cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods for Computer Graphics

Some computer graphics applications, such as architectural design, generate visually realistic images of computer models. This is accomplished by either explicitly or implicitly solving the light transport equations. Accurate solutions involve high-dimensional equations, and Monte Carlo (MC) techniques are used with an emphasis on importance sampling rather than stratification. For many applications, approximate solutions are adequate, and the dimensionality of the problem can be reduced. In these cases, the distribution of samples is important, and quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) methods are often used. It is still unknown what sampling schemes are best for these lower dimensional graphics problems, or what “best” even means in this case. This paper reviews the work in MC and QMC computer graphics, and poses some open problems in the field.
The Simultaneous Developing and Fixing of Photographic Emulsions

AbstractAn improved developing-fixing bath incorporating Phenidone is described. Variables which must be controlled for best results from any one emulsion are discussed.
Design and analysis of radially polarized screen-printed piezoelectric transducers:

Piezoelectric transducers have applications from ultrasonic structural health monitoring to micro-electromechanical systems. Small physical size coupled with large actuation is desirable in many applications, requiring unique transducer designs to take advantage of the material properties. Screen-printed piezoceramics were developed as a means of mass producing mezzo-scale transducers that are geometrically small and light weight, but large enough to generate significant actuation. Screen-printed piezoceramic transducers display significantly different properties than chemically identical bulk ceramic elements, largely attributed to high void fraction of screen-printed piezoceramic materials and detrimental to the functionality of traditional transducer designs. This article presents analysis, simulation, and initial testing of new designs for screen-printed piezoceramic transducers with concentric through-thickness electrodes. Analytical models were developed enabling analysis across material properties ...
Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Real-World Emissions of Passenger Locomotives.

Few data are available regarding the effect of biodiesel on exhaust emission rates of two-stroke engines used in many passenger locomotives. Using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), duty cycle average nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rates were measured for three locomotives operating on ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and soy-based B10, B20, and B40 biodiesel blends. Measurements were conducted in the rail yard (RY) and over-the-rail (OTR) during passenger service. Compared to ULSD, B20 biodiesel had statistically significant average emission rate reductions in the RY of 58% for CO, 45% for PM, and 6% CO2 and OTR of 59% for HC, 50% for CO, 26% for PM, and 5% for CO2. The average differences in NOx emission rates for both the RY and OTR, and HC in the RY, were not statistically significant. The OTR findings typically agreed qualitatively with the RY findings; however, OTR provides a better basis for estim...
Contrast-enhanced nonlinear 3D ultrasound imaging of breast lesions in a clinical population

The ability to visualize breast lesion vascularity and quantify the vascular heterogeneity using contrast-enhanced 3-D nonlinear ultrasound imaging was investigated in a clinical population. Patients (n = 236) identified with breast lesions on mammography were scanned using power Doppler imaging, contrast-enhanced 3D HI, and 3D SHI on a modified Logiq 9 scanner (GE Healthcare). Time-intensity curve volumes were developed corresponding to ultrasound contrast agent flow in the lesions after being identified in 4D View (GE Medical Systems). Time points corresponding to, wash-in, baseline, peak intensity, and washout of ultrasound contrast agent were identified and used to generate and compare vascular heterogeneity plots for malignant and benign lesions. Vascularity was observed with power Doppler imaging in 93 lesions (69 benign and 24 malignant). The 3D HI showed flow in 8 lesions (5 benign and 3 malignant), whereas 3D SHI visualized flow in 83 lesions (58 benign and 25 malignant). Analysis of vascular heterogeneity in the 3D SHI volumes found benign lesions having a significant difference in vascularity between central and peripheral sections (1.8 ± 0.16 vs. 1.2 ± 0.09 dB, p = 0.0003, respectively), whereas malignant lesions showed no difference (1.7 ± 0.33 vs. 1.3 ± 0.21 dB, p = 0.23), indicative of more vascular coverage. Parametric volumes, that contained a single parametric value for every voxel within the 3D volume in order to visualize localized variations, were generated based on perfusion (PER) and area under the curve (AUC). These maps highlighted the variations in the vascularity for individual voxels in the lesion volume. Finally, a preliminary measure for lesion characterization, based on vascular heterogeneity, achieved an area under the ROC of 0.72. These preliminary results suggest quantitative evaluation of vascular heterogeneity in breast lesions using contrast-enhanced 3D SHI is feasible and able to detect variations in vascularity between central and peripheral sections for benign and malignant lesions to aid in characterization.
Would You Accept a Facebook Friend Request from Your Boss?: Examining Generational Differences

Because Millennials and Generation X tend to desire close relationships with their leaders, expect frequent and open communication, and integrate their personal and professional contacts via social media, it was predicted they would be more likely than Baby Boomers to accept a Facebook friend request from their boss. Although no main effect was found for generational differences, a significant interaction between self-disclosure and generation was found, such that self-disclosure was positively related to acceptance of a friend request from one's boss for Baby Boomers and Generation X, but negatively related for Millennials. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
The Potential Influence of Regulatory Environment for E-Cigarettes on the Effectiveness of E-Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: Different Reasons to Temper the Conclusions From Inadequate Data.

