cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High frequency first sound attenuation near the λ-transition of liquid 4He

Abstract First sound attenuation near the λ-transition of liquid 4 He at the frequencies much higher than the characteristic frequency of order parameter dynamics is studied theoretically.
Increased nerve-growth-factor beta-chain cross-reacting material in familial dysautonomia.

Abstract To determine whether dysautonomia arises from alteration in nerve-growth factor (NGF), we measured serum levels of NGF subunits in normal and dysautonomic subjects using a biologic assay b...
Atom Trapping and Spectroscopy in Cavity-Generated Optical Potentials.

We use a near-concentric optical cavity at 1064 nm to generate trapping potentials for cold atoms. The cavity exhibits nondegenerate Hermite-Gaussian modes. Using just a few-milliwatt trap laser power, the cavity readily generates one- and higher-dimensional optical traps that replicate the mode functions. We spectroscopically characterize the optical trapping potentials and laser-cooling limits under continuous loading conditions. We use absorption images to measure atom densities and to compare the spatial profiles of trapped-atom samples with calculated mode functions. Steady-state fluorescence images reveal bright radiation emerging from the ends of the elongated, cavity-trapped atom clouds, providing evidence for radiation guiding.
Isomer dependence in the assembly and lability of silver(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate complexes of the heteroditopic ligands, 2-, 3-, and 4-[di(1H-pyrazolyl)methyl]phenyl(di-p-tolyl)phosphine.

Three isomers of a new heteroditopic ligand that contains a di(1H-pyrazolyl)methyl (−CHpz2) moiety connected to a di(p-tolyl)phosphine group via a para-, meta-, or ortho-phenylene spacer (pL, mL, and oL, respectively) have been synthesized by using a palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction between HP(p-tolyl)2 and the appropriate isomer of (IC6H4)CHpz2. The 1:1 complexes of silver(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate, Ag(OTf), were prepared to examine the nature of ligand coordination and the type of supramolecular isomer (monomeric, cyclic oligomeric, or polymeric) that would be obtained. The single crystal X-ray diffraction studies showed that [Ag(pL)](OTf), 1, and [Ag(mL)](OTf), 2, possessed cyclic dimeric dications, whereas [Ag(oL)](OTf), 3, was a coordination polymer. The polymeric chain in 3 could be disrupted by reaction with triphenylphosphine, and the resulting complex, [Ag(oL)(PPh3)](OTf), 4, possessed a monometallic cation where the ligand was bound to silver in a chelating κ2P,N- coordination mode. T...
Effects of protein kinase C activators on phorbol ester-sensitive and -resistant EL4 thymoma cells

Phorbol ester-sensitive EL4 murine thymoma cells respond to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate with activation of ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases, synthesis of interleukin-2, and death, whereas phorbol ester-resistant variants of this cell line do not exhibit these responses. Additional aspects of the resistant phenotype were examined, using a newly-established resistant cell line. Phorbol ester induced morphological changes, ERK activation, calcium-dependent activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), interleukin-2 synthesis, and growth inhibition in sensitive but not resistant cells. A series of protein kinase C activators caused membrane translocation of protein kinase C's (PKCs) alpha, eta, and theta in both cell lines. While PKC eta was expressed at higher levels in sensitive than in resistant cells, overexpression of PKC eta did not restore phorbol ester-induced ERK activation to resistant cells. In sensitive cells, PKC activators had similar effects on cell viability and ERK activation, but differed in their abilities to induce JNK activation and interleukin-2 synthesis. PD 098059, an inhibitor of the mitogen activated protein (MAP)/ERK kinase kinase MEK, partially inhibited ERK activation and completely blocked phorbol ester-induced cell death in sensitive cells. Thus MEK and/or ERK activation, but not JNK activation or interleukin-2 synthesis, appears to be required for phorbol ester-induced toxicity. Alterations in phorbol ester response pathways, rather than altered expression of PKC isoforms, appear to confer phorbol ester resistance to EL4 cells.
Genetic testing and counseling in familial adenomatous polyposis.

Testing for adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), the gene responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), can now be offered to family members in FAP kindreds. With the availability of this test, genetic counseling has become a crucial tool for helping FAP patients and their relatives understand the syndrome and its implications and for assisting at-risk individuals in making informed decisions about whether or not to undergo genetic testing. Genetic counseling can occur at several time points: when FAP is diagnosed, when an FAP patient is considering reproductive options, when a patient is deciding whether to have his or her children screened, and when an at-risk person is considering genetic testing.
Applicability of Screening Tests for Oxytetracycline in the Milk of Three Breeds of Goats.

