cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport and Discharge of Exportable Proteins in Pancreatic Exocrine Cells: in Vitro Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the studies on the factors that determine the orderly flow of exportable products from their site of synthesis to their ultimate discharge from the storage granules. The chapter states that a number of different transport operations are involved in the intracellular processing of exportable materials and that all these are related to the intracellular membrane systems of the cell. The chapter explores the factors that are involved in the intracellular transport of the contents for which it has considerable information, it will also be appropriate to consider the dynamic relationships of the membrane containers themselves—although for lack of firm evidence, the discussion will be mainly speculative. The chapter implies that the cell extensively reutilizes its membranes or macromolecular components thereof during the secretary process, possibly via a membrane recirculation scheme.
Locke on Knowing Our Own Ideas (and Ourselves)

Locke defines knowledge as the perception of the agreement or disagreement of ideas. Nevertheless, he claims that we know particular things: the identity of our ideas, our own existence, and the existence of external objects. Although much has been done to reconcile the definition of knowledge with our knowledge of external objects, there is virtually nothing in the scholarship when it comes to knowing ideas or our own existence. I fill in this gap by arguing that perceptions of ideas are complex mental states that convey propositional knowledge due to agreeing elements therein.
Transient plane wave scattering from objects near lossy ground with FDTD

Summary form only given. Recently Pao, Dvorak, and Dudley (see IEEE Antennas and Propagation, vol.44, no.7, p.918-32, July 1996) did some work to efficiently evaluate the solution of a transient plane wave incident on a lossy half-space. We can now use this solution to obtain the incident wave solution in the FDTD method. To test out this concept, we consider a two-dimensional FDTD code which utilizes the anisotropic PML as the outer boundary condition. The solution is compared to those obtained from the "brute force" approach with the inverse Fourier transform. Also, the computation time results are compared to demonstrate the efficiency of our method versus the "brute force approach".
Abstract #5544: The cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 mediates the antioxidant upregulation of human MGMT DNA repair protein

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO MGMT (O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) is a critical DNA repair protein that protects oncogenic genes and the global genome against mutations caused by endogenous and exogenous alkylating agents. Although human MGMT is not known to be inducible, we recently showed that the gene responds to a cysteine prodrug, dietary and natural antioxidants with a limited transcriptional enhancement in normal and tumor cells (Int J Oncol. 29, 1269-1278, 2006; Carcinogenesis 28, 378-389 2007). To assess the potential of MGMT-targeted chemoprevention, this study investigated the molecular mechanisms of antioxidant responsiveness of the MGMT gene. Inspection of the basal promoter of hMGMT showed the presence of two AREs (antioxidant response elements) which are typically recognized by NRF2. NRF2 (nuclear factor E2 related factor 2) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that rapidly turns over under homeostatic conditions, but is stabilized by redox imbalance and mediates the transcription of several phase 2 detoxifying enzymes that are inducible by antioxidants and xenobiotics. Consistent with our hypothesis, the activity of reporter genes (CAT or luciferase) linked to the 1 kb MGMT promoter were markedly upregulated (4-5 fold) by curcumin and silymarin, which also augmented MGMT expression in earlier studies. Further, the transient and stable tansfections of T47D breast cancer and HT29 colon cancer cells with an Nrf2 expression construct resulted in significant upregulation (3-5 fold) of MGMT gene transcripts, protein and activity. The transfected cells showed a similar increase in GSTP1, an established target of Nrf2. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using the putative ARE sequences (22 bp ds-DNA) from the MGMT promoter showed only one of them bound the Nrf2 in nuclear extracts from curcumin and silymarin-treated tumor cells. Studies using siRNA and ChIP assays are underway to elucidate the role of Nrf2 in basal and chemopreventive-induced expression of MGMT. Because the ARE-Nrf2 interactions are hallmarks of oxidative stress/antioxidant- responsive genes, our findings suggest that human cells may enhance DNA repair via MGMT during redox stress. The results also suggest that dietary components can influence hMGMT expression and bear significance for chemopreventive augmentation of MGMT as a means to lower cancer risk (supported by NIH RO3CA125872 grant to KSS). Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 5544.
Flow Cytometry: OPSL Technology Meets Critical Needs

Flow cytometry is a widely used tool for counting and/or sorting cells in both clinical and research medical applications, as well as animal husbandry and testing of genetically modified organisms. One important cytometry trend is the use of more laser wavelengths in order to simultaneously and optimally excite a higher number of fluorescent labels. This, in turn, allows counting or sorting on the basis of a larger number of parameters in a single instrument, which reduces overall measurement time and cost.
SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN SHOCK WAVE RESEARCH

