cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modular cis-regulatory organization of Endo16, a gut-specific gene of the sea urchin embryo

The Endo16 gene of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is expressed at the blastula stage of embryogenesis throughout the vegetal plate, at the gastrula stage in the whole of the archenteron and in postgastrular stages only in the midgut. We showed earlier that a 2300 bp upstream sequence suffices to faithfully recreate this pattern of expression when fused to a CAT reporter gene. Here we define the functional organization of this cis-regulatory domain, which includes over thirty high specificity binding sites, serviced by at least thirteen different putative transcription factors, in addition to >20 sites for a factor commonly found in the regulatory sequences of other sea urchin genes as well (SpGCF1). The Endo16 cis-regulatory domain consists of several different functional elements, or modules, each containing one or two unique DNA-binding factor target sites, plus sites for factors binding in other modules as well. Modular regulatory function was defined in experiments in which regions of the cis-regulatory DNA containing specific clusters of sites were tested in isolation, combined with one another, or by selective deletion, and the effects on expression of the CAT reporter were determined by whole-mount in situ hybridization or CAT enzyme activity measurements. The most proximal module (A) is mainly responsible for early embryonic expression, and module A alone suffices to locate expression in the vegetal plate and archenteron. The adjacent module (B) is responsible for a steep postgastrular rise in expression, when the gene is transcribed only in the midgut and, prior to this module B alone also suffices to promote expression in the vegetal plate and archenteron. The most distal module, G, acts as a booster for either A or B modules. However, no combination of A, B and G modules generates vegetal plate or gut expression exclusively. Ectopic expression of A-, B- and G-CAT fusion constructs occurs in the adjacent (veg1-derived) ectoderm and in skeletogenic mesenchyme cells. For expression to be confined to endoderm requires negative regulatory functions mediated by modules E, F and DC. Modules E and F each repress ectopic expression specifically in veg1 ectoderm. Module DC represses ectopic expression specifically in skeletogenic mesenchyme. Expression of some Endo16 constructs is dramatically increased by treatment with LiCl, which expands the territory in which the endogenous Endo16 gene is expressed at the expense of veg1 ectoderm. The same modules that act to repress ectopic expression in untreated embryos are required for enhanced expression of constructs after LiC1 treatment. Furthermore, both the negative spatial control functions and response to LiC1 require the presence of module A. The total regulatory requirements of the Endo16 gene during embryogenesis can be expressed in terms of the positive and negative functions of the individual modules and the interactions between modules that are identified in this study.
Control of non-minimum-phase nonlinear systems through constrained input-output linearization

This paper presents a novel control method that provides optimal output-regulation with guaranteed closed-loop asymptotic stability within an assessable domain of attraction. The closed-loop stability is ensured by requiring state variables to satisfy a hard, second-order Lyapunov constraint. Whenever input-output linearization alone cannot ensure asymptotic closed-loop stability, the closed-loop system evolves while being at the hard constraint. Once the closed-loop system enters a state-space region in which input-output linearization can ensure asymptotic stability, the hard constraint becomes inactive. Consequently, the nonlinear control method is applicable to stable and unstable processes, whether non-minimum- or minimum-phase. The control method is implemented on a chemical reactor with multiple steady states, to show its application and performance.
The role of amino acids in the nitrogen cycle of Lake Mendota1

Concentrations of most dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in Lake Mendota, a eutrophic Wisconsin lake, were generally low ( < 0.01 ,uM ) but detectable and appearcd to be controlled by bacterial uptake. Combined amino acids occurred in concentrations an order of magnitude higher than DFAA. Of 10 amino acids examined, serine and alanine were generally most prevalent in the DFAA fraction (glycine was not measured ) . Concentrations of dissolved amino acids (free and combined) showed little variation with depth or season, but the levels of particulate amino acids increased in the epilimnion during the warmer months when conditions were favorable for algal growth, In the hypolimnion concentrations of amino acids in particulate material were lower than in the dissolved fraction. Daily examination of shore samples suggested that the concentrations of the DFAA generally remained at tract levels, with substantially higher concentrations during a period of rapid algal decomposition following an Aphanixomenon bloom. Shore water samples from 3 m below the lake surface contained lower and more uniform DFAA concentrations from day to day than did surface samples. Despite many investigations of the nitrogen cycle in lakes, the role of amino acids remains unclear. Much of the nitrogen in lake water is organic and of proteinaceous origin. It is reasonable to expect competition between nitrogen limited algae and bacteria for available nitrogen. IIeterotrophic bacteria can utilize amino acids. Many species of algae can also assimilate amino acid nitrogen (Algeus 1948a,b, 1949, 1950; Ghosh and Burris 1950), but little is known about the nature or kinetics of algal organic nitrogen uptake in lake water. To investigate the importance of amino acids to the nitrogen cycle of Lake Mendota, it was first necessary to establish the concentrations and variability of free and combincd amino acids in the lake. On five sampling dates samples were taken from four depths of a “deep hole” arca and ’ This study was supported by EPA training grant No. 5 5-T02-WP-00184 and EPA research grant No. 16010. In addition, support was pro
A competitive modular connectionist architecture

