cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Characterization of the Molecular Environment in Supercritical Fluids

Abstract Spectroscopic studies may be combined synergistically with phase equilibria data and molecular thermodynamic models to provide a better understanding of supercritical solutions to aid process design. Highly compressible supercritical fluids condense about solutes to form large physical clusters. This clustering phenomena has been characterized in terms of solubilities, partial molar volumes, solvatochromic shifts in UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, Δv rxn for reversible reactions, Kirkwood-Buff solution theory, and computer simulation. In most cases, the clustering or the effect of clustering scales as the isothermal compressibility. The addition of a cosolvent, complexing agent, or surfactant to a fluid such as carbon dioxide can have large beneficial effects on solubilities and selectivities. Preferential solvation by co-solvents has been measured spectroscopically to develop and test advanced mixing rules. The complexing agent tributylphosphate increases the solubility of hydroquinone by a factor of 300. An anionic surfactant, aerosol-OT forms aggregates and reverse micelles in supercritical ethane, which can solubilize ionic substances such as tryptophan at levels of 0.4 wt %. The use of complexing agents and surfactants provides an opportunity to extend supercritical technology to hydrophilic substances, such as biomolecules.
Sensitivity of freezing time estimation methods to heat transfer coefficient error

Numerous semi-analytical/empirical methods for predicting food freezing times have been proposed, all of which require knowledge of the surface heat transfer coefficient. The empirical nature of the surface heat transfer coefficient can introduce significant error in the freezing time calculation. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was performed on various freezing time estimation methods to determine the impact of errors in the heat transfer coefficient upon the calculated freezing times. A condition number was defined which allows for the quantification of the error in the calculated freezing time due to error in the heat transfer coefficient. Condition numbers were determined for 12 freezing time estimation methods. Seven freezing time estimation methods applicable to regularly shaped food items were found to attenuate errors in the heat transfer coefficient, thus resulting in smaller errors in calculated freezing time. Furthermore, for Biot number greater than 1, four equivalent heat transfer dimensionality methods for irregularly shaped food items were also found to attenuate errors in the heat transfer coefficient.
Carbonate constants for estuarine waters

Intensive studies have been made on the carbonate system in seawater. The thermodynamic constants needed to examine the components of the carbonate system have been developed by several authors. The thermodynamic constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater have been determined on different pH scales. The two most popular pH scales are the total scale: [H+]T = [H+]F{1 + [SO42–]T/KHSO4}) and the seawater scale: [H+]SWS = [H+]F {1 + βHSO4[SO42–]T/KHSO4 + βHF[F–]T/KHF}, where the brackets denote concentrations and the subscripts F and T are for free and total concentrations. The values of KHSO4 and KHF are the dissociation constants for HSO4– and HF: As long as the same pH scale and constants for seawater are used, one can evaluate the components of the carbonate system in seawater. Unfortunately, not all the measured and fitted constants have been made for dilute seawater, and thus cannot be used in estuarine waters. In this paper, the measured constants from S = 1 to 50 and t = 0 to 50°C have been determined on the total, seawater and free scale (pHF = –log[H+]F). These stoichiometric constants can now be used to examine the carbonate system in most estuarine waters.
Cell biology, chemogenomics and chemoproteomics - application to drug discovery

Cell biology has added immensely to the understanding of basic biologic concepts. However, scientists need to use cell biology more in the proteomic-genomic revolution. The authors have developed two novel techniques: transitional structural chemogenomics (TSCg) and transitional structural chemoproteomics (TSCp). TSCg is used to regulate gene expression by using ultrasensitive small-molecule drugs that target nucleic acids. By using chemicals to target transitional changes in the helical conformations of single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA (e.g., B- to Z-DNA) and RNA (e.g., A- to Z-RNA), gene expression can be regulated (i.e., turning genes 'on/off' and variably controlling them). Alternative types of ds- and ssDNA and RNA (e.g., cruciform DNA) and other multistranded nucleic acids (e.g., triplex-DNA) are also targeted by this method. The authors' second technique, TSCp, targets a protein before, during or after post-translational modifications, which alters the protein's structure and function. These novel methods represent the next step in the evolution of chemical genomics and chemical proteomics. In addition, a novel multi-stranded (alternative) DNA, RNA and plasmid microarray has been developed that allows for the immobilization of intact, non-denatured dsDNA, alternative (i.e., exotic) and other multiple-stranded nucleic acids. This represents the next generation of nucleic acid microarrays, which will aid in the characterization of nucleic acids, studying the ageing process and improving the drug discovery process. The authors discuss how cell biology can be used to enhance genomics and proteomics. Cell biology will play a greater role during the postgenomic age and will help to enhance the omics/omes and drug discovery. It is the authors' hope that these novel approaches can be used together with cellular biologic techniques to make major contributions towards understanding and manipulating different genomes.
Elimination of interferences in the colorimetric analysis of ammonium in water and soil extracts

