cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Value of High and Low Fat Concentrates with Alfalfa Hay

Summary 1.Feeding as much as 10lb. per day of ground soybeans or soybean meal with alfalfa hay caused no digestive disturbances and the palatability of the ration was not reduced noticeably. 2.Alfalfa hay supplemented with ground soybeans or soybean meal allowed milk and butterfat production to be maintained significantly above that expected on alfalfa hay alone. 3.A ration of alfalfa hay and ground soybeans containing 5.2 per cent dietary fat did not increase milk production when compared to a ration of alfalfa hay and soybean meal containing 2.7 per cent dietary fat. 4.Significant increases in the per cent butterfat of the milk produced were obtained when the high-fat ration was fed. 5.An actual, but not significant, increase was noted in total butterfat and in pounds of 4 per cent fat-corrected milk produced.
Corticosteroids in rheumatic disease: Understanding their effects is key to their use

PREVIEWCorticosteroids have many beneficial and sometimes lifesaving short-term therapeutic effects. Unfortunately, they also have problematic and even life-threatening side effects, particularly with long- term use. In this article, Dr van Vollenhoven presents a balanced view of steroid therapy in rheumatic disease, taking into account both ends of the therapeutic spectrum.
On ranking linear budget sets in terms of freedom of choice

This paper examines how freedom of choice as reflected in an agent’s opportunity sets can be measured in economic environments where opportunity sets are linear budget sets in the non-negative orthant of the n-dimensional real space. Three axioms, Symmetry, Monotonicity and Invariance of Scaling Effects, are proposed for this purpose and the measure based on volumes of budget sets is characterized.
Multi-layered friendship modeling for location-based Mobile Social Networks

Location-based Mobile Social Networks (MSNs) are becoming increasingly popular given the success of Online Social Networks (OSNs), such as Facebook and MySpace, and recent availability of open mobile platforms, such as Apple iPhones and Google Android phones. MSNs extend existing OSNs by allowing a user to know when her friends are around and by providing the ability to meet new people who share her interests. There are few studies, however, on how users are connected through these emerging location-based MSNs. In this paper, we present analysis results of a commercial MSN for which we quantified the correlation between users' friendship with their mobility characteristics, social graph properties, and user profiles. The evaluation of the derived model from the empirical traces suggests that the model-based friend recommendation is effective, and its performance is better than well-known Naive Bayes classifier and J48 decision tree algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first study that models the friendship connections over a real-world location-based MSN.
Advisors as Interaction Designers

Pamela Shockley-Zalabak, Chancellor, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, gave the following speech at the 2011NACADA Annual Conference October 3, 2011, at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver. She provides an overview of changes affecting U.S. higher education, commentary on how those changes affect the role of the academic advisor, and the importance of helping students achieve life goals. She encourages academic advisors to embrace a broad definition of the academic advising profession and to lead change and innovation on campus. She relates personal teaching experiences, including her first instructor job at a federal prison, a chance meeting of a young woman who exemplifies today's college student, and the imperative that academic advisors engage in “disruptive innovation and interaction design” to better serve students.
Control of a chaotic parametrically driven pendulum.

We have controlled chaos in a pendulum with vertically driven pivot over a range of drive frequencies and damping levels. Using two variations on the OGY method [Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1196 (1990)], and with eddy-current damping as a control parameter, we have stabilized the motion of the pendulum about several of its unstable period-1, -2, and -4 limit cycles. Sampling the angular position at a correct choice of phase within the drive cycle simplified the OGY control rule. A time-proportioning rule was also found to provide robust control.
Improved Synthesis of [Mn(CO)5OClO3], a Versatile Reagent for the Preparation of Cationic (Polyene)manganese(I) Complexes. Crystal Structure of [(η4-1,5-Cyclooctadiene)Mn(CO)4]ClO4

The title complex is synthesized in one step from [Mn2(CO)10] and is used to prepare cationic [(η4-diene)Mn(CO)4]+ and [(η6-triene)Mn(CO)3]+ complexes, including [(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)Mn(CO)4]ClO4, for which an X-ray crystal structure is reported. The kinetics of [(η4-norbornadiene)Mn(CO)4]ClO4 conversion to cis-[(CH3CN)2Mn(CO)4]+ are also studied.
Misdiagnosis of specific cytomegalovirus infection of the ileoanal pouch as refractory idiopathic chronic pouchitis: report of two cases.

