cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of Wing Aerodynamics in Ground Proximity

Experimental design and optimization of innovative ground-effect transportation means is an iterative process which requires a large amount of time and resources. To avoid the large experimental expense, numerical modeling can be used to investigate Wing-in-Ground (WIG) vehicle flight. In this paper, modeling technique is applied for a two dimensional NACA 4412 airfoil in viscous flow in and out of ground effect. The numerical method consists of a steady state, incompressible, finite volume method utilizing the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. Grid generation and solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are completed using FLUENT 6.3. The modeling procedures are first validated against published experimental data for unbounded flow around an airfoil. Wing section aerodynamic characteristics are then studied for varying ground heights and two separate boundary conditions: fixed ground and moving ground. Ground effect calculations are compared to several previous studies, and our results are found to correlate with published aerodynamic trends in ground effect, although all studies appear to predict different magnitudes of aerodynamic forces.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Evaluation of methods for DNA delivery into shrimp zygotes of Penaeus(Litopenaeus) vannamei

Abstract This paper reports the relative efficiency of gene transfer into Penaeus ( Litopenaeus ) vannamei shrimp zygotes by microinjection, electroporation, and transfection reagent. The gene constructs, pβactP2-TSV-CP(AS), containing the shrimp beta-actin promoter and the partial sequence of the target gene (493 bp) encoding Taura syndrome virus coat protein (TSV-CP) in antisense orientation, were used in this study. Gene transfer experiments were performed at the one-cell stage (within 50-min postspawning) of fertilized shrimp eggs. Hatching rates were about 3–5%, 25–35%, and 50–60% for microinjection, electroporation, and transfection methods, respectively. Expression of the target gene as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed 10–20% using microinjection, 10–15% using electroporation, and 40–60% using the transfection reagent, jetPEI. In a separate experiment, when shrimp zygotes were transfected with the pβactP2-TSV-CP(AS)/jetPEI complex prior to the formation of the jelly layer (between 8 and 13 min postspawning) and raised until they were 5-months-old, the target gene, Taura syndrome virus coat protein (TSV-CP), was detected in 13 out of 18 transformed shrimp via genomic PCR assay, indicating a 72% gene transfer efficiency. This study demonstrates that treating the shrimp zygotes with the DNA/jetPEI complex at the prejelly layer stage exhibits higher gene transfer efficiency in shrimp.
Glycosaminoglycan-binding properties and kinetic characterization of human heparin cofactor II expressed in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Irreversible inactivation of α-thrombin (T) by the serpin, heparin cofactor II (HCII), is accelerated by ternary complex formation with the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and dermatan sulfate (DS). Low expression of human HCII in Escherichia coli was optimized by silent mutation of 27 rare codons and five secondary Shine–Dalgarno sequences in the cDNA. The inhibitory activities of recombinant HCII, and native and deglycosylated plasma HCII, and their affinities for heparin and DS were compared. Recombinant and deglycosylated HCII bound heparin with dissociation constants (KD) of 6 ± 1 and 7 ± 1 μM, respectively, ∼6-fold tighter than plasma HCII, with KD 40 ± 4 μM. Binding of recombinant and deglycosylated HCII to DS, both with KD 4 ± 1 μM, was ∼4-fold tighter than for plasma HCII, with KD 15 ± 4 μM. Recombinant HCII, lacking N-glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation, inactivated α-thrombin with a 1:1 stoichiometry, similar to plasma HCII. Second-order rate constants for thrombin inactivation by recombinant and deglycosylated HCII were comparable, at optimal GAG concentrations that were lower than those for plasma HCII, consistent with its weaker GAG binding. This weaker binding may be attributed to interference of the Asn169 N-glycan with the HCII heparin-binding site.
Photoconducting pyrrone polymers

Pyrrone polymers are found to exhibit substantial photoconductivity, photocurrent-dark current ratios of up to 300 being obtained with incident intensities of polychromatic light of 10–20 m.w./cm2. The condensation product obtained from 3,3′, 4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 3,3′, -diaminobenzidine (BTDA-DAB) is about 4 to 5 times more photoresponsive than the product obtained from pyromellitic dianhydride and the same diamine (PMDA-DAB). Maximum photoresponese in obtained when samples are cured for at least 24 hours at 300°C. A linear dependence of photocurrent on voltage is found in the range 102 to 105 volts/cm. The temperature dependence of photocurrent indicates that photocarriers: are produced by more than one mechanism in the temperature range from room temperature to 300°C. Photoresponse is found to be maximum in the ultraviolet-visible region, with a peak response at 610 mμ for PMDA-DAB and 550 mμ for BTDA-DAB.
Wispy, the Drosophila Homolog of GLD-2, Is Required During Oogenesis and Egg Activation

