cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Driver-Assistance Lateral Motion Control for In-Wheel-Motor-Driven Electric Ground Vehicles Subject to Small Torque Variation

Electric ground vehicles driven by in-wheel-motors (IWMs) have control flexibility of easily generating external yaw moment, which is effective for vehicle lateral motion control without interfering driver steering maneuvers. However, IWMs small torque variation may introduce undesired yaw moment that causes vehicle trajectory drifts and affects lateral motion. This paper proposes a driver-assistance lateral motion control method specifically considering IWMs small torque variation. In driving conditions where a driver steering maneuver is not expected, the controller compensates for small torque variation to reduce the driver workload. However, for driving conditions that require steering input from the driver, the controller assists the driver to maintain the path when there is a tendency of lane departure. A gain-scheduling robust controller is designed to deal with a time-varying parameter and system uncertainty. The weighted ${H_\infty }$ performance and eigenvalue placement technique are employed to derive a suitable feedback gain. CarSim simulations are conducted to illustrate the control effectiveness for compensating small torque variation and prevent lane departure. Furthermore, human-in-the-loop tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the designed controller for human drivers. Both simulation results and human driving simulator tests show that the proposed controller can assist drivers with vehicle lateral motion control under different driving conditions subject to IWMs small torque variation.
Young man presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Clinical introduction A man in his early 30s with remote history of a febrile rash as a toddler presented to the emergency room following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest while riding his bicycle. He received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and one shock from an automatic external defibrillator, successfully restoring sinus rhythm. On arrival, he was haemodynamically stable without ECG evidence of ST segment changes to suggest active ischaemia, and an initial troponin I was mildly elevated at 0.10 ng/mL (normal Question What is the next best step in the management of this patient at this time? Complete revascularisation via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Referral for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Initiation of high-dose steroids. Initiation of dual-antiplatelet therapy without planned revascularisation.
An Experimental Study of Human Decisions in Sequential Information Acquisition in Design: Impact of Cost and Task Complexity

An important type of process-level decisions in design is information acquisition decisions which includes deciding whether to acquire information about a concept, which concepts to test, whether to run simulations or conduct experiments, etc. To improve design processes, it is important to understand how individuals make these decisions under different problem and process settings. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to understand which strategies individuals follow during sequential information acquisition, and how various factors such as cost and task complexity impact their strategies. Towards this objective, a behavioral experiment involving the function optimization task is conducted using student subjects, and Bayesian inference is performed to estimate the closeness of the subjects’ decisions to predictions from different decision models.
Investigation of environmental justice analysis in airport planning practice from 2000 to 2010

Abstract Municipal airport owners and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regularly evaluate capacity and demand to decide if and when airports need more infrastructure. New infrastructure can alter the profile of noise, emissions, and land use, which may affect the quality of life for airport-adjacent communities. When the FAA and airport owners initiate infrastructure expansion, they must conduct environmental justice analysis to measure the distribution of negative externalities on nearby communities. This research investigates the environmental justice methodologies and narratives reported in planning documents for nineteen airport capacity expansions planned or deployed from 2000 to 2010 in the United States. The mixed-methods approach analyzes airport operations data, spatial demographic data, and planning artifacts to determine whether the environmental justice analyses were robust. This research proposes alternative metrics, the ‘Risk of disproportionate impact’ and ‘Capacity strain’, to further contextualize the presence of protected population groups alongside capacity needs. The main finding of the study is that the planning documents did not consistently detect environmental justice impacts, nor did they consistently confer importance to those impacts when high proportions of protected populations were detected. As a result, the social costs of collective airport expansion are unclear and likely underestimated. This study identifies two limitations that undermined the environmental justice analysis throughout the airport sample: (1) inconsistent methodological choices impeded the detection of impacts and, (2) narrative interpretations tended to ‘null’ the finding even when impacts were detected.
High sensitivity troponin values rapidly rule-out myocardial infarction and allow for ed discharge in a higher risk patient population compared to contemporary practice

The multicenter High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I (hs-cTnI) study (HIGH-US) reported a 1 hour hs-cTnI algorithm in the Emergency Department (ED) rule-out rate of 50.4% for AMI (negative predictive value 99.7%) and 30 day incidence of AMI/death of 0.2%. We sought to determine factors associated
Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is the most widespread and economically important virus disease of cereals. The viruses causing BYD were initially grouped based on common biological properties, including persistent and often strain-specific transmission by aphids and induction of yellowing symptoms. The severity and distribution of BYD infections are dependent on the sensitivity of host plants and meteorological conditions that favor movement and reproduction of vector aphids. Initially the viruses causing BYD were considered strains of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and named after their principal aphid vectors. With the advent of serological detection techniques and nucleotide sequence analysis, the viruses were separated into two genera, Luteovirus and Polerovirus, within the family Luteoviridae. Currently, these species, BYDV-MAV, BYDV-PAS, BYDV-PAV, BYDV-RMV and BYDV-SGV, and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS) and CYDV-RPV are recognized. BYDVs and CYDVs share a common particle morphology (nonenveloped 25 nm icosahedra), with virus particles composed of one major and one minor capsid protein and a single molecule of positive-sense single-stranded RNA. BYDVs and CYDVs genomic RNAs are about 5.6 kbp in length and contain five to six open-reading frames (ORFs). The ORFs are expressed through multiple strategies, including frameshifting, leaky scanning, termination codon readthrough, and long-distance RNA–RNA interactions. Even though capsid proteins of BYDVs and CYDVs are highly conserved, RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of the BYDVs and CYDVs are distantly related evolutionarily.
Urban-rural divide in foodborne illness in China: what can we learn from the socioeconomic factors?

