cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of heterophile antibodies by human tonsilar lymphocytes. II. In vitro stimulation with allogeneic cells.

Abstract Short-term cultures of human tonsilar lymphocytes (HTL), 5 × 106 cells/culture, in medium RPMI 1640 supplemented with human group AB serum were studied for the production of plaque-forming cells (PFC) against sheep (SRBC) and bovine (BRBC) red blood cells following in vitro stimulation by various allogeneic lymphoid cells. Of 55 HTL specimens examined, 48 produced a significant number (50–300/culture) of PFC against SRBC and/or BRBC following the in vitro stimulation. The optimal doses of the stimulator HTL and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were 107 and 5 × 106/culture, respectively. After the stimulation, PFC appeared in significant numbers on the third day, reached the peak number on the sixth day, and decreased sharply in number thereafter. Removal of E-rosetting cells from both stimulator and responder populations abolished the PFC formation. PFC formation against SRBC was inhibited by solubilized Forssman antigen, while PFC formation against BRBC was inhibited strongly by Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen, hardly by Paul-Bunnell antigen and not at all by Forssman antigen. Supernatants of mixed lymphocyte culture of PBL were shown to enhance PFC formation of HTL cultures stimulated by allogeneic lymphocytes. The results of this study indicated that in vivo primed B cells of the HTL were triggered in vitro by allogeneic stimulation for the heterophile antibody formation. Since these antibodies are apparently directed against Forssman and Hanganutziu-Deicher antigens, the “allo” nature of these antigens as well as their relationship to the previously described heterophile transplantation antigens have to be clarified.
Feasibility analysis of stochastic sensor networks

A stochastic wireless sensor network consisting of low-duty-cycle, unsynchronized nodes offers a simple, robust, and ultra-low-power solution for many sensor network applications. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by proving that such a network exhibits quasi-stable behavior as long as the mean number of active nodes in a neighborhood exceeds a bound between one and two, even in the presence of collisions. As this number increases, the mean lifetime of messages in the network grows rapidly and the average response time decreases. Simulation results correspond closely to the analytical bounds for quasistability, lifetime, and response time. A stochastic sensor network appears to he a promising approach for many wireless sensor network applications with modest data throughput requirements.
The Ferret Model for Influenza

A major challenge in influenza research is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and protective immune response to influenza infection in humans. Ferrets are exquisitely susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses and are widely believed to be the ideal small animal model for influenza research. Mice have also been used for influenza vaccine research for decades. Ferrets are used as an animal model for the study of influenza because they are susceptible to human influenza viruses and develop some of the symptoms of influenza that are seen in humans. Although they are not discussed in detail in this unit, hamsters, guinea pigs, and both cotton rats (Sigmodon) and rats (Rattus) have also been used for influenza research. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 13:15G.2.1-15G.2.29. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: influenza; animal models; ferrets; virus titration
Effect of pH and Sodium Chloride on Growth of Bacillus cereus in Laboratory Media and Certain Foods

The effects of NaCl concentration, pH, and water activity (aw) on the ability of vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus to initiate aerobic growth in brain heart infusion broth at 30 C were studied in a factorial design experiment. By using multiple regression techniques, equations were derived which related the decimal reduction of the bacterial population to the concentration of NaCl and pH of broth to which the population was exposed. From these equations, the percentage of inoculated cells capable of initiating growth could be calculated. The reliability of these equations in foods was tested in laboratory-processed meat and rice media. The foods were less inhibitory than the broths, so that accurate prediction of growth initiation in foods was not possible by using the developed formulas. The impact of this type of quantitative study on the development of specific microbial standards for foods is discussed. When the NaCl concentration is increased, the aw is decreased and, with increased deviation of pH from optimum, more concentrated inoculum of B. cereus cells is needed to assure initiation of growth in culture media and foods.
Beneficial effects of exercise on age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle

Mitochondria are negatively affected by ageing leading to their inability to adapt to higher levels of oxidative stress and this ultimately contributes to the systemic loss of muscle mass and function termed sarcopenia. Since mitochondria are central mediators of muscle health, they have become highly sought-after targets of physiological and pharmacological interventions. Exercise is the only known strategy to combat sarcopenia and this is largely mediated through improvements in mitochondrial plasticity. More recently a critical role for mitochondrial turnover in preserving muscle has been postulated. Specifically, cellular pathways responsible for the regulation of mitochondrial turnover including biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy may become dysregulated during ageing resulting in the reduced clearance and accumulation of damaged organelles within the cell. When mitochondrial quality is compromised and homeostasis is not re-established, myonuclear cell death is activated and muscle atrophy ensues. In contrast, acute and chronic exercise attenuates these deficits, restoring mitochondrial turnover and promoting a healthier mitochondrial pool that leads to the preservation of muscle. Additionally, the magnitude of these exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations is currently debated with several studies reporting a lower adaptability of old muscle relative to young, but the processes responsible for this diminished training response are unclear. Based on these observations, understanding the molecular details of how advancing age and exercise influence mitochondria in older muscle will provide invaluable insight into the development of exercise protocols that will maximize beneficial adaptations in the elderly. This information will also be imperative for future research exploring pharmacological targets of mitochondrial plasticity.
Eine Ballonfahrt mit Folgen

