cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow triggered by instabilities at the contact line of a drop containing nanoparticles

Mass transport in an evaporating colloidal drop is believed to occur via two flow mechanisms: capillary flow due to evaporation and Marangoni flow due to surface tension gradients. We describe a new mechanism for inward mass transport: circulatory fluid flow triggered by a series of pinning–depinning events at the contact line of a drop containing nanoparticles. This flow can be controlled by varying the nanoparticle concentration, and by tuning the solution surface tension.
The Impact of Health Maintenance Organization Penetration on the Use of Hospitals That Serve Minority Communities

Objectives Health maintenance organization (HMO) penetration has made hospital markets more price competitive. Hospitals in minority communities may be at a competitive disadvantage because they serve patients who are, on average, sicker and more likely to be uninsured or underinsured. This study estimated the impact of HMO penetration on the use of hospitals in minority communities during 1987 to 1992. Methods Using a sample of 1,413 short-term general hospitals from the 85 largest metropolitan statistical areas, the determinants of hospitals' patient volumes were estimated. Hospitals located in predominately nonwhite neighborhoods were designated minority hospitals, and other hospitals were designated nonminority hospitals. Using regression analysis, the impact of HMO penetration and concentration on hospitals' patient volumes were estimated. By interacting the HMO penetration and concentration variables with a minority hospital indicator variable, HMOs' impact on minority hospitals was calculated. Results Health maintenance organization penetration was correlated with lower patient volumes in minority hospitals and higher patient volumes in nonminority hospitals. Competition in HMO markets was correlated with lower patient volumes for all hospitals. This effect was stronger for minority hospitals. Conclusions These findings suggest that minority hospitals may be at risk of losing patients as HMO penetration increases.
Verbal abilities as predictors of retention among adolescents in a therapeutic community.

The relationship between verbal skills and retention among adolescents in substance abuse treatment is understudied. In order to assess verbal predictors of retention, twenty-eight 16–19 year old adolescents in a therapeutic community for substance abuse were evaluated between 30 and 90 days after admission. These adolescents were then followed prospectively for 1 year. Verbal and non-verbal cognitive screens, audio taped narrative responses, and self-reports of socio-emotional function and psychiatric symptoms were completed. Verbal scores were associated with self-restraint and counselor reports of therapeutic engagement and comprehension. General verbal scores predicted attrition, while therapeutic expressiveness (verbal expressiveness in a therapeutic context) predicted retention. Remediation of verbal communication skills may be an overlooked aspect of the therapeutic process in treating adolescent substance abusers.
Investigation of the Magnetoresistance Quantum Oscillations in Magnesium

The magnetoresistance (MR) oscillations in Mg have been systematically investigated. The small-amplitude MR oscillations have been recorded simultaneously with the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations as a function of magnetic field, field orientation, and temperature. Several new experimental problems peculiar to small-amplitude MR oscillation work in metals are discussed in detail. A theoretical analysis of the experimental deviations from the predictions of current Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) theory is given. It is found that when magnetic breakdown causes deviation from the normal MR field dependence, it also causes deviation from the present SdH theory. Five basic mechanisms for MR oscillation are discussed, the SdH and four non-SdH mechanisms. Because magnesium is already well understood, and because the dHvA oscillations provided a reliable basis for interpretation of the data, the MR oscillations could be sorted out and classified in terms of the basic mechanisms.
Fluoro-Gold reveals patches of striatal neurons during development

Patches of densely-labelled striatal neurons were observed following intrastriatal injection of the fluorescent dye Fluoro-Gold into rats younger than 10 days of age. These cell clusters showed precise overlap with islands of dense dopamine innervation seen only during the first week of life. The patches of labelled cells were still visible in adulthood, and were not abolished by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment before or after the Fluoro-Gold injection. Neonatal Fluoro-Gold injection may be a unique way of marking the patch compartment of the striatum that remains visible in adulthood.
“THE LAW'S A BACHELOR”: OLIVER TWIST, BASTARDY, AND THE NEW POOR LAW

IN THE MELODRAMATIC FINAL MOMENTS of Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist, Bumble the ex-beadle is exposed for helping to obliterate Oliver's patrimony. When he attempts to shift the blame for his unlawful actions onto Mrs. Bumble, Mr. Brownlow will not allow such a move because, as Brownlow declares, “‘in the eye of the law’” the husband is the “‘more guilty of the two…for the law supposes that [his] wife acts under [his] direction’” (335; ch. 51). While a model of oppressive officialdom and petty tyranny in his public life, Bumble is no match for the termagant he has married; and the revelation of his private humiliation leads him to reply: “‘If that's the eye of the law, the law's a bachelor’” (335; ch. 51). It is easy to dismiss Bumble's assertion that the “law's a bachelor” as an instance of Dickensian wit, but this essay contends that Oliver Twist is a serious exploration of the “bachelor law.” Specifically, it explores one aspect of the New Poor Laws that did favor Britain's bachelors– the bastardy clause.
Identification and Characterization of a Binding Site for Platelets in the Apple 3 Domain of Coagulation Factor XI

