cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Macrophage Migration Inhibition Factors by Virus-Infected Cell Cultures

Macrophage migration inhibitory (MIF-like) activity was demonstrated in the supernatant fluids from cultures of African green monkey kidney cells (BGM) infected with mumps virus or Newcastle disease virus. We could detect no such activity in noninfected cultures. The virus-induced activity reported here is not due to nonspecific cytotoxic material released by dead or dying cells, and it does not require cell replication for its production. Preliminary estimates of molecular weight by Sephadex G-100 chromatography revealed a broad band of activity associated with the 45,000 and 65,000 markers. These are significantly smaller than previously reported chemotactic substances from virus-infected cultures, and thus appear to represent different cell products. These MIF-like factors may be produced concomitantly with interferon. However, ultraviolet irradiation of appropriate duration abolishes the ability of viruses to induce substances with MIF-like activity while preserving the ability to induce interferon. This strongly suggests that interferon is not the agent responsible for the macrophage migration inhibition effect. The functional properties of these various cell products induced by virus infection suggest that they all may play a role in the response to virus infection in vivo.
The good, the bad and the Ulva: the density dependent role of macroalgal subsidies in influencing diversity and trophic structure of an estuarine community

Worldwide, ecological subsidies enhance ecosystem productivity and therefore trophic support for greater biodiversity of taxa. While studies in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems demonstrate that the magnitude of subsidies into ecosystems differs widely, the thresholds where subsidies may switch from exerting positive to negative effects are poorly understood. In estuaries, eutrophication promotes drift macroalgae that deposit on the benthos, cover intertidal flats for months and serve as pressed resource subsidies for benthic consumers. We hypothesized there would be a critical threshold of macroalgal biomass where ecosystem-level effects would turn from positive to negative. We used manipulative field experiments varying macroalgal mat thickness (0.5, 1.5 and 4 cm) over eight weeks and quantified effects on macrofauna on a lagoon mudflat in California. We documented that plots with mat depths of 0.5 and 1.5 cm had higher diversity by supporting both surface feeding and burrowing detritivores. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that the benthic community diverged with mat depth over the course of the experiment. After eight weeks, surface deposit feeders were associated mainly with 0.5 cm macroalgal subsidies, whereas subsurface deposit feeding capitellids were closely linked with 4 cm mats. Depth profiles of pore water sulfide concentration collected from 4 cm mats were 7622 ± 5294 μM, mean ± SE, (mean of means across depth profiles), whereas 0.5 cm treatments resulted in sulfide concentrations that were 0.25% of the 4 cm treatments. This suggests that the mechanism of negative effects for elevated macroalgal subsidies was development of anoxic conditions promoting sulfide accumulation. Thus, our study was the first to find a critical threshold, or ecological tipping point, beyond which the effects of anthropogenically enhanced subsidies to estuarine mudflat communities switched from positive to negative and to describe the mechanism by which elevated subsides altered the abiotic environment and likely reduced ecosystem functioning.
Promoting Critical Operant-Based Leadership while Decreasing Ubiquitous Directives and Exhortations.

Equipping leaders to successfully motivate their teams is daunting, especially when the prevailing management practice is to simply tell people what to do. Training based on the theoretically and empirically based Operant Model of Effective Supervision was provided to seasoned managers in the private and public sectors. A randomized posttest-only design was used. Trainees responded in their own words to diverse true-to-life scenarios in an in-basket assessment. In both settings, training not only increased the newly learned skills of monitoring and providing positive/neutral consequences, but it also reduced lackluster antecedent-only strategies.
Paramagnetic resonance of platinum ions in PbTiO3 single crystals

Optical excitation of trivalent platinum (5d7, t6e) ions in lead titanate single crystals have been observed for the first time by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The g and hyperfine coupling A tensors were found to be axial: g∥=1.938, g⊥=2.478, A∥=0.0164 cm−1, and A⊥=0.0324 cm−1. Analysis of the EPR spectra using crystal field theory indicates that the Pt+3 ions are in tetragonally distorted (elongated) octahedral sites, strongly suggesting that they substitute for the central Ti+4 ions in the perovskite lattice.
Some Surface Effects in an Electron Gas

The effects of various external probes on a gas of interacting electrons confined to a foil are examined in an approximation for the response functions which reduces to the random-phase approximation for a bulk sample. Some band effects are included in a phenomenological manner. Surface corrections to the bulk properties are found which cannot be obtained in a wave-number-independent treatment nor in the Born approximation. The momentum dependence of the surface plasmon's resonant frequency is found and the response of the system to fast incident electrons and electromagnetic radiation is calculated.
Bridging the Communication Gap Between Afro-Latino and African American Individuals An Interdisciplinary Curriculum Initiative

