cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child ADHD and ODD behavior interacts with parent ADHD symptoms to worsen parenting and interparental communication.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults increases risk of parenting difficulties and interparental discord. However, little is known about whether disruptive child behavior and adult ADHD operate additively or synergistically to predict parenting and interparental relationship quality. As part of a larger study, 90 parent couples were randomly assigned to interact with a 9–12 year-old confederate child exhibiting either ADHD/ODD-like behavior or typical behavior. Before these interactions, parents reported their own ADHD symptoms. Afterwards, parents reported on their partner’s parenting and interparental communication behavior. Observers coded the parenting and communication behavior of both partners during the tasks. Child ADHD/ODD-like behavior was found to predict less positive and more negative parenting and communication reported by partners and observers beyond adult ADHD symptoms and other covariates. Elevated adult ADHD symptoms only uniquely increased risk of observer-coded negative parenting. Child and adult ADHD behavior interacted synergistically to predict partner-reported negative parenting and interparental communication, such that parents reporting greater ADHD symptoms—especially inattentiveness—were rated by their partners as parenting and communicating more negatively when managing child ADHD/ODD-like behavior than parents with fewer ADHD symptoms or those managing typical child behavior. Child and adult ADHD behavior did not interact to predict observer-coded parenting or interparental communication, and patterns did not differ for mothers or fathers. Our results underscore the potential risk of parents with elevated ADHD symptoms parenting and communicating negatively, at least as perceived by their partners, during interactions with children exhibiting ADHD/ODD behavior.
Report On ‘A Facilitated Conversation on Reform’

True to the title of the session, Bassam Shakhashiri led a free-wheeling, wide-ranging discussion about the goals of curriculum reform and about the overall purpose of chemistry education. Participants eschewed the idea that change should be uniform across United States campuses and instead insisted that the individuality of both students and instructors requires a diversity of teaching methods, even within the same classroom. Discussion focused on three different purposes for chemistry classes: general intellectual goals common to all or many classes in different departments on campus (e.g., ability to read and write well or think creatively); professional intellectual goals, involving chemistry’s specific thinking and problem-solving skills (e.g., understanding equilibria or designing synthetic pathways); and professional, technical goals important especially for majors, but also as exposure for nonmajors (e.g., knowledge of reagents or ability to distill liquids). Participants expressed a strong desire to demonstrate to their students their own excitement about chemistry and about teaching and to help students see the connections between chemistry and the rest of the world. Several people also commented on the necessity to increase the breadth of graduate education in chemistry to better prepare Ph.D.s for careers in academia or industry. Ultimately, participants suggested that reform must to a large extent be an individual effort, with help and inspiration from others outside, but final responsibility resting with each instructor.
Mueller maneuver and LV function in coronary artery disease

Decreasing pleural pressure impedes the ejection of blood from the left ventricle (LV), may lead to decreased LV compliance because of interdependence effects and leads to increased transmural LV systolic and diastolic pressure. Previous work from this laboratory has shown that patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) often develop akinetic segments of the LV wall during the Mueller maneuver. In the presence of increased LV transmural pressure regional akinesis could be caused either by the development of regional ischemia or by mechanical inhibition of motion of an area of nonfunctional myocardium as would be caused by previous myocardial infarction (MI). The present study was designed to distinguish between these two mechanisms by determining if the presence of CAD alone is sufficient to lead to regional akinesis or if prior MI is necessary. We used first pass radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) in the 30° LAD supine position to measure LV ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic (ESV) volumes, heart rate and to assess regional wall motion during the Mueller maneuver. This was done in four groups of subjects: (1) 13 normal subjects, (2) 25 patients with CAD but no prior MI, (3) 13 patients with prior nontransmural MI and (4) 36 patients with prior transmural MI. All subjects had angina pectoris and underwent contrast coronary arteriography. Most also underwent routine contrast left ventriculography as well. There were no significant differences among the three patient groups as regards medications, extent and severity of CAD, and response to routine exercise tolerance testing. EF decreased significantly in the three patient groups (4%–9%, p<0.01) but not in the normals during the Mueller maneuver. Heart rate increased (5–10 bpm, p<0.05) in the normals and in patient groups 2 and 4. EDV decrease in all four subject groups (8%–10%, p<0.01), while ESV remained unchanged. Akinesis of the LV wall developed during the Mueller maneuver only in one group-2 patient, but did so in 17/36 patients with prior transmural MI (group 4, p<0.001). One-half of the akinetic LV wall segments seen during the Mueller maneuver on RVG were not seen on routine contrast ventriculography. We tested the effects of posture (supine versus upright) on the response to the Mueller maneuver in six normal subjects and found no changes in the response of EDV and ESV to the Mueller maneuver. We conclude that (1) the appearance of LV wall akinesis during the Mueller maneuver signifies the presence of prior transmural MI, and not just CAD; (2) the Mueller maneuver can enhance the sensitivity of the RVG for detecting nonfunctional myocardium; (3) regional akinesis develops even when LV volume decreases, suggesting it is due to changes in LV transmural pressure; (4) there are changes in LV function which can lead to a decrease in global EF during the Mueller maneuver; (5) the effects of the Mueller maneuver on LV volume are complex, variable and are subject to multifactorial influences.
Realizable high-order finite-volume schemes for quadrature-based moment methods

