cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laterality preferences in adult female and male stutterers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the differences among 18 male and 18 female stutterers and 18 male and 18 female nonstutterers on a meaningful linguistic, dichotic word task. Subjects responded to a 36-item dichotic word test using a gestural, double response paradigm. A significant difference was found between stuttering and nonstuttering subjects in the magnitude of the ear preference. No significant differences were found between male and female stutterers. Female stutterers with an atypical ear preference tended to be severe or very severe stutterers. Eleven of the 12 right-ear preferences for female stutterers were in the mild severity category.
A mathematical programming formulation of the household activity rescheduling problem

Abstract The so-called activity-based approach to analysis of human interaction with the social and physical environments dates back to the original time–space geography works of Hagerstrand and his colleagues at the Lund School. Despite their obvious theoretical attractiveness, activity-based approaches to understanding and predicting travel behavior have suffered from the absence of an analytical framework that unifies the complex interactions among the resource allocation decisions made by households in conducting their daily affairs outside the home, while preserving the utility-maximizing principles presumed to guide such decisions. In this paper, we develop a computationally tractable system, based on an extension and modification of some rather well-known network-based formulations in operations research, to model human dynamics in uncertain environments. The research builds on the mixed integer linear program formulation of the Household Activity Pattern Problem (HAPP) by embedding in the household activity schedule decision process a means of capturing uncertainty by introducing the dynamics of rescheduling.
Digital visualization tools improve teaching 3D character modeling

Many Universities are building interdisciplinary programs that overlap engineering and fine art departments that focus on games, special effects, animation and other forms of interdisciplinary efforts. With increasing demands for education linking the Engineering Sciences and Fine Arts, fueled by the competitive nature of the industries that recruit graduates, educators need to become more efficient and effective in their task of educating engineering and art majors in cross-disciplinary courses.CS3650 at the University of Utah is a digital character production course. This course is interdisciplinary and draws from several disciplines including computer science, graphics, anatomy, sculpture, art, and entertainment. It is a prerequisite for our machinima class, which immerses students into 3D game engines. Visualization tools are used in the course to help students learn to create better digital models.Presented in this paper is an experimental comparison between traditional visualization tools and digital visualization tools, which are less expensive, easier to distribute, arrange/procure and transport than the traditional tools. Traditional visualization tools include lifelike skeleton reproductions, wooden body mass structures, actual live human models, and anatomy drawing books. The digital visualization tools that are contrasted in this paper are: a layered anatomically correct, digital human model (skin, muscles, masses and some bones adapted from several sources) and a VisTrails version of a properly produced human figure (interactive animation). The digital tools are used to replace the traditional visualization tools used in the same educational curriculum, which teaches students to design, model and produce digital characters for games, machinima, and animation. The quantitative experiment demonstrates that digital visualization tools help to improve a student's understanding of the complex software packages used to produce characters, helps to improve specific techniques used to model 3D characters, and it helps to improve understanding of 3D form, more than the traditional tools within the context of this educational curriculum.
Conical flank twist drill points

Abstract Mathematical models of conical twist drill points usually require that the cutting edge of the drill be straight in three-dimensional space. This requirement restricts the clearance angle to undesirably small values near the chisel edge. By rotating the drill about its axis 5–10° before sharpening, the clearance angle near the chisel edge can be increased at the small penalty of having a slightly curved cutting edge.
Overestimated benefits and underestimated costs: the case of the Paraguay—Paraná navigation study

A major river navigation project, the Paraguay—Parana Hidrovia, is being considered by the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The recently completed feasibility study for this project is seriously flawed and the errors systematically contribute to overestimating benefits and underestimating costs. The errors include overestimating the probability of a collapse in navigation, ignoring alternative forms of transportation, overestimating growth in regional shipments, omitting relevant construction costs, and perhaps most importantly, ignoring significant negative impacts to the environment. Correcting these errors, either individually or in concert, leads to the project not being economically feasible. Also provided is a method for including unspecified costs, such as those to the environment, in the analysis without further expensive and time-consuming studies.
DNA on stage: Showcasing oligonucleotides at surfaces and interfaces with second harmonic and vibrational sum frequency generation

The field of nonlinear optics continues to expand and surprise. The ability to study DNA with nonlinear optics has opened the door to understand, on a molecular level and without the use of external labels, the physical and chemical properties of DNA single and double strands at surfaces and interfaces. In this Perspective, we survey how nonlinear optical probes access the electronic, vibrational, electrostatic, and chiral signatures of interfacial DNA in its native state. We also show how this exciting new field is directly applicable to tracking and understanding molecular recognition in DNA oligonucleotides and aptamers.
PELP1 Overexpression in the Mouse Mammary Gland Results in the Development of Hyperplasia and Carcinoma

