cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to special issue on international geographies of HIV/AIDS

Since the ‘‘discovery’’ or ‘‘naming’’ of HIV slightly over 25 decades ago, researchers, policymakers, activists, and individuals living with the virus have had to redefine their understandings about who is infected, how they are infected, why they are infected, and most importantly for this special issue of GeoJournal, where they are infected. This volume comes at a time when HIV has transitioned from an acute, fastkilling virus into a chronic condition that can be managed, when an individual or community has access to appropriate medications. Geography has always been central to the scientific discoveries and stereotypes that were created surrounding this global pandemic. For example, in one of the most egregious instances of geographic misunderstanding surrounding HIV/AIDS, Haitians were labeled as one of the four ‘‘risk groups’’ in the early 1980s (Shannon et al. 1991; Gould 1993). Even as biomedical and social science researchers expanded their knowledge about vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in the 1990s by looking not at risk groups but rather risky behaviors, geography has been central to this focus (Pope et al. 2009). For example, risky behaviors (such as injection drug use, sex work, anal sex) have been defined in large extent to where they take place, such as shooting galleries (Baer et al. 2003), along truck routes (Klitsch 1992; Koller et al. 2004), in bath houses (Binson et al. 2001), or even in ‘‘prostitute communities’’ (Renaud 1997), or in impoverished areas (Fenton 2004). More recent research into HIV/AIDS has integrated social ecology approaches, which geographers are in an excellent position to use. Social ecology approaches to HIV/AIDS risk and transmission are based on the notions that the social and cultural traits of a certain area lead to risk. In a transition from a disease ecology approach, which medical geographers have traditionally used to approach infectious diseases (Garrett 1995; Meade and Earickson 2000) the social ecology framework gives more emphasis to the social environment in which risk takes place, rather than the physical variables of much infectious disease. This approach lends itself to looking at structural issues that lead to risk, and the authors in this volume often allude to the idea of ‘‘structural violence’’ (Farmer 2003) that leads to a lack of agency to make choices that may decrease individuals’ risk for HIV or other sexually transmitted infections (Kalipeni et al. 2004, 2009). The articles in this special issue were chosen because of the symbiotic effect of their geographic inquiries. For example, in all of these cases, these articles tease out how HIV/AIDS is important in C. K. Pope (&) Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley St., New Britain, CT 06050, USA e-mail: popec@ccsu.edu
Reducing Medical Malpractice by Targeting Physicians Making Medical Malpractice Payments

Some states use physicians' histories of medical malpractice payments to try to reduce the incidence of medical malpractice (and for other reasons). At least two types of policies fall into this category: using payments to decide which physicians will be investigated, and possibly sanctioned, by the state medical board; and making information about individual physicians' payment histories available to the public. Previous literature suggests that such policies will not be very effective because the link between medical malpractice and medical malpractice payments appears weak. Unlike previous researchers, we examine this issue directly and quantitatively. To do so, we develop a micro-simulation model of the random processes determining medical outcomes, claiming rates, and payment rates, using information from several strands of literature to calibrate its parameters. To examine sensitivity of our predictions to changes in assumptions, we also consider 14 alternative models. For each of the 15 cases, we simulate data for a population of 100,000 physicians and analyze the simulated data. We find that neither type of policy will substantially reduce the population rate of malpractice and that the policy of publicizing payment histories could, in principle, backfire.
Gandhi's Philosophy of Work and Its Contemporary Relevance

There is a crisis of work in contemporary technological society. Afunctional definition of work feeds, and is fed by, an economico-technological ideology that valorizes the cult of productivity and of "total work". This in turn reflects a utilitarian conception of the human being, whose worth is now measured in terms of his or her contribution to total "output". Gandhi was one of the sharpest critics of this notion of man and society; he sees it as materialistic, soulless and fundamentally violent. In its place he proposes a moral conception of work that reflects his spiritual view of the human person. E.F. Schumacher takes Gandhi's ideas further in terms of an organization of economic life that promotes simplicity, beauty, social responsibility and ecological sustainability. The phenomenon of globalization heightens the stark contrast between the world-views of Gandhi and Schumacher on the one hand, and that of global capitalism on the other.
Concussion Management, Education, and Return-to-Play Policies in High Schools A Survey of Athletic Directors, Athletic Trainers, and Coaches

