cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Older Adult Sexuality and HIV

This chapter reviews sexual changes that take place during the aging process, cultural issues related to older-adult sexuality, and psychosocial matters that impact sexuality and vulnerability to infection. A survey conducted by Starr and Weiner (1981) concerning feelings about the sexual activities of older adults revealed that older people defined and expressed their sexuality in more diffuse and varied ways than did younger cohorts. Older people who lack knowledge about normal age-related changes in sexual functioning may adopt societal attitudes about sexual activity in later life, thus experiencing anxiety regarding sexual expression. The constraints that society imposes on the sexual freedom of older people are particularly evident in elder-care institutions. Older residents who display any form of sexual expression should not be regarded as having a behavioral problem, but as expressing a normal function of their sexuality. The institution has become their home and they should be afforded the privacy to engage in sexual practices. The chapter reviews the effects of the aging process on sexuality, along with some of the associations between older-adult sexuality and HIV disease.
The Motion of Hidalgo and the Mass of Saturn

The principal features of the motion of Hidalgo over the interval 1400–2900 are described. The possibility that this object is an extinct (or nearly extinct) comet nucleus is discussed. A determination of the mass of Saturn, using observations of Hidalgo during 1920–1964, is presented and compared with other recent determinations.
Model of extreme hypoglycemia in dogs made ketotic with (R,S)-1,3-butanediol acetoacetate esters

The rationale behind this study is that controlled starvation of poorly differentiated (anaplastic) fast-growing tumor cells, but not host cells, might be possible in vivo. The energy metabolism of anaplastic tumor cells, but not host cells, is largely dependent on carbohydrate metabolism at all times. Therefore depleting plasma of carbohydrate fuels could place these tumor cells at a significant metabolic disadvantage. Hence an animal model was developed in which all cells would be required to oxidize fatty acids, ketoacids, and/or 1,3-butanediol to satisfy their energy needs. To achieve this aim, one would need ketosis, severe hypoglycemia, and low lactatemia. Anesthetized normal dogs were infused with somatostatin and a mixture of (R,S)-1,3-butanediol monoacetoacetate and (R,S)-1,3-butanediol diacetoacetate; these latter compounds are nonionized precursors of ketoacids. They were infused at 90% of the dog's caloric requirement. After establishment of a moderate ketosis (2-3 mM) over < 100 min, a severe degree of hypoglycemia (close to 0.5 mM) without rebound and without hyperlactatemia was induced by infusing insulin and dichloroacetate. Tracer kinetic measurements showed 1) a 20% decrease in the rate of appearance of glucose, 2) 50 and 62% increases in glycerol and nonesterified fatty acid rates of appearance, reflecting stimulation of lipolysis, and 3) no change in the rate of glutamine appearance. We suggest that this model may prove useful for selectively starving those cancer cells that are unable to utilize fat-derived fuels while preserving nutrient supply to vital organs.
The eighteen arbitrary parameters of the standard model in your everyday life

Contrary to popular conception, the purpose of particle physics is to understand the everyday world. The current theory of fundamental interactions among the quarks and leptons depends on eighteen parameters, which are a priori arbitrary. Were these parameters different, our world would be changed dramatically. By exploring the connection between these parameters and everyday phenomena we can better appreciate the challenges confronting contemporary particle physics. Until we can explain the origin of these parameters, we cannot say we truly understand why our everyday world is as it is. [S0034-6861(96)00203-6]
Calcareous Septa Formed in Snail Shells by Larvae of Snail-Killing Flies

Larvae of 13 species of Pherbellia and Colobaea that feed in exposed aquatic snails uitilize a product of the Malpighian tubules before they pupate to form a plate-like structure within the shell or to reinforce the anterior end of the puparium. The substance is partly calcium carbonate, and carbonic anhydrase may be involved in its production.
Getting Through the Hard Times Together? Chinese Workers and Unions Respond to the Economic Crisis

How do post-socialist unions respond to market crisis? And what are the implications of this response for labor representation? Drawing on literature on post-socialist labor and union democracy, I argue that economic crisis affects not just labor–capital and labor–state relations, but also the relationship between union representatives and workers. Such a dynamic is highlighted by an empirical account of the divergent activities of workers and All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) unions in China following the economic crisis of 2008. While the union responded to mass unemployment with an administrative and policy-oriented strategy, workers took to the streets in increasing numbers. This divergence led to several instances of conflict, and, by 2010, it was possible to detect small but significant shifts in the union’s approach to dealing with labor unrest.
Nuclear reactor power for an electrically powered orbital transfer vehicle

