cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COBLOC-A Program for All-Digital Simulation of a Hybrid Computer

The COBLOC programming system was written to enable all-digital simulation of the operation of large mode-controlled hybrid computers. The COBLOC programming language is block-oriented and is easily learned, even by those without prior analog or digital computer programming experience. The inclusion of patchable logic simulation in COBLOC has extended the application of digital simulation techniques to a greater variety of problems. Results are presented as graphic outputs, in addition to tabular outputs, for convenient analysis of results. The features of the COBLOC programming system that contribute to its usefulness in simulating the operation of a hybrid computer are described. A brief summary of the internal operation of the COBLOC compiler is included. COBLOC was written for the CDC 1604 and 3600 computers and has been used in the solution of a wide variety of problems of varying complexity. COBLOC and similar programs have significant value in generating check solutions and information for scaling for studies to be conducted on hybrid computers, as well as being satisfactory substitutes for hybrid computation in many simulations.
Ionization and surface properties of verapamil and several verapamil analogues

We have investigated the ionization and surface properties of verapamil (5-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)methylamino]-2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylvaleronitrile, 1) and several verapamil analogues since these properties appear to be involved in the biologic activities of these compounds. Our results show that verapamil and its analogues are surface-active and bind to amphiphilic surfaces. The affinity toward, as well as the capacity of, an amphiphilic surface for verapamil and its ionizable analogues is pH dependent, with the surface having both higher affinity and capacity for the neutral form of the molecules. Thus, verapamil exists as protonated and neutral forms, both of which are free in solution and adsorbed to the interface, and the ionization of verapamil at an interface changes with respect to its ionization in solution. From analyses of the pH dependency of surface binding and of solution and interfacial ionizations, we determined the values of the four equilibrium constants. These equilibrium constants permit correlative studies between the pH-dependent abundance of each species and biologic activity. We discuss preliminary studies which indicate that the negative inotropic effect of verapamil is mediated by the membrane-bound neutral form of the drug.
Structure and thermal conductivity of yttria-stabilized hafnia ceramic coatings grown on nickel-based alloy

Abstract Yttria-stabilized hafnia (YSH) coatings were produced by sputter-deposition onto nickel (Ni) based super alloy substrates. The deposition was made by varying the growth temperature from room-temperature (RT) to 500 °C. The microstructure and thermal properties of the YSH coatings were evaluated employing grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and phot-acoustic measurements. GIXRD studies indicate that the coatings grown at RT are amorphous while those grown at 300 °C and higher are crystalline. The crystalline YSH coatings crystallize in cubic hafnia phase and exhibit slightly enhanced lattice parameter compared to pure hafnia. The average grain size increases with increasing growth temperature. Thermal measurements indicate an effective reduction in thermal conductivity of YSH coatings compared to pure hafnia.
IMPULSIVE AND GRADUAL NONTHERMAL EMISSIONS IN AN X-CLASS FLARE

In this paper we present a comprehensive case study of an X-class flare observed on 2001 April 6. The flare consists of two episodes, the first characterized by impulsive spiky bursts and the second by gradual smooth emission at hard X-ray and microwave wavelengths. Emissions in the two episodes are regarded as the impulsive and gradual components, respectively. We compare the temporal, spatial, and spectral evolution of the two components in hard X-rays and microwaves. For this event, the most important finding is that both the impulsive and gradual hard X-rays at ! 50 keVare thick-target emissions at conjugate footpoints. Evolution of hard X-rays and microwaves during the gradual phase exhibits a separation motion between two footpoint sources, which reflects progressive magnetic reconnection. Observations further reveal distinct spectral properties of the gradual component. It is most prominently observed in the high-energy (>20 keV) range, and the gradual hard X-rays have a harder and hardening spectrum compared with the impulsive component. The gradual component is also a microwave-rich event, with the microwaves lagging the hard X-rays by tens of seconds. A correlation analysis of the hard X-ray light curves shows energy-dependent time delays, with the 200 keV hard X-rays lagging the 40 keVemission by 20 s. The observations and analyses suggest that magnetic reconnection occurs during both the impulsive and gradual phases that generate nonthermal electrons, primarily precipitating at the footpoints. However, the temporal and spectral properties of the gradual component must be produced by an acceleration mechanism different from that of the impulsive phase. We propose that the ‘‘collapsing-trap’’ effect, as a product of progressive magnetic reconnection in bipolar magnetic fields, is a viable mechanism that continuously accelerates the gradual-phase electrons in a low-density trap before they precipitate into the footpoints.
Electroporation of normal human DNA endonucleases into xeroderma pigmentosum cells corrects their DNA repair defect

