cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local mechanical characterisation and modelling of the interfacial behaviour in Hi-Nicalon/BN/α-Si3N4 ceramic matrix composites by way of instrumented microindentation tests

Abstract Microindentation tests (spherical indentation) have been used to evaluate local mechanical properties of Hi-Nicalon fibre reinforced silicon nitride ceramic matrix composite. This technique gave a satisfactory estimate of in-situ longitudinal Young’s modulus of both the matrix and the fibres which correlates quite well with 3-points bend tests. By means of the same technique, but with a different indenter (pyramidal), the interfacial behaviour has been studied. When varying the maximum applied load, F max , and considering a constant interfacial shear stress, the presence of Poisson’s effect has been detected. Based on Coulomb’s law of friction, a model has been proposed to extract frictional stress values adjusted for Poisson’s effect. The advantages of this model are the explicit integration of all contributions to the clamping stress at the fibre-matrix interface as well as the use of measured topography properties of Hi-Nicalon fibres.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) provides for the first time a viable option to conventional and widely used Soxhlet extraction. The ability to change the solvating power of a single supercritical fluid by changing its density is an exceedingly attractive feature. An environmentally safe alternative such as supercritical carbon dioxide to organochlorine solvents which are widely used today in many government and industrial analytical laboratories for sample preparation is desirable. SFE may also constitute a viable alternative to other popular sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and purge/trap. Much research, however, must be done in order to understand, optimize and apply this technology. For example, (a) automation of extraction, (b) matrix effects, (c) new fluids/modifiers/additives, (d) trapping efficiency, (e) recovery of extracted analytes, and (f) extraction kinetics are some areas which need a greater understanding. This review is concerned with many of these topics as they relate to trace organic analysis wherein SFE is the primary sample preparation technique.
Video Streaming over Wireless LAN with Network Coding

Client diversity is one of the main characteristics of wireless networks. Due to channel diversity, multicasting a video stream in a wireless LAN to multiple clients with different channel conditions is a challenging task. A promising approach for such a problem is to use multiresolution video coding (i.e. scalable video coding) with network coding. In this paper, we study a triangular approach for network coding in a one-hop wireless LAN network. Previous work searches for all possible coding opportunities, which is computationally expensive. In this work, we use regression to derive efficient transmission protocols that take into account the delivery rate, as well as the variance of the channels. We show that the regression approach is more practical than the previous method. Also, the achievable rate using the regression approach can produce competitive results.
The use of plants in hair and scalp preparations

From the stutdy of cosmetic books, formularies, reports in the literature, and two surveys conducted, the following observations are made: 1. Vegetable products have played an important part in the history of hair preparations. 2. The use of plant products in today’s commercial market is limited. 3. Essential oils are important in all types of hair preparations, although the use of synthetic fragrances is increasing. 4. From a commercial standpoint, almost no vegetable dyes are used in hair coloring. 5. Although vegetable oils are used in hair dressings, mineral oils are preferred. 6. The majority of shampoos are synthetic surface-acting agents, but some vegetable oils are used in the manufacture of soap shampoos. 7. Plant powders are used in the formulation of dry shampoos, but this product is not popular. 8. Gums and mucilages are still widely used in hair set lotions. 9. Medicated products contain few plant constituents of any importance. 10. Plant products are comnionly used as perfume fixers and suspending or thickening agents. 11. No new plant products, except perhapsSophora spp. for baldness, appear to have any promise in future hair and scalp formulations.
Pulsed Ion Diode Experiment

Ion current densities up to several kiloamperes per square centimeter and total ion currents ranging from 50 to 150 kA have been produced at voltages of 100-300 kV in a modified relativistic-electron-beam diode. The experiments are in general accord with the predictions of a recent reflex-triode theory.
Effect of prior rewarded goal-box placements on small-trials partial-reinforcement effect.

The study was designed to test three hypotheses of the small-trials partial-reinforcement effect. Seventy-two hooded rats received either continuous reward or partial reward for 6 acquisition trials in a runway. Prior to acquisition, an equal number of Ss in each schedule condition were given 0, 5, or 10 rewarded goal-box placements. A strong small-trials partial-reinforcement effect was evident. There was an effect of placements on both initial and terminal acquisition-performance, indicating that rg–sg was preconditioned to goal-box cues. However, this preconditioned rg–sg failed to influence persistence of responding during extinction. The extinction results are contrary to two frustration analyses but do not contradict an analysis of aftereffects.
Existence of solutions for a first-order p-Laplacian BVP on time scales

We introduce a first-order delta dynamic equation on time scales involving the one-dimensional p-Laplacian, and prove the existence of at least one positive solution. An example applying our result is also given.
Survival of equine embryos co-cultured with equine oviductal epithelium from the four- to eight-cell to the blastocyst stage after transfer to synchronous recipient mares.

