cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Birds, beasts and bovines: three cases of pastoralism and wildlife in the USA

Pastoralism in the USA began coincidently with the initiation of profound ecological change resulting from colonization in the sixteenth century. Relationships between pastoralism and wildlife conservation in three different contexts of land tenure, environmental legacy, and geography are examined. On the federal rangelands of the Intermountain West, based on limited scientific information, wildlife policy has been interpreted to require separation of native bighorn sheep from livestock to prevent disease transmission. Ignored are the possible long term and broad scale impacts of removing grazing on the ecosystem and the ‘social disturbance’ to local communities. In southwestern deserts, the implementation of wildlife policy exemplifies the contradictions between conservation of individuals versus populations, and fire suppression and grazing removal as ‘inactions’ requiring no review versus grazing and burning as ‘actions’ requiring regulation and control. In California’s Mediterranean rangeland, wildlife policy under the Endangered Species Act is at once a regulatory burden and an opportunity for ranchers. The opportunities result from an evolving recognition that cessation of grazing can harm wildlife. In all three cases, the environment has changed and is changing due to ecosystem engineering that alters the resources available to wildlife and plant species. Grazing offers potential benefits as a management tool, and pastoralism a means of maintaining un-fragmented landscapes. Yet, absent adequate ecological information, the assumptions of innate conflict between livestock and wildlife, and that cessation of grazing is not an action, as well as the norms of a politically popular yet ecologically unsupportable discourse of restoration, fill in the gaps.
HELPING BEHAVIOR ON THE GRIDIRON: IT HELPS IF YOU'RE WINNING

Helping behavior in nationally televised professional football games was studied to determine whether success on the part of the helper and responsibility for the condition calling for help were related to the frequency of helping another player to his feet. Both were significant determinants in that helping was significantly more frequent when the helper's team was ahead and the defensive unit helped other players much more frequently than the offensive unit. The findings have implications for further investigations on the nature of helping in competitive and aggressive situations.
An Improved Fast Recursive Algorithm for V-BLAST with Optimal Ordered Detections

A fast recursive algorithm for the vertical Bell Laboratories layered space-time (V-BLAST) with the optimal ordered successive interference cancellation (SIC) detection has been proposed by Benesty-Huang-Chen and two improved algorithms have been also recently introduced by Szczecinski-Massicotte and Zhu-Lei-Chin. In this paper, we first incorporate the existing improvements into the original fast recursive algorithm to give an algorithm that is the fastest known for the optimal SIC detection of V-BLAST. Then, we present a further improvement from which a new algorithm is proposed. Compared with the fastest known algorithm from the existing improvements, this new proposed algorithm has a speedup of 1.3 times in both the number of multiplications and the number of additions.
Issues of attraction, retention, and affective states for geriatric nurse practitioners in long-term care

Limited research exists on self-reported geriatric nurse practitioner (GNP) perceptions. Thirty-six GNPs completed a survey for level of importance rather than rank-order. Subjects also completed the Profile of Mood States. Through the use of Pearson correlation techniques, results indicate that the number of years in nursing was related to appreciation from patients, one of the factors keeping GNPs satisfied with long-term care (r = .503). Results indicate that these GNPs had a higher overall affect compared with college norms. (Geriatr Nurs 2002;23:324-9)
Dietary Animal and Plant Protein and Human Bone Health: A Whole Foods Approach

Urinary calcium excretion is strongly related to net renal acid excretion. The catabolism of dietary protein generates ammonium ion and sulfates from sulfur-containing amino acids. Bone citrate and carbonate are mobilized to neutralize these acids, so urinary calcium increases when dietary protein increases. Common plant proteins such as soy, corn, wheat and rice have similar total S per g of protein as eggs, milk and muscle from meat, poultry and fish. Therefore increasing intake of purified proteins from either animal or plant sources similarly increases urinary calcium. The effects of a protein on urinary calcium and bone metabolism are modified by other nutrients found in that protein food source. For example, the high amount of calcium in milk compensates for urinary calcium losses generated by milk protein. Similarly, the high potassium levels of plant protein foods, such as legumes and grains, will decrease urinary calcium. The hypocalciuric effect of the high phosphate associated with the amino acids of meat at least partially offsets the hypercalciuric effect of the protein. Other food and dietary constituents such as vitamin D, isoflavones in soy, caffeine and added salt also have effects on bone health. Many of these other components are considered in the potential renal acid load of a food or diet, which predicts its effect on urinary acid and thus calcium. "Excess" dietary protein from either animal or plant proteins may be detrimental to bone health, but its effect will be modified by other nutrients in the food and total diet. J. Nutr. 133: 862S- 865S, 2003.
Co-morbidity and disorder-related distress and impairment in purging disorder.

