cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact temperatures and their influence on wear during pin-on-disk tribotesting

Abstract It is important to take contact temperatures into account when developing friction and wear tests for potential tribomaterials and when analyzing the results of those tests. This paper presents some of the most useful analytical and numerical methods that can be used to predict surface temperature rises in dry or boundary lubricated pin-on-disk tribotests. The objective is the development of relatively simple, accurate, and easy-to-use expressions that can be used to predict contact temperatures in pin-on-disk sliding contacts. Results of the methods are compared for several different cases, and experimental verification of the predictions are also presented. The resulting expressions are applied to investigate wear of a ceramic (zirconia), metal (stainless steel) and polymer (polyethylene) in pin-on-disk tests.
Ecology, Justice, Liturgy: A Theological Autobiography

: A narrative of the vocational trajectory and theology of a longstanding Christian theologian of nature and church practitioner, from the Lynn White, Jr. controversy to ecojustice issues, through historical Christian attitudes toward nature, cosmic Christology, and the ecological renewal of the Church's liturgy.
Identifying and Interpreting Prewar and Wartime Jewish Photographs in Polish Digital Collections

Prewar and wartime photographs of Polish Jews are historical documents and unique records. A worldwide interest in photographs presenting Jewish life in Poland on the eve of the Holocaust and during the war has been sustained by the traveling exhibit And I Still See Their Faces: Images of Polish Jews, which first opened in Poland in 1996. In recent years, some Polish archives and research institutes have begun digitizing their photography collections, including prewar and wartime photographs of Polish Jews and their communities. In this article, the author focuses on two main questions: the archiving and retrieval of digitized photographs and the identification and subject analysis of the digitized collections, including participatory or social “tagging.”
Current Status and Future Agenda for the Theory, Research, and Practice of Childhood Career Development

This article reviews the current status and a future agenda for childhood career development theory, research, and practice. The fragmented nature of the current state of the literature is noted, and a call is made for a reexamination and reconsideration of the childhood developmental pathways of life's work. It is suggested that the study of children's work behavior be rooted in life contexts, most notably, families, communities, and schools.
Application of flat-top focus to 2D trapping of large particles

The 2D optical trapping ability of larger-than average-particles is compared for three different beam types: a flat-top, a Gaussian beam, and a donut shaped beam. Optical force-displacement curves are calculated in four different size regimes of particle diameters (1.5-20 μm). We find that the trapping efficiency increases linearly with ratio of particle diameter to wavelength for all three beams. As the ratio reaches a specific threshold value, the flat-top focus exhibits the largest trapping efficiency compared to the other two beam types. We experimentally demonstrate that flat-top focusing provides the largest transverse trapping efficiency for particles as large as 20 μm in diameter for our given experimental conditions. The overall trend in our experimental results follows that observed in our simulation model. The results from this study could facilitate light manipulation of large particles.
Comparison of track loss performance of single- and multiple-model tracking algorithm

One of the more difficult problems in target tracking involves the use of a phased array radar to track an aircraft performing high speed maneuvers. Most tracking algorithms use single motion model track filters whose performance can degrade significantly when the target maneuvers. Multiple model algorithms can be used to improve the tracking accuracy and avoid the decision-directed techniques of single model track filters for maneuvering response. The interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm uses multiple models that interact through state mixing to track a target maneuvering through an arbitrary trajectory. When tracking highly maneuvering targets with a phased array radar (i.e., agile beam), the issue of radar beam pointing is critical because poor pointing can lead to missed detections and eventually declaring lost tracks. The IMM algorithm provides a better method for beam pointing when compared to single model filters. This paper compares single and multiple model track filters with track loss as a measure of effectiveness. The effects of target maneuvers, data rate, track filter configuration, and radar beam pointing on the percentage of tracks lost are discussed. A phased array radar simulation that includes a fluctuating target, probability of detection, radar beamshape effects, and monopulse processing was used to assess the track loss performance of each algorithm.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Is HPLC assay for drug substance a useful quality control attribute

HPLC is a generally accepted method for assay of drug substances. However, recent claims cast doubts on the utility of HPLC assay methods for characterizing quality [S. Gorog, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 36 (2005) 931-937]. This study examines the utility of the traditional drug substance HPLC assay as a quality control parameter. HPLC assay data from more than 100 batches for each of eight drug substances were compared to results from a mass balance approach (100-impurities%). Estimates of the variability of HPLC assays from our data and from the literature ranged from 0.6 to 1.1% R.S.D. This variability is an appreciable portion of a typical acceptance range (e.g., 98.0-102.0%) and frequently exceeds the variability of the manufacturing process. Therefore, the results of the HPLC assay are questionable at best to determine the acceptability of the drug substance batch. The high variability also can generate a significant percentage of false out-of-specification (OOS) results, even when the "true" purity is 99.0-100.0%. Each false OOS leads to inefficiencies because of unwarranted investigations for a root cause and/or implementation of countermeasures for a problem that does not exist. Lastly, low precision makes it nearly impossible to detect significant changes in the process mean and/or degradation during a stability study. The use of a mass balance approach for assay retains essentially the same average results as the HPLC assay but gives standard deviations that are up to 10 times less. Monitoring the assay by mass balance allows for more precise process and stability monitoring and facilitates more rapid and accurate identification of process changes.
The effect of intertrial interval on running performance for ESB

