cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional manipulation of one-carbon metabolism: effects on arsenic methylation and toxicity.

Exposure to arsenic (As) through drinking water is a substantial problem worldwide. The methylation of As, a reactive metalloid, generates monomethyl- (MMA) and dimethyl-arsenical (DMA) species. The biochemical pathway that catalyzes these reactions, one-carbon metabolism, is regulated by folate and other micronutrients. Arsenic methylation exerts a critical influence on both its urinary elimination and chemical reactivity. Mice having the As methyltransferase null genotype show reduced urinary As excretion, increased As retention, and severe systemic toxicity. The most toxic As metabolite in vitro is MMAIII, an intermediate in the generation of DMAV, a much less toxic metabolite. These findings have raised the question of whether As methylation is a detoxification or bioactivation pathway. Results of population-based studies suggest that complete methylation of inorganic As to DMA is associated with reduced risk for As-induced health outcomes, and that nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism, such as folate, can facilitate As methylation and elimination.
“Right here is a good Christian lady”: Reported speech in personal narratives

The personal narratives told by a North Carolina woman contribute to our understanding of both the relationship of personal narratives to the overall speech economy of an area and gender‐specific narrative technique. Reported speech provides the means for this narrator to bring local speech practices into her stories where they support her claims for individual worth and the value of women's work without directly contravening local prohibitions against self‐promotion. Bessie Eldreth's narrative style displays features previously attributed to both male and female narrators in Anglo‐American culture, suggesting how she works strategically within the formal and moral structures available to her. By combining a performance approach and a close analysis of narrative structure with an understanding of cultural background, this analysis reveals that the relation between community norms and the individual goals of a teller of personal narratives may be more problematic than usually described and that reported sp...
The systolic blood pressure versus pulse pressure controversy.

S blood pressure (BP) elevation has been recognized as an independent risk factor that far exceeds the risk associated with elevated diastolic BP in patients with systemic hypertension.1 Moreover, isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), which is a disorder characterized by a systolic BP .140 mm Hg but with a diastolic BP ,90 mm Hg,2–4 is associated with increased risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart and renal failure, and all-cause mortality.5 This issue is especially important in older people, as aging predisposes patients to develop arteriosclerosis and ISH. Relative to ISH, the measurement of pulse pressure—the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure—has been “highlighted” recently as an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. Increased pulse pressure indicates reduced vascular compliance of large arteries, and by definition, is always increased in patients with ISH. Despite evidence that an increased pulse pressure is a marker of cardiovascular risk, therapeutic outcomes data on the benefits of reduction of pulse pressure are not well delineated compared with the evidence that we have on systolic BP reductions.6 Thus, in this editorial, considerations for the appropriate evaluation of these hemodynamic parameters as well as current therapeutic recommendations are discussed.
A class of high-rate double-error-correcting convolutional codes

A new class of double error correcting high rate convolutional codes are given. It is shown that these codes exhibit finite error propagation.
Sensory Quality and Performance of Spray-dried Coffee Whitener from Peanuts1

The feasibility of producing coffee whitener by spray drying peanut extracts was studied. The whiteners were spray-dried at 200°C using atomizer speeds of 15000, 25000, 35000 rpm and volumetric flow rates of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 L/hr. Performance of the whiteners in coffee was evaluated vs commercial coffee creamers by a consumer panel. Objective tests for color, solubility, and moisture were performed. The liquid whitener had lower performance and sensory scores than commercial samples (p 1.80 L/hr.
The mixed-alkali effect discussed within the context of percolative transport

Abstract Maas et al. have discussed the mixed-alkali as a relaxation process whereby structures of amorphous systems adjust differently to different cations (dynamic structure model). In its original form, the dynamic structure model did not account for the strong frequency dependence of the conductivity observed in the presence of a single species of cation as it incorporates no other disorder into the amorphous structure. The percolation model has been able to predict the frequency dependence of the ac conductivity, but has not yet incorporated the influence of any effective interaction between cations (actually between individual cations and the structure) which would disfavor occupation of a site with a type A cation, if a type B cation has recently vacated the site. Such an interaction effectively decreases the number of sites available to a given cation species when a second type of cation is also present. In a statistical interpretation it leads to a reduction in the total energy when both cations are present, an effective attractive interaction. Within the percolation framework the additional physical constraint regarding site compatibility is now approximately taken into account (assuming that the time required for the adjustment of a given site to a new cation is very long, i.e., involves structural relaxation). Such an assumption is a natural extension of this model; incorporation of effects of a random potential into the dynamic structure model should make the treatments more nearly compatible.
An apoptosis differentiation programme in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes

Human PMNs (polymorphonuclear leucocytes or neutrophils) are essential to the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens and are a key part of the acute inflammatory response. Although progress has been made, the molecular basis for termination of inflammation during bacterial infection in humans is largely undefined. To that end, we used genomics strategies to gain new insight into processes that facilitate resolution of neutrophil-mediated inflammation and bacterial infection. On the basis of a series of recent studies, we propose that global changes in PMN gene expression after phagocytosis comprise an apoptosis differentiation programme, which represents the final stage of transcription-regulated PMN maturation. Our studies indicate that the apoptosis differentiation programme regulates multiple post-phagocytic processes in human neutrophils, such as cell fate and proinflammatory activity, and is modulated by PMN-derived reactive oxygen species. Collectively, these studies establish a global model of host cell–pathogen interaction, which provides fundamental insight into the resolution of infection in humans.
Internal Migration and Life Satisfaction: Well-Being Paths of Young Adult Migrants

Internal migration is typically associated with higher income, but its relation with life satisfaction remains unclear. Is internal migration accompanied by an increase in life satisfaction and does this increase depend on the reason for moving? What are the aspects of life underlying overall life satisfaction that change following migration? These questions are addressed using longitudinal data from the Swedish Young Adult Panel Study. Migration is defined as a change in municipality of residence. Comparing migrants to non-migrants, it is found that internal migration is accompanied by a short to medium term increase in life satisfaction for those who move due to work (work migrants), as well as those who move for other reasons (non-work migrants). However, only work migrants display an improvement in life satisfaction that remains significant 6 or more years following the move. Work and non-work migrants also differ in the aspects of life that change following migration. For work migrants the move is accompanied by an improvement in occupational status positively associated with well-being 6–10 years after the move. For non-work migrants, a persisting increase in housing satisfaction follows migration, but this housing improvement is accompanied by only a short to medium term increase in overall well-being.
Depressed cardiac tension cost in experimental diabetes is due to altered myosin heavy chain isoform expression

Cardiac disease in diabetes presents as impaired left ventricular contraction and relaxation; however, the mechanisms underlying contractile protein dysfunction during the progression of disease ar...
Targeting of the T-cell receptor zeta-chain gene in embryonic stem cells: strategies for generating multiple mutations in a single gene.

Abstract The T-cell receptor zeta chain is a member of a family of related proteins that play a critical role in coupling cell-surface receptors to intracellular signaling pathways. To study the role of zeta chain in T-cell ontogeny, we generated targeted mutations of the zeta-chain gene in murine embryonic stem cells. The mutant alleles are predicted to result either in a null phenotype or in the synthesis of a truncated protein capable of supporting T-cell-receptor surface expression but deficient in transmembrane signaling. Both of these targeting events were recovered in a single electroporation experiment with either coelectroporation or a combination deletion/truncation construct. Our results suggest that similar approaches could be used to generate multiple single mutations, modifications of more than one site within a gene, or subtle alterations that rely upon coconversion with the selectable marker gene.
Response: galactose treatment in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis

Dear Editors, We would like to thank the authors of this “letter to the editor” for their interest in our study and for sharing their perspective [1]. We are in agreement with many of the points noted in the letter and have discussed them in our manuscript. The in vitro studies of Savin et al. [1], as well as the case reports by Kopac [2] and De Smet [3], were the catalyst for undertaking this investigation, and are reviewed in our manuscript [4]. The authors state that the lack of response to galactose in our study may be due to preexisting permanent irreversible glomerular damage; we agree with this, and have delineated this as a possible explanation in our discussion section. We have also discussed in our manuscript the possibility that a higher dose of galactose or longer duration of therapy could have yielded different results. We fully agree that there may be subgroups of patients that would benefit from galactose; we therefore proposed further investigation of galactose as a preemptive therapy for prevention of post-transplant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) recurrence, as our permeability activity results suggest a greater chance of response in this subgroup. This does not exclude the possibility that other subgroups of patients may respond to galactose, however at the present time there is no evidence to support this, based on our data. As our study is the first published prospective trial of galactose therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), our conclusion stating that galactose is presently of uncertain clinical benefit is based on our results. While galactose is safe and non-toxic, it is also a very expensive therapy and merits further proof of its benefit. We look forward to learning about any new data, including the authors’ unpublished observations, that will yield further insight as to if, when, how, and in which subgroup of children with SRNS, this novel therapy can be utilized to achieve partial or complete remission of disease.
Analytical solution for the response of a flexible retaining structure with an elastic backfill

