cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular concentration of potassium and other elements in vaginal epithelial cells stimulated by estradiol administration

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis was used to measure cytoplasmic elemental content (in mmoles/kg dry weight) of the basal layer of cells of the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized rats. Measurements were made both before estradiol injection and at 2 hr, 17 hr, and 24 hr after estradiol administration. Mitotic figures first appeared in the basal cell layer at 24 hr. During the course of the study significant time-dependent differences were seen in the content of all elements measured. A pattern of change in cytoplasmic content was seen for Na, P, S, and Cl; all of which decrease significantly by 17 hr and then return to approximately the nonstimulated concentration by 24 hr. On the other hand K, and to a lesser extent Mg, show an early and continued increase in cytoplasmic content after estradiol injection. Thus, the marked increase in the intracytoplasmic content of K in the estradiol treated cells suggests that K, or the ratio of Na to K, may be directly or indirectly involved in growth stimulation.
Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy

In this paper, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of microscopic imaging are overviewed with a perspective on origins. From Alhazen’s camera obscura, to Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek’s two-dimensional optical micrography, and on to three- and four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy, these developments over a millennium have transformed humans’ scope of visualization. The changes in the length and time scales involved are unimaginable, beginning with the visible shadows of candles at the centimetre and second scales, and ending with invisible atoms with space and time dimensions of sub-nanometre and femtosecond. With these advances it has become possible to determine the structures of matter and to observe their elementary dynamics as they unfold in real time. Such observations provide the means for visualizing materials behaviour and biological function, with the aim of understanding emergent phenomena in complex systems.
A note on the use of Laplace's approximation for nonlinear mixed-effects models

The asymptotic properties of estimates obtained using Laplace's approximation for nonlinear mixed-effects models are investigated. Unlike the restricted maximum likelihood approach, e.g. Wolfinger (1993), here the Laplace approximation is applied only to the random effects of the integrated likelihood. This results in approximate maximum likelihood estimation. The resulting estimates are shown to be consistent with the rate of convergence depending on both the number of individuals and the number of observations per individual. Conditions under which the leading term Laplace approximation should be avoided are discussed.
Surgical site infection after renal transplantation.

OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with the development of surgical site infection (SSI) among adult patients undergoing renal transplantation DESIGN A retrospective cohort study SETTING An urban tertiary care center in Baltimore, Maryland, with a well-established renal transplantation program that performs ~200–250renal transplant procedures annually RESULTS At total of 441 adult patients underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2011. Of these 441patients, 66 (15%) developed an SSI; of these 66, 31 (47%) were superficial incisional infections and 35 (53%) were deep-incisional or organ-space infections. The average body mass index (BMI) among this patient cohort was 29.7; 84 (42%) were obese (BMI >30). Patients who developed an SSI had a greater mean BMI (31.7 vs 29.4; P=.004) and were more likely to have a history of peripheral vascular disease, rheumatologic disease, and narcotic abuse. History of cerebral vascular disease was protective. Multivariate analysis showed BMI (odds ratio [OR] 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.11) and past history of narcotic use/abuse (OR, 4.86; 95% CI, 1.24–19.12) to be significantly associated with development of SSI after controlling for National Healthcare Surveillance Network (NHSN) score and presence of cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, and rheumatologic disease. CONCLUSIONS We identified higher BMI as a risk factor for the development of SSI following renal transplantation. Notably, neither aggregate comorbidity scores nor NHSN risk index were associated with SSI in this population. Additional risk adjustment measures and research in this area are needed to compare SSIs across transplant centers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
Electrochemical generation of hydrogen from acetic acid using a molecular molybdenum–oxo catalyst

We recently reported the catalytic generation of hydrogen from water mediated through the in situ reduction of the molybdenum(IV)–oxo complex [(PY5Me2)MoO]2+ (1; PY5Me2 = 2,6-bis(1,1-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine) at a mercury electrode. To gain further insight into this unique molecular motif for hydrogen production, we have now examined the competence of this complex for the catalytic reduction of protons on an alternative electrode material. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of the molybdenum–oxo complex 1 to reduce protons at a glassy carbon electrode in acidic organic media, where the active catalyst is shown to be diffusing freely in solution. Cyclic and rotating disk voltammetry experiments reveal that three reductive electrochemical processes precede the catalytic generation of hydrogen, which occurs at potentials more negative than −1.25 V vs. SHE. Gas chromatographic analysis of the bulk electrolysis cell headspace confirms that hydrogen is generated at a Faradaic efficiency of 99%. Under pseudo-first order conditions with an acid-to-catalyst ratio of >290, a rate constant of 385 s−1 is calculated for the reduction of acetic acid in acetonitrile. Taken together, these data show that metal–oxo complex 1 is a competent molecular motif for catalytic generation of hydrogen from protons under soluble and diffusion-limited conditions.
Theories of Access Consciousness