Background Recent studies suggest that purging disorder (PD) may be a common eating disorder that is associated with clinically significant levels of distress and high levels of psychiatric co-morbidity. However, no study has established evidence of disorder-related impairment or whether distress is specifically related to PD rather than to co-morbid disorders. Method Three groups of normal-weight women [non-eating disorder controls (n=38), with PD (n=24), and with bulimia nervosa (BN)-purging subtype (n=57)] completed structured clinical interviews and self-report assessments. Results Both PD and BN were associated with significant co-morbidity and elevations on indicators of distress and impairment compared to controls. Compared to BN, PD was associated with lower rates of current and lifetime mood disorders but higher rates of current anxiety disorders. Elevated distress and impairment were maintained in PD and BN after controlling for Axis I and Axis II disorders. Conclusions PD is associated with elevated distress and impairment and should be considered for inclusion as a provisional disorder in nosological schemes such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual to facilitate much-needed research on this clinically significant syndrome.
SAS: A Simple Anonymity Scheme for Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient scheme for establishing anonymity in clustered wireless sensor networks. This scheme is applied to a clustered sensor network in which the nodes in a neighborhood share pairwise keys for authentic and confidential communication. The scheme, named Simple Anonymity Scheme (SAS), uses a range of pseudonyms as identifiers for a node in the network, to ensure concealment of its true identifier (ID). After deployment, neighboring nodes in the network share their individual pseudonyms and use them to ensure that the communication is anonymous and that a node's true ID is kept private. Even when many nodes in a given neighborhood of the network are compromised and are colluding, our scheme ensures that non-compromised nodes are still guaranteed complete anonymity. The compromised nodes cannot identify the sender or the receiver of communication happening between non-compromised nodes. Our scheme requires reasonably low memory and has very low computation cost, needing no change in other protocols of the network stack. It can be embedded into any wireless sensor network routing protocol to ensure anonymity and privacy during node discovery and routing in the network.
Ultrastructural studies on the corpora cardiaca‐allata complex of the adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica

The organization of the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata of the female alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, generally parallels that reported for other insects with extrinsic neurosecretory axons, intrinsic neurosecretory cells, and interstitial or glial cells appearing in both glands. Connecting the brain with the cardiacum are the extrinsic neurosecretory axons containing granules between 600 and 2200 A. Granules with a diameter of up to 4000 A are found in the intrinsic secretory cells of the corpus cardiacum. From the lobed corpus cardiacum, axons extend along a short nerve trunk into the ovoid corpus allatum. A characteristic of this gland is the presence of a layer of axons, ensheathing most of the corpus allatum and situated beneath an external basement membrane. These axons are believed to have their origin in the protocerebral neurosecretory cells. Although the c. allatum is known to be engaged in the release of hormonally active material, the cytoplasmic organization does not strongly reflect such activity. The glands of the diapausing weevil appear similar to those of the active weevil with a reduction in cytoplasm and a consequent folding of the plasma membrane.
Geospatial analysis of soil information for Flat Creek Watershed resource assessment

Performing a geospatial analysis of soil information for a watershed resource assessment requires an integration of various software and geospatial data elements from numerous sources. ESRI's ArcView 3.x GIS software and specialized extensions were used to delineate the watershed boundary of the selected project for Flat Creek Watershed in Amelia County, Virginia. Since this study was performed with availing assistance from the USDA-NRCS Water Quality office on the campus of Virginia State University, the geospatial data watershed delineation was calculated using the CE465 Hydrol ArcView Extension with the USGS DEM (digital elevation model) data. Another specialized ArcView Extension called CRWR-raster was used to make a seamless join of multiple raster elevation files needed to cover the entire watershed area. For verification of work the watershed boundary was also calculated by hand using contour lines on the USGS topoquads, overlaid with US EPA RF3 stream segments, and USDA NRCS hydrologic unit boundaries. The information on complex soil spatial and attribute data are from the USDA NRCS SSURGO (National Soil Survey Geospatial Database) and NASIS (National Soil Information System) data sets. These data were converted to the appropriate map projection, imported into the ArcView project, and integrated with the soil Data Viewer extension developed by the USDA NRCS. The poster describes various soil interpretations and soil property reports to demonstrate useful watershed resource assessment for area management, including agriculture use, building site development, recreation and water management
Trauma and Historical Referentiality in Post-Aum Manga

Cultural treatments of the 1995 Tokyo subway gas attacks perpetrated by Aum Supreme Truth (Aum Shinrikyō) often reference another tumultuous episode that many argue belongs to the same radical impulse in Japanese society: the violent end to the ‘extremist period’ of the late 1960s and early 1970s, punctuated by the United Red Army’s Asama Sansō incident of 1972. Yet while scholarship and the media have sought to contextualize the gas attacks by directly identifying Aum in relation to United Red Army radicalism, the works examined here thematize the unassimilated nature of the extremist period in the Japanese historical imaginary and complicate the construction of referential ties in the narration of these events. Produced in the years following the attacks, two works of manga serialized in the late 1990s and 2000s – Biriibaazu [Believers, 1999] and Nijūseiki Shōnen [Twentieth Century Boys, 1999–2006] – represent Aum as a trace of an event that has not been fully assimilated in the cultural consciousness. ...
Mean Ages of Homicide Victims and Victims of Homicide–Suicide:

Using Riedel and Zahn's 1994 reformatted version of an FBI database, the mean age of homicide victims in 2,175 homicide-suicides (4,350 deaths) was compared with that of all other victims of homicides reported for the USA from 1968 to 1975. The overall mean age of homicide victims in homicide-suicides was 1 yr. greater than for victims of homicides not followed by suicides, whereas the mean age for both male and female homicide-suicide victims was, respectively, 3 yr. less and greater than the other homicide victims. The mean age of Black homicide victims of homicide-suicides was 2.4 yr. less than that for Black victims of other homicides, whereas the means for Black and White male homicide victims in homicide-suicides were, respectively, about 4 and 5 yr. less than for victims of other homicides. Also, the mean age of White female homicide victims in homicide-suicides was more than two years greater than for female victims of homicides not followed by suicides. When both sex and race were considered, the mean age for those killed in homicide-suicides relative to those killed in homicides not followed by suicides may represent subpopulations with different mean ages of victims.
c-Myc Overexpression Causes Anaplasia in Medulloblastoma

Both anaplasia and increased c-myc gene expression have been shown to be negative prognostic indicators for survival in medulloblastoma patients. myc gene amplification has been identified in many large cell/anaplastic medulloblastoma, but no causative link between c-myc and anaplastic changes has been established. To address this, we stably overexpressed c-myc in two medulloblastoma cell lines, DAOY and UW228, and examined the changes in growth characteristics. When analyzed in vitro, cell lines with increased levels of c-myc had higher rates of growth and apoptosis as well as significantly improved ability to form colonies in soft agar compared with control. When injected s.c. into nu/nu mice, flank xenograft tumors with high levels of c-myc in DAOY cell line background were 75% larger than those derived from control. Overexpression of c-myc was required for tumor formation by UW228 cells. Most remarkably, the histopathology of the Myc tumors was severely anaplastic, with large areas of necrosis/apoptosis, increased nuclear size, and macronucleoli. Indices of proliferation and apoptosis were also significantly higher in Myc xenografts. Thus, c-myc seems to play a causal role in inducing anaplasia in medulloblastoma. Because anaplastic changes are often observed in recurrent medulloblastoma, we propose that c-myc dysregulation is involved in the progression of these malignant embryonal neoplasms.
TPF Planet Detection Testbed: demonstrating deep, stable nulling and planet detection

The design of a testbed being built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is described. Simulating a dual chopped Bracewell interferometer, the testbed comprises a four beam star and planet source and nulling beam combiner. Since achieving a stable null is of great concern the testbed has many control systems designed to achieve stability of alignments and optical path differences over long periods of time. Comparisons between the testbed and the flight system are drawn and key performance parameters are discussed. The interaction between designs for phaseplate systems that achromatically invert the electric field of one of each pair of the incoming beams to achieve the null and the choice of fringe tracking schemes is also discussed
Magnetooptical beam addressable storage using MnGaGe and GdCo

The discovery of MnGaGe and GdCo, room-temperature magnetooptical materials, and their fabrication in thin-film form has led to experiments on high-areal-density high-data-rate optical storage of digital data. The results of read/write experiments using 77 K GaAs lasers will be presented and briefly discussed. Calculation of the ultimate performance in terms of areal density for a given signal-to-noise ratio as a function of material figure of merit, detector bandwidth, and detector quantum efficiency will be reviewed and discussed giving experimental data for MnGaGe and GdCo. This will be compared with predicted performance for conventional inductive magnetic recording.
Evaluation of alternative policies to combat false emergency calls

Ninety-four to ninety-nine percent of all police physical responses to burglar alarm activations are false. In 2000 police responded to 36 million false calls at an estimated cost of $1.8 billion. This paper presents and evaluates ten police policies for dealing with this waste of police resources. The paper then suggests that a public–private partnership will yield the highest net social benefits and avoids undesired cross subsidization. It further shows that implementation of a market oriented economic model where the police fulfill merely their public obligation is preferred to intuitive solutions that are often used by police. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Intraocular and Extraocular Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma, the most common primary ocular malignancy of childhood, is a tumor in which the pediatrician and pediatric oncologist can now play a much more significant role in therapy. Developments in molecular biology have now made carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis feasible. In the near future, these developments should greatly augment the pediatrician's and pediatric oncologist's ability to offer accurate and appropriate genetic counseling for affected families. A practical staging system for extraocular retinoblastoma together with stage-related effective chemotherapy and radiation therapy was presented in this chapter. These modalities now make possible long-term survival for the majority of the 1 out of 8 children with retinoblastoma who would otherwise die from metastatic disease. Finally, 40 per cent of all children with retinoblastoma (those with the germinal mutation) are at lifelong risk for second, nonocular malignancies. The recognition that more than half of these children will actually develop second tumors by the fourth decade of life makes vigilant follow-up care for these patients a necessity.
On the Nature of Law: Philosophical Anarchism and the Function of Law