To help determine the systems requirements for a 300-kWe space nuclear reactor power system, a mission and spacecraft have been examined which utilize electric propulsion and this nuclear reactor power for multiple transfers of cargo between low earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO). A propulsion system employing ion thrusters and xenon propellant was selected. Propellant and thrusters are replaced after each sortie to GEO. The mass of the Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV), empty and dry, is 11,000 kg; nominal propellant load is 5000 kg. The OTV operates between a circular orbit at 925 km altitude, 28.5 deg inclination, and GEO. Cargo is brought to the OTV by Shuttle and an Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV); the OTV then takes it to GEO. The OTV can also bring cargo back from GEO, for transfer by OMV to the Shuttle. OTV propellant is resupplied and the ion thrusters are replaced by the OMV before each trip to GEO. At the end of mission life, the OTV's electric propulsion is used to place it in a heliocentric orbit so that the reactor will not return to earth. The nominal cargo capability to GEO is 6000 kg with a transit time of 120 days; 1350 kg can be transferred in 90 days, and 14,300 kg in 240 days. These capabilities can be considerably increased by using separate Shuttle launches to bring up propellant and cargo, or by changing to mercury propellant.
Recombinant vaccinia virus expression of Anaplasma marginale surface protein MSP-1a: effect of promoters, leader sequences and GPI anchor sequence on antibody response.

Abstract Anaplasma marginale surface protein MSP-1a was expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses with different promoters and as hybrid proteins. Transcription of msp1α with P11 late promoter resulted in more MSP-1a than with P7.5 early-late promoter; however, mice immunized with the recombinants had similar antibody titres. Recombinants expressing hybrid MSP-1a with either a murine leukaemia virus or a trypanosomal glycoprotein signal sequence did not enhance antibody responses and resulted in a diffuse intracellular distribution of MSP-1a which did not accumulate in the Golgi apparatus as was noted in the absence of these signal sequences. In contrast, antibody titres to MSP-1a in mice immunized with a recombinant virus expressing hybrid MSP-1a with a trypanosomal GPI anchor signal sequence were significantly increased over all other constructs.
Relationships between soil microbial properties and aboveground stand characteristics of conifer forests in Oregon

Eight forest sites representing a large range of climate, vegetation, and productivity were sampled in a transect across Oregon to study the relationships between aboveground stand characteristics and soil microbial properties. These sites had a range in leaf area index of 0.6 to 16 m2 m−2 and net primary productivity of 0.3 to 14 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Measurements of soil and forest floor inorganic N concentrations and in situ net N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and soil respiration were made monthly for one year. Microbial biomass C and anaerobic N mineralization, an index of N availability, were also measured. Annual mean concentrations of NH 4 + ranged from 37 to 96 mg N kg−1 in the forest floor and from 1.7 to 10.7 mg N kg−1 in the mineral soil. Concentrations of NO 3 − were low ( < 1 mg N kg−1) at all sites. Net N mineralization and nitrification, as measured by the buried bag technique, were low on most sites and denitrification was not detected at any site. Available N varied from 17 to 101 mg N kg−1, microbial biomass C ranged from 190 to 1230 mg Ckg−1, and soil respiration rates varied from 1.3 to 49 mg C kg−1 day−1 across these sites. Seasonal peaks in NH 4 + concentrations and soil respiration rates were usually observed in the spring and fall. The soils data were positively correlated with several aboveground variables, including leaf area index and net primary productivity, and the near infrared-to-red reflectance ratio obtained from the airborne simulator of the Thematic Mapper satellite. The data suggest that close relationships between aboveground productivity and soil microbial processes exist in forests approaching semi-equilibrium conditions.
Millisecond Pulsar Alignment: PSR J0437-4715

The abundances of both orthogonal and nearly aligned neutron stars among the disk population millisecond pulsars appear to be excessively large, relative to those of canonical pulsars. Both of these excesses are expected in strongly spun-up neutron stars. Their surface magnetic field evolution mirrors the changes in the core magnetic field configuration caused by the strong interaction between a core's spinning-up superfluid neutrons and its magnetized superconducting protons. We discuss special observable properties of such a nearly aligned millisecond pulsar and propose an explanation of the apparent paradox for interpreting observations of the very close millisecond pulsar PSR J0437-4715: a strongly modulated X-ray light curve and an extraordinarily broad radio-pulse structure that covers more than three-fourths of the spin period. The former is usually associated with emission polar caps that are being eclipsed by the star's own rotation, while the latter strongly supports alignment and a viewing angle that allows uninterrupted observation of the polar cap.
Mechanisms of Empowerment: Psychological Processes for Members of Power‐based Community Organizations

The paper reports a study of participatory experiences among members of power-based community organizations. A path model of psychological empowerment was tested. Perceived relational characteristics of the community organization were hypothesized as exogenous to participation, perceived organizational power and psychological empowerment. An alternative model was reproduced with the strongest relationships between perceived organizational intimacy and psychological empowerment and an inverse relationship between perceived organizational regulation and perceptions of organizational power.
Exploiting memristive device behavior for emerging digital logic and memory applications