Estrogen receptor (ER) coregulator overexpression promotes carcinogenesis and/or progression of endocrine related-cancers in which steroid hormones are powerful mitogenic agents. Recent studies in our laboratory, as well as others, demonstrated that the estrogen receptor coregulator PELP1 is a proto-oncogene. PELP1 interactions with histone demethylase KDM1 play a critical role in its oncogenic functions and PELP1 is a prognostic indicator of decreased survival in patients with breast cancer. However, the in vivo significance of PELP1 deregulation during initiation and progression of breast cancer remains unknown. We generated an inducible, mammary gland-specific PELP1-expressing transgenic (Tg) mouse (MMTV rtTA -TetO PELP1 ). We found more proliferation, extensive side branching, and precocious differentiation in PELP1-overexpressing mammary glands than in control glands. Aged MMTV rtTA -TetO PELP1 Tg mice had hyperplasia and preneoplastic changes as early as 12 weeks, and ER-positive mammary tumors occurred at a latency of 14 to 16 months. Mechanistic studies revealed that PELP1 deregulation altered expression of a number of known ER target genes involved in cellular proliferation (cyclin D1, CDKs) and morphogenesis (EGFR, MMPs) and such changes facilitated altered mammary gland morphogenesis and tumor progression. Furthermore, PELP1 was hyper-phosphorylated at its CDK phosphorylation site, suggesting an autocrine loop involving the CDK–cyclin D1–PELP1 axis in promoting mammary tumorigenesis. Treatment of PELP1 Tg mice with a KDM1 inhibitor significantly reduced PELP1-driven hyperbranching, reversed alterations in cyclin D1 expression levels, and reduced CDK-driven PELP1 phosphorylation. These results further support the hypothesis that PELP1 deregulation has the potential to promote breast tumorigenesis in vivo and represent a novel model for future investigation into molecular mechanisms of PELP1-mediated tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7395–405. ©2014 AACR .
Baseball and Rhetorics of Purity: The National Pastime and American Identity During the War on Terror

Walt Whitman loved many things. First among those loves was poetry. Wrapped in his free verse also was a love for democracy, a love rendered complicated by his times. In the 1850s, while the United...
Thermal cycling effect on thallium 2223 high-Tc superconducting cylindrical shield

Abstract We sudied 7 thick-wall cylindrical samples of Tl-2223 with different content of silver added. The critical field ( H c ) and the Attenuation ( A ) were studied systematically for DC magnetic field over 110 thermal cycles between room temperature and liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ). Our data show that: First, the slower the cooling and warning process the better in terms of keeping the cylinder in good physical shape and keeping H c and A at high values. Second, isolating the sample from the cooling liquid, when possible, is the best choice of all. Third, The addition of silver can reduce the degrading rate of the shield performance under thermal cycling.
The kinetics of multicenter macromolecule growth along a template.

Abstract A previously developed kinetic theory of polymer replication on linear, effectively single stranded templates is extended to the case of several simultaneously growing chains. The basic assumptions are diffusion of monomer to the template and subsequent reaction of two monomers on adjacent sites competing with monomer desorption. The role of the initiating enzyme in the replication process is formally represented by a first order arrival in time. In this model we distinguish between the different states in which a template may exist at a given instant. These are defined by the number of growing centers and the proximity of the independently propagating chains. Two cases are considered, corresponding to whether coupling of adjacent chains is permitted or not. We give particular emphasis to the two-center case and numerical calculations are carried out, assuming the first center to be initiated at one end of the template. The solutions for conversion, average molecular weight and dispersion are expressed ultimately in terms of incomplete gamma functions. The special properties of these functions for large values of the arguments simplify the calculations and lead to results valid for conversions less than about 90%. A comparison with the previous single center kinetics indicates a significant effect of the addition of a second growing chain. However, the molecular weight dispersions in these two models are very similar. The only significant difference is the slower approach to the final homogeneity with increasing conversion in the latter case. This suggests that experimental discrimination between one and two chain replication by direct analysis of the dispersion is not feasible except for relatively large conversions.
Microstructure evolution in rapidly solidified ferromagnetic (Co0.95Fe0.05)89Zr7B4 nanocrystalline alloys

Microstructure evolution and crystallization kinetics of a melt-spun (Fe 0.05 Co 0.95 ) 89 Zr 7 B 4 alloy are examined by several transmission electron microscopy techniques. The as-spun alloy shows a high density (∼10 24 m −3 ) of 2–4 nm diameter body-centered cubic-(Co,Fe) grains embedded in an amorphous matrix, which act as nuclei for growth during primary crystallization. Phase formation and defect densities are presented for primary crystallized and in situ heated samples.
Mental maze solving: directional fMRI tuning and population coding in the superior parietal lobule.

