cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Core-Shell Structures Arise Naturally During Ligand Exchange in Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Examination of the microstructure of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) after postsynthetic exchange (PSE) reveals that the exchanged ligand is concentrated at the edges of the crystal and decreases in concentration with crystal depth, resulting in a core–shell arrangement. Diffusion studies of the carboxylate ligand into MOF-5 indicate that diffusion is limiting to the exchange process and may ultimately be responsible for the observed core–shell structure. Examination of PSE in UMCM-8 and single crystals of UiO-66 shows a similar trend, illustrating the applicability of PSE as a method for the creation of core–shell MOFs.
School, family, and community partnerships in teachers’ professional work

This article discusses the contributions of the international studies in this special issue and presents a few emerging topics on school, family, and community partnerships. The studies in Part I c...
The Ethics of Unbranding

This Essay explores the ethical implications of the phenomenon of “unbranding” that has recently been discussed in popular and scholarly literature. It compares two extant definitions of unbranding and examines each under alternative ethical theories of trademark law, specifically deontological and consequentialist theories. With respect to each of these theories, the Essay examines the ethical questions raised by the existence of asymmetric information between brand owners and consumers. This includes asymmetries not only with regard to information about products, but with regard to information about consumer decision-making processes. The latter asymmetry presents conflicts between deontological and consequentialist conclusions regarding the ethics of unbranding, requiring that one system be preferred over the other. The Essay concludes by arguing that consequentialist theories provide the most conventional approach to the problem of unbranding, but that the potential sense of dissatisfaction with consequentialist prescriptions regarding unbranding suggests that there may be an opening for a novel, autonomy-based deontological approach to trademark theory.
Future strategies for controlling Marek's disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses future strategies that can be implemented to control Marek's disease (MD). In the future, improved control of MD will require two approaches: better application of the currently available tools and development of improved tools. Better application of the tools that are currently available includes proper measures of biosecurity, adequate vaccination practices, and good control of other immunosuppressive viruses. However, the development of improved tools may prevent the Marek's disease virus (MDV) from evolving to greater virulence, reduce the economic costs associated with MD vaccination, and confer greater protection against the most virulent pathotype of MDV. Development of transgenic chickens that are more resistant to MD will also help in controlling the disease. Future prospects for the control of MD appear to be optimistic. With better knowledge of the chicken genome and progress in the study of molecular biology of MDV, it is likely that new approaches to MD control can be developed. In addition, improving current methods of MD control requires the commitment of research institutions, vaccine manufacturers, and breeding companies.
Energy and the Structuring of Society

Society organizes itself around physical things, as well as around social relations and cultural symbols. Social relations enacted with respect to things define a meaning of those things for society. A society’s character may be known from the way it draws the physical into its activity.
Does allopurinol reduce pain of chronic pancreatitis

Conclusion A dosage of 300 mg/d of allopurinol was not effective in reducing pain or improving activities of daily living in chronic pancreatitis.
Caffeine-inducible enzyme activity in Pseudomonas putida ATCC 700097

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a ubiquitous component of human diet has been suggested as a chemical indicator of ecosystem impacts of sewage spills and treated effluent discharges because it is not sufficiently metabolized by wastewater microorganisms. This study identified enzymes responsible for caffeine metabolism in sewage bacteria. Pseudomonas putida biotype A (ATCC 700097) originally isolated as a rare caffeine-degrading organism in domestic wastewater exhibited diauxic growth on caffeine, concomitant with the expression of a P450-type cytochrome and peroxidase enzyme activities. Initial growth phase lasted 13.8 ± 1.4 h with a growth rate that was five times slower than the secondary growth phase that lasted 5.5 ± 1.2 h. Molecular and enzymatic characteristics of the cytochrome P450-type enzyme differ from the previously described cytochrome P450 (P450cam) of P. putida (ATCC 17453) involved in camphor metabolism. The caffeine-inducible cytochrome P450-type enzyme exhibited a carbon monoxide difference spectrum peak at 450 nm, but does not allow growth on camphor. Caffeine induced production of haem-associated peroxidase activity was confirmed with 3,3′, 5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine–H2O2 reaction in polyacrylamide gels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers derived from the gene for cytochrome P450cam (camC) of P. putida (ATCC 17453) did not yield an amplification product when DNA extracted from P. putida strain ATCC 700097 was used as template. The data demonstrate that caffeine is metabolized through a specific biphasic pathway driven by oxygen-demanding enzymes.
Evidence-based practice: What therapists say about it?

