cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs to the military Chaplains.

I am honored to be here today, and grateful for this chance to ask for your help in several areas. My wife advised ‘‘Don’t preach, and don’t tell priest and rabbi jokes, and don’t drone on’’. With that encouragement, I can not resist the story of the guest sermon by the bishop, who with great dignity removed his watch and placed it on the pulpit, leading a girl to ask her mother, ‘‘What does that mean?’’ Her answer: ‘‘absolutely nothing’’. And I can not help but acknowledge some of the difficulties chaplains face: First, that of bringing troops to God, even sailors: an old sailor who had adopted a thirst in the Navy, and was now living in a park, approached a priest and asked, ‘‘Father, what causes arthritis?’’ Eager to redeem the soul, the priest answered, ‘‘Liquor, women, gambling, and Godlessness, my son. Why do you ask?’’ Sailor: ‘‘Well, this newspaper says the Pope has arthritis’’. So, proselytizing has its perils, as all of you know. There’s also some risk in ‘‘dilute chaplaincy’’, which sees the Bible as only a collection of oral histories and moral lessons, dismissing the miracles. Faced with such a teacher one little girl insisted Jonah had indeed been swallowed by a whale, adding, ‘‘If you don’t believe me I will ask Jonah when I get to Heaven’’, to which the teacher rejoined, ‘‘And if Jonah went to Hell...?’’ The little girl answered, ‘‘Then you ask him’’. Finally, there is the risk that civilians may not understand warrior humor and the tough love that is a tool in the chaplain’s kit. An example is the story of Chaplain Murphy and his assistant Staff Sergeant Rock, who found themselves delayed by a foursome that had lots of trouble finding the balls they hit. On complaining, and learning that these were firefighters who had been blinded in a fire, the priest offered to hold a special service and dinner. The sergeant said, ‘‘Yes sir, but why can’t these guys play at night?’’
Overlapping coverage with reuse partitioning in microcellular communication systems

In cellular communication systems overlapping coverage areas of nearby base stations provide some users with access to more than one base. This can be used to improve teletraffic performance. Mobile users who are distant from base stations are helped most by this because they are more likely to be in communication range of other nearby bases. Reuse partitioning, on the other hand, tends to be most helpful to users that are close to base stations, because they can use channels from more partitions. This paper considers the combined use of overlapping coverage and reuse partitioning so that all users gain some advantage. We develop an analytical model for such systems. Theoretical traffic performance characteristics are obtained and compared with those for fixed channel assignment schemes. Priority for hand-off calls is considered. Simulation results validate the analysis.
Recent Advances in Network Intrusion Detection System Tuning

We describe a traffic generation framework for online evaluation and tuning network intrusion detection systems over a wide range of realistic conditions. The framework integrates both benign and malicious traffic, enabling generation of IP packet streams with diverse characteristics from the perspective of (i) packet content (both header and payload), (ii) packet mix (order of packets in streams) and (iii) packet volume (arrival rate of packets in streams). We begin by describing a methodology for benign traffic generation that combines payload pools (possibly culled from traces of live traffic) with application-specific automata to generate streams with representative characteristics. Next, we describe a methodology for malicious traffic generation, and techniques for integration with benign traffic to produce a range of realistic workload compositions. We realize our traffic generation framework in a tool we call Trident, and demonstrate its utility through a series of laboratory-based experiments using traces collected from our departmental border router, the DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation data sets provided by Lincoln Lab, and a suite of malicious traffic modules that reproduce a broad range of attacks commonly seen in today?s networks. Our experiments demonstrate the effects of varying packet content, mix, and volume on the performance of intrusion detection systems.
A Parametric Texture Model Based on Joint Statistics of Complex Wavelet Coefficients

We present a universal statistical model for texture images in the context of an overcomplete complex wavelet transform. The model is parameterized by a set of statistics computed on pairs of coefficients corresponding to basis functions at adjacent spatial locations, orientations, and scales. We develop an efficient algorithm for synthesizing random images subject to these constraints, by iteratively projecting onto the set of images satisfying each constraint, and we use this to test the perceptual validity of the model. In particular, we demonstrate the necessity of subgroups of the parameter set by showing examples of texture synthesis that fail when those parameters are removed from the set. We also demonstrate the power of our model by successfully synthesizing examples drawn from a diverse collection of artificial and natural textures.
Evolution of public participation in the assessment and management of environmental health risks: a brief history of developments in the United States

