cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease.

Review the indications, outcomes, and consequences of bilateral adrenalectomy (BLA) in patients with Cushing’s disease. A literature review was performed. The primary therapy for Cushing’s disease is surgery, with medical therapy and radiation therapy relegated to an adjuvant role. BLA is indicated in cases of persistent disease following pituitary surgery or in situations where rapid normalization of hypercortisolism is required. When performed via the laparoscopic approach, BLA is associated with a significantly reduced morbidity compared to the traditional, open approach. Following BLA, patients are at risk for adrenal crisis and the concern of Nelson’s syndrome. However, BLA leads to a rapid resolution of the signs and symptoms of CS and leads to an improved long-term quality of life. BLA should be considered in the treatment algorithm for patients with persistent CD after failed pituitary surgery, especially in patients who have severe consequences of hypercortisolism or desire pregnancy.
Gorenstein rings as specializations of unique factorization domains

It is known that a unique factorization domain which is a CohenMacaulay factor ring of a regular local ring is Gorenstein ((221, see, however, [23]). In this paper we show that conversely any Gorenstein ring R which is a factor ring of a regular local ring and a complete intersection locally in codimension one can be realized as a specialization of a unique factorization domain S which is Cohen-Macaulay and an epimorphic image of a regular local ring (Proposition 1). S is obtained as a local blowing-up ring of a generic link of R (for the definitions we refer to the first section of this paper). As a first application we prove that for certain singularities the highest exterior power and any symmetric power of the module of differentials are never Cohen-Macaulay (Corollary 1). In a second corollary we construct examples of “bad” unique factorization domains S such that each S is a local Cohen-Macaulay ring and the singular locus of S has “big” codimension but nevertheless the completion of S is no longer factorial. This contrasts with a result of H. Flenner [7, 1.51 saying essentially that for quasihomogeneous singularities which fulfill Serre’s conditions (S,) and (R2) factoriality is preserved under completion. Now let R be the reduced local ring of a quasihomogeneous Gorenstein singularity over a perfect field such that R is a complete intersection locally in codimension two and the degrees of the homogeneous free resolution of R are “big enough.” By S we denote the singularity constructed in Proposition 1. In this situation we can use Flenner’s result to conclude that also the completion S of S is factorial and hence Z? admits a formal deformation to the complete unique factorization domain S. This implies that rigid Gorenstein singularities satisfying the above assumptions are factorial (Proposition 2). 129 0021-8693/84 $3.00
Gender differences in the association among nicotine dependence, body image, depression, and anxiety within a college population.

Previous research has linked female weight concerns and smoking. This study examined whether poor body image and other eating disorder variables, after controlling for symptoms of anxiety and depression, were predictive of smoking severity in a sample of 478 college students (n=215 males, n=246 females). Contrary to our hypotheses and recent research, the predictors were not associated with nicotine dependence for females (R2=.00), and only dieting was negatively associated with nicotine dependence for males. These findings might be attributable to differences in how nicotine dependence is operationalized, the use of point prevalence symptom data versus lifetime prevalence of psychopathology, the severity of psychopathology in the present sample, or the use of a cross-sectional as opposed to a longitudinal design.
Deep scattering layers resolved by narrow‐beam echo sounder along 35°s in the south pacific

Abstract The narrow‐beam echo sounder (3.5° half angle, 20 kHz) is capable of resolving the configuration of deep scattering layers to 750 m and was used to study the ecology and population density of organisms that make up the layers. Several layers to 1,000 m depth were identified in the South Pacific Ocean, and the population densities calculated. Swimming speeds of possible predators are estimated at 0.2–0.3 m.sec‐1. Among organisms calculated to range in length from 0.01 m to 0.07 m, the larger were interpreted as grazing on smaller organisms, after comparing results from two echo sounders of 12 kHz and 20 kHz frequencies respectively.
Method for locating low-energy solutions within DFT+U

The widely employed DFT+U formalism is known to give rise to many self-consistent yet energetically distinct solutions in correlated systems, which can be highly problematic for reliably predicting the thermodynamic and physical properties of such materials. Here we study this phenomenon in the bulk materials UO_2, CoO, and NiO, and in a CeO_2 surface. We show that the following factors affect which self-consistent solution a DFT+U calculation reaches: (i) the magnitude of U; (ii) initial correlated orbital occupations; (iii) lattice geometry; (iv) whether lattice symmetry is enforced on the charge density; and (v) even electronic mixing parameters. These various solutions may differ in total energy by hundreds of meV per atom, so identifying or approximating the ground state is critical in the DFT+U scheme. We propose an efficient U-ramping method for locating low-energy solutions, which we validate in a range of test cases. We also suggest that this method may be applicable to hybrid functional calculations.
A Syndrome of Congenital Malformations possibly due to Maternal Diabetes

