cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Compatibility of Evolutionary Biology and Theism

Human beings are the products of many thousands of years of biological evolution, and this process occurs in accordance with the principles of natural selection originally articulated and defended by Charles Darwin and developed and defended further in the modern synthesis of the 20th century. In this paper, I consider how it may be thought that this fact threatens the rationality of belief in the Christian God. These threats are countenanced with respect to issues of design, randomness, suffering, and the objectivity of ethics. I argue that while some versions of Christian belief, such as those grounded in a literalist reading of the Genesis creation story or those committed to the image of God thesis, may be threatened by a Darwinian worldview, there are nonetheless plausible versions of Christian belief that are immune to Darwinian challenges.
Contextualizing fatal police-resident encounters with a focus on Hispanic or Latin American places: does macro-level racial and ethnic composition distinguish resident fatalities by the police and police fatalities by residents?

Abstract Literature has documented racial and ethnic disparities in resident fatalities by the police and police fatalities by residents. Yet, there has been a lack of research on police-resident relationships within Hispanic communities. Additionally, research has rarely considered the relevance of social context for fatal police-resident encounters or examined resident and police fatalities concurrently. We use data on 7,125 fatal police-resident encounters nested within 1,739 agencies and 1,506 U.S. census-designated places from 2000–2016 to examine whether macro-level racial and ethnic composition distinguishes resident fatalities and police fatalities. Results indicated that the odds of resident fatalities relative to police fatalities were significantly higher in majority Hispanic than majority white places. Racial disparities persisted in mixed-race places with at least 20% Hispanic residents. Furthermore, disparities were only observed in highly disadvantaged places, suggesting that racial and ethnic composition and structural disadvantage must be considered concomitantly to contextualize fatal police-resident encounters.
Moderators of skeletal muscle maintenance are compromised in sarcopenic obese mice.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether sarcopenic obesity accelerates impairments in muscle maintenance through the investigation of cell cycle progression and myogenic, inflammatory, catabolic and protein synthetic signaling in mouse gastrocnemius muscles. At 4 weeks old, 24 male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high fat diet (HFD, 60 % fat) or normal chow (NC, 17 % fat) for either 8–12 weeks or 21–23 months. At 3−4 months or 22−24 months the gastrocnemius muscles were excised. In addition, plasma was taken for C2C12 differentiation experiments. Mean cross-sectional area (CSA) was reduced by 29 % in aged HFD fed mice compared to the aged NC mice. MyoD was roughly 50 % greater in the aged mice compared to young mice, whereas TNF-α and IGF-1 gene expression in aged HFD fed mice were reduced by 52 % and 65 % in comparison to aged NC fed mice, respectively. Myotubes pretreated with plasma from aged NC fed mice had 14 % smaller myotube diameter than their aged HFD counterparts. Aged obese mice had greater impairments to mediators of muscle maintenance as evident by reductions in muscle mass, CSA, along with alterations in cell cycle regulation and inflammatory and insulin signaling.
Are parents satisfied with integrated classrooms?: Exploring integration in dual language programs

This study concerns integration in a two-way dual language immersion (DLI) context. Specifically, the present study examines parents of students in Korean-English DLI programs with the intent to un...
Lying in a finitely repeated game

Abstract Do people lie less in repeated interactions with the same partner than in a series of one-shot interactions with strangers? We find that under asymmetric information, senders lie substantially less if paired with the same receiver than when randomly re-matched with different receivers. However, the lying gap diminishes if the receiver is allowed to offer feedback to the sender.
Postscript: Reflections from a Summer Without Public Space

This chapter is a brief postscript written from the perspective of the spring and summer of 2020, a year where the very concept of public space underwent major upheaval and contestation. Exploring how moving images continued to appear as public art during the COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests, this postscript attests to the resilience of moving images as public art and considers their future.
Reconstruction of the Electromagnetic Wavefield from Scattering Data

Inverse scattering theory concerns itself with determining the properties of a scatterer (e.g., the spatial variation of the scatterer’s dielectric constant and conductivity) from measured scattering data. Two general approaches to this problem exist. The first approach is a direct variational method. One starts by computing the scattering amplitude for some assumed properties of the scatterer. The resulting theoretical scattering amplitude is compared with the measured scattering data. If these results differ, then one varies the properties of the assumed scatterer and recomputes the scattered field for the new properties. This process is truncated when the measured and computed fields agree to a specified accuracy. The properties of the assumed scatterer are then supposed to coincide to within some accuracy with the unknown scatterer which generated the measured data.
Principles of Solidification: An Introduction to Modern Casting and Crystal Growth Concepts

