cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sonographic depiction of microvessel perfusion: principles and potential.

Objective To provide an overview of the technical aspects and potential clinical applications of microvessel perfusion as depicted by microbubble-enhanced sonography. Methods Sonographic depiction of microvessel perfusion was obtained by microbubble-enhanced sonography. This technique was used for imaging in vivo murine tumors and was correlated with magnetic resonance and fluorodeoxyglucose autoradiography. Sonographic estimation of microvessel perfusion used parameters derived from time-activity curves. Results Preliminary data indicate that accurate and reproducible quantification of microvessel perfusion is possible with the use of microbubble-enhanced sonography. Conclusions Microbubble-enhanced sonography can depict microvessel perfusion. This technique has several potential clinical applications, including assessment of tumor blood flow and changes that occur with treatment.
Perceptions of Food Intake, Physical Activity, and Obesity Among African-American Children in the Lower Mississippi Delta.

Abstract Purpose. To explore the nutrition and physical activity perceptions of children for planning a healthy weight curriculum to address childhood obesity in African-American children living in the Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD). Design. Six children's focus group sessions. Setting. Two Louisiana parishes in the LMD. Subjects. Seventy 8- to 13-year-old African-American children, 46 (66%) females and 24 (44%) males, participated in the focus group sessions. Measures. Interview questions were based on personal and environmental determinants and content and strategies for a healthy lifestyle program for children. Analysis. Focus group discussions were audio recorded and transcribed, observer recorded, and analyzed to identify recurring trends and patterns among focus groups. Content analysis consisted of coding focus group transcripts for recurrent themes and review of data by an independent reviewer to confirm the themes. Results. Emerging themes were categorized as healthy lifestyle opinions within the ...
Ideology and the Study of Judicial Behavior

The role of ideology in the study of political behavior has a long and distinguished history. * Whether writing in the 1940s, the 2000s, or eras in between, political scientists have examined the assumption that the ideological commitments of the masses and elites alike help explain the political choices they make—from their willingness to support particular public policies to the votes they cast. 1 As James L. Stimson (1991), the eminent student of public opinion, puts it, “Ideology won’t go away. It is too important” (p.61). 2
Through the Vas-Cath Lens: A Brief Look at the Interaction of the Eleventh Amendment and Patent Interference Proceedings

On January 23, 2007, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Vas-Cath, Inc. v. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri removed a brick from this sovereign immunity wall when it held that a state university waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity by participating in a patent interference proceeding. This paper will argue that the Federal Circuit incorrectly applied previous Supreme Court precedent in finding a waiver of state sovereign immunity, and that its decision will likely be overruled by the Supreme Court if it grants certiorari under 28 U.S.C. § 1254. Part I briefly explains both interference proceedings and the Eleventh Amendment, specifically noting the impact of the Eleventh Amendment in the field of patent law. Part II sets out the background of the Vas-Cath case. Part III explains the decision of the Western District of Missouri, which found that the Eleventh Amendment was a bar to an appeal of an interference proceeding. Part IV examines the Federal Circuit's decision that reversed the district court's decision and found that the state had waived its sovereign immunity. Finally, Part V analyzes the reasons for which the Federal Circuit's decision was incorrect and why the Supreme Court will likely overturn this decision, should it grant certiorari. An additional purpose of this paper was to follow any filings by either party since the January 2007 decision, but as of May 7, 2007 no activity has taken place in this case.
The Genus Cytidia

Cytidia is a genus of fungi assigned by most contemporary American workers to the Thelephoraceae, by most contemporary European workers to the Cyphellaceae. The Cyphellaceae is a family which has been segregated from the Thelephoraceae because of the cup-shaped structure of the receptacle, which has definite margins, although margins of adjacent receptacles may become confluent. In general these fungi present the aspect of inverted Discomycetes. To the Cyphellaceae are assigned such genera as Cyphella, Solenia, Porothelium, Cytidia and Aleurodiscus. Both Cytidia and Aleurodiscus usually have large basidia, large basidiospores, and distinctive paraphyses of an acanthophysoid nature, characters which are usually lacking in the other three genera, in whose hymenia sterile bodies rarely occur and which usually have small basidia and basidiospores. Cytidia is further differentiated in that the hyphae of its receptacles are usually strongly gelatinized. Be? cause of these characters the present writer prefers to leave the genera Cytidia and Aleurodiscus in the Thelephoraceae without reference, at present, to any segregate of the family. In Cytidia, four species have been commonly recognized. The most widespread of these is C. salicina which occurs on willows and other deciduous woody plants in the northern hemisphere. While not collected frequently, C. flocculenta is also widespread throughout the northern hemisphere and also occurs in Australia. C. pezizoidea and C. habgallae are widespread throughout the tropics of both hemispheres but collected infrequently. C. simulans was described from South Africa. Two species of restricted dis? tribution will be described below; of these, one will be based on a collection from northern Idaho, the other on a few collections from northern California. Another species, usually placed in
Reaction of Day-Old Chicks to Extremes of Environment