Author(s): Benmarhnia, Tarik; Leas, Eric; Hendrickson, Erik; Trinidad, Dennis R; Strong, David R; Pierce, John P
Towards Explaining Specific Examples of Suboptimal (and Often Seemingly Irrational) Human Decisions

In this chapter, we show that bounded rationality indeed explains the seemingly irrational human decisions.
A Complex Lens for a Complex Eye

A key innovation for high resolution eyes is a sophisticated lens that precisely focuses light onto photoreceptors. The eyes of holometabolous larvae range from very simple eyes that merely detect light to eyes that are capable of high spatial resolution. Particularly interesting are the bifocal lenses of Thermonectus marmoratus larvae, which differentially focus light on spectrally-distinct retinas. While functional aspects of insect lenses have been relatively well studied, little work has explored their molecular makeup, especially in regard to more complex eye types. To investigate this question, we took a transcriptomic and proteomic approach to identify the major proteins contributing to the principal bifocal lenses of T. marmoratus larvae. Mass spectrometry revealed 10 major lens proteins. Six of these share sequence homology with cuticular proteins, a large class of proteins that are also major components of corneal lenses from adult compound eyes of Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. Two proteins were identified as house-keeping genes and the final two lack any sequence homologies to known genes. Overall the composition seems to follow a pattern of co-opting transparent and optically dense proteins, similar to what has been described for other animal lenses. To identify cells responsible for the secretion of specific lens proteins, we performed in situ hybridization studies and found some expression differences between distal and proximal corneagenous cells. Since the distal cells likely give rise to the periphery and the proximal cells to the center of the lens, our findings highlight a possible mechanism for establishing structural differences that are in line with the bifocal nature of these lenses. A better understanding of lens composition provides insights into the evolution of proper focusing, which is an important step in the transition between low-resolution and high-resolution eyes.
Digital predistortion with low-precision ADCs

Digital Predistortion (DPD) is a popular technique for linearizing a power amplifier (PA) to help reduce the spurious emissions and spectral regrowth. DPD requires the learning of the inverse PA nonlinearities by training on the output of the PA. In practical systems, the analog output of the PA will have to go through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) so that training can be done on a digital processor. The quantization degrades signal quality and may limit the performance of a DPD learning algorithm. However, a lower resolution ADC may cost less and allow for less computational complexity in the digital processing. We study this trade-off to try to find how much precision is needed in DPD systems and discover that for a full-band DPD as few as 6 bits can reliably be used. For sub-band DPD, a single bit ADC can be used.
Marriage and Family Therapy in Social Work

Marriage and family therapy continue to be an important part of the basic social services provided by social workers. There is a distinctive conceptual, value, and technical orientation to the trai...
Compiler-guided instruction-level clock scheduling for timing speculative processors

Despite the significant promise that circuit-level timing speculation has for enabling operation in marginal conditions, overheads associated with recovery prove to be a serious drawback. We show that fine-grained clock adjustment guided by the compiler can be used to stretch and shrink the clock to maximize benefits of timing speculation and reduce the overheads associated with recovery. We present a formulation for compiler-driven clock scheduling and explore the benefits in several scenarios. Our results show that there are significant opportunities to exploit timing slack when there are appropriate channels for the compiler to select clock period at cycle-level.
Specific heat of Cd 1 − x Co x S and Cd 1 − x Co x Se at low temperatures

Mesure de la capacite calorifique des deux semiconducteurs magnetiques dilues possedant la structure Wurtzite, entre 0,4 et 4,0 K et en presence de champs magnetiques allant jusqu'a 2,8 T. Interpretation des resultats selon un modele theorique prenant en compte les interactions d'echange. L'approximation de la correlation de paires de plus proches voisins (NNPA) decrit tres bien les donnees de chaleur specifique dans le cas present
Neuronal Soma-Derived Degradative Lysosomes Are Continuously Delivered to Distal Axons to Maintain Local Degradation Capacity.

Summary Neurons face the challenge of maintaining cellular homeostasis through lysosomal degradation. While enzymatically active degradative lysosomes are enriched in the soma, their axonal trafficking and positioning and impact on axonal physiology remain elusive. Here, we characterized axon-targeted delivery of degradative lysosomes by applying fluorescent probes that selectively label active forms of lysosomal cathepsins D, B, L, and GCase. By time-lapse imaging of cortical neurons in microfluidic devices and standard dishes, we reveal that soma-derived degradative lysosomes rapidly influx into distal axons and target to autophagosomes and Parkinson disease-related α-synuclein cargos for local degradation. Impairing lysosome axonal delivery induces an aberrant accumulation of autophagosomes and α-synuclein cargos in distal axons. Our study demonstrates that the axon is an active compartment for local degradation and reveals fundamental aspects of axonal lysosomal delivery and maintenance. Our work establishes a foundation for investigations into axonal lysosome trafficking and functionality in neurodegenerative diseases.
Evaluation of Chemical Protective Garment Seams and Closures for Resistance to Liquid Penetration

