cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ontogeny of specific binding sites for the calcium channel antagonist, nitrendipine, in mouse heart and brain

The high specific activity radioligand, [3H]nitrendipine, was used to study the ontogeny of high affinity binding sites in mouse heart and brain. A period of rapid postnatal brain growth is reflected by a dramatic increase in the receptor density (Bmax) between 7 and 21 days of age, reaching an adult Bmax value of 10.7 ± 0.38fmol/mg tissue. A more linear rise in cardiac binding site density to 16.8 ± 2.0fmol/mg tissue was found while no change in Kd of either tissue was noted during development.
High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Medically Inoperable Stage I Endometrial Cancer

Abstract Purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy in 36 medically inoperable patients with stage I endometrial cancer. Methods and Materials. From October 1989 to August 1997, 36 patients presented with clinical stage I inoperable endometrial cancer. Surgery was precluded because of obesity and/or poor cardio–pulmonary reserve. Obesity was assessed using the body mass index (BMI) scale (kg/m 2 ). Patients received 5 weekly HDR outpatient brachytherapy applications while under intravenous conscious sedation. Three-year clinical endpoints were calculated using the Kaplan and Meier method. Grade 3 and above complications were scored using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group system. Results. The median age, Karnofsky performance status, BMI, and weight were 65 years old, 80%, 47 kg/m 2 , and 268 lbs, respectively. Nineteen patients were inoperable due to morbid obesity (median weight and BMI: 316 lbs and 56 kg/m 2 ) while the remaining patients had other significant medical problems. Two patients died from acute cardiovascular events within 30 days of the last insertion. With a median follow-up of 32 months the 3-year uterine control, disease-free survival, survival, and complications were 88, 85, 65, and 21%, respectively. Conclusion. Excellent uterine control rates (88%) were achieved using HDR brachytherapy for patients with medically inoperable endometrial cancer, but with significant acute and late morbidities. These toxicities were observed in a previous interim analysis that resulted in major modifications of the HDR program. No severe complications have developed since these changes were implemented. The current approach used for these challenging inoperable patients is a viable alternative to observation or hormonal therapy.
Advanced Age Diminishes Tendon-to-Bone Healing in a Rat Model of Rotator Cuff Repair

Background:Advanced patient age is associated with recurrent tearing and failure of rotator cuff repairs clinically; however, basic science studies have not evaluated the influence of aging on tendon-to-bone healing after rotator cuff repair in an animal model.Hypothesis/Purpose:This study examined the effect of aging on tendon-to-bone healing in an established rat model of rotator cuff repair using the aged animal colony from the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health. The authors hypothesized that normal aging decreases biomechanical strength and histologic organization at the tendon-to-bone junction after acute repair.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:In 56 F344xBN rats, 28 old and 28 young (24 and 8 months of age, respectively), the supraspinatus tendon was transected and repaired. At 2 or 8 weeks after surgery, shoulder specimens underwent biomechanical testing to compare load-to-failure and load-relaxation response between age groups. Histologic sections of t...
Real magic: future studies of magic should be grounded in neuroscience

. Our two-pronged approach was that, first, magic techniques could be used as powerful tools in cognitive neuroscience research, and that, second, the perception of magic tricks will be best understood from a neurobiological perspective. While commending our Perspective,
γ-Butyrolactone-acetonitrile solution of triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate as an electrolyte for double-layer capacitors

Properties of a γ-butyrolactone-acetonitrile solution of triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate were systematically measured for its potential to be used as an electrolyte in double-layer capacitors and for demonstrating the ways in which these properties can be optimized through choosing an appropriate solvent mixture and an appropriate salt and adjusting the electrolyte composition. These properties included the liquid range of the solvent and the solution at different compositions, the dielectric constant of the binary solvent as a function of solvent composition and temperature, the conductivity of the solution as a function of salt content, solvent composition, and temperature and the oxidative stability of the electrolytes at different solvent compositions. To correlate the properties of the electrolytes with the properties and performance of the double-layer capacitors utilizing the electrolytes, such capacitors were built and their equivalent series resistance, cyclic voltammogram, and operating voltage were measured for different solvent compositions of the capacitor electrolytes. The results revealed a clear correlation between the conductivity and the oxidative stability of the electrolytes and the equivalent series resistance and the operating voltage of the capacitors, respectively. Furthermore, it is clearly demonstrated that by using a binary solvent and adjusting its composition properly, the electrolyte it makes with an appropriate salt can be effectively optimized with regard to its liquid range, conductivity, and electrochemical stability window, which in turn imparts the double-layer capacitor utilizing such an electrolyte with a set of optimal properties such as a wide range of operating temperature, low equivalent series resistance, and high operating voltage.
Noise-induced degeneration in the brain and representation of inner and outer hair cells

Noise that destroys receptor cells in the chinchilla cochlea also results in degeneration of axonal endings in the brain from the cochlear nerve fibers and the auditory pathways ascending to the superior olivary complex and inferior colliculus. The patterns of degeneration provide experimental evidence for differential representation of inner and outer hair cells and their functions.
Perceived risk: A cross-cultural phenomenon?

