cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Mechanisms of Presynaptic Differentiation

Information processing in the nervous system relies on properly localized and organized synaptic structures at the correct locations. The formation of synapses is a long and intricate process involving multiple interrelated steps. Decades of research have identified a large number of molecular components of the presynaptic compartment. In addition to neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles, presynaptic terminals are defined by cytoskeletal and membrane specializations that allow highly regulated exo- and endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and that maintain precise registration with postsynaptic targets. Functional studies at multiple levels have revealed complex interactions between the transport of vesicular intermediates, the presynaptic cytoskeleton, growth cone navigation, and synaptic targets. With the advent of finer anatomical, physiological, and molecular tools, great insights have been gained toward the mechanistic dissection of functionally redundant processes controlling the specificity and...
A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Laparoscopic Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Patch Repair vs Simple Cruroplasty for Large Hiatal Hernia

Hypothesis Large hiatal hernias are prone to disruption, resulting in reherniation, when repaired with simple cruroplasty. The use of mesh may decrease the rate of reherniation in the laparoscopic repair of large hiatal hernias. Design Prospective, randomized controlled trial. Setting University-affiliated private hospital. Patients Seventy-two individuals undergoing laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with a hernia defect greater or equal to 8 cm in diameter. Intervention Nissen fundoplication with posterior cruroplasty (n = 36) vs Nissen fundoplication with posterior cruroplasty and onlay of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) mesh (n = 36). Main Outcome Measures Recurrences, complications, hospital stay, operative time, and cost. Results Patients in both groups had similar hospital stays, but the PTFE group had a longer operative time. The cost of the repair was $960 ± $70 more in the group with the prosthesis. Complications were minor and similar in both groups. There were 8 hernia recurrences (22%) in the primary repair group and none in the PTFE group ( P Conclusion The use of prosthetic reinforcement of cruroplasty in large hiatal hernias may prevent hernia recurrences.
No Difference in Risk for Thrombocytopenia During Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis With Either Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin or Unfractionated Heparin: A Metaanalysis

Background Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a popular alternative to unfractionated heparin (UH) for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), in part based on the perception of a lower risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). To investigate the evidence supporting this perception, we performed a metaanalysis to compare the incidence of thrombocytopenia between LMWH and UH during PE and/or DVT treatment. Methods Randomized trials comparing LMWH with UH for PE and/or DVT treatment were searched for in the MEDLINE database, bibliographies, and by correspondence with published investigators. Two reviewers independently selected high-quality studies and extracted data regarding heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HAT), HIT confirmed by laboratory testing, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITT). Outcome rates between LMWH and UH were compared using a binomial, generalized linear mixed model with a logit link and Gaussian random effects for study. Results Thirteen studies involving 5,275 patients met inclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in HAT rates between the two treatments (LMWH, 1.2%; UH, 1.5%; p = 0.246). The incidence of documented HIT and HITT was too low to make an adequate comparison between groups. Conclusions Our review disclosed no statistically significant difference in HAT between LMWH and UH and insufficient evidence to conclude that HIT and HITT rates were different between them. There was no evidence from randomized comparative trials to support the contention that patients receiving treatment for PE or DVT with UH are more prone to these complications than those receiving LMWH.
Additional Evidence on Audit Report Lag

The process for providing accounting information to the public has not changed much in the last century even though the extent of disclosure has increased signifi‐cantly. Sundem et al. (1996) suggest that the primary benefit of audited financial statements may not be decision usefulness but the discipline imposed by timely confirmation of previously available information. In general, the value of information from the audited financial statement will decline as the audit report lag (the time period between a company's fiscal year end and the date of the audit report) increases since competitively oriented users may obtain substitute sources of information. Furthermore, the literature on earnings quality and earnings management suggests that unexpected reporting delays may be associated with lower quality information. The purpose of this paper is to extend our understanding about the determinants of audit report lag using a proprietary database containing 226 audit engagements from an international public a...
A new measure of growth efficiency: skull base height.

Skull base height increases significantly with better nutrition and health conditions, as seen in comparing 163 nineteenth to twentieth century dissecting-room skeletons (Terry Collection) with 237 modern American middle-class adults (forensic and willed skeletons). The increase parallels the change in pelvic inlet depth index, known to respond sensitively to nutrition, and in stature, and is over six times greater than the general skull size change. Skull base height (porion-basion) is easy to measure with depth gauge and sliding caliper, or by subtraction, and is in adults a sensitive indicator of childhood growth stress.
Treatment-Related Mortality With Everolimus in Cancer Patients