Chemical penetration is defined as bulk flow of liquid through porous materials, closures, pinholes, seams, or imperfections in protective clothing material. The objective of this research was to evaluate bulky seams and closures for resistance to liquid penetration, using the ASTM Test for Resistance of Protective Clothing Materials to Penetration by Liquids (F 903-84). The test cell in this method is a mechanical device which costs less than $1000. A modification of the test cell was used throughout the course of this study. The test cell and cell modification are explained in detail. Penetration of the challenge chemical was determined by visual inspection of the protective clothing material in the cell. The specimen was mounted in the test cell, then charged with a challenge liquid. The specimen was observed after 5 min at atmospheric pressure, and then after 10 min at 13.8 kPa (2 psig). The appearance of a drop of liquid indicated failure. Eight different bulky seams and closures were evaluated against several liquids by this test method. Chemical penetration data for control specimens (specimens without seams or closures), seams, and closures demonstrate the utility of this test method. Problems associated with the sealing of these bulky items into the test cell, as well as with the solutions were critically evaluated.
Variation in Management of Cutaneous Lumbosacral Findings in Newborns

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous lumbosacral findings in neonates are common in the newborn nursery but may also be associated with occult spinal dysraphism. Variation in management of lumbosacral findings by neonatal clinicians has not been previously described. METHODS: Clinicians in the Better Outcomes through Research for Newborns (BORN) Network were invited to participate in an electronic survey. Participants reviewed 18 photographs of lumbosacral findings in asymptomatic neonates and selected 1 or more initial management step(s): routine care, watchful waiting, imaging, and/or subspecialty consultation. Additional data collected include ease of access to imaging and subspecialty consultants and characteristics of respondents. RESULTS: Of 407 BORN Network clinicians, 206 (51%) completed the survey. Respondents were in >90% agreement in initial management approach of 8 of 18 cases. The most common initial actions were spinal ultrasound (53%), neurosurgery evaluation (18%), and MRI (13%). Anomalies of the gluteal crease had the lowest proportion of agreement. In 2 cases, there were differences in respondents’ choice to image or consult a subspecialist depending on their percent clinical full time equivalent spent taking care of neonates CONCLUSIONS: Variation in initial management of neonatal lumbosacral findings by clinicians in the BORN Network was seen most often for deviations of the gluteal crease, flat vascular macules, and coccygeal hair.
Expression of MALAT1 Promotes Trastuzumab Resistance in HER2 Overexpressing Breast Cancers.

Background: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is associated with cancer progression. Our study examined the role of MALAT1 in breast cancer and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of MALAT1. Methods: In vitro cell and in vivo animal models were used to examine the role of MALAT1 in breast cancer. The interaction of FOXO1 (Forkhead Box O1) at the promoter region of MALAT1 was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Results: The data shows an elevated expression of MALAT1 in breast cancer tissues and cells compared to non-cancer tissues and cells. The highest level of MALAT1 was observed in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and trastuzumab-resistant HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) overexpressing (HER2+) cells. Knockdown of MALAT1 in trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ cells reversed epithelial to mesenchymal transition-like phenotype and cell invasiveness. It improved the sensitivity of the cell’s response to trastuzumab. Furthermore, activation of Akt by phosphorylation was associated with the upregulation of MALAT1. The transcription factor FOXO1 regulates the expression of MALAT1 via the PI3/Akt pathway. Conclusions: We show that MALAT1 contributes to HER2+ cell resistance to trastuzumab. Targeting the PI3/Akt pathway and stabilizing FOXO1 translocation could inhibit the upregulation of MALAT1.
Utilizing an Oral Progestogen With or Without Prostaglandin F₂α to Synchronize Estrus in Beef Heifers with Natural Service or Artifical Insemination Under Field Conditions

The theory behind combined progestogen-prostaglandin treatment was that animals beginning treatments with progestogens early in their estrous cycles had normal luteal development, and estrus occurred after administration of prostaglandin.3 When treatment with a progestogen began late in the estrous cycle, the corpus luteum regressed spontaneously during treatment, and females were held out of estrus until the source of the progestogen was removed. In these cases, the injection of PGF was not needed, even though it was administered to all animals.
Factors Influencing Teacher Identification of Peer Bullies and Victims

Multiple student and teacher characteristics were examined to evaluate whether they influence teacher identification of peer bullies and victims. Participants were 61 teachers and 1,139 students in...
Control of division and microtubule dynamics in Chlamydomonas by cyclin B/CDKB1 and the anaphase-promoting complex

