cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-Tropopause Vertical Motion within the Trailing Stratiform Region of a Midlatitude Squall Line

Abstract Rawinsonde observations have been used to determine the flow structure in the vicinity of the tropopause atop the trailing stratiform precipitation region of an intense midlatitude squall line. Computations of vertical motion using the kinematic and thermodynamic methods show (i) upward motion in the mid- to upper troposphere within the stratiform cloud and (ii) downward motion in a thin layer 2–3 km deep centered near the tropopause at cloud top. The latter feature, which has received little attention and explanation, has recently been reported to exist above stratiform rain areas in the tropics, as measured directly by a wind profiler on the tropical western Pacific island Pohnpei. The thin layer of sinking at the top of the trailing stratiform region occurs along the sloping upper cloud boundary and is associated with downward-sloping isentropes in the lower stratosphere to the rear of the convective line. The deformation of the isentropes is associated with an upward bulging of the tropopause...
M13 Bacteriophage-Assisted Biomineralization of Copper Sulfide

Combinatorial phage display with a pVIII library of M13 bacteriophage was used to identify a peptide sequence capable of recognition and mineralization of copper sulfide. The six sequences isolated from the final biopanning round were rich in basic, hydrophobic, and polar amino acids compared to the phage display library. The peptide sequence, DTRAPEIV, was used to biomineralize copper sulfide on the pVIII major coat protein thus producing linear chains of nanoparticles. Electron microscopy revealed that the phage was capable of controlling the size of the nucleated nanoparticles in an aqueous solution at room temperature and that the mineralized material was copper sulfide. Phage-templated biomineralization is a low temperature, aqueous-based approach to synthesis of copper sulfide nanoparticles with hierarchical order.
Intranasal corticosteroids and cromolyn

A substantial portion of the practice of the general otolaryngologist involves the management of rhinitis. Two types of therapeutic agents that are important tools for treating this disorder are topically applied corticosteroids and mast cell stabilizers (eg, cromolyn). However, confusion continues to exist as to the proper use of these agents. To use them effectively, it is necessary to understand their mechanism of action, their appropriate (and inappropriate] usage, potential adverse effects, and the characteristics of the various preparations that are available. This presentation summarizes this information for both topical corticosteroids and mast cells stabilizers, emphasizing their similarities and differences, and offering information that will help the physician choose the proper preparation for the case at hand.
Metabolism of Thiothixene

The metabolism of thiothixene, as shown by studies with rats and dogs employing 35 S-labeled drug, reflects the fundamental structural similarity of this thioxanthene derivative to other tricyclic psychotherapeutic agents. Like other members of this large group of compounds, it appears to be well absorbed orally, rapidly distributed, and metabolized to a variety of related compounds which are secreted mainly into the bile. The chemical similarity also suggests that it might bind to melanin. Although in vivo studies with hooded rats do indeed indicate a preference of thiothixene and/or its metabolites for pigmented over nonpigmented tissues, in vitro studies indicate that it is actually one of the least strongly bound of these drugs. In contrast to excreta and other tissues which contain a variety of metabolites, the brain contains only unchanged thiothixene.
Embeddability of noncompact hyperbolic manifolds as complements of codimension-1 and -2 submanifolds

Abstract We consider the question of when a finite volume hyperbolic (n+1)-manifold M may be embedded as a complement of a closed codimension-k submanifold A inside a closed (n+1)-manifold N. This is possible if and only if every flat manifold E corresponding to an end of M is either an S0- or S1-bundle, i.e., k is either 1 or 2. We give criteria when a flat manifold E is an S0- or S1-bundle and use them to determine which of the 10 flat 3-manifolds are S0- or S1-bundles. Also, we construct examples of flat manifolds in every dimension ⩾3 that are not S0- or S1-bundles, showing there are obstacles, in general, to viewing hyperbolic manifolds as complements. Furthermore, in contrast to the 3-dimensional case, where there are infinitely many knot complements with a hyperbolic structure, we show that there are at most finitely many 4-manifolds M that are codimension-2 complements inside any fixed N (e.g., the 4-sphere). If M is a codimension-1 complement, we show that the universal cover of N is R n+1 and, with an additional assumption, that for a given M there are only finitely many choices for N. It should be noted that some of the results involving dimension 4 depend on an extension of a theorem of Farrell and Hsiang which was asserted to be true without proof by Quinn [Math. Rev. 84k (1984) 57017]. Also, some of the results involving dimension 3 require the assumption of irreducibility.
Multivariate analysis with an autoregressive covariance model

