cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro Particle Transport and Deposition in Human Upper Airways

The hazard caused by inhaled particles depends on the site at which they deposit within the respiratory system. Knowledge of respiratory aerosol deposition rates and locations is necessary to (1) evaluate potential health effects and establish critical exposure limits and (2) design effective inhaled medications that target specific lung regions. Particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter can be breathed into lungs and are known as inhalable particles, while most of larger particles settle in mouth and nose. Inhalable particles settle in different regions of the lungs and the settling regions depends on the particle size. The motion of a particle is mainly affected by the inertia of the particle and by the particle’s aerodynamic drag. The most important dimensionless parameters in the prediction of particle motion are the flow Reynolds number and the Stoke number, which combines the effects of particle diameter, particle density, shape factor and slip factor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the airflows in human respiratory airways. The influence of particle size on transport and deposition patterns in the 3-D lung model of the human airways is the primary concern of this research. The lung model developed for this research extends from the trachea to the segmental bronchi and it is based on Weibel’s model. The velocity field of air is studied and particle transport and deposition are compared for particles in the diameter range of 1 μm – 100 μm (G0 to G2) and 0.1 μm – 10 μm (G3 to G5) at airflow rates of 6.0, 16.7, and 30.0 L/min, which represent breathing at rest, light activity, and heavy activity, respectively. The investigation is carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using the software Fluent 6.2. Three-dimensional, steady, incompressible, laminar flow is simulated to obtain the flow field. The discrete phase model (DPM) is then employed to predict the particle trajectories and the deposition efficiency by considering drag and gravity forces. In the present study, the Reynolds number in the range of 200 – 2000 and the Stoke number in the range of 10−5 – 0.12 are investigated. For particle size over 10 μm, deposition mainly occurs by inertial impaction, where deposition generally increases with increases in particle size and flow rate. Most of the larger micron sized particles are captured at the bifurcations, while submicron sized particles flow with the fluid into the lung lower airways. The trajectories of submicron sized particles are strongly influenced by the secondary flow in daughter branches. The present results of particle deposition efficiency in the human upper airways compared well with data in the literature.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Use and Value of Mixed Methods Research in Social Work

The complexity of social problems addressed by the social work profession makes mixed methods research an essential tool. This literature review examined common quantitative and qualitative techniques used by social work researchers and what mixed methods research may add to social work research. Surveys and in-depth interviews were the most common quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, respectively. The t-test was the most frequently used quantitative data analysis method. Although thematic analysis was the most common qualitative data analysis method, 12% of the qualitative data analysis techniques were not specified. Mixed methods research adds three important elements to social work research: voices of participants, comprehensive analyses of phenomena, and enhanced validity of findings. For these reasons, the teaching and use of mixed methods research remain integral to social work.
Skeletal dysplasias and the osteoarthritic phenotype

In contrast to late-onset osteoarthritis (OA), the appearance of precocious OA has historically been recognized as a particularly aggressive form of the disorder that is frequently inherited as a Mendelian trait. In general, precocious OA appears as a consequence of many skeletal dysplasias, which, although individually rare, comprise a sizable population of patients when viewed in toto. In these patients the disease is often rapidly progressive and includes features of articular and extra-articular involvement that are not typical of classic OA. The molecular pathology of the chondro-osseous disorders has been the focus of intense study in recent years, with the promise of providing insight into skeletal development and homeostasis, as well as the aetiology and pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease.
Peripheral mechanisms of thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow in aged humans

Human skin blood flow is controlled via dual innervation from the sympathetic nervous system. Reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction and vasodilation are both impaired with primary aging, rendering the aged more vulnerable to hypothermia and cardiovascular complications from heat-related illness. Age-related alterations in the thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow occur at multiple points along the efferent arm of the reflex, including 1) diminished sympathetic outflow, 2) altered presynaptic neurotransmitter synthesis, 3) reduced vascular responsiveness, and 4) impairments in downstream (endothelial and vascular smooth muscle) second-messenger signaling. This mechanistic review highlights some of the recent findings in the area of aging and the thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow.
NonO enhances the association of many DNA-binding proteins to their targets

NonO is an unusual nucleic acid binding protein not only in that it binds both DNA and RNA but that it does so via functionally separable domains. Here we document that NonO enhances the binding of some (E47, OTF-1 and OTF-2) but not all (PEA3) conventional sequence-specific transcription factors to their recognition sites in artificial substrates as well as in an immunoglobulin VHpromoter. We also show that NonO induces the binding of the Ku complex to DNA ends. Ku has no known DNA sequence specificity. These enhancement of binding effects are NonO concentration dependent. Using the E box activity of E47 as a model, kinetic studies demonstrate that the association rate of the protein-DNA complex increases in the presence of NonO while the dissociation rate remains the same, thereby increasing the sum total of the interaction. Oligo competition experiments indicate that NonO does not contact the target DNA in order to enhance the binding activity of DNA binding proteins. Rather, methylation interference analysis reveals that the induced E47 binding-activity has the same DNA-binding sequence specificity as the normal binding. This result suggests that one of the effects of NonO is to induce a true protein-DNA interaction. In this way, it might be possible for NonO to play a crucial role in gene regulation.
Evaluation of Alternative Tactics for Management of Insecticide-Resistant Horn Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

