cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Visual Memory: Verbal and Nonverbal Mechanisms in Patients with Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy

Patients with unilateral left or right temporal lobectomy were evaluated on several visual tasks demanding perception and memory for verbal and nonverbal information. Recognition thresholds for words and random patterns projected tachistoscopically to the central visual field did not reveal a perceptual disorder for either temporal group. Also, the left and right temporal patients commanded an intact immediate memory span for a long string of verbal or nonverbal material. However, when the test memoranda exceeded this memory span, dissociable deficits appeared; the left temporal patients did poorly with verbal items, the right, with nonverbal information. The findings support the verbal-nonverbal distinction for mnemonic processes assigned to the left and right temporal lobes in man. Although immediate registration and short-term storage of information are unimpaired by temporal lobe injury, temporal lesions constrict the hold mechanism, and the amount of information that can be retained for a long period...
Single-step electrochemical functionalization of double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) membranes and the demonstration of ionic rectification

Carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes allow the mimicking of natural ion channels for applications in drug delivery and chemical separation. Double-walled carbon nanotube membranes were simply functionalized with dye in a single step instead of the previous two-step functionalization. Non-faradic electrochemical impedance spectra indicated that the functionalized gatekeeper by single-step modification can be actuated to mimic the protein channel under bias. This functional chemistry was proven by a highly efficient ion rectification, wherein the highest experimental rectification factor of ferricyanide was up to 14.4. One-step functionalization by electrooxidation of amine provides a simple and promising functionalization chemistry for the application of CNT membranes.
Identification and characterization of SA/Scc3p subunits in the Xenopus and human cohesin complexes.

A multisubunit protein complex, termed cohesin, plays an essential role in sister chromatid cohesion in yeast and in Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts. We report here that two distinct cohesin complexes exist in Xenopus egg extracts. A 14S complex (x-cohesinSA1) contains XSMC1, XSMC3, XRAD21, and a newly identified subunit, XSA1. In a second 12.5S complex (x-cohesinSA2), XSMC1, XSMC3, and XRAD21 associate with a different subunit, XSA2. Both XSA1 and XSA2 belong to the SA family of mammalian proteins and exhibit similarity to Scc3p, a recently identified component of yeast cohesin. In Xenopus egg extracts, x-cohesinSA1 is predominant, whereas x-cohesinSA2 constitutes only a very minor population. Human cells have a similar pair of cohesin complexes, but the SA2-type is the dominant form in somatic tissue culture cells. Immunolocalization experiments suggest that chromatin association of cohesinSA1 and cohesinSA2 may be differentially regulated. Dissociation of x-cohesinSA1 from chromatin correlates with phosphorylation of XSA1 in the cell-free extracts. Purified cdc2-cyclin B can phosphorylate XSA1 in vitro and reduce the ability of x-cohesinSA1 to bind to DNA or chromatin. These results shed light on the mechanism by which sister chromatid cohesion is partially dissolved in early mitosis, far before the onset of anaphase, in vertebrate cells.
Design and hardware implementation of a memory efficient Huffman decoding

Hardware design of a high speed and memory efficient Huffman decoder, introduced in Hashemian (1993) is presented. The algorithm developed is based on a specific Huffman tree structure using a code-bit clustering scheme. The method is shown to be extremely efficient in the memory requirement, and fast in searching for the desired symbols. For experimental video data with code-words extended up to 13 bits, the entire memory space needed is shown to be 122 words in size, compared with normally 2/sup 13/=8196 words memory space requirement. The design of the decoder is carried out using the Si-gate CMOS process. >
Quality Assurance and Good Laboratory Practice Regulations for Short-Term Bioassays of Complex Mixtures

Quality assurance monitoring of the data generated in health effects testing has increased as a result of recent government regulatory agency rulings and increased competition in the private sector. Quality is evaluated by comparing selected attributes of a study to a set of reference standards (ASQC, 1973; Juran and Gryna, 1980). Reference standards in highly technical or rapidly growing research areas may or may not be published and are frequently revised subject to a changing consensus. The use of different standards or different study attributes to evaluate the quality of a study often results in inconsonant conclusions. To formalize the evaluation for the quality of health effects studies, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1978 (U.S. FDA, 1978) and more recently the Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 1983a, 1983b) have published reference standards known as the Good Laboratory Practice standards (GLPs). The GLPs from both agencies were prompted by the discovery that poor quality and in some cases fraudulent data (Crawford, 1979; Richards, 1983) were influencing the outcome of safety assessments.
Water Resource Applications of Knowledge Based Systems: Hazardous Material Management, and Stream Quality Modeling