Victor Franz Hess (1883–1964) entdeckte 1912 bei Ballonaufstiegen die kosmische Hohenstrahlung und erhielt dafur 1936, als bisher einziger Steirer, den Nobelpreis fur Physik. Er lehrte an den Universitaten Wien, Graz, Innsbruck und ab 1938 Fordham, New York. Zeitlebens seinem Thema treu, fuhrte er, selbst an Radiumverbrennungen leidend, als erster in USA Routinemessungen von Radiumvergiftungen ein.
Interpersonal attraction as a function of amount of information supporting the subject's opinions*

Based on the reinforcement theory of attraction and its model (classical conditioning), amount of information given in support of a S’s opinions was found to be an analog of magnitude of reinforcement (UCS intensity). As the model predicted, varying amount of information led to significant differences in attraction (p <.001).
Hamilton–Jacobi Theory and Parametric Analysis in Fully Convex Problems of Optimal Control

For optimal control problems satisfying convexity conditions in the state as well as the velocity, the optimal value is studied as a function of the time horizon and other parameters. Conditions are identified in which this optimal value function is locally Lipschitz continuous and semidifferentiable, or even differentiable. The Hamilton–Jacobi theory for such control problems provides the framework in which the results are obtained.
Midrash, Myth, and Bakhtin's Chronotope: The Itinerant Well and the Foundation Stone in Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer

Throughout the midrash Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer ( PRE ), motifs are recycled to connect primordial time to the eschaton. In this paper, I read passages on the well “created at twilight of the Sixth Day” in light of Bakhtin's notion of “chronotope” (lit. time-space). The author of PRE disengages the itinerant well from its traditional association with the desert sojourn and links it, instead, to the foundation stone of the world ( even shtiyah ) at the Temple Mount. The midrash reflects the influence of Islamic legends about the “white stone” around which the Dome of the Rock was built (ca. 690 C.E.). Over the course of the discussion, PRE is understood in terms of the genre “narrative midrash” and compared to classical rabbinic literature in order to illustrate changes in both form and content arising from the author's apocalyptic eschatology.
Statistical model for stretched exponential relaxation with backtransfer and leakage

Abstract Previous calculations of stretched exponential decay in disordered systems have been extended to cover situations where there is backtransfer and leakage in the relaxation channels. Results are obtained for the relaxation of the macroscopic parameter in situations where the channels are governed by Poisson statistics. Analogous results are obtained for Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics. It is shown that in the continuum limit, all three cases have the same macroscopic decay function. Detailed findings are presented for a model where all channels have the same backtransfer and leakage rates. In this case, the decay function is related to the decay in the absence of backtransfer.
Comparison of the conventional cage rotor and jet-aero-mix systems in oxidation ditch operations

Abstract The Jet-Aero-Mix system, designed on the basis of Fanning's for Darcy's Equation, was tested at the USDA Fur Animal Research Farm at Cornell. Oxygenation studies with tap water showed fairly good comparison with that of a conventional cage-rotor system, and the performance with mink waste resulted in high degrees of treatment. From a general maintenance standpoint, the Jet-Aero-Mix (JAM) system does not have the problems of bearings and belt slippage associated with a cage rotor. One potential problem still exists and would be resolved only by testing. The problem is the possibility of plugging the nozzles by strawlike materials such as large feathers and straw bedding from cattle. From an economic standpoint the operating cost of the JAM system (in terms of energy consumption) is comparable to that of the cage rotor. The capital expenditure offers substantial savings. Because of the simplicity of this device, the JAM system also offers the flexibility of being able to be installed in phases to meet the desired quality of treatment, especially in large systems where fairly large initial capital outlay may be required. Based on the oxygenation studies, economic analysis and field testing with mink waste, the JAM system appears a reasonable alternative to a cage rotor for aeration and mixing in an oxidation ditch process. The system appears to be especially useful for small systems and should receive consideration in situations where aerobic treatment is contemplated.
Data mining and its applications in bioinformatics: Techniques and methods

