cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PARALLEL-BEAM AND DIFFUSE RADIATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract The calculation of atmospheric transmission functions for infrared spectral lines having a pressure-broadened line shape is extended to include the case where the fractional concentration of the radiating gas varies with height. The radiation exchange between two atmospheric layers can now be calculated under a wide variety of conditions. A recent formulation of the radiation problem by Plass is used to show that the conversion factor for changing parallel-beam radiation to diffuse radiation varies between one and two, depending on the particular frequency interval and optical thickness considered. The value of the conversion factor is two for a frequency interval involving only very weak lines; the value is 1.78 when the centers of the lines are black, if the lines do not overlap appreciably; the value approaches unity as the lines overlap more and more. The use of an average value for the conversion factor can lead to errors of 17 per cent in the calculation of radiation exchange. Since the ang...
A randomized controlled trial of capnography during sedation in a pediatric emergency setting.

Objective Data suggest that capnography is a more sensitive measure of ventilation than standard modalities and detects respiratory depression before hypoxemia occurs. We sought to determine if adding capnography to standard monitoring during sedation of children increased the frequency of interventions for hypoventilation, and whether these interventions would decrease the frequency of oxygen desaturations.
The future is in the PC cards

The growing use of IC memory cards, with their small size and low power consumption, in key roles in all sorts of handheld equipment is discussed. Three events that have propelled the credit-card-sized descendants of the original battery-packed memory cards are discussed. They are the development of a standard for 68-pin personal computer cards, known as PC cards, that allows them to act as peripherals, such as modems and network ports, as well as storage devices; the development of flash-type nonvolatile memory chips of very high capacity; and the emergence of palmtop and notebook computers. >
Disruption of Hsp90 Function Results in Degradation of the Death Domain Kinase, Receptor-interacting Protein (RIP), and Blockage of Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activation

The death domain kinase, receptor interacting protein (RIP), is one of the major components of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) complex and plays an essential role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. The activation of NF-κB protects cells against TNF-induced apoptosis. Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) are chaperone molecules that confer protein stability and help to restore protein native folding following heat shock and other stresses. The most abundant Hsp, Hsp90, is also involved in regulating the stability and function of a number of cell-signaling molecules. Here we report that RIP is a novel Hsp90-associated kinase and that disruption of Hsp90 function by its specific inhibitor, geldanamycin (GA), selectively causes RIP degradation and the subsequent inhibition of TNF-mediated IκB kinase and NF-κB activation. MG-132, a specific proteasome inhibitor, abrogated GA-induced degradation of RIP but failed to restore the activation of IκB kinase by TNF, perhaps because, in the presence of GA and MG-132, RIP accumulated in a detergent-insoluble subcellular fraction. Most importantly, the degradation of RIP sensitizes cells to TNF-induced apoptosis. These data indicate that Hsp90 plays an important role in TNF-mediated NF-κB activation by modulating the stability and solubility of RIP. Thus, inhibition of NF-κB activation by GA may be a critical component of the anti-tumor activity of this drug.
Notes on the geology of Rock Creek Park, District Of Columbia

Pre-Cretaceous crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau are well exposed in the valley of Rock Creek within the District of Columbia. A geologic map is presented showing the distribution of four major rock types: schist, medium-grained granite, coarse-grained biotite granite, and diorite. These are described and compared with the three types - granite gneiss, biotite granite, and diorite and metadiorite - mapped in the same area by Keith and Darton in 1901. Evidence is advanced to support a revision in the definition of the relative ages of the biotite granite and the diorite in which the author believes the diorite to be the younger rock. Several hundred Brunton readings show (1) foliation striking consistently to the northeast and dipping steeply to the northwest, (2) lineation plunging regularly and gently to the southwest, and (3) joints falling clearly into three major sets - one striking normal to the foliation and dipping vertically, the other two forming cross joints striking northeasterly and northwesterly and dipping steeply eastward. The suggestion is made that aplite and quartz dikes are related genetically to the diorite with which they commonly are associated. The linear distribution of quartz blocks lying in the surficial gravels is believed to reflect the positions of buried veins that stand as walls above the erosion surface of the Pre-Cambrian basement. Suggested projects are described to extend the scope of the present report.
Comparison of the electronic structures of two non-cuprate layered transition metal oxide superconductors

Abstract Comparison is made of the electronic structure of the little-studied layered transition metal oxide LiNbO2 with that of Na x CoO 2 , which has attracted tremendous interest since superconductivity was discovered in its hydrate. Although the active transition metal d states are quite different due to different crystal fields and band filling, both systems show a strong change of electronic structure with changes in the distance between the transition metal ion layer and the oxygen layers. The niobate is unusual in having a large second-neighbor hopping amplitude, and a nearest-neighbor hopping amplitude that is sensitive to the Nb–O separation. Li x NbO 2 also presents the attractive simplicity of a single band triangular lattice system with variable carrier concentration that is superconducting.
Immunologic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

