cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A form-based approach to natural language query processing

We describe a methodology for processing data retrieval and update queries using a form-based natural language interface. For the purpose of illustration, we use computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) as the application domain. The interface consists of a set of fourth-generation interface tools (SQL forms), a set of form definitions, a lexicon, and a parser. The forms are developed from the functional and data models of the system. A form definition consists of a form name, a form object, a set of form fields, and a set of fragment grammars. A form object is a single or composite entity that uniquely identifies a form. Form fields consist of database fields whose values can be entered by users (user-defined), and others whose values can be derived by the system (system-defined). Fragment grammars are templates that identify the information requested by user queries. The lexicon consists of all words recognized by the system, their grammatical categories, synonyms, and associations (if any) with database objects and forms. The parser scans a natural language query to identify a form in a bottom-up fashion. The information requested by the user query is determined in a top-down manner by matching the fragment grammars associated with a form against the user query. Extragrammatical inputs with limited deviations from the grammar rules are supported. Elliptical queries are supported by deriving the missing information from those specified in previous queries and forms. Combining a natural language processor with SQL forms allows update queries and prevents violation of database integrity constraints, duplication of records, and invalid data entry.
Philippine Studies and the End of the American Century

The current struggles over US military bases and territorial sovereignty in the Pacific, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the phenomenon of globalization, alongside what is being called the “end of the American Century,” have pushed interdisciplinary scholars to develop new frameworks for engaging US Empire. The paper attempts to draw out the various figurations of “Philippine Studies” and “US empire” in the papers, which may include analyses of comparative colonialisms, class and participation in social justice movements, as well as the intersections between globalization and imperial conquest. By considering the papers’ insights on disciplinary formation and knowledge practices, the present analysis will also attend to their entanglements with contemporary articulations of exceptionalism and containment. The paper is especially interested in how recent incarnations and positionings of Philippine Studies generate insight on notions of the unique, particular, special, and relational that have intellectually and institutionally structured colonial discourse and critique.
Abstract 35: B-cell Mediated Recovery of Motor Function in a Murine Model of Stroke

Background: Increasing evidence shows a link between the central nervous system and the immune system in mediating damage, as well as regeneration and repair, following stroke, though most studies focus on T-cell-mediated pathology. While previous work links the B-cell secretion of IL-10 with acute neuroprotection following experimental stroke (PMID: 24374817), the role of B cells in long-term functional recovery is unknown. Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to assess the protective role of B-cells in improving post-stroke motor function in B-cell deficient mice. Materials and Methods: Adult male transgenic mice expressing human CD20+ (hCD20+) or wild-type (WT) littermate controls (PMID: 17709552) were trained on rotorod for a 2 week duration. Following training, all mice were administered Rituximab (50g ip; PMID: 21359213) daily for 3 days and weekly thereafter. Stroke was induced by a 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Post-stroke functional recovery was evaluated 2, 4, 7 and 14 days post-tMCAo. Lymphocytes were isolated from spleen 2 weeks post-tMCAo, stained with antibodies, profiled on a FACS Canto flow cytometer, and analyzed with FlowJo. Results: WT mice recovered to near pre-stroke rotorod performance by 4 days post-tMCAo. In contrast, hCD20+ mice exhibited deficits through 7 days (p<0.05). We confirmed that Rituximab depleted CD20+ B-cells (p<0.05) in the spleen of hCD20+ mice. This post-stroke B-cell depletion reduced CD45+ (p<0.0001) populations, as well as pro-inflammatory CD11b+ macrophage populations (p<0.01). Overall, B-cell depletion increased splenic T-cell percent representation (p<0.001), while decreasing monocyte (p<0.0005) and macrophage (p<0.0001) representation. Conclusions: B-cell depletion in hCD20+ mice prolonged motor deficits in rotorod performance beyond WT mice. B-cell depletion also enhanced a post-stroke immunosuppression of splenic immune cell populations. These data suggest a potential role for B-cells as a therapeutic tool to enhance functional recovery, and counter potentially detrimental post-stroke immunosuppression that contributes to comorbidity during recovery.
Constrained Fisher Scores Derived from Interaction Profile Hidden Markov Models Improve Protein to Protein Interaction Prediction

Protein-protein interaction plays critical roles in cellular functions. In this paper, we propose a computational method to predict protein-protein interaction by using support vector machines and the constrained Fisher scores derived from interaction profile hidden Markov models (ipHMM) that characterize domains involved in the interaction. The constrained Fisher scores are obtained as the gradient, with respect to the model parameters, of the posterior probability for the protein to be aligned with the ipHMM as conditioned on a specified path through the model state space, in this case we used the most probable path ---as determined by the Viterbi algorithm. The method is tested by leave-one-out cross validation experiments with a set of interacting protein pairs adopted from the 3DID database. The prediction accuracy measured by ROC score has shown significant improvement as compared to the previous methods.
Linguistics at Work: A Reader of Applications.

Linguistics at Work:. Reader of Applications. Dallin D. Oaks. ed. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace, 1998. 758 pp.
Tissue morphology of Histoplasma capsulatum in acute histoplasmosis.