The superior parietal lobule (SPL) of six human subjects was imaged at 4 T during mental traversing of a directed maze path. Here we demonstrate the orderly involvement of the SPL in this function, as follows. Forty-two percent of the voxels were tuned with respect to the direction of the maze path. This suggests a coherent tuning of local neuronal populations contributing to the change of the single-voxel BOLD signal. Preferred directions ranged throughout the directional continuum of 360°. Voxels with similar preferred directions tended to cluster together: on average there were seven same-direction clusters per slice, with an average cluster membership of five voxels/cluster and an average nearest-neighbor same-direction intercluster distance of 13.1 mm. On the other hand, the average nearest-neighbor intercluster distance between a given direction and all other directions was 3.1 mm. This suggests a patchy arrangement such that patches of directionally tuned voxels, containing voxels with different preferred directions, alternate with patches of non-tuned voxels. Finally, the population vector predicted accurately the direction of the maze path (with an error of 12.7°), and provided good estimates (with an error of 29°) when calculated within parts of the SPL. Altogether, these findings document a new, orderly functional organization of the SPL with respect to mental tracing.
Proteolytic cleavage of the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase generates a substrate binding domain.

Abstract The puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase was found to be resistant to proteolysis by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and protease V8 but was cleaved into an N-terminal 60-kDa fragment and a C-terminal 33-kDa fragment by proteinase K. The two proteinase K fragments remain associated and retained enzymatic activity. Attempts to express the 60-kDa N-terminal fragment in Escherichia coli produced inclusion bodies. A hexa-histidine fusion protein of the 60-kDa N-terminal fragment was solubilized from inclusion bodies with urea and refolded by removal of the urea through dialysis. The refolded protein was devoid of aminopeptidase activity as assayed with arginine–β-naphthylamide. However, the refolded protein bound the substrate dynorphin A(1-9) with a stoichiometry of 0.5 mol/mol and a K0.5 value of 50 μM. Dynorphin A(1-9) binding was competitively inhibited by the substrate dynorphin B(1-9), but not by des-Tyr1-leucine-enkephalin, a poor substrate for the enzyme.
The multicultural organization

Executive Overview Organizations are becoming increasingly diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality. This diversity brings substantial potential benefits such as better decision making, greater creativity and innovation, and more successful marketing to different types of customers. But, increased cultural differences within a workforce also bring potential costs in higher turnover, interpersonal conflict, and communication breakdowns. To capitalize on the benefits of diversity while minimizing the potential costs, leaders are being advised to oversee change processes toward creating “multicultural” organizations. What are the characteristics of such an organization, and how do they differ from those of the post? What mechanisms are available to facilitate such a change? This article addresses these questions. It also describes a model for understanding the required features of a multicultural organizations and reviews tools that pioneering companies have found useful in changing organ...
Transforming American High Schools: Possibilities for the Next Phase of High School Reform

The next phase of high school reform is ripe with possibilities. Over the last 3 decades, educational research has identified a number of promising and effective high school models. Research demonstrates the benefits of career academies and early college schools. Schools that offer small, personalized environments; comprehensive approaches to schoolwide instruction and operations; and integrated opportunities to experience career and college have exhibited positive impacts on labor market outcomes, student achievement, or high school graduation. Guided by advances in research of high school reform and recent education policy, leaders and funders of reform and educational innovations should seek to further integrate structural arrangements and instructional practices with local employers and higher education institutions. Reforms should also search for ways to accelerate rapid and dramatic improvements in school performance.
Effects of DNA base analogs on transcription termination at the tryptophan operon attenuator of Escherichia coli

We have devised a method to specifically incorporate deoxyribonucleotide base analogs in vitro into either strand of the tryptophan (trp) operon attenuator region, using primed synthesis on bacteriophage M13 derivatives carrying cloned trp attenuator DNA. We have employed these techniques to extend previous studies implicating both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA interactions in transcription termination in an attempt to determine the nature of the contribution from the template DNA molecule in termination regions. In general, we find that the dramatic effects upon transcription termination seen with base analog incorporation into mRNA do not occur when similar analogs are incorporated into the DNA. Only the analog 2,6-diaminopurine deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dDapTP), which strengthens A.T or A.U base pairing, elicits a significant response: in the template DNA strand, the presence of this analog increases read-through at the trp attenuator. The analog 5-bromouracil deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (BrdUTP), which also strengthens pairing with its complementary base, has no detectable effect on termination when it is placed in either strand of the trp attenuator or the mutant attenuator trp a1419. Surprisingly, though the analog 5-iodocytosine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (IdCTP) does not affect termination, it has a great effect on initiation of transcription, depressing trp promoter activity as well as stimulating transcription from other regions. These results support the postulated interaction between terminal uridines in mRNA and the template DNA strand in enhancing termination and suggest that there are no significant additional contributions from the DNA. In addition, the novel use of M13 derivatives for incorporating analogs into the DNA on a preparative scale provides a technique for introducing mutations in a general but controlled fashion as a new means for studying other regulatory regions.
Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms With Flow Divertors: Long Term Results in an In Vivo Model

Subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke is a devastating illness with a 30-day mortality rate of 45% and is mostly caused due to the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Although these aneurysms are currently treated surgically by clipping, or, endovascularly by coiling and stent-assisted coiling, the feasibility of successfully treating aneurysms solely by the placement of an intravascular flow-diverting mesh across the aneurysm neck was established more than a decade ago [1]. Flow divertors disrupt the momentum exchange between the parent artery and aneurysm and significantly reduce intraaneurysmal hydrodynamic vorticity. The resultant flow stasis promotes thrombus formation within the aneurysm sac, which eventually matures into fibrotic tissue, leading to the exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. With the increased use of stents in the intracranial circulation, cases where coiling is not feasible, or is staged as a secondary procedure, are providing clinical evidence of the successful treatment of aneurysms with stents alone [2,3]. Such reports are sporadic and, moreover, the devices used are not designed to be flow divertors. Methodological evidence of the performance of appropriately designed flow divertors in treating cerebral aneurysms is currently unavailable.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Grafting Monodisperse Polymer Chains from Concave Surfaces of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas

Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to graft uniform layers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate), and polystyrene on concave surfaces of cylindrical mesopores of diameter ∼10 nm and spherical mesopores of diameter ∼15 nm. The grafting process was optimized through the introduction of appropriate amounts of Cu(II) species that act as a deactivator, allowing us to grow polymer layers of controlled thickness (as seen from gas adsorption), which consisted of monodisperse polymer chains of controlled molecular weight (as seen from gel permeation chromatography). For PAN, the degrees of polymerization ranged from DP = 25 to 70, and the polydispersity indexes of the polymer grafted under optimal conditions were as low as Mw/Mn = 1.06−1.07. Grafted chain densities up to 0.28 chains/nm2 and initiation efficiencies up to 37% were achieved. In cases of spherical mesopores of diameter ∼15 nm, it was possible to introduce significant loadings of polym...
MEMS Based Structurally Tunable Metamaterials at Terahertz Frequencies

We present the design, simulation, fabrication and characterization of structurally tunable metamaterials showing a marked tunability of the electric and magnetic responses at terahertz frequencies. Our results demonstrate that structurally tunable metamaterials offer significant potential to realize novel electromagnetic functionality ranging from dynamical filtering to reconfigurable cloaks or detectors. Furthermore, this approach is not limited to terahertz frequencies and may be readily used over much of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Open, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and robotic lobectomy: review of a national database.

Background To date, reports on outcomes after robotic-assisted pulmonary resection have been confined to small, single-institution case series. Furthermore, no comparison has been made between robotic, open, and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) procedures. We sought to compare the outcomes between these approaches using the State Inpatient Databases (SID). Methods Using the 2008 to 2010 SID, we identified patients who underwent an open, VATS, or robotic lobectomy from 8 states. Patients who underwent segmentectomy were also included. A comparison of outcomes was performed using a propensity-matched analysis. Results We identified a total of 33,095 patients (open: 20,238; VATS: 12,427; robotic: 430). Case volumes for robotic resections increased over the study period from 0.2% in 2008 to 3.4% in 2010. Robotic resections were performed in all 8 states, and 38% were conducted in a community hospital. In propensity-matched analysis, robotic resections were associated with significant reductions in mortality (0.2% vs 2.0%, p = 0.016), length of stay (5.9 vs 8.2 days, p p = 0.003) when compared with open thoracotomy. Robotic resection was also associated with reductions in mortality (0.2% vs 1.1%, p = 0.12), length of stay (5.9 days vs 6.3 days, p = 0.45), and overall complication rates (43.8% vs 45.3%, p = 0.68) when compared with VATS; however, none of these differences were statistically significant. Conclusions Case volume for robotic pulmonary resections has increased significantly during the study period, and thoracic surgeons have been able to adopt the robotic approach safely. Robotic resection appears to be an appropriate alternative to VATS and is associated with improved outcomes compared with open thoracotomy.
Effectiveness of a modified Continuum curriculum for medical students: A randomized trial

