cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1329 THE INCIDENCE OF PERINATAL INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH) FOLLOWING MATERNAL ADMINISTRATION OF ISOXSUPRINE AND BETAMETHASONE

Real-time ultrasound brain scans were performed on 43 infants with birth weights less than 1500 grams. Subependymal or intraventricular hemorrhages were detected in 27 cases (62.8%). Nine infants (20.9%) had no ultrasound evidence of hemorrhage, and 7 infants (16.3%) had equivocal scans. ICH was diagnosed during the first postnatal day in 25 infants and within 4 hours of birth in 11. The relationship of maternal isoxsuprine and betamethasone administration to perinatal ICH was investigated retrospectively. Infants with equivocal ultrasound scans were excluded. ICH was present in 44.4% (4/9) of infants whose mothers received both isoxsuprine and betamethasone as opposed to 83.3% (15/18) of infants whose mother received neither drug (p < 0.05), and 87.5% (7/8) of infants whose mother received betamethasone alone. The groups were similar with respect to birthweight and gestational age. When mothers who received both drugs were compared with those who received betamethasone alone, there was no difference in the length of time from betamethasone treatment to delivery, nor in the severity of subsequent neonatal respiratory distress. The decreased incidence of ICH in infants of women treated with both drugs may be due to the physiological effects of isoxsuprine. This raises the possibility of reducing the incidence of perinatal ICH with prenatal pharmacological intervention.
Evolution equations for counterpropagating edge waves

Asymptotically exact evolution equations for counterpropagating shallow-water edge waves are derived. The structure of the equations depends only on the symmetries of the problem and on the fact that the group velocity of the edge waves is of order one. As a result the equations take the form of parametrically forced Davey–Stewartson equations with mean-field coupling. The calculations extend existing work on parametric excitation of edge waves by normally incident waves to arbitrary beach profiles with asymptotically constant depth, and include coupling to wave-generated mean longshore currents. Dissipation arises generically from radiation damping, but we also consider heuristically the effects of linear boundary-layer damping. Spatially modulated waves do not couple to the parametric forcing due to the non-locality of the evolution equations and are damped. Thus only spatially uniform wavetrains are expected as stable solutions. If linear dissipation is included the parametric coupling selects standing waves, but in the undamped case travelling wave states are possible. Both classes of solutions are examined for modulational instabilities, and stability conditions for the generic evolution equations are presented. However, modulational instability is found to be excluded in the shallow-water formulation through the effects of the mean flow. Explicit numerical results for two experimentally relevant beach profiles, exponentially decaying and piecewise linear, are presented.
Adding another Piece to the Inequality-Homicide Puzzle The Impact of Structural Inequality on Racially Disaggregated Homicide Rates

Criminologists have produced mounting evidence that economic deprivation, social disorganization, and racial inequality are associated with homicide rates. Our research agenda incorporates both cri...
Gangs as contractors: the social organization of American Taiwanese youth gangs in Southern California

This paper examines the organizational structure and operations of Taiwanese organized crime and youth gangs in Southern California. In-depth interviews were used as the principle method of research. In contrast to transnational criminal conspiracy claims and the La Cosa Nostra model of vertically integrated organizations, our findings suggest that these criminal groups consist of discrete local Taiwanese youth gangs which operate as largely independent economic units that show no substantive and operational ties to criminal organizations in Taiwan. The formation of Taiwanese criminal organizations and gangs in Southern California is primarily governed by the availability of financial opportunities. Furthermore, both the inter-gang relations and intra-gang structures exhibit a distinct form of contractor arrangement which consists of market-like weak ties that are simultaneously circumscribed by the criminal embeddedness. We argue that that these economic weak ties, which seem to render conventionally understood criminal organizational boundaries administratively less meaningful, still function as an operationally significant governance mechanism of the organizational structures of American Taiwanese youth gangs. In addition, the paper discusses the implications that the embeddedness has on the somewhat paradoxical and incoherent organizational structure.
The prediction of the thermal conductivity of two and three phase solid heterogeneous mixtures

Abstract A theoretical technique to predict the thermal conductivity of heterogeneous solid mixtures has been developed. Tsao's model for predicting the thermal conductivity of two phase solid mixtures has been modified and extended. The technique of this paper does not require experimental data on the mean and standard deviations of the one dimensional porosity function describing the distribution of the discontinuous phase as is the case with Tsao's model. A parabolic distribution of the discontinuous phase is assumed and the constants of the parabolic distribution are determined by analysis and presented as a function of the discontinuous phase volume fraction. Thus, the need for values of the mean and standard deviations is circumvented. The equivalent thermal conductivity of a unit cube of the mixture is derived in terms of the distribution function, and the thermal conductivity of the constituents. The technique is shown to predict thermal conductivity values within 8 per cent of available experimental data.
Cell-Division Stimulating and Inhibiting Substances in Tissues