Abstract In this study we examined the ability of equine oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) to support the development of four- to eight-cell equine embryos in vitro and investigated the ability of co-cultured embryos to continue normal development after transfer to synchronous recipient mares. Equine embryos obtained at Day 2 after ovulation were cultured with or without OEC for 5 days. Those OEC co-cultured embryos that reached the blastocyst stage and embryos recovered from the uterus at Day 7 were surgically transferred to synchronous recipient mares. Co-culture with OEC improved (P
The Warsaw limit: medieval unbreakable and unconscionable

Abstract The role of the Warsaw Convention in the modern world is increasingly under scrutiny. This paper focuses on the carrier's right to limit its liability under Warsaw as amended by the Hague Protocol, and examines three questions in particular. First, what are the origins of limitation of liability? Second, can one can ever really hope to break the limit under Article 25 of the Warsaw Convention? Third, can we really justify limiting passenger claims any longer? The answer to the first question is ‘medieval’ and the (not unsurprising) conclusion on the second and third questions is ‘no’ to each. The notion of breaking the limit is a chimera. And the notion that the present regime of limitation against passenger claims under Warsaw should continue to exist into the 21st century is, to the author's mind (and others), unthinkable. The industry must address the disquiet regarding limitation of passenger claims before the momentum to sweep away all forms of limitation becomes unstoppable.
Mapping Associations between Interests and Personality: Toward a Conceptual Understanding of Individual Differences in Vocational Behavior.

This study tested the hypothesis that previously reported associations between personality traits and vocational interests can be accounted for by associations between lower order personality traits and interests. Personality traits were explored using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992b), which measures the personality types of the five-factor model (e.g., P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992a) as well as 30 lower order personality facets. Interests were defined using J. L. Holland's (1997) RIASEC types as well as basic interest factors (J. Rounds, 1995). Results suggested several interest-personality associations at the facet level that lend support to emerging theories of the role of individual differences in vocational development.
The microstructure of lath martensite in quenched 9Ni steel

Abstract Many of the most useful structural steels have dislocated lath martensitic structures. The microstructures of these steels are complex since each prior austenite grain contains as many as 24 different crystallographic variants of the γ(fcc)–α′(bcc) transformation. Recent research, using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), has significantly clarified the “block-and-packet” structure of lath martensite in low-carbon steel. The blocks are bivariant composites of two transformation variants, with the three distinct blocks stacked so that all six of the possible variants of the packet are used. The present work was undertaken to complete the description of this structure and identify its underlying causes. We address these issues in two steps. First, we present an EBSD characterization of lath martensite in low-carbon 9Ni steel. The results show that all packets have the bivariant block structure, and, with the proper notation, the full hierarchical structure has a simple pattern that is easily described and visualized. The results are readily explained on the basis of two assumptions: (i) the bivariant block, in contrast to a single-variant block, has an α′–γ invariant plane very near {0 1 1} α″ ||{1 1 1} γ , which permits the plate-shaped blocks to stack without significant strain to form a packet; (ii) the transformation goes to completion, with the consequence that the net strain in the prior austenite grain is a simple dilatation, and polygranular bodies can transform martensitically without significant residual stress. In a companion paper we use an appropriate modification of the crystallographic theory of lath martensite to validate the first of these assumptions.
The cortical topography of temporal lobe hypometabolism in early Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a pathological process with specific predilection for association neocortex and the mesial temporal lobes. Recently developed high-resolution positron emission tomographs (PET) are able to quantitate regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) in these brain regions and map the distribution of the metabolic consequences of Alzheimer pathology. In order to evaluate the relative involvement of mesial and neocortical temporal lobe brain regions in AD, we studied 22 AD patients, 11 of whom were mildly demented and 11 of whom were moderately demented in comparison to 8 age-matched control subjects. We used a PET instrument with 2.6 mm in-plane resolution and quantitated rCMRglc in anterior, middle, and posterior temporal neocortex, visual association cortex, primary visual cortex, and mesial temporal cortex. Although the moderately demented AD patients showed significantly lower metabolic rates than controls in visual association cortex and all temporal lobe regions except right anterior temporal neocortex, the mildly demented patients were different from the controls in only middle temporal neocortex. Considerable variability was found in the relative involvement of mesial temporal lobes and temporal neocortex in the AD patients, however, as shown by greater variance of a ratio of mesial temporal lobe rCMRglc to temporal neocortical rCMRglc (MES/NEO ratio) in the AD patients than the controls. A series of stepwise multiple regressions showed that this ratio was related to patient cognitive symptomatology, with more severely memory-impaired patients showing lower MES/NEO ratios, while patients with visuospatial disturbances showed higher MES/NEO ratios. In addition, the only biological variable that was related to this ratio was patient age, with older patients showing lower MES/NEO ratios. These results indicate that mesial temporal lobe structures are not invariably the earliest nor the most severely metabolically involved brain regions in AD and that the relative involvement of the mesial and neocortical temporal lobe is related to the patient's cognitive symptoms and age.
Time-Resolved Luminescence Imaging: Application To Latent Fingerprint Detection

