cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal detection analysis of recognition memory in depressed elderly

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of late-life depression to memory complaint and objective performance in a recognition memory task. Fifty-seven individuals between the ages of 58 and 88 were evaluated for depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (short form). They were then shown two stimulus lists, each consisting of high-imagery and low-imagery words. Recognition for these words was subsequently tested. Error rates and nonparametric signal detection measures were analyzed as indices of performance. Respondents gave global self-assessments of memory and, during the recognition task, also made self-ratings of performance. Depressed individuals showed more conservative response biases than nondepressed respondents, reflected in a higher false-negative error rate but a lower false-positive rate. Neither overall memory sensitivity as assessed by signal detection analysis nor self-ratings of performance were related to depression, though global memory self-ratings were...
Mutation in the primer binding site of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus genome affects virus production and infectivity.

Abstract In an effort to understand the contribution of the primer-binding site (PBS) region to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, we have constructed a mutant HIV proviral DNA with an alteration in the 5' end of the PBS. The PBS mutant proviral DNA was characterized by transfection of the viral DNA into CD4+ and non-CD4+ target cells. The results indicate that mutation in the PBS reduced the level of viral particles released into the medium of transfected cells in comparison to wild-type proviral DNA. The viral particles were noninfectious upon transmission to established CD4+ cell lines and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Electron microscopic analysis of the transfected cells revealed no abnormalities in the structure of the virion directed by the mutant proviral DNA. Also, the protein and RNA contents of the mutant virions were similar to the wild type. The quantitation of intracellular viral structural protein in the transfected cells, however, indicated that the PBS mutation may have an effect on the assembly of viral particles in addition to completely abolishing reverse transcription of viral RNA into DNA. These results provide evidence that the PBS region of the viral genome has multiple functions in HIV-1 replication.
Non-linear pressure observer design for pneumatic actuators

The robust precision dynamic control output of pneumatic systems requires model-based control techniques such as sliding mode and adaptive control. These controllers require full state knowledge of the system, viz. pressure, position, and velocity. For measuring two of the states, a pneumatic servo system requires two expensive pressure sensors per axis, and hence it makes the system economically non-competitive with most electromagnetic types of actuation. This paper presents the development of two Lyapunov-based pressure observers for the pneumatic actuator system. The first method shows that an energy-based stable pressure observer can be developed with the state equations. The other method incorporates the output error to control the convergence of the observed pressures. Simulation and experimental results are presented that demonstrate and validate effectiveness of the proposed observers
Quasistatic dynamics and pseudoelasticity in polycrystalline shape memory wires

A number of related but somewhat conflicting theories have been proposed to explain the pseudoelastic hysteresis exhibited by shape memory alloys (SMAs). Some recent experimental results motivated the author to introduce yet another model of thermoelasticity. Attempts to justify this model from a microthermomechanical perspective have led to the theoretical considerations presented in this paper. These discussions provide support for the model and give new perspectives on previous approaches. Based on these ideas, the author proposes that a realistic microscopic model of polycrystalline SMAs should be based on homogenization of a system of non-linear crystallites and dislocations. He also indicates a route of attack for this new problem in homogenization theory.
The Imperatives of Successful Policy Implementation: A Case Study of the Hollings National Institute of Standards and Technology-Manufacturing Extension Partnership (NIST-MEP) Program’s Implementation in Arkansas

The Arkansas Science and Technology Authority established the Arkansas Manufacturing Solutions program to serve as an effective diffusion of innovation delivery system, via interagency cooperation, for the small-to-medium sized manufacturing sector in Arkansas. The policy analysis considers the extent to which imperative elements exist to encourage interagency cooperation in the program environment. The Janet Weiss (1987) cooperation framework is applied as a single exploratory case study. The results indicate that multiple factors contributed to the participation of state agencies. Those factors include: (1) random external influences; (2) systematic external influences; (3) shared problems/goal congruence; (4) resources; and (5) capacity.
Probabilistic reliable dissemination in large-scale systems

The growth of the Internet raises new challenges for the design of distributed systems and applications. In the context of group communication protocols, gossip-based schemes have attracted interest as they are scalable, easy to deploy, and resilient to network and process failures. However, traditional gossip-based protocols have two major drawbacks: 1) they rely on each peer having knowledge of the global membership; and 2) being oblivious to the network topology, they can impose a high load on network links when applied to wide-area settings. In this paper, we provide a theoretical analysis of gossip-based protocols which relates their reliability to key system parameters (the system size, failure rates, and number of gossip targets). The results provide guidelines for the design of practical protocols. In particular, they show how reliability can be maintained while alleviating drawback by: 1) providing each peer with only a small subset of the total membership information and drawback; and 2) organizing members into a hierarchical structure that reflects their proximity according to some network-related metric. We validate the analytical results by simulations and verify that the hierarchical gossip protocol considerably reduces the load on the network compared to the original, non-hierarchical protocol.
Is there replacement for percentage stenosis in characterizing occlusive vascular disease

