cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Id4 and FABP7 are preferentially expressed in cells with astrocytic features in oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas

Oligodendroglioma (ODG) and oligoastrocytoma (OAC) are diffusely infiltrating primary brain tumors whose pathogenesis remains unclear. We previously identified a group of genes whose expression was inversely correlated with survival in a cohort of patients with glioblastoma (GBM), and some of these genes are also reportedly expressed in ODG and OAC. We examined the expression patterns and localization of these survival-associated genes in ODG and OAC in order to analyze their possible roles in the oncogenesis of these two tumor types. We used UniGene libraries derived from GBM and ODG specimens to examine the expression levels of the transcripts for each of the 50 GBM survival-associated genes. We used immunohistochemistry and cDNA microarrays to examine expression of selected survival-associated genes and Id4, a gene believed to control the timing of oligodendrocyte development. The expression of FABP7 and Id4 and the survival of patients with ODG and OAC were also analyzed. Transcripts of most survival-associated genes as well as Id4 were present in both GBM and ODG tumors, whereas protein expression of Id4 and one of the survival-associated genes, brain-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP7), was present in cells with astrocytic features, including reactive and neoplastic astrocytes, but not in neoplastic oligodendrocytes. Id4 was co-expressed with FABP7 in microgemistocytes in ODG and in neoplastic astrocytes in OAC. Id4 and FABP7 expression, however, did not correlate with the clinical outcome of patients with ODG or OAC tumors. Expression of Id4 and some of our previously identified GBM survival-associated genes is present in developing or mature oligodendrocytes. However, protein expression of Id4 and FABP7 in GBM, ODG, and OAC suggests that this group of functionally important genes might demonstrate two patterns of expression in these glioma subtypes: one group is universally expressed in glioma cells, and the other group of genes is expressed primarily in neoplastic astrocytes but not in neoplastic oligodendrocytes. Differential protein expression of these two groups of genes in ODG and OAC may be related to the cellular origins and the histological features of the neoplastic cells.
The IDEA Amendments: A Four-Step Approach for Determining Supplementary Aids and Services

The least restrictive environment (LRE) provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) require that children with disabilities be educated in regular education classrooms unless “the nature and severity of the disability is such that education in the regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily.” Prior court decisions and the 1997 Amendments to IDEA require that individualized education program (IEP) teams discuss and consider a full range of supplemental aids and services so children benefit from educational programs in the LRE. This article reviews the legal basis for the mandatory consideration of supplementary aids and services and presents a four-step approach for teams to use in determining supplementary aids and services for children with disabilities.
Professional Development of the Faculty: Past and Present.

It is hard to know where you are going if you are not sure of where you have been. This chapter describes selected research from the past that has positioned higher education to support professional development of the faculty in the days ahead.
Ode to the Mushroom Bodies

Immediately after a behavioral experience, our memories are rich and vibrant but fragile. Over time, memory of an event or experience begins to fade, but we typically remember the important details because memories become consolidated into a form that is resistant to the passage of time and disruption. Invertebrate animal models, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , have been used to elucidate mechanisms of consolidation that rely on biochemical signaling within a neuron ( 1 , 2 ). By contrast, most investigations of communication between brain regions for systems-level consolidation have focused on vertebrate animals, based on the assumption that larger, more complex brains are capable of more elaborate processing of memory over time ( 3 , 4 ). However, several recent studies have provoked a systems view of fruit fly memory ( 5 – 7 ), and on page 678 of this issue, Chen et al. ( 8 ) provide an even stronger push in that direction.
The Early Origins of Terrestrial C4 Photosynthesis

AbstractThe C4 photosynthetic pathway is a series of structural and biochemical modifications around the more primitive C3 pathway that improve the photosynthetic efficiency under specific climatic conditions. Hence, the origin and subsequent geographical expansion of the C4 plants likely reflects a record of climate change. Multiple paleoatmospheric pCO2 proxies indicate a critical CO2 threshold was breached ∼30 Ma, that potentially selected for CO2-concentrating mechanisms to overcome photorespiratory stresses imposed on the basic C3 pathway. Details of the C4 pathway's earliest origins remain enigmatic given the paucity of the geologic record. Nonetheless, δ13C proxy records from paleosol carbonates, ungulate teeth, and plant-derived compounds indicate C4 plants likely represented an important component of plant biomass by the Early Miocene. Low CO2 levels appear to be a precondition for the development of the C4 photosynthetic pathway; however, comparisons of δ13C proxy records indicate that the timin...
Blindness following a diabetic foot infection: a variant to the 'eye-foot syndrome'?

