cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Averaged and time-resolved, full-field (three-dimensional), measurements of unsteady opposed jets†

Full-field, time-resolved, velocity vector information was obtained for an opposing jet reactor. The velocities were measured by particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) over a range of jet Reynolds numbers (200–5000). The main results reported are for a Reynolds number of 200. Graphical representation of the extensive data fields cannot be conveniently reported here; however, examples are provided. A more thorough presentation is possible by using color and dynamic representations and these are provided at the URL (Uniform Resource Locator, i.e., the address for a location on the Internet) cited in Zhao and Brodkey (1998). It is important to emphasize that the velocity fields presented in this paper are experimental. On a obtenu des donnees de champs de vecteur de vitesse, resolus en temps, pour un reacteur a jets opposes. Les vitesses ont ete mesurees par velocimetrie par suivi de particules (PTV) pour une gamme de nombres de Reynolds des jets (200–5000). Les principaux resultats presentes sont obtenus a un nombre de Reynolds de 200. La representation graphique des champs de donnees complets ne peut pas ětre convenablement donnee ici; cependant, on fournit des exemples. une presentation plus soignee au moyen de representations en couleurs dynamiques, est disponible a l'adresse URL (Uniform Resource Locator, adresse pour un site sur Internet) cite par Zhao et Brodkey (1998). II est important de preciser que les champs de vitesse presentes dans cet article sont experimentaux.
El Madrid inquisitorial en la España del Siglo de Oro

The Madrid of Lope de Vega, Calderon de la Barca and other figures of Spain's Golden Age is also the Madrid of the fearsome Inquisition directed against the influx of Portuguese Jews and against native New Christians of Jewish background, often merchants whose work allowed them to circulate throughout Europe and North Africa. Eradication or true conversion were the only solutions proposed by the Holy Office. Since those conversos who fled Spain left no record dealing with their daily lives in Inquisitorial Madrid, the best source for obtaining such Information and for recreating the atmosphere of the era is the Holy Office itself. Accordingly, the author examines the reports written to the king by the civil servants and/or church officials charged with creating three spectacular autos de fe carried out in the Plaza Mayor: one in 1632 and two in 1680.
Total cryosurgery of the prostate versus standard cryosurgery versus radical prostatectomy: comparison of early results and the role of transurethral resection in cryosurgery.

Purpose:: Results of standard cryosurgery of the prostate for prostate cancer in 49 patients were compared to those of destruction of the urethra during or after cryosurgery with subsequent transurethral resection or total freezing of the prostate (total cryosurgery) in 27. These results were compared to those of radical surgery in 83 patients with similar age, stage and grade of disease, and prostate specific antigen (PSA).Materials and Methods:: The 76 cryosurgery cases included all of those treated by 1 surgeon (R. S. G.) for localized prostate cancer after July 1, 1995. The 83 radical perineal prostatectomy cases consisted of all of those treated by another surgeon during the study period and by R. S. G. before cryosurgery use. Success was defined as a PSA of 0.2 or less 6 months after the procedure and a stricter standard, 0.0 PSA, was also assessed.Results:: The success rate was 96% for total cryosurgery, 48.9% for standard cryosurgery and 73.4% for radical surgery. Using 0.0 PSA as a criterion, 66....
Identification of the Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase homologue

To identify potential opsonic targets of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, a treponemal genomic expression library was constructed and differentially screened with opsonic and non-opsonic T. pallidum antisera. This method identified an immunoreactive clone containing an open reading frame encoding a 356 residue protein. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated the translated protein to be a homologue of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, a glycerol metabolizing enzyme previously identified in Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Borrelia hermsii. Sequence alignment analyses revealed the T. pallidum and H. influenzae enzymes share a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity (72%), suggesting that in T. pallidum this molecule may be surface exposed and involved in IgD binding as is the case with its counterpart in H. influenzae.
Capital adjustment costs, time-to-build effects, and inflation nonneutrality

The paper examines how the presence of capital adjustment costs and time-to-build constraints weaken the Fisher effect and inflation neutrality, and hence attenuate the arbitrage opportunities implicit in intertemporal substitution and the investment decision. It is demonstrated that large and permanent changes in inflation affect nominal interest rates, intertemporal substitution, and investment choices differently than small or temporary changes. Small, transitory inflationary innovations will lower real interest rates, yet create no arbitrage opportunities since the benefits from these low rates will be insufficient relative to the adjustment costs implicit in altering investment. Large, permanent inflationary innovations will possess no real effects. The paper then presents empirical work to support the prediction that the expected inflation effect on nominal interest rates depends on the perceived size and permanence of the innovation.
Interpreting NHANES biomonitoring data, cadmium