PURPOSE: Chronic nonspecific reservoir ileitis (pouchitis) occurs in 5 to 10 percent of patients who undergo ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Specific infection of the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with cytomegalovirus has not been reported. AIM: We report two patients with specific cytomegalovirus infection of the ileal pouchanal anastomosis, initially misdiagnosed as idiopathic chronic pouchitis. CASE SERIES: Patient 1 had ileal pouchanal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Three years later she had diarrhea, fever, pelvic pain, and pouch inflammation at endoscopy consistent with pouchitis. She had no response to medical therapy. Repeat endoscopy showed persistent inflammation and biopsies showed cytomegalovirus. She had symptomatic improvement after treatment with intravenous ganciclovir, 10 mg/kg/day for ten days (stopped for rash). Repeat pouch biopsies were negative for cytomegalovirus. Patient 2 had ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Nine years later she had resection of obstructing stricture at previous loop ileostomy site. She underwent reoperation with ileostomy and pouch defunctionalization for peritonitis. Four weeks later she had fever and bloody discharge from the diverted pouch. Pouch endoscopy with biopsy showed inflammation consistent with pouchitis. She had no response to medical therapy. Re-examination of pouch biopsies with a specific monoclonal immunofluorescent stain showed cytomegalovirus. She had symptomatic improvement after treatment with intravenous ganciclovir, 10 mg/kg/day for 21 days. Repeat pouch biopsies were negative for cytomegalovirus. CONCLUSIONS: Specific cytomegalovirus infection of the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis may be misdiagnosed as idiopathic refractory chronic pouchitis. Cytomegalovirus must be excluded before immune modifier therapy or pouch excision in these patients.
Tetragonal equilibrium states of iron

First-principles total-energy calculations on tetragonal Fe show that the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases have tetragonal equilibrium states with $c/ag1,$ the fcc value. The bulk layers of an epitaxial film of Fe on Cu(001), which are almost fcc with the Cu lattice constant, are shown to be stable in the antiferromagnetic phase, but inherently unstable in the ferromagnetic phase. The structure of tetragonal equilibrium antiferromagnetic Fe is estimated to be $a=3.47\AA{},$ $c=3.75\AA{}.$
Analysis of urinary metabolites of estradiol-17β, -4-14C. A rapid paper chromatograph 1c method for obtaining a profile of urinary metabolites

Abstract A method is described for the analysis of numerous urinary radiometabolites of estradiol-17β,-4- 14 C. The method is very useful in any study of the metabolism of estrogens where a rapid survey or profile of radiometabolites is desired. The method consists of: 1) enzymatic hydrolysis, 2) extraction, 3) paper chromatography, 4) radiochromatogram scanning, 5) triangulation of the scans and 6) calculation of the percentage composition of the extract. The validity of the designation and quantitation of estrone, estradiol and estriol has been established by radioisotope dilution and recrystallization to constant specific activity. Metabolites designated exclusively on the basis of paper chromatographic mobilities are: 2-methoxyestrone, 16-ketoestrone, ketols and epiestriols. The method of triangulation for the quantitation of metabolites has been shown to be reproducible and reliable.
The effect of enduring, situational, and response involvement on preference stability in the context of voting behavior

A conceptual model of the relationships between enduring, situational, and response involvement is proposed and tested in the context of decision-making associated with a political election. Specifically, the model concerns relationships between involvement, knowledge, confidence, and the stability of preference for a specific candidate over time. Empirical support for the proposed model is found, and implications for involvement researchers and political marketers are offered.
Assessment Processes and Outcomes: Building a Folio.

The creation of a portfolio documenting adults' experiences is gaining acceptance in higher education as well as in business and industry. We describe a critical first step in portfolio construction—the development of a folio of relevant materials documenting a person's learning.
Theory of constraints and linear programming: a comparison

SUMMARY Since initial work done by Goldratt in the mid-1980s and as the concepts related to the theory of constraints (TOC) have become more developed, many have concluded that the TOC approach offers nothing in addition to what can be accomplished through linear programming (LP). Through the use of an example, this paper compares TOC to LP and clarifies the differences surrounding the TOC philosophy and the LP technique
Abstract IA13: Niches and pathways of latent and overt metastasis