We describe a multi-network, or modular, connectionist architecture that captures that fact that many tasks have structure at a level of granularity intermediate to that assumed by local and global function approximation schemes. The main innovation of the architecture is that it combines associative and competitive learning in order to learn task decompositions. A task decomposition is discovered by forcing the networks comprising the architecture to compete to learn the training patterns. As a result of the competition, different networks learn different training patterns and, thus, learn to partition the input space. The performance of the architecture on a "what" and "where" vision task and on a multi-payload robotics task are presented.
Prophylactic circumferential intraoperative laser retinopexy decreases the risk of retinal detachment after macular hole surgery.

Purpose Pars plana vitrectomy with peeling of the internal limiting membrane is a well-established technique for the treatment of idiopathic macular holes with high success rates. Complications such as retinal tears may result from vitreous incarceration at the sclerotomy sites. Prophylactic laser retinopexy (LR) has recently been shown to decrease incidence of postvitrectomy rhegmatogenous retinal detachment but its efficacy in macular hole repair has not been established. In this study we evaluated the safety and efficacy of prophylactic LR and compared the patients to a control group that did not receive prophylactic treatment. Methods A retrospective, consecutive chart review was conducted comparing patients who underwent macular hole repair with LR to without LR. Patient demographics were collected and the number and time interval of retinal detachment in the 2 groups were compared. Statistical analysis was conducted between the 2 groups. Results A total of 144 eyes underwent macular hole repair during the study period. A total of 76 eyes underwent LR and 68 eyes did not undergo LR. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. At 1 year, RD occurred in 1 eye (1.31%) in the LR group and in 8 eyes (8.82%) without LR group (p Conclusions Prophylactic LR decreases the incidence of postoperative retinal detachment a potentially disabling complication of macular hole repair surgery.
How Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program can do a better job of insuring uninsured children: the perspectives of parents of uninsured Latino children.

Background.— Eight and a half million US children are uninsured, despite the 1997 enactment of the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) with $39 billion in funding, and Latinos continue to be the most uninsured racial/ ethnic group, with 24% (3 million) uninsured. Why SCHIP and Medicaid have not been more successful insuring uninsured children is unclear. Objective.— To identify reasons why parents are unable to insure uninsured Latino children in a state where all lowincome children are eligible for insurance. Methods.— Bilingual focus groups of parents of uninsured Latino children from Boston communities with the highest proportion of uninsured Latino children. Results.— The 30 parents interviewed in 6 focus groups had a mean age of 39 years; 63% never graduated high school and 33% were US citizens. The mean age of their children was 12 years, and the median annual family income was $9120. Parents reported 52 barriers to insuring children. Major obstacles included lack of knowledge about the application process and eligibility (especially misconceptions about work, welfare, and immigration), language barriers, immigration issues, income, hassles, pending decisions, family mobility, misinformation from insurance representatives (being told insurance is too expensive and parents must work), and system problems (including lost applications, discrimination, and excessive waits). Parents universally agreed case managers would be helpful in insuring uninsured children. Conclusions.— Even in a state where all low-income children are eligible for health insurance, current SCHIP and Medicaid outreach and enrollment are not effectively reaching uninsured Latino children. Parents need better information about programs, eligibility, and the application process, and a more efficient, user-friendly system.
High-speed Al/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As/GaAs multi-quantum-well phototransistors with tunable spectral response

The authors have measured the high-frequency characteristics and temporal response of a GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction phototransistor with a GaAs/Al/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8 /multi-quantum-well collector. The quantum wells offer tunability of the photoresponse (10 nm for a bias change of 4 V) and a negative differential resistance in the photocurrent-voltage characteristics. Measured values of f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ are 20 and 6 GHz, respectively. The temporal response to short-pulse optical excitation is characterized by a linewidth of 46 ps. Such devices are attractive candidates for making optically induced oscillators. >
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and Hypertension in Mice With Targeted Disruption of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS 3) Gene

Abstract NO, synthesized in endothelial cells by endothelial NO synthase (NOS 3), is believed to be an important endogenous pulmonary vasodilator substance that contributes to the normal low pulmonary vascular resistance. To selectively investigate the role of NOS 3 in the pulmonary circulation, mice with targeted disruption of the NOS 3 gene were studied. Pulmonary hemodynamics were studied by measuring pulmonary artery pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and lower thoracic aortic flow by using a novel open-chest technique. Transient partial occlusion of the inferior vena cava was used to assess the pulmonary artery pressure-flow relationship. Tension developed by isolated pulmonary artery segments after acetylcholine stimulation was measured in vitro. The histological appearance of NOS 3–deficient and wild-type murine lungs was compared. NOS 3–deficient mice (n=27), when compared with wild-type mice (n=32), had pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure, 19.0±0.8 versus 16.4±0.6 mm...
C-TREND: Temporal Cluster Graphs for Identifying and Visualizing Trends in Multiattribute Transactional Data