Reports of histopathology in acute histoplasmosis are rare. A case of fulminating acute histoplasmosis with hematogenous dissemination is described in which Histoplasma capsulatum was identified in...
Steroid Rosacea in Children

Steroid rosacea is a facial dermatitis clinically resembling acne rosacea. Fluorinated topical steroids have been implicated as the cause or precipitating factor in previous case reports mainly involving an adult population. Four cases of pediatric acne rosacea associated with the use of topical fluorinated glucocorticosteroids are described. The process worsened during the two weeks following steroid cessation. We recommend that fluorinated glucocorticosteroids should not be used on the face of infants and children.
A non-homogeneous boundary-value problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation in a quarter plane

The Korteweg-de Vries equation was first derived by Boussinesq and Korteweg and de Vries as a model for long-crested small-amplitude long waves propagating on the surface of water. The same partial differential equation has since arisen as a model for unidirectional propagation of waves in a variety of physical systems. In mathematical studies, consideration has been given principally to pure initial-value problems where the wave profile is imagined to be determined everywhere at a given instant of time and the corresponding solution models the further wave motion. The practical, quantitative use of the Korteweg-de Vries equation and its relatives does not always involve the pure initial-value problem. Instead, initial-boundary-value problems often come to the fore. A natural example arises when modeling the effect in a channel of a wave maker mounted at one end, or in modeling near-shore zone motions generated by waves propagating from deep water. Indeed, the initial-boundary-value problem (0.1) {η t + η x + ηη x + η xxx = 0, for x, t ≥ 0. (0.1) {η t + η x + ηη x + η xxx = 0, for x, t ≥ 0 η(x,0) = o(x), η(0,t) = h(t), studied here arises naturally as a model whenever waves determined at an entry point propagate into a patch of a medium for which disturbances are governed approximately by the Korteweg-de Vries equation. The present essay improves upon earlier work on (0.1) by making use of modern methods for the study of nonlinear dispersive wave equations. Speaking technically, local well-posedness is obtained for initial data o in the class H s (R + ) for s > 3 and boundary data h in H (1+s)/3 loc (R + ), whereas global well-posedness is shown to hold for o ∈ H s (R + ), h ∈ H 12 loc (R + ) when 1 3. In addition, it is shown that the correspondence that associates to initial data O and boundary data h the unique solution u of (0.1) is analytic. This implies, for example, that solutions may be approximated arbitrarily well by solving a finite number of linear problems.
Utility of serum tumor markers, imaging, and biliary cytology for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis

There is limited information on test performance for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), particularly when used sequentially. This study aimed to characterize diagnostic performance of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, cholangiography, and biliary cytologic techniques for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in PSC. All consecutive patients with PSC were screened and followed for development of cholangiocarcinoma from 2000 through 2006. Of 230 patients, 23 developed cytopathologically confirmed cholangiocarcinoma with an annual incidence of 1.2%. The optimal cutoff value for serum CA 19-9 was 20 U/mL, which yielded a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 67%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 23%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%. Serum CA 19-9 combined with either ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging provided a sensitivity of 91%, 100%, and 96%, specificity of 62%, 38%, and 37%, PPV of 23%, 22%, and 24%, and NPV of 98%, 100%, and 98%, respectively, if at least one method was positive. Subsequent cholangiographic examinations in these patients increased specificity to 69% and PPV to 42% while maintaining sensitivity of 91% and NPV of 96%. Following this group, conventional cytology, aneuploidy detection by digital imaging analysis, and aneusomy detection by fluorescence in situ hybridization in brushing samples of biliary strictures had a sensitivity of 50%, 57%, and 86%, specificity of 97%, 94%, and 83%, PPV of 86%, 89%, and 80%, and NPV of 83%, 74%, and 88%, respectively, for detecting cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusion: Tumor serology combined with cross-sectional liver imaging may be useful as a screening strategy and cholangiography with cytologic examination is helpful for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with PSC. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
PLASMA ANTITHROMBIN III LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH HOMOZYGOUS SICKLE CELL DISEASE (SCD)

Plasma Antithrombin III activity (AT-IIIAc) and antigen (AT-IIIAgn) levels were determined in 75 children with SCD in the steady state aged 2 to 19 yrs (mean of 9.6 ± 5.6) and in matched controls. Thirty-three of these patients were also studied during steady state (SS) and during vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). In the steady state, AT-IIIAc was below control values whereas AT-IIIAgn levels were normal. During VOC there was decrease in both AT-IIIAc and AT-IIIAgn as compared to the steady state. Of the 33, fifteen patients had daily AT-IIIAc and AT-IIIAgn determinations. Decreased levels of AT-IIIAc and AT-IIIAgn rose above the initial levels with clinical improvement (68.6±13.9;8.1±2.7 and 88.4±11.2;12.0±2.8, respectively, P < 0.001) 24-48 hours after the symptoms had disappeared. Thrombotic phenomena appear to play an important role in VOC of SCD and sub-normal AT-IIIAc is found in patients in steady state. The further decline in functional AT-III is probably related to increased consumption and decreased production of AT-IIIAgn due to altered liver function during VOC.
METREE: a program package for inferring and testing minimum-evolution trees