Cells from patients with the cancer-prone inherited disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) are known to be defective in the endonuclease-mediated incision step in excision repair of a number of different types of DNA adducts, but the molecular events responsible have not been delineated. We have previously reported isolation of two DNA endonucleases, pI 4.6 and 7.6, from normal human chromatin which recognize adducts produced by psoralen plus long wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVA). These endonucleases are both present in XP complementation group A (XPA) cells even though these cells are hypersensitive to this type of damage. We now report that introduction by electroporation of either normal endonuclease into XPA cells restored their markedly deficient DNA repair-related unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) to higher than normal levels following exposure to psoralen plus UVA. Introduction of XPA endonucleases into similarly treated XPA cells had little or no restorative effect on UDS. However, both normal and XPA endonucleases increased UDS in normal cells to higher than normal levels. These results indicate that XPA cells have endonucleases which can repair these adducts but which cannot function in intact cells unless a factor(s), which they lack is provided by normal cells.
Rhizobitoxine producers gain more poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in symbiosis than do competing rhizobia, but reduce plant growth

Legume sanctions against rhizobia that fix less nitrogen should exert a strong selection for more beneficial genotypes of rhizobia, but strains providing little host benefit are common. One reason may be that some rhizobia chemically manipulate the host, undermining the efficacy of sanctions. Here we show that the ethylene inhibitor, rhizobitoxine (Rtx), is an example of such a manipulation. Rtx-producing rhizobia decreased legume growth, but benefited relative to an isogenic, non-producing strain on the same plant by accumulating 47% more of the storage lipid poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
Florida and China: a select bibliography

Chinese began to arrive in Florida at the turn of the 20th century. Currently there are more than fifty thousand Chinese living in Florida. This article provides information resources for scholars and students of Chinese studies, and for people interested in the history of Chinese Americans and Southeast regional studies. It consists of archive papers, books, journal and newspaper articles and Internet resources containing information on Florida and China. The list is arranged by authors’ last names when available.
Organized structures, memory, and the decay of turbulence

The rapid increase in computational power has led to an unprecedented enhancement of our ability to study the behavior of complex systems in the physical, biological, and social sciences. However, there are still many systems that are too complex to tackle. A turbulent fluid is the archetypal example of such a complex system. Its complexity is manifested as the appearance of organized structures across all of the scales available to a turbulent fluid. Thus, the task that a numerical analyst working on turbulence faces is to reduce the complexity of the problem into something manageable, which at the same time preserves the essential features of the problem. Although much knowledge about the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations has accumulated over the years (1–8), it has proven very difficult to incorporate this knowledge in the construction of effective models. The work of Hald and Stinis (9) in this issue of PNAS is an attempt toward the construction of an effective model that utilizes qualitative information about the structure of a turbulent flow. The work in ref. 9 rests on the idea that the organization of a fluid flow in vortices leads to "long memory" effects, i.e., the motion of a vortex at one scale is influenced by the past history of the motion of vortices in other scales. This line of thought first appeared in the work of Alder and Wainwright (ref. 10; see also ref. 11 for a recent review on memory and problem reduction).
Coupling of ATP pyrophosphorolysis to transport of Ca2+ in mitochondria

Abstract In the coupling of ATP pyrophosphorolysis to Ca 2+ transport in beef heart mitochondria, for each molecule of ATP cleaved, one proton is released and one Ca 2+ is transported into the interior space. With the use of tritium labelled ATP, it could be shown that ATP is pyrophosphorylyzed into a species equivalent to Pi that moves inward, and a species equivalent to ADP that is extruded into the aqueous space on the exterior of the mitochondrion. The species equivalent to Pi has been identified as a negatively charged form of Pi (PO − ) and the species equivalent to ADP as a positively charged form (ADP + ). The inward flow of PO − is coupled to the inward flow of Ca 2+ in 1:1 stoichiometry—a token that Ca 2+ must enter in the form of Ca 2+ A − , where A − is a monovalent anion. During ATP pyrophosphorolysis protons are released on the I side and taken up on the M side—one proton for each molecule of ATP cleaved. The alkalinization of the matrix space leads to the deposition of Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 and to the extrusion of the two species released by this deposition (Pi, K + ). Two thirds of the PO − is trapped as Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 in the matrix space and one third is extruded into the external space. The extrusion of K + provides a mechanism by which protons can be continuously brought into the matrix space to sustain a high rate of coupled pyrophosphorolysis of ATP. The coupling pattern for Ca 2+ transport driven by ATP pyrophosphorolysis is identical with the corresponding pattern for Ca 2+ transport driven by electron transfer. This identity is suggestive that coupling mediated by the Fo-F 1 system and coupling mediated by electron transfer complexes are mechanistically indistinguishable.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Home Ownership and Housing Quality, 1991

This study uses two data sets to examine racial/ethnic differences in three aspects of housing consumption — housing unit inadequacy, proximity to abandoned buildings, and home ownership — in the New York-New Jersey-Long Island metropolitan area and in New York City. In general, the results show that the spatial assimilation model explains the process of home ownership well, but that housing unit quality and neighborhood physical condition respond mainly to indicators of a family's purchasing power. After controlling for group differences in family composition and socioeconomic resources. Black and Hispanic families remained less likely than white families to live in high-quality units and neighborhoods, and all minority families were less likely to own their homes in both locations. These persistent disadvantages may partially reflect preferences for residence apart from whites (see Feagin 1994) but also suggest that the poorer treatment that minority home seekers receive from housing market agents helps to sort Black, Hispanic, and — to a lesser degree — Asian families toward lower-quality housing opportunities than those available to whites.
Fort-NoCs: Mitigating the Threat of a Compromised NoC