Abstract The existence of a positive relationship between perceived risk and brand loyalty has been accepted in the United States since the 1960s. Recognizing this, marketers frequently give out free samples or coupons and provide reassurances through warranties to induce trial and subsequent acceptance of their brand by the consumer. However, validity of the concept of perceived risk with respect to international markets has been lacking. This paper responds to the call for cross-national research of behavioral concepts and tests the applicability of perceived risk in a cross-national setting. While the limited scope of the study (four countries and two products) does not permit definitive statements, results indicate that perceived risk can be used to analyze consumer behavior patterns in different cultures. The findings also suggest that the risk reduction strategy of brand loyalty may not be widely employed by consumers outside the U.S.A.
Camera Networks: The Acquisition and Analysis of Videos over Wide Areas

As networks of video cameras are installed in many applications like security and surveillance, environmental monitoring, disaster response, and assisted living facilities, among others, image understanding in camera networks is becoming an important area of research and technology development. There are many challenges that need to be addressed in the process. Some of them are listed below: - Traditional computer vision challenges in tracking and recognition, robustness to pose, illumination, occlusion, clutter, recognition of objects, and activities; - Aggregating local information for wide area scene understanding, like obtaining stable, long-term tracks of objects; - Positioning of the cameras and dynamic control of pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras for optimal sensing; - Distributed processing and scene analysis algorithms; - Resource constraints imposed by different applications like security and surveillance, environmental monitoring, disaster response, assisted living facilities, etc. In this book, we focus on the basic research problems in camera networks, review the current state-of-the-art and present a detailed description of some of the recently developed methodologies. The major underlying theme in all the work presented is to take a network-centric view whereby the overall decisions are made at the network level. This is sometimes achieved by accumulating all the data at a central server, while at other times by exchanging decisions made by individual cameras based on their locally sensed data. Chapter One starts with an overview of the problems in camera networks and the major research directions. Some of the currently available experimental testbeds are also discussed here. One of the fundamental tasks in the analysis of dynamic scenes is to track objects. Since camera networks cover a large area, the systems need to be able to track over such wide areas where there could be both overlapping and non-overlapping fields of view of the cameras, as addressed in Chapter Two: Distributed processing is another challenge in camera networks and recent methods have shown how to do tracking, pose estimation and calibration in a distributed environment. Consensus algorithms that enable these tasks are described in Chapter Three. Chapter Four summarizes a few approaches on object and activity recognition in both distributed and centralized camera network environments. All these methods have focused primarily on the analysis side given that images are being obtained by the cameras. Efficient utilization of such networks often calls for active sensing, whereby the acquisition and analysis phases are closely linked. We discuss this issue in detail in Chapter Five and show how collaborative and opportunistic sensing in a camera network can be achieved. Finally, Chapter Six concludes the book by highlighting the major directions for future research. Table of Contents: An Introduction to Camera Networks / Wide-Area Tracking / Distributed Processing in Camera Networks / Object and Activity Recognition / Active Sensing / Future Research Directions
High-performance SiGe MODFET technology

An overview of SiGe modulation-doped field-effect transistor (MODFET) technology is provided. The layer structures and mobility enhancements for both p- and n-channel modulation-doped quantum wells are described and compared to mobilities in Si/SiO 2 inversion layers. Next, previous results on high-performance n- and p-MODFETs fabricated at IBM and elsewhere are reviewed, followed by recent results on laterally-scaled Si/SiGe n-MODFETs with gate lengths as small as 70 nm. We conclude with a discussion of the materials issues for the future vertical and lateral scaling of SiGe MODFETs.
Interaction of early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1), specificity protein 1 (Sp1), and cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) at a proximal response element is critical for gastrin-dependent activation of the chromogranin A promoter.

