cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aplip1, the Drosophila homolog of JIP1, regulates myonuclear positioning and muscle stability.

ABSTRACT During muscle development, myonuclei undergo a complex set of movements that result in evenly spaced nuclei throughout the muscle cell. In Drosophila , two separate pools of Kinesin and Dynein work in synchrony to drive this process. However, how these two pools are specified is not known. Here, we investigate the role of Aplip1 (the Drosophila homolog of JIP1, JIP1 is also known as MAPK8IP1), a known regulator of both Kinesin and Dynein, in myonuclear positioning. Aplip1 localizes to the myotendinous junction and has genetically separable roles in myonuclear positioning and muscle stability. In Aplip1 mutant embryos, there was an increase in the percentage of embryos that had both missing and collapsed muscles. Via a separate mechanism, we demonstrate that Aplip1 regulates both the final position of and the dynamic movements of myonuclei. Aplip1 genetically interacts with both Raps (also known as Pins) and Kinesin to position myonuclei. Furthermore, Dynein and Kinesin localization are disrupted in Aplip1 mutants suggesting that Aplip1-dependent nuclear positioning requires Dynein and Kinesin. Taken together, these data are consistent with Aplip1 having a function in the regulation of Dynein- and Kinesin-mediated pulling of nuclei from the muscle end. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
EMF32 RESULTS FROM NEMS: REVENUE RECYCLING

We show results from the National Energy Modeling System generated during the Energy Modeling Forum 32 study — focusing on macroeconomic responses to different methods of recycling carbon tax reven...
Democracy’s Schools: The Rise of Public Education in America

Scholars have spilled much ink to document the history of the U.S. common school system. Consider Charles Glenn’s The Myth of the Common School, David Tyack’s The One Best System: The History of Am...
Biology of cerebral aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture

Abstract Cerebral aneurysm rupture leads to significant morbidity and mortality. The biological understanding of aneurysmal growth and rupture may lead to opportunities of preventing subarachnoid hemorrhage. This chapter is dedicated to presenting the current understanding of the biochemical and hemodynamic changes that allow aneurysmal growth and rupture. The role of turbulent flow leading to endothelial cellular damage and subsequent changes to the internal elastic lamina leading to myoproliferation is presented. Atherosclerosis has been integral to the development of ischemic stroke and we present its association to aneurysmal growth and rupture. The roles of proinflammatory markers, including matrix metalloproteinases and interleukin-1, are discussed as such markers are more common in patients with ruptured aneurysm as compared to asymptomatic aneurysms. Finally, we present risk factors of aneurysm rupture, including patient- and aneurysm-related factors as well as triggers for aneurysmal rupture.
The missing LINQ between databases and object-oriented programming: LINQ as an object query language for a database course

LINQ, which stands for Language Integrated Query, is an innovative query language that bridges the gap between databases and object-oriented programming languages. LINQ is declarative, strongly-typed, and based on functional programming and lambda expressions. This paper provides an overview of LINQ for the database educator and provides a pedagogical perspective for learning and incorporating LINQ in a database course.
Blurring the distinction between command and data in scientific KDD

We have been working on two different KDD systems for scientific data. One system involves comparative genomics, where the database contains more than 60,000 plant gene and protein sequences plus results extracted from similarity searches against public sequence databases. The second system supports a several-decades long longitudinal field study of chimpanzee behavior. Both systems have components for the storing of raw data and for cleaning data before querying begins and for displaying data extractions. Both systems use a relational DBMS. In this paper we report on a) the extensions we made to the DBMS to support our analysis of the data, and b) the way that we used those extensions as, with users, we developed a thought from an initial idea to a richer analysis. We have found that as a user's initial thought develops, he or she makes finer distinctions and looks to explain anomalies seen in coarse calculations. In the queries to accomplish those explorations we have found it valuable to move pieces of SQL commands into attribute values, and to accomplish several smaller queries all at once via a command relation. Thus there is a blurring of the distinction between command and data. This blurring allowed us to formulate and accomplish more sophisticated analyses than we had been doing previously.
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Incarcerated in Delinquent Facilities

The incarcerated population of both youth and adults has long been characterized as disproportionately male, of color, and poor, compared to their numbers in the community (non-incarcerated individuals). When sexual minority status (SMS) or sexual identity has been addressed, it has typically been to sensationalize, demonize, and pathologize incarcerated SMS youth and adults. Our research is the only existing study, of which we are aware, that documents the representation of SMS youth among incarcerated youth. In this state-wide study of 404 girls and boys incarcerated in Ohio, we found it significant that SMS incarcerated youth tended to want more treatment/counseling than their non-SMS counterparts, particularly sexual and physical abuse counseling. There were far fewer differences in these youth based on SMS in terms of their desires for programs that were not treatment/counseling, and in all of these cases, the non-SMS youth wanted the programs more than the SMS youth. The findings stress the need to acknowledge incarcerated youths’ needs that may be accentuated by SMS.
Anesthesia for Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Urological Procedures

Various aspects of the administration of anesthesia to patients undergoing laparoscopic- and robotic-assisted urologic surgery are reviewed. The physiologic derangements that occur with the establishment of pneumoperitoneum and patient position are outlined. The components that comprise a robotic system and the surgeon-robot and patient-robot interactions in the surgical treatment of urologic cancers are described. Institutional concerns supporting a robotic program are presented.
Are There Instructional Developers in the Schools? A Sociological Look at the Development of a Profession.

