cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid- versus melanin-based coloration

Abstract In birds, carotenoid-based plumage coloration is more dependent on physical condition and foraging abilities and less constrained developmentally than is melanin-based coloration. Thus, female mate choice for honest signals should result in more intense sexual selection on carotenoid- than on melanin-based plumage coloration. Using variation in sexual dimorphism as an indirect measure of the intensity of sexual selection, we tested the prediction that variation in sexual dimorphism is driven more by change in carotenoid-based coloration between males and females than by change in melanin-based coloration. Examination of historical changes in carotenoid- versus melanin-based pigmentation in 126 extant species of Cardueline finches supported this prediction. We found that carotenoid-derived coloration changed more frequently among congeners than melanin-based coloration. In both sexes, increase in carotenoid-based coloration score, but not in melanin-based coloration score, was strongly associated with increase in sexual dichromatism. In addition, sexual dimorphism in carotenoid-based coloration contributed more to overall dichromatism than dimorphism in melanin-based plumage. Our results supported the hypothesis that melanin-based and carotenoid-based coloration have fundamentally different signal content and suggest that combining melanin-based and carotenoid-based coloration in comparative analyses is not appropriate.
THE MICHIGAN ALCOHOLISM SCREENING TEST: THE QUEST FOR A NEW DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENT

The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), devised to provide a consistent, quantifiable, structured interview instrument to detect alcoholism, consists of 25 questions that can be rapidly administered. Five groups were given the MAST: hospitalized alcoholics, a control group, persons convicted of drunk driving, persons convicted of drunk and disorderly behavior, and drivers whose licenses were under review. The validity of the MAST was assessed by searching the records of legal, social, and medical agencies and reviewing the subjects' driving and criminal records. The MAST responses of 15 subjects who were found to be alcoholic in the record search were analyzed to determine where the screening failures had occurred. Recommendations are made for reducing the number of such "falsė negatives."
“I Have Heard Horrible Stories . . .”: Rape Victim Advocates' Perceptions of the Revictimization of Rape Victims by the Police and Medical System

This study explores rape victim advocates' perceptions of the revictimization of rape victims by the police and medical system. Most of the previous research on revictimization focuses on either victims or members of the criminal justice, legal, medical, or mental health systems. The current study provides a more complete picture of victims' possible revictimization by the police and medical system through in-depth interviews with 47 rape victim advocates in four states who had direct experience with police or medical professionals. Rape victim advocates describe the power wielded by the police and medical system to revictimize rape victims and their own role in attempting to mitigate this revictimization.
Correlation clustering with noisy input

Correlation clustering is a type of clustering that uses a basic form of input data: For every pair of data items, the input specifies whether they are similar (belonging to the same cluster) or dissimilar (belonging to different clusters). This information may be inconsistent, and the goal is to find a clustering (partition of the vertices) that disagrees with as few pieces of information as possible.Correlation clustering is APX-hard for worst-case inputs. We study the following semi-random noisy model to generate the input: start from an arbitrary partition of the vertices into clusters. Then, for each pair of vertices, the similarity information is corrupted (noisy) independently with probability p. Finally, an adversary generates the input by choosing similarity/dissimilarity information arbitrarily for each corrupted pair of vertices.In this model, our algorithm produces a clustering with cost at most 1 + O(n-1/6) times the cost of the optimal clustering, as long as p ≤ 1/2 - n-1/3. Moreover, if all clusters have size at least1c1√n then we can exactly reconstruct the planted clustering. If the noise p is small, that is, p ≤ n-δ/60, then we can exactly reconstruct all clusters of the planted clustering that have size at least 3150/δ, and provide a certificate (witness) proving that those clusters are in any optimal clustering.Among other techniques, we use the natural semi-definite programming relaxation followed by an interesting rounding phase. The analysis uses SDP duality and spectral properties of random matrices.
Borrelia burgdorferi not detected in widespread Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from white-tailed deer in Tennessee.

Lyme disease (LD), caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted in the eastern United States by blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, is classiÞed as nonendemic in Tennessee and surrounding states in the Southeast. Low incidence of LD in these states has been attributed, in part, to vector ticks being scarce or absent; however, tick survey data for many counties are incomplete or out of date. To improve our knowledge of the distribution, abundance, and Borrelia spp. prevalence of I. scapularis, we collected ticks from 1,018 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman)) from 71 of 95 Tennessee counties in fall 2007 and 2008. In total, 160 deer (15.7%) from 35 counties were infested with adult I. scapularis; 30 of these counties were new distributional records for this tick. The mean number of I. scapularis collected per infested deer was 5.4 0.6 SE. Of the 883 I. scapularis we removed from deer, none were positive for B. burgdorferi and one tested positive for B. miyamotoi. Deer are not reservoir hosts for B. burgdorferi; nevertheless, past surveys in northern LD-endemic states have readily detected B. burgdoreferi in ticks collected from deer. We conclude that I. scapularis is far more widespread in Tennessee than previously reported. The absence of detectable B. burgdorferi infection among these ticks suggests that the LD risk posed by I. scapularis in the surveyed areas of Tennessee is much lower than in LD-endemic areas of the Northeast and upper Midwest.
Language proficiency and adverse events in US hospitals: a pilot study