The development and application of knowledge based systems in water resources is growing rapidly. The purpose of this lecture is to review two different applications that illustrate the range of development of this type of tool. The first application is a knowledge based system to support decision making in the management of potentially hazardous or obnoxious dredged materials. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is charged with maintaining the navigability of the waterways of the country. Dredging is a principal tool used by the Corps for this purpose. However, dredging is problematic because the disposal of any dredged material that is determined to be hazardous is substantially more expensive, difficult, and time consuming than non-hazardous material disposal. The man-agement strategy for dredged material disposal can be represented by a knowledge based system that is currently under development. The second application is in the area of stream quality modeling. Specifically, it is a knowledge based system to aid in the calibration and use of the extended Streeter-Phelps BOD-DO model for a river or stream.
Under international law, does the new order in South Africa assume the obligations and responsibilities of the apartheid order? An argument for realism over formalism

If the new government adopts the approach that there has been a change in sovereignty over the territory of South Africa, and that for the first time South Africa is now a newly emancipated state, can the government also adopt the view that henceforth, all treaty obligations entered into by the apartheid order, and all wrongs committed by the apartheid order (in both the domestic and foreign contexts) can be dealt with in terms of the 'clean slate', or 'free choice' approach to newly emancipated states? On the one hand, some may argue that the clean slate approach is not available to South Africa, because South Africa has been a state and was recognised as such by the international community. This article argues that this question is a matter of first impression. In addressing the question there is a need to move beyond a formalistic approach and to look at the reality of what the apartheid order represented to the international community and the majority of South Africans.
Student athletic trainer perceptions of clinical supervisor behaviors: a critical incident study.

Abstract Objective: To identify and describe critical helpful and hindering clinical teaching behaviors of supervising athletic trainers, as perceived by student athletic trainers, and to provide a better understanding of the student athletic training experience. Design and Setting: The critical incident technique was used to identify critical behaviors of supervising athletic trainers as perceived by student athletic trainers. Subjects: Sixty-four student athletic trainers from 4 undergraduate NATA-approved or CAAHEP-accredited programs volunteered to participate. Measurements: The data from the critical incident forms were reviewed for acceptability, inductively analyzed, and categorized. Results are reported in raw numbers and percentages. Examples are provided to illustrate each category. Results: Helpful and hindering supervisor behaviors were identified in 4 major categories and 24 subcategories. Students reported more helpful than hindering behaviors. Students reported mentoring behaviors most often, followed by accep- tance, nurturing, and modeling behaviors. Student athletic trainers wanted to be respected as professionals regarding ability and knowledge. They also desired mentoring through explanation, demonstration, and constructive feedback and nurturing through confidence building and other supportive supervisor behaviors. Students most often identified incidents of humiliating behaviors and lack of availability by the supervisors as hindering the clinical experience. Conclusions: Supervising athletic trainer behaviors had a profound effect on the professional development of student athletic trainers. Interaction between supervisors and students positively or negatively affected student athletic trainers' growth and development. Selection of supervising athletic trainers, matching of supervisors with students, and training for supervising athletic trainers are important issues that need further investigation. Student athletic trainers can provide insightful information that can be used to better understand and enhance the clinical experience.
Violently Entertained: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Mediated Violence on Enjoyment:

This meta-analysis addressed the effects of mediated violence on the enjoyment audiences experienced after exposure to a diverse array of entertainment programmes. Published journal articles were c...
New Diagnostic Use of Bone Marrow Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase

Prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values in bone marrow were correlated with skeletal surveys and diagnoses during a six-month study. In cases of biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate, bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase was the most consistently abnormal value. Diagnoses other than prostatic cancer involving the bone marrow, e.g., myeloma and leukemias, were associated with elevated prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values. In cases in which the bone marrow was not involved by metastasis, these values were normal. Bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase assay was found to be a very good tool for detecting early osseous metastases from any site, including prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Influence of driving method on discharge mode of damage free remote plasma removal process for semiconductor manufacturing

Applied Materials' funnel-shaped electrode configuration for remote plasma process is being used for oxide removals in semiconductor manufacturing process. Remote plasma removal process actively uses chemically activated species from plasma rather than charged particles that could possibly damage the structures fabricated on the wafer.
Origin and Early Evolution of Predators

Our current knowledge on the origin and early evolution of large predators is summarized by Simon Conway Morris (1999, 153–154) as follows: ...for many years it was claimed that Cambrian marine communities were almost entirely free of predators… the seas were [thought to be] full of suspension-feeders gently swaying in the sea water and deposit feeders calmly digging their way through the sediment. This view is now seen to be far too idyllic, but the story of the rise of predators is still quite tentative. It does appear, however, that in contrast to Cambrian communities those of the Ediacaran were largely free of predators.
No End Save Victory: How FDR Led the Nation into War. By David Kaiser. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2014. Pp. 408. $27.99.)