In this article, I argue against a strong guidance-based conception of the function of law and in favor of a more systemic approach. This paper is part of a larger project in which I attempt to elucidate the nature of law by way of philosophical anarchism. The central claim of my approach to general jurisprudence is that approaching the fundamental issues in legal philosophy through the lens of philosophical anarchism (the proper normative response to the question of political obligation) is essential for an adequate understanding of the nature of law. For the purposes of the present paper, I thus assume that all attempts to ground a general obligation to obey the outcome of the political process fail. Contra Robert Paul Wolff, this is not an a priori claim, but a posteriori, that even if it is possible to have a moral obligation to obey political superiors, almost all people in all states throughout history never had such obligation. With this assumption in hand, I consider one important issue regarding the nature of law: law’s function. With a proper understanding of political obligation, the problem of the nature of law takes on a different form, and we can obtain a deeper understanding of law as a social practice in realizing that widely held beliefs regarding law’s guidance function are somewhat mistaken. I argue against a popular conception that a legal rule is a thing that must be capable of guiding the conduct of those to whom it is addressed. It is often claimed that “guiding conduct” entails eliminating (at least in part) the need of the law-subject to engage in moral deliberations, that it makes a “practical difference” in one’s normative reasoning. I think this is a mistake. In light of philosophical anarchism, this account of law’s function is too narrow, for it ignores the potential ideological and manipulative uses of law, and it is often defended by an unjustifiably idealistic approach to elucidating law’s nature. I therefore argue that Scott Shapiro’s approach to the function of law and his discussion of the “practical difference thesis” are both misguided, and the function of law (or more accurately “legal system”) is at most to control behavior on a systemic level.
Toward an understanding of the etiology and treatment of psychological dysfunction among single teenage mothers: Part 1, a review of the literature

Abstract This paper, the first of a two‐part series to be published in sequential issues of the journal, reviews the recent intervention literature about single teenage mothers who are psychologically dysfunctional. It emphasizes the interplay of social, economic and developmental factors as stressors in the lives of these young women and explores some of the issues that need to be addressed in constructing effective therapeutic programs. The second paper describes an intervention program consisting of long‐term developmentally‐oriented groups for single teenage mothers and their children.
Comparing food security and food sovereignty discourses

This essay conceptualizes food security and food sovereignty as fluid and changing discourses that define the problem of hunger. I trace the discursive geohistories of food security and food sovere...
Effects of age, castration and/or steroids upon hematocrit in male rats.

Summary and Conclusions1. Some of our results confirm previous findings: hematocrits of rats castrated as adults are lower than those of intact animals; testosterone propionate returned hematocrits to normal after castration, but did not cause elevation in hematocrits of intact or castrated animals above normal. Estradiol benzoate did not significantly lower hematocrits of intact and castrate rats. 2. Other findings are new: hematocrits of neonatally castrated adult rats were not significantly different from those of intact adults of the same age, and thus differed from those of animals castrated as adults and examined 14 days later. Aqueous testosterone returned the hematocrits of castrates to normal. There was a trend in both intact and castrates for sesame oil to increase the hematocrit. Because sesame oil is widely used as a supposedly neutral vehicle for hormones, the possibility that it has an effect upon the hematocrit warrants further investigation.
Molecular mechanism of the chaperone function of mini-α-crystallin, a 19-residue peptide of human α-crystallin.

α-Crystallin is the archetypical chaperone of the small heat-shock protein family, all members of which contain the so-called “α-crystallin domain” (ACD). This domain and the N- and C-terminal extensions are considered the main functional units in its chaperone function. Previous studies have shown that a 19-residue fragment of the ACD of human αA-crystallin called mini-αA-crystallin (MAC) shows chaperone properties similar to those of the parent protein. Subsequent studies have confirmed the function of this peptide, but no studies have addressed the mechanistic basis for the chaperone function of MAC. Using human γD-crystallin (HGD), a key substrate protein for parent α-crystallin in the ocular lens, we show here that MAC not only protects HGD from aggregation during thermal and chemical unfolding but also binds weakly and reversibly to HGD (Kd ≈ 200–700 μM) even when HGD is in the native state. However, at temperatures favoring the unfolding of HGD, MAC forms a stable complex with HGD similar to parent α-crystallin. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we identify the residues in HGD that are involved in these two modes of binding and show that MAC protects HGD from aggregation by binding to Phe 56 and Val 132 at the domain interface of the target protein, and residues Val 164 to Leu 167 in the core of the C-terminal domain. Furthermore, we suggest that the low-affinity, reversible binding of MAC on the surface of HGD in the native state is involved in facilitating its binding to both the domain interface and core regions during the early stages of the unfolding of HGD. This work highlights some structural features of MAC and MAC-like peptides that affect their chaperone activity and can potentially be manipulated for translational studies.
Effect of Radiation on Malaria. An Experimental Study in the Chick and Duck.