During the past decade, the role of the specialist in educational media has been examined, dissected, and reconstructed more than once. Many have advocated a role model incorporating elements of instructional development as an appropriate one for professionals in the field of educational technology. Such a change has already been effected in many institutions of higher education. In the public schools, however, it is not immediately clear whether this sort of change is occurring, and if it is, what its implications are for the social structure of the school and for the selection and training of learning resources specialists (LRSs).1 The aims of this paper are: a) to propose a theoretical framework from sociological literature within which this change in the LRS's role may be examined and its implications explored; and b) to determine if such a change in roles is actually being accepted by public school educators, and to discover what characteristics of administrators, teachers, and LRSs are associated with acceptance.
INTEGRATED, SECURE AND SUSTAINABLE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN: ASPECTS OF LABORATORY RESEARCH NETWORKS

Epidemiological analysis by the WHO showed that the spread of infectious diseases in all Central Asia states, including Uzbekistan have worsen. Uzbekistan is one of the most populated Central Asian countries with 25 million people, approximately 70% of whom live in rural areas. Many infectious diseases are spread from animal sources. In Uzbekistan, rotavirus, coroavirus, parovavirus, herpes virus, enterovirus infections, and brucellosis, anthrax, foot and mouth diseases, salmonellosis, kolibacteriosis, plaque diseases and others are wide spread. Epidemiological monitoring and the measures systematically undertaken by the local health service ensure a stable level of morbidity for the first and second groups of infectious diseases. Natural breeding grounds for infectious diseases such as plague, anthrax, and brucellosis and others in the arbovirus-group infections like the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), and fever syndromes of unknown origin dictate the need for more in-depth and comprehensive study in a cross section of every region in Uzbekistan. In October 2003 within the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR) and the Biological Weapons Proliferation Prevention Program (BWPPP) sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense, a program began to establish an Integrated, Secure and Sustainable Disease Surveillance System in Uzbekistan. Main goals of this project are: detect deliberate or accidental release of biological materials relevant to the bioterror threat; create, strengthen and integrate existing surveillance systems; facilitate integration of host nation scientists and institutes into the international scientific community; and to create a potential to integrate national surveillance systems into an international system. Key elements of the project are modern, standardized, reliable diagnostics methods, e.g. PCR-based diagnostics; improved communications, transport, and integration, e.g. computerization; data analysis and sharing. We plan to select optimal prototypes of worldwide known Laboratory Research Networks and contribute new sophisticated methods of available data analysis.
Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases and Left-Ventricular Assist Devices: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample

Background Durable left-ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have become an increasingly frequent treatment strategy for end-stage heart failure (HF) but their use remains limited by complications including bleeding, thrombosis, and stroke. The impact of LVAD therapy on outcomes in HF patients with postulated higher risk comorbid conditions, such as diffuse connective tissue diseases (DCTD), has not been well studied to date. Given that these patients have an inherently higher risk of hematological complications than the general population, we aimed to investigate demographic characteristics and outcomes after LVAD implantation in this unique patient cohort. Methods Using the 2010-2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we identified the overall demographic characteristics and the incidence of common LVAD complications in patients with DCTD. When possible, univariate logistic regression and t-test were used to compare baseline characteristics, specific outcomes and in-hospital mortality after LVAD implantation in patients with and without DCTD. Results A total of 50 patients (weighted) with DCTD were admitted for LVAD implantation from 2010-2014. Patients with DCTD were mostly female (70%), white (80%) and admitted electively for LVAD surgery (70%) ( Table 1 ). The most common disorder was systemic lupus erythematosus (60%), followed by polymyositis (20%), systemic sclerosis (20%), and combined syndromes (10%). During the index admission, there were no in-hospital deaths or stroke in DCTD patients undergoing LVAD. The risk of transfusion (50% vs 39.8%; p 0.514; OR 1.51), hemorrhage or hematoma complicating the procedure (30% vs 20.9%; p 0.486; OR 1.61), gastrointestinal bleeding (10% vs 8.5%; p 0.86; OR 1.2), or device-related complications such as pump thrombosis (10% vs 8.6%; p 0.873; OR 1.18), was not higher when compared to patients without DCTD ( Table 1 ). Conclusion To our knowledge, there is no published data with advanced HF therapies in patients with DCTD. The present analysis found that patients with DCTDs undergoing LVAD therapy do not appear to have a higher risk of bleeding, thrombotic events, stroke or in-hospital mortality after device implantation, but the majority of the DCTD patients in this cohort underwent elective LVAD surgery. As LVADs become increasingly utilized in the advanced HF population, including those with systemic conditions that disqualify them for transplantation, further research is needed to identify additional adverse factors and comorbidities that could significantly impact post-LVAD outcomes.
The Integration of Neuropsychology in Pediatric Care Teams