ABSTRACT Antibiotics are widely used in animal husbandry, and the presence of antibiotic residues in milk is a health hazard. The objectives of this study were to determine residual amounts of oxytetracycline in the milk of three breeds of goats using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and screening tests. It was also essential to explore the safe withdrawal period of oxytetracycline in lactating goats and examine the applicability of Charm ROSA and SNAP screening tests. The qualitative results of these tests were compared with the quantitative results of the HPLC method. Fifteen milking does, five each from the Alpine, LaMancha, and Nubian breeds, were selected from the herd at Prairie View A&M University. Milk samples containing antibiotic residues were deproteinized by HCl and acetonitrile, and then oxytetracycline was extracted from the supernatant. The residues of oxytetracycline in goat's milk up to 110 h after injection were qualitatively detected using the Charm ROSA test. Similar...
The Effect of Variation in Intact Family Forms on Deviant and Antisocial Behavior

Family form sets the stage for a host of adolescent behavioral outcomes. We draw on research, theory, and methodology from within Criminology, Demography, and Family Sociology to examines the effect of variation in intact family form on antisocial and deviant behavior. We find higher antisocial and deviant behavior among youth residing in households where one of the parents has a child from a previous relationship and the parents are currently married but were cohabiting at the time of the birth of their eldest child.
Reduction of Hazard by Purging

The use of purging to reduce hazard is recognized in Article 500–1 of the National Electrical Code: “In some cases, hazards may be reduced or hazardous areas limited or eliminated by adequate positive-pressure ventilation from a source of clean air in conjunction with effective safeguards against ventilation failure. It is recommended that the authority enforcing this Code be consulted before such layouts are prepared.”
Habitat Selection of Wild Pigs and Northern Bobwhites in Shrub-Dominated Rangeland

Abstract Sus scrofa L. (Wild Pig) are known to eat the eggs of ground-nesting birds, but it is unknown to what extent they have an impact on populations of Colinus virginianus L. (Northern Bobwhite). We combined data from 2 prior studies conducted on a large ranch in South Texas to assess comparative habit use and selection by Wild Pigs and Bobwhites. Both species were distributed throughout the ranch, but their preferred habitats were very different. Bobwhites favored upland habitats, particularly areas with deep, sandy soils, while Wild Pigs favored low-lying habitats with clay soils. We conclude that depredation of Bobwhite nests by these invasive mammals may be restricted by the thermoregulatory requirement for Wild Pigs to stay near riparian areas. The extent of this effect will depend on the availability and spatial arrangement of water and riparian areas on the landscape.
Performance of the Verigene® enteric pathogens test, Biofire FilmArray™ gastrointestinal panel and Luminex xTAG® gastrointestinal pathogen panel for detection of common enteric pathogens

Abstract Background Multiplex syndromic panels have the capability of identifying causes of diarrheal illness. This study evaluated the performance characteristics of three multiplex molecular assays for the detection of common stool pathogens. Methods A total of 152 stool specimens were tested using three platforms: Verigene Enteric Pathogens Test (Verigene), Biofire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel (Biofire) and Luminex xTAG® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (Luminex). Assays were assessed only for the targets common among all three; namely, Campylobacter , Salmonella , Shigella , Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), norovirus, and rotavirus. Results The sensitivities (%) and specificities (%) of the assays were: Campylobacter , Biofire (100,100), Verigene (83.3,99.3), Luminex (91.7,100); Salmonella , Biofire (95.8,100), Verigene (83.3,100), Luminex (79.2,100); Shigella , Biofire (100,100), Verigene (95.4,99.1), Luminex (100,100); STEC, Biofire (100,100), Verigene (91.7,100), Luminex (91.7,100); norovirus, Biofire (94.7,99.3), Verigene (89.0,100), Luminex (89.5,100); and rotavirus, Biofire (100, 98.6), Verigene (71.4,100), Luminex (100,100). Conclusions All multiplex panels detected the majority of gastrointestinal pathogens when compared to conventional methods.
Mapping site index and volume increment from forest inventory, Landsat, and ecological variables in Tahoe National Forest, California, USA

High-resolution site index (SI) and mean annual increment (MAI) maps are desired for local forest management. We integrated field inventory, Landsat, and ecological variables to produce 30 m SI and...
Discovering facial expressions for states of amused, persuaded, informed, sentimental and inspired

Facial expressions play a significant role in everyday interactions. A majority of the research on facial expressions of emotion has focused on a small set of "basic" states. However, in real-life the expression of emotions is highly context dependent and prototypic expressions of "basic" emotions may not always be present. In this paper we attempt to discover expressions associated with alternate states of informed, inspired, persuaded, sentimental and amused based on a very large dataset of observed facial responses. We used a curated set of 395 everyday videos that were found to reliably elicit the states and recorded 49,869 facial responses as viewers watched the videos in their homes. Using automated facial coding we quantified the presence of 18 facial actions in each of the 23.4 million frames. Lip corner pulls, lip sucks and inner brow raises were prominent in sentimental responses. Outer brow raises and eye widening were prominent in persuaded and informed responses. More brow furrowing distinguished informed from persuaded responses potentially indicating higher cognition.
Second order nonlinear characterization of two dimensional materials (Conference Presentation)

