cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparities in Intimate Partner Violence Examined Through the Multiple Disadvantage Model

This research adopted the perspective of the multiple disadvantage model to explore racial disparities in intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and IPV’s links to social structural factors, social relationships, substance use, and health/mental health and access to related services. The study used data from 6,588 women who completed the National Violence Against Women Survey; linear regression was conducted separately for four ethnic groups. Results consistently showed physical assaults to increase with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. For African Americans, increases in assaults were linked to injury, disclosing IPV to friends/family as well as medical professionals, Medicaid use, and drug use; decreases, in turn, were linked to past assault by ex-partners. For Latinas, increases in assaults were associated with eight factors: being married, number of ex-partners, depression, disclosing IPV to friends/family and disclosing to mental-health professionals, drug use, alcohol abstinence, and p...
The introduced English wasp Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) newly recorded invading native forests in Tasmania.

The social wasp Vespula vulgaris (L.), an introduced species that has caused extreme ecological damage in New Zealand, is reported from southern Tasmanian forests for the first time. In mainland Australia, this wasp has been present in the Melbourne area since 1958 and our retrospective analysis places it in Hobart since 1995. In the present paper, we document V. vulgaris in natural areas in southern Tasmania, well away from human habitation. Malaise trap samples collected since 1997 from nine sites at the Warra Long-term Ecological Research area in southern Tasmania revealed the widespread presence of both V. vulgaris and V. germanica (F.), another introduced species of concern. Analysis of microsatellite DNA markers showed no evidence of hybridisation between the two species. The potential impact of this newest social insect threat to Australian native biota is discussed.
Some effects of proteolytic inhibitors on tissue injury and systemic anaphylaxis.

A study was made of the development of various forms of local and systemic injury in animals treated with inhibitors of proteolytic activity. The agents used were tosylarginine methyl ester (TAME), epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA), and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). 1. Hemorrhagic necrosis in the skin of the rabbit following intradermal epinephrine in combination with bacterial endotoxin (either intravenous or local) was clearly suppressed by EACA, TAME, and SBTI, given systemically. Tosylarginine (TA) was ineffective. 2. No effect was observed on the classical Shwartzman reaction, the local Arthus phenomenon, or inflammation induced by xylene. 3. The lethal effects of systemic anaphylaxis in the mouse, acute endotoxemia in the rat and mouse, and drum shock in the rat are suppressed by EACA and TAME. 4. There was no effect on the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon in the rabbit and on anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. 5. The effects of EACA or TAME on the injury reactions under investigation were not due to a pharmacological or chemical action on vascular behavior per se. 6. The data provide corroborative evidence for a proteolytic step in injury phenomena which may be mediated through some common activation system. 7. The working hypothesis is advanced that local or systemic stress through the release of epinephrine may result in an increase of a circulating activator of proteolysis and that this in turn may give rise to the release of vasoactive substances,—possibly histamine, serotonin, or a polypeptide.
A quadratic finite difference approach to phase equilibria calculations

Abstract Over the years we have routinely used an iterative method based on a quadratic representation derived from finite differences for solving nonlinear problems in many variables. As the method addresses one variable at a time no differentiation is required which simplifies the coding and reduces the chance of errors and makes the use of different defining equations particularly simple. Besides using the method for phase equilibria problems we have also used it for the treatment of problems in coherency, the cluster variation method and the Bragg Williams modeling with many sublattices. The success of the method depends to some degree on how the variables are chosen but the use of more variables than required to define a problem causes no problems whatsoever and can expedite the solution in some cases.
ANESTHETIC IMPLICATIONS OF ADVANCES IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY

Advances in surgical technology often serve as the basis for modification of anesthetic practice. This article reviews three areas of surgery that have recently generated particular interest in outpatient anesthesia practice, namely, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic hernia repair, and various surgical procedures performed for infertility, collectively referred to as assisted reproductive technologies.
Predictive dynamic security assessment through advanced computing

Traditional dynamic security assessment is limited by several factors and thus falls short in providing real-time information to be predictive for power system operation. These factors include the steady-state assumption of current operating points, static transfer limits, and low computational speed. This addresses these factors and frames predictive dynamic security assessment. The primary objective of predictive dynamic security assessment is to enhance the functionality and computational process of dynamic security assessment through the use of high-speed phasor measurements and the application of advanced computing technologies for faster-than-real-time simulation. This paper presents algorithms, computing platforms, and simulation frameworks that constitute the predictive dynamic security assessment capability. Examples of phasor application and fast computation for dynamic security assessment are included to demonstrate the feasibility and speed enhancement for real-time applications.
Regeneration of Appendages in Damselflies

