cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wrestling with pleiotropy: Genomic and topological analysis of the yeast gene expression network

The vast majority (> 95%) of single-gene mutations in yeast affect not only the expression of the mutant gene, but also the expression of many other genes. These data suggest the presence of a previously uncharacterized ‘gene expression network’—a set of interactions between genes which dictate gene expression in the native cell environment. Here, we quantitatively analyze the gene expression network revealed by microarray expression data from 273 different yeast gene deletion mutants.(1) We find that gene expression interactions form a robust, error-tolerant ‘scale-free’ network, similar to metabolic pathways(2) and artificial networks such as power grids and the internet.(3–5) Because the connectivity between genes in the gene expression network is unevenly distributed, a scale-free organization helps make organisms resistant to the deleterious effects of mutation, and is thus highly adaptive. The existence of a gene expression network poses practical considerations for the study of gene function, since most mutant phenotypes are the result of changes in the expression of many genes. Using principles of scale-free network topology, we propose that fragmenting the gene expression network via ‘genome-engineering’ may be a viable and practical approach to isolating gene function. BioEssays 24:267–274, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10054
Polarizabilities of ions in AgCl and AgBr

Abstract Two opposing mechanisms in silver chloride and bromide lead to polarizabilities which are for Ag + about 30% smaller and for the anions about 10% larger than traditional values. The mechanisms are associated with the small lattice constants and exciton energies in AgCl and AgBr. Our best values in A 3 are Ag + 1.67, Cl − 3.29, and Br − 4.55.
INTERRACIAL PERCEPTIONS IN THE DEEP SOUTH

Earlier studies (3) conducted with Princeton undergraduates showed that the students ascribed positive characteristics to whites and negative ones to blacks. Later replications at Princeton indicated significant reductions in the negative stereotyping of blacks (I., 2). The negative stereotypes, however, were replaced with new ones-like musicality. The present study attempted to determine how both black and white students attending a predominately white university in the 'deep south' perceived themselves and the opposite race. Undergraduates (40 black and 40 white) matched on age and sex volunteered to serve as subjects. A Racial Differential Scale constructed by the authors was used to measure the racial perceptions of the students. The scale has six bipolar adject~ve dimensions (4) : polite-rude, cold-warm, interesting-boring, attractive-ugly, intelligentdull and industrious-lazy. This approach was preferred because it allows the students to rate each other on characteristics important in the social and intellectual environment of the university. The scale also requested students to compare themselves with known members of the other race on the same characteristics. The scale was administered by one of the authors during regular classroom periods. Each subject was instructed to base his ratings only on those students with whom he had come in contact at the university to avoid having him rate unfamiliar people. All subjects rated the opposite race first and then their own race. Individual rating scores and means for the two groups on the six bipolar adjective dimensions were computed. A median test on the combined ratings for the opposite race (x,2 = 3.5, p > .05) and then the same race (~12 = .20, p > .05) indicated no significant differences in over-all ratings of the two groups. Analysis of the mean differences of the six bipolar adjective dimensions for the two groups also showed no significant differences. The null hypothesis then cannot be rejected. The largest differences between the in-group and out-group evaluations were made by both groups on the attractive-ugly dimension. Black students also rated the white students slightly colder on the cold-warm dimension. These findings support previous research in the northeastern part of the country and suggest that ethnocentrism and positive group identification exist for students in the 'deep south' as well.
Colonization of Strawberry Roots by VA Mycorrhizal Fungi in Agroecosystems under Conventional and Transitional Organic Management

ABSTRACT Mycorrhizal colonization of strawberry roots was studied for two agricultural management systems on the California central coast, one conventional and one in transition to organic. Low levels of VAM colonization early in the first year of the experiment may be the result of past management practices, which included conventional production of a non-mycorrhizal crop with high levels of phosphorus inputs. In the second year colonization levels were higher in the transitional organic plots. Annual use of a fumigant and a fungicide in the conventional plots was implicated with depleting the VAM inoculum reservoir and maintaining low colonization levels. Inoculation of organically managed plots with Glomus intraradices at the second planting did not change colonization levels. Soil analyses showed that available soil phosphorus levels remained high (range 62 to 101 ppm) in both treatments throughout the study. In both years colonization increased during the spring and summer harvest season, and it is h...
A duality-based method for generating geometric representations of polycrystals

We present a method, which we have termed Relaxed Dual Complex (RDC), for generating geometric representations and computational models of polycrystals of arbitrary shape. The RDC method combines a first topological step, which defines an initial unrelaxed polycrystal geometry as the barycentric dual of an input triangulation of the solid, and a second relaxation step, in which the grain boundaries are relaxed by means of a gradient flow driven by grain boundary energy. The RDC method applies to arbitrary solids defined by means of a triangulation and, in this manner, it couples seamlessly to standard solid modelling engines. An additional appealing feature of the RDC method is that it generates a conforming tetrahedral mesh of the polycrystal that can be used as a basis for subsequent simulations. The RDC method also affords some control over the statistical properties of the polycrystal, including grain size, which provides a convenient device for matching experimental statistical data. The range, versatility, and performance of the RDC method have been demonstrated by means of selected examples.
Transovarian transmission of some Thelohania (Nosematidae: Microsporidia) in mosquitoes of California and Louisiana☆