SUMMARY There is a recognised association between maternal diabetes and certain congenital malformations, particularly agenesis of the lower segments of the spinal column and redu-tion defects of the legs, and the literature on such cases is reviewed. Four further cases are described. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is briefly discussed and the suggestion is made that insulin itself might be embryopathic. RESUME Syndrome de malformations congenitales probablement dues a un diabete maternel On a note une association entre le diabete maternel et certaines malformations con-genitales, en particulier l'agenesie des segments inferieurs de la colonne vertebrale et des defauts de jambe a type d'insuffisance de developpement. Les auteurs font une revue de ces cas dans la litterature. Quatre cas sont decrits. Puis la pathogenie du syndrome est discutee brievement et il est suggere que l'insuline par elle-meme ait un role embryopathique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ein Syndrom congenitaler Missbildungen moglicherweise aufGrund eines mutterlichen Diabetes Es gibt eine anerkannte Verbindung zwischen mutterlichem Diabetes und bestimmten congenitalen Misbildungen, insbesondere Aplasie der unteren Ruckenmarkssegmente und Reduktionsdefekte der Beine; die Literatur uber solche Falle wird besprochen. Es werden vier Falle beschrieben. Die Pathogenese dieses Syndroms wird kurz diskutiert und die Vermutung geausert, da4sZ das Insulin selbst embryopathisch wirken kann. RESUMEN Un sindrome de malformaciones congenitas debido posiblemente a diabetes materna Existe una reconocioa asociacion entre diabetes materna y ciertas malformaciones congenitas, especialmente agenesia de segmentos bajos del raquis y defectos por reduction de las piernas. Se revisa la literatura que trata de estos casos. Se decriben cuatro casos. Se discute brevemente la patogenia del sfndome y la sugerencia de que la propia insulina pueda tener una action embriopatica.
Normal conducting linac designs for low beam loading

Abstract To drive future X-ray FELs, normal-conducting linacs with a wide range of rf are being considered. In this paper, we present accelerator structure and high power rf system designs at three rf (2.856 GHz, 5.712 GHz and 11.424 GHz) that are optimized for single bunch and multi-bunch linac operation with very low beam loading. General scaling laws for the main linac parameters are derived to serve as guidelines to optimize such linacs at other frequencies. The linac costs at the three rf are also discussed. High rf linacs are shown to provide compact, low cost and reasonably efficient drivers for X-ray FELs.
Effects of adrenal steroid manipulations and repeated restraint stress on dynorphin mRNA levels and excitatory amino acid receptor binding in hippocampus

Adrenal steroid and stress effects were determined in hippocampus on levels of dynorphin (DYN) mRNA, expressed in dentate gyrus, and excitatory amino acid receptors, measured in Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus. Adrenalectomy (ADX) decreased DYN mRNA levels in dentate gyrus and replacement with aldosterone (ALDO), a specific type I adrenal steroid receptor agonist, prevented the decrease. Ru28362, a specific type II receptor agonist, had no effect. Likewise, kainate receptor binding to the stratum lucidum and hilus region of dorsal hippocampus was decreased after ADX and this decrease was prevented by ALDO but not by Ru28362 treatment. Similar though smaller effects were found for CNQX binding to AMPA receptors but only in the dentate gyrus molecular or infra- and supragranular layers. Although corticosterone (CORT) treatment of intact rats (40 mg/kg for 3 weeks) elevated DYN mRNA levels in dentate gyrus, up to 14 days of daily restraint stress (1 or 6 h/day) had no significant effect. Neither CORT treatment nor repeated restraint stress altered NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in hippocampus. The results of this study showing ADX-induced decreases of DYN mRNA and CNQX binding in dentate gyrus and decreased kainate binding in mossy fiber terminal regions are consistent with morphological evidence showing that adrenal steroids maintain normal integrity and structure of dentate gyrus neurons and do so via type I adrenal steroid receptors. These same parameters are apparently not sensitive to chronic restraint stress although the effects of other stressors must be examined.
Predictors of health behaviours in college students.

Journal of Advanced Nursing 48(5), 463–474Predictors of health behaviours in college studentsAim. This paper reports a study examining the direct effects of perceived stress,perceived availability of and satisfaction with social support, and self-efﬁcacy, andexamines the intermediary roles of perceived threat (perceived susceptibility ·perceived severity), beneﬁts, and barriers on alcohol behaviour, smoking behaviour,physical activity and nutrition behaviour, general safety behaviour and sun-pro-tective behaviour in college students.Background. Health behaviours formed during young adulthood may have a sus-taining impact on health across later life. Entering college can be an exciting, yetstressful event for many adolescents and young adults as they face trying to adapt tochanges in academic workloads, support networks, and their new environment.Coupled with these changes and new-found responsibilities, they have greaterfreedom and control over their lifestyles than ever before. However, researchershave shown globally that many college students engage in various risky healthbehaviours.Method. A cross-sectional sample of 161 college students enrolled in an introduc-tory psychology course completed self-report questionnaires regarding stress; socialsupport; self-efﬁcacy; and components of the Health Belief Model including per-ceived threat, perceived beneﬁts, perceived barriers; and common health behaviours.Step-wise multiple regression analysis was conducted and signiﬁcant predictors wereretained as modiﬁers in the path analysis.Findings. Self-efﬁcacy signiﬁcantly predicted alcohol and smoking behaviour,physical activity and nutrition protective behaviour, general safety protectivebehaviour and sun-protective behaviour. Under high-perceived threat, self-efﬁcacywas mediated by perceived barriers for binge drinking and moderated by perceivedbarriers for physical activity and nutrition behaviours. In addition, under
Tectonostratigraphic relationships and coalification trends in the Narragansett and Norfolk Basins, New England