Aptly described as a lion and a fox, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt of this superb book displayed both characteristics during the months between the German invasion of the Low Countries and France i...
Quickness of Reaction and Movement Related to Rhythmicity or Nonrhythmicity of Signal Presentation

Abstract When a series of rhythmic signals was presented, with equal probability that any one of them might be accompanied by a stimulus to react, the average reaction time (.20 sec.) was 6 percent faster than when the signals were nonrhythmic. However, the time (also .20 sec.) required for the standardized arm movement which was initiated by the reaction, as well as the “unison” or variability between subjects, showed no rhythmicity effect. Theoretical explanations involved readiness-foreperiod relationships. Individual differences in quickness of reaction and quickness of movement were nearly independent of each other (r = .31), although the reliability coefficients were fairly high, namely .89 for reaction and .96 for movement. These results were held to influence application to athletics. The sample size was N = 50 (college men); there were 70 trials per subject.
In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Ptpn2 as a cancer immunotherapy target

Immunotherapy with PD-1 checkpoint blockade is effective in only a minority of patients with cancer, suggesting that additional treatment strategies are needed. Here we use a pooled in vivo genetic screening approach using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in transplantable tumours in mice treated with immunotherapy to discover previously undescribed immunotherapy targets. We tested 2,368 genes expressed by melanoma cells to identify those that synergize with or cause resistance to checkpoint blockade. We recovered the known immune evasion molecules PD-L1 and CD47, and confirmed that defects in interferon-γ signalling caused resistance to immunotherapy. Tumours were sensitized to immunotherapy by deletion of genes involved in several diverse pathways, including NF-κB signalling, antigen presentation and the unfolded protein response. In addition, deletion of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 in tumour cells increased the efficacy of immunotherapy by enhancing interferon-γ-mediated effects on antigen presentation and growth suppression. In vivo genetic screens in tumour models can identify new immunotherapy targets in unanticipated pathways.
Foresee: A user-centric home energy management system for energy efficiency and demand response

Abstract This paper presents foresee™, a user-centric home energy management system that can help optimize how a home operates to concurrently meet users’ needs, achieve energy efficiency and commensurate utility cost savings, and reliably deliver grid services based on utility signals. Foresee is built on a multiobjective model predictive control framework, wherein the objectives consist of energy cost, thermal comfort, user convenience, and carbon emission. Foresee learns user preferences on different objectives and acts on their behalf to operate building equipment, such as home appliances, photovoltaic systems, and battery storage. In this work, machine-learning algorithms were used to derive data-driven appliance models and usage patterns to predict the home’s future energy consumption. This approach enables highly accurate predictions of comfort needs, energy costs, environmental impacts, and grid service availability. Simulation studies were performed on field data from a residential building stock data set collected in the Pacific Northwest. Results indicated that foresee generated up to 7.6% whole-home energy savings without requiring substantial behavioral changes. When responding to demand response events, foresee was able to provide load forecasts upon receipt of event notifications and delivered the committed demand response services with 10% or fewer errors. Foresee fully utilized the potential of the battery storage and controllable building loads and delivered up to 7.0-kW load reduction and 13.5-kW load increase. These benefits are provided while maintaining the occupants’ thermal comfort or convenience in using their appliances.
On Strain Hardening of Nonlinear Polymeric Jets During Forcespinning

In this paper we apply an empirically generated relation to investigate strain hardening of nonlinear polymeric jets, such as those due to polymeric melts like Boger fluids, which can be generated by the forcespinning process (FS). We apply scaling and perturbation analyses to determine a simplified modeling FS system for the nonlinear fiber jets and calculate numerically the expressions for the nonlinear steady solutions of jet quantities such as radius, speed, stretching rate and strain rate. We find, in particular, that although such jet quantities are not affected upstream by the strain hardening, in the downstream away from the jet exit, the strain rate, stretching rate and the jet speed are reduced and the fiber jets are thickened by the strain hardening effect.
Kokomo: The History and Meaning of a Remarkable and Elusive Place Name

“Kokomo”, the name of a small city in central Indiana, was originally a personal name of a historical Miami Indian man. Although the correct translation of the man’s name was published in the 1800s, it was soon forgotten. Ever since then the name has defied interpretation because it was garbled to opacity. On the way to explaining the name’s form and meaning, based on early historical spellings, this article will describe the impressive trajectory that the life of “Kokomo” has taken for approximately two centuries, from an Algonquian language personal name to American slang.
Behavioral Science and Scienter in Class Action Securities Fraud Litigation

INTRODUCTION Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky’s groundbreaking work in prospect theory and the subsequent body of related research has important implications for proof of scienter in section 10(b) cases.1 In fact, because scienter involves inquiry into cognition and perception in the context of fraud allegations, we have perhaps been remiss until now in not asking directly how this now well-established psychology research affects the way we define and infer scienter, especially recklessness, given the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act’s (PSLRA) heightened pleading standards.2 This Essay asks that pointed question, in the hopes of encouraging further debate on the topic. Part I briefly summarizes most of what others have concluded about the interplay between cognitive biases and heuristics, issuer communications, and the financial markets generally. Then, Part II describes somewhat less familiar behavioral concepts, namely System 1
GTPase traffic control