In a previous report 1 the fact that substances are excreted in the urine which stimulate and inhibit the division rate of the protozoan, Colpidium campylum, was recorded. It was shown, also, that in urine obtained from persons not having within the body a focus of proliferating cells the inhibiting factor dominates and that in persons having within the body a focus of proliferating cells the stimulating substances dominate. The present paper records observations made on various types of tissue, normal and neoplastic, from which both the cell-division stimulating and cell-division inhibiting fractions were isolated. In the paper referred to previously an extremely crude method of separation for inhibitor and stimulator in urine was described. For the present work an improved technic was developed, which is described below. Isolation of Inhibiting Fraction: Fifty grams of a selected tissue are reduced to a fine pulp. This pulp is extracted three times, 100 c.c. of acetone being used for each extraction, and each extraction continuing for one hour. After each extraction the suspension is filtered and the tissue residue is set aside for the isolation of the stimulating fraction. The three acetone extractions are then combined and evaporated to dryness on the steam bath, the resultant residue being re-extracted with 25 c.c. of acetone. After filtration, the acetone is placed in the icebox over night and the residue is discarded. After twelve hours in the icebox a precipitate forms which is filtered off and discarded. The clear acetone solution is again evaporated to dryness and taken up in 20 c.c. of 70 per cent alcohol and filtered. The alcoholic solution is placed in the icebox over night and a precipitate which settles out is filtered off and discarded. The alcoholic solution is evaporated to dryness and the residue is taken up in distilled water in the proportion of 5 c.c. for every 50 grams of tissue originally used. The fatty emulsion which forms is sterilized by steam under pressure.
Radiobiological comparison of external beam irradiation and radioimmunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma xenografts

Growth delay was measured in TK-82 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenografts implanted in nude mice receiving single fraction external beam irradiation (SF-XRT), multifraction external beam irradiation (MF-XRT), or radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Thermoluminescent dosimeter(s) (TLD) and autoradiography were used to ascertain the average absorbed dose delivered and the degree of heterogeneous uptake of radiolabeled antibody for the RIT irradiations. For intravenous administered activities of 100, 200, 400, and 600 microCi of I-131 labeled A6H antibody, volume doubling times (VDT) and TLD absorbed dose measurements for each administered activity were 7 days (341 cGy), 38 days (383 cGy), 85 days (886 cGy) and no regrowth (1034 cGy), respectively. For SF-XRT irradiations of 500, 1000, and 1500 cGy, VDT times were 11, 62, and 103 days, respectively. MF-XRT of 4 X 250 cGy over a 2-week period yielded a VDT of 25 days. Marked peripheral activity deposition was noted on most autoradiographs from multiple tumor samples. These data suggest that an equivalent to superior tumor growth delay is obtained for absorbed doses delivered by exponentially decaying low dose rate radioimmunotherapy RIT compared to similar doses of acute dose rate XRT as quantitated by the TLD method.
CHAOS IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM

We study the effect of a perturber on the energy and angular momentum of a test particle on a highly eccentric orbit. We find that both the energy and angular momentum of the test particle are adiabatic invariants when the perturber is on a circular orbit with radius much smaller than the periaps of the test particle. We derive analytical expression for the energy change, or kick, of the test particle with every periaps passage. Using this kick function we formulate mapping for the highly eccentric test particle. We also analyze the stability of resonances and find conditions for asymmetric libration to occur. The resonance widths for highly eccentric orbits are calculated and the criterion for the onset of global chaos is determined.
Capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism for the detection of multiple mutations leading to tuberculosis drug resistance.

Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem in both developed and developing countries. Mutations in the Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis bacterial genome, such as those to the rpoB gene and mabA-inhA promoter region, have been linked to TB drug resistance in against rifampicin and isoniazid, respectively. The rapid, accurate, and inexpensive identification of these and other mutations leading to TB drug resistance is an essential tool for improving human health. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) can be a highly sensitive technique for the detection of genetic mutation that has not been previously explored for drug resistance mutations in M. tuberculosis. This work explores the potential of CE-SSCP through the optimization of variables such as polymer separation matrix concentration, capillary wall coating, electric field strength, and temperature on resolution of mutation detection. The successful detection of an rpoB gene mutation and two mabA-inhA promoter region mutations while simultaneously differentiating a TB-causing mycobacteria from a non-TB bacteria was accomplished using the optimum conditions of 4.5% (w/v) PDMA in a PDMA coated capillary at 20 °C using a separation voltage of 278 V/cm. This multiplexed analysis that can be completed in a few hours demonstrates the potential of CE-SSCP to be an inexpensive and rapid analysis method.
Simplified analysis of buried reinforced concrete arches under simulated nuclear loads