While rearing Zygoptera during ecological studies on the Odonata, occasionally we observed that a naiad had lost 1 or more legs and/or gills (caudal lamellae). When this condition was noted it was recorded and notes were kept on the extent of regeneration that occurred in subsequent molts. No experimental studies were conducted. The following observations refer to Ischnura perparva Selys, I. cervula Selys, and Enallagma boreale Selys, except as noted.
Role of stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gsα) in proliferation of PC‐3M prostate cancer cells

Previous studies have shown that calcitonin-like immunoreactive substances are secreted by primary prostate cells. Furthermore, exogenously added calcitonin stimulates proliferation of androgen-responsive LnCaP cells. To examine the possible effect of calcitonin on growth of invasive prostate cancer cells, we tested its effects on proliferation of PC-3M cells. Calcitonin stimulated DNA synthesis of PC-3M cells in a dose-dependent fashion, and also stimulated adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase C activities. To further delineate the role of these signaling cascades in proliferation of PC-3M prostate cancer cells, we selectively activated these pathways by transfecting cDNAs expressing constitutively active forms of either Gsalpha (Gsalpha-QL) or Gqalpha (Gqalpha-QL). cDNAs expressing wild-type forms of G-proteins (Gsalpha-WT and Gqalpha-WT) were used as vehicle controls. Gqalpha-QL transfectants exhibited growth inhibition and terminal differentiation. Those expressing Gsalpha-QL exhibited a dramatic increase in growth rate. Gsalpha-QL transfectants displayed an almost 3-fold increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation and over a 4-fold increase in growth rate when compared with parental PC-3M cells or those expressing wild-type Gsalpha (Gsalpha-WT). The growth-promoting action of Gsalpha-QL could not be mimicked by either 8-bromo cAMP or forskolin. However, nifedipine, a calcium channel antagonist, potently and selectively inhibited DNA synthesis in Gsalpha-QL transfectants. These results suggest that the growth-promoting actions of Gsalpha on PC-3M cells may be mediated by nifedipine-sensitive proliferative events.
Severe fetal placental vascular lesions in term infants with neurologic impairment

Objective This study tests the hypothesis that placental disease can identify antepartum processes that either progress into the intrapartum period or predispose to intrapartum brain injury. Study design Lesions that affect large fetal vessels were compared in the placentas of 125 neurologically impaired term infants who were the focus of clinical negligence litigation and 250 consecutive singleton deliveries of ≥36 weeks of gestation. Results One or more of 4 severe placental fetal vascular lesions (fetal thrombotic vasculopathy, chronic villitis with obliterative fetal vasculopathy, chorioamnionitis with severe fetal vasculitis, and meconium-associated fetal vascular necrosis) were found in 51% of index cases versus 10% of the comparison group ( P P Conclusion Severe fetal placental vascular lesions are correlated highly with neurologic impairment and cerebral palsy. Their nature, duration, and anatomic location make them strong candidates for the antepartum processes that place fetuses at risk for brain injury during the intrapartum period.
L(+)-lactate dehydrogenases from Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda)

Properties of L( + )-lactate dehydrogenases from infective eggs, cysticercoids, immature proglottids (anteriors), and pre-patent (seven day) infections of H. diminuta were studied. Fractionation of isozymes by disc gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis was unsatisfactory, but some fractionation was obtained by electrofocusing. Other evidence suggested that one form of LDH predominated in eggs and cysticercoids, and a second form in anteriors and pre-patent worms. The first form was relatively resistant to thermal inactivation and was only slightly inhibited by pyruvate. The second resembled LDH−1 of mammals in being strongly inhibited by pyruvate, even though it occurred in life cycle stages that require no oxygen for grbwth and differentiation. In all tissues Km (lactate) was about 50–100 × Km (pyruvate), but Km (pyruvate) was much higher in eggs and cysticercoids (2.8 × 10−4) than in anteriors and pre-patent worms (2.8 × 10−5 mole/li). Energies of activation were 8,419, 13,870, 16,107, and 22,633 cal/mole in cysticercoids, eggs, pre-patent worms, and anteriors, respectively. In eggs and cysticercoids Km (pyruvate) passed through a minimum at 20−25°C, suggesting that LDH in these tissues may function efficiently at normal environmental temperatures. Anteriors and pre-patent worms did not exhibit such a correlation.
Hazard Evaluation Methodology for Computer-Controlled Mine Monitoring/Control Systems