An extension of an existing analytical solution for the response of a flexible retaining wall subjected to seismic loading is presented. The solution is based on the assumption that the wall and the soil remain elastic and that there are no shear stresses at the wall–soil interface while the contact remains tied. In addition to the wall displacements due to bending, the wall can experience rigid-body motions due to rotation and horizontal and vertical movements. The solution is verified by comparing its results with those of a finite element method. Results from the analytical solution together with those of the (FEM) are used to identify and quantify the relative importance of key parameters on the seismic response of a wall. The study shows that wall flexibility and horizontal rigid-body motions of the wall and frequency content of the seismic input have a significant effect on the wall loads. The pressures behind a rigid wall decrease as the wall rotates about its base, whereas for a flexible wall, the soil pressures decrease as the friction between the backfill and the wall increases. The rigid-body vertical movements of a wall have little impact on the dynamic pressures induced in the wall, except for a flexible wall where, when prevented, the dynamic loads may be reduced. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic analysis of cholesterol gallstone formation: Searching for Lith (gallstone) genes

The genetics of cholesterol cholelithiasis is complex because a number of interacting genes regulate biliary cholesterol homeostasis. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis is a powerful method for identifying primary ratelimiting genetic defects and discriminating them from secondary downstream lithogenic effects caused by mutations of the primary genes. The subsequent positional cloning of such genes responsible for QTLs may lead to the discovery of pathophysiologic functions of Lith (gallstone) genes. In this review, we present a map of candidate genes for Lith genes that may determine gallstone susceptibility in mice. The physical-chemical, pathophysiologic, and genetic studies of Lith genes in bile, liver, gallbladder, and intestine will be crucial for elucidating the genetic mechanisms of cholesterol gallstone disease in mice and in humans. Because exceptionally close homology exists between mouse and human genomes, the orthologous human LITH genes can often be recognized after mouse genes are identified.
Marine Toxins with Spiroimine Rings: Total Synthesis of Pinnatoxin A (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 30/2010)

The cover picture shows the building blocks for the total synthesis of pinnatoxin A as the focal point, culminating with the marine natural product at the top of the stairs. The background reflects a highlight of the Santa Barbara Mission, located in Santa Barbara, California. Founded by Franciscan Friar Fermin de Lasuen on the Feast of St. Barbara in 1786, the mission is the principal cultural and historic landmark of the city. The spiral symbolizes the universal pattern of growth and evolution, as well as the ongoing process of discovery. Details of the total synthesis of pinnatoxin A are presented in the Microreview by A. Zakarian et al. on p. 3743 ff.
Improved photovoltaic properties of amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells with an un-doped silicon oxide layer

Abstract This paper proposes the use of undoped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon oxide (μc-SiOx:H) deposited on the n-μc-Si:H layer of amorphous silicon single-junction superstrate configuration thin-film solar cells produced through 40 MHz very high frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Raman spectroscopy and optoelectronic analyses of the undoped μc-SiOx:H thin film revealed that adding a small amount of oxygen into a μc-network results in a low optical absorption, wide band gap, high optical band gap E04, high refractive index, reasonable conductivity, and crystalline volume fraction, which are advantageous properties in solar cells. Compared with a standard cell, the current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics of the cell with an undoped μc-SiOx:H/n-μc-Si:H structure showed an enhancement in short-circuit current density Jsc from 13.32 to 13.60 mA/cm2, and in conversion efficiency from 8.53% to 8.61%. The increased Jsc mechanism can be attributed to an improved light-trapping capability in the long wavelength range between 510 and 660 nm, as demonstrated by the external quantum efficiency.
Use of gallium-67 scanning in the management of lymphoma.

