cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the PIM routing protocol with adaptive switching mechanism between its two sparse sub-modes

We present an extension of the classical PIM (protocol independent multicast) routing protocol, named PIM SWITCH, that allows PIM to dynamically switch between its shared tree sub-mode and shortest-path tree sub-mode. This extension enables PIM to better adapt to the changing networking environment. PIM SWITCH has been extensively, evaluated using our software tool MCS (multicast simulation) reported in a previous paper. Our simulation results reveal that PIM SWITCH performs well as expected with minimum overhead.
The impedance boundary condition for a one-dimensional, curved, metal surface

Abstract A coordinate-space integral relation between the value of the normal derivative of the magnetic component of a p-polarized electromagnetic field at a one-dimensional, curved metal/vacuum interface, and the value of the magnetic field itself at the interface, obtained by the use of Green's second integral identity, is transformed into a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind for the local surface impedance function connecting these two field quantities. The plane of incidence is assumed to be normal to the generators of the surface. This integral equation is solved analytically to yield the local surface-impedance function as an expansion in powers of the optical skin depth of the metal. The first three terms in this expansion obtained in earlier work are recovered, and the next term, the fourth, is obtained.
Effect of Sample Preparation on Basophilic Stippling in Bovine Blood Smears

The effect of sample preparation on the amount of basophilic stippling of erythrocytes (BSE) was studied using blood from a calf with chronic experimental lead poisoning. The combination of EDTA anticoagulation and rapid drying of the blood smear resulted in the most BSE. Alcohol prefixation reduced BSE. Wright-Leishman stain was better than Wright stain in demonstrating BSE.
Orchid micropropagation: the path from laboratory to commercialization and an account of several unappreciated investigators

Abstract A commonly held view is that the ideas and basis for the practice of orchid micropropagation arose de novo in 1960 from the work of Georges Morel in France. In this paper we argue that the crucial developments in micropropagation were made by Gavino Rotor in 1949 in the USA and Hans Thomale in 1957 in Germany, and that Morel's work needs to be seen in the context of a long line of research achievements in the in vitro culture of a wide range of explanted tissues and organs from plants of many species. A critical, historical, analysis of the events as they relate to clonal orchid multiplication is offered here. Two important technical innovations for orchid micropropagation—the use of activated charcoal to darken nutrient media and the adoption of liquid culture environments for part of the process—are examined in detail. In addition, an unusual US patent claiming invention of ‘a method for rapidly reproducing orchids’, especially cattleyas, is analysed. The origin of the micropropagation process claimed in this patent, said by the nominal inventor to go back as far as 1950, is discussed, but the claim remains unsubstantiated. Finally, consideration is given to the problems of adjudicating unequivocal priority for ‘discovery’ of a process as complicated and as broad as micropropagation.
Differential interaction of cholecystokinin with morphine and phencyclidine: effects on operant behavior in pigeons.

Abstract To extend previous operant research in rats with morphine and cholecystokinin (CCK), these two substances were given alone and in combination to pigeons. In one component of a multiple schedule, responding of pigeons (key pecking) was reinforced under a fixed-ratio (FR 50) schedule of food presentation. In the other component, responding had no programmed consequence (timeout). Each session consisted of four 10-min timeout components alternating with four 5-min FR components. In Experiment 1, cumulative dose-effect curves for morphine were obtained by giving an IM injection before each of four FR components; successive injections increased the cumulative dose by 1 4 log-unit steps. In general, as the cumulative dose of morphine increased, the overall response rate in each FR component decreased. Dose-dependent decreases in response rate also occurred when single noncumulative doses of CCK were administered alone 20 min prior to the start of the session. This effect of CCK alone diminished as the session progressed. When CCK was given as a pretreatment before cumulative doses of morphine, the morphine dose-effect curve for response rate shifted to the left. At intermediate doses of CCK, the “potentiation” was so complete that two of three subjects failed to respond during any of the four FR components (i.e., the dose-effect curve for morphine had shifted approximately 1 log-unit to the left). In order to evaluate the pharmacological specificity of this effect, cumulative doses of phencyclidine were administered in combination with CCK (Experiment 2). Unlike the interaction between morphine and CCK, the interaction between phencyclidine and CCK was reciprocal. After pretreatment with each dose of CCK, high doses of phencyclidine tended to produce smaller rate-decreasing effects than those obtained with phencyclidine alone. Moreover, low doses of phencyclidine attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of the higher doses of CCK in the initial FR components. The results of Experiment 1 extend the generality of previous findings in rats with morphine and CCK on schedule-controlled behavior, while the results of Experiment 2 indicate distinct differences in the way in which CCK interacts with morphine and phencyclidine.
Polarization mode dispersion spectrum measurement via high-speed wavelength-parallel polarimetry