In many ways, conventional integrated circuit technology (i.e., bulk Si CMOS) continues to follow the predictions of Moore's Law but true physical limits are lurking around the corner. Even as the scaling of conventional technologies continues many performance issues (e.g., high power dissipation, increasing thermal effects, and process variations) are forcing circuit and microarchitectural designers to look for novel approaches for emerging systems. One such direction is to utilize the unconventional behavior of novel nanoelectronic devices (e.g., memristors) to develop novel computational architectures that may not be reasonably implementable using conventional CMOS. In this way, emerging architectures may not only allow continued performance improvements but may also open new avenues for computing. The particular technology of interest for this talk, the memristor or memory resistor, has gained a lot of interest in recent years due to its great potential for emerging circuits and systems. We have been working with several collaborators to develop memristive device technologies with the goal of integrating these devices into digital circuits and systems. As part of this talk, an overview of memristors and memristive systems will be provided along with some exploration of how these devices can be leveraged in digital logic and memory circuits.
Study of a highly accurate and fast protein–ligand docking method based on molecular dynamics

Few methods use molecular dynamics simulations in concert with atomically detailed force fields to perform protein–ligand docking calculations because they are considered too time demanding, despite their accuracy. In this paper we present a docking algorithm based on molecular dynamics which has a highly flexible computational granularity. We compare the accuracy and the time required with well-known, commonly used docking methods such as AutoDock, DOCK, FlexX, ICM, and GOLD. We show that our algorithm is accurate, fast and, because of its flexibility, applicable even to loosely coupled distributed systems such as desktop Grids for docking. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of moisture on strata control in coal mines

Abstract Moisture has been known to influence strata failures in coal mines for a long time. However, it is only in the last decade that researchers have attempted to quantify this effect. In the laboratory, attempts have been made to study the effects of moisture on the strength of coal-bearing rocks, moisture gain in shales as a function of time and pressures generated due to swelling, slaking and swelling indices and their possible correlation to strata control problems, and effect of humidity variations on anchor creep and bearing plate performance in conjunction with conventional bolts. In the field, researchers have attempted to correlate humidity variations with the incidence and frequency of roof falls and roof convergence, and effects of air tempering on reducing humidity variations in the mine. A concise review of what is known about effects of moisture on strata control with emphasis on the Illinois basin coal mines is presented in this paper. Some approaches to mitigate the effects of moisture—leaving coal in the roof, guniting and shotcreting, application of sealants—are then briefly discussed.
15 T, 4.2 K field-swept 27Al NMR spectroscopy

Abstract A field-swept NMR spectrometer has been constructed based on a 16 T (4.2 K operation) superconducting magnet, the largest magnetic field yet used for field-swept NMR. We find that the experiment is relatively easy to perform for 27 Al NMR and the spectra for α-Al 2 O 3 are of high quality. There are two important advantages that we discuss herein: (1) resonances with exceedingly wide line widths can be studied and (2) operation at 4.2 K largely eliminates proton hopping and the resulting motional averaging of the electric field gradient at the aluminum sites.
Essential role for the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 in erythrocyte antioxidant defence and tumour suppression

Reactive oxygen species are involved in many cellular metabolic and signalling processes and are thought to have a role in disease, particularly in carcinogenesis and ageing. We have generated mice with targeted inactivation of Prdx1, a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes. Here we show that mice lacking Prdx1 are viable and fertile but have a shortened lifespan owing to the development beginning at about 9 months of severe haemolytic anaemia and several malignant cancers, both of which are also observed at increased frequency in heterozygotes. The haemolytic anaemia is characterized by an increase in erythrocyte reactive oxygen species, leading to protein oxidation, haemoglobin instability, Heinz body formation and decreased erythrocyte lifespan. The malignancies include lymphomas, sarcomas and carcinomas, and are frequently associated with loss of Prdx1 expression in heterozygotes, which suggests that this protein functions as a tumour suppressor. Prdx1-deficient fibroblasts show decreased proliferation and increased sensitivity to oxidative DNA damage, whereas Prdx1-null mice have abnormalities in numbers, phenotype and function of natural killer cells. Our results implicate Prdx1 as an important defence against oxidants in ageing mice.
Behavioral couples therapy for male methadone maintenance patients: Effects on drug-using behavior and relationship adjustment

Married or cohabiting substance-abusing men (N = 36) who were entering methadone maintenance (MM) treatment were randomly assigned to receive either individual-based methadone maintenance (IBMM) services (i.e., twice-weekly individual counseling plus methadone) or an equally intensive behavioral couples therapy (BCT) treatment condition (i.e., once-weekly couples therapy involving their female partner, once-weekly individual counseling, and methadone). Drug use and relationship satisfaction measures were collected at baseline, weekly during treatment, and at posttreatment. Male partners in the BCT condition had fewer opiate-and cocaine-positive urine samples during treatment than male partners in the IBMM condition. Couples who participated in BCT also reported higher levels of relationship happiness during treatment and higher dyadic adjustment at posttreatment than couples in which male partners participated in IBMM. Furthermore, patients in the BCT condition reported greater reductions in drug use severity and family and social problems from baseline to posttreatment than patients in the IBMM condition. These findings suggest BCT may improve treatment response for married or cohabiting MM patients.
Courtship variation in the neo‐tropical fiddler crab Uca deichmanni: Another example of female incitation to male competition?