A 3-yr study was conducted to determine the efficacy of tactics that could be used to manage populations of insecticide-resistant horn flies, Hematobia irritans irritans (L.). Insecticide spray, spot-on or pour-on formulations and two IGRs in bolus formulation, 1.3- and 3.2-ha pasture rotations on different rotation schedules, 0-50% Brahman breeding, selected fly-resistant cows, and a mechanical trap were evaluated singly and in combination. Concentration-mortality tests indicated that horn flies collected from cows used in the current study were significantly less susceptible to diazinon, coumaphos, and methoxychlor than horn flies from cows at the same locations previously used to determine baseline susceptibility. During the 3-yr study at the Southeast Research and Extension Center (SEREC), the IGR-bolus significantly reduced (P < 0.05) horn fly numbers on both the continuous and rotational graze regimens, resulting in significantly (P < 0.05) greater calf weaning weights (average of 24 kg). Horn fly numbers were significantly greater on untreated cows during the 3-yr study at the Southwest Research and Extension Center (SWREC) compared with the mean fly numbers on cows that received fly-management treatments. All tactics and tactic-combinations used at SWREC on cattle having no Brahman breeding failed to significantly reduce insecticide-resistant horn fly numbers. However, the combination of Brahman breeding with the IGR-Bolus and mechanical trap significantly reduced horn fly numbers and resulted in significant increases in calf weaning weight. In addition, mean horn fly numbers decreased significantly as the percentage Brahman breeding increased with 50% Brahman breeding reducing horn fly numbers by 140 flies per cow. No significant difference was found between the mean fly numbers on the fly-resistant purebred group and the cows that had no Brahman breeding but received the IGR-Bolus or used the mechanical trap. The use of synergized zeta-cypermethrin pour-on treatment successfully complimented the use of IGR-bolus and mechanical traps in reducing insecticide-resistant horn fly numbers. Neither 1.3- nor 3.2-ha size paddocks and stocking rates used in the rotation graze regimens at SEREC and SWREC, respectively, significantly reduced horn fly numbers when compared with continuously grazed paddocks. Data indicated the importance of using tactics that reduce horn fly numbers to approximately 150 horn flies per cow. These data demonstrated the efficacy of using tactic combinations to manage insecticide-resistant horn fly populations.
A New Rationale for the Management of Periapical Granulomas and Cysts: An Evaluation of Histopathological and Radiographic Findings

Conflicting data make it difficult for the practitioner to differentiate periapical granulomas from cysts. In this study, additional information was sought. Results show that both entities occur with almost equal frequency, that radiographic diagnosis has a 60% chance of reliability, and that size of the lesions is of diagnostic value only for lesions measuring more than 200 mm 2 .
Relative timing of CAMP, rifting, continental breakup, and basin inversion: Tectonic significance

Short-duration CAMP magmatic activity at ∼200 Ma in eastern North America provides a temporal benchmark for assessing the relative timing of rifting, drifting, and basin inversion. In the southeastern United States, rifting ceased and shortening/inversion began before CAMP magmatism. In the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, rifting continued during and after CAMP magmatism. Rifting ceased in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada by the early Middle Jurassic, after CAMP magmatic activity. Shortening/inversion occurred in southeastern Canada before or during the Early Cretaceous. The available geological, geophysical, and geochronological data favor a diachronous rift-drift transition (seafloor spreading began earlier in the south) rather than the traditional synchronous rift-drift transition along the entire central North Atlantic margin. In this scenario, there are two magmatic pulses. The first includes CAMP and the formation of seaward-dipping reflectors (SDR's) near the continent-ocean boundary during the rift-drift transition along the southern margin segment. The second, younger magmatic pulse is associated with the formation of SDR's during the rift-drift transition along the northern margin segment. We believe that the widespread magmatism and shortening/inversion in eastern North America are related to active asthenospheric upwelling that culminated during the rift-drift transition. Inversion is a common feature along many volcanic passive margins and is associated with a change in the strain state from extension at a high angle to the margin during rifting to shortening at a high angle to the margin during drifting. The presence of dikes oriented at a high angle to the trend of the margin (e.g., the dike swarms in the southeastern United States, southeastern Greenland, offshore northwest Europe, and South America) may reflect this change in strain state associated with inversion.
Maximum a posteriori estimation of time-varying ARMA processes from noisy observations