BACKGROUND: Concussions represent 8.9% to 13.2% of all high school athletic injuries. How these injuries are managed is currently unknown. HYPOTHESIS: There are differences in concussion management and awareness among boys football, boys ice hockey, and boys and girls soccer. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. METHODS: High school athletic directors were contacted via e-mail and asked to complete, and request that their staff complete, an online survey with 4 sections aimed at athletic directors, head coaches, team physicians, and certified athletic trainers. RESULTS: According to coaches, concussion awareness education was provided for football (97%), hockey (65%), and boys and girls soccer (57% and 47%, respectively) (P Language: en
Efficacy of training dental students in the index of orthodontic treatment need

Orthodontic studies over several decades have found generally inconsistent opinions among dentists when evaluating orthodontic treatment need. There has also been recent concern that dental school education does not sufficiently prepare dentists to diagnose malocclusion and make appropriate referrals of potential orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) as a tool to improve dental students' ability to assess orthodontic treatment need. Fourth-year dental students were randomly divided into control, sham-control, and experimental groups stratified for mean grade point average. On 2 occasions, the subjects evaluated 30 orthodontic study models with a gold standard previously established by an expert panel of 15 orthodontists for orthodontic treatment need. The experimental group reevaluated the models after IOTN instruction. Kappa statistics, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for each subject. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the experimental group had significantly higher agreement with the expert panel after IOTN training than did either control group. IOTN is a promising teaching aid for improving educational outcomes for orthodontic referral.
Social Context and Information Seeking: Examining the Effects of Network Attitudinal Composition on Engagement with Political Information

The people we associate with everyday have an important influence on our exposure and reactions to political stimuli. Social network members in particular can have a dramatic impact on our political views and behavior. Prior research suggests that these attitudinal differences may reflect the information available in a social network: attitudinally congruent networks expose individuals to supporting positions, bolstering their views, while heterogeneous networks provide information on both sides of an issue, generating doubt and ambivalence. In contrast, the current studies examine the effects of individuals’ networks in motivating them to find and engage with new political information on their own. Using ANES panel data, a laboratory-based information board session that examines behavior in detail, and an experimental design that manipulates network composition, we find that individuals in attitudinally heterogeneous social networks are more likely to seek out and attend to political information. They spend more time looking for political information, and then (having found it) spend more time reviewing that new information compared to those whose network members are more like-minded. An experimental study further demonstrates that network composition causally determines these information-seeking preferences. Implications for democratic citizenship in light of these findings are discussed.
Zoning in on parents' needs: Understanding parents' perspectives in order to provide person-centered care

Abstract Purpose In order to develop a theoretical framework for person-centered care models for children with epilepsy and their parents, we conducted a qualitative study to explore and understand parents' needs, values, and preferences to ultimately reduce barriers that may be impeding parents from accessing and obtaining help for their children's co-occurring problems. Methods A qualitative grounded theory study design was utilized to understand parents' perspectives. The participants were 22 parents of children with epilepsy whose age ranged from 31 to 53 years. Interviews were conducted using open-ended semistructured questions to facilitate conversation. Transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory guidelines. Results In order to understand the different perspectives parents had about their child, we devised a theory composed of three zones (Zones 1, 2, and 3) that can be used to conceptualize parents' viewpoints. Zone location was based on a parent's perspectives on their child's comorbidities in the context of epilepsy. These zones were developed to help identify distinctions between parents' perspectives and to provide a framework within which to understand parents' readiness to access and implement interventions to address the child's struggles. These zones of understanding describe a parent's perspectives on their children's struggles at a particular point in time. This is the perspective from which parents address their child's needs. This theoretical perspective provides a structure in which to discuss a parent's perspectives on conceptualizing or comprehending the child's struggles in the context of epilepsy. The zones are based on how the parents describe (a) their concerns about the child's struggles and (b) their understanding of the struggles and (c) the parent's view of the child's future. Conclusions Clinicians working with individuals and families with epilepsy are aware that epilepsy is a complex and unpredictable disorder. The zones help clinicians conceptualize and build a framework within which to understand how parents view their child's struggles, which influences the parents' ability to understand and act on clinician feedback and recommendations. Zones allow for increased understanding of the parent at a particular time and provide a structure within which a clinician can provide guidance and feedback to meet parents' needs, values, and preferences. This theory allows clinicians to meet the parents where they are and address their needs in a way that benefits the parents, family, and child.
Performance-Based Measurement: Action for Organizations and HPT Accountability.