The signals and niches that allow disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) to stay viable as metastasis seeds are largely unknown. An understanding of these mechanisms is needed for the development of treatments to eradicate DTCs and prevent metastasis. We have identified molecular mechanisms that prime breast cancer DTCs for survival and stem cell fitness in distant organs. For survival, SRC primes DTCs for a robust PI3K-Akt response to CXCL12 and IGF1 in the bone marrow, and the leukocyte-tethering receptor VCAM-1 primes DTCs for PI3K-Akt activation by leukocyte contacts in the lungs. For stem cell fitness, the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C (TNC) forms micrometastatic niches that promote WNT and NOTCH signaling. Additionally, a CXCL1-S100A8 paracrine loop protects DTCs from the stresses of metastasis and chemotherapy, providing a basis for these two clinically linked phenomena. In some cases, the pathways driving carcinoma formation additionally mediate metastasis. VHL inactivation leads to HIF signaling as a tumor-initiating event in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). However, VHL mutation status in ccRCC is not correlated with clinical outcome. We found that during ccRCC progression, cancer cells exploit diverse epigenetic alterations to empower a branch of the VHL-HIF pathway for metastasis through CXCR4 and CYTIP. The strength of this activation is associated with poor clinical outcome. Thus, metastasis can be driven by an epigenetically expanded output of the tumor-initiating pathway as well as by events that are mechanistically uncoupled from the tumor-initiating pathway. In preclinical models, SRC kinase inhibitors, VCAM-1 blocking antibodies, and CXCL1 receptor inhibitors suppress metastasis and augment the efficacy of chemotherapy, providing new avenues for targeting DTCs in the adjuvant setting. Citation Format: Joan Massague. Niches and pathways of latent and overt metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.
Detecting splicing variants in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from non-differentially expressed genes.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease of unknown cause that lacks a proven therapy for altering its high mortality rate. Microarrays have been employed to investigate the pathogenesis of IPF, but are presented mostly at the gene-expression level due to technologic limitations. In as much as, alternative RNA splicing isoforms are increasingly identified as potential regulators of human diseases, including IPF, we propose a new approach with the capacity to detect splicing variants using RNA-seq data. We conducted a joint analysis of differential expression and differential splicing on annotated human genes and isoforms, and identified 122 non-differentially expressed genes with a high degree of “switch” between major and minor isoforms. Three cases with variant mechanisms for alternative splicing were validated using qRT-PCR, among the group of genes in which expression was not significantly changed at the gene level. We also identified 35 novel transcripts that were unique to the fibrotic lungs using exon-exon junction evidence, and selected a representative for qRT-PCR validation. The results of our study are likely to provide new insight into the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and may eventuate in new treatment targets.
Intraoperative tissue expansion using a Foley catheter following excision of a basal cell carcinoma.

Abstract. Chronic tissue expansion has gained an accepted role in reconstructive surgery. Recently, intraoperative tissue expansion (rapid expansion) has been introduced as an alternate technique for recruitment of additional tissue to aid in wound closure. At the present time, the available expanders are designed for single use and then must be discarded; thus they are relatively expensive. We present the use of the readily accessible Foley catheter as a suitable, inexpensive, safe, and practical device for intraoperative tissue expansion.
On Built-In Self-Test for multipliers

We evaluate some of the previously proposed test algorithms and approaches for various types of multipliers. We present methods to effectively test multipliers independent of their architecture and to achieve greater than 99% single stuck-at gate-level fault coverage with a simple 8-bit or 9-bit binary up-counter and some multiplexers. Finally, we discuss testing the multipliers present in most current Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FGPAs).1
Rapidly Rising Energy Prices: does the Driver of the Energy Market Imbalance Matter?

This paper uses a variant of the IMF's Global Economy Model (GEM) to examine the macroeconomic impact of the rise in energy prices since the end of 2003 in the Euro Area, the United Kingdom and the...
Projections to the midbrain from the medial versus lateral prefrontal cortices of the rat

Microinjections of horseradish peroxidase were made into the medial or lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats. The trajectory of descending, orthogradely labeled axons in route to the midbrain was then charted. The descending pathways originating from the medial versus lateral PFC were noticeably different. In general the medial PFC projected to dorsal aspects of the midbrain (e.g. dorsolateral periaqueductal gray and deep layers of superior colliculus), whereas the lateral PFC projected to the lateral and ventral aspects of the midbrain (e.g. ventral periaqueductal gray and laterally adjacent reticular formation). These differences suggest that the medial and lateral PFC may have different functions in regard to their potential influences upon the midbrain. Potential influences upon midbrain analgesic mechanisms are discussed.
Controlled excitation of elliptic jets

Studies of unexcited and excited elliptic jets reveal their characteristics to be noticeably different from circular jets, suggesting applications of excited elliptic jets for enhanced mixing and chemical reaction, and control of aerodynamic noise. The near‐field turbulence characteristics, jet spread, and locations of switching of major and minor axes of the jet cross section can be drastically altered by forcing. The preferred mode and the stable pairing mode of an elliptic jet scale with the exit equivalent diameter.
Flapping and contact FSI computations with the fluid---solid interface-tracking/interface-capturing technique and mesh adaptivity

The fluid---solid interface-tracking/interface-capturing technique (FSITICT) with arbitrary Lagrangian---Eulerian interface-tracking and Eulerian interface-capturing is applied to computations of fluid---structure interaction problems with flapping and contact. The two-dimensional model with contacting flaps is intended to represent a valve problem from biomechanics. The FSITICT is complemented with local mesh adaptivity, which significantly increases the performance of the interface-capturing component of the method. The test computations presented demonstrate how our approach works.
Army-Navy Precipitation-Static Project: Part V-The High-Voltage Characteristics of Aircraft in Flight

The important high-voltage electrical characteristics of aircraft in flight are determined from (a) flight operations in precipitation areas; (b) flight operations using a new artificial charger to electrify the airplane in flight; (c) high-voltage experiments on the airplane supported in a giant hangar; and (d) theoretical analysis. It is shown how the fundamental electrical constants of the airplane may be approximately determined and how these may be used to forecast the high-voltage behavior of a flying aircraft. It is shown that, at a given altitude, the current I discharged by an airplane in flight is of the form I = AE + B(E2-E 0 2) where E is the magnitude of the electric field as measured on the belly and A, B and E 0 are constants. The electrical capacitance of an aircraft in flight is about 20 per cent of the wing span expressed in centimeters.
Current status of an antireflux procedure in laparoscopic Heller myotomy.