The METREE program package for estimating phylogenetic trees with the minimum evolution method is written in Turbo C 2.0 and is intended to be used on any IBM-compatible personal computers that have a mathematical coprocessor. The package is simple to use and is menu driven. A program for visualizing and printing out the final tree is also included.
Disruption of insect transmission of plant viruses

Plant-infecting viruses are transmitted by a diverse array of organisms including insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, and plasmodiophorids. Virus interactions with these vectors are diverse, but there are some commonalities. Generally the infection cycle begins with the vector encountering the virus in the plant and the virus is acquired by the vector. The virus must then persist in or on the vector long enough for the virus to be transported to a new host and delivered into the plant cell. Plant viruses rely on their vectors for breaching the plant cell wall to be delivered directly into the cytosol. In most cases, viral capsid or membrane glycoproteins are the specific viral proteins that are required for transmission and determinants of vector specificity. Specific molecules in vectors also interact with the virus and while there are few-identified to no-identified receptors, candidate recognition molecules are being further explored in these systems. Due to the specificity of virus transmission by vectors, there are defined steps that represent good targets for interdiction strategies to disrupt the disease cycle. This review focuses on new technologies that aim to disrupt the virus–vector interaction and focuses on a few of the well-characterized virus–vector interactions in the field. In closing, we discuss the importance of integration of these technologies with current methods for plant virus disease control.
Histologie features of normal canine and feline skin

Abstract The skin provides an anatomic barrier and at the same time acts as a principal organ of communication between the animal and its environment. The skin displays remarkable species-dependent anatomic variations in its components, but its general functions are basically preserved throughout the different species. 1–6 The majority of the body surface in dogs and cats is covered by a variably dense haircoat, which exhibits species- and breed-dependent characteristics. It is partially or completely absent in a few feline and canine breeds, such as Devon rex cats, Chinese crested dogs, Mexican hairless dogs, and Abyssinian dogs. 6,7 The hairs provide an additional mechanical and physical barrier and are involved in thermoregulation as well. 6,8 The haircoat itself is often involved in cutaneous disorders and acts as an important mirror for internal diseases. On the other hand, it renders the skin itself less easily accessible for clinical observations. The thickness of the skin varies with species, breed, and body location and ranges from 0.5 to 5 mm in the dog 9 and from 0.4 to 2 mm in the cat. 7 The skin is thickest on the back and dorsal neck, becomes thinner toward the abdomen, and is thinnest in the inguinal and axillary regions. 7,9,10 Its thickness decreases from proximal to distal extremities as well. Histologic features of canine and feline skin in comparison with the human integument are presented according to their anatomic location: (1) epidermis, (2) basement membrane zone, (3) hair follicles, (4) sebaceous glands, (5) sweat glands, and (6) dermis.
Dynamics of cell proliferation in the adult dentate gyrus of two inbred strains of mice

The output potential of proliferating populations in either the developing or the adult nervous system is critically dependent on the length of the cell cycle (T(c)) and the size of the proliferating population. We developed a new approach for analyzing the cell cycle, the 'Saturate and Survive Method' (SSM), that also reveals the dynamic behaviors in the proliferative population and estimates of the size of the proliferating population. We used this method to analyze the proliferating population of the adult dentate gyrus in 60 day old mice of two inbred strains, C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ. The results show that the number of cells labeled by exposure to BUdR changes dramatically with time as a function of the number of proliferating cells in the population, the length of the S-phase, cell division, the length of the cell cycle, dilution of the S-phase label, and cell death. The major difference between C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice is the size of the proliferating population, which differs by a factor of two; the lengths of the cell cycle and the S-phase and the probability that a newly produced cell will die within the first 10 days do not differ in these two strains. This indicates that genetic regulation of the size of the proliferating population is independent of the genetic regulation of cell death among those newly produced cells. The dynamic changes in the number of labeled cells as revealed by the SSM protocol also indicate that neither single nor repeated daily injections of BUdR accurately measure 'proliferation.'.
Extrusion of an imperfect palindrome to a cruciform in superhelical DNA: complete determination of energetics using a statistical mechanical model.