Recently, binding of specific protein 1 (Sp1) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) to a GC-rich element at −92/−62 has been identified as a critical step in gastrin-dependent regulation of the chromogranin A (CgA) gene in gastric epithelial cells. Here we demonstrate that binding of early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) to the distal part of the −92/−62 site is also required for gastrin-dependent CgA transactivation. Gastrin elevated cellular and nuclear Egr-1 levels in a time-dependent manner and also increased Egr-1 binding to the CgA −92/−73 region. Disruption of this site reduced gastrin responsiveness without influencing basal promoter activity, while loss of Sp1 and/or CREB binding sites diminished basal and gastrin-stimulated CgA promoter activity. Ectopic Egr-1 overexpression potently stimulated the CgA promoter, whereas coexpression of Egr-1 with Sp1 and/or CREB resulted in additive effects. Functional analysis of Sp1-, Egr-1-, or CREB-specific promoter mutations in transfection stu...
Nanoscale precipitation and mechanical properties of Al-0.06 at.% Sc alloys microalloyed with Yb or Gd

Dilute Al-0.06 at.% Sc alloys with microalloying additions of 50 at. ppm of ytterbium (Yb) or gadolinium (Gd) are studied with 3D local-electrode atom-probe (LEAP) tomography for different aging times at 300 °C. Peak-aged alloys exhibit Al3(Sc1−xYbx) or Al3(Sc1−xGdx) precipitates (L12 structure) with a higher number density (and therefore higher peak hardness) than a binary Al-0.06 at.% Sc alloy. The Al–Sc–Gd alloy exhibits a higher number density of precipitates with a smaller average radius than the Al–Sc–Yb alloy, leading to a higher hardness. In the Al–Sc–Gd alloy, only a small amount of the Sc is replaced by Gd in the Al3(Sc1−xGdx) precipitates, where x = 0.08. By contrast, the hardness incubation time is significantly shorter in the Al–Sc–Yb alloy, due to the formation of Yb-rich Al3(Yb1−xScx) precipitates to which Sc subsequently diffuses, eventually forming Sc-rich Al3(Sc1−xYbx) precipitates. For both alloys, the precipitate radii are found to be almost constant to an aging time of 24 h, although the concentration and distribution of the RE elements in the precipitates continues to evolve temporally. Similar to microhardness at ambient temperature, the creep resistance at 300 °C is significantly improved by RE microalloying of the binary Al-0.06 at.% Sc alloy.
The Gödel editorial project: A synopsis

The final two volumes, numbers IV and V, of the Oxford University Press edition of the Collected Works of Kurt Godel [3]–[7] appeared in 2003, thus completing a project that started over twenty years earlier. What I mainly want to do here is trace, from the vantage point of my personal involvement, the at some times halting and at other times intense development of the Godel editorial project from the first initiatives following Godel's death in 1978 to its completion last year. It may be useful to scholars mounting similar editorial projects for other significant figures in our field to learn how and why various decisions were made and how the work was carried out, though of course much is particular to who and what we were dealing with. My hope here is also to give the reader who is not already familiar with the Godel Works a sense of what has been gained in the process, and to encourage dipping in according to interest. Given the absolute importance of Godel for mathematical logic, students should also be pointed to these important source materials to experience first hand the exercise of his genius and the varied ways of his thought and to see how scholarly and critical studies help to expand their significance. Though indeed much has been gained in our work there is still much that can and should be done; besides some indications below, for that the reader is referred to [2].
From coronary artery disease to heart failure: Role of the hibernating myocardium

Hibernating myocardium is defined as persistently impaired myocardial and left ventricular (LV) function at rest resulting from reduced myocardial blood flow. It may occur in unstable angina and chronic stable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and LV dysfunction and congestive heart failure. Recovery of the hibernating myocardium has clearly been shown to occur with the establishment of successful revascularization either by coronary bypass surgery or by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. It may be possible to show recovery of the viable myocardium by reducing myocardial oxygen demand and/or by increasing coronary blood flow with pharmaceutical agents.
Reaction measurements and analyses for He 3 + He 4 at 15.95 MeV (c.m.)

A study has been made of the proton and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle yields from the 28-MeV (lab) bombardment of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ by $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. From these measurements a total reaction cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$ of $433\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10$ mb was deduced. A reaction-model analysis of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle continuum revealed a significant contribution from the sequential reaction $^{3}\mathrm{He}+^{4}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}\mathrm{Li}(2.18)+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\alpha}+d+p$ in which the breakup of the excited $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ nucleus is nearly isotropic in its rest system. A phase-shift study was performed for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ + $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ elastic scattering at this energy using our ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$ value as a constraint. A pronounced odd-even dependence of the real parts of the phase shifts on the orbital angular momentum was found. The results of this work are compared with other experiments, optical-model and phase-shift analyses, and resonating-group calculations.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{4}\mathrm{He}(^{3}\mathrm{He},p)$, ($^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha}$), $E=28.00$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{p},\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}},\ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$. $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-continuum analysis. Phase-shift analysis. Resonating-group comparison.]
Plasmonic coupling of SiO2–Ag “post-cap” nanostructures and silver film for surface enhanced Raman scattering