Background: Persistent dysphagia and postoperative gastroesophageal reflux (GER) are the most cited reasons for surgical failure of laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Adding an antireflux procedure to Heller myotomy has been proposed to prevent reflux. We hypothesized that an antireflux procedure added to laparoscopic Heller myotomy has little effect on preventing the symptoms or long-term sequelae of GER in achalasia patients. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of studies on human subjects reported in the English language literature from 1991 to 2001 years. Results: An antireflux procedure accompanied laparoscopic myotomy in 15 studies with 532 patients. In 6 studies of 69 patients, no antireflux procedure was added to laparoscopic myotomy. Follow-up was available on 489 patients (92%) with partial fundoplication. The rate of GER diagnosed in pH studies was 7.9% (18 of 228 patients studied), whereas only 5.9% of patients experienced symptoms of GER (29 of 489 patients followed). Of the 69 patients without fundoplication, 47 (68%) were available for follow-up. Forty patients (85%) were studied with pH monitoring postoperatively, with 4 (10%) demonstrating reflux. Six (13%) of 47 patients had symptoms of GER. The difference in the rate of GER diagnosed in postmyotomy pH studies in wrapped and nonwrapped patients was not significant (7.9 vs 10%, respectively; p = 0.75). There was also no significant difference in the incidence of postmyotomy GER symptoms in wrapped and nonwrapped patients (5.9 vs 13% respectively; p = 0.12). Conclusions: Reflux is not necessarily eliminated with the addition of a partial fundoplication. Based on the published data, recommendations cannot be made regarding the efficacy of adding an antireflux procedure to laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Prospective randomized study is needed to clarify the role of an antireflux procedure after laparoscopic Heller myotomy.
Creating gender parity: an instruction aide's influence

The decline in the number of women in computing disciplines has been attributed to different causes, and research on the decline continues to grow. While there are numerous reasons suggested for the imbalance in these disciplines, the perceptions that women hold about their computing capabilities continue to be of interest. The current study investigates how a vicarious learning experience can be used to influence computer selfefficacy. To implement the vicarious experience, a computer-assisted peer-modeling instruction aide was developed. The study reveals that vicarious learning has a significant impact on female and male computer selfefficacy, and that the impact may be more significant for females.
Frequency-Independent Scattering From a Flat Strip With ${\rm TE}_{z}$ -Polarized Fields

The surface current for scattering from a PEC strip naturally decomposes into three slowly varying functions modulating rapidly oscillating phase factors. We exploit this structure to derive a numerical solution that is error-controllable and exhibits a bounded error over the full range of frequencies. Frequency independence is obtained by expanding the current in terms of slowly-varying amplitude functions, stretching coordinates in the boundary layer, and employing a frequency-independent quadrature rule. Though the total current solution is always well-defined, unique, minimally-varying amplitude functions may also be found by using the minimum norm concept.
Roots of Biosynthetic Diversity

Terpenoid synthases generate an extraordinarily diverse set of natural products. Evolution of these enzymes from a common-helical ancestor has resulted in profound changes in activity.
War, Moral Hazard and Ministerial Responsibility: England after the Glorious Revolution*

�I reexamine Douglass North and Barry Weingast 鈂s argument regarding credible commitment and sovereign debt in post-revolution England. The central problem that the architects of the revolution settlement had to solve, I argue, was not the king 鈂s frequent reneging on financial commitments (a symptom), but the moral hazard that generated the kings 鈂 malfeasance (the underlying cause). The central element of the revolution settlement was thus not better holding kings to their commitments, but better holding royal advisors to account for all consequences of the Crown 鈂s policies 霂through what we now call ministerial responsibility. he ideas that governments value the ability to make credible commitments, and that constitutions can confer this ability on them, have pervaded institutional economics, political economy, and political science since the 1980s. 1 Largely due to North and Weingast 鈂s seminal treatment, England after the Glorious Revolution is now the canonical example of a government enhancing its credibility via constitutional
U.S. Geoscience Community gains an absolute gravimeter

An FG5 absolute gravimeter, which measures the gravitational acceleration of a retroreflector falling freely within an evacuated tube, is now available for use by U.S. university investigators. It will be housed as a National Science Foundation facility at NOAA's Table Mountain Gravity Observatory of the Geosciences Laboratory in Boulder, where similar units are prepared for worldwide deployment. U.S. investigators are invited to apply the FG5 gravimeter to geophysical investigations of gravitational acceleration that require microgal accuracy and unequivocal long-term stability. The instrument is expected to be used in more than a dozen projects each year. Funding for geophysical applications of the device will be subject to normal peer review processes; in case of scheduling conflicts, the allocation of time on the gravimeter will be refereed by a user committee.
Agglomeration, support effects, and CO adsorption on Au/TiO2(110) prepared by ion beam deposition

