cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gypsies and Travelers

The English term ‘Gypsy’ refers to diverse groups—each with its own history, culture, and name—who live in scattered communities throughout the world. From linguistic evidence it is apparent that Gypsies originated in India and began migrating westward around the tenth century, absorbing aspects (e.g., religion, language) of the host cultures they settled among. ‘Travelers’ is the English term commonly used to refer to indigenous groups who share economic and structural features with Gypsies. While nomadism remains an important feature of many groups–and is the image instantly evoked by the very words ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Traveler’—substantial numbers today are sedentary for all or much of the year. All Gypsy and Traveler groups see themselves in opposition to outsiders or non-members who they typically categorize with a single term (e.g., ‘gadje’). Public policy towards these groups has fluctuated. Liberal programs (e.g., providing camp sites and mobile classrooms for nomadic families, creating culturally-sensitive curricula) have vied with assimilation efforts (principally through settlement and education) and harsh repression. Gypsies and Travelers have become increasingly politically active. Many organizations have emerged to articulate their concerns and lobby government for the same rights as any other minority.
Robotic Surgery in Pediatric Otolaryngology

Robotic assisted surgery (RAS) is a form of minimally invasive surgery that is just beginning to be applied to pediatric otolaryngology. Its use was limited in the past largely because of limited access and relatively large instrumentation. The advent of smaller 5 mm instrument heads and experience with different retractors gives us the potential to expand the application of RAS in management of the pediatric airway. In this chapter, we discuss the history of robotic surgery, describe the advantages and disadvantages of robotic procedures, discuss the current instrumentation, and review recent applications in pediatric otolaryngology.
Aleutian disease of mink.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the immunological parameters of the Aleutian disease of mink. The disease is of special interest because it serves as an excellent model of immune complex disease in which the antigen involved in the immune complexes is known. Viral infection produces a uniquely great antibody response with marked accumulations of plasma cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, and liver along with marked hyperglobulinemia. Immune complexes are readily demonstrable even by analytical ultracentrifugation, and viral antigen has been demonstrated in the complexes. Severe kidney disease develops in some animals, and viral antibody and antigen have been eluted from the kidney. The glomerular lesions are typical of an immune complex-mediated injury with fine granular deposits along the glomerular basement membrane that can be stained for Ig, C3, and viral antigen. Aleutian disease virus circulates as infectious antigen-antibody complexes in persistently infected mink. Smaller complexes are deposited in the glomeruli and arteries and cause severe and frequently fatal inflammatory lesions. Both the host genotype and the viral genotype influence the severity of Aleutian disease.
The Importance of the Group in the Field Work Seminar

Over the past 20 years, I have had the wonderful opportunity in three different Universities at both the graduate and undergraduate levels to lead a Field Work Seminar. I intentionally say “lead” because the seminar is like no other course in the program. It is here that the students, I believe, have a place to talk, listen, and reflect upon what one another are saying. I describe it as a “safe zone” in which they can share with and support one another. Indeed, it is the sense of “all being in the same boat” that enables them to become a very close group which helps them succeed in their field work placements and enriches their experience. This cooperative learning through the group work experience is not only beneficial to the students, but also provides them with an array of practical and therapeutic skills which they can utilize in their field work placements.
Can MOOC Programs Improve Student Employment Prospects

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) exploded into popular consciousness in the early 2010s. Huge enrollment numbers set expectations that MOOCs might be a major disruption to the educational landscape. However, there is still uncertainty about the new types of credentials awarded upon completion of MOOCs. We surveyed close to 9,000 learners of the largest data science MOOC program to assess the economic impact of completing these programs on employment prospects. We find that completing the program that costs less than $500 led to, on average, an increase in salary of $8,230 and an increase in the likelihood of job mobility of 30 percentage points. This high return on investment suggests that MOOCs can have real economic benefits for participants.
Profiles of School Disengagement: Not All Disengaged Students are Alike

Abstract This chapter presents different profiles of disengaged students. First, we outline conceptualizations of school engagement and disengagement described in the literature. Findings from qualitative interviews with students about their conceptualizations of school engagement and disengagement are then presented. Next, we review research using person-centered techniques to identify different profiles of engaged and disengaged students. We then present an example of research using these techniques to identify subgroups of adolescents who are characterized by unique patterns of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social disengagement. Four disengagement profiles were identified: (1) emotionally and socially disengaged, (2) cognitively disengaged, (3) emotionally disengaged, and (4) behaviorally disengaged. This chapter concludes with a discussion of three common profiles of disengaged students: (1) behaviorally disengaged, (2) emotionally disengaged, and (3) students who are cognitively and emotionally disengaged. For each profile, we outline the causes, present a case example of this profile, and describe potential interventions to increase engagement.
Sensory Worlds: Emotional Geography and Human-Centered Design in 360° VR Ethnographic Videos.