Theories of access consciousness address how it is that some mental states but not others are available for evaluation, choice behavior, and verbal report. Farah, O'Reilly, and Vecera (1994) argue that quality of representation is critical; Dehaene, Sergent, and Changeux (2003) argue that the ability to communicate representations is critical. We present a probabilistic information transmission or PIT model that suggests both of these conditions are essential for access consciousness. Having successfully modeled data from the repetition priming literature in the past, we use the PIT model to account for data from two experiments on subliminal priming, showing that the model produces priming even in the absence of accessibility and reportability of internal states. The model provides a mechanistic basis for understanding the dissociation of priming and awareness.
Molecular imaging in oncology

The field of molecular imaging holds great promise in enhancing our understanding of the neoplastic processes and over the last few decades, has resulted in several useful tools for evaluating cancer biology in vivo and in vitro.
Impact of a kindergarten through eighth-grade nutrition education program on student, teacher, and schoolwide practices.

Low-income children are especially at risk for low fruit and vegetable consumption. Diets lacking in fruits and vegetables are associated with chronic diseases. Successful school-based interventions are key to promoting the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Research has shown that the degree of teacher involvement has a significant impact on students’ and parents’ interest in and compliance with school-based nutrition programs. Additionally, teachers have the predominant role in deciding which materials to use and how often to use them for a nutrition intervention. These studies indicate that teachers have authority over the degree of program implementation, and the more they implement, the greater the impact on students. However, some teachers’ knowledge and understanding of nutrition education may be limited since the importance of a healthful school environment is not always emphasized in teacher training or school policies. Thus, assessing teacher program implementation level (process evaluations) and their perceptions of program impact (impact evaluations) on students and on classroom and schoolwide practices are important components of a nutrition education program evalua-
The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagent.

In currently used methods for the determination of glycogen, tissue is extracted either by boiling with 30 per cent potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) or by homogenization with trichloroacetic acid solution (TCA). The glycogen is precipitated from the extract by alcohol and determined either by copper reduction after separation by centrifugation, acid hydrolysis, and neutralization (l-3) or by direct treatment of the precipitated glycogen with anthrone reagent (4-6). An alternative procedure is to destroy alkali-labile carbohydrate by boiling with KOH and then determine the glycogen in the alkali-treated mixture with anthrone reagent (5, 7). Previously, we have reported that a method based upon the use of anthrone reagent gave results of a high degree of specificity and precision (8). This method is a modification of procedures for the determination of dextran (9) and biood sugar (10). In this paper we are reporting in detail our anthrone-adapted method, with critical studies of procedures based upon extraction of tissues with 30 per cent KOH and with 5 per cent TCA.
From Competition to Cooperation: Threats, Opportunities, and Organizational Survival in the Salvadorean Peasant Movement

This paper examines the relationships between two peasant coalitions struggling for the cancellation of debts acquired by beneficiaries of El Salvador’s various land reform programs. In particular, the paper seeks to explain why, during much of the period of struggle for debt cancellation (1995 to 1997), the two main protagonists of the movement worked separately instead of joining forces, despite the fact that their goals and tactics were nearly identical. To answer this question, I analyse the role of political opportunities, external threats, and competition for resources. I show that despite external conditions conducive to cooperation, the coalitions’ initial attempt to work together broke down due to conflicts among their leaders. These conflicts stemmed largely from the evolving nature of the relationship between the peasant movement and the main political party of the left, which had created many of the peasant organizations during El Salvador’s 12-year civil war. In addition, an inclination to compete for resources, members, and recognition led the newer of the two coalitions to distinguish itself from, rather than work cooperatively with, its older counterpart. Resumen: De la competicion a la cooperacion: peligros, oportunidades y sobrevivencia organizativa en el movimiento campesino salvadoreno Este articulo examina las relaciones entre dos coaliciones campesinas que luchan por la cancelacion de las deudas adquiridas por los beneficiarios de los diversos programas de reforma agraria en El Salvador. En particular, este articulo busca explicar por que, durante buena parte del periodo de lucha por la cancelacion de la deuda (de 1995 a 1997), los dos grandes protagonistas del movimiento funcionaron separadamente en lugar de unir sus fuerzas, a pesar de que sus objetivos y tacticas eran casi identicas. Para responder esta pregunta analizo el papel de las oportunidades politicas, de las amenazas externas y de la competencia por recursos. Tambien demuestro que, a pesar de que las condiciones externas eran propicias, el intento de cooperacion inicial de las coaliciones se frustro debido a los conflictos entre sus dirigentes. Estos conflictos provenian en gran parte de la naturaleza en que evolucionaron las relaciones entre el movimiento campesino y el principal partido politico de la izquierda, el cual creo muchas de las organizaciones campesinas durante la guerra civil que duro doce anos en El Salvador. Ademas, la tendencia a competir por recursos, miembros y reconocimiento, llevo a la coalicion mas reciente a diferenciarse de su par mas antiguo, antes que a cooperar con el.
Clinician-Assessed Depression and HAART Adherence in HIV-Infected Individuals in Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Background The impact of measurement methods on the relationship between depression and HIV treatment adherence has not been adequately examined.
Adaptive filters with error nonlinearities: mean-square analysis and optimum design

