cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation in Cascadia Deep-Sea Channel

Cascadia Channel is the most extensive deep-sea channel known in the Pacific Ocean and extends across Cascadia Basin, through Blanco Fracture Zone, and onto Tufts Abyssal Plain. The channel is believed to be more than 2200 km in length and has a gradually decreasing gradient averaging 1:1000. Maximum channel relief reaches 300 m on the abyssal plain and 1100 m in the mountains of the fracture zone. The right (north and west) bank is consistently about 30 m higher than the left (south and east). Turbidity currents have deposited thick, olive-green silt sequences throughout upper and lower Cascadia Channel during Holocene time. The sediment is derived primarily from the Columbia River and is transported to the channel through Willapa Canyon. A cyclic alternation of the silt sequences and thin layers of hemipelagic gray clay extends at least 650 km along the channel axis. Similar Holocene sequences which are thinner and finer grained, occur on the walls and levees of the upper channel and indicate that turbidity currents have risen high above the channel floor to deposit their characteristic sediments. A thin surficial covering of Holocene sediment along the middle channel demonstrates the erosional or non-depositional nature of the turbidity currents in this area. The Holocene turbidity current deposits are graded texturally and compositionally, and contain Foraminifera from neritic, bathyal, and abyssal depths which have been size-sorted. A sequence of sedimentary structures occurs in the deposits similar to that found by Bouma in turbidites exposed on the continent. There is a sharp break in the textural and compositional properties of each graded bed. The coarser grained, basal zone of each bed represents deposition from the traction load; the finer grained, organic-rich, upper portion of each graded bed represents deposition from the suspension load. Individual turbidity current sequences are thinnest in the upper and thickest in the lower channel. Recurrence intervals between flows range from 400 years in the upper to 1500 years along portions of the lower channel. Evidently each flow recorded near shore did not extend its entire length. Turbidity currents have reached heights of at least 117 m and spread laterally 17 km from the channel axis. Calculated flow velocities range from 5.8 m/sec along the upper channel to 3.3 m/sec along the lower portion. Pleistocene turbidity currents within Cascadia Basin were much more extensive areally than the Holocene flows, and they deposited sediment which was coarser and cleaner. Pronounced levees which border the upper channel are due chiefly to Pleistocene overflow. Coarse gravels and ice-rafted pebbly clays were also deposited along Cascadia Channel during Pleistocene time.
Microelectronics cooling and SEMI-THERM: a look back

For the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the SEMI-THERM conference, this paper provides a look back at some of the developments that have taken place since its founding. Topics covered include thermal measurement, thermal characterization, thermal analysis and modeling, air cooling, water cooling, and immersion cooling. >
Optimal Temperature and Current Cycles for Curing of Composites Using Embedded Resistive Heating Elements

Curing is an important and time consuming step in the fabrication of thermosettingmatrix composite products. The use of embedded resistive heating elements providing supplemental heating from within the material being cured has been shown in previous studies (Ramakrishnan, rixhnar7 Zhu, and Pitchumani, 2000, J. Manuf. Sci, Eng., 122, pp. 124-131; and Zhu and Pitchumani, 2000, Compos. Sci. Technol., 60, 2699-2712.) to offer significant improvements in cure cycle time and cure uniformity, due to the inside-out curing. This paper addresses the problem of determining the temperature and electrical current cycles, as well as the placement configuration of the conductive mats. for time-optimal curing of composites using embedded resistive heating elements. A continuous search simulated annealing optimisation technique is utilized coupled with a numerical process simulation model to determine the optimal solutions for selected process constraints. Optimization results are presented over a range of material systems and different numbers of conductive mats to assess the effects of materials reactivity on the optimal number of conductive mats.
Quantifying Magic: Learnings from User Research for Creating Good Player Experiences on Xbox Kinect

In November 2010, Microsoft released the Kinect sensor as a new input device for the Xbox 360 gaming console, and more recently the "next generation" of Kinect was released in November 2013 as part of the Xbox One entertainment system. Kinect has the ability to detect multiple points of skeletal movement, differentiating among multiple simultaneous users. This ability enables users to control and interact with on-screen elements by moving their bodies in space (e.g., move characters, select menu items, manipulate virtual objects). Controllers or on-body sensors are not needed to use gesture inputs with Kinect, and Kinect can also detect speech inputs. The team at Microsoft Studios User Research (SUR) was an integral part of creating the first full-body gaming experiences for the Kinect system. During the development of Kinect, and in the more than 3 years since its initial launch, SUR has worked with game designers, programmers, and hardware developers on games and other applications that use Kinect. In this article the authors leverage data SUR has collected over the development cycles of many different games created for many different audiences to summarize the unique user experience challenges that the Kinect sensor brings to game development. The authors also propose principles for designing fun and accessible experiences for Kinect.
Pitch based vehicle localization using time series subsequence matching with Multi-scale Extrema Features

