cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenocarcinoma of the rectum in patients under age 40 is increasing: impact of signet-ring cell histology.

BACKGROUND Overall, the incidence of colorectal cancer appears to be stable or diminishing. However, based on our practice pattern, we observed that the incidence of rectal cancer in patients under 40 is increasing and may be associated with a prominence of signet-ring cell histology. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to verify the rising trend in rectal cancer in patients under 40 and describe the histology prominent in that cohort. DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PATIENTS We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients diagnosed with rectal adenocarcinoma from 1980 to 2010 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Rectal cancer incidence, histology, and associated staging characteristics were the primary outcomes measured. RESULTS Although the incidence of rectal cancer for all ages remained stable from 1980 to 2010, we observed an annual percent change of +3.6% in the incidence of rectal cancer in patients under 40. The prevalence of signet cell histology in patients under 40 was significantly greater than in patients over 40 (3% vs 0.87%, p < 0.01). A multivariate regression analysis revealed an adjusted odds ratio of 3.6 (95% CI, 2.6-5.1) for signet cell histology in rectal adenocarcinoma under age 40. Signet cell histology was also significantly associated with a more advanced stage at presentation, poorly differentiated tumor grade, and worse prognosis compared with mucinous and nonmucinous rectal adenocarcinoma. LIMITATIONS The study was limited by its retrospective nature and the information available in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. CONCLUSIONS Despite a stable incidence of rectal cancer for all ages, the incidence in patients under 40 has quadrupled since 1980, and cancers in this group are 3.6 times more likely to have signet cell histology. Given the worse outcomes associated with signet cell histology, these data highlight a need for thorough evaluation of young patients with rectal symptoms.
Monotonic calibrated interpolated look-up tables

Real-world machine learning applications may have requirements beyond accuracy, such as fast evaluation times and interpretability. In particular, guaranteed monotonicity of the learned function with respect to some of the inputs can be critical for user confidence. We propose meeting these goals for low-dimensional machine learning problems by learning flexible, monotonic functions using calibrated interpolated look-up tables. We extend the structural risk minimization framework of lattice regression to monotonic functions by adding linear inequality constraints. In addition, we propose jointly learning interpretable calibrations of each feature to normalize continuous features and handle categorical or missing data, at the cost of making the objective non-convex. We address large-scale learning through parallelization, mini-batching, and random sampling of additive regularizer terms. Case studies on real-world problems with up to sixteen features and up to hundreds of millions of training samples demonstrate the proposed monotonic functions can achieve state-of-the-art accuracy in practice while providing greater transparency to users.
Pyridoxine failure in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.

Abstract Every one of these sixteen patients was cured and the pregnancy carried on. It has not been necessary to perform a therapeutic abortion for hyperemesis in the Chicago Lying-in Hospital during the last few years. All staff cases and most of the private patients are treated by the routines outlined by Dieckmann. 7 These observations reaffirm the need for proper controls in all clinical and therapeutic research just as it is necessary in the basic sciences. Since many factors can be involved in clinical studies, it does not become research until adequate and suffcient controls have been established. A serious and earnest plea is advanced for critically controlled studies of all procedures and that publication be withheld until such controls are obtained. Fortunately, pyridoxine can be given safely in these dosages (as far as we know now). Aside from the expense to the patient and delay in instituting therapy where cures did not follow, no particular damage can be claimed. Another plea is offered for the retraction of prior recommendations when and as such corrections become evident to the original proponents.
Decentralized throughput maximizing policies for deadline-constrained wireless networks

We consider multi-hop wireless networks serving multiple flows in which only packets that meet hard end-to-end deadline constraints are useful, i.e., if a packet is not delivered to its destination node by its deadline, it is dropped from the network. We design decentralized scheduling policies for such multi-hop networks that attain the maximum throughput of useful packets. The resulting policy is decentralized in the sense that in order to make a transmission decision, a node only needs to know the “time-till-deadline” of the packets that are currently present at that node, and not the state of the entire network. The key to obtaining an easy-to-implement and highly decentralized policy is to replace the hard constraint on the number of simultaneous packet transmissions that can take place on the outgoing links of a node, by a time-average constraint on the number of transmissions. The policy thus obtained is guaranteed to provide maximum throughput. Analysis can be extended to the case of time-varying channel conditions in a straightforward manner. Simulations showing significant improvement over existing policies for deadline based scheduling, such as Earliest Deadline First, and supporting the theory, are presented.
Living with migraine headache: A phenomenological study of women's experiences