This paper develops a unified approach to the analysis and design of adaptive filters with error nonlinearities. In particular, the paper performs stability and steady-state analysis of this class of filters under weaker conditions than what is usually encountered in the literature, and without imposing any restriction on the color or statistics of the input. The analysis results are subsequently used to derive an expression for the optimum nonlinearity, which turns out to be a function of the probability density function of the estimation error. Some common nonlinearities are shown to be approximations to the optimum nonlinearity. The framework pursued here is based on energy conservation arguments.
Effects of the fungal protein Nep1 and Pseudomonas syringae on growth of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Abstract The effects of the fungal protein Nep1 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis (Pst) applied separately or in combination on Canada thistle, common ragweed, and common dandelion were examined in growth chamber experiments. Experiments examined five treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v) control, (3) Nep1 (5 μg ml−1) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v), (4) Pst (109 colony-forming units [cfu] ml−1) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v), and (5) Pst (109 cfu ml−1) and Nep1 (5 μg ml−1) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v). Foliar treatments were applied at 28, 26, and 21 d after planting for Canada thistle, common dandelion, and common ragweed, respectively. For all three species, foliar application of Nep1 alone or in combination with Pst caused rapid desiccation and necrosis of leaves, with the greatest effect on recent, fully expanded (RFE) leaves. Within 4 to 8 h after treatment (HAT), 60 to 80% of RFE leaves of all three species were necrotic. Measured 72 HAT, Pst populations in Canada thistle lea...
The Comparative Effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Strategies to Reduce Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of diabetes prevention strategies addressing postpartum weight retention for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) delivered at the health system level: mailed recommendations (usual care) versus usual care plus a Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)–derived lifestyle intervention. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was a cluster randomized controlled trial of 44 medical facilities (including 2,280 women with GDM) randomized to intervention or usual care. The intervention included mailed gestational weight gain recommendations plus 13 telephone sessions between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Primary outcomes included the following: proportion meeting the postpartum goals of 1) reaching pregravid weight if pregravid BMI RESULTS On average, over the 12-month postpartum period, women in the intervention had significantly higher odds of meeting weight goals than women in usual care (odds ratio [OR] 1.28 [95% CI 1.10, 1.47]). The proportion meeting weight goals was significantly higher in the intervention than usual care at 6 weeks (25.5 vs. 22.4%; OR 1.17 [1.01, 1.36]) and 6 months (30.6 vs. 23.9%; OR 1.45 [1.14, 1.83]). Condition differences were reduced at 12 months (33.0 vs. 28.0%; OR 1.25 [0.96, 1.62]). At 6 months, women in the intervention retained significantly less weight than women in usual care (mean 0.39 kg [SD 5.5] vs. 0.95 kg [5.5]; mean condition difference −0.64 kg [95% CI −1.13, −0.14]) and had greater increases in vigorous-intensity physical activity (mean condition difference 15.4 min/week [4.9, 25.8]). CONCLUSIONS A DPP-derived lifestyle intervention modestly reduced postpartum weight retention and increased vigorous-intensity physical activity.
Motherhood, Marriage, and Morality: The Pro-Marriage Moral Discourse of American Welfare Policy

A family values agenda has taken up residence in American welfare policy. Aggressive marriage promotion policies, including allowing cash bonuses for welfare-reliant women who marry, are included in the welfare reauthorization proposals pending before Congress. Funding of $1.25 - 1.9 billion is directed toward “healthy marriage” and “responsible fatherhood” programs over the next five to six years.Motherhood, Marriage, and Morality critiques the pro-marriage moral discourse of American welfare policy. Taking an interdisciplinary, deconstructive, and genealogical approach, I trace the social, theological, and historical tracks of values embedded in the moral discourse of welfare reform and reauthorization. To inspect the “good mother / bad mother” exemplar, I have compared its moral resonances with the political theology of early Protestant reform in the 16th century. To probe the “deserving / undeserving” trope, I have traced its thematic stream to the origins of “poor relief” in the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries. To interrogate the meaning of “independency” / “dependency,” I have examined the failure of the day care movement and the creation of a “two-channel welfare state” in the early 20th century. To explore the terrain of “legitimacy / illegitimacy,” I have examined a path grooved in the painful landscape of race-based oppression in the United States.From this socio-theo-historical genealogical approach, I offer three conclusions. First, I suggest that the regressive marriage-centered values themselves carry disturbing questions of morality that are challenged by premises of substantive socioeconomic justice. Second, I propose that a deconstruction of the discourse reveals the interplay between sexism, racism, poverty, and the labor market. Third, from a constructive perspective, I propose that welfare policy may look to sources other than brittle family rhetoric for moral and political legitimacy – sources that are powerful, life-giving, and that run deep in the veins of American participatory democracy.
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast in two adolescent females.

