cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENDOMETRIOID AND CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA OF THE OVARY

Two hundred and thirty cases of primary ovarian carcinoma derived from the surface epithelium of the ovary were reviewed over a 30-year period ending in 1960. Of these, 37 (16%) were classified as endometrioid and 12 (5%) as clear cell carcinomas. The 5- and 10-year survival for patients with endometrioid carcinoma was 46% and 37%, respectively, and for those with clear cell carcinoma, 27% and 18%, respectively. Factors which proved to be quite useful in predicting the behavior of endometrioid carcinoma were the stage and grade of the tumor; the “purity” was of limited value. Stage I patients had a 69% and 63%, 5- and 10-year survival; there were no Stage III and IV survivors. Patients with low-grade tumors had a better prognosis than those with high-grade tumors and those with “pure” tumors had a more favorable prognosis than those with “mixed” tumors. In analyzing clear cell carcinoma, it was noted that the stage was crucial since in those patients with tumor confined to the ovary the 5- and 10-year survival was 50% compared to the overall survival of 27% and 18%. Our group of patients with endometrioid carcinoma was then combined with other series of endometrioid carcinoma reported in the literature over the past 10 years in order to put the statistics into clearer perspective. The mean incidence thus obtained was 18% and the mean 5-year survival, 47%. Lastly, the histogenesis of clear cell carcinoma was studied in relation to endometriosis and endometrioid carcinoma. Four cases (11%) of endometrioid carcinoma were closely associated with and one case (8%) of clear cell carcinoma developed from endometriosis. The finding of clear cells mixed with all types of primary carcinoma of the ovary derived from the surface epithelium makes it appear that clear cell carcinoma, like endometrioid carcinoma, may on occasion develop from endometriosis but that more often it arises de novo from the surface epithelium of the ovary. Therefore, despite its relatively high association with endometriosis, the frequent combination of clear cell elements mixed with other primary ovarian carcinoma and its somewhat different prognosis lead us to conclude that clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas are related but distinct entities.
First-hit analysis of algorithms for computing quadratic irregularity

The author has previously extended the theory of regular and irregular primes to the setting of arbitrary totally real number fields. It has been conjectured that the Bernoulli numbers, or alternatively the values of the Riemann zeta function at odd negative integers, are uniformly distributed modulo p for every p. This is the basis of a well-known heuristic, given by Siegel, estimating the frequency of irregular primes. So far, analyses have shown that if Q(√D) is a real quadratic field, then the values of the zeta function ζD(1- 2m) = ζQ(√D)(1-2m) at negative odd integers are also distributed as expected modulo p for any p. We use this heuristic to predict the computational time required to find quadratic analogues of irregular primes with a given order of magnitude. We also discuss alternative ways of collecting large amounts of data to test the heuristic.
Pegram v. Herdrich: On peritonitis, preemption, and the elusive goal of managed care accountability

Managed care presents the paradox of organizations having real power over people's lives without there being clear or consistent means of ensuring accountability. In Pegram v. Herdrich, the United States Supreme Court struggled with whether "fiduciary duties" under the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) could be used to counterbalance the incentives that HMOs have to deny necessary care. Given press coverage of the case, however, it was easy to get the impression that the managed care industry itself was on trial in Pegram. This report examines the political and legal forces underlying the dispute and analyzes the Supreme Court's unanimous rejection of the notion of federally imposed duties for HMOs. In the absence of ERISA fiduciary obligations, attention must now shift to developments in state tort law, the scope of federal ERISA preemption, and the prospect of legislative reform. The report concludes with an exploration of how the elusive goal of managed care accountability might be pursued in the wake of Pegram.
Strong Anisotropic MHD Turbulence with Cross Helicity

This paper proposes a new phenomenology for strong incompressible MHD turbulence with nonzero cross helicity. This phenomenology is then developed into a quantitative Fokker-Planck model that describes the time evolution of the anisotropic power spectra of the fluctuations propagating parallel and antiparallel to the background magnetic field B0. It is found that in steady state the power spectra of the magnetic field and total energy are steeper than k � 5/3 ? and become increasingly steep as C/E increases, where C ¼ R d 3 xv = B is the cross helicity, E is the fluctuation energy, and k? is the wavevector component perpendicular to B0. Increasing C with fixed E increases the time required for energy to cascade to smaller scales, reduces the cascade power, and increases the anisotropy of the small-scale fluctuations. The implications of these results for the solar wind and solar corona are discussed in some detail. Subject headingg interplanetary medium — magneticfields — MHD — solar wind — Sun:corona — turbulence
Psychology in a new tempo: Instances and consequences of a cult of celerity