Significance for public healthRisk-based decision making is a core feature of government actions aimed at protecting public health from the adverse effects of environmental hazards. In the past, it has often been an expert-driven, mostly obscure process used by federal agencies to justify and defend regulatory decisions made outside the public arena. But the nature of decision making has changed as it has become apparent that environmental health problems are more complicated, controversial, and costly to solve than originally thought. Meaningful public engagement is now an inherent component of all phases of the risk assessment - risk management paradigm because it promotes stakeholder buy in, taps into unique stakeholder knowledge, and promotes the concept of environmental democracy.In the United States, the risk assessment - risk management paradigm that underpins federal decisions about environmental health risks was first established in 1983. In the beginning, the importance of public participation was not explicitly recognized within the paradigm. Over time, however, it has become evident that not only must risk-based decisions be founded on the best available scientific knowledge and understanding, but also that they must take account of the knowledge, values, and preferences of interested and affected parties, including community members, business people, and environmental advocates. This article examines the gradually expanding role of public participation in risk-based decision making in the United States, and traces its evolution from a peripheral issue labeled as an external pressure to an integral element of the 21st century risk assessment - risk management paradigm. Today, and into the foreseeable future, public participation and stakeholder involvement are intrinsic features of the emerging American regulatory landscape, which emphasizes collaborative approaches for achieving cooperative and cost-effective solutions to complicated and often controversial environmental health problems.
Entropy and recurrence rates for stationary random fields

For a stationary random field {x(u): u /spl isin/ Z/sup d/}, the recurrence time R/sub n/(x) may be defined as the smallest positive k, such that the pattern {x(u): 0 /spl les/ u/sub i/ < n} is seen again, in a new position in the cube {0 /spl les/ |u/sub i/| < k}. In analogy with the case of d = 1, where the pioneering work was done by Wyner and Ziv (1989), we prove here that the asymptotic growth of R/sub n/(x) for ergodic fields is given by the entropy of the random field. The nonergodic case is also treated, as well as the recurrence times of central patterns in centered cubes. Both finite and countable state spaces are treated.
Complex principal components for robust motion estimation

Bias and variance errors in motion estimation result from electronic noise, decorrelation, aliasing, and inherent algorithm limitations. Unlike most error sources, decorrelation is coherent over time and has the same power spectrum as the signal. Thus, reducing decorrelation is impossible through frequency domain filtering or simple averaging and must be achieved through other methods. In this paper, we present a novel motion estimator, termed the principal component displacement estimator (PCDE), which takes advantage of the signal separation capabilities of principal component analysis (PCA) to reject decorrelation and noise. Furthermore, PCDE only requires the computation of a single principal component, enabling computational speed that is on the same order of magnitude or faster than the commonly used Loupas algorithm. Unlike prior PCA strategies, PCDE uses complex data to generate motion estimates using only a single principal component. The use of complex echo data is critical because it allows for separation of signal components based on motion, which is revealed through phase changes of the complex principal components. PCDE operates on the assumption that the signal component of interest is also the most energetic component in an ensemble of echo data. This assumption holds in most clinical ultrasound environments. However, in environments where electronic noise SNR is less than 0 dB or in blood flow data for which the wall signal dominates the signal from blood flow, the calculation of more than one PC is required to obtain the signal of interest. We simulated synthetic ultrasound data to assess the performance of PCDE over a wide range of imaging conditions and in the presence of decorrelation and additive noise. Under typical ultrasonic elasticity imaging conditions (0.98 signal correlation, 25 dB SNR, 1 sample shift), PCDE decreased estimation bias by more than 10% and standard deviation by more than 30% compared with the Loupas method and normalized cross-correlation with cosine fitting (NC CF). More modest gains were observed relative to spline-based time delay estimation (sTDE). PCDE was also tested on experimental elastography data. Compressions of approximately 1.5% were applied to a CIRS elastography phantom with embedded 10.4-mmdiameter lesions that had moduli contrasts of -9.2, -5.9, and 12.0 dB. The standard deviation of displacement estimates was reduced by at least 67% in homogeneous regions at 35 to 40 mm in depth with respect to estimates produced by Loupas, NC CF, and sTDE. Greater improvements in CNR and displacement standard deviation were observed at larger depths where speckle decorrelation and other noise sources were more significant.
Trajectory generation in guided spaces using NTG algorithm and artificial neural networks

This paper presents the preliminary results of nonlinear trajectory generation (NTG) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) as analytical data approximators. NTG framework designed at Caltech by Mark Milam et al. (2003) solves constrained nonlinear dynamic optimization problems in real time. A successful application of NTG on real-life problems with sampled data depends upon an accurate approximation scheme. Such an approximator is desired to have a compact architecture, a minimum number of design parameters, and a smooth continuously-differentiable input/output mapping. ANNs as universal approximators are known to possess these features, thus considered here as appropriate candidates for this task. The proposed cooperation of NTG and ANN is illustrated on an optimal control problem of generating realtime low observable trajectories for unmanned air vehicles in the presence of multiple radars.
Analyzing streamflow changes: irrigation-enhanced interaction between aquifer and streamflow in the Republican River basin