We report experiments in which wavelength-parallel spectral polarimetry technology is used for measurement of the frequency-dependent polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector. Experiments have been performed using either a grating spectral disperser, configured to provide 13.6 GHz spectral resolution over a 14 nm optical bandwidth, or a virtually imaged phased array spectral disperser, configured for 1.6 GHz spectral resolution over a 200 GHz band. Our results indicate that the spectral polarimetry data obtained via this approach are of sufficient quality to permit accurate extraction of the PMD spectrum. The wavelength-parallel spectral polarimetry approach allows data acquisition within a few milliseconds.
Birational extensions in dimension two and integrally closed ideals

The aim of this paper is to examine, primarily from an algebraic point of view, the structure of a 2-dimensional normal local domain (S, n) which birationally dominates a 2-dimensinal regular local ring (R, m). From the geometric point of view, the sine qua non is Lipman’s paper [Lr] on rational singularities, for it follows from one of the early results in that paper that S has a rational singularity. Using elementary algebraic techniques we are able to recover much information concerning the structure of S. We have particularly focused on the fact (from Lipman [Ll] and Artin [Ar]) that S must have minimal multiplicity. We hope this approach will aid in understanding the algebra of rational singularities and in the exploration of many open questions in dimension two and in higher dimensions. The framework of the paper is set up as follows. In the first section we use basic algebraic techniques such as analytic independence and Zariski’s Main Theorem to prove, for example, that S has a regular height 1 prime if R/m is infinite. If S is not regular, we may assume that R is “maximally regular” in S and when this is the case we show, for instance, that the
Mapping noncapitalist supply chains: Toward an alternate conception of value creation and distribution

Organizational scholars pay insufficient attention to noncapitalist enterprises, which limits management theorizing. This article is based on a participatory action research project conducted in the town of Asbury Park in New Jersey, where community researchers attempted to map the solidarity economy of the region in order to promote a different kind of economic development. It presents the findings of the project, which involved investigating the economy and surveying collective forms of organizing in sectors such as agriculture and finance. Examining the well-developed Brazilian solidarity economy movement as contextual background, the lessons from that movement could prove useful to incipient US efforts. Using the findings of the Asbury Park project, the significance and implications of supply chains in sustaining alternative economies will be explored.
Structural motif of the GCN4 DNA binding domain characterized by affinity cleaving

The NH2-terminal locations of a dimer containing the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 have been mapped on the binding sites 5'-CTGACTAAT-3' and 5'-ATGACTCTT-3'. Affinity cleaving was effected by synthetic GCN4 proteins with Fe.EDTA moieties at the NH2-terminus. Analysis of the DNA cleavage patterns for dimers of the Fe.EDTA-proteins corresponding to GCN4 residues 222 to 281 and 226 to 281 revealed that the NH2-termini were in the major groove nine to ten base pairs apart and were symmetrically displaced four to five base pairs from the central C of the recognition site. This result is consistent with the Y-shaped scissor grip-leucine zipper model recently proposed for a class of DNA binding proteins important in the regulation of gene expression.
Online instruction about integration of science and mathematics with middle-grades teachers: Four years in and aiming for sustainability

Abstract The purpose of this article is to illustrate the model used to develop an online graduate program called iSMART (Integration of Science and Mathematics and Reflective Teaching) and discuss the changes made in the program over the past 4 years. Starting in 2009 as its preparation year, iSMART is a unique project aimed to provide an online master's program for middle-grade science and mathematics teachers in Texas and is currently working with its 4th cohort of teachers. The authors identify the necessary infrastructure and provide examples for others to consider as they take on similar challenges in developing sustainable online programs with practicing science and mathematics teachers.
Multi-level context-dependent acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition

In this paper, we propose a multi-level, context-dependent acoustic modeling framework for automatic speech recognition. For each context-dependent unit considered by the recognizer, we construct a set of classifiers that target different amounts of contextual resolution, and then combine them for scoring. Since information from multiple levels of contexts is appropriately combined, the proposed modeling framework provides reasonable scores for units with few or no training examples, while maintaining an ability to distinguish between different context-dependent units. On a large vocabulary lecture transcription task, the proposed modeling framework outperforms a traditional clustering-based context-dependent acoustic model by 3.5% (11.4% relative) in terms of word error rate.
Infrared study of the reactions between NO and CO and NO and H2 on a silica-supported Ru catalyst

Observations of the interactions of NO with CO and H/sub 2/ on a silica-supported Ru catalyst have been performed using infrared spectroscopy. The formation of an isocyanate species was found when NO reacted with preadsorbed CO. When NO and CO interacted with the surface simultaneously, N/sub 2/O and CO/sub 2/ were formed in addition to the isocyanate species. Mechanisms for the formation of the isocyanate structure, N/sub 2/O, and CO/sub 2/ are proposed and discussed. Results of the interaction of NO with hydrogen (as D/sub 2/) showed that adsorbed NO reacted with D/sub 2/ to produce species containing N-D and O-D bonds.
A FORTRAN IV program for the classification of volcanic rocks using the irvine and baragar classification scheme