Cadmium (Cd) occurs naturally in the environment and the general population's exposure to it is predominantly through diet. Chronic Cd exposure is a public health concern because Cd is a known carcinogen; it accumulates in the body and causes kidney damage. The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) has measured urinary Cd; the 2003-2004 NHANES survey cycle reported estimates for 2257 persons aged 6 years and older in the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. As part of translational research to make computerized models accessible to health risk assessors we re-coded a cadmium model in Berkeley Madonna simulation language. This model was used in our computational toxicology laboratory to predict the urinary excretion of cadmium. The model simulated the NHANES-measured data very well from ages 6 to 60+ years. An unusual increase in Cd urinary excretion was observed among 6-11-year-olds, followed by a continuous monotonic rise into the seventh decade of life. This observation was also made in earlier studies that could be life stage-related and a function of anatomical and phsysiological changes occurring during this period of life. Urinary excretion of Cd was approximately twofold higher among females than males in all age groups. The model describes Cd's cumulative nature in humans and accommodates the observed variation in exposure/uptake over the course of a lifetime. Such models may be useful for interpreting biomonitoring data and risk assessment.
TNFα trafficking in cerebral vascular endothelial cells

Using small tags, we tracked the pathway of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha across cerebral vascular endothelial cells. In cerebral microvessel derived RBE4 cells, (125)I-TNFalpha had rapid endocytosis within the first 20 min and showed substantial exocytosis in the intact form. Biotinylated TNFalpha was detected at different time points after endocytosis by streptavidin-Quantum dots which showed its time-dependent colocalization with intracellular organelles. In mice, electron microscopic autoradiography after intravenous injection of (125)I-TNFalpha showed its transcytosis, as signals emerged on the abluminal side of the endothelial cells and reached brain parenchyma. The vesicular trafficking of TNFalpha reflects the immunomodulatory potential of peripheral cytokines for the CNS.
Issues in packet radio network design

There are many design choices that must be made in the development of a packet radio network. There is usually no single correct choice, and the decisions are dependent on the environment that the network must work in, the requirements for performance and other functionalities, and the cost and other limitations, in addition, as new hardware and software technologies become available, the parameters governing the decisions change and often result in different selections. This paper outlines a number of design issues and choices available. The intent is to provide an overview of the design decisions that must be made so as to provide a context for the decisions made in a number of existing and developing packet radio networks. It is hoped that this will allow future designs to take advantage of both the wealth of experience available as well as new technologies. Three areas of design decisions are identified. The first area deals with the physical aspects of the network and concentrates on the radio connectivity and channel sharing. The second area deals with the automated management of the network and concentrates on issues such as link management and routing. The third area deals with the interface of the network to the users and some practical aspects of operating and maintaining a network.
Performing well in financial management and quality of care: evidence from hospital process measures for treatment of cardiovascular disease

Fiscal constraints faced by U.S. hospitals as a result of the recent economic downturn are leading to business practices that reduce costs and improve financial and operational efficiency in hospitals. There naturally arises the question of how this finance-driven management culture could affect the quality of care. This paper attempts to determine whether the process measures of treatment quality are correlated with hospital financial performance. Panel study of hospital care quality and financial condition between 2005 and 2010 for cardiovascular disease treatment at acute care hospitals in the United States. Process measures for condition-specific treatment of heart attack and heart failure and hospital-level financial condition ratios were collected from the CMS databases of Hospital Compare and Cost Reports. There is a statistically significant relationship between hospital financial performance and quality of care. Hospital profitability, financial leverage, asset liquidity, operating efficiency, and costs appear to be important factors of health care quality. In general, public hospitals provide lower quality care than their nonprofit counterparts, and urban hospitals report better quality score than those located in rural areas. Specifically, the first-difference regression results indicate that the quality of treatment for cardiovascular patients rises in the year following an increase in hospital profitability, financial leverage, and labor costs. The results suggest that, when a hospital made more profit, had the capacity to finance investment using debt, paid higher wages presumably to attract more skilled nurses, its quality of care would generally improve. While the pursuit of profit induces hospitals to enhance both quantity and quality of services they offer, the lack of financial strength may result in a lower standard of health care services, implying the importance of monitoring the quality of care among those hospitals with poor financial health.
REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTOCHROMISM IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE

— The Kubelka-Munk theory for diffuse reflectance has been applied to a quantitative study of photochromism in the crystalline state. For three systems investigated it was found possible to assign first order rate constants to the thermal relaxation process and estimate the pre-exponential factor A and the activation energy Ea in Arrhenius equation. For the fading of the red photocolored form, Λmax=490 mμ, of benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone A = 1.4×108 min-1 and Ea= 15.7 kcal mole-1. For the fading of the blue photocolored form, Λmax=590 mμ, of 2–(2,4-dinitrobenzyl)pyridine A=5×1014 min-1Ea=23.3 kcal mole-1, Cinnamaldehyde semicarbazone showing ‘reversed phototropy’ has a photoactivated state, Λmax=400 mμ, which in dark is transformed into a strongly absorbing yellow species, Λmax= 430 mμ with A =14 × 1010 min-1 and Ea= 18.7 kcal mole-1.
Japanese Beetle: Control of Larvae with Isofenphos

Field tests over a 4-year period at a variety of sites showed isofenphos consistently gave excellent control of larvae of Popillia japonica Newman. The material meets all of the criteria generally considered essential for control of soil-inhabiting pests, i.e., persistence both on the surface and after moving into the upper layer of soil and the ability to penetrate thatch. The material is considered to be suitable for use in quarantine regulatory programs.
Development and characterization of molecularly imprinted sol-gel materials for the selective detection of DDT.

Molecularly imprinting sol−gel materials for DDT using both a noncovalent and a covalent approach was examined. A nonpolar porous sol−gel network was created through the use of the bridged polysilsesquioxane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene (BTEB), as the principal sol−gel component. Noncovalent molecular imprinting was deemed unsuccessful, presumably because of the lack of strong intermolecular interactions that can be established between the DDT and the sol−gel precursor. A covalent imprinting strategy was employed by generating a sacrificial spacer through the reaction of two 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilanes with one of two different template molecules: 4,4‘-ethylenedianiline (EDA) or 4,4‘-ethylidenebisphenol (EBP). After formation of the sol−gel, the bonds linking the spacer template to the matrix were cleaved in a manner that generated a pocket of the appropriate size bordered by amine groups that could aid in the binding of DDT through weak hydrogen bonding interactions. Experiments indicated th...
Permeation of Malathion Through Glove Materials

Abstract The aims of this study were to recommend gloves (lined, unsupported Solvex nitrile, Viton, or Silver Shield laminate) to protect against malathion skin exposure, and to investigate how the carrier (water, hexane, or m-xylene) modified the permeation of the malathion of two commercial emulsion concentrate formulations. An I-PTC 600 American Society for Testing and Materials-type permeation cell at 30°C allowed hexane collection of malathion, with samples taken every 10 minutes for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Malathion did not permeate Silver Shield or Viton up to 8 hours at 30°C whether it was pure or formulated. Of all the formulation and mixture experiments, pure malathion had the shortest breakthrough time (tb), shortest lag time (t1), and highest steady-state permeation rate (Ps) through nitrile. Malathion did not permeate within 8 hours when the formulation of low alkylbenzene content was diluted to the same malathion concentration in water as malathion/m-xylene was with he...
The transformation of Zea mays seedlings with Agrobacterium tumefaciens Detection of T-DNA specific enzyme activities

Virulent strains of the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infect dicotyledonous plants and elicit a profound neoplastic response which results in crown gall formation (18). The inciting agent has been shown to be a high molecular weight plasmid (Ti) a section of which, the T-DNA, integrates into the host plant's genome (4, 28, 30). Although transformation of this kind was presumed to be limited to dicots, the detection of enzyme activities linked to the expression of T-DNA has been demonstrated in monocots from the families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae (10, 11). In this communication, we present evidence that a member of the commercially important Gramineae also is subject to A. tumefaciens directed transformation. This conclusion is based on two observations. First, seedlings of Zea mays that have had the bacteria introduced into wound sites defined by a region which includes the scutellar node and mesocotyl express the activity of enzymes whose synthesis is associated with the translation of T-DNA transcripts. Specifically, strain specific lysopine dehydrogenase activity has been detected in B6 infected material, whereas nopaline dehydrogenase activity is reported only in those plants inoculated with C58N. Second, the detection of either of these activities in extracts made from infected maize plants requires that the assaulting bacterial strain be competent with respect to the transfer of T-DNA. The vir - strains, JK195 and 238MX, are not, and transformation does not seem to occur. In this connection, the corresponding opine synthase activities are not observed.
Electrochemiluminescence in liquid crystals

Abstract Electrochemiluminescence (ecl) of rubrene was studied in nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4′- n -pentylbiphenyl. A thin-layer cell of indium-tin oxide glass with an electrode distance of 5 μm was fabricated with a treatment for molecular aligning of a twisted nematic display of the liquid crystal. In cyclic voltammetric scans up to ± 100 V, a fairly stable emission was observed in the voltage range over ± 50 V. whereas the molecular alignment of the liquid crystal was induced at a usual voltage around ± 5 V. The generation of ecl at such a high voltage was interpreted in terms of electrohydrodynamic convection which was induced under a high electric field in an electrolyte-free system. Other nematic liquid crystals such as phenylcyclohexanes and phenylpyrimidines were examined using rubrene, tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium ion and p -(9′-anthryl)- N,N -dimethylaniline, as the ecl molecule, but they gave either less stable than 4-cyano-4′- n -pentylbiphenyl, or no emission.
Macro policy in the tropics: How sensible people stand