Layered two-dimensional (2D) materials possess unique optical properties. For example, the monolayer family of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) materials (such as WS2 and MoS2) is well known for the existence of a direct band gap. In this talk, we discuss the characterization of the second order nonlinear susceptibility in mono- or few-layer TMDs, which have been recently shown to exhibit extraordinary second harmonic generation. We investigate the large nonlinear response due to resonance enhancement. Theoretical analysis will be discussed and compared with experimental results.
Deep recurrent neural network for seizure detection

EEG is one the most effective tools used in the diagnosis of epilepsy. However, proper diagnosis of epilepsy requires the detection and analysis of epileptic seizures for a long period of time. Manual monitoring of long term EEG is tedious and costly. Therefore, a reliable automated seizure detection system is desirable. Most current state-of-the-art methods use hand crafted feature extraction and simple classification techniques, which often leads to sub-par performance due to lack of generalizability across patient dataset. Consequently, this work introduces novel deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) architecture to perform automated patient specific seizure detection using scalp EEG. We further propose a unique mapping of seizure EEG signal for efficient processing with the DRNN. This mapping allows the proposed deep architecture to simultaneously learn both temporal and spatial features of raw seizure EEG respectively. The proposed DRNN architecture is tested with long term patient specific scalp EEG data of 5 subjects with approximately 34 hours of EEG extracted from a publically available dataset. Overall, the proposed network successfully detects 100% of total seizure events with an average detection delay of ∼7.0 sec. The results demonstrate superior performance to that of the current state-of-art seizure detection methods. The proposed DRNN architecture also obtains a runtime of approximately 30ms for 1 sec segment of 18 channel EEG. The low processing time with sparse use of computing resources and superior performance make the proposed architecture appropriate for real-time use.
Teleradiology and Network Strategies

A teleradiology system is a unique combination of digital data networks and computer systems with the purpose of electronic transmission of radiographic images from one site to another. These systems can be either wide area networks (WAN) designed to transmit radiographic images over large distances (usually greater than 2 KM) or local area networks (LAN) designed to communicate with images over shorter distances (usually less than or equal to 2 KM). This paper discusses the strategies used to implement teleradiology systems at two University Medical Centers.
The Healthy Worker Survivor Effect: Target Parameters and Target Populations

We offer an in-depth discussion of the time-varying confounding and selection bias mechanisms that give rise to the healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE). In this update of an earlier review, we distinguish between the mechanisms collectively known as the HWSE and the statistical bias that can result. This discussion highlights the importance of identifying both the target parameter and the target population for any research question in occupational epidemiology. Target parameters can correspond to hypothetical workplace interventions; we explore whether these target parameters’ true values reflect the etiologic effect of an exposure on an outcome or the potential impact of enforcing an exposure limit in a more realistic setting. If a cohort includes workers hired before the start of follow-up, HWSE mechanisms can limit the transportability of the estimates to other target populations. We summarize recent publications that applied g-methods to control for the HWSE, focusing on their target parameters, target populations, and hypothetical interventions.
Energy efficient and ultra low voltage security circuits for nanoscale CMOS technologies

Low-area energy-efficient security primitives are key building blocks for enabling end-to-end content protection, user authentication, and consumer confidentiality in the IoT world that is estimated to surpass 50billion smart and connected devices by 2020. This paper describes design approaches that blend energy-efficient circuit techniques with optimal accelerator micro-architecture datapath, and hardware friendly arithmetic to achieve ultra-low energy consumption in security platforms for seamless adoption in area/battery constrained and self-powered systems. Industry leading energy-efficiency is demonstrated with three designs, fabricated and measured in advanced process technologies : 1) A 2040-gate arithmetically optimized composite-field Sbox based AES accelerator achieves 289Gbps/W peak energy-efficiency while offering 432Mbps throughput in 22nm tri-gate CMOS, 2) Hybrid Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) circuit leverages burn-in induced aging to reduce bit-error, followed by temporal-majority-voting, dark-bit masking, and error-correction conditioning techniques to generate a 100% stable full-entropy key with 190fJ/bit energy consumption in 22nm tri-gate CMOS. 3) A light-weight all digital TRNG uses in-line correlation suppressor and entropy-extractor circuits to achieve >0.99 min-entropy with 3pJ/bit measured energy-efficiency while operating down to 300mV in 14nm tri-gate CMOS.
Network-mediated responses of ON ganglion cells to electric stimulation become less consistent across trials during retinal degeneration

Microelectronic retinal prostheses are being developed to restore sight in individuals blinded by outer retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Unfortunately, the quality of vision restored by these devices is still limited. To improve the quality of elicited vision, our group studies the responses of retinal neurons to electric stimulation. Our previous work showed that responses mediated through the retinal network are reproducible with high temporal precision, even for spikes that occur >100 ms after stimulus onset. Because they arise through the network, it is important to understand whether such reliability changes in the degenerate retina. Here, we examined response variability at several different stages of degeneration: postnatal day 14 (P14), P18, P31 and P60 in a well-established mouse model of degeneration (rd10). Spiking responses of ON alpha RGCs were recorded multiple times to an identical electric stimulus. We found that the trial-to-trial variability increased over the course of retinal degeneration. This finding may help to explain the reported variability in the quality of elicited vision across subjects using these devices.
Avner Offer & Gabriel Söderberg, The Nobel Factor: The Prize in Economics, Social Democracy, and The Market Turn