Abstract The Irvine and Baragar classification of volcanic rocks is based on chemical composition and uses for the most part existing and accepted terminology. Volcanic rocks are classified by use of silica and alumina contents, AMF values, normative color index, An content of plagioclase, ratio of normative Or: Ab: An, and normative olivine. The computer program for the classification of a volcanic rock using the Irvine and Baragar technique is written in FORTRAN IV, and is divided into three sections: (1) preparation of the chemical analysis—the analysis is adjusted for excess ferrous iron and corrected for volatiles: (2) calculation of a molecular norm (Niggli-Barth Norm): and (3) classification of the volcanic rock according to the Irvine and Baragar scheme The program output indicates the major chemical group (subalkaline or alkaline), the chemical series (tholeiitic, calc-alkaline, and sodic or potassic alkaline rocks), and the rock name as well as the plot used to determine each label. This program using the Irvine and Baragar technique realistically and reliably can name a volcanic rock.
Enantioselective synthesis of tatanans A–C and reinvestigation of their glucokinase-activating properties

Tatanans A, B and C, members of a family of complex sesquilignan natural products, were recently reported to possess potent anti-diabetic, glucokinase-activating properties. Here, a convergent enantioselective total synthesis of these tatanans enabled by catalytic allylic dearomatization is described. Contrary to previous reports, biological assays show that tatanans A–C are not allosteric activators of glucokinase.
Pediatric interventional radiology: current practice and innovations

The purpose of this article is to provide an update of pediatric interventional procedures for the interventionalist, and especially for those who treat children infrequently. Most pediatric interventional procedures are modifications of techniques devised for adults, in that some are unique to pediatrics. These are stressed in the presentation.
Hyperalgesia onset latency suggests a hierarchy of action

Hyperalgesia onset latencies of inflammatory mediators were quantified by measuring the threshold of the nociceptive flexion reflex in the rat at 1 min intervals after intradermal injection. Prostaglandin E2 and 8(R), 15(S)-dihydroxyicosa-(5E,9,11,13Z)-tetraenoic acid induced hyperalgesia with short onset latencies, compatible with a direct action on primary afferent nociceptors. Bradykinin, norepinephrine and leukotriene B4 induced hyperalgesia with a significant delay in onset, compatible with their known indirect mechanisms of producing hyperalgesia. We propose that use of this approach, rapid frequent measurement of nociceptive threshold, can be used to determine the hierarchy of action of mediators in hyperalgesic mechanisms.
Calculation of subunit stoichiometry of large, multisubunit proteins from amino acid compositions.

Abstract The subunit stoichiometry of a large, multisubunit protein can be determined from the molar amino acid compositions (i amino acids) of the protein and its subunits. The number of copies of the subunits (1, 2, … j) is calculated by solving all possible combinations of simultaneous equations in j unknowns ( i! j!(i − j)! ). Calculations carried out using the published amino acid compositions determined by analysis and the compositions calculated from the sequences for two proteins of known stoichiometry provided the following results: Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (R6C6, Mr = 307.5 kDa), R = 5.6 to 6.6 and C = 5.8 to 6.3, and spinach ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (L8S8, Mr = 535 kDa), L = 7.3 to 9.1 and S = 5.6 to 10.6. Calculations were also carried out with the amino acid compositions of two much larger proteins, the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Mr = 5280 kDa, subunits E1 (99.5 kDa), E2 (66 kDa), and E3 (50.6 kDa), and the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris, Mr = 3760 kDa, subunits M (17 kDa), D1 (31 kDa), D2 (37 kDa), and T (51 kDa); the results for PDHase were E1 = 20 to 24, E2 = 18 to 31, E3 = 21 to 33 and those for Lumbricus hemoglobin were M = 34 to 46, D1 = 13 to 19, D2 = 13 to 18, and T = 34 to 36. Although the sample standard deviations of the mean values are generally high, the proposed method works surprisingly well for the two smaller proteins and provides physically reasonable results for the two larger proteins.
EAGLE: A regression model for fault coverage estimation using a simulation based metric

Evaluating the fault coverage of manufacturing tests has become a time-consuming process due to today's large and complex digital designs. The computation cost is even more pronounced in software-based self test, on-line test, and logic BIST schemes, which require fault simulation of sequential circuits. In this paper, we build a regression model for estimating stuck-at fault coverage. This model is built based on partial fault simulation along with a statistical metric, which is calculated by a single pass of fault-free simulation. Our results on ISCAS'85, ISCAS'89, and the OR1200 processor show that by only fault simulating 7.6% of the test vectors, on average, over 94% of the fault coverage bounds are estimated correctly.
Short-term soil nutrient impact in a real-time drain field soil moisture–controlled SDI wastewater disposal system