SUMMARY Aims The ‘eye–foot syndrome’ was initially described by Walsh et al. to highlight the important association of foot lesions in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We present a case of a 58-year-old patient with Type 2 diabetes mellitus who developed blindness following endogenous staphylococcal endophthalmitis from an infected foot ulcer. Results Our case describes the link between the eye and the foot but is somewhat different to the association as described by Walsh et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis is rare with diabetic patients being especially at risk, and we report the first case of endogenous staphylococcal endophthalmitis related to a diabetic foot lesion. Conclusions Our case illustrates several important issues in the management of diabetic patients admitted to hospital with infection; the need to thoroughly examine the feet to ascertain any foot lesions and any underlying peripheral vascular disease or peripheral neuropathy, to treat aggressively any infected foot lesions to prevent serious complications of septicaemia and to consider rare conditions like endogenous endophthalmitis in any diabetic patient presenting with acute visual impairment and septicaemia.
Adaptive Optics For Large Aperture Coherent Laser Radars

When the aperture size of a coherent laser radar is much. larger than the turbulence coherence length, the radar's performance is significantly degraded by turbulence-induced beam distortions. This paper addresses the correction of turbulence effects on such large aperture radars by means of adaptive optics. The radar system model is of a ground-based monostatic radar doing angle-angle imaging of a resolved speckle target located high above the earth's atmosphere. The degradation in performance due to turbulence is quantified. A system for correcting the turbulence distortions is then described and its performance analyzed. The turbulence information for wavefront correction is obtained from the target return. Separation of the speckle and turbulence distortions in the target return is necessary in order to improve the spatial resolution. The system transmits multiple wavelengths to achieve this separation, and gives a spatial resolution within 1.2 times diffraction limited.
Onychomycosis: Current Treatment Options

Purpose To describe current evidence regarding the treatment of clients with onychomycosis who have one or more chronic illnesses. Data Sources Current review of research articles, standard pharmaceutical texts, and case studies. Conclusions Onychomycosis is often considered only as a cosmetic diagnosis. Treatment is based on factors such as the client's willingness to pay for expensive therapy and the ability to physically comply with daily regimens; however, treatment of Onychomycosis in clients with chronic illnesses including diabetes and peripheral vascular disease should be strongly encouraged. For these clients, Onychomycosis is not just a cosmetic diagnosis because it has the potential to decrease mobility and blood flow to the affected digits if left untreated. Implications for Practice The primary care clinician's successful management of client's with chronic illnesses such as diabetes and peripheral vascular disease should include the treatment of onychomycosis. Recognizing the best treatment is a crucial decision.
Tribolium castaneum: Morphology of "Aureate" Revealed by the Scanning Electron Microscope

Counts of setae in "aureate" (au), spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation of good penetrance and viability, show that the au gene causes a three-fold increase in setation over the normal in the visible abdominal sternites but not in the membranous wings of the tenebrionid flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Micrographs taken with the scanning electron microscope demonstrate that the au gene increases setation throughout the body.
tra-2 encodes a membrane protein and may mediate cell communication in the Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination pathway.

Abstract The Caenorhabditis elegans sex-determining gene, tra-2, promotes female development in XX animals. In this paper we report the cDNA sequence corresponding to a 4.7 kb tra-2 mRNA and show that it is composed of 23 exons, is trans-spliced to SL2, and contains a perfect direct repeat in the 3' untranslated region. This mRNA is predicted to encode a 1475 amino acid protein, named pTra2A, that has a secretory signal and several potential membrane-spanning domains. The molecular analysis of tra-2 loss-of-function mutations supports our open reading frame identification and suggests that the carboxy-terminal domain is important for tra-2 activity. We propose that in XX animals the carboxy-terminal domain of pTra2A negatively regulates the downstream male promoting fem genes. In XO animals, tra-2 is negatively regulated by her-1, which acts cell nonautonomously. Because hydropathy predictions suggest that pTra2A is an integral membrane protein, pTra2A might act as a receptor for the her-1 protein. We propose that in XO animals, the her-1 protein promotes male development by binding and inactivating pTra2A. The role of cell communication in C. elegans sex determination might be to ensure unified sexual development throughout the animal. If so, then regulation of sexual fate by her-1 and tra-2 might provide a general model for the coordination of groups of cells to follow a single cell fate.
Monoamine-accumulating ganglion cell type of the cat's retina.

