cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New x-ray nondestructive evaluation techniques for studying microstructural homogeneity of green ceramics

A new x-ray computed tomography technique for mapping 3 dimensional variations of packing density in suspension processed green ceramics is introduced. The technique is used to measure the drained compressibility of two ceramic suspensions prepared at different extremes of interparticle potential: a strongly flocculated suspension and a weakly flocculated, salt coagulated suspension. Regions of low and high effective stress in both samples are then explored with the computed tomography technique. Both the spatial and statistical differences in microstructurai features of both samples reveal unexpected trends in homogeneity. Introduction Consolidating dilute suspensions into dense, homogeneous ceramic green bodies is the basis for colloidal processing of ceramics. Since microstructurai heterogeneities during the formation of the green body can ultimately lead to cracks and warpage during the final stages of processing, microstructurai uniformity must be carefully controlled during the
Intriguing Roles for Endothelial ADAM10/Notch Signaling in the Development of Organ-Specific Vascular Beds.

The vasculature is a remarkably interesting, complex, and interconnected organ. It provides a conduit for oxygen and nutrients, filtration of waste products, and rapid communication between organs....
Heterozygous huntingtin promotes cadmium neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in striatal cells via altered metal transport and protein kinase C delta dependent oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling mechanisms.

Abstract Huntington’s disease (HD) is functionally linked to environmental factors including cigarette use and dyshomeostasis in the levels of metals. Interestingly, one of the most abundant heavy metals in cigarettes is cadmium (Cd), which also accumulates in the striatum and causes neurotoxicity upon exposure. Thus, we hypothesized that heterozygous huntingtin (HTT), responsible for the majority of cases of HD in patients, in combination with Cd exposure would cause neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration via increased intracellular accumulation of Cd and activation of oxidative stress signaling mechanisms in a mouse striatal cell line model of HD. We report that heterozygous HTT striatal cells are significantly more susceptible to Cd-induced cytotoxicity as compared to wild-type HTT cells upon exposure for 48 h. The heterozygous HTT and Cd-induced cytotoxicity led to a NADPH oxidase (NOX) mediated oxidative stress that was attenuated by exogenous antioxidants and a NOX inhibitor, apocynin. Heterozygous HTT coupled with Cd exposure caused increased expression of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) and other key oxidative stress proteins levels, enhanced the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis, and blocked the overexpression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). We observed significantly greater intracellular accumulation of Cd and reduced expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) protein in the heterozygous HTT striatal cells upon Cd exposure. Treatment with zinc, manganese, and iron as well as exogenous antioxidants significantly attenuated the Cd-induced cytotoxicity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that heterozygous HTT exhibits greater neurotoxic properties when coupled with Cd exposure to cause cell death via caspase mediated apoptosis, altered metal transport, and modulation of ERK and PKCδ dependent oxidative signaling mechanisms.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on Treatment Options for Adults With Multiple Metastatic Brain Tumors.

Target population These recommendations apply to adult patients newly diagnosed with multiple (more than 1) brain metastases. Question 1 In what circumstances should whole brain radiation therapy be recommended to improve tumor control and survival in patients with multiple brain metastases? Recommendation Level 2: It is recommended that whole brain radiation therapy can be added to stereotactic radiosurgery to improve local and distant control keeping in mind the potential for worsened neurocognitive outcomes and that there is unlikely to be a significant impact on overall survival. Question 2 In what circumstances should stereotactic radiosurgery be recommended to improve tumor control and survival in patients with multiple brain metastases? Recommendations Level 1: In patients with 2 to 3 brain metastases not amenable to surgery, the addition of stereotactic radiosurgery to whole brain radiation therapy is not recommended to improve survival beyond that obtained with whole brain radiation therapy alone. Level 3: The use of stereotactic radiosurgery alone is recommended to improve median overall survival for patients with more than 4 metastases having a cumulative volume Question 3 In what circumstances should surgery be recommended to improve tumor control and survival in patients with multiple brain metastases? Recommendation Level 3: In patients with multiple brain metastases, tumor resection is recommended in patients with lesions inducing symptoms from mass effect that can be reached without inducing new neurological deficit and who have control of their cancer outside the nervous system.The full guideline can be found at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-treatment-adults-metastatic-brain-tumors/chapter_6.
Reversible phosphorylation: a birthday tribute to Herb Tabor.

