cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-speed 1310 nm Hybrid Silicon Quantum Dot Photodiodes with Ultra-low Dark Current

Development of cost-effective integrated photonics with high-volume manufacturability is necessary for high-speed interconnects in next-generation high-performance computing and fiber-optic communications systems [1]. Silicon photonics can naturally leverage the existing technology infrastructure behind the silicon (Si) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) industry, and has emerged as a new integrated photonic platform in the past decade.). Most silicon PICs typically contain Ge-on-Si photodiodes (PDs) for photodetection in 1310 nm and 1550 nm windows. However, these PDs often suffer from relatively high dark current and high dislocation densities in comparison to alternatives made from III-V semiconductor materials. They also require selective area growth if integrated on the same wafer as lasers made from different materials, complicating the fabrication process and increasing cost. One solution to this is to use the same epitaxial layers for the lasers and the photodiodes. In this paper, we report the first quantum dot (QD) photodiodes heterogeneously integrated on a silicon substrate with record low dark currents (0.01 nA) and record high 3-dB bandwidths (15 GHz), decent responsivity of 0.34 A/W at −9 V, and open eye diagrams up to 12.5 Gb/s. The PD is made using the same epitaxial layers and fabrication process for a recent 1310 nm hybrid QD silicon comb laser with error-free operation for 14-channels [2].
C-4 Substitution of Methyl d-Glucosides and Malto-oligosaccharides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the C-4 substitution of methyl d -glucosides and malto-oligosaccharides. Malto-oligosaccharides substituted at only one hydroxyl group of the nonreducing end-unit were prepared by a sequence of reactions, namely, perbenzylation of amylose to give tri- O -benzylamylose, methanolysis of tri- O -benzylamylose to give benzylated methyl malto-oligosaccharides having only the hydroxyl group at C-4 of the nonreducing end-unit unsubstituted, reaction at the unsubstituted hydroxyl group, and debenzylation to give methyl malto-oligosaccharides substituted only at C-4 of the nonreducing terminus. The method is a general one and can be used with other polysaccharides to give products modified—in the nonreducing terminus—at the hydroxyl group that was originally involved in the glycosidic linkage.
Factors Influencing the PAPR Performance of OFDM and MIMO-OFDM Systems: A Comparison Study

Multiple-input multiple-output technology together with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is an effective technique to combat multi-channel fading and to improve bandwidth efficiency. Simultaneously, it also increases the system's ability to provide reliable transmission. However, the main disadvantage of OFDM is the high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), which, if not mitigated, will negatively impact practical applications. The high PAPR increases complexity and Bit Error Rate. In this research, the authors investigate the factors influencing the PAPR performance of both OFDM and MIMO-OFDM systems. The objective of this research is to make researchers in this field become familiar with this problem as well as to impart an understanding of the factors that influence PAPR. In this study, the authors classify the factors that impact PAPR into modulation schemes and a number of sub-carriers. These parameters influence the PAPR performance have been analyzed and simulated by using MATLAB. It is observed that the numbers of sub-carriers have a great effect on the PAPR performance. However, modulation schemes can have a small effect on PAPR performance.
Neuroimaging and eating disorders.

Purpose of reviewEating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders with a suspected complex biopsychosocial cause. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the recent literature on brain imaging in eating disorders.Recent findingsFood restriction as well as binge eating and purging behaviors are
Stochastic Linear Optimization with Adversarial Corruption.

We extend the model of stochastic bandits with adversarial corruption (Lykouriset al., 2018) to the stochastic linear optimization problem (Dani et al., 2008). Our algorithm is agnostic to the amount of corruption chosen by the adaptive adversary. The regret of the algorithm only increases linearly in the amount of corruption. Our algorithm involves using Lowner-John's ellipsoid for exploration and dividing time horizon into epochs with exponentially increasing size to limit the influence of corruption.
The Local Economic Impact of Science Spending: Evidence from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

We use detailed information about American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) spending to identify the distinctive effects R&D stimulus had on county level employment dynamics. ARRA R&D and science funding was awarded to over half the counties in the country. Counties with research universities and existing manufacturing employment were more likely to receive funding. We estimate that, over the program’s five-year disbursement period, each one million USD in R&D and science spending was associated with twenty-seven additional jobs in the county that received the stimulus and one additional job in adjacent counties. The average cost of a job for a year was less than $15,000.
Collaborative Learning: Collegiate Pedagogy Utilizing Web Conferencing