A monoamine-accumulating ganglion cell type has been identified in an in vitro preparation of the cat's retina by a catecholamine-like fluorescence that appears following intravitreal injections of dopamine and the indoleaminergic transmitter analog, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). A subpopulation of large, weakly fluorescing neurons were identified as composing a single, morphologically distinct ganglion cell type by intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In a sample of 374 HRP-filled cells soma diameter ranged from 13–21 μm (mean ± SD = 16.6 ± 1.3). Dendritic field size increased with increasing retinal eccentricity from 150–200 μm diameter at 0.5 mm from the area centralis to 600–800 μm diameter in the far retinal periphery. Dendrites are thin (∼1 μm diameter), show a characteristic branching pattern, and are narrowly stratified at the outer border of the inner plexiform layer. The monoamine-accumulating ganglion cell and the outer (OFF-center) alpha cell occupy distinct strata within sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer separated by a gap of about 5 μm. The total number of monoamine-accumulating (MA) ganglion cells was estimated at 5,400, about 3.5% of the total ganglion cell population. Spatial density of the MA ganglion cells, calculated from cell counts made in vitro, ranges from 60 cells/mm2 near the area centralis to 5 cells/mm2 in the far retinal periphery. A coverage factor (density x dendritic field area) of 2.2 was maintained from central to peripheral retina. The nature of the dendritic overlap was observed directly by making HRP injections into several neighboring ganglion cells. Five to seven neighboring dendritic trees extensively overlapped a given cell's dendritic field. However the dendritic processes did not intersect randomly but tended to interdigitate such that a uniform interdendritic spacing and density of dendritic processes was constructed locally within the dendritic plexus. Rotation of individual dendritic trees from their normal orientation produced a dramatic 4-5-fold increase in the number of dendritic intersections, suggesting that an active, local mechanism operates in the precise placement of individual dendrites within the plexus. The monoamine-accumulating ganglion cell appears morphologically equivalent to the delta ganglion cell (Boycott and Wassle; J. Physiol. (Lond.) 240: 397–419, '74; Kolb et al.; Vision Res. 21: 1081–1114, '81) and to the recently recognized indoleamine-accumulating ganglion cell (Wassle et al: J. Neurosci. 7: 1574–1585, '87). Comparisons with previous studies indicate that they may be physiologically equivalent to the OFF-center, sluggish sustained cells (also known as tonic W cells and Q cells) and probably project to the superior colliculus and/or the C-lamina of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
International Negotiation Strategies of U.S. Purchasing Professionals

While globalization has shrunk temporal and spatial gaps between the buyer and the supplier across the world, it often widens the gap between these two parties because of cultural and national differences. Considering this trend, the successful path to international sourcing hinges on a buyer's negotiation strategies that can be used to convert cultural and national differences into positive business opportunities. To help U.S. purchasing professionals foster such strategies, this study empirically examines how globalization of business activities has influenced the way U.S. purchasing professionals conduct negotiations with international suppliers.
Wall yield threshold and effective turgor in growing bean leaves.

The rate of cell enlargement depends on cell-wall extensibility (m) and on the amount of turgor pressure (P) which exceeds the wall yield threshold (Y). The difference (P-Y) is the growth-effective turgor (Pe). Values of P, Y and Pehave been measured in growing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves with an isopiestic psychrometer, using the stress-relaxation method to derive Y. When rapid leaf growth is initiated by light, P, Y and Peall decrease. Thereafter, while the growth rate declines in maturing leaves, Y continues to decrease and Peactually increases. These data confirm earlier results indicating that the changes in light-stimulated leaf growth rate are primarily controlled by changes in m, and not by changes in Pe. Seedlings incubated at 100% relative humidity have increased P, but this treatment does not increase growth rate. In some cases Y changes in parallel with P, so that Peremains unchanged. These data point out the importance of determining Pe, rather than just P, when relating cell turgor to the growth rate.
Reliability of gait temporal distance measures in normal subjects with and without EMG electrodes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if surface or wire electrodes had any effect on the ability of normal adults to produce a steady gait pattern. Six temporal distance measurements were collected from 10 normal adults with and without EMG electrodes attached during two sessions approximately 1 week apart. The first session used surface electrodes and the second session used wire IM electrodes. The results showed high ICC values between passes for five of six temporal distance measures for the three electrode conditions (surface, wire, none), indicating that there is a high reliability in temporal distance measures when using the footswitch based recording system developed for our laboratory. Comparison using a multivariate ANOVA showed no significant difference between wire, surface, and the no electrode condition for all six measures.
Cannabinoids augment the release of neuropeptide Y in the rat hypothalamus

Little is known about the mechanism of action behind the orexigenic activity of cannabinoids. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most potent orexigenic factors and is a key mediator in the hypothalamic control of food intake. We examined the effect of cannabinoids on NPY release using a rat hypothalamic explant model. The cannabinoid agonists anandamide (AEA) and CP55,940 both significantly augmented resting and KCl-evoked NPY release. AM251, a cannabinoid receptor antagonist, blocked the augmentation of NPY release elicited by AEA and CP55,940. Additionally, AM251 administered alone, in the absence of exogenous cannabinoid agonists, inhibited NPY release demonstrating the role of endogenous cannabinoids in NPY release. Combined, these findings demonstrate that cannabinoids augment NPY release in the hypothalamus and that this may be a potential mechanism behind the orexigenic activity of cannabinoids.
Liberalism in Progress—From Equal Rights to Global Participation