Shifting intertrial interval (ITI) from 60 sec to 5 sec or from 5 sec to 60 sec led to corresponding changes in running time for ESB. The eventual convergence of running speeds to preshift levels in many Ss suggests that the changes in running speed with shifts in ITI can be more adequately explained in terms of an incentive rather than a drive decay formulation.
The inhibition of mammalian d-amino acid oxidase by metabolites and drugs. Inferences concerning physiological function

Abstract The inhibition of d -amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) by a large number of metabolites and drugs is reported. When the substrate is an adduct (thiazolidine-2-carboxylate) formed from cysteamine and glyoxylate, at least five different mechanisms of inhibition are possible, and examples of each are given. Effective inhibitors include (a) some adenosine containing nucleotides, in particular ADP, AMP, ADP ribose, NADH, NADPH and dephospho-CoA; (b) diuretics, especially furosemide, ethacrynic acid, and mersalyl; (c) anti-inflammatory agents, such as salicylate, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, acetylsalicylate, mefenamic, and flufenamic acids; (d) hypoglycemic, hypocalcemic, and hypolipidemic compounds, including 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylate, pyrrole-2-carboxylate, 5-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate, thiophene-2-carboxylate, benzoate, and nicotinate; (e) aldehydes, for example, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and succinate semialdehyde; (f) thiols, especially β-aminothiols such as cysteine and penicillamine; (g) tropolone, and (h) hydrogen peroxide. The rate of the reaction is also very sensitive to oxygen presure; at pH 7.4 and 25°C the K m for O 2 is 1.1 m M . These data, in conjunction with literature information concerning the biological affects of such compounds, are used to suggest possible physiological processes in which the d -amino acid oxidase reaction may be involved. Although such correlations based on circumstantial evidence are not conclusive, they suggest that d -amino acid oxidase may play a major role in the control of metabolism in animals. Some processes in which it may participate include maintenance of ion and water balance in the kidney, inflammatory response, transmission of nerve impulses, sensing of O 2 concentration, control of cell growth, and as part of an intracellular messenger system for some hormones, especially insulin.
Knowledge, beliefs, peer norms, and past behaviors as correlates of risky sexual behaviors among college students

Abstract HIV/AIDS knowledge, age at onset of sexual activity, perceptions of personal risk and peer norms were explored as correlates for risky sexual behaviors among college students. Ninety-nine male and 185 female college students completed a 66-item questionnaire. A majority reported being sexually active with most in mutually monogamous relationships or not currently in a sexual relationship. Multiple regression correlation analyses showed knowledge about HIV/AIDS to be very high but that this knowledge did not independently relate to the extent of risky behaviors. Perceptions of risk were positively related to number of partners and single-time partners but not condom usage. In contrast to previous studies, perceived peer norms did not independently relate to behaviors. Instead, age at first intercourse was found to have substantial overlap with current perceptions, attitudes, and likelihood for engaging in risky behaviors. The necessity for including previous behaviors in analyses of the impact of ...
Spirosolane-containing Solanum species and induction of congenital craniofacial malformations.