This article presents a critique of psychological, disciplinary, and cultural propensities to favor speed of thought and action over other considerations, a propensity which warrants the designation "cult of celerity. " Certain cultural manifestations of a cult of celerily are briefly discussed A number of areas of illustrative psychological inquiry are examined-- heuristics, the satisficing principle, the role of haste in social behavior--each of which documents the occurrence and the costs of velocity in human thought and behavior. In addition, it is suggested that psychological theory may itself be in danger of succumbing to a cult of celerity. Finally, implications of the cult of celerity for psychology as a discipline and for advanced culture are explored The message "Sorry, this will take some time" appears in emerald hues on my com- puter screen at a point in the program when the pace of the processing is less than instantaneous. Despite the apparent innocence of this dispatch about dispatch, I find the apology somewhat disturbing. To me the message reveals a concern with celerity that can and at times does amount to an obsession. By 1983 when Time magazine proclaimed the computer the Person of the Year, a cognitive revolution had already taken place in psychology and related disciplines, one of the chief features of which is the installation of the computer metaphor as a reigning metaphor for the mind--indeed, for the self. The computer metaphor for the mind has not remained confined within the boundaries of academe, but has made its way into popular culture through books such as Dennett's (1978) Brain- storms, Hofstadter's (1979) Go'del, Escher, Bach, Papert's (1980)Mindstorms." Children, Corr~puters and Powerful Ideas, and Turkle's (1984) The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. In the face of these concurrent cultural and disciplinary developments, it would seem to be no overstatement to speak of a culture-wide computer para- digm (Kuhn, 1970)--that is, a set of models, beliefs, and values shared by a com- munity, in this case, models, beliefs, and values shared not only by a community of scholars but by much of developed culture.
Black-Hole Remnants in Globular Clusters

Many presentations at this meeting have discussed the phenomenon of “core collapse”, and it seems agreed that a stellar system like a globular cluster will, within a few half-mass relaxation times, undergo a runaway increase in central density and achieve a nearly singular density distribution with a logarithmic gradient slightly steeper than -2. The collapse is halted by the formation of binaries when the core has shrunk to contain only a small number of stars, and the system subsequently expands gradually while maintaining a density profile approximating that of a singular isothermal sphere. Light profiles resembling the predicted nearly singular form have been found in a small number of globular clusters (Djorgovski, this meeting), but a puzzle remains in that many more clusters should have undergone core collapse, yet they show quite flat light profiles in their cores.
Finite vs affine W-algebras

In Section 1 we review various equivalent definitions of a vertex algebra V. The main novelty here is the definition in terms of an indefinite integral of the λ-bracket. In Section 2 we construct, in the most general framework, the Zhu algebra ZhuΓV, an associative algebra which “controls” Γ-twisted representations of the vertex algebra V with a given Hamiltonian operator H. An important special case of this construction is the H-twisted Zhu algebra Zhu H V. In Section 3 we review the theory of non-linear Lie conformal algebras (respectively non-linear Lie algebras). Their universal enveloping vertex algebras (resp. universal enveloping algebras) form an important class of freely generated vertex algebras (resp. PBW generated associative algebras). We also introduce the H-twisted Zhu non-linear Lie algebra Zhu H R of a non-linear Lie conformal algebra R and we show that its universal enveloping algebra is isomorphic to the H-twisted Zhu algebra of the universal enveloping vertex algebra of R. After a discussion of the necessary cohomological material in Section 4, we review in Section 5 the construction and basic properties of affine and finite W-algebras, obtained by the method of quantum Hamiltonian reduction. Those are some of the most intensively studied examples of freely generated vertex algebras and PBW generated associative algebras. Applying the machinery developed in Sections 3 and 4, we then show that the H-twisted Zhu algebra of an affine W-algebra is isomorphic to the finite W-algebra, attached to the same data. In Section 6 we define the Zhu algebra of a Poisson vertex algebra, and we discuss quasiclassical limits. In the Appendix, the equivalence of three definitions of a finite W-algebra is established.
Continuity and Change: A Ranking of Key Issues Affecting U.S. Intergovernmental Relations (1995–2005)

Few would dispute that federalism and intergovernmental relations in the United States are dynamic and ever-changing. The actions of the U.S. Congress and executive branch, U.S. Supreme Court cases, state innovations, and political, economic, and international events have direct effects on the relationships between and among governments--often advantaging one governmental level with more power, more discretion, or more responsibilities. It is important for scholars to recognize these actions and trends as they develop and test federalism and intergovernmental relations theories in the United States and as they compare these with federalism events and trends in other federal countries. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Monetary policy regimes and inflation in the new-Keynesian model