Abstract Despite significant progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis and etiology of periodontal diseases, the nature and contribution of the immune system to this disorder remains unclear. Several studies provide evidence for either a protective or destructive role. These conflicting findings are difficult to reconcile, since most interpretations tend to argue for a static contributory role (i.e., either protective or destructive) of the immune system. Current theories on the role of the immune response do not address these conflicting findings as well as the contradictory observation of a delectable immune response in the face of persistent infection in these patients. In this article, we present a model, based on available data, for the contribution of the immune system to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This model ascribes a dynamic role for the immune response. As documented in other infectious diseases, it is entirely possible, for example, that a state of immunologic dysfunction may occur in the earliest stages of periodontal disease progression; this may then be followed by a period of active immune reactivity (humoral and/or cellular) that would represent either a delayed or depressed response. This model is discussed in conjunction with recent findings that several suspected periodontal pathogens are capable of producing immuno-suppressive agents. Many of the apparently contradictory clinical observations concerning the host immune response to oral pathogens and its correlation (or lack of) with both the progression and severity of periodontal disease may be accounted for in this model.
Laboratory and clinical observations on chlorazanil, a nonmercurial orally effective diuretic agent

D RUGS to promote the excretion of water in edematous states of varied etiology form an essential part of the equipment of every practitioner. Although the common denominator of all types of edema appears to be sodium retention by the kidney, many factors may be operative; viz., cardiac failure, decreased renal function, excess salt-retaining steroids, excess antidiuretic hormone, serum electrolyte imbalance, etc. In view of the multiplicity of factors in pathogenesis, it is not strange that the investigator should explore a variety of agents capable of inhibiting the abnormal renal retention of salt and water. Attention was called for the first time by Lipschitz over 13 years ago’ to a new group of substances possessing diuretic effects. These were triazine derivatives which were toxic, but which furnished an objective for chemical development which has culminated in the development of chlorazanil (N-para-chlorophenyl 2,4 diamino s triazine hydrochloride). This compound possesses the strongest diuretic effect with the least toxicity and furnishes the subject for this report. The drug has been studied in men and dogs for its effect on the excretion of water and electrolytes and for its influences on renal hemodynamics. This includes the establishment of a dose response curve and subsequent calculation of its potency relative to a standard diuretic (meralluride or Mercuhydrin) as well as the clinical responses following chronic therapy. Additional studies have been made on the drug in combination with aminophylline. The rationale for this approach and its application to other diuretic agents have been previously elaborated.*-’
Failure analysis approach For TrenchMOS devices

TrenchMOS FET devices fabricated vertically instead of conventional horizontal POWERMOS devices. Conventional failure analysis techniques have shown difficulty in identifying the failing location if the defect happens at the bottom of trench. Different failure analysis techniques have been developed to analyze the low yield wafers. This paper demonstrates the use of various failure analysis techniques to isolate the defective location and assisting Fab process team to resolve the issue and improve yield.
Avowal and Unfreedom

1 . In Authority and Estrangement, Richard Moran shows us with marvelous clarity how our capacity for avowal is constitutive of our freedom as rational agents. But philosophers also need to acknowledge that avowal plays a crucial role in keeping us unfree. This eludes Moran's attention, I suspect, because he uses the therapeutic situation as a contrasting paradigm to our ordinary capacity for avowal.
Zygotic Expression of the Double-Stranded RNA Binding Motif Protein Drb2p Is Required for DNA Elimination in the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila

Double-stranded RNA binding motif (DSRM)-containing proteins play many roles in the regulation of gene transcription and translation, including some with tandem DSRMs that act in small RNA biogenesis. We report the characterization of the genes for double-stranded RNA binding proteins 1 and 2 (DRB1 and DRB2), two genes encoding nuclear proteins with tandem DSRMs in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Both proteins are expressed throughout growth and development but exhibit distinct peaks of expression, suggesting different biological roles. In support of this, we show that expression of DRB2 is essential for vegetative growth while DRB1 expression is not. During conjugation, Drb1p and Drb2p localize to distinct nuclear foci. Cells lacking all DRB1 copies are able to produce viable progeny, although at a reduced rate relative to wild-type cells. In contrast, cells lacking germ line DRB2 copies, which thus cannot express Drb2p zygotically, fail to produce progeny, arresting late into conjugation. This arrest phenotype is accompanied by a failure to organize the essential DNA rearrangement protein Pdd1p into DNA elimination bodies and execute DNA elimination and chromosome breakage. These results implicate zygotically expressed Drb2p in the maturation of these nuclear structures, which are necessary for reorganization of the somatic genome.
Trading Business-Cycle Depth for Duration Using an Economy-Specific Characteristic.