This chapter reports on a study which was completed in two phases, the first employed systematic literature analysis of collegiate instructional use of web conferencing followed by a case study of a multi-campus collaborative course utilizing web conferencing. Results provide implications for collegiate educators seeking to employ web conferencing for synchronous instruction and collaborative learning experiences. Additionally, while the study revealed a foundational base for empirical studies related to collegiate pedagogical use of web conferencing, this study also served to expose the need for more sophisticated, generalizable studies regarding web conferencing. The authors challenge educators to move beyond traditional places and modes of learning by employing innovative thinking and action which incorporates advancements in digital technologies.
Cyclosporin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The purpose of this report is to review currently available information regarding the role of cyclosporin in the management of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The uncontrolled reports in the literature and a single double blind controlled trial indicate that cyclosporin is an effective therapeutic agent in both diseases. The onset of action is rapid, within one-three weeks and relapse is seen often when the drug is stopped. Major adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and infection are rarely seen, especially with close monitoring of cyclosporin trough levels. The observed incidence of neoplasia is small but long term observation is required to ascertain the true risk. Future double blind controlled trials are needed before the specific indications for using cyclosporin to treat inflammatory bowel disease can be determined.
Transitioning Role of Parents in Binge Drinking in the Context of Alcohol Abstinent Religiosity Among Christian College Students

College students transition from the parental home environment to the college environment. This study examined the transitioning role of parent/child relationships and religiosity in Christian coll...
Cue the effects: Stimulus-action effect modality compatibility and dual-task costs

The pairings of tasks' stimulus and response modalities affect the magnitude of dual-task costs. For example, dual-task costs are larger when a visual-vocal task is paired with an auditory-manual task compared with when a visual-manual task is paired with an auditory-vocal task. These results are often interpreted as reflecting increased crosstalk between central codes for each task. Here we examine a potential source: modality-based crosstalk between the stimuli and the response-induced sensory consequences (i.e., action effects). In five experiments, we manipulated experimentally induced action effects so that they were either modality-compatible or -incompatible with the stimuli. Action effects that were modality-compatible (e.g., visual stimulus, visual action effect) produced smaller dual-task costs than those that were modality-incompatible (e.g., visual stimulus, auditory action effect). Thus, the relationship between stimuli and action effects contributes to dual-task costs. Moreover, modality-compatible pairs showed an advantage compared with when no action effects were experimentally induced. These results add to a growing body of work demonstrating that postresponse sensory events affect response selection processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Variable-density thinning promotes differential recruitment and development of shade tolerant conifer species after 17 years

Promoting patchy recruitment of shade tolerant tree species into the midstory is an important step in developing structural diversity in second-growth stands. Variable-density thinning (VDT) has been proposed as a strategy for accelerating structural diversity, as its combination of within-stand treatments (harvest gaps, thinning, and non-harvested skips) should create variable overstory and understory conditions. Here we report on western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedling and sapling densities in five mixed-conifer stands and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedling and sapling densities in two stands in western Washington at 3,7, 10, and 16–17 years after VDT. Additionally, we report on western hemlock advance regeneration growth and survival in two stands over 14 years. Western hemlock seedling density was highest in the thinned treatment but only significantly so in Year 10. In contrast, the gaps contained significantly more western hemlock saplings in Years 7 and 10 and significantly greater growth of western hemlock advance regeneration through Year 10. Skips embedded within the VDT did not differ significantly from unharvested reserves in terms of seedling or sapling densities of either species. Sitka spruce seedling density was highest in the gap and thinned treatments, but saplings were uncommon in all treatments. Collectively, these results indicate that our variant of VDT promoted patchy, midstory recruitment of western hemlock but failed to recruit Sitka spruce saplings in either stand where it established. Consequently, more intensive variants of VDT may be required to promote midstory recruitment of species less tolerant of shade than western hemlock.
Who gets the goods? Moderate Voting Records, Diminishing Returns, and PAC Contributions

Assuming that a legislator representing a moderate constituency (with respect to a variety of interests) may be expected to vote moderately in general, the authors suggest a measure of the ‘moderateness’ of a legislator's voting behavior and use it to determine whether a relationship exists between PAC contributions and the degree of moderateness. The results suggest that PACs exhibit a tendency to give more, at the margin, to legislators with moderate voting records.
Cost-effectiveness of Treatments for Opioid Use Disorder.