# Background China’s urban-rural divide, though still improving, can be seen from various sectors of the economy. The objective of this study is to explore how socioeconomic factors in and across both urban and rural areas explain the occurrence of foodborne illness in China. Over the last decades, food safety laws and regulations have been established in China, but more understanding about the food safety issues are needed in order to eliminate food safety hazards. # Methods This study intends to estimate several panel data models in econometrics to obtain the average partial effects of many socioeconomic factors in and across urban and rural areas on per capita foodborne incidents and patients, respectively. Given the fractional nature of the two dependent variables, fractional probit models are estimated using both the Quasi Maximum Likelihood Estimation (QMLE) and the bootstrap Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) approaches in addition to the standard estimation of panel data random effects, fixed effects, and Tobit models. China official data on foodborne incident and patient cases in each province and in each year from 2011 to 2018 are obtained from various issues of the China Health Statistical Yearbook. Additional data on 19 socioeconomic variables are obtained from various issues of the China Statistical Yearbook. # Results The main results show that socioeconomic factors such as owning TVs, owning refrigerators, consumption expenditures and household income in urban or rural areas explain the per capita foodborne incidents or per capita foodborne patients differently, reflecting differences in people’s food safety awareness, food storage patterns, food markets, and income effects in the urban and rural areas. Socioeconomic factors such as urbanization and primary industry’s share of the gross regional product across areas tend to worsen the food safety problem. Improving regional economies and increasing government spending on public health could reduce the occurrence of foodborne illness. # Conclusions It is suggested that governments take into account the social disparities of urban and rural areas when designing and implementing food safety policies. It is also suggested that a holistic approach is needed to resolve food safety issues by combining food safety control and management policies with soil and water management policies.
Creeping flow induced by a spinning sphere including couple stresses

The problem of the creeping flow field induced by a spinning sphere including couple stress effects is studied analytically. The solution turns out to be somewhat more complex, in an algebraic sense, than the problems of a uniformly translating sphere or a sphere in a shear flow. By the same token, the spinning sphere problem should provide more information regarding rheological parameters and boundary conditions employed in couple stress theories. The solution for the boundary condition of no slip of rotation is written out in full detail. An interesting feature of the solution is that it is necessary to employ a non solenoidal (in fact, irrotational) component in the “inherent angular velocity” or “spin velocity” field to properly satisfy the boundary conditions.
A cross-sectional survey of fertility knowledge in obstetrics and gynecology residents.

To evaluate fertility knowledge among current Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB-GYN) residents using a recently published validated instrument, the Fertility and Infertility Treatment Knowledge Score (FIT-KS). OB-GYN residents in the United States were recruited through an email to all residency coordinators nationwide. They were asked to voluntarily respond to a short questionnaire including demographic information and the FIT-KS instrument, through an online survey platform. Of approximately 5000 OB-GYN residents in the country, 177 responded. The sample was 91% female, with 69% between the ages of 26 and 30. Participants evenly represented all 4 years of training. Mean FIT-KS score was 21.2 (73% correct; range 17–26). No statistically significant differences were noted across the level of training. Several knowledge gaps were noted. Residents could define the common assisted reproductive technologies; however overestimated their success rates per cycle. Substantial gaps exist in fertility knowledge among OB-GYN residents, with understanding of male fertility and success rates of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) being particularly limited. Knowledge of fertility does not change throughout residency training, demonstrating consistent gaps in fertility knowledge. Knowledge during post graduate year (PGY)-1 year is consistent with mean scores found in prior research in Internal Medicine residents (65%), as well as a cohort of female medical students and obstetrics and gynecology residents and fellows (64.9%) (Fertil Steril 108:711-7, 2017; Fertil Steril 110:e239, 2018).
The Virtual Patient and Family Advisory Council in the COVID-19 Era.