Introduction.The overall incidence and odds of fatal adverse events (FAEs) after exposure to everolimus are not well defined. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the role of everolimusintreatment-relatedmortalityinpatientswithcancer. Methods. PubMed databases and abstracts from the proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium were searched for RCTs of everolimus either alone or in combination with another agent compared with the control arm without everolimusandthatreporteddeathsfromanadverseeventfrom January 1966 to July 2013. The primary objective was to determine the difference of FAEs between everolimustreated patients and control group patients. Results. In total, 2,997 patients with multiple solid tumors from nine RCTs were included.The overall incidence of FAEs in cancer patients treated with everolimus was 0.7% (95% CI 0.3%– 1.1%) compared with 0.4% (95% CI 0.0%–0.7%) in cancer patients who did not receive everolimus. The odds ratio of FAEs was greater in everolimus-treated patients (Peto odds ratio 5 3.80, 95% CI 1.59–9.07, p 5 .003). In subgroupanalyses,nosignificantdifferencewasfoundinthe incidence or odds of FAEs by everolimus administration (alone or in combination) or tumor type (breast cancer vs. nonbreast cancer; p 5 .63). Conclusion. In patients with cancer, everolimus is associated withasmallbutsignificantincreaseintheoddsofatreatmentrelated fatal events.The Oncologist 2014;19:1–8 ImplicationsforPractice:Thismeta-analysisreviewedpublishedorpresentedrandomizedclinicaltrialswitheverolimusaloneor in combination versus control treatment or placebo in patients with solid tumors. It found a small but statistically significant increase in fatal adverse events among everolimus treated patients (0.4% vs. 0.7% in control vs. everolimus arm, p 5 .003).This suggests that fatal adverse events are rare in cancer patients treated with everolimus. However, oncologists should be aware of asmallincreaseintheriskofdeathfromeverolimusandthereforeselectpatientscarefullyforthistherapy,andmonitoraswellas
Interspecific attraction to the mobbing calls of black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus)

The species and number of birds attracted to playbacks of mobbing calls and song of the black-capped chickadee, Parus atricapillus, were compared. The chickadee vocalizations were played at abandoned chickadee nests, and the numbers and species of other birds that approached the speaker were tallied. Few non-chickadees were observed in the area when the song was played. That significantly more birds approached the speaker and displayed mobbing behavior during the mobbing call playback suggests that black-capped chickadee mobbing vocalizations carry meaning for at least ten other avian species. This finding supports the idea that species subjected to the same predators in an area may benefit by recognizing each others’ predator calls. This recognition may be facilitated by the similar structure of different species’ mobbing calls and also a learned association of another species’ call with the presence of a predator.
Controlling Nanoparticles Formation in Molten Metallic Bilayers by Pulsed-Laser Interference Heating

The impacts of the two-beam interference heating on the number of core-shell and embedded nanoparticles and on nanostructure coarsening are studied numerically based on the non-linear dynamical model for dewetting of the pulsed-laser irradiated, thin (< 20 nm) metallic bilayers. The model incorporates thermocapillary forces and disjoining pressures, and assumes dewetting from the optically transparent substrate atop of the reflective support layer, which results in the complicated dependence of light reflectivity and absorption on the thicknesses of the layers. Stabilizing thermocapillary effect is due to the local thickness-dependent, steady- state temperature profile in the liquid, which is derived based on the mean substrate temperature estimated from the elaborate thermal model of transient heating and melting/freezing. Linear stability analysis of the model equations set for Ag/Co bilayer predicts the dewetting length scales in the qualitative agreement with experiment.
Industrial ecology: A framework for product and process design

Abstract Industrial ecology is a new system for describing and designing sustainable economies. Arising out of an ecological metaphor, it offers guidelines to designers of products and the institutional structures in which production and consumption occur, as well as frameworks for the analysis of complex material and energy flows across economies.
The Determination Of The Effectiveness Of A Marketing Promotional Activity

This paper presents the effectiveness of a promotional effort to increase target-market awareness. The marketing activities included survey design and implementation, conducting focus groups, developing ads, and evaluating the promotional activity. In an effort to acquire knowledge and experience, the students in a class (Promotional Management) were given the opportunity to offer a research service to a client’s products and services. The knowledge obtained by the students will enhance them as they enter the workforce and the experience will aid the students in competing for positions in marketing. The service provided to the client is invaluable because of the pertinent information that was gained about non business majors and the exposure that was gained from the promotional campaign activities.
Genetic relationship among 19 accessions of six species of Chenopodium L., by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fragments (RAPD)

