cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambivalence and Implicit-Explicit Discrepancy Are Not the Same Construct

Attitude ambivalence exists to the extent that one has conflict among evaluations – such as possessing both positive and negative feelings – about an attitude object. Ambivalence has been applied theoretically to anticipate the consequences of having implicit, automatic evaluations that differ from explicit, deliberate evaluations. We investigated whether implicit-explicit discrepancies are a form of ambivalence like the presence of positive and negative evaluations or the discrepancy between thoughts and feelings. Across three studies using five attitude objects and two implicit measures, four explicit measures of ambivalence were positively intercorrelated and predicted outcomes anticipated by ambivalence theories. However, implicit-explicit discrepancy was only once related to other ambivalence measures, and showed virtually no prediction of ambivalence-related outcome variables. These results suggest that implicit-explicit discrepancy is not a form of ambivalence as the construct is presently understood.
2,4,5‐Triaminonitrobenzene

2,4,5-Triaminonitrobenzene intermediate: 1,5-Dichloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene intermediate: 1,5-Diamino-2,4-dinitrobenzene product: 2,4,5-Triaminonitrobenzene Keywords: nitration; reduction, NO2 NH2; replacement reactions, halogen by amino; 1,5-dichloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, skin irritant
Global Climate Change in Marine Stable Isotope Records

Marine stable isotope records provide the basis for much of our understanding of past climates. During the past four decades of research, the exploitation of climatic information contained in marine stable isotopes led to the generation of a global network of marine stable isotope records. In particular, oxygen isotope records have been used to estimate past water temperatures, ice sheet sizes, and local salinity variations, while carbon stable isotope records have been used to provide constraints on water mass circulation patterns, oceanic nutrient levels, and atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. From these down-core records came a realization that the major fe atures in marine stable isotope records were recognizable in almost all cores; and thus, if they were synchronous, these features could be used as a tool to correlate cores on a global scale (Emiliani, 1955; Shackleton and Opdyke 1973; Hays et al. 1976; Imbrie et al., 1984). Demonstrating synchrony and establishing an numerical time scale for these changes were the first two hurdles in establishing a stable isotope-based stratigraphic scheme. Success in both of these areas resulted in stable isotope records becoming the most frequently used stratigraphic tool for the correlating Quaternary climate records. Most of the stable isotope-based stratigraphic schemes are built on the marine oxygen isotope record, even though variations in the marine carbon isotope records were often globally synchronous as well.
A Logical Formalization of Semistructured Data Models

Semistructured data has attracted much attention in database research lately. New data models, query languages and systems have been developed. However, very little research has been done on formally defined semantics for the new data models and query languages. As a consequence, some aspects of the meaning of expressions in the database and answers to queries are not completely understood. In this paper we propose a semantics for semistructured data based on a modal logic framework used to give semantics to feature structures. A semistructured database is seen as inducing a certain model, which is then used to evaluate queries posed to the database in a first-order language. The main advantage of this approach is to give a formal basis for analyzing some possibly conflicting views of semistructured data as a model for partial information.
Erythrocytic nucleoside diphosphokinase. II. Isolation and kinetics.

Abstract Nucleoside diphosphokinase (NDP kinase) was identified in high concentrations in human erythrocytes, and a procedure was developed for the isolation of this enzyme. The best preparations had about 1400-fold greater specific activity (65 units per mg of protein) than that of hemolysates. Like crystalline yeast NDP kinase and partially purified NDP kinase preparations from various tissues, the erythrocytic enzyme is relatively nonspecific with regard to nucleotide substrates. Although there are differences in the kinetic constants, the di- and triphosphate nucleotides which contain natural purine and pyrimidine bases, and ribose or deoxyribose, and in addition a number of nucleotides which contain purine or pyrimidine analogues all serve as substrates. A kinetic analysis was performed which included initial velocity and alternative substrate studies, and study of inhibition by 5'-monophosphate nucleotides. The results of these studies were consistent with the concept that the erythrocytic NDP kinase follows a "ping-pong" mechanism. This permitted the postulation that the reactive intermediate is the phosphorylated enzyme.
Optimal generators for a systematic block code model of prokaryotic translation initiation

The decoding of received error control encoded bit streams is fairly straightforward when the channel encoding algorithms are efficient and known. But if the encoding scheme is unknown or part of the data is missing, how would one design a viable decoder for the received transmission? Communication engineers may not frequently encounter this situation, but for computational biologists this is an immediate challenge as we attempt to decipher and understand the vast amount of sequence data produced by genome sequencing projects. Assuming the systematic parity check block code model of protein translation initiation, this work presents an approach for determining the generator matrix given a set of potential codewords. The resulting generators and corresponding parity matrices are applied to valid and invalid Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 messenger RNA leader sequences. The generators constructed using strict subsets of the 16S ribosomal RNA performed better than those constructed using the block code model in earlier works.
Binding of Amyloid β Protein to the 20 S Proteasome