Background: Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® is a well-regarded and widely used continuing medical education tool published by the American Academy of Neurology. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of a modified version of the Dementia module of the Continuum curriculum, adapted for medical students rotating on their neurology clerkship, in increasing medical knowledge of dementia.
Inclusion of plant structure and fiber quality into a distributed delay cotton model to improve management and optimize profit

Abstract This research introduces a simple variation of distributed delay algorithms to solve some relevant problems in simulation of plant development. Cotton was used as a case study. An energy-based model of cotton plant growth was expanded to account for production of fruit at different main-stem nodes and fruiting branch positions. The inclusion of plant structure in a simulation model permitted more accurate estimation of projected harvest value. The implications to crop and pest management are two-fold. Higher levels of resolution in the plant structure can result in improved estimates of crop value and insect economic injury levels. More explicit representation of plant structure provides a more natural framework for integrated insect models based on organism behavior such as location and fruit size preference. An algorithm is presented to enhance the resolution of ecological applications that include developmental variability. The effects of cotton plant structure on cotton lint yield and fiber quality were determined for a short-season cultivar, TAMCOT CD3H. An existing cotton plant model, COTSIM, was used and adapted to short-season production. The cotton plant model was modified to include plant architecture. Fiber quality parameters and yield of fruit at different branch positions were determined for the test cultivar. Arrays corresponding to different fruiting branch positions and fiber property trends were constructed to better corresponde with patterns observed in field data. These patterns showed that fiber properties are closely associated with the positions on a fruiting branch. The development of fruit position-cohorts was modeled using an algorithm that simulates the distribution of growth rates with a time-distributed delay. This algorithm was extended to include arrays to represent fruit produced at different fruiting branch positions on the plant. The model predicted observed fruiting data from non-stressed plants well. The inclusion of the effects of plant structure on cotton yield and fiber quality permitted a more accurate determination of cotton prices. In addition, when linked to insect pest models, this model will simulate a dynamic, position-dependent effect of insect damage on fruiting structures and economic loss.
Inhibition of the DNA unwinding and ATP hydrolysis activities of the bacteriophage T4 DDA helicase by a sequence specific DNA-protein complex.

Abstract The structural nature of helicase-substrate complexes in the unwinding mode is difficult to study due to their transient nature. We report here a simple method to freeze a DNA helicase at a specific position. The method employs a sequence-specific DNA protein complex as a "roadblock" to helicase movement. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by trapping the dda protein of bacteriophage T4 upstream of a GAL4-DNA complex. The presence of the trapped helicase is demonstrated directly by protection of a nearby restriction site and indirectly by the inability of the helicase to recycle rapidly to unwind an unmodified substrate. The half-life of this frozen complex is approximately two minutes under the conditions employed. These results suggest that further study of this novel complex will prove fruitful in elucidating the properties of a DNA helicase in its unwinding mode. As a case in point, it is shown that the dda protein ceases to hydrolyze AtP while stalled, suggesting that nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis is coupled to translocation for this enzyme.
Film thickness effects on craze micromechanics

Air crazes have been grown from indentor “crack” tips in polystyrene films of thicknesses 0.11, 0.57 and 1.2μm. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy is used to measure craze thickness and fibril volume fraction profiles. From these, profiles of craze fibril extension ratio, λ(x), craze surface displacement,w(x), and craze surface stress,S(x), have been computed. For all thicknesses of film, the λ(x) profiles prove that the craze thickens by drawing more material into the fibrils from the craze-matrix interface, rather than by fibril creep. The form ofS(x) is also similar for all thicknesses of film, with a maximum at the craze tip and a minimum approximately half way along the craze. The extension ratio profiles also show a maximum at the craze tip. The midrib, which develops in the high stress region behind the craze tip as the craze propagates, has a value of λ comparable to that found at the stationary craze tip. When an isolated craze grows in an initially homogeneous stress field the midrib is observed to be of constant thickness. In contrast the midribs of crazes grown from crack tips decrease in thickness to a constant value with distance from the crack tip. All these observations are explained by the surface drawing mechanism of craze thickening. The computed values of λ and the fibril stress,σ t, for the thinnest film, are significantly lower than for the thicker two films. These changes are attributed to the absence of plastic constraint in the thinnest film, which decreases the fibril true stress necessary for surface drawing.
Illicit drug use and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medicine among adolescents