5-methoxyninhydrin reacts with amino acids, forming a product which further reacts with TbC13•6H20. The resultant coordination compound displays ligand-rare earth intramolecular energy transfer via which long lived Tb3+ luminescene is obtained. The luminescence is effectively excited by argon-ion laser near-UV light, which can be modulated such that time-resolved imaging with a gazeable proximity-focused microchannel plate image intensifier can be utilized. This is applied to the detection of latent fingerprints located on strongly fluorescent surfaces.
The Origins of Popular Support for Lebanon's Hezbollah

The present study utilized comprehensive survey research ( n= 256) to understand the reasons behind growing Shi'i support for Hezbollah in Lebanon. It argues that the origins of this support are correlated with the level of satisfaction with government performance and to the degree of personal religiosity displayed by the respondents. The results revealed that Shi'i respondents are first, more likely to support Hezbollah if they display intense religiosity levels. Second, government satisfaction is not a major predictor of attitude toward Hezbollah. Specifically, Shi'i respondents expressed favorable views toward the growth of Hezbollah, its use of force, the willingness to side with the party in case of confrontation, and manifested opposition to its disarming. If the existing attitudes hold, coercive action against the party threatens to undermine Lebanon's stability with regional implications.
Collaboration and integration of the shared process system with workflow control

Today's enterprises are striving to create more specialized features through globalization and collaboration. In this regard, companies are actively involved in e-Work as well as business-to-business (B2B) e-Commerce within globalized markets. The conventional strategy for information technology (IT) has been focused on improving intra-organization process. When it comes to e-Work, however, new strategy is required to adjust to inter-organization transactions. An innovative solution is required to overcome the limits which face the current cooperation and collaboration world. As a new approach using shared process system and workflow control in e-Work, Process Flow Controller (PFC) is developed to design, interpret, and control the collaborative transaction messages based on RosettaNet standard for B2B e-Commerce. This paper addresses the role of PFC, business process modelling, and technologies used in developing PFC, and what has to be added to PFC to enable effective e-Work in practice.
An Analysis of Segmental Ischemic Dysfunction Utilizing the Pressure-Length Loop

Left ventricular (LV) pressure and myocardial segment length, determined by an epicardial mercury-in-silastic length gauge, were plotted simultaneously to obtain a pressure-length loop before and after left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion in 11 dogs. Previous studies have indicated that the area within this loop is a sensitive and reproducible means of quantitating regional myocardial performance. Immediately following ligation, systolic performance deteriorated as indicated by progressive reduction in the pressure-length loop area. Within approximately 30 sec a zero area for the pressure-length loop was observed, indicating no effective work was being performed by the ischemic segment. During the ensuing 3-5 min the pressure-length loop moved into a clockwise orientation which indicated work was being done on rather than by the segment. The magnitude was approximately 50% of that amount previously generated by the segment. In addition, during this latter period of repetitive passive stretch, t...
Protein Modification by SUMO

▪ Abstract Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family proteins function by becoming covalently attached to other proteins as post-translational modifications. SUMO modifies many proteins that participate in diverse cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, maintenance of genome integrity, and signal transduction. Reversible attachment of SUMO is controlled by an enzyme pathway that is analogous to the ubiquitin pathway. The functional consequences of SUMO attachment vary greatly from substrate to substrate, and in many cases are not understood at the molecular level. Frequently SUMO alters interactions of substrates with other proteins or with DNA, but SUMO can also act by blocking ubiquitin attachment sites. An unusual feature of SUMO modification is that, for most substrates, only a small fraction of the substrate is sumoylated at any given time. This review discusses our current understanding of how SUMO conjugation is controlled, as well as the roles of SUMO in a...
Primary radiation therapy for medically inoperable patients with endometrial carcinoma--stages I-II

