cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review Essay: Legal Thought in Enlightenment's Wake

This review essay considers Steven D. Smith’s most recent book, The Disenchantment of Secular Discourse. Rather than focusing on the book’s argument about the practices and pathologies of the public square, this essay uses Smith’s chapter on scientific thought as a platform for exploring connections between Disenchantment and Smith’s prior work in legal theory. The catalyst for these reflections is Scandinavian legal realism. Considering these elements together sheds light on both the limits and virtues of central ideas about legal obligation and authority in contemporary jurisprudence. Such perspective points to a broader argument that jurisprudential debates about methodology and concepts may be as much about how we read the universe as they are about how we understand law.
Level density of Co-57

Levels in [sup 57]Co have been studied in the region of resolved levels ([ital E][lt]5.5 MeV) with measurements of the [sup 57]Fe([ital p],[ital n])[sup 57]Co neutron spectrum with resolution [Delta][ital E][similar to]5 keV. Seventeen previously unknown levels are located. Level density parameters in the continuum region are deduced from thick target measurements of the same reaction and additional level density information is deduced from Ericson fluctuation studies of the reaction [sup 56]Fe([ital p],[ital n])[sup 56]Co. A set of level density parameters is found which describes the level density of [sup 57]Co at energies up to 14 MeV. Efforts to obtain level density information from the [sup 56]Fe([ital d],[ital n])[sup 57]Co reaction were unsuccessful, but estimates of the fraction of the deuteron absorption cross section corresponding to compound nucleus formation are obtained.
Grumpy & Pinocchio: Answering Human-Agent Negotiation Questions through Realistic Agent Design

We present the Interactive Arbitration Guide Online (IAGO) platform, a tool for designing human-aware agents for use in negotiation. Current state-of-the-art research platforms are ideally suited for agent-agent interaction. While helpful, these often fail to address the reality of human negotiation, which involves irrational actors, natural language, and deception. To illustrate the strengths of the IAGO platform, the authors describe four agents which are designed to showcase the key design features of the system. We go on to show how these agents might be used to answer core questions in human-centered computing, by reproducing classical human-human negotiation results in a 2x2 human-agent study. The study presents results largely in line with expectations of human-human negotiation outcomes, and helps to demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the IAGO platform.
The Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on Lower-Body Resistance Detraining in College-Age Women.

ABSTRACTPurpose: This study explored the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) using accelerations of 2.56 g to 7.68 g on lower-body detraining. Methods: All participants (N = 20) were trained using a lower-body resistance-training program for 30 min twice per week from Week 0 to Week 6. At the end of the program, they were randomly assigned to a control group that performed no further training or a WBV group that performed a progressive static WBV program. Data for the 5-repetition-maximum (5RM) squat and extensors and flexors of the knee and ankle were collected at Weeks 0, 6, 8, 10, and 12 for all participants. Results: Two-way (condition vs. time) analysis of variance revealed that although the WBV group maintained strength in the 5RM from Week 6 through Week 8 and the control group had a lower 5RM in Week 8 from Week 6, no differences in the 5RM squat existed between the groups at Week 8. Two-way factorial multivariate analysis of variance revealed no differences between the groups at any of the time ...
Predictive modeling of plasmas for gaseous plasmonics

The electromagnetic response of a resonant cavity in the presence of plasma discharges is studied, and a model to predict the formation of microwave pulses is developed using fluid plasma simulations and analytic microwave theory. Results for a 14 GHz rectangular cavity partially filled with plasma are then presented from both the model and from experiment as validation. Experimental results are shown to have good agreement with predicted values. It is seen that microwave pulses are generated with widths and delays as short as 1 μs during the plasma discharge decay and pulses with widths and delays as short as hundreds of ns during the plasma discharge ionization. Lastly, comparison is made with a simplified analysis by assuming a uniform plasma cylinder, which is shown to have reasonable agreement given enough fitting parameters.
Extrabiotic Replication and Self-Assembly

Experimental studies of self-replicating organic molecules are described, and the use of synthetic replicators to study the effects of environmental stresses and recombination is defined. Complementarity and self-complementarity of size, shape, and chemical surface are shown to influence this behavior. In addition, molecular capsules are assembled from self-complementary pieces. It is intended ultimately to combine the capsules with self-replicating molecules.
REJOINDER TO JONATHAN SMITH, RESEARCH NOTE ON SHUN 舜

In his Research Note, “Shun 舜 and the Interpretation of Early Orthographical Variation,” in this issue of Early China, Jonathan Smith made several claims about the early evolution of the graph 舜, in particular suggesting that it should be identified with the graph lin 粦 that occurs in certain Western Zhou bronze inscriptions. While showing that these claims are ill-supported, I nevertheless concur in the identification with the bronze-inscriptional graph, but show that the word being written is 濬 ~ 浚 “deep, profound” and in no way connected with lin 粦.
Enhancing Cell Viability and Efficiency of Plasmid DNA Electrotransfer Through Reducing Plasma Membrane Permeabilization.