Groundwater-fed irrigation has altered surface and groundwater interactions in the Republic River basin (RRB) in the midwestern United States, where agriculture heavily depends on irrigation. The decreasing flow trend recorded at the RRB gauging station since the 1950s reflects the synthetical effect of dynamic interactions between surface water and groundwater systems, which has been enhanced by groundwater pumping and irrigation return flow. This study uses a systematic modeling approach to analyze the conjunctive effects of pumping and return flow on streamflow. A watershed management model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), is modified and established for the Frenchman Creek basin (FCB), a subbasin of RRB, to examine the causes of streamflow changes. The baseflow component in SWAT is linked to aquifer storage so that the model can simulate the combined effects of groundwater pumping and irrigation return flow on natural streamflow. Results show that irrigation has not only depleted streamflow but also changed the flow pattern and seasonal variability. The changes can be decomposed into decrease in the slow component (baseflow) and increase in the fast components (surface and subsurface flow). Since the fast components are subject to higher variability than the slow component, the annual streamflow variability is amplified. Agricultural water use in this region also has changed the groundwater storage seasonal regime from the pattern of "summer recharge and winter discharge" in the past to "summer discharge and winter recharge" at present. This challenges the existing groundwater modeling, which usually assumes fixed recharge pattern and rates.
Can Supersymmetry be Connected to Observation

The subject of this article is supersymmetry1 and supergravity2. I shall comment on what I believe are the main approaches to the problem of relating supergravity to observation. I shall also discuss briefly an idea of my own, published here for the first time; although it does not seem to work, I think it is amusing and maybe someone else will be able to do something with it.
Advanced malignancies treated with a combination of the VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab, anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab, and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus.

// Xiaochun Liu 1 , Susan Kambrick 1 , Siqing Fu 1 , Aung Naing 1 , Vivek Subbiah 1 , George R. Blumenschein 2 , Bonnie S. Glisson 2 , Merrill S. Kies 2 , Apostolia M. Tsimberidou 1 , Jennifer J. Wheler 1 , Ralph G. Zinner 1 , David S. Hong 1 , Razelle Kurzrock 3 and Sarina A. Piha-Paul 1 1 Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA 2 Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA Correspondence to: Sarina A. Piha-Paul, email: // Keywords : solid tumors, bevacizumab, cetuximab, temsirolimus Received : August 20, 2015 Accepted : February 05, 2016 Published : February 24, 2016 Abstract BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab and temsirolimus are active agents in advanced solid tumors. Temsirolimus inhibits mTOR in the PI3 kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway as well as CYP2A, which may be a resistance mechanism for cetuximab. In addition, temsirolimus attenuates upregulation of HIF-1α levels, which may be a resistance mechanism for bevacizumab. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 60 years (range, 23-80 years). The median number of prior systemic therapies was 3 (range, 1-6). The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be bevacizumab 10 mg/kg biweekly, temsirolimus 5 mg weekly and cetuximab 100/75 mg/m2 weekly. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities were seen in 52% of patients with the highest prevalence being hyperglycemia (14%) and hypophosphatemia (14%). Eighteen of the 21 patients were evaluable for response. Three patients were taken off the study before restaging for toxicities. Partial response (PR) was observed in 2/18 patients (11%) and stable disease (SD) lasting ≥ 6 months was observed in 4/18 patients (22%) (total = 6/18 (33%)). In 8 evaluable patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) there were partial responses in 2/8 (25%) patients and SD ≥ 6 months in 1/8 (13%) patients (total = 3/8, (38%)). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed safety and responses in 21 patients with advanced solid tumors treated with bevacizumab, cetuximab, and temsirolimus. CONCLUSION: The combination of bevacizumab, cetuximab, and temsirolimus showed activity in HNSCC; however, there were numerous toxicities reported, which will require careful management for future clinical development.
Diversity and Sharing: A Local Version of Financial Crisis Management in India

Due to the weak financial and governing abilities of the state in many rural areas of India, SHGs have become one of the major means to financially manage the village-based issues. This paper examines the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in managing village-level financial and education crises in Jaldhaka, a 13-village compound in the mountainous Darjeeling District, West Bengal of India. Jaldhaka has been dealing with serious financial difficulties of running primary and secondary schools for decades. Why can the government-funded educational and other welfare schemes hardly reach the remote areas like Jaldhaka? How do the SHGs work to meet the educational and employment needs of the villagers and their offspring who have few accesses to the outside world? The paper answer the questions by using the data collected from the local government and from intensive interviews with the SHG members, Gram Panchayat people, school teachers and students in Jaldhaka. It argues that composition of SHGs as a contextual environment determines effectiveness of its solving-crisis role, suggesting the more diverse a SHG organization is (modernized villagers, the elderly, women, etc), the more resource-sharing they become, the better it helps sustain education and development in the crisis environment. Modernized villagers refer to those who have the background of studying/working outside the mountains. The elderly are the old-age people with rich experiences in management.
Computational Study of Polymerization in Carbon Nanotubes