Abstract The manual method for analyzing ammonium (NH4) in water and 1 M potassium chloride soil extracts using the Berthelot reaction was studied with the goal of eliminating interferences from commonly found ions. Three complexing agents at varying concentrations were evaluated. A 12% solution of sodium citrate was found to eliminate normal interferences in soil extracts and natural waters and was chosen as being the best of the three. Using sodium citrate as one component of the method, each component or parameter of the method was studied to be sure the maximum sensitivity was achieved.
Importance of Hydrogen Bond Contacts between the N Protein and RNA Genome of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Encapsidation and RNA Synthesis

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) genomic RNA encapsidated by the nucleocapsid (N) protein is the template for transcription and replication by the viral polymerase. We analyzed the 2.9-A structure of the VSV N protein bound to RNA (T. J. Green, X. Zhang, G. W. Wertz, and M. Luo, Science 313:357-360, 2006) and identified amino acid residues with the potential to interact with RNA via hydrogen bonds. The contributions of these interactions to N protein function were investigated by individually substituting the residues with alanine and assaying the effect of these mutations on N protein expression, on the ability of the N protein to interact with the phosphoprotein (P), and on its ability to encapsidate RNA and generate templates that can support transcription and RNA replication. These studies identified individual amino acids critical for N protein function. Nine nucleotides are associated with each N monomer and contorted into two quasi-helices within the N protein RNA binding cavity. We found that N protein residues that formed hydrogen bond contacts with the nucleotides in quasi-helix 2 were critical to the encapsidation of RNA and the production of templates that can support RNA synthesis. Individual hydrogen bond interactions between the N protein and the nucleotides of quasi-helix 1 were not essential for ribonucleoprotein (RNP) template function. Residue R143 forms a hydrogen bond with nucleotide 9, the nucleotide that extends between N monomers. R143A mutant N protein failed to encapsidate RNA and to support RNA synthesis and suppressed wild-type N protein function. These studies show a direct correlation between viral RNA synthesis and N protein residues structurally positioned to interact with RNA.
Cowboys of the Americas

From wild-cattle hunters to cowboys cowboy character and appearance American plains frontiers -geography and imagery in the saddle - ranch work ranchers and cowboys home on the range - ranch life horsin' round - equestrian fun and games hellin' round - drinking, gambling, and other fun cowboys and indians - frontier race relations riding into the sunset the cowboy rides again - myth, literature, popular culture.
Contractile Proteins of a Benthic Fish. II. Composition and ATPase Properties of Actomyosin

SYNOPSIS. Actomyosin was extracted from skeletal muscle of Coryphaenoides , a benthic fish living at 2,200 meters depth, at a temperature of 2°C, or less, and at pressure of 3,000 psi. On SDS-urea electrophoresis on acrylamide gel, the actomyosin extracts yield components of apparent molecular weight 210,000 (myosin heavy chains), 47,000 (actin), 35,000 (tropomyosin and/or troponin subunits), and 13,000 (myosin light chains). The Mg2+-ATPase of Coryphaenoides actomyosin shows a complex Arrhenius plot, with marked denaturation at temperatures above 30°C, and diminished temperature sensitivity at temperatures below 15°C. Mg2+-ATPase is inhibited by pressure, with activation volumes of + 160 cc/mole at 25°C, and + 230 cc/mole at 2°C. Ca2+-ATPase of actomyosin exhibits the same pH, temperature, and pressure dependence as Ca2+-ATPase of myosin. The overall data would be consistent with a positive activation volume that is independent of temperature (to first approximation) and is related to the interaction of actin and myosin, and a negative activation volume that is temperature dependent and is related directly to activation of myosin ATPase. The net effect appears to be an adaptive mechanism whereby Mg2+-ATPase of Coryphaenoides actomyosin is relatively insensitive to pressure and temperature under conditions encountered by the living fish.
Household Television Access: Associations With Screen Time, Reading, and Homework Among Youth

Objective.—We examined how household factors that mediate television access are associated with screen time (television, videos, movies, and computer and video games), reading, and homework. Methods.—We conducted a self-report survey among 1197 sixth and seventh graders in 10 middle schools in 4 Boston-area communities in 1995. To assess independent associations, SUDAAN linear regressions were calculated to control for respondent characteristics and household access and to account for clustered sampling in the school-based design. Results.—Total viewing (television, videos, movies, and computer and video games) averaged 3.35 ± 2.2 hours per day. In multivariate regressions, independent direct associations with total viewing were observed for the following categories: youth has a television in the bedroom: 0.64 hours per day (P Conclusions.—Reducing intrahousehold television access may enhance clinical, school, and community strategies to reduce youth television viewing and other screen time.
Molar heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of zirconolite CaZrTi2O7

