cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Highly Dispersed Cs-Tungstophosphoric Acid Salt on MCM-41 Silica

This paper describes a grafting technique that we developed for preparing highly dispersed Cs-tungstophosphoric acid (Cs-TPA) salt on a mesoporous silica carrier (MCM-41) using alcohols as solvents during impregnation. It is shown that this procedure leads to a novel class of catalysts with high dispersion of Cs-TPA salts which exhibit significantly improved catalytic performances for the alkylation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene with cyclohexene than those prepared using water as the solvent. Catalyst activity demonstrated to have a clear correlation with the type of alcohol used during impregnation which decreased in the following order: 1-butanol > 1-propanol ≈ ethanol > water. Adsorption data using molecules of various sizes suggest that our novel catalysts maintained open pore structures after the impregnation with tungstophosphoric acid (TPA). For comparison purposes, we also used a prior published method to prepare Cs-TPA on MCM-41, which seemed to have suffered unfavorable structural changes such as partial pore clogging leading to significant transport limitations for the reactants examined here.
3D printed functional nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage

Abstract Electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices, such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, are emerging as primary power sources for global efforts to shift energy dependence from limited fossil fuels towards sustainable and renewable resources. These EES devices, while renowned for their high energy or power densities, portability, and long cycle life, are still facing significant performance hindrance due to manufacturing limitations. One major obstacle is the ability to engineer macroscopic components with designed and highly resolved nanostructures with optimal performance, via controllable and scalable manufacturing techniques. 3D printing covers several additive manufacturing methods that enable well-controlled creation of functional nanomaterials with three-dimensional architectures, representing a promising approach for fabrication of next-generation EES devices with high performance. In this review, we summarize recent progress in fabricating 3D functional electrodes utilizing 3D printing-based methodologies for EES devices. Specifically, laser-, lithography-, electrodeposition-, and extrusion-based 3D printing techniques are described and exemplified with examples from the literatures. Current challenges and future opportunities for functional materials fabrication via 3D printing techniques are also discussed.
Determinants of facilitated health insurance enrollment for patients with HIV disease, and impact of insurance enrollment on targeted health outcomes.

The introduction of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has provided unprecedented opportunities for uninsured people with HIV infection to access health insurance, and to examine the impact of this change in access. AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs) have been directed to pursue uninsured individuals to enroll in the ACA as both a cost-saving strategy and to increase patient access to care. We evaluated the impact of ADAP-facilitated health insurance enrollment on health outcomes, and demographic and clinical factors that influenced whether or not eligible patients enrolled. During the inaugural open enrollment period for the ACA, 284 Nebraska ADAP recipients were offered insurance enrollment; 139 enrolled and 145 did not. Comparisons were conducted and multivariate models were developed considering factors associated with enrollment and differences between the insured and uninsured groups. Insurance enrollment was associated with improved health outcomes after controlling for other variables, and included a significant association with undetectable viremia, a key indicator of treatment success (p < .0001). We found that minority populations and unstably housed individuals were at increased risk to not enroll in insurance. The National HIV/AIDS Strategy calls for new interventions to improve HIV health outcomes for disproportionately impacted populations. This study provides evidence to prioritize future ADAP-facilitated insurance enrollment strategies to reach minority populations and unstably housed individuals.
Gendered Considerations for Safety in Conservation Fieldwork

Scholars conducting research on either the social or biological dimensions of conservation practice may confront harassment, violence, and sexual assault. While guidelines for researcher safety usu...
EMISSIONS OF SULFUR GASES TO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM ESTUARIES AND COASTAL AREAS

Abstract Based on recent measurements of the atmospheric concentrations and predicted chemistry of the most abundant atmospheric sulfur gases, an hypothesis is put forward that carbon disulfide (CS2) is the primary precursor of background sulfur dioxide (SO2). Preliminary measurements indicating that bay and coastal waters were greatly supersaturated with CS2 are presented to support this hypothesis. The coastal and bay water samples also were supersaturated with respect to carbonyl sulfide (OCS). These results are the basis for another hypothesis that the oceans were supersaturated with OCS and thus are an important if not dominant source of this material. A volatile sulfur compound, yet unidentified, was also found in large amounts in the water samples analyzed. Some speculation is presented as to the identity of this compound.
Conventional Radiotherapy and Pituitary Tumors