In this paper, we uncover a novel and imminent threat to an emerging computing paradigm: MPSoCs built with 3rd party IP NoCs. We demonstrate that a compromised NoC (C-NoC) can enable a range of security attacks with an accomplice software component. To counteract these threats, we propose Fort-NoCs, a series of techniques that work together to provide protection from a C-NoC in an MPSoC. Fort-NoCs's foolproof protection disables covert backdoor activation, and reduces the chance of a successful side-channel attack by "clouding" the information obtained by an attacker. Compared to recently proposed techniques, Fort-NoCs offers a substantially better protection with lower overheads.
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide composites toughened with ABS and EPR-g-MA

A series of glass fiber-reinforced rubber-toughened nylon 6 composites was prepared. The mechanical properties and morphology of the composites toughened with ABS were investigated and compared with composites toughened with EPR-g-MA. A study of the mechanical properties showed that the balance of the impact strength and stiffness for both types of systems can be significantly improved by proper incorporation of glass fibers into toughened nylon 6. The differences between these two types of rubber-toughened composites are significant at a high rubber content. However, the ductility of both composites toughened with rubber was significantly lower than that of blends without glass fiber. The relationships between rubber content, nylon 6 molecular weight, compatibilizer, processing, and mechanical properties are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 484–497, 2001
The Modification of Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Linear Damping Time Scales by Stratocumulus Clouds

AbstractStratocumulus (Sc) cloud cover is a persistent feature of the subtropical North and South Atlantic. It is well known that Sc cloud cover increases with decreasing temperatures of the underlying sea surface and that an increase in cloud cover will cool the surface temperatures via increasing the local albedo, otherwise known as the Sc feedback. In this study observations are used to quantify the magnitude and spatial structure of the Sc feedback in the tropical–extratropical Atlantic Ocean and investigate the role of the Sc feedback in shaping the evolution of coupled modes of variability there. The authors show that in the Atlantic the Sc feedback increases the time scales of Newtonian cooling by 40% and in an idealized linear model of the tropical Atlantic the dominant mode of coupled variability (the Atlantic meridional mode or dipole mode) would experience no transient growth without the influence of the Sc feedback on the surface temperature damping time scales. This study also investigates At...
The determination of trace amounts of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in airborne particulate matter by anodic stripping voltammetry

Abstract The application of anodic stripping voltammetry, with a hanging mercury drop electrode, to the determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in airborne particulate matter collected by filtration is discussed. This procedure allows for the destruction of the filter material followed by the complete dissolution (including silicates) of the collected particulate matter. A low-temperature ashing process is described and the recovery of cadmium in this procedure is studied. Analytical data obtained by anodic stripping and atomic absorption for zinc, cadmium, lead and copper are compared.
Congenital absence of posteromedial papillary muscle and anterior mitral leaflet chordae: the use of three-dimensional echocardiography and approach in complex pediatric mitral valve disease.

FIGURE 1. Preoperative and postoperative transthoracic echocardiograms (TT astole. Primary disease is shown, including a prolapsed anterior leaflet, a cleft i a rudimentary posteriomedial commisure. B, Postoperative TTE, short-axis view suroplasties and annuloplasties, closure of anterior leaflet cleft, and division of sec axis view from ventricle, showing anterior and posterior leaflet apposition with neochorda from the posteriomedial papillary muscle remnant attaching to the an From the Levine Children’s Hospital, Carolina’s Healthcare System, and The Sanger Clinic, Departments of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Charlotte, NC. Disclosures: None. Received for publication Sept 16, 2008; revisions received Feb 16, 2009; accepted for publication March 7, 2009; available ahead of print May 18, 2009. Address for reprints: Christopher W. Baird, MD, The Sanger Clinic, 1001 Blythe Blvd, Suite 300, Charlotte, NC 28211 (E-mail: bairdc1@gmail.com). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:e75-7 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2010 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.03.006
Autoimmune T cell responses in the central nervous system

Autoreactive T cell responses have a crucial role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Recent data indicate that CNS autoimmunity can be mediated by two distinct lineages of CD4+ T cells that are defined by the production of either interferon-gamma or interleukin-17. The activity of these CD4+ T cell subsets within the CNS influences the pathology and clinical course of disease. New animal models show that myelin-specific CD8+ T cells can also mediate CNS autoimmunity. This Review focuses on recent progress in delineating the pathogenic mechanisms, regulation and interplay between these different T cell subsets in CNS autoimmunity.
Spatially restricted expression of Dlx-1, Dlx-2 (Tes-1), Gbx-2, and Wnt- 3 in the embryonic day 12.5 mouse forebrain defines potential transverse and longitudinal segmental boundaries

