cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in holographic video

We discuss recent developments in the MIT electronic holography display. These include the use of multiple galvanometric scanners as the horizontal scanning element, two 18-channel acousto-optic modulators (AOM's) working in tandem, and a bank of custom-designed high- bandwidth framebuffers. We also describe some recent progress on computational issues.
Tritium in the Caspian Sea

Abstract The tritium content of the surface water on the south shore of the Caspian Sea was determined in samples taken in two- to three-month intervals for the period of time from 1960 to 1970. Tritium concentrations following the massive H-bomb testing in 1962 and 1963 were particularly high in this water, much higher than in the surface waters of the open oceans. The data are interesting in connection with the tritium inventories on the continents and with the persistence of inert chemical pollutants in the surface layers of water masses.
Bosonic analog of the Klein paradox

The standard Klein paradox describes how an incoming electron scatters off a supercritical electrostatic barrier that is so strong that it can generate electron-positron pairs. This fermionic system has been widely discussed in textbooks to illustrate some of the discrepancies between quantum mechanical and quantum field theoretical descriptions for the pair creation process. We compare the fermionic dynamics with that of the corresponding bosonic system. We point out that the direct counterpart of the Pauli exclusion principle (the central mechanism to resolve the fermionic Klein paradox) is stimulated emission, which leads to the resolution of the analogous bosonic paradox.
Using Humans to Make a Human Leishmaniasis Vaccine

The cellular immune response to peptide pools from conserved Leishmania antigens in leishmaniasis-immune individuals identified epitopes for a human DNA vaccine (Das et al., this issue).
Attitudes and beliefs of occupational therapists participating in a cultural competency workshop

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the subjective experience of 13 white, female occupational therapists in Louisiana as they participated in a 6-hour workshop on cultural competency. The study employed a mixed method design using qualitative data, obtained from structured reflection questions, and quantitative data, obtained from two objective outcome measures. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data regarding the participants' conflicting attitudes towards African American clients. Therapists believed that: (1) healthcare disparities are not due to racial discrimination; (2) therapists should listen to and educate African American clients; and (3) racial bias and stress contribute to health issues in African American clients. Results from the two outcome measures, the Racial Argument Scale and the Racial Attitude Implicit Association Test, indicate that overall, the study participants held significantly negative attitudes towards African Americans which was not ameliorated by the intervention. The small convenience sample in this study precludes generalization to a broader population, and further investigation into the attitudes of healthcare professionals in Louisiana is needed. Future instructional interventions should take into account the participants' developmental stage of cultural competence.
Monoamine transporter gene structure and polymorphisms in relation to psychiatric and other complex disorders

The norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin transporters (NET, DAT and SERT, respectively), limit cellular signaling by recapturing released neurotransmitter, and serve as targets for antidepressants and drugs of abuse, emphasizing the integral role these molecules play in neurotransmission and pathology. This has compelled researchers to search for polymorphisms in monoamine (MA) transporter genes. Studies support linkage and association of MA transporter genetic variation in psychiatric and other complex disorders. Understanding the contribution of MA transporter polymorphisms to human behavior, disease susceptibility and response to pharmacotherapies will involve further progress in linkage and association that will be aided by both definition of highly selective phenotypes and utilization of a large number of polymorphic markers. The relationship of polymorphisms to alterations in transport capacity, likely a complex interaction, involving genetic background, disease state, and medication, will elucidate the means by which MA transporter genetic variability contributes to our individuality.
Interaction of Peroxyformic Acid with Water Molecules: A First-Principles Study

The present article comprises a theoretical study of structures and energetics of the lowest energy conformers of peroxyformic acid (PFA) and its hydrated variants, viz. PFA...(H2O)n (n = 1-4), at the molecular level. We have employed two different ab initio quantum chemical methods, viz. restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and the second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory with the basis sets 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(2d,2p). Modifications in the structure as well as vibrational frequencies of PFA brought about by successive addition of H2O molecules are also discussed. Cooperativity of hydrogen bonding in these clusters can be gauged through a detailed many body interaction energy analysis.
Topological insulators with SU(2) Landau levels

We construct continuum models of 3D and 4D topological insulators by coupling spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ fermions to an SU(2) background gauge field, which is equivalent to a spatially dependent spin-orbit coupling. Higher dimensional generalizations of flat Landau levels are obtained in the Landau-like gauge. The 2D helical Dirac modes with opposite helicities and 3D Weyl modes with opposite chiralities are spatially separated along the third and fourth dimensions, respectively. Stable 2D helical Fermi surfaces and 3D chiral Fermi surfaces appear on open boundaries, respectively. The charge pumping in 4D Landau level systems shows quantized 4D quantum Hall effect.
The effect of belt velocity on flat belt drive behavior

