cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The current state of dermatopathology education: a survey of the association of professors of dermatology

Background: Dermatology training programs develop program-specific dermatopathology (DP) curricula. We summarize the current state of DP education in dermatology residency programs and identify opportunities for DP education resource development. Methods: A 27-question survey was emailed to members of the Association of Professors of Dermatology (APD). Results: Fifty-two of 109 programs responded for a response rate of 48%. Results were calculated using a non-response adjustment. Thirty per cent of the overall education time during residency is spent in DP-specific education. Lever and Weedon are the texts most often cited as primary texts utilized for DP education. Three-quarters of programs have third year residents spend three or more weeks on the DP service. The majority of dermatology residency programs have a specific DP service rotation at some point during residency. Conclusions: The majority of training programs use a variety of resources and mechanisms for teaching DP to dermatology residents. Some programs list barriers to DP education including lack of cases, microscopes, resident education time for DP-related teaching and availability of educators. We conclude that a greater depth and breadth of resources for DP education would be of benefit to dermatology residency programs.
Guaranteed Throughput in Work-Conserving Flow Aggregation Through Deadline Reuse

The Internet traditionally provides best effort service to all applications. While elastic applications are satisfied by this service, inelastic applications such as interactive audio and video suffer from end-to-end delay guarantees. Although guaranteed rate schedulers were developed to provide such guarantees, their scalability has been a concern because they maintain per-flow state. In an effort to reduce per-flow state, two methods have been proposed: stateless core networks and flow aggregation. Stateless core networks require no per-flow state at the routers, while flow aggregation maintains state for a small number of aggregate flows. Although flow aggregation maintains more state, it provides a lower end-to-end delay bound than stateless core networks. The original proposals of these two techniques did not provide guaranteed throughput, that is, flows could be temporarily denied service if they exceeded their reserved rates at earlier times. Recently, guaranteed throughput has been incorporated into the stateless core model through the reuse of deadlines. This is similar to the deadline reuse found in earlier stateful protocols that provide guaranteed throughput. In this paper, we propose adding deadline reuse to flow aggregation networks. In this way, guaranteed throughput can be achieved while maintaining a lower end-to-end delay bound. In addition, we revise the deadline reuse method for stateless core networks.
Genome-Wide RNAi Screening Identifies Genes Inhibiting the Migration of Glioblastoma Cells

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) cells are highly invasive, infiltrating into the surrounding normal brain tissue, making it impossible to completely eradicate GBM tumors by surgery or radiation. Increasing evidence also shows that these migratory cells are highly resistant to cytotoxic reagents, but decreasing their migratory capability can re-sensitize them to chemotherapy. These evidences suggest that the migratory cell population may serve as a better therapeutic target for more effective treatment of GBM. In order to understand the regulatory mechanism underlying the motile phenotype, we carried out a genome-wide RNAi screen for genes inhibiting the migration of GBM cells. The screening identified a total of twenty-five primary hits; seven of them were confirmed by secondary screening. Further study showed that three of the genes, FLNA, KHSRP and HCFC1, also functioned in vivo, and knocking them down caused multifocal tumor in a mouse model. Interestingly, two genes, KHSRP and HCFC1, were also found to be correlated with the clinical outcome of GBM patients. These two genes have not been previously associated with cell migration.
The effect of citrate infusion on the electrocardiogram of the hypothermic and normothermic dog.

Abstract Data have been presented which demonstrate changes in the electrocardiogram of normothermic and hypothermic dogs during the intravenous infusion of buffered ACD solution. The most striking change was an electrical alternans of the T wave which occurred in varying degreees, but which was present in all animals except one under hypothermia. Osborn waves, and P-R, QRS, and Q-T prolongation were also demonstrated. Normothermic animals demonstrated slight Q-T prolongation and T-wave lowering, rarely a modest form of T alternans. The possibility exists that the electrocardiographic T alternans was a result of a reduction in the level of the ionized serum calcium; however, the data presented neither support nor disprove this hypothesis. The T alternans described was noted to occur in a human patient under hypothermia and rapid transfusion. It is not an ominous sign and was not associated with increased mortality during animal experiments or in the human subject mentioned above.
Epidemiology of humerus fractures in the United States: nationwide emergency department sample, 2008.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of emergency department (ED) visits due to humerus fractures in the United States (U.S.). METHODS: We analyzed the 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, which contained approximately 28 million ED records. We identified the cases of interest using diagnostic codes for proximal, shaft, and distal humerus fractures. RESULTS: In 2008, approximately 370,000 ED visits in the U.S. resulted from humerus fractures. Proximal humerus fractures were the most common, accounting for 50% of humerus fractures. The incidence rate of proximal humerus fractures followed the shape of an exponential function in the ages 40-84 for women (R(2) =97.9%) and 60-89 for men (R(2) =98.2%). After the exponential increase in these age intervals, the growth rate of proximal humerus fracture slowed and eventually decreased. The peak occurrence of distal humerus fractures was in children aged 5 to 9 years; yet, elderly women had an increased risk. As the baby boomer generation ages, unless fracture prevention programs improve, more than 490,000 ED visits are expected due to humerus fractures in 2030 when the youngest of the baby boomers turn 65 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to epidemiologic studies in Japan and European countries, the incidence rates of humerus fractures are substantially higher in the U.S. The high incidence rate of humerus fractures in the expanding elderly population may contribute to the recent trend of rapid increase in shoulder arthroplasty in the U.S. Rigorous safety measures to reduce falls and improved preventive treatments of osteoporosis are needed. © 2011 by the American College of Rheumatology. Language: en
The impact of dietary fat withdrawal on carcass iodine value, belly characteristics, and changes in body fat over time.