Molecular dynamics simulations of ethylene polymerization have been performed using a chemically realistic, reactive potential. These simulations have been performed in the bulk liquid and in the interior of both (10,10) and (7,7) nanotubes as a means of investigating the effects of nanoscale confinement on the polymerization reaction. The structure of the resulting polymer was found to be similar in the bulk and in the (10,10) tube at the elevated temperatures investigated, while only very small oligomers were formed in the (7,7) tube. The reaction rate was substantially reduced in the nanotubes, when compared to the bulk, primarily as a result of spatial interference due to reaction products. These simulations have implications for the possible use of nanotubes as synthetic reaction vessels, as well as for the general understanding of association reactions in confined spaces.
Mg(OH)2 for CO2 Capture from High-Pressure, Moderate-Temperature Gas Streams

Precombustion CO2 separation is considered to be the most efficient method of carbon removal for fossil fuels. Solid sorbents are promising for CO2 separation because of lower sensible heats, higher CO2 sorption capacities, and favorable adsorption/desorption temperatures. The work reported here continues an effort to develop a Mg(OH)2-based sorbent that adsorbs CO2 at IGCC fuel gas temperatures of 150–200 °C and at 280 psig. One novelty of the sorbent is that the CO2 can also be released near 300 °C at 280 psig reducing downstream compression costs of CO2 capture and storage. This work details thermodynamic equilibrium data that illustrates the optimal regeneration temperature and pressure, Fourier transform infrared data that shows the adsorbed species on the surface of the sorbents, fixed-bed performance testing, and the effect of moisture on regeneration. Additional information on potential heat integration during regeneration is also reported. These findings further demonstrate the ability of the Mg(...
Routine venous thromboembolism screening after pneumonectomy: The more you look, the more you see

Abstract Objectives Symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) after pneumonectomy is associated with poor prognosis. We describe a new care pathway for patients undergoing pneumonectomy in which asymptomatic lower-extremity VTE screening was performed to determine if it increases VTE detection and potentially decreases sequelae. Methods 112 patients underwent pneumonectomy from 2006 to 2013 at Cleveland Clinic and were enrolled in a care pathway that included VTE prophylaxis and routine, predischarge, lower-extremity VTE screening. These data were contrasted with a previously published cohort of 336 patients (1990-2001) who underwent pneumonectomy without routine VTE screening. Results 10 of 112 patients (8.9%) had VTE detected by screening before discharge. An additional 4 patients (3.6%) with a negative predischarge screen developed symptomatic VTE within 30 days. Six patients (5.4%) developed VTE after pneumonectomy beyond the first 30 days. Prevalence of in-hospital VTE in the screened cohort was significantly higher than that of the non-screened cohort (3.0%; P = .008). Similarly, VTE within 30 days in the screened cohort (13%) was significantly higher than in the nonscreened cohort (5.0%; P = .007). In both cohorts, a peak was observed approximately 6 days after pneumonectomy and plateaued after 30 days. The presence of a VTE portended worse long-term survival: 66% at 1 year versus 85% for those not developing a VTE. Conclusions Prevalence of VTE after pneumonectomy is higher than previously thought. The risk of developing a VTE peaks at 6 days after pneumonectomy, and remains increased until 30 days, suggesting a need for additional screening or longer prophylaxis.
A Fiber Sensor Network and Its Optimization Design for Target Tracking

This paper studies the issue of deployment design of a fiber sensor network for target tracking.The dynamic uniquely decipherable code scheme is employed to guide the fiber sensor deployment for target localization,and the ant colony algorithm is used to find the optimal deployment scheme.Experimental results show that the optimal deployment scheme can significantly reduce the length of fiber sensors required.
Transgenic mice expressing IFN-gamma in pancreatic beta-cells are resistant to streptozotocin-induced diabetes

In 28 adult Ins-IFN-gamma transgenic mice, injection of high doses of streptozotocin (STZ; first injection, 300 microgram/g body weight; second injection, 200 microgram/g body weight 4 h later) failed to induce severe hyperglycemia. To the contrary, 28 BALB/c mice developed diabetes mellitus after identical injections of STZ. Because the STZ-induced islet damage was partially inhibited in Ins-IFN-gamma transgenic mice, their glycemia levels became normal 4 days after STZ administration. Both transgenic and BALB/c mice lost weight after receiving STZ, but the body weights of transgenic mice then returned to pretreatment levels in a nearly parallel manner with the glycemia. Immunolabeling with insulin identified an unusual spreading pattern of insulin immunoreactivity. Ultrastructural observations confirmed that beta-cell necrosis and degranulation were more severe in STZ-treated BALB/c than in Ins-IFN-gamma transgenic mice. Moreover, regeneration of pancreatic duct cells and islet neogenesis were observed in the transgenic mice. Therefore, after STZ treatment, the Ins-IFN-gamma transgenic mice apparently were resistant to the induction of severe diabetes, whereas their BALB/c age-matched counterparts succumbed to the disease.
Correlation between crystallographic orientation and surface faceting in UO2

