cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Communicative Participation Item Bank: Evaluating, and Reevaluating, Its Use across Communication Disorders in Adults

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential in patient-centered, evidence-based practice in speech-language pathology. PROs respect individuals who live with communication disorders as key stakeholders providing a critically unique perspective on consequences of communication disorders, and whether interventions bring about meaningful changes. Some PROs focus on specific communication symptoms such as voice or language symptom severity, while others focus on broader constructs such as quality of life. Many PROs target specific diagnostic groups. This article presents the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB), a PRO that measures communicative participation restrictions. The CPIB was based on the concept of participation, or engagement in life situations, as defined in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. It was designed to be relevant for adults across different communication disorders to facilitate clinical and research activities that may involve either comparing or aggregating data across communication disorders. The CPIB follows current PRO development protocols including systematic guidance from stakeholders through cognitive interviews, and the measurement methods of Item Response Theory that allow precise and adaptive assessment. This article reviews use of the CPIB across different diagnostic groups, and identifies needs for future efforts to expand the relevance of the CPIB further.
Some Environmental Organizations and Their “Fair and Reasoned” Contributions

This chapter reviews the efforts of four environmental organizations and coalitions: (1) The Friends of the Everglades, (2) The Friends of the Columbia River Gorge, the (3) Chesapeake Bay Foundation, and the (4) Riverkeepers coalition. They all illustrate the fundamental theme of this monograph, i.e., that our nongovernment environmental advocacy organizations and coalitions are necessary to satisfy the “fair and reasoned criteria” we require of public decisions. As established in previous chapters, this “fair and reasoned criteria” specifies that (i) the decision makers are uncorrupted by conflicts of interest, (ii) the decision makers are fully informed of the relevant scientific and socio-economic analyses, (iii) the decision process is fully open to considerations of all affected interests, and (iv) the decision itself is logical according to the “stability criteria” of Rawls as explained in Chapter 3. Ostrom’s institutional analyses and requirements are also applied to these four organizational examples. A conclusion concerning the political motivation behind the formation of environmental organizations is posed and substantiated.
Living Together in the Americas

For about 200 years, we in North America, with few exceptions, have lived as if our political world ended at the Rio Grande and our economic world ended at our doorstep. We have been more concerned about the migrants or refugees who come to our shores than the reasons for which they have come. We in the developed world have worried that they in the developing world will take what we have. As our economic conditions deteriorate at home, the shrill voices of nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism and anti-alienism have reared their ugly heads.
Experimental analysis and a new model for the high ideality factors in GaN-based diodes

In this paper, we described the fabrication of GaN based diodes from two different structures , a bulk GaN p-n junction structure and a p-n junction structure incorporating a p-type AlGaN/GaN superlattice. This superlattice structure is included to facilitate ohmic contact formation. We measure the I-V characteristics of the p-n junctions at room temperature. The lower ideality factor to the improved transport characteristics of p-type AlGaN/GaN superlattices are attributed. The temperature dependence of ideality factor is obtained by measuring the I-V characteristics of the GaN p-n juction with the superlattice structure at three different temperatures. In addition, contact become less rectifying at higher temperatures and hence result in more ohmic behavior. This decreases the ideality factor of the metal-semiconductor juction, which in turn reduces the overall ideality factor. This interpretation is in excellent agreement with the theoretical model and the experimental results.
Age at asthma onset and asthma self-management education among adults in the United States

AbstractObjective: Asthma self-management education improves asthma-related outcomes. We conducted this analysis to evaluate variation in the percentages of adults with active asthma reporting components of asthma self-management education by age at asthma onset. Methods: Data from 2011 to 2012 Asthma Call-back Surveys were used to estimate percentages of adults with active asthma reporting six components of asthma self-management education. Components of asthma self-management education include having been taught to what to do during an asthma attack and receiving an asthma action plan. Differences in the percentages of adults reporting each component and the average number of components reported across categories of age at asthma onset were estimated using linear regression, adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, sex, smoking status, and years since asthma onset. Results: Overall, an estimated 76.4% of adults with active asthma were taught what to do during an asthma attack and 28.7% reported rece...
A reanalysis of the body mass scaling of trampling by large herbivores

Cumming and Cumming (2003) offered a definitive analysis of the effects of trampling on landscapes used by large herbivores differing in body mass. They devel oped scaling relationships between body size, shoulder height, foot area, and stride length of 44 species of African ungulates and used these relationships to predict the area trampled per unit time by different species. They concluded that these scaling relationships show that large animals contribute a disproportionately large fraction of the total area trampled by the herbivore community, and as a result, understanding the effects of multi-species assemblages requires considering their species composition. This conclusion has fundamental implications for understanding the landscape and eco system effects of herbivore communities. In this paper, we make a small correction in the calculations offered by Cumming and Cumming (2003), a correction that clar ifies some of their findings. We then offer an independent analysis that questions the central conclusion of the paper. Cumming and Cumming (2003) made an error in their calculations of trampling rate, an error that chan ges the quantitative conclusions of the paper but not its qualitative conclusions. The error is found in the algebra supporting column eight of Table 2. This column is supposed to contain an estimate of the area of habitat trampled daily by a population or a community of large herbivores. It is calculated as follows. The authors de
Free Fallin': Tom Tykwer and the Aesthetics of Deceleration and Dislocation

