cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food allergy knowledge, attitudes, practices, and training of foodservice workers at a university foodservice operation in the Midwestern United States

The increasing incidence of food allergies is a major concern for all foodservice operators. The purpose of this study was to examine food allergy knowledge, attitudes, practices, and training among employees working in a university foodservice operation. Results from a paper-based questionnaire showed statistically significant differences in employee knowledge, attitudes, practices, training received, and perceived training needs between student and non-student employees. While training specific to food allergies was not provided, employees considered food allergy training to be important for handling food safely in their workplace. Attitudes toward food allergies had a significant influence on food allergy practices. Results from this study can be used by university foodservice operations to develop food allergy policies and procedures by taking into account the needs of their employees to protect food allergy sufferers in university foodservice operations and promote well-being.
Effects of ligand concentration on protein adsorption in dye-ligand adsorbents

Abstract The effect of ligand concentration on both equilibrium and fixed-bed adsorption has been studied for three model proteins on dye-ligand adsorbents. Adsorption equilibrium data corresponded well to the Langmuir isotherm. It was found that binding capacity was approximately proportional to immobilized dye concentration. Also it was observed that the more highly substituted adsorbents exhibited higher affinity for proteins. Breakthrough curves were measured for protein adsorption on fixed beds. These data were analyzed by a simple model to determine rate constants for the adsorption process. In general it was found that the rate constants decreased with increasing ligand concentration. The contributions of mass transfer and intrinsic adsorption kinetics to the overall rate were estimated, and it has been found that the adsorption kinetics are rate-limiting. The implication of these results on development of a dye-ligand process, as well as the validity and utility of this simple model for scale-up and design procedures, were discussed.
Pediatric obesity-related counseling in the outpatient setting.

Objective.—To determine rates of pediatric obesity-related counseling in the outpatient setting. Methodology.—The 1993–2002 data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey (NHAMCS) were extracted for estimates of 1) percentage of all pediatric encounters that included obesity-related counseling and 2) percentage of all pediatric encounters that included general growth/development counseling. Obesity-related counseling rates were compared with corresponding growth/development counseling rates and with the number of pediatric-obesity articles listed in Medline for each year. Results.—The rate of obesity-related counseling steadily improved and was correlated with the number of published obesity articles (Spearman's rho .721) between 1993 and 2002. In 1995, for example, 4.3% of encounters included such counseling, compared with 19.0% in 2001 and 15.4% in 2002. Conclusions.—Obesity-related counseling has become an important part of ambulatory care, which suggests increasing awareness of this serious problem.
Seed fate of Marah macrocarpus (Cucurbitaceae) following fire: do seedlings recruit from rodent burrows?

For numerous species in fire-prone ecosystems, the passage of fire triggers the release of large quantities of seeds within 2 years of the fire. This special case of masting has been described for species in an array of floras, but few studies have followed the fates of seeds liberated into the postfire environment. In this study, I followed the fates of 990, magnet-bearing Marah macrocarpus seeds sown at three seed densities in a large, high-intensity burn area. Seeds disappeared over 6.6 months and removal at all three densities became negatively density-dependent in late summer until all seeds disappeared in mid winter. I recovered only 5% of the magnets, mostly from rodent tunnels. Based on the recovery of magnets, I estimate rodents moved ~91% of the seeds belowground. Seed burial trials showed that seedlings established from seeds buried up to 16 cm whereas seeds sown on the surface did not germinate. Seedlings also readily established from burial in soils with 50% rock fragments as well as from artificial tunnels in both pot and field experiments. Excavation of 50 natural seedlings suggested up to 20% established in rodent burrows. Findings of this study suggest that ecologists may have underestimated the role of burrows as locations for recruitment of large-seeded species.
When Cultures and Computers Collide Rethinking Computer-Mediated Communication according to International and Intercultural Communication Expectations

Online communication technology makes intercultural communication faster and more direct than was ever before possible, but, in doing so, it may also amplify cultural rhetorical differences. Commun...
Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 by heme-regulated inhibitor kinase-related protein kinases in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is important for resistance to environmental stresses

Protein synthesis is regulated by the phosphorylation of the subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) in response to different environmental stresses. One member of the eIF2 kinase family, hemeregulated inhibitor kinase (HRI), is activated under heme-deficient conditions and blocks protein synthesis, principally globin, in mammalian erythroid cells. We identified two HRI-related kinases from Schizosaccharomyces pombe which have full-length homology with mammalian HRI. The two HRI-related kinases, named Hri1p and Hri2p, exhibit autokinase and kinase activity specific for Ser-51 of eIF2, and both activities were inhibited in vitro by hemin, as previously described for mammalian HRI. Overexpression of Hri1p, Hri2p, or the human eIF2 kinase, double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), impeded growth of S. pombe due to elevated phosphorylation of eIF2. Cells from strains with deletions of the hri1 and hri2 genes, individually or in combination, exhibited a reduced growth rate when exposed to heat shock or to arsenic compounds. Measurements of in vivo phosphorylation of eIF2 suggest that Hri1p and Hri2p differentially phosphorylate eIF2 in response to these stress conditions. These results demonstrate that HRI-related enzymes are not unique to vertebrates and suggest that these eIF2 kinases are important participants in diverse stress response pathways in some lower eukaryotes.
Stability theorems for cancellative hypergraphs