A summary of results of the development of a methodology for identifying safety hazards inherent in underground monitoring and control equipment will be given. Under a US Bureau of Mines contract, a methodology has been developed for determining the inherent design items that affect safety hazards. Though serious consideration has already been given to the normal intrinsic safety and explosion-proof characteristics of a system, the problem may be the system itself rather than the more immediately noticeable system components. In monitoring or controlling items located in underground coal mines, the hardware reliability of a system is seldom recognized as a potential safety hazard. The software or program operating such a system is never considered as a potential safety hazard because it is, in many cases, located outside the hazardous area. In reality, electronic technology is outstripping the industry's normal view of safety and is quickly growing unseen potential safety problems. These unseen problems are a combination of hardware and computer software that must be identiried and analyzed. The methodology developed for analyzing electronic and computer-based hardware/software systems and the results of analyses completed by the West Virginia University (WVU) research team are presented. A WVU-designed distributed microprocessor-based mine environmental monitoring/control system and two other commercially available systems have undergone detailed analyses. As a result of the developing methodology, a set of design guidelines has been developed to ensure that known system design difficulties can be identified from the outset for designers of new mine monitoring/control systems.
The tyrosine kinase connection: how GPI-anchored proteins activate T cells

How can crosslinking of cell-surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins activate T cells when the proteins do not reach the cytosol? Recent results show that glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins associate with tyrosine kinases of the src family. Kinase activity is stimulated when glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins are crosslinked. How the proteins are linked across the membrane, however, remains an intriguing mystery.
Peak acceleration, velocity, and displacement from strong-motion records

Strong-motion data from earthquakes of western North America are examined to provide the basis for estimating peak acceleration, velocity, and displacement as a function of distance for three magnitude classes, 5.0 to 5.7, 6.0 to 6.4, and 7.1 to 7.6. Analysis of a subset of the data from the San Fernando earthquake shows that small but statistically significant differences exist between peak values of horizontal acceleration, velocity, and displacement recorded on soil at the base of small structures and values recorded at the base of large structures. The peak acceleration tends to be less and the peak velocity and displacement to be greater at the base of large structures than at the base of small structures. In the distance range used in the regression analysis (15 to 100 km), the values of peak horizontal acceleration recorded at soil sites in the San Fernando earthquake are not significantly different from the values recorded at rock sites, but values of peak horizontal velocity and displacement are significantly greater at sol
Shortened pull-string simplifies office-based ureteral stent removal

A disadvantage of stent use after ureteroscopy is the need to remove the stent cystoscopically. We describe a modification that avoids the discomfort of a transurethral suture and allows easy cystoscopic extraction. This modification may also facilitate repositioning or removal of a migrated stent.
Quantifying the origin and geometry of circular sag structures in northern Fort Worth Basin, Texas: Paleocave collapse, pull-apart fault systems, or hydrothermal alteration?

Three-dimensional seismic data reveal numerous subcircular sag structures in the northern Fort Worth Basin. The structures are defined by concentric faults that extend vertically upward 760–1060 m (2500–3500 ft) from the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group. The largest structures remained active into the lower Desmoinesian Strawn Group. Criteria are outlined for defining seismically resolvable sag structures, and a detailed quantitative analysis of the geometries of these circular features was undertaken. Results are compared and contrasted, with reviews of subsurface collapse mechanisms and strike-slip processes that are known to produce subsurface circular to subcircular sag geometries in plan view. In this manner, we develop several constraints for differentiating collapse-related sag structures from strike-slip–related sag structures. Qualitative analyses indicate that the geometries observed are strongly analogous to subsurface collapse features where material is removed at depth to create a void, into which the overburden subsequently sags and collapses. Quantitative analyses support the formation of these features by incremental collapse and suprastratal deformation above a linked system of coalesced, collapsed paleocaves within the Ellenburger Group. Observations and criteria presented herein provide valuable information in defining seismically resolvable collapse features worldwide and help distinguish sag features of collapse affinity from those of other origins.
The Transactivation Potential of a c-Myc N-Terminal Region (Residues 92–143) is Regulated by Growth Factor/Ras Signaling

The colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) affects mitogenic growth and gene expression in NIH 3T3 cells through signaling pathways that require the products of the c-ras and c-myc proto-oncogenes. In this work we tested the hypothesis that there is direct communication between the Ras and Myc pathways. In transient transfection assays Ras increased by 5-fold transcriptional transactivation by chimeric c-Myc-Gal4 proteins. A constitutive active form of the CSF-1R also stimulated this activity and co-expression of a dominant negative ras gene ablated receptor stimulation. Deletion analysis of the c-Myc N-terminal region demonstrated that amino acid residues between positions 92 and 143 are the targets for Ras action. Transactivation by chimeric Myc proteins that were stably expressed could be transiently enhanced by either CSF-1 or serum, with peak activity occurring 2 h after mitogen stimulation. The steady-state levels of the chimeric c-Myc transactivators were increased following stimulation with CSF-1 or serum, but this increase in steady-state protein level did not strictly correlate with the increase in transactivation activity. Thus, Ras signaling may directly affect the activity of the c-Myc N-terminal region.
When Sharica Governs: The Impasse of Religious Relations in Sudan

