cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syringomyelia presenting as paroxysmal arm posturing resembling seizures

A 9-year-old female presented with daily episodes of medically refractory paroxysmal bilateral arm posturing, which had long been thought to be epileptic seizures. She also had other types of episodes, including daily staring spells and infrequent generalized tonic-clonic convulsions. Neurologic examination was normal except for delayed cognitive development. The results of previous electroencephalograms (EEG) were normal, and magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a Chiari I malformation. Video EEG monitoring revealed no EEG changes during the attacks, and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine revealed a large cervical syrinx associated with the Chiari malformation. The episodes of paroxysmal bilateral dystonic arm posturing resolved after surgical intervention for the syrinx. This report illustrates that cervical cord disease is an unusual although potentially treatable condition to be considered in the differential diagnosis of paroxysmal episodes with dystonic movements of the arms, even in the absence of other physical findings of myelopathy.
From Mental Disorder to Iatrogenic Hypogonadism: Dilemmas in Conceptualizing Gender Identity Variants as Psychiatric Conditions

The categorization of gender identity variants (GIVs) as “mental disorders” in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association is highly controversial among professionals as well as among persons with GIV. After providing a brief history of GIV categorizations in the DSM, this paper presents some of the major issues of the ongoing debate: GIV as psychopathology versus natural variation; definition of “impairment” and “distress” for GID; associated psychopathology and its relation to stigma; the stigma impact of the mental-disorder label itself; the unusual character of “sex reassignment surgery” as a psychiatric treatment; and the consequences for health and mental-health services if the disorder label is removed. Finally, several categorization options are examined: Retaining the GID category, but possibly modifying its grouping with other syndromes; narrowing the definition to dysphoria and taking “disorder” out of the label; categorizing GID as a neurological or medical rather than a psychiatric disorder; removing GID from both the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD); and creating a special category for GIV in the DSM. I conclude that—as also evident in other DSM categories—the decision on the categorization of GIVs cannot be achieved on a purely scientific basis, and that a consensus for a pragmatic compromise needs to be arrived at that accommodates both scientific considerations and the service needs of persons with GIVs.
Inside and outside: The modernized hierarchy that runs China

Describes the process through which China has rebuilt and strengthened its bureaucracy since 1978 without moving toward rule of law. Internally, the bureaucracy has become more rule-governed, and new procedures have been introduced, including regular rules for promotion, credentialing, and turnover, including term limits. However, external accountability is absent. The huge difference between “inside” and “outside” may be a unique feature of the Chinese system.
Corrigendum to ‘Disseminated mucormycosis in a paediatric patient: Lictheimia corymbifera successfully treated with combination antifungal therapy’ [Medical Mycology Case Reports (2014) 18–21]

The authors regret that Lichtheimia was initially misspelt in the title and throughout the article. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. DOI of original article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2014.08.002
NBCe1-A residues mutated in patients with pRTA: A Topological Analysis

Eight missense mutations in Na+ coupled HCO3− cotransporter 1 (NBCe1-A) (R298S, S427L, T485S, G486R, R510H, L522P, A799V and R881C) are reported to cause proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA). In ...
GAWSCHI: gaze-augmented, wearable-supplemented computer-human interaction

Recent developments in eye tracking technology are paving the way for gaze-driven interaction as the primary interaction modality. Despite successful efforts, existing solutions to the "Midas Touch" problem have two inherent issues: 1) lower accuracy, and 2) visual fatigue that are yet to be addressed. In this work we present GAWSCHI: a Gaze-Augmented, Wearable-Supplemented Computer-Human Interaction framework that enables accurate and quick gaze-driven interactions, while being completely immersive and hands-free. GAWSCHI uses an eye tracker and a wearable device (quasi-mouse) that is operated with the user's foot, specifically the big toe. The system was evaluated with a comparative user study involving 30 participants, with each participant performing eleven predefined interaction tasks (on MS Windows 10) using both mouse and gaze-driven interactions. We found that gaze-driven interaction using GAWSCHI is as good (time and precision) as mouse-based interaction as long as the dimensions of the interface element are above a threshold (0.60" x 0.51"). In addition, an analysis of NASA Task Load Index post-study survey showed that the participants experienced low mental, physical, and temporal demand; also achieved a high performance. We foresee GAWSCHI as the primary interaction modality for the physically challenged and a means of enriched interaction modality for the able-bodied demographics.
A continental shelf perspective of ocean acidification and temperature evolution during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

A rapid and large injection of isotopically light carbon into the ocean-atmosphere reservoirs is signaled by a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary ∼56 m.y. ago. To better understand the extent of ocean warming and acidification associated with the carbon injection we generated elemental and isotopic records of surface and thermocline planktonic foraminifera across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary from an expanded section along the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain, New Jersey (USA). Ocean temperatures (derived from magnesium/calcium paleothermometer) document a lag in thermocline warming relative to surface waters, implying a progressive deepening of the mixed layer in addition to global warming. A similar magnitude of acidification (as recorded by boron/calcium, B/Ca) on the shelf compared with open ocean sites confirms widespread acidification of the surface ocean. An increase in seawater alkalinity after the CIE, as recorded by B/Ca in planktonic foraminifera, likely played an important role in neutralizing the added carbon, possibly minimizing benthic extinction along the shelf.
iTEP nanoparticle-delivered salinomycin displays an enhanced toxicity to cancer stem cells in orthotopic breast tumors.