The Alabama Black Belt area is widespread of Vertisols that are generally unsuitable for conventional septic systems; nonetheless, systems of this type have been widely used in this region for decades. In order to explore alternatives for these conventional septic systems, a real-time soil moisture–controlled subsurface drip irrigation wastewater disposal system was integrated and field tested in a Houston Vertisol for 1 year. This automated disposal system effectively limited wastewater disposal during unfavorably wet drain field conditions. However, the resulting nutrient supply into the drain field was observed to be in surplus to crop growth requirements. Soil cores taken at the conclusion of the 1-year study indicated evidence of nitrate and phosphorus leaching. Available nitrates in the top 100 cm of soil showed a decreasing trend but were higher than all other parallel controls. Soil crop-available phosphorous in the soil increased below the drip line, as result that may be ascribed to soil cracking that was not properly controlled at the test site. Despite the demonstrated deficiencies, integrating timing of wastewater disposal with soil moisture conditions can supplement existing municipal or decentralized community wastewater treatment disposal systems.
The Electronic Properties Of Semiconductor Grain Boundaries

Grain boundaries play an important role in determining the operating characteristics of devices such as varistors and thin film solar cells and transistors. In the last several years detailed one-electron expressions have been developed for the transport coefficients of majority and minority carriers at grain boundaries. These theories have been successful in predicting the measured electrical properties of bicrystals in lightly doped silicon. The status of our understanding in this area will be reviewed in some detail. Recent extensions of these calculations which have been necessary to explain measurements on grain boundaries in degenerately doped GaAs will also be reviewed.
“Painful and Disabling Granuloma Annulare”: A Case of Munchausen by Proxy

We report the unusual case of a child who from age 6 received fourteen excisions and four grafting procedures in an attempt to control "painful and disabling granuloma annulare." Although the lesions were considered disabling by the mother, they were nontender on repeated examinations. A careful investigation revealed that the mother was falsely describing symptoms necessitating surgery so she could receive public housing and other benefits for parents with a disabled child. We believe this case should alert the clinician as to the extreme measures imposed on children in Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
Tolerance to Skin Homografts of Adult Mice after Parabiosis

SKIN grafts between mice of different inbred strains are invariably rejected within a few weeks. Hybrid (F 1) tissues transplanted to mice of either parental strain are also consistently rejected at the same rate if the parents differ at the H-2 histocompatibility locus1. This uniform incompatibility was not apparent when such hybrids were united in parabiosis with parental strain inbred mice. The most frequent result of such unions was the death of only the hybrid partner, usually within a month. Hybrid death in this period was characteristically preceded by a severe wasting disease, sometimes described as ‘parabiotic intoxication’2.
Hospitalist bed management effecting throughput from the emergency department to the intensive care unit.

Abstract Rationale Emergency department (ED) patients in need of an intensive care unit (ICU) admission are very sick. Reducing the length of time to get these patients into ICU beds is associated with improved outcomes. Objective To reduce the ED length of stay for patients requiring admission to the medical ICU or coronary care unit through the implementation of the “active bed management” (ABM) intervention. Methods A pre-post study design compared data from November 2006 to February 2007 with those from those same months in the prior year at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in Baltimore. The ABM intervention was carried out by hospitalist physicians and involved: (i) making triage decisions for patients to be admitted and facilitating their transfer from ED to the appropriate care setting and (ii) having proactive management of Department of Medicine resources, which included twice-daily ICU bed management rounds and regular visits to the ED to assess flow. Measurement Throughput time for patients presenting to the ED requiring ICU admission was analyzed. Main Results The ED census was higher during the intervention period as compared with the control period, 17 573 versus 16 148 patients. Throughput from ED to coronary care unit and medical ICU beds was reduced by 99 (±14) minutes (from 353 minutes in the control period to 254 minutes in the 4 months after the initiation of ABM, P Conclusion Conscientious management of hospital beds, in this case by hospitalist physicians providing ABM, can have a positive and substantial impact on the ED throughput of critically ill patients admitted to ICU beds. This efficiency is likely to positively have impacted on patient satisfaction and safety.
Partial deconvolution as a means of studying the limitations on resolution of spectra imposed by noise

Abstract The effect of a finite slit on measurement of spectra is represented by the convolution operation which is defined in terms of a polynomial of an elementary matrix. Partial deconvolution is rigorously defined on the basis of this development. Methods are developed for finding the optimal degree of convolution in order to find the best balance between resolution and magnification of noise in terms of a partial deconvolution. it is shown that the mathematical properties of slit functions are the factors leading to a “quasiperiodicity” of resolved noise. Various examples of known spectra are resolved after addition of noise or observation through a non-ideal slit. It is shown that foreknowledge of the existance of quasiperiodicity together with the properties of partial deconvolution can be used in a rapid and simple way in order to obtain a much improved effective final resolution of spectra.
Factor VIII Lacking the C2 Domain Retains Cofactor Activity in Vitro