This article describes a curriculum initiative intended to lay the foundational knowledge for a dialogue between Afro-Latinos and African Americans living in the United States. Afro-Latinos trace their roots to Africa and Latin America; although their physical characteristics are similar to those of African descent, their ethnic backgrounds differ. This initiative targets the preservice teacher who represents the best hope to start such dialogue. Furthermore, the article recommends appropriate instructional materials.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSSYNAPTIC REGULATION OF ADRENAL TRANSMITTERS

Transsynaptic activity difEerentially regulates biosynthesis of sympathoadrenal catecholamines (CA) and co-localized opiate peptides in the rat (La Gamma, et al PNAS 82: 8252, 1985). We determined whether similar mechanisms were operative during development. Adrenal leu-enkephalin (LEU), first detected at E0.75, increased 20 fold during maturation from birth to adulthood while medullary weight increased only 10 fold. Since medullary cells do not divide after birth, this represents a specific maturational increase In LEU content per chromaffin cell. In adult medullae, decreasing transsynaptic activity through adrenal denervation or explantation results in a 30 to 50 fold increase in LEU (La Gamma, et al Science 224:1102, 1984). In contrast, LEU levels in denervated or explanted medullae from neonatal rats (<10 days) do not. Prolonged denervation (5 to 21 days) blocked even the normal maturational increase in LEU. Moreover, increased activity through nicotine treatment also failed to affect LEU levels in neonates. Specific deficits in nicotinic receptor transduction mechanisms or immaturity of opiate biosynthesis pathways may account for these observations. Therefore, like CA pathways, adrenal opiate peptides require presynaptic regulatory signals to achieve normal development. Defining transmitter ontogeny and identifying essential cellular processes will help elucidate mechanisms of sympathoadrenal exhaustion or dysfunction and thus promote the development of innovative therapy for syndromes of autonomic dysfunction in neonates. Supported in part by the March of Dimes Foundation.
Blocking Characteristics of 2.2 kV and 3.3 kV-Class 4H-SiC MOSFETs with Improved Doping Control for Edge Termination

Blocking characteristics of 2.2 kV and 3.3 kV -class 4H-SiC MOSFETs with various doping conditions for the edge termination region have been investigated. By optimizing the implanted dose into the edge termination structure consisting of junction termination extension (JTE) and field limiting ring (FLR), a breakdown voltage of 3,850 V for 3.3 kV -class MOSFET has been attained. This result corresponds to about 95% of the approximate parallel-plane breakdown voltage estimated from the doping concentration and the thickness of the epitaxial layer. Implanted doping for the JFET region is effective in reducing JFET resistance, resulting in the specific on-resistance of 14.2 mΩcm2 for 3.3 kV SiC MOSFETs. Switching characteristics at the high drain voltage of 2.0 kV are also discussed.
Modeling the nature and development of major Paleozoic clastic wedges in the Appalachian Basin, USA

Abstract The Paleozoic stratigraphic succession of the Appalachian Basin is punctuated by several major clastic wedges of Middle Ordovician to Permian age, which have been interpreted to represent “deltas” in classic literature on the basin. So-called deltas like the Blount, Queenston, Bloomsburg, Catskill, Bedford-Berea, Price-Pocono-Borden, and Allegheny may contain deltaic components, but in fact represent delta complexes or clastic wedges that may have extended laterally more than 1000 km along basin strike and contain a variety of terrestrial, marginal-marine, and open-marine facies. These complexes commonly developed in post-orogenic, compressional, tectonic regimes and are related to them through provenance and the flexurally generated accommodation space, which they filled. Specifically, those complexes that developed in concert with early subduction-type orogenies are characterized by a predominance of marine sediments and one or more, distinctive, four-part, stratigraphic sequences, whereas the final Alleghenian delta complex, which developed during continent-continent collision, is characterized by largely terrestrial sediments that lack the distinctive sequence. Because the timing, character, and distribution of stratigraphic sequences in a delta complex may largely reflect lithospheric flexural responses to deformational loading and relaxation in the adjacent orogen, sequence characteristics can be potentially useful in corroborating the nature and presence of past compressional regimes, as well as the likely intervention of extra-orogenic influences like eustacy.
Selection of Public Housing Tenants: On the Feasibility of Using an Objective Screening Procedure1

Problems facing public housing authorities can be addressed through two basic alternative perspectives. One assumes that difficulties result from the behavior of certain “problem” tenants and recommends careful screening of applicants. This perspective influenced a housing authority in a small city, which desired a means to select tenants who would be less likely to exhibit problems. Information in the records of the housing authority was analyzed to identify tenant characteristics predictive of problem tenancy. The findings indicated that these problems were not as widespread as believed by management and that tenant characteristics were not strongly predictive of problems. Application of this approach would probably not constitute a significant improvement over present practices and might allow unfair discrimination to occur unwittingly. Instead, the most feasible strategy to reduce the impact of problem tenancy, even within a single locale, seems to be to focus on management practices and to address the more fundamental causes of tenant difficulties.
Production of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei in fed-batch fermentation from soluble carbon sources

The use of a soluble carbon source in lieu of cellulose for the production of cellulase would allow greater control of the fermentation, since growth and enzyme production would no longer be dependent upon cellulose hydrolysis. Where carbon limitation is a requirement, fed-batch fermentation has proved successful. This article describes cellulase production from Trichoderma reesei using five different carbon sources, sophorose appearing to be a more likely candidate than cellobiose. (Refs. 22).
Time-reversal-invariant topological superconductivity and Majorana Kramers pairs.