Over 9,000 junior and senior high school students in 79 schools in 10 cities completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning use of and attitudes toward licit and illicit drugs. Single and multivariate analyses indicated strong and statistically significant relationships between the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medicines and experience with illicit drugs. Also, the user of illicit drugs is also a relatively frequent user of licit drugs—alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medications. The user is more likely than the nondrug user to be a “trier,” if not a consistent consumer of a variety of different substances. The patterns of relationships held across cities, types of schools, and age levels, and distinguished between those ever using illicit drugs vs never using them, present vs former users, and single vs polydrug users. Various alternative explanations are discussed.
Genetic and biochemical analysis of the role of Egfr in the morphogenetic furrow of the developing Drosophila eye

A key event in patterning the developing Drosophila compound eye is the progressive restriction of the transcription factor Atonal in the morphogenetic furrow. The Atonal pattern evolves from expression in all cells to an over-dispersed pattern of single founder cells (the future R8 photoreceptors). This restriction involves Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. However, there have been inconsistent data on a similar proposed role for the Egf receptor (Egfr). Experiments using a conditional Egfr mutation (Egfr(tsla)) suggested that Egfr does not regulate Atonal restriction, whereas experiments using Egfr-null mosaic Minute+ clones suggested that it does. Here, we have re-examined both approaches. We report that the lesion in Egfr(tsla) is a serine to phenylalanine change in a conserved extracellular ligand-binding domain. We show by biochemical and genetic approaches that the Egfr(tsla) protein is rapidly and completely inactivated upon shift to the non-permissive temperature. We also find that on temperature shift the protein moves from the cell surface into the cell. Finally, we report a flaw in the Egfr-null mosaic Minute+ clone approach. Thus, we demonstrate that Egfr does not play a role in the initial specification or spacing of ommatidial founder cells.
IBM 3850: mass storage system

IBM's 3850, a hierarchical storage system, provides random access to stored data with capacity ranging from 35 X 109 to 472 X 109 bytes. The hierarchical architecture achieves access times varying from Direct Access Storage Device speeds to that of the Mass Storage Facility which can be as low as 10 seconds. The architecture of the Mass Storage System is examined to demonstrate its functional and performance capability.
A method for determining kernel moisture content and aflatoxin concentrations in peanuts

A method was developed to determine kernel moisture content (KMC) and aflatoxin concentration in discrete peanut samples. Shelled peanuts were weighed to the nearest 0.01 g, and a water slurry was made by blending the peanuts for 2 min with 2.2 ml of water per g of peanuts. The slurry (10 g) was withdrawn and dried at 130°C for 3 h to determine KMC. Methanol was added to the remaining slurry and blended for an additional 1 min, and aflatoxins were quantitated with high-performance liquid chromatography. Comparison of the slurry method with an official peanut moisture method showed good agreement between the two over a range of moisture levels. Recovery of aflatoxin B1 from spiked samples averaged 97% with an average coefficient of variation of 3.6%. The method enables determination of both KMC and aflatoxin content in peanut samples without degradation of aflatoxin that would occur when using the official moisture method.
The nitrous-oxide method for determining coronary blood flow in man.

Abstract In the decade in which the nitrous-oxide method for the determination of coronary blood flow has been used, much information has been accumulated both in experimental animals and in man. The available data in man have been reviewed briefly. Since this technique is applicable to normal man in the unanesthetized state, providing he is comfortable and relatively “basal” throughout the study, information can be obtained which is reasonably accurate, free of the artifacts produced by anesthetics, and directly applicable to man. It is clear that pharmacologic and physiologic data derived by this method circumvent the considerable difficulties which one may encounter in extrapolating from other types of studies. Furthermore, this method constitutes a valuable tool for the investigation of the effects of disease on the heart.
Fragrance material review on 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-ol.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-ol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-ol is a member of the fragrance structural group Aryl Alkyl Alcohols and is a secondary alcohol. The AAAs are a structurally diverse class of fragrance ingredients that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl alcohols covalently bonded to an aryl (Ar) group, which may be either a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring. The common structural element for the AAA fragrance ingredients is an alcohol group –C–(R1)(R2)OH and generically the AAA fragrances can be represented as an Ar–C–(R1)(R2)OH or Ar–Alkyl–C–(R1)(R2)OH group. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-ol were evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, and genotoxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire Aryl Alkyl Alcohols will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2012) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all Aryl Alkyl Alcohols in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2012. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of aryl alkyl alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients.
Directionally scattered optical second-harmonic generation with surface plasmons.