Basic measurements and applications of six selected general but critical operational performance-based indicators—effectiveness, efficiency, productivity, profitability, return on investment, and benefit-cost ratio—are presented. With each measurement, goals and potential impact are explored. Errors, risks, limitations to measurements, and a final check for validity, applicability, accountability, and usability of these measurements are discussed. This article provides a simple, practical guide to performance measurement for organizations and human performance technology practitioners' accountability and continuous improvement.
The origins of bureaucracy: an anthropological perspective

Many decades have passed since the first appearance of Max Weber's seminal study, in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft , of the origins and characteristics of bureaucracy. His analysis was, naturally, dependent on the existing knowledge of his day; but the growth and maturity of archaeology and anthropology as academic disciplines have shed much new light on the historical and social contexts in which bureaucratic organizations emerged. This article, using Sumerian civilization as a case in point, summarizes much of what we now know about the conditions under which bureaucracy first originated and flourished. In so doing, it identifies several major human developmental and social transformations—the hominid revolution, the agrarian revolution, and the urban revolution—which played vital roles in the evolution and expansion of the bureaucratic form of organization.
Feeling darkness: a visually induced somatosensory illusion.

Although the five primary senses have traditionally been thought of as separate, examples of their interactions, as well as the neural substrate possibly underlying them, have been identified. Arm position sense, for example, depends on touch, proprioception, and spatial vision of the limb. It is, however, unknown whether position sense is also influenced by more fundamental, nonspatial visual information. Here, we report an illusion that demonstrates that the position sense of the eyelid partly depends on information regarding the relative illumination reported by the two eyes. When only one eye is dark-adapted and both eyes are exposed to a dim environment, the lid of the light-adapted eye feels closed or “droopy.” The effect decreases when covering the eye by hand or a patch, thus introducing tactile information congruent with the interocular difference in vision. This reveals that the integration of vision with touch and proprioception is not restricted to higher-level spatial vision, but is instead a more fundamental aspect of sensory processing than has been previously shown.
Experience Field for the Development of the Senses: Hugo Kükelhaus' Phenomenology of Consciousness

This article (re)introduces the pedagogy of the German artist Hugo Kukelhaus (1900–84) whose interest in the psycho-physiological substratum of learning led to theoretically and experimentally accomplished investigations of the conscious experience. Kukelhaus' most well-known infant toy productions of the 1930s, the Allbedeut, and the ‘Experience Field for the Senses’ of the 1960s serve here as illustrations of the significance of his ideas to contemporary theories of intelligence; educational technology; and the design of learning environments. I examine some of the issues surrounding the conceptualization, realization and critical reception of these inventions. The article concludes that Kukelhaus' approach to the apparent contradiction of the sensuous idea offers practical and philosophical directions for the development of integrative, heuristic and archetypal tools and learning environments.
Keeping Pace With Teen Media Use: Implications and Strategies for Educators

Concerns over the relation between media use and adolescent health behaviors have stimulated many health curricula in high schools. Missing from this area's literature is how teens characterize their own media use and thoughts on media's place in their lives. This gap challenges educators charged with media and health education. The authors explored adolescents' media preferences and perceptions surrounding media use and its implications. Participants were 21 students from a large (2,200 students) economically and racially diverse high school who participated in semistructured, 1-on-1 interviews. Results of this study demonstrate a range of perspectives on issues such as pleasure and guilt in media use, parental concerns over media use, and the influence of the media on personal health behaviors. These results suggest important implications and strategies for educational practice.
A second-order turbulence simulation of the Czochralski crystal growth melt: the buoyantly driven flow

Abstract The statistics of the fluctuating velocity and temperature fields in a large scale Czochralski silicon crystal grower are simulated using a Reynolds stress turbulence closure. The methodology and some of the ideas underlying such a simulation method are discussed. Simulations of the buoyancy driven case are presented: for Grashof numbers Gr = 10 9 and 10 10 , and Marangoni numbers Ma = 2 × 10 3 , 15 × 10 3 ,and60 × 10 3 . The solution procedures, which averages over small scale fluctuations, indicates unsteady mean flow measure with time scales on the order of the integral time scale. The source of the flows unsteadiness is the occurrence, growth and dissipation of eddies between the crucible wall and the free surface. This time scale corresponds to time scales seen in the dopant striations. The simulations indicate two very active areas in the melt flow: at the outer edge of the crystal-melt interface and at the bottom center of the crucible. Underneath the free surface the temperature fluctuations are comparatively small. The material and structural inhomogeneities in the grown crystal are related to the variance and skewness of the temperature fluctuations and the vertical turbulent heat flux at the crystal melt interface.
Effects of controlled atmosphere on irradiated lemon fruits

The effects of controlled atmosphere containing different levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide were studied during and following irradiation of lemon fruits, High CO2 during irradiation suppressed aerobic post-irradiation ethylene production and respiration. Carbon dioxide at all concentrations when applied with 2·5 and 21 per cent O2 after irradiation of the fruits in air suppressed the rate of C2H4 production, minimized chlorophyll and ascorbic acid loss and delayed physiological disorders in lemons on storage. Oxygen concentrations higher than 21 per cent enhanced the rate of C2H4 production and increased chlorophyll and ascorbic acid loss.
Characterization of tomographic reconstructions which commute with rigid motions