Abstract An approximate analytical approach is modified and applied for the study of shallow-buried reinforced concrete arches under severe dynamic loads. The approach contains a closed form solution for wave propagation in soil, transfer functions for simulation of soil-structure interaction, and a layered beam finite element for representing the structure. Several modifications were incorporated in the original approach, for improving the applied loads and for insuring cross-sectional equilibrium in the analysis. The approach has been used for the investigation of four structures that were tested previously by other researchers, and the numerical results were compared with experimental data and corresponding solutions from advanced numerical codes. The results represented reasonably well the general behavior of the structures under consideration, but several serious limitations of the proposed approach were noted. The comparison between experimental and numerical results provided useful observations on the effectiveness of this approach, and recommendations were presented for future applications.
An Approach for Separation and Complete Structural Sequencing of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate-like Oligosaccharides

As members of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family, heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are responsible for mediation of a wide range of essential biological actions, most of which are mediated by specific patterns of modifications of regions of these polysaccharides. To fully understand the regulation of HS modification and the biological function of HS through its interactions with protein ligands, it is essential to know the specific HS sequences present. However, the sequencing of mixtures of HS oligosaccharides presents major challenges due to the lability of the sulfate modifications, as well as difficulties in separating isomeric HS chains. Here, we apply a sequential chemical derivatization strategy involving permethylation, desulfation, and trideuteroperacetylation to label original sulfation sites with stable and hydrophobic trideuteroacetyl groups. The derivatization chemistry differentiates between all possible heparin/HS sequences solely by glycosidic bond cleavages, without the need to generate c...
Some Things Not Considered: Evaluation of a Model of Career Enhancing Strategies and Content Innovation with Respect to Organizational Socialization

Abstract This comment evaluates Feij, Whitely, Peiro, and Taris′s (1995) model of career enhancing strategies and content innovation in light of related organizational entry research. It contends that Feij et al.′s model is weakened both by its lack of care in using empirical support for the initial model and by its failure to consider related theory and findings from organizational socialization literature. Specifically, three topics from organizational socialization research (influence of organizational tactics on role innovation, help-seeking during organizational entry, and met expectations) are shown to offer possibilities for enriching Feij et al.′s (1995) model.
Dysregulation of Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Prefrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Following Methamphetamine Self-Administration and During Reinstatement in Rats

Methamphetamine (meth) addicts often exhibit enduring cognitive and neural deficits that likely contribute to persistent drug seeking and the high rates of relapse. These deficits may be related to changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its glutamatergic projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis in the PFC and NAc in rats following either meth self-administration or yoked-saline control histories to assess baseline glutamate (GLU) levels, or reinstatement-evoked GLU and dopamine (DA) efflux in both regions simultaneously under cue-induced, meth-primed, or combined cues+meth reinstatement conditions. Our results show that meth self-administration (1) reduced basal GLU levels in both the dmPFC and NAc, (2) concurrently increased dmPFC and NAc GLU efflux during reinstatement, and (3) increased DA efflux in the dmPFC, but not in the NAc, under all reinstatement conditions when compared with yoked-saline controls. These data demonstrate for the first time that a history of psychostimulant self-administration alters GLU homeostasis not only in the NAc, but also in the dmPFC, its primary GLU projection source. Furthermore, combined cues+meth-primed reinstatement conditions produced the most pronounced increases in mPFC and NAc extracellular GLU, suggesting that the cue and meth prime conditions are additive in promoting reinstatement. Finally, increased efflux of DA in the dmPFC, but not in the NAc, across reinstatement conditions suggests that DA release in the dmPFC may be an important mediator of drug seeking initiated by multiple relapse triggers.
Influence of Level and Source of Nitrogen on Milk Production and Blood Components

Abstract In Experiment 1, following a 22-day preliminary period 24 Holstein cows were used in a 70-day continuous feeding trial employing a 4 × 3 factorial design with four levels of urea (0, 82, 160, and 232 g urea/cow daily) and three levels of crude protein (average of 2.5, 2.2, and 1.7 kg crude protein/cow daily). There were no significant differences in milk production, milk composition, or body weight gains. Plasma urea nitrogen was increased by urea feeding (P
RNA interference is induced in the glassy winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis by actin dsRNA.

BACKGROUND:Theglassywingedsharpshooter,Homalodiscavitripennis,isanunusuallyrobustandefficientleafhoppervector ofXylellafastidiosa.X.fastidiosais the causative agent of Pierce’s disease, almond scorch, citrus variegated chlorosis and other serious plantdiseases. Thepresentstudywas conductedtoestablishwhetherRNA interference(RNAi)was inducedinnymphal H.vitripennis that were injected with actin dsRNAs and other dsRNAs. RESULTS: A dramatic reduction in target H. vitripennis actin mRNAs and the formation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), hallmarksofRNAi,werefoundfollowingtheinjectionofactindsRNAs.QuantitativereversetranscriptionPCRindicatedan80% reduction in actin mRNA levels by 5 days post-injection. Western blot analysis showed a dramatic drop in actin protein levels by 3 days post-injection. Biological effects such as incomplete nymphal‐adult ecdysis and >95% mortality were also found following the injection of fifth-instar nymphs with actin dsRNA. Dramatic reductions in target mRNA levels were also found following the injection of other dsRNAs into fifth-instar H.vitripennis. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that RNAi is induced in post-embryonic leafhoppers by dsRNA. The present system can be used to screen potential gene-silencing targets that can be used for reducing the vector competence ofH.vitripennisand other leafhoppers. c � 2012 Society of Chemical Industry Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
Photoemission of Adsorbed Xenon, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Temperature-Programmed Desorption Studies of H2O on FeS2(100)