Comparison by GC analysis of purified alkaloid extracts of Solanum species revealed no measurable free solasodine, other spirosolanes, or any non-spirosolane steroidal alkaloid aglycones in unhydrolyzed total alkaloid fractions of fruit of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum sarrachoides (S. villosum Lam.--hairy nightshade), Solanum dulcamara L. (European bittersweet nightshade) or Solanum melongena L. (eggplant). All alkaloidal material was apparently present as glycoside. Conversely, sprouts of Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) contained 67% of its alkaloids as glycosides, which was freed only upon hydrolysis with the remaining 33% present as free solanidine. GC/MS analysis of hydrolysates of purified extracts of the test Solanum species revealed that solasodine was a principal or sole aglycone of the alkaloid glycosides in each of the test species except Solanum tuberosum. In the latter, solanidine was the sole aglycone. Among the test species, exclusive of S. tuberosum, only S. dulcamara contained aglycones other than solasodine. In addition to solasodine, S. dulcamara contained appreciable amounts of an unknown spirosolane, an aglycone provisionally identified as soladulcidine. The induction of congenital craniofacial malformations in hamsters by high oral doses of the four Solanum species that contained mainly solasodine glycosides--S. elaeagnifolium, S. dulcamara, S. sarrachoides and S. melongena was compared to inductions of malformations by Solanum tuberosum, that contained mainly solanidane glycosides. Compared to controls, Solanum elaeagnifolium and Solanum dulcamara fruit both induced a high percentage incidence of deformed litters (20.4 and 16.3, respectively) that was statistically significant (P less than 0.001 level) while percentage incidence of deformed litters induced by Solanum sarrachoides and Solanum melongena fruit (9.5 and 7.6 respectively) were both higher than controls (3.4%), in neither case was the incidence statistically significant (P less than .05). Deformed litter incidence induced by sprouts of Solanum tuberosum was 24.0%, (P less than 0.001).
Pesticide residues in ground water of the San Joaquin Valley, California

Abstract A regional assessment of non-point-source contamination of pesticide residues in ground water was made of the San Joaquin Valley, an intensively farmed and irrigated structural trough in central California. About 10% of the total pesticide use in the USA is in the San Joaquin Valley. Pesticides detected include atrazine, bromacil, 2.4-DP, diazinon, dibromochloropropane, 1,2-dibromoethane, dicamba, 1,2-dichloropropane, diuron, prometon, prometryn, propazine and simazine. All are soil applied except diazinon. Pesticide leaching is dependent on use patterns, soil texture, total organic carbon in soil, pesticide half-life and depth to water table. Leaching is enhanced by flood-irrigation methods except where the pesticide is foliar applied such as diazinon. Soils in the western San Joaquin Valley are fine grained and are derived primarily from marine shales of the Coast Ranges. Although shallow ground water is present, the fewest number of pesticides were detected in this region. The fine-grained soil inhibits pesticide leaching because of either low vertical permeability or high surface area; both enhance adsorption on to solid phases. Soils of the valley floor tend to be fine grained and have low vertical permeability. Soils in the eastern part of the valley are coarse grained with low total organic carbon and are derived from Sierra Nevada granites. Most pesticide leaching is in these alluvial soils, particularly in areas where depth to ground water is less than 30m. The areas currently most susceptible to pesticide leaching are eastern Fresno and Tulare Counties. Tritium in water molecules is an indicator of aquifer recharge with water of recent origin. Pesticide residues transported as dissolved species were not detected in non-tritiated water. Although pesticides were not detected in all samples containing high tritium, these samples are indicative of the presence of recharge water that interacted with agricultural soils.
The sub-picosecond dynamics of diphenylmethylchloride ion pairs and radical pairs

Abstract The dynamics for the photoinduced homolysis and heterolysis of diphenylmethylchloride in acetonitrile and cyclohexane are examined on the 100 fs time scale. In acetonitrile, the radical pair and the ion pair are formed in 345 and 833 fs, respectively. The radical pair is then observed to decay into the ion pair on the 15 ps time scale, a kinetic process which is found to be time-dependent. In cyclohexane, the radical pair and ion pair are formed within 230 fs, and the ion pair is observed to decay into the radical pair on the 5 ps time scale.
Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of n-Butane: The Fate of Alkoxy Radicals

The atmospheric oxidation mechanism of n-butane is investigated by means of density functional theory and ab initio calculations. Calculation of energies of reactants, transition states, and stable intermediates predicts the detailed pathways leading to experimentally observed products of n-butane oxidation. Also serving as a model system for the oxidation of larger alkanes, quantitative information is obtained for elementary reaction steps that heretofore have been subject to speculation. Complete basis set model chemistries CBS-4 and CBS-q were used with B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) optimized geometries to calculate energies of over 70 stable species and transition states. Energies based on density functional theory were obtained at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The principal pathway following formation of the 1-butyl radical from hydroxyl (OH) attack on n-butane is found to be 1,5-H shift of the 1-butoxy radical. After conversion to the δ-hydroxy-1-butoxy radical, another 1,5-H shift...
Application of Case-Based Reasoning for Traction Substation Design

The paper analyzes traction substationpsilas structure and spare parts, product main model. It mainly studies the application of case-based reasoning (CBR) in the design of traction substation. The application adopts architecture and object-oriented presentation to represent productpsilas structure and case base. It adopts level-2 indexing to determine searching indexing and standardizes original data to make it suitable for systempsilas similarity calculation. It chooses corresponding similarity model calculation based on data type. It adopts case similarity calculation model with partial and whole similarity integrated and level-2 indexing based on database indexing and nearest algorithm.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BORRELIA ISOLATES FROM TICKS AND MAMMALS FROM THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

