cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SELENIUM DEFICIENCY ALTERS EPITHELIAL CELL MORPHOLOGY AND RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA

It is unknown whether nutritional deficiencies affect the morphology and function of structural cells, such as epithelial cells, and modify the susceptibility to viral infections. We developed an in vitro system of differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) grown either under selenium-adequate (Se+) or selenium-deficient (Se-) conditions, to determine whether selenium deficiency impairs host defense responses at the level of the epithelium. Se- BECs had normal SOD activity, but decreased activity of the selenium-dependent enzyme GPX1. Interestingly, catalase activity was also decreased in Se- BECs. Both Se- and Se+ BECs differentiated into a mucociliary epithelium; however, Se- BEC demonstrated increased mucus production and increased Muc5AC mRNA levels. This effect was also seen in Se+ BEC treated with 3-aminotriazole, an inhibitor of catalase activity, suggesting an association between catalase activity and mucus production. Both Se- and Se+ were infected with influenza A/Bangkok/1/79 and examined 24 h postinfection. Influenza-induced IL-6 production was greater while influenza-induced IP-10 production was lower in Se- BECs. In addition, influenza-induced apoptosis was greater in Se- BEC as compared to the Se+ BECs. These data demonstrate that selenium deficiency has a significant impact on the morphology and influenza-induced host defense responses in human airway epithelial cells.
A quantification of manual dexterity: the design for an assembly calculator

Abstract The understanding of manual dexterity is seen as a key element in the design of products and processes for automated, flexible assembly systems. A human-centered definition of dexterity based on human motor capacity is introduced and applied in the form of a special slide-rule. A guide for using the slide-rule is presented with examples.
Bio-inspired design of intelligent materials

Several examples of sensors and actuators inherent in biological species are reviewed with emphasis on their mechanisms for a given set of stimuli. Examples include, action plants (Venus flytrap, Cucumber tendrils) and bamboo, and algae. Based on these examples and their mechanisms, we designed artificial actuators, FGM piezo actuators and electroactive polymer actuators.
Heat-stability of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae hemagglutinating antigens.

SummaryThe heat-lability of erythrocyte sensitizing substances from Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. Heat-treatment enhanced activity of Candida (ESS) antigens while it totally inactivated Saccharomyces (ESS) antigen. The common (ESS) antigen shared by these organisms is believed to be more resistant to heat than the type-specific antigen. Heat treatment did not affect activity of the whole yeast-cell antigens of Candida albicans or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Effects of steroids and gonadotropins on follicular development in the hypophysectomized hamster.

To determine the rate of follicular development in long-term hypophysectomized (H) hamsters, single IP injections of 3H-thymidine were given six days after H and autoradiographs were prepared from animals killed on days 6–15. Only follicles in stages 1 (2–3 layers of granulosa cells), 2 (4–5 layers) and 3 (6–7 layers) were present and there were fewer follicles than in intact, cyclic hamsters. The entire population of follicles in stages 1 and 2 was replaced every five to six days in hypophysectomized hamsters, whereas in cyclic hamsters, complete turnover takes eight days (Chiras and Greenwald, '77). Other groups of H hamsters were treated on days 4–6 with either estradiol benzoate (EB — 10 μg), progesterone (P — 1 mg) or EB and P and then given 3H-thymidine at 0900 hours of day 6 and killed one hour later. Steroid treatment affected early stages of follicular development: EB stimulated growth of these follicles; P alone had little effect; given with EB, P acted as an antagonist. Other H hamsters were treated with FSH (100 μg), LH (10 μg), FSH + LH, PMS (30 IU) or saline vehicle at 0900 hours six days post-hypophysectomy. They were injected with 3H-thymidine at 2100 hours on day 6 and killed one hour later. LH- and saline-treated animals had approximately the same number of follicles; however, there were no stage-3 follicles in the LH-treated group and the percentage of labelled follicles in stages 1 and 2 was significantly lower after LH treatment. FSH enhanced follicular development and thymidine uptake. Twice as many stage-3 follicles were seen in FSH-treated animals as controls; stage-4 follicles (>8 layers of granulosa cells) were also encountered after FSH treatment. Labelling Index (LI) and Intensity (L. Int.) for the FSH-treated group were the highest of all treatments. LH antagonized some of the effects of FSH. PMS resulted in follicular growth similar to that achieved by FSH; however, PMS markedly depressed LI and L. Int., which was probably due to the LH-like component of PMS. These results demonstrate that the gonadotropins affect the development of small follicles. FSH stimulates growth; LH depresses follicular growth when administered alone and antagonizes some of the effects of FSH. Hamsters pretreated with EB or P on days 4–6 and then given a single, subcutaneous (SC) injection of FSH at 0900 hours on day 6, were treated with 3H-thymidine at 2100 hours on day 6 to assess the interaction of steroids and FSH. EB pretreatment caused the development of stage-5 follicles (early antral follicles) but did not increase thymidine uptake (measured by LI and L. Int.) in the small follicles above that attained by FSH alone. P pretreatment diminished thymidine uptake in small follicles, but did not reduce their number. These results demonstrate that in the hamster the population of small follicles, i.e., the often misnamed “pituitary-independent” follicles, can be influenced quantitatively and qualitatively by steroids and gonadotropins.
Quasi-projection-operator calculation of autoionization states of O5/+/ /O VI/ and Si11/+/ /Si XII/