Abstract. Avner Offer and Gabriel Soderberg have written a history of the Swedish National Bank’s Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel that considers its establishment, important administrative figures, and ideological change. The book frames the history of 20 th century economic thought into liberal Swedish Social Democracy and neo-liberal economics. Keywords. Nobel factor, Nobel prize, Social democracy. JEL. B10, L66, Q18.
The Evolution of the Frontal Lobe in Humans

In 1912, Korbinian Brodmann suggested that the “regio frontalis” (i.e., the prefrontal cortex) of the human brain was exceptionally large in comparison to other primates. His observations sparked over a century of neuroscientific inquiry into the frontal lobe and the prefrontal cortex in particular. Later work describing the role of the prefrontal cortex in human intelligence drove anthropologists and evolutionary neuroscientists to study its evolution as a means of revealing the evolutionary history of unique cognitive capacities of humans. Here we discuss the results of investigations into the frontal cortex from the perspectives of multiple disciplines: paleoneurology, comparative neuroanatomy, and phylogenetic comparative neuroanatomy. We will describe the different pieces of the puzzle that each of these disciplines contributes to forming a detailed picture of the evolution of the human frontal lobe. We then hone in on phylogenetic comparative approaches in order to investigate changes in frontal lobe scaling across anthropoids. We find that human frontal lobe enlargement is driven specifically by an expansion of the prefrontal cortex, not the frontal motor areas. These results are confirmed by comparisons of regions within the frontal lobe that indicate the human prefrontal cortex has expanded drastically in comparison to frontal motor areas. Furthermore, evolutionary rate analyses reveal that the rate of evolution of the prefrontal cortex size is higher than for the relative sizes of the frontal lobe or the frontal motor cortex. Overall, phylogenetic comparative analyses converge on the observation that different areas of the frontal lobe evolved at different rates of evolution, favoring exceptional enlargement of the prefrontal cortex, but not necessarily the frontal lobe as a whole. These perspectives thus confirm that the human brain is more than a scaled-up version of the monkey brain and that the putative unique expansion of the “regio frontalis” is indeed an important feature that may support human’s unique cognitive abilities.
Religion and Film: Cinema and the Re-Creation of the World

The first edition of Brent Plate’s Religion and Film: Cinema and the Re-Creation of the World, released by Wallflower Press in 2009, offered some interesting perspectives on its topic that added to...
Synthesis and conformational analysis of cyclic hexapeptides related to somatostatin incorporating novel peptoid residues

The synthesis of the peptoid residues was achieved by alkylation of the appropriate amines with ethyl bromoacetate. The linear hexapeptides were synthesized in solution via fragment condensation. DPPA mediated cyclization and deprotection led to the cyclic peptides II-IV in good overall yields. These compounds show two set of signals in NMR corresponding to cis and trans isomers of the peptide bond between and the peptoid residue. The results of NMR studies and molecular modeling suggest that the cis isomers, which we believe to be the bioactive structures, adopt conformations similar to those observed for compound I. The conformational search for the cis isomers resulted in “folded” and “flat” conformations [2] which are consistent with the NMR data.
Constraint Languages for Combinatorial Optimization

This tutorial reviews recent developments in the design and implementation of constraint languages for combinatorial optimization. In particular, it argues that constraint-based languages are a unifying technology to express combinatorial optimization problems, supporting a variety of solvers including constraint programming, local search, and mathematical programming.
Secondary Parkinsonism Due to a Large Anterior Cranial Fossa Meningioma.

Secondary Parkinson’s disease or subacute Parkinson’s may occur after stroke, drug overdose carbon monoxide or manganese toxicity, and rarely owing to a brain tumor. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substansia negra pars compacta (SNc), or presence of the proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies are thought to be the cause of Parkinson’s disease. Notwithstanding, in the past few decades, many case reports have been published describing Parkinson’s symptoms following either stroke, ischemia, toxicity, brain hemorrhage or rarely neoplasm.
Structural consequences of transforming growth factor beta-1 activation from near-therapeutic X-ray doses

Dissociation of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1) from the inhibitory protein latency-associated peptide (LAP) can occur from low doses of X-ray irradiation of the LAP-TGFβ-1 complex, resulting in the activation of TGFβ-1, and can have health-related consequences. Using the tools and knowledge developed in the study of radiation damage in the crystallographic setting, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and complementary techniques suggest an activation process that is initiated but not driven by the initial X-ray exposure. LAP is revealed to be extended when not bound to TGFβ-1 and has a different structural conformation compared to the bound state. These studies pave the way for the structural understanding of systems impacted at therapeutic X-ray doses and show the potential impact of radiation damage studies beyond their original intent.
Academia-focused PhD curricula fail students' needs.