Factor (F) VIII consists of a heavy chain (A1A2B domains) and light chain (A3C1C2 domains). The activated form of FVIII, FVIIIa, functions as a cofactor for FIXa in catalyzing the membrane-dependent activation of FX. Whereas the FVIII C2 domain is believed to anchor FVIIIa to the phospholipid surface, recent x-ray crystal structures of FVIII suggest that the C1 domain may also contribute to this function. We constructed a FVIII variant lacking the C2 domain (designated ΔC2) to characterize the contributions of the C1 domain to function. Binding affinity of the ΔC2 variant to phospholipid vesicles as measured by energy transfer was reduced ∼14-fold. However, the activity of ΔC2 as measured by FXa generation and one-stage clotting assays retained 76 and 36%, respectively, of the WT FVIII value. Modest reductions (∼4-fold) were observed in the functional affinity of ΔC2 FVIII for FIXa and rates of thrombin activation. On the other hand, deletion of C2 resulted in significant reductions in FVIIIa stability (∼3.6-fold). Thrombin generation assays showed peak thrombin and endogenous thrombin potential were reduced as much as ∼60-fold. These effects likely result from a combination of the intermolecular functional defects plus reduced protein stability. Together, these results indicate that FVIII domains other than C2, likely C1, make significant contributions to membrane-binding and membrane-dependent function.
A comprehensive evaluation of outcomes for inflammatory breast cancer

Objective Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) remains the breast malignancy with the worst prognosis. We sought to determine the effects of race, socioeconomic status and treatment on outcomes for women with IBC. Study design The Florida cancer registry, inpatient and ambulatory data were queried for patients diagnosed from 1998 to 2002. Results A total of 935 patients with IBC were identified (1.5% of all breast cancers). Overall, 83.1% were Caucasian, 13.9% African American (AA), and 15.7% Hispanic. The mean age of diagnosis was 57 years old. AA patients presented at a younger age, with higher tumor grade, and were less likely to undergo surgical therapy than their Caucasian counterparts. Median survival time (MST) for the entire cohort was 32 months, while MST for AA patients was 20 months. Patients who received chemotherapy before surgery, surgery without chemotherapy, and surgery before chemotherapy demonstrated an independent, significantly improved outcome in comparison to patients who underwent chemotherapy without surgical extirpation. The administration of radiation therapy did not demonstrate an improvement in survival. By multivariate analysis, AA race (HR = 2.19) and failure to provide surgery (HR = 2.3) were independent predictors of worse prognosis. No effect of poverty or ethnicity on outcome was observed. Conclusions IBC carries a poor prognosis for all patients with significantly worse outcomes for AA women. Multimodality therapy provided the best survival rates.
Asian immigration and American race‐relations: From exclusion to acceptance?

Abstract This article discusses some contributory factors to the dilemma that confronts Americans of Asian ancestries. This dilemma includes the neglect of this population in public forums on American minorities and the many barriers that prevent Asian Americans from participating fully in the social, economic, and political systems of the United States. A theoretical model that incorporates economic competition, cultural racism, and American nativism is proposed and used to examine historical and contemporary relations between Asian‐ and Euro‐Americans. Two examples illustrate the model's propositions: the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 and an analysis of self‐employment patterns among Asian Americans using 1980 census data. The article concludes that, while blatant exclusion of, and discrimination against, Asian Americans are matters of the past, the complete acceptance of Asians as Americans remains an elusive goal because of persistent cultural racism and nativism in American society.
Piecewise-smooth surfaces as the union of geodesic disks

We consider a question of G. Fejes Toth, whether the boundary of a convex body can be the union of three geodesic disks with disjoint interior.
Hypertension and atherosclerosis: Clinical implications from the ALLHAT trial

By failing to recognize the heterogeneity of hypertension, the authors of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) study used a faulty premise to conduct a poorly designed clinical trial. By failing to control blood pressures equally across study drug groups, ALLHAT cannot be considered to be a definitive comparative trial. Being neither a monotherapy trial nor a trial that initiated therapy for blood pressure control, ALLHAT provided no data to recommend first-line therapy for hypertension, making the conclusions invalid. Thiazide-type diuretics increase angiotensin II and consequently promote atherosclerosis and arteriolarsclerosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers retard atherosclerosis and are nephroprotective. Multiple randomized controlled trials show beneficial clinical outcomes, including cardioprotection and nephroprotection, with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. These agents, and not thiazide-type diuretics, should be used as first-line agents to retard the process of atherosclerosis and its clinical outcomes in the setting of arterial hypertension.
Spectroscopy of atoms confined to the single node of a standing wave in a parallel-plate cavity.

