cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral and brainstem auditory function in paroxysmal (px) White Leghorn chicks.

The paroxysmal (px) chick is a mutant White Leghorn (Gallus domesticus) which appears normal at hatching and during the subsequent week. By ca. 8 days posthatching, various symptoms develop, of which the most obvious are depressed food intake (anorexia) and audiogenic seizures. Histological evidence suggests that central auditory and vestibular nuclei and fiber tracts begin to degenerate prior to seizure onset. This degeneration, which affects central and peripheral components of both systems, becomes increasingly severe over time although auditory stimulation continues to elicit seizures. Characterization and analysis of peripheral and brainstem auditory response to auditory stimuli indicated that major response differences between px and normal chicks exist in peaks reflecting brainstem activity (P3A, P3B, P4A, P5A). In 5 of 8 px chicks, these later response peaks were either grossly abnormal in terms of amplitude and latency (including amplitude input/output functions) or often entirely absent. Early peaks (P1A and P2A), however, in px waveforms were normal in morphology and amplitude, indicating normal function of peripheral auditory structures. Although lower body temperature of px chicks may account for some of the longer latencies observed, other abnormalities (e.g. absence of peaks) could not be produced in normal birds by induced hypothermia.
Nonnegative trigonometric sums

Abstract We obtain estimates for ∑|k| ≤ N|ck|2 and ∑|k| ≤ N|ck|4, when ∑|k| ≤ Nckeitkx ≥ 0, t0 = 0, and c0 = 1. It is shown that ∑ k = − N N |c k | 4 ≤ M/b + 1 and ∑ k = − N N |c k | 2 ≤ (2 N + 1)( M / b + 1) , where M = max|tk| and b = min{|tj| : j ≠ 0}. When the cks are known to be nonnegative, the inequality ∑ k = − N N |c k | 2 ≤ M/b + 1 is established.
A Kalman filter as a minimax estimator

A minimax terminal state estimation problem is posed for a linear plant and a generalized quadratic loss function. Sufficient conditions are developed to insure that a Kalman filter will provide a minimax estimate for the terminal state of the plant. It is further shown that this Kalman filter will not generally be a minimax estimate for the terminal state if the observation interval is arbitrarily long. Consequently, a subminimax estimate is defined, subject to a particular existence condition. This subminimax estimate is related to the Kalman filter, and it may provide a useful estimate for the terminal state when the performance of the Kalman filter is no longer satisfactory.
SU-EE-A4-06: Organ-Specific Adjustment Factors for Calculating Dose from Any CT Scanner

Purpose: To demonstrate a method to estimate organ doses from CT examination of from multiple CT machine models. Method and Materials: A validated computational model of particular CT machine has been constructed and used to calculate organ doses from CT examinations. The dose distribution in space is derived by fitting a parabolic function to the CTDI‐center and CTDI‐peripheral values of each machine, which provides a dose ratio as a function of distance from isocenter. The distribution of organ location is also calculated in relation to the isocenter position. The dose to the organ is then adjusted based upon an average of the dose ratio weighted by the organ location distribution. This method is demonstrated using the RPI‐Adult Male and RPI‐Adult Female mesh‐based human phantoms but can be applied equally to any patient phantom.Results: If the centerline dose is held constant, the dose to the organs furthest from center of the body will vary the most. For example, using the RPI‐Adult Female phantom and a CT machine with the same CTDI‐center as the validated model, but a flatter dose distribution (lower CDTI‐peripheral), the resultant dose to the breast tissue is 36% lower, the dose to the lung is 20% lower, but the dose to the trachea is less than 1% lower. Conclusion: The ability to estimate organ doses from CT machines other than a fully validated model obviates the need to perform extensive Monte Carlo simulations for every new CT machine that enters the market. One or a few sets of complete Monte Carlo simulations can instead be used to estimate the dose from different CT machines. In conjunction with modern dose reporting software and a family of human phantoms, the dose from a virtually limitless combination of CT machines and CT scan protocols can be determined.
GREAT VESSEL ROOT AND ARTERY DIMENSIONS IN TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES REPAIRED WITH ATRIAL SWITCH OPERATION

Patients who have undergone the arterial switch operation for d-loop transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) have a high incidence of dilation of the neo-aortic (native pulmonary) root. The incidence and degree of native pulmonary and aortic root dilation in patients who have undergone the
A comparative study of metabolic engineering anti-metabolite tolerance in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A problem in strain engineering is that mutations that benefit the expression of a phenotype in one environment may impose a cost to biological fitness in a new environment. The overall objective of this study was to improve understanding of this phenomenon within the context of a classic anti-metabolite selection strategy. We have engineered Escherichia coli using three mutagenesis techniques (chemical mutagenesis, insertional mutagenesis, and plasmid-based overexpression) and assessed the relative costs and benefits to biological fitness of mutants selected for tolerance to five amino acid analogs whose target amino acids (glutamatic acid, aspartic acid, tryptophan, glycine, and serine) differ in metabolic connectivity and biosynthetic energy requirements. Our major findings include (i) the fold increase in anti-metabolite tolerance, independent of mutagenesis strategy, was much greater for aspartic acid β-hydroxamate (AAH) compared to all other tested hydroxamates, (ii) increased tolerance to glutamic acid γ-hydroxamate (GAH) was not achieved using any of the mutagenesis strategies, and (iii) characteristics of the anti-metabolite, rather than those of the corresponding metabolite, were more important in determining the ability to increase tolerance.
Star–triangle approach to boundary behavior in the two-dimensional Ising model