Background: In 2016, we launched our first Patient and Family Advisory Council (PFAC) as a means of collaborating with our patients and families to improve care. Using an Internet-based remote meeting technology, we transitioned to a virtual platform in April. Methods: We have conducted 12 PFAC meetings across 4 sites to date. Virtual PFAC meeting topics over the past few months include communication about the coronavirus, community resources needed by patients during the pandemic, telehealth visit troubleshooting, current office policy, and changing work flow. A convenience sample of advisors generated qualitative responses on the transition from in-person meetings to a virtual platform. Results: Attendance increased as we transitioned to a virtual platform from 13.2 advisors to 14.7 advisors. Advisors affirm the value of a PFAC and importance of patient engagement, especially during this pandemic. Patient advisors confirm the role of patient voice in pandemic-induced practice changes. Discussion: The transition of our PFACs to a virtual platform continues to generate critically important partnerships between patients and providers. In this time of health care uncertainty and stress for patients, providers, and staff, this partnership remains our most valuable asset. Conclusion: Patient voice provides reliable and relevant information for practices through virtual PFAC meetings.
An interactive platform to track global COVID-19 epidemic

This project built a world-wide database of coron-avirus cases, which helps to model the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and to identify policy and social factors that impact the spread of COVID-19. Four essential tasks are implemented: 1) build a comprehensive database of coronavirus cases world-wide; 2) visualize the heatmap of confirmed cases for each country, provide detailed spreading trends for each countries and comparison among countries; 3) collect tweets about COVID-19 in real-time and extract people's daily concern flow; 4) integrate breaking news such as first confirmed/death case in each country. This demo will provide decision-makers with accurate data-driven representations in an easy to understand format that enables them to make more timely and cost-effective preparation and response plans.
Multiple Wind Speed Forecast Using Simple Recurrent Unit

In the traditional wind speed forecast of a general wind farm, this farm is often regarded as a whole for point forecasting, and only a single wind speed forecast result is given in a large spatial scale. However, wind turbines are distributed in diverse locations in the wind farm, and wind speeds are often different. Therefore, this paper comes up with a model to forecast the wind speeds of multiple wind turbines by learning the potential relationship between wind speed time series and wind direction time series. First, wind direction feature is preprocessed by trigonometric function. Subsequently Simple Recurrent Unit (SRU) is designed to learn the temporal correlation information. Wind speed and trigonometric wind direction form a three-dimensional feature matrix. Compared with other Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), SRU can greatly reduce the computational cost. Therefore, SRU is used to extract the dynamic information of characteristic data of multiple wind turbines in a wind farm over time. The simulation results with the real data prove that compared with the existing forecast methods using temporal correlation feature, the method not only significantly reduces the computational cost, but also improves the accuracy of forecast.
A dual mechanism for intrinsic f0.

Abstract Vowel-intrinsic fundamental frequency (IF0), the phenomenon that high vowels tend to have a higher fundamental frequency (f0) than low vowels, has been studied for over a century, but its causal mechanism is still controversial. The most commonly accepted “tongue-pull” hypothesis successfully explains the IF0 difference between high and low vowels but fails to account for gradient IF0 differences among low vowels. Moreover, previous studies that investigated the articulatory correlates of IF0 showed inconsistent results and did not appropriately distinguish between the tongue and the jaw. The current study used articulatory and acoustic data from two large corpora of American English (44 speakers in total) to examine the separate contributions of tongue and jaw height on IF0. Using data subsetting and stepwise linear regression, the results showed that both the jaw and tongue heights were positively correlated with vowel f0, but the contribution of the jaw to IF0 was greater than that of the tongue. These results support a dual mechanism hypothesis in which the tongue-pull mechanism contributes to raising f0 in non-low vowels while a secondary “jaw-push” mechanism plays a more important role in lowering f0 for non-high vowels.
Micron-scale geometrical features of microtubules as regulators of microtubule organization

The organization of micron-sized, multi-microtubule arrays from individual microtubules is essential for diverse cellular functions. The microtubule polymer is largely viewed as a passive building block during the organization process. An exception is the 'tubulin code' where alterations to tubulin at the amino acid level can influence the activity of microtubule-associated proteins. Recent studies reveal that micron-scale geometrical features of individual microtubules and polymer networks, such as microtubule length, overlap length, contact angle, and lattice defects, can also regulate the activity of microtubule-associated proteins and modulate polymer dynamics. We discuss how the interplay between such geometrical properties of the microtubule lattice and the activity of associated proteins direct multiple aspects of array organization, from microtubule nucleation and coalignment to specification of array dimensions and remodeling of dynamic networks. The mechanisms reviewed here highlight micron-sized features of microtubules as critical parameters to be routinely investigated in the study of microtubule self-organization.
Higher Comorbidity Burden Predicts Worsening Neurocognitive Trajectories in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

