cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A stabilized mixed finite element method for Darcy flow

We develop new stabilized mixed finite element methods for Darcy flow. Stability and an a priori error estimate in the ‘‘stability norm’’ are established. A wide variety of convergent finite elements present themselves, unlike the classical Galerkin formulation which requires highly specialized elements. An interesting feature of the formulation is that there are no mesh-dependent parameters. Numerical tests confirm the theoretical results. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
FYVE-DSP2, a FYVE domain-containing dual specificity protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates phosphotidylinositol 3-phosphate

Abstract We have recently isolated FYVE-DSP1, a FYVE domain-containing dual specificity protein phosphatase (R. Zhao, Y. Qi, and Z. J. Zhao, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 270, 222–229 (2000)). Here, we report a novel isozyme that we designated FYVE-DSP2. FYVE-2 contains a single FYVE domain at the C-terminus, and it shares ∼47% overall sequence identity with FYBE-DSP1. Genomic sequence analyses revealed that the FYVE-DSP1 and FYVE-DSP2 genes share similar intron/exon organization. They are localizedon human chromosome 22q12 and chromosome 17, respectively. Like FYVE-DSP1, recombinant FYVE-DSP2 dephosphorylated low-molecular-weight phosphatase substrate para-nitrophenylphosphate, and its activity was inhibited by sodium vanadate. More importantly, our study also revealed that both FYVE-DSP1 and FYVE-DSP2 efficiently and specifically dephosphorylated phosphotidylinositol 3-phosphate. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated partition of FYVE-DSP1 and FYVE-DSP2 in membrane fractions, and immunofluorescent cell staining showed perinuclear localization of the enzymes. FYVE-DSP2 is expressed in many human tissues with an alternatively spliced isoform expressed in the kidney. Together with two homologous hypothetical proteins found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, FYVE-DSP1 and FYVE-DSP2 form a subfamilyof phosphatases that may have an importantrole in cellular processes.
Does water transport scale universally with tree size

Summary 1 We employed standardized measurement techniques and protocols to describe the size dependence of whole-tree water use and cross-sectional area of conducting xylem (sapwood) among several species of angiosperms and conifers. 2 The results were not inconsistent with previously proposed 3/4-power scaling of water transport with estimated above-ground biomass. However, for a given size, angiosperms transported considerably greater quantities of water than conifers. 3 In the angiosperms studied, the scaling of water transport with sapwood area, stem diameter and above-ground biomass was best described by sigmoid functions rather than a power function, consistent with the previously reported size dependence of other processes such as growth. 4 At least three distinct species groupings for relationships between sapwood area and stem basal area were observed. Scaling of sapwood area with stem radius was well described by a power function of the form Y = Y0Xb. However, exponents obtained for two of the three species groups differed significantly from a recently proposed theoretical value of 2·33.
Individual dosage of digoxin in patients with heart failure.

Backgroud: After the publication of DIG trial, the therapeutic target of serum digoxin concentration (SDC) for the treatment of heart failure (HF) has been lowered (0.40–1.00 ng/ml). However, the majority of equations to calculate digoxin dosages were developed for higher SDCs. Recently, a new equation was validated in Asian population for low SDCs by Konishi et al ., but results in Caucasians are unknown. Aim: This study was aimed to test the Konishi equation in Caucasians specifically targeting low SDCs. Furthermore, the Konishi equation was compared with other frequently used equations. Design: This was a prospective, multicenter study. Methods: Clinically indicated digoxin was given in 40 HF patients. The dosage was calculated with the Konishi equation. The SDC was measured at 1 and 6 months after starting digoxin. Adherence to digoxin was monitored with a specific questionnaire. Results: After exclusion of patients admitting poor adherence, we found a reasonable correlation between predicted and measured SDC ( r = 0.48; P < 0.01) by the Konishi equation. Excluding patients with poor adherence and relevant worsening of renal function, the measured SDC ( n = 54 measurements) was within the pre-defined therapeutic range in 95% of the cases. The mean, maximal and minimal measured SDC were 0.69 ± 0.19, 1.00 and 0.32 ng/ml, respectively. The correlation was weaker for the Jelliffe, the Koup and Jusko, and the Bauman equations. Conclusions: This study supports the clinical validity of the Konishi equation for calculating individual digoxin dosage in Caucasians, targeting SDCs according to current HF guidelines.
Noise in short channel MOSFETs

For long-channel MOSFETs, the power spectral density of wideband noise in the drain current is predicted by an expression derived from thermal noise in the MOSFET channel. For short channel MOSFETs, observed noise can be much higher than predicted from thermal noise analysis of long channel MOSFETs. While the cause of this excess noise is the subject of some controversy, it can be understood by considering the fundamental difference between shot noise (carrier motions are independent events) and thermal noise (carrier motions are dependent due to thermal equilibration). This paper reviews the literature on noise in short channel MOSFETs and shows that the increased noise can be seen as resulting from the current noise approaching a shot noise limit as carrier transit time in the MOSFET channel becomes so small that thermal equilibration does not have time to occur.
Vascular Response of the Equine Radius to Cerclage Devices