The expression patterns of four genes that are potential regulators of development were examined in the CNS of the embryonic day 12.5 mouse embryo. Three of the genes, Dlx-1, Dlx-2 (Tes-1), and Gbx-2, encode homeodomain-containing proteins, and one gene, Wnt-3, encodes a putative secreted differentiation factor. These genes are expressed in spatially restricted transverse and longitudinal domains in the embryonic neural tube, and are also differentially expressed within the wall of the neural tube. Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 are expressed in two separate regions of the forebrain in an identical pattern. The Gbx-2 gene is expressed in four domains, two of which share sharp boundaries with the domains of the Dlx genes. One boundary is in the basal telecephalon between deep and superficial strata of the medial ganglionic eminence; the other boundary is in the diencephalon at the zona limitans intrathalamica. The Wnt-3 gene is expressed in a dorsal longitudinal zone extending from the hindbrain into the diencephalon, where its expression terminates at the zona limitans intrathalamica. Reciprocal patterns of expression are found within the dorsal thalamus for the Gbx- 2 and Wnt-3 genes. These findings are consistent with neuromeric theories of forebrain development, and based upon them we suggest a model for forebrain segmentation.
Invited Review: A neural clockwork for encoding circadian time

10.1152/japplphysiol.00836.2001.—Many daily biological rhythms are governed by an innate timekeeping mechanism or clock. Endogenous, temperature-compensated circadian clocks have been localized to ...
Haplotype analysis of the transthyretin gene: Evidence for multiple recurrence of the Met30 mutation in the Caucasian population

Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy occurs most often as a result of mutations within the transthyretin (TTR) gene. Several of these mutations have been identified in multiple kindreds from different geographic and ethnic origins. In the present paper, we report a new haplotype analysis procedure based on polymerase chain reaction induced mutation restriction analysis (PCR-IMRA). This procedure, which is capable of distinguishing polymorphisms at six sites within the TTR gene, was used to compare the haplotypes of several independent Caucasian kindreds manifesting the Mct30, Ala60, and Ser84 TTR variants, as well as to demonstrate the utility of the new PCR-IMRA procedure for the study of TTR related hereditary amyloidosis. Our results suggest that the Met30 TTR variant has been caused by multiple mutational events in the Caucasian population. However, haplotypes were identical for Ser84 kindreds in the USA and Hungary, and for Ala60 kindreds in the USA and Australia, which may suggest common origins for ...
Role of DLP12 lysis genes in Escherichia coli biofilm formation.

Phages have recently been implicated as important in biofilm development, although the mechanisms whereby phages impact biofilms remain unclear. One defective lambdoid phage carried by Escherichia coli K-12 is DLP12. Among the genes found in DLP12 are essD, ybcS and rzpD/rzoD, which are homologues of the Lambda phage genes encoding cell-lysis proteins (S, R and Rz/Rz1). The role that these DLP12 lysis genes play in biofilm formation was examined in deletion mutants of E. coli PHL628, a curli-overproducing, biofilm-forming K-12 derivative. Strains lacking essD, ybcS and rzpD/rzoD were unable to form wild-type biofilms. While all mutants were compromised in attachment to abiotic surfaces and aggregated less well than the wild-type, the effect of the essD knockout on biofilm formation was less dramatic than that of deleting ybcS or rzpD/rzoD. These results were consistent with electron micrographs of the mutants, which showed a decreased number of curli fibres on cell surfaces. Also consistent with this finding, we observed that expression from the promoter of csgB, which encodes the curli subunits, was downregulated in the mutants. As curli production is transcriptionally downregulated in response to cell wall stress, we challenged the mutants with SDS and found them to be more sensitive to the detergent than the wild-type. We also examined the release of 14C-labelled peptidoglycan from the mutants and found that they did not lose labelled peptidoglycan to the same extent as the wild-type. Given that curli production is known to be suppressed by N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate (NAG-6P), a metabolite produced during peptidoglycan recycling, we deleted nagK, the N-acetylglucosamine kinase gene, from the lysis mutants and found that this restored curli production. This suggested that deletion of the lysis genes affected cell wall status, which was transduced to the curli operon by NAG-6P via an as yet unknown mechanism. These observations provide evidence that the S, R and Rz/Rz1 gene homologues encoded by DLP12 are not merely genetic junk, but rather play an important, though undefined, role in cell wall maintenance.
Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus infection of obese mice.

Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus was identified in respiratory tract lesions of obese mice dying of chronic respiratory disease. Neither Mycoplasma pulmonis nor pathogenic bacteria were isolated from cultures of the lesions at necropsy, but there was serologic and histologic evidence of respiratory virus infection. Cranial-ventral areas of lung were firm and demarcated from unaffected lung at gross examination, and rep- resentative tissue sank in water. Microscopically, there was suppurative bronchopneumonia with extensive peribronchiole lymphocyte and plasma cell proliferation. The affected bronchiole epithelium was covered with a sheet of slightly basophilic, filamentous, gram negative bacteria. Bronchioles with lesser amounts oflymphocyte accumulations contained lesser amounts of filamentous bacteria. Bronchioles without filamentous bacteria lining the respiratory epithelium lacked peribronchiole lymphocyte accumulations. There was a high correlation between CAR bacillus-positive serology and the identification of diagnostic histologic lesions. CAR bacillus was readily stained using immunohistochemical methods, and the ultrastructural features were similar to that described in rat infections. A cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus has re- cently been isolated from Sprague/Dawley (NIH) rats with chronic respiratory disease by inoculating the al- lantoic sac of chick embryos.* The rats from which CAR bacillus was originally isolated also had serologic evidence of Mycoplasma pulmonis, sendai virus, rat corona virus, and pneumonia virus of mice infection. Weanling N:NIH (SD) rats and weanling N:NIH (S) mice were subsequently experimentally inoculated in- tranasally with the isolated CAR bacillus and devel- oped histologic pulmonary lesions typical of "Chronic Respiratory Disease," with the exception that affected respiratory epithelial cells with cilia within the lesions were covered by a layer of filamentous bacteria. This exception has diagnostic significance, since similar ap- pearing bacteria have been previously reported in four strains of laboratory rats with chronic respiratory dis- ease which were also infected with sendai virus and Mycoplasma pulmonis,8 and in wild rats with "Chronic Respiratory Disease" infected with Mycoplasrna pul- monix5 The CAR bacillus was reported in one mouse, but has not otherwise been described in spontaneous diseases of mice. When mice which died of sponta- neous chronic respiratory disease during the quaran- tine period were found to be infected with CAR ba- cillus, and not Mycoplasma pulrnonis, the following study was initiated.
Timing of First Sexual Intercourse: The Role of Social Control, Social Learning, and Problem Behavior

Prior research has pointed to several distinct processes that may affect the timing of first intercourse among adolescents. In the present study, the role of six hypothesized processes was assessed in a sample of 289 rural adolescent boys and girls. Results support the importance of family socialization and problem-behavior for both sexes, the role of biological factors for boys, and the role of social control processes for girls. Two other hypothesized influences—social class and poor psychosocial adjustment—were not supported in either gender. These results indicate that multiple processes influence the timing of first intercourse; thus, they underscore the need for eclectic predictive models that incorporate the multiplicity of influences.
Evaluation of best system performance: Human, automated, and hybrid inspection systems

Recently, 100% inspection with automated systems has seen more frequent application than traditional sampling inspection with human inspectors. Nevertheless, humans still outperform machines in most attribute inspection tasks. Because neither humans nor automation can achieve superior inspection system performance, hybrid inspection systems where humans work cooperatively with machines merit study. In response to this situation, this research was conducted to evaluate three of the following different inspection systems: (1) a human inspection system, (2) a computer search/human decision-making inspection system, and (3) a human/computer share search/decision-making inspection system. Results from this study showed that the human/computer share search/decision-making system achieve the best system performance, suggesting that both should be used in the inspection tasks rather than either alone. Furthermore, this study looked at the interaction between human inspectors and computers, specifically the effect of system response bias on inspection quality performance. These results revealed that the risky system was the best in terms of accuracy measures. Although this study demonstrated how recent advances in computer technology have modified previously prescribed notions about function allocation alternatives in a hybrid inspection environment, the adaptability of humans was again demonstrated, indicating that they will continue to play a vital role in future hybrid systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 137–152, 2003.
Search for muon neutrino and antineutrino oscillations in the mass range 15<Δm2<1,000 eV2/c4

A search for inclusive muon-neutrino (vµ) and muon-antineutrino\((\bar v_\mu )\) oscillations has been performed in the Fermilab narrow band neutrino beam using two detectors running simultanously at two distances from the neutrino source. The data show no evidence for either neutrino or antineutrino oscillations and rule out oscillations ofvµ or\(\bar v_\mu \) into any other single type of neutrino for 15 0.02–0.40.
The late‐annotated small ORF LSO1 is a target gene of the iron regulon of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We have identified a new downstream target gene of the Aft1/2-regulated iron regulon in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the late-annotated small open reading frame LSO1. LSO1 transcript is among the most highly induced from a transcriptome analysis of a fet3-1 mutant grown in the presence of the iron chelator bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid. LSO1 has a paralog, LSO2, which is constitutively expressed and not affected by iron availability. In contrast, we find that the LSO1 promoter region contains three consensus binding sites for the Aft1/2 transcription factors and that an LSO1-lacZ reporter is highly induced under low-iron conditions in a Aft1-dependent manner. The expression patterns of the Lso1 and Lso2 proteins mirror those of their mRNAs. Both proteins are localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, but become more cytoplasmic upon iron deprivation consistent with a role in iron transport. LSO1 and LSO2 appear to play overlapping roles in the cellular response to iron starvation since single lso1 and lso2 mutants are sensitive to iron deprivation and this sensitivity is exacerbated when both genes are deleted.
Historical Stem Development of Northern White-Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in Maine

