cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Word Alignment Using Linguistic Code Switching Data

Linguist Code Switching (LCS) is a situation where two or more languages show up in the context of a single conversation. For example, in EnglishChinese code switching, there might be a sentence like “· ‚15© ¨ k ‡meeting (We will have a meeting in 15 minutes)”. Traditional machine translation (MT) systems treat LCS data as noise, or just as regular sentences. However, if LCS data is processed intelligently, it can provide a useful signal for training word alignment and MT models. Moreover, LCS data is from non-news sources which can enhance the diversity of training data for MT. In this paper, we first extract constraints from this code switching data and then incorporate them into a word alignment model training procedure. We also show that by using the code switching data, we can jointly train a word alignment model and a language model using cotraining. Our techniques for incorporating LCS data improve by 2.64 in BLEU score over a baseline MT system trained using only standard sentence-aligned corpora.
The Hugoniot and chemistry of ablator plastic below 100 GPa

The equation of state of glow discharge polymer (GDP) was measured to high precision using the two-stage light gas gun at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at pressures up to 70 GPa. Both absolute measurements and impedance matching techniques were used to determine the principal and secondary Hugoniots. GDP likely reacts at about 30 GPa, demonstrated by specific emission at 450 nm coupled with changes to the Hugoniot and reshock points. As a result of these reactions, the shock pressure in GDP evolves in time, leading to a possible decrease in pressure as compression increases, or negative compressibility, and causing complex pressure profiles within the plastic. Velocity wave profile variation was observed as a function of position on each shot, suggesting some internal variation of GDP may be present, which would be consistent with previous observations. The complex temporal and possibly structural evolution of GDP under shock compression suggests that calculations of compression and pressure based upon bulk or mean measurements may lead to artificially low pressures and high compressions. Evidence for this includes a large shift in calculating reshock pressures based on the reflected Hugoniot. These changes also suggest other degradation mechanisms for inertial confinement fusion implosions.
Engineering Education for Engineering Practice

It is timely to observe that cooperative education is an excellent medium for familiarizing students with the facts of business life. The experience periods provide a unique opportunity to impress young people with the need in the work-a-day world for: (1) Commitment of financial resources; (2) team effort; (3) readiness to be supervised and ability to be a supervisor; (4) selling as well as having ideas; (5) demonstrating that industrial productivity does not just happen, but rather that it is carefully planned by well-educated personnel. Of paramount importance is the fact that cooperative education has as its greatest potential a demonstration of the fact that what really counts in life is not alone the education one possesses but more so what one does with that education. In the final analysis, let it be observed, that of the many merits of cooperative education, the highest of these is the intermeshing of (1) Theory; (2) practice; and (3) economics. The coop student gets to know what it means to “earn” ones way in engineering practice and his professors cannot ignore that ever-present constraint of economics.
Using Simulation, 360-degree Feedback, A Balanced Scorecard, and AARs to Assess Individual and Team Performance in Different Delivery Formats

This workshop will describe the creative and innovative inte-gration of various assessment tools along with business acumen and leadership content in a graduate management course using an engaging total enterprise team-based simulation. Examples will be provided describing the simulation pedagogy and design options of implementing this course in three different delivery formats â€“ (1) 11 weeks face-to-face, (2) 11 weeks online, and (3) a 4-day residency. This course develops skills for two of the universityâ€™s student learning priorities (information literacy and leadership) by in-tegrating finance, accounting, strategic planning and imple-mentation, marketing segmentation, and operations with team-work, managing conflict, feedback, influence, alignment, and communication and presentation skills. There are several self-assessment, team, and instructor assess-ment tools used. Collectively, they enable the students to see the correlation between a high performing team and business (financial and operational) performance. Some of the tools that assess each teamâ€™s business performance include a balanced scorecard, tailored success measures, and an analyst report. The TeamMATE evaluation tool is built into the simulation and helps information assessors evaluate individual team behavior and team performance and students diagnose their own behav-iors and overall team functionality in real time to allow for cor-rective and developmental action. Students receive 360-degree feedback on their individual performance, reflect on their â€˜blind-spotsâ€™ and practice giving and receiving feedback. Additional-ly, students also complete a communication style assessment. Finally, student teams conduct a three-part after action review (AAR) after each round where they assess and reflect on what they intended to do, what actually happened, and what they need to do to improve performance the next round.
Hypertension management in patients with vascular disease: An update

Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. About 80 million U.S. adults (33%) have HTN. Of these individuals, approximately 77% use antihypertensive medication, however, only 54% have controlled HTN. Studies have demonstrated that patients whose blood pressures are controlled achieve a minimum of 50% reduction in cardiovascular events compared to similar patients with poorly controlled blood pressure. This article will define HTN and its consequences. Diagnostic evaluation and evidence-based treatment guidelines for HTN to include lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy will be discussed. Finally, this article will examine why the treatment of HTN can prevent the development and reduce the progression of atherosclerosis in vascular disease.
Epidemiology of Breast Cancer