Abstract Hilhorst and van Leeuwen showed how to calculate boundary properties of the Ising model on the triangular lattice by iterating a mapping based on the star–triangle transformation. We apply this approach to the Ising model with homogeneous initial couplings in both the semi-infinite and strip geometries. Several exact results for the boundary correlation length and the magnetization are reproduced. The correlation-dimensionality transition for enhanced edge couplings (dual of Abraham’s interface-unbinding transition) is also considered.
Self-gravity wake parameters in Saturn’s A and B rings

An increasing body of evidence shows that, at the sub-km level, Saturn's main A and B rings are dominated by an ever-changing pattern of elongated, canted structures known as self-gravity wakes. Best known for causing azimuthal variations in the rings' reflectivity, these structures also have a profound influence on how the transmission of the rings varies with both longitude and opening angle, B (Colwell et al. [2006] Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, 7201; Colwell et al. [2007] Icarus 190, 127-144; Hedman et al. [2007] Astron. J. 133, 2624-2629). We use data from three stellar occultations observed by Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) to measure the transmission of the rings as a function of B, when viewed parallel to the wakes. These data are used to constrain properties of the self-gravity wakes as a function of radius across the A and B rings: specifically the fractional width of the gaps between the wakes, G/λ, and the average normal optical depth in the gaps, τ G . We find that the overall normal optical depth of the rings, τ n is primarily controlled by G/λ, which varies between <0.05 and ~0.70 in the A and B rings. The gaps, however, are not completely empty, being filled by material — possibly cm-sized ring particles - with an average normal optical depth which varies from 0.12 to ~0.4. In addition to regional variations, local variations in τ G are seen in the regular structure which dominates the inner B ring, and in the environs of strong density waves in the A ring. The same model applied to the lower optical depth Cassini Division reveals very little evidence of self-gravity wakes, except where τ n exceeds ~0.25.
IQCB1 and PDE6B mutations cause similar early onset retinal degenerations in two closely related terrier dog breeds.

Purpose To identify the causative mutations in two early-onset canine retinal degenerations, crd1 and crd2, segregating in the American Staffordshire terrier and the Pit Bull Terrier breeds, respectively. Methods Retinal morphology of crd1- and crd2-affected dogs was evaluated by light microscopy. DNA was extracted from affected and related unaffected controls. Association analysis was undertaken using the Illumina Canine SNP array and PLINK (crd1 study), or the Affymetrix Version 2 Canine array, the "MAGIC" genotype algorithm, and Fisher's Exact test for association (crd2 study). Positional candidate genes were evaluated for each disease. Results Structural photoreceptor abnormalities were observed in crd1-affected dogs as young as 11-weeks old. Rod and cone inner segment (IS) and outer segments (OS) were abnormal in size, shape, and number. In crd2-affected dogs, rod and cone IS and OS were abnormal as early as 3 weeks of age, progressing with age to severe loss of the OS, and thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) by 12 weeks of age. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified association at the telomeric end of CFA3 in crd1-affected dogs and on CFA33 in crd2-affected dogs. Candidate gene evaluation identified a three bases deletion in exon 21 of PDE6B in crd1-affected dogs, and a cytosine insertion in exon 10 of IQCB1 in crd2-affected dogs. Conclusions Identification of the mutations responsible for these two early-onset retinal degenerations provides new large animal models for comparative disease studies and evaluation of potential therapeutic approaches for the homologous human diseases.
Bis(perfluoroalkyl)sulfur Oxydifluorides

The first bis(perfluoroalkyl)sulfur oxydifluorides have been synthesized by the reaction of chlorine monofluoride with bis(perfluoroalkyl) sulfoxides at –78°C. Unlike the NMR spectra of the bis(perfluoroalkyl)sulfur difluorides, the NMR spectra of these new compounds are first order. These sulfur oxydifluorides, (CF3)2S(O)F2, CF3S(O)F2C2F5, and (C2F5)2S(O)F2 are volatile, colorless liquids which are characterized by infrared, NMR, and mass spectra as well as elemental analyses and vapor pressure data. Als erste Bis(perfluoroalkyl)-schwefeloxydifluoride wurden (CF3)2S(O)F2, CF2S(O)F2C2F5 und (C2F5)2S(O)F2 (fluchtige farblose Flussigkeiten) durch Reaktion von Chlormonofluorid mit Bis(perfluoroalkyl)-sulfoxiden bei –78°C dargestellt und durch Elementaranalyse, Dampfdruckdaten, IR−, 19F-KMR- und Massenspektrum charakterisiert. Im Gegensatz zu Bis(perfluoroalkyl)-schwefeldifluoriden weisen die neuen Verbindungen ein 19F-KMR-Spektrum erster Ordnung auf.
Programming by questionnaire: an effective way to use decision tables