Cdc42 is a small GTPase that interacts with various downstream targets to regulate many cellular processes. The latest target to be identified is a subunit of a complex involved in vesicle formation. Surprisingly, this subunit may be required for Cdc42 to induce cells to switch to malignant growth.
Effect of Manure Application Rate and Rainfall Timing on the Leaching of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Their Associated Genes

In this study, we investigate the effect of application rate and timing of liquid swine slurry on leaching of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through soil columns. Swine slurry was added to laboratory soil columns at rates of 5000 or 30,000 gal ac−1. For both application rates, rainfall was applied at either 1, 7, or 21 days after slurry application. Column effluent and the top centimeter of soil in the columns were sampled post-rainfall for cultivable bacteria and quantitative PCR was used to quantify tetracycline, methicillin, β-lactam, and erythromycin resistance genetic determinants. We also conducted similar experiments using swine lagoon slurry spiked with antibiotic-resistant E. coli and Salmonella. We found that the concentration of ARB and ARG recovered in the column effluent following application of the swine lagoon slurry generally decreased with increasing lag time between slurry application and simulated rainfall, though most of these decreases were not statistically significant. Moreover, no statistically significant differences in CFU or GU concentration in the column leachate were observed between the low and high slurry application rates. In the experiments using swine slurry spiked with E. coli and Salmonella, concentrations of both microorganisms eluted from fine sand columns were affected by both slurry application rate and lag time; recovery of ARGs, however, was mostly unaffected, but some differences were observed. In columns packed with loamy sand, no recovery was detected in the column effluent for either organism and recovery of ARG was unaffected by manure application rate or rainfall lag time.
1H, 15N, 13C backbone resonance assignment of human Alkbh5

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant and reversible post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). The central role of m6A in various physiological processes has generated considerable biological and pharmacological interest. Alkbh5 (AlkB homologue 5) belongs to the AlkB family and is a non-heme Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that selectively catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of m6A. Herein, we report the backbone 1H, 15N, 13C chemical shift assignment of a fully active, 26 kDa construct of human Alkbh5. Experiments were acquired at 25 °C by heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Collectively, 92% of all backbone resonances were assigned, with 195 out of a possible 212 residues assigned in the 1H–15N TROSY spectrum. Using the program TALOS+, a secondary structure prediction was generated from the assigned backbone resonance that is consistent with the previously reported X-ray structure of the enzyme. The reported assignment will permit investigations of the protein structural dynamics anticipated to provide crucial insight regarding fundamental aspects in the recognition and enzyme regulation processes.
Forced Pollen Shedding Effects on Pollen Diameter and Early Seedling Growth in Maize

In those crops such as maize, which have been improved for many generations by man, the effectiveness of pollen genotype selection would be decreased each generation because the usual improvement procedure involves pollination with excess quantities of fresh pollen released normally under field conditions. In these crops, variation in this standard pollination scheme may amplify existing pollen transmission differences so that the effectiveness of pollen genotype selection would be enhanced. In maize, such changes as extended pre-pollination mature pollen storage at 2°C and pre-pollination sty1ar treatments with various chemicals increased pollen transmission differences at both qualitative and quantitative loci (Pfahler 1974b, 1986, Pfahler et a1. 1986a,b). Under field conditions, attached maize tassels usually shed pollen daily between 800-1200 h, with all or most of the pollen grains in the tassel released in 7-10 days. Detached tassels with their cut ends submerged in water and exposed to low light intensity high humidity, and 25–30°C, shed pollen continuously, with all or most of the pollen grains in the tassel released in three days.
Computerized Tomography for Evaluation of Fractures and Foreign Bodies of the Orbit

Orbital trauma may injure soft tissues, damage the facial bones, and imbed foreign bodies. Injury may also occur to structures adjacent to the orbits, leading to cerebrospinal fluid leaks, carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas, and damage to the brain, nasolacrimal pathways, or paranasal sinuses (Smith et al., 1976; Grove, 1977). Because of the difficulty in determining the extent of soft tissue injuries in patients with orbital fractures, and in localizing intraorbital foreign bodies, computerized tomography has been used to aid in the management of patients with mid-facial injuries (Grove, 1977; Grove et al., 1974, 1977; Momose et al., 1975; Kollarits et al., 1977).
Changes in Ultraviolet and Visible Solar Irradiance 1979 to 2008