Salinomycin (Sali) has selective toxicity to cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells that have been recently linked with tumor multidrug resistance (MDR). To utilize its selective toxicity for cancer therapy, we sought to devise a nanoparticle (NP) carrier to deliver Sali to solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect and, hence, to increase its exposure to CSCs. First, hydrophobic Sali was conjugated to a hydrophilic, immune-tolerant, elastin-like polypeptide (iTEP); the amphiphilic iTEP–Sali conjugates self-assemble into NPs. Next, free Sali was encapsulated into the NPs alone or with two additives, N,N-dimethylhexylamine (DMHA) and α-tocopherol. The coencapsulation significantly improved the loading efficiency and release profile of Sali. The resulting NPs of the coencapsulation, termed as iTEP–Sali NP3s, have an in vitro release half-life of 4.1 h, four times longer than iTEP–Sali NP2s, the NPs that have encapsulated Sali only. Further, the NP3 formulation inc...
Video Gaming: A Pilot Study Tool To Enhance Localization in Neurology (P07.247)

Objective: To develop an educational video game that is both appealing and effective in learning localization in neurology. Background Neurology requires learning to localize nervous system pathology based on exam findings. This can be a challenging task. Video games are currently being applied in many medical fields with great success. Indeed, video gaming has been reported to have a high level of acceptance and interest among medical students apart from having the ability to be efficient and accurate in their teaching. Design/Methods: First part of this pilot study includes beta testing by medical students a mini-game that addresses the visual pathways in neurology. Results: A visually appealing game available which will be available for demo at the meeting with evaluation data from medical students will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions: Video games in teaching are becoming more common among the medical field. This pilot game is interactive, engaging and systematically covers localization in neurology. Further development of gaming in different neurological pathways are underway. Supported by: American Academy of Neurology Educational Award. Disclosure: Dr. Brizuela has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jaycox has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ingersoll has nothing to disclose. Dr. Amezcua has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Biogen Idec, Teva Neuroscience, and Serono/Pfizer Inc.
How to Solve Cyclic Differential Equations

(1964). How to Solve Cyclic Differential Equations. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 305-308.
Multinational BusinessA Global Perspective

A source of hope for some and of apprehension for others, multinational business is now recognized as a potentially powerful force for giving shape to world society. The advocates, or even the philosophers, of the multinational corporation have not been wanting in eloquence. They have especially claimed for this new instrumentality-beyond efficiency and productivity-high social merit in the global context (Ball, 1967: 80; Fortune, 1969; Peccei, 1971: 9; Brown, 1970: 7-8). In their enthusiasm and exuberance, they recall nineteenth-century optimism about the simple virtues of international trade as the universal force for peace. But a strong body of thought exists that denies such claims and asserts opposite views. Using arguments first elaborated by J. A. Hobson, an English pacifist writing at the turn of the century, such critics were early to recognize the global operating capacity of the corporate form of organization while rejecting the notion that it had positive effects either for social justice or for world order. Against the background of hostility to 'capitalism,' they invested business enterprises which were operating beyond the frontiers of the
Heirarchical Full-Chip Fast-Simulation Based Design Mitigation of CHC in NAND Flash Memory

Industry-standard Circuit Reliability simulation Tools (ICRT) to simulate Channel Hot Carrier (CHC) is either not possible at the full-chip level consisting of few million transistors or time consuming and prone to abrupt termination of simulation due to resource usage anomalies at reasonable large sub-block level. We have proposed a hierarchical design-in-reliability methodology to identify CHC aging of critical transistors accurately at full-chip level in 10x faster time than required by ICRT. Accurate reliability simulation and design mitigation is later carried out at much smaller and critical sub-block level using ICRT. We have demonstrated our methodology in screening critical blocks in a NAND flash memory and the results are provided thus enabling reliable and faster time to tape-out.
Understanding Creativity in the Schools

In this chapter, we first review definitions and conceptions of creativity. We discuss such key concepts as the four Ps (person, process, press, and product) and the four Cs (mini-c, little-c, Pro-c, and Big-C) and analyze popular theories of creativity from these perspectives. We highlight what conceptions are most appropriate for K-12 settings, noting approaches that can help in assessing and fostering creativity. We discuss areas of active research in creativity such as its relationship with achievement and the best methods for testing (including the idea of assessment both of and for creativity) and introduce the idea of creative metacognition and its application for the classroom. We close by summarizing key insights and providing a list of resources for educators interested in cultivating students’ creative potential in the classroom.
Discharge destination and readmission rates in older trauma patients.