In this chapter, we introduce the reader to breast cancer epidemiology, with a specific focus on risk factors and breast cancer subtypes. We begin the chapter with descriptive epidemiology and present breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, and discuss trends over time. We discuss the established intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer and how they are defined in the context of epidemiologic studies. The majority of the chapter focuses on well-established risk factors for breast cancer, with a focus on better understanding the etiology of the different intrinsic subtypes. Lastly, we discuss some potential risk factors under investigation where there is emerging evidence, but the weight of evidence is still not conclusive.
Constraints on Reelfoot Rift Evolution from a Reflection Seismic Profile in the Northern Rift

An 82.8 km segment of a northwest-southeast trending seismic-reflection profile across the northernmost part of the Reelfoot rift shows that the Cambrian rift geometry there is quite distinct from that of the main part of Reelfoot rift to the south, and that of the Rough Creek graben to the east. The profile is within the area of intersection of the Reelfoot rift and Rough Creek graben and shows a systematic southeastward thickening of the Cambrian synrift clastic sequence with as much as 1940 meters of section present against the Pennyrile fault system as compared to 970 meters near the Lusk Creek and Shawneetown fault systems, towards the northwestern margin of the rift. This contrasts with the more symmetric rift pattern in the seismically active zone to the south, where the maximum thickness of synrift sediments is along the rift axis, and with an opposite sense of rift asymmetry in the Rough Creek graben, where the synrift sequence thickens to the north against the Rough Creek - Shawneetown fault. Reflection patterns in the vicinity of Hicks dome, a “cryptovolcano”, are consistent with the hypothesis that the dome originated by explosive release of mantle-derived gases associated with alkali volcanism. The seismic data also reveal that the fluorine mineralization in the area is associated with faults that offset basement; this is further evidence that deeply-derived fluids are significant in the geologic evolution of the area.
Role of Post-tensioned Coconut-fibre Ropes in Mortar-free Interlocking Concrete Construction During Seismic Loadings

This paper mainly presents the experimental work on studying the effect of post-tensioned coconut-fibre ropes in controlling uplifts of interlocking blocks in mortar-free concrete construction during seismic loadings. Interlocking blocks are capable of returning back to their original positions after the ground motion because of provided inclined key between the blocks. Coconut fibre reinforced concrete was used to make interlocking blocks. To simulate a single degree-of-freedom system, a mass of 200 kg is attached at the column top. The seismic response of structure is measured in terms of induced accelerations, block uplift, top relative displacement and rope tension. Generally, induced acceleration is increased up to the column mid-height and then decreased a little bit at the column top. The trends of block uplift and rope tension are somewhat similar i.e. non-linear with respect to the applied incremental seismic loadings. Empirical relations, as a function of peak ground acceleration, are also developed from the experimental results to envisage the structure seismic response. There is a percentage difference up to 35% in predicting the structure response which can be attributed towards the complicated nature of the structure versus the simple approach developed. But still, this can help in understanding the behaviour of mortar-free interlocking structure having post-tensioned coconut-fibre rope in a systematic manner.
Keynote speakers: Charting our future together: Turning discovery science into precision health

For nearly 70 years, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has provided global leadership for research, training, and education programs to promote the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood, and sleep (HLBS) diseases and disorders. Throughout this period, NHLBI-supported research discoveries have helped fuel dramatic declines in death and disability from HLBS diseases and disorders and continued improvements in quality of life in the United States and abroad. Despite these successes, heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States and at the global level while other diseases in the NHLBI mission areas such as chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, and sickle cell disease contribute significant mortality, morbidity, and lost economic productivity worldwide. Additionally, disparities in access to quality care based on race, ethnicity, sex, geography, and socioeconomic status remains pervasive in the United States and abroad. Despite these persistent challenges, the NHLBI remains committed to advancing discovery science and related translation to promote precision health for all and enhance human health through several enduring principles that have sustained the NHLBI legacy of excellence. These principles include: valuing investigator-initiated fundamental discovery science; maintaining a balanced portfolio across basic, translational, clinical, population, and implementation science; training a diverse new generation of scientists; supporting implementation science that empowers patients and partners to improve the nation's health; and innovating an evidence-based elimination of health inequities. Successful pursuit of this endeavor requires the collective effort of a diverse community of partners including patients, researchers, policymakers, care providers, professional organizations, and the private sector. The NHLBI Strategic Vision released in 2016 provides a unique opportunity for a mission-driven focus on building on our past successes, leveraging technological advances, and importantly, taking the next leap forward in precision health for all. This focus addresses both the quality and longevity of life as well as the reduction and elimination of health inequities. In particular, our ability to integrate truly diverse biomedical datasets with social and environmental determinants could usher in a new era of precision health that emphasizes the right treatment, in the right amount, tailored for the right individual patient, delivered at the right time, that yields the right outcomes. Our strategic vision for turning discovery science into precision health is perfectly aligned with the theme of the 2017 NIH-IEEE Special Topics Conference on Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies: Technology in Translation. We are excited about the opportunity to translate discovery science into health impact and chart our future together with our community of investigators and our key partners — our patients, their family members, and the public. The future has never looked brighter.
Pointing Estimation for Human-Robot Interaction Using Hand Pose, Verbal Cues, and Confidence Heuristics