Programming by questionnaire combines aspects of decision table programming and general purpose programming by using decision tables to construct an application program through the selection of certain source statements from a predefined file. It is proposed that programming by questionnaire is a useful compromise between general and special purpose programming for a significant class of large scale problems. The elements of the approach are discussed and an existing application is described.
Study of electric field caused by semiconductor quantum dots in close proximity to DNA origami

Fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are frequently used in conjunction with biological molecules in a wide variety of applications. A negative 30-nm shift in QD emission has been observed upon binding CdSe QDs to DNA origami, a large scaffolded double-stranded DNA molecule. This paper effectively explains the observed emission shift by modeling the effect of the electric field generated by the DNA origami on the band structure of the QD. A relationship between photon energy shift and QD-origami distance is also presented.
Api-do: Tools for Exploring the Wireless Attack Surface in Smart Meters

Security will be critical for the wireless interface offered by soon-to-be-ubiquitous smart meters -- since if not secure, this technology will provide an remotely accessible attack surface distributed throughout many homes and businesses. However, history shows that new network interfaces remained brittle and vulnerable (although believed otherwise) until security researchers could thoroughly explore their attack surface. Unfortunately, for the majority of currently available smart meter wireless networking solutions, we are still in that pre-exploration phase, "closed" radio stacks with proprietary features impede exploration by posing multiple hardware and software obstacles to standard network attack surface exploration techniques. In this paper, we address this problem by presenting open and extensible software tools for 802.15.4-based proprietary stacks that work on commodity digital radio platforms. We hope this contribution advances the state of the art beyond the pre-exploration tipping point, and toward real security.
The influence of molecular complexes on the photooxidation of sulfur dioxide

Abstract It is proposed that molecular interaction products and specifically donor-acceptor molecular complexes significantly affect SO2 photochemical reaction mechanisms. Product quantum yield and triplet SO2 quenching rates are related to the extent of complex formation as indicated by the ionization potential and dielectric constant of the donor species. Intra-complex rearrangement may lead to some of the reaction products observed in some studies. Molecular complexes appear to participate in aerosol formation mechanisms involving SO2. NO and various hydrocarbons at ambient levels.
Heterodimerization of CCR2 chemokines and regulation by glycosaminoglycan binding.

Despite the wide range of sequence diversity among chemokines, their tertiary structures are remarkably similar. Furthermore, many chemokines form dimers or higher order oligomers, but all characterized oligomeric structures are based primarily on two dimerization motifs represented by CC-chemokine or CXC-chemokine dimer interfaces. These observations raise the possibility that some chemokines could form unique hetero-oligomers using the same oligomerization motifs. Such interactions could modulate the overall signaling response of the receptors, thereby providing a general mechanism for regulating chemokine function. For some chemokines, homo-oligomerization has also been shown to be coupled to glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding. However, the effect of GAG binding on chemokine hetero-oligomerization has not yet been demonstrated. In this report, we characterized the heterodimerization of the CCR2 ligands MCP-1 (CCL2), MCP-2 (CCL8), MCP-3 (CCL7), MCP-4 (CCL13), and eotaxin (CCL11), as well as the effects of GAG binding, using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. Strong heterodimerization was observed between CCL2 and CCL8 at the expense of homodimer formation. Using NMR, we showed that the heterodimer is predominant in solution and forms a specific CC chemokine-like dimer. By contrast, only moderate heterodimer formation was observed between CCL2·CCL13, CCL2·CCL11 and CCL8·CCL13, and no heterodimerization was observed when any other CCR2 ligand was added to CCL7. To investigate the effect of a highly sulfated GAG on the formation of heterodimers, each chemokine pair was mixed with the heparin pentasaccharide, Arixtra, and assayed by ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry. Although no CCL8·CCL11 heterodimer was observed in the absence of GAG, abundant ions corresponding to the ternary complex, CCL8·CCL11·Arixtra, were observed upon addition of Arixtra. Heterodimerization between CCL2 and CCL11 was also enhanced in the presence of Arixtra. In summary, these results indicate that some CCR2 ligands can form stable heterodimers in preference to homodimers and that these interactions, like those of homo-oligomers, can be influenced by some GAGs.
Anti-HIV type 1 memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses associated with changes in CD4+ T cell numbers in progression of HIV type 1 infection