Background: Pulsed electric field has been widely used to facilitate molecular cargo transfer into cells. However, the cell viability is often decreased when trying to increase the electrotransfer ...
Cartographic Mapping Driven by High-Performance Computing: A Review

Cartography and geovisualization allow for the abstraction and transformation of spatial information into visual presentations that facilitate our understanding of geographic phenomena of interest. However, cartographic mapping, which are central in cartography and geovisualization, often faces a computational challenge when spatial data become massive or the algorithms that process these data are complicated. In this chapter, I conduct a review to investigate the use of high-performance computing in the domain of cartography and geovisualization. The review focuses on major cartographic mapping steps, including map projection, cartographic generalization, mapping methods, and map rendering. Further, specific challenges facing cartography and geovisualization are discussed by focusing on big data handling and spatiotemporal mapping.
NAFLD and Insulin Resistance: A Multisystemic Disease

NAFLD is an emerging metabolic disease that is affecting almost 25% of the world population. NAFLD is more prevalent in obese subjects or in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) where the prevalence is much higher. The pathophysiology of NAFLD is still not completely understood. However, alteration in both glucose and lipid metabolism, mainly because of impairment in insulin action (i.e., insulin resistance) and insulin secretion, is among the major causes of hepatic fat accumulation (steatosis) and its progression to more severe liver disease including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this chapter, I reviewed the current knowledge on insulin resistance in NAFLD and its impact on the metabolic cross talk among liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
Meaningful Work: Rethinking Professional Ethics

As usually understood, professional ethics consists of shared duties and episodic dilemmas: the responsibilities incumbent on all members of specific professions, together with the dilemmas that arise when these responsibilities conflict. This book challenges that "consensus paradigm," rethinking professional ethics to include personal commitments and ideals, including many not mandatory for all members of a profession. Taking these personal commitments seriously expands professional ethics to include neglected issues about moral psychology, character an the virtues, self-fulfillment and betrayal, and the interplay of private and professional life.
Non-ergodic Ground-Motion Models for Crustal Earthquakes in Georgia

A sparse data set consisting of 33 local strong-motion recordings from earthquakes with magnitudes between 4.0 and 7.1 and distances between 8 and 190 km is used to develop an initial non-ergodic ground-motion model for the Georgia Republic for spectral acceleration at T = 0.2 s. The non-ergodic adjustments capture the local differences in the linear site effects and linear path effects. The non-ergodic GMMs have reduced aleatory variability along with shifts (increases or decreases) to the median ground motion for a given site/source pair. For sites in central Georgia, there is some local data to constrain the shift in the median ground motion from the base ergodic GMM. For sites far from the available local ground-motion data, such as the Enguri dam site, there is larger epistemic uncertainty in the shifts to median. In this case, the reduced aleatory variability will be offset by the larger epistemic uncertainty. Although there is large uncertainty, the advantage of using the non-ergodic approach in regions with sparse local ground-motion data is that the large epistemic uncertainty range is properly quantified and it shows the potential change to the hazard that can be expected as local ground-motion data are collected.
Comparison of Different Beamforming-Based Approaches for Sound Source Separation of Multiple Heavy Equipment at Construction Job Sites

Construction equipment performance monitoring can support detecting equipment idle time, estimating equipment productivity rates, and evaluating the cycle time of activities. Each equipment generates unique sound patterns that can be used for equipment activity detection. In the last decade, several audio-based methods are introduced to automate the process of equipment activity recognition. Most of these methods only consider single-equipment scenarios. The real construction job site consists of multiple machines working simultaneously. Thus, there is an increasing demand for advanced techniques to separate different equipment sound sources and evaluate each equipment’s productivity separately. In this study, six beamforming-based approaches for construction equipment sound source separation are implemented and evaluated using real construction job site data. The results show that Frost beamformer and time-delay Linear Constraint Minimum Variance (LCMV) generate outputs with array gains of more than 4.0, which are more reliable than the other four beamforming techniques for equipment sound separation.
Risk of adverse pathological features for intermediate risk prostate cancer: Clinical implications for definitive radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND Intermediate risk prostate cancer represents a largely heterogeneous group with diverse disease extent. We sought to establish rates of adverse pathological features important for radiation planning by analyzing surgical specimens from men with intermediate risk prostate cancer who underwent immediate radical prostatectomy, and to define clinical pathologic features that may predict adverse outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1552 men diagnosed with intermediate risk prostate cancer who underwent immediate radical prostatectomy between 1/1/2005 and 12/31/2015 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included available preoperative PSA level, pathology reports of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, and radical prostatectomy. Incidences of various pathological adverse features were evaluated. Patient characteristics and clinical disease features were analyzed for their predictive values. RESULTS Fifty percent of men with high risk features (defined as PSA >10 but <20 or biopsy primary Gleason pattern of 4) had pathological upstage to T3 or higher disease. The incidence of upgrade to Gleason score of 8 or higher and the incidence of lymph node positive disease was low. Biopsy primary Gleason pattern of 4, and PSA greater than 10 but less than 20, affected adverse pathology in addition to age and percent positive biopsy cores. Older age and increased percentage of positive cores were significant risk factors of adverse pathology. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the importance of comprehensive staging beyond PSA level, prostate biopsy, and CT/bone scan for men with intermediate risk prostate cancer proceeding with radiation in the era of highly conformal treatment.
Learning Tableau: A Data Visualization Tool