Activated platelets expose a specific, reversible high affinity (Kdspp ~ 10 nM) binding site (n ~ 1500 sites/platelet) for factor XI that requires the presence of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and ZnCl2 (Greengard, J. S., Heeb, M. J., Ersdal, E., Walsh, P. N., and Griffin, J. H.(1986) Biochemistry 25, 3884-3890). Synthetic, conformationally constrained peptides from four tandem repeat (Apple) domains were tested for their capacity to inhibit 125I-factor XI binding to platelets. A peptide from the Apple 3 (A3) domain (Asn235-Arg266) inhibits factor XI binding to platelets in the presence of HK (42 nM), CaCl2 (2 mM), and ZnCl2 (25 μM), with a Ki ~ 10 nM which is identical to the Kdfor factor XI binding to platelets. A peptide from the A1 domain (Phe56-Ser86) partially inhibits factor XI binding to platelets (Ki ~ 6 μM) by inhibiting factor XI binding to HK, whereas peptides from the A2 and A4 domains have no effect. Using computer modeling for rational design, conformationally constrained peptides were synthesized (Pro229-Gln233, Thr241-Leu246, and Ser248-Ser261) each of which acted alone and synergistically when added together to inhibit factor XI binding to platelets. Finally, the 125I-labeled A3 domain peptide (Asn235-Arg266) was found to bind to thrombin-activated platelets in a specific, reversible, and saturable manner. Thus, the sequence of amino acids Asn235-Arg266 of the A3 domain of factor XI comprises a contact surface for interaction with a platelet receptor.
High frequency of deletion on chromosome 9p21 may harbor several tumor-suppressor genes in human prostate cancer

Chromosome 9p has been reported to be a critical region of loss in various cancers. Our present study was designed to determine the frequency of deletions at different loci of chromosome 9p in microdissected samples of normal prostatic epithelium and carcinoma from the same patients. For this purpose, DNA was extracted from the microdissected sections of normal and tumor cells of 40 prostate specimens, amplified by PCR and analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 9p using 15 microsatellite markers. Only 6 of 15 microsatellite markers exhibited LOH in prostate cancer specimens (D9S162, D9S1748, D9S171, D9S270, D9S273 and D9S153). LOH on chromosome 9p was identified in 29 of 40 cases (72.5%) with at least 1 marker. The main deletion was found on 9p21, at loci D9S1748 (50%), D9S171 (51.4%) and D9S270 (21.8%). There was also a deletion on 9p22 at locus D9S162 (8.3%), on 9p13 at locus D9S273 (13.8%) and on 9p11 at locus D9S153 (7.7%). LOH data were correlated with stage of prostate cancer and revealed a high frequency of LOH at 3 or more loci in samples with stage T(3)N(0)M(0) (46%) compared with stage T(2)N(0)M(0) (15%), which suggests a higher incidence of LOH in the advanced stage of prostate cancer. One of the candidate target tumor-suppressor genes, p16 (MTS-1/CDKN2), has been identified within the 9p21 deleted region in tumor cell lines. Expression of P16 protein was either absent or very low in prostate cancer samples, suggesting that loss of the p16 gene may be involved in prostatic carcinogenesis.
Electron- and Bremsstrahlung-Induced Fission of Heavy and Medium-Heavy Nuclei

The electron-and bremsstrahlung-induced fission cross sections of the isotopes $_{92}^{238}\mathrm{U}$, $_{83}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$, $_{82}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, $_{70}^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$, and $_{62}^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ have been measured over the energy range 60-1000 MeV. The consistency of the theoretical expressions for the bremsstrahlung spectrum and the virtual-photon spectrum associated with the electron has been tested using the experimental data. Good agreement was obtained on the assumption of $E1$ or $M1$ transitions. The photofission cross sections obtained on the basis of this procedure were analyzed in terms of the photon-interaction cross section and the fission probability. It was found that the rapid increase in the photofission cross section with increasing energy for $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ and the lighter isotopes is due to the normal increase in fission probability with energy, and not to the onset of $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson photoproduction as was previously suggested. The photon-interaction cross section predicted by the quasideuteron model seems to account for all of the interaction leading to fission in these elements, even at energies above the threshold for $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson production. In the case of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$, however, since the fission probability is approximately constant as a function of energy, the fission cross-section behavior reflects the characteristics of the total photon-interaction cross section. In the latter case it was found that the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson photoproduction and the quasideuteron interaction are both involved in producing excitation leading to fission. The difference between the behavior of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ and the lighter isotopes is understood in terms of differences in fission barriers and differences in energy deposition associated with the two interaction mechanisms. The asymmetric fission of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ at high electron or bremsstrahlung energies is also explained on this basis.
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE AND EXAMINATION PERFORMANCE: ENHANCEMENT EFFECTS ARE NOT NECESSARILY MODERATED BY PRIOR FAILURE