Abstract Belt drive behavior is investigated theoretically to determine the effect of (1) belt velocity on normal and tangential belt forces and (2) centrifugal forces on belt tension. The tangential belt force is found to increase with belt velocity for positive λ and decrease with negative λ. The active angles and the distribution of normal pressure forces change to balance the applied torque load.
Cytokine regulation of IL-13Rα2 and IL-13Rα1 in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Background: IL-13 signals via a high-affinity receptor that includes IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1 and binds to the decoy receptor IL-13Rα2. The processes that regulate the expression of these receptor subunits, however, are poorly defined. Objective: These studies were designed to define the regulation of IL-13R components by T H 2 and T H 1 cytokines in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Northern analysis, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR analysis, and immunoprecipitation were used to define the expression of IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 in lungs from lung targeted overexpression mice and lung fragments and cells in culture. Results: IL-13Rα2 and IL-13Rα1 mRNA were detected at modest levels in lungs from control mice. In contrast, transgenic IL-13 caused a marked increase in IL-13Rα2 and IL-13Rα1 mRNA; this was most prominent in airway epithelial cells and macrophages. The effects of IL-13 on IL-13Rα2 were associated with comparable increases in protein production and were mediated by a blood leukocyte–independent and IL-4Rα–dependent mechanism. IL-13 stimulation of IL-13Rα1 was mediated via a blood leukocyte–dependent and partially IL-4Rα–dependent pathway. These effects were not specific for IL-13, because transgenic IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ also stimulated IL-13Rα2 mRNA accumulation while stimulating—not altering and inhibiting—IL-13Rα1 mRNA accumulation, respectively. These regulatory events were mediated, at least in part, by direct effects of these cytokines, because IL-13, IL-4, and IFN-γ had similar effects on IL-13Rα2 and/or IL-13Rα1 in epithelial cells and macrophages in in vitro culture. Conclusion: IL-13Rα2 and IL-13Rα1 are highly regulated in vivo and in vitro. These regulatory events might control IL-13 responses at sites of inflammation.
Age-related decline in adrenergic responsiveness of the kidney, heart and aorta of male rats☆

Abstract Studies were undertaken to evaluate the rate of loss in β-adrenergic responsiveness in the kidney, heart and thoracic aorta in aging male rats. The dipsogenic response to isoproterenol (15 μg/kg B.W.) was reduced by 53 and 78% in middle-aged (12 to 13 months) and old (24 to 25 months) versus young (4 to 5 month) rats. In contrast, the drinking response to angiotensin I was unaltered with increasing age, indicating that the decline in B-response was not due to an alteration in the processing of or response to angiotensin. The chronotropic response of the heart to isoproterenol (5 μ/kg B.W.) was only moderately decreased by middle-age but was reduced by 69% in old versus young rats. Similarly, the isoproterenol-induced relaxation of aortic rings, in vitro was unchanged at 12 to 13 months of age but was severely diminished at 24 to 25 months of age. Thus the decline in β-adrenergic responsiveness which accompanies the aging process appears to occur at different rates in several peripheral tissues. In vitro , aortic rings exhibited an age-related decline in contractile response to increasing dose of potassium chloride (KCL) and norepinephine (NE). Maximum contractility in response to KCI was reduced by middle-age and declined further by 24 to 25 months of age. Similarly, the contractile response of aortic rings to low doses of NE (5 × 10 −10 and 1 × 10 −8 M) was significantly reduced at both middle and old age. Thus, both a-adrenoceptor mediated as well as non-receptor mediated aortic contractility are reduced progressively with increasing post-maturational age.
Charity in a Technological Society: From Alms to Corporation.

Over the past 2,000 years, the concept of charity has moved from the personal care of the poor mandated by religious conviction to a multibillion dollar business. The culture of technological efficiency helped create this transformation. The authors explore the origins of charity and show how technology has drastically altered its form and function.
Seasonal and tidal monthly patterns of particulate matter dynamics in the Columbia River estuary

We investigated seasonal and tidal-monthly, suspended particulate matter (SPM) dynamics in the Columbia River estuary from May to December 1997 using acoustic backscatter (ABS) and velocity data from four long-term Acoustic Doppler Profiler (ADP) moorings in or near the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM). ABS profiles were calibrated and converted to total SPM profiles using pumped SPM samples and optical backscatter (OBS) data obtained during three seasonal cruises. Four characteristic settling velocity (W s) classes were defined from Owen Tube samples collected during the cruises. An inverse analysis, in the form of a non-negative least squares minimization, was used to determine the contribution of the four,W s-classes to each, total SPM profile. The outputs from the inverse analyses were 6–8 mo time-series ofW s-specific SPM concentration and transport profiles at each mooring. The profiles extended from the free surface to 1.8–2.7 m from the bed, with 0.25–0.50 m resolution. These time series, along with Owen Tube results and disaggregated size data, were used to investigate SPM dynamics. Three non-dimensional parameters were defined to investigate how river flow and tidal forcing affect particle trapping: Rouse numberP (balance between vertical mixing and settling) trapping efficiencyE (ratio of maximum SPM concentration in the estuary to fluvial source concentration), and advection numberA (ratio of height of maximum SPM concentration to friction velocity). The most effective particle trapping (maximum values ofE) occurs on low-flow neap tides. The location of the ETM and the maximal trapping migrated seasonally in a manner consistent with the increase in salinity intrusion length after the spring freshet. Maximum advection (high values ofA) occurred during highly stratified neap tides.
Researching the Vietnam Conflict through U.S. Archival Sources.