Egg activation is the process that modifies mature, arrested oocytes so that embryo development can proceed. One key aspect of egg activation is the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of certain maternal mRNAs to permit or enhance their translation. wispy (wisp) maternal-effect mutations in Drosophila block development during the egg-to-embryo transition. We show here that the wisp gene encodes a member of the GLD-2 family of cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerases (PAPs). The WISP protein is required for poly(A) tail elongation of bicoid, Toll, and torso mRNAs upon egg activation. In Drosophila, WISP and Smaug (SMG) have previously been reported to be required to trigger the destabilization of maternal mRNAs during egg activation. SMG is the major regulator of this activity. We report here that SMG is still translated in activated eggs from wisp mutant mothers, indicating that WISP does not regulate mRNA stability by controlling the translation of smg mRNA. We have also analyzed in detail the very early developmental arrest associated with wisp mutations. Pronuclear migration does not occur in activated eggs laid by wisp mutant females. Finally, we find that WISP function is also needed during oogenesis to regulate the poly(A) tail length of dmos during oocyte maturation and to maintain a high level of active (phospho-) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs).
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a three-level system

We have studied the space-time entangled Stokes-anti-Stokes photons generated from a three-level system. In the presence of counterpropagating pump and control lasers, paired Stokes and anti-Stokes fields are spontaneously emitted into opposite directions. The two-photon wave packet is generally a convolution of the phase matching and the third-order nonlinear susceptibility and the feature of the joint temporal correlation is determined by either of them. When the phase matching plays a major role in determining the spectral width of biphotons, the two-photon interference exhibits as conventional type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). However, if the spectral width of paired photons is determined by the third-order nonlinear susceptibility, two types of four-wave mixings (FWMs) destructively interfere and contribute to the two-photon coincidences. In such a case, the coincidence counting rate appears as a damped Rabi oscillation and exhibits the photon antibunching. The oscillation frequency is equal to the effective Rabi frequency. We have also discussed polarization-entanglement generation in a three-state case. It is found that if the phase matching is crucial in determining the properties of paired Stokes and anti-Stokes photons, the generated state is the same as the degenerate type-II SPDC. However, if the spectral width is mainly controlled by the resonant linewidths in the third-order nonlinearity, one can select one FWM to produce polarization-entangled biphotons, but paired photons from the other FWM process is nonpolarization entangled.
Regional Variations in Composition of Natural Gas in Appalachian Province

A study of the composition of natural gas in the Appalachian Province shows it to have certain definite regional variations. The amounts of the various chemical identities that are present and their areal distribution are shown, (1) in detail for the Elk-Poca and Campbell Creek Oriskany sand fields, Kanawha County, West Virginia, (2) in partial detail for the entire Big Injun sand production in West Virginia, and (3) by a composite for all producing horizons in the Appalachian Province. These regional variations are discussed in relation to structure, sedimentation, and regional metamorphism as indicated by carbon ratios based on coal. The composition of natural gas offers criteria for prospecting for gas and oil, and indicates relative areal positions of gas and oil in a given reservoir.
Mating and responsiveness to a nociceptive stimulus

Ten minutes of mating produced transient changes in the responsiveness to a nociceptive stimulus. Responsiveness to a nociceptive stimulus was measured by placing the animals on a hot plate. Mating produced a transient increase in escape latencies of males and a transient decrease in escape latencies of females.
Development of Cat Somatosensory Cortex: Structural and Metabolic Considerations

Although research is beginning to clarify the relationship between structure and functional activity in the adult cerebral cortex, little is known about cortical development in the somatosensory cortex of cats. A number of parameters were used in this study to identify functional and anatomical correlates in the developing somatosensory cortex of kittens ranging in age from 3 to 33 d: 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake, cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity, Nissl staining, and AChE activity. All of these parameters were found to reflect an immaturity that evolved to the adult-like pattern by 4-5 weeks of age. Nissl staining revealed an immature laminar pattern at birth, in which layers I, V, and VI were distinct whereas layers II-IV were homogeneous in appearance. Numerous cells could be observed at the layer VI-white matter junction and throughout the white matter, a feature not found in adults. The laminar distribution of Nissl-stained cells gradually became mature by 4-5 weeks of age. CO staining was homogeneous throughout all layers, in contrast to the adult pattern, which displays laminar differentiation. In young animals, many darkly stained CO+ cells were found at the layer VI-white matter border and in the white matter, a distribution not found in the adult. AChE staining in kittens was also distinctly different from that in adults. At birth, AChE+ fibers could be found in layers I, V, and VI but were scarce in layers II-IV. In the adult, a dense network of AChE+ fibers can be found in all layers. 2DG uptake was also immature, as little stimulus-evoked activity could be observed in animals younger than 2 weeks. A dense band of metabolic activity was found in the zone between layer VI and the white matter, whether or not a somatic stimulus was delivered. These results suggest a close correlation between the developing cytoarchitecture and the emergence of a mature pattern of functional activity in the somatosensory cortex.
Teat skin normal flora and colonization with mastitis pathogen inhibitors.