Abstract We present a detailed study of the extrusion of an imperfect palindrome, derived from the terminal regions of vaccinia virus DNA and contained in a superhelical plasmid, into a cruciform containing bulged bases. We monitor the course of extrusion by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiments as a function of temperature and linking number. We find that extrusion pauses at partially extruded states as negative superhelicity increases. To understand the course of extrusion with changes in linking number, Δ Lk , we present a rigorous semiempirical statistical mechanical analysis that includes complete coupling between Δ Lk , cruciform extrusion, formation of extrahelical bases, and temperature-dependent denaturation. The imperfections in the palindrome are sequentially incorporated into the cruciform arms as hairpin loops, single unpaired bases, and complex local regions containing several unpaired bases. We analyze the results to determine the free energies, enthalpies and entropies of formation of all local structures involved in extrusion. We find that, for each unpaired structure, the Δ G , Δ H and Δ S of formation are all approximately proportional to the number of unpaired bases contained therein. This surprising result holds regardless of the arrangement or composition of unpaired bases within a particular structure. Imperfections have major effects on the overall energetics of cruciform extrusion and on the course of this transition. In particular, the extent of the Δ Lk change necessary to extrude an imperfect palindrome is considerably greater than that required for extrusion of the underlying perfect palindrome. Our analysis also suggests that, at higher temperatures, significant denaturation at the base of an imperfect cruciform can successfully compete with extension of the cruciform arms.
Structural evidence for γ globin chain synthesis in adult bone marrow cultures

Summary In adult human bone marrow cultures increased amounts of a protein with chromatographic characteristics of fetal hemoglobin are synthesized. The structural similarity between this ( 3 H) leucyl labelled protein and fetal Hb was examined. Upon partial sequence of the ( 3 H) labelled protein and carrier γ globin, incorporation of radioactivity was found only at positions normally occupied by leucyl residues in the γ chain. There was complete coincidence of radioactivity and optical density profiles of Sephadex G-50 chromatography of cyanogen bromide fragments of the carrier γ globin and the ( 3 H) labelled protein produced in culture. Specific activities of cyanogen bromide fragments were as expected by their composition in leucyl residues. Thus, by all chromatographic and structural criteria, the labelled protein appears to the human γ chain.
State Politics and the Death Penalty: From Furman to McCleskey

Abstract The ten-year moratorium on executions in the United States ended in 1977 when Gary Gilmore was put to death in Utah. Between 1977 and mid-1988, one hundred felons have been executed in twelve states. Although an additional twenty-five states provide for capital punishment, they have not executed for over twenty years. The Supreme Court's ruling in McCleskey v. Kemp (1987), which dismissed a racially discriminatory challenge to the use of capital punishment, was the last major hope of abolitionists to have the death penalty ruled unconstitutional. As a result, any significant effort to abolish the death penalty will be waged at the state level. This article discusses how governors, legislators and jurists in the twenty-five states that have capital punishment statutes but have not implemented them have been able to prevent executions from occurring despite public opinion in support of capital punishment. When important leaders in one or more of these governmental branches is opposed to capital pun...
Crime mapping and its extension to social science analysis

The purpose of this article is to present the definitions of 21 geographic information system (GIS) functions used in crime mapping and to propose how these functions may be applied more generally to social science research. Most social data are spatial, but this fact has been largely ignored in sociological and social science research. More extensive use of both spatial statistics and spatial analysis in sociology seems likely, and hopefully this article will stimulate social scientist readers to explore using GIS in their research.
Synthesis and Properties of New (Phosphinoylmethyl)Pyridine N-Oxides †‡

Syntheses for 2-[1-(diarylphosphinoyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]pyridines, (8a, b), and 2-[1-(diarylphosphinoyl)-1, 1-bis(methylpyridin-2yl)methyl]pyridines, (11a, b), (Ar = C6H5 and 2-CF3C6H4), based on substitution of 2-methylpyridine fragments onto the exo methylene carbon atom of 2-[(diaryl)phosphinoylmethyl]pyridine platforms, are described. N-oxidations of 8a, b and 11a, b produced the 2-[1-(diarylphosphinoyl)-1-(1-oxy-pyridin-2yl)methyl]pyridine N-oxides (5a, b) and the 2-[1-(diarylphosphinoyl)-1, 1-bis(1-oxy-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]pyridines (6a, b), respectively. The “short-arm“ pyridine fragment of 11a, b resists N-oxidation, and the fully oxidized molecules, 2-[1-(diarylphosphinoyl)-1, 1-bis(1-oxy-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]pyridine N-oxides (7a, b) were not isolated. Molecular mechanics calculations for gas phase 1:1 ligand/lanthanide complexes indicated that 5a should accommodate a tridentate NO(meNO)PO coordination mode with minimal steric strain. In contrast, 7a cannot form tetradentate NO(meNO)2PO chelates; however, tridentate binding should be accessible with minimal ligand strain. Coordination complexes of 8a, b, 5a, b, 6a, b and 11a, b with Ln(NO3)3 salts were isolated and a X-ray crystal structure for [Er(8a)(NO3)3(MeOH)2]·CH2Cl2, revealed a monodentate Er–O=P interaction. On the other hand, complexes formed by a more symmetrical trifunctional phenylphosphino-bis-2-methylpyridine N, N, P-trioxide ligand, (meNO)2PO*, {La[(meNO)2PO*)](OTf)2(MeOH)3(H2O)+}(OTf–) and {Pr[(meNO)2PO*)](OTf)(MeOH)4+}(OTf–)2, realized a tridentate coordination mode. Solvent extraction behaviors for EuIII and AmIII in nitric acid solutions using 5a, b, 6a, b, Ph3PO and the parent bifunctional ligand 2-[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]pyridine N, P-dioxide (3a) in 1, 2-dichloroethane were assessed, and 5a, b and 6a, b were found to behave more like Ph3PO than 3a.
Enriched multinormal priors revisited