People utilize pointing directives frequently and effortlessly. Robots, therefore, will need to interpret these directives in order to understand the intention of the user. This is not a trivial task as the intended pointing direction rarely aligns with the ground truth pointing vector. Standard methods require head, arm, and hand pose estimation inhibiting more complex pointing gestures that can be found in human-human interactions. In this work, we aim to interpret these pointing directives by using the pose of the index finger in order to capture both simple and complex gestures. Furthermore, this method can act as a fall-back for when full-body pose information is not available. This paper demonstrates the ability of a robot to determine pointing direction using data collected from a Microsoft Kinect camera. The finger joints are detected in 3D-space and used in conjugation with verbal cues from the user to determine the point of interest (POI). In addition to this, confidence heuristics are provided to determine the quality of the source information, whether verbal or physical. We evaluated the performance of using these features with a support vector machine, decision tree, and a generalized model which does not rely on a learning algorithm.
Biological damage function models for durability assessments of wood and wood-based products in building envelopes

A durability assessment system that links an advanced computer model for structural and hygrothermal analysis with damage functions is currently being developed. The computational system has different modules that calculate the different structural and hygrothermal responses of wall systems. Outputs of these modules are input to the module of damage function models to calculate damage, performance and service-life of building envelopes. Details of biological damage functions implemented in the damage function module of IRC’s durability assessment system are presented. The biological damage functions trace deterioration in wood materials subjected to hygrothermal loads that favor fungal growth. The developments of the models are based on recent biological experimental data from the literature. Equations to calculate various parameters in the model are presented and the application of the developed models is demonstrated using air leakage of warm and humid indoor air in a typical wood-frame construction in Ottawa.
Measurable Functions and Integration

Spaces built with numbers are prototypes of all spaces, and functions whose values are numbers are prototypes of all functions.
Successful epidural anesthesia in a patient with an arachnoid cyst, preeclampsia, and triplets.

Background and Objectives Arachnoid cysts are a frequent finding on magnetic resonance imaging: however, the use of major conduction anesthesia in patients with these cysts has not been reported. Methods Epidural anesthesia was used in a parturient with a triplet pregnancy preeclampsia, and a documented arachnoid cyst extending from T11 to L1. Results Epidural anesthesia was successfully used in this high-risk patient, and airway manipulation, which would have been difficult in this patient, was thereby avoided. Conclusions Arachnoid cysts are not a contraindication to major conduction anesthesia, as is confirmed by a review of arachnoid cysts and anesthetic considerations.
Modulation of post-traumatic immune response using anti-IL-1 therapy for improved visual outcomes: Anti-IL-1 improves post-traumatic visual outcomes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize acute changes in inflammatory pathways in the mouse eye following a blast-mediated TBI (bTBI) model, and to determine if modulation of these pathways could protect the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). bTBI was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by exposure to three 20 PSI blast waves, with an interblast interval of one hour. Acute cytokine expression in retinal tissue was measured through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) 4 hours post-blast. Increased retinal expression of lL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, and TNFα was observed in bTBI mice exposed to blast when compared to shams, which was associated with activation of microglia and macroglia reactivity, assessed via immunohistochemistry with IBA-1 and GFAP, respectively, 1 week post-blast. Inhibition of the IL-1 pathway was accomplished using anakina, an IL-1RI antagonist. Retinal function and structure were evaluated 4 weeks post-injury using pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. After bTBI, anakinra treatment resulted in a preservation of RGC function and RGC structure when compared to saline treated bTBI mice. Optic nerve integrity analysis demonstrated a tred of decreased suggesting that IL-1 blockade also prevents axonal damage after blast. Blast exposure results in increased retinal inflammation including upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of resident microglia and macroglia. This may partially explain the RGC loss we observed in this model as blockade of the acute inflammatory response after injury with the IL-1R1 antagonist anakinra resulted in preservation of RGC function and structure. Significance Statement Blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI) affects military members and civilians as a direct result of combat, workplace accidents, or intentional terrorist attacks. The retina is a central nervous system (CNS) tissue that is vulnerable to blast exposure. Individuals with bTBI often report visual dysfunction, but the mechanisms of ocular injury are poorly understood. This study demonstrates that damaging neuroinflammation contributes to retinal injury following blast-mediated TBI. We also identified anakinra, an anti-IL-1 therapy currently utilized for other diseases, as a potential pharmacologic agent that could prevent ocular damage after blast. These findings will aide in the development of novel treatments for vision preservation.
Some Brief Thoughts on Housing Supply and Policy