We propose a feasible route to engineer one- and two-dimensional time-reversal-invariant topological superconductors (SCs) via proximity effects between nodeless ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ wave iron-based SCs and semiconductors with large Rashba spin-orbit interactions. At the boundary of a time-reversal-invariant topological SC, there emerges a Kramers pair of Majorana edge (bound) states. For a Josephson $\ensuremath{\pi}$ junction, we predict a Majorana quartet that is protected by mirror symmetry and leads to a mirror fractional Josephson effect. We analyze the evolution of the Majorana pair in Zeeman fields, as the SC undergoes a symmetry class change as well as topological phase transitions, providing an experimental signature in tunneling spectroscopy. We briefly discuss the realization of this mechanism in candidate materials and the possibility of using $s$ and $d$ wave SCs and weak topological insulators.
ADHERENCE OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-INFECTED LYMPHOCYTES TO FETAL PLACENTAL CELLS : A MODEL OF MATERNAL FETAL TRANSMISSION

Abstract The precise timing and mechanism of in utero human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are unknown, but transplacental transmission is likely. Term placentas from HIV+ pregnancies contain only rare HIV-infected cells whose origins and phenotypes remain controversial, and no correlation has been found between the presence of HIV in term placentas and transmission to offspring. Reports of trophoblast infectibility have not been reproducible and do not address the question of infection in the placental stroma, the cells in direct contact with fetal circulation. We report that primary cultures of fetal placental chorionic villus stromal cells, while not infectable in vitro, do support lethally irradiated HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a form that permits rescue of HIV by activated PBMCs weeks later. Infected PBMCs adhere and become intimately associated with placental cells by a mechanism that is LFA-1 and CD4 independent but can be blocked by antibodies or soluble CD4 binding to cell surface-expressed HIV envelope. The ability to sustain infected irradiated cells was not shared by several trophoblast, fibroblast, or epithelial cell lines. This model has several features that are compatible with in utero transmission and allow testing of various agents proposed as interventions to block maternal-->fetal transmission. Placental stromal cells appear to inhibit apoptosis of HIV-infected, irradiated lymphocytes.
Bayesian shape analysis of the complex Bingham distribution

Abstract Previous shape analysis of landmark data arising from a complex Bingham distribution involved frequentist statistical estimation, and Bayesian MAP estimation. In this paper, we develop a full Bayesian analysis for planar landmark data arising from a complex Bingham. A novel MCMC method to sample the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the complex-valued Hermitian parameter matrix is designed. Additionally, a new conjugate prior for the complex Bingham distribution is developed. Illustrative analysis using simulated and actual landmark data demonstrate the methods.
Tat engagement of p38 MAP kinase and IRF7 pathways leads to activation of interferon-stimulated genes in antigen-presenting cells

As a result of its interaction with transcription factors, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Tat can modulate the expression of both HIV and cellular genes. In antigen-presenting cells Tat induces the expression of a subset of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the absence of IFNs. We investigated the genome-wide Tat association with promoters in immature dendritic cells and in monocyte-derived macrophages. Among others, Tat associated with the MAP2K6, MAP2K3, and IRF7 promoters that are functionally part of IL-1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The association correlated with their increased gene expression, increased activation of p38 MAPK and of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and consequent induction of ISGs. Probing these pathways with RNA interference, pharmacological p38 MAPK inhibition, and in cell lines lacking STAT1s or the type I IFN receptor chain confirmed the role of MAPKKs and IRF7 in Tat-mediated modulation of ISGs and excluded the involvement of IFNs in this modulation. Tat interaction with the 2 MAPKK and IRF7 promoters in HIV-1–infected cells and the resulting persistent activation of ISGs, which include inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, can contribute to the increased immune activation that characterizes HIV infection.
Hypercube management in the presence of node failures

The problem of allocation and release of subcubes from a hypercube with node failures is addressed. Two algorithms are presented, both based on the Buddy allocation scheme for memory management which is also used by the AXIS operating system of the NCUBE hypercube computer. The first algorithm is a simple variation of the Buddy algorithm which permits the efficient allocation of subcubes in the presence of a single faulty node. The second algorithm, which effectively subsumes the first, tries to reduce the fragmentation caused by multiple failed nodes. It uses a relabeling scheme to group the failed nodes so that large non-faulty subcubes can be detected using the Buddy allocation scheme. The relative performance of these algorithms is studied using simulation and the proposed algorithms are shown to have a consistently better performance. Issues relating to the detection of faulty nodes on the NCUBE computer and the consequences of the relabeling on message passing are also discussed.
A System to Automatically Classify and Name Any Individual Genome-Sequenced Organism Independently of Current Biological Classification and Nomenclature