We investigated memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLm) responses to HIV-1 as a determinant of HIV-1 disease progression, in relation to plasma HIV-1 load and T lymphocyte numbers in a longitudinal study of 14 homosexual men with incident HIV-1 infection. Study participants were selected who exhibited failure of T cell homeostasis, i.e., a downward inflection in CD3+ T cells that occurs in >75% of persons 1.5 to 2.5 years before development of AIDS, and compared with participants who developed low CD4+ T cell counts associated with possible T cell homeostasis failure, a subject who progressed rapidly to AIDS without well-defined T cell inflection, and subjects who had long-term preservation of T cell homeostasis (nonprogressors). High CTLm responses against Gag, but not Pol or Env, soon after seroconversion were associated with a slower loss of CD4+ T cells 1-4 years after seroconversion. Anti-Env CTLm responses decreased in most subjects around the time that T cell homeostasis failed. Plasma HIV-1 RNA increased exponentially (1.59-fold per year) over the 5 years preceding failure of T cell homeostasis, and there was a shift from a non-syncytium-inducing/CCR5 coreceptor phenotype of HIV-1 to a syncytium-inducing/CXCR4 phenotype, regardless of high or increasing levels of anti-HIV-1 CTLm during this time. These observations suggest that decreases in CTLm and increasing virus load are independent factors contributing to HIV-1 disease progression.
The problem of classification of personnel.

The personnel classification problem arises in its pure form when all job applicants must be used, being divided among a number of job categories. The use of tests for classification involves problems of two types: (1) problems concerning the design, choice, and weighting of tests into a battery, and (2) problems of establishing the optimum administrative procedure of using test results for assignment. A consideration of the first problem emphasizes the desirability of using simple, factorially pure tests which may be expected to have a wide range of validities for different job categories. In the use of test results for assignment, an initial problem is that of expressing predictions of success in different jobs in comparable score units. These units should take account of predictor validity and of job importance. Procedures are described for handling assignment either in terms of daily quotas or in terms of a stable predicted yield.
Efficient Data Aggregation in Multi-Hop WSNs

Data aggregation is a primitive communication task in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we study designing data aggregation schedules under the Protocol Interference Model for answering queries. Given a network consisting of a set of nodes V distributed in a two-dimensional plane, we address different kinds of queries in this paper. First and foremost, we consider a single one-off query which requires a subset of source nodes V′ ⊆ V to send data to a distinguished sink node, we propose a delay-efficient algorithm that produces a collision-free schedule and theoretically prove that the delay achieved by our algorithm is nearly a small constant factor of the optimum. We further extend our discussion to the multiple one-off queries case and periodic query case and propose our data aggregation scheduling algorithms respectively with theoretical performance analysis.
Analysis of gene expression in PTHrP−/− mammary buds supports a role for BMP signaling and MMP2 in the initiation of ductal morphogenesis

Parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP) acts on the mammary mesenchyme and is required for proper embryonic mammary development. In order to understand PTHrP's effects on mesenchymal cells, we profiled gene expression in WT and PTHrP−/− mammary buds, and in WT and K14-PTHrP ventral skin at E15.5. By cross-referencing the differences in gene expression between these groups, we identified 35 genes potentially regulated by PTHrP in the mammary mesenchyme, including 6 genes known to be involved in BMP signaling. One of these genes was MMP2. We demonstrated that PTHrP and BMP4 regulate MMP2 gene expression and MMP2 activity in mesenchymal cells. Using mammary bud cultures, we demonstrated that MMP2 acts downstream of PTHrP to stimulate ductal outgrowth. Future studies on the functional role of other genes on this list should expand our knowledge of how PTHrP signaling triggers the onset of ductal outgrowth from the embryonic mammary buds. Developmental Dynamics 238:2713–2724, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Latent Nystagmus: Vestibular Nystagmus With a Twist

Background Latent nystagmus is a horizontal binocular oscillation that is evokedby unequal visual input to the 2 eyes. It develops primarily in humans withcongenital esotropia. Objective To investigate the interrelationship between latent and peripheral vestibularnystagmus and their corollary neuroanatomical pathways. Methods Examination of subcortical neuroanatomical pathways producing latentnystagmus and review of the neurophysiological mechanisms by which they becomeactivated in congenital esotropia. Results The vestibular nucleus presides over motion input from the eyes andlabyrinths. Latent nystagmus corresponds to the optokinetic component of ocularrotation that is driven monocularly by nasal optic flow during a turning movementof the body in lateral-eyed animals. Congenital esotropia alters visual pathwaydevelopment from the visual cortex to subcortical centers that project tothe vestibular nucleus, allowing this primitive subcortical motion detectionsystem to generate latent nystagmus under conditions of monocular fixation. Conclusions Latent nystagmus is the ocular counterpart of peripheral vestibularnystagmus. Its clinical expression in humans proclaims the evolutionary functionof the eyes as sensory balance organs.
Azasteroids. I. A convenient synthesis of ethyl 1,2,3,3-tetrahydrohenzo[f] quinoline-3-carboxylate

In view of the fact that a synthesis of 3-desoxy-18-nor-14-azaequilenin (I) has recently been reported (3) we wish to report on our synthetic path to this azasteroid. In this work the intermediate ethyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoline-3-carboxylate (II) was conveniently synthesized from commercially available benzo[f]quinoline (III). Compound III was converted to the Reissert compound (IV) (4), which on hydrolysis (5) gave the acid V. Catalytic hydrogenation of V gave poor results when carried out in glacial acetic acid or 15% hydrochloric acid at room temperature. However, the reduction proceeded smoothly and quantitatively by the procedure indicated in the experimental. Esterification of the crude, reduced acid hydrochloride (VI) proceeded to give II which can be converted into I as described (3).
The renin-angiotensin system and prevention of age-related functional decline: where are we now?