Importance Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the US, yet many individuals with OUD do not receive treatment. Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of OUD treatments and association of these treatments with outcomes in the US. Design and Setting This model-based cost-effectiveness analysis included a US population with OUD. Interventions Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with buprenorphine, methadone, or injectable extended-release naltrexone; psychotherapy (beyond standard counseling); overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND); and contingency management (CM). Main Outcomes and Measures Fatal and nonfatal overdoses and deaths throughout 5 years, discounted lifetime quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and costs. Results In the base case, in the absence of treatment, 42 717 overdoses (4132 fatal, 38 585 nonfatal) and 12 660 deaths were estimated to occur in a cohort of 100 000 patients over 5 years, and 11.58 discounted lifetime QALYs were estimated to be experienced per person. An estimated reduction in overdoses was associated with MAT with methadone (10.7%), MAT with buprenorphine or naltrexone (22.0%), and when combined with CM and psychotherapy (range, 21.0%-31.4%). Estimated deceased deaths were associated with MAT with methadone (6%), MAT with buprenorphine or naltrexone (13.9%), and when combined with CM, OEND, and psychotherapy (16.9%). MAT yielded discounted gains of 1.02 to 1.07 QALYs per person. Including only health care sector costs, methadone cost $16 000/QALY gained compared with no treatment, followed by methadone with OEND ($22 000/QALY gained), then by buprenorphine with OEND and CM ($42 000/QALY gained), and then by buprenorphine with OEND, CM, and psychotherapy ($250 000/QALY gained). MAT with naltrexone was dominated by other treatment alternatives. When criminal justice costs were included, all forms of MAT (with buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone) were associated with cost savings compared with no treatment, yielding savings of $25 000 to $105 000 in lifetime costs per person. The largest cost savings were associated with methadone plus CM. Results were qualitatively unchanged over a wide range of sensitivity analyses. An analysis using demographic and cost data for Veterans Health Administration patients yielded similar findings. Conclusions and Relevance In this cost-effectiveness analysis, expanded access to MAT, combined with OEND and CM, was associated with cost-saving reductions in morbidity and mortality from OUD. Lack of widespread MAT availability limits access to a cost-saving medical intervention that reduces morbidity and mortality from OUD. Opioid overdoses in the US likely reached a record high in 2020 because of COVID-19 increasing substance use, exacerbating stress and social isolation, and interfering with opioid treatment. It is essential to understand the cost-effectiveness of alternative forms of MAT to treat OUD.
A contemporary guide to chromosomal copy number profiling in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract The routine clinical implementation of molecular methods other than fluorescence in situ hybridization in the evaluation of renal neoplasia is currently limited, as the current standard of care primarily involves a combination of morphologic and immunophenotypic analysis of such tumors. Amongst various molecular techniques, global copy number profiling using single nucleotide polymorphism-based microarrays, colloquially referred to as SNP-arrays, is being increasingly utilized to profile renal tumors, as several subtypes have characteristic recurrent patterns of copy number alterations. Recurrent copy number alterations in common tumor types include loss of chromosome 3p in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), gain of chromosomes 7 and 17 in papillary RCC and multiple losses in chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21 in chromophobe RCC. Such assays are being increasingly utilized in the clinical setting. Herein, we discuss some common clinical applications of such testing that includes high yield diagnostic and prognostic applications. Diagnostic utility includes evaluation of tumor types that are primarily defined by underlying copy number alterations, establishing the underlying subtype in high grade dedifferentiated (unclassified) renal tumors, as well as assessment of loss of heterozygosity, which is an important component in the workup for germline alterations in tumor suppressor genes. Universal adoption of these techniques across clinical laboratories will likely be significantly affected by variables such as cost, reimbursement, and turnaround time.
A constructive algorithm for spectral factorization of parahermitian polynomial matrices

Presents a constructive algorithm for spectral factorization of 2D parahermitian positive definite polynomial matrices. Such an algorithm is expected to be useful in many problems in multidimensional signal and system theory. While earlier solutions to the problem in the mathematical literature deal with existence type results, the present algorithm is also believed to provide an elementary proof of the most nontrivial fact that a factorization of a specific type can always be carried out. An example illustrating the main aspects of the algorithm is included. >
Low complexity post-coded OFDM communication system: Design and performance analysis

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) provides a viable solution to communicate over frequency selective fading channels. However, in the presence of frequency nulls in the channel response, the uncoded OFDM faces serious symbol recovery problems. As an alternative to previously reported error correction techniques in the form of pre-coding for OFDM, we propose the use of post-coding of OFDM symbols in order to achieve frequency diversity. Our proposed novel post-coded OFDM (PC-OFDM) comprises of two steps: 1) upsampling of OFDM symbols and 2) subsequent multiplication of each symbol with unit magnitude complex exponentials. It is important to mention that PC-OFDM introduces redundancy in OFDM symbols while precoded OFDM introduces redundancy in data symbols before performing the IFFT operation. The main advantages of this scheme are reduction in system complexity by having a simple encoder/decoder, smaller size IFFT/FFT (inverse fast Fourier transform/fast Fourier transform) modules, and lower clock rates in the receiver and transmitter leading to lower energy consumption. The proposed system is found to be equally good over Gaussian and fading channels where it achieves the maximum diversity gain of the channel. Simulation results show that PC-OFDM performs better than existing precoded OFDM and Pulse OFDM systems.
UNUSUAL DISC HERNIATION IN A DOG