Most of the tumors that originate in the hypophyseal region are histologically benign, but because of the effects they exert on endocrine function and surrounding structures, they present particular therapeutic challenges. Both surgical and radiotherapeutic approaches date back to the beginning of this century. Schloffer1 performed the first transsphenoidal procedure in 1906, and in the same year Horsley2 reported on the intracranial approach to this tumor. Radiotherapy of pituitary tumors was pioneered in 1907 by Gra-megna,3 who treated a 45-year-old acromegalic female, utilizing an intraoral glass applicator and an early Crooks tube with voltage in the range of 80 kV. Temporary improvement of visual fields was achieved with disappearance of headaches. In the same year, Beclere4 reported the successful radiotherapeutic management of a 16-year-old female with gigantism. He used 100 kV, delivered via a five-treatment-field technique, a technique that is still being used in modified form by many radiotherapists. His patient was alive and well 15 years later.5 Subsequent reports by Williams,6 Calamet,7 Loeb,8 and others established the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of pituitary tumors. In pioneering studies, Quick9 and Hirsch10 implanted radon capsules into the sphenoid via the transnasal route for the treatment of pituitary tumors by brachytherapy (the introduction of radioactive sources directly within and around the tumor).
Overestimation of test effects in clinical judgment.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of health care professionals to evaluate the effect of test results on disease risk. Fifty health care professionals, including 29 physicians and 21 nonphysicians, associated with a university hospital were studied. Subjects were presented with two hypothetical scenarios involving a common clinical situation to assess the effect of test results on the estimation of disease risk. Estimates of the pretest and posttest probability of breast cancer and mammography sensitivity and specificity were elicited for hypothetical 30‐ and 70‐year‐old patients presenting with a breast lump. There was no significant difference between physician and non‐physician probability and sensitivity estimates, although physicians provided higher specificity estimates which were more consistent with literature‐derived values. Both physicians and nonphysicians consistently overestimated the risk associated with a positive test result compared to probabilities derived from...
A 27-band snapshot hyperspectral imaging system for label-free tumor detection during image-guided surgery

While fluorescence image-guided surgery offers improved treatment outcomes for patients with cancer by permitting the identification of tumors during resection, it has been plagued by slow translation into clinical practice due to the lengthy and costly approval process for fluorescent molecular markers. Label-free approaches to image-guided surgery provide an alternative by discriminating between cancerous and noncancerous tissue based on differences in spectral reflectance and autofluorescence between the tumor microenvironment and the surrounding anatomy. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art hyperspectral imaging systems capable of monitoring spectral differences across the entire surgical site utilize complex optomechanical architectures that contribute to low image resolutions, low frame rates, and co-registration error that cannot be calibrated, making these instruments impractical during demanding surgical workflows. To provide label-free surgical guidance while addressing limitations with existing systems, we have developed a single-chip snapshot hyperspectral imaging system that provides 27 spectral bands from ~450 nm to ~750 nm. By monolithically integrating a stacked photodiode image sensor with pixelated interference filters, we have produced a highly compact imaging system that achieves a resolution of 1252-by-852 pixels at a rate of 17.2 frames per second while avoiding co-registration error. The system provides a signal-to-noise ratio of ~55 dB and a dynamic range of ~62 dB, and it can enable spectral discrimination under standard broadband surgical light sources. Preclinical images of human prostate tumor implants in a murine model have been examined and presented to demonstrate that the imaging system can differentiate between cancerous and noncancerous tissue and can discriminate between distinct cancer types.
Biomimicry of school of fish for community windstorm design

Cities are built and designed to encompass many considerations and needs. When compared to multi-celled organisms, single structures imitate individual cells while communities and cities embody the organisms. For the organism to survive and thrive, all of its individual cells need to operate together. Appropriately, the next step in civic smart design is to apply smart organization to benefit a community’s collective ability to survive storms rather than simply its pieces. This paper presents a design method for the protection of communities from severe windstorm events. The design method is inspired by the biomimicry of the school of fish. The method of smart organization for fluid survivability is inspired by aquatic life and school of fish. Some of the identified adaptations to marine life include the layout of a community in terms of spacing between building structures, the shape of the overall community and roof systems that can be designed mimicking the school of the fish cross-section. This paper presents seven adaptations that have been identified from fluid-structure envelope design (nano-level) to single building structure geometry (micro-level) to community layout design (macro-level).
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) versus warfarin and enoxaparin in ovarian vein thrombosis.

e14698Background: Ovarian vein thrombosis (OVT) is a rare condition that is commonly associated with malignancy. Efficacy and safety profile of DOAC in OVT has not been compared with warfarin and l...
NMR DOUBLE-RESONANCE STUDY OF CYTOCHROME c

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about NMR double-resonance study of cytochrome c. THE NMR study of cytochrome c, a hemoprotein of the respiratory chain, has been a subject of investigation for several workers recently. In the diamagnetic state an important and often the only conceivable mechanism responsible for shifting resonances is the interaction with ring currents which are induced to flow around the plane of aromatic rings by the applied magnetic field. The cytochrome c employed in these investigations is the commercial preparation from horse heart and Candida krusei. The experiments also confirm the assignment of upfield resonances at 23 and 3.2 ppm in Candida krusei ferri and ferrocytochrome, respectively, to methionine methyl. In suitable cases, the experiment can be used to measure on-off rates for weakly binding ligands.
LASP-1: a nuclear hub for the UHRF1-DNMT1-G9a-Snail1 complex

Nuclear LASP-1 (LIM and SH3 protein-1) has a direct correlation with overall survival of breast cancer patients. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis of a human breast TMA showed that LASP-1 is absent in normal human breast epithelium but the expression increases with malignancy and is highly nuclear in aggressive breast cancer. We investigated whether the chemokines and growth factors present in the tumor microenvironment could trigger nuclear translocation of LASP-1.Treatment of human breast cancer cells with CXCL12, EGF and HRG, and HMEC-CXCR2 cells with CXCL8 facilitated nuclear shuttling of LASP-1. Data from the biochemical analysis of the nuclear and cytosolic fractions further confirmed the nuclear translocation of LASP-1 upon chemokine and growth factor treatment. CXCL12-dependent nuclear import of LASP-1 could be blocked by CXCR4 antagonist, AMD-3100. Knock down of LASP-1 resulted in alterations in gene expression leading to an increased level of cell-junction and extracellular matrix proteins and an altered cytokine secretory profile. Three-dimensional cultures of human breast cancer cells on Matrigel revealed an altered colony growth, morphology and arborization pattern in LASP-1 knockdown cells. Functional analysis of the LASP-1 knockdown cells revealed increased adhesion to collagen IV and decreased invasion through the Matrigel. Proteomic analysis of immunoprecipitates of LASP-1 and subsequent validation approaches revealed that LASP-1 associated with the epigenetic machinery especially UHRF1, DNMT1, G9a and the transcription factor Snail1. Interestingly, LASP-1 associated with UHRF1, G9a, Snail1 and di- and tri-methylated histoneH3 in a CXCL12-dependent manner based on immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays. LASP-1 also directly bound to Snail1 which may stabilize Snail1. Thus, nuclear LASP-1 appears to functionally serve as a hub for the epigenetic machinery.
Allowed size of an accretion disk in Cygnus X-1

The permitted diameter and thickness of an accretion disk in Cygnus X-1 are examined, partly aiming at an explanation of the ''inner eclipse'' suggested by the optical polarization and the H..beta.. photometry. The disk can extend at least to Paczynski's limit, r/sub d/=0.16Rapprox. =4 x 10/sup 6/ km, th extreme limit being r/sub d/=r (L/sub 1/=0.4 R. Numerical estimates of the outer disk height (which increases with r/sub d/) are given for the smaller r/sub d/ and are thus conservative, if the disk is maximal: i.e., is well supplied by the gas stream. Without radiative heating, standard models produce a mechanical scale height of h (r/sub d/) approx. =1 x 10/sup 5/ km, depending somewhat on the viscosity parameter, and the optical height is 1.2--1.5 times larger. When recaptured radiation and primary illumination are added, optical heights H (r/sub d/) approx.0.5 x 10/sup 6/ km are indicated. Since thermalization time on the disk edge is comparable to the Kerplerian time (approx.12 hr) at r/sub d/, the inner edge is locally swollen. An optical height on the inner edge of at least 1 x 10/sup 6/ km is thus realistic even with r/sub d/=0.16 R, and we thus account for themore » scale of the obscured inner region needed to explain the inner eclipse. The geometry of the system is becoming more understandable, as discussed in the conclusion, and remains compatible with a black-hole secondary having a mass M/sub s/>4M/sub sun/.« less
Identification and quantification of microcystins in western Lake Erie during 2016 and 2017 harmful algal blooms

Abstract Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were used to provide qualitative and quantitative information about microcystin (MC) congeners in western Lake Erie. Samples were collected at eight open-water locations on selected days during harmful algal blooms (HABs) in 2016 and 2017. Seven MCs were identified and 20 MCs were tentatively identified using high-resolution mass accuracies and a unique fragment (Adda m/z 135). The most abundant MC was MC-LR, followed by MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LA, and these congeners were quantified. Total (extracellular and intracellular) MC concentrations ranged from 0.068 to 14.88 µg/L in 2016, and from 0.050 to 10.15 µg/L in 2017, with averages of 2.71 and 1.86 µg/L, respectively. Near-shore sites in Lake Erie had higher MC concentrations and Microcystis biovolumes than off-shore sites. This implies that nutrient loading from the Maumee River greatly influences Maumee Bay, and this influence decreases with distance from the river. Consequently, six MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, MC-YR, MC-LW, and MC-LF) were quantified in water samples collected from the Maumee River and the Maumee Bay shore of Lake Erie in 2017, and MC-RR was the most abundant. The total MC concentrations in river samples ranged from 0.17 to 305.03 µg/L. Additionally, an MC degradation product (linear MC-LR) was detected at all open-water locations, and data indicated an increase in its concentration towards the end of the bloom. The trends for 2016 and 2017 HABs are comparable in terms of spatial distribution and MC congeners produced, though the intensity and peak dates change.
Clinical trial testing in-home multidisciplinary care management for older adults with cognitive vulnerability: Rationale and study design.

Abstract Care management approaches are being widely tested in the Medicare-eligible population to manage chronic conditions, but few have focused on cognitive vulnerability as the pathway to optimizing independence in the community-dwelling older population. Cognitive vulnerability refers to living with dementia, depression, and/or a history of delirium. Many studies have shown that cognitive vulnerability is associated with poor health-related outcomes in community-dwelling older adults, raising the health policy importance of finding evidence-based approaches to improve outcomes for this target population. Moreover, very little is known about effects of care management approaches in the rapidly growing Medicare Advantage population. In response to these knowledge gaps, we are testing the efficacy of an in-home, nurse practitioner-led care management team for adults age ≥ 65 with cognitive vulnerability in a Medicare Advantage population. Older adults and family caregivers randomized either to this multidisciplinary care management team, or to a telephonic care management program routinely offered by our Medicare Advantage partner. The intervention period is 12 months and the primary outcome is any emergency department visit or hospitalization over the 12-month period. In this paper, we report on the rationale for testing a multidisciplinary care management intervention for this target population, and explain how a university-based research team collaborated with a Medicare Advantage insurer to conceptualize and implement the clinical trial. We also provide details on study design, and on components of the in-home and telephonic care management interventions. We conclude with a synopsis of recruitment progress along with selected baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
RNA promotes the formation of spatial compartments in the nucleus

SUMMARY The nucleus is a highly organized arrangement of RNA, DNA, and protein molecules that are compartmentalized within three-dimensional (3D) structures involved in shared functional and regulatory processes. Although RNA has long been proposed to play a global role in organizing nuclear structure, exploring the role of RNA in shaping nuclear structure has remained a challenge because no existing methods can simultaneously measure RNA-RNA, RNA-DNA, and DNA-DNA contacts within 3D structures. To address this, we developed RNA & DNA SPRITE (RD-SPRITE) to comprehensively map the location of all RNAs relative to DNA and other RNAs. Using this approach, we identify many RNAs that are localized near their transcriptional loci (RNA-DNA) together with other diffusible ncRNAs (RNA-RNA) within higher-order DNA structures (DNA-DNA). These RNA-chromatin compartments span three major classes of nuclear functions: RNA processing (including ribosome biogenesis, mRNA splicing, snRNA biogenesis, and histone mRNA processing), heterochromatin assembly, and gene regulation. More generally, we identify hundreds of ncRNAs that form stable nuclear compartments in spatial proximity to their transcriptional loci. We find that dozens of nuclear compartments require RNA to guide protein regulators into these 3D structures, and focusing on several ncRNAs, we show that these ncRNAs specifically regulate heterochromatin assembly and the expression of genes contained within these compartments. Together, our results demonstrate a unique mechanism by which RNA acts to shape nuclear structure by forming high concentration territories immediately upon transcription, binding to diffusible regulators, and guiding them into spatial compartments to regulate a wide range of essential nuclear functions.
Impact of Air Pollution on the Health of the Population in Parts of the Czech Republic

Thirty years ago, Northern Bohemia in the Czech Republic was one of the most air polluted areas in Europe. After political changes, the Czech government put forward a research program to determine if air pollution is really affecting human health. This program, later called the "Teplice Program", was initiated in collaboration with scientists from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). This cooperation made possible the use of methods on the contemporary level. The very high concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the air showed, for the first time, the impact of air pollutants on the health of the population in mining districts: adverse pregnancy outcomes, the impact of air pollution on sperm morphology, learning disabilities in children, and respiratory morbidity in preschool children. A surprising result came from the distribution of the sources of pollution: 70% of PM10 pollution came from local heating and not from power plants as expected. Thanks to this result, the Czech government supported changes in local heating from brown coal to natural gas. This change substantially decreased SO2 and PM10 pollution and affected mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality.
Potential Future Applications of Date Palm Fiber Composites

Although, the existence of natural fiber dates back to millions of years, the application in the high performance areas is fairly new and in early adoption stage. The composite market still remains an untapped area and has potential worth billions of dollars. Composite materials characteristically provide enhanced strength or durability over a wide spectrum of high performance technical products. Application areas like automotive, consumer goods, sporting goods, aerospace, construction, and biomedical applications are a few examples where market potential is enormous. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanical properties and performance along with its environmental, economic and social implications of date palm fiber in high performance composite applications. This chapter discusses how adopting date palm fiber rallies sustainability and promotes efficient waste management practices with detailed SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats) analysis to highlight different aspects of date palm fiber. Nevertheless, date palm fiber is devoured with limitations which restricts composite applications.
Medical legal partnerships - a powerful collaboration for change. Clinicians and lawyers working together to prevent lead poisoning in Chicago and beyond.

Pediatricians are trained to not only treat individual children but to work systemically to change environments that contribute to illness or injury. Medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) are a growing model where clinicians and lawyers work together to more effectively address a broad range of social determinants of health. Erie Family Health Center (Erie), a large Federally …
Elucidating mechanisms of quality-of-life disparities in Hispanic women with breast cancer: An examination of disease stage, coping, and affect.