Abstract Background In older trauma patients, the impact of discharge destination on readmission rates is not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the discharge destination and the 30-day readmission rate in older trauma patients. Materials and methods A previously validated database of all patients aged 45 years or older undergoing trauma evaluation at our level 1 trauma center between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008 was analyzed to retrospectively compare the incidences of 30-day readmission between patients discharged to home, to inpatient rehabilitation facilities, and to other extended care facilities (ECFs). Demographic information including age and gender and potentially confounding factors including injury severity, trauma activation level, comorbidities, medications, and preinjury functional status were included. Univariate analysis was undertaken using chi-square testing. Multiple logistic regression was performed with potential confounding variables to evaluate for independent contribution to readmission risk. Results A total of 960 patients were evaluated; 81 patients (8.4%) were excluded, leaving 879 patients included in the analysis. Seventy-six patients (8.6%) were readmitted within 30 d of discharge. Overall, 6% of those discharged to home, 13% of those discharged to ECF, and 16% of those discharged to rehabilitation were readmitted (P Conclusions Discharge to ECFs and inpatient rehabilitation facilities appear to be an independent risk factor for hospital readmissions in this population despite controlling for injury severity and comorbidities. Recognition of this risk factor may aid in the disposition planning of these patients and suggests the need for further evaluation of this correlation at other US medical centers.
Spectroscopic and computational investigation of actinium coordination chemistry

Actinium-225 is a promising isotope for targeted-α therapy. Unfortunately, progress in developing chelators for medicinal applications has been hindered by a limited understanding of actinium chemistry. This knowledge gap is primarily associated with handling actinium, as it is highly radioactive and in short supply. Hence, Ac(III) reactivity is often inferred from the lanthanides and minor actinides (that is, Am, Cm), with limited success. Here we overcome these challenges and characterize actinium in HCl solutions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and molecular dynamics density functional theory. The Ac-Cl and Ac-OH2O distances are measured to be 2.95(3) and 2.59(3) A, respectively. The X-ray absorption spectroscopy comparisons between Ac(III) and Am(III) in HCl solutions indicate Ac(III) coordinates more inner-sphere Cl(1-) ligands (3.2±1.1) than Am(III) (0.8±0.3). These results imply diverse reactivity for the +3 actinides and highlight the unexpected and unique Ac(III) chemical behaviour.
Subependymal Cysts and Biotin Deficiency

Subependymal cysts were identified by cranial ultrasound and confirmed by MRI in an infant with holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency, presenting with lactic acidosis, shock, and hypertonia, and responsive to biotin therapy (10mg daily), in a report from Devos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI.
Does Gender and Professional Experience Influence Students' Perceptions of Professors?.

Grounded in literature stemming from higher education research, this study examines how students evaluate public relations educators by gauging their perceptions of the professors’ professional com...
Thermal Resistance of Microorganisms and Polyphenol Oxidase as Related to Solar Pasteurization of Concord Grape Juice 1.

Pasteurization conditions for grape juice were examined and the concept of pasteurizing grape juice utilizing solar energy was explored in this study. The z-values of four selected micro-organisms in grape juice were approximately 5-8 C, whereas polyphenol oxidase in fresh grapes had a z-value of 8.0 C at pH 3 .4. Using a 0.5 m2 solar collector test module constructed for this study, 2.5 h were required to heat the grape juice from 10 to 85 C. The solar pasteurized juice and commercially pasteurized juice were different in flavor and color but not in pH, titratable acidity or soluble solids.
Relational Climate’s Mediating Role with Three Individual Level Variables

Nearly all research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) has been conducted from the perspective of the person performing the behavior (i.e. The Good Citizen). Recent research has called f...
Composition and distribution of urban vegetation in the Tucson basin

Tucson is a rapidly growing city of a half million people in the arid south-western United States. From 1945 to 1975, 62 per cent of the city's growth has been attributed to migration. The horticultural and landscaping activity of new residents replaced native vegetation with ornamental plants and thereby altered the pollen rain in the Tucson basin. Various pollen studies have shown changes in type and magnitude of pollen produced as well as a high degree of variability in local pollen concentrations in the air. This can be directly related to horticultural groups within the urban vegetation zone. Groundcover, trees and shrubs were tallied from the front yards of 1557 homes in the Tucson basin. Homes were selected randomly from six clusters around atmospheric pollen samplers. No significant (0.05 level) differences were found between any of the clusters in the Tucson basin. The sampled clusters of urban vegetation were then subdivided using Principal Component Analysis on a covariance matrix of the 17 most important plant and groundcover groups. The first eigenvector accounts for a minimum of 50 per cent of the variance in five of six clusters and 40 per cent of the variance in the sixth cluster. The first eigenvector represents the influence of human selectivity in landscaping plants. Tucsonans plant a limited number of plants consistently throughout the city. The second and third eigenvectors show the horticultural groups which are of major importance within each cluster and which are responsible for the differences in the pollen rain recorded at sites throughout the city. The first three eigenvectors accounted for 71–95 per cent of the total variance in the six clusters investigated.
From the BCVS Chair.