This paper addresses the problem of testing the multivariate linear hypothesis when the errors follow an antedependence model (Gabriel, 1961, 1962). Antedependence can be formulated as a nonstationary autoregressive model of general order. Three test statistics are derived that provide analogs to three commonly used MANOVA statistics: Wilks' Lambda, the Lawley-Hotelling Trace, and Pillai's Trace. Formulas are given for each of these statistics that show how they can be obtained From any statistical computing package that calculates the usual MANOVA statistics. These antedependent statistics would be appropriate in analyzing certain multivariate data sets in which repeated measurements are taken on the same subjects over a period of time.
Excited-state spectroscopy of InP quantum dots

We have measured low-temperature size-selective photoluminescence excitation spectra of high-quality InP quantum dots prepared by collodial chemistry. A set of samples with mean emission energies in the range from 1.9 to 2.2 eV was investigated. All samples have a size distribution of about 10{percent}, resulting in an inhomogeneously broadened photoluminescence lineshape. Due to the finite size distribution, spectra were collected at different detection wavelengths to reveal the energies of the excited excitonic states. The size dependence of the quantization energies of InP nanoparticles was determined by measuring photoluminescence excitation at different detection energies within one sample. Up to eight excited-state transitions in a set of seven samples were observed, as the estimated quantum dot size was scanned from 1.8 to 4.0 nm. A comparison of the observed peaks with a six-band {bold k}{center_dot}{bold p} calculation is given. In contrast to the successful interpretation in the case of CdSe, no agreement between the calculated and the observed excited-state energies is achieved. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Time to learn: the outlook for renewal of patient-centred education in the digital age.

Background Major forces in society and within health systems are fragmenting patient care and clinical learning. The distancing of physician and trainee from the patient undermines learning about the patient-doctor relationship. The disconnection of care and learning from one successive venue to another impedes the ability of trainees to learn about illness longitudinally. Methods As a conceptual piece, our methods have been those of witnessing the experiences of patients, practitioners, and students over time and observing the impact of fragmented systems and changing expectations on care and learning. We have reflected on the opportunities created by digital information systems and interactive telemedicine to help renew essential relationships. Results Although there is, as yet, little in the literature on educational or health outcomes of this kind of technological enablement, we anticipate opportunities for a renewed focus on the patient in that patient’s own space and time. Multimedia applications can achieve not only real-time connections, but can help construct a “virtual patient” as a platform for supervision and assessment, permitting preceptors to evaluate trainee-patient interactions, utilization of Web-based data and human resources, and on-line professionalism. Conclusions Just as diverse elements in society are capitalizing upon digital technology to create advantageous relationships, all of the elements in the complex systems of health care and medical training can be better connected, so as to put the patient back in the centre of care and the trainee’s ongoing relationship to the patient back in the centre of education.
Cricket Field of Dreams: Queer Racial Identifications in Joseph O'Neill's Netherland

Joseph O'Neill's Netherland is less a novel about a multicultural post-9/11 America than it is a wistful story of lost Orientalized interracial male love in which Hans van der Broek mourns for the dead Trinidadian immigrant Chuck Ramkissoon. Hans's memories of their shared passion for cricket casts the sport as a form of sexual pleasure (even as actual sexual pleasure threatens Hans's sense of self) and queers the narrative's heteronormative resolution.
Exploring the Clinical Benefit of Docetaxel or Enzalutamide After Disease Progression During Abiraterone Acetate and Prednisone Treatment in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Abstract Background Abiraterone acetate (AA) has demonstrated improved outcomes in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, data are lacking on the effect of AA on subsequent efficacy of enzalutamide or docetaxel. Patients and Methods We included men with mCRPC who received AA and subsequent enzalutamide or docetaxel by August 12, 2013. Patients were separated into 3 groups: group A, treated with AA then enzalutamide before chemotherapy; group B, treated with AA then docetaxel; and group C, treated with AA and enzalutamide after chemotherapy. The primary objective was to describe the response and overall survival with subsequent therapy. Results There were 28 evaluable patients who received enzalutamide after AA (9 in group A and 19 in group C) and 13 patients who received docetaxel after AA (group B). Group A patients had more visceral disease and higher baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and group C men had a higher level of pain and multiple poor prognostic features. Median progression-free survival was 3.6, 5.1, and 2.8 months, respectively, and median overall survival was 8.5, not reached, and 9.6 months, respectively. A ≥ 50% PSA decline was achieved in 11%, 63%, and 5% of group A, B, and C patients, respectively. Radiographic or clinical progression as best response was noted in 55.5%, 30.8%, and 68.4% in each respective group. Conclusion In this chart review of consecutive men with progressive mCRPC after AA, we found modest activity for enzalutamide and docetaxel, with clear cross-resistance for AA and enzalutamide. These data might inform the complex treatment decisions after AA treatment.
PDE boundary control for euler-bernoulli beam using a two stage perturbation observer