Declining physical function is a major health problem for older adults as it is associated with multiple comorbidities and mortality. Exercise has been shown to improve physical function, though response to exercise is variable. Conversely, drugs targeting the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) pathway, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are also reported to improve physical function. In the past decade, significant strides have been made to understand the complexity and specificity of the RAS system as it pertains to physical function in older adults. Prior findings have also determined that interactions between antihypertensive medications and exercise may influence physical function above and beyond either factor alone. We review the latest research on RAS, exercise, and physical function for older adults. We also outline future research aims in this area, including genetic influences and clinical phenotyping, for the purpose of maintaining or improving physical function through tailored treatments.
UTILIZATION OF AEROSOL THERAPY IN NEONATES IN USA NICUS. † 1954

Due to the apparent widespread use of aerosol therapy in neonates, we surveyed the current use of aerosol therapy in Level III Neonatal Units in the USA. The indications, the methods of delivery, and the medications aerosolized were assessed. 190 of 287 (66%) NICUs responded to the survey. 186/190 (98%) NICUs indicated they use aerosol therapy. Clinical reasons for using aerosol therapy include bronchospasm (98%); antiinflammation (68%); diuresis (8%); antibiotic administration (17%); mucolysis (4%); pulmonary toilet (3%); hemostasis in pulmonary hemorrhage (2%). For intubated neonates, 84% of respondents utilize nebulization (neb), 16% use metered dose inhalers (MDI). For nonintubated infants, 95% of respondents use neb, 5% use MDI. With respect to medications aerosolized in NICU patients, all 186 NICUs that practice aerosol therapy use beta adrenergic agents; 59% use Na cromoglycate; 44% corticosteroids; 9% diuretics; 20% ipratropium; 9% racemic epinephrine; 4% mucomyst. 12% indicated use of aminoglycosides. 3 NICUs indicated use of either cocaine or epinephrine for hemostasis in pulmonary hemorrhage. Of survey responders who use corticosteroids, 50% nebulize steroids despite existing evidence that the respirable particle size for steroids is more effectively achieved by MDI. Conclusion: Despite a paucity of data on aerosol drug delivery, clinical efficacy, and safety, the majority of NICUs responding to the survey do use aerosol therapy. Given the widespread use, varying clinical indications, methods of delivery, and types of drugs it is critical to document optimal dosing, delivery, safety, and efficacy.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Stomal Complications in Patients Undergoing Cystectomy With Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion for Bladder Cancer

Purpose: In this study we examined the incidence and associated factors of stomal complications in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion for bladder cancer. In addition, we evaluated the treatment and outcomes of surgical procedures in patients in whom stoma related complications developed.Materials and Methods: From 2001 to 2005 a total of 137 patients underwent ileal conduit diversion after cystectomy or exploration for bladder cancer, had complete clinical followup and were followed for at least 12 months after surgery. The incidence of stomal complications (including parastomal hernia, stomal stenosis and stomal prolapse) is reported with correlations made to age, race, gender, body mass index, smoking history, alcohol consumption, preoperative laboratory values (creatinine, hematocrit), operative estimated blood loss and surgical complications. In addition, management of stomal complications is reported.Results: Of the 137 patients 21 stomal complications (15.3%)...
Concept analysis: resilience

This paper will systematically analyze the concept of resilience using an integrated review of literature. The historical perspective, attributes, antecedents, and consequences of resilience will be reviewed. A theoretical and operational definition will be provided. The Walker and Avant method will be used to describe the cases. Finally, the use of concept map will capture the relationships among the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical indicators through clustering and chaining.
Protic-Dipolar Aprotic Solvents in 1, 3-Cycloaddition Reactions. Role of Dipolar Aprotic Solvents in Cycloadditions Involving Anionic 1, 3-Dipoles and an Improved Synthesis of 1, 5-Substituted Tetrazoles1

Abstract The reaction of irnidoyl chlorides with inorganic atides lcadfng to 1-monosubsti tuted and 1, b disubstituted tetra to lcs consti tutes a general method for the synthesis of these compounds (2). However. in the nonaqutous media normally used in this nactlon with anhydrous hydrogen azide, high temperatures and pressurts are required, and the tetratolcs formed are often accompanied by products derived fmm carbodiidde, such as ureas (3), not to menti on the disadvantages involved In handling anydrous hydrogen atfde tolutions(Eq. I). The use of buffered aqueous sodium atide solutlons makes It convenient to handle the azlde and the rcactlon i s fret from rearrangcmcnt products; however, nucleaphilic displacement of chlorfne by both atide and water occurs, fonfng, in addition to the tetrazoles, large amounts of the mides corraspondi ng to the irni doyl chl ori dts, and entai 1s tedious fractl onations (4) (Eq. 11).
Fractionation of Thyroid Iodine by means of Filter-Paper Partition Chromatography