The estimation of the parameters of discrete-time autoregressive moving-average (ARMS) processes observed in white noise is considered. A class of time-varying ARMA processes in which the parameter process is the output of a known linear system driven by white Gaussian noise is examined. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator is defined for the trajectory of the parameter's random process. A two-step estimate-and-maximize (EM)-based (E-step and M-step) iterative algorithm is derived. The posterior probability of the parameters is increased in each iteration, and convergence to stationary points of the posterior probability is guaranteed. Each iteration involves two linear systems and is easily implemented. It is shown that similar results can be obtained for a wide class of parameter estimation problems. >
High-Speed Modulation Analysis of Strongly Injection-Locked Semiconductor Ring Lasers

A novel scheme for modulation bandwidth enhancement is presented, involving distributed Bragg reflector master laser monolithically integrated with strongly injection-locked whistle-geometry microring laser. Enhanced high-speed performance of the novel scheme is confirmed through numerical modeling by comparing it with an earlier scheme, where optical injection was provided by a waveguide directional coupler adjacent to the ring laser.
Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission

Myasthenia gravis is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission that occurs in congenital and acquired autoimmune forms. Acquired myasthenia gravis is probably the most common neuromuscular disorder in dogs that can be diagnosed and treated. An early, accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy is of utmost importance to a good clinical outcome in this disorder. This article focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs and cats with brief discussions of other disorders of neuromuscular transmission, including congenital myasthenia gravis, tick paralysis, botulism, and organophosphate intoxication.
Encomium for Robert A. LeVine

This tribute was delivered by Richard A. Shweder at the meeting of the Society for Psychological Anthropology in San Diego, California,on October 9, 1997.
BRCA1 at a branch point

The breast- and ovarian-specific tumor suppressor protein, BRCA1, has been implicated in regulating the nuclear processes of repair of damaged DNA, chromatin remodeling, and transcription. Although many have sought specific DNA sequences bound by BRCA1, no such sequences have been reported. In new research described in this issue of PNAS (1), BRCA1 protein is shown to bind to DNA with high affinity in a sequence-nonspecific fashion. Purified recombinant BRCA1 bound to DNA as a multimer, and the BRCA1 protein generated DNA loops by grabbing multiple lengths of DNA (Fig. 1, reprinted from ref. 1). Long DNA molecules were bound by BRCA1 with higher affinity than shorter molecules. For a given length of DNA, branched DNA molecules bound with higher affinity than did the linear molecules. The higher affinity for branched DNAs and the absence of sequence specificity support a direct role for BRCA1 in the repair of damaged DNA. With this new finding, the BRCA1 field is perhaps a step closer toward learning how mutation of this protein can lead to breast and ovarian cancer.
Identification of stenosis of the opercular segment of the middle cerebral artery trunk by transcranial color flow duplex doppler

Transcranial color flow duplex Doppler sonography was able to identify a stenosis of the middle cerebral artery documented by angiography to be just proximal to the start of the sylvian triangle in a 50-year-old woman with progressive aphasia. The lesion was too distal to be detected by traditional transcranial Doppler sonography. Transverse and longitudinal color flow images of the opercular segment of the middle cerebral artery are shown with identification of the branches of the middle cerebral artery trifurcation.
Accessory cells with immunophenotypic and functional features of monocyte-derived dendritic cells are recruited to the lung during pulmonary inflammation.

Pulmonary macrophages (Mf) increase in tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid during inflammation caused by bleomycin (BLM). This study demonstrates that increasing numbers of exudate Mf in BLM lung injury exhibit dendritic cell (DC) features. After the intratracheal adminis- tration of BLM (0.075 U), adherent mononuclear cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAMC) of C57BL/6 mice were characterized for morphol- ogy, immunophenotype, and accessory cell activi- ties. At day 7 post-BLM, 48% of CD11b 1 BAMC displayed features of DC differentiation, as judged by dendritic morphology, expression of class II MHC, 33D1, Factor XIIIa, CD80, and CD86 antigens, and the ability to support a primary allogeneic lymphocyte response (MLR). After BLM treatment, CD11b 1 peripheral blood monocytes also showed increased expression of 33D1, Factor XIIIa, CD86, and the ability to stimulate an MLR. We conclude that inflammatory DC with immuno- phenotypic features of monocyte-derived DC in- crease in the peripheral blood and lung after an inflammatory stimulus. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 901- 908; 1999.
Sesame Street Goes Global: A Review of the Documentary “The World According to Sesame Street”

Competing in this year's Sundance Film Festival was an ambitious and provocative documentary, The World According to Sesame Street. Co-directed by Linda Hawkins Costigan and Linda Goldstein Knowlto...
Morphinan Alkaloids from Plant Cell Cultures