Objective. To examine differences in the characteristics of adverse events between English speaking patients and patients with limited English proficiency in US hospitals. Setting. Six Joint Commission accredited hospitals in the USA. Method. Adverse event data on English speaking patients and patients with limited English proficiency were collected from six hospitals over 7 months in 2005 and classified using the National Quality Forum endorsed Patient Safety Event Taxonomy. Results. About 49.1% of limited English proficient patient adverse events involved some physical harm whereas only 29.5% of adverse events for patients who speak English resulted in physical harm. Of those adverse events resulting in physical harm, 46.8% of the limited English proficient patient adverse events had a level of harm ranging from moderate temporary harm to death, compared with 24.4% of English speaking patient adverse events. The adverse events that occurred to limited English proficient patients were also more likely to be the result of communication errors (52.4%) than adverse events for English speaking patients (35.9%). Conclusions. Language barriers appear to increase the risks to patient safety. It is important for patients with language barriers to have ready access to competent language services. Providers need to collect reliable language data at the patient point of entry and document the language services provided during the patient – provider encounter.
Angiotensin II-Mediated Protein Kinase D Activation Stimulates Aldosterone and Cortisol Secretion in H295R Human Adrenocortical Cells

Protein kinases are important mediators in intracellular signaling. Angiotensin II is the most important modulator of adrenal zona glomerulosa cell physiology. Angiotensin II regulates steroidogenesis and proliferation among many other metabolic processes. H295R human adrenal cells are a widely used experimental model to study adrenal cell physiology and metabolism. We screened for protein kinase expression levels using the Kinetwork system in H295R cells after 3 h angiotensin II treatment. Protein kinase D (PKD) was the protein kinase that suffers the most dramatic changes. PKD is a member of a new class of serine/threonine protein kinases that is activated by phosphorylation. Our studies indicated that angiotensin II time- and dose-dependently increased PKD phosphorylation, which occurred within 2 min of angiotensin II treatment and at concentrations as low as 1 nm. PKD phosphorylation was also dose-dependently increased by the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Angiotensin II-mediated PKD p...
Effects of ozone on respiratory function and structure.

Other lung functional responses to acute and subacute exposures that have been studied, largely in animals, include mucociliary and ear ly alveolar zone particle clearance, functional responses in macrophages and epi theli al cells, and changes in lung cell secretions. Structural changes in the vicinity of the respiratory acinus have been associated with subchronic and chronic animal exposure protocols. However, the health significance of localized structural changes, and the roles of the transient functional and cellular responses, if any, in the pathogenesis of lung disease, remain speculative. The responses in animals suggest possible links between 03 exposure and respiratory disease in humans, but do not provide clear evidence for such ties. The following summarizes current knowledge on transient and chronic health effects pro­
Feedback strategies for telemanipulation with shared control of object handling forces

Shared control represents a middle ground between supervisory control and traditional bilateral control in which the remote system can exert control over some aspects of the task while the human operator maintains access to low-level forces and motions. In the case of dexterous telemanipulation, a natural approach is to share control of the object handling forces while giving the human operator direct access to remote tactile and force information at the slave fingertips. We describe a set of experiments designed to determine whether shared control can improve the ability of an operator to handle objects delicately and to determine what combinations of force, visual, and audio feedback provide the best level of performance and operator sense of presence. The results demonstrate the benefits of shared control and the need to carefully choose the types and methods of direct and indirect feedback.
Determinants of tree species preference of birds in oak-acacia woodlands of Central America

In mid-elevation areas of Mesoamerica, Acacia pennatula commonly occurs in mixed woods with various species of oak. During a 1-y study in Nicaragua, we found the abundance of birds in acacia was far higher than the representation of this species in the mix of trees, whether this is estimated by number of individual trees, canopy cover or foliage cover. This higher abundance was probably related to the fact that acacias supported approximately three to four times the abundance of arthropods that were found in oaks and twice the biomass. Although oak foliage supported fewer arthropods, relatively more of them were large (> 1 cm). The greater preponderance of small arthropods in acacias versus oaks was probably related to the small leaflet size of acacias. However, it is likely that the higher abundance of arthropods in acacias, particularly herbivorous species, was related to the higher nutritional content of the acacia foliage (crude protein, minerals, non-structural carbohydrates) and lower content of digestion-inhibiting compounds (structural carbohydrates, total phenolics, condensed tannins). The major defensive mechanisms of acacia are mechanical (thorns) or qualitative-defence chemicals (cyanogenic glucosides) that are apparently more effective against vertebrate than invertebrate herbivores. These observations support the hypothesis that the anti-herbivore defences of acacia are primarily directed against large mammalian herbivores, rendering the foliage highly palatable to arthropods.
Effects of ibuprofen on the disposition kinetics of phenytoin in pregnant rats