Studies have replicated both negative and positive associations between helpless attributional style and academic performance. Laboratory studies indicate that when enhancement effects occur, they may be moderated by the degree of failure individuals experience prior to task performance. In a longitudinal study of 96 college students who completed four examinations in two introductory psychology courses, we examined the relationship between helpless attributional style and examination performance across the semester, and whether prior examination failure moderated this association. Correlational analyses revealed that helpless attributional style was unrelated to exam performance in the first half of the semester and was positively related to improvements in performance in the second half. Regression analyses indicated that these enhancement effects were not moderated by previous performance on examinations in the course. The present findings underscore the need for longitudinal studies that investigate t...
Molecular polarity in tropomyosin-troponin T co-crystals

New features of the structure and interactions of troponin T and tropomyosin have been revealed by electron microscopy of so-called double-diamond co-crystals. These co-crystals were formed using rabbit alpha2 tropomyosin complexed with troponin T from either skeletal or cardiac muscle, which have different lengths in the amino-terminal region, as well as a bacterially expressed skeletal muscle troponin T fragment of 190 residues that lacks the amino-terminal region. Differences in the images of the co-crystals have allowed us to establish the polarities of both the troponin T subunit and tropomyosin in the projected lattice. Moreover, in agreement with their sequences, the amino-terminal region of a bovine cardiac muscle troponin T isoform appears to be longer than that from the rabbit skeletal muscle troponin T isoform and to span more of the amino terminus of tropomyosin at the head-to-tail filament joints. Images of crystals tilted relative to the electron beam also reveal the supercoiling of the tropomyosin filaments in this lattice. Based on these results, a three-dimensional model of the double-diamond lattice has been constructed.
A model for the deformation behavior of amorphous alloys with application to the wear loading of the film-on-substrate geometry

One method of addressing practical wear problems is via the creation of wear resistant films on the exposed surface by various surface modification techniques. A class of materials produced by such techniques, amorphous metals, is known to exhibit mechanical properties consistent with good wear resistance. In this paper we present a model for the mechanical behavior of these materials that is mechanistic in nature, yet sufficiently simple to allow treatment of the film-on-substrate geometry. The Eyring rate theory is used as a basis to describe the deformation rate, and agreement with stress sensitivity and activation energy data is shown to support this approach. The local creation of excess volume and its relaxation are integral parts of the deformation process in these materials. The kinetics of relaxation is analyzed, and the physical attributes of that process are examined. The effects on deformation of a hydrostatic stress component in the wear loading mode are addressed. The relation of all these factors to strain localization in the film is also studied. The strength of an amorphous film produced by ion implantation is estimated and correlations with plastic flow depth are established. Methods of predicting the wear responses of particular materials in this geometry are presented and compared with published wear data.
Emerging infections: microbial threats to health

I n 1900, infectious disease was the leading cause of mortality in the USA, accounting for at least 37% of deaths. By 1950, this had been reduced to 6.8%, and by 1989 to 2.8%, with corresponding improvements in life expectancy 1-3. These numbers of course must be taken with a grain of salt, given the eventual pre-emptive role of infection in chronic illness, and the possibility that many disorders have an unrecognized infectious etiology. Further, the relative importance of sanitation, health education and nutrition, in comparison with medical interventions such as immunization and antibiotic treatment, has remained in contentious debate 4,s. Nevertheless, the reduction in mortality caused by infection has been trumpeted as the conquest of infectious disease (e.g. Ref. 6), indeed as a glorious tribute to public health and medical science. In consequence, health research since 1950 has increasingly emphasized chronic constitutional afflictions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and psychiatric disorder, to the relative neglect of infection. Likewise, environmental anxieties are focused on radiation and chemical toxins rather than arthropod vectors and airborne contagion. Our complacency about the triumph of humans over microorganisms has been shaken by the global HIV pandemic. In truth, the majority of the world's population has never been relieved of its load of malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal disease and a host of parasitoses. It has taken AIDS to provoke a new look at the threats to human health from infections recently thought to be conquered. Responding to a global challenge These concerns were taken up by a recent study of the United States Institute of Medicine task force on emergent infections 7. Our report was the product of a broad collective effort, which promptly reached an unanimous conclusion that these threats urgently needed to be brought to the attention of policymakers and the public. Our recommendations had to do mainly with (1) the strengthening of disease surveillance systems (especially for viruses) globally; (2) wider availability of existing vaccines and the removal of legal disincentives to the development of new ones; (3) acceleration of the technology to enable vaccines against new strains to be developed on a time scale commensurate with the spread of infection; (4) vector control; and (5) public education. Perhaps the most important message is that infection knows no national boundaries, and we will pay dearly if we ignore the smoldering of infection anywhere. No single infectious agent is a unique target of concern. During the committee's deliberations, multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis emerged as a major public health threat in New York City dare one say that this was predictable from the time of its first appearance a few years ago in immunocompromised people with AIDS? Historically, the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 was the most recent previous pandemic to have a major effect on mortality statistics in the USA. Many believe that a recurrence of such a lethal
In-phase, coherent photonic crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays with low divergence