We have performed spectroscopy on sodium atoms that are optically channeled in the single node of a laser standing wave set up across a parallel-plate cavity. Using this technique we have extended our previous measurement of the Lennard-Jones van der Waals energy-level shift [Sandoghdar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3432 (1992)] down to a cavity width of \ensuremath{\sim}500 nm. We discuss the applications of this technique to the precise measurement of atom-surface distances. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
STUDIES OF PPLO INFECTION : V. INHIBITION OF LYMPHOCYTE MITOSIS AND ANTIBODY FORMATION BY MYCOPLASMAL EXTRACTS

Extracts of five arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas inhibit PHA-induced lymphocyte mitosis, while extracts of five glucose-utilizing mycoplasmas do not. Evidence is presented supporting the view that the inhibitory factor is the enzyme arginine deiminase. This enzyme inhibits the reactions of human lymphocytes to antigens as well as PHA, and the secondary production of antibody by rabbit lymph node fragments in vitro. Addition of enzyme to the cells several days after the initial mitotic or antigenic stimulus reduces, but does not abolish, further cellular activity. The production of serum proteins by hepatoma cells is totally unaffected by the mycoplasmal extract. It is concluded that arginine is an essential amino acid for the small lymphocyte, but not for the transformed cell nor for a number of other cell types. Suggestive evidence has been obtained that other enzymes similarly affect lymphocyte reactions.
Application of the coupled-cluster expansion to the correlation energy of electrons in two-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional systems

Abstract A recent application of the coupled-cluster expansion to the three-dimensional electron gas is extended to the investigation of the correlation energy of the two-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional electron gas. For the two-dimensional electron gas the correlation energy is evaluated over a range of rs from 0.5 to 16 using the ring terms of the T2-approximation. Results are also presented for the quasi-two-dimensional electron gas which imposes a finite thickness on the system and is representative of electrons in MOS inversion layers. Comparisons with the recent dielectric calculations of Jonson indicate the ring approximation to the coupled-cluster method to be more accurate in the quasi-two-dimensional case than in two dimensions. Possible methods for improving the results in the two-dimensional case are proposed.
Non-myopic strategies in prediction markets

One attractive feature of market scoring rules [Hanson, Information Systems Frontiers, 2003] is that they are myopically strategyproof: It is optimal for a trader to report her true belief about the likelihood of an event provided that we ignore the impact of her report on the profit she might garner from future trades. This does not rule out the possibility that traders may profit by first misleading other traders through dishonest trades and then correcting the errors made by other traders. In this paper, we describe a new approach to analyzing non-myopic strategies and the existence of myopic equilibria. We first use a simple model with two partially informed traders in a single information market to gain insight into the conditions under which different equilibrium behavior emerges. We prove that, under generic conditions, the myopically optimal strategy profile is not a weak Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) strategy for the logarithmic market scoring rule. We show that our results extend to multiple traders and signals. We propose a simple discounted market scoring rule that reduces the opportunity for bluffing strategies. We show that in any weak PBE, myopic or otherwise, the market price converges to the optimal price, and the rate of convergence can be bounded in terms of the discounting parameter.
No stranger to controversy

Policy Controversy in Biotechnology: An Insider's View by Henry I. Miller. R. G. Landes Company, Austin, TX, 1997, pp. 221. $69.95 (hardcover).
Exploring Correlates and Predictors of Stress in Parents of Children Who are Deaf: Implications of Perceived Social Support and Mode of Communication

Parenting stress has been linked to negative outcomes for both parents and children, including poor attachment, behavior problems, less positive parent–child interactions, and marital dissatisfaction. Given that parents of special needs children often experience excess stress, they may be susceptible to negative outcomes, thus investigations of protective factors are needed. We explored relationships among parenting stress, social support, mode of communication, and child cochlear implant status in parents rearing a deaf child or child with hearing loss. Findings of our exploratory study indicated that parents of children who use sign language only reported more support, while parents of children who use total communication exhibited less self-reported stress. Also, parents with children who use implants did not differ on any of the measures compared to parents of children without implants. Additional findings suggested that higher levels of perceived social support corresponded with lower stress among parents, however, receipt of supportive behaviors did not correlate significantly with parenting stress. In an overall model, perceived social support and mode of communication were significant predictors of parenting stress. Finally, enacted support predicted significantly life satisfaction in parents. Implications and limitations, as well as suggestions for future research, will also be offered.
Combining microdialysis, NanoLC-MS, and MALDI-TOF/TOF to detect neuropeptides secreted in the crab, Cancer borealis.

Microdialysis is a useful technique for sampling neuropeptides in vivo, and decapod crustaceans are important model organisms for studying how these peptides regulate physiological processes. However, to date, no microdialysis procedure has been reported for sampling neuropeptides from crustaceans. Here we report the first application of microdialysis to sample neuropeptides from the hemolymph of the crab, Cancer borealis. Microdialysis probes were implanted into the pericardial region of live crabs, and the resulting dialysates were desalted, concentrated, and analyzed by LC-ESI-QTOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Analysis of in vitro microdialysates of hemolymph revealed more neuropeptides and fewer protein fragments than hemolymph prepared by typical analysis methods. Mass spectra of in vivo dialysates displayed neuropeptides from 10 peptide families, including the RFamide, allatostatin, and orcokinin families. In addition, GAHKNYLRFa, SDRNFLRFa, and TNRNFLRFa were sequenced from hemolymph dialys...
The New Face of Puerperal Sepsis