We used stem analysis to quantify early height and diameter growth rates of 80 northern white-cedar trees (17.4-55.0 cm dbh) harvested in 2005 and 2006 in central and northern Maine. It took an average of 42 years (range, 9-86 years) for sampled trees to grow from stump height to sapling size, 96 years to grow to pole size (range, 28-171), 140 years to grow to sawtimber size (range, 54-238), and 170 years to reach shingle-stock size (range, 81-317). Approximately 80% of sampled trees had initial growth suppression followed by release, suggesting they originated as advance regeneration. The mean period of initial suppression exceeded 60 years, and some trees responded to release after nearly 200 years. Although growth rates were generally slow, the variability observed suggests the potential for northern white-cedar both to withstand prolonged periods of suppression and to grow rapidly under favorable conditions. Observed patterns suggest that this species might respond well to uneven-aged or shelterwood silvicultural systems; foresters are recommended to encourage advance regeneration and emphasize protection of the residual northern white-cedar understory during harvest operations.
Performance Spillover in a Multitask Environment

Acknowledgements: The authors appreciate the helpful comments and suggestions on a prior version of this paper from Shana Clor-Proell, Anne Farrell, Lynn Hannan, Steve Kachelmeier, Marsha Keune, Tim Keune, Benjamin Luippold, Linda Thorne, Brian Mayhew, Chad Proell, Steve Salterio, Geoff Sprinkle, Matt Sooy, Thomas Vance, Alan Webb, and Michael Williamson and workshop participants at Emory University, University of Florida, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, University of Wisconsin – Madison, the Queens-York Behavioural Accounting Conference, 2008 Southeast Accounting Research Conference, and the 2009 AAA Management Accounting Section Meeting.
The use of ergodic theory in designing dynamics for search problems

In this paper, we use tools from ergodic theory to design dynamics for searching for a target of unknown size. We show that the expected time to find a target is controlled by the local dimension of the invariant measure. The expected time to find the target behaves as -C log δ where δ is the minimum volume of the target. This relation holds in any dimension for a large class of systems. Sampling non-uniform target priors and continuous time search are discussed.
Mechanisms of Pathogenesis in Listeria monocytogenes Infection IV. Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism and Function in Experimental Listeriosis.

Previous reports have shown alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. This study was undertaken to elucidate mechanisms involved in these changes. Female CD-1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 106L. monocytogenes strain A4413. Animals were fasted 12 hr prior to infection, and pooled tissue from several mice was observed at intervals after infection. Blood glucose, liver glucose, and liver glycogen decreased within 10 hr after infection. Sustained treatment with gluconeogenic precursors, including glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, α-glycerophosphate, pyruvate, and amino acids, did not restore and maintain glucose and glycogen at normal levels and did not affect survival. Administration of hydrocortisone induced restoration of liver glycogen early in the infection but did not maintain normal levels as the infection progressed. Activities of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in liver homogenates from infected mice were elevated as early as 10 hr after infection. Liver function tests using rose bengal sodium-131I showed no significant differences in plasma clearance or liver uptake between normal and infected mice except in terminal infections (60 hr after infection).
Tomato Pathogenesis-related Protein Genes are Expressed in Response to Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci Biotype B Feeding

The temporal and spatial expression of tomato wound- and defense-response genes to Bemisia tabaci biotype B (the silverleaf whitefly) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (the greenhouse whitefly) feeding were characterized. Both species of whiteflies evoked similar changes in tomato gene expression. The levels of RNAs for the methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA)- or ethylene-regulated genes that encode the basic β-1,3-glucanase (GluB), basic chitinase (Chi9), and Pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1) were monitored. GluB and Chi9 RNAs were abundant in infested leaves from the time nymphs initiated feeding (day 5). In addition, GluB RNAs accumulated in apical non-infested leaves. PR-1 RNAs also accumulated after whitefly feeding. In contrast, the ethylene- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated Chi3 and PR-4 genes had RNAs that accumulated at low levels and GluAC RNAs that were undetectable in whitefly-infested tomato leaves. The changes in Phenylalanine ammonia lyase5 (PAL5) were variable; in some, but not all infestations, PAL5 RNAs increased in response to whitefly feeding. PAL5 RNA levels increased in response to MeJA, ethylene, and abscisic acid, and declined in response to SA. Transcripts from the wound-response genes, leucine aminopeptidase (LapA1) and proteinase inhibitor 2 (pin2), were not detected following whitefly feeding. Furthermore, whitefly infestation of transgenic LapA1:GUS tomato plants showed that whitefly feeding did not activate the LapA1 promoter, although crushing of the leaf lamina increased GUS activity up to 40 fold. These studies indicate that tomato plants perceive B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum in a manner similar to baterical pathogens and distinct from tissue-damaging insects.
Surface structure and properties of plant seed oil bodies