Neurodegenerative disorders of aging are characterized by the intraneuronal accumulation of ubiquitin conjugates into tangles and inclusions. Ubiquitin conjugates are degraded by cellular particles known as proteasomes. We have previously shown that amyloid β protein (Aβ) inhibits proteasomal activity and thereby blocks ubiquitin conjugate degradation. In the present studies, we found that Aβ binds the 20 S proteasome and forms a proteasome-Aβ complex. The complex was detected by Western blot with anti-Aβ antibodies. Using a 1.4 nm Nanogold-labeled Aβ, we visualized proteasome-Aβ complexes by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Analysis of the side-on oriented proteasome-Aβ complexes revealed a single gold particle, corresponding to one gold-labeled Aβ, in the middle portion of the proteasome. On end-on views of proteasome-Aβ complexes, gold was detected within the area delimited by the proteasome circular projection. Both STEM views are consistent with Aβ localization inside the proteasome along the peptide channel. Direct interaction of Aβ with the inner catalytic compartment of the proteasome may explain the generation of ubiquitin-containing lesions in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, detection of Nanogold-labeled peptide inside the 20 S eukaryotic proteasome suggests that conformational constraints for protein degradation in eukaryotic proteasomes are different from those in archaebacteria proteasomes.
Big data in pharmacy practice: current use, challenges, and the future

Pharmacy informatics is defined as the use and integration of data, information, knowledge, technology, and automation in the medication-use process for the purpose of improving health outcomes. The term "big data" has been coined and is often defined in three V's: volume, velocity, and variety. This paper describes three major areas in which pharmacy utilizes big data, including: 1) informed decision making (clinical pathways and clinical practice guidelines); 2) improved care delivery in health care settings such as hospitals and community pharmacy practice settings; and 3) quality performance measurement for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid and medication management activities such as tracking medication adherence and medication reconciliation.
Search for SUSY in the DØ Experiment

Supersymmetry (SUSY) is a spacetime symmetry which relates bosons to fermions and introduces supersymmetric partners for all the Standard Model (SM) particles1. The discovery of such particles would verify that supersymmetry is the correct extension of the standard model and open up vast new areas of work for both experimentalists and theorists. This report will discuss three searches for supersymmetric particles using data taken with the DO detector in the 1992–1993 Fermilab \(\bar pp\) collider run at \(\sqrt {s = 1.8} \) TeV: search for squarks and gluinos, search for charginos and neutralinos, and search for top squarks.
Useful Friendships: A Foundation for Business Ethics

“Friendship”, for Aristotle, is a term with “focal meaning” which denominates relationships as casual as “fellow travelers on a voyage”, as permanent as spouses, and whose motives are as various as the commercial, military, religious, sexual, political and the virtuous. What can be said of all these relationships is that they involve a solidarity, a concordat, a reciprocity, which has its foundation in a common field between the parties and which produces common actions or exchanges. All friendships tend to equality in the sense that they do not insist on ‘what is due’ as an ultimate end; friendship, like equity, surpasses justice in the fulfillment of what is owed. Because friendship fosters solidarity and justice it is politically important as a virtue-context, according to Aristotle. Is it possible that friendship can function as a virtue-context within economic life as well? Aristotle’s notion of a type of useful friendship which functions through expectation of moral behavior will be shown to provide both motive and context for the performance of acts of virtue in a business setting.
Web-based metabolic network visualization with a zooming user interface

Background Displaying complex metabolic-map diagrams, for Web browsers, and allowing users to interact with them for querying and overlaying expression data over them is challenging.
Ecdysteroid titres in vitellogenic Libinia emarginata

Abstract The presence of ecdysteroids in the haemolymph of Libinia emarginata was measured by RIA. The level of these steroids was low in adult females and was similar at all stages of vitellogenesis (1.7–3.4 ng/ml). The concentration of ecdysteroids was higher in males and juvenile females (17.2 and 26.6 ng/ml, respectively). Eyestalk ablation of the latter group increased the ecdysteroid concentration relative to that of intact animals. These results are consistent with a role for these steroids in the regulation of moulting in L. emarginata . In contrast, ecdysteroids would appear to have either no role, or only a permissive role, in the regulation of reproduction.
Three-Phase Induction Generator for Single-Phase Line

Hydroelectric generators of less than 20 kilowatts can be in remote areas served only by a single-phase line. For high efficiency and low cost, a three-phase induction generator should be used. This three-phase generator can operate with balanced voltages and currents when the ``phase-splitting'' circuit uses two capacitors connetted to two different single-phase voltage sources.
Adaptive feedforward control of non-minimum phase structural systems