A broadly accepted and stable biological classification system is a prerequisite for biological sciences. It provides the means to describe and communicate about life without ambiguity. Current biological classification and nomenclature use the species as the basic unit and require lengthy and laborious species descriptions before newly discovered organisms can be assigned to a species and be named. The current system is thus inadequate to classify and name the immense genetic diversity within species that is now being revealed by genome sequencing on a daily basis. To address this lack of a general intra-species classification and naming system adequate for today’s speed of discovery of new diversity, we propose a classification and naming system that is exclusively based on genome similarity and that is suitable for automatic assignment of codes to any genome-sequenced organism without requiring any phenotypic or phylogenetic analysis. We provide examples demonstrating that genome similarity-based codes largely align with current taxonomic groups at many different levels in bacteria, animals, humans, plants, and viruses. Importantly, the proposed approach is only slightly affected by the order of code assignment and can thus provide codes that reflect similarity between organisms and that do not need to be revised upon discovery of new diversity. We envision genome similarity-based codes to complement current biological nomenclature and to provide a universal means to communicate unambiguously about any genome-sequenced organism in fields as diverse as biodiversity research, infectious disease control, human and microbial forensics, animal breed and plant cultivar certification, and human ancestry research.
Cerebral metabolic responses of hyperglycemic immature rats to hypoxia-ischemia.

Abstract: Unlike adult rats, glucose supplementation of immature rats does not lead to accentuated hypoxicischemic brain damage. To explore the reason for this age-specific paradox, we subjected 7-day postnatal rats to unilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by a subcutaneous injection of either 0.1 ml 50% glucose or normal saline. They were then exposed to hypoxia with 8% oxygen, during which they received 2.5 μCi 2-[14C]- glucose or were quick-frozen for brain metabolite analysis. During hypoxia-ischemia, glucose transport into the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere of the hyperglycemic rats was greater (+100−150%) than in normoglycemic animals. However, glucose consumption was similar in the two groups. Glucose concentrations in brain were lower during hypoxia-ischemia in the normoglycemic animals, whereas lactate increased to similar levels in the two groups. The high-energy phosphate reserves, ATP and phosphocreatine, were depleted to a similar extent. Thus, hyperglycemia combined with hypoxia-ischemia, although associated with increased glucose transport into brain, does not lead to enhanced glucose utilization or lactate accumulation by brain over that of hypoxia-ischemia alone.
A parametric study of the factors affecting the fatigue strength of porous coated Ti-6A1-4V implant alloy

Summary of Thermal Treatments - Structure Equiaxed Lamellar HAT-1 HAT-3 BAA CSTB Therrnal/Thermochemical Cycle As-received (forged-annealed) B-annealing: 1370°C - 4 h in vac-FC Hydrogenation: 850°C - 0.5 h in Hz-FC/ Dehydrogenation: 650°C -16 h in vac-FC Hydrogenation: 850°C - 0.5 h in HJ Eutectoid decomposition: 590°C -4 h in Ar-FC/ Dehydrogenation: 775°C - 4 h in vac-FC B-anneal: 1030°C-20 min in vac-ArQ/ Age: 540°C-4 hr in vac-ArQ - Figure # la lb lc Id If le FC = furnace cool; ArQ = argon quench. One shoulder was lathed down to a concentricity of 0.025 nun with respect to the gage section. This was done at 10 areas around the circumference of the shoulder. The second shoulder was then aligned with respect to the first, in a similar manner. A control group of uncoated specimens which were machined, polished and bead blasted prior to @-annealing (U-L-M) was also tested. These speci- mens were prepared in the same manner as the porous coated samples were, except that no porous coating was deposited. Testing this group therefore en- abled one-parameter analyses of the geometric effects of the porous coating (PC-L vs. U-L-M) and surface effects of p-annealing (S-L vs. U-L-M). Rotating beam (fully reversed bending, R
NAFTA's impact on the North American agriculture—a logistician's perspective

Abstract NAFTA is improving the field of agriculture in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It is not doing so by enacting measures intended to improve the agricultural sector directly. Rather, the improvement is the indirect result of agriculture's dependence on transportation, telecommunications, intellectual property rights, and investment capital-all of which have been substantially improved by NAFTA. Improvement of these four areas has improved agriculture and will continue to improve it in the future.
Electrocoating of silicon and its dependence on the time of electrolysis

Abstract Silicon was electrocoated onto silver at a constant current density of 25 mA cm −2 from a solution of 12 mol.% K 2 SiF 6 in KFLiF eutectic at 750±5 °C for plating times up to 16 h. Uniform coherent films with good adherence were obtained at various plating times longer than 2 h. Electrolysis for less than 2 h gave non-uniform films on the face of the silver substrate even though the edges were completely covered. The thickness of the film varied linearly with the time of electrolysis and the growth rate was 10 microm h −1 . The morphology of the coatings and the use of electrodeposited silicon in solar cell technology and in corrosion protection are discussed.
Employing Virtual Advisors in Preventive Care for Underserved Communities: Results From the COMPASS Study