Integration of neuropsychology: The roles of a neuropsychologist in a pediatric care model can vary significantly depending upon the nature of the disease, the complexity of the medical treatment regimen, and the cognitive status of the patients. The transition into school, and out of childhood into adulthood, is a significant transition where neuropsychological evaluation and consultation are most essential. In addition, the involvement of neuropsychologists in the pediatric medical treatment team is essential to ensure access to information on changes in development, the effects of treatment and intervention, and to evaluate the match between children, their abilities, and their developmental context. A neuropsychologist’s active engagement can vary between consulting to other team members directly, patients, and families and working with others in the community to help bridge the gap between medical teams and educational and vocational programs.
Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC)

Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) are non-embryonic, mesenchymal stem cells that may have significant potential for therapeutic and regenerative biomedical applications. Studies of DPSC differentiation have demonstrated the potential to form many tissue types, including neural, osteogenic and vascular precursors using cytokines and growth factors, such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Eight previously isolated Dental Pulp Stem Cell (DPSC) isolates were grown in culture and treated with VEGF to evaluate any effects on growth, viability or biomarker expression. Administration of VEGF at 10 ng/mL significantly inhibited growth in two rapidly dividing or rDT DPSC isolates, with no other measurable effects noted among the intermediate (iDT) or slow (sDT) growing DPSC isolates. In addition, administration of VEGF had no significant effects on viability of the sDT or iDT DPSC isolates, however, all three of the rapidly dividing or rDT DPSC isolates exhibited significantly increased viability. Finally, mRNA expression of osteogenic biomarkers Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) was observed among the rDT isolates with specific combinations of DPSC biomarkers expressed (NANOG in combination with Sox-2 or Oct-4 but not both). The results of these data suggest that VEGF administration may be sufficient to induce partial differentiation of DPSC isolates, although this may be dependent upon the MSC biomarker expression of the DPSCs. These preliminary data may further research into the potential for tissue regeneration and bioengineering.
Strings, Topological Change and Dark Matter

Dark matter, first postulated by Jacobus Kapteyn in 1922 and later by Fritz Zwicky in 1933, has remained an enigma ever since proof of its existence was confirmed in 1970 by Vera Rubin and Kent Ford by plotting the rotation curve for the Andromeda galaxy. Here, some concepts from string theory and topological change in quantum cosmology are used to formulate a new model for dark matter. The density profiles of dark matter halos are often modeled as an approximate solution to the Lane-Emden equation. Using the model proposed here for dark matter, coupled with previous work showing that the approximate solution to the Lane-Emden equation can be an exact solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations, provides a new insight into the possible nature of dark matter.
Transverse Force Imaging

While twist-2 GPDs allow for a determination of the distribution of partons on the transverse plane, twist-3 GPDs contain quark-gluon correlations that provide information about the average transverse color Lorentz force acting on quarks. As an example, we use the nonforward generalization of $g_T(x)$, to illustrate how twist-3 GPDs can provide transverse position information about that force.
Diffuse astrocytoma with 3q26.2q29 duplication, 20p12.1p11.1 deletion and no recurrence over 25 years

Abstract Background The natural history of diffuse astrocytomas is thought to have a median time to malignant progression of 4–5 years. Nonetheless, the genetic changes in non-progressive tumors is still being established. Case description We describe a 22 year old female with gross total resection of a left frontal astrocytoma followed by radiation and chemotherapy in 1993. Twenty-five years later she remains stable, without recurrence. Retrospective microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) found a 28.6 Mb duplication at 3q26.2q29 and a 9.9 Mb deletion at 20p12.1p11.1. Conclusions The case illustrates the importance of young age and gross total resection in determining the prognosis of patients with astrocytomas. It also illustrates that occasional variance of natural history may be associated with unique genomic changes.
La Crosse Virus Infection of Human Keratinocytes Leads to Interferon-Dependent Apoptosis of Bystander Non-Infected Cells In Vitro.

