cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade-offs in foraging success and predation risk with spatial position in colonial spiders

Colonial web-building spiders respond to trade-offs between selective forces relative to spatial position within colonies and thus provide support for the selfish herd theory. The size distribution of spiders within colonies of Metepeira incrassata, a colonial orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae) from tropical Mexico is nonrandom; larger (mature) spiders and females guarding eggsacs are more prevalent in the center, whereas more small (immature) spiders are found on the periphery. Experimental field studies with spiders of selected size classes show that larger spiders actively and aggressively seek protected positions in the center of the colony webbing, even though prey availability and capture rates are significantly higher on the periphery. Attacks by predatory wasps, other spiders, and hummingbirds are more frequent on the periphery than in the core of the colony. Reproductive females on the periphery are at greater risk because they are captured more often than smaller spiders, and if their egg sacs consequently remain unguarded, chances of cocoon parasitism are increased. As a result, spiders in the core of the colony have greater reproductive success, producing more egg sacs with greater hatching frequency. Colonial spiders thus appear to be making a trade-off between foraging and protection from predation and show a spatial organization predicted by the selfish herd theory. The influence of such trade-offs on individual fitness and the structure of colonies is discussed.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate: Clinicopathologic study of 50 cases

BACKGROUND This study was performed to identify clinical and histologic features most significant in predicting outcome in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the prostate without invasive bladder carcinoma. METHODS The histologic and clinical material from 50 patients with prostatic TCC without invasive bladder carcinoma were studied. The tumors were divided into the following locoregional categories: 1) TCC in situ (CIS) of the prostatic urethra; 2) CIS of the prostatic ducts and acini; 3) TCC with stromal invasion; 4) TCC with extraprostatic extension and/or seminal vesicle involvement; and 5) lymph node metastases. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate survival distributions for the locoregional categories, and comparison of survival curves was accomplished with the log rank test. RESULTS The 5-year disease specific survival rate was 52%. The 5-year disease specific survival rates for the locoregional categories were as follows: CIS of the prostatic urethra and prostatic ducts and acini (n = 19), 100%; TCC with stromal invasion (n = 21), 45%; TCC with extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle involvement (n = 3), 0%; and lymph node metastases (n = 7), 30%. There was a significant difference in disease specific survival when patients with CIS were compared with patients with stromal invasion, extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle involvement, and lymph node metastases (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that patients with prostatic TCC involving prostatic stroma, extraprostatic tissues, seminal vesicles, and lymph nodes have a significantly poorer 5-year disease specific survival than patients with CIS. Cancer 1998;82:703-7. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Accurate L2 Production across Language Tasks: Focus on Form, Focus on Meaning, and Communicative Control

Attention to form has been shown to be a direct predictor of accuracy in second language (L2) production (Ellis, 1987; Tomlin & Villa, 1994). However, Tarone and Parrish (1988) claim that communicative pressure (communicative demands of linguistic interaction) may be as important as attention to form. The present study analyzes the accuracy of L2 Spanish production across 3 different tasks (narrative task, multiple-choice cloze test, and fill-in-the-blanks cloze test) on 3 discourse-determined grammatical items (subject pronouns, articles, and past tense aspect) among 74 native (L1) English speakers (45 intermediate and 29 advanced students). The analysis of the data reveals different rates of accuracy in L2 production according to task type and grammatical item. The effect of functional focus on form (communicative pressure) may constitute one of various factors that affect accuracy in L2 production. The analysis of the data also considers other factors such as communicative control.
Directed forgetting in obsessive-compulsive disorder: replication and extension.

Previous research indicates that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show impaired ability to forget negative material (Behav Res Ther 34 (1996) 633). The present study was intended to replicate and extend these findings by separating emotional valence from personal relevance, using idiographic stimulus selection to control for heterogeneity of OCD concerns, and the addition of an anxious control group. We used a directed forgetting paradigm, in which participants were instructed to either remember or forget a series of words. No differences in impairment were found among the groups during a free recall test, in which they were asked to recall both “remember” and “forget” words. However, during a recognition test, OCD patients showed greater impaired forgetting for OCD-relevant words than did nonanxious and anxious controls. Valence of words did not emerge as a contributing factor to impaired forgetting.
Stabilization of intrazeolitic cadmium telluride nanoclusters by ion exchange

Cadmium telluride nanoclusters were prepared by vapor-phase deposition of elemental tellurium in Na+−zeolite A, followed by partial exchange of the zeolite with aqueous Cd(NO3)2, and reduction with hydrogen at 450 °C. The stability of the nanoclusters in environments that normally cause rapid Ostwald ripening or oxidation (air, water, and Br2/MeOH) was greatly enhanced by exchanging the Na+−zeolite with K+ after the Te0 deposition and hydrogen reduction steps. Exchange of K+ for Na+ narrows the effective pore diameter of zeolite A from 4.0 to 3.3 A, inhibiting the diffusion of larger atoms, ions, and molecules (Te0, Te2-, and Br2). Distinct absorption maxima in diffuse reflectance UV−visible spectra and sharp exciton peaks in low-temperature excitation spectra verified the presence of quantum-confined CdTe. These spectral features are largely unchanged when the material, in its K+-exchanged form, is exposed to air and water for periods of months. Under the same conditions, materials in the Na+ form are ra...
Production of Halomethylenes in Free-Jet Expansions from a Hot Nozzle: Identification and Characterization of HCBr and DCBr by Laser-Induced Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy

The efficient production of chloromethylene and bromomethylene by hot-nozzle pyrolysis and subsequent supersonic free-jet expansion has been demonstrated. In the case of the bromocarbene, the LIF-excitation spectral measurements represent the first direct observations of this species. Visible spectra for both HCBr and DCBr have been obtained and are in accord with expectations for a species with nonlinear ground-state and quasilinear excited-state geometries. For the protonated species the excited-state bending frequency is near 840 cm -1 when υ 2 =5 and the C-Br stretching frequency is υ 3 =783 cm -1
Antecedents of Educational/Career Preferences and Choices.

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of social reinforcement, modeling, direct reinforcement, and words and images on the acquisition of career-related preferences. The study also examined the mediating role of career decision-making skills (CDMS) on the factors influencing preference. Finally, the combined influence of career-related preferences and CDMS on certainty about career choices was investigated. A total of 47 college students completed a questionnaire describing antecedent factors influencing their preference for a major or a career and evaluating the degree of influence of each factor. Students' scores on a vocational maturity inventory were the basis for dividing them in high and low groups. Students identified social reinforcement as the most important antecedent for their career preference. Results indicated that CDMS mediate the influence of models and direct reinforcement on career preference. Career-related preference was a better predictor of career certainty among low than high maturity students. Findings support and extend a social learning theory of career development.
Gastric and small bowel Crohn's disease assessed with leukocytes-Tc(99m) scintigraphy.

We reviewed 312 99mTc leukocyte 99mTc-WBC studies to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-WBC for identifying small-bowel and gastric inflammation in children with Crohn's disease. The 99mTc-WBC scans were interpreted blindly and compared to the results of colonoscopy with biopsies and surgical specimens. In 46 children, total colonoscopy was done within a few days of a 99mTc- WBC scan and in 13 others surgical specimens were available. Of the 37 children in whom the terminal ileum was visualized endoscopically (24) or surgically (13), the WBC-Tc99m scan showed a similar degree of inflammation in 33. The sensitivity of 99mTc-WBC scanning was 91% and the specificity 96%. The scans allowed evaluation of inflammation in the terminal ileum in 22 children in whom the endoscopist did not cannulate it; the scans were abnormal in 10 of these 22 children. In the children with no ileoscopy the results of the 99mTc-WBC scan were consistent with the laboratory values, the gastroenterologist's clinical assessment, and long-term clinical follow-up. Finally, the scans of 46 controls did not reveal any false-positive findings in the terminal ileum. Five children with gastritis documented by gastroscopy had normal 99mTc-WBC scans and upper gastrointestinal barium studies. This study demonstrates in a large number of normal and abnormal children with different pre-test probabilities of having inflammatory bowel disease that scintigraphy is reliable in identifying small-bowel inflammation.
The S/390 G5/G6 binodal cache

The IBM S/390® fifth-generation CMOS-based server (more commonly known as the G5) produced a dramatic improvement in system-level performance in comparison with its predecessor, the G4. Much of this improvement can be attributed to an innovative approach to the cache and memory hierarchy: the binodal cache architecture. This design features shared caching and very high sustainable bandwidths at all points in the system. It contains several innovations in managing shared data, in maintaining high bandwidths at critical points in the system, and in sustaining high performance with unparalleled fault tolerance and recovery capabilities. This paper addresses several of these key features as they are implemented in the S/390 G5 server and its successor, the S/390 G6 server.
A New Technique for Measuring Attitudes

Background In the concluding article of his excellent and encyclopedic volume on the theory and measurement of attitudes, Martin Fishbein addresses himself to the fact that despite seventy-five years or so of effort, sociologists and social psychologists have failed to demonstrate that at titudes as we measure them are effective predictors of behavior. Defining attitudes as "a learned predisposition to respond to any subject in a con sistently favorable or unfavorable way," he suggests two possible reasons for our failure to predict behavior from attitude measures:
Lipids in wheat from various classes and varieties

Lipids were extracted with petroleum ether and with water-saturated n-butanol from 8 hard red winter, 5 hard red spring, and one each from soft red, durum, and club wheat varieties from 2 harvests. The butanol-extracted lipids were fractionated into nonpolar and polar lipids by silicic acid column chromatography, and the two major fractions were subfractionated by thin-layer chromatography. Durum wheats contained the highest lipid contents, and the highest concentration of nonpolar lipids. The breadmaking wheat varieties had a lipid content which was consistent for the 2 years examined. The total and nonpolar lipid contents of hard red spring wheats were higher than of hard red winter wheats. The polar lipid contents of wheats from the two classes were essentially equal. Total lipid contents were substantially higher in wheats than in flours milled from the wheats. Nonpolar lipids constituted about one-half of the flour lipids and two-thirds of the wheat lipids. Concentrations of triglycerides were higher in wheat than in flour nonpolar lipids. Glycolipids were present in comparable concentrations in wheat and in flour polar lipids; concentration in polar lipids of phosphatidyl choline was higher and of other phospholipids was lower in wheat than in flour polar lipids.
Far-infrared investigations of a methanol clathrate hydrate - Implications for astronomical observations