Unusual disc herniation was identified in a dog. Disc herniation was considered unusual because of its displacement into the vertebral endplate of the adjoining vertebra. Unusual disc herniation in this dog was compared with Schmorl's node in humans.
Slavery and Forced Labour in Early China and the Roman World

The use of coerced labor in the form of chattel slavery in the private sector has long been regarded as one of the defining characteristics of some of the best-known economies of the ancient Mediterranean. It may even have been critical in producing the surplus that sustained the ruling class. In early China, by contrast, forced labor (often by convicts) appears to have been concentrated in the public sector. This paper is a first attempt to study these systems comparatively in order to investigate whether these differences were genuine and significant, and whether they can be related to observed outcomes in terms of economic and socio-political development.
L.B. Holthuis, ‘The institutional Memory’ of the Leiden Museum - Obituary

The Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Naturalis suffered a great loss when, on 7 March of this year, the emeritus curator of Crustacea, Prof. Dr. L.B. Holthuis, passed away after a short illness. Lipke Bijdeley Holthuis1 was born on 21 April 1921 in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. His parents were from Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. His father, Barnard Jan Holthuis (1881-1961), was a schoolteacher and became director of a training school for local civil servants in Probolinggo. His mother, Neeltje bij de Ley (1891-1976), also was a schoolteacher before her marriage. Lipke had one sister, Antje Grietje. He grew up under the sun of Java. This must have been a happy childhood. He had many good memories from that time, the friendly atmosphere and the life outdoors. The family returned to the Netherlands for an eight months’ leave in 1925. Although Lipke was only four years old at that time, he remembered the journey by boat and the passing of the Suez Canal very well. The Holthuis family returned permanently to the Netherlands in 1928. Lipke attended high school in The Hague where the family was living. In 1937 they moved to Oegstgeest, a village west of Leiden. In the same year Lipke started his Biology study at the University of Leiden. Due to the war, Leiden University had to close on 15 November 1941. Just four days before this date, several students among which Lipke Holthuis was one, were allowed to graduate due to the willingness of the Leiden professors. After his graduation, he was appointed assistant curator at the ‘Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie’ (RMNH), Leiden. On 23 January 1946 he defended his dissertation on ‘The Decapoda Macrura of the Snellius Expedition I’. His promotor was the Director of the Leiden Museum, Prof. Dr. Hilbrand Boschma, for whom he had a deep admiration. This admiration becomes apparent in the obituary he wrote about his fellow Frisian (Holt huis, 1976).
An empirical study in pen-centric user interfaces: diagramming

We present a user study aimed at helping understand the applicability of pen-computing in desktop environments. The study applied three mouse-and-keyboard-based and three pen-based interaction techniques to six variations of a diagramming task. We ran 18 subjects from a general population and the key finding was that while the mouse and keyboard techniques generally were comparable or faster than the pen techniques, subjects ranked pen techniques higher and enjoyed them more. Our contribution is the results from a formal user study that suggests there is a broader applicability and subjective preference for pen user interfaces than the niche PDA and mobile market they currently serve.
Current status and opportunities in chalcopyrite solar cells

Abstract The chalcopyrite semiconductors, and most commonly Cu(In,Ga)Se2, are the active layers in the highest-efficiency thin film photovoltaics, both in small cells and modules. The modules show excellent stability and can be produced by a wide range of techniques. The manufacturing community is scaling up their facilities with the potential to produce large areas at competitive costs in the near future. The devices can be produced without toxic constituents and by non-vacuum processes. Ultimately the materials could yield very high efficiency multijunction devices in thin film one-sun modules with levellized costs of energy competitive with any current technology.
Efficacy of fluid assessment based on intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with systolic heart failure.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that intrathoracic impedance monitoring (IIM) is associated with fluid overload. However, it remains unclear whether this new technology can predict heart failure (HF) before deterioration. Whether fluid status based on IIM predicts HF in patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction was investigated. Methods and Results: A prospective clinical observational study of 123 patients implanted with IIM-capable cardiac devices was carried out. The primary endpoint was the positive predictive value (PPV) at 12 months. Secondary endpoints were a correlation between onset of HF and IIM, optimal threshold of fluid index and duration between the alert and HF. Complete follow-up clinical data were obtained from 111 patients. During the observational period, 168 alerts were confirmed from 68 patients. In patient-based analysis (alert-based analysis), PPV was 33.8% (33.9%). Sensitivity, specificity and false positive was 67.6% (83.8%), 49.4% (28.4%) and 50.6% (71.6%), respectively. Mean duration between the alert and HF event was 21.4±6.1 days. On multivariate logistic analysis, maximum fluid index, LV ejection fraction and atrial fibrillation were independent predictors of HF events. The optimal cut-off value determined by receiver operating characteristic curve was 114-ohm·day with sensitivity and specificity of 89.5% and 73.0%, respectively. Conclusions: IIM-based fluid index in patients with HF due to LV systolic dysfunction was effective in predicting worsening HF. (Circ J 2011; 75: 129-134)
Capillary wicking of liquid lithium on laser textured surfaces for plasma facing components