This qualitative study explored the lived experience of women who had migraine headache. The guiding framework was phenomenological inquiry and story theory. The transcripts of audiotaped stories gathered from 8 women living with migraine headache were analyzed. Seven interrelated themes comprised the findings of the study. Implications for holistic nursing practice emphasizing assessment of lived time, lived body, lived space, and lived relations in the context of the findings of the study are discussed. KEY WORDS: migraine headache, phenomenological inquiry, story theory Holist Nurs Pract 2012;26(6):297–307 Migraine headache is a significant health concern in this country, and it is estimated that 18.2% of American women suffer from this condition. 1 Lipton et al 1 conducted a landmark study indicating that women are 3 times more likely to experience migraine headache than men. When women experience migraine headache, they feel intense physical pain, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and feelings of complete disability. 2 Although the prevalence of migraine headache has been extensively studied, the meaning of living with migraine headache from the perspective of women who experience this chronic illness has not been fully documented in the literature.
MxMn8O16 (M = Ag or K) as promising cathode materials for secondary Mg based batteries: the role of the cation M

AgxMn8O16 (Ag-OMS-2) and KxMn8O16 (K-OMS-2) were investigated as high voltage cathode materials for Mg based batteries. Both MxMn8O16 materials delivered high initial capacities (>180 mA h g−1), and KxMn8O16 showed high cycle stability with a reversible capacity of >170 mA h g−1 after 20 cycles.
The probability of containment failure by direct containment heating in Zion

Abstract This paper is the first step in the resolution of the direct containment heating (DCH) issue for the Zion nuclear power plant using the risk oriented accident analysis methodology (ROAAM). This paper includes the definition of a probabilistic framework that decomposes the DCH problem into three probability density functions that reflect the most uncertain initial conditions (UO 2 mass, zirconium oxidation fraction, and steel mass). Uncertainties in the initial conditions are significant, but our quantification approach is based on establishing reasonable bounds that are not unnecessarily conservative. To this end, we also make use of the ROAAM ideas of enveloping scenarios and ‘splintering’. Two causal relations (CRs) are used in this framework: CR1 is a model that calculates the peak pressure in the containment as a function of the initial conditions, and CR2 is a model that returns the frequency of containment failure as a function of pressure within the containment. Uncertainty in CR1 is accounted for by the use of two independently developed phenomenological models, the convection-limited containment heating model and the two-cell equilibrium model, and by probabilistically distributing the key parameter in both, which is the ratio of the melt entrainment time to the system blowdown time constant. The two phenomenological models have been compared with an extensive database including recent integral simulations at two different physical scales (1:10-scale in the Surtsey facility at Sandia National Laboratories and 1:40-scale in the COREXIT facility at Argonne National Laboratory). The loads predicted by these models were significantly lower than those from previous parametric calculations. The containment load distributions do not intersect the containment strength (fragility) curve in any significant way, resulting in containment failure probabilities less than 10 −3 for all scenarios considered. Sensitivity analyses did not show any areas of large sensitivity. The feasibility of extrapolating containment loads distributions to most other pressurized water reactors is explored.
Going Germline: Mitochondrial Replacement as a Guide to Genome Editing

Mitochondrial replacement (MR) serves as a crucial test case and learning guide for the scientific, ethical, and regulatory challenges of future reproductive breakthroughs. The lessons learned from the regulatory review process of MR over the last decade promise to enrich the emerging dialog over genome editing.
Ethical, legal and social concerns relating to exoskeletons