The RAPD technique was used to identify genetic relationships in 19 accessions, including six species of the genus Chenopodium. A dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA from 399 DNA markers. The molecular data clustered species and accessions into five different groups. Group 1 with three cultivated varieties of C. nuttalliae, Group 2 included eight cultivars and two wild varieties of C. quinoa, Group 3 with C. berlandieri and C. album, Group 4 with two accessions of C. pallidicaule, and Group 5 with 2 accessions of C. ambrosioides. The polymorphic patterns generated by RAPD profiles showed different degrees of genetic relationship among the species studied. A low level of intraspecific variation was found within the accessions of C. quinoa, C. nuttalliae, and C. pallidicaule. The RAPD markers were found to be a useful tool for detecting genetic variation within the genus Chenopodium.
Joint and partial carrier components assignment techniques based on user profile in LTE systems

The number of mobile users is rapidly increasing. Therefore, the bandwidth demand of mobile users significantly growing. To answer users' demand, Carrier Aggregation is proposed in LTE systems. In Carrier Aggregation, communication between users and base stations are achieved by multi bands which have different coverage areas and mobile users can simultaneously connect one or multi carrier components in each band. Because of mobility of users and quality of carriers, the best available Carrier Components of each band should be assigned to each user in order to provide desired service to users. Several works have been proposed in the literature to address Carrier Components assignment methods in LTE systems by using Channel Quality Indicator, quality of service and service types. Although the previous works on carrier assignment methods significantly increase the performance of LTE system, continuously increasing bandwidth demand of users forces the operators to manage resource allocation more intelligently. Therefore, we have proposed a novel Carrier Component assignment method which considers user profiles and channel quality indicator to increase quality of services and experiences getting by mobile users. Results show that the proposed method uses system resources efficiently and can improve performance of LTE systems. Our method will help service providers build efficient carrier components assignment methods through considering user profile and performance metrics, such as band usage, throughput and delay.
Developmental changes in multifrequency tympanograms.

The normal maturational course of tympanometric shape, static aural acoustic admittance and ear canal wall characteristics were investigated in healthy infants, who were followed at various time intervals in the first 4 months of life. Susceptance and conductance tympanograms were recorded from both ears of each subject at four probe frequencies or more. In addition, quantitative pneumatic otoscopy was performed utilizing air pressure changes of the same magnitude as those typically used in tympanometry. Results for the group were an increase in admittance magnitude with increasing age at frequencies above 226 Hz. Admittance phase angle increased with age at all frequencies, indicating a growing contribution of compliant elements in the first 4 months of life. The course of development of input admittance at the tympanic membrane differed among individual infants. Otoscopic findings indicated that external ear canal differences cannot completely account for tympanometric differences between young infants ...
Negotiating Words and Worlds: An Autoethnography of Linguistic Identity Development.

This article presents an autoethnographic account of the author’s linguistic development as a speaker of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and Standard American English (SAE). Historically...
Learning curve for peroral endoscopic myotomy.

Background and study aims: Although peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is being performed more frequently, the learning curve for gastroenterologists performing the procedure has not been well studied. The aims of this study were to define the learning curve for POEM and determine which preoperative and intraoperative factors predict the time that will be taken to complete the procedure and its different steps. Patients and methods: Consecutive patients who underwent POEM performed by a single expert gastroenterologist for the treatment of achalasia or spastic esophageal disorders were included. The POEM procedure was divided into four steps: mucosal entry, submucosal tunneling, myotomy, and closure. Nonlinear regression was used to determine the POEM learning plateau and calculate the learning rate. Results: A total of 60 consecutive patients underwent POEM in an endoscopy suite. The median length of procedure (LOP) was 88 minutes (range 36 – 210), and the mean (± standard deviation [SD]) LOP per centimeter of myotomy was 9 ± 5 minutes. The total operative time decreased significantly as experience increased (P Conclusion: In this single-center retrospective study, the minimum threshold number of cases required for an expert interventional endoscopist performing POEM to reach a plateau approached 13.
Search and Representation Strategies for Automated Trajectory Design