Part I Introductory Aspects.- Crystals & Melts.- Thermodynamics of Crystal-Melt Phase Change.- Thermal Concepts in Solidification.- Solidification of Pure Materials.- Part II Macrosegregation.- Solute Mass Balances: Macrosegregation.- Plane-Front Solidication.- Composition Control.- Part III Solid-Liquid Interfaces: Capillarity, Stability, Nucleation.- Crystal-Molt Interfaces.- Constitutional Supercooling.- Linear Morphological Stability.- Non-Linear Stability Models.- Nucleation Catalysis.- Part IV Microstructure Evolution.- Dendritic Growth.- Microsegregation.- Interface Structures and Kinetics.- Polyphase Solidification.- Rapid Solidification Processing.
Peripheral blood cell signatures as novel breast cancer biomarkers

AACR Centennial Conference: Translational Cancer Medicine-- July 20-23, 2008; Monterey, CA B13 Background: In 2007, over 40,000 women died from breast cancer in the United States alone. Detecting breast cancer at an early stage, or when the tumor is small, dramatically increases chances for survival, but current technologies, including mammography, have limited sensitivity and specificity. Our approach has been to use peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as a means of early breast cancer detection. PBCs act as biosensors by responding to both physiological changes and environmental exposures. These responses can be detected by microarray analysis as specific gene expression patterns, or signatures, that reflect the presence of a tumor. Methods: We used Affymetrix M430 2.0 Gene Chips to analyze gene expression in peripheral blood cell samples collected from either transgenic mice with spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas (n= 15) or tumor-free, matched control mice (n= 15). In addition, we used Affymetrix Human U133 Plus 2.0 Gene Chips to analyze gene expression in peripheral blood cell samples collected from patients diagnosed by biopsy with either invasive breast cancer (n= 15) or a benign breast abnormality (n= 15). Expression data was subject to binary regression analysis, including leave-one-out crossvalidation, as well as validation in an independent sample set. Optimal cutoffs for predicted probabilities were calculated using receiver-operator characteristic curves. Results: We identified a 250-probe signature associated with the presence of spontaneous tumors in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. This signature is capable of accurately distinguishing tumor-bearing mice from tumor-free controls in a leave-one-out crossvalidation. The signature was validated in an independent sample set, where it performed with an overall accuracy of 100%. We have also developed a human breast cancer signature, which is able to accurately distinguish patients with invasive breast cancer from those with benign breast abnormalities in a leave-one-out crossvalidation. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that gene expression signatures can be derived from PBCs and can be used to not only distinguish between breast cancer patients and disease-free individuals, but also to predict cancer status. We describe breast cancer signatures derived from both mouse and human peripheral blood cells, demonstrating for the first time that this phenomenon is common to both species, suggesting that mouse models represent an opportunity to complement human biomarker studies, as well as a system in which mechanisms of tumor and PBC interaction may be revealed. These results support the concept of using blood-derived signatures as clinical diagnostic tests, although further investigation is needed to establish the specificity of such tests. We believe this is an approach to the development of clinical biomarkers for accurate, effective and noninvasive breast cancer detection.
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic

Skinner, Burrhus Frederic (1904–1990), an American behaviourist psychologist, whose invention of the operant conditioning chamber or ‘Skinner box’ stimulated the laboratory investigation of behaviour, especially conditioning with positive reinforcement. He sought to apply his methods to human behaviour modification and it became a significant tool in clinical and educational psychology. Keywords: operant conditioning; behavourism; psychology; pavlov; lorenz
Short-term fixes fall short when it comes to keeping the best employees

Purpose – This paper aims to review information and research concerning the retention of employees; considers the costs of retention, job satisfaction and retention, data and trends; and offers advice on retention policy. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines a large sample of recent research and opinion. It summarizes information that could help human resource (HR) specialists. Findings – This paper advances the view that much empirical research about employee retention is situation-specific and that this compromises the generalization of research findings. It argues, however, that there are much reported data and statistics that give indications of why employees leave or stay with an organization and that this information may help to guide HR specialists. Practical implications – This paper advises that organizations develop detailed strategies for clearly identifying staffing needs and building a pipeline of job candidates for the short-term and beyond. Clear approaches to keeping employees...
Near-Infrared Spectra of IC 59/63 and NGC 1535: Comparing Infrared and Ultraviolet Observations of H2

We present observations of near-infrared H2 line emission toward the reflection/emission nebulae, IC 59 and IC 63, and the planetary nebula, NGC 1535. Each source has been observed previously in the ultraviolet, where H2 was detected in emission toward IC 63 and in absorption toward NGC 1535. In IC 63, we have detected the 1.601 ?m v = 6-4 Q(1), 2.121 ?m v = 1-0 S(1), and 2.247 ?m v = 2-1 S(1) lines of H2 arising from a near-infrared fluorescent cascade following ultraviolet continuum pumping. The detection marks the first time that both infrared and ultraviolet portions of the H2 fluorescent cascade have been measured in a region exposed to far-ultraviolet continuum photons. Furthermore, we also report 1-0 S(1) and 2-1 S(1) fluorescent emission toward IC 59, a source previously thought to display no H2 fluorescence and considered devoid of molecules based on ultraviolet and CO observations. Toward NGC 1535, we find no H2 emission in the near-infrared, in spite of the reported ultraviolet H2 absorption.
Selection for G156A O6-Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase Gene-transduced Hematopoietic Progenitors and Protection from Lethality in Mice Treated with O6-Benzylguanine and 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea

A retroviral gene therapy approach was developed to protect early hematopoietic progenitors from 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), a stem cell toxin, and O 6-benzylguanine (BG), an inhibitor of a key BCNU resistance protein, O 6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). The retroviral vector MFG was used to transfer the G156A MGMT (ΔMGMT) cDNA, encoding a mutant AGT that is resistant to inhibition by BG, into murine bone marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitors. Following transplantation into lethally irradiated mice, the transduced cells were subjected to in vivo BG and BCNU treatment to examine the ability to enrich for transduced cells expressing ΔAGT. Transplantation of ΔMGMT -transduced cells resulted in δAGT expression in 30% of bone marrow nucleated cells 13 weeks after transplantation. After one cycle of BG and BCNU, ΔAGT expression was observed in 60% of bone marrow cells, and the percentage of colony-forming units (culture; CFU-C) containing proviral sequence increased from 67 to 100%. CFU-C obtained from BG and BCNU-treated ΔMGMT animals up to 23 weeks after transplantation were more resistant to combination BG and BCNU than CFU-C from mice transplanted with lacZ -transduced cells and treated with BG and BCNU or from mice transplanted with ΔMGMT -transduced cells and left untreated. The degree of drug resistance in ΔMGMT -transduced hematopoietic progenitors to BG and BCNU was much greater than we observed previously with wild-type MGMT gene transfer and treatment with BCNU alone. Furthermore, whereas 21 of 22 mice transplanted with ΔMGMT -transduced cells survived in vivo BG and BCNU administration, only 3 of 13 mice transplanted with lacZ -transduced progenitors survived similar drug treatment. Thus, ΔMGMT -transduced murine bone marrow cells selectively survive in vivo BG and BCNU exposure, resulting in prolonged enrichment for the transduced cells and protection from mortality induced by this drug combination.
Are astronomical papers with more authors cited more

Following my previous study of paper length vs. number of citations in astronomy (Stanek 2008), some colleagues expressed an interest in knowing if any correlation exists between citations and the number of authors on an astronomical paper. At least naively, one would expect papers with more authors to be cited more. I test this expectation with the same sample of papers as analyzed in Stanek (2008), selecting all (~30,000) refereed papers from A&A, AJ, ApJ and MNRAS published between 2000 and 2004. (...) I find that indeed papers with more authors are on average cited more, but only weakly so: roughly, the number of citations doubles with ten-fold increase in the number of authors. While the median number of citations to a 2 author paper is 17, the median number of citations to a paper with 10 to 20 authors is 32. I find that most of the papers are written by a small number of authors, with a mode of 2 authors and a median of 3 authors. I also find that papers with more authors are not longer than papers with fewer authors, in fact a median number of 8 to 10 pages per paper holds for any number of authors. For the same sample of papers, a median number of citations per paper grew from 15 in June 2008 (Stanek 2008) to 19 in November 2009. Unlike Stanek (2008), I do not conclude with any career advice, semi-humorous or otherwise.
The Norms That Drive Behavior Implications for Cultural Mismatch Theory

In this commentary, we draw on two articles featured in this special issue to highlight the psychological and behavioral implications that the study of norms carries for underrepresented groups’ experience of fit and belonging in organizations. In particular, we discuss these implications with respect to our cultural mismatch theory of inequality. In the following sections, we first outline key tenets of cultural mismatch theory. Second, drawing on Gelfand and Harrington’s (2015) discussion of the factors that increase the motivational force of norms, we argue that these same factors characterize underrepresented groups’ experiences of cultural mismatches, which should increase their reliance on norms. Third, drawing on Morris and Liu’s (2015) distinction between peer and aspirational norms, we argue that the consequences of increased reliance on norms for experiences of cultural mismatch depend on whether underrepresented groups rely on peer versus aspirational norms.
S- and C-band omni-directional antennas in MIMO arrangement on bent ground plane for a conducting cylinderical surface

An omni-directional antenna in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) arrangement is presented that covers S-band (2.2–2.4GHz) and C-band (4.4–5.0GHz). One pair of modified PIFA-like radiating structures is used for each of the two bands. These elements are placed on a bent ground plane which is cut out of a cylindrical conducting surface. Simulated MIMO parameters such as the total active reflection coefficient (TARC), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and channel capacity loss (C loss ) are computed and presented. Measured results will be presented during the symposium.
Pre-Hospital Aspiration Is Associated with Increased Pulmonary Complications