Abstract This paper shows that plausible modifications to the Taylor rule for monetary policy can help explain several empirical anomalies to the behavior of inflation in the new-Keynesian general equilibrium model. The key anomalies considered are (1) the persistence of inflation, both in reduced form and after conditioning on inflation’s driving processes, (2) the positive correlation between the output gap and the change in the inflation rate, and (3) the apparent bias in survey measures of expected inflation. The Taylor rule in this model includes the now standard assumption that the central bank smoothes changes to its target interest rate. It also includes Markov switching of a persistent inflation target between a low target rate and a high target rate. The model is calibrated to match Benati’s (2008) result that, historically, changes in monetary policy lead to a statistically significant change in the persistence of inflation. Matching Benati’s result requires a reduction in an exogenous, hence structural, source of persistence. However, inflation in the model inherits additional, non-structural, persistence from the process that governs the inflation target. As a result, the model is able to replicate measures of inflation persistence, even after conditioning on inflation’s driving processes. Agents with rational expectations and knowledge of the current inflation target will be aware of the possibility of a future target switch, causing their expectations to appear biased in small samples. Finally, with sticky nominal prices a discrete drop to the low-inflation target requires a loss of output while previously-set prices adjust.
Reconstruction of Cluster Masses using Particle Based Lensing I: Application to Weak Lensing

We present Particle Based Lensing (PBL), a new technique for gravitational lensing mass reconstructions of galaxy clusters. Traditionally, most methods have employed either a finite inversion or gridding to turn observational lensed galaxy ellipticities into an estimate of the surface mass density of a galaxy cluster. We approach the problem from a different perspective, motivated by the success of multiscale analysis in smoothed particle hydrodynamics. In PBL we treat each of the lensed galaxies as a particle and then reconstruct the potential by smoothing over a local kernel with variable smoothing scale. In this way, we can tune a reconstruction to produce a constant signal-to-noise ratio throughout and maximally exploit regions of high information density. PBL is designed to include all lensing observables, including multiple image positions and fluxes from strong lensing, as well as weak-lensing signals including shear and flexion. In this paper, however, we describe a shear-only reconstruction and apply the method to several test cases, including simulated lensing clusters, as well as the well-studied "Bullet Cluster" (1E 0657–56). In the former cases, we show that PBL is better able to identify cusps and substructures than are grid-based reconstructions, and in the latter case, we show that PBL is able to identify substructure in the Bullet Cluster without even exploiting strong-lensing measurements. We also make our codes publicly available.
A Magnetic Flowmeter for Recording Cardiac Output

The cardiac output flow pulse (less coronary flow) can be recorded with a magnetic flowmeter applied to the unopened ascending aorta, provided: 1) the extremely large EKG potentials in this region are rejected, 2) the flowmeter is phase-sensitive, and 3) the over-all instrument response is uniform from zero to 100 cps. These requirements are fulfilled by the instrument described through the use of the square-wave method recently introduced by A. B. Denison, and by using a high switching frequency (480 cps), an input high-pass filter, and a double-balanced demodulator. Two output channels of suitable response provide for simultaneous recording of instantaneous and mean flow. Each pickup sleeve is calibrated in vitro in terms of microvolts per flow rate. An electrical series calibrator provides the operational calibration. Past methods are reviewed and circuit details and design considerations are discussed.
Dynamic spatial reconstructor: a high-speed, stop-action, 3-D, digital radiographic imager of moving internal organs and blood

The DynamicSpatial Reconstructor (DSR) is a 14 x-ray source video imaging system which operates on the computerized tomography scanning principle. It scans a cylindrical volume 18. 5 cm in axial height with equal resolution in the transverse and axial directions and repeats this volume scan (of up to 240 0. 7 mm thick parallel slices) at 16. 67 ms intervals. The output of each of the 14 video imaging systems is A/D converted shading corrected and stored in 64 megabytes of memory. The memory is used efficiently because the shading correction reduces the gray scale information of the pixels from 12 to 10 bits and because we need record only a selectable region of interest within the full video image. 1_. THE DSR SCANNER SYSTEM The DSR imaging system (Figure 1) consists of 14 rotating-anodeS x-ray sources which sequentially irradiate the object of study during the first 10. 5 ms of each 16. 67 ms sequence. '' Figure 1 - Photograph of the DSR scanner. Note several of the x-ray tubes in left upper corner and array of TV camera electronics in middle. Scanner is cantilevered from bearing just to left of person on left. Tail end of a slip ring assembly is just visible to right of person a t r igh t . High vo 1 tage supp ly is in right lower corner. The x-ray sources lie in
Density functionals with broad applicability in chemistry.