In July 2019, the American Heart Association (AHA) Council on Basic Cardiovascular Science (BCVS) will celebrate its 20th anniversary. For this first News and Views: From the BCVS Chair for Circulation Research , I thought it would be most appropriate to provide a brief history and mission statement of the AHA BCVS Council. In 1924, 6 leading cardiologists across the nation—Drs Lewis A. Conner, Robert H. Halsey, Hugh D. McCulloch, Robert B. Preble, Joseph Sailer, and Paul D. White—founded the AHA in New York City.1,2 Originally, the organization was called the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease. At the time, little was known about the root pathobiology, risk factors, or treatment of heart disease. These visionary physicians recognized the deep need for a national organization and platform that would enable the free exchange of knowledge, with a goal of providing more effective treatment of patients with heart disease. Since then, AHA has evolved into the leading organization for dissemination of information on cardiovascular disease, with guidelines and protocols representing the standard of care across the world. The Council of BCVS emerged from the AHA as a result of a successful merger of 2 leading AHA Councils/Sections: the Council/Section on Circulation and the Council/Section on Basic Science.3,4 The Council on Circulation was originally established in 1935 as the Section for the Study of the Peripheral Circulation and was among the initial 13 AHA Sections. Dr George E. Brown served …
Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Early Stage Parkinson's Disease Is Not Associated with Increased Body Mass Index.

Previous studies suggest that deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to weight gain. This study analyzes changes in body mass index (BMI) in 29 subjects from a prospective, single-blind trial of DBS in early stage PD (age 50-75, Hoehn & Yahr stage II off medication, treated with antiparkinsonian medications for ≥6 months but 0.05). BMI change over two years was not different between the groups (p = 0.62, ODT = -0.89; DBS+ODT = -0.17). This study suggests that STN-DBS is not associated with weight gain in subjects with early stage PD. This finding will be tested in an upcoming FDA-approved phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pivotal clinical trial evaluating DBS in early stage PD (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00282152).
Development of Oral Communication Skills by Undergraduates that Convey Evolutionary Concepts to the Public.

Leaders in undergraduate biology education have recommended that post-secondary programs recognize the importance of communication. Scientists are generally recognized as the conduit for communicating scientific information with the public. Traditionally, scientific training has focused on building students’ content knowledge, knowledge of terminology, and ability to communicate with other scientists. The majority of undergraduate biology programs do not include a focus on building their students’ ability to communicate scientific information to non-scientists. Due to both its controversy (outside the scientific community) and conflicting scientific and lay terminology, speaking to non-scientists about evolution can be especially challenging. In this Tips and Tool article, we present an interactive approach to help build students’ conceptual knowledge of evolution and to develop their ability to orally communicate with non-scientists.
Interference mitigation in coexistence of WLAN network with radar

Coexistence between 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) and radars operating in co/adjacent channel scenarios (notably 5 GHz) is a problem of considerable importance that requires new innovations. We propose a modified Wi-Fi link design that mitigates the interference from a pulsed search radar such that the WLAN network continues to operate outside the exclusion region with no noticeable performance degradation. For low density parity check (LDPC) encoding adopted in high throughput WLANs such as 802.11n and .ac, the modified receiver includes a new interleaver and a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) mapping function to successfully mitigate the impact of radar interference. We evaluate, via simulations, the impact of interleaver length and LLR mapping function parameters to determine the optimum combination that yields the desirable frame error rate (FER) performance.
Does Target-hardening Result in Deadlier Terrorist Attacks against Protected Targets? An Examination of Unintended Harmful Consequences

Objectives:This study examines whether the use of target-hardening measures engenders greater amounts of casualty terrorist attacks against protected targets. Specifically, this study evaluates the impact of augmenting aviation security and protection of U.S. embassies and diplomats on the frequency and proportion of casualty attacks against aviation targets and U.S. diplomatic targets, respectively.Method:Using time-series data from the Global Terrorism Database (1970 to 2001), this study conducts time-series intervention analysis. To provide a more comprehensive test, a variety of supplementary analyses—consisting of data transformations, various onsets of the interventions, autoregressive integrated moving average, Poisson, and vector autoregression models of time-series data—are performed.Results:We found no increase in the frequency or proportion of casualty attacks against protected targets following target-hardening interventions. The results show that the typical ensuing terrorist attack against h...
Collaboration Networks in Sports