In this talk, I will discuss some of the latest data mining techniques and methods and their applications in bioinformatics study, focusing on data integration, text mining and graph-based data mining in bioinformatics research. In data integration, I will present a semantic-based approach for multi source bioinformatics data integration. In our approach, a metamodel is utilized to represent the master search schema, and an effective interface extraction algorithm based on the hierarchical structure of the web and pattern is developed to capture the rich semantic relationships of the online bioinformatics data sources. Our final goal is to develop a meta-search interface for biologists as a single point of access to multiple online bioinformatics databases. In text mining, some of the challenging issues in mining and searching the biomedical literature are addressed, and I will present a unified architecture Bio-SET-DM (Biomedical Literature Searching, Extraction and Text Data Mining), discuss some novel algorithms such as semantic-based language model for literature retrieval, semi-supervised pattern learning for information extraction of biological relationships from biomedical literature. In the third part, graph-based data mining, the focus is on graph-based mining in biological networks. I will discuss how to apply graph-based mining techniques and algorithms in the analysis of modular and hierarchical structure of biological networks, how to identify and evaluate the subnetworks from complicated biological networks, and present the experimental results. To put these pieces together, a unified framework is introduced to integrate the three parts (data integration, text mining and graph-based data mining) in the bioinformatics data mining procedure.
Acute Androgen Receptor Blockade Increases Luteinizing Hormone Secretory Activity in Men

To investigate the nature of androgen feedback mechanisms in normal men, we studied the hypothalamo-pituitary responses to administration of a potent, highly selective nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide HCl (1 g/day, orally, for 3 days). The impact of reversible blockade of endogenous androgen action was assessed in 11 normal men by analyzing quantitative alterations in specific pulsatile properties of LH secretion basally (hypothalamic regulation) and after 2 (n = 6) consecutive iv pulses of exogenous GnRH (pituitary responsiveness). Androgen blockade resulted in significant increases in 1) 12-h mean and integrated serum immunoactive LH concentrations (P = 0.01), 2) LH pulse frequency (P = 0.01), and 3) mean interpulse (valley) serum LH concentrations (P = 0.02) and maximal LH peak heights (P = 0.01). Additionally, there were significant decreases in LH interpulse interval (P = 0.02), LH peak duration (P = 0.02), and interpeak valley duration (P = 0.02). The augmented LH pulsatility reflected enhanced hypothalamic activity, since 1) pituitary secretory responses to exogenous GnRH pulses were not altered, and 2) multiple parameter deconvolution disclosed an increased number of computer-resolved LH secretory bursts generated per 12 h, with no changes in the apparent half-duration of LH secretory impulses or the calculated mass of LH released per secretory burst. We conclude that endogenous androgens act selectively to modulate the number of spontaneous LH secretory bursts in man.
Iguana-Associated Salmonellosis in a Young Adult

Purpose: Review a case of Salmonella infection in a young adult related to handling of an infected iguana. Methods: Case report. Results: Most cases of Salmonella infection related to handling of reptiles have occurred in children. We report a case of Salmonella diarrhea in a 19-year-old male who kept a pet iguana. The iguana was asymptomatic, but Salmonella grew from stool specimens. Conclusions: Those who keep iguanas as pets, which are particularly attractive to adolescents and young adults, should be aware that iguanas frequently carry Salmonella. Those caring for adolescents and young adults should always inquire into the pet-keeping habits of their patients when illnesses develop.
Fast pyrolysis of biomass and waste plastic in a fluidized bed reactor

Abstract Co-pyrolysis of red oak and high density polyethylene (HDPE) was conducted in a laboratory-scale, continuous fluidized bed reactor in a temperature range from 525 to 675 °C. Pyrolysis products, including two fractions of pyrolysis-oil, non-condensable gases and char were analyzed to assess the influence of pyrolysis temperature and co-feeding of biomass with HDPE. It was found that increasing pyrolysis temperature up to 625 °C promoted the production of pyrolysis-oil and its yield reached 57.6 wt%. Further increase in pyrolysis temperature caused the cracking of pyrolysis-oil to form light gases rich in hydrocarbons. Organic phase of pyrolysis-oil produced from plastic-biomass mixture (PBM) had a higher heating value (HHV) up to 36.6 MJ/kg contributed by the additive effect of HDPE-derived aliphatic hydrocarbons. A significant synergetic effect was also observed during co-pyrolysis. Co-pyrolysis with HDPE increased the production of furan, acids and water from red oak. Co-presence of HDPE also inhibited char formation from red oak and improved the HHV of the resulting char. The char produced from co-pyrolysis had a significantly lower BET surface area than red oak biochar. Not only did HDPE-derived particulate matter blocks the pores, the synergetic interaction also resulted in the formation of large and shallow micro-pores on the char surface.
An application of factorial design to the development of fused silica capillary columns