The inclusion of unsaturated fats in pig diets has raised issues related to pork carcass fat qual- ity. The objective of this experiment was to understand how withdrawal from the diet of unsaturated dietary fat before slaughter impacts the composition of jowl fat during the growth cycle and at market. Fifty individu- ally housed pigs (PIC 337 × C22/29; initial BW = 59.3 ± 0.55 kg) were allotted based on sex and initial BW to 10 treatments for an 82-d experiment as follows: 3 dietary fat withdrawal times before slaughter (21, 42, or 63 d) by 3 dietary fat unsaturation loads (DFUL), which includea high intake of unsaturated fatty acids supplied through an inclusion of 5% corn oil (HIGH), a high intake of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids supplied through an inclusion of 5% animal-vegetable blend (MED), and a moderate intake of unsaturated fatty acids supplied through an inclusion of 2.5% corn oil (LOW). Pigs were weighed and jowl adipose samples were col- lected on d 0, 21, 42, and 63 and at harvest on d 82. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED with treatment and sex as fixed effects. At market (d 82), increasing the with- drawal of dietary fat further away from market increased 18:1 (P = 0.045) and tended to increase 14:0 concen- trations (P = 0.054). It also significantly decreased 18:2 (P < 0.001) and tended to decrease 18:3 concentrations (P = 0.081). A HIGH DFUL resulted in the greatest 18:2 concentrations in jowl fat followed by LOW; MED resulted in the lowest 18:2 levels (P < 0.001). Dietary fat withdrawal before market significantly reduced carcass iodine value (IV) measured at d 82 (P = 0.006). In con- clusion, elevated 18:2 intake makes lowering carcass IV in the depot fat very difficult and may take as long as 61 d. The withdrawal of unsaturated dietary fat appar- ently altered the fat depot to be more reflective of fat synthesized de novo, resulting in a more saturated depot fat. Importantly, this alteration of deposited fat compo- sition did not translate into improved belly firmness, depth, weight, or fat color.
Correlation of experimental and theoretical results for vaporization by simulated disruption

Abstract Samples of Al, 1100 Al, SS 304, Ni, Mo, and TZM were subjected to a simulated plasma disruption produced by a 25 kV electron beam for times of 100 to 500 ms with an energy flux of 0.5 to 7.0 kJ/cm2. The net vaporized thickness was measured as a function of absorbed energy density for experimental results and predicted by theoretical models. Agreement was found for the threshold energy density for vaporization and the functional dependence of vaporization on energy density over a wide range of parameters. The usefulness of electron beam experiments to verify and guide the development of vaporization models for high heat flux component design was shown.
Stimulation of mammalian adenylate cyclase activity with guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate and other guanine nucleotides.

Abstract Guanosine 5′-tetraphosphate (GTP 4 ) stimulated mammalian adenylate cyclase activity at concentrations down to 1 μM. Greater stimulatory activity was apparent with lung than with heart, brain or liver from the rat. At a concentration of 0.1 mM, GTP 4 stimulated lung adenylate cyclase activity from rat, guinea pig and mouse about four-fold. Other guanine nucleotides such as GTP, GDP, GMP, guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate and 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP · PNP) also stimulated mammalian adenylate cyclase activity. GMP · PNP irreversibly activated, whereas GTP 4 and GTP reversibly activated adenylate cyclase. Adenosine 5′-tetraphosphate (ATP 4 ) stimulated rat lung and liver but inhibited rat heart and brain adenylate cyclase activities. Lung from guinea pig and mouse were not affected by ATP 4 . The formation of cyclic AMP by GTP 4 -stimulated rat lung adenylate cyclase was verified by Dowex-50 (H + ), Dowex 1-formate and polyethyleneimine cellulose column chromatography. GTP 4 was at least three times more potent than 1-isoproterenol in stimulating rat lung adenylate cyclase activity. The β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol blocked the effect of 1-isoproterenol but not that of GTP 4 , thus, suggesting that GTP 4 and β-adrenergic agonists interact with different receptor sites on membrane-bound adenylate cyclase. Stimulation of rat lung and liver adenylate cyclase activities with 1-isoproterenol was potentiated by either GTP 4 or GMP. PNP, thus indicating that GTP 4 resembles other guanine nucleotides in their capacity to increase the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to β-adrenergic agonists. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by guanine derivatives requires one or more free phosphate moieties on the 5 position of ribose, as no effect was elicited with guanine, guanosine, guanosine 2′-monophosphate, guanosine 3′-monophosphate or guanosine 2′,5′-monophosphate. Ribose, ribose 5-phosphate, phosphate and pyrophosphate were inactive. Pyrimidine nucleoside mono-, di-, tri- and tetraphosphates elicited negligible effects on mammalian adenylate cyclase activity.
Effects of low selenium diets on antioxidant status and MPTP toxicity in mice