The rapid political rise of the National Islamic Front is examined within a broader and more complex context, particularly as it pertains to relations between Muslims and non-Muslims in Sudan during the period from 1989 to the present. The regime's decision to change the nature of the South–North conflict into a jihad confrontation was determinative for the future of Islam in the Sudan, even though the regime's jihad discourse has been characterized by ambiguity and confusion. The Islamists have not produced a policy statement or a juristic work addressing the status of non-Muslims in the Sharica-based state and society they envisage, in spite of the 1991 Criminal Act and the 1998 Constitution of the Republic of Sudan. As a result, non-Muslims in Sudan are facing a difficult and testing time.
Motivations for Civic Participation Among Diverse Youth: More Similarities than Differences

Participating in civic life is an important developmental task of adolescence and a central tenet of democracy. What motivates diverse youth in the United States to become involved in civic life? Using a mixed-method and person-centered approach, the authors (1) identified subgroups of participants based on their motivations for political and nonpolitical volunteering and (2) explored differences in civic motivations by ethnic and immigration backgrounds among Asian and Latino adolescents. Using latent class analysis, the authors identified four classes of motivation for political (n = 414) and nonpolitical volunteer (n = 1,066) activities: helping identity, instrumental, personal issue, and weak motivation. Overall, first- and second-generation Latino and Asian youth and nonimmigrants showed more similarities than differences in civic motivations. Survey and interview data revealed that youth from immigrant backgrounds were more motivated to volunteer by instrumental reasons compared to nonimmigrants. Qu...
Fast estimation of the state of the power grid using synchronized phasor measurements

Both the communication limitation and the measurement properties based algorithm become the bottleneck of enhancing the traditional power system state estimation speed. The availability of synchro-phasor data has raised the possibility of a linear state estimator if the inputs are only complex currents and voltages and if there are enough such measurements to meet observability and redundancy requirements. The fiber optics communication network and advanced distributed computing and database technology provide the platform for fast state estimator. Moreover, the new digital substations can perform some of the computation at the substation itself resulting in a more accurate two-level state estimator. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a two-level fast linear state estimator based on the synchronized phasor measurements infrastructures. We described the layered architecture of databases, communications, and the application programs that are required to support this two-level linear state estimator and the mathematical algorithms that are different from those in the existing literature. This paper also describes potential benefits of applying fast state estimator and how it can provides a pathway to the smart transmission grid of the future.
The Temporalities of the Market

Social theorists' recent interest in global capitalism is partially driven by their sense of "being behind" in a changed and changing world. It is also part of their larger efforts to critique the present. In this article, I seek to find analogues of this sense of temporal incongruity between knowledge and its objects in the Tokyo financial markets. My focus is on the anxieties and hopes animating some Japanese securities traders' life choices. I argue that these traders' differing anxieties and hopes resulted from their divergent senses of the temporal incongruity among trading strategies, workplaces, and Japan's national location vis–a–vis the United States. Drawing on a parallel between social theorists' and traders' efforts to generate prospective momentum in their work, I propose that anthropologists investigate the work of temporal incongruity in knowledge formation more generally. [Keywords: time, Utopian vision, knowledge formation, financial markets, Japan]
Thermomechanical Constitutive Modeling of SMAs

With the fundamental concepts of SMA behavior introduced and the experimental results of this behavior illustrated, one can now begin to investigate methods by which SMA behavior might be accurately predicted. This chapter introduces the basic ideas and concepts behind the thermomechanical constitutive modeling of polycrystalline SMAs. From a review of first principles through the consideration of key assumptions, a procedure for obtaining constitutive equations for SMAs using thermodynamic potentials is discussed. The reader will be guided through examples which illustrate how such a model can be simplified as needed. Specific examples involving different thermomechanical loading paths are also presented. Finally, this chapter provides an overview of different constitutive modeling methodologies currently used by SMA researchers throughout the field.
Assessing epicardial substrate using intracardiac echocardiography during VT ablation.