A novel perturbation observer-based PDE boundary control law for beam bending is derived based on a combination of perturbation observers and polynomial trajectory planning. The perturbation observer consists of two components. The first stage employs the “particular” solution of the original dynamics with disturbances while its boundary conditions are set to zero. In contrast, the dynamics of the “homogeneous component” are independent of the beam dynamics, but its boundary conditions are identical to those of the beam. A tracking boundary control law, based on trajectory planning, is designed for the homogeneous component, and the same control signal is also applied to the beam. The stability of the adaptive perturbation-observer is proven by Lyapunov stability in the spatial L2 sense, while stability conditions are derived for a finite dimensional ODE analogue of the infinite dimensional closed loop PDE system. This paper also reports on one of the first experimental demonstrations of a controller designed entirely using a PDE boundary control formulation.
Hydrogen permeability through alpha-brass

Analysis of hydrogen permeability for a binary alloys system can yield information on the composition dependence of hydrogen solubility and diffusivity. The effects of zinc content on hydrogen permeability through alpha-phase copper-zinc alloys of 0 to 35 wt % zinc were investigated. The initial stage of this investigation, deuterium permeability in alpha-brass is reported. Deuterium permeation was measured between 500 and 740/sup 0/K on alpha-brass specimen. The progressive decrease in permeability with increased zinc content is partly accounted for by a reduced deuterium diffusivity, but is due primarily to a decrease in solubility with increasing zinc content. 3 figures, 1 table.
Mobility of Water in Starch‐Sucrose Systems Determined by Deuterium and Oxygen‐17 NMR

The molecular mobility of water in a starch-sucrose system was determined by deuterium (2H) and oxygen-17 (17O) high-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The starch-sucrose system was composed of freeze-dried starch:sucrose (FSS) (90:10) in deuterium oxide or enriched oxygen-17 water over the solids concentration range of 10 to 93% solids. The NMR transverse relaxation rate (R2) and peak behavior were analyzed in terms of solids concentration and water activity. R2 of the FSS system is compared to the R2 of starch and sucrose systems alone. The relaxation behavior of the 2H and 17O were compared for FSS, starch and sucrose. The results led to the conclusion that the best NMR methodology for the investigation of water mobility is provided by 17O NMR. Die Beweglichkeit des Wassers in Starke-Saccharose-Systemen, bestimmt durch Deuterium und Sauerstoff-17-kernmagnetische Resonanz. Die molekulare Beweglichkeit des Wassers in einem Starke-Saccharose-System wurde unter Verwendung von Deuterium (2H) und Sauerstoff-17 (17O) durch „high-field”-kernmagnetische Resonanz-(NMR)-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Das Starke-Saccharose-System war zusammengesetzt aus gefriergetrockneter Starke: Saccharose (FSS) (90:10) in Deuteriumoxid oder mit Sauerstoff-17 angereichertem Wasser in dem Konzentrationsbereich mit 10–93% Feststoff. Die transversale Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit (R2) der NMR und das Peak-Verhalten wurden, ausgedruckt als Feststoffkonzentration und Wasseraktivitat, analysiert. R2 des FSS-Systems wird mit den R2 von Starke- und Saccharosesystemen allein verglichen. Das Relaxationsverhalten von 2H und 17O wurde fur FSS, Starke und Saccharose verglichen. Die Ergebnisse fuhren zu der Schlusfolgerung. das die beste NMR-Methodologie fur die Untersuchung der Wasserbeweglichkeit in Form der 17O-NMR zur Verfugung steht.
Call admission control using dynamic cell virtual traffic in CDMA systems

In traditional cellular systems such as FDMA and TDM A systems, handoff calls are favored more than new calls by reserving a fixed number of channels for their exclusive usage. Thus, calls handed off from one cell to another are given higher priority in an effort to provide more reliable service for the existing calls relative to the new calls. In CDMA systems, the trade off between the cell's interference level and the cell capacity plays a significant role in call admission process. No matter how many channels may be available per cellular cell, the current cell traffic load affects the principles of admitting new/handoff calls to a cell. In order to maximize the utilization of the CDMA system, we propose a dynamic mechanism for managing the CDMA cell resources to improve the blocking probability without altering the handoff dropping probability. The proposed approach stems from observing the environment surrounding the CDMA cell in question. The system can forecast and manage how much traffic needed to be reserved for handoff calls in the near future. Simulation analysis is conducted and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach for CDMA systems.
The Assessment of Dynamic Foot-to-Ground Contact Forces and Plantar Pressure Distribution: A Review of the Evolution of Current Techniques and Clinical Applications

The objective documentation of foot function before and after therapeutic intervention will be greatly enhanced by the utilization of devices capable of measuring dynamic foot pressure distribution. Efforts to develop this technology date back to the late 19th century, but only with recent advances in computers has it been possible to produce quantitatively accurate high resolution foot pressure distribution with high sampling rates and easily interpreted graphic displays. Over the years, a variety of methods have been employed to study foot pressure. Many of these techniques have already improved our understanding of the foot and its function, and have had an impact on the way we practice. Effective clinical utilization of these new investigative tools depends on an understanding of their scientific basis, capabilities and limitations.
Analysis of diurnal boundary layer development in boreal forests: measurements and simulations