Non-GPS localization of vehicles on roadways has received considerable attention in recent years and a number of solutions have been proposed, with most solutions addressing local tracking. This paper presents an algorithm that achieves global localization within very large road networks using pitch information. A key contribution is the development of the Multi-scale Extrema Feature that provides a number of advantages over traditional time-series subsequence matching methods in order to implement the above scheme. The algorithm's results in localizing a vehicle's position without initialization within a road network spanning 6000 Km are also presented.
Multiple Ir anomalies in uppermost Triassic to Jurassic-age strata of the Blomidon Formation, Fundy basin, eastern Canada

article i nfo A detailed profile of Ir concentrations in continental strata of the Blomidon Formation ostensibly spanning the Triassic-Jurassic boundary confirms the existence of multiple anomalies, with a peak Ir concentration of 450 pg/g. The total amount of Ir deposited exceeds 4 ng/cm 2 , a value that requires an external source other than typical terrestrial sediment. Of the 10 other elements measure, only Zn and organic carbon are correlated to Ir. The organic carbon appears to be concentrated in mm-thick kerogenous laminae in greenish- grey to dark grey sediment layers that also host the Ir anomalies. The stratigraphic distribution of Ir and probably Zn appears to be controlled largely by redox boundaries conditions, with Ir probably forming organo-metallic complexes. We find no specific geochemical or sedimentological evidence for an extraterrestrial source for this enrichment, although we cannot exclude an impact origin. However, the close spatial and temporal relationship of the Ir anomalies in the Fundy and Newark basins to the basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province suggests alternative working hypotheses. Potentially, the volcanic rocks sourced the Ir through post-eruptive fluid mobilization into the surrounding sediments. Conversely, mantle outgassing and aerosol deposition during early stages of the eruptions may have been the source for the Ir anomalies. At this time, the data are insufficient to eliminate any of these hypotheses conclusively. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Compared to Unilateral Mastectomy with Routine Surveillance for Unilateral, Sporadic Breast Cancer

radic BC treatment with CPM or UM UM Cost, $ UM QALYy CPM Cost, $ CPM QALYy All possible outcomes averaged 10,185 14.75 14,294 14.54 Ideal outcome without reconstruction: no surgical complications; no CBC 8,509 19.71 9,965 19.51 Ideal outcome with reconstruction: no surgical complications; no CBC 13,356 19.69 14,920 19.49 Poor outcome without reconstruction: surgical complications; CBC at 5 years 35,359 17.67 37,041 17.47 Poor outcome with reconstruction: surgical complications; CBC at 5 years 40,404 17.65 42,194 17.45
47-Year-Old Woman With Chest Pain

Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, MN (J.G.B., C.E.L.); Advisor to residents and Consultant in Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.T.N.). A 47-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with newonset, persistent chest pain. The pain began while she was running on her treadmill at home. She described the pain as a “hard, solid” substernal pressure that radiated to her arms bilaterally. She also reported associated flushing and diaphoresis. She continued to run, and the intensity of her pain increased, which prompted her to present to the emergency department for further evaluation. Her medical history was unremarkable, and she was not taking any long-term medications. She had no history of cardiac risk factors including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. She had no smoking history, and she did not use alcohol or illicit drugs. Her family history did not include premature coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or sudden cardiac death. At the emergency department, physical examination revealed a healthy middle-aged woman with a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 24 who was in no acute distress. Her blood pressure was 127/64 mm Hg with a pulse rate of 68 beats/min. She was afebrile, and her oxygen saturation was 99% while breathing room air. Cardiac and pulmonary examination results were unremarkable. There was no evidence of elevated jugular venous distention or lower extremity edema. She reported no substantial improvement in her chest pain with changes in respiration or position. While in the emergency department, electrocardiography (ECG) revealed evidence of T-wave inversion in the anterior leads, and her initial troponin T level was elevated at 0.01 ng/mL. Supplemental oxygen, aspirin (324 mg), and sublingual nitroglycerin were administered. With nitroglycerin, her chest pain gradually improved and entirely resolved over the course of 3 hours. However, the 3-hour troponin T level had increased to 0.52 ng/mL.
Toward an Anthropology of Energy: Ontologies and Ecologies in the Yukon Flats

