cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ambiguous practices of the Civilian Conservation Corps

The history of all hitherto existing interpretations of the New Deal is the history of classroom struggle. Pluralist and Marxist, class analyst and statist, historian and social theorist stand in constant opposition to one another, carrying on an open, uninterrupted fight over the meaning, purpose and merit of New Deal labour and social policy a fight ending in the common frustration of readers not involved. The struggle arises from the contradictions engendered by rival explanations of the Roosevelt administration. On the one hand, historians in the late I950S and I960s termed Roosevelt's programmes almost unqualified successes, and his administration as a radical departure from traditional state activity.' On the other hand, more recent historians suggest that the 'radical' or 'liberal' New Deal policies functioned rather conservatively, by protecting monopoly capital.2 Further, social theorists maintain that the New Deal signified a moment of autonomous state activity, and claim that Roosevelt's policies helped transform both state organization and class relationships.3 In all of these struggles, the clash between class and state theory sometimes appears unresolvable. Where it is so, history does indeed come to an end. I would like to further the cause of history, or at least the study of American history, by presenting a case-study of a well-known but little-researched New Deal programme the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). Created by Roosevelt himself in the spring of I933, the CCC removed unemployed young men from the city and country, and temporarily employed them in rural areas. There they built roads, canals, bridges, parks and worked
The oxidation of (100) single-crystal films of copper on (100) NaCl☆

Abstract Electron diffraction, electron microscopy, optical transmittance and microgravimetric techniques have been combined to study the oxidation of (100) single-crystal films of copper grown on (100) sodium chloride substrates at 325°C. The single-crystal films contained the usual “void” areas. Films 500 A thick or less can be oxidized to CuO0.67 readily at temperatures of 120°–180°C in 100 torr of oxygen. The oxide shows marked orientation but is not a single crystal. Oxidation to CuO yields polycrystalline oxide. A mechanism for forming CuO0.67 from copper that is consistent with all the data involves an initial oxidation in which the “voids” are filled with oxide. The controlling rate then shifts to oxidation from the top of the grains towards the substrate interface until the copper is completely oxidized to CuO0.67.
Correction to the theory of the Goos-Hänchen shift by Lotsch

A correction is made to the theory of total internal reflection presented by Lotsch. With this correction his expression for the Goos-Hanchen shift is found to have a nonzero value for the case of grazing incidence, in agreement with the results of other authors.
LV reverse remodeling imparted by aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis; is it durable? A cardiovascular MRI study sponsored by the American Heart Association

In patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), long-term data tracking surgically induced effects of afterload reduction on reverse LV remodeling are not available. Echocardiographic data is available short term, but in limited fashion beyond one year. Cardiovascular MRI (CMR) offers the ability to serially track changes in LV metrics with small numbers due to its inherent high spatial resolution and low variability. We hypothesize that changes in LV structure and function following aortic valve replacement (AVR) are detectable by CMR and once triggered by AVR, continue for an extended period. Tweny-four patients of which ten (67 ± 12 years, 6 female) with severe, but compensated AS underwent CMR pre-AVR, 6 months, 1 year and up to 4 years post-AVR. 3D LV mass index, volumetrics, LV geometry, and EF were measured. All patients survived AVR and underwent CMR 4 serial CMR's. LVMI markedly decreased by 6 months (157 ± 42 to 134 ± 32 g/m 2 , p < 0.005) and continued trending downwards through 4 years (127 ± 32 g/m 2 ). Similarly, EF increased pre to post-AVR (55 ± 22 to 65 ± 11%,(p < 0.05)) and continued trending upwards, remaining stable through years 1-4 (66 ± 11 vs. 65 ± 9%). LVEDVI, initially high pre-AVR, decreased post-AVR (83 ± 30 to 68 ± 11 ml/m2, p < 0.05) trending even lower by year 4 (66 ± 10 ml/m 2 ). LV stroke volume increased rapidly from pre to post-AVR (40 ± 11 to 44 ± 7 ml, p < 0.05) continuing to increase non-significantly through 4 years (49 ± 14 ml) with these LV metrics paralleling improvements in NYHA. However, LVmass/volume, a 3D measure of LV geometry, remained unchanged over 4 years. After initial beneficial effects imparted by AVR in severe AS patients, there are, as expected, marked improvements in LV reverse remodeling. Via CMR, surgically induced benefits to LV structure and function are durable and, unexpectedly express continued, albeit markedly incomplete improvement through 4 years post-AVR concordant with sustained improved clinical status. This supports down-regulation of both mRNA and MMP activity acutely with robust suppression long term.
Expansile Mass of the Maxilla