Two-dimensional vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays are defined using an etched photonic crystal pattern and ion implantation. The 2×2 laser arrays are shown to operate in a single in-phase mode from threshold to maximum output power. The in-phase interference between the multiple lasers constituting the array form an angularly narrow, on-axis peak in the far field. These coherently-coupled laser arrays are of interest owing to their ease of fabrication and potential for creating low-diffraction beams with increased output power.
Phytoplankton taxa in relation to primary production in the equatorial Pacific

Abstract Equatorial regions, especially the equatorial Pacific, are important to the global carbon and nitrogen cycle, yet little is known about the processes regulating phytoplankton dynamics in these areas. Here we report on the abundance of planktonic groups, in the picoplankton to netplankton range, estimated using epifluorescence microscopy, in samples collected in the equatorial Pacific from 110 to 140°W, and discuss their relation to primary production, chlorophyll, chemical and physical properties. Microscopic examination supports previous reports ( Chavez , 1989, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 3, 27–35), based on size separations of biomass and production, that the equatorial Pacific is dominated by small phytoplankton, most of them smaller then 5 μm. The phytoplankton in this region is dominated by relatively few taxa: Synechococcus spp., red fluorescing picoplankton, a small naked dinoflaellate (4 × 7 μm), small prymnesiophytes (on the order of 3–5 μm), and small single-celled pennate diatoms (2 × 15 μm). The spatial variability in phytoplankton biomass, composition and production could be clearly related to distinct physical features of the equatorial circulation, such as equatorial upwelling, Long or Legeckis waves and the Equatorial Front. During November 1988, a period of abnormally cool sea surface temperatures, changes in the abundance of pennate diatoms accounted for the largest proportion of the variability in chlorophyll and primary production even though this group was a relatively minor contributor to the total biomass of the phytoplankton community. Since primary production and particulate organic flux are well correlated in the equatorial Pacific ( Betzer et al., 1984, Deep-Sea Research, 31, 1–11), variations in the abundance of pennate diatoms also must have important consequences to variations in particulate organic flux. Before a predictive model for particulate organic flux in the equatorial Pacific can be established further understanding of the forces structuring phytoplankton communities is required.
Intrinsic cognitive network addressing

One common feature of almost all wireless protocols is the address structure for source and destination nodes within the wireless network. The paper aims at demonstrate and establish a multi-node Cluster-Head sensor Ad Hoc network, enable secure transfers on data on that network using encryption algorithm, propose a simple Ad Hoc protocol for joining and transferring data to a Cluster-Head facilitator, collect temperature, battery voltage, and signal strength as part of the packet, and present data collected using GUI/web-based system. In this paper, a low-level RF interface to establish clear channel, and cluster loin and link is proposed, query and response for remote node sensor data are implemented, both raw and encrypted data packets using a common encryption algorithm are tested and, the network is monitored at the Cluster-Head attached to the PC and the network activity is posted on-line. The proposed structure is purely independent on the physical and network layers of the RF protocols. The data is received if the preamble and CRC show valid on receipt of an RF packet, the resulting 64 bytes is decrypted and transferred to the network layer where the port, type, address is evaluated. All of the interface and processing is implemented on the network layer, the physical interface has cleared the FIFO and prepared the device for additional receipt or response transmission depending on the packet type. The impact of the cognitive addressing is not felt until the network passes the packet up to the application layer. The network layer will determine if the incoming request or message is for this node and then passes the structure up to the application with the received data and type of packet determined by the port number. The cognitive addressing byte simply allowed the packet to be accepted if it has no bearing on the type of request or application it manipulates. As the cognitive data is passed as part of the address for the node, as matching the node address is required for response. The real purpose of the proposed method is to reduce network traffic by identifying general capabilities, in the simple join request and cut down on broadcast response requests by including only certain node need be concerned with the broadcast message.
Looking Beyond Caged Heat: Media Images of Women in Prison

Female prisoners are an invisible correctional population; thus, media images are critical in shaping people's understanding of this social issue. Although research has examined how Hollywood depicts female prisoners, it has not delved into images found in reality-based programs. This study examined documentaries, televised news magazines, and talk shows to determine how these programs portray this incarcerated population and to identify how the issue is framed. Findings indicate that although some of the critical issues facing incarcerated women are presented, these programs still highlight factors that excite viewers, including violence and sex, thereby creating a sensationalized and damaging image of women behind bars.
Disassembly of executable code revisited