The arterial blood supply to the diaphysis of the radius, and the vascular reaction when three cerclage devices (cerclage wire, Parham-Martin band, and a partially contacting band) were applied 2 cm apart, were studied in six adult ponies. The opposite radial diaphysis served as the control. Ponies were euthanatized at weeks 4 and 8. A centrifugal blood flow pattern was demonstrated by microangiography. Larger numbers of medullary arteries exist in equine than in canine and human long bones. Changes in centrifugal blood supply were not identified beneath any of the cerclage devices.
Linking Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis With Decreases in Mortality Following Long-term Adjuvant Tamoxifen Therapy

The impressive first results of the Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Longer Against Shorter (ATLAS) and the adjuvant Tamoxifen To offer more (aTTom) trials both demonstrate that 10 years of tamoxifen is superior to five years of treatment. Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen that blocks estrogen-stimulated tumor growth. Paradoxically, mortality decreases dramatically only in the decade after long-term tamoxifen is stopped. It is proposed that the evolution and clonal selection of micrometastases that acquire tamoxifen resistance now become increasingly vulnerable to endogenous estrogen-induced apoptosis. Laboratory and clinical studies confirm the concept, and supporting clinical evidence from the estrogen-alone trial in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), demonstrate that long-term estrogen-deprived women given exogenous physiologic estrogen have a decreased incidence of breast cancer and decreased mortality. It is proposed that a natural process of apoptosis is recruited to execute the long-term survival benefit of stopping ten years of adjuvant tamoxifen, but only after clonal selection of vulnerable breast cancer cells in an estrogen-deprived environment.
Using Data-Driven Analytics to Assess the Impact of Design Parameters on Production from Shale

The importance of production from Shale and its impact on the total US energy equation has focused much attention on this prolific source of hydrocarbon. Consequently, research related to unconventional reservoirs has increased significantly in order to better understand the inherent complexities of their behavior. Analytical, numerical and statistical analyses have been applied to large multi-variable data set from Shale assets with different degrees of success. The notion that shale is a “statistical play” may be attributed to the fact that many of our preconceived notions on storage and flow mechanisms in shale are not supported by facts. Therefore, we set out to examine the possibility of learning from the data in order to be able to answer some of the questions that rise during the production process. Data Driven Analytics, having roots in pattern recognition and machine learning, have proven to be capable of extracting useful information from large data sets and are extensively used in many industries. Their application to multivariable data sets from Shale assets, in order to extract understandable structure in the data, is the subject of the work being presented here. This paper presents a Data Driven Analytics study of design parameters such as well trajectories, completion, and hydraulic fracturing variables for a large number of horizontal wells in Marcellus Shale. The data set from the Shale assets is so complex that use of conventional statistical analysis does not results in understandable trends and patterns. On the other hand, when advanced pattern recognition tools are used, certain (previously hidden) patterns emerges from the data with unmistakable trends. In this article impact of parameters such as up-dip versus down dip deviation of wells, stimulated lateral length and cluster spacing, etc. on production from wells in a Shale asset is analyzed using an advance pattern recognition algorithm. The analyses are performed using production from multiple time intervals throughout the life of wells.
Spatial and temporal development of emissions from an exploding mercury jet

The development of visible emissions from an exploding mercury jet, which could be used as a unique high current opening switch, have been detailed, framing pictures have verified that the expanding luminous front produced by the exploding jet maintains its cylindrical symmetry throughout the most intense period of visible emission. The luminous front expands at a constant rate of 5/spl times/10/sup 3/ m/s over the /spl ap/300 ns interval during which the explosion occurs. Afterwards, the expansion rate is a nearly constant 1.5/spl times/10/sup 3/ m/s. Consideration of the Bennett-pinch condition suggest that this velocity can be used to estimate an ion/neutral temperature of 18000 K. Temperatures have been calculated from temporally and spatially resolved spectra. At the onset of the explosion, spectral emissions approximating blackbody radiation yielded a temperature of /spl ap/7200 K. Line emissions mere used to determine the radial temperature profile. Temperature measurements were used to estimate the percent ionization in the plasma column. >
The anesthesiologist and the perioperative environment for the patient with congenital heart disease

The population of patients with repaired or palliated congenital heart lesions has dramatically expanded. Improved surgical procedures and perioperative care have enabled many to survive significantly longer. This is a small but emerging population that requires the anesthesiologist to completely understand the anatomy, physiology, and natural history of the specific disease in order to provide a safe anesthetic. Common hemodynamic issues in this patient population include myocardial dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and residual defects, including obstruction and shunting. Residual hemodynamic abnormalities must be understood with respect to the predictable physiological disturbances that occur during anesthesia and the surgical procedure.
The feasibility of text reminders to improve medication adherence in adolescents with asthma