A 34-year-old white woman presented at the Universi uffalo Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service (Buffalo, n October 2006 with a chief complaint of right-sided welling. The patient was uncertain of its duration, eported a vague sensation of nasal pressure on the aff ide. Her past medical history was significant for mild m etardation, myotonic dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, mitr alve prolapse, and repeated episodes of pneumonia. atient resided in a group home, and held a job outsid ome. A head and neck examination showed right midfa nlargement and asymmetry, with partial obliteration of asolabial fold. There was no evidence of proptosis, n bstruction, or cervical lymphadenopathy. Intraorally, the as a buccal expansion of the right maxilla extending he canine to the first molar. The area was tender to ion, and the overlying mucosa appeared normal. The iated teeth were vital and showed physiologic mob Fig 1). Panoramic, occlusal, and periapical films were of p uality because the patient was wheelchair-bound and imited ability to cooperate with the studies, but the evealed a well-circumscribed, mixed radiodense-radio
Growth of infective forms of Trypanosoma rhodesiense in vitro, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis

A new approach to the culture of African trypanosomes led to the growth of the infective forms of the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. Infective cultures of Trypanosoma rhodesiense were initiated and maintained in vitro on Chinese hamster lung cells. By changing daily one-third of the Hepes-buffered RPMI 1640 medium containing 20 percent fetal bovine serum, the trypanosome numbers increased to 3 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) cells per milliliter. After 80 days in vitro at 37 degrees C, the cultured trypomastigotes are infective for mice and rats and morphologically similar to bloodstream trypomastigotes in having a subterminal kinetoplast and a surface coat. In addition, they possess L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase, the predominant steady-state terminal oxidase of bloodstream trypomastigotes.
Responses of neotropical mangrove seedlings grown in monoculture and mixed culture under treatments of hydroperiod and salinity

We investigated the combined effects of salinity and hydroperiod on seedlings of Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa grown under experimental conditions of monoculture and mixed culture by using a simulated tidal system. The objective was to test hypotheses relative to species interactions to either tidal or permanent flooding at salinities of 10 or 40 g/l. Four-month-old seedlings were experimentally manipulated under these environmental conditions in two types of species interactions: (1) seedlings of the same species were grown separately in containers from September 2000 to August 2001 to evaluate intraspecific response and (2) seedlings of each species were mixed in containers to evaluate interspecific, competitive responses from August 2002 to April 2003. Overall, L. racemosa was strongly sensitive to treatment combinations while R. mangle showed little effect. Most plant responses of L. racemosa were affected by both salinity and hydroperiod, with hydroperiod inducing more effects than salinity. Compared to R. mangle, L. racemosa in all treatment combinations had higher relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, stem elongation, total length of branches, net primary production, and stem height. Rhizophora mangle had higher biomass allocation to roots. Species growth differentiation was more pronounced at low salinity, with few species differences at high salinity under permanent flooding. These results suggest that under low to mild stress by hydroperiod and salinity, L. racemosa exhibits responses that favor its competitive dominance over R. mangle. This advantage, however, is strongly reduced as stress from salinity and hydroperiod increase.
On the relative leadership property of Stackelberg strategies

The relative leadership property of Stackelberg strategies has been investigated via a scalar nonzero-sum, two-person differential game problem. It is shown that, depending on the parameters of the game, there exist three different types of solutions for his class of games.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Diagnostics

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used as a diagnostics tool for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) single cells and stacks, capable of separating individual contributions to the overall polarization of fuel cells under load. Anode impedance spectra were interpreted assuming porous electrode model and a reaction mechanism involving one adsorbed intermediate. No evidence of methanol transport limitations was found at the anode under operating conditions tailored for portable applications of DMFCs. Anode experiments revealed substantial poisoning of the electrode by methanol-derived surface species (CO) and negative order of methanol oxidation in methanol concentration. Because of the clear indication of the presence of adsorbed species at the cathode, the cathode process was assumed to be a combination of oxygen reduction reaction and methanol oxidation occurring in parallel. The porosity and oxygen transport effects were included for the cathode in order to adequately describe the impedance spectra. In addition to divulging methanol crossover, the cathode spectra provided an indication of nonequipotentiality of the cathode, flooding of the cathode backing, flooding/dry-out of the cathode catalyst layer, and hindering of oxygen transport in the cathode backing by crossover methanol. The ability of EIS to reveal these phenomena proved to be highly useful in the identification of performance issues in individual cells of a six-cell DMFC stack.
WE-E-217A-01: CAD: Quality Assurance of CAD Systems Implemented in Clinical Use