Experimental techniques are discussed for studying continuous loading of materials to high dynamic pressures, for estimating shear strength of shock-loaded solids at high pressures, and for generating two-dimensional stress states in plate impact experiments. These methods are useful in a variety of applications involving equation of state, phase transition and shear strength studies in dynamic experiments.
Endothelial dysfunction in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: role of oxygen-derived free radicals

Myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion results in endothelial dysfunction in cats. This dysfunction is characterized by a loss of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) release in response to endothelium-dependent dilators. This loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) occurs significantly at 2.5 min post-reperfusion and the dysfunction progresses until it is complete at 20 min post-reperfusion. This reduced EDR is prevented by Superoxide dismutase, but not by hydroxyl radical scavengers. In contrast, neutrophil accumulation in the heart, as measured by cardiac myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, does not reach significant levels until 3 h post-reperfusion, and significant myocardial necrosis does not occur until 4.5 h post-reperfusion. No significant changes in EDR, MPO or cardiac necrosis occurred during the 90 min of ischemia. Thus, endothelial dysfunction is an early and specific marker of reperfusion injury preceding neutrophil involvement and cardiac necrosis. Superoxide radicals appear to play a key role in the decreased EDR observed early after reperfusion.
Experiments in Benchmarking Relational Database Machines

The goal of the work reported here is to develop a machine-independent methodology tor benchmarking database machines. As an initial step, performance measurement experiments are being conducted on a relational database machine. The experimental environment is described. Results from an application of the methodology are reported. The results not only are indicative of the machine performance, but also characterize the methodology for benchmarking.
The idea life of money and poststructural realism

Comment on Dodd, Nigel. 2014. The social life of money . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Consequences of an Adolescent Onset and Persistent Course of Alcohol Dependence in Men: Adolescent Risk Factors and Adult Outcomes

Background: While there is an extensive literature on the correlates of alcohol use disorders (AUD; alcohol abuse and dependence), there are relatively few prospective studies of representative birth cohorts that have examined the unique effects of an adolescent onset and persistent course of AUD on a wide range of psychosocial variables. Methods: A longitudinal, community-based sample of 530 men was used to examine the impact of an adolescent onset (AUD+ at age 17) and persistent course (AUD+ at age 29) of AUD on adolescent and adult functioning including substance use, antisocial behavior, mental health problems, overall psychosocial functioning, environmental risk and protective factors, and social outcomes such as peer and romantic relationships, marriage, educational and occupational attainment, and parenthood. Results: An adolescent onset of AUD (n = 57) was associated with severe deficits across multiple domains of psychosocial functioning in adolescence. Measures of behavioral disinhibition in adolescence were strong predictors of a persistent course of AUD (n = 93). Nearly 40% of men with an adolescent onset were able to desist by age 29, and were similar, but not identical to men who never experienced an AUD in terms of adult functioning. Men with an adolescent onset and persistent course of AUD exhibited the most severe deficits in functioning. Conclusion: Results emphasize the importance of examining developmental course to understand the etiology of AUD. Our findings are optimistic in that individuals who desist from AUD are able to achieve high levels of psychosocial functioning. Our findings suggest that future research on the persistence of AUD into adulthood should focus on the contributions of behavioral disinhibition and social environment variables including peer and romantic relationships.
A comparison of phase disposition and phase shift PWM strategies for modular multilevel converters

Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) has proved to be an effective solution for high power applications, supplying low distorted output voltage and high fault tolerance. This paper presents a detailed performance comparison between phase disposition PWM (PDPWM) and phase shift PWM (PSPWM) schemes under normal condition, over-modulation, as well as carrier non-synchronization condition. Compared to the PSPWM strategy, the PDPWM has smaller line-to-line voltage distortion under normal condition, when the carrier frequencies are adjusted to achieve the same number of switch transitions over one fundamental cycle. In addition, the capacitor voltages are able to keep balanced without additional controllers. Under over-modulation condition, PDPWM can still achieve smaller voltage distortion without capacitor voltage deviation, while obvious voltage differences are observed with PSPWM, which shows an opposite trend toward that of normal condition. Moreover, asynchronous carriers have different impacts on the harmonic cancellation, which needs to be carefully considered in a hardware implementation. Simulation results for a three-phase nine-level inverter system generated with the Matlab/Simulink software are provided to support the theoretical considerations.
SOCIAL WORK MANAGERS AND UNIONS: TERRA INCOGNITA

The relationship of social work managers to unions has received little attention in the literature despite the growing efforts by unions to organize the nonprofit sector. The author describes the historic ties between the labor movement and social work, as well as the current status of the labor movement in the United States. A model is presented that can help social work managers to deal with organizing activities directed toward the organizations in which they work.
CHAOS IN A NOISY WORLD: NEW METHODS AND EVIDENCE FROM TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS

Chaos is usually regarded as a distinct alternative to random effects such as environmental fluctuations or external disturbances. We argue that strict separation between chaotic and stochastic dynamics in ecological systems is unnecessary and misleading, and we present a more comprehensive approach for systems subject to stochastic perturbations. The defining property of chaos is sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems are "noise amplifiers" that magnify perturbations; nonchaotic systems are "noise mufflers" that dampen perturbations. We also present statistical methods for detecting chaos in time-series data, based on using nonlinear time-series modeling to estimate the Lyapunov exponent λ, which gives the average rate at which perturbation effects grow (λ > 0) or decay (λ < 0). These methods allow for dynamic noise and can detect low-dimensional chaos with realistic amounts of data. Results for natural and laboratory populations span the entire range from noise-dominated and strongl...
Commutativity conditions for rings: 1950–2005

Abstract During the last 55 years there have been many results concerning conditions that force a ring to be commutative. These results were stimulated by Jacobson's famous result and were extensively developed by Herstein. This paper will survey the area by organizing the results according to whether they come from variations on Herstein's conditions, depend on general polynomial conditions, depend on the presence of a derivation, or whether a ring has special properties that make commutativity more easily accessible. Finally, the most recent conditions concern product sets and lead to results in a new area of inquiry.
Capricious Cre: the devil is in the details.

Over the last few decades, the mouse has supplanted the rat as the primary animal model in biological and biomedical research (1, 2). This shift has occurred for a variety of reasons, including ease and cost of maintenance, short life cycle, and the wealth of classical genetics tools (inbred and congenic strains and spontaneous mutants). But the innovation most central to the ascendance of the mouse is the advent of mouse genetic engineering. Beginning with transgenic mice in the early 1980s (3–7) and the subsequent generation of targeted genetic manipulations (knockin/knockout) in the late 1980s (8–10), the use of genetically engineered mice has grown to become a cornerstone of biomedical research. With the subsequent application of Cre/Lox technology (11), modern day researchers have a mammalian system in which any genetic sequence can be modified in nearly any tissue or cell type. Yet the benefits of any technology also come with limitations, and in this issue of Endocrinology, Padilla and colleagues (12) highlight a critical complication that can arise with Cre/Lox technology, namely the transient expression of Cre in unanticipated sites during development. The result is Cre expression that may not match the adult expression pattern and as such may not meet the investigator's expectations.
Twenty‐four microsatellite markers for the aflatoxin‐producing fungus Aspergillus flavus

Aspergillus flavus infects both plants and humans and contaminates diverse agricultural crops with aflatoxins, highly carcinogenic fungal metabolites. We describe 24 microsatellite markers developed to assess genetic diversity and recombination within and between three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of Aspergillus flavus. These loci are polymorphic within at least one VCG or between VCGs. For loci polymorphic across all three VCGs, the number of alleles ranged from two to 19. These markers will be useful for genetic studies of this economically important pathogen.
Role of PPARγ in Regulating a Cascade Expression of Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitors, p18(INK4c) and p21(Waf1/Cip1), during Adipogenesis

Molecular mechanisms coupling growth arrest and cell differentiation were examined during adipogenesis. Data are presented that document a cascade expression of members of two independent families of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors that define distinct states of growth arrest during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Exit from the cell cycle into a pre-differentiation state of post-mitotic growth arrest was characterized by significant increases in p21 and p27. During onset of irreversible growth arrest associated with terminal differentiation, the level of p21 declined with a concomitant, dramatic increase in p18 and a sustained level of p27. The expression of p18 and p21, regulated at the level of protein and mRNA accumulation, was directly coupled to differentiation. Stable cell lines were engineered to express adipogenic transcription factors to examine the active role of trans-acting elements in regulating these cell cycle inhibitors. Ectopic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma in non-precursor fibroblastic cell lines resulted in conversion to adipocytes and a coordinated increase in p18 and p21 mRNA and protein expression in a PPARgamma ligand-associated manner. These data demonstrate a role for PPARgamma in mediating the differentiation-dependent cascade expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, thereby providing a molecular mechanism coupling growth arrest and adipocyte differentiation.
AXIAL COORDINATION IN COBALT(II) COMPLEXES OF TWO SYNTHETIC MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS CONTAINING THE BIDENTATE α-DIIMINE GROUP

