cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RENAL FUNCTION IN HUMAN PREGNANCY. III. EFFECTS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) ON RENAL HEMODYNAMICS AND WATER AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION NEAR TERM AND POST PARTUM

ABSTRACT It has been suggested that pregnant women are less sensitive to the action of ADH because they possess an inactivating mechanism for this hormone. This hypothesis was tested by studying the effects of intravenous administration of Pitressin on renal hemodynamics and water and electrolyte excretion in pregnant women in the latter part of gestation and in postpartum and nonpregnant subjects. During pregnancy, a single intravenous dose of 100 milliunits (m.u.) of Pitressin or continuous infusion of this hormone in doses varying from 25 to 100 m.u. per hour produced a marked fall in urine flow with a simultaneous fall in renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, and the output of sodium, chloride and total solute. Potassium excretion was inconsistent. Osmolal and free water clearances fell, the latter becoming negative in most instances. Following delivery or in the nonpregnant state, the same or higher doses of Pitressin produced a reduction in urine flow which was of the same magnitude and pat...
Variation in Septoria musiva and Implications for Disease Resistance Screening of Poplars.

ABSTRACT A set of isolates of Septoria musiva differed in aggressiveness in hybrid poplar leaf disk and stem assays and culture growth in vitro. Clone × isolate interactions were observed in one of the stem assay experiments, but not in the leaf disk assay experiments. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were performed using 52 isolates of S. musiva collected from hybrid poplars and a native poplar species in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, and North Dakota. There was a large degree of genetic similarity, although each isolate had a unique RAPD pattern. No relationships among isolates were found for molecular genetic distance and host clone, parentage, or taxonomic classification section; location or date of collection; or the previously determined level of field resistance of the host clones to Septoria canker. Results of the stem and leaf disk assays indicate that it may not be necessary to choose the most aggressive isolate for disease resistance screening. It may be more useful ...
Hepatic clearance of human growth hormone.

The role of the liver in the total metabolic clearance of growth hormone from plasma in man was evaluated using HGH 131I and the constant infusion to equilibrium technique. Five normal subjects and four patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension were studied after an overnight fast. HGH 131I was infused into an antecubital vein and blood samples were obtained at equilibrium from a brachial artery and hepatic vein and assayed for immunoprecipitable HGH 131I. Hepatic plasma flow was determined using in-docyanine green by the Fick calculations. The mean metabolic clearance rate (MCR) for the normal subjects was 147 ± 22 ml/min; the mean hepatic clearance of GH (CH) was 139 ± 13 ml/min. The CH represented 95 ± 6% of the total MCR. The mean hepatic plasma flow of the patients with cirrhosis was reduced when compared to the normal group, 880 ± 131 vs. 1037 ± 91 ml/min, p < 0.05. The cirrhotic patients MCR, 169 ± 27 ml/min, CH 124 ± 20 ml/min, and CH percent of MCR 76 ± 21 did not differ from the normal gro...
Significance of the nonpassage of radiopaque media through the ampulla of Vater during operative cholangiography.

Summary The nonpassage of radiopaque media through the ampulla of Vater during secondary operative cholangiography was found to occur frequently in the absence of calculi, neoplasm, or stenosis. Trauma-induced sphincteric spasm, usually related to instrumentation, is believed to have been responsible. When nonpassage is associated with other cholangiographic evidence of disease, the common duct should be explored. If nonpassage occurs without x-ray evidence of other disease and if the ampulla has been traumatized, it may be presumed that transient spasm of the ampulla has been incurred and re-exploration of the common duct is not indicated. Primary operative cholangiography gives more precise information regarding the status of the papilla and its sphincter than does secondary operative cholangiography preceded by instrumentation.
A comparison of a constraint aggregation and partitioning zero-one goal programming algorithm with the Lee and Morris algorithm

Abstract This paper presents the computational results of a new zero-one goal programming algorithm. These results are compared, based upon established criteria, to those obtained using the Lee and Morris algorithm. The applications found in the literature in which sufficient data existed were used as test data. The results of this study suggest that this new approach generates more solution alternatives, identifies better solutions, and takes less than 10% of the CPU time required by the Lee and Morris algorithm. Improvements in the algorithm are presented, and the use of this approach to solve zero-one linear multiple objective programming and zero-one linear programming problems is also discussed.
Chemical Stability of Selenious Acid in Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Containing Ascorbic Acid