In this short piece, I make several considerations about the impact of housing supply on housing prices, affordability, and macroeconomic aggregates. I elucidate the key interactions between supply and demand that generate macroeconomic problems and lack of affordability, and emphasize the distinction between short run and long run housing supply. My main conclusions are not new: policymakers should be aware of the Tinbergen rule. We should use multiple tools to address the multiple problems arising from housing markets. By solely focusing on one dimension we may miss big on all objectives. I argue that countercyclical supply-side policies are particularly damaging, and advocate the use of better data-driven mortgage underwriting models that go beyond mark-to-market and try to forecast future equilibrium prices. Finally, I make an argument for a return to ambitious master-planned city building endeavors in our most expensive cities.
Alkylation of human hair keratin for tunable hydrogel erosion and drug delivery in tissue engineering applications.

Polymeric biomaterials that provide a matrix for cell attachment and proliferation while achieving delivery of therapeutic agents are an important component of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies. Keratins are a class of proteins that have received attention for numerous tissue engineering applications because, like other natural polymers, they promote favorable cell interactions and have non-toxic degradation products. Keratins can be extracted from various sources including human hair, and they are characterized by a high percentage of cysteine residues. Thiol groups on reductively extracted keratin (kerateine) form disulfide bonds, providing a more stable cross-linked hydrogel network than oxidatively extracted keratin (keratose) that cannot form disulfide crosslinks. We hypothesized that an iodoacetamide alkylation (or “capping”) of cysteine thiol groups on the kerateine form of keratin could be used as a simple method to modulate the levels of disulfide crosslinking in keratin hydrogels, providing tunable rates of gel erosion and therapeutic agent release. After alkylation, the alkylated kerateines still formed hydrogels and the alkylation led to changes in the mechanical and visco-elastic properties of the materials consistent with loss of disulfide crosslinking. The alkylated kerateines did not lead to toxicity in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. These cells adhered to keratin at levels comparable to fibronectin and greater than collagen. Alkylated kerateine gels eroded more rapidly than non-alkylated kerateine and this control over erosion led to tunable rates of delivery of rhBMP-2, rhIGF-1, and ciprofloxacin. These results demonstrate that alkylation of kerateine cysteine residues provides a cell-compatible approach to tune rates of hydrogel erosion and therapeutic agent release within the context of a naturally-derived polymeric system.
Género y delincuencia: de la exclusión a la criminalización

espanolLa desigualdad de poder entre hombres y mujeres, producto de una socializacion dicotomica y jerarquica, que constituye el imaginario de la sociedad patriarcal, trae como consecuencia que la mujer se vea adscrita a unas conductas estereotipadas, de tal forma que al alejarse de ellas, se ven inmersas en un proceso de segregacion con la subsiguiente marginalizacion y/o exclusion. El control social informal penetra de forma difusa pero eficaz en su cara opuesta y homologa a la vez, el control social formal; y los comportamientos desarraigados del patriarcalismo sufren la metamorfosis de desviados a criminalizados. La reclusion en femenino no queda ajena a los (des)valores de esta sociedad: para la mujer la pena privativa de libertad es mas dura y conlleva situaciones mas discriminatorias que para el hombre, agravandose en el caso de mujeres extranjeras y mujeres gitanas. Pese a que las politicas de igualdad se van sucediendo, la interiorizacion del patriarcalismo es tan profunda que requiere estrategias educativas y sobre todo la deconstruccion del propio sistema EnglishThe inequality of power between men and women, the product of a dichotomous and hierarchical socialization, which constitutes the imaginary of patriarchal society, results in women being ascribed to stereotyped behaviors, so that by moving away from them, they are immersed in a process of segregation with the subsequent marginalization and/or exclusion. The informal social control penetrates in a diffuse but effective way in its opposite and homologous face at the same time, formal social control, and the uprooted behaviors of patriarchy suffer the metamorphosis of deviant to criminalized. Female imprisonment is not alien to the (dis)values of this society: for women the penalty of imprisonment is harsher and involves more discriminatory situations than for men, aggravating in the case of foreign women and Roma women. Despite the fact that equality policies are happening, the internalization of patriarchy is so deep that it requires educational strategies and above all the deconstruction of the system itself
Determination of secretory granule maturation times in pancreatic islet beta-cells by serial block face scanning electron microscopy