Resident cells in the skin serve as the first innate line of defense against insect-borne pathogens, but the role of these cell types in promoting or limiting arbovirus replication is not completely understood. Here, we have examined the outcome of infection of cultured human keratinocyte cells with La Crosse virus (LACV), using a spontaneously transformed cell line, HaCaT. In single cycle infections, keratinocyte HaCaT cells supported rapid and high level LACV replication, resulting in high virus yields and extensive caspase-dependent cell death. By contrast, multi-cycle LACV replication in HaCaT cells was restricted by an antiviral response elicited by the production of both IFN-β and IFN-λ. During low multiplicity LACV infections, HaCaT cell death was seen in non-infected bystander cells. Media from LACV-infected cells induced caspase-dependent killing of naive non-infected HaCaT cells, and this bystander cell death was relieved by IFN-β neutralizing antibodies or by an inhibitor of JAK-STAT signaling. Naive HaCaT cells showed dose-dependent killing by treatment with exogenous IFN-β but not IFN-λ. Our data suggest a model whereby keratinocytes produce IFNs which limit virus spread through both antiviral signaling and by induction of bystander cell death of potential new target cells for infection.
Instance Segmentation of Benthic Scale Worms at a Hydrothermal Site

Subsea hydrothermal vents, typically existing at water depths below natural light penetration, contain diverse and unique macrofaunal environments. Traditionally, long-term ecological observation has been difficult as the extreme depth, temperature and pressure make in situ video surveys challenging. However, the introduction of subsea cabled arrays has allowed for the long time series collection of high definition imagery from these vents. To study the benthic hydrothermal vent environment, we propose an inference pipeline consisting of a U-Net followed by VGG-16 CNN to perform instance segmentation of scale worms, a specific macrofaunal family. The developed pipeline exhibits an average precision (AP) of 0.671 AP@[0.5], despite the difficult camouflaged imagery and low training data inputs. We further explore full pipeline training data requirements, as the dynamic scene in question requires the pipeline to be re-trained on an approximately monthly basis for effective segmentation. We find that the VGG-16 CNN portion of the pipeline is typically more sensitive to training data variation than the U-Net portion.
Probing radical–molecule interactions with a second generation energy decomposition analysis of DFT calculations using absolutely localized molecular orbitals

Intermolecular interactions between radicals and closed-shell molecules are ubiquitous in chemical processes, ranging from the benchtop to the atmosphere and extraterrestrial space. While energy decomposition analysis (EDA) schemes for closed-shell molecules can be generalized for studying radical-molecule interactions, they face challenges arising from the unique characteristics of the electronic structure of open-shell species. In this work, we introduce additional steps that are necessary for the proper treatment of radical-molecule interactions to our previously developed unrestricted Absolutely Localized Molecular Orbital (uALMO)-EDA based on density functional theory calculations. A "polarize-then-depolarize" (PtD) scheme is used to remove arbitrariness in the definition of the frozen wavefunction, rendering the ALMO-EDA results independent of the orientation of the unpaired electron obtained from isolated fragment calculations. The contribution of radical rehybridization to polarization energies is evaluated. It is also valuable to monitor the wavefunction stability of each intermediate state, as well as their associated spin density profiles, to ensure the EDA results correspond to a desired electronic state. These radical extensions are incorporated into the "vertical" and "adiabatic" variants of uALMO-EDA for studies of energy changes and property shifts upon complexation. The EDA is validated on two model complexes, H2O˙F and FH˙OH. It is then applied to several chemically interesting radical-molecule complexes, including the sandwiched and T-shaped benzene dimer radical cation, complexes of pyridine with benzene and naphthalene radical cations, binary and ternary complexes of the hydroxyl radical with water (˙OH(H2O) and ˙OH(H2O)2), and the pre-reactive complexes and transition states in the ˙OH + HCHO and ˙OH + CH3CHO reactions. These examples suggest that this second generation uALMO-EDA is a useful tool for furthering one's understanding of both energetic and property changes associated with radical-molecule interactions.
A systematic review of reasons for abstinence from alcohol reported by lifelong abstainers, current abstainers and former problem-drinkers

Issues Numerous studies have been conducted to assess non-drinkers' reported reasons for abstinence, and this review summarises and compares the reasons for abstinence reported by lifelong abstainers, current abstainers and former problem-drinkers. Approach Based on a search of four computerised databases, we identified 31 relevant studies, each of which included a sample of at least 20 individuals who had been abstinent from alcohol for at least 14 days and reported a numerical summary of participants' self-reported reasons for not drinking. To identify the most salient reasons for abstinence among each group of abstainers, we calculated a z-score to represent the level of endorsement of each reason in each investigation, assigned listed reasons to one of 13 categories, and calculated average z-scores (weighted by study quality ratings) for each of the categories. Key findings Having no interest in drinking and disliking the effects of alcohol were the most salient categories of reasons for lifelong abstainers; having no interest in drinking and health reasons were the most salient categories of reasons for current abstainers; and health reasons was the most salient category of reasons for former problem-drinkers. Implications and conclusions Understanding the reasons that motivate abstinence from alcohol may help refine theoretical explanations of drinking and abstinence. In addition, understanding the reasons that lifelong abstainers report for not beginning to drink, and that current abstainers and former problem-drinkers report for no longer drinking, may help inform interventions designed either to delay the initiation of alcohol use or help individuals stop drinking.
Development and Validation of a Seizure Prediction Model in Neonates After Cardiac Surgery.