Dilute gas-particle flows can be described by a kinetic equation containing terms for spatial transport, gravity, fluid drag and particle-particle collisions. However, direct numerical solution of kinetic equations is often infeasible because of the large number of independent variables. An alternative is to reformulate the problem in terms of the moments of the velocity distribution. Recently, a quadrature-based moment method was derived for approximating solutions to kinetic equations. The success of the new method is based on a moment-inversion algorithm that is used to calculate non-negative weights and abscissas from the moments. The moment-inversion algorithm does not work if the moments are non-realizable, which might lead to negative weights. It has been recently shown [14] that realizability is guaranteed only with the 1st-order finite-volume scheme that has an inherent problem of excessive numerical diffusion. The use of high-order finite-volume schemes may lead to non-realizable moments. In the present work, realizability of the finite-volume schemes in both space and time is discussed for the 1st time. A generalized idea for developing realizable high-order finite-volume schemes for quadrature-based moment methods is presented. These finite-volume schemes give remarkable improvement in the solutions for a certain class of problems. It is also shown that the standard Runge-Kutta time-integration schemes do not guarantee realizability. However, realizability can be guaranteed if strong stability-preserving (SSP) Runge-Kutta schemes are used. Numerical results are presented on both Cartesian and triangular meshes.
The generation of superoxide anion by various types of phagocyte.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human peripheral blood, rabbit peritoneal exudates, and guinea pig peritoneal exudates generate measurable quantities of superoxide anion when challenged with opsonized zymosan, but not when challenged with zymosan that has not been opsonized. The generation of superoxide is dependent upon the concentration of cells and closely parallels the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in the phagocytes. In contrast, no superoxide can be detected when rabbit alveolar macrophages (either normal or activated by prior vaccination of the animal with bacille Calmette-Guerin) or rabbit peritoneal macrophages are similarly treated. These data suggest that although superoxide anion may be involved in the bactericidal activity of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte, it is less likely to play a significant role in the bactericidal activity of the macrophage.
Dialogue as Global Issue Management: Legitimizing Corporate Influence in the Transatlantic Business Dialogue

Using the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD), the phenomenon of governmentbusiness dialogues is examined. TABD, a corporate coalition, advises the E.U. and U.S. governments regarding business regulation and global trade. Because of increasing economic and political disputes between the European Union and United States, TABD faces a dual rhetorical challenge: promoting its success to business and government participants to further the process while encountering a small but growing activist community protesting TABD’s influence as an example of corporate hegemony. Continued protest may bring unwelcome attention to TABD, threatening its legitimacy with the larger public. TABD employs the language of the two-way symmetrical model of public relations as a means of issue management. TABD strategically exploits the multifarious meanings of dialogue to promote and legitimize a hegemonic role in establishing transatlantic business regulations and trade policy. Critical examination reveals how TABD excludes mul...
STRUCTURES OF ICE AND WATER AS INVESTIGATED BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

The infrared spectra of ice and liquid water and the interpretation of them is reviewed. The best understood band is the translational lattice band in ice below 350 cm-1, largely because the translational lattice vibrations can be taken to be mechanically regular in a first approximation, but electrically irregular owing to the orientational disorder. This allows a relatively simple dynamical and electrical theory to be worked out that is necessary for the interpretation. The rotational vibrational and the O—H stretching bands are less well understood, and there is essentially no detailed interpretation that can be reasonably maintained. The spectrum of the liquid is even less well understood, except in the most general terms, and, contrary to the conclusions of a number of papers, there is little reasonably well based structural information to be obtained at present.
On the atomic interdiffusion in Co/Pt superlattices

We have performed x-ray diffraction experiments on MBE grown {l angle}111{r angle} and {l angle}001{r angle} oriented Co(3 A)/Pt(18 A) superlattices with the scattering vector {bold Q} covering a plane that includes a major component perpendicular and a minor component parallel to the plane of the sample. The superlattice diffraction peaks were found to have a large width parallel to the plane of the film, indicating that there is strong in-plane disorder. These broad peaks were integrated to evaluate more accurately the amount of interdiffusion at the interface, which was found to be similar in both films, contrary to what the conventional x-ray diffraction experiment suggests.
Hsp70 chaperones as modulators of prion life cycle: novel effects of Ssa and Ssb on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [PSI+].