The reaction of H2O with the (100) crystallographic plane of pyrite, FeS2, has been investigated in the vacuum environment with photoemission of adsorbed xenon (PAX), temperature-programmed desorpt...
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF SEVERE PICA

A two-phase functional analysis of a profoundly retarded 19-year-old male's pica facilitated the design of an effective intervention containing no aversive components. In the first analysis, frequent staff-client interaction resulted in 25% and 66% less pica than limited and no interaction, respectively. Paradoxical effects were obtained in the second analysis, where no protective helmet resulted in 38% and 26% less pica than the helmet with face shield and helmet without face shield, respectively. On the basis of these analyses, limited interaction and no helmet conditions were combined in an effective, staff-implemented treatment at a medium-sized institution.
Crystal growth of zincophosphates from conventional media and reverse micelles: mechanistic implications

Abstract Zincophosphates can be synthesized with frameworks analogous to aluminosilicate zeolites. Previous studies have shown that reverse micelles, which are microdroplets of water dispersed in an oil-like medium, can serve as nucleation and growth centers for microporous materials. Zincophosphates with the sodalite framework can be readily made from reverse micelles, whereas the more open structure resembling the faujasite framework (ZnPO-X) could not be made. The concentration of sodium ions is found to play an important role in the nucleation of both sodalite and ZnPO-X. At increased sodium ion concentrations under conventional synthesis conditions, sodalite growth is favored. On the other hand, the addition of crown ethers and cryptands which complex sodium ions leads to growth of ZnPO-X. Based on these studies, we propose that the high sodium ion concentrations in reverse micelles cause the formation of sodalite. Infrared spectroscopic studies indicate that zinc- and phosphate-containing reverse micelles also contain significant amounts of disordered water, which can inhibit the nucleation of open-pore frameworks, such as ZnPO-X.
An assessment of the relationship between congenital transverse deficiency of the forearm and symbrachydactyly.

Purpose A relationship between symbrachydactyly and transverse deficiency has been suggested but has not been critically investigated or established by scientific studies. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a large group of patients with transverse deficiency of the forearm for clinical and radiologic features typically seen in patients with symbrachydactyly. Methods A retrospective review of the medical records of 291 patients with a diagnosis of upper-extremity transverse deficiency at the level of the forearm was performed. Patient charts, photographs, and radiographs were evaluated for manifestations of symbrachydactyly; specifically, we clinically assessed for the presence of nubbins and skin invaginations and radiologically assessed for hypoplasia of the proximal radius and ulna. Results Two hundred seven patients had soft tissue nubbins at the end of their amputation stumps including 38 with the additional finding of skin invagination at the distal end. Another 36 extremities had a skin invagination alone. Twenty-nine of the extremities without nubbins or skin invaginations had hypoplasia of the proximal radius and ulna. Thus, 272 of the 291 extremities with transverse deficiency had manifestations of symbrachydactyly. Conclusions The majority of patients with the diagnosis of transverse deficiency have soft tissue nubbins, skin invaginations, or hypoplasia of the proximal radius and ulna at the end of their amputation stumps. These clinical and radiologic features support the concept that transverse deficiency through the forearm represents a proximal continuum of symbrachydactyly.
Ultrasensitive quantification of serum vitamin D metabolites using selective solid-phase extraction coupled to microflow liquid chromatography and isotope-dilution mass spectrometry.

The capacity for quantification of active metabolites of vitamin D (VitD) is highly valuable to evaluate the risks and therapies for numerous diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, the extremely low circulating levels and poor detectability of some dihydroxyl metabolites such as the 1α,25-dihydroxy-VitD3 constitute a daunting challenge. Based on the combination of a selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) and a microflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (μLC-MS/MS), we developed an ultrasensitive method for the robust, selective, and accurate quantification of four key VitD metabolites, including 25-hydroxy-VitD2, 25-hydroxy-VitD3, 24(R),25-dihydroxy-VitD3, and 1α,25-dihydroxy-VitD3, in serum samples. A one-step derivatization was employed to improve the ionization efficiency of the metabolites. The SPE procedure was optimized so that the analytes were selectively extracted from serum, while the sample matrix was substantially simplified. By eliminating majority of undesirable compound...
Growth cones isolated from identified Aplysia neurons in vitro: biochemical and morphological characterization.