We demonstrate a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate consisting of SiO2–Ag “post-cap” nanostructures with an underlying silver film fabricated by the glancing angle deposition technique. Electromagnetic simulations predict that SERS enhancement is strongly polarization-dependent, consistent with experimental measurements. Optimized coupling between Ag cap nanoparticles and the underlying silver film can be achieved by controlling the thickness of SiO2 post sandwiched between them to significantly enhance local electric-field intensity and to increase the density of electromagnetic hot spots. A maximum SERS enhancement factor of 2.38×109 within the hot spot region is demonstrated, providing sufficient sensitivity for many important applications.
Some Relationships between Members of the Epidote Group

IT has been generally accepted in the past that continuous solid solution existed in the epidote group between pure aluminium epidote, Ca2Al3Si3O12.OH (Cz), and common iron epidote1–3. Four important minerals occur in this range; in order of increasing iron content they are α-zoisite and β-zoisite (orthorhombic), clinozoisite and epidote (monoclinic). They are distinguished on the basis of their optical properties.
A 25Gb/s 170μW/Gb/s optical receiver in 28nm CMOS for chip-to-chip optical communication

A low-power high-speed optical receiver in 28nm CMOS is presented. The design features a novel architecture combining a low-bandwidth TIA front-end, double-sampling technique and dynamic offset modulation. The low-bandwidth TIA increases receiver's sensitivity while adding minimal power overhead. Functionality of the receiver was validated and the design is compared with a conventional 3-stage TIA receiver via actual measurements. The proposed receiver architecture achieves error-free operation (BER<;10^(-12)) at 25Gb/s with energy efficiency of 170fJ/b while the conventional receiver achieves error-free operation at 17.1Gb/s with energy efficiency of 260fJ/b.
Numerical simulation of the instability of an inviscid liquid jet in a coflowing compressible airstream

The nonlinear interfacial instability of a liquid jet in a coflowing compressible airstream is studied numerically. A high-resolution scheme which has second-order accuracy in space and time is coupled with a Lagrangian marker particle algorithm to visualize the large-scale motion of the interfaces in compressible flow. A numerical algorithm based on an approximate equation of state of a compressible liquid is developed to allow this two-fluid system to be governed by the nonlinear unsteady Euler equations in conservative form. The initial growth of small disturbances given by the simulations agrees well with linear theory. The process of jet disruption in compressible flow is demonstrated to consist of the formation of liquid spikes, interweaving of the gas and liquid and stretching and detachment of the liquid main center core.
Context-aware hypermedia in a dynamically-changing environment, supported by a high-level Petri net

In modern hypertext systems, with the increased availability of personal computers with environmental sensors (e.g., GPS sensors), adaptation support to meet the needs of the users in dynamically-changing environments will become essential. Hypertext systems supporting computing devices with environmental sensors will therefore benefit if they can also become context-aware. In this research, we introduce caT (for Context-Aware Trellis), a context-aware hypertext model with associated tools, which supports flexible user (or agent) adaptation to changes in environmental information, such as time, location, bandwidth/cost, etc. The context-aware hypertext model incorporates high-level Petri nets, context-awareness, user-modeling, and fuzzy knowledge handling features into the previously-described Trellis hypertext model. Major features of the high-level Petri net that are explored are its hierarchical net, structured tokens, and flexible net description. Fuzzy knowledge (context) handling is supported by the integration of a fuzzy logic tool into the Petri net. In caT, the author who is accustomed to the caT model and its underlying formalism can specify various dynamic documents using the structured GUI (Graphical User Interface) authoring tool. Afterward, the reader, who does not necessarily need to know the model, can browse the dynamic documents using various browsers, including Web browsers. The browsing behavior of documents specified in the caT model can reflect the reader's contextual (such as location and time) and preference information. To show the usability of caT, we introduce several of its prototype applications that represent various documents such as customized Web documents, formal specifications of software requirements, and cooperative documents. Since caT is based on a formal model, the behavioral characteristics of developed caT models can be analyzed. An analysis tool, which is integrated into the authoring tool, supports the verification of application models. The successful result of the user evaluation showed the potential usability of the model as a context-aware hypertext system. With the increased availability of computing devices equipped with environmental sensors, further research work will enhance the usability of the caT system.
Gastroesophageal reflux and laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Patients and MethodsThirty-seven sleep-disordered breathin...
Identification of cell type-specific promoter elements associated with the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene using transgenic founder analysis

Abstract Transcriptional regulatory elements capable of directing transgene expression to individual cells are powerful tools for manipulating a given CNS circuit. Delineating these elements via traditional transgenic analysis is both costly and labor intensive. Here we have used the rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter as a model to describe and validate the use of founder animals for systematic promoter studies. No significant differences were found when data obtained from founder animals expressing a 6.0 kb TH promoter directing LacZ were compared with animals derived from an analogous transgenic line. Subsequent studies with founder animals expressing β-galactosidase directed by various lengths of rat TH promoter revealed different patterns of expression. Specifically, a locus coeruleus regulatory domain was localized between 3.4 and 6.0 kb of the rat TH promoter, a hypothalamic regulatory domain between 2.5 and 3.4 kb and a brainstem regulatory domain between 0.8 and 6.0 kb. At least one element of a midbrain specific regulatory domain was within 2.5 kb of the transcriptional start site. Olfactory bulb specific elements however appeared to reside outside of the sequences tested. Specific patterns of ectopic gene expression were also observed suggesting the presence of negative regulatory elements. Thus, TH appears to be regulated in a complex modular fashion by both positive and negative regulatory elements. Taken together, this study demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of founder analysis for promoter studies of genes expressed in complex spatial and temporal patterns.
Effects of small medial preoptic lesions on estrous cycles and receptivity in female rats.