We live in the world of information, where huge amounts of data of diverse nature and origin arise in various spheres of life, including sports. To get useful information from this data, one should apply special techniques of summariz-ing and visualizing the information contained in a certain dataset. In many practical situations, a real-life dataset can be represented as a large graph (network) (Boginski et al. 2003). A graph is a set of vertices (dots) and edges (links) connecting them. In a graph representation of a dataset, certain at-tributes are usually associated with vertices and edges of the corresponding graph. These attributes may contain specific information characterizing the given application, which often provides a new insight into the internal struc-ture and patterns of the data.
A Priori Skepticism and the KK Thesis

In a previous article, I argued against the widespread reluctance of philosophers to treat skeptical challenges to our a priori knowledge of necessary truths with the same seriousness as skeptical challenges to our a posteriori knowledge of contingent truths. Hamid Vahid has recently offered several reasons for thinking the unequal treatment of these two kinds of skepticism is justified, one of which is a priori skepticism’s seeming dependence upon the widely scorned KK thesis. In the present article, I defend a priori skepticism against Vahid’s criticisms.
Stability of a water tower

The stability of a water tower, consisting of a spherical shell rigidly attached to the top of a vertical column, is analyzed. At first, it is shown on a simple conceptual model that problems of this type are imperfection insensitive; thus, the first bifurcation load from the straight state of equilibrium could be considered the buckling load. This is followed by the analysis of the water tower problem taking into consideration the flexibility of the column, the own weight of the structure, the weight of the liquid, and the rotational stiffness of the soil base. Although the differential equation of the resulting eigenvalue problem has a variable coefficient, the problem is solved exactly in closed form. To simplify the utilization of the obtained results, they are presented graphically for a range of water tower and soil stiffness parameters. Model tests were conducted that confirmed the analytical findings. However, nearP cr , at the smallest disturbance the model underwent large oscillatory motions. This finding suggests that, for water tower design, only a fraction ofP cr should be used.
Measurement of the Intensity and Phase of Ultrashort Pulses Using Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating

Recently, we developed a technique for measuring the full time-dependent intensity, I(t), and phase, ϕ(t), of the complex electric field, E(t), of an ultrashort laser pulse. This technique, Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (FROG),1–5 has been demonstrated for pulses in the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared. It can measure pulses from millijoules to a few picojoules (the latter using the second-harmonic-generation version). It is also routinely used to measure a single ultrashort laser pulse.
Entstehungsorte, Speicherorte und Umsatz der Serumproteine

Bevor ich auf mein Thema, den Ursprung und Stoffwechsel der Serumproteine eingehe, mochte ich der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur innere Medizin meinen Dank fur Ihre freundliche und ehrenvolle Einladung zu ihrem 66. Kongres aussprechen. Mein Dank gebuhrt auch den Farbenfabriken Bayer, deren finanzielle Beihilfe die Reise uber den Ozean ermoglichte. Naturgemas ist es unmoglich in einer Ubersicht uber ein so weites Gebiet alle wesentlichen Arbeiten zu besprechen oder auch nur zu erwahnen. Bis zu einem gewissen Grade wird dieser Mangel jedoch durch den Hinweis auf verschiedene Ubersichtsarbeiten im Literaturverzeichnis ausgeglichen.
Beta 2-adrenergic receptors enhance contractility by stimulating HCO3(-)-dependent intracellular alkalinization.

Previous studies established that beta 2-adrenergic receptors enhance the amplitude, without abbreviating the kinetics, of the twitch in adult rat ventricular myocytes. The present study was designed to identify the dominant signaling mechanism mediating this response. Myocytes from adult rat ventricles were loaded with the pH-sensitive fluorophore 29,79-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(69)-carboxyfluorescein, and simultaneous measurements of intracellular pH and contraction were performed during electrical field stimulation under basal conditions and after stimulation with isoproterenol or the selective beta 2-receptor agonist zinterol. Inhibition of protein kinase A with H-7 completely inhibited the isoproterenol-dependent, but not the zinterol-dependent, positive inotropic response. The effect of zinterol to increase twitch amplitude was associated with an alkalinization of 0.07 +/- 0.02 pH unit, which was not prevented by inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger with hexamethylene-amiloride. Rather, removal of bicarbonate from the extracellular buffer prevented the beta 2-receptor-dependent alkalinization as well as the positive inotropic response. These results indicate that beta 2-adrenergic receptors induce a positive inotropic response in adult rat ventricular myocytes via a adenosine 39,59-cyclic monophosphate-independent mechanism that involves intracellular alkalinization due to activation of a bicarbonate-dependent intracellular pH regulatory mechanism.
The International Prisoners Aid Association and drug abuse control.