Abstract A model for macro policy analysis is set out, incorporating an inflation theory based on distributional conflict, output and current account adjustment mechanisms, and the money market. Classic structuralist results about contractionary devaluation and stagflationary monetary restriction are derived. Alternative closures of the model are considered — monetarism and external strangulation (or foreign exchange bonanzas) — and it is extended to deal with interest rate reform. Short-term stabilization issues are analyzed — monetary and fiscal policy, import quotas and export subsidies as opposed to devaluation, financial market complications, food subsidies and public sector pricing, and orthodox and heterodox anti-inflationary programs. Finally, medium-term processes of inflation, distribution and growth are described. An example of an irreversible contractionary shock which leads the economy from a distributionally favorable to an unfavorable steady state is presented.
Fundamental Principles of Amplidyne Applications

The Amplidyne generator has been widely applied and is recognized as an important device in the electrical industry. Since it is used primarily as a power amplifier in regulating systems, the requirements of an amplifier for this use are analyzed, and the characteristics of the Amplidyne generator are compared in this paper with these requirements. Owing to the large number of distinct windings of the Amplidyne, it is desirable to follow a consistent practice in terminal markings and polarities. Proposals for this purpose are outlined in the paper, and typical values of amplification for different output ratings are given. Service experience and an application typifying the use of the Amplidyne are discussed, so that the reader may become familiar with the device and its uses.
The Interaction of Sex, Verbal, and Nonverbal Cues in Same-Sex First Encounters

This experiment examined sex differences in responses to various combinations of verbal and nonverbal content during a same-sex interaction. Fifty men and thirty women participated in a same-sex interview task with a confederate posing as another participant. Confederates disclosed either superficial or emotional information, and they faced away from or toward the participant, when answering questions. Results revealed that men attended to verbal information to evaluate the appropriateness of their own personal disclosure, whereas women attended to both verbal and nonverbal cues to evaluate the conversation partner and the appropriateness of their own personal disclosure.
On the survival of branching processes in random environments

Abstract The populations of critical and subcritical branching processes in random environments die out with probability one. But the total population of several such processes in which the sequences of environmental probability generating functions are independent, but mixing or migration from each process occurs after each generation, may be equivalent to the population of a supercritical branching process in random environments, which will survive with positive probability. This paper gives conditions for such a mixing scheme to exist. A functional law of large numbers for E (1n X ) is used.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cefonicid in human plasma, serum and urine

Abstract A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is described for the determination of cefonicid, a recently licensed cephalosporin antibiotic. Quality-control assessment indicates a high level of accuracy and precision; stability data demonstrate no significant degradation of cefonicid in plasma and urine when stored at −70°C for six weeks.
Clinical Applications of a Computer-Assisted Eye Model

A computer-assisted mathematical model of ocular movement has been developed. The model is binocular in operation and allows variation of multiple parameters including: muscle insertions, innervations, length and contractures as well as passive tissue forces. The model can be used in interpretation of clinical findings, such as fourth nerve palsies with contracture of the antagonist inferior oblique.
Detection Of Disks In CT Noise

Summary A study of CT low contrast detectability has been initiated. The advantages of the present study are: 1) Direct utilization of CT hardware and reconstruction to produce images of low contrast objects, 2) Variable number and random placement of test objects remove observer prejudice caused by apriori knowledgeconcerning the objects to be detected.A disadvantage is the absence of anatomical noise which is expected to have a significant impact on low contrastdetectability, in particular on the effect of image smoothing. The low contrast performance of CT appears to have the potential to be considerably better than what is appreciated in routine clinical use. One observation is that the wide windows (typically 250 to 350 for bodies, and 80 to100 for heads) used in routine image viewing, limit the capability for display of low contrast features. An alternativemight be a smoothed image as a compliment to the standard reconstruction. Future work planned includes blind studiesof low contrast detectability with receiver /operator characteristics analysis, noise power analysis of the images, andapplication of the methods to clinical data.AcknowledgmentsI wish to thank Pat Tank for typing this manuscript and to acknowledge that part of this work was performed tofulfill research requirements fora course in the Biophysics graduate program of the Medical College of Wisconsin.
The Motion of Particles Inside a Droplet