This article describes a tutorial for learning to use Tableau Public, which is free, powerful, and widely used software for data visualization. Data literacy is an important component of undergraduate research projects. This paper introduces an exercise that teaches the fundamental Tableau concepts and commands needed to create charts and graphs, assemble them, and tell a story of patterns observed in data. Our approach is to imbed the instructions and explanations within a Tableau file. In this way the student is reading directions and explanations, and dragging and dropping objects in the same file. From experience, we have found this to be a more intuitive way to learn than having the instructions in an external file, such as “.doc” or “.pdf”. To motivate the exercise, we chose the gender pay gap, and we use data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The paper has a link to the question file and the answer file for the Tableau exercise.
FDG PET CT for the evaluation of desmoid tumors in children and young adults

2194 Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of FDG PET CT scanning for the evaluation and management of children and young adults with desmoid tumors (aggressive fibromatosis). Methods 37 PET-CT scans were performed in 11 patients (8 male, 3 female; ages 5-20 years, median 14) with biopsy proven desmoid tumors. After an overnight or minimum 4hr fast, patients received intravenous injection of 0.15mCi/Kg (minimum 2.0, maximum 12.0 mCi) F-18 FDG . Approximately one hour later, after the patient voided, image acquisition began with CT scan for attenuation correction and lesion localization. The CT was followed by emission imaging using a GE Discovery LS PET-CT scanner in 2D mode at 5 minutes per bed position. In 9 patients, image were obtained from the top of the head through the toes with the arms at the side. In one patient, images were acquired from the top of the head to mid-thighs, and in one from the axilla to the upper thighs. Both PET and CT images were reviewed and interpreted both qualitatively and semiquantitatively. Results Six of the 11 patients had FDG-avid tumors (2 at initial diagnosis, 4 after incomplete resection/biopsy). SUVmax ranged from 1.6 to 10.8. In patients who received radiotherapy, tumor uptake declined to background levels with successful treatment. Five patients with negative studies had no evidence for residual tumor. Conclusions FDG PET CT is a useful adjunct to the management of patients with desmoid tumors, defining metabolic activity and helping to determine response to treatment. Multi-institutional reporting of experience with this rare tumor may add additional information regarding the value of this technique that could lead to a prospective investigation
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Privileges and Immunities of American Citizenship

This exhaustively researched book presents the history behind a revolution in American liberty: the 1868 addition of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It follows the evolution in public understanding of 'the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States', from the early years of the Constitution to the election of 1866. For 92 years nothing in the American Constitution prevented states from abridging freedom of speech, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or denying the right of peaceful assembly. The suppression of freedom in the southern states convinced the Reconstruction Congress and supporters of the Union to add an amendment forcing the states to respect the rights announced in the first eight amendments. But rather than eradicate state autonomy, the people embraced the Fourteenth Amendment that expanded the protections of the Bill of Rights and preserved the Constitution's original commitment to federalism and the principle of limited national power.
The spatial and temporal underpinnings of social distance

To what extent do people anchor thoughts about social relationships in terms of space and time? Three studies used drawing and estimation tasks to further explore the conceptual structure of "social" distance. In the three studies, participants read short narratives, drew what they imagined happening during the narrative, then estimated both time and distance. In general, results suggest that the conceptual structure of social relationships is linked to thought about space in terms of path drawing and temporal estimation, but not absolute distance estimation. Results are discussed in terms of mental simulation and intercharacter interaction.
Invariants and stability of control systems with transcritical and saddle-node bifurcations

State feedback control of bifurcations with quadratic or cubic degeneracy is addressed. Based on normal forms and invariants of nonlinear control systems, the classification of bifurcations for systems with a single uncontrollable mode is obtained. Using invariants, characterizations of stability are derived for a family of bifurcations, including saddle-node bifurcation and transcritical bifurcation in this paper. Bifurcations in systems under feedbacks which are not zero at the critical point are also addressed. In the case of a saddle-node bifurcation, continuous but not differential feedbacks are introduced to remove the bifurcation and to achieve the stability.
The risk of overanticoagulation with antibiotic use in outpatients on stable warfarin regimens.