Herb Tabor was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) spanning the years 1971–2010. This year, Herb turns 100. What do you give a person turning 100? Our answer to this question was to dedicate two of our favorite JBC papers to Herb. Both of these papers focus on reversible phosphorylation, which we briefly review. In addition, we delve into a new finding that centers around a novel family of secreted kinases, suggesting that there are many new and exciting discoveries yet to explore.
Abstract IA11: Developing and improving personalized neoantigen-targeting cancer vaccines

At the heart of any cancer and host immune cell response is the tumor antigen and host antigen-specific T-cell interaction. The cytotoxic T cell-cognate antigen interaction forms the mechanistic basis for immune-mediated recognition and the killing of malignant cells. While the search for immunogenic tumor antigens has been the subject of decades-long studies, multiple lines of evidence have convincingly demonstrated tumor neoantigens as an important class of immunogenic tumor antigens. Neoantigens arise from amino acid changes encoded by somatic mutations in the tumor cell and have the potential to bind to and be presented by personal HLA molecules. Using next-generation sequencing approaches, we can now systematically identify mutations leading to amino acid changes that can be potentially recognized immunologically through the implementation of neoantigen discovery pipelines. In recent studies, we have tested the feasibility and immunogenicity of a vaccine that targets up to 20 personal neoantigens predicted to be presented by autologous patient tumor. This approach can expand the repertoire of neoantigen-specific T cells, providing a strong rationale for the further development of this approach, alone and in combination with checkpoint therapies. Citation Format: Catherine J. Wu. Developing and improving personalized neoantigen-targeting cancer vaccines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2017 Oct 1-4; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2018;6(9 Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
5PSQ-051 Analysis of cardiovascular events associated with carfilzomib in patients with multiple refractory myeloma

Background In the pivotal authorisation trial of carfilzomib, patients with severe cardiovascular abnormalities (NYHA III or IV), clinically significant and uncontrolled, were not included. Purpose The aim of this study was to analyse the cardiovascular events (CVAE) associated with carfilzomib in patients in whom an electrocardiogram was performed prior to starting treatment and compare these data with those of the pivotal trial. Material and methods Retrospective observational study in which all patients treated with carfilzomib were included. The data obtained from the electronic medical record were: age and comorbidities at diagnosis, schemes used prior to carfilzomib, dose of carfilzomib and development of CVAE after the use of carfilzomib. Results Thirty-six patients (19 males) with a median age 59 years (RIQ 53–67) were included. Seventy-eight per cent had comorbidities at the time of diagnosis, the most frequent being arterial hypertension (HTA) (16), followed by diabetes mellitus and dyslipaemia (seven in both). The average of previous regimens was one (30), with VCD (bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone) in 28 patients. In 34 patients the scheme used was KRD (carfilzomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone) at a dose of 27 mg/m2. In two patients the dose was reduced due to adverse effects (hepatotoxicity and nonspecific toxicity). The incidence of all grades CVAE was 19.4% (three congestive heart failure, two paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and one transient ischaemia and new onset HTA). Of all of them, 71% presented as comorbidity to the diagnosis of hypertension. Median age of patients was 65 years (RIQ 65–76). Two patients discontinued the treatment, three patients required modification of the diuretic treatment and in one patient the infusion time of carfilzomib was modified. Conclusion As in the ASPIRE study, patients are referred to the cardiology service prior to starting treatment and the expected results are similar (19.4% vs 22.3% in ASPIRE). The most vulnerable patients of developing CVE were those over 65 years of age, since they present more comorbidities pre-treatment. However, it should be mentioned that myeloma itself, or the corticosteroids, can also contribute to cardiovascular deterioration. References and/or acknowledgements Stewart AK, Rajkumar SV, Kimopoulos MA, et al; ASPIRE Investigators. Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2015;372:142–52. No conflict of interest.
Clustering Aspects in Astrophysics and Relativistic Heavy-Ion Reactions

Selected topics in the fields of relativistic heavy-ion reactions and nuclear astrophysics will be considered. These topics are: anomalon production and asymmetric fission in the former field and radiative-capture reactions in the latter field. Experimental situations will be reviewed, and clustering aspects, necessary for the explanation of the observed phenomena, will be discussed.
The "July effect": Outcomes in microvascular reconstruction during resident transitions.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the "July effect," as a possible risk factor for perioperative complications in otolaryngology microvascular reconstruction during the transitional period in the academic calendar. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database review. METHODS Microvascular reconstruction outcomes in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005-2016) database were compared between the first academic quarter (July-September) to the last academic quarter (April-June). The primary outcome was 30-day morbidity, and secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, operative complications, or postoperative adverse events. RESULTS There were 612 and 580 patients who underwent microvascular reconstruction during the first and last academic quarters, respectively. There was no significant difference between the 30-day mortality between the first academic quarter (1.5%) and the last academic quarter (0.7%) (P = .194). There was no difference in 30-day morbidity (47.9% vs. 49.5%, P = .586), operative complications (wound disruption, P = .151; bleeding, P = .526; operative time, P = .162), or postoperative adverse events (deep vein thrombosis, P = .460; pneumonia, P = .737; reintubation, P = .201; pulmonary embolism, P = .452; ventilation for >48 hours, P = .769; acute renal failure, P = .500; urinary tract infection, P = .693; unplanned readmission, P = .202; and mean length of stay, P = .497). CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no July effect in microvascular reconstruction. Further studies should identify the mechanisms that preserve the safety of this operation year-round for application to other areas of medicine who have observed the July effect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:893-898, 2020.
Zeeman-splitting-induced topological nodal structure and anomalous Hall conductivity in ZrTe 5