Although Tom Tykwer is known for his highly kinetic style, in all of his films we encounter curious moments of both temporal and spatial standstill, moments in which cinematic time and motion are decelerated to such an extent that human bodies or symbolic objects seem to hover midair. Think of Marco's dive into the abyss at the end of Winter Sleepers (1997); the image of the red telephone flying through the air in Run, Lola, Run (1998); the sight of Sissi and Bodo jumping off the hospital's roof in The Princess and the Warrior (2000); and the final ascendance—an inverted fall—of Philippa and Filippo in Heaven (2002). Although Tykwer makes proficient use in all of these scenes of slow motion photography, what his camera captures are scenes in which objects and bodies themselves already seem to slow down, not by fleeing from their accelerated lives and unstable spatial surroundings, but by fleeing into them. Tykwer's moments of free fall are thus moments in which speed outspeeds itself and the intensificati...
Mössbauer spectroscopic study of compound es of cytochrome c peroxidase

Abstract Mossbauer spectra of Compound ES of cytochrome c peroxidase have been observed over a range of temperature and applied magnetic field. These have been interpreted in terms of a crystal field model of the iron site in which the iron is assumed to be in the Fe(IV) state with unpaired spin S = 1. Detailed least-squares fitting of the spectra indicates that both the electric field gradient and the magnetic hyperfine interactions exhibit axial symmetry. With the choice of a single parameter, the axial crystal field, the magnetic properties are well reproduced. The model also provides the observed positive sign for the electric field gradient interaction, but overestimates its magnitude. This apparent discrepancy may be caused by the presence of significant electronic charge in filled bonding orbitals, a feature which is in keeping with expected covalent charge compensation of the extreme oxidation state. There is no evidence in the Mossbauer spectra of interaction between the iron and ESR-visible free radical. The suggests they are well separated.
Peroxynitrite inhibition of Coxsackievirus infection by prevention of viral RNA entry

Although peroxynitrite is harmful to the host, the beneficial effects of peroxynitrite are less well understood. We explored the role of peroxynitrite in the host immune response to Coxsackievirus infection. Peroxynitrite inhibits viral replication in vitro, in part by inhibiting viral RNA entry into the host cell. Nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite production, is colocalized with viral antigens in the hearts of infected mice but not control mice. Nitrotyrosine coprecipitates with the viral polypeptide VP1 as well. Guanidinoethyl disulfide, a scavenger of peroxynitrite, blocks peroxynitrite inhibition of viral replication in vitro and permits an increase in viral replication in vivo. These data suggest that peroxynitrite is an endogenous effector of the immune response to viruses.
Mean Time to Achieve a Failure-Free Requirement with Imperfect Repair

This paper obtains expressions for the mean test time to achieve a failure-free requirement with imperfect repair, under two plans. First do complete repair (good as new) at an even number of failures and partial repair (bad as old) otherwise. Next do complete repair at every k-th failure and partial repair otherwise. Plan 1 is a special case of plan 2 (with k = 2).
Exact modeling of time-dependent phenomena in an MOS structure

The main thrust of this work was to develop new numerical methods to obtain viable solutions for the exact set of time-dependent equations that govern the dynamics of a metal-insulator-semiconductor system, Techniques were developed which resulted in self-consistent solutions over many orders of magnitude of time for the system of equations that describes the dynamics of electrons, holes, electrostatic potential and Shockley-Read-Hall trap, centers for the MIS device. The transient theory of the MOS capacitor has been attacked in depth. Several key results were obtained and these are compared to results obtained from existing theory.
Experimental Verification of a Heat Transfer Model for Simulated Liquid Foods Undergoing Flame Sterilization

Four silicone oils with viscosities ranging from 0.0013 Pa-s to 0.3385 Pa-s were used as model liquid foods to measure the heating rates in a specially-designed single-can flame sterilizer. A previously-developed mathematical heat transfer model was experimentally tested with respect to the effect of liquid viscosity, can rotation, combustion gases crossflow velocity, and can-burner separation. For all the cases studied, order of magnitude agreement was obtained between experimentally measured and predicted heating rates, with experimental values ranging from 0.16°C/s to 0.52°C/s.
Relationships between Evaporative Fraction and Remotely Sensed Vegetation Index and Microwave Brightness Temperature for Semiarid Rangelands