ABSTRACT THE physiological effects of adverse temperatures on young chicks have been investigated by Randall (1943) and Moreng and Shaffner (1951). It is evident from these studies that day-old chicks show little resistance to chilling when placed in a 50°F. environmental temperature. At 7 days of age, however, there is indication that the chick has developed to some degree a temperature control mechanism. It is generally agreed that the physiological homeothermic mechanism is developed concurrently with the replacement of the chick’s down by plumage feathers at about three weeks of age. Other workers, including Parker (1929), Hall (1932), Barott and Pringle (1947), and Wilson and Plaister (1951), have reported on the effects of various temperatures on growth and mortality of young chicks. One objective of this study was to compare the growth rate and mortality of chicks previously held in boxes of varying depths. Another objective was to investigate further the . . .
Power Politics: Electricity Sector Reforms in Post-Soviet Russia

While efforts to exert greater state control over a number of sectors of the Russian economy have made head- lines, the government is currently also proceeding with efforts to privatize large parts of the electricity sector. Since the beginning of attempts to liberalize, effective opposition to these measures has changed: while in the 1990s, a variety of actors who reﬂected public concerns could negotiate the terms of reform, today inﬂuence is limited to a narrow elite of powerful insiders. Crucially, since about 2002 electricity sector liberalization has had the backing of President Putin and far-reaching reforms have been implemented. Nevertheless, it remains to be seen who emerges as the new owners of valuable power plants and if the plans to liberalize wholesale prices by 2011 will be realized in a post-Putin era.
How to Solve the NAT Problem for P2P Apps

Many P2P applications need TCP UDP for their connections.many NAT equipment's coming to network in our networks causes many P2P applications couldn't run normally.A few ones route communications between NATed peers through relay servers.Here we present how to solve this problem and make NATed peers could communicate directly with each other.
After the War: An Uncertain World

When peace returned in 1919 Britain’s shipping industry, although few realised it at the time, faced a new world. The period before 1914 had seen a long period of growth and prosperity, with quickly rising trade in primary products; the war years themselves had seen immense profits as earnings from merchant ships soared. But by 1921 the good years had gone, and for the remainder of the inter-war period there was to be a constant struggle against downward freight rates, rising costs, and intensifying competition. The inter-war years were bisected by the world depression of 1929–33, the worst slump in history, when problems for shipowners and shipbuilders reached new depths. In 1932 nearly one-fifth of Britain’s ocean-going tonnage was laid up, while few of the voyages made were returning profits.
The Effect of Early Range of Motion on Quality of Life, Clinical Outcome, and Repair Integrity After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

Purpose To compare the effect of early versus delayed motion protocols on quality of life, clinical outcomes, and repair integrity in patients who have undergone arthroscopic single-tendon rotator cuff repair. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded clinical trial. Seventy-three patients from a single surgeon's practice who underwent arthroscopic repair of a single-tendon rotator cuff tear were randomized to either an early motion protocol (starting 2 to 3 days after surgery) or a delayed motion protocol (starting 28 days after surgery). The primary outcome measure was the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff index (WORC). Secondary outcome measures included clinical outcome scores, integrity of the repair on 6-month magnetic resonance imaging scans, pain scores, physical examination data, and ultrasonography. Study participants were followed up at 3, 6, and 12 weeks; 6 months; and 1 year postoperatively. Results There was no statistically significant difference in WORC scores at 6 months (529 ± 472 in delayed group vs 325 ± 400 in early group, P = .08). Mixed-effects analysis indicated the early group maintained lower WORC scores throughout the postoperative period (estimated difference of 191, P = .04). The proportions of patients with tears on the 6-month postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan were comparable (31% in delayed group vs 34% in early group, P = .78). Conclusions There was no difference between the delayed and early motion groups in WORC scores at 6 months after surgery. Early motion was associated with lower WORC scores throughout the postoperative period; however, both groups had a similar trajectory of improvement, suggesting both protocols have the same effect on patient-reported improvement. Although failure rates were similar between the groups, the sample size was not sufficient to support a statement regarding the relation between tear morphology and the rehabilitation protocol. Level of Evidence Level II, lesser-quality randomized controlled trial.
Fluid resuscitation and volume therapy for septic shock