[PSI+] is a prion isoform of the yeast release factor Sup35. In some assays, the cytosolic chaperones Ssa1 and Ssb1/2 of the Hsp70 family were previously shown to exhibit “pro-[PSI+]” and “anti-[PSI+]” effects, respectively. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that excess Ssa1 increases de novo formation of [PSI+] and that pro-[PSI+] effects of Ssa1 are shared by all other Ssa proteins. Experiments with chimeric constructs show that the peptide-binding domain is a major determinant of differences in the effects of Ssa and Ssb proteins on [PSI+]. Surprisingly, overproduction of either chaperone increases loss of [PSI+] when Sup35 is simultaneously overproduced. Excess Ssa increases both the average size of prion polymers and the proportion of monomeric Sup35 protein. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments uncover direct physical interactions between Sup35 and Hsp70 proteins. The proposed model postulates that Ssa stimulates prion formation and polymer growth by stabilizing misfolded proteins, which serve as substrates for prion conversion. In the case of very large prion aggregates, further increase in size may lead to the loss of prion activity. In contrast, Ssb either stimulates refolding into nonprion conformation or targets misfolded proteins for degradation, in this way counteracting prion formation and propagation.
Preservative of choice for Prev(e)nar 13™ in a multi-dose formulation

Development of a Prev(e)nar 13™ multi-dose vaccine, in support of vaccinating populations against pneumococcal disease, required the addition of a preservative to the vaccine formulation that met antimicrobial effectiveness tests based on the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) requirements, including deliberate multiple challenge studies and recommendation by the WHO Open Vial Policy. In this study, the antimicrobial effectiveness of several preservatives in Prev(e)nar 13™ formulations was evaluated. A Prev(e)nar 13™ formulation containing 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) at a concentration of 5.0mg/dose was stable and met EP recommended criteria for antimicrobial effectiveness tests when the formulation was kept over a 30 month period. In contrast, a recommended dose of Thimerosal, as a comparator, or other preservatives did not meet EP antimicrobial effectiveness acceptance criteria. The rate of growth inhibition of Thimerosal compared to 2-PE on Staphylococcus aureus, a resilient organism in these tests, was significantly slower in single and multi-challenge studies. These results indicate that 2-PE provides a superior antimicrobial effectiveness over Thimerosal for this vaccine formulation.
Daily folic acid supplementation for 3 years improved cognitive function in older persons.

Source Citation Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG,et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controll...
On the use of fuzzy integral as a fuzzy connective

The author shows some results which clarify the use of the fuzzy integral as a fuzzy connective. Fuzzy integrals of discrete functions can be considered as a class of fuzzy connectives, of which several properties are already known (continuity, monotonicity, idempotency, etc.), making them very near the concept of the averaging operator. Relations with known classes of connectives are established, and equivalence classes of fuzzy integrals are investigated. Approximation problems are examined. >
Chlamydia pneumoniae and the lung

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a frequently occurring respiratory pathogen affecting all age groups. It may cause 5-20% of community-acquired pneumonias in adults and children. The organism has also been implicated as an infectious trigger for asthma. Furthermore, new studies suggest that it may play a role in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases including atherosclerosis. However, despite the growing significance of C. pneumoniae as a pathogen, progress is hampered by the lack of standardized diagnostic methods including serology and polymerase chain reaction. This makes it practically impossible for the practitioner to make a specific microbiological diagnosis. The lack of standardized methods has also had an adverse effect on treatment trials. The dependence on serology for diagnosis in treatment studies has generated some questionable results. Unless cultures are performed, microbiological efficacy cannot be assessed and it may never be possible to survey for or document the emergence of resistance.
Mass balance closure and the federal reference method for PM2.5 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Daily ambient aerosol samples were taken in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from the summer 2001 to the winter 2002 as part of the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS). The study measured PM2.5 mass by the Federal Reference Method (FRM) and the PM2.5 chemical composition by a variety of filter-based and continuous instruments. This paper examines the mass balance between the FRM-measured mass and the sum of the aerosol chemical components. For the 7-month study period, the average FRM-measured mass is 11% greater than the sum of the mass of the aerosol chemical components. This mass balance discrepancy varies seasonally, with the average FRM-measured mass 17% greater than the sum of the chemical components for the summer months, with discrepancies as large as 30% during certain periods. Meanwhile, the FRM-measured mass was at or slightly below the sum of the chemical components for the winter months. The mass balance discrepancy and its seasonal shift cannot be explained by measurement uncertainty; instead the discrepancy is due to combination of retained aerosol water on the conditioned FRM filters and volatilization losses. The relative importance of these different effects varies with aerosol composition and causes the observed seasonal variation in the mass balance. The contribution of the aerosol water to the FRM-measured mass is estimated using continuous measurements of aerosol water at the site; volatilization losses are estimated from other filter-based instruments. Water contributes 16% of the FRM mass in the summer, and 8% of the FRM mass in the winter; it also appears responsible for episodes where the FRM-measured mass is significantly greater than the sum of components. Retention of water is greatest during acidic conditions, which commonly occur during the summer months. Volatilization losses are estimated at 5% of the FRM mass during the summer, and 9% for the winter. Volatilization losses appear to be most significant on days dominated by organic aerosol, or winter days with relatively high nitrate concentration. Accounting for the effects of water and volatilization losses closes the mass balance between the FRM and the sum of the chemical components, providing insight into the FRM measurements. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PARASITISM BY LEPTUS MITES (ACARI, ERYTHRAEIDAE) UPON THE HARVESTMAN, LEIOBUNUM FORMOSUM (OPILIONES, SCLEROSOMATIDAE)