Abstract In order to elucidate the nature of axial coordination in synthetic macrocyclic complexes of cobalt(II), we have synthesized two new series of such complexes, containing the macrocycles Me4 [14] 1,3,8,10-tetraeneN4 and Me2 [14] 1,3-dieneN4, by direct isolation of the Co(II) complexes from the condensation reaction mixtures. The complexes are formally five-coordinate in the solid state, but exhibit a tendency toward six-coordination in the presence of potential axial ligands, as demonstrated by electronic spectral and electron paramagnetic resonance studies. The Co(tetraeneN4)+2 and Co(dieneN4)+2 species are compared with the previously studied Co(Me6 [14] 4, 11-dieneN4)+2 moiety with respect to axial coordination. It is concluded that the presence of methyl substituents on the six-membered chelate rings of the latter complex have a marked effect on its tendency to coordinate axial ligands.
Platinum group element fractionation in a komatiitic basalt lava lake

Precise PGE (Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd) abundance data for bulk rock samples, and mineral separates, from a deep differentiated komatiitic basalt lava lake in the Vetreny Belt (Baltic Shield) were obtained using an ICP-MS ID technique. The composition of the erupted liquid (MgO 5 15%) is characterized by a highly fractionated PGE pattern, (Pd/Os)N 5 48, with subchondritic (Os/Ir)N 5 0.43. Analysis of separated olivine and chromite revealed that Ru, Os, and Ir were slightly compatible to moderately incompatible in olivine ( D 5 1.7-0.8), and were compatible with chromite (D 5 100-150). Platinum and Pd were highly incompatible with olivine (D 5 0.08-0.03), and moderately compatible with chromite (D 5 1.6-3.3). Bulk solid-liquid partition coefficients for PGEs, Ni, Cr, and Cu, estimated from the whole rock regressions, were: Os 7.9, Ir 6.6, Ru 4.5, Pt 0.53, Pd 0.09, Ni 6.2, Cr 4.4, and Cu 0.01. The highly incompatible behavior of Cu and Pd indicates that there was no separation of FeNiCu immiscible sulfide liquid during the differentiation of the lava lake. Comparison of the bulk partition coefficients with those calculated from the olivine and chromite compositions implies that the fractionating mineral assemblage included ;10 2561 mass fraction of pyrrhotite. The data obtained provide new constraints on the effects of fractional crystallization on the PGE compositions of mafic- ultramafic magmas. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd
Approximation Methods in Classical Statistical Mechanics

The pair distribution function for a classical fluid in thermal equilibrium is found to be more closely approximated by the Percus and Yevick (Phys. Rev., 110: 1(1958)) approximation than by the Bogoliubov-Born-Green- Kirkwood-Yvon (B.B.G.K.Y.) approximation or the hypernettedchain approximation. It is noted that the reason for this finding lies in the fact that the Percus and Yevick approximation chooses a quite advantageous function for making a Taylor expansion of the appropriate equation for a grand canonical ensemble. (T.F.H.)
Molecular charisma in supercritical fluids

Abstract The unique properties of supercritical fluids (SCF) solutions near the critical region are often a manifestation of local properties which are significantly different than bulk properties. A variety of spectroscopic measurements, as well as thermodynamic and theoretical treatments, support the existence of local density and local composition augmentations in the vicinity of large solute molecules in SCF solutions. Opportunities to exploit this concept of molecular charisma exist for a variety of engineering application including separations using cosolvent/SCF systems and chemical reactions in SCF solvents. The component of cosolvent effect on solubilities in SCF systems resulting from molecular charisma is discussed and related to specific solute/cosolvent interactions and cosolvent concentration. As a consequence of two effects of molecular charisma, the potential to adjust reaction rates and reaction selectivities in SCF solvents is also enhanced. Reaction rates may be altered through the concentration of reactants at the reaction site. Additionally, modification of local solvent strength in SCF solutions, a property of the local reactant environment, can alter reaction rates and selectivities.
Rational choice and the structure of the environment.

A growing interest in decision making in psychology is evidenced by the recent publication of Edwards’ review article in the Psychological Bulletin (1) and the Santa Monica Conference volume, Decision Processes (7). In this work, much attention has been focused on the characterization of rational choice, and because the latter topic has been a central concern in economics, the theory of decision making has become a natural meeting ground for psychological and economic theory. A comparative examination of the models of adaptive behavior employed in psychology (e.g., learning theories), and of the models of rational behavior employed in economics, shows that in almost all respects the latter postulate a much greater complexity in the choice mechanisms, and a much larger capacity in the organism for obtaining information and performing computations, than do the former. Moreover, in the limited range of situations where the predictions of the two theories have been compared (see [7, Ch. 9, 10, 18]), the learning theories appear to account for the observed behavior rather better than do the theories of rational behavior. Both from these scanty data and from an examination of the postulates of the economic models it appears probable that, however adaptive the behavior of organisms in learning and choice situations, this adaptiveness falls far short of the ideal of “maximizing” postulated in economic theory. Evidently, organisms adapt well enough to “satisfice”; they do not, in general, “optimize.” If this is the case, a great deal can be learned about rational decision making by taking into account, at the outset, the limitations upon the capacities and complexity of the organism, and by taking account of the fact that the environments to which it must adapt possess properties that permit further simplication of its choice mechanisms. It may be useful, therefore, to ask: How simple a set of choice mechanisms can we postulate and still obtain the gross features of observed adaptive choice behavior? In a previous paper (6) I have put forth some suggestions as to the kinds of “approximate” rationality that might be employed by an organism possessing limited information and limited computational facilities. The suggestions were “hypothetical” in that, lacking definitive knowledge of the human decisional processes, we can only conjecture on the basis of our everyday experiences, our introspection, and a very limited body of psychological literature what these
Statistical crystallographic investigation of stability in membrane networks