This chapter assesses the usefulness of 360/VR video production in the creation of student VR videos. With the emergence of 360/VR documentary platforms in narrative and documentary film, empathy and presence are often touted as this format’s unique contribution beyond traditional documentary modes. However, the lack of an established grammar of VR filmmaking has left this worthy goal woefully under-theorized. This chapter explores spatialized storytelling techniques aimed at achieving viewer empathy by employing insights from the fields of emotional geography and human-centered design. How can these insights be employed to produce engaging VR experiences that effectively translate subjective worlds? This chapter argues that presence and empathy can be designed into the production of ethnographic VR experiences as long as they are grounded in an enhanced, collaborative ethnographic preproduction process.
Repeated stress induces a pro-inflammatory state, increases amygdala neuronal and microglial activation, and causes anxiety in adult male rats

A link exists between immune function and psychiatric conditions, particularly depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychological stress is a powerful trigger for these disorders and stress influences immune state. However, the nature of peripheral immune changes after stress conflicts across studies, perhaps due to the focus on few measures of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory processes. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for emotion, and plays an important role in the effects of stress on anxiety. As such, it may be a primary central nervous system (CNS) mediator for the effects of peripheral immune changes on anxiety after stress. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate the influence of stress on peripheral pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory aspects, BLA immune activation, and its impact on BLA neuronal activity. To produce a more encompassing view of peripheral immune changes, this study used a less restrictive approach to categorize and group peripheral immune changes. We found that repeated social defeat stress in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats increased the frequencies of mature T-cells positive for intracellular type 2-like cytokine and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering was used to guide grouping of T-cells and cytokines, producing unique profiles. Stress shifted the balance towards a specific set that included mostly type 2-like T-cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Within the CNS component, repeated stress caused an increase of activated microglia in the BLA, increased anxiety-like behaviors across several assays, and increased BLA neuronal firing in vivo that was prevented by blockade of microglia activation. Because repeated stress can trigger anxiety states by actions in the BLA, and altered immune function can trigger anxiety, these results suggest that repeated stress may trigger anxiety-like behaviors by inducing a pro-inflammatory state in the periphery and the BLA. These results begin to uncover how stress may recruit the immune system to alter the function of brain regions critical to emotion.
Environmentally relevant exposures of male mice to carbendazim and thiram cause persistent genotoxicity in male mice

Carbendazim and thiram are fungicides used in combination to prevent mold destruction of crops. Studies have demonstrated genotoxicity by these agents, but have not used concentrations below their water solubility limits in drinking water to test for persistence of genotoxicity due to chronic exposure. Ten 8-week old male Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to tap water, or nominal concentrations of 20 μM carbendazim, 20 μM thiram or 20 μM of both fungicides for 90 days (total of 40 mice). Five mice from tap water controls, carbendazim, thiram and combination-treated groups (20 mice total) had genotoxicity detected by comet assay of lymphocytes at the termination of the exposure period. The other 20 mice (4 treatment groups) were all switched to tap water and allowed a 45-day recovery period to check for persistence of DNA damage. The damage was compared with commercial control cells exposed to increasingly harsh treatment by etopside. Comet assay (mean % tail DNA + SE) of control mice (9.8 + 0.9) was similar to commercial control (CC0) cells (8.5 + 0.9). Carbendazim, thiram or the combination treatment caused similar mean % tail DNA with 33.0 + 2.9, 30.1 + 3.3 and 29.1 + 1.8, respectively, comparable with commercial cells slightly damaged by etopside (CC1 with 31.4 + 2.9) with no statistical change in water or food intake, body weight or liver or kidney weights. The key result was that a 45-day recovery period had no observable difference in the DNA damage as assessed by DNA % in comet tail with tap water controls and CCO control cells at 7.0 + 0.7 and 9.7 + 1.2 versus 27.5 + 1.9, 29.3 + 2.2 and 32.0 + 1.8, respectively, for carbendazim, thiram and combination treatments. It is of concern that the use of these agents in developing countries with little training or regulation results in water pollution that may cause significant persistent DNA damage in animal or human populations that may not be subject to repair.
Paralysis Caused by Spinal Cord Injury After Posterior Fossa Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Objective Paralysis (paraplegia or quadriplegia) after posterior fossa surgery is a rare but devastating complication. We investigated previous reports of this complication to examine similarities among patients, risk factors, and methods by which it may be prevented. Methods A systematic review was completed according to PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases were searched until November 2019 using keywords “paraplegia,” “quadriplegia,” or “spinal cord injury” added to “posterior fossa surgery.” Results Thirteen case reports published between 1996 and 2019 were included. Five (38.5%) involved quadriplegia/quadriparesis and 8 (61.5%) involved paraplegia after surgery. Ten cases (76.9%) were tumor resections and 3 (23.1%) were posterior fossa decompressions (2 for Chiari malformations and 1 for Morquio syndrome). Seven surgeries (53.8%) were performed in the sitting position and 6 (46.2%) were prone. Proposed mechanisms of paralysis involved cervical hyperflexion yielding spinal cord ischemia in 8 patients (61.5%), arterial hypotension in 2 patients (15.4%), spinal cord compression from hematoma in 1 patient (7.7%), and decreased cardiac output in 1 patient (7.7%) (1 study did not propose a cause). Cervical hyperflexion was equally likely in the sitting and prone positions (4 patients each). Only 3 patients (23.1%) involved intraoperative complications (all cardiopulmonary in nature). Conclusions Paralysis after posterior fossa surgery often involves spinal cord infarction apparently caused by cervical hyperflexion. Extreme care during patient positioning is needed in both the sitting or prone positions. Electrophysiologic monitoring might enable early identification of spinal cord dysfunction to minimize or avoid this complication.
Formés par l'amour. Petit essai de spiritualité chrétienne

