cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incremental UML for agile development: embedding UML class models in source code

Agile methods favor "working software over comprehensive documentation." The latter presumably includes Unified Modeling Language. UML is expensive to maintain, and it lacks good drill-down mechanisms; however, UML affords very useful visualizations. This paper describes a discipline for incrementally embedding graphical UML class models within source code for continuous agile development. The approach consists of identifying a main function, and having it drive the piecewise creation of UML by explicitly including in its postconditions the placement of functions corresponding directly to requirements. The approach thus introduces higher order pre- and postconditions. A specific process is provided for carrying this out, together with examples. It enables UML class model visualization in rapid development, especially when tool-supported.
Probing the pH dependent assembly-disassembly of water-soluble organic capsules with coumarins and anthracene

Abstract Octaacid (OA) and octaamine (OAm) form water-soluble capsules in presence of guest molecules. Using the polarity dependent fluorescence of coumarins (coumarin-1, coumarin-153 and coumarin-480) we have shown that the dynamic OA and OAm capsules can be reversibly disassembled and reassembled by controlling the pH of the solution. Anthracene is a unique guest molecule that forms a 2:2 capsule with both OA and OAm and shows excimer emission when inside the capsule and monomer emission when in water. Reversible pH dependent excimer-monomer emission of anthracene has revealed that the disassembly process is much dependent on the hydrophobicity of the guest. The disassembly of the capsules is slower with anthracene than with the less hydrophobic coumarins. In addition the assembly-disassembly is not 100% with hydrophobic anthracene while quantitative in the case of coumarins.
Do Constitutions Make a Difference in the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights

Do Constitutions Make a Difference in the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights? Comparing the US and Israel.
Blue Ribbon Abstract Award

ISSUE: One measure of hospital preparedness is the ability to respond to a bioemergency. Components of a response include the ability to efficiently mass vaccinate or provide prophylaxis to susceptible health care workers (HCW's). We wanted to test our ability to rapidly immunize HCW's using various methods. PROJECT: Our Disaster Emergency Group designed a drill to use the Annual Influenza Vaccination Campaign to test our ability to vaccinate 70% of direct patient care providers over 6 days. We tested our Mass Immunization/Prophylaxis Plan for Employees by using a scenario that required staff to respond to actual events and to implement decisions in real-time. A potential influenza pandemic scenario and plan was presented to the hospital emergency incident command system (HEICS). The proposed plan focused on the following components: communication, education and promotion, dispensing strategies, and real-time data collection. Dispensing strategies included using the Employee Health Clinic, a peer vaccination program, and mobile vaccination teams. RESULTS: 54% of direct patient care givers were immunized during the drill. Groups with the highest compliance were physicians 58%, residents and fellows 65%, and nurses 58%. Groups with lower vaccination rates were Radiology 43%, Pharmacy 42%, and Housekeeping 33%. During the drill peer vaccinators delivered 82% of vaccine, while Employee Health Clinic delivered 12% and mobile vaccination teams delivered 6%. 41% of vaccine given during the campaign was given in the first 2 days of the drill. LESSONS LEARNED: We learned that the peer vaccination strategy was very effective, but we need to improve information management systems so that we can identify staff that have direct patient contact in the event that we must quickly prioritize staff who should be vaccinated or given prophylaxis. We need to develop systems that allow us to collect real-time data so we can track those vaccinated and not vaccinated. This drill allowed us to use HEICS to optimize a routine annual influenza vaccination program in a life-like scenario and to increase support among staff and leadership. In addition, this drill demonstrated the importance of influenza vaccinations to hospital leadership and is now an institutional priority for the next year. We feel this is a drill format that others might consider for preparedness activities.
Preventing non-contact ACL injuries in female athletes: What can we learn from dancers?