Introduction/Background The significance of evidence based practice (EBP) can not be overstated. However, literature on the perception of occupational therapists and physical therapists toward EBP, is scarce. The purpose of this survey study was to examine occupational and physical therapists's attitudes toward evidence based practice. Material and method A total of 47 among 261 practicing occupational and physical therapists in a health care system in the Midwest responded to the questionnaire previously developed by Rubin and Parrish, 2011. Follow up reminders were implemented to achieve a higher response rate. Results The results of the study showed that therapists maintained an overall positive attitude toward EBP, reported familiarity with the EBP process and an overall positive attitude toward EBP. In addition, therapists reported intend to engage in the EBP process but their current engagement was a little less than “some of the time.” However, therapists reported slightly lean unfeasible to engage in the EBP process. Barriers to engaging in EBP included time, access, and the constraints of the responders’ practice setting. Conclusion Overall, the findings of this study showed that therapists hold positive perception on evidence based practice and such findings are consistent with previous research. The current study suggests practicing occupational therapists and physical therapists in general have positive perception on evidence based practice, particularly in the area of familiarity with EBP, the intend to and current engagement of EBP. Therapists, however, identified many factors that contribute to their negative perception on feasibility of the EBP in their day-to-day practice. Administrative support, decreased productivity pressure, adequate education and training are essential in ensuring and promoting EBP, a key ingredient in help achieve triple aims of health care services.
Model Error, Information Barriers, State Estimation and Prediction in Complex Multiscale Systems

Complex multiscale systems are ubiquitous in many areas. This research expository article discusses the development and applications of a recent information-theoretic framework as well as novel reduced-order nonlinear modeling strategies for understanding and predicting complex multiscale systems. The topics include the basic mathematical properties and qualitative features of complex multiscale systems, statistical prediction and uncertainty quantification, state estimation or data assimilation, and coping with the inevitable model errors in approximating such complex systems. Here, the information-theoretic framework is applied to rigorously quantify the model fidelity, model sensitivity and information barriers arising from different approximation strategies. It also succeeds in assessing the skill of filtering and predicting complex dynamical systems and overcomes the shortcomings in traditional path-wise measurements such as the failure in measuring extreme events. In addition, information theory is incorporated into a systematic data-driven nonlinear stochastic modeling framework that allows effective predictions of nonlinear intermittent time series. Finally, new efficient reduced-order nonlinear modeling strategies combined with information theory for model calibration provide skillful predictions of intermittent extreme events in spatially-extended complex dynamical systems. The contents here include the general mathematical theories, effective numerical procedures, instructive qualitative models, and concrete models from climate, atmosphere and ocean science.
Imaging the Life-Cycle of CMCs Using High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography

In this study, the entire life cycle of a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) manufactured using polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) is imaged using high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). The entire PIP process is imaged ex situ to capture the evolution of voids and shrinkage cracks during laminate densification. After manufacturing, two specimens are extracted from the CMC laminate, and subsequently tested to failure in flexure and tension at 1000°C. Gray-scale image segmentation methods are used to quantify the evolution of porosity within the microstructure during PIP processing. X-ray μCT image results from in situ testing are qualitatively examined to quantify presence of individual fiber breaks, fiber pull-outs, matrix cracking, fiber-matrix decohesion, to name a few. These results are used to motivate development of new algorithms for segmentation of microstructural features from X-ray μCT data sets.
Simulations of a Dense Plasma Focus on a High Impedance Generator

NRL is embarking on a program to study the connection between plasma instabilities and fast ion acceleration for neutron production on a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF). The experiments will be performed on the HAWK generator (665 kA, 1.5 micro-sec), which has a high inductance (619 nH). There is a conjecture that the neutron yield on a DPF may be enhanced on a high impedance generator since the assembly on axis will not significantly reduce the current drive. Furthermore, to prevent upstream breakdown during the implosion there are plans to inject the gas load as a plasma far from the insulator stack. As a propaedeutic study, we performed MHD simulations using the Athena code. Athena is an Eulerian 3D, unsplit finite volume MHD code that includes shock capturing with Riemann solvers and resistive diffusion for the magnetic field components. The simulations are coupled to an equivalent circuit model for HAWK. This initial report will examine the dynamics and implosion time as a function of the initial injected plasma distribution and study the implications of non-ideal effects.
Consumer Responses to Price Disclosure in Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising.

This survey-based behavioral experiment was conducted to understand how consumers are likely to respond to including the drug price in any direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising.
Rhomboid distorts lipids to break the viscosity-imposed speed limit of membrane diffusion.