Observations of nonterrestrial clathrate hydrates are still lacking despite the fact that clathrates first were suggested to exist in cometary and interstellar ices over 40 years ago. Spectroscopy, the most direct method of astronomical detection, has been hampered by the similarity of clathrate hydrate spectra to those of unenclathrated guest molecules and solid H2O. We have prepared a methanol (CH3OH) clathrate hydrate, using a recently published procedure, and have investigated its far-infrared spectrum. The spectrum is quite different from that of either unenclathrated CH3OH or solid H2O and so should be of value in astronomical searches for this clathrate.
Computational analysis of vented supersonic exhaust nozzles using a multiblock/multizone strategy

NASA-Langley's PAB3D-v3 multiblock/multizone Navier Stokes code is presently used to study the behavior of the longitudinally-slotted nozzle configuration for fixed-geometry operation in supersonic cruise on the bases of high nozzle pressure ratios. The range of flow conditions encompassed nozzle pressure ratio values from 5 to 20, and freestream Mach numbers from 0 to 2.5. A large recirculation region was detected near the concave base of the nozzle, while smaller regions were located near and around the slots. In general, the discharge coefficient was predicted within 0.5 percent, and the thrust ratio within 1.5 percent, of measured values.
Self-Assembled Monolayers Based on Chelating Aromatic Dithiols on Gold

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were generated by the adsorption of xylene-α1,α2-dithiol and 1,2-bis(mercaptomethyl)-4,5-dialkylbenzene derivatives, [CH3(CH2)m]2C6H2[CH2SH]2 (m = 0, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15), on the surface of gold. These monolayers were characterized by optical ellipsometry and contact angle goniometry. Comparison of the thicknesses and wettabilities of the new SAMs to those generated from normal alkanethiols suggests that the new chelating dithiols generate densely packed and highly oriented monolayer films on gold. Furthermore, preliminary studies of film desorption in solution suggest that the new SAMs are more stable than normal SAMs on gold.
International osteosarcoma incidence patterns in children and adolescents, middle ages and elderly persons

Osteosarcoma incidence rates in the United States peak in adolescence and in the elderly. The international patterns of osteosarcoma incidence in children have been described, whereas those for young, middle age or elderly adults have not. Using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, International Agency for Cancer Research database we compared incidence rates for children and adolescents (age 0-24 years), the middle age group (25-59 years) and elderly (>or=60 years) persons by world regions and individual countries. Overall, worldwide osteosarcoma incidence rates were quite similar in the younger age groups. The greatest variation in incidence rates was observed in the elderly.
Trends in elasticity and electronic structure of transition-metal nitrides and carbides from first principles

The elastic properties of selected transition-metal (TM) nitrides and carbides in ${B}_{1}$ structure are studied using the ab initio density-functional perturbation theory. We find that (1) the inequality $Bg{G}^{\ensuremath{'}}gGg0$ holds for all these materials, where $B=({C}_{11}+2{C}_{12})∕3$, ${G}^{\ensuremath{'}}=({C}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{12})∕2$, and $G={C}_{44}$ with ${C}_{ij}$ the elastic constants, and (2) $G$ has large values when the number of electrons per unit cell ${Z}_{V}=8$ or 9. The fitted curve of $G$ vs. ${Z}_{V}$ predicts that rocksalt MoN is unstable, and TM carbonitrides (e.g., $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{C}}_{x}{\mathrm{N}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$) and di-TM carbides (e.g., ${\mathrm{Hf}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ta}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{C}$) have maximum $G$ at ${Z}_{V}\ensuremath{\approx}8.3$.
S-XANES analysis of thermal iron sulfide transformations in a suite of Argonne Premium Coals: A study of particle size effects during pyrolysis

Abstract A suite of four bituminous Argonne Premium Coal Samples, namely Pittsburgh#8 (P8), Blind Canyon (BC), Upper Freeport (UF), and Illinois #6 (IL6), were pyrolyzed according to the Easy Ro kinetic model ( Burnham and Sweeney, 1989 ) to Ro = 4.3 and iron sulfide thermal transformations were tracked by the use of S-XANES (Sulfur X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure.) It was shown that the pyrite transformed first to pyrrhotite by Ro = 1.5, and then started to transform to troilite by Ro = 2.4. Some Argonne Coals displayed evidence of structural instability. In addition, particle size effects were examined. Pyrolysis was performed on not-ground (large-particled) coal samples, which were subsequently ground to micron-size particles before data collection. S-XANES was also collected for the not-ground post-pyrolysis IL6 coal to show the effect of the extent of reaction on the surface of the particles as opposed to the bulk. It was found that the pyrite-to-pyrrhotite transformation in large particles of IL6 coal proceeded from the surface of the particle and progress inward, consistent with the shrinking core model. A scheme for determining particle size based on organic sulfur content was also developed for a coal model consisting of a 50/50 mol% mixture of pyrite and Maya petroleum vacuum resid asphaltene for a range of known particle sizes. Lastly, the behavior of both marcasite (a polymorph of pyrite) and pyrite in a coal model was investigated for large (~ 100 μm) and small (~ 5 μm) particles. The marcasite proved to be less structurally stable than pyrite for the large particles, with an abrupt transformation to a mixture of pyrrhotite and troilite, and an abrupt drop in aliphatic sulfur content, indicating consequent H2S generation at Ro = 2.4. This transformation is much less pronounced for pyrite at the same point in pyrolysis.
Clinical outcomes in infants with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) related metabolic syndrome.