SummaryP. lophurae are injured by roentgen irradiation in vivo and in vitro as indicated by the development of the parasitemia in the chick. The amount of irradiation necessary to produce a significant effect in vivo is near the lethal dose of radiation for the chick.Radium bromide as used in these experiments has no effect on P. lophurae. Severe degenerative changes occur in the birds given radium bromide.
Audit the Tax Code: Doing What Works for Tax Expenditures

Spending programs delivered through tax expenditures should be subject to the same level of scrutiny as direct spending programs. These expenditures are used to accomplish the same goals as direct spending — they provide incentives for desired behavior, support needed services, and assist certain individuals, groups, or companies. The cost of tax expenditure programs has skyrocketed over the last two decades. Last year, spending through tax expenditures totaled over $1 trillion—significantly more than all nondefense discretionary spending. This year, tax expenditures will make up nearly 25 percent of total government spending. We should make sure tax expenditures are efficiently delivering desired results. Tax expenditures that don’t work or are misguided should be scrapped—just the same as ineffective spending programs. In order to scrutinize tax expenditures, policymakers must first treat tax expenditures as a form of spending; the government should also measure and evaluate tax expenditures; tax expenditures should be integrated into the budget process; and transparency and accountability of tax expenditure spending should be enhanced.
Expression of gP IIb/IIIa on peripheral circulating micromegakaryocytes in myelodysplastic syndrome and its clinical significance

Objective To investigate the expression of gP Ⅱb/Ⅲa on peripheral circulating micromeyakaryocytes in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) and its clinical significance.Methods Alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase(APAAP) immunocytochemical staining technique was used to detect circulating micromegakaryocytes in peripheral blood smears of MDS patients.Results gP Ⅱb/Ⅲa positive micromegakaryocyte was found in 65(74.7%)of the 87 MSD patients examined.Morphologically these cells resemble small lymphocytes and is difficult or impossible to recognize these cells in routinely stained smear.Conclusions The immunocytochemical staining technique is simple and easy to perform.Using immunocytochemical staining method to detect micromegakaryocyte in peripheral blood sample might be helpful for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome.
Indirect Effects of Extracurricular Participation on Academic Adjustment Via Perceived Friends' Prosocial Norms.

Students who participate in extracurricular activities in middle school exhibit higher levels of academic motivation and achievement, including graduation from high school. However, the mechanisms responsible for these beneficial effects are poorly understood. Guided by the bioecological models of development, this study tested the indirect effects of participation in grade 8 in school sports or performance arts and clubs on grade 9 academic achievement, academic competence beliefs, and school belonging, via adolescents’ perceptions of their friends’ prosocial norms. Participants were 495 (45 % female) ethnically diverse students (mean age at grade 8 = 13.9 years; SD = .58) who were recruited into a longitudinal study on the basis of below average literacy in grade 1. Using weighted propensity score analyses to control for potential confounders, results of longitudinal SEM found indirect effect of participation in sports, but not of participation in performance arts and clubs, on grade 9 outcomes noted above. Implications of findings for improving educational attainment of at-risk youth are discussed.
The Impact of Beef Cattle Projects on Youth Leadership Life Skills Development

Highlights of a study designed to determine the leadership life skills development (YLLSD) of youth beef cattle exhibitors and to determine if there is a relationship between YLLSD and participation in the beef project are discussed in this paper. The study was conducted using a correlational, ex post facto design. A sample of 374 individuals was randomly selected from a population of 4,229 national junior cattle exhibitors of the National Junior Angus Association. The population frame consisted of junior members ages 18 to 21. Participants’ YLLSD scores ranged from 40 to 90 with a composite mean of 73.02. Significant relationships existed between YLLSD scores and shows per year, hours working with projects per week, and years of beef project exhibition.
The nature of the multiple forms of triphosphate synthetase

Abstract 1. 1. Three forms of the Lactobacillus plantarum enzyme d -erythro- dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase, the first enzyme in folate biosynthesis, have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme forms designated the α prime, α and β forms have been shown to be conformers with molecular weights of approx. 200 000 . Study of the subunit structure of the β enzyme species by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein with an estimated molecular weight of 20 000 which suggests that the enzyme molecule may be composed of ten polypeptide chains. 2. 2. Of the three conformers only one form, the β form, appears to be enzymatically active. The two other conformers must undergo conformational changes to the β species before enzymatic activity can be demonstrated in reaction mixtures containing these enzyme forms. 3. 3. The three enzyme species are interconvertible. The removal of phosphate ions from the enzymatically active β form results in the formation of two inactive species which suggests that the conformation of the active enzyme is stabilized by non-covalently bound phosphate ions. Conversion of the inactive species to the β enzyme form may be effected by the readdition of phosphate, substrate or certain nucleotides.
Care System Redesign for Preterm Children After Discharge From the NICU