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive survey of the U.S. federal government's documentation of the single most important American military action of the second half of the twentieth century. Included is an essay on resources and an accompanying bibliography pertaining to U.S. government documents related to the Vietnam conflict. Most of the materials noted are derived from archival sources. Major historical works published by federal government historical agencies are also included. Finding aids are listed as appropriate.
Using graphs to translate between world views

The standard world views for discrete event simulation of event scheduling, activity scanning, and process interaction are each used for model implementation, each supported by one or more simulation programming languages. We present transformations of a model representation in one form into model representations into each of these world views. This transformation process is interesting in that 1) it requires a characterization of each of these world views and 2) it demonstrates the potential of each world view to simplify a model specification.
Fixed-removable partial denture

Abstract The technique and rationale have been presented for the fixed-removable partial denture. This type of denture has qualities of both the fixed partial denture and the removable partial denture and is indicated where the abutments would support a fixed partial denture but a severe defect is present in the edentulous space.
Contribution of electrostatic and structural properties of Kv4.3 S4 arginine residues to the regulation of channel gating.

Previous work has demonstrated that replacing individual arginine (R) residues in the S4 domain of Kv4.3 with alanine (A) not only altered activation and deactivation processes, but also those of closed-state inactivation (CSI) and recovery. R → A mutants eliminated individual positive charge while substantially reducing side chain volume and hydrophilic character. Their novel effects on gating may thus have been the result of electrostatic and/or structural perturbations. To address this issue, and to gain further insights into the roles that S4 plays in the regulation of Kv4.3 gating transitions, we comparatively analyzed arginine to glutamine (R → Q) mutations at positions 290, 293, and 296. This maneuver maintained positive charge elimination of the R → A mutants, while partially restoring native side chain volume and hydrophilic properties. R → A and R → Q mutant pairs produced similar effects on the forward gating process of activation. In contrast, significant differences between the two substitutions were discovered on deactivation, CSI, and recovery, with the R → Q mutants partially restoring wild type characteristics. Our results argue that modification of individual S4 residue properties may result in altered localized interactions within unique microenvironments encountered during forward and reverse gating transitions. As such, predominant effects appear on the reverse gating transitions of deactivation and recovery. These results are consistent with the proposal that arginine residues in S4 are involved in regulating Kv4.3 CSI and recovery.
The effect of disulfide bonding on the solubility of unfolded serum albumin in salt solutions.

Abstract The effect of the exposure of bovine serum albumin to urea on its solubility in isoelectric salt solutions has been studied as a function of time of exposure to urea, pH of the urea solution, concentration of the protein in the urea, and concentration of the sodium sulfate in the isoelectric salt solution. It is shown that when the cystine disulfide cross links have not been altered, or when they are merely rearranged within a given molecule by the Huggins-Tapley-Jensen exchange reaction, the unfolded molecule is still fairly soluble in salt solutions, though not quite as soluble as the native protein. When aggregation occurs through the formation of intermolecular disulfide links the solubility is still further diminished. When the disulfide cross links are ruptured, the protein becomes almost completely insoluble at the isoelectric point, even in the absence of sodium sulfate. The disulfide cross linkages in serum albumin therefore appear to have a strong influence on the ability of the unfolded molecules to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds, which are presumably chiefly responsible for insolubility in water. The aggregation of serum albumin in urea through disulfide linkages is interpreted in terms of current theories of branched chain polymers. The cystine sulfur in serum albumin acts as if it were concentrated in a relatively small region of the molecule.
Scalable group communication system for scalable trust

Programmers of large-scale trusted systems need tools to simplify tasks such as replicating services or data. Group communication systems achieve this via various flavors of reliable multicast, but the existing solutions do not scale in all major dimensions. Typically, they scale poorly in the number of groups; yet we believe that using groups casually could lead to new, easier ways of programming. We propose QSM [1], a new multicast substrate that scales in several dimensions at once. Our approach relies on a novel way of exploiting the overlap between groups.
Inhibition of Arenavirus Infection by a Glycoprotein-Derived Peptide with a Novel Mechanism