Characterization of vascular lesions on the basis of visual estimation of percentage stenosis is a valuable but limited procedure. In this issue, Lum et al (1) describe a fast, noninvasive four-dimensional MR method for accurate determination of pressure gradient maps, which correlate with direct pressure gradient measurements across vascular lesions in swine. This noninvasive determination of hemodynamic significance has potential to become a major advance in the diagnosis and management of vascular diseases, once it is verified in the clinical setting.
Status of the Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute

Phase I construction of the Indiana University Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute (MPRI), including many reliability upgrades to the IUCF k220 cyclotron, construction of a variable energy proton Beam Delivery System (BDS), a horizontal beam Treatment Room with a Large Field Nozzle, and a Medical Clinic, is now complete. Commissioning of the BDS and the Large Field Nozzle is underway. Patient Treatment with this nozzle is scheduled to begin in late July 2003. This contribution discusses the unique features of the MPRI Cancer Treatment facility and the present Phase I commissioning results. In addition, two 360/spl deg/ rotating gantry systems were purchased from IBA in December 2002 for Phase II construction. The first gantry is scheduled for delivery in July 2003. The Phase II construction and installation schedule will also be briefly presented.
Venice: The Baroque Stage

Venice’s position as a European state and a global commercial force after 1630 lies in the shadow of its medieval and Renaissance glory. No longer a dominant Mediterranean power, the Republic also began to lose its status as a first-rank European state. By 1625 French, English, Dutch, and Hanseatic ships had assumed prominence in the Mediterranean. The rising cost of lumber and the difficulties in acquiring sufficient supplies of hemp made it too costly for Venice’s shipbuilders to keep up with the foreigners’ superior vessels. Moreover, the Venetians had continued to rely on antiquated navigational methods. Even Venetian merchants preferred to rent foreign-made ships rather than use the ones produced in their own shipyard. Venetian sea power also suffered because Mediterranean piracy escalated notably after 1570. Ottoman Turks, Albanians, Corsairs, Spanish, Maltese, Tuscans, Neapolitans, and Sicilians all raided Venetian ships, causing heavy losses. Uskok and Barbary pirates wore down the transport business, compelling merchants either to take less efficient overland routes or to send their cargo via foreign ships in order to avoid further losses from raiding marauders. Venetian patrician families, rich from centuries of trade, were unmotivated to take further risks. They substituted agents for themselves on the long sea expeditions that once occupied their energies.
Teaching software quality assurance by encouraging student contributions to an open source web-based system for the assessment of programming assignments

This paper presents a novel and innovative pedagogical approach for teaching software quality assurance in the undergraduate computer science curriculum. The approach is based on students contributing programming problems to an open source web-based system that is used for student practice and instructor assessment of assignments. WeBWorK, and some of the latest web-based systems, use a mechanism based on unit testing to account for variation in the way in which the same problem can be answered in an accurate manner, making such systems highly appealing for education. Tackling open-ended programming problems within WeBWorK therefore requires students to write a code fragment that is then checked for semantic correctness. Given that WeBWorK is open source, the teaching approach that we have evolved revolves around students creating their own problems for other students to practice with. This requires students to construct comprehensive unit tests that can assure both the usability and accuracy of their work prior to deployment. The paper describes this approach, gives examples of student work, presents findings from the experience of using the approach in the classroom, and discusses broader lessons and reasons for integrating software quality assurance practices into the computer science curriculum.
Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents

Activation and clonal expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes is a critical step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In experimental models of autoimmunity, disease can be transferred by activated, but not resting, autoreactive T cells (1), indicating that activation of autoreactive T cells is required for the development of autoimmune diseases. Infectious agents have long been considered as possible culprits in the activation of autoreactive T cells. Mechanisms by which an infection can lead to an autoimmune process have been examined in experimental animal models, and these concepts as well as their relevance to human diseases will be discussed here.
Asymptotic behavior of Müntz-Christoffel functions at the endpoints

We establish asymptotics for Christoffel functions of Muntz systems at the endpoints x=0 and x=1 of [0,1], assuming that there exists a @r>0, such that the Muntz exponents {@l"k} satisfy limk->~@l"kk=@r.
Mediators of the Relationship Between Core Self-Evaluations and Life Satisfaction in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injuries:

The objective of this study was to test a meditational model of the relationship between core self-evaluations (CSE) and life satisfaction in persons with spinal cord injuries. A quantitative descr...
Pleasure, Tragedy and Aristotelian Psychology