Septic shock is the most common complication in severe septic patients.These patients clinically present shock manifestations due to capillary leak,extravasation in the third space,the anomaly distribution of blood volume,and decreased effective circulating volume,secondary to the severe inflammatory reaction.Early reasonable fluid resuscitation is one of the main therapy to deduce the mortality of septic shock.The time point of fluid resuscitation,volume control,and therapeutic evaluation play important role in the treatment of septic shock. Key words: Septic shock; Fluid resuscitation; Volume therapy
Spatial and temporal variation in otolith elemental signatures of age-0 Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Shallow coastal waters of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) serve as nursery habitats for young-of-year Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ). However, little is known regarding the relative contribution of these areas to the adult offshore stock. Trace elements incorporated into the otolith matrix can reflect the environmental conditions to which a fish has been exposed during its lifetime. When analyzed together, a suite of elements can serve as a natural marker, characteristic of a particular environment. We evaluated the potential of otolith elemental signatures to identify nursery habitats of age-0 Pacific cod, focusing on spatial patterns within and across the eastern and western GOA. Fish were collected from shallow nearshore areas within five large embayments in summer and fall, and element:calcium ratios were measured from two different time stanzas within the otolith. Elemental ratios were found to change over short (2 month) time periods and were related to seasonal changes in temperature and salinity. Fish were classified to nursery habitats using quadratic discriminant analysis based on their otolith elemental signatures; classification accuracy to individual bays ranged from 30% to 95%, with an overall success rate of 59%. Classification accuracy improved to 78% at greater spatial scales (eastern versus western GOA). Our results point out the limitations of this application to Gulf of Alaska Pacific cod and other widely distributed species residing in coastal embayments. While some nursery habitats impart unique chemical signatures to otoliths, it may not be possible to distinguish among specific areas without considering additional factors. However, our work demonstrates that otolith microchemistry may be a useful tool for understanding source contributions to the Pacific cod population at larger regional scales within the GOA.
Role of Farnesoid X Receptor in the Determination of Liver Transcriptome during Postnatal Maturation in Mice.

The liver is a vital organ with critical functions in metabolism of various biologically useful materials, synthesis of several vital proteins, detoxification of toxic substances, and immune defense. Most liver functions are not mature at birth and many changes happen during postnatal liver development, which lead to differential vulnerabilities of the liver at different developmental stages. However, the details of what changes occur in liver after birth, at what developmental stages they occur, and molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the developmental process are not clearly known. The nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an important transcriptional regulator in liver. Here, we used RNA-Sequencing to analyze the transcriptome of mouse liver from perinatal to adult ages in both C57BL/6 and Fxr−/− mice. We have defined a clear timeline of functional transition from prenatal through neonatal and adolescent to adult in C57BL/6 mice. Without FXR, activation of neonatal-specific pathways was prolonged and maturation of multiple metabolic pathways was delayed. The loss of FXR also led to increased expression of 27 other transcription regulators. Our data support a conclusion that developmental transcriptome revealed significant functional transition during postnatal liver development and FXR plays an important role in control of postnatal liver maturation.
Title to be Announced

Eric Mazur is the Balkanski Professor of Physics and Applied Physics and Dean of Applied Physics at Harvard University, Member of the Faculty of Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and President of the Optical Society.
Mass culture and the modern world-system

Pictorial prints1 were the first form of mass-produced images for popular markets. These mass-produced cultural goods first appeared and gained their distinctive identity in the Renaissance at the same time that elite art was becoming a distinct cultural form,2 thereby questioning much of the literature which treats mass culture as a child of the eighteenth century.3 By considering fine art as a product of the Renaissance and mass culture as a product of the industrial revolution, scholars have made it easy to argue that mass culture is a degraded derivative of elite culture.4 But if these two forms of culture emerged simultaneously, then students of mass culture will have to rethink the relationship between mass and elite culture.
An Overview of the Autoregressive Latent Trajectory (ALT) Model

Autoregressive cross-lagged models and latent growth curve models are frequently applied to longitudinal or panel data. Though often presented as distinct and sometimes competing methods, the Autoregressive Latent Trajectory (ALT) model (Bollen and Curran, 2004) combines the primary features of each into a single model. This chapter: (1) presents the ALT model, (2) describes the situations when this model is appropriate, (3) provides an empirical example of the ALT model, and (4) gives the reader the input and output from an ALT model run on the empirical example. It concludes with a discussion of the limitations and extensions of the ALT model. Our focus is on repeated measures of continuous variables.
Tropical Dry Forests: Land of the Living Dead

Near the end of a long midwestern winter I got a call from a Dr. Stephen Weller at the University of California, Irvine, regarding a postdoctoral fellowship in restoration ecology at the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) on the island of Kaua‘i. He explained that the original plan to fly the top three candidates to Hawai‘i to interview with him and the garden staff had fallen through, but if I was still interested, the position was mine.
Cat Eardrum Response Mechanics