ABSTRACT In yeast and animals, cyclin B binds and activates the cyclin-dependent kinase (‘CDK’) CDK1 to drive entry into mitosis. We show that CYCB1, the sole cyclin B in Chlamydomonas, activates the plant-specific CDKB1 rather than the CDK1 ortholog CDKA1. Time-lapse microscopy shows that CYCB1 is synthesized before each division in the multiple fission cycle, then is rapidly degraded 3-5 minutes before division occurs. CYCB1 degradation is dependent on the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). Like CYCB1, CDKB1 is not synthesized until late G1; however, CDKB1 is not degraded with each division within the multiple fission cycle. The microtubule plus-end-binding protein EB1 labeled with mNeonGreen (EB1-NG) allowed detection of mitotic events in live cells. The earliest detectable step in mitosis, splitting of polar EB1-NG signal into two foci, likely associated with future spindle poles, was dependent on CYCB1. CYCB1-GFP localized close to these foci immediately before spindle formation. Spindle breakdown, cleavage furrow formation and accumulation of EB1 in the furrow were dependent on the APC. In interphase, rapidly growing microtubules are marked by ‘comets’ of EB1; comets are absent in the absence of APC function. Thus CYCB1/CDKB1 and the APC mitosis modulate microtubule dynamics while regulating mitotic progression.
Always local?: Examining the relationship between peer-to-peer accommodations and restaurants

Abstract While researchers recognize the impact of tourism on restaurants, the impact of peer-to-peer accommodations on restaurants has been under-researched. While staying at a peer-to-peer accommodation is inherently choosing local over corporate business, does this behavior hold through to the choice of restaurant? COVID-19's influence on peer-to-peer accommodation guests' dining behaviors is also yet to be studied. Does this accommodation mode affect restaurant employment? Thus, this study examines the impact of peer-to-peer accommodations on restaurant employment, the antecedents of restaurant choice (chain vs. local restaurant) of peer-to-peer guests, and the impact of COVID-19 regulations on this choice. We used ten years of AirDNA and publicly available restaurant employment earnings data in the U.S. to measure the economic impact of peer-to-peer accommodations on restaurant employment. We surveyed 479 peer-to-peer accommodations guests who had traveled in the last two years and analyzed that data using SEM. Authenticity, perceived value, and star ratings impact the choice of chain or local restaurant. Adherence to COVID-19 regulations impacted this choice and risk perception mediated this decision. Guests were more likely to choose chain restaurants after COVID-19.
Application of an Implementation Framework Using Mixed Methods in Preschool Settings.

Research Findings. Application of mixed methods in a dissemination and implementation framework can give researchers a better understanding of the reach and delivery of early childhood obesity prev...
Redistribution of the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) during mitosis and nuclear assembly: Properties of purified NuMA protein

Monoclonal antibodies and human autoimmune sera specific for the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA protein) were applied to study the structure of this protein and its intracellular distribution. The NuMA protein was purified using immuno-affinity columns. Studies on this large (250 kD) nuclear protein indicated that it is a highly asymmetric phosphoprotein. It is present in all mammalian cells examined and in those of some non-mammals. Immunofluorescence studies on fixed cells demonstrated that its intracellular distribution is essentially the same in all species at all stages of the cell cycle. Immunoblot (western blot) analysis showed that the size of the NuMA protein varies slightly in different species. At the onset of mitosis the NuMA protein redistributes from the nucleus to two centrosomal structures that later will become part of the mitotic spindle pole. This occurs at the time of nuclear breakdown and eventually leads to an accumulation of the NuMA protein at the polar region of the mitotic spindle. After anaphase the protein redistributes from the spindle polar region into the reforming nucleus and concentrates initially at the site where nuclear lamins and perichomatin have been reported to assemble. Living cells microinjected with fluorescent anti-NuMA antibodies were studied to examine parameters that effect the redistribution of the NuMA protein in vivo. These experiments indicate that microtubule assembly is essential for the NuMA protein to accumulate in the polar region.
Separation and Recovery of Uranium and Group Actinide Products From Irradiated Fast Reactor MOX Fuel via Electrolytic Reduction and Electrorefining

A series of bench-scale tests was conducted with irradiated fast reactor MOX fuel to separate and recover refined uranium and group actinide products via electrolytic reduction and electrorefining. The fuel was declad, crushed, immersed in a pool of molten LiCl −1 wt% Li2O at 650°C, and electrolyzed to convert the mixed oxide fuel to metal. The reduced fuel was then electrorefined in LiCl-KCl-UCl3 at 500°C, yielding a refined uranium metal product. Additional electrorefining experiments were performed in which actinides (that is, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, and americium) were recovered as a group metal product.
Promoting Democracy While Preserving Federalism: The Electoral College, the National Popular Vote, and the Federal District Popular Vote Allocation Alternative