Abstract Objectives To investigate the effects of dance experience and movement instruction on lower extremity kinematics and muscle activation during a landing task. Design Cross-sectional case control. Setting Laboratory setting. Participants 27 female subjects (age 18–25) in 2 groups: dancers (n = 12) and non-dancers (n = 15). Main outcome measures Lower extremity biomechanics during drop landing were analyzed. Subjects performed drop landings after watching an instructional video without verbal instructions (NI), followed by repeat assessment after watching the same videos with specific verbal instructions (VI). Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure the activation of gluteus maximus and medius during the deceleration phase of landings. Peak knee and hip frontal plane angles during landing were acquired using a 3-D motion capture system. Results Compared to non-dancers, dancers demonstrated generally greater gluteus maximus activation and a decreased knee abduction (i.e. valgus) angle during drop landing. A significant interaction showed that instruction led to increased knee valgus angle in non-dancers but not dancers (p = .014). Conclusions Our findings suggest that experienced dancers demonstrate safer landing strategies compared to recreational athletes. Providing acute movement instruction was shown to disrupt the landing mechanics in those with no dance training experience.
Efficient Identification of Causal Mutations through Sequencing of Bulked F 2 from Two Allelic Bloomless Mutants of Sorghum bicolor.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench, L.) plant accumulates copious layers of epi-cuticular wax (EW) on its aerial surfaces, to a greater extent than most other crops. EW provides a vapor barrier that reduces water loss, and is therefore considered to be a major determinant of sorghum's drought tolerance. However, little is known about the genes responsible for wax accumulation in sorghum. We isolated two allelic mutants, bloomless40-1 (bm40-1) and bm40-2, from a mutant library constructed from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treated seeds of an inbred, BTx623. Both mutants were nearly devoid of the EW layer. Each bm mutant was crossed to the un-mutated BTx623 to generated F2 populations that segregated for the bm phenotype. Genomic DNA from 20 bm F2 plants from each population was bulked for whole genome sequencing. A single gene, Sobic.001G228100, encoding a GDSL-like lipase/acylhydrolase, had unique homozygous mutations in each bulked F2 population. Mutant bm40-1 harbored a missense mutation in the gene, whereas bm40-2 had a splice donor site mutation. Our findings thus provide strong evidence that mutation in this GDSL-like lipase gene causes the bm phenotype, and further demonstrate that this approach of sequencing two independent allelic mutant populations is an efficient method for identifying causal mutations. Combined with allelic mutants, MutMap provides powerful method to identify all causal genes for the large collection of bm mutants in sorghum, which will provide insight into how sorghum plants accumulate such abundant EW on their aerial surface. This knowledge may facilitate the development of tools for engineering drought-tolerant crops with reduced water loss.
Searching for design examples with crowdsourcing

Examples are very important in design, but existing tools for design example search still do not cover many cases. For instance, long tail queries containing subtle and subjective design concepts, like "calm and quiet", "elegant", "dark background with a hint of color to make it less boring", are poorly supported. This is mainly due to the inherent complexity of the task, which so far has been tackled only algorithmically using general image search techniques. We propose a powerful new approach based on crowdsourcing, which complements existing algorithmic approaches and addresses their shortcomings. Out of many explored crowdsourcing configurations we found that (1) a design need should be represented via several query images and (2) AMT crowd workers should assess a query-specific relevance of a candidate example from a pre-built design collection. To test the utility of our approach, we compared it with Google Images in a query-by-example mode. Based on feedback from expert designers, the crowd selects more relevant design examples.
Experimental results and modeling techniques for switching noise in mixed-signal integrated circuits

In mixed-signal integrated circuits, fast transients in digital circuits can perturb other circuits on the same die through both direct capacitive coupling between circuit nodes and interaction via the common substrate. The effects of substrate excitation by fast switching digital circuits are reported. Experimental results and modeling techniques presented apply to CMOS technologies with heavily doped substrates and the experimental method can also be used to study switching noise when the substrate is lightly doped. >
The Texas Species of Calliandra (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)

Abstract: The genus Calliandra is represented in Texas by five species: C. biflora Tharp, a relatively uncommon taxon of southern Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico; C. conferta Benth., a somewhat uncommon, species of northern Mexico, south-central and southern Texas; C. eriophylla Benth., a widespread variable species of Mexico, represented in Texas by rare outlier populations in Uvalde County; C. humilis Benth. (including C. herbacea Engelm. ex A. Gray), a very distinctive herbaceous species of Mexico, occurring in Texas in mostly montane igneous soils of the trans-Pecos, and C. iselyi B. L. Turner, sp. nov., a newly proposed species from the Big Bend region of trans-Pecos, Texas, this previously included under the descriptive parameters of C. conferta. A key to the Texas species of Calliandra is provided along with dot maps showing their distribution.
Risk and Protective Factors for Sexual Health Outcomes Among Black Bisexual Men in the U.S.: Internalized Heterosexism, Sexual Orientation Disclosure, and Religiosity

Bisexual individuals are oftentimes at higher risk for negative sexual health outcomes compared to their heterosexual, gay, and lesbian counterparts. Racial minorities, who may experience double minority stress, may be at particular risk for a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV. Some studies have considered protective factors that ameliorate negative health outcomes; yet, few focus on especially vulnerable populations. We analyzed a sample of 225 Black bisexual men (Mage = 36 years, SD = 12) from Atlanta to explore how combinations of risk (internalized heterosexism) and protective (sexual identity disclosure to community, disclosure to family, and religiosity) factors were related to sexual health outcomes post-baseline during a 1-year follow-up period: any self-reported STI, chlamydia/gonorrhea diagnosis, and HIV diagnosis. We used probability profiling methodology to report the probabilities that a Black bisexual man would report an STI or HIV diagnosis with various combinations and profiles of risk/protective factors. We found that higher levels of internalized heterosexism were significantly related to higher odds of all sexual health outcomes. Disclosure to community was related to much lower risk of all outcomes, whereas disclosure to family was associated with lower odds of self-reported STIs over time. Religiosity was related to lower odds of diagnosis of STIs/HIV, but not self-reported STIs. Our findings have implications for interventions that address internalized heterosexism and protective factors, especially among racial and sexual minorities. Interventions are needed for Black bisexual men that will leverage specific strategies for support to reduce their risk of negative sexual health outcomes.
Growth and physiological responses of subalpine forbs to nitrogen and soil moisture: investigating the potential roles of plant functional traits