Guide de spiritualite chretienne construit sous la forme d'un lexique (57 courtes meditations) proposant des criteres de discernement pour une vie authentiquement chretienne a partir d'une reflexion fondamentale sur le sens de la vie, l'importance des choix et de l'engagement, la necessite de la confiance et de l'abandon.
Integrating GaAs, Si, and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells in Multijunction Devices and Probing Harsh Condition Behavior

Mechanically stacked single illuminated area sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cells (SSM-DSCs) were fabricated with varying bottom devices including DSC, silicon (Si), and galli...
Minimum Service Requirements, Limited Brokers and Menuing of Services

In the past few years, many states have responded to the increasing number of limited service brokers by passing minimum service requirements. Limited service brokers can be viewed as those brokers who are offering their marketing and representative services A La Carte as opposed to the more traditional full-services brokers offering of a Table D'hote (one size fit all) for their services. Supporters claim the legislation is necessary to protect consumers who are otherwise hurt by limited service brokers, but critics assert that this legislation is anti-competitive and not necessary. This study provides empirical evidence that sellers using limited service brokers experience a trade-off between a higher selling price and longer marketing spans with accompanying lower probabilities of finding a buyer during a given marketing period.
Debt correlations in the wake of the financial crisis: What are appropriate default correlations for structured products?

Abstract This paper proposes several frameworks to estimate the appropriate default correlations for structured products, each of which jointly considers the role of co-movements in modeled risk characteristics and unmodeled systematic risk, or ‘frailty.’ We contrast our estimates with credit rating agencies’ default correlation assumptions, which were only 0.01 for Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs) pre-crisis and have increased to 0.03 post-crisis. In contrast, the joint consideration of observable risk factors and frailty leads to substantially higher estimates of 0.12. We show that this translates into CLOs with credit risk understated by 26%, suggesting caution for the post-crisis structured finance market.
Effect of Assignment Choice on Student Academic Performance in an Online Class.

Choice of assignment has been shown to increase student engagement, improve academic outcomes, and promote student satisfaction in higher education courses (Hanewicz, Platt, & Arendt, Distance Education, 38(3), 273–287, 2017). However, in previous research, choice resulted in complex procedures and increased response effort for instructors (e.g., Arendt, Trego, & Allred, Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 8(1), 2–17, 2016). Using simplified procedures, the current study employed a repeated-measures with an alternating-treatments design to evaluate the effects of assignment choice (flash cards, study guide) on the academic outcomes of 42 graduate students in an online, asynchronous course. Slight differences between conditions were observed, but differences were not statistically significant.
The Response to Reform in a Growing Economy: The Role of the Rent-Seeking Technology

Individuals engaged in rent seeking accumulate sector specific human capital through learning-by-doing. If agents specialize, small reforms of the trade regime may fail to reduce the level of the rent-seeking activity. The size of the reform necessary to induce movement out of rent seeking is increasing in the time that controls have been in place. If rent seeking and production are complementary activities, agents will not specialize in either, and will fully respond to a small reform of the trade regime. This is true even though they accumulate human capital specific to rent seeking.
A cien años de Weber: la ciencia como vocación y el resurgimiento del nacional-populismo

Han pasado cien anos desde la muerte de Max Weber y 102 desde la publicacion de su ensayo clasico “La ciencia como vocacion”. El autor revisa aqui varias de las ideas de ese ensayo y analiza, desde una perspectiva weberiana, el surgimiento del nacional-populismo, los origenes historico-estructurales de la situacion presente y el significado que ha tenido para los simpatizantes de este movimiento. Esta explicacion y comprension tiene consecuencias directas para los intentos actuales de revertir un movimiento que ha cambiado el curso de la historia reciente en Estados Unidos y otros paises del mundo desarrollado.
Prospective Analysis of Patient Satisfaction with Inherited Retinal Disease Clinic Visits Conducted via a Hybrid Telemedicine-based Approach