Although density functional theory is widely used in the computational chemistry community, the most popular density functional, B3LYP, has some serious shortcomings: (i) it is better for main-group chemistry than for transition metals; (ii) it systematically underestimates reaction barrier heights; (iii) it is inaccurate for interactions dominated by medium-range correlation energy, such as van der Waals attraction, aromatic−aromatic stacking, and alkane isomerization energies. We have developed a variety of databases for testing and designing new density functionals. We used these data to design new density functionals, called M06-class (and, earlier, M05-class) functionals, for which we enforced some fundamental exact constraints such as the uniform-electron-gas limit and the absence of self-correlation energy. Our M06-class functionals depend on spin-up and spin-down electron densities (i.e., spin densities), spin density gradients, spin kinetic energy densities, and, for nonlocal (also called hybrid)...
Partial Linear Eigenvalue Statistics for Wigner and Sample Covariance Random Matrices

Let \(M_n\) be an \(n \times n\) Wigner or sample covariance random matrix, and let \(\mu _1(M_n), \mu _2(M_n), \ldots , \mu _n(M_n)\) denote the randomly ordered eigenvalues of \(M_n\). We study the fluctuations of the partial linear eigenvalue statistics $$\begin{aligned} \sum _{i=1}^{n-k} f(\mu _i(M_n)) \end{aligned}$$ as \(n \rightarrow \infty \) for sufficiently nice test functions \(f\). We consider both the cases when \(k\) is fixed and when \(\min \{k,n-k\}\) tends to infinity with \(n\).
Superconducting memories employing Josephson devices

Experimental superconducting Josephson devices being investigated for use in digital logic and memory circuits have been demonstrated to switch in the 10 to 100 picosecond (1 picosecond = 10-12 sec) range. Projections based on the operation of individual logic circuits indicate that they may surpass semiconductor circuits in very high performance CPU's. This potential is based on the fact that these circuits dissipate extremely little energy, on the order of 10 to 1000 attojoules (attojoule = 10-18 joule), while operating with subnanosecond delays. It should, therefore, be possible to package Josephson devices very densely and interconnect them by properly terminated superconducting transmission lines so that the fast switching speed of individual circuits is retained throughout large logic networks.
Mechanical characterization of contact lenses by microindentation: Constant velocity and relaxation testing.

Abstract Non-destructive methods for testing material properties allow for multiple tests to be performed on the same sample, which will speed up the design and testing process for hydrogel contact lenses. The mechanical properties of contact lenses were investigated by microindentation testing. Indenter force responses were recorded for two modes of testing: constant velocity and relaxation indentation. From these tests, we characterized the biphasic properties of a hydrogel contact lens: Young’s modulus of the solid matrix and hydraulic permeability. Measured indenter force response was fit to finite element (FE) simulation results over a range of Young’s modulus (E) and hydraulic permeability (k) over a short testing time scale (2 s). Estimated hydraulic permeability, 1–5 × 10−15 m4 (N s)−1, was similar to previously measured values for Etafilcon A. However, values determined for Young’s modulus, 50–60 kPa, were lower than previously measured.
Solvent-free Diels–Alder reactions of in situ generated cyclopentadiene

A solvent-free Diels–Alder reaction was carried out by heating a mixture of dicyclopentadiene and a dienophile. Cyclopentadiene, formed in situ, reacted with the dienophile in a thermodynamically controlled reaction. Besides being solvent-free, the described procedure allows for almost complete utilization of dicyclopentadiene and avoids handling of noxious and hazardous cyclopentadiene. The reaction worked well with dienophiles such as maleic anhydride and unsaturated esters. However, unsaturated acids were not suitable dienophiles, yielding Diels–Alder adducts in a low yield.
An Efficient Membership-Query Algorithm for Learning DNF with Respect to the Uniform Distribution

We present a membership-query algorithm for efficiently learning DNF with respect to the uniform distribution. In fact, the algorithm properly learns with respect to uniform the class TOP of Boolean functions expressed as a majority vote over parity functions. We also describe extensions of this algorithm for learning DNF over certain nonuniform distributions and for learning a class of geometric concepts that generalizes DNF. Furthermore, we show that DNF is weakly learnable with respect to uniform from noisy examples. Our strong learning algorithm utilizes one of Freund's boosting techniques and relies on the fact that boosting does not require a completely distribution-independent weak learner. The boosted weak learner is a nonuniform extension of a parity-finding algorithm discovered by Goldreich and Levin.
A result about the density of iterated line intersections in the plane

Let S be a finite set of points in the plane and let T(S) be the set of intersection points between pairs of lines passing through any two points in S. We characterize all configurations of points S such that iteration of the above operation produces a dense set. We also discuss partial results on the characterization of those finite point-sets with rational coordinates that generate all of Q2 through iteration of T.
Computation of low density, supersonic flow over a pitot tube

The internal and external flow of N/sub 2/ gas over a pitot tube in the transitional regime between continuum and free-molecular flow is computed using the Navier-Stokes equations. Both slip and no-slip boundary conditions, as well as two different Reynolds numbers, are considered. These numerical solutions illustrate many interesting features of flow in this regime and, in general, are in reasonably good agreement with experiment.
Critical dynamics of symmetry breaking: Quenches, dissipation, and cosmology