Aristotle's Rhetoric defines fear as a kind of pain (lypē) or disturbance (tarachē) and pity as a kind of pain (2.5.1382 a 21 and 2.8.1385 b 13). In his Poetics, however, pity and fear are associated with pleasure: ‘ The poet must provide the pleasure that comes from pity and fear by means of imitation’ (τ⋯ν ⋯π⋯ ⋯λέου κα⋯ ɸόβου δι⋯ μιμήσeως δeῖ ⋯δον⋯ν παρασκeυάζeιν 14.1453 b 12–13). The question of the relationship between pleasure and pain in Aristotle's aesthetics has been studied primarily in connection with catharsis. Catharsis, however, raises more problems than it solves. Aristotle says nothing at all about the tragic catharsis in the Poetics except to state that tragedy accomplishes it. Though he gives a more complete account of catharsis in the Politics, the context of this passage is so different from that of the Poetics that its relevance is questionable. A more promising, but largely neglected, approach to Aristotle's theory of tragic pleasure and pain is through a study of his psychological works. Here, Aristotle describes a number of emotional and cognitive responses to kinds of objects that include works of art. These descriptions support an interpretation of the Poetics according to which (1) a tragedy is pleasurable in one respect and painful in another, and (2) pity and fear, though painful and not in themselves productive of pleasure, are nevertheless essential to the production of the oikeia hēdonē, ‘proper pleasure’, of tragedy. This interpretation has the advantage of not depending on a particular view of catharsis. It also makes much better sense than alternative views, once its seemingly paradoxical aspects are explained with the help of the psychological works.
Marine natural products as therapeutic agents: Part 2

Marine flora and fauna continue to provide a prolific source of novel lead compounds for the pharmaceutical industry. This review provides an analysis of the patents reported between May 1999 and July 2003, which identify new natural products from marine organisms, as well as new therapeutic uses for known metabolites. Over 50% of the patents described sponge-derived compounds and alkaloids were the most frequently patented class of natural products. Although patents covered a range of biomedical applications, 50% of the patents were for compounds with anticancer activity.
Channel identification and signal spectrum estimation for robust automatic speech recognition

A feature estimation technique is proposed for speech signals that are corrupted by both additive and convolutive noises via combining channel identification with power spectrum estimation. A correlation-matching algorithm is developed for channel identification, and a Gaussian mixture density model of speech DFT spectra is formulated for estimation of speech power spectra. Cepstral features of speech are calculated from the estimated power spectra. Using the proposed method, significantly improved accuracy was achieved on speaker-independent continuous speech recognition where the speech data were corrupted by a simulated linear distortion channel and additive white noise.
Neurite outgrowth enhancement by jiadifenolide: possible targets

Covering: 1860-2016 A mechanistic link may exist between convulsant plant substances typified by picrotoxinin, and ‘neurotrophic’ sesquiterpenes like jiadifenolide. Picrotoxinin elicits convulsion by anion blockade of the Cys-loop family of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. These same receptors mediate neuronal development and neurite outgrowth prior to synapse formation. Due to its structural homology with picrotoxin and anisatin, it is possible that jiadifenolide enhances NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth by modulation of the Cys-loop family of receptors.
A Woman Post Mastectomy and Radiation Therapy With Chest Pain

HISTORY This was the third UCLA hospital admission for this 66-year-old female. Twenty-seven years ago the patient had breast cancer and underwent a left radical mastectomy without chemotherapy, and/or totalbody bone scanning. She then had recurrence in the left supraclavicular fossa involving the lymph nodes and the brachial plexus. She was treated with telecobalt beam over a single anterior dogleg-shaped portal. The field was shaped with modified lead bricks. A dose of 4000 rads (1 rad = 0.01 gy) was delivered over 5 weeks.
Designing slides

Slide design is a professional activity and should be done by a professional designer. The suggested ideas and visual material given to the designer are crucial to the design of an effective slide presentation. This description of what the designer does is meant to be helpful to the engineer in structuring and writing a presentation and in preparing visual material for the designer. Preparation and evaluation of slide material, design, typography, production, and slide use are discussed.
Perturbation Model for Computing Optical-Fiber Birefringence from a 2-D Refractive Index Profile

In a cylindrically symmetric optical fiber the vector modes are twofold degenerate. Two orthogonally polarized modes have the same propagation constant. Any deviation from perfect azimuthal symmetry would remove the polarization degeneracy, introducing birefringence. For a weakly- guiding fiber scalar perturbation theory have been used successfully to investigate birefringence caused by an elliptic deformation [1-4]. A vector correction to the scalar modes, i.e., a second order perturbation theory, is necessary to compute the birefringence. For an arbitrary 2-D profile these computations are complicated. However, if we start with the vector modes of a radially varying but azimuthally symmetric fiber and then treat the azimuthal variation as a perturbation to the vector modes, only first order perturbation suffice. Here we present a perturbation model based on the above idea. We closely follow the derivation of Ref. [4]. The formulation is applicable to planar waveguides once the vector modes are known.
Selective blocking of host resistance to malignant neoplasm; Brown-Pearce tumor in New Zealand white rabbits.