Aims Combining field data analysis and modeling, this study investigates factors influencing the diurnal boundary layer (BL) development in boreal forest. Methods Field data analysis used both air sounding and surface flux measurements collected during the Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study field campaigns in central Canada. Model study applied a non-local transilient turbulence theory (TTT) to simulate the impact of the heterogeneous boundary conditions together with initial conditions on the BL development at the Candle Lake and Thompson release sites over boreal forests. Boundary conditions were characterized by the integrated surface flux measurements from different forest stands. The lake effect was included in constructing the surface fluxes at Candle Lake release site. Important Findings Analyses of serial upper air sounding data and tower flux data indicate strong linear impacts of surface sensible heat forcing on the diurnal BL development above boreal forests. The regression slopes on the relationship between the BL development and the surface fluxes reflect the influences of initial boundary conditions to the BL developments. Both the modeled and the measured diurnal BLs show that lakes reduce sensible heat flux, leading to a shallower boundary in Candle Lake than in Thompson. Comparison of the model results and field measurements on the BL profiles indicates that the TTT model has the capability to simulate the BL development above boreal forests for sunny, rainfall or cloudy days. This study demonstrates the importance of lake on surface fluxes and BL development. The modeling effort shows the potential to couple the transilient theory with a land surface process model to study land surface and atmosphere interaction in boreal forest.
Modeling Peer-to-Peer Botnets

Peer-to-peer botnets are a relatively new yet rapidly growing Internet threat. In the year since its introduction in January 2007, the Storm Worm peer-to-peer botnet has become the largest botnet on the Internet. Unlike previous botnets operating over IRC channels, the Storm Worm botnet uses a decentralized peer-to-peer network to communicate among the bots and to control their computing power. While a centralized control structure can be toppled relatively easily by finding and disconnecting the head, a decentralized control structure is much harder to dismantle. Given this reality, security researchers must find new ways to defend against peer-to-peer botnets. Toward that aim, we have developed a stochastic model of peer-to-peer botnet formation to provide insight on possible defense tactics. We use the stochastic model to examine how different factors impact the growth of the botnet. Simulation results from the model evaluate the effectiveness both of prevention measures and of detection and disinfection methods. In this way, the simulation results from our peer-to-peer botnet model provide guidance for the design of future anti-malware systems.
Trapping and rotating nanoparticles using a plasmonic nano-tweezer with an integrated heat sink

Although optical tweezers based on far-fields have proven highly successful for manipulating objects larger than the wavelength of light, they face difficulties at the nanoscale because of the diffraction-limited focused spot size. This has motivated interest in trapping particles with plasmonic nanostructures, as they enable intense fields confined to sub-wavelength dimensions. A fundamental issue with plasmonics, however, is Ohmic loss, which results in the water, in which the trapping is performed, being heated and to thermal convection. Here we demonstrate the trapping and rotation of nanoparticles using a template-stripped plasmonic nanopillar incorporating a heat sink. Our simulations predict an ~100-fold reduction in heating compared with previous designs. We further demonstrate the stable trapping of polystyrene particles, as small as 110 nm in diameter, which can be rotated around the nanopillar actively, by manual rotation of the incident linear polarization, or passively, using circularly polarized illumination.
Approaches and issues towards development of efficient mucosal vaccines against pneumonia

Pneumonia is a deadly respiratory disease inflicting millions of people in third world countries. Current vaccination strategies which include polysaccharide-based vaccines are not effective against all strains of pneumonia. Furthermore, these vaccines are given through parenteral route instead of the more preferred mucosal route which has the obvious advantage of eliciting both systemic as well as mucosal immune responses. This review intends to understand the etiology, treatment options, and potential delivery systems for the vaccination against pneumonia via mucosal route. Various vaccination options including current polysaccharide-based vaccinations along with potential protein-based vaccines have been discussed.
Neural network estimation of photovoltaic I–V curves under partially shaded conditions

In this paper, we present a neural network algorithm to estimate the I-V curve of a photovoltaic (PV) module under non-uniform temperature and shading distributions. We first present a novel photovoltaic simulation model which includes the interaction of (1) heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation (long and short wavelength), (2) an electro-optical two diode model including ohmic heat dissipation, and (3) environmental influences including shading, irradiance, and wind dependencies. The neural network trains on inputs which consist of shading and temperature patterns of each cell of the module, and predicts the current versus voltage and power versus voltage landscapes. This information can be used for maximum power point tracking under non-uniform conditions. The neural network was validated on the simulation model and on data collected from our rooftop PV lab.
Ergative case and the transitive subject: a view from Nez Perce