Machine code disassembly routines form a fundamental component of software systems that statically analyze or modify executable programs, e.g., reverse engineering systems, static binary translators, and link-time optimizers. The task of disassembly is complicated by indirect jumps and the presence of non-executable data - jump tables, alignment bytes, etc. - in the instruction stream. Existing disassembly algorithms are not always able to cope successfully with executable files containing such features, and they fail silently - i.e., produce incorrect disassemblies without any indication that the results they are producing are incorrect. In this paper we examine two commonly-used disassembly algorithms and illustrate their shortcomings. We propose a hybrid approach that performs better than these algorithms in the sense that it is able to detect situations where the disassembly may be incorrect and limit the extent of such disassembly errors. Experimental results indicate that the algorithm is quite effective: the amount of code flagged as incurring disassembly errors is usually quite small.
Magnetic Circular Dichroism

Magnetic optical activity (MOA) is induced in all matter by a longitudinal magnetic field. Magnetic optical rotation (MOR, the Faraday effect) and mag­ netic circular dichroism (MCD) arise respectively from the difference in refrac­ tive indices and absorption coefficients of left and right circularly polarized (CP) light due to the applied magnetic field. MOR occurs in both transparent and absorbing spectral regions ; MCD is an absorptive phenomenon only. MCD is the difference between left and right CP Zeeman spectra and provides no new information when the Zeeman components of a transition are resolved. However, MCD and MOR can be measured in broad bands where conventional Zeeman effects are undetectable, and their value lies essentially in extending the CP Zeeman experiment to broad spectra. At the beginning of the 1960s little was known about MOA in regions of broad absorption. Now, a decade later, the study of the dispersion of MOA through electronic absorption bands is a very active field of research in chemistry, physics, and biophysics. Instrumentation for the measurement of MOR and MCD and theoretical techniques for the analysis of MOR and MCD data have developed to a high level of sophistication. The nature of the phenomenon and the types of information to be obtained from its study are broadly understood. A general review of this field is therefore timely and is the purpose of this article. We discuss only MOA in absorbing regions and exclude MOR work in trans­ parent regions. The latter is (in principle) contributed to by all transitions of the system and is therefore generally less informative. Conventional CP Zeeman spectroscopy is also excluded. Emphasis is on MCD, since this has become the predominant technique; relevant MOR work is not excluded however. The scope of the article is determined by relevance to chemistry. Thus, color centers are discussed, since MOA work in this area has had a profound impact on work in chemistry; semiconductors, on the other hand, are excluded.
Initial lessons learned from the definition and implementation of a platform requirements engineering process at Intel Corporation

In many companies a communication divide exists between the disciplines of engineering, strategic planning, and marketing. The divide can be caused by various factors including conflicting goals, cultural differences and different world views. The resulting communication gaps can affect the planning and design of new products and can have a highly negative effect on requirements activities. As part of an attempt to solve this problem within Intel's Desktop Platform Group (DPG), a platform requirements engineering system has been defined and is being implemented. There are lessons learned from its early development and use that provide a foundation for success on projects of this type: 1) focus on fixing the problems deemed most important by business customers first and work outward from there; 2) develop champions at the working level to proliferate a common requirements language and requirements practices; 3) use examples to help individuals articulate process needs and necessary work products. Define standards early to support process definition; and 4) develop a system that encourages and rewards for practice and feedback to prevent defects and make the system stronger.
Plasma ATP during exercise: possible role in regulation of coronary blood flow.

It was previously shown that red blood cells release ATP when blood oxygen tension decreases. ATP acts on microvascular endothelial cells to produce a retrograde conducted vasodilation (presumably ...
Rocking Behavior of an Instrumented Unique Building on the MIT Campus Identified from Ambient Shaking Data

A state-of-the-art seismic monitoring system comprising 36 accelerometers and a data-logger with real-time capability was recently installed at Building 54 on the Massachusetts Institute of Technol...
Changes in pheromone production, release, mating behaviour and reproductive ability of the gamma-irradiated cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier).

SummaryMature males of Nauphoeta cinerea produce a sex pheromone ‘seducin’ which has short-range effects in attracting mature females of the same species. Exposure of newly-emerged adult males to 3·5, 7, 14 or 21 krad of gamma-radiation decreased their life expectancy and affected their mating behaviour. Bioassay of dichloremethane extracts of males showed that radiation doses (14 krad) sufficient to induce sterility did not affect the ability to produce pheromone but significantly reduced the release of pheromone by inhibiting wing-raising. The sterile-male technique using males sterilized by ionizing radiation in air may not be the method of choice for control of Nauphoeta cinerea.
Schematic characterization of human health impact of toxic chemicals for sustainable design and manufacturing