Abstract Isolates of bacteria from normal teats were used to attempt colonization of teats of dry cows or neonatal calves. Isolates for inoculation were chosen on the basis of ability to inhibit mastitis pathogens in vitro, with the ultimate goal of in vivo inhibition of mastitis pathogens at the teat surface. Three bacterial normal flora isolates ( Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus sp. and Aerococcus viridans ) persisted less than 10 days on the teats of dry cows. The fourth isolate, Staphylococcus hominis 1, was studied in greatest detail because studies characterizing the normal teat flora showed staphylococci to be the predominant flora. The S. hominis 1 isolated used for inoculation was an inhibitor of Gram-positive mastitis pathogens. It was a biotype not found on these teats prior to inoculation, thus facilitating identification of the inoculated isolate on sequential sampling. Colonization of newborn calves, before other bacterial floral became established, resulted in recovery of inoculated S. hominis 1 for an average of 51 days or longer. On dry cow teats it was detected for up to 28 days. On several occasions the inoculated S. hominis 1 was found in pure culture. Since many new infections occur during the dry period, the colonization of dry cow tests with S. hominis 1 organisms inhibitory for Gram-positive pathogens should be tested as an adjunct to other methods of mastitis prevention.
Chinese American adolescents' perceptions of the language brokering experience as a sense of burden and sense of efficacy

Children of immigrants who do translations and who interpret for others using their heritage language and English are known as language brokers. Although prior research suggests that children of immigrants’ perceptions of the language brokering experience vary greatly—from feeling a sense of efficacy to feeling a sense of burden—what remains unanswered in the literature is identification of the antecedents and processes that help to explain the varying psychological experience of language brokers. Using data from a two-wave prospective longitudinal study of 256 Chinese American adolescents, the present study tested potential mechanisms that may be responsible for adolescents’ perceptions of the language brokering experience as a sense or burden or sense of efficacy. The results demonstrate that adolescents’ Chinese orientation sets in motion a family process that is linked to variations in the perceptions of adolescents’ language brokering experience. Adolescents who are more Chinese oriented have a stronger sense of familial obligation, and these adolescents are more likely to perceive that they matter to their parents. Adolescents’ perceived sense of mattering to parents, in turn, is associated positively with a sense efficacy, and negatively with a sense of burden as language brokers. Those adolescents who are less Chinese oriented have a weaker sense of familial obligation, and these adolescents are more likely to feel a sense of alienation from their parents. Adolescents’ sense of perceived alienation from parents, in turn, is associated with a sense of burden as language brokers. Implications for developing interventions for children who act as language brokers for their parents are discussed.
Interactive 3-D image analysis and visualization techniques for FISH-labelled chromosomes in interphase nuclei

New simple and fast methods for 3-D depth perception and interaction in volume visualization and quantitative analysis of dual-fluorescence confocal microscopy images are presented. By integrating a 3-D display and an associated 3-D input device, a system has been developed which creates an autostereoscopic confocal microscopy workstation environment on an IBM-compatible personal computer. The system incorporates appropriate 3-D image processing algorithms and enables the user to interactively address subregions in the data volume to identify domains of interest for subsequent volume and distance measurements. In the analysis of chromosomes in interphase nuclei these capabilities are shown to be useful in finding distances between chromosome domains and their respective volumes.
The collision induced fragmentation of fast molecular ions in solids and gases

Abstract A brief review is given of recent high-resolution measurements on fragments arising from the collision-induced dissociation of fast (MeV) molecular ions. For solid targets, strong “wake effects“ are observed. For gaseous targets, excited electronic states of the projectile ions play an important role. Measurements of this type provide useful information on the charge states of fast ions traversing matter. The experimental techniques show promise as a unique method for determining the geometrical structures of the molecular-ion projectiles.
Configuring an “Animated Work Environment”: a user-centered design approach

The dramatic shift in the nature, place and organization of working life, as well as the sophistication of information technologies employed in work, have prompted a trans- disciplinary team to develop an intelligent environment supporting increasingly digital lifestyles. This 'Animated Work Environment" (AWE) is envisioned less as a design product and more as the locus of interaction between people, software, information, machines, furniture, and other physical surroundings. In realizing this vision, the team (representing architecture, robotics, human factors and sociology) employed a user-centered design approach to designing, prototyping, demonstrating and evaluating AWE. This paper presents, for the first time, findings from surveys and task analyses of workers employing digital technologies, and traces how these findings informed the design of six physical configurations and other aspects of the AWE robot-architecture prototype. Also presented is a reflection on the benefits and challenges of iterative, trans-disciplinary design approaches to complex systems supporting human activity. Following from a collaborative research approach which includes careful analyses of users' want and needs, AWE promises to better cultivate rich, engaged and connected lifestyles in an increasingly digital world.
The anatomist Hans Elias: A Jewish German in exile