Enzymes that cut proteins inside membranes regulate diverse cellular events, including cell signaling, homeostasis, and host-pathogen interactions. Adaptations that enable catalysis in this exceptional environment are poorly understood. We visualized single molecules of multiple rhomboid intramembrane proteases and unrelated proteins in living cells (human and Drosophila) and planar lipid bilayers. Notably, only rhomboid proteins were able to diffuse above the Saffman-Delbruck viscosity limit of the membrane. Hydrophobic mismatch with the irregularly shaped rhomboid fold distorted surrounding lipids and propelled rhomboid diffusion. The rate of substrate processing in living cells scaled with rhomboid diffusivity. Thus, intramembrane proteolysis is naturally diffusion-limited, but cells mitigate this constraint by using the rhomboid fold to overcome the "speed limit" of membrane diffusion.
Abiotic and Landscape Factors Constrain Restoration Outcomes Across Spatial Scales of a Widespread Invasive Plant

The natural recolonization of native plant communities following invasive species management is notoriously challenging to predict, since outcomes can be contingent on a variety of factors including management decisions, abiotic factors, and landscape setting. The spatial scale at which the treatment is applied can also impact management outcomes, potentially influencing plant assembly processes and treatment success. Understanding the relative importance of each of these factors for plant community assembly can help managers prioritize patches where specific treatments are likely to be most successful. Here, using effects size analyses, we evaluate plant community responses following four invasive Phragmites australis management treatments (1: fall glyphosate herbicide spray, 2: summer glyphosate herbicide spray, 3: summer imazapyr herbicide spray, 4: untreated control) applied at two patch scales (12,000 m2 and 1,000 m2) and monitored for five years. Using variation partitioning, we then evaluated the independent and shared influence of patch scale, treatment type, abiotic factors, and landscape factors on plant community outcomes following herbicide treatments. We found that Phragmites reinvaded more quickly in large patches, particularly following summer herbicide treatments, while native plant cover and richness recolonized at a greater magnitude in small patches than large. Patch scale in combination with abiotic and landscape factors was the most important driver for most plant responses. Compared with the small plots, large patches commonly had deeper and more prolonged flooding, and were in areas with greater hydrologic disturbance in the landscape, factors associated with reduced native plant recruitment and greater Phragmites cover. Small patches were associated with less flooding and landscape disturbance, and more native plants in the surrounding landscape than large patches, factors which promoted higher native plant conservation values, and greater native plant cover and richness. Herbicide type and timing accounted for very little of the variation in native plant recovery, emphasizing the greater importance of patch selection for better management outcomes. To maximize the success of treatment programs, practitioners should first manage Phragmites patches adjacent to native plant species, and in areas with minimal hydrologic disturbance.
Memory impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with hippocampal hypoperfusion and hippocampal vascular dysfunction.

We investigated the effect of chronic hypertension on hippocampal arterioles (HippAs) and hippocampal perfusion as underlying mechanisms of memory impairment, and how large artery stiffness relates...
INSTRUMENT ASSISTED SOFT-TISSUE MOBILIZATION: A COMMENTARY ON CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR REHABILITATION PROFESSIONALS.

Instrument assisted soft-tissue mobilization (IASTM) has become a popular myofascial intervention for sports medicine professionals. Despite the widespread use and emerging research, a consensus on clinical standards, such as a describing the intervention, indications, precautions, contraindications, tool hygiene, safe treatment, and assessment, does not exist. There is a need to develop best practice standards for IASTM through a universal consensus on these variables. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss proposed clinical standards and to encourage other sports medicine professionals and researchers to contribute their expertise to the development of such guidelines. Level of evidence 5.
An equitable traffic signal control scheme at isolated signalized intersections using Connected Vehicle technology

Abstract This paper extends a real-time, Connected Vehicle-based traffic signal control algorithm at isolated intersections to balance between two competing intersection objectives: efficiency and equity. In this approach, a central controller is used to collect real-time locations of connected vehicles at regular intervals, which can then be used to also identify the existence of some of the non-connected vehicles. The control algorithm then aims to optimize the discharge sequence of naturally occurring platoons of vehicles based on their proximity. Specifically, the strategy selects the platoon discharge sequence—and associated signal phase and timing plan—that minimizes average vehicle delay (measure of efficiency) while limiting the maximum delay any individual vehicle may experience (measure of equity). The latter objective is only possible with detailed vehicle-level information available from connected vehicles. The results show that without the threshold on maximum individual vehicle delay, average delay is often minimized at the expense of very large delays imposed onto some vehicles. By implementing a threshold, both the maximum vehicle delay and the distribution of individual vehicle delays—as measured by the standard deviation and a common measure of population inequity, the Gini coefficient—can be improved, often with only negligible impacts to intersection efficiency. However, the tradeoff between equity and efficiency becomes more significant as the maximum vehicle delay threshold decreases. Sensitivity tests show that this control algorithm works well for different total traffic demands and different demand patterns. The proposed algorithm is also effective under imperfect connected vehicle penetration rates when the connected vehicles make up more than 40% of the traffic stream. The results suggest that the proposed strategy can help significantly reduce long delays and inequitable treatment of vehicles at an intersection when vehicle-level information is available to a signal controller.
Investigating anomalous growth of platinum particles during accelerated aging of diesel oxidation catalysts