Background Electroencephalographic seizures (ESs) after neonatal cardiac surgery are often subclinical and have been associated with poor outcomes. An accurate ES prediction model could allow targeted continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (CEEG) for high-risk neonates. Methods ES prediction models were developed and validated in a multicenter prospective cohort where all postoperative neonates who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) also underwent CEEG. Results ESs occurred in 7.4% of neonates (78 of 1053). Model predictors included gestational age, head circumference, single-ventricle defect, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest duration, cardiac arrest, nitric oxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and delayed sternal closure. The model performed well in the derivation cohort (c-statistic, 0.77; Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = .56), with a net benefit (NB) over monitoring all and none over a threshold probability of 2% in decision curve analysis (DCA). The model had good calibration in the validation cohort (Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = .60); however, discrimination was poor (c-statistic, 0.61), and in DCA there was no NB of the prediction model between the threshold probabilities of 8% and 18%. By using a cut point that emphasized negative predictive value in the derivation cohort, 32% (236 of 737) of neonates would not undergo CEEG, including 3.5% (2 of 58) of neonates with ESs (negative predictive value, 99%; sensitivity, 97%). Conclusions In this large prospective cohort, a prediction model of ESs in neonates after CPB had good performance in the derivation cohort, with an NB in DCA. However, performance in the validation cohort was weak, with poor discrimination, poor calibration, and no NB in DCA. These findings support CEEG of all neonates after CPB.
Acute pancreatitis-induced islet dysfunction in ferrets.

Abstract Background /Objectives: The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia during acute pancreatitis (AP) remains unknown due to inaccessibility of human tissues and lack of animal models. We aimed to develop an animal model to study the mechanisms of hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance in AP. Methods We injected ferrets with intraperitoneal cerulein (50 μg/kg, 9 hourly injections) or saline. Blood samples were collected for glucose (0, 4, 8, 12, 24h); TNF-α, IL-6 (6h); amylase, lipase, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (24h). Animals underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) at 24h or 3 months, followed by harvesting pancreas for histopathology and immunostaining. Results Cerulein-injected ferrets exhibited mild pancreatic edema, neutrophil infiltration, and elevations in serum amylase, lipase, TNF-α, IL-6, consistent with AP. Plasma glucose was significantly higher in ferrets with AP at all time points. Plasma glucagon, GLP-1 and PP were significantly higher in cerulein-injected animals, while plasma insulin was significantly lower compared to controls. OGTT and MMTT showed abnormal glycemic responses with higher area under the curve. The hypoglycemic response to insulin injection was completely lost, suggestive of insulin resistance. OGTT showed low plasma insulin; MMTT confirmed low insulin and GIP; abnormal OGTT and MMTT responses returned to normal 3 months after cerulein injection. Conclusions Acute cerulein injection causes mild acute pancreatitis in ferrets and hyperglycemia related to transient islet cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The ferret cerulein model may contribute to the understanding of hyperglycemia in acute pancreatitis.
Gender, Microfinance, and Microcredit in West Africa: Empowerment for Whom?

Globalization, it is claimed, ‘lifts all boats, and levels the playing field for economic actors and processes, while reducing the gap between the haves and have-nots. In turn, the benefits of glob...
Activation of canonical Wnt signaling accelerates intramembranous bone regeneration in male mice

Canonical Wnt signaling plays an important role in skeletal development, homeostasis, and both endochondral and intramembranous repair. While studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of Wnt signaling impairs intramembranous bone regeneration, how its activation affects intramembranous bone regeneration has been underexplored. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of activation of canonical Wnt signaling on intramembranous bone regeneration by using the well-established marrow ablation model. We hypothesized that mice with a mutation in the Wnt ligand coreceptor gene Lrp5 would have accelerated intramembranous bone regeneration. Male and female wild-type and Lrp5-mutant mice underwent unilateral femoral bone marrow ablation surgery in the right femur at 4 weeks of age. Both the left intact and right operated femurs were assessed at Days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14. The intact femur of Lrp5 mutant mice of both sexes had higher bone mass than wild-type littermates, although to a greater degree in males than females. Overall, the regenerated bone volume in Lrp5 mutant male mice was 1.8-fold higher than that of littermate controls, whereas no changes were observed between female Lrp5 mutant and littermate control mice. In addition, the rate of intramembranous bone regeneration (from Day 3 to Day 7) was higher in Lrp5 mutant male mice compared to their same-sex littermate controls with no difference in the females. Thus, activation of canonical Wnt signaling increases bone mass in intact bones of both sexes, but accelerates intramembranous bone regeneration following an injury challenge only in male mice.
Temin, Howard Martin

