cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unplanned Readmissions After Acute Myocardial Infarction: 1-Year Trajectory Following Discharge From a Safety Net Hospital.

Background Financial penalties rendered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have brought about new challenges for safety net hospitals that serve a vulnerable patient population with risk factors associated with high readmission rates. Our goal was to determine the 1-year trajectory of unplanned readmissions in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients, and to identify factors associated with readmission. Methods A total of 261 acute MI patients admitted from April 2015 to April 2016 were evaluated in a multidisciplinary cardiology clinic within 10 days of hospital discharge and baseline characteristics and medical comorbidities were collected. Readmission and mortality data were obtained at 1 year through chart review and telephone follow-up. Results At 1 year, there were 90 (34%) unplanned readmissions of which half were for noncardiac diagnoses. Of these, 69 patients (77%) were readmitted once, 16 (18%) were readmitted twice, 2 (2%) were readmitted 3 times, and 3 (3%) were readmitted 4 times over the subsequent year. Cardiac causes of 1-year readmission included recurrent MI in 23 (9%) and decompensated heart failure in 18 (7%) patients. Depressed left ventricular systolic function (hazard ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 2.00-2.44; P = 0.0003) and diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-1.82; P = 0.029) were associated with a significantly higher risk of readmission at 1 year. Conclusion Following acute MI, patients are readmitted for cardiac and noncardiac diagnoses well beyond the 30-day mark. This is likely a function of the vulnerability of the patient population rather than a reflection of the medical care provided. More frequent surveillance may attenuate this problem.
Injectable RANKL sustained release formulations to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.

Background Accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) through biologically effective methods, such as increasing osteoclast-mediated alveolar resorption, could effectively shorten treatment time. Objective To evaluate an injectable formulation containing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) on the OTM. Materials and methods We fabricated a RANKL formulation from 100 µl of 100 µg/ml RANKL adsorbed on 10 mg of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) microspheres embedded in a 10 wt% aqueous hydroxyethyl cellulose carrier gel. We characterized these formulations for the rate of RANKL release, and then tested for bioactivity using in vitro cell culture. In vivo OTM studies were conducted using 15 week old male Wistar rats for 14 days. We injected the RANKL formulations palatal to the left maxillary first molar and accomplished OTM with a nickel-titanium (NiTi) coil spring applying 5-8 g force. Control groups involved the application of NiTi coil spring with and without placebo formulation. The outcome measure included the distance of tooth movement, bone volume fraction, tissue density, and root volume determined with micro-computed tomography. We determined the amount of osteoclast activity using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Results These formulations were able to sustain the release of RANKL for more than 30 days, and the released RANKL showed a positive effect on mice osteoclast precursor cells (RAW 264.7). Reported injectable RANKL formulations were effective in accelerating OTM compared with other control groups, with 129.2 per cent more tooth movement than no formulation and 71.8 per cent more than placebo formulation, corresponding with a significant increase in the amount of TRAP activity. We did not observe any significant differences in root resorption between the groups. Conclusion Our study shows a significant increase in OTM with injectable formulations containing RANKL.
An MQ/Code Cyptosystem Proposal

We describe a new trap-door (and PKC) proposal. The proposal is ``multivariate quadratic'' (relies on the hardness of solving systems of quadratic equations); it is also code-based, and uses the code-scrambling technique of McEliece (1978). However, in the new proposal, the error-correcting code is not revealed in the public key, which protects against the leading attacks on McEliece's method.
A unified platform enabling power system circuit model data transfer among different software

Diversity of software packages to simulate the power system circuits is considerable. It is challenging to transfer power system circuit model data (PSCMD) among different software tools and rebuild the same circuit in the second software environment. This paper proposes a unified platform (UP) where PSCMD are stored in a spreadsheet file with a defined format. Script-based PSCMD transfer applications, written in MATLAB, have been developed for a set of software to read the circuit model data from the UP spreadsheet and reconstruct the circuit in the destination software. This significantly eases the process of transferring circuit model data between each pair of software tools. In this paper ETAP, OpenDSS, Grid LabD, and DEW are considered. In order to test the developed PSCMD transfer applications, circuit model data of a test circuit and an actual sample circuit from a Californian utility company, both built in CYME, were exported into the spreadsheet file according to the UP format. Thereafter, circuit model data were imported successfully from the spreadsheet files into all above mentioned software using the PSCMD transfer applications developed for each software individually. Finally, load flow analysis is performed in all software and the obtained results match with each other.
From prison to parliament: Victimhood, identity, and electoral support

Are voters more likely to support candidates who are victims of political persecution? I draw on an original survey with embedded experiments deployed in Turkey ahead of the June 2015 General Elect...
Individual and Community Engagement in Response to Environmental Challenges Experienced in Four Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods

Low-income urban communities, and the individuals that live within them, continue to face disproportionate interconnected social, economic, and environmental challenges related to their built, natural, and social environments. The aim of our phenomenological research study was to elevate the experiences of residents living in low-income urban neighborhoods in terms of their communities’ environmental challenges. Our objectives were to (1) identify challenges across neighborhoods, (2) identify ways individuals and communities are addressing those challenges, and (3) assess the individual and collective efficacy and engagement of communities to lead environmental improvements in neighborhoods. This study brings forward the voices that are often ignored or misunderstood in these communities and uses an ecological-social perspective. We conducted focus groups (N = 68) in four low-income urban neighborhoods across two Ohio cities in the United States. Participants described five key challenges in their communities: Pollution, abandoned buildings with associated crime, low food access and health concerns, trash and illegal dumping, and lack of trees. We assessed engagement and efficacy using two frameworks focused on individual and community readiness to engage in and lead community change. Policymakers should acknowledge the valuable contributions and leadership capacity of residents in low-income communities to implement environmental initiatives.
Linking Drought Impacts to Drought Severity at the State Level

Capsule:Concise summaries of documented, observed drought impacts for each state at each level of drought severity. This resource is now available on the USDM website.
Reflections on the tensions between openness and method in experientially oriented research and psychotherapy

In this article, as a phenomenological psychologist, researcher, and professor I offer reflections on the six articles that make up this special edition of the Journal. I respond to each in some de...
A randomized controlled trial of amyloid positron emission tomography results disclosure in mild cognitive impairment.

Introduction Recent studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker disclosure has no discernable psychological impact on cognitively healthy persons. Far less is known about how such results affect symptomatic individuals and their caregivers. Methods Randomized controlled trial of 82 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patient and caregiver dyads (total n = 164) to determine the effect of receiving amyloid positron emission tomography results on understanding of, and perceived efficacy to cope with, MCI over 52 weeks of follow-up. Results Gains in the primary outcomes were not consistently observed. Amyloid negative patients reported greater perceived ambiguity regarding MCI at follow-up, while moderate and sustained emotional distress was observed in patients, and to a lesser extent, caregivers, of those who were amyloid positive. There was no corresponding increase in depressive symptoms. Discussion These findings point to the possibility that both MCI patients and caregivers may need emotional support after the disclosure of amyloid scan results.
E-240 Safety and efficacy of tracstar large distal platform during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms

Introduction Increased procedure time during endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms is associated with increased anesthesia related complications and radiation exposure. Elimination of the need for intermediate catheters during aneurysm treatment may decrease procedure time and increase cost effectiveness. A novel device -the TracStar Large Distal Platform (LDP) -may offer more distal final positioning when compared to commonly used guide catheters, thus decreasing the need for guide catheter use. We investigate the safety and efficacy of the TracStar LDP when used during endovascular aneurysm treatment. Methods We perform a multicenter retrospective review of endovascular cerebral aneurysm embolizations during which the TracStar LDP was utilized. Aneurysm location, procedural information, and complications were recorded as detailed in the operative note. Vascular tortuosity was assessed via pre-procedural CTA. Distal-most position achieved with TracStar was determined by review of intraprocedural imaging. Results A preliminary analysis of 30 cases was performed. Flow diversion was performed in 25 cases (83%), and stent assisted coiling was performed in the remainder. The target aneurysm was located in the ICA in 27 cases (90%), the MCA bifurcation in 2 cases (7%), and the ACA in 1 case (3%). An intermediate catheter was required in 18 cases (60%). TracStar LDP achieved stable access to the Cavernous ICA in 70% of cases. Average procedure time was 67± 33 minutes.There were no procedural complications or new neurologic defects after treatment. TracStar LDP was exchanged for an alternative guide catheter in one case due to catheter kinking, and in two cases due to lack of support. Conclusion Use of Tracstar LDP during flow-diversion and sent-assisted coiling of cerebral aneurysms is safe and effective. Access to the cavernous segment of the ICA was achieved in the majority of cases, and use of an intermediate catheter was not required in 40% of cases. Final analysis of the the full 60 patient multi-center study will be available for presentation at SNIS Annual 2020. Disclosures D. Bageac: None. R. De Leacy: None.
Early ultrasound evaluation identifies excellent responders to neoadjuvant systemic therapy among patients with triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND Heterogeneity exists in the response of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to standard anthracycline (AC)/taxane-based neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST), with 40% to 50% of patients having a pathologic complete response (pCR) to therapy. Early assessment of the imaging response during NAST may identify a subset of TNBCs that are likely to have a pCR upon completion of treatment. The authors aimed to evaluate the performance of early ultrasound (US) after 2 cycles of neoadjuvant NAST in identifying excellent responders to NAST among patients with TNBC. METHODS Two hundred fifteen patients with TNBC were enrolled in the ongoing ARTEMIS (A Robust TNBC Evaluation Framework to Improve Survival) clinical trial. The patients were divided into a discovery cohort (n = 107) and a validation cohort (n = 108). A receiver operating characteristic analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to model the probability of a pCR on the basis of the tumor volume reduction (TVR) percentage by US from the baseline to after 2 cycles of AC. RESULTS Overall, 39.3% of the patients (42 of 107) achieved a pCR. A positive predictive value (PPV) analysis identified a cutoff point of 80% TVR after 2 cycles; the pCR rate was 77% (17 of 22) in patients with a TVR ≥ 80%, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.77-0.92; P < .0001). In the validation cohort, the pCR rate was 44%. The PPV for pCR with a TVR ≥ 80% after 2 cycles was 76% (95% CI, 55%-91%), and the AUC was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.70-0.87; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The TVR percentage by US evaluation after 2 cycles of NAST may be a cost-effective early imaging biomarker for a pCR to AC/taxane-based NAST.
Examining Collaborative Support for Privacy and Security in the Broader Context of Tech Caregiving