From symposium on staging and prognosis of Hodgkins's disease; Buffalo, NY (22 Mar. 1973). There has been considerable interest recently in the possibility that gallium-67 citrate may be of clinical value as a tumor seeking scanning agent. Since its discovery by Edwards and Hayes (1969), a number of reports have been published recording uptake in a variety of tumors, both primary and metastatic (Higasi et al., 1970; Winchell et al., 1970). The observation of Hayes et al. ( 1970), based on autoradiographs of experimental tumors, that the radioisotope is taken up in the cytoplasm in malignant cells and that uptake is greater in viable than in necrotic tumor has stimulated its use in following patients with lymphoma to assess the efficacy of the therapy administered. At our Institution an assessment has been made of the potential value of /sup 67/Ga citrate scanning in the management of lymphoma. Interesting scans showing the usefulness and difficulties with this agent are presented. A total of 79 scans were reviewed. The majority of the patients studied has received either chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to scanning. Uptake was detected in 42 cases with active disease (53%); no uptake was noted in 28 cases (36%) withoutmore » active disease, and in 9 cases (11%) the scan gave a false-positive or a false-negative result. The conclusions of this study are: /sup 67/Ga scanning is useful in establishing the extent of lesions as well as the presence of undetected disease; and /sup 67/Ga scanning is especially useful for the evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy. (auth)« less
Incidence of urolithiasis in cystectomy patients after intestinal conduit or continent urinary diversion.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of nephrolithiasis in radical cystectomy patients treated with either intestinal conduit or continent urinary diversion. The charts from 94 patients who had undergone radical cystectomy with urinary diversion at our institution from 1988 to 1998 were reviewed retrospectively for this study. Charts and radiographs from all patients were examined for renal function and evidence or urinary tract calculi. Two groups were compared: group I patients had undergone diversion with an intestinal conduit, and group II patients had received a continent diversion (primarily involving an Indiana pouch). Conduit diversions were typically done with a freely refluxing anastomosis (Bricker), whereas continent diversions were done with a nonrefluxing ureteral-intestinal anastomosis. Group I consisted of 54 patients who had undergone ileal conduit (50) or colon conduit (4) diversion with a mean follow-up of 2.5 years (range 0.6–7.0 years). Group II consisted of 40 patients who had undergone continent diversion (33 Indiana pouches, 7 orthotopic diversions) with a mean follow-up of 3.1 years (range 0.5–10.5 years). Laboratory studies of serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and CO2 were similar between the two groups. Six patients in group I developed urolithiasis, all in the upper tract. Stones developed at a mean of 3.1 years after urinary diversion. Three patients required operative intervention, whereas the others were managed expectantly. One patient in group II had an upper tract stone at the time of presentation for his bladder cancer, but no patient developed new upper tract stones during the present study period. Two patients in group II developed pouch calculi at a mean of 5 years after diversion; both required surgical intervention. In our study the risk for upper tract urolithiasis seemed higher in the intestinal conduit group (group I), with 11% of the patients developing stones. In the continent diversion group, no patient developed upper tract stones, although two patients (5%) developed pouch stones. Refluxing urine may contribute to an increased risk for stone formation after urinary diversion, whereas pouch stasis may contribute to stone formation in the continent diversion group.
Initial results and long-term outcome of coronary angioplasty in chronic mild angina pectoris.

Abstract To analyze the clinical and anatomic findings of patients undergoing coronary angioplasty for mild angina, and determine the short- and long-term outcome, a retrospective data bank analysis of 3,729 patients who underwent coronary angioplasty at the Mayo Clinic between July 31, 1980 and January 30, 1991 was performed. Of these patients, 217 (6%) had stable Canadian Heart Association class I or II angina at the time of the procedure and constitute the study population. Patients were followed for a median of 37 months after the procedure. The mean age of patients was 60 years; 82% were men. Prior myocardial infarction occurred in 22% of patients. Multivessel disease was present in 68% of patients, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 65 ± 11%. Angioplasty was clinically successful in 196 patients (90%), 271 of 318 lesions (85%) were successfully dilated. There were no in-hospital deaths. Coronary artery bypass was performed during hospitalization in 12 patients (5.5%), and myocardial infarction occurred in 3 (1.4%); bypass or infarction occurred in 13 patients (5.9%). During follow-up of the 196 successfully treated patients, there were 9 deaths (4.5%), 16 patients (7%) developed myocardial infarction, 30 (15%) underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, and 36 (17%) developed severe angina. The probability of having any of these adverse cardiac events after 6-year follow-up was 39%; an additional 24% of patients developed recurrent mild angina during follow-up. It is concluded that mild stable angina was an infrequent indication for coronary angioplasty at the Mayo Clinic. Although coronary angioplasty was successful in most patients with mild angina, and complications were infrequent, most patients developed recurrent mild angina or had an adverse cardiac event during 6-year follow-up.
Expense preference behavior and management “outsourcing”: a comparison of adopters and non-adopters of contract management in U.S. hospitals

Specialized managerial expertise, coupled with the threat of non-renewal should improve efficiency in firms that opt for contract management arrangements. To examine this we apply a generalized version of tests for expense preference behavior to U.S. hospitals in the 1990s. Extending prior literature, we create a quasi-experimental design for a comparison of adopters and non-adopters of contracts using propensity score methods. We generate the distribution of ‘expense preference’ parameters for all contract adopters in both the pre- and post-adoption states, and for a matched control group of non-adopters over the same period. Our results show that contract adoption leads to reduced expense preference behavior, but that this result depends critically on the input being examined.
Cortical processing of temporal modulations

Temporal modulations are fundamental components of human speech and animal communication sounds. Understanding their representations in the auditory cortex is a crucial step towards our understanding of brain mechanisms underlying speech processing. While modulated signals have long been used as experimental stimuli, their cortical representations are not completely understood, particularly for rapid modulations. Known physiological data do not adequately explain psychophysical observations on the perception of rapid modulations, largely due to slow stimulus-synchronized temporal discharge patterns of cortical neurons. In this article, we summarize recent findings from our laboratory on temporal processing mechanisms in the auditory cortex. These findings show that the auditory cortex represents slow modulations explicitly using a temporal code and fast modulations implicitly by a discharge rate code. Rapidly modulated signals within a short-time window (∼20-30 ms) are integrated and transformed into a discharge rate-based representation. The findings also indicate that there is a shared representation of temporal modulations by cortical neurons that encodes the temporal profile embedded in complex sounds of various spectral contents. Our results suggest that cortical processing of sound streams operates on a "segment-by-segment" basis with a temporal integration window on the order of ∼20-30 ms.
Formation kinetics and quantum yield of photon-induced electron ejection from NADH in aqueous solution

Abstract Transient absorption spectra are obtained after photoexcitation of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and are identified as due to a solvated electron (e aq − ) based on comparison with known spectra and the observation of the same transient upon photolysis of N-propyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide. The risetime of the photogenerated transient is 40 ps, with no perceptible decay within 2 ns following excitation. The quantum yield of solvated electron formation is estimated as 0.46 ± 0.20.
Teaching Children to Read Using a Computer.