Abstract We recorded the number of ectoparasitic erythraeid mite larvae (Leptus sp. Latreille 1796) that were attached to 1241 Leiobunum formosum Wood 1870 from a population in southeastern Virginia. The prevalence of infestation (percent of individuals parasitized) exhibited significant annual and seasonal variation, ranging from 0.5% to 20.3%. The mean intensity of infestation (number of mites per parasitized individual) varied from 1.0 to 1.3, with a maximum observed intensity of 3 mites/individual. This study provides the first description of annual and seasonal variation in mite infestation of harvestmen.
Dogfight in Spectrum: Combating Primary User Emulation Attacks in Cognitive Radio Systems—Part II: Unknown Channel Statistics

In cognitive radio systems, primary user emulation (PUE) attack means that an attacker sends primary-user-like signals during the spectrum sensing period such that honest secondary users leave the corresponding channels, which causes a serious threat to cognitive radio systems. A passive anti-PUE approach, similar to the random frequency hopping in traditional anti-jamming schemes, is proposed and called dogfight in spectrum. In this scheme, the defenders randomly choose channels to sense and avoid the PUE attack. It is assumed that the channel statistics like availability probabilities are known; then the PUE attack and the random hopping are modeled as a zero-sum game between the attacker and defending secondary user(s). The Nash equilibrium of the game is found. The anti-jamming efficiency is also obtained. Numerical simulations demonstrated the performances of the proposed schemes for both the single defender, multiple defender and multiple round cases.
Physician Practice and Disease-Specific Applications

Physician practice applications to date have been limited due to the complicated nature of accounting for the performance of physicians with available data. Physician practice applications are often referred to as clinical applications or primary care physician models in the literature. Although physician practice on specific diseases is often the main focus of the applications in this area (Ozcan 1998; Ozcan et al. 2000), more generic models of physician production were also modeled (Chilingerian and Sherman 1997b).
Argatroban Dose Reductions for Suspected Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Complicated by Child-Pugh Class C Liver Disease:

OBJECTIVE:To report our experience of reduced-dose argatroban in a patient with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and Child-Pugh class C liver disease and review the relevant literature to summarize current recommendations on argatroban use in patients with severe liver disease.CASE SUMMARY:A 58-year-old male with Child-Pugh class C liver disease (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease [MELD] score = 31, total bilirubin 4.5 mg/dL) and hemodialysis-dependent renal failure was hospitalized with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Three days after heparin initiation for DVT, he developed thrombocytopenia. Given his heparin exposure (both for treatment of DVT and ongoing hemodialysis), HIT was suspected and all heparinoids were immediately discontinued. Argatroban was initiated for the treatment of HIT while laboratory testing for HIT antibodies and the serotonin release assay were completed. Because of the patient's advanced liver disease, the starting dose of argatroban was reduced to 0.2 μg/kg/min,...
Adipose Tissue Lipin-1 Expression Is Correlated with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Gene Expression and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Young Men