The benefits of warfarin are well established but offset by the risk of major hemorrhage, which occurs at 2.2% rate per year, with a 13% case fatality rate.1 Bleeding may occur at therapeutic international normalized ratios (INR) but is much more likely to occur as the INR rises beyond therapeutic levels.2,3 Antibiotic interactions are recognized as a major cause of overanticoagulation.4–8 However, few data on the incidence of this interaction and the degree to which it induces changes in the INR are available, so we investigated this interaction in a population of acutely infected, otherwise stable outpatients for 3 commonly used antibiotics—azithromycin, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX).
Decision making in online searching

A set of methods and results is offered for characterizing how people make decisions in the course of using computerized databases. In general, their performance resembles that revealed in studies of decision making in other contexts. In particular, people are only moderately sensitive to the likelihood of their succeeding, being overconfident for all but the easiest of tasks. These results are discussed in the context of previous research in information science and decision science, and with regard to their implications for the design of databases and the adaptation of users to them. © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Robust 3-D Reconstruction System for Human Jaw Modeling

This paper presents a model-based vision system for dentistry that will assist in diagnosis, treatment planning and surgical simulation. Dentistry requires the accurate 3-D representation of the teeth and jaws for diagnostic and treatment purposes. The proposed integrated computer vision system reconstructs a 3-D model of the patient’s dental occlusion using an intra-oral video camera. A modified shape from shading (SFS) technique, using perspective projection and camera calibration, extracts the 3-D information from a sequence of 2-D images of the jaw. Data fusion and 3-D registration techniques develop the complete jaw model. Triangulization is then performed, and a solid 3-D model is obtained via rapid prototyping. The system performance is investigated using ground truth data, and the results show sub-millimeter reconstruction accuracy. The system is shown to be robust in terms of speed and accuracy compared to current practices.
Advances in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated kidney diseases

Despite improved outcomes among persons living with HIV who are treated with antiretroviral therapy, they remain at increased risk for acute and chronic kidney diseases. Moreover, since HIV can infect renal epithelial cells, the kidney might serve as a viral reservoir that would need to be eradicated when attempting to achieve full virologic cure. In recent years, much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism by which HIV infects renal epithelial cells and the viral and host factors that promote development of kidney disease. Polymorphisms in APOL1 confer markedly increased risk of HIV-associated nephropathy; however, the mechanism by which ApoL1 variants may promote kidney disease remains unclear. HIV-positive persons are at increased risk of acute kidney injury, which may be a result of a high burden of subclinical kidney disease and/or viral factors and frequent exposure to nephrotoxins. Despite the beneficial effect of antiretroviral therapy in preventing and treating HIVAN, and possibly other forms of kidney disease in persons living with HIV, some of these medications, including tenofovir, indinavir, and atazanavir can induce acute and/or chronic kidney injury via mitochondrial toxicity or intratubular crystallization. Further research is needed to better understand factors that contribute to acute and chronic kidney injury in HIV-positive patients and to develop more effective strategies to prevent and treat kidney disease in this vulnerable population.
Infrared divergences, radiative corrections, and bremsstrahlung in the presence of a thermal-equilibrium radiation background.

The theory of infrared radiative corrections is generalized to include a blackbody radiation background. Although ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ divergences appear now, proper inclusion of stimulated transitions in both the virtual- and real-photon contributions leads to the elimination of all divergences, and yields a temperature-dependent asymmetric energy-loss spectrum which is flat in the origin. This spectrum is the convolution of the known spontaneous-emission spectrum with an analytic spectrum describing stimulated transitions, and is calculated explicitly. Thus, 1/f noise is background invariant.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada, and National Agricultural Chemicals Association Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database

Abstract The Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database has been developed to provide generic pesticide worker (i.e., applicator) exposure estimates. The dermal and inhalation exposure estimates generated by the system are based on actual field monitoring data, which are reported genetically (i.e., not chemical specific). The Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database provides a much larger number of observations than are available from a single exposure study when conducting exposure and risk assessments. The exposure data in the system have been reviewed for scientific integrity and are graded based on analytical quality assurance. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is currently using the Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database for the pesticide registration/reregistration process. The major limitation of the system is the insufficient amount of data. To increase the utility of the database, the Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database Task Force is currently updating the system with an additional 50 exposure studie...
Intracellular injections of a soluble sperm factor trigger calcium oscillations and meiotic maturation in unfertilized oocytes of a marine worm

How sperm trigger activating calcium transients in eggs remains a central, unresolved question in fertilization biology. To determine if a soluble sperm factor can generate a fertilization-like calcium response in the absence of sperm-egg binding, aqueous extracts of sperm from the nemertean wormCerebratulus lacteuswere mixed with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dyes and injected into unfertilized, metaphase-I-arrested oocytes. Based on confocal imaging analyses, unfertilized oocytes that had been injected with sperm extract routinely produced oscillating Ca2+waves and resumed meiotic maturation in a manner that closely resembled normal fertilization. Calcium oscillations and maturation were typically lacking in control oocytes that had been (i) injected with buffer alone or with buffer containing added calcium, (ii) given external treatments of the sperm factor, or (iii) injected with extracts made from cells other than sperm. Boiling or protease treatment essentially abolished the potency of the sperm extract, and nonboiled extracts retained full activity in >10-kDa fractions, but not in <10-kDa fractions. Collectively, such findings suggest that the sperm ofC. lacteuspossess a soluble protein that can bypass oolemmal surface receptors to act within the ooplasm as a trigger of repetitive Ca2+waves and meiotic maturation. Results obtained in this study are discussed with respect to the minimum amount of extract needed for egg activation and whether the oscillogenic substance is sufficiently concentrated in a single sperm to play a biological role during fertilization.
Modeling of Nonlinear Metamaterials