Organizations and firms are capturing increasingly more data about their customers, suppliers, competitors, and business environment. Most of this data is multiattribute (multidimensional) and temporal in nature. Data. mining and business intelligence, techniques are often used to discover patterns in such data; however, mining temporal relationships typically is a complex task. We propose a new data analysis and visualization technique for representing trends in multiattribute temporal data using a clustering- based approach. We introduce Cluster-based Temporal Representation of EveNt Data (C-TREND), a system that implements the temporal cluster graph construct, which maps multiattribute temporal data to a two-dimensional directed graph that identifies trends in dominant data types over time. In this paper, we present our temporal clustering-based technique, discuss its algorithmic implementation and performance, demonstrate applications of the technique by analyzing data on wireless networking technologies and baseball batting statistics, and introduce a set of metrics for further analysis of discovered trends.
Constraining shallow slip and tsunami excitation in megathrust ruptures using seismic and ocean acoustic waves recorded on ocean-bottom sensor networks

Abstract Great earthquakes along subduction-zone plate boundaries, like the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, event, deform the seafloor to generate massive tsunamis. Tsunami wave heights near shore are greatest when excitation occurs far offshore near the trench, where water depths are greatest and fault slip is shallow. The Tohoku event, featuring over 30 m of slip near the trench, exemplifies this hazard. Unfortunately the rupture process that far offshore is poorly constrained with land-based geodetic and even most seafloor deformation measurements, and seismic inferences of shallow slip are often nonunique. Here we demonstrate, through dynamic rupture simulations of the Tohoku event, that long-period guided waves in the ocean (specifically, leaking oceanic P-wave modes known as PL waves) can resolve the shallow rupture process and tsunami excitation near the trench. With predicted pressure changes of ∼ 0.1 – 1 MPa along most of the seafloor landward of the trench, and periods of several seconds, these PL waves should be observable with ocean-bottom pressure sensors and/or seismometers. With cabled sensor networks like those being deployed offshore Japan and in other subduction zones, these waves could be used to rapidly quantify shallow slip and near-trench seafloor uplift and improve local tsunami early warning systems.
THE SCATTERING OF LATTICE VIBRATIONS BY VACANCY TYPE DEFECTS

Abstract A brief review of the development of the subject of lattice defects in solids is given. The relation of this problem to field theory methodology is discussed; the defect is regarded as a particle imbedded in the phonon field. One may then discuss scattering states in the field, or “dressed” states of the particle. Specific application is then made to a defect in a simple cubic crystal including interactions between the defect site and its six nearest neighbors. Scattering solutions and scattering cross-sections are calculated and show that vacancies can cause strong resonant scattering, or pseudo-localized modes, at frequencies well below the Debye frequency. Applications to thermal conductivity and other experiments are discussed briefly.
Effect of Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Biological Control Agent of Musk Thistle

The effect of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, on Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich in a musk thistle, Carduus nutans L., biological control program was evaluated in laboratory and field trials in pastures in middle Georgia in 1999 and 2000. In the laboratory, 30 thistle heads containing eggs and larvae were kept as controls and 30 heads were exposed to fire ant colonies. Foraging by fire ants for 72 h did not reduce the number of R. conicus eggs or larvae on musk thistle heads. Foraging by fire ant workers on musk thistle in pasture plots was nearly eliminated following treatment with Amdro bait (hydramethylnon). However, there were no noticeable differences in R. conicus egg, larva, or adult counts for thistle heads in treated and untreated plots. Results suggest R. conicus is largely unaffected by red imported fire ant activity on musk thistle.
MALIGNANT TUMOR IN A HORSESHOE KIDNEY

Received July 2006 Accepted October 2006 INTRODUCTION Horseshoe kidney, first recognized at autopsy by DeCarpi in 1521, is a renal fusion anomaly found in about 0.25% of the population.(1) Malignancies are associated with this anomaly and adenocarcinoma comprises about 50% of tumors arising in the horseshoe kidney.(1) We report a case of renal cell carcinoma in a 66-yearold man and depict our experience in its management.
Eccentrically Loaded Elastically Supported Columns

Storage bins, silos, stud wall systems with heavy cladding, and other similar structures often consist of siding supported by vertical stiffeners on one side only. In some cases, the weight of the cladding contributes significantly to the axial load on the stiffeners. In other cases, the fill in such structures often exerts lateral forces on the siding which in turn generates friction forces. The side walls will thus carry a significant vertical load which is usually transmitted to the stiffeners as eccentric distributed axial loads. In either case since the vertical forces can be quite large, the question arises as to how these eccentric forces should be accounted for in the design. The cladding or fill, or both, provides lateral support to some degree. However, designers have had little guidance as to when the moments due to eccentric axial loads can be neglected. The purpose of this paper is to provide such guidance.
A Theory of Capital-Driven Cycles in Insurance