Ergative case, the special case of transitive subjects, raises questions not only for the theory of case but also for theories of subjecthood and transitivity. This paper analyzes the case system of Nez Perce, a “three-way ergative” language, with an eye towards a formalization of the category of transitive subject. I show that it is object agreement that is determinative of transitivity, and hence of ergative case, in Nez Perce. I further show that the transitivity condition on ergative case must be coupled with a criterion of subjecthood that makes reference to participation in subject agreement, not just to origin in a high argument-structural position. These two results suggest a formalization of the transitive subject as that argument uniquely accessing both high and low agreement information, the former through its (agreement-derived) connection with T and the latter through its origin in the specifier of a head associated with object agreement (v). In view of these findings, I argue that ergative case morphology should be analyzed not as the expression of a syntactic primitive but as the morphological spell-out of subject agreement and object agreement on a nominal.
Inheritance Patterns and Stability of DNA Methylation Variation in Maize Near-Isogenic Lines

DNA methylation is a chromatin modification that contributes to epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The inheritance patterns and trans -generational stability of 962 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were assessed in a panel of 71 near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from maize ( Zea mays ) inbred lines B73 and Mo17. The majority of DMRs exhibit inheritance patterns that would be expected for local ( cis ) inheritance of DNA methylation variation such that DNA methylation level was coupled to local genotype. There are few examples of DNA methylation that exhibit trans -acting control or paramutation-like patterns. The cis -inherited DMRs provide an opportunity to study the stability of inheritance for DNA methylation variation. There was very little evidence for alterations of DNA methylation levels at these DMRs during the generations of the NIL population development. DNA methylation level was associated with local genotypes in nearly all of the >30,000 potential cases of inheritance. The majority of the DMRs were not associated with small RNAs. Together, our results suggest that a significant portion of DNA methylation variation in maize exhibits locally ( cis ) inherited patterns, is highly stable, and does not require active programming by small RNAs for maintenance. DNA methylation may contribute to heritable epigenetic information in many eukaryotic genomes. In this study, we have documented the inheritance patterns and trans -generational stability for nearly 1000 DNA methylation variants in a segregating maize population. At most loci studied, the DNA methylation differences are locally inherited and are not influenced by the other allele or other genomic regions. The inheritance of DNA methylation levels across generations is quite robust with almost no examples of unstable inheritance, suggesting that DNA methylation differences can be quite stably inherited, even in segregating populations.
A biochemical--behavioral model for studying serotonergic supersensitivity in brain.

Chronic treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine methylester (PCPA) resulted in enhanced sensitivity to D,L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induced inhibition of response rates in rats working on a Variable Interval 1 min schedule of milk reinforcement. Marked depletions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were found in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and pons-medulla oblongata. Much smaller dopamine depletions were seen in some areas, particularly the hippocampus and pons-medulla oblongata. Analysis of the binding of [3H]5-HT to crude membrane fractions from the cerebral cortex of PCPA-treated animals indicated a significant decrease in the apparent dissociation constant (KdAPP) for 5-HT, but no change in the maximum binding capacity. The increased behavioral sensitivity to 5–HTP does not seem to be due to increased conversion of 5-HTP to 5-HT, increased uptake of 5-HTP, or release of 5-HT by p-chlorophenylethylamine. However, the possibility that p-chlorophenylalanine or the metabolite p-chlorophenylacetic acid increased the binding of 5-HT, thus decreasing KdAPP, cannot be ruled out. Some parallels between a recently proposed model of human depression and the observations of the present investigation are discussed.
A total resistance slope-based effective channel mobility extraction method for deep submicrometer CMOS technology

A simple yet effective total resistance slope-based method for extracting the effective channel mobility in deep submicrometer CMOS technology is developed. Using the slope of the measured total resistance versus mask length, the series resistance is removed from the measured total resistance, and mobility is extracted without involving the effective channel length. The new method facilitates mobility extraction in situations where the effective channel length is difficult to extract, such as in lightly-doped-drain (LDD) devices or at low temperatures. The new method also allows the series resistance to be any function of the gate bias, making the mobility extraction in LDD devices easier and more accurate.
The biphasic effects of centrally and peripherally administered caffeine on ethanol-induced motor incoordination in mice.