Abstract When Pt catalysts are aged in air at 800 °C, we see significant growth of Pt particle sizes. The particle size distributions in the aged catalysts are usually bimodal, with some very large particles coexisting with smaller particles. Here we investigate the origins of these anomalous particle size distributions and relate them to the vapor phase transport of PtO2 under oxidizing conditions. Our results suggest that the emission of PtO2 from the catalyst into vapor phase could be a cause for the anomalous growth of Pt particles observed during high temperature aging. We show that supports such as ceria that can trap Pt ions cause a suppression of vapor phase transport, while the alumina and the MgAl2O4 spinel supports are unable to trap the Pt ions leading to the formation of abnormally large Pt particles.
An Asynchronous Multi-Body Simulation Framework for Real-Time Dynamics, Haptics and Learning with Application to Surgical Robots

Surgical robots for laparoscopy consist of several patient side slave manipulators that are controlled via surgeon operated master telemanipulators. Commercial surgical robots do not perform any sub-tasks – even of repetitive or noninvasive nature – autonomously or provide intelligent assistance. While this is primarily due to safety and regulatory reasons, the state of such automation intelligence also lacks the reliability and robustness for use in high-risk applications. Recent developments in continuous control using Artificial Intelligence and Reinforcement Learning have prompted growing research interest in automating mundane sub-tasks. To build on this, we present an inspired Asynchronous Framework which incorporates realtime dynamic simulation – manipulable with the masters of a surgical robot and various other input devices – and interfaces with learning agents to train and potentially allow for the execution of shared sub-tasks. The scope of this framework is generic to cater to various surgical (as well as non-surgical) training and control applications. This scope is demonstrated by examples of multi-user and multi-manual applications which allow for realistic interactions by incorporating distributed control, shared task allocation and a well-defined communication pipe-line for learning agents. These examples are discussed in conjunction with the design philosophy, specifications, system-architecture and metrics of the Asynchronous Framework and the accompanying Simulator. We show the stability of Simulator while achieving real-time dynamic simulation and interfacing with several haptic input devices and a training agent at the same time.
Tunnel Barrier Thickness, Interlayer Rotational Alignment, and Top Gating Effects on ReS 2 /hBN/ReS 2 Resonant Interlayer Tunnel Field Effect Transistors

Heterostructures made of 2D materials are the focus of many studies, owing to reduced carrier dimensionality combined with near-perfect interfaces. In a prior study[1], we demonstrated NDR both at low and room temperature with a peak-to-valley ratio (PVR) $\leq 2$ in a ReS 2 /hBN/ReS 2 Resonant Interlayer tunnel field effect transistor (RITFET) heterostructure. With two new devices, we show, respectively, the effects of changing the tunnel barrier thickness, and of ReS 2 interlayer rotational alignment and added top gating, which provides additional insight in the origin of the observed NDR.
Secure State-Reconstruction Over Networks Subject to Attacks

Secure state-reconstruction is the problem of reconstructing the state of a linear time-invariant system from sensor measurements that have been corrupted by an adversary. Whereas most work focuses on attacks on sensors, we consider the more challenging case where attacks occur on sensors as well as on nodes and links of a network that transports sensor measurements to a receiver. In this letter we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the secure state-reconstruction problem to be solvable in the presence of attacks on sensors and on the network.
The TEACCH Approach and Other Visually Based Approaches for Children with Autism

Several intervention approaches for young children with ASD utilize visual supports and structure to promote engagement and learning. The TEACCH approach, developed in the 1970s, has a specific approach for very young children with ASD and success supporting parents. Other visually based or augmentative approaches are helpful to promote communication and social interaction. These approaches are described with examples for implementation with young children.
Industry-Level Baseline Risk of COVID-19 Infection

We present an industry classificationâ€“level model of economic activities in terms of (1) risk of the novel coronavirus spread and (2) economic contribution for
Abstract IA08: Elevated endogenous SDHA drives pathologic metabolism in highly metastatic uveal melanoma

Purpose: Metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) has a very poor prognosis and no effective therapy. Despite remarkable advances in treatment of cutaneous melanoma, UM remains recalcitrant to chemotherapy, small-molecule kinase inhibitors, and immune-based therapy. Experimental Design: We assessed two sets of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) genes within 9,858 tumors across 31 cancer types. An OxPhos inhibitor was used to characterize differential metabolic programming of highly metastatic monosomy 3 (M3) UM. Seahorse analysis and global metabolomics profiling were done to identify metabolic vulnerabilities. Analyses of UM TCGA data set were performed to determine expressions of key OxPhos effectors in M3 and non M3 UM. We used targeted knockdown of succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA) to determine the role of SDHA in M3 UM in conferring resistance to OxPhos inhibition. Results: We identified UM as having among the highest median OxPhos levels and showed that M3 UM exhibits a distinct metabolic profile. M3 UM shows markedly low succinate levels and has highly increased levels of SDHA, the enzyme that couples the TCA cycle with OxPhos by oxidizing (lowering) succinate. We show that SDHA-high M3 UM has elevated expression of key OxPhos molecules, exhibits abundant mitochondrial reserve respiratory capacity, and is resistant to OxPhos antagonism, which can be reversed by SDHA knockdown. Conclusions: Our study has identified a critical metabolic program within poor prognostic M3 UM. In addition to the heightened mitochondrial functional capacity due to elevated SDHA, M3 UM SDHA-high mediates resistance to therapy that is reversible with targeted treatment. Citation Format: Chandrani Chattopadhyay, Junna Oba, Jason Roszik, Scott E. Woodman, Elizabeth A. Grimm. Elevated endogenous SDHA drives pathologic metabolism in highly metastatic uveal melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.
Magnetization relaxation in the single-molecule magnet Ni4 under continuous microwave irradiation