Abstract This note considers linear reconstruction operators for parallel beam tomography when the number of radiographs is finite. It is shown that if such reconstructions are continuous and commute with rigid motions in an appropriate sense, then they must be representable as convolution operators with a polynomial kernel whose degree depends on the number of radiographs.
Sequential transhalogenation and Heck reaction for efficient access to dioxo-tetrasubstituted 2,4 E,E-dienes : synthesis of segment C1-C6 of apoptolidin

Abstract Efficient access to dioxo-tetrasubstituted 2,4 E , E -dienes is developed in three steps from commercially available starting materials via sequential transhalogenation and Heck reaction, which provides potentially useful synthons for the synthesis of a tetrasubstituted conjugated diene structure in complex molecules. Thereby, segment C1–C6 of apoptolidin is synthesized.
Dissertation abstract: Voting in the laboratory

Almost every week national elections are held somewhere in the world. Many more elections take place at federal and local levels of government. Surely, these are important events to many of us. This thesis aims at providing a better understanding of why and how people vote in elections. Three original modifications of Palfrey and Rosenthal’s (1983) participation game are used to study voter turnout theoretically and experimentally.1 In the basic game, each voter supports (i.e., prefers) one of two exogenous candidates and privately decides between voting at a cost and abstaining (without costs). The candidate who receives more votes wins the election (ties are broken randomly) and each supporter of this candidate receives an equal reward, independent of whether or not she voted. The first study (published in the American Political Science Review 100, pp. 235–248) analyzes the effects of social embeddedness on turnout, assuming that voters may be influenced by observing the decisions of other voters around them (e.g., a family or working place). Our experimental results show that the social context matters: this information increases turnout by more than 50%. The increase is greater when neighbors support the same candidate rather than when they support opponents. The second study investigates the effects of public opinion polls on voter turnout and welfare. Poll releases resolve uncertainty about the level of support for each candidate caused by `floating’ voters, whose preferences change across elections. This information increases turnout in the laboratory by 28–34%, depending on the fraction of floating voters in the electorate. If polls indicate equal levels of support for both candidates—in which case aggregate benefits for society are not affected by the outcome—welfare decreases substantially due to costs from excessive turnout. In the final study, elections are preceded by the competition between two candidates: they simultaneously announce binding policy offers in which some voters can be favored at the expense of others through inclusion and exclusion in budget expenditure (Myerson 1993).2 We observe that policy offers include 33% more voters—yielding a smaller budget share for each—when voting is compulsory rather than voluntary. Moreover, we find evidence of political bonds between voters and long-lived parties. Overall, in all three experiments many subjects strongly react to economic incentives (i.e., benefits, costs, and informational clues), often in line with what is observed outside of the laboratory.
Elimination of contaminant kryptofix 2.2.2 in the routine production of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose

Radiopharmaceutical solutions of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-[18F]FDG) prepared via an aminopolyether-supported nucleophilic-substitution mechanism were analyzed for contaminant 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo-[8,8,8]-hexacosane (Kryptofix 2.2.2). Washing the C18-immobilized [18F]fluoro-tetraacetylated intermediate with 10 mL 0.1 M HCl was found to remove impurity Kryptofix 2.2.2 from the final product. Inclusion of this synthetic step allowed the robotic production of drug-quality 2-[18F]FDG in 52–56% radiochemical yield within 75 min. A thin-layer chromatographic system for the clinical screening of the radiochemical and chemical purity of this radiopharmaceutical is described.
Progressive axial myopia in a juvenile patient with traumatic glaucoma.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of progressive axial myopia associated with traumatic glaucoma in a juvenile patient with no systemic disease. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: In a 15-year-old male, serial ocular examinations, including manifest refraction, tonometry, and axial eye length measurement, were performed over a 6-year period, beginning with blunt trauma, right eye, followed by a series of surgical procedures for traumatic cataract and glaucoma. RESULTS: A 4-diopter myopic shift (from −1.25 to −5.25) with a 1.5 mm increase in the axial eye length occurred, whereas the intraocular pressure increased from 21 to 46 mm Hg, during a 2-year period. The refraction, axial eye length, and intraocular pressure remained stable during the same period in the fellow, normal eye. CONCLUSION: Progressive axial myopia associated with traumatic glaucoma is possible in a juvenile patient in his late teens.
Involvement of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in the Early Stages of Wallerian Degeneration