We report the results of a study to model the behavior of nonlinear metamaterials in the microwave frequency range composed of arrays of split-ring resonators combined with nonlinear circuit elements. The overall model consists of an array of coupled damped oscillators whose inter-element coupling is a function of signal amplitude, similar to that which exists in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam system. [8] We note the potential occurrence of classical nonlinear effects including parametric coupling, FPU recurrence and chaos. These effects lead to nonlinear waves on the array which are a type of soliton particular to the form of nonlinearity that has been incorporated. We have studied, in particular, the nonlinear effects that arise from tunnel diodes embedded in the resonant circuits. We carry out simulations of the resulting circuit frequency response.
On a Dynamic Programming Approach to the Caterer Problem---I

In this paper, it is shown that the “caterer” problem, a problem in mathematical economics and logistics which has been discussed by Jacobs, Gaddum, Hoffman and Sokolowsky, and Prager, can be reduced to the problem of determining the maximum of the linear form, subject to a series of “triangular” constraints in the form of inequalities, under an assumption concerning the non-accumulation of dirty laundry. This maximization problem is solved explicitly, using the functional equation technique of dynamic programming.
Oncocytoma of the upper conjunctival fornix

Oncocytomas are tumors characterized by large, eosinophilic epithelial cells with abundant mitochondria that form ductular or glandular spaces. While these tumors have been described in other organs, those of the ocular adnexa occur infrequently, with the caruncle being the most common site of involvement. Conjunctival oncocytomas are extremely rare and are believed to arise from the ductal elements of the lacrimal gland proper and the accessory lacrimal glands of the conjunctiva. We describe the clinical and histological features of a case of an oncocytoma presenting as an atypically located superior fornix mass in a 78-yearold female, with a review of the literature.
A mathematical programming approach to identification and optimization of a class of unknown systems

There exists a class of decision problems for which: (1) models of input-output response functions are not available in a closed-form, functional representation; (2) informational costs associated with learning about the response function are significant. For these problems, combining identification with optimization using mathematical programming is potentially attractive. Three approaches to the identification-optimization problem are proposed: an outer-linearized approximation using relaxation (OLR); an inner-linearized approximation using restriction (ILR); and a sequential combination of inner- and outer-linearized subproblems (SIO). Algorithms based on each approach are developed and computational experience reported.
A case-control study of dietary intake and other lifestyle risk factors for hyperplastic polyps

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite the high prevalence of the hyperplastic polyp, little is known about its etiology. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between diet and other lifestyle factors and the presence of colorectal hyperplastic polyps. METHODS: Information on diet and other known or suspected risk factors for colorectal cancer or adenoma was collected among 81 subjects with hyperplastic polyps and 480 controls. RESULTS: The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for hyperplastic polyps for individuals in the upper vs. the lower quartile was 0.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.88) for dietary fiber, 0.32 (95% CI, 0.11-0.96) for dietary calcium, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.27-2.95) for total fat, and 2.02 (95% CI, 1.05-3.91) for alcohol consumption. Compared with individuals in the lower category, those in the upper category of body mass index had a higher risk for hyperplastic polyps (OR, 4.50; 95% CI, 1.84-10.97). Cigarette smoking was associated with a higher risk (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.02-3.81 for > 20 pack-years vs. never), whereas an inverse association was seen for use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.12-0.67 for once per day or more vs. never). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperplastic polyps share common lifestyle risk factors with colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. (Gastroenterology 1997 Aug;113(2):423-9)
Targeting oncogene dependence and resistance

Our expanding experience with imatinib mesylate provides instructive lessons on the power and pitfalls of targeted therapy. The often impressive initial clinical responses seen with imatinib in a variety of malignancies inevitably give way to the emergence of resistant disease. Recent findings reveal several mechanisms of resistance and suggest ways to overcome them.
Hispanic Students and the Gates Millennium Scholarship Program: Promising Results Extending to the Third College Year

Financing college is increasingly difficult for many college students and it can be especially difficult for low-income students. Using data from the Gates Millennium Scholarship Program, this study provides a portrait of the 1st and 3rd year experiences of a sample of both high achieving Hispanic scholarship recipients and non-recipients. Applying Nora, Barlow, and Crisp's Student/Institution Engagement Theoretical Model (2005), we show how freedom from the stressors of paying for college enables students to become more engaged in academics and campus leadership activities even as we control for equally high levels of ability and involvement prior to college entry.
The numerical evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals via the fast Fourier transform