Despite its significance in everyday practices like powering a laptop or, writ large, in the workings of global geocapital, energy remains relatively invisible to anthropology. Perhaps guided by cultural ecology’s concern with energy as caloric ability, social scientists have so far attended to the ‘human aspects’ - or consumption - of fossil energy. They also document local environmental outcomes of carbon energy dependency and climate change. But the production of expertise and knowledge about energy remain under-examined, shrouded in what Laura Nader calls inevitability talk. In this paper, I suggest the potential for a critical ethnographic approach to energy by untangling some of the ontological and political conceptions that underpin intense local conflict over natural gas development in Alaska’s Yukon Flats Refuge. I ask, how does one study energy as an ethnographer? Theories of materiality have gained traction among scholars seeking to move beyond constructivist accounts of the nonhuman. Yet materiality doesn’t lend itself easily to a methodological approach. Tracing theories of materiality back to studies of the more-than-human ontology of aboriginal North American hunters provides me a practical starting point, suggesting that skill and experience in energy work also rests on ontologically significant ways of knowing energy. Knowledge about energy in the Yukon Flats reflects workers’ and activists’ everyday practices of producing natural gas as a physical substance and as a site of environmental protest. I argue that energy is conceptualized in culturally distinctive ways and that these conceptions are vigorously contested in the present conflict.
A Multilevel Study of Employees' Individual Learning Behavior in Teams

Despite the importance of employees’ learning to organizational effectiveness, scholars have yet to find what influences employees' individual learning behavior in teams. Drawing on self-regulation...
Discovering America: An Introduction

By custom, the voyages of Christopher Columbus define the beginning of our national narrative. Even though scholars characterize the achievements of the Italian admiral in many ways and cast him in an array of costumes, everyone seems to agree that he and his trip were important. Why? Clearly, 1492 marks something deeper than the arrival on an island of a man in a boat: It enshrines discovery as the founding myth of America. The idea that Columbus's journey was a "discovery" had many consequences. It defined this continent as a new land and cast its past into "prehistoric" time. It enabled both the participants in subsequent events and the historians who told their tales to set themselves apart from previous experience, to see themselves as new people living out a new history in a new place. In the centuries that followed, an ever-broadening array of humanity constructed communities here, invented new identities, and recorded new histories. Discoveries have been asserted in connection with each of these processes. Discoveries have set off contests over land and territory, but they have also legitimized political regimes and sustained new social relationships. The passage from the precontact world to the contemporary United States has not only entailed shifts in technology and landownership, it has also brought forth a distinctive cultural tradition. Central to that tradition has been a persistent faith that existing things can be found anew, and that, once defined as new, they can serve as icons of identity, justifications for conflict, or sources of community life. The quincentennial reveals that we belong to a society with a remarkable faith in the idea of discovery. Historians chroniclers of this unruly American enterprise have grappled with the task of framing our actions and ideas in an image of continuity. This effort itself has required discovery and conflict, for scholars, like their subjects, have repeatedly claimed that this continent holds something new. In their search for narratives that
An Experimental Study of Flexible Membrane Wings in Flapping Flight

An experimental study was conducted to assess the aerodynamic benefits of using flexible membrane wings for the development of flapping-wing Micro-Air-Vehicles (MAVs). The overall aerodynamic performances (i.e. time-averaged lift and thrust/drag generation) of two flexible membrane wings with different skin flexibility (i.e., a flexible nylon wing and a more flexible latex wing) were compared with those of a conventional rigid wing in order to assess the effects of skin flexibility (rigidity) of the tested wings on their aerodynamic performances for flapping flight applications. The measurement results revealed clearly that, for all the tested wings, flapping motion would bring significant aerodynamic benefits when the flapping flight is in unsteady state regime with advance ratio of the flapping flight being smaller than 1.0. The aerodynamic benefits of flapping flight were found to decay exponentially with the increasing advance ratio. Flapping motion was found to become detrimental for high speed flight applications. The skin flexibility (rigidity) of the tested wings was found to have considerable effects on their aerodynamic performances for both soaring flight and flapping flight applications: The flexible membrane wings were found to have better overall aerodynamic performance (i.e., lift-to-drag ratio) over the rigid wing for soaring flight, especially for high speed soaring flight applications. The rigid wing was found to have better lift production performance for flapping flight in general. The latex wing, which is the most flexible among the three tested wings, was found to have the best thrust generation performance for flapping flight. The less flexible nylon wing, which has the best aerodynamic performance for soaring flight applications, was found to be the worst for flapping flight applications.
Types of Hemolytic Streptococci in Certified Milk