Exoskeletons, i.e., wearable robotics, are designed and built to amplify human strength and agility. In many cases, their purpose is to replace diminished or lost limb functionality, helping people regain some ambulatory freedom. As such, exoskeletons are particularly suited to help those with restricted mobility due to paralysis or weakened limbs. For all their promise, exoskeletons and other wearable robotics raise a number of ethical and social concerns that will need to be confronted by ethicists, the industry, and society as a whole. General social concerns relate to the personal and psychological impact on disabled individuals and their families. And as a society, we may need to reconsider ableness, in light of these and other technological opportunities for overcoming our limitations. But that's only for those who can afford these machines: with exoskeletons costing as much as a luxury car, there are social justice concerns relating to access to this cost-prohibitive technology, as well as the eventual dependencies on such an expensive device. Ought insurers be required to purchase these for paralyzed individuals to significantly improve their quality of life; or are there competing interests and ideals that might support an insurer's refusal to invest in this technology? Some exoskeleton manufacturers, in conjunction with defense contractors, are reportedly pursuing military grade as well as industrial grade exoskeleton solutions. These solution enable soldiers and workers to perform longer and harder. In upgrading humans into quasi-machines, however, we run the risk of treating them more like machines than humans. In the workplace this may result in the overworking of an employee, in the military this could further dehumanize warfare and its very human actors. The prospect of augmenting otherwise healthy individuals (as distinct from treatment focused on achieving, sustaining or restoring health) raises further ethical concerns relating to human enhancement, an area fraught with slippery slopes. These issues are not only limited to our regular daily interactions, but also arise in sports, as the disabled (and now disgraced) Olympian, Oscar Pistorius, has shown us. There are no simple solutions for any of these issues, although many solutions may arise organically; for example, costs and access issues may be lessened as the technology becomes more widespread and cheaper. Other issues can be dealt with through well thought out regulatory solutions. But, for society at large, exoskeletons and other future human enhancements technologies raise much more longstanding and complex questions that will force us to redefine how we perceive humanity and self.
Calibrating Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease is fundamentally a kinetic disorder, in which cells containing the mutated hemoglobin (hemoglobin S; HbS) will cause occlusion if they sickle in the microvasculature, but have minimal (or no) consequences if they sickle in the venous return. Physiologically, sickling always occurs when some ligands are present; nonetheless, the kinetics in the presence of ligands are virtually unstudied. Sickling arises from nucleation-controlled polymer formation, triggered when the HbS loses ligands (e.g., oxygen). Thus, understanding how nucleation responds to the presence of oxygen is the key to understanding how sickling proceeds in a physiological context. We have measured the rate of nucleus formation in HbS partially liganded with NO or CO, which we find have equivalent effects in reducing the nucleation rates. We find that hemoglobin must be in the T (tense) quaternary structure for nucleation, but the presence of ligands inhibits nucleus formation even when the correct quaternary structure is present. From these results, we can predict the fraction of cells that will sickle at any given partial ligand saturations. The ability to make such predictions may prove especially useful in designing future therapies, particularly those where the oxygen affinity is perturbed.
High Stability, High Activity Pt/ITO Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (NPs) were conceived as a high stability noncarbon support for Pt NPs, and the activity and stability of Pt/ITO for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were probed. Sn was employed as the In2O3 dopant to exploit the strong interaction between Sn and Pt that was previously reported to enhance the activity of Pt on Pt/SnO2, while concomitantly avoiding the intrinsic stability limitations of SnO2 and leveraging the high stability of bulk In2O3 at ORR relevant potentials. The mass activity of Pt was extremely high on Pt/ITO, 621 ± 31 mA/mgPt, which far exceeded the 2015 DOE goal for Pt mass activity of 440 mA/mgPt. The enhanced ORR activity was linked to the faceting of the Pt NPs, which overwhelmingly consisted of Pt (111) facets. The stability of Pt/ITO was also very impressive, with the electrochemically active area unchanged and the Pt half wave potential shifting only 4 mV over 1000 potential cycles to 1.4 V vs RHE, a very harsh condition for ORR electrocatalysts...
Catalytic olefin hydroamination with aminium radical cations: a photoredox method for direct C-N bond formation.

While olefin amination with aminium radical cations is a classical method for C–N bond formation, catalytic variants that utilize simple 2° amine precursors remain largely undeveloped. Herein we report a new visible-light photoredox protocol for the intramolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of aryl olefins that proceeds through catalytically generated aminium radical intermediates. Mechanistic studies are consistent with a process involving amine oxidation via electron transfer, turnover-limiting C–N bond formation, and a second electron transfer step to reduce a carbon-centered radical, rendering the overall process redox-neutral. A range of structurally diverse N-aryl heterocycles can be prepared in good to excellent yields under conditions significantly milder than those required by conventional aminium-based protocols.
Noise reduction of a Libbrecht–Hall style current driver

The Libbrecht–Hall circuit is a well-known, low-noise current driver for narrow-linewidth diode lasers. An important feature of the circuit is a current limit to protect the laser diode. As the current approaches the maximum limit, however, the noise in the laser current increases dramatically. This paper documents this behavior and explores simple circuit modifications to alleviate this issue.
Application of the h-Index in Academic Plastic Surgery.