Electronically delivered health promotion programs that are aimed primarily at educated, health-literate individuals have proliferated, raising concerns that such trends could exacerbate health disparities in the United States and elsewhere. The efficacy of a culturally and linguistically adapted virtual advisor that provides tailored physical activity advice and support was tested in low-income older adults. Forty inactive adults (92.5% Latino) 55 years of age and older were randomized to a 4-month virtual advisor walking intervention or a waitlist control. Four-month increases in reported minutes of walking/week were greater in the virtual advisor arm (mean increase = 253.5 ± 248.7 minutes/week) relative to the control (mean increase = 26.8 ± 67.0 minutes/week; p = .0008). Walking increases in the virtual advisor arm were substantiated via objectively measured daily steps (slope analysis p = .002). All but one intervention participant continued some interaction with the virtual advisor in the 20-week po...
Contamination of laboratory glassware with iron

Abstract This study was conducted to determine iron (Fe) contamination on supposedly clean laboratory glassware used for Fe determinations. Iron adhered tenaciously to glassware that had been well washed and rinsed by usual methods (detergent, HCl, and distilled water) and was removed only by washing the glassware with a Fe che‐lating agent. Variability sometimes noted in Fe determinations could possibly be attributed to Fe contamination on glassware. Our data showed that glassware previously exposed to Fe solutions should be washed with an appropriate Fe chelating agent before subsequent determinations of Fe.
What Has 30 Years of HIV Vaccine Research Taught Us

When HIV was discovered and established as the cause of AIDS in 1983–1984, many people believed that a vaccine would be rapidly developed. However, 30 years have passed and we are still struggling to develop an elusive vaccine. In trying to achieve that goal, different scientific paradigms have been explored. Although major progress has been made in understanding the scientific basis for HIV vaccine development, efficacy trials have been critical in moving the field forward. Major lessons learned are: the development of an HIV vaccine is an extremely difficult challenge; the temptation of just following the fashion should be avoided; clinical trials are critical, especially large-scale efficacy trials; HIV vaccine research will require long-term commitment; and sustainable collaborations are needed to accelerate the development of an HIV vaccine. Concrete actions must be implemented with the sense of urgency imposed by the severity of the AIDS epidemic.
Mental Health and Special Education Services at School Entry for Children Who Were Involved with the Child Welfare System as Infants.

This study examines mental health and special education needs and service use at school entry among children involved in maltreatment investigations as infants. Data are from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, a national probability study of 5,501 children investigated for maltreatment. The study sample comprised 959 children who were infants at baseline and 5 to 6 years old at the last follow-up. Half had behavioral or cognitive needs at entry to school. About a quarter received outpatient mental health or special education services. Logistic regression showed that compared to children residing with biological parents, adopted and foster children were more likely to receive mental health services, and children adopted or in kinship care were more likely to receive educational services. Increased monitoring of behavioral and cognitive needs of infants reported for maltreatment may facilitate their access to services and ease the transition to school.
Resolution With Merging

A refinement of the resolution method for mechanical theorem proving is presented. A resolvent C of clauses A and B is called a merge if literals from A and B merge together to form some literal of C. It is shown that the resolution method remains complete if it is required that two noninitial clauses which are not merges never be resolved with one another. It is also shown that this strategy can be combined with the set-of-support strategy.
Effects of pulmonary stretch receptor blockade on laryngeal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia

Abstract Electromyographic patterns of diaphragm and a posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle were evaluated in anesthetized rabbits with and without reversible blockade of pulmonary stretch receptors by inhalation of 200 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). Inspiratory activity of both muscles was increased by hypercapnia and by isocapnic hypoxia, with or without receptor blockade. Expiratory diaphragmatic activity was diminished by these stimuli and was likewise not qualitatively affected by SO 2 exposure. Expiratory PCA activity was increased by hypercapnia and hypoxia prior to SO 2 exposure, but decreased by these stimuli during stretch receptor blockade. These results are consistent with the previous finding that vagal afferents facilitate expiratory PCA activity, thus maintaining a patent laryngeal airway, even in the face of increased carotid chemoreceptor afferents, which inhibit expiratory activity of the PCA muscle. These results further indicate that some or all the afferents responsible for this effect are from pulmonary stretch receptors.
A Trace Formula for Variable-Coefficient Toeplitz Matrices with Symbols of Bounded Variation☆

In this paper we derive second-order asymptotic results for matrices[formula]asn → ∞, where the functionUis given by an explicit formula, and the symbol σ(x, θ) is a function defined on [0, 1] × T. More precisely, the main result of this paper describes the second-order asymptotics of the trace off(opnσ), wherefbelongs to a suitable class of functions. Here opnσ is the matrix given by[formula]Matrices of the above form can be thought of as variable-coefficient Toeplitz matrices, or a discrete analogue of a pseudodifferential operator. Ideas from pseudodifferential operator theory are used in the proof.
Metabolic state of the rat liver with ethanol: comparison of in vivo 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with freeze clamp assessment.