BY means of filter-paper partition chromatography, Fink, Dent and Fink1 located several different radioiodine fractions in hydrolysates prepared from thyroids of rats that had been injected 24–28 hours earlier with iodine-131. Surprisingly, little or none of the radioactivity was found as thyroxine. Since this is not in accord with previous results from this laboratory2, we examined the method of filter-paper chromatography as applied to thyroid iodine.
Activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the liver of animals with experimental obesity.

Abstract Sodium-potassium dependent adenosinetriphosphate (Na + + K + )-ATPase (E.C.3.6.1.3.) is significantly lower in the liver of diabetes (db/db) and obese (ob/ob) mice but the activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.99.5.) was similar. Obese yellow mice and goldthioglucose obese mice showed no differences from lean controls in the activity of either enzyme. Treatment with triiodothyronine increased the activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver from lean and diabetes (db/db) mice but the activity of the (Na + + K + )-ATPase was only stimulated in the lean animals. Treatment with triiodothyronine increased the activity of both enzymes in the liver of the fatty (Zucker) rat.
Effect of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in a CVD Reactor on the Densification Rate of Carbon Brakes

The effect of heat transfer and fluid flow on the densification rate of carbon brake substrates inside a chemical vapor deposition reactor is investigated using non-Boussinesq equations. These equations are valid for large temperature variations and low Mach number flows. Surface to surface radiation between the reactor walls and the brake substrates is considered, where all surfaces are treated as gray and diffuse, while the gas is assumed to be non-participating. A Brinkman model has been used for the flow within the brake substrates. Moreover, implementation of a simple kinetic mechanism is included to account for chemical reactions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Use of the Cobb procedure in the treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

Numerous surgical procedures have been described for the treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. The surgeon should review in detail all the clinical, radiographic and imaging tests and propose the best surgical procedure for the patient. Although flexor tendon transfer has shown excellent results, the split anterior tibial tendon transfer is a second option. If used properly, the Cobb procedure results in less functional loss, since only half of the anterior tibial tendon is transferred. Furthermore, the flexor tendon is not disrupted and continues its primary function in the foot and ankle. Ultimately, the goals of the surgical procedure are to alleviate the patient's symptoms and pain, restore a normal foot alignment, and limit the loss of foot and ankle function without causing any complications.
Sibling constellation and attitudes toward women among college students

Abstract We examined the relationships between sibling constellation and attitudes toward women among 71 male and 75 female college students from intact middle- and upper-middle-class families. Results indicated that, in their attitudes toward women, men were significantly less egalitarian than women. In addition, whereas no significant differences in attitudes toward women were found among women in female sibling constellations, significant differences were found among men in the male sibling constellations. Men with no siblings or with an older brother were less egalitarian in their attitudes toward women than were men with a sister. Men with a younger brother were less egalitarian than were those with an older sister. Furthermore, men with no siblings, or with a younger or an older brother were less egalitarian than women in female sibling constellations. Men in the mixed-siblings group and those with a younger sister were less egalitarian than were women with an older sister and women with a younger b...
Effect of Surface Treatment on Surface Characteristics and Biocompatibility of AISI 316L Stainless Steel

Surface characteristics are essential in determining the biocompatibility of medical implants. Surface treatments such as mechanical polishing, electropolishing, passivation and plastic strain of AISI 316L stainless steel was found to affect the critical surface tension, with the combined electropolishing and passivation treatment resulting in the most desirable critical surface tension for biocompatibility. AES and XPS analysis showed that electropolishing results in changing the surface chemical composition significantly. There is significant Cr enrichment on the surface, compared to the bulk. The surface Cr and Fe exist as a combination of oxides and hydroxides.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Micropolitics of Knowledge: Communication and Indirect Control in Workgroups

The article presents a review of the book & Micropolitics of Knowledge: Communication and Indirect Control in Workgroups,& by Emmanuel Lazega.
Connection between salinity and light absorption coefficient

In many important applications it is necessary to estimate inherent optical properties of sea water using only available oceanographic data. Among the many hydrographic parameters of sea water only salinity has been shown to have a significant correlation with such optical parameters such as absorption coefficient. This correlation is due to the coupling between salinity and concentration of dissolved organic matter. The advantages and disadvantages in using this correlation to retrieve absorption properties is examined for a coastal plume.
Proliferation of aneuploid human cells is limited by a p53-dependent mechanism

