armens [1] have already given strong evidence of the importance of interfacial properties in various types of distillation equipment. The work herein reported demonstrates how some of the interfacial effects can be controlled to advantage by the use of small amounts of surfactants. The efficiency of a small packed distillation column is increased by as much as 100 per cent by the addition of small amounts of such materials.
Catalytic Nanoparticles Formed by Reduction of Metal Ions in Multilayered Polyelectrolyte Films

Alternating adsorption of polyethyleneimine−metal ion complexes and polyanions results in the formation of multilayered polyelectrolyte films. Postdeposition reduction of the metal ions by heating or exposure to NaBH4 then yields composite films containing metal nanoparticles. UV/visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm the formation of well-dispersed nanoparticles with sizes (4−30 nm) that depend on the concentration of metal ions initially in the film. These films are effective as both catalysts and antimicrobial coatings.
Breakdown and Combustion of JP-10 Fuel Catalyzed by Nanoparticulate CeO2 and Fe2O3

Thermal breakdown and oxidation of JP-10 (exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, C10H16), in the presence of nanoparticulate CeO2 and Fe2O3, was studied in a small alumina flow-tube reactor on time scales around 1 ms. Decomposition products were analyzed by an in situ mass spectrometer. In the absence of any oxidizer, JP-10 pyrolyzes at temperatures above ∼900 K to a variety of hydrocarbon products. In the absence of O2, both CeO2 and Fe2O3 oxidize JP-10 efficiently, with decomposition onset temperatures up to 300 K lower than in a clean alumina flow tube under identical flow conditions and substantial conversion to products such as water, CO2, CO, and formaldehyde. Under such noncatalytic conditions, the CeO2 or Fe2O3 is reduced and deactivated by the reaction with JP-10. Decomposition of JP-10 in the presence of stoichiometric O2 was also studied, with and without CeO2 present. In absence of CeO2, some oxidation products are observed; however, the rate-limiting step appears to be pyrolysis of JP-10, and pyrol...
Spontaneous closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants following discharge from the neonatal unit

Objective: To determine the incidence of spontaneous closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and the use of medical therapies for treatment of PDA-related conditions among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with ductal patency at the time of initial hospital discharge. Study design: We conducted a single-centre, retrospective, observational study of VLBW infants (birth weight Results: Three hundred and ninety one VLBW infants were admitted; 310 survived to discharge. Ninety five were diagnosed with a PDA during their hospitalisations; 21 had a PDA at discharge (10 received indomethacin, 11 were never treated). Among these, mean gestational age was 28 weeks, mean birth weight was 998 g, and median duration of hospitalisation was 73 days. Two infants were discharged on oxygen, two on diuretics, and two on both. None had congestive heart failure, and none died during infancy. Spontaneous closure occurred in 18 of 21 infants at a median PMA of 48 weeks (range 34–76; interquartile range 46–56). Two infants had coil occlusion at 11 months of age. One patient had a PDA at 14 months of age. Conclusions: Among a select group of VLBW infants with a PDA at initial hospital discharge, spontaneous closure during early infancy occurred in most infants.
Use of cobalt impregnation as a method of identifying mammalian neural pathways

Cobalt impregnation has been effectively used to identify invertebrate neural pathways. In the present report, several variations of the cobalt chloride, cut-axon technique were used to adapt this procedure to the mammalian trigeminal afferent system. The pulp of a canine tooth or the maxillary nerve was exposed to cobalt chloride. Subsequently, the maxillary nerve, trigeminal ganglion, and trigeminal root were excised and immersed in ammonium sulfide in order to form a cobalt sulfide precipitate. After routine histological processing, the precipitate was observed in the maxillary nerve, in cells of the trigeminal ganglion, and in the trigeminal root. The results of this study indicate that the cobalt chloride, cut-axon technique can be utilized to help clarify the trajectories of peripheral nerves in mammalian preparations.
Experience with OxyELITE Pro and Acute Liver Injury in Active Duty Service Members

1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a common additive in sport supplements that was banned by the FDA in 2013. Specifically, this additive received much publication for its role in causing adverse cardiovascular events, particularly sudden cardiac death. However, it has been our experience that products containing this additive may also lead to acute liver injury and liver failure. We present a series of seven cases encountered by a military treatment facility in Southern California which involved the use of OxyELITE Pro, a sport supplement containing DMAA, that all resulted in acute liver injury with two cases requiring transplant for acute liver failure. To our knowledge, this is the first case series reported involving OxyELITE Pro or other DMAA-containing supplements with a specific focus on acute liver injury. This review is limited by the paucity of clinical studies and trials based on OxyElite Pro and its effect on the liver. The presented cases are notably observation, and no standardized diagnostic or treatment protocol was utilized. This series is important to the general population as a whole due to the prevalence of sport supplement use, and is particularly important for practitioners who work with the military or athletic populations due to the high use in these demographics. These cases are followed by a brief discussion regarding DMAA.
DIVING SEALS DON'T GET THE SHIVERS

![Figure][1] It has been known since Scholander's first experiments on diving animals in the 1940s that the core body temperature of diving marine mammals drops by several degrees during a dive in cold water, confirmed by more recent reports of blood and brain decreases of 2–3°C in diving
Determining Spatial Distributions of Permeability