Summary and Conclusions1. Of 134 New Zealand White rabbits in 15 experiments 65 were given an injection of 1.0 to 0.0001 g of Brown-Pearce tumor tissue (no longer viable) which had been kept frozen anaerobically for 10-296 days. Viable Brown-Pearce tumor tussue was transplanted 10-21 days later into the testes of 54 and beneath the skin in 11 of the 65 animals; also inoculated at the same time were the 69 controls, 52 subcutaneously and 17 intratesticularly.2. The experimental animals had a significantly greater incidence of and larger primary tumors, a greater incidence and volume of, and more numerous metastases and a greater mortality from the tumor in a shorter interval after inoculation than their respective controls, by both the intratesticular and subcutaneous routes.3. This effect (XYZ factor) was not confined to the New Zealand White breed as common rabbit hybrids of average resistance to the Brown-Pearce tumor could be rendered more susceptible than even the most susceptible breeds such as the E...
Orbital ordering under reduced symmetry in transition metal perovskites: Oxygen vacancy in SrTiO 3

By using a combination of density function theory and model Hamiltonian analysis, we explain the general electronic structure features induced by an oxygen vacancy (OV) in SrTiO${}_{3}$. We show that the most important effect caused by an oxygen vacancy is the direct on-site coupling between the $3{d}_{3{z}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2}}$ and $4s$,$4p$ orbitals of Ti atoms adjacent to the vacancy caused by lifting of the local cubic symmetry. This would be the case for any transition metal perovskite under symmetry-reduced environments such as an interface, surface, or a defect. We find that the OV-induced localized state is highly one dimensional and is mainly composed of Ti $3{d}_{3{z}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2}}$ orbitals along the Ti-OV-Ti axis (defined as the $z$ axis) and Ti $4s$,$4p$ orbitals at the OV site. The oxygen vacancy does not lead to Ti ${t}_{2g}$-based localized states.
Ossifying renal tumor of infancy.

AbstractOssifying renal tumor of infancy is a rare lesion, with only 2 cases reported in the literature. We report an additional case, and review its presentation and histological findings.
The Role of the Isoniazid Therapeutic Test in Tuberculous Uveitis Paralysis

Of 38 cases of uveitis examined from 1970 to 1980 in which a tuberculous cause was considered, we classified 18 as presumed tuberculous on the basis of a positive response to isoniazid. We compared these patients to a control group who had a positive skin test but a negative response to the isoniazid therapeutic test. We found a family history of tuberculosis in seven of the 18 (P
Interbehavioral Psychology and the Logic of Science

The celebration of the 200th anniversary of Kant’s Critik der reinen Vernunft offers an occasion to consider the value of naturalistic psychology for scjence and philosophy. The importance of the occasion is enhanced by the well-known fact that Kant was profoundly at home in the sciences of his day, and his work still influences the thinking of later scientists and philosophers, as well as psychologists. As Kantor (1969) has pointed out, Kant is one of the formulators of what is today the predominant model of cognitive psychology. To assess the place of objective psychology in the philosophy or logic of science it is well to focus on the Kantian doctrine of categories. As history indicates, for Kant, in his time, categories consist of psychic forms which mold sense materials to create the contents of experience and existence. Of necessity Kant operates with a metaphysical psychology. He regards the understanding, the source of categories and the basic factor in philosophical thinking, as a transcendental entity, and not the behavior of an actual person in a field along with other persons, objects, and events. Kantian psychology thus clashes with current scientific observation and practice. Naturalistic psychology envisages categories as merely descriptive or classifying terms for carrying on reflective and investigative projects. They promote an understanding of the relation between Constructions and Events, as well as the general nature of intercommunicative Behavior and Symbols.
LACUSTRINE SEDIMENT EVIDENCE OPPOSING HOLOCENE ROCK GLACIER ACTIVITY IN THE TEMPLE LAKE VALLEY, WIND RIVER RANGE, WYOMING, U.S.A.

Radiocarbon-dated sediment cores collected from lakes in the Temple Lake valley suggest that valley-wall rock glaciers adjacent to these lakes were not active during the Holocene, but are late Pleistocene in age. The absence of well-graded coarse clastic material in the cores and the general consistency of sediment characteristics through the Holocene suggest that slumping and turbidity flows did not contribute significantly to the lacustrine sediment record as would be expected had the rock glaciers advanced into these lakes. In addition, the advanced weathering of the rock glacier deposits can be used to support a late Pleistocene age. Such conclusions challenge the interpretation of the weathering characteristics of these deposits (i.e., relative age), and thus challenge the early Neoglacial age (3000 to 5000 BP) for these rock glaciers. Consequently, more reliable chronologies of high-alpine glacial and periglacial activity may be gleaned through the use of continuous records of lacustrine sedimentation from appropriately located lakes in conjunction with relative-age techniques.
Transformer inter-turn faults detection by dynamic state estimation method