Approximately 1 in 8 children in the United States are born preterm. Existing guidelines and research examine the cost of prematurity from the NICU stay and developmental surveillance and outcomes after discharge from the NICU. Preterm children are at greater risk for excess hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and societal costs after NICU discharge. Improved delivery of care and health promotion from the community setting, particularly from the patient-centered medical home, may result in improved growth, health, and development, with accompanying reduction of post-NICU discharge costs and encounters. There has been comparatively little focus on how to promote health and wellness for children born preterm, particularly for community-based providers and payers. Accordingly, health care delivery for NICU graduates is often fragmented, with little guidance on medical management beyond tertiary care follow-up. In this article, we use what is known about chronic care and practice transformation models to present a framework for health care system redesign for children born preterm. We discuss the rationale for NICU graduates as a priority population for health system redesign. Promotion of health and wellness for children born preterm who are discharged to the community setting entails population health management from the patient-centered medical home; comanagement, clinical care protocols, and clinical support from the tertiary care-based tertiary care-based center; and a favorable payer strategy that emphasizes support for chronic care management. Practical suggestions are provided for the practicing physician for the child born preterm as health care systems are redesigned.
Combination drug testing of Mycobacterium chelonae.

PURPOSE: Medical therapy of Mycobacterium chelonae keratitis is difficult because there are so few effective antimicrobial agents and single agent therapy frequently fails clinically. To identify more effective medical treatment regimens, the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of amikacin, the most frequently used single agent, was investigated in combination with four antibiotics previously reported to have activity against M. chelonae: erythromycin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin. METHODS: The drug combinations were tested by the checkerboard method against seven corneal isolates of M. chelonae. RESULTS: The combination of amikacin with erythromycin or vancomycin consistently led to synergistic or additive effect, however the minimum inhibitory concentrations for vancomycin were very high. The combination of amikacin with imipenem or ciprofloxacin led to results ranging from antagonism to additive effects. CONCLUSIONS: Of the antibiotics tested, erythromycin showed the most activity against M. chelonae in combination with amikacin. In vitro combination drug testing of M. chelonae by the checkerboard method should be further evaluated for clinical relevance in microbial keratitis.
Thermophiles, Origin of

At the time when liquid water—a prerequisite for life as we know it—appears in the geological record (3800 billion years ago), Earth was a hot, anoxic environment and under constant bombardment by meteors, many of which could have virtually vaporized the oceans. Early Earth, therefore, would have been an attractive home to heat-loving thermophiles and their extreme cousins, the hyperthermophiles, where thermophily would have offered a great selective advantage. The geochemical and thermal characteristics of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and terrestrial hot springs are thought to approximate conditions on Earth at the earliest possible time that it could have supported life, providing modern analogs for testing early evolution of life hypotheses. In addition, the relatively recent use of the evolutionarily conserved molecules such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ss rRNA) sequences in phylogenetic analyses of all life has placed the thermophiles closest to the root of the universal tree of life. On this tree, hyperthermophiles decidedly monopolize the lowest and shortest branches, suggesting that they may be related to the earliest microbes to inhabit Earth. However, the proposal that thermophiles may have originated early in Earth's history is much debated. Therefore, this article also considers alternative scenarios for the origins of thermophiles.
Aortic Stenosis: Then and Now.

During the late 1950s and most of the 1960s, Dr John Ross and I led the busy clinical cardiology program then existing at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. During this period, the assessment and surgical treatment of severe aortic stenosis (AS) in adults, predominantly rheumatic in origin, were both undergoing rapid changes. In the 1950s, before open heart surgery and left-sided heart catheterization were available, after thoracotomy dilators were inserted through a ventriculotomy, and severely obstructed aortic valves were "blindly" opened. 1 The selection of patients for this operation was difficult. Dr Paul Wood, Director of the National Heart Institute in London, who was considered by many to be the world9s leading clinical cardiologist of the era, wrote: "At the present time aortic valvotomy is too hazardous and too crude an operation to advise when it is most desirable (just before the onset of symptoms) and frequently too late when impending disaster makes it imperative." 2
Temporal Trends and Center Variation in Early Antibiotic Use Among Premature Infants.