Spin relaxation between the two lowest-lying spin-states has been studied in the S=4 single-molecule magnet Ni4 under steady-state conditions of low amplitude and continuous microwave irradiation. The relaxation rate was determined as a function of temperature at two frequencies, 10 and 27.8 GHz, by simultaneously measuring the magnetization and the absorbed microwave power. A strong temperature dependence is observed below 1.5 K, which is not consistent with a direct single-spin-phonon relaxation process. The data instead suggest that the spin relaxation is dominated by a phonon bottleneck at low temperatures and occurs by an Orbach mechanism involving excited spin-levels at higher temperatures. Experimental results are compared with detailed calculations of the relaxation rate using the universal density matrix equation.
Radio Point Sources and the Thermal SZ Power Spectrum

Radio point sources are strongly correlated with clusters of galaxies, so a significant fraction of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signal could be affected by point source contamination. Based on empirical estimates of the radio galaxy population, it is shown that the rms temperature fluctuations of the thermal SZ effect could be underestimated by as much as 30% at an observing frequency of 30 GHz at l>1000. The effect is larger at higher multipoles. If the recent report of excess power at small angular scales is to be explained by the thermal SZ effect, then radio point sources at an observing frequency of 30 GHz must be a surprisingly weak contaminant of the SZ effect for low-mass clusters.
Future of Women Entrepreneurs in Africa

Chisolum was not sure what the future will be when she lost her husband at the age of 35. They had four children with the oldest barely celebrating her seventh birthday and the youngest barely five months old. Her future and that of her young children at that moment of unforgettable tragedy were bleak and almost non-existent. Her husband died unexpectedly from a fire outbreak at the petroleum company’s rig where he worked as an engineer.
Diaspora and Economic Development: A Systemic View.

Recent attempts to generalize isolated successes of expatriate entrepreneurial networks offer limited insight into the more systemic questions on the role of diasporas in sustainable development of small economies. Drawing on experience of post-socialist transition and merging multidisciplinary perspectives, this paper advances a constructive critique to the conventional views. A historically multilayered socioeconomic construct, diaspora is in fact heterogeneous, often, lacking a unified stance and as such likely diminishing the relevance of the simplified first-mover business case study effect in development. Informed by an original survey, this paper proposes a new diaspora driven development framework of analysis. Any successful engagement of a diaspora with its homeland is a function of sustained interaction between the two entities. In the absence of transparent engagement infrastructure, diaspora’s links with a developing economy are short-lived and, usually, sector, event, or location specific. This analysis adds to the literature on the common good dimension in development where individual well-being is a systemic component of a larger outcome rather than the final aim.
Differential Effects of External Enablers on Entrepreneurship based on Gender

External enablers (EEs) are exogenous macro-environmental forces that influence the rate, extent, and substance of entrepreneurial activity. A steadily increasing body of empirical research has sou...
Coeus: A System for Oblivious Document Ranking and Retrieval

Given a private string q and a remote server that holds a set of public documents D, how can one of the K most relevant documents to q in D be selected and viewed without anyone (not even the server) learning anything about q or the document? This is the oblivious document ranking and retrieval problem. In this paper, we describe Coeus, a system that solves this problem. At a high level, Coeus composes two cryptographic primitives: secure matrix-vector product for scoring document relevance using the widely-used term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf) method, and private information retrieval (PIR) for obliviously retrieving documents. However, Coeus reduces the time to run these protocols, thereby improving the user-perceived latency, which is a key performance metric. Coeus first reduces the PIR overhead by separating out private metadata retrieval from document retrieval, and it then scales secure matrix-vector product to tf-idf matrices with several hundred billion elements through a series of novel cryptographic refinements. For a corpus of English Wikipedia containing 5 million documents, a keyword dictionary with 64K keywords, and on a cluster of 143 machines on AWS, Coeus enables a user to obliviously rank and retrieve a document in 3.9 seconds---a 24x improvement over a baseline system.
Role of Marine Natural Products in the Genesis of Antiviral Agents.