Anthropogenic inputs of biologically available nitrogen (N) and climate change are simultaneously altering N and soil moisture availability in terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, plant responses to concurrent changes in both N and soil moisture in non-grassland ecosystems remain poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate how rooting depth and N-fixing ability—two functional traits we expected to mediate soil moisture and N limitations—influence forb responses to N and soil moisture availability in the Rocky Mountains USA. We assessed the growth and physiological responses (i.e., chlorophyll fluorescence, transpiration rate, and floral display) of four subalpine forb species to N additions across a naturally-occurring soil moisture gradient during one growing season. Soil moisture had a stronger positive effect on growth in shallow-rooted species and N additions had a stronger positive effect on photosynthetic capacity in species without N-fixing abilities. Transpiration rates were not consistent with soil moisture limitations expected for shallow-rooted species, and soil moisture and N had a neutral or negative influence on maximum floral displays across species. Nitrogen and soil moisture appeared to each limit separate response variables in some cases and we did not observe any N × soil moisture interactions. These findings suggest that shallow-rooted species may be more vulnerable to increased drought severity and that increased N availability may disproportionately benefit species without N-fixing abilities. However, mixed support for our hypotheses suggests that environmental conditions and functional traits not evaluated here likely influence subalpine plant responses to soil moisture and N availability.
Isolation and characterization of a growth regulatory factor from 3T3 cells.

The mouse fibroblast line 3T3 (1) exhibits a form of growth control in vitro in that it reaches only a very low saturation density and can remain for long periods of time in a viable but nondividing state. This phenomenon, termed density-dependent inhibition of growth (2), was first described and most extensively studied in the 3T3 cell line. In this paper we review some recent evidence indicating that endogenous growth inhibitors may account for at least part of the growth inhibition observed in 373 fibroblast cultures and that such inhibitors may be isolated and characterized in terms of their functional interactions with target cells. The results of these studies suggest several useful refinements in our analysis of the mechanisms of growth control in cultured cells.
Nervous influences on the pulmonary circulation: increased intracranial pressure, veratridine and bretylium.

The intravenous injection of veratridine in anesthetized dogs caused a reflex vasoconstriction of the perfused lung. A similar vasoconstriction could be elicited by increased intracranial pressure. The vasoconstriction was dependent on thoracic (T1 to T4) sympathetic ganglia.
Challenges in preparing aspiring principals for instructional leadership: voices from the field

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the challenges professors of educational leadership encounter as they prepare aspiring principals to be instructional leaders. Drawing upon an o...
Hybrid Propulsion System Enabling Orbit Insertion Delta-Vs within a 12 U Spacecraft

This paper describes the design and development status of a hybrid CubeSat propulsion system. This system is designed to be packaged within a 12 U envelope and deliver approximately 800 $\mathbf{m}/\mathbf{s}\Delta \mathbf{V}$ to a 25 kg spacecraft. The hybrid motor uses green propellants, specifically gaseous oxygen as the oxidizer and solid Poly(Methyl MethAcrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic, as the fuel. This propellant combination is separated by phase and is non-toxic and non-hypergolic, making the design well suited for use within a secondary payload where safety is paramount. The hybrid motor has high performance with an $\mathbf{I}_{sp}$ of approximately 300 s and is able to be re-ignited, enabling numerous maneuvers to be conducted. The system also provides thrust vector control during main motor operation and attitude control for reaction wheel un-loading during the science mission phase. A dedicated test program has been conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory over the past three years to progress this design towards flight and verify the design assumptions. This paper will summarize the results of this test program and the demonstrated performance of the motor. A path to progress this system towards flight shall also be discussed.
A lesion and connectivity-based hierarchical model of chronic aphasia recovery dissociates patients and healthy controls