Local axon degeneration is a common pathological feature of many neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral neuropathies. While it is believed to operate with an apoptosis-independent molecular program, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we used the degeneration of transected axons, termed "Wallerian degeneration," as a model to examine the possible involvement of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Inhibiting UPS activity by both pharmacological and genetic means profoundly delays axon degeneration both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that the fragmentation of microtubules is the earliest detectable change in axons undergoing Wallerian degeneration, which among other degenerative events, can be delayed by proteasome inhibitors. Interestingly, similar to transected axons, degeneration of axons from nerve growth factor (NGF)-deprived sympathetic neurons could also be suppressed by proteasome inhibitors. Our findings suggest a possibility that inhibiting UPS activity may serve to retard axon degeneration in pathological conditions.
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and cardiovascular regulation in hypertension

The determinants and physiologic consequences of altered left ventricular diastolic filling rate in hypertension has not yet been fully assessed. Data suggesting that left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in hypertension is associated with impaired peripheral vascular regulation by cardiopulmonary reflexes has been reported recently. Other functional correlates of alteration of left ventricular diastolic function are reviewed, as well as the effects of antihypertensive therapy on the rate of left ventricular filling.
Lobulated Right Lower Lobe Mass

A 66-year-old man was admitted to Northwestern Memorial Hospital with the complaint of cough and abnormal findings on chest x-ray film. PA and lateral roentgenograms (Fig 1, 2) were obtained. Physical examination revealed decreased breath sounds at the right base. Laboratory studies showed only mild anemia. Sputum culture and cytology were negative. There was no history of asthma or respiratory disease. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for 40 years. Lateral tomography (Fig 3) demonstrated a lobulated right lower lobe mass surrounded by air.
The passage of extracellular tracers through the follicular epithelium of lizard ovaries

The passage of extracellular tracers through the follicular epitheli um of lizard (Anolis carolinensis) ovaries was investigated. Lanthanum readily traversed the follicular epithelium of fixed tissue. Iron oxide injected into living lizards and peroxidase administered in vitro passed through the zona pellucida. Micropinocytotic uptake of iron and peroxidase by the oocyte occurred in larger follicles which showed signs of yolk accumulation. The amount of material passing through the spaces and its fate upon reaching the oocyte appear to depend on the developmental stage of the follicle. These results confirm the morphological absence of sealing junctions in the follicular epithelium and demonstrate an extracellular route whereby materials carried in the circulation may reach the oocyte without passing through the cytoplasm of follicular cells.
Phase Equilibria in Ternary Systems with Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Carboxylic Acids at Elevated Pressures

(5) Eng, R.; Sandler, S. I. J . Chem. Eng. Data 1984, 29, 156. (6) Hauschild, T.; Wu, H. S.; Sandler, S. I. J . Chem. Eng. Data 1987, 32, 226. (7) Boubllk, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E. The Vapor Pressures of Pure Substances; Eisevier: Amsterdam, 1984. (8) Wilhok, R. C.; Zwolinski. B. J. Handbook of Vapor Pressures and Heats of Vaporization of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds. API44-TRC Publications in Science and Engineerlng No. 101; Texas AM London, 1976. (1 0) TRC Thermodynamic Tables Non-hydrocarbons ; Thermodynamics Research Center; The Texas ABM University System: College Station, TX, 1965; k-5380. (11) Eng, R. M.S. Thesis, University of Delaware, 1985. (12) Hayden, J. 0.; OConnell, J. P. Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Res. Dev. 1975, 14, 209. (13) Yen, L. C.; Woods, S. S. AIChEJ. 1966, 12, 95. (14) Casanova, C.; Rey, J.; Cobos, J. C. Int. DATA Ser., Sel. Data Mixtures, Ser. A 1986, 102. (15) Reid, R. C.; Prausnitz, J. M.; Poling, B. E. The Properties of gases & Llqukls, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1987.
Localized and internal effect of nitrate on symbiotic dinitrogen fixation