Abstract Diagnostic studies on the progenies of mosquitoes reared from infected eggs collected in the field confirmed earlier evidence that transovarian transmission of Thelohania (Microsporidia) occurs commonly and may account for levels of infection observed in certain populations of mosquitoes. In some species of mosquitoes, however, peroral transmission is a prerequisite for transovarian transmission.
Knowledge of Sex-Role Stereotypes in Children Aged 3 to 5.

When do children begin acquiring adult sex-role stereotypes? This study examined the sex-stereotypic knowledge of four groups of young children: 3.0–3.5, 3.5–4.0, 4.0–4.5, and 4.5–5.0 years old. To assess the development of their knowledge, the same children were retested six months later. Evidence of sex-stereotyping appeared at 3.5 years and increased both across the different age groups and within the same children as they aged. The children's knowledge encompassed both feminine and masculine traits, and was related to general intellectual development. These results are interpreted as supporting cognitive-developmental theories that children learn sex-role stereotypes as structural rules for organizing and understanding behaviors present in their social environment.
Pain management in horses and farm animals

Objective: This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given to assist in choosing techniques that provide effective analgesia. Etiology: Noxious stimuli are perceived, recognized, and localized by specialized sensory systems located at spinal and supraspinal levels. Diagnosis: Localizing the source of the noxious stimulus as well as understanding the behavioral aspects and physiological changes that result from such insult is important to adequately diagnose and treat pain. Pain assessment is far from being definite and objective; not only are there species differences, but also individual variation. In addition, the behavioral and physiological manifestations vary with the acute or chronic nature of pain. Therapy: Pain management should include (1) selecting drugs that better control the type of pain elicited by the insult; (2) selecting techniques of analgesic drug administration that act on pathways or anatomical locations where the nociceptive information is being processed or originating from; (3) combining analgesic drugs that act on different pain pathways; and (4) provide the best possible comfort for the animal. Prognosis: Providing pain relief improves the animal's well being and outcome; however, interpreting and diagnosing pain remains difficult. Continuing research in pain management will contribute to the evaluation of the pathophysiology of pain, pain assessment, and newer analgesic drugs and techniques.
Migration Models for Grasses in the American Midcontinent

Abstract This paper uses graphic and geographic migration models to examine the relationship between present dominance patterns and presumed source areas for six important native grass species in the Midcontinent Plains. The study has five parts: (1) describing the theoretical migration patterns of grasses as they spread out from a source area: (2) determining the dominant grasses on medium-textured, well-drained, upland range sites in a large sample of counties; (3) fitting trend surfaces to these dominance patterns in order to evaluate the degree to which the distributions are spatially systematic; (4) comparing these trend surfaces with climatic boundaries that are presumed to be significant in limiting the distributions of grasses: and (5) evaluating the relative importance of climatic limits and migration patterns in “explaining'’the present distributions of the grasses. The geographic patterns summarized by the trend surface maps appear to favor a migrating-wave hypothesis of grass species dominance...
Synesthesia and the Arts

The term “synesthesia” has often been used metaphorically rather than accurately. Ongoing scientific research shows the condition to be “real,” rather than imagined. The author focuses her discussion on the effects of colorsound synesthesia, or “chromesthesia,” and on a selection of composers and visual artists. The composers discussed include Alexander Scriabin, Olivier Messiaen and Michael Torke. Visual artists discussed include Robert Delaunay and David Hockney.
Infected cell protein No. 22 is subject to proteolytic cleavage by caspases activated by a mutant that induces apoptosis.

Abstract Earlier reports have shown that the d120 mutant of herpes simplex virus 1 lacking both copies of the gene encoding the infected cells protein No. 4 (ICP4) induces apoptosis in a variety of cell lines. The programmed cell death induced by this mutant is blocked by overexpression of Bcl-2 or by transduction of infected cells with the gene encoding the viral US3 protein kinase. HEp-2 cells infected with the d120 mutant express predominantly α proteins. Studies on these proteins revealed the accumulation of a Mr 37,500 protein that reacted with antibody directed against the carboxyl-terminal domain of ICP22. We report that the Mr 37,500 protein is a product of the proteolytic cleavage of ICP22 by a caspase activated by the d120 mutant. Thus the accumulation of the Mr 37,500 protein was blocked in cells transduced with the US3 protein kinase, in cells overexpressing Bcl-2, or in infected cells treated with the general caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Exposure of ICP22 made in wild-type virus-infected cells to caspase 3 yielded two polypeptides, of which one could not be differentiated from the Mr 37,500 protein with respect to electrophoretic mobility. We conclude that the cellular apoptotic response targets at least one viral protein for destruction.
The peritrophic membrane: Ultrastructural analysis and function as a mechanical barrier to microbial infection in Orgyia pseudotsugata