The function of the eardrum and middle ear is to resolve the acoustic impedance mismatch between the air of the outside world and the fluid of the inner ear. Without an impedance matching device, very little acoustic energy would be absorbed by the inner ear and hearing would be severely limited. Although the role of the middle ear is clear, it remains a mystery how the eardrum accomplishes this task over the audible frequency range. In the present work. a computer simulation of the cat eardrum was constructed. For the first time, the vibrations of the eardrum were fully coupled to the acoustics of the ear canal and the dynamics of the middle ear bones. The fibrous microstructure of the eardrum was taken into account. This model appears to be valid up to 20 kHz, which represents a significant improvement over previous modelling efforts.
Big Data in Cybersecurity for Smart City Applications

Abstract With the advancement of information and communication technologies, traditional cities are transforming to Smart Cities, where different components of cities are interconnected through smart devices. The smart devices communicate with each other and gather information for different Smart City applications. Smart Cities are going to have a large number of smart devices connected for different applications. Those devices are expected to produce a large amount of data. Terabytes of message data will be exchanged among these devices in this connected environment. These connected devices bring many security vulnerabilities and privacy issues, as some of these data may contain sensitive private information. Recently, a great deal of research has been done to ensure the protection of data in Smart City applications. This chapter presents the Big Data-enabled Smart City and its applications, including recent research that has been done in this area, and how data can be protected to ensure its integrity and confidentiality for efficient and accurate Smart City applications.
When is indigeneity: closing a legal and sociocultural gap in a contested domestic/international term:

Indigeneity is a much contested term, complicated by formal definitions under domestic and international law, the unlimited right to self-identification by indigenous people, conflicts and/or contr...
Is National Resident Matching Program Rank Predictive of Resident Performance or Post-graduation Achievement? 10 Years at One Emergency Medicine Residency.

Author(s): Wall, Jessica; Votey, Scott R.; Solomon, Thomas; Schriger, David L. | Abstract: Introduction: Each year residency programs expend considerable effort ranking applicants for the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). We explored the relationship between residents’ NRMP rank list position as generated at our institution and their performance in residency and post-graduation to determine whether such efforts are justified.Methods: Faculty who were present for the 10 consecutive study years at an allopathic emergency medicine residency retrospectively evaluated residents on their overall performance, medical knowledge, and interpersonal skills. Residency graduates were surveyed regarding their current position, hours of clinical practice, academic, teaching and leadership roles, and publications. We compared match position to performance using graphical techniques as the primary form of analysis.Results: Ten faculty evaluated the 107 residents who graduated from the program during these 10 years by class year. Eighty-four residents responded to the survey. In general, we found little correlation between NRMP rank and faculty rank of resident performance. There was also little correlation between position in the NRMP rank list and the probability of having an academic career, publishing research, or having a teaching or leadership role.Conclusion: We found that the position on our NRMP rank list was of little value in predicting which residents would do best in residency or take on academic or leadership roles once graduated. Residencies should evaluate the processes they use to generate their rank list to determine whether the ranking process is sufficiently predictive to warrant the effort expended.
Deciphering the regulatory genome of Escherichiacoli, one hundred promoters at a time

Advances in DNA sequencing have revolutionized our ability to read genomes. However, even in the most well-studied of organisms, the bacterium Escherichia coli, for approximately 65% of the promoters we remain completely ignorant of their regulation. Until we have cracked this regulatory Rosetta Stone, efforts to read and write genomes will remain haphazard. We introduce a new method (Reg-Seq) linking a massively-parallel reporter assay and mass spectrometry to produce a base pair resolution dissection of more than 100 promoters in E. coli in 12 different growth conditions. First, we show that our method recapitulates regulatory information from known sequences. Then, we examine the regulatory architectures for more than 80 promoters in the E. coli genome which previously had no known regulation. In many cases, we also identify which transcription factors mediate their regulation. The method introduced here clears a path for fully characterizing the regulatory genome of model organisms, with the potential of moving on to an array of other microbes of ecological and medical relevance.
Friend and Peer Relationships Among Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

Adolescence is an important developmental period associated with greater prominence of peer relationships and poorer glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes. In this chapter, we summarize the literature on friend and peer support, conflict during this period, and their links to psychological well-being and diabetes outcomes. We identified 34 articles on this topic from a previous review and literature searches in PsycINFO and MEDLINE. Overall, studies revealed general friend support was linked with greater psychological well-being and (to a lesser extent) better self-care but was unrelated to glycemic control. Research focused on diabetes-specific friend support was inconclusive. General friend conflict was associated with poorer psychological well-being, but findings were mixed for diabetes outcomes. Research examining links between diabetes-specific friend conflict and psychological and diabetes outcomes was inconsistent. In sum, the literature on friend and peer relationships and their links to psychological well-being and diabetes outcomes is mixed. Future research can benefit from making finer distinctions in the conceptualization and measurement of friend and peer relationships, examining potential moderator variables, and probing mechanisms underlying links between friend and peer relationships and outcomes and by considering the broader social context (family relationships) in which such relationships are situated.
Essential tremor pathology: neurodegeneration and reorganization of neuronal connections