A description is presented of instruments and requirements for measuring ultraviolet (UV) and visible irradiance and estimating long-term changes in irradiance from the ground-based and satellite data The 30-year changes in zonal average UV irradiances are estimated from changes that have occurred in ozone amount and cloud cover as a function of latitude and season. Ozone changes have been obtained from a multiple satellite time series starting with Nimbus-7/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) in 1979 and continuing to the end of 2008 with the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV-2) series, Earth-Probe TOMS, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The changes in cloud cover have been obtained using the 340 nm reflectivity data from the same series of satellite instruments, except for Earth-Probe TOMS. The results show large increases in UV-B (280 nm–315 nm) irradiance in both hemispheres, mostly caused by changes in ozone amounts. The largest increases have occurred in the Southern Hemisphere for clear-sky conditions when compared to the same latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Since 1979, an increase of 5%–8% has occurred in clear-sky DNA damage action spectra weighted irradiance P DNA during most of the spring and summer, with increases ranging from 12% to 15% between 30°S and 40°S and 18% to 22% between 40°S and 50°S. Increases in erythemal irradiance are about half that of P DNA . There were only small changes in the equatorial zone (±23°), where sea level UV irradiances are largest because of naturally low ozone amounts and the nearly overhead sun.
In-Situ Imaging of Flexure-Induced Fracture in Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography

This work presents a new test method which allows for in situ high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic imaging of flexure-induced fracture in tape-laminate composites. Specimens with two distinct stacking sequences were tested to visualize, in 3D, the evolution of intralaminar ply cracks and delaminations as a function of the applied bending moments. The first laminate, which had small angle changes between adjacent plies, produced a fracture pattern that consisted solely of intralaminar cracks. The second laminate, having a more traditional quasi-isotropic stacking sequence, evolved a fracture surface that contained interacting intralaminar cracks and delaminations. The vastly different fracture surfaces obtained from both laminates provide invaluable, and previously unobtainable, 3D information for validation of existing and future progressive damage models.
Abstract P300: Countries’ Geographic Latitude And Their Populations’ Cholesterol And Blood Pressure

Background: Sunlight has been hypothesized to play a role in variation in cardiovascular disease according to geographic latitude. Objectives: To evaluate the plausibility of sunlight as a factor i...
Weighing the Effects of Vertical Integration Versus Market Concentration on Hospital Quality

Provider organizations are increasing in complexity, as hospitals acquire physician practices and physician organizations grow in size. At the same time, hospitals are merging with each other to improve bargaining power with insurers. We analyze 29 quality measures reported to the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Hospital Compare database for 2008 to 2015 to test whether vertical integration between hospitals and physicians or increases in hospital market concentration influence patient outcomes. Vertical integration has a limited effect on a small subset of quality measures. Yet increased market concentration is strongly associated with reduced quality across all 10 patient satisfaction measures at the 95% confidence level (p < .05) and 6 of the 10 patient satisfaction measures remain statistically significant with a Bonferroni corrected p value (p < .005). Regulators should continue to focus scrutiny on proposed hospital mergers, take steps to maintain competition, and reduce counterproductive barriers to entry.
Reuse Optimization and Tipping-Point Resilience in Supply Chains

As systems are optimized, they can become more brittle and less resilient. A novel resilience index introduced in 2016 measures how close a system is to tipping points [1] and was shown to work on supply chain models in 2018 [2]. This paper expands on that research through assessing how well those methods work on real supply-chain systems through case studies in reuse optimization. The results show an interesting conflict between supply-chain reuse optimization and resilience. As a system is increasingly optimized through more efficient use and re-use of materials, its resilience decreases. This can be measured by the proximity of its resilience index to the expected tipping-point of the system. Past the tipping point, the available resources and production rates cannot meet demand. Discussion of the results explore how this resilience index can be used as an important factor in system optimizations, and the implications of these findings in the management of supply chains and other systems.
The Vascular Flora of Orchard Knob Reservation, Chattanooga, Tennessee

Orchard Knob is a 2.5 ha National Military Park near downtown Chattanooga, Tennessee. This historic site protects a bubble of limestone glade and xeric limestone prairie habitat in an otherwise heavily developed, urban area. A floristic survey was conducted across two growing seasons, yielding 212 taxa across 152 genera and 58 families. Seventy-four non-native taxa were documented, about 35% of the total flora. Six rare, state-ranked species were documented: Baptisia aberrans, Clematis fremontii, Hypericum dolabriforme, Packera paupercula var. appalachiana, Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides, and Viola egglestonii. An exploration of Civil War-era herbarium specimens and historical documents illuminated the historical flora of the site, and through the geolocation of herbarium specimens of select “indicator species,” the authors demonstrated that grassland habitats were once more abundant in the Chattanooga area.
A solution to the electroweak horizon problem in the $$R_\mathrm{h}=ct$$ R h = c t universe