For the past 10 years I have existed in two quite separate worlds. One world is that of an experimental psychologist working in the isolation of a university laboratory on problems of memory and cognition; the other is that of an applied researcher attempting to computerize the instructional process. It would seem that there should be a fair amount of commerce between these two worlds, but I am disappointed to find that very few of my colleagues in memory and learning are aware of the work on computerized instruction, and this situation is equally true for my friends in education. Therefore, this article gives me an ideal opportunity to propagandize a bit for the potential that each of these fields has for the other. This article is primarily descriptive, focusing on work that we have been doing at Stanford in teaching reading to first-, second-, and third-grade children. Let me emphasize, however, that there is a clear link between this work and basic research on memory and cognition. I like to refer to this link as a "theory of instruction." By that phrase I do not mean a highly formalized theory, but rather a loose collection of theoretical and empirical facts that can be used in conjunction with educational methods to design optimal procedures for instruction. Having written about the ingredients for a theory of instruction, I will not spend time on that topic here. Simply stated, there are examples in which psychology provides powerful tools for devising optimal procedures, particularly when instruction can be brought under computer control. I will refer to several of these examples, but will discuss only two in detail.
Dynamics of renin and aldosterone in the thoroughbred horse

Abstract Thoroughbred horses have uniquely low plasma renin activities yet normal plasma aldosterone concentrations compared to other animals. We further studied the renin-aldosterone axis of the thoroughbred horse by measuring responses to exercise and intravenous furosemide. Galloping produced slight increments in renin, cortisol, and potassium, and relatively large increases in aldosterone in contrast to parallel moderate increases of both renin and aldosterone after furosemide. Alpha 1–24 ACTH stimulated plasma cortisol and corticosterone but plasma aldosterone surprisingly declined. We thus found that the renin-aldosterone axis in thoroughbred horses is unusual compared to other mammalian species in view of the low levels of plasma renin activity which nonetheless responded to appropriate stimuli and an inability of exogenous ACTH to acutely stimulate aldosterone production from the horse adrenal gland.
Left-handed and right-handed aphasics with left hemisphere lesions compared on nonverbal performance measures.

Abstract This study examined the performance of 21 left-handed (LH) and 57 righthanded (RH) aphasics with unilateral left hemisphere lesions on standardized measures of nonverbal ability, derived from the WAIS Performance Scale ( Wechsler, 1958 ) and the Parietal Lobe Battery ( Goodglass and Kaplan, 1972 ). The handedness groups were initially compared on a number of demographic, neurological, diagnostic, and language variables and found to be equivalent. When compared on measures of nonverbal ability. LHs were significantly more impaired than RHs particularly on tasks involving visuo-spatial organization and construction. This finding suggests that LH aphasics may have more left hemisphere representation than RH aphasics on some tasks for which the right hemisphere is typically dominant. Finally, this study provides some data to address the issue regarding the percentage of LHs relative to RHs who become aphasic from unilateral lesions. Out of 323 aphasics who were seen at the Aphasia Unit over a ten-year period, 43 (13%) were left-handed. Twenty-four percent of LHs, but only one percent of RHs, were aphasic due to lesions of the right hemisphere.
The proline and β-lactoglobulin mediated asymmetric self-condensation of β-ionylideneacetaldehyde, retinal and related compounds.

Abstract Proline was found to effectively mediate the asymmetric reaction of β-ionylideneacetaldehyde 1A , retinal and related α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to form their corresponding self-condensation products in reasonable enantiomeric excess (up to 65% ee). This same interesting conversion was also observed when 1A was incubated in the presence of the milk whey protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG).
Trifluoperazine Regulation of Calmodulin Binding to Fas: A Computational Study