A practical approach to calculating diagnostic parameters includes both scattering and statelike (autoionization) elements. The paper presents inelastic quasi-projection-operator calculations of autoionization states of the three-electron ions of oxygen and silicon for states below the n = 3 manifod of the respective two-electron parent (O VI and Si XII). Wave functions containing up to 40 configurations are calculated. The O VI calculated results agree with experimental results within the experimental error (about + or - 2 eV) while for the Si XII case, it was necessary to include relativistic effects. Where formulas are available (states for which p + q = 2), the Si XII results are also in good agreement with experimental results for 2Se, 2Po, and 2De states. Since the calculated results for some of the higher states did not agree with identifications proposed by Trabert et al. (1979), alternative identifications are suggested.
Alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase of maize leaves

Abstract 1. 1. Leaves of an albino mutant and of normal green seedlings of maize have high levels of readily extractable alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) when grown under strong illumination. About one-tenth as much activity is found in both types of plants when grown in the absence of light. A brief illumination of dark-grown seedlings induces a large increase in readily extractable pyrophosphatase activity in the subsequent dark period. 2. 2. In light-grown maize the enzyme is localized in the chloroplasts but is readily washed out by aqueous solvents. The enzyme is highly specific for Mg2+ and PPi, and has optimal activity between pH 8 and 9. Leaf extracts of sorghum have similar high activity; many other plants, and other maize tissues have much less activity.
Regulation of adrenergic stimulation of hepatic adenylate cyclase by divalent cations

Abstract Liver plasma membrane adenylate cyclase was stimulated paradoxically by an α2-adrenergic mechanism under conditions of low metal ion and low GTP concentrations. In untreated membranes, epinephrine stimulation was GTP-dependent and was mediated by β-adrenergic receptors since it was completely blocked by propranolol, but unaffected by dihydroergocryptine. Pre-treatment of membranes to remove or reduce divalent cations and guanine nucleotides changed epinephrine stimulation to a form that was mediated by α2-receptors since it was completely blocked by dihydroergocryptine, phenoxybenzamine and yohimbine, but not by propranolol or prazosin. The pre-treatment did not alter enzyme activation by isoproterenol or glucagon. α2-Adrenergic stimulation of adenylate cyclase in depleted membranes required the presence in the assay of 1–2 mM Mg2+ and small amounts of exogenous GTP (⩽50 nM). Inreasing the Mg2+ or GTP concentration in the assay produced a progressive reversal of epinephrine-stimulated activity from an α2-adrenergic form to a predominantly β-adrenergic form. Readdition of Ca2+ or Mg2+, but not Mn2+, into depleted membranes by incubation in the presence of metal reestablished the pattern of enzyme sensitivity to epinephrine to that seen with untreated membranes i.e., it changed from α2-receptor mediation. Alterations in membrane and assay content of metal ions and GTP did not result in the activation of the enzyme by vasopressin or angiotensin II. These findings demonstrate the ability of Ca2+, Mg2+ and GTP to control the coupling of β- and α2-adrenergic receptors with liver adenylate cyclase. It is hypothesized that the cations act by regulating the interaction of the receptors with adrenergic agonists and/or the guanine nucleotide binding protein(s) which is postulated to be involved in control of the enzyme.
Master's in Geographic Information Systems Programs in the United States: Professional Education in GIS and Geography

This article examines the rise of master's degree programs in geographic information systems (MGIS) in the United States. We reviewed MGIS program Web sites and conducted thirteen in-depth interviews with program directors. Results show the range and complexity of programs in terms of mode of delivery, staffing, and engagement with the geospatial industry. The diversity of MGIS programs, their differences from traditional master's programs, and their focus on professional education all point toward a new style of degree program that challenges us to think differently about the future of graduate education in geography and GIS.
The relationship between late lumen loss and restenosis among various drug-eluting stents: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Abstract Aims To relate late lumen loss (LLL) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation to angiographic (BAR) and target vessel revascularization (TVR) in randomized clinical trials of DES. Methods and results We reviewed all clinical trials comparing different DES and having protocol-driven angiographic follow-up. We combined the data in a meta-regression analysis correlating LLL with BAR or TVR, with and without adjustment for diabetes mellitus, lesion length or reference vessel diameter. There were 15,846 patients in 29 trials (9 DES platforms) and 8697 had angiographic follow-up at a mean of 8 months. The mean age was 63 y, 28% were women and 33% had diabetes mellitus. Mean weighted in-segment LLL was 0.232 mm (0.228–0.235 mm), significantly higher in paclitaxel- and zotarolimus-eluting stents than in sirolimus-, everolimus- or biolimus-eluting stents. LLL was monotonically related to BAR (BAR = 0.30 × LLL + 0.02, R 2 = 0.53, P R 2 = 0.46, P Conclusions LLL is a strong, monotonically related predictor of BAR and TVR. There is no evidence of threshold phenomenon in these relationships.
Laws to Encourage Manufacturing: New York Policy and the 1811 General Incorporation Statute