Stationary phase crosslinking conditions for fused silica capillary columns were optimized with the use of a factorial design experiment. This experimental strategy was chosen because it provided for the determination of two-factor interactions. A predictive model was developed for the desired chromatographic performance parameters as a function of the variables of the crosslinking reaction. Confirmatory experiments proved the usefulness of the mathematical model which resulted in the production of capillary columns of superior performance with significant improvements in reproducibility.
Something from nothing: augmenting a paper-based work practice via multimodal interaction

In this paper, we describe Rasa: an environment designed to augment, rather than replace, the work habits of its users. These work habits include drawing on Post-it™ notes using a symbolic language. Rasa observes and understands this language, assigning meaning simultaneously to objects in both the physical and virtual worlds. With Rasa, users rollout a paper map, register it, and move the augmented objects from one place to another on it. Once an object is augmented, users can modify the meaning represented by it, ask questions about that representation, view it in virtual reality, or give directions to it, all with speech and gestures. We examine the way Rasa uses language to augment objects, and compare it with prior methods, arguing that language is a more visible, flexible, and comprehensible method for creating augmentations than other approaches.
Equilibrium properties of the cubic phases of cobalt

Abstract Lattice constants and magnetic moments of face-centered cubic ( fcc ) and body-centered cubic ( bcc ) phases of cobalt obtained from self-consistent spin-polarized total-energy calculations by the augmented spherical wave method are compared to measurements. The calculated lattice constants fit the measured values of both phases to about 1%, but favor one of the two reported results on the newly-synthesized bcc phase. However the reported magnetic moments are substantially lower than the theoretical value for the bcc phase. We show that bcc cobalt is metastable up to 400 kbars pressure and, like fcc cobalt, is a strong ferromagnet. The magnetic moment of fcc cobalt is shown to collapse at a 5% lattice compression.
Fifty Years of the Southern Sociological Society: Change and Continuity in a Professional Society. Methodological Perspectives on Studying the History of the Southern Sociological Society

This paper revisits research procedures used to collect and analyze data for Fifty Years of the Southern Sociological Society: Change and Continuity in a Professional Society (1988) to comment on methodological issues. The fifty years of change were conceptualized as having shifted the Southern Sociological Society from a disciplinary to a professional mode of organization. The shift occurred both from evolutionary processes and from deliberate revolutionary actions of officials and members. Data for the study came mainly from the Society’s Archives. It included personal accounts by presidents, secretary-treasurers’ and committee reports, annual programs and newsletters. Evolutionary processes of adapting the association to the growth of membership, to differentiation of fields of sociological study, along with the rationalization and formalization of the Society’s governance and operation, were extracted mainly from annual programs, the most continuous and objective body of archival information. Revolutionary changes, including adaptation to societal challenges including racial segregation, from the Society’s founding onward were inferred from personal accounts, committee reports, and newsletters, and were confirmed from interviews with long-standing members.
Origin of anomalous emission in superdense glow discharge.

A theory, supported by new experimental data, for recently observed anomalous large pseudospark and back-lighted thyratron cathode emission into a superdense glow discharge is reported. The current density at the cathode surface, \ensuremath{\cong} 10 kA/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, is produced by an ion "beam," extends over a surface area of \ensuremath{\cong} 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and is orders of magnitude larger than that of heated thermionic cathodes.
EMS medical direction and prehospital practices for acute cardiovascular events.

AbstractObjective. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether there is an association between type of emergency medical services (EMS) medical direction and local EMS agency practices and characteristics specifically related to emergency response for acute cardiovascular events. Methods. We surveyed 1,292 EMS agencies in nine states. For each cardiovascular prehospital procedure or practice, we compared the proportion of agencies that employed paid (full- or part-time) medical directors with the proportion of agencies that employed volunteer medical directors. We also compared the proportion of EMS agencies who reported direct interaction between emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and their medical director within the previous four weeks with the proportion of agencies who reported no direct interaction. Chi-square tests were used to assess statistical differences in proportion of agencies with a specific procedure by medical director employment status and medical director interaction. We rep...
Maximum likelihood, entropy maximization, and the geometric programming approaches to the calibration of trip distribution models

Abstract Geometric programming is used to establish a formal primal-dual relationship between the maximum likelihood and the entropy maximization formulations of the trip distribution model. This relationship produces solution characteristics which agree with well known results. It provides an efficient procedure for interpreting and solving the model. A systematic method for conducting post-optimal sensitivity analysis is also available. The development is illustrated through a simple example.
Affect Attunement, Attachment, Temperament, and Zygosity: A Twin Study