The majority of breast lesions that present in adolescent girls are benign, with most being fibro-adenomas. Rarely, a large and rapidly growing breast mass may be found to be the more recently described entity named pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH). The pathogenesis of this lesion is attributed to hyperplasia of stromal myofibroblasts in response to hormonal stimuli. To date, PASH has rarely been described in adolescence. We describe the presentation of PASH in two adolescent patients. The first is a 12-year-old girl who found a mass in her left breast 3 months prior to presentation. An excision of an 11.5 x 10 x 3.5 cm lesion weighing 347 g was performed via breast-conserving incisions. The second patient is a 16-year-old girl who also had a rapidly enlarging left breast mass removed in a similar fashion. This mass measured 12 x 11 x 6 cm and weighed 460 g. Both tumors were noted to have a smooth capsule. Histologic appearance consisted of the typical features of PASH; fibrous stroma containing numerous anastomosing slit-like spaces; some compressed and others with discernible lumina. Both patients had complete excisions and have since not experienced recurrence. Each has had excellent cosmetic results with symmetrical breast development since their resection. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia is a rare tumor that arises in the breast. These tumors may grow quickly and often are mistaken for fibroadenomas, phylloides tumor, or angiosarcoma. They must be resected with careful attention to resection around the capsule of the tumor with breast conservation as a goal. Long-term follow-up is necessary, as some have been reported to recur.
Systems Involving Unilateral Constraints

A unilateral constraint is an idealized model of a structural component that limits some linear or angular distance to values either no greater than, or no less than, a certain magnitude. Unlike bilateral constraints, unilateral constraints are binding in only one sense of direction. Some structural components modeled as unilateral constraints in tension are wires, cables, flexible bands, membranes, fabrics, and rectilinear pin-bar chains. Situations giving rise to unilateral constraints in compression include contact problems, stacks of building blocks, springs with collapsed coils, components made of brittle, low-tensile strength materials with no reinforcement, and all kinds of liquid and granular media. Typical examples of angular, or bending, unilateral constraints are a door hinge, a spherical hinge with restraints, and a concrete beam with only a bottom reinforcement. The three most common types of unilateral constraints are shown schematically in Fig. 1.
Scripture of the lotus blossom of the fine dharma

This is a translation of a Buddhist scripture which was originally written in Sanskrit but is best known to Buddhists through Chinese versions. It is one of the most influential and popular texts of Mahayana Buddhism, emphasizing the doctrine that there is only one path to enlightenment, the bodhisattva-path, and the principle that the Buddha is not to be delimited in time and space. The work is famous and beloved throughout the Far East for its parables, such as that of the burning house, that of the wayward son, and many others; for its presentation of abstract religious concepts in concrete images; for the innumerable fascinating beings which people the work; and for the charm, warmth, and directness of its style.This translation of the "Lotus Sutra" has been made from the best known of the Chinese versions; however, it also includes translations of passages of the Sanskrit that are omitted from the Chinese versions or differ sharply from the Chinese.
Public Prayer in the Navy

Recently, certain Navy Chaplains have claimed that they should be able to pray "in Jesus' name" in all contexts - including at secular civic events. Their campaign prompted me to investigate the legal issues surrounding public prayer in the military, which resulted in this essay. Public prayer in the military invokes a unique intersection between the Constitution's Establishment Clause and its Armed Forces powers. Because the military is composed of individuals of a multitude of religious backgrounds, the intersection is very relevant. Recent events at the United States Air Force Academy have further highlighted our nation's struggle with striking the right balance when it comes to religious expression in the military. I found that whether public prayer is permissible depends considerably on its context. The legitimacy of any public prayer in the military relies to a large extent on the Armed Forces Powers contained in the Constitution. From there, two overarching factors become apparent. First, the more routine an event, the less likely it is that including public prayer would be appropriate. Second, the more inclusive or pluralistic the public prayer is, the less likely it is to encounter Constitutional problems. Beyond these two general observations, much of the analysis is driven by the facts in each scenario. I analyze three separate situations to highlight this: prayer at sea, prayer at official functions, and noontime prayer at the Naval Academy.
Analysis of effectiveness of black-box web application scanners in detection of stored SQL injection and stored XSS vulnerabilities