I model a competitive market for insurance with catastrophe risk. Insurers hold capital to provide insurance. Benefits increase in capital, but the premium to benefit ratio decreases in capital. I nest this in a two-generation model of insurance. Capital is restricted after a catastrophe occurs, because the market does not know which insurers have been affected by the catastrophe. This paper concludes that the insurance cycle is capital-driven, and that it is a product of asymmetric information.
Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Hepatobiliary Hemolymphatic Vascular System with Emphasis on Embryonic Days 11.5–18.5 and Early Postnatal Development:

A critical event in embryo development is the proper formation of the vascular system, of which the hepatobiliary system plays a pivotal role. This has led researchers to use transgenic mice to identify the critical steps involved in developmental disorders associated with the hepatobiliary vascular system. Vascular development is dependent upon normal vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and the transformation of vessels into their adult counterparts. Any alteration in vascular development has the potential to cause deformities or embryonic death. Numerous publications describe specific stages of vascular development relating to various organs, but a single resource detailing the stage-by-stage development of the vasculature pertaining to the hepatobiliary system has not been available. This comprehensive histology atlas provides hematoxylin & eosin and immunohistochemical-stained sections of the developing mouse blood and lymphatic vasculature with emphasis on the hepatobiliary system between embryonic days (E) 11.5-18.5 and the early postnatal period. Additionally, this atlas includes a 3-dimensional video representation of the E18.5 mouse venous vasculature. One of the most noteworthy findings of this atlas is the identification of the portal sinus within the mouse, which has been erroneously misinterpreted as the ductus venosus in previous publications. Although the primary purpose of this atlas is to identify normal hepatobiliary vascular development, potential embryonic abnormalities are also described.
EFFECTS OF d-AMPHETAMINE ON SINGLE VESTIBULAR NEURONS

Decerebrate or encephale isole cats were tested with controlled acceleratory motion in order to identify vestibular neurons activated by motion. The effects of d -amphetamine, an agent recently shown effective in preventing motion sickness, were studied on both neuronal unit activity and field potentials evoked by stimulation of a branch of the VIIIth nerve. d -Amphetamine (100 µg/kg) administered intravenously markedly increased the spontaneous and motion-evoked activity in midcollicular decerebrate cats. In encephale isole or precollicular animals, d -amphetamine decreased unit firing. A decrease in the polysynaptic field potential was noted although the monosynaptic field potential was unaffected by the drug. These results indicate that d -amphetamine effects vestibular neurons through pathways other than those associated with primary afferent activity of the VIIIth cranial nerve. Central nervous system structures rostral to the inferior colliculus appear to be implicated in the d -amphetamine depression of vestibular firing.
SELECTION FOR TRYPTOPHAN AUXOTROPHS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN GLUCOSE-LIMITED CHEMOSTATS AS A TEST OF THE ENERGY CONSERVATION HYPOTHESIS OF EVOLUTION.

"I believe that disuse has been the main agency; that it has led in successive generations to the gradual reduction of various organs, until they have become rudimentaryas in the case of the eyes of animals inhabiting dark caverns, and of the wings of birds inhabiting oceanic islands, which have ultimately lost the power of flying. Again, an organ useful under certain conditions, might become injurious under others, as with the wings of beetles living on small and exposed islands; and in this case natural selection would continue slowly to reduce the organ, until it was rendered harmless and rudimentary." Charles Darwin, 1964 facsimile of 1859 edition, p. 454
Multidimensional spectroscopy with entangled light; A novel pulse scanning protocol

Quantum light can induce correlations in photo excited molecules and probe them with unusual spectral and temporal resolution. A new non-time-ordered pulse delay scanning protocol in multidimensional signals reveals resonances not accessible by standard techniques.
The impact of the length of preceding and succeeding ads on television advertising effectiveness

This study investigates the impact of the length of immediately surrounding commercials on the effectiveness of a given ad with the consideration of sequential order relations between two consecutive ads. The results show that the effect of proactive inhibition, the effect of an immediately preceding commercial, is fundamentally different from that of retroaction inhibition, the effect of an immediately succeeding ad. This study also found that proactive interference is stronger than retraction interference on the effectiveness of television advertising. Practical implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
49 HYPOZINCEMIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS WITH CHRONIC ALDOSTERONISM.