Mammals have complex biological systems and are constantly prone to infections by a wide array of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, a significant challenge to the constant development of disease-strains resistance to current drugs.1 As a result, there is always a need to identify new anti-infective agents against these organisms. An anti-infective agent is defined by Webster as “an agent capable of acting against an infection, by inhibiting the spread of an infectious agent or by killing the infectious agent outright”.2 Some of the emerging and drug-resistant infectious diseases having research priority are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS, hepatitis B and C viruses, respiratory infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and dengue fever.1 Figures 1 and ​and22 provide us with the data in regards to the mortality and incidence rates, respectively, of people with viral diseases.3–5 Figure 1 Mortality versus viral diseases.3–5 Figure 2 Incidence rates versus viral diseases.3–5 Search engines utilized to identify the literature reviewed here include Google scholar, Scifinder, Pubmed, government documents from the CDC, NIH, and the World Health Organization (WHO), academic journals, and books.
Reinforcing Properties of Escape From Frustration Aroused In Various Learning Situations

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes research from various learning situations involving reward manipulations in which frustration is typically introduced to account for the results. These researches provides empirical support for the frustration interpretation by using an escape-from-frustration response to measure independently the relative amounts of frustration present. The experiments presented in these researches indicate that the subjects learn a new response to escape from frustration-arousing stimuli. They also demonstrate that rats learn a hurdle-jump response to escape stimuli paired with nonreward or a reduced reward previously paired with a large reward. This result is obtained under various conditions and learning situations, such as following alley acquisition or direct placements on a continuous reinforcement schedule with solid food or sucrose rewards, in combination with stimuli paired with shock or with an increase in delay of reward, and following alley acquisition on a partial or varied reinforcement schedule. These experiments also demonstrate that the amount of discrimination training influences escape behavior from both S+ and S–, and that the stimuli associated with the absence of an “observing response” are more aversive than the stimuli associated with the presence of an “observing response.”
Spinoff Entry in High-tech Industries: Motives and Consequences

Various theories have been advanced for why employees leave incumbent firms to found firms in the same industry, which we call spinoffs. We review the accumulating evidence about spinoffs in various high-tech industries, highlighting the central role often played by disagreements. Because existing theories have ignored them, we develop the foundations of a model of spinoff formation driven by disagreements. Doing so proves to be rather challenging, because disagreements are not possible among rational actors that talk to each other. We introduce a minimal degree of non-rationality, based on the concept of solipsism, and ask whether such a concept is capable of generating predictions consistent with the empirical literature.
Duality in operator formalism

We propose a form for a dual resonant amplitude in which both duality and factorization are explicitly exhibited. This result is achieved by considering in detail the transformation properties of the operators appearing in the model under the fundamental projective transformation of Koba and Nielsen.
Assessing technologies for post discharge follow-up of orthopedic surgery

This study examines several developing technological alternatives, including computer vision, lab-on-chip blood monitors, and integrated servomotors to meet the needs of post-surgical patient follow-up. Multiple health care provider experts were surveyed using pairwise comparison in a hierarchical decision making model to determine their preferred criteria for addressing these tasks, revealing a preference for quality and protection at the expense of speed. Cost and ease of use were perceived as smaller factors with no strong differences noted between patient and provider effort. The high tech alternatives did not always outrank the current low tech state of the art, particularly for x-ray analysis, although integrated servomotors and lab-on-chip blood monitoring show promise for future development.
Between a rock and a hard place: Conflict minerals and professional integrity

Abstract Against the backdrop of integrity as put forth in the American Institute of CPAs’ (AICPA) Code of Conduct, this article takes a close look at a section of the 2010 Wall Street Consumer Protection Act, commonly known as Dodd-Frank. Interestingly, Section 1502 of the Act contains a provision that puts forth new reporting and disclosure requirements for publicly traded companies that manufacture products consisting of ‘conflict minerals’ derived from the violence-ridden Congo region. Though the provision is unlikely to stop the violence, the cost of disclosure for publicly traded companies is frighteningly high. This article examines the Big 4 accounting firms’ lobbying efforts that preceded passage of the Act and asks whether it is coincidental that Big 4 firms stand to gain from the Act's passage, as Section 1502 provides a new revenue stream that could potentially reach into the billions. This article also includes an examination of the origins of auditing, a very brief history of auditing in the U.S., and a look at the accounting industry's lobbying efforts in recent years. The article concludes with suggestions for the profession, firms, and individual auditors.
A 32-bit RISC microcontroller with 448K bytes of embedded flash memory

This paper describes a sub-half micron embedded flash EEPROM developed for high speed microcontroller applications. A 32-bit RISC microcontroller with 448 kbytes (3.67 Mbits) of embedded flash EEPROM is presented. High density flash memory is achieved by utilizing a single transistor NOR type cell that employs Fowler-Nordheim electron tunneling for both program and erase. The high density flash EEPROM is integrated into a high performance logic process with dual gate oxides for high performance and high voltage transistors. The array program time is greatly reduced by employing a highly parallel program operation, and data throughput is greatly enhanced by a page mode operation. Operating at 40 MHz, the embedded flash memory has an on-chip off-page access time of under 38 ns and on-page access time of under 13 ns.
Intron-exon splice junctions map at protein surfaces.