Abstract Adaptive feedforward control algorithms have been effectively applied to stationary disturbance rejection. For structural systems, the ideal feedforward compensator is a recursive filter which is a function of the transfer functions between the disturbance and control inputs and the error sensor output. Unfortunately, most control configurations result in a non-minimum phase control path; even a collocated control actuator and error sensor will not necessarily produce a minimum phase control path in the discrete domain. Therefore, the common practice is to choose a suitable approximation of the ideal compensator. In particular, all-zero finite impulse response (FIR) filters are desirable because of their inherent stability for adaptive control approaches. However, for highly resonant systems, large order filters are required for broadband applications. In this work, a control configuration is investigated for controlling non-minimum phase lightly damped structural systems. The control approach uses low order FIR filters as feedforward compensators in a configuration that has one more control actuator than error sensors. The performance of the controller was experimentally evaluated on a simply supported plate under white noise excitation for a two-input, one-output (2I1O) system. The results show excellent error signal reduction, attesting to the effectiveness of the method.
The Future of Bariatric Surgery

Scientific evidence is pointing more and more strongly to the fact that serious, or morbid, obesity is not a moral issue. Serious obesity is a consequence of a genetically-related, powerful biophysiological drive to consume more calories than are burned. This concept must eventually become incorporated into lay and medical paradigms of obesity. It will result in an increased understanding and sympathy for the suffering of the seriously obese and, as a consequence, stronger support for definitive treatment of serious obesity such as bariatric surgery. Reoperative bariatric surgery principles, currently limited by individual exposure and experience, will develop and evolve. Laparoscopic bariatric surgery may, in time, be developed and prove itself to be of value. Bariatric surgeons should also find it useful to enhance their teams' skills for nutritional, behavioral and psychological management, as well as broaden their operative base into other, related surgical areas such as partial ileal bypass procedures for hyperlipidemia management. As fields mature, organizational maturation is a natural and necessary accompaniment. An International Federation for Bariatric Surgery, or similar entity, will be founded to constructively unite national bariatric surgery and related organizations together. The international bariatric surgery journal, Obesity Surgery, will become more and more accepted as the truly professional and essential vehicle of communication concerning bariatric surgery that it has been since its first issue. Medical management simulating the effects of surgery will be employed successfully; it may arise out of the current genetic work. It may ultimately, in the next 25 years or so, replace the surgical treatment of serious obesity.
PATTERNS OF SPECIATION IN DROSOPHILA.

To investigate the time course of speciation, we gathered literature data on 119 pairs of closely related Drosophila species with known genetic distances, mating discrimination, strength of hybrid sterility and inviability, and geographic ranges. Because genetic distance is correlated with divergence time, these data provide a cross-section of taxa at different stages of speciation. Mating discrimination and the sterility or inviability of hybrids increase gradually with time. Hybrid sterility and inviability evolve at similar rates. Among allopatric species, mating discrim- ination and postzygotic isolation evolve at comparable rates, but among sympatric species strong mating discrimination appears well before severe sterility or inviability. This suggests that pre- zygotic reproductive isolation may be reinforced when allopatric taxa become sympatric. Analysis of the evolution of postzygotic isolation shows that recently diverged taxa usually produce sterile or inviable male but not female hybrids. Moreover, there is a large temporal gap between the evolution of male-limited and female hybrid sterility or inviability. This gap, which is predicted by recent theories about the genetics of speciation, explains the overwhelming pre- ponderance of hybridizations yielding male-limited hybrid sterility or inviability (Haldane's rule).
Alexander Vladimirovich Kuznetsov

Alexander Vladimirovich Kuznetsov, also known to the second generation of Soviet logicians as Sasha Kuznetsov, was born in Moscow on the 28 th of October, 1926. He lived a short yet fruitful life and died of cancer 1 in Chisinau, Moldova, on the 24 th of July, 1984.
Lower Bounds on Strip Discrepancy for Nonatomic Colorings

A method of proof is given for obtaining lower bounds on strip discrepancy when the distributions do not have atoms. Partition the unit square into an chessboard of congruent square pixels, where n is even. Color of the pixels red, and the rest blue. For any convex set A, let be the difference between the amounts of red and blue areas in A. Under a technical local balance condition, we prove there must be a strip S, of width less than , for which , where c is a positive constant, independent of n and the coloring. The proof extends methods discovered by Alexander and further developed by Chazelle, Matousek, and Sharir. Integral geometric notions figure prominently.
The effects of intracerebroventricular application of 8-Br-cGMP and LY-83,583, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, on sleep-wake activity in rats

Abstract Cyclic GMP is the second messenger that mediates most of the neuronal effects of nitric oxide (NO). Several lines of evidence suggest that NO-ergic mechanisms play an integral role in the regulation of vigilance. In the present study, we tested the effects of the activation of cGMP-receptive mechanisms and the inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase (GC), LY-83,583, on sleep in rats. Rats were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with 0.16, 4, 100, and 500 μg or 2.5 mg 8-Br-cGMP, a membrane-permeable analogue of cGMP, or 1 and 100 μg LY-83,583. Administration of 4 μg–2.5 mg 8-Br-cGMP increased wakefulness and suppressed rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS) in rats when given before dark onset but not when given before the light period. The GC inhibitor LY-83,583 strongly promoted NREMS and suppressed REMS during the light period of the day. Furthermore, LY-83,583 induced striking increases in the delta-wave activity of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during NREMS, whereas EEG activity above the 4.5 Hz wave range was suppressed in all vigilance states. Our finding that cGMP has an arousal-promoting activity is in line with the hypothesis that NO/cGMP signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of vigilance.
Examining “peer‐to‐peer” (P2P) systems as consumer‐to‐consumer (C2C) exchange