The agglomeration behavior of 0.05 ML of Au deposited as Au + at 1 eV impact energy on rutile TiO2(1 1 0) was investigated by a combination of ion scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO adsorption, and CO temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Samples were studied over the temperature range between 115 K and 800 K, and on both near-stoichiometric UHV-annealed TiO2, and TiO2 with a high density of oxygen vacancies created by He + bombardment. At low temperatures, Au is atomically dispersed, shifting into complexes with oxygen vacancies for Tanneal around room temperature, and finally agglomerating into small clusters for Tanneal P 450 K. CO adsorbed on dispersed atoms results in nearly 1 eV shift in the Au 4f binding energy to higher energy, and CO desorption peaking at 280 K. CO adsorbs more weakly on Au–vacancy complexes and on Au in clusters, as indicated by both TPD and XPS. Comparisons with experiments depositing thermal Au, and implications for size-selected CO oxidation on Aun/TiO2 are discussed. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Surface and Structural Investigation of a MnOx Birnessite-Type Water Oxidation Catalyst Formed under Photocatalytic Conditions

Catalytically active MnOx species have been reported to form in situ from various Mn-complexes during electrocatalytic and solution-based water oxidation when employing cerium(IV) ammonium ammonium nitrate (CAN) oxidant as a sacrificial reagent. The full structural characterization of these oxides may be complicated by the presence of support material and lack of a pure bulk phase. For the first time, we show that highly active MnOx catalysts form without supports in situ under photocatalytic conditions. Our most active (4)MnOx catalyst (∼0.84 mmol O2 mol Mn(-1) s(-1)) forms from a Mn4O4 bearing a metal-organic framework. (4)MnOx is characterized by pair distribution function analysis (PDF), Raman spectroscopy, and HR-TEM as a disordered, layered Mn-oxide with high surface area (216 m(2) g(-1)) and small regions of crystallinity and layer flexibility. In contrast, the (S)MnOx formed from Mn(2+) salt gives an amorphous species of lower surface area (80 m(2) g(-1)) and lower activity (∼0.15 mmol O2 mol Mn(-1) s(-1)). We compare these catalysts to crystalline hexagonal birnessite, which activates under the same conditions. Full deconvolution of the XPS Mn2p3/2 core levels detects enriched Mn(3+) and Mn(2+) content on the surfaces, which indicates possible disproportionation/comproportionation surface equilibria.
Ecosystem carbon exchange in two terrestrial ecosystem mesocosms under changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations

The ecosystem-level carbon uptake and respi- ration were measured under diAerent CO2 concentra- tions in the tropical rainforest and the coastal desert of Biosphere 2, a large enclosed facility. When the me- socosms were sealed and subjected to step-wise changes in atmospheric CO2 between daily means of 450 and 900 lmol mol )1 , net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 was derived using the diurnal changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The step-wise CO2 treatment was eAectively replicated as indicated by the high repeat- ability of NEE measurements under similar CO2 concentrations over a 12-week period. In the rainforest mesocosm, daily NEE was increased significantly by the high CO2 treatments because of much higher enhance- ment of canopy CO2 assimilation relative to the increase in the nighttime ecosystem respiration under high CO2. Furthermore, the response of daytime NEE to increasing atmospheric CO2 in this mesocosm was not linear, with a saturation concentration of 750 lmol mol )1 . In the desert mesocosm, a combination of a reduction in eco- system respiration and a small increase in canopy CO2 assimilation in the high CO2 treatments also enhanced daily NEE. Although soil respiration was not aAected by the short-term change in atmospheric CO2 in either mesocosm, plant dark respiration was increased signifi- cantly by the high CO2 treatments in the rainforest mesocosm while the opposite was found in the desert mesocosm. The high CO2 treatments increased the eco- system light compensation points in both mesocosms. High CO2 significantly increased ecosystem radiation use eAciency in the rainforest mesocosm, but had a much smaller eAect in the desert mesocosm. The desert meso- cosm showed much lower absolute response in NEE to atmospheric CO2 than the rainforest mesocosm, proba- bly because of the presence of C4 plants. This study illustrates the importance of large-scale experimental research in the study of complex global change issues.
MANIPULATING VOTING PROCEDURES

A voting procedure can be manipulated if, by misrepresenting his preferences, some individual can secure an outcome which he prefers to the outcome he gets when he is honest. This is an expository paper on the theory of voting manipulation. Section I is an historical sketch of the contributions of Condorcet, de Borda, Arrow, and others. Section II provides a set of examples of manipulation: of plurality voting, of majority voting, of exhaustive voting, of the single transferable vote procedure, and of approval voting. It also contains an example of a nonmanipulable random voting scheme. Section HI provides a simple proof of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite manipulation theorem.
Electrical models for bioimpedance measurements