Background— Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has played a limited role in defining the substrate for ventricular tachycardia (VT). The purpose of this study was to assess whether ICE could identify abnormal epicardial substrate in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and VT. Methods and Results— We studied 18 patients with NICM and recurrent VT who had abnormal echogenicity identified on ICE imaging. Detailed left ventricular (LV) endocardial and epicardial electroanatomic mapping was performed in all patients. Low-voltage areas (<1.0 mV) in the epicardium were analyzed. ICE imaging in the NICM group was compared to a control group of 30 patients with structurally normal hearts who underwent ICE imaging for other ablation procedures. In 18 patients (age, 53±13 years; 17 men) with NICM (ejection fraction, 37±13%), increased echogenicity was identified in the lateral LV by ICE imaging. LV endocardial electroanatomic mapping identified normal voltage in 9 patients and at least 1 confluent low-voltage area (6.6 cm2; minimum-maximum, 2.1–31.7 cm2) in 9 patients (5 posterolateral LV, 4 perivalvular LV). Detailed epicardial mapping revealed areas of low voltage (39 cm2; minimum-maximum, 18.5–96.3 cm2) and abnormal, fractionated electrograms in all 18 patients (15 posterolateral LV, 3 lateral LV). In all patients, the epicardial scar identified by electroanatomic mapping correlated with the echogenic area identified on ICE imaging. ICE imaging identified no areas of increased echogenicity in the control group. Conclusions— ICE imaging identified increased echogenicity in the lateral wall of the LV that correlated to abnormal epicardial substrate. These findings suggest that ICE imaging may be useful to identify epicardial substrate in NICM.
OBSERVATIONS OF TRANSLATION AND JETTING OF ULTRASOUND-ACTIVATED MICROBUBBLES IN MESENTERIC MICROVESSELS

Abstract High-speed photomicrography was used to study the translational dynamics of single microbubbles in microvessels of ex vivo rat mesenteries. The microbubbles were insonated by a single 2 μs ultrasound pulse with a center frequency of 1 MHz and peak negative pressures spanning the range of 0.8–4 MPa. The microvessel diameters ranged from 10–80 μm. The high-speed image sequences show evidence of ultrasound-activated microbubble translation away from the nearest vessel wall; no microbubble showed a net translation toward the nearest vessel wall. Microbubble maximum translation displacements exceeded 20 μm. Microjets with the direction of the jets identifiable were also observed; all microjets appear to have been directed away from the nearest vessel wall. These observations appear to be characteristic of a strong coupling between ultrasound-driven microbubbles and compliant microvessels. Although limited to mesenteric tissues, these observations provide an important step in understanding the physical interactions between microbubbles and microvessels.
Evolving Treatment Paradigms for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is one of the most debilitating toxicities associated with cancer treatment. Although effective antiemetic agents are available, their use in practice often is suboptimal. Methods: The author reviews the pathophysiology of CINV as well as the drug classes and cost considerations that should be incorporated into treatment planning. Results: Several drug classes, including 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 receptor an- tagonists, and corticosteroids, are effective, especially when used in combination. Older antiemetic agents, such as prochlorperazine and metoclopramide, as well as olanzapine may provide reasonable alternatives in certain settings. Conclusions: Interventions for CINV should include standard-of-care antiemetics combined with corticosteroids. The cost of using older, less expensive antiemetics may be outweighed by the expenditures to rescue patients after suboptimal prophylaxis, as well as the indirect costs of missed work and lost productivity.
Performance modelling of opportunistic forwarding under heterogenous mobility

Abstract The delay tolerant networking paradigm aims to enable communications in disconnected environments where traditional protocols would fail. Opportunistic networks are delay tolerant networks whose nodes are typically the users’ personal mobile devices. Communications in an opportunistic network rely on the mobility of users: each message is forwarded from node to node, according to a hop-by-hop decision process that selects the node that is better suited for bringing the message closer to its destination. Despite the variety of forwarding protocols that have been proposed in the recent years, there is no reference framework for the performance modelling of opportunistic forwarding. In this paper we start to fill this gap by proposing an analytical model for the first two moments of the delay and the number of hops experienced by messages when delivered in an opportunistic fashion. This model seamlessly integrates both social-aware and social-oblivious single-copy forwarding protocols, as well as different hypotheses for user contact dynamics. More specifically, the parameters of model can be solved in a closed form in the case of exponential and Pareto inter-meeting times, two popular cases emerged from the literature on human mobility analysis. In order to exemplify how the proposed framework can be used, we discuss its application to two case studies with different mobility settings. Then, we discuss how the framework can be also extended to accommodate inter-meeting times following a hyper-exponential distribution. This case is particularly relevant as hyper-exponential distributions are able to approximate the large class of high-variance distributions (distributions with coefficient of variation greater than one), which are those more challenging, e.g., from the delay standpoint. Finally, we provide a validation for the framework with both ideal contacts (i.e., exactly following a given distribution) and contacts extracted from a real mobility trace. This evaluation highlights the strength of the framework in terms of its ability both to provide very accurate predictions under ideal mobility and to effectively approximate the behaviour of the delay moments under real mobility.
Joint turbo equalization and channel estimation with fixed-lag extended Kalman filtering

In this paper, we present a low complexity turbo equalization receiver for data transmission over time-varying frequency-selective fading channels. In the receiver, a fixed-lag Kalman equalizer jointly estimates the channel and equalizes the data symbols with the assistance of a priori information supplied by the decoder. The complexity of the proposed equalizer does not grow exponentially with the modulation constellation size, and is usually lower than that of many maximum a posteriori equalizers performing joint channel estimation and detection. Performance comparison with different types of turbo equalizers demonstrates the advantage of the proposed turbo equalizer
New Dynamical Systems for Principal and Minor Subspace Analysis