Managing digital privacy and security is often a collaborative process, where groups of individuals work together to share information and give one another advice. Yet, this collaborative process is not always reciprocal or equally shared. In many cases, individuals with more expertise help others without receiving help in return. Therefore, we studied the phenomenon of "Tech Caregiving" by surveying 20 groups (112 individuals) comprised of friends, family members, and/or co-workers who identified at least one member of their group as a someone who provides informal technical support to the people they know. We found that tech caregivers reported significantly higher levels of power use and self-efficacy for digital privacy and security, compared to tech caregivees. However, caregivers and caregivees did not differ based on their self-reportedcommunity collective-efficacy for collaboratively managing privacy and security together as a group. This finding demonstrates the importance of tech caregiving and community belonging in building community collective efficacy for digital privacy and security. We also found that caregivers and caregivees most often communicated via text message or phone when coordinating support, which was most frequently needed when troubleshooting or setting up new devices. Meanwhile, discussions specific to privacy and security represented only a small fraction of the issues for which participants gave or received tech care. Thus, we conclude that educating tech caregivers on how to provide privacy and security-focused support, as well as designing technologies that facilitate such support, has the potential to create positive networks effects towards the collective management of digital privacy and security.
How Are 21st Century Skills Captured in Makerspaces?: A Review of The Literature

A growing body of educational literature defends the need to prepare students for the new demands of the 21st century. Four skills are frequently cited among the most important skills that students should master: collaboration, communication, critical thinking, and creativity (4Cs). Digital fabrication spaces, also known as makerspaces, promise to facilitate the development of these skills through project-based learning and open access to a range of prototyping tools, such as laser cutting and 3D printing. Despite this promise, there is little agreement in the educational literature on how makerspaces are contributing to the development of 21st century skills. In this review, we examined the types of student data that are being collected in makerspaces and analyzed how this data supports the development of 21st century skills in digital fabrication environments. We found that 1) the motivation for the majority of studies (46%) was to evaluate the space (with a focus on best practices and challenges of maintaining these spaces), while very few studies (3%) leveraged measurements for learners' social benefits (e.g., diversity and inclusion, gender-equality); 2) 53% of the studies focused on a 21st century skill, with a stronger focus on collaboration and communication; 3) 92% of the reviewed papers relied on traditional methods (e.g., surveys) to capture student data, and only 8% explored complex tracking technologies such as sensing devices; 4) finally, less than 10% of the studies used pre-post measures, which is a prerequisite for measuring learners' growth. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings in measuring 21st century skills in makerspaces.
Molecular cloning of brevican, a novel brain proteoglycan of the aggrecan/versican family.

Abstract To clone novel brain proteoglycans, we employed a strategy based on polyclonal antisera that recognize multiple proteoglycan core proteins. By using an antiserum raised against a fraction enriched for proteoglycans, we isolated three groups of cDNAs from a bovine brain lambda gt11 library. One of the cDNA groups has been fully sequenced and shown to encode a novel proteoglycan core protein of the aggrecan/versican family. This proteoglycan, named brevican, carries chondroitin sulfate chains, and, like other members of the family, contains a hyaluronic acid-binding domain in its N-terminal region, an epidermal growth factor-like repeat, a lectin-like and a complement regulatory protein-like domains in its C-terminal region. In contrast, the central region of brevican is much shorter than that of aggrecan, versican, or neurocan, and shows little homology with these proteoglycans. Brevican core protein exists as a 145 kDa full-length form and a 80 kDa N terminally truncated form. A significant amount of brevican devoid of any glycosaminoglycan chains is present in the brain, indicating that brevican is a "part-time" proteoglycan. Northern blot analysis reveals that a single 3.3-kilobase brevican transcript is present predominantly in the brain, and that it is expressed in primary cerebellar astrocytes but not in neurons.
Conformance to Depression Process Measures of Medicare Part B Beneficiaries in Primary Care Settings