Stored SQL injection (SQLI) and Stored Cross Site Scripting (XSS) are the top most critical web application vulnerabilities in present time. Previous researches have shown that black-box scanners have relatively poor performance in detecting these two vulnerabilities. In this paper, we analyze the performance and detection capabilities of latest black-box web application security scanners against stored SQLI and stored XSS. Our analysis shows that the recent scanners are showing improved performance in detection of stored SQLI and stored XSS. We developed our custom test-bed to challenge the scanners' capabilities to detect stored SQLI and stored XSS. Our analysis revealed that black box scanners still need improvements in detecting stored SQLI and stored XSS vulnerabilities. In addition to the results of performance tests, the paper provides a set of recommendations that could enhance performance of scanners in detecting stored SQLI and stored XSS vulnerabilities.
Abstract WP51: Racial Differences in Salvageable Ischemic Penumbra

Objective: African Americans (AA) have a higher incidence of intracranial atherosclerosis than Caucasians. Resulting chronic ischemia may lead to the formation of collateral circulation. Our hypothesis was that AA will have a greater sustainability of their ischemic penumbra from collateral circulation after an acute stroke. Methods: Ischemic stroke patients that underwent perfusion computed tomography (PCT) at admission from August 2011 to March 2012 were reviewed. PCT included 4 supratentorial slices, 8 mm thick. Images were processed using Vitrea® to obtain cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT). Areas of increased MTT were traced and marked as ischemic area. Corresponding area of preserved CBV was labeled as penumbra area. The mean CBF, MTT or CBV for the total ischemic area (or penumbra) was estimated by multiplying each ischemic area (or penumbra) by the corresponding CBF (MTT or CBV), adding the value of four slices and dividing by total area. The ischemic and penumbra areas in four slices were added and multiplied by slice thickness (0.8 cm) to give ischemic volume (IV) and penumbra volume (PV) respectively. Results: Perfusion abnormalities were found in 43 (65.1 % AA vs. 30.2 % Caucasian) patients. The mean ischemic volume was less in AA as compared to Caucasians (63.64 ±36.7 cm 3 vs. 89.57 ±52.6 cm 3 ) as was mean penumbra volume (42.77±28.9 cm 3 vs. 64.36 ± 43.8 cm 3 ). Within the penumbra in AA, CBF was increased (28 ±12.2 ml/100 gm/sec vs. 23.11 ±12.5 ml/100 gm/sec) as was CBV (3.46 ±1.4 ml/100gm vs. 2.98 ±1.1 ml/100gm). The penumbra MTT was faster in AA (8.59 ±2.2 sec vs. 9.46 ±2.72 sec). The trends in CBF, CBV and MTT did not reach statistical significance due to the small sample size. A CBF less than 20 ml/100 gm/sec is conventionally defined as vulnerable ischemic tissue. In the area of ischemia, only 36% of AA had CBF less than 20 ml/100 gm/min as opposed to 61.5% in Caucasians (p=0.17). Conclusion This exploratory analysis showed that AA have a somewhat greater CBF and CBV with faster MTT in the region of penumbra as compared to Caucasians indicating the presence of biological mechanisms to preserve the area at risk. Further analysis to assess collateral cerebral blood flow as a protective mechanism in AA is warranted.
Single parent women. A community study.

While there has been considerable interest in the problems of single parent families, no study has yet determined if the problems are due to increased risk of specific psychiatric disorders in single parents as compared to their married counterparts. Data collected as part of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project are presented to compare the psychiatric as well as economic and social functioning of single vs. married parent women ages 18–44, based on a probability sample of members of the greater New Haven community. The major finding between groups is their relative similarity in psychiatric as well as social functioning. The major difference is economic. Single parents, both Black and White, more frequently are less educated and poorer. While many are on welfare, single compared to married female parents are more likely to be working and to report insufficient income to meet their needs. There are no appreciable differences in social contacts, use of health services or six-month prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders including major depression, alcohol or drug abuse. The data suggest that the problems faced by single parent women and their children may be a reflection of poverty and stress in families and not of psychiatric disorders or poor social relations in mothers.
Application of Spectral Shaping to Improve Sub-Basalt Imaging

A principal impediment in sub-basalt imaging is the severe attenuation of high-frequency energy. Since low frequencies are relatively less attenuated, a plausible way to improve imaging is to apply spectral shaping early in the processing sequence. Reprocessing of conventionaltow data of a 2D seismic line at Rockall Trough, incorporating early spectral shaping, generated an improved result of quality similar to what was achieved with deep-tow data. In addition to early shaping, application of Radon de-multiple after migration (rather than before migration) can offer some advantages in this situation. Care should be exercised at the de-multiple stage, to fully preserve the low-frequency signal and avoid artifacts. In particular, low-cutting the multiple models at 2Hz can reduce artifacts and generate a reasonable result.
Detection of hypercoagulability states by a modified ethanol gelation test and its correlation with other coagulation procedures.