To investigate the role of chronic oxidative stress in MPTP neurotoxicity, C57BL mice were maintained 6–8 weeks on diets deficient in nutrients essential to cellular antioxidant defenses, selenium (Se) and alpha-tocopherol (vit E), and the effects on tissue antioxidant status and MPTP toxicity were evaluated relative to controls on supplemented diets. Activities of the major antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and levels of malondialdehyde as a marker for oxidative stress, were measured in brain, lung, liver and blood. Caudate depletion of dopamine and its metabolites served as a measure of MPTP neurotoxicity. For mice on the Se deficient diet, levels of the selenoenzyme GPx decreased from 50% in brain to 90% in blood. No compensatory changes in the activities of the other antioxidant enzymes were observed and addition of vit E to the diet did not alter antioxidant enzyme activities or malondialdehyde levels. In animals not treated with MPTP, the Se deficient diet significantly increased malondialdehyde only in liver. No protective effect of the antioxidant supplements against caudate depletion of dopamine and its metabolites was observed. However, malondialdehyde levels were increased in the brains of MPTP treated mice on the low Se diets, suggesting the possibility of secondary oxidative damage to tissues accompanying the destruction of substantia nigra neurons by MPTP.
Single-Pulse Standoff Raman Detection of Chemicals from 120 m Distance During Daytime

The capability to analyze and detect the composition of distant samples (minerals, organics, and chemicals) in real time is of interest for various fields including detecting explosives, geological surveying, and pollution mapping. For the past 10 years, the University of Hawaii has been developing standoff Raman systems suitable for measuring Raman spectra of various chemicals in daytime or nighttime. In this article we present standoff Raman spectra of various minerals and chemicals obtained from a distance of 120 m using single laser pulse excitation during daytime. The standoff Raman system utilizes an 8-inch Meade telescope as collection optics and a frequency-doubled 532 nm Nd : YAG laser with pulse energy of 100 mJ/pulse and pulse width of 10 ns. A gated intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector is used to measure time-resolved Raman spectra in daytime with detection time of 100 ns. A gate delay of 800 ns (equivalent to target placed at 120 m distance) was used to minimize interference from the atmospheric gases along the laser beam path and near-field scattering. Reproducible, good quality single-shot Raman spectra of various inorganic and organic chemicals and minerals such as ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sulfur, gypsum, calcite, benzene, nitrobenzene, etc., were obtained through sealed glass vials during daytime. The data indicate that various chemicals could easily be identified from their Raman fingerprint spectra from a far standoff distance in real time using single-shot laser excitation.
725-6 Persistent Intramyocardial Segmental Dysfunction After Anterior Infarction Treated with Reperfusion and ACE Inhibition

We have previously demonstrated intramyocardial segmental dysfunction throughout the LV in the first week after anterior myocardial infarction We used magnetic resonance tagging (MRI) to determine the evolution in regional intramyocardial function and LV mass index (LVMI), end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (EDV, ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) during the first 8 weeks after anterior MI in patients treated with reperfusion and ACE inhibitors (ACEI). We studied 10 normals (7 male, 3 female, ages 43 ± 14) and 8 patients (7 male, age 52 ± 16) after first anterior MI with peak CK 2871 ± 2244 with MRI at day 6 ± 2 (week 1) and day 58 ± 10 (week 8) post-MI. All patients had isolated LAD disease and were reperfused with tPA (n = 1), PTCA (n = 3), or both (n = 4). All were treated with ACEI and 5 with β-blockers at both time points. Breath-hold, segmented k-space, TurboFlash, tagged images with the subject prone on an elliptical spine coil were obtained throughout systole with 7 mm thick short axis slices (n = 11 ± 2) spanning the LV from apex to base. Global parameters did not change over the 8 week period (mean ± S.D.): Week 1 Week 8 p LVMI (g/m2) 114 ± 22 118 ± 9 NS EDV (ml) 87 ± 27 108 ± 24 NS ESV (ml) 55 ± 18 64 ± 29 NS EF (%) 36 ± 11 42 ± 16 NS Percent intramyocardial circumferential end-systolic segment shortening (%S) was measured at 3 transmural locations in each of the 4 regions on each LV short axis slice. Mean %S ± SO was compared by long axis location Normals Pts. (Week 1) Pts. (Week 8) Apex (%) 23.0 ± 2.9 6.3 ± 6.3 * 10.0 ± 3 * , # Mid-ventricle (%) 20.5 ± 2.6 8.6 ± 4.4 * 11.3 ± 4.3 * Base (%) 17.0 ± 4.9 11.3 ± 3.7 * 13.5 ± 3.2 † * p l 0.02 vs. normals # p l 0.02 vs. 1 week † p = 0.07 vs. normals Significant improvement is limited to the apex, which includes infarcted and adjacent noninfarcted myocardium. In Conclusion while reperfusion and ACE inhibition blunt remodeling after anterior infarction, intramyocardial segmental function remains depressed throughout the left ventricle.
The skin of primates. XLIV. Numerical taxonomy of primate skin