ABSTRACT The family Arenaviridae includes a number of viruses of public health importance, such as the category A hemorrhagic fever viruses Lassa virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, and Sabia virus. Current chemotherapy for arenavirus infection is limited to the nucleoside analogue ribavirin, which is characterized by considerable toxicity and treatment failure. Using Pichinde virus as a model arenavirus, we attempted to design glycoprotein-derived fusion inhibitors similar to the FDA-approved anti-HIV peptide enfuvirtide. We have identified a GP2-derived peptide, AVP-p, with antiviral activity and no acute cytotoxicity. The 50% inhibitory dose (IC 50 ) for the peptide is 7 μM, with complete inhibition of viral plaque formation at approximately 20 μM, and its antiviral activity is largely sequence dependent. AVP-p demonstrates activity against viruses with the Old and New World arenavirus viral glycoprotein complex but not against enveloped viruses of other families. Unexpectedly, fusion assays reveal that the peptide induces virus-liposome fusion at neutral pH and that the process is strictly glycoprotein mediated. As observed in cryo-electron micrographs, AVP-p treatment causes morphological changes consistent with fusion protein activation in virions, including the disappearance of prefusion glycoprotein spikes and increased particle diameters, and fluorescence microscopy shows reduced binding by peptide-treated virus. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements suggest that glycoproteins are destabilized by peptide-induced alterations in viral membrane order. We conclude that untimely deployment of fusion machinery by the peptide could render virions less able to engage in on-pathway receptor binding or endosomal fusion. AVP-p may represent a potent, highly specific, novel therapeutic strategy for arenavirus infection. IMPORTANCE Because the only drug available to combat infection by Lassa virus, a highly pathogenic arenavirus, is toxic and prone to treatment failure, we identified a peptide, AVP-p, derived from the fusion glycoprotein of a nonpathogenic model arenavirus, which demonstrates antiviral activity and no acute cytotoxicity. AVP-p is unique among self-derived inhibitory peptides in that it shows broad, specific activity against pseudoviruses bearing Old and New World arenavirus glycoproteins but not against viruses from other families. Further, the peptide9s mechanism of action is highly novel. Biochemical assays and cryo-electron microscopy indicate that AVP-p induces premature activation of viral fusion proteins through membrane perturbance. Peptide treatment, however, does not increase the infectivity of cell-bound virus. We hypothesize that prematurely activated virions are less fit for receptor binding and membrane fusion and that AVP-p may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for arenavirus infection.
Revisiting the Bott thesis on kin networks and marriage

Abstract Studying families in post-war London, Elizabeth Bott hypothesized that tight-knit kinship networks fostered gender segregated, rather than joint, conjugal role-relationships for husband and wife. Addressing this hypothesis with 2001 International Social Survey Program for 29 countries, this paper considers one aspect of joint role-relationships – whether married women prefer to turn to their husband, as opposed to kin, for household help and emotional support. Women with tight-knit kin who fill multiple functions in their lives are less likely to prefer to rely on husbands. Residential mobility is associated with greater reliance on the spouse, but there is no indication that the importance of kinship is diminished when mobility is controlled.
The anticonvulsant properties of melatonin on kindled seizures in rats

Abstract The literature suggesting that the pineal gland and the indolamine, melatonin, have a significant role in regulating and modulating brain electrical activity is reviewed. The anticonvulsant properties of melatonin were investigated by testing acute doses of melatonin against two types of kindled Scizures in the rat. Against the electrically kindled amygdaloid Scizure, melatonin significantly reduced afterdischarge length at a non-sedative dose, but failed to modify Scizure rank scores. With larger doses of melatonin, which were associated with some sedation and ataxia, the Scizure rank score was reduced, but there was no additional reduction of afterdischarge length. Naloxone treatment (20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not reverse the sedation, ataxia, nor the anticonvulsant effects seen with the large dose of melatonin (200 mg/kg, i.p.). Additional animals were kindled with pentylenetetrazol injections (30 mg/kg, i.p.) given at 2–3 day intervals. Melatonin significantly reduced Scizure rank scores in these kindled animals at one dose (150 mg/kg, i.p.). A larger dose, associated with sedation and ataxia, did not result in any further reduction of Scizure rank scores. For comparison, large and small doses of both phenobarbital and diazepam were also tested against the pentylenetetrazol kindled Scizures. Neither phenobarbital (30 mg/kg) nor diazepam (2.5 mg/kg) induced a neurological deficit; however, both agents reduced Scizure rank to approximately the same score as did melatonin (150 mg/kg). This is the first report of a substantial anticonvulsant property of parenteral melatonin in two animal models of epilepsy. It would appear tha melatonin is most effective against the kindled pentylenetetrazol Scizure, and somewhat less effective against the electrically kindled amygdaloid Scizure. Further testing in other Scizure models and species is needed to define better the anticonvulsant profile of melatonin.
Manipulation of the zinc cluster region of transcriptional activator LEU3 by site-directed mutagenesis