A cancellative hypergraph has no three edges A, B, C with AΔB ⊂ C. We give a new short proof of an old result of Bollobas, which states that the maximum size of a cancellative triple system is achieved by the balanced complete tripartite 3-graph. One of the two forbidden subhypergraphs in a cancellative 3-graph is F 5 = {abc, abd, cde}. For n ≥ 33 we show that the maximum number of triples on n vertices containing no copy of F 5 is also achieved by the balanced complete tripartite 3-graph. This strengthens a theorem of Frankl and Furedi, who proved it for n ≥ 3000. For both extremal results, we show that a 3-graph with almost as many edges as the extremal example is approximately tripartite. These stability theorems are analogous to the Simonovits stability theorem for graphs.
Landscape influence on the spatial and temporal distribution of the Kirtland's warbler at the Bald Hill burn, northern Lower Michigan, U.S.A.

The Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) is an endangered songbird that nests in northern Lower Michigan in ecosystems dominated by young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). We used the l...
Action parsing and goal inference using self as simulator

The ability to understand a teammate's actions in terms of goals and other mental states is an important element of cooperative behavior. Simulation theory argues in favor of an embodied approach whereby humans reuse parts of their cognitive structure for not only generating behavior, but also for simulating the mental states responsible for generating that behavior in others. We present our simulation-theoretic approach and demonstrates its performance in a collaborative task scenario. The robot offers its human teammate assistance by either inferring the human's belief states to anticipate their informational needs, or inferring the human's goal states to physically help the human achieve those goals.
An analysis of inductive peaking in photoreceiver design

An analytical method for designing monolithic, broadband transimpedance amplifiers with inductive peaking is presented. Closed-form, symbolic solutions for the small-signal transimpedance are developed the effects of different types of inductive peaking on system performance are analyzed, and it is shown that it is possible to optimize system performance through proper choice of inductance. Both ideal and nonideal inductors are analyzed. >
The CMOS/nano interface from a circuits perspective

We consider a circuit paradigm that combines conventional silicon microelectronics with emerging self-assembled nanoelectronics. Peripheral CMOS circuitry is used to drive the input signals and restore the output signals of nanoscale crossbar structures. We address a number of issues dealing with interfacing CMOS and nanoelectronics. Furthermore, we consider important metrics, such as, delay, area, and energy for a full-adder implemented in the mixed circuit paradigm.
Post Hoc Parkinson's Disease: Identifying an Uncommon Disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study

Background: Although ongoing cohort studies offer a unique opportunity to apply existing information collected prospectively to further the scientific understanding of Parkinson’s d
High frequency techniques for antenna analysis

A summary of various high-frequency techniques is presented for analyzing the electromagnetic radiation from antennas in the presence of their host environment. These techniques provide physical insight into antenna radiation mechanisms and are found to be highly efficient and accurate for treating a variety of practical antenna configurations. Examples to which these techniques have been applied include open-ended waveguide antennas, horn and reflector antennas, and antennas on aircraft and spacecraft. The accuracy of these techniques is established via numerical results which are compared with those based on other independent methods or with measurements. These high frequency methods can be combined with other techniques, through a hybrid scheme, to solve an even greater class of problems than those which can be solved in an efficient and tractable manner by any one technique alone. >
Risk-benefit decision making for treatment of depression during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The Committee on Research on Psychiatric Treatments of the American Psychiatric Association identified treatment of major depression during pregnancy as a priority area for improvement in clinical management. The goal of this article was to assist physicians in optimizing treatment plans for childbearing women. METHOD: The authors’ work group developed a decision-making model designed to structure the information delivered to pregnant women in the context of the risk-benefit discussion. Perspectives of forensic and decision-making experts were incorporated. RESULTS: The model directs the psychiatrist to structure the problem through diagnostic formulation and identification of treatment options for depression. Reproductive toxicity in five domains (intrauterine fetal death, physical malformations, growth impairment, behavioral teratogenicity, and neonatal toxicity) is reviewed for the potential somatic treatments. The illness (depression) also is characterized by symptoms of somatic dysregulati...
An Unusual Case of Dysphagia

A previously healthy 38-year-old female pregnant at 6 weeks (first pregnancy) presented to our emergency department (ED) for the second time in 5 days with a chief complaint of a sore throat. Her medical history was significant only for the pregnancy and, besides prenatal vitamins, she did not take any other medications. During her initial visit, she stated she had pain on swallowing, which was located anterior and just left of midline around her thyroid. Her vital signs were unremarkable and her examination revealed a well-developed female without any obvious pharyngitis, uvular deviation, or swelling of the neck. She did exhibit minimal tenderness to the left side of her thyroid gland. No masses or asymmetry were noted on palpation while she swallowed. There were no bruits or erythematous regions noted near the thyroid. On her second visit, she described a progressively worsening pain in the same region, along with an increased fullness on the left side of her neck. She also noted that her voice sounded muffled. She denied any fever, chills, weight changes, cough or trauma to the region. Her vital signs at this visit were temperature of 97.4 F, heart rate of 76 beats/min, and blood pressure of 126/76 mm Hg. Her examination revealed a patent airway with tenderness on the left side of her neck, and a mobile mass that moved with swallowing was noted just lateral to her thyroid, as depicted in Figure 1. Her review of
Obesity and Body Size Preferences of Jordanian Women