Abstract Background: Rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are highest among patients intubated on an emergency basis following trauma. We reported previously a retrospective analysis demonstrating an association between subjective aspiration and VAP after pre-hospital intubation. We hypothesize that by directing paramedics to note features of aspiration at intubation, we will confirm prospectively the association between pre-hospital aspiration and subsequent pneumonia in trauma patients. Methods: Paramedics collected data regarding aspiration at the time of intubation. All intubated patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center intensive care unit (ICU) were included. Data comprised a clinical impression of pre-hospital aspiration, as well as the presence and timing of blood and emesis in the airway. Injury severity, co-morbidities, and outcomes were collected from the trauma registry. Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP) was identified by medical record review of both bronchoalveolar lavage cu...
PREDICTING HABITAT RESPONSE TO FLOW USING GENERALIZED HABITAT MODELS FOR TROUT IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN STREAMS

Dams and water diversions can dramatically alter the hydraulic habitats of stream ecosystems. Predicting how water depth and velocity respond to flow alteration is possible using hydraulic models, such as Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM); however, such models are expensive to implement and typically describe only a short length of stream (102 m). If science is to keep pace with development, then more rapid and cost-effective models are needed. We developed a generalized habitat model (GHM) for brown and rainbow trout that makes similar predictions to PHABSIM models but offers a demonstrated reduction in survey effort for Colorado Rocky Mountain streams. This model combines the best features of GHMs developed elsewhere, including the options of desktop (no-survey) or rapid-survey models. Habitat–flow curves produced by PHABSIM were simplified to just two site-specific components: (i) Q95h (flow at 95% of maximum habitat) and (ii) Shape. The Shape component describes the habitat–flow curves made dimensionless by dividing flow increments by Q95h and dividing habitat (weighted usable area) increments by maximum habitat. Both components were predicted from desktop variables, including mean annual flow, using linear regression. The rapid-survey GHM produced better predictions of observed habitat than the desktop GHM (rapid-survey model explained 82–89% variance for independent validation sites; desktop 68–85%). The predictive success of these GHMs was similar to other published models, but survey effort to achieve that success was substantially reduced. Habitat predicted by the desktop GHM (using geographic information system data) was significantly correlated with the abundance of large brown trout (p < 0.01) but not smaller trout. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposal for a National Institute on Sexual Violence

As editor of the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (JTD), I read many fascinating submissions. These articles are often inspiring and full of intellectual insights, compassion, creativity, and the promise of a better world. The submissions are just as often sobering in that they reveal a tragic reality of human suffering due to abuse, violence, and other forms of mistreatment underlying suffering. Our field makes a valiant effort to address these issues, but it is clear that the promise of a better world will not be realized without the commitment of additional attention and financial resources. I thus begin this editorial with a proposal for a new federal agency that would address sexual and other gender-based violence as one large component of what underlies much suffering. It is then my privilege to conclude this editorial with some words about the status of JTD.
Synthesis and characterization of a 13C-labeled α-mannosyl glycolipid analog from [13C]glucose

A method is described for the synthesis of a [13C]alpha-mannosyl glycolipid analog from [13C]glucose. After acetylation and reduction of glucose (U-13C6, 30%) to tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal (U-13C6, 30%), addition of the nucleophile 2-[2-[2-[2-(tetradecyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]- ethanol (tetra-decyltetraglycol) yields the rearrangement product alpha-tetradecyltetraglycol 2,3-dideoxyl-4,6-di-O-acetyl-D-gluco- pyranoside (U-13C6, 30%). The rearrangement product is oxidized with osmium tetroxide to produce tetradecyltetraglycol alpha-mannoside (U-13C6, 30%). The interaction of the glycolipid with the plant lectin concanavalin A is characterized by a vesicle agglutination assay.
Pulse wave numerical analysis.

Abstract The general deterioration of the arterial system is well recognized but not easily measured. Leg pulse waves, generated by the electric impedance plethysmograph, would seem to be a promising method. This study is a mathematical analysis of these pulse waves from the legs. The data were taken from a previous study by the same authors. That study analyzed the pulse waves using a frequency analysis (Fourier) and a lumped component model of the circulatory system. Blood pressure became clinically very meaningful when a number could be assigned to it. This study is being done to determine if a numerical value could be assigned to different types of pulse waves. If this can be done it would furnish a new tool for analyzing the peripheral circulation and peripheral atherosclerosis. This would offer another method for analyzing therapeutic endeavors that affect the circulatory system. These pulse waves were from a rather homogeneous group of generally healthy white males. The subjects were arranged according to age: ages 5–11, ages 19–24, 36–45, ages 55–62, and ages 74–91. This present analysis involves an advanced mathematical analysis done by a computer. The first graph (4a) - sine amplitude vs age - showed a sloping line which intersects the abscissa at about age 100. The second graph (4b) - notch (of the downstroke of the pulse wave) vs age - showed a sloping line intersecting the age line at about age 100. Thus, these calculations suggest that the untreated circulatory system is programmed to have a functional death at about age 100. The two methods used, one involving mathematical calculations and one involving graphic measurements, showed that a number can be put on the pulse wave. The higher the number, theoretically the better the circulation. Then if a treatment scheme can substantially raise the patient's pulse wave number, it might be expected to increase the longevity of their circulatory system.
Magma genesis and heat flow: differences between mid-oceanic ridges and African rift valleys