Purpose: We propose a new metric called Distance Discordance (DD), which is defined as the distance between two anatomic points from two moving images, which are co‐located on some reference image, when deformed onto another reference image.Methods: To demonstrate the concept of DD, we created a reference software phantom which contains two objects. The first object (1) consists of a hollow box with a fixed size core and variable wall thickness. The second object (2) consists of a solid box of fixed size and arbitrary location. 7 different variations of the fixed phantom were created. Each phantom was deformed onto every other phantom using two B‐Spline DIR algorithms available in Elastix and Plastimatch. Voxels were sampled from the reference phantom [1], which were also deformed from moving phantoms [2…6], and we find the differences in their corresponding location on phantom [7]. Each voxel results in a distribution of DD values, which we call distance discordance histogram (DDH). We also demonstrate this concept in 8 Head & Neck patients. Results: The two image registration algorithms produced two different DD results for the same phantom image set. The mean values of the DDH were slightly lower for Elastix (0–1.28 cm) as compared to the values produced by Plastimatch (0–1.43 cm). The combined DDH for the H&N patients followed a lognormal distribution with a mean of 0.45 cm and std. deviation of 0.42 cm. Conclusions: The proposed distance discordance (DD) metric is an easily interpretable, quantitative tool that can be used to evaluate the effect of inter‐patient variability on the goodness of the registration in different parts of the patient anatomy. Therefore, it can be utilized to exclude certain images based on their DDH characteristics. In addition, this metric does not rely on ‘ground truth’ or the presence of contoured structures.
Horseradish-peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of amphiphilic tyrosine derivatives in micelles

There has been much interest in enzyme catalyzed organic synthesis because it allows the design and synthesis of new materials via chemically mild reaction schemes. This study reports on the horseradish peroxidase catalyzed polymerization of the amphiphilic, C10 alkyl monomer derivative of d and l isomers of tyrosine in micellar solutions. The methodology has been developed to improve the solubility and hence processability of these phenolic polymers. The technique involves the formation of emulsions or micelles of the amphiphilic tyrosines in aqueous medium through manipulation of the solution pH and subsequent enzymatic polymerization. The solution pH, concentrations of the tyrosine derivatives, hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme have been optimized for maximum conversion. The physico- chemical properties of the resulting polymers have been studied by various spectroscopic techniques. Limited stereo- specificity of the reaction has been demonstrated by kinetic methods. Thin films of these polymeric materials have been fabricated using the Langmuir-Blodgett film technique.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Switching between photon-photon correlations and Raman anticorrelations in a coherently prepared Rb vapor

We have experimentally observed switching between photon-photon correlations and anticorrelations between two orthogonally polarized laser beams in an electromagnetically induced transparency configuration in Rb vapor. The correlation and anticorrelation switching occurs at a specific magnetic field strength.
Who Wants to See a $Million Error?

Inspired by the popular television show “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?”, this case discusses the monetary decisions contestants face on a game consisting of 15 increasingly difficult multiple choice questions. Since the game continues as long as a contestant answers correctly, this case, at its core, is one of sequential decision analysis, amenable to analysis via stochastic dynamic programming. The case is also suitable for a course dealing with single decision analysis, allowing for discussion of utility theory and Bayesian probability revision. In developing a story line for the case, the author has sprinkled in much background material on probability and statistics. This material is placed in a historical context, illuminating some of the influential scholars involved in the development of these subjects as well as the birth of operations research and the management sciences.
On Cone Orderings and the Linear Complementarity Problem.

Abstract This paper first generalizes a characterization of polyhedral sets having least elements, which is obtained by Cottle and Veinott [6], to the situation in which Euclidean space is partially ordered by some general cone ordering (rather than the usual ordering). We then use this generalization to establish the following characterization of the class C of matrices ( C arises as a generalization of the class of Z-matrices; see [4], [13], [14]): M∈ C if and only if for every vector q for which the linear complementarity problem (q,M) is feasible, the problem (q,M) has a solution which is the least element of the feasible set of (q,M) with respect to a cone ordering induced by some simplicial cone. This latter result generalizes the characterizations of K-and Z-matrices obtained by Cottle and Veinott [6] and Tamir [21], respectively.
Neurochemical Correlates of Sympathetic Activation during Severe Alcohol Withdrawal

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from 17 patients during acute alcohol withdrawal. Eight of these 17 patients had a second lumbar puncture a mean of 11.9 +/- 8.1 (SD) days later, when the clinical signs of alcohol withdrawal had subsided. CSF 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol concentrations declined significantly (p < 0.05) during the course of alcohol withdrawal from 52.0 +/- 22.1 (SD) to 39.6 +/- 12.6 pM/ml. In early withdrawal, there was a significant positive correlation between CSF norepinephrine (NE) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations (r = 0.95, p < 0.001). Both NE and CRH concentrations correlated positively with diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.88, p < 0.001 and r = 0.62, p < 0.05, respectively). In all samples, CSF 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentrations correlated positively with CSF-homovanillic acid concentrations (r = 0.83, p < 0.001). These findings indicate significant perturbations of the noradrenergic neuronal system and a change in CRH-NE interactions during acute alcohol withdrawal.
Lights ... Cameras ... Action ... Progress an Encouraging Perspective On Tv Teaching

Louisiana State University uses closed circuit television for master teaching by specialist-professors to large groups of students, for apprentice or practice teaching, and for training in the use of television as a communication medium.
An Infrared Vacuum Grating-Prism Spectrometer