Hans Elias (1907 to 1985) was an anatomist, an educator, a mathematician, a cinematographer, a painter, and a sculptor. Above all, he was a German of Jewish descent, who had to leave his home country because of the policies of the National Socialist (NS) regime. He spent his life in exile, first in Italy and then in the United States. His biography is exemplary for a generation of younger expatriates from National Socialist Germany who had to find a new professional career under difficult circumstances. Elias was a greatly productive morphologist whose artistic talent led to the foundation of the new science of stereology and made him an expert in scientific cinematography. He struggled hard to fulfill his own high expectations of himself in terms of his effectiveness as a scientist, educator, and politically acting man in this world. Throughout his life this strongwilled and outspoken man never lost his great fondness for Germany and many of its people, while reserving some of his sharpest criticism for fellow anatomists who were active in National Socialist Germany, among them his friend Hermann Stieve, Max Clara, and Heinrich von Hayek. Hans Elias’ life is well documented in his unpublished diaries and memoirs, and thus allows fresh insights into a time period when some anatomists were among the first victims of NS policies and other anatomists became involved in the execution of such policies. Clin.
Surface Heat Fluxes in the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Estimated by Bulk Parameterization and by an Inverse Mixed Layer Model

Abstract Sea surface heat fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean estimated by bulk parameterization are compared with fluxes computed with a one-dimensional, level 2.5 turbulence closure inverse mixed layer model. The bulk parameterization method requires the inputs of sea surface temperature, cloud amount, wind speed, air temperature, and specific humidity. With the inverse mixed layer model, the authors estimate the surface net heat flux using surface wind stresses and sea surface temperature (SST) as input, assuming a linear variation of surface heat fluxes between two time intervals of known SST in a secant root-finding algorithm. The meteorological data time series from the Woods Hole Oceanography Institution buoy at 1°45′S, 156°E during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment intensive observation period is used as the test dataset. The inverse method generates large variations in daily mean heat flux estimation while the derived longer time-averaged...
Novel large format sealed tube microchannel plate detectors for Cherenkov timing and imaging

Abstract Large area (20×20 cm2) sealed tube detectors using novel borosilicate glass microchannel plates, with bialkali photocathodes and strip-line readouts are being developed for Cherenkov light detection. Designs based on conventional sealed tubes with alumina brazed body construction and hot indium seals have been developed. Borosilicate glass substrates with 20 and 40 μm holes have been processed using atomic layer deposition to produce functional microchannel plates. Initial results for these in a 33 mm format show gain, imaging performance, pulse shape and lifetime characteristics that are similar to standard glass microchannel plates. Large area (20×20 cm2) borosilicate glass substrates with 20 μm pores have also been made.
On: “Seismic contouring: A unique skill” by P. M. Tucker (GEOPHYSICS, 53, 741–749, June 1988).

I’ll bet you thought you were too old to receive a “Fan Letter.” “Seismic contouring: A unique skill” in the June 1988 issue of Geophysics is just exactly what will cause you to receive an alarming number of fan letters and you will deserve them. Thanks.
A principal calling: professionalism and health care services.

Abstract As heath care professionals, our “product” is clinical service. We demonstrate professionalism by attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors that reflect a multi-faceted approach to the standards, regulations, and principles underlying successful clinical practices. The issues facing practitioners who work in health care environments are complex, forming an infrastructure for conducting clinical and business operations. Issues discussed include: clinical quality and outcomes management; patient safety and medical errors; accreditation and compliance. A thorough knowledge of these topics forms the context within which we integrate our services with the larger health care community. In this age of accountability, inquiry, introspection and integrity are the keys to professionalism. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity, the reader will be able to: (1) discuss basic points related to the complex requirements and issues facing clinical practitioners today; (2) understand the components of “professional” practice within the health care community; (3) integrate quality management, regulatory compliance, and accreditation standards into every clinical practice. Profession: A calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation; a principal calling, vocation, or employment. Professionalism: The conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or professional person. —Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
Propoxyphene (Darvon) hepatotoxicity.

A case of hepatotoxicity secondary to propoxyphene is presented. A cholestatic hepatitis was found on liver biopsy, and the clinical and chemical picture was reproduced promptly by rechallenge with the drug.
Water monitoring: A dynamic process

Abstract Monitoring of the waters in the U.S. is a dynamic process, which has evolved with environmental legislation. In the past, water monitoring was directed at the conventional sanitary parameters. However, over the years, water monitoring has evolved to include various toxic compounds. Several federal agencies and States are now actually involved in monitoring and data are easily accessible through widely used data storage and retrieval systems. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published a Basic Water Monitoring Program, which gives new direction to the conduct of water monitoring at the State level.
Polar Effects on the Thermal Conductivity of Cubic Boron Nitride under Pressure