Storage triacylglycerols (TAG) in plant seeds are present in small discrete intracellular organelles called oil bodies. An oil body has a matrix of TAG, which is surrounded by phospholipids (PL) and alkaline proteins, termed oleosins. Oil bodies isolated from mature maize (Zea mays) embryos maintained their discreteness, but coalesced after treatment with trypsin but not with phospholipase A2 or C. Phospholipase A2 or C exerted its activity on oil bodies only after the exposed portion of oleosins had been removed by trypsin. Attempts were made to reconstitute oil bodies from their constituents. TAG, either extracted from oil bodies or of a 1:2 molar mixture of triolein and trilinolein, in a dilute buffer were sonicated to produce droplets of sizes similar to those of oil bodies; these droplets were unstable and coalesced rapidly. Addition of oil body PL or dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, with or without charged stearylamine/stearic acid, or oleosins, to the medium before sonication provided limited stabilization effects to the TAG droplets. High stability was achieved only when the TAG were sonicated with both oil body PL (or dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine) and oleosins of proportions similar to or higher than those in the native oil bodies. These stabilized droplets were similar to the isolated oil bodies in chemical properties, and can be considered as reconstituted oil bodies. Reconstituted oil bodies were also produced from TAG of a 1:2 molar mixture of triolein and trilinolein, dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, and oleosins from rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), rapeseed (Brassica napus), soybean (Glycine max), or jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). It is concluded that both oleosins and PL are required to stabilize the oil bodies and that oleosins prevent oil bodies from coalescing by providing steric hindrance. A structural model of an oil body is presented. The current findings on seed oil bodies could be extended to the intracellular storage lipid particles present in diverse organisms.
Thermal contraction and flexure of intracratonal basins: a three-dimensional study of the Michigan basin

Summary. Cooling of continental lithosphere by thermal conduction to the surface following a heating event imposes a load on the lithosphere and causes subsidence as the basement rocks contract. Accumulation of sediments in the resulting depression forms a sedimentary basin. Studies of the geometry of sedimentary basins with horizontal dimensions of a few hundred kilometres suggests the lithosphere responds to loads by regional flexure of a strong elastic or viscoelastic upper lithosphere. Two- and three-dimensional models for flexure of the lithosphere owing to thermal contraction are applied to the Michigan basin. 2-D flexural models are compatible with previously estimated rheological parameters. For an elastic lithosphere, an effective flexural rigidity of about 5 × 1029 dyne cm can explain observed gravity anomalies and structural contours across the Michigan basin. A viscoelastic lithosphere requires an effective flexural rigidity of about 1032 dyne cm for a viscosity of 1025 poise. For a 3-D elastic or viscoelastic lithosphere, effective flexural rigidity must be approximately an order of magnitude smaller: 2 × 1028 and 1031 dyne cm, respectively. Larger values leave an excessive remaining load at the centre of the basin, which is not indicated by observed gravity anomalies. The decrease in effective flexural rigidity is attributed to greater difficulty in equi-dimensional bending of a 3-D plate. The magnitude and spatial distribution of the computed thermal contraction load are consistent with the presumed mechanism. As the thermal anomaly of the initial heating event was present mainly at great depths in the lithosphere, the lack of geological evidence for an initial heating event prior to subsidence is not a fatal objection to the thermal contraction mechanism of subsidence. A driving load, presumably from subsurface processes including crustal stretching and emplacement of dense rocks into the crust, is necessary to explain the net subsidence of the basin from the time before the heating event until the lithosphere beneath the basin cooled. Without this driving load, the thermal expansion would produce uplift, but the surface would subside only back to sea-level after the lithosphere cooled. Theoretical gravity results indicate that the driving load is centred at a depth of approximately 15 km. Deviations in subsidence curves from exponentials associated with thermal contraction can be explained by changes in sediment supply. Spatial variations in sediment load, caused by regional facies changes, produce migration of the centre of maximum deposition. Water and basement depths are determined for sequential time intervals during basin development. The predicted depositional environments are consistent with lithofacies maps of the Middle Devonian.
Territorial Preferences of the Hilltopping Wasp Hemipepsis ustulata (Pompilidae) Remain Stable from Year to Year

Abstract Males of the tarantula hawk wasp Hemipepsis ustulata defend individual trees and shrubs on mountaintops in central Arizona where they wait for arrival of sexually receptive females. Each spring, a new generation of males comes to prominent hilltops to compete for mating territories. In 4 of 5 years during 1997–2007, in which the same Arizonan peaktop was censused regularly, behavior of males was similar with respect to such things as total number of plants occupied by territorial males, average number of days in which site-faithful males returned to their territories, and mean maximum days of residency at those select sites that attracted at least one male for a period of ≥2 weeks. Territories that regularly attracted males in one year did so in other years as well; territories that were infrequently occupied in one year were defended only occasionally, if at all, in other years. Even in the year (1998) when an unusually large number of plants were selected as perch territories by male wasps, pre...
β-Adrenergic regulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in cardiac myocytes