1934–1994 American virologist who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of oncogenic or tumour-inducing viruses and was also one of the first scientists to isolate the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Keywords: oncogenic viruses; provirus hypothesis; reverse transcriptase
ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE : EXPRESSION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI, SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION, AND ROLE OF TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN IN DIMER FORMATION

Bovine endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) expressed in Escherichia coli does not have the post-translational modifications found in the native enzyme and is free of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). In the presence of BH4, eNOS has an absorption maximum at 400 nm that shifts to 395 nm when the substrate L-arginine is added. The low-spin component of the spectrum of the BH4-free protein is decreased by the addition of BH4 without a corresponding increase in the high-spin component. Addition of BH4 decreases the low-spin population of eNOS even in the presence of excess L-arginine. These results indicate that BH4 directly modulates the heme environment. BH4-free eNOS is completely inactive, but catalytic activity is recovered when BH4 (EC50 ~200 nM) is added. The spectroscopically determined binding constants for L-arginine are ~1.9 μM in the presence and ~4.0 μM in the absence of BH4. The BH4-supplemented enzyme has an activity of 90-120 nmol of citrulline•min-1•mg-1 and Km values of 3 and 14 μM for L-arginine and N-hydroxy-L-arginine, respectively. Of particular interest is the finding by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that BH4-free eNOS exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium very similar to that observed with the BH4-reconstituted protein. Addition of BH4 increases the percent of the dimer by only ~5%. The results establish that BH4 influences the heme environment and stabilizes the protein with respect to heme loss but is not required for dimer formation.
Peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and puffs: mechanisms and models in insect development.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mechanisms and models of peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and puffs in insect development. The postnatal physical development of homeothermic animals is chiefly a period of increase in size, with a few final touches such as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics or flight feathers. Perfection of motor and behavioral skills is often the dominant feature of this period. Ecdysteroids act as triggers for alterations in transcription, which, in turn, lead to subsequent cellular and organismal changes. Their action is modified by the juvenile hormone (JH) class of hormones. The classic paradigm of insect endocrinology states that high ecdysteroid titers in the presence of high JH titers lead to larval–larval molts. The cysteines involved in intra- and intermonomer cross-linking of bombyx prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) are conserved in the Antheraea and Samia sequences, suggesting very similar folding patterns. The PTTH-stimulated generation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in prothoracic glands results in rapid activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), ∼ 90% of maximum within 5 minutes. The proteins phosphorylated directly by PTTH-activated PKA in the prothoracic glands are not known, it seems likely that PTTH stimulation results in the activation of several additional kinases.
Study of the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in pregnancy

Abstract The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DS) was determined in nonpregnant women, normal pregnant women, and pregnant women with pre-eclampsia. The MCR of DS in normal pregnant women was markedly elevated compared with that of nonpregnant subjects, while in those women with severe pre-eclampsia the MCR DS was much lower. A prospective study in teen-age primigravid subjects demonstrated that, in those who remained normal, a progressive increase in the MCR DS continued until delivery. In those young women who ultimately developed pre-eclampsia, the MCR DS initially rose to a degree comparable to that of or greater than that observed in those subjects who remained normal; however, rather than the MCR DS continuing to increase progressively until delivery, in those subjects who ultimately developed pre-eclampsia, the MCR DS began to decrease 3 to 4 weeks prior to the development of clinically evident disease. This observed decline in MCR DS continued thereafter for the remainder of pregnancy.
Coset and double-coset decompositions of the magnetic point groups.