Morphinan alkaloids are an industrial commodity of plant origin. The market share of pharmaceuticals containing morphinans, predominantly codeine, is about 2.5% (Canada). The supply appears to be adequate, the price comparatively moderate. Restrictions, however, in the harvest and in the movement of raw and refined products due to socio-political implications has kindled interest in producing morphinan alkaloids by culturing poppy cells in vitro. The feasibility of developing such a process for industry would require fair accumulation of alkaloids in cells or their medium.
Matrix Description of Calabi-Yau Compactifications

We point out that the matrix description of $M$ theory compactified on Calabi-Yau threefolds is in many respects simpler than the matrix description of a ${T}^{6}$ compactification. This is largely because of the differences between D6-branes wrapped on Calabi-Yau threefolds and D6-branes wrapped on six-tori. In particular, if we define the matrix theory following the prescription on Sen and Seiberg, we find that the remaining degrees of freedom are decoupled from gravity.
Protein Turnover in Membranous Fractions

Protein metabolism in the brain proceeds at a rate which is comparable to that in other organs, such as the liver. Although this dynamic state for cerebral protein was known some time ago, together with information on protein synthesis, very little is known about the mechanisms of protein breakdown involved in turnover. Previous studies have established that the brain contains a family of proteolytic enzymes, such as acid and neutral proteinases, (1–4) and peptide hydrolases, especially the subgroup aminopeptidases.(5, 6) In other tissues intracellular proteolytic enzymes (cathepsins) are known to be present in lysosomes, but their precise localization in brain remains to be established. (7) It has been reported that a significant proportion of brain acid proteinase and other hydrolytic enzymes are present in lysosomal structures, but these previous studies failed to establish an unequivocal correlation between the hydrolytic activity and the morphological structures involved.
Excretion of urinary N-telopeptides reflects changes in bone turnover during ovarian suppression and indicates individually variable estradiol threshold for bone loss.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of n-telopeptides and E 2 in monitoring bone turnover during GnRH agonist- (GnRH-a) or danazol-induced hypoestrogenism. Design Comparative, nonrandomized prospective study. Setting Institute for the Study and Treatment of Endometriosis Patient(s) Premenopausal women undergoing ovarian suppression with GnRH-a (n=16) or danazol (n=9). Intervention(s) Serum and urine samples were collected and bone mineral density was measured before, during, and after treatment Main Outcome Measure(s) n-telopeptide excretion, serum E 2 , and bone mineral density at L1 to L4 and femoral neck. Result(s) During treatment in the GnRH-a group, mean E 2 levels were 53% below and n-telopeptides were 38% above the mean baseline. At 1month post-treatment, L1 to L4 bone mineral density decreased by 3.85%. In the danazol group, E 2 , n-telopeptides and L1 to L4 bone mineral density changed nonsignificantly in the opposite direction with the mean 1.25% increase in L1 to L4 at 1month post-treatment. In combined groups, L1 to L4 bone mineral density better correlated with other measures than femoral neck bone mineral density. n-telopeptide excretion was more predictive of L1 to L4 change, with correlation the highest between n-telopeptides at month 4 and bone mineral density at month 1 afterward, while E 2 appeared more predictive of the less reliable femoral neck bone mineral density. Individual exceptions to the model of an E 2 threshold for bone loss were observed. Also noted were high correlation between on-therapy levels of E 2 and n-telopeptides, as well as the presence of a 1-month time lag between E 2 and n-telopeptide changes. Conclusion(s) Bone density decreases during GnRH-a and may slightly increase during danazol treatment. However, E 2 threshold for bone loss varies individually. n-telopeptides predict changes in bone mineral density at L1 to L4 better than E 2 .
Loss and the Language of Restitution in Persuasion

Most of Austen’s novels educate their heroines away from error. Emma and Elizabeth, Catherine and Marianne, are taught by circumstances to see the nature of their egotism and folly and are led by repentence into a more mature understanding of the world and of themselves. Anne Elliot’s error, however, occurs over seven years before the beginning of the novel. Her falling into chastened silence and suffering has constituted the whole of that intervening period. Anne’s education is not one of seeing and avoiding the errors of imagination and wit; it is an education in how to overcome the suffering that follows the awareness of error. Though Anne was right to follow Lady Russell’s advice, that advice was wrong. Anne’s recognition of Lady Russell’s misjudgment and of her own rectitude, however, does not bring into being a happy ending. How easily happiness can be missed! Being right, as Anne sorrowfully discovers, does not bring happiness. Persuasion offers one model after another of how the human personality copes with adversity, disappointment and lost opportunities. Anne and Wentworth are the only characters who learn that happiness cannot be regained until they seek it. And in their restricted society, the only means of regaining happiness is through language. Thus the barrier between Anne and Wentworth is appropriately linguistic.
Fast-acting antidepressants rapidly stimulate ERK signaling and BDNF release in primary neuronal cultures.