Data on 84 characteristics of the skin of 36 species of primates were extracted from a series of articles describing the histological and histochemical properties of the skin of primates. The data were subjected to a cluster analysis. The results were in reasonably good agreement with orthodox primate taxonomies although some exceptions were apparent. The species clustered into four main groups approximately comparable to Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, Ceboidea, and Hominoidea. The internal arrangements of the Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea are commensurate with standard taxonomic practice. Within the Ceboidea, however, the Atelinae and Alouattinae tend to group with the Hominoidea, Aotus and Saimiri show variable placements, and Callimico groups with the Callithricidae.
Understanding data-center driven content distribution

Cloud services are radically changing the way we access the information from the Internet and how the "digital goods" are delivered to users. To enable such services, large scale data centers are deployed at various geographical locations, and the contents are replicated at multiple locations to achieve better availability and reliability. However, it is not clear given these multiple data centers how content providers place the content and how a user query is served from the cloud.In this paper, we propose a comprehensive, yet simple and intuitive, approach that can be employed to understand the data center driven content distribution using active measurements. Additionally, applying this method on YouTube, we find that YouTube uses data-centers in more than 50 locations, and that it employs an interesting "3-step" approach to deliver videos to clients in a location-aware manner.
Elevation of renal cyclic GMP concentrations and plasma lysosomal enzyme activity following cobalt treatment in rats

Summary Following an erythropoietic dose of cobalt in rats, elevations in renal guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) concentrations occurred within 10 minutes reaching peak levels within 40 minutes of injection. Subsequent to the cyclic CMP changes, activities of lysosomal enzymes in plasma (β-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase) increased markedly, with maximal elevations of both enzyme activities occurring 2 hours after cobalt treatment. Bilateral nephrectomy abolishes the elevations in plasma lysosomal enzyme activity following cobalt treatment, suggesting that the kidney is the source of these enzymes. It is proposed that a cyclic GMP-mediated release of lysosomal enzymes from the kidney may be an early effect of cobalt leading to the generation of renal erythropoietin.
A Fourier Transform Spectrometer for the 10-10,000 cm(-1) Spectral Region.

A Michelson interferometer spectrometer has been constructed for the investigation of ir emission spectra from weakly emitting sources such as thermally excited gases, fluorescing solids, and gas discharges at any wavenumber between 10–10,000 cm−1. Auxiliary apparatus permits the study of absorption spectra of gases, liquids, or solids and of samples at liquid helium or nitrogen temperatures. The spectrometer is described and the design parameters are discussed. The absorption and the thermally excited emission spectra of the ν2 forbidden band of methane and the inversion rotation emission spectra of ammonia are shown as examples of the degree to which the design conditions are met.
Secondary reinforcers as discriminative stimuli in choice performance

Alcoholic patients received poker chips exchangeable for candy and cigarettes for correct choices among three stimulus cards. Chips’ colors were paired with the cards so that a chip received for a correct choice on a particular trial set the occasion for which card was to be positive on the next trial. Only one of 32 Ss responded to the cue value of the poker chips. The learning curve representing the performance of all Ss combined was U-shaped.
Amplification Of Optical Signal By Damping Rate Adjustment In Semiconductor Lasers

ABSTRACT This paper describes the theory and experimentation of the amplification of optical signals by damping rate adjustment ofSemiconductor Diode Lasers using the facet pumped optical modulation technique.. It was found that the modulation dampingrate of the probe laser depends on the relative position of the pump laser wavelength with respect to the Fabry Perot resonantwavelength of the probe laser. This effect is a result of the carrier induced index change. It is shown experimentally andtheoretically that the effect on the damping rate can be both positive and negative. The positive effect results in a largerdamping rate, therefore a decrease in the resonant peak height. The negative effect results in a smaller overall damping rate,therefore an increase in the resonant peak height. It is this increase in the resonant peak height that is of interest, it allowsamplification of the modulation frequency of the optical signal near the resonant frequency of the probe laser. 1. INTRODUCTIONThe facet pumped optical modulation technique provides a unique tool to adjust the damping rate of the frequency
Genetic identification of two putative world record Michigan salmonids resolves stakeholder and manager questions