Abstract Zirconolite (CaZrTi 2 O 7 ) has been proposed as a host phase for excess weapons plutonium, and the standard molar entropy Δ 0 298.15 K S m o and other derived thermodynamic functions are needed to describe it completely. The heat capacity of CaZrTi 2 O 7 has been measured from T ≈ 20 K to T ≈ 400 K with an adiabatic calorimeter. A six-term fitting equation based on Debye and Einstein functions has been shown to represent the heat capacity over the entire range of temperature to within the experimental uncertainty. This equation has been used to calculate the thermodynamic functions to T = 400 K and to extrapolate these functions to T = 1500 K. In particular, Δ0 298.15 K S m o for CaZrTi 2 O 7 is 193.3 J · K −1 · mol −1 .
Antigen processing by macrophages: definition of the ligand recognized by T-inducer cells.

An interaction between antigen and macrophage-like cells which display I region gene products [antigen-presenting cells (APC)] is necessary for activation of inducer T cell clones. The specificity of inducer cell activation has been found to be major histocom- patibility complex (MHC)-restricted and antigen specific. This is thought to reflect formation of a ligand consisting of MHC class II gene products associated in some way with foreign protein. A panel of inducer T cell clones with different activation specificities and homogene- ous lines of APC expressing different MHC haplotypes was used to define this ligand. We isolated a product formed after interaction between antigen and APC expressing defined MHC products. This ligand binds only to the T cell clones that are specifically activated by the same antigen and APC as judged by tritiated thymidine incorpora- tion. The ligand is composed of two moieties: I-A determinants and the foreign protein (“antigen”). Coelution and sequential precipitation studies of the two moieties indicate that the nominal antigen and MHC product are tightly linked. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Microstructural aspects of impact erosion in single crystals of LiF, NaCl, KCl and CaF2 by blunt projectiles

In an attempt to clarify the fundamental mechanism of material removal in erosion by blunt solid particles entrained in a fluid stream impinging on a solid surface, single crystals of CaF2 (relatively brittle), LiF (intermediate between brittle and ductile), and KCl and NaCl (relatively ductile) were eroded with 0.25 mm glass beads and 0.50 mm quartz sand grains. The velocity of the particles was varied between 2 and 120 m sec−1. Erosion damage was studied with optical and scanning electron microscopy. In the single-impact mode, the damage is highly dependent on the mechanical properties of the target; material spalled off or micromachined out in individual impacts, or as chips produced upon the intersection of fractures resulting from several neighbouring impacts. At normal impact, the predominant mechanism is intersecting fractures, but at impact angles away from the normal, micromachining occurs in NaCl and KCl and, in fact, becomes the major mechanism of material removal. In LiF, only a little micromachining occurs and in CaF2, none at all; hence in these materials spalling is the controlling mechanism for material loss in individual impacts.
NAZISM AND POLARIZATION: THE LEFT AND THE THIRD REICH

This review provides an overview and critique of recent scholarship on German National Socialism. It focuses on four problems through which historians have recently challenged the Marxist scholarship that played a significant role in shaping debates on Nazism in the sixties and seventies : the composition of the Nazi electorate, the Nazi ‘racial state’, Nazi social policy, and the Holocaust. Although acknowledging the importance of such themes in recent work as the Nazi regime's racism, anti-Semitism, and modernity, the review maintains that the key issue in Marxist scholarship, the polarization between left and right during the interwar period in Europe, provides the essential context for understanding the Nazi regime's ideological extremes and racial practices. To make its case, it explores four examples of the left's influence, the German left's relative cohesion as political and social movements, its place in the discourse of ‘racial hygiene’, its role in debates on the ‘standard of living’, and finally, its relevance to Nazi expansionism and the ‘Final Solution’.
The Relationship Between Drug Education Programs in the Greater New Haven Schools and Changes in Drug Use and Drug-Related Beliefs and Perceptions

This study presents a broad epidemiological approach to evaluation of drug education. Data on adolescent drug use and on drug-related beliefs and perceptions, collected yearly over a three-year period in 33 schools in the Greater New Haven area, were analyzed in relation to information on drug education programs in these schools. Changes in the general prevalence rates for the study period (1970-1973) and with age were the background against which the effects of the independent variable--presence or absence of specific drug education activities in the various schools--were explored. While the overall evidence suggested that drug education does not have a strong, across-the-board influence on either drug use rates or beliefs and perceptions, more modest and specific effects were noted which have implications for drug education.
Transient Viremia in HIV-Infected Patients and Use of Plasma Preparation Tubes

Using plasma preparation tubes for the collection and storage of plasma resulted in factitious, low-level human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy who incurred unnecessary additional clinic visits, laboratory testing, and medication changes. We caution clinicians against the routine use of plasma preparation tubes for collection of blood samples for HIV-1 level 1 quantification.
Dynamics of filamentous viral RNPs prior to egress