There have been several suggested explanations for the presence of noncoding intervening sequences in many eukaryotic structural genes. They may be examples of ‘selfish DNA’1,2, conferring little phenotypic advantage, or they may have some importance in gene expression and/or evolution. It has been suggested that each exon (coding sequence) may represent a structural or functional unit of the encoded protein3,4, for which there is good evidence in the case of immunoglobulin7 and haemoglobin8,9 genes. Exon modification, duplication and recombination may thus be general mechanisms for the rapid evolution of eukaryotic structural genes. In many cases, however, it is not apparent that an exon corresponds to some specific feature of the encoded protein10,11. We describe here evidence that intron–exon junctions usually map to amino acid residues located at the protein surface, suggesting a restriction on the permitted positions of introns within a gene.
Effects of Photoperiod Manipulation on Brook Trout Reproductive Development, Fecundity, and Circulating Sex Steroid Concentrations

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting reproductive studies with brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis at times other than the normal fall-spawning period. The timing of sexual maturation, fecundity, and concentrations of serum sex steroids (17-β-estradiol, E2; and testosterone, T) in brook trout held under a normal photoperiod were compared with those in brook trout held under an altered photoperiod (initiated in early September). Fish held on a constant long photoperiod (18 h light: 6 h dark) did not reach sexual maturity during the normal fall-spawning time. When these fish were subsequently subjected to a 16-week accelerated photoperiod reduction from 18 h light/d to a day length of 8.5 h, the males and females matured in 8 and 13 weeks, respectively, and spawned successfully in April and May. Overall viability of embryos from this spring spawning was slightly lower than the average viability of control embryos from previous studies with fall-spawning fish in our la...
Mechanical "cough" cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest in dogs.

Hemodynamic findings during ventricular fibrillation (VF) and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are similar to those described during VF and vigorous coughing. Interventions during CPR that mimic the physiologic events of coughing (high intrathoracic pressure and high intraabdominal pressure) improve perfusion during VF and CPR. An external circulatory assist apparatus was devised to emulate cough physiology, i.e., simultaneous pulsatile increases in intrathoracic pressure (pneumatic vest), intraabdominal pressure (abdominal binder) and airway pressure (high-pressure airway inflation). In this study, vest/binder CPR was compared with conventional CPR during 30 minutes of VF and artificial support in 18 randomized dogs. Defibrillation and long-term (more than 24 hours) survival were chosen as end points. During VF and artificial support, aortic and right atrial (RA) pressures, the instantaneous aortic-RA pressure difference (coronary perfusion pressure) and blood gas levels were measured. After 30 minutes of VF and administration of 1 mg of epinephrine, countershock was attempted. Systolic aortic and RA pressures, mean aortic-RA pressure difference and blood gas levels were not significantly different between dogs that were successfully resuscitated and those that were not. However, peak diastolic coronary perfusion pressure (peak diastolic aortic-RA pressure) for survivors averaged 23 +/- 6 mm Hg, but only 6 +/- 10 mm Hg for nonsurvivors (p less than 0.001). A peak diastolic coronary perfusion pressure 16 mm Hg or greater had a positive and negative predictive value for a successful outcome of 1.00. Only 1 of 9 conventional CPR dogs survived 24 hours; 7 of 9 dogs supported with the vest/binder device were alive and neurologically normal at 24 hours (p = 0.007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Novel de novo nonsense mutation of MECP2 in a patient with Rett syndrome

Because of the recent identification of several mutations of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) in patients with Rett syndrome (RTT), a patient with suspected RTT from an autism clinic was screened for mutations. She was found to have a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation, 129C>T (Q19X), which leads to the most severely truncated MECP2 protein reported to date. Sequencing of parental DNA revealed the mutation was de novo. The patient was not affected with microcephaly or hyperventilation, but had other features of Rett syndrome including severe mental retardation and symptoms of autistic disorder. Moderately skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) may have contributed to her relatively mild phenotype. Hum Mutat 15:382–383, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of water dilution on hydrogen, syngas, and ethylene flames at elevated pressure