Abstract Here coordinated experimental efforts to quantitatively correlate crystallographic orientation and surface faceting features in UO2 are reported upon. A sintered polycrystalline UO2 sample was thermally etched to induce the formation of surface faceting features. Synchrotron Laue microdiffraction was used to obtain a precise crystallographic orientation map for the UO2 surface grains. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to collect the detailed information on the surface morphology of the sample. The surface faceting features were found to be highly dependent on the crystallographic orientation. In most cases, Triple-plane structures containing one {100} plane and two {111} planes were found to dominate the surface of UO2. The orientation-faceting relationship established in this study revealed a practical and efficient method of determining crystallographic orientation based on the surface features captured by SEM images.
New Discoveries From MESSENGER and Insights into Mercury's Exosphere

For most of the orbital phase of the MESSENGER mission, a regular search for weakly emitting or less abundant species in Mercury's exosphere resulted in non-detections. However, during the final Earth year of the mission, emission from multiple lines of manganese, aluminum, and ionized calcium was detected. These observations validate the detection of a single line of ionized calcium during the third MESSENGER Mercury flyby, provide definitive confirmation for weak aluminum detections in ground-based observations, and represent the discovery of manganese in Mercury's exosphere. These detections occurred over a limited range of pre-dawn local times and Mercury true anomaly angles (0o-70o), and each has a distinct spatial distribution. Equally interesting is the absence of detectable emission from oxygen at limits well below the levels reported for Mariner 10.
The Role of Routine Venography Prior to Fistula Creation

Hemodialysis access failures affect the quality of life of ESRD patients due to the increased morbidity associated with higher numbers of hospital readmissions, invasive diagnostic studies, and open and endovascular reinterventions. The goal of this chapter is to understand the pathophysiology and management of stenosis within the hemodialysis circuit in order to better preserve functional arteriovenous access.
Environmental effects on Common Snipe winnowing and calling (activity)

Our objective was to clarify the effects of 10 identified variables on snipe activity (winnowing and calling) by demonstrating correlations between the variables and snipe activity. We monitored snipe at 2 study areas in southwestern Montana and northwestern Wyoming at all hours of the day and night during the 1996 and 1997 breeding seasons. We measured 10 variables at established points along transects that were situated through the middle of each study site (8 study sites total). A total of 1200 monitoring periods were conducted throughout the course of this study. Effects of each factor on snipe activity were considered by examining general trends in each factor's graphical representation. Our results identified 6 factors (season, time of day, lunar cycle, solar radiation, wind speed, and temperature) that are associated with snipe activity. Snipe were most active early in the breeding season during 2 twilight periods during the first and last quarters of the lunar cycle. Low solar radiation levels, wind speeds, and temperatures were also most ideal conditions for snipe activity. All 6 factors should be considered when attempting to detect, survey, or estimate snipe populations.
Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide-Mediated Enolization of Acylated Oxazolidinones: Solvent, Cosolvent, and Isotope Effects on Competing Monomer- and Dimer-Based Pathways

Lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS)-mediated enolization of (+)-4-benzyl-3-propionyl-2-oxazolidinone in THF–hydrocarbon mixtures shows unusual sensitivity to the choice of hydrocarbon cosolvent (hexane versus toluene) and to isotopic labeling. Four mechanisms corresponding to monosolvated monomers, trisolvated dimers, octasolvated monomers, and octasolvated dimers were identified. Even under conditions in which the LiHMDS monomer was the dominant observable form, dimer-based metalation was significant. The mechanism-dependent isotope and cosolvent effects are discussed in the context of ground-state stabilization and transition-state tunneling.
Sound velocity and density of magnesiowüstites: Implications for ultralow‐velocity zone topography

We explore the effect of Mg/Fe substitution on the sound velocities of iron-rich (Mg_(1 – x)Fe_x)O, where x = 0.84, 0.94, and 1.0. Sound velocities were determined using nuclear resonance inelastic X-ray scattering as a function of pressure, approaching those of the lowermost mantle. The systematics of cation substitution in the Fe-rich limit has the potential to play an important role in the interpretation of seismic observations of the core-mantle boundary. By determining a relationship between sound velocity, density, and composition of (Mg,Fe)O, this study explores the potential constraints on ultralow-velocity zones at the core-mantle boundary.
Garcinol Blocks the Reconsolidation of Multiple Cocaine-Paired Cues after a Single Cocaine-Reactivation Session.