A vacuum echelle spectrometer for the near and medium infrared is described together with its prism-order selecting and detector optical systems. The high-dispersion part of the optical system uses a 10.5 cm × 20.2 cm 30-line/mm echelle in a 2.5-m Littrow optical system having 7.5-cm long slits. The limit of resolution at 15 μ using a thermocouple detector is 0.08 cm−1, at 2.5 μ using a cooled PbS cell 0.03 cm−1 can be resolved. Wavelengths can be measured with an accuracy of several thousandths of a wavenumber.
The effect of arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3) on inhibition of pelvic nerve evoked contractions of the cat urinary bladder

Previously reported work has provided evidence that arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), a P2-receptor antagonist, blocks the effects of ATP and other purine analogs, in the urinary bladder of the cat. This antagonism appeared limited to those effects mediated by P2-receptors, such as contraction of the urinary bladder. However, it was noted that ANAPP3 did alter the effects of adenosine, mediated through P1-receptors, in some preliminary experiments. A series of experiments was undertaken to determine if ANAPP3 blocks the P1-receptors and/or has effects on inhibition of bladder contractions. The urinary tract of anesthetized cats was exposed by a midline abdominal incision. The pelvic and hypogastric nerves were isolated and prepared for electrical stimulation. Bladder contractions were induced by stimulation of the pelvic nerves every 30 s with square wave pulses. These contractions were inhibited by hypogastric nerves and the exogenous administration of ATP, noradrenaline, adenosine or beta,gamma-methylene ATP (APPCP), a hydrolysis resistant analog of ATP. ANAPP3 (0.5 mumol, i.a.) was administered, but it did not antagonize the inhibition induced by any of the exogenously administered agents or hypogastric nerve stimulation. This study indicates that ANAPP3 is specific for P2-receptors and is not an effective antagonist of P1-receptors, at least in the urinary tract of the cat.
A computer code for evaluation of complex Mössbauer spectra

Abstract A Fortran IV program is described which computes the expected Mossbauer spectrum for any isotope and for any source and absorber combination. The program calculates the spectrum for any range of values of magnetic field, gyromagnetic ratio, electric field gradient, quadrupole moment, asymmetry parameter, and angle of the magnetic field with respect to the electric field gradient.
Land-centered urban politics in transitional China – Can they be explained by Growth Machine Theory?

Abstract With the emerging land-centered urban politics in China, can western Growth Machine Theory (GMT) explain local dynamics in Chinese cities? This paper argues that three major interest groups exist in a local land market: the central government, the local government, and local developers. Economic coalitions are expected to form between a local government and developers, and political coalitions are expected to exist between the central and local governments. To test this hypothesis and to examine the existence of local economic coalitions, this paper uses Suzhou and Shenzhen as case studies. It shows that individual land-related local interest groups are emerging and economic coalitions exist in both cities, but with varying degrees.
A parametric study of iontophoretic transdermal drug-delivery systems

A mathematical model of iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery was applied to study the effects of physical parameters on the cumulative amount of amitriptyline HCl collected. A graphical method, based on an analytical solution of the system, was first used to estimate the drug diffusion coefficient in the membrane and its surface concentration in the absence of an electric potential difference. These initial values were improved by using an orthogonal collocation-based non-linear regression routine written in Mathematica (Wolfram Research Inc.). Assuming that the diffusion coefficient did not change, the surface concentration of the drug, following transdermal iontophoresis, was evaluated by a similar technique. Two case studies are presented. The first one, taken from the literature, verifies the validity of the procedure. The second case study is based on laboratory experiments using transport amitriptyline HCl across cadaver skin. Excellent agreement was observed between experimental and predicted values. The results support previous findings that the increase in the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of some drugs is mainly due to a rise in the surface concentration of the drug.
Angiographic-echocardiographic correlation in mitral valve prolapse.

Abstract Although mitral valve prolapse is easily identified with echocardiography, the angiographic diagnosis has been poorly understood. To determine relative specificity and sensitivity of recently established radiologic diagnostic criteria, prospective comparison of left ventriculograms with echocardiograms and clinical observations in patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization from 1975 to 1977 and retrospective review of earlier catheterization data have been performed. Four types of normal mitral valve configurations were determined during protodiastole in the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection of left ventriculograms by identifying the fulcrum, the point of attachment of the mitral leaflets to the annulus fibrosus, and the fornix, that part of the left ventricular wall between the fulcrum and papillary muscles. Prolapse was present when mitral leaflet tissue extended inferiorly and posteriorly to the fulcrum during systole. Angiographic prolapse of the posteromedial commissural scallop of the posterior leaflet was diagnosed in RAO ventriculograms in 21 patients, approximately 1.9 per cent of the adult catheterization population. All of these patients also had positive echocardiograms. Three other patients had positive echocardiograms despite normal ventriculograms. In one of these three, isolated prolapse of the middle commissural scallop of the posterior leaflet was present. No patient with a normal mitral valve echocardiogram had an abnormal ventriculogram. The proposed angiographic criteria for mitral valve prolapse have eliminated false-positive diagnoses, and permitted accurate identification in approximately 88 per cent of cases. Improved imaging and additional left ventriculographic projections will probably improve sensitivity. The frequencies of angiographic, echocardiogrphic, and clinical diagnoses of mitral valve prolapse are not significantly different.
Free topological groups