Background The h-index is a measure designed to assess the quantity and significance of an individual's academic contributions. The objective of this study was to determine whether the h-index of plastic surgeons correlates with academic rank and whether there is a difference based on academic rank, residency training model, sex, geographic region, faculty size, and departmental status. Methods A database of all US academic plastic surgeons was created. The rank and sex of each surgeon were obtained, as were characteristics of their plastic surgery program. The Scopus database was queried to determine each surgeon's h-index. Results The 592 plastic surgeons in our database had a mean h-index of 8.97. The h-index increased with academic rank: 4.59 for assistant professors, 9.10 for associate professors, and 15.30 for professors. There was no significant difference in the h-index between chairpersons and chiefs. Plastic surgeons on faculty in integrated plastic surgery programs had significantly higher h-indices (9.64) than those at traditional programs (6.28). Those who were on faculty at larger programs also had higher h-indices. Male plastic surgeons had higher h-indices (9.57) than did female plastic surgeons (6.07), although this was insignificant when taking other variables into account. There was no correlation between the h-index and location or departmental status. Conclusions The h-index of plastic surgeons seems to correlate with academic rank and has potential as a tool to measure academic productivity within plastic surgery. Plastic surgeons on faculty in integrated plastic surgery programs, those at larger programs, and male plastic surgeons tend to have higher h-indices. The difference between sexes seems to be, at least in part, due to the higher number of men in high academic positions. There does not seem to be a regional difference with regard to h-indices or a difference with regard to departmental status.
La influencia de la madre y del padre en el desarrollo del niño

RESUMENEl apego a los padres se desarrolla en la primera infancia sobre una base reciproca, manifestando el nino una conducta crecientemente selectiva respecto a las personas. Entre ellas pueden encontrarse tanto el padre del nino como la madre aunque este pueda mostrar preferencia por uno u otro de los padres segum su situacion y tambien segun su sexo. La responsividad parental tiene diversos efectos profundos sobre el desarrollo social del nino, en concreto sobrela seguridad del apego, aunque se requiere mayor investigacion para establecer la significacion a largo plazo de los apegos conformados durante la primera infancia. La influencia parental sobre los ninos mayores no se ha estudiado con la misma intensidad que en el periodo de la primera infancia. Se han examinado fundamentalmente en este periodo las influencias relativas al desarrollo de los roles sexuales, motivacion de logro, desarrollo moral y ajuste psicologico, aun cuando los procesos a traves de los que se ejercen tales influencias continua...
An Initial Evaluation of the Teacher–Child Interaction Direct Observation System Measuring Teacher–Child Interaction Behaviors in Classroom Settings

Children who engage in chronic problem behavior can present challenges for their early childhood teachers, and are more likely to develop negative relationships with these and other adults with whom they interact. Unfortunately, children who develop negative relationships with their teachers early in their school careers are more likely to have later academic and behavioral problems than children who have positive, supportive relationships. The salience of interactions between teachers and young children highlights the need for interventions that target building positive teacher–child interactions and increase the likelihood that these interactions are developmentally appropriate and supportive of children’s emotional and behavioral growth, as well as assessment tools to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. The purpose of this article is to describe the Teacher–Child Interaction Direct Observation System (TCIDOS), an observation system designed to capture teacher and child behaviors during c...
Supramolecular optical chemosensors for organic analytes

Supramolecular optical chemosensors are abiotic molecular devices that bind analytes by noncovalent interactions, producing a change in light absorption or fluorescence. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of such chemosensors for organic analytes based on artificial receptors. Important design considerations, such as analyte affinity, choice of chromophore or fluorophore, binding selectivity, and optical signaling mechanism are briefly discussed. Chemists have fashioned chemosensors from a wide range of molecular structures, including polyalcohols, crown ethers, calixarenes, helicenes, sterically geared tripods, metal complexes, pinwheels, porphyrins, and fused-ring heterocycles. Analytes of interest include amines, carboxylic acids, amino acids, hydroquinones, alkaloids, carbohydrates, peptides, urea and creatinine.
The nature of the increased peripheral resistance in hypertension.

Abstract Studies on hypertension in both human beings and animals have shown an increased response to vasopressor and vasodepressor agents. This increased reactivity, as well as the incompleteness of vasodilatation by large doses of vasodepressor agents, is believed to be due to structural changes in the vascular tree. Plethysmographic studies have demonstrated an increased structural resistance in blood vessels of the forearm in patients with hypertension as compared with normal subjects.
Towards Large-Scale Deliberative Decision-Making: Small Groups and the Importance of Triads

Though deliberation is a critical component of democratic decision-making, existing deliberative processes do not scale to large groups of people. Motivated by this, we propose a model in which large-scale decision-making takes place through a sequence of small group interactions. Our model considers a group of participants, each having an opinion which together form a graph. We show that for median graphs, a class of graphs including grids and trees, it is possible to use a small number of three-person interactions to tightly approximate the wisdom of the crowd, defined here to be the generalized median of participant opinions, even when agents are strategic. Interestingly, we also show that this sharply contrasts with small groups of size two, for which we prove an impossibility result. Specifically, we show that it is impossible to use sequences of two-person interactions satisfying natural axioms to find a tight approximation of the generalized median, even when agents are non-strategic. Our results demonstrate the potential of small group interactions for reaching global decision-making properties.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Electrophile Coupling with Organic Reductants in Non‐Amide Solvents