The effects of ibuprofen on maternal phenytoin pharmacokinetics and fetal phenytoin acquisition were investigated in 19-day gestation Sprague-Dawley rats. A 5 mg kg-1 bolus injection of 14C-phenytoin was given with and without (control) pretreatment with 12.5 mg kg-1 of ibuprofen. Maternal plasma and fetal whole body samples were obtained at various times after the phenytoin bolus and evaluated simultaneously using a three-compartment maternal-fetal model. Ibuprofen pretreatment increased the maternal plasma clearance of phenytoin about three-fold and the overall apparent volume of distribution almost four-fold. No changes in the volume of the maternal central compartment or terminal first-order disposition rate constant were observed. Additionally, the maternal-to-fetal clearance of phenytoin was not altered in the ibuprofen-treated rats. No differences in the apparent fetal volume of distribution or areas under the fetal phenytoin concentration-time curves were observed between the control and ibuprofen-treated rats. The results of this study were consistent with ibuprofen-induced alterations in organ and tissue blood perfusion and demonstrated that, while the maternal disposition kinetics of phenytoin were altered by sodium ibuprofen coadministration, the maternal changes did not affect the extent of fetal exposure to phenytoin.
High-pT hadron spectra, azimuthal anisotropy and back-to-back correlations in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

Abstract The observed suppression of high- p T hadron spectra, finite azimuthal anisotropy, disappearance of jet-like back-to-back correlations, and their centrality dependence in Au+Au collisions at RHIC are shown to be quantitatively described by jet quenching within a pQCD parton model. The difference between h ± and π 0 suppression in intermediate p T is consistent with the observed ( K + p )/ π enhancement which should disappear at p T >6 GeV/ c . The suppression of back-to-back correlations is shown to be directly related to the medium modification of jet fragmentation functions (FF) similar to direct-photon triggered FF's.
Long‐term data collection at USDA experimental sites for studies of ecohydrology

The science of ecohydrology is characterized by feedbacks, gradual trends and extreme events that are best revealed with long-term experimental studies of hydrological processes and biological communities. In this review, we identified 81 US Department of Agriculture (USDA) experimental watersheds, forests and ranges with data records of more than 20 years measuring important ecosystem dynamics such as variations in vegetation, precipitation, climate, runoff, water quality and soil moisture. Through a series of examples, we showed how USDA long-term data have been used to understand key ecohydrological issues, including (1) time lag between cause and effects, (2) critical thresholds and cyclic trends, (3) context of rare and extreme events and (4) mechanistic feedbacks for simulation modelling. New analyses of network-wide, long-term data from USDA experimental sites were used to illustrate the potential for multi-year, multi-site ecohydrological research. Three areas of investigation were identified to best exploit the unique spatial distribution and long-term data of USDA experimental sites: convergence, cumulative synthesis and autocorrelation. This review underscored the need for continuous, interdisciplinary data records spanning more than 20 years across a wide range of ecosystems within and outside the conterminous USA to address major crosscutting problems facing ecohydrology. Conversely, the heightened interest in ecohydrology has impacted USDA experimental sites by encouraging new long-term data collection efforts and adapting existing long-term data collection networks to address new science issues. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic Buffer Layer Development for YBCO Coated Conductors

We have developed a simplified buffer layer architecture for the rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) template approach. The overall purpose of this research is to enable potentially a low-cost, high throughput and high yield manufacturing processes for buffer fabrication and to gain fundamental understanding of the growth of buffer layers for RABiTS templates. This understanding is critical to the development of a reliable, robust, and long-length manufacturing process for second generation wires. In this study, efforts are being made to either reduce the number of vacuum deposited layers or to replace one or more of these vacuum deposited layers with a solution based layer. We have chosen Gd2O3 - ZrO2 system as a potential barrier layer for this study. We have deposited epitaxial Gadolinia Stabilized Zirconia (GSZ) (Zr1-xGdxOy; x = 0-1) films on 30-nm thick e-beam evaporated Y2O3 seeded Ni-W (3 at. %) (Ni-3W) substrates using a metal-organic decomposition (MOD) process. Detailed X-ray studies indicated that all of the MOD-GSZ layers were cube textured and both in-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters increases linearly with increasing the Gd content. We have also developed process conditions for reactively sputter deposited epitaxial Gd2Zr2O7 (Gadolinium Zirconium Oxide (GZO); Zr1-xGdxOy (x = 0.5)) films on the e-beam evaporated Y2O3/Ni - 3W substrates. YBCO films with a critical current density Jc of 2.14 times 106 A / cm2 and 1.4 times 106 A / cm2 at 77 K and self-field were grown on the newly developed architectures of Gd2Zr2O7/Y2O3/Ni - 3W and Zr1-xGdxOy (x = 0.2)/Y2O3/Ni - 3W substrates, respectively using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process. This work promises a route for producing cost-effective simplified buffer architectures for the RABiTS-based YBCO coated conductors.
Opening and Closing the Jury Room Door: A Sociohistorical Consideration of the 1955 Chicago Jury Project Scandal

In 1954 social scientists and legal scholars from the University of Chicago Law School's Jury Project recorded six jury deliberations in Wichita, Kansas. Over a year later, news of the recordings erupted into a national scandal, and the researchers were subpoenaed to testify before the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security. This article examines how the recordings came to be viewed as a violation of the tradition of trial by jury and a “stepping stone to wrecking the entire system of justice.” I begin by reviewing letters exchanged among the researchers, which illustrate how they easily arranged the jury recordings with the help of both judges and lawyers. I then analyze arguments against the jury recordings expressed in more than 100 newspaper editorials about the incident. Vehement criticisms of the jury recordings indicate that secret deliberations are viewed as both practical and symbolic underpinnings of the tradition of trial by jury. I conclude by discussing the relevance of this case for more r...
Humble Opinions on the Relationship between the Percentage of Urban Residents in an Urban Region and the Economic Status in This Region in China

Abstract It is a fact that in U.S. the immigration between rural areas and city areas is free, but in China this type of immigration is restricted by HUKOU system (Hukou, namely the household registration system, was designed to control rural-urban in China). All of those national policies in city areas are much better than those in rural areas, so those corresponding differences bring about great discrepancy of the economic status (mainly including GDP per person and income per resident) between rural and city areas in the same urban region, especially in different urban regions because the percentage of urban residents in those urban regions is in-equable. The present paper mainly researches the topic of relationship between the percentage of urban residents and the economic status in an urban region in China, including the relationship between the economic and the political functions of a settlement in China during the process of urbanization.
Controlling Familywise Error Rate for Matched Subspace Detection in Dynamic FDG PET

Detection of small lesions in fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is limited by image resolution and low signal to noise ratio. We have previously described a matched subspace detection method that uses the time activity curve to distinguish tumors from background in dynamic FDG PET. Applying this algorithm on a voxel by voxel basis throughout the dynamic image produces a test statistic image or ldquomaprdquo which on thresholding indicates the potential locations of secondary or metastatic tumors. In this paper, we describe a thresholding method that controls familywise error rate (FWER) for the matched subspace detection statistical map. The method involves three steps. First, the PET image is segmented into several homogeneous regions. Then, the statistical map is normalized to a zero mean unit variance Gaussian random field. Finally, the images are thresholded at a fixed FWER by estimating their spatial smoothness and applying a random field theory maximum statistic approach. We evaluate this thresholding method using digital phantoms generated from clinical dynamic images. We also present an application of the proposed approach to clinical PET data from a breast cancer patient with metastatic disease.
Physical and Functional Properties of Heat Pasteurized Mechanically Deboned Poultry Meat

Abstract Mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) was subjected to heat pasteurization temperatures of 59° C, 62° C, 65° C. and 68° C. for up to 6 minutes. Emulsifying capacity, water-holding capacity, TBA, color, and pH were determined on non-stored samples and those held for up to 25 weeks at -18° C. The emulsifying capacity and water-holding capacity were adversely affected as the time and temperature of pasteurization increased. Samples which were frozen following pasteurization exhibited lower emulsifying capacities than non-stored samples; however, length of frozen storage had little effect on the emulsifying capacity of the meat. Heat pasteurization had a stabilizing effect on the TBA values of MDPM. All pasteurized samples maintained significantly (P
Ruminant Selection among Switchgrass Hays Cut at Either Sundown or Sunup

test of the ruminant's ability to learn that the nutritive value or taste of one feed varies slightly from another As a result of photosynthesis, plants typically have greater concen- at two levels of nitrogen fertility in 1999 to produce eight hays; and three times in 2000 to produce six Alamo hays. The hays were field- Alamo was produced at two levels of nitrogen fertility. dried, baled, and passed through a hydraulic bale processor. Hays Thisselectionofhaysproducedoverthreeyearsallowed from each year were tested with cattle (Bos taurus L.), goats (Capra forawiderangeofsignificantvariationinforagecompo- hircus L.), and sheep (Ovis aries L.). During an adaptation phase, sition (or nutritive value) and environmental conditions hays were offered individually. In the experimental phase, all possible within which to test for the impact of PM and AM hay pairsofhayswerepresented.Datawereanalyzedbymultidimensional mowing in the humid southeastern USA. scalingand bytraditional analyses.Multidimensional scalingindicated that selection was based on multiple criteria. The suite of improve- ments associated with PM-harvested hays in fiber content, digestibil- MATERIALS AND METHODS ity, and nonstructural carbohydrate observed for alfalfa and fescue Field Procedures hays in the western USA was difficult to reproduce with switchgrass hay in the southeastern USA. This difficulty is likely related to the All hays for the experiments reported were harvested from less favorable environment for haymaking as well as the physiology, well established stands of switchgrass grown on a Cecil clay anatomy, and morphology of this C4 grass. loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) soil near Raleigh, NC. The hay cuts were paired at each harvest so that each cut in the evening (PM) was followed by another cut the next morning (AM) at sunup. P
Virulent Toxoplasma gondii strain RH promotes T-cell-independent overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines IL12 and gamma-interferon.

The aim of this study was the analysis of the cytokine response in BALB/c mice infected with the highly virulent RH or the weakly virulent Beverley strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Analysis of cytokine messages showed increased expression of IL12, IFN-γ and TNF-α, but not IL4 mRNAs in spleen cells after infection with the T. gondii strains RH and Beverley. High levels of circulating IL12 and IFN-γ were detected in the serum of mice infected with strain RH, although TNF-α levels remained low. In contrast, the same cytokines were detected at only low levels in the serum of mice infected with the Beverley strain. Administration of antibody against IL12 or IFN-γ significantly delayed time to death of mice infected with strain RH compared to controls. T-Cell-deficient as well as normal mice were equally infected by strain RH, suggesting that T lymphocytes do not contribute to the response. Depletion of natural killer cells from the splenocyte population abolished the in vitro production of IFN-γ. Together, our data suggest that the virulent strain RH induces in BALB/c mice a type 1 cytokine pattern with T-cell-independent overproduction of IL12 and IFN-γ that may be involved in the pathogenesis of this micro-organism.
Process technology and design parameter impact on SRAM Bit-Cell Sleep effectiveness

SRAM Bit-Cell Sleep technique is extensively used in processors to minimize SRAM leakage power. However, magnitude of leakage power savings from SRAM bit-cell sleep technique is dependent on process technology and various design parameters. This paper analyzes influence of design parameters like VCCMIN_RET, DVS, ITD and NBTI on effectiveness of SRAM bit-cell sleep scheme. Impact of Process Technology on SRAM bit-cell sleep scheme effectiveness, due to transition from SiO 2 to Hafnium based High-K gate dielectric material is also discussed in this paper. Silicon measurement results of a 3MByte SRAM array designed in 32nm High-K CMOS process is used to demonstrate diminishing effectiveness of SRAM bit-cell sleep technique.
Challenges That Academic Library Directors Are Experiencing as Perceived by Them and Their Supervisors

The study examines perceptions of challenges reported by academic library directors and the chief academic officers to whom they report. Findings indicate that perceptions about user satisfaction were similar, that the challenge of serials was perceived to be the greatest challenge, that perceptions are related about the challenges of diversity and hardware, and that challenges of organizational change and crime in libraries appear to be influenced by age and length of tenure. Findings further indicate that training and the budget are related.
Review of “Tone Rows and Tropes” by Harald Fripertinger and Peter Lackner

While we commend “Tone Rows and Tropes” by Fripertinger and Lackner as the first completely mathematical treatment of twelve-tone rows, 6/6 mosaics, and their enumeration, we connect the topic to earlier, less formal research in music theory that is partially or not-at-all cited. Rows and related pitch-class entities are returned to their place in twelve-tone music theory and other theories of pitch and time such as pcset-theory and compositional design. We therefore describe the motivations for composing music with rows and how transformations and group actions affect a desire to make sonically coherent and unified music. The end of the review summarizes our concern for musical context by revealing many relations among rows from Luigi Dallapiccola's piano suite Quaderno musicale di Annalibera (1952).
Juvenile Criminal Responsibility: Can Malice Supply the Want of Years?

Can the young be held accountable for their crimes? At common law, juveniles were entitled to a presumption of incapacity, but were subject to criminal liability on an individualized basis: demonstrated malice supplied the want of years. In Graham v. Florida, the United States Supreme Court rejected this principle and held that juveniles categorically could not be sentenced to life without parole for crimes other than homicide. This Article argues that embedded in the Court’s holding is a simplifying assumption about the relative maturity of juveniles and adults and a moral claim about the culpability of homicides and nonhomicides - both this assumption and this claim are demonstrably false in a nontrivial number of cases.This Article focuses on the facts of some of these cases. One cannot assess the culpability of particular defendants unless one considers, without artful euphemisms or convenient elisions, what they did. And what certain crimes reveal is that there are violent juvenile offenders - fortunately rare - who are at least as mature and culpable as the typical adult violent offender. The Article also considers lower court applications of Graham and finds, in many instances, marked skepticism. The Supreme Court’s general theory of juvenile immaturity has failed to impress judges confronting particular cases. The Court’s central claim about the relative culpability of adult and juvenile offenders originates from a failure to confront inconvenient facts and a belief that human nature is sufficiently captured by the three standard deviations that surround one’s own experience in the world. Lower court judges have access to a wider data set in reaching contrary conclusions.
On the Optimal Choice of Enforcement Technology: An Efficiency Explanation of the ECHR

This paper develops an economic analysis of enforcement technology choice and privacy rights. We provide an efficiency explanation for the Human Rights Act 1998 adopted by the UK. Our model suggests that an enforcement technology with privacy rights generates more offences (deterrence is diluted) and exhibits a reduced quality of convictions (in terms of false negatives and false positives), but could be welfare enhancing if the individual cost of being investigated is reasonably high. We also show that the choice of enforcement technology is related to the level of harm caused by crime, and it is likely that an enforcement technology with privacy rights will be welfare diminishing for extremely harmful crimes.
Jumping the Grooveshark: A Case Study in DMCA Safe Harbor Abuse

This commentary examines the controversy over Grooveshark, an on-demand music streaming service that has provided access to much of the catalogs of the major record labels without licenses from three of the four majors. It raises questions about how such reliable access could have been sustained under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act's notice and take-down regime and highlights real problems plaguing legitimate commerce in the digital music marketplace.
A Serological Comparison of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses of the Gypsy Moth and the European Pine Sawfly with Arthropod-borne and Other Viruses

The virion fraction and polyhedral protein fraction of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth and the European pine sawfly were found to be not serologically related to arboviruses nor to other viruses tested. In addition, no circulating antibodies to the virion and polyhedral protein fractions of either virus were observed in laboratory workers.
XIX: Toward a Modern Humanism

(Read under the title “Main Types of Literaturwissenschaft: A Critical Survey and a New Approach,” at the Fifty-first Annual Meeting, in Philadelphia, 1934. —Ed.) A MODERN humanism would be a mode of life controlled by an active aspiration to adjust present conditions to the highest interests and values of personality. It would be three-fold, involving (1) the physical-biological organism, (2) the powers finding expression in letters and the arts, and (3) the social, ethical, religious, political and economic beliefs, theories, interests, and circumstances by which personality is affected. The principle of integral unity—which is the central theme of this essay and the ultimate measure of the reality, validity, and value pertaining to the ideal of humanity here projected—demands an unremitting endeavor to combine and harmonize those three main parts of personal being. Culture is an ultimate personal unity of values.
On the Fractal Characteristics of Rebar and Wire Rod Markets in China

Using fractal rescaled range analysis method(the R/S method),detrended fluctuation analysis(the DFA method)and multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis(MF-DFA),we conduct an empirical study on the time series of returns on the rebar and wire rod prices in China.We find that the time series of returns on the rebar and wire rod prices in China are characterized with leptokurtic and heavy tailed.The time series are not normally distributed and show significant positive correlation and long-term memories,indicating that the time series of the rebar and wire rod markets have obvious multi-fractal properties.The scale variations of the time series show that a single-scale index is insufficient to describe the commodity price fluctuation.These results may lead to a better understanding of complex Chinese steel spot markets.
Effect of luminal chloride on cell pH in rabbit proximal tubule.

The present in vitro microperfusion study examined whether apical membrane chloride transport is mediated by chloride-base exchange in the rabbit proximal convoluted (PCT) and proximal straight tubule (PST) by examining the effect of the addition of luminal chloride on intracellular pH. Intracellular pH was measured fluorometrically using the pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein. In PCT initially perfused without chloride, changing the luminal perfusate to a high chloride (148 mM)-low bicarbonate (5 mM) solution simulating late proximal tubular fluid produced a cell acidification (7.56 +/- 0.06 to 7.52 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.02) when 1 mM formate was present in the perfusate and bathing solution. This acidification was inhibited by 0.5 mM 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. This chloride-base exchange was not observed in the absence of formate, and neither acetate nor lactate produced the cell acidification observed with formate. Because the Na+-H+ antiporter coul...
Public Reporting of Mortality Rates for Hospitalized Medicare Patients and Trends in Mortality for Reported Conditions.

In 2008, the U.S. Hospital Compare program began publicly reporting individual hospital mortality rates for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia. This study measured how much t...
KARL POLANYI AND THE REALITY OF SOCIETY

This essay reconsiders Karl Polanyi's famous thesis about the “embeddedness” of the economy through an examination of two recent books: For a New West, a collection of previously unavailable essays by Polanyi, and Fred Block and Margaret R. Somers's The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique. The guiding thread of this analysis is the claim that a constant in Polanyi's thought was his belief in what he called “the reality of society,” that is, that society exists as a social fact over and above the individuals that constitute it. The essay begins by tracing Polanyi's intellectual development, drawing primarily on the essays found in For a New West. Polanyi's quest to reconcile individual freedom with social solidarity led him first, in the years between the First and Second World Wars, to embrace liberal socialism, before his readings in anthropology persuaded him that traditional economies “embed” the economy in social relations and that the nineteenth-century liberal project of a “disembedded” economy (through the so-called free market) is a departure from this anthropological norm. The essay then examines and questions Block and Somers's claim that Polanyi maintained that the economy is always “already embedded,” arguing notably that Polanyi believed that the advent of market society entailed an economy that was actually disembedded from social relations, not merely one that was re-embedded in an alternative set of institutions.
Techniques to improve power amplifier energy efficiency for 5G

Improved spectral and energy efficiency are two key requirements for the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems. The inefficiency and non-linearity of traditional power amplifiers (PA) pose significant challenges to meet these requirements, especially for multicarrier modulation signals (MCM) with high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper, we study methods to improve the energy efficiency of PAs and compensate for the distortion of PA non-linearity. A low complexity envelope tracking (ET) method where the supply voltage of the PA consists of two or more discrete levels is presented. To reduce the distortion due to PA nonlinearity, a power amplifier model with power supply variation is introduced and a digital predistortion technique based on a Volterra series is used. Finally, an integrated architecture combining crest factor reduction (CFR), DPD, and ET is presented. Simulations and measurements from a hardware platform demonstrate the energy efficiency gains attained by the proposed techniques.
Early Functional Limitations in Cognitively Normal Older Adults Predict Diagnostic Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objectives To examine whether specific types of early functional limitations in cognitively normal older adults are associated with subsequent development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as the relative predictive value of self versus informant report in predicting diagnostic conversion to MCI. Design As a part of a longitudinal study design, participants underwent baseline and annual multidisciplinary clinical evaluations, including a physical and neurological examination, imaging, laboratory work, and neuropsychological testing. Setting Data used in this study were collected as part of longitudinal research at the University of California, Davis Alzheimer's Disease Center. Participants Individuals diagnosed as having normal cognition at study baseline who had an informant who could complete informant-based ratings and at least one follow-up visit (N = 324). Measurements Participants and informants each completed the Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog), an instrument designed to measure everyday function in six cognitively relevant domains. Results Self- and informant-reported functional limitations on the ECog were associated with significantly greater risk of diagnostic conversion to MCI (informant: hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–3.2, P = .002), with self-report having a slightly higher hazard (HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.4–3.6, P < .001). When controlling for baseline cognitive abilities, the effect remained significant for self- and informant-reported functional limitations. Conclusion Deficits in everyday memory and executive function domains were the strongest predictors of diagnostic conversion to MCI. Detection of early functional limitations may be clinically useful in assessing the future risk of developing cognitive impairment in cognitively normal older adults.
Attitude Toward Training: A Measure and Correlates

Prior research in the training and development literature has focused primarily on design and delivery aspects. As a result, little is known about employee attitudes toward training. Recent review ...
Detection of Risky Driving Behaviors in the Naturalistic Environment in Healthy Older Adults and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease

Analyzing naturalistic driving behavior recorded with in-car cameras is an ecologically valid method for measuring driving errors, but it is time intensive and not easily applied on a large scale. This study validated a semi-automated, computerized method using archival naturalistic driving data collected for drivers with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n = 44) and age-matched healthy controls (HC; n = 16). The computerized method flagged driving situations where safety concerns are most likely to occur (i.e., rapid stops, lane deviations, turns, and intersections). These driving epochs were manually reviewed and rated for error type and severity, if present. Ratings were made with a standardized scoring system adapted from DriveCam®. The top eight error types were applied as features to train a logistic model tree classifier to predict diagnostic group. The sensitivity and specificity were compared among the event-based method, on-road test, and composite ratings of two weeks of recorded driving. The logistic model derived from the event-based method had the best overall accuracy (91.7%) and sensitivity (97.7%) and high specificity (75.0%) compared to the other methods. Review of driving situations where risk is highest appears to be a sensitive data reduction method for detecting cognitive impairment associated driving behaviors and may be a more cost-effective method for analyzing large volumes of naturalistic data.
Old Anxieties in New Skins: The Project of al-Andalus and Nostalgic Dwelling in the New Mediterranean