Context: Lipin-1 functions in adipocyte triglyceride biosynthesis and in the regulation of gene expression, both of which may influence metabolic homeostasis. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether variations in adipose tissue lipin-1 expression levels influence insulin sensitivity and gene expression in young healthy human subjects. Design and Subjects: In 56 healthy young men (22.6 ± 3.2 yr; 26.4 ± 4.1 kg/m2) we determined insulin sensitivity by a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and whole body oxygen consumption and respiratory quotient by indirect calorimetry. We performed gene expression analysis in adipose tissue samples from human subjects and from lipin-1 transgenic mice using quantitative RT-PCR. Results: In healthy young men, lipin-1 expression was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity (R2 = 0.22; P < 0.01), insulin-stimulated respiratory quotient (R2 = 0.16; P < 0.01), and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise (R2 = 0.16; P < 0.01). Lipin-1 mRNA levels were also correlated with expression of genes involved in lipid oxidation, uptake, and lipolysis, both in humans and in lipin-1 transgenic mice. The strongest correlation occurred between lipin-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (R2 = 0.74; P < 1 × 10−7), a nuclear receptor with a key role in fatty acid oxidation. Conclusion: Lipin-1 expression levels in adipose tissue of healthy young subjects and in mice are correlated with a favorable metabolic profile and expression of fatty acid oxidation genes.
Accounting for estimated IQ in neuropsychological test performance with regression-based techniques.

Regression-based normative techniques account for variability in test performance associated with multiple predictor variables and generate expected scores based on algebraic equations. Using this approach, we show that estimated IQ, based on oral word reading, accounts for 1–9% of the variability beyond that explained by individual differences in age, sex, race, and years of education for most cognitive measures. These results confirm that adding estimated “premorbid” IQ to demographic predictors in multiple regression models can incrementally improve the accuracy with which regression-based norms (RBNs) benchmark expected neuropsychological test performance in healthy adults. It remains to be seen whether the incremental variance in test performance explained by estimated “premorbid” IQ translates to improved diagnostic accuracy in patient samples. We describe these methods, and illustrate the step-by-step application of RBNs with two cases. We also discuss the rationale, assumptions, and caveats of this approach. More broadly, we note that adjusting test scores for age and other characteristics might actually decrease the accuracy with which test performance predicts absolute criteria, such as the ability to drive or live independently. (JINS, 2009, 15, 1012–1022.)
Concentric Electorates: Relationships Between Municipal, Midterm, and Presidential Voters

I examine whether and to what extent the electorate in low-turnout elections is a subset of the voters in high-turnout elections. Using a Guttman scale analysis, it is demonstrated that a substantial amount of voter behavior follows this concentric pattern, even across different types of elections and over a period of several years. The second half of the paper explores the implications of this concentric relationship, and establishes that the turnout level has a strong impact on the demographic and partisan characteristics of an electorate. Lower turnout reduces the representation of minorities, poorer, and younger voters, while increasing the amount of partisan polarization among voters.
Reparations, Assistance and the Experience of Justice: Lessons from Colombia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This article is concerned with the relationship between ‘reparations’ and ‘assistance’ in transitional justice (TJ). While seemingly technical, this issue exposes fundamental tensions at the heart of TJ: between inclusive and exclusive approaches to reparative justice; between the legal strictures of redress and the complex realities of violence; and between the supposed symbolic power of reparative justice and victims’ actual experience of reparations in practice. I present two contemporary examples to demonstrate this: the International Criminal Court’s forthcoming reparations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Colombia’s recent reparations program for victims of its armed conflict, both of which highlight that the line between reparations and assistance can become blurry in practice. They can look similar in form, have similar impacts, be distributed through similar processes and impart similar notions of responsibility and recognition to victims. Yet, in such contexts, there will always be forms of harm, types of violence and immediate needs that fall outside the boundaries of reparations programs. Assistance measures are a useful and necessary tool to help reparations overcome these shortcomings. Depending on how they are used and communicated to victims, assistance measures can both detract from the significance of reparations and increase their reach and impact. These cases present valuable lessons about how to navigate this tension. In particular, they suggest that while practitioners should always clearly understand the differences between reparations and assistance efforts, it may be better in some cases to intentionally and carefully blur the distinction.
MODELS | Model Characterization in Relationship to Human Disorders

This article discusses various aspects of epilepsy, which could be modeled in order to investigate basic mechanisms underlying the component parts of the many human epileptic conditions, and describes types of animal models – including presumed epileptic equivalents, acute experimentally-induced seizure models, and chronic experimentally-induced epilepsy models. It then considers the application of experimental models to test therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, and to understand the fundamental neuronal mechanisms underlying the many aspects of clinical epilepsy.
Metodismo e império: os começos

Christianity was born in the context of the Roman Empire, and the temptation to adapt to empire has accompanied Christianity ever since. In more recent times, Methodism has shaped in up the context of the British and U.S. Empires. This essay investigates how empire has shaped theology but it also demonstrates that empire was never able to take over completely and that theology is able to make a difference and resist the status quo.
Can We Measure Specific Factors Associated with Reading Comprehension

THE MOVEMENT to measure differentially abilities, skiUs, and various as pects of achievement has gained great impetus from educational and psycholog ical studies conducted during the last two or three decades. Considerable time and study have been devoted to the development of tests which would measure, in relatively pure form, primary mental functions, basic personality traits, differences in performance, preference, and interest. It is natural, then, that we should ask the following question. Can we meas ure specific factors associated with reading comprehension? Logical analysis and thoughtful speculation led many interested students of the reading process to describe reading comprehension in terms of several skills and functions. There seems to be wide agreement among them that reading comprehension can best be described in terms of multiple skills and abilities, rather than as a single or unitary function. Several fundamental questions are raised when we accept the multi-ability description of reading comprehension.
Imaging of mitochondrial pH using SNARF-1.