Cross-electrophile coupling of aryl halides with alkyl halides has thus far been primarily conducted with stoichiometric metallic reductants in amide solvents. This report demonstrates that the use of tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) as an organic reductant enables the use of non-amide solvents, such as acetonitrile or propylene oxide, for the coupling of benzyl chlorides and alkyl iodides with aryl halides. Furthermore, these conditions work for several electron-poor heterocycles that are easily reduced by manganese. Finally, we demonstrate that TDAE addition can be used as a control element to ‘hold’ a reaction without diminishing yield or catalyst activity.
The induction of dynamical recognizers

A higher order recurrent neural network architecture learns to recognize and generate languages after being “trained” on categorized exemplars. Studying these networks from the perspective of dynamical systems yields two interesting discoveries: First, a longitudinal examination of the learning process illustrates a new form of mechanical inference: Induction by phase transition. A small weight adjustment causes a “bifurcation” in the limit behavior of the network. This phase transition corresponds to the onset of the network’s capacity for generalizing to arbitrary-length strings. Second, a study of the automata resulting from the acquisition of previously published training sets indicates that while the architecture is not guaranteed to find a minimal finite automaton consistent with the given exemplars, which is an NP-Hard problem, the architecture does appear capable of generating non-regular languages by exploiting fractal and chaotic dynamics. I end the paper with a hypothesis relating linguistic generative capacity to the behavioral regimes of non-linear dynamical systems.
Propagation Mechanisms for Government Spending Shocks: A Bayesian Comparison

The inability of a simple real business cycle model to predict a rise in consumption in response to increased government expenditures observed in many empirical studies, has stimulated the development of alternative theories of government spending shocks. Our objective is to evaluate these models in terms of how they fit the data.We use Bayesian approach to estimate and compare macroeconomic models of government spending.We find that neither of the considered transmission mechanisms for government spending helps improve the fit of the baseline model. Moreover, all estimated models fail to predict a rise in consumption in response to increased government spending.
Avulsion flow-path selection on rivers in foreland basins

River avulsions help distribute sediment across the floodplain, and the frequency and flow path selected by each avulsion determines flooding and sedimentation patterns. However, rivers avulse infrequently, making it difficult to quantify flow-path behavior and test hypotheses posed by experimental and numerical studies. We used Google Earth Engine to create a novel data set of 55 avulsions that occurred from A.D. 1984 to 2014 in the Andean and Himalayan foreland basins. On each avulsion we measure hop length (the displacement of the avulsion across the floodplain orthogonal to the parent channel) and avulsion length (the length of the parent channel reach). Without controlling for external factors, such as climate or geology, we find that both hop length and avulsion length scale with parent channel-belt width. Avulsion channels tend to hop 2.5 channel-belt widths away from their parent channel and avulsion length is 13.4 parent channel-belt widths. We use these data to test between end-member scenarios where flow paths are randomly selected or steered by floodplain topography. Observed avulsions are inconsistent with flow-path predictions derived from a directed random walk model, and a scaling analysis of alluvial ridge size shows that hop lengths are set by alluvial ridge widths. These results suggest that avulsion flow-path selection in the Andean and Himalayan basins is driven by alluvial ridge topography, which promotes evenly spaced (or compensational) channel sand bodies over decadal time scales. These data and results are important for understanding controls on avulsion flow-path selection and how avulsion processes are represented in the stratigraphic record of foreland basins.
Big-Key Symmetric Encryption: Resisting Key Exfiltration

This paper aims to move research in the bounded retrieval model BRM from theory to practice by considering symmetric rather than public-key encryption, giving efficient schemes, and providing security analyses with sharp, concrete bounds. The threat addressed is malware that aims to exfiltrate a user's key. Our schemes aim to thwart this by using an enormously long key, yet paying for this almost exclusively in storage cost, not speed. Our main result is a general-purpose lemma, the subkey prediction lemma, that gives a very good bound on an adversary's ability to guess a modest length subkey of a big-key, the subkey consisting of the bits of the big-key found at random, specified locations, after the adversary has exfiltrated partial information about the big-key e.g., half as many bits as the big-key is long. We then use this to design a new kind of key encapsulation mechanism, and, finally, a symmetric encryption scheme. Both are in the random-oracle model. We also give a less efficient standard-model scheme that is based on universal computational extractors UCE. Finally, we define and achieve hedged BRM symmetric encryption, which provides authenticity in the absence of leakage.
A Unified Multi-scale Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Object Detection