We investigate the topological nodal structure of three-dimensional (3D) ${\mathrm{ZrTe}}_{5}$ driven by Zeeman splitting as a function of the direction of external magnetic (B) field by using a Wannier-function-based tight-binding (WFTB) model obtained from first-principles calculations. It is known that small external stimuli can drive 3D ${\mathrm{ZrTe}}_{5}$ into different topological phases including Dirac semimetal. In order to emphasize the effect of Zeeman splitting, we consider 3D ${\mathrm{ZrTe}}_{5}$ in a strong topological insulator phase with a small band gap. With Zeeman splitting greater than the band gap, the WFTB model suggests that a type-I nodal ring protected by (glide) mirror symmetry is formed when the B field aligns with the crystal $a$ or $b$ axes, and that a pair of type-I Weyl nodes are formed otherwise, when conduction and valence bands touch. We show that a pair of separate Weyl nodes can disappear through formation of a nodal ring, rather than requiring two Weyl nodes with opposite chirality to come together. Interestingly, a type-II nodal ring appears from crossings of the top two valence bands when the B field is applied along the $c$ axis. This nodal ring gaps out to form type-II Weyl nodes when the B field rotates in the $bc$ plane. Comparing the WFTB and linearized $k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p$ model, we find inadequacy of the latter at some $\mathbf{B}$ field directions. Further, using the WFTB model, we numerically compute the intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{ac}$ induced by Berry curvature as a function of chemical potential and B field direction. We find that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{ac}$ increases abruptly when the B field is tilted from the $a$ axis within the $ab$ plane. Our WFTB model also shows significant anomalous Hall conductivity induced by avoided level crossings even in the absence of Weyl nodes.
Iso-oxazole-Fludelone (KOS-1803) as a potent and efficacious microtubule-stablization epothilone against xenograft tumors.

1402 17-Iso-oxazole-26-F3-9,10-dehydro-12,13-desoxy-epothilone B (Iso-Fludelone or KOS-1803) designed by diverted total synthesis based on pharmacological property leads has been shown to be a strong candidate compound for clinical development. In vitro, it has an IC50 of 0.27nM against CCRF-CEM cells, which is 4-fold more potent than paclitaxel (Taxol®). It is 638-fold and 637-fold more potent than Taxol against drug-resistant CCRF-CEM/Taxol and CCRF-CEM/Vinblastine cells, respectively. It showed microtubule-stabilization activity slightly exceeding Taxol. When compared with the 1st generation dEpoB and the 2nd generation dehydelone, KOS-1803 is metabolically stable in mouse plasma and efficacious when delivered as either a 6 hr-i.v. infusion or oral administration; has improved water solubility (non-Cremophor formulation); has increased bioavailability and tissue penetration for prolonged tumor tissue drug retention; and demonstrates favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The critical-optimal conditions for efficacious therapy and low toxicity are 6 hr-i.v. infusion at 25-30mg/kg every 12-16 days for a maximum of 3 doses. In human xenograft tumors in nude mice: for CCRF-CEM/Taxol at optimal conditions, KOS-1803 led to 4/4 complete remission (CR) without any relapses for over 3 months, whereas Taxol had no therapeutic effect, and Cytoxan suppressed tumor without a CR. For CCRF-CEM xenograft, KOS-1803, Taxol and Cytoxan all achieved CR, but 2/4 of Cytoxan treated relapsed one month later. For the primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma Bx-CP-3 xenograft, KOS-1803 (25mg/kg, Q12Dx3, i.v. infusion) led to complete tumor suppression and shrinkage but no CR, whereas Taxol (20mg/kg, Q2Dx8, i.v.) and Gemcitabine (40mg/kg, Q2Dx10, i.v.) suppressed tumor growth only 90% and 60%, respectively. For hepatoma Hep xenograft, KOS-1803 (30mg/kg, Q16x2, i.v. infusion) led to complete tumor growth suppression and shrinkage but no CR, whereas Taxol (25mg/kg, Q2Dx4, i.v.) and Cytoxan (50mg/kg, Q2Dx3, i.v.) and 5-fluorouracil (40mg/kg, QDx5, i.v.), led to only 15%, 55%, and 30% tumor growth suppression, respectively. The above data are in addition to early superior therapeutic results for KOS-1803 against mammary MX-1 (i.v. infusion or oral), neuroblastoma SK-NAS, lung A549 and A549/Taxol, ovarian SK-OV-3, mammary MCF-7/Adr xenografts over other chemotherapeutic agents (Chou et al. Proc. AACR 47: 115, 2006, Zhong et al. ibid. 48: 341, 2007 and Chou, ibid. 48: 342, 2007). Thus, so far, we have not been able to find any other cancer therapeutic agent that is even approximate to KOS-1803 in overall therapeutic efficacy in xenograft experimental systems. [Supported by NIH-NCI grant CA28824, SKI-Institutional General Fund, and Kosan Biosciences].
Anachronism and Dislocation: Tiempo de morir (1965) Between the Nuevo Cine Mexicano and the Global Western