Abstract In membrane systems, force measurements and traditional light scattering studies have proven difficult in practice. Dynamic force data are virtually nonexistent. The tools of statistical crystallography are applied here to polymerized chitin networks and their membrane behavior is compared with electron microscopy data for liposomal networks (Blagoi et al., Biophysics25, 1017 (1980)). In all cases, Aboav-Weaire's and a perimeter law are verified. Lewis's law shows poor agreement for liposomal and chitin networks with carbon-black particles. Results suggest that statistical disorder in network coarsening can remain persistant on a time scale long compared to light scattering experiments and that in these membrane systems short-range ordering forces play a subsidiary role compared both to long-range (dipolar, electrostatic, etc.) effects and to the purely mathematical requirements of completely filling available space.
Incremental elasticity for array databases

Relational databases benefit significantly from elasticity, whereby they execute on a set of changing hardware resources provisioned to match their storage and processing requirements. Such flexibility is especially attractive for scientific databases because their users often have a no-overwrite storage model, in which they delete data only when their available space is exhausted. This results in a database that is regularly growing and expanding its hardware proportionally. Also, scientific databases frequently store their data as multidimensional arrays optimized for spatial querying. This brings about several novel challenges in clustered, skew-aware data placement on an elastic shared-nothing database. In this work, we design and implement elasticity for an array database. We address this challenge on two fronts: determining when to expand a database cluster and how to partition the data within it. In both steps we propose incremental approaches, affecting a minimum set of data and nodes, while maintaining high performance. We introduce an algorithm for gradually augmenting an array database's hardware using a closed-loop control system. After the cluster adds nodes, we optimize data placement for n-dimensional arrays. Many of our elastic partitioners incrementally reorganize an array, redistributing data only to new nodes. By combining these two tools, the scientific database efficiently and seamlessly manages its monotonically increasing hardware resources.
Improved laser techniques for the elimination of genital and extragenital warts

Abstract Two series of patients with genital warts were compared for effectiveness of treatment by means of the carbon dioxide laser. In the earlier series (1977 to 1981) laser vaporization was used to remove overt warts while surrounding normal skin was spared. Examination of anal, urethral, and other extragenital sites for possible involvement was done only when warts persisted or recurred. In the later series (1983 to 1985), patients were similarly treated by carbon dioxide laser techniques; however, two additional measures supplemented laser vaporization of gross condyloma acuminatum. The brush technique superficially coagulated skin and mucosal surfaces contiguous to warts. This methodology was hypothesized to eliminate subclinical human papillomavirus infection within normal-appearing epithelium. Compulsive examination and treatment of extragenital sites at the time of the initial laser surgical procedure eliminated the most likely locations for persistence or recurrence. The primary cure rate for the earlier series was 65.8% compared to 91% for the later series. This difference was highly significant (p
How and when does complex reasoning occur? Empirically driven development of a learning progression focused on complex reasoning about biodiversity

In order to compete in a global economy, students are going to need resources and curricula focusing on critical thinking and reasoning in science. Despite awareness for the need for complex reasoning, American students perform poorly relative to peers on international standardized tests measuring complex thinking in science. Research focusing on learning progressions is one effort to provide more coherent science curricular sequences and assessments that can be focused on complex thinking about focal science topics. This article describes an empirically driven, five-step process to develop a 3-year learning progression focusing on complex thinking about biodiversity. Our efforts resulted in empirical results and work products including: (1) a revised definition of learning progressions, (2) empirically driven, 3-year progressions for complex thinking about biodiversity, (3) an application of statistical approaches for the analysis of learning progression products, (4) Hierarchical Linear Modeling results demonstrating significant student achievement on complex thinking about biodiversity, and (5) Growth Model results demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of the first version of our curricular units. The empirical studies present information to inform both curriculum and assessment development. For curriculum development, the role of learning progressions as templates for the development of organized sequences of curricular units focused on complex science is discussed. For assessment development, learning progression-guided assessments provide a greater range and amount of information that can more reliably discriminate between students of differing abilities than a contrasting standardized assessment measure that was also focused on biodiversity content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 610–631, 2009
Regional differences in worldwide emissions of mercury to the atmosphere