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a deeply rooted perennial legume which, under field conditions, may be exposed to varying NO 3 - concentrations with depth. Out objective was to characterize the effect of localized (deep vs shallow) exposure of alfalfa root systems to NO 3 - on symbiotic N 2 fixation and NO 3 - -N uptake. Cuttings of a single alfalfa plant were grown in vertical split root systems in a controlled environment chamber. The split root system was a rigid acrylic tube (5 cm diam. by 60 cm long) filled with silica sand and divided into upper and lower sections at the 30-cm depth by a 5-mm-thick wax layer. Roots penetrated the wax layer, but mixing of nutrient solutions between the sections was prevented. Nodulation was restricted to the upper section. The plants were subjected for 10 days to the following treatments: both sections of the split root system received nutrient solution containing either 0.5, 5.25, or 10 mM NO 3 - ; the upper section received 0.5 mM NO 3 - while the lower section received 10 mM NO 3 - ; or the upper section received 10 mM NO 3 - while the lower section received 0.5 mM NO 3 - . Increasing supply of NO 3 - in the nutrient solution to both sections resulted in higher NO 3 - -N uptake, lower nodule mass and lower specific nitrogenase activity. Although NO 3 - -N uptake did not differ, plants exposed to 10 mM NO 3 - for 10 days in the upper, nodulated section of the root system had a 20% lower nodule mass than plants exposed to the same NO 3 - concentration in the lower, non-nodulated section of the root system. Specific nitrogenase activity was not different between these two treatments. Therefore, we conclude that: (1) nodule mass was dependent on two factors, the amount of NO 3 - -N taken up and the concentration of NO 3 - within the nodulated root zone; and (2) specific nitrogenase activity was little affected by the concentration of NO 3 - surrounding the nodules, but was strongly inhibited by NO 3 - -N taken up.
Unregulated Emissions from Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Transit Buses Configured with and without Oxidation Catalyst

The unregulated emissions from two in-use heavy-duty transit buses fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG) and equipped with oxidation catalyst (OxiCat) control were evaluated. We tested emissions f...
To Wed or to Work? Assessing Work and Marriage as Routes Out of Poverty

Employment and marriage are the two primary strategies touted by the government to address the feminization of poverty. Using longitudinal data for 1992 to 2001 from the Survey of Program Dynamics and multilevel models for change, this article analyzes the relative success rates of each of these strategies, as well as racial-ethnic differences in the effects of each on women's household incomes among women at high risk of poverty. Results suggest that marriage and employment improve mothers' household income, but that racial-ethnic differences persist. The authors also find that part-time work does not improve household economic well-being.
Instrumental behavior during sleep.

Repetitive auditory stimuli were used to examine the ability of human Ss to sustain instrumental motor responses during sleep. A majority of simple (one tone) and discriminative (two tones) responses occurred without distinct electrographic signs of awakening. Punishment for response failure, which changed neutral stimuli to warning signals, increased the probability of correct responding, particularly to stimuli which did not evoke the alpha rhythm. Correct responding was a decreasing function of Stages 1, 2, and 3 plus 4, in that order. In Stage REM, however, response probability was markedly affected by the nature of the stimulus. When the stimulus was converted from a neutral to a warning signal, the probability of responding was raised from nearly zero to levels approximating those of other low-voltage EEG stages. These results suggest that while low responsiveness in Stage 4 may be due to physiological depression. Stage REM is a state of activation in which external stimuli are normally blocked. Contingent reinforcement, by changing the significance of the stimulus, modifies this occlusion-like phenomenon, permitting appropriate responding.
The sorption of water vapor by an amorphous polyamide

Abstract A modified dual-mode sorption model represents the sorption of water vapor by an amorphous polyamide at 23 °C. The Langmuir equation is used to calculate the volume fraction of chemisorbed solute and the Flory-Huggins equation is used instead of Henry's law to calculate the volume fraction of water which is not chemisorbed. This model describes the data over a range of water activities from zero to one and predicts clustering of the sorbant. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data and dielectric measurements of the gamma relaxation temperature suggest that the water associates with amide groups at low water activities.
Kinetic Modeling and Prediction of Polymer Properties for Ethylene Polymerization over Nickel Diimine Catalysts

A kinetic model is developed for predicting the polymerization rate, chain-branching characteristics, and molecular weight from ethylene polymerization over homogeneous and supported nickel diimine catalysts. Seven dimensionless parameter groups are able to describe the polymer properties and kinetic behavior over a broad range of temperatures and pressures. Relative to existing models in the literature, the proposed model is simpler, requires fitting of fewer kinetic parameters, and can be more easily extrapolated over a wide range of reaction conditions. As such, the model can be more readily incorporated into reactor process models for performing dynamic simulations. Experimental data from the literature are used to fit the model kinetic parameters. The model is able to describe the kinetic behavior of both homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel diimine catalysts, and the results compare favorably with existing models in the literature.
Zoning Barriers to Housing Innovation

Innovative solutions to the housing problems which have been exacerbated by the "Demographic Revolution" are a necessary and proper research area for planning educators. However, it is impera tive that the major barriers to implementa tion of new housing forms be recognized. One significant barrier is the municipal zoning ordinance The entrenched com munity resistance to any change in the traditional order is well—established. The "exclusionary zoning" issue is well— documented in the literature
US perspective on gluten-related diseases