The winner-take-all method of allocating Electoral College votes has led to a bifurcated nation in which presidential candidates actively campaign in highly contested "swing states" and virtually ignore voters residing in the many non-competitive states, all to the detriment of American democracy. In order to remedy the current inequities that permeate American presidential elections, a change is needed in the winner-take-all allocation method of Electoral College votes. Many propose that we elect our presidents by a National Popular Vote. However, this method would be a step in the wrong direction. This Comment proposes that states adopt a Federal District Popular Vote (FDPV) allocation method, like that currently employed by Maine and Nebraska. There are three important advantages to the FDPV allocation method. First, the FDPV would compel candidates to actively campaign in dozens of competitive congressional districts located in otherwise non-competitive states, thus engaging millions of previously ignored Americans in the campaign. Second, voters supporting the minority party in each state would have an opportunity to award electoral votes to the candidate of their choice. Finally, the FDPV would stay true to the Framers’ intent for Federalism.
On the sample‐complexity of ℋ︁∞ identification

In this paper we derive the sample complexity for discrete time linear time-invariant stable systems described in the ℋ∞ topology. The problem set-up is as follows: the ℋ∞ norm distance between the unknown real system and a known finitely parameterized family of systems is bounded by a known real number. We can associate, for every feasible real system, a model in the finitely parameterized family that minimizes the ℋ∞ distance. The question now arises as to how long a data record is required to identify such a model from noisy input–output data. This question has been addressed in the context of l1, ℋ2 and several other topologies, and it has been shown that the sample-complexity is polynomial. Nevertheless, it turns out that for the ℋ∞ topology the sample-complexity in the worst case can be infinite. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomechanical gait characteristics of naturally occurring unsuccessful foot clearance during swing in individuals with chronic stroke

Abstract Background Altered gait mechanics are common following stroke and may increase the risk of falls. Paretic gait impairments have been previously compared to the non-paretic limb or control participants. Unfortunately, the biomechanical parameters underlying instances of naturally occurring unsuccessful foot clearance (trips) have yet to be examined in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods Gait data from 26 participants with chronic stroke were obtained on a dual-belt instrumented treadmill. Instances of successful and unsuccessful foot swing were identified. Temporal, kinematic, and kinetic measures of the paretic limb occurring during late stance, toe-off, and swing were compared between trip and non-trip steps using paired samples t-tests. An α = 0.004 was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. Findings In the paretic limb, the ankle angle at toe off (P = 0.003; d = 0.64), knee flexion velocity at toe off (P Interpretation It appears to take only minor changes in the movement of the paretic limb to result in a trip in individuals with chronic stroke. Although small, the multi-joint biomechanical changes occurring in the paretic limb during unsuccessful foot clearance result in a functionally longer limb. Thus, interventions targeting multiple joints in the paretic limb may be needed to reduce the risk of trips following stroke.
The Myth of Copyright Inefficiency

Economic analysis of copyrights and patents focuses on the balance of the incentive/access tradeoff — that is, does the public benefit from the financial incentive provided to innovators who get (for a limited time) exclusive right over their creation offset the public loss from limiting public access to that creation? This paper examines that tradeoff in the context of book copyright and finds, surprisingly, that book copyright raise the price of books little, if at all, and accordingly that there is little, if any, monopoly deadweight losses. Whatever rents are created by book copyrights appear to go almost entirely to the authors, as the creators of copyright intended.
NSF to receive 10% funding increase

Work is almost complete on the fiscal year 1994 funding bill for the National Science Foundation. On October 1, Conference Committee Chairs Louis Stokes (D-Ohio) and Barbara Mikulski (D-Md.) and their colleagues completed work on the final version of HR2491, the VA, HUD, Independent Agencies Appropriations Bill. The House and Senate will soon give their final approval to the conference report for HR2491, after which it will lack only the president's signature. NSF's overall budget increase of 10%, raising total funding to %3,005.3 million, is the highest increase among all departments and agencies. Last year's increase in NSF funding was 6.3%. Funding for research and related activities will increase 7% to $1,986 million, a compromise between the 10% House increase and the 4% Senate figure. Last year's bill cut research funding. Education and human resources funding will increase 17% to $569.6 million. This is $13.5 million above the Clinton administration's request. Last year's increase for education and human resources was 4.7%.
Feasibility of observing dayside aurora using NIR camera onboard high‐altitude balloons

[1] This letter reports a feasibility study on dayside auroral observation using a near-infrared (NIR) InGaAs camera from high-altitude, long-duration balloons. This effort is motivated by science interest in the dayside aurora. Model predictions indicate daytime observations are possible because the sky brightness significantly decreases towards longer wavelengths at certain altitude in the upper atmosphere, and the NIR ambient sky brightness substantially decreases with increasing altitude. To address the question whether aurora can indeed be detected in the upper atmosphere, auroral test observations were conducted at the Poker Flat Research Range from March 22 to April 26, 2005. The InGaAs camera used in this test covers a waveband from 900 to 1700 nm with a 320 × 256 focal plane array, 30 × 30 μm pixels, and a 9° field of view. For one evening event, we estimate the NIR sky brightness using the MODTRAN atmospheric radiance model and compare it with the expected sky brightness at 30–50 km altitudes. The comparison indicates that the N2+ Meinel emission at ∼1100 nm should be seen at 35–40 km altitudes and above, and therefore, confirms that such dayside auroral observations are feasible. Auroral studies using this method include, e.g., studies of interplanetary shock and pressure pulse induced auroras as well as conjugate auroras.
Perceived enhancement of body size in women sharing anorexic psychological characteristics : the role of self-preoccupation