In vivo31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure the hepatic metabolic state in various groups of rats given ethanol, a control liquid diet or a solid chow diet. The use of selective presaturation pulses applied to the broad phosphorus resonances of immobile phospholipids permitted reliable determination of ATP/ADP ratios by quantitation of the ATP-β and ATP-γ peak areas. ATP/ADP ratios were depressed by both techniques in rats chronically ingesting ethanol compared to pair-fed animals consuming the control liquid diet. These differences were observed regardless of whether ethanol feeding was continued up to the time of investigation or whether it was discontinued for 24 hr prior to study. Acute alcohol administration in chow-fed rats, not previously ingesting ethanol, did not lower hepatic ATP/ADP ratios by either methodology. In all cases, liver ATP/ADP ratios assessed by 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were higher than those measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. However, parallel decreases in hepatic ATP/ADP ratios were observed with chronic ethanol consumption by both 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the biochemical method, confirming the utility of in vivo31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for assessment of the hepatic bioenergetic status. The difference in absolute ATP/ADP ratios by the two methods may to some degree be explained by binding effects of ADP with proteins or mitochrondrial membranes, rendering it partially invisible to nuclear magnetic resonance or alternatively, by breakdown of high energy phosphate bonds with freeze clamp extraction.
A hot-wire measurement technique for complex turbulent flows

A hot-wire technique is described which can be used to measure all three components of the local mean velocity vector and all six components of the Reynolds stress tensor in a low-intensity turbulent flow which is arbitrarily skewed in pitch and yaw by as much as 30 degrees. The technique is based on positioning a slant wire in certain planes (designated as "optimum planes") where the wire is sensitive, st most, to only two of three mutually perpendicular fluctuation components. Results based on data obtained in fully-developed turbulent pipe flow under simulated skewed flow conditions demonstrate the validity of the technique. Comparisons show that the present method is superior to a conventional method based on probe rotation in fixed angular increments when the flow is moderatelyto-highly skewed.
Seasonal succession and breeding cycles of three species of Acartia (Copepoda: Calanoida) in a maine estuary

Seasonal succession of three species of Acartia in a Maine estuary was examined. The well-defined successional pattern, in which A. tonsa is replaced, by A. clausi in winter and early spring, is well-documented in the middle Atlantic estuaries, but was not observed in this northern New England estuary. Instead, both species increased in their abundance at the same time on most occasions. In general, A. clausi was present throughout the year and produced three generations from March to November. A. longiremis had two or three generations between May and November, and disappeared during late summer. A. tonsa was present from May through December and was most abundant in early fall. A. clausi and A. tonsa were generally most numerous upstream, and A. longiremis downstream. Adult and copepodite V sex ratios varied among species, stations, and seasons. Seasonal patterns of Acartia populations in estuaries of the north Atlantic coast and their possible relationships to environmental factors were also compared and discussed.
Comparative hydraulics of two fishery research circular tanks and recommendations for control of experimental bias

Abstract Hydraulic characteristics inside two research circular tanks (1.5-m and 1.2-m diameter) with the same volume of water were studied to understand how they might affect experimental bias by influencing the behavior and development of juvenile fish. Water velocities inside each tank were documented extensively and flow behavior studied. Surface inflow to the 1.5-m tank created a highly turbulent and aerated surface, and produced unevenly distributed velocities within the tank. A low-flow velocity, or “dead” zone, persisted just upstream of the surface inflow. A single submerged nozzle in the 1.2-m tank created uniform flow and did not cause undue turbulence or introduce air. Flow behavior in the 1.5-m tank is believed to have negatively affected the feeding behavior and physiological development of a group of juvenile fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A new inflow nozzle design provided comparable flow behavior regardless of tank size and water depth. Maintaining similar hydraulic condi...
While We Were Sleeping: From Dystopia to Global Awakening

AbstractActivists and academics have been sounding the alarms for years: climate change, globalization, capitalism, human rights abuses, and more. The alarms appeared to fall upon the deaf ears of the slumbering “multitude.” The Arab Spring, European movements, global and local attacks upon labor, and the Occupy Wall Street movement have awakened us from a slumber reliant upon vacuous media, consumption, alienation and isolationism. In shattering this spell, Occupy Wall Street has called us into the streets in record numbers, opening space for a new opportunity to imagine. Some scholars argue, “. . . we need Marxism to understand the structure of society and anarchism to prefigure or anticipate a new society” (Lynd and Grubacic 2008:xiii). We agree. In this article, we employ a local Occupy case study to briefly discuss 1) the historical contributions to Occupy Wall Street, 2) and to argue that it is precisely the opportunity to imagine, to anticipate, to challenge the “real” that holds the most promise for the development, and future, of the Occupy Wall Street movement.
Using unnatural protein fusions to engineer resveratrol biosynthesis in yeast and Mammalian cells.