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common tremor disorder globally and is characterized by kinetic tremor of the upper limbs, although other clinical features can also occur. Postmortem studies are a particularly important avenue for advancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of ET; however, until recently, the number of such studies has been limited. Several recent postmortem studies have made important contributions to our understanding of the pathological changes that take place in ET. These studies identified abnormalities in the cerebellum, which primarily affected Purkinje cells (PCs), basket cells and climbing fibres, in individuals with ET. We suggest that some of these pathological changes (for example, focal PC axonal swellings, swellings in and regression of the PC dendritic arbor and PC death) are likely to be primary and degenerative. By contrast, other changes, such as an increase in PC recurrent axonal collateral formation and hypertrophy of GABAergic basket cell axonal processes, could be compensatory responses to restore cerebellar GABAergic tone and cerebellar cortical inhibitory efficacy. Such compensatory responses are likely to be insufficient, enabling the disease to progress. Here, we review the results of recent postmortem studies of ET and attempt to place these findings into an anatomical–physiological disease model. In this Review, the authors discuss the results of recent postmortem studies of essential tremor and propose a disease model that involves both primary neurodegenerative changes and compensatory responses.
The bovine epimural microbiota displays compositional and structural heterogeneity across different ruminal locations.

ABSTRACT Dairy cattle are globally important agricultural animals. Central to their biology is the rumen, which houses an essential microbial community, or microbiome, important for providing nutrition from otherwise host-inaccessible dietary components. The rumen environment is noted for its substantial spatial heterogeneity, as illustrated by the stratification into ruminal solid and liquid phases. A third microbiota found directly attached to the ruminal epithelium (the epimural microbiota) also exists but is less well understood because of challenges in sampling the ruminal epithelium. As a result, our understanding of the epimural microbiota is based on analyses of cannulated animals sampled at a single location—the ventral sac—and does not account for other ruminal locations, which may have importance for overall rumen function. To address this knowledge gap, we hypothesize that the epimural microbiota at different ruminal locations differs due to known morphological, physiological, and functional differences across the geographic spread of the rumen epithelium. Here, we characterized bacterial epimural communities at different sites within 8 lactating Holstein dairy cows using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four different sites were sampled via rumen tissue biopsy: cranial sac (CS), ventral sac (VS), caudodorsal blind sac (CDBS), and caudoventral blind sac (CVBS). We found that locations differed in both epimural bacterial community structure and composition, with the CDBS community displaying the greatest diversity. Across all sampling sites, epimural bacterial communities were dominated by members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Bacteria within Prevotellaceae, Butyrivibrio, Campylobacter, Mogibacterium, and Desulfobulbus all showed high relative sequence abundance and differential distributions according to sample location. There appears to be a core epimural microbiota present across all locations in all cows, although relative abundance was highly variable. The difference in relative abundance in epimural microbial communities, perhaps influenced by host physiology and the diversity within rumen contents, likely has important consequences for nutrition acquisition and general health. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first characterization of the ruminal epimural microbiota across different epithelial locations for any bovine ruminant.
Babel at 35,000 Feet: Banality and Ineffability in Qualitative Research

In diesem Beitrag befasse ich mich mit Banalitaten qualitativer Forschung in einem Flirt mit einigen Pramissen von non-representation theories. Genauer befrage ich die Nutzlichkeit des Denkens mit dem Alltaglichen, um Gelegenheiten zu explorieren, die mit Sprache und transkultureller Kommunikation einhergehen, wenn ich qualitatives Arbeiten als eine nicht nur menschliche Angelegenheit repositioniere. Ruckgreifend auf Erfahrungen wahrend der Feldarbeit auf transatlantischen Fluge diskutiere ich die Implikationen der Verrechnung von Banalitaten und ihrer Korperlichkeit innerhalb einer objekt-ontologischen Perspektive. Ich schliese mit einigen Anmerkungen zu Kritizitat und qualitativer Forschung beim Versuch, Elemente der Feldarbeit zu prasentieren (statt zu reprasentieren), die sonst irrelevant waren, aber in besonderer Weise verdeutlichen, was die Logik von Forschenden rahmt und das, was sie als soziales Phanomen hervorbringen, vor allem wenn es um Sprache und Kommunikation geht.
The Kinematics of Extended Lyα Emission in a Low-mass, Low-metallicity Galaxy at z = 2.3*