Abstract Carboniferous basins in southeastern New England provide insight into, and constraints on, models for Alleghanian orogenesis. In particular, the Narragansett and Norfolk basins represent Devonian- to Pennsylvanian-aged, non-marine basins in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island that were variably deformed and metamorphosed during the Alleghanian orogeny, and intruded by Permian granites generated by crustal thickening. As such these basins provide an unusually complete documentation of the Alleghanian orogeny. We summarize their sedimentologic, structural and metamorphic features, with emphasis placed on the Narragansett basin, and provide a comprehensive bibliography of recent work. The Narragansett basin also contains complexly deformed and variably metamorphosed coals that are unlike coal describe from other orogenic terrains. Thus we describe these unusual, high rank coal deposits and their response to orogenesis.
Stratospheric aerosol measurements. I - Time variations at northern midlatitudes

Abstract The results of over 70 balloon soundings, by the University of Wyoming's Atmospheric Physics Group mostly during 1972 and 1973 from a number of stations, are being utilized in a study of the temporal and spatial distribution of the global stratospheric aerosol. This paper deals with the instrumentation, calibration, etc., and with the results of monthly soundings from the Laramie (41°N) station during the approximately two-year period of measurement. This period comprises an interval apparently free of major volcanic activity just prior to the extensive volcanic contributions to the stratospheric aerosol which occurred in late 1974. It thus may be compared to the pre-Agung era and is perhaps as close to the so-called “natural stratospheric background conditions,” if indeed such conditions ever exist, as will likely be attained in the near future. A simple seasonal variation in the total stratospheric aerosol loading below about 20 km altitude dominates the temporal variation at Laramie, resulting...
Photoelectrolysis of water in cells with TiO2 anodes

Abstract The photoelectrolysis of water has been investigated by experiments on cells consisting of an illuminated nTiO 2 (rutile) anode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a platinized-Pt cathode. It has been found that such cells operate either in the photogalvanic mode (no H 2 evolved) or in the photoelectrolytic mode (H 2 evolved at the cathode by decomposition of water), depending on whether or not the electrolyte surrounding the cathode contains dissolved oxygen. In both cases, current flows through the external circuit and O 2 is evolved at the anode. For operation in the photogalvanic mode, maximum values of 80–85% for the external quantum efficiency (η) for current production have been measured at h v ≈4 eV with both single-crystal and polycrystalline TiO 2 anodes. Similar results have been obtained in preliminary experiments with SrTiO 3 anodes. The internal quantum efficiencies, corrected for reflection and absorption losses, are close to 100%, indicating that the band bending in TiO 2 under photogalvanic conditions is sufficient to separate the electron-hole pairs generated by photon absorption and also that the oxygen over-voltage for charge transfer at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface is negligible for illuminated anodes. For operation in the photoelectrolytic mode, η is only 1–2% if the anode and cathode are shorted together, but the efficiency can be greatly increased by applying a bias voltage. By using a photogalvanic TiO 2 -Pt cell to supply this voltage, it has been possible to obtain η values of ∼20%, computed on the basis of the total number of photons incident on the anodes of both cells. All the observations can be given a straightforward explanation in terms of the energy levels of the electrodes and the electrolyte.
Solid phase microextraction with analysis by gas chromatography to determine short term hydrogen cyanide concentrations in a field setting

Occupational air concentration ceiling standards should not be exceeded during any part of a working exposure. Air sampling with pumps, and filters or sorbent tubes may be coupled to methods such as gas chromatography for definitive identification of occupational air contaminants. With such methods, 15-minute sample durations are common for ceiling standard comparisons (to trap sufficient analyte for detection) giving a 15-minute time-weighted average, and not an instantaneous concentration. We used 2-minute duration solid phase microextraction (SPME) field sampling, followed later by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector (GC/ NPD) to detect, identify, and quantify airborne hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentrations encountered in a field setting. The presence of HCN was confirmed in the atmosphere sampled by SPME field sampling followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The HCN-contaminated atmosphere was from two CS riot control canisters actuated in an enclosed building. With four simultaneous SPME field samples and GC/NPD analysis, the coefficient of variation associated with the HCN peak areas for the samples was 17%, and the HCN concentrations measured ranged from about 12 to 19 ppm. Acetonitrile and acrylonitrile were also detected as volatile nitrogen-containing air contaminants dispersed along with the CS, although their concentrations were not determined.
Visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP) under local anesthesia using Urolase right angle fiber