Objective Personal health applications have the potential to help patients with chronic disease by improving medication adherence, self-efficacy, and quality of life. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of MyMediHealth (MMH) – a website and a short messaging service (SMS)-based reminder system – on medication adherence and perceived self-efficacy in adolescents with asthma. Methods We conducted a block-randomized controlled study in academic pediatric outpatient settings. There were 98 adolescents enrolled. Subjects who were randomized to use MMH were asked to create a medication schedule and receive SMS reminders at designated medication administration times for 3 weeks. Control subjects received action lists as a part of their usual care. Primary outcome measures included MMH usage patterns and self-reports of system usability, medication adherence, asthma control, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Results Eighty-nine subjects completed the study, of whom 46 were randomized to the intervention arm. Compared to controls, we found improvements in self-reported medication adherence ( P = .011), quality of life ( P = .037), and self-efficacy ( P = .016). Subjects reported high satisfaction with MMH; however, the level of system usage varied widely, with lower use among African American patients. Conclusions MMH was associated with improved medication adherence, perceived quality of life, and self-efficacy. Trial Registration This project was registered under identifier [NCT01730235][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT01730235&atom=%2Fjaminfo%2F23%2F3%2F449.atom
Segmentation of contacting soil particles in images by modified watershed analysis

Abstract Image-based soil particle size and shape characterization relies on computer methods to process and analyze the images. For contacting particles spread on a flat surface this requires delineation of particle boundaries through shape-based image segmentation. The traditional method using watershed analysis fails for particles that have constrictions (are peanut-shaped). The oversegmentation interprets such particles as being two, thereby underestimating the long particle dimension by about 50% and overestimating particle sphericity by about a factor of two. This paper presents a solution to the problem of oversegmentation through morphologic reconstruction. The key to this improvement is distinguishing the necks in peanut shaped particles from actual contacts between particles. A parameter α is defined to quantify the necks and contacts. Approximately 220,000 particles in a range of 2.0–35.0 mm having various shapes and angularities were studied to find typical α values for necks and contacts. An algorithm is proposed to correct the oversegmentation based on α . The results show that this improved watershed analysis accurately segments sand particles at contacts while preserving the continuity of peanut shaped particles. Example lab tests demonstrate the significance of the problem and its solution.
Learning from New Orleans: What Hurricane Katrina Teaches Us About Urban Politics

This paper argues that Hurricane Katrina presents a challenge to, and an opportunity for, urban political analysis. It starts with the presumption that Katrina represents a failure of governments at all levels to provide for the basic needs of their citizens. The paper proposes that, to understand this failure, we must (1) situate the Army Corps of Engineers in its intergovernmental context; (2) understand the political economy of state government; and (3) take race seriously. Examining theses issues requires us to expand the boundaries of contemporary urban political analysis and the paper shows how arguments from other fields of political science, other disciplines and past urban politics scholarship contribute to a better explanation of factors leading up to the Storm.
Challenges and promises for translating computational tools into clinical practice

Computational modeling and associated methods have greatly advanced our understanding of cognition and neurobiology underlying complex behaviors and psychiatric conditions. Yet, no computational methods have been successfully translated into clinical settings. This review discusses three major methodological and practical challenges (A. precise characterization of latent neurocognitive processes, B. developing optimal assays, C. developing large-scale longitudinal studies and generating predictions from multi-modal data) and potential promises and tools that have been developed in various fields including mathematical psychology, computational neuroscience, computer science, and statistics. We conclude by highlighting a strong need to communicate and collaborate across multiple disciplines.
Antimicrobial Formulation and Delivery in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection

Abstract Background: A number of adjunct antimicrobial measures have been studied in an attempt to reduce surgical site infection (SSI) rates. In addition to parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis, these measures include oral antibiotics in bowel preparation for colorectal surgery, antiseptic/antimicrobial irrigation, antimicrobial sutures, local antibiotics, skin incision antibacterial sealants, and antimicrobial dressings. It is the purpose of this review to study the evidence behind each of these measures and to evaluate relevant data for recommendations in each area. Methods: A systematic review of the literature through PubMed was performed. Results: Need for adequate dosing and re-dosing of intravenous peri-operative antibiotics, duration of antibiotic usage past wound closure, and the use of antibiotic bowel preparation in colorectal surgery are well defined in the published literature. However, data on local antimicrobial measures remain controversial. Conclusions: Proper dosing and re-dosing of prophy...
Functional optical coherence tomography for high-resolution mapping of cilia beat frequency in the mouse oviduct in vivo