The final step in the maturation of paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses and viruses of several other families, entails the budding of the viral nucleocapsid through the plasma membrane of the host cell. Many medically important viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Ebola, can form filamentous particles when budding. Although filamentous virions have been previously studied, details of how viral filaments bud from the plasma membrane remain largely unknown. Using molecular beacon (MB)-fluorescent probes to image the viral genomic RNA (vRNA) of human RSV (hRSV) in live Vero cells, the dynamics of assembled viral filaments was observed to consist of three primary types of motion prior to egress from the plasma membrane: (i) filament projection and rotation, (ii) migration and (iii) non-directed motion. In addition, from information gained by imaging the 3D distribution of cellular vRNA, observing and characterizing vRNA dynamics, imaging vRNA/Myosin Va colocalization, and studying the effects of cytochalasin D (actin depolymerizing agent) exposure, a model for filamentous virion egress is presented.
Influencing People in the Face to Face Setting: Research Findings and Their Application

This paper was presented to the Society of Public Health Educators at their Annual Meeting held in Detroit, Michigan on November 11, 1961.
Association of FVC and Total Mortality in US Adults With Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes

Background Reduced pulmonary function is an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus (DM), conditions associated with increased mortality. We investigated whether reduced pulmonary function is associated with increased mortality in persons with these conditions. Methods We examined 5,633 (projected, 62.4 million) US adults (age range, 18 to 79 years) in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, who were never-smokers and were without known cardiovascular or obstructive lung disease. Cox regression (adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity) was used to examine all-cause mortality risk across FVC categories (FVC: low, ≤ 85% predicted; intermediate, 86 to 94% predicted; and high, ≥ 95% predicted) among those with MetS, DM, or neither disease. Results The prevalence of DM and MetS significantly increased as predicted FVC decreased (p Conclusion In persons with MetS, a reduced FVC is associated with further increases in mortality, suggesting that the evaluation of lung function may be useful for risk stratification in those with MetS.
Bedside Nutrition Assessment Past, Present, and Future: A Review of the Subjective Global Assessment

Bedside nutrition assessment remains an essential skill for the practicing clinician to master as the nutrition status of our patients directly influences clinical outcomes and mortality rates. Dr Charles E. Butterworth Jr's initial report of malnutrition in hospitalized patients, the so-called "skeleton in the closet," riveted the medical community. Two other studies in the 1970s published prevalence rates of hospital malnutrition of 48% in adult medical patients and 50% in adult surgical patients. Even more disturbing, 75% of patients at risk for malnutrition on admission had worsening nutrition parameters during their hospitalization. These findings led to a search to find an integrated bedside nutrition assessment tool to identify malnutrition in hospitalized patients. Initially reported in 1982, The Subjective Global Assessment is an integrated tool that utilizes the clinical judgment of a practitioner to identify patients at risk of or with malnutrition. It is a clinically useful tool that can be applied at the bedside by the average practitioner. It is a simple, safe, and inexpensive tool allowing for widespread use by trained clinicians and remains the gold standard for new bedside assessment tools.
Inactivation of a novel response regulator is necessary for biofilm formation and host colonization by Vibrio fischeri

The marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri uses a biofilm to promote colonization of its eukaryotic host Euprymna scolopes. This biofilm depends on the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) locus, which is transcriptionally regulated by the RscS-SypG two-component regulatory system. An additional response regulator (RR), SypE, exerts both positive and negative control over biofilm formation. SypE is a novel RR protein, with its three putative domains arranged in a unique configuration: a central phosphorylation receiver (REC) domain flanked by two effector domains with putative enzymatic activities (serine kinase and serine phosphatase). To determine how SypE regulates biofilm formation and host colonization, we generated a library of SypE domain mutants. Our results indicate that the N-terminus inhibits biofilm formation, while the C-terminus plays a positive role. The phosphorylation state of SypE appears to regulate these opposing activities, as disruption of the putative site of phosphorylation results in a protein that constitutively inhibits biofilm formation. Furthermore, SypE restricts host colonization: (i) sypE mutants with constitutive inhibitory activity fail to efficiently initiate host colonization and (ii) loss of sypE partially alleviates the colonization defect of an rscS mutant. We conclude that SypE must be inactivated to promote symbiotic colonization by V. fischeri.
Multivariable gain-phase and sensitivity integrals

In this paper we present several extensions of the classical Bode integral relations to multivariable systems. Our main contribution includes an extended gain-phase integral formula and an extended sensitivity integral relation. These results are useful for analyzing certain fundamental design limitations that arise in linear multivariable feedback systems. In particular, they provide important insights into feedback properties which are unique to multivariable systems and which cannot be inferred from the scalar integral relations. Both results show that design limitations in multivariable systems depend strongly upon certain directionality properties. >
Effects of Targeting Pods on F-18C Hornet Weapons Release