Most solid tumors are aneuploid, and it has been proposed that aneuploidy is the consequence of an elevated rate of chromosome missegregation in a process called chromosomal instability (CIN). However, the relationship of aneuploidy and CIN is unclear because the proliferation of cultured diploid cells is compromised by chromosome missegregation. The mechanism for this intolerance of nondiploid genomes is unknown. In this study, we show that in otherwise diploid human cells, chromosome missegregation causes a cell cycle delay with nuclear accumulation of the tumor suppressor p53 and the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21. Deletion of the p53 gene permits the accumulation of nondiploid cells such that CIN generates cells with aneuploid genomes that resemble many human tumors. Thus, the p53 pathway plays an important role in limiting the propagation of aneuploid human cells in culture to preserve the diploid karyotype of the population. These data fit with the concordance of aneuploidy and disruption of the p53 pathway in many tumors, but the presence of aneuploid cells in some normal human and mouse tissues indicates that there are known exceptions to the involvement of p53 in aneuploid cells and that tissue context may be important in how cells respond to aneuploidy.
Neuronal Remodeling During Metamorphosis Is Regulated by the alan shepard ( shep ) Gene in Drosophila melanogaster

Peptidergic neurons are a group of neuronal cells that synthesize and secrete peptides to regulate a variety of biological processes. To identify genes controlling the development and function of peptidergic neurons, we conducted a screen of 545 splice-trap lines and identified 28 loci that drove expression in peptidergic neurons when crossed to a GFP reporter transgene. Among these lines, an insertion in the alan shepard (shep) gene drove expression specifically in most peptidergic neurons. shep transcripts and SHEP proteins were detected primarily and broadly in the central nervous system (CNS) in embryos, and this expression continued into the adult stage. Loss of shep resulted in late pupal lethality, reduced adult life span, wing expansion defects, uncoordinated adult locomotor activities, rejection of males by virgin females, and reduced neuropil area and reduced levels of multiple presynaptic markers throughout the adult CNS. Examination of the bursicon neurons in shep mutant pharate adults revealed smaller somata and fewer axonal branches and boutons, and all of these cellular phenotypes were fully rescued by expression of the most abundant wild-type shep isoform. In contrast to shep mutant animals at the pharate adult stage, shep mutant larvae displayed normal bursicon neuron morphologies. Similarly, shep mutant adults were uncoordinated and weak, while shep mutant larvae displayed largely, although not entirely, normal locomotor behavior. Thus, shep played an important role in the metamorphic development of many neurons.
Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries

e mobility challenges of the developing world are consider       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         . 
Methodology and Design Flow for Assisted Neural-Model Implementations in FPGAs

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have previously been shown as high-performance platforms for neural-modeling applications. Implementations have traditionally been time-consuming and error-prone, requiring the neural modeler to work outside of their expert domain. This paper demonstrates a new approach to the development of neural models using an auto-generation toolkit. This design tool enables model construction-level alterations (e.g., adjustment of model population size or insertion/deletion of an ionic conductance) within hours and parameter changes on-the-fly. The approach is validated on a 40-neuron pre-Boumltzinger complex population model consisting of Hodgkin-Huxley style conductances and fully interconnected synapses. A total of 1880 parameters are on-the-fly user tunable on a free-running model. The resulting implemented model performs at a theoretical 8.7times real-time utilizing 90% of logic elements within a Xilinx Virtex-4 XC4VSX35-fg676-10FPGA
Multilayered epithelium in mucosal biopsy specimens from the gastroesophageal junction region is a histologic marker of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Barrett esophagus (BE) is defined as a columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus that develops as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A distinctive type of multilayered epithelium (ME) that exhibits features of both squamous and columnar epithelium has been hypothesized to represent an early, or intermediate, phase in the development of BE. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the prevalence and specificity of ME in mucosal biopsies of the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) from patients who had GERD, either with or without BE. During endoscopic examination of the esophagus, 2 biopsy specimens were obtained from across the SCJ from 27 patients with BE, 12 patients who had GERD without BE, and 14 controls who had no symptoms or endoscopic or histologic signs of GERD. ME was present at the SCJ in 33%, 33%, and 0% of BE, GERD, and control patients, respectively. Compared with control subjects, the prevalence of ME was significantly higher in both GERD and BE patients (P<0.05). In GERD patients without BE, ME was always detected adjacent to areas of cardia-type mucosa composed of mucous glands. ME from GERD patients and BE patients had a similar immunophenotype, showing expression of the intestinal markers MUC2 and cdx-2 in 38% and 77% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of expression of these markers in ME was significantly different from nongoblet epithelium in control patients. Our results provide further evidence that ME may represent an early, transitional form of columnar metaplasia, and that ME may be used as a histologic marker of reflux disease in mucosal biopsies from the gastroesophageal junction region.
Modernity/Coloniality and Eurocentric Education: Towards a Post-Occidental Self-Understanding of the Present

This article sketches a post-Occidental interpretation of the historical/conceptual relationships between modern western education and European civilizational identity formation. Modern western edu...
Protograph based LDPC codes with minimum distance linearly growing with block size