Electrical modeling in bioimpedance analysis is a critical tool to estimate the asymptotic values of impedance, and consequently to estimate body fluid redistribution. The simplest and most used models have an inherently different Argand plot when compared to experimental in vitro data obtained in tissue samples. To avoid this problem, models that use constant-phase angle elements need to be introduced. This paper analyzes the electrical models that can be used for such purposes, depending on the bioimpedance application targeted.
Interactive image segmentation via minimization of quadratic energies on directed graphs

We propose a scheme to introduce directionality in the random walker algorithm for image segmentation. In particular, we extend the optimization framework of this algorithm to combinatorial graphs with directed edges. Our scheme is interactive and requires the user to label a few pixels that are representative of a foreground object and of the background. These labeled pixels are used to learn intensity models for the object and the background, which allow us to automatically set the weights of the directed edges. These weights are chosen so that they bias the direction of the object boundary gradients to flow from regions that agree well with the learned object intensity model to regions that do not agree well. We use these weights to define an energy function that associates asymmetric quadratic penalties with the edges in the graph. We show that this energy function is convex, hence it has a unique minimizer. We propose a provably convergent iterative algorithm for minimizing this energy function. We also describe the construction of an equivalent electrical network with diodes and resistors that solves the same segmentation problem as our framework. Finally, our experiments on a database of 69 images show that the use of directional information does improve the segmenting power of the random Walker algorithm.
A dynamic method for in vitro multisegment spine testing

Robotics recently spread to spine biomechanical research. The aim of the present work is to describe and validate a new method for in vitro studying of a multisegmental spinal specimen under dynamic conditions. This method relies on the use of a simulator with six degrees of freedom (to impose movements in all directions), an optoelectric apparatus (for collecting kinematics data) and an original system for attaching kinematic markers, allowing their precise removal and replacement under different examination conditions. The accuracy of measurements as well as their reproducibility under static and dynamic conditions is reported here in the study of a human lumbar spinal specimen (L1-sacrum). The method appears to be reliable and reproducible, and should therefore enable future studies of variations in mobility between healthy and pathological spines, to better understand the influence of different implants on spinal kinematics.
Nice Guys Finish Last—Sometimes

Recent articles in this journal demonstrated that cooperation until provocation is the best approach to iterated Prisoner's Dilemma when the goal is the maximization of payoffs. However, analysis of the tournament results discussed in these previous works shows that this same strategy is not necessarily beneficial when the desired end is outscormg the opponent. In the environment considered here, when either consistent victory or maximum average margin of victory is the predetermined policy objective, strategies which usually cooperate until provoked, but occasionally take advantage of cooperative opponents are clearly most successful. Even when playing a game as straightforward as Prisoner's Dilemma, strategies must be specifically tailored to fit objectives.
GLOBAL INTELLECTUAL HISTORY BEYOND HEGEL AND MARX

Recent years have seen the growing prominence of “global history” as a subject of research, especially in North America and Europe. However, there is no consensus on what the contours of the subject are, or what the appropriate research methods for it might be. Further, there are quite a few skeptics among historians with regard to this trend. The appearance of a volume on the subfield of “global intellectual history” is an occasion to reflect on all these issues, especially when the volume in question suggests that “the future of intellectual history as a discipline lies in this direction.” This review essay, while appreciative of the effort to lay out the contours of the field, as well as to point to possible future directions for research and reflection, is nevertheless somewhat critical of the actual execution of the project. It is found to be lacking in chronological depth, and also highly uneven in quality, as well as excessively centered on a few “great thinkers” such as Hegel and Marx. A greater attention to the centuries between 1500 and 1800, when a polycentric global regime of knowledge (however tenuous it proved) was established, would have been particularly helpful. Most important, there is the question of whether a history claiming to be “global,” as distinct from “universal,” should not pay closer attention to questions of space and geography.
Understanding the process of healing of thermoreversible covalent adaptable networks

When Diels–Alder-based thermoreversible covalent adaptable networks (TR-CANs), are applied in fracture healing applications, the contributions of network structure tend to take a back seat to explanations based solely on the chemical behaviour of the reversible bonds binding the network. However, for TR-CANs near the gel point, rheological experiments have shown that accounting for network structure via scaling relationships is necessary to understand their viscoelastic behaviour. By extension, the structure of the network should have a substantial effect on fracture healing performance. In this work we demonstrate this effect in a model hysteresis heated Diels–Alder network material. The effective functionality of the monomers was varied from 3.0 to 3.5, changing the gel temperature from 106 °C to 122 °C. By subjecting these materials to identical healing conditions, we observed the change due to network structure while holding e.g. bond conversion and bond lifetime constant. We showed with statistical confidence that both healing time, and the interaction between healing time and composition (p = 0.016 and p = 0.014, respectively) are necessary to explain the observed differences in healing performance. A single-parameter model of healing was developed based on the scaling relationship that determined mechanical relaxation, and the model was interpreted to understand how network structure and fracture healing interact in TR-CANs.
Dynamic shadow-power estimation for wireless communications