The numerical evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals is largely based on quadrature rules of primitive or Gauss-type which provide accurate solutions for selected points of the abscissae. An alternative method is proposed whereby the Cauchy principal value integral is expressed first as the Hilbert transform of the density functionf(t), then as an expression which involves sine and cosine transforms of f(t) which can be evaluated with the fast Fourier transform (FFT). An example is considered which compares the FFT method with Ivanov's and Laguerre quadrature methods, and it is shown that although the quadrature methods obtain accurate solutions, they are relatively inefficient if solutions are sought at numerous locations along the abscissae.
Acceleration of nitrogen ions to 7.4 gev in the princeton particle accelerator.

Nitrogen ions in charge states N5+ and N6+ have been accelerated in the Princeton Particle Accelerator to 4 and 7.4 billion electron volts (Gev), respectively. An external N5+ beam of 1 x 106 particles per second has been obtained and focused to a 6-millimeter-diameter spot. The N6+ beam was about 2 x 105 particles per second. The total charge-changing collision cross section of N5+ in water vapor was determined as a function of ion energy. The improvement in vacuum necessary to increase the N5+ beam at least tenfold was calculated. The N6+ total cross section is probably smaller than that of N5+ at the higher energies.
The past, present, and future of renal xenotransplantation

Patient 1. A 23-year-old female school teacher was referred to the Tulane Medical School in New Orleans, Louisiana, 32 years ago, because of chronic glomerulonephritis and progressive uremia. Her history included acute glomerulonephritis at age 14 and persistent proteinuria thereafter. She had been asymptomatic until three months prior to admission, when she experienced weakness and dizziness. Physical examination was unremarkable, apart from a blood pressure of 190/120mm Hg. Laboratory studies showed BUN, 184 mg/dl; creatinine, 40 mg/dl; and creatinine clearance, 4 mI/mm. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly and was managed by peritoneal dialysis. In 1963, a living-related or cadaveric renal transplant was not an option for her management, and chronic dialysis facilities were unavailable locally. Faced with these limitations in management of several patients, the physicians in charge, Keith Reemtsma and Oscar Creech, had begun a transplant program using chimpanzee kidney donors. Selection of the donor was based on body size and blood typing of the donor and recipient (chimpanzees are either blood type A or 0), and on January 13, 1964, the patient received a chimpanzee xenograft. She was given azathioprine (300 mg/day), actinomycin C (200 mg/day), and prednisone (50 mg/day) before the surgery. Using general anesthesia, the surgeon removed en bloc both donor kidneys, ureters, and adjacent segments of aorta and vena cava after anticoagulation and irrigation. The aorta and vena cava were joined to the recipient's external iliac artery and vein, respectively, in an end-to-side anastomosis. The renal ischemia time was about 40 minutes. Postoperatively, the patient was maintained on azathioprine (300—400 mg/day), steroids (50—75 mg/day), plus four doses of aetinomycin C (400 mg) and X-irradiation (200 rads) to the graft over the week post transplantation (Tx). Urine output was 7000 ml within 24 hours post surgery. By day 3, the BUN had fallen from 116 mg/dl before the surgery to 12 mg/dl; the serum creatinine dropped from 21 mg/dl before the surgery to 0.9 mg/dl; the
An advanced location information management scheme for supporting flexible service provisioning in reconfigurable mobile networks

The evolution of third-generation mobile communications networks has nominated the requirements for flexible service provisioning, intelligent and customized charging, as well as location-aware service and data management as key enablers for the support of new advanced service offerings to mobile users. Our work is related to the design and implementation of a flexible service provisioning and reconfigurability management middleware for third-generation systems and beyond. The article focuses especially on the location-related features and functionality of our architecture, discussing the interactions required to accomplish location- and mobility-aware user profiling, service deployment and discovery, as well as charging and billing.
Lymphocytic vasculitis involving the central nervous system occurs in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease in the absence of Epstein-Barr virus infection.

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an immunodeficiency caused by defects in the adaptor molecule SAP. The manifestations of XLP generally occur following Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and include fulminant mononucleosis, hypogammaglobulinemia and lymphoma. In this report, we describe two unrelated patients with fatal T cell-mediated central nervous system vasculitis for whom repeated serologic and molecular testing for EBV was negative. In both patients, clonal T cell populations were observed, but neither demonstrated evidence of lymphoma. Thus, loss of SAP function can lead to dysregulated immune responses characterized by the uncontrolled expansion and activation of T cells independent of EBV infection.
A study of comparative antihemophilic factor levels in fresh frozen plasma in vitro and in vivo.