Recent preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that three functionally different compounds, the NMDA receptor channel blocker ketamine, mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495, and NMDA receptor glycine site agent GLYX-13 produce rapid and long lasting antidepressant effects. Furthermore, these agents are reported to stimulate ERK and mTORC1 signaling in brain. Here we used rat primary cortical culture neurons to further examine the cellular actions of these agents. The results demonstrate that low concentrations of all three compounds rapidly increase levels of the phosphorylated and activated forms of ERK and a downstream target of mTORC1, p70S6 kinase, in a concentration and time dependent manner. In addition, each compound rapidly increases BDNF release into the culture media. Further studies demonstrate that induction of BDNF release, as well as stimulation of phospho-ERK is blocked by incubation with an AMPA receptor antagonist. The requirement for AMPA receptor stimulation suggests that the effects of these rapid agents are activity dependent. This possibility is supported by studies demonstrating that neuronal silencing, via incubation with the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol, completely blocks phospho-ERK and BDNF release by each agent. Finally, incubation with each drug for 24 h increases the number and length of neuronal branches. Together, the results demonstrate that these three different rapid acting antidepressant agents increase ERK signaling and BDNF release in an activity dependent manner that leads to increased neuronal complexity. Further studies will be required to determine the exact mechanisms underlying these effects in cultured neurons and in rodent models.
The domestic origins of human rights trials: A case study of the Second Boer War

ABSTRACTWhat explains decisions taken by states around the world to prosecute members of their own armed forces for human rights violations? The dominant trend in existing literature suggests that a “justice cascade” best explains the growing prevalence of human rights trials. However, while norm diffusion offers some explanatory power in the contemporary era, other mechanisms are necessary to explain many early human rights trials. Through an analysis of one of the first recorded instances of what we now term “human rights trials” — the court-martials of six British Empire officers for the murder of POWs, civilians, and a missionary in the Second Boer War — this article identifies other crucial mechanisms driving prosecutions that retain relevance in the contemporary era. I find that signaling to domestic audiences, both at “home” and in recently conquered territories, can be critical motivators in elite or government decisions to pursue human rights trials.
Electrical Suppression of Film Boiling During Quenching

Boiling heat transfer impacts the performance of various industrial processes like quenching, desalination and steam generation. At high temperatures, boiling heat transfer is limited by the formation of a vapor layer at the solid-liquid interface (Leidenfrost effect), where the low thermal conductivity of the vapor layer inhibits heat transfer. Interfacial electrowetting (EW) fields can disrupt this vapor layer to promote liquid-surface wetting. This concept works for a variety of quenching media including water and organic solvents. We experimentally analyze EW-induced disruption of the vapor layer, and measure the resulting enhanced cooling during quenching. Imaging is employed to visualize the fluid-surface interactions and understand boiling patterns in the presence of an electrical voltage. It is seen that EW fundamentally changes the boiling pattern, wherein, a stable vapor layer is replaced by intermittent wetting of the surface. This switch in the heat transfer mode substantially reduces the cool down time. An order of magnitude increase in the cooling rate is observed. An analytical model is developed to extract instantaneous voltage dependent heat transfer rates from the cooling curve. The results show that electric fields can alter and tune the traditional cooling curve. Overall, this study presents a new concept to control the mechanical properties and metallurgy, by electrical control of the quench rate.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Terrestrial scanning antenna technologies for Ka-band broadband satellite communication systems

Global Ka-band broadband communications systems may be comprised of low earth orbit (LEO) as well as geosynchronous earth orbit (GSO) components. These systems can be seamlessly integrated to provide high data rate service between point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and point-to-broadcast users around the world.
“Borrowing Happiness from the Future”: Exploring College Students’ Own Experiences on Health-Related Lifestyles

AbstractCombining the theory of emerging adulthood with self-authorship, the authors utilized students’ reflection papers (n = 111) to explore their current lifestyles and reasons behind behavioral changes. Decreased physical activity, increased substance use, irregular sleep patterns, and unhealthy dietary habits emerged after students transitioned to college. These shifts reflect the complex interplay among changes in living environment and interpersonal relationships, time and finance allocation, and interrelated behaviors. The study demonstrates that integrating a three-phase time diary project with cognitive learning elements prompts self-awareness about students’ own lifestyles and motivates them to become healthier. These findings may help college administrators refine health promotion programs and demonstrate the time diary’s value in offering students an opportunity to examine their lifestyles.
Evaluation of the yield, molar mass of exopolysaccharides, and rheological properties of gels formed during fermentation of milk by Streptococcus thermophilus strains St-143 and ST-10255y.