An unusual courtship pattern for fiddler crabs is described from field observations in Panama. This behavior pattern, referred to here as “directing,” differs considerably from the more frequently observed communal courtship system found in close relatives of Uca deichmanni. A male involved in “directing” approaches a female and attempts to carry or maneuver her into his burrow for mating. The female usually struggles to escape from the male. This activity often attracts other males which attempt to “direct” the female if she escapes from the first male. A male is most successful in “directing” a female into his burrow if a) he is larger than the female, b) the female is wandering (a sign of physiological receptivity) prior to the “directing” attempt, and c) several males attempt to “direct” the female at once. The results suggest that females are choosing mates by inciting several males to compete for them. The males which successfully “direct” the struggling females are probably the most fit males.
The Spiritual Task of Religion in Culture: An Evolutionary Perspective

It is quite impossible to consider human nature within an evolutionary perspective ifwe leapfrog over culture and establish some direct relation between cosmic an human evolution without taking culture into consideration. Culture holds a significant place within the structures of nature, as the epic of evolution portrays nature-cosmic, physical, and biological. Religion emerges within culture, and it plays a role in organizing the human consciousness and in generating the stories, rituals, and morality that constitute the organization of consciousness. Since organization of consciousness determines how culture is conducted, and since we face a global crisis today because of the ways we are conducting our culture, religion's role is critical for the future of culture. Wherever it is attempted, whether in terms of traditional or posttraditional modes, the fashioning of adequate worldviews, rituals, and morality is an essentially religious activity. For both traditional and posttraditional modes, the task is to weave structures of meaning with the sciences of evolution so as to effect the most suitable organization of consciousness.
Chemical–biological treatment of pyrene

Pyrene of natural and anthropogenic sources is one of the toxic, mutagenic polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as priority pollutants. This study focuses on an integrated approach for the degradation of pyrene involving chemical oxidation followed by biological treatment. The objectives were to: (1) provide mechanistic details in the degradation of pyrene subject to ozone treatment; (2) test the combined technique of ozone pretreatment followed by biological degradation; and (3) test a pretreatment column to promote efficient use of chemical oxidants and biodegradability. Batch and packed column reactors were used to examine the degradation pathways of pyrene subject to ozonation in the aqueous phase. After different ozonation times, samples containing reaction intermediates and byproducts from both reactors were collected, identified for organic contents, and further biologically inoculated to determine biodegradability. The O3-pretreated samples were incubated for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days, after which BOD, COD, and toxicity tests along with qualitative and quantitative GC/FID and GC/MS analyses of pyrene, intermediates, and products were performed. Intermediates identified at different stages included 4,5-phenanthrenedialdehyde, 2,2′,6,6′-biphenyltetraaldehyde, and long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, which suggested that the degradation of pyrene was initiated by O3 via ring cleavage at the 4,5- and 9,10-bonds and that further oxidation ensued via reactions with both O3 and OH until complete mineralization. Intermediates formed during chemical oxidation were biodegradable with a measured first-order rate constant (k0) of 0.24 day−1. The integrated chemical–biological system appears to be feasible for treating recalcitrant compounds, and a chemical pretreatment column is particularly useful in promoting soluble intermediates from otherwise highly insoluble, inaccessible pyrene.
Preparation of crown compounds containing allyloxymethyl or butenyl groups for attachment to silica gel or containing long chain lipophilic groups for use in liquid membrane systems

Several new macrocyclic polyether ligands have been prepared for use in the separation of metal ions from aqueous solutions. Four of the crown ethers reported contain 1,2,4-triazole or 4-pyridone protonionizable subcyclic units and lipophilic groups. The remaining crown ethers are not proton-ionizable but contain alkene groups and were prepared for attachment to silica gel. The crowns were prepared by reacting the appropriate glycols with the appropriate ditosylates or dichloride in the case of the 1,2,4-triazole subcyclic unit. The crowns with proton-ionizable and lipophilic substituents were tested in liquid membrane transport systems and some of the crowns with alloxymethyl or butenyl substituents were attached to silica gel. The log K values for the interaction of these silica gel-bound macrocycles with certain metal ions were nearly the same (± 10%) as those for the association of the unbound macrocycles with the same metal ions.
Toward a more precise definition of self-citation

The definition assigned to self-citations is nontrivial. This decision can affect research outputs in a number of ways. The current paper considers the self-citation definition used by the Web of Science, and compares this with an alternative definition, advanced in the present study, within the context of the work of an individual researcher. A discussion follows.
Modeling Synchronous Muscle Function in Insect Flight: a Bio-Inspired Approach to Force Control in Flapping-Wing MAVs