A modification of the ethanol gelation test which endows the test with greater sensitivity for the detection of hypercoagulability states is described. The usefulness of this modification is demonstrated by a variety of clinical examples. The trend of the ethanol gelation test during development or regression of hypercoagulability states is followed, and the results are compared with those of other simultaneously performed coagulation tests which reflect various types of hypercoagulability. It is shown that the ethanol gelation test in the described variation closely follows the trend of clinical hypercoagulability in thromboembolic diseases; and is useful, with some limitations, in discovering hypercoagulability related to disseminated intravascular coagulation. The test lends itself to detection of hypercoagulability states by laboratories not specialized in blood coagulation.
A Study of a Location Task

A location task, in which a worker must locate a point in space given information on its position, has much in common with a Choice Reaction Time (CRT) task. One particular task, wiring of electronic components, was studied by measuring location time as a function of total information per stimulus. A linear relationship was found, confirming Hicks Law, but systematic deviations from the line were noted. Further analysis showed differential rates of information processing and suggested a two-stage strategy. The first stage corresponded to the usual binary classification in CRT studies, while the second had similarities to an exhaustive serial search.
Abstract 4909: Olig2 phosphorylation by CDK2 implicated in glioma proliferation.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) is an important proneural transcription factor that regulates early development of the central nervous system and formation of glioma. Although recent studies established the role of developmentally regulated Olig2 phosphorylation in promoting the proliferation of both normal and malignant neural stem/progenitor cells, the molecular mechanisms by which Olig2 phosphorylation is regulated and functions as a pro-proliferative factor are not completely understood. Here we identified Olig2 as a critical phosphorylation target for cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). CDK2 stabilizes and activates Olig2, thereby regulating G1-to-S phase progression by repressing the expression of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1. After phosphorylation by CDK2, Olig2 exerts pro-proliferative effects that are reflected in normal neural/glioma stem cells and in murine xenograft models of glioma. Olig2 phosphorylation regulates its binding to E-box sequence in p27 gene promoter and represses p27 expression. We show that constitutive p27 expression antagonizes CDK2-mediated Olig2 phosphorylation and attenuates cell proliferation both in in-vitro and in-vivo glioma models. Expression analysis of TCGA GBM samples also showed that high Olig2 expression is always accompanied with high CDK2 expression in the proneural, classical, and neural subclasses, which could provide a convincing evidence to use a CDK2 inhibitor to treat Olig2-high gliomas. Treatment with CDK2 inhibitor preferentially suppresses proliferation of Olig2-high glioma cells. Thus, we conclude that a CDK2 inhibitor could be of great therapeutic value in patients with Olig2-high glioma and Olig2 might be used as a biological marker for CDK2 inhibitors in the future studies. Citation Format: Jun Fu, Dimpy Koul, Siyuan Zheng, Vivek Singh, Jun Yao, Yanhua Zheng, Zhimin Lu, Erik P. Sulman, Frederick F. Lang, Alfred W.K Yung. Olig2 phosphorylation by CDK2 implicated in glioma proliferation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4909. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4909
U.S. Flash Flood Warning Dissemination Via Radio and Television

Since the 1950s, the death tolls for most weather hazards in the United States have dropped by roughly 50%, even as the population has increased. Floods—particularly flash floods—are a notable exception to this pattern. The per capita U.S. death rate from flooding has decreased slightly over the past several decades, but the actual numbers killed each year have held relatively steady since the 1970s (Figure 1).
Sunscreen: one weapon against melanoma.

The literature has supported the clinical impression that sun exposure is one of the factors which contributes to malignant melanoma. Because of this finding, physicians should advise patients to avoid sun exposure between the hours of 10 AM and 2 PM and to use an appropriate sunscreen. This article explains the safety and efficacy of several ingredients that are available for blocking ultraviolet rays. The vehicle as well as the active ingredients should be considered when patients are advised about sunscreens.
Morality is necessary for happiness

An argument for the eponymous conclusion is given through a series of hypothetical syllogisms, the most basic of which is as follows: morality is necessary for self-respect; self-respect is necessary for happiness; therefore, morality is necessary for happiness. Some of the most obvious objections are entertained and rejected.
Distribution and potential significance of intravillous and intrafibrinous particulate microcalcification