Continuing a long tradition, the government of New York attempted to aid domestic manufacturing in various ways during the troubled period of the Embargo, the War of 1812, and the war's aftermath. Among the most important legislative actions was the state's general incorporation law for manufacturing, passed in 1811 on a temporary basis and enacted without time limit in 1821.
Surrogate File Approach To Managing First Order Terms In Secondary Storage

This paper concerns the efficient management of very large logic programs stored in secondary storage by proposing a physical data organization scheme called an extended concatenated code word (ECCW) which is based on the surrogate file concept.' The ECCW can be constructed by concatenating transformed code words obtained from the arguments. Associated with each code word are two fields; a tag field and a value field. The tag field can represent any argument type including lists and structured terms as well as variables and constants. The value field contains the transformed representation of the corresponding argument according to the content of its tag field. The ECCW uses several storage encoding techniques: multilevel coding to represent nested structures by using normalizing storage model, tagged coding to discriminate attribute types such as variables, lists, complex terms, and constants, storage partitioning and tag collection to reduce search space.
S6 phosphorylation results from prothoracicotropic hormone stimulation of insect prothoracic glands: a role for S6 kinase.

The insect prothoracic glands are the source of steroidal molting hormone precursors and the glands are stimulated by a brain neuropeptide, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). Previous work from this laboratory revealed that PTTH acts via a cascade including Ca2+/calmodulin activation of adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A, and the subsequent phosphorylation of a 34 kDa protein (p34) hypothesized, but not proven, to be the 56 protein of the 40S ribosomal subunit. The jmmunosuppressive macrolide, rapamycin, is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation, a signal transduction blocker, and also prevents ribosomal S6 phosphorylation in mammalian systems. We demonstrate here that rapamycin inhibited PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in vitro by the prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, with half-maximal inhibition at a concentration of about 5 nM. At concentrations above 5 nM, there was a 75% inhibition of ecdysteroid biosynthesis. Similar results, were observed with the calcium ionophore (A23187), a known stimulator of ecdysteroidogenesis. Most importantly, the inhibition of ecdysteroid biosynthesis was accompanied by the specific inhibition of the phosphorylation of p34, indicating that p34 indeed is ribosomal protein S6. In vivo assays revealed that injection of rapamycin into day 6 fifth instar larvae resulted in a decreased hemolymph ecdysteroid titer and a dose-dependent delay in molting and metamor-phosis. When S6 kinase (S6K) activity was examined using rapamycin-treated prothoracic glands as the enzyme source and a synthetic peptide (S6-21) or a 40S ribosomal subunit fraction from Manduca tissues as substrate, the date revealed that rapamycin inhibited S6K activity. The composite data suggest that rapamycin inhibits a signal transduction element leading to p34 phosphorylation that is necessary for PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in this insect endocrine gland, and lend further support to the concept that p34 is S6. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gene expression during seed maturation in Brassica napus in relation to the induction of secondary dormancy

Gene expression in two cultivars of Brassica napus (AC Excel and DH12075) has been compared at the full-size embryo, desiccation, and mature stages of seed development. Seed of these cultivars differ in their potential to exhibit secondary dormancy following environmental stress; Excel has high potential and DH12075 has low potential. A majority of genes were down-regulated during maturation in both cultivars but a significant number of differences in gene expression between the cultivars were apparent in the transition from full-size embryo to mature seed. However, most differences were apparent in the desiccation stage and some of the differences were in genes related to signaling processes and protein biosynthesis. We suggest that the propensity of Brassica seeds to manifest secondary dormancy may be determined by changes in gene expression that occur during late seed development.
Rediscovery of Solenopotes tarandi (Mjöberg, 1915) (Linognathidae: Anoplura), with ectoparasites of the barren ground caribou.

The adults of Solenopotes tarandi (Mjoberg, 1915) are redescribed and illustrated, and its allied species of Solenopotes are compared. The nymphs of this species are for the first time described and illustrated. Ectoparasite infestation of the barren ground caribou ( Rangifer tarandus granti Allen) is also discussed.
Morphology and connections of nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis in chicks (Gallus gallus).

The nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc) and pars parvocellularis (Ipc) influence the receptive field structure of neurons in the optic tectum (TeO). To understand better the anatomical substrate of isthmotectal interactions, neuronal morphology and connections of Imc were examined in chicks (Gallus gallus). Cholera toxin B injection into TeO demonstrated a coarse topographical projection from TeO upon Imc. Retrogradely labeled neurons were scattered throughout Imc and in low density within the zone of anterogradely labeled terminals, suggesting a heterotopic projection from Imc upon TeO. This organization differed from the precise homotopic reciprocal connections of Ipc and the nucleus isthmi pars semilunaris (SLu) with TeO. By using slice preparations, extracellular biotinylated dextran amine injections demonstrated a dense projection from most neurons in Imc upon both Ipc and SLu. Intracellular filling of Imc neurons with biocytin revealed two cell types. The most common, Imc-Is, formed a widely ramifying axonal field in both Ipc and SLu, without obvious topography. A less frequently observed cell type, Imc-Te, formed a widely ramifying terminal field in layers 10 –12 of TeO. No neurons were found to project upon both Ipc/SLu and TeO. Both types possessed local axon collaterals and flat dendritic fields oriented parallel to the long axis of Imc. Imc neurons contain glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is consistent with Imc participating in center-surround or other wide-field inhibitory isthmotectal interactions. The laminar and columnar pattern of isthmotectal terminals also suggests a means of interacting with multiple tectofugal pathways, including the stratified subpopulations of tectorotundal neurons participating in motion detection. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:275–297, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: optic tectum; retinotopic; homotopic; heterotopic; center-surround interaction; motion detection
A STUDY OF CHROMOSOMES WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Amphibian lampbrush chromosomes and meiotic prophase chromosomes of various insects and plants consist of a bundle of microfibrils about 500 A thick. These fibrils are double, being made of two closely associated fibrils 200 A thick. Fragments of interphase nuclei contain a mass of fibrils 200 A thick. Ultrathin sections through nuclei in prophase or interphase show sections of these double or single fibrils cut at various angles. A comparison of sections with the methacrylate left in and sections that were shadowed after removing the methacrylate suggests that the OsO4 reacts only with the outer part of the fibrils either because it does not penetrate, or as a result of a chemical difference of the inner core and the outside of the fibril. It is suggested that in analogy to the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus the chromosomal microfibril may have an inner core of DNA surrounded by a shell of protein.
Colloquium paper: the difference of being human: morality.

In The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871, Charles Darwin wrote: “I fully … subscribe to the judgment of those writers who maintain that of all the differences between man and the lower animals the moral sense or conscience is by far the most important.” I raise the question of whether morality is biologically or culturally determined. The question of whether the moral sense is biologically determined may refer either to the capacity for ethics (i.e., the proclivity to judge human actions as either right or wrong), or to the moral norms accepted by human beings for guiding their actions. I propose that the capacity for ethics is a necessary attribute of human nature, whereas moral codes are products of cultural evolution. Humans have a moral sense because their biological makeup determines the presence of three necessary conditions for ethical behavior: (i) the ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions; (ii) the ability to make value judgments; and (iii) the ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Ethical behavior came about in evolution not because it is adaptive in itself but as a necessary consequence of man's eminent intellectual abilities, which are an attribute directly promoted by natural selection. That is, morality evolved as an exaptation, not as an adaptation. Moral codes, however, are outcomes of cultural evolution, which accounts for the diversity of cultural norms among populations and for their evolution through time.
Cross-seeding of misfolded proteins: implications for etiology and pathogenesis of protein misfolding diseases.

Accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates is a hallmark event in diverse diseases. These structures are able to seed their own polymerization by acting as aggregation nuclei both in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies in animal models suggest that misfolded proteins associated with different diseases can synergize in a heterologous fashion, potentiating pathological mechanisms and accelerating disease progression. The coexistence of misfolded protein aggregates has been described in patients affected by several protein misfolding disorders, suggesting a possible molecular cross-talk between pathological processes associated with different diseases. One putative mechanism for this cross-talk is a direct interaction between misfolded proteins, leading to cross-seeding of protein aggregation. This article summarizes the evidence for the cross-seeding phenomenon recently obtained in studies performed in vitro, in animal models, and in human patients, as well as the potential contribution of this mechanism to our understanding of the still elusive etiology and progression of maladies such as Alzheimer's disease, where no effective diagnostic or therapeutic strategies exist.
Predicting chemical reactivity by computer