Manipulations of memory reconsolidation can interfere with the ability of a drug-paired cue to drive drug-seeking behavior. However, the typical reconsolidation paradigm that reactivates the memory through the presentation of the cue (conditioned stimulus (CS)) only interferes with the memory of the reactivated CS while leaving other drug-paired CSs intact and able to continue driving drug-seeking behavior. Here, we used a novel unconditioned-stimulus (US) reactivation paradigm to interfere with the ability of multiple cues to drive drug-seeking behavior after just one reactivation and treatment session. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, during which time each active lever press resulted in an i.v. cocaine infusion paired with one of two cues that alternated within each session. The drug memory was later reactivated with either i.v. or i.p. cocaine presentation in the absence of any cue. The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor garcinol or vehicle was injected following US reactivation to impair reconsolidation. Rats were later tested on cue-induced reinstatement to both cues. Garcinol administered after either i.v. or i.p. cocaine reactivation significantly decreased cue-induced reinstatement to both cues, indicative of reconsolidation impairment. In addition, garcinol administered in the absence of reconsolidation or at a 6 h delay when the memory should be restabilized had no effect on reinstatement, further suggesting that garcinol's effects on reinstatement are through reconsolidation-based mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that a US-reactivation paradigm may be preferable to traditional CS-reactivation paradigms for treating disorders that involve multiple CS-US associations and support investigations of garcinol as a therapeutic pharmacological agent.
Interfaces in Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advancing Mechanistic Understanding through Atomic-Scale Measurements.

ConspectusDeveloping novel catalysts with high efficiency and selectivity is critical for enabling future clean energy conversion technologies. Interfaces in catalyst systems have long been considered the most critical factor in controlling catalytic reaction mechanisms. Interfaces include not only the catalyst surface but also interfaces within catalyst particles and those formed by constructing heterogeneous catalysts. The atomic and electronic structures of catalytic surfaces govern the kinetics of binding and release of reactant molecules from surface atoms. Interfaces within catalysts are introduced to enhance the intrinsic activity and stability of the catalyst by tuning the surface atomic and chemical structures. Examples include interfaces between the core and shell, twin or domain boundaries, or phase boundaries within single catalyst particles. In supported catalyst nanoparticles (NPs), the interface between the metallic NP and support serves as a critical tuning factor for enhancing catalytic a...
The Hippocampus and Cortex Together Generate the Scalp EEG Ictal Discharge in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

Purpose The scalp EEG ictal discharge in temporal lobe epilepsy is reportedly visible only after the intracranial discharge becomes well synchronized and present over 10 to 30 cm of cortex. We investigated the role of the hippocampal formation in the generation of the scalp EEG ictal discharge. Methods Intracranial EEG video monitors were recorded using simultaneous scalp, stereotaxic depth, and subdural strip electrodes in 19 subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy. The location, frequency, morphology, and timing of the initial ictal discharge, and subsequent ictal patterns, were examined in hippocampal formation, medial paleocortex, and lateral temporal neocortex electrocorticographic and scalp temporal EEG recordings. Results In every subject, a scalp ictal discharge was visible only after the intracranial ictal discharge had spread to involve the whole temporal lobe (hippocampal formation, medial paleocortex, and lateral temporal neocortex). Beta/gamma frequency and decremental electrocorticographic ictal discharges were never visualized in the EEG. The scalp EEG ictal discharge frequency was 2.4 to 10 Hz and appeared a median of 18 seconds after a faster frequency electrocorticographic initial ictal discharge, once the intracranial discharge slowed to an alpha, theta, or delta frequency. Conclusions In temporal lobe epilepsy, an ictal pattern is not readily visible in the scalp EEG until the intracranial ictal discharge is ≤10 Hz and has propagated from its site of onset to involve the hippocampus, medial paleocortex, and lateral temporal neocortex.
Examining Interaction Modality Effects Toward Engagement in an Interactive Learning Environment

The primary goals of interactive learning environments (ILEs) are to improve student engagement and learning outcomes. In this paper, we examine different tablet-based user interaction strategies within the domain of analytical geometry (i.e., the intersection of algebra and geometry) that supports active learning for math problem solving. From a learning technology view, we ground our work using cognitive engagement theory and apply usability to evaluate and further infer user engagement by using different interaction metaphors. We propose two ILE features: (1) self-constructed graphing, which provides a Cartesian coordinate interface so that students can graph toward a solution and (2) system-generated graphing, where the ILE automatically translates written algebraic equations into their geometric equivalents. We recruited 24 college students and conducted a 2 × 2 mixed factorial experimental design by varying two levels (with & without) for each condition (self-constructed & system-generated graphing). We found that these two features combined optimally increased student engagement and solving performance. More importantly, letting students control multi-modal user interactions (given the self-constructed graphing feature) should be provided before introducing automated user interactions (given the system-generated graphing feature).
Lessons from in-home air filtration intervention trials to reduce urban ultrafine particle number concentrations.