Abstract The transcriptional activator LEU3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to a family of lower eukaryotic DNA binding proteins with a well-conserved DNA binding motif known as the Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster. We have constructed mutations in LEU3 that affect either one of the conserved cysteines (Cys47) or one of several amino acids located within a variable subregion of the DNA binding motif. LEU3 proteins with a mutation at Cys47 were very poor activators which could not be rescued by supplying Zn(II) to the growth medium. Mutations within the variable subregion were generally well-tolerated. Only two of seven mutations in this region generated poor activators, and both could be reactivated by Zn(II) supplements. Three of the other five mutations gave rise to activators that were better than wild type. One of these, His50Cys, exhibited a 1.5 fold increase in in vivo target gene activation and a notable increase in the affinity for target DNA. The properties of the His50Cys mutant are discussed in terms of a variant structure of the DNA binding motif. During the course of this work, evidence was obtained suggesting that only one of the two LEU3 protein-DNA complexes routinely seen actually activates transcription. The other (which may contain an additional protein factor) does not.
The new gestalt: asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease.

A general appreciation of the role of chronic inflammation in the immunopathogenesis of bronchial asthma is long overdue. The consequence of this new gestalt will be a renaissance in basic research, drug development, and treatment, the focus of which will be aimed at understanding and ameliorating the causes rather than just the symptoms of chronic asthma. The recent “rediscovery” and “reinterpretation” of the histopathologic features of chronic asthma, the careful definition of the tissue, cellular, and humoral events integral to the development of chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation, and the demonstration that chronic asthma possesses many features of recurrent late-phase reactions, has provided the basis for models and testable hypotheses of the complex cellular and humoral networks involved. The model proposed by Professor A. B. Kay, in this issue of the Journal of Asthma provides just such a framework for further elucidation of the role of inflammatory cells and their soluble mediators in bronchial...
Improving Task Performance: The Relationship Between Morningness and Proactive Thinking1

Proactivity and morningness have been variables of considerable study. Although many studies have examined the impact of either proactivity or morningness on performance, none have examined the impact of both concurrently. This study examines the relationship between proactivity and morningness empirically, as well as their impact on task performance. Using a pre-/post-test design, 189 students received training in proactive thinking. The training was conducted at two different times of day. The results indicate that proactivity and morningness both accounted for a significant portion of the variance in task performance. Also, the training was more effective when conducted at a time consistent with participants' time-of-day preferences.
A contribution to the problem of runaway electrons

Abstract After giving a short sketch of the status of the field we treat two models of runaway in some detail. One is a Fokker-Planck equation, the other a kinetic equation with compact kernel. Both are 1-d models; both deal with the marginal case of ( 1 v ) relaxation of diffusion coefficient or reaction-rate. We also give a description - in 1-d - of the Gaussian shape of the runaway pulse following an initial burst.
Signal and Power Integrity Co-Simulation on DDR Memory

Even though it has always been known that Signal Integrity analysis and Power Integrity (Power Delivery) analysis are related, historically they have been treated and analyzed independently with some timing and voltage buckets used to tie the effects of one on the other. When the voltage and timing margins were large, this approach worked quite well. However as voltage levels, timing windows and their margins have shrunk, the traditional method of analyzing them independently no longer suffices. The signal quality and timing (eye height & eye width) losses due to the effects of power delivery are no longer negligible. The concept of signal integrity & power delivery co-simulation (referred to as SIPD or SIPI co-sim) is a methodology developed to address this problem. In this paper we will use the DDR bus as an example to illustrate the impacts of power delivery on the signal and highlight how badly the margin loss would have been underestimated if the effects of power delivery were ignored. The paper will demonstrate how SIPD co-sim can quantify or illustrate - the effects of data randomization, margin gain with fully random data patterns, margin loss due to the effects of Burst-Idle-Burst data patterns, definition of noise & eye diagram BER, statistically significant noise in system, etc.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A Knowledge Assessment Following Nutrition and Food Labeling Instruction with College Students

Abstract DESIGN A pre-post-post- test design was used to evaluate differences in students' knowledge before and after instruction. SUBJECTS A sample of 84 students who were present for all lectures regarding nutrition and food labeling and tests were selected from a total of 223 students enrolled in a mandatory wellness class in a major Southeastern U.S.A. urban university. INTERVENTION The pre-test was followed by three one hour nutrition lectures, one of which was devoted to a study of food labeling. A post-test followed the third lecture, and a second post-test was given six weeks later. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Knowledge test scores were analyzed by using repeated measures analysis of variance. Demographic information was analyzed by using the chi-squared statistics. The SPSS computer program was used for data analysis. RESULTS The sample group had a fair knowledge of the food label prior to the study as indicated by the pre-test scores. Significant changes in knowledge occurred following instruction although knowledge was not retained for six weeks. The only variable to be related to significant change in knowledge was race. CONCLUSION Although students had knowledge of food labeling prior to instruction, limitations were present. More than a one-hour educational lecture may be needed to increase knowledge.
Walls and Borders: The Range of Place