Traditional models of left hemisphere stroke recovery propose that reactivation of remaining ipsilesional tissue is optimal for language processing whereas reliance on contralesional right hemisphere homologues is less beneficial or possibly maladaptive in the chronic recovery stage. However, neuroimaging evidence for this proposal is mixed. This study aimed to elucidate patterns of effective connectivity in patients with chronic aphasia in light of healthy control connectivity patterns and in relation to damaged tissue within left hemisphere regions of interest and according to performance on a semantic decision task. Using fMRI and dynamic causal modeling, biologically-plausible models within four model families were created to correspond to potential neural recovery patterns, including Family A: Left-lateralized connectivity (i.e., no/minimal damage), Family B: Bilateral anterior-weighted connectivity (i.e., posterior damage), Family C: Bilateral posterior-weighted connectivity (i.e., anterior damage) and Family D: Right-lateralized connectivity (i.e., extensive damage). Controls exhibited a strong preference for left-lateralized network models (Family A) whereas patients demonstrated a split preference for Families A and C. At the level of connections, controls exhibited stronger left intrahemispheric task-modulated connections than did patients. Within the patient group, damage to left superior frontal structures resulted in greater right intrahemispheric connectivity whereas damage to left ventral structures resulted in heightened modulation of left frontal regions. Lesion metrics best predicted accuracy on the fMRI task and aphasia severity whereas left intrahemispheric connectivity predicted fMRI task reaction times. These results are discussed within the context of the hierarchical recovery model of chronic aphasia.
Evaluating WELI: A Wrist-Worn Application to Assist Young Adults with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Inclusive Classes

Numerous technologies have been explored to promote independence for neurodiverse individuals in their daily routines. Despite its importance, few applications though have focused on inclusive education for neurodiverse students following a postsecondary education program. Academic assistance for neurodiverse students still relies mainly on human intervention, leaving promising opportunities for wearable solutions to be explored. While some assistive wearable solutions exist, they have rarely been evaluated in field studies. It is unclear how neurodiverse students can benefit from the unobtrusiveness and consistency of wearable support in academic classes. To understand the effectiveness of assistive wearables for neurodiverse students in inclusive classes, we conducted a user study comprising 58 classes in a postsecondary inclusive setting. We developed and evaluated WELI (Wearable Life), an assistive wearable application that supports the communication between neurodiverse students and their assistants, providing interventions through smartwatches and smartphones. The results show that students are satisfied with WELI and that interventions should be primarily driven by context and events. Focus and Rewards stood out as the most helpful features implemented.
Effects of Conservation Methods and Anhydrous Ammonia or Urea Treatments on Composition and Digestion of Tall Fescue

Tall fescue was preserved as hay (FH), hay reconstituted and ensiled (FHR) or silage (FS) and treated with no alkali (control, C), anhydrous NH3 (AA) or urea (U) in a 3  3 factorial design. Concentrations of NDF and hemicelluloses were reduced (P .10) for AA vs U treatment of FHR or FS but not FH. Urea added to FH was not hydrolyzed. Correlations of rate and extent of NDF digestion with FA concentration were --.66 and --.91, respectively; correlations with PCA concentration were --.40 and -.73, respectively. Cell wall xylose:glucose and arabinose:xylose ratios were not correlated with NDF digestion. Regardless of conservation method, application of AA altered forage composition and increased NDF digestion, but efficacy of U to alter forage composition and improve digestion depended on method of forage conservation.
Psychometric properties of the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS).

Pregnant women are facing numerous COVID-19 related burdens including social isolation, financial insecurity, uncertainty about the impact of the virus on fetal development, and prenatal care restr...
Multi-Site Impedance Measurement System based on MAX30001 Integrated-Circuit

In this work, the accuracy of the MAX30001 integrated-circuit for impedance measurements is characterized using measurements of resistors and 2R-1C configurations with |Z| < 200Ω in the frequency band from 1 kHz to 128 kHz. Measurements were collected using a prototype system that integrated analog multiplexors to enable measurements of up to 4 test impedances by routing the MAX30001 excitation/measurement signals to multiple sites without manual switching. The additional analog switching circuitry did not degrade the MAX30001 measurements. Using a two-point calibration for the MAX30001 reduced the error of resistance measurements from a maximum of 4.29% to < 0.22%, but measurements of complex impedances showed significantly higher errors which require further investigation to identify the source of errors and implement methods to correct.
The Organization Judge

One of the most alternately celebrated and criticized accomplishments of the Trump administration has been its appellate judicial appointees. In this Essay, I show how President Donald Trump’s appointees follow from, and yet also differ from, the template created by Ronald Reagan, and followed by every president, Democrat or Republican, since. When it comes to credentials, prosecutorial experience, and time spent in legal academia, Trump’s appointees are like those in prior administrations. But they are younger, have spent more time in politics, clerked, are less likely to be sourced from other federal courts, and have spent less time in private practice. I argue that these changes are likely to lead to a less predictable appellate judiciary, and suggest that appointers interested in stable doctrine should choose appellate judges with more private-practice, and less political, experience.
Passage Similarity and Diversification in Non-factoid Question Answering