Abstract The ability of fishery managers to quickly and effectively answer stakeholder questions using the best available science is crucial for successful management. The 2009 capture of a potential world record brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) and the 2010 capture of a potential world record land-locked Atlantic salmon ( S. salar ) in Michigan required managers to acquire genetic verification of the species identity. Given the variety of hatchery strains used to maintain Great Lakes fisheries for brown trout and in the absence of physical markings, managers also were interested to determine the strain of origin for information on assessing performance. DNA barcoding techniques using sequences from the mitochondrial (mt) DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and frequency-based analysis of species-specific microsatellite genotypes provided data to establish the species of both fish. The putative brown trout was confirmed to be a new world record specimen. Using individual assignment tests based on maximum likelihood estimators informed by multi-locus microsatellite genotypes, we determined the fish to be from the Seeforellen hatchery strain (p
Gas chromatographic determination of two isosorbide mononitrates in plasma

Abstract A GC/EC method has been developed for the determination of 2-isosorbide mononitrate (2-ISMN) and 5-isosorbide mononitrate (5-ISMN) in blood plasma. The procedure is based on extraction of ammonium sulfate-treated plasma with ether followed by a cleanup via n -heptane/methanol partitioning. After conversion to t-butyldimethylsilyl ethers, the ISMNs are chromatographed on a 3% OV-17 column. Absolute recoveries of 76.7 and 84.8% were achieved for 2-ISMN and 5-ISMN, respectively. Using o -nitrobenzyl alcohol as an internal standard, relative standard deviations of 4.8 to 6.1% were observed over the concentration ranges of 10 to 100 ng/ml for 2-ISMN and 250 to 1500 ng/ml for 5-ISMN.
Discrimination reversal following learning without “errors”

Pigeons were trained on a discrimination using the “errorless” procedure devised by Terrace and then given a discrimination reversal Their extinction to the previously positive cue during reversal was similar to a control group given continuous reinforcement during original training. Most of the Ss in the errorless group, however, failed to learn the reversal because they did not respond to the previously negative cue during five days of reversal training.
Interaction of natural and synthetic albumin polymers with hepatocytes

The hepatitis B virus binds avidly to albumin polymers which in turn may mediate the initial binding of viral particles to the liver cell. However, the interaction of albumin polymers with the liver remains poorly characterized, and the possibility that hepatic binding reflects an artifact of polymerization with glutaraldehyde has not been excluded. We therefore characterized the binding of 125I-labeled natural and synthetic albumin polymers to suspensions of rat hepatocytes. Saturable binding was demonstrated for all preparations of monomeric and polymeric albumin studied. Glutaraldehyde-polymerized albumin (mean polymerization number = 15) bound much more avidly than naturally occurring albumin polymers (mostly dimers and trimers) or monomeric albumin. Competition between monomer and synthetic polymer was not observed. Reduction of free aldehyde groups on the synthetic polymer decreased nonsaturable binding without affecting saturable binding. Autoradiography confirmed binding of polyalbumin to hepatic parenchymal cells. Glutaraldehyde-polymerized ovalbumin, a protein unrelated to serum albumin, also bound hepatocytes saturably. We conclude that hepatic binding of synthetic albumin polymers is not due to residual aldehyde groups on the polymer and is much more avid than for natural polymer. This difference may reflect the higher degree of polymerization or chemical modification of the synthetic polymer. The hepatic binding sites for synthetic polymer appear distinct from those previously described for monomeric albumin and may not be specific for albumin.
Effect of Interferon-γ in Experimental Cryptosporidium parvum Infection

The activity of recombinant murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) against infection by Cryptosporidium parvum was evaluated in immunosuppressed rats. Daily intraperitoneal doses of at least 125,000 U/kg significantly (P < .05) reduced the intensity of subsequent ileal infection. In addition, daily administration of 500,000 U/kg significantly (P < .05) inhibited colonization of the biliary tract. When administered for 11 days to rats with established C. parvum infection, IFN-gamma significantly (P < .05) reduced the number of parasites in the small intestine, but this treatment was ineffective against infection of the biliary tract and large intestine. Although the parasite loads in the common bile duct and large intestine were not significantly reduced, there were fewer cases of infection among the treated rats than in the control group. The data suggest that treatment with IFN-gamma may limit cryptosporidiosis of the small intestine.
Restorying Interventions: Commemorating the Past and Embracing the Future

Letting go and transitioning to a new phase of life is a common challenging situation that a therapeutic team encounters. Each person has a story to tell. This story may be one of grief and pain or...
Widths of atomic M-shell vacancy states and quasiatomic aspects of radiationless transitions in solids

Widths of $M$-level vacancy states in atoms with $29\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}48$ have been measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results are consistently smaller, sometimes by a factor of \ensuremath{\ge}3, than expected from previous theory, and do not show the pronounced effect of predicted "super-Coster-Kronig" transitions. The Cu and Zn ${L}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{4,5}{M}_{4,5}$ Auger and ${M}_{4,5}$ photoelectron spectra have been measured; the Auger spectra exhibit characteristics of free-atom spectra and do not reflect the structure of the band from which the $M$ electrons originate. Drawing upon this and other evidence suggesting that atoms in solids can behave as quasifree when undergoing radiationless transitions, free-atom $M$ Auger and Coster-Kronig energies have been computed. These are smaller than measured energies because the effect of extra-atomic relaxation is absent. $M$-level widths were calculated with these energies, in a neutral-atom potential. Good agreement with experiment is attained.
Allergens and irritants transcriptionally upregulate CD80 gene expression in human keratinocytes.