Surgery with or without adjuvant radiation is the established method of treating patients with Stage I and II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. However, patients who are poor operative risks must be treated with radiation therapy only. We report on 73 such patients treated at the University of North Carolina between 1969 and 1980. All patients had an adenocarcinoma of the endometrium; 41 were FIGO Stage I, 32 Stage II. The minimum follow-up period was 4 years. Life table analysis shows a disease-free survival of 72% at 3 years and 57% at 5 years for Stage I patients. There was a strong correlation between histologic tumor grade and survival in these patients; the 5-year survival for grade 1 was 72%, for grade 2 59%, and for grade 3 31%. The difference between G1 and G3 is significant at the p = .045 level. Coexisting medical conditions were responsible for 12 deaths; almost as many as the 16 cancer-related deaths. Stage II patients have an actuarial disease-free survival of 36% at 3 years and 26% at 5 years, significantly worse than Stage I patients (p = .029 at 3 years). Failures were seen in 16/41 (39%) Stage I and 19/32 (59%) Stage II patients; 29/35 (83%) of these recurrences had component of local/pelvic failure and 15/35 (43%) of the recurrences were local/pelvic only. Specific suggestions on how to improve local therapy for these patients are presented.
Direct Numerical Simulation Modeling of Bilayer Cathode Catalyst Layers in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

A pore-scale description of species and charge transport through a bilayer cathode catalyst layer CL of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using a direct numerical simulation DNS model is presented. Two realizations of the bilayer catalyst layer structure are generated using a stochastic reconstruction technique with varied electrolyte and void phase volume fractions. The DNS calculations predict that a higher electrolyte phase volume fraction near the membrane–CL interface provides an extended active reaction zone and exhibits enhanced performance. A higher void phase fraction near the gas diffusion layer aids in better oxygen transport. The effects of cell operating conditions in terms of low inlet relative humidity and elevated cell operating temperature on the bilayer CL performance are also investigated. Low humidity and elevated temperature operations exhibit overall poorer performance compared to the high humidity and the low-temperature operations, respectively. © 2007 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.2776221 All rights reserved.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND HORMONAL REGULATION OF KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION AND ACTION IN THE OVARIAN FOLLICLE

The developing ovarian follicle is one of the most rapidly proliferating normal tissues in vivo. Mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions between theca cells and granulosa cells are essential for this follicular expansion. Ovarian hormones (i.e. estrogen and LH) may promote follicular development by regulating the local production of mesenchymal inducer proteins that mediate theca cell-granulosa cell interactions. Recently, theca cells were shown to produce keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) that can act in a paracrine manner to stimulate granulosa cell growth. In this study, the developmental and hormonal regulation of KGF was examined during follicular development in the bovine ovary. Expression of KGF in theca cells and the KGF receptor (KGFR, or splice variant of the fibroblast growth factor family receptor family, FGFR-2) in granulosa cells was examined using RT-PCR. Both KGF and KGFR were detected throughout follicular development in small ( 10 mm) follicles. Quantitative RT-PCR assays were used to determine steady-state levels of KGF and KGFR messenger RNAs. Developmental regulation of KGF and KGFR was analyzed in freshly isolated theca cells and granulosa cells from small, medium, and large follicles. Observations demonstrated that expression of KGF (in theca cells) and KGFR (in granulosa cells) was highest in large follicles. These results suggest that KGF actions are important for the rapid proliferation of granulosa cells in large follicles. Estrogen and LH are the primary endocrine hormones that regulate theca cell function in vivo. Therefore, hormonal regulation of KGF was analyzed by treating serum-free theca cell cultures with estrogen and human CG (hCG, an LH agonist). Results showed that both estrogen and hCG stimulated KGF gene expression in theca cells. These results suggest that estrogen and LH may promote follicular growth (i.e. granulosa cell proliferation), in part, by stimulating the local production of KGF. Effects of KGF on granulosa cell differentiated functions were examined. Treatment with KGF reduced basal levels and FSH-stimulated levels of aromatase activity in bovine and rat granulosa cells. In addition, KGF inhibited the ability of hCG to stimulate progesterone production by granulosa cells. The inhibition of granulosa cell steroid production by KGF was likely the indirect effect of promoting cellular proliferation. Therefore, KGF directly stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and indirectly inhibits granulosa cell differentiated functions. Combined results suggest that theca cell production of KGF may be important for ovarian folliculogenesis. This is the first report of the regulation of KGF expression in the ovary. The developmental and hormonal regulation of KGF and KGFR during folliculogenesis provides evidence that KGF may be important for hormone-induced granulosa cell proliferation. As a result, KGF may be essential for establishing the microenvironment required for oocyte maturation in the ovary.
Lay Juries Versus Professional Arbitrators and the Arbitrator Selection Hypothesis