Many PhD students have no intention of remaining in academia, and outdated university curricula do them a disservice by not offering training for careers in industry, argues Kyle Isaacson, a PhD student in biomedical engineering.
O VOTO E A QUESTÃO EDUCACIONAL NOS ESTERTORES DA MONARQUIA

O presente texto, com ligeiras modificacoes, e parte de minha dissertacao de mestrado em Educacao, defendida em 2001. O artigo discute a relacao entre os atributos educacionais basicos (neste caso, a alfabetizacao) e a fruicao de direitos eleitorais, a partir dos debates travados no Senado imperial durante a ultima decada do regime monarquico, utilizando-se, para uma analise mais acurada, de obras de Hannah Arendt, Renato Lessa e Sergio Buarque de Holanda, alem de Vanilda Paiva.
Tuning the Reactivity and Bonding Properties of Metal Square-Planar Complexes by the Substitution(s) on the Trans-Coordinated Pyridine Ring

The kinetics of the hydration reaction on trans-[Pt(NH3)2(pyrX)Cl]+ (pyr = pyridine) complexes (X = OH–, Cl–, F–, Br–, NO2–, NH2, SH–, CH3, C≡CH, and DMA) was studied by density functional theory c...
Reading Texts, Literacy, and Textual Authority.

Each of the references above makes language central to the ways in which power constructs and produces not only meanings and cultural texts but also the subject positions that readers assume in engaging texts as well as the larger world. In Foucaulťs work, discourse is connected to broader institutional and social practices and the power relations which inform them. In this case, discourse is studied in terms of institutional apparatuses that produce it along with the interests and social practices it legitimates. In the second quote, discourse is seen by Gonzalez as not only enmeshed in relations of power but central to the production of complex and often contradictory forms of subjectivity, that is, the subject positions from which one's sense of self, identity, and subjectivity is constructed. Implicit in this view is the postmodernist notion that subjectivity is not a coherent, unitary,
Candida auris Infection and Biofilm Formation: Going Beyond the Surface

Emergent fungal pathogen C. auris is spreading in hospitals throughout the world and mortality rates for patients with invasive disease approach 60%. This species exhibits a heightened capacity to colonize skin, persist on hospital surfaces, rapidly disseminate in healthcare settings, and resist antifungal therapy. Current investigations show that C. auris produces biofilms, surface-adherent communities that resist antifungals and withstand desiccation. These biofilms form when C. auris is growing on skin or in conditions expected in the hospital environment and on implanted medical devices. Here, we will highlight the topic of biofilm formation by C. auris. We illustrate how this process influences resistance to antimicrobials and promotes nosocomial transmission.
Sentinel: Efficient Tensor Migration and Allocation on Heterogeneous Memory Systems for Deep Learning

Memory capacity is a major bottleneck for training deep neural networks (DNN). Heterogeneous memory (HM) combining fast and slow memories provides a promising direction to increase memory capacity. However, HM imposes challenges on tensor migration and allocation for high performance DNN training. Prior work heavily relies on DNN domain knowledge, unnecessarily causes tensor migration due to page-level false sharing, and wastes fast memory space. We present Sentinel, a software runtime system that automatically optimizes tensor management on HM. Sentinel uses dynamic profiling, and coordinates operating system (OS) and runtime-level profiling to bridge the semantic gap between OS and applications, which enables tensor-level profiling. This profiling enables co-allocating tensors with similar lifetime and memory access frequency into the same pages. Such fine-grained profiling and tensor collocation avoids unnecessary data movement, improves tensor movement efficiency, and enables larger batch training because of saving in fast memory space. Sentinel reduces fast memory consumption by 80% while retaining comparable performance to fast memory-only system; Sentinel consistently outperforms a state-of-the-art solution on CPU by 37% and two state-of-the-art solutions on GPU by 2x and 21% respectively in training throughput.
Timing and Type of Early Psychopathology Symptoms Predict Longitudinal Change in Cortical Thickness From Middle Childhood Into Early Adolescence.

Abstract Background Early-life experiences have profound effects on functioning in adulthood. Altered cortical development may be one mechanism through which early-life experiences, including poverty and psychopathology symptoms, affect outcomes. However, there is little prospective research beginning early in development that combines clinician-rated psychopathology symptoms and multiwave magnetic resonance imaging to examine when these relationships emerge. Methods Children from the Preschool Depression Study who completed diagnostic interviews at three different developmental stages (preschool, school age, early adolescent) and up to three magnetic resonance imaging scans beginning in middle childhood participated in this study (N = 138). Multilevel models were used to calculate intercepts and slopes of cortical thickness within a priori cortical regions of interest. Linear regressions probed how early-life poverty and psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms at separate developmental periods) related to intercept/slope. Results Collectively, experiences during the preschool period predicted reduced cortical thickness, via either reduced intercept or accelerated thinning (slope). Early-life poverty predicted intercepts within sensory and sensory-motor integration regions. Beyond poverty, preschool anxiety symptoms predicted intercepts within the insula, subgenual cingulate, and inferior parietal cortex. Preschool externalizing symptoms predicted accelerated thinning within prefrontal and parietal cortices. Depression and anxiety/externalizing symptoms at later ages were not significant predictors. Conclusions Early childhood is a critical period of risk; experiences at this developmental stage specifically have the potential for prolonged influence on brain development. Negative early experiences collectively predicted reduced cortical thickness, but the specific neural systems affected aligned with those typically implicated in these individual disorders/experiences.
Estimating Controllability Boundaries for Uncertain Systems