The International Prisoners Aid Association (IPAA) is concerned with the rehabilitation of offenders, including drug offenders. IPAA does not have the financial and human resources to establish working programmes for drug abuse control or for the treatment of drug-dependent persons. It does, however, contribute to efforts at the international level to combat the drug problem by supporting non-governmental agencies in different countries involved in the rehabilitation of drug-dependent persons and the prevention of drug abuse, by disseminating knowledge and information on current developments in the field among concerned members of the world community and by promoting and publishing cross-cultural research dealing with the drug problem at the preventive/control and treatment levels. IPAA has participated in international and regional conferences and seminars dealing with drug abuse, and numerous items on drug- related issues have been published in the IPAA Newsletter and in occasional reports. The present article provides a brief overview of the work of IPAA as it relates to drug control.
An adaptive, generic planning model for large scale integrated engineering design

Intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) emulates the human activity of design so that production planning decision making and inventive design can be performed by computers. Based on the history of human experience in engineering design, a formalized approach to design methodology should include procedures from (1) conceptual design, (2) layout design, and (3) numerical optimization design. The highest design level in such a system should be responsible for generating skeleton structures of entities within the design process which are eventually to be specified uniquely, and to be optimized. Planning plays a key role in such a system. Planning has been utilized as a tool for process organization within the knowledge domains of chemical engineering electrical engineering and manufacturing as well as for general problem formulation and solution. State estimation, subtask scheduling and constraint propagation are factors of prime importance in this type of problem. A methodology for planning and the problems associated with it within large scale design are discussed. The generality of our hypothesis for the design optimization process is examined within the context of a prototypical mechanical design model. An example which demonstrates the applicability of this approach to mechanical power transmission design and which is representative of a large scale design problem, is provided.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Related Hydrocephalus: Treatment Options and Considerations.

Objective Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) will be associated with hydrocephalus in ≤13% of cases. Currently, very little data are available describing the actual etiologies and treatment options of NF1-associated hydrocephalus. We, therefore, have described our experience in treating NF1-associated hydrocephalus. Methods We completed a retrospective data analysis of 1020 patients with NF1 treated at the Gilbert's Israeli International Neurofibromatosis Center during a period of 20 years. The patients presenting with, and treated for, related hydrocephalus were included. The clinical, radiological, and surgical data are presented. Results We included 22 patients (2.1% of the entire NF1 patient cohort), with 17 aged Conclusions Hydrocephalus in the context of NF1 has been caused mostly by obstructive etiologies. A tailored treatment approach is recommended to address the specific etiology. Regardless of the treatment approach, a relatively high rate of failure has been described.
Fichte’s Account of Reason and Rational Normativity

This chapter argues for a unifying and clarifying analysis of Fichte’s diverse and unusual characterizations of the nature of reason and rational normativity. Fichte equates or closely associates reason with “I-hood,” “positing” (especially self-positing), “acting” (as opposed to being), “self-reverting activity,” and “subject-objectivity.” He also claims that reason, qua reason, harbors “an absolute tendency toward the absolute”—and even that, in the final analysis, “only reason is.” I argue that we can readily grasp the meaning, interconnection, and putative justification of such claims, if we suppose that, for Fichte, reason is the self-initiated instatement of self-wrought ordering forms, the first and foremost of which is the idea of precisely this type of activity in a pure and uncompromised (independent, “self-sufficient”) form.
An introduction to the multimedia educational resource for learning and online teaching (MERLOT)

The Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT) is a continually growing collection of online learning materials and support resources that help faculty enhance their instruction. MERLOT is a community of people who strive to enrich the teaching and learning experience. The resources in MERLOT include: Learning materials, sample assignments showing how the materials could be used in the classroom, evaluations of the learning materials by other individual users and panels of faculty, and people who share an interest in teaching and learning.
Role of oxidants and antioxidants in diabetic wound healing

Abstract It has been extremely difficult to study the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic wounds because they do not contain a single defect. One of the critical parameters for proper healing is the redox state of the wound. The redox state is maintained by a balance between oxidant and antioxidant molecules. Oxidative stress (OS) is present in tissues and cells when there is an imbalance between the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of antioxidants in the tissues and cells to remove these species and repair the damage they cause. Low levels of ROS are important for initiation and progression of proper healing, whereas high levels of ROS derail the cell and molecular mechanisms involved in healing leading to cell death and paralyzes of the healing process. Antioxidants inactivate reactive species by donating their electrons to these species and preventing them from capturing electrons from other important molecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. When the levels of antioxidant molecules are not sufficient to detoxify the cells and tissues from excessive OS, damage occurs. Examples of reactive radical forms of O2 are superoxide (O2•−), hydroxyl (•OH), and peroxyl (LOO•), whereas examples of nonradical reactive forms are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO). Antioxidants can work through enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions that can occur intracellularly in the cytosol and/or in organelles such as the mitochondria or in the extracellular environment. Chronic wounds in humans have high levels of OS. This is particularly true for chronic wounds of diabetic patients. A better understanding of how wounds become chronic is critical for future success in the treatment of such wounds after debridement. Because high levels of OS are present in chronic wounds and are critical for chronic wound initiation and development, we speculate that treatment of human chronic wounds with antioxidants both systemically and locally after debridement, coupled with other treatments such as antibiotics, may be effective in resolving chronicity.
“Rapping Done Let Us Down”: Prince’s Hip-Hop Ambivalence