Abstract Liquid lithium has been proposed as a coating for plasma facing components (PFC) in fusion reactors in order to reduce recycling and protect the PFCs from high heat loads. Lithium can be introduced onto the surface of the PFCs through a passive capillary wicking mechanism. Surfaces capable of wicking molten lithium to support passive cooling are traditionally produced using a porous material which is added to the surface of a structural material. Laser micro-machining or texturing processes, on the other hand, allow functional surfaces to be applied directly onto existing structural materials. Both 316L stainless steel and titanium–zirconium–molybdenum (TZM) alloys were textured using a Nd:VO4 laser to produce a pattern of open channels with depths between 40 μm and 260 μm. Screening tests using an isopropanol solution were used to evaluate the ease of wicking for different texturing geometries, and molten lithium wicking experiments were then performed with the samples placed at 45° and 90° orientations. In order to quantitatively measure the progress of the wicking front, a time of flight (TOF) technique, which measures the progress of a temperature gradient using pre-placed thermocouples, was developed to track the progress of the lithium wicking front. The laser textured surfaces on both the 316L and TZM alloys displayed the ability to fully wick both isopropanol and liquid lithium and outperformed commercially available porous materials in the wicking of an isopropanol solution. A comparison of the different texturing geometries on 316L stainless steel samples shows that deeper grooves in the wicking direction combined with shallow grooves, of approximately half the depth, in the cross-channel direction improve the wicking rate and uniformity, and achieve full wetting of the sample surface.
Composition, Vigor, and Proteome of Mature Soybean Seeds Developed under High Temperature

The effects of high temperature treatment on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition, vigor, and proteome were investigated using mature dry seeds harvested from plants grown in environment-controlled chambers. High day/night temperatures (37/30°C) from stages R5 through R8 altered ratios of individual fatty acids to total fatty acid compared to the control (27/18°C). Concentration of sugars decreased, but total protein and phytic acid concentration were unchanged. High temperature resulted in a greater propor- tion of abnormal seeds, but normal-appearing seed exhibited reduced germination and vigor. Proteomic analysis detected 20 protein identities whose accumulations were changed by the high temperature. Fourteen spots were identified as seven subunits of seed storage proteins. The remaining six proteins were identified as those responding to abiotic stresses or having a function in respiration: (i) sucrose binding protein, (ii) Class III acidic endochitinase, (iii) heat shock protein (HSP22), (iv) late embryo abundant protein, (v) Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor, and (vi) formate dehydrogenase. High temperature during seed development changed soybean seed composition and decreased seed vigor, but also changed seed protein expression profiles.
Answerability, Blameworthiness, and History

This paper focuses on a non-volitional account that has received a good deal of attention recently, Angela Smith's rational relations view. I argue that without historical conditions on blameworthiness for the non-voluntary non-volitionist accounts like Smith’s are (i) vulnerable to manipulation cases and (ii) fail to make sufficient room for the distinction between badness and blameworthiness. Towards the end of the paper I propose conditions aimed to supplement these deficiencies. The conditions that I propose are tailored to suit non-volitional accounts of blameworthiness. Unlike some volitional historical conditions on blameworthiness, the conditions that I propose do not require that the person have exercised voluntary control (e.g., via choices or decisions) over the acquisition of her attitudes or values.
Throat colour reliably signals status in male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus

Abstract The use of small patches of colour, called badges, as signals of fighting ability (status signals) across age or sex classes has been well described. Examples of within age- or sex-class status signals are more poorly known. Most populations of adult male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, are polymorphic in throat (dewlap) colour within the same age class; dewlap colour may be orange, yellow, or blue or bicolour combinations of an orange perimeter (background) surrounding a central blue spot that varies in size among individuals from 1 to 55% of the surface area of the unextended dewlap. To test the hypothesis that the size of the central blue spot signals status among males, laboratory contests were staged between pairs of size-matched males for a limiting resource. Contests were staged between males that had dewlaps with the (1) same background colour but different size central blue spots, and (2) same background colour and similar size central blue spots in which one male's dewlap was painted orange and the other male's was painted orange with a large blue centre. In both experiments, encounters were dominated by the male with the larger central blue spot. These results support the hypothesis that the size per se of the central blue spot reliably signals fighting ability among males both within and across age classes. Furthermore, this is the first documented case of an inexpensive (badge) status signal that develops prior to sexual maturity and remains phenotypically unchanged during adult life.
River gaging reaches: a strategy for MODIS-based river monitoring