Since mouse is a superior model for genetic analysis of human disorders, reproductive studies in mice have significant implications on further understanding of fertility and infertility in humans. Fertilized oocytes are transported through the reproductive tract by motile cilia lining the lumen of the oviduct as well as by oviduct contractions. While the role of cilia is well recognized, ciliary dynamics in the oviduct is not well understood, largely owing to the lack of live imaging approaches. Here, we report in vivo micro-scale mapping of cilia and cilia beat frequency (CBF) in the mouse oviduct using optical coherence tomography (OCT). This functional imaging method is based on spectral analysis of the OCT speckle variations produced by the beat of cilia in the oviduct, which does not require exogenous contrast agents. Animal procedures similar to the ones used for production of transgenic mice are utilized to expose the reproductive organs for imaging in anesthetized females. In this paper, we first present in vivo structural imaging of the mouse oviduct capturing the oocyte and the preimplantation embryo and then show the result of depth-resolved high-resolution CBF mapping in the ampulla of the live mouse. These data indicate that this structural and functional OCT imaging approach can be a useful tool for a variety of live investigations of mammalian reproduction and infertility.
Smart Geometries for Smart Materials: Taming Thermobimetals to Behave

Smart materials, embedded with intelligent geometries by way of current computational and fabrication technologies, can respond to changes in the environment without the need for energy or controls. Thermobimetal, a smart material that curls when heated, can automatically animate a building's surface to shade, ventilate, self-assemble, strengthen, and change shape. Besides altering the molecular makeup of the laminated metal, its behavior can be optimized, enhanced, and even negated depending on its shape. Within the purview of architects' capabilities, the addition of smart materials will challenge designers to embrace the sciences in a whole new way.
From bench to bedside: utility of the rabbit elastase aneurysm model in preclinical studies of intracranial aneurysm treatment

Preclinical studies are important in helping practitioners and device developers improve techniques and tools for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Thus an understanding of the major animal models used in such studies is important. The New Zealand rabbit elastase induced arterial aneurysm of the common carotid artery is one of the most commonly used models in testing the safety and efficacy of new endovascular devices. In this review we discuss: (1) the various techniques used to create the aneurysm, (2) complications of aneurysm creation, (3) natural history of the arterial aneurysm, (4) histopathologic and hemodynamic features of the aneurysm, (5) devices tested using this model, and (6) weaknesses of the model. We demonstrate how preclinical studies using this model are applied in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms in humans. The model has similar hemodynamic, morphological, and histologic characteristics to human aneurysms, and demonstrates similar healing responses to coiling as human aneurysms. Despite these strengths, however, the model does have many weaknesses, including the fact that the model does not emulate the complex inflammatory processes affecting growing and ruptured aneurysms. Furthermore, the extracranial location of the model affects its ability to be used in preclinical safety assessments of new devices. We conclude that the rabbit elastase model has characteristics that make it a simple and effective model for preclinical studies on the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms, but further work is needed to develop aneurysm models that simulate the histopathologic and morphologic characteristics of growing and ruptured aneurysms.
Missile tracking and range safety: Tracking Interferometer Pathfinder System (TIPS)

The tracking of missiles at close range proximity has been an ongoing challenge for many launch environments. The ability to provide accurate missile trajectory information is imperative for range safety and early termination of flight. In an effort to provide a potential solution to tracking issues that have plagued many traditional techniques, the Tracking Interferometer Pathfinder System (TIPS) was developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. The paper herein describes the design, field test, and results of an interferometer deployed for missile tracking.
Raman Enhancement of a Dipolar Molecule on Graphene

We show a large enhancement in the Raman signal from a highly polarizable molecule attached to single layer graphene. Through spatial mapping of the Raman signal and wavelength-dependent Raman measurements from a dipolar chromophore latched to a graphene/SiO2 substrate and to a bare SiO2 substrate, we show that strong electronic coupling in the hybrid structure contributes to the enhancement. The dipolar molecule is a pyrene tethered Disperse Red 1 (DR1P) that noncovalently binds to graphene. Upon comparison of the Raman signal of DR1P on single layer graphene with that on a bare SiO2/Si substrate, we found that the enhancement factor is in the range 29–69 at 532 nm excitation. As the surface coverage of DR1P on graphene increases, Raman intensity also increases and saturates at a certain concentration. The saturation of the Raman signal intensity at higher DR1P concentrations were accompanied by shifts in the G band and the 2D band of graphene due to p-doping. We further show that the Raman enhancement t...
Effects of CCM,TPA on mtDNA mutation in skov_3 of ovary cancer cell line