This paper analyzes the intertwined issues of search techniques and region representation for discretization based, automated trajectory design. Since dynamical structures shape trajectory behavior, creating a database of key orbits, invariant manifolds and other elements allows for partitions of phase space and symbolic trajectory descriptions. Due to the large number of possible transitions, search heuristics are needed to quickly focus on desirable trajectory arcs. Various search strategies are discussed. Differential correction is used to join the selected arcs into a full transfer. I. Introduction Spacecraft autonomy has been recognized as a key technology needed for further progress in space exploration. Within this broad area, automated guidance and trajectory design plays an important role. NASA's Space Technology Roadmap highlights this when noting that “onboard maneuver planning and execution monitoring will increase the vehicle agility, enabling new mission capabilities and reducing costs.” 1 This ability will impact a wide variety of mission types, including manned deep space exploration, robotic science missions, and planetary landers. This paper presents a method to enable such automated maneuver planning, in particular the ability to perform rapid onboard trajectory redesigns in dynamically complex environments. Within these mission types, we mention here several important scenarios which would benefit from autonomous trajectory design capabilities. These examples have focused the algorithmic development of the onboard system by bringing their own specific technical requirements. Planetary moons of interest such as Europa and Enceladus have highly perturbed dynamics and short instability timescales, creating a need for fast action in off nominal conditions. 2 In these environments, the features of multibody dynamics provide both opportunities for efficient transfers as well as risks of impact and escape. Irregularly shaped bodies such as Vesta, Golevka, and Itokawa pose a similar situation, combining irregular gravity fields, short timescales at close proximity, and a strong perturbing influence of the sun which cannot be ignored. 3 In particular, these systems show there is a need for a rapid onboard trajectory design system which directly takes the structure of the complex multibody gravity environment into account. Additionally, as there is no initial human input for autonomous trajectory changes, the program must be able to generate its own initial guesses. This fact, along with the time constraints, prevents the use of the standard machinery of ground based, optimization centered methods. Indeed, creating as many different transfers types as possible would be of benefit due to other possible mission restrictions such as navigation or radiation constraints. Also, due to the precise nature of mission requirements to fulfill science goals, a variety of possible boundary condition types from specific states, orbital elements, and periodic orbits need to be accommodated as well. A. Related Work
Modeling Learning in Doubly Multilevel Binary Longitudinal Data Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models: An Application to Measuring and Explaining Word Learning

When word learning is supported by instruction in experimental studies for adolescents, word knowledge outcomes tend to be collected from complex data structure, such as multiple aspects of word knowledge, multilevel reader data, multilevel item data, longitudinal design, and multiple groups. This study illustrates how generalized linear mixed models can be used to measure and explain word learning for data having such complexity. Results from this application provide deeper understanding of word knowledge than could be attained from simpler models and show that word knowledge is multidimensional and depends on word characteristics and instructional contexts.
Systems Neuroscience in Late-Life Depression

Abstract Major depression in the elderly is a heterogeneous disorder that presents with a constellation of cognitive and affective symptoms. Neuroimaging has helped elucidate the contributions of dorsal-cognitive and ventral-affective brain regions to the pathophysiology of late-life depression (LLD). Functional connectivity has been used to understand the inner workings of several brain regions or networks in tandem. Three prominent functional networks in LLD have been identified: (1) a cognitive control network (CCN) active during cognitively demanding tasks, (2) a default mode network active during resting state and inhibited during cognitive demanding activity that is involved in internal mentation, and (3) a salience network relevant to attending to survival-relevant events in the environment. We provide an individual overview of the cognitive control, default mode, and salience networks as observed in LLD and discuss how dysfunction in multiple networks contributes to common behavioral syndromes in LLD, including apathy, anxious-depression, and suicidality.
The Distribution of Managerial Power in the Board of Directors, Firm’s Strategic Transformation and the Preference of Modes - - - - Political Behavior or Cooperating Behavior

Based on the 2010 Chinese listed companies,the empirical results regression indicate that the distribution of power owned by board of directors is the key variable that guides the decision of enterprise’s strategic transformation.The directors whose power’ s type is different each other have the deferent behavior preference,therefore the effects of the distribution of a variety of managerial power in the board of directors on firm’s strategic transformation are different.The directors who own the structural and expert power principally exhibit political behavior,and the concentration of structural and expert power restrains the conflicts of political benefit,therefore promote the decision of enterprise’s strategic transformation;the directors who own the ownership and prestige power principally exhibit cooperating behavior,and the concentration of ownership and prestige power restrains the cooperating behavior among the directors,therefore prevents the enterprise’s strategic transformation.Furthermore,the owner of different types of power has the different preference on the mode of strategic transformation,to be specific,the owner of structural power has the preference on the "expanding local boundary",the owner of expert and ownership power has the preference on the "changing management system"and "extending the value chain",the owner of prestige power has the preference on the "entering the unrelated products marketing" and "changing management system".
Children’s and adolescents’ conceptions of personhood: A narrative approach

Children’s and adolescents’ narratives of interpersonal experiences can inform our understanding of developmental shifts in the use of personhood concepts. We present results from two studies (ns =...
Analysis of correlation between prevalence of hyperuricemia with blood lipids, blood glucose and ALT

Objective To investigate relationship between the prevalence of hyperuricemia with blood lipids, blood glucose and ALT. Methods To determine the value of serum uric acid of 2 457 workers from state institutions and state-owned enterprises in 2011, and analyze the relationship between blood lipids, blood glucose and ALT in 179 patients with hyperuricemia. Results There were no statistical differences in detection rate of high TC, high TG, high FPG and high ALT between the male and female(χ2=0.43,1.23,0.43,0.43,P0.05). Patients with hyperuricemia were more in the male than in the female, with statistical differences(χ2=13.80,P0.01). The detection rate of high TC, high TG, high FPG and high ALT was higher in patients with hyperuricemia than in healthy people, with statistical differences(χ2=7.13,31.2,18.67, 6.14,P0.01). Conclusions Hyperuricemia is closely related to the increase of blood lipids, blood glucose and ALT, and the increase of triglyceride is more than that of cholesterol obviously.
Stellate cells as mediators of immune suppressive features in pancreatic cancer

One hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the dense stroma that includes activated myofibroblast-like cells termed ‘pancreatic stellate cells’ (PSC). We hypothesized that antitumor immunity is restrained by PSC, and that key pathways can be identified to augment efficacy of immunotherapy. To gain insight into the most relevant soluble factors and pathways, primary PSC (n=10) were isolated from PDAC patients. A normal human pancreatic fibroblast (HPF) cell line was used as a control. RNA obtained from PSC or HPF underwent nanostring analysis using the nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling panel. Cytokine and chemokine expression in supernatants was measured via bioplex analysis or ELISA. Unsupervised clustering analysis revealed the greatest fold change in IL-6 transcript between PSC and HPF, versus other cytokines in the panel. Abundant IL-6 expression was validated in supernatants by bioplex analysis, and was accompanied by other cytokines, most notably, MCP-1, VEGF and SDF-1. Supernatants from human PSC also expanded suppressive myeloid cells from bulk, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Analysis of a separate cohort of human pancreatic tumors (n=12) via immunohistochemistry further revealed abundant IL-6 protein in stromal regions of tumors. This prominent stromal localization of IL-6, and STAT3 phosphorylation STAT3 was also evident in pancreata from mice with mutant Kras -driven, PDAC. These data point to stromal IL-6 as a target in PDAC, and complement our data confirming plasma IL‑6 as a poor prognostic factor in a large cohort (n=73) of treatment naive PDAC patients. Ongoing studies are exploring the role of IL-6 in PSC and the effect of targeting this cytokine in combination with immunotherapy.
A classification of Klein links as torus links

We classify Klein links. In particular, we calculate the number and types of components in a Kp,q Klein link. We completely determine which Klein links are equivalent to a torus link, and which are not.
Oral bisphosphonate use and lung cancer incidence among postmenopausal women

Abstract Background Bisphosphonates are common medications for the treatment of osteoporosis in older populations. Several studies, including the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), have found inverse associations of bisphosphonate use with risk of breast and endometrial cancer, but little is known about its association with other common malignancies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of bisphosphonate use on the incidence of lung cancer in the WHI. Patients and methods The association between oral bisphosphonate use and lung cancer risk was examined in 151 432 postmenopausal women enrolled into the WHI in 1993–1998. At baseline and during follow-up, participants completed an inventory of regularly used medications including bisphosphonates. Results After a mean follow-up of 13.3 years, 2511 women were diagnosed with incident lung cancer. There was no evidence of a difference in lung cancer incidence between oral bisphosphonate users and never users (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.91; 95% confidence intervals, 0.80–1.04; P = 0.16). However, an inverse association was observed among those who were never smokers (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% confidence interval, 0.39–0.84; P Conclusion In this large prospective cohort of postmenopausal women, oral bisphosphonate use was associated with significantly lower lung cancer risk among never smokers, suggesting bisphosphonates may have a protective effect against lung cancer. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Genomic analyses of Northern snakehead (Channa argus) populations in North America

Background The introduction of northern snakehead (Channa argus; Anabantiformes: Channidae) and their subsequent expansion is one of many problematic biological invasions in the United States. This harmful aquatic invasive species has become established in various parts of the eastern United States, including the Potomac River basin, and has recently become established in the Mississippi River basin in Arkansas. Effective management of C. argus and prevention of its further spread depends upon knowledge of current population structure in the United States. Methods Novel methods for invasive species using whole genomic scans provide unprecedented levels of data, which are able to investigate fine scale differences between and within populations of organisms. In this study, we utilize 2b-RAD genomic sequencing to recover 1,007 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci from genomic DNA extracted from 165 C. argus individuals: 147 individuals sampled along the East Coast of the United States and 18 individuals sampled throughout Arkansas. Results Analysis of those SNP loci help to resolve existing population structure and recover five genetically distinct populations of C. argus in the United States. Additionally, information from the SNP loci enable us to begin to calculate the long-term effective population size ranges of this harmful aquatic invasive species. We estimate long-term Ne to be 1,840,000-18,400,000 for the Upper Hudson River basin, 4,537,500-45,375,000 for the Lower Hudson River basin, 3,422,500-34,225,000 for the Potomac River basin, 2,715,000-7,150,000 for Philadelphia, and 2,580,000-25,800,000 for Arkansas populations. Discussion and conclusions This work provides evidence for the presence of more genetic populations than previously estimated and estimates population size, showing the invasive potential of C. argus in the United States. The valuable information gained from this study will allow effective management of the existing populations to avoid expansion and possibly enable future eradication efforts.
Crowd Counting with Minimal Data Using Generative Adversarial Networks for Multiple Target Regression