Satellite gaging reaches are polygonal land areas encompassing river and floodplain reaches where total surface water area expands and contracts as river discharge varies. Traditional gaging stations measure water level, or stage, as a surrogate for discharge. Such stations are commonly located where discharge changes are primarily accommodated by stage and not width changes. In contrast, we identify for testing purposes 191 gaging reaches distributed worldwide where multi-temporal remote sensing demonstrates significant water surface area variability. Typical reach lengths are 30 km and reach widths average 10-30 km. The gaging reaches are sufficiently wide to accommodate the largest floods. Measured water surface areas using the MODIS sensor 250 m resolution bands are converted to river characteristic widths (water area/river length) and, in the U.S., are compared to adjacent gaging station data. Preliminary results indicate that, along many U.S. gaging reaches, MODIS-derived widths are robust predictors of discharge. As is the case for in situ gaging stations, local width/discharge relations vary, and some reaches record discharge changes with greater precision than others. Time series of MODIS river characteristic widths can provide hydrologists and water resource managers with a geographically extensive and economical river monitoring capability.
Determination of 40Ca+ in the presence of 40Ar+ : An illustration of the utility of time-gated detection in pulsed glow discharge mass spectrometry

The glow discharge ionization source operated in the pulsed, or modulated, power mode affords a number of distinct advantages over its steady-state counterpart. It is well-known that pulsed plasma operation permits the application of higher instantaneous powers by allowing time for the sample to cool. This minimizes sample overheating while effecting higher sputtering yields and lower limits of detection. The presence of discrete time regimes affords the added advantage of temporal selectivity. Such selectivity allows the observation of analyte ions during a time regime in which their signal is at a maximum while that of electron ionized background species is declining. Significantly, time regimes are found when no background argon ion signals are observable but analyte ion signals remain. This means that discrimination against isobaric interferences arising from the discharge gas is possible. A prime example of the utility of this advantage arises in the determination of calcium with an argon glow discha...
Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the male urethra.

Objectives. The prevalence of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the male urethra and corresponding control tissue was studied. Methods. The technique of polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification was used to detect specific humanpapillomavirus DNA sequences in archival pathologic and control tissue. We analyzed 16 cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the male urethra and 22 specimens of normal male urethra stratified by location within the urethra. Results. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pendulous urethra was significantly associated with humanpapillomavirus type 16 DNA (6 of 6 cases), but the control, tissue from the pendulous urethra was not (0 of 12, P<0.001). Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the bulbous and posterior urethra was not associated with human papillomavirus infection. Conclusions. Infection of the male urethra with human papillomavirus type 16 may have a role in the pathogenesis of primary squamous cell, carcinoma of the pendulous urethra, for which it has a strong predilection, vis-a-vis the bulbous and posterior urethra.
Critical shear stress and critical flow rates for initiation of rilling

Abstract This study was conducted to identify critical shear stress and critical flow rates required initiate rilling on selected sites. The data used in this investigation were collected from soils located throughout the USA where crop residues had been removed, and moldboard plowing and disking had occurred. Runoff and soil loss measurements were made on sites where simulated rainfall was applied to preformed rills. Multiple regression analyses were used to relate critical shear stress values and critical flow rates to selected soil properties. The soil-based regression equations were found to provide reliable estimates. Information identified in this study will improve our ability to understand and properly model upland runoff and erosion processes.
Chromium in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat

Chromium from feed intrinsically labelled with 51Cr was either fed to laboratory rats or mixed in vitro with gastrointestinal tract contents. The solubility, protein association and molecular size were measured. Chromium from intrinsically labelled feed did not appear as inorganic chromium in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. One-fourth to one-half of the chromium in the small intestine remained in solution after centrifugation for 10 min at 12000 × g. The chromium in solution had the same exclusion volume on gel filtration chromatography throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Any protein association was quite labile. With high-fibre feed, more chromium was not soluble and probably was not available for absorption. Chromate administered with feed formed complexes with the feed and behaved similarly to intrinsically labelled feed. Chromate fed to fasted rats associated with large, possibly protein-containing, sedimentable particles in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat.
Mate with bishop and knight in kriegspiel