It is shown how serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) of insulin-secreting beta cells in wild-type mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans can be used to determine maturation times of secretory granules. Although SBEM captures the beta cell structure at a snapshot in time, the observed ultrastructure can be considered representative of a dynamic equilibrium state of the cells since the pancreatic islets are maintained in culture in approximate homeostasis. It is found that 7.2±1.2% (±st. dev.) of the beta cell volume is composed of secretory granule dense-cores exhibiting angular shapes surrounded by wide (typically ≳100 nm) electron-lucent halos. These organelles are identified as mature granules that store insulin for regulated release through the plasma membrane, with a release time of 96±12 hours, as previously obtained from pulsed 35S-radiolabeling of cysteine and methionine. Analysis of beta cell 3D volumes reveals a subpopulation of secretory organelles without electron-lucent halos, identified as immature secretory granules. Another subpopulation of secretory granules is found with thin (typically ≲30 nm) electron-lucent halos, which are attributed to immature granules that are transforming from proinsulin to insulin by action of prohormone convertases. From the volume ratio of proinsulin in the immature granules to insulin in the mature granules, we estimate that the newly formed immature granules remain in morphologically-defined immature states for an average time of 135±14 minutes, and the immature transforming granules for an average time of 130±17 minutes.
Trends in Systemic Sclerosis Mortality Over Forty-Eight Years, 1968-2015: A US Population-Based Study.

Objective To identify secular trends associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc) mortality over a 48-year period. Methods Using national mortality data compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research, and population data from the US Census Bureau, we calculated an age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for SSc and non-SSc (all other causes), and we also calculated the ratio of the SSc ASMR to the non-SSc ASMR for each year from 1968 to 2015. We then used a joinpoint regression model to evaluate mortality trends overall and by sex and race. Results From 1968 to 2015, there were 46,798 deaths with SSc recorded as the "underlying" cause of death and 106,058,839 non-SSc deaths. There were an additional 9,063 deaths with SSc recorded as a "contributing" cause of death from 1999 to 2015. Whereas the non-SSc ASMR decreased throughout the 48-year time period, the SSc ASMR increased from 1968 to 2000, followed by decreases each year from 2001 to 2015. The SSc ASMR also decreased for deaths where SSc was a contributing cause from 1999 to 2015. Women and Black persons had higher SSc ASMRs and SSc ASMR to non-SSc ASMR ratios than men and White persons, respectively. Additionally, SSc ASMRs and SSc ASMR to non-SSc ASMR ratios increased at higher rates in women and White persons than in men and Black persons, respectively, during the initial three decades. Conclusion Mortality attributable to SSc increased from 1968 to 2000, followed by a steady decline from 2001 to 2015. However, SSc mortality relative to non-SSc mortality remains high. SSc mortality has disproportionately changed by sex and race over the 48-year period assessed in the present study.
Subtle Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Is not Associated With Idiopathic Cam Morphology.

BACKGROUND The etiology of idiopathic cam morphology remains unclear. One theory suggests that subtle slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) leads to proximal femoral changes resulting in cam morphology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between subtle SCFE and cam morphology in a large osteological collection. METHODS We examined 962 cadaveric hips to measure 2 markers of cam morphology, alpha angle and anterior femoral head-neck offset (AHNO), and a validated, objective marker of subtle SCFE deformity (calcar ridge line offset). When the femur is viewed medially, the calcar ridge line extends from the lesser trochanter proximally along the postero-inferior femoral neck and points toward the fovea. In SCFE-like deformity, the fovea deviates posteriorly from this projected line. Pearson correlations were performed to evaluate for possible association of calcar ridge line offset with alpha angle and AHNO. In addition, a multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the influence of age, alpha angle, and AHNO on calcar ridge line offset. RESULTS There was no clinically relevant association between the calcar ridge line offset and alpha angle (r=-0.02, P=0.58) or AHNO (r=0.08, P=0.012). Furthermore, specimens whose calcar ridge line deviated 1 SD above the mean (more SCFE-like deformity) had a smaller alpha angle (46.6±9.1 vs. 48.3±10.6, P=0.046) and greater AHNO (0.83±0.19 vs. 0.77±0.16, P<0.001), both reflecting less cam-like morphology. On regression analysis, increasing age and increasing AHNO (decreased cam morphology) predicted increased calcar ridge line offset, though the model accounted for only 1.2% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS Subtle SCFE-like deformity, as objectively measured from the calcar ridge line, was not predictive of more cam-like morphology, and in fact mild opposite associations were found. Further study is needed to identify other potential etiologies of idiopathic cam morphology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE We present evidence from a large, well-documented osteological collection indicating that subtle SCFE is not associated with idiopathic cam morphology.
State of the Art in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques for Improving Patient Outcomes Pertaining to the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