Objectives To evaluate conformance to depression screening, management, and outcome quality indicators and to evaluate individual characteristics associated with conformance to these indicators. Design Cross-sectional study using electronic health record (EHR) data. Setting Thirty-four clinics in one healthcare system. Participants Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older with at least one primary care visit between September 2010 and August 2012 (N = 5,000). Measurements Seven measures, current as of 2013, were found for which all the necessary specifications were available in the EHR: general screening, screening within 4 months of diagnosis, screening after stroke, screening after heart disease, depression reassessment, depression response, and depression remission. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with conformance. Results Screening for depression in Medicare beneficiaries was low (17%). Conformance to measures varied from 10% for the depression response measure to 77% for the depression remission measure. In the adjusted regression analyses for the general screening (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–2.08), depression reassessment (AOR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.16–15.19), and screening after heart disease (AOR = 5.57, 95% CI = 1.37–22.57) measures, black participants were more likely to be given care that conformed to the numerator criteria than white participants. A strong site effect was found, with 90% of the depression screens being administered at three sites. Conclusion Only a small proportion of Medicare beneficiaries received the recommended screening and follow-up care needed to conform to the quality measures for depression in the primary care setting. Further evaluation of measures of depression care should be conducted before these measures are implemented widely.
Bifurcations Arising in the Calculation of Critical Points via Homotopy Methods

Among the applications of numerical continuation methods is the determination of the critical points of a mapping f: ℝN → ℝ1. One may choose a mapping e: ℝN → ℝ1 such that the zero points aj, j = 1, ...,m of E := ∇e are known and are reqular points of E. One then formulates a smooth deformation map H such that H(t, x) ∈ ℝN for (t, x) ∈ ℝ1 × ℝN and .
Boson Quantum Field Models

Quantum fields, from a mathematical point of view, are highly singular. These fields are believed to describe the interactions of elementary particles. For the interaction of electrons with light (photons), the quantum field description is exact within the limits of experimental accuracy (5 significant figures). For these reasons, i.e. the mathematical difficulties and the importance to physics, the problem of formulating the mathematical foundations of quantum field theory has attracted the attention of both mathematicians and physicists over a period of several decades. On the side of the physicists, the most striking achievements were the calculation in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s of the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron together with the development of the renormalization method on which these calculations were based. Of the mathematicians, J. von Neumann was the first to realize that new mathematical theories would be required to formulate quantum field theory correctly and this realization was one of the motives for developing the theory of operator algebras.
Thienamycin nephrotoxicity. Mitochondrial injury and oxidative effects of imipenem in the rabbit kidney.

The nephrotoxic cephalosoprins cephaloridine and cephaloglycin both produce mitochondrial respiratory toxicity in renal cortex. Recent work has provided evidence that this respiratory toxicity is caused by acylation and inactivation of mitochondrial anionic substrate transporters. While cephaloridine also causes significant lipid peroxidative injury in cortical mitochondria and microsomes, cephaloglycin causes little or no oxidative damage under identical conditions. The recently released thienamycin antibiotic, imipenem, like the toxic cephalosporins, produces acute proximal tubular necrosis which can be prevented completely by prior administration of probenecid. The ability of imipenem to block mitochondrial substrate uptake and respiration and produce oxidative changes has not been examined. We therefore evaluated the effects of imipenem in rabbit renal cortex on the following: (1) mitochondrial function [respiration with and uptake of succinate, and uptake of ADP]; and (2) evidence of oxidative change [depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH), production of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and production of lipid peroxidative injury, as reflected in microsomal conjugated dienes (CDs)]. The mitochondrial effects of 300 mg/kg body wt of imipenem, given i.v. 1 and 2 hr before killing the animals, were comparable to those of the nephrotoxic cephalosporins. There was significant reduction of respiration with, and unidirectional uptake of, succinate at both times, while mitochondrial ADP transport was comparatively unaffected. Imipenem also depleted GSH and increased GSSG and CDs at 1 hr. These effects, however, were considerably smaller than those of a comparably nephrotoxic dose of cephaloridine, and this evidence of oxidative stress had resolved by 2 hr. We conclude that imipenem and the nephrotoxic cephalosporins have similar effects on mitochondrial substrate uptake and respiration, but differ significantly in their production of oxidative injury.
Evolutionary Computation for Discrete and Continuous Time Optimal Control Problems