Let X be any Tychonoff space and βX the Stone—Cech compactification of X . Let F (β X ) be the Graev free group of βX and let be the subspace topology on the Graev group F ( X ). Our results demonstrate that this topology is useful and behaves extremely well; the behavior of the free topology still remains enigmatic. There are various applications, some of which clarify the free topology on F ( X ), while others improve various results recently published.
Two-Dimensional Models of Boundary and Mixed Friction at a Line Contact

Two-dimensional dynamic friction models at a lubricated line contact, operating in boundary and mixed lubrication regimes, are developed. The friction coefficient is shown to be a function of the sliding velocity and the instantaneous separation of the sliding bodies, normal to the sliding direction. The models are based on unsteady friction experiments carried out under constant normal loads and under time-varying sliding velocities. The normal motions at the sliding contact were detected indirectly by contact resistance measurements. The contact resistance is related to the theoretical central film thickness for smooth surfaces. An advanced system identification technique (Minimum Model Error) is implemented to identify the most important terms in a number of nonlinear friction models. Two friction models are then nondimensionalized and parameterized. The validity and range of application of the models are then tested, by comparing them with experiments and with selected models proposed by other researchers
Identification of the major anaerobic end products of Cellulomonas sp. (ATCC 21399).

A novel approach of aerobic growth followed by anaerobic growth was used to identify the anaerobic end products of the facultative organismCellulomonas sp. (ATCC 21399) utilizing cellulose as the substrate. The organism was found to produce an equimolar mixture of ethanol and acetic acid as the two carbon end products.
Supplementation of urban home visitation with a series of group meetings for parents and infants: results of a "real-world" randomized, controlled trial

Abstract Objective: Home visitation has been shown to be effective in reducing rates of child maltreatment and in enhancing psychosocial outcomes in children and their parents. Even when available, however, it is underutilized by parents in some urban settings. We tested a supplemental 10-session group intervention for its ability to increase active participation in home visitation, enhance the quality of caregiving behavior of parents, and improve social developmental outcome in children. Method: A randomized controlled design was utilized, involving two separate cohorts of parents of 3- to 18-month old infants, totaling 148 parent-child dyads. The intervention focused on practical experience in promoting parent-infant attachment relationships. Results: At 6 months follow-up, there was a substantial increase in the proportion of intervention group parents participating in home visitation, compared to parents in the control group (Fisher’s exact p = .008). Parents in the intervention group exhibited a trend for improvement in their capacity to appropriately interpret infants’ emotional cues ( p = .08), independent of the effects of home visitation itself. Attrition in both the treatment and control groups was inversely associated with income and level of education. Conclusions: Group meetings may constitute an effective means of engaging stressed urban families in home visitation.
Characterization of a simple Raman capillary/fiber optical sensor.

The characterization of a simple, dual-fiber quartz capillary/fiber optical sensor (C/FOS) for remote excitation and collection of Raman signals is presented. The Raman signals acquired with the C/FOS exhibit a 70-fold sensitivity enhancement and a 50-fold improvement in detectability relative to those obtained with the corresponding conventional dual-fiber sensor without the capillary. A background spectral feature at 790 cm-1 is related to the optical fiber background and is not due to the capillary tube. With no focusing lenses or filters needed at the sample site, the remote Raman C/FOS is easy to assemble and use, and it is relatively inexpensive compared to other designs.
Unexpected connections between residential urban forest diversity and vulnerability to two invasive beetles

Invasive pests pose a threat to the key environmental and social benefits provided by urban forests, and diverse tree planting is a primary management strategy for reducing pest vulnerability. For example, past urban forest losses to Dutch elm disease (DED) prompted municipal foresters to emphasize diversification, but it is unclear whether residential properties developed after the peak DED outbreak are actually more diverse than older properties. To address this issue, we inventoried all public and private trees on 150 residential properties in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA, and compared genus diversity on pre- and post-Dutch elm properties. We then quantified vulnerability to two current invasive pest threats, emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis) and Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) (Anoplophora glabripennis), to evaluate whether higher diversity corresponds with lower pest vulnerability. We assessed vulnerability based on two fundamental urban forest metrics–frequency and size of vulnerable trees. Surprisingly, properties developed after the peak DED outbreak were less diverse than older properties. At the same time, less diverse post-Dutch elm properties exhibited low ALB vulnerability and modest EAB vulnerability, while more diverse older sites were highly susceptible to ALB. The importance of pest host specificity in characterizing urban forest vulnerability was underscored by low EAB vulnerability and high ALB vulnerability on our oldest study sites. This research highlights an apparent disconnect between the theoretical notion that higher diversity should reduce invasive pest vulnerability, and our empirical data indicating that genus diversity does not necessarily correspond with pest vulnerability.
Pharmacological characterization of (S)-(2)-5-ethynyl-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine HCl (SIB-1508Y, Altinicline), a novel nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.