Abstract The products of volcanism in the African rift valleys differ in composition and volume from those in the median valleys of oceanic ridges. These dissimilarities can be explained in terms of a petrogenetic model which requires a low heat flow under the rifts and a high geothermal gradient under oceanic ridges, implying fundamentally different upper mantle conditions in the two areas. As a result, it is suggested that the African rift valleys may not be the sites of rising convection currents in the mantle as is commonly supposed.
Reduced color polymorphism in a population of Bunodosoma granulifera

Abstract The proportions of carotenoids responsible for column coloration were determined for a population of the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera from Grand Cayman using TLC. This population exhibited a very low degree of polymorphism for these proportions, compared to previously sampled populations from Puerto Rico and Curacao. In addition to the carotenoid pigment system a second system possessing pigments similar to bilins was found for the first time in this genus. This population was also assayed electrophoretically for enzymes encoded by 12 loci. Analysis of these data suggested that the reduced polymorphism for column color may be the result of selection. Although the proportions of carotenoids varied little, the amount of carotenoid per unit of epidermal tissue varied almost four-fold from 0.05 to 0.19 μg/mg dry wt.
Processing and Preparation-Two Key Issues to Increase and Preserve Nutritional Value of Fish and Meat Products

As a food chemist, I’m excited to be part of the editorial board of this journal as one of my central interests is the sustainable production of nutritionally valuable animal products. As a specialist in questions around the factors influencing fatty acid composition in meat and fish I’m looking forward to seeing novel research on fish and livestock production as well as on modified processing techniques of meat and fish to keep and if possible increase the nutritional value of what we breed. As the positive effect of omega 3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) on various human health aspects as for example metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, neural and brain development are well known, lately a strong focus of research has been towards the production of meat and fish rich in n-3 FA. Genetics, rearing systems and feeding strategies are tools that are investigated and modified to produce livestock and fish with increased n-3 FA. As already highlighted by one of my co-editors, the main source of long chain polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids (lc-n-3 PUFA) are fish and fish oil, which is getting scarce due to increased use for aquaculture, nutraceuticals and multiple other purposes. Hence the search for novel feeding strategies, novel sources of lc-n-3 PUFA and possibilities of increased metabolism in fish or livestock are urgently needed.
Landau free energy for a bcc-hcp reconstructive phase transformation

We study the bcc-hcp phase transition in Ti and Zr with the use of first-principles calculations. We have determined the complete energy surface from the bcc to hcp structure. The results are used to find an appropriate Landau free energy density for describing this transformation. The proposed Landau free energy density has two relevant order parameters: shear and shuffle. Through first-principles calculations, we show that the bcc structure is unstable with respect to the shuffle of atoms ${(TA}_{1}$ N-point phonon) rather than the shear. Therefore, we reduce the two order parameter Landau free energy to an effective one order parameter (shuffle) potential, which is a reasonable approximation. In general, the effective Landau free energy is a triple-well potential. From the phonon dispersion data and the change in entropy at the transition temperature we find the free energy coefficients for Ti and Zr.
Chromosome abnormalities in chicken (Gallus domesticus) embryos: Types, frequencies and phenotypic effects

Cytological screening of 4182 chick embryos from 10 strains and 5 strain crosses was performed to determine the types and frequencies of chromosome abnormalities. Gross phenotypic effects, such as growth retardation and malformation, were noted. Clues to the etiology of such chromosome aberrations were also sought. The following euploid series was observed: Haploid mosaics (A-Z/2A-ZZ, A-Z/2A-ZZ/3A-ZZZ, A-Z/A-W/2A-ZW/2A-ZZ, A-Z/A-W/2A-ZW/ 3A-Z?), diploid (2A-ZZ and 2A-ZW), triploid (3A-ZWW, 3A-ZZW, 3A-ZZZ, 3A-ZZZW) and tetraploid (4A-ZZWW and 4A-ZZZZ). Aneuploidy was observed as follows: Trisomy for chromosome numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and double trisomy 2/5. Trisomy-4 with deletion of 50% of the long arm of one member of the trisomic triplet was observed. A 3A-ZWW embryo was found with two cell populations: one, disomic for chromosome 2 and 6; the other, tetrasomic for 2 and 6. Of the 4182 embryos sampled 1.4% were haploids, 97.5% diploids, 0.8% triploids, 0.1% tetraploids and 0.2% trisomics. On the average 10.8% of the early dead embryos were euploid (excluding diploid) or aneuploid. However, the range for euploidy and aneuploidy among strains was 2.3–23.7% of early deads. Haploid embryos were consistently underdeveloped at 4 days of incubation (D.I.), and died by 5–7 D.I. About 90% of (36) triploid embryos died at or before 4 D.I. The remaining 10% (normal embryos) died prior to hatching. Trisomic embryos were dead or underdeveloped at 4 D.I. Tetraploidy appeared to be lethal at a very early stage. The various strains examined had different overall rates of chromosome aberrations (0.4–8.9%), and also showed different varieties of such aberrations. The modes and possible causes of meiotic, mitotic and fertilization errors are considered. Genetic control of chromosome abnormalities, particularly haploidy, is postulated.
Higher-order effects on pair creation by relativistic heavy-ion beams.