Abstract The feasibility of freeze-etching as a method for structural analysis of the peritrophic membrane (PM) has been demonstrated, and this method and other electron microscopical techniques have been employed to investigate the possible function of the PM as a mechanical barrier to infection of the larval midgut. Thin sections show that the PM consists of granular and microfibrous layers typical of PMs from other insects. Freeze-etch studies show that the membrane consists of at least three structurally distinct layers. The major component is a layer of chitin microfibrils that appear to be arranged in oriented layers. The fibrils exhibit a periodicity of 4 nm and are embedded in a granular matrix. The fibrils coalesce into 100-nm fibers which run throughout the microfibrillar layer. Adjacent to this layer is a very rough layer, with randomly dispersed granules 100 nm in diameter and covered with particles 32 nm in diameter. Adjacent to the midgut lumen is a finely granular layer which gives the PM a smooth appearance. No pores or other discontinuities through which a bacterial or viral pathogen could penetrate were detected in the PM, indicating the PM of the Douglas fir tussock moth could function as a mechanical barrier to microbial infection. The importance of chitin and protein to the apparent strength of the Douglas fir tussock moth PM was partially elucidated by studies with chitinases and proteases. Both types of enzymes degraded the PM, causing release of the products of hyrolysis or structural changes in the membrane.
High-resolution polarimetric radar observations of snow-generating cells

AbstractHigh-resolution X-band polarimetric radar data were collected in 19 snowstorms over northern Colorado in early 2013 as part of the Front Range Orographic Storms (FROST) project. In each case, small, vertically erect convective turrets were observed near the echo top. These “generating cells” are similar to those reported in the literature and are characterized by ~1-km horizontal and vertical dimensions, vertical velocities of 1–2 m s−1, and lifetimes of at least 10 min. In some cases, these generating cells are enshrouded by enhanced differential reflectivity ZDR, indicating a “shroud” of pristine crystals enveloping the larger, more isotropic particles. The anticorrelation of radar reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization ZH and ZDR suggests ongoing aggregation or riming of particles in the core of generating cells. For cases in which radiosonde data were collected, potential instability was found within the layer in which generating cells were observed. The persistence of these layers sug...
Future research in group support systems

Group support systems (GSS) represent one of the real success stories of research by the MIS academic community. There is no doubt that GSS academic research has had an impact on practice in the MIS field. This paper discusses the future of GSS research in terms of what is needed, some important research questions, and offers some possible directions. Section 1 describes what a GSS is and explains the underlying fundamental background. Section 2 explains why GSS research is needed. Section 3 describes the multimethodological approach that is needed for well-grounded GSS research programs. Section 4 discusses some of the major issues in applying GSS in organizational settings. Section 5 explores the scope of GSS research and the questions that need to be answered. Section 6 provides keys to successful distributed collaboration from our experience. Section 7 starts to answer the difficult question “what is needed for a distributed workspace?” Section 8 begins to clarify just what virtual reality can offer for distributed collaboration. Section 9 explains the justification for a virtual reality representation of the distributed office. Section 10 explores what we need to get real work done in a virtual workspace including: support for sense making during the process, automating bottlenecks in the process, modeling through simulation and animation, multiple languages, education, crisis response and software inspection. Research in GSS is just beginning and thousands of questions must be answered before we can have an understanding of the field.
Socioeconomic Status and Mental Illness in Japan

Since the pioneering work of Faris and Dunham (1938), a number of studies in the United States have documented an inverse association between socioeconomic status (SES) and mental illness both at the aggregate and the individual levels, and both for the treated and the general population. However, there are few studies of whether this relationship holds in other countries. This study examines socioeconomic characteristics and mental illness in Japan, which has a very different social stratification system from that of the United States. It was found that, at the aggregate level, the “inverse” association between socioeconomic characteristics and the rate of treated mental illness does not hold in Japan. Instead, the relationship is curvilinear: mental illness is higher in districts with large numbers of blue collar and upper white collar workers than in districts with large numbers of lower white collar workers. The effect of SES on mental illness operates through economic stress embedded in the macro social context. Because different social structures lead to different patterns of economic stress, the inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health cannot be assumed to hold in all countries.
Information capacity of 3-D holographic data storage

Capacities for angular and wavelength multiplexed holographic data storage systems are considered. Limitations due to the spatial resolution of the recording and reconstructing fields and to the holographic recording process are derived. © 1993 Chapman & Hall.
Specific RNA sequences of rous sarcoma virus (RSV) recovered from tumors induced by transformation-defective RSV deletion mutants