BACKGROUND Age-related comorbidities accumulate faster in people with HIV (PWH) than in those without (PWoH). We evaluated whether a validated multimorbidity scale, the Charlson Index, predicted neurocognitive trajectories in PWH. METHODS Scaled scores a comprehensive neuropsychological battery were averaged across all visits. Multilevel modeling examined between- and within-person predictors of global neurocognition. At the between-person level, averaged Charlson scores were examined as a predictor of neurocognitive change rate, covarying for HIV disease characteristics. Within-persons, visit-specific Charlson Index was used to predict fluctuations in global neurocognition at the same and next visit, covarying for disease measures. RESULTS Participants were 1195 PWH (mean baseline age 43·0; SD 9·7 years) followed for a mean of 7·1 years (range 0·5-20·5). At the between-person level, more rapid neurocognitive worsening correlated with higher (worse) average Charlson scores (standardized β -0·062, SE 0·015; p=0·001) and lower CD4 nadir (standardized β 0·055, SE 0·021; p=0·011), but not viral suppression or average CD4+ lymphocytes (ps > 0·05). At the within-person level, poorer visit-specific neurocognition was related to worse concurrent, but not preceding, Charlson scores (standardized β-0·046, SE 0·015; p = 0·003), detectable HIV viral load (standardized β0·018, SE 0·006; p = 0·001) and higher CD4+ (standardized β0·043, SE 0·009; p < 0·001). CONCLUSION The impact of comorbidities on neurocognitive decline exceeded that of HIV disease factors. Although correlative, the temporal relationships suggested that treatment of comorbidities might improve neurocognitive prognosis for PWH.
Autonomic Computing : Concepts, Infrastructure, and Applications

THE AUTONOMIC COMPUTING PARADIGM Overview of Autonomic Computing: Origins, Evolution, Direction Alan Ganek A Requirements Engineering Perspective on Autonomic Systems Development David W. Bustard and Roy Sterritt Autonomic Computing: A System-Wide Perspective Robbert van Renesse and Kenneth P. Birman Autonomic Grid Computing: Concepts, Requirements, and Infrastructure Manish Parashar Architecture Overview for Autonomic Computing John W. Sweitzer and Christine Draper SELF-* PROPERTIES - APPROACHES AND INFRASTRUCTURES A Taxonomy for Self-* Properties in Decentralized Autonomic Computing Tom De Wolf and Tom Holvoet Exploiting Emergence in Autonomic Systems Richard Anthony, Alun Butler, and Mohammed Ibrahim A Control-Based Approach to Autonomic Performance Management in Computing Systems Sherif Abdelwahed and Nagarajan Kandasamy Transparent Autonomization in Composite Systems S. Masoud Sadjadi and Philip K. McKinley Recipe-Based Service Configuration and Adaptation Peter Steenkiste and An-Cheng Huang ACHIEVING SELF-* PROPERTIES - ENABLING SYSTEMS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND SERVICES A Programming System for Autonomic Self-Managing Applications Hua Liu and Manish Parashar A Self-Configuring Service Composition Engine Thomas Heinis, Cesare Pautasso, and Gustavo Alonso Dynamic Collaboration in Autonomic Computing David M. Chess, James E. Hanson, Jeffrey O. Kephart, Ian Whalley, and Steve R. White AutoFlow: Autonomic Information Flows for Critical Information Systems Karsten Schwan, Brian F. Cooper, Greg Eisenhauer, Ada Gavrilovska, Matt Wolf, Hasan Abbasi, Sandip Agarwala, Zhongtang Cai, Vibhore Kumar, Jay Lofstead, Mohamed Mansour, Balasubramanian Seshasayee, and Patrick Widener Scalable Management - Technologies for Management of Large-Scale, Distributed Systems Robert Adams, Paul Brett, Subu Iyer, Dejan Milojicic, Sandro Rafaeli, and Vanish Talwar Platform Support for Autonomic Computing: A Research Vehicle Lenitra Durham, Milan Milenkovic, Phil Cayton, and Mazin Yousif REALIZATION OF SELF-* PROPERTIES Dynamic Server Allocation for Autonomic Service Centers in the Presence of Failures Daniel A. Menasce and Mohamed N. Bennani Effecting Runtime Reconfiguration in Managed Execution Environments Rean Griffith, Giuseppe Valetto, and Gail Kaiser Self-Organizing Scheduling on the Organic Grid Arjav Chakravarti, Gerald Baumgartner, and Mario Lauria Autonomic Data Streaming for High-Performance Scientific Applications Viraj Bhat, Manish Parashar, and Nagarajan Kandasamy Autonomic Power and Performance Management of Internet Data Bithika Khargharia and Salim Hariri Trace Analysis for Fault Detection in Application Servers Guofei Jiang, Haifeng Chen, Cristian Ungureanu, and Kenji Yoshihira Anomaly-Based Self Protection against Network Attacks Guangzhi Qu and Salim Hariri Index
Electronic Markets, Hierarchies, Hubs, and Intermediaries

The impact of information technologies on organizations is difficult to predict, although critical for developing comprehensive organizational strategies. Much of the difficulty is traceable to the treatment of all information technologies as a single factor, when in fact different technologies may have drastically different impacts on the organization. Specifically, the distinction between two general classes of technologies, communication and information processing technologies, is studied. An analytical model is developed to show that these two classes of technologies have exactly the opposite impacts on the organization. Moreover, the impact also depends on the organization, and its existing structure. Communication intensive and processing intensive organizational structures are distinguished and they are shown to be impacted differently by information technologies. An analytical framework is developed to show a continuum of organizational structures, depending on their relative communication and processing intensity, and the effect of various technologies is shown to be to move the organization along that continuum. Communication and information processing technologies are shown to move the organization in opposing directions. Finally, the analytical framework is shown to be robust and valid under a wide variety of conditions, covering most real life organizations.
RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS IN THE MYCOPLASMA II. Pathway of Electron Transport During Oxidation of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide by Mycoplasma Hominis