Abstract This work investigates experimentally and numerically the kinetic effects of water vapor addition on the burning rates of H 2 , H 2 /CO mixtures, and C 2 H 4 from 1 atm to 10 atm at flame temperatures between 1600 K and 1800 K. Burning rates were measured using outwardly propagating spherical flames in a nearly constant pressure chamber. Results show good agreement with newly updated kinetic models for H 2 flames. However, there is considerable disagreement between simulations and measurements for H 2 /CO and C 2 H 4 flames at high pressure and high water vapor dilution. Both experiments and simulations show that water vapor addition causes a monotonic decrease in mass burning rate and the inhibitory effect increases with pressure. For hydrogen flames, water vapor addition reduces the critical pressure above which a negative pressure dependence of the burning rate is observed. However, for C 2 H 4 flames, the burning rate always increases with pressure. The results also show that water vapor addition has the same effect as a pressure increase for H 2 and H 2 /CO flames, shifting the reaction zone into a narrower window at higher temperatures. For all fuels, water vapor addition increases OH formation via H 2 O + O while reducing the overall active radical pool for hydrogen flames. For C 2 H 4 , the additional HO 2 production pathway through HCO results in a dramatic difference in pressure dependence of the burning rate from that observed for hydrogen. The present work provides important additions to the experimental database for syngas and C 0 –C 2 high pressure kinetic model validations.
Acute Pulmonary Edema After Pericardial Drainage for Cardiac Tamponade

Pericardial effusions with tamponade may present a clinical challenge in management for the cardiothoracic surgeon. We report a case of acute pulmonary edema secondary to the rapid release of a chronic traumatic pericardial effusion that resulted in the death of the patient.
Human α1,3/4-Fucosyltransferases III. A LYS/ARG RESIDUE LOCATED WITHIN THE α1,3-FucT MOTIF IS REQUIRED FOR ACTIVITY BUT NOT SUBSTRATE BINDING

Abstract Amino acid sequence alignment of human α1,3/4-fucosyltransferases (FucTs) demonstrates that three highly conserved Lys residues are present in the catalytic domain of FucTs III, IV, V, and VI. Two of these sites are conserved in FucT VII, with the third located within the α1,3-FucT motif as a conservative change to Arg at position 223. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments were conducted to change Lys255 of FucT V (equivalent to Arg223 of FucT VII) to either Arg255 or Ala255. Enzyme assays demonstrate that the FucT V K255R mutant has a 34-fold lower specific activity than native FucT V and that the K255A mutant is inactive. Site-directed mutagenesis of FucT VII was also conducted to change Arg223 to Lys223 for analysis of the effect on enzyme kinetic parameters. No differences in acceptor specificities orK m values for either substrate were observed between native FucT VII and the R223K mutant; however, the purified R223K mutant enzyme had a 2-fold increased specific activity compared with purified native FucT VII. No change in GDP-fucose-protectable pyridoxal-P/NaBH4 inactivation was observed for native or mutant FucT V or VII, further supporting the absence of involvement of this residue in sugar nucleotide binding. The results indicate that a basic residue in this position is required for enzyme activity, with a Lys residue providing higher intrinsic activity. The lack of influence of this site on substrate binding parameters and its location within the α1,3-FucT motif suggest that at least some of the residues within this motif are involved in catalysis rather than substrate binding.
Control of the developmental timer forDrosophila pupariation

In the insectDrosophila, formation of the puparium marks the onset of metamorphosis and serves as a useful marker for developmental progress. The cells of the adult remain diploid and divide during the larval stage while the larval cells become polytene and do not divide. We use a high dose of gamma-irradiation (10 krad) to selectively delete the imaginal lineage from the developing larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster. We find that animals depleted of imaginal cells including those of the imaginal brain pupariate only if the larval cells are allowed to mature, demonstrating that the larval cells harbor the primary developmental timer for this process. However, proliferating imaginal cells can exert a negative influence on the timing of pupariation.
Divine Omnipotence and Divine Omniscience: A Reply to Michael Martin

In Atheism: A Philosophical Justification, Michael Martin argues that to posit a God that is both omnipotent and omniscient is philosophically incoherent. I challenge this argument by proposing that a God who is necessarily omniscient is more powerful than a God who is contingently omniscient. I then argue that being omnipotent entails being omniscient by showing that for an all-powerful being to be all-powerful in any meaningful way, it must possess complete knowledge about all states of affairs and thus must be understood to be omniscient.
Using Economic Impact Studies to Gain Support for Youth Sports from Local Businesses

(2003). Using Economic Impact Studies to Gain Support for Youth Sports from Local Businesses. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 49-51.
Phenomenology of multiple parton radiation in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering

In the current region of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, most events are accompanied by intensive radiation of soft and collinear partons which cannot be reliably described at any fixed order of perturbative QCD. In this paper, a resummation formalism that describes such multiple parton radiation is compared to the HERA data on semi-inclusive DIS, including the distributions of energy flow and charged particle multiplicity. We show that the resummation of multiple parton radiation improves the agreement between the theory and the data. We make some suggestions on further experimental study of multiple parton radiation at HERA.