Objectives Compared to non-Hispanic white (NHW) women, Hispanic women with breast cancer (BCa) are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages of disease and experience reduced quality of life (QOL) following diagnosis. We hypothesized that the demands of later-stage disease results in a perceived inability to cope and greater distress for Hispanic women, resulting in decreased QOL. Methods Hispanic (51%) and NHW (49%) women (N = 198) with newly diagnosed stage 0-3 BCa in Miami were enrolled in two trials between 2006 and 2019. In this cross-sectional analysis, a multiple-group structural equation modeling approach was applied to baseline measures of coping confidence (Measure of Current Status Scale), negative and positive affect (Affect Balance Scale), QOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Breast), and disease stage. Results In our model, later-stage disease was not associated with worse QOL for Hispanic or NHW women. However, there were differences between Hispanic and NHW women on the path from disease stage to (1) coping confidence, (2) positive affect, and (3) negative affect, such that later disease stage was associated with lower coping confidence (b[SE] = -1.75[0.59], p = 0.002), less positive affect (b[SE] = -0.21[0.10], p = 0.026), and greater negative affect (b[SE] = 0.15[0.08], p = 0.052) among Hispanic, but not NHW, women. In addition, an indirect effect was found from greater stage to poorer QOL via less positive affect among Hispanic women only (b[SE] = -0.49[0.24], p = 0.041). Conclusions This data supports our theory that Hispanic women experience worse emotional distress at later-stage disease than do NHW women, in turn impacting QOL.
Making a good malaria vaccine better

Last month, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended widespread use of RTS,S/AS01 vaccine to prevent malaria in young African children, noting its 30% reduction in deadly severe malaria. In a recent report, Das et al. describe antibody effector functions that may contribute to RTS,S efficacy and thereby guide vaccine improvements.
Consumer Co-operatives

A co-operative may be briefly defined as an enterprise organized, owned, and controlled by the people who use its services. Its affairs are conducted in accordance with the following democratic principles, which were established more than a hundred years ago by the twenty-eight weavers who organized the first modern cooperative in Rochdale, England, on December 21, 1844: 1. Open Membership: All persons genuinely interested in co-operative endeavor can join, regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, or political affiliation. 2. Democratic Control: Each investor has only one vote, regardless of the size of his investment. 3. Patronage Dividends: The major portion of the profits are returned to members in proportion to their purchases, rather than on the basis of their investments.
Chemotherapy: Topotecan or treosulfan--that is the question.

Meier and coauthors found that topotecan improved progression-free and overall survival compared with treosulfan in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer following platinum and taxane-based therapy. Although these results are promising, the optimum treatment strategy for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer still remains to be determined.
A 1.5 /spl mu/m GaInNAs(Sb) laser grown on GaAs by MBE

Summary form only given. Ever increasing bandwidth demands have lead to the commercialization of lasers emitting in the range 1.3-1.55 /spl mu/m. It was not until the recent discovery of the large bowing parameter of the GaInNAs quaternary that a suitable active layer was found. Recent work has focused on increasing the indium concentration through the use of antimony, both as a constituent and a surfactant. The results of a photoluminescence (PL) study are summarized. We have found that it is possible to maintain high PL intensity for samples out to 1.6 /spl mu/m.
Vitamin D Endocrine System and Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis

The sections in this article are: 1 Physiological Effects of Vitamin D and its Active Metabolites on Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis 2 Sources of Vitamin D 3 Transport of Vitamin D and its Metabolites in Plasma 4 Metabolism of Vitamin D3 to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 5 Metabolism of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 6 Regulation of the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3–1α-Hydroxylase Enzyme 6.1 Parathyroid Hormone 6.2 Phosphorus Concentrations 6.3 Calcium: Direct Effects 6.4 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 6.5 Calcitonin 6.6 Hydrogen Ion 6.7 Sex Steroids 6.8 Glucocorticoids 6.9 Pituitary Hormones 6.10 Thyroid Hormone 6.11 Pregnancy 7 Catabolism of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 8 Physiological Adaptations that Occur in Response to Changes in Serum Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations 8.1 Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia 8.2 Hypophosphatemia and Hyperphosphatemia 9 Pathophysiology and Physiology of the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 System 10 Mechanisms of Action of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 10.1 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Intestine 10.2 Processes in the Cell That Are Mediated by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 10.3 Intestinal Brush Border Events Induced by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 10.4 Events at the Contraluminal Border 10.5 Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the Intestinal Cell 10.6 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Kidney
Bringing Forth Balance in Black Sexuality Research

Like foreplay, some people approach the task of exploring Black sexuality as if it is a chore, ignoring its relevance to the larger body of work on human sexuality. It is considered a special topic...
Gastroenterology: Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia of the terminal ileum