The incidence of allergy and autoimmune disease in the US and other industrialized nations is increasing, and gluten-related disorders are no exception. The US has documented a profound rise in celiac disease that cannot be fully explained by improved serological techniques or better recognition by physicians. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity, a condition only recently recognized by the medical community, has become a commonly diagnosed entity. Proteins, including gluten are increasingly being identified as a source of wheat allergy. Although the gluten free diet represents a safe and effective treatment for these conditions, there is still much to be learned about the development of gluten-related disorders and the apparent increase in incidence within the US. In this article, we present a review of current knowledge on the epidemiology of gluten-related disorders within a global context, with a focus on diagnostic trends and the evaluation of potential risk factors.
PLASMA CORTISOL LEVELS IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSING MOTHERS. † 1479

PLASMA CORTISOL LEVELS IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSING MOTHERS. † 1479
Humidity effects on the stability of a solid polymer electrolyte oxygen sensor

Abstract The long-term stability and the effect of humidity on a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) electrochemical oxygen sensor have been investigated. The sensor exhibits good stability and fast response in room air at ambient temperature over a reasonable humidity range during a five-month period of time. When the relative humidity is either very high, i.e., higher than 96%, or very low, i.e., lower than 32%, the sensor performance deteriorates. This deterioration is, however, temporary, and the sensor performance can be restored by placing the sensor in a reasonable humidity environment. The water-retention capacity of the solid polymer electrolyte is affected by the humidity in the environment, contributing to the instability of the sensor.
Carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate and risk of self-reported hearing loss in women

Background Higher intake of certain vitamins may protect against cochlear damage from vascular compromise and oxidative stress, thereby reducing risk of acquired hearing loss, but data are limited. Objective We prospectively examined the relation between carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate intake and risk of self-reported hearing loss in women. Design This prospective cohort study followed 65,521 women in the Nurses' Health Study II from 1991 to 2009. Baseline and updated information obtained from validated biennial questionnaires was used in Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine independent associations between nutrient intake and self-reported hearing loss. Results After 1,084,598 person-years of follow-up, 12,789 cases of incident hearing loss were reported. After multivariable adjustment, we observed modest but statistically significant inverse associations between higher intake of β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin and risk of hearing loss. In comparison with women in the lowest quintile of intake, the multivariable-adjusted RR of hearing loss among women in the highest quintile was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.94; P-trend Conclusion Higher intakes of β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and folate, whether total or from diet, are associated with lower risk of hearing loss, whereas higher vitamin C intake is associated with higher risk.
When do strategic alliances inhibit innovation by firms? Evidence from patent pools in the global optical disc industry

Research and development (R&D) consortia are specialized strategic alliances that shape the direction and scope of firm innovation activities. Little research exists on the performance consequences of participating in R&D consortia. We study the effect of patent pools, a unique form of R&D consortia, on firm performance in innovation. While prior research on alliances generally implies that patent pools enhance firm innovation, our study finds the opposite. Analyzing data on systemic innovation in the global optical disc industry, we find that patent pool formation substantially and significantly decreases both the quantity and quality of patents subsequently generated by licensors and licensees relative to the patenting activity of nonparticipants. Our empirical findings suggest that patent pools actually inhibit, rather than enhance, systemic innovation by participating firms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of initial class attendance and seating location to academic performance in psychology classes

Needs for accountability and cost effectiveness in educational programs were noted, with particular concern for academic performance. Emphasizing the influence of instructor and student expectations, individual and behavioral variables that contribute to assumptions about performance are reviewed. In this study, we evaluated relationships to academic performance of classroom seating location and initial class attendance in psychology classes involving over 200 students at two universities. Based on point-biserial correlations, seating position was unrelated to performance, whereas initial attendance was strongly related. Findings were interpreted in terms of possible instructor or student biases, and several additional variables were suggested for expanded research.
URBANISATION AND INFORMALITY IN AFRICA'S HOUSING MARKETS

Urbanisation is a growing phenomenon in Africa. Across the continent cities are drawing more and more people in search of economic opportunity. The majority of these people end up living in informal settlements: slums. As Africa's slums expand, international organisations, NGOs, and governments themselves call for strong public-sector action to deal with the problems in these settlements and to limit their expansion. However, government intervention in African housing markets may have contributed significantly to the growth of informal settlements. A maze of regulations and administrative barriers has imposed high transaction costs on formal-sector housing entrepreneurs. By raising the costs of providing low-income housing, African governments bear much responsibility for driving formal-sector entrepreneurs out of the housing market and for driving their citizens into slums.
Quality of life in idiopathic intracranial hypertension at diagnosis: IIH Treatment Trial results