ABSTRACT The yield and chemical structures of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by many strains of Streptococcus thermophilus have been characterized. However, the kinetics (or production profile) for EPS during milk fermentation is not clear. In this study, we investigated whether any differences existed in the yield and molar mass of EPS when milk was fermented at the same acidification rate by 2 strains of S. thermophilus (St-143 and ST-10255y). The type of EPS produced by these 2 strains is different. Milk samples were analyzed for EPS concentration every 30 min during a fermentation period of 270 min (final pH 4.5) by using a modified quantification method, which was faster and validated for its recovery of added EPS. Rheological properties of milks during fermentation were also analyzed using small-strain dynamic oscillatory rheology. For the determination of molar mass, EPS extracts were isolated by ultrafiltration of whey obtained during fermentation of milk to pH values 5.2, 4.9, 4.7, and 4.5, and molar mass was analyzed using size-exclusion chromatography–multi-angle laser light scattering. During fermentation, both strains appeared to start producing significant amounts of EPS after about ∼150 min, which corresponded to pH ∼5.3, which was close to the point of gelation. During the remainder of the fermentation process (150–270 min), the EPS concentration from strains St-143 and ST-10255y significantly increased from 30 to 72 mg/L and from 26 to 56 mg/L, respectively. The quantity of EPS recovered by our modified method was estimated to represent ∼60% of the total EPS added to milk. The molar mass of EPS produced by both strains appeared to slightly decrease during fermentation. At pH 5.2, EPS from St-143 and ST-10255y had molar masses of 2.9 × 10 6 and 1.4 × 10 6 g/mol, respectively, which decreased to 1.6 × 10 6 and 0.8 × 10 6 g/mol, respectively, when the pH of milk was 4.5. Distinct differences were apparent in the rheological properties of gels fermented by the 2 strains. At the end of fermentation, St-143 fermented milk had weaker gels with storage modulus (G′) value at pH 4.6 of 26 Pa, whereas gels made with ST-10255y were stiffer with a G′ value at pH 4.6 of 82 Pa. For St-143 gels, maximum loss tangent (LT max ) values were higher (0.50) and occurred earlier (at a higher pH value) than the LT max values (0.46) for gels from ST-10255y strain. Because the fermentation conditions were identical for both strains, the observed changes in rheological properties could be due to the differences in chemical structures and molar mass of the EPS produced by these 2 S. thermophilus strains.
Moderate consumption of wine and beer, but not spirits, reduced mortality

Source Citation Gronbaek M, Deis A, Sorensen TI, et al. Mortality associated with moderate intakes of wine, beer, or spirits. BMJ. 1995 May 6;310;1165-9.
Drugged Driving in the Opioid Era: Spatial Patterns of Oxycodone Use in Fatal Traffic Crashes, 2001-2016.

ABSTRACTBackground: A large and growing body of research and news media reports have documented the recent opioid crisis, which is linked to the emergence of the “Oxy epidemic” in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Since then, oxycodone drugged driving has increased, but spatial characteristics are unknown. Methods: This research analyzes 3,396 locations of oxycodone positivity in drivers involved in fatal traffic crashes from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), 2001–2016. Results: There is a consistent pattern of nonrandom spatial clusters of oxycodone drugged driving during the period, as expected. Conclusion: Traffic fatality data are useful in identifying areas for targeted public health and safety interventions.
Determination of etching parameters for pulsed XeF 2 etching of silicon using chamber pressure data

A technique is presented for determination of the depletion of the etchant, etched depth, and instantaneous etch rate for Si etching with XeF2 in a pulsed etching system in real time. The only experimental data required is the pressure data collected temporally. Coupling the pressure data with the knowledge of the chemical reactions allows for the determination of the etching parameters of interest. Using this technique, it is revealed that pulsed etching processes are nonlinear, with the initial etch rate being the highest and monotonically decreasing as the etchant is depleted. With the pulsed etching system introduced in this paper, the highest instantaneous etch rate of silicon was recorded to be 19.5 µm min−1 for an initial pressure of 1.2 Torr for XeF2. Additionally, the same data is used to determine the rate constant for the reaction of XeF2 with Si; the reaction is determined to be second order in nature. The effect of varying the exposed surface area of Si as well as the effect that pressure has on the instantaneous etch rate as a function of time is shown applying the same technique. As a proof of concept, an AlN resonator is released using XeF2 pulses to remove a sacrificial poly-Si layer.
Elk responses to trail-based recreation on public forests