In a paper by Brown, Frost and Shaw1 it was shown that the available cultures from various epidemics of septic sore throat, eleven in all, were identical as determined by certain cultural tests. For this species, or variety, the name Streptococcus epidemicus Davis was used. It was also shown that the hemolytic streptococci ordinarily found in certified milk were quite distinct from this organism. These milk streptococci were regarded as of bovine origin, harmless for man and easily distinguishable by cultural characteristics from Streptococcus epidemicus. A routine method was suggested for the examination of milk, with the idea that by its use cows infected with Streptococcus epidemicus, if such should exist, could be recognized and removed from the herd before they could become a menace to the milk consumers. The present paper deals with this routine method somewhat more in detail and gives the results obtained by its use on 1,304 group samples of milk and extending over the period of a year and a half.
Control of Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis in California, 1970–72, Using Crufomate, Fenthion, and Imidan in New Low-Volume and Usual Pour-On Formulations

Comparative evaluation data for control of Hypoderma boris (L.) and H. linealtum (deVillers) are presented on dermal applications of conventional pour-on solutions of fenthion and crufomate (both ready-to-use) and Imidan® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate S -ester with N -(mercaptomethyl)phthalimide) (diluted with water before use) and new, more concentrated formulations of fenthion and crufomate utilizing a low volume of material. These animal systemics were tested on 4842 cattle in 10 regions of California but only 4366 cattle were available for evaluation of grub control. Grub reduction following LV and pour-on applications to 14 herds averaged, respectively, 96.4 and 95.9% for fenthion, and for crufomate to 4 herds they averaged 91 and 100%. Average grub reduction for pour-on applications only were 98.6% for Imidan to 93.6% for fenthion in 3 herds, and 99.9% for crufomate to 98.3% for fenthion in 6 herds. Grub control of only 38–57% following both fenthion and crufomate LV applications to one herd was believed to be due to treating the cattle during a rain storm. Fair grub control (69%) with LV fenthion in one herd was accounted for by an under dose of 3.9 mg/kg compared with 99–100% control following the recommended dose of 7.9 mg/kg to similar-weight calves in 5 herds. Individually weighed cows in one herd which received accurate LV dosages but under doses of pour-on in heavier weight possibly showed erratic grub reduction, and such results possibly were due to abnormal absorption and metabolism in some animals. Nearly all herds were examined at times when H. lineatum reached peak counts in the backs of animals, except for 2 of 19 herds in which H. bovis was the only species found. No adverse side effects were observed in any cattle tested with the various animal systemics despite late-season treatment of 2 herds which had cut grubs of H. lineatum present. A modified Bimco automatic syringe greatly facilitated low-volume application of the systemic. Additional advantages of this treatment method are discussed.
Hemodynamic Complications After Neurosurgery

Postoperative cardio-pulmonary complications may present following neurologic surgery and include hyper- or hypotension, bradycardia, myocardial ischemia, and hypoxemia. These physiologic disturbances may result secondary to the effects of surgical stress on preexisting medical comorbidities such as essential hypertension, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathy. Emergence hypertension, pain, and agitation can produce tachycardia and increase myocardial oxygen demand resulting in ischemia in susceptible patients. Electrolyte disturbances and intravascular volume shifts secondary to hyperosmotic therapy can precipitate arrhythmias, hypotension, or cardiac failure. Fluid loading and vasopressor administration such as for hypertensive, hypervolemic (triple H) therapy during treatment for cerebral vasospasm can precipitate pulmonary edema and heart failure.
Could a defect in host-immunity be the cause of respiratory infections?

Summary There is a possibility that the young adult and even older age person may have mild defects in phagocytic cell function, causing impaired cellular mobility which might blunt the inflammatory response to bacterial infection, or have abnormal development of specific antibodies, anti-staphyloccal IgE as has been postulated for this syndrome.16 The patient’s problem may take years to fit together well, but eventually a unifying diagnosis can be established.
Producing composite material by liquid-solid roll-bonding

SUMMARYSteel sheet clad by aluminium, copper or brass, can be used in decoration, kitchen, military and other applications. For example, stainless steel sheet clad by aluminium can be used for cooking utensils such as pots and pans and for the shell of the refrigerator; steel sheet clad with brass can be used instead of copper for bullet cases. In this paper, a new technology namely liquid-solid bonding rolling is proposed for the generation of these laminate composites, especially for steellaluminium-tin-lead alloy strip.
Healthy Skepticism or Corrosive Cynicism?: New Insights into the Roots and Results of Latino Political Cynicism