Abstract Background Exposure to airborne ultrafine particle (UFP; Methods We conducted a randomized crossover study of HEPA filtration without a washout period in 23 homes of low-income Puerto Ricans in Boston and Chelsea, MA (USA). Most participants were female, older adults who were overweight or obese. Particle number concentrations (PNC, a proxy for UFP) were measured indoors and outdoors at each home continuously for six weeks. Homes received both HEPA filtration and sham filtration for three weeks each in random order. Results Median PNC under HEPA filtration was 50–85% lower compared to sham filtration in most homes, but we found no benefit in terms of reduced inflammation; associations between hsCRP, IL-6, or TNFRII in blood samples and associations with indoor PNC were inverse and not statistically significant. Conclusions Limitations to our study design likely contributed to our findings. Limitations included carry-over effects, a population that may have been relatively unresponsive to UFP, reduction in PNC, even during sham filtration, that limited differences between HEPA and sham filtration, window opening by participants, and lack of fine-grained (room-specific) participant time-activity information. Our approach was similar to other recent HEPA intervention studies of particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular risk, suggesting that there may be a need to improve study designs.
Counterion-Regulated Dynamics of Water Confined in Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Morphologies

The dynamics of confined water is of fundamental and long-standing interest. In technologically important forms of confinement, such as proton-exchange membranes, electrostatic interactions with the confining matrix and counterions play significant roles on the properties of water. There has been recent interest on the dynamics of water confined to the lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) morphologies of Gemini dicarboxylate surfactants. These systems are exciting because the nature of confinement, for example, size and curvature of channels and surface functionality is dictated by the chemistry of the self-assembling surfactant molecules. Quasielastic neutron scattering experiments have shown an interesting dependence of the water self-diffusion constant, Dα, on the identity (denoted α) of the counterion: at high hydration, the magnitude of the water self-diffusion constant is in the order DTMA < DNa < DK, where TMA, Na, and K refer to tetramethyl ammonium, sodium, and potassium counterions, respectively. ...
Optical Properties of Reconfigurable Polymer/Silver Nanoprism Hybrids: Tunable Color and Infrared Scattering Contrast

We synthesize and characterize stimulus-responsive nanocomposites consisting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) with controlled loadings of anisotropic plate-like silver nanoprisms. These composites show strong, reversible switching of their optical extinction and scattering properties in response to temperature cycling. We use UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering to characterize the hybrids and show that the loading density of the silver nanoprisms in the polymer and the size of the nanoprisms are both factors that can be used to tailor the optical response of the composites, extending the range of colors beyond that previously reported with PNIPAM/plasmonic nanoparticle composites. These PNIPAM/silver nanoprism hybrids exhibit thermochromic shifts that are 5–10 times larger than those typically reported for similar structures of PNIPAM composites with silver nanoparticles of a comparable range of loading density. In addition, we show that these composites can exhibit very large rati...
The content and function of interests in the broad autism phenotype

Abstract Background The Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP) refers to mild characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that extend beyond the threshold of diagnosis into the general population. Individuals with BAP traits exhibit reduced social skill and social cognitive ability relative to individuals without these traits, but the degree to which non-social aspects of ASD extend to the BAP has received considerably less attention. The current study examined whether a prominent non-social characteristic of ASD, circumscribed interests (CIs), are qualitatively similar in the BAP. Method Typically-developing adults (N = 174) categorized as either BAP positive (n = 49) or BAP negative (n = 125) on the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire rated their subjective emotional responses to images of common CIs and non-CIs (i.e., interests not commonly reported in ASD). Participants also completed the Interests Scale measuring the number of their current interests and the intensity with which they pursue their primary interest. Results BAP positive adults rated CIs more arousing (i.e., more energizing) and non-CIs lower on valence (i.e., less pleasurable) compared to BAP negative adults. Additionally, BAP positive males but not females showed higher valence responses for CIs relative to their BAP negative counterparts. BAP positive adults also endorsed more CIs than BAP negative adults on the Interests Scale, and reported greater intensity and inflexibility when engaging with their primary interest. Conclusions These findings suggest that many aspects of the content and function of CIs reported for autism extend to the BAP in the general population in a milder form.
Suppression of NF-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory gene expression in human RPE cells by a proteasome inhibitor.