Postpartum infections are still a problem in obstetrics, but the clinical concern has switched from gram–positive to gram–negative pathogens. Suggestions are given for rescheduling morbidity rounds in obstetrics and reemphasizing microbiologic techniques necessary to increase the yield of anaerobic cultures. Prevention of postpartum infections by positive antepartum and intrapartum measures is stressed. Therapy requires an accurate diagnostic work–up. An awareness of the types of organisms recovered from various sites of infection will help guide appropriate antibiotic selection.
Inhibitors of animal cell-free protein synthesis from grains

We described earlier the purification and properties of a protein (tritin) from wheat that enzymatically inhibits translation in cell-free systems from animals but not plants. In this report, we have examined 11 additional grains (Family Gramineae) and three other seeds for the presence of tritin-like proteins. In addition to wheat species, barley, oats, rye, triticale and corn were found to be sources of inhibitor; no inhibitor could be detected in rice, millet, sesame, alfalfa, mung bean or common bean seeds. The inhibitors from barley and rye were purified and found to differ from tritin with respect to heat inactivation, although they are similar to tritin with respect to molecular weight, behavior during purification and specific activity. The inhibitor from corn was purified and found to differ from tritin with respect to heat inactivation and molecular weight, although it is similar to tritin in behavior during purification and specific activity. These inhibitors constitute 2-17% of the total extractable protein in these grains. Thus, wheat, barley, rye and corn can serve as convenient sources of a family of closely related inhibitors of protein synthesis which, when conjugated with lectins, antibodies, or hormones, could prove useful as chimeric toxins.
Exploring the mathematical knowledge for teaching geometry and measurement through the design and use of rich assessment tasks

While recent national and international assessments have shown mathematical progress being made by US students, little to no gains are evident in the areas of geometry and measurement. These reports also suggest that practicing teachers have traditionally had few opportunities to engage in content learning around topics in geometry and measurement. This article describes a set of assessment tasks designed to measure teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching geometry and measurement in a nuanced way. The tasks, focused on relationships between measurable quantities of figures, adhere to three key design principles: Tasks are grounded in the context of teaching, measure common and specialized content knowledge, and capture nuanced performance beyond correct and incorrect answers. Six tasks are presented that reflect these design principles, with teacher data illustrating the ways in which the tasks differentiate performance and reveal important aspects of teacher knowledge.
Anterograde Intussusception Following Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Intussusception is a rare but worrisome cause of bowel obstruction in patients following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. When intussusceptions is discovered in the general adult population, most often there is a “lead-point”; however, following bariatric procedures, this may not be true. There appears to be an increased incidence of this condition in open compared to laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedures. Intussusception is often difficult to diagnose, especially in this population. Symptoms and signs can be very vague, and even computed tomography may not be accurate in diagnosing this condition. A high index of suspicion is required to successfully diagnose intussusception, and treatment often requires exploration and bowel resection. Herein, we report a case that follows several of these trends and suggests other possible contributions to intussusception. We also review other cases of intussusception after laparoscopic gastric bypass reported in the literature.
A novel framework for detecting maximally banded matrices in binary data

Binary data occurs often in real‐world applications ranging from social networks to bioinformatics. As such, extracting patterns from binary data has been a fundamental task of data mining. Recently, the utility of banded structures in binary matrices has been pointed out for applications such as paleontology, bioinformatics, and social networking. A binary matrix has a banded structure if both the rows and columns can be permuted so that the 1s exhibit a staircase pattern down the rows, along the leading diagonal. Natural interpretations of banded structures include overlapping communities in social networks, patterns of species occurring in spatially correlated sites, and overlapping roles of genes in various diseases. In this paper, we show the correspondence between formal concept analysis and banded structure; as a direct result of this correspondence a novel framework for discovering banded structures is presented. Utilizing the framework, the MMBS algorithm (mine maximally banded submatrices) is developed. The current state‐of‐the‐art algorithm, MBS, only allows for the discovery of a single band and assumes a fixed‐column permutation. On the other hand, MMBS facilitates the discovery of multiple bands that may possibly be overlapping or segmented. Our experimental results, presented here, clearly indicate the advantage of MMBS over MBS with both, synthetic and real datasets. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 431‐445, 2010 © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual roles of NRF2 in tumor prevention and progression: Possible implications in cancer treatment

The cap'n'collar (CNC) family serves as cellular sensors of oxidative and electrophilic stresses and shares structural similarities including basic leucine zipper (bZIP) and CNC domains. They form heterodimers with small MAF proteins to regulate antioxidant and phase II enzymes through antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated transactivation. Among the CNC family members, NRF2 is required for systemic protection against redox-mediated injury and carcinogenesis. On the other hand, NRF2 is activated by oncogenic pathways, metabolism, and hypoxia. Constitutive NRF2 activation is observed in a variety of human cancers and it is highly correlated with tumor progression and aggressiveness. In this review, we will discuss how NRF2 plays dual roles in cancer prevention and progression depending on the cellular context and environment. Therefore, a better understanding of NRF2 will be necessary to exploit this complex network of balancing antioxidant pathways to inhibit tumor progression.
Solving nonlinear equations of harmonic elimination PWM in power control