Abstract We have investigated the RNAs of two avian sarcoma viruses recovered (rASV) from tumors induced in chickens by a deletion mutant of Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus (SR-RSV) that had lost part, but not all, of its sarcoma gene (src). The RNAs of the rASVs had the same size as SR-RSV RNA and were larger than the predominant RNA species of the partial src deletion mutant, if measured by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Fingerprinting of RNase T,-resistant oligonucleotides indicated that the rASVs shared one src gene oligonucleotide with SR-D which was also present in the partial src deletion mutant of SR-RSV. The two rASVs shared one other, probable src oligonucleotide, that was not found in SR-RSV, and SR-RSV contained a src oligonucleotide not found in the rASVs. However, the distinctive src oligonucleotide of the rASVs was structurally closely related to that of SR-RSV. We conclude that the src genes of the rASVs and that of SR-RSV are closely related. Possible mechanisms by which a partial src deletion may recover a complete src gene are discussed in view of our results.
Absorption Coefficients of Oxygen in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Absorption coefficients of oxygen were measured between 300A and 1300A using a grazing incidence vacuum spectrograph together with a line emission light source. The coefficients near 1300A were less than k=10 cm−1. The bands in the region between 1300A and 1000A showed strong absorption of the same order of magnitude as in the Worley bands of nitrogen. No strong continuous absorption was found in the region between 1300A and 740A. The continuous absorption of oxygen below 740A was interpreted as composed of the ionization continua of several Rydberg series converging to the excited states of the molecular ion of oxygen. The continuum had a broad maximum with k-values of about 700 cm−1 between 400A and 600A and, in contrast to nitrogen, still showed a large absorption of k=530 cm−1 at 303A. An estimate of the integrated absorption coefficient was made and the corresponding f-value was found to be 6, in agreement with the predictions from classical dispersion theory.
New Time-Frequency Distributions For The Analysis Of Multicomponent Signals

A new conceptualization of time-frequency (t-f) energy distributions is discussed in this paper. Many new t-f distributions with desirable properties may now be designed with relative ease by approaching the problem in terms of the ambiguity plane representation of the kernel. Careful attention to the design principles yields kernels which result in high resolution t-f distributions with a considerable reduction of the sometimes troublesome cross terms observed when using other distributions such as the Wigner Distribution (WD). When these new t-f distributions are applied to some common signals, fascinating new details emerge. Examples are provided for two acoustic transients: joint clicking and marine mammal sounds.
Interactive Scenario-Based Teaching of Metal Casting Processes

It is well documented that students learn more effectively when they are actively involved in the learning process. Interactive scenario-based education is a novel concept expected to stimulate active learning and provide an engaging learning experience. Recently we have developed a Create your Scenario Interactively (CSI) module to teach metal casting and have implemented it in manufacturing engineering courses at the University of Oklahoma. In this paper, we discuss the impact of the CSI on students’ learning in manufacturing engineering education. The pedagogical effectiveness of the CSI instruction has been evaluated in several areas such as students’ engaging and active learning through pre-test and post-test format and survey questionnaires. Our preliminary results suggest that a majority of the students feels that the CSI module is very effective in keeping them engaged. Results also indicate that the CSI instructions help improve their understanding of the metal casting process. The details of the CSI module, implementation details, and assessment results are discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Genetic deletion of Klf4 in the mouse intestinal epithelium ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by modulating the NF-κB pathway inflammatory response.

Background Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc finger transcription factor expressed in the differentiated epithelial cells lining of the intestine. Under physiological conditions, KLF4 inhibits cell proliferation. Conversely, KLF4 mediates proinflammatory signaling in macrophages and its overexpression in the esophageal epithelium activates cytokines, leading to inflammation-mediated esophageal squamous cell cancer formation in mice. Here, we tested whether KLF4 has a proinflammatory activity in experimental colitis in mice.
Pressure-based transient intake manifold temperature reconstruction in Diesel engines

Abstract Temperature measurements by the typical thermocouples contain some first-order dynamics with varying time-constants and need to be reconstructed in transient conditions for improving the accuracy of the temperature information. Particularly, for Diesel engine advanced combustion mode control, the accurate acquisitions of the rapidly varying transient temperatures, such as the intake manifold gas temperature, are of importance. In this paper, a temperature reconstruction method, without using additional sensors, is proposed by utilizing the counterpart pressure signal. Through investigating the thermocouple dynamics in terms of the intake manifold pressure and temperature, an intake manifold temperature model was derived. According to this proposed temperature model, the transient temperature reconstruction can be formulated as a thermocouple time-constant estimation problem. Within this framework, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) based method was devised for the parameter estimations. The proposed method was validated through high-fidelity GT-Power engine model simulations as well as experimental results obtained on a multi-cylinder medium-duty Diesel engine.
BMP7 acts in murine lens placode development.