Regarding the trade-off between the depth and the duration of recessions, there exists a mounting empirical evidence of the idiosyncratic and non-synchronized behavior of the business cycle over time within and across countries. To account for the trade-off, a model is presented wherein an economy- speciÞc parameter does control the magnitude, severity and persistence of the business cycle without the need to add an asymmetric functional form (that captures the propagation mechanism) to the model. The model results show that as much as half of a percentage point of GDP in depth and a relative difference of three years duration can be attributed to this parameter. The model implies a two-dimensional depth-duration space wherein we place the (average) depth-duration expansion and contraction for the U.S.
Inductive Detection of Language Features via Clustering Minimal Pairs: Toward Feature-Rich Grammars in Machine Translation

Syntax-based Machine Translation systems have recently become a focus of research with much hope that they will outperform traditional Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation (PBSMT). Toward this goal, we present a method for analyzing the morphosyntactic content of language from an Elicitation Corpus such as the one included in the LDC's upcoming LCTL language packs. The presented method discovers a mapping between morphemes and linguistically relevant features. By providing this tool that can augment structure-based MT models with these rich features, we believe the discriminative power of current models can be improved. We conclude by outlining how the resulting output can then be used in inducing a morphosyntactically feature-rich grammar for AVENUE, a modern syntax-based MT system.
Low-overhead testing of delay faults in high-speed asynchronous pipelines

We propose a low-overhead method for delay fault testing in high-speed asynchronous pipelines. The key features of our work are: (i) testing strategies can be administered using low-speed testing equipment; (ii) testing is minimally-intrusive, i.e. very little testing hardware needs to be added; (iii) testing methods are extended to pipelines with forks and joins, which is an important first step to testing pipelines with arbitrary topologies; (iv) test pattern generation takes into account the likely event that one delay fault causes several bits of data to become corrupted; and (v) test generation can leverage existing stuck-at ATPG tools. In describing our testing strategy, we use examples of faults from three very different high-speed pipeline styles: MOUSETRAP, GasP, and high-capacity (HC) pipelines. In addition, we give an in-depth example - including test pattern generation - for both linear and non-linear MOUSETRAP pipelines.
Optical Photometry and Spectroscopy of the Suspected “Cool Algol” AV Delphini: Determination of the Physical Properties

We present new spectroscopic and BVRI photometric observations of the double-lined eclipsing binary AV Del (period ¼ 3:85 days) conducted over six observing seasons. A detailed radial velocity and light-curve analysis of the optical data shows the system to be most likely semidetached, with the less massive and cooler star filling its Roche lobe. The system is probably a member of the rare class of ‘‘cool Algol’’ systems, which are distinguished from the ‘‘classical’’ Algol systems in that the mass-gaining component is also a late-type star rather than a B- or A-type star. By combining the spectroscopic and photometric analyses, we derive accurate absolute masses for the
Trafficking of GFP-tagged ΔF508-CFTR to the plasma membrane in a polarized epithelial cell line

The ΔF508 mutation reduces the amount of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expressed in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. However, a reduced temperature, butyrate co...
Selling to Processors on Contract

Contracting with farmers by processors has a profound impact on market efficiency as well as on farm and managerial practices, but inclusiveness is not beyond question and understanding of the pricing process gains new relevance because the marketed products are finely differentiated.
Tumor antigen discovery through translation of the cancer genome

Cancer cells harbor unique mutations that theoretically create corresponding unique tumor-specific antigens. This class of mutated antigens represents an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy, but their identification has been cumbersome. By combining cancer genome sequencing with computational analysis of MHC binding, it is possible to predict and rank all of the possible mutated tumor antigens. This form of antigen screen is being combined with high throughput methods to measure the immune response to each candidate mutated antigen. Using these techniques, it is possible to systematically test each mutated tumor antigens for an associated immune response. Only a small fraction of the putative mutated antigens tested in this manner have been found to elicit an immune response, yet these responses appear to be both robust and durable. It is becoming increasingly clear that these mutated tumor antigens are an important target in the antitumor response. Studies incorporating this approach promise to improve our understanding of the inherent immunogenicity of individual cancers, potentially providing an explanation for the varying clinical responses to novel immunotherapeutic agents.
Bleb reduction and bleb repair after trabeculectomy.