Michael Walzer defends a political liberalism that upholds the right to share in substantive goods as well as to enjoy civil liberties, and that supports the value and rights of particular ethnic, cultural, and religious communities. But Walzer tends to see the political sphere as one in which conflict continually threatens, and particular commitments must be suppressed or constrained. I propose what might be termed a "progressive" politics, in which particular identities and relationships are appreciated as the bases of meaningful social agency, and in which particular communities come together around problems of mutual concern to establish common ground and working relationships in a participatory democracy.
Kinetic evidence for the allosteric substrate inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase

Abstract Kinetic experiments described in this study were carried out with an electrophoretically and immunologically homogeneous acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) preparation isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. At low concentration of substrates, the acetylcholinesterasecatalyzed reaction follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In comparative studies using acetylthiocholine and acetylcholine as substrates, the corresponding K m values were 150 ± 30 μM and 200 ± 20 μM , respectively. At low concentrations of both substrates, Hill plots indicated the existence of either a single or multiple independent active site(s). The inhibition mechanism of acetylcholinesterase by high concentration of substrates were studied by utilizing a new kinetic parameter, Δ, which allows discrimination between the competitive and uncompetitive types of substrate inhibitions (Wang, C.-S. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 78, 568–574). This kinetic approach provided evidence that the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by excess substrate was effected by its interaction with multiple allosteric sites on the enzyme.
Laser-Induced Crystal Growth Measurements By Time-Resolved Optical Reflectivity

A recently developed optical reflectivity technique for monitoring laser-induced solid phase epitaxial crystal growth in real time is described, and examples which illustrate its use in studies of solid-state kinetics in ion-implanted and UHV-deposited films are presented. Data which show the dependence of epitaxial growth rate on the position of the crystal/amorphous interface, growth rate as a function of temperature, and deviations from ideal epitaxial growth due to competing crystallization processes are presented and discussed. The laser technique represents a significant advance in experimental capabilities for measuring details of solid phase epitaxy kinetics; crystallization rates can be accurately measured at higher temperatures, and with greater temporal and spatial resolution than had been previously possible.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effects of Involvement in Campus Religious Communities on College Student Adjustment and Development

This study examined the effects of involvement in campus-based religious organizations on first-year students’ adjustment and development. Longitudinal data derived from the 2001 Your First College Year (YFCY) survey suggest religious organizations attract conservative-leaning students with a history of religious engagement. Further, involvement in religious organizations during the first year of college does not preclude students becoming more culturally aware nor preclude students establishing emotionally beneficial friendship networks. Such involvement is associated with students becoming more spiritually confident and committed. Conversely, involvement in religious organizations bears little relationship to first-year academic success.
Bombay noir: violence, intrigue, and politics in Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh

In The Moor's Last Sigh, Rushdie portrays the transformation of Bombay from a cosmopolitan city to one dominated by communalist forces, and explores the political violence this has engendered. He does not see violence per se as a threat to the vitality and political survival of India; rather, he is critical of the increased influence of right-wing Hindu supremacist parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Shiv Sena, and the city's turn to a specifically fascist form of violence directed against Muslims and other perceived outsiders, seen, for example, in the riots in late 1992 and early 1993. While Rushdie largely attributes this violence to the masculinist and fundamentalist thinking of the Shiv Sena's cadres, he obliquely acknowledges the ways in which parties such as the Shiv Sena have inserted themselves into the terrain of what Partha Chatterjee calls political society in postcolonial India. At the end of the novel, Rushdie turns his reader's gaze beyond the nation to an imaginary town in...
A critical review of field studies on the link of alcohol and adult sexual assault in women

This article reviews field studies examining two central questions regarding the link between alcohol and sexual assault. First, evidence is reviewed to evaluate whether there is a distal relationship between alcohol and risk of sexual assault victimization. Specifically, studies are examined to determine whether drinking may affect the risk of being victimized and how victimization may contribute to subsequent drinking. Second, evidence for a proximal role of drinking prior to a sexual assault victimization incident (by either victim and/or offender) is examined to determine alcohol's role in rape and injury outcomes to victims. Critical theoretical and methodological issues in these two types of studies are discussed with regard to the extant literature. Paralleling the two areas of research reviewed, two theoretical models are proposed to guide future research on (1) the global associations of drinking and sexual assault risk across the life span (macrolevel model) and (2) the role of drinking in the outcomes of actual sexual assault incidents (microlevel model). Suggestions are made for future research and intervention in this area.
Allium discoloration: the color-forming potential of individual thiosulfinates and amino acids: structural requirements for the color-developing precursors.