Fifty Borrelia isolates from ticks and rodents from several geographic regions of the southern United States were analyzed by genomic macrorestriction analysis. Significant genetic diversity was observed among them. These isolates segregated into 4 major clusters and 10 subclusters, which are correlated with the genospecies distribution. Nineteen pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types were recognized among the isolates. The genospecies Borrelia andersonii and Borrelia bissettii consisted of 5 and 2 subclusters, respectively. Two subclusters comprised the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s. s.) strains. These results indicated that PFGE is a suitable molecular typing method for B. burgdorferi at both the genospecies and strain levels. Seventeen representative isolates from different PFGE groups were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of flaB. Twenty-three AluI, 3 CelII, and 11 DdeI RFLP patterns were found among strains from the B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) complex and the relapsing fever borreliae complex. Three genospecies in the B. burgdorferi s. l. complex and 1 species in the relapsing fever borreliae complex were recognized. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of flaB indicated that all the Borrelia strains analyzed here could be divided into 2 parts, i.e., B. burgdorferi s. l. complex and the relapsing fever borreliae complex. The flaB appears to be a useful target gene to screen and identify strains from both B. burgdorferi s. l. and relapsing fever borreliae complexes.
Effects of Heat and Natural Fermentation on Amino Acids, Flatus Producing Compounds, Lipid Oxidation and Trypsin Inhibitor in Blends of Soybean and Cornmeal

The soybean meal made from autoclaved soybeans was blended to improve nutritive value of cornmeal at 10, 15 and 20% levels of soybean meal. Both raffinose and stachyose were reduced due to autoclaving of soybean meal and to fermentation of the blends of corn and soybean meals. Fermentation increased lysine, methionine, and tryptophan in the blends. These increases in the limiting amino acids resulted in increase in % RNV.
A QTL that enhances and broadens Bt insect resistance in soybean

Effective strategies are needed to manage insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins expressed in transgenic crops. To evaluate a multiple resistance gene pyramiding strategy, eight soybean (Glycine max) lines possessing factorial combinations of two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from plant introduction (PI) 229358 and a synthetic Bt cry1Ac gene were developed using marker-assisted selection with simple sequence repeat markers. Field studies were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to evaluate resistance to corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), and detached leaf bioassays were used to test antibiosis resistance to Bt-resistant and Bt-susceptible strains of tobacco budworm (TBW; Heliothis virescens). Based on defoliation in the field and larval weight gain on detached leaves, lines carrying a combination of cry1Ac and the PI 229358 allele at a QTL on linkage group M were significantly more resistant to the lepidopteran pests, including the Bt-resistant TBW strain, than were the other lines. This is the first report of a complementary additive effect between a Bt transgene and a plant insect resistance QTL with an uncharacterized mode of action that was introgressed using marker-assisted selection.
Regulation of Adult Bone Mass by the Zinc Finger Adapter Protein Schnurri-3

Genetic mutations that disrupt osteoblast function can result in skeletal dysmorphogenesis or, more rarely, in increased postnatal bone formation. Here we show that Schnurri-3 (Shn3), a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila zinc finger adapter protein Shn, is an essential regulator of adult bone formation. Mice lacking Shn3 display adult-onset osteosclerosis with increased bone mass due to augmented osteoblast activity. Shn3 was found to control protein levels of Runx2, the principal transcriptional regulator of osteoblast differentiation, by promoting its degradation through recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP1 to Runx2. By this means, Runx2-mediated extracellular matrix mineralization was antagonized, revealing an essential role for Shn3 as a central regulator of postnatal bone mass.
Colocation of Genes Encoding a tRNA-mRNA Hybrid and a Putative Signaling Peptide on Complementary Strands in the Genome of the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga maritima

In the genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima, TM0504 encodes a putative signaling peptide implicated in population density-dependent exopolysaccharide formation. Although not noted in the original genome annotation, TM0504 was found to colocate, on the opposite strand, with the gene encoding ssrA, a hybrid of tRNA and mRNA (tmRNA), which is involved in a trans-translation process related to ribosome rescue and is ubiquitous in bacteria. Specific DNA probes were designed and used in real-time PCR assays to follow the separate transcriptional responses of the colocated open reading frames (ORFs) during transition from exponential to stationary phase, chloramphenicol challenge, and syntrophic coculture with Methanococcus jannaschii. TM0504 transcription did not vary under normal growth conditions. Transcription of the tmRNA gene, however, was significantly up-regulated during chloramphenicol challenge and in T. maritima bound in exopolysaccharide aggregates during methanogenic coculture. The significance of the colocation of ORFs encoding a putative signaling peptide and tmRNA in T. maritima is intriguing, since this overlapping arrangement (tmRNA associated with putative small ORFs) was found to be conserved in at least 181 bacterial genomes sequenced to date. Whether peptides related to TM0504 in other bacteria play a role in quorum sensing is not yet known, but their ubiquitous colocalization with respect to tmRNA merits further examination.
Editorial policy on computational, simulation and/or robotic papers