Abstract Objective To describe methods and outcomes for repair of bleb-related complications of trabeculectomy surgery. Design Retrospective, consecutive, noncomparative case series. Participants Thirty-one persons having bleb revision by two surgeons at the Wilmer Institute from 1994 to the present. Intervention One of two types of revision surgery was performed: bleb reduction to decrease symptoms from large blebs or bleb repair to improve hypotony, using conjunctival rotation flap or free conjunctival autograft. Main outcome measures Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), reported symptoms, complications, and number of glaucoma medications at the final visit. Results The mean time from trabeculectomy to bleb revision was 4.4 years. Bleb reduction was performed because of symptomatic, high blebs in 11 eyes of 11 persons. Bleb repair was performed to end bleb leakage in 13 eyes of 13 persons and to increase IOP in 8 eyes of 7 persons with hypotony. Median visual acuity improved from 20/50 before revision to 20/30 at most recent follow-up. Mean IOP increased after treatment from 7.7 ± 4.9 to 12.4 ± 4.0 mmHg ( P Conclusions Surgical bleb revisions for complications after trabeculectomy surgery are safe and effective. Bleb reduction for large, symptomatic blebs or bleb repair for leaking blebs and hypotony did not lead to loss of IOP control.
Tuning the Energy Level Offset between Donor and Acceptor with Ferroelectric Dipole Layers for Increased Efficiency in Bilayer Organic Photovoltaic Cells

Ultrathin ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (70%)-tetrafluoroethylene (30%) copolymer film is inserted between the poly3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT) donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methylester (PCBM) acceptor layers as the dipole layer to tune the relative energy levels, which can potentially maximize the open circuit voltage of bilayer organic solar cells. In this work, the power conversion efficiency of P3HT/PCBM bilayer solar cells is demonstrated to be doubled with the inserted dipoles.
Expanding state space and extension of beliefs

This article provides a simple decision theoretic model in which elements of the world successively enter the decision maker’s scope and the state space expands over time, which is intended to be the closest correspondence to the standard subjective expected utility theory. We propose a dynamic consistency condition that after any expansion of the scope, the preference ranking should remain unchanged over acts to which the expansion is irrelevant. Together with other natural axioms, it characterizes a model in which the decision maker’s belief extends over time in order that the marginal distribution of the new belief induced over the old state space coincides with the old belief. It is extended to encompass both expansion of scope and learning events, and we characterize the model with an additional property that the decision maker’s belief updating follows Bayes’ rule when she learns events.
Śankara’s Interpretation of the Self and its Influence on Later Indian Thought

Before the advent of Śaṅkara (8th century A.D.), there was a long tradition of efficient philosophical deliberations in India. Śaṅkara’s interpretation of the Self will not be properly understood without a reference to this context. Hence in this paper, I should like to mention briefly some of the main philosophical trends which Śaṅkara became heir to, and against which, or in the background of which, Śaṅkara developed his own philosophy.
Damage detection for plate-like structures using generalized curvature mode shape method

Mode shape curvature-based method was originally developed to identify the damage in one-dimensional beam-like structures. In this paper, the method is generalized to fit for damage identification of plate-like structures, using two-dimensional mode shape curvatures. The modified method only requires the first few curvature mode shapes of the plate before and after damage, or only need modal information of the damaged plate if gapped smoothing technique is employed. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, numerical simulations considering various plate damage scenarios in terms of damage location, damage severity and multiple damages have been conducted, and experimental modal analysis on a steel plate with clamped and free edges is also performed to correlate with the numerical results. The final results show that the proposed method works well to detect the damage in a simple manner. For damaged structures, irregularities in their modal characterizations are induced at the places where local damages exist. Gapped smoothing technique takes advantage of smoothing functions and elevates the suggest method to be a reference-free approach. In the present study, a brief discussion has been performed and suggestions have been given concerning different smoothing functions used in the gapped smoothing technique.
New Vistas? Aboriginal animation and digital dreams at the National Film Board of Canada

This paper argues that Canada's National Film Board (NFB) is moving away from its commitment to Aboriginal media production to focus on its global reputation as a leader in digital media. A case study of animated short films from the 2009 ‘Vistas’ series by Aboriginal film-makers highlights the NFB's changing priorities. Made for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, this series of films is decidedly apolitical in comparison to other Aboriginal films made at the NFB. Rather than facilitating cultural regeneration or challenging national identity, as did the films of the Indian Film Crew in the 1960s, the Vistas series serves to commodify Aboriginal culture and promote Canada as a cosmopolitan destination for businesses and tourists.
The low level of response to alcohol-based heavy drinking prevention program: one-year follow-up