The critical reception of Arturo Ripstein’s directorial debut Tiempo de morir (A Time to Die, 1965) has stressed its combination of the visual and narrative codes of the Western genre with currents of literary and cinematic innovation. The script was penned by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Carlos Fuentes, and much of the film is composed of freewheeling handheld sequence shots that recall the French New Wave. Tiempo de morir’s use of the Western’s iconography has typically been viewed as a constraint imposed by the producers for commercial reasons. Yet the film’s dialogue with the Western as global genre is not a mere imposition that detracts from the “author functions” exercised by Ripstein, Garcia Marquez, or Fuentes. Indeed, the tropes of the Western highlight Tiempo de morir’s engagement with the global circulation of film culture, evident in the film itself and in extratextual material, including interviews with the director and film criticism by the screenwriters. The historical anachronism of the Western, which stages the clash between “civilization and barbarism” in a vanished frontier, highlights the asynchronous flows of global cinema and the self-definition of global New Waves in relation to points of reference dispersed in time and space. This essay traces Tiempo de morir’s strategic approximation and displacement relative to Mexican “Golden Age” cinema, European popular and art film, and other Latin American films that reimagined the Western. Tiempo de morir’s use of cinematic innovation and convention foregrounds the uneven global circulation of film culture and the problem of producing the new.
Mesenchymal Kidney Tumors

Mesenchymal tumors involving the kidney include a wide range of benign and malignant tumors and are relatively rare compared to epithelial neoplasms. Within the last two decades, there have been major discoveries in the underlying genomic alterations that drive the neoplastic process in mesenchymal lesions of the kidney. Specifically, a variety of translocation-associated sarcomas have been described arising from the kidney, significantly expanding the differential diagnosis of mesenchymal tumors primary to the kidney. This chapter is devoted to the clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genomic alterations of mesenchymal tumors that primarily occur in adults, with discussion of the differential diagnosis of specific entities. In contrast to the childhood lesions, most of these entities occur primarily in somatic soft tissue sites, but are also described in the kidney and constitute an ever-increasing list that appear to have a predilection for this location. It must be recognized that many of the neoplasms reviewed also occur in children.
Is there a role for immunosuppression in antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity, or nonthrombotic manifestations in patients with persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Conventional APS treatment focuses on antithrombotic strategies, which are usually ineffective for the microvascular and nonthrombotic manifestations of aPL. Using a case-based presentation, this review focuses on the role of immunosuppression in nonobstetric APS, including B-cell inhibition (rituximab, belimumab, and bortezomib), complement inhibition (eculizumab), mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibition (sirolimus), vascular endothelial cell modulation (defibrotide), statins, and traditional rheumatologic disease-modifying agents (hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide).
Finance and Welfare: The Effect of Access to Credit on Family Structure

There is a large debate over the welfare effects of the early 2000s housing boom and bust. One potentially important welfare effect is the impact of mortgage credit expansion on family structure. Exploiting pre-housing boom variation on the distribution of old homeowners who live alone and are older than 65, I conduct within-county analysis with zip code level data to causally identify the effect of access to credit on fertility outcomes through a channel associated with a more efficient reallocation of the existing housing stock among households. I examine two other housing channels, house wealth gains and new construction, and show that the most relevant channel is the reallocation, which allows young households to access space by either moving to larger homes or achieving homeownership earlier in their life-cycle. A one standard deviation increase in reallocation leads to a 6.4% increase in fertility from 2000 to 2006. The same increase in house prices leads to only a 2.7% increase, and in new construction leads to a 1.5% decline in fertility from 2000 to 2006. I estimate that approximately 500,000 babies were born between 2000 and 2006 because of the reallocation channel.
Convergent Strategy for the Synthesis of Oxa-, Thia-, and Selena[5]helicenes by Acetylene-Activated SNAr Reactions.