The possible biphasic effect of caffeine on acute ethanol-induced motor incoordination by rotorod evaluation was investigated in mice. Caffeine in various doses was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to mice implanted with permanent indwelling stainless steel guide cannulae and intraperitoneally (i.p.) to non-cannulated animals. A motor incoordinating test dose of ethanol, 2 g kg-1, was given i.p. in both cases. Caffeine less than 25 micrograms administered i.c.v., dose-dependently attenuated while 75 micrograms i.c.v. potentiated ethanol (i.p.)-induced motor incoordination. Similarly, caffeine less than 20 mg kg-1 given i.p., dose-dependently attenuated while 62.5 mg kg-1 potentiated ethanol (i.p.)-induced motor incoordination. The data obtained demonstrated that caffeine given either i.c.v. or i.p. exerted biphasic effects on ethanol-induced motor incoordination. The data also suggested that caffeine antagonized ethanol-induced motor micrograms i.c.v.; less than 20 mg kg-1 i.p.) caffeine is well known to display high affinity for adenosine binding sites. Therefore, the present investigation lends further support to our earlier suggestion that adenosine may be involved in the motor impairing effect of ethanol.
White matter hemodynamic abnormalities precede sub-cortical gray matter changes in multiple sclerosis.

Background Hypoperfusion has been reported in lesions, normal-appearing white (NAWM) and gray matter (NAGM) of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) by using perfusion MRI. However, it is still unknown how early such changes in perfusion occur. The aim of our study was to assess the presence of hemodynamic changes in the NAWM and subcortical NAGM of patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) in comparison to healthy controls and to patients with early relapsing-remitting (RR) MS.
Inotuzumab ozogamicin in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Introduction: The expression profile of the CD22 antigen and its role in B-cell function make it an important target in B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO), a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD22, is one of the most promising monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Areas covered: This article reviews the current literature of IO in adult leukemias and lymphomas.Expert opinion: Single-agent IO has demonstrated activity in patients with relapsed B-cell ALL and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It has also demonstrated favorable early results when combined with chemotherapy in older patients with ALL. There is potential for IO to be combined with other targeted therapies under development for these diseases; data are still early and further studies of IO are warranted. While the pivotal randomized study of IO for relapsed NHL versus physician’s choice did not show a statistically significant advantage in response rate, ...
Nash Conjectures and Talent Supply in Sports League Modeling A Comment on Current Modeling Disagreements

This paper attempts to resolve some of the confusion in the sports economics literature regarding conjectures, open and closed leagues, and the invariance principle in sports league modeling. Very few papers model talent level and talent investment by teams separately, which can create confusion regarding open and closed leagues. It is also important that researchers are able to differentiate between the level of talent investment a team makes and their actual talent level which depends on the type of league and the talent choices made by other teams.
Classification of retinal ganglion cells: a statistical approach.

Numerous studies have shown that retinal ganglion cells exhibit an array of responses to visual stimuli. This has led to the idea that these cells can be sorted into distinct physiological classes,...
A Paper-and-Pencil Inventory for the Assessment of Piaget's Tasks:

Although science educators conversant with Piaget's work have recognized the importance of adapting instruction and curricula to the cognitive level of their students, such attempts have been dif f...
Effect of chemokine receptor CXCR4 on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in rats

CXCR4 is the receptor for chemokine CXCL12 and reportedly plays an important role in systemic vascular repair and remodeling, but the role of CXCR4 in development of pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling has not been fully understood. In this study we investigated the role of CXCR4 in the development of pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling by using a CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 and by electroporation of CXCR4 shRNA into bone marrow cells and then transplantation of the bone marrow cells into rats. We found that the CXCR4 inhibitor significantly decreased chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in rats and, most importantly, we found that the rats that were transplanted with the bone marrow cells electroporated with CXCR4 shRNA had significantly lower mean pulmonary pressure (mPAP), ratio of right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septal weight (RV/(LV+S)) and wall thickness of pulmonary artery induced by chronic hypoxia as compared with control rats. The hypothesis that CXCR4 is critical in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats has been demonstrated. The present study not only has shown an inhibitory effect caused by systemic inhibition of CXCR4 activity on pulmonary hypertension, but more importantly also has revealed that specific inhibition of the CXCR4 in bone marrow cells can reduce pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling via decreasing bone marrow derived cell recruitment to the lung in hypoxia. This study suggests a novel therapeutic approach for pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting bone marrow derived cell recruitment.
Improved Hydrogeophysical Parameter Estimation from Empirical Mode Decomposition Processed Ground Penetrating Radar Data

Various techniques have been designed to maximize the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) as an exploration tool. Improvements in signal processing are expected to further facilitate the accuracy of parameters derived from using GPR in certain geologic environments. Common-offset GPR data were collected at the Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) in Beaufort, South Carolina, and dielectric constants were calculated following the application of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for dewowing GPR traces. Conventional signal processing is applied to the GPR traces to provide hydrogeophysical parameter estimates such as volumetric water content, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity. The results are validated using a coincident vertical radar profile, existing hydraulic data from direct measurements, and comparing EMD derived parameters with those non-EMD derived. The results of the comparison between the EMD and non-EMD methods show improved hydrogeophysical estimations from the EMD processed data. Dielectric constant (k) values from the non-EMD method are outside the range of the values for all geologic materials (k#40). The subsequent parameter estimates using dielectric constants derived from non-EMD processed data yield erroneous results therefore justifying the use of EMD as a method in dewowing GPR data for quantitative analyses.
High Dimensional Inverse Covariance Matrix Estimation via Linear Programming