Heavy drinking is common on college campuses, with a marked increase from high school to freshman year. Programs addressing heavy campus drinking often personalize prevention protocols to fit a student's demography and prior drinking characteristics. Few efforts have individualized approaches to address a person's vulnerability through his or her low level of response (low LR) to alcohol.This article describes the recently completed 55-week outcome in drinking quantities and problems for the >90% of 500 participants in a prevention program at a U.S. university (62% female, mean age = 18 years) who completed a 4-week series of 50-minute videos delivered via the Internet. We evaluated whether, for low LRs, participation in an educational approach that focused on a low LR (the LR-based [LRB] condition) was associated with better outcomes than a state-of-the-art (SOTA) general education or with a no-intervention control condition.Using a mixed-design analysis of variance and focusing on the most closely ethnically matched high and low LR pairs, students with low LRs in the LRB condition demonstrated the greatest decreases in usual and maximum drinks over the 55 weeks, especially when compared with closely ethnically matched students with high LRs. Low LR controls showed the highest drinking values over time.This study underscores the potential importance of targeting a person's specific preexisting vulnerability toward heavy drinking when he or she enters college. The approach can be used in a relatively inexpensive protocol of video education sessions delivered via the Internet.
Write Better Faster

This article summarize practical advice for writing better prose under harsh deadlines and time pressure.
DAEdALUS: A Path to $\delta_{CP}$ Using Cyclotron Decay-at-Rest Neutrino Sources

Abstract DAEδALUS is a proposed phased neutrino experiment to search for evidence of CP violation in the neutrino sector, which also provides a rich physics program at each stage of development. The final experiment will comprise several cyclotron-based accelerator units located at three different distances from a single, large underground detector such as LENA, MEMPHYS, or Hyper-K and search for evidence of CP violation in the oscillation probability of muon antineutrinos to electron antineutrinos over baselines of ∼ 20 km. This novel type of search will complement and extend the reach of conventional experiments designed to search for CP violation in neutrino oscillations such as the Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE). IsoDAR is a separate proposed experiment possible at an early stage in the development of DAEδALUS. It is a definitive search for sterile neutrinos, capable of ruling out the parameter space allowed by global fits to the Reactor, SAGE, and GALLEX anomalies at 20 σ ( 5 σ ) in 5 years (4 months).
Private Data -- The Real Story: A Huge Problem with Education Research

A very influential paper on improving math outcomes was published in 2008. The authors refused to divulge their data claiming that agreements with the schools and Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act rules (FERPA) prevented it. It turns out that this is not true. The claimed legal foundations do not say what these authors said they do, this this is a widespread misconception among education researchers. When we found the identities of the schools by other means, serious problems with the conclusions of the article were quickly revealed. The 2008 paper was far from unique in this respect. There are many papers that have had enormous influences on K-12 mathematics curricula, and could not be independently verified because the authors refused to reveal their data.In this article we describe how we were able to find the real data for the 2008 paper, and point out the legal constraints that should make it very difficult for authors of such papers to withhold their data in the future.
Influence of Artificial and Natural Diets on Boll Weevil Trap Efficiency

The efficiency of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), traps, as reflected in the percentage of weevils captured, was affected by the diet upon which the weevils had fed. Larger numbers were caught when the weevils had fed on squares or an artificial diet with 11% protein and 2% sucrose than when they had fed on bolls or an artificial diet with 5% protein and 4% sucrose. Overwintered weevils collected from cotton plants or trap collected were not equally responsive to grandlure-baited traps before feeding on squares. However, after feeding on squares for 4 to 5 days the two groups responded equally.
Requirements and results for practical VCSEL transmission using PAM-4 over MMF

□ Components and test/measurement tools are available to support wide deployment of VCSEL-MMF based links employing PAM-4 signaling ○ High capacity, low power, SiCMOS transceivers with digital and analog filtering ○ High speed VCSELs ○ Low DMD OM4 fiber □ MPN of current generation InGaAs based VCSELs exhibit low noise so that MPN is not a limitation up to and beyond 100m ○ High bandwidth low RIN VCSELs are moving to large scale production □ Multimode VCSEL-based technology (850–1100 nm) will likely continue to be the lowest cost and lowest power solution for short reach links □ PAM-4 modulation allows links to maintain reach to 100m and beyond □ Wideband MMF together with PAM-4 modulation enables deployment of short wavelength WDM systems that support 400G and higher connections.
Implementation of a Pilot Scale Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover for Use in Cold Regions