With the ever-increasing amount of biomedical data gathered by hospital monitors, wearable devices, and the Internet of Things (IoT) and also with the advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) and computational hardware, there is an explosion of interest in applying AI in solving problems in biomedicine and healthcare. This chapter provides a basic introduction to AI and explains the motivation for using AI in medicine. The main body of this chapter summarizes the recent applications of AI to improve patients’ cardiovascular and respiratory system outcomes. At the end, the limitations and the forecasted future of AI in medicine are also discussed.
An Ontological Account of Social Pathology

This chapter outlines an ontological approach to understanding social pathology. I begin by outlining what a critical social ontology consists of before elaborating categories for diagnostic critique. My thesis is that a social ontology is one that grasps the structural dynamics of social relations and considers the ways that these can be either rationally organised (or what I call anabolic social forms) or pathologically organised (or what I call katabolically organised). The main idea is that social pathology is not to be restricted to inter-cognitive or neo-Idealist frames (such as pathologies of recognition or communication) but rather to be located in the architecture and functional characteristics of social forms themselves. I end with a consideration of the relation between this ontological approach to social pathology and the idea of critical judgement or what I term ‘phronetic criticism’ that is not merely diagnostic in orientation, but contains within it the seeds of alternative praxis for social transformation.
Adaptive Noisy Data Augmentation for Regularized Construction of Undirected Graphical Models

We develop the AdaPtive Noise Augmentation (PANDA) technique to regularize the estimation of undirected graphical models. PANDA iteratively optimizes the objective function given adaptively augmented data to achieve regularization on model parameters. The augmented noisy data is designed to deliver various regularization effects on single graph estimation as well as simultaneous construction of multiple graphs, including but not limited to $l_{\gamma}$ for $\gamma\in[0,2]$ , elastic net, SCAD, group lasso, and adaptive lasso in single graph estimations; and the joint group lasso and the joint fused ridge regularizations for multiple graph estimation. PANDA can be seamlessly implemented in practice in software that implements generalized linear models and users do not have to employ ad-hoc optimizers to minimize regularized loss functions for graph construction. We show the non-inferiority of PANDA in various types of graph estimation in simulated data, benchmarked against some common graph estimation methods. We also apply PANDA to an autism spectrum disorder dataset to construct a graph with mixed node types and to a lung cancer microarray data set to simultaneously construct four protein networks, demonstrating the effectiveness of PANDA in constructing practically interpretable and meaningful graphical models.
Asbestos Fibers Enhance the Production of a Mesothelial Cell-derived Soluble Factor which Stimulates Fibroblast DNA Synthesis

Major pleural fibrosis is a relatively uncommon complication of many pulmonary disorders, but is common following asbestos exposure and is a less frequent complication of tuberculosis effusions, massive hemothorax, and some autoimmune disorders (Bignon 1985).
Ecological and Genetic Systems Underlying Sustainable Horticulture

This review highlights the development of production systems based on sound ecological principles as well as on physiological and genetic principles that hold the most promise for addressing the challenges of the 21st century. This chapter also focuses on organic farming, on genetic systems and how these can underlie and supplement ecological approaches for improving agricultural systems. The importance of integrating ecological and genetic approaches to optimize agroecosystem sustainability is also discussed.
Real-time FTIR spectroscopy as an electrochemical mechanistic probe: Electrooxidation of ethanol and related species on well-defined Pt (111) surfaces

The electrooxidation pathways of ethanol and acetaldehyde in 0.1M HClO4 on ordered Pt (111) surfaces in comparison with disordered Pt (111) and polycrystalline Pt were examined by means of FTIR spectra obtained in real time during slow (2–10 mV s−1) thin-layer voltametric sweeps. This “single potential alteration infrared” (SPAIR) procedure enables the potential-dependent quantity of the various reaction products, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and CO2 to be determined quantitatively, and the role of CO and other CO2-producing adsorbates in the reaction kinetics to be assessed. For ethanol electrooxidation on ordered Pt (111), acetic acid and acetaldehyde are formed, along with smaller amounts of CO2 beyond ca. 0.3 V (vs. SCE) where oxidation of adsorbed CO occurs; acetic acid is the major product during the reverse potential sweep. Only small CO coverages (θ ≈ 0.1) are obtained for ethanol concentrations of 0.05-0.5 M. Substantially higher CO coverages are obtained for disordered Pt (111) and especially polycrystalline Pt. The product distributions are not altered greatly from ordered Pt (111). Markedly different behavior, however, was observed for acetaldehyde electrooxidation on ordered Pt (111) in that little acetic acid is formed until near the end of the positive-going potential sweep, 0.8 V. A greater quantity of adsorbed CO (θ ≈ 0.15) is present, but this undergoes complete electrooxidation by 0.45 V. This marked reaction inhibition is attributed instead to the presence of another (or other) adsorbed species, which is observed to undergo oxidation to CO2 only between 0.5–0.7 V. The inhibition of acetic acid formation is much less marked on disordered Pt (111), and essentially absent on polycrystalline Pt. Comparisons are also made between the electrooxidation kinetics for some related unifunctional reactants, including formic acid and isopropanol, on ordered and disordered Pt (111) surfaces. Markedly smaller amounts of adsorbed CO are generally formed from organic species on the former surface; some possible electrocatalytic consequences are discussed.
Acquisition and display of real-time atmospheric data on terrain