Objective To explore the effects of CCM,TPA on mtDNA mutation in skov3 of ovary cancer cell line.Methods High molecular weight genomic DNA isolation was performed.DNA sequencing was done to examine mtDNA mutation after PCR procedure.Results The mtDNA gene mutation in skov3 of ovary cancer cell line was the highly polymorphic and mutable region.The hot points of mtDNA mutation were located in the CoⅡ,ND5,Cytb and ND4 gene successively.By DNA sequencing,mtDNA mutation was concentrated on the points of A→T,T→A,G→A,T→C,A→G,C→T.The C→T mutation was the hottest.Conclusion The mtDNA genes(CoⅡ,Cytb,ND4,ND5) are mutability and polymorphism,which have some relations with ovary carcinogenesis.
Pressure and temperature dependence of the structure of liquid Sn up to 5.3 GPa and 1373 K

ABSTRACTPressure and temperature dependence of the structure of liquid Sn has been measured up to 5.3 GPa and 1373 K using multi-angle energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction in Paris–Edinburgh cell. Under nearly isobar condition at ∼1 GPa, liquid Sn displays a normal behavior with gradual structural changes with temperature up to 1373 K. Under isothermal compressions at 850 and 1373 K, however, the structure factors of liquid Sn both show a turn-over at ∼3 GPa in the height of the first diffraction peak. According to the hard sphere cluster model, the structure of liquid Sn may be viewed as two different types of clusters. Below ∼3 GPa, it is shown that the packing fraction of the dominant cluster (occupying ∼0.94 fraction) changes with compression, while above ∼3 GPa, the packing fractions and the hard sphere diameters of both clusters start to influence the structure, causing significant changes with increasing pressure. Our results suggest that the compression behavior of liquid Sn changes from localized ...
Harvard’s Fine Arts Library: collections and services over 100 years

The Fine Arts Library at Harvard University has served the needs of teaching faculty, art museum staff, art and architectural students, researchers and historians since the founding of the Fogg Art Museum in 1895. Library collections have been enhanced by gifts from faculty, museum publications received on exchange, and by the transfer of arts-related materials from other Harvard libraries. Although founded in the spirit of a museum library, the Fine Arts Library has increasingly developed its collections and services for a wide community of users in fields across the academic spectrum.
Depression treatment decreases healthcare expenditures among working age patients with comorbid conditions and type 2 diabetes mellitus along with newly-diagnosed depression

There are many studies in the literature on the association between depression treatment and health expenditures. However, there is a knowledge gap in examining this relationship taking into account coexisting chronic conditions among patients with diabetes. We aim to analyze the association between depression treatment and healthcare expenditures among adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and newly-diagnosed depression, with consideration of coexisting chronic physical conditions. We used multi-state Medicaid data (2000–2008) and adopted a retrospective longitudinal cohort design. Medical conditions were identified using diagnosis codes (ICD-9-CM and CPT systems). Healthcare expenditures were aggregated for each month for 12 months. Types of coexisting chronic physical conditions were hierarchically grouped into: dominant, concordant, discordant, and both concordant and discordant. Depression treatment categories were as follows: antidepressants or psychotherapy, both antidepressants and psychotherapy, and no treatment. We used linear mixed-effects models on log-transformed expenditures (total and T2DM-related) to examine the relationship between depression treatment and health expenditures. The analyses were conducted on the overall study population and also on subgroups that had coexisting chronic physical conditions. Total healthcare expenditures were reduced by treatment with antidepressants (16 % reduction), psychotherapy (22 %), and both therapy types in combination (28 %) compared to no depression treatment. Treatment with both antidepressants and psychotherapy was associated with reductions in total healthcare expenditures among all groups that had a coexisting chronic physical condition. Among adults with T2DM and chronic conditions, treatment with both antidepressants and psychotherapy may result in economic benefits.
Case 48: Is This a Good Study?

You are an attending physician in a large university hospital. An ENT resident suggests the following clinical study: a comparison of a new oral hypotensive agent about which you know nothing to a placebo. The drug is to be given 48 h prior to surgery. The study is to be prospective, double blinded, and randomized. The objective is to improve surgical conditions as assessed by a blinded surgeon. If published, the resident hopes to add to the control hypotension/bleeding literature. He plans to use a Mann–Whitney U test.
Associations Between Language and Problem Behavior: a Systematic Review and Correlational Meta-analysis

A growing body of evidence points to the common co-occurrence of language and behavioral difficulties in children. Primary studies often focus on this relation in children with identified deficits. However, it is unknown whether this relation holds across other children at risk or representative samples of children or over time. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a systematic review and two meta-analyses exploring the concurrent and predictive associations between language ability and problem behavior in school-age children. A systematic literature search yielded 1655 unduplicated abstracts, and a structured study selection process resulted in 19 eligible reports and 25 effect sizes for the concurrent analysis and 8 reports and 10 effect sizes for the predictive analysis. Eligible reports were then coded, and effect sizes were extracted and synthesized via random effects meta-analyses. Results estimate significant negative concurrent (z = −0.17 [−0.21, −0.13]) and predictive (z = −0.17 [−0.21, −0.13]) associations between language and problem behavior, and these relations hold across age, time, and risk status. Mean effect sizes for receptive and expressive language were significant. This study adds to the quantitative and descriptive literature by summarizing and corroborating the evidence that low language ability is associated with problem behavior. Further research is needed relative to differences in subconstructs of language and behavior, as well as a focus on intervention for students with these comorbid deficits.
Landscape, Nature, and the Sacred in Byzantium