A unified deep neural network, denoted the multi-scale CNN (MS-CNN), is proposed for fast multi-scale object detection. The MS-CNN consists of a proposal sub-network and a detection sub-network. In the proposal sub-network, detection is performed at multiple output layers, so that receptive fields match objects of different scales. These complementary scale-specific detectors are combined to produce a strong multi-scale object detector. The unified network is learned end-to-end, by optimizing a multi-task loss. Feature upsampling by deconvolution is also explored, as an alternative to input upsampling, to reduce the memory and computation costs. State-of-the-art object detection performance, at up to 15 fps, is reported on datasets, such as KITTI and Caltech, containing a substantial number of small objects.
Revisiting Reuse in Main Memory Database Systems

Reusing intermediates in databases to speed-up analytical query processing was studied in prior work. Existing solutions require intermediate results of individual operators to be materialized using materialization operators. However, inserting such materialization operations into a query plan not only incurs additional execution costs but also often eliminates important cache- and register-locality opportunities, resulting in even higher performance penalties. This paper studies a novel reuse model for intermediates, which caches internal physical data structures materialized during query processing (due to pipeline breakers) and externalizes them so that they become reusable for upcoming operations. We focus on hash tables, the most commonly used internal data structure in main memory databases to perform join and aggregation operations. As queries arrive, our reuse-aware optimizer reasons about the reuse opportunities for hash tables, employing cost models that take into account hash table statistics together with the CPU and data movement costs within the cache hierarchy. Experimental results, based on our prototype implementation, demonstrate performance gains of 2x for typical analytical workloads with no additional overhead for materializing intermediates.
Identifying Common Practice Elements to Improve Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Outcomes of Young Children in Early Childhood Classrooms

Educators are increasingly being encouraged to implement evidence-based interventions and practices to address the social, emotional, and behavioral needs of young children who exhibit problem behavior in early childhood settings. Given the nature of social-emotional learning during the early childhood years and the lack of a common set of core evidence-based practices within the early childhood literature, selection of instructional practices that foster positive social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes for children in early childhood settings can be difficult. The purpose of this paper is to report findings from a study designed to identify common practice elements found in comprehensive intervention models (i.e., manualized interventions that include a number of components) or discrete practices (i.e., a specific behavior or action) designed to target social, emotional, and behavioral learning of young children who exhibit problem behavior. We conducted a systematic review of early childhood classroom interventions that had been evaluated in randomized group designs, quasi-experimental designs, and single-case experimental designs. A total of 49 published articles were identified, and an iterative process was used to identify common practice elements. The practice elements were subsequently reviewed by experts in social-emotional and behavioral interventions for young children. Twenty-four practice elements were identified and classified into content (the goal or general principle that guides a practice element) and delivery (the way in which a teacher provides instruction to the child) categories. We discuss implications that the identification of these practice elements found in the early childhood literature has for efforts to implement models and practices.
On hub location models

The study of hub location models involves designing communication networks where some of the nodes serve as focal points (i.e. hubs) and other nodes are connected to those hubs. Possible applications include airline traffic flow, telecommunications, and mail delivery networks. In this paper we present an overview of recent results on solvability of some hub location models. The overview includes a heuristic approach based on tabu search, lower bounds for cases where distances satisfy triangular inequality, tight linear programming relaxations, and a linkage between optimal and heuristic solutions. As a result of those studies the range of optimally solvable instances of NP-hard hub location problems was extended. In particular, well known and heavily used bench-mark data set of real world problems (Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) data set), that has resisted efficient solutions for more than a decade, has been solved to optimality. The paper concludes with the discussion of some avenues for future research.
The Structural and Executional Components of Customer Concentration: Implications for Supplier Performance

ABSTRACT: We examine how suppliers' structural decisions (strategic choices regarding scale, scope, and complexity) and executional skills (drivers that support the day-to-day operations of the firm) influence its customer base concentration and, in turn, supplier performance. We investigate our research question through an in-depth study of suppliers in the apparel industry. We find that suppliers' structural decisions have an important relation to the level of a supplier's customer concentration. However, we find little evidence that the component of concentration arising from structural decisions is associated with supplier performance (both financial and operational). Instead, the favorable relation between supplier performance and suppliers' customer concentration is primarily driven by the component of concentration arising from suppliers' executional skills. Our evidence indicates that greater customer concentration in and of itself does not relate to the anticipated benefits and risks, which has i...
Characteristics of Interlayer Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors Computed by a “DFT-Bardeen” Method