Reduction of selenious acid (H2SeO3) to elemental Se by ascorbic acid was investigated in regard to the stability of selenite in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions. [75Se] H2SeO3 (100 micrograms Se/liter) was incubated at 25 degrees C with pure ascorbic acid (100 or 500 mg/liter) or added to complete TPN solutions containing similar levels of ascorbate. The mixtures were subjected to thin layer electrophoresis at pH 5.3 to separate HSeO3- from Se degree. In complete TPN formulas, little or no reduction of HSeO3- to Se degree occurred over a 24-hr period, whereas complete reduction occurred with pure ascorbic acid. Further experiments showed that the amino acid component of the TPN formula was preventing the reduction of selenite, and that reduction of selenite by ascorbate did not occur in buffered solutions having a pH of 5 or greater. These results show that reduction of selenite is strongly influenced by pH. At the concentrations of H2SeO3 and ascorbic acid commonly used, reduction to elemental Se is unlikely to be a practical problem in TPN solutions in the near-neutral pH range.
Geochemical equilibria of iron in sediments of the roaring river alluvial fan, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

Iron geochemistry of the sediments and interstitial waters of the Roaring River alluvial fan in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado was studied using a chemical equilibria approach. Large concentrations of colloidal Fe in the filterable Fe of the interstitial waters results in considerable overestimation of Fe2 + activity. The overestimation of Fe(II) seriously hampered the usefulness of chemical equilibria approach in the study of Fe geochemistry. Buried soil organic matter and a high water table within the alluvial fan has produced a highly reduced environment which results in elevated colloidal and filterable iron concentrations in the interstitial waters. The source of the iron is probably iron oxides within the buried soil and primary iron-bearing minerals in the sediments. When the iron-rich solutions reach the surface, the water rapidly oxidizes and amorphous ferric hydroxides precipitate. Between 190 to 370 mmol of iron per kg of surficial material were precipitated at the surface within two months. Noticeable decreases in the total amount of C and extractable iron (20 per cent and 30 per cent respectively) in the buried soil were observed during the study period (1985-1987) which implies a significant reduction in iron dissolution and subsequent deposition across the alluvial fan.
Too few radiologists

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to model the supply and demand for diagnostic radiologists over the next 30 years under alternative scenarios.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We used responses from the American College of Radiology's 2000 Survey of Diagnostic Radiologists and Radiation Oncologists to determine the current age distribution and activity of diagnostic radiologists. The numbers entering the profession were projected using three assumptions: no change in training programs, reduction of residency to 3 years (or otherwise increasing the annual number of graduates by one third), and elimination of most fellowship programs. Demand projections assume a 5% shortage in 2001 and depend on growth rates of the population, aging, scenarios of growth of age-standardized demand, and the effect of possibly productivity-enhancing technologies such as PACS (picture archiving and communication systems).RESULTS. Only a one-third increase in annual graduates materially increases the work-force relative to current ...
SU-E-T-162: Rapid Assessment of Cyberknife IRIS Variable Collimator Performance Using a Commercial Diode Array.

Purpose: To describe an efficient method for verifying the size and centering of the radiation field from the Cyberknife IRIS variable collimator with sub‐millimeter accuracy using a general purpose commercially available diode array. Methods: We present a technique using a conventional diode array (Sun Nuclear Profiler) with the array at an extended distance of 320 cm. The projection of the 4 mm diode spacing back to the 80 cm field definition distance gives an effective spacing of 1 mm, sufficient to confirm proper operation of the IRIS. We describe the data acquisition process and present data comparing the Profiler measurements to scanned measurements for both profile and FWHM analysis and reproducibility of the technique over repeated measurements. Results: Average difference between original water scanner measurements and diode array measurements over the 12 aperture sizes) from 5 mm to 60 mm) were ‐ 0.14 mm (range 0.03 mm to 0.83 mm). Reproducibility and centering measurements had a similar range of accuracy. Conclusions: A general purpose commercially available diode array can be used to quickly and accurately characterize the field size and centering of the Cyberknife IRIS variable collimator system with sub‐millimeter accuracy subsequent to service, software recalibration, software upgrades or associated with routine QA. This technique avoids the time consuming and cumbersome water tank scanning with a diode and the difficulties associated with image based measurements (CR or radiochromic film) that require time consuming and careful calibration and choice of threshold values.
Energetic neutral particles behind the PLT pumped limiter

A carbon film resistance probe was used to measure the energy and flux of energetic neutral deuterium in the pumping duct of the pumped limiter on the PLT tokamak. The particle flux at the back of the pumping duct increased from about 1012 to 4 × 1013 cm−2·s−1 as the limiter was moved into the plasma edge. With the limiter in the plasma edge, the mean particle energy measured at the back of the pumping duct was 160–300 eV. Gas pressures in the pumping duct up to about 1 mtorr were measured but were found to have little effect on the energetic neutrals reaching the back of the pumping duct. Particle transport calculations indicate that pressures more than an order of magnitude higher than observed would be necessary to stop the particles. The measured flux of energetic neutrals is estimated to be large enough to contribute significantly to the particle removal rate achieved by the pumped limiter.
Set partitioning and packing versus assignment formulations for subassembly matching problems