We report the lattice thermal conductivity ($\ensuremath{\kappa}$) of cubic boron nitride ($c$-BN) under pressure calculated using density functional theory. Pressure was used to manipulate the $c$-BN phonon dispersion and study its effect on thermal conductivity. These results were compared to $c$-BN's mass-equivalent, nonpolar counterpart, diamond, in order to isolate the effect of polar bonds on thermal conductivity. Unlike diamond, the variation of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ at room temperature (${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{RT}}$) with applied pressure in $c$-BN is nonlinear in the low-pressure regime followed by a transition to a linear regime with a distinct change in the slope at $Pg114\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$. We find that the change in $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ with pressure cannot be described with power law expressions commonly used for Earth mantle materials. The nonlinearity in the low-pressure regime can be related to the nonlinear change in LO-TO gap, group velocities, and specific heat with increasing pressure. In addition, we find that, although optical branch contributions to thermal conductivity are small ($\ensuremath{\sim}2%$ at RT), the rise in ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{RT}}$ for $Pg114\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$ is due to (1) the decoupling of the longitudinal acoustic branch from the optical branches and (2) depopulation of the optical branches. These lead to a sharp reduction in acoustic-acoustic-optic ($a\text{\ensuremath{-}}a\text{\ensuremath{-}}o$) scattering and a discrete change in the acoustic phonon mean free paths. This study illustrates the importance of optical branches and their interactions with acoustic branches in determining the total thermal conductivity of polar materials. This finding is also relevant for current research in geologic minerals under pressure and the design of thermoelectrics.
The Assessment of Postural Control With Stochastic Resonance Electrical Stimulation and a Neoprene Knee Sleeve in the Osteoarthritic Knee

Abstract Collins AT, Blackburn JT, Olcott CW, Jordan JM, Yu B, Weinhold PS. The assessment of postural control with stochastic resonance electrical stimulation and a neoprene knee sleeve in the osteoarthritic knee. Objective To determine whether the combination of stochastic resonance (SR) electrical stimulation and a neoprene knee sleeve could improve center of pressure (COP) measures of postural sway during single-leg stance in those with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design Counterbalanced, repeated-measures intervention study of osteoarthritic adults during 6 different testing conditions: a control condition—control 1 (1); a counterbalance sequence of 4 treatment conditions—no stimulation with sleeve (2), 75% stimulation with sleeve (3), 100% stimulation with sleeve (4), and 150% stimulation with sleeve (5); and a second control condition—control 2 (6). Setting University sports medicine research laboratory. Participants Subjects (N=52) with radiographically determined, minimal-to-moderate medial knee OA. Interventions Neoprene knee sleeve and SR electrical stimulation. Main Outcome Measures COP displacement in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions was collected to resolve the mean velocity, SD, range, and total path length. Results No significant differences were found in the study measures between the testing conditions. Additionally, no significant differences were found between the 3 stimulation conditions or between the sleeve-alone and stimulation conditions for any of the study measures. Conclusions There were no significant improvements in balance with the use of a neoprene knee sleeve. Additionally, there was no added benefit of the SR stimulation as applied in the current configuration in this population.
The international program on plant bioassays and the report of the follow-up study after the hands-on workshop in China.

Among the seven plant bioassays reviewed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Gene-Tox program in 1980, the Allium/Vicia root tip chromosome aberration assay and the Tradescantia stamen hair mutation and micronucleus assays were adopted by the International Program on Plant Bioassays (IPPB) for monitoring or testing environmental pollutants. These assays are highly sensitive and capable of detecting mutagens, clastogens and carcinogens from the environment. They are effective in situ monitors. These bioassays were validated and their protocols were standardized through a program under the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPPB), the precursor of the IPPB program which currently is in operation under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Six different categories of environmental studies, ranging from wastewater, surface or ground water, soil samples, ambient air, pesticides, and radiation, were carried out and are reported in this special issue. The mission of the IPPB/UNEP is to use these bioassays to monitor or test environmental mutagens and clastogens in the air, water, and soil to safeguard the quality of these essential elements in life and to use these simple and clear indicators of pollution damage as the tool for environmental education for the general public. The published reports of the monitoring and testing results will establish the database for environmental conditions in a number of locations around the world. An international monitoring network for the detection of genotoxicity of environmental pollutants is being established under the auspices of UNEP to protect the global environment.
ERK MAP Kinase Links Cytokine Signals to Activation of Latent HIV-1 Infection by Stimulating a Cooperative Interaction of AP-1 and NF-κB