VanDemark, P. J. (University of South Dakota, Vermillion), and P. F. Smith. Respiratory pathways in the Mycoplasma. II. Pathway of electron transport during oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by Mycoplasma hominis. J. Bacteriol. 88:122-129. 1964.-Unlike the flavin-terminated respiratory pathway of the fermentative Mycoplasma, the respiratory chain of the nonfermentative M. hominis strain 07 appears to be more complex, involving quinones and cytochromes in addition to flavins. In addition to reduction by reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate, nonpyridine nucleotide-linked reduction of the respiratory chain of this organism occurred with succinate, lactate, and short-chained acyl coenzyme A derivatives as electron donors. Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of NADH included an NADH oxidase, a diaphorase, a quinone reductase, and a cytochrome c reductase. The oxidation of NADH was sensitive to a variety of inhibitors, including 10(-4)m Atabrine, 10(-3)m sodium amytal, 10(-5)mp-chloromercuribenzoate, 10(-4)m antimycin A, and 10(-4)m potassium cyanide. The oxidase was resolved by the addition of 5% trichloroacetic acid and reactivated by the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide but not flavin mononucleotide. The M. hominis sonic extract contained an NADH-coenzyme Q reductase. The oxidation of NADH was stimulated by the addition of either menadione or vitamin K(2) (C(35)). The oxidase was inactivated by extraction with ether or irradiation at 360 mmu. The ether-inactivated enzyme was partially reactivated by the addition of "lipid" extract of the enzyme and coenzyme Q(6). Difference spectra of the cell extracts revealed the presence of "b" and "a" type cytochromes. These cell extracts were found to contain a cyanide-and azide-sensitive cytochrome oxidase and catalase.
Chromosome abnormalities in Down's syndrome patients with acute leukemia

Chromosome and cytologic studies were performed on three Down's syndrome (DS) patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). All three patients had an aneuploid clone in their leukemic cells: 50, XX, +6, +19, +21, +22, +8, XX, +21, and 47,XY, +8, - 21 +dic(21;21)(p13;p11). Every patient appeared to have acute undifferentiated leukemia when the blast cells were examined with Wright-Giemsa stain; cytochemistry studies, however, showed that the leukemic blasts were in an early stage of myeloid differentiation. The two patients with +8 had a preleukemic phase; the blast cells of the patient with an extra no. 19 and no.22 could not be differentiated morphologically from those of the two patients with an extra no. 8. Our findings and a review of data on 40 other patients suggest that most DS children with ANLL have hyperdiploidy, which is usually related to gains of C, F, and /or G chromosomes, and that the abnormalities of +8 and of +19, +22 in DS children may be associated with acute leukemia (AL) in an early stage of myeloid differentiation.
The Use of Endosperm Genes for Sweet Corn Improvement

Sweet corn (forms of Zea mays L. eaten in the immature stage), one of the most popular vegetables in the United States, is grown in every state. In 1980 the annual value of sweet corn in the United States exceeded $114 million for processing (canning and freezing) and $149 million for fresh market. In the United States in 1980, 150,000 and 71,000 hectares were planted to sweet corn for processing and fresh market, respectively (USDA Statistical Reporting Service). These figures do not include the production and value of sweet corn grown in the home garden. By any measure, sweet corn is an important vegetable crop.
Signs in Society: Studies in Semiotic Anthropology

Signs in Society: Studies in Semiotic Anthropology. Richard J. Parmentier. Advances in Semiotics. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994. 223 pp.
Near-minimum-time control of asymmetric rigid spacecraft using two controls

Abstract In general, spacecraft are designed to be maneuvered to achieve pointing objectives. To reorient the spacecraft with zero angular velocity at the end of the maneuver, a three-axis control design is usually used. When an actuator fails among three actuators, one must achieve these objectives using two control inputs, so that new control laws need to be considered. A simple and novel control law, which is based on the sequential Euler angle rotation strategy, is addressed. This paper explores a near minimum time control problem with constrained control input magnitudes. By introducing the three sequential sub-maneuvers with Euler-angle transformations, the governing nonlinear equations become rigorously linear, which permits a closed-form solution to be obtained for the switch times and final time, where the three sub-maneuvers are coupled through the unknown switch times. A numerical example demonstrates that the three-dimensional maneuver for an asymmetric spacecraft with two constrained control inputs can be successfully performed using the proposed closed-form solution.
Pooled Marketing: The Challenge and the Opportunity

The present situation is marketing is characterized by rising costs and increasing prices. In an article in Business Week, a commentator has stated that “...... marketing and distribution are where industry must make up a lot of the costs of doing business today” (13). Pooled marketing is a viable alternative to the marketing practices which have, along with inflation and other factors, contributed to the present situation. In addition to the cost savings that can emerge from pooling programs, the cooperative sharing of resources makes it possible to capitalize on opportunities that a firm would not have been able to seize on its own.
Baseline HBV DNA level is the most important factor associated with virologic breakthrough in chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine.