The rise in popularity of mobile and voice search has led to a shift in focus from document retrieval to short answer passage retrieval for non-factoid questions. Some of the questions have multiple answers, and the aim is to retrieve a set of relevant answer passages, which covers all these alternatives. Compared to documents, answers are more specific and typically form more defined types or groups. Grouping answer passages based on strong similarity measures may provide a means of identifying these types. Typically, kNN clustering in combination with term-based representations have been used in Information Retrieval (IR) scenarios. An alternate method is to use pre-trained distributional representations such as GloVe and BERT, which capture additional semantic relationships. The recent success of trained neural models for various tasks provides the motivation for generating more task-specific representations. However, due to the absence of large datasets for incorporating passage level similarity information, a more feasible alternative is to use weak supervision based training. This information can then be used to generate a final ranked list of diversified answers using standard diversification algorithms. In this paper, we introduce a new dataset NFPassageQA_Sim, with human annotated similarity labels for pairs of answer passages corresponding to each question. These similarity labels are then processed to generate another dataset NFPassageQA_Div, which consists of answer types for these questions. Using the similarity labels, we demonstrate the effectiveness of using weak supervision signals derived from GloVe, fine-tuned and trained using a BERT model for the task of answer passage clustering. Finally, we introduce a model which incorporates these clusters into a MMR (Maximal Marginal Relevance) model, which significantly beats other diversification baselines using both diversity and relevance metrics.
Design and Structural Analysis of Composite Strut for a Lightweight Aircraft

Main landing gears are a critical structural part of an aircraft that support all up weight in static conditions and absorb kinetic energy in a form of impact loads during touchdown. High strength and low weight are critical design considerations for any landing gear strut. During this research, carbon reinforced composite strut was optimally designed such that it undertakes static loads and impact loads of a UAV having GTOW of 1600 kg. CAD models of the designs were developed in CATIA V5R20® and the analysis was carried out in ANSYS Workbench®. Rectangular, circular and elliptical cross-sectional shapes were modeled in ANSYS ACP® with different ply orientation sequences and varying weight distributions from central axis. Least total deformation along with least equivalent stress and aerodynamic drag was considered for the selection of landing gear strut configurational shape. Further design changes in the selected CAD model were incorporated keeping in view the safety factor of the struts. We concluded that 60 preimpregnated carbon reinforced fiber with thermoset polymer matrix having 0.27 mm of thickness for each ply at specified concentration and orientation gave the best results. The orientation of plies was found to be 60 %/ 0°, 30 %/ 45° and 10%/ 90°. Maximum deformation for the final model was 42.154 mm at the joints where the axle was connected with the strut whereas the maximum stress was 712.92 MPa at the joints representing the connection of the landing gears with the fuselage. Drag force for each cross-sectional shape was computed at the takeoff speed of 30 m/s. Drag force for the rectangular cross section was 50.23 N whereas for the circular and elliptical cross section was observed to be 36.837 N and 16.744 N respectively. Hence research concluded that elliptical cross-sectional shape presented least stress distribution and deformation values.
The Not So Silent Revolution Postwar Migration to Western Europe

In the 1990s scholars working within the subfield of immigration studies in Western Europe have advanced four major arguments. (1) In a liberal era of global economic markets the capacity of states to govern their territorial borders has significantly eroded. (2) The widespread diffusion of liberal norms has severely inhibited the ability of governments to execute a rational immigrant policy. (3) The experience of mass immigration has transformed the boundaries of national citizenship. And 4) postwar immigration has fostered the surge of radical right-wing populist movements. This article evaluates these arguments in light of the evidence presented in both the collected scholarship under review and other select works. It concludes by arguing the case for new scholarly initiatives to synthesize and unify the separate literatures represented by the volumes under review.
Introduction and Historical Background

The small portion of science now known almost universally as the Mossbauer effect is entering its second quarter century of activity. In reaching its “adult” years, the technique has grown rapidly from a small, highly specialized solid-state and nuclear physics technique to a widely used and effective form of spectroscopy which provides a wealth of information about both the nuclear and electronic properties of materials. Mossbauer-effect spectroscopy has become an integral part of the education of chemistry and physics graduate students and is found in many undergraduate textbooks in chemistry, physics, and geology. The Mossbauer-effect experiment, especially when using the iron-57 nuclide, is so simple and straightforward that it is now an integral part of many physics and some chemistry undergraduate laboratory curricula.
Dynamic load-balancing on multi-FPGA systems: a case study

In this case study, we investigate the impact of workload balance on the performance of multi-FPGA codes. We start with an application in which two distinct kernels run in parallel on two SRC-6 MAP processors. We observe that one of the MAP processors is idle 18% of the time while the other processor is fully utilized. We investigate a task redistribution schema which serializes the execution of the two kernels, yet parallelizes execution of each individual kernel by spreading the workload between two MAP processors. This implementation results in a near 100% utilization of both MAP processors and the overall application performance is improved by 9%.
Commerce and Conversation in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic: The Invention of Madeira Wine