Purpose A chronic activation of the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which contributes to a salt-avid state and appearance of congestive heart failure (CHF), is accompanied by a systemic illness. Featured is the presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in such diverse tissues as skin, skeletal muscle, heart, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and blood plasma. This altered redox state appears when endogenous antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed or when they are deficient. Zinc is a micronutrient integral to Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) activity; it protects against superoxide-mediated cytotoxicity. Urinary Zn excretion is increased in chronic hyperparathyroidism (HPT). We hypothesized that hypozincemia would accompany the secondary HPT seen with chronic aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST) and thereby would compromise Cu/Zn SOD activity. Methods In plasma, we monitored Zn, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and a1-antiproteinase (AP) activity, an inverse correlate of oxidative stress. In PBMC we measured total SOD activity and that of its isoforms, Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD. Uninephrectomized rats received ALDOST (0.75 μg/h and 1% NaCl/0.4% KCl in drinking water) and were compared to untreated age-/gender-matched controls. Results In ALDOST vs controls, we found that Zn was reduced (95.2 6 3.5 vs 110 6 1.5 μg/dL, p Conclusions Hypozincemia accompanies the secondary HPT found in rats with aldosteronism, where it may contribute to the systemic appearance of oxidative stress, including reduced plasma a1-AP activity and PBMC Cu/Zn SOD activity. Our findings suggest that monitoring of serum Zn and its supplementation could be beneficial in patients with CHF.
On the reduction of matrix polynomials to Hessenberg form

It is well known that every real or complex square matrix is unitarily similar to an upper Hessenberg matrix. The purpose of this paper is to provide a constructive proof of the result that every square matrix polynomial can be reduced to an upper Hessenberg matrix, whose entries are rational functions and in special cases polynomials. It will be shown that the determinant is preserved under this transformation, and both the finite and infinite eigenvalues of the original matrix polynomial can be obtained from the upper Hessenberg matrix.
Relation of blood flow to VO2, PO2, and PCO2 in dog gastrocnemius muscle

We pump-perfused gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle preparations at constant pressure to study the relationship of muscle blood flow (Q) to muscle oxygen consumption (VO2), venous oxygen tension (PVO2), and venous carbon dioxide tension (PVCO2) during steady-state exercise at different rates. Tests were performed under four experimental conditions produced by altering the perfusate blood-gas status with a membrane lung. The consistency of the relationship of Q to other variables was evaluated by statistical analysis of fitted curves. Not one of the above listed variables had the same relationship with Q in all four of the experimental conditions we tested. However, we did find that a consistent relationship existed among Q, PVO2, and PVCO2 in our data. That relationship is well described by the equation (Q-23).[PVO2 - (0.5.PVCO2) - 3] = 105 (when Q is expressed in ml.100 g-1.min-1 and PVO2 and PVCO2 in mmHg). One interpretation of this result is that both PO2 and PCO2 are important variables in the control of blood flow in skeletal muscle the combined influence of which could account for nearly all of the hyperemia response to steady-state muscle exercise.
Molecular Testing for Human Papillomaviruses

Abstract Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a family of highly prevalent sexually-transmitted viruses that cause nearly all cervical cancers worldwide. The HPV family includes at least 170 types that are divided into low- and high-risk categories, based on correlation with cervical cancer. HPV types 16 and 18 are the most common cause of cervical cancer. There are four major FDA-approved HPV assays currently on the market: (1) Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (Qiagen), (2) Cervista HPV HR (Hologic), (3) Aptima HPV (Hologic), and (4) cobas HPV (Roche). The three latter assays include genotyping for HPV types 16 and 18, either as reflex tests or integral to the screening assay. The tests on the market are based on unique molecular principles, each with advantages and limitations. Recently, HPV testing has been recommended as a primary screening tool in the detection of cervical cancer, preceding the cervical cytology screen as a front-line test.
Two cadmium coordination polymers with bridging acetate and phenyl-enedi-amine ligands that exhibit two-dimensional layered structures.

Poly[tetra-μ2-acetato-κ8O:O'-bis-(μ2-benzene-1,2-di-amine-κ2N:N')dicadmium], [Cd2(CH3COO)4(C6H8N2)2] n , (I), and poly[[(μ2-acetato-κ2O:O')(acetato-κ2O,O')(μ2-benzene-1,3-di-amine-κ2N:N')cadmium] hemihydrate], {[Cd(CH3COO)2(C6H8N2)]·0.5H2O} n , (II), have two-dimensional polymeric structures in which monomeric units are joined by bridging acetate and benzenedi-amine ligands. Each of the CdII ions has an O4N2 coordination environment. The coordination geometries of the symmetry-independent CdII ions are distorted octa-hedral and distorted trigonal anti-prismatic in (I) and distorted anti-prismatic in (II). Both compounds exhibit an intra-layer hydrogen-bonding network. In addition, the water of hydration in (II) is involved in inter-layer hydrogen bonding.
Case C: Topical Treatment of Lentigo Maligna: A Case Comparison

Surgery is the treatment of choice for lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM). However, not all patients are good surgical candidates for reasons such as large lesion size, anatomically sensitive location, medical comorbidities, or patient preference. Non-surgical treatment options include topical imiquimod, topical retinoids, cryotherapy, elecrodessication and curettage, ablative CO2 laser, and radiation therapy. Off-label use of topical imiquimod for lentigo maligna type melanoma in situ has been reported in the literature since 2000 [1]. Studies are limited to small series with short follow up [1–5]. Two LM cases are presented to illustrate treatment challenges with topical imiquimod and variability of treatment response.
Nutritional Regime, Post-Slaughter Conditioning Temperature, and Vacuum Packaging Effects on Bacteriology of Beef Carcasses and Retail Meat Cuts1