The nutrition transition is associated with increased obesity rates and increased desire to be thin. This study evaluates the relationship between actual body size and desired body size among a representative sample of 800 Jordanian women. Using Stunkard’s body silhouettes, women were asked to identify their current and ideal body sizes, healthy body size, and their perception of the body size preferred by men. Body mass index (BMI) calculations indicate that 53.8% of the women were overweight or obese. Their mean current body size was 5, which is consistent with the mean BMI of 26 in the sample. Although 66% of the women were dissatisfied with their body size, the desired weight loss was not extreme. Pearson correlation was positive (.858, p <.0001) between measured BMI and body silhouettes chosen as an indicator of current body size. Jordanian women seemed pulled between the traditional and Westernized body preferences. Possible cultural explanations are explored.
A leakage control system for thermal stability during burn-in test

Increase in leakage current with technology scaling has been a major problem for IC technology. This problem becomes more crucial during burn-in test where stressed voltage and temperature are applied. Due to presence of a positive feedback between major components of leakage and temperature in CMOS circuits, excessive leakage may lead to thermal runaway and yield loss during burn-in test. This paper describes a novel integrated leakage control system to ensure thermal stability during burn-in test for a wide range of ambient temperatures and process variations
Splice Resistance Measurements on 2G YBCO Coated Conductors

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been investigating the electrical splice resistance of second-generation (2G) YBCO coated conductor. The purpose of the experimental investigation is to study the splice resistance of 2G YBCO coated conductor as a function of: a) operating temperature, b) magnetic field strength (B-field), and c) magnetic field orientation (thetas). Understanding the splice resistance with its corresponding variation as a function of surface preparation and operating conditions is essential to the practical implementation of electric utility devices; e.g., motors, generators, transformers, cables, and fault-current limiters, etc. Preliminary test results indicate that the 2G YBCO splice resistance shows a weak temperature dependence and a significantly stronger dependence upon magnetic field strength and magnetic field orientation. Surface preparation conditions are also briefly discussed.
Infrared evaluation of heat generation during the cyclic deformation of a cellular Al alloy

Heat generation from a notch during the compression-compression fatigue of a cellular Al alloy has been measured and compared with a model. The measurements indicate that heat is generated because of hysteresis occurring in narrow cyclic plastic zones outside the notch. This process continues until the notch closes. At closure, a brief period of heat generation arises because of friction along the notch faces. A plasticity model based on the Dugdale zone is shown to provide a reasonably accurate characterization of the heat generated, with the proviso that an “ineffective” zone be transposed onto the notch tip. It is found that the temperatures generated are too small to cause fatigue by thermal softening. A fatigue mechanism based on either geometric softening of the cells or crack growth in the cell walls is implied.
Physical and Chemical Processes Controlling Fuel Droplet Ignition

*† The ignition delay for the incipient sustained reaction of hypergolic propellants is of crucial importance. Too short of a delay c an lead to injector damage while too long of a delay can lead to very large pressure spikes and engine failure. The coupling of the physical and chemical processes controlling the ignition delays of hypergolic propellants renders the direct analysis of th e transient ignition process very difficult. Well defined test conditions must therefore be specified to properly study the factors influencing the ignition delays of hypergolic propellants. Of particular interest is the influence of low pressure conditi ons upon ignition delays. Past studies have shown that both the vaporization process and the ignition process of high vapor pressure propellants are strongly altered with decreasing pressure as the role played by liquid -phase reactions is emphasized. The current study focuses on the effects of reduced ambient pressures for propellants with varying vapor pressures. Ignition models are reviewed and these effects are examined within the context of the accepted theory. The results of a series of ignition del ay experiments are used as a basis for the development of a proposed ignition model applicable to low vapor pressure propellants in reduced pressure environments.
Mother Fugger: Mining Historical Manuscripts with Local Color Patches

Initiatives such as the Google Print Library Project and the Million Book Project have already archived more than ten million books in digital format, and within the next decade the majority of world’s books will be online. Although most of the data will naturally be text, there will also be tens of millions of pages of images, many in color. While there is an active research community pursuing data mining of text from historical manuscripts, there has been very little work that exploits the rich color information which is often present. In this work we introduce a simple color measure which both addresses and exploits typical features of historical manuscripts. To enable the efficient mining of massive archives, we propose a tight lower bound to the measure. Beyond the fast similarity search, we show how this lower bound allows us to build several higher-level data mining tools, including motif discovery and link analyses. We demonstrate our ideas in several data mining tasks on manuscripts dating back to the fifteenth century.
Increased P-wave dispersion predicts recurrent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion

Atrial fibrillation (AF) will recur in a number of patients treated with cardioversion. Being able to identify reliable risk factors would be useful for making management decisions. P-wave dispersion (PWD) is an electrocardiographic measurement, which reflects a disparity in atrial conduction. P-wave dispersion has been shown to be increased in patients with paroxysmal AF. This pilot study aims to determine the role of PWD in predicting AF recurrence in patients who underwent elective cardioversion. Forty-five patients who were successfully cardioverted for persistent AF were included for study. Eighteen patients had a PWD greater than 80 ms; of these 13 had AF recurrence. Of the 25 patients with PWD less than 80 milliseconds, 12 had recurrent AF. P-wave dispersion values greater than 80 milliseconds were found more frequently in patients with AF recurrence (P = .05), supporting the use of this parameter in predicting return of AF. Larger studies are needed for further evaluation.
Does display sensitivity influence motor latency determination

It is known that display sensitivity can affect onset latency measurement of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs). We compared two display sensitivities with respect to intrarater and interrater reliability and measured to what degree display sensitivity influences the motor latency. We asked seven raters to mark the onset points of median CMAPs from 24 patients printed with display sensitivities of 5 mV/division and 0.5 mV/division on paper. The onset latencies were measured, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. Most of the raters had excellent intrarater repeatability within a single sensitivity display setting. In contrast, the intrarater reliability using two different sensitivity settings was poor. ICCs calculated for interrater reliability were 0.93 at 0.5 mV/division and 0.91 at 5 mV/division. On average, the latencies measured at 5 mV/division were about 0.3 ms longer. We conclude that reliability of latency measurement is excellent at either sensitivity; however, it is important to use a consistent sensitivity in order to avoid making measuring errors.
Time–frequency analysis of tribological systems—part II: tribology of head–disk interactions

Abstract Head–disk interface processes operating in contact and near contact recording generate signals that have a distinct frequency for short time intervals and these processes are known as non-stationary. Time–frequency representation displays time, frequency, and amplitude to characterize such processes. Examples drawn from practical head–disk interface signals are analyzed by adapting the fast Fourier transform algorithm to illustrate the dynamic features jointly in time and frequency. Time–frequency analysis of laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), friction, and acoustic emission (AE) signals give evidence of non-stationary signals obtained from head–disk dynamics experiments. Novel results depicted by the time–frequency analysis technique not reported elsewhere demonstrate the benefit and usefulness of the proposed techniques.
The Power of RAFT for Creating Polymers Having Imbedded Side-Chain Functionalities: Norbornenyl-Functionalized Polymers and their Transformations via ROMP and Thiol-ene Reactions

Robust, efficient and orthogonal chemistries are becoming increasingly important tools for the construction of increasingly sophisticated materials. In this article, the selectivity of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-based radical polymerization of bifunctional monomers is exploited for the preparation of statistical and block copolymers that contain imbedded side-chain functionalities, which are then shown to exhibit two different orthogonal types of chemical reactivity to afford discrete nanoscale objects and functional derivative structures. Based on the radical reactivity ratios calculated from Alfrey–Price theory, a bifunctional monomer 4-(5′-norbornene-2′-methoxy)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorostyrene (1) was designed and synthesized, for its highly reactive tetrafluorostyrenyl group relative to its norbornene (Nb) group. Selective RAFT copolymerization of 1 with styrene (St) afforded copolymers with over 50 mol-% structural units having a pendent norbornenyl functionality while maintaining narrow molecular weight distribution (polydispersity index (PDI) = 1.23). Diblock copolymers (PDI = 1.09–1.23) with Nb side-chain substituents regioselectively placed along one segment of the block copolymer structure were also prepared by RAFT copolymerizations of 1 with St or 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene, using either polystyrene or poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)-based macro chain-transfer agents. A well-defined star block copolymer (PDI = 1.23) having a poly(norbornene)-based core and polystyrene arms was obtained by ring-opening metathesis polymerization using the regioselective diblock copolymer PSt-b-P(1-co-St) as the multifunctional macromonomer and Grubbs’ catalyst (first generation) as the initiator. Photo-induced thiol-ene reactions of Nb-functionalized polymers with thiols were fast and efficient, yielding polymers with new side-chain structures.
Risk Factors for Total Tooth Loss in the United States; Longitudinal Analysis of National Data