Assuming the approximation of pair independence, the number of pairs produced by a classical, imperturbable electromagnetic source is shown to be described by a Poisson distribution. The perturbational calculation of pairs by colliding heavy-ion beams is treated by straightforward summation of the diagrammatically defined series. The extended calculation, in which all orders of interaction between colliding ions and the electron-positron system are included, is also demonstrated to result in a Poisson-number distribution. Applications to current heavy-ion colliders are made.
Models of Computer-Based Outbreak Detection

Summary Despite intensive development of computer-based surveillance (CBS), there has been little work on models of such systems. This paper describes a computational model of CBS-output, inputs, and algorithms required to create the output from the inputs. Starting from an assumed requirement that an ideal CBS system be capable of mitigating a bioterroristic outbreak of inhalational Anthrax, the author shows that an output of CBS should be a continuously updated probabilistic threat assessment, which is used to trigger response actions at levels of threat determined by cost-benefit analyses. The paper considers the types of algorithmic transformations required to map from a full spectrum of types of input data to the required output. The set of input data is much broader than previously considered. The specific complementary relationship between the computational model and the evolving architectural model of the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System is discussed.
Software systems for tabular data releases

We describe two classes of software systems that release tabular summaries of an underlying database. Table servers respond to user queries for (marginal) sub-tables of the "full" table summarizing the entire database, and are characterized by dynamic assessment of disclosure risk, in light of previously answered queries. Optimal tabular releases are static releases of sets of sub-tables that are characterized by maximizing the amount of information released, as given by a measure of data utility, subject to a constraint on disclosure risk. Underlying abstractions - primarily associated with the query space, as well as released and unreleasable sub-tables and frontiers, computational algorithms and issues, especially scalability, and prototype software implementations are discussed.
Pigou, Clark and modern economics: the quality of the workforce

Pigou and Clark investigated the relationships between wages and the quality of the workforce with their common but distinctive concept of social costs. Pigou found cases in labour markets where improvements in workforce quality had external benefits that increased GNP. Clark saw the social costs of labour as the overhead costs society had to pay to keep its workforce intact, and using a dynamic institutional theory, argued that those costs should be placed directly on business in terms of a guaranteed living wage. It is argued that modern economics has neglected any connection between wages and social costs by treating them separately and propounding a trade-off between equity and efficiency. As a result, they analyse cutting programmes in terms of their impact on competitiveness, and neglect how they can result in an inferior workforce. (c) 1996 Academic Press Limited. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Learning through artifacts: communities of practice in classrooms

One of the central issues is how the computer can enter in the learning process. A considerable amount of research has examined how children’s interactions and learning with computational artifacts are situated. A different approach focuses on the learning through computational artifacts: what can and do children learn when making a computational artifact? This paper studies the experience of elementary-school students making computer games to teach fractions to younger students. The analysis addresses how the social interactions and the artifact constructions situated students’ learning experience. The discussion examines the relationships between designing and learning from a situated learning perspective.
Rate-and-state theory of plastic deformation near a circular hole

We show that a simple rate-and-state theory accounts for most features of both time-independent and time-dependent plasticity in a spatially inhomogeneous situation, specifically, a circular hole in a large stressed plate. Those features include linear viscoelastic flow at small applied stresses, strain hardening at larger stresses, and a dynamic transition to viscoplasticity at a yield stress. In the static limit, this theory predicts the existence of a plastic zone near the hole for some but not all ranges of parameters. The rate-and-state theory also predicts dynamic failure modes that we believe may be relevant to fracture mechanics. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Nonlinearity Analysis of Multi-Station Assembly Processes

Linearization is commonly employed in modeling of multi-station manufacturing processes for quality improvement purposes. However, an analysis of the accuracy of the linear models is inevitable before they could be used, because practical manufacturing processes are inherently nonlinear. Such analysis is not straightforward for the high dimensionality of multi-station manufacturing processes and the complicated relationship between process parameters and the process output. This paper presents a nonlinearity analysis method for multi-station assembly processes through an integration of experiment design and data mining. It is found that certain design parameters (e.g., the ratio between locator deviations and the distance between locators) and the number of stations play an important role in the linearization error. Although demonstrated in the specific context of two dimensional multi-station assembly processes, the proposed method can be applied to investigate many characteristics of a broad variety of manufacturing process models.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An Experimental Investigation of Spur Gear Efficiency