Abstract The right upper quadrant (RUQ) cells (R3–R13) of Aplysia regenerating in dissociated cell culture form unusually large growth cones. The movement of these growth cones was observed by time-lapse phase microscopy and their ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Their behavior and ultrastructure have features that are typical of growth cones in vitro. Additionally, they contain neurosecretory granules similar to those found in these cells in vivo. Because RUQ growth cones are large, they can be isolated by manual dissection. RUQ cells were grown in the presence of [35S]methionine and the labeled proteins transported to the growth cones were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. These proteins were compared to those in RUQ cell bodies, RUQ neurites, and to those in the neurites and cell bodies of other identified neurons grown in vitro. Most proteins synthesized by RUQ cells in vitro are transported to their growth cones, including several glycoproteins and the precursor to the R3–R14 neuropeptide. Neuropeptides are also synthesized by a number of other Aplysia neurons growing in vitro. We examined R2, LPL1, R15, and left upper quadrant neurons and found that their precursor peptides, like those of R3–R14, are readily recognized as major cell-specific radiolabeled bands on SDS gels. The presence in regenerating growth cones of neuropeptides, neurosecretory granules, and glycoproteins known to be rapidly transported toward synapses in vivo supports the emerging view that the growth cone in vitro contains not only a motility apparatus but also a macromolecular assembly capable of forming an active synapse immediately upon or shortly after contacting targets.
Photodetection with heterojunctions of graphene and silicon

The generation of e-h pairs in silicon by incident light is the underlying principle behind most silicon-based photodetection, imaging, photometry, spectroscopy and photovoltaic technologies. In this work, we show that graphene provides voltage-tunable ways in which the photogenerated carriers in Si can be captured. Combining the photoexcitation in Si with the carrier capturing abilities of graphene results in photodetectors which not only respond with high quantum efficiency values, but, more interestingly, devices whose photocurrent responsivity can be completely tuned using an external voltage. Such tunability is quite useful for detection in variable light conditions, which makes it attractive for imaging and videographic applications, especially because they respond within milliseconds of the incidence. Layer thickening and doping can further enhance the absolute responsivity values, and devices with a few hundred mA/W and quantum efficiency up to ~65% could be fabricated. Most importantly though, another mode of photodetection, using photovoltage, is found to be incredibly sensitive to ultra-low intensity light, with photovoltage responsivity as high as 10 7 V/W and contrast sensitivity exceeding 10 6 V/W. This current-free method of detection is able to detect extremely low-absorbing materials, and coupled with scanning-photovoltage measurements, can give rise promising new ways of photodetection and imaging.
Ophthalmic Features of Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma with Paraproteinemia

Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the skin is associated with paraproteinemia and, often, with plasma proliferative disorders, including multiple myeloma. Other commonly recognized systemic abnormalities include hepatosplenomegaly, a highly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and leukopenia. Fifteen of 16 patients (seven men and nine women with a mean age of 54 years) with this condition had ophthalmic manifestations. Thirteen patients had lesions affecting the skin of the eyelids and periorbital tissue; on casual examination these lesions resembled plane xanthoma. Unlike plane xanthoma, however, the lesions of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma were almost always indurated. Further, the lesions frequently became inflamed, leading to superficial ulceration. Deeper lesions occasionally involved the orbit. Yellow lesions were sometimes visible in the episcleral tissues where they were associated with recurrent symptoms of scleritis and episcleritis. Biopsy specimens of the skin lesions disclosed a distinctive pattern of subepidermal granulomatous masses with focal aggregates of histiocytes and giant cells surrounded by hyaline necrobiosis. Surgical excision of the eyelid lesions was often followed by recurrence and increased activity of the lesions. Low-dose chemotherapy is likely to produce a favorable response, with regard to both the skin lesions and the paraprotein abnormalities.
Alongshore variation in the morphology of coastal dunes: Implications for storm response

Abstract The geomorphological impact of an extreme storm on a barrier island tends to be modeled using a single cross-shore transect and dependent only on the elevation of the storm surge relative to the height of the dune. The foredune line, however, is rarely uniform and can exhibit considerable variation in height and width alongshore at a range of length scales. The purpose of this modeling study is to determine how alongshore variations in dune height affect barrier island response to extreme storms. The MIKE21 wave and current model is used to predict the morphological response of Matagorda Peninsula, Texas in response to storm surges associated with dune scarping, washover and inundation. The extent and degree of dune-scarping, washover and shoreline erosion is predicted for each storm scenario, with respect to the base morphology of the island and low-pass filtered forms in which small-scale topographic variance is removed. Results suggest that small variations in the height of an otherwise alongshore uniform foredune act as overwash conduits and are unstable, leading to a more variable duneline that is more susceptible to change by subsequent storms. The vertical development of the washover gaps in the duneline is limited and eventually replaced by a lateral expansion that erodes adjacent dunes and leads to a more uniform island elevation. The loss of island elevation is greater for the (original) unfiltered alongshore profile, but relatively uniform duneline is the most unstable and exhibits the greatest morphological change. The different alongshore profile responses suggest that the impact of an extreme storm is sensitive to initial conditions and specifically the pre-storm variability of the crest elevation alongshore. This in turn suggests that the evolution of barrier islands is dependent on storm history until the variability in the duneline elevation reaches a maximum. Further study of barrier island response to storm sequencing with and without post-storm recovery, however, is required to understand the evolution and form for the prototype island.
Forecasting the arrival of fast coronal-mass ejecta at Earth by the detection of 2-20keV neutral atoms