This manuscript describes an ongoing study designed to test the viability of an evapotranspiration (ET) landfill cover as an alternative to a compacted clay cap (CCL) in South Central Alaska. A key component of the study involves the development of real time in situ soil moisture profiles via electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Two adjacent pilot-scale caps were constructed in Anchorage, Alaska and will be monitored over a period of five years. The first cap, a CCL cap, was constructed to meet or exceed the specifications provided in Alaska Administrative Code 18 AAC 60.395(a) at the time of project planning. This cap contains a 15 cm (6 inch) erosion layer planted with grass underlain by an “impermeable” (Ksat <= 1x10 -5 cm/sec) compacted clay layer ] 46 cm (18 in.) thick. The alternative cap, an ET cover, consists of a 60 cm (2 ft.) layer of high water holding capacity soil planted with a locallyobtained mixture of approximately 80% balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera)/black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) or hybrids thereof, 10% quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and 10% little leaf/golden willow (Salix alba Vitel, S. arbusculodies). The two competing caps (10m x 20m each) were constructed within basin lysimeters in order to allow for the measurement of moisture running off or percolating through the bottom of the caps. A water balance is being performed for both caps. Water inputs and outputs as well as other relevant climactic and soils data are being measured in near real time. Evapotranspiration, the only variable in the water balance not directly measured, is being estimated via the Penman-Monteith equation (1) (Maidment 1993), on-site sap flow instrumentation, and as a function of the water balance. The soil frost depth is being computed with the Richardson equation as given by Emerson (1994). Each cap has an ERT array installed. These arrays measure the soil resistivity in Ohm-meters. The resistivity values will be used to compute volumetric soil moisture as well as provide a cross-sectional indication of frost penetration (Telford et al. 1990).
Evidence-Based Evaluation of Inferior Vena Cava Filter Complications Based on Filter Type.

Many inferior vena cava (IVC) filter types, along with their specific risks and complications, are not recognized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various FDA-approved IVC filter types to determine device-specific risks, as a way to help identify patients who may benefit from ongoing follow-up versus prompt filter retrieval. An evidence-based electronic search (FDA Premarket Notification, MEDLINE, FDA MAUDE) was performed to identify all IVC filter types and device-specific complications from 1980 to 2014. Twenty-three IVC filter types (14 retrievable, 9 permanent) were identified. The devices were categorized as follows: conical (n = 14), conical with umbrella (n = 1), conical with cylindrical element (n = 2), biconical with cylindrical element (n = 2), helical (n = 1), spiral (n = 1), and complex (n = 1). Purely conical filters were associated with the highest reported risks of penetration (90–100%). Filters with cylindrical or umbrella elements were associated with the highest reported risk of IVC thrombosis (30–50%). Conical Bard filters were associated with the highest reported risks of fracture (40%). The various FDA-approved IVC filter types were evaluated for device-specific complications based on best current evidence. This information can be used to guide and optimize clinical management in patients with indwelling IVC filters.
Thirdhand smoke: State of the science and a call for policy expansion

Author(s): Northrup, Thomas F; Jacob, Peyton; Benowitz, Neal L; Hoh, Eunha; Quintana, Penelope JE; Hovell, Melbourne F; Matt, Georg E; Stotts, Angela L
Diagnosing Pump Problems from their Noise Emissions Signature

Noise emission levels from a well designed properly installed water pump can be forecast with some certainty. The noise levels from cavitating pumps that are poorly designed, (or deliberately distorted). Poorly installed, or operating on non-aqueous fluids are less readily predicted.
Introducing Globalization: Ties, Tensions, and Uneven Integration

Matthew Sparke. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. xvi and 491 pp., maps, photos, diagrams, glossary, bibliography, index. $102.95 cloth (ISBN 978-0-631-23128-8); $46.95 paper (ISBN 978-0-631-2...
Reactivity of oxygen adatoms on the Au(111) surface

Study of the interaction of CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 3 OH and C 2 H 4 with oxygen adatoms on Au(111) single crystal surfaces. As a simple model reaction, the transient reaction kinetics of CO oxidation with adsorbed oxygen adatoms to form CO 2 over Au(111) single crystal is studied
Local site conditions drive climate–growth responses of Picea mariana and Picea glauca in interior Alaska

The growth response of boreal forest trees to projected changes in climate will have wide ranging and cascading impacts on disturbance regimes, climate feedbacks, carbon storage, and habitat ranges for flora and fauna. Recent findings in Alaska suggest the boreal biome is shifting in response to changes in climate. It is unlikely such a shift will occur in a uniform manner over a landscape variable in topography and site conditions, although there is little consensus of how local site characteristics will interact with climate to alter tree growth patterns. Few studies of tree growth responses to climate in the boreal forest have used randomized study designs encompassing the full range of site conditions, leaving open the question of whether observed patterns in tree growth at local scales are wholly representative of the boreal forest. We addressed these issues using a systematic sampling design to quantify the landscape-scale patterns in annual growth for Picea mariana and Picea glauca, the two most abundant tree species in interior Alaska. We used measurements of annual tree growth based on increment cores taken from trees distributed across a 1.28 million-ha study area in Denali National Park and Preserve. We found site-specific variables, namely near-surface permafrost, slope angle, and elevation, strongly modified the magnitude, shape, and, in some cases, the direction of growth response to climatic conditions for both species. With predicted warming, our results suggest both P. mariana and P. glauca will decrease growth in areas underlain by shallow permafrost. P. mariana growth may increase on flat terrain, but decrease on steep slopes, while P. glauca growth will show the greatest increases at high elevations during very warm summers. Our results suggest future shifts in these species distributions in response to a changing climate will be conditional on variation in site factors operating at local scales.
Learning Genetics from Dragons: From Computer-Based Manipulatives to Hypermodels