Particle physics suggests that the Universe may have undergone several phase transitions, including the well-known inflationary event associated with the separation of the strong and electroweak forces in grand unified theories. The accelerated cosmic expansion during this transition, at cosmic time $$t\sim 10^{-36}-10^{-33}$$ s, is often viewed as an explanation for the uniformity of the CMB temperature, T, which would otherwise have required inexplicable initial conditions. With the discovery of the Higgs particle, it is now quite likely that the Universe underwent another (electroweak) phase transition, at $$T=159.5\pm 1.5$$ GeV – roughly $$\sim 10^{-11}$$ s after the big bang. During this event, the fermions gained mass and the electric force separated from the weak force. There is currently no established explanation, however, for the apparent uniformity of the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field which, like the uniformity in T, gives rise to its own horizon problem in standard $$\varLambda $$ CDM cosmology. We show in this paper that a solution to the electroweak horizon problem may be found in the choice of cosmological model, and demonstrate that this issue does not exist in the alternative Friedmann–Robertson–Walker cosmology known as the $$R_\mathrm{h}=ct$$ universe.
Age-Dependent Costs and Complications in Pediatric Umbilical Hernia Repair

Objectives To characterize regional variation in the age of patients undergoing umbilical hernia repair to determine costs and subsequent care. Study design We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study using a large convenience sample of US employer-based insurance claims from July 2012 to December 2015. We identified children younger than 18 years of age undergoing uncomplicated (not strangulated, incarcerated, or gangrenous) umbilical hernia repair as an isolated procedure (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure codes 53.41, 53.42, 53.43, or 53.49, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision procedure code 0WQF0ZZ, or Current Procedural Terminology procedure codes 49580 or 49585). Results In all, 5212 children met criteria for inclusion. Children younger than age 2 years accounted for 9.7% of repairs, with significant variation by census region (6% to 14%, P Conclusions Umbilical hernias continue to be repaired at early ages with large regional variation. Umbilical hernia repair younger than age 2 years is associated with greater costs and greater frequency of postoperative hospitalization and emergency department visits.
Achievement Across the Life Span: Perspectives From the Terman Study of the Gifted:

The Terman Study of the Gifted presents a unique opportunity to study the implications of achievement for life satisfaction in adulthood and aging. This article uses a life-span developmental persp...
Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in Patients Seeking Bariatric Surgery

The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed in 2009 to assess food addiction (FA); a revised version was released in 2016 (YFAS 2.0). The objective of this study was to determine the statistical and clinical validity of the YFAS 2.0 in adults seeking bariatric surgery. Patients who underwent a preoperative psychological evaluation in preparation for bariatric surgery from 2015 to 2018 were included. The YFAS 2.0 was administered as part of routine clinical care and validated against an assessment battery of standardized clinical measures. Statistical analyses included chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests and calculation of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. Overall, 1061 patients were included. Mean age and BMI were 47.5 ± 12.9 years and 46.9 ± 13.4 kg/m2, respectively. There were 196 (18%) patients who screened positive on the YFAS 2.0 (21% mild, 23% moderate, and 56% severe FA). The YFAS 2.0 demonstrated strong convergent validity where patients who met criteria for FA had significantly increased levels of binge eating (p < 0.001), emotional eating (p < 0.001), and lower self-efficacy (p < 0.001). Discriminant validity was demonstrated by lack of association with alcohol use (p = 0.319). The YFAS 2.0 was significantly correlated with total scores for depression (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), bipolar disorder symptoms (p < 0.001), and trauma history (p < 0.001). The prevalence of FA in a large sample of patients seeking bariatric surgery was consistent with previous literature. These data suggest that the YFAS 2.0 is psychometrically valid, demonstrating strong construct validity, and is a clinically useful measure of FA severity in patients pursuing bariatric surgery.
Clinical performance of a point-of-care Coccidioides antibody test in dogs

Background Point-of-care (POC) Coccidioides antibody assays may provide veterinarians with rapid and accurate diagnostic information. Objectives To determine the agreement of a POC lateral flow assay (LFA), sona Coccidioides (IMMY, Norman, Oklahoma) with the current diagnostic standard, the immunodiffusion assay (agar gel immunodiffusion [AGID]; Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California). Animals Forty-eight sera specimens from 48 dogs. Methods Sera specimens were collected from client-owned dogs that had a clinical suspicion for coccidioidomycosis. Animals were classified as Coccidioides antibody-positive (n = 36) based on a positive AGID or Coccidioides antibody-negative (n = 12) based on a negative AGID. The performance of the LFA assay was determined by comparing results to AGID results. Results The LFA assay demonstrated agreement in 32 of 36 Coccidioides antibody-positive specimens and 12 of 12 Coccidioides antibody-negative specimens, resulting in a positive percentage agreement of 88.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.7-95.6%) and negative percentage agreement of 100% (95% CI, 75.8-100%) as compared to AGID. A receiver operator characteristic curve was constructed, and the area under the curve was 0.944 (CI, 0.880-1.000). Conclusion and clinical importance This LFA is a rapid alternative to the traditional AGID. The LFA provides excellent predictive value for positive results. Positive agreement was lower in dogs with low AGID titers; therefore, confirmatory testing is recommended if a high index of suspicion exists.
Neural network models of personality structure and dynamics