Commerce and Conversation in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic: The Invention of Madeira Wine In I807, Madeira was the foremost luxury drink of the day-not a common beverage wine, but an expensive, exotic, status-laden, and highly processed wine produced on the Portuguese island of Madeira, 500 miles west of Morocco. By way of contrast, in I703, it was a cheap, simple table wine, made from a base of white grape must to which growers and exporters added varying amounts of red must in order to give it color and taste. Between I703-the year when the Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal was signed-and I807-the year when Britain occupied the island-the wine that oenophiles and songsters extolled in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was invented. The story of this transformation offers a compelling insight into eighteenth-century Atlantic commercial life in all its complexity. The invention of Madeira wine was both an economic act-carried out in response to commercial motives-and a social act-not invented by a solitary "genius" but by an Atlantic network of producers, distributors, and consumers in intense conversation with one another. Trans-Atlantic commerce was a discursive system, a process that sprang from a continual, complicated, often confusing exchange of information about commodities-how they were made, packaged, and shipped; how they were distributed; and how they were stored, displayed, and consumed. The story provides a remarkable case study of the expansion of the Atlantic market economy in the eighteenth century-through product innovation, the elaboration of distribution channels and networks, and heightened consumption.1
Enhanced anthocyanin production in grape cell cultures

Abstract Cultured grape cells (Bailey Alicant A Vitis hybrid) that produce and accumulate anthocyanins provide a convenient model system to study secondary metabolite formation and compartmentation. A reduction in anthocyanin production in suspension cultures occurred after a series of subcultures in liquid Gamborg's B5 (GB5) maintenance medium. In contrast, newly derived suspensions from selected red calluses retained their ability to produce anthocyanin at a sustained high level. A production medium with reduced nitrate and elevated sucrose induced very high levels of anthocyanin (up to 2.9 g/l) in suspension cultures derived from selected callus. This medium also induced increased pigment production in faded suspension cultures and in callus cultures of Vignoles [Ravat 51, Vitis hybrid] which normally do not produce anthocyanin in culture. Reduction of nitrate to a critical level resulted in a ‘switchlike’ (rather than gradual) enhancement of anthocyanin production which may represent the removal of an inhibitory effect. Improvements obtained with sucrose were probably due to increased medium osmolarity. The combined effects of low nitrate and high sucrose synergistically improved anthocyanin volumetric productibility (up to 0.15 g/l · day) and surpassed previously published values for cultured grape cells. Our results indicate a possible involvement of a nitrate-sensitive tonoplast ATPase in the accumulation of anthocyanin in grape vacuoles.
Evaluating Semi-Exhaustive Verification Techniques for Bug Hunting

Abstract We propose a methodology to evaluate a rich set of BDD subsetting heuristics with respect to bug hunting and apply it to a set of real-life Intel designs. Our results illustrate that the evaluation metrics used to rate these heuristics in previous work were not tuned for bug-finding efficiency, which we believe is the major criterion that the heuristics need to meet.
Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network: Progress since the State of the Science Symposium 2007

Abstract Outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplantation continue to improve. New techniques have reduced transplant toxicities, and there are new sources of hematopoietic stem cells from related and unrelated donors. In June 2007, the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) convened a State of the Science Symposium (SOSS) in Ann Arbor and identified 11 high priority clinical trials for the network to pursue. This article reviews both the status of those trials and the record of achievement of the BMT CTN as it convenes another SOSS in Grapevine, Texas in February 2014.
An Evaluation of Pseudoelastic Descriptors Used in Arterial Mechanics

Understanding how transmural distributions of stress relate to the mechanisms of vascular growth, remodeling, and disease necessitates computations that are based on a constitutive relation for the arterial wall. Although a number of candidate relations are in the literature, they have not been compared in detail. In this note, three commonly used descriptors of the passive behavior of common carotid arteries are compared using simple "thought experiments." It is shown that two of the three relations are inherently limited in the degree of anisotropy they allow,that each predicts a different anisotropy, and that one yields physically unrealistic predictions given many of the published values of the material parameters. Based on this comparison, it appears that the relation proposed by Chuong and Fung is the best available, though there may be a need to search for an alternate form, particularly for muscular arteries. The methods presented herein are offered as a guide to help the experimentalist identify alternative forms of pseudostrain-energy functions for arteries.
Direct observation of grain boundary PN junction potentials in cigs using photoemission and low energy electron microscopy (PELEEM)