Two methods, combining controllability and Lyapunov stability, are presented for estimating reachability boundaries for nonlinear control systems. The controllability method is exact, but lacks appropriate boundary conditions in certain cases and is effectively restricted to two-dimensional problems. The approximate Lyapunov method combines Lyapunov stability theory with a controllability maximum principle. The Lyapunov estimate of the reachable set generally differs from the actual reachable set, but the estimate is conservative (i.e., guaranteed to contain the actual reachable set), does not require integration of the equations of motion, and is applicable to n-dimensional systems. Both methods are applied to an example of a prey-predator fishery with bounded harvesting efforts.
A Tale of Two Processors: Revisiting the RISC-CISC Debate

The contentious debates between RISC and CISC have died down, and a CISC ISA, the x86 continues to be popular. Nowadays, processors with CISC-ISAs translate the CISC instructions into RISC style micro-operations (eg: uops of Intel and ROPS of AMD). The use of the uops (or ROPS) allows the use of RISC-style execution cores, and use of various micro-architectural techniques that can be easily implemented in RISC cores. This can easily allow CISC processors to approach RISC performance. However, CISC ISAs do have the additional burden of translating instructions to micro-operations. In a 1991 study between VAX and MIPS, Bhandarkar and Clark showed that after canceling out the code size advantage of CISC and the CPI advantage of RISC, the MIPS processor had an average 2.7x advantage over the studied CISC processor (VAX). A 1997 study on Alpha 21064 and the Intel Pentium Pro still showed 5% to 200% advantage for RISC for various SPEC CPU95 programs. A decade later and after introduction of interesting techniques such as fusion of micro-operations in the x86, we set off to compare a recent RISC and a recent CISC processor, the IBM POWER5+ and the Intel Woodcrest. We find that the SPEC CPU2006 programs are divided between those showing an advantage on POWER5+ or Woodcrest, narrowing down the 2.7x advantage to nearly 1.0. Our study points to the fact that if aggressive micro-architectural techniques for ILP and high performance can be carefully applied, a CISC ISA can be implemented to yield similar performance as RISC processors. Another interesting observation is that approximately 40% of all work done on the Woodcrest is wasteful execution in the mispredicted path.
1938 All Over Again? Pre-Trial as Trial in Complex Litigation

This Article analyzes the transformation of the pre-trial process for complex civil litigation. Settlement, rather than trial, has emerged as the dominant endgame. As a result, in functional terms, the pre-trial phase effectively operates as the trial. Over the past quarter-century, doctrinal developments have shifted steadily backward within the pre-trial phase the major checkpoints for judicial scrutiny of claims. The key developments consist of the Supreme Court’s summary judgment “trilogy” (1986), the rise of Daubert scrutiny for the admissibility of expert testimony (1993), the elaboration of a distinctive law of class action certification (circa 2001-06) and, most recently, the invigoration of pleading standards in the Court’s Twombly and Iqbal decisions (2007 and 2009). During the same period, an equally dramatic transformation has taken place with respect to litigation scholarship. Insights from economics, cognitive psychology, and finance – among other non-law disciplines – have broadened the vocabulary now available for analysis. Two big-picture points emerge from this literature: first, costs (especially, the ability to impose costs on one’s opponent) matter greatly to the choice whether to continue litigation or to settle; and, second, risk (or, more specifically, variance) matters in the pricing of civil claims via settlement, above and beyond calculations of expected value. The emergence of judicial checkpoints in the pretrial phase has elicited considerable debate – most strikingly, today, over the Court’s pleading decisions. At one level, those decisions are rightly seen as pushing against the ethos of the 1938 reforms that put into place our modern notice-pleading regime. Yet, in a deeper historical sense, we actually find ourselves today in much the same position as the 1938 reformers. Today, as then, there is a lingering – but, often, undertheorized – sense that procedure itself is having an undue and even deleterious effect on the pricing of claims via settlement. It is just that the procedure now suspected to be distortive consists of the 1938 reforms. This Article explains, in particular, how the Court’s attention to pleading standards in recent years marks a shift of emphasis from the regulation of variance in the litigation process to a concern over cost imposition. The various pretrial checkpoints today exhibit a similar structural feature. They seek to manage variance or cost imposition by way of third-party judicial regulation – specifically, court rulings that signal “stop” or “go” on the road to trial. Evaluation of procedural doctrine as an enterprise of regulation opens up inquiry to the existence of other potential regulatory modes. The Article concludes with examination of alternatives in the nature of first-party regulation (e.g., cost shifting) and regulation in the form of judicial action that would not be dispositive vis-a-vis trial but, rather, would seek to inform directly the pricing of claims in the settlement endgame.
Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility: the promise and the pitfalls.