Equations of motion for particles translating inside a droplet with internal circulation were developed. The forces experienced by these particles and their relative importance are also summarized. Sample calculations for coal particles in oil droplets show that for high-droplet Reynolds numbers, particles will accumulate near the droplet surface before substantial evaporation of the droplet, based on the results that the characteristic time of transport is two orders of magnitude smaller than the droplet lifetime. These accumulations of particles near the droplet surface will probably result in particle agglomeration. Fow low-droplet Reynolds numbers the particles are making slow looping motions and the characteristic time of transport is comparable to the droplet lifetime. This results in a more even distribution of particles in the droplet with slightly higher particle density near the surface. This indicates a higher particle burning rate and the possibility of internal boiling and microexplosion due to heterogenous nucleation initiated from those coal particles.
On-axis beam extinction through diffraction design and analysis.

To optimize the functions of the surface-relief diffractive optical elements for optical limiters and other applications, we present a systematic design and analysis with numerical illustrations of the transmission properties of different surface-relief phase gratings and Fabry–Perot elements. The spectral response and the tolerance of fabrication errors have been included. An analysis shows that the blazed grating and the echelon grating, a multilevel element as a substitute of the blazed grating, can make the on-axis transmittance very low (less than 1% with one grating) over the broad visible band with a large tolerance of fabrication errors. The results are highly significant for the design of optical-limiting devices.
Guilty until proven guilty?: An examination of the anti-piracy response at the interactional level

Abstract The focus of literature on the policy responses to the Somali pirate has thus far examined controls put in place at the international, regional, and national levels. There has however, been little research examining how these international level policies have manifested themselves at the interactional level, namely through the prosecution of individuals charged with the crime of piracy. Here, informed by elements of critical race theory and the politics of identity, I analyze the trial transcripts of the prosecution of five Somali nationals in the US. I pay particular attention to the reality of these anti-piracy policies as they play out in a US courtroom where they not only reify larger processes of global stratification, but also deny the defendant's access to justice by characterizing them as black, Muslim, youth with possible connections to terrorism.
EXCYSTMENT AND GROWTH OF CHRYSOPHYTES AND DINOFLAGELLATES AT LOW TEMPERATURES AND HIGH SALINITIES IN ANTARCTIC SEA-ICE1

Extreme environmental conditions have been thought to limit algal growth in the upper sea-ice. In McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, chrysophyte statocysts (stomatocysts) and dinoflagellate hypnozygotes (resting cysts) overwinter in first- and second-year land-fast sea-ice exposed to temperatures of -20° C or lower. In early November, when temperatures in the upper ice are 126 psu, dinoflagellate cysts activate and shortly thereafter excyst. During early November, chrysophyte statocysts also begin to excyst. Net daily primary production occurs in the sea-ice brine at temperatures as low as −7.1° C, at brine salinities as high as 129 psu, and at average photon flux densities as low as 5 μmol photons.m−2.s−1. Dinoflagellate densities were >106 vegetative cells.L−1 of ice while temperatures in the upper ice were between −6.8 and −5.8° C and brine salinities were ∼100 psu. Chrysophyte densities reached >106.L−1 of ice by early December. High densities of physiologically active clyo- and halotolerant algae can occur in the upper land-fast sea-ice under extreme conditions of temperature and salinity.
Characterization and comparison of commercially available German and American cockroach allergen extracts

Summary Background In this study we examine the variability among unstandardized cockroach allergen extracts. Methods We obtained 24 aqueous and glycerinated cockroach allergen extracts from nine manufacturers. We used previously characterized cockroach extracts, E2-Cg and E2-Ca, as references. The modified ninhydrin assay was used to determine protein concentration of each extract. Relative potencies of extracts were determined by competition ELISA, using a human allergic serum pool. Bla g 1 and Bla g 2 levels of glycerinated German cockroach extracts were determined by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. Extracts were also analysed by SDS-PAGE. Results Commercial cockroach allergen extracts had highly variable protein contents that were lower than the protein contents of the references. Electrophoretic data confirmed the presence of a variable number and intensity of protein bands in extracts among manufacturers. The relative potencies of the commercial extracts were between 10 and 782 BAU/mL for German cockroach and 10–250 BAU/mL for American cockroach. The mean Bla g 1 content of the commercial extracts was significantly lower than that of the reference (P = 0.001). The mean Bla g 2 content of the commercial extracts was higher than that of the E2-Cg reference but the Bla g 2 levels were more variable compared to Bla g 1. In glycerinated German cockroach extracts, protein concentrations, relative potencies and specific allergen levels were significantly correlated (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our tests indicate that commercially available cockroach allergen extracts are variable in protein content, electrophoretic banding patterns, relative potency and Bla g 2 levels. In glycerinated German cockroach extracts, protein concentrations, relative potencies and specific allergen levels were significantly correlated.
Faculty and Student Perceptions and Behaviours Related to Information Literacy: A Pilot Study Using Triangulation