Experimental biology is a dynamic and rapidly evolving area of research. Consequently, new techniques and concepts are constantly appearing. As this occurs, The Journal of Experimental Biology (JEB) also adapts to keep pace as we see manuscript submissions increasingly using new approaches to better
Superiority and susceptibility: How activist audiences imagine the influence of mainstream news messages on self and others:

This article examines how US activists articulated the third-person effect, a widespread perception that others are more influenced by media messages than the self is. The discursive, qualitative approach used here contrasts with surveys and experiments prevalent in TPE research: groups watched a news program and responded to non-directional questions in a naturalistic setting. Group members, who reported feeling better informed about current events than the average person, alternately identified themselves as invulnerable and vulnerable to media influence. Discourse analysis showed participants using the pronoun ‘they’ to distinguish themselves from the mass audience; however, they also used ‘I’, ‘we’ and ‘you’ to convey first-person and second-person perceptions, suggesting multiple and shifting identifications. This study reveals three conversational strategies — role-playing, inventing dialogue and posing hypothetical statements — through which even people who feel a sense of ‘media superiority’ over ...
Comparative sustainability assessment of warm-mix asphalts: A thermodynamic based hybrid life cycle analysis

Abstract Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) has received considerable attention in the past few years as a potential solution for the reduction of energy consumption and emissions during production and construction of asphalt mixtures. However, many concerns and questions are still unanswered regarding its environmental benefits. Although several studies have been conducted to quantify the atmospheric emissions of WMA pavements, the direct and indirect role of ecological resource consumption was generally excluded in these studies. In this study, a thermodynamic based hybrid life cycle assessment model was developed to evaluate the environmental impacts of different types of WMA pavements and compare it to that of a conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) one. The impacts on the ecosystem were calculated in terms of cumulative mass, energy, industrial exergy, and ecological exergy. Monte Carlo simulation was also conducted to analyze the variability of critical input parameters. The results of this study showed that although the mixing phase is important, it should not be the only phase to evaluate the decreased amount of atmospheric emissions of WMA pavements.
Physical and Chemical Strategies for Therapeutic Delivery by Using Polymeric Nanoparticles

A significant challenge that most therapeutic agents face is their inability to be delivered effectively. Nanotechnology offers a solution to allow for safe, high-dose, specific delivery of pharmaceuticals to the target tissue. Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers can be designed and engineered with various layers of complexity to achieve drug targeting that was unimaginable years ago by offering multiple mechanisms to encapsulate and strategically deliver drugs, proteins, nucleic acids, or vaccines while improving their therapeutic index. Targeting of nanoparticles to diseased tissue and cells assumes two strategies: physical and chemical targeting. Physical targeting is a strategy enabled by nanoparticle fabrication techniques. It includes using size, shape, charge, and stiffness among other parameters to influence tissue accumulation, adhesion, and cell uptake. New methods to measure size, shape, and polydispersity will enable this field to grow and more thorough comparisons to be made. Physical targeting can be more economically viable when certain fabrication techniques are used. Chemical targeting can employ molecular recognition units to decorate the surface of particles or molecular units responsive to diseased environments or remote stimuli. In this review, we describe sophisticated nanoparticles designed for tissue-specific chemical targeting that use conjugation chemistry to attach targeting moieties. Furthermore, we describe chemical targeting using stimuli responsive nanoparticles that can respond to changes in pH, heat, and light.
Dietary sodium bicarbonate, cool temperatures, and feed withdrawal: impact on arterial and venous blood-gas values in broilers