In this study, a test methodology was developed for measurement of spur gear efficiency under high-speed and variable torque conditions. A power-circulating test machine was designed to operate at speeds to 10,000 rpm and transmitted power levels to 700 kW. A precision torque measurement system was implemented and its accuracy and repeatability in measuring torque loss in the power loop was demonstrated. Tests were conducted on gears with two values of module, and two surface roughness levels, operating in a dry sump jet-lubrication environment with three different gear lubricants. These tests were used to quantify the influence of these parameters on load-dependent (mechanical), load-independent (spin), and total power loss. Trends in mechanical gear mesh efficiency and total gearbox efficiency were discussed in terms of rotational speed and transmitted torque. Finally, recommendations were made for the design of spur gear pairs, surface roughness, and lubricant selection for improved efficiency.Copyright © 2007 by ASME and General Motors
Mixed‐Use Facility Gets Mixed Reviews: A Critical Review of Cincinnati's Aronoff Center for the Arts

OBJECTIVE: This article provides a critical review of the interior design of the new Aronoff Center for the Arts (opened October 1995) in downtown Cincinnati. ANALYSIS: Criteria used for evaluation looked at whether the building is cohesive and consistent; succeeds on a compositional level; is experientially evocative; and speaks to its users, in this case the performing arts. CONCLUSIONS: Viewed holistically, the building is clearly good but not great. It is cohesive and comprehensive at all scales, and it succeeds, for the most part, on a compositional level. Shortcomings, however, include a lack of attention paid to secondary spaces and a failure to look at new forms, materials, and technologies appropriate to a building of this type.
Automated campaign system

To run a targeted campaign involves coordination and management across numerous organizations and complex process flows. Everything from market analytics on customer databases, acquiring content and images, composing the materials, meeting the sponsoring enterprise brand standards, driving through production and fulfillment, and evaluating results; all processes are currently performed by experienced highly trained staff. Presented is a developed solution that not only brings together technologies that automate each process, but also automates the entire flow so that a novice user could easily run a successful campaign from their desktop. This paper presents the technologies, structure, and process flows used to bring this system together. Highlighted will be how the complexity of running a targeted campaign is hidden from the user through technologies, all while providing the benefits of a professionally managed campaign.
Complete Genome Sequences of 61 Mycobacteriophages.

ABSTRACT Mycobacteriophages—viruses of mycobacteria—provide insights into viral diversity and evolution as well as numerous tools for genetic dissection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we report the complete genome sequences of 61 mycobacteriophages newly isolated from environmental samples using Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 that expand our understanding of phage diversity.
Two-phonon Raman scattering of light in rare gas crystals

In this paper we calculate the two-phonon efficiency for light scattering from rare gas crystals at all temperatures. We use a Lennard-Jones potential and the Lorentz-Lorenz model following previous theoretical work and use the first-order self-consistent phonon theory, supplemented by a simple model giving the phonon anharmonic widths and shifts. Our results, though larger than the experimental results, agree well with earlier calculations at 0 K and related molecular dynamics work. The calculated spectra show a rich structure that varies with temperature. We suggest that further experiments could lead to significant new insights into the nature of excitations in rare gas solids as a function of temperature.
Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) can present as an acute and life-threatening event or as chronic bleeding, which might manifest as iron-deficiency anemia, fecal occult blood or intermittent scant hematochezia. Bleeding from the small bowel has been shown to be a distinct entity, and LGIB is defined as bleeding from a colonic source. Acute bleeding from the colon is usually less dramatic than upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and is self-limiting in most cases. Several factors might contribute to increased mortality, a severe course of bleeding and recurrent bleeding, including advanced age, comorbidity, intestinal ischemia, bleeding as a result of a separate process, and hemodynamic instability. Diverticula, angiodysplasias, neoplasms, colitis, ischemia, anorectal disorders and postpolypectomy bleeding are the most common causes of LGIB. Volume resuscitation should take place concurrently upon initial patient assessment. Colonoscopy is the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure of choice, for acute and chronic bleeding. Angiography is used if colonoscopy fails or cannot be performed. The use of radioisotope scans is reserved for cases of unexplained intermittent bleeding, when other methods have failed to detect the source. Embolization or modern endoscopy techniques, such as injection therapy, thermocoagulation and mechanical devices, effectively promote hemostasis. Surgery is the final approach for severe bleeding.
Justice and a universal right to basic health care

Abstract The first section of this article examines Sade's argument refuting the notion of a right to health care, showing that his argument is inconclusive. The second section sets out three principles of justice through an examination of one of the simplest instances of justice—a just exchange of goods or services between two persons. In the third section, a general theory of justice and of the just society is outlined; and in the fourth section an argument is presented to show that in any society which has the resources to provide basic health care to all its citizens, there is a universal right to basic health care.
Surface cracking in gold-silicon alloys

Abstract Cast gold-silicon specimens containing Au3Si were examined after room temperature aging for eight to nine years. Dissociation of Au3Si in a surface layer had caused extensive surface cracking. Such cracking might, in some circumstances, be responsible for failures of gold-silicon eutectic bonds in solid state circuits.
Night sky photometry of [OI] λ5577 and λ6300 inside the southern auroral zone