A tandem acetylene-activated SNAr-anionic cyclization strategy is presented for the synthesis of chalcogen-containing hetero[5]helicenes. Oxa-, thia-, and selena[5]helicenes are accessed from commo...
Timing of menarche and abnormal hippocampal connectivity in youth at clinical-high risk for psychosis

The "estrogen hypothesis" suggests that estrogen is a protective factor against psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Although the precise protective mechanisms are still unclear, one potential explanation lies in the role that increased estrogens play in mediating hippocampal plasticity, as this may reduce hippocampal dysconnectivity that is characteristically observed in psychosis. In support of this view, later age at menarche- less available estrogen during critical early adolescent development- is related to earlier onset of psychosis and increased symptom severity. Furthermore, if estrogens have protective effects, then we should see this effect in the psychosis risk period in those at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis - i.e., individuals showing attenuated symptoms at imminent risk for transitioning to a psychotic diagnosis. This study examined whether earlier age at menarche would result in more normative hippocampal connectivity in CHR youth; menarche is an easily assessed, developmental marker associated with the availability of estrogens. Resting-state connectivity was examined in sixty female participants (26 CHR and 34 healthy control; age 12-21) using a cross-sectional approach; hippocampal connectivity was found to relate to age at menarche. Later age at menarche in the CHR group related to increased hippocampal dysconnectivity to the occipital cortex (a region with a neurotrophic response to estrogen) compared to the controls. Results suggest that earlier availability of estrogens may have neuroprotective effects on hippocampal plasticity. Findings have relevance for understanding sex differences and etiology, as well as guiding novel treatments.
Computing, data and COVID-19

COVID-19 has disrupted every aspect of our lives, and never before has there been such a need to build interdisciplinary teams to address some of the most critical data and computing problems associated with the pandemic, using advanced statistical techniques to interpret data, simulation to understand intervention impacts, and machine learning to identify possible medical therapeutics. High performance computing has long embraced interdisciplinary work, and in this talk I will give a broad overview of the role that data and computing are playing in COVID-19 rapid response, and some of the underlying challenges for computational modeling, analysis, and learning.
Comprehensive Care in Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases: A Multifaceted Challenge.

Behavior is the most influential predictor for developing a medical condition and subsequently accounts for 40% of premature deaths1. Thus, simplistic approaches to complex health conditions are no longer viable or effective in producing optimal treatment outcomes. Successful psychological interventions have repeatedly demonstrated their profound effect on illness prevention, reduction of disease severity, and improved health-related quality of life2. Examples include cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for pain, behavioral interventions to increase healthy lifestyle habits to treat obesity, and self-management support to increase treatment adherence. Despite decades of research, clinical anecdotes, and the World Health Organization’s biopsychosocial definition of health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity,”3 the lack of integrated care models across institutions perpetuates the dearth of behavioral healthcare, contributing to disease morbidity and mortality. Although society is shifting toward biopsychosocial healthcare approaches, the dualistic mind-body doctrine underlying the biomedical model remains ever-present4. The number of epidemics (e.g., obesity, diabetes, addiction) that continue to plague the United States, coupled with the generally lower level of US National Institutes of Health funding appropriated to mental health and pediatric institutes (e.g., National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development), are testaments to these systemic issues. It is of the utmost importance that comprehensive care is provided to promote quality of life for patients and the individuals affected and/or involved in care, particularly in pediatric health conditions5,6,7. However, despite dissemination of research, the translation and application into clinical care often lags behind, leaving many families with unmet needs. Providing well-rounded treatment for health conditions must be multifaceted8, hence the recent trend for multidisciplinary clinics. Yet, what … Address correspondence to K.L. Gamwell, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology, Center for Adherence and Self-Management, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7039, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Email: kaitlyn.gamwell{at}cchmc.org.
Cognitive health risks posed by social isolation and loneliness in older Korean Americans.

This study examines associations among social isolation, loneliness, and cognitive health risks in older Korean Americans, focusing on the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between social isolation and objective and subjective measures of cognitive impairment. Data are from 2061 participants in the Study of Older Korean Americans, a multi-state survey of Korean immigrants age 60 and older (Mage = 73.2, SD = 7.93). Social isolation was indexed with the Lubben Social Network Scale− 6; loneliness, with the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale. Objective and subjective measures of cognitive impairment included the Mini-Mental State Examination and a single-item self-rating of cognitive health. In the logistic regression model for objective cognitive impairment, social isolation was significantly associated, but loneliness was not. In the model for subjective cognitive impairment, both social isolation and loneliness were significant factors. However, the effect of social isolation became non-significant when loneliness was considered, suggesting a potential mediating role of loneliness. The subsequent mediation analysis confirmed that the indirect effect of social isolation on subjective cognitive impairment through loneliness was significant (B = .20, SE = .03, 95% CI = .12, .28). Our analyses provide evidence for the proposed mediating effect of loneliness in the relationship between social isolation and subjective cognitive impairment. Intervention efforts should focus on reducing feelings of loneliness experienced by older immigrants, possibly by engaging them in socially meaningful and cognitively stimulating activities.
Student‐led field studies of herbivory: Hands‐on experiences for remote (or in‐person) learning

Challenging students to independently design and implement experiments is a powerful way to teach the scientific method while engaging with STEM‐related course material For ecology and organismal biology, such experiences often take the form of field work The COVID‐19 pandemic presented formidable challenges for instructors of such courses: How can students conduct any experiments, much less ones of their own design, when they might not even have access to campus? Here we describe a student‐led field project exploring invertebrate herbivory in terrestrial plant systems Designed to flexibly accommodate student groups working either in‐person, remotely, or both, the project would be suitable for invertebrate biology, plant biology, or general ecology courses at the college or high school level We describe our implementation in two sections of a sophomore‐level course, provide specific advice based on our experiences, make suggestions for future improvements or adaptations, and provide all the written materials that instructors would need to implement this in their own teaching
Infant and Early Child Appetite Traits and Child Weight and Obesity Risk in Low-Income Hispanic Families.