An unavoidable outcome of cystic fibrosis newborn screening (CF NBS) programs is the detection of infants with an indeterminate diagnosis. The United States CF Foundation recently proposed the term cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator related metabolic syndrome (CRMS) to describe infants with elevated immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) on NBS who do not meet diagnostic criteria for CF. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical outcomes of infants with CRMS identified through an IRT/DNA algorithm. We reviewed the records of all infants with CRMS diagnosed at our CF Center from 2002 to 2010. We identified 12 infants, and compared them to 27 infants diagnosed with CF by NBS. Compared to CF patients, CRMS patients were more likely to be pancreatic sufficient as assessed by fecal elastase measurement (100% vs. 8%, P
Detecting and repairing performance bugs using execution and code patterns (invited talk abstract)

Software performance is critical for the overall success of a software project. Performance bugs are programming mistakes that slow down program execution. Performance bugs create poor user experience and affect the user-perceived software quality. Even expert programmers can introduce performance bugs, which have already caused serious and highly publicized incidents. Well tested commercial products such as Windows Explorer and Acrobat Reader are also affected by performance bugs. In this talk, we will discuss Toddler, SunCat, and Caramel, three novel techniques for automatically detecting and repairing performance bugs. Unlike profilers, which focus on methods that take a long time to execute, Toddler, SunCat, and Caramel focus on code and execution patterns that are indicative of common programming mistakes affecting performance. The additional information provided by these patterns enable Toddler, SunCat, and Caramel to have better results more automation, fewer false negatives, fewer false positives, automated repair---than profilers for the bugs Toddler, SunCat, and Caramel are designed to find. Toddler, SunCat, and Caramel employ novel dynamic and static analyses. Toddler, SunCat, and Caramel found over 150 previously unknown performance bugs in widely used Java, C/C++, and C# applications, including in mobile applications. Over 100 of these bugs have already been fixed by developers.
Erythropoietic agents for anemia of critical illness

Purpose. Evidence regarding the cost-effective use of and benefits associated with epoetin alfa in treating anemia of critically ill patients is assessed. Summary. Anemia of critical illness is a leading cause of inadequate oxygen delivery that affects almost all patients in the intensive care unit setting after day 3. Red blood cell transfusions are commonly used to correct anemia of critical illness, but they are also associated with risks including hemolytic reactions and viral transmission. The latest evidence suggests that when a strict transfusion protocol is implemented, epoetin alfa does not decrease the transfusion requirements of critically ill patients. In the absence of a strict transfusion protocol, an average of 5.1 doses of epoetin, at a cost of $2154, is required to avoid one transfusion. Evidence is accumulating that epoetin may reduce mortality rates in trauma patients. However, important questions remain regarding the magnitude and mechanism of the potential benefit and if the benefit outweighs the risk of thromboembolism. Therefore, the reduction in transfusion-related adverse events is the only clinical outcome benefit that is well-supported by current evidence. However, the known risk of transfusion-related adverse events is low; approximately 29,000 patients would need to be treated to avoid a serious transfusion-related event. Treating these patients would cost over $25 million, and it would take over 100 years to prevent one serious event in a unit admitting 20 epoetin-eligible patients per month. Conclusion. Published data suggest a prohibitive cost associated with epoetin alfa use in critically ill patients given that the only well-supported clinical benefit of this treatment is the avoidance of transfusion-related adverse events. Continued research is necessary to clarify if there is a net clinical benefit of epoetin use (especially in trauma patients) and to develop optimal blood management strategies.
Diel and lateral patterns of zooplankton distribution in the St. Lawrence River