Apparently, the wall was something of an engineering miracle even prior to the events that exposed it to the light of day. People used to go down to the basement where part of it was visible, and marvel at its ability to resist 3,500 pounds per square inch of pressure over 3,300 feet. When it was called upon to bear even more it rose to the challenge, anthropomorphically speaking. Now it is being compared to the Liberty Bell,1 a physical object that symbolizes a signature and defining (albeit vastly different) event. This wall, built to hold back the Hudson River from flooding the basement of the World Trade Center, was once the foundation and physical site of a place, but has now itself become a place. It has transformed from site to situation. It is being written retrospectively as a humble and unglamorous object (the “bathtub”) that rose to be a noble, even heroic place, one which because of the “miracle” of superior engineering stood when everything else fell. This object which newly defines a place has become the classic American story of triumph over insurmountable odds. It has become personified, narrativized, and valorized—it “held” against the onslaught like a defender protecting a city, saving the lives of people who were rushing out of the building. It is a place of memory, although precisely what is being remembered depends on who faces the wall. It is the Wailing Wall. It is being incorporated into the new design for the site by the architects and the memorial planners, an unlikely remembrance to and representation of horrific events. It is the hypostatization of a narrative of siege, another quintessentially American story about the triumph (if only moral) of the inside over the outside. It is the Alamo, it is Independence Day, it is homeland security. Less literally but no less viscerally than Maya Ying Lin’s Vietnam Memorial, it has already been inscribed with the names of those who were lost. At worst it has become a commodified tourist attraction (how long will it be before you can get little models of the wall for your very own, to put beside your brick from the Berlin wall?), and at best it is the localization and focal point of shared meaning, a place that makes identity available to be shared. It is not so much the essential nature of this or any other place that has me interested, but rather the passing in and out of being of a place. Places are in flux, sliding in and out of existence, and our discourse about place is also in flux, sliding between disciplines and uses. This movement is neither obvious nor expected, as place usually suggests stability and permanence. As a philosopher, my initial tendency is to think about place in the abstract, by trying to make it static and external. We have a long history of this—Aristotle thought that place was a kind of “skin” that wrapped itself around every physical thing, but which is shed when the thing moves. Almost no one after Aristotle accepted his version of place,
Relationships of whole blood serotonin and plasma norepinephrine within families.

Whole blood serotonin (5HT) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels were determined in 47 families of autistic probands to study relationships within families of these measures. Whole blood 5HT, but not plasma NE, was significantly positively correlated between autistic children and their mothers, fathers, and siblings. Twenty-three of the 47 families studied had at least 1 hyperserotonemic member. Of these 23 families, 10 (43.5%) had 2 or more hyperserotonemic members; 5 families were identified in which each family member studied had hyperserotonemia (whole blood 5HT > 270 ng/ml). If the autistic child of a family was hyperserotonemic, the first-degree relatives were 2.4 times more likely to be hypersertonemic than if the autistic child was not hyperserotonemic. Mean whole blood 5HT levels were higher in autistic subjects than their parents or siblings. Siblings were found to have lower plasma NE than autistic probands. This study replicates a previous study showing familial relationships of hyperserotonemia within families with autistic children.
A new method for the identification of ethers

Ethers, when pyrolysed in the vapour phase at 500°, are decomposed into a hydrocarbon and an aldehyde or ketone. The carbonyl compound from the pyrolysis may be easily identified as a solid semicarbazone or substituted benzoylhydrazone
Rhetoric and Teacher Education.

Abstract Recent scholarship on teacher education has drawn a sharp contrast between “top–down” and “teacher-directed” approaches to instructional reform. However, this article suggests that all forms of teacher education share a common ground: they are all inescapably rhetorical in nature, aimed at the persuasion of teachers. While reformers may attempt to deny such intentions, they cannot help but employ rhetoric in practice. By way of illustration, the author provides a case study of a reform project that seeks to “support” teachers rather than trying to exert power over them. Analysis reveals this to be an impossible ideal, one whose appearance can be maintained only by refusing to admit to contradictory motives.
Pulsed EPR study of orthophosphoric and boric acid modified γ-alumina