This paper addresses alternative formulations and model enhancements for two combinatorial optimization problems that arise in subassembly matching problems. The first problem seeks to minimize the total deviation in certain quality characteristics for the resulting final products from a vector of target values, whereas the second aims at maximizing the throughput under specified tolerance restrictions. We propose set partitioning and packing models in concert with a specialized column generation (CG) procedure that significantly outperform alternative assignment-based formulations presented in the literature, even when the latter are enhanced via tailored symmetry-defeating strategies. In particular, we emphasize the critical importance of incorporating a complementary CG feature to consistently produce near-optimal solutions to the proposed set partitioning and packing models. Extensive computational results are presented to demonstrate the relative effectiveness of the different proposed modelling and algorithmic strategies.
School-Based Leadership and Professional Socialization of the Assistant Principal

Under the cooperative sponsorship of a university, school district, and local chapter of a professional organization for educational administrators, the Super-Center is designed to develop and implement continuing professional development programs for new assistant principals. In this study, 72 assistant principals, participating in a center activity, and their principals were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on perceptions of assistant principal job time spent in seven administrative functions. Analysis of responses indicated that assistant principals and principals agreed in their perceptions of actual on-the-job and ideal time distribution. However, differences appeared between assistant principal and principal perceptions of each other's ideal assistant principal role. The principal's insight into assistant principals' thinking was accurate; assistant principals' insight into principals' thinking was not.
Improve Substitute Teaching With Staff Development

Although they are not regular, full-time employees, substitute teachers can benefit from staff development geared to their unique problems and needs. Not only will they benefit, but so will the students.
NOTES ON THE NESTS AND PREY OF AUSTRALIAN WASPS OF THE GENUS CERCERIS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)

Some aspects of the nesting behaviour of four species of Cerceris occurring in eastern Australia are described. The species are C. australis Smith, C. opposita Smith, C. antipodes Smith, and C. minuscula Turner. The first is a predator on scarab beetles, while the second two prey on Chrysomelidae. There is evidence that at least two species overwinter as adults in burrows dug in autumn, and some inconclusive evidence of subsociality in C. antipodes.
Charge exchange spectroscopy for plasma diagnostics

Abstract The use of charge-exchange spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool in fusion plasmas is discussed. This technique has been employed to measure the concentrations of fully stripped ions, to perform in situ calibrations of grazing incidence spectrometers, and to determine ion temperatures and rotation velocities from the Doppler effect. The influence of collisions and external fields on the effective emission cross sections of charge-exchange excited spectral lines is assessed.
Antiviral activity of copper complexes of isoniazid against RNA tumor viruses

The discovery of reverse transcriptase in 1970 [1,2] prompted the search for a specific drug, which could be used to target this key enzyme in order to inhibit the growth and replication of RNA tumor viruses. In 1974, when the zinc metallo-protein nature of reverse transcriptase was reported, Prof. T Ramakrishnan embarked on the idea of using a metal chelating agent — isoniazid, one of the most potent antitubercular drugs — on which research was being carried out in his laboratory for over two decades, to chelate the zinc ion out of the enzyme to render it inactive, thereby inhibiting the viral life cycle. He hypothesized that isoniazid could also prove to be a potent inhibitor of RNA tumor viruses. Here, I will attempt to describe the work that culminated in the use of isoniazid and its copper complexes for the specific inhibition of reverse transcriptase as well as the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of this inhibition.
Polarisation and Spectrum of the Sky Light during the Total Solar Eclipses of August 31, 1932, and February 14, 1934

EARLIER observations of the polarisation of the sky light during solar eclipses do not agree1. New observations were undertaken in connexion with my polarisation measurements of the solar corona. I observed, during the 1932 eclipse at Gray, Maine, a point of the sky at a distance of 8° from the sun at mid-totality. A Martens polarisation photometer was used, mounted rigidly. The sky was perfectly clear. Whereas comparison curves obtained on several days before and after the eclipse show smooth curves, the polarisation curve of the eclipse day reveals a considerable increase of polarisation during totality. These measurements were repeated during the 1934 eclipse observed at Losap Islands, in the South Seas. Again a point was observed at a distance of 8° from the sun at mid-totality. A half-shadow polarimeter was used. The sky was perfectly clear. The results obtained show again the increase of polarisation during totality against the comparison days.
The generalities and specifics of long-term memory in infants and young children

An attempt is made to explain why patterns of recall differ between different age groups of young children.
Reproductive Biology of Pacific Ocean Perch and Northern Rockfish in the Aleutian Islands

Abstract Estimates of maturity (i.e., the proportion of mature individuals at age) play an important role in assessing stock productivity; however, this information has not been published for rockfishes in the Aleutian Islands. Ovary and otolith samples were collected from Pacific Ocean Perch Sebastes alutus and Northern Rockfish S. polyspinis during both fishery-independent and fishery-dependent cruises in 2010 to investigate maturity and other aspects of reproductive biology. Histological examination of ovaries indicated that both species exhibited general parturition in April, while specimens caught in the summer and fall were maturing and generally exhibited progressive stages of vitellogenesis. Histological analysis was more reliable when characterizing ovary condition than were macroscopic or visual assessments during the developing period. Estimates of natural mortality, based on a relationship with the gonadosomatic index, were 0.040 for Pacific Ocean Perch and 0.042 for Northern Rockfish. Mean fe...
The Test at the Gate: Models of Literacy in Reading Assessment.