Measurements of the microwave brightness temperature (TB) with the Pushbroom Microwave Radiometer (PBMR) over the Walnut Gulch Experiment Watershed were made on selected days during the MONSOON 90 field campaign. The PBMR is an L-band instrument (21-cm wavelength) that can provide estimates of near-surface soil moisture over a variety of surfaces. Aircraft observations in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths collected on selected days also were used to compute a vegetation index. Continuous micrometeorological measurements and daily soil moisture samples were obtained at eight locations during experimental period. Two sites were instrumented with time domain reflectometry probes to monitor the soil moisture profile. The fraction of available energy used for evapotranspiration was computed by taking the ratio of latent heat flux (LE) to the sum of net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flux (G). This ratio is commonly called the evaporative fraction (EF) and normally varies between 0 and 1 under daytime convective conditions with minimal advection. A wide range of environmental conditions existed during the field campaign, resulting in average EF values for the study area varying from 0.4 to 0.8 and values of TB ranging from 220 to 280 K. Comparison between measured TB and EF for the eight locations showed an inverse relationship. Other days were included in the analysis by estimating TB with the soil moisture data. Because transpiration from the vegetation is more strongly coupled to root zone soil moisture, significant scatter in this relationship existed at high values of TB or dry near-surface soil moisture conditions. The variation in EF under dry near-surface soil moisture conditions was correlated to the amount of vegetation cover estimated with a remotely sensed vegetation index. These findings indicate that information obtained from optical and microwave data can be used for quantifying the energy balance of semiarid areas. The microwave data can indicate when soil evaporation is significantly contributing to EF, while the optical data is helpful for quantifying the spatial variation in EF due to the distribution of vegetation cover.
A review of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: a focus on the contribution of a dysfunctional eNOS

Although the etiology of vascular dysfunction in diabetes has been extensively investigated in both humans as well as animal models of human diabetes, the relative importance of the cellular pathways involved is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on reviewing the literature that provides insights into how an acute exposure to hyperglycemia results in a dysregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase function, the subsequent downstream effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysregulation, and the development of endothelial dysfunction.
Transcription factor occupancy of the insulin gene in vivo. Evidence for direct regulation by Nkx2.2.

Consensus-binding sites for many transcription factors are relatively non-selective and found at high frequency within the genome. This raises the possibility that factors that are capable of binding to a cis-acting element in vitro and regulating transcription from a transiently transfected plasmid, which would not have higher order chromatin structure, may not occupy this site within the endogenous gene. Closed chromatin structure and competition from another DNA-binding protein with similar nucleotide specificity are two possible mechanisms by which a transcription factor may be excluded from a potential binding sitein vivo. Multiple transcription factors, including Pdx-1, BETA-2, and Pax6, have been implicated in expression of the insulin gene in pancreatic β cells. In this study, the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay has been used to show that these factors do, in fact, bind to insulin control region sequences in intact β cells. In addition, another key islet-enriched transcription factor, Nkx2.2, was found to occupy this region using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In vitro DNA-binding and transient transfection assays defined how Nkx2.2 affected insulin gene expression. Pdx-1 was also shown to bind within a region of the endogenous islet amyloid polypeptide, pax-4, and glucokinase genes that were associated with control in vitro. Because Pdx-1 does not regulate gene transcription in isolation, these sequences were examined for occupancy by the other insulin transcriptional regulators. BETA-2, Pax6, and Nkx2.2 were also found to bind to amyloid polypeptide, glucokinase, andpax-4 control sequences in vivo. These studies reveal the broad application of the Pdx-1, BETA-2, Pax6, and Nkx2.2 transcription factors in regulating expression of genes selectively expressed in islet β cells.
Effect of dietary calcium and sodium on potassium requirement for lactating dairy cows.

Abstract In two experiments we studied the effect of dietary calcium and sodium on the potassium allowance of .7 to .8% for lactating cows. In Experiment 1, 12 first-lactation cows in midlactation were fed three diets containing .52, .77, and 1.04% potassium with four dietary calcium concentrations .50, .69, .87, and 1.03%. Increasing dietary potassium from .52 to 1.04 increased intake of dry feed as a function of body weight. With rations containing 17% coarsely ground fiber, increasing dietary calcium up to 1.03% increased intake and milk production 1.3kg per day and 1.6kg per day linearly. In Experiment 2,16 cows in midlactation were fed rations with two potassium (.42 and .84%) and with two sodium concentrations (.31 and .52%). Increasing dietary potassium increased dry matter intake 1.2kg per day while dietary sodium had no effect on intake. Potassium had no effect, but increasing sodium decreased fat-corrected milk 1.7kg per day. Of potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium in serum, potassium was the element most consistently affected in both experiments. Increasing dietary potassium to .77 and .84% increased serum potassium. Dietary calcium and sodium had little effect on potassium required for lactating cows.
Kock pouch dysfunction during pregnancy. Management of a case.

The Kock continent ileostomy is a surgical alternative to a Brooke ileostomy after total proctocolectomy. Complications resulting from an improperly functioning nipple valve are not infrequent and when they occur most often require surgical revision. A 19-year-old female with a functioning Kock pouch of 4 years presented at 6 months of pregnancy with complete bowel obstruction due to nipple valve dysfunction. Operative management was avoided and her bowel obstruction was relieved by endoscopic placement of a stent through the nipple valve and into the abdominal reservoir. The stent was removed at 1 week postpartum with immediate return to normal function of her Kock pouch nipple value. Temporary malfunction of the Kock pouch nipple valve can occur during pregnancy, probably due to distortion of the valve mechanism by the enlarging uterus. The endoscopic placement of a stent can maintain proper bowel evacuation until delivery and normal Kock pouch function can be expected after stent removal.
DEMONSTRATIONS THAT THE SOLAR WIND IS NOT ACCELERATED BY WAVES OR TURBULENCE

The present work uses observations and theoretical considerations to provide both qualitative and quantitative arguments that hydromagnetic waves, whether turbulent or not, cannot produce the acceleration of the fast solar wind and the related heating of the open solar corona. Waves do exist, and can play a role in the differential heating and acceleration of minor ions, but their amplitudes are not sufficient to power the wind, as demonstrated by extrapolation of magnetic spectra from Helios and Ulysses observations. Dissipation mechanisms invoked to circumvent this conclusion cannot be effective for a variety of reasons. In particular, turbulence does not play a strong role in the corona as shown both by observations of coronal striations and other features, and by theoretical considerations of line tying to a nonturbulent photosphere, nonlocality of interactions, and the nature of the kinetic dissipation. We consider possible "ways out" of the arguments presented, and suggest that in the absence of wave or turbulent heating and acceleration, the chromosphere and transition region become the natural source, if yet unproven, of open coronal energization through the production of nonthermal particle distributions.
Solid solutions and composites in the SiCAlN and SiCBN systems

Abstract The effects of AlN and BN additives on hot-pressed SiC were investigated. SiCAlN diffusion couples were also studied. Analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the phases in contact, the local compositions and the composition gradients. Approximate diffusion depths range from 0.5 μm at 1950°C to 15 μm at 2300°C (both for 1 h), and the corresponding diffusion coefficients are of the order of from 1.5 × 10 −12 to 6 × 10 −10 cm 2 s −1 . The slow diffusion rates and the added β-to-α nucleation barrier cause considerable inhomogeneities in the high temperature hot-pressed SiCAlN solid solutions. The diffusion rates at the lower temperatures, although small, may lead to dissolution of small particles in an SiCAlN composite. The solubility of BN in βSiC under conventional hot-pressing conditions is small and was not directly measured. BN stabilizes βSiC and low hexagonality polytypes.
Increased expression of multiple neurofilament mRNAs during regeneration of vertebrate central nervous system axons.

Characteristic changes in the expression of neuronal intermediate filaments (nIFs), an abundant cytoskeletal component of vertebrate axons, accompany successful axon regeneration. In mammalian regenerating PNS, expression of nIFs that are characteristic of mature neurons becomes suppressed throughout regeneration, whereas that of peripherin, which is abundant in developing axons, increases. Comparable changes are absent from mammalian injured CNS; but in goldfish and lamprey CNS, expression of several nIFs increases during axon regrowth. To obtain a broader view of the nIF response of successfully regenerating vertebrate CNS, in situ hybridization and video densitometry were used to track multiple nIF mRNAs during optic axon regeneration in Xenopus laevis. As in other successfully regenerating systems, peripherin expression increased rapidly after injury and expression of those nIFs characteristic of mature retinal ganglion cells decreased. Unlike the decrease in nIF mRNAs of regenerating PNS, that of Xenopus retinal ganglion cells was transient, with most nIF mRNAs increasing above normal during axon regrowth. At the peak of regeneration, increases in each nIF mRNA resulted in a doubling of the total amount of nIF mRNA, as well as a shift in the relative proportions contributed by each nIF. The relative proportions of peripherin and NF-M increased above normal, whereas proportions of xefiltin and NF-L decreased and that of XNIF remained the same. The increases in peripherin and NF-M mRNAs were accompanied by increases in protein. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that successful axon regeneration involves changes in nIF subunit composition conducive to growth and argue that a successful injury response differs between CNS and PNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 461:262–275, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A directionally-disordered precursor to amorphization in electron irradiated Cu4Ti3