Micro-aerial vehicles (MAV) and their promising applications--such as undetected surveillance or exploration of environments with little space for land-based maneuvers--are a well-known topic in the field of aerial robotics. Inspired by high maneuverability and agile flight of insects, over the past two decades a significant amount of effort has been dedicated to research on flapping-wing MAVs, most of which aim to address unique challenges in morphological construction, force production, and control strategy. Although remarkable solutions have been found for sufficient lift generation, effective methods for motion control still remain an open problem. The focus of this paper is to investigate general flight control mechanisms that are potentially used by real insects, thereby providing inspirations for flapping-wing MAV control. Through modeling the insect flight muscles, we show that stiffness and set point of the wing's joint can be respectively tuned to regulate the wing's lift and thrust forces. Therefore, employing a suitable controller with variable impedance actuators at each wing joint is a prospective approach to agile flight control of insect-inspired MAVs. The results of simulated flight experiments with one such controller are provided and support our claim.
The Impact of Violence on Adolescents in Schools: a Case Study on the Role of School-Based Health Centers

School-based health centers (SBHCs) emerged in the late 1960s as a response to concerns about the health care needs of undeserved children and adolescents who were often left out of the health care system. Most SBHCs provide an array of primary health care services such as routine health screenings, immunizations, acute care for common conditions, behavioral risk assessments, and health education on various topics. One of the most important functions of an SBHC is the provision of psychological services for teenagers experiencing depression, adjustment difficulties, substance abuse, and trauma. SBHCs may also serve as an important resource for those students affected by violence through the provision of crisis intervention, grief counseling, and on-going violence prevention education.
Human Neonatal Cry Quality as an honest signal of fitness

Abstract Care soliciting vocalizations are common in the young of many bird and mammal species. As parents are expected to assess individual offspring's potential contributions to parental fitness when partitioning resources between young, I propose that offspring solicitation displays are evolved demonstrations of phenotypic quality with which offspring compete with current and future siblings for access to parental resources. This hypothesis should apply to human neonatal crying as well as offspring solicitation in other species. In this review of the scientific literature, I test three predictions derived from this hypothesis: (1) that crying is relatively more costly for low phenotypic quality infants than infants of higher phenotypic quality; (2) that the acoustic structure of cries correlates with infant condition; and (3) that the aspects of cry structure that trigger parental emotions likely to affect investment behaviors will be those that communicate offspring condition. All predictions were supported. Acoustic characteristics tied to the neurophysiological production of cries (particularly fundamental frequency, or pitch) constitute a reliable signal of infant phenotypic quality. I conclude that in addition to asserting need, an evolved function of the human neonatal cry is to communicate phenotypic quality (and hence, likely contributions to parental fitness) to parents. The study of offspring solicitation vocalizations may contribute importantly to our understanding of animal communication systems, patterns of parental investment, and the etiology of human child abuse.
Harnessing Plasticity for the Treatment of Neurosurgical Disorders: An Overview

Plasticity is fundamental to normal central nervous system function and its response to injury. Understanding this adaptive capacity is central to the development of novel surgical approaches to neurologic disease. These innovative interventions offer the promise of maximizing functional recovery for patients by harnessing targeted plasticity. Developing novel therapies will require the unprecedented integration of neuroscience, bioengineering, molecular biology, and physiology. Such synergistic approaches will create therapeutic options for patients previously outside of the scope of neurosurgery, such as those with permanent disability after traumatic brain injury or stroke. In this review, we synthesize the rapidly evolving field of plasticity and explore ways that neurosurgeons may enhance functional recovery in the future. We conclude that understanding plasticity is fundamental to modern neurosurgical education and practice.
The site of KCN inhibition in the photosynthetic electron transport pathway

Abstract Treatment of chloroplasts with high concentrations of KCN inhibits reactions which involve Photosystem I (e.g. electron transport from water or diaminodurene to methylviologen), but not those assumed to by-pass Photosystem I (e.g. electron transport from water to quinonediimides). The spectrophotometric experiments described in this paper showed that KCN inhibits the oxidation of cytochrome f by far-red light without blocking its reduction by red light. Both optical and EPR experiments indicated that KCN does not inhibit the photooxidation of P700 but markedly slows down the subsequent dark decay (reduction). Reduction of P700 by Photosystem II is prevented by KCN. It is concluded that KCN blocks electron transfer between cytochrome f and P700, i.e. the reaction step which is believed to be mediated by plastocyanin. In KCN-poisoned chloroplasts the slow dark reduction of P700 following photooxidation is greatly accelerated by reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol or by reduced N-methylphenazonium methosulfate (PMS), but not by diaminodurene. It appears that the reduced indophenol dye and reduced PMS are capable of donating electrons directly to P700, at least partially by-passing the KCN block.
Actomyosin and muscular contraction