This paper considers the problem of estimating a high dimensional inverse covariance matrix that can be well approximated by "sparse" matrices. Taking advantage of the connection between multivariate linear regression and entries of the inverse covariance matrix, we propose an estimating procedure that can effectively exploit such "sparsity". The proposed method can be computed using linear programming and therefore has the potential to be used in very high dimensional problems. Oracle inequalities are established for the estimation error in terms of several operator norms, showing that the method is adaptive to different types of sparsity of the problem.
The Implications of Tropical Rossby Waves for Tropical Tropopause Cirrus Formation and for the Equatorial Upwelling of the Brewer-Dobson Circulation.

This study puts forward a mechanism for the observed upwelling in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. In this hypothesis, the tropical upwelling is driven by momentum transport by Rossby waves that are generated by tropical convection. To test this hypothesis, model runs are conducted using an axisymmetric, global, primitive equation model. In these runs, the effect of Rossby waves is included by driving the model with observed fields of large-scale eddy momentum flux convergence. The resulting overturning circulation includes both meridional flow from the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to the equator and rising motion in the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL). This circulation therefore helps to explain the transport of moisture from the lower portion of the TTL in the ITCZ to the equatorial cold-point tropopause, where tropopause cirrus layers frequently occur.
An integrative view of the signaling phenotype: Dynamic links between signals, physiology, behavior and social context

Signal traits are often linked with the physiological state and behavior of their bearer. Direct examination of the caus- al links among these variables has provided substantial insight into the information content of signals, and into the costs and bene- fits of signal expression. Yet recent empirical work suggests that the social context in which signals are developed and displayed can play a major role not only in how signals are received, but also in coordinating and mediating the signaling phenotype itself. Here we review both well-established and emerging evidence for direct feedbacks among an individual's physiological state, be- havior, and signal elaboration. We then describe an integrative view of signaling that takes into account the bidirectional rela- tionships among components of phenotype and the social context in which signals are developed and displayed. Integrating dy- namic feedback between context and phenotype within models of the evolution and maintenance of signals may yield insights into how signals evolve, how signaling phenotypes are coordinated and maintained on ecological and evolutionary time scales, and how static signals continue to convey relevant phenotypic information about their bearer through time (Current Zoology 60 (6): 739-754, 2014 ).
A Neo-Federalist Analysis of Federal Question Jurisdiction

In this article, Professor Pushaw offers a critique of Paul Mishkin’s analysis in his 1953 Columbia Law Review article The Federal “Question” in the District Courts. In that article, Mishkin argued that the statute that grants federal trial courts general jurisdiction over “federal questions” limits such jurisdiction to cases where the federal issues appears in a “well pleaded” complaint and where plaintiff’s federal claim is “substantial” and founded “directly” upon federal law. Professor Pushaw posits that federal courts have primary responsibility over federal law. Accordingly, federal courts should assert jurisdiction over all federal question cases. Rules, such as the well-pleaded complaint rule, that frustrate the goal of ensuring a national forum to vindicate federal law are not necessary to protect state judicial authority over state law. Federal courts should be required to exercise jurisdiction over any case that will likely depend on the resolution of a genuine dispute over the interpretation, application or enforcement of federal law. Professor Pushaw applies this theory to suggests that federal question jurisdiction should exist in each of the following three circumstances: (1) where federal law creates the cause of action and its meaning or effect is contested; (2) where states create a cause of action but incorporate elements of federal law; and (3) where a claim rests on state law, but the answer or reply is based on federal law. This approach better reflects the language and history of the constitutional and statutory grants of “arising under” jurisdiction than Mishkin’s analysis and eliminates the need for federal judges to make subjective judgments about whether a federal claim is “substantial” or “direct” enough to warrant their attention.
Magnetostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Chinle Group of New Mexico: Implications for regional and global correlations among Upper Triassic sequences