While the four-dimensional nature of river ecosystems has been recognized for nearly two decades, the role of lateral complexity has rarely been factored into studies of zooplankton ecology. We examined the importance of hydrologic retention areas (slackwaters) near islands and embayments of the St. Lawrence River for densities, fecundity, and diel migration of planktonic microcrustaceans. Densities of cladocera and copepods (nauplii and adult stages of cyclopoids and calanoids) were sampled from surface and deeper layers both at night (2100–0100 h, near the new moon) and during the day (1000–1400 h) for channel (deep-fast), offshore (shallow-slower), and inshore (shallow-stagnant) habitats. Average zooplankton densities increased laterally from the main channel into the slackwaters with the exception of calanoid copepods, which peaked in the intermediate depths and flows of the offshore habitats. Although the ratio of males to females for the calanoid Eurytemoraaffinis and the cladoceran Bosmina spp. did not differ among habitats, a greater percentage of ovigerous cladoceran females were present in slackwaters than in channel habitats. Densities of microcrustaceans were generally greater during the night than day, suggesting diel vertical migration. By demonstrating both lateral and diel differences in the spatial distribution of riverine zooplankton, we refute the view of large rivers as well-mixed homogenous systems. To the contrary, the two non-random patterns that we document imply that there is an abiotic template that at least microcrustacean potamoplankton can exploit. In turn this suggests more research into the ecological significance of the pelagic structure of other large rivers like the St. Lawrence is justified. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunologic Role of the Cholinergic Anti‐Inflammatory Pathway and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine α7 Receptor

Cytokines are small protein molecules that facilitate communication between cells of the immune system and other tissues. Their messenger function elicits responses in other cells, ranging from DNA binding and tissue remodeling to coordinating the local cellular response to inflammation. The magnitude of the cytokine response is regulated closely, because an over- or underabundance of cytokine activity can impair organ function and cause shock and tissue injury. Counterregulatory molecular and humoral mechanisms protect the host from cytokine excess, including the pituitary-adrenal-glucocorticoid system, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine system. These humoral systems are protective, but they are relatively slow-acting, concentration-gradient dependent, and not integrated. We recently discovered that the "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway," a nervous system-based, rapid, and locally acting mechanism, can inhibit the cytokine response. Signals transmitted via the vagus nerve converge on cytokine-producing cells that express the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 (nAChR alpha7). The alpha7 receptor is an essential component of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, because activation of this receptor prevents cytokine release. Advances in understanding the molecular structure and function of alpha7 have begun to provide a better understanding of potential mechanisms regarding its assembly, expression, and cytokine-inhibiting functions. It may be possible to exploit this pathway to therapeutic advantage for diseases caused by excessive cytokine activity.
Can a highly invasive species re-invade its native community? The paradox of the red shiner

Red shiners (Cyprinella lutrensis) are among the most widespread, ecologically general, and environmentally tolerant fish species in North America, and are highly invasive where they have been introduced outside their native range. However, long-term data on fish assemblages showed that red shiners gradually (1980s to 2006) disappeared from creeks that are direct tributaries of Lake Texoma (Oklahoma, USA) where they are native and historically had been numerically dominant. Following a major flood in 2007, red shiners were detected anew in some of these creeks, but repeatedly disappeared and re-appeared through November 2009. Given their invasive abilities where they are not native, their failure to become re-established prompted us to examine factors that affect their apparent inability to re-invade their native habitat. We established assemblages of five common fish taxa native to Brier Creek in 12 large, outdoor mesocosm stream units. Subsequently, we introduced red shiners at two densities of 10 or 30 per unit, six replicates each, to examine potential effects of propagule pressure on establishment success. Approximately six months later, we ended the experiment and recovered all fish. Red shiners failed to become established in the experimental units, regardless of initial stocking density. They also exhibited much lower survival than other species in the native community, which not only survived well but exhibited some recruitment. Red shiner survival was significantly negatively related to the number of sunfish (Lepomis spp.) that grew to adult size in experimental units, suggesting that predation can inhibit early stages of invasion by red shiners.
The 3′-linked terminus of Qβ RNA

Abstract The 3′-linked terminal nucleotide, pppGp, of Qβ RNA was found only in the nonanucleotides when a pancreatic ribonuclease digest of uniformly 32P-labeled Qβ RNA was chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose in the presence of 7 M urea (pH 7.4). The terminal oligonucleotide was distinguished from the nonanucleotides derived from internal positions of the RNA by dephosphorylation with alkaline phosphomonoesterase, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Alkaline and enzymic degradation of the separated terminal oligonucleotide showed that the structure of this oligonucleotide is ppp(Gp)4ApCp. Thus a 5′-phosphorylated compound of 11 negative charges migrates with typical nonanucleotides carrying 10 negative charges. In a number of preparations of Qβ RNA, no 3′-linked terminal pppGp was detected. One such preparation was actually found to terminate in unphosphorylated A−.
The acid mucopolysaccharides of connective tissues. II. Further experiments on chondroitin sulfate B

Abstract 1. 1. ChS-B occurs in bullskin mainly in the middle and bottom layers. 2. 2. The fraction designated as ChS-B probably is a mixture of at least two isomeric mucopolysaccharides, the major component, the chondroitin sulfate B proper, containing iduronic acid, and the other containing glucuronic acid. Both are resistant to testicular hyaluronidase. 3. 3. The chemically desulfated product of chondroitin sulfate A was hydrolyzed by testicular and bacterial hyaluronidases analogous to their action on hyaluronate and chondroitin from cornea, while the desulfated products of chondroitin sulfate B remained resistant to the two hyaluronidases. 4. 4. Chondroitin sulfate B appears to be associated with the coarse bundle type of collagen fibers.
Regularity of weak solutions of the nonlinear fokker-planck equation