Annual emissions of anthropogenic Hg to the atmosphere in different regions of the world during the last decade show an interesting dichotomy: the emissions in the developed countries increased at the rate of about 4.5–5.5% yr−1 up to 1989 and have since remained nearly constant, while in developing countries the emissions continue to rise steadily at the rate of 2.7–4.5% yr−1. On a global basis, however, the total anthropogenic emissions of Hg increased by about 4% yr−1 during the 1980s, peaked in 1989 at about 2290 t and are currently decreasing at the rate of about 1.3% yr−1. Solid waste disposal through incineration processes is the dominant source of atmospheric mercury in North America (∼ 40%), Central and South America (∼34%), western Europe (∼28%) and Africa (∼30%), whereas coal combustion remains the dominant source in Asia (∼42%) and eastern Europe and the former USSR (∼40%). Mining and smelting of Zn and Pb represent the major industrial source of Hg in Oceania (∼35%).
Ligand exchanges and selective catalytic hydrogenation in molecular single crystals

Chemical reactions inside single crystals are likely to be highly selective, but examples of single crystal to single crystal (SC-SC) transformations are uncommon, because crystallinity is difficult to retain following the rearrangement of atoms in the solid state. The most widely studied SC-SC transformations involve solvent exchange reactions in porous coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks, which take advantage of the robust polymeric networks of the hosts. Examples of reactions occurring within molecular organic crystals generally involve photo-induced reactions, such as the coupling of alkenes or alkynes within the crystal. For nonporous molecular inorganic or organometallic crystals, single-crystal transformations involving the formation or cleavage of metal-ligand bonds are rare; known examples usually involve ligand loss from the single crystal and reversible religation, a process sometimes accompanied by decay of the single crystal to a microcrystalline powder. Here we report a series of SC-SC transformations that involve the interchange of multiple small gaseous ligands (N(2), CO, NH(3), C(2)H(4), H(2) and O(2)) at an iridium centre in molecular single crystals of a pincer Ir(I) complex. The single crystal remains intact during these ligand-exchange reactions, which occur within the crystal and do not require prior ligand extrusion. We reveal a selective catalytic transformation within a nonporous molecular crystal: pincer iridium single crystals ligated with nitrogen, ethylene or hydrogen show selective hydrogenation of ethylene relative to propylene (25:1) when surface sites are passified by CO.
Diversity and species abundance patterns in late Cenomanian black shale biofacies, Western Interior, U.S.

Questions concerning the application of established biofacies models to mid-Cretaceous black shales prompted a study of diversity characteristics in a fauna from the Late Cenomanian Hartland Shale Member, Western Interior basin. Numerical faunal data are used to assess species abundance patterns, and a new method of analyzing diversity is introduced that incorporates species richness, Shannon index, and equitability into a single plot. In addition, numerical simulations designed to emulate the sampling of species-abundance distributions are used to improve data interpretation. The study illustrates how measured diversity results from the combination of primary ecological controls and sampling effects. Proximal offshore assemblages are characterized by high diversity and log series species-abundance patterns, interpreted as truncated (incompletely sampled) log-normal distributions. Primary ecological controls include variable physical/chemical parameters, biological factors such as predation and competition, and intermediate disturbance frequency. Distal offshore assemblages are characterized by low diversity with patterns of species abundance resembling geometric series. These are interpreted as truncated log-series distributions (sampling effect) that reflect dominance of multiple opportunists, abundant resources in a dysoxic environment, and high disturbance frequency. The data are used to develop an ecological model for diversity levels in basinal black shale facies based on the interplay of recruitment, growth rate, tolerance to low oxygen and sulphide, and disturbance frequency (due to fluctuations of the redox boundary). Although certain taxa (chiefly Inoceramidae) evolved highly opportunistic life strategies to exploit basinal paleoenvironments, it was the unpredictable interaction of these four factors that determined diversity patterns. Analysis of Hartland Shale biofacies illustrates the difficulties in applying a strictly linear relationship between paleo-oxygen levels and diversity.
Chemisorption on surfaces — an historical look at a representative adsorbate: carbon monoxide