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can establish latent infection following provirus integration into the host genome. NF-κB plays a critical role in activation of HIV-1 gene expression by cytokines and other stimuli, but the signal transduction pathways that regulate the switch from latent to productive infection have not been defined. Here, we show that ERK1/ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a central role in linking signals at the cell surface to activation of HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells. MAPK was activated by cytokines and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in latently infected U1 cells. The induction of HIV-1 expression by these stimuli was inhibited by PD98059 and U0126, which are specific inhibitors of MAPK activation. Studies using constitutively active MEK or Raf kinase mutants demonstrated that MAPK activates the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) through the NF-κB sites. Most HIV-1 inducers activated NF-κB via a MAPK-independent pathway, indicating that activation of NF-κB is not sufficient to explain the activation of HIV-1 gene expression by MAPK. In contrast, all of the stimuli activated AP-1 via a MAPK-dependent pathway. NF-κB and AP-1 components c-Fos and c-Jun were shown to physically associate by yeast two-hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Coexpression of NF-κB and c-Fos or c-Jun synergistically transactivated the HIV-1 LTR through the NF-κB sites. These studies suggest that MAPK acts by stimulating AP-1 and a subsequent physical and functional interaction of AP-1 with NF-κB, resulting in a complex that synergistically transactivates the HIV-1 LTR. These results define a mechanism for signal-dependent activation of HIV-1 replication in latently infected cells and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for unmasking latent reservoirs of HIV-1.
Accounting for bias due to selective attrition: The example of smoking and cognitive decline

Background Selective attrition may introduce bias into analyses of the determinants of cognitive decline. This is a concern especially for risk factors, such as smoking, that strongly influence mortality and drop-out. Using inverse-probability-of-attrition weights (IPAWs), we examined the influence of selective attrition on the estimated association of current smoking (versus never smoking) with cognitive decline.
Direct polymerization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random (statistical) copolymers: candidates for new proton exchange membranes

Abstract Novel biphenol-based wholly aromatic poly(arylene ether sulfone)s containing up to two pendant sulfonate groups per repeat unit were prepared by potassium carbonate mediated direct aromatic nucleophilic substitution polycondensation of disodium 3,3′-disulfonate-4,4′-dichlorodiphenylsulfone (SDCDPS), 4,4′-dichlorodiphenylsulfone (DCDPS) and 4,4′-biphenol. Copolymerization proceeded quantitatively to high molecular weight in N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone at 190 °C. Tough membranes with a SDCDPS/DCDPS mole ratio up to 60:40 were successfully cast using N , N -dimethylactamide. An increase of sulfonate groups in the copolymer resulted in increased glass transition temperature, enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, and intrinsic viscosity; the 100% SDCDPS homopolymer was water soluble. The acid form membranes were successfully obtained by treating the sodium form of the membranes with dilute sulfuric acid solution. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the sodium form materials have enhanced thermal stability relative to the acid form, as expected. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase images of the acid form membranes clearly show the hydrophilic domains, with sizes increasing from 10 to 25 nm as a function of the degree of sulfonation. A phase inversion could be observed for the 60% SCSDPS copolymer, which was consistent with a rapid increase in water absorption. Short-term aging (30 min) indicates that the desired acid form membranes are stable to 220 °C in air and conductivity values at 30 °C of 0.11 S/cm (SDCDPS/DCDPS=0.4) and 0.17 S/cm (SDCDPS/DCDPS=0.6) were measured, which are comparable to or higher than the state-of-the-art fluorinated copolymer Nafion 1135 control (0.12 S/cm). The conductivity is greatly influenced by ion exchange capacity, temperature, and water activity. The new copolymers, which contain ion conductivity sites on the deactivated positions of the aryl backbone rings, are candidates as new polymeric electrolyte materials for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells.
A primer on hedge funds

Abstract In this paper, we provide a rationale for how hedge funds are organized and some insight on how hedge fund performance differs from traditional mutual funds. Statistical differences among hedge fund styles are used to supplement qualitative differences in the way hedge fund strategies are described. Risk factors associated with different trading styles are discussed. We give examples where standard linear statistical techniques are unlikely to capture the risk of hedge fund investments where the returns are primarily driven by non-linear dynamic strategies.
Explanation-based learning for intelligent process planning

The possibility of applying explanation-based learning (EBL), a technique from machine learning, to intelligent process planning is explored. There are currently two major approaches to process planning: the variant approach and the generative approach. Each has advantages and deficiencies. The authors' hypothesis is that EBL could successfully unite these apparently disparate approaches. EBL can be used to transform a traditional weak method planner into a strong method skeletal planner by acquiring strong method concepts which are generalized weak-method explanations of observed episodes. It would seem to be a natural vehicle to unite variant and generative process planning. A learning process planner, called EXBLIPP is implemented to test the authors' hypothesis. It is found that the system possesses many of the intended advantages. It is demonstrated that the EBL capability enables the process planning system to learn new schemata which yield many of the advantages of variant process planning. >
Sex Differences in Job Satisfaction: A Re-examination.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that observed sex differences in job satisfaction are due not to the influence of sex per se, but rather to the effects of several variables which covary with sex. Biographical and job satisfaction (Job Descriptive Index) data were obtained from 154 male and 326 female state government employees. Significant observed differences (male greater than female) in satisfactions with promotions and work “washed out” when the effects of age, education, tenure in organization, tenure in present position, and four cross-product variables were held constant through analysis of covariance. However, a nonsignificant observed difference (female greater than male) in satisfaction with pay was greatly magnified (to significance) through analysis of covariance. The hypothesis received only partial support, since a significant difference in overall job satisfaction remained after the effects of the covariate variables were partialled out. Alternative explanations for the reversal in the direction of the difference in overall job satisfaction are discussed.
The skiagraph: the birth of radiology at Mayo Clinic.