An empirical study of jury and court-annexed arbitration automobile accident trials is undertaken. The determinants of jury and arbitrator awards are discovered. The research provides insight into a number of controversies, including the differences between professional judges and lay juries, the theory of arbitrator selection, and the issue of "deep pockets."
Private Environmental Activism and the Selection and Response of Firm Targets

Environmental activists are increasingly resorting to private strategies such as boycotts and protests focused on changing individual firms’ behavior. In this paper, we examine activists’ use of such “private politics” to engender firm compliance with activist objectives. We begin by developing a simple theoretical model of an activist campaign from which we develop a set of empirical hypotheses based on a set of observable features of firms. We test our hypotheses using a unique dataset of environmental activist campaigns against firms in the United States from 1988 to 2003. This paper fills an important need in the literature as one of the first empirical attempts to examine the private political strategies of activists and has important implications for the burgeoningliteraturesonindustryself-regulationandthenonmarketstrategies of firms.
The Effect of Context on Ratings of Attractiveness of Photographs

Summary Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that context effects on social stimuli depend on associations between the context and the target stimuli. Sixty male and female college students participated in the first experiment, and 80 in the second. All viewed and rated photographs of college-age females in the context of attractive and unattractive others. Results from the first experiment, where the context and targets were not linked, showed a significant (p < .01) context effect. Neutral pictures appeared more attractive in a negative than in a positive context. These results were confirmed for the general context in the second experiment. However, the results were reversed when the context and target were linked as friends, thus demonstrating, for the general context, that the effects of context depend on the association between the target and the context.
Relationship Dynamics, Emotion State, and Domestic Violence: A Stress and Masculinities Perspective

We draw on the burgeoning masculinities literature to develop a framework for understanding how emotional reactions to stress may be associated with domestic violence. We conducted a daily diary study of 22 men with a history of domestic violence and a matched comparison group of 23 men with no known history of domestic violence. Each day, respondents completed a daily diary questionnaire on relationship dynamics, stress, and emotion state. This research design allowed us to examine relationship dynamics and emotion state as they unfolded over a 14-day period. We find a difference between the two groups in the links between stress, relationship dynamics, and emotion state: Nonviolent men are more emotionally reactive to stress and relationship dynamics than are violent men. Among men with a history of domestic violence, it is as if the link between personal circumstances and emotion state has been disconnected. These findings support the idea that the demonstration of masculinity through repression of emotion and violent behavior may be linked.
One hundred years of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a new name for an old malady. The ancients included the disease under the rubric of “catarrh.” In modern times, COPD has come to signify a mixture of chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, and emphysema (1, 2). Rarification of the lung in emphysema may progress to form bullae (Figure 1). Cigarette smoking has long been recognized as the predominant etiologic agent. Arterial hypoxemia, a frequent complication of COPD, can lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale (Figure 2). Michaud, Murray, and Bloom have recently underscored the enormous national and global impact of COPD (3). The disease is the fourth most common cause of death, and the harmful effects of the disease extend beyond the lungs. The disease is prevalent worldwide and in 1993, the cost of health care for COPD was estimated to be of the order of $15 billion. Arterial hypoxemia, a frequent complication of lung disease, can lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Neither the prevalence of the disease nor the mortality that it causes show signs of slackening.
Polarization of orbital angular momentum carrying laser beams.

Polarization of orbital angular momentum (OAM) carrying Laguerre–Gauss optical vortex beams, consistent with Maxwell’s equations, is discussed, and experimental evidence for it is presented. The experiments reveal several novel features of such beams, including OAM dependent reconstruction of polarization and spatial profile during propagation. © 2013 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 260.5430, 140.3295, 260.6042.
The Eating Disorders Continuum, Self-Esteem, and Perfectionism

Among 261 undergraduate women, increased severity of eating disorders along a continuum was associated with decreased self-esteem, increased perfectionism, and increased scores on 7 subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory-2. Women with eating disorders differed from both symptomatic women and asymptomatic women on all variables, whereas symptomatic women differed from asymptomatic women only on self-esteem, perfectionism, ineffectiveness, body dissatisfaction, and interoceptive awareness. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 45.2% of the women with eating disorders and 59% of the overall sample.
The ADP-Ribosyltransferase Domain of the Effector Protein ExoS Inhibits Phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Pneumonia