Abstract Trail-based recreation is a popular use of public forests in the United States, and four types are common: all-terrain vehicle (ATV) riding, mountain biking, hiking, and horseback riding. Effects on wildlife, however, are controversial and often a topic of land use debates. Accordingly, we studied trail-based recreation effects on elk (Cervus canadensis), a wide-ranging North American ungulate highly sought for hunting and viewing on public forests, but that is sensitive to human activities, particularly to motorized traffic on forest roads. We hypothesized that elk would respond to trail-based recreation similarly to their avoidance of roads open to motorized traffic on public forests. We evaluated elk responses using a manipulative landscape experiment in a 1453-ha enclosure on public forest in northeast Oregon. A given type of recreation was randomly selected and implemented twice daily along 32 km of designated recreation trails over a five-day period, followed by a nine-day control period of no human activity. Paired treatment and control replicates were repeated three times per year for each recreation type during spring-fall, 2003–2004. During treatments, locations of elk and recreationists were simultaneously collected with telemetry units. Elk locations also were collected during control periods. Elk avoided the trails during recreation treatments, shifting distribution farther out of view and to areas farthest from trails. Elk shifted distribution back toward trails during control periods of no human activity. Elk avoided recreationists in real time, with mean minimum separation distances from humans that varied from 558 to 879 m among the four treatments, 2–4 times farther than elk distances from trails during recreation. Separation distances maintained by elk from recreationists also were 3–5 times farther than mean distances at which elk could be viewed from trails. Distances between elk and recreationists were highest during ATV riding, lowest and similar during hiking and horseback riding, and intermediate during mountain biking. Our results support the hypothesis that elk avoid trail-based recreation similarly to their avoidance of roads open to motorized traffic on public forests. Forest managers can use results to help optimize trade-offs between competing objectives for trail-based recreation and wildlife species like elk that are sensitive to human activities on public forests.
Cognitive and Touch Performance Effects of Mismatched 3D Physical and Visual Perceptions

While research in the field of augmented reality (AR) has produced many innovative human-computer interaction techniques, some may produce physical and visual perceptions with unforeseen negative impacts on user performance. In a controlled human-subject study we investigated the effects of mismatched physical and visual perception on cognitive load and performance in an AR touching task by varying the physical fidelity (matching vs. non-matching physical shape) and visual mechanism (projector-based vs. HMD-based AR) of the representation. Participants touched visual targets on four corresponding physical-visual representations of a human head. We evaluated their performance in terms of touch accuracy, response time, and a cognitive load task requiring target size estimations during a concurrent (secondary) counting task. After each condition, participants completed questionnaires concerning mental, physical, and temporal demands; stress; frustration; and usability. Results indicated higher performance, lower cognitive load, and increased usability when participants touched a matching physical head-shaped surface and when visuals were provided by a projector from underneath.
Data Access as Regulation

This article considers calls for data transparency as research regulation and accountability. Rather than arguing for or against the value of sharing data, the article argues that understanding the...
Power information network intrusion detection based on data mining algorithm

Intrusion detection technology plays an important role in ensuring information security. This paper briefly describes the intrusion detection technology and its development history. Based on the analysis of power information network structure and its security partition, this paper proposes a power information network intrusion detection framework for the intrusion attack problem of power information network and elaborates the implementation of each module. The association rule analysis algorithm and the association relationship between network data stream features can effectively detect the intrusion behaviour in the power information network. Experiments show that the intrusion detection system can effectively detect the intrusion attacks in the power information network and effectively protect the power information.
Built environment, income and travel behavior: Change in the city of Chengdu, China 2005–2016

In this paper, we look at differences in travel behavior and location characteristics across income in Chengdu, China at two points of time, 2005 and 2016, using household travel surveys. Specifica...
At-Risk Youth in an After-School Program: Structured vs. Unstructured Physical Activity

Youth physical activity (PA) levels are a central focus for physical educators and health professionals worldwide. This study (a) examined the PA levels of children during structured and unstructured PA lessons of an after-school program (ASP) and (b) described the children’s perceptions of structured and unstructured PA. Participants were 31 children, Mage (10.37 ± 1.4 yrs.), BMI percentile (79.86 ± 28.01), who actively participated in an ASP. Activity measurements examined mean steps per minute, percentage of MVPA, and percentage of activity time during unstructured and structured PA opportunities. Children accumulated higher mean steps per minute and percentage of activity time during unstructured PA; however, they had a higher mean percentage of MVPA during structured PA. There were statistically significant differences between mean steps per minute and mean percentage activity time. The findings suggest that implementation of forms of unstructured PA may increase the daily PA of youth and help them to meet recent national recommendations. Subscribe to TPE
Social Crises, Political Conflicts, and Cultural Contradictions of Nixonland: Tracing Constitutional Crisis in the USA from Nixon to Trump