Purpose : The COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacted patient access to in-person healthcare, bringing telemedicine to the forefront. The Emory Ophthalmic Genetics Service (EOGS) adopted a hybrid model of care, allowing patients to meet the physician via a video telehealth encounter and separately obtain ancillary in-person diagnostic testing. The goal of this study is to evaluate patient satisfaction and completion rate of diagnostic genetic testing with this novel care model for patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). Methods : Patients age 18 and older who were new to the EOGS and participated in a telemedicine-based IRD clinic appointment after October 1 , 2020, were eligible for this study. After obtaining informed consent, a trained interviewer administered a 14-question survey over the telephone. Each survey item contained 5 Likert-scale response options, assigned a value from 1 to 5. The survey was designed to address two main factors information exchange and patient comfort. A mean favorability index for patient satisfaction was calculated for each item with a score of 5 being most favorable. Completion rate of diagnostic genetic testing was also evaluated. Diagnostic accuracy was determined by comparing the clinical diagnosis to the genetic diagnosis, where available, and results compared to a control group of in-person encounters from July 2019 to December 2019. Results : Sixteen of 21 eligible patients completed the survey (Figure 1). Of these, 7 (44%) were female, with median age 56.5 (range, 25 to 73 years). Patients lived a median of 29.5 miles (range, 5 to 147 miles) from the Emory Eye Center. Six (37.5%), 6 (37.5%), and 14 (87.5%) patients underwent ancillary in-person testing with electroretinography, perimetry, and fundus imaging, respectively. The median (range) favorability index was 5 (4-5) and 4 (3-5) for information exchange and patient comfort, respectively. Responses were favorable (>3) for telemedicine for all survey items except one. Diagnostic genetic testing was recommended for 12 (75%) patients, and completed in 10 (83%) of those. Conclusions : Our results suggest high patient satisfaction with a hybrid telemedicinebased approach for care delivery to patients with IRDs. Further study in a larger sample is warranted.
A Comparison of Students’ Preferences in Online Algebra Instruction Pre- and Post-Covid-19

This study is aimed towards understanding students’ preferences in online learning of College Algebra at a community college in the United States, before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. We analyze the results of Student Satisfaction surveys administered during Fall 19, Spring 20 and Fall 20 semesters. The classes were partially or fully online with synchronous and asynchronous components such as face-to-face and/or virtual meetings, pre-recorded video lessons, assignments through online homework platforms, and discussion board assignments. Our analysis show that students found face-to-face meetings most helpful, when classes were taught partially online. After the transition to online teaching, virtual meetings did not directly replace the face-to-face meetings, instead online homework platforms were preferred. We find that students ultimately started utilizing all components of online classes on an equal basis. Our results reflect students’ adjustment to online teaching, taking more advantage from asynchronous course components and becoming active learners over time.
PDFGRα+ Stromal Cells Promote Salivary Gland Proacinar Differentiation Through FGF2-dependent BMP7 Signaling.

3.0Stromal cells can direct epithelial differentiation during organ development; however, these pathways remain poorly defined. FGF signaling is essential for submandibular salivary gland development, and FGF2 can regulate proacinar cell differentiation in organoids through autocrine signaling in stromal cells. We performed scRNA Seq and identified stromal cell subsets expressing Fgf2 and Fgf10 that also express Pdgfr. When combined with epithelial cells in organoids, MACS-sorted PDGFR+ cells sufficiently promoted proacinar differentiation. Gene expression analysis revealed FGF2 activates the gene Bmp7 in the stroma. BMP7 could replace stromalsignaling and stimulate epithelial acinar differentiation but not branching. However, in the absence of FGF2, pathway analysis revealed that the stromal cells differentiated into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblast differentiation was induced when we treated organoids with TGF{beta}1, which also prevented proacinar differentiation. Conversely, FGF2 reversed TGF{beta}s effects. Dissecting pathways driving acinar differentiation will facilitate development of regenerative therapies. 2.0 Summary StatementEmbryonic salivary glands contain multiple stromal cell populations. FGF2 maintains the stromal Pdgfr+ population in-vitro. The PDGFR+ stromal cells drive early epithelial secretory cell differentiation using BMP7.
Adopting a Technological Stance Toward the Living World. Promises, Pitfalls and Perils