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogen commonly associated with nosocomial infections such as hospital-acquired pneumonia. It uses a type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins directly into the cytosol of host cells. Type III secretion in P. aeruginosa has been linked to severe disease and worse clinical outcomes in animal and human studies. The majority of P. aeruginosa strains secrete ExoS, a bifunctional toxin with GTPase-activating protein and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. Numerous in vitro studies have investigated the targets and cellular effects of ExoS, linking both its enzymatic activities with inhibition of bacterial internalization. However, little is known about how this toxin facilitates the progression of infection in vivo . In this study, we used a mouse model to investigate the role of ExoS in inhibiting phagocytosis during pneumonia. We first confirmed previous findings that the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ExoS, but not the GTPase-activating protein activity, was responsible for bacterial persistence and decreased host survival in this model. We then used two distinct assays to demonstrate that ExoS inhibited phagocytosis during pneumonia. In contrast to the findings of several in vitro studies, this in vivo inhibition was also dependent on the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, but not the GTPase-activating protein activity, of ExoS. These results demonstrate for the first time the antiphagocytic function of ExoS in the context of an actual infection and indicate that blocking the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ExoS may have potential therapeutic benefit. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. To cause severe disease, this bacterium uses a type III secretion system that delivers four effector proteins, ExoS, ExoT, ExoU, and ExoY, into host cells. The majority of P. aeruginosa strains secrete ExoS, a bifunctional toxin with GTPase-activating protein and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. In cell culture models, both enzymatic activities have been associated with decreased bacterial internalization. However, our study is the first to examine a role for ExoS in blocking phagocytosis in an animal model. We report that ExoS does inhibit phagocytosis during pneumonia. The ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, but not the GTPase-activating protein activity, of ExoS is necessary for this effect. Our findings highlight the ability of P. aeruginosa to manipulate the inflammatory response during pneumonia to facilitate bacterial survival.
Sparse Information Extraction: Unsupervised Language Models to the Rescue

Even in a massive corpus such as the Web, a substantial fraction of extractions appear infrequently. This paper shows how to assess the correctness of sparse extractions by utilizing unsupervised language models. The REALM system, which combines HMMbased and n-gram-based language models, ranks candidate extractions by the likelihood that they are correct. Our experiments show that REALM reduces extraction error by 39%, on average, when compared with previous work. Because REALM pre-computes language models based on its corpus and does not require any hand-tagged seeds, it is far more scalable than approaches that learn models for each individual relation from handtagged data. Thus, REALM is ideally suited for open information extraction where the relations of interest are not specified in advance and their number is potentially vast.
The (Unnoticed) Demise of the Doctrine of Equivalents

We have conducted an empirical study of every reported doctrine of equivalents decision in both the Federal Circuit and the district courts during three periods - one before the Federal Circuit's 2000 Festo opinion, one after that opinion but before the Supreme Court's 2002 opinion, and a third after the Supreme Court's opinion. Two broader findings stand out. First, the multiple changes in the doctrine of equivalents rules over the last ten years have had surprisingly little effect on the actual outcome of doctrine of equivalents cases, and even less effect on the subset of cases dealing directly with prosecution history estoppel. Indeed, to the extent there is any relationship it is an inverse one - patentees did better under less patent-friendly rules. The attention everyone has paid to Festo as changing the value of patent rights therefore seems to have been largely wasted from a practical perspective. The second finding is even more significant: the reason the Festo changes had so little effect seems to be that the doctrine of equivalents was already near death by the late 1990s. Even under the permissive doctrine of equivalents rules in place before 2000, while everyone was focused on the doctrine of equivalents, equivalents claims usually failed, most often on summary judgment. That became even more true after 2000, and the Supreme Court's 2002 decision didn't change the trend. In fact, district courts are more likely to reject doctrine of equivalents claims today than ever before. This left us with a bit of a puzzle: what killed the doctrine of equivalents in the 1990s? We suspected the answer was the growth of claim construction Markman hearings after the Supreme Court's 1996 decision in that case. Once courts were construing claims as a matter of law pre-trial, and finding themselves in a position to resolve virtually all infringement issues on summary judgment, they were naturally inclined to decide the doctrine of equivalents issues too. And a court that has just rejected a literal infringement argument - the only courts likely to spend much time thinking about equivalents issues pre-trial - is unlikely to undo the work of claim construction by sending the issue of infringement by equivalents to the jury. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a fourth dataset, including cases decided in the 1993 to 1995 timeframe. That data bears out our hypothesis. The doctrine of equivalents was alive and well before Markman, but has been in decline ever since.
Unsupervised Color Constancy

In [1] we introduced a linear statistical model of joint color changes in images due to variation in lighting and certain non-geometric camera parameters. We did this by measuring the mappings of colors in one image of a scene to colors in another image of the same scene under different lighting conditions. Here we increase the flexibility of this color Bow model by allowing flow coefficients to vary according to a low order polynomial over the image. This allows us to better fit smoothly varying lighting conditions as well as curved surfaces without endowing our model with too much capacity. We show results on image matching and shadow removal and detection.
How One-Factor-at-a-Time Experimentation Can Lead to Greater Improvements Than Orthogonal Arrays