In this chapter I reflect on the contemporary relevance of the Andalusian past in and across the Mediterranean for how we imagine community in the twenty-first century, focusing on the performance of varieties of music called Andalusian and Arab-Andalusian in Morocco and Spain. I argue that for European political leaders keen on defusing the tensions surrounding Islam in “Fortress Europe,” the rhetoric of al-Andalus has become a proxy for a project of managing difference. The notion of convivencia and the trope of the “Three Cultures of the Mediterranean” have increasingly been invoked to promote pluralism, mutual understanding, and tolerance in Europe, while at the same time European leaders have tightened immigration quotas and greatly securitized their borders. Faced with a refugee problem of unprecedented proportions, especially in the aftermath of the so-called Arab Spring, these contradictory processes—calls for opening and tolerance, and acts of closure and intolerance—have intensified. New technologies of surveillance and control are merely the flip side to discourses of convivencia and the multicultural and tolerant projects of al-Andalus; European leaders hope that by containing and controlling the discourse, they might contain and control the populations. For their part, many North African performers and culture-brokers promote the rhetoric of the sea as a cultural bridge uniting peoples of different faiths, even as their own nations restrict migration and encourage foreign investment. As a result, their musics perform the contradictions of the new–old Mediterranean, with its shifting and securitized borders.
Guideline for health informatics: controlled health vocabularies--vocabulary structure and high-level indicators.

Developers and purchasers of controlled health terminologies require valid mechanisms for comparing terminological systems. By Controlled Health Vocabularies we refer to terminologies and terminological systems designed to represent clinical data at a granularity consistent with the practice of today’s healthcare delivery. Comprehensive criterion for the evaluation of such systems are lacking and the known criteria are inconsistently applied. Although there are many papers, which describe specific desirable features of a controlled health vocabulary, to date there is not a consistent guide for evaluators of terminologies to reference, which will help them compare implementations of terminological systems on an equal footing 1,2 This guideline serves to fill the gap between academic enumeration of desirable terminological characteristics and the practical implementation or rigorous evaluations which will yield comparable data regarding the quality of one or more controlled health vocabularies.
Tonal morphology in a creole: High-tone raising in Saramaccan serial verb constructions

We have seen in this paper that Saramaccan is apparently unique among Atlantic creoles in that it makes use of inflectional tonal morphology. While the existence of such morphology is an interesting fact for studies of Saramaccan itself, it also could have bearing on McWhorter’s (1998) notion of the creole prototype since a lack of both inflectional and tonal morphology is taken by him to be an important typological property of creole languages. Importantly, however, an analysis of available evidence indicates that these morphemes do not appear to be the result of substrate transfer but are instead a languageinternal innovation.
Some Results in the Analysis of Thin Shell Structures

This paper represents a progress report of some of the research that we are conducting in the finite element analysis of thin shell structures. We consider our isoparametric displacement-rotation thin shell element and our discrete-Kirchhoff-theory (DKT) plate/shell element, which we are continuously refining for accurate and effective geometric and materially nonlinear analysis. In the paper we briefly discuss the locking phenomenon of the isoparametric element, the use of this element as a transition element between shell surfaces and in shell-solid transitions, and we give some results using the DKT element.
Multiple Sclerosis, Cannabis Use, and Clinical Disability: A Preliminary [ 18 F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Study.

Introduction: Long-term consequences of medicinal cannabis use in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) are unknown. This study investigated whether PwMS using cannabis had lower resting brain glucose uptake (GU) and worse clinical test results compared with nonusers. Methods: Sixteen PwMS, eight users, underwent clinical testing followed by [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. Results: Users had lower cognitive function test scores, but performed similarly on the other clinical evaluations. Accounting for disease duration, resting brain GU was similar between the groups. Conclusions: Lower cognitive function was not associated with resting brain GU. Cognitive dysfunction may be a contraindication or consequence of cannabis use in PwMS.
X-ray computed tomography of microstructure evolution during matrix impregnation and curing in unidirectional fiber beds

Abstract Microstructural evolution during axial impregnation and subsequent curing of a preceramic polymer in unidirectional ceramic fiber beds is studied using X-ray computed tomography. The principal goal is to identify connections between void locations, void sizes, local fiber bed porosity, fiber movement, and impregnation conditions. The degree of saturation after impregnation is found to increase with instantaneous capillary number. But, because of the need to create pathways for gas escape during curing, fiber beds with high saturation after impregnation show the largest reductions in saturation during curing. Notwithstanding, saturation after curing increases with instantaneous capillary number. Voids tend to form in the largest channels between fibers, where the local fiber bed porosity is high, during both impregnation and curing. Void formation is typically accompanied by fiber movement that increases both the local fiber bed porosity near voids and the overall non-uniformity in the fiber bed, as measured by local porosity entropy.