The degree to which citizens and residents trust the government is crucial for the maintenance of democracy and a stable civil society. Trust in government generates willingness to conform to rules and regulations, as well as to work within the democratic system rather than turning to more confrontational or even violent political action. The degree to which immigrants trust the government has symbolic importance, reflecting how well we are staying true to our history as a melting pot and to our history as a nation of immigrants. Residents need to feel safe to contact authorities in case of emergency, without threat of deportation or other negative reprisals related to their immigration status. Existing research finds that Latinos in the United States are increasingly cynical, threatening various negative consequences for the political system. The health of our democracy thus demands a good understanding of the causes and consequences of Latino immigrant trust in government (or lack thereof). This article compares Latino trust in government in the context of the 2012 presidential election campaign—one in which outreach to Latino citizens in pursuit of their votes signaled that they were important and powerful members of the polity—to Latino trust in government in the context of the 2006 immigration marches—one in which Latinos found themselves taking to the streets to protest anti-Latino and anti-immigrant legislation. Latino political trust is sensitive to this shifting context, suggesting that how U.S. society treats Latino immigrants has powerful effects on their political socialization and attitudes.
Epigenetics and Primal Therapy

Epigenetics is focused on the study of how experience changes an individual’s genetic expression, previously considered inalterable. Recent pioneering research indicates that epigenetics is revolutionizing the study of mental health and challenging the belief that DNA is destiny. Moreover, in terms of the history of science, the new developments augur the convergence of previously distinct fields, psychology and biology. There is a growing understanding that mental illness has a crucial physical component and may cause disturbances of mind and body which strongly emphasis a crucial role of psychotherapy focused on early stressful experiences mainly during critical developmental periods including prenatal and perinatal traumas.
Self-consistent field theory simulations of polymers on arbitrary domains

We introduce a framework for simulating the mesoscale self-assembly of block copolymers in arbitrary confined geometries subject to Neumann boundary conditions. We employ a hybrid finite difference/volume approach to discretize the mean-field equations on an irregular domain represented implicitly by a level-set function. The numerical treatment of the Neumann boundary conditions is sharp, i.e. it avoids an artificial smearing in the irregular domain boundary. This strategy enables the study of self-assembly in confined domains and enables the computation of physically meaningful quantities at the domain interface. In addition, we employ adaptive grids encoded with Quad-/Oc-trees in parallel to automatically refine the grid where the statistical fields vary rapidly as well as at the boundary of the confined domain. This approach results in a significant reduction in the number of degrees of freedom and makes the simulations in arbitrary domains using effective boundary conditions computationally efficient in terms of both speed and memory requirement. Finally, in the case of regular periodic domains, where pseudo-spectral approaches are superior to finite differences in terms of CPU time and accuracy, we use the adaptive strategy to store chain propagators, reducing the memory footprint without loss of accuracy in computed physical observables.
Improved equivalent circuit and finite element method modeling of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

Equivalent circuit model has been widely used to predict the bandwidth of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). According to this model, the lower cutoff of the bandwidth is determined by the time constant of the parallel RC where R is dictated by the radiation and C is determined by the electrical capacitance of the transducer. The higher cutoff, on the other hand, is determined by the membrane's anti-resonance. In the mechanical part of the model, the radiation impedance is simply added to the membrane impedance assuming that the membrane impedance does not change when it operates in the immersion medium. Therefore, the mass loading effect of the medium is neglected. Our finite element method calculations showed that the mass loading on the membrane impedance drastically lowers the membrane anti-resonance frequency degrading the bandwidth. In this paper, we present results of equivalent circuit modeling combined with finite element analysis. We constructed a 3D finite element model for one element of a 1D array. The element has 7 hexagonal membranes in the width dimension and it is assumed that the membranes are replicated in the length dimension infinitely by using symmetry boundary conditions. By combining membrane impedance with equivalent circuit model, we found that the center frequency of operation is 11 MHz and the bandwidth is 12.5 MHz close to the collapse voltage. We also investigated the effect of the DC bias on the center frequency. Decreasing the bias voltage increased the center frequency without affecting the bandwidth assuming the source impedance is zero.
Fundamental Bounds for Sequence Reconstruction From Nanopore Sequencers