Thirty-eight crossbred steers were used to evaluate effects of nutritional regime (grass-, short-, long-, and forage-fed) and post-slaughter chilling (3 C) and conditioning temperature (13 C) on carcass psychrotrophic and mesophilic bacterial counts. Inside chucks from right halves of carcasses chilled at 3 C for 48 h were used to evaluate effects of nutritional regime and vacuum packaging on total aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts. Psychrotrophic and mesophilic mean bacterial counts tended to decrease from 1 to 46 h postmortem regardless of temperature treatment. At 46 h postmortem, the forage-fed group mean psychrotrophic count was significantly lower (P short-fed >long-fed > forage-fed). Carcass halves chilled at 3 C for 46 h had lower total psychrotrophic and mesophilic mean bacterial counts than did corresponding halves conditioned at 13 C for 8 h then chilled at 3 C for 38 h. Total aerobic and anaerobic counts tended to remain constant or decrease slightly during vacuum storage for 21 days at 0 to 1 C. Both aerobic and anaerobic counts on vacuum-stored cuts from carcasses of grass-fed steers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than other feeding-regime means. Aerobic and anaerobic counts on vacuum-stored cuts from carcasses of short-, long-, and forage-fed steers were statistically similar. All carcass and inside-chuck bacterial counts were well within acceptable limits. Scalpel-template sampling was considered to be a significant improvement over previously used methods.
The development of hospital dentistry in America : The first one hundred years (1850-1950)

The development of hospital dentistry in America began in the middle of the nineteenth century with the pioneering endeavors of Dr. Simon Hullihen and Dr. James Garretson who is credited with the development of the specialty of oral surgery. While starting small, the prodigious work of these and other dentists laid the foundation on which modern hospital dentistry would be built. Throughout its establishment, however, hospital dentistry would have to fight for a place in the hospital, not only with the medical community but also from within the dental community. In time though, hospital dentistry would come to have the support of the American Dental Association and the respect of the medical community.
The Aesthetic Significance of Display Some Examples from Papua New Guinea

Aesthetics has to do with a union of perception and feeling, biology with the nature of organisms and their survival within the environment. Why should there be a link between these apparently disparate spheres? The reason is quite straightforward: part of the process whereby organisms adapt and survive is by display, and it is in display that we find the initial lineaments of aesthetic construction and response. Materials from two societies of the Papua New Guinea Highlands, where I have been working since 1964, can be used to demonstrate this clearly. For the anthropologist, one interest in these materials lies in the unity they exhibit between meaning and function, or, to put it another way, between aesthetics and biology.
Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous zirconia nanocomposite using self-assembled block copolymer template

Mesoporous zirconia has attracted great attention from the research community due to its unique properties such as high surface area, uniform pore size distribution, and large pore volume. Self-assembled structures have been used as directing agents to synthesize mesoporous zirconia. Here, we investigate the use of block copolymers conjugated to cationic biomolecules such as lysozyme, as well as cationic block copolymers as templates for synthesis of mesoporous zirconia in completely aqueous media. This is the first report for synthesis of mesoporous zirconia in completely aqueous media, thereby opening up opportunities for introducing biomolecules for zirconia synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the inorganic content of the nanocomposite. X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were employed to characterize the samples. The results showed zirconia crystals formed after 500 C 20 calcination of the as-synthesized nanocomposite, and the crystals were larger after 900 C calcination. The conjugate templated zirconia had a surface area of 174 m 2 /g after 500 ° C calcination, and retained its tetragonal structure even after calcining at 900 C for 3 hours. The cationic pentablock copolymer templated zirconia had the highest surface area 191 m 2 /g after 500 ° C calcination, and also had improved thermal stability. This method could be easily scaled up and used for synthesis of other oxides.
A miniature headstage for high resolution closed-loop optogenetics

We present a novel integrated miniature headstage for high-density closed-loop optogenetics studies with the highest published channel count to date. The headstage performs optical stimulation and electrical neural recording through a monolithically integrated electrode with 12 or 32 μLEDs and 32 recording sites. The electronic back-end consists of a custom 48-channel LED driver IC capable of real-time individual channel control at 10-bit optical power precision and a 32-channel off-the-shelf neural recording IC. The system's functionality was proven in vivo through high-precision neuronal stimulation in a mouse hippocampus.
Cocaine Decreases Spontaneous Neuronal Activity and Increases Low-Frequency Neuronal and Hemodynamic Cortical Oscillations.