This chapter addresses an issue central to the design of educational technology: the extent to which one should explicitly guide the student as opposed to simply creating an open-ended tool for discovery and experimentation. The basis for the discussion is the experience of the lead author, described in an earlier publication, regarding the use of a program called GenScope. GenScope offered students a multilevel model of genetics, ranging from DNA to populations, wherein manipulations made at any one level could affect other levels, much as a change in one cell of a spreadsheet may cause a “ripple effect” on other cells down the line. In common with other general-purpose computer models, GenScope embodied no specific educational agenda. The chapter describes a more recent program, BioLogica, which augments the functionality of GenScope by monitoring and logging students’ actions, providing online, context-sensitive scaffolding, and situating student activities within a context of real-world examples. We present results from a 5-year program of research conducted with BioLogica in high school biology classes throughout the United States.
Low Dietary Salt Regulates Renal Vascular 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Levels.

P110 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE), a prohypertensive cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite, is a principal eicosanoid of preglomerular microvessels. Vascular 20-HETE release is stimulated by angiotensin II (AII) and is subject to metabolism by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. As dietary salt alters AII levels and COX-2 expression, we studied 20-HETE levels from microdissected arcuate and interlobular arteries and interlobar arteries obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a control (0.4% NaCl) or low salt diet (LS; 0.05% NaCl). In controls (n=6), metabolism of 14 C-AA (7μM) in the presence of NADPH (1mM) and indomethacin (INDO; 10μM) to 20-HETE was higher (P
Engineered Zinc Finger DNA-Binding Domains: Synthesis, Assessment of DNA-Binding Affinity, and Direct Protein Delivery to Mammalian Cells

Zinc finger proteins are the most common among families of DNA-binding transcription factors. Designer transcription factors generated by the fusion of engineered zinc finger DNA-binding domains (ZF-DBDs) to effector domains have been valuable tools for the modulation of gene expression and for targeted genome editing. However, ZF-DBDs without effector domains have also been shown to effectively modulate gene expression by competing with sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors. Here, we describe the methodology and provide a detailed workflow for the cloning, expression, purification, and direct cell delivery of engineered ZF-DBDs. Using this protocol, ZF-DBDs can be generated with high efficiency in less than 2 weeks. We also describe a nonradioactive method for measuring DNA binding affinity of the purified ZF-DBD proteins as well as a method for direct delivery of the purified ZF-DBDs to mammalian cells.
Analysis of Transfer Learning Performance Measures

In machine learning applications, there are scenarios of having no labeled training data, due to the data being rare or too expensive to obtain. In these cases, it is desirable to use readily available labeled data, that is similar to, but not the same as, the domain application of interest. Transfer learning algorithms are used to build high-performance classifiers, when the training data has different distribution characteristics from the testing data. For a transfer learning environment, it is not possible to use validation techniques (such as cross validation or data splitting) to set the desired performance of a classifier, due to the lack of labeled training data from the test domain. As a result, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) performance measure may not be predictive of the actual classifier performance. In an environment where validation techniques are not possible, the relationship between AUC and classification accuracy is needed to better characterize transfer learning algorithm performance. This paper provides relative performance analysis of state-of-the-art transfer learning algorithms and traditional machine learning algorithms, addressing the correlation between AUC and classification accuracy under domain class imbalance conditions with statistical analysis provided.
Cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset in an undergraduate engineering statistics course using project-based learning