Conventional laboratory experimentation provides an apparent value of hydraulic permeability which, at best, is representative of the entire sample. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides unique opportunities to probe spatial distributions of permeability at a much finer scale (Seto et al., Transp Porous Media 42:351–388, 2001). We advance the methodology for determining spatial distributions of permeability and provide, for the first time, laboratory determinations of permeability distributions with complete three-dimensional (3D) spatial resolution. We investigate new experimental designs that mitigate a possible lack of identifiability and provide for more accurate estimates of permeability. We demonstrate the application of MRI experiments and analyses that provide substantial improvements in the determination of the porosity distribution, an essential step for obtaining reliable measurements of spatially resolved velocity distributions. We investigate the use of global optimization to solve the associated inverse problem for determining permeability distributions from the measured velocity distributions. Our methodology is demonstrated with experimental data on sandstone and trabecular bone samples.
Isoelectric focusing of β-glucosidase humic-bound activity in semi-arid Mediterranean soils under management practices

Changes in β-glucosidase enzyme–humic complexes and conventional parameters (pH, total organic C, total N, water-soluble C, and bulk density) were studied in an almond-cropped soil prone to erosion under a rehabilitation practice. The experimental plan included three soil slopes (0%, 2%, and 6%) and two type of fertilization (organic and mineral), with sampling of rhizosphere and inter-row soils. The enzyme humic complexes were extracted by pyrophosphate, purified by ultrafiltration of the organic extracts on molecular mass exclusion membranes (mol wt > 104) and fractionated by isoelectric focusing technique (IEF). The IEF on polyacrylamide rod gels with a restricted pH gradient ranging between 6.0 and 4.0 gave five humic bands on the basis of the little differences of their electric charges (pI). Under both organic and mineral fertilization, β-glucosidase activity bound to the fractionated humic substances, especially in the pH range 4.5–4.2 of the rhizosphere soil, was higher than that of the inter-row soil. This also occurred in 6% slope where the enzyme activity was lower than in soil with lower slopes. The higher number of the β-glucosidase active humic bands in rhizosphere than inter-row soil, particularly for the 0% slope, may be due to the presence of humic molecules capable of preserving the enzyme molecules in the active form, other than to the higher microbial activity synthesizing and releasing the tested enzymes.
Theories as a form of mental representation and their role in the recall of text information

Abstract This paper presents the results of two experiments investigating the role of instructed theories in the recall of text information. Participants in the experimental group read an explanatory scientific theory followed by a passage containing data either relevant or irrelevant to the corresponding theory. Control participants read non-explanatory theory passages and the same data passages. Both groups were asked to recall just the data passages. The experimental group showed improved recall for theory-relevant items and reduced recall for irrelevant items compared to the control group. This pattern of results suggests that the memory facilitation is due to theory-based attention processes leading to the construction of knowledge structures that combined elements from both the theory and the data passages. The results support approaches to instruction in science education that focus on the understanding of scientific theories versus those that emphasize the accumulation of facts. This research also offers insight into the importance of student motivation in understanding scientific theories.
A problem on Bezier curves and Bezier surfaces

Newmann and Sproull state the following problem. Four vectors (a, b, c, and d) are given. Each has an x, y, and z component. A curve is defined as P(u)=au/sup 3/+bu/sup 2/+cu+d. What are the four control points P/sub i/ that define an identical Bezier curve? One point P/sub 0/ is very easy to compute. It simply is given by P/sub 0/=d. A solution is given to the problem of computing the other points in terms of the given vectors. A more serious problem is the following. Sixteen vectors a/sub ij/, i, j=0, 1, 2, 3 are given. Each has an x, y, and z component. A cubic surface is defined as P(u,y)= Sigma /sub i/=/sub 0//sup 3/ Sigma /sub j/=/sub 0//sup 3/a/sub ijy/ v/sup j/. What are the sixteen control points P/sub ij/ that define an identical Bezier cubic surface? This more general problem is solved. >
Cold-Shock-Domain Protein A (CSDA) Contributes Posttranscriptionally to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Regulated Expression of Egr1 and Indirectly to Lhb

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hypothalamic neurohormone, regulates transcription of Lhb in gonadotrophs indirectly through transient induction and accumulation of EGR1, a zinc finger transcription factor. AlphaT3 and LbetaT2 cell lines model gonadotrophs at two distinct stages of development, prenatal and postnatal expression of Lhb. Although GnRH induces EGR1 in both cell lines, the levels of the DNA-binding protein are lower and disappear more quickly in alphaT3 than in LbetaT2 cells. Herein we show that overexpression of Egr1 in alphaT3 cells rescues activity of a transfected LHB promoter-reporter, suggesting that its transcription is dependent on EGR1 crossing a critical concentration threshold. We also show that Csda, a gene that encodes an RNA-binding protein and is a member of the cold-shock-domain (CSD) family, is expressed at higher levels in LbetaT2 compared to alphaT3 cells. Transient expression studies indicate that at least one Csd element, residing in the 3' untranslated region of Egr1 mRNA, increases activity of a chimeric pGL3 luciferase reporter vector in LbetaT2 cells. Additional experiments indicate that CSDA physically interacts with Egr1 mRNA. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated reduction of endogenous Csda mRNA attenuates GnRH regulation of a transiently transfected LHB reporter vector. Taken together, these studies suggest that CSDA contributes posttranscriptionally to GnRH-regulated expression of Egr1, thereby enabling the transcription factor to cross a critical concentration threshold necessary for maximal accumulation of Lhb mRNA in response to the neurohormone.