On January 7, 1897, Dr Charles H. Mayo was faced with a dilemma. A 3-year-old boy had swallowed a vest buckle, and it was impacted in his esophagus. It was essential to know the orientation of the buckle and whether the buckle was open to avoid accidental puncture of the esophagus. One week previously, Dr Mayo had seen Dr J. Grosvenor Cross demonstrate an X-ray apparatus at a meeting of the Olmsted County Medical Society.1 Dr Cross, a practitioner in Rochester, MN, had purchased the machine in February 1896, less than 3 months after Wilhelm C. Roentgen had published his landmark description of his discovery. Although many physicians were concerned about the “decency and privacy” of these rays, Dr Mayo quickly realized the diagnostic possibilities. While the child slept in his mother's arms for 20 minutes, the skiagraph (from the Greek word for shadow) was obtained. In his surgical diary, Dr Mayo described the Oesophagotomy [sic] using chloroform.2 Surgery was successful, and the child was discharged after a 13-day hospital stay. Dr Mayo3 published a report of the case later that year. Drs William J. and Charles Mayo continued to have Dr Cross perform skiagraphs until they bought their own equipment at the turn of the century.
Culturally Competent Practice with Bisexual Individuals

Working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals requires clinical social workers to demonstrate cultural competency with these populations. Although there are many common issues across these identities, bisexual individuals experience unique challenges that differ from lesbian and gay individuals. Bisexuality is sometimes misunderstood by heterosexual as well as lesbian and gay individuals, leading to experiences of marginalization from multiple sources. Moreover, clinical social workers may incorrectly assume that the treatment needs of bisexual individuals are the same as lesbian and gay individuals. This paper utilizes qualitative interviews with 45 bisexual-identified people to illuminate five prominent issues in clinical practice with bisexual people. They are: (a) biphobia, (b) practitioner attitudes about bisexuality, (c) identity development, (d) social relationships, and (e) sexual health. Findings illuminate clinical practice strategies that will facilitate culturally competent social work practice with this population.
Assessment of remnant unionid assemblages in a selection of Great Lakes coastal wetlands

Abstract Populations of native unionids have been in steady decline over the past century. The invasion of dreissenid mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis ) in the mid-1980's impacted already imperiled unionid populations by greatly increasing their regional extinction rates. A selection of Great Lakes coastal wetlands around Michigan was surveyed to locate remnant populations of native unionids. Physical and chemical parameters were measured in coastal wetlands to evaluate the importance of these habitat parameters to remnant unionid assemblages. We assessed fouling rates by dreissenids on unionids and used artificial substrates to estimate dreissenid colonization densities. Live unionids were found in coastal wetlands of the Les Cheneaux Islands, the Lake St. Clair delta, and North Maumee Bay with significantly higher unionid fouling in the Les Cheneaux Islands compared to the other two sampling areas ( F 2,76 = 4.97, p = 0.0095). No live unionids were documented in Beaver Island, Garden Island, Grand Traverse Bay, or Saginaw Bay wetlands. Dreissena colonization densities on artificial substrates averaged 19,213 m − 2 at one site in North Maumee Bay, and 10,425 m − 2 in Saginaw Bay, but no colonization occurred in the wetlands of Beaver Island, Garden Island, the Les Cheneaux Islands, or Grand Traverse Bay while Dreissena presence in the open water of these regions was evident. Dreissena colonization densities on artificial substrates increased with measures of anthropogenic disturbance and decreased with higher water level fluctuations and aerial exposure. Specific conductance, turbidity, and magnitude of water level fluctuations were important predictors of Dreissena colonization on artificial substrates.
Optimal Capital Investment in the Expansion of AN Existing Water Resources System

The study of the optimal expansion of existing water resources systems is of continuing importance because of the rising demand and limited supply of water in many areas of the world, particularly in the southwestern part of the United States of America. This study is concerned with the investigation of the optimal expansion of a realistic water resources system to meet an increasing demand for municipal and industrial use, irrigation, energy, and recreation over a planning horizon of T years. A number of possible dam sites are available for the further regulation of river (canal) flows in the basin and/or the regulation of imported waters into the basin. To maximize, over the set of alternative projects, the sum of discounted present value of net earnings subject to the demands and various institutional, physical and budgetary limits, an optimization problem (Problem I) was formed as a 0-1 mixed integer programming problem and was decomposed into the set of all feasible combinations (Problem II). The economic return was determined for each combination (Problem III). Problem II was solved by a branch and bound procedure which selected each feasible combination of dams while the optimal return for each such combination (Problem III) was found by a network analysis code.
Contingent Claims Contracting for Purchasing Decisions in Inventory Management