Importance Premature infants are frequently administered empirical antibiotic therapy at birth. Early and prolonged antibiotic exposures among infants without culture-confirmed infection have been associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. Objective To examine early antibiotic use among premature infants over time and across hospitals in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used a comprehensive administrative database of inpatient encounters from 297 academic and community hospitals across the United States to examine data concerning very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants ( Exposures Antibiotic initiation within the first 3 days of age and subsequent antibiotic administration for more than 5 days. Main Outcomes and Measures Temporal trends in early antibiotic initiation and duration from 2009 to 2015, and center variation in early antibiotic use from 2014 to 2015. Results We identified 40 364 VLBW infants (20 447 female [50.7%]) who survived for at least 1 day, including 12 947 ELBW infants, from 297 centers. The majority of premature infants had early antibiotic initiation (31 715 VLBW infants [78.6%] and 11 264 ELBW infants [87.0%]), and no differences were observed over time in temporal trend analyses (P = .12 for VLBW andP = .52 for ELBW). The annual risk difference in the proportion of VLBW infants administered early antibiotic therapy ranged from −0.75% (95% CI, −1.61% to 0.11%) to −0.87% (95% CI, −2.04% to 0.30%); in ELBW infants the annual risk difference ranged from −0.34% (95% CI, −1.28% to 0.61%) to −0.38% (95% CI, −1.61% to 0.85%). There was a small but significant decrease over time in the rate of prolonged antibiotic duration for VLBW infants (P = .02), but not for ELBW infants (P = .22). The annual risk difference in the proportion of VLBW infants with prolonged antibiotic duration ranged from −0.94% (95% CI, −1.65% to −0.23%) to −1.08% (95% CI, −2.00% to −0.16%); in ELBW infants the annual risk difference ranged from −0.72% (95% CI, −1.83% to 0.39%) to −0.75% (95% CI, −1.96% to 0.46%). We also observed variation in early antibiotic exposures across centers. Sixty-nine of 113 centers (61.1%) started antibiotic therapy for more than 75% of VLBW infants, and 56 of 66 centers (84.8%) started antibiotic therapy for more than 75% of ELBW infants. The proportion of VLBW and ELBW infants administered prolonged antibiotics ranged from 0% to 80.4% and 0% to 92.0% across centers, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Most premature infants in this study received empirical early antibiotic therapy with little change over a recent 7-year period. The variability in exposure rates across centers, however, suggests that neonatal antimicrobial stewardship efforts are warranted to optimize antibiotic use for VLBW and ELBW infants.
Aspartate separation of the scotopic threshold response (STR) from the photoreceptor a-wave of the cat and monkey ERG

We recorded ERG responses at the cornea of cat and monkey and identified the initial negative wave elicited by very dim stimuli as the scotopic threshold response (STR) comparable to that previously recognized by intraretinal recordings of cat. The STR, but not the photoreceptor a-wave, was eliminated by intravitreal aspartate in both cat and monkey, which demonstrated that the STR origin was post-photoreceptoral. Intraretinal recordings before and after aspartate confirmed that the a-wave of cat with bright light was fast-PIII from photoreceptors, and further showed that there was minimal or no extracellular activity recordable near the photoreceptors with very dim stimuli after aspartate. This study showed practical ways to separate the STR from the photoreceptor a-wave in corneal records, by the range of stimulus intensity (STR with dim stimuli; photoreceptor a-wave with bright stimuli) and by response latency (STR, long latency; photoreceptor a-wave, short latency). These recordings provide the first evidence that the monkey has an STR, and that it is post-photoreceptoral like the STR of cat. Further, this provides support to consider that the corneal negative STR wave of the human ERG with dim light may also be post-photoreceptoral.
Coercion and its unintended consequences: A study of heroin trafficking in Southeast and South West Asia

If history is any guide, Asia's opium production may increase to levels that will defeat the war on drugs now being waged by the United States and the United Nations (UN). Whatever suppression strategy they might adopt, present trends in opiate production and consumption indicate that world supply is likely to expand rapidly into the foreseeable future, compromising the prohibition that both have pursued for the past quarter century
Evaluation of seven stiff-stalk and five non-stiff-stalk corn populations, hybrids, and S1's

iv INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7 Genetic Materials 7 Crossing Procedure 10 Experimental Design 11 Data Collection 11 Statistical Design 12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14 Population Hybrid Performance 14 Combining Ability 17 Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression 19 Correlations 20 CONCLUSIONS 22 APPENDIX 23 REFERENCES CITED 36 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 39
Gastric cancer and lymphoma.