The stability of AHF in fresh frozen plasma stored at −30 C. was found to be the same for plasma stored in glass containers, silicone-coated or plastic containers. Less than 24 per cent of the original AHF was lost during storage for periods up to 126 days. Shaking the plasma during thawing was shown to have a deleterious effect on the AHF activity. The rate of loss of AHF activity from plasma kept at room temperature after thawing was rapid, regardless of the nature of the storage vessel. In vivo experiments demonstrated good correlation between AHF levels in fresh frozen plasma and the actual rise in AHF activity of a patient with severe hemophilia.
Good principle, wrong target—An extension of “Token economies come of age”

In a recent article in Behavior Therapy , Atthowe discussed the treatment institution as an on-going social system. Toward that end, he indicated that the goals of the institution may oftentimes be at odds with those of the behavior modifier. Accordingly, Atthowe indicated that the treatment milieu should then be shaped to accept and desire the program. Although these are salient issues, it is our contention that behavior modifiers must now turn outside the confines of their institutional walls in seeking acceptability. Evidence is presented, documenting in detail, the lack of governmental and public support for behavior modification research. A behavioral analysis framework is presented as a means of increasing acceptability and support in the community-at-large.
Current Issues in Transplant Infectious Diseases

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) represents a significant ad-vance in medicine and currently represents the preferred treat-mentformostpatientswithend-stageorganfailure.SOTresultsin improved quality and quantity of life for more than 25,000patientseachyearintheUnitedStates[ 1].Significantadvancesin the potency of immunosuppressive agents, improvement insurgicaltechniques,andexpandeduseofantimicrobialprophy-laxis have resulted in greater patient and graft survival ratesover time [2]. Despite these advances, infections remain aleading cause of morbidity and mortality among transplantrecipients [2–4]. Likewise, hematopoietic stem cell transplan-tation(HSCT)hasmadegreatstridesincuringmanypreviouslyincurable malignancies. Although improvements to the trans-plantation process, use of prophylaxis and screening measures,and employment of supportive care have decreased the infec-tious complications of HSCT, they remain a serious threat togood patient outcomes [5].To address these significant challenges to successful trans-plantation,thefieldoftransplantinfectiousdiseases(TID)hasgrowntobeanintegralpartofallmajortransplantprogramsinthe developed world. TID experts have advanced transplanta-tion by defining the epidemiology of the infectious complica-tions of both SOT and HSCT. BK virus nephropathy andnovovirus gastroenteritis, for example, have recently beenrecognizedtobesignificantcausesofgraftfailureandchronicdiarrhea, respectively. Most significant, the knowledge ofposttransplant infections is being applied to develop and im-plementnovelantimicrobialsforthepreventionandtreatmentof these complications. These advances are having a mean-ingful impact in reducing the frequency and severity ofposttransplant infections and improving outcomes associatedwith SOTand HSCT.For this issue, we invited leaders in the field of TID tosummarize the advances in recent research that have resultedin improved understanding of the epidemiology, prevention,and management of the specific infections.Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are an emergingthreat in SOT. While it has long been recognized that trans-plantpatientsareamongthehighestriskgroupsforbecomingcolonized and developing serious infections, the frequencywith which MDROs cause infection in transplant recipientshas increased significantly in the past several years. GopiPatel, Meenakshi M. Rana, and Shirish Huprikar from theIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have detailed ourunderstanding of the mechanism of resistance, the riskfactors for acquiring MDRO infections, and the optimalstrategies for preventing acquisition of and treating thesechallenging infections.Immunomodulatory agents are increasingly used in trans-plant and other specialties to minimize inflammation andimprove graft survival and to minimize the symptoms andimpact of a number of immune-mediated diseases, includingpsoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and multiple sclero-sis.These agentscause specificdefects in theimmunesystemthat result in enhanced risk of infectious complications, par-ticularly the reactivation of latent infections in the host.
Nicotine reverses consolidated long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region

Long-term potentiation (LTP) has a memory-like consolidation period during which it becomes progressively stabilized. However, it is unknown how the consolidation is achieved. The present study demonstrates that nicotine reverses stabilized LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region, providing the first evidence that consolidated LTP can be reversed. The nicotine-induced reversal appeared to work by reversing cellular processes involved in stabilizing LTP, as LTP was readily induced again after reversal. The effect of nicotine was mediated, in large part, via desensitization of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), as an alpha7 nAChR-selective antagonist mimicked the nicotine effect. A non-selective N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist completely abolished the nicotine-induced reversal, whereas an NR2B-containing NMDAR-selective antagonist had no effect. Furthermore, both the protein phosphatase 1/protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor okadaic acid and the protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) inhibitor cyclosporin A blocked the nicotine-induced reversal. Taken together, our results suggest that the reversal of stabilized LTP depends on the activation of NR2A-containing NMDARs and dephosphorylation. Thus, the consolidation of LTP appears to be the interruption of signaling leading to NR2A-containing NMDAR-dependent activation of protein phosphatases, which can be circumvented by nicotine-induced signaling. LTP induced in chronic nicotine-treated hippocampi contained a component that is immune to reversal, and thus acute nicotine was no longer effective to reverse consolidated LTP. These results demonstrate the differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine exposure on the cellular processes that are potentially involved in learning and memory.
Difluoramination of Heterocyclic Ketones: Control of Microbasicity