Mathematical models for predicting the fate of pollutants in the environment require reactivity parameter values —that is, the physical and chemical constants that govern reactivity. Although empirical structure-activity relationships have been developed that allow estimation of some constants, such relationships generally hold only within limited families of chemicals. Computer programs are under development that predict chemical reactivity strictly from molecular structure for a broad range of molecular structures. A prototype computer system called SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry) uses computational algorithms based on fundamental chemical structure theory to estimate a variety of reactivity parameters (e.g., equilibrium/rate constants, UV-visible absorption spectra, etc.). This capability crosses chemical family boundaries to cover a broad range of organic compounds. SPARC does not do “first principles” computation, but seeks to analyze chemical structure relative to a specific reactivity query in much the same manner in which an expert chemist would do so. Molecular structures are broken into functional units with known intrinsic reactivity. This intrinsic behavior is modified for a specific molecule in question with mechanistic perturbation models. To date, computational procedures have been developed for UV-visible light absorption spectra, ionization pKa, hydrolysis rate constants, and numerous physical properties. This paper describes the logic of the approach to chemistry prediction and provides an overview of the computational procedures. Additional papers are in preparation describing in detail the chemical models and specific applications.
Do friends really help friends? The effect of relational factors and perceived severity on bystander perception of sexual violence

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of literature has examined the ways that bystander intervention can be helpful for situations involving sexual violence. The current study examined the little researched questions of how the relationship between the bystander and the victim and the bystander and the perpetrator impacts bystander perceptions (whether the situation is a problem and how safe it would be to intervene). METHOD: In the present study, 545 undergraduate students were randomly assigned by gender to vignettes (low and high severity) in which they had a relationship with the victim (stranger or friend) and a relationship with the perpetrator (stranger or friend). Participants were asked to fill out questionnaires about bystander perceptions (i.e., whether they perceived the situation as a problem, whether they felt the situation was safe to intervene). RESULTS: The relationship with the victim and/or the perpetrator differentially impacted bystander perceptions, such that having a relationship with the victim was associated with more positive bystander perceptions whereas having a relationship with the perpetrator was mixed. Moreover, consistent with prior research, participants identified the situation as more of a problem and less safe to intervene in the high severity than the low severity condition. CONCLUSIONS: Bystander intervention programs aimed at preventing sexual violence need to include content that helps participants think through how they would handle situations where victims and/or perpetrator are known to them. Language: en
Consultation in afghanistan: a case study.

Intended to be used in a classroom to illustrate how the consultation process works this case describes the experiences of 1 consultant working in Afghanistan for 10 weeks. The report is organized around the consultation cycle and the problems for which consultation was requested. It raises important questions in terms of how consultants from 1 culture work in another; how multilateral agencies contract for consultant services--a process which usually prevents the consultant and consultee from interacting around the problems prior to the actual consultation; and how 1 consultation builds upon the previous consultations albeit by different consultants. Implicit is the recognition of the need for special preparation in consultation for health educators and for working in cross cultural contexts. (authors modified)
Burn injury caused by mixing incompatible chemicals with sodium permanganate

This article discusses the investigation of an incident caused by the mixing of incompatible chemicals: a strong oxidizing agent with a reducing agent. The exact mixture and sequence of mixing was unknown, but the materials included an aqueous solution of 40% sodium permanganate and either solid sodium thiosulfate or solid sodium metabisulfite. These chemicals were part of a new technology being pilot-tested for remediating contaminated groundwater. Throughout the pilot test, excess waste permanganate was transported by hand in 5-gallon pails from the injection area to a designated nearby area for reduction. During one such transfer, a worker was seriously burned when a pail of sodium permanganate solution erupted onto him. The liquid splashed onto and ignited his clothing. A puzzling feature of this accident was the apparent time delay between chemical addition and the subsequent reaction. Various chemical addition scenarios were evaluated by thermodynamic calculations, followed by laboratory, pilot, and full-scale tests. The test results revealed that while some chemical addition scenarios resulted in a prompt exothermic reaction with the generation of steam; other scenarios resulted in a similar but delayed reaction. The time delay was caused by mass transfer limitations associated with the solids dissolution process. This case study serves as a reminder that the hazardous result of mixing incompatible chemicals may be delayed and may occur when least expected. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Foraging Behavior of the Argentine Ant in a California Citrus Grove

In a southern California citrus grove, workers of the Argentine ant, Iidomyrmex humilis (Mayr), were active at temperatures from 5° to 35°C and were seen leaving the nest to forage at temperatures ranging from 10° to 30°C. Foraging was primarily restricted to the tree near which each nest was located. Honeydew and nectar comprised more than 99% of the material carried into the nest by workers. Animal prey was quite rare and consisted of small insects, such as thrips, which the foraging workers encountered in the tree. Occasionally, large insects were either found dead or captured by the ants and collected as food. Foraging activity was strongly correlated to temperature. During a cold winter day, activity stopped entirely or decreased drastically with limited foraging restricted to the warmer daylight hours. When the daily temperature extreme was between 15° and 30°C, activity continued at a high rate both day and night. When the temperature exceeded 30°C, a drop in activity was again noted. A seasonal cycle of foraging activity was also apparent and seemed to be correlated with the average seasonal temperature. The average number of workers entering a tree to forage varied from a low of 70,000 ants in February to a high of 374,000 in July.
Establishment of willow cuttings grown in porous membrane root envelopes