Studies have shown that Earth passages of fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) trigger geomagnetic storms. Early identification of fast earth-directed CME can help provide storm warnings, but detection of such by coronagraphs is extremely difficult. We suggest that energetic hydrogen atoms (EHA) between 2 and 10 keV produced during the transit phase of an Earth-directed CME by recombination between protons and electrons in the CME can travel ahead of the CME and act as harbingers of a magnetic storm. This forecasting scheme should work if enough EHA are produced, because while CMEs decelerate continuously after their ejection, the EHA fluxes produced in the initial phase of fast CMEs propagate at their initial high speeds. Model simulations support this proposed mechanism.
Magnetic resonance angiography of the thoracic vessels

The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or the Department of Defense. This article is being reprinted from Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MRI 2003;24:192–216. * Corresponding author. Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814. E-mail address: vho@usuhs.mil or vho@nih.gov (Vincent B. Ho). With improvements in scanner technology, the ability of MR to illustrate the thoracic vessels has significantly improved beyond gross anatomic depiction using T1-weighted spin echo images. Dedicated software and pulse sequences for vascular imaging have become commercially available and offer not only user-friendly interfaces but also improved reliability of vascular signal, resulting in enhanced diagnostic accuracy and confidence. Fast imaging, in particular, has improved all aspects of vascular imaging, and has enabled the comprehensive evaluation of most nonurgent thoracic vascular conditions within a single 45minute examination period. As with other MRI applications, successful vascular depiction relies significantly on the proper selection and prescription of imaging pulse sequences. Vascular MR exams are in many ways more challenging to prescribe because of the complex signal characteristics inherent to flowing blood and the complex geometry of many vascular
Application of Cloude's target decomposition theorem to polarimetric imaging radar data

In this paper we applied Cloude's decomposition to imaging radar polarimetry. We show in detail how the decomposition results can guide the interpretation of scattering from vegetated areas. For multifrequency polarimetric radar measurements of a clear-cut area, the decomposition leads us to conclude that the vegetation is probably thin compared to even the C-band radar wavelength of 6 cm. For a frosted area, we notice an increased amount of even number of reflection scattering at P-band and L-band, probably the result of penetration through the coniferous canopy resulting in trunk-ground double reflection scattering. However, the scattering for the forested area is still dominated by scattering from randomly oriented cylinders. It is found that these cylinders are thicker than in the case of clear-cut areas, leading us to conclude that scattering from the branches probably dominates in this case.
Morphology and crystalline properties of impact-modified polypropylene blends

Isotactic polypropylene has been reactively blended with an ethylene-octene copolymer so as to improve mechanical and rheological properties. Free radical polymerization of styrene and a multifunctional acrylate during melt extrusion has resulted in the formation of unique features in both amorphous and crystalline phases. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the elastomer domains are less than 200 nm in diameter, whereas grafting leads to the appearance of clusters of polymeric particles, ranging in size from several nanometers up to 200 nm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that grafting creates lamellar crystals that melt at much lower temperatures and recrystallize at much higher temperatures than binary blends. From wide angle X-ray diffraction and DSC, grafting has been shown to limit the maximum crystal size and perfection, as well as broaden the size distribution of the crystals. Grafting causes significant changes in the α crystalline phase of polypropylene and promotes the formation of the β phase. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a unique cross-hatch structure of small crystals in the reactive blend, with tangential and radial lamellae appearing as crosslinked material of about the same aspect ratio. Polarized light microscopy gives evidence that grafting and branching within this blend causes a gelation-like recrystallization. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mood effects of alcohol and expectancies across the menstrual cycle

Abstract To examine menstrual cycle phase variations in alcohol absorption and mood before and after drinking alcohol, 96 volunteer female heavy drinkers, unaware they were in a menstrual cycle study, were randomly assigned to 12 equal-sized groups with controls for the effects of alcohol, expectancy, and menstrual cycle phase. Alcohol subjects received sufficient alcohol to raise their blood alcohol level to .07 mg %. Mood, assessed with the Profile of Mood States, did not differ across menstrual cycle phases at baseline, failing to support the notion of menstrual phase-related moods. The only mood changes were a Beverage by Trials interaction on the Vigor and Confusion scales and a main effect for trials on the Tension-Anxiety and Vigor scales. Peak intoxication level did not differ across phases. The present findings of an absence of menstrual cycle phase-related differences in mood or alcohol absorption support social learning theory and suggest that phasic variations in mood are socially learned. They also suggest the need for systematic study of methodologic factors in this research area.
Comparison of ion temperature diagnostics on the Madison symmetric torus reversed-field pinch