Nanopore sequencers are emerging as promising new platforms for high-throughput sequencing. As with other technologies, sequencer errors pose a major challenge for their effective use. In this paper, we present a novel information theoretic analysis of the impact of insertion-deletion (indel) errors in nanopore sequencers. In particular, we consider the following problems: 1) for given indel error characteristics and rate, what is the probability of accurate reconstruction as a function of sequence length and 2) using replicated extrusion (the process of passing a DNA strand through the nanopore), what is the number of replicas needed to accurately reconstruct the true sequence with high probability? Our results provide a number of important insights: 1) the probability of accurate reconstruction of a sequence from a single sample in the presence of indel errors tends quickly (i.e., exponentially) to zero as the length of the sequence increases and 2) replicated extrusion is an effective technique for accurate reconstruction. We show that for typical distributions of indel errors, the required number of replicas is a slow function (polylogarithmic) of sequence length – implying that through replicated extrusion, we can sequence large reads using nanopore sequencers. Moreover, we show that in certain cases, the required number of replicas can be related to information-theoretic parameters of the indel error distributions.
Probing whole‐stream metabolism: influence of spatial heterogeneity on rate estimates

Summary Whole-stream metabolism has been estimated by measuring in-stream oxygen (O2) concentrations since the method was introduced over 50 years ago. However, the influence of measurement location and estimation method on metabolism rates is understudied. We examined how the placement of O2 probes (i.e. depth, separation from the thalweg), differences in methodology (1-station, 2-station, area-weighted) and reach lengths influenced estimated rates of whole-stream metabolism in a tallgrass prairie watershed. Metabolism estimates made in the thalweg differed from estimates made in backwaters due to disconnection in flow, and estimates made in deep pools differed from surface estimates due to thermal stratification (temporary flow disconnection). The 1-station respiration estimates differed from short 2-station reach-scale estimates (c. 20 m) but were more similar to larger 2-station reach-scale estimates (c. 100 m). In contrast, the 1-station gross primary production was most similar to the short 2-station reaches occurring immediately upstream and became less similar at longer 2-station reach lengths. The different estimation methodologies (1-station, 2-station, area-weighted) accounting for the longest reach scale did not result in different metabolism rates. The temporary phenomena of thermal stratification of stream pools during a warm day, which disconnected pool bottoms from the surface waters, likely affected not only the pool estimates but also estimates made in the downstream thalweg (i.e. an O2 deficit accrued from respiration during the day in the bottom of the pool abruptly moved downstream during mixing). Oxygen probe placement mattered and affected rate estimates according to habitat type and reach length (i.e. scale) due to the influence of small-scale heterogeneity on community respiration. Selection of reach length can be critical for studies depending on whether local heterogeneity is of interest or should be averaged. We conclude that the intuitive use of thalwegs and reaches that are at least 10 times the stream width are likely appropriate for whole-stream metabolism estimates, although the exact reach length necessary and potential stream-specific characteristics, such as stratified pools, need to be carefully considered in probe placement. We encourage other studies to report the placement characteristics of O2 probes in streams as well as consider the potential confounding factor of local habitat heterogeneity.
Enterprise fund transfers and their impact on governmental spending and revenue patterns of georgia municipalities

Although public owned enterprises have rarely received the attention of the American public, their presence across the nation is widespread and their role in governance fundamental. These business-type activities, which are financed through user charges and fees, represent a great potential revenue source for municipalities as they often generate revenues beyond their costs. This paper examines longitudinally how public enterprises affect governmental spending and revenue patterns by analyzing a panel dataset of 100 Georgia cities between 2005 and 2009. This study used two-step GMM regression (2SGMM) and robust standard errors to estimate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The findings of this research suggest that net enterprise transfers increase own-source revenues (additive effect) but decrease governmental expenditures (siphoning effect) contradicting findings from earlier studies.
An Optimization-Based State Estimation Framework for Large-Scale Natural Gas Networks

We propose an optimization-based state estimation framework to track internal space–time flow and pressure profiles of natural gas networks during dynamic transients. We find that the estimation problem is ill-posed (because of the infinite-dimensional nature of the states) and that this leads to instability of the estimator when short estimation horizons are used. To circumvent this issue, we propose moving horizon strategies that incorporate prior information. In particular, we propose a strategy that initializes the prior using steady-state information and compare its performance against a strategy that does not initialize the prior. We find that both strategies are capable of tracking the state profiles but we also find that superior performance is obtained with steady-state prior initialization. We also find that, under the proposed framework, pressure sensor information at junctions is sufficient to track the state profiles. We also derive approximate transport models and show that some of these can...
Molecular Level Understanding of How Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide Improve NOx Storage in Palladium/SSZ-13 Passive NOx Adsorbers: The Role of NO+ and Pd(II)(CO)(NO) Species