We study regularity properties of weak solutions of the degenerate parabolic equation ut + f(u)x = K(u)xx, where Q(u) := K ′(u) > 0 for all u 6= 0 and Q(0) = 0 (e.g., the porous media equation, K(u) = |u|m−1u, m > 1). We show that whenever the solution u is nonnegative, Q(u(·, t)) is uniformly Lipschitz continuous and K(u(·, t)) is C-smooth and note that these global regularity results are optimal. Weak solutions with changing sign are proved to possess a weaker regularity – K(u(·, t)), rather than Q(u(·, t)), is uniformly Lipschitz continuous. This regularity is also optimal, as demonstrated by an example due to Barenblatt and Zeldovich.
Scheduling Uet systems on two uniform processors and length two pipelines

A set of jobs related by precedence constraints is to be executed in minimum time on two uniform processors, the faster one using f time units per job and the slower $s \geqslant f$ time units. When $s = f + 1$ the desired schedule can be characterized as HLA, “highest-level-first with abstentions.” It can be found in linear time when there is no idle time; in general the time is exponential in the number of levels of the precedence graph. The problem of scheduling jobs related by precedence constraints on a length two pipeline processor is isomorphic to a simple version of the uniform processor problem. The optimum schedule is HLF, “highest-level-first,” and can be found in linear time. Approximately optimum schedules for two uniform processors can be found in linear or nearly linear time. The schedule that is optimum for two identical processors has accuracy at most a factor $2 - ({f / s})$ above optimum, for arbitrary f and s. The HLF schedule has accuracy ${5 / 4}$ for ${f / s} = {1 / 2}$ and ${6 / 5}...
Allocation of Organ Biomass in Perfect and Imperfect Flowers

Abstract Perianth MP, gynoecium MG, and androecium MA dry-weight biomass (in g) of 39 species of perfect flowers was measured. These data were pooled with published data from an additional 51 species and used to determine size-dependent variations in (MG and MA) in terms of the hypothesis that the quotient of MG and MA exceeds 1·0 for out-breeding (xenogamous) species and less than 1·0 for in-breeding (autogamous) species. Ordinary least square regression of the pooled data (n = 90) showed MG = 0·118 M0·916P (r2 = 0·884) and MA = 0·186 M0·975P (r2 = 0·865), indicating that the biomass of the gynoecium proportionally decrease as floral size increases. The exponents of these regressions indicate that the ratio of gynoecial to androecial biomass decreased with increasing floral size such that comparatively small flowers (MP 1·0 (predicted for 'out-breeders') while comparatively larger flowers (MP > 0·0021 g) had MG /MA To test whether the biomass of a floral organ-type is a legitimate indicator of gender reproductive effort, the biomass (in g) of stamen filaments Mm and anther sacs MAS of 39 species was determined. Least square regression of these data showed MAS = 0·188 M0·854fil (r2 = 0·967), indicating that species with larger stamen filaments, on the average, bore proportionally smaller anther sacs and thereby cautioning against the uncritical use of the allocation of biomass to floral organ-type as a strict gauge of gender-function investment. To determine whether the loss of one gender-function results in proportional reallocation of biomass to the remaining gender-function, the size-dependency of androecial and gynoecial biomass was determined for a total of 33 perfect and imperfect flowers of Cucumis melo. Regression of the data obtained from perfect flowers yielded MA = 0·402 M1·47P (r2 = 0·898) and MG = 4·63 M1·36P (r2 = 0·842). Since MG/MA ∝ M0·11P , the biomass allocation to the gynoecium relative to the androecium decreased with increasing floral size. This result was consistent with the broad interpecific comparison based on 90 species with perfect flowers . Regression of the data for imperfect flowers yielded MA = 0·151 M1·02P (r2 = 0·675) and MG = 4·68 M1·47P (r2 = 0·996), indicating a near allometric relation for the androecium and a strong positive anisometry for the gynoecium. Thus, for flowers of comparable size, a loss of female gender obtains a modest to significant again in androecial biomass whereas the loss of male gender yields only a slight increase in gynoecial biomass. Collectively, the results of these studies indicate that biomass allocation patterns are size-dependent phenomena whose complexities have been largely ignored in the literature.
Beam deflection and ultrafast angular scanning by a time-varying optically induced prism

Abstract By using dispersionless nonlinear refraction in CS 2 , a weak 0.53 μm beam is deflected by up to 3 mrad by an intense, copropagating. 1.06 μm pump beam with an asymmetric transverse intensity profile. With a 100 ps pump pulse, the inferred scan rate of the visible beam is ≈10 8 rad/s, corresponding to ≈10 11 defl. spots/s. Such ultrafast angular deflection may be applied to the generation of ultrashort optical pulses.
Smoothing the extrapolated midpoint rule