Prior research has demonstrated a tendency for college women at-risk psychologically for anorexia nervosa, according to the Slade antecedent model, to view women's bodies as fatter within the context of food cues. This perceptual mechanism has been proposed as a source of food avoidance that may contribute to ultimate food aversion in anorexia nervosa. The present study considered self-preoccupation as a possible determinant of this perceptual distortion
Discovery of novel GSK-3β inhibitors with potent in vitro and in vivo activities and excellent brain permeability using combined ligand- and structure-based virtual screening.

Dysregulation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3β) is implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including type-2 diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer’s, and others. A multistage virtual screening strategy designed so as to overcome known caveats arising from the considerable flexibility of GSK-3β yielded, from among compounds in our in-house database and two commercial databases, new GSK-3β inhibitors with novel scaffold structures. The two most potent and selective validated hits, a 2-anilino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (24) and a phenylmethylene hydantoin (28), both exhibited nanomolar affinity and selectivity over CDK2 and were potent enough for direct in vivo validation. Both were able to cause significant increases in liver glycogen accumulation in dose-dependent fashion. One also exhibited excellent blood−brain barrier permeability, the other adequate for a lead compound. Analogues of the oxadiazole 24 were synthesized to experimentally corroborate or rule out ligand-bound structures arising from doc...
Jorie Graham's FISSION

Even though Helen Vendler has stated that “Platonic dualism is both [Jorie] Graham's donnee and her demon” (92)—suggesting that Plato's thought is central to all of her work—no critic has made more...
Magnetic Bremsstrahlung in an Intense Magnetic Field

A number of astrophysical discoveries and laboratory developments have prompted the need to consider synchrotron emission including effects of radiation reaction and quantum corrections. In this article we first solved the Lorentz-Dirac equation to give the trajectory and radiation spectrum of a relativistic electron at strong radiation damping. The results are presented in forms which can be directly tested in experiments using megagauss magnetic fields as targets for high energy electron beams. The quantum mechanical effects which often intermingle with the classical radiation reaction effects are discussed. A quantum mechanical calculation including the effects of energy damping and quantum fluctuations is presented. The results obtained for a single electron are applied to an ensemble of electrons. The characteristics of the emission spectra are summarized in the final section for various ranges of field intensity and particle energy.
R & D management: An operational view

The author discusses two aspects of control which affect the most obvious outputs of a research and development laboratory. 1) Technical Control: A model of the technical control function is discussed. Also presented are discussions of the corporate-laboratory interface and a procedure for estimating the potential program cost for management. Internal control of the laboratory is also mentioned, including a PERT-type chart used for scheduling a small “best-efforts” laboratory program. Another aspect is the laboratory-product department interface, with a planning chart for iterative R & D programs. 2) Financial Control: (Defined as maintaining a balance between supporting input funds and billed costs within predetermined limits.) Two categories are discussed : 1) measurements, including financial control loop, with discussions of budgets, salaries, nonsalary costs, overhead, and backlog, and 2) management alternatives, which are control actions on proposal activity, applied salaries, total salaries, and expenses. The two control loops — technical and financial — are cross-coupled and interact strongly. The objective of both controls is to optimize laboratory performance in relation to cost.
Effects of hypothermia on systemic and organ system metabolism and function

Abstract Deep systemic hypothermia and circulatory arrest are being utilized increasingly for prolonged periods in the correction of complicated congenital cardiac abnormalities in the infant. Depending upon the technique of hypothermia employed, significant metabolic, functional, and morphologic alterations occur systemically and in each of the vital organs. Clinical and experimental research from 1950 to 1975, reviewed in this paper, has elucidated many of these alterations and has suggested avenues of further research for more precise delineation of metabolic and physiologic effects of deep hypothermia.
Testing the equivalence of multiple regression models with additional data

The problem of testing the equality of multiple regression parameter sets among several models when additional data from some unknown (or unidentified) subset of these models are available is considered. The standard test (T 0) for this problem discards the additional data and tests the equivalence of regression models using only the data from the identified models. Two test procedures are proposed based upon all the available data. The additional data may contain valuable information about the parameters that can be used to improve the power of the test and make discrimination among the regression models easier. A power comparison among the tests is also presented. The test procedure T 1 is shown to have larger power than To.For certain parameter values, T2 has the largest power.
Isomorphic patient management problems: a method of creating equivalent problem-solving tests.