Model Pd/SSZ-13 with high dispersion of Pd ions (0.1 and 1 wt % Pd) was synthesized. The material was characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and cryo-scanning transmission electron microscopy. Adsorption of NO leads to the formation of Pd(II)–NO and Pd(I)–NO complexes as well as NO+ species that replace residual H+ (extra-framework) sites. These nitrosyl species have notable thermal stability, with resistance to decomposition under high vacuum at 200 °C. Addition of molecular oxygen to NO-containing stream improves NOx storage of the Pd/H-SSZ-13. In particular, addition of O2 to NO slightly increases the amount of Pd(II)–NO complex with νNO at ∼1865 cm–1, whereas the low frequency νNO band at 1805 cm–1, assigned to Pd(I)–NO, decreases in intensity. Simultaneously, polydentate nitrate species appear in small amounts, contributing to the high temperature NOx release stage during a passive NOx adsorber (PNA) cycle. The concentration of NO+ (characterized by the broad infrared band centered at 2...
Vitamin E Modulates Inflammatory Responses Induced by Cigarette Smoke (CS) Exposure in alpha -Tocopherol Transfer Protein (TTP) Null Mice

CS induced pulmonary inflammatory responses have been reported to be associated with oxidative stress and decreased levels of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, a-T), possibly due to increased utilizatio...
Commuting to High Altitude

Further studies have been carried out on the potential value of oxygen enrichment of room air for commuters to high altitude. Novel ways of providing oxygen-enriched spaces for working and sleeping are being tested at the California Institute of Technology where a radiotelescope is being designed for an altitude of 5,000 m in north Chile. The modules are containers such as those used on container ships, and they are fitted out in California and then sealed and transported to the telescope site in Chile. The result is a turnkey facility which shows promise for field studies. The oxygen is provided by oxygen concentrators, and different modules are used for sleeping, living, and laboratory quarters. Two extensive experiments on oxygen enrichment were carried out at the University of California White Mountain Research Station, altitude 3,800 m, in the summer of 1998. The first study was devoted to the mechanism for the increase in arterial oxygen saturation on the day after sleeping in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere compared with sleeping in ambient air (5). Possible mechanisms include less fluid accumulation in the lung associated with acute mountain sickness, or a change in the control of ventilation. A double blind study was therefore carried out of the effects of sleeping in oxygen enrichment on both the ventilatory response to hypoxia and to carbon dioxide. In a related study, subjects who had been at an altitude of 3,800 m for two days, and were therefore partially acclimatized, were studied at a simulated altitude of 5,000 both breathing ambient air and 27% oxygen. The studies were done at 3800 m altitude by enriching the atmosphere of the test room with appropriate amounts of nitrogen or oxygen. An extensive series of neuropsychological tests were carried out with the objective of determining which features of CNS function were improved by oxygen enrichment at an altitude of 5,000 m.
Cauchy’s Formula, Transformation of Tensor Components

If an array of nine stress components really does represent the complete state of stress at a point, as alleged in Chapter 10, then it should be possible to calculate from these nine numbers the stress vector across any individual plane—i.e., a plane in any particular orientation. In this chapter we derive “Cauchy’s formula” for doing this calculation, and then show how it is only one step further to derive the so-called “tensor transformation formula.” The latter formula permits stress components to be calculated for any set of coordinate planes if we know the components for one set of coordinate planes.
Enzyme Activities of Arterial Grafts

This chapter discusses enzyme activities of arterial grafts. In connection with the subject of vascular grafting, it may be expected that quantitative biochemical studies on enzyme activities in the tissue of grafted blood vessels will supply information of practical significance regarding the selection of suitable types of arteries for implantation. Several enzymic studies have been made on segments of aortic homografts implanted into canine abdominal aorta. Assays of the pig samples showed lower glutathione reductase activity in the inner capsule than in the intima-media layer of normal aortic tissue, and decreased creatine phosphokinase activities were found in the tissue of both the inner and outer capsule. Excessive fibrin formation, intravascular thrombosis, and resulting occlusion of the implanted graft may occur. The tissue attached to the prosthetic graft to a great extent undergoes proteolysis, probably to be replaced by newly formed tissue.
Comparative study of cultures and next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of shoulder prosthetic joint infections.