Purpose – The exchange of goods between individual consumers being facilitated by the internet and “peer‐to‐peer” (P2P) systems is severely altering the business landscape. In broader terms, P2P exchanges are a form of what has occasionally been labeled “consumer‐to‐consumer” (C2C) exchange. What little work there is in business research which has examined both C2C and P2P exchange has to‐date been largely anecdotal or conceptual. This paper aims to address these shortcomingsDesign/methodology/approach – A model of antecedents germane to the P2P phenomenon is formulated and empirically tested which includes the consumer's satisfaction with, extent of usage of, and future behavioral intentions toward P2P exchanges as the focal endogenous constructs of interest.Findings – The model is tested with perceptual and archival data from a survey of consumers active in one prevalent form of P2P exchange (i.e. the “swapping” of pirated music). The model explains significant variance in all three focal endogenous con...
Geophysical limitations on the erosion history within Arabia Terra

[1] The Arabia Terra region, an area of ∼1 × 107 km2 lying south of the hemispheric dichotomy boundary and centered at (25E, 5N), is a unique physiographic province with topography and crustal thickness intermediate between those of the southern highlands and northern lowlands. Previous workers have identified numerous morphological indicators suggestive of erosion. Using altimetry data returned by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) along with gravity data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), we place geophysical constraints on the amount of erosion permitted within Arabia Terra. Admittance estimates using a multitaper, spatiospectral localization approach provide a best fit to the observations through degree 50 at an elastic lithosphere thickness of 15 km. The elevation difference between Arabia Terra and the highlands would require as much as 5 km of erosion in certain areas to yield the current topography, neglecting the effects of subsequent flexure. However, incorporating flexural rebound requires substantially more erosion, up to 25 km, in order to reproduce the elevation and crustal thickness deficit of Arabia Terra. Such a large amount of erosion would result in exterior flexural uplift surpassing 1 km and gravity anomalies exceeding observations by ∼60 mGal. Consequently, it is unlikely that Arabia Terra was formed from surface erosion alone. We determine that no more than 3 × 107 km3 of material could have been removed from Arabia Terra, while 1.7 × 108 km3 of erosion is required to explain the observed crustal thickness.
Systems of conservation laws of mixed type

Abstract A local theory of weak solutions of first-order nonlinear systems of conservation laws is presented. In the systems considered, two of the characteristic speeds become complex for some achieved values of the dependent variable. The transonic “small disturbance” equation is an example of this class of systems. Some familiar concepts from the purely hyperbolic case are extended to such systems of mixed type, including genuine nonlinearity, classification of shocks into distinct fields and entropy inequalities. However, the associated entropy functions are not everywhere locally convex, shock and characteristic speeds are not bounded in the usual sense, and closed loops and disjoint segments are possible in the set of states which can be connected to a given state by a shock. With various assumptions, we show (1) that the state on one side of a shock plus the shock speed determine the state on the other side uniquely, as in the hyperbolic case; (2) that the “small disturbance” equation is a local model for a class of such systems; and (3) that entropy inequalities and/or the existence of viscous profiles can still be used to select the “physically relevant” weak solution of such a system.
Unified methodology for site-characterization and sampling of highway runoff

Hydrology, roadway traffic conditions, and atmospheric deposition are three essential data categories for the planning and implementation of highway-runoff monitoring and characterization programs. Causal variables pertaining to each data category could be site specific but have been shown to correlate with runoff pollutant loads. These data categories were combined to derive statistical relationships for characterization and prioritization of the respective pollutant loads at highway runoff sites. Storm runoff data of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) collected from three highway sites in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, were used to illustrate the development of site-specific highway-runoff pollutant loading models. This unified methodology provides a basis for initial assessment of the pollutant-constituent loads from highway runoff using hydrologic component variables. Improved reliability is achievable when additional traffic and/or atmospheric component variables are incorporated into the basic hydrologic regression model. In addition, operational guidance is suggested for implementing highway-runoff monitoring programs that are subject to sampling and resources constraints.
The role of acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase in Arabidopsis.