Abstract Although personality theory and research have recently made considerable progress, this work has also highlighted a number of unresolved issues in personality theory and measurement. We present a model of personality, embodied in a neural network, that addresses many of these issues. After first presenting our goal/motive-based model of personality, and then describing its implementation as a neural network, we address six key questions: (1) How can we integrate the structural and dynamic traditions in a single model? (2) How can a single model explain both the ideographic and nomothetic structure of personality? (3) How can stable personality structures nevertheless generate higher levels of within-subject variability than between subject variability? (4) What are the neurobiological systems that underlie personality? (5) How can a model of personality account for the effects of learning and experience on personality change? and (6) How should personality and situation be measured in order to maximize our ability to predict behavior? We argue that the current model can successfully answer all of these questions, providing a unified account of a number of core issues in personality psychology.
The Beginnings of Sialic Acid

The very early history of sialic acid research has been reviewed by pioneers who were intimately engaged in creating it. The interested reader is referred to those accounts for the flavor and excitement of discovery in breaking open a field of research that now has come to fruition. Of particular historical interest are the summations published by Blix working in Sweden (Blix et al., 1955), Zilliken working in the United States (Zilliken and Whitehouse, 1958), and Gottschalk working in Germany (Gottschalk, 1960).
Bangor to the Piscataquis Valley

Researches in Piscataquis Valley—Glaciation in the region of Bangor—Scratches in front of the Dwinal House—Mount Hope—Glacier came down the Penobscot Valley from the north—It crossed the river where it runs towards the southwest—Levant and Corinth “horse back”—Rounded features of the hills in Charleston—Glacial groovings there—The same thing in Sebec, south and north of the Corner—A hill in Bowerbank—Ebeemee Hills north of the Piscataquis River 1500 or 2000 ft high—Elliotsville Mountain—Its steepness—Pond on the top of it—Buker mountain in Guilford—Lunoid furrows there—Evidence that the glacier came over the Ebeemee Hills—The town of Abbot; glacial scratchings there on a wall referred to by Mr. Charles H. Hitchcock—No local glacier there.
"Dam" the Irony for Greater Common Good: A Critical Cultural Analysis of the Narmada Dam Debate

Arundhati Roy’s essay, The Greater Common Good, frames her vehement opposition to the construction of the Narmada Dam in central India. Roy contends that the project benefited a few at the expense of India’s poor, and the protest against its construction was much more than a fight to save the river valley; it was a struggle to reinstate justice in Indian democracy. However, the pro-Narmada Dam lobby, in a formal response (by civil society activist B. G. Verghese), dismissed her contentions as antidevelopment diatribes. Exemplifying the critical trend in cultural studies, this article analyzes why Roy’s powerful criticism of Indian democracy was misread, by situating the debate in the surrounding contexts of neoliberal globalization. It argues that as texts are discursive practices, meaning is constructed, circulated, and received within specific political/economic/social circumstances and power equations.
Sinus node dysfunction and atrial tachycardia after the Fontan procedure: The scope of the problem.

Similar to other atrial baffling procedures, the Fontan procedure exposes patients to ongoing morbidity and mortality. The development of the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome can have adverse effects on already-marginal hemodynamics and ventricular function. Patients with Fontan physiology and sinus node dysfunction can be managed with antibradycardic pacemakers. Atrial arrhythmias after "completion Fontan" are difficult to treat and usually require either antiarrhythmic agents, antitachycardic pacemakers, or radiofrequency catheter ablation of the re-entrant circuit. Successful treatment of atrial flutter occurs in only 50% to 70% of patients. There is a high recurrence rate of atrial flutter with any of the accepted management strategies.
Distributional Derivatives of Functions with Jump Discontinuities

In boundary and initial-value problems relating to the potential, scattering and wave propagation theories, we encounter functions that are defined inside or outside some surface S if the surface is closed, and on both sides of it if it is open. However, these functions or their first- or higher-order derivatives have jumps across 5. Classical theory is based on solving such problems on both sides of the boundaries and then attempting to satisfy the boundary conditions or jump conditions across S, as the case may be. There are many problems, however, that cannot be solved by classical techniques.
Assessment of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in tobacco products.