Multiple choice format pre- and post-tests have a high likelihood of being equivalent (i.e. parallel) if well-known guidelines are followed. In the absence of such guidelines for pre- and post-tests of problem-solving, the authors devised a simple method of creating problems that are likely to be equivalent. The method was employed with patient management problems (PMPs) and focuses on maintaining the same form or structure of the problems while making the problems appear different to the examinee. Such problems are 'isomorphic'. The equivalence or parallelism of 10 PMPs with their isomorphic counterparts was demonstrated. The method for creating isomorphic PMPs appears to be applicable for creating equivalent pre- and post-tests composed of problems other than PMPs.
Determination of antineutrino spectra from nuclear reactors

In this paper we study the effect of well-known higher-order corrections to the allowed $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay spectrum on the determination of antineutrino spectra resulting from the decays of fission fragments. In particular, we try to estimate the associated theory errors and find that induced currents like weak magnetism may ultimately limit our ability to improve the current accuracy and under certain circumstance could even greatly increase the theoretical errors. We also perform a critical evaluation of the errors associated with our method to extract the antineutrino spectrum using synthetic $\ensuremath{\beta}$ spectra. It turns out that a fit using only virtual $\ensuremath{\beta}$ branches with a judicious choice of the effective nuclear charge provides results with a minimal bias. We apply this method to actual data for ${}^{235}$U, ${}^{239}$Pu, and ${}^{241}$Pu and confirm, within errors, recent results, which indicate a net $3%$ upward shift in energy-averaged antineutrino fluxes. However, we also find significant shape differences which can, in principle, be tested by high-statistics antineutrino data samples.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of charge-density waves in NbSe 3

The charge-density wave (CDW) structure in NbSe/sub 3/ due to the two independent CDWs has been imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy. As predicted by band structure considerations the CDW modulation is observed to be substantially localized on different chains for the separate CDWs. At 77K where only the high temperature CDW exists a relatively weak modulation with a single component along the /bar b/-axis is observed. At 4.2K the low temperature CDW contributes a much stronger /approximately/4/bar b//sub 0/ /times/ 2/rvec c//sub 0/ superlattice modulation. The combination of atomic resolution and CDW modulations allows an unambiguous identification of the chain structure to be made. 9 refs., 5 figs.
Interrelationships of platelet-derived growth factor isoform-induced changes in c-fos expression, intracellular free calcium, and mitogenesis.

Both increases in c-fos proto-oncogene expression and intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) have been implicated as necessary components of the signal transduction pathway by which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates DNA synthesis in cultured BALB/c3T3 fibroblasts. To determine the interrelationship between PDGF-induced increases in c-fos proto-oncogene expression and [Ca2+]i, purified, recombinant BB and AA homodimeric isoforms of PDGF were used to evaluate the dose-response relationships and mechanisms of growth factor-induced changes in these two parameters as well as DNA synthesis. Concentration-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i, c-fos expression, and [3H]thymidine incorporation were observed with both BB and AA PDGF isoforms. BB PDGF was consistently more potent and efficacious than the AA isoform in eliciting a given response. The [Ca2+]i dependency of PDGF-induced increases in c-fos expression and DNA synthesis was determined by pretreatment of cells with agents that inhibit increases in [Ca2+]i: BAPTA, Quin-2, and TMB-8. Under these conditions, PDGF-induced DNA synthesis was blocked, whereas c-fos expression was enhanced. Conversely, in cells made deficient in protein kinase C (PKC) activity by prolonged treatment with phorbol ester, BB and AA PDGF-induced c-fos expression was inhibited by 75–80%, while PDGF-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and DNA synthesis were unaffected or enhanced. Additionally, the PKC-independent component of PDGF-stimulated c-fos expression was found to be independent of increases in [Ca2+]i. These data suggest that (1) both BB and AA PDGF isoforms elicit alterations in [Ca2+]i and c-fos proto-oncogene expression through the same or similar mechanisms in BALB/c3T3 fibroblasts, (2) PDGF-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i are not required for c-fos expression, and (3) distinct pathways regulate PDGF-induced c-fos expression and mitogenesis, with c-fos expression being substantially PKC-dependent yet [Ca2+]i-independent, while mitogenesis is [Ca2+]i-dependent yet PKC-independent.
Chloroplast DNA gyrase and in vitro regulation of transcription by template topology and novobiocin.

We have examined the effects of novobiocin and template topology on the transcription of two chloroplast genes encoding the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) and the beta subunit of the chloroplast ATPase (atpB), in an in vitro transcription system. The template topology was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis while the in vitro transcripts were determined by 5′ S1 nuclease analysis under identical conditions. We discovered that our chloroplast transcription extracts contain a DNA gyrase activity and a chromatographically separable topoisomerase I activity. Incubation of a supercoiled template with the extracts under the same conditions in which transcription assays were carried out leads to a decrease in the supercoiled from and concomitant appearance of distinct topoisomers. More extensive relaxation of the supercoiled template occurs when nucleotide triphosphates are omitted from the reaction mixture or when a low concentration (25 μg/ml) of novobiocin is added. Higher concentrations (≥ 250 μg/ml) of the drug, however, also inhibit the topoisomerase I activity. The transcription of the atpB gene is inhibited by lower concentrations of novobiocin as compared to the rbcL gene in the same reaction mixture. Relaxed, closed circular template and linearized DNA are not substrates for chloroplast transcription extracts, although they are transcribed accurately by the E. coli RNA polymerase under our conditions. Control of in vitro transcription of the two chloroplast genes by template topology can also be demonstrated by modulating the relative activity for the topoisomerases in the transcription extract. Our results suggest that changes in template topology may be a mechanism by which chloroplast genes are differentially regulated and the chloroplast DNA gyrase and topoisomerase I are key enzymes for this mode of regulation in vivo.
Does follicularity in large cell lymphoma predict outcome after autologous stem cell transplantation