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been used successfully in mammals and birds to alleviate pulmonary hypertension. Experiment 1 was designed to provide measurements of arterial and venous blood-gas values from unanesthetized male broilers subjected to a cool temperature (16 degrees C) challenge and fed either a control diet or the same diet alkalinized by dilution with 1% NaHCO3. The incidences of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites) for broilers fed the control or bicarbonate diets were 15.5 and 10.5%, respectively (P = 0.36, NS). Non-ascitic broilers fed the control diet were heavier than those fed the bicarbonate diet on d 49 (2,671 vs. 2,484 g, respectively); however, other comparisons failed to reveal diet-related differences in heart weight, pulse oximetry values, electrocardiogram amplitudes, or blood-gas values (P > 0.05). When the data were resorted into categories based on right:total ventricular weight ratios (RV:TV) indicative of normal (RV:TV or = 0.28) pulmonary arterial pressures, broilers with elevated RV:TV ratios had poorly oxygenated arterial blood that was more acidic, had high partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), and had higher HCO3 concentrations when compared with broilers with normal RV:TV ratios. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine if metabolic variations associated with differences in feed intake or environmental temperature potentially could mask an impact of diet composition on blood-gas values. Male broilers maintained at thermoneutral temperature (24 degrees C) either received feed ad libitum or had the feed withdrawn > or = 12 h prior to blood sampling. Broilers fed ad libitum had lower venous saturation of hemoglobin with O2, higher venous PCO2, and higher arterial HCO3 concentrations than broilers subjected to feed withdrawal. Broilers in experiment 2 fed ad libitum and exposed to cool temperatures (16 degrees C) had lower arterial partial pressure of O2 and higher venous PCO2 than broilers fed ad libitum and maintained at 24 degrees C. Overall, these results demonstrate that changes in diet composition (control vs. 1% NaHCO3 diets) had minimal impact on arterial and venous blood-gas variables when compared with the more dramatic differences associated with feed intake (ad libitum vs. > or = 12 h withdrawal), environmental temperature (24 vs. 16 degrees C), and the pathogenesis associated with PHS (RV:TV or = 0.28).
Designing a passive brain computer interface using real time classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Passive brain-computer interfaces consider brain activity as an additional source of information, to augment and adapt the interface instead of controlling it. We have developed a software system that allows for real time brain signal analysis and machine learning classification of affective and workload states measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) called the online fNIRS analysis and classification (OFAC). Our system reproduces successful offline procedures, adapting them for real-time input to a user interface. Our first evaluation compares a previous offline analysis with our online analysis. While results show an accuracy decrease, they are outweighed by the new ability of interface adaptation. The second study demonstrates OFAC's online features through real-time classification of two tasks, and interface adaptation according to the predicted task. Accuracy averaged over 85%. We have created the first working real time passive BCI using fNIRS, opening the door to build adaptive user interfaces.
Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity

The relationship between accumulated exposure to different types of traumatic events (cumulative trauma) in childhood and the total number of different types of symptomatology reported (symptom complexity) in adulthood was examined in a sample of 2,453 female university students. There was a linear relationship between the number of trauma types experienced by participants before 18 and symptom complexity. This effect remained even when controlling for specific traumatic events, suggesting a generalized effect of cumulative trauma.
Protein‐Protein Interaction and Fat and Water Binding in Comminuted Flesh Products

The possible role of protein-protein interaction in influencing the water and fat binding capacity of comminuted flesh products was studied. Water and fat binding by meat batters diminish when temperatures exceed 16°C during comminution. The loss of binding capacity was partially reversible, and cooling the batters to 0°C by addition of dry ice and rechopping allowed a partial recovery of the fat and water binding capacity. A cause and effect relationship between the change in fat and water binding by meat batters on chopping and protein-protein interaction in actomyosin solutions was demonstrated. Protein-protein interaction results in molecular aggregation and when measured as an increase in light scattering absorbance at 320 nm by a protein solution, the reaction was shown to be reversible between 4 and 30°C. When actomyosin solutions extracted from meat samples showed reduced protein-protein interaction in the temperature range used in chopping, the batters made from these meats also showed the least loss in fat and water binding capacity with prolonged chopping. Controlling temperatures during chopping within a range where protein-protein interaction in actomyosin solutions was found to be minimal, allowed prolonged chopping without loss in fat and water binding.
Bulk and Interfacial Studies of a New and Versatile Semifluorinated Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer

This study introduces the phase diagram and interfacial characteristics of a novel lyotropic polymeric liquid crystal. The polymer consists of an α-methylstilbene mesogenic group bridged by a low interfacial energy perfluorocyclobutyl ring via flexible aryl ether linkages. The polymer, obtained by thermal cyclopolymerization of trifluorovinyl ether monomers, forms lyotropic lamellar mesophases over a wide range of temperatures and molecular weights. Mesophase behavior probed by optical microscopy, AFM, NMR, and X-ray scattering is detailed. The lamellae consist of longer chains, immersed in a solvent of smaller chains. The interfacial characteristics of these lyomesophases are affected by the low surface energy moiety. At the interface with glass, homeotropic alignment is observed. When cast into thin films, an additional periodicity on the nanometer scale has been detected. Thin films consist of spontaneously oriented bundles with characteristic length scale on 50 nm.
Is there any asymmetry in the effect of inflation on relative price variability

Abstract It is widely perceived that relative prices are more dispersed in periods of price decreases than in periods of price increases. We show that the asymmetry results from misspecifying the true, U-shaped, underlying model with a piecewise linear regression model.
Analysis of a GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector with 0.1- mu m finger spacing