Spectroscopic microscopies with chemical and electronic structure information have become important tools for understanding the complex structure-property-performance relationships of high performing Cu(In 1−x Ga x )Se 2 (CIGS) photovoltaic materials and devices. Here, we describe the application of spectrally resolved photoemission and low-energy electron microscopy (spec-PELEEM) to CIGS. With the ability to map relative electric potentials with high fidelity, a large variation in the built-in pn junction potential was observed at CIGS grain boundaries. In any given 20 µm region, the built-in voltage spanned the range from depletion (∼ 0.5 V) to inversion (∼ 1.4 V). These grain-to-grain variations could explain the electron collection efficiency of CIGS grain boundaries and devices. These results highlight the potential of spec-PELEEM to solve critical structure-property-performance issues facing compound thin-film materials.
Correlation between chemical reactivity and the hammett acidity function in amorphous solids using inversion of sucrose as a model reaction

ABSTRACT The goal was to evaluate the effects of acidity, expressed as the Hammett acidity function, on chemical reactivity in freeze‐dried materials (lyophiles). Dextran–sucrose–citrate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)–sucrose–citrate aqueous solutions, adjusted to pH values of 2.6, 2.8, and 3.0 were freeze dried, and characterized by X‐ray powder diffractometry, DSC, isothermal microcalorimetry, and Karl Fischer titrimetry. Lyophiles were also prepared from identical solutions but containing bromophenol blue (BB). Diffuse reflectance‐visible spectroscopy was used to measure the extent of BB protonation from which the Hammett acidity functions were determined. The stability studies were performed at 60°C. All the freeze‐dried samples were observed to be X‐ray amorphous with T g of dextran lyophiles were approximately 20°C higher than that of PVP lyophiles whereas enthalpy relaxation rates at 60°C were similar. The Hammett acidity functions were significantly lower (i.e., higher acidity) for dextran systems (
Efferent innervation to Limulus eyes

Abstract The visual system of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus has been important model for studies of basic aspects of vision. Experiments investigating phototransduction and contrast enhancement by lateral inhibition using Limulus eyes are famous. Recent studies with this animal are providing new information on still another feature of the visual system common to many species: the modulation of retinal function by efferent innervation from the brain. Retinal efferent systems have been identified in a variety of animals from invertebrates to mammals (see Ref. 1 for selected references) and of these the efferent system projecting to Limulus eyes is now the most thoroughly understood. Studies with Limulus have revealed that efferent innervation controls circadian changes in the sensitivity of the eye, and influences the eye's integration of visual information, adaptation to ambient light levels, and renewal of photosensitive membrane. Postsynaptic targets of efferent projections have been identified as has an efferent fiber neurotransmitter. The retinal efferent system in Limulus has opened the way for detailed studies of mechanisms underlying the central control of visual function.
β-Catenin is temporally regulated during normal liver development

Background & Aims: β-Catenin, a key component of the Wnt pathway, plays an important role in unregulated liver growth in liver tumors, in regulated growth during liver regeneration, and in ex vivo embryonic liver cultures. Methods: We used developing livers from several stages of gestational development to examine β-catenin expression, protein-protein interactions, localization, and regulation in prenatal and postnatal livers. Results: Microarray, Northern, and protein analyses showed peak expression of β-catenin during early liver development at Embryonic day 10 (E10)-E12, followed by a decrease and a complete loss of normal β-catenin (97-kilodalton species) after E16 through the remaining prenatal period. At the early stages, β-catenin localized to the cytoplasm and nuclei of resident cells in addition to its normal membranous localization, which was seen at all later stages and in adult liver. Decreases in β-catenin levels at E14 onward coincided with its decreased gene expression and increased degradation, as seen by an increase in serine 45/threonine 41-phosphorylated β-catenin and its other negative regulators, such as axin, adenomatous polyposis coli gene product (APC), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Finally, we showed an intact association of E-cadherin and β-catenin despite the loss of β-catenin at E16-E18, owing to the presence of membrane-associated smaller-molecular-weight β-catenin species. Conclusions: We also identified a stage-specific expression and regulation of β-catenin during liver development that might be crucial for physiological liver development. Nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin corresponded to cell proliferation in liver development. Finally, a smaller-molecular-weight species of β-catenin might be maintaining normal interactions at the membrane.
Region and context-specific intracellular responses associated with cocaine-induced conditioned place preference expression.

