cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blamed for Change: Historical Lessons on Youth, Labor, and New Media Futures

This paper analyzes anxieties around contemporary youth adoption of new media in the United States from a historical and theoretical perspective. It offers comparative analysis (through a history-of-the-book approach) of issues of agency, community, labor, and productivity in the contemporary neoliberal era and draws comparisons to anxieties over these same issues in the original era of liberalism. In late 18th-century America, new mass technologies of printing and new cultural forms were being adopted at the same time the new American nation was attempting to define its version of representative democracy. Anxieties during a moment of enormous change in American history were blamed on a new technology and its most popular cultural form, the early American novel. The popular novel was, in effect, the video game of the new republic, a site of cultural censure and reproach. This historical comparison illuminates the contours of the present-day anxiety about youth using and producing content with new media a...
Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve.

Our patient was a 53-year-old man referred for coronary revascularization and a history of a heart murmur. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated a quadricuspid aortic valve (Fig 1) with opening of all four leaflets during systole (Fig 2). Severe aortic insufficiency was detected with color flow Doppler (Fig 3). An aortic valve homograph was used to replace the defective valve (Fig 4—from surgeon’s perspective). No other coronary or cardiac structural abnormalities were found. The extreme rarity of quadricuspid aortic valves has been documented in both large autopsy [1] and echocardiography studies [2] with an estimated incidence of between 0.008% and 0.013% with overall fewer than 100 cases reported in the literature. Although the risks for endocarditis are unknown, patients with quadricuspid aortic valves should be followed closely and operative repair considered for those with symptoms secondary to valvular insufficiency. A thorough investigation for other cardiac abnormalities is indicated since quadricuspid aortic valves have also been encountered in patients with other cardiac abnormalities such as coronary artery anomalies, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and defects of the other cardiac valves [3].
employers' perceptions of transition programming for students with emotional disturbances

This qualitative study compiled input from employers (N = 7) participating in a program geared to prepare high school students with emotional disturbances for post-high-school employment situations. Data were collected through open-ended interviews related to 4 research questions and analyzed through thematic and comparative analysis. Results showed a link between the skills employers desired from their employees and skills needed for students with emotional disturbances to be successful. Employers' recommendations included measures to address prior to program implementation and ways to create strong support systems for students with disabilities.
Three emphases in teaching biology—A statistical comparison of results

How important are supplementary materials in instruction? This study suggests that such an approach contributes significantly to the development of critical thinking and science understanding.
Moral and criminal responsibility in Plato's Laws

In his most practical work, the Laws, Plato combines a frank statement of the radical Socratic thesis that virtue is knowledge and vice involuntary with a prudential acceptance of the political community's need for retributive punishment. This paper examines the Laws' statements of principle regarding responsibility and punishment and compares these with the actual criminal code proposed in Book 9. The result is to show how a radical philosophic insight can be adapted to make ordinary citizens more gentle, thoughtful, and humane without sapping their moral commitments. Lessons are drawn from the Laws for the contemporary restorative justice movement.
Targeted Recruitment of Set1 Histone Methylase by Elongating Pol II Provides a Localized Mark and Memory of Recent Transcriptional Activity

Set1, the yeast histone H3-lysine 4 (H3-K4) methylase, is recruited by the Pol II elongation machinery to a highly localized domain at the 5′ portion of active mRNA coding regions. Set1 association depends upon the TFIIH-associated kinase that phosphorylates the Pol II C-terminal domain (CTD) and mediates the transition between initiation and elongation, and Set1 interacts with the form of Pol II whose CTD is phosphorylated at serine 5 but not serine 2. The Rtf1 and Paf1 components of the Pol II-associated Paf1 complex are also important for Set1 recruitment. Although the level of dimethylated H3-K4 is fairly uniform throughout the genome, the pattern of trimethylated H3-K4 strongly correlates with Set1 occupancy. Hypermethylated H3-K4 within the mRNA coding region persists for considerable time after transcriptional inactivation and Set1 dissociation from the chromatin, indicating that H3-K4 hypermethylation provides a molecular memory of recent transcriptional activity.
A Technique for Estimating Congressmen's Ideal Points

Theories that predict aggregate legislative outcomes on the basis of individual legislators' preferences are difficult to test because measures of preference typically are represented on an abstract scale, such as a 0-100 score, while many policies are represented more concretely in terms of, for example, dollars of appropriations. The author introduces a technique which overcomes the difficulty of comparing preferences and policies and which produces concrete estimates of individual congressmen's ideal points that permit relatively direct tests of spatial theories of legislative outcomes. The technique is applied to the House's decision on NSF authorizations, and its limitations are stressed in a concluding discussion.
Putting Search in Context: Using Dynamically-Weighted Information Fusion to Improve Search Results

The modern world is a highly connected one. Many diverse populations are utilizing the web as a learning tool. Often, the quest for information on the Internet begins by entering a search string into a search engine such as Google or Bing and then sifting through the multitude of results searching for information relevant to the user in his or her current situation. The web along with search engine technology has enabled people to have access to a wealth of information previously unavailable or out of reach of the average person. While the search process seems intuitive -- enter a search string and "presto!" results are retrieved -- constructing appropriate search strings and filtering results can be a complicated process, difficult for even the sophisticated user. Thus, the real issue that remains is perfecting the search tools and their underlying algorithms so that this search process will be simplified and personalized for the average user. As search engines are a typical user's interface to the World Wide Web, aiding the average user who possesses minimal query development skills in his or her quest for relevant, personalized results is an important goal. In addition, it is easy to see that mobile computing is also becoming pervasive in today's society. Use of personal digital assistants is common, and even cellular phones are Internet enabled. This trend is likely to continue, and this means that the user's context is likely to vary significantly as he or she uses these tools. Why not take advantage of context information to make the user's mobile computing experience simpler? USearch, an agent-based context-aware search system that fuses context information to improve search results is introduced here.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Gain and Cooperativity of the Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor: A Modeling Approach

During calcium-induced calcium-release, the ryanodine receptor (RyR) opens and releases large amounts of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm of the myocyte. Recent experiments have suggested that cooperativity between the four monomers comprising the RyR plays an important role in the dynamics of the overall receptor. Furthermore, this cooperativity can be affected by the binding of FK506 binding protein, and hence, modulated by adrenergic stimulation through the phosphorylating action of protein kinase A. This has important implications for heart failure, where it has been hypothesized that RyR hyperphosphorylation, resulting in a loss of cooperativity, can lead to a persistent leak and a reduced sarcoplasmic-reticula content. In this study, we construct a theoretical model that examines the cