cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching nursing students to provide effective heart failure patient education using a peer teaching strategy

Background/objective : Prelicensure nursing students possess minimal knowledge, skills, and confidence to provide effective, patient-centered transitional heart failure (HF) education to patients. This article evaluates a unique educational intervention designed to prepare nursing students to be more effective HF patient educators upon graduation. Methods : A pretest, posttest design and survey was used to evaluate a three-hour educational program. This program was offered to three different groups of students between Fall 2013 and Spring 2016. Eighteen fourth-semester students trained as peer teachers helped present program content to 66 second-semester Accelerated Bachelor of Science (ABS) nursing students. Resources from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Transforming Care at the Bedside (TCAB) materials were used as the curricular guide. The program consisted of a HF didactic session, case study, role-play, and simulation activities. Results : Second-semester students demonstrated improvement in identifying essential elements of HF patient education, from 45.8% to 86%, and the ability to perform Teach-back increased from 43% to 86% ( p < .001). Confidence in patient education skills and Teach-Back technique increased from 17% to 94% ( p < .001). Conclusions : Using fourth-semester peer teachers to facilitate education provides an effective and satisfying way for the second semester students to practice new techniques through role-play. The HF peer teaching program is highly adaptable to prepare prelicensure nursing students to educate patients and families on a wide variety of chronic illnesses across the healthcare continuum.
Building a Theory of Socio-technical Fraud

In the last decade, there has been an unprecedented global adoption of information and communication technologies. While developed countries are more attractive targets and suffer significantly higher losses to cyber-crime as a percentage of their Gross Domestic Product, developing and least-developed countries countries are more vulnerable. Phone-based scams such as phreaking and caller identity spoofing are instances of cyber-fraud, theft and forgery that are very widespread in these countries. Interestingly, deception is at the heart of these cyber-crimes. This paper acknowledges the extant literature on deception detection and the contribution of the related theories of deception, but proposes the development of a theory that treats cyber-deception and fraud as fundamentally socio-technical phenomena. Drawing on Humanities and the socio-anthropological concept of ‘cunning intelligence’, we aim to develop an explanatory lens of fraud that can be applied to different types of cyber-crime.
Invasive Imaging in Critical Limb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) refers to a condition with markedly reduced blood flow to the extremities due to severe obstruction of the arteries and is characterized by chronic ischemic at-rest pain, ulcers, or gangrene in one or both extremities and objectively proven arterial occlusive disease. The incidence of CLI is approximately 500–1000 per million year, with the highest rates among older subjects, smokers, and diabetics. It remains one of the common causes of primary amputation. CLI has a significant impact on the quality of life and carries a grim prognosis both in terms of limb salvage and survival and is a critical public health issue. Invasive and noninvasive modalities are now available to diagnose critical limb ischemia. Iodine-based contrast angiography still remains the gold standard. Among patients with limited renal reserve CO2 angiography offers a viable option.
Using Visual Design to Improve Customer Perceptions of Online Assortments

Abstract In the future, we expect to see more shopping on-line or on smart phones. This suggests that understanding how visual design decisions can influence consumers’ reactions to online assortments is important. New advances in neuro-marketing techniques, such as sophisticated eye tracking methodology, can help understand exactly what drives consumers’ attention and processing efficiency. Visual stimuli on small screens is frequently processed very quickly leading to perceptions that form automatically often without cognitive intervention. Thus, savvy retailers should strategically use design elements of the assortments and of packaging to direct attention and increase the ease of processing. Assortments that are easier to process are liked more and are judged to have more perceived variety. Complexity must be minimized so that assortments can be parsed immediately. Categorization, organizational structure, filtering and other design elements can also help with choice overload.
Landing the Job: How Special Libraries Can Support Career Research Introduction

Column description. Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, such as law, medicine, business, and so forth. In each column, the author will discuss public service dilemmas and opportunities that arise in special libraries. Special or subject-matter librarians interested in authoring a piece for this column are invited to contact Ilana Stonebraker at stonebraker@purdue.edu.This column is written by Heather Howard. Heather Howard is Assistant Professor, Business Information Specialist at Purdue University Libraries. She holds a MLS from the Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis.
Gender Development in Transgender Preschool Children.

An increasing number of transgender children—those who express a gender identity that is “opposite” their natal sex—are socially transitioning, or presenting as their gender identity in everyday life. This study asks whether these children differ from gender-typical peers on basic gender development tasks. Three- to 5-year-old socially transitioned transgender children (n = 36) did not differ from controls matched on age and expressed gender (n = 36), or siblings of transgender and gender nonconforming children (n = 24) on gender preference, behavior, and belief measures. However, transgender children were less likely than both control groups to believe that their gender at birth matches their current gender, whereas both transgender children and siblings were less likely than controls to believe that other people's gender is stable.
Peer Review Certifies Quality and Innovation in Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (CPT) is an established voice of the discipline, a trusted source of new knowledge showcasing discovery, translation, and application of novel therapeutic paradigms to advance the management of patients and populations. Identifying, evaluating, prioritizing, and disseminating the best science along the discovery-development-regulatory-utilization continuum are responsibilities shared through peer review. To enhance the uniformity of this essential component of quality assurance and innovation, and maximize the value of the journal and its contents to authors, reviewers, and the readership, we review key concepts concerning peer review as it specifically relates to CPT.
Fast Large-Scale Joint Inversion for Deep Aquifer Characterization Using Pressure and Heat Tracer Measurements

Characterization of geologic heterogeneity is crucial for reliable and cost-effective subsurface management operations, especially in problems that involve complex physics such as deep aquifer storage of carbon dioxide. With recent advances in computational power and sensor technology, large-scale aquifer characterization using various types of measurements has been a promising approach to achieve high-resolution subsurface images. However, large-scale inversion requires high, often prohibitive, computational costs associated with a number of large-scale coupled numerical simulation runs and large dense matrix multiplications. As a result, traditional inversion techniques have limited utility for problems that require fine discretization of large domains and a large number of measurements to capture small-scale heterogeneity, like $$\text {CO}_2$$ monitoring in the subsurface. In this work, we apply the principal component geostatistical approach (PCGA), an efficient inversion method, for large-scale aquifer characterization. The domain considered is a synthetic three-dimensional deep saline aquifer intended for $$\text {CO}_2$$ storage with 24,000 unknown permeability grid blocks. Transient pressure and heat tracer measurements from multiple dipole pumping tests are simulated with the TOUGH2 simulator and are used to estimate the heterogeneous permeability field and the corresponding uncertainty. For this scenario, we investigate the worth of combining heat and pumping tracer data for characterization. We demonstrate that with the PCGA, the inversion can be performed at a reasonable computational cost, while also resolving the main features of the permeability field. This presents opportunities for using inverse modeling to improve monitoring design and data collection strategies in field applications.
Quantifying the Scalability of Software Defined Networks with Dynamic Topology

Centralized architecture is often cited as the major reason for scalability issues related to Software Defined Networks(SDNs). In this paper, we study the scalability of SDNs with centralized control and dynamic topology. We first propose a metric for scalability that captures issues associated with frequent link and topology changes. We then develop a model to quantify the scalability in terms of the maximum number of SDN switches that can be controlled by a single SDN controller while maintaining a certain quality of service parameters when the link dynamics are known. Finally, using the model, we present some numerical examples that provide insights into the traffic engineering aspects of SDNs.
Motion in Time and Space

This chapter discusses motion in time and space. Conservation of mass states that in the absence of external additions or subtractions of mass, the rate at which the substance changes inside an interval of length Δ x within the medium must be because of the rate at which it moves across the boundary of that interval. Heat flow occurs at a rate proportional to the temperature gradient and the flow is always from a higher to a lower temperature. An accumulation of nutrients favorable to the growth of certain tiny marine organisms called phytoplankton stimulates their rapid reproduction in the ocean and these plankton blooms appear as patches on the surface of the water. When the system reaches equilibrium with its environment, it is called steady state. The significance of dissolved oxygen is that, it is sometimes used by sanitary engineers and marine scientists as a measure of the health of the water body. Oxygen poor waters are unhealthy for marine life and human consumption, and it is therefore of considerable interest to correlate oxygen levels with the amount of pollutants that are present.
Behavioral and Substance Use Outcomes for Older Youth Living With a Parental Opioid Misuse: A Literature Review to Inform Child Welfare Practice and Policy

ABSTRACTThe United States has seen a crisis in the use and abuse of opioids since 2000 that has had impacts for the health care, criminal justice, and child welfare systems. After more than a decade of declines in out-of-home care placements, the increases in the last half of this decade may be attributed to parental misuse of opioids. While much is known about infants who are born drug exposed and the ramifications for child welfare practice and policy, less is known about children who grow up in homes with parental misuse of opioids. This study is a descriptive literature review that aims to provide child welfare practitioners with information on the behavioral and substance abuse outcomes for older children and youth who live with parents who have an opioid use disorder. Implications of this body of research may aid in developing appropriate assessment and intervention tools for youth who present for services from opioid-involved homes.
To Pretreat or Not to Pretreat (With Oral P2Y12 Antagonists)? That is the Question.

The treatment of patients presenting with non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) continues to evolve. As advancing technical capabilities in the cardiac catheterization lab have expanded percutaneous revascularization options, medical treatments have also continued to progress,
The Alternative Care Is Not There

Although historical developments are covered in some detail in another chapter, it may be useful to re-emphasize that state mental hospitals were, at their inception, highly successful. That success was not due either to an “illness” conception of psychological disorder nor to a “moral therapy” conception of its remediation, but to the great compassion of those physicians of the time who agreed to care for the mentally disordered. They provided the psychologically crippled with a kindly, consistent, and somewhat sheltered, but essentially ordinary living situation. Today, most of us would call this “providing an environment in which growth can occur” rather than “moral therapy.”1
BioEYES: 2018 Elizabeth W. Jones Award for Excellence in Education.

The Genetics Society of America’s Elizabeth W. Jones Award for Excellence in Education honors individuals who have made a significant and sustained impact on genetics education. The 2018 recipients are geneticist Steven Farber of the Carnegie Institution for Science and education expert Jamie Shuda of the University of Pennsylvania. Farber and Shuda were awarded the prize in recognition of their outreach program BioEYES, which provides students in grades 2–12 with hands-on biology experience using live zebrafish. The flagship program brings fish—and the tools to study them—into the classroom for an entire week, during which time students observe much of the fish’s life cycle, from mating to the development of larvae.
Genome-wide identification of genes directly regulated by ChvI and a consensus sequence for ChvI binding in Sinorhizobium meliloti.

ExoS/ChvI two-component signaling in the nitrogen-fixing α-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti is required for symbiosis and regulates exopolysaccharide production, motility, cell envelope integrity and nutrient utilization in free-living bacteria. However, identification of many ExoS/ChvI direct transcriptional target genes has remained elusive. Here, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis (chIP-chip) to globally identify DNA regions bound by ChvI protein in S. meliloti. We then performed qRT-PCR with chvI mutant strains to test ChvI-dependent expression of genes downstream of the ChvI-bound DNA regions. We identified 64 direct target genes of ChvI, including exoY, rem and chvI itself. We also identified ChvI direct target candidates, like exoR, that are likely controlled by additional regulators. Analysis of upstream sequences from the 64 ChvI direct target genes identified a 15 bp-long consensus sequence. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transcriptional fusions with exoY, SMb21440, SMc00084, SMc01580, chvI, and ropB1, we demonstrated this consensus sequence is important for ChvI binding to DNA and transcription of ChvI direct target genes. Thus, we have comprehensively identified ChvI regulon genes and a 'ChvI box' bound by ChvI. Many ChvI direct target genes may influence the cell envelope, consistent with the critical role of ExoS/ChvI in growth and microbe-host interactions.
Summary Measures in Statistics

Summary measures provide compact descriptions of one or more study variables. Summary measures include statistical properties, such as the mean and median of a distribution, and graphical presentations, such as histograms and box plots. For normally distributed data, 95% of the observations reside within two standard deviations of the mean value. The joint distribution of two continuous variables can be described graphically using scatter plots, or quantified using correlation, which indicates the tendency of larger values of one variable to match up with larger values of a second variable.
Analysis of chain length, substitution patterns, and unsaturation of AM-404 derivatives as 20S proteasome stimulators.

Abstract Proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins is a vital cellular process and is performed by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome system (UPS) and the ubiquitin-independent proteasome system (UIPS). While both systems are necessary to maintain healthy cell function, many disease states are characterized by reduced activity of the UPS, and the UIPS cannot by itself maintain proper protein levels. It has been suggested that the 20S core particle (20S CP), the isoform of the proteasome in the UIPS that can degrade proteins without a ubiquitin tag, can be stimulated with a small molecule to assist the 20S CP to accept and hydrolyze substrates more rapidly. Several small molecule stimulators of the 20S CP have since been discovered, including AM-404, an arachidonic acid derivative. AM-404 has previously been shown to inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase activity. We wished to evaluate what structural components of AM-404 are required to stimulate the 20S CP with the long-term goal of using this information to design a stimulator with better drug-like qualities. We synthesized numerous derivatives of AM-404, varying the chain length, substitutions, and degree of unsaturation. Through this endeavor, we obtained several molecules capable of stimulating the 20S CP to various degrees. We discovered that though chain length is important, the presence of a cis-alkene in a specific location in the aliphatic chain has the greatest impact on the ability to stimulate the 20S CP. Two of the derivatives maintain modest stimulatory activity, and have improved toxicity over AM-404.
A woman, age 35, with new-onset ascites.

She also has jaundice, hepatomegaly, and multiple abnormal laboratory results. What is the next step?
Proppant transport in complex fracture networks – A review

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing in shale resources often result in complex fracture networks due to the presence of natural fractures, bedding planes and/or low deviatoric in situ stress. Fracture treatments with low-viscosity slickwater are commonly used as a completion technique in the shale reservoirs which show poor proppant transport characteristics as well as rapid proppant settling. Understanding proppant transport in complex fracture networks play a critical role in estimating propped fracture dimensions and reducing uncertainty in well drainage estimation. This paper presents a comprehensive review of several laboratory and numerical simulation studies which have been carried out over the past decade to evaluate proppant transport in the complex fracture networks. A better understanding of proppant movement in fracture networks with subsidiary fractures can help with optimizing fracture treatment designs and understanding what impact this transport may have on resulting production. Furthermore, understanding proppant transport in these fracture networks can help with re-frac candidate selection and enhanced oil recovery feasibility.
Recovering the Lost Voices of Users in Localization

Chapter 1 serves as the introduction to the manuscript. The chapter lays a foundation for the discussion of the three localization processes advanced in the book: linguistic localization, subversive localization, and user-heuristic localization. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 fully develop these concepts, respectively. Ultimately, the author argues that these three processes help to capture users as heroes who shape, redesign, and localize an available technology for their need. The chapter also discusses the subject of the book: user localization strategies, the aims of the book, the audience, significance, and the major questions that drive the project.
Producing Antipetismo: Media activism and the rise of the radical, nationalist right in contemporary Brazil:

When examining the decline of the leftist Partido dos Trabalhadores and the ascension of the right-wing extremist Jair Bolsanaro of the far-right Partido Liberal Social to the 2018 presidency, poli...
IL1α antagonizes IL1β and promotes adaptive immune rejection of malignant tumors

We assessed the contribution of IL1 signaling molecules to malignant tumor growth using IL1β-/-, IL1α-/-, and IL1R1-/- mice. Tumors grew progressively in IL1R-/- and IL1α-/- mice but were often absent in IL1β-/- mice. This was observed whether tumors were implanted intradermally or injected intravenously and was true across multiple distinct tumor lineages. Antibodies to IL1β prevented tumor growth in wild-type (WT) mice but not in IL1R1-/- or IL1α-/- mice. Antibodies to IL1α promoted tumor growth in IL1β-/- mice and reversed the tumor-suppressive effect of anti-IL1β in WT mice. Depletion of CD8+ T cells and blockade of lymphocyte mobilization abrogated the IL1β-/- tumor suppressive effect, as did crossing IL1β-/- mice to SCID or Rag1-/- mice. Finally, blockade of IL1β synergized with blockade of PD-1 to inhibit tumor growth in WT mice. These results suggest that IL1β promotes tumor growth, whereas IL1α inhibits tumor growth by enhancing T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
Cross-sectional IgM and IgG profiles in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Background: Accurate serological assays can improve the early diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but few studies have compared performance characteristics between assays in symptomatic and recovered patients. Methods: We recruited 32 patients who had 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19; 18 hospitalized and actively symptomatic, 14 recovered mild cases), and measured levels of IgM (against the full-length S1 or the highly homologous SARS-CoV E protein) and IgG (against S1 receptor binding domain [RBD]). We performed the same analysis in 103 pre-2020 healthy adult control (HC) participants and 13 participants who had negative molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2. Results: Anti-S1-RBD IgG levels were very elevated within days of symptom onset for hospitalized patients (median 2.04 optical density [OD], vs. 0.12 in HC). People who recovered from milder COVID-19 only reached similar IgG levels 28 days after symptom onset. IgM levels were elevated early in both groups (median 1.91 and 2.12 vs. 1.14 OD in HC for anti-S1 IgM, 2.23 and 2.26 vs 1.52 in HC for anti-E IgM), with downward trends in hospitalized cases having longer disease duration. The combination of the two IgM levels showed similar sensitivity for COVID-19 as IgG but greater specificity, and identified 4/10 people (vs. 3/10 by IgG) with prior symptoms and negative molecular testing to have had COVID-19. Conclusions: Disease severity and timing both influence levels of IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2, with IgG better for early detection of severe cases but IgM more suited for early detection of milder cases.
Earthquake early warning message testing: Visual attention, behavioral responses, and message perceptions

Abstract Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems have the potential to facilitate the delivery of lifesaving information to individuals in the path of damaging shaking before it reaches them. While much attention has been devoted to measuring the technological feasibility in terms of reach, accuracy, and latency of EEW message delivery, one additional aspect that merits considerable attention is the effectiveness of alerts themselves; do they deliver actionable information that can lead to protective actions taken by message receivers? In this project, we investigated individual responses to a simulated EEW message in a laboratory environment. We employed eye-tracking technology to evaluate visual attention to specific message features; measured behavioral responses to the EEW message (i.e., the participants' ability to perform the recommended actions correctly); and collected self-reported perceptions of the messages (including participants’ intent to act in response to future EEW messages). We manipulated two variables selected to be likely to affect visual attention, behavioral responses, and message perceptions: 1) prior exposure to the relevant protective actions, and 2) the presence of informational icons about the protective actions within the message. We found that prior exposure to protective actions is the strongest predictor of behavioral response and message perceptions; however, the inclusion of informational icons had little effect on our results, suggesting a need for further research testing. The results of this study should inform recommendations for message design and public education and training, all of which are critical to the success of EEW.
Cut, Fill, Repeat: Slot Canyons of Dry Fork, Kane County

The slot canyons of southern Utah have become popular destinations for hikers, climbers, and photographers. For most of these canyons, the geology is simple: sediment carried by flowing water abrades a thick, homogeneous sandstone. As time passes, the rate of down- cutting is rapid compared to the rate of cliff retreat. End of story. The strange abundance and configuration of the slot canyons along Dry Fork Coyote (a tributary of Coyote Gulch and the Escalante River), however, have a convoluted geologic history that is climate-driven and involves canyon cutting, canyon filling, and more canyon cutting.
A review of pre-hospital case series among those with time to double external defibrillation and neurologic outcomes.

Abstract Background: Double external defibrillation (DED) has been used as a final effort to terminate refractory ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardiac (rVF/pVT). Data surrounding time to DED and patient-centered outcomes remains limited. Objectives: This study summarizes patient-level data from case-series of observed survival and neurologic outcomes following the use of DED for rVF/pVT among those with data regarding time to DED. Methods: We conducted a literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE (OVID interface), and Scopus from January 1, 2000, through January 5, 2020. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two investigators independently conducted the literature search, study selection, and data extraction. Results: Our database search identified 3139 records. Of these, 1660 studies were eliminated following inspection of the titles and 22 studies underwent full-text screening, three included in the final analysis, describing a total of 29 cases. All studies were considered to have critical risk of bias. For the critical outcomes of survival to discharge and neurologically intact survival we identified that patients who received DED before 30 min from collapse compared to those who received DED after 30 min had better survival to discharge (33.3% [5/15] vs. 7.1% [1/14]) and neurologically intact survival (20.0% [3/15] vs. 7.1% [1/14]). Overall, 20.6% of patients survived to discharge, 13.8% with neurologically intact survival. It is noteworthy that the patients who were discharged with a CPC of 1 received two, four, five, and three standard shocks before receiving DED, and the time between their onset of cardiac arrest to their first DED attempt was recorded to be 15, 26, 26, and 32 min, respectively. Conclusion: We would like to indicate that there is not enough evidence to suggest that early use of pre-hospital DED is associated with improved outcomes. Further research should strive to address these issues before conclusions can be drawn.
Assessing early primary students’ growth in a science unit using multiple modes of representation: investigating the promise of explicit drawing instruction

In order to investigate the impact of science drawing instruction in a first-grade unit on carnivorous plants (CPs), we analysed student-produced drawings after explicit instruction in drawing scie...
Purpose-Driven Companies and Sustainability

Corporate purpose and business sustainability appear to be intrinsically related ideas, and yet there is little research on the nature of this relationship. The chapter begins with a discussion of purpose and two parallel treatments of the topic. The “corporate purpose” treatment, rooted in early 20th century institutionalism, views purpose as a (or, possibly, the) primary differentiator of firms over markets. The “purpose of the corporation” treatment, rooted in a near century-long debate in law and finance on the role of corporations in society, considers purpose as the appropriate objective for corporations. At the confluence of these two treatments lies important implications for the firm: how purpose is determined, how it influences behavior at both the organizational and employee level, and the associated role of leadership. The chapter then considers how these implications intersect with business sustainability. I suggest mechanisms by which purpose and sustainability might be mutually reinforcing, and the conditions under which this might occur. Each of the sections of this chapter concludes with topics for future research.
The landscape of renal replacement therapy in Veterans Affairs Medical Center intensive care units

Outpatient dialysis is standardized with several evidence-based measures of adequacy and quality that providers aim to meet while providing treatment. By contrast, in the intensive care unit (ICU) ...
In the Aftermath of School Victimization: Links Between Authoritative School Climate and Adolescents’ Perceptions of the Negative Effects of Bullying Victimization