Abstract It has long been an unsolved problem whether the king, bishop and knight can win against the king alone in the game of kriegspiel. In this paper, it is shown that in general (say, with king initially guarding both bishop and knight), the player with bishop and knight can win with probability one. The proof is constructive; a general procedure for winning is explicitly exhibited. In addition, it may be assumed that the player with king alone plays with full knowledge of the past moves of his opponent. The winning procedure involves randomization and so no upper bound can be placed on the number of moves required to mate. With king, bishop and knight initially on h8, g8 and h7, respectively, the expected number of moves required by the proposed winning strategy is less than 100. Whether or not there exists a strategy that guarantees mate within a fixed number of moves is still unknown.
The Meaning of Sameness or Family Resemblance in the Pragmatic Tradition

Harold N. Lee has made a significant contribution to philosophy and for the most part, as I understand them, his conclusions and his defense of them are complementary to American pragmatism. Charles Morris has shown that the writings of the main exponents of pragmatism can be understood best in terms of Peirce’s Universal Categories, Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness.1 Here I shall apply these categories to a very limited problem, namely that of explaining the meaning of identity and sameness in the pragmatic tradition, and more specifically to a problem that arises in connection with G. H. Mead’s contention that the significant symbol and universality emerge when an individual, by his own gesture, is able to evoke in himself the same response that he evokes in another. (Since the response made by P1 belongs to P1 and not to P2 what can “same” mean?). This task will require an account of the experience of particulars or individuals as well as the meaning of universals.
Strategies for Improving Tensile Ductility of Bulk Nanostructured Materials

The low ductility that is consistently associated with bulk nanostructured (NS) materials has been identified as perhaps the single most critical issue that must be resolved before this novel class of materials can be used in a wide variety of applications. Not surprisingly, a number of published studies, published mostly after 2000, identify the issue of low ductility and describe strategies to improve ductility. Details of these strategies were discussed in review papers published by Koch and Ma in 2005 and 2006, respectively. [15,16] In view of continued efforts and recent results, in this paper we describe progress in attempting to address the low ductility of NS materials, after 2006. We first analyze the fundamental reasons for the observed low ductility of bulk NS materials, and summarize early (prior to 2006) attempts to enhance the ductility of bulk NS materials, which often sacrificed the strength. Then, we review recent progress in developing strategies for improving the tensile ductility of bulk NS materials, which involve mainly microstructure modifications, after 2006. Different from early efforts, these new strategies strive to increase the tensile ductility while increasing/maintaining the strength simultaneously. In addition, the influence of tensile testing conditions, including temperature, strain rate, tensile specimen size and geometry, and strain measurement methods, on tensile ductility of NS materials will also be reviewed. Finally, we identify several issues that will require further, in depth analysis in the future.
Birth-Cohort Phenomenon in the Time Trends of Mortality from Ulcerative Colitis

It has been suggested that the mortality trends of ulcerative colitis in England and Wales are shaped by an underlying birth-cohort phenomenon. This pattern implies that exposure to an environmental risk factor early in life plays a crucial role in the development of the disease. The authors tested whether the birth-cohort pattern is unique to British mortality statistics or a common feature of ulcerative colitis in western countries by using the vital statistics from England and Wales, Canada, Scotland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the United States. Ulcerative colitis death rates from the six countries were plotted against the periods of death or periods of birth. Mortality from ulcerative colitis increased in successive generations born throughout the second half of the 19th century. It peaked in subjects born between 1880 and 1890 and has declined since then. Strikingly similar patterns were found in the six countries and when women and men were analyzed separately. The birth-cohort pattern indicates that development of ulcerative colitis is strongly influenced by one or several environmental risk factors, which act during a short period early in life. In western countries, exposure to this risk has changed in a similar fashion.
Viscoplastic analysis of structural polymer composites using stress relaxation and creep data

Abstract A structural carbon based composite material has been investigated for its high temperature viscoplastic properties using a model based on an overbearing stress concept and using the data obtained from load relaxation and creep. The time dependent viscoplastic properties were obtained at several load and temperature levels. An elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model (proposed by Gates) was used for the modeling efforts. The model is based on an overstress concept appropriate to inelastic properties of composites. The materials parameters for the model are obtained from a set of load relaxation experiments. The model predictions have been compared to the results of creep tests. The results show that the model is capable of predicting the creep behavior at shorter time periods and lower temperatures. As the temperature is increased or as the creep is prolonged the model predictions deviate from the experimental results.
The effects of mercaptoethanol on cellular development in Tetrahymena pyriformis