Targeted inactivation of theBmp7gene in mouse leads to eye defects with late onset and variable penetrance (A. T. Dudleyet al.,1995,Genes Dev.9, 2795–2807; G. Luoet al.,1995,Genes Dev.9, 2808–2820). Here we report that the expressivity of theBmp7mutant phenotype markedly increases in a C3H/He genetic background and that the phenotype implicatesBmp7in the early stages of lens development. Immunolocalization experiments show that BMP7 protein is present in the head ectoderm at the time of lens placode induction. Using anin vitroculture system, we demonstrate that addition of BMP7 antagonists during the period of lens placode induction inhibits lens formation, indicating a role for BMP7 in lens placode development. Next, to integrateBmp7into a developmental pathway controlling formation of the lens placode, we examined the expression of several early lens placode-specific markers inBmp7mutant embryos. In these embryos,Pax6head ectoderm expression is lost just prior to the time when the lens placode should appear, while inPax6-deficient (Sey/Sey) embryos,Bmp7expression is maintained. These results could suggest a simple linear pathway in placode induction in whichBmp7functions upstream ofPax6and regulates lens placode induction. At odds with this interpretation, however, is the finding that expression ofsecreted Frizzled Related Protein-2(sFRP-2), a component of the Wnt signaling pathway which is expressed in prospective lens placode, is absent inSey/Seyembryos but initially present inBmp7mutants. This suggests a different model in whichBmp7function is required to maintainPax6expression after induction, during a preplacodal stage of lens development. We conclude thatBmp7is a critical component of the genetic mechanism(s) controlling lens placode formation.
Basic tastes and unique hues

The logic of the basic taste concept is discussed in relation to the physiology and psychophysics of color vision. An alternative version of the basic taste model, analogous to opponent-process theory is introduced. The logic of quality naming experiments is clarified.
Taxonomic Classification of Phytoplankton with Multivariate Optical Computing, Part III: Demonstration

We describe the automatic analysis of fluorescence tracks of phytoplankton recorded with a fluorescence imaging photometer. The optical components and construction of the photometer were described in Part I and Part II of this series in this issue. An algorithm first isolates tracks corresponding to a single phytoplankter transit in the nominal focal plane of a flow cell. Then, the fluorescence streaks in the track that correspond to individual optical elements on the filter wheel are identified. The fluorescence intensity of each streak is integrated and used to calculate ratios. This approach was tested using 853 fluorescence measurements of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Average intensity ratios for the two classes closely follow those predicted in Part I of this series, with a distribution of ratios in each class that is consistent with the signal-to-noise ratio calculations in Part II for single cells. No overlap of the two class ratios was observed, yielding perfect classification.
On the reducible quintic complete base polynomials

Abstract Let B ( x ) = x m + b m − 1 x m − 1 + ⋯ + b 0 ∈ Z [ x ] . If every element in Z [ x ] / ( B ( x ) Z [ x ] ) has a polynomial representative with coefficients in S = { 0 , 1 , 2 , … , | b 0 | − 1 } then B ( x ) is called a complete base polynomial. We prove that if B ( x ) is a completely reducible quintic polynomial with five distinct integer roots less than −1, then B is a complete base polynomial. This is the best possible result regarding the completely reducible polynomials so far. Meanwhile, we provide a Mathematica program for determining whether an input polynomial B ( x ) is a complete base polynomial or not. The program enables us to experiment with various polynomial examples, to decide if the potential result points in the desired direction and to formulate credible conjectures.
Trypanosoma cruzi H+-ATPase 1 (TcHA1) and 2 (TcHA2) Genes Complement Yeast Mutants Defective in H+ Pumps and Encode Plasma Membrane P-type H+-ATPases with Different Enzymatic Properties

Previous studies in Trypanosoma cruzi have shown that intracellular pH homeostasis requires ATP and is affected by H-ATPase inhibitors, indicating a major role for ATP-driven proton pumps in intracellular pH control. In the present study, we report the cloning and sequencing of a pair of genes linked in tandem (TcHA1 and TcHA2 )i nT. cruzi which encode proteins with homology to fungal and plant P-type proton-pumping ATPases. The genes are expressed at the mRNA level in different developmental stages of T. cruzi: TcHA1 is expressed maximally in epimastigotes, whereas TcHA2 is expressed predominantly in trypomastigotes. The proteins predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the genes have 875 and 917 amino acids and molecular masses of 96.3 and 101.2 kDa, respectively. Full-length TcHA1 and an N-terminal truncated version of TcHA2 complemented a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deficient in P-type H-ATPase activity, the proteins localized to the yeast plasma membrane, and ATP-driven proton pumping could be detected in proteoliposomes reconstituted from plasma membrane purified from transfected yeast. The reconstituted proton transport activity was reduced by inhibitors of P-type H-ATPases. C-terminal truncation did not affect complementation of mutant yeast, suggesting the lack of C-terminal autoinhibitory domains in these proteins. ATPase activity in plasma membrane from TcHA1- and (N-terminal truncated) TcHA2-transfected yeast was inhibited to different extents by vanadate, whereas the latter yeast strain was more resistant to extremes of pH, suggesting that the native proteins may serve different functions at different stages in the T. cruzi life cycle.
Modeling of Materials for Naval SONAR, Pollution Control and Nonvolatile Memory Application