For many students throughout the world, success depends not only on the ability to read in English but on the demonstration of that ability through publicly recognized examinations. These exams are based on two separate traditions, one originating in Britain, the other in the United States; they vary considerably in form, yet there is a fundamental similarity in the demands they make and in the kind of reading they effectively teach. We describe this similarity with respect to what Street (1984) calls the autonomous model of literacy, one which assumes that text, reader, and the skill of reading itself can be viewed as autonomous entities. In criticizing this view, we present an alternative approach, described as a pragmatic model of literacy, which treats text as social instrument, readers and writers as embodying social identities, and the skill of reading as extending beyond decoding and use of relevant knowledge to socially structured negotiation of meaning. We utilize these contrasting models of literacy to describe the limitations of reading tests and argue for an alternative approach to assessment that reflects the social dimension of literacy activities. Within such pragmatically oriented assessment, reading and writing are viewed as inseparable.
Early life stress disrupts social behavior and prefrontal cortex parvalbumin interneurons at an earlier time-point in females than in males

Early life stress exposure (ELS) yields risk for psychiatric disorders that might occur though a population-specific mechanism that impacts prefrontal cortical development. Sex differences in ELS effects are largely unknown and are also essential to understand social and cognitive development. ELS can cause dysfunction within parvalbumin (PVB)-containing inhibitory interneurons in the prefrontal cortex and in several prefrontal cortex-mediated behaviors including social interaction. Social behavior deficits are often the earliest observed changes in psychiatric disorders, therefore the time-course and causation of social interaction deficits after ELS are important to determine. PVB interneuron dysfunction can disrupt social behavior, and has been correlated in males with elevated markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, such as cyclooxygenase-2 after ELS. Here, we measured the effects of maternal separation ELS on social interaction behaviors in males and females. Prefrontal cortex PVB and cyclooxygenase-2 were also measured in juveniles and adolescents using Western blots. ELS led to social interaction alterations earlier in females than males. Sexually dimorphic behavioral changes were consistent with prefrontal cortex PVB loss after ELS. PVB levels were decreased in ELS-exposed juvenile females, while males exposed to ELS do not display parvalbumin decreases until adolescence. Early behavioral and PVB changes in females did not appear to be mediated through cyclooxygenase-2, since levels were not affected in ELS females. Therefore, these data suggest that ELS affects males and females differently and with distinct developmental profiles.
Free recall of abstract and concrete words by American and Ghanaian college students

Abstract This investigation compared the free recall of concrete and abstract words in American and Ghanaian college students. The re were no differences in the total number of words recalled as a function of concreteness or culture. However, recall of concrete words showed a greater improvement across trials for both cultures. Although there was no difference in the amounts of subjective organization exhibited by Ghanaian and American students, there was evidence for a greater serializing tendency among American students. It appears that the major cultural differences typically observed in African-American comparisons of free recall may be overshadowed by increases in the educational level of the subjects.
The role of type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes in cardiovascular and renal diseases.

The renin–angiotensin system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, largely through activation of type I angiotensin (AT1) receptors by angiotensin II. Treatment with AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) is a proven successful intervention for hypertension and progressive heart and kidney disease. However, the divergent actions of AT1 receptors on individual cell lineages in hypertension may present novel opportunities to optimize the therapeutic benefits of ARBs. For example, T lymphocytes make important contributions to the induction and progression of various cardiovascular diseases, but new experiments indicate that activation of AT1 receptors on T cells paradoxically limits inflammation and target organ damage in hypertension. Future studies should illustrate how these discrepant functions of AT1 receptors in target organs versus mononuclear cells can be exploited for the benefit of patients with recalcitrant hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
Fuzzy probability vectors

Abstract Several recent papers have discussed an extension of decision analysis: both the rewards and probabilities are modelled using fuzzy sets. However, arbitrary specification of the membership functions of the fuzzy probabilities in these models may lead to internal inconsistencies. To avoid this, the fuzzy beta possibility distribution is introduced.
Use of mutual information to decrease entropy: Implications for the second law of thermodynamics

Several theorems on the mechanics of gathering information are proved, and the possibility of violating the second law of thermodynamics by obtaining information is discussed in light of these theorems. Maxwell's demon can lower the entropy of his surroundings by an amount equal to the difference between the maximum entropy of his recording device and its initial entropy, without generating a compensating entropy increase. A demon with human-scale recording devices can reduce the entropy of a gas by a negligible amount only, but the proof of the demon's impracticability leaves open the possibility that systems highly correlated with their environment can reduce the environment's entropy by a substantial amount without increasing entropy elsewhere. In the event that a boundary condition for the universe requires it to be in a state of low entropy when small, the correlations induced between different particle modes during the expansion phase allow the modes to behave like Maxwell's demons during the contracting phase, reducing the entropy of the universe to a low value.
Field evaluation of an acid rain-drought stress interaction.