Structural requirements for compounds involved in Allium discoloration have been investigated in detail. The abilities of all 20 protein amino acids and six naturally occurring 1-propenyl-containing thiosulfinates to form the pigments have been studied. Furthermore, several analogues of these thiosulfinates were prepared by synthesis, and their color-forming abilities were evaluated, together with those of various amino compounds. It has been found that an unsubstituted primary amino group and a free carboxyl group are essential structural features required for amino compounds to be able to generate the pigments. Out of the thiosulfinate analogues tested, only those containing at least a three-carbon chain with the β-carbon bearing a hydrogen atom yielded the pigments after reacting with glycine. Thiosulfonates, sulfoxides, sulfides, and disulfides did not form any colored products when mixed with glycine. The pH optimum for pigment formation has been found to be between 5.0 and 6.0 for all thiosulfinates...
A New Frontier in Soy Bioactive Peptides that May Prevent Age‐related Chronic Diseases

During gastrointestinal digestion or food processing of proteins, small peptides can be released and may act as regulatory compounds with hormone-like activities. Numerous biologically active peptides (bioactive peptides) have been identified. Most bioactive peptides are derived from milk and dairy products, with the most common being angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Soybean protein and soybean derived peptides also play an important role in soybean physiological activities, particularly those related to the prevention of chronic diseases. However, the bioactive potential of soybean derived bioactive peptides is yet to be fully appreciated. After a general introduction of approaches and advances in bioactive peptides from food sources, this review focuses on bioactive peptides derived from soybean proteins and their physiological properties. Technological approaches to generate bioactive peptides, their isolation, purification, characterization, and quantification, and further application in food and drug design are also presented. Safety concerns, such as potential toxicity, allergenicity, and sensory aspect of these peptides are likewise discussed.
Derivation of Source Parameters from Low-Frequency Spectra

By recording several components of tilt, strain and acceleration at one location, one can determine the focal mechanism, or moment tensor, of an earthquake. Alternatively, recordings made at several locations can be used. The moment tensor can be decomposed into its isotropic part and its deviatoric part. When the eigerrvalues of the deviator are in the sequence (— 1, 0, 1) the equivalent double couple can be found.
An Axiomatization of D-Scheme Strong Equivalence

Abstract The class DΩ, Π) of all Dijkstra schemes over (Ω, Π) may be viewed as a Σ-algebra, where the signature Σ is defined as follows: Σ 0 = {i}, where i has constant value I 1 , Σ 1 = {W i π : π ϵ Π, i = 1 or i = 2} , Σ 2 = {·} ∪ {A π : π ϵ Π} , where I1 is the trivial scheme, W1π and W2π are the while-do operations, Aπ is binary alternation, and · is composition. The strong behavior of a scheme F in D(Ω, Π) is defined to be the (possibly infinite) tree which is the “total unfolding” of F. Two schemes F and G are strongly equivalent if they have the same strong behavior. If D is the Σ-algebra defined above, then strong equivalence is a congruence on D. Denote the resulting quotient by D/∼. The result of this paper is that D/∼ is free in the class of all Σ-algebras which satisfy 1. (i>I1 · x = x · I1 = x, 2. (ii)x · (y · z) = (x · y) · z, as well as the following, for each π ϵ Π: 3. (iii)Aπ(I1, x · W1π(x)) = W1π(x), 4. (iv)Aπ(x · W2π(x), I1) = W2π(x), 5. (v)Aπ(x · z, y · z) = Aπ(x, y)· z.`
Spectra of odd nuclei

Abstract A general discussion of the spectra of odd nuclei is presented. For this purpose it was found useful to develop a new method for the calculation of energy levels. An explicit expression is derived for the distribution of the relative angle of the two particles, properly weighted according to the spin-dependence of the interaction. With the help of these expressions the general structure of spectra of odd nuclei can be more clearly seen. In particular the modified Nordheim rules are seen to hold quite generally, and it is found that for configurations containing a half-filled shell the lowest state has ab even or odd J according to whether its parity is odd or even.
Molecular genetics of heterotaxy syndromes

Purpose of review Heterotaxy is a complex set of birth defects in which the normal concordance of asymmetric thoracic and abdominal organs is disturbed. In this review the authors summarize recent research on the etiology of heterotaxy syndromes. Improved understanding of the genetic control of left-right patterning in the early embryo is leading to the identification of candidate genes that may be mutated in heterotaxy patients, and epidemiologic studies are helping to define nongenetic mechanisms of embryopathy. Recent findings Several genes have now been implicated in heterotaxy and related isolated congenital heart malformations. These studies indicate that heterotaxy can be caused by single gene mutations. They also demonstrate that there is probably extensive locus heterogeneity. Heterotaxy may be caused by teratogenic exposures, especially maternal diabetes. Isolated congenital heart defects resulting from isomerisms and disturbed looping may be caused by mutations in genes that control early left-right patterning and the earliest steps in cardiogenesis. Genes currently implicated in human heterotaxy include ZIC3, LEFTYA, CRYPTIC, and ACVR2B. Roles for NKX2.5 and CRELDA are suggested by recent case reports. Summary Active research on the etiology of heterotaxy is leading to a reformulation of the likely etiologies. Its complex inheritance likely results from a mix of teratogenic and single gene disorders with variable expression and incomplete penetrance.
High energy X-ray diffraction measurement of load transfer between hydroxyapatite and collagen in bovine dentin