institutionunderwent the VLAP procedure under local anesthesia usingtransperineal injection of local anesthesia supplemented withintrauretbral xylocaine and intravenous sedation. The right anglefiber is introduced through either a cystoscope or specialcontinuous flow laser scope. Those men with prostatic urethra lessthan 3 cm in
Pre-dose TL characteristics of quartz inclusions removed from bricks exposed to fallout radiation from atmospheric testing at the Nevada test site

The pre-dose TL technique is currently the most sensitive method of radiation dosimetry for direct measurement of absorbed dose to environmental materials. The technique was recently used with other TL methods in a multinational collaborative effort to measure radiation doses of less than 1 Gy in bricks and tiles from Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Maruyama et al., 1987; Haskell et al., 1987a). We report here the application of the technique to the measurement of cumulative doses to bricks exposed to radiation from fallout from atmospheric testing at the Nevada Test Site during the 1950s and 1960s. Those doses, which include the components from natural background radiation, averaged less than 0.20 Gy. We describe the pre-dose characteristics of the quartz inclusions studied.
Expression of androgen receptors and steroidogenic enzymes in relation to follicular growth and atresia following ovulation in pigs.

Among the new antral follicles that develop after ovulation in pigs, the incidence of atresia, based on granulosa cell apoptosis, increases between Days 5 and 7 of the estrous cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine how follicular growth and atresia affected the expression of some key enzymes regulating follicular steroidogenesis and androgen receptor on Days 3, 5, and 7 after the onset of estrus. Ovaries were frozen in liquid propane for subsequent sectioning and immunohistochemical analysis. Ninety-six follicles were classified according to size as small ( 5 mm). Follicles in the active stages of the cell cycle were identified by the presence of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen Ki-67 in granulosa cells. Follicles with apoptotic cells were identified by in situ 3'-end labeling of DNA. Staining intensity of antigens on sections was assigned a numeric value (0-3). Follicles assigned a value > 1 for 3'-end labeling in their granulosa cells were classified atretic. The percentage of atretic follicles increased (p < or = 0.05) from 5% on Days 3 and 5 to 41% on Day 7. Expression of Ki-67 in granulosa cells was more strongly (p < or = 0.05) associated with nonatretic follicles (98% expressing) than with atretic follicles (41% expressing). Aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) was localized predominantly in granulosa cells of nonatretic follicles and was undetectable in atretic follicles. Androgen receptor in granulosa cells and expression of P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase (P450c17) in theca interna were lower (p < or = 0.001) in atretic follicles than in nonatretic follicles. The expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) was localized to the theca interna and was unaffected by follicle atresia. In nonatretic small follicles, the expression of P450arom and P450c17 decreased (p < 0.01) between Days 3 and 7 while expression of Ki-67 was unchanged. In nonatretic follicles, increased follicle size was associated with a decrease (p < 0.01) in androgen receptor expression and increases (p < 0.01) in P450arom, P450c17, and 3 beta HSD expression. In conclusion, increased expression of steroidogenic enzymes was associated with follicular growth. Loss of P450arom expression in vivo is an early event in atresia and is followed by decreased cell proliferation, and decreased expression of androgen receptor and P450c17.
A mixture theory model of fluid and solute transport in the microvasculature of normal and malignant tissues. I. Theory

In order to better understand the mechanisms governing transport of drugs, nanoparticle-based treatments, and therapeutic biomolecules, and the role of the various physiological parameters, a number of mathematical models have previously been proposed. The limitations of the existing transport models indicate the need for a comprehensive model that includes transport in the vessel lumen, the vessel wall, and the interstitial space and considers the effects of the solute concentration on fluid flow. In this study, a general model to describe the transient distribution of fluid and multiple solutes at the microvascular level was developed using mixture theory. The model captures the experimentally observed dependence of the hydraulic permeability coefficient of the capillary wall on the concentration of solutes present in the capillary wall and the surrounding tissue. Additionally, the model demonstrates that transport phenomena across the capillary wall and in the interstitium are related to the solute concentration as well as the hydrostatic pressure. The model is used in a companion paper to examine fluid and solute transport for the simplified case of an axisymmetric geometry with no solid deformation or interconversion of mass.
Measurement of velocity of particles in a dense suspension by cross correlation of dual laser beams

This note deals with measurement of local average velocity of a particle cloud in an air suspension by cross correlation of two attenuated laser beams.
Improved Sample Holder for Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy

A sample clamp and prism holder have been made to improve the contact between sample and prism surfaces for quantitative internal reflection infrared spectroscopy. The efficacy of the clamp design was checked with several automotive paint samples by measuring the clamp pressure at which maximum band absorbance and constant absorbance ratios were achieved.
Production of trilobite Rydberg molecule dimers with kilo-Debye permanent electric dipole moments

Permanent electric dipole moments are important for understanding symmetry breaking in molecular physics, control of chemical reactions, and realization of strongly correlated many-body quantum systems. However, large molecular permanent electric dipole moments are challenging to realize experimentally. We report the observation of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules with bond lengths of ~100 nanometers and kilo-Debye permanent electric dipole moments that form when an ultracold ground-state cesium (Cs) atom becomes bound within the electronic cloud of an extended Cs electronic orbit. The electronic character of this hybrid class of “trilobite” molecules is dominated by degenerate Rydberg manifolds, making them difficult to produce by conventional photoassociation. We used detailed coupled-channel calculations to reproduce their properties quantitatively. Our findings may lead to progress in ultracold chemistry and strongly correlated many-body physics.
Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder

A study was conducted to investigate smoking patterns in 445 Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Combat veterans with PTSD reported similar occurrence of smoking (53%) compared to combat veterans without PTSD (45%). For those who smoked, combat veterans with PTSD reported a significantly higher rate of heavy smoking (> or = 25 cigarettes daily): 28% of combat veterans without PTSD were heavy smokers and 48% of combat veterans with PTSD were heavy smokers. PTSD diagnosis and heavy smoking status were independently and differentially related to motives for smoking. In combat veterans with PTSD, heavy smoking status was positively related to total health complaints, lifetime health complaints, health complaints in the past year, negative health behaviors, total PTSD symptoms, DSM-IV C cluster (avoidance and numbing) and D cluster (hyperarousal) PTSD symptoms. Heavy smoking status was also associated with fewer positive health behaviors.
Natural frequencies of simply supported circular plates

Abstract Although the problem of finding the natural frequencies of free vibration of a simply supported circular plate has a straightforward solution, very few numerical results are available in the literature. In the present work accurate (six significant figure) non-dimensional frequency parameters (λ2) are given for all values of n + s ⩽ 10, where n and s are the numbers of nodal diameters and internal nodal circles, respectively, and for Poisson's ratios 0, 0·1, …, 0·5. Simplified formulas for determining additional values of λ2 for large s are derived by the use of asymptotic expansions.
THE SPECIFICITY OF KERATEINE DERIVATIVES.

Carboxymethyl, α-carboxyethyl-, α-carboxy-n-propyl-, α-carboxyisopropyl-, α-carboxy-n-butyl, α-carboxyisobutyl, α-carboxyamyl-, benzyl-, and β-phenylethylkeratemes were prepared from the parent protein, reduced keratin or kerateine. Chemical analysis disclosed that the various compounds differed in their isoelectric points and solubilities depending on the nature of the substituent group introduced. In general, it was found that in so far as could be determined, nearly all of the available sulfhydryl groups were substituted, while no detectable substitution of the free amino groups of the proteins occurred. The results of the serologic studies revealed that the kerateine derivatives acquired a new immunologie character dependent on the nature of the introduced determinant group. Inhibition tests confirmed the results obtained. Evidence was also produced to show that the grouping See PDF for structure may play a role in some of the reactions observed.
α-ADRENOCEPTOR-MEDIATED VASOCONSTRICTION IS NOT INVOLVED IN IMPAIRED FUNCTIONAL VASODILATION IN THE OBESE ZUCKER RAT

1. Obesity/metabolic syndrome is associated with augmented a-adrenoceptor sensitivity and impaired hyperaemic responses to exercise. Thus, it is possible that this elevated a-adrenoceptor constriction contributes to the blunted hyperaemic response. 2. Male lean and obese Zucker rats were instrumented for acute measurements of blood pressure (BP) and iliac blood flow (BF). Changes in BP and BF were determined in anaesthetized animals in response to intravenous administration of increasing doses of the a(1)-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE). Once BF and BP returned to normal, a single bolus of the a-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (0.5 mg) was administered. In separate animals, the spinotrapezius muscle was exteriorized for direct in situ observation of the microcirculation in response to phentolamine and muscle contraction. 3. Administration of PE demonstrated that iliac BF is highly autoregulated in the face of increasing perfusion pressure. Iliac conductance following phentolamine was significantly greater in obese rats. Following phentolamine administration, iliac vascular conductance was significantly greater in obese rats compared with lean animals. However, a-adrenoceptor blockade did not significantly alter arteriolar diameter in the spinotrapezius muscle during muscle contraction in either lean or obese animals. 4. These results suggest a greater contribution of the a-adrenoceptors in basal hindlimb vascular tone in obese rats. Furthermore, an augmented a-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction may not contribute to the impaired functional dilation in anaesthetized obese rats.
Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey.