In December of 1998 during routine bombing practice at Fallon, NV, an F-18C released a Mark 82 JDAM bomb which impacted the Targeting Forward-Looking Infrared Pod (TFLIR) on the aircraft fuselage. This study investigated the efficacy of CFD to predict and explain the effects the TFLIR, the ATFLIR, and the Litening pod on the store separation characteristics of the F-18C. Mach sweeps were run on the F-18C aircraft carrying the TFLIR, ATFLIR, or Litening pod adjacent to a store. Analysis of the results revealed a large shift in the moments on the store above a certain Mach number attributed to surface pressure changes on the tail of the store due to changes in the local flow. It was found that the Litening pod, while larger in size, had less of an effect on the adjacent store than either the TFLIR or ATFLIR. Furthermore, while the TFLIR and ATFLIR are close in shape, significant differences were found between the two pods’ effects on the adjacent store. Using data from CFD along with results from previous wind tunnel tests, trajectory simulation predictions were accomplished using the Navy Generalized Separation Package (NAVSEP). The results from these predictions compared favorably with flight test results.
From carbon to light: a new framework for estimating greenhouse gas emissions reductions from replacing fuel-based lighting with LED systems

There is considerable well-intended, yet wishful anticipation about reducing greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fuel-based lighting in the developing world with grid-independent light-emitting diode (LED) lighting systems. Most estimates gloss over important practical realities that stand to erode a genuinely significant potential. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the leading system for quantifying the benefits of such projects in developing countries and embodying them in a market-based platform for trading carbon credits. However, compliance with methodologies for highly decentralized, small-scale energy saving projects currently employed in the CDM is viewed by developers of as onerous, time-consuming, and costly. In recognition of the problem, the CDM has recently placed priority on improved methodologies for estimating carbon dioxide reductions from displacement of fuel-based lighting with energy-efficient alternatives. The over-arching aim is to maintain environmental integrity without stifling sustainable emission-reduction projects and programs in the field. This article informs this process by laying out a new framework that shifts the analytical focus from highly costly yet narrow and uncertain baseline estimations to simplified methods based primarily on deemed values that focus on replacement lighting system quality and performance characteristics. The result—many elements of which have been adopted in a new methodology approved by the CDM—is more structured and rigorous than methodologies used for LED projects in the past and yet simpler to implement, i.e., entailing fewer transaction costs. Applying this new framework, we find that some off-grid lighting technologies can be expected to yield little or no emissions reductions, while well-designed ones, using products independently certified to have high quality and durability, can generate significant reductions. Enfolding quality assurance within the proposed framework will help stem “market spoiling” currently underway in the developing world—caused by the introduction of substandard off-grid lighting products—thereby ensuring carbon reduction additionality (emissions reductions that would have not occurred in the absence of the CDM program).
Make Room for Daddy Anxious Masculinity and Emergent Homophobias in Neopatriarchal Politics

What are the sources of continuing antipathy toward homosexuality, and what might they tell us about changing forms of American masculinity? This article documents some emergent homophobias circulating among conservative activists in relation to campaigns against gay rights in the early 1990s and against gay marriage in 2004. As feminist critiques of traditional masculinity make their way into conservative rhetoric and as men struggle to define a role that maintains male authority without sounding overly authoritarian, new forms of homophobia have emerged that are compatible with conservatives’ quest to be seen as compassionate protectors of the family.
The translation sensitivity of wavelet-based registration

This paper studies the effects of image translation on wavelet-based image registration. The main result is that the normalized correlation coefficients of low-pass Haar and Daubechies wavelet subbands are essentially insensitive to translations for features larger than twice the wavelet blocksize. The third-level low-pass subbands produce a correlation peak that varies with translation from 0.7 and 1.0 with an average in excess of 0.9. Translation sensitivity is limited to the high-pass subband and even this subband is potentially useful. The correlation peak for high-pass subbands derived from first and second-level low-pass subbands ranges from about 0.0 to 1.0 with an average of about 0.5 for Daubechies and 0.7 for Haar. We use a mathematical model to develop these results, and confirm them on real data.
A comprehensive model of mutations affecting fitness and inferences for Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract As the ultimate source of genetic variation, spontaneous mutation is essential to evolutionary change. Theoretical studies over several decades have revealed the dependence of evolutionary consequences of mutation on specific mutational properties, including genomic mutation rates, U, and the effects of newly arising mutations on individual fitness, s. The recent resurgence of empirical effort to infer these properties for diverse organisms has not achieved consensus. Estimates, which have been obtained by methods that assume mutations are unidirectional in their effects on fitness, are imprecise. Both because a general approach must allow for occurrence of fitness-enhancing mutations, even if these are rare, and because recent evidence demands it, we present a new method for inferring mutational parameters. For the distribution of mutational effects, we retain Keightley's assumption of the gamma distribution, to take advantage of the flexibility of its shape. Because the conventional gamma is on...
Morse-type tapers: factors that may influence taper strength during total hip arthroplasty.