Small diameter fine, fibrous roots of willow are exceedingly difficult to remove from most soils. Where field retrieval of entire plants including clean roots may be important, porous membrane rooting envelopes are a method of choice.
Individual behavior in organizational crises

Individuals create and prevent industrial crises. As a result, understanding their behavior is essential to anticipating, managing and avoiding such crises. Four approaches are described here for incorporating research regarding individual behavior into industrial design, one of which is elaborated in some de tail. That approach involves exploring the design implications of stylized facts extracted from the study of individuals. These "facts" include the tendency for people to be overconfident in the extent of their own knowledge (which has implications for the trustworthiness of risk analyses), the tendency to exaggerate in hindsight what could have been anticipated in foresight (which has implications for accident investigation), and the vagaries of laypeople's risk perceptions (which has implications for communication in both routine and emergency situations). The risks of using -- and of ignoring - this research are also discussed.
Uniquely Edge-3-Colorable Graphs and Snarks

A cubic graph G is uniquely edge-3-colorable if G has precisely one 1-factorization. It is proved in this paper, if a uniquely edge-3-colorable, cubic graph G is cyclically 4-edge-connected, but not cyclically 5-edge-connected, then G must contain a snark as a minor. This is an approach to a conjecture that every triangle free uniquely edge-3-colorable cubic graph must have the Petersen graph as a minor. Fiorini and Wilson (1976) conjectured that every uniquely edge-3-colorable planar cubic graph must have a triangle. It is proved in this paper that every counterexample to this conjecture is cyclically 5-edge-connected and that in a minimal counterexample to the conjecture, every cyclic 5-edge-cut is trivial (an edge-cut T of G is cyclic if no component of G\T is acyclic and a cyclic edge-cut T is trivial if one component of G\T is a circuit of length |T|).
Fourth order finite difference and multigrid methods for modeling instabilities in flat plate boundary layers—2-D and 3-D approaches

Abstract An efficient spatial approach which includes a fourth-order finite difference technique on stretched and staggered grids, a fully implicit time-marching scheme, and a semi-coarsening multigrid method based on a modified form of distributive relaxation is developed for solving the transition problem. An improved outflow boundary treatment is also presented that needs only a very short buffer domain to damp all order-one wave reflections. As a first application, we investigate the instability of 2-D incompressible flows over a semi-infinite flat plate by tracking the growth of the stable mode for Tollmien-Schlichting waves. Numerical results show good agreement with the analytic solution obtained from linear stability theory (LST) for the parallel base with small disturbance case. For the non-parallel base flow case, the results are in good agreement with other direct numerical simulations (DNS). An extended 3-D code is then tested as the second applications. Again, good agreement is observed between our approach and LST in the case of small disturbance. Finally, the secondary instability is successfully simulated with moderate grid size and reasonable CPU costs.
Effects of simulated environmental conditions on glucocorticoid metabolite measurements in white-tailed deer feces.

Abstract Environmental conditions may influence fecal glucocorticoid metabolite measurements if feces cannot be collected immediately after deposition. To evaluate the influence of environmental conditions on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations, we exposed fresh fecal samples to 1 of 5 simulated conditions: (1) room temperature (22 °C), (2) high heat (38 °C), (3) alternating high heat and room temperature cycle, (4) alternating freezing (−20 °C) and room temperature cycle, and (5) simulated rainfall (0.85 cm every other day at 22 °C) for 7 days. We collected fresh white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) feces at various times pre- and post-adrenocorticotropin injection to provide samples with initially low ( n =5), medium ( n =5), and high ( n =5) glucocorticoid concentrations. Feces were mixed thoroughly and then allocated into five 10-g samples. Also, a 5-g sub-sample was taken from each fecal mass prior to treatment and stored at −20 °C until assayed. We subsampled from all treatments once every 24-h for 7 days. Fecal samples were assayed using [ 125 I]corticosterone radioimmunoassay kits. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in all three groups in the simulated rainfall treatment and the low group in the alternating freezing and room temperature treatment increased significantly over the 7-day period. We believe increased microbial metabolism of fecal glucocorticoids may partly explain these results. Other biochemical processes (e.g., cleavage of conjugate side groups from hormone metabolites by non-microbial action or release of glucocorticoids from lipid micelles) may also have increased fecal glucocorticoid measurements. Our findings suggest that fecal samples exposed to rainfall for one week may artificially inflate fecal glucocorticoid measurements. Thus, researchers should recognize the potential bias when collecting fecal samples exposed to rainfall. Non-fresh samples may prove useful when care is taken to address the elevation in immunoreactive glucocorticoid concentrations.
Direct enhancement of gonadotropin-stimulated ovarian estrogen biosynthesis by estrogen and clomiphene citrate.