Abstract (S)-(2)-5-ethynyl-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine HCl (SIB-1508Y, Altinicline), is a subtype-selective neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist. In rodents, SIB-1508Y exhibited antidepressant activity, reversed age-related decrements in vigilance, and improved motor and cognitive function in primate models of Parkinson's disease. The goal of the study was to explore neurochemical effects of SIB-1508Y and its isomer, SIB-1680WD. In vitro, SIB-1508Y increased dopamine (DA) release from slices of rat striatum, nucleus accumbens (NAc), olfactory tubercles (OT) and prefrontal cortices (PFC) in a concentration-dependent manner. Relative to its robust effects on DA release from various brain regions, SIB-1508Y was minimally effective at increasing NE release from hippocampus or PFC, and 5-HT release from PFC. SIB-1680WD was less potent and efficacious than SIB-1508Y, but did not act as a partial agonist. Subcutaneous injection of SIB-1508Y (10 mg/kg) increased striatal DA release and this release was sensitive to blockade by the non-competitive nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine (Mec). SIB-1508Y also increased hippocampal ACh release selectively without affecting striatal ACh release. Hippocampal ACh release evoked by SIB-1508Y was attenuated by nAChR antagonists Mec and Dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE), and also by the DA D1 receptor antagonist, SCH-23390. These results are consistent with previously established pharmacology of nAChR regulation of hippocampal ACh release. Repeated administration of SIB-1508Y did not result in an enhanced striatal DA release or hippocampal ACh release. In summary, the abilities of SIB-1508Y to release multiple neurotransmitters in distinct brain regions may contribute to its behavioral profile.
Loyalty and Betrayal: Cotterrell's Discovery and Reproduction of Legal Ideology

The Sociology of Law is a rich and provocative text that has become, since its publication seven years ago, justly celebrated for its incisive and powerful account of law as ideology. Cotterrell surveys the major theoretical statements and empirical studies on the role of law in society to develop, locate, and justify this ideological perspective. Although he specifically disclaims any desire to propound a new or original legal theory, Cotterrell nonetheless wants to provide the elements of a reasonably consistent analytical framework for explaining legal phenomenon (at viii). He attempts to advance the field by demonstrating how an appreciation of law as an ideological formation overcomes limitations in traditional theories and deepens understanding of the place of law in society. Cotterrell's text is an important work for this fact alone-that it articulates a claim and stimulates research based on the cogency of viewing law as ideology. The Sociology of Law is, however, perhaps even more important as one of the relatively few efforts to synthesize the recent generations of empirical research and theory about law and legal behavior.' In this respect, it is
Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy: long-term follow-up of 23 patients

This study reports our experience with the placement and long-term follow-up of 26 percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) tubes in 23 patients over a 2-year period. Eighty-four percent of the PEJ tubes failed and were functional for an average of only 39.5 days. The reasons for failure were: (1) separation of the inner PEJ tube from the outer gastrostomy tube (59%); (2) clogging (32%) due to small PEJ tube diameter; and (3) kinking and knotting (9%). Upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 30% of the patients (7 of 23). Only one patient required blood transfusions (2 units). The etiology of the bleeding was not determined. These patients had a previous history of acid-peptic disease and bleeding occurred despite cimetidine treatment. In contrast, only 1 of the 16 nonbleeding patients had acid-peptic disease (p The frequency of aspiration pneumonia decreased from 13 episodes during nasogastric tube feedings to 5 episodes during PEJ tube feedings. Improvement in the design of the PEJ tubes may increase the longevity and effectiveness of the tubes.
Semigroups of measures in non-commutative harmonic analysis

We find the invariant convolution semigroups of measures on the Heisenberg group which are analogous to the familiar semigroups in the abelian context from modern potential theory, and we show that the abelian theory may be obtained as the limit of the Heisenberg case as Planck's constant tends to zero.
Digital Spins: The Pedagogy and Politics of Student-Centered E-Zines

Abstract This article recounts and analyzes how e-zines were used in first-year writing courses to enhance students’ rhetorical sensitivity to considerations of audience. More specifically, by analyzing existing e-zines, submitting articles to those e-zines, and collaboratively assisting the writing instructor in creating a course e-zine, students gained much ground in becoming aware of how discourse communities function and in considering the impact of an audience’s interests and expectations on their writing. Moreover, in working with e-zines, students tapped into a writing process that moved their work away from simple imitation and parody of discourse cues and toward a self-directed development of invention, discovery, and rhetorical sophistication, often facilitated by a continuing focus on document design, interactivity, and content. Finally, through the use of e-zines, students, on their own initiative, began exploring ways to use writing to provoke an audience to consider alternative views, a project which encouraged some students to reconceive their work with e-zines as a political endeavor.
Study of electric arc behavior with superimposed flow.