Abstract In a 1974 paper, the author indicated how natural conjugate priors for multi-dimensional exponential family likelihoods could be enriched in certain cases through linear transformations of independent marginal priors. In particular, it was shown how the usual Normal-Wishart prior for the multinormal distribution with unknown mean vector and precision matrix could have the number of hyperparameters increased; the ‘thinness’ of the traditional prior is well- known. The new, linearly dependent prior leads to full-dimensional credibility prediction formulae for the observational mean vector and covariance matrix, as contrasted with the simpler, self-dimensional forecasts obtained in prior literature. However, there was an error made in the sufficient-statistics term of the covariance predictor which is corrected in this work. In addition, this paper explains in detail the properties of the enriched multinormal prior and why revised statistics are needed, and interprets the important relationship between the linear transformation matrix and the matrix of credibility time constants. An enumeration of the additional number of hyperparameters needed for the enriched prior shows its value in modelling multinormal problems; it is shown that the estimation of these hyperparameters can be carried out in a natural way, in the space of the observable variables.
The role of palmitoyl–protein thioesterase in the palmitoylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Palmitoylation of eNOS is required for targeting to plasmalemmal caveolae and agonist-promoted depalmitoylation leads to eNOS translocation, modifying the agonist response. To date, one palmitoyl–protein thioesterase (PPT) has been purified and cloned. To explore the role of PPT in eNOS palmitoylation, we first established that PPT mRNA and protein are expressed in endothelial cells. Coexpression of PPT and eNOS in heterologous systems (COS and Sf-9 cells) resulted in a marked reduction in [3H]palmitate labeling of eNOS. We found, however, that co-expression did not alter subcellular targeting of eNOS, but that [3H]palmitate incorporation into cellular lipids, in particular palmitoyl-CoA, was significantly reduced. These results suggest that while PPT expression can significantly alter cellular lipid metabolism, it has no effect on eNOS palmitoylation.
Kinetic-Family-Drawings of children with diabetes

The role of familial emotional stress has been recognized as a significant factor in the life of children with diabetes. The Kinetic-Family-Drawing was used to study 52 children with diabetes, as a projective technique to delineate environmental factors. An equal number of K-F-Ds of otherwise normal children were matched to the experimental group by age, sex, and race. The children with diabetes showed more examples of isolation in their drawings, and this finding correlated with examples of aggression. These findings suggest important dynamics that may exist in the family that has a child with diabetes.
Receptor for Interleukin 13: INTERACTION WITH INTERLEUKIN 4 BY A MECHANISM THAT DOES NOT INVOLVE THE COMMON γ CHAIN SHARED BY RECEPTORS FOR INTERLEUKINS 2, 4, 7, 9, AND 15

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) shares many biological properties with IL-4, and although the receptor for IL-4 (IL-4R) has been characterized, the expression and structure of IL-13 receptor are unknown. We report here that human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells express large numbers of functional IL-13R. Human B lymphocytes and monocytes expressed a very small number of IL-13R, while resting or activated human T cells expressed little or no IL-13R. IL-4 did not compete for IL-13 binding, while IL-13 competed for IL-4 binding, even though IL-4R and IL-13R are structurally distinct on human RCC cells. IL-13 cross-linked with one major protein that is similar in size to the γcsubunit of IL-2, −4, −7, −9, and −15 receptors but was not recognized by anti-γcor anti-IL-4R antibodies. IL-4, on the other hand, cross-linked with two major proteins, the smaller of which appears to be similar in size to IL-13R and γc, but (like the IL-13R) it did not react with anti-γcantibody. Although as shown in this study and in previous studies, γcis a functional component of IL-4R in lymphoid cells, it does not appear to be associated with IL-4R on RCC cells. Even in the absence of common γ chain IL-4 and IL-13 were able to up-regulate intracellular adhesion molecule-1 antigen on RCC cells. These data suggest that the interaction of IL-13 with IL-4R does not involve γcand IL-13R itself may be a novel subunit of the IL-4R.
Simplifying automated hoarding methods

A number of mobile computing systems have used the technique of hoarding, which allows a mobile device to store a chosen subset of known files, to give disconnected users the illusion of a complete filesystem in the presence of limited storage. We undertook an extensive and detailed simulation study of the parameters of a well-known hoarding system, seer, in an attempt to discover the parameters that would produce the best performance. To our surprise, we discovered that the best parameter combinations were those that completely disabled seer's complex clustering methods, reverting the system instead to a modified form of LRU hoarding. We discuss the experiments and our results, and propose designs for future systems and directions for future research.
A Case of Carbon Dioxide Narcosis Following Tracheotomy in Chronic Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Patient

Received January 5, 2012 Revised March 5, 2012 Accepted March 7, 2012 Address for correspondence Joo Hyun Woo, MD, PhD Department of OtorhinolaryngologyHead & Neck Surgery, Gil Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea Tel +82-32-460-3765 Fax +82-32-467-9044 E-mail woojh@gilhospital.com Failure of pulmonary ventilation capacity results in carbon dioxide (CO2) retention. When this produces loss of consciousness, it is called CO2 narcosis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common cause of CO2 retention. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is a typical disorder resulting in upper airway obstruction. However, bilateral vocal cord paralysis has been rarely documented in the chronic course of obstructive diseases related to the ear/nose/throat because its symptoms are relatively obvious. A 49-year-old man who complained of hoarseness and dyspnea for several years was diagnosed with bilateral vocal cord paralysis. CO2 narcosis occurred after tracheostomy and laser posterior cordotomy had been applied to relieve dyspnea. Details of the case are provided along with a review of the relevant literature. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2012;55:308-11 Key WordsZZCarbon dioxide ᆞNarcosis ᆞVocal cord paralysis.
Epidermal growth factor receptor directed therapy in head and neck cancer

Squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCCHN) is the seventh most common cause of cancer death worldwide and its incidence is rising rapidly in developing countries. Despite recent advances in managing locally advanced SCCHN, patients with recurrent and metastatic SCCHN have a poor prognosis and little progress has been made its management. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SCCHN and is a marker of poor prognosis. Recent advances in targeted therapeutics against EGFR are being investigated clinically. In this article, we review the different modalities utilized to inhibit EGFR signaling in SCCHN, including small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, anti-sense therapy and immunotoxin conjugates. Monotherapy with EGFR inhibitors has demonstrated response rates between 5 and 15% in advanced SCCHN. However, combining EGFR inhibitors with cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy appears to augment response rates and survival. With the foundation for the use of EGFR inhibitors laid in these studies, future studies will need to optimize the delivery of these agents in combination with conventional therapies.
Schlicht envelopes of holomorphy and topology

Let Ω be a domain in $${\mathbb{C}^{2}}$$ , and let $${\pi: \tilde{\Omega}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{2}}$$ be its envelope of holomorphy. Also let $${\Omega'=\pi(\tilde{\Omega})}$$ with $${i: \Omega \hookrightarrow \Omega'}$$ the inclusion. We prove the following: if the induced map on fundamental groups $${i_{*}:\pi_{1}(\Omega) \rightarrow \pi_{1}(\Omega')}$$ is a surjection, and if π is a covering map, then Ω has a schlicht envelope of holomorphy. We then relate this to earlier work of Fornaess and Zame.
Incorporating particle flow information from discrete element simulations in population balance models of mixer-coaters

A multi-scale modeling approach is presented in which discrete element method (DEM) and population balance (PB) models are combined via a compartment model (CM) to account for flow heterogeneity in a particle mixer-coater. Using this approach, the mixer is decomposed into bed and spray regions, and particle trajectories taken from the DEM model are used to generate an intermediate sub-CM that matches the residence time distributions of particles in these regions. A system of PB models is then generated from the CM. The CM presents a simplified, but still accurate description of the particle residence times in the regions of the mixer. A case study of a simple top spray coating system shows the method is 80% faster than using DEM alone with 13% of the error of using PB alone. Approaches to estimating the minimum DEM simulation time are also presented.
Relationship of growth- phase to the reducing activity of bacterial cells.

IN the course of an investigation1 on the reduction of formaldehyde by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it was demonstrated that treatment of the bacteria with single amino-acids that were able to support adequately their growth in culture media, prior to the addition of formaldehyde, considerably enhanced the subsequent rate of uptake of the latter compound by the organism. This rise in reducing activity was assumed to be related to processes preparatory to cell multiplication. Pollock and Wainwright2 found that the nitratase activity of washed suspensions of the coliform organism ‘1433’ was markedly stimulated in the presence of tryptic meat broth or a mixture of eighteen amino-acids. They suggested that, in accordance with Spiegelman and Dunn's theory3, the external supply of nitrogen would serve as a source for the synthesis of more enzyme protein.
MACS: A Simulation Platform for Today's and Tomorrow's Air Traffic Operations

This paper describes the Multi Aircraft Control System (MACS) simulation platform developed in the Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) at NASA Ames Research Center. MACS is a comprehensive research tool that has been developed to increase the overall realism and flexibility of controller- and pilot-in-the loop air traffic simulations. The research focus in the AOL is on examining air traffic operations in rich air/ground environments that can include multiple oceanic, en route, and terminal airspace sectors. The AOL research and development team maintains and continuously expands the capabilities of MACS to rapidly prototype new interfaces, displays, tools and operational concepts for addressing the complex controller/pilot/automation integration crucial to the implementation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). Sample applications of the MACS software are presented to show the range of air traffic environments that can be investigated. Funding for this work was provided by NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) and NGATS Airspace Systems research program.
A Density Functional Study of the Mechanism of the Diimine−Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization Reaction