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring defense compound produced by a limited number of plants in response to stresses. Besides cardiovascular benefits, this health-promoting compound has been report...
Reply: microcystic macular degeneration from optic neuropathy and Reply: microcystic macular oedema confirmed, but not specific for multiple sclerosis

Sir, we appreciate the thoughtful comments submitted in response to our recent article describing a new retinal phenotype (microcystic macular oedema) in a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis (Gelfand et al. , 2012). We thank Balk et al. and Abegg et al. for sharing similar observations of microcystic abnormalities of the inner nuclear layer in patients with optic nerve injury in the absence of multiple sclerosis. Clarification of the specificity of microcystic macular oedema will contribute towards understanding its aetiology, its relationship to optic neuropathy and its significance in multiple sclerosis. As discussed in our article, we considered two separate, but not mutually exclusive, mechanisms that could contribute to the development of microcystic macular oedema in multiple sclerosis: retinal inflammation with associated blood-retinal barrier leakage and/or trans-synaptic degeneration. We appreciate the proposition by Balk et al. that distortion or loss of Mueller cells in the inner nuclear layer could be an additional contributory mechanism. This warrants more detailed investigation in future studies. We agree that microcystic changes may occur strictly as a consequence of trans-synaptic degeneration; however, the individual cases highlighted by Balk et al. and Abegg et al. should be interpreted with caution. Balk et al. note an example of microcystic inner nuclear layer changes …
Improving computational protein design by using structure-derived sequence profile.

Designing a protein sequence that will fold into a predefined structure is of both practical and fundamental interest. Many successful, computational designs in the last decade resulted from improved understanding of hydrophobic and polar interactions between side chains of amino acid residues in stabilizing protein tertiary structures. However, the coupling between main-chain backbone structure and local sequence has yet to be fully addressed. Here, we attempt to account for such coupling by using a sequence profile derived from the sequences of five residue fragments in a fragment library that are structurally matched to the five-residue segments contained in a target structure. We further introduced a term to reduce low complexity regions of designed sequences. These two terms together with optimized reference states for amino-acid residues were implemented in the RosettaDesign program. The new method, called RosettaDesign-SR, makes a 12% increase (from 34 to 46%) in fraction of proteins whose designed sequences are more than 35% identical to wild-type sequences. Meanwhile, it reduces 8% (from 22% to 14%) to the number of designed sequences that are not homologous to any known protein sequences according to psi-blast. More importantly, the sequences designed by RosettaDesign-SR have 2–3% more polar residues at the surface and core regions of proteins and these surface and core polar residues have about 4% higher sequence identity to wild-type sequences than by RosettaDesign. Thus, the proteins designed by RosettaDesign-SR should be less likely to aggregate and more likely to have unique structures due to more specific polar interactions.
Right Coronary Artery Occlusion After Tricuspid Ring Annuloplasty.

THE DETECTION OF ISCHEMIA during cardiac surgery is not an uncommon finding; however, the interpretation of signs of ischemia is challenging secondary to both the diffuse etiologies associated with ischemic insult, and the limited intraoperative ability to differentiate and localize potential injury. This case presents a rare iatrogenic coronary artery injury and illustrates the challenges associated with the diagnosis and management of perioperative ischemia after cardiac surgery.
The Drosophila E93 Gene from the 93F Early Puff Displays Stage- and Tissue-Specific Regulation by 20-Hydroxyecdysone

Pulses of ecdysteroids induce dramatic changes in gene expression that direct the early stages of Drosophila metamorphosis. This gene activity is reflected by the appearance of early and late puffs in the salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Curiously, the early puff genes that have been studied to date are induced by both the late larval and prepupal pulses of ecdysteroids and are expressed in many ecdysteroid target tissues, raising the question of how the hormone directs the complex stage- and tissue-specific responses associated with metamorphosis. In an effort to address this question, we have isolated and characterized the E93 gene responsible for the stage-specific 93F early puff. The E93 mRNA displays no response to ecdysteroids in late larval salivary glands but is directly induced 12 hr later by the prepupal ecdysteroid pulse, identical to the response of the 93F puff. In tissues other than the salivary gland, however, E93 displays complex spatial and temporal regulation. E93 spans at least 55 kb of genomic DNA and encodes a 146-kDa protein that has no matches in the sequence databases, but displays several characteristics of known Drosophila transcription factors. We propose that E93 acts in a stage-specific regulatory hierarchy in the salivary gland to direct its histolysis in response to the prepupal ecdysteroid pulse.
A Human-Animal Intervention Team Approach to Animal-Assisted Therapy

ABSTRACTA human-animal intervention (HAI) team approach to animal-assisted therapy is described and assessed. The effectiveness of this modality is evaluated in two case studies of emotionally disturbed children. Two school age children (both males, 11 and 12 years of age) participated in an average of 12 weekly sessions. Progress of individual goals was assessed through numerous sources: The ADD-M comprehensive Teacher Rating Scale (ACTeRS); observations during each session from school district researchers and professionals; video tapes of the therapy sessions; the participants' Individual Education Plans (IEP); and post-intervention interviews with the participants, their families, and the educational professionals involved. Evaluation showed positive results for the majority of individual goals set.
Followership: Nontraditional leadership roles for new practitioners.