Abstract The effects of small lesions in the preoptic area (POA) of female rats on estrous cycles, LH responsiveness, and receptivity were studied. Regularly cycling rats received lesions confined to either the periventricular portion or the ventral portion of the rostral preoptic area, or a combination of these two sites. Nine animals showed persistent vaginal cornification (PVC) following lesion placement. All of these had lesions in the periventricular preoptic area. In contrast, five of six animals which showed repeated periods of pseudopregnancy (RPP) had lesions in the most ventral portion of the preoptic area. Lesions which damaged both the periventricular POA and the ventral POA gave mixed results. Following ovariectomy and estrogen and progesterone stimulation, the RPP animals had higher levels of LH 6 hr after the P injection than did the control animals or PVC animals. In three different tests for female sexual behavior-with estrogen alone, estrogen plus progesterone, and low estrogen priming and repetitive sexual stimulation-the PVC animals had consistently lower receptivity than the controls. The RPP animals were more receptive than the controls in all but the estrogen plus progesterone tests. The decreased levels of receptivity of the PVC animals could be related to a disruption of the LHRH system, while the RPP group responses could reflect a hypersensitivity of remaining neurons to estrogen.
Recognition of bacterial endotoxin in the lungs.

The early recognition of bacterial products is critical for our survival. Each day we breathe more than 7,000 liters of air, laden with inorganic and organic particles and an array of microbes. During sleep, we aspirate oropharyngeal secretions containing gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and their products. Patients in the hospital have altered flora in their oropharyngeal and gastric secretions, and some are exposed to therapeutic aerosols carrying environmental microbes. Yet normal humans rarely develop pulmonary infections and most hospitalized patients do not develop nosocomial pneumonia because highly effective host defenses have evolved to protect the lungs from these ubiquitous microbial challenges. The initial defense of the lungs against the entry of particulates involves the mucociliary system, which lines the nasopharynx and conducting airways, and macrophages that wander the airways and alveolar surface. The mucociliary system removes particulates deposited in the conducting airways, but bacteria and their products that reach the alveolar membrane fall beyond the mucociliary system and are recognized by macrophages, the sentinel cells of the innate immune system in the lungs. Innate immunity provides a means to constantly sample the air-space environment and maintain vigilance for microbial products that reach the alveolar membrane (1).
On decentralized stabilization policies and dynamic assignment problems

Abstract The paper formulates the assignment problem in a dynamic setting where both the system and the instrument generation are dynamically modeled, taking explicit account of finite adjustment speeds. The decentralized stabilization problem for this dynamic model is then formulated, and several special cases are solved. An example of a two-country model is presented in which target variables of the two governments overlap. The root-locus analysis method is used to solve the stabilization problem for this example. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of comparative advantage in dynamic setting.
Shockwaves from Cavity Collapse

The determination of the stresses produced by cavity collapse has been of interest since Rayleigh's discussion of the problem. One theoretical calculation relating to this problem is the magnitude of the pressure pulse which is radiated when a spherical bubble collapses and rebounds in a liquid. A calculation of this kind has been made although it was necessary to idealize the physical situation. The peak pressures predicted by this treatment were of the order of some thousands of atmospheres and could, therefore, furnish a mechanism for the damage of solid surfaces. Since these peak pressures decrease rapidly with distance from the centre of the bubble, the solid boundary must be in the immediate neighbourhood of the bubble in order that damage may be produced by this mechanism. In this situation spherical collapse or rebound cannot be expected to take place. An additional disturbance from spherical symmetry arises because the spherical shape is unstable. There is now both theoretical and experimental evidence that jet formation may develop from this unstability, and could under suitable conditions give rise to cavitation damage. This evidence is briefly discussed.
The Effects of Preresponse Cues on Inhibitory Control and Response Time in Adults With ADHD.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preresponse cues on behavioral control in adults with ADHD. Method: Eighty-eight adults with ADHD and 67 adults with no history of ADHD completed a cued go/no-go task. This task requires participants to respond or inhibit a response to go and no-go targets, respectively, and preresponse cues provide participants with predictive information about the upcoming target. Results: Overall, participants with ADHD made more inhibitory failures and responded more slowly than controls. These group differences were only present in the valid-cue condition, and there were no significant group differences in the invalid-cue conditions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that adults with ADHD are less able to utilize predictive environmental information to facilitate behavioral control.
Diastereoselectivity in Gas-Phase Hydride Reduction Reactions of Ketones