Dentin is a load bearing multiphase composite composed of a ceramic phase, hydroxyapatite (HAP), a polymeric phase, collagen, and fluid filled porosity. In order to create better dentin replacements it is important to understand how applied load is naturally transferred between the phases during chewing and other stresses. To determine the apparent elastic modulus of HAP in dentin, applied stress over lattice strain in HAP, high energy wide angle x-ray diffraction measurements were performed on in situ loaded bovine dentin samples. It was determined that the average longitudinal apparent elastic modulus of HAP in dentin was 18.3±2. 19GPa. This value is much lower than values predicted by the Voigt model when combined with volume fractions determined for the sample by thermo-gravimetric and chemical analysis. It has been determined that the decrease in apparent elastic modulus is most likely due to a decrease in the “bulk” elastic modulus of HAP due to nanometric effects.
Comparison of Some Suboptimal Control Policies in Medical Drug Therapy

In drug therapy, efficient dosage policies are needed to maintain drug concentrations at target. The relationship between the concentration of a drug and the dosages is often described by compartment models in which the parameters are unknown, although prior knowledge may be available and can be updated after blood samples are taken during the therapy. In this paper we define some tractable policies for adaptive control of drug concentrations in compartment models and compare their performances using computer simulation in a one-compartment model. We also discuss the effects of assuming normal priors, discrete approximation of a continuous prior, using nonquadratic costs, and information probing. From the simulation we derive intuition as to what types of policies perform well and address the topic of actively versus passively learning.
Lichtbeständige äthylencopolymere. Synthese und abbau durch lichteinwirkung

Durch Copolymerisation und Umlagerungsreaktionen wurden neuartige Polyolefinverbindungen hergestellt, die geringe Mengen UV-absorbierender Gruppen covalent gebunden enthalten. Mit dem Verfahren des Einpolymerisierens wird das alte Problem des Stabilisatorvelustes beseitigt; und weil verhaltnismasig hohe Gehalte an UV-Absorbenten haltbar eingebaut werden konnen, werden bessere Witterungsfestigkeiten erzielt. Die Polymerisate mit o-Hydroxybenzophenon-Einheiten lieferten Polyolefin-Filme mit der grosten UV-Stabilitat. Es gelang zum erstenmal, durch Zumischen von o-hydroxybenzophenon-reichen Athylencopolymerisaten Polyathylen hohen Dichte oder isotaktisches Polypropylen mit einem hohen Gehalt an UV-absorbierenden Stoffen herzustellen. Unter den UV-absorbierenden Comonomertypen, die in dieser Arbeit untersucht wurden, befinden sich ferner Allyl- und Acryloyloxy-Derivate von o-Hydroxyacetophenonen, Salicylaten, 1-(o-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-propandion und von Dibenzoylmethan. New photostable polyolefin systems containing controlled concentrations of covalently bound ultraviolet screening groups were prepared by copolymerization and rearrangement techniques. This chemical bonding approach, contrasted to the classical additive technique, avoids loss of ultraviolet absorber, permits relatively high concentrations of absorber to be used, and results in better weatherability. Polymers with bound o-hydroxybenzophenone units have the best ultraviolet stability of the absorbers studied. Ethylene/4-methacryloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone copolymers were blended with high density polyethylene or isotactic polypropylene, permitting high concentrations of polymeric ultraviolet absorber to be retained in these polyolefins for the first time. Other ulraviolet absorbing comonomer units studied include allyl or acryloxy derivatives of o-hydroxyacetophenones, salicylates, 1-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-propanedione, and dibenzoylmethane.
Promoting Family and School Success for Children With ADHD: Strengthening Relationships While Building Skills

Children with ADHD typically experience significant impairment at home and school, and their relationships with parents, teachers, and peers often are strained. Psychosocial interventions for ADHD generally focus on behavior change in one environment at a time (i.e., either home or school); however, unisystemic interventions generally are not sufficient. The purpose of this article is to describe a family–school intervention for children with ADHD. In addition, program strategies and theoretical bases are discussed.
Het botox-debat

Zeer lucratief voor de Amerikaanse tandarts is het injecteren van Botox om rimpels tijdelijk te doen verdwijnen. Niet alleen rond de mond maar ook rond de ogen en in het voorhoofd. Zijn er echter ook goede argumenten waarom de tandarts dat niet moet doen?
Business Ethics: A Study of the Moral Reasoning of Selected Business Managers and the Influence of Organizational Ethical Climate