Abstract A twin study examines the relationship of affect attunement to four factors of development: zygosity, temperament, attachment, and twin preference. Affect attunement occurs when an infant expresses affect and a mother responds cross-modally, matching duration, intensity, and rhythm. A sample of 16, same sex, healthy twins (8 MZ, 8 DZ) and their mothers were recruited at 10 to 12 months of age. Monozygous twins attuned at more similar rates than dizygous twins. There was no relationship between attunement, attachment, and temperament, nor between affect signal rate and attunement. Five of eight mothers expressed a twin preference. Eleven of the 16 infants were classified securely attached. Affect attunement is discussed as a measure of the complementarity between an infant's affect signaling rate and a mother's contingent responsiveness.
Enhanced NMDA Receptor-Mediated Modulation of Excitatory Neurotransmission in the Dorsal Vagal Complex of Streptozotocin-Treated, Chronically Hyperglycemic Mice

A variety of metabolic disorders, including complications experienced by diabetic patients, have been linked to altered neural activity in the dorsal vagal complex. This study tested the hypothesis that augmentation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated responses in the vagal complex contributes to increased glutamate release in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) in mice with streptozotocin-induced chronic hyperglycemia (i.e., hyperglycemic mice), a model of type 1 diabetes. Antagonism of NMDA receptors with AP-5 (100 μM) suppressed sEPSC frequency in vagal motor neurons recorded in vitro, confirming that constitutively active NMDA receptors regulate glutamate release in the DMV. There was a greater relative effect of NMDA receptor antagonism in hyperglycemic mice, suggesting that augmented NMDA effects occur in neurons presynaptic to the DMV. Effects of NMDA receptor blockade on mEPSC frequency were equivalent in control and diabetic mice, suggesting that differential effects on glutamate release were due to altered NMDA function in the soma-dendritic membrane of intact afferent neurons. Application of NMDA (300 μM) resulted in greater inward current and current density in NTS neurons recorded from hyperglycemic than control mice, particularly in glutamatergic NTS neurons identified by single-cell RT-PCR for VGLUT2. Overall expression of NR1 protein and message in the dorsal vagal complex were not different between the two groups. Enhanced postsynaptic NMDA responsiveness of glutamatergic NTS neurons is consistent with tonically-increased glutamate release in the DMV in mice with chronic hyperglycemia. Functional augmentation of NMDA-mediated responses may serve as a physiological counter-regulatory mechanism to control pathological disturbances of homeostatic autonomic function in type 1 diabetes.
Interpretation and temperature dependence of the energy of activation for the reactions H + Cl2, H2 + I, H + H2, and isotopic analogs☆

Abstract We compute the Tolman energy of activation for seven collinear reactions using accurate quantum mechanical transition probabilities. The activation energy is generally smaller at lower temperatures, sometimes dramatically so. We also test three kinds of trajectory calculations and find that they are sometimes more accurate for the total energy of activation than for its component parts.
Managing integrity in design information flows

This paper addressses integrity rules that are embedded within engineering design applications and that apply between applications. A representation for integrity rules that are embedded in applications is presented and a set of related methods developed for: (a) maintaining the integrity condition of application developed data, (b) managing the precedence order between applications, in the context of (c) changing the schema and the associated mix of applications and (d) iterated execution of applications and change propagation. Both integrity rules literally embedded within external applications and others required to be embedded within a database are considered. The techniques are demonstrated with an extensive example.
Profile of an Effective Hospice Team Member

This study was designed to determine the competencies that hospice practitioners and experts in the field would agree upon as necessary attributes to being an effective hospice team member. The Delphi method was employed to solicit the desired competencies. Subsequently, after further data analysis, the final version of the questionnaire was reduced to twenty-nine items. The results indicated strong positive agreement between the rankings of the practitioners, emotional and interpersonal characteristics needed by hospice personnel to effectively function with the dying and their families in a hospital environment.
X-ray absorption studies of the local strontium environments in borosilicate waste glasses

X-ray absorption spectra were collected and analyzed to characterize the strontium environments in borosilicate glass formulations developed for the immobilization of nuclear wastes. Sr can become a major constituent in some radioactive wastes because of the use of Sr-compounds in waste pretreatment processes. Data are presented for 13 borosilicate glasses that are used to simulate the anticipated waste glass compositions, where SrO concentrations range from approximately 2 to 30 wt%. The XANES data are statistically identical for all glasses investigated, and indicate divalent strontium. The EXAFS data for both crystalline standards and glasses appear to provide information only about the inner four to six coordinating oxygens that surround Sr. The data and analyses for all glasses show that the inner coordination environments around Sr have average Sr–O distances near 2.53 A, which are statistically invariant with respect to glass composition and to various synthesis conditions. Sr–O distances determined for the glasses are within the shorter end of the range of individual Sr–O distances in the SrCO3 and haradaite (SrVSi2O7) crystalline standards.
Micromorphologic Features of Cervical Erosion After Acid Conditioning and Its Relation with Composite Resin