This pilot study was developed to determine if the University’s students were proficient in information literacy (IL) based on the requisite skills defined by ALA (2000), to define faculty and student perceptions and behaviours related to IL and to test an evaluation rubric using empirical inquiry and triangulated methods. Findings suggested that not all students ( n =164) had satisfactory IL skills even at the senior student level. While 4th year college students (seniors n =91) fared better on an IL survey when compared to 1st year college students (freshmen n= 53), analysis of the senior students’ theses led researchers to believe that students were most likely not skilled in this area, and had an inflated opinion of their own IL abilities. Overall, students felt they were less IL challenged compared to the faculty’s ( n= 55) observation of the IL challenges experienced by the students. Students’ self-assessment of their literacy skills may have been coloured by the propensity of the faculty to over-edit students’ papers rather than simply providing constructive feedback, thus altering the natural end result. These authors used a triangulated approach including thesis review, comparisons between student and faculty survey responses and comparison of findings from the theses and the student and faculty surveys. Findings and discussion of methodology will hopefully provide valuable lessons for those interested in assessing students’ IL.
Prediction of blood-brain partitioning using Monte Carlo simulations of molecules in water.

Summary The brain-blood partition coefficient (log BB) is a determining factor for the efficacy of central nervous system acting drugs. Since large-scale experimental determination of log BB is unfeasible, alternative evaluation methods based on theoretical models are desirable. Toward this direction, we propose a model that correlates log BB with physically significant descriptors for 76 structurally diverse molecules. We employ Monte Carlo simulations of the compounds in water to calculate such properties as the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), the number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, the solute dipole, and the hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic components of SASA. The physically significant descriptors are identified and a quantitative structure-prediction relationship is constructed that predicts log BB. This work demonstrates that computer simulations can be employed in a semi-empirical framework to build predictive QSPRs that shed light on the physical mechanism of biomolecular phenomena.
Growth, Allocation and Water Relations of Shade-grown Quercus rubra L. Saplings Exposed to a Late-season Canopy Gap

For understory saplings to exploit canopy gaps successfully, carbon gain must increase in the gap environment. We predicted that total biomass of shade-grown red oak saplings would increase after exposure to a late-season canopy gap, and that increased water and nutrient demand within the canopy gap would drive changes in the allocation of this carbon. Shade-grown red oak saplings acclimated to gaps by increasing biomass during the season of gap formation and increasing the potential for carbon gain in the following summer. Within-season carbon gain did not result from greater production of leaf area, so it most likely arose from higher photosynthetic rates of existing shade-developed foliage, which may be linked to accumulation of leaf nitrogen. During the season of gap formation, shade-gap plants increased allocation to storage of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), and to root growth. The increase in TNC storage suggests that shade-developed saplings exposed to gaps were also primed for fast growth and carbon gain in the following summer. The increase in root growth suggests that higher nutrient and water demand drove allocation shifts to enhance the capacity for nutrient and water uptake in the gap. Plant hydraulic conductivity (Ka) of shade-grown plants was limited upon exposure to the gap, possibly because of embolism formation resulting from the abrupt increase in water demand. Greater water potential gradients compensated for limitations to Ka, allowing saplings to maintain high transpiration rates, suggesting that actual water uptake of shade-gap plants was unaffected by gap exposure.
Construction of In-Frame aroA Deletion Mutants of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus by Using a New Temperature-Sensitive Plasmid

A temperature-sensitive (TS) plasmid was generated from the endogenous streptomycin resistance plasmid of Mannheimia hemolytica and used to engineer in-frame aroA deletion mutants of Mannheimia hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus. TS replacement plasmids carrying in-frame aroA deletions were constructed for each target species and introduced into host cells by electroporation. After recovery in broth, cells were spread onto plates containing antibiotic and incubated at 30°C, the permissive temperature for autonomous plasmid replication. Transfer of transformants to selective plates cultured at a nonpermissive temperature for plasmid replication selected for single-crossover mutants consisting of replacement plasmids that had integrated into host chromosomes by homologous recombination. Transfer of the single-crossover mutants back to a permissive temperature without antibiotic selection drove plasmid resolution, and, depending on where plasmid excision occurred, either deletion mutants or wild-type cells were generated. The system used here represents a broadly applicable means for generating unmarked mutants of Pasteurellaceae species.
Using handhelds to help people with motor impairments