The retrograde axonal transport method has been employed to identify the cell bodies of cortical neurons projecting directly to the spinal cord in the monkey. The investigation has focused on aspects of the laminar, columnar, and somatotopic organization of corticospinal neurons within each of the cytoarchitectural and functional subdivisions of the sensorimotor cortex. The principle findings of these experiments are that: (i) cortical regions containing cell bodies of corticospinal neurons are the first motor cortex (area 4), the first somatic sensory cortex (areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), and part of the immediately adjacent posterior parietal cortex (area 5), the second somatic sensory cortex, the supplementary motor cortex (the medial aspect of area 6), and the medial part of the posterior parietal cortex in a region termed the supplementary sensory area; (ii) corticospinal neurons display a somatotopic organization within each of these functional subdivisions of the sensorimotor cortex; (iii) all corticospinal neurons arise from layer V of the cortex; and (iv) corticospinal neurons within the first motor and first somatic sensory cortex oftern occur in clusters, perhaps reflecting a columnar organization in the sensorimotor cortex. These findings demonstrate the origins of the corticospinal system to be more extensive than previously recognized and show that a number of common features characterize the organization of corticospinal neurons in all cortical areas. Across cortical subdivisions, however, major differences exist in the extent of spinal segmental representations, in the manner in which corticospinal neurons occur in groups, and in the numerical density and sizes of corticospinal neurons. These aspects of the organization of the corticospinal system presumably reflect specialization of the different cortical areas in spinal cord sensory and motor control.
Abstract 4849: Role of autophagy in breast cancer metastasis and treatment

Autophagy has shown to be important for tissue homeostasis and many human diseases as well as cancer. However, in cancer its role is controversial because autophagy may both promote and inhibit tumor development and progression. In cancer treatment, autophagy may control the likelihood with which tumor cells die but for different treatments and different tumors these effects may be opposite. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women in the US; and, although it is not yet clear how should we manipulate autophagy in people with cancer, autophagy is already being manipulated in breast cancer patients in clinical trials. Moreover, because most anti-cancer treatments induce autophagy, we may also be inadvertently manipulating autophagy in the majority of breast cancer patients. To evaluate if autophagy is important in breast cancer progression and treatment, we used murine 4T1 cells, a model of metastatic breast cancer. Using matched tumor cells with different metastatic potential we found that basal autophagy was increased with increasing metastasis implying that autophagy is required to allow metastatic progression. To test if treatments that are used for metastatic breast cancer were affected by autophagy, we examined LC3 processing after 4T1 cell treatment with common breast cancer treatments including etoposide, cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. In all cases, these drugs increased autophagy; however, although autophagy inhibition with chloroquine treatment increased cell death in clonogenic assays, Atg12 knockdown in 4T1 cells had no effect on either long or short term viability assays after treatment with the four chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, we hypothesize that inhibition of specific steps in the autophagic pathway might have different effects on cell viability after treatment. Further testing of this hypothesis will be discussed. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4849.
Perso-Indian Statecraft, Greek Political Science and the Muslim Idea of Government

The conditions of civilizational borrowing, the principles of selectivity and the emergent qualities of civilizational synthesis are examined with reference to medieval Muslim conceptions of state and society. The article highlights the features of pristine Islam which invited the political thought of other civilizations, or more precisely, the Indian science of government and Greek political science. With the cultural integration of Iran into the Muslim caliphate, especially after the `Abbasid revolution in the mideighth century, the Indian borrowing via the Middle Persian translation emerged as an integral part of the Arabic and Persian literature on statecraft. The reception of Greek political science was a part of the translation of Greek philosophy and medicine into Arabic a century later, and was developed into the discipline of practical philosophy or political science. Through the mutual accommodation of the shari`a and a political culture derived from Greek and Perso-Indian sources, the civilizat...
Decreased levels of peripheral leukocytes following sodium selenite treatment in female mice.

Selenium is known to be an essential micronutrient to a number of animal species (Schwarz 1961). Above its trace levels, however, selenium accumulation has long been known to induce deleterious conditions in domestic animals and in humans. Selenium has been reported to induce a hemolytic anemia, alter the configuration of plasma protein, reduce the synthesis of hemoglobin, depress packed red blood cell volume, and accumulate in renal and hepatic tissues. There are substantial data in regard to selenium effects on the erythrocyte component of peripheral blood, but there is an obvious deficiency in such information concerning the effects of selenium on the leukocyte component of blood. The major purpose of this investigation is to focus upon the effects of selenium on formed elements of the blood, and specifically, the leukocytes. Following three separate treatments of selenium, the number and class of peripheral leukocytes were determined as a function of time following administration of the selenium salt.
A Sequence of Critical Thinking Tasks.