Objective: The study purpose was to examine vision-specific and overall health-related quality of life (QOL) at baseline in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial patients who were newly diagnosed and had mild visual loss. We also sought to determine the associations between vision-specific QOL scores and visual symptoms, visual function, pain, headache-related disability, and obesity. Methods: We assessed QOL using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire–25 (NEI-VFQ-25), and 10-Item NEI-VFQ-25 Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement. We compared these results with those of previously reported idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) QOL studies. We assessed relationships between QOL and other clinical characteristics. Results: Among 165 participants with IIH (161 women and 4 men with a mean age ± SD of 29.2 ± 7.5 years), vision-specific QOL scores were reduced compared with published values for disease-free controls. Scores of participants were comparable to published results for patients with multiple sclerosis and a history of optic neuritis. A multiple linear regression model for the NEI-VFQ-25 composite score found that perimetric mean deviation in the best eye, visual acuity in the worst eye, visual symptoms, and pain symptoms (headache, neck pain), but not obesity, were independently associated with QOL. Conclusions: IIH affects QOL at time of diagnosis even in patients with mild visual impairment. Vision-specific QOL in patients with newly diagnosed IIH may be as decreased as that for patients with other neuro-ophthalmic disorders. IIH treatment should target visual loss and other symptoms of increased intracranial pressure associated with reduced QOL. Reduced QOL does not simply reflect obesity, an underlying IIH risk factor.
Chemical contaminants in juvenile gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from a subsistence harvest in Arctic feeding grounds

Abstract Gray whales are coastal migratory baleen whales that are benthic feeders. Most of their feeding takes place in the northern Pacific Ocean with opportunistic feeding taking place during their migrations and residence on the breeding grounds. The concentrations of organochlorines and trace elements were determined in tissues and stomach contents of juvenile gray whales that were taken on their Arctic feeding grounds in the western Bering Sea during a Russian subsistence harvest. These concentrations were compared to previously published data for contaminants in gray whales that stranded along the west coast of the US during their northbound migration. Feeding in coastal waters during their migrations may present a risk of exposure to toxic chemicals in some regions. The mean concentration (standard error of the mean, SEM) of ∑PCBs [1400 (130) ng/g, lipid weight] in the blubber of juvenile subsistence whales was significantly lower than the mean level [27 000 (11 000) ng/g, lipid weight] reported previously in juvenile gray whales that stranded in waters off the west coast of the US. Aluminum in stomach contents of the subsistence whales was high compared to other marine mammal species, which is consistent with the ingestion of sediment during feeding. Furthermore, the concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals in tissues were relatively low when compared to the concentrations in tissues of other marine mammals feeding at higher trophic levels. These chemical contaminant data for the subsistence gray whales substantially increase the information available for presumably healthy animals.
Precise observation of BOC modulated signals in the presence of noise and specular multipath

The introduction of M-Code to the GPS signal structure can redefine the accuracy of the broadcast ephemeris. Existing ephemeris generation systems use dual frequency observations, obtained through the tracking of existing precise codes on the LI and L2 frequencies. These codes are modulated using Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK) modulation. The modernization signal M-Code is modulated using Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation. In this study pseudorange observables derived from the tracking of M-Code are proven to have greater accuracy than those from existing precise codes, given equivalent receiver designs and operating conditions. In addition, the error due to specular multipath is derived. These general models of noise and multipath can be applied to any BOC modulated signals, including Galileo and QZSS. When applied to M-Code, the models predict that the maximum multipath error in the pseudorange is reduced in magnitude by 50% compared to the existing precise codes. However the range of multipath delays for which M-Code observables exhibit multipath is approximately twice that associated with existing precise BPSK codes. Much like other precise applications of GPS, some ephemeris generation processes use the ionosphere free combination and carrier phase smoothing of the pseudorange to form smoothed pseudoranges. The smoothed pseudoranges are then input as measurements to an ephemeris filter. The analytic models of multipath error in the pseudorange and carrier phase observables are applied to predict errors in the smoothed pseudorange. Multipath error, amplified by ionosphere free combination, causes a bias in the smoothed pseudorange when parameterized as a function of multipath delay. There are conditions under which the bias is zero mean, and in those conditions multipath is suppressed. The solution of carrier phase multipath for BOC modulated signals contains a feature not seen in the BPSK solution. There are multipath delays for which the carrier phase multipath is identically zero regardless of the multipath phase. The zero carrier phase multipath condition may be the most promising feature associated with observables derived from BOC modulated codes.