Abstract The study of the interaction of molecules with clean surfaces extends back to the work of Irving Langmuir. In this historical account, the development of selected experimental methods for the study of molecular adsorption will be discussed. This will be done by historically reviewing research on one of the most well-studied adsorbate molecules, carbon monoxide. Many of the modern surface science techniques have first been used to study chemisorbed carbon monoxide, and the CO molecule is employed even today as a test molecule for currently developing surface measurement instruments such as the low temperature STM. In addition to being a good test molecule for new surface measurement techniques, adsorbed carbon monoxide is one of the centrally important molecules in the field of heterogeneous catalysis where the production of synthetic fuels and useful organic molecules often depends on the catalytic behavior of the adsorbed CO molecule. Interestingly, the carbon monoxide molecule also serves as a bridge between surface chemistry on the transition metals and the field of organometallic chemistry. Concepts about the chemical bonding and the reactive behavior of CO chemisorbed on transition metal surfaces and CO bound in transition metal carbonyls link these two fields together in a significant manner. The carbon monoxide molecule has been the historical focal point of many endeavors in surface chemistry and surface physics, and research on adsorbed carbon monoxide well represents many of the key advances which characterize the first thirty years of the development of surface science.
Positive radial solutions for quasilinear systems in an annulus

Abstract We show that either superlinearity or sublinearity assumptions can guarantee the existence of positive radial solutions for quasilinear systems involving the p -Laplacian.
Resilient ageing: a concept analysis.

Aim This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept resilient ageing. Unique in comparison with other healthy ageing concepts, resilient ageing can be applied to all older people, regardless of age or affliction. Background The state of global population expansion in older people over the next 50 years calls for increased health promotion research efforts to ensure the maintenance of health and optimal quality of life for all older people. Data sources Literature for this concept analysis was retrieved from several databases, CINAHL, PubMed PsycINFO, for the years 1990–2012. Design Rodgers's evolutionary method of concept analysis was used because of its applicability to concepts that are still evolving. Methods An integrative research review methodology was applied to peer-reviewed journal articles (n = 46) for an inductive analysis of the concept of resilient ageing. Results The antecedents, defining attributes, and consequence of resilient ageing were identified. Antecedents to resilient ageing were found to be adversity and protective factors, while the core attributes include coping, hardiness and self-concept. The consequence of the process of resilient ageing was optimal quality of life. Sense of coherence was found to be the surrogate term. The results obtained were further substantiated using Antonovsky's (1979) theory of salutogenesis. Conclusion A theoretical definition and a model of resilient ageing were developed. In addition, a discussion was provided on the practice, policy and research implications for promoting the development of protective factors and resilient ageing.
Active magnetic bearing based force measurement using the multi-point technique

Abstract Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are currently used in a number of commercial and research applications. AMBs allow for higher rotational speeds than rolling element bearings while eliminating the need for lubrication. In addition, they also may be used concurrently as support bearings and non-invasive force sensors by monitoring bearing flux-density through the addition of Hall Effect probes or through measurement of bearing currents applied to magnetic circuit models of the bearing. Many current-based approaches are limited because of model assumptions due to unknowns in the final geometry/assembly of the bearing itself resulting in unknown flux distribution. This paper addresses a new strategy for AMB current-based force measurement, the Multi-Point Method, which uses a system identification approach in order to improve the accuracy of force measurements in field conditions with no additional hardware. The Multi-Point Method described in this paper is a system identification approach to force measurement where both gap and forces are determined through the use of perturbation current application, recording of resulting states, and the use of an on-line algorithm. The Multi-Point Method has been shown to be capable of providing force measurements that are more accurate and more precise over a range of vertical rotor displacements (mimicking misalignment, assembly variations, and thermal growth effects on field gaps) than conventional single point current-based measurements that rely on assumed gaps in static tests. This paper presents the results of a proof-of-concept static test in a non-rotating two bearing rotor. Initial static experimental results demonstrate that the multi-point force predictions are within 1.03% of the known rotor force on average, with an average standard deviation of 0.83%. Comparatively, the conventional single point force predictions were within 5.76% of the known force with an average standard deviation of 6.17%. Dynamic effects due to eddy currents and hysteresis effects also degrade current-based force model accuracy and will be addressed in future work. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the importance of accounting for geometric parameters through a system identification approach to improve the fundamental current-based model accuracy.
Marker-of-self becomes marker-of-senescence.