There have been three ion temperature diagnostics operating on the Madison symmetric torus (MST) for the past two years: (i) Charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (CHERS), which measures the temperature of fully stripped impurity (C6+) ions, and has a spatial resolution of ±1 cm and a time resolution of 3 ms; (ii) Rutherford scattering (RS), which measures the temperature of the bulk majority (D+) ions, and has a spatial resolution of roughly ±7 cm and a time resolution of 30 μs; and (iii) the ion dynamics spectrometer (IDS), which measures a chordal average of the temperature of partially stripped impurity (C4+) ions, with a time resolution of 10 μs. The first two diagnostics use neutral beams, while the third is passive. The classical ion energy equilibration time τii<1 ms between all ion species, so we naively expect that all ion temperature measurements should agree in steady state. Here we present simultaneous measurements of: CHERS and RS profiles in high-current burst-free pulsed poloidal curr...
Treatment of Experimental Staphylococcal Infection with Rifampin

Bacteria surviving within leukocytes are protected from the lethal action of high concentrations of most antibiotics, which may explain, in part, the failure of bactericidal antibiotics to eradicate staphylococci from abscesses. Since rifampin is unique in its ability to kill intraleukocytic bacteria, the efficacy of this drug was tested in the treatment of staphylococcal infections in mice. Groups of mice infected intravenously with Staphylococcus aureus were treated with rifampin (20 mg/kg), procaine penicillin (937.5 mg/kg), or methicillin (200 mg/kg). All untreated mice died with disseminated visceral abscesses. After 10 days of therapy, survival in groups treated with penicillin and methicillin was 16 and 20%, respectively, whereas with rifampin it was 80% (P < 0.0005). Antibiotic concentrations in the serum of mice treated with penicillin, methicillin, or rifampin were bactericidal for the strain of S. aureus used. Serial bacterial counts of kidney, lung, and spleen homogenates showed that neither penicillin nor methicillin was able to eradicate staphylococci, whereas rifampin completely sterilized those organs in many mice. When abscess contents and infected peritoneal washings were incubated with high concentrations of penicillin, methicillin, or rifampin, only rifampin killed all of the bacteria. The capacity of rifampin to eradicate staphylococci from pus in vitro and from abscesses in mice appears to be related to the ability of rifampin to kill intraleukocytic bacteria.
On the well-posedness and conservation laws of a family of multiscale deconvolution models for the magnetohydrodynamics equations

Abstract We present a mathematical study of a large eddy simulation (LES) model for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamics equations. The classical closure problem arising for LES models is solved with the multiscale deconvolution technique developed by Dunca in [11] . We prove the model admits unique, regular weak solutions and provide a mathematical study of the modeling error.
Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage, cytochrome p450 17 alpha-hydroxylase, and cytochrome P450 aromatase in bovine follicles during the first follicular wave.

The objective of the present study was to investigate changes in the expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase (P450c17), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) at different stages of the first follicular wave of the bovine estrous cycle. Groups of heifers (three to five per group) were ovariectomized on the day of initiation of the first follicular wave (as determined by ultrasonography, day 0) or on days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after initiation of the first follicular wave following estrus. Expression of mRNAs encoding P450scc, P450c17, and P450arom was detected by in situ hybridization and quantified by image analysis. P450scc mRNA was localized to theca interna cells of large preantral follicles and also to granulosa cells of follicles 4 mm or greater in diameter. mRNA for P450c17 was localized exclusively to theca interna cells, whereas P450arom mRNA was localized to granulosa cells of follicles 4 mm or greater in di...
Proton NMR Spectroscopy as a Probe of Dinuclear Copper(II) Active Sites in Metalloproteins. Characterization of the Hyperactive Copper(II)-Substituted Aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica

Proton NMR spectra of the hyperactive Cu(II)-substituted aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica (AAP) were recorded in both H2O and D2O buffered solution at pH 6.7. Several remarkably sharp, we...
Acute and subchronic effects of clozapine on licking in rats: tolerance to disruptive effects on number of licks, but no tolerance to rhythm slowing

In order to assess the effects of the atypical neuroleptic clozapine on orolingual competence in rats, tongue function was measured by quantitating the rhythm of tongue movements after acute (1.0, 3.0, 6.0 mg/kg) or subchronic intraperitoneal treatment (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 mg/kg, each dose for at least 7 days) with the drug. Thirsty rats were trained to lick water from a force-sensing disk by thrusting the tongue through a 12-mm-diameter hole to strike the horizontal disk located 5 mm below the hole. Number of licks in 2 min and rhythm of tongue movements (as determined by Fourier analysis of the force-time signal) were each dose dependently reduced in the acute dose-effect phase of the study. In the subchronic study number of licks exhibited tolerance, but the slowing of lick rhythm did not show tolerance. An acute dose range of the serotonin antagonist ritanserin (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/kg) was also studied in the same rats. Ritanserin had no effect on any of the measures of orolingual function. The clozapine result was replicated in a second study using younger, drug naive rats. The results for clozapine were contrasted with previous reports indicating that haloperidol has little effect on lick rhythm. Additional discussion evaluated the possible contribution of neurotransmitter receptors on motor neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus to the observed rhythm slowing induced by clozapine.
The effect of core traction on the image force of a screw dislocation