Evidence of directional structural disordering prior to complete amorphization of Cu4Ti3 during 2 MeV electron irradiation is presented. It is shown that the observed disordering is intrinsic to the irradiated material and is incommensurate with the structure of the crystalline compound. The results point to the presence of significant anisotropy in the response of the material to irradiation. A model based on local rotation of clusters of atoms within a partially chemically-disordered matrix is developed. These results are discussed in relation to recent proposed mechanisms of amorphization based on volume expansion. The questions raised by this work indicate a need for detailed studies of the atomic level structural evolution of a material during solid state amorphization.
Clinical Experience with the Smeloff-Cutter Prosthesis: 1- to 12-Year Follow-up

Abstract To determine the long-term results of aortic valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis, the fate of 358 of 459 (78%) consecutive patients was determined 1 to 12 years postoperatively. There were 319 male patients (70%). Mean age at operation was 57 years (range, 15 to 84 years). Aortic stenosis was the dominant lesion in 267 patients (58%) and aortic regurgitation in 133 patients (29%). Fifty-nine patients (13%) had both aortic stenosis and regurgitation. In addition to aortic valve replacement, 93 patients (20%) had coronary artery bypass, 30 (6.5%) had mitral commissurotomy, 23 (5%) had mitral valve replacement, and 41 (9%) had other procedures. Preoperative status by New York Heart Association Functional Class was: Class I, 3 (1%); Class II, 39 (8%); Class III, 148 (32%); and Class IV, 269 (59%). Operative (30-day) mortality was 8.5% (39 out of 459). Functional improvement was obtained in all postoperative survivors: 345 (82%), Class I; 63 (15%), Class II; and 12 (3%), Class III. A perivalvular leak developed in 6 patients (1%) and subacute bacterial endocarditis in five (1%). Actuarial long-term survival was 80% at 5 years and 71% at 8 years. Thromboembolism occurred in 34 patients (9.5%). The incidence of thromboembolism per 100 patient-years for patients receiving no anticoagulants was 5.4; antiplatelet agents, 2.9; and Coumadin (sodium warfarin), 2.6. Major thromboembolism was uncommon in patients on a regimen of sodium warfarin but major morbidity from bleeding was significant.
A µ-synthesis approach to guaranteed cost control in track-following servos

Abstract This paper presents a new control synthesis approach for dual-stage track-following servo systems with multi-rate sensing and actuation. For these systems, the robust track-following problem can be formulated as a periodic time-varying guaranteed cost control problem. To reduce the conservatism of the guaranteed cost control framework, uncertainty scalings such as those used in the D-K iteration heuristic for µ -synthesis are introduced. Although this results in a non-convex optimization problem, it is shown that it lends itself to a methodology similar to D-K iteration. Using this methodology, a controller is designed for a set of hard disk drives which minimizes the worst-case l 2 semi-norm performance of the system.
Propagule size: Its relation to longevity and reproductive capacity

Abstract Analysis of published data revealed that there was no correlation between propagule size and longevity among 66 species of microorganisms. The correlation coefficient was —0.204 which was not significantly different from zero at P = 0.05. However, there was an inverse relationship between propagule size and number of propagules produced per unit area of nutrient media among 43 identified species of microorganisms tested. The total volumes (volume x number) of propagules produced per unit area were fairly constant and were not correlated with propagule size. Similar correlations were obtained with propagules produced on diseased fruits by 6 pathogenic fungi. There was a good correlation ( r = 0.974) between reproductive capacity and relative abundance in soil among selected microorganisms. It is, therefore, postulated that the higher reproductive capacity of smaller microorganisms, as compared to large microorganisms, is an important factor leading to the inverse size-number relationship among microorganisms in nature.
Study of microphase separation in solid, binary alkane mixtures by small angle neutron and X-ray scattering

A combination of small angle neutron (SANS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is used to study phase separation following crystallization in 1:1 mixtures of n-C{sub 30}H{sub 62}/n-C{sub 36}D{sub 74} quenched from the melt to room temperature. The SAXS data show that the quenched mixture is a solid solution with a well-defined lamellar structure which is established on a time scale of minutes after quenching from the melt. On this initial time scale the SANS data indicate that the deuterated and protonated chains remain essentially randomly mixed. At longer times the scattering curves from both techniques show features consistent with phase separation in the form of nonrandom stacking of lamellae that are alternately enriched in one of the components. The possible effect on the neutron scattering of lateral intralamellar phase separation appears to be overwhelmed by this interlamellar phase separated structure. 23 refs., 7 figs.
Complement-fixing murine typhus antibodies in vitamin deficiency states. III. Riboflavin and folic acid deficiencies.