Symptomatic behavior and anode regimes of arc for electric arc with superimposed subsonic flow of argon
Radiative transfer in a nongray gas between parallel walls

Abstract The problem of radiative transfer in a gas bounded by parallel walls is examined for the case in which the spectral absorption coefficient of the gas is approximated by a two-level model. Solutions for the heat flux and temperature distribution have been obtained by numerical integration of the exact equations of transfer and by series solutions of a differential approximation to the transfer equations. The results obtained are compared with each other and with the appropriate limiting gray-gas results. It is found that, when a high temperature gas is approximated by a two-level absorption coefficient, the average temperature of the gas is higher than when a gray-gas approximation is used.
DNA damage responses in human induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells.

Background: Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have the capability to undergo self-renewal and differentiation into all somatic cell types. Since they can be produced through somatic cell reprogramming, which uses a defined set of transcription factors, iPS cells represent important sources of patient-specific cells for clinical applications. However, before these cells can be used in therapeutic designs, it is essential to understand their genetic stability. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we describe DNA damage responses in human iPS cells. We observe hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents resulting in rapid induction of apoptosis after γ-irradiation. Expression of pluripotency factors does not appear to be diminished after irradiation in iPS cells. Following irradiation, iPS cells activate checkpoint signaling, evidenced by phosphorylation of ATM, NBS1, CHEK2, and TP53, localization of ATM to the double strand breaks (DSB), and localization of TP53 to the nucleus of NANOG-positive cells. We demonstrate that iPS cells temporary arrest cell cycle progression in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, displaying a lack of the G1/S cell cycle arrest similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Furthermore, both cell types remove DSB within six hours of γ-irradiation, form RAD51 foci and exhibit sister chromatid exchanges suggesting homologous recombination repair. Finally, we report elevated expression of genes involved in DNA damage signaling, checkpoint function, and repair of various types of DNA lesions in ES and iPS cells relative to their differentiated counterparts. Conclusions/Significance: High degrees of similarity in DNA damage responses between ES and iPS cells were found. Even though reprogramming did not alter checkpoint signaling following DNA damage, dramatic changes in cell cycle structure, including a high percentage of cells in the S phase, increased radiosensitivity and loss of DNA damage-induced G1/S cell cycle arrest, were observed in stem cells generated by induced pluripotency. © 2010 Momcilovic et al.
β-Endorphin Response to Exercise

beta-Endorphin, a 31-amino-acid peptide, is primarily synthesised in the anterior pituitary gland and cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin, its larger precursor molecule. beta-Endorphin can be released into the circulation from the pituitary gland or can project into areas of the brain through nerve fibres. Exercise of sufficient intensity and duration has been demonstrated to increase circulating beta-endorphin levels. Previous reviews have presented the background of opioids and exercise and discussed the changes in beta-endorphin levels in response to aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The present review is to update the response of beta-endorphin to exercise. This review suggests that exercise-induced beta-endorphin alterations are related to type of exercise and special populations tested, and may differ in individuals with health problems. Additionally, some of the possible mechanisms which may induce beta-endorphin changes in the circulation include analgesia, lactate or base excess, and metabolic factors. Based on the type of exercise, different mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of beta-endorphin release during exercise.
The influence of funding agencies on international health policy, research and programs

Funding agencies, through the exercise of "strategic funding," are able to exert controlling influence in various fields of endeavor, and international health provides no exception to this general rule. A common way such control is exerted is to define the problem to be solved in a way that serves the vested interest of the funder. This is possible because the way a problem is defined determines the solution(s) to the problem. Currently, international health professionals are confronted with two contending definitions of health. The World Health Organization has defined health theoretically (to guide discussion) as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition reflects a health-oriented conceptualization of health as primarily a social product, and hence leads to social-oriented solutions to problems of ill health in society. On the other hand, funding agencies have defined health operationally (to guide activity) as "the absence of disease or illness." This definition reflects a disease-oriented conceptualization of health, which therefore leads to biotechnical, individual-oriented solutions to disease and illness in society. To choose between these two definitions is to choose between two quite different problems to be solved, two very different sets of solution strategies and two very different sets of value structures. This choice represents a particularly difficult dilemma to international health professionals who are dependent on external funding agencies for their support.
A New Method to Determine the Number Concentrations of Refractory Black Carbon Ice Nucleating Particles