Laser scanning confocal microscopy provides the ability to image submicron sections in living cells and tissues. In conjunction with pH-indicating fluorescent probes, confocal microscopy can be used to visualize the distribution of pH inside living cells. Here we describe a confocal microscopic technique to image intracellular pH in living cells using carboxyseminaphthorhodafluor-1 (SNARF-1), a ratiometric pH-indicating fluorescent probe. SNARF-1 is ester-loaded into the cytosol and mitochondria of adult cardiac myocytes or other cell type. Using 568-nm excitation, emitted fluorescence longer and shorter than 595-nm is imaged and then ratioed after background subtraction. Ratio values for each pixel are converted to values of pH using a standard curve (lookup table). Images of the intracellular distribution of pH show cytosolic and nuclear areas to have a pH of ~7.1, but in regions corresponding to mitochondria, pH is 8.0, giving a mitochondrial ΔpH of 0.9. During hypoxia, mitochondrial pH decreases to cytosolic values, signifying the collapse of ΔpH. These results illustrate the ability of laser scanning confocal microscopy to image the intracellular distribution of pH in living cells and to determine mitochondrial ΔpH.
Impaired Hemostasis Caused By Deficit of Tissue Factor-Triggered Blood Coagulation Leads to Alveolar Hemorrhages and Increased Mortality in Influenza A Infection

Objective: Viral infections lead to activation of coagulation which enhances inflammatory responses. For instance, influenza A is associated with activation of coagulation and the increased risk for thrombotic events, such as myocardial infarction. Here we investigated the role of the coagulation cascade and platelets in influenza A virus (IAV) infection in mice. Methods: To investigate the role of the coagulation cascade in influenza infection, we examined the effect of either low levels of tissue factor or wild-type mice that were administered with 4 μg/mL of warfarin via drinking water. To study the role of platelets in influenza infection, we examined protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR-4, the main functional receptor on mouse platelets) deficient mice or wild-type mice treated with 0.15 mg/mL of clopidogrel or 0.4 mg/mL of aspirin via drinking water. All mice were infected intranasally with mouse adapted influenza A H1N1/PR8 (IAV). Changes in body weights and survival were analyzed up to 14 days after infection. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or lungs were collected and analyzed 7 or 14 days after virus challenge. Results: LowTF mice exhibited higher mortality rate and increased loss of body weights compared to littermate control mice after IAV infection (P<0.01). At day 7, BALF of LowTF was red and had increased red blood cell numbers and hemoglobin levels compared to infected control mice (P<0.001). Thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) levels in the BALF of infected LowTF mice were lower than that of control mice. In addition, lung histology revealed that LowTF mice had extensive hemorrhages. Similarly, mice treated with warfarin and infected with IAV showed higher mortality compared with the warfarin-treated mice without infection or IAV-infected mice without drugs. Warfarin treated mice also had red BALF, higher red blood cell number and hemoglobin levels in the BALF, and lung bleeding. PAR-4 deficient mice exhibited visible lung hemorrhages with increased hemoglobin levels in the BAL (P<0.01) and increased mortality compared to controls (P<0.05), although the bleeding was less than LowTF mice. Treatment of mice with clopidogrel or aspirin did not increased lung bleeding or mortality. Conclusion: Pulmonary hemostasis requires both TF-mediated activation of blood coagulation and thrombin activation of platelets during IAVinfection. Use of antithrombotics during IAV infection may increase the risk of lung bleeding. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Contemporary Issues of Social Justice: A Focus on Race and Physical Education in the United States

Ongoing events in the United States show the continual need to address issues of social justice in every social context. Of particular note in this article, the contemporary national focus on race has thrust social justice issues into the forefront of the country's conscious. Although legal segregation has ran its course, schools and many neighborhoods remain, to a large degree, culturally, ethnically, linguistically, economically, and racially segregated and unequal (Orfield & Lee, 2005). Even though an African American president presently occupies the White House, the idea of a postracial America remains an unrealized ideal. Though social justice and racial discussions are firmly entrenched in educational research, investigations that focus on race are scant in physical education literature. Here, we attempt to develop an understanding of social justice in physical education with a focus on racial concerns. We purposely confine the examination to the U.S. context to avoid the dilution of the importance ...
Rapid ultratrace analysis of tributyltin in aqueous matrixes by purge-and-trap gas chromatography with flame photometric detection