We propose several LDPC code constructions that simultaneously achieve good threshold and error floor performance. Minimum distance is shown to grow linearly with block size (similar to regular codes of variable degree at least 3) by considering ensemble average weight enumerators. Our constructions are based on projected graph, or protograph, structures that support high-speed decoder implementations. As with irregular ensembles, our constructions are sensitive to the proportion of degree-2 variable nodes. A code with too few such nodes tends to have an iterative decoding threshold that is far from the capacity threshold. A code with too many such nodes tends to not exhibit a minimum distance that grows linearly in block length. In this paper we also show that preceding can be used to lower the threshold of regular LDPC codes. The decoding thresholds of the proposed codes, which have linearly increasing minimum distance in block size, outperform that of regular LDPC codes. Furthermore, a family of low to high rate codes, with thresholds that adhere closely to their respective channel capacity thresholds, is presented. Simulation results for a few example codes show that the proposed codes have low error floors as well as good threshold SNR performance.
Phosphonate‐modified GdDTPA complexes. I. NMRD study of the solution behavior of new tissue‐specific contrast agents

NMRD profiles, the magnetic field dependence of the water proton longitudinal relaxation rates, have been acquired for two new diphosphonate-modified GdDTPA complexes currently under evaluation as relaxation agents for the MRI detection of soft-tissue calcifications. Fresh dilute solutions show profiles identical to that of unmodified GdDTPA, which remain unchanged for up to 9 weeks. Solutions containing Gd species at MRI significant concentrations, 100 to 500 mM, show the presence of oligomers (n = 5 or more) upon aging, with much higher high-field relaxivities. Aggregation is attributed to the interactions between a gadolinium center and the phosphonate terminus of a neighboring molecule, and is prevented by esterification of the phosphonate terminus. Oligomers are also easily disrupted by dilution with phosphate-buffered saline, where the exogenous phosphate ions compete with the phosphonate. Other nucleophiles such as are present in protein side chains of bovine serum albumin also compete with the phosphonate in these associations, the result being species with even higher relaxivities. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
The performance of parallel Prolog programs

Performance results are presented for a parallel execution model for Prolog that supports AND-parallelism, OR-parallelism, and intelligent backtracking. The results show that restricted AND-parallelism is of limited benefit for small programs, but produced speedups from 7-10 on two large programs. OR-parallelism was found to be generally not useful for the benchmarks examined if the semantics of Prolog were preserved. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of super-multiplicative behavior, in which the performance improvement obtained when more than one technique is used is greater than the product of the performance improvements due to each technique individually. The implications of the performance results for parallel Prolog systems are discussed, and directions for future work are indicated. >
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke: intravenous and endovascular therapies

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the USA, following heart disease and cancer. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only US FDA-approved pharmacological treatment available today for acute ischemic stroke. Despite the approval of this drug, it has been underutilized in the community. The limited time window of 3 h disqualifies many patients from receiving the drug. In addition, fears of intracranial hemorrhage have resulted in underutilization of the drug in the community setting. Efforts to increase the time window of treatment include utilization of the intra-arterial route for delivery of a thrombolytic drug and interventional mechanical strategies. In this article, we review the major intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis trials and review the mechanical strategies being developed to treat patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Doxazosin and cholestyramine similarly decrease fatty streak formation in the aortic arch of hyperlipidemic hamsters

Abstract The effect of doxazosin, an alpha-1 adrenergic inhibitor, on atherosclerosis was determined in hyperlipidemic hamsters. Control hamsters fed chow plus 0.05% cholesterol and 10% coconut oil were compared to chow baseline animals, and to those receiving either 10 mg/kg/day doxazosin, or 245 mg/kg/day cholestyramine in the atherogenic diet. During 8 weeks of treatment, plasma lipids, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured, then the ascending aortic arch was examined en face. Numbers of subendothelial macrophage-foam cells/mm2 and their average size (μm 2 ) were determined, and Oil red O staining (μg ORO/mm2) was quantitated to estimate lipid accumulation. Ultracentrifugation of control plasma demonstrated that low density lipoprotein (LDL) carried most of the cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was rich in triglycerides. Compared to controls, doxazosin and cholestyramine similarly decreased plasma total and LDL plus VLDL cholesterols, and total triglycerides on average by 46%, 61% and 45% respectively. High density lipoprotein cholesterol was unchanged. Doxazosin also reduced MAP by 18% without affecting HR. In all hamsters, foam cells and lipid accumulated in a lesion-prone area characterized by elevated endothelial cell density, and a thick intima of basement membrane-like material layered over “pads” of smooth muscle cells. Compared to controls, doxazosin and cholestyramine uniformly reduced the number of foam cells/mm 2 , foam cell size and ORO staining on average by 66%, 29% and 56%, respectively. We conclude that doxazosin decreases plasma lipids and inhibits the development of the fatty streak to a similar level as cholestyramine treatment.