The coset and double-coset decompositions of the 420 subgroups of m_z{\bar 3}_{xyz}m_{xy}1' (Oh1′) and the 236 subgroups of 6_z/m_zm_xm_11' (D6h1′) with respect to each of their subgroups are calculated along with additional mathematical properties of these groups.
Differential Emotions Theory and Emotional Development in Adulthood and Later Life

Publisher Summary This chapter describes how Differential Emotions Theory (DET) serves as a theoretical framework for emotional development across the life span. Most investigations till 1984, using DET as a research paradigm, have focused primarily on issues of early development. Having characterized the emotions in this way, it follows that the quality of life in the older adult can best be explained by a principle that affirms the continuity of emotion feelings and emotion expressions across the life span. This has affirmed that it is the emotional component of consciousness and experience that gives richness and meaning to individual life and relationships. Since 1984, other aspects of DET have been further elaborated, and empirical research has begun to be conducted on emotions in adulthood. . The chapter presents an overview of DET. Following this, it discusses key principles of life span emotional development. The chapter also discusses DET in relation to adult development and aging and illustrates how DET relates to other models of emotion in adulthood. Finally, the chapter highlights the avenues for future research from the perspective of DET.
Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the United States: Law, Religion, and Kissing Your Sister

This paper was written as a commentary chapter for a forthcoming book titled "Matters of Faith: Religious Experience and Legal Response" (Austin Sarat, ed.). The book is based on a conference held at the University of Alabama School of Law in October 2011. Five papers were presented at that conference: on the principal issues discussed, the result was a stark 2-2 tie (with the fifth paper, by a historian, valuable in itself but not taking sides on the disputed matters.) Given the normative orientation of legal scholars, the normal course of business would be to say who is right. But this comment instead focuses on a broader but perennial question: the nature of "tie games" in law and legal scholarship in the area of law and religion.Church-state conflicts, given the contested and incommensurable issues they involve, are particularly prone to end in ties. That fact has recently encouraged some scholars (myself included) to focus more on the "tragic" nature of church-state law, and the moral remainders that are inevitable in this field, than on the "comic" search for a single value or approach that might resolve some of these disputes once and for all. From that perspective, rather than try to "break the tie," there may be more value in considering why church-state issues are prone to end in ties, and what if anything we ought to do or feel about it. In this short paper, I first examine the principal papers and oral discussion at the Matters of Faith conference, which dealt primarily with two issues - the Hosanna-Tabor litigation and the ministerial exception, and the question of whether government may strip tax-exempt status and other subsidies or privileges from churches that engage in "invidious discrimination" - and argue that they end clearly in a deadlock. I then discuss several common methods employed by scholars in the field to resolve these deadlocks, and argue that they are all unsuccessful. The tie remains. Finally, for purposes of analogy, I address another arena in which ties, and the breaking of ties, is common: sports. The similarities and differences between sports and law offer a useful way of thinking about the deadlock in law and religion. I argue that in law and religion, unlike in sports, tiebreaking mechanisms are both necessary and impossible. I conclude with some thoughts on what we might do to at least reduce the moral remainders inherent in church-state conflict, and find ways of keeping the participants involved in the law "game" without creating or further alienating illiberal groups within society. The paper is still in draft, and comments are welcome.
Evaluating the accuracy of transcribed computer-stored immunization data

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of immunization records transcribed into a computer-based immunization tracking system and to assess factors that contribute to inaccurate or incomplete immunization record keeping. Design Computer-stored immunization records were analyzed for 2098 children up to 2 years of age at the time of their most recent well-child visit to the UCLA Children's Health Center over a 12-month period. For children whose immunizations were not up to date, the computer-stored records were analyzed for sources of inaccuracy by comparison with the handwritten records from which the computer-stored data were transcribed. Results An underimmunization rate of 22.5% (472 of 2098) was observed based on analysis of the computer-stored records. Comparison of the computer-stored and handwritten records revealed an overall transcription error rate of at least 10.2%. In addition, 38.4% of these apparently underimmunized children had received unrecorded immunizations from providers outside UCLA. When transcription errors were corrected and other available sources of immunization data were taken into account, the estimated rate of underimmunization decreased from 22.5% to 10.9%. Conclusion Unavoidable inaccuracies can diminish the utility of the data recorded in an immunization tracking system. Some inaccuracies are related to the process of transcription, but failures to record and communicate immunization data consistently also contribute to the inaccuracy of computer-stored immunization records.
Kinetic studies of site-specifically and randomly immobilized alkaline phosphatase on functionalized membranes

A comparison of enzyme activities has been made between a site-specifically immobilized and a randomly immobilized bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) on macroporous membranes. An octapeptide tag (FLAG®)? was attached at the N-terminus of alkaline phosphatase by recombinant DNA techniques (gene fusion) to yield BAP that is modified in a site-directed fashion (SDBAP). The corresponding antibody (antiFLAG®) was immobilized on an aldehyde-modified polyethersulfone (MPS) membrane via protein A. Immobilization of SDBAP on this membrane result in a membrane-protein A-antiFLAG-SDBAP linkage. This site-specifically immobilized enzyme demonstrated a relative activity (RA), defined as the ratio of immobilized activity (V max ) to the corresponding homogeneous enzymatic activity, of 85% as compared with the randomly immobilized BAP which had an RA of 0.8%. BAP, when chemically conjugated to the FLAG peptide and immobilized via anti-FLAG and protein A on the MPS membrane, showed an RA of only 1.9%, demonstrating the effectiveness of site-directed immobilization. SDBAP was also immobilized on the MPS membrane in the absence of protein A. In this case, the RA dropped to 22%, further explaining the effectiveness of ordered immobilizations as compared with random immobilizations. The ratio of immobilized enzyme activity to the activity in the absence of added phosphate inhibitor for the immobilized BAP was three-fold higher than the corresponding homogeneous ratio, showing a reduction in product inhibition for the immobilized enzyme.
Superconductivity and electronic structure of Bi-based compounds