Abstract It is shown that the contraction of muscle, superprecipitation of its suspensions, superprecipitation of actomysin and contraction of actomyosin, elicited by ATP, are related phenomena. Differences in behavior, as for instance anisodiametry of shrinking in muscle and isodiametry of shrinking in unoriented actomyosin gels, can be explained by the differences in structure. The same is true for the difference of muscle and loaded actomyosin threads, the latter of which, contrary to muscle, lengthen under influence of ATP.
A balloon-borne coded aperture telescope for ARC-minute angular resolution at hard X-ray energies

Abstract We describe the development of a new balloon-borne telescope known as MARGIE (Minute-of-Arc Resolution Gamma ray Imaging Experiment). It is a coded aperture telescope designed to image photons (in various configurations) over the 20–600 keV range with an angular resolution approaching 1′. MARGIE will use one (or both) of two different detection plane technologies. One such technology involves the use of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) strip detectors, for which we have successfully demonstrated a spatial resolution of
Antibodies to the insect moulting hormoneβ-ecdysone

Nous avons prepare des anticorps contre l'hormone de mue β-ecdysone par immunisation avec un conjugue haptene-proteine. Les antiserums ont pu detecter des quantites de β-ecdysone aussi petites que 80 picogrammes. Les affinites relatives pour le β-ecdysone et l'α-ecdysone des antiserums sont de 20 contre 1.
Effect of correlated precision errors on uncertainty of a subsonic venturi calibration

An uncertainty analysis performed in conjunction with the calibration of a subsonic venturi for use in a turbine test facility produced some unanticipated results that may have a significant impact in a variety of test situations. Precision uncertainty estimates using the preferred propagation techniques in the applicable American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers standards were an order of magnitude larger than precision uncertainty estimates calculated directly from a sample of results (discharge coefficient) obtained at the same experimental set point. The differences were attributable to the effect of correlated precision errors, which previously have been considered negligible. An analysis explaining this phenomenon is presented. The article is not meant to document the venturi calibration, but rather to give a real example of results where correlated precision terms are important. The significance of the correlated precision terms could apply to many test situations.
Mechanism of Presynaptic Filament Stabilization by the Bacteriophage T4 UvsY Recombination Mediator Protein

UvsY is the recombination mediator protein (RMP) of bacteriophage T4, which promotes homologous recombination by facilitating presynaptic filament assembly. The results of previous studies suggest that UvsY promotes the assembly of presynaptic filaments in part by stabilizing interactions between T4 UvsX recombinase and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). To test this hypothesis, we studied the interactions of UvsX and UvsY with a fluorescein-derivatized oligonucleotide. This assay distinguishes between bipartite UvsX- or UvsY-ssDNA and tripartite UvsX-UvsY-ssDNA complex formation via differential fluorescence quenching effects. Salt stabilities of the three complexes were measured at equilibrium in the presence and absence of various nucleotide ligands of the UvsX protein and also under steady-state conditions for UvsX-catalyzed ssDNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis. The results demonstrate that UvsY globally stabilizes UvsX-ssDNA complexes, consistent with an increase in the apparent equilibrium binding affinity, K(ss)omega, of the UvsX-ssDNA interactions. The UvsY-mediated affinity increase is observed at equilibrium in the presence of ADP, ATPgammaS, or in the absence of the nucleotide and also at steady-state in the presence of ATP. Intriguingly, the stabilizing effects of UvsY and ATPgammaS on UvsX-ssDNA interactions are synergistic, indicating nonredundant mechanisms for UvsX-ssDNA complex stabilization by RMP versus nucleoside triphosphate effectors. Experiments with UvsY missense mutants defective in ssDNA binding demonstrate that UvsY-ssDNA interactions are of major importance in stabilizing UvsX-ssDNA complexes, whereas UvsY-UvsX protein-protein interactions provide residual stabilization energy. Together, the data is consistent with a mechanism in which UvsY stabilizes presynaptic filaments by organizing the ssDNA lattice into a structure that is favorable for UvsX-ssDNA interactions.
Synthesis and circular dichroism of tartrate-linked porphyrin dimers

Abstract Synthesis, charaterization and circular dichroism of two tartrate-linked porphyrin dimers are described. Circular dichroism of zinc dimers and pyridine complexes is also reported.
Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell: Coexpression of Markers Specific for Multiple Mesenchymal Cell Lineages

The role of hematopoietic stem cells in blood cell development is reasonably understood, whereas the identity and the function of bone marrow stromal cells are much less clear. Using stromal cells in bone marrow cultures of the Dexter type, a favorite medium for the study of hematopoiesis, we show that stromal cells actually represent a unique cell type. Conventional wisdom has held that stromal cells in Dexter cultures comprise a mixture of macrophages, hematopoietic cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Our findings demonstrate that Dexter cultures consist of three cell types: macrophages ( approximately 35%), hematopoietic cells ( approximately 5%), and nonhematopoietic cells ( approximately 60%). We have purified the nonhematopoietic cells free of macrophages and hematopoietic cells to produce compelling evidence that they in fact represent a single cell type (multidifferentiated mesenchymal progenitor cell, MPC) which coexpresses genes specific for various mesenchymal cell lineages including adipocytes, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and muscle cells. We further show that these multi- or pluridifferentiated MPCs are capable of supporting hematopoiesis by demonstrating the expression of several hematopoietic growth factors and extracellular matrix receptors including G-CSF, SCF, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and ALCAM. Since the MPCs can be easily purified to near homogeneity (95%), they can be of value in enhancing engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells. Also, this new understanding of bone marrow stromal cells as "one cell with many different faces" promises to advance our knowledge of regulatory cellular interactions within bone marrow.
The Soteriological Role of the ṛṣi Kapila, According to the Yuktidīpikā

