cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Completely bounded Banach-Mazur distance

Analogous to the Banach-Mazur distance between Banach spaces, we study the completely bounded Banach-Mazur distance between operator spaces. In many cases of Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces we show that the infimum is attained when T is the identity map, and X, Y have the same base space. This provides a machinery to compute and estimate d cb ( X, Y ). Later, using symmetric norming functions we construct counterexamples to show that distinct infinite dimensional homogeneous operator spaces may have finite cb-distance, and that two homogeneous Hilbertian operator spaces may not coincide even if they coincide over all 2-dimensional subspaces.
The Differential Processing of Product Category and Noncomparable Choice Alternatives

This article contrasts consumer choice processing of single products from different categories (noncomparable alternatives) with the processing of multiple products from different categories (product category alternatives). It is unclear whether choosing among single or multiple alternatives from different product categories will drastically affect choice processing. Theoretically, the processing of product categories should be more hierarchical or top-down, and the processing of non-comparables should be more constructive or bottom-up. The results reported here support the theoretical predictions and demonstrate the perceptual and processing differences between the two types of choices.
Public visibility of building not enough to start statute of limitations on architectural copyright infringement claim

A cause of action for infringement of an architectural copyright was held not to accrue until some ‘triggering event’ put the plaintiff on inquiry notice of his claim. The Court of Appeals rejected the proposition that architects have a general duty to review public records or visit public sites in order to police their copyrights; thus, the mere fact that the structure in dispute was erected in plain view of the public was insufficient to commence the limitation period.
Financial Strain, Neighborhood Stress, Parenting Behaviors, and Adolescent Adjustment in Urban African American Families

Using latent variable structural equation modeling, we tested a theoretical model linking financial strain, neighborhood stress, parenting behavior, and adolescent adjustment. The sample consisted of 305 African American families living in inner city neighborhoods. Of the families, 40% were living at or below the U.S. poverty threshold. The primary caregiver and a focal adolescent (mean age 13.5 years) were interviewed separately in each family. The results indicated that the income-to-need ratio was significantly related to financial strain and neighborhood stress, both of which were positively associated with psychological distress in parents. Parent psychological distress was positively related to more negative and less positive parent–adolescent relations, which predicted a lower positive and higher negative adjustment in adolescents. The results extend previous findings by demonstrating that neighborhood characteristics are an important mediator between economic hardship and parent and adolescent behaviors.
Dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer.

This review summarizes data of evidence on dairy intake and prostate cancer which set a background for the existing studies on calcium. It also addresses more specifically the experimental and epidemiological research on vitamin D and prostate cancer and the epidemiological studies on calcium intake and prostate cancer risk. Overall there is reasonable evidence that both vitamin D metabolites and calcium and specifically calcium from dairy sources play important roles in the development of prostate cancer. The strongest evidence for an association between calcium intake and risk of prostate cancer comes from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study in which men who consumed more than 2000 mg of calcium daily had a multivariate relative risk of 4.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.9 11.1) for metastatic and fatal prostate cancer compared with men consuming <500 mg of calcium daily. This association was independent of age body mass index total energy intake fat fructose phosphorous vitamin D vitamin E and lycopene intake. Independent associations were observed for calcium from supplements only and calcium from foods. Given the national enthusiasm to increase calcium consumption in efforts to prevent other chronic diseases further study of the literature is warranted.
Input shaping for continuum beams under longitudinal vibration

The applicability of standard input shapers to continuum longitudinal beams is presented in this paper. The effectiveness of different input shapers, specifically the zero vibration, the zero vibration and derivative, and the unity magnitude-zero vibration shapers, is investigated. Also, the sensitivity of these schemes to modelling errors is presented. Through a derivation of the equation of motion of a longitudinal beam, single mode shapers are shown to have the same vibration reducing characteristics for the first mode of continuum systems as they do for lumped parameter systems. However, the contribution of higher modes is also shown to impact the response, especially when negative input shapers are employed
Mobilizing the proteolytic machine: cell biological roles of proteasome activators and inhibitors

Proteasomes perform the majority of proteolysis that occurs in the cytosol and nucleus of eukaryotic cells and, thereby, perform crucial roles in cellular regulation and homeostasis. Isolated proteasomes are inactive because substrates cannot access the proteolytic sites. PA28 and PA200 are activators that bind to proteasomes and stimulate the hydrolysis of peptides. Several protein inhibitors of the proteasome have also been identified, and the properties of these activators and inhibitors have been characterized biochemically. By contrast, their physiological roles – which have been reported to include production of antigenic peptides, proteasome assembly and DNA repair – are controversial. In this article, we briefly review the biochemical data and discuss the possible biological roles of PA28, PA200 and proteasome inhibitors.
Place as Relationship Partner: An Alternative Metaphor for Understanding the Quality of Visitor Experience in a Backcountry Setting

This article presents empirical evidence to address how some visitors build relationships with a wildland place over time. Insights are drawn from qualitative interviews of recreation visitors to the backcountry at Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado. The article describes relationship to place as the active construction and accumulation of place meanings. The analysis is organized around three themes that describe how people develop relationships to place: time and experience accrued in place, social and physical interactions in and with the setting, and an active reflective process of regulating sense of identity to affirm commitment to place.
The Mass Incarceration of Parents in America: Issues of Race/ Ethnicity, Collateral Damage to Children, and Prisoner Reentry:

The authors discuss social selection, stigmatization, and socialization/strain theoretical explanations for the intergenerational influences of parental incarceration on their children. Results with national survey data reveal that net of selection factors, paternal imprisonment decreases the educational attainment of children in emerging adulthood. While this pattern is found across race/ethnicity, the results in combination with disproportionate minority confinement suggest that parental incarceration is a mechanism of social exclusion of these groups. With data on Texas prisoners, the authors further find that about two-thirds of Hispanic fathers and about half of African American and Anglo fathers expect to live with their children and families when they return to their communities. This last finding suggests a broad foundation across racial/ethnic groups for the investment of resources in supporting the rehabilitation and reunification of these prospective families, for the welfare of the children, t...
Speeding to a stop: The finite-time singularity of a spinning disk

The final stages of a coin spinning on a flat surface have recently been proposed [H.K. Moffatt, Nature (London) 404, 833 (2000)] as an example of a finite-time singularity, wherein the precession rate of the symmetry axis of the coin diverges as it comes to a stop. We report measurements by high-speed video imaging of the rolling motion of disks and rings on a variety of surfaces. We find that the precession rate, $\ensuremath{\Omega},$ diverges as a power law in time: $\ensuremath{\Omega}(t)\ensuremath{\propto}(t\ensuremath{-}{t}_{o}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1/n},$ where ${t}_{o}$ is the instant the motion ceases. The exponent n varies between 2.7 and 3.2 under different experimental conditions. The value of n, as well as the systematic dependence of precession rate on coefficients of friction, establishes that the primary mechanism of energy dissipation is rolling friction rather than air drag, as previously suggested.
No association between selected candidate gene polymorphisms and severe chronic periodontitis.

Background: Chronic periodontitis (CP) risk is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Using a case-control design, we tested for associations between CP and selected DNA sequence variations (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in or near genes coding for proteins that play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.Methods: DNA was analyzed from 219 whites who were examined clinically. Cases (N = 137) were ≥35 years of age with eight or more teeth having ≥5 mm of proximal clinical attachment loss. Controls (N = 82) were ≥45 years of age with minimal or no proximal attachment loss or pocketing. Nine diallelic polymorphisms (gene and SNP descriptor) were studied in subjects: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4, 49 A>G), human β-defensin-1 (DEFB1, 692 G>A), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 1548 A>G), Fas ligand (fasL, −844 C>T), inducible costimulator (ICOS, 3990 G>T), interleukin-6 (IL-6, −174 G>C), cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5, 59653 C>T), osteoprotegerin (OPG, ...
Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution

An aggregate is a group of primary particles that cohere to each other more strongly than to other surrounding soil particles. Most adjacent particles adhere to some degree. Therefore, disintegration of the soil mass into aggregates requires imposition of a disrupting force. Stability of aggregates is a function of whether the cohesive forces between particles withstand the applied disruptive force.
Gender differences in cooperation with group membership

Abstract We study experimentally how males and females differ in the way same-gender peers observing their action affects their social behavior. In our experiment, people play a Prisonerʼs Dilemma game with a partisan audience watching the choice. Two groups participated in each session; these groups could be both all-male, both all-female, or one all-male and one all-female. Groups were separated into two rooms. Each person in the group played the game once with an audience of the same group and once with audience of the other group. Behavior is significantly affected by the interaction of gender and place: males cooperate substantially less often when observed by their peer group, while females cooperate substantially more often. We discuss a possible explanation for this pattern: Males and females wish to signal their in-group peers, but males wish to signal their formidability and females wish to signal their cooperativeness.
Modified Volterra series transfer function method

In this letter, we offer a modified version of the Volterra series transfer function (VSTF) method that has been previously proposed as an analytical solution to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation for single-mode fibers. The modified VSTF provides a simple closed-form expression of the output of a mildly nonlinear fiber. It gives orders more accurate result than the original VSTF method and can successfully solve the energy divergence problem experienced by the original method. The result is a stronger analytical tool for modeling signal propagation in optical communication systems.
Iron cycling at corroding carbon steel surfaces

Surfaces of carbon steel (CS) exposed to mixed cultures of iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) in seawater media under aerobic conditions were rougher than surfaces of CS exposed to pure cultures of either type of microorganism. The roughened surface, demonstrated by profilometry, is an indication of loss of metal from the surface. In the presence of CS, aerobically grown FeOB produced tight, twisted helical stalks encrusted with iron oxides. When CS was exposed anaerobically in the presence of FeRB, some surface oxides were removed. However, when the same FeOB and FeRB were grown together in an aerobic medium, FeOB stalks were less encrusted with iron oxides and appeared less tightly coiled. These observations suggest that iron oxides on the stalks were reduced and solubilized by the FeRB. Roughened surfaces of CS and denuded stalks were replicated with culture combinations of different species of FeOB and FeRB under three experimental conditions. Measurements o...
Defects in ErbB-dependent establishment of adult melanocyte stem cells reveal independent origins for embryonic and regeneration melanocytes.

Adult stem cells are responsible for maintaining and repairing tissues during the life of an organism. Tissue repair in humans, however, is limited compared to the regenerative capabilities of other vertebrates, such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio). An understanding of stem cell mechanisms, such as how they are established, their self-renewal properties, and their recruitment to produce new cells is therefore important for the application of regenerative medicine. We use larval melanocyte regeneration following treatment with the melanocytotoxic drug MoTP to investigate these mechanisms in Melanocyte Stem Cell (MSC) regulation. In this paper, we show that the receptor tyrosine kinase, erbb3b, is required for establishing the adult MSC responsible for regenerating the larval melanocyte population. Both the erbb3b mutant and wild-type fish treated with the ErbB inhibitor, AG1478, develop normal embryonic melanocytes but fail to regenerate melanocytes after MoTP-induced melanocyte ablation. By administering AG1478 at different time points, we show that ErbB signaling is only required for regeneration prior to MoTP treatment and before 48 hours of development, consistent with a role in establishing MSCs. We then show that overexpression of kitla, the Kit ligand, in transgenic larvae leads to recruitment of MSCs, resulting in overproliferation of melanocytes. Furthermore, kitla overexpression can rescue AG1478-blocked regeneration, suggesting that ErbB signaling is required to promote the progression and specification of the MSC from a pre–MSC state. This study provides evidence that ErbB signaling is required for the establishment of adult MSCs during embryonic development. That this requirement is not shared with the embryonic melanocytes suggests that embryonic melanocytes develop directly, without proceeding through the ErbB-dependent MSC. Moreover, the shared requirement of larval melanocyte regeneration and metamorphic melanocytes that develops at the larval-to-adult transition suggests that these post-embryonic melanocytes develop from the same adult MSC population. Lastly, that kitla overexpression can recruit the MSC to develop excess melanocytes raises the possibility that Kit signaling may be involved in MSC recruitment during regeneration.
A detection model of college withdrawal

Many students during their college careers consider withdrawing from their respective college or university. Understanding why some students decide to withdraw yet others persist has implications for both the well being of students as well as for institutes of higher education. The present study develops a model of the decision to withdraw drawing on theories of voluntary employee turnover from organizational psychology and signal detection theory from the cognitive sciences. The model posits that precipitating events or shocks (e.g., changes in tuition) lead students to consider withdrawing from the university. If the evidence surpasses a criterion then the student decides to withdraw. The model was used to identify shocks students were sensitive to and to test hypotheses about the underlying decision process. The theoretical implications of this model in terms of understanding and predicting student withdrawal decisions and voluntary employee turnover decisions are discussed.
Tracking Nonlinear Solutions with Simulated Altimetric Data in a Shallow-Water Model*

Abstract Low-frequency variability of western boundary currents (WBCs) is pervasive in both observations and numerical models of the oceans. Because advection is of the essence in WBCs, nonlinearities are thought to be important in causing their variability. In numerical models, this variability can be distorted by our incomplete knowledge of the system’s dynamics, manifested in model errors. A reduced-gravity shallow-water model is used to study the interaction of model error with nonlinearity. Here our focus is on a purely periodic solution and a weakly aperiodic one. For the periodic case, the noise-corrupted system loses its periodicity due to nonlinear processes. For the aperiodic case, the intermittent occurrences of two relatively persistent states—a straight jet with high total energy and a meandering one with low total energy—in the perturbed model are almost out of phase with the unperturbed one. For both cases, the simulation errors are trapped in the WBC region, where the nonlinear dynamics is...
Mammals (Late Quaternary), Extinctions of

The late Quaternary extinction event (LQEE) is best known by the loss of large mammals (megafauna) from certain continents. Familiar faunal examples of the LQEE include woolly mammoths of the Northern Hemisphere, woolly rhinos in northern Eurasia, ground sloths and glyptodonts in the Americas, and diprotodonts and giant kangaroos in Australia. Comparisons between land masses are revealing. The continents differ significantly in both the magnitude and in the timing of their extinctions. First Australia, then North and South America, and lastly Madagascar (the Island Continent) rapidly lost two-thirds or more of their large mammals. In contrast, losses were comparatively gradual and much less severe in Eurasia and Africa. Although small animals of the continents seldom suffered extinctions, thousands of endemic mammals, birds, and reptiles vanished from oceanic islands.
Toward Moral Responsibility Theories of Corporate Sustainability and Sustainable Supply Chain

In the quest to build truly sustainable corporations and supply chains, we propose (a) the moral responsibility theory of corporate sustainability and (b) the moral responsibility theory of sustainable supply chain. Built from morality literature in philosophy, the view of corporations as moral agents in law, and analyses of corporate hypocrisy and its role in an organization’s and its members’ behaviors, our theories show how a truly sustainable corporation and its external supply chain could emerge. At the core, we believe that without a sense of moral responsibility businesses throughout the supply chain will not be truly sustainable. In today’s highly globalized and fragmented business environments, corporations do businesses with external supply chain partners, and without the truly sustainable supply chain partners, they may not be able to achieve sustainability goals. Moreover, for such a supply chain to be truly sustainable, each member of the supply chain must also be truly sustainable. For each member of the supply chain to be truly sustainable, the individuals who work in a corporation must be truly sustainable as well. That is, a truly sustainable supply chain cannot be established without its member corporations’ and employees’ commitment to and successes in sustainability. This paper shows how business moral responsibility and corporate sustainability are closely intertwined. How these theories could be applied in the corporate and supply chain settings are discussed, and future research opportunities are presented.
LIFE DISSATISFACTIONS, JOB DISSATISFACTION AND ILLNESS OF MARRIED MEN OVER TIME

This study examines the degree to which job and marital satisfaction and participation in leisure activities could predict concurrent and future health status relative to ethnicity, class and occupational factors, and mental health. Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of a random sample of 1034 Manhattan families with at least one child 6 to 18 years of age. The wives in these families were interviewed twice at 5-year intervals. Multiple regression analyses, using variables abstracted from the records of 640 wives of working husbands, indicated that husbands' health status at Time I (R = .33) and Time II, 5 years later (R = .28) was significantly predicted by the Time I assessments on 12 independent variables. The largest single unique contributor, i.e. net of all other independent variables, to concurrent husband's health was job dissatisfaction (partial r = .15), followed by husband's institutionalization for mental illness (r = .14), being Spanish (r = .10), and the factor of Unhappy Marriage (r = .09). This preliminary investigation indicated that uncertain life satisfactions were important predictors for either concurrent or future health status which operated across class, ethnic, occupational and mental health factors. These findings tend to support models which postulate stressful psychosocial conditions as potential etiologic agents in the development of illness.
The Gypsum-Anhydrite Equilibrium at One Atmosphere Pressure

The equilibrium temperature for the reaction CaSO*l4*s.2H*l2*sO=CaSO* l4*s+2H*l2*sO*l(liq. soln)*s has been determined as a function of activity of H* l2*sO (a*lH*l2*sO*s) of the solution. Synthetic gypsum and anhydrite or 1:1 mixtures were stirred in solutions of known a*lH*l2*sO*s (calculated from vapor pressure data for the Na*l2*sSO*l4*s and H*l2*sSO*l4*s solutions), at constant temperature for as much as 12 months. The reversible equilibrium was approached from both sides and is defined by: a*lH*l2*sO*s=0.960 at 55°, 0.845 at 39°, 0.770 at 23°C. Provided the solids do not change in composition, the equilibrium at constant P and T is a function of a*lH*l2*sO*s only and is independent of the constituents in solution. Extrapolation to the bounding system CaSO*l4-*sH*l2*sO(a*lH*l2*sO*s=1.000) yields 58°±2°C. This is within thermodynamic calculations (46°±22°C) but higher than solubility measurements (38° to 42°C). The new data indicate that in sea-water saturated with halite and gypsum should dehydrate above 18°C. The scarcity of anhydrite in modern evaporite deposits is predicted by the present results. The available data on the temperature- salinity conditions under which anhydrite and gypsum exist in the Recent supratidal flat sediments of the Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf, are compatible with the present experimental data.
A CASE OF STROMAL SARCOMA OF THE BREAST AND A STUDY OF RECURRENCE IN 101 DOMESTIC CASES

極めて稀な疾患である乳腺間質肉腫の1例を経験したので若干の考察を加えて報告する.症例は54歳,女性.約1カ月前に右乳房AC領域の腫瘤を自覚し,検診にて同部位に径1.5cmの腫瘤を指摘された.乳房撮影,乳腺エコーでは乳癌が疑われたが,術前吸引細胞診ではsarcomaが強く疑われた.手術は右乳腺腫瘤摘出術を施行し術中迅速病理診断にて乳腺肉腫と診断されたため,右乳腺円状部分切除術を追加した.永久病理組織標本では乳腺間質肉腫と診断された.術後補助療法として術後残存乳房に対する60Gyの放射線治療を施行した.術後1年2カ月が経過するも再発は認めていない.本邦報告101例による腫瘍径と術式別局所再発の検討から,腫瘍径が3cm以下の症例での乳房温存手術適応を検討すべきであると考えられた.
Torsion of thin-walled braided composite cylinders

David W. Jensen' and Colleen M. McCarty2 The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 This paper summarizes the results of an experimental program to evaluate the effectiveness of torsion testing for determination of the in-plane shear properties, primarily strength and modulus, of braided composite tubes. In particular, the effects of unit cell geometry (namely braid angle, percentage of longitudinal tows, and braided tow size) were examined. An end fixture was designed to transfer the shear loads to the tube by means of frictional load transfer using a combination of an outer collar and a slightly oversized inner plug. A total of 48 torsion tests were performed. The experimental results indicate that the shear moduli correlate well with the values predicted using Classical Lamination Theory, although the predicted shear strengths are considerably higher than the measured values. The effects of the variations in the unit cell geometry on the experimental results are evaluated and presented. Overall, braided composites have been shown to be highly flexible and damage tolerant in torsion loading.
Efficiency of multi‐strand steel, superelastic Ni‐Ti and ion‐implanted Ni‐Ti archwires for initial alignment

In a clinical trial involving 155 dental arches with irregularity > 5 mm, the rate of alignment was used to compare the alignment efficiency of 16 mil superelastic Ni-Ti versus 17.5 mil triple-stranded steel archwires, and to determine whether ion implantation of the Ni-Ti wire improved its performance. Subjects were randomly assigned to archwire types; both 18 and 22 slot edgewise appliances were employed. Pre-treatment equivalence of the experimental groups was verified. Anterior irregularity was determined monthly (using Little's irregularity index) until it decreased below 2 mm, and the elastomeric ligatures were replaced at each appointment. Effective tooth movement occurred with each of the archwire types. There were no significant differences among wires, but the rate of alignment was significantly faster in the lower arch for subjects with the 22 slot appliance.
Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that biofilms are critical to the pathophysiology of chronic infections including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Until relatively recently, our understanding of biofilms was limited. Recent advances in methods for biofilm identification and molecular biology have offered new insights into the role of biofilms in CRS. With these insights, investigators have begun to investigate novel therapeutic strategies that may disrupt or eradicate biofilms in CRS. Objective This review seeks to explore the evidence implicating biofilms in CRS, discuss potential anti-biofilm therapeutic strategies, and suggest future directions for research. Results The existing evidence strongly supports the role of biofilms in the pathogenesis of CRS. Several anti-biofilm therapies have been investigated for use in CRS and these are at variable stages of development. Generally, these strategies: 1) neutralize biofilm microbes; 2) disperse existing biofilms; or 3) disrupt quorum sensing. Several of the most promising anti-biofilm therapeutic strategies are reviewed. Conclusions A better understanding of biofilm function and their contribution to the CRS disease process will be pivotal to the development of novel treatments that may augment and, potentially, redefine the CRS treatment paradigm. There is tremendous potential for future research.
Can Knowledge of Islam Explain Lack of Support for Terrorism? Evidence from Pakistan

ABSTRACTIn this research note we employ the work of Wiktorowicz who suggests that persons who are knowledgeable of Islam may be more capable of critically evaluating the claims of militant recruiters and ideologues and thus be more resistant to their appeals than those who are not knowledgeable. This gives rise to an interesting research question: Does knowledge of Islam reduce support for Islamist militancy? To evaluate this research question, we employ data derived from a nationally representative survey fielded among 16,279 Pakistanis in 2011. Using several survey items, we construct a “knowledge index” to measure respondents’ basic knowledge of Islam, which is our principal independent variable. To operationalize support for militancy we use two survey items that query respondents about their support for two prominent Islamist militant groups based in and from Pakistan: the Afghan Taliban as well the sectarian group, Sipah-e-Sahaba-e-Pakistan (also known as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat...
Clinical effectiveness of a pylorus-preserving procedure on total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation

Abstract Background The impact of pylorus preserving procedures (PP) on total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) has not been examined. This study aimed to investigate the clinical impact of the PP on TPIAT. Methods The Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute database was queried to identify seventy-three patients who underwent TPIAT from 2006 to 2014. All patients were investigated in postoperative complications, long-term nutritional status, and graft function. Results Patients with PP did not face worse outcomes in terms of delayed gastric emptying and length of hospital stay. Also, nutritional status and metabolic outcome, such as body weight, serum albumin level, serum vitamin level, HbA1c level, graft survival rate and insulin independent rate, were similar between both groups. Conclusions Clinical results including the graft function indicated that patients undergoing TPIAT with PP did not amplify surgical complications such as delayed gastric emptying and showed no significant advantage of nutrition and metabolic outcome.
Teaching healthy musicianship: the music educator's guide to injury prevention and wellness

That a large proportion – as high as 75% – of musicians and music students experience some form of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders is well established in the research on musical health an...
"Why Did You Blend My Learning?" A Comparison of Student Success in Lecture and Blended Learning Introduction to Sociology Courses.

Introduction to Sociology at a large public university was taught in two separate formats, blended learning and lecture, during the same semester by the first author. While some similarities existe...
Operating Risk and the Scope of Lender Control Rights

When lenders gain control rights in technical default, they influence corporate operating decisions. We develop a novel measure of operational risk-taking that utilizes industry-specific data on corporate operations. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that borrowers reduce operational risk-taking following covenant violations, corresponding to a marginal decrease in the probability of experiencing distress within one year by as much as 10%. The magnitude of this effect is concentrated in borrowers with ex ante information asymmetry or agency problems and lending syndicates with low coordination costs, low expected loss given default, and high propensity for active intervention.
Risk Probability Estimation in Systems Using Distributed Control

Abstract The safety state model has been developed as a mechanism for estimating dynamic risk probability in surface transportation systems. Given the identification of a particular consequence and the conditions which can lead to that consequence, the model is used to observe the system in operation, and subsequently to provide an estimate of the risk probability of that consequence as a function of system state. In this paper, the method has been generalized for any type of system which utilizes a distributed control paradigm. Issues pertaining to practical model size are discussed. A worked example is included to illustrate the method.
Late antiquity and the antiquarian

Arnaldo Momigliano, the most influential modern student of antiquarianism, advanced the view that there was a late antique antiquarianism, but also lamented the absence of study of the history of antiquarianism in this period. Part of the challenge, however, has been to define the object of such a study. Rather than “finding” antiquarianism in late antiquity as Momigliano did, this article argues that a history that offers explicit analogies between late antique evidence and the avowed antiquarianism of early modern Europe allows a more self-conscious and critical history of late antique engagement with the past. The article offers three examples of this form of analysis, comparing practices of statue collecting in Renaissance Rome and the late Roman West, learned treatises on the Roman army by Vegetius and Justus Lipsius, and feelings of attachment to a local past as a modern antiquarian stereotype and in a pair of letters to and from Augustine of Hippo.
Vulnerability, context, and fear of victimization: Exploring race and ethnicity

The importance of individual- and structural-level factors in predicting fear of victimization has been a source of many empirical evaluations. Theoretical predictors that influence these associati...
Theoretical Study of Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation on Metal-Doped Cu(111) Surfaces

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations were employed to investigate the methanol synthesis reaction from CO2 hydrogenation (CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O) on metal-doped Cu(111) surfaces. Both the formate pathway and the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction followed by a CO hydrogenation pathway (RWGS + CO-Hydro) were considered in the study. Our calculations showed that the overall methanol yield increased in the sequence: Au/Cu(111) < Cu(111) < Pd/Cu(111) < Rh/Cu(111) < Pt/Cu(111) < Ni/Cu(111). On Au/Cu(111) and Cu(111), the formate pathway dominates the methanol production. Doping Au does not help the methanol synthesis on Cu(111). Pd, Rh, Pt, and Ni are able to promote the methanol production on Cu(111), where the conversion via the RWGS + CO-Hydro pathway is much faster than that via the formate pathway. Further kinetic analysis revealed that the methanol yield on Cu(111) was controlled by three factors: the dioxomethylene hydrogenation barrier, the CO bin...
Function and cell surface phenotype of dendritic cells from rat cornea.

PURPOSE To isolate dendritic cells (DC) from rat corneas and to examine their functions and surface markers in vitro. METHODS Cells were isolated enzymatically from dissected rat corneas and cultured for various intervals of time. Dendritic cells were enriched immunomagnetically from corneal cell preparations using monoclonal antibodies against DC surface antigens and tested for functional activity in lymphocyte stimulation assays. In vivo migration of DC was induced by traumatizing the corneal epithelium. Wholemounts of epithelial sheets were stained immunofluorescently with anti-DC antibodies and examined by confocal microscopy. Dendritic cells isolated from traumatized corneas were tested for functional activity. RESULTS Corneal DC exhibited the properties of other members of the DC family, i.e., low buoyant density, lymphoid DC-specific markers, and lymphostimulatory function. In fresh unfractionated cell preparations of normal cornea, no functional activity was detected. However, DC immunomagnetically purified from fresh preparations were functionally active. Injury to the corneal epithelium induced the migration of DC from the periphery to the central cornea; DC measured in this situation showed significantly increased functional activity. Finally, IL-1 beta and GM-CSF enhanced the functional activity of corneal DC. CONCLUSIONS Corneal DC have lymphostimulatory capacity in situ, but they may be maintained in a state of latency by the suppressive influence exerted by neighboring cells. Injury to the corneal epithelium results in functional activation of the corneal DC, which may be caused by cytokines such as IL-1 beta or GM-CSF. Thus, corneal DC may be important in the immune regulation of the anterior segment.
Education and Gender Rights in Latin America

The study explores the development of gender rights in Latin America’s legal and educational fields from the 1980s –when the previous legal frameworks were first implemented– to the late 2000s, when Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay reformed their educational laws. In a relatively small number of years, Argentina (2006), Chile (2009) and Uruguay (2008) changed their national education legislation, including gender as a relevant element of the law for the first time. The investigation analyzes, from a poststructuralist perspective, the situation that “suddenly” brought gender to the forefront as a major issue for educational policy in the southern part of Latin America. The chapter describes how gender was able to emerge as a category only when three elements – a set of powerful institutions represented by international organizations, a vast corpus of knowledge attached with a salvific rhetoric, and a set of local experts represented by women’s non-governmental organizations – were able to construct a language about gender that compelled national stakeholders to include gender rights in their educational national laws.
Special Clinical Forms of Dysphasia

Syndromes of dysphasia may vary from the forms described in the preceding sections, or certain aspects of dysphasic syndromes may appear more prominently than others, depending on associated clinical conditions, language background of the patient, history of left-handedness, lesion localization, or individual differences. In this section we consider clinical features of some of these special forms of dysphasia.
SMALL POLARON HOPPING WITHOUT TRAP PARTICIPATION IN DISPERSIVE TRANSIENT TRANSPORT IN SiO2 OF MOS STRUCTURES

ABSTRACT Analyses of the dispersive transient transport data of a-SiO 2 indicate that the temperature dependences of the transit time and of the prompt mobility of small hole polaron hopping are strongly correlated. This correlation is in quantitative agreement with the predictions of a recently advanced model. The implications are that dispersive transient transport occurs also by small polaron hopping and that no traps or defects are involved.
Comparison of the Effects of Ras Effector Mutants and Ras Effectors on Transformed and Tumorigenic Growth of Human and Rodent Cells

How oncogenic Ras signaling leads to transformation of normal cells to malignant state has been under intense scrutiny over the last few decades. It is now well-appreciated that Ras induces an immensely complicated network of signaling cascades that can lead to very different outcomes depending on cell type, genetic background, phenotype assayed for, and so forth. On top of all these differences, mounting evidence suggests that there may even be differences in Ras-mediated oncogenesis between rodents, the primary model system used to study Ras oncogenesis, and humans. In this chapter, we will summarize what Ras effector pathways have been implicated in the most common and stringent phenotypes of Ras transformed cells, anchorage-independent growth using soft agar assay and in vivo xenograft tumorigenesis using immunocompromised mice, between mice and human cells
A Historical Overview of Eclectic Therapy

The first chapter dealt with trends toward eclecticism that have been occurring over the last 20 to 30 years. In this chapter I will expand the time frame to look at developments in eclectic therapy from the late 1800s up to the eclectic therapy of Frederick Thorne which was formulated in the 1940s and 1950s.
Post Cardiac Surgery Acute Kidney Injury and Cardiorenal Syndromes

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of pediatric cardiac surgery with an important impact on morbidity and mortality. Several predictors should be considered including perioperative renal injury due to non-pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass, altered hemodynamics, hemolysis, and inflammation. Prevention of AKI is the mainstay of the management of this important pathological condition being the avoidance of fluid accumulation (through fluid administration restriction, loop diuretics, and early prescription of renal replacement therapy when required) among the most important.
UNIT 9.17 Bone Marrow Engraftment Studies

Bone marrow engraftment studies are used to evaluate the level of donor versus recipient cells in post-transplant peripheral blood or bone marrow specimens. Unique DNA fingerprints identified from the recipient and the donor are used to determine the proportion of each contained within the total DNA extracted from the post-transplant specimen. These percentages correspond to relative amounts of donor and recipient cells in the specimen. Engraftment studies are sequentially performed on transplant patients to monitor closely the levels of donor and recipient cells so that appropriate therapeutic intervention can proceed if and when needed. This unit describes the use of fluorescent PCR for amplification of genomic short tandem repeats (STR). STR analysis is now considered the gold standard for engraftment studies and provides a quick and accurate assessment of the contribution of both donor and/or recipient hematopoietic cells in post-transplantation specimens. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 62:9.17.1-9.17.34. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: allogeneic bone marrow transplantation; DNA typing; fluorescent PCR; chimerism; short tandem repeats
Enhanced Macrophage Pannexin 1 Expression and Hemichannel Activation Exacerbates Lethal Experimental Sepsis.

We have recently reported an important role of Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels in the pathogenesis of lethal sepsis through facilitating ATP efflux to potentiate the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR)-dependent macrophage activation. Here we further elucidated the possible role of Pannexin 1 (Panx1) hemichannel in lethal sepsis by assessing its expression along with the impact of a Panx1-specific mimetic inhibitory peptide, 10Panx, on macrophage hemichannel activity in vitro and animal sepsis lethality in vivo. Both crude bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and purified serum amyloid A (SAA) effectively induced the expression and extracellular release of Panx1 by macrophages or monocytes as judged by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry assays. In animal model of lethal sepsis, Panx1 expression levels were significantly elevated in the heart, but reduced in the kidney, lung, spleen, and blood. At relatively lower doses (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg), the Panx1 mimetic peptide, 10Panx, reproducibly exacerbated the sepsis-induced animal lethality, reducing survival rates from 60–70% to 0–10%. Consistently, 10Panx did not inhibit, but rather promoted, the LPS-induced elevation of Lucifer Yellow dye uptake, ATP release, and Nitric Oxide (NO) production. Collectively, these findings suggested that elevated macrophage Panx1 expression and hemichannel activation contribute to the pathogenesis of lethal sepsis.
Failure Handling in Routine Design

This chapter discusses failure handling in routine design. A plan is an ordered sequence of actions where the different kinds can be mixed in any way. Any mechanisms that are adopted to handle failures should arise naturally from an analysis of the domain. Different mechanisms are appropriate in different places. Failure handling is a complex and varied collection of processes. Different types of failures lead to different types of failure handling. To handle failures during design, the knowledge structures already presented must be augmented to allow discovery of exactly what failure occurred and to attempt recovery when appropriate. When a failure occurs during the design process, it can be because of many causes. For example, a piece of design knowledge may be inappropriate for the current situation, or some assisting agent may discover that its part of the design couldn't be done. The design agent needs to inspect the failure reports to see what kind of failure occurred and then prescribe the appropriate action.
Agnostic System Identification for Model-Based Reinforcement Learning

A fundamental problem in control is to learn a model of a system from observations that is useful for controller synthesis. To provide good performance guarantees, existing methods must assume that the real system is in the class of models considered during learning. We present an iterative method with strong guarantees even in the agnostic case where the system is not in the class. In particular, we show that any no-regret online learning algorithm can be used to obtain a near-optimal policy, provided some model achieves low training error and access to a good exploration distribution. Our approach applies to both discrete and continuous domains. We demonstrate its efficacy and scalability on a challenging helicopter domain from the literature.
A Survey of Client Experiences With Orthotics Using the QUEST 2.0

Date Presented 04/05/19 The purpose of this study was to determine the level of client satisfaction with device characteristics and service provision of custom-fabricated hand orthotics using the QUEST 2.0 questionnaire. The top three subcategories were comfort, effectiveness, and ease of use. Practitioners who prescribe orthoses should consider client preferences, as they may improve the client's experience and promote better intervention outcomes. Primary Author and Speaker: August Mezzio Jr. Additional Authors and Speakers: Miremonde Joseph, Rebecca Constant, Mallory Rickloff Contributing Authors: Kristin Valdes
Utilizing Indicator Kriging to Identify Suitable Zones for Manual Drilling in Weathered Crystalline Basement Aquifers

Abstract: Manual drilling offers a practical and affordable method of increasing access to groundwater supply in regions struggling with economic water scarcity. However, manual techniques are limited to specific hydrogeological contexts and must be sited appropriately. Indicator kriging is proposed as an interpolation method that builds upon previous efforts to identify suitable zones for manual drilling, particularly in weathered crystalline basement aquifers. This approach allows for heterogeneity within weathering profiles and provides probability mapping of success for regional planning. Modeling was conducted in the Upper East Region of Ghana using available borehole-log data, including: well yield, static water depth, laterite thickness, depth to hard rock, water quality parameters, and the degree of weathering. Indicator kriging interpolations for depth to hard rock predicted binary variables with over 90% accuracy. The model predicts that drilling into highly weathered layers will often be necessary to reach the required depths for groundwater use, emphasizing the importance of percussion techniques. The results suggest that suitable zones occur near Bolgatanga, Bawku, and Zebila, which coincide with historical drilling efforts in the central and eastern portions of the region.
Implication of wax on hindering self-healing processes in bitumen

Abstract This paper examines the molecular mechanism of self-healing and hindering effect of wax on self-healing in bituminous adhesives. To do so, computational analysis was combined with microscopy to show the effect of molecular binding and surface morphology on self-healing processes in bituminous adhesives. Specifically, here, we demonstrated how bitumen wax content can hinder self-healing of microcracks in bitumen by promoting formation of characteristic features (bees) on the surface of cracks. Surfaces of a fresh crack in bitumen are free of “bees”, but wax molecules migrate to the bitumen-air interface forming “bee” structures quickly. This can be attributed to “bees” being measurably less adhesive than other bitumen components. This was supported by our computational analysis showing interactions between wax and bitumen components ( 50 kcal/mol). In addition, the “bees” introduce nanoscale surface roughness that could prevent conformal contact and keep a large proportion of the surfaces separated. This was also evidenced in our density functional analysis showing electrostatic interactions decrease notably with increase of distance between wax crystals. Accordingly, presence of wax can hinder self-healing of bitumen by altering surface morphology and preventing conformal contact between two sides of a microcrack.
Immigrant parent’s religiosity and the second-generation children’s adaptation

Drawing on insights from social capital theory, this study empirically examined the association between immigrant parent’s religiosity and the second-generation immigrant children’s adaptation in t...