Nonlinear discrete time and continuous time optimal control problems with terminal constraints are solved using a new evolutionary approach which seeks the control history directly by evolutionary computation. Unlike methods that use the first order necessary conditions to determine the optimum, the main advantage of the present method is that it does not require the development of a Hamiltonian formulation and consequently, it eliminates the requirement to solve the adjoint problem which usually leads to a difficult two-point boundary value problem. The method is verified on two benchmark problems. The first problem is the discrete time velocity direction programming problem with the effects of gravity, thrust and drag and a terminal constraint on the final vertical position. The second problem is a continuous time optimal control problem in rocket dynamics, the Goddard’s problem. The solutions of both problems compared favorably with published results based on gradient methods.
Optimal entry point and trajectory for endoscopic third ventriculostomy: evaluation of 53 patients with volumetric imaging guidance

Object An optimal entry point for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) helps protect critical structures from undue manipulation. A commonly accepted ideal entry point is 3 cm from the midline and 1 cm anterior to the coronal suture. The authors of this study reexamine this ideal entry point. Methods Trajectory views from MR images or CT scans used for cranial image guidance in 53 patients (age range 3–85 years) who had undergone ETV were retrospectively evaluated. The trajectory from the tuber cinereum back through the center of the foramen of Monro was projected to the surface of the head. The relation of the entry point to the midline and the coronal suture was established. Results The mean perpendicular distance from the ideal entry point to the midline was 30.1 ± 7 mm (median 31.9 mm, range 12.5–42.2 mm). The mean perpendicular distance to the coronal suture was 8.9 ± 14.1 mm posterior (median 10.4 mm), ranging from 30.6 mm anterior to 35.8 mm posterior. The entry point tended to be located more po...
Different topologies for single-phase unified power quality conditioners

In this paper, two reduced parts single-phase unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) are introduced. These two systems consist of four or six power electronic switches instead of eight switches. The systems have the effective capability of line current conditioning as well as load voltage regulation. Control methods and analysis of these systems as well as the conventional four-leg system for different functions are presented. Simulation and experimental results are also presented to verify the theoretical analysis.
Increased Buyer Concentration and Its Effects on Profitability in the Manufacturing Sector

The article details the increase in buyerconcentration that has occurred throughout themanufacturing sector in recent years and explores itseffects on manufacturers' profitability. The articledevelops a new firm-level data set derived fromSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Form 10-Ksubmissions to explore this topic among 218 firms in19 industries. The article's econometric resultsconflict with economic theory's prediction thatgreater buyer concentration is likely to be associatedwith lower seller profits principally in oligopolisticindustries. To the contrary, the results suggest thatbuyer concentration reduces profitability primarily incompetitive rather than oligopolistic industries.
Cortical areas involved in OKN and VOR in cats: cortical lesions

Eye movements evoked by optokinetic and vestibular stimulation were measured by scleral search coil before and up to 8 weeks after unilateral cortical lesions in 11 cats. During both monocular and binocular viewing conditions, several deficits in the velocity-storage component of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were found. At low target velocities, the final steady-state slow-phase eye velocity and the peak value of optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) were reduced for slow phases towards the side of the lesion. At high target velocities OKN and OKAN were no longer elicited. The time constant of OKAN was also reduced for slow phases towards the side of the lesion. These deficits in OKN and OKAN were quantitatively similar in cats with large cortical (LC) lesions involving all known visual areas and in cats with suprasylvian (SS) lesions involving areas 21a, 21b, PMLS, and VLS. Ablation of areas 17 and 18 alone had no effect, but when combined with section of the corpus callosum (17/18+CC) resulted in a qualitatively similar but less severe deficit as the LC and SS lesions. By 3 weeks postoperatively, OKN recovered to near preoperative values in cats with SS lesions. Vestibular adaptive capabilities were impaired during the duration of the study in cats with LC, SS, and 17/18+CC lesions. Cats with these lesions could not normally increase VOR gain for slow phases directed ipsilateral to the lesion, and following vestibular adaptation most of these cats developed persistent asymmetries in VOR gain and VOR time constants. These results can be better conceptualized using a mathematical model of the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic system adapted from Robinson (1977). This model contains a single positive-feedback velocity storage loop common to the VOR and OKN systems and a retinal-slip velocity nonlinearity. Our results suggest that SS cortex improves the retinal-slip nonlinearity feeding into the velocity-storage system by extending its range and increasing its gain. The SS cortex depends in part upon areas 17 and 18 either directly, or indirectly via the corpus callosum, for processing of high retinal-slip velocities. Cerebral cortex is also involved in increasing the gain of the velocity-storage loop during vestibular adaptation for ipsilaterally directed slow phases.
Patterns of health care utilization in Vietnam : analysis of 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey Data