AIM: To identify the factors associated with virologic breakthrough and to select a subgroup of patients who respond well to lamivudine without developing virologic breakthrough (VBT). METHODS: Of 79 patients who had received lamivudine therapy for 9-57 mo, 34 were HBeAg-positive and 45 were HBeAg-negative, 24 developed virologic breakthrough and 55 did not. Clinical and virologic factors were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The median duration of therapy was 25 (9-57) mo. Virologic breakthrough was defi ned as a > 1 log HBV DNA increase following initial suppression. When several factors, including gender, duration of infection, baseline HBV DNA, and baseline ALT in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis patients were analyzed by logistic regression, the most important predictor of virologic breakthrough was the baseline HBV DNA (r 2 = 0.12, P < 0.05). When HBeAg-postitive chronic hepatitis patients were divided into two groups by a point of 6.6 log HBV DNA, the incidence of virologic breakthough between two groups was signifi cantly different.
Analytical solutions for periodic motions to chaos in nonlinear systems with/without time-delay

In this paper, the analytical dynamics of peri- odic flows to chaos in nonlinear dynamical systems is pre- sented from the ideas of Luo (Continuous dynamical systems, Higher Education Press/L&H Scientific, Beijing/Glen Car- bon, 2012). The analytical solutions of periodic flows and chaos in autonomous systems are discussed through the gen- eralized harmonic balance method, and the analytical dynam- ics of periodically forced nonlinear dynamical systems is pre- sented as well. The analytical solutions of periodic motions in free and periodically forced vibration systems are presented. The similar ideas are extended to time-delayed nonlinear sys- tems. The analytical solutions of periodic flows to chaos for time-delayed, nonlinear systems with/without periodic excitations are presented, and time-delayed, nonlinear vibra- tion systems will be also discussed. The analytical solutions of periodic flows and chaos are independent of small para- meters, which are different from the traditional perturbation methods. The methodology presented herein will provide the accurate analytical solutions of periodic motions to chaos in dynamical systems with/without time-delay. This approach can handle nonlinear dynamical systems with either single time-delay or multiple time-delays.
Transient Paradoxical Renal Vasoconstriction following Cardiac Operation: Treatment with Volume Depletion

Following cardiac operation complicated by inferior myocardial injury, a patient developed normal cardiac output congestive heart failure associated with severe renal vasoconstriction, oliguria and azotemia. The patient's renal dysfunction responded to volume depletion with hemofiltration. These paradoxical renal responses to volume changes may be caused by transiently altered cardiac volume receptor thresholds or afferent signals resulting in cardiorenal dysfunction.
Reported sleep characteristics: effects of age, sleep length and psychiatric impairment.

Abstract One hundred and five long (9 hours or more) and short (6 hours or less) sleepers, age 20–49 and free of drugs and internal medical problems, filled out the Cornell Index and the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Test and kept daily records of their sleep times and dream recall for 14 consecutive days. Eighty-four Ss also kept a more extensive sleep and dream log for 14 consecutive days. Psychiatric impairment was associated with more variable sleep, presleep tension, difficulty falling asleep and a light restless, unrefreshing sleep punctuated by awakenings, as well as more frequent dream reporting in younger long sleepers. Older Ss reported sleep which was less variable and lighter. Short sleepers had more variable sleep, while long sleepers gave more dream reports.
Localization of two binding domains for thrombospondin within fibronectin

Thrombospondin is a major glycoprotein of the platelet alpha-granule and is secreted during platelet activation. Several protease-resistant domains of thrombospondin mediate its interactions with components of the extracellular matrix including fibronectin, collagen, heparin, laminin, and fibrinogen. Thrombospondin, as well as fibronectin, is composed of several discretely located biologically active domains. We have characterized the thrombospondin binding domains of plasma fibronectin and determined the binding affinities of the purified domains; fibronectin has at least two binding sites for thrombospondin. Thrombospondin bound specifically to the 29-kDa amino-terminal heparin binding domain of fibronectin as well as to the 31-kDa non-heparin binding domain located within the larger 40-kDa carboxy-terminal fibronectin domain generated by chymotrypsin proteolysis. Platelet thrombospondin interacted with plasma fibronectin in a specific and saturable manner in blot binding as well as solid-phase binding assays. These interactions were independent of divalent cations. Thrombospondin bound to the 29-kDa fibronectin heparin binding domain with a Kd of 1.35 x 10(-9) M. The Kd for the 31-kDa domain of fibronectin was 2.28 x 10(-8) M. The 40-kDa carboxy-terminal fragment bound with a Kd of 1.65 x 10(-8) M. Heparin, which binds to both proteins, inhibited thrombospondin binding to the amino-terminal domain of fibronectin by more than 70%. The heparin effect was less pronounced with the non-heparin binding carboxy-terminal domain of fibronectin. By contrast, the binding affinity of the thrombospondin 150-kDa domain, which itself lacked heparin binding, was not affected by the presence of heparin. Based on these data, we conclude that thrombospondin binds with different affinities to two distinct domains in the fibronectin molecule.
Taking it to the public : Collaborative extension research