New dynamical systems for extracting multiple principal and minor components of a square matrix are presented. Analyses for determining invariant sets, domains of attraction and asymptotic stability of these systems are provided. These systems can be slightly modified so that they converge to the actual eigen or singular vectors by incorporating a diagonal matrix having distinct eigenvalues. Some of the proposed algorithms generalize known systems such as Oja's systems for principal and minor component analysis and are derived from optimizing bounded function over compact sets. Dual purpose systems for computing minor and principal component analyzers are also derived. Additionally, exact solutions for some non-linear learning dynamical systems are given
Continuous extensions in optics

This is a paper about a paradigm for invention used by me but also much earlier by the giants of physics and mathematics. The presentation is simple: announce the theme, illustrate it with well known examples, and then show how to use it. Strangely enough, the general scheme has had no name or attention given to it despite its many examples.
A liquid-phase quartz crystal microbalance for photovoltaics research

Processes involving solid surfaces and liquid reactants are ubiquitous in the semiconductor industry, and photovoltaics is no exception. Examples include the chemical bath deposition of CdS buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 and CuInS 2 devices, a process that is used in virtually every commercially available CIS-based module. Aqueous etching is used for anti-reflective texturizing of silicon cells, and is also used in the cleaning, defect etching, and native oxide removal for that particular PV material. Research on next generation quantum dot-based solar cells frequently uses simple solution-based methods for the growth and modification of the quantum dots. In all of these examples, a liquid is used to remove or deposit very thin, sometimes atomically thin, layers on the surface of a solid, and the nature of the chemical and physical changes that take place at that interface are critical to the proper functioning of the finished photovoltaic device. Despite the widespread use of liquid processes in research and in industry, there are few characterization techniques suitable for in-situ and real-time investigations of the solid-liquid interface. We have recently finished constructing a new, low-cost tool based on a quartz crystal microbalance for investigations of liquid processes that are of interest to the PV community. The tool consists of a liquid-phase QCM, pumps, valving, reaction vessels, membrane contactors for control of dissolved gases, and a PC-based control system, and can be used in continuous flow cell mode or in a batch reaction scheme. Because the system has been integrated with the NREL Surface Analysis Team's cluster tool, films either grown or modified with this new tool can be transferred without fear of atmospheric contamination to a suite of surface analytical techniques for further study. This paper will describe the new tool, its capabilities, potential pitfalls with its use, initial results, and possible future research directions.
Delayed ventricular septal rupture complicating acute inferior wall myocardial infarction

Ventricular septal rupture is a potentially fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction. Its incidence has declined with modern reperfusion therapy. In the era of percutaneous coronary interventions, it occurs a median of 18–24 hours after myocardial infarction and is most commonly associated with anterior myocardial infarction. We present a case of delayed ventricular septal rupture complicating acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. A 53-year-old Caucasian male presented with epigastric pain for three days and electrocardiographic evidence for an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography revealed a total occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery. Reperfusion was achieved by balloon angioplasty followed by placement of a bare metal stent. On hospital day six, the patient developed acute respiratory distress, a new loud pansystolic murmur, and hemodynamic instability. Echocardiography revealed the presence of a large defect in the inferobasal interventricular septum with significant left-to-right shunt consistent with ventricular septal rupture. The patient underwent emergent surgical repair with a bovine pericardial patch. Ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction should be suspected in the presence of new physical findings and hemodynamic compromise regardless of revascularization therapy.
A minimum Bayes risk approach to optimal portfolio choice

This paper presents a Bayes decision approach to optimal portfolio choice under uncertainty. The approach ties together the estimation and decision problems. It duly recognizes the uncertainty of estimation of unknown parameters of asset return distributions by postulating a posterior PDF. It differentiates between the true-optimal solution and a quasi-optimal solution and defines the difference between the realized utilities under these two different solutions as a loss. Then it treats the expected loss with respect to the posterior PDF as the Bayes risk. The optimal portfolio choice is formulated as a constrained optimization (nonlinear programming) problem. The Bayes solution is derived in general and is solved for diffuse and conjugate priors in particular. An illustrative example is provided. The numerical results are reported and compared to those obtained according to the traditional method that ignores estimation risk. To observe how estimation risk affects optimal portfolio decision, the Bayes ex...
Structured illumination with particle averaging reveals novel roles for yeast centrosome components during duplication

Duplication of the yeast centrosome (called the spindle pole body, SPB) is thought to occur through a series of discrete steps that culminate in insertion of the new SPB into the nuclear envelope (NE). To better understand this process, we developed a novel two-color structured illumination microscopy with single-particle averaging (SPA-SIM) approach to study the localization of all 18 SPB components during duplication using endogenously expressed fluorescent protein derivatives. The increased resolution and quantitative intensity information obtained using this method allowed us to demonstrate that SPB duplication begins by formation of an asymmetric Sfi1 filament at mitotic exit followed by Mps1-dependent assembly of a Spc29- and Spc42-dependent complex at its tip. Our observation that proteins involved in membrane insertion, such as Mps2, Bbp1, and Ndc1, also accumulate at the new SPB early in duplication suggests that SPB assembly and NE insertion are coupled events during SPB formation in wild-type cells.
Human pancreatic beta-like cells converted from fibroblasts

Pancreatic beta cells are of great interest for biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Here we show the conversion of human fibroblasts towards an endodermal cell fate by employing non-integrative episomal reprogramming factors in combination with specific growth factors and chemical compounds. On initial culture, converted definitive endodermal progenitor cells (cDE cells) are specified into posterior foregut-like progenitor cells (cPF cells). The cPF cells and their derivatives, pancreatic endodermal progenitor cells (cPE cells), can be greatly expanded. A screening approach identified chemical compounds that promote the differentiation and maturation of cPE cells into functional pancreatic beta-like cells (cPB cells) in vitro. Transplanted cPB cells exhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and protect mice from chemically induced diabetes. In summary, our study has important implications for future strategies aimed at generating high numbers of functional beta cells, which may help restoring normoglycemia in patients suffering from diabetes.
Boundedly rational route choice behavior: A review of models and methodologies

Abstract Perfect rationality (PR) has been widely used in modeling travel behavior. As opposed to PR, bounded rationality (BR) has recently regained researchers’ attention since it was first introduced into transportation science in the 1980s due to its power in more realistic travel behavior modeling and prediction. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the models of BR route choice behavior, aiming to identify current research gaps and provide directions for future research. Despite a small but growing body of studies on employing bounded rationality principle, BR route choice behavior remains understudied due to the following reasons: (a) The existence of BR thresholds leads to mathematically intractable properties of equilibria; (b) BR parameters are usually latent and difficult to identify and estimate; and (c) BR is associated with human being’s cognitive process and is challenging to model. Accordingly, we will review how existing literature addresses the aforementioned challenges in substantive and procedural bounded rationality models. Substantive bounded rationality models focus on choice outcomes while procedural bounded rationality models focus on the empirical studies of choice processes. Bounded rationality models in each category can be further divided based on whether time dimension is included. Accordingly, static and dynamic traffic assignment are introduced in substantive bounded rationality while two-stage cognitive models and day-to-day learning models in procedural bounded rationality are discussed. The methodologies employed in substantive bounded rationality include game theory and interactive congestion game, while those in procedural bounded rationality mainly adopt random utility and non- or semi-compensatory models. A comparison of all existing methodologies are given and bounded rationality models’ scope and boundaries in terms of predictability, transferability, tractability, and scalability are discussed. Finally existing research gaps are presented and several promising future research directions are given.
Surgical Approaches to Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy, the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide and, in recent years, has surpassed stomach cancer to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide (World Cancer Report 2014). Historically, rates of HCC have been low in the United States as compared with Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. However, recent decades have shown significant increase in the incidence of HCC in the United States likely because of the increased prevalence of chronic hepatitis infections (viral hepatitis B and C), alcoholic steatohepatitis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in developed countries. In the United States, cancer of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts was responsible for an estimated 23,000 deaths in the year 2014 alone. This is, in part, due to its dismal prognosis with overall 1-year and 3-year survival rates of only 36% and 17%, respectively. Hepatic resection, liver transplantation (LT), and ablative therapies (at early stages) are the only available interventions that have the potential for cure. However, due to the aggressive nature of this disease, only 15% of the patients are eligible for curative treatments at the time of presentation.
Pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system for post-operative pain in hospitalized patients.

Introduction: The fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) is a patient-controlled transdermal system allowing needle-free administration of on-demand doses of Fentanyl of 40 µg over a 10-min period up to 80 doses or over a 24-h period. It is indicated in opioid naive patients for the treatment of acute postoperative pain in the hospitalized patients for up to 72 h.Areas covered: It has been demonstrated to be effective and safe in randomized trials and to provide comparable analgesia versus morphine intravenous (i.v.) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with adverse events similar between groups.Expert opinion: Fentanyl ITS has shown high patient satisfaction rates, and was described by patients and investigators as easy and convenient to use. These properties make this technology interesting when considering perioperative pain management. In the present health care environment additional data are required to establish the cost-benefit ratio of this technology in optimizing patient’s recovery from ...
X-ray-induced persistent photoconductivity in vanadium dioxide