Since manager's decisions impact organizational goals and organizational ethical behavior, this researcher investigated the degree to which there are differences in the moral reasoning ability of business managers of selected industries and whether there are significant differences between top, middle, and first-line management levels. To determine the relationship between managers' locus of control and their moral reasoning ability, this study considered three independent variables: reported organizational ethical climate, locus of control, and selected demographic and institutional variables. For a foundation, this researcher relied on Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Victor and Cullen's ethical work climate theory, and Rotter's theory of internal—external locus of control (which evolved from Carl Jung). The short form of Rest's DIT instrument measured the moral reasoning abilities of the participants. The selected demographic and institutional variables (age, work tenure, education, gender, management level and industry category) provided the useful information to investigate these relationships of moral reasoning ability of individual managers. A survey questionnaire was sent to 400 managerial and executive level employees at a random sample of Fortune 500 firms throughout the United States: Dun and Bradstreet provided the researcher with a proportional stratified random sample of these 400 managerial and executive level employees at a variety of organizations. Interestingly, women in this study exhibited slightly higher (more external) mean I—E scores and (more principled) higher mean “P” score than men. While both of these results were anticipated, neither was significant. However, one major finding of this study was the statistically significant relationship between age and perceived organizational ethical climate types (Caring, Law and Code, Rule, Instrument, and Independence). Another major finding revealed a statistically significant relationship between management levels and organizational ethical climate.
Influence of Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, Hives and Field Size on Foraging Activity of Native Bee Species in Pumpkin Fields

The purpose of this study was to identify bee species active in pumpkin fields in New York and to estimate their potential as pollinators by examining their foraging activity. In addition, we examined whether foraging activity was affected by either the addition of hives of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., or by field size. Thirty-five pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) fields ranging from 0.6 to 26.3 ha, 12 supplemented with A. mellifera hives and 23 not supplemented, were sampled during peak flowering over three successive weeks in 2008 and 2009. Flowers from 300 plants per field were visually sampled for bees on each sampling date. A. mellifera, Bombus impatiens Cresson, and Peponapis pruinosa (Say) accounted for 99% of all bee visits to flowers. A. mellifera and B. impatiens visited significantly more pistillate flowers than would be expected by chance, whereas P. pruinosa showed no preference for visiting pistillate flowers. There were significantly more A. mellifera visits per flower in fields supplemented with A. mellifera hives than in fields not supplemented, but there were significantly fewer P. pruinosa visits in supplemented fields. The number of B. impatiens visits was not affected by supplementation, but was affected by number of flowers per field. A. mellifera and P. pruinosa visits were not affected by field size, but B. impatiens visited fewer flowers as field size increased in fields that were not supplemented with A. mellifera hives. Declining A. mellifera populations may increase the relative importance of B. impatiens in pollinating pumpkins in New York.
Comparison of heritability estimates from daughter-dam regression and paternal half-sib correlation.

Abstract Analysis of 60,000 pairs of daughter and dam first-lactation records expressed as deviations from herd-mate averages for five breeds yielded markedly different heritability estimates from daughter-dam regression than from paternal half-sib correlation. These results suggest that 18% of the within-herd variation is due to genetic maternal effects. The same records analyzed as mature equivalent records and not as deviations but by a sire by herd model did not show this difference. Confounding between year and sire effects probably biased the intra-class correlation estimates upward in the latter analysis, since year effects were not included in the statistical model.
A dynamic intragranular fission gas behavior model

Abstract A model for the non-equilibrium behavior of intragranular fission gas in uranium oxide fuel is developed to study the fundamental phenomena that determine fission gas effects. The dynamic behavior of point defects and the variations in stoichiometry are explicitly represented in the model. The principle of distribution moment invariance is used to allow approximations that significantly reduce computational expense without sacrificing accuracy. A dynamic intragranular gas release and swelling (DIGRAS) computer code, that is based on the non-equilibrium model, was developed for both steady-state and transient applications. The code utilizes implicit multistep numerical integration methods, and is designed to give detailed information on all the physical processes that contribute to fission gas behavior. Simulations of steady-state irradiations indicate that the gas bubble re-solution process is very significant and results in very few large bubbles. The assumptions of equilibrium bubble sizes for normal steady-state irradiations in fast reactors appears to be adequate. On the contrary, a fully dynamic fission gas and point defect treatment was found necessary for transient simulations. The fuel stoichiometry was found to play an important role in determining bubble kinetics. This is mainly due to the strong dependence of point defect populations on stoichiometry. In fast transients, bubbles were found to be highly overpressurized, which suggests that a mechanistic plastic growth model is also needed.
Chinese immigration and contract labor in the late nineteenth century