In 1983 Warren and Marshall discovered a spiral urease-producing organism in the human stomach, later classified as Helicobactor pylori. The prevalence of H. pylori infection varies worldwide, but higher infection rates are seen in developing countries compared with developed ones (Megraud et al. 1989; Dooley et al. 1989; Mitchell et al. 1988; Anonymous 1990). It may be the most common infection worldwide. In developed countries infection with H. pylori occurs in more than 50% of adults, while developing countries have infection rates reaching 90% (Hopkins and Morris 1994). H. pylori are gram-negative microaerophilic spiral bacteria that can colonize the gastric mucosa for years (Morris et al. 1991), and in most cases they probably persist for life. H. pylori has been shown to be strongly associated with peptic ulcer disease, and antibiotic therapy to eradicate this organism is an important treatment for duodenal and gastric ulcers (Anonymous 1994). H. pylori infection is now considered a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma and for primary gastric non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
High-Pressure Helium Plasma Produced in the Local Electric Fields of a Piezoelectric Transformer

A millimeter-scale confined helium plasma was produced at 177 kPa by placing a piezoelectric transformer (PT) in the vicinity of the quartz tube and stimulating the transformer into an electromechanical resonance. The resulting plasma occurred at twice the electromechanical resonance frequency of the transformer. Time-resolved high-speed measurements of luminous emissions and simultaneous measurements of the proximity electric fields near the PT were used to demonstrate a strongly biperiodic behavior. Optical emission spectra, recorded using a synchronized spectrograph, were too weak to elucidate any tendencies toward a biperiodic spectral emission characteristic; however, time-integrated spectra over a broad range of wavelengths demonstrated the characteristic lines of nitrogen. The band of nitrogen emission lines associated with the 377-nm band head was used in conjunction with a spectrum-fitting routine to determine that the ions were essentially cold (rotation temperature on the order of 28 meV).
Optimized Gauss-Hermite Quadrature with Application to Nonlinear Filtering

In this paper we consider the Gauss-Hermit quadrature (GHQ) rule for numerical integration. Since GHQ is exact for any polynomial of up to a certain degree, we propose a method to improve GHQ when the integrand is not close to a polynomial by transforming it to one approximated by a polynomial, which fits GHQ well. The problem of optimizing the GHQ rule through this transformation is formulated and solved as a nonlinear leastsquares problem with linear constraints. The proposed optimized GHQ method is compared with traditional methods for two numerical examples that show its higher accuracy. While our method is applicable in many different areas, in this paper we apply it to nonlinear filtering. A new quadrature Gaussian filter is developed and compared with several popular nonlinear filters through simulation of two nonlinear examples.
Temperature Effects on the Total Ionizing Dose Response of TaOx-based Memristive Bit Cells

The effects of temperature on the total ionizing dose (TID) response of tantalum oxide (TaO x ) memristive bit cells are investigated. The TaO x devices were manufactured by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). In-situ data were obtained as a function of temperature, accumulated dose, and bias at the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF). The data indicate that devices reset into the high resistance off-state exhibit decreases in resistance when the temperature is increased. However, an increased susceptibility to TID at elevated temperatures was not observed.
Correction to: Inhibition of the key metabolic pathways, glycolysis and lipogenesis, of oral cancer by bitter melon extract.

Following publication of the original article [1], it was reported that Fig. 1c was not entirely readable due to overlapping Fig. 1d. The publishers apologise for this error.
Trio housing of adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Methodology and outcome predictors

Background This study evaluated the feasibility of trio housing caged adult male rhesus macaques and attempted to identify outcome predictors for trio housing formation and its intermediary introduction steps. Methods Subjects were familiarized consecutively to each potential group member via protected contact prior to introduction into the trio. Seven trios were attempted, involving 18 males, with three males attempted in two different trios. Results One group was deemed successful, with a tenure of 51 days. Five were disbanded within minutes, and one was deemed unsuccessful the following morning. Two males sustained wounds requiring veterinary care over the course of the study. Outcome of the protected contact phase was predicted by age and temperament disparities as well as initial behavior. Conclusions While outcomes were poor, it suggests that attempts can be made relatively safely, and alternative introduction strategies should be explored to increase the feasibility of trio housing for adult males.
Emphysematous pyelonephritis with air bubble in the inferior vena cava

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) with gas in the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare presentation and to our knowledge, this is the first case report in the urologic literature. Case presentation A 35-Year-old obese diabetic Hispanic female presented to the emergency room with a clinical picture of septic shock. Prompt computerized tomography scan revealed EPN with gas throughout the right renal parenchyma and extending to the right renal vein, IVC, and pulmonary artery. She died before surgical intervention This case demonstrates that patients presenting with severe EPN have a high mortality risk and providers should acknowledge that septic shock, endogenous air emboli, or a combination of both could result in cardiovascular collapse and sudden death.
Data Breach through Social Engineering

The recent uproar involving Cambridge Analytica’s unauthorized access to, and dubious use of, personal data belonging to 50 million Facebook users in attempts to support the presidential candidacy of Donald Trump raised a series of important questions. The access to that personal information was enabled by an app developed by University of Cambridge neuroscience lecturer Aleksandr Kogan, which used Facebook Login. This granted access to personal information of its users and their Facebook friends, which was subsequently passed on to Cambridge Analytica. This post will focus on the data breach question – whether unauthorized access to personal information, in the absence of hacking, qualifies as a “data breach” for the purposes of state data breach notification laws, and potentially Federal Trade Commission (FTC) data security enforcement.