Many developments, like greater domestic turmoil, economic dislocation, social immobility, and political gridlock, suggest "the public" and "the private" are different domains with the US than they were decades ago in 1969 when President Nixon entered office. The constitutional state, as a theory and set of practices in the USA in the Nixon era was put under tremendous strains, and it seems clear that those pressures fractured it. After Vietnam, stagflation, Watergate, and the transitional Ford Administration, has it ever been the same? The Reagan-Bush assault on the New Deal and Great Society as well as the essentially permanent mobilization for war in the Middle East since 1991 all should force us to conduct a radical check-up of the body politic, and ask if The Constitution is, in fact, the nation's benchmark for foundational law. This paper argues that major political and cultural shifts within the USA, as it has faced these new challenges since the 1970s that have been both domestic and global in nature, suggest that its 1787 Constitution no longer organically underpins the nation's dominant modes of the governance, principles of sovereignty, or notions of political legitimacy, as they have been expressed since 1969 or 2001 in the larger New World Order organized in Washington, D.C.
Who Competes with Whom? Using Occupation Characteristics to Estimate the Impact of Immigration on Native Wages

Abstract Many studies have examined the impact of immigration on native wages. Some of these studies have relied upon education-experience groups to define labor markets and identify the wage elasticity with respect to immigrant labor supply. However, evidence suggests that immigrants’ educational attainment is treated differently in the labor market and constructing labor markets based upon this characteristic leads to potentially biased conclusions. We utilize O*NET occupational characteristics to form a different set of labor markets. Our analysis finds higher partial equilibrium effects on native wages than prior work using education-experience skill groups, as expected. These larger effects, however, are shown to be concentrated on the least skilled natives. Estimates of the total wage effect along the distribution of occupational skills confirm that the negative wage effect is concentrated on native workers in the bottom tail of the distribution. Natives in the upper tail of the distribution experience wage gains as a result of immigration. The distributional impact is likely due to the distribution of skills among recent immigrants.
Small Bowel Conditions: Carcinoid

Carcinoid tumors can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and are classified according to their embryological origin as foregut (6%), midgut (62%), and hindgut carcinoids (30%). Thirty-five percent of all carcinoids occur in the appendix which is the most common location, followed by the small bowel and the rectum. Depending on the location of origin, carcinoids can present as bowel obstruction, acute appendicitis, carcinoid syndrome, or can be completely asymptomatic and only found incidentally in pathologic specimens following routine endoscopic polypectomy or appendectomy. The extent of surgical resection indicated for carcinoid tumors depends on tumor location and extent of local and distal spread which is in turn based on tumor size and specific pathological characteristics. Accurate preoperative staging of carcinoid tumors is paramount. When faced with metastatic disease, surgeons need to rule out carcinoid syndrome and determine whether R0 resection can be achieved, in which case en bloc resection of all disease may lead to symptomatic relief and prolonged survival. If an R0 resection is not possible, then cytoreductive debulking surgery in combination with somatostatin analogues and cytotoxic systemic therapies should be considered.
Three different scenarios for epileptic spasms

Epileptic Spasms (ES) is a type of seizure usually occurring in the context of a severe childhood epileptic syndrome associated to significant Electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities. There are three scenarios in which ES may occur. The first one is represented by West Syndrome (WS): ES occur in a previously non encephalopathic infant in association with the development of a hypsarrhythmic EEG pattern. In most cases, standard treatment with Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), steroids or vigabatrin leads to a reversal of the electroclinical picture. The second scenario is represented by Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEEs): ES are documented, often along other seizures types, in an infant who often shows developmental delay since birth; the EEG pattern is pathological both in wakefulness and in sleep, without typical features of hypsarrhythmia; therapies (with the exception of few potentially treatable syndromes) are poorly effective. The last scenario is represented by ES in the context of Focal Epilepsies (FEs): ES, sometimes showing focal signs or closely related to focal seizures, are associated with focal brain lesions. Treatment with ACTH, steroids or vigabatrin may not be effective as well as antiepileptic drugs for focal epilepsies. In drug-resistant patients, surgery should be considered. Although there are some gaps in our current scientific knowledge concerning the peculiar electroclinical and physiopathological features of ES, we nowadays possess the necessary tools to correctly frame this unique seizure type into one of these scenarios and therefore properly manage the diagnostic and therapeutic workup.
Experimental Study for the Influence of fault Characteristic Gas on the Internal Pressure of Oilless Electric Equipment

In this paper, a method to motor or predict the faults in oil-less equipment, as bushing and current transformer, is proposed in this paper. According to the Ostwald coefficients of the seven fault characteristic gases in the transformer oil, the influences of different characteristic gases to the internal pressure of the oil-less equipment is calculated theoretically. From which, it could be found that the increase of H 2 , CO and CH4 has the most significant impact on the pressure. The results are verified through experimental investigation. By monitoring the variations of the internal pressure of oil-less equipment, some defects in the equipment could be detected, which may avoid the further fault and damage foe the equipment.