Genetic testing for hereditary cancer risk is now available and has the potential to reduce cancer mortality through the targeting of preventive therapies and by motivating behavioural change. However, generating and communicating genetic information can have psychological and social consequences. As testing extends from identifying rare hereditary cancers to testing for common genetic variants that are associated with cancer risk, how do we address these complex problems to maximize the benefits of genetic testing?
Lithium Discontinuation: Side-Effects, Withdrawl Symptoms, Rebound Effect

In an attempt to a) investigate to what extent side-effects attributed to lithium treatment are genuine b) see whether lithium discontinuation produces withdrawal symptoms c) observe the clinical course of the illness after lithium withdraw! and d) investigate the possibility of induction of a rebound phenomenon following lithium discontinuation, 18 patients suffering from recurrent affective disorders (14 women, 4 men, mean age 47.3±14.6, 17 bipolars and one with unipolar depression) were deprived of lithium treatment for 15 days (Christodoulou and Lykouras, 1982).
Computerized optimization of multi-layered and/or multi-trace microstrip-lines for reduced cross-talk interference

Abstract In parallel microstrip-lines, the ratio of the thicknesses of two substrates is adjusted in the so-called compensated-substrate structures so that the propagation speeds of even and odd modes are made identical and cancel each other facilitating a reduced interline cross-talk interference. This paper presents an extension of the compensated-substrate approach to more complex microstrip structures such as four and eight parallel lines on a multi-layer board. Unlike the two parallel microstrip-lines, the perturbation of substrate thickness-ratio alone would not facilitate minimum cross-talk conditions in the multi-trace/multi-layer structures. Therefore, in such cases, say, for example, in four or eight microstrip lines laid on two-layer substrates, the cross-talk can be reduced by optimizing not only the ratio of compensating substrate thicknesses, but also the other dimensional parameters of the structure. Pertinent design warrants a multi-variable optimization computational procedure which is elaborated in the present study. Development of relevant optimization algorithms use the Spectral Domain Approach (SDA) in conjunction with the Fourier Transform (FT) method; and, the associated numerical method of solving for the design parameters are presented here. Further, typical test results are furnished which indicate the feasibility of achieving an interline cross-talk reduction of 76% at a given distance of 40 mm from the source-end excited with a 25 × 10−12 s Gaussian pulse.
Marijuana Smoke and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Promote Necrotic Cell Death but Inhibit Fas-Mediated Apoptosis

Abstract Marijuana smoke shares many components in common with tobacco smoke except for the presence of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), the psychotropic compound found only in Cannibis sativa. Δ 9 -THC has been shown to potentiate smoke-induced oxidative stress and necrotic cell death. In the present study, our objective was to determine the effects of Δ 9 -THC on the balance between Fas-induced apoptosis and necrosis in A549 lung tumor cells. We found that Fas-induced activation of caspase-3 was inhibited by whole smoke from both tobacco and marijuana cigarettes. Gas-phase smoke, which generates high levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, had no effect on caspase-3 activity. However, particulate-phase smoke (tar) was a potent inhibitor of Fas-induced caspase-3 activity, with marijuana tar being more potent than either tobacco or placebo marijuana tar (lacking Δ 9 -THC). Δ 9 -THC also inhibited Fas-induced caspase-3 activity in A549 cells. In contrast, no inhibition was observed when Δ 9 -THC was incubated with activated caspase-3 enzyme, suggesting that Δ 9 -THC acts on the cell pathway(s) leading to caspase-3 activation and not directly on enzyme function. Flow cytometry was used to measure the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis (staining for annexin V) versus necrosis (staining for propidium iodide) and confirmed that both marijuana tar extract and synthetic Δ 9 -THC inhibit Fas-induced apoptotis while promoting necrosis. These observations suggest that the Δ 9 -THC contained in marijuana smoke disrupts elements of the apoptotic pathway, thereby shifting the balance between apoptotic and necrotic cell death. This shift may affect both the carcinogenic and immunologic consequences of marijuana smoke exposure.
Event based Extensible Interactive Transparent Networking: Performance Study with Fast TCP Principles

Interactive Transparent Networking has been proposed to support a new generation of symbiotic applications that require advance interaction with the Network. In this mode advanced applications can subscribe to state- space event based feed from network protocol local end- points by interactive version of the network protocols. This enables a whole new range of high performance extensible adaptation which requires low-time constant feedback. In this paper, we show how classical TCP can be extended to support long delay high capacity pipe. We demonstrate a system that mimics FAST TCP however, without the usual extensive reengineering required by the original. It seems matching performance can be achieved with protocol interactivity.
Composition, Habitats, Seasonal Changes and Productivity of Macroalgae in Grays Harbor Estuary, Washington