The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS) of 1982-84 collected longitudinal data from 10,523 individuals initially seen during the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) of 1971-75. Among this additional data was information on the incidence of total tooth loss during the 10 years between the surveys, which could then be added to NHANES I data to identify risk factors. In this analysis, a series of bivariate analyses were carried out, followed by logistic regression analysis to assess the simultaneous effect of major variables. Results showed that 7.4 percent of dentate Americans aged 25-74 at NHANES I became edentulous over the next 10 years. In bivariate analyses, the incidence of edentulism was correlated with baseline measures of lower income and education status, poorer oral health, self-perceptions of poor general health and oral health, absence of a regular dentist, and a lower number of remaining teeth at baseline. No correlation was found with gender and geographic region, nor with self-reported diabetes and arthritis, and age was not a factor when the number of remaining teeth at baseline were taken into account. In a logistic regression model assessing the effect of these variables simultaneously, none of the demographic variables retained significance; the only variable statistically significant in both age groups was the number of teeth remaining at baseline. Other significant variables in younger persons were higher periodontal disease scores, perceived poor dental health, perceived need for extractions, history of smoking, and low ascorbic acid intake. Some of these variables were reflections of negative health behavior and attitudes rather than direct correlates. Principal findings from this study were the importance of early tooth loss in eventual edentulism and the virtual disappearance of gender and age as determinants of total tooth loss.
Homology of Lateral Cusplets in the Teeth of Lamnid Sharks (Lamniformes: Lamnidae)

Teeth are a potentially rich source of character data for phylogenetic studies of living and fossil sharks, but there are many uncertainties about the homologies of tooth loci as well as structural details of teeth in different taxa. Here, we provide new developmental data on the so-called lateral cusplets of the teeth in Lamniformes. We studied the five living species of Lamnidae (Lamna nasus, L. ditropis, Isurus oxyrinchus, I. paucus, and Carcharodon carcharias) and a more basal lamniform, the Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus, using light microscopy and micro-CT scanning. We also studied a single skeletal specimen of the smalltooth Sand Tiger, Odontaspis ferox. Structures in the teeth of juvenile White Sharks, C. carcharias, were interpreted as lateral cusplets in some previous studies, but we show that they develop differently from lateral cusplets in the teeth of Lamna and Carcharias. We conclude that the structures in Carcharodon are not homologous to the lateral cusplets of Lamna and Carcharias taurus a...
Obstacles to Extending Mirsky's Theorem

For each infinite cardinal κ, there is a locally finite poset which has no infinite chains and which cannot be covered by κ antichains.
Who Pays for Online Content? A Media Dependency Perspective Comparing Young and Older People

This study examines predictors of online content purchases through media dependency theory and comparing young and older people. It focuses on actual online content purchases instead of willingness-to-pay used in previous studies. The effects of two dimensions of media dependencies are compared: intensity and referent scopes. Social media dependency and mobile media dependency are examined specifically, in addition to general Internet dependency as new media dependency. Our results show young people make more actual purchases of online content than older people. Predictors of online content purchases include age group, online shopping habits, ownership of mobile applications and mobile devices, Internet referent dependency, and social media intensity dependency. New media referent dependency is more important than intensity dependency for predicting online content purchases.
Entrainment in Free Turbulent Flows

By definition, free turbulent flows are bounded on at least one side by “ambient” fluid in irrotational motion. Since the fluid within the turbulent flow is in complex rotational motion, there must be viscous diffusion of vorticity into the ambient fluid, setting it into turbulent motion. For simple flows, such as two-dimensional wakes, jets and boundary layers in zero pressure gradient, entrainment of ambient fluid transfers mean flow energy to the turbulent motion and provides energy for the Reynolds stresses and for the viscous dissipation of energy on small scales.
The Protein Composition of Secretions from Pregnant and Pseudopregnant Rabbit Uteri with and Without a Copper Intrauterine Device

38 female rabbits were injected with 50 I.U.s of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 23 of which had a copper IUD inserted into their right uterine horn 10 days prior to the HCG injection to determine the protein secretion of a pregnant rabbit as compared with a pseudopregnant rabbit and the effect of an IUD under both conditions. Some rabbits were mated. All the rabbits were killed between days 0-14 after the HCG injection and examined for total uterine protein and percentage of blastokinin. The protein concentration of pregnant and pseudopregnant rabbits was similar until Day 7 post-coitum. Thereafter in pregnant animals the total protein rose and the blastokinin levels fell whereas in the pseudopregnant animals both blastokinin and total protein levels stayed at the Day 7 levels until Day 10 post-coitum but fell sharply on Day 11. An intrauterine device in the right horn raised the albumin and globulin levels thereby increasing the total protein at all days of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy by 200-400%. The level of blastokinin was slightly reduced to Day 7 in the rabbits with the IUD AFTER WHICH IT FALLS TO VERY LOW LEVELS IN PREGNANT and pseudopregnant animals.
Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the endemic Florida snake Tantilla relicta Telford (Serpentes: Colubridae)