This paper investigates the integrated acquisition, organization, and display of data from disparate sources, including the display of data acquired in real-time. In this case real-time acquisition and display refers to the capture and visualization of data as they are being produced. The particular application investigated is 3D dynamic atmospheric data on terrain, but key elements presented here are applicable more generally to other types of real-time data. 3D Doppler radar data are acquired and visualized with global, high resolution terrain. This is the first time such data have been displayed together in a real-time environment and provides the potential for new vistas in forecasting and analysis. Associated data such as buildings and maps are displayed along with the weather data and the terrain. A global hierarchical structure makes these disparate data available for integrated visualization in real-time. Requirements for effective 3D visualization for decision-making are identified, and it is shown that the applications presented meet most of these requirements.
Early pathologic stage clear cell carcinoma and uterine papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium: comparison of clinicopathologic features and survival

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) are aggressive variants of endometrial carcinoma that may coexist or share some clinicopathologic features suggesting a similar biologic spectrum and the need for a common therapeutic approach. Twenty-nine cases of pathologic FIGO stage I and II CCC and 47 cases of FIGO stage I and II UPSC seen and treated at Yale-New Haven Hospital were reviewed, and the survival rates with regard to various pathological parameters were compared. Both groups of patients had similar clinical profiles with respect to presentation, age, weight, and medical problems. The 5-year survival for pathologic stage I patients with CCC was 72% and for those with UPSC 44%. The 5-year survival for pathologic stage II patients with CCC was 59% and for those with UPSC 32%. Analysis of survival showed that the depth of myometrial invasion, the presence of vascular space invasion, and the admixture of endometrioid features did not influence survival in either group of patients. In CCC, survival was also not influenced by the predominant histologic pattern, i.e., papillary versus nonpapillary. The results of this study suggest that early stage CCC and UPSC have similar clinicopathologic profiles, suggesting the need for aggressive approaches including a staging laparotomy and possibly similar therapy. However, the stage I CCC patients had a significantly better survival than the stage I UPSC patients.
A role of P301L tau mutant in anti-apoptotic gene expression, cell cycle and apoptosis

In exploring the causative role of the most common Pro(301)-to-Leu (TauP301L) tau missense mutation associated with neurodegenerative tauopathies, we examined TauP301L-mediated apoptotic cell death and the expression of a cluster of genes involved in the inhibition of apoptosis (IAPs) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our research found that the expression of TauP301L, but not wild-type tau, down regulated the expression of IAPs, including survivin, which plays a role in the mitotic spindle checkpoint. The inhibition of IAPs coincided with the activation of the pro-apoptotic caspase 3, but preceded apoptotic cell death by TUNEL. Furthermore, TauP301L altered the expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins and induced the cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase. Our studies demonstrate that TauP301L downregulates the expression of genes that protect against apoptosis and regulate cell cycle progression. These results suggest a novel mechanism of apoptotic cell death in TauP301L-expressing cells that involves survivin-mediated activation of cell cycle checkpoint.
Using ethanol as an energy source.

The Report by G. A. Deluga et al. describing a new method of producing hydrogen from ethanol is an important contribution toward practical methods of producing hydrogen for use in fuel cells (“Renewable hydrogen from ethanol by autothermal reforming,” 13 Feb., p. [993][1]). However, the Report
Intensive insulin therapy did not reduce mortality more than conventional therapy in septic shock treated with corticosteroids

Source Citation COIITSS Study Investigators, Annane D, Cariou A, et al. Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;...
Reiterated Homogenization and the Double-Porosity Model

We consider the effects of a hierarchical, multiple layered system of fractures on the flow of a single-phase, slightly compressible fluid through a porous medium. A microscopic flow model is first defined which describes precisely the physics of the flow and the geometry of the fracture system and porous matrix, all of which depends on a positive parameter e that determines the scale of the various fracture-level thicknesses. We then show by a rigorous mathematical argument that the unique solution of this microscopic problem converges as e → 0 to the solution of a double-porosity model of the global macroscopic flow. Our techniques make use of the concept of reiterated homogenization and essentially consist of an adaptation of the methods of extension and dilation operators to the reiterated-homogenization context. We show how the porosities and permeability tensor of the porous medium are determined in a precise way by certain physical and geometric features of the microscopic fracture domain, the microscopic matrix blocks, and the interface between them.
The search for evidence of particle acceleration at SN 1987A in MeV to PeV gamma rays