The intrinsic diastereoselectivity of the reduction of a series of cyclic ketones by pentacoordinate silicon hydride ions was investigated in the gas phase with the use of the flowing afterglow−triple quadrupole technique. The percent axial reduction of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone (1), 2-methylcyclohexanone (2), 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone (3), norcamphor (4), 2-tert-butyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one (5), and 2-tert-butyl-1,3-dithian-5-one (6) was determined by collision-induced dissociation experiments. The results show that axial (exo) reduction dominates for 1, 2, and 4, whereas equatorial reduction is dominant for 3, 5, and 6. The trend observed for the reduction diastereoselectivity of compounds 1−4 and 6 matches their condensed-phase behavior; i.e., the percent axial reduction is reduced when steric hindrance of the ketones is increased (1, 99 ± 3%; 2, 68 ± 5; 3, 9 ± 3%). The remarkable consistency of the results obtained in the gas phase and in solution suggests that environmental effects are either unimportan...
The eutD Gene of Salmonella enterica Encodes a Protein with Phosphotransacetylase Enzyme Activity

The EutD protein of Salmonella enterica is homologous to the catalytic domain of the phosphotransacetylase (Pta) enzyme. The Pta-like activity level of the EutD enzyme compared favorably to that of other Pta enzymes. High-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry verified that acetyl-coenzyme A was the product of the reaction. The EutD protein restored growth of an S. enterica pta strain on acetate as the source of carbon and energy.
Characteristics of Mount Graham Red Squirrel Nest Sites in a Mixed Conifer Forest

Abstract The Mount Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) is constrained to the Pinaleno Mountains in southeastern Arizona, USA. The population's endangered status and extensive forest damage from insects and fire warrants a better understanding of habitat variables important for nest site selection. We examined characteristics of cavity (n = 91) and drey (n = 38) nests and compared these to random sites (n = 113). Dreys were found primarily in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica). Cavity nests occurred primarily in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and corkbark fir. Squirrels selected nest sites with higher canopy cover and more corkbark fir, decayed logs, and living trees. Forest management plans emphasizing thinning must consider how altering these habitat characteristics could affect availability and suitability of tree stands for nesting squirrels.
Vomeronasal sensory neurons from Sternotherus odoratus(stinkpot/musk turtle) respond to chemosignals via the phospholipase C system

SUMMARY The mammalian signal transduction apparatus utilized by vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) has been richly explored, while that of reptiles, and in particular, the stinkpot or musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus, is less understood. Given that the turtle9s well-known reproductive and mating behaviors are governed by chemical communication, 247 patch-clamp recordings were made from male and female S. odoratus VSNs to study the chemosignal-activated properties as well as the second-messenger system underlying the receptor potential. Of the total neurons tested, 88 (35%) were responsive to at least one of five complex natural chemicals, some of which demonstrated a degree of sexual dimorphism in response selectivity. Most notably, male VSNs responded to male urine with solely outward currents. Ruthenium Red, an IP3 receptor (IP3R) antagonist, failed to block chemosignal-activated currents, while the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, abolished the chemosignal-activated current within 2 min, implicating the PLC system in the generation of a receptor potential in the VNO of musk turtles. Dialysis of several second messengers or their analogues failed to elicit currents in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, negating a direct gating of the transduction channel by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), arachidonic acid (AA), or diacylglycerol (DAG). Reversal potential analysis of chemosignal-evoked currents demonstrated that inward currents reversed at –5.7±7.8 mV (mean ± s.e.m.; N=10), while outward currents reversed at– 28.2±2.4 mV (N=30). Measurements of conductance changes associated with outward currents indicated that the outward current represents a reduction of a steady state inward current by the closure of an ion channel when the VSN is exposed to a chemical stimulus such as male urine. Chemosignal-activated currents were significantly reduced when a peptide mimicking a domain on canonical transient receptor potential 2 (TRPC2), to which type 3 IP3 receptor (IP3R3) binds, was included in the recording pipette. Collectively these data suggest that there are multiple transduction cascades operational in the VSNs of S. odoratus, one of which may be mediated by a non-selective cation conductance that is not gated by IP3 but may be modulated by the interaction of its receptor with the TRPC2 channel.
Kinetic equations for surface adsorption