A basic teaching of classical Sāṃkhya is that repeated embodiment is the result of an individual’s ignorance of the distinction between prakṛti and puruṣa. The only exception to this is the ṛṣi Kapila, legendary founder of Sāṃkhya, who was born with innate knowledge of this distinction. It is this knowledge that leads to liberation from saṃsāra when it is acquired. This brings up the question, why was Kapila incarnated in the first place? If he already possessed this knowledge, what need did he have for further experience of prakṛti’s activity? The classical commentators on the Sāṃkhyakārikā give various accounts of the nature and origin of Kapila, but they do not directly address this question. However, the evidence of one commentary, the Yuktidīpikā, does provide clues to the reason behind Kapila’s incarnation. In this article, I argue that the author of the Yuktidīpikā views Kapila as a direct embodiment of prakṛti’s soteriological potential for all puruṣas.
Recursive Inseparability for Residual Bounds of Finite Algebras

We exhibit a construction which produces for every Turing machine T with two halting states μ 0 and μ −1, an algebra B ( T ) (finite and of finite type) with the property that the variety generated by B ( T ) is residually large if T halts in state μ −1, while if T halts in state μ 0 then this variety is residually bounded by a finite cardinal.
Land and population growth in the Solow growth model: Some empirical evidence

Abstract The Solow model with land predicts that the effect of population growth on the growth rate of income per capita decreases with the share of agriculture. This paper shows that the empirical evidence is consistent with this theoretical prediction.
Effects of linear flow velocity and residence time on the retention of non-polar aqueous organic analytes by cartridges of tenax-gc

Abstract Strong evidence has been obtained which indicates that film diffusion controls the retention of non-polar organics of low aqueous solubility by the sorbent Tenax-GC. Model compounds which have been studied in this context include the four U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants o-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, napththalene, and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene. The data indicate that compounds such as these have large aqueous retention volumes on this sorbent. Once sorbed, little loss occurs for μg/l concentrations and sample volumes of several liters. Equations are developed which predict the percent recovery as a function of cartridge dimensions and sample volume flow rate.
Does blood pressure usually rise with age? . . . Or with stress?

Abstract To determine whether blood pressure increases commonly accompany the aging process or reports of psychological distress during adulthood, successive blood pressure readings from eight to 14 annual health examinations of 172 employed men were studied. Longitudinal analysis showed that blood pressures tended to decline on the average over the first four examinations, possibly a familiarization effect. Even during the later period (extending four to ten years), 45 percent had no systematic increase in systolic pressure and 60 percent no systematic increase in diastolic pressure (i.e., averaging 0.5 mm/Hg per year or greater). Older and heavier men had higher mean pressures, as did those men with higher anxiety and hostility scores. The slope of blood pressure increase in the later part of the period of observation was greater for individuals who reported lower amounts of stress. There is need to discover additional correlates of systematic blood pressure increase over time. It appears, however, that...
Stacked-ring electrostatic ion guide

In 1969 Bahr, Gerlich, and Teloy introduced an rf device that consisted of a stack of ring electrodes, with charge sign alternation between neighboring rings, to store or transport ions. Here we propose to operate such a device with electrostatic potentials rather than rf potentials: ions that move axially along the center of the guide are thereby subjected to an oscillating electrical potential similar to the sinusoidal rf potential in familiar rf-only multipole ion guides. The oscillating potential of the stacked-ring static ion guide focuses ions by exerting a field gradient force on the ions so as to push ions toward the central axis where the field is weakest. The stacked-ring ion guide produces an effectively static “pseudopotential” that is much steeper at the edge (potential varies as er) compared to a quadrupole or octupole guide (for which the potential varies as r2 or r6, where r is radial position) and that is much flatter near the center of the guide (for potentially higher ion flux). Advantages of the new ion guide include static rather than rf potential, low electrical noise, a large field-free region near the central axis of the guide, and simple mechanical construction. A disadvantage of the stacked-ring ion guide is that high ion axial kinetic energy is required; ions with axial kinetic energy that is too low may be trapped in the shallow pseudopotential well between adjacent ring electrodes.
Multidisciplinarity and 21st century communication design