Transformers are protected by relays to ensure the overall reliability of the generation, transmission, and distribution electric systems. Among all kinds of transformer faults, the inter-turn faults are considered to be the most difficult faults to be detected. Inter-turn faults are extremely harmful to power transformers. When only few turns are shorted at the windings, the currents in the shorted loop can be very high while the transformer terminal currents change little. It is very difficult for the commercial relays or legacy protection methods to detect the existence of inter-turn faults. In this paper, the dynamic state estimation (DSE) based protection scheme is used to detect inter-turn faults. This method monitors the transformer terminal measurements, and it feeds the measurement data and transformer model to a dynamic state estimator. A chi-square test is performed to evaluate the probability (confidence-level) that the transformer model matches measurement data. Any mismatch between the model and measurement indicates something wrong inside the transformer, and protection action should be taken. Numerical simulations are conducted on a 115/10kV three-phase transformer with a 1% inter-turn fault. Three protection methods are compared, namely the percentage-differential scheme, negative-sequence differential scheme and the proposed DSE-based scheme. Analysis shows that the DSE-based protection is more sensitive and reliable than the other two methods, and in general provides faster protection speed.
Modal Empiricism: Objection, Reply, Proposal

According to modal empiricism, our justification for believing possibility and necessity claims is a posteriori. One serious objection to modal empiricism is the problem of empirical conservativeness: it doesn’t seem that experience can distinguish between modal claims. If experience can’t manage that, it’s hard to see how it can provide evidence for one claim over the other. So, if modal empiricism is true, we ought to be modal skeptics. On the assumption that we shouldn’t be modal skeptics, we should reject modal empiricism. I have two aims here: first, to reply to this objection to modal empiricism; second, to sketch a modal epistemology that fits with the reply I offer.
Management of Liver Metastases of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has propensity for metastatic spread to the liver. GIST liver metastases should be identified early and treated aggressively when possible. Combinations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and aggressive surgical resection are current mainstays of therapy. Appropriate patient selection based on presentation and TKI response guides therapy. Salvage therapy may be possible for patients with GIST patients with hepatic metastases. This chapter reviews the clinical decision-making necessary for effective management of GIST hepatic metastases.
The Infratentorial Intra-axial Tumor

Central cerebellar tumor, which heterogeneously enhances, is dark on T1 and bright on T2 (but not as bright on FLAIR). The cyst fluid is bright on T2.
TV Network Satellite Systems

Abstract This paper presents the results of preliminary studies to determine the feasibility of using synchronous stationary satellite systems for the distribution of video and radio program material to conventional broadcast stations. Two systems concepts, differing because of constraints imposed by selection of operating frequencies but meeting the same channel capacity, performance, and reliability requirements, were found technically feasible. One system operates in the shared 4 gHz band and uses a novel modulation scheme to keep the spectral power flux density within bounds. The other system operating at 5 gHz uses a novel multiple-beam antenna concept which keeps the radiation from spilling over neighboring countries.
Material Characterization of Self-Sensing 3D Printed Parts

Additive manufacturing has seen a resurgence in recent years, mainly driven by its ability to produce parts with complex designs and incorporate multiple components into a single manufactured part. However, additive manufacturing still needs improvements to fabricate consistent and reliable parts. Some of the shortcomings of the process include the effects of build orientation on the material properties. Current structural health monitoring methods, such as visual photography and thermography, provide limited data to quantify the quality and reliability of printed part. In this study, 3D printed novel sensors were embedded within a part and were evaluated as an alternative method for structural health monitoring. The embedded sensors were composed of conductive filament and are intended as a non-intrusive method to monitor the structural health of the part during its service life. Filaments using novel materials, e.g. conductive polylactic acid, were evaluated for their material characteristics and suitability for sensor verification and validation. Specifically, the novel conductive filaments were evaluated for their performance in terms of mechanical and electrical properties. The Young’s modulus of the additively manufactured, polylactic acid part was determined by both tensile testing and cantilever testing; and temperature sensitivity was determined by resistance measurements during thermal cycling. Embedding of the sensor into the service part during the printing process can reduce the cost and production time for structural health monitoring and provide a new application area for additive manufacturing.
Diagnosis of Major Secondary Headaches, Nonvascular Disorders

This chapter is a guide to the diagnosis of secondary headaches that are nonvascular. By necessity, the sections are disparate, but important for diagnostic purposes.
LGBTQ+ Young Adults on the Street and on Campus: Identity as a Product of Social Context.

ABSTRACTLesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) young adults face unique identity-related experiences based on their immersion in distinctive social contexts. The predominant framework of performing separate analyses on samples of LGBTQ+ young people by their primary social status obfuscates more holistic understandings of the role of social context. Using 46 in-depth interviews with LGBTQ+ college students and LGBTQ+ homeless young adults, we ask: How are LGBTQ+ young adults’ capacities for “doing” their gender and sexual identities shaped by their distinctive social contexts? In developing their identities, both groups of LGBTQ+ young adults navigated their social environments to seek out resources and support. Most college students described their educational contexts as conducive to helping them develop their identities, or “undo” rigid norms of gender and sexuality. Homeless young adults’ social environments, meanwhile, imposed complex barriers to self-expression ...
A Whole Farm Analysis of the Implications of Variable Maturity Groups on Harvest Logistics and Net Returns

A whole farm economic analysis was performed to maximize net returns utilizing variable maturity groups of corn and soybeans over different soil types. Demand for drying and storage equipment throughout harvest was generated based on profit-maximizing combinations of grain types, their respective maturity groups, and yield potential over different topsoil depths. Two marketing strategies were considered: cash and futures contract sales. It was found that drying equipment became a limiting factor in the proposed system. This prevented storage facilities from reaching full capacity and additional grain from capturing value in the futures market.
Circumferential Three-Dimensional-Printed Tracheal Grafts: Research Model Feasibility and Early Results.

Background Methods for tracheal graft research have presented persistent challenges to investigators, and three-dimensional (3D)–printed biosynthetic grafts offer one potential development platform. We aimed to develop an efficient research platform for customizable circumferential 3D-printed tracheal grafts and evaluate feasibility and early structural integrity with a large-animal model. Methods Virtual 3D models of porcine subject tracheas were generated using preoperative computed tomography scans. Two designs were used to test graft customizability and the limits of the construction process. Designs I and II used 270-degree and 360-degree external polycaprolactone scaffolds, respectively, both encompassing a circumferential extracellular matrix collagen layer. The polycaprolactone scaffolds were made in a fused-deposition modeling 3D printer and customized to the recipient's anatomy. Design I was implanted in 3 pigs and design II in 2 pigs, replacing 4-ring tracheal segments. Data collected included details of graft construction, clinical outcomes, bronchoscopy, and gross and histologic examination. Results The 3D-printed biosynthetic grafts were produced with high fidelity to the native organ. The fabrication process took 36 hours. Grafts were implanted without immediate complication. Bronchoscopy immediately postoperatively and at 1 week demonstrated patent grafts and appropriate healing. All animals lived beyond a predetermined 1-week survival period. Bronchoscopy at 2 weeks showed significant paraanastomotic granulation tissue, which, along with partial paraanastomotic epithelialization, was confirmed on pathology. Overall survival was 17 to 34 days. Conclusions We propose a rapid, reproducible, resource efficient method to develop various anatomically precise grafts. Further graft refinement and strategies for granulation tissue management are needed to improve outcomes.
Estudos de Caso Comparado

What is a case study and what is it good for? In this article, we review dominant approaches to case study research and point out their limitations. Next, we propose a new approach – the comparative case study approach – that attends simultaneously to global, national, and local dimensions of case-based research. We contend that new approaches are necessitated by conceptual shifts in the social sciences, specifically in relation to culture, context, space, place, and comparison itself.
Host characteristics as factors associated with the 2015 earthquake-induced injuries in Nepal: A cross-sectional study

Abstract This study examines individual- and household-level factors associated with human injuries caused by two powerful earthquakes that hit Nepal on April 25 and May 12, 2015. A cross-sectional post-earthquake survey design was adopted to accomplish the objective of this study. Using random sampling, two of the 31 affected districts (Sindhupalchok and Lalitpur) were selected. Five study sites from each of the two districts were selected to administer questionnaire surveys. Focus group meetings and semi-structured formal and informal interviews with key informants were also used to collect relevant data. Building on previous studies, we considered nine risk factors for earthquake injuries in this study: five individual-level factors and four household-level factors. Using a goodness-of-fit chi-square test, we identified statistically significant risk factors of earthquake injuries in Nepal. Our results show that out of the nine factors, one individual-level factor – age – and two household-level factors – monthly income and type of main dwelling – were statistically significant. While long-term efforts to improve the economic conditions of those affected will reduce earthquake injuries, in the short-term, requiring seismic-resilient features in new construction and repairing damaged houses will substantially reduce earthquake injuries. Fortunately, the Nepalese Government has been ensuring that all houses are rebuilt and repaired to earthquake-resistant standards.
Phonon Scattering by Defects and Grain Boundaries at High Temperature in Polycrystalline Lanthanum Tellurides of Various Compositions