CW EPR, pulsed ENDOR, and one- and two-dimensional ESEEM techniques have been applied to study the influence of H3PO4 and H3BO3 acid modification of γ-Al2O3 on the strong electron acceptor sites of γ-Al2O3 using adsorbed anthraquinone and o-chloranil as probe molecules. After the adsorbtion, electron transfer produces free radicals at active sites on the activated γ-Al2O3. The observed spectra are the superposition of spectra from radicals simply adsorbed on the surface and from three different paramagnetic complexes of anthraquinone with coordinatively unsaturated aluminum. The isotropic hyperfine coupling of aluminum nuclei in these complexes is ∼2.5, 21, and 28 MHz. Treatment of γ-Al2O3 with H3PO4 decreases the relative amounts of adsorbed radical and the complex with 2.5 MHz hyperfine coupling. The H3BO3 treatment, in contrast, gives only the complex with the 21 MHz hyperfine coupling, and its resolved EPR spectrum indicates two equivalent aluminums in this active site. The ESEEM spectra show only wea...
On a connection between small set expansions and modularity clustering

In this paper we explore a connection between two seemingly different problems from two different domains: the small-set expansion problem studied in unique games conjecture, and a popular community finding approach for social networks known as the modularity clustering approach. We show that a sub-exponential time algorithm for the small-set expansion problem leads to a sub-exponential time constant factor approximation for some hard input instances of the modularity clustering problem.
Polyvinyl Chloride/Silica Nanoporous Composite Separator for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are capable of reversible conversion between electricity and chemical energy. Potential RFB applications resolve around mitigating the discrepancy between electricity production and consumption to improve the stability and utilization of the power infrastructure and tackling the intermittency of renewables such as photovoltaics or wind turbines to enable their reliable integration [1, 2]. Because the energy is stored in externally contained liquid electrolytes and the energy conversion reactions take place at the electrodes, RFBs hold a unique capability to separate energy and power and thus possess considerable design flexibility to meet either energy management driven or power rating oriented grid applications, which is considered to be a unparalleled advantage over conventional solid-state secondary batteries [3]. Other advantages of RFBs include fast response to load changes, high round-trip efficiency, long calender and cycle lives, safe operations, tolerance to deep discharge, etc. [4]. Among various flow battery chemistries, all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) was invented by Maria Skyllas-Kazacos at the University of New South Wales in the 1980s [5, 6] and have attracted substantial attention in both research and industrial communities today [7, 8]. A well-recognized advantage that makes VRB stands out among other redox chemistries is the reducedmore » crossover contamination ascribed to employing four different oxidation states of the same vanadium element as the two redox couples. Recently, great progress has led to remarkably improved energy density of VRB by using sulfuric-chloric mixed acid supporting electrolytes that were stable at 2.5M vanadium and had wider operational temperature window of -5~50oC [9], compared with the traditional sulfuric acid VRB system [10].« less
Early rearing experiences and the performance of affinitive and approach behavior in infant and juvenile baboons

We tested the hypothesis that subtle, short-term (birth to 3 months) differences in rearing experiences (peer-peer vs. mother-peer) produce measurable differences in the development and performance of four affinitive and four approach behaviors in late infancy (12 months of age) and in the late juvenile period (42 months of age). Data on 87 monkeys (45 males and 42 females) were obtained by a series of approximately 2,100 focal animal sampling sessions. Significant effects of rearing were found in two affinitive behaviors (Allogroom andHold) with mother-peer reared subjects having a higher mean rate of performance. There were no significant main effects or interactions among any of the approach behaviors. Several suggestions are proposed to account for the resistance of six behaviors (Muzzle-muzzle, Touch, Ear flatten, Follow, Lip smack andSocial approach) to the effects of the experimental procedures: (1) these behaviors may reflect genetically mediated behavioral characteristics of the species that are not modified by environmental conditions; (2) environmental conditions used in the study may have been too subtle and consequently insufficient to produce an effect on relatively resistant behaviors; or (3) effects of the early rearing experience on these behaviors may be observable only during adolescence or adulthood when the proper performance of these behaviors is more crucial to social success, social integration and reproduction.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Young Children with Autism

Recent reports suggest that 52–95% of children with an autism spectrum disorder in the United States are using some form of alternative treatment (Hanson et al. 2007; Harrington et al. 2006; Wong and Smith 2006). One alternative treatment that has been shown to have some potential promise is polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (PUFA). PUFAs are naturally occurring lipids that must be taken in through the diet and are critical to the rapidly developing brains of young children (Fernstrom 2000; Horrocks and Farooqui 2004). This pilot study involved a 3-month, prospective, open label, but randomized, parallel groups design of PUFA supplement compared to a healthy, low sugar diet (attention control) for young children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The PUFA for this study was Docoahexanoic Acid (DHA). The PUFA group had ten participants while the control group had 13 participants. Participants in the PUFA took two capsules per day for a daily dose of 400 mg of DHA for 3 months. No clinical gains were realized on any of the behavioral or developmental outcome measures. The statistically significant differences can be accounted for by differences in the two groups at baseline. While no clinical improvements were observed, the omega-3 supplements were well-tolerated. While our results do not support DHA supplementation at 400 mg / day, further inquiry is warranted given the equivocal results among individuals with autism and other developmental disorders. Our study was limited by a small sample size and limited outcome measures.
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS VI: STUDY OF A MILD CASE