A method of obtaining the exact solution to the nonlinear equations for eliminating several lower-order harmonics in the output voltage of a PWM inverter is illustrated. This procedure permits the widespread use of this technique in the entire frequency range in power control.
Mechanics of light weight proppants: A discrete approach

Abstract The computational and experimental assessment of light-weight proppants are undertaken to identify their effectiveness and efficiency to replace sand enlisted in hydraulic fracturing treatments in oil or gas well operations. A mixture of ground-nut-shells, aluminum or ceramic particles are shown to reduce the viscosity of the fracturing fluid while increasing its resistance to compression. Herein explicit dynamic finite element method is implemented to study quasi-static compression of a proppant pack where each granule (particle) is modeled individually. Various mixtures of hard and soft particles are investigated as a function of shape, size and inter-particle friction. The particle interactions clearly illustrate changes in pore space as a function of pressure, mixture composition and friction. The pressure vs displacement response of a proppant pack reflects strong dependence on mixture composition and initial particle configuration and has been compared with the test data. Friction leads to higher porosity by limiting particle rearrangement. Models reveal that softer rock with a mixture of hard and soft particles inhibit flowback but may decrease the pack permeability.
Plasma Thyreoglobulin (Tg) in hypothyroid children under L. Thyroxine therapy (L.T.)

In order to determine Tg value in 1) reevaluation of classification of hypothyroidism and 2) follow-up of patients under L.T. plasma Tg and FT4 were determined in 42 blood samples obtained from 21 hypothyroid children under L.T, divided in 2 groups according to the thyroid scans ; group I: athyreosis (n=8) and group II : ectopic or hypoplastic eutopic gland (n=13). Tg concentrations were measured by RIA (lower limit of detection : 3 ng/ml ; sensitivity : 2 ng/ml) after screening for Tg antibodies. In group I, Tg was undetectable in 11 blood samples obtained from 6 patients, but significant levels of Tg (5.5 to 34 ng/ml) were found in 5 blood samples from 2 patients with negative 123.1 thyroid scan, indicating the presence of some thyroid tissue. In group II, Tg was detected in 20 of the 26 blood samples, mean (± S D) being statistically not different than in controls (14.32 ± 11.5 and 18.12 ± 9.9 ng/ml respectively). However, Tg levels were significantly lower (9.75 ± 7.8 ng/ml) during excess L.T (FT4 = 43.6 ± 14.5 pmol/l) than during normal (FT4 = 17.4 ± 2.02 pmol/l) or insufficient L.T (FT4 = 8.18 ± 3.19 pmol/l), plasma Tg being respectively 15.18 ± 10.6 and 16 ± 13.6 ng/ml). In conclusion, 1) Tg is of value in reevaluation of classification of hypothyroidism when significant levels are found in so-called "athyreosis" and 2) Tg is of no value in determining the accurate dosage of L.T in hypothyroid children.
Analyzing attrition in a community-based literacy program

Abstract Attrition presents a challenge for research, especially when it affects groups differentially. The present study used the strategy proposed by Cook and Campbell (1979) to investigate attrition in a community-based literacy program. The relationship of attrition to person-centered and program-centered variables, and the interactions between person-centered and program-centered variables were examined in 287 Head Start families. Thus, data from this program were used to illustrate methods for examining attrition and determine its effects. This examination revealed differences among the intervention groups in the pattern of attrition. There were interactions between intervention program-centered characteristics and person-centered characteristics of the participants that could affect the validity of the study and limit the generalizability of the results. Suggestions for dealing with these problems and preventing attrition are discussed.
Modeling seismic P-Waves with cellular automata

Cellular automata are arrays of discrete variables that follow local interaction rules and are capable of modeling many physical systems. A successful recent application has been in fluid dynamics, in which the Navier-Stokes equations are solved by creating a model in which space, time, and the velocity of particles are all discrete. Acoustic waves can be obtained from these fluid models when perturbations of the idealized fluid are small. Because seismic P-waves can be approximated by the acoustic wave equation, cellular automata can be adapted for seismic wave computations. This study shows how to model P-waves in two dimensions by using a modified form of the cellular-automaton rules for fluids. Propagation, reflection, and the computation of synthetic seismograms are demonstrated. Because no arithmetic calculations are needed and each lattice site can be updated simultaneously, this method is well-suited for implementation on massively parallel computers. Among the many potential advantages are unconditional stability, no round-off errors, and the possibility for devising novel approaches for modeling waves in inhomogeneous media.