We present a sequential Bayesian method for dynamic estimation and prediction of local mean (shadow) powers from instantaneous signal powers in composite fading-shadowing wireless communication channels. We adopt a Nakagami-m fading model for the instantaneous signal powers and a first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] model for the shadow process in decibels. The proposed dynamic method approximates predictive shadow-power densities using a Gaussian distribution. We also derive Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bounds (CRBs) for stationary lognormal shadow powers and develop methods for estimating the AR model parameters. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.
Gatifloxacin Induced Dysglycemic Behaviour and Its Impact on Worldwide Patients

Gatifloxacin, a synthetic, novel fluoroquinolone, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, is primarily indicated for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and many more infectious disorders. It acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase and also by inhibiting topoisomerase IV for bacterial infections. Its absolute bioavailability is approximately 96%, extensively distributed into many tissues and body fluids, elimination half-life is approximately 8 hours and major route of elimination is urinary excretion of unchanged drug, with renal clearance accounting for >70%. Approximately 82-88% was recovered in urine as unchanged drug and 6% was recovered in feces. Gatifloxacin was reported to be associated with many serious glycemic abnormalities mostly observed in diabetic as well as in non-diabetic patients. Hypoglycemia usually occurs immediately after the administration while hyperglycemia often takes several days to develop and discontinuation of gatifloxacin treatment markedly improves glucose homeostasis in many cases. It was observed that dysglycemia occurs more frequently in elderly patients, patients with renal insufficiency, diabetic patients, and patients taking medications for diabetics (mainly hypoglycemic agents). One of the study identified that increased gatifloxacin exposure correlates with age-related decreases in renal function and may be responsible for elderly patients being at an increased risk for hyperglycemia. Failure to adjust the dose of gatifloxacin for renal insufficiency has been commonly associated with gatifloxacin-induced hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Some researchers observed high incidence rates of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes compared to those without diabetes while some found no significant difference. Patients receiving glucose lowering medications were at the greatest risk for gatifloxacinassociated hyperglycemic events and patient's not receiving glucoselowering medications also had a significantly increased risk of hyperglycemia. Gatifloxacin is still being used in various parts of the world for treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, gatifloxacin should be used with caution while undergoing treatment with gatifloxacin.
Use of Otoacoustic Emissions to Screen for Hearing Loss in Critically III Patients

As part of a continuing quality improvement program, this project was undertaken to define the frequency of hearing loss in patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit in order to identify patients at risk for impaired communication. The study evaluated 168 consecutive admissions over a ten week period to a ten bed adult surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients were screened as close to admission to the ICU as possible with otoscopy, tympanometry, and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. A total of 113 patients (226 ears, mean age 58.0±15.8 years) were screened within 1.5±1.4 days of ICU admission; 55 of the 168 admissions could not be screened (48 out of 55 due to short ICU stays). Of the 226 ears evaluated, 6.6 per cent had abnormal otoscopy and 43.2 per cent abnormal tympanograms. OAE failure occurred in 58.4 per cent of ears while OAE results were uninterpretable due to high ambient noise in 2.7 per cent of ears, and technical difficulty in 3.5 per cent of ears. Mea...
Effect of jugular venous pressure on cerebral autoregulation in dogs

We determined the importance of a myogenic sensor of cerebral autoregulation by assessing the effect of vascular transmural pressure on cerebral blood flow (CBF) as cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was decreased. Decreasing CPP by decreased arterial pressure (Pa) or increased intracranial pressure (Pcsf) decreases transmural pressure, whereas increased jugular venous pressure (Pjv) increases transmural pressure. Regional CBF was measured in barbiturate-anesthetized dogs using radiolabeled microspheres. In group 1 (n = 5), CPP was decreased by decreasing Pa; in group 2 (n = 5), CPP was decreased by increasing Pcsf (Pa = 80 mmHg); and in group 3 (n = 5) CPP was decreased by increasing Pjv (Pa = 80 mmHg). CPP was reduced from 80 to 30 mmHg in 10-mm increments in each group. In groups 1 and 2 regional CBF was maintained as CPP was decreased to 40 mmHg; however, at CPP of 30 mmHg, blood flow to cerebrum, caudate, and periventricular white matter decreased, whereas flow to cerebellum and medulla remained unchanged. In group 3 regional CBF was unchanged as CPP decreased from 80 to 50 mmHg but decreased in all regions as CPP decreased further. In all three groups, cerebrovascular resistance continuously declined as CPP was decreased. In all groups, cerebral O2 uptake was unaltered. Autoregulation fails at a higher CPP with increased Pjv than with decreased Pa or increased Pcsf, particularly in brain stem. We conclude that metabolic autoregulation predominates over the myogenic mechanism until CPP is low.
Identification of design rules for interior PM motors with different cooling systems