A 17 year old male with decreased vision, photophobia and ocular pain had ocular, cutaneous, facial features, skeletal changes and cardiac involvement suggesting a mild mucopolysaccharidosis. Particular findings were corneal cloudiness, hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation of both fundi, low amplitude ERG, delayed VER, left ventricular hypertrophy, carpal tunnel syndrome and an I.Q. of 115. All peripheral neutrophils and 39% of the lymphocytes had metachromatic granulations. Urinary GAG were 36.2 mg/day, 96% being dermatan sulfate, 3% heparan sulfate; the former poorly degraded. Urinary arylsulfatase A was low and B absent. Cultured skin fibroblasts had increased accumulation of 35SO4 and decreased degradation of intracellular GAG. Concentrates of their media corrected the increased accumulation of 35SO4, in all types of mutant fibroblasts except those from type VI (severe variant). However, concentrates from media of the latter ones corrected in part the patient's fibroblasts, which were also corrected by subfractions β+γ of arylsulfatase B, but not appreciably by α. The latter corrected the abnormality of fibroblasts from the severe variant while β+γ did not. The possibility that the variants might represent defects of specific subunits of arylsulfatase B is being investigated. Supported by USPH AM-10811, RR-00188, HL-05435, GM-19513, the National Foundation-March of Dimes and the Robert A. Welch Foundation.
Construction in the coastal zone: A potential use of waste materials

Abstract The Inner New York Bight, at the head of the Hudson shelf channel, has been the site for ocean disposal of various waste products since at least 1888. Natural channel-like bathymetry expressed in 1845 is today a series of hills rising to within 12 m (40 ft.) of the water surface superimposed upon a broad lobate mound. This topographic inversion created over the past nine decades is attributable to disposal of materials (soil, sand, and stone) of varying composition generated during construction in the New York metropolitan area. Data indicate approximately 765 · 10 6 m 3 (1 · 10 9 yd 3 ) of waste has been dumped in that region from 1888 to 1934. Isopach maps, sea-floor profiles, seismic records, and vibratory cores show much of the fill has remained in place in spite of bottom currents of approximately 25 cm/sec (0.5 knot) and a wave climate of H s = 0.76 m (2.5 ft.); T = 5−15 sec. Man-made islands proposed for the inner continental shelf for siting power, port, or recreational facilities will use large volumes of stable material for core fill, which could be waste materials such as those described. Effective regional coastal-zone planning should recognize uses for past and future waste material as such practices would conserve sand and gravel resources for other high-volume needs (shoreline nourishment and protection and construction aggregate) and alleviate some of the site-selection problems in land disposal of waste.
THE SOCIAL SOURCES OF AMERICANS' PUNITIVENESS: A TEST OF THREE COMPETING MODELS*

The sustained movement to “get tough” on crime, especially through mass imprisonment, has prompted several prominent efforts to explain the public's harshness toward crime. From the extant literature, we demarcate the following three competing theories of public punitiveness: the escalating crime-distrust model, the moral decline model, and the racial animus model. Controlling for other known predictors of crime-related opinions, we test the explanatory power of these perspectives to account for support for the death penalty and for a punitive crime-control approach. Our analysis of a national sample of respondents surveyed in the 2000 National Election Study reveals partial support for each model. Racial animus, however, seems to exert the most consistent effect on public sentiments. This finding suggests that racial resentments are inextricably entwined in public punitiveness and thus should be incorporated into any complete theory of this phenomenon.
Development and Testing of a Deterministic Disturbance Generator

*† A computerized gust generator has been developed and tested for the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel. The generator consists of 10 airfoil section vanes spanning from the top to the bottom of the tunnel contraction. Computer controlled stepper motors drive the vanes independently to create deterministic disturbances. Three component hot wire velocity measurements show that the generator is capable of creating both continuous sinusoidal and impulsive upwash disturbance patterns. The impulsive disturbances can be scaled in amplitude to as much as 35% of the freestream flow speed, and as short as 0.04 seconds in period. Impulsive disturbances of less than 20% of the freestream speed are stable for the length of the test section (7 meters). Aerodynamic disturbances created by the generator are repeatable and consistent in shape, size, and arrival time. Ensemble averaging of repeated disturbances can reduce experimental uncertainty while retaining all time domain information. This approach allows time domain analysis of a system’s aerodynamic response to a disturbance instead of a statistical analysis. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions based on a discrete vortex model. The model uses fixed vortices to represent the grid elements and a series of free vortices to model their wakes. These comparisons show qualitative agreement in the flow pattern, and predict some of the nonlinear behavior seen in the disturbances.