Gastroenterology: Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia of the terminal ileum F Chiou;D Lian; Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
The Origins of EPA's Indian Program

The United States Environmental Protection Agency's modern Indian Program - which recognizes Indian tribes as local governments appropriately responsible for environmental management in Indian country - has drawn increasing fire in the last decade. Indian country environmental litigation has proliferated as states and non-Indian actors have challenged Agency decisions delegating program primacy to tribes, denying primacy to states, and retaining federal authority in the absence of tribal primacy. Without question, the genesis of these modern decisions, and the policy principles they reflect, can be traced directly to EPA's official Indian Policy, adopted in 1984, and reaffirmed by every Administrator since that time. This article contributes to scholarly discussions on Indian country environmental law by identifying and analyzing the motivations, assumptions and goals of EPA's nascent Indian program, which served as the foundation for the modern Indian Program. The article undertakes a legal and historical analysis of: EPA's creation and early regulatory activities; its first Indian Program actions; the first case testing EPA's Indian program; the development and content of EPA's first Indian Policy in 1980; the failure of the 1980 Policy; the deliberative development of its successor, the 1984 Indian Policy; and the substantive content of the 1984 Policy and its accompanying Implementation Guidance. The article concludes that the Agency's Indian Program was initially born of necessity in a program-specific context, and expanded into a cross-program, Agency-wide institutional approach under the influence of two important shifts in federal policy occurring at the time. The necessity derived from EPA's view that in the absence of congressional delegation, states generally lacked civil regulatory authority adequate to protect the Indian country environment. Congress' silence in the environmental laws of the early 1970s convinced EPA that an unacceptable regulatory void existed in Indian country. The solution, EPA posited, was an approach according tribal governments a regulatory role akin to the role states enjoyed under the cooperative federalism model of environmental management. That approach harmonized with the contemporary shift in national environmental policy away from independent state control and toward increasing federal supremacy, but in partnership with local governments. And, the state-like approach was also in tune with federal Indian policy's movement toward tribal self-determination and away from federal control of Indian programs.
Implementation of displacement field fitting for calculating 3D myocardial deformations from parallel-tagged MR images

The utility of using a displacement field fitting approach to reconstruct 3D myocardial deformations from sets of parallel-tagged MR images has been demonstrated (W.G. O'Dell et al., 1994). The authors' present goal is to implement the field fitting algorithm efficiently on real heart data. A cascade of fitting steps is used: a first order global cartesian fit, followed by an n-th order global prolate spheroidal fit, followed by a local prolate spheroidal fit around each pre-selected test point. Local deformation gradient and strain tensors are then computed by taking directional derivatives of the displacement field at each test point. On a normal human volunteer, the standard deviation of error of the fitting model to the raw tag point displacement data was /spl sim/0.3 mm. Projections of representative image slices following each stage in the cascade provide a graphical validation of the technique. >
Facilitating the implementation of evidence- based practice through contextual support and nursing leadership.

Background/purpose Nurse managers (NMs) play an important role promoting evidence-based practice (EBP) on clinical units within hospitals. However, there is a dearth of research focused on NM perspectives about institutional contextual factors to support the goal of EBP on the clinical unit. The purpose of this article is to identify contextual factors described by NMs to drive change and facilitate EBP at the unit level, comparing and contrasting these perspectives across nursing units. Methods This study employed a qualitative descriptive design using interviews with nine NMs who were participating in a large effectiveness study. To stratify the sample, NMs were selected from nursing units designated as high or low performing based on implementation of EBP interventions, scores on the Meyer and Goes research use scale, and fall rates. Descriptive content analysis was used to identify themes that reflect the complex nature of infrastructure described by NMs and contextual influences that supported or hindered their promotion of EBP on the clinical unit. Results NMs perceived workplace culture, structure, and resources as facilitators or barriers to empowering nurses under their supervision to use EBP and drive change. A workplace culture that provides clear communication of EBP goals or regulatory changes, direct contact with CEOs, and clear expectations supported NMs in their promotion of EBP on their units. High-performing unit NMs described a structure that included nursing-specific committees, allowing nurses to drive change and EBP from within the unit. NMs from high-performing units were more likely to articulate internal resources, such as quality-monitoring departments, as critical to the implementation of EBP on their units. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of institutional contextual factors that can be used to support NMs in their efforts to drive EBP changes at the unit level.
Precision electroweak tests on the Sp(6) L ×U(1) Y model

We perform precision electroweak tests on the Sp(6${)}_{\mathit{L}}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1${)}_{\mathit{Y}}$ model. The purpose of the analysis is to delineate the model parameters such as the mixing angles of the extra gauge bosons present in this model. We find that the model is already constrained considerably by the present CERN LEP data.
The 1999 Heineman Prize Address- Integrable models in statistical mechanics: The hidden field with unsolved problems