The acs1 knockout mutant that has a disruption in the plastidic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (ACS; At5g36880) gene was used to explore the role of this protein and plastidic acetate metabolism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Disruption of the ACS gene decreased ACS activity by 90% and largely blocked the incorporation of exogenous 14C-acetate and 14C-ethanol into fatty acids. Whereas the disruption had no significant effect on the synthesis of bulk seed triacylglycerols, the acs1 plants were smaller and flowered later. This suggests that the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass provided by the aerobic fermentation pathway that converts pyruvate to acetate and probably on to fatty acids is important to the plants during normal growth. The role of ACS in destroying fermentative intermediates is supported by the increased sensitivity of the acs1 mutant to exogenous acetate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde compared to wild-type plants. Whereas these observations suggest that flux through the aerobic fermentation pathway is important, the reason for this flux is unclear. Interestingly, acetate is able to support high rates of plant growth on medium and this growth is blocked in the acs1 mutant.
THE FABRIC OF SOIL-CEMENT AND ITS FORMATION

THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE HAS BEEN USED TO STUDY CHANGES IN PARTICLE SIZE, SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT THAT OCCUR DURING THE HYDRATION OF CLAY IN SOIL-CEMENT. SAMPLES OF KAOLINITE, OF A MIXTURE OF SILICA FLOUR AND MONTMORILLONITE, AND OF A NATURAL SILTY CLAY WERE MIXED WITH SUFFICIENT PORTLAND CEMENT TO PRODUCE SOIL-CEMENT. SPECIMENS WERE CURED AT CONSTANT MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PERIODS UP TO 32 WEEKS AFTER COMPACTION AT OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT FOR THE MIXTURE. AT THE END OF THE CURING PERIOD, SURFACES OF FRESH FRACTURES WERE REPLICATED, AND THE REPLICAS WERE STUDIED USING THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. ALL THREE MIXTURES SHOWED SIMILAR BEHAVIOR. INITIALLY THE FABRIC IS ONE OF SEPARATE PORTLAND CEMENT GRAINS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE CLAY SOIL. AS HYDRATION OF THE CEMENT PROCEEDS, CEMENT HYDRATE GEL FORMS ALONG THE EDGES OF GROUPS OF CLAY PARTICLES. REACTION BETWEEN THE SOIL AND THE CEMENT IS OBSERVED EARLY IN THE HYDRATION PERIOD. AS HYDRATION CONTINUES, THE SOIL GRAINS ARE MORE AND MORE BROKEN DOWN AND THE CEMENT GEL DIFFUSES MORE EXTENSIVELY THROUGHOUT THE MASS. EVENTUALLY, THE BREAKDOWN OF THE SOIL MINERALS AND THE FORMATION OF HYDRATION PRODUCTS REACHES A POINT WHERE THE SOIL AND CEMENT CAN NO LONGER BE DISTINGUISHED AS SEPARATE PHASES. /AUTHOR/
Evidence for multiple sites of ferricyanide reduction in chloroplasts.

Various sites of ferricyanide reduction were studied in spinach chloroplasts. It was found that in the presence of dibromothymoquinone a fraction of ferricyanide reduction was dibromothymoquinone sensitive, implying that ferricyanide can be reduced by photosystem I as well as photosystem II. To separate ferricyanide reduction sites in photosystem II, orthophenanthroline and dichlorophenyl dimethylurea inhibitions were compared at various pH's. It was noted that at low pH ferricyanide reduction was not completely inhibited by orthophenanthroline. At high pH's, however, inhibition of ferricyanide reduction by orthophenanthroline was complete. It was found that varying concentration of orthophenanthroline at a constant pH showed different degrees of inhibition. In the study of ferricyanide reduction by photosystem II various treatments affecting plastocyanin were performed. It was found that Tween-20 or KCN treatments which inactivated plastocyanin did not completely inactivate ferricyanide reduction. These data support the conclusion that ferricyanide accepts electrons both before and after plastoquinone in photosystem II.
Guide to the Length of Buffer Storage Required for Random (Poisson) Input and Constant Output Rates

The required buffer size for a random (Poisson) input word rate with constant rate removal in the same order as arrival is considered. The method of computation rests on analytical study. Results are tabulated for a range of values and may be used as a design guide. Applications may be found in both the partitioning of computer stores and in the communications field of data compression.
Coverage and connectivity in three-dimensional networks with random node deployment