The dentin surface in cervical erosion appears relatively smooth with evidence of intratubular deposits. After acid conditioning, the tubules are made patent though some still contain relatively less soluble intratubular contents. Resin applied to acid-conditioned, eroded dentin penetrated approximately 30 micrometers compared to more than 100 micrometers into the tubules of similarly treated normal dentin.
Purtscher-like Retinopathy After Uncomplicated Administration of Retrobulbar Anesthesia

Purpose To report a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy after administration of retrobulbar anesthesia for an otherwise uncomplicated cataract extraction. Method Case report. Results After cataract surgery with retrobulbar anesthesia, the patient followed a typical course of Purtscher-like retinopathy with an initial severe loss of vision followed by a gradual and nearly complete improvement in visual function. Conclusions Purtscher-like retinopathy is uncommon after administration of retrobulbar anesthesia but had the same clinical course as other causes of this disorder.
Parallel contributions of distinct human memory systems during probabilistic learning

Regions within the medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia are thought to subserve distinct memory systems underlying declarative and nondeclarative processes, respectively. One question of interest is how these multiple memory systems interact during learning to contribute to goal directed behavior. While some hypotheses suggest that regions such as the striatum and the hippocampus interact in a competitive manner, alternative views posit that these structures may operate in a parallel manner to facilitate learning. In the current experiment, we probed the functional connectivity between regions in the striatum and hippocampus in the human brain during an event related probabilistic learning task that varied with respect to type of difficulty (easy or hard cues) and type of learning (via feedback or observation). We hypothesized that the hippocampus and striatum would interact in a parallel manner during learning. We identified regions of interest (ROI) in the striatum and hippocampus that showed an effect of cue difficulty during learning and found that such ROIs displayed a similar pattern of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses, irrespective of learning type, and were functionally correlated as assessed by a Granger causality analysis. Given the connectivity of both structures with dopaminergic midbrain centers, we further applied a reinforcement learning algorithm often used to highlight the role of dopamine in human reward related learning paradigms. Activity in both the striatum and hippocampus positively correlated with a prediction error signal during feedback learning. These results suggest that distinct human memory systems operate in parallel during probabilistic learning, and may act synergistically particularly when a violation of expectation occurs, to jointly contribute to learning and decision making.
The large-scale solar magnetic field

The large-scale photospheric magnetic field, measured by the Mt. Wilson magnetograph, has been analyzed in terms of surface harmonics (P n m )(θ)cosmφ and P n m (θ)sinmφ) for the years 1959 through 1972. Our results are as follows. The single harmonic which most often characterized the general solar magnetic field throughout the period of observation corresponds to a dipole lying in the plane of the equator (2 sectors, n = m = 1). This 2-sector harmonic was particularly dominant during the active years of solar cycles 19 and 20. The north-south dipole harmonic (n = 1, m = 0) was prominent only during quiet years and was relatively insignificant during the active years. (The derived north-south dipole includes magnetic fields from the entire solar surface and does not necessarily correlate with either the dipole-like appearance of the polar regions of the Sun or with the weak polar magnetic fields.) The 4-sector structure (n = m = 2) was prominent, and often dominant, at various times throughout the cycle. A 6-sector structure (n = m = 3) occasionally became dominant for very brief periods during the active years. Contributions to the general solar magnetic field from harmonics of principal index 4 ⩽ n ⩽ 9 were generally relatively small throughout this entire solar cycle with one outstanding exception. For a period of several months prior to the large August 1972 flares, the global photospheric field was dominated by an n = 5 harmonic; this harmonic returned to a low value shortly after the August 1972 flare events. Rapid changes in the global harmonics, in particular, relative and absolute changes in the contributions of harmonics of different principal index n to the global field, imply that the global solar field is not very deep or that very strong fluid flows connect the photosphere with deeper layers.
Evaluation of lead and copper corrosion control techniques

The University of South Carolina has been involved in numerous studies to evaluate lead and copper corrosion control strategies for low hardness, low alkalinity waters found in South Carolina. This article discusses the results of three batch studies where the effects of pH and alkalinity adjustment, phosphate inhibitor addition, and silicate inhibitor addition on lead and copper corrosion mitigation were investigated. These studies indicate that all of these strategies reduce lead corrosion. Phosphate inhibitor addition, and pH and alkalinity adjustment were more effective than silicate inhibitor addition for the water quality investigated.
k-to-1 images of dendrites