Abstract Radiologic studies indicate that placental calcifications seen at 28–32 weeks' gestation are associated with adverse fetal outcome. One type of placental calcification is typically located at the basement membrane of chorionic villi. It has a fine particulate appearance and can only be seen microscopically. We have designated these calcifications as Intravillous and Intrafibrinous Particulate MicroCalcification (IPMC). In this study we examined the distribution and potential significance of IPMC. Placentas from 14 groups of fetal and maternal outcomes are examined histologically for IPMC. These groups were preterm birth, post term birth, intrauterine fetal demise, fetuses with non-reassuring heart rates, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal anomalies, mothers with gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia and placentas of normal spontaneous vaginal births and placentas with chorioamnionitis, chronic villitis and infarcts. We observed fine dust-like particulates deposited in continuous and discrete patches. The particulates were predominantly located in the basement membranes of fibrotic chorionic villi and in perivillous fibrin. Compared to placentas without adverse outcomes, a higher incidence of IPMC was seen in intrauterine fetal demise cases and in cases with infarcts which suggests that hypoxia played a role in the etiology of IPMC.
Gangliosides of the CNS Myelin Membrane

Myelin gangliosides have a number of unusual properties that set them apart from gangliosides of most other nervous system membranes. One is their low concentration, which in the case of rat amounts to about one-tenth that in synaptic plasma membranes. This may account for the fact that when first detected in isolated myelin1,2 they were believed to represent neuronal contamination. Subsequent studies of Suzuki and coworkers3,4,5 provided strong if not conclusive evidence that they are intrinsic to myelin itself. A key finding in those studies was the distinctive pattern of molecular distribution, the main feature of which was a high proportion of GM1. The same phenomenon was later observed in myelin from man6 and mouse7. We have undertaken a survey of several other vertebrates to assess possible variations in pattern and concentration.
Space, Time, and Causal Inference: A tDCS Study (P03.263)

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that the parietal cortex contributes to causal inference because of its role in processing spatial relations, while frontal cortices contribute because of their role in decision-making. BACKGROUND: The ability to infer causality is a central feature of human cognition. Causal inferences are partly built upon elemental spatial and temporal information in the environment. We previously reported that the right parietal cortex (rPC) contributes to spatial aspects of causal inference (Straube & Chatterjee, 2010; Woods et al., 2012), while others report that the frontal cortices contribute to decision-making aspects of causal inference (Fonlupt, 2003; Fugelsang et al., 2005). DESIGN/METHODS: Participants (n=16) underwent three transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) sessions, receiving 1.5 mA9s right anode-left cathode stimulation for 20 minutes to the frontal (F3/F4) or parietal cortices (CP3/CP4), or a 30 second sham stimulation. tDCS electrode montages were selected based on computational current density models. Behaviorally, participants inferred causality before and during stimulation in billiard-ball style launching events; a blue ball approaches and contacts a red ball. Spatial and temporal inferences of causality were assessed separately by parametrically varying the spatial trajectories and the temporal delays of the movement of the second ball in separate blocks. RESULTS: Frontal and parietal stimulation significantly decreased the probability of spatial causality judgments (Generalized Linear Model – Session x Location: Χ2=6.4, p=.04; Frontal mean difference (MD)=6%, p=.003; Parietal MD=4%, p=.02). Only frontal stimulation significantly decreased the probability of temporal causality judgments (MD=4%, p=.04). Parietal stimulation also significantly improved reaction time for spatial judgments of causality (Session x Location: Χ2=15.7, p CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the parietal cortex contributes to causal inference because of its specific role in processing spatial relations. In contrast, our results suggest that the contribution of the frontal cortices relates to their role in decision-making. Supported by: National Institute of Health (T32NS007413, R01 DC008779, R24 HD050836) and the Wallace H Coulter Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Woods has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chatterjee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kranjec has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bikson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bikson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hamilton has nothing to disclose.
Constraints specific influences of vision, touch and surface compliance in postural dynamics

Studies that have manipulated vision and touch in posture usually emphasize the prescriptive closed-loop function of the information to reduce the amount of postural motion. In contrast, we examine here the hypothesis that the standard sensory manipulations to maintain quiet stance also change in specific ways the constraints on the task goal and the emergent movement organization. Twelve participants were instructed to maintain quiet postural stance under three sensory factors: surface compliance (foam/no foam), visual information (open/closed eyes) and tactile information (finger touch/no finger touch). The standard deviation of center of pressure (COP) motion decreased with the presence of vision, touch and rigid surface. The correlation dimension showed that the manipulation of touch and vision produced different attractor dynamics that also interacted with surface compliance. Vision decreased the correlation dimension in the foam surface while the touch manipulation increased dimension in the rigid surface. The sensory information manipulations changed the qualitative properties of the attractor dynamics as well as the quantitative properties of the amount of postural motion providing evidence for the specific nature of the postural organization across information conditions.
Subgroup Analysis Stratified by Baseline Pancreatic β-cell Function in a Japanese Study of Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