Lyα photons are resonantly scattered by neutral hydrogen, and may therefore trace both the spatial extent and the kinematics of the gas surrounding galaxies. We present new observations of the extended Lyα halo of Q2343-BX418, a low-mass (M⋆ = 5 x 10^8 M⊙), low-metallicity (Z ≈ 0.25 Z⊙) star-forming galaxy at z = 2.3. Using the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI), the blue-sensitive optical integral field spectrograph recently installed on the Keck II telescope, we detect Lyα in emission to a radius of 23 kpc, and measure an exponential scale length of 6 kpc in the outer region of the extended halo. We study the double-peaked spectroscopic Lyα profile in individual spectral pixels ("spaxels") over a ~25 × 30 kpc region, finding significant variations in the peak ratio and peak separation. The profile is dominated by the red peak in the central regions, while in the outskirts of the extended halo the red and blue peak strengths are roughly equal; these observations are consistent with a model in which the peak ratio is largely determined by the radial component of the outflow velocity. We find a gradient of 300 km s^(-1) in the Lyα peak separation across the extended halo, indicating variations in the column density, covering fraction, or velocity range of the gas. These new observations emphasize the need for realistic, spatially resolved models of Lyα radiative transfer in the halos of galaxies.
Sex and nest type influence avian blood parasite prevalence in a high-elevation bird community

The prevalence of avian haemosporidian parasites and the factors influencing infection in the Colorado Rocky Mountains are largely unknown. With climate change expected to promote the expansion of vector and avian blood parasite distributions, baseline knowledge and continued monitoring of the prevalence and diversity of these parasites is needed. Using an occupancy modeling framework, we conducted a survey of haemosporidian parasite species infecting an avian community in the Colorado Rocky Mountains in order to estimate the prevalence and diversity of blood parasites and to investigate species-level and individual-level characteristics that may influence infection. We estimated the prevalence and diversity of avian Haemosporidia across 24 bird species, detecting 39 parasite haplotypes. We found that open-cup nesters have higher Haemoproteus prevalence than cavity or ground nesters. Additionally, we found that male Ruby-crowned Kinglets, White-crowned Sparrows, and Wilson’s Warblers have higher Haemoproteus prevalence compared to other host species. Plasmodium prevalence was relatively low (5%), consistent with the idea that competent vectors may be rare at high altitudes. Our study presents baseline knowledge of haemosporidian parasite presence, prevalence, and diversity among avian species in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and adds to our knowledge of host–parasite relationships of blood parasites and their avian hosts.
Sex moderates the effects of experimentally induced musculoskeletal pain on alcohol demand in healthy drinkers.

Abstract Background Pain may serve as an antecedent for alcohol use, increasing risk for hazardous drinking and associated consequences. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induction produces clinically relevant but time-limited musculoskeletal pain. This study was conducted to determine whether DOMS induction on the dominant elbow flexors influenced alcohol demand using the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT). We hypothesized DOMS would increase alcohol demand relative to a sham control. Based on existing studies of pain self-medication, we expected DOMS-related increases in alcohol demand would be greatest in men. Methods Participants (N = 53; 57 % women) were randomly assigned to a DOMS (eccentric exercise) or sham condition (concentric exercise). Participants completed the APT pre-exercise and 48 -hs post-exercise. Repeated measures GLM was used to characterize group by sex by time interactions on APT indices, including intensity, breakpoint, essential value (EV), Omax, and Pmax. Results The DOMS procedure significantly increased pain ratings at the elbow flexors. Men had significantly higher demand intensity than women across groups and time points. Significant interactive effects were detected for breakpoint and EV. From pre- to post-test, breakpoint significantly increased in men in the DOMS group. However, breakpoint and EV significantly decreased in women in the DOMS group. Conclusions Increased alcohol demand in men in the DOMS group was consistent with epidemiological data suggesting men are at higher risk for self-medicating pain with alcohol than women. However, decreased demand in women was unexpected. Taken together, results indicate DOMS induction may be a useful means to characterize pain as an antecedent for alcohol use.
Does Exercise-Based Conventional Training Improve Reactive Balance Control among People with Chronic Stroke?

Background: Exercise-based conventional training has predominantly benefited fall-associated volitional balance control domain; however, the effect on reactive balance control is under-examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise-based conventional training on reactive balance control. Methods: Eleven people with chronic stroke (PwCS) underwent multi-component training for six weeks (20 sessions) in a tapering manner. Training focused on four constructs-stretching, functional strengthening, balance, and endurance. Volitional balance was measured via movement velocity on the Limits of Stability (LOS) test and reactive balance via center of mass (COM) state stability on the Stance Perturbation Test (SPT). Additionally, behavioral outcomes (fall incidence and/or number of steps taken) were recorded. Results: Movement velocity significantly increased on the LOS test (p < 0.05) post-intervention with a significant decrease in fall incidence (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in the COM state stability, fall incidence and number of recovery steps on the SPT post-intervention. Conclusion: Although volitional and reactive balance control may share some neurophysiological and biomechanical components, training based on volitional movements might not significantly improve reactive balance control for recovery from large-magnitude perturbations due to its task-specificity.
Haemophilus influenzae purulent pericarditis in an immunocompetent individual.