The temporal response of a GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector with a finger spacing of 0.1 mu m is discussed. The intrinsic detector has a minor effect (25% increase) on the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the temporal response of the device and its parasitic circuit elements. The analysis indicates that a long time constant due to the decay of holes is solely responsible for this increase. The smallest FWHM for this detector is estimated to be less than 2.5 ps. >
Harmonic analysis of permanent magnet DC motors operated by chopper control circuits

A computer-aided 2-D finite-element method is used, in conjunction with chopper-machine system analysis and experimental work for verification purposes, to predict the chopper current and voltage waveforms of a permanent-magnet DC motor operated by a chopper control circuit. The armature current waveforms at different chopping frequencies are analyzed numerically, and harmonic contents are computed. Armature core losses due to distorted waveforms of flux densities resulting from the chopped armature current are obtained and compared with the core losses of the motor when it is supplied from a pure DC source at the same operating conditions. These results and their implications are discussed. >
Large Single-head Broccoli Yield as Affected by Plant Density, Nitrogen, and Cultivar in a Plasticulture System

An open-market window has been identified in Virginia for fall broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Vegetable producers using plasticulture systems can capitalize on this opportunity by growing broccoli as a second crop after summer vegetables. The objective of this project was to evaluate suitability of two broccoli cultivars, Everest and Gypsy, for the fall production of large single-heads (>6 inches in diameter) for the fresh market. Planting density and rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (25, 60, and 100 lb/acre N) effects on yield characteristics were evaluated in a plasticulture system during a 3-year study (2003–05) conducted with broccoli transplants at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Kentland Agricultural Research Farm near Blacksburg, VA. The percentage of large heads was cultivar, plant density, and N rate dependent. The midseason ‘Gypsy’ produced significantly higher total yield and head weight compared with the early-season ‘Everest’. The optimum density to maximize floret production per area was 12,500 plants/acre and a supplemental N rate of 100 lb/acre. This N rate significantly (P < 0.002) improved marketable yield, large head yield, and leaf N accumulation compared with the lower rates. The data indicate that the feasibility of growing fall broccoli using a plasticulture system depends on the number of large heads produced for the fresh market. This in turn will depend on the choice of cultivar, stand establishment, and the requirement for supplemental N fertilizer over the residual level available in the soil after the first crop.
A Review of the Mustelid-Infesting Fleas in the Family Ceratophyllidae (Insecta: Siphonaptera)

ABSTRACT The three ceratophyllid taxa known to contain specific ectoparasites of mustelid hosts of the genera Mustela Linnaeus, 1758, and Martes Pinel, 1792, are discussed. The subgenera Kueichenlipsylla Smit, 1983, Paracallopsylla Ioff, 1936, and Rosickyiana Smit, 1972, are elevated to generic status. Individual accounts include generic diagnoses, more detailed descriptions of both sexes, where available, and illustrations of diagnostic characters employed in separating the genera. A key is provided that separates both the genera and the species involved. These are: Kueichenlipsylla atrox (Jordan, 1925), known only from the Canadian Sub-Region of the Nearctic Region; Paracallopsylla kaznakovi (Wagner, 1928), restricted to the higher elevations of Central Asia; and Rosickyiana lunata (Jordan and Rothschild, 1920), known from a number of collections from western Europe, east to Alaska and central Canada. The status of these taxa is reviewed and their modified nomenclatural ranking proposed. New synonymy is...
Student Input and Negotiation of Meaning in ESL Writing Conferences

Research and practice in composition pedagogy suggest that student-teacher conferences play an important role in helping students become more effective writers. Many students, teachers, and researchers believe that conferences are valuable because they allow students to control the interaction, actively participate, and clarify their teachers' responses. This paper reports the results of a study that examined the degree to which these characteristics were present in conferences between one teacher and each of three students enrolled in an advanced ESL composition course. In addition, the study looked at the students' texts to determine how students dealt with the revisions discussed in the conferences and the role negotiation of meaning played in the success of such revisions. There were large differences in the degree to which students participated in the conferences and negotiated meaning. In addition, students who negotiated meaning made revisions in the following draft that improved the text. In contrast, when students did not negotiate meaning, even when they actively participated in the conference, they tended either not to make revisions or to make mechanical, sentence-level changes that often resulted in texts that were not qualitatively better than previous drafts.
Mu and delta receptors belong to a family of receptors that are coupled to potassium channels.