Ice nucleating particles (INP) initiate heterogeneous ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds, influencing cloud phase and onset temperatures for ice formation. Determination of particle types contributing to atmospheric INP populations requires isolation of the relatively rare INP from a total particle sample, typically followed by time-consuming single-particle characterization. We propose a method to estimate the contributions of light-absorbing, primarily refractory black carbon (rBC), particles to INP populations by selectively removing them prior to determination of INP concentrations. Absorbing particles are heated to their vaporization temperature using laser induced incandescence in a single particle soot photometer (SP2) and the change in INP number concentrations, compared to unheated samples, is assessed downstream in the CSU Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC). We tested this approach in the laboratory using strongly-absorbing and nonabsorbing aerosol types to confirm effective removal of r...
A simple self-consistent distribution-moment model for muscle: chemical energy and heat rates

Abstract A distribution-moment model of skeletal muscle is derived from a two-state “self-consistent” kinetic-molecular model of the type proposed by T.L. Hill. The rate equations of the model contain only elementary functions, and it is shown that under dynamic conditions solutions of these equations yield good approximations to the first three moments of the exact bond-distribution function (these three moments represent the instantaneous muscle stiffness, force, and elastic energy stored in the cross-bridges). A novel feature of this is that with appropriate choices of parameters it predicts a small experimentally observed decrease of the heat-liberation rate below the isometric level (“maintenance heat”) in show muscle stretches.
IS MULTIVESSEL PRIMARY PCI ADVISABLE? DIFFERENCES IN CLINICAL OUTCOMES AMONG MEDICARE BENEFICIARIES WITHOUT CARDIOGENIC SHOCK UNDERGOING SINGLE VERSUS MULTI-VESSEL PCI DURING A PRIMARY ST-SEGMENT ELEVATED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION HOSPITALIZATION IN FISCAL YEAR 2011

Current ACC/AHA Guidelines recommend intervening on only the culprit vessel during primary PCI for STEMI, except in cardiogenic shock (CS), however a small randomized trial suggests otherwise. This retrospective study evaluates clinical outcomes among Medicare Beneficiaries (MB) without CS
Achieving Performance Excellence: Training the Trainer

During the last decade many organizations have reduced the number of middle level managers and shifted the emphasis in managerial work from the traditional functions of motivating and controlling to the less familiar roles of coach, facilitator, and trainer. What has not been recognized is that not only are mangers unfamiliar with these new roles, they are often unprepared for them. Little in their educational background or work experience has prepared them for the role of facilitator, coach, or trainer. This paper uses the Experiential Learning Model, which provides an overview of how people learn, as a basis for identifying common mistakes managers make in teaching new tasks, and to suggest ways for managers to improve their effectiveness as trainers.
The cholinergic system, amnesia and memory

Abstract Three experiments are reported which attempt to manipulate memory through the cholinergic system. All animals learned a single-trial passive avoidance response followed immediately by ECS or Sham ECS. In the first, prostigmine was used to rule out the possibility that effects could be due to peripheral response mechanisms. In the second, physostigmine was administered either one or 24 hr or 7 days after ECS. Physostigmine had no effect on the ECS-produced amnesia, but when administered alone, 24 hr following learning, it produced a partial amnesia. In the third experiment, scopolamine was administered prior to learning and ECS. No drug effect was detected. All tests were conducted 24 hr following injection. When the effects of the drugs have dissipated at the time of test, no effect is noted. This suggests that previous effects, found with contemporary drug effects still present, are not relatively permanent and therefore not on memory.
Ripening Associated Phytochemical Changes in Mangos (Mangifera indica) Following Thermal Quarantine and Low‐Temperature Storage

Fresh mangos entering the United States must be subjected to a thermal quarantine treatment to eliminate invasive pests, commonly followed by cold storage to extend shelf-life. Changes in phytochemicals and their resultant antioxidant capacity after such treatments are unknown. These studies evaluated mature, green mangos subjected to a simulated quarantine treatment using hot water immersion at 50 °C for 60 min and subsequent storage at 5 °C and 20 °C against their respective controls. Fruit held at 5 °C were transferred to 20 °C after 8 d of storage to complete ripening, whereby symptoms of chill injury were observed. Phytochemical, antioxidant capacity, and quality parameters were then assessed every 4 d as the fruit ripened over the next 20 d. Storage temperature during ripening and not the hot water treatment was the major factor contributing to changes in polyphenolic content, with antioxidant capacity unaffected by either postharvest treatments or ripening. Major polyphenolics identified were free gallic acid and 4 gallotannins that collectively increased in concentration by 34% as the fruit ripened, also independent of postharvest and storage treatments. Carotenoid concentrations were highest in hot water-treated fruit stored at 20 °C, whereas storage at 5 °C initially delayed ripening. Despite appreciable differences in fruit quality during quarantine treatment or low temperature storage, only minor differences in antioxidant phytochemicals were observed.