Purulent pericarditis is a rare bacterial illness in the post-antibiotic era that is defined as pericardial infection with gross or microscopic purulence in the pericardium. Common causes include n...
Demographics and Incident Location of Traumatic Injuries at a Single Level I Trauma Center.

Introduction: Traumatic injuries are preventable and understanding determinants of injury, such as socio-economic and environmental factors, is vital. This study evaluated traumatic injuries and identified areas of high trauma incidence. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients 14 years or older who were admitted with a traumatic injury to a Level I trauma center between 2016 and 2017. Descriptive analyses were presented and maps of high injury areas were generated. Results: The most frequent mechanisms of injury were falls (58.3%), motor vehicle crashes (22.3%), and motorcycle crashes (5.7%). Fall patients were more likely to be female (59.6%) and were the oldest age group (72.1 ± 17.2) compared to motor vehicle and motorcycle crash patients. Severe head (22.1%, P = 0.007) and extremity (35.7%, P = 0.001) injuries were most frequent among fall patients, however more motorcycle crash patients required mechanical ventilation (16.1%, P < 0.001) and experienced the longest intensive care unit length of stay (5.3 ± 6.8, P < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation days (6.6 ± 8.5, P < 0.036). Motorcycle crash patients also had the most number of deaths (7.5%, P < 0.001). The generated maps of all traumatic suggest that most injuries occur near our hospital and are located in several of the most population-dense zip codes. Conclusions: Falls, motor vehicle crashes, and motorcycle crashes were the most common mechanisms of injury. The use of Geographic Information System aided in the identification of high injury incidence location.
Projections and Possibilities: An Installation About HuMilk Now

How can collaborative, multidisciplinary experiences activate our deeper imaginative engagement with probable futures? Projections and Possibilities, an art installation, took visuals that structure my ethnography White Gold: Stories of Breast Milk Sharing (Falls 2017) as a starting point for responding to this question. White Gold explores human breast milk sharing as a form of dissent against encroaching biocapitalisms and argues for heterarchical community making as a strategy for (re)claiming emerging futures. How can “speculative fabulations” (Salazar 2017) implied in ethnographic description be activated? How can art communicate the predictive edges of ethnographic analysis? How can relational aesthetics invite community stakeholders into theory? Projections and Possibilities showed rather than stated ethnographic process, issues of reflexivity, and ethnographer-participant relations to inspire a productive community response to farmed HuMilk.
Civil Society Regulation and Space in Asia and the Turn Against Politics

This Discussion Paper for the Roundtable Discussion on Working Together to Address Civic Space in Asia and the Pacific briefly seeks to:  Review the role of civil society in relation to proposed Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 to “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels” as it applies to a variety of Asian development contexts, and the proposed targets under that goal, identifying positive experiences and trends as well as challenges;  Analyse the role (positive and negative) played by regulatory environments for civil society in these contexts, including the environment for registration of civil society organisations, reporting obligations and funding restrictions; and  Propose policy recommendations for different development actors, including UNDP, bilateral donors, international and regional organisations (including civil society networks) and civil society organisations at the national level.
Decoding "Never Again"

This article, Decoding “Never Again,” narrates its author’s experience as a child of two Holocaust survivors, one of whom participated in rescuing thousands of his fellow Jews during the war. Colb meditates on this legacy and concludes that her understanding of it has played an important role in inspiring her scholarship about (and ethical commitment to) animal rights. She examines and analyzes the ways in which analogies between the Holocaust and anything else can trigger people’s anger and offense, and she then draws a distinction between occasions when offense is an appropriate response to such analogies and when it need not be. In conclusion, she explains what she believes is the true message of “Never Again,” a commitment that necessarily transcends the particulars of what happened to the Jews during World War II.
Taking a Second Look: Expert and Novice Differences when Observing the Same Classroom Teaching Segment a Second Time

Expert and beginning principals viewed a classroom teaching episode of a seventh grade mathematics classroom for teacher supervision purposes. After the first viewing participants were asked questions about classroom management and instruction, about the skills of the teacher, and about recommendations they would make for improvement. After a second viewing, similar questions were asked. Differences between groups were found in their understanding of classroom teaching and their abilities to evaluate and make recommendations for the improvement of teaching. This study indicates that important differences will occur in the supervision experience for teachers depending on whether an expert or novice principal supervises them. Findings from this study have implications for the development of preservice and inservice training programs and induction experiences for new principals.
30 W capacitive wireless power transfer system with 5.8 pF coupling capacitance

This paper presents a new capacitive wireless power transfer (WPT) system that achieves effective power transfer even with very low values of coupling capacitance between two metal plates separated by an air-gap. A prototype of the proposed capacitive WPT system has been built and shown to transfer 30 W across two 5-cm by 5-cm metal plates separated by an air-gap of 0.5 cm. The power transfer per unit capacitance of 5.5 W/pF achieved by this system is 20 times greater than the highest value previously reported in literature.
Topological Orders with Global Gauge Anomalies