Abstract The effects of agonists at mu and delta opioid receptors were compared by measuring membrane currents under voltage clamp from neurons of the rat nucleus locus coeruleus and guinea pig submucous plexus. In each tissue, the appropriate selective agonist (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol for mu receptors in locus coeruleus or Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen for delta receptors in submucous plexus) increased the conductance of an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance and strongly hyperpolarized the membrane. The properties of the potassium conductance affected by the two opioids could not be distinguished. Experiments with intracellular application of guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate indicated that a guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein was involved in the coupling between opioid receptor and potassium channel, but there was no evidence for activation of either cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C. It is noted that a number of vertebrate neurotransmitter receptors are coupled to potassium channels. The potassium conductance associated with these channels has properties similar to the conductance activated by mu and delta opioids; this family includes the following receptors: acetylcholine M2, norepinephrine alpha 2, dopamine D2, 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT1, adenosine A1, gamma-aminobutyric acid GABAB, and somatostatin. It is suggested that this conductance is a conserved neuronal effector coupled to one of the receptor types that mediates the effects of each of several major transmitters. The mu and delta opioid receptors appear to be unusual in that both utilize this same effector mechanism.
Tight control of respiration by NADH dehydrogenase ND5 subunit gene expression in mouse mitochondria.

A mouse cell variant carrying in heteroplasmic form a nonsense mutation in the mitochondrial DNA-encoded ND5 subunit of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase has been isolated and characterized. The derivation from this mutant of a large number of cell lines containing between 4 and 100% of the normal number of wild-type ND5 genes has allowed an analysis of the genetic and functional thresholds operating in mouse mitochondria. In wild-type cells, similar to 40% of the ND5 mRNA level was in excess of that required for ND5 subunit synthesis. However, in heteroplasmic cells, the functional mRNA level decreased in proportion to the number of wild-type ND5 genes over a 25-fold range, pointing to the lack of any compensatory increase in rate of transcription and/or stability of mRNA. Most strikingly, the highest ND5 synthesis rate was just sufficient to support the maximum NADH dehydrogenase-dependent respiration rate, with no upregulation of translation occurring with decreasing wild-type mRNA levels. These results indicate that, despite the large excess of genetic potential of the mammalian mitochondrial genome, respiration is tightly regulated by ND5 gene expression.
Deep Brain Stimulation: the past, the present, and the future (P6.330)

OBJECTIVE: To compile a brief overview of history of deep brain stimulation, evolution, current therapeutic indications, and future applications.BACKGROUND: The use of electric stimulation for therapeutic purposes dates back to Roman society first using the electric ray as treatment for headaches around 500 AD. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries great advances were made in the field of neurology and neurosurgery to discover neural circuits and ways to modulate these for treatment of various neurologic diseases. Deep brain stimulation was one of these options initially used in an attempt to treat behavioral disorders and chronic pain. METHODS: We evaluated the past history, present utilization and future use of deep brain stimulation. RESULTS: Throughout 1960s and 1970s, DBS was being used for treatment of movement disorders including Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, psychiatric conditions, and epilepsy. In 1987 Benabid et al. reported the first successfully treated essential tremor with DBS with great efficacy and few safety concerns. From 1993 onwards DBS was frequently utilized for treatment of motor symptoms seen in Parkinson’s disease while decreasing the need for use of dopaminergic medications. It has also achieved great success in treating dystonia. In 2009, it was approved by FDA in the field of psychiatry for treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The future for DBS is vast with great potential in the management of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, Huntington’s disease, cognitive symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. It the field of psychiatry it may achieve great success in the treatment of refractory depression, Tourette syndrome and gambling. CONCLUSIONS: FDA has currently approved use of deep brain stimulation for treatment of essential tremor, Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder where it has acquired great achievement. The future of DBS is encouraging with a great potential to treat a wide array of diseases. Study Supported: None Disclosure: Dr. Davis has nothing to disclose.
Microfluidic device for simultaneous analysis of neutrophil extracellular traps and production of reactive oxygen species

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were first reported in 2004, and since their discovery, there has been an increasing interest in NETs, how they are formed, their role in controlling infections, and their contribution to disease pathogenesis. Despite this rapid expansion of our understanding of NETs, many details remain unclear including the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the formation of NETs. Further, to study NETs, investigators typically require a large number of cells purified via a lengthy purification regimen. Here, we report a microfluidic device used to quantify both ROS and NET production over time in response to various stimulants, including live bacteria. This device enables ROS and NET analysis using a process that purifies primary human neutrophils in less than 10 minutes and requires only a few microliters of whole blood. Using this device we demonstrate the ability to identify distinct capabilities of neutrophil subsets (including ROS production and NET formation), the ability to use different stimulants/inhibitors, and the ability to effectively use samples stored for up to 8 hours. This device permits the study of ROS and NETs in a user-friendly format and has potential for widespread applications in the study of human disease.