Abstract Background Child appetite traits (ATs) are associated with later child weight and obesity risk. Less research has focused on ATs in low-income Hispanic children or included longitudinal associations with infant weight. Objective To determine stability of ATs during infancy and childhood and their relationship with subsequent weight and obesity risk at age 3 years among low-income Hispanic children. Design A secondary longitudinal analysis of data from the Starting Early Program randomized controlled obesity prevention trial. Participants/setting Three hundred twenty-two low-income, Hispanic mother–child pairs enrolled between 2012 and 2014 in a public hospital in New York City. Main outcome measures ATs, including Slowness in Eating, Satiety Responsiveness, Food Responsiveness, and Enjoyment of Food were assessed using the Baby and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaires at ages 3 months, 2 years, and 3 years. Main outcome measures were child standardized weight-for-age z score (WFAz) and obesity risk (WFA≥95th percentile) at age 3 years. Statistical analyses performed AT stability was assessed using correlations and multilevel modeling. Linear and logistic regression analyses examined associations between ATs and child WFAz and obesity risk at age 3 years. Results There was limited stability for all ATs measured over time. During infancy, Slowness in Eating was associated with lower 3-year WFAz (B = –0.18, 95% CI –0.33 to –0.04; P = 0.01). At age 2 years, Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness were associated with lower WFAz (B = –0.29, 95% CI –0.47 to –0.12; P Conclusions Infants with lower Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness may have higher levels of obesity risk and need more tailored approaches to nutrition counseling and obesity prevention.
In COPD, prophylactic macrolides, but not tetracyclines or quinolones, reduce exacerbations, with fewer serious adverse events.

SOURCE CITATION Janjua S, Mathioudakis AG, Fortescue R, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;1:CD013198. 33448349.
ST-V-Net: incorporating shape prior into convolutional neural networks for proximal femur segmentation

We aim to develop a deep-learning-based method for automatic proximal femur segmentation in quantitative computed tomography (QCT) images. We proposed a spatial transformation V-Net (ST-V-Net), which contains a V-Net and a spatial transform network (STN) to extract the proximal femur from QCT images. The STN incorporates a shape prior into the segmentation network as a constraint and guidance for model training, which improves model performance and accelerates model convergence. Meanwhile, a multi-stage training strategy is adopted to fine-tune the weights of the ST-V-Net. We performed experiments using a QCT dataset which included 397 QCT subjects. During the experiments for the entire cohort and then for male and female subjects separately, 90% of the subjects were used in ten-fold stratified cross-validation for training and the rest of the subjects were used to evaluate the performance of models. In the entire cohort, the proposed model achieved a Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.9888, a sensitivity of 0.9966 and a specificity of 0.9988. Compared with V-Net, the Hausdorff distance was reduced from 9.144 to 5.917 mm, and the average surface distance was reduced from 0.012 to 0.009 mm using the proposed ST-V-Net. Quantitative evaluation demonstrated excellent performance of the proposed ST-V-Net for automatic proximal femur segmentation in QCT images. In addition, the proposed ST-V-Net sheds light on incorporating shape prior to segmentation to further improve the model performance.
Cosmic Ray Isotopes

Since this is the first rapporteur talk on cosmic ray isotopes in thirteen Cosmic Ray Conferences, I will begin by briefly summarizing our interest in isotopic composition as follows: a) Isotopes, not elements, are the result of various nucleosynthesis processes. Thus, we must know the isotopic composition of cosmic rays in order to adequately exploit the relationship of cosmic rays and stellar processes. b) Isotopes, not elements, are the result of secondary fragmentation processes, either in cosmic ray source regions or in the interstellar medium. Thus, we must know the isotopic composition in order to completely unravel source composition from secondary composition. c) Isotopes, not elements, are radioactive. Thus, we must know the isotopic composition in order to take full advantage of various radioactive nuclei as cosmic ray clocks which can be used to determine the age of cosmic rays. With this short summary, I now turn to a brief review of the results presented at this conference. Since I can't possibly discuss each new measurement, I have chosen the following topics: I) Hand He isotopes, II) Be isotopes, III) Al isotopes, IV) Fe isotopes, V) cross sections and model calculations, and VI) instrumental considerations.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: clinical and pathologic overview.