In this essay, I explore the theoretical, methodological and ethical dimensions of adopting a technological stance toward the natural living world. In Part 1, I discuss the importance of adaptive match as a central explanandum of biology, offer a tentative definition of “biological design,” and argue that inferences of intentional design in nature often flow from rational deliberative faculties, rather than solely or even primarily from cognitive biases toward teleological explanation or culturally inculcated religious beliefs. In Part 2, I examine the virtues of technological thinking in biology that flow from important structural similarities between organisms and artifacts, which permit the testing of evolutionary hypotheses and reveal the physical constraints on evolved design. This analysis is balanced in Part 3 by an investigation of the pitfalls associated with technologic thinking in biology and in popular science education, where I discuss a range of problems that arise from thinking of organisms as machines and describing their features in artifactual terms. Finally, in Part 4, I consider ethical misgivings about embracing the technological stance, such as the worry that an ‘instrumentalist’ attitude toward nature could lead to the mistreatment of beings with moral status, or that the design of organisms for human purposes expresses disrespect for living things or a pernicious desire for mastery over nature.
Structure and Biosynthesis of the Mannan Component of the Yeast Cell Envelope

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the new developments concerning yeast mannan structure and biosynthesis as they relate to the organization of the cell wall and the roles played by these glycoproteins. The mechanism of mannan biosynthesis is still in a rudimentary state, partly because of the insufficient knowledge concerning mannan structure and partly because of the inherent difficulties in working with such a complex macromolecule. Detailed information of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan can now be sketched and facilitates the planning of experiments on, and the interpretation of results from, biosynthetic studies. Moreover, the availability of mannan mutants with known polysaccharide structural alterations should prove advantageous. Studies of mannan biosynthesis have taken three general tacks. One approach has been directed toward an elucidation of the overall process of mannan formation and translocation within the cell using “pulsechase” techniques and autoradiography. The second approach has dealt with the formation and secretion of intact mannan molecules by yeast protoplasts and the inhibition of this process by compounds that prevent protein or polysaccharide synthesis. The third approach has investigations of the enzymic processes involved in mannan synthesis, using cell-free extracts and following incorporation of radioactive mannose into endogenous and exogenous acceptors. The chapter discusses the detailed structures of specific yeast mannans.
The Social Costs of Gambling: An Economic Perspective.

Much of the opposition to legalized gambling is based on analyses of the social costs that occur as a result of pathological gambling. It is our contention that many, if not most, authors who have contributed to this literature are either unclear or misguided in what they define as social costs. Instead of starting with a clear definition of what constitutes a social cost, these authors have adopted an ad hoc approach—using “common sense” to determine what constitutes losses to society and then attempting to quantify the impact of those activities. We believe this is not, as some suggest, simply a matter of semantics. Rather, it is a serious problem in the gambling literature. How do we differentiate between a consequence of pathological gambling that is a “social cost” and one that is not? Which of the consequences of addictive behaviors that are associated with gambling arise when gambling is legal, and which will be manifest in some form whether or not gambling is legal? In this article we explain the economic perspective on social costs. An understanding of this paradigm removes the subjectivity in the classification of pathological gambling's social costs. The paper has three major components. First, we introduce the economic notion of social costs. Using this paradigm, we differentiate between the “true” social costs related to pathological gambling, and other negative consequences that cannot legitimately be classified as social costs. Second, we evaluate a recent social cost study using the economics social cost paradigm. Third, we discuss two types of social costs that have been largely overlooked in the gambling literature. One is caused by gambling prohibition. The other occurs as a result of “rent seeking” that is related to the political process surrounding the legalization of gambling.
Radiation in Microgravity

The sections in this article are: 1 Characteristics of the Space Radiation Environment 1.1 Composition and Distribution 2 Properties of Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation 2.1 Unique Properties of Charged Particle Radiation 2.2 Risk Assessment 3 Radiobiological Experiments in Space 3.1 Exploratory Studies 3.2 Natural Radiation Exposures 3.3 Artificial Radiation Exposures 4 Possible Mechanisms for Microgravity and Radiation Interaction 5 Summary and Conclusions
A qualitative study of computers and printouts in the classroom

This qualitative inquiry into using microcomputers to access an on-line electronic encyclopedia revealed the salient issues for eighth-graders in using computer technology and what they valued in their videotex experience. Assigned to gather information both electronically and from traditional library materials to write a science theme, students with no prior computer experience exhibited very little technological apprehension. Nearly all the students preferred electronic search by computer to print search in books and periodicals. Underlying student reports appeared to be the perception that using a computer relieved them from the process of note-taking and some editing judgments that using print materials would require. Overall, middle-school students in this situation readily accommodate computers and videotex within their ongoing school context but assigned the new technology greater value than traditional learning media.
Microbial ecology of deep-water mid-Atlantic canyons