The endemic Florida snake Tantilla relicta Telford is parasitised by six species of coccidia. Caryospora tantillae n. sp. has nearly spherical oocysts, 19.6 × 18.9 µm (16–22 × 16–21), with no polar body, and an oocyst length/width ratio (shape index, SI) of 1.04 (1.00–1.11). Ovoidal sporocysts are 15.1 × 11.6 µm (12–17 × 10–13), with an SI of 1.30 (1.1–1.6), a single prominent Stieda body and a sporocyst residuum. Sporozoites are 14 × 2.5 µm. Caryospora relictae n. sp. also has nearly spherical oocysts, 18.5 × 17.6 µm (16–22 × 15–20), but is distinguished by having a distinct polar body and a substieda body in sporocysts. The oocyst SI is 1.05 (1.0–1.2). Sporocysts are ovoidal, 14.8 × 11.4 µm (12–17 × 10–16), with an SI of 1.29 (1.1–1.5) and a sporocyst residuum. Sporozoites are 10–14 × 2–2.5 µm. Isospora cf. wilsoni has ovoidal to spherical oocysts without a micropyle, measure 17.4 × 17.1 µm (15–19 × 15–19), and have an SI of 1.02 (1.00–1.07). Oocysts have no polar granule or oocyst residuum. Sporocysts are ovoidal, 11.4 × 8.2 µm (9–14 × 7–10), with an SI of 1.39 (1.18–1.62). Both a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present, but a substieda body, characteristic of I. wilsoni as described, was not observed. Sporozoites are 7–8 × 2.5–3 µm. An Eimeria sp., of which the sample was too small to justify taxonomic designation, has nearly spherical oocysts without micropyle, a size of 22.5 × 20.9 µm (22–23 × 20–22), an SI of 1.08 (1.00–1.12) and no polar granule. Sporocysts measure 12.5 × 8.9 µm (11–14 × 7–11) and have an SI of 1.44 (1.18–1.87), a sporocyst residuum and no Stieda body. Sporozoites are 13 × 5 µm. Eimeria amphorae n. sp. has ovoidal to spherical oocysts without a micropyle, a size of 24.8 × 22.3 µm (23–27 × 20–26), an SI of 1.12 (1.02–1.25) and no polar granule or oocyst residuum. Sporocysts are elongate, 18.4 X 8.0 µm (17-22 × 6-9.5), with an SI 2.33 (1.79–3.00) and no discernible Stieda body or sporocyst residuum. Sporocyst shape differs by orientation, rectangular to amphora-like, tapering abruptly to a blunt point; sporozoites large, 15.5 × 4.2 µm. A biliary parasite, Eimeria pleistocenensis n. sp., has ovoidal to elongate oocysts, without micropyle, with a size of 27.8 × 19.4 µm (23–32 × 14–23), with an SI of 1.44 (1.17–1.82) and an oocyst residuum but no polar granule. Sporocysts ovoidal, 10.7 × 8.6 (9–13 × 8–10), with an SI of 1.24 (1.05–1.37), a sporocyst residuum, but without Stieda body; sporozoites 8.8 × 2.7 µm. Similar oocysts from other Tantilla relicta populations, T. relicta neilli in north Florida T. relicta pamlica in southeastern Florida and T. relicta relicta in south-central Florida, have dimensions that lie within the range of variation in the type population and identically shaped sporocysts that suggest conspecificity with E. pleistocenensis, and presence of the species in the precursor to Tantilla relicta prior to the second interglacial period.
TWO NEW DIMORPHIC SPECIES IN THE ENDOGONACEAE: GLOMUS AMBISPORUM AND GLOMUS HETEROSPORUM

Two new vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi (Endogonaceae) from Florida, Glomus ambisporum and G. heterosporum, differ from all previously described species in the production of two distinct spore types. Black sporocarps or sporocarp aggregates of Glomus ambisporum are produced in the soil and hyaline spores are formed within host tissues. The outer wall of sporocarpic spores is subhyaline with a faint reticulum of hexagonal plates. Glomus heterosporum has light to dark brown sporocarps or sporocarp aggregates produced externally to host tissues and forms hyaline spores within host tissues. The outer wall of the sporocarpic spores is hyaline, smooth, and evanescent. Sporocarps of both species have spores radially arranged around a central hyphal plexus which resemble sporocarps of Sclerocystis rubiformis. This is the first report of dimorphism in the genus Glomus.
-fetoprotein in human hepatoma: improved detection in serum, and quantitative studies using a new sensitive technique.

α-Fetoprotein (AFP) was measured in the sera of 62 patients from the United States and 58 foreign patients with hepatoma. AFP was detected in 50.5% of these patients by double immunodiffusion in agar gel. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis detected 1/40 the amount of AFP detectable by double immunodiffusion and indicated the presence of AFP in 72.4% of patients. A significant ethnic variation was noted with 51 % of 41 Caucasian patients being positive and 75 to 95% of 64 nonCaucasian patients from different areas being AFP-positive, depending on their ethnic origin. Age and sex factors had a slight effect on the frequency of AFP. Although not apparent in any individual patient, AFP presence tended to correlate with the presence of larger more undifferentiated tumors. The quantitative level of AFP varied widely and was of no clinical or prognostic significance. The level, however, tended to generally stabilize or increase with time and may prove to be of value in assessing therapy.
Modifiers of Modal Auxiliaries: New Sources for Ordering