A schematic method to characterize the human health impact of toxic chemicals is presented. This schematic method uses a streamlined three-tiered hierarchy process which includes intake, toxicity and persistence of a chemical release for its impact characterization. The human health impact of a chemical is represented by its position in a two-dimensional characterization plot, which enables the benchmarking of chemicals to be easily made by comparing the relative positions of the chemicals in the characterization plot. A case study is performed on 12 toxic chemicals commonly used as solvents by the manufacturing industry. The reliability of this schematic method is checked and confirmed by comparing its benchmarked results with that of the conventional Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) method. With an explicit model structure and a visual representation, this schematic method increases the transparency of the human impact assessment and can facilitate decision-making in the material screening and benchmarking of toxic chemicals for implementation of sustainable design and manufacturing strategies.
Identifying Students with Learning Disabilities: The Effect of Implementing Statewide Guidelines

Methods for identifying students with learning disabilities continue to be an area of controversy. The present investigation examined the impact of implementing statewide guidelines for the identification of these students. Data were collected from multidisciplinary team reports on 718 students with learning disabilities who were referred and labeled during the 1983-84 school year (before implementation of statewide learning disability guidelines) and 790 students who were identified during 1987-88 (after implementation of the guidelines). The results of the study revealed that the statewide guidelines significantly changed the characteristics of students who were identified. After the implementation of the guidelines, students with much more severe academic problems were identified. These students were much more likely to have a severe discrepancy and be chronically failing in the regular classroom. However, even with explicit, widely accepted guidelines, approximately one third of all students identified in 1987-88 failed to meet the stated criteria for identification. The implications of these findings for professional practice and future research are discussed.
Lattice theory of alkali halide solid solutions—III. Pressure dependence of solid solubility and spinodal decomposition

Abstract The solid solubility and the chemical spinodal have been calculated for several pressures from an extended theory of the authors based on the substitutional defect model of Dick and Das. The systems considered are LiBr−LiI, NaBr−NaI, KBr−KI, RbBr−RbI, and NaCl−KCl. The maxima of the exsolution dome, of the chemical spinodal and of the coherent spinodal are found to increase and to become narrowed with increasing pressure. For three systems the temperature difference between the chemical and the coherent spinodal decreases with increasing pressure, for one system it increases, and for the remaining system it increases initially with increasing pressure and decreases after passing through a maximum. The direction in which spinodal decomposition should occur is found to be dependent on pressure for several systems.
SELECTIVE LOCALIZATION OF A HIGH AFFINITY CHOLINE UPTAKE SYSTEM AND ITS ROLE IN ACh FORMATTON IN CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINALS

The avian iris-ciliary nerve preparation exhibits two distinct choline uptake systems. One component, a sodium dependent, high affinity system Km-2 am and Vmax - 0.5 pmolpin per preparation is confined to nerve terminals. The other component is localized in muscle cells. It is sodium independent and low affinity system (Km - 200 am and Vmax - 16 pmol/min per muscle). The high affinity uptake of choline and the synthesis of ACh in the nerve terminals are coupled. Vmax Ach formation -0.5 pmol/min. is the same as Vmax for choline transport; however. with the external choline concentration equal to that of avian plasma only -50% of choline taken up is converted to ACh. In contrast to the nerve terminals, the cell bodies of the same neurons are deficient in the high affinity uptake-ACh synthesis coupled system. This indicates a nerve terminal membrane specialization related to neuro-transmitter synthesis.
High-dynamic-range still-image encoding in JPEG 2000

The raw size of a high-dynamic-range (HDR) image brings about problems in storage and transmission. Many bytes are wasted in data redundancy and perceptually unimportant information. To address this problem, researchers have proposed some preliminary algorithms to compress the data, like RGBE/XYZE, OpenEXR, LogLuv, and so on. HDR images can have a dynamic range of more than four orders of magnitude while conventional 8-bit images retain only two orders of magnitude of the dynamic range. This distinction between an HDR image and a conventional image leads to difficulties in using most existing image compressors. JPEG 2000 supports up to 16-bit integer data, so it can already provide image compression for most HDR images. In this article, we propose a JPEG 2000-based lossy image compression scheme for HDR images of all dynamic ranges. We show how to fit HDR encoding into a JPEG 2000 encoder to meet the HDR encoding requirement. To achieve the goal of minimum error in the logarithm domain, we map the logarithm of each pixel value into integer values and then send the results to a JPEG 2000 encoder. Our approach is basically a wavelet-based HDR still-image encoding method.
A rheumatologic perspective on rehabilitation of shoulder problems in the older individual.