Here, we report on our recent studies of density functional simulations of relaxor ferroelectrics and dielectrics containing defects whose tailorable properties are catalytic in nature and could be employed in a fuel cell. We also use a combination of bond-valence model and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate both the order-disorder character and elastic character in ferroelectric materials.
AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF DELETERIOUS MUTATIONS TO QUANTITATIVE TRAIT VARIATION

Unconditionally deleterious mutations could be an important source of variation in quantitative traits. Deleterious mutations should be rare (segregating at low frequency in the population) and at least partially recessive. In this paper, I suggest that the contribution of rare, partially recessive alleles to quantitative trait variation can be assessed by comparing the relative magnitudes of two genetic variance components: the covariance of additive and homozygous dominance effects ( C ad ) and the additive genetic variance ( V a ). If genetic variation is due to rare recessives, then the ratio of C ad to V a should be equal to or greater than 1. In contrast, C ad / V a should be close to zero or even negative if variation is caused by alleles at intermediate frequencies. The ratio of C ad to V a can be estimated from phenotypic comparisons between inbred and outbred relatives, but such estimates are likely to be highly imprecise. Selection experiments provide an alternative estimator for C ad / V a , one with favourable statistical properties. When combined with other biometrical analyses, the ratio test can provide an incisive test of the deleterious mutation model.
The structure of lagidze's cyclobutadiene derivatives—I : The “C14H10 hydrocarbon”☆

Abstract The hydrocarbon resulting from the reaction of benzene with the diacetate of but-2-yne-1,4-diol in presence of aluminum chloride is shown to be 2-phenylnaphthalene, and not a benz cyclo butadiene derivative, as has been suggested.
Mental Health of Immigrants and Refugees

The United States is a country of immigrants. With the exception of Native-Americans, every other American is, or descends from, an immigrant. First and second generation immigrant children are the most rapidly growing segment of the American population, with the great majority of this population being of non-European origin. This paper reviews the unique risk factors and mental health needs of our new immigrant populations, as well as treatment and services approaches to address their unique needs.
Socially efficient detection of terror plots

How many good guys are needed to find the bad guys? To answer this question, a staffing model is developed to determine the number of agents required to detect a specified fraction of terror attacks assuming that the hazard functions governing attack and plot detection are proportional. Given estimates of the benefit of preventing a terror attack and the cost of counterterror agents, the staffing model can be employed to determine both the socially efficient terror plot detection level and the implied number of counterterror agents. A game-theoretic version of the model emerges if strategic terrorists select their attack rate presuming that the state will respond optimally. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate potential applications using empirical estimates of the benefit of preventing attacks and the cost of counterterror agents.
Clival osteomyelitis resulting from spread of infection through the fossa navicularis magna in a child

The fossa navicularis is a notch-like bone defect in the basiocciput that has been hitherto considered as an anatomical variant of the clivus and not previously described as a potential source of clival or skull base pathology. We report the imaging findings in a 5-year-old child who presented acutely with a retropharyngeal abscess and osteomyelitis of the clivus. Imaging after treatment revealed a “notch-like” defect in the anterior clivus consistent with a fossa navicularis. Based on these appearances, we postulate that the lymphoid tissue of the pharyngeal tonsil residing in the fossa navicularis served as a route through which infection spread and subsequently developed into clival osteomyelitis, which is a rare diagnosis. This case is unique, and we believe that the presence of this variant in young children may be important and is not merely an anatomical curiosity.
Using the Classroom as a Group to Integrate Knowledge, Skills, and Supervised Practice.

Abstract This article presents ways that counselor educators can use their class meetings to help students integrate knowledge, skills, and supervised practice in an introductory group course.
Modeling and Decision Support for Analysis of Operator Errors in Complex Systems

A method of modeling human operator performance in complex systems, which is realized as a DSS, is presented. It allows to conduct a detailed analysis of an operator’s performance to observe the nature of his errors in the different stages of his control action: perception of a problem, motivation for solving it, the evaluation of variants of a solution; then, making a decision, and its implementation. The method provides a deeper analysis of underlying factors using the proposed frame descriptions for errors with logical, decision-making, and classification algorithms, as well as the results of psychological experiments. The specific feature of the suggested approach is that it presents the opportunity to logically analyze errors and their underlying factors in the process of collecting data on them, not by drawing conclusions from the investigation reports as the traditional approach. The advantages of using the decision support systems for working with large amounts of unstructured data, specifically in the process of identifying repeated errors and error-provoking situations, are demonstrated.
Unraveling expertise and knowledge creation: towards an instance-based model of knowledge (IMoK)