Recent work has shown that at least some modals, like likely, are gradable (Yalcin 2007, 2010; Lassiter 2011; Klecha 2012), requiring a modal semantics which is compatible with a Kennedy-style semantics for gradability (Kennedy 1999, 2007; Kennedy and McNally 2005), which allows for the combination of gradable modals with degree modifiers like more, too, very, etc. Lassiter (2011) argues in light of this that all modals, even modal auxiliaries, are inherently scalar; so this raises the possibility that easily is like a degree modifier. But could cannot combine with degree modifiers more generally, and easily does not combine with anything other than modal auxiliaries. Yalcin (2007) argues for a mixed account where some modals are gradable and some have a traditional quantificational semantics; moreover, Klecha (2012a, in progress) specifically rebuts Lassiter, arguing that modal auxiliaries may have a Kratzerian quantificational semantics. I propose a semantics for easily which allows for it to act as a “possibility intensifier” but without abandoning a Kratzerian semantics for possibility modals, as Lassiter (2011) does. Rather, easily restricts the domain of the modal, giving a stronger interpretation.
Mechanics of Persulfonated Polytetrafluorethylene Proton Exchange Membranes

Fuel cells enable direct chemical to electrical conversion of fuel to electricity, providing an efficient and clean process. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), in which protons from hydrogen or methane cross a membrane to react with oxygen producing electricity, are the preferred transportable fuel cell. Nafion, a phase separated perfluorosulfonated ionomer, is the current benchmark membrane but still exhibits limited lifetime due to stress encountered during constrained cyclic hygro-thermal loading. In previous work [1] the viscoplastic nature of Nafion under uniaxial extension was experimentally characterized. The experimental results were used to develop a three-dimensional constitutive model which was then implemented within a finite element analysis software package. These results will be briefly reviewed. Here, the model is used to simulate the rate dependence of the stress and strain evolution in Nafion under the loading typically encountered during fuel cell operation. This loading consists of hygro-thermal cycling within partially constrained boundary conditions defined by other components of the fuel cell. This information could be used to either change the startup/shutdown procedure for a fuel cell or to guide the procedures used for accelerated membrane lifetime testing.
Design of FerroElectric MEMS energy harvesting devices

Waste heat is a widely available but little used source of power. Converting a thermal gradient into electricity is conventionally done using the Seebeck effect, but devices that use this effect are naturally inefficient. An alternate approach uses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to generate movement and time-varying temperature from a constant temperature gradient. Ferroelectric materials can harvest electricity from moving structures and temperature variations. This concept was realized using traditional silicon microprocessing techniques. A silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer was backside Deep Reactive Ion Etched (DRIE) to form a one mm2 by 7 micron thick silicon/silicon dioxide membrane. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) was deposited on the membrane and acts as a ferroelectric material. Heating the bulk of the SOI substrate causes an increase in stress and upward deflection of the membrane. The membrane then enters into contact with a cold sink fixed above the substrate. Cooling of the membrane from contact with the cold sink causes actuation downwards of the membrane. The alternating heating and cooling of the PZT layer generates electricity from the pyroelectric effect. The actuation of the membrane generates stress on the PZT layer resulting in electricity from the piezoelectric effect.
A vacuum ultraviolet laser pulsed field ionization-photoion study of methane (CH4): determination of the appearance energy of methylium from methane with unprecedented precision and the resulting impact on the bond dissociation energies of CH4 and CH4+

We report on the successful implementation of a high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser pulsed field ionization-photoion (PFI-PI) detection method for the study of unimolecular dissociation of quantum-state- or energy-selected molecular ions. As a test case, we have determined the 0 K appearance energy (AE0) for the formation of methylium, CH3+, from methane, CH4, as AE0(CH3+/CH4) = 14.32271 ± 0.00013 eV. This value has a significantly smaller error limit, but is otherwise consistent with previous laboratory and/or synchrotron-based studies of this dissociative photoionization onset. Furthermore, the sum of the VUV laser PFI-PI spectra obtained for the parent CH4+ ion and the fragment CH3+ ions of methane is found to agree with the earlier VUV pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (VUV-PFI-PE) spectrum of methane, providing unambiguous validation of the previous interpretation that the sharp VUV-PFI-PE step observed at the AE0(CH3+/CH4) threshold ensues because of higher PFI detection efficiency for fragment CH3+ than for parent CH4+. This, in turn, is a consequence of the underlying high-n Rydberg dissociation mechanism for the dissociative photoionization of CH4, which was proposed in previous synchrotron-based VUV-PFI-PE and VUV-PFI-PEPICO studies of CH4. The present highly accurate 0 K dissociative ionization threshold for CH4 can be utilized to derive accurate values for the bond dissociation energies of methane and methane cation. For methane, the straightforward application of sequential thermochemistry via the positive ion cycle leads to some ambiguity because of two competing VUV-PFI-PE literature values for the ionization energy of methyl radical. The ambiguity is successfully resolved by applying the Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) approach, resulting in D0(H–CH3) = 432.463 ± 0.027 kJ mol−1 and D0(H–CH3+) = 164.701 ± 0.038 kJ mol−1.
HIV protease as an inhibitor target for the treatment of AIDS.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes HIV protease as an inhibitor target for the treatment of AIDS. Inhibition of the HIV protease has emerged as one of the most favored approaches to halting HIV replication in AIDS patients. Biological and biochemical aspects of HIV protease (HIV PR) that may be exploited include disruption of active dimer formation or specific inhibition of the precursor form of the enzyme. Inhibition by Zn 2+ suggests an approach by which complexation of a compound with intracellular metal ions produces inhibition. More speculative approaches such as these have not received much attention because of the success with the competitive inhibitors and the greater difficulty in defining the appropriate biochemistry. It is clear from the variety of successful inhibitor designs described in this chapter that inhibitor potency in vitro is readily obtained and that eventual choices of treatments can depend on pharmacological factors, such as effective duration of a dosage. It may be that PR inhibition may provide the first clinical data for complete long-term suppression of HIV replication, a critical step in the conquest of AIDS.
Secure In-Cache Execution