Shoulder dysfunction is a camrrwn but camplex clinical problem arrwng the aged. The shoulder is a diarthrodial joint that is designed to camplement the elbow and wrist in stabilizing the arm and the hand. This camplex joint has the greatest range of rrwtion (ROM) of any joint in the human body. Unfortunately, the aging process increases the shoulder's vulnerability to many pathological conditions that decrease its ROM and inteifere with self-care tasks. While initial therapy is typically managed by the primary care physician, the complexity of thi~ problem often requires consultation across di~ciplines to assure pertinent management. This article provides an overview of rheumatologic considerations specific to geriatric persons with shoulder dysfunction. The differential diagnosis and issues of treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.
Short Paper: GKE: Efficient Group-based Key Establishment for Large Sensor Networks

We present a group-based key predistribution scheme, GKE, which enables all pairs of neighboring sensors to establish a unique pairwise key, regardless of sensor density or distribution. Since pairwise keys are unique, security in GKE degrades gracefully as the number of compromised nodes increases. In addition, GKE is very efficient since it requires only localized communication to establish pairwise keys, significantly reducing communication overheads. Our security analysis and performance evaluation show that GKE performs very well in terms of resilience, connectivity, communication overhead and memory requirements
Entity-driven Rewrite for Multi-document Summarization

In this paper we explore the benefits from and shortcomings of entity-driven noun phrase rewriting for multi-document summarization of news. The approach leads to 20% to 50% different content in the summary in comparison to an extractive summary produced using the same underlying approach, showing the promise the technique has to offer. In addition, summaries produced using entity-driven rewrite have higher linguistic quality than a comparison non-extractive system. Some improvement is also seen in content selection over extractive summarization as measured by pyramid method evaluation.
Primary immunodeficiency update: Part I. Syndromes associated with eczematous dermatitis.

In the past decade, the availability of powerful molecular techniques has accelerated the pace of discovery of several new primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) and revealed the biologic basis of other established PIDs. These genetic advances, in turn, have facilitated more precise phenotyping of associated skin and systemic manifestations and provide a unique opportunity to better understand the complex human immunologic response. These continuing medical education articles will provide an update of recent advances in PIDs that may be encountered by dermatologists through their association with eczematous dermatitis, infectious, and non-infectious cutaneous manifestations. Part I will discuss new primary immunodeficiencies that have an eczematous dermatitis. Part II will focus on primary immunodeficiencies that greatly increase susceptibility to fungal infection and the noninfectious presentations of PIDs.
Tests for Natural Monopoly

Even with recent trends towards liberalization of utility markets, many countries are choosing to treat some parts of their utility industries as a natural monopoly and keeping these parts closed to competition. In energy, most of the market reform models discussed in Chapter 2 open power generation to competition (Hunt and Shuttleworth 1996 pp. 12–13), but do not necessarily open all markets. For example, leading countries such as Argentina, Chile, Norway, and the UK have chosen to let monopolies provide transmission and distribution. The common thinking is that these functions are natural monopolies. (Estache and Rodriguez-Pardina 1997, p.81; Gray 1996, pp. 15, 35, 53; Lalor and Garcia 1996, pp. 43–44)
Effect of the method of preparation on the interaction between Ni and TiO2

Abstract Hydrogen chemisorption, magnetic measurements, temperature programmed reduction spectra, and FT-infrared spectra show that samples of nickel supported on TiO 2 prepared by incipient wetness are strikingly different from those prepared by ion-exchange. For the incipient wetness samples, the amount of hydrogen chemisorption decreased as the reduction temperature was increased from 300 to 500°C. In addition, the saturation magnetization of the nickel also decreased, indicating a loss of ferromagnetic nickel due to a reaction between the nickel and the TiO 2 . In contrast, for samples prepared by ion-exchange, there was no reaction between the nickel and TiO 2 ; the hydrogen uptake increased as the reduction temperature was increased to 500°C and no loss of ferromagnetic nickel was detected. We propose that surface hydroxyl groups are important in the initial steps of the reaction between the nickel and TiO 2 .
Real time measurement of cardiac pressure-volume relationships

Results Both fBP and kwicSense were found to increase the overall stroke volume by 5-6 mL compared to cine-SSFP acquisitions during free-breathing resting state conditions. The measured LVESV were similar for the three methods: 63.4 mL (kwicSense), 64.4 mL (fBP) and 65.9 mL (cine-bSSFP), although LVEDV was greater for the real time methods: 91.3 mL (kwicSense), 92.9 (fBP) and 89.4 (cine-SSFP). Small variations between segmentation of the volumes resulted in a left or right shift of the PV loop, although the shape of the loop, and consequently total myocardial work, was consistent. Blurring associated with the fBP method resulted in a greater myocardial signal intensity deteriorating the quality of image segmentation. Variations in the stroke volume may be related to changes in preload between cine-SSFP and real time acquisitions in the anesthetized animal. Conclusions Real time MRI methods show great potential to characterize pre- and afterload independent indices of reduced cardiac contractile performance and hemodynamic dysfunction.
Time encoded multicolor fluorescence detection in a microfluidic flow cytometer