We studied the effect of varying impaction force, repeated impactions, and fluid contamination on the disassembly strength of Morse-type tapers in 4 commercially available, modular femoral total hip components. The effect of varying techniques of taper assembly on the distraction force was studied. Our results show a reproducible and linear relationship between the taper impaction force and the disassembly force. The force necessary to separate the taper for a given impaction force varied, however, among manufacturers. Repeated impactions added little strength, and we found that when multiple impactions of varying force are used, the strength is roughly equivalent to the expected strength from the single strongest blow. Fluid contamination at the taper interface had unpredictable effects on taper strength.
The Reactions of Sulfides and Sulfenic Acid Derivatives with Singlet Oxygen

Abstract The reactions of singlet oxygen with sulfides, sulfenamides, disulfides, and sulfenate esters will be critically discussed. The emphasis will be on the mechanistic details of these reactions.
Thermodynamics and Proton Transport in Nafion - III. Proton Transport in Nafion/Sulfated ZrO(2) Nanocomposite Membranes

A proton transport model is proposed to describe proton diffusion in Nafion/(ZrO 2 /SO 2 - 4 ) nanocomposite membranes. The model considers the water content which could be determined by thermodynamics, dissociation of protons near the acid surface, stabilization of protons in water, and the strength and concentration of acid sites from Nafion as well as ZrO 2 /SO 2 - 4 . The transport of proton occurs via a sluggish hopping process through the membrane surface, and relatively fast structural and ordinary mass diffusion of hydronium ions in the bulk of the membrane pores. The conductivity of the in situ sol-gel prepared Nafion/ (ZrO 2 /SO 2 - 4 ) nanocomposite membranes is accurately predicted as a function of relative humidity without any fitted parameters. Nafion/(ZrO 2 /SO 2 - 4 ) nanocomposite membrane shows higher proton conductivity compared with Nafion at the same temperature and humidity conditions due to the improved water uptake and provision of strong acid sites. The model provides a theoretical framework for understanding proton conduction in nanocomposite membranes and can be successfully used to develop high-conducting membranes for fuel cell applications.
Pulsation stabilization and enhancement in self-pulsating laser diodes

The authors report stabilization and enhancement of the optical pulses of self-pulsating laser diodes using a combination of self-injection locking and frequency locked loops. A record short term stability of one part in 1,500,000 (3 dB linewidth of less than 800 Hz at 1.3 GHz) was readily achieved with continuous tunability from 600 MHz to over 3 GHz (harmonics to over 12 GHz). The reduction in timing jitter resulted in a >
Etiologies, consequences, and treatment of iron overload

From a global perspective, severe systemic iron overload occurs predominantly in individuals affected by geographically specific genetic mutations that permit the daily absorption from the diet of more iron than is physiologically needed. Two main types of hereditary iron overload are well recognized: (1) HLA-linked hemochromatosis in populations derived from Europe and (2) iron overload complicating thalassaemia major and intermedia syndromes in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. Another very common form of iron overload occurs in Africa and is clearly related to high dietary iron content; recent evidence suggests that a genetic predisposition may also contribute to the pathogenesis. Patients with iron overload may develop multiorgan system toxicity; aggressive therapy with phlebotomy or iron chelation to remove excess iron from the body prevents organ damage and prolongs life.
Determinants of Drug Disposition and Effect in the Fetus

The disposition of pharmacologically active molecules in the maternal­ placental-fetal unit has been discussed in several recent books and reviews (1-3). Considerable data have accumulated to indicate that nearly all drugs enter the fetal circulation following maternal administration and may exert different effects upon the fetus. Hence, it is of considerable significance to determine the influence of biological maturation on placental transfer, the effects of drugs on placental function, fetal drug disposition, and the reac­ tivity of the fetus to pharmacologic agents. This review considers aspects of developmental pharmacology that have not been extensively considered in previous publications, examining in par­ ticular the following subject areas:
Morphogenesis of Tracheary Elements and Guard Cells

Plant cell shape is determined by the cell wall. The pattern and orientation of the reinforcing cellulose microfibrils of the wall define the manner and places in which a cell will strain in response to the internally generated turgor stress (Green 1980). To understand morphogenesis one must explain the mechanism of cell wall formation and in particular how unique patterns of cellulose reinforcements arise. Two cell types that possess specific wall patterns related to cell shape and function, and that have received considerable attention in studies of cytomorphogenesis are tracheary elements and stomatal guard cells (Hepler and Palevitz 1974). Despite their obvious differences in overall shape and function they possess remarkable similarities in the structure of their secondary wall and in the apparent manner by which the wall develops. It is the purpose of this chapter to consider the mechanism of secondary wall formation in differentiating tracheary elements and guard cells and to focus especially on those structures and processes at the cell wall-cyto- plasmic interface that seems to be responsible for Controlling the location of wall formation and the orientation of cellulose deposition.
Interrogating the activities of conformational deformed enzyme by single-molecule fluorescence-magnetic tweezers microscopy