It is increasingly important in the 1990s and beyond to bring anthropology to all of our clientele, not just to our majors and graduate students. Anthropology departments already do a very good job of providing service courses to students—most of our majors come from them. But we can do more.
Teratogenic and embryopathic effects of indium, gallium, and germanium

Abstract Indium nitrate, germanium trioxide, and gallium sulfate were injected intravenously incincreasing amounts into pregnant hamsters on day 8 of gestation. The embryos were recovered 4, 5, or 6 days later, and the numbers of embryonic resorption sites were recorded. The embryos were examined for gross congenital malformations, and some were stained with alizarin red for skeletal study. In these experiments indium caused a high incidence of malformations of the digits of the extremities including fusion, stunting, and, in a few instances, polydactyly. At doses above 1 mg/kg it was completely embryopathic, killing all embryos in utero. The embryos tolerated higher dosages of germanium and gallium, and although some embryos died from the effects of these drugs, only four congenital malformations were noted in these groups. Although no presently known biological qualities of indium can explain this site-specific teratogenic effect it is suggested that indium may play an important role in some metalloenzyme necessary for limb bud differentiation.
Interactions of nigrostriate synaptic transmission, iontophoretic O-methylated phenethylamines, dopamine, apomorphine and acetylcholine.

Summary Recordings were made from, and drugs applied to, neurons in the caudate nucleus of unanesthetized cats, using multibarrel micropipette electrodes. The substantia nigra was stimulated by stereotactically placed electrodes. Three O-methylated derivatives of dopamine, meta -methoxyphenethylamine (m-MPEA), para -methoxyphenethylamine (p-MPEA) and 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DIMPEA), inhibited most, excited a few, and had no detectable effect on a substantial number of the cells upon which they were tested. A statistically significant correlation was found between the effects of dopamine (DA) and the three O-methylated derivatives on the same populations of cells. Iontophoretic release of the O-methylated derivatives could not prevent the actions of DA, nor could it block synaptically mediated effects of the nigrostriate pathway. It is concluded that the three O-methylated products are partial agonists of DA. The findings are difficult to reconcile with the suggestion that the experimental parkinsonian-like symptoms caused by O-methylated phenethylamines are the consequence of blockade of dopaminergic synapses. No correlation, negative or positive, was found between the effects of DA and of acetylcholine (ACh). The findings do not support the theory that balanced sets of antagonistic synapses, one dopaminergic, the other cholinergic, operate upon individual neurons in the caudate nucleus. Apomorphine and dopamine were shown to have similar effects on a substantial number of neurons, even though the onset and offset of the effect of apomorphine were slower than those of DA. This observation agrees with the suggestion that some of the central effects of apomorphine are due to an action at dopaminoceptive receptor sites. No correlation was found between the effects of iontophoretically applied DA and the synaptically mediated effects of inputs from the nigrostriate pathway. DA, therefore, cannot be the only transmitter in this pathway, either excitatory or inhibitory.
Analysis of Sterol Glycosides in Biodiesel and Biodiesel Precipitates

Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils with short chain alcohols, usually in the presence of an alkali catalyst. Minor components in biodiesel exist as a result of unreacted reagents, by-products, additives, and auto-oxidation products, such as water, free glycerin, bonded glycerin, free fatty acids, catalysts, residual alcohol, unsaponifiable matter (plant sterols, antioxidants, and hydrocarbons), soaps and polymers. The biodiesel properties, such as cold flow properties, acid number, cetane number, and oxidative stability are oftentimes significantly affected by these minor components. Sterol glycosides, as one of the most important minor components in biodiesel, and due to their polarities and limited solubility, can accelerate precipitate formation even at room temperature and possibly block fuel filters. In this paper, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with an Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD) is evaluated for the analysis of sterol glycoside (SG) content in not only biodiesel precipitates but also in biodiesel. SG was found to be a major component in soy biodiesel precipitates and an SG peak was found in biodiesel after concentration by centrifugation.
CONSUMER PROTECTION, EDUCATION AND INFORMATION: A CONSUMER INCENTIVES PERSPECTIVE

Research evidence concerning product characteristics, consumer characteristics and product purchase situations is examined. Assumptions underlying consumer policy strategies directed at enhancing the ability of consumers to protect themselves and those strategies aimed at product quality control are analyzed in light of the evidence. Alternative policy strategies are analyzed for consumer incentives and with respect to product characteristics, consumer characteristics and product purchase situations. Recommendations regarding consumer protection policy strategies and for research concerning alternative policy strategies are provided. Illustrative policy strategies are included.
Cue-integration and context effects in speech: Evidence against speaking-rate normalization