Death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation is a critical step in Fas-mediated signaling for apoptosis. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, trifluoperazine (TFP) regulates CaM-Fas binding and affects Fas-mediated DISC formation. In this study, we investigated the anti-cooperative characteristics of TFP binding to CaM and the effect of TFP on the CaM-Fas interaction from both structural and thermodynamic perspectives using combined molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy analyses. We studied the interactions of different numbers of TFP molecules with CaM and explored the effects of the resulting conformational changes in CaM on CaM-Fas binding. Results from these analyses showed that the number of TFP molecules bound to CaM directly influenced α-helix formation and hydrogen bond occupancy within the α-helices of CaM, contributing to the conformational and motion changes in CaM. These changes affected CaM binding to Fas, resulting in secondary structural changes in Fas and conformational and motion changes of Fas in CaM-Fas complexes, potentially perturbing the recruitment of Fas-associated death domain for DISC formation. The computational results from this study reveal the structural and molecular mechanisms that underlie the role of the CaM antagonist, TFP, in regulation of CaM-Fas binding and Fas-mediated DISC formation in a concentration-dependent manner.
Headache Attributable to Disorders of the Eye

Sensory innervation to the eye and periocular area arises from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Thus, ocular, orbital, and systemic disorders may produce head pain with ocular signs and symptoms. Whereas some of these entities have characteristic diagnostic features, others mimic primary headache disorders such as migraine and cluster headache. This article reviews common ocular and neuro-ophthalmic conditions that are accompanied by pain in or near the eye.
Species–area curves indicate the importance of habitats’ contributions to regional biodiversity

Abstract We examined species–area curves, species composition and similarity (Jaccard's coefficients), and species richness in 17 vegetation types to develop a composite index of a vegetation type's contribution to regional species richness. We collected data from 1 to 1000 m 2 scales in 147 nested plots in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA to compare three species–area curve models’ abilities to estimate the number of species observed in each vegetation type. The log(species)–log(area) curve had the largest adjusted coefficients of determination ( r 2 values) in 12 of the 17 types, followed by the species–log(area) curve with five of the highest values. When the slopes of the curves were corrected for species overlap among plots with Jaccard's coefficients, the species–log(area) curves estimated values closest to those observed. We combined information from species–area curves and measures of heterogeneity with information on the area covered by each vegetation type and found that the types making the greatest contributions to regional biodiversity covered the smallest areas. This approach may provide an accurate and relatively rapid way to rank hotspots of plant diversity within regions of interest.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I by rose bengal.

Abstract The fluorescein dye, rose bengal, inhibits Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I reversibly in the dark and irreversibly in the light. The reversible inhibition, which occurs in the micromolar concentration range, is competitive with respect to the poly(dA-T) template/ primer and noncompetitive with respect to the complementary deoxynucleoside triphosphates. The Hill coefficient for the inhibition by rose bengal is 3.0. Equilibrium dialysis experiments using 131 I-labeled rose bengal have demonstrated direct binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme. No dye binds to poly(dA-T) at concentrations where the inhibition is observed. There are 22 ± 3 rose bengal binding sites per polymerase which can be subdivided into a class of high affinity sites and one of low affinity sites. The high affinity sites (3 μ m ) bind rose bengal with a Hill coefficient of 1.7 and are responsible for the observed inhibition. The low affinity sites (7μ m ) are more numerous (about 16) and bind rose bengal in a noncooperative manner. The displacement of rose bengal from the enzyme by poly(dA-T) at equilibrium confirms the competition between poly(dA-T) and rose bengal inferred from the kinetic data for the polymerization reaction. The inhibition of the 3′,5′ exonuclease activity and the template-directed dATP ⇌ P-P exchange reaction by rose bengal is fully consistent with the interaction of rose bengal at the polynucleotide binding site. The enzyme induces an extrinsic Cotton effect in the visible absorption of rose bengal. The abolition of this Cotton effect by poly(dA-T) further supports the proposed site of binding of the dye.
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND THE FORMATION OF 2‐PYRROLIDONE‐5‐CARBOXYLIC ACID IN STORED AND PROCESSED TABLE BEETS

SUMMARY —The conversion of glutamine to the bitter compound, 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA), in table beets was studied. Glutamine was analyzed by a phosphate-buffer hydrolysis and distillation method. PCA was extracted with ethyl acetate and the ditrimethylsilyl derivative prepared and measured quantitatively by gas-liquid chromatography. The accumulation of glutamine in fresh beets with excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilization caused a substantial increase in PCA content of processed beets. Conversion of glutamine to PCA in beets was proportional to the heating time during processing. Glutamine content did not alter during raw beet storage periods at 35°F; PCA content increased gradually.
Articulation, the letter, and the spirit in the aesthetics of narrative