Theoretical predictions have been made for the current–voltage characteristics of two-dimensional heterojunction interlayer tunneling field-effect transistors (Thin-TFETs), focusing on the magnitude of the current achievable in such devices. A theory based on the Bardeen tunneling method is employed, using wavefunctions obtained from first-principles density functional theory. This method permits convenient incorporation of differing materials into the source and drain electrodes, i.e., with different crystal structure, lattice constants, and/or band structure. Large variations in tunneling current are found, depending on the two-dimensional materials used for the source and drain electrodes. Tunneling between states derived from the center (Γ-point) of the Brillouin zone (BZ) is found, in general, to lead to larger current than for zone-edge (e.g., K-point) states. The differences, as large as an order of magnitude, between the present results and various prior predictions are discussed. Predicted values for the tunneling current, including the subthreshold swing, are compared with benchmark values for low-power digital applications. Contact resistance is considered, and its effect on the tunneling current demonstrated.
Hamiltonian and symplectic symmetries: An introduction

Classical mechanical systems are modeled by a symplectic manifold $(M,\omega)$, and their symmetries, encoded in the action of a Lie group $G$ on $M$ by diffeomorphisms that preserves $\omega$. These actions, which are called "symplectic", have been studied in the past forty years, following the works of Atiyah, Delzant, Duistermaat, Guillemin, Heckman, Kostant, Souriau, and Sternberg in the 1970s and 1980s on symplectic actions of compact abelian Lie groups that are, in addition, of "Hamiltonian" type, i.e. they also satisfy Hamilton's equations. Since then a number of connections with combinatorics, finite dimensional integrable Hamiltonian systems, more general symplectic actions, and topology, have flourished. In this paper we review classical and recent results on Hamiltonian and non Hamiltonian symplectic group actions roughly starting from the results of these authors. The paper also serves as a quick introduction to the basics of symplectic geometry.
Efficient generation of narrow-linewidth THz waves from multilayers pumped by electron beam

Recently it was shown that superlattices consisting of alternating layers could be used for efficient generation of extreme-UV and soft X-ray waves based on transition radiation. In this paper, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we show that it is possible to use an electron beam to pump Ge/Si multilayers for efficiently generating narrow-linewidth THz waves based on transition radiation from each interface.
Factorizations into normal matrices in indefinite inner product spaces

Abstract We show that any nonsingular (real or complex) square matrix can be factorized into a product of at most three normal matrices, one of which is unitary, another is selfadjoint with eigenvalues in the open right half-plane, and the third one is normal involutory with a neutral negative eigenspace (we call the last matrix normal neutral involutory). Here the words normal, unitary, selfadjoint and neutral are understood with respect to an indefinite inner product.
Implementation of smart grid objectives among distribution system residential, commercial, and industrial loads

This paper addresses the efficacy of energy management at categorized points of end use. The objectives of this management are to implement some elements of the Smart Grid initiative. It is found that a focus on the commercial and industrial load sectors is recommended to implement efforts in energy conservation, peak shifting, and energy efficiency. The main basis of the recommendation is that there are fewer points of end use in the commercial and industrial load sectors, and these sectors comprise a larger part (e.g., about 79.6%) of the total electric energy use. A main conclusion is that load management should be at commercial and industrial loads rather than at residential loads.
AMP Kinase Promotes Bcl6 Expression in both Mouse and Human T cells

The transcription factor Bcl6 is a master regulator of follicular helper T (TFH) cells, and understanding the signaling pathway that induces Bcl6 and TFH cell differentiation is therefore critical. IL-2 produced during T cell activation inhibits Bcl6 expression but how TFH cells evade IL-2 inhibition is not completely understood. Here we show that Bcl6 is highly up-regulated in activated CD4 T cells following glucose deprivation (GD), and this pathway is insensitive to inhibition by IL-2. Similar to GD, the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) inhibits glycolysis, and 2DG induced Bcl6 expression in activated CD4 T cells. The metabolic sensor AMP kinase (AMPK) is activated when glycolysis is decreased, and the induction of Bcl6 by GD was inhibited by the AMPK antagonist compound C. Additionally, activation of AMPK by the drug AICAR caused Bcl6 up-regulation in activated CD4 T cells. When mice were immunized with KLH using AICAR as an adjuvant, there was a strong TFH–dependent enhancement of KLH-specific antibody (Ab) responses, and higher Bcl6 expression in TFH cells in vivo. Activation of AMPK strongly induced BCL6 and the up-regulation of TFH cell marker expression by human CD4 T cells. Our data reveal a major new pathway for TFH cell differentiation, conserved by both mouse and human T cells. Mature TFH cells are reported to have a lower metabolic state compared to TH1 cells. Our data indicates that decreased metabolism may be deterministic for TFH cell differentiation, and not simply a result of TFH cell differentiation.
Walled cities in late imperial China