In this work, we use a generative adversarial network (GAN) to train crowd counting networks using minimal data. We describe how GAN objectives can be modified to allow for the use of unlabeled data to benefit inference training in semi-supervised learning. More generally, we explain how these same methods can be used in more generic multiple regression target semi-supervised learning, with crowd counting being a demonstrative example. Given a convolutional neural network (CNN) with capabilities equivalent to the discriminator in the GAN, we provide experimental results which show that our GAN is able to outperform the CNN even when the CNN has access to significantly more labeled data. This presents the potential of training such networks to high accuracy with little data. Our primary goal is not to outpreform the state-of-the-art using an improved method on the entire dataset, but instead we work to show that through semi-supervised learning we can reduce the data required to train an inference network to a given accuracy. To this end, systematic experiments are performed with various numbers of images and cameras to show under which situations the semi-supervised GANs can improve results.
Investigating faults missed by test suites achieving high code coverage

Abstract Code coverage criteria are commonly used to determine the adequacy of a test suite. However, studies investigating code coverage and fault-finding capabilities have mixed results. Some studies have shown that creating test suites to satisfy coverage criteria has a positive effect on finding faults, while other studies do not. In order to improve the fault-finding capabilities of test suites, it is essential to understand what is causing these mixed results. In this study, we investigated one possible source of variation in the results observed: fault type. Specifically, we studied 45 different types of faults and evaluated how effectively human-created test suites with high coverage percentages were able to detect each type of fault. Our results showed, with statistical significance, there were specific types of faults found less frequently than others. However, improvements in the formulation and selection of test oracles could overcome these weaknesses. Based on our results and the types of faults that were missed, we suggest focusing on the strength of test oracles along with code coverage to improve the effectiveness of test suites.
Using PSA to screen for prostate cancer. The Washington University experience.

SUMMARY The evidence is mounting that PSA-based screening for prostate cancer is rational and effective at detecting a high proportion of cancer that is both clinically significant and curable by radical prostatectomy. However, more information is necessary to define the optimal ages at which screening should be performed and to determine the appropriate role of repetitive PSA measurement, PSA density, and PSA slope in serial screening. Formal demonstration of a significant screening-induced reduction of cancer-specific morbidity and mortality is necessary to unambiguously justify screening for prostate cancer. A randomized trial evaluating prostate cancer screening will soon be started under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute.5 Additionally, refinements in serum PSA testing that consider the variable binding of PSA derived from benign and malignant prostatic tissues to serum proteins may further enhance the performance of PSA testing in the screening setting. For these reasons, PSA-based screening for prostate cancer seems destined to remain an important strategy for minimizing the health consequences of this disease.
Abnormal Organogenesis in the Eye

The vertebrate eye focuses images of the environment in the plane of the retinal photoreceptors. Optimal visual function requires not only transparent dioptric media, but also that the relative sizes, shapes, and orientations of ocular tissues fall within the geometric tolerances imposed by the laws of optics. These functional requirements are met during embryonic development by the differentiation of highly specialized populations of cells from undifferentiated precursors and by the coordinated morphogenesis of the resulting tissues. Both processes are controlled to a remarkable extent by interactions which occur among the emerging tissues. Such interactions occur in an orderly, temporal sequence and help to mediate the developmental expression of one of the set of possible ocular phenotypic combinations defined by the individual genotype.
Systematization and structures of the boron hydrides

4 Structures o f the Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 4.1 Borane(3), BH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 4.2 Diboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.2.1 Diborane(4), B2H4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.2.2 Diborane(6), B2H 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.3 Borane Clusters Containing 6 to 13 Skeletal-Bonding Electron Pairs (N) 182 4.3.1 The N = 6 Class; C2B3Hs, [B4HT]and [B3Hs]. . . . . . . 182 4.3.2 The N = 7 Class; [B6H6] 2, BsH9, B4Hlo, and B3HsL 3 . . . . . 183 4.3.3 The N = 8 Class; [BTH7] 2, B6Hlo, BsHll and B4HsL2 . . . . 185 4.3.4 The N = 9 Class; [BsHs] 2, BTHHFe(CO)4, B6H12 and BsHgL2 • 187 4.3.5 The N = 10 Class; [BoHg] 2, BsH12, [B7H12]and B6HloL2 . . . 190 4.3.6 The N = I1 Class; [BloHlo] 2, [BgH12]and BsH14 . . . . . . 192 4.3.7 The N = 12 Class; [BllHll] z , BloH14, n-BgH15, i-BgHls and BsH16 193 4.3.8 The N = 13 Class; [BlzH12] 2, [BlIH13] 2and [BloHI,~] 2. . . . 195 Boranes Containing More than Twelve Boron Atoms . . . . . . . . 196 4.4.1 Tridecaborane(19), B13H19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 4.4
Exploring the 3D architectures of deep material network in data-driven multiscale mechanics