The extrapolated midpoint rule is a popular way to solve the initial value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations. As originally formulated by Gragg, the results are smoothed to remove the weak instability of the midpoint rule. It is shown that this smoothing is not necessary. A cheaper smoothing scheme is proposed. A way to exploit smoothing to increase the robustness of extrapolation codes is formulated.
Technology transfer policy: Its role as a scientific and technical information policy and its impact on technological growth

Two of the factors governing the growth and development of new technologies are the free flow of information and a competitive trading environment. Many of the laws an regulations governing trade and information flow in the United States are derived in part from a set of policies designed to enhance military and national security through technological growth. The historical roots of this policy and its effectiveness are examined in light of the current position of the United States as a center for technology.
Cr(VI) and Ce(III) Inhibition of Oxygen Reduction on Copper

Oxygen reduction on Cu in near-neutral 5% NaCl and its subsequent inhibition by Cr(VI) and Ce(III) compounds has been examined using stationary and rotating Cu electrodes. The results show that Cr(VI) is a highly efficient inhibitor not matched by comparable concentrations of Ce(III) in its effect. Results suggest (i) bulk reduction of Cr(VI) to a three-dimensional inhibiting film is not necessary to explain the role of Cr(VI); (ii) Cr(VI) inhibition of oxygen reduction on Cu is irreversible as shown previously by others; and (iii) inhibition of oxygen reduction by Cr(VI) at dispersed Cu cathodes in Al2024-T3 cannot explain the 100-fold increase in corrosion resistance typically observed for Al 2024-T3.
Use of system code to estimate equilibrium tritium inventory in fusion DT machines, such as ARIES-AT and components testing facilities

ITER is under construction and will begin operation in 2020. This is the first 500 MWfusion class DT device, and since it is not going to breed tritium, it will consume most of the limited supply of tritium resources in the world. Yet, in parallel, DT fusion nuclear component testing machines will be needed to provide technical data for the design of DEMO. It becomes necessary to estimate the tritium burn-up fraction and corresponding initial tritium inventory and the doubling time of these machines for the planning of future supply and utilization of tritium. With the use of a system code, tritium burn-up fraction and initial tritium inventory for steady state DT machines can be estimated. Estimated tritium burn-up fractions of FNSF-AT, CFETR-R and ARIES-AT are in the range of 1–2.8%. Corresponding total equilibrium tritium inventories of the plasma flow and tritium processing system, and with the DCLL blanket option are 7.6 kg, 6.1 kg, and 5.2 kg for ARIES-AT, CFETR-R and FNSF-AT, respectively.
Towards a framework to measure security expertise in requirements analysis

Research shows that commonly accepted security requirements are not generally applied in practice. Instead of relying on requirements checklists, security experts rely on their expertise and background knowledge to identify security vulnerabilities. To understand the gap between available checklists and practice, we conducted a series of interviews to encode the decision-making process of security experts and novices during security requirements analysis. Participants were asked to analyze two types of artifacts: source code, and network diagrams for vulnerabilities and to apply a requirements checklist to mitigate some of those vulnerabilities. We framed our study using Situation Awareness—a cognitive theory from psychology—to elicit responses that we later analyzed using coding theory and grounded analysis. We report our preliminary results of analyzing two interviews that reveal possible decisionmaking patterns that could characterize how analysts perceive, comprehend and project future threats which leads them to decide upon requirements and their specifications, in addition, to how experts use assumptions to overcome ambiguity in specifications. Our goal is to build a model that researchers can use to evaluate their security requirements methods against how experts transition through different situation awareness levels in their decision-making process.
Fast neutron and mixed (neutron/photon) beam teletherapy for grades III and IV astrocytomas

A study was performed in order to assess the efficacy of using fast neutron irradiation, either alone or in conjunction with megavoltage photons, in treating Grades III and IV astrocytomas. The study encompasses fifteen patients with Grade III lesions and twenty-two patients with Grade IV lesions. Various fractionation schemes are described. Only one patient is still alive at the present time. Regarding the other patients, the mean survival after completing therapy was 10.8 months for those patients with Grade III lesions and 7.5 months for those patients with Grade IV lesions. Particularly for Grade III lesions, the average survival was appreciably less than that of patients treated with photons alone. The treated patients also had no noticeable improvement in quality of survival when compared with the results of conventional photon irradiation. There was no appreciable difference in survival between the group treated with neutrons alone or with mixed (neutron/photon) irradiation. Autopsy data on fifteen patients showed gross tumor progression in only one instance, and this patient also had liver metastases. In the other fourteen cases, the gross tumor volume was replaced by coagulation necrosis. In general, there were some abnormal cells intermixed with the regions of coagulation. These cells are currently felt to be reactive astrocytes. Both a diffuse gliosis and a white matter demyelination were found in regions far from the tumor volume and this presumably is related to the ultimate cause of death.
NiTi-Ta shape memory alloys

This paper studies the effect of Ta addition on the martensitic transformation characteristics and the X-ray visibility of NiTi shape memory alloys. It was found that: (1) The transformation temperatures of the Ti 49 Ni 51 binary alloy increase drastically by an addition of 0 -- 4at%Ta, but only slightly when the concentration exceeds 4at%. (2) The addition of Ta greatly decreases the sensitivity of the martensitic transformations to the variation in the Ni-Ti ratio. (3) The addition of Ta to a TiNi binary alloy can improve its X-ray visibility.
Lower Cambrian fossil Volborthella: The whole truth or just a piece of the beast?