We investigate the time-dependent solution of a set of equations used to approximate the binding of flexible polymers to the surface of suspended targets. The equations account, for the possibility that the first adsorption step can be a rate limiting step. Rate constants for other steps of adsorption and desorption are proportional to the number of free and occupied polymer binding sites, respectively.
Cell-free Synthesis of Adenovirus Coat Proteins

Abstract Messenger RNA extracted from polysomes of KB cells at late stages of productive infection with adenovirus type 2 was translated in a cell-free system derived from Krebs II ascites cells. Four of the polypeptides obtained in this reaction corresponded to the virion coat components hexon, IIIa, penton base, and fiber. The following criteria were used to establish identity between the in vitro and in vivo products: (a) comigration in sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis; (b) co-chromatography on sodium dodecyl sulfate hydroxyapatite; (c) specific immunoprecipitation; and (d) matching tryptic peptide fingerprints.
Aneusomy of chromosomes 7 and 17 detected by fish in prostate cancer and the effects of selection in vitro

Twenty prostate tumor specimens, obtained from radical prostatectomies, and two lymph node metastases were examined by classical and molecular cytogenetic methods. A sample from each tumor was analyzed histologically and used for touch preparations. Adjacent samples were used for preparation of single-cell suspensions before cell culture (DirFISH) and for establishing cell cultures, which were subsequently harvested for classical G-banding analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on touch preparations, DirFISH, and cells obtained from tissue culture. Biotinylated pericentromeric probes for chromosomes 7 and 17, in addition to a digoxigenin-labeled X-chromosome probe, were used in a dual-color FISH assay. The results indicated that, in uncultured tumor cells, chromosome 17 was lost in 55% of specimens, chromosome 7 was gained in 16% of specimens, and 9% of specimens showed large tetraploid populations. After cell culture, 23% of specimens showed loss of chromosome 17, no specimens showed gain of chromosome 7, and no tetraploid populations were present. This study suggests that loss of chromosome 17 may play an important role in the development of prostate cancer, and that genetic changes observed after selection in vitro may not represent those in the original tumor.
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

OBJECTIVE:To review the literature examining the clinical use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.DATA SOURCES:Biomedical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1990–November 2000) and Current Contents (week 35 of 1999 to week 48 of 2000). Key terms included leukotriene antagonists, montelukast, zafirlukast, and rhinitis (allergic).DATA SYNTHESIS:Preliminary evidence on the clinical use of either montelukast or zafirlukast as monotherapy is equivocal, with one study noting benefit and another noting lack of benefit in symptom amelioration. A third study suggests that these agents may have a role in further modifying allergic rhinitis symptoms when used in combination with standard treatments.CONCLUSIONS:Future large-scale studies should assess the efficacy of these agents in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, in particular, to identify subsets of patients likely to derive the most benefit. Available data suggest it is reasonable and safe to add these agents to standard...
The Nucleoside Triphosphatase and Helicase Activities of Vaccinia Virus NPH-II Are Essential for Virus Replication

Vaccinia virus NPH-II is the prototypal RNA helicase of the DExH box protein family, which is defined by six shared sequence motifs. The contributions of conserved amino acids in motifs I (TGVGKTSQ), Ia (PRI), II (DExHE), and III (TAT) to enzyme activity were assessed by alanine scanning. NPH-II-Ala proteins were expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells, purified, and characterized with respect to their RNA helicase, nucleic acid-dependent ATPase, and RNA binding functions. Alanine substitutions at Lys-191 and Thr-192 (motif I), Arg-229 (motif Ia), and Glu-300 (motif II) caused severe defects in RNA unwinding that correlated with reduced rates of ATP hydrolysis. In contrast, alanine mutations at His-299 (motif II) and at Thr-326 and Thr-328 (motif III) elicited defects in RNA unwinding but spared the ATPase. None of the mutations analyzed affected the binding of NPH-II to RNA. These findings, together with previous mutational studies, indicate that NPH-II motifs I, Ia, II, and VI (QRxGRxGRxxxG) are essential for nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) hydrolysis, whereas motif III and the His moiety of the DExH-box serve to couple the NTPase and helicase activities. Wild-type and mutant NPH-II-Ala genes were tested for the ability to rescue temperature-sensitive nph2-ts viruses. NPH-II mutations that inactivated the phosphohydrolase in vitro were lethal in vivo, as judged by the failure to recover rescued viruses containing the Ala substitution. The NTPase activity was necessary, but not sufficient, to sustain virus replication, insofar as mutants for which NTPase was uncoupled from unwinding (H299A, T326A, and T328A) were also lethal. We conclude that the phosphohydrolase and helicase activities of NPH-II are essential for virus replication.
Effect of pH on the Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate

The suspension hydration of coarse-grained (0.07 m2.g−1) tricalcium silicate (C3S) in relatively large amounts of water (1 g per 500 mL) was studied as a function of time (up to 48 h), temperature (10°, 25°, and 40°C), and pH (8, 10, 11, 11.5, 12). The pH of the solution was maintained with dilute HCl, and both solid and solution samples were withdrawn periodically for analysis. At earliest times, the microstructure of the hydration products suggests that a fine-grained, highly conformable hydrate forms on the C3S grains as early as 2 min. Once formed, the growing hydrate layer imparts anywhere from 0.5 to 6 h of diffusion control to the dissolution reaction. The parabolic rate constants (kps) calculated for this period increase with increasing temperature and acidity of the solution. Similarly, activation energies calculated using the Arrhenius equation range from 2.0 kJ·mol−1 at pH 10 to 20.6 kJ·mol−1 at pH 12. Values less than 21 kJ·mol−1 are generally indicative of diffusion control in aqueous systems. Depending on the pOH of the solution, the initial calcium silicate hydrate (C─S─H) was observed either to persist throughout the 48-h experiments (aOH <10−2.5) or to act as a nucleation site for a second, less soluble, highly reticulated C─S─H hydrate (aOH≥ 10−2.5). The chemical composition of the solution phase and the characteristics of the evolving microstructure over the course of the reaction lead to the conclusion that under high-pH conditions (aOH≥ 10−2.5), the reticulated phase which is precipitating is identical to the Type I/II C─S─H observed in non-pH-controlled experiments. Experiments confirm and strengthen the hypothesis that the system CaO–SiO2–H2O contains at least two distinct hydrated phases and that the activity of the hydroxide ion plays a dominant role in determining the nature and microstructure of the hydration products which form.
Particle physics in the very early universe

Events in the very early big bang universe in which elementary particle physics effects may have been dominant are discussed, with attention to the generation of a net baryon number by way of grand unification theory, and emphasis on the possible role of massive neutrinos in increasing current understanding of various cosmological properties and of the constraints placed on neutrino properties by cosmology. It is noted that when grand unification theories are used to describe very early universe interactions, an initially baryon-symmetrical universe can evolve a net baryon excess of 10 to the -9th to 10 to the -11th per photon, given reasonable parameters. If neutrinos have mass, the bulk of the mass of the universe may be in the form of leptons, implying that the form of matter most familiar to physical science may not be the dominant form of matter in the universe.
Obesity and overfeeding affecting both tumor and systemic metabolism activates the progesterone receptor to contribute to postmenopausal breast cancer

Obese postmenopausal women have increased risk of breast cancers with poorer clinical outcomes than their lean counterparts. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are poorly understood. Rodent model studies have recently identified a period of vulnerability for mammary cancer promotion, which emerges during weight gain after the loss of ovarian function (surgical ovariectomy; OVX). Thus, a period of transient weight gain may provide a life cycle-specific opportunity to prevent or treat postmenopausal breast cancer. We hypothesized that a combination of impaired metabolic regulation in obese animals prior to OVX plus an OVX-induced positive energy imbalance might cooperate to drive tumor growth and progression. To determine if lean and obese rodents differ in their metabolic response to OVX-induced weight gain, and whether this difference affects later mammary tumor metabolism, we performed a nutrient tracer study during the menopausal window of vulnerability. Lean animals preferentially deposited excess nutrients to mammary and peripheral tissues rather than to the adjacent tumors. Conversely, obese animals deposited excess nutrients into the tumors themselves. Notably, tumors from obese animals also displayed increased expression of the progesterone receptor (PR). Elevated PR expression positively correlated with tumor expression of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes, glucose uptake, and proliferation markers. Treatment with the antidiabetic drug metformin during ovariectomy-induced weight gain caused tumor regression and downregulation of PR expression in tumors. Clinically, expression array analysis of breast tumors from postmenopausal women revealed that PR expression correlated with a similar pattern of metabolic upregulation, supporting the notion that PR+ tumors have enhanced metabolic capacity after menopause. Our findings have potential explanative power in understanding why obese, postmenopausal women display an increased risk of breast cancer.
CAPITAL FORMATION AND FINANCING TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING AND MINING, 1900–1953†

DURING THE FIRST HALF of this century, the manufacturing and mining sector showed a more pronounced growth than the economy as a whole. The combined output of manufacturing and mining rose from $11.7 billion in 1900 to $224.3 billion in 1948 (in current prices). Around 1900, slightly more than one-fifth of national income originated in these industries; in the twenties their share rose to roughly one quarter of the total; in recent years it has been nearly one third.' The pronounced growth in output obviously required rapid expansion of capital facilities. In discussing capital expansion, the distinction between reported book values and the values adjusted for price changes should, of course, be borne in mind. When attention is directed to changes in physical capacity, an adjustment for price changes is required. On, the other hand, when the financial aspects of investment are studied, unadjusted money flows are of prime importance.2 For comparison's sake, both sets of values are