Landscape, Nature, and the Sacred in Byzantium: By Veronica Della dora. xviii and 294; maps, ills., bibliog., index. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2016. $99.99 (cloth), isbn 97811071...
A Review on Wireless Transport Layer Security

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is one of the technical standards for information over a mobile wireless network. Mobile devices such as mobile phones that use the protocol have a WAP browser as a web browser. WTLS (wireless transport layer security) inherited from TLS (Transport Layer Security). WTLS uses similar semantics adapted for a low bandwidth mobile device. As compared to TLS main changes are compressed data structures where possible packet sizes are reduced by using bit-fields, discarding redundancy and truncating some cryptographic elements. WTLS defines a compressed certificate format. This broadly follows the X.509 v3 certificate structure, but uses smaller data structures. Packet based design TLS is designed for use over a data stream. WTLS adapts that design to be more appropriate on a packet based network. WTLS design is based on a requirement that it be possible to use a packet network such as SMS as a data transport. There are number of WTLS security issues. WTLS processing more is fast as compared to using SSL. So it is suitable for wireless system. WTLS uses modern cryptography tools to enhance security. WTLS can provide different level of security for privacy, data integrity and authentications.
Evidence for a role of calcium in STING signaling

STING, an ER resident cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) receptor, plays an important role in innate immune response signaling. Upon binding to CDNs, it activates the TBK1-IRF3 signaling axis, which stimulates gene expression including interferon beta. We hypothesized that the ER localization of STING reflects a role for calcium mobilization in its signaling. To test this hypothesis, we treated mouse cells with two STING agonists, the synthetic drug DMXAA and a natural ligand, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), and measured intracellular calcium. Both triggered a rapid rise in intracellular calcium that was partially inhibited by STING depletion. Intracellular calcium chelation blocked DMXAA induced signaling downstream of STING activation, but had no effect on cGAMP induced signaling. We propose that intracellular calcium plays an important role in the response of the STING pathway. In response to DMXAA, calcium is mobilized form the ER and required for signaling. In the case of cGAMP calcium is mobilized but not required. This difference could be explained by alternative modes of STING activation for the two ligands, or a combination of STING-dependent and -independent actions of extracellular cGAMP.
The Dynamic Classroom Management Approach (DCMA): What It Is and How It Can Be Integrated into Methods Courses

This chapter provides a solution to the experiences of students from Chaps. 2 and 3 by highlighting and breaking down the tenets of the Dynamic Classroom Management Approach (DCMA): (a) flexibility and adaptability in one’s management style; (b) the context of students’ diverse backgrounds, including culture, socioeconomic status, gender/sexuality, language background, and ability; (c) creation of effective pedagogy based on course, unit, and lesson design, lesson implementation, and behavioral management; and (d) establishment of a positive classroom culture and community rooted in solid relationships, high expectations, and a safe/nurturing environment. The chapter then demonstrates how teachers can effectively integrate DCMA into their pedagogy and concludes with a description of how a teacher educator can integrate DCMA into a methods course.
Developing effective proximity detection systems for underground coal mines

Abstract Over 80 fatalities have been caused by struck-by or pinning accidents involving continuous mining machinery and mobile equipment in underground coal mines since 1984. Proximity detection systems have been developed and are being mandated by MSHA to prevent future accidents involving these types of equipment. NIOSH began investigations that led to the development of electromagnetic proximity detection, named HASARD, in 2002. The research continued through development of intelligent proximity detection for continuous mining machines and is now focused on developing proximity detection system design guidelines for mobile equipment. All of this research has been published in detail as the work has progressed but there exists no summary or overview document. This book chapter compiles, in a single source, detailed documentation of NIOSH proximity detection research from HASARD to current work.
The Impact of Awareness of Being Monitored on Computer Usage Policy Compliance: An Agency View

With increased computer usage by employees in their daily job routines, computer abuse by employees has increased the potential for security vulnerabilities for organizations. Organizations have established various security countermeasures, such as sanctions and computer usage policies, to prevent computer abuse and protect organizational information assets. However, these policies are effective only to the extent that employees follow them. Thus, it is important for organizations to understand the factors that motivate employees to follow computer usage polices. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of different countermeasures, such as perceived sanctions, and awareness of being monitored on compliance with computer usage policies by drawing upon agency theory and general deterrence theory. In testing the hypothesized relationships in the study, a survey was administered to full- and part-time employees who work for organizations with computer usage policies in place. The results indicate that p...
Protocol codesign