Abstract Various methods have been proposed to simulate natural field conditions for growing agricultural crops while controlling conditions to study specific environmental effects. This report briefly describes the use of moveable rain exclusion shelters (10·4 m × 40·9 m) to study the results of the interaction of acid rain and drought stress on corn and soybean yields. The rain exclusion shelters are constructed of galvanized pipe framing and covered with polyethylene film. Movement is automated by a rain switch to protect crops from ambient rainfall and to treat them with simulated acid rain The facility simulates a real environment with respect to variables such as solar exposure, wind movement, dew formation, and insect exposure, while allowing careful control of moisture regimes. Soybeans and corn were treated with average rainfall amounts, and with one-half and one-quarter of these rainfall amounts (drought stress) at two levels of rainfall acidity, pH 5·6 and 3·0. While drought stress resulted in considerable yield reduction for Amsoy and Williams soybeans, no additional reduction in yield was observed with rainfall of pH 3·0, as compared to rainfall of approximately pH 5·6. Similar results were observed for one corn cultivar, Pioneer 3377. For one year of the study however, yield of B73 × Mo17 (corn) was reduced 3139 kg ha−1 by the most severe drought, and an additional 1883 kg ha−1 by acid rain of pH 3·0, as compared to the control (pH 5·6). Yield reduction from acidic rain was considerably less at full water rates, resulting in a significant pH by drought stress interaction. However, during the second year of the experiment, no pH effect or drought by pH interaction was observed for this cultivar. The reason for the difference in the two years was not identified.
Genetically modified mice and their use in developing therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: At the National Cancer Institute a comprehensive program has been developed for accelerating prostate cancer research, especially in the area of mouse models for human cancers. This review focuses on transgenic mouse models for elucidating the molecular and cellular processes that lead to prostate cancer initiation, progression and metastasis, and on their suitability for therapeutic and chemopreventive trials.Materials and Methods:: Published data from MEDLINE, http://emice.nci.nih.gov/, our laboratory and other investigators are reviewed.Results:: Currently no 1 mouse model displays the entire continuum of human prostate cancer initiation, development and metastasis. The loss or over expression of a single gene results primarily in epithelial hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or more aggressive localized adenocarcinoma. To date the only models that develop lung, liver and occasionally bone metastasis are those that express SV40 large T antigen. A number of models have be...
Personal coarse particulate matter exposures in an adult cohort

Abstract Volunteers associated with the North Carolina Adult Asthma and Environment Study (NCAAES) participated in an investigation of personal daily exposures to coarse and fine particulate matter size fractions (PM 10–2.5 , PM 2.5 ). Data from these personal measurements were then compared to community-based measures that might typically represent surrogate measurements of exposure often used in epidemiological assessments. To determine personal exposures to various particulate matter (PM) size fractions, a recently evaluated personal PM monitor capable of direct PM 10–2.5 size fraction collection was used. Participants living in the central region of North Carolina and enrolled in the NCAAES were asked to wear the monitor attached to a supporting backpack for 24-h collection periods. These volunteers were monitored for 2 to 4 days with subsequent gravimetric analysis of their PM samples. Personal PM 10–2.5 mass concentrations were observed to be highly variable and ranged from 7.6 to 40.2 μg/m 3 over an 8-month period. The median for this measurement from all participants (50th percentile) was 13.7 μg/m 3 . A coefficient of determination ( r 2 ) of 0.02 was established for community-based PM 10–2.5 mass concentrations versus personal exposures. Similar coefficients established for PM 2.5 mass revealed only a modest improvement in agreement ( r 2 = 0.12). Data from the exposure findings are reported here.
Hamiltonian formalism for general-relativistic adiabatic fluids

Abstract We derive the Hamiltonian structures of three theories: non-relativistic, special-relativistic, and general-relativistic adiabatic fluids, each in the Eulerian representation in Riemannian space (or Lorentzian spacetime), all by the same procedure using standard variational principles. The evolution in each case is generated by a Hamiltonian that is equivalent to that obtained from a canonical analysis. For the gravitational variables, the Poisson bracket has the usual canonical symplectic structure. However, for the fluid variables, the three theories all share the same Lie—Poisson bracket, when expressed in the appropriate spaces of physical variables constructed here. This shared Lie—Poisson bracket is associated to the dual of the semidirect-product Lie algebra of vector fields acting on differential forms. An immediate consequence of this shared structure is that each of these theories possesses an infinite family of conservation laws: the so-called “Casimirs” that belong to the kernel of the Lie—Poisson bracket. The role of these Casimirs in the study of Lyapunov stability (or dynamic stability) for fluid equilibria is discussed. The relationship of this approach to other approaches in the literature is also discussed.
Deposition Rate Monitoring using Laser Induced Fluorescence