Background Serum and synovial markers used to diagnose lower extremity prosthetic joint infection (PJI) have performed poorly for shoulder PJI. As a result, diagnosis is commonly reliant on the accuracy of positive or negative cultures. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can sequence an entire bacterial genome. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between NGS and routine cultures in revision shoulder arthroplasty. Methods All patients undergoing revision shoulder arthroplasty were prospectively enrolled. In a standardized manner, tissue samples were transferred immediately into sterile specimen containers and transported for culture and NGS (MicroGen Dx, Lubbock, TX, USA). Infection definitions using culture and NGS were analyzed for concordance. Results There were 44 total revision arthroplasty cases included. There were no cases of polymicrobial culture results. Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes was the most common bacterial species cultured (8 of 13 [61.5%]) and identified by NGS (12 of 17 [70.1%]) in cases of definite and probable infection. The concordance (κ) between the 2 diagnostic criteria for defining infection that included culture or NGS was 0.333 (fair). There were significantly more cases of probable contaminants when cultures (10 of 44 [22.7%]) were used in the definition of infection compared with NGS (0 of 44 [0%]; P = .001). Discussion Culture data from revision shoulder arthroplasty cases commonly yields monomicrobial results; whereas, NGS data suggests that bacterial loads in revision arthroplasty are most commonly polymicrobial. In addition, a definition of infection that uses cultures is more prone to “probable contaminants” than NGS. Significant uncertainty remains about our current methods of diagnosing shoulder PJI.
Three-Dimensional, Space-Dependent Mesoscale Diffusivity: Derivation and Implications

Recently, we presented a parameterization of an arbitrary tracer 3D mesoscale flux that describes both diabatic and adiabatic regimes without using arbitrary tapering functions. However, we did not parameterize the mesoscale diffusivity, which is the subject of this work. A key difference between the present and previous diffusivity parameterizations is that in the latter, the two main ingredients, mesoscale drift velocity and eddy kinetic energy, were not parameterized but determined using present data, which deprives the models of predictive power. Since winds, stratification, etc., are predicted to change in the future, use of these parameterizations to study future climate scenarios becomes questionable. In this work, we parameterize drift velocity and eddy kinetic energy (vertical–horizontal components), which we first assess with data [WOCE, TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), and North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE)] and then use in a coarse-resolution stand-alone ocean code under Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference Experiment I (CORE-I) forcing. We present results for the global ocean temperature and salinity, Atlantic overturning circulation, meridional heat transport, and Drake Passage transport, which we compare with several previous studies. The temperature drift is less than that of five of seven previous OGCMs, and the salinity drift is among the smallest in those studies. The predicted winter Antarctic Circumpolar Current mixed layer depths (MLDs) are in good agreement with the data. Predicting the correct MLD is important in climate studies since models that predict very deep mixed layers transfer more of the radiative perturbation to the deep ocean, reducing surface warming (and vice versa).
Abstract 2147: Galectin-1: A marker for claudin-low breast cancer

Metastasis and mortality among patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) of the claudin-low subtype remain high because these tumors are clinically aggressive, chemoresistant, and lack targeted therapies. We have previously used proteomic approaches to analyze orthotopic and metastatic tumors from the syngeneic murine T11 tumor model, which displays gene expression profiles that mirror human claudin-low TNBC. These studies identified Galectin-1 (Gal-1), an N-acetyllactosamine-binding protein, as an overexpressed protein in cultured T11 cells, primary tumors, and lung metastases compared to normal lung and mammary fat pad tissue from healthy control mice. These results were confirmed by Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry and were further supported by analysis of murine tumor microarray data sets, which revealed Gal-1 overexpression in the claudin-low subtype compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Here we extend our murine studies to investigate Gal-1 expression in breast cancer patients, with specific inclusion of claudin-low tumors. To compare differential Gal-1 expression across breast cancer subtypes, we initially analyzed published human microarray data sets from normal breast and primary breast tumors (total n=423, of which 51 are the claudin-low subtype): the highest Gal-1 expression was observed in claudin-low breast cancer. In order to validate these findings, we are examining breast cancer specimens from a unique cohort of ethnically diverse patients from rural Eastern North Carolina with a median follow-up of over 8 years. RNASeq data from a subset of this cohort (n=121) was used to assign subtypes (using PAM50 and the claudin-low classifier). Further studies are in progress to compare Gal-1 expression between subtypes and correlate with clinicopathologic factors and outcome. Immunohistochemical Gal-1 staining of primary tumor tissue blocks is underway to confirm expression in each subtype at the protein level. Immunohistochemistry will also define Gal-1 expression in the cell types comprising the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (tumor, stromal, immune cells) and its subcellular localization (nuclear, cytoplasmic, membrane-associated). Through this ongoing work evaluating Gal-1 across breast cancer subtypes, we will help corroborate initial findings from the T11 claudin-low mouse model and yield further insights into the role of Gal-1 in breast cancer progression. Citation Format: Kassondra Balestrieri, Moses McDaniel, Christiana Shoopman, Nasreen Vohra, Kathryn Verbanac. Galectin-1: A marker for claudin-low breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2147.