This afternoon I'm going to talk to you about some work that we're doing on protocol design. This is actually Hassen Saidi's work; he spoke a little about this at the workshop here a couple of years ago and since then there's been quite a bit of progress. There are many challenges in the design of protocols; both the ones that we have today, and the ones that we need to evolve in the future. The conversation here this morning clearly identified those challenges, so I don't think I will preach here. But protocols are changing, and they're changing form in a couple of ways. They're changing by moving from the traditional place where one would do a protocol – from the network layer into the application layer – because the applications themselves are changing. Also our expectations of the technology that we develop for security applications has changed. For example, now we talk about intrusion tolerance; it's not enough to build something that is secure, I also want to build it in such a way that even if attackers succeed in penetrating it it will still provide some level of service. In that one might see the influence of fault tolerance: today's applications not only have traditional security requirements, but also things that have not traditionally been thought of as properties security protocols would implement. Nonetheless, now that we're putting them together the protocols have got to do both jobs. New applications need new protocols and sometimes that happens, but sometimes known protocols get re-engineered (sometimes well, mostly badly), and what tends to happen is that unless one is very, very careful and thoughtful and systematic about the way that protocols are re-engineered or composed, you may end up actually making things worse. Rushby has a good example about putting together two protocols, a fault tolerant protocol and a security protocol, and ending up with something that is neither secure nor fault tolerant. We've been driven not just by changes in the application, but also by this variety of properties that they have to implement, so we need to understand the interactions of the properties, and the subtleties that those interactions entail, and the impact that those subtleties have on the final product: by and large this is a darn hard thing to do.
Death and Metaphor in Cien años de soledad, La casa de los espíritus and Paula

In the article I describe the ways in which we have created elaborate ways in making death illusory, so as to avoid confronting mortality. In particular I describe the way in which authors, too, circumvent the terror of death and the accompanying corpse by using words that emphasize the heroic or peaceful aspects of the character’s end or by employing euphemisms that invoke a contrived beauty. Literary descriptions of corpses, especially those of young female ones, frequently encourage readers to see the body through trope, as something other than death, in which the deceased turn into sleeping beauties or otherworldly celestial splendors—transformations that suppress death’s ubiquitous and threatening presence. This article briefly analyzes the representation of death and the dead body in Cien anos de soledad (1967) by Gabriel Garcia Marquez to pave the way for a comprehensive examination of Isabel Allende’s novel La casa de los espiritus (1982) and her memoir Paula (1994), both of which draw from Garcia Marquez’s novel. Collectively, the texts underscore the frailty of human life but quickly mask death’s threat by employing hyperbolic metaphors and analogies skewed in degrees that make characters’ deaths implausible and unreal. Because Allende and Garcia Marquez more often describe female corpses than male ones, this article in particular analyzes the metaphoric language used to describe these female corpses, which are often transformed into mythic goddesses, sirens, or holy virgins, or transmogrified into foodstuffs or other non-human entities.
Automated abnormality detection in lower extremity radiographs using deep learning

Musculoskeletal disorders are a major healthcare challenge around the world. We investigate the utility of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in performing generalized abnormality detection on lower extremity radiographs. We also explore the effect of pretraining, dataset size and model architecture on model performance to provide recommendations for future deep learning analyses on extremity radiographs, especially when access to large datasets is challenging. We collected a large dataset of 93,455 lower extremity radiographs of multiple body parts, with each exam labelled as normal or abnormal. A 161-layer densely connected, pretrained CNN achieved an AUC-ROC of 0.880 (sensitivity = 0.714, specificity = 0.961) on this abnormality classification task. Our findings show that a single CNN model can be effectively utilized for the identification of diverse abnormalities in highly variable radiographs of multiple body parts, a result that holds potential for improving patient triage and assisting with diagnostics in resource-limited settings. Identifying abnormalities in medical images across different viewing angles and body parts is a time-consuming task. Deep learning techniques hold great promise for supporting radiologists and improving patient triage decisions. A new study tests the viability of such approaches in resource-limited settings, exploring the effect of pretraining, dataset size and choice of deep learning model in the task of abnormality detection in lower-limb radiographs.
Good Fellows: Men's Role & Reason in the Fight for Gender Equality

This essay attempts to make the case for including – even embracing – men in the fight for gender equality. I do not mean to argue that men should supplant women in this struggle, or that enlisting...
Low Serum Oxytocin Concentrations Are Associated with Painful Menstruation.