Why do the microbes matter? Microbes are ecosystem architects! All underwater surfaces are rapidly covered in biofilms of living things, starting with microbes. The mixed community of bacteria in a particular biofilm can determine what other organisms will later choose to grow there. In this way, the microbes affect the eventual community structure of the visible fauna. Experiments will be conducted with settling plates at depths ranging from 150 to 1,000 meters (fig. 3A) to determine what types of microbial biofilms form on different surfaces. Stacks of settling plates will be mounted on benthic landers (weighted metal frames holding scientific instruments that are
What does team–member exchange bring to the party? A meta-analytic review of team and leader social exchange

Summary Both leader–member exchange (LMX) and team–member exchange (TMX) measure the quality of reciprocal exchange among employees in the workplace. Although LMX focuses on supervisor–subordinate relationships while TMX examines the relationships among team members, both have theory-based and empirically proven relations with workplace outcomes such as job performance, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. However, it is not yet known which has more of an impact on such workplace outcomes—specifically, it is not clear if an employee's time is best spent developing vertical relationships among supervisors and subordinates (LMX) or on the horizontal relationships among team members (TMX). Accordingly, this meta-analysis explores the incremental validity and relative importance of these two social exchange-based constructs. The theoretical logic underlying LMX and TMX is clarified, and the parameter estimates between LMX, TMX, and work outcomes are reported. Results demonstrate that TMX shows incremental validity above and beyond LMX for some outcomes (organizational commitment and job satisfaction), but not others (job performance and turnover intentions). Also, LMX shows greater relative importance across all four outcomes. In sum, the clarification of the theoretical and empirical landscape lays a foundation for recommendations for future research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real-time synchronization protocols for multiprocessors

The authors investigate the synchronization problem in the context of priority-driven preemptive scheduling on shared-memory multiprocessors. Unfortunately, a direct application of synchronization mechanisms such as the Ada rendezvous, semaphores, or monitors can lead to uncontrolled priority inversion: a high job being blocked by a lower priority job for an indefinite period of time. A task allocation scheme based on the generalized protocol is outlined. >
Time-Dependent Kinetics VII: Effect of Diurnal Oscillations on the Time Course of Carbamazepine Autoinduction in the Rhesus Monkey

Extensive blood sampling and repeated long-term carbamazepine infusions were carried out in four rhesus monkeys to examine the time course of carbamazepine autoinduction in detail and assess the intraanimal variability in the rate constant of induction. Diurnal oscillations in carbamazepine blood levels were observed during all infusions and these prevented a good data fit for the biochemical model previously proposed for describing the decline in drug blood levels during induction by carbamazepine. An attempt at fitting only selected blood samples to the model resulted in variable (and perhaps questionable) induction rate constants, even in the same animal. Previous variability in calculated induction rate constants may be due to the presence of diurnal oscillations superimposed on the autoinduction phenomenon. It is proposed that the simultaneous expression of diurnal oscillations and autoinduction are the result of effects on drug metabolism at two independent levels.
Prolonged sojourn of developing pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus and their settling in the stratum pyramidale

In radiograms of rat embryos that received a single dose of [3H]thymidine between days E16 and E20 and were killed 24 hours after the injection, the heavily labeled cells (those that ceased to multiply soon after the injection) form a horizontal layer in the intermediate zone of the hippocampus, called the inferior band. The fate of these heavily labeled cells was traced in radiograms of the dorsal hippocampus in embryos that received [3H]thymidine on day E18 and were killed at different intervals thereafter. Two hours after injection the labeled proliferative cells are located in the Ammonic neuroepithelium. The heavily labeled cells that leave the neuroepithelium and aggregate in the inferior band 1 day after the injection become progressively displaced toward the stratum pyramidale 2-3 days later, and penetrate the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region on the 4th day. In the stratum pyramidale of the CA3 region, farther removed from the Ammonic neuroepithelium, the heavily labeled cells are still sojourning in the intermediate zone 4 days after labeling. Observations in methacrylate sections suggest that two morphogenetic features of the developing hippocampus may contribute to the long sojourn of young pyramidal cells in the intermediate zone: the way in which the stratum pyramidale forms and the way in which the alveolar channels develop. The stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region forms before that of the CA3 region, which is the reverse of the neurogenetic gradient in the production of pyramidal cells. We hypothesize that this is so because the pyramidal cells destined to settle in the CA3 region, which will be contacted by granule cells axons (the mossy fibers), have to await the formation of the granular layer on days E21-E22. Concordant with this is the observation that the hippocampal intermediate zone, which contains the sojourning young pyramidal cells, greatly enlarges between days E16 and E20, then suddenly diminishes and disappears by day E22. The other factor that may contribute to the prolonged sojourn of pyramidal cells, specifically those destined to settle in the CA1 region, is the pattern of alveolar channel development. This transient extracellular matrix begins to form several days after the onset of pyramidal cell neurogenesis, grows in a direction opposite to the settling of pyramidal cells in the stratum pyramidale, and does not reach the subicular end of Ammon's horn until day E21.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Radiosurgery Treatment Planning.