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in endogenous control of myocardial contractility. However, NO release has not yet been demonstrated in cardiac myocytes. Accordingly, endogenous NO production...
Abstract 460: Novel compound elicits anti-tumor macrophages associated with tumor regression in breast cancer

Cancer immuno-therapies targeting components of the immune system have shown great promise for the treatment of various forms of cancer. Most of the immuno-therapies currently under trial intervene in adaptive immune cell pathways; however, the innate immune system has also recently been shown to play a potent immunomodulatory role in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) compose up to 50% of tumor volume. Presently, we demonstrate that administration of a novel compound stimulates rapid tumor regression that is associated with the infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages into tumors in the MMTV-PyMT murine model of breast cancer. A significant increase in tumor-infiltrating macrophages was visible by immunohistochemistry after five days of treatment and macrophages were necessary for tumor regression as demonstrated by cell depletion assays in vivo. Of note, macrophage infiltration correlated with an increase in tumor cell death as shown by elevated expression of the apoptotic protein cleaved-caspase-3 (CC3); conversely, cell proliferation factor Ki67 was decreased. Additionally, compound-treated animals exhibited striking changes in tumor vascularization, with a marked decrease in overall endothelial cell marker expression as displayed by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel role for macrophages in breast tumor regression during treatment with a novel compound that alters the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Holly E. Ponichtera, Jennifer L. Guerriero, Alaba O. Sotayo, Anthony Letai. Novel compound elicits anti-tumor macrophages associated with tumor regression in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 460. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-460
Benzisoxazole 2-oxides as novel UV absorbers and photooxidation inhibitors

Compounds with strong absorptions in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum, particularly the UVA and UVB, have seen much interest as UV screeners or absorbers in a wide variety of commercial products. A series of benzisoxazole 2-oxides have been synthesized and characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy. A number of derivatives have been shown to posses moderate to strong molar absorption coefficients in the UVB range (ca. 300 nm), the strongest being those derived from benzophenones. Three other derivatives containing additional electron withdrawing groups showed strong molar absorption coefficients in the UVA (ca. 340 nm). Solvent effects on the parent derivatives show changes in the molar absorption coefficients with little changes in the λmax values. Preliminary studies of these compounds as potential additives to prevent photooxidation of polystyrene showed considerable inhibition of polymer degradation with the parent unsubstituted benzisoxazole 2-oxide compounds being the most effective. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract 4075: Aerosol azacytidine inhibits the orthotopic lung cancer in mice by its demethylation function but not cytotoxic effect

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Silencing of key tumor suppressor genes by promoter hypermethylation plays an important role in lung cancer carcinogenesis. Reversing the hypermethylation in the early lung cancer cells adjacent to the airway surface may have a potential to inhibit lung cancer development. This study was to explore the therapeutic potential of aerosol administered demethylating agent azacytidine (Aza) for the treatment of bronchial epithelial premalignancy or lung cancer. Methods: The demethylation and gene reactivation functions of Aza administered by aerosol were detected by qPCR methylation array and western blotting assay in the tumor tissues from the orthotopic human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft models in nude mice. The therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of the aerosol Aza were also evaluate in the same lung cancer models. An intravenous administered Aza with clinical equivalent dose and schedule was used as a control. Results: The aerosol Aza is an appropriate pharmaceutical inhalation formulation with about 80% of droplets size distributing between 0.1 to 5 micron. This aerodynamic size range ensures the aerosol droplets depositing in the lower airway. In animal studies, aerosol administration of Aza significantly prolonged the survival of nude mice with intratracheally inoculated human NSCLC tumors. The %-increased life span was 5- to 10-fold higher than that of a systemic treatment of Aza at a clinical equivalent dose. The aerosol treatment did not cause any detectable lung toxicity or myelosuppression (systemic toxicity of Aza), since the treatment dose was >100-fold lower than the toxic dose. The lung tumors were resected after the aerosol Aza treatment and the methylation levels of the 24 promoters that drive the lung cancer related tumor suppressor genes (TSG) were detected. We found that aerosol Aza significantly reduced the methylation level in 9 of these 24 promoters. The dementhylating aerosol also resulted in the gene reactivation in the protein level of several tested genes. Conclusions: Aerosol administration of Aza has significant therapeutic advantages over the systemic Aza. It can be given at a non-cytotoxic dose, thus its main therapeutic efficacy is the demethylation function of Aza and the TSG reactivation. In our case, the therapeutic index of aerosol Aza is >800-fold higher than that of IV Aza. The clinical trial of aerosol Aza is worth to be conducted. Acknowledgement: Supported by a NIH (NCI) grant 5R01CA154755-02 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4075. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4075