Purpose To determine whether nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is activated in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells in response to interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) alone or in combination and if so, whether expression of proinflammatory genes induced by these agents can be blocked by a proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, which inhibits the degradation of I kappaB, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, thereby preventing nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Methods Cultured hRPE were pretreated for 60 minutes with medium alone or medium containing the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 (20 microM) and then exposed to TNF-alpha (1.1 x 10(3) U/ml), IL-1beta (5 U/ml), or IFN-gamma (7.5 x 10(3) U/ml) alone or in combination (TII). Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB was determined by fluorescence staining of the NF-kappaB Rel A (p65) subunit. Cytoplasmic I kappaB protein was measured by western blot analysis. Nuclear extract binding to kappaB DNA motifs was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and antibody supershift assay. Steady state mRNA expression of the chemokines melanoma growth stimulating activity (MGSA)/gro-alpha, regulated on activation normal T-cell expression and secreted (RANTES), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), the cytokines IL-1beta and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Chemokine and cytokine protein secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell-surface ICAM-1 expression was determined by flow cytometry. Results TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and TII but not IFN-gamma alone caused degradation of I kappaB, Rel A nuclear translocation, and increased NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, effects that were blocked by pretreatment with MG-132. MG-132 suppressed MGSA/gro-alpha, RANTES, MCP-1, IL-1beta, M-CSF, and ICAM-1 mRNA expression and secreted RANTES, MCP-1, and M-CSF protein, and cell-surface ICAM-1 that were induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and TII. Conclusions TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and TII induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines and ICAM-1 in hRPE cells through an NF-kappaB-dependent signal transduction pathway. This effect is blocked by MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor that prevents I kappaB degradation. Inhibition of NF-kappaB may be a useful strategy to treat proliferative vitreoretinopathy and uveitis, ocular diseases initiated and perpetuated by cytokine activation.
The Role of Cooperative Research Centers in Multi-scalar Innovation and Economic Development Policy in Canada and the US

In this chapter contribution to the edited volume, Jennifer Clark addresses the scale of policy interventions by comparing “innovation + development” (I+D) cooperative research centers in Canada and the US. Clark argues for an increased role for the region as an economic unit rather than as a political factor in the placement and coordination of I+D Centers. Through a comparison of how a “conscious geography” informs the organization of I+D research centers in the US and Canada, her analysis focuses on the variation in the models of multi-scalar policy coordination deployed through the I+D Center networks in the US and Canada. For a complementary examination, see the chapter contribution on international management practice in cooperative research centers by Lal and Boardman.
Overview of Unimolecular Dynamics

The chemical literature abounds with questions concerning the dynamics of unimolecular reactions. This has been brought about in part by the rapid development of laser and other experimental technologies which have enhanced the ability to probe unimolecular reactions at a fundamental level. Continual advancements have also been made in developing theoretical methods. Classical mechanical techniques have been applied to complex unimolecular reactions using realistic potential energy surfaces and important strides have been made in developing semiclassical methods applicable to intramolecular dynamics of highly excited polyatomic molecules. This theoretical effort has benefited greatly from the constant improvement in computer technology.
The PROMISE of INTEGRATIVE LEARNING

learning group,to which she has been assigned for hersociology class,she ﬁnds the other three students havedifferent ways of looking at schoolwork as well as dif-ferent ways of thinking about the assigned topic.Still,they have to come up with a joint presentation for class.If she were in a learning community or a study programabroad,she would encounter similar situations.
77 – Alcohol–Induced Changes in the GH–IGF Axis

This chapter describes the effect of alcohol in the Growth Hormone–Insulin-Like Growth Factor (GH–IGF) Axis. Acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcohol consumption leads to the profound endocrine dysfunction and the most pronounced alcohol-induced effects is the alteration in the GH-IGF axis. Abundant experimental evidence indicates that the pulsatile secretion of GH is suppressed in response to both acute and chronic alcohol abuse. Alcohol also dramatically influences various elements of the IGF system. In this regard, chronic alcohol consumption is uniformly demonstrated to decrease the circulating concentration of IGF-I independent of a difference in nutritional status. While this alcohol-induced decrease in blood-borne IGF-I results primarily from a reduction in hepatic IGF-I synthesis and secretion, IGF-I mRNA and protein content are also reduced in a number of extrahepatic tissues (e.g. skeletal muscle). Moreover, the alcohol-induced decrease in the muscle IGF-I is positively correlated to a reduction in the protein synthetic rate of this tissue. The large majority of lGF-I in the circulation is bound to one of the six high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs). Of these carriers, alcohol produces its greatest effect on IGFBP-1, as evidenced by the several-fold increase in IGFBP-1 concentration in blood, liver, and kidney.
Abstract WP64: The Effect of Leukoaraiosis on Functional Outcome After Thrombectomy

Introduction: The chance for a favorable outcome after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel occlusion stroke decreases with the symptom onset-to-reperfusion time (OTR). Patients with sever...
FI-extending hulls of Abelian groups

All groups considered are Abelian. As is well known, in a divisible group every subgroup is essential in a direct summand. Moreover, the fully invariant subgroups play a crucial role in the structure of an Abelian group. Thus it is natural to consider the class of groups in which every fully invariant subgroup is essential in a direct summand. In this paper, we provide a construction for imbedding a torsion group into a FI-extending group in some “minimal” way. This imbedding preserves p-height.