In this paper, we develop a synthesis of existing cognitive models and call it the instance based model of knowledge (IMoK). IMoK was developed to better understand the knowledge creation process as it enables expertise, creativity and collective learning in an organizational setting. IMoK directly contrasts more abstract concepts like those associated with tacit knowledge and implicit learning, by providing a concrete explanation of how expertise and creativity develop and can be fostered within an organization. IMoK addresses the development of fundamental and automatic behaviors that are assumed to form the foundation of skills and expertise by applying accepted theory. IMoK additionally accounts for the development of automaticity as it relates to decision making and the creation of new knowledge within the workplace.
Spectroscopic probes of nonambient environments

Millimeterwave spectroscopic techniques have been used to study molecular species and their interactions in environments which range from a few degrees Kelvin to laser plasmas. Diagnostic techniques, their interpretation, and physical results will be presented.
Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Polymerization Produces Highly Charged, Monodisperse Particles for Near Infrared Photonic Crystals

We have developed emulsifier-free, emulsion polymerization recipes for the synthesis of highly charged, monodisperse latex particles of diameters between 500 and 1100 nm. These latexes consist of poly[styrene-(co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] spherical particles whose surfaces are functionalized with sulfate and carboxylic acid groups. These highly charged, monodisperse particles readily self-assemble into robust, three-dimensionally ordered crystalline colloidal array photonic crystals that Bragg diffract light in the near infrared spectral region. By altering the particle number density, the diffraction wavelength can be tuned from approximately 1000 to approximately 4000 nm.
Mirror-field magnet for stripped electron sweeping

Multi-turn injection of H/sup -/ by foil stripping into an accumulator ring produces metastable neutrals that contribute to machine activation. Placing the foil in a magnetic field has been shown to greatly reduce such losses. However, the electrons associated with the H/sup -/ repeatedly and destructively pass through the foil under the influence of the magnetic field. The electrons can be swept off the foil by a small circular coil placed on surface of the injection dipole's pole face, centered on the electron's trajectory. The coil, in "magnetic-mirror" configuration, will exert a downward force on the electrons causing them to be swept off the foil, limiting the electron foil interactions to one or two. Beam dynamics simulations indicate that the effect on the stored beam is minimal and that such effects can be corrected by small correction magnets in the ring. As a test of this concept a full scale prototype has been fabricated and mapped in the "magnetic-mirror" configuration. The measured and calculated results were found to be in good agreement.
Behaviors Associated With Onset of Gastroesophageal Reflux Episodes in Infants Prospective Study Using Split-Screen Video and pH Probe

To identify behaviors associated with the onset of gastroesophageal reflux episodes in infants both systematically and prospectively, each of 10 patients (aged 2 to 32 weeks) was studied during 2 hours of intraluminal esophageal pH probe monitoring, using a split-screen audiovisual recording technique. Videotape analysis of eight infants who had scoreable reflux events revealed six discrete behaviors closely associated temporally (P < .001 to < .05) with the onset of reflux events: "discomfort" (crying or frowning), "emission" (of liquid or gas, i.e., regurgitation, drooling, or burping), yawning, stridor, stretching, and mouthing. Three behaviors (hiccuping, sneezing, and thumb-sucking) were infrequent but were significantly associated with onset of reflux events in one or two patients each. A tenth behavior, coughing or gagging, was significantly associated with onset of reflux events in two patients, but not in the rest, despite relatively frequent occurrence. Exploration of temporal relations between reflux and each behavior suggested that discomfort, emission, mouthing, and cough-gag may have caused reflux episodes, and that all 10 of the behaviors may have been caused by reflux episodes. These findings and a "quiet period" immediately preceding episodes in six of the infants suggest interesting pathophysiologic mechanisms in infants which require further evaluation.
Variability of bulk density of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) during gravity-driven discharge

Loading railcars with consistent tonnage has immense cost implications for the shipping of distillers' dried grains with soluble (DDGS) product. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the bulk density variability of DDGS during filling of railcar hoppers. An apparatus was developed similar to a spinning riffler sampler in order to simulate the filling of railcars at an ethanol plant. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the initial and final measures of bulk density and particle size as the hoppers were emptied in both mass and funnel flow patterns. Particle segregation that takes place during filling of hoppers contributed to the bulk density variation and was explained by particle size variation. This phenomenon is most likely the same throughout the industry and an appropriate sampling procedure should be adopted for measuring the bulk density of DDGS stored silos or transported in railcar hoppers.
The role of learner-centred assessment in postsecondary organisational change