Critical thinking skills remain at the forefront of educational discussions. These higher order thinking processes, including but not limited to reflection, inference, and synthesizing information, enable individuals to make reasoned judgments not only in the classroom but in everyday life. School systems demand that critical thinking be incorporated into curricula, and standardized testing increasingly assesses it. However, there remains the question of how English language teachers include the development and practice of these important skills in their lessons. To this end, this article presents a sequence of seven critical thinking tasks, a flexible framework that acts as a practical tool for planning and developing level-appropriate classroom materials that encourage and advance critical thinking. The sequence of tasks, originated by Carol Numrich at Columbia University, guides teachers in scaffolding critical thinking and English language skills so that critical thinking may be practiced at any language proficiency level.
Evolutionarily Conserved Orthologous Families in Phages Are Relatively Rare in Their Prokaryotic Hosts

We have identified conserved orthologs in completely sequenced genomes of double-strand DNA phages and arranged them into evolutionary families (phage orthologous groups [POGs]). Using this resource to analyze the collection of known phage genomes, we find that most orthologs are unique in their genomes (having no diverged duplicates [paralogs]), and while many proteins contain multiple domains, the evolutionary recombination of these domains does not appear to be a major factor in evolution of these orthologous families. The number of POGs has been rapidly increasing over the past decade, the percentage of genes in phage genomes that have orthologs in other phages has also been increasing, and the percentage of unknown "ORFans" is decreasing as more proteins find homologs and establish a family. Other properties of phage genomes have remained relatively stable over time, most notably the high fraction of genes that are never or only rarely observed in their cellular hosts. This suggests that despite the renowned ability of phages to transduce cellular genes, these cellular "hitchhiker" genes do not dominate the phage genomic landscape, and a large fraction of the genes in phage genomes maintain an evolutionary trajectory that is distinct from that of the host genes.
CLASSIFICATION OF BURSTING MAPPINGS

When a system's activity alternates between a resting state (e.g. a stable equilibrium) and an active state (e.g. a stable periodic orbit), the system is said to exhibit bursting behavior. We use bifurcation theory to identify three distinct topological types of bursting in one-dimensional mappings and 20 topological types in two-dimensional mappings having one fast and one slow variable. We show that different bursters can interact, synchronize, and process information differently. Our study suggests that bursting mappings do not occur only in a few isolated examples, rather they are robust nonlinear phenomena.
Vaginal Reconstruction at the Time of Pelvic Exenteration: A Surgical and Psychosexual Analysis of Techniques

Abstract Objectives. Vaginal reconstruction following pelvic exenteration is an important aspect of the physical and psychological rehabilitation of women after radical surgery for pelvic malignancies. The choice of techniques is vast, and proper patient and surgical selection is important for obtaining satisfactory functional and aesthetic results. The objective of this retrospective study is to review different techniques for vaginal reconstruction and report the complications and patient satisfaction associated with the different procedures. Methods. Between January 1988 and April 2001, 104 pelvic exenterations were performed by the division of gynecologic oncology at the University of Miami, School of Medicine. Twenty-five (24%) patients underwent vulvo-vaginal reconstruction at the time of the exenteration. A retrospective chart review of the 25 patients was performed, and 9 patients were available and contacted for an interview. Results. Twenty-four (96%) patients had received prior definitive radiation therapy. Overall, there were 9 complications (6 major and 3 minor) attributed to vaginal reconstruction, accounting for 36% perioperative morbidity. Seven of the nine (78%) patients interviewed reported successful vaginal intercourse at some point after their operation. All 5 surviving patients in the myocutaneous flap group were very satisfied with their sexual function and were sexually active at the time of their interview. Conclusions. Vaginal reconstruction at the time of pelvic exenteration is an important topic that should be discussed with the patient during the preoperative visit. Although the myocutaneous flaps are associated with longer operative times, they appear to be the preferred type due to decreased postoperative fistulae and better patient satisfaction.
Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children: Other Therapies

Refractory convulsive status epilepticus occurs when seizures are not controlled with initial benzodiazepine therapy or a subsequent anticonvulsant drug. Typically drug-induced anesthesia is then pursued with midazolam or a barbiturate. This results in prolonged, intensive care, which requires meticulous attention to medical management to minimize complications. When seizures persist other options must be considered. These include (1) other medications, (2) surgery, (3) the ketogenic diet, (4) hypothermia, (5) inhalational anesthetic agents, and (6) immune modulating therapy. This review addresses the literature related to the use of the latter (4) treatment options. I will discuss the role of each treatment and review the evidence for it's use, along with possible side-effects.
Daily variation and appetitive conditioning-induced plasticity of auditory cortex receptive fields.