A furthered understanding of the aesthetic aspects of narrative is important to both people and machines who wish to author pleasing narratives. This paper gives an account of the aesthetics of narrative employing the triptych of articulation, the letter, and the spirit as a framework for understanding. The rhetoric of the letter and the spirit, with great intellectual precedent, is used in this work to segregate the mundane and habitual aspects of narrative (the letter) from narrative's mystified, mythical, and aesthetic aspects (the spirit). Articulation, understood as the interplay between the letter and the spirit, has certain aesthetic modes, and these modes and their relationship to connotation, defamiliarization, and myth are discussed.Also central to the aesthetic qualification of articulation is the cultural and cognitive backdrop against which an articulation occurs. This paper will argue that in the culture of our contemporary period, media-driven commodification of narratives has led to the saturation of the cultural narrative space with cliche. If a narrative is to be aesthetic in this environment, it must face the additional challenge of resisting hyperarticulation, as hyperarticulation invites unflattering comparison to known narrative forms and techniques. This paper concludes with a presentation of four strategies which support aesthetic articulation in narratives under the current cultural context - intertextuality, unusual representation, aesthetic signature, and personalization.
Comment on “Structures of GaN ( 0001 ) \ b f { − } ( 2 × 2 ) , \ b f { − } ( 4 × 4 ) , and \ b f { − } ( 5 × 5 ) Surface Reconstructions”

A Comment on the Letter by Qi-Kun Xue, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3074 (1999). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
EARTH PRESSURES DUE TO COMPACTION: COMPARISON OF THEORY WITH LABORATORY AND FIELD BEHAVIOR

Compaction of backfill adjacent to stiff and unyielding structures induces earth pressures in the compacted fill that exceed normal at-rest earth pressures. A numerical method that can be used to calculate compaction-induced lateral earth pressures has been proposed by Duncan and Seed. The purpose of the study described in this paper is to evaluate the theory by comparing calculated and measured compaction-induced lateral earth pressures. The data for the comparisons is from values measured in backfills behind three stiff, unyielding walls: the instrumented retaining wall in the Transport and Road Research Laboratory in Crawthorne, England; the instrumented retaining wall in the Virginia Tech Geotechnical Laboratory in Blacksburg, Virginia; and the lock walls at Eisenhower and Snell Locks in New York state. The lock walls were found to be cracked, apparently by high earth pressures induced by compaction, and an extensive rehabilitation program was required. The measurements from all three walls confirm th...
Scattering in the presence of field discontinuities at boundaries.

Abstract This paper is concerned with the validity of scalar models frequently used in analyzing scattering of electromagnetic fields by bodies with sharp boundaries. The fact that the electromagnetic field vectors generally undergo discontinuous jumps at the boundaries is usually ignored. We derive a modified equation which takes the field discontinuities into account and we discuss some of its consequences.
Interactive design and manipulation of macro-molecular architecture utilizing nucleic acid junctions

Abstract A program is introduced for the design of macromolecular structures using branched nucleic acid junctions as building blocks. This can result in unexpected features in the designed molecules, several examples of which are illustrated. The program allows interactive construction of models constrained by double-helical connecting rods between vertices. The logical structure of the design process is based on the single helical segment, rather than on the junction, as the fundamental unit. The file structure permits storage of both molecules and instruction protocols.
Effects of purpose on the organization and recall of information in person perception1

The first study investigated how the purpose for which information about a person is to be used affects the way a perceiver organizes the information. Subjects were asked to categorize and label episodes which described the behavior of a fictional person “Jill” in 64 different situations, and to summarize what each category meant to them. Half of the episodes were easily categorized according to the traits that Jill manifested, half according to features of the situations. One group (personality impression) expected later to describe Jill's personality, a second group (prediction) expected to make predictions about Jill's behavior, and a third group (recall) expected to be tested on their recall of the episodes. The results indicated that subjects in the behavior prediction group categorized the episodes primarily in terms of the personality characteristics Jill portrayed, just as the personality impression group did. In contrast, only the categories formed by the recall group paralleled the built-in structure of the episodes, i.e., they were as often based on features of the situation as on Jill's personality characteristics. A second study showed that the categorization strategies of the recall subjects actually did produce higher recall than those of the personality impression and behavior prediction subjects. The results were interpreted as suggesting that when making behavioral predictions, just as when forming impressions, the layman, like the traditional trait psychologist, prefers to organize information in terms of personality constructs rather than in a way that facilitates retrieval of everything that happened in specific situations. The cognitive costs as well as the gains produced by this strategy merit further scrutiny.
PLD AUGMENTS CALCIUM INDUCED DEGRANULATION IN STREPTOLYSIN O PERMEABILIZED NEUTROPHILS. • 901