Abstract This paper extends the deep material network (DMN) proposed by Liu et al. (2019) to tackle general 3-dimensional (3D) problems with arbitrary material and geometric nonlinearities. It discovers a new way of describing multiscale heterogeneous materials by a multi-layer network structure and mechanistic building blocks. The data-driven framework of DMN is discussed in detail about the offline training and online extrapolation stages. Analytical solutions of the 3D building block with a two-layer structure in both small- and finite-strain formulations are derived based on interfacial equilibrium conditions and kinematic constraints. With linear elastic data generated by direct numerical simulations on a representative volume element (RVE), the network can be effectively trained in the offline stage using stochastic gradient descent and advanced model compression algorithms. Efficiency and accuracy of DMN on addressing the long-standing 3D RVE challenges with complex morphologies and material laws are validated through numerical experiments, including 1) hyperelastic particle-reinforced rubber composite with Mullins effect; 2) polycrystalline materials with rate-dependent crystal plasticity; 3) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with fiber anisotropic elasticity and matrix plasticity. In particular, we demonstrate a three-scale homogenization procedure of CFRP system by concatenating the microscale and mesoscale material networks. The complete learning and extrapolation procedures of DMN establish a reliable data-driven framework for multiscale material modeling and design.
Heterogeneous Perceptions of Social-Ecological Change Among Small-Scale Fishermen in the Central Gulf of California: Implications for Adaptive Response

As changes in climate, governance, and organization reshape the dynamics of small-scale fisheries around the globe, the persistence of many local livelihoods appears contingent upon the ability of resource users to respond and adapt. Though significant scholarship has considered the limiting roles of resources and infrastructure, recent research has highlighted the importance of local learning and knowledge. Rather than being driven by forces exogenous to local communities, it is increasingly recognized that adaptation may be limited by perceptions and processes within them. Here we explore knowledge production and adaptive response within a small-scale fishery in the central Gulf of California following system perturbation. Using mixed methods from the natural and social sciences, we 1) identify local drivers of socio-ecological change, 2) document knowledge concerning their causes and consequences across a diverse group of small-scale fishermen and 3) identify patterns of intracultural agreement and disagreement associated with divergent adaptive response. Results indicate that perceptions of socio-ecological change were heterogeneous and that gear ownership and target species diversification were critical factors in determining the cultural models through which fishermen understood and responded to changes in the resource system. Unlike other user groups, owner-operator fishermen pursuing generalist livelihood strategies held consensus beliefs regarding changes to system structure and function and demonstrated increased ability to modify fishing tactics with the best practices for sustainable use. Our findings highlight how local knowledge can be used to assess the proximate impacts of external drivers of change and provide insight into the cultural models influencing in situ decision-making and adaptive response within modern fishery systems.
Barriers and Bridges in Abating Coastal Eutrophication

Over the past 30 years concerted campaigns have been undertaken to reverse nutrient-driven eutrophication in coastal waters in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. Typically, eutrophication abatement has proven a more recalcitrant challenge than anticipated, with ecosystem improvements only recently beginning to emerge or falling short of goals. Reduction in nutrient loads has come mainly from advanced treatment of wastewaters and has lagged targets set for diffuse agricultural sources. Synthesis of the major campaigns—varying in terms of physical settings, ecosystem characteristics, nutrient sources, socio-economic drivers, and governance—identified barriers inhibiting eutrophication abatement and potential bridges to overcome them. Actionable science can be advanced by: application of the well-established and emerging knowledge and experience around the globe, client-responsive strategic research, and timely and conclusive adjudication of scientific controversies. More accountable governance requires: enduring engagement of high-level officials of the responsible governments; effective communication of the causes, risks and benefits to the public and stakeholders; quantitative and accountable allocation of responsibility for nutrient load reductions; and binding requirements, as opposed to simply voluntary actions. Effective reduction in nutrient loads requires: reduction strategies for both nitrogen and phosphorus; inclusion of actions that reduce atmospheric emissions of nitrogen in addition to direct inputs to waterways; efficacious regulations; public subsidies based on performance; limitations on biofuel production that increases nutrient loads; and enhancing the sinks and losses for legacy nutrients retained in soils and groundwater. Outcomes must be measured and strategies appropriately adjusted through: sustained monitoring of essential indicators and processes, the use of multiple models, truly adaptive management, and the precautious interventions within the coastal ecosystem. The changing climate must be taken into account by reassessing achievable future conditions and seeking alternatives for mitigating and adapting to climate change that also reduce nutrient loads.
The Worm that Clogs the Lungs: Strongyloides Hyper-Infection Leading to Fatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal helminth. Parasitism is caused by penetration of the larvae through the skin. It is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and in the United States occurs in the southeastern region. It has a tendency to remain dormant or progress to a state of hyper-infection during immunosuppression. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 70-year-old Nigerian who developed fatal ARDS secondary to Strongyloides infection after been treated with steroids for treatment of autoimmune necrotizing myopathy. Despite adequate management with mechanical ventilation and appropriate antifungal therapy, the patient died on day 19 of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS S. stercoralis is known to affect every organ in the body. ARDS is often an overlooked complication of Strongyloides hyper-infection, which is often deadly. Immediate diagnosis and treatment are important for patient survival.
Vestibular Migraine: How to Sort it Out and What to Do About it.