Symmetry-breaking phase transitions may leave behind topological defects with a density dependence on the quench rate. We investigate the dynamics of such quenches for the one-dimensional, Landau-Ginzburg case and show that the density of kinks, $n,$ scales differently with the quench time scale, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{Q},$ depending on whether the dynamics in the vicinity of the critical point is overdamped $(n\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1/4})$ or underdamped $(n\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1/3}).$ Either of these cases may be relevant to the early Universe, and we derive bounds on the initial density of topological defects in cosmological phase transitions.
Reactions of Azides with Electrophiles: New Methods for the Generation of Cationic 2-Azabutadienes. Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines and 1,2­ Dihydroquinolines via a Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction

Two methods for the generation of iminium ions of the type ArN+(X)=CHR (X = H or alkyl, R = H or alkyl) are reported: (1) the Bronsted-acid­ promoted rearrangement of benzylic azides and (2) the intermolecular Schmidt reactions of azides XN 3 (X = aliphatic) with benzylic carbocations derived from benzylic alcohols ArCH(R)OH. The iminium ions ArN+(X)=CHR behave as cat­ ionic 2-azabutadienes in the presence of alkenes and alkynes, producing 1,2,3,4­ tetrahydroquinolines and 1,2-dihydroquinolines by a hetero Diels-Alder reaction.
Institutions, social capability, and economic growth

Abstract I discuss correlations between the historical growth of social capabilities and patterns of economic growth across world regions since the industrial revolution and especially in recent decades. Based on this analysis, I argue that the apparent relationship between institutions and economic growth results in part because better institutional performance goes hand in hand with more advanced social capabilities.
Consideration of some problems encountered in relating specific neurotransmitters to specific behaviors or disease.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the consideration of some problems encountered in relating specific neurotransmitters to specific behaviors or disease. Several theories of the biological basis of schizophrenia have suggested that the disease reflects abnormal function of the central neural systems that synthesize, store, and release the catecholamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and/or dopamine (DA). The evidence suggests that NE and possibly DA facilitates affective and inhibits predatory aggression. Acetylcholine facilitates both affective and, in particular, predatory aggression. Serotonin, on the other hand, appears to suppress the expression of both modes of aggression. However, it is necessary to delineate multiple lines of evidence and clearly define the behavior or disease. These caveats, however, should only serve to awaken critical judgement and not to dampen the progress of research in following up the important leads suggesting that dysfunction of catecholamine systems may be a biochemical substrate for schizophrenia.
Classical Time Crystals

We consider the possibility that classical dynamical systems display motion in their lowest-energy state, forming a time analogue of crystalline spatial order. Challenges facing that idea are identified and overcome. We display arbitrary orbits of an angular variable as lowest-energy trajectories for nonsingular Lagrangian systems. Dynamics within orbits of broken symmetry provide a natural arena for formation of time crystals. We exhibit models of that kind, including a model with traveling density waves.
Somatosensory amplification and menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors and midlife women

Abstract Objectives Somatosensory amplification is the experience of sensing everyday bodily sensations as intense, agitating, and unpleasant. Using data from menopausal breast cancer survivors and midlife women without cancer, the study purposes were to (1) explore the psychometric properties of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale and (2) to describe somatosensory amplification and its relationship to menopausal symptoms of hot flashes, mood and sleep disturbance. Study design This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study using demographic, e-diary, and questionnaire data from 99 breast cancer survivors and 138 midlife women. Main outcome measures Somatosensory amplification, hot flashes (frequency, severity, bother, interference, perceived control), mood, and sleep. Results Cronbach's alphas for the scale were low. When an 8-item version of the scale was evaluated, alphas improved and item-total correlations remained strong or improved. Midlife women and breast cancer survivors did not have significantly different somatosensory amplification total or item scores after adjusting for group differences in demographics. Somatosensory amplification was significantly correlated with hot flash interference, perceived control over hot flashes, and mood and sleep disturbance in both groups but the patterns of correlations differed slightly between groups and depending on whether the 10-item or 8-item scale was used. Conclusion Somatosensory amplification may be a relevant concept to assess in relation to the menopausal symptom experience of midlife women with and without breast cancer as it may represent a potential intervention target to improve the menopausal symptom experience.
Turbulent separated flow over and downstream of a two-element airfoil

Flow characteristics in the vicinity of the flap of a single-slotted airfoil are presented and analysed. The flow remained attached over the model surfaces except in the vicinity of the flap trailing edge where a small region of boundary-layer separation extended over the aft 7% of flap chord. The airfoil configuration was tested at a Mach number of 0.09 and a chord Reynolds number of 1.8 × 106 in the NASA Ames Research Center 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel. The flow was complicated by the presence of a strong, initially inviscid, jet, emanating from the slot between airfoil and flap, and a gradual merging of the main airfoil wake and flap suction-side boundary layer.
Affine Systems: Asymptotics at Infinity for Fractal Measures