The Gamma Knife (Leksell Gamma Unit; Elekta Radiosurgery, Inc, Atlanta, GA) and specially adapted linear accelerators are the systems most commonly used for intracranialstereotactic external beam irradiation. Both systems deliver collimated radiation to a treatment isocenter and a stereotactic head frame is required to align each target or portion of the target with this isocenter. Image acquisition and treatment planning define how the target is to be treated using one or more treatment positions. Diagnostic images are required to link the target volume with the stereotactic frame coordinate system. The number of diagnostic imaging modalities and the corresponding diagnostic technique(s) selected for optimum target localization are determined by the nature of the target and surrounding structures. The diagnostic modalities presented in this article include magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, computerized tomography, and x-ray angiography. This review covers the fundamentals of radiosurgical treatment planning using the Gamma Knife as the system of reference.
Particle-hole description of 28Si and 32S

Abstract Energy levels and transition rates are calculated for 28 Si and 32 S in the framework of the particle-hole model. Transitions between excited states as well as transitions to and from the ground state are considered. Particular attention is given to the low-lying energy levels and to the J π = 1 − states in the giant resonance regions of the two nuclei. A finite-range force is employed in the residual interaction. A spherical basis set is used in constructing the secular matrix and is limited to 0ħω and 1ħω excitations. Reasonable agreement is obtained for the positions of energy levels and many of the transition rates. Corrections to previous work in the literature on 28 Si giant resonance calculations are also presented.
The Correction of Electrolyte Deficits in Cardiovascular-Renal Disease

In this discussion of some of the points that have interested us in the correction of electrolyte deficits in cardiovascular-renal disease, we briefly reviewed the salt-losing syndrome in terminal nephritics and in hypertensives with advanced renal damage, and incidentally delved into the concepts of edema formation as we discussed its opposite mechanism. We found ourselves drawn into a discussion of potassium metabolism in the process, touching on the subject of "potassium losers." Next in the panorama of this multifaceted problem came the management of edematous patients who developed hyponatremia on the diuretic egimen (without losing their edema) or who became mercurial fast in "midstream"; i.e., after losing about half their edema. Under such dire circumstances, we showed how sodium chloride might be used to good advantage. The promising use of corticotropin (ACTH) in hopelessly resistant cases of cardiac edema or in near-terminal severe cases of myocardial insufficiency, with incidental correction o...
Transfer characteristics of lateral geniculate nucleus X-neurons in the cat : effects of temporal frequency

The dependency of intrageniculate signal transfer on stimulus temporal frequency was investigated by comparing responses of individual X-relay cells with their direct retinal inputs in anesthetized and paralyzed cats. Temporal frequency response functions of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) X-cells were more narrowly tuned than those of their retinal inputs. The efficiency of signal transfer was consistently highest at or around the geniculate cells' optimal temporal frequency, and the degree of signal transfer, which was more closely related to the LGN cells' firing rate than to the firing rate of their retinal input, decreased for both lower and higher temporal frequencies. The high temporal frequency cut-offs were significantly lower in geniculate cell responses than those of their direct retinal inputs. This reduction in temporal resolution was exaggerated for relatively low stimulus spatial frequencies. The present results provide clear evidence for the notion that LGN cells function as nonlinear temporal filters and that this stimulus-dependent signal transmission appears to be regulated by complex local mechanisms.
Organizing and understanding a winter's seagrass foodweb network through effective trophic levels

Trophic structure of ecosystems is a unifying concept in ecology; however, the quantification of trophic level of individual components has not received the attention one might expect. Ecosystem network analysis provides a format to make several assessments of trophic structure of communities, including the effective trophic level (i.e. non-integer) of these components. We applied network analysis to a Halodule wrightii community in Goose Creek Bay, St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, USA, during January and February 1994 where we sampled a wide variety of taxa. Unlike most applications of network analysis, the field sampling design was specific for network construction. From these data and literature values, we constructed and analyzed one of the most complex, highly articulated and site specific foodweb networks to be done. Care was taken to structure the network to reflect best the field data and ecology of populations within the requirements of analysis software. This involved establishing internally consistent rules of data manipulation and compartment aggregation. Special attention was paid to the microbial components of the food web. Consumer compartments comprised effective trophic levels from 2.0 (herbivore/detritivore) to 4.32 (where a level 4.0 represents ‘secondary carnivory’), and these values were used to organize data interpretation. The effective trophic levels of consumers tended to aggregate near integer values, but the spread from integer values increased with increasing level. Detritus and benthic microalgae acted as important sources of food in the extended diets of many consumers. ‘Bottom-up’ control appeared important through mixed trophic impact analysis, and the extent of positive impacts decreased with increasing trophic level. ‘Top-down’ control was limited to a few consumers with relatively large production or biomass relative to their trophic position. Overall, ordering results from various network analysis algorithms by effective trophic level proved useful in highlighting the potential influence of different taxa to trophodynamics. Although the calculation of effective trophic level has been available for some time, its application to the evaluation of other analyses has previously not received due consideration.
Roles of Surfactant Molecules in Post-CMP Cleaning