This study argues that Prince was fundamentally ambivalent towards the genre of hip-hop, and proposes a four-phase model for understanding Prince’s engagement with it. Though Prince was initially d...
Rewriting Language: How Literary Texts Can Promote Inclusive Language Use by Christiane Luck (2020)

Rewriting Language: How Literary Texts Can Promote Inclusive Language Use Christiane Luck (2020) London: UCL Press, 204 pp.
Recreational Drone-Related Injuries in Children: A Review of National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) Data.

Introduction Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles controlled by a person on the ground, used for recreational purposes. The purpose of the study is to describe characteristics and patterns of injuries reported in children from recreational drones. Methods We extracted data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System involving (NEISS) over a period of 10 years from 2010 to 2019 regarding injuries to children for ages zero up to 18 years. We included the subjects with drone-related injuries. All other toy-related injuries were excluded. We applied descriptive statistics to calculate proportions and confidence intervals for categorical variables and median for continuous variables. Results We included a total of 26 subjects. In our sample, the number of male subjects (65%; n = 17) was higher than the number of females (35%; n = 9). Head and face were the commonly affected body parts (58%, n = 15). The most common diagnoses were lacerations (42%; n = 11) and contusions/abrasions (27%; n = 7). The majority of the subjects were treated and discharged from the emergency department (92%; n = 24). A significant number of injuries were caused by the direct impact of drones (65%; n = 17). Conclusion Drones have the potential to cause injuries. Precautions are warranted to decrease the incidence of these injuries in children.
Redundancy for Asteroid Detumbling via Staging

This work analyzes the use of microfabricated elec-trospray thrusters in a staged configuration during detumbling of small asteroids. For asteroid redirection missions, keeping the asteroid in a static and controllable orientation greatly simplifies the redirection process. In order to achieve this, spacecraft with propulsion systems need to be landed on the surface of the asteroid in order to detumble it. Prior work has studied the optimal landing locations of these detumbling spacecraft as well as suggested that small spacecraft, such as CubeSats, may be ideally suited for this task. However, small spacecraft suffer from component reliability issues, particularly in the propulsion system where redundancy is not typically provided. A potential solution is to use staging, analogous to launch vehicle staging, in order to provide propulsion system redundancy directly on each spacecraft. Staging has primarily been studied for enabling deep-space CubeSat missions with microfabricated electrospray thrusters by bypassing the lifetime limitations of individual thrusters in order to increase the overall lifetime of the propulsion system, but it can also be use to provide redundancy. A small fleet of CubeSats, each equipped with a staged electrospray propulsion system can detumble a small asteroid, all while providing redundancy in the event of a propulsion system failure. This work estimates the size of asteroid that can be detumbled with microfabricated electrospray thrusters as well as the number of stages required in order to guarantee specified probabilities of mission success.
Autonomic Disorders in Animals

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the lesioning of the sympathetic nervous system (sympathectomy) by numerous methods and also mentions the pathologic cases of autonomic failure in animals. A number of relatively facile methods of inducing irreversible and reversible sympathectomy in a number of species ranging from nonhuman primates to mice have been described in the chapter. Methods that selectively target the noradrenergic (NA) neurons would spare the non-NA sympathetic neurons, such as those that innervate the sweat glands. Although immunologic and chemical methods to kill NA neurons have been developed, surgical ablation of non-NA sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla are the only methods to remove the sympathetic influences. Histologic analyses of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia from affected animals show a marked loss or chromatolysis of neurons with satellite cell infiltrate. These syndromes have high morbidity, and current treatments are for symptomatic relief only.
L-citrulline production from L-arginine by macrophage nitric oxide synthase. The ureido oxygen derives from dioxygen.