We study measures on ℝ d which are induced by a class of infinite and recursive iterations in symbolic dynamics. Beginning with a finite set of data, we analyze prescribed recursive iteration systems, each involving subdivisions. The construction includes measures arising from affine and contractive iterated function systems with and without overlap (IFSs), i.e., limit measures μ induced by a finite family of affine mappings in ℝ d (the focus of our paper), as well as equilibrium measures in complex dynamics. By a systematic analysis of the Fourier transform of the measure μ at hand (frequency domain), we identify asymptotic laws, spectral types, dichotomy, and chaos laws. In particular we show that the cases when μ is singular carry a gradation, ranging from Cantor-like fractal measures to measures exhibiting chaos, i.e., a situation when small changes in the initial data produce large fluctuations in the outcome, or rather, the iteration limit (in this case the measures). Our method depends on asymptotic estimates on the Fourier transform of μ for paths at infinity in ℝ d . We show how properties of μ depend on perturbations of the initial data, e.g., variations in a prescribed finite set of affine mappings in ℝ d , in parameters of a rational function in one complex variable (Julia sets and equilibrium measures), or in the entries of a given infinite positive definite matrix.
Novel Approach to the Synthesis of Omeprazole: An Antipeptic Ulcer Agent

A novel approach for the synthesis of omeprazole, a potent antiulcer drug, is described. The synthetic procedure involved the formation of an ester of the 5-methoxy thiobenzimidazole followed by coupling of the ester with the Grignard reagent of 2-chloromethyl-4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-pyridine.
Augmented sparse reconstruction of protein signaling networks

Abstract The problem of reconstructing and identifying intracellular protein signaling and biochemical networks is of critical importance in biology. We propose a mathematical approach called augmented sparse reconstruction for the identification of links among nodes of ordinary differential equation (ODE) networks, given a small set of observed trajectories with various initial conditions. As a test case, the method is applied to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) driven signaling cascade, a well-studied and clinically important signaling network. Our method builds a system of representation from a collection of trajectory integrals, selectively attenuating blocks of terms in the representation. The system of representation is then augmented with random vectors, and l 1 minimization is used to find sparse representations for the dynamical interactions of each node. After showing the performance of our method on a model of the EGFR protein network, we sketch briefly the potential future therapeutic applications of this approach.
Total synthesis and structural revision of biyouyanagin B

Plants of the Hypericum genus (Clusiaceae) have been known around the world for centuries for their medicinal properties. While H. perforatum (St. John’s wort), used to treat moderate depression,[1] is perhaps the most famous of these species, H. Chinense is the most recent member of this family of plants to receive notoriety as the source of biyouyanagin A. A potent anti-HIV agent and a lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production inhibitor, this novel natural product was first reported by Tanaka and co-workers in 2005 as possessing structure 1′ (Figure 1a).[2] Following our total synthesis of biyouyanagin A (1) from ent-zingiberene (ent-3) and hyperolactone C (4), through a [2+2] photocycloaddition, and revision of its structure from 1′ to 1 (Figure 1a),[3,4] a second biyouyanagin (B) was isolated from the same species and reported by the same group as possessing structure 2′ (Figure 1b) on the basis of spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis.[5] We now report the total synthesis and structural revision of biyouyanagin B (from 2′ to 2, Figure 1b) as well as the synthesis of several new biyouyanagins not yet discovered in nature, despite their possible existence based on biosynthetic considerations.
Vascular anomalies of the maxillofacial region

Abstract A biologic classification based on clinical behavior and endothelial cell characteristics is used to divide vascular birthmarks into two groups: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. This system is applied to vascular anomalies of the maxillofacial region and is demonstrated with illustrative cases. The distinction between hemangioma and vascular malformation is important for maxillofacial surgeons because hemangiomas rarely affect bone, whereas malformations affect bone in 35% of cases.
Global solutions for 2D quadratic Schrödinger equations

Abstract We prove global existence and scattering for a class of quadratic Schrodinger equations in dimension 2 with small and localized data. The proof relies on the idea of space–time resonance.
Admission to Law School: New Measures

Standardized tests have been increasingly controversial over recent years in high-stakes admission decisions. Their role in operationalizing definitions of merit and qualification is especially contested, but in law schools this challenge has become particularly intense. Law schools have relied on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and an INDEX (which includes grade point average [GPA]) since the 1940s. The LSAT measures analytic and logical reasoning and reading. Research has focused on the validity of the LSAT as a predictor of 1st-year GPA in law school, with almost no research on predicting lawyering effectiveness. This article examines the comparative potential between the LSAT versus noncognitive (e.g., personality, situational judgment, and biographical information) predictors of lawyering effectiveness. Theoretical links between 26 lawyering effectiveness factors and potential predictors are discussed and evaluated. Implications for broadening the criterion space, diversity in admissions, and th...
Optimized nonorthogonal transforms for image compression