This paper attempts to explain the empirically demonstrated phenomena that, under some conditions, one-at-a-time experiments outperform orthogonal arrays (on average) in parameter design of engineering systems. Five case studies are presented, each based on data from previously published full factorial experiments on actual engineering systems. Computer simulations of adaptive one-at-a-time plans and orthogonal arrays were carried out with varying degrees of pseudo-random error added to the data. The average outcomes are plotted for both approaches to optimization. For each of the five case studies, the main effects and interactions of the experimental factors are presented and analyzed to explain the observed simulation results. It is shown that, for some types of engineering systems, “one-at-a-time” designs consistently exploit interactions despite the fact that these designs lack the resolution to estimate interactions. It is also confirmed that orthogonal arrays are adversely affected by confounding of main effects and interactions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The Unconventional Boomtown: Updating the impact model to fit new spatial and temporal scales.

The boomtown impact model developed by researchers in the 1970s implicitly assumes a spatially concentrated, finite resource will be extracted during a near-singular event (i.e. the "boom"), followed by a one-time "bust". This model has been criticized for its lack of a realistic longitudinal or macro-level perspective beyond the boom-and-bust, and seems unlikely to transfer successfully to the context of modern hydrocarbon exploitation. Technological innovations have unlocked massive reservoirs of natural gas in many parts of the world that challenge the notion of a geographically concentrated supply that can be quickly exploited. While as prices have plunged and natural gas is poised as an attractive fuel source for some time to come, energy prices are likely to retain their characteristic volatility. Hydrocarbon rich regions and the communities in them are likely to experience repeated waves of mini-booms and mini-busts over the course of decades, a scenario for which the classic one-time boom/bust model may not be well equipped. This development pattern holds profound implications for the types of impacts experienced by residents and the ways in which communities can prepare for them. In this article, we seek to both better define the sets of assumptions that predicate the boomtown impact model and suggest updates to incorporate more macro-level economic concerns. We review the boomtown impact model for assumptions of rurality and isolation, land ownership and wealth retention, spatial and temporal concentration, and economic drivers and industry behavior. We compare these assumptions against the new reality of unconventional natural gas development, drawing from impacted communities in the Marcellus Shale of Pennsylvania that have experienced some of the new types of impacts. We further describe ways in which the boomtown model may be updated to include a more complex energy industry and implications for research and rural community development.
Management research on disabilities: : examining methodological challenges and possible solutions

Providing companies and managers with knowledge about the inclusion of people with disabilities in the workplace is important since they often face significant obstacles such as discrimination and high unemployment rates. Poor workplace inclusion also has detrimental effects for companies, such as discrimination litigation, untapped personnel resources and missed business opportunities. Yet, empirical research on the topic of disability is extremely limited, especially in top-tier management journals. Although this shortcoming in research has often been mentioned by scholars, few explanations for it have been put forward. I propose that specific methodological challenges for quantitative research in the field are an important contributor to this shortcoming. In this paper, I identify and outline specific challenges through expert interviews, identify underlying issues and provide first suggestions on how to address these. The goal is to help increase the number of high-quality research studies in the orga...
The Comparative Study of Constitutions: Suggestions for Organizing the Inquiry

Bushway, Ann and William R. Nash. 1977. "School Cheating Behavior," Review of Educational Research 47: 623-32. Chisholm, Donald. 1990. "Between Leibnitz and Voltaire: Exams and Grading in a Less than Perfect World," PS 23: 600-04. Haines, Valeri J., George M. Diekhoff, Emily E. LaBeff, and Robert E. Clark. 1986. "College Cheating: Immaturity, Lack of Commitment, and the Neutralizing Attitude," Research in Higher Education 25: 342-54.
Nucleic Acid Levels During Functional Development of Mouse Mammary Gland

SummaryThe content and concentration of nucleic acids in the mouse mammary gland were examined at various stages of secretory development. The total content of DNA and RNA attained maximal values on day 7 of lactation. The highest concentration of RNA occurred on days 7 to 10, whereas that of DNA occurred on day 1 of lactation. The decline in secretory activity of the mammary gland at the end of lactation apparently results from a decrease both in the number of cells and in their functional capacity.
Correlating Preoperative Imaging with Histologic Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Common Mimickers