The author provides an econometric analysis of health care utilization in Vietnam based on individual and household level data from the 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey. The author focuses on the major features of health care utilization patterns, including the determinants of largely self-prescribed use of pharmaceutical drugs, and the use of government hospitals, commune health centers, and private health facilities. The role of income and health insurance is emphasized. Econometric models are estimated for use probability and frequency of contact for all major categories of care, and for individual and household medical expenditure. Econometric results reveal differential responses to income changes at different levels of income. Commune health centers and self-medication are normal goods at lower income levels but inferior goods at higher income levels. The author discusses the policy implications of these results.
Atypical information theory for real-valued data

Atypical sequences are subsequences of long sequences that deviates from the ‘normal’ data. In a previous paper we have developed an information theory approach to such sequences for discrete data. In the current paper we extend this principle to real-valued data, whereby it is possible to use signal processing tools to search for atypical data. The application of this principle is to extract a few interesting sets of information from ‘big data’ sets. We include a simple application to stock market data.
Action, culture and metaphor: finding common ground in research on public language use

Abstract The papers in this issue offer valuable perspectives on public language activities as they are embedded in cultural and social contexts. The perspectives are diverse in their theoretical underpinnings, their domains of study, and their methodologies, but they share concerns about action and interaction, learning and the relation of language and culture. They represent language studies from the perspective of the distributed language approach, ecological psychology, dynamical systems, and others. Topics included are: theoretical tools and insights (from Aristotle, Bakhtin, Clark, Harris, Shannon, Rescorla) that should be valuable for research on public, embodied, interpersonal language use; studies of negotiation networks as a way to study development of common ground; and metaphor as an everyday use of language that children discover and use early in their lives. Methodologies include theoretical analysis, experimental research, and case studies. They illustrate some of the important issues and challenges facing research and theory on public, between person language use, and offer some promising possibilities.
A Unified Data-Flow Framework for Optimizing Communication

This paper presents a framework, based on global array data flow analysis, to reduce communication costs in a program being compiled for a distributed memory machine. This framework applies techniques for partial redundancy elimination to available section descriptors, a novel representation of communication involving array sections. With a single framework, we are able to capture numerous optimizations like (i) vectorizing communication, (ii) eliminating communication that is redundant on any control flow path, (iii) reducing the amount of data being communicated, (iv) reducing the number of processors to which data must be communicated, and (v) moving communication earlier to hide latency, and to subsume previous communication. Further, the explicit representation of availability of data in our framework allows processors other than the owners also to send values needed by other processors, leading to additional opportunities for optimizing communication. Another contribution of this paper is to show that the bidirectional problem of eliminating partial redundancies can be decomposed into simpler unidirectional problems, in the context of communication as well.
On the Conservation of Aminoacyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase Genes in Bacillus

None of the heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid from various bacilli was capable of transforming lysyl- and tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase mutants of Bacillus subtilis to wild type. It was concluded that there is little conservation of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases even though the tRNA cistrons are conserved genetic functions.
Personality and Subjective Well-Being

Personality has been found to be more strongly associated with subjective well-being in many instances than are life circumstances. In part, this might be due to the fact that temperament and other individual differences can influence people’s feelings and evaluations of their lives, but also because people’s emotions are an inherent part of personality. This chapter discusses the heritability of “happiness,” that portion of subjective well-being that is due to genetic differences between individuals. The stability of subjective well-being over time is substantial, and this is likely due in part to the stability of personality. Specific personality traits are related to various types of well-being. For example, extroversion appears to be more strongly related to positive emotions, while neuroticism is more related to negative feelings. Although personality is an important correlate of subjective well-being, situations and life circumstances can in some cases have a considerable influence as well. Furthermore, personality can to some degree change over time, and with it, levels of subjective well-being can change.
Computer Calculation of Serum Protein Electrophoresis, Based on Peak Height Measurements

A computer program has been written for off-line calculation of relative and absolute percentages of the five serum protein fractions usually seen on cellulose acetate electrophoretograms, with use of manually observed peak heights on densitometer scans. With myeloma-like peaks, both peak height and width at half-peak height must be measured. Routine application of the program saves technician time and decreases the number of large random errors.
Statistical analyses of the zeolites clinoptilolite and heulandite