Difluoramination of a tetrahydro-1,5-diazocine-3,7(2H,6H)-dione to the corresponding 3,3,7,7-tetrakis(difluoramino)diazocine was achieved by a judicious choice of protecting group. Arenesulfonyl protecting groups for the diazocine nitrogens proved superior to acetyl during the slow disruption of the transannular bridge in 9-oxa-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane intermediates by difluorosulfamic acid. While a 1,5-ditosyl derivative failed to proceed beyond the product of addition of difluoramine to one ketone carbonyl (hemiaminal 6), the use of 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl as the protecting groups lowered the nitrogens' basicities below that of the oxygen site in the dione and intermediates, allowing the reaction to proceed to a gem-bis(difluoramino)diazocine product (11). A safer procedure for handling difluoramine is described.
Limits of mitral valve apparatus distensibility: observations from balloon mitral valvotomy in a canine model.

7. Kloster F. Diagnosis and management of complications of prosthetic heart valves. Am J Cardiol 1975;35:872. Kotler MN, Mintz GS, Panidis I, Morganroth J, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of normal and abnormal prosthetic valve function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;2:151. Wilkins GT, Gillam LD, Kritzer GL, Levine RA, et al. Validation of continuous-wave Doppler echocardiographic measurements of mitral and tricuspid prosthetic valve gradients: a simultaneous Doppler-catheter study. Circulation 1986;74:786. Hatle L, Angelsen B. Doppler ultrasound in cardiology. Philadelnhia: Lea & Febieer. 1985:97. Weinstein IR, Marbarge; JP, Perez JE. Ultrasonic assessment of the St. Jude’s prosthetic valve: M mode, twodimensional, and Doppler echocardiography. Circulation 1983;68:897. Holen J, Simonsen S, Froysaker T. An ultrasound Doppler technique for the noninvasive determination of the pressure gradient in the Bjork-Shiley mitral valve. Circulation 1979;59:436. Kurzrok S, Singh AK, Most AS, Williams DO. Thrombolytic therapy for prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis. J Am Co11 Cardiol 1987;9:592.
THE COEFFICIENT OF CONCORDANCE AND THE Q‐SORT TECHNIQUE

Under the assumption of random assignment of scores, Kendall's coefficient of concordance and its sampling distribution are applied to rectangular Q-sorts. F, normal, and chi square approximations and their limits of application are described.
Comparative effectiveness of endovascular versus surgical revascularization for acute lower extremity ischemia

Objective Thrombolysis and open surgical revascularization are current options for the treatment of acute limb ischemia (ALI). Despite the several randomized controlled trials comparing the two options, no single treatment can yet be recommended as a universal initial management of ALI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate contemporary endovascular and surgical revascularization for ALI. Methods Consecutive patients with ALI treated with endovascular revascularization (ER) or open revascularization (OR) between 2005 and 2011 were identified and reviewed. Procedural success and outcomes were compared between the two groups. Limb salvage and survival were assessed by time-to-event methods, including Kaplan-Meier estimation and competing-risks regression models. Results A total of 154 limbs were treated in 147 patients in the ER group, compared with 326 limbs in 296 patients in the OR group. The mean follow-up was 14 ± 18.5 months. The majority of patients presented with Rutherford II ischemia (83% for OR, 90% for ER). In Rutherford II patients, technical success was achieved in 90.7% of the OR group vs 79.9% of the ER group ( P = .002), with amputation rates of 10.0% vs 7.2% ( P = .35) at 30 days and 16.3% vs 13.0% ( P = .37) at 1 year, respectively. In Rutherford II patients with failed bypass graft, technical success rate was 95.0% (OR) vs 75.0% (ER) ( P = .001), whereas the amputation rate was 6.3% vs 15.38% ( P = .13) at 30 days and 24.1% vs 23.1% ( P = .90) at 1 year, respectively. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 13.2% (OR) and 5.4% (ER) ( P = .012). Overall amputation rates were 13.5% (OR) vs 6.5% (ER) at 30 days ( P = .023) and 19.6% (OR) vs 13.0% (ER) at 1 year ( P = .074). The primary patency rate was 57% (OR) and 51% (ER) at 1 year ( P = .74). Predictors of limb loss by life-table analysis included coronary artery disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.0; P = .007) and Rutherford category III (HR, 19.0; P P P P = .005), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 1.61; P = .005). Conclusions In patients presenting with class II ALI, ER or surgical OR resulted in comparable limb salvage rates. Although technical success is higher with OR for patients presenting with failed bypass grafts, the amputation rates are comparable. Overall mortality rates are significantly higher at 30 days and 1 year in the OR group.