The transform coding of images is analyzed from a common standpoint in order to generate a framework for the design of optimal transforms. It is argued that all transform coders are alike in the way they manipulate the data structure formed by transform coefficients. A general energy compaction measure is proposed to generate optimized transforms with desirable characteristics particularly suited to the simple transform coding operation of scalar quantization and entropy coding. It is shown that the optimal linear decoder (inverse transform) must be an optimal linear estimator, independent of the structure of the transform generating the coefficients. A formulation that sequentially optimizes the transforms is presented, and design equations and algorithms for its computation provided. The properties of the resulting transform systems are investigated. In particular, it is shown that the resulting basis are nonorthogonal and complete, producing energy compaction optimized, decorrelated transform coefficients. Quantization issues related to nonorthogonal expansion coefficients are addressed with a simple, efficient algorithm. Two implementations are discussed, and image coding examples are given. It is shown that the proposed design framework results in systems with superior energy compaction properties and excellent coding results.
Sourcing By Design: Product Complexity and the Supply Chain

This paper focuses on the connection between product complexity and vertical integration using original empirical evidence from the auto industry. A rich literature has addressed the choice between internal production and external sourcing of components in the auto industry. More recent literature has developed the concept of product architecture as another choice variable that may be one of the important contributors to product complexity. In this paper, we connect these two important decisions and study them jointly. We use the property rights approach to argue that complexity in product design and vertical integration of production are complements: that in-house production is more attractive when product complexity is high, as firms seek to capture the benefits of their investment in the skills needed to coordinate development of complex designs. We test this hypothesis with a simultaneous equations model applied to data from the luxury-performance segment of the auto industry. We find a significant and positive relationship between product complexity and vertical integration. This has implications for optimal incentive structures within firms, as well as for interpreting firm performance.
Incompressible fluids of the de Sitter horizon and beyond

There are (at least) two surfaces of particular interest in eternal de Sitter space. One is the timelike hypersurface constituting the lab wall of a static patch observer and the other is the future boundary of global de Sitter space. We study both linear and non-linear deformations of four-dimensional de Sitter space which obey the Einstein equation. Our deformations leave the induced conformal metric and trace of the extrinsic curvature unchanged for a fixed hypersurface. This hypersurface is either timelike within the static patch or spacelike in the future diamond. We require the deformations to be regular at the future horizon of the static patch observer. For linearized perturbations in the future diamond, this corresponds to imposing incoming flux solely from the future horizon of a single static patch observer. When the slices are arbitrarily close to the cosmological horizon, the finite deformations are characterized by solutions to the incompressible Navier- Stokes equation for both spacelike and timelike hypersurfaces. We then study, at the level of linearized gravity, the change in the discrete dispersion relation as we push the timelike hypersurface toward the worldline of the static patch. Finally, we study the spectrum of linearized solutions as the spacelike slices are pushed to future infinity and relate our calculations to analogous ones in the context of massless topological black holes in AdS4.
N-learners problem: fusion of concepts

Given N learners each capable of learning concepts (subsets) in the sense of Valiant (1985), we are interested in combining them using a single fuser. We consider two cases. In open fusion the fuser is given the sample and the hypotheses of the individual learners; we show that a fusion rule can be obtained by formulating this problem as another learning problem. We show sufficiency conditions that ensure the composite system to be better than the best of the individual. Second, in closed fusion the fuser does not have an access to either the training sample or the hypotheses of the individual learners. By using a linear threshold fusion function (of the outputs of individual learners) we show that the composite system can be made better than the best of the statistically independent learners. >
Afterglow Light Curves from Impulsive Relativistic Jets with an Unconventional Structure

The jet structure in gamma-ray burst (GRB) sources is still largely an open question. The leading models invoke either(1)aroughlyuniformjetwithsharpedgesor(2)ajetwithanarrowcoreandwidewingswheretheenergyper solid angle drops as a power law with the anglefrom the jet symmetry axis. Recently, a two-component jet model has also been considered, with a narrow uniform jet of initial Lorentz factor 0 k100 surrounded by a wider uniform jet with 0 � 10 30. Some models predict more exotic jet profiles, such as a thin uniform ring (i.e., the outflow is bounded by two concentric cones of half-opening anglec andc þ � , withTc )o r af an (a thin outflow withT1 along the rotational equator, � c ¼ � /2 þ � /2). In this paper we calculate the expected afterglow light curves from such jet structures, using a simple formalism that is developed here for this purpose and could also have other applications. These light curves are qualitatively compared to observations of GRB after- glows.Itisshownthatthetwo-componentjetmodelcannotproduceverysharpfeaturesintheafterglowlightcurve due to the deceleration of the wide jet or the narrow jet becoming visible at lines of sight outside the edge of the jet. We find that a ''ring''-shaped jet or a ''fan''-shaped jet produces a jet break in the afterglow light curve that is too shallowcomparedtoobservations,wherethechangeinthetemporaldecayindexacrossthejetbreakisabouthalfof that for a uniform conical jet. For a ring jet, the jet break is divided into two distinct and smaller breaks, the first occurring when � � � 1 2 and the second when �� c � 1 . Subject heading gs: gamma rays: bursts — gamma rays: theory — ISM: jets and outflows — radiation mechanisms: nonthermal — relativity
Bankruptcy Decision Making