The conventional scaling rules for the optimal design of electric machines are best suited for naturally cooled machines with stator winding current densities less than 4A/mm2. In this paper, through a comprehensive sensitivity analysis, first, it is demonstrated that the correlations between some geometric variables and the performance metrics of interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors vary significantly with respect to the stator winding current density. For this purpose, three current densities are selected so as to approximately account for naturally cooled, fan-cooled and liquid-cooled machines. Subsequently, a parameterized IPM motor is optimized at these current densities through a large-scale design optimization algorithm by evaluating a total of 20,000 design candidates. The 100 best designs from each group are then identified and extracted to investigate the scaling rules for the optimal design of such IPM motors with different cooling systems. The outcomes of the study are in correspondence with the conventional design principles for naturally cooled machines. Nevertheless, it is illustrated that these rules vary for fan-cooled and liquid-cooled machines owing to the increased ampere loading, and also heavy saturation of the magnetic core in such machines. A configuration of a 50 hp, 48-slot, 8-pole IPM motor with a single-layer v-type magnet is used as the benchmark of this study.
Homeless Shelters’ Policies on Sex Offenders Is This Another Collateral Consequence?

The primary focus of sex offender research has been on the efficacy and collateral consequences of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) and residence restrictions. Past scholarship has found these laws to cause numerous re-entry barriers for sex offenders. Such barriers have affected sex offenders’ ability to find and maintain housing, employment, and social support. Moreover, registered sex offenders (RSOs) have become homeless due to such laws. Although previous scholarship has highlighted the collateral consequences of SORN, there is a lack of scholarship addressing homeless sex offenders. Specifically, the current study assesses policies regarding RSO access to homeless shelters in a four-state region, focusing on the effect of structural, procedural, and geographic factors, as well as a shelter’s proximity to children. Drawing on the loose coupling organizational framework, the findings suggest that a small maximum occupancy, unwritten policies for RSOs, being in Kentucky or Tennessee, b...
A phytosociological study of weed communities on the southwestern Coastal Plain of North Carolina

The vegetation of cultivated, fallow and ‘old’ fields of Scotland County, N.C. was both randomly and subjectively sampled throughout the growing season of 1973. Releves were placed in each of the above management units, and the data collected in this releve analysis were sorted into phytosociological charts, with the aid of the digital computer.
Eastern european economic reform: Transition or mutation?The emergence of market economics in Eastern Europe Christopher Clague and Gordon Rausser, editors Blackwell Publishers, 1992

Assessments of postcommunist economic reforms by systems specialists and those stewarding G-7 assistance are sharply polarized. Both acknowledge that official Eastern European data indicate catastrophic falls in GNP far deeper than the Great Depression of 1929 and a myriad of other failures including rampant inflation, anticompetitive abuses, graft, corruption, and the persistence of socialist ownership and controls. But while the former interpret these outcomes as a consequence of the communist legacy and transmuted anticompetitive institutions, the latter in Schumpeterian fashion interpret them as a successful prelude to competitive capitalism, as the postcommunist East traverses the J curve of recovery to rapid modernization. This essay surveys the recent literature and, siding with the systems theorists, explains why the G-7's interpretation of macroindicators is misleading.
Simultaneous determination of 62 kinds of volatile organic compounds in water by purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Objective:To establish a method for quantitative detection of 62 kinds of volatile organic compounds in water by purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Methods:Volatile organic compounds in water were purged and trapped,then desorbed and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Selective ion masses were used in quantitative measurement.Results:Enable to easily and effectively separate and determinate 62 kinds of volatile organic compounds in water.In this method,the correlation coefficient for 62 target compounds was greater than 0.9978,RF RSD was less than 4.28%,the average recoveries rates were between 88.7% and 112.4%.Conclusion:This method is simple,rapid,sensitive and accurate.It has good adaptility to various water samples.It is suitable for simultaneous determination of 62 kinds of volatile organic compounds in water.
Study on Innovation Mode of SPD-based Methodology——A Case Study on Motorola

Innovation products can help enterprises to gain competitive advantage.How to develop new products quickly and successfully is an important and urgent topic.The innovation mode based on System and Product Development(SPD) methodology optimizes the Stage-Gate Process,and ensures proper project execution and improves time-to-market capability.Based on Stage-Gate Systems and SPD methodology,it analyzes Motorola's SPD-based innovation mode(SPD M-Gates) in detail.
Proficiency Testing of Coal Laboratory of Thermal Power Plant in Guangdong

Aiming at communication inadequacy at present and existing problems in coal laboratories of Guangdong,the paper expounds importance of proficiency testing of coal laboratory.It takes proficiency testing of coal laboratory of thermal power plant in year 2010 for instance,introduces testing methods adopted,sample preparation,basis of data statistics and analyzes testing results.Finally,the paper makes suggestions for proficiency testing of laboratories.