The spatial distribution of scattered optical second-harmonic generation owing to prism-coupled surface plasmon excitation at a silver–quartz crystal interface is studied. This spatial pattern, which has the shape of a limited arc radiated in the direction normal to the interface, can geometrically be explained in terms of the beating between the forward incident and backward scattered surface plasmons. The observed intensity distribution of the scattered harmonic light cannot be fitted by a single-scattering theory; thus the dominant contribution to the scattering arises from multiply scattered surface plasmons that may be interpreted in terms of enhanced backscattering.
Transplantation of polarized type 2 donor T cells reduces mortality caused by experimental graft-versus-host disease

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is thought to be initiated by alloreactive type 1 T cells that secrete gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). IFN-gamma induces the production of inflammatory cytokines, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1, which are the distal mediators of GVHD. We demonstrate that the transplantation of polarized type 2 murine T cells (i.e., cells secreting IL-4 but not IFN-gamma) together with T-cell-depleted bone marrow results in a significant increase in survival (P CBA/J). Further analysis demonstrated that increased survival in recipients of polarized type 2 T cells correlated with diminished production of both IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha but with increases in IL-4 2 weeks after transplantation. Despite improved survival, histologic changes of GVHD were evident in oral mucosal and hepatic tissues at 7 weeks after bone marrow transplantation. These data provide further evidence that inflammatory cytokines in the immediate posttransplant period are pivotal to the development of mortality but that they do not correlate with individual target organ damage.
Enhanced sprouting of retinotectal fibers after early superior colliculus lesions in hamsters treated with gangliosides

The effects of exogenous gangliosides on sprouting of optic tract axons was studied in hamsters which, after a right tectal lesion on the day after birth (P1), had an abnormal retinotectal projection from the left eye to the left superior colliculus (SC). Sprouting of these axons was induced by removing the competing input by right eye removal on postnatal day 9 (P9). Intraperitoneal GM1, given daily and started on P9, significantly stimulated the sprouting response. This was demonstrated by Fink-Heimer silver staining of anterograde axonal degeneration three days after the left eye was removed on P36. Terminal fields in the left SC were, in average, twice as large compared to controls. An estimate of the total number of terminals (silver stained particles) revealed a value of 7.9×106 for GM1 and 3.2×106 for control hamsters, respectively. Diencephalic structures which also receive collateral input from the sprouting optic tract did not show any alterations in the size of the terminal field due to GM1-treatment, suggesting that, in vivo, gangliosides fail to initiate sprouting in areas that have not previously been denervated. Unexpectedly, GM1-treated hamsters also had significantly smaller right SC damage and less left damage near the midline. Subsequent reanalysis of the data based on a lesion-matching procedure indicates that effects on reducing atrophy were independent of the GM1-enhanced sprouting of retinofugal axons. These findings provide the first direct evidence that exogenous GM1 stimulates lesion-induced axon sprouting in the mammalian brain.
Self-scheduling under ellipsoidal price uncertainty: conic-optimisation approach

Power producers have to take decisions concerning their bidding strategy in the presence of uncertain prices. The paper addresses the problem of generator self-scheduling when locational marginal prices are subject to ellipsoidal uncertainty. A robust counterpart of the uncertain self-scheduling problem is formulated as a second-order cone program and solved using a commercially available interior-point package. The safety parameter, which trades between profit and risk, is determined based on a prespecified chance that the realised loss would be greater than the corresponding value at risk. Simulation results are presented on the IEEE 30-bus test system. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare the stability properties of the schedules obtained.
Choosing materials for photographic colorimetry of sectioned tissue.

The technique of photographic colorimetry depends on the production of blue prints from negatives using a specially formulated developer. This colour is eluted and the absorbance of the eluate gives a measure of the density of colour in the paper. Given that there is a linear relationship between these densities and the densities of the negative used, and that there is linearity between these negative densities and the densities of the stained material photographed, the absorbance of the blue eluates will give a measure of the stain in the material photographed. Different negative densities were simulated by a series of time exposures for a uniform field in an enlarger, using a range of photographic papers. The absorbance values per gram of paper were determined and plotted against the logarithm of the exposure time. A paper is useful when this is a linear relationship. Kodak ‘Kodabromide’, contrast grade 2, gave the plot with the longest linear section. Kodak ‘Poly-contrast’ and Ilford ‘Ilfobrom’ were similar but Agfa-Gevaert ‘Bromvira’ and Kodak ‘Medallist’ had lower absorbance values for equivalent exposures and showed limited linearity. Four Kodak films, High-Contrast Copy (HC), Panatomic X (Pan X), Plus X (PX) and Super XX (XX) were used to photograph polyacrylamide films containing Feulgen-stained DNA. The absorbance of these films was known and thus could be related to the absorbance of their blue images. PX and XX were the best general purpose emulsions. The HC emulsion was sensitive to exposure conditions and was linear in this response only over a short range of Feulgen absorbance values.
Demonstration and evaluation of an innovative water main rehabilitation technology: spray-on polymeric lining