The increasing interest in using sensor networks in applications for underwater surveillance and oceanic studies underscores the importance of solving the coverage and connectivity issues in 3D wireless sensor networks (WSN). In particular, the problem of supporting full coverage, while ensuring full network connectivity is a fundamental one for such applications. Unfortunately, designing a 3D network is significantly more difficult, as compared to designing a 2D network. Previously, it has been shown that dividing a 3D space into identical truncated octahedral cells of radius equal to the sensing range and placing a sensor at the center of each cell, provides full coverage with minimum number of nodes 2. But this requires the ability to deploy and maintain sensor nodes at such particular locations. In many environments, this is very difficult, if not impossible, to do. In this paper, we investigate the coverage and connectivity issues for such 3D networks, especially underwater networks, while assuming random and uncontrollable node locations. Since node location can be random, redundant nodes have to be deployed to achieve 100% sensing coverage. However, at any particular time, not all nodes are needed to achieve full sensing coverage. As a result, a subset of the nodes can be dynamically chosen to remain active at a time to achieve sensing coverage based on their location at that time. One approach to achieve this goal in a distributed and scalable way is to partition the 3D network volume into virtual regions or cells, and to keep one node active in each cell. Our results indicate that using cells created by truncated octahedral tessellation of 3D volume minimizes the number of active nodes. This scheme is fully distributed, and so it is highly scalable. By adjusting the radius of each cell, this scheme can be used to achieve k-coverage, where every point inside a network has to be within the sensing range of k different sensor nodes. We analyze and compare the performance of these schemes for both 2D and 3D networks. While for 1-coverage, the 3D scheme is less efficient than the 2D scheme, the performance of 3D scheme improves significantly as compared to 2D scheme for k-coverage, for values of k is larger than 1. As a result, such a distributed and scalable scheme can be more useful in 3D networks than in 2D networks. Although this paper targets in particular 3D underwater networks, much of our results are applicable to other 3D networks, such as for airborne applications, space exploration, and storm tracking.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in autistic patients with 15q inverted duplication

Two autistic children with a chromosome 15q11-q13 inverted duplication are presented. Both had uneventful perinatal courses, normal electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging scans, moderate motor delay, lethargy, severe hypotonia, and modest lactic acidosis. Both had muscle mitochondrial enzyme assays that showed a pronounced mitochondrial hyperproliferation and a partial respiratory chain block most parsimoniously placed at the level of complex III, suggesting candidate gene loci for autism within the critical region may affect pathways influencing mitochondrial function.
Nested model comparison with structural equation approaches

Abstract Potential problems with the conventional nested model comparison procedure in the structural equation models context are discussed. It is argued that fixing parameter values might lead to creation of different unobservables in the nested model. A number of alternative ways of conducting model comparisons are reviewed and applied in a marketing example.
On the effect of aerodynamic and gravitational torques on the attitude stability of satellites.

Combined effect of aerodynamic and gravity torques on stability of motion of passive satellites investigated by Liapunov direct method
Democracy Rising: The Monuments of Baltimore, 1809-1842

On July 4, 1815 the citizenry of Baltimore, Maryland laid the cornerstone for what would become the first Washington Monument. A few months later, just a few blocks away, ground was broken for a se...
Studies with Mouse Pituitary Thyrotropic Tumors. VIII. “Inclusions” in Liver and Tumor Cell Nuclei of Mice Bearing Somatotropic Variants

Somatotropic variants of mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor strains have been induced by prolonged suppression of implants of the parent tumor through thyroid hormone feeding. Markedly enlarged livers developed in host mice implanted with these variant tumors. Histologically, there were unique changes in the nuclei of such liver cells, suggesting inclusion bodies. Similar ““inclusions” were present in the tumor cell nuclei. Electron microscopic examination suggested that the hepatic and tumor “inclusions” might be infoldings of the cell cytoplasm into the nuclei. The changes in the liver cell nuclei were shown to be hormonally dependent, since they appeared only after the tumor implant was well established and disappeared subsequent to surgical removal of the tumor. The question of viral origin of the nuclear changes was raised by the presence of particles within vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, suggesting virus particles. (Endocrinology 75: 66, 1964)
An Analysis of Community Use Policies in Missouri School Districts

BACKGROUND: Joint use or community use policies are state-, district-, or school-level policies that allow for shared use of space or facilities between a school and a city or private organization. For this study, we (1) created an inventory of community use policies within Missouri school districts; (2) analyzed the policies for content, and (3) identified district characteristics that predict the presence of a community use policy. METHODS: A coding tool was developed to assess the content of collected policies. Descriptors of 515 districts was gathered from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education website. The policies were collected via district website or phone/e-mail contact and coded. Frequency of variables and a logistic regression to predict district presence of policy were computed. RESULTS: Of the 515 districts in Missouri, 375 had a community use policy. Most (216) came from a policy template from the Missouri School Boards' Association or Missouri Consultants for Education (115). Only 42 districts had unique community use policies. Large or medium-sized districts were more likely to have a policy than small districts. Districts with higher percentage of students qualifying for free/reduced lunch were less likely to have a policy. CONCLUSION: Making changes to the 2 main resource templates have the potential to improve many district community use policies. Future efforts should focus on increasing policies and implementation in low resource and small districts. More research is needed on implementation and evaluation of community use policies.
199 CARDIAC STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA (SS)