Abstract Necessary conditions for a locally connected continuum to be the finitely discontinuous k -to-1 image of a dendrite for some k ⩾ 2 are given, namely that it must be 1-dimensional, that it must contain a simple closed curve, and that it can not contain uncountably many disjoint arcs. Sufficient conditions for a continuum to be the continuous k -to-1 image of a dendrite for all k ⩾ 2 are given, namely that it be a local dendrite that contains a simple closed curve (done by Miklos for k = 4); or that it contain a subcontinuum that is such an image that also contains all of the junction points; or that it decompose in any of several special ways into pieces that are either dendrites or dendrite images.
Effects of buffer loading for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of a noncovalent protein complex that requires high concentrations of essential salts.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful method for analyzing the active forms of macromolecular complexes of biomolecules. However, these solutions often contain high concentrations of salts and/or detergents that adversely effect ESI performance by making ion formation less reproducible, causing severe adduction or ion suppression. Many methods for separating complexes from nonvolatile additives are routinely used with ESI-MS, but these methods may not be appropriate for complexes that require such stabilizers for activity. Here, the effects of buffer loading using concentrations of ammonium acetate ranging from 0.22 to 1.41 M on the ESI mass spectra of a solution containing a domain truncation mutant of a σ54 activator from Aquifex aeolicus were studied. This 44.9 kDa protein requires the presence of millimolar concentrations of Mg2+, BeF3−, and ADP, (at ∼60 °C) to assemble into an active homo-hexamer. Addition of ammonium acetate can improve signal stability and reproducibility, and can significantly lower adduction and background signals. However, at higher concentrations, the relative ion abundance of the hexamer is diminished, while that of the constituent monomer is enhanced. These results are consistent with loss of enzymatic activity as measured by ATP hydrolysis and indicate that the high concentration of ammonium acetate interferes with assembly of the hexamer. This shows that buffer loading with ammonium acetate is effective for obtaining ESI signal for complexes that require high concentrations of essential salts, but can interfere with formation of, and/or destabilize complexes by disrupting crucial electrostatic interactions at high concentration.
STATIC HEADSPACE CAPILLARY GC METHOD FOR DETERMINING CHANGES OF VOLATILES FROM HEATED CHICKEN BREAST MEAT

Volatile compounds generated during heat processing are associated with the flavor quality of cooked muscle foods. A static headspace GC method using a capillary column was developed for the analysis of volatiles from chicken breast meat previously heated to end-point temperatures (EPTs) of 60 to 80C at 5C intervals. A semi-automatic static headspace GC system with a fused silic capillary column (5% bonded methyl phenyl silicone, 50 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) was incorporated. Up to 23 peaks were detected. Major volatiles including propanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal and octanal increased as the EPT increased, especially between 60 and 70C. The effect of cooking EPT on volatile generation was determined more accurately by using the capillary column than by the packed column reported previously. Controlling EPT is important in ensuring the flavor quality and stability of precooked poultry meat products.
Advances in critical care monitoring.

A critical evaluation of monitoring in critical illness must recognize first that there are many different types of monitoring that may take place, and that each type of monitor may be evaluated appropriately by different standards. 1 Monitoring may occur with imaging devices, analyzers that require the permanent removal of tissue or fluid for analysis, or monitors that observe physiology with either invasive or noninvasive methods without requiring an ex vivo sample.
Density functional study of graphite bulk and surface properties

Abstract The structural and electronic properties of bulk graphite were compared using density functional theory calculations with the local density (LDA) and generalized gradient (GGA) approximations to determine the relative ability of each to model this material. The GGA fails to generate interplanar bonding, but the LDA does, even though the band structures obtained from both approximations were essentially identical. The atomic geometry, electronic structure, and enthalpy of the graphite (0 0 0 1) surface were then obtained using the LDA. The calculated surface energy was ∼0.075 J/m2 and the calculated work function was in 4.4–5.2 eV range, both of which correspond well to published, measured and calculated values. The surface is semi-metallic, just like in the bulk, with the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum just touching with minimal overlap in the H–K region in the Brillouin Zone, so the electron affinity was identical to the work function. The (0 0 0 1) surface undergoes no noticeable relaxation and no reconstruction, as the strong covalent bonding prevents any corrugation of the basal planes.
Optimizing a shared virtual memory system for a heterogeneous CPU-accelerator platform

The client computing platform is moving towards a heterogeneous architecture that combines scalar-oriented CPU cores and throughput-oriented accelerator cores. Recognizing that existing programming models for such heterogeneous platforms are still difficult for most programmers, we advocate a shared virtual memory programming model to improve programmability. In this paper, we focus on performance, and demonstrate that users need not sacrifice performance for programmability. We describe our approaches, experiences, and results in optimizing MYO on a heterogeneous platform consisting of a CPU and an Aubrey Isle accelerator. Our efforts involve the whole system software stack including the OS, runtime, and application.
Linking operational and environmental improvement through employee involvement