The prospects for obtaining evidence of the particle acceleration by SN 1987A pulsar wind are discussed. It is noted that, of the seven experiments that searched for high-energy signals since the discovery of SN 1987A, operating in both the TeV region (air Cerenkov arrays) and the 100-TeV region (air shower arrays), not one has reported a continuous signal from the supernova. The only signal reported so far that could be interpreted as a signal from the supernova remnant is from an air shower experiment YANZOS (Bond, 1988), in which a transient flux of photons above 3 TeV was observed. It is pointed out however, that, if a TeV signal is seen, the accompanying gamma-ray flux around 100 MeV should be well above threshold for detection by the EGRET detector on Gamma-Ray Observatory. 26 refs.
Toward a Consensus on the Binding Specificity and Promiscuity of PRC2 for RNA

Summary Polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) is a histone methyltransferase required for epigenetic silencing during development and cancer. Early works suggested binding specificity of PRC2 to certain long non-coding RNAs for recruitment to chromatin. More recent studies provided evidence both in favor and against this idea. Here, we bridge the two existing models of PRC2-RNA interaction. RepA RNA is a good binding partner for PRC2, while multiple non-relevant RNAs, including bacterial mRNAs, also bind PRC2; K d s depend to some extent on the experimental conditions. Human and mouse PRC2 have broadly similar RNA-binding properties in vitro. Examination of evidence supporting an existing model for site-specific recruitment of PRC2 by a well-defined RNA motif in cells reveals that results are PRC2 independent. We conclude that promiscuous and specific RNA-binding activities of PRC2 in vitro are not mutually exclusive, and that binding specificity in vivo remains to be demonstrated.
Radioisotopic treatment of bone pain from metastatic prostate cancer.

Hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with painful bony metastatic lesions are potential candidates for boneseeking radiopharmaceutical therapies. After careful assessment of symptoms and localization of pain, a bone scan is the single most useful imaging modality for the clinician to assess patients for the presence and distribution of osteoblastic lesions. Increased uptake (compatible with bony metastases) on a conventional bone scan is currently a prerequisite for treating patients with a bone-targeted therapeutic isotope. Determining whether metastatic bony involvement is focal or diffuse is also important in the clinical decision-making process. Patients with multifocal metastatic disease are excellent candidates for systemic therapies, whereas patients with unifocal metastatic disease may be more appropriate candidates for focal therapies such as external-beam radiation. Patients who are poorly tolerant of narcotics should be actively considered for alternative treatments such as systemic radiopharmaceuticals. Contraindications to administration of current boneseeking radioisotopes include substantial degrees of renal insufficiency or bone marrow suppression.
A Lysine-Tyrosine Pair Carries Out Acid−Base Chemistry in the Metal Ion-Dependent Pyridine Dinucleotide-Linked β-Hydroxyacid Oxidative Decarboxylases†

This work reviews published structural and kinetic data on the pyridine nucleotide-linked β-hydroxyacid oxidative decarboxylases. The family of metal ion-dependent pyridine nucleotide-linked β-hydr...
Creating and verifying a research-grade simply supported cylinder with PZT actuation

In many aerospace and structural applications, idealized cylinders are used to approximate more complex structures such as airplane fuselages and rocket payload fairings. Many authors have created sophisticated models of the structural response of cylinders excited by a variety of actuators. However, these models are seldom verified experimentally. None of the models created to describe the response of a simply supported (SS) cylinder have ever been verified. In this work several different boundary conditions are created to approximate an ideal SS cylinder. The different boundary conditions tested are described and compared with finite-element analysis (FEA) and with an impedance-based analytical model for a piezoelectric actuator (PZT) exciting a SS cylinder. The work presented describes the steps taken in creating a physical boundary condition whichapproximates the ideal boundary condition for a SS cylinder and also evaluates the response of the impedance model for a PZT exciting a SS cylinder. The results indicate that the created physical boundary condition resembles the ideal SS boundary condition. The structural response computed by the impedance model is also shown to agree with the experiment and with the FEA. The results can be used to create other experimental SS cylinders and can also be used in modelling more complicated aerospace structures.
N-compact spaces as limits of inverse systems of discrete spaces

Let N denote the discrete space of all natural numbers. A space X is N -compact if it is homeomorphic with some closed subspace of a product of copies of N . In this paper, N -compact spaces are characterized as homeomorphs of inverse limit space of inverse systems of copies of subsets of N . Also, it is shown that a space X is N -compact if and only if the space ( X ) of all non-empty compact subsets of X with the finite topology is N -compact.