During the past ten years, both theoretical and experimental work on the thermal conductivity of SiGe alloys has shown the importance of grain boundary scattering at high temperatures [1,2]. A grain size of less than 5 m reduced the lattice thermal conductivity by around 35% below the single crystal value at 1000K in heavily-doped alloys [3]. This decrease is believed to be due to the scattering of low-frequency (long wavelength) acoustic phonons by the grain boundaries. These phonons carry a large fraction of the heat in these alloys at high temperatures because the high-frequency (short wavelength) phonons are scattered by the Si-Ge mass difference.
Late Quaternary Vegetation and Fire History of the Olympic Peninsula

The climate and vegetation history of the Olympic Peninsula has been complex over the Late Quaternary. Reconstructing such histories and understanding how they are linked mechanistically is a major goal of Earth system science. Advances are made when there is intensive development of paleo-records and mechanistic models. The Olympic Peninsula has the potential to be such a location, as the area has received attention from the pioneering years of pollen analysis up to the present. First, this chapter reviews the paleoecological studies of climate and vegetation on the Peninsula, including studies that extend back to before the Last Glacial Maximum. Second, a presentation of five detailed pollen records that span across the climatic gradient of the peninsula shows how regional gradients of vegetation have evolved through time. Third, a regional synthesis of vegetation change, including western Washington and southwest British Columbia, is presented through mapped pollen data. This taxon-level analysis provides a view into climatic gradients of the past and suggests modern analogs for periods, such as the late-glacial, that have been difficult to interpret from single sites.
Long-term results of surgery for bullous emphysema

We present long-term clinical, radiologic, and physiological data in 84 patients (mean age 46.5 -11.7 years) who underwent 95 surgical procedures for bullous emphysema from 1949 to 1972. Surgical indications were dyspnea (57), pneumothorax (18), prophylaxis (13), infection (6), and hemoptysis (1). Physiological improvement was related to bulla size, type of surgery and degree of chronic obstructive lung disease. Best results, often sustained for 5 years, generally occurred in patients with giant bullae, those with lesser degrees of chronic obstructive lung disease, and those who underwent simple bulla excision or plication. Worthwhile short-term improvement occurred in some patients with cor pulmonale. Poorest results were obtained in patients whose bullae were mere localized exaggerations of diffuse emphysema; in severe bronchitis; in cases in which bullae occupied one third or less of one hemithorax; and after lobectomy. Paraseptal (periacinar) emphysema, a benign disease of the lung cortex, was associated with a high prevalence of pneumothorax. Function was maintained for up to 20 years following bullectomy, and there was little tendency for the bullae to recur.
Bodily Ownership, Psychological Ownership, and Psychopathology

Debates about bodily ownership and psychological ownership have typically proceeded independently of each other. This paper explores the relation between them, with particular reference to how each is illuminated by psychopathology. I propose a general framework for studying ownership that is applicable both to bodily ownership (φ-ownership) and psychological ownership (ψ-ownership). The framework proposes studying ownership by starting with explicit judgments of ownership and then exploring the bases for those judgments. Section 3 discusses John Campbell’s account of ψ-ownership in the light of that general framework, emphasizing in particular his fractionation (inspired by schizophrenic delusions) of ψ-ownership into two dissociable components. Section 4 briefly presents an account of φ-ownership that I have developed in more detail elsewhere. Section 5 explores the suggestion, originating with Alexandre Billon, that there needs to be an integrated account of φ-ownership and ψ-ownership because depersonalization disorders typically involve breakdowns of both φ-ownership and ψ-ownership. The argument from depersonalization is not compelling, but Section 6 proposes a different way of reaching the same conclusion. Section 7 shows how reflecting on agency and practical reasoning offers a common thread between the models of φ-ownership and ψ-ownership discussed earlier in the paper.
Climate change effects on summertime precipitation organization in the Southeast United States.

Abstract As the earth warms, it is unclear how the organization of precipitation will change, or how these changes will impact regional rainfall and the hydrological cycle. This study combines Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations and the pseudo global warming downscaling approach with a precipitation feature identification algorithm to help improve our understanding of the effect of warming on precipitation organization. The WRF model was used to simulate precipitation during a six-day summer period in the southeastern United States under present and future warmer climate conditions. The domain averaged precipitation increased by 45% in the future climate simulation compared to current climate. Modeled precipitation features were classified into either mesoscale precipitation features (MPF) larger than 100 km in length or smaller isolated precipitation features (IPF). In terms of organization, future IPF precipitation fraction decreased while MPF precipitation fraction and feature sizes increased, especially over the ocean, indicating a general increase in mesoscale organization in the future warmer climate. Despite higher thermodynamic instability, future climate IPF precipitation was unchanged over land, possibly responding to stronger subsidence under a strengthened western ridge of the North Atlantic Subtropical High. Yet over the ocean IPF precipitation increased and the amplitude of the IPF diurnal cycle doubled. The most notable precipitation intensity increase, as measured by feature height and rainrate distributions, occurred in oceanic MPFs. These increases in oceanic IPF and MPF precipitation may highlight the role of surface water vapor fluxes in realizing increased precipitation in a warmer climate. This study demonstrates that the application of a simple precipitation feature identification algorithm to WRF simulations can give valuable insight into the effect of climate change upon precipitation organization and intensity. Nevertheless longer simulations are still needed to obtain a robust statistics of the changes of precipitation organization under a warming climate.
The Impact of Varying Numbers of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Doses on Anogenital Warts in the United States: A Database Study.