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) consists of distinct subtypes that have unique pathologic and imaging features as well as specific cytogenetic and molecular characteristics. As the prognosis and therapeutic strategies may differ for each subtype, correlation of the preoperative imaging with the pathologic findings is of great clinical relevance. In addition, differentiation of RCC from benign entities is ideal in order to prevent overtreatment. However, a noninvasive diagnosis with imaging alone is not always straightforward due to the overlapping appearance of RCC with benign lesions such as fat-poor angiomyolipoma and oncocytoma. With new imaging modalities, there have been significant improvements in correlating preoperative imaging with pathologic characteristics. These new discoveries are able to aid in a more specific, noninvasive, diagnosis that in turn helps direct patient management.
New Study on Process

The process is an old topic in computer science. The upsurge of researching on process has gone away, and no body have discussed in process for a long time. However, when Workflows Management System (WfMS) and Busi- ness Process Management System (BPMS) are presented, the process becomes a hot research field again. The BPMS is considered as an implementing technology for building, integration and reusing business process, which is substitute for WfMS, and is an unify methodology to describe and implement control flow, data flow and participant among business process with process. Petri Net is a good model to describe Process attributes, such as concurrency, competition and synchronization. Some new problems which will be met to building process are discussed in this paper, and a BPMS model, named Xinpai driven business process Model, which is expanded and based on Petri Net is presented, and intro- duce come techniques and research to solve problems among Business process Management.
Analysis of monitoring results of harmful elements in foods in Tongshan district of Xuzhou city in 2013

Objective To learn the pollution status of harmful elements in foods in Tongshan district of Xuzhou city,and provide scientific basis for the control of food pollution. Methods The national standard method or recommend monitoring methods were used for monitoring,and GB 2726- 2012"contaminants the national food safety standards of food"was used for evaluation. Results Cadmium,mercury,lead,total arsenic and aluminum in 47 samples including infant foods,aquatic products,milk and dairy products were monitored,and the detected rates were 0%,40. 4%,46. 8%,38. 3% and 60. 0%,respectively. The qualified rate were 100%,100%,94. 7%,100%,respectively. Total mercury exceed the standard of food for aquatic products as raw materials canned infant supplementary food,the total arsenic content is higher,the detection of total arsenic,mercury and other aquatic products in the rate of 100%. Conclusion Harmful heavy metals pollution in general food Tongshan is not serious,but mercury,arsenic and aluminum pollution were serious. The monitoring and supervision of infant food,aquatic products and other food,health risk of heavy metal pollution and harmful elements in food should be strengthened.
The healthcare doctrine. U.S. foreign policy must include the eradication of dangerous diseases.

The authors discuss the war without guns doctors and other health professionals are waging against killer diseases and poor health, that should become more central to U.S. foreign policy.
Basic Research of Intrinsic Tamper Indication Markings Defined by Pulsed Laser Irradiation (Quad Chart).

Objective: We will research how short (ns) and ultrashort (fs) laser pulses interact with the surfaces of various materials to create complex color layers and morphological patterns. Method: We are investigating the site-specific, formation of microcolor features. Also, research includes a fundamental study of the physics underlying periodic ripple formation during femtosecond laser irradiation. Status of effort: Laser induced color markings were demonstrated on an increased number of materials (including metal thin films) and investigated for optical properties and microstructure. Technology that allows for marking curved surfaces (and large areas) has been implemented. We have used electro-magnetic solvers to model light-solid interactions leading to periodic surface ripple patterns. This includes identifying the roles of surface plasmon polaritons. Goals/Milestones: Research corrosion resistance of oxide color markings (salt spray, fog, polarization tests); Through modeling, investigate effects of multi-source scattering and interference on ripple patterns; Investigate microspectrophotometry for mapping color; and Investigate new methods for laser color marking curved surfaces and large areas.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D is localized in keratinocytes

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) is abundant in mammalian plasma, but little is known of its cellular and tissue distribution. In this study frozen sections of perfused tissues from adult rats were stained with monoclonal antibodies against GPI-PLD. The most intense staining was observed in the stratified squamous epithelium of the forestomach. Staining was also observed in the esophagus, the tongue, the hard palate, and the skin but not in most other tissues including the columnar epithelium of the stomach or the lower gastrointestinal tract. GPI-PLD expression was also detected in several keratinocyte cell lines. Biochemical assays of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-degrading activity using [3H]myristate-labeled variant surface glycoprotein as substrate provided independent evidence for the presence of GPI-PLD. Expression of GPI-PLD by keratinocytes was not affected by culture in serum-free media, indicating that it does not originate by uptake of serum GPI-PLD in the media. These data suggest that keratinocytes are an important site of action of GPI-PLD and possibly a contributor to the plasma GPI-PLD pool.