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether follicular histology in large cell lymphoma influences treatment outcomes after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). It remains an area of controversy whether the natural history of follicular large cell lymphoma (FLCL) is akin to diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) with curative potential or is more similar to indolent follicular lymphomas with a pattern of late relapses after intensive chemotherapy. Although ASCT is a potentially curative treatment for patients with recurrent DLCL, the effectiveness of this approach in patients with FLCL is unclear. We undertook a retrospective analysis of 332 patients with large cell lymphoma who underwent ASCT at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center. With a median follow-up of 31 months, the projected 10-year overall survival and disease-free survival were similar between patients with FLCL and DLCL. Analysis of prognostic factors demonstrated that although age, chemotherapy refractoriness, and disease status at the time of ASCT were predictive of overall survival/disease-free survival, follicularity did not influence the outcome. Furthermore, the similar plateau in the survival curve for the DLCL and FLCL patients suggests that the behavior of FLCL is similar to that of DLCL and that FLCL is potentially curable with ASCT.
Neutron Capture in Tin Isotopes at Stellar Temperatures

Neutron capture cross sections were measured for seven tin isotopes (116 to 120, 122, and 124) with 30-kev neutrons. The abundances of the tin isotopes due to giantstar and supernovae nucleosynthesis are calculated, and the product of the abundance and cross section is ap proximately constant for all the isotopes, in agreement with the predicted inverse proportionality. The increased importance of the r-process (supernovae neutron capture) relative to the s- process (giant star neutron capture) is shown.
Molecular Mechanisms of B Cell Antigen Receptor Trafficking

B lymphocytes are among the most efficient cells of the immune system in capturing, processing, and presenting MHC class II restricted peptides to T cells. Antigen capture is essentially restricted by the specificity of the clonotypic antigen receptor expressed on each B lymphocyte. However, receptor recognition is only one factor determining whether an antigen is processed and presented. The context of antigen encounter is crucial. In particular, polyvalent arrays of repetitive epitopes, indicative of infection, accelerate the delivery of antigen to specialized processing compartments, and up-regulate the surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules such as B7. Recent studies have demonstrated that receptor-mediated signaling and receptor-facilitated peptide presentation to T cells are intimately related. For example, rapid sorting of endocytosed receptor complexes through early endosomes requires the activation of the tyrosine Syk. This proximal kinase initiates all BCR-dependent signaling pathways. Subsequent entry into the antigen-processing compartment requires the tyrosine phosphorylation of the BCR constituent Igalpha and direct recruitment of the linker protein BLNK. Signals from the BCR also regulate the biophysical and biochemical properties of the targeted antigen-processing compartments. These observations indicate that the activation and recruitment of signaling molecules by the BCR orchestrate a complex series of cellular responses that favor the presentation of even rare or low-affinity antigens if encountered in contexts indicative of infection. The requirement for BCR signaling provides possible mechanisms by which cognate B:T cell interactions can be controlled by the milieu in which antigen engagement occurs.
Gluconeogenesis in isolated chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver cells

Abstract 1. 1. Gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated avian hepatocytes. The highest rate of glucose production obtained was from lactate, followed by dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, and fructose. Alanine was converted to glucose at only about 4% the rate of lactate. 2. 2. Addition of 10mM sorbitol, xylitol, or ethanol to the hepatocytes increased glucose production from pyruvate 25–40%, while glycerol addition increased it only 9%. 3. 3. Addition of β-hydroxybutyrate had no effect on glucose production from lactate or pyruvate. 4. 4. Addition of octanoate had no effect on glucose production from pyruvate, but depressed it from lactate at 5 mM. 5. 5. Differences in the formation of glucose from various substrates suggest some basic differences in the mode of glucose production between the chick and the rat and guinea-pig.
Genetic marking and manipulation of hematopoietic progenitor cells using retroviral vectors

In the 5 years since the first human gene therapy studies began, more than 70 clinical protocols have been approved, and over 200 patients have received genetically modified cells. A high proportion of these protocols have made use of hematopoietic progenitor cells or their mature progeny. In this review, we discuss the progress and limitations of current clinical gene transfer studies using marrow-derived progenitor cells and describe how the technique is being applied to the treatment of single-gene disorders and to augment cancer immunotherapies. We also discuss the contribution made by gene marking studies.