Neutrophil degranulation is characterized by the fusion of azurophil and specific granules with the plasma membrane. This process is preceded by a complex series of alterations in membrane phospholipid composition mediated, at least in part, by phospholipases C and D. The activation of phospholipase C activation initiates a rise in intracellular Ca2+, while phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes membrane phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid(PA). (This conversion of PC to PA converts a nonfusogenic phospholipid to a fusogenic one). Using a Streptolysin O permeabilized cell model, we examined the potential role of PLD metabolism on Ca2+-induced degranulation in human neutrophils. Neutrophils permeabilized with streptolysin O can be induced to release their granular contents in response to elevated extracellular [Ca2+]. We found that the addition of exogenous(Streptomyces chromofuscus) PLD caused a dose-dependent augmentation in the Ca2+-induced release of both specific (lactoferrin) as well as azurophil (β-glucuronidase) granular contents (Table 1). Secretion was dependent on both permeabilization as well as the preactivation of PLD with non-stimulatory [Ca2+], indicating that actual metabolism by PLD was important and that it was targeting an intracellular membrane. This work was funded by NICHD and NIAID grants HD28820 and AI20065
Parental Dominance and Sex-Role Identification in Schizophrenia

Summary In the present study hypotheses derived from developmental-psychoanalytic and role theories of sex-role identification were tested in father-dominant and mother-dominant schizophrenic and normally functioning adult male Ss (n = 15 in each group). Parental dominance and sex-role identification were measured by a battery of traditional paper-and-pencil tests. It was found that (a) father-dominant and mother-dominant schizophrenics scored significantly lower (p < .01) than their respective normally functioning counterparts; (b) no significant differences existed between father-dominant and mother-dominant schizophrenics; and (c) irrespective of parental dominance, schizophrenics scored significantly lower (p < .01) than normally functioning Ss in regard to sex-role identification. These findings were interpreted to support a psychodynamic theory of schizophrenia emphasizing the importance of dependence and security needs, while they failed to support role-theory interpretations of the process of sex-...
Status of Cardiovascular Health Among Adult Americans in the 50 States and the District of Columbia, 2009

BackgroundWith ideal cardiovascular health metrics, the American Heart Association established a goal of improving cardiovascular health for all Americans by 20% by 2020. Determining how the metric...
On Gaussian-like densities of order greater than two

Abstract Any non-degenerate bivariate density can be written as an infinite series; however, this representation is often too general for practical use. Considerable attention has focussed on classes of densities, in particular, we note the class with polynomial series. We could consider this useful class to be a generalization of the Mehler expansion for the bivariate Gaussian density. Here we extend this heuristic and present a similar class of tri- and multivariate densities. We find the corresponding series representation for the general-order Gaussian and develop a non-trivial class of densities with similar form. In addition, we show that this form is in some respect the simplest possible.
On approximation of dominating tree in wireless sensor networks

We study the following problem: Given a weighted graph G = (V, E, w) with \({w: E \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}^+}\) , the dominating tree (DT) problem asks us to find a minimum total edge weight tree T such that for every \({v \in V}\) , v is either in T or adjacent to a vertex in T. To the best of our knowledge, this problem has not been addressed in the literature. Solving the DT problem can yield a routing backbone for broadcast protocols since (1) each node does not have to construct their own broadcast tree, (2) utilize the virtual backbone to reduce the message overhead, and (3) the weight of backbone representing the energy consumption is minimized. We prove the hardness of this problem, including the inapproximability result and present an approximation algorithm together with an efficient heuristic. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of our proposal through simulation.
Evaluation of the Cause of Internal Jugular Vein Obstruction on Head and Neck Contrast Enhanced 3D MR Angiography Using Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography

Purpose : To evaluate the cause of internal jugular vein (IJV) obstruction on contrast enhanced 3D MR angiography (CE-MRA) using contrast enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT). Materials and Methods : A total number of 30 patients were enrolled, who underwent both head and neck CE-MRA and CE-CT from 2005 to 2008. We defined obstruction group which had IJV obstruction and control group which had no IJV obstruction on CE-MRA. The following parameters were measured from axial images of CE-CT: 1) diameter of IJV; 2) distance between the styloid process and ipsilateral lateral mass of the atlas; 3) maximum area of lateral mass of the atlas. Each parameter was compared between obstruction group and control group. Results : The diameter of IJV and distance between the styloid process and lateral mass of the atlas at IJV obstruction side in obstruction group were and respectively, which resulted in statistical significance (p which is significantly larger than in control group (p
Integrating Separate and Connected Knowing: The Experiential Learning Model.

I describe the differences between separate and connected knowing (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986) and suggest that the experiential learning model (Kolb, 1981, 1984) is a useful framework for integrating traditional, separate knowing and connected, collaborative learning. The strengths of this model and a list of activities and examples associated with various learning positions are identified.
Spontaneous spectral phase conjugation for coincident frequency entanglement

Spontaneous parametric processes pumped transversely with short pulses are studied under a unified framework, which proves that such processes can efficiently generate entangled photon pairs with time anticorrelation and frequency correlation. Improvements upon previously proposed schemes can be made by the use of quasi-phase-matching, four-wave mixing, and cross-phase-modulation compensation. The use of frequency-correlated photons in the Hung-Ou-Mandel interferometer is studied.
A New Bound for the Zeros of Polynomials

(1933). A New Bound for the Zeros of Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 18-23.