We describe an optical detection technique that delivers high signal-to-noise discrimination to enable a multi-parameter flow cytometer that combines high performance, robustness, compactness and low cost. The enabling technique is termed “spatially modulated detection” and generates a time-dependent signal as a continuously fluorescing (bio-) particle traverses an optical transmission pattern along the fluidic channel. Correlating the detected signal with the expected transmission pattern achieves high discrimination of the particle signal from background noise. Additionally, the particle speed and its fluorescence emission characteristics are deduced from the correlation analysis. Our method uses a large excitation/emission volume along the fluidic channel in order to increase the total flux of fluorescence light that originates from a particle while requiring minimal optical alignment. Despite the large excitation/detection volume, the mask pattern enables a high spatial resolution in the micron range. This allows for detection and characterization of particles with a separation (in flow direction) comparable to the dimension of individual particles. In addition, the concept is intrinsically tolerant of non-encoded background fluorescence originating from fluorescent components in solution, fluorescing components of the chamber and contaminants on its surface. The optical detection technique is illustrated with experimental results of multicolor detection with a single large area detector by filtering fluorescence emission of different particles through a patterned color mask. Thereby the particles' fluorescence emission spectrum is encoded in a time dependent intensity signal and color information can be extracted from the correlation analysis. The multicolor detection technique is demonstrated by differentiation of micro-beads loaded with PE (Phycoerythrin) and PE-Cy5 that are excited at 532 nm.
Size Constraint Group Testing and DoS Attacks

In this chapter, we introduce the first application of group testing in detecting application Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack , which aims at disrupting application service rather than depleting the network resource. This attack has emerged as one of the greatest threat to network services. Owing to its high similarity to legitimate traffic and much lower launching overhead than classic DoS attack, this new assault type cannot be efficiently detected or prevented by existing detection solutions. To identify application DoS attack, we present a novel group testing (GT)-based approach deployed on back-end servers, which not only offers a theoretical method to obtain short detection delay and low false positive/negative rate, but also provides an underlying framework against general network attacks. This new application requires a new class of group testing, called size constraint group testing.
Principal components algorithms for ARMA spectrum estimation

Principal components algorithms are presented for the problem of fitting an ARMA model to a given segment of a sample sequence of a discrete-time stochastic process, and the model is used to estimate the process power spectrum. To reduce the effects of finite-wordlength errors, balanced state-pace parameterization of the ARMA model is used instead of the more popular difference equation parameterization. Model identification is formulated as a problem of selecting a partial state to span approximately an apparently large-dimensional information interface between the past and the future of the process. Different criteria are used to measure the quality of the approximation, which leads to principal-components algorithms for the problem that are based on singular value decomposition. >
EFFECT OF STEREOCHEMISTRY ON ESTER HYDROLYSIS BY CHOLINESTERASES: IMPLICATIONS FOR RADIOTRACER DESIGN

There is currently great interest in developing radiotracers to estimate cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymatic activity in Alzheimer’s disease patients using in vivo imaging. As part of an ongoing effort to define structure-activity relationships (SAR) for cholinesterase substrates, we have recently published in vitro and in vivo kinetic results for a series of I-[”C]methyl-4-piperidinyl esters (1). These data exhibited the expected preference of AChE for short-chain esters (acetate and propionate) and the specificity of longerchain esters (butyrate and pentanoate) for BuChE. We have also shown that this general pattern of selectivity extends to the l-methylr3pyrrolidinyl esters, la,b (2). As these latter compounds are chiral, it was of interest to extend the SAR to include the effects of stereochemistry on enzyme selectivity and cleavage rates.
High expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie-1 in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

The tyrosine kinase receptor Tie-1 has been shown to play a role in angiogenesis and hematopoiesis. We evaluated the level of expression and clinical significance of Tie-1 protein in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We used western blot analysis to confirm and radioimmunoassay to quantify Tie-1 protein expression in bone marrow samples obtained from untreated patients having AML (66 patients) or MDS (29 patients). Samples obtained from these patients contained significantly higher levels of Tie-1 protein than did control samples (p < 0.001). Also, Tie-1 levels were significantly higher in AML patients than MDS patients (p < 0.0001). Tie-1 levels did not correlate with complete remission or survival duration in patients having either disease. These data suggest that Tie-1 expression is increased in AML and MDS but that the level of expression does not influence the response to current therapy. The role of Tie-1 overexpression in the reported increased vascularity in the bone...
HIV partner counseling and referral services: finally getting beyond the name.

Partner notification became a cornerstone of the United States public health efforts to control syphilis in the 1940s, and for many years the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) trained and funded a cadre of federally employed public health advisors (PHAs) who were assigned to state and local health departments and staffed or oversaw many partner notification programs. However, direct federal support and oversight for PHAs was sharply curtailed in the 1980s and early 1990s, as federal funding for partner notification was increasingly wrapped into the larger grants that states receive to provide sexually transmitted disease (STD) services. Meanwhile, overall funding for STD control faced widespread cuts in state government budgets. 2 These changes roughly coincided with the emergence of the AIDS epidemic and an associated challenge by some activists and civil libertarians to longstanding public health practices that some believed