In this issue of Blood , Burger et al provide compelling in vitro evidence that phagocytic uptake of aged human erythrocytes is promoted by the marker of self CD47 in complex with the serum factor thrombospondin-1.[1][1] CD47 is expressed on cells of all types and binds and signals to SIRPα on
Online apparel retailing: roles of e‐shopping quality and experiential e‐shopping motives

– The objectives of this paper are to: examine e‐shopping quality dimensions; explore how e‐shopping quality factors influence consumer shopping outcomes (e‐shopping satisfaction and e‐shopping intention); and test the moderating effects of consumer experiential e‐shopping motives on the e‐shopping quality – e‐shopping outcomes links within the context of online apparel retailing., – Data were gathered from 298 college students in the USA using a self‐administered online survey., – Among four e‐shopping quality factors identified (privacy/security, web site content/functionality, customer service, and experiential/atmospheric), web site content/functionality and atmospheric/experiential quality have significant impact on e‐shopping satisfaction contributing to e‐shopping intention, while privacy/security and customer service have significant impact on e‐shopping intention but not on e‐shopping satisfaction. Furthermore, this study provides some support for the moderating roles that experiential e‐shopping motives plays in the e‐shopping quality – e‐shopping outcomes links., – This paper shows that experiential e‐shopping motives as an individual characteristic play a role in controlling the dynamics among e‐shopping quality, e‐shopping satisfaction, and e‐shopping intention. However, the data consisting of self‐reported measures from a single segment of online retail industry warrants caution in generalization in relation to common method bias., – This paper entails useful implications for internet‐ and multichannel retail marketers delivering apparel/fashion goods to better understand the online consumer response process and determine effective e‐store management strategies that reflect the differing customer evaluation processes., – This study extends and complements the e‐tail service literature by examining whether and how experiential e‐shopping motives moderate the relationships among e‐shopping quality dimensions, e‐shopping satisfaction, and e‐shopping intention.
Effect of saponins on the foam/flow properties of paste and physical characteristics of akara made from decorticated black-eyed cowpeas

Akara, a deep-fat-fried cowpea paste product, is a popular snack food in West Africa. Foaming capacity of the cowpea paste is important for achieving a spongy light-textured fried product. The effect of two saponins, Yucca and Quillaja, on the foaming capacity of cowpea paste was investigated. Results showed that an increase in the amount of saponin added (1, 2, 4%) resulted in a decrease in specific gravity and apparent viscosity of the cowpea paste. Addition of saponin also significantly reduced the firmness and increased the cohesiveness of the akara compared with the control. Akara made using the Quillaja saponin was less firm and more cohesive than akara made using the Yucca saponin. An increase in the amount of saponin added to the cowpea paste resulted in a darker (lower L*) and browner colour of akara. However, akara containing 1% Yucca saponin had similar colour attributes to the control but was less firm and more cohesive.
Dose-Dependent “Activation Energy” For Blistering Phenomenon In Hydrogen-Implanted Silicon

Silicon samples were implanted with 100 keV hydrogen at doses ranging from 4.9 to 9.9 × 1016 H/cm2. The samples were then annealed in an argon atmosphere using a special furnace mounted on a microscope stage. The time required to observe the onset of Si blistering was then measured as a function of temperature for the various hydrogen doses. An Arrhenius plot of the time-temperature data was made and an “activation energy” was calculated for each dose. The measured activation energies range from 2.6 to 1.1 eV corresponding to 4.9 to 9.9 × 1016 H/cm2, respectively. A qualitative explanation of the dose dependence is given in terms of a stressinduced lowering of the Si-Si bond energy. The hydrogen distribution as a function of annealing temperature was monitored using the 1H(15N,αγ)12C nuclear reaction. The results from the hydrogen profiling indicate that the hydrogen profile flattens at 500°C and concentrates at 550 °C.
Early events in the import/assembly pathway of an integral thylakoid protein

The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) is nuclear-encoded and must traverse the chloroplast envelope before becoming integrally assembled into thylakoid membranes. Previous studies implicated a soluble stromal form of LHCP in the assembly pathway, but relied upon assays in which the thylakoid insertion step was intentionally impaired [Cline, K., Fulsom, D. R. and Viitanen, P. V. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 14225-14232]. Here we have developed a rapid-stopping procedure, based upon the use of HgCl2, to analyze early events of the uninhibited assembly process. With this approach, we have found that proper assembly of LHCP into thylakoids lags considerably behind trans-envelope translocation. During the first few minutes of import, two distinct populations of mature-size LHCP accumulate within the chloroplast. One is the aforementioned soluble stromal intermediate, while the other is a partially (or improperly) assembled thylakoid species. Consistent with precursor/product relationships, both species reach peak levels at a time when virtually none of the imported molecules are correctly assembled. These results confirm and extend our previous interpretation, that upon import, preLHCP is rapidly processed to its mature form, giving rise to a soluble stromal intermediate. They further suggest that the stromal intermediate initially inserts into the thylakoid bilayer in a partially assembled form, which eventually becomes properly assembled into the light-harvesting complex.
Mathematical Problem‐Solving Processes of Elementary Male and Female Students

This study examined the problem solving behavior of young elementary school students. Ninety second-and third-grade students were observed and interviewed as they solved three problems. Conclusions included that the children readily attempted unfamiliar problems and that they used systematic solution processes. No significant gender differences were observed.