The biosynthesis of ovarian aromatases and hence estrogen production are under the control of the gonadotropins, FSH and LH. Using a primary culture of rat granulosa cells, we now report that estrogens (diethylstilbestrol and 17g-estradiol) augment the stimulation of aromatase activity by FSH and LH. Moreover, clomiphene citrate, a drug widely used to induce ovulation in anovulatory women, also enhances gonadotropin-stimulated aromatase activity. These in vitro findings suggest that estrogens within the microenvironment of the ovarian folliciTes may exert a local autoregulatory effect on t h e i r own production via an u l t r a - s h o r t loop, positive feedback mechanism. In addition, the c l i n i c a l efficacy of clomiphene c i t r a t e may derive p a r t i a l l y from i t s d i r e c t augmentation of the gonadotropin-stimulated estrogen production at the ovarian level.
Infectious complications of solid organ transplantation.

Success with solid organ transplantation has improved the quantity and quality of life of countless individuals with end-stage disease. The success of therapy to reduce organ rejection has played a large role in this increase in survival as well as making more organs available. Immunosuppressive therapy, however, comes with a price, that of an increased risk of infection. This leads to the difficult choice of reducing the level of immunosuppression with the attendant risk of transplant organ rejection or carrying a higher risk of potentially life-threatening infection. The clinical symptoms of infectious complications are nonspecific and often may mimic those of rejection. These include fatigue, malaise, chills, headache,diarrhea,nausea,andnasalcongestion. 1 Feverand leukocytosis may be absent as a result of treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. Transplant recipients are not just at risk for the typical infections seen in the community, but also for fungal and more unusual organisms. Furthermore there is emerging evidence that certain infections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV6), are triggers for organ rejection. 2 Therefore imaging and laboratory tests are of paramount importance in establishing the correct diagnosis and guiding therapy. In this article, we review the infectious complications related to solid organ transplantation.
Low-lying 1+ and 2− states in doubly-odd terbium, holmium, and thulium nuclei

Abstract The s-decay properties of 150, 152, 154 Er and 156 Yb were investigated. It was found that, as in the case of 148, 150, 152 Dy, these nuclides decay predominantly to single 1 + states in their doubly-odd daughters. Possible prolate configurations are proposed for the 1 + levels and the 2 − isomeric states to which they deexcite.
A Half Century of Change in Alpine Treeline Patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.

Using sequential aerial photography, we identified changes in the spatial distribution of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) habitat at the alpine treeline ecotone. Six 40-ha study sites in the McDon...
Structural and electronic properties of α-Sn, CdTe, and their [001] monolayer superlattices

A systematic study of the structural and electronic properties of \ensuremath{\alpha}-Sn, CdTe, and their [001] monolayer superlattices (namely, ${\mathrm{SnTe}}_{2}$Cd, ${\mathrm{SnCd}}_{2}$Te, and ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}$CdTe) using the total-energy local-density all-electron full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method is presented. Our results show that (i) good agreement with experiment is obtained for the ground-state properties of the pure constituents; (ii) ``compensated'' ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}$CdTe is unstable with respect to phase separation; (iii) the substitution of Sn for Te is energetically the most unfavorable; (iv) large tetragonal distortions are found when Sn is substituted for Cd, while bond-length conservation is found when Sn replaces Te; (v) all the structures studied show (within the local-density approximation) a direct band gap higher than that of pure \ensuremath{\alpha}-Sn; (vi) in all the structures considered, the direct gap is favored over the indirect \ensuremath{\Gamma}-L gap.
The Role of 5-HT3 and Other Excitatory Receptors in Central Cardiorespiratory Responses to Hypoxia: Implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Although brainstem serotonergic (5-HT) systems are involved in the protective responses to hypoxia, abnormalities of 5-HT function are strongly implicated in SIDS, and the neurochemical mechanisms by which 5-HT receptors influence brainstem cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia remains unclear. This study focuses on the role of excitatory neurotransmission, including 5-HT3 signaling, to cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) that dominate the control of heart rate. Excitatory synaptic inputs to CVNs, located in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), were recorded simultaneously with respiratory activity in in vitro brainstem slices. During control conditions excitatory inputs to CVNs were blocked by application of NMDA and AMPA/kainate glutamatergic receptor antagonists, whereas the 5-HT3 and purinergic receptor antagonists ondansetron and pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS), respectively, had no effect. However, during hypoxia ondansetron inhibited excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs. In recovery from hypoxia, spontaneous and respiratory-related excitatory events were blocked by glutamatergic and purinergic receptor blockers, respectively, whereas ondancetron had no effect. These results demonstrate that hypoxia recruits a 5-HT pathway to CVNs that activates 5-HT3 receptors on CVNs to maintain parasympathetic cardiac activity during hypoxia. Exaggeration of this 5-HT neurotransmission could increase the incidence of bradycardia and risk of sudden infant death during hypoxia.
Concussion symptom inventory: an empirically derived scale for monitoring resolution of symptoms following sport-related concussion.