Cluster analysis showed that at least five compositional subgroups exist within the heulandite family of zeolites. The two extreme members of these five groups are the traditional heulandites and clinoptilolites. At a coarser level of clustering, two subgroups, clinoptilolite and heulandite, are evident. As shown by discriminant analysis, the most important compositional variable distinguishing all these groups is calcium. From principal components analysis, it was found that the c cell dimensions of the heulandite family of zeolites varies directly with aluminum and inversely with silicon. The a cell dimension and the β angle seem to vary inversely with the iron content. The b cell dimension may vary inversely with iron and aluminum and directly with silicon.
Picasso's neoclassic outlines: An archaeology of consciousness

She innovations and outlinings in Picasso's critically formative Pink Period, and in his recurrent classicisms, clearly stem from once novel and then fashionably assimilated imagery of Late Archaic and Severe style Greek art (Fig. 1; cf. also Fig. 3). As far as I know, however, nowhere in the vast Picasso literature is mentioned another obvious but pedestrian source for these borrowings: the popular yet archaeologically specialized outline reproductions of tens of thousands of Classical works of art in Salomon Reinach's score of mass produced and inexpensive volumes on Greek and Roman reliefs and paintings (Fig. 2).1 Picasso's facile and voracious exploitation of art historical sources is well known. Some wags have even reckoned him the best art historian of the century. The assimilation and abandonment of his father's academicism; his accomplished productions in Barcelona's popular art nouveau expressionism, which led him briefly to imagery like that of Lautrec and Munch in Paris; and his adoptions of Spanish Medievalist as well as Classical styles, followed by Africanist Cubism a la C4zanne and Matisse, all exemplify an eclectic and kaleidoscopic ravaging of high and low sources carried on until his death.2 That frenzied man (and eye) continually on the run left the spoor and seed of an overcompensating alpha male--which belied his plummy associations and infantile polymorphism.
Randomness of Intermating in Soybean Populations Containing Male-Sterile Plants

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate male-sterility-facilitated intermating in a soybean population with respect to equality of parental contribution
Awake craniotomy in a patient with ejection fraction of 10%: considerations of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular physiology

A 37-year-old man with nonischemic 4-chamber dilated cardiomyopathy and low-output cardiac failure (estimated ejection fraction of 10%) underwent awake craniotomy for a low-grade oligodendroglioma resection under monitored anesthesia care. The cerebrovascular and cardiovascular physiologic challenges and our management of this patient are discussed.
High resolution imaging of optical absorption coefficient in multi-centimeter-size turbid media using combined photoacoustic and diffusing light measurements

We introduce a method that can provide high resolution images of optical absorption coefficient from PAT. Acoustic measurements in PAT are combined with DOT measurements to separate the product of absorption coefficient and photon density.
ParaFrustum: visualization techniques for guiding a user to a constrained set of viewing positions and orientations

Many tasks in real or virtual environments require users to view a target object or location from one of a set of strategic viewpoints to see it in context, avoid occlusions, or view it at an appropriate angle or distance. We introduce ParaFrustum, a geometric construct that represents this set of strategic viewpoints and viewing directions. ParaFrustum is inspired by the look-from and look-at points of a computer graphics camera specification, which precisely delineate a location for the camera and a direction in which it looks. We generalize this approach by defining a ParaFrustum in terms of a look-from volume and a look-at volume, which establish constraints on a range of acceptable locations for the user's eyes and a range of acceptable angles in which the user's head can be oriented. Providing tolerance in the allowable viewing positions and directions avoids burdening the user with the need to assume a tightly constrained 6DoF pose when it is not required by the task. We describe two visualization techniques for virtual or augmented reality that guide a user to assume one of the poses defined by a ParaFrustum, and present the results of a user study measuring the performance of these techniques. The study shows that the constraints of a tightly constrained ParaFrustum (e.g., approximating a conventional camera frustum) require significantly more time to satisfy than those of a loosely constrained one. The study also reveals interesting differences in participant trajectories in response to the two techniques.
Transcriptional targets of the schizophrenia risk gene MIR137

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have strongly implicated MIR137 (the gene encoding the microRNA miR-137) in schizophrenia. A parsimonious hypothesis is that a pathway regulated by miR-137 is important in the etiology of schizophrenia. Full evaluation of this hypothesis requires more definitive knowledge about biological targets of miR-137, which is currently lacking. Our goals were to expand knowledge of the biology of miR-137 by identifying its empirical targets, and to test whether the resulting lists of direct and indirect targets were enriched for genes and pathways involved in risk for schizophrenia. We overexpressed miR-137 in a human neural stem cell line and analyzed gene expression changes at 24 and 48 h using RNA sequencing. Following miR-137 overexpression, 202 and 428 genes were differentially expressed after 24 and 48 h. Genes differentially expressed at 24 h were enriched for transcription factors and cell cycle genes, and differential expression at 48 h affected a wider variety of pathways. Pathways implicated in schizophrenia were upregulated in the 48 h findings (major histocompatibility complex, synapses, FMRP interacting RNAs and calcium channels). Critically, differentially expressed genes at 48 h were enriched for smaller association P-values in the largest published schizophrenia GWAS. This work provides empirical support for a role of miR-137 in the etiology of schizophrenia.
Injury classification and the international classification of diseases codes