This paper uses data from 349 employee involvement (EI) team projects to explore the relationships between process type, operational performance, employee involvement, and environmental performance. We investigate the stated goals and outcomes of EI team projects and relationships among these. For repetitive manufacturing processes in particular, we find strong relationships between the operational goals and outcomes of teams and the positive environmental impact outcome. To the extent that environmental performance results from operational systems, this paper suggests that the continuous improvement efforts of operations managers, including EI team projects, can be a key source of environmental improvements. Managers who understand this will take overt steps to leverage their operational improvement systems for environmental gains. From a theory development standpoint, questions are raised regarding the areas of potential synergy between operational and environmental improvement.
Effective modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of Ni-YSZ porous cermets

Abstract Nickel zirconia, Ni–YSZ, porous cermets used in solid oxide fuel cells can be considered as composite materials consisting of three phases, namely nickel (Ni), ytrria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and voids. Based on Ni–YSZ's microstructural features, such as the volume fractions, average particle sizes and their correlations of a physical sample, a three-dimensional stochastic reconstruction method is used to recreate the three-phase composite. The digitally reconstructed microstructure is then transferred into finite element models to obtain the material's corresponding effective elastic modulus and effective coefficient of thermal expansion at various temperatures. Predictions from such a numerical methodology agree well with experimental results.
Antimalarial drugs and pregnancy

The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy is controversial. These 4-aminoquinoline drugs cross the placenta and have been reported to cause fetal abnormalities, including loss of vision, ototoxicity, and cochleovestibular dysfunction. However, other reports suggest that 4-aminoquinoline drugs can be taken safely during pregnancy, even in dosages used to control systemic connective tissue diseases. We retrospectively studied eight patients who took antimalarial drugs continuously throughout pregnancy. There was a total of 14 pregnancies in women receiving these drugs; three occurred during periods of disease activity and all of these resulted in failure to complete pregnancy successfully. Of the remaining 11 pregnancies exposed to antimalarial drugs, one resulted in stillbirth; four resulted in spontaneous abortion; and six had normal full-term standard deliveries. None of the live births demonstrated any congenital abnormalities. Hence, it is possible for women to produce normal live babies despite taking large doses of these drugs. If patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are already taking antimalarial drugs when they become pregnant, it is believed that the risk of disease flare and loss of pregnancy from discontinuing therapy outweighs any risks to fetuses from continuing the medication.
Cyclisationen von Dialdehyden mit Nitromethan, IV. Darstellung von 3‐Nitro‐ und 3‐Amino‐3‐desoxy‐methyl‐β‐D‐hexopyranosiden

Der durch Perjodatoxydation von Methyl-β-D-hexopyranosiden oder Methyl-β-D-pentofuranosiden leicht zugangliche Dialdehyd II wurde der Ringschlusreaktion mit Nitromethan unterworfen. Aus dem entstehenden Stereoisomerengemisch erhielt man in ca. 40-proz. Ausbeute ein krist. 3-Nitro-3-desoxy-methyl-β-D-hexopyranosid, das sich glatt zum krist. 3-Amino-3-desoxy-methyl-β-D-hexopyranosid hydrieren lies. Dieses wurde durch verschiedene Acetylverbindungen weiter charakterisiert. Das durch Hydrolyse des Aminoglykosids erhaltliche 3-Amino-3-desoxy-hexose-hydrochlorid ist amorph. D-Manno-, D-Ido- und D-Altro-Konfiguration scheiden fur die dargestellten Verbindungen aus.
Laboratory Measured Behavioral Impulsivity Relates to Suicide Attempt History

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between laboratory behavioral measured impulsivity (using the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks) and suicidal attempt histories. Three groups of adults were recruited, those with either: no previous suicide attempts (Control, n = 20), only a single suicide attempt (Single, n = 20), or multiple suicidal attempts (Multiple, n = 10). As hypothesized, impulsive responses increased with the number of suicide attempts (Control < Single < Multiple). This study helps to demonstrate how laboratory behavioral measures of impulsivity can be used to discriminate groups based on suicidal histories among samples not currently exhibiting significant suicidal behaviors.
Forward−Backward Semiclassical Dynamics with Linear Scaling

A forward−backward semiclassical method is presented for calculating correlation functions of polyatomic systems. Unlike conventional semiclassical theories, this formulation does not require evaluation of the prefactor that contains a determinant with elements defined by the stability matrix. It is shown rigorously that the contribution of the semiclassical prefactor in the present formulation can be absorbed in the semiclassical phase and initial density if the momentum jump at the end of the forward propagation is chosen to be one-half of that dictated by the classical equations of motion. As a consequence, the number of equations of motion to be solved in its implementation is linearly proportional to the number of degrees of freedom. The method is applied to the dynamics of water clusters which involve strongly anharmonic interactions.