In the past 30 years there have been extensive discoveries in the theory of integrable statistical mechanical models including the discovery of non-linear differential equations for Ising model correlation functions, the theory of random impurities, level crossing transitions in the chiral Potts model and the use of Rogers-Ramanujan identities to generalize our concepts of Bose/Fermi statistics. Each of these advances has led to the further discovery of major unsolved problems of great mathematical and physical interest. I will here discuss the mathematical advances, the physical insights and extraordinary lack of visibility of this field of physics.
Local and global statistics of clear-air Doppler radar signals

[1] A refined theoretical analysis of the clear-air Doppler radar (CDR) measurement process is presented. The refined theory builds on the Fresnel-approximated (as opposed to Fraunhofer-approximated) radio wave propagation theory, and turbulence statistics like locally averaged velocities, local velocity variances, local dissipation rates, and local structure parameters are allowed to vary randomly within the radar's sampling volume and during the dwell time. A local version of the moments theorem and the random Taylor hypothesis are used to derive first-principle formulations of all higher moments of the Doppler cross-spectrum. The mth moment is written as a convolution integral of a spectral sampling function and a generalized, mth-order refractive-index spectrum or, alternatively, as a convolution integral of a lag-space sampling function and a spatial cross-covariance function of the local refractive-index fluctuations and their local mth-order time derivatives. Closed-form expressions of the first three moments (i.e., m = 0, 1, 2) of the Doppler spectrum for the monostatic, single-signal case are derived. This refined theory, or “local sampling theory,” enables one to correctly interpret CDR observations that are collected under conditions where the applicability of the traditional “global sampling theory” is questionable. The commonly used global sampling assumptions (Bragg-isotropy, homogeneity, and stationarity of all turbulence statistics within the sampling volume and during the dwell time) may be invalid for small-scale intermittency in the mixed layer, for refractive-index sheets corrugated by gravity waves or instabilities, and for layered turbulence in the stably stratified atmosphere.
A parallel algorithm for approximate regularity

Abstract Spatial regularity amidst a seemingly chaotic image is often meaningful. Many papers in computational geometry are concerned with detecting some type of regularity via exact solutions to problems in geometric pattern recognition. However, real-world applications often have data that is approximate, and may rely on calculations that are approximate. Thus, it is useful to develop solutions that have an error tolerance. A solution has recently been presented by Robins et al. [Inform. Process. Lett. 69 (1999) 189–195] to the problem of finding all maximal subsets of an input set in the Euclidean plane R 2 that are approximately equally-spaced and approximately collinear. This is a problem that arises in computer vision, military applications, and other areas. The algorithm of Robins et al. is different in several important respects from the optimal algorithm given by Kahng and Robins [Patter Recognition Lett. 12 (1991) 757–764] for the exact version of the problem. The algorithm of Robins et al. seems inherently sequential and runs in O(n5/2) time, where n is the size of the input set. In this paper, we give parallel solutions to this problem.
Surface structure of isolated metaphase chromosomes.

Abstract The relationship between the surface protuberances of mitotic chromosomes isolated from HeLa cells and the underlying fiber organization was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chromosomes were isolated in the presence of 5.0 mM Mg2+ by a method which avoids the use of organic solvents and extremes of pH. Chromosomes in 5.0 mM Mg2+ are highly condensed with a relatively smooth surface structure. In 1.5 mM Mg2+, a knobby surface substructure became apparent, with the protuberances having a mean diameter of 691 ± 96 A. The diameter was 647 ± 76 A at a magnesium concentration of 0.5 mM, but was only 349 ± 52 A at a concentration of 0.15 mM. In 0.05 mM Mg2+, the mean diameter had decreased to 299 ± 47 A and the chromosomes had expanded such that the underlying fibers had become a predominant feature of the micrographs. The knobby appearance of the chromosomes most likely reflects a radial arrangement of the fibers, which loop back at the peripheries of the chromosomes.
Synergistic effects of cyclosporine and rapamycin in a chronic nephrotoxicity model

Rapamycin (RAPA) acts synergistically with cyclosporine (CsA) to achieve powerful immunosuppression in several animal models of organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. If these drugs are to be used together, they should not enhance toxicity. Thus, we examined the effects of combining CsA and RAPA on renal structure and function in a rat model of chronic CSA nephropathy. Rats were given placebo, CSA (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg), RAPA (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg), or CsA+RAPA for 28 days while on a low-salt diet. RAPA at a subtherapeutic dose of 0.1 mg/kg worsened glucose metabolism and potentiated chronic nephrotoxicity induced by CsA at 8 mg/kg in terms of both renal function and structural injury. Since hyperglycemia is known to accelerate fibrotic processes, the impairment of glucose metabolism may play a role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis (plasma glucose vs. tubulointerstitial fibrosis, r=0.72, n=18, P<0.001). RAPA had to be given at a dose 10-fold lower (0.01 mg/kg) and CsA at a dose 4-fold lower (2 mg/kg) than the dose required for complete immunosuppression to minimize nephrotoxicity. Although the CsA+RAPA combination acts synergistically on immunosuppression, the combination at the subtherapeutic dose of each drug may be synergistically nephrotoxic, perhaps due to hyperglycemia. Clinical combinations of CsA and RAPA must be tested carefully for chronic nephrotoxicity.
Small Molecule Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists and Antagonists