Background:Vestibular migraine (VM) is the most common neurologic cause of vertigo in adults and results in significant utilization of health care resources, but remains under-recognized and underdiagnosed.Evidence Acquisition:Review of literature in PubMed using the following terms: vestibular migr
Transaction Protocol Verification with Labeled Synchronization Logic.

Synchronization algorithms that provide the transaction interface are intricate. We present an algorithm description language that explicitly captures the type of the used synchronization objects and associates labels to method calls to explicitly capture their intra-thread order. We use the language to capture architecture independent representations of transactional memory (TM) algorithms. We present a novel logic that enables reasoning about synchronization algorithms that are described in the language. The logic quantifies over program labels and provides specific predicates and intuitive inference rules to reason about the inter-thread execution and linearization orders of labeled method calls. In particular, the logic assertions can directly capture orders that are fundamental to the correctness of transactions. We present a denotational semantics for the language and prove the soundness of the logic. We have formalized the logic in the PVS proof assistant and mechanically constructed the challenging correctness proof of the TL2 TM algorithm.
Teachers, Computer Technology, and the Change Process

(1997). Teachers, Computer Technology, and the Change Process. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 191-193.
Personality disorders and physical comorbidities: a complex relationship.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is not uncommon for clinicians to label patients' complaints as 'psychogenic' when they present with symptoms that are difficult to understand. This article reviews recent reports about the comorbidity of personality disorders and nonpsychiatric medical problems, which call into question the adequacy of the mind-body dichotomy in medicine. RECENT FINDINGS The strong association of any personality disorders with poor health in cross-sectional and community-based studies is now confirmed by personality disorder predicting future deterioration in longitudinal studies. Borderline personality disorder has been studied most frequently, but recent data suggest that severity of any personality disorder is associated with poor and worsening health. SUMMARY Personality disorder is associated with the full range of physical, mental, and social disorders. Greater attention to the common features of personality disorders, which are crucial for the self-regulation of behavior, would facilitate more effective health promotion and disease prevention across all medical specialties, thereby helping to relieve the burdens of chronic common diseases.
Stop! Collaborate and Listen: A Content Analysis of Peer-Reviewed Articles Investigating Parenting Strategies for Managing Adolescent Internet Use

Research on how families deal with setting boundaries and rules for young family members is very limited in the field of family therapy. By using content analysis methods, the six authors were able to qualitatively analyze the findings from 28 evidence-based articles from multiple journals that yielded five themes that may prove useful for educators, family therapists, researchers and parents. The five themes include: Parental Efficacy; Parenting Styles; Mediation, Monitoring and Collaboration; Adolescent Risk and Risky Behavior; and Adolescent Constructive Internet Use. Parents with positive Internet experience and parents who employed a more positive attitude toward their adolescents appeared to be more efficacious in controlling their adolescents’ use of the Internet. Age and gender were important in how parents monitored the Internet usage of their daughters and sons; older adolescents were given more freedom of choice. Parents who embraced an authoritative parenting style mediated Internet use more than authoritarian or neglectful parents. Implications suggest that parents are more successful in setting boundaries when they themselves have more than basic skills, are willing to negotiate Internet use with their adolescents, and are aware of gender differences in Internet use. Therapeutic strategies for building healthy Internet use in families include: developing family values that include input from the adolescent; building parent skills and understanding of the Internet; and supporting parents in mentoring and guiding their adolescents in setting healthy boundaries that fit their maturity and gender. It is crucial that therapists help parents protect their children as they take a collaborative and positive approach to educating their children about both the risks and positive aspects of the Internet.