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews the clinical criteria that were refined using the term “frontotemporal lobar degeneration” (FTLD) to encompass three distinct clinical syndromes: frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a primary disturbance of behavior and comportment; progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), a disturbance of expressive language; and semantic dementia (semantic dementia), a syndrome characterized by loss of meaning of verbal and non-verbal concepts. The chapter discusses about the discovery of causative mutations in the secreted growth factor progranulin and the identification of the DNA-binding protein TDP-43 as a key component in the inclusions found in tau-negative FTLD cases have provided new and important clues towards understanding the pathophysiology of the clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disorder. The chapter adopts the nomenclature used in the Neary diagnostic criteria. Under this nomenclature, the distinct clinical syndromes ― FTD, semantic dementia, and PNFA ― have a unique anatomy. FTD is characterized by bifrontal atrophy, semantic dementia by anterior temporal atrophy, and PNFA by left peri-sylvian atrophy. While one clinical syndrome tends to predominate early on, with time atrophy tends to spread to previously unaffected brain regions, and the clinical syndromes may overlap.
The NCSU Concurrency Workbench

The NCSU Concurrency Workbench is a tool for verifying finite-state systems. A key feature is its flexibility; its modular design eases the task of adding new analyses and changing the language users employ for describing systems. This note gives an overview of the system's features, including its capacity for generating diagnostic information for incorrect systems, and discusses some of its applications.
Optimal Worker Quality and Answer Estimates in Crowd-Powered Filtering and Rating

We consider the problem of optimally filtering (or rating) a set of items based on predicates (or scoring) requiring human evaluation. Filtering and rating are ubiquitous problems across crowdsourcing applications. We consider the setting where we are given a set of items and a set of worker responses for each item: yes/no in the case of filtering and an integer value in the case of rating. We assume that items have a true inherent value that is unknown, and workers draw their responses from a common, but hidden, error distribution. Our goal is to simultaneously assign a ground truth to the item-set and estimate the worker error distribution. Previous work in this area has focused on heuristics such as Expectation Maximization (EM), providing only a local optima guarantee, while we have developed a general framework that finds a maximum likelihood solution. Our approach extends to a number of variations on the filtering and rating problems.
Test-Retest Reliability of Computerized Concussion Assessment Programs

Context Computer-based neurocognitive assessment programs commonly are used to assist in concussion diagnosis and management. These tests have been adopted readily by many clinicians based on existing test-retest reliability data provided by test developers. Objective To examine the test-retest reliability of 3 commercially available computer-based neurocognitive assessments using clinically relevant time frames. Design Repeated-measures design. Setting Research laboratory. Patients or other participants 118 healthy student volunteers. Main outcome measure(s) The participants completed the ImPACT, Concussion Sentinel, and Headminder Concussion Resolution Index tests on 3 days: baseline, day 45, and day 50. Each participant also completed the Green Memory and Concentration Test to evaluate effort. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for all output scores generated by each computer program as an estimate of test-retest reliability. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient estimates from baseline to day 45 assessments ranged from .15 to .39 on the ImPACT, .23 to .65 on the Concussion Sentinel, and .15 to .66 on the Concussion Resolution Index. The intraclass correlation coefficient estimates from the day 45 to day 50 assessments ranged from .39 to .61 on the ImPACT, .39 to .66 on the Concussion Sentinel, and .03 to .66 on the Concussion Resolution Index. All participants demonstrated high levels of effort on all days of testing, according to Memory and Concentration Test interpretive guidelines. Conclusions Three contemporary computer-based concussion assessment programs evidenced low to moderate test-retest reliability coefficients. Our findings do not appear to be due to suboptimal effort or other factors related to poor test performance, because persons identified by individual programs as having poor baseline data were excluded from the analyses. The neurocognitive evaluation should continue to be part of a multifaceted concussion assessment program, with priority given to those scores showing the highest reliability.
Total and Free Ergosterol in Mycelia of Saltmarsh Ascomycetes with Access to Whole Leaves or Aqueous Extracts of Leaves

Abstract Three species of saltmarsh ascomycetes were grown in the presence of all of the constituents of their natural substrate (leaves of cordgrass) or were presented only with aqueous extracts of the leaves. These two growth-condition treatments had no significant effect on total ergosterol content of the fungal mycelia, contrary to an earlier hypothesis that availability of plant lipids would lower fungal ergosterol contents. Mycelial content of free ergosterol was about twice as variable as that for total (free plus esterified) ergosterol. Total ergosterol (data pooled for all species) was strongly correlated to organic mycelial mass (r2 = 0.43, P < 0.00001, and slope = 4.59 μg of ergosterol mg of organic mass-1).
Compact Lyα-emitting candidates at z ≃ 2.4 in deep medium-band Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images

Medium-band imaging with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) in the F410M filter has previously revealed a population of compact Lyα emission objects around the radio galaxy 53W002 at z 2.4. We report detections of similar objects at z 2.4 in random, high-latitude HST parallel observations of three additional fields, lending support to the idea that they constitute a widespread population at these redshifts. The three new fields contain 18 Lyα candidates, in contrast to the 17 detected in the deeper exposure of the single WFPC2 field around 53W002. We find substantial differences in the number of candidates from field to field, suggesting that significant large-scale structure is already present in the galaxy distribution at this cosmic epoch. The likely existence of z 2.4 subgalactic clumps in several random fields shows that these objects may have been common in the early universe and strengthens the argument that such objects may be responsible for the formation of a fraction of the luminous present-day galaxies through hierarchical merging.
Fungicides affect Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) egg hatch, larval survival and detoxification enzymes.