Listeners are able to accurately recognize speech despite variation in acoustic cues across contexts, such as different speaking rates. Previous work has suggested that listeners use rate information (indicated by vowel length; VL) to modify their use of context-dependent acoustic cues, like voice-onset time (VOT), a primary cue to voicing. We present several experiments and simulations that offer an alternative explanation: that listeners treat VL as a phonetic cue rather than as an indicator of speaking rate, and that they rely on general cue-integration principles to combine information from VOT and VL. We demonstrate that listeners use the two cues independently, that VL is used in both naturally produced and synthetic speech, and that the effects of stimulus naturalness can be explained by a cue-integration model. Together, these results suggest that listeners do not interpret VOT relative to rate information provided by VL and that the effects of speaking rate can be explained by more general cue-integration principles.
Mobility of ions under the surface of liquid helium

Abstract The properties of a two dimensional layer of negative ions just under the surface of liquid 4He have been probed using a low frequency bridge technique. For temperatures greater than 0.2K and low pressing electric fields the ion mobility is found to be nearly identical to that of ions in bulk helium.
A life-cycle conference series; education for general practice.

Summary An all round educational programme for general practice trainees involving a conference and seminar curriculum was developed, based on a life-cycle concept. In addition to emphasizing the study of usual life stresses and crises for individuals and families, the programme encouraged the contribution of resource people from many related medical disciplines and also from the non-health sciences. Detailed planning allowed the structuring of the conference over an academic year. Clearly defining the objectives for each meeting led to effective evaluation and enhanced the educational process.
Loss of genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 in bladder cancer

Recent studies have shown that normal cellular sequences on chromosome 13 are lost during the development of retinoblastomas and that sequences on chromosome 11 are similarly lost during the development of Wilms' kidney tumours and embryonal tumours. Cells from these tumors have been found to contain either the paternal or maternal copies of loci on the affected chromosome, but not both. Thus, the somatic loss of heterozygosity for sequences on chromosome 13 or 11 is hypothesized to result in homozygosity for a recessive mutant allele on these chromosomes, and in this way the chromosomal loss may contribute to the development of these tumours. We sought to investigate whether similar losses of heterozygosity for chromosome 11 sequences occurred in a common adult tumour. We chose to analyse bladder cancers, since such cancers are common in the adult population and are derived from urogenital tissue, as are Wilms' tumours. We examined constitutional and tumour genotypes at loci on the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p) in 12 patients with transitional cell carcinomas. In five tumours, we observed the somatic loss of genes on 11p resulting in homozygosity or hemizygosity of the non-deleted alleles in the tumour cells. Our results show that the frequency of loss of 11p sequences in bladder cancer approaches that seen in Wilms' tumour (42% compared with 55%), and suggest that recessive genetic changes involving sequences on 11p may contribute to the development of bladder neoplasms.
High dietary salt enhances acute depressor responses to metformin

The antidiabetic drug metformin lowers blood pressure (BP) more in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), and the hypotensive effect is enhanced by high dietary salt. To determine whether enhanced hypotension is secondary to greater decreases in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), we placed WKY and SHR on normal salt (0.3%), and SHR on high salt (8.0%) for 2 weeks and then measured anesthetized BP and lumbar SNA to metformin (0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg, given intravenously). Baseline BP were similar in SHR groups but lower in WKY. Although metformin decreased BP more in high salt SHR (50 mg/kg: ΔBP: −23 ± 1 mm Hg) than in normal salt SHR (−14 ± 1 mm Hg, P < .01) and less in WKY (−10 ± 1 mm Hg, P < .05), equivalent decreases in SNA were observed. We conclude that both strain and high salt potentiate acute depressor responses to metformin through mechanisms that are independent of SNA.
White and Bird's Formulation of Gradient-Corrected Exchange-Correlation Potentials Applied to Atoms

White and Bird have recently found a new way to calculate gradient corrections to the exchange-correlation potential in crystals which requires the use of fast Fourier transforms (FFT) and which for a fixed FFT mesh size has much greater numerical accuracy than the standard method. We demonstrate that FFT's can be avoided and show how the method can be applied to atoms.
POSITIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF FATTY ACIDS IN FISH AND OTHER ANIMAL LECITHINS.

Abstract Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) fractions were prepared from tuna, salmon, and menhaden muscle, from egg yolk, and from rat and beef liver. Hydrolysis by snake-venom phospholipase A (phosphatide acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) was used to determine the positional distribution of the fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the hydrolyzed fatty acids (β position) and those remaining with the phosphatidyl moiety (α′ position) were separately determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the methyl esters. 36–86 mole % of the fatty acids esterified in the α′ position were saturated; 91–99 mole % of the fatty acids in the β position were unsaturated. Palmitic and stearic acids were the predominant saturated acids in the α′ position. Some similarity was noted in the β-position distribution of linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. This observation tends to support the hypothesis of the intechangeability of linoleic and arachidonic acids with “non-essential” polyenoic acids.