Abstract For thousands of years, the Chinese and many other nations around the world built defensive walls around their cities. This phenomenon is not well understood from an economic perspective. We rationalize the existence of city walls by developing a simple model that relates the dimensions and quality of city walls to a set of economic and geographic variables. We report an empirical analysis using hand-collected and previously unutilized data on city walls in the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties. We find that the circumference of a city wall is correlated with local economic and geographic conditions, that wall size is positively correlated with population size in the jurisdiction, and that frontier cities subject to a higher probability of attack tend to have stronger city walls. We examine the physical size distribution of walled cities in late imperial China and show that city sizes above a certain cutoff follow a Pareto law, although the Pareto coefficient decreases algebraically with the cutoff point. This result complements findings in the existing literature that focuses almost exclusively on the population size distribution of cities. We also find that cities with walls in the past have higher employment and population densities at the present time.
El impacto de la automatización y la red en las bibliotecas norteamericanas.

Los cambios que han ocurrido en las bibliotecas en todo el mundo durante los ultimos 20 anos son probablemente mas profundos que todos los otros cambios ocurridos desde el establecimiento de la gran biblioteca de Alejandria por Ptolomeo I y la introduccion de la computadora.
Optimal Bidding Algorithms Against Cheating in Multiple-Object Auctions

This paper studies some basic problems in a multiple-object auction model using methodologies from theoretical computer science. We are especially concerned with situations where an adversary bidder knows the bidding algorithms of all the other bidders. In the two-bidder case, we derive an optimal randomized bidding algorithm, by which the disadvantaged bidder can procure at least half of the auction objects despite the adversary's a priori knowledge of his algorithm. In the general k-bidder case, if the number of objects is a multiple of k, an optimal randomized bidding algorithm is found. If the k -- 1 disadvantaged bidders employ that same algorithm, each of them can obtain at least 1/k of the objects regardless of the bidding algorithm the adversary uses. These two algorithms are based on closed-form solutions to certain multivariate probability distributions. In situations where a closed-form solution cannot be obtained, we study a restricted class of bidding algorithms as an approximation to desired optimal algorithms.
Compactness of solutions to the Yamabe problem. II

We study compactness of solutions to the Yamabe problem on Riemannian manifolds which are not locally conformally flat.
Resonance Principle for the Design of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles

Achieving resonance in flapping wings has been recognized as one of the most important principles to enhance power efficiency, lift generation, and flight control performance of high-frequency flapping wing micro air vehicles (MAVs). Most work on the development of such vehicles have attempted to achieve wing flapping resonance. However, the theoretical understanding of its effects on the response and energetics of flapping motion has lagged behind, leading to suboptimal design decisions and misinterpretations of experimental results. In this work, we systematically model the dynamics of flapping wing as a forced nonlinear resonant system, using both nonlinear perturbation method and linear approximation approach. We derived an analytic solution for steady-state flapping amplitude, energetics, and characteristic frequencies including natural frequency, damped natural frequency, and peak frequency. Our results showed that both aerodynamic lift and power efficiency are maximized by driving the wing at natural frequency, instead of other frequencies. Interestingly, the flapping velocity is maximized at natural frequency as well, which can lead to an easy experimental approach to identify natural frequency and validate the resonance design. Our models and analysis were validated with both simulations and experiments on ten different wings mounted a direct-motor-drive flapping wing MAV. The result can serve as a systematic design principle and guidance in the interpretations of empirical results.
Can Grants to Consortia Spur Innovation and Science-Industry Collaboration? Regression- Discontinuity Evidence from Poland

This paper uses a regression discontinuity design to study the effect of Poland's In-Tech program on innovation activities. The analysis focuses on a component of the program that provides grants to projects that are carried out by consortia of firms and research entities. Data from a 2016 follow-up survey of applicants to the 2012 and 2013 calls for proposals show that In-Tech largely funds projects that would not otherwise get funded by other agencies or by the consortia themselves, increasing the probability of a project being completed by almost 60 percentage points. The results also show that the program leads to more science-industry collaboration, and increases the probability of applying for a patent related to the proposed project, as well as the probability of publishing a research paper related to the project. The analysis also finds early effects on commercialization of products related to the proposed project, although these products currently still make up a small share of firm's sales.
Spontaneous hole-clump pair creation in weakly unstable plasmas

A numerical simulation of a kinetic instability near threshold shows how a hole and clump spontaneously appear in the particle distribution function. The hole and clump support a pair of Bernstein, Greene, Kruskal (BGK) nonlinear waves that last much longer than the inverse linear damping rate while they are upshifting and downshifting in frequency. The frequency shifting allows a balance between the power nonlinearly extracted from the resonant particles and the power dissipated into the background plasma. These waves eventually decay due to phase space gradient smoothing caused by collisionality.