For postsecondary institutions, organisational change is an inevitable and ongoing process. Institutions face a growing need to assess student learning assessment as part of an institution's comprehensive assessment plan. While a growing body of literature suggests that learner-centred assessment is a best practice in higher education pedagogy, it is unclear whether faculty members have embraced it fully. Using data from the 1993 and 2004 administrations of the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty, this study examines the extent to which faculty members employed learner-centred assessment in two- and four-year colleges in the USA. Findings show increases in use for some assessment techniques over the decade, as well as differences in use by faculty gender, discipline, and institution level. Increases in the use of these techniques may indicate a continued emphasis on learner-centred assessment and thus one aspect of organisational change. Implications for institutional policy are discussed.
Cloning of a putative human voltage-gated chloride channel (CIC-2) cDNA widely expressed in human tissues

We have cloned a cDNA from the human epithelial cell line T84 whose predicted amino acid sequence shows 93.9% identity with rat CIC-2. Mapping by somatic cell hybrids and polymerase chain reaction localizes the gene corresponding to this cDNA to chromosome 3q26-qter. The major transcription start site assessed by RNA primer extension is 100 nt upstream of the putative translation initiation codon. Analysis of the 5' flanking sequence revealed a high GC content and lack of common transcriptional elements such as TATA and CCAAT boxes. Northern blot analysis indicated wide organ distribution including tissues affected in cystic fibrosis (CF) and expression in an airway epithelial cell line derived from a CF patient. The high degree of sequence similarity and similar tissue distribution to rat CIC-2 suggests that this cDNA encodes the human CIC-2 voltage-gated chloride channel. Since this chloride channel is present in epithelial tissues it may be amenable to manipulation to circumvent the chloride secretion defect observed in CF.
Population Structure and Sex-biased Dispersal in the Forest Dwelling Vespertilionid Bat, Myotis Septentrionalis

ABSTRACT Sex-biased dispersal is a specific pattern of movement whereby one sex either stays or returns to its natal group or natal area to breed while the other disperses from the natal area. Temperate vespertilionid bats are thought to exhibit the typical mammalian pattern of male-biased dispersal although relatively few studies have been conducted on this group. The northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) is a relatively common forest dwelling bat found in eastern North America. Despite being a common species in North America, relatively little is known about its habitat requirements and life history characteristics including dispersal patterns. Using five polymorphic microsatellite loci I found that females within localized subpopulations exhibited a higher degree of genetic structuring than males indicating female philopatry and male-biased dispersal [female FST = 0.011; male FST = −0.016; P = 0.006 (sex-biased dispersal randomization test)]. I also found a weak (FST = 0.002), but significan...
Foundations of gregariousness: a dispersal polymorphism among the planktonic larvae of a marine invertebrate.

Abstract Theory predicts that selection should favor genotypes that can vary their tendency to disperse in habitats that are spatially or temporally variable or those that remain near their carrying capacity. Although many marine habitats appear to fit these criteria, confirmed examples of dispersal polymorphism among marine invertebrates are exceedingly rare. Competent larvae of the gregarious tubeworm, Hydroides dianthus, settle specifically in response to living conspecific worms, but a small proportion of each spawn settle nonspecifically on uninhabited substrata concurrently with their gregarious siblings. Here, using a parental half-sib analysis, we show that the proportion of a spawn settling in response to uninhabited biofilm is highly heritable. When estimated as a continuous trait based on a one-way ANOVA, heritability is estimated to be 0.83 ± 0.31. When founder production was analyzed as a threshold trait, heritability was estimated to be 0.68 ± 0.10 based on the breeding design experiment and...
Compressed sensing block-wise exposure control algorithm using optical flow estimation

Recently, CMOS image sensors have attracted more and more attention from the applications of navigation, monitoring and search-and-rescue operations. Specially, CMOS image sensors mounted on insects need to be fast, adaptive to the environment and power efficiency. To simultaneously satisfy both requirements of reconstruction quality and low power consumption, we propose a compressed sensing block-wise exposure control algorithm using optical flow estimation. This framework has been demonstrated to further improve recovery performance (> 25 dB) with high compression ratio (>= 10 : 1), which also provides a promising method for real-time CMOS implementation.
Permeability and porosity of hydrate-bearing sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Hydrate-bearing sands are being actively explored because they contain the highest concentrations of hydrate and are the most economically recoverable hydrate resource. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms or timescales of hydrate formation, which are related to methane supply, fluid flux, and host sediment properties such as permeability. We used logging-while-drilling data from locations in the northern Gulf of Mexico to develop an effective medium theory-based model for predicting permeability based on clay-sized sediment fraction. The model considers permeability varying between sand and clay endpoint permeabilities that are defined from laboratory data. We verified the model using permeability measurements on core samples from three boreholes, and then used the model to predict permeability in two wells drilled in Walker Ridge Block 313 during the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II expedition in 2009. We found that the cleanest sands (clay-sized fraction