The development and maintenance of cocaine addiction depend heavily on learned reward-environment associations that can induce drug-seeking behavior and relapse. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these cue-induced conditioned responses is important for relapse prevention. To test whether intracellular responses measured after cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) expression are context-dependent, we re-exposed cocaine-treated rats (drug-free) to an environment previously paired with cocaine or saline, 24 h after the CPP test. After 8 days of cocaine CPP training with one of two cocaine doses (5 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg, i.p.), CPP was expressed only after conditioning with the higher cocaine dose. In CPP expressing rats, locomotor responses after re-exposure to the cocaine-chamber were greater than in rats re-exposed to the saline-paired chamber. Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) phosphorylated ERK (pERK) levels were increased after re-exposure to the cocaine-paired, but not the saline-paired chamber, regardless of whether or not CPP behavior was expressed. Caudate Putamen (CPu) pERK and FosB protein levels increased after re-exposure to the cocaine chamber only after conditioning with the higher cocaine dose. Conversely, the higher cocaine dose, independent of environment, resulted in increased NAc FosB, ΔFosB and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) protein levels compared to those conditioned with 5 mg/kg cocaine (non-CPP-expressing). Our results suggest that NAc ERK phosphorylation may be involved with retrieving the contextual information of a cocaine-association, without necessarily motivating the expression of CPP behavior. Additionally, we show distinct patterns of intracellular responses in the NAc and CPu indicating a region-specific role for pERK/pCREB/FosB intracellular signaling in the retrieval of cocaine-context associations.
Informed Consent and Medical Ethics

• Informed consent is based on a shared decision between physician and patient, with the physician understanding the relevant values of the patient and the patient understanding the nature of the disease and intervention, including risks and benefits. Informed consent has developed rapidly since it was introduced in the 1950s, reflecting recent changes in the practice of medicine that respect the increase of patient autonomy. The purpose of the written consent form is to document that a process of informed consent has taken place. It is generally agreed that all surgical as well as research procedures require written consent. For certain nonsurgical procedures, the decision regarding obtaining written consent will consider both the risk involved for the patient and the general community standard. Informed consent serves as an important symbol of a physician-patient relationship that adheres to the valued principles of medical ethics.
Human Information Flow and Communication Pattern in NASA Mission Control System

This study is a preliminary effort to explore human information flow and communication pattern in an operation-critical and time-constrained collaboration environment such as NASA Mission Control System. Understanding information flow and communication pattern is a key step for improving the reliability and accuracy of a complex Human-Machine system. It also can be applied to design a better communication system for future NASA Mission Control Center operations. The information flow and communication pattern analysis based on NASA mission control training simulations indicates that there is no significant utilization difference among communication channels, however, the communication channel's burst rate is significantly affected by phase, mission and channel type.
A Numerical Study on Mixing In Turbulent Flow Behind a Backward-Facing Step

Present work studies the mixing in turbulent flow behind a backward-facing step, which is a classical example of mixing of jet in cross flow. In this study the cross flow was an unconfined cross flow flowing through a duct, which has geometry of backward-facing step with varying cross section. Three jet geometries, a slot jet, a single circular jet and three circular jets with different injection angles were studied. Spatial unmixedness based on helium mass concentration was used as an indicator for determining the degree of mixing. Velocity ratio, defined as ratio of jet velocity to the cross flow velocity, was varied during the analysis. Three different values of velocity ratio were considered during the study. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed using commercial CFD software CFX 5.6. Results were extracted in the form of helium mass concentration fields, concentration profiles, concentration contour plots and velocity vector plots. From the results obtained it can be concluded that, angle of jet inclination is the important controlling parameter in mixing in flow behind a backward-facing step. Single jet geometry gives better mixing for the given conditions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
On post-buckling of orthotropic annular plates☆

Abstract In the present paper, a direct computational method for the post-buckling of an orthotropic annular plate is presented. Two different boundary cases of an annular are investigated. The von Karman plate equations are transformed to a non-linear eigenvalue problem. Solutions are obtained by employing the related initial value problem in conjunction with a numerical method of integration, and by using the method of continuation. The solution yields a complete description of post-buckling loads and stresses, and it reveals the non-linear behavior of the annulus beyond the linear buckling load.
In vivo NMR diffusion spectroscopy: 31P application to phosphorus metabolites in muscle

Apparent diffusion coefficients (Da) of individual metabolites can be studied in vivo by diffusion NMR spectroscopy using an echo sequence sensitized to molecular motion. The methods are based on the echo attenuation due to phase dispersion resulting from incoherent displacement during the diffusion time. As the displacement of metabolites by diffusion in vivo can be affected by compartment size, temperature, adsorption processes, etc., the presented methods are potentially useful in studying such phenomena in vivo. Here, the methods are applied to phosphocreatine in the rat quadriceps muscle. It is demonstrated that the displacement of phosphocreatine resembles free diffusion for short diffusion times but becomes limited as a result of boundaries due to compartmentation for longer diffusion times. The limit of the displacement indicates an apparent average size of 44 microns of the compartment in the direction of the diffusion gradient. As the gradient was applied approximately parallel (angle less than 25 degrees) to the muscle fiber, this result indicates that phosphocreatine moves freely in the cytosol but is limited by the boundaries of the muscle cells. Error analyses are performed with regard to motion artifacts and gradient performance. The methods were tested extensively for distilled water and free metabolites.