There is resurging interest in the engineering education community in entrepreneurial activities and the development of an entrepreneurial mindset (EM). According to the KERN Entrepreneurship Education Network, facets of an EM include curiosity, an emphasis on creating value, and the ability to make connections. While extracurricular activities are the primary mechanism by which this topic has been introduced to engineering students in the past, it is beginning to show up in more formal ways. The literature includes examples many of how to promote entrepreneurship and an EM in traditional project-based courses engineering students take (senior design, etc.); but there are fewer examples and best practices for cultivating an EM in a fundamental engineering course-namely engineering statistics. Project-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical approach that involves active learning directed at investigating and solving complex, real-world problems- and it is an approach that is underutilized in math-intensive engineering courses. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how PBL can be integrated into an undergraduate engineering statistics course to promote an entrepreneurial mindset and investigate its impact on student learning. Six teams of engineering students in a 200-level engineering statistics courses responded to the challenge of presenting “A World Without Statistics”. Teams were given liberty to choose any topic of interest and received funding to support their idea. The resulting projects creatively conveyed what the world would be like without statistics using a myriad of topics: sports, resilient infrastructure, online data, robotics, artificial intelligence, and manufacturing. Evidence suggest that curiosity, an emphasis on understanding the value of statistics, and the ability to make connections were critical to each team's success. This paper provides an overview of the assignment, and examples of students' work. Such insights have the potential to not only influence the way we cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset in fundamental engineering courses, but also shed light on innovative ways to integrate other multi-faceted topics in engineering education.
FBI and CIA Documents Online

FBI Vault: http://vault.fbi.gov CIA's CREST Archive: https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/collection/crest-25-year-program-archive Ernie Lazar FOIA Collection: https://archive.org/details/lazarf...
Antishock and endothelial protective actions of a NO donor in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion.

Abstract Splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries for 2 hr, followed by a 2-hr reperfusion period in cats produces a severe form of circulatory shock characterized by endothelial dysfunction, increased lysosomal leakage, and severe hypotension resulting from release of proteases, oxygen-derived free radicals, and other humoral mediators into the circulation. Administration of 0.75 mg/kg/hr of C873754, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, 10 min prior to reperfusion, significantly attenuated the accumulation of plasma cathepsin D from 12 +/- 3 U/ml in the SAO + vehicle group to 5 +/- 1 U/ml (P < 0.05) in the C87-3754 treated SAO group. A similar attenuation of plasma myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activity was observed in the C87-3754 treated cats (P < 0.02). Administration of C87-3754 significantly increased short term (i.e., 2-hr) survival rate (P < 0.05, compared to the vehicle group). Moreover, C87-3754 attenuated the SAO shock induced decline in release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from isolated superior mesenteric artery (SMA) rings stimulated by acetylcholine and A23187. Additionally, C87-3754 significantly decreased PMN adherence to the superior mesenteric venous endothelium in vitro. Thus, treatment with the NO donor, C87-3754 reduced the accumulation of humoral mediators into the plasma while significantly attenuating endothelial dysfunction and improving short term survival.
The Mechanism of Competence for DNA Uptake and Transformation in Pneumococci

In the introduction of this paper one should first of all provide some justification for discussing topics in bacterial physiology at a meeting like this, concerned mainly with higher plants. The reason for discussing an aspect of bacterial transformation is that in bacteria considerable amount of information is available about the mechanism of DNA uptake in phenomena leading to genetic change and a brief review of this topic in pneumococci could illustrate with a case history the kinds of ideas, experimental approaches and observations one encounters when working with such a problem.
Activation of the c-myc oncogene.

The cellular proto-oncogenes were first identified as the sequences within the DNA of normal cells that were homologous to the transforming genes of the acute oncogenic RNA tumor viruses.1 Numerous studies have linked neoplastic transformation to genetic changes in these evolutionarily conserved cellular genes. However, the function of the cellular protooncogenes in normal cell growth and differentiation is still largely unknown, but it is almost certain that these genes will represent important control elements in the cell. The mechanisms by which these essential genes become activated to induce abnormal growth are quite varied, ranging from point mutations2–4 and chromosomal translocation5–7 to gene amplification.8–10 In some instances, the resultant protein is altered in structure, while in others the major consequence of the activating lesion appears to be the overexpression or deregulation of the cellular gene. Studies of the cellular oncogenes promise to provide insight not only into the process of neoplastic transformation, but also into the fundamental control of normal cell growth.
Meeting the Climate Challenge in the Near Term: Policy Incentives for Early Action

If the nations of the world are to meet the goal of preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference in the world’s climate system, governmental policy-makers will need to move promptly to develop and implement effective policies to limit the emissions of the greenhouse gases that are contributing to the most rapid warming that planet Earth has experienced in the past 10,000 years. Formulating effective climate change policy, however, presents myriad challenges. This timely conference, organized by the Centre for European Economic Research and counterpart organizations, provides a wonderful opportunity for exchange of views on these challenges and ways of meeting them. The Environmental Defense Fund very much appreciates the invitation to participate in this important meeting.
Harm reduction: A model for social work practice with adolescents

A practical antidote to the war on drugs, the harm reduction approach seeks to meet clients where they are, establish rapport and help them modify or give up their risk-taking behavior. This article presents the case for harm reduction techniques for work with youth whose risk-taking behavior is problematic. Emphasis is on drinking, drug use, and high-risk sexual activity.