Summary1. It appears as though the riboflavin requirement for antibody production is not as critical as the folic acid requirement. 2. This study indicates that both riboflavin and folic acid deficiencies impaired the production of circulating complement-fixing antibodies when relatively small amounts of antigen were injected. However, after more antigen was introduced, significant titers were obtained from the sera of riboflavin deficient rats but the folic acid deficient animals produced significantly less antibody. The inanition control (paired-weighed) and the normal control animals (fed ad libitum) demonstrated antibody production of approximately the same titers when injected with either 0.0073 mg N or 0.0365 mg N. Therefore, it appears as though the specific vitamin deficiency and not the inanition is the significant factor in the production of circulating complement-fixing antibody.
Psychopathologic Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis in Taiwan

Abstract Ten young Chinese males with an obsessive-compulsive neurosis whose parents were living and who had one or more siblings near the same age were selected for psychopathologic study. It was found that the cases manifested the early personality traits of being timid, obedient, thoughtful toward others, etc., which may be constitutionally predetermined. The most outstanding characteristic of the intrafamilial situation was a close, intimate, and prolonged mother-son relationship and frequent absence of father or a distant father-son relatioship. Through such close mother-son relationships the mother inhibited pathologically the child by excessively overprotecting the child on one hand, overworrying about the child, overrestricting him from normal activity on the other hand. Consequently the patients became increasingly timid and insecure and learned to deal with problems by particular ways of being excessively careful, self-controlling, and rigid. It is pointed out that although the close mother-son relationship is the causal condition for the occurrence of such pathology, it is the particular pattern of interaction between them which causes the development of a specific kind of mental illness. The factors which intensify the unusual mother-son relation are explored and the reason why the mother focus her attention on a particular child is analysed. An attempt is made to understand the psychopathology of obsessive-compulsive neurosis from constitutional, psychologic and sociocultural points of view through intensive study of this selected sample of patients.
DRAWING IN THE REINS: POLITICAL RESPONSES TO FISCAL CRISIS IN AMERICA'S CITIES

This study begins by exploring the political position of low-income residents living in the oldest and largest central cities of the North. It then focuses on recent developments affecting political power relationships in these cities. The central argument is that corporate profitability is the ultimate parameter circumscribing a city's policy decisions; and when post-industrial city governments are driven to the brink of bankruptcy by the demands of conflicting interests, the political power of local corporate elites is likely to become centralized, formalized, and legitimized. For the urban poor, this comes to mean an even further extension of their political subordination. Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore - send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door. (Statue of Liberty inscription)
A linkage between decadal climate variations in the Labrador Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean

According to observations, the Labrador Sea Water (LSW) thickness varies significantly on decadal time scales. Sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic also exhibits considerable decadal changes, including the so-called tropical Atlantic SST dipole—a cross-equatorial pattern. In this study, we propose that the SST dipole and variations of LSW thickness are linked through the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). Southward transport of LSW along the deep western boundary must be compensated by northward flow in the upper ocean. Once the LSW pulse enters the tropics, it affects the cross-equatorial heat transport and the upper ocean response generates a dipole pattern in the SST field. The correlation between observed LSW thickness and SST with a lag of 5 years is significant at 95% significance level. Results from an ocean model indicate that the time lag between LSW and tropical SST is set primarily by coastally-trapped waves.
Analysis of interference fit pin joints subjected to bearing bypass loads

The composite plate is treated as an orthotropic laminate and the pin as a rigid circular disc, and a two-dimensional linear elasticity theory is used. The geometry considered is that of a rectangular plate with a single circular pin on one of the middle lines subjected to different loads uniformly distributed stresses on two opposite sides. The results highlight the nonlinear behavior of such a joint with load magnitude(s)
Paleodynamics: Solar System Formation and the Early Environment of the Sun

Our present paradigm of the formation of stars and planetary systems suggests that the early Solar System may have existed in much denser environments than the galactic disk, e.g., the cores of giant molecular clouds and open stellar clusters. Some constraints on a hypothetical primordial environment can be inferred from the present dynamical state of the Sun and planets. Tremaine (1991, Icarus 89, 85-92) has proposed that the large obliquities of the outer planets may have arisen from twisting of the ecliptic plane during the initial collapse of the protosolar cloud. I find that the current solar obliquity could only have been produced in the very dense environment of the initial collapse of the protoplanetary cloud: Mean post collapse densities would have a neglible effect on Solar System dynamics. The inclinations of the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, sensitive to perturbations on time scales of less than 1 myr, place a constraint on the number density of stars in the solar neighborhood. I place a 3σ limit on the product of the stellar density and residence time of 3 × 104 M⊙ pc-3 Myr, still consistent with the average densities and lifetimes of observed open clusters. I examine the possible effect of the tidal field on planet formation. Tidal torquing can suppress runaway accretion of a massive body by maintaining a high velocity dispersion. I derive a limiting semimajor axis of ∼ 50 AU, but find that the sensitivity to parameters does not permit the observed extent of the planetary system to be used to infer limits on the tidal field during the epoch of planet formation. Stronger tides and a higher stellar density on a time scale of 108 year will affect comet cloud formation. I conclude that a transient comet cloud of a few M⊕ could have formed at a few thousand atomic-units but this would have been rapidly destroyed by stellar encounters over 108 year. Uranus- and Neptune-crossing planetesimals could have been scattered into a belt about 200 AU from the Sun. Although the dynamical lifetimes of these objects are comparable to the Solar System, a time-scale comparison suggests that little mass could have reached such a cloud before the end of the cluster epoch.
Synthesis of Protein‐Based, Rod‐Shaped Particles from Spherical Templates using Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly

Nanorods provide distinct advantages over their spherical counterparts for targeted drug delivery. Here, a novel method is described for the synthesis of biocompatible protein nanorods from spherical polystyrene templates using the layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. These nanorods can be used as a vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic agents to diseased sites.
Stable funding is key.

In the News Focus story “Reshuffling graduate training” (31 July, p. [528][1]), J. Mervis describes Roald Hoffmann's proposal to dramatically shift U.S. federal research funding from principal investigator (PI)–controlled grants to graduate student fellowships. However, Mervis does not mention an important argument for Hoffman's proposal: the importance of funding continuity during the entirety of a student's Ph.D. education. As a former graduate program director, I have observed first-hand that stable funding for the duration of a student's Ph.D. studies can affect both the timely completion of the Ph.D. and the student's likelihood of remaining in graduate school. When students (and their PIs) experience funding gaps, responses vary dramatically, even within a given university campus. Some programs leave the student entirely without funding. Other programs provide bridge funding or a teaching assistantship, possibly of finite duration or with strings attached. Even if the student obtains support from another sponsored research grant, such a switch can have serious implications for the content and direction of the student's studies. As a PI, I would gladly give up some amount of funding in return for a secure 5 years of funding for a promising new Ph.D. student to pursue his or her Ph.D. studies. I was pleased to read that senior NSF officials at least considered such proposals in the past and would encourage both NIH and NSF to explore such mechanisms in the future. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.325_528
Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with reduced expression of vinculin in the intercalated disc

Mutations in the cardiac-specific insert of vinculin, metavinculin, rarely cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Subsequently, a missense mutation in the ubiquitously expressed vinculin was discovered in a patient with obstructive HCM. Microscopic examination of both myectomy specimens from patients bearing genetic defects in metavinculin and vinculin showed a marked reduction of vinculin/metavinculin expression in the intercalated disc, but normal expression in the Z-disc. Given that distinct functional domains were altered by the metavinculin and vinculin mutations, we hypothesized that the intercalated disc-specific reduction of vinculin may stem from left ventricular tract obstruction in general rather than rarely observed perturbations in VCL-encoded vinculin. To test this hypothesis, we examined the localization of vinculin/metavinculin in hypertrophied human heart tissue from patients with cardiovascular conditions associated with obstruction and hemodynamic overload using an immunohistochemistry approach. Tissue specimens derived from patients with obstructive HCM and aortic stenosis (AS) showed a universal defect of vinculin/metavinculin expression in the intercalated disc but preserved expression in the cardiac Z-disc, whereas tissue specimens derived from patients with either DCM, hypertensive heart disease (HTN), or pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) exhibited normal expression of vinculin/metavinculin in both the Z- and the intercalated disc despite being associated with hypertrophy. Results of this study suggest that cardiac hypertrophy may be associated with different expression of the marker vinculin/metavinculin depending on the underlying pathophysiology; hemodynamic overload may not affect the localization whereas obstructive disease substantially reduces the expression of vinculin preferentially in the intercalated disc.
Angular-momentum distributions following impact of slow ions on Na(nd) Rydberg atoms

The degree of dipole-forbidden l change in Na(26d) and Na(28d) Rydberg atoms caused by slow ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ion impact at reduced velocity v\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}=0.1--0.9 has been measured. ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ beam energies 7.3--684 eV were used. Previous measurements were greatly improved by reducing stray electric fields in the Rydberg collision region to about 10 mV/cm. The distributions of final-angular-momentum states were analyzed using directly measured diabatic selective-field-ionization profiles for l=3, 4, and 5. l-change results in Na(26d) and Na(28d) targets are very similar and clearly show an increasing amount of dipole-forbidden behavior for decreasing reduced velocities v\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} and partial agreement with the coupled-channel calculation of Beigman and Syrkin (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 89, 400 (1985) [Sov. Phys. JETP 62, 226 (1985)]). The dipole-forbidden process is the main channel for angular-momentum change in ion--Rydberg-atom collisions at v\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}0.7. At very low energy (v\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}0.3) the measurements demonstrate that the final-state distributions are dominated by very high angular-momentum states.
Modelling tides in the western North Atlantic using unstructured graded grids