Although authoritative school climate—strict, yet fair enforcement of rules alongside strong adult support—is associated with lower rates of bullying victimization, less is known about whether it influences how negatively adolescents feel after being victimized at school. Further, it is unclear whether boys and girls respond differently to an authoritative climate. Identifying ways that schools can reduce negative feelings after being bullied is important given the long term psychological ramifications of bullying that, if left unaddressed, can extend into adulthood. To address these gaps, this study examined whether authoritative school climate related to how negatively adolescents felt about their schoolwork, relationships, physical health and self-perception after being bullied. Differences between boys and girls were also investigated. Analyses were conducting using national data from the 2017 School Crime Supplement on a sample of 1,331 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (Mage = 14.3 years; 59% girls). Findings from a set of ordinal regression models with a robust set of student, parent and school controls demonstrated that adolescents in more supportive schools were less likely to report that bullying victimization negatively impacted their schoolwork and feelings about themselves. Similar results were found for girls but not boys. By investing in supportive school climates, schools can be potentially transformative places where adolescents, especially girls, can feel more positively about themselves despite being bullied.
United States Food Law: Consumers, Controversies, Current Issues

United States food law is in a state of change. This article offers an overview of issues and developments in United States food law in recent years. The author identifies trends that fit into broader historical currents in United States food law. These include the proliferation of qualified health claims on food, use of food law in dealing with the obesity epidemic, the past decade of American experimentation with food safety deregulation, and the growing American sense of the failure of their government to ensure food safety.The federal agencies have been found lacking in their ability to handle basic matters such as the honesty of food labels and the safety of fresh produce. This fundamental deficiency is more disturbing in light of the more complicated matters facing the agencies, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology. Systemic problems are behind many of these concerns. In particular, FDA’s chronic funding shortages have forced the agency into a reactive mod. The federal agencies face gaps in scientific knowledge, and an eroded science base leads to poor decisions or lack of ability to devise appropriate solutions.
Warrantless Arrest in Domestic Violence -- Is It Effective?

Legislators in the United States have responded to domestic violence by passing laws to criminalize domestic violence without empirical support of the effectiveness of this intervention. This research examines policy implementation and domestic violence arrest rates to determine the effectiveness of such legislation in Virginia. The implementation of written domestic violence policies and training for law enforcement officers was expected to increase domestic violence arrest rates. The findings show a positive impact of law enforcement training on felony (repeat offender) domestic violence arrest rates. The findings are relevant for social workers involved in policy and resource allocation for domestic violence interventions.
A Visual Multimedia Query Language for Temporal Analysis of Video Data

The storage of various media in multimedia databases poses new challenges to query techniques — challenges that exceed the expressive power of traditional text-based query languages. New query interfaces should take advantage of characteristics inherent in multimedia data, such as the dynamic temporal nature of video, the visual and spatial characteristics of images, the pitch of audio, etc. The focus of our research is to exploit the temporal continuity and combined spatio-temporal characteristics of video data for the purpose of video analysis. We do so by integrating a visual query paradigm with a dynamic visual presentation of results into a user-friendly interactive visualization environment. In this chapter, we present our overall approach for identifying trends in video data via querying for relationships between video annotations. Our approach allows users to analyze the video in terms of temporal relationships between events (e.g., events of type A frequently follow events of type B). We present a temporal visual query language (TVQL) for specifying relative temporal queries between sets of annotations. This query language builds on the notion of dynamic query filters and significantly extends them. It is tailored for temporal analysis — allowing users to pose queries, as well as to browse the data in a temporally continuous manner, thereby aiding them in the discovery of temporal trends. The TVQL is augmented with complementary temporal diagrams, which provide intuitive visual feedback for quickly and qualitatively verifying the temporal query specified. This chapter includes the complete specification of our TVQL, a transformation function for generating corresponding temporal diagrams, and the process for mapping TVQL queries to system queries.
The Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, the Politics of Realism, and the Manipulation of Vietnam Remembrance in the 2004 Presidential Election

The group calling themselves The Swift Boat Veterans for Truth first organized in April 2004 in order to plot a strategy to undermine John Kerry's bid for president. They developed several advertisements that questioned everything from the legitimacy of Kerry's medals to the accuracy of his version of the past; they portrayed Kerry as an overly ambitious person willing to distort the truth to achieve his political goals, and they generated a firestorm of political debate. This essay argues that the Swift Boat veterans used realist discourse in collusion with Vietnam remembrance to create rhetorically powerful indictments of Kerry. To develop the argument, I focus on the Swift Boat veterans' first broadcast advertisement, an ad that had a significant influence on the presidential campaign both ideologically and in the polls. I argue that a discourse of realism dominated the ad, concealing not only its questionable credibility and political motives, but also the rhetorical tactics it used to reinforce its realist frame.
A Multicultural Physical Education Approach

(1986). A Multicultural Physical Education Approach. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 35-39.
The Influence of Limited Creep Feed on Pre- and Postweaning Performance of Spring-Born Calves

Spring-born, suckling beef calves were offered a limited creep feed of either protein, energy, or energy plus lasalocid from August 15 to October 15 in a 3-yr study. Creep feeding improved daily gain (P < .01) over calves in the control group, but there were no differences in gain among calves fed the three creep rations. Consumption was slightly less for the protein feed resulting in an improved feed efficiency for the protein compared to the energy (P < .01). Creep feeding improved (P < .01) preweaning and 53-d postweaning gains with no differences in gains due to type of creep feed.
Redefining Industrial Salesforce Roles in A Changing Environment: Strategic Issues in Selection, Training and Management

Traditional roles of salespeople in industrial markets are highly specific to the context of selling. One of the primary objectives of these roles was to achieve immediate product sales and ultimately to sustain these sales over the long-term. However, ongoing developments in the competitive environment of industrial firms have rendered these traditional roles increasingly less effective in generating loyalty among buyers. This paper examines the nature of these developments and proposes redefined roles that the industrial salesforce would have to play to generate long-term loyalty among buyers. Implications for the selection, training, and management of the salesforce are also discussed.
On the Caltech Experimental Large Space Structure

This paper focuses on a large space structure experiment developed at the California Institute of Technology. The main thrust of the experiment is to address the identification and robust control issues associated with large space structures by capturing their characteristics in the laboratory. The design, modeling, identification and control objectives are discussed within the paper.
International Space Station attitude motion associated with flywheel energy storage

Flywheels can exert torque that alters the Station’s attitude motion, either intentionally or unintentionally. A design is presented for a once planned experiment to contribute torque for Station attitude control, while storing or discharging energy. Two contingencies are studied: the abrupt stop of one rotor while another rotor continues to spin at high speed, and energy storage performed with one rotor instead of a counter rotating pair. Finally, the possible advantages to attitude control offered by a system of ninety-six flywheels are discussed.
Chapter 30. Using Mass Spectrometry to Determine ADME Properties in Drug Discovery

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of mass spectrometry (MS) for determining ADME properties in drug discovery. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has become a common analytical tool for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. For several decades, mass spectrometry has been used to elucidate the structure of drug metabolites. Commercial development of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) afforded a highly sensitive and selective instrument for quantitative or qualitative analysis. LC/MS has enabled drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies, previously reserved for later development, to be executed in discovery. Metabolite profiling and identification, in vitro clearance and inhibition measurements, absorption, and pharmacokinetic studies are aided using LC/MS/MS. The simultaneous dosing and analysis of multiple components can be used to rapidly obtain pharmacokinetic data. The alternative, sample pooling, maintains analytical throughput but requires extensive animal facilities. Resources determine its use and, like any high throughput screen, there is a risk vs. benefit. The benefit is easily calculated when there are no drug–drug interactions or false positives.
Applications of Optimization in Early Stage Ship Design

Recent research at the University of Michigan developing and applying modern optimization methods to early ship design decision making is reviewed. These examples illustrate the use of fuzzy logic, genetic and evolutionary algorithms, and agent methods to solve complex multicriterion ship design problems. The first application optimizes an early stage hull form for both smooth water powering and seakeeping performance using an advanced evolutionary algorithm taking into consideration the change of vessel weight with the hull form variation. The second application supports the optimization of naval ship general arrangements using a new hybrid agent-genetic algorithm method and stochastic generation algorithm. The final example uses an evolutionary algorithm to establish the optimal commonality to use in two ship classes that are to share components and features in order to save overall fleet costs. These show how these advanced ship design methods can be used to aid early ship design decisions.
Is levorphanol a better option than methadone

Background Methadone has been a stalwart pharmacologic option for the management of opioid drug dependence for many years. It substitutes for opioid agonists and possesses certain pharmacokinetic properties that confer characteristics preferable to those of other opioids for this application. Methadone is likewise used as an option for the treatment of pain, particularly chronic pain. It has a spectrum of pharmacodynamic activity, including contributions from non-opioid components, that translates to its specific clinical attributes as an analgesic. Unfortunately, basic science studies and accumulated clinical experience with methadone have revealed some undesirable, and even worrisome, features, including issues of safety. The benefit/risk ratio of methadone might be acceptable if there was no better alternative, but neither its pharmacokinetic nor pharmacodynamic properties are unique to methadone. Objective We review the basic and clinical pharmacology of methadone and suggest that levorphanol should receive attention as a possible alternative. Conclusion Unlike methadone, levorphanol is a more potent NMDA antagonist, possesses a higher affinity for DOR and KOR, has a shorter plasma half-life yet longer duration of action, has no CYP450 interactions or QTc prolongation risk, can be a viable option in the elderly, palliative care, and SCI patients, requires little to no need for co-administration of adjuvant analgesics, and has potentially a lower risk of drug-related Emergency Department visits compared to other opioids.
Minimally Invasive Surgery in Veterinary Practice: A 2010 Survey of Diplomates and Residents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons

Objective To report the current state of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in veterinary surgical practice in 2010. Study Design Electronic questionnaire. Sample Population Diplomates and residents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS). Methods A survey (38 questions for Diplomates, 23 questions for residents) was sent electronically to 1216 Diplomates and 300 residents. Questions were organized into 5 categories to investigate: (1) caseload and distribution of MIS cases; (2) MIS training; (3) MIS benefits, morbidity, limitations and motivating factors; (4) ACVS role; and (5) demographics of the study population. Results Eighty-six percent of small animal (SA) Diplomates, 99% of large animal (LA) Diplomates, and 98% of residents had performed MIS. Median LA caseload (30 cases/year; range, 1–600) was significantly higher than SA caseload (20 cases/year; range, 1–350). Descending order of case distribution was: arthroscopy > laparoscopy > endoscopic upper airway > thoracoscopy. Sixty percent of Diplomates and 98% of residents received MIS training during their residency. Residents' perspective of MIS training proficiency was positively correlated to caseload. Ninety-five percent of all respondents felt postoperative morbidity was less with MIS, and were motivated by patient benefits, maintaining a high standard of care, and personal interests. Fifty-eight percent of Diplomates and 89% of residents felt ACVS should be involved in developing MIS training. Conclusions MIS is widely used by ACVS Diplomates and residents in clinical practice; however, important differences exist between SA and LA surgeons and practice types. MIS training in partnership with the ACVS is needed for continued development in veterinary surgery.
Testing Social Preferences for an Economic “Bad”: An Artefactual Field Experiment*

We test for social preferences over a commodity in an artefactual field experiment using the random price voting mechanism. Subjects are university staff members, and the commodity is water “contaminated” by a sterilized cockroach. Our results suggest that social preferences exist with respect to commodities and “bads”, supporting a more general utility framework for social preferences. Our empirical test allows for the coexistence of three social-preference models; our results support the models of Fehr and Schmidt (1999) and Charness and Rabin (2002), but not the model of Bolton and Ockenfels (2000). Also, we find that incorporating social preferences improves the efficiency of majority-rules voting.
Hepatitis B Vaccine: Implications for Dental Personnel

A well-controlled, double-blind clinical study of a high risk group showed that this vaccine stimulated the production of antibodies in more than 92% of the test group.
Treatment of the adolescent patient with polycystic ovary syndrome

Frequently, a multidisciplinary approach is needed in the management of the adolescent with PCOS. Treatment must be provided in a supportive environment. Because adolescent females are concerned about their appearance any image, short-term treatment goals are usually directed toward the amelioration of hirsutism, acne, and irregular menstruation. Although not immediately concerning to the adolescent, the prevention of long-term sequelae from anovulation and hyperinsulinemia is also important. Multiple concomitant therapies are often necessary to address the variety of symptoms and achieve better results. Recent studies have investigated the role of the insulin-sensitizing agent, metformin, in the treatment of PCOS. Although most studies show a benefit, the conclusions are limited owing to the small numbers of select patients, observational designs, and short durations of follow-up. In addition, there are few data comparing insulin-sensitizing drugs with traditional therapies for PCOS. More long-term, randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the utility of insulin-sensitizing agents, their long-term benefits, and the ideal patient population for their use.
Decline in hospital utilization and cost inflation under managed care in California.

Objective. —To measure the impact of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) on hospital capacity, utilization, and expenditures between 1983 and 1993. Design. —Multivariate regression analysis. Setting. —Private nonprofit and for-profit hospitals in California with 25 or more beds. Patients. —Patient discharge abstract data were used to measure growth of HMO penetration of local hospital markets. Interventions. —None. Main Outcome Measures. —Hospital closures, changes in bed capacity, changes in acute care admissions and length of stay, psychiatric inpatient days, subacute inpatient days, inpatient and outpatient surgical procedures, ambulatory patient visits, and hospital expenditures. Results. —Between 1983 and 1993 hospital expenditures grew 44% less rapidly in markets with high HMO penetration than in markets with low HMO penetration. Of this, 28% was due to reductions in the volume and mix of services, 6% was due to reductions in bed capacity, and 10% was due to changes in the intensity of services provided. Health maintenance organizations accelerated the substitution of outpatient for inpatient surgery, the shift from acute to subacute inpatient days, and the reduction of psychiatric hospitalization. Conclusion. —Managed care is shifting the acute care hospital from the center toward the periphery of the health care system.