cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective expression of human X chromosome-linked green opsin genes.

Abstract The human red and green photopigments are specified by genes on the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq28). In individuals with normal color vision, the locus was proposed to consist of a single red pigment gene upstream of one or more copies of green pigment genes. The presence of a single red pigment gene in the array was confirmed by demonstration of only one retinal mRNA transcript coding for the red opsin. In individuals with multiple green pigment genes, it is unknown whether all genes are expressed. We analyzed the sequence of red- and green-specific mRNA from retinas of individuals with multiple green pigment genes in comparison with the corresponding genomic DNA sequences. The data showed that only a single green pigment gene is expressed. We therefore suggest that a locus control-like element, already known to be located 3.8 kilobases upstream of the transcription initiation site of the red pigment gene, allows transcription of only a single copy of the green pigment genes, probably the most proximal copy. This finding provides an explanation for the not-infrequent presence of 5' green-red hybrid genes in individuals with normal color vision. Such hybrid genes are usually associated with defective color vision. We suggest that 5' green-red hybrid genes produce defective color vision only when their position in the gene array allows expression in the retinal cone cells.
Implementation of CDFM Generator Control

The control of a cascaded doubly fed machine (CDFM) to be used for aircraft power generation is investigated. The controller employs a resistance simulator in the generator exciter to provide machine damping. Excitation is provided by a six step inverter fed from a controlled rectifier. Delays due to the dc link time constant cause the resistance simulation to be nonideal. An investigation into the ability of resistance simulation to provide damping under these conditions is described. The study includes linearized analysis, simulation, and laboratory tests. Good correlation between these methods was obtained throughout the study. Three control strategies for providing machine damping were investigated, and it is concluded that resistance simulation can be used to provide machine damping under these conditions.
Changing the Subject: Neoliberalism and Accountability in Public Education

This article examines the relation between the rise of neoliberalism and accountability in education. I argue that the contemporary accountability system of high-stakes standardized tests and privatized school choice is a manifestation of the neoliberal project of cultural reconstruction and moral reform. This study situates neoliberalism in the context of the accountability movement that emerged in the United States around 1970, and examines the implications of the philosophy, culture, and ethos of neoliberalism for educational thought and practice. I argue that resisting neoliberal forms of accountability is crucial, not only to defending the right of students to a genuine and equitable public education, but to refusing the extension of market values and culture to education. I conclude that neoliberal accountability fails to engender the cultural ideals it professes to value, and that this failure makes it possible to challenge the self-evident nature of neoliberal discourse and practices.
Ab initio determination of the dielectric response of GaAs, AlAs, C, and SrO in the weighted-density approximation

We investigate the accuracy of the weighted-density approximation (WDA) in predicting the dielectric response of materials from first-principles. WDA is a genuinely non-local formulation for the exchange-correlation term of density-functional theory. Still, it can be cast into a computationally tractable scheme, allowing for practical applications in pseudopotential calculations. We have selected a group of materials with increasingly ionic character (C, GaAs, AlAs, and SrO), and we have calculated the static dielectric constant as a supercell limit of the electronic response to an applied electric field at finite q. The WDA response is found to be somewhat lower than LDA, in agreement with the experimental trend. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of Emotion Acceptance Behavior Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Series

This case series describes the development of a novel psychotherapeutic intervention for older adolescents and adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). Emotion acceptance behavior therapy (EABT) is based on a model that emphasizes the role of anorexic symptoms in facilitating avoidance of emotions. EABT combines standard behavioral interventions that are central to the clinical management of AN with psychotherapeutic techniques designed to increase emotion awareness, decrease emotion avoidance, and encourage resumption of valued activities and relationships outside the eating disorder. Five patients with AN aged 17-43 years were offered a 24-session manualized version of EABT. Four patients completed at least 90% of the therapy sessions, and three showed modest weight gains without return to intensive treatment. Improvements in depressive and anxiety symptoms, emotion avoidance, and quality of life also were observed. These results offer preliminary support for the potential utility of EABT in the treatment of older adolescents and adults with AN.
Melting of Thin Supported Films

The melting behavior of a two-dimensional film consisting of N monolayers interacting with a flat substrate is studied by using the Lennard-Jones-Devonshire cell model. It is shown that for a freestanding film the transition is first order regardless of the number of layers, but the melting temperature decreases monotonically as a function of N. The introduction of a short range substrate potential has the tendency to smear out the melting transition. Quantitative results on the specific heat and entropy variations, as well as the fluctuation effects, are presented.
Identification of a Mobile Robot Behavior

The knowledge-based control of autonomous vehicles allows efficient hierarchical structures that utilize linguistic sensory data at various levels of resolution and exactness. This is mainly due to the fact that the control is based on a collection of rules, rather than an analytical controller. Each rule in the controller prescribes the control for a specific situation. In this paper an experimental method of control rule derivation is described. A two stage identification process is employed. First, the structure of the mobile robot is determined and the state variables are defined. Then the relations that are essential for the derivation of optimal control rules are found by experimentation. A minimum-time control algorithm for mobile robot position control is also included in the paper.
Finding the Optimal Dose of Vitamin D Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Prospective, Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial

Background Vitamin D deficiency is common following bariatric surgery and is due to a combination of baseline deficiency and postoperative malabsorption. There are few prospective studies evaluating the appropriate dose of vitamin D to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency following bariatric surgery.
A survey of the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide in patients with severe aplastic anemia

The members of the American Society of Hematology were surveyed to determine their experience in the treatment of patients with severe aplastic anemia (AA) with cyclophosphamide (CYT). Among the 401 members responding, 50 had treated AA patients, and three remissions were reported. These remissions can be explained either by response to CYT in a subgroup of patients with AA due to an immune mechanism or to spontaneous remission. Clinical trials of the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of AA patients will not likely permit a distinction between drug effect and spontaneous remission until the subgroup of patients with immune-mediated AA is identified through the development of more sensitive and specific in vitro tests.
Effect of irradiation temperature and oxygen impurity on the yield strength of T(d, n) neutron irradiated niobium

Tensile tests and microstructural examinations have been conducted on niobium wires and foils with differing oxygen contents following irradiation with T(d, n) neutrons (14.8 MeV) at 300 K, 475 K, and 675 K. The yield strength of the irradiated wires was strongly dependent on both oxygen content and irradiation temperature. Increasing the oxygen content from 185 to 480 wppm produced 1.6 to 2.0 times greater increases, Δσ, in the measured yield strength for samples irradiated at the same temperature to a fluence of ∼ 5 × 1021 m−2. Maximum strengthening was observed following irradiation at 475 K where the measured yield strength increases were at least a factor of 3 greater than for samples with similar oxygen contents irradiated at 300 K. Irradiation at 675 K produced 30 to 60% more strengthening at 5 × 1021 m−2 than irradiation at 300 K. Correlations between the measured yield strength and microstructural data suggest that oxygen impurities interact with the irradiation produced defects during irradiation at 475 K, resulting in more effective obstacles to dislocation motion and consequently greater strengthening.
Fluorescence patterning in films of a photoswitchable BODIPY-spiropyran dyad.

A BODIPY–spiropyran dyad was embedded within poly(methyl methacrylate) films spin-coated on glass slides. Visible illumination of the resulting materials excites selectively the BODIPY fragment, which then deactivates radiatively by emitting light in the form of fluorescence. Ultraviolet irradiation promotes the isomerization of the spiropyran component to the corresponding merocyanine. This photoinduced transformation activates electron and energy transfer pathways from the fluorescent to the photochromic fragment. Consistently, the BODIPY fluorescence is effectively suppressed within the photogenerated isomer. As a result, ultraviolet illumination with a laser, producing a doughnut-shaped spot on the sample, confines the fluorescent species within the doughnut hole. This behavior is an essential requisite for the implementation of super-resolution imaging schemes based on fluorescence photodeactivation. Thus, the operating principles governing the photochemical and photophysical response of this molecular switch can ultimately lead to the development of innovative probes for fluorescence nanoscopy.
Two-level periodic marketing networks without market news

Abstract A model is constructed for a two-level periodic marketing network wherein traders buy goods from farmers in a number of spatially separated markets and transport them to urban centers for sale to consumers. It is assumed that there is no market news dissemination. As a result, market disturbances are transmitted throughout the network at a rate limited by the trading activity. Moreover, distant markets may even be isolated from local disturbances. This model possesses one and only one equilibrium state. That equilibrium state is asymptotically stable if the slopes of the various supply and demand functions are sufficiently restricted in the vicinity of the equilibrium state.
Effect of low methionine, choline deficient diets upon major unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions of rat liver and plasma

To see how the metabolism of specific phosphatidyl choline fractions might be affected when only a limited source of methyl groups was available, rats were fed for 7 days a low methionine, cholinedeficient diet or one supplemented with either choline or methionine. Prior to killing, they were injected with14C-methyl methionine and liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline isolated and separated by argentation chromatography into 3 major unsaturated fractions. Fatty acid composition and radioactivity of the fractions were determined. Deficient rats had reduced total liver phosphatidyl choline when compared with the supplemented groups, but the proportions of 20∶4 and 22∶6 fatty acids in the total phosphatidyl choline were unchanged. Plasma phosphatidyl choline also was reduced sharply by the deficiency, as was its proportion of 20∶4 fatty acid. Specific activities of the liver 22∶6, 20∶4, and 18∶2 phosphatidyl choline fractions showed that deficient rats had less radioactivity in their 20∶4 and 18∶2 phosphatidyl choline than did the supplemented animals. Plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions presented a similar pattern. Feeding methionine or choline nearly doubled radioactive methyl group incorporation into the 20∶4 phosphatidyl choline fraction of liver and plasma, while incorporation into the 22∶6 phosphatidyl choline was reduced or unchanged. The results suggested that, in the rat, limited availability of methyl groups altered the metabolism of liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions. Methionine, as a source of labile methyl groups, appears necessary for the normal synthesis of certain unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions (particularly 20∶4 phosphatidyl choline). Transmethylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine molecular species to the corresponding phosphatidyl choline species may be an important reaction in normal lipid metabolism and transport. Relative affinities for incorporation of the labeled methyl groups into the phosphatidyl choline fractions of either deficient or supplemented rats were: 22∶6>20∶4>18∶2.
Reliability and validity of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form.

Abstract Background Patient-oriented questionnaires are important measures of clinical outcomes in medical practice but require systematic testing of reliability and validity. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form is a patient-oriented questionnaire that assesses symptoms and function in daily living activities. The purpose of this study was to validate the IKDC Subjective Knee Form in a large patient population with various knee disorders. Methods One thousand five hundred and thirty-four knee patients seen at a sports medicine clinic at a large medical center completed the IKDC Subjective Knee Form. Factor structure was determined by exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation, and internal consistencies of the identified subscales were calculated with Cronbach's alpha. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating the IKDC Subjective Knee Form dimensions to the summary scales of the SF-12. Finally, item characteristics were analysed using graded response item response theory (G-IRT). Results Exploratory factor analyses yielded a two-factor solution, and the dimensions were termed as follows: symptom and knee articulation (SKA), and activity level (AL). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the selection of 15 items within the study. Both SKA and AL demonstrated good internal consistency (0.87 for SKA; 0.88 for AL). Both SKA and AL demonstrated statistically significant correlations to the SF-12 total score, more substantively to the physical component summary scale than to the mental component summary scale of the SF-12. Discussion G-IRT analyses revealed that nearly all questionnaire items demonstrated clear response patterns, with higher levels of the latent trait corresponding to more adaptive clinical endpoints concerning pain, symptoms, function, and sport activity. Conclusions The IKDC is a reliable and valid instrument worthy of consideration for use in a broad patient population.
Notes in Support of a Relational Social Work Perspective: A Critical Review of the Relational Literature with Implications for Macro Practice

The authors review the literature that calls for the incorporation of relational theory into social work practice. Two strands of relational theory are important to developing a relational social work perspective: the psychoanalytic and the feminist. Based on a feminist understanding of relationality, Dorothy Smith has provided an alternative sociological perspective that can inform social work practice on the macro level, which she has termed institutional ethnography. In looking at ways that relational theory can inform macro practice in social work we can begin to formulate a more general relational perspective—beyond the clinical—in social work.
Latitudinal gradients and geographic ranges of exotic species: implications for biogeography

Aim To explore the biogeographic patterns of exotic species in order to discriminate between hypotheses postulated to produce several biogeographic phenomena: the latitudinal gradient in species richness, the latitudinal gradient in species geographical range size (Rapoport’s rule), species geographical range boundaries and patterns of invasion in the tropics. Location Data were taken from North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and oceanic islands. Methods The latitudinal extents of the geographical range of exotic species were recorded to the nearest 1 of latitude from several published sources. Species richness was tabulated by recording the number of naturalized species present within 5 bands of latitude. Rapoport’s rule was calculated by averaging the latitudinal extent of all exotic species present within 5 bands. The low-latitude boundaries of species’ native and naturalized ranges were compared with the nearest 1 of latitude. These comparisons on continents were contrasted with those on islands. Results Within the tropics, few exotic species have become naturalized and those that are have established large geographical ranges. Outside of the tropics, exotic species of birds, mammals, fishes and plants demonstrate qualitatively similar latitudinal gradients in richness and geographical range size. They show the same patterns as native species, where richness is negatively correlated and range size positively correlated with latitude. Further, the geographical ranges of naturalized species on continents rarely extend to latitudes lower than those in their native ranges. On islands (where biotic pressure is reduced) exotic species are more frequently naturalized at latitudes lower than those in their native ranges. Main conclusions Hypotheses for the latitudinal gradient in species richness and geographical range size that are based on past glaciation events or differential rates of speciation between regions may not be necessary to explain these gradients, as exotic species are recent colonists and their patterns of distribution cannot have been directly affected by past glaciation events or differential rates of speciation between regions. Further, the low-latitude boundary of species geographical ranges may be set by tolerance for biotic pressure.
Three-dimensional visualization of object- oriented software design metrics

Software visualization involves creation and display of graphical representations of software characteristics or behavior, of- ten to assist in the discovery of software problems or unanticipated behavior. This paper presents a new approach for three- dimensional (3D) visualization (including extraction and display) of design phase object-oriented software metrics. The visualizations are designed to foster developers' intuitive understanding of the metrics and to aid in the early understanding of structural character- istics of design components. The approach utilizes the extensibility interface of a popular computer aided software engineering tool to access and automatically extract eight key design metrics from Uni- fied Modeling Language class diagrams. Following metric extrac- tion, 3D visualizations of these metrics are generated for each class using perceptually meaningful glyphs. The approach has been implemented by a tool that emits and displays Virtual Reality Mod- eling Language representations of a design's glyphs. © 2000 SPIE and IS&T. (S1017-9909(00)01404-5)
Balancing automated behavior and human control in multi-agent systems: a case study in RoboFlag

Many potential robotic applications require operation in a highly dynamic environments and, in multi-agent systems, some degree of coordination between robots. Often it becomes necessary to include an element of human control in order to compensate for limitations in the automated reasoning available to the agents. This paper focuses on how one might include a human operator in the feedback loop of a multi-agent system, where the agent to human ratio is greater than one. Using the RoboFlag environment as a test-bed, we have implemented various levels of human interaction ranging from the most basic motion control to high-level behavior assignments. Evaluating our system in real time competition has shown that multiple levels of interaction are necessary for successful operation. Because the agent to human ratio is relatively high, it becomes difficult for the human to maintain low-level control of all the robots, but in critical or novel situations higher-level automated intelligence must be circumvented by the human.
Wholesale banking information systems restructuring

A framework is given that explains structural changes wholesale banks have historically made to systems in the past, in order to adapt to environmental pressures. Further, the authors use the framework to predict that recent wholesale banking environmental changes have again necessitated structural adaptation that has rendered current structures inappropriate. Structural adaptation is viewed in terms of the demands imposed by the banks' external environment to differentiate information systems resources from one another, as well as integrate them with each other. The authors present a differentiation/integration approach for examining environmental demands and potentially designing appropriate information systems structures for wholesale banks. >
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and Brain Inflammation: Implications for HIV-1-Associated Dementia

Leukocyte migration and activation play an important role in immune surveillance and the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated dementia (HAD). A novel chemokine named fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1), which exists in both membrane-anchored and soluble isoforms, has been proposed to participate in the generation and progression of inflammatory brain disorders. Upon binding to the CX3C receptor one (CX3CR1), FKN induces adhesion, chemoattraction, and activation of leukocytes, including brain macrophages and microglia (MP). Constitutively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), mainly by neurons, FKN is up-regulated and released in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Importantly, FKN is up-regulated in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HAD patients. Together, these observations suggest that FKN and its receptor have a unique role in regulating the neuroinflammatory events underlying disease. This review will examine how FKN contributes to the recruitment and activation of CX3CR1-expressing MP, which are critical events in the neuropathogenesis of HAD.
ASP, The Art and Science of Practice: Elements of a Theory of the Practice of Operations Research: Expertise in Practice

This is the second paper in a series of three (Murphy 2005a, b) on the practice of operations research. In the first paper I described an overall framework for a theory of practice and discussed the potential of cognitive science as an organizing framework of the knowledge and skills that make for good practice. Expertise in the context of OR practice consists of technical knowledge, institutional knowledge, and procedures and heuristics for bringing that knowledge to bear on the problem at hand and organizational issues. I illustrate technical expertise and heuristics using linear programming modeling and infeasibility analysis. Soft-OR techniques are useful for developing an understanding of the more complex and ill-formed issues an organization faces.
Improving management of Anemia in End Stage Renal Disease using Reinforcement Learning

We present a Reinforcement Learning approach to elicit individualized dose adjustment policies for patients suffering Anemia due to End Stage Renal Disease. Our goal is to achieve stable steady-state anemia management in patients with exhibiting different levels of treatment response. The approach uses Q-learning with parsimonious parametric representation of the state-action value function. We show that this approach achieves stability even in highly responsive patients.
First steps toward a full and flexible literacy: Case studies of the four resources model

This article provides case studies of three middle school students ‐ two female and one male ‐ who participated in an individual summer tutoring program designed to improve students’ reading compre...
Barriers to Environmental Education

Abstract Personal interviews with elementary teachers were conducted to identify and determine the relative importance of barriers to environmental education (EE) in Palouse-region public schools. Results indicated that lack of time (both in the school day and for preparation) was the most important barrier. Other important logistical barriers were lack of instructional materials and lack of funding. Conceptual barriers included a nearly exclusive focus on science and an emphasis on the cognitive aspects of EE. Another barrier stemmed from teachers' misgivings about their own competence to teach EE. Although teachers generally had positive attitudes toward EE, most lacked the commitment to actually teach EE. Recommendations for reducing these barriers are presented, as are specific recommendations for future research.
The Clinical Educator's Companion: The WEB-Based ASHA Scope of Practice

Abstract The purpose of this article is to encourage graduate students and practicing clinicians to review the current ASHA Web-based version of the Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology. ...
An economic comparison of different fermentation configurations to convert corn stover to ethanol using Z. mobilis and Saccharomyces

Numerous routes are being explored to lower the cost of cellulosic ethanol production and enable large-scale production. One critical area is the development of robust cofermentative organisms to convert the multiple, mixed sugars found in biomass feedstocks to ethanol at high yields and titers without the need for processing to remove inhibitors. Until such microorganisms are commercialized, the challenge is to design processes that exploit the current microorganisms' strengths. This study explored various process configurations tailored to take advantage of the specific capabilities of three microorganisms, Z. mobilis 8b, S. cerevisiae, and S. pastorianus. A technoeconomic study, based on bench-scale experimental data generated by integrated process testing, was completed to understand the resulting costs of the different process configurations. The configurations included whole slurry fermentation with a coculture, and separate cellulose simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and xylose fermentations with none, some or all of the water to the SSF replaced with the fermented liquor from the xylose fermentation. The difference between the highest and lowest ethanol cost for the different experimental process configurations studied was $0.27 per gallon ethanol. Separate fermentation of solid and liquor streams with recycle of fermented liquor to dilute the solids gave the lowest ethanol cost, primarily because this option achieved the highest concentrations of ethanol after fermentation. Further studies, using methods similar to ones employed here, can help understand and improve the performance and hence the economics of integrated processes involving enzymes and fermentative microorganisms.
Bayesian Mixture Model Analysis for Detecting Differentially Expressed Genes

Control-treatment design is widely used in microarray gene expression experiments. The purpose of such a design is to detect genes that express differentially between the control and the treatment. Many statistical procedures have been developed to detect differentially expressed genes, but all have pros and cons and room is still open for improvement. In this study, we propose a Bayesian mixture model approach to classifying genes into one of three clusters, corresponding to clusters of downregulated, neutral, and upregulated genes, respectively. The Bayesian method is implemented via the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The cluster means of down- and upregulated genes are sampled from truncated normal distributions whereas the cluster mean of the neutral genes is set to zero. Using simulated data as well as data from a real microarray experiment, we demonstrate that the new method outperforms all methods commonly used in differential expression analysis.
Real-time Pitch (frequency) Shifting Techniques

A technique for generating an interpolated signal for frequency (pitch) shifting applications is the topic of this paper, which covers the filtering algorithm used to generate the coefficients needed to interpolate samples in realtime, the speed of the algortibm in terms fo instructions cycles on the Motorola DSP56001 digitat signat processor, and a comparison of parameters affecting the signal to total harmonic distortion + noise ratio (STHDNR).
Persistent Photoconductivity, the Staebler-Wronski Effect, and Long-Range Disorder in a-Si:H

We report measurements of the conductivity, thermopower, and conductance fluctuations before and after light exposure for a-Si:H samples that show either persistent photoconductivity (PPC) or a Staebler-Wronski effect. Both the conductivity and thermopower are changed by light exposure, but no change is observed in the difference between the conductivity and thermopower activation energies for any of the samples studied here. This suggests that the long-range disorder is unaffected by light exposure. For some samples, the magnitude or statistical properties of the conductance fluctuations are affected by light exposure. We compare these results to previous studies of the Staebler-Wronski effect and discuss their implications for models of the light-induced changes and the 1/f noise in a-Si:H.
Cost-Effective Evaluation of Asymmetric Sensorineural Hearing Loss with Focused Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The poor sensitivity of audiometric brain stem response for small vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas) creates a dilemma for the physician evaluating a patient with signs and symptoms of retrocochlear disease. Magnetic resonance imaging is recognized as the gold standard for the evaluation of these problems, but if a complete examination of the internal auditory canals and head is done on every patient, the cost is high. Although less expensive, screening with audiometric brain stem response risks missing up to 33% of small tumors. Therefore we developed a focused magnetic resonance imaging sequence for evaluation of patients with asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss and/or nonpulsatile tinnitus. The protocol includes a T1-weighted sagittal localizer, pregadolinium and post-gadolinium T1-weighted 3-mm contiguous axial slices through the internal auditory canal and the region of the cerebellopontine angle, and T2-weighted axial images through the entire brain. Total scanning time is about 12 minutes, and the estimated cost is $300 to $500. We retrospectively reviewed the imaging records of 485 screening examinations done during an 18-month period. Twenty-four patients had diagnoses definitely or probably producing the hearing loss for an overall positive rate of 5%. By eliminating the need for follow-up audiometric or electrophysiologic studies, we believe a focused magnetic resonance imaging-based diagnostic scheme is actually more cost-effective on a cost-per-patient basis.
Single ABCA3 Mutations Increase Risk for Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

drome (RDS) due to pulmonary surfactant deficiency is heritable, but common variants do not fully explain disease heritability. METHODS: Using next-generation, pooled sequencing of race-stratified DNA samples from infants $34 weeks’ gestation with and without RDS (n = 513) and from a Missouri population-based cohort (n = 1066), we scanned all exons of 5 surfactant-associated genes and used in silico algorithms to identify functional mutations. We validated each mutation with an independent genotyping platform and compared race-stratified, collapsed frequencies of rare mutations by gene to investigate disease associations and estimate attributable risk.
Interventions for Child and Adolescent Depression: Do Professional Therapists Produce Better Results?

We reviewed and analyzed child and adolescent depression treatment studies (1980–2001) through a comprehensive literature search. The outcome data from 19 studies (31 treatments) were extracted and weighted standard mean effect sizes were computed. Outcomes were compared across two levels of therapist training: professional and graduate student. Moreover, age was examined to test for differential effects on treatment outcome. Overall, professionals and graduate student therapists produced impressive yet commensurate outcomes when treating depressed youth. There were no significant differences found when treating children versus adolescents. The implications and limitations are reviewed, as are the suggestions for future research.
Discovery of Association Rules in National Violent Death Data Using Optimization of Number of Attributes

Over the last several years, data mining has been successfully used in various areas such as finance, security, telecommunication, science, retail industry, marketing, and Web. In this paper, we explain data mining application to crime analysis. Particularly, this work explains a set of procedures to find optimized number of attributes of the National Violent Death Reporting Database to predict types of violent death that has occurred. We also describe a set of activities of data mining we employed, including data preprocessing, data cleaning, data integration, data discretization, entropy, and information gain. As a result, we have successfully discovered interesting association rules that could be used by law enforcement and government agencies to help prevent violent deaths.
A systematic review of prophylactic braces in the prevention of knee ligament injuries in collegiate football players.

Abstract Objective: To determine the relative risk reduction associated with prophylactic knee braces in the prevention of knee injuries in collegiate football players. Data Sources: An exhaustive search for original research was performed using the PubMed, SportDiscus, and CINAHL databases from 1970 through November 2006, with the search terms knee brace, knee braces, knee bracing and football, prophylactic brace, and prophylactic knee braces. Study Selection: Seven studies comparing knee injuries among braced and nonbraced collegiate football players were included. Study methods were assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. PEDro scores ranged from 2 to 5. Data Extraction: The number of participants and frequency of knee injuries were used to calculate the relative risk reduction or increase. Data Synthesis: We found a relative risk reduction for 3 studies with point estimates of 10% (36% to −26%), 58% (25% to 76%), and 56% (13% to 77%). Four studies demonstrated an increased ri...
Protecting the Crowd and Raising Capital Through the JOBS Act

The Crowd has incredible commercial force, evidenced by the fact that the internet is now one the largest global economies. The JOBS Act effectively harnesses the capital-raising power of the Crowd and potentially revolutionizes the way we think about capital markets. Concerns about how to balance investor protection and free-flowing capital-raising channels were paramount in reaching the JOBS Act. This Article highlights the passage of the JOBS Act and its effects on the Crowdfunding industry. It warns of SEC rulemaking and makes proposals for how to best execute a reliable Crowdfunding platform or funding portal. The states can play a crucial role in helping to sustain confidence in the Crowdfunding market.
Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia odocoilei DNA in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Collected in Indiana

The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, Þrst reported in Indiana in 1987, has now been detected in more than half of IndianaOs counties. The Þrst case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (human anaplasmosis) in Indiana was reported in 2002. We now report the detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia odocoilei (Emerson and Wright 1968) in I. scapularis ticks collected in northern Indiana. Using polymerase chain reaction analysis, 41 of 193 adult ticks (21.2%) collected from deer were positive for A. phagocytophylum, and 22 (11.4%) were positive for Babesia sp. Restriction fragment analysis of 12, and sequencing of another Þve of the ampliÞed products identiÞed these parasites as B. odocoilei. Five ticks (2.6%) were coinfected. Eight of 68 questing adult ticks (11.8%) were positive for A. phagocytophilum; seven (10.3%) were positive for Babesia sp. Six of the latter seven positive samples were determined to be B. odocoilei by restriction fragment analysis and sequencing of two samples. None of 39 pools of nymphs was positive for Babesia sp. Three of 15 ticks (20%) collected from a dog were positive for A. phagocytophilum and three ticks (20%) were positive for Babesia sp. One was conÞrmed as B. odocoilei. One tick was coinfected. This is the Þrst report of the presence of these two agents in ticks in Indiana.
Vascular Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Liver surgery has progressed over the last two decades to become a distinct area of specialization. Strategies such as portal vein embolization (Chapter 11) to induce growth of the planned liver remnant permit more aggressive resections, and improved imaging allows the surgeon to assess tumor position in relation to the intrahepatic vasculature.
Energy-Aware Memory Mapping for Hybrid FRAM-SRAM MCUs in IoT Edge Devices

Forecasts project that by 2020, there will be around 50 billion devices connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), most of which will operate untethered and unplugged. While environmental energy harvesting is a promising solution to power these IoT edge devices, it introduces new complexities due to the unreliable nature of ambient energy sources. In the presence of an unreliable power supply, frequent check pointing of system state becomes imperative and recent research proposed the concept of in-situ check pointing by employing ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), an emerging non-volatile memory, as unified memory. Even though an entirely FRAM-based solution provides reliability, it is energy-inefficient compared to SRAM due to a higher access latency. On the other hand, an entirely SRAM-based solution is highly energy efficient, but is unreliable in the face of power loss. This paper advocates an intermediate approach in hybrid FRAM-SRAM MCUs that involves judicious memory mapping of program sections to retain the reliability benefits provided by FRAM while performing almost as efficiently as an SRAM-based system. We propose an energy-aware memory mapping technique that maps different sections to the hybrid FRAM-SRAM MCU such that energy consumption is optimized without sacrificing reliability. Our technique consists of eM-map, which performs a one-time characterization to find the optimal memory map for the functions that constitute a program (this makes our solution portable across platforms) and energy-align, a novel HW/SW technique that aligns the system's powered-on time intervals to function execution boundaries, which results in further improvements in energy efficiency and performance. Our experiments using the MSP430FR5739 microcontroller demonstrate a significant performance improvement of up to 2x and energy reduction of up to 20% over a state-of-the-art FRAM-based solution.
Uses, analysis and interpretation of PIV data

During much of its history, experimentalfluid mechanics has been constrained to use either qualitative flow visualization or quantitative measurements of time series at a one or at most a few points. Developments in the technologies of particle image velocimetry and other multi-dimensional measurement techniques have vastly enhanced the capability of the flow research scientist and the engineer. Used properly, multidimensional data offers the possibility of revolutionizing the practice of flow research and development. To do so it is necessary to apply appropriate methods of analyzing the data sets and interpreting the results.
(4-(Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)(cyclohexyl)methanone hydrochloride (LDK1229): a new cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist from the class of benzhydryl piperazine analogs.

Some inverse agonists of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) have been demonstrated to be anorectic antiobesity drug candidates. However, the first generation of CB1 inverse agonists, represented by rimonabant (SR141716A), otenabant, and taranabant, are centrally active, with a high level of psychiatric side effects. Hence, the discovery of CB1 inverse agonists with a chemical scaffold distinct from these holds promise for developing peripherally active CB1 inverse agonists with fewer side effects. We generated a new CB1 inverse agonist, (4-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)(cyclohexyl)methanone hydrochloride (LDK1229), from the class of benzhydryl piperazine analogs. This compound binds to CB1 more selectively than cannabinoid receptor type 2, with a Ki value of 220 nM. Comparable CB1 binding was also observed by analogs 1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-4-cinnamylpiperazine dihydrochloride (LDK1203) and 1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-4-tosylpiperazine hydrochloride (LDK1222), which differed by the substitution on the piperazine ring where the piperazine of LDK1203 and LDK1222 are substituted by an alkyl group and a tosyl group, respectively. LDK1229 exhibits efficacy comparable with SR141716A in antagonizing the basal G protein coupling activity of CB1, as indicated by a reduction in guanosine 5′-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding. Consistent with inverse agonist behavior, increased cell surface localization of CB1 upon treatment with LDK1229 was also observed. Although docking and mutational analysis showed that LDK1229 forms similar interactions with the receptor as SR141716A does, the benzhydryl piperazine scaffold is structurally distinct from the first-generation CB1 inverse agonists. It offers new opportunities for developing novel CB1 inverse agonists through the optimization of molecular properties, such as the polar surface area and hydrophilicity, to reduce the central activity observed with SR141716A.
Liberal Dilemmas of Human Rights Monitoring

Human rights protection is precarious in postconflict situations. While war-induced, human rights violations quickly subside after a ceasefire, and a honeymoon period, like the one a new president enjoys, lasts only as long as everyday problems do not become daunting. New human rights challenges emerge, both civil and political, associated with postconflict democratization and group rights of ethnic groups in conflict. In addition, economic, social, and cultural rights begin with demands for humanitarian assistance and soon provide an agenda for economic reforms and opportunities, which are critical to sustaining peace. Addressing some or all of these categories of rights also creates dilemmas which result from their very success, related to increased demands on limited political resources and institutions resulting from increased participation. Humanitarian relief needed for survial is most important in the first phases of postconflict peacekeeping, but peacebuilding involves a sustainable expansion of all five categories of human rights, while developing a rule-of-law framework to protect them. Functioning courts monitored by NGOs are particularly challenging in the less institutionalized, corrupt polities in which peacebuilding often occurs. TANs are a potent way to address human rights violations, even as nationalist elites resent foreign intrusion in matters considered vital to national security.1 Unfortunately, the less developed and law-regulated the polity, the less likely it is that an indigenous human rights culture with robust NGOs and courts to enforce the law will exist.
Young People’s Response to The Response: The Impact of Political Diversity and Media Framing on Discussions of Combatant Tribunals

This article presents results of a study of the impact of political dynamics on group deliberations of issues presented in the short film The Response. We selected four groups of 18-22 year-old participants based on political views, engagement, and efficacy (liberal, conservative, and two mixed groups), and asked them to view and discuss issues presented in The Response related to the combatant status review tribunals held at Guantanamo Bay. We found the groups with mixed political views had higher quality discussions of the issues and a better understanding of the issues post-discussion – in particular the tension between national security versus individual rights and of the nature of the tribunals. We also found a significant number of conservative group members became more conservative in their views as a result of their discussion. We discuss implications for secondary and post-secondary education as well as for political polarization overall in society.
Faith and Happiness in China: Roles of Religious Identity, Beliefs, and Practice

Using the 2007 Spiritual Life Study of Chinese Residents data, this article examines the association between religious faith and happiness in China. We treat religious faith as a multidimensional construct and explore the possible effects of religious identity, belief, and practice on happiness among Chinese citizens. We find that having a religious identity in general was not significantly associated with happiness, while religious belief and practice—in particular attending religious services—was negatively associated with happiness. Different denominations were found to have different associations with happiness. The most consistent and robust results show that Daoist beliefs or practices and all dimensions of Christianity were negatively associated with happiness. While having a Buddhist identity and high frequency of Buddhist practices were associated with increased happiness, Buddhist beliefs or practices were found to be unrelated to happiness. We offer the social contextual perspective and the religious oligopoly theory as possible explanations of these findings. As religion expands constantly to play a more important role in China and as the government strives to build a happier society, the findings from this study offer timely implications and help lead to more rigorous research on this understudied topic.