The human CD80 costimulatory molecule is an important signal between professional antigen-presenting cells and T helper cells. The immunobiology of CD80 expression by keratinocytes, especially during allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, however, is less well understood. CD80 cell surface expression and gene transcription by keratinocytes was increased when keratinocytes were exposed to certain allergens (chemicals that induce inflammation via hapten-specific T cells) and irritants (chemicals that are toxic to epidermal cells). Therefore, the human CD80 promoter was cloned and luciferase reporter constructs containing various promoter fragments were engineered. Promoter mapping of these CD80 constructs in transiently transfected keratinocytes showed that a construct containing the proximal 231 bp immediately upstream of the transcription start site of the CD80 promoter was most active in keratinocytes and was inducible to a level ranging from 2- to 10-fold higher in keratinocytes treated with certain allergens and irritants, compared with untreated keratinocytes. This pattern of promoter fragment activity in keratinocytes is identical to that found in professional antigen-presenting cells. This is the first demonstration that the CD80 promoter is active in keratinocytes and that this activity is further increased in keratinocytes treated with certain allergens and irritants. These data suggest that allergens and irritants may, in part, break peripheral tolerance by their direct effects on keratinocyte costimulatory molecule expression, thereby facilitating interactions with epidermotropic T helper cells via the CD80–CD28 or CTLA-4 pathways.
Hypertrophy versus Hyperplasia

Although all tissues and organs of the body are normally subject to the growth-regulating influences of functional demands, some are potentially capable of unlimited growth while others are not. This depends on whether hyperplasia of their functional units ceases prior to maturity or can continue throughout life. In the former case, further growth is limited by the extent to which hypertrophy can enhance physiological efficiency. Some of the body's most vitally essential organs (heart, brain, kidney, lung) lack the ability to make additional structural units in the adult and are therefore handicapped in compensating for the depreciations of advancing age. Theoretically, at least, other organs (glands, renewing tissues) possess unlimited powers of regeneration because they never lose the capacity (latent or expressed) for hyperplasia. There is a strategy in the way growth mechanisms have evolved. It may be significant that the so-called "hypertrophic" organs lose the capability for hyperplasia, because not to do so might jeopardize their growth regulation. If size is determined by functional demands, then the latter must not operate continuously lest growth go on without interruption and lead to overproduction of functional units. Only renewing tissues can tolerate perpetual growth because they get rid of excess structures as fast as they are formed. Endocrine and exocrine glands are in most cases known to function discontinuously and are thus not in danger of being overstimulated. The heart, lungs, and kidneys (and brain?), however, must work incessantly. Were their functional units capable of hyperplasia and at the same time subject to control by functional demand, then overgrowth would seem to be inevitable. By giving up the potential for hyperplasia in favor of the necessity for constant function, these organs have adopted a strategy that enables them to become hypertrophic to a limited extent while doing their jobs efficiently. It is a curious fact that the unrestricted proliferation of biological structures cannot occur at all levels of organization. The counterpart of cancer, which is a cellular phenomenon, does not exist among molecules or cytoplasmic organelles, nor is it known to occur at the histological level of organization. Even in organs made up of histological units of function and having the potential for unlimited hyperplasia (for example, liver, exocrine glands, thyroid, ovary), the population of functional units never exceeds the number needed to fulfil the physiological requirements of the body. Above and below the level of the cell, therefore, structures are not permitted to escape the constraints of functional demands which control their production. The fact that cells can occasionally do so when they become neoplastic may reveal as much as it conceals about the problem of growth regulation.
Use of SURFACE CHEMKIN to model multiphase atmospheric chemistry: Application to nitrogen tetroxide spills

Abstract SURFACE CHEMKIN is a widely available computer program developed for kinetic modeling of chemical vapor deposition. We show that it may be adapted for kinetic modeling of multiphase chemistry in the atmosphere, with broad capability to deal with complex chemistry and physics. It can deal with multiple phases having different reaction manifolds in each phase, it deals with gas, surface, and bulk reactions and mass transfer rates, it keeps track of the phase equilibria with realistic activities, and it can operate in an adiabatic mode to include the effect of heat release on the system. The adapted model is applied here to the problem of a nitrogen tetroxide spill in the troposphere. The model is able to predict the formation of a nitric acid/water aerosol and to follow the chemistry taking place in both the gas and liquid phases as the spill dilutes in the surrounding atmosphere. The model predicts that in such a spill, most (70–90%) of the nitrogen oxides released are converted to nitric acid over a wide range of relative humidity.
Issues and methods for evaluating learner-centered scaffolding