Echocardiograms (E) were obtained from 44 children with SS and from 54 normal Blacks (Nl). Equations for predicting the normal values (PN) for 12 echo parameters were derived (PN = A . BSAb . HRc ± K), and the observed values from SS then expressed as standard deviation from normal (O PN). Increased cardiac output, LVEDD, LVESD, wall thickness, LAmax and Ao diameter were observed in SS (p < 0.001); however, the functional parameters %MAS, VCF and PEP/ET did not differ from Nl. Density function curves (DFC), derived by discriminant regression analysis using 7 echo parameters were obtained with equation: Ydv = K1 OPN1 + K2 OPN2 + Kn OPNn ± X, where Ydv = discriminating value and K, X = constants. There was clear separation of the DFC of SS and Nl. Eleven children with SS underwent hypertransfusion therapy (HT) for 3/12-3 yrs (packed RBC q 2-3 weeks) to achieve Hgb ≥ 10 gm %, % S Hgb < 20%. E were obtained periodically before/after, and during HT. Mean values during HT/off HT were: Hgb 9.7/7.2 (p < .001), % S Hgb 12.1/88.2 (p < .001). The DFC and Ydv before and after HT did not differ from those of 44 untreated SS (P = NS); during HT, there was significant shift (p < 0.001) of DFC and Ydv towards Nl. We conclude that cardiac size and function are abnormal in SS children, improve during HT, but revert back to abnormal state after discontinuing the HT.
When blind is better: protein design by evolution.

According to Darwin's staunchest supporters, all design- the complexity and excellence of living things- can be attributed to the work of the blind watchmaker, a mindless algorithm of mutation and natural selection chugging away over a long period of time. This issue contains two new demonstrations of the power of the watchmaker's approach to solve complex biological problems and also reports a nice addition to the watchmaker's tool kit.
Closure of supporting cell scar formations requires dynamic actin mechanisms

In many vertebrate inner ear sensory epithelia, dying sensory hair cells are extruded, and the apices of surrounding supporting cells converge to re-seal the epithelial barrier between the electrochemically-distinct endolymph and perilymph. These cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Dynamic microtubular mechanisms have been proposed for hair cell extrusion; while contractile actomyosin-based mechanisms are required for cellular extrusion and closure in epithelial monolayers. The hypothesis that cytoskeletal mechanisms are required for hair cell extrusion and supporting cell scar formation was tested using bullfrog saccules incubated with gentamicin (6h), and allowed to recover (18h). Explants were then fixed, labeled for actin and cytokeratins, and viewed with confocal microscopy. To block dynamic cytoskeletal processes, disruption agents for microtubules (colchicine, paclitaxel) myosin (Y-27632, ML-9) or actin (cytochalasin D, latrunculin A) were added during treatment and recovery. Microtubule disruption agents had no effect on hair cell extrusion or supporting cell scar formation. Myosin disruption agents appeared to slow down scar formation but not hair cell extrusion. Actin disruption agents blocked scar formation, and largely prevented hair cell extrusion. These data suggest that actin-based cytoskeletal processes are required for hair cell extrusion and supporting cell scar formation in bullfrog saccules.
Gnutella: integrating performance and security in fully decentralized P2P models

Peer-To-Peer (P2P) systems have made an enormous impact on the Internet, directly affecting its performance and security. The litigation against P2P file sharing has led some designers to opt for purely decentralized P2P models. The latter have quickly become attractive to Internet users, who often consider pure P2P as more "secure" than hybrid systems (i.e. with some central entity).In this paper, we concentrate on some relevant security threats and performance inefficiencies in the Gnutella P2P network, which is worldwide the most popular fully decentralized system. We present the results we obtain from the analysis of spurious content circulating in the network. We observe a significant propagation of unwanted and unrelated query replies, systematically taking place. This leads to the transfer of junk or unsafe files, potentially resulting in hosts' security violations and Denial of Service attacks. The analysis of IP addresses shows that peers responsible for spreading these files are recurrent over time and over specific network segments. They also share a specific pattern of common features, clearly suggesting the use of modified versions of Gnutella applications. Typically these peers run as super-nodes (ultrapeers), which represent the highest level of control of the Gnutella system.In spite of many different solutions proposed in the past to integrate security mechanisms into Gnutella, none of them have been adopted in practice. We discuss the necessary trade-offs of these proposed solutions and we also analyze the (unofficial) hypothesis that some entities, having commercial convenience in polluting the Gnutella network, may be involved. We propose solutions that help mitigating some of the problems, while still preserving the basic structure of the Gnutella protocol.
Unusual Bloom of Tetraselmis sp. in the Valparaiso Bay, Chile

Abstract : A bloom of Tetraselmis sp. was observed during the first days of January of 2006 in the Valparaiso Bay (32 57'S; 71 33'W), producing green coloration of sea and exclusion of phytoplankton species. Previous blooms of Tetraselmis sp. have not been observed in this bay.
TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR α ENHANCES THE EXPRESSION OF HYDROXYL LYASE, CYTOPLASMIC ANTIPROTEINASE-2 AND A DUAL SPECIFICITY KINASE TTK IN HUMAN CHONDROCYTE-LIKE CELLS