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in hemodynamics assessed by fMRI reflect synchronized neuronal activities and are the basis for mapping brain function and its disruption by drugs and disease. Here we assess if cocaine disrupts coupling between neuronal and vascular LFOs by simultaneously measuring cortical field potentials (FP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) regarding their LFOs (0-1 Hz) spectral bandwidths in the somatosensory cortex of naive and chronic cocaine-exposed rats at baseline and during cocaine intoxication. While across all conditions the dominant oscillation frequencies for FP and CBF LFOs were ~0.1 Hz, the bandwidth of FP LFOs was about 4.8 ± 0.67 times broader than that of CBF LFOs. Acute cocaine depressed high-frequency FP events but increased the relative intensity of neuronal and hemodynamic LFOs, an effect that was markedly accentuated in magnitude and duration in chronic cocaine-exposed animals. Neuronal LFOs were correlated with CBF LFOs in control animals but not in chronically cocaine-exposed animals, which suggests neurovascular uncoupling. The marked increases in neuronal LFOs with chronic cocaine, which we interpret to reflect increases in neuronal synchronization in the LFOs, and the uncoupling of hemodynamics with resting neuronal activities could contribute to brain dysfunction in cocaine abusers and confound the interpretation of fMRI studies.
Preliminary results of a United States-Japan cooperative trial in patients with disseminated gastric cancer.

In December 1977 a joint clinical trial for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma was initiated by investigators in the United States and Japan. This cooperative protocol was the first joint clinical effort sponsored by the United States-Japan Scientific Agreement for Cancer Research, as part of the National Cancer Institute.
Infecciones bacterianas (piodermas) e infecciones por espiroquetas de la piel

Las bacterias colonizan constantemente la superficie cutanea y en ocasiones invaden la barrera epidermica para reproducirse dentro de la piel. La mayoria de los microorganismos en la piel de los ninos sanos no son patogenos. Los dos principales patogenos encontrados en la piel de los ninos son Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus pyogenes 1. ; 2. ; 3. . El primero se encuentra en el 5% de los ninos; el segundo, en el 1%. Sin embargo, durante las epidemias y en las areas endemicas, cualquiera de estos organismos puede encontrarse en la piel del 50-80% de los ninos. En los climas humedos y calidos y en zonas en que se practica escasa higiene cutanea, los piodermas son habituales en la infancia 1 , 3 . Los sindromes inducidos por las toxinas bacterianas, tales como la escarlatina, el sindrome de la piel escaldada y el sindrome del shock toxico (SST), son infrecuentes en la infancia y se producen por la lesion de la piel por las toxinas circulantes mas que por invasion bacteriana directa.
Balance between Force Generation and Relaxation Leads to Pulsed Contraction of Actomyosin Networks.

Abstract Actomyosin contractility regulates various biological processes, including cell migration and cytokinesis. The cell cortex underlying the membrane of eukaryote cells exhibits dynamic contractile behaviors facilitated by actomyosin contractility. Interestingly, the cell cortex shows reversible aggregation of actin and myosin called “pulsed contraction” in diverse cellular phenomena, such as embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis. Although contractile behaviors of actomyosin machinery have been studied extensively in several in vitro experiments and computational studies, none of them successfully reproduced the pulsed contraction observed in vivo. Recent experiments have suggested the pulsed contraction is dependent upon the spatiotemporal expression of a small GTPase protein called RhoA. This only indicates the significance of biochemical signaling pathways during the pulsed contraction. In this study, we reproduced the pulsed contraction with only the mechanical and dynamic behaviors of cytoskeletal elements. First, we observed that small pulsed clusters or clusters with fluctuating sizes may appear when there is subtle balance between force generation from motors and force relaxation induced by actin turnover. However, the size and duration of these clusters differ from those of clusters observed during the cellular phenomena. We found that clusters with physiologically relevant size and duration can appear only with both actin turnover and angle-dependent F-actin severing resulting from buckling induced by motor activities. We showed how parameters governing F-actin severing events regulate the size and duration of pulsed clusters. Our study sheds light on the underestimated significance of F-actin severing for the pulsed contraction observed in physiological processes.
Quantification of siRNA-Antibody Conjugates in Biological Matrices by Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotide ELISA

The potential repertoire of short interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics is expanding as targeting strategies evolve. One approach to enable organ-specific delivery has been to directly conjugate siRNA to a monoclonal antibody (siRNA-mAb), analogous to antibody-drug conjugates. Detection of intact siRNA-mAb conjugates presents a bioanalytical challenge given that certain synthetic nucleotide chemical modifications and low-temperature requirements render common oligonucleotide detection assays, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, incompatible with the immunoassay component. To circumvent these issues, we developed a triplex-forming oligonucleotide ELISA using locked nucleic acid (LNA) containing oligonucleotide probes. We demonstrate that the incorporation of these LNAs allow for an enrichment and immobilization of siRNA directly conjugated to an antibody at nondenaturing temperatures. Without further requirement for extraction or amplification, we can sensitively and specifically detect intact siRNA-mAb conjugates in complex matrices such as serum and tissue homogenate.
Survey of biosynthetic gene clusters from sequenced myxobacteria reveals unexplored biosynthetic potential