Abstract Improvements in the widely used International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are important to our ability to study and prevent injuries. ICD “N codes” would be far more useful if they provided more detail, especially for internal injuries, and if they were modified to facilitate conversion to the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). A modular system for ICD “E” codes should include the etiologic agent, vector or vehicle, event or circumstances, and intent.
Chemistry at interfaces: Electropositive metals on polymer surfaces

Etude des interactions chimiques entre des surfaces de polyimide et une couche mince de chrome depose en phase vapeur par methodes chimiques et spectroscopiques
High affinity hydroxypiperidine analogues of 4-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidine for the dopamine transporter: stereospecific interactions in vitro and in vivo.

In our effort to develop high-affinity ligands for the dopamine transporter which might find potential use as cocaine medication, a polar hydroxy substituent was introduced into the piperidine ring of one of our disubstituted lead analogues derived from 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)-ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (GBR 12935). Both cis- and trans-3-hydroxy derivatives were synthesized and the racemic trans isomer, (±)-5, was further resolved into two enantiomers. Newly synthesized compounds were characterized for their binding affinity at the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporter systems in rat brain. The two enantiomers (+)-5 and (−)-5 exhibited marked differential affinities at the dopamine transporter with (+)-5 being 122-fold more potent than (−)-5 in inhibiting radiolabeled cocaine analogue binding (IC50; 0.46 vs 56.7 nM) and 9-fold more active for inhibiting dopamine uptake (IC50; 4.05 vs 38.0 nM). Furthermore, the most active (+)-5 was 22-fold more potent at the dopamine transporter comp...
The 'unique key' feature of the Iap-binding motifs in RHG proteins.

Reaper, Hid, Grim, and Sickle are a group of fruit fly proteins that play pivotal roles in regulating apoptosis during development and in response to cytotoxic stimuli. A rich array of structure/function analysis indicated that two short motifs shared among these proteins contribute to their proapoptotic activity. So far, only in Drosophila melanogaster have all four proteins been identified. Taking advantage of genome sequence projects, we have identified orthologs of these proteins in several divergent Drosophila species. Comparison of the two motifs within and among the ortholog groups revealed a striking distinctiveness of the Iapbinding motif, which is characteristic of each group and is strictly conserved. This finding suggests that these proteins function as ‘unique’ rather than ‘general’ keys to unlock the inhibition of Iap on caspase activation. The GH3 motif, on the other hand, shows differential conservation. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that these proteins are not simply redundant, but each has a distinct role in regulating cell death.
Purification of polyoma virus.

Abstract High-titer polyma virus lysates were routinely obtained through the use of tissue cultures made from the kidneys of suckling mice that were inoculated with virus a few days after birth. The virus was then concentrated by sedimentation and purified by equilibrium centrifugation in a cesium chloride density gradient. By this procedure 316-fold and 375-fold increases of the ratio infectivity to protein content were obtained. Evidence in support of homogeneity of the purified virus preparations was obtained from analytical ultracentrifuge studies. Sedimentation velocity experiments revealed a single sedimenting component with a sedimentation constant, S 20 w , of 242 ± 1 Svedbergs; equilibrium centrifugation in a cesium chloride density gradient showed the presence of a single symmetrical concentration distribution. Additional support for homogeneity was obtained from electron microscope observations and the ultraviolet absorption spectrum. After equilibrium centrifugation in a cesium chloride density gradient, crude polyoma virus fractionates into two main bands at levels corresponding to densities 1.339 g/ml and 1.297 g/ml. At density 1.339, virus displayed infectivity comparable to its hemagglutinating activity, showed an ultraviolet absorption spectrum typical of a nucleoprotein, and appeared to consist mainly of “full” particles in the electron microscope. At density 1.297, virus was characterized by hemagglutinating activity without corresponding infectivity, a typical protein-like ultraviolet absorption spectrum, and the appearance of “empty” particles in the electron microscope. Using the difference in buoyant densities between the two types of polyoma particles, the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid in the “full” particles was estimated as 13.4%.
Potential for a New Generation of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems of the Future

Industrial agriculture, which is grounded in the industrial principles-specialization, simplification and concentration - that inform all industrial economies, has been exceptionally successful for the past half century. But, as we enter the 21st century this modem agriculture will be facing a number of serious challenges that may force the abandonment of these principles in favor of a more diversified, complex system of food and fiber production.