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects on cells ranging from proliferation to apoptosis. These biological effects of TNF-alpha are believed to be elicited by the induction or enhancement of the expression of TNF-alpha responsive genes in the target cells. TNF-alpha is pro-inflammatory and a principal mediator in the pathogenesis of arthritis. The activation of an inflammatory cascade by TNF-alpha in arthritis results in the degradation of cartilage, joint destruction and loss of function. Because TNF-alpha is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of arthritis, the present study addresses the identification of novel TNF-alpha responsive genes in HTB-94 cell line which is of human origin and maintains a chondrocytic phenotype. The three identified cDNAs were previously not known to be induced or upregulated by TNF-alpha in chondrocytes or cells of chondrocytic lineage. One of the identified cDNAs had sequence similarity to human hydroxyl lyase mRNA (PLOD), an enzyme involved in collagen biosynthesis and its metabolism; the second cDNA had sequence similarity to the human cytoplasmic anti-proteinase-2 mRNA (CAP-2), a member of a group of proteins shown to be associated with protecting cells from TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis; and the third cDNA had sequence similarity to a dual specificity kinase, TTK, which is associated with cell proliferation. Relative gene expression level analysis by PCR and by Northern blotting revealed that treatment with TNF-alpha enhanced the expression of PLOD, CAP2 and TTK transcripts which confirmed the results obtained with display gels. Furthermore, TTK mRNA expression was also induced in human articular chondrocytes treated with TNF-alpha but not in untreated chondrocytes. Our results suggest that these genes may play a role in chondrocytic responses to TNF-alpha-mediated stimuli affecting the cartilage homeostasis.
Assessing strategic philosophy across borders: a research note

This paper considers differences in five dimensions of strategic philosophy between American and Mexican managers. Findings suggest that Mexican managers were more likely than their American counterparts to view strategy as a scientific process, to favour an open strategy dialogue, and to embrace risk as an integral part of the strategy process. No significant differences between American and Mexican managers were found concerning preferences for strategic flexibility versus consistency and a top-down formulation process.
Normal mode analysis with molecular geometry restraints: bridging molecular mechanics and elastic models.

Abstract A new method for normal mode analysis is reported for all-atom structures using molecular geometry restraints (MGR). Similar to common molecular mechanics force fields, the MGR potential contains short- and long-range terms. The short-range terms are defined by molecular geometry, i.e., bond lengths, angles and dihedrals; the long-range term is similar to that in elastic network models. Each interaction term uses a single force constant parameter, and is determined by fitting against a set of known structures. Tests on proteins/non-proteins show that MGR can produce low frequency eigenvectors closer to all-atom force-field-based methods than conventional elastic network models. Moreover, the “tip effect”, found in low frequency eigenvectors in elastic network models, is reduced in MGR to the same level of the modes produced by force-field-based methods. The results suggest that molecular geometry plays an important role, in addition to molecular shape, in determining low frequency deformational motions. MGR does not require initial energy minimization, and is applicable to almost any structure, including the one with missing atoms, bad contacts, or bad geometries, frequently observed in low-resolution structure determination and refinement. The method bridges the two major representations in normal mode analyses, i.e., the molecular mechanics models and elastic network models.
Does IVIg administration yield improved immune function in very premature neonates

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been evaluated as an adjunctive therapy for neonatal sepsis with modest clinical success despite strong biological plausibility. Multiple factors contribute to this outcome, but perhaps none greater than the limited immune system function in newborns, especially in the very premature neonates. For very premature neonates (<30 weeks gestational age), understanding the effects of IVIg on specific immature immune system functions is particularly relevant given their preponderance to develop sepsis and therefore potentially benefit from IVIg-mediated immunoenhancement. Here, we review the available evidence for enhanced immune function after IVIg administration in very premature neonates and highlight areas for future research.
Persistence of Women and Minorities in STEM Field Majors: Is it the School That Matters?

Abstract During college, many students switch from their planned major to another, particularly so when that planned major was in a Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) field. A worrying statistic shows that persistence in one of these majors is much lower for women and minorities, suggesting that this may be a leaky joint in the STEM pipeline for these two groups of students. This paper uses restricted-use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen (NLSF) and the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) to examine which factors contribute to persistence of all students in STEM field majors, and in particular the persistence of women and minorities. Although descriptive statistics show that a smaller percentage of women and minorities persist in a STEM field major as compared to male and non-minority students, regression analysis shows that differences in preparation and the educational experiences of these students explains much of the differences in persistence rates. Students at selective institutions with a large graduate to undergraduate student ratio and that devote a significant amount of spending to research have lower rates of persistence in STEM fields. A higher percentage of female and minority STEM field graduate students positively impacts on the persistence of female and minority students. However, there is little evidence that having a larger percentage of STEM field faculty members that are female increases the likelihood of persistence for women in STEM majors. These results suggest that the sorting of women and minorities into different types of undergraduate programs, as well as differences in their backgrounds have a significant impact on persistence rates.