This paper describes grid convergence studies for a finite-element-based tidal model of the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. The very large computational domain used for this tidal model encompasses both the coastal and the deep ocean and facilitates the specification of boundary conditions. Due to the large variability in depths as well as scale content of the tides within the model domain, an optimal unstructured graded grid with highly variable finite element areas is developed which significantly reduces the size of the discrete problem while improving the accuracy of the computations. The convergence studies include computations for a sequence of regularly discretized grids ranging from a very coarse 1.6° × 1.6° mesh to a very fine 6′ × 6′ to 12′ × 12′ mesh as well as unstructured graded grids with resolutions varying between 1.6° and 5′ within each mesh. Resolution requirements are related to depth, gradients in topography as well as the resolution of the coastal boundary. The final optimal graded grid has a tidal response which is comparable to that of the finest regular grid in most regions. The optimal graded grid is then forced with Schwiderski's (1979, 1980, 1981a–g) global model on the open ocean boundary and tidal potential forcing functions within the interior domain. The structure of the tides is examined, computed co-tidal charts are presented and comparisons are made between the computed results and field data at 77 stations within the model domain. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.00007.x
Issues in evaluation of complex fire models

Several methods of evaluation of the predictive capability have been applied to fire models, but with limited utility. These range from explicit evaluation of the equations used in simple models such as ASET to pointwise evaluation of complex models from numerous computer runs of a model. This paper presents a discussion of the issues involved in conducting an analysis of a complex room fire model. Examples using currently available room fire models are presented. For the models and test cases examined, heat release rate and heat transfer effects dominate the behavior of the models. For simple models like the ASET model, analytical techniques can be readily applied. For more complex fire models, obtaining an overall assessment of the model increases in complexity with the complexity of the model, requiring evaluation of numerous model inputs and outputs. Thus, more directed local investigations are currently the only tractable means of evaluation. Areas for additional research are identified.
Location based routing using smartphones in an infrastructureless environment

This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of an adhoc routing protocol (GPSAR) that is suitable for data transmission via GPS and WiFi-enabled mobile devices in the absence of any network infrastructure. GPSAR builds an adhoc wireless network using these mobile devices, and uses location information of these devices to route data packets to a node that is either a gateway to the Internet or is a computing resource. GPSAR selects the most appropriate valuable node so that the overall response time is minimized. It has been evaluated via simulation in NS-2 and an implementation over a set of Android Nexus phones and laptops. Results are discussed and compared with existing adhoc routing protocols.
Application of system analysis in two-stage reverse osmosis process design for water desalination☆

Abstract The application of the system analysis approach for two-stage reverse osmosis process design is illustrated in detail for the desalination of a NaCl-H2O feed solution analogous to sea water, using Loeb-Sourirajan type porous cellulose acetate membranes.
Survey of the needs of patients in a private nursing home: a pharmacist's view

Validated data collection instruments were used to assess the health status and existing drug therapy of 79 patients (16 male, 63 female; mean age 84 [±9] years) in two private nursing homes in Norfolk. The homes had already been found to be above average standard in terms of medicines supply, storage and administration. The most common symptoms of long term chronic disease were associated with neurological, cardiovascular, arthritic, psychiatric or diabetic diagnoses. Fifty nine patients had some memory impairment; 77 suffered from additional health problems which could arise from inappropriate therapy or dosing. All patients received most of their medicines from nursing staff. The mean (±SD) number of items received per day was 7.1 (±3.4). Of drugs prescribed for regular use, 79 per cent were given in accordance with the wishes of the prescriber. In contrast, only 21 per cent of medicines prescribed for use when necessary (prn) were given as intended. Thirty three per cent of prn medicines, some prescription only, had been given in the absence of any GP knowledge or instruction. Although there were written procedures for drug administration, there was only 58 per cent compliance with these guidelines. Drug administration charts proved to be an incomplete record of pre-existing drug allergy, topical application, self-medication and drugs used in routine nursing procedures, eg, bladder washouts.
Tandem Diels–Alder reaction/radical cyclizations for the rapid construction of bridged ring systems

Abstract Bridged tricyclic ring systems can be prepared in a one-pot reaction using a tandem Diels–Alder reaction/radical cyclization strategy. The regiochemistry of the radical addition is unexpected.
Residential energy use and conservation in Sweden

Abstract We describe energy use in Swedish homes from 1963 to 1980 using data assembled and analyzed for the first time. Changes in energy use by fuel and purpose before and after the 1973 oil price shock are illustrated and discussed, and savings in space heating in the year 1980, compared with the pre-embargo period, are quantified. We discuss two important elements of Swedish energy conservation policy, the building codes and the system of grants and loans to homeowners. We conclude that the grants and loans probably accelerated home retrofit measures, while the building codes will play an important role in reducing residential heat losses over the long term.