A simplified purge-and-trap technique for detecting subnanogram amounts of the biocide tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in aqueous environmental samples is described. Butyltin chlorides present in the sample were derivatized to volatile butyltin hydrides with NaBH 4 and simultaneously purged by drawing ambient air through the purge vessel. Butyltin hydrides were trapped on a Porapak-N cartridge, eluted with dichloromethane, and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Recoveries of the butyltin species ranged from 46 to 101%. Method detection limits for MBT, DBT, and TBT were 1.28, 0.39, and 0.24 ng/L, respectively. The major advantages of this technique are sensitivity, reduced analysis time, and a significant reduction in the amount of dichloromethane used. Results from the analysis of various surface water samples collected in New York are presented.
LabintheWild: How to Design Uncompensated, Feedback-driven Online Experiments

We present LabintheWild, an online experiment platform that provides participants with the opportunity to learn about themselves and compare themselves to others. In the past four years, LabintheWild has attracted approximately 3.5 million participants of diverse ages and education levels who came from more than 200 countries and regions. Leveraging our experience with LabintheWild, we show how researchers can design engaging and robust online experiments that provide personalized feedback. In particular, our interactive tutorial highlights challenges and best-practice guidelines for designing volunteer-based online experiments for diverse participant samples.
A step-by-step oncoplastic breast conservation surgical atlas of reproducible dissection techniques and anatomically ideal incision placement

To develop an atlas for oncoplastic surgery (OPS) with template dissection techniques via anatomically ideal incisions for breast conservation surgery. The evolution of breast conservation techniques has evolved from placing an incision directly over the lesion to the incorporation of a thoughtful decision making process utilizing oncoplastic surgical (OPS) techniques to combining OPS with incision placement in anatomically advantageous sites. The high survival rates of breast cancer and effect of breast surgery on quality of life reinforce emphasis of optimal oncologic as well as aesthetic outcome. OPS results in greater patient satisfaction, fewer surgeries, and is oncologically safe. Today’s breast surgeon is tasked with optimizing both oncologic and aesthetic outcomes. Presentation of reproducible dissection techniques and incision placement strategies to afford surgeons a step-by-step approach of OPS via anatomically ideal incisions in breast conservation surgery. Demonstration of reproducible techniques to facilitate the decision making process of optimal breast conservation surgery, eliminate knowledge gaps for surgeons, optimize outcome for individuals undergoing breast conservation surgery, and decrease disparity of care. Adoption of OPS techniques utilizing an anatomically ideal incision in breast conservation surgery is a feasible and reproducible practice for breast surgeons. Application of these techniques results in maintained optimal shape, size, and contour without the typical overlying skin envelope scars. OPS techniques performed under the skin envelope result in expected OPS oncologic and aesthetic outcomes with the addition of the resulting scar(s) in anatomically discrete position(s).
The Use of Boston Keratoprosthesis in Severe Ocular Surface Disease

The Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) is an alternative to traditional corneal transplantation in eyes that have had multiple graft failures or have a poor prognosis for graft survival due to the presence of significant corneal neovascularization or limbal stem cell deficiency. Briefly, the device is a collar button design composed of an optical front plate with a stem and backplate that is secured with a titanium locking ring or clicks into place within a groove in the stem. The central optic is made of PMMA and is unaffected by conjunctivalization or failure of the donor cornea. Also, as the front plate provides a spherical anterior curvature, there is no significant astigmatism as seen in traditional keratoplasty. The carrier corneal graft is sandwiched between the front and backplates and secured to the patient’s cornea with interrupted nylon sutures. The backplate is made from either polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or titanium and contains holes that allow aqueous to provide nutrition to and hydration of the corneal graft. A bandage contact lens is usually used continuously to protect the ocular surface and reduce evaporative forces. The type I KPro is more commonly implanted; the type II KPro is utilized only in end-stage dry eye conditions and requires a permanent tarsorrhaphy through which an anterior nub protrudes. The KPro is available in pseudophakic and aphakic models customized for the eye’s axial length (Dohlman et al. Expert Rev Ophthalmol 1:41–48, 2006; Dohlman et al. CLAO J 28(2):72-4, 2002). The following cases highlight the challenges of using KPro in patients with severe ocular surface disease and likewise illustrate strategies that can potentially improve the outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.
Static and sliding contact of rough surfaces: effect of asperity-scale properties and long-range elastic interactions