Characterizing the impact of fluctuating enzyme conformation on enzymatic activity is critical in understanding the structure–function relationship and enzymatic reaction dynamics. Different from studying enzyme conformations under a denaturing condition, it is highly informative to manipulate the conformation of an enzyme under an enzymatic reaction condition while monitoring the real-time enzymatic activity changes simultaneously. By perturbing conformation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules using our home-developed single-molecule total internal reflection magnetic tweezers, we successfully manipulated the enzymatic conformation and probed the enzymatic activity changes of HRP in a catalyzed H2O2–amplex red reaction. We also observed a significant tolerance of the enzyme activity to the enzyme conformational perturbation. Our results provide a further understanding of the relation between enzyme behavior and enzymatic conformational fluctuation, enzyme–substrate interactions, enzyme–substrate active complex formation, and protein folding–binding interactions.
Radiating folds of Descemet's membrane associated with deep stromal infiltrates

SUMMARY Star-like folds of Descemet's membrane have been described in association with a phthisical eye and also as a sign of impending perforation. We describe three cases where this change was found in association with deep stromal infiltrates, two of which arose in Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and one in Haemophilus influenza. The intra ocular pressure was normal at the time the folds developed and there was no perforation. We believe the folds are related to cicatricial changes at the level of Descemet's membrane.
Anthropometric considerations in human impact tolerance research

The primary experimental methodologies of human impact tolerance research require the availability of anthropometric and other body measurement information. Somewhat standard anthropometric procedures are available to describe human volunteer and general populations exposed to dynamic situations. However, classical anthropometry is inadequate to the task of specifying joint mobility and resistance to force. In addition, no common procedures or lists of useful measurements are available for cadaver or laboratory animal subjects. These factors have led to major shortcomings in the current designs of crash test dummies and the parallel input data sets required for the operation of computerized mathematical crash victim simulations. The paper briefly reviews the problems and the activities being carried out for their resolution. Language: en
A Proposal for Warning People About the Risks Associated with Taking the Graduate Record Examination

Despite its prominent role in determining how educational resources are distributed, assorted studies have shown the GRE (Graduate Record Examination) is, at best, a weak predictor of academic performance. Some critics have proposed dropping the GRE as an entrance requirement. Because this is unlikely to happen, the present paper offers specific language for use in a warning announcement given beforehand to anyone taking this exam.
Evolution of Gd Thin Film Structure Due to Amorphization by Co Deposition

Multilayers of Gd/Co produced by sputter deposition are observed to be amorphous for a wide range of bilayer periods. This structure is largely the result of an amorphization reaction during the deposition between crystalline Gd and newly arriving Co atoms. We explore this reaction by producing multilayers of Gd/Co/Cr, and examining the resulting microstructure. We observe both interfacial disordering due to a layer thickening mechanism and evidence for growth of the amorphous phase from Gd grain boundaries. The reaction is enhanced by the presence of a large number of crystalline defects in the Gd layers.
Technology use, cooperation, and organizational learning in patient safety reporting

Information technology has the potential to support cooperation and facilitate organizational learning. However, technology use, cooperation, and organizational learning are complex constructs that were often oversimplified and resulted in inconsistent findings in past studies. This study employed an innovative approach to building new knowledge about the use of technology in support of cooperative work and organizational learning in a health care setting. This study examined the use of the Patient Safety Network (PSN) within the University of Missouri Health Care (UMHC). The purpose of this study is to understand in what ways and to what extent health care practitioners at UMHC used the PSN and how it influenced cooperative work and contributed to organizational learning. Activity was used as the unit of analysis to examine members’ actions and interactions surrounding a common patient safety activity that were recorded by the PSN. Follow-up surveys of perceived organizational learning were collected at the end of each patient safety activity. The findings of this study provide evidence that technology use and cooperation can be operationalized and examined in context and demonstrate how it can be done reliably. Three types of PSN technology use were found: Event Complexity, Appropriation of Reporting, and Appropriation of Resolution. The results show the importance of understanding the participation of different roles within a CSCW context and of considering task characteristics, such as event complexity. The degree of cooperation depended on how well the basic elements were met. The results indicate that at the time of the study, those using PSN show evidence of working cooperatively through the system, but in general are not scoring high on the indicators of cooperation. Additionally, the overall relationship between cooperation and organizational learning was found weak. Finally, the results show that factors of technology use impact levels of cooperation and perceived organizational learning. The overall cooperation was influenced by the levels of Appropriation of Reporting as well as by the interaction between the level of Event Complexity and Appropriation of Reporting. More specifically, the higher the Appropriation of Reporting, the higher the overall cooperation was found. Event Complexity reduced the effect of Appropriation of Reporting on the overall cooperation. The overall perceived organizational learning was influenced by the levels of Event Complexity and Appropriation of Resolution. More specifically, the higher the Event Complexity, the lower the overall perception of organizational learning. Extremely high and extremely low overall scores on Appropriation of Resolution had higher perceptions of organizational learning.
Poster Abstract: Online Semi-Partitioned Multiprocessor Scheduling of Soft Real-Time Periodic Tasks for QoS Optimization