In her 2006 Harvey A. K. Whitney Lecture, Sara White[1][1] described a future where pharmacy leadership positions are filled by materials managers, nurses, physicians, and a plethora of like-minded management-degree holders. She identified one crucial and telling statistic: 62% of pharmacy students
Mechanics of Woven Fabrics: Part IV: Critical Review of Fabric Degree of Tightness and Its Applications

Extensive coverage of previous work in the area of developing a dimensionless number or index to express a woven fabric's degree of tightness or firmness is critically reviewed. The review also inc...
The physical-chemical limnology of a desert reservoir

The physical-chemical limnology of a desert lake in central Arizona was investigated from February 1971–July 1973. The reservoir was found to be a warm-monomictic, eutrophic lake which exhibited pronounced thermal stratification during the summer months. Surface water temperatures ranged from a minimum of ca. 9 C in January to a maximum near 30 C in July–August. Chemically the lake may be described as a hard water lake of moderately high alkalinity and salinity. The concentration of the principal ions was affected significantly by precipitation run-off. The primary nutrients N and P were subject to considerable seasonal variability, being influenced most by precipitation and phytoplankton abundance. Trace element concentrations were low and showed comparatively little fluctuation during the study.
Electrogenic properties of the cloned Na+/glucose cotransporter: II. A transport model under nonrapid equilibrium conditions

The results of the accompanying electrophysiological study of the cloned Na+/glucose cotransporter from small intestine (Parent, L., Supplisson, S., Loo, D.D.F., Wright, E.M. (1992) J. Membrane Biol. 125:49–62) were evaluated in terms of a kinetic model. The steady-state and presteady-state cotransporter properties are described by a 6-state ordered kinetic model (“mirror” symmetry) with a Na+:αMDG stoichiometry of 2. Carrier translocation in the membrane as well as Na+ and sugar binding and dissociation are treated as a function of their individual rate constants. Empty carrier translocation and Na+ binding/ dissociation are the only steps considered to be voltage dependent. Currents were associated with the translocation of the negatively charged carrier in the membrane. Negative membrane potential facilitates sugar transport. One numerical solution was found for the 14 rate constants that account quantitatively for our experiment observations: i.e., (i) sigmoidal shape of the sugar-specific current-voltage curves (absence of outward currents and inward current saturation at high negative potentials), (ii) Na+ and voltage dependence of K 0.5 sugar and i max sugar , (iii) sugar and voltage dependence of K 0.5 Na and i max Na , (iv) presteady-state currents and their dependence on external Na+, αMDG and membrane potential, and (v) and carrier Na+ leak current. We conclude that the main voltage effect is on carrier translocation. Na+ ions that migrate from the extracellular medium to their binding sites sense 25 to 35% of the transmembrane voltage, whereas charges associated with the carrier translocation experiences 60 to 75% of the membrane electrical field. Internal Na+ ion binding is not voltage dependent. In our nonrapid equilibrium model, the rate-limiting step for sugar transport is a function of the membrane potential, [Na]0 and [αMDG]0. At 0 mV and at saturating [Na]0 and [αMDG]0, the rate-limiting step for sugar transport is the empty carrier translocation (5 sec−1). As the membrane potential is made more negative, the empty carrier translocation gets faster and the internal Na+ dissociation becomes increasingly rate limiting. However, as [Na]0 is decreased to less than 10 mm, the rate-limiting step is the external Na+ ions binding in the 0 to −150 mV potential range. At 0 mV, the external Na+ dissociation constant KNa′ is 80 mm and decreases to 24 mm at −150 mV. The external sugar dissociation constant KNaS′ is estimated to be 200 μm and voltage independent. Finally, the internal leak pathway (CNa2 translocation) is insignificant. While we cannot rule out a more complex kinetic model, the electrical properties of the cloned Na+/glucose cotransporter are found to be adequately described by this 6-state kinetic model.
The optimization of interfaces in InAsSb/InGaAs strained-layer superlattices grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

We have prepared InAsSb/InGaAs strained-layer superlattice (SLS) semiconductors by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using a variety of growth conditions. The presence of an InGaAsSb interface layer is indicated by the x-ray diffraction patterns. The optimized growth conditions involved the use of low pressure, short purge times between the growth of the layers, and no reactant flow during the purges. We used MOCVD to prepare an optically pumped, single heterostructure InAsSb/InGaAs SLS / InPSb laser which emitted at 3.9 μm with a maximum operating temperature of approximately 100 K.