This analysis investigated the relationship between baseline fasting pancreatic β-cell function and efficacy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with once-weekly dulaglutide 0.75 mg (dulaglutide) or once-daily liraglutide 0.9 mg (liraglutide) for up to 52 weeks. In a 52-week study of monotherapy in Japanese patients with T2D, patients were categorized into three subgroups defined by tertiles (low, medium, and high) of baseline values of three pancreatic β-cell function parameters [fasting C-peptide, C-peptide index, and secretory units of islets in transplantation (SUIT) index]. Associations between these parameters and efficacy [defined by changes from baseline in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), mean of all meals blood glucose excursion, and body weight] in the dulaglutide group (280 patients) or the liraglutide group (137 patients) were evaluated. Patients in the subgroups with high insulin-secreting ability (based on pancreatic β-cell function) were younger and had shorter disease duration and higher body mass index compared to those with low insulin-secreting ability. No specific trend was observed between baseline pancreatic β-cell function and changes in HbA1c or FBG. Reductions from baseline in mean PBG and excursion were greatest for patients in the low β-cell function tertiles. Inconsistent trends in body weight were observed across the treatment groups and β-cell function parameters. In Japanese patients with T2D, changes in HbA1c and body weight after 52 weeks of treatment with dulaglutide or liraglutide could not be predicted by patients’ fasting pancreatic β-cell function before treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01558271). Eli Lilly K.K. (Kobe, Japan).
Assessing Nonresponse in a Longitudinal Establishment Survey Using Regression Trees

This article introduces and discusses a method for conducting an analysis of nonresponse for a longitudinal establishment survey using regression trees. The methodology consists of three parts: analysis during the frame refinement and enrollment phases, common in longitudinal surveys; analysis of the effect of time on response rates during data collection; and analysis of the potential for nonresponse bias. For all three analyses, regression tree models are used to identify establishment characteristics and subgroups of establishments that represent vulnerabilities during the data collection process. This information could be used to direct additional resources to collecting data from identified establishments in order to improve the response rate.
3He in 99.5% Porous Aerogel at the Normal-Superfluid Transition

We have used a torsional oscillator to measure the superfluid density and dissipation near the superfluid transition of 3 He in aerogel of 99.5% porosity. We used a new cell (constructed at Penn State) for which the aerogel was grown in the pores of a ∼100 μm silver sinter. The cell was tested with 4 He and showed no signs of the second-sound resonances that have interfered with previous torsional oscillator measurements. The measurements with 3 He, presented here, were taken at pressures of 1.34 and 4.13 bars. We observed values of ρ s /ρ in the T→ 0 limit of 0.05 and 0.14 respectively. Our measurements show an increase in the dissipation on warming through T c . This series of measurements is ongoing and temperature sweeps at various pressures are planned.
Cohomological Degrees of Graded Modules

By a degree of a module M we mean a numerical measure of information carried by M. It must serve the purposes of allowing comparisons between modules and to exhibit flexible calculus rules that track the degree under some basic constructions in module theory.
Smooth Muscle Electrophysiology

Individual smooth muscle cells are tapered structures. The average diameter of a smooth muscle cell at its widest point is about 3µm1. The average length in the gastrointestinal tract ranges from 200 to 400 µm1. The cells are packed into bundles; within a bundle each cell has a polyhedral profile and is surrounded by neighboring cells1. Each cell in the bundle is surrounded by about 12 other cells at any point along its length and approximately equal numbers of cells overlap either end of any given cell1. The geometrical packing of these bundles determines the shape of the muscle. If the bundles weave a three dimensional pattern, the shape will be rod-like as in the taenia of the human colon. If the weaving is planar, the shape will be a sheet-like structure.
Spray cooling and spray chilling for food ingredient and nutraceutical encapsulation

Abstract: Spray chilling is the process of solidifying an atomized liquid spray into particles. Also referred to as spray cooling, spray congealing, or prilling, this process is suitable for making particles from a few microns to several millimeters. A variety of atomization methods are available, including pressure nozzles, vibrating nozzles, and spinning disc atomizers. Microspheres are the most common encapsulation morphology prepared with this technique, with an active ingredient dispersed homogeneously throughout the encapsulating matrix. Common matrix materials include fats, waxes, lipids, and gelling hydrocolloids. The spray chilling techniques are generally high throughput, low cost, and simple to operate.
Plasma Transport Near Material Boundaries

The fluid theory of two-dimensional (2-d) plasma transport in axisymmetric devices is reviewed. The forces which produce flow across the magnetic field in a collisional plasma are described. These flows may lead to up-down asymmetries in the poloidal rotation and radial fluxes. Emphasis is placed on understanding the conditions under which the known 2-d plasma fluid equations provide a valid description of these processes. Attempts to extend the fluid treatment to less collisional, turbulent plasmas are discussed. A reduction to the 1-d fluid equations used in many computer simulations is possible when sources or boundary conditions provide a large enough radial scale length. The complete 1-d fluid equations are given in the text, and 2-d fluid equations are given in the Appendix.