Ultra thin films (< 10 nm) prepared using sputtering or other deposition techniques are becoming more technologically important, with promise of increased importance in the future, particularly in certain magnetic structures. For example, giant-magnetoresistive structures may incorporate individual layers having a thickness < 1 nm. Such a small thickness is commonly associated with relatively short deposition times (∼ 10 s) and may place limits on the reproducibility and accuracy of the conventional techniques for in situ thickness monitoring or integrated rate monitoring. Experiments have been performed to use laser induced fluorescence (LIF) as a rate monitoring technique for ultra thin films. An RF diode sputtering system was combined with a YAG-pumped, frequency-doubled dye laser to monitor the deposition rale of copper over a range of conditions. When coupled with an absolute calibration reference, the LIF signal gave a reproducible, well-behaved output over a range of pressure and temperature. The technique is potentially advantageous for depositions where rapid (∼1 s) measurements are needed. LIF is also projected to be a valuable tool for detecting very low deposition rates, and it offers the potential of sensitive, real time, spatially-resolved detection in time regimes extending to the nanosecond regime.
On the genus Tomaxellia (Coniferae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) and its male and female cones

This paper reports the organic attachment of male and female cones to twigs previously described as Tomaxellia biforme Archangelsky. The male cones produce Classopollis pollen, while the scales of the female structures are comparable to the Rhaeto-Liassic northern genus Cheirolepidium. A new interpretation of the possible female cone of Cheirolepidium is presented, based on the new evidence now available with the knowledge of Tomaxellia cones. Other female cones found in Mesozoic formations may be comparable to some extent with Tomaxellia, such as Indostrobus (Cretaceous of India) or Pararaucaria (Jurassic of Argentina), and they may be grouped in the family Cheirolepidiaceae. Comparisons with older conifer genera with known female cones are also included (Voltziaceae). Some morphological changes of the female cones, which probably took place during the Mesozoic (in these particular groups) are also inferred.
Biogenesis of presynaptic terminal proteins.

: The delivery of proteins to the presynaptic terminals of guinea pig retinal ganglion cells by two of the major components of axonal transport, and the subsequent persistence and turnover of those proteins were examined in this study. Ganglion cell proteins were radiolabeled by intravitreal injection of radiolabeled amino acids and radioactive axonally transported proteins were analyzed in synaptosomes prepared from the superior colliculi. This procedure allowed examination of presynaptic components of ganplion cell synapses without having to compensate for postynaptic or other unidentified contaminants. Each of the two major axonal transport components supplies a large number of proteins to the presynaptic terminal, in relative quantities similar although not identical to those seen in the axon. Proteins conveyed by the fast component of axonal transport reached the terminals by 3 h after intraocular injection, peaked by 24 h, and were largely undetectable by 15 days. Slow component b proteins reached the terminals by 12 days, peaked around 21 days, and persisted up to 63 days in the terminals. Proteins in both components demonstrated differential turnover relative to cotransported proteins once they reached the terminals. Differential turnover may account for change in relative concentration of a particular protein required to meet new functional demands on that protein once it enters the terminal.
Schiff screening of relativistic nucleon electric-dipole moments by electrons

We show, at leading-order in the multipole expansion of the electron-nucleus interaction, that nucleon electric-dipole moments are completely shielded by electrons so that they contribute nothing to atomic electric-dipole moments, even when relativity in the nucleus is taken into account. It is well known that relativistic electron motion, by contrast, leads to dipole moments that are not screened; we discuss the reasons for the difference.
Review of: Communication, Media, and Identity: A Christian Theory of Communication, by Robert S. Fortner

New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. 281 pages. $34.95 softcover. The idea of a distinctively Christian theory of communication is not new. There have been numerous attempts in the past, including...
Mechanism for NO2 Storage in Barium Oxide Supported on Magnesium Oxide Studied by in Situ Raman Spectroscopy

The mechanism for NO2 storage in barium oxide supported on magnesium oxide (BaO/MgO) was investigated. In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to follow temporal changes in the composition of the catalyst that occurred during the reaction with NO2. Up to catalyst temperatures of 400 °C, the formation of an intermediate barium−nitro phase precedes the formation of nitrate ions, which upon further exposure lead to the formation of bulk nitrates. In contrast, preoxidation of the catalyst or exposure to oxygen leads to the formation of peroxides that enhance the rate for nitrate formation while the formation of nitro species is suppressed above 300 °C. The spectroscopic results are in agreement with a reaction mechanism that has recently been proposed by Broquist et al. (J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 137) on the basis of DFT calculations.
Hemodynamic actions of bepridil during treatment of stable angina pectoris