Self-report post-concussion symptom scales have been a key method for monitoring recovery from sport-related concussion, to assist in medical management, and return-to-play decision-making. To date, however, item selection and scaling metrics for these instruments have been based solely upon clinical judgment, and no one scale has been identified as the “gold standard”. We analyzed a large set of data from existing scales obtained from three separate case‐control studies in order to derive a sensitive and efficient scale for this application by eliminating items that were found to be insensitive to concussion. Baseline data from symptom checklists including a total of 27 symptom variables were collected from a total of 16,350 high school and college athletes. Follow-up data were obtained from 641 athletes who subsequently incurred a concussion. Symptom checklists were administered at baseline (preseason), immediately post-concussion, postgame, and at 1, 3, and 5 days post-injury. Effect-size analyses resulted in the retention of only 12 of the 27 variables. Receiver-operating characteristic analyses were used to confirm that the reduction in items did not reduce sensitivity or specificity. The newly derived Concussion Symptom Inventory is presented and recommended as a research and clinical tool for monitoring recovery from sport-related concussion.
Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross- Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange

In four countries, levels of trust and reciprocity in direct‐reciprocal exchange are compared with those in network‐generalized exchanges among experimentally manipulated groups' members (neighbors) or random experimental participants (strangers). Results show that cooperation decreases as social distance increases; and, that identical network‐generalized exchanges generate different amounts of trusting behavior due solely to manipulated social identity between the actors. This study demonstrates the interaction of culture and social identity on the propensity to trust and reciprocate and also reveals differing relationships between trust and reciprocation in each of the four countries, bringing into question the theoretical relationship between these cooperative behaviors.
Meta-analysis: upper gastrointestinal tolerability of valdecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor, compared with nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

Summary Aim : To compare the incidence of abdominal pain, dyspepsia and/or nausea associated with valdecoxib, nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Methods : Data from five randomized, double-blind 12-week trials were pooled. Independent risk factors for abdominal pain, dyspepsia and/or nausea were also determined. Results : The final analysis consisted of 4394 patients. Nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users (n = 1185) received naproxen 1000 mg/day (n = 766), ibuprofen 2400 mg/day (n = 207) or diclofenac sodium 150 mg/day (n = 212). Valdecoxib users received 10 mg/day (n = 955), 20 mg/day (n = 851) or 40 mg/day (n = 430). A total of 973 patients received placebo. The nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group was most likely to report abdominal pain or dyspepsia, while the placebo group reported the highest incidence of nausea. The most important risk factors for abdominal pain, dyspepsia and/or nausea were nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, gastrointestinal history of nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related intolerance or gastroduodenal ulcers, osteoarthritis diagnosis, female gender and age <65 years. Conclusion : This pooled analysis demonstrates a clear decrease in dyspepsia and an improvement in upper gastrointestinal tolerability for patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis taking valdecoxib, even at supratherapeutic doses, compared with those taking nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs over 12 weeks.
Heterocycles from substituted amides. IX. 4,5‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐6‐(1H)ones from 2‐isocyanoacetates and hydrazine

The novel synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6-(1H)ones, 2, from 2-isocyanoacetates is described. This synthetic method allows the first synthesis of the unsubstituted parent ring sytem and, in general, gives 2 substituted in only the five position. The assignment of tautomeric structures (2 or 3) to the triazinone products was resolved by spectroscopic means.
Symmetry classes: functions of three variables

The attempt to generalize this fact to functions of n variables led Alfred Young to develop his theory of symmetrizers, now subsumed in the theory of representations of the symmetric group. According to this theory, a function of n variables is uniquely expressible as the sum of Pn functions, each one belonging to a different symmetry class, where Pn is the number of partitions of the integer n. Unfortunately, a simple intuitive description of such symmetry classes has never been given except for n = 2. It is known that for functions of three variables, there is only one other symmetry class besides the two obvious symmetry classes of symmetric functions and of skew-symmetric functions. We give this third symmetry class a very simple characterization, one that seems to have been overlooked. We show that it consists of all cyclic-symmetric functions. We prove that every function of three variables is uniquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric function, a skew-symmetric function and a cyclic-symmetric function. To make this note self-contained, we have added a short derivation of some known formulas. We believe that the underlying idea of this note will extend to functions of n variables. We hope the present note will at least entice the reader to further study of the vast theory of symmetry classes.