Early Cambrian faunas are rich in strange and distinctive fossils that are difficult to interpret or to classify. The small, conical fossils assigned to the extinct phylum Agmata, and the arguments surrounding their affinities and paleoecology, are a classic example of this problem. Volborthella are commonly found in Lower Cambrian strata of North America and in coeval units on the East European platform. These agglutinated fossils are traditionally interpreted as the complete skeleton of individual animals. However, a newly discovered fossil from the White-Inyo Mountains of eastern California demonstrates that Volborthella was a bilaterally symmetrical animal bearing multiple pairs of conical agglutinated sclerites. Volborthella, as traditionally defined, was one of many sclerites covering a relatively large metazoan, an Early Cambrian armored worm or mollusklike animal, and is the only known metazoan with a scleritome composed of agglutinated elements. This discovery ends more than a century of misinterpretation of this enigmatic Early Cambrian fossil.
Antimicrobial activity of hop extracts against Listeria monocytogenes in media and in food.

Abstract Growth of Listeria monocytogenes was inhibited in culture media and in certain foods by four hop extracts (I–IV) containing varying concentrations of α-and β -acids. Extracts (II and III) containing the highest concentrations of β-acids were inhibitory at 0.01 mg l in trypticase soy broth. In food, these hop extracts showed varying magnitudes of inhibition. In coleslaw, hop extract III at 1 mg g enhanced the rate of inactivation of L. monocytogenes Scott A. Hop extract II was inhibitory at 0.1 and 1 mg ml in skim and 2% milk, and was inhibitory at 1 mg ml in whole milk. Hop extract II was listericidal in cottage cheese at 0.1 to 3 g kg . No inhibition of L. monocytogenes by hop extract III was observed in Camembert cheese. Overall, the antimicrobial activity of hop extracts in food appeared to increase with acidity and lower fat content. Our results indicate that hop extracts could be used to control L. monocytogenes in minimally processed food with low fat content.
Neural differentiation following culture of embryonal carcinoma cells in a serum-free defined medium

The embryonal carcinoma line C17-S1 clone 1003 is multipotential in vivo. When the cells are grown in vitro in serum-containing medium most of them remain undifferentiated, while a few differentiate into a unique morphologic type of epithelioid cell. If 1003 cells are passaged into a defined medium containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, and fibronectin they grow for six to eight generations at the same rate as in serum-containing medium. During this time, all the cells of the culture differentiate into a limited number of phenotypes with neuroepithelial and neuronal cells predominating. Differentiation could be obtained in the defined medium at relatively low cell densities. Exogenous fibronectin is required for cell attachment to the substratum, and when absent the cells form aggregates in which differentiation still occurs. Low amounts of serum added to the defined medium allow multiplication and maintenance of cells of undifferentiated phenotype and prevent differentiation into neuronal cells.
Abstract 5301: Rescuing cell polarity with small molecule inhibitors of de-palmitoylation

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Protein palmitoylation is a unique post-translational modification required for the membrane anchoring and trafficking of numerous regulatory proteins that play key roles in cell growth, polarity, and signaling. Using a pulse-chase palmitoylation proteomics approach, we identified the tumor suppressor Scrib as the most dynamic, enzymatically regulated palmitoylated protein in malignant cells. Scrib localizes at the basolateral membrane where it regulates epithelial cell apical-basolateral polarity, junctional integrity, proliferation, and metastasis. Loss of Scrib at the plasma membrane cooperates with oncogenic Ras or Myc overexpression to drive tumor formation, promote epidermal to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and bypass contact inhibition. Interestingly, overexpression of Snail in polarized cells eliminates Scrib membrane localization. We recently reported a class of in vivo active small selective inhibitors of the acyl protein thioesterases APT1 and APT2. Addition of a small molecule APT2 inhibitor restores Scrib membrane localization and enhances E-Cadherin expression, overcoming Snail-mediated repression of E-cad. These findings suggest that thioesterases, predominantly APT2 more than APT1, regulate the palmitoylation of cell polarity proteins, and highlight a strategy to attenuate oncogenic signaling and restore cell polarity pathways in malignant cells. Citation Format: Jeannie L. Hernandez, Dahvid Davda, Jaimeen Majmudar, Kristin J. Labby, Margery Gang, Sirisha Pasupuleti, Makoto Seita, Brent R. Martin. Rescuing cell polarity with small molecule inhibitors of de-palmitoylation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5301. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5301
Polarization-selective surfaces composed of trefoil knot elements

In this paper, we demonstrate that the trefoil knot has the unique property that its forward scattering for circularly polarized wa es exhibits a strong dependence on the handedness of the polarization. Both a single knot element as well as an array of these knots show this ( ) property which could be used in a polarization-selecti e surface PSS . Q 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 21: 170]173, 1999.