We have prepared superconducting Bi-based compounds by sintering and find a weak diamagnetic response at 110 K and a strong diamagnetic response at about 80 K. The dominant structural phase was identified by x-ray diffraction to be Bi/sub 2/SrCa/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8-//sub y/ and low-field magnetization indicates that approximately 60% (by volume) of the sample is superconducting. X..cap alpha.. and other calculations to interpret the copper binding energies and satellite features of high-T/sub c/ superconductors are presented, and these calculations suggest that while x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) can distinguish between Cu I and Cu II, it may not be able to unambiguously identify Cu III. We also find that copper reduction during the XPS experiment further complicates copper oxidation state determination.
Abnormal tonotopic organization in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the hearing-impaired DBA/2 mouse

Abstract The representation of sound frequency by auditory neurons (tonotopic organization) was evaluated in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of DBA/2 mice, a strain with impaired sensitivity to the highest and lowest frequencies heard by normal mice. Tuning curves were obtained from multiple-unit activity (MUA) and compared with those of C57 mice, which do not have severe hearing loss. Tuning curves in the C57 VCN displayed the dorsoventral progression from high- to low-frequency sensitivity that is typical of mammals. By contrast, tuning curves of DBA mice varied little as a function of dorsoventral location, and most MUA thresholds were lowest for frequencies within a narrow range (about 12–16 kHz). Thus, normal tonotopic organization is absent in the DBA mouse's VCN. In addition, because of the consistently low thresholds for 12–16 kHz tones in DBA MUA, mean thresholds for these frequencies are lower than those of C57 MUA in the dorsal and ventral portions of the VCN.
Verification of the modified Windkessel model of the arterial vasculature

The PSPICE computer circuit simulation program is used to verify the accuracy of the modified Windkessel model in representing the arterial vascular system. In the initia! condition simulation during diastole, the least squares error(LSE) between the simulated aortic root pressure(P1) and the actual recorded wave is 2.25 mmHg. In the continuous simulation for the whole cardiac cycle, the LSE is 6.78 mmHg. This confirms that the modified Windkessel model provides a close approximation for the vascular load presented to the left ventricle.
EDRF release is a common pathway in the activation of guanylate cyclase by receptor agonists and calcium ionophores.

We investigated whether this pathway is involved in the effects of agents such as the Ca 2+ ionophors which increase cyclic GMP synthesis bypassing neurotransmitter receptors in N1E-115 cells
Comparison of Methods to Detect Neoplasia in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration

Background & Aims Digital image analysis (DIA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used to evaluate biliary strictures with greater accuracy than conventional cytology (CC). We performed a prospective evaluation of the accuracy of CC, compared with that of DIA and FISH, in detection of malignancy in patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Methods We collected a minimum of 6 FNA samples from each of 250 patients during EUS. CC or DIA and FISH analyses were performed on every other specimen (from every other FNA pass); patients were randomly assigned to the first test performed. CC slides were reviewed by gastrointestinal cytopathologists who were blinded to all data. Findings from cytohistologic analysis, after a minimum 24-month follow-up period, were used as the standard (n = 202; median age, 65 years). Results Aspirates were collected from lymph nodes (n = 111), pancreas (n = 61), gastrointestinal lumen wall (n = 9), periluminal mass (n = 4), liver (n = 8), and miscellaneous sites (n = 9). Matched samples provided a mean of 3.2 passes for CC and 1.6 passes for DIA and FISH. The data indicate a potential lack of utility for DIA. The combination of CC and FISH detected malignancy with 11% greater sensitivity than CC alone ( P = .0002), but specificity was reduced from 100% to 96%. Conclusions FISH analysis identifies neoplastic lesions with significantly greater sensitivity than CC in patients with diverse pathologies who underwent EUS with FNA, despite limited tissue sampling for FISH analysis.
Biosynthesis of maize alcohol dehydrogenase dimers. Evidence for immature oligomeric forms.

Abstract In vitro, alcohol:NAD + oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.1) monomers of maize associate into transient inactive oligomers. The immature aggregate is formed when the subunits reassociate at low temperature in the presence of zinc ions. A rapid transition occurs to the active oligomeric form when the temperature is elevated to 22–24 °C.