Abstract Bepridil, a new calcium-entry blocker, was evaluated in 13 patients with chronic stable angina in a single-blind trial that was placebo controlled within patients. Its antianginal effects were recorded and left ventricular (LV) function was assessed at rest and during exercise by gated blood pool scintigraphy. Mean anginal frequency was significantly reduced from 7.3 to 3.4 episodes/week (p
On the determination of elastodynamic crack tip stress fields

Abstract A linear elastic body in plane strain which contains a stationary crack and which is initially at rest and stress free is considered. It is shown that if the elastodynamic displacement field and stress intensity factor are known, as functions of crack length, for any symmetrical distribution of time-varying forces which acts on the body, subsequent to t =0, then the stress intensity factor due to any other symmetrical load system whatsoever which acts on the same body may be directly determined. The other load system may be of arbitrary spatial distribution and time variation. Further, that part of the elastodynamic displacement field due to the other load system, which arises from the presence of the crack, may also be directly determined. The results are obtained by extension of Rice's mode of derivation of the corresponding Bueckner-Rice elastostatic results to Laplace-transformed elastodynamic variables. Likewise, the existence of a universal elastodynamic “weight function” for any given cracked body is demonstrated. As an application, Freund's recent result for the stress intensity factor due to suddenly applied concentrated forces on the crack surfaces is derived directly by our method, from de Hoop's earlier solution for suddenly applied uniform pressures.
Design of a comb filter for a digital servo controller

Two commonly sought characteristics of a digital controller are conveniently combined in a so-called comb filter [1], [2]. Such filters are frequently used for bandpass filtering in digital communications systems but are not widely used in digital control systems. These characteristics are phase lead, such as obtained by digitization of a conventional lead network, and high-frequency notching to remove some unwanted signal and its harmonics.
Improved outcome with early fixation of skeletally unstable pelvic fractures

Thirty-seven consecutive patients with unstable pelvic fractures were divided into two groups: Group 1 (July 1981 to December 1984; n = 18), when early fixation was not routinely used, and Group 2 (January 1985 to March 1988; n = 19), when early fixation was performed unless contraindicated. Hospital stay decreased by 37.8% in Group 2 (p = 0.04). Of Group 1 patients, 60% were disabled for at least 6 months versus 15.7% in Group 2 (p = 0.001), and 45% were discharged to a rehabilitation facility versus 26.4% in Group 2. Group 1 had more complications, 1.3 per patient, versus 1.0. Patients in Group 2 (undergoing early fixation) required 27.2% fewer units of blood than those in Group 1 in whom fracture surgery was delayed. Survival was better in Group 2, 100% versus 83.3% (p = 0.06). Early pelvic fracture fixation reduces hospital stay, long-term disability, and may result in fewer complications, decreased blood loss, and better survival.
Readmission following pancreatectomy: what can be improved?

Abstract Background Readmissions after pancreatectomy, largely for the management of complications, may also occur as a result of failure to thrive or for diagnostic endeavours. Potential mechanisms to reduce readmission rates may be elucidated by assessing the adequacy of the initial disposition and the real necessity for readmission. Methods Using previously identified categories of readmission following pancreatectomy, details of reasons for and results of readmissions were scrutinized using a root cause analysis approach. Results Of 658 patients subjected to pancreatectomy between 2001 and 2010, 121 (18%) were readmitted within 30 days. The clinical course in 30% of readmitted patients was found to deviate from the pathway assumed on the initial admission. Patients were readmitted at a median of 9 days (range: 1–30 days) after initial discharge and had a median readmission length of stay of 7 days (mode = 4). Postoperative complications accounted for most readmissions ( n = 77, 64%); 17 patients (14%) were readmitted for failure to thrive and 16 (13%) for diagnostics. Root cause analysis detailed subtextual reasons for readmission, including, for example, the initiation of new medications that could potentially have been ordered in an outpatient setting. Conclusions More than one quarter of readmissions after pancreatectomy occurred in the setting of failure to thrive or for diagnostic evaluation alone. Root cause analysis revealed potentially avoidable readmissions. The development of a system for stratifying patients at risk for readmission or the failure of the initial disposition, along with an alternative means of efficiently evaluating patients in an outpatient setting, could limit unnecessary readmissions and resource utilization.
VIVO: A Semantic Approach to Scholarly Networking and Discovery