Many utilities are seeking innovative rehabilitation technologies to extend the life and fix larger portions of their water distribution systems with current funding levels. The information on the capabilities and applicability of new technologies is not always readily available or easy to obtain from an independent source. To meet these needs, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed an innovative technology demonstration program to evaluate rehabilitation technologies that have the potential to reduce costs and increase the effectiveness of the operation, maintenance, and renewal of aging water distribution and wastewater conveyance systems. This paper provides an impartial assessment of the effectiveness and cost of a spray-on polymeric lining technology for water main rehabilitation. The spray-on lining technology ultimately resulted in a liner failure, which was discovered during the post-rehabilitation flow test, which was part of the demonstration protocol QA/QC activities. The failure discovery was important in helping to identify material formulation issues and subsequent analysis of the potential causes of the failure indicated that moisture conditions (previously not experienced in product development and use) prevented a proper chemical reaction from occurring, which greatly reduced the material properties, resulting in a lining collapse. Recommendations for the study of important issues such as the effect of ambient conditions on the resin curing process, cleaning requirements for surface preparation, and other key issues in order to help to better understand the technology are made to help avoid the occurrence of future failures with this technology.
Adolescent humor and its relationship to coping, defense strategies, psychological distress, and well-being.

Objective This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) in measuring adolescent humor, including the relationship between humor and coping style, defense style, depressive symptoms, and adjustment in a non-clinical sample of adolescents.
Characteristic Forms in Geometric Integration Theory

This paper develops the theory of differential forms introduced by E. Cartan. We consider the integral of a completely skew symmetric contravariant tensor T ab. . . s of rank p over a q -dimensional differentiable manifold M in a Riemannian space R n of n dimensions ( n = p + q ). We prove that the integral can be expressed in the form ∫ T ab. . . s χ ab. . . sʼ , where χ ab. . . s = ∂( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α p )/∂( x a , x b , . . . , x s ) (─1) p , and α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α p are the characteristic functions of p ( n -dimensional) domains A 1 , A 2 , . . . , A p , whose boundaries intersect in M . The integral is taken over the whole of the space R n . The tensor χ ab . . . s is the ‘characteristic tensor’ of M . In the representation by a Grassmann algebra χ ab. . . s is expressed by a ‘characteristic form’ χ = (— 1) p d α 1 ⋀d α 2 ⋀. . . ⋀d α p , and the dual of T ab. . . s by a form U of rank q . If d denotes the exterior derivative, γ the characteristic form of C and ω the characteristic form of Ω ≡ ∂ C , then ω = -d γ . Stokes’s theorem is proved in the form — ∫d γ ⋀ U = ∫ γ ⋀d U . In the case of three-dimensional Euclidean space very simple proofs can be given by these results which form the basic theorems of ‘continuous vector analysis’ as introduced by Weyl (1940) and H. Cartan (1949).
Black Churches as Therapeutic Systems: A Group Process Perspective

This article examines Black churches as therapeutic systems that provide psychological and physical support to African American communities. Systems theory and group relations theory are used as conceptual frameworks to discuss Black churches as indigenous community resources. Instrumental to a systems approach is an understanding of Black churches and the religious experiences they support as part of a dynamic process that may vary across churches while maintaining certain basic similarities. It is also important to explore how Black churches may function differently from one another in addressing the needs of their membership and surrounding community. Consequently, a group process perspective is used to examine how roles and functions of the church may vary as they relate to their particular congregation. Examining the role of Black churches as supportive networks provides invaluable information to professional health providers who are interested in working with Black churches as community-based organizations.
Integration of tetracycline regulation into a cell-specific transcriptional enhancer

The pancreas-specific transcriptional enhancer of the rat elastase I gene was modified by substituting, in turn, each of its three individual constitutive elements with the tetO element, which confers regulation by exogenous tetracycline in the presence of the hybrid tetO binding transactivator (tTA). Whereas the unmodified enhancer was active in transfected acinar tumor cells, substitution of individual elements with the tet-responsive element abolished activity. The modified enhancers were reactivated in the presence of the tTA and, upon addition of tetracycline, were silenced. Thus, substitution of individual enhancer elements renders the enhancer responsive to regulation by tetracycline. Moreover, the tTA-activated levels were 2-8-fold greater than the unmodified enhancer. The acinar cell specificity of the unmodified enhancer was retained; none of the tetO-substituted enhancers were activated by tTA in a variety of nonacinar cell lines. These results show that a foreign and artificial transcriptional activator, tTA, can be incorporated into an enhancer to create a novel, efficient, and regulatable transcriptional control region whose cell specificity is retained.