The mechanism of diimine−Ni-catalyzed ethylene polymerization reaction has been studied theoretically using the B3LYP density functional method. The chain initiation reaction proceeds with the coordination of ethylene to the model active catalyst [L2NiCH3]+, L2 = (HNCH)2, followed by ethylene insertion into the metal−alkyl bond with a rate-determining 11.7 kcal/mol free energy barrier to form a γ-agostic intermediate, which with a small barrier rearranges to a more stable β-agostic intermediate and then forms an olefin alkyl complex upon coordination of the next ethylene. Linear polymer propagation takes place from this olefin alkyl complex, the resting state in the catalytic cycle, via the same insertion, rearrangement, and coordination pathway. An alternative pathway from the olefin alkyl complex passes over a 14−15 kcal/mol barrier for β-hydride elimination and reinsertion for branched polymer propagation. These energetics suggest that the Ni(II)-catalyzed reaction is expected to produce more linear th...
Effects of Amelanchier fruit isolates on cyclooxygenase enzymes and lipid peroxidation

Abstract Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Amelanchier canadensis resulted in 1,3-dilinoleoyl 2-olein ( 1 ), 1,3-dioleoyl 2-linolein ( 2 ), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural ( 3 ), 5-(sorbitoloxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxaldehyde ( 4 ), 5-(mannitoloxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxaldehyde ( 5 ), and 5-(α- d -glucopyranosyloxymethyl) furan-2-carboxaldehyde ( 6 ). Four compounds, oleanolic acid ( 7 ), ursolic acid ( 8 ), kaempferol-3- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl (1 ← 2) rhamnopyranoside ( 9 ), and kaempferol-3- O -α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 10 ) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of fresh fruits of Amelanchier arborea . The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and characterized by NMR and GC/MS methods. The isolated compounds inhibited lipid peroxidation (by 85%) at 100 ppm when compared to 89%, 87%, and 98% for the commercial antioxidants butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tert -butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ) at 1.67, 2.2, and 1.67 ppm, respectively. Although not selective, some of these compounds inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 enzymes. Compounds 3 – 6 were isolated for the first time from A. canadensis and compounds 7 – 10 were isolated for the first time from A. arborea fruits.
High-power phosphate-glass laser system: design and performance characteristics

A one-beam prototype of a large twenty-four-beam phosphate-glass laser system has been built and tested. Basic design characteristics include Nd-doped phosphate glass, rod amplifiers up to 90-mm diam, the propagation of a circularly polarized beam, extensive spatial filtering and imaging, and the use of large-aperture Pockels cells. The prototype system has demonstrated focusable power in excess of 750 GW/beam at 50-psec full width at half-maximum (FWHM) pulse duration and has delivered 165 J of focusable energy in a 500-psec (FWHM) pulse. Maximum beam brightness has been measured to be 4 × 1019 W/cm2 · sr at a firing rate of 2 shots/hr. Peak-to-background energy contrast of 108 has been achieved with this system. A detailed description of the system design and performance is presented.
Incidence of spinal cord lesions in patients with intractable constipation

Spinal magnetic resonance imaging of children with intractable constipation was reviewed. Nine percent of patients had spinal cord abnormalities. Tethered cord was the most common lesion in 75% of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool to evaluate children with intractable constipation.
Carbon-hydrogen bond activation: two, three, or more mechanisms?

Classic and newly proposed mechanisms for metal-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) were analyzed with density functional theory (DFT) and Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis. The two class...
Directed Water Shedding on High‐Aspect‐Ratio Shape Memory Polymer Micropillar Arrays

A reconfigurable, droplet-directing surface is developed based on high-aspect-ratio shape-memory polymer (SMP) pillars. The water droplet on the original or recovered SMP pillars can slide off the surface at a finite angle of inclination while being fully pinned on the deformed pillar array. This wettability contrast allows directed water shredding from the straight pillars to the deformed ones.
Gas exchange and SO2 fumigation studies with irrigated and unirrigated field grown Diplacus aurantiacus and Heteromeles arbutifolia.

Experiments were performed on an evergreen (Heteromeles arbutifolia) and a drought deciduous shrub (Diplacus aurantiacus) to determine, 1) whether approaches for evaluating SO2 absorption by leaves in laboratory studies could be extended to field studies, 2) the effects of irrigation on metabolism and SO2 responses of the study species during a season when water was limiting, 3) to interpret SO2 responses on the basis of SO2 flux rates. Laboratory-developed approaches for evaluating SO2 absorption by leaves were found to be suitable for use with field plants, despite field plants having lower gas exchange rates. Supplementing water during times of deficit did not override all the biological and environmental factors that limited photosynthesis (A). Irrigation increased leaf longevity of D. aurantiacus, and stomatal conductance to water vapour (g); g was also shown to increase with H. arbutifolia on irrigation. Irrigation profoundly influenced plant response to SO2. Unwatered D. aurantiacus had only a small g and therefore a reduced capacity to absorb SO2 and respond to SO2; which resulted in apparent SO2 avoidance. Water availability and SO2 both affect g and therefore, SO2 flux rates into the mesophyll. Different ambient SO2 concentrations of 8.3 and 26.2 μmol m-3 (0.2 and 0.6 ppm) were both found to result in similar SO2 flux rates into the leaf, due to variations in g in response to water availability. Changes in g did not always result in changes in A, implying that carbon fixation may be little affected by some SO2 exposures, although still potentially affecting such processes as maintenance of leaf water potential, transpirational cooling and nutrient uptake.
The Effects of Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance on Endurance Level, Self-Perceived Fatigue Level, and Self-Perceived Exertion of Inpatients in Physical Rehabilitation