One major concern in post-CMP cleaning is particles contamination on the substrate surface after the CMP process. These particles can be abrasive particles from the slurry, debris from pad material, and particles of film being polished. The cleaning method used in this study is direct contact of the substrate surface and brush sweeping. To enhance the cleaning process, an anionic surfactant is added in the cleaning solution. In order to understand effects of surfactant molecules on post-CMP cleaning, for the first time, we use a tribological approach over a range of surfactant concentration and temperature. In this regard, we observe how the surfactant behavior before and after it reaches the critical micelles concentration (cmc). Experimental results show that increase in surfactant concentration can promote bilayer interaction of micelles on the hydrophilic particles. Based on our study, we propose an interactive explanation of surface molecules with the wafer surface and nanoparticles through friction. This understanding will serve as a guide on how much surfactant should be added in order to achieve effective particle removal.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Consumer Assessments of the Quality of Medical Care

Studies using consumer evaluations of the quality of medical care are reviewed. Important methodological issues in studies using this approach are discussed and future paths for research are presented.
Performance Evaluations of the New GPS L5 and L2 Civil (L2C) Signals

: The United States is planning to implement two new civil signals on the GPS satellites in the next few years. The L2 civil (L2C) signal will be implemented beginning with the first Block IIR-M satellite, anticipated to be launched in 2004. The L5 signal will be implemented beginning with the first Block IIF satellite, anticipated to be launched in 2006. Both new civil signals include design features that make them very different from the only existing civil GPS signal—the L1 C/A-code. In a previous paper, signal structure, cross-correlation protection, tracking loop performance, and multipath were evaluated for each signal. This paper presents additional performance evaluations, such as proposed methods of code acquisition, and receiver tracking thresholds considering platform dynamics and receiver oscillator phase noise. The performance trade-offs between carrier loop bandwidth and loop update time, as well as data demodulation performance, are also evaluated.
Curative and Population Medicine: Bridging the Great Divide

There are gaps in understanding between practicing physicians (curative medicine) and those trained in public health and epidemiology (population medicine). In the last century, these groups were clos
A Fuzzy Systems Model of Arms Transfer Outcomesxs

This paper presents a fuzzy systems model of the effects of U.S. and USSR arms transfers on the political and strategic relationships between India and Pakistan during the period 1951–1976. The relationships between the importers are represented in the model by two system transformation equations. These equations stipulate that changes from t to t+1 (where t = one year) in the political and strategic relationships between India and Pakistan will be functions of those actors' relationships at t and U.S. and USSR arms transfers during the same time period. The political and strategic relationships between India and Pakistan are represented in the model by fuzzy variables: one variable identifies the degree to which there is political cooperation between the importers; another measures the degree of military balance. The model is tested by using COPDAB and SIPRI data on political relations, the military balance, and arms transfer inputs at t to predict the fuzzy levels of cooperation and military balance bet...
Affective consequences and subsequent effects on morphine self-administration of d-ala2-methionine enkephalin

Albino rats implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulae were used to investigate the effects of ICV administration of d-ala2-methionine enkephalin. Potentially positive affective consequences were assessed by observing rats’ movements in an alley, one compartment of which had previously been paired with drug administration. Like morphine (10 mg/kg, intra-peritoneally—IP), this enkephalin analogue (10 µg, ICV) produced a tendency for rats to move toward the place where they had previously experienced the drug’s effects. In another experiment, the same dose of d-ala2-methionine enkephalin was not sufficient to produce a conditioned taste aversion, as did the 10-mg/kg IP dose of morphine. Rats with a prior history of administration of either d-ala2-methionine enkephalin or systemic morphine subsequently consumed significantly more sweetened morphine solution than control animals in a voluntary oral consumption situation with tap water also available. Collectively, these results suggest that enkephalin administration may produce a positive affective state without aversive components and potentiate voluntary consumption of morphine.
Coupled-Mode Theory of Vertically Integrated Impedence-Matched Waveguide/Photodetectors

The future success of guided-wave optoelectronic circuits relies on the development of efficeint photodetectors. In conventional photodetector designs the absorbing layer is grown directly adjacent to the waveguide core and the transfer of energy proceeds by evanescent field coupling.1,2,3 This strategy leads, however, to small detector absorption coefficients and hence long detector lengths for high quantum efficiency, typically 100µm or more, with a concomitant increase in the device capacitance and slow frequency response.2,3 Reducing the detector length is therefore a key issue in the development of efficient waveguide photodetectors.