BACKGROUND Larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), have a patchy distribution in soils, which complicates detection and management of this insect pest. Managed turf systems are frequently under pest pressure from fungal pathogens, necessitating frequent fungicide applications. It is possible that certain turfgrass fungicides may have lethal or sublethal adverse effects on eggs and larvae of P. japonica that inhabit managed turf systems. In this study, eggs and first-, second- and third-instar larvae were treated with the fungicides chlorothalonil and propiconazole, and survival was compared with that of untreated controls as well as positive controls treated with the insecticide trichlorfon. RESULTS Chlorothalonil reduced survival of first-instar larvae treated directly and hatched from treated eggs. Propiconazole delayed egg hatch, reduced the proportion of eggs that successfully hatched and reduced survival of first-instar larvae treated directly and hatched from treated eggs. Sublethal doses of the fungicides lowered the activities of certain detoxification enzymes in third-instar grubs. CONCLUSIONS Fungicide applications to turfgrass that coincide with oviposition and egg hatch of white grubs may have sublethal effects. This work is applicable both to high-maintenance turfgrass such as golf courses, where applications of pesticides are more frequent, and to home lawn services, where mixtures of multiple pesticides are commonly used. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
EXPLANATION AND REFERENCE

I argue that the importance of reference for scientific explanation has been overlooked, and that actual referential stability itself is more important in the success of scientific theories than many apparently believe. Citing the work of Van Fraassen and Lipton, I delineate cases of referential failure, both intratheoretically and intertheoretically, and remind us of the role played by reference in theories both realist and non-realist. I conclude that work on such areas as contrastive explanation cannot move forward without a better account of reference, and cite previously published material on the relationship between reference and epistemic access.
Effect of HIV on survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a population-based study

Summary Background HIV-infected patients with lung cancer have been reported to have poorer survival than uninfected patients. Whether this outcome holds true in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is unclear. We examined the effect of HIV infection on clinical outcome in patients with lung cancer who are also receiving HAART. Methods Patients diagnosed with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2005, with or without HIV infection were identified by querying the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry and the Medicare lung cancer database. Survival analysis by stage and treatment delivered comparing the HIV-infected patients with uninfected controls was done with Kaplan-Meier and Cox models with propensity score adjustments. Findings 71 976 patients with NSCLC were identified as uninfected controls and 322 patients with NSCLC were identified in the HIV group; median age was 75 years for both groups. Median overall survival for all stages was 7·0 months (95% CI 7·0–7·0) for uninfected controls versus 8·0 months (6·0–10·0) for the HIV group (p=0·16); for those with stage I/II disease it was 37·0 months (36·0–39·0) versus 43·0 months (26·0–58·0; p=0·37); for those with stage IIIA/IIIB disease it was 7·0 months (7·0–7·0) versus 3·0 months (2·0–8·0; p=0·051); and for those with stage IV disease it was 3·0 months for both groups (95% CI 3·0–3·0 for controls; 2·0–5·0 for HIV group; p=0·77). After propensity score adjustment, the survival difference in stage IIIA/IIIB was no longer seen (hazard ratio 0·88; 95% CI 0·71–1·09). The median survival for HIV infected patients with stage I or II NSCLC who underwent surgical resection was 58·0 months (95% CI 57·0–60·0) for uninfected controls versus 50·0 months (42·0 to unestimable) for the HIV group (p=0·88). Interpretation We noted no significant difference in clinical outcome between patients with HIV and uninfected controls with NSCLC. Survival after curative surgical resection in early-stage patients was similar in HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls. These data suggest that HIV status should not affect therapeutic decision making in NSCLC. Funding US National Cancer Institute (award number UC2CA148310).
Barriers to Adoption of New Treatments: An Internet Study of Practicing Community Psychotherapists

Over 1,600 North American psychotherapists from a wide range of disciplines and practice settings completed an open-ended question on perceived barriers to adoption of new treatments as part of an internet survey. Content analysis indicated that there were five overall themes: clinician attitudes, client characteristics, contextual or institutional factors, training issues and other. The most frequently endorsed theme revolved around training issues, particularly, insufficient time and cost for training, lack of confidence in mastering the technique, and lack of opportunities for refining skills. Specific ideas for overcoming these barriers are identified.