Ghrelin is an endogenous peptide hormone secreted primarily by the stomach and is involved in a number of physiological processes including growth hormone secretion, food intake, as well as energy and glucose homeostasis. The physiological actions of ghrelin are mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (ghrelin receptor), a peptidic G-protein-coupled receptor. This target has attracted much interest, as agents that block ghrelin's actions on its receptor are anticipated to be pharmaceutical interventions for a number of diseases. This review provides an overview of ghrelin biology with a focus on metabolic diseases and summarizes recent medicinal chemistry programs aimed at delivering small molecule ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists to the clinic.
The nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the RNA-1 Segment in two bromoviruses: Broad bean mottle virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus

The complete nucleotide sequences of the RNA-1 segments in broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) were determined. BBMV RNA-1 consists of 3158 nucleotides and CCMV RNA-1 has 3171 nucleotides. Both BBMV and CCMV RNA-1 are capped at the 5' end but, unlike in other tricornaviruses, BBMV RNA-1 initiates with an A residue. Both BBMV and CCMV RNA-1 are monocistronic encoding for highly homologous 1a proteins of 966 and 958 amino acids, respectively. The highest homologies are clustered within two domains: the N-domain that aligns with the nsP1 Sindbis virus protein, a putative methyl transferase, and the C-domain which has a conserved nucleotide binding motif. Previous sequence comparisons suggest that the C-terminal domain may function as an NTP-dependent RNA helicase. In addition, we find that the C-domain has patterns similar to those of the reovirus and vaccinia virus guanylyl transferases. All this implies that 1a protein is a multifunctional polypeptide involved in both RNA capping and RNA polymerization processes.
Thermal decomposition of human tooth enamel

Further insight into human tooth enamel, dense fraction (TE), has been obtained by following the change and loss of CO3 2−, OH−, structurally incorporated H2O, Cl−, and, indirectly, HPO4 2− after TE had been heated in N2 or vacuum in the range 25–1000°C. Quantitative infrared spectroscopic, lattice parameter, and thermogravimetric measures were used. Loss of the CO3 2− components begins at much lower temperature (e.g., 100°C) than previously recognized, which has implications for treatments in vitro and possibly in vivo. CO3 2− in B sites is lost continuously from the outset; the amount in A sites first decreases and then increases above 200° to a maximum at ∼800°C (>10% of the possible A sites filled), where it is responsible for an increase ina lattice parameter. A substantial fraction of the CO3 2− in B sites moves to A sites before being evolved, apparently via a CO2 intermediary. This implies an interconnectedness of the A and B sites which may be significant in vivo. No loss of Cl− was observed at temperatures below 700–800°C. Structural OH− content increases ∼70% to a maximum near 400°C. Structurally incorporated water is lost continuously up to ∼800°C with a sharp loss at 250–300°C. The “sudden”a lattice parameter contraction, ∼0.014A, occurs at a kinetics-dependent temperature in the 250–300°C range and is accompanied by reordering and the “sharp” loss of ∼1/3 of the structurally incorporated H2O. The hypothesis that structurally incorporated H2O is the principal cause of the enlargement of thea lattice parameter of TE compared to hydroxyapatite (9.44 vs 9.42A) is thus allowed by these experimental results.
On Two Types of Surfaces of General Type with Vanishing Geometric Genus.

The classical criterion of Castelnuovo for the rationality of a complex algebraic surface S states that S is rational (i.e. birationally equivalent to IP 2) if and only if P2 =q =0. It is therefore natural to ask for the existence of non-rational surfaces with pg=q=0. Perhaps the oldest example is due to Enriques and this surface still bears his name. See Kodaira, [-8] for more details. Here we only remark that c~ is zero for this surface. Campedelli seems to be the first to give examples of non-rational surfaces with pg = q = 0, but c 2 > 0,
The anxiolytic effects of resistance exercise.

Numerous studies have revealed the beneficial effects of regular exercise across a variety of mental health measures. Although a great deal of attention has been paid to the role of aerobic exercise, less is known about the role of resistance exercise (i.e., strength training) in mental health outcomes. Resistance exercise includes a broad group of procedures that evoke repeated muscle action against resistances above those encountered in daily life. A growing body of literature has identified anxiolytic effects of resistance exercise in human populations after both single-bout sessions and long-term training. This research has shown that resistance training at a low to moderate intensity (< 70% 1 repetition maximum) produces the most reliable and robust decreases in anxiety. Importantly, anxiolytic effects have been observed across a diverse range of populations and dependent measures. These findings provide support for the use of resistance exercise in the clinical management of anxiety.