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of 3 or less quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine doses on anogenital warts in both males and females in the United States.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective database study that included males and females aged 9 t
Image intensity recovery with mitigation in the presence of gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence using encrypted chaos

Mitigation of image distortion under modified von Karman-type phase turbulence has been examined by using acousto-optic (A-O) chaos waves generated via feedback in a Bragg cell. The chaos wave transferred to the optical carrier either over an image-bearing transparency (with the image reconstructed with appropriate lensing), or alternatively the two-dimensional image (both static as well as dynamic) is embedded in the chaos wave and propagated over the turbulent layer. These investigations demonstrate that the properties of chaos waves including relative immunity from variations in the propagation path enable reduction or mitigation of the image distortion under turbulent conditions. Mitigation of image distortion is explored using propagation through a turbulent atmospheric layer characterized by gamma–gamma type intensity fluctuations. Standard weak, moderate, and strong turbulence conditions are applied for the numerical analysis based on the corresponding structure parameters. Following standard approach, the relevant probability density functions are generated using small- and large-scale eddies (α and β numbers) incorporated into the turbulence model. In addition, mitigation of image distortion due to gamma–gamma turbulence is examined for propagation along a low-altitude slanted path with a fixed slope and different elevation angles using A-O chaos along with the Huffnagel–Valley model. Stationary images are transmitted under nonchaotic and chaotic conditions, and the corresponding distortions in the received images are measured using the conventional metric of bit error rates. The system performances under nonchaotic and chaotic transmissions are compared with the intent to establish that packaging a signal within a chaos wave offers a degree of distortion mitigation.
Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Secreting Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Case Report

Introduction: Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are rare. The clinical and biological behavior of pNENs is poorly understood. Patients often present at an advanced stage of disease and outcomes remain poor. This report demonstrates a case of ectopic Cushing's syndrome secondary to an ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (pNEC). Case report: A 54-year-old woman presented with rapidly progressive Cushing's syndrome complicated by hypertension and acute heart failure. This was ultimately found to be secondary to a metastatic ACTH-producing pNEC. She underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy with hepatic metastasectomy as primary treatment. She had rapid correction of her endocrine abnormalities and associated physiological abnormalities. She had progressive hepatic metastases found on imaging at 3 months, but remained free of significant endocrine abnormalities for 9 months after surgery. Her disease did recur and she died of complications associated with her disease at 1 year after her surgery. Conclusion: ACTH-producing pNEN is a very rare disease with a poor prognosis. Robust evidence to guide treatment decisions is limited. This report suggests that aggressive surgical management of primary and metastatic lesions for management of this disease is reasonable, consistent with prior case reports. Control of endocrine abnormalities offers the best opportunity for prolonged survival, and an aggressive surgical approach can achieve this goal. The patient presented had control of endocrine abnormalities after surgery for 9 months before symptomatic disease recurrence.
Updating public health teaching methods in the era of social media.

Julie M. Kapp, MPH, PHDab Joseph W. LeMaster, MD, MPHa M. Boden Lyon, MEdc Beilei Zhang, MSd Michael C. Hosokawa, EdD* Web 2.01 describes the interactive, collective intelligence of today's Internet experience. Web-based information technologies, such as social media, enhance public health practice through the accelerated dissemination of health promo tion and disease detection information. Social media sites such as YouTube
Penicillin Allergy Assessment and Skin Testing in the Outpatient Setting

Penicillin allergies are among of the most commonly reported allergies, yet only 10% of these patients are truly allergic. This leads to potential inadvertent negative consequences for patients and makes treatment decisions challenging for clinicians. Thus, allergy assessment and penicillin skin testing (PST) are important management strategies to reconcile and clarify labeled penicillin allergies. While PST is more common in the inpatient setting where the results will immediately impact antibiotic management, this process is becoming of increasing importance in the outpatient setting. PST in the outpatient setting allows clinicians to proactively de-label and educate patients accordingly so beta-lactam antibiotics may be appropriately prescribed when necessary for future infections. While allergists have primarily been responsible for PST in the outpatient setting, there is an increasing role for pharmacist involvement in the process. This review highlights the importance of penicillin allergy assessments, considerations for PST in the outpatient setting, education and advocacy for patients and clinicians, and the pharmacist’s role in outpatient PST.