People with Muscular Dystrophy (MD) and certain other muscular and nervous system disorders lose their gross motor control while retaining fine motor control. The result is that they lose the ability to move their wrists and arms, and therefore their ability to operate a mouse and keyboard. However, they can often still use their fingers to control a pencil or stylus, and thus can use a handheld computer such as a Palm. We have developed software that allows the handheld to substitute for the mouse and keyboard of a PC, and tested it with four people (ages 10, 12, 27 and 53) with MD. The 12-year old had lost the ability to use a mouse and keyboard, but with our software, he was able to use the Palm to access email, the web and computer games. The 27-year-old reported that he found the Palm so much better that he was using it full-time instead of a keyboard and mouse. The other two subjects said that our software was much less tiring than using the conventional input devices, and enabled them to use computers for longer periods. We report the results of these case studies, and the adaptations made to our software for people with disabilities.
Disturbance rejection in an industrial rolling process by feedforward compensation

Tension regulation of a strip accumulator in an industrial rolling process is considered. The accumulator system makes continuous operation of the process possible. Models for simulation and design are developed, and the pertinent disturbance is identified. The design of a feedforward compensator for disturbance rejection is shown. Since the design of the feedforward compensator was disturbance-specific, it could be formulated in an exact manner. The second-order compensator eliminated almost completely the effects of the disturbance on the output. The first-order compensator performed well considering its simplicity. Thus, for near-perfect knowledge of a system model, a feedforward compensator can offer excellent disturbance rejection. >
Medullary regions for neurogenesis of gasping: noeud vital or noeuds vitals?

St. John, Walter M. Medullary regions for neurogenesis of gasping: noeud vital or noeuds vitals? J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1865–1877, 1996.—Gasping is a critical mechanism for survival in that it se...
Fluctuations in Sire Evaluations

Abstract Large fluctuations in an artificial insemination sire's evaluations concern both dairymen and artificial insemination studs. Characteristics of three bulls with high initial values which dropped on later evaluations were compared with those of 17 “normal” bulls. Characteristics included genetic yield, management, genetic trend, environmental trend, and size of herds where daughters freshened, genetic merit of mates, and average age at freshening of daughters in first lactation. Evidence suggests that fluctuations are from preferential treatment of daughters of some sires as well as randomness inherent in methods of sampling and evaluating sires.
Enabling distributed building control with wireless sensor networks

Energy is a precious resource and as electronic devices (e.g., tablets, smart phones, Internet-connected appliances) and electric cars become ubiquitous, the demand for energy will continue to increase. To meet this demand and enable the integration of renewable resources, electrical distribution networks are beginning to adopt smart-grid technologies by providing bidirectional communication between the distribution grid and the electric meter. The question of how appliances within the home will interface with the smart-grid is still an open question. We propose to use wireless sensor networks as a platform to enable detailed household monitoring, demand response, load scheduling, occupancy-based control, intelligent lighting, and other general-purpose control strategies. In this vision, the smart-grid interface is a single input to the building control system which consists of a wide variety of other sensors and supports many applications that greatly extend the capabilities of the smart-grid. To explore this concept we have: developed efficient and accurate energy disaggregation algorithms, developed reliable multicast and broadcast network protocols, evaluated 10 strategies for energy savings, designed a WSN-based building monitoring and control platform, and evaluated this approach in both offices and a residential home.
Characterizing polarization management in a p-HMPD system

It has been a common challenge to operate optical see-through head-mounted displays in well-lit environments due to the low image brightness and contrast compared with the direct view of a real-world scene. This problem is aggravated in the design of a see-through head-mounted projection display (HMPD) in which the projected light is split twice by a beam splitter and further attenuated greatly by a retroreflective screen. A polarizing head-mounted projection display (p-HMPD) design was recently proposed to enhance the overall flux transfer efficiency and thus increase the brightness and contrast of displayed images. Different from the conventional nonpolarizing HMPD designs, the light polarization states in the p-HMPD system are deliberately manipulated to maximize the flux transfer efficiency, which can potentially result in three times higher efficiency than that of a nonpolarizing HMPD. By measuring the Mueller matrices of the major elements in both a p-HMPD and a nonpolarizing HMPD, we characterize the polarization dependence of each element on incident angles and wavelengths, and also investigate the depolarization effect of the retroreflective screen. Based on these experimental results, we further examine the overall luminance efficiencies of the two types of systems and analyze how various aspects of display performances are affected by the angular and chromatic dependence of the polarization components.
Evolutionary Paradigm Shifting in Moral Psychology in Kohlberg’s Penumbra

Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral developmental psychological theories dominated most of the 20th century and continue to influence moral psychology today. Yet “times they are a-changin”—to quote American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan circa the same era. The constructivist, social constructivist, developmental moral psychological paradigm is under threat of obsolescence.
Isaac, Ishmael, and Janus: Past and Future Lessons Regarding the Ethnic Categorization of Faces.

The events of 9/11/2001 have stimulated an unprecedented degree of attention to, and efforts to identify, individuals of Arab descent. Following the Holocaust, social psychologists studied the extent to which Jewish and Non-Jewish people could accurately categorize faces as Jewish vs. Non-Jewish. This study provides a systematic analysis of the results of these earlier studies of the categorization of Jewish faces, with an eye toward informing the current cultural fixation upon the categorization of Arab faces. A meta-analysis was conducted upon all available tests of the accuracy of categorization of Jewish and Non-Jewish faces, allowing the empirical scrutiny of three models of facial perception. Judges can categorize Jewish faces to a significant, albeit extremely small degree; judges can categorize Non-Jewish faces to a much greater degree. Results are most consistent with a model of facial perception that incorporates variations of cognitive representations of groups as a function of group size. These results suggest that training protocols for airport security guards should engage exemplar cognitive representations, emphasizing distinguishing features (rather than ethnic category membership) of faces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Focal aggregation of voltage-gated, Kv2.1 subunit-containing, potassium channels at synaptic sites in rat spinal motoneurones.

Delayed rectifier K+ currents are involved in the control of α-motoneurone excitability, but the precise spatial distribution and organization of the membrane ion channels that contribute to these currents have not been defined. Voltage-activated Kv2.1 channels have properties commensurate with a contribution to delayed rectifier currents and are expressed in neurones throughout the mammalian central nervous system. A specific antibody against Kv2.1 channel subunits was used to determine the surface distribution and clustering of Kv2.1 subunit-containing channels in the cell membrane of α-motoneurones and other spinal cord neurones. In α-motoneurones, Kv2.1 immunoreactivity (-IR) was abundant in the surface membrane of the soma and large proximal dendrites, and was present also in smaller diameter distal dendrites. Plasma membrane-associated Kv2.1-IR in α-motoneurones was distributed in a mosaic of small irregularly shaped, and large disc-like, clusters. However, only small to medium clusters of Kv2.1-IR were observed in spinal interneurones and projection neurones, and some interneurones, including Renshaw cells, lacked demonstrable Kv2.1-IR. In α-motoneurones, dual immunostaining procedures revealed that the prominent disc-like domains of Kv2.1-IR are invariably apposed to presynaptic cholinergic C-terminals. Further, Kv2.1-IR colocalizes with immunoreactivity against postsynaptic muscarinic (m2) receptors at these locations. Ultrastructural examination confirmed the postsynaptic localization of Kv2.1-IR at C-terminal synapses, and revealed clusters of Kv2.1-IR at a majority of S-type, presumed excitatory, synapses. Kv2.1-IR in α-motoneurones is not directly associated with presumed inhibitory (F-type) synapses, nor is it present in presynaptic structures apposed to the motoneurone. Occasionally, small patches of extrasynaptic Kv2.1-IR labelling were observed in surface membrane apposed by glial processes. Voltage-gated potassium channels responsible for the delayed rectifier current, including Kv2.1, are usually assigned roles in the repolarization of the action potential. However, the strategic localization of Kv2.1 subunit-containing channels at specific postsynaptic sites suggests that this family of voltage-activated K+ channels may have additional roles and/or regulatory components.
Device And Fabrication Issues of High Performance Si/Sige Fets

A review of the latest results on high performance Si/SiGe FETs grown on relaxed buffer is presented. A discussion of the fabrication issues facing the achievement of these devices is also included.
Novel preparation of functionalized graphene oxide for large scale, low cost, and self-cleaning coatings of electronic devices

Superhydrophobic coating is a very useful method to lower the moisture adsorption and improve the reliability of electronic devices. Here we report a facile fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces by functionalization of graphene oxide (GO), an important precursor for preparing graphene. Several aliphatic amines molecules were used to react with GO, including hexamine, dodecylamine, hexadecylamine and octadecylamine. These amphiphilic amine molecules, with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads, are chemically grafted onto the GO surface by nucleophilic reaction between epoxide and amine groups. The hydrophobic tail is exposed which lower the surface energy of modified GO sheets. The functionalized GO films exhibit an enhanced surface roughness, which is essential for the superhydrophobicity. It was found that only hexadecylamine and octadecylamine lead to superhydrophobicity after a previously developed functionalization reaction. For octadecylamine-modified GO film, a large contact angle (above 150°) and low hysteresis (below 5°) was observed. Such superhydrophobic coating can be applied on electronic devices by various methods, such as drop coating, dip coating and spray coating. This method is promising in terms of low-cost and large-scale superhydrophobic coatings for device protection.