The world of scholarship is changing rapidly. Increasing demands on scholars, the growing size and complexity of questions and problems to be addressed, and advances in sophistication of data collection, analysis, and presentation require new approaches to scholarship. A ubiquitous, open information infrastructure for scholarship, consisting of linked open data, open-source software tools, and a community committed to sustainability are emerging to meet the needs of scholars today. This book provides an introduction to VIVO, http://vivoweb.org/, a tool for representing information about research and researcherstheir scholarly works, research interests, and organizational relationships. VIVO provides an expressive ontology, tools for managing the ontology, and a platform for using the ontology to create and manage linked open data for scholarship and discovery. Begun as a project at Cornell and further developed by an NIH funded consortium, VIVO is now being established as an open-source project with community participation from around the world. By the end of 2012, over twenty countries and fifty organizations will provide information in VIVO format on more than one million researchers and research staff, including publications, research resources, events, funding, courses taught, and other scholarly activity. The rapid growth of VIVO and of VIVO-compatible data sources speaks to the fundamental need to transform scholarship for the twenty-first century.
Birth time/order-dependent neuron type specification

Neurons derived from the same progenitor may acquire different fates according to their birth timing/order. To reveal temporally guided cell fates, we must determine neuron types as well as their lineage relationships and times of birth. Recent advances in genetic lineage analysis and fate mapping are facilitating such studies. For example, high-resolution lineage analysis can identify each sequentially derived neuron of a lineage and has revealed abrupt temporal identity changes in diverse Drosophila neuronal lineages. In addition, fate mapping of mouse neurons made from the same pool of precursors shows production of specific neuron types in specific temporal patterns. The tools used in these analyses are helping to further our understanding of the genetics of neuronal temporal identity.
Cryopreservation reduces the ability of hamster 2-cell embryos to regulate intracellular pH

Vitrification of hamster 2-cell embryos impairs the activity of both the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter and HCO(3)(-)/Cl(-) exchanger; the two transport proteins responsible for the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi). The activities of both the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter and HCO(3)(-)/Cl(-) exchanger were significantly reduced at 4 h following warming compared to freshly collected embryos. Normal levels of activity of both transporters were not restored until 6 h after warming. Thus, cryopreservation of cleavage stage hamster embryos has a detrimental effect on their ability to maintain intracellular ionic homeostasis. Impairment of these pHi regulatory proteins resulted in the pHi of embryos being significantly elevated from the control values of 1.2 to 7.35 for approximately 4 h after warming. In addition, an elevated pHi value significantly impaired oxidative metabolism. Therefore, the loss in developmental competence of embryos following cryopreservation may in part be explained by a reduced ability to regulate intracellular pH that results in perturbations in metabolism and disruption of energy production.
Multi-funnel optimization using Gaussian underestimation

In several applications, underestimation of functions has proven to be a helpful tool for global optimization. In protein---ligand docking problems as well as in protein structure prediction, single convex quadratic underestimators have been used to approximate the location of the global minimum point. While this approach has been successful for basin-shaped functions, it is not suitable for energy functions with more than one distinct local minimum with a large magnitude. Such functions may contain several basin-shaped components and, thus, cannot be underfitted by a single convex underestimator. In this paper, we propose using an underestimator composed of several negative Gaussian functions. Such an underestimator can be computed by solving a nonlinear programming problem, which minimizes the error between the data points and the underestimator in the L 1 norm. Numerical results for simulated and actual docking energy functions are presented.
Recent Developments in German Economic History

In 1928 Hans Proesler, whom we shall meet in the course of this study, assumed the presidency, that is, became the Rector, of what can 1928 Hans Proesler, whom we shall meet in the course of thisbe described as the Niirnberg school of economics (Hochschule fA¼r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften). The address he delivered on that occasion can properly serve as the starting point for my own presentation, for it dealt with German economic history, its development and problems. In his talk Proesler pointed out that it was the eighteenth-century enlightenment that opened the road to economic history by assigning to studies pointing in this direction a niche in the lecture hall of general cultural history. In Germany such men as Justus MA¶ser, Gottfried Herder, and some members of the then-famous GA¶ttingen school of historians, SchlA¶zer, Gatterer, Heeren, von Anton, and Fischer, are considered by the historian of economic and social history as having stood at the cradle. Although German Romanticism had done much for historiography in general, its role for economic history was very limited. Romanticist historians were not primarily interested in things economic, although in the frame of legal and constitutional history on the one hand, and in connection with classical studies on the other, scholars of that period and the decades following made contributions to this field of knowledge. I might mention Savigny, Eich-horn, Waitz, BA¶ckh, Otfried MA¼ller, Mommsen; and a few minor figures, such as HA¼llmann and Hannssen, even devoted themselves to special problems in the area, that is, financial and agrarian history, respectively. Georg von Below, the renowned German historian, treating Proesler's topic a few years before the latter, emphasized the contribution of the Prussian archivist, Georg Wilhelm von Raumer (1806-1856). Not only did the latter take an interest in matters economic but his ideas even tended toward what we would today call a materialistic interpretation of history.