Tobacco-specific nonvolatile N -nitrosamines in tobacco and in fresh mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes and cigars were quantitatively determined with a thermal energy analyzer. The smoke was trapped in ascorbic acid solution buffered at pH 4.5 and extracted with dichloromethane, and the organic phase was chromatographed and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-thermal energy analyzer methodology (sensitivity, 250 pg/injection). The nonvolatile nitrosamines were further enriched by repeated chromatography and positively identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. [2′-14C] N ′-nitrosonornicotine served as internal standard for the quantitative analysis. The tobacco of five different cigarettes contained between 0.22 and 7.0 ppm of the carcinogenic N ′-nitrosonornicotine, 0.13 and 0.74 ppm of the carcinogenic 4-( N -methyl- N -nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and 0.44 to 3.2 ppm of the newly identified N ′-nitrosoanatabine. In unaged mainstream and sidestream smoke of the same cigarettes, values ranged between 0.24 and 3.7 and 0.15 and 6.1 µg/cigarette for N ′-nitrosonornicotine, between 0.11 and 0.42 and 0.19 and 0.66 µg/cigarette for 4-( N -methyl- N -nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and between 0.33 and 4.6 and 0.15 and 1.5 µg/cigarette for N ′-nitrosoanatabine, respectively. The relatively high concentrations of these carcinogenic N -nitrosamines in sidestream smoke are discussed as possible tobacco-specific indicators for indoor pollution.
The Impact of the Interconnecting Network on Parallel Database Computers

From an architectural viewpoint, the interconnecting network of the parallel database computer plays an important role. The topology of the network of parallel database processors and memories affects the overall architecture in at least two ways: the database algorithms employed for the primary operations of the computer and the reliability of the computer in interprocessor communications. This paper examines several interconnecting networks in the database computer. In the examination, the paper also relates the networks to their impact on the primary database operations and reliability of the database computer.
Avoidance of model re-induction in SVM-based feature selection for text categorization

Searching the feature space for a subset yielding optimum performance tends to be expensive, especially in applications where the cardinality of the feature space is high (e.g., text categorization). This is particularly true for massive datasets and learning algorithms with worse than linear scaling factors. Linear Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are among the top performers in the text classification domain and often work best with very rich feature representations. Even they however benefit from reducing the number of features, sometimes to a large extent. In this work we propose alternatives to exact re-induction of SVM models during the search for the optimum feature subset. The approximations offer substantial benefits in terms of computational efficiency. We are able to demonstrate that no significant compromises in terms of model quality are made and, moreover, in some cases gains in accuracy can be achieved.
Marked hypokalemia in prolonged diarrhea; possible effect on heart.

Remarkably low values for serum potassium were found in an infant with severe diarrhea. This unusual abnormality most likely reflected an extreme deficiency of intracellular potassium which developed because of prolonged diarrhea and maintenance on fluids containing only dextrose and water.1 In the following report, evidences of marked potassium deficiency are presented from the chemical as well as the clinical viewpoint. Case history An eight-month-old female infant was admitted to the Children9s Hospital of the University of Texas School of Medicine on July 10, 1946, because of severe diarrhea which had persisted for one month. Early in the course of the illness there were 6-8 watery green mucous stools a day, but by the tenth day 18-20 green, watery, blood-streaked stools were passed daily. The child was admitted to a local hospital and during the next week was given 2000 Ml. of 5% dextrose in distilled water by hypodermoclysis and 500 Ml. of blood intravenously. At the end of this time her weight was about 6.6 kg. which represented a loss of approximately 30% of her body weight; inasmuch as her weight was stated to be 9.4 kg. before the onset of her illness. During the month9s illness she had refused all solid food and had reportedly taken not over a pint of milk, although 1200-1500 Ml. (40-50 oz.) of tap water were taken by mouth daily. On admission, the weight was 6.6 kg., temperature 38.2°C., pulse 100 per min., respiration 24 per min., and head circumference 41.8 cm. The
Eating 'Local': The Politics of Post-Statehood Hawaiian Cookbooks

In the last twenty years there has been an emergence of scholarship examining cookbooks as cultural texts that engage in a complex set of functions including the building of community (Bower 1997), communication of cultural and gender norms (Neuhaus 2003), preservation of a record of foods practices (Miller 1998), and the preservation of women‘s biographical record (Theophano 2002). This scholarship allows us to understand that cookbooks do significantly more than coordinate the production of food—cookbooks are also important everyday texts that reflect and reproduce the socio-political milieu in which the text is created. It is an understanding of cookbooks as texts of understated importance that under-girds my interest in cookbooks produced in and about Hawaiian culture and food in the post-World War II era. In this essay I will be looking at two cookbooks—Hawaiian Cuisine (1963) published by the Hawai‘i State Society, and The Hawaii Cookbook and Backyard Luau (1964) by Elizabeth Ahn Toupin—that were written by ―local‖ 1 Hawaiians about Hawaiian food, and published during the height of the U.S. ―luau-craze‖ of the 1960s. These cookbooks take up and amend the discourse of Hawaiian food made visible in popular, serialized texts of the era including the Betty Crocker and Better Homes and Gardens series. Perhaps what makes these books most interesting is that the key individuals involved in the production of the texts were, twenty years prior, grassroots activists involved in the democratic revolution of