Twenty-nine taxa of macroalgae were collected from the Grays Harbor Estuary, Washington, from 17 April 1980 to 4 June 1981. Outer (oceanic) sites contained higher numbers of species than sites located in the inner portion of the estuary. Macroalgae were found in several habitats including attached to boulders, logs, tree roots, other algae, and angiosperms, as mats in sand, and drift.Fucus distichus ssp.edentatus andEnteromorpha intestinalis occurred at the greatest number of sites and were found throughout the year. The standing stock of the perennialFucus remained relatively consant, while that of anE. intestinalis andBlidingia minima var.subsalsa complex showed a significant peak between late spring and early summer as well as a winter minimum. The occurrence of most other taxa was highly seasonal. Net productivity rates for the most abundant macroalgal taxa were moderate to high relative to rates published for algae in other North American estuaries. It is concluded that, although inconspicuous, macroalgae may represent an important contributor of organic carbon to the Grays Harbor estuarine system.
The MMT As An Astronomical Research Facility

We describe the performance of the MMT as an astronomical telescope and the performance of its instrumentation. We present statistics relating to the number of publications resulting from data collected with the MMT, telescope and instrument down time, and site related statistics. We also briefly discuss plans for new and continuing development projects.
Excess oxygen of chromia, I

Abstract Chromia hydrogel precipitated by the urea method and dried in air at 25 °C ( 25 ) has little or no excess oxygen beyond Cr 2 O 3 . Dried at 85 °C ( 85 ), it has about 125 meq/mole Cr and 135 has 400–500. Removal of the excess oxygen by hydrogen at 300 °C gives an amorphous, microporous material designated A-Cr(III). Heating 25 to 300 °C in vacuo or in flowing helium gives a nearly identical A-Cr(III) and both can be heated to nearly 500 °C in vacuo or in helium without crystallization. The excess oxygen of 85 and 135 is unavailable to I − aq in heterogeneous iodometry. Activation in vacuo to progressively higher temperatures develops availability to I − aq and, after activation to about 350 °C, almost all excess oxygen of 135 reacts with I − aq. Activation to still higher temperatures leads to crystallization to mesoporous α-Cr 2 O 3 (probably by the fluxing action of Cr(VI)) with loss of about 70% of the area, 85 crystallizes at somewhat higher temperatures. By 450 °C, both have about 2.8 atoms of Cr(VI) per nm 2 . At 300 °C, hydrogen converts them to XCr(III), the crystalline analog of ACr(III). Oxygen adsorbed on ACr(III) at−78 °C (probably as Cr(IV)O 2 post− ) is completely available to I − aq, behaves as a 4- e oxidant and is reduced by hydrogen at 140 °C. Adsorption of oxygen at 100 °C is more complicated. Chromia with adsorbed oxygen crystallizes upon heating in vacuo at 400 °C.
A Measure of partial association between disease and genotype for the two-parent problem

The two-parent disease-genotype association problem is studied from the point of view of a coefficient of association between the disease phenotype of the child and the disease phenotypes of the parents, in the presence of some genotypic information about the parents. This coefficient of partial association is derived, and certain tests of hypotheses are constructed. The results are shown to be useful in estimation of recurrence risks, and in understanding the nature of the association between child and parental disease phenotypes.
A stochastic bioburden model for spacecraft sterilization.

An important factor in the calculation of sterilization cycles for spacecraft is the bioburden on the surface of the spacecraft at the start of the cycle. This bioburden must be predicted by the use of models. This paper presents a stochastic model for the prediction of the bioburden on the surfaces of spacecraft. This model has many desirable properties as well as being consistent with observations.
Can Magnetic Resonance-Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy Improve Cancer Detection in Enlarged Prostates?

Purpose: Patients with an enlarged prostate and suspicion of prostate cancer pose a diagnostic dilemma. The prostate cancer detection rate of systematic 12-core transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy is between 30% and 40%. For prostates greater than 40 cc this decreases to 30% or less. Magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion biopsy has shown superior prostate cancer detection rates. We defined the detection rate of magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion biopsy in men with an enlarged prostate gland.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients who underwent multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging followed by magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion biopsy at our institution. Whole prostate volumes were calculated using magnetic resonance imaging reconstructions. Detection rates were analyzed with respect to age, prostate specific antigen and whole prostate volumes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess these parameters as independent predictors of prostate can...
Phage Mu Transposition Immunity: Protein Pattern Formation along DNA by a Diffusion-Ratchet Mechanism

DNA transposons integrate into host chromosomes with limited target sequence specificity. Without mechanisms to avoid insertion into themselves, transposons risk self-destruction. Phage Mu avoids this problem by transposition immunity, involving MuA-transposase and MuB ATP-dependent DNA-binding protein. MuB-bound DNA acts as an efficient transposition target, but MuA clusters bound to Mu DNA ends activate the MuB-ATPase and dissociate MuB from their neighborhood before target site commitment, making the regions near Mu ends a poor target. This MuA-cluster-MuB interaction requires formation of DNA loops between the MuA- and the MuB-bound DNA sites. At early times, MuB clusters are disassembled via loops with smaller average size, and at later times, MuA clusters find distantly located MuB clusters by forming loops with larger average sizes. We demonstrate that iterative loop formation/disruption cycles with intervening diffusional steps result in larger DNA loops, leading to preferential insertion of the transposon at sites distant from the transposon ends.