A cold boot attack is a powerful physical attack that can dump the memory of a computer system and extract sensitive data from it. Previous defenses focus on storing cryptographic keys off the memory in the limited storage “borrowed” from hardware chips. In this paper, we propose EncExec, a practical and effective defense against cold boot attacks. EncExec has two key techniques: spatial cache reservation and secure in-cache execution. The former overcomes the challenge that x86 processors lack a fine-grained cache control by reserving a small block of the CPU’s level-3 cache exclusively for use by EncExec; the latter leverages the reserved cache to enable split views of the protected data: the data stored in the physical memory is always encrypted, and the plaintext view of the data is strictly confined to the reserved cache. Consequently, a cold boot attack can only obtain the encrypted form of the data. We have built a prototype of EncExec for the FreeBSD system. The evaluation demonstrates that EncExec is a practical and effective defense against cold boot attacks.
William Carlos Williams and Alterity: Dr.Williams and Mr.Hyde

Williams's lyrics are frequently preoccupied with confinement. In the 1909 Poems , for example, “On a Proposed Trip South” expresses the poet's dissatisfaction with the season (winter) and his joy at the prospect of a trip to a warmer climate: “truth to tell I tremble with delight / At thought of such unheralded reprieve” (CP1, 22). Of course, the lyric poem has traditionally been useful for poets lamenting their particular circumstances and longing for a wider, happier venue, yet the variety and range of Williams's dissatisfactions are somewhat unusual. In the last of the 1909 Poems , “Hymn to Perfection,” he even invokes a new god to liberate him from imprisonment: For thee, O Perfection, great ruler, Chief God of all monarchs, I shatter The stillness of heaven; awaken, Like waves on an ocean which scatter A widening tempest, the uproar. And cry who will, “Pile the bare mountains, All rock, in gigantic confusion! Aye, let every desperate bellow Of sea, earth and sky in collusion From tripling trumpet be blasted Upon the huge pillar! Profusion Of space so engirds thee, as ever, Thou wouldst hold undisrupted seclusion.” But not I! One with man, yet immortal; For me hast thou built no constriction. This heart doth outvie the weak eagle. Not sight so o'errides all restriction. Then hail! thou great God, from my woodlands I sing, and Thou calm'st my affliction!
Black Farmers in the USA and Michigan: Longevity, Empowerment, and Food Sovereignty

Blacks have been farming in the USA for about four centuries and in Michigan since the 1830s. Yet, for blacks, owning and retaining farmland has been a continuous challenge. This historical analysis uses environmental justice and food sovereignty frameworks to examine the farming experiences of blacks in the USA generally, and more specifically in Michigan. It analyzes land loss, the precipitous decline in the number of black farmers, and the strategies that blacks have used to counteract these phenomena. The paper shows that the ability of blacks to own and operate farms has been negatively impacted by lack of access to credit, segregation, relegation to marginal and hazard-prone land, natural disasters, organized opposition to black land ownership, and systemic discrimination. The paper examines the use of cooperatives and other community-based organizations to help blacks respond to discrimination and environmental inequalities. The paper assesses how the farming experiences of blacks in Michigan compare to the experiences of black farmers elsewhere. It also explores the connections between Michigan’s black farmers, southern black farmer cooperatives, and Detroit’s black consumers.
Production of live young with cryopreserved sperm from the endangered livebearing fish Redtail Splitfin (Xenotoca eiseni, Rutter, 1896)

Abstract Previous studies of sperm cryopreservation of livebearing fish have been limited to two genera within the family Poeciliidae. The goal of the present study was to investigate the feasibility to produce live young of livebearing goodeids (family Goodeidae) with cryopreserved sperm, using aquarium-trade populations of the endangered species Redtail Splitfin (Xenotoca eiseni, Rutter, 1896). Reproductive condition of females was evaluated by histological categorization of ovarian development. A total of 117 females were inseminated with cryopreserved sperm, 81 were inseminated with fresh sperm, 27 were mixed with males for natural breeding, and 30 were maintained without males or insemination. Histological images of 34 mature females indicated 68% of ovaries had primary- or secondary-growth oocytes, and 32% had ovulated eggs. Ovarian development had no significant relationship (P = 0.508) with body wet weight, but had a relationship (P