When a firm encounters financial distress, there is a significant possibility that, at some point, the firm itself should be shut down and its assets put to better use. But Chapter 11 and indeed all market-mimicking reorganization regimes other than a speedy auction entrust the shutdown decision to a bankruptcy judge who lacks information and expertise, as well as the ability to control the timing of her decisions. Understanding the costs of entrusting the shutdown decision to a bankruptcy judge is central to assessing any law of corporate reorganizations. This article models the shutdown decision as the exercise of a real option. The model suggests that the shutdown decision may loom so large in the early parts of the bankruptcy case that it erases any significant difference between Chapter 11 and many alternative market-mimicking regimes. All these regimes take more time than mandatory auctions and thus increase the cost of taking the shutdown decision away from a market actor. Moreover, the real option itself gives parties an incentive to withhold information. Only a system of mandatory auctions both limits the amount of time the shutdown option resides with an inexpert decision maker and forces insiders to give that decision maker sufficient information to value the option
Hydrologic drainage of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

A simple hydrologic drainage network for the Greenland Ice Sheet is modelled from available digital elevation models (DEMs) of bedrock, and surface topography and assumptions of hydrostatic water pressure, uniform hydraulic conductivity, and no conduit flow within the ice sheet. As such, it is a first-order model best suited for broad-scale hydrological assessment. Results identify 293 distinct hydrologic basins (185–117 000 km2) together with their ‘realized’ (wet) and ‘unrealized’ (dry) drainage patterns. Intersection with 1991–2000 Polar MM5 (PMM5) mesoscale climate model hindcasts of meltwater runoff suggest that these basins route varying amounts of water to the ice edge, ranging from 0 to 16 km3 annually and totalling 242 km3/year for the entire ice sheet. Regionally speaking, average annual volumetric meltwater production (km3/year) is highest in southwest and lowest in northeast Greenland, with greater hydrologic activity in western regions than in eastern regions for a given latitude. The extent to which meltwater truly reaches the ice margin as modelled is difficult to test. However, the simulated flow outlet locations show qualitative agreement with the locations of 460 observed meltwater outlets (proglacial lakes, streams, and rivers; and sediment plumes into fjords) mapped continuously along the ice sheet perimeter. On average, about 36% of the modelled drainage network was activated (i.e. received water) over the 1991–2000 study period. Remaining areas, barring dynamic changes to ice-surface topography, would presumably activate if surface melt penetrates deeper into the ice sheet interior. Both new datasets are freely available for scientific use at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/parca/nsidc-0372-hydrologic-outlets; ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/parca/nsidc-0371-hydrologic-sub-basins). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Problem of B. Plotkin for S-Acts: Automorphisms of Categories of Free S-Acts

In this article, we prove that all automorphisms of categories of free S-acts are semi-inner, which solves a variation of Problem 12 in Plotkin (2002) for monoids. We also give a description of automorphisms of categories of finitely generated free algebras of varieties of unary algebras, and show that among varieties of unary algebras, only the variety of mono-unary algebras is perfect (Mashevitzky et al., 2002).
Optimized Unrolling of Nested Loops

Loop unrolling is a well known loop transformation that has been used in optimizing compilers for over three decades. In this paper, we address the problems of automatically selecting unroll factors for perfectly nested loops, and generating compact code for the selected unroll factors. Compared to past work, the contributions of our work include (i) a more detailed cost model that includes register locality, instruction-level parallelism and instruction-cache considerations; (ii) a new code generation algorithm that generates more compact code than the unroll-and-jam transformation; and (iii) a new algorithm for efficiently enumerating feasible unroll vectors. Our experimental results confirm the wide applicability of our approach by showing a 2.2× speedup on matrix multiply, and an average 1.08× speedup on seven of the SPEC95fp benchmarks (with a 1.2× speedup for two benchmarks). Larger performance improvements can be expected on processors that have larger numbers of registers and larger degrees of instruction-level parallelism than the processor used for our measurements (PowerPC 604).
Transaction Frequency and Commercial Property

Metrics using repeat sale data assume that frequently and infrequently sold properties are similar in capital expenditures, maintenance and other characteristics. Value-added investors concentrate on repositioning properties which requires capital investment and managerial skills. Returns using repeat sales likely overstate appreciation by misattributing this investment. Present results show that frequently and infrequently traded properties represent different property populations. The first sale of a repeat transaction sells at a significant discount compared to single sale properties while the second sale transacts at a premium. The results suggest that repeat sale indices may overstate price appreciation and represent returns for a different, relatively small cohort of properties when compared to the large number of properties that transact only once during a specific time period.