Previously proposed mechanisms for the production of L-citrulline from L-arginine by macrophage nitric oxide (NO.) synthase involve either hydrolysis of arginine or hydration of an intermediate and thus predict incorporation of water oxygen into L-citrulline. Macrophage NO. synthase was incubated with L-arginine, NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin, FAD, and dithiothreitol in H2(18)/16O2. L-Citrulline produced in this reaction was analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Its mass spectrum matched that of L-citrulline generated in H2(16)O/16O2. The base fragment ion of m/z 99 was shown to contain the ureido carbonyl group by using L-[guanidino-13C]arginine as substrate. When the enzyme reaction was performed in H2(16)O/18O2, the base fragment ion shifted to m/z 101 with L-[guanidino-12C]arginine as the substrate and to m/z 102 with L-[guanidino-13C]arginine. These results indicate that the ureido oxygen of the L-citrulline product of macrophage NO.synthase derives from dioxygen and not from water.
Characterization of the Phospholipases of Bacillus cereus and Their Effects on Erythrocytes, Bone, and Kidney Cells

Slein, Milton W. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and Gerald F. Logan, Jr. Characterization of the phospholipases of Bacillus cereus and their effects on erythrocytes, bone, and kidney cells. J. Bacteriol. 90:69–81. 1965.—Culture filtrates of Bacillus cereus contain phospholipases that split phosphoryl choline, phosphoryl ethanolamine, and phosphoryl inositol from the phospholipids phosphatidyl choline (PTC), sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PTE), and phosphatidyl inositol (PTI). It is possible that one enzyme catalyzes the degradation of PTE and PTC, but the other phospholipases appear to be separate entities. Some activity on phosphatidyl serine has also been noted. Quantitative paper chromatography has been used for characterizing the phospholipases that are separated on N,N′-diethylaminoethyl cellulose columns. A procedure for the analysis of inositol is included. A sensitive kidney cortex homogenate test is described that depends on the release of alkaline phosphatase for the measurement of phosphatasemia factor (PF) activity associated with the phospholipases. The effects of the phospholipases on erythrocytes, kidney, and bone cells are discussed. Hemolysin activity is inhibited by crude soybean “lecithin,” but hemolysis does not seem to be identical with PTE- or PTC-phospholipase activity. PF activity is also inhibited by the “lecithin.” Highest PF activity is associated with PTI-phospholipase. The phospholipase fractions differ in their sensitivities to trypsin. Phospholipases with similar properties have been obtained from culture filtrates of B. anthracis.
A Recombinant Soluble Form of the Integrin IIbβ3 (GPIIb-IIIa) Assumes an Active, Ligand-Binding Conformation and Is Recognized by GPIIb-IIIa–Specific Monoclonal, Allo-, Auto-, and Drug-Dependent Platelet Antibodies

The IIb-IIIa glycoprotein complex is a favored target for allo-, auto-, and drug-dependent antibodies associated with immune thrombocytopenia. A soluble, recombinant form of the GPIIb-IIIa heterodimer that could be produced in large quantities and maintained in solution without detergent could provide a useful experimental tool for the study of platelet-reactive antibodies, but previous attempts to produce such a construct have yielded only small quantities of the end product. Using a baculovirus expression system and the dual-promoter transfer vector P2Bac, we were able to express soluble GPIIb-IIIa complex (srGPIIb-IIIa) lacking cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains in quantities of about 1,000 microg/L, about 40 times greater than reported previously. The high yield achieved may be related to inclusion of the entire extracellular region of the GPIIb light chain in the construct. srGPIIb-IIIa reacts spontaneously with fibrinogen, and this interaction is totally inhibited by the peptide RGDS. Reactions of 24 GPIIb-IIIa-specific antibodies evaluated (12 monoclonal, 3 allo-specific, 3 auto-specific, and 6 drug-dependent) with srGPIIb-IIIa were indistinguishable from reactions with platelet GPIIb-IIIa. Thus, srGPIIb-IIIa spontaneously assumes an active, ligand-binding conformation and contains epitopes for all monoclonal and human antibodies tested to date. srGPIIb-IIIa can be produced in large quantities, can readily be modified by site-directed mutagenesis, and should facilitate identification of epitopes recognized by GPIIb-IIIa-specific antibodies, study of the mechanism(s) by which certain drugs promote antibody binding to GPIIb-IIIa in drug-induced thrombocytopenia and structure-function relationships of GPIIb-IIIa.
Assessing Variability of Complex Descriptive Statistics in Monte Carlo Studies using Resampling Methods

Good statistical practice dictates that summaries in Monte Carlo studies should always be accompanied by standard errors. Those standard errors are easy to provide for summaries that are sample means over the replications of the Monte Carlo output: for example, bias estimates, power estimates for tests, and mean squared error estimates. But often more complex summaries are of interest: medians (often displayed in boxplots), sample variances, ratios of sample variances, and non-normality measures like skewness and kurtosis. In principle standard errors for most of these latter summaries may be derived from the Delta Method, but that extra step is often a barrier for standard errors to be provided. Here we highlight the simplicity of using the jackknife and bootstrap to compute these standard errors, even when the summaries are somewhat complicated.