Long-term modification of cortical receptive field maps follows learning of sensory discriminations and conditioned associations. In the process of determining whether appetitive ‐ as opposed to aversive ‐ conditioning is effective in causing such plastic changes, it was discovered that multineuron receptive fields, when measured in rats under ketamine-sedation, vary substantially over the course of a week, even in the absence of classical conditioning and electrode movement. Specifically, a simple correlation analysis showed that iso-intensity frequency response curves of multiunit clusters and local field potentials recorded from auditory cortex are nonstationary over 7 days. Nevertheless, significant plastic changes in receptive fields, due to conditioned pairing of a pure tone and electrical stimulation of brain reward centres, are detectable above and beyond these spontaneous daily variations. This finding is based on a novel statistical plasticity criterion which compares receptive fields recorded for three days before and three days after conditioning. Based on a more traditional criterion (i.e. one day before and after conditioning), the prevalence of learning-induced changes caused by appetitive conditioning appears to be comparable to that described in previous studies involving aversive conditioning.
Characteristics of Positions Selected by Day-Roosting Bats Under Bridges in Louisiana

We evaluated hypotheses that the positions of day-roosting bats on the undersurface of bridges were governed by considerations related to predator avoidance and thermoregulation. From January 2002 to January 2003, we characterized bridge roosts in the Kisatchie National Forest located in north-central Louisiana, United States. Bats, predominately Corynorhinus rafinesquii, Pipistrellus subflavus, and Eptesicus fuscus, tended to roost in the darkest portions of the bridge and in the narrowest available spaces. They also roosted closer to the abutment, farther from the side edge, and closer to the ground than predicted; however, bats were never found roosting less than 0.4 m off the ground or against the abutments. Roost sites were warmer than other parts of the bridge and this difference was greatest in warm months. The small difference in temperatures between roost sites and other portions of the bridge is not consistent with predictions that day-roosting bats would choose the coolest possible locations. Tendency of actual roost sites to be slightly warmer than potential roost sites is best explained by the correlation of temperature with distance from the edge of the bridge. Our observations are most consistent with the hypothesis that bats roosted in areas that minimized their visibility and accessibility to predators.
Serendipity in Entrepreneurship

This paper addresses the concept of serendipity in entrepreneurship, defined as search leading to unintended discovery. It conceptually delineates serendipity, showing how it is related to the entrepreneurship literature on prior knowledge and systematic search. The paper also discusses how serendipitous entrepreneurship relates to some aspects of evolutionary theory, socio-economic institutions, and social psychology. It is suggested that serendipity may be a quite prevalent feature of entrepreneurship and thus has implications for both research and practice.
Reachability analysis of nonlinear systems using trajectory piecewise linearized models

This paper presents a method to compute overapproximations of the reach set for nonlinear dynamic systems using trajectory piecewise linearized (TPWL) models. Based on existing methods for reachability analysis of linear dynamic systems, the method makes it possible to analyze high-order nonlinear dynamic systems. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by transient stability assessments of a three-machine electric power network and a ten-machine electric power network.
The Mass Media and an Informed Public

Opinion surveys have frequently disclosed disquietingly wide gaps in the general public's information about matters and personalities presumed to be of public importance. The studies reported in this article confirm earlier results of this kind with respect to personalities and suggest that variations in information levels are to some extent concomitant with exposure to written media. Sex differences, education, occupation, income, and social participation also appeared to be significantly related to information levels in the three groups studied. The authors worked together on these studies in the School of Journalism at the University of Minnesota. Ralph 0. Nafziger is now Director of the School of Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Warren C. Engstrom is a research Associate of the Curtis Publishing Company, and Malcolm S. MacLean, Jr. is an Instructor of Journalism at the University of Wisconsin.
A model of successful factors towards e-government implementation

Some state, national and local governments around the world have long played active roles in the use of Information Technologies (IT) to stimulate economic development. Electronic government utilises IT to provide all the access to a wide range of public services. Governments see IT as a way to improve the quality of life of their citizens. Today governments at all levels respond to millions of citizen demands electronically. Many public organisations are implementing Electronic Government (e-government) projects. There is a need to put forward a conceptual model focusing on steps towards implementing more successful e-government projects. The paper argues that several key success factors are appropriate for e-government implementation. About 12 e-government websites were examined upon those key success factors. This paper puts forward a conceptual model for a better implementation of electronic government.
Controlled experiments to predict horseweed (Conyza canadensis) dispersal distances

Abstract Controlled-environment experiments were conducted to predict the dispersal distance of horseweed seed. Seed were released from a fixed height and collected at three distances from the introduction point along a 6-m wind tunnel. Dispersal potential was assessed at wind speeds of 8 and 16 km hr−1 and release heights of 50.8 and 76.2 cm. In separate experiments, settlement velocity was determined to be 0.323 m sec−1 (SD = 0.0687). These data were used to parameterize a mechanistic model and compared to a quantile extrapolation (QE) of wind-tunnel results. The QE method predicted a greater mean dispersal distance than the mechanistic model, with large disparities between maximum dispersal distances. Quantile extrapolation predicted dispersal distances over 100 m, whereas the mechanistic model predicted a maximum distance of approximately 30 m. Air turbulence within the wind tunnel and complex dynamics of seed flight may have contributed to the discrepancy between models. Predicting the mean and numer...