The effects of β-mercaptoethanol on cell division, nuclear division, and oral morphogenesis were investigated in two strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, WH-6 (micronucleate) and GL (amicronucleate). Mercaptoethanol inhibited division in both strains. In exponentially growing cell cultures, cell multiplication stopped after a 30 minute lag (strain WH-6); in synchronized cultures, division was prevented or very greatly delayed if the agent was added during the first 60% of the interval between the end of the last synchronizing shock and the synchronous division. In both strains, mercaptoethanol brought about an arrest of oral primordium development in cells which had not yet begun to form visible membranelles at the time of addition of the drug. In cells arrested just prior to the onset of membranelle development the oral primordia became disorganized and in many cases were gradually resorbed. In these cells micronuclear division was generally arrested (strain WH-6) and macronuclear and cell division did not occur at all (strain WH-6), or were resumed after a long delay (strain GL). Cells which were in stages of visible membranelle development at the time of addition of mercaptoethanol continued to develop. In strain WH-6, all of these cells completed oral development and divided, while in strain GL about 40% of these cells were arrested in the course of membranelle development. In these arrested cells, the oral primordia were resorbed, and division did not take place. In the situations in which oral morphogenesis was completed and cell division took place in mercaptoethanol, micronuclear division (in strain WH-6) was in all cases normally completed. Macronuclear division in strain WH-6 was also normal at the minimum concentration (4 × 10−2M) which affected morphogenesis when added at earlier stages. However, at a somewhat higher concentration (5 × 10−2M) in strain WH-6, and at the lowest concentration employed (1.5 × 10−2M) for strain GL, macronuclear division was either prevented (in both strains) or else rendered highly abnormal (in strain GL). These data suggest that mercaptoethanol blocks some process required for the initial organization of oral structures and for the division of the macronucleus. The nature of this process is discussed.
Management considerations for beach nourishment at Sandy Hook, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Abstract A major problem facing the National Park Service in their management of Sandy Hook is the maintenance of its rapidly eroding principal recreation beach. Among the structural and non-structural alternatives, beach fill is regarded as the most suitable method of protection because it is in harmony with the Park Service objectives of providing the opportunity to use the recreation beaches, of protecting areas for wildlife, and of retaining the natural character of the Hook. The concept of recycling sand from the accreting northern portion of the spit to the eroding southern beaches is viewed as a viable long-term management strategy. The details of two recent beach-fill operations conducted at Sandy Hook are presented as case studies to determine the probable success of future sand replenishment programs. If recycling is to be successful, it should be combined with the ongoing maintenance dredging project at the northern tip of Sandy Hook. Short-term, small-scale beach fill solutions are considered to be impractical due to the high unit costs involved and the rapid rate of removal of the fill materials.
Medullary carcinoma of the breast: an association with negative hormonal receptors.

The records of all patients undergoing breast surgery at one institution over a 6-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-two cases were found to meet the criteria for designation as medullary carcinoma of the breast. Estrogen receptor assay was performed in 20 cases and was negative in 75% of these patients; those with positive estrogen receptor asssay had very low values. Progesterone receptor assay was performed in 10 of these patients and was found to be negative in 9. The one positive value was very low. Medullary carcinoma of the breast, in spite of a generally favorable prognosis, shows a consistent relationship with negative hormonal receptors.
Leaching Savannah River Plant nuclear waste glass in a saturated tuff environment

Samples of SRP glass containing either simulated or actual radioactive waste were leached at 90{sup 0}C under conditions simulating a saturated tuff repository environment. The leach vessels were fabricated of tuff and actual tuff groundwater was used. Thus, the glass was leached only in the presence of those materials (including the Type 304L stainless steel canister material) that would be in the actual repository. Tests were performed for time periods up t 6 months at a SA/V ratio of 100 m{sup -1}. Results with glass containing simulated waste indicated that stainless steel canister material around the glass did not significantly affect the leaching. Based on Li and B (elements not in significant concentrations in the tuff or tuff groundwater), glass containing simulated waste leached identically to glass containing actual radioactive waste. The tuff buffered the pH so that only a slight increase was observed as a result of leaching. Results with glass containing actual radioactive waste indicated that tuff reduced the concentrations of Cs-137, Sr-90, and Pu-238 in the free groundwater in the simulated repository by 10 to 100X. Also, radiolysis of the groundwater by the glass (approximately 1000 rad/h) did not significantly affect the pH in the presence of tuff. Measured normalized mass losses in the presence of tuff for the glass based on Cs-137, Sr-90, and Pu-238 in the free groundwater were extremely low, nominally 0.02, 0.02, and 0.005 g/m{sup 2}, respectively, indicating that the glass-tuff system retained radionuclides well. 9 references, 2 figures, 3 tables.
Coherent optical extrapolation of 2-D band-limited signals: processor theory

Given a truncated portion of a band-limited image with known x and y bandwidths, the extrapolation problem is to determine the signal over all x and y. An iterative extrapolation algorithm, recently proposed by Gerchberg, requires only the repeated operations of Fourier transformation and truncation. A coherent optical processor is presented that implements Gerchberg's iterative extrapolation algorithm in two dimensions. Iteration is performed by simple passive feedback.