Option pricing is a common and important practice in the financial community, and has become a fundamental theoretical construct in financial economics. The theory is quite rich and has potential uses in many other problem domains. This paper develops a variant of the theory as applied to inventory planning. In particular, we consider a risk management approach that uses negotiated option contracts for hedging against price and quantity uncertainty in inventory procurement. We derive conditions for the inclusion of options in inventory control as a function both of managerial attitudes toward risk and of the correlation between price and demand.
On the regulation of K+ uniport in intact mitochondria by adenine nucleotides and nucleotide analogs

Respiring mitochondria drive the electrophoretic uptake of K+ and other cations. In the presence of permeant acids this transport leads to mitochondrial swelling if it is not compensated by electroneutral K+/H+ exchange mediated by the K+/H+ antiporter. The mechanism of influx has yet to be established; however, evidence is accumulating that in addition to leak pathways a specific K+ channel or uniporter may be involved. We examine some of the properties of K+ uniport which are consistent with the existence of a specific ATP-regulated K+ channel. In contrast to the K+/H+ antiporter, K+ uniport shows little dependence on pH. K+ uniport is, however, very sensitive to inhibition by adenine nucleotides. The maximum percent inhibition is increased from 40 to 60% by treatment of mitochondria with N-ethylmaleimide (30 nmol/mg) which stimulates K+ uniport 3.6-fold. N-Ethylmaleimide, however, has no effect on the IC50 values which are 0.5, 2.3, and 8 microM for ADP, ATP, and AMP, respectively. GDP has no effect, while carboxyatractyloside is found to inhibit. The nucleotide analogs Cibacron blue 3GA and erythrosin B exhibit three effects on K+ uniport. Low doses partially inhibit K uniport (I50 = 0.13 microM Cibacron Blue), while higher doses stimulate (EC50 = 13 microM Cibacron Blue). Stimulation is especially apparent in N-ethylmaleimide-treated mitochondria. These analogs also antagonize inhibition by ATP. Since the EC50 values for this antagonism for these two drugs are similar, while the IC50 values for inhibition of ATP transport differ by a factor of five, we suggest that inhibition of K+ uniport by ATP is not mediated via the adenine nucleotide translocase. These data are consistent with the existence of an ATP-regulated K+ channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The language of ethnicity and self‐identity in American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese*

(1989). The language of ethnicity and self‐identity in American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 138-145.
Formation of Catenated Colicin Factor E1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecules in a Recombination-Deficient Strain of Escherichia coli

Abstract Catenated deoxyribonucleic acid molecules of colicin factor E1 (Col E1) were found with nearly equal frequency in minicells derived from Escherichia coli strain P678-54 recA+ (Col E1) and P678-54 recA− (Col E1). The result suggests that the recombination function controlled by the recA gene does not influence the formation of catenated Col E1.
Backscattering enhancement by randomly distributed very large particles.

Recently, the backscattering enhancement by densely distributed particles of a size comparable to the wavelength was reported. It has been explained as the constructive interference of two waves traveling in opposite directions. This enhancement was observed only in densely distributed particles, and its existence in sparsely distributed media has not been verified yet. In this paper we present the experimental evidence of backscattering enhancement by sparsely distributed very large particles. Experiments are conducted using 45-μm latex particles which are approximately 100 times the wavelength. Both copolarized and cross-polarized components are measured for different particle concentrations. Unlike for small particles, back-scattering enhancement is most noticeable when the particle concentration is low. The angular width of the peak is comparable to the ratio (wavelength)/(particle size) and is independent of the optical distance.
Optical limiting with semiconductors

We present a detailed characterization of the output of passive semiconductor-based optical limiters. These devices utilize two-photon absorption along with photogenerated carrier defocusing within the material to limit the output fluence and irradiance. In addition to protecting downstream optical components, the focusing geometry combined with these nonlinearities makes the devices self-protecting. Such devices have a broad working wavelength range since both the initial two-photon absorption and the subsequent carrier refraction are slowly varying funtions of wavelength. For example, ZnSe should have a useful range of from 0.5 to 0.85 μm. In this material we have observed the onset of limiting at input powers as low as 80 W when using 10-nsec, 0.53 μm input pulses. At the same wavelength, when 30 psec pulses into a monolithic ZnSe limiter are used, limiting begins at ≃300 W or 10 nJ. We also monitored the output spatial energy distribution along with the temporal response at each position, using a 2-psec-resolution streak camera. We found that the output fluence along with the output irradiance is effectively limited below detector damage thresholds over an input range of 4 orders of magnitude. Additionally, since both two-photon absorption and the associated self-defocusing increase with decreasing band-gap energy, similar devices using narrow-gap semiconductors should have considerably lower limiting thresholds.