The present study investigated the effects of a Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) sensory-motor rehabilitation technique, Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance (TIMP) as compared to Traditional Occupational Therapy (TOT), on endurance, self-perceived fatigue, and self-perceived exertion of 35 hospitalized patients in physical rehabilitation. The present study attempted to examine whether an active musical experience such as TIMP with musical cueing (i.e., rhythmic auditory cueing) during physical exercises influences one's perception of pain, fatigue, and exertion. All participants were diagnosed with a neurologic disorder or had recently undergone orthopedic surgery. Investigators measured the effects of TOT and TIMP during upper extremity exercise of the less affected or stronger upper extremity. Results showed no significant difference on endurance measures between the 2 treatment conditions (TIMP and TOT). Statistically significant differences were found between TIMP and TOT when measuring their effects on perceived exertion and perceived fatigue. TIMP resulted in significantly less perception of fatigue and exertion levels than TOT. TIMP can be used for an effective sensory-motor rehabilitation technique to decrease perceived exertion and fatigue level of inpatients in physical rehabilitation. Language: en
The Politburo Through Western Eyes

One of the factors in world politics which social scientists are beginning to subject to systematic analysis is that of elite behavior in international relations. While hypotheses about elite behavior appear to be not only essential to, but also implicit in, any formulation of foreign policy, it still requires to be demonstrated whether research of this order has any operational utility. Clearly, many students in this field have not articulated their assumptions about the conduct of elite groups in foreign affairs; it is often doubted that hypotheses based upon intensive investigation of the doctrine of elites and their cultural matrices have any bearing on the analyses usually pursued in the study of international relations.
On the mechanism of tectonic transport in zones of oblique subduction

Abstract Many cases of oblique subduction are known throughout the world today, and many more must have existed in the past. In at least one modern case (Sumatra) the over-riding plate has responded to oblique subduction by forming a strike-slip fault that traverses the magmatic arc and displaces its leading edge in the direction of the transverse component of oblique convergence. Conditions favoring this sort of tectonic response are shown to be 1. (1) a high angle of oblique convergence, 2. (2) a low angle of subduction, and 3. (3) relative thermal “softening” of the magmatic arc. This mechanism may have been responsible in part for northward transport of western Cordilleran magmatic-arc and subduction-zone rocks in the Late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary. It also may help to explain evidence of southward transport and left-lateral shear in northern Mexico and the Caribbean region in pre-Jurassic time.
Multiscale models of angiogenesis

This article aims to promote integration of angiogenesis-related models, both integration of the work described herein and many other existing and future models. Integration of molecular mechanisms with cell- and organ- level models allows investigators to study angiogenesis from perspectives in time and space that were once unattainable. As new tools develop for the systematic validation, integration, visualization, and adaptation of these models, the field of angiogenesis heralds an era where modeling becomes an essential component of rigorous experimental design and therapeutic advances.
Your Role in Formulating Public Policy

One goal of AGU is to assure that the results of our research are made available for the benefit of humanity. To achieve this goal takes the commitment of many members. There are numerous ways that you can contribute to the development of public policy that is based on sound science. How do you get started? As Soroosh Soroosian states in his editorial in this issue of Eos, a first step may be to look for opportunities to talk to people in your local community about science and how our science can be used to benefit society. Talk to school teachers and students, business organizations, the media, and elected and appointed representatives and other officials of government such as school boards and planning commissions.
Who claims to be a pediatrician

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of physicians who self or otherwise declare themselves to be pediatricians but who have never achieved board certification. Study design We compared a roster from the state licensure file of eight geographically diverse states containing those designated as pediatricians with a listing from the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) of those who had ever achieved board certification. We then sent a mail survey to a sample of 500 physicians who appeared as pediatricians on the state licensure files but for whom there was no record of certification with the ABP. Results The proportion of unmatched pediatricians ranges from 6.9% in Massachusetts to 16.8% in Maryland, and averages 11% across all of the states in our study. The survey response rate was 64%. The majority (61%) of respondents described having undertaken residency training in categorical pediatrics or medicine-pediatrics. The remainder reported surgical residencies (31%) or were combined into an “other” category (8%). Eighty-five percent reported having completed 3 or more years of postgraduate training. Almost all (94%) completed training in the United States or Canada. Conclusions There is increasing attention to board certification and patient safety among the media and public. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 A clearer delineation of the proportion of physicians in a given state reporting to be pediatricians who have not completed board certification can help inform parents of the odds they will encounter noncertified physicians in the hospitals and among the health plans in which they seek care for their children.