Abstract This paper considers why the Chinese migrants who came to California in the late 19th century were not indentured, and what their contractual status in the United States actually was. We argue that existing American laws prevented the effective use of a legal indenture system when Chinese laborers began to arrive in California in the 1850s, but that Chinese merchants in San Francisco developed extralegal means of operating a bound labor system. We explore the conduct of this system, with particular attention to the methods used by the merchants to enforce the repayment of the workers' debts for advances of passage fares.
TCDD‐mediated oxidative stress in male rat pups following perinatal exposure

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorododibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a highly persistent trace environmental contaminant and is one of the most potent toxicants known. Exposure to TCDD has been shown to cause oxidative stress in a variety of animal models. In this study, pregnant Long Evans rats were dosed with 1 μg TCDD/kg on gestational day (GD) 15 so as to investigate oxidative stress in the liver of male pups following gestational exposure to TCDD. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total glutathione (GSH) were assayed to identify changes in oxidative stress parameters in the pup liver at GD 21 and postnatal days (PND) 4, 25, 32, 49, and 63. Mean ROS levels in pups were elevated at all time points tested with a significant elevation at PND 4 and PND 25. However, pup hepatic lipid peroxidation was unchanged throughout the time course. In addition, hepatic total GSH levels were not significantly changed although the means for the TCDD-treated groups were less than those of the controls at all time points except PND 49. The results indicate that although the levels of ROS are increased following gestational/lactational exposure, this increase does not translate to direct oxidative damage or significant changes to endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. Further investigation into the effect of gestational/lactational exposure in pups should include additional endpoints for further characterization of the time course of the response, the effect upon extrahepatic tissues, and investigation of differences between male and female offspring. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:49–52, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10024
HLA-Haploidentical Donor Lymphocyte Infusions for Patients with Relapsed Hematologic Malignancies after Related HLA-Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplantation

Abstract Treatment of relapse after related HLA-haploidentical T cell–replete bone marrow transplantation (haploBMT) with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) using haploidentical donor lymphocyte infusion (haploDLI) is not documented. All patients who received haploDLI after haploBMT with PTCy between June 2003 and October 2012 were identified and assessed for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and outcomes. Forty patients received 52 haploDLI doses. Sixteen patients had acute myeloid leukemia, 11 had lymphomas, and 34 had nonmyeloablative conditioning before haploBMT. The median time from haploBMT to relapse was 183 (range, 0 to 1399) days. The median age at haploDLI was 48 (range, 3 to 70) years. The first haploDLI doses were 1 × 105 CD3+ cells/kg with subsequent escalation. The most commonly used first haploDLI dose was 1 × 106 CD3+ cells/kg. The median follow-up after haploDLI was 7 (mean, 15.4; range, .5 to 96) months for the entire cohort, and 17.5 (mean, 28; range, 2.4 to 96) months for the responders. Acute GVHD developed in 10 patients (25%), 6 patients had grade 3 to 4, and 3 developed chronic GVHD. Twelve (30%) patients achieved a complete response (CR) with a median duration of 11.8 (mean, 22.5; range, .4 to 94) months. At last follow-up, 8 responders were alive in CR; 6 for over a year. HaploDLI for relapse after haploBMT is associated with acceptable toxicities and can result in durable responses.
Absorption of iron from gut into blood: Sex- and time-related studies in rats

As judged from 2-h blood level curves, adult female rats absorbed more FeII per cm2 of gross duodenal mucosa than adult male rats. By contrast, the 2-h blood level curves per cm2 of mucosa of proximal jejunum did not differ significantly in male and female rats although in both sexes, iron was absorbed more efficiently from the duodenum.
Gene expression profiling in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase knockout mice

Choline is derived from the diet as well as from de novo methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT). Pemt knockout mice have no endogenous synthesis of choline molecules. We previously reported that these mice have excess S-adenosylmethionine and hypermethylated DNA in brain, as well as increased mitosis in neural progenitor cells of the hippocampus in embryonic day 17 (E17) brain. In the present study, E17 fetal brains and adult brains were harvested and total RNA was extracted. In fetal brain, using gene expression profiling and Significance Analysis of Microarrays, we identified 107 significant genes with increased expression and 379 significant genes with decreased expression. In adult brain, we identified 381 significant genes with increased expression and 1037 significant genes with decreased expression. We observed significant changes in expression of genes regulating cell cycle (such as TP53, Fgf4, and Ing1), differentiation and neurogenesis (such as S100A4 and D14Ws), and phospholipid metabolism (such as Pip5k1a, Pitpn, and Pla2g6) as well as in a number of methyltransferase genes (including Gnmt). Some genes with expression known to be regulated by promoter methylation were suppressed in Pemt knockout brain (such as S100a4 and TP53). These findings are consistent with the biochemical changes that we previous reported in fetal brains from Pemt knockout mice. This is the first report of gene profiling in Pemt(-/-) mouse brain.