Coinciding with the increase in sequenced bacteria, mining of bacterial genomes for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) has become a critical component of natural product discovery. The order Myxococcales, a reputable source of biologically active secondary metabolites, spans three suborders which all include natural product producing representatives. Utilizing the BiG-SCAPE-CORASON platform to generate a sequence similarity network that contains 994 BGCs from 36 sequenced myxobacteria deposited in the antiSMASH database, a total of 843 BGCs with lower than 75% similarity scores to characterized clusters within the MIBiG database are presented. This survey provides the biosynthetic diversity of these BGCs and an assessment of the predicted chemical space yet to be discovered. Considering the mere snapshot of myxobacteria included in this analysis, these untapped BGCs exemplify the potential for natural product discovery from myxobacteria.
Increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and expression in prostate cancer following targeted immunotherapy

We previously found that PD-L1 expression is increased on tumor cells following vaccination treatments that lead to increased tumor-specific T cells that secrete IFNγ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is another IFNγ inducible gene that has potent immunosuppressive effects. There have been reports of IDO expression in prostate cancer; however, it is unknown whether IDO expression might similarly increase in prostate tumors following T-cell-based immunotherapy. Blood samples from normal male blood donors (n = 12) and patients with different stages of prostate cancer (n = 89), including patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with a DNA vaccine and/or pembrolizumab, were evaluated for IDO activity by kynurenine and tryptophan levels. Metastatic tissue biopsies obtained pre- and post-treatments were evaluated for IDO expression. IDO suppression of vaccine-induced T-cell function was assessed by ELISPOT. Overall, IDO activity was increased in patients with more advanced prostate cancer. This activity, and IDO expression as detected immunohistochemically, increased following treatment with either a DNA vaccine encoding the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) tumor antigen or PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab. Increased IDO activity after treatment was associated with the absence of clinical effect, as assessed by lack of PSA decline following treatment. Increased antigen-specific T-cell response, as measured by IFNγ release, to the vaccine target antigen was detected following in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood cells with 1-methyltryptophan. These findings suggest that IDO expression is a mechanism of immune evasion used by prostate cancer and that future clinical trials using T-cell-based immune strategies might best include IDO inhibition.
Pictorial integration in the Calculus

Graphical analysis of the relationships between pairs of integrals and their corresponding derivatives resulted in the development of a procedure one may describe as ‘pictorial integration’. The ar...
Comparative Study on Chloride Binding Capacity of Cement-Fly Ash System and Cement-Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag System with Diethanol-Isopropanolamine.

Steel bar corrosion caused by chloride was one of the main forms of concrete deterioration. The promotion of chloride binding capacity of cementitious materials would hinder the chloride transport to the surface of steel bar, thereby alleviating the corrosion and mitigating the deterioration. A comparative study on binding capacity of chloride in cement-fly ash system (C-FA) and cement-ground granulated blast furnace slag system (C-GGBS) with diethanol-isopropanolamine (DEIPA) was investigated in this study. Chloride ions was introduced by adding NaCl in paste, and the chloride binding capacity of the paste samples at 7 d and 60 d was examined. The hydration process was discussed via the testing of hydration heat and compressive strength. The hydrates in hardened paste was characterized by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The effect of DEIPA on dissolution of aluminate phase and compressive strength was discussed as well. These results showed that DEIPA could facilitate the hydration of C-FA and C-GGBS system, and the promotion effect was higher in C-FA than that in C-GGBS. DEIPA also increased the binding capacity of chloride in C-FA and C-GGBS systems. One reason was the increased chemical binding, because DEIPA facilitated the dissolution of aluminate to benefit the formation of Friedel’s salt. Other reasons were the increased physical binding and migration resistance. By contrast, DEIPA presented greater ability to increase chloride binding capacity in C-FA system, because DEIPA showed stronger ability to expedite the dissolution of aluminate of FA than that of GGBS, which benefited the formation of FS, thereby promoting the chemical binding. Such results would give deep insight into using DEIPA as an additive in cement-based materials.
Mount Rushmore: Bedrock theories of applied motivation

Motivational Mount Rushmore is reserved for only a few select invitees. Theoretical immortality is based upon creating a set of guiding laws and principles that broadly explain multiplicative aspects of agentic behavior while concurrently withstanding rigorous empirical scrutiny over time. Three enduring approaches that have wide applicability to learning and performance outcomes are theories emphasizing attributions, expectancies, and self-efficacy. Cornerstones of each theory include self-beliefs related to the causality associated with success or failure, the relative worth and value ascribed to contemplative tasks, and the degree of capability associated with achieving desired outcomes. Like many implicit judgments, these cognitive constructions are strongly influenced by the company we keep and where and how we elect to demonstrate our abilities. The next step in the quest to gain motivational self-awareness explores how personal assessments are deeply entwined within our overall social existence.