Friction in static and sliding contact of rough surfaces is important in numerous physical phenomena. We seek to understand macroscopically observed static and sliding contact behavior as the collective response of a large number of microscopic asperities. To that end, we build on Hulikal et al. (2015) and develop an efficient numerical framework that can be used to investigate how the macroscopic response of multiple frictional contacts depends on long-range elastic interactions, different constitutive assumptions about the deforming contacts and their local shear resistance, and surface roughness. We approximate the contact between two rough surfaces as that between a regular array of discrete deformable elements attached to a elastic block and a rigid rough surface. The deformable elements are viscoelastic or elasto/viscoplastic with a range of relaxation times, and the elastic interaction between contacts is long-range. We find that the model reproduces the main macroscopic features of evolution of contact and friction for a range of constitutive models of the elements, suggesting that macroscopic frictional response is robust with respect to the microscopic behavior. Viscoelasticity/viscoplasticity contributes to the increase of friction with contact time and leads to a subtle history dependence. Interestingly, long-range elastic interactions only change the results quantitatively compared to the meanfield response. The developed numerical framework can be used to study how specific observed macroscopic behavior depends on the microscale assumptions. For example, we find that sustained increase in the static friction coefficient during long hold times suggests viscoelastic response of the underlying material with multiple relaxation time scales. We also find that the experimentally observed proportionality of the direct effect in velocity jump experiments to the logarithm of the velocity jump points to a complex material-dependent shear resistance at the microscale.
Immobilization of several multienzyme systems on porous glass beads

Equimolar concentrations of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2) and equimolar concentrations of malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) were simultaneously immobilized to alkylamine porous silica beads with gluteraldehyde. The activity of each enzyme in the two-enzyme immobilized systems was determined and exact concentrations of the free nonimmobilized enzymes were prepared. The activities of the coupled free and coupled immobilized systems were measured, and it was observed that there was a 10-fold enhancement in the catalysis of the immobilized enzymes.
A design and analysis tool for utility scale power systems incorporating large scale wind, solar photovoltaics and energy storage

Abstract This paper presents a time series simulation model (including energy storage systems) intended for the modeling of high penetration non-dispatchable renewable power in utility-scale (multi MW) networks. Its initial application was based on an investigation into the application of large-scale energy storage for offshore wind energy systems to the New England electrical grid. The model includes the following: (1) conventional generators (up to seven), (2) wind turbine generators, (3) solar photovoltaic (PV) generators, (4) energy storage and (5) various dispatch options. A detailed summary is presented for the individual components analytical models and the program structure. The program flow and generator dispatch options include: (i) basic, (ii) time of day, (iii) peak-shaving, plus (iv) minimum run time. In addition, several examples/case studies utilizing energy storage are given that illustrate the basic features of the model. The recommendations section details a number of suggestions for future improvements of the model, and what added exercises of the overall model that could be carried out. An overall conclusion of this work is that energy storage will become progressively more important when electrical networks loads are supplied with large amounts of wind and solar PV inputs. Stored energy equivalent to a few days of average load can have a significantly beneficial effect on reducing conventional fuel requirement. Additional storage is still useful but with diminishing returns. Supplying 100% of the load with wind/PV remains a challenge. The effect of partial correlation between spatially separated wind and PV generators can reduce the amount of storage that would otherwise be needed and merits further study.
Electroanalytical evaluation of temperature dependent electrolyte functions for lithium ion batteries: Investigation of selected mixed carbonate solvents using a lithium titanate electrode

Abstract Characterization of materials for advanced lithium ion batteries (LIBs) represents an essential area of the contemporary energy storage technologies. The present work illustrates an electroanalytical framework for quantitative testing of liquid electrolytes for LIBs. The measurements explore a temperature range from 40 °C to sub-zero regimes, with a special focus on the electrolyte functions for low temperature applications. The test electrolytes include different combinations of ethylene, dimethyl, diethyl and ethyl methyl carbonate (EC, DMC, DEC and EMC, respectively) solvents, with LiClO4, Li bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and LIBF4 salts. The experiments utilize the diagnostic features of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in combination with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic cycling. Temperature controlled measurements of two- and three-electrode EIS, coupled with CV, demonstrate how the electrolyte conductivity and electrochemical stability can be evaluated in a comprehensive approach. The compositions of the test electrolytes are optimized according to their temperature dependent ionic conductivities and their electrochemical windows. Two optimal electrolytes based on EC:EMC and EC:DMC:EMC mixtures are further examined for battery operations by galvanostatic cycling in a half-cell containing a Li4Ti5O12 anode. Consistent with the findings of the conductivity and electrochemical window measurements, the EC:EMC system exhibits superior performance in these half-cell experiments.