Summary form only given. Multiprocessor real-time scheduling algorithms may follow a partitioned or global approach or some hybrid of the two, called semi-partitioning. Semi-partitioned real-time scheduling algorithms extend partitioned ones by allowing a subset of tasks to migrate. Given the goal of “less overhead”, it is desirable for such strategy to be boundary-limited, and allow a migrating task to migrate only between successive invocations (job boundaries). Non-boundary-limited schedulers allow jobs to migrate, which can be expensive in practice, if jobs maintain much cached state. Previously proposed semi-partitioned algorithms for soft real-time (SRT) tasks such as EDF-fm and EDF-os, have two phases: an offline assignment phase, where tasks are assigned to processors and fixed tasks (which do not migrate) are distinguished from migrating ones; and an online execution phase. In their execution phase, rules that extend EDF scheduling are used. These strategies aim to minimize tardiness. In this paper, we propose a new online reward-based semi-partitioning approach to schedule periodic soft real-time tasks in homogeneous multiprocessor systems. We use an online choice of two approximation algorithms, Greedy and Load-Balancing, for partitioning, which provides an optimized usage of processing time. In this method, no prior information is needed. Hence, there is no offline phase. Our objective is to enhance the QoS by minimizing tardiness and maximizing the total reward obtained by completed tasks in minimum makespan. Therefore, we allow different jobs of any task get assigned to different processors (migration at job boundaries) based on their reward-based priorities and workload of the processors. This method can also extend to direct SRT systems with mixed set of tasks (aperiodic, sporadic and periodic) by defining their deadline accordingly. Many real-time applications can benefit from this solution including but not limited to video streaming servers, multi-player video games, mobile online banking and medical monitoring systems.
MP13: IMPORTANT ROLE OF PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) AND PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (PTT) IN PREDICTING TPA-RELATED HEMORRHAGIC TRANSFORMATION

Purpose of Study IV tPA is not routinely followed by blood work due to its reputed short half life. While there has been much focus on tPA9s extra-vascular effects on the neurovascular unit in the context of hemorrhagic transformation (HT), little is known about its intravascular efficacy, where it has its intended effect. Emerging data suggest that tPA may be most effective in microvasculature and IV therapy may be a good adjunct to intra-arterial therapy. We previously found that the effect of tPA can last more than 72 hr after stroke onset. Now, we report that even routine blood labs can potentially predict HT. Methods Used 72 storke patients with IV tPA were recruited on IRB approval. Clinical coagulation profile (PT, PTT, fibrinogen and D-dimer) were performed at 12, 24, 72 hr post tPA. Patients on medications (e.g. anticoagulants) or with conditions (e.g. liver dysfunction, infection) that may affect these labs were excluded. Summary of Results Compared to those without HT, HT patients had significantly higher PT and PTT (Fig A,B) as early as 12 hr post IV tPA and throughout the first 3 days of treatment. ROC analysis suggested PT/PTT at 12 and 24 hr has potential to predict tPA-induced HT (Fig C,D. PT: AUC=0.848, p=0.001; PTT: AUC=0.877; p=0.003). Conclusions Higher PT/PTT level within 72 hr of IV tPA is early marker of tPA-induced HT. Whether these routine labs have value in symptomatic hemorrhage will require further study in a larger cohort. But this proof-of-concept study suggests that tPA efficacy can potentially be followed in real time. The development of a reliable blood test would be of clinical utility to gauge thrombolytic efficacy in real time to guide and triage adjunct treatments.
Evaluation of Schistosomiasis Transmission Blocking in Hanyang District,Hubei Province

Objective To evaluate the schistosomiasis transmission blocking in Hanyang district.Method Three villages were randomly selected by cluster sampling according to the 《criteria for control and elimination of schistosomiasis》 in China for the evaluation of residents and cattle schistosome infection,the epidemic for oncomelania,the documents and data,and the field visit.Results There wasn't any case of local infection of schistosome in residents and cattle from 1999 to 2007,and the oncomelania has not been found since the spring in 2005.The files were documented completely,so each index in Hanyang reached the national standard of schistosomiasis transmission blocking.Conclusion Although the district reached the national standard of schistosomiasis transmission blocking,we should implement the 《Schistosomiasis Control Ordinance》 to maintaining institutions,stable team,and carrying out health education on schistosomiasis control in order to prevent the epidemic rebound.We should also continue strengthening our effort to disease surveillance in future.