By definition, the physics of the $d$-dimensional (dim) boundary of a $(d+1)$-dim symmetry protected topological (SPT) state cannot be realized as itself on a $d$-dim lattice. If the symmetry of the system is unitary, then a formal way to determine whether a $d$-dim theory must be a boundary or not, is to couple this theory to a gauge field (or to ``gauge'' its symmetry), and check if there is a gauge anomaly. In this paper we discuss the following question: Can the boundary of a SPT state be driven into a fully gapped topological order which preserves all the symmetries? We argue (conjecture) that if the gauge anomaly of the boundary is ``perturbative,'' then the boundary must remain gapless; while if the boundary only has global gauge anomaly but no perturbative anomaly, then it is possible to gap out the boundary by driving it into a topological state, when $d\ensuremath{\ge}2$. We will demonstrate this conjecture with two examples: (1) the $3d$ spin-1/2 chiral fermion with the well-known Witten's global anomaly [Phys. Lett. 117, 324 (1982)], which can be realized on the boundary of a $4d$ topological superconductor with SU(2) or $U(1)\ensuremath{\rtimes}{Z}_{2}$ symmetry; and (2) the $4d$ boundary of a $5d$ topological superconductor with the same symmetry. We show that these boundary systems can be driven into a fully gapped ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2N}$ topological order with topological degeneracy, but this ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2N}$ topological order cannot be future driven into a trivial confined phase that preserves all the symmetries due to some special properties of its topological defects. Our study also leads to exotic states of matter in pure $3d$ space.
The influence of the constructivist perspective on the teaching of statistics and the importance of teaching with data

In 1985, the North American Group of the Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education affirmed the notion that the constructivist perspective would provide guidelines for instructors to facilitate student learning. The constructivist view of the student as an active learner as well as the present day emphases on the automation of the calculations and the student learning of the concepts has motivated the use of multimedia in the online teaching of statistics. Here, I examined the influence of the constructivist perspective on the teaching of statistics, the influence of the constructivist perspective on the use of computer assisted calculations and on the use of automated simulations and the significance of teaching with data. Based on this examination, one may improve upon the teaching of statistics (1) by accounting for the omission of elements of sound and video that were observed for past online courses, (2) by providing instruction on how data is produced for an empirical study, (3) by providing small data sets to show the influence upon the statistic of outliers, skew and variance heterogeneity through the use of manual calculations, (4) by providing large real datasets so that students may draw substantive conclusions about the statistics, and (5) by using automated simulations to convey the statistical properties of the sampling distribution of the statistic.
Mink serum amyloid A protein. Expression and primary structure based on cDNA sequences

The nucleotide sequences of two mink serum amyloid A (SAA) cDNA clones have been analyzed, one (SAA1) 776 base pairs long and the other (SAA2) 552 base pairs long. Significant differences were discovered when derived amino acid sequences were compared with data for apoSAA isolated from high density lipoprotein. Previous studies of mink protein SAA and amyloid protein A (AA) suggest that only one SAA isotype is amyloidogenic. The cDNA clone for SAA2 defines the "amyloid prone" isotype while SAA1 is found only in serum. Mink SAA1 has alanine in position 10, isoleucine in positions 24, 67, and 71, lysine in position 27, and proline in position 105. Residue 10 in mink SAA2 is valine while arginine and asparagine are at positions 24 and 27, respectively, all characteristics of protein AA isolated from mink amyloid fibrils. Mink SAA2 also has valine in position 67, phenylalanine in position 71, and amino acid 105 is serine. It remains unknown why these six amino acid substitutions render SAA2 more amyloidogenic than SAA1. Eighteen hours after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, mink SAA mRNA is abundant in liver with relatively minor accumulations in brain and lung. Genes encoding both SAA isotypes are expressed in all three organs while no SAA mRNA was detectable in amyloid prone organs, including spleen and intestine, indicating that deposition of AA from locally synthesized SAA is unlikely. A third mRNA species (2.2 kilobases) was identified and hybridizes with cDNA probes for mink SAA1 and SAA2. In addition to a major primary translation product (molecular mass 14,400 Da) an additional product with molecular mass 28,000 Da was immunoprecipitable.
Protease Inactivation During Downstream Processing

Proteolytic enzymes, or proteases (proteinases) are of particular importance to the food scientist and the food processing industry. Downstream processing of proteases/enzymes, in general, involves three major steps: cell disruption, initial fractionation, and high resolution fractionation. The inactivation of enzymes/proteases encountered during the different stages of downstream processing is presented in a quantitative fashion. The separation and downstream processing techniques for enzymes/proteases presented together provide a judicious framework to obtain reasonable quantitative estimates for inactivation of enzymes/proteases encountered by different workers under operating conditions.