Abstract The image force exerted on a screw dislocation near a planar or cylindrical free surface or an elliptical hole is usually smaller than that computed without including the core traction (or effectively regarding the core size as zero). For a screw dislocation emitted from a crack tip, the screw dislocation can be repelled by its images. This questions the critical force criterion for the emission of a dislocation from a crack tip. A criterion using zero activation energy is suggested and compared with the critical force criterion.
The Finite Element and Experimental Analysis of the Natural Frequency of the Cantilever Sheet and Model Verification Based on Levy Method

The natural frequency is the inherent characteristics of the objects which would be reflected during the vibration. Firstly, obtained the calculation results of the natural frequency of the cantilever sheet, and then obtained cantilever sheet experimental values through experiments based on hammering method . According to real data and imaginary data of the experimental frequency response curve , used levy method in order to fit the natural frequency. The results show little difference among finite element values, experimental values and the values based on levy method.
An extension of workload capacity space for systems with more than two channels

Abstract We provide the n -channel extension of the unified workload capacity space bounds for standard parallel processing models with minimum-time, maximum-time, and single-target self-terminating stopping rules. This extension enables powerful generalizations of this approach to multiple stopping rules and any number of channels of interest. Mapping the bounds onto the unified capacity space enables a single plot to be used to compare the capacity coefficient values to the upper and lower bounds on standard parallel processing in order to make direct inferences about extreme workload capacity.
Inhibitory effects of organic acid salts on growth of Clostridium perfringens from spore inocula during chilling of marinated ground turkey breast

Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens germination and outgrowth by salts of organic acids such as sodium lactate, sodium acetate, buffered sodium citrate and buffered sodium citrate supplemented with sodium diacetate was evaluated during continuous chilling of ground turkey. Turkey breast meat was injected with a brine-containing NaCl, potato starch and potassium tetra pyrophosphate to yield final in-product concentrations of 0.85%, 0.25% and 0.20%, respectively. The meat was ground, mixed with either sodium lactate (1%, 2%, 3% or 4%), sodium acetate (1% or 2%), buffered sodium citrate (Ional, 1%) or buffered sodium citrate supplemented with sodium diacetate (Ional Plus trade mark, 1%), in addition to a control that did not contain added antimicrobials. Each product was mixed with a three-strain C. perfringens spore cocktail to obtain final spore concentrations of ca. 2.8 log10 spores/g. Inoculated products (10 g) were packaged into cook-in-bags (2 x 3 in.), vacuum sealed, cooked at 60 degrees C for 1 h, and subsequently chilled from 54.4 to 7.2 degrees C in 15, 18 and 21 h following exponential chilling rates. Products were sampled immediately after cooking and then after chilling. Chilling of cooked turkey following 15, 18 and 21 h chill rates resulted in germination and outgrowth of C. perfringens spores to 6.6, 7.58 and 7.95 log10 CFU/g populations, respectively, from initial spore populations of ca. 2.80 log10 CFU/g. Incorporation of sodium lactate (1%), sodium acetate (1%), Ional or Ional Plus (1%) substantially inhibited germination and outgrowth of C. perfringens spores compared to controls. Final C. perfringens total populations of 3.12, 3.10, 2.38 and 2.92 log10 CFU/g, respectively, were observed following a 15-h exponential chill rate. Similar inhibitory effects were observed for 18 and 21 chill rates with the antimicrobials at 1% concentrations. While sodium lactate and sodium acetate concentrations of 1% were sufficient to control C. perfringens germination and outgrowth (<1.0 log10 CFU/g growth) following 15 h chill rates, higher concentrations were required for 18 and 21 h chill rates. Ional at 1% concentration was effective in inhibiting germination and outgrowth to <1.0 log10 CFU/g of C. perfringens for all three chill rates (15, 18 and 21 h) tested. Use of sodium salts of organic acids in formulation of ready-to-eat meat products can reduce the risk of C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth during chilling.
Flame inhibition with electron attachment as the first step

Abstract The suggestion is made that combustion inhibition of the type observed with the use of most halogenated hydrocarbons is due to a two-step process: (1) negative ions and free radicals are formed by dissociative electron attachment with the inhibitor molecules, and then (2) these negative ions and/or free radicals react with the free radicals found in flames. Considerable evidence from the literature is presented which support this idea. It is concluded that, while the evidence is not conclusive, a serious consideration of the idea is justified.