Oxytocin-dependent mechanisms are hypothesized to contribute to painful menses, but clinical trials of oxytocin antagonists for dysmenorrhea have had divergent outcomes. In contrast, broader studies have shown that increased systemic oxytocin concentrations are associated with increased pain tolerance and improved psychosocial function. We sought to confirm whether increased serum oxytocin concentrations are associated with menstrual pain and other psychosocial factors. Women with a history of primary dysmenorrhea (n = 19), secondary dysmenorrhea (n = 12), and healthy controls (n = 15) completed pain and psychosocial questionnaires, provided a medical history, and rated their pain during the first 48 h of menses. Serum samples were collected during menses to measure oxytocin concentrations. Oxytocin was significantly lower in participants with a history of primary (704 ± 33 pg/mL; p < 0.001) or secondary (711 ± 66 pg/mL; p < 0.01) dysmenorrhea compared to healthy controls (967 ± 53 pg/mL). Menstrual pain over the past 3 months (r = −0.58; p < 0.001) and during the study visit (r = −0.45; p = 0.002) was negatively correlated with oxytocin concentrations. Pain catastrophizing (r = −0.39), pain behavior (r = −0.32), and pain interference (r = −0.31) were also negatively correlated with oxytocin levels (p’s < 0.05). Oxytocin was not significantly correlated with psychosocial factors. Contrary to our hypothesis, women with a history of primary or secondary dysmenorrhea had lower oxytocin concentrations during menses when compared to healthy controls. Lower circulating oxytocin concentrations were also associated with worse menstrual pain and pain-related behavior. When considering the existing literature, low circulating oxytocin may be a sign of dysfunctional endogenous pain modulation.
Delivering on the promise of gene therapy for haemophilia

The promise of gene therapy is a single treatment ('one and done') that leads to steady-state expression of endogenous factor VIII or factor IX sufficient to achieve a functional cure (free of recurrent haemophilic bleeding) if not normalized haemostasis. The elimination of the need for continued prophylaxis, or factor replacement following trauma or prior to surgery would lead to annual cost savings. Such optimized health and well-being would be reaching a level of health equity that was unimaginable several decades ago. 'Before anything else, preparation is the key to success'-Alexander Graham Bell. This quote from the famous inventor, scientist and engineer highlights that, although we currently stand on the threshold of this achievement, delivering on this promise will require broad-based multistakeholder preparation (scientists, manufacturers, federal regulators, health technology assessors, persons with haemophilia, national advocacy groups and multidisciplinary healthcare teams) with a focused emphasis on education, approval of safe and effective therapies, removal of barriers to access and excellence in clinical delivery.
Abstract A08: Modeling melanomagenesis

Despite recent advances in therapy, cutaneous melanoma remains a deadly form of skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation is a known risk factor that can be reduced by the use of sunscreen; nevertheless, melanoma incidence continues to rise. Determining how a cell that contains all the mutations required for cancer resists forming a tumor could suggest novel means of prevention. Conversely, understanding an identical cancer cell of origin that has switched to a proliferative expansion state can provide invaluable insight into tumor initiation. We have generated a method of inducing melanoma from melanocyte stem cells in a spatially specific manner by altering the exterior environment, in the context of a previously established genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma. Specifically, exposure to ultraviolet radiation B can provide a proinflammatory microenvironment that stimulates this switch from a quiescent cancer cell of origin to a proliferative cancer cell. Moreover, this model shows tumor development from the interfollicular epidermis, similar to human melanoma initiation and progression. This represents an evolution from previous mouse models of melanoma and presents a new method that can be exploited for stage-specific precision targeting for both initiation prevention and progression intervention. Citation Format: Hyeongsun Moon, Leanne Donahue, Andrew C. White. Modeling melanomagenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A08.
The complete mitochondrial genomes of three imperiled cyprinid fishes Bonytail (Gila elegans), Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Loach Minnow (Tiaroga cobitis).

Gila elegans, Hybognathus amarus, and Tiaroga cobitis (Family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes) are endemic and endangered fishes in the southwestern United States. We present complete mitochondrial...
Postgrowth imaginaries: new ecologies and counterhegemonic culture in post-2008 Spain

Luis (Inaki) Pradanos’s Postgrowth Imaginaries: New Ecologies and Counterhegemonic Culture in Post-2008 Spain breaks ground in being the first comprehensive examination of an urgent and underlying ...
Appropriately Representing Military Tasks for Human-Machine Teaming Research

The use of simulation has become a popular way to develop knowledge and skills in aviation, medicine, and several other domains. Given the promise of human-robot teaming in many of these same contexts, the amount of research in human-autonomy teaming has increased over the last decade. The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA), for example, has developed several testbeds to explore human-autonomy teaming in and out of the laboratory. Fidelity requirements have been carefully established in order to assess important factors in line with the goals of the research. This paper describes how appropriate fidelity is established across a range of human-autonomy research objectives. We provide descriptions of testbeds ranging from robots in the laboratory to higher-fidelity flight simulations and real-world driving. We conclude with a description and guideline for selecting appropriate levels of fidelity given a research objective in human-machine teaming research.