This paper addresses recent calls for the importance of multidisciplinary research and action in communication design. The impetus for multidisciplinary perspectives toward communication design is technological change, rapid developments in work products and processes, and the perception that emerging issues in the workplace demand additional competencies and knowledge. Terminology related to multidisciplinarity, such as disciplinarity, cross-disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity, is defined. Since ACM SIGDOC members are distributed across academic and nonacademic fields and institutions, the focus will be on discipline as epistemology and as language with the goal of explicating common frameworks and terminology for better articulating communication design and work.
Quantum mechanics studies of the intrinsic conformation of trehalose

To resolve controversies over the intrinsic shape of the disaccharide α,α-trehalose and the magnitude of solvent effects, energy surfaces have been computed at different levels of molecular orbital and density functional theory. All quantum mechanical (QM) levels agree that the gauche linkage conformations observed by experimental crystallographic and solution studies are 5-7 kcal/mol lower in energy than that of the trans shape. This is quite different than the findings of the two most recent classical force field studies. In those projects, the trans shape was preferred by 3.3 kcal/mol, and it was inferred that a strong solvent effect was responsible for the gauche experimental conformations. In the QM work, a strong solvent effect is not needed to explain the preference for the gauche form because the trans shapes already have higher energy. A QM continuum model of aqueous solvation has only small effects on the torsional energy surface. The best rationalization of 24 values of the linkage torsion angles from small-molecule crystal structures is provided by HF/6-311++G * * //B3LYP,/6-31G * theory, a level that under-predicts the strength of hydrogen bonds.
Imaging experiment: The Viking Lander

The Viking Lander Imaging System will consist of two identical facsimile cameras. Each camera has a high-resolution mode with an instantaneous field of view of 0.04 deg, and survey and color modes with instantaneous fields of view of 0.12 deg. Cameras are positioned one meter apart to provide stereoscopic coverage of the near-field. The Imaging Experiment will provide important information about the morphology, composition, and origin of the Martian surface and atmospheric features. In addition, lander pictures will provide supporting information for other experiments in biology, organic chemistry, meteorology, and physical properties.
Charge-coupled device-based control loop for precision beam pointing

A pointing control system has been designed based on a CCD array and a fine steering mirror. The control system accurately points a transmit laser ahead of an incoming beacon laser without requiring accurate prestabilization of the beacon line of sight. The digital design of the control loop and a laboratory demonstration of CCD-based laser pointing are presented.
FAST is a BCL-XL-associated mitochondrial protein

Abstract The TIA-1-interacting protein Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein (FAST) is a component of a signaling cascade that is initiated by ligation of the Fas receptor. Immunofluorescence microscopy using affinity-purified antibodies raised against recombinant FAST reveals that the endogenous protein associates with mitochondria. Subcellular fractionation confirms that FAST is a component of mitochondria. FAST is tethered to mitochondria by a lysine/arginine-rich domain at its carboxyl terminus that is structurally similar to the mitochondrial tethering motifs of monoamine oxidase B and cytochrome b5. At the mitochondrial membrane, FAST interacts with BCL-XL. The BCL-XL binding domain maps to a BCL-2-homology-3 (BH3)-related domain that is distinct from the mitochondrial-tethering domain (MTD). Although interactions between FAST and BCL-XL require both the BH3-related domain and the MTD, the requirement for mitochondrial tethering can be conferred by a heterologous MTD. Our results suggest that FAST–BCL-XL interactions are likely to regulate mitochondrial metabolism during Fas-induced apoptosis.
The stagewise Kuhn-Tucker condition and differential dynamic programming

The intention of this work is to describe and examine a differential dynamic programming (DDP) algorithm for constrained, discrete-time optimal control. This algorithm has performed successfully on a large-scale reservoir control problem [11]. The present paper gives conditions under which convergence to the stationary policy is assured. The convergence demonstration hinges upon a notion which we refer to as the "stagewise" Kuhn-Tucker condition. Strategies generated to satisfy this condition determine policies which satisfy the conventional Kuhn-Tucker condition. This observation may be of wider importance in discrete optimal control theory, for the stagewise condition might be a convenient criterion for constructing strategies.
Some effects of the toxin of Physalia physalis on the heart of the land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi (Latreille).

Abstract A method for recording the electrocardiogram of the land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi is described. The effects of Physalia toxin on the electrocardiographic pattern are described. These include inhibition of contractions, enhanced output of bioelectric potential by neurons of the cardiac ganglion, and some interruption in normal conduction pathways between ganglion cells and heart muscle cells.
Comments on the Role of Molecular Genetics in Polymer Materials Science

The most fundamental goal of the synthetic chemist is control of molecular architecture. With respect to small molecules (i.e., those of molecular weight less than a few thousand), this means absolute control of chemical connectivity and stereochemistry – complete specification of molecular structure. But in macromolecular chemistry, controlled architecture has meant something quite different. Because polymerizations are in general statistical processes, conventional polymeric materials are characterized by substantial heterogeneity in chain length, sequence and stereochemistry. Control is exercised in a statistical sense only, and considerable skill is required to control even the average properties of the chain population and the dispersity in those properties.