A magnetic polarity zonation for the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in the Chama Basin, north-central New Mexico (United States), supplemented by polarity data from eastern and west-central New Mexico (Mesa Redonda and Zuni Mountains, respectively), provides the most complete and continuous magnetic polarity chronology for the Late Triassic of the American Southwest yet available. Most of the Chinle Group sequence is composed of hematitic mudrocks that typically carry a well-defined, well-grouped magnetization (residing in both pigmentary and detrital hematite), with laboratory unblocking temperatures as high as 680 °C. Demagnetization experiments isolate magnetizations of south- or north-seeking declination and shallow inclination, which are interpreted as early acquired, Late Triassic magnetizations. Our proposed polarity correlations, coupled with biostratigraphic observations and recent U-Pb age determinations on detrital zircon–bearing strata in the Chinle Group in western New Mexico, West Texas, and Arizona, indicate that deposition of Chinle strata likely spanned a much shorter time span than previously considered. If this interpretation is correct, the Chinle Group can be correlated with only part of the Newark Supergroup or the Upper Triassic Tethyan sections. On a local scale, lower Chinle strata in the Chama Basin are significantly older than the Bluewater Creek Formation in western New Mexico, and the base of the Poleo Formation represents a disconformity of >13 m.y. duration. Magnetic polarity chronologies from upper Chinle strata in New Mexico and Utah suggest that strata considered to be part of the Rock Point Formation in north-central New Mexico are not time equivalent to type Rock Point strata in Utah or to the Redonda Formation of eastern New Mexico.
Thermodynamics of Trapping Gases for Underwater Superhydrophobicity

Rough surfaces submerged in a liquid can remain almost dry if the liquid does not fully wet the roughness, and gases are sustained in roughness grooves. Such partially dry surfaces can help reduce drag, enhance boiling, and reduce biofouling. Gases sustained in roughness grooves would be composed of air and the vapor phase of the liquid itself. In this work, the thermodynamics of sustaining gases (e.g., air) is considered. Governing equations are presented along with a solution methodology to determine a critical condition to sustain gases. The critical roughness scale to sustain gases is estimated for different degrees of saturation of gases dissolved in the liquid. It is shown that roughness spacings of less than a micron are essential to sustain gases on surfaces submerged in water at atmospheric pressure. This is consistent with prior empirical data.
Scale of spatial pattern: four methods compared

Four methods of pattern analysis were compared using simulated data. Simulated transects were of five types: 1) equal patch-equal gap, in which gap and patch length were equal, 2) unequal but fixed patch-fixed gap, in which patch length was approximately one sixth gap length, and transects in which 3) the length of the patch, or 4) gap, or 5) both varied randomly. The first peak of the variance-block size graph was used to identify patch size, instead of the more commonly used highest peak.
Chronic Periodontitis Genome-wide Association Study in the Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos:

Chronic periodontitis (CP) has a genetic component, particularly its severe forms. Evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) has highlighted several potential novel loci. Here, the authors report the first GWAS of CP among a large community-based sample of Hispanics/Latinos. The authors interrogated a quantitative trait of CP (mean interproximal clinical attachment level determined by full-mouth periodontal examinations) among 10,935 adult participants (mean age: 45 y, range: 18 to 76 y) from the Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos. Genotyping was done with a custom Illumina Omni2.5M array, and imputation to approximately 20 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms was based on the 1000 Genomes Project phase 1 reference panel. Analyses were based on linear mixed models adjusting for sex, age, study design features, ancestry, and kinship and employed a conventional P < 5 × 10−8 statistical significance threshold. The authors identified a genome-wide significant association signal ...
Christian Spirituality and the Person-Centered Approach

In this chapter, I open a conversation between the spiritual experience of Christian contemplation, or wordless and agenda-free prayer, and the person-centered therapist’s experience in the offering of the core conditions. I follow Cambridge theologian Sarah Coakley in her understanding of contemplation in terms of a Greek Christian term kenosis, meaning self-emptying. This kenotic understanding of contemplation is helpful because it simultaneously roots wordless contemplation at the heart of the Christian tradition and opens an experiential bridge to the therapeutic offering of the core conditions. Two traditions, spiritual and secular, religious and therapeutic, can thus be held in a sustained mutual openness at the core levels of their experience and identities. I conclude with a personal reflection on possible gains arising from this openness, for Christianity in the practice of love and for the person-centered approach in the articulation of therapist process.
Test Access Mechanism Optimization

Test access is a major problem for core-based system-on-a-chip (SOC) designs. Since embedded cores in an SOC are not directly accessible via chip inputs and outputs, special access mechanisms are required to test them at the system level. An efficient test access architecture should also reduce test cost by minimizing test application time. In this chapter1, we address several issues related to the design of optimal test access architectures that minimize testing time. These include the assignment of cores to test buses, the distribution of test data width between multiple test buses, and an analysis of test data width required to satisfy an upper bound on the testing time. Even though all these problems are shown to be NP-complete, they can be solved exactly for practical instances using integer linear programming (ILP). As a case study, the ILP models for two hypothetical but non-trivial systems are solved using a public-domain ILP software package.
Fatal hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with docetaxel

We present a patient with advanced breast cancer treated with three cycles of docetaxel who developed repeated episodes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, progressed to respiratory failure and death despite treatment with corticosteroids and supportive care. Docetaxel-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis was diagnosed by excluding infection and tumor spread with bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy. Physicians should consider such a condition in all patients who present with interstitial pneumonitis and respiratory failure when they are receiving docetaxel and treat them aggressively with steroids and supportive care, as it can be fatal.