The resistivity of vanadium dioxide $({\mathrm{VO}}_{2})$ decreased by over one order of magnitude upon localized illumination with x rays at room temperature. Despite this reduction, the structure remained in the monoclinic phase and had no signature of the high-temperature tetragonal phase that is usually associated with the lower resistance. Once illumination ceased, relaxation to the insulating state took tens of hours near room temperature. However, a full recovery of the insulating state was achieved within minutes by thermal cycling. We show that this behavior is consistent with random local-potential fluctuations and random distribution of discrete recombination sites used to model residual photoconductivity.
A Comparison of Robotically Assisted Microsurgery versus Manual Microsurgery in Challenging Situations

Background:Microsurgery can be challenging secondary to orientation of the vessels, accessibility, or depth of the wound. Robotically assisted microsurgery reduces tremors and improves visualization and may improve the quality of anastomosis compared with traditional microsurgery. The purpose of thi
Communication Delay Co-Design in $\mathcal{ H}_{2}$-Distributed Control Using Atomic Norm Minimization

When designing distributed controllers for large-scale systems, the actuation, sensing, and communication architectures of the controller can no longer be taken as given. In particular, controllers implemented using dense architectures typically outperform controllers implemented using simpler ones—however, it is also desirable to minimize the cost of building the architecture used to implement a controller. The recently introduced Regularization for Design framework poses the controller architecture/control law co-design problem as one of jointly optimizing the competing metrics of controller architecture cost and closed-loop performance, and shows that this task can be accomplished by augmenting the variational solution to an optimal control problem with a suitable atomic norm penalty. Although explicit constructions for atomic norms useful for the design of actuation, sensing and joint actuation/sensing architectures are introduced, no such construction is given for atomic norms used to design communication architectures. This paper describes an atomic norm that can be used to design communication architectures for which the resulting distributed optimal controller is specified by the solution to a convex program. Using this atomic norm, we then show that in the context of $\mathcal{ H}_{2}$ -distributed optimal control, the communication architecture/control law co-design task can be performed through the use of finite-dimensional second-order cone programming.
The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952-1961. By Irwin F. Gellman. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. 791 pp.

The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952-1961. By Irwin F. Gellman. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. 791 pp. This volume adds to the scholarly work presenting laudatory assessments of the presidency and leadership style of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Irwin F. Gellman's mission is not to produce a comprehensive account of Eisenhower's presidency but to present more accurately the relationship between Eisenhower and his vice president, Richard M. Nixon (p. xii), a relationship that has been "misrepresented or ignored" (p. 566). Gellman believes that Nixon is treated as "an inconsequential vice president" (p. x), an inaccurate portrayal that he contends interferes with understanding Eisenhower's presidency. Eisenhower's leadership style "revolved around the team concept" (p. 6) but with a clear hierarchical design that cast Eisenhower as the decision maker on significant topics and subordinates, such as Nixon, as important advisors and implementers (pp. 6-7). Because Eisenhower was "deeply troubled" by the circumstances of Harry S. Truman's succession to the presidency after his exclusion from critical national security issues, Eisenhower kept Nixon "thoroughly informed" (p. 566); included Nixon in meetings; and gave him diplomatic, domestic, and political assignments. Nixon "evolved into one of Ike's most valuable subordinates" (p. x). Gellman claims that Eisenhower "fundamentally changed the role of the vice presidency" (p. 566). Gellman presents extensive information regarding Eisenhower's presidency, the Eisenhower--Nixon relationship, and Nixon's vice presidency, based on his impressive archival research. Yet some important claims would benefit from restatement or qualification. Contrary to Gellman's suggestion, prior scholarship has recognized Nixon's vice presidency as important. As Gellman states, Eisenhower included Nixon in meetings of the Cabinet, the National Security Council, and legislative leaders and gave him the assignments described in the book. Although "frequent," "regularly," and "often" are relative, and potentially ambiguous, modifiers, the repeated use of them (pp. x, 87, 307, 363, and 567) regarding Nixon's private meetings or meals with Eisenhower may create inflated perceptions of Nixon's centrality. Nixon's private meetings with Eisenhower occurred on average only every few weeks, as Gellman states (p. 87), and were not unique. Long intervals sometimes passed without such sessions, and Nixon was not included in many significant meetings. Gellman vigorously contests the popular view that Eisenhower wanted to replace Nixon on the 1956 ticket. He refers to Eisenhower's "nonexistent effort to dump Nixon from the 1956 Republican ticket" (p. 566) and seems to believe that Eisenhower thought Nixon could best advance his political future by moving to the Cabinet during a second term. Of course, Eisenhower "did not demand that Nixon leave the vice presidency" (p. …