Abstract This paper describes observations of [OI] λ5577 and λ6300 emissions on a 6-min time scale at Cape Hallett, Antarctica, during the austral winter of 1961. The 67 days of data, taken by a self-calibrating zenith photometer of 5° field of view, show a seasonal decrease and pronounced diurnal maximum for both emissions. The intensity distributions were highly skewed for both emissions, with the mode, mean, and average of λ5577 being 525 R, 725 R, and 975 R, respectively; of λ6300, 375 R, 475 R, and 600 R. Power spectra analyses of emission intensities as time series show that, for periods less than 0.5 hr, both λ5577 and λ6300 data can be described by a first order linear Markov process with correlation coefficients of 0·7 and 0·1, respectively. The λ5577 and λ6300 intensities vary independently of each other on a time scale of minutes, but not on a time scale of hours. For both emissions, the rate of change, as well as level, of emission intensity shows no apparent correlation with local magnetic activity.
A statistical study of narrow-band noise in NbSe3

Abstract Transient records of narrow-band noise in the charge density wave material NbSe 3 have been analyzed. The statistics are those of Gaussian noise, not those of a coherent signal. The amplitudes of the various harmonics are found to be uncorrelated. These results are incompatible with some present models of narrow-band noise.
An Aerosol Generation System for the Production of Respirable Grain Dust

Abstract An acoustic aerosol generating system modeled after the Pitt-III generator (University of Pittsburgh) was tested for its ability to generate grain dust from commercially available feed oats. Dust formation occurred as the result of attrition between grain particles produced by an oscillating air wave within the generator column. The limits of aerosol concentration and mass flux production were recorded by systematic modulation of input energy, grain mass, and flow rate within the generator. When applying a 60-Hz alternating current to the generator, grain dust production was maximized when operating near 12 V and a grain mass of 160 g. Increased air flow through the generator initially increased the production rate, conceivably by increasing the air turbulence required to keep larger particles in suspension. Above 6 L/min, an increase in air flow decreased production by dilution. Application of a cyclone downstream from the generator effectively eliminated all but the inspirable fraction of grain...
Suppression of Rejection Crises In the Cardiac Homograft

aboratory studies of cardiac transplantation have brought to light several unique problems in operative and postoperative manageA ment which require thorough evaluation before clinical trials are to be considered seriously. Attention in this report is focused on two areas: posttransplantation recovery of the heart, and recognition and treatment of cardiac rejection. Observations have been drawn from 20 control homotransplants living 4 to 21 days and 25 animals treated with immunosuppressants surviving from 6 to 230 days.
Comparable mortality with open repair of complex and infrarenal aortic aneurysm

Background A consequence of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of anatomically straightforward infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair cohort (AAA) is that open aneurysm repair is more commonly performed for complex anatomy. Complex aneurysm repair with visceral vessel involvement (CAA) or combined aneurysm repair and visceral vessel reconstruction (VVR) has traditionally been considered to increase morbidity and mortality compared with repair of infrarenal AAA. This study evaluated contemporary outcomes of open abdominal aneurysm surgery, including AAA, CAA, and VVR using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Methods The NSQIP Participant Use File was queried by CPT code to identify patients undergoing AAA, CAA, and VVR (2005-2008). Comparative analysis of clinical features, technical details and 30-day outcomes was performed using univariate methods. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of morbidity and mortality. Results A total of 2820 patients underwent AAA and 592 CAA. Renal insufficiency (ie, creatinine >1.4 mg/dL) rates were similar in AAA and CAA patients, however, more frequent in patients with VVR (51% vs 31% [no bypass]; P P P P = .5). CAA slightly increased overall complications (32% vs 27%; P = .01) compared with AAA. 73 (2.5%) AAA and 84 (12%) CAA patients had simultaneous VVR and these patients exhibited a trend toward increased mortality (8.9% vs 5.2%; P = .07). VVR increased complications (43% (VVR) vs 26% [no bypass]; P 48 hours (21% [VVR] vs 12% [no bypass]; P P = .04), and sepsis (13% [VVR] vs 6.3% ([no bypass]; P P = .01) and VVR (OR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.8-3.6]; P P P P = .03), and age (OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.03-1.08]; P P = .3) nor VVR (OR, 1.6 [95% CI, 0.89-2.9]; P = .11) were associated with increased mortality compared with AAA. Conclusion In contemporary practice the migration of open repair to increasingly complex cases has been achieved with 30-day mortality essentially equivalent to open repair of infrarenal AAA. Patients who require VVR do sustain increased complications, in particular renal failure. These data also emphasize the importance of baseline renal insufficiency in clinical decision making. CAA and VVR are associated with increased morbidity in comparison to AAA repair; however, both procedures can be safely performed in patients without increased risk of operative mortality.