Learner-centered design is an evolving design perspective focusing on the design of software scaffolds to support novice learners in using software to do and learn previously unknown work practices. Scaffolding evaluation is necessary to see how well learners can perform new work activity using the scaffolded software. However, scaffolding evaluation is challenging because of the need to address several issues resulting from the interplay between user-centered and learner-centered perspectives. Scaffolding evaluation methods need specific criteria to address learner-centered concerns, traditional usability measures to address user-centered concerns, and considerations of the instances when usability conflicts with the learning goals of scaffolded tools. The authors discuss these learner-centered evaluation issues and a scaffolding evaluation method to assess, not just the usability of the software, but also the effectiveness of the scaffolds in terms of the learning goals behind the software.
High-energy backscattered electron imaging of voids in aluminum metallizations

Backscattered electron imaging of microcircuits in scanning transmission electron microscopes at 120 kV is shown to produce improved images of voids in passivated Al metallization lines relative to those obtained with scanning electron microscopes at ≤ 40 kV. At 120 kV, resolutions of about 0.1 μm are achieved for voids imaged beneath 1.0 μm glass overlayers. This technique allows improved characterization of microstructures for basic investigations of void formation and more accurate counting of voids in microcircuits without removing glass overlayers. Smaller voids should also be detectable with the higher voltage.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Dihydroresorcin‐carbonsäureestern

Fur den Strukturbeweis synthetischer Zwischenprodukte beim Aufbau des Ringsystem von 6-Desoxy-tetracyclinen1) wurden mehrere Dehydroresorcincarbonsaureester benutzt. Ihre Darstellung und spektralen Eigenschaften werden beschrieben.
Quark description of currents and diffractive contributions to leptoproductions

Abstract Describing the weak and electromagnetic currents by their constituent quarks, we study the lepto-proton reactions in the small x region. Charm productions and their relation to the dimuon events observed in neutrino reactions are discussed.
All-Cause Mortality in Randomized Trials of Cancer Screening

Background The most widely accepted end point in randomized cancer screening trials is disease-specific mortality. The validity of this end point, however, rests on the assumption that cause of death can be determined accurately. An alternative end point is all-cause mortality, which depends only on the accurate ascertainment of deaths and when they occur. We compared disease-specific and all-cause mortality in published randomized cancer-screening trials to indirectly assess the validity of the disease-specific mortality end point. Methods We examined all 12 published randomized trials of cancer screening for which both end points were available (seven of mammography, three of fecal occult blood detection, and two of chest x-ray screening for lung cancer). For each randomized trial, we subtracted disease-specific mortality observed in the screened group from that observed in the control group and all-cause mortality in the screened group from that in the control group. We then compared the differences in these two mortality measures. Results In five of the 12 trials, differences in the two mortality rates went in opposite directions, suggesting opposite effects of screening. In four of these five trials, disease-specific mortality was lower in the screened group than in the control group, whereas all-cause mortality was the same or higher. In two of the remaining seven trials, the mortality rate differences were in the same direction but their magnitudes were inconsistent; i.e., the difference in all-cause mortality exceeded the disease-specific mortality in the control group. Thus, results of seven of the 12 trials were inconsistent in their direction or magnitude. Conclusion Major inconsistencies were identified in disease-specific and all-cause mortality end points in randomized cancer screening trials. Because all-cause mortality is not affected by bias in classifying the cause of death, it should be examined when interpreting the results of randomized cancer-screening trials.
Network analyses in systems pharmacology

Systems pharmacology is an emerging area of pharmacology which utilizes network analysis of drug action as one of its approaches. By considering drug actions and side effects in the context of the regulatory networks within which the drug targets and disease gene products function, network analysis promises to greatly increase our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the multiple actions of drugs. Systems pharmacology can provide new approaches for drug discovery for complex diseases. The integrated approach used in systems pharmacology can allow for drug action to be considered in the context of the whole genome. Network-based studies are becoming an increasingly important tool in understanding the relationships between drug action and disease susceptibility genes. This review discusses how analysis of biological networks has contributed to the genesis of systems pharmacology and how these studies have improved global understanding of drug targets, suggested new targets and approaches for therapeutics, and provided a deeper understanding of the effects of drugs. Taken together, these types of analyses can lead to new therapeutic options while improving the safety and efficacy of existing medications. Contact: ravi.iyengar@mssm.edu
The Long-term Outlook and Risks in Advanced Countries:

This article seeks to provide a broad overview of the long-term growth outlook for advanced countries, taking into account also the impact and legacies of the Great Moderation and the Great Recession. The article explores their role in the global economy going forward and the key policy challenges that they face, with a particular emphasis on the implications for developing countries. The starting point for this analysis is a brief summary of the short-term outlook for advanced countries and the likely legacies of the Great Recession. Then, the article sets out a baseline scenario for long-term global growth, drawing on the results of the Centennial long-term growth model. In this scenario, global trade would significantly increase and the gap in size in financial markets in emerging and advanced economies would narrow. To achieve these outcomes, advanced economies face challenges, including demographic transition, slow growth, and large fiscal imbalances. To mitigate these risks, advanced countries will ...
Closing the Achievement Gap: A Structured Approach to Group Counseling

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the impact of a group counseling intervention on student academic and social performance. Twenty-five school counselors were trained to use a structured approach to small-group counseling with students scoring in the mid-to-low range in math and reading. The group intervention focused on improving student achievement and student success skills, which included academic, social, and self-management skills. Results indicated gains in reading and math achievement scores and in teacher-rated behavior related to student success skills with elementary and middle school students.
Adaptation of Feeding to a Low Fat Yield in Breast Milk

The effect of a low milk fat yield was assessed in a blinded prospective study of healthy term infants and mothers encouraged to breast-feed. Fat yield index was calculated as milk volume collected by Egnell pump multiplied by the "creamatocrit." Two weeks after delivery mothers who had a relatively low fat yield index (≤30th percentile) were matched with mothers with a higher fat yield index and with formula-feeding mothers. Between 2 and 6 weeks the low fat yield group had a marginally lower weight gain but similar growth in length and head circumference to that of the higher fat yield group. The low fat yield group spent more time per feeding and had more complete breast emptying, resulting in a fat yield index comparable with the higher fat yield group for the mean milk volume ingested by the infant at 6 weeks. A low fat yield had no adverse effect on maternal satisfaction or maternal-infant interaction during feeding. Formula feeders spent the least time in feeding and en face gazing. Adaptation of breast-feeding to a low fat yield sustains infant intake and growth, maternal-infant interaction, and maternal satisfaction. However, there is little reserve if milk production diminishes. Further study is needed to define the limits of adaptation and effective interventions if fat yield is inadequate.
On the clinical meaningfulness of a treatment's effect on a time‐to‐event variable

The standard analysis of a time-to-event variable often involves the calculation of a hazard ratio based on a survival model such as Cox regression; however, many people consider such relative measures of effect to be poor expressions of clinical meaningfulness. Two absolute measures of effect are often used to assess clinical meaningfulness: (1) many disease areas frequently use the absolute difference in event rates (or its inverse, the number-needed-to-treat) and (2) oncology frequently uses the difference between the median survival times in the two groups. While both of these measures appear reasonable, they directly contradict each other. This paper describes the basic mathematics leading to the two measures and shows examples. The contradiction described here raises questions about the concept of clinical meaningfulness.
Index of Refraction Using Total Internal Reflection.

Here is a quick way to measure the index of refraction of water using the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
Architecture and dependability of large-scale internet services

The popularity of large-scale Internet infrastructure services such as AOL, Google, and Hotmail has grown enormously. The scalability and availability requirements of these services have led to system architectures that diverge significantly from those of traditional systems like desktops, enterprise servers, or databases. Given the need for thousands of nodes, cost necessitates the use of inexpensive personal computers wherever possible, and efficiency often requires customized service software. Likewise, addressing the goal of zero downtime requires human operator involvement and pervasive redundancy within clusters and between globally distributed data centers. Despite these services' success, their architectures-hardware, software, and operational-have developed in an ad hoc manner that few have surveyed or analyzed. Moreover, the public knows little about why these services fail or about the operational practices used in an attempt to keep them running 24/7. As a first step toward formalizing the principles for building highly available and maintainable large-scale Internet services, we are surveying existing services' architectures and dependability. This article describes our observations to date.
Evolutionary history of Southern Ocean Odontaster sea star species (Odontasteridae; Asteroidea)

We investigated the recent evolutionary history of demersal sea stars in the genus Odontaster throughout the Western Antarctic waters and on the South American shelf. The mitochondrial 16S ribosomal and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were sequenced from adult and larval specimens. TCS parsimony network analysis and Bayesian inference were used to examine evolutionary history. Hierarchical AMOVA and mitochondrial DNA diversity statistics were also computed. Additionally, morphological characters were used. In assessing O. validus, we discovered morphological and range descriptions of Odontaster species to be inaccurate and include other Odontaster species in the Southern Ocean. We found O. meridionalis on both sides of the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC) and Antarctic polar front (APF), whereas O. validus and O. penicillatus do not appear to have permeated these oceanographic features. Additionally, we discovered previously unrecognized species of Odontaster. Subsequent examination revealed diagnostic morphological differences in the number of spinelets on the abactinal and actinal plates. Mitochondrial characterization of Odontaster species suggests their recent history has been influenced by the APF and ACC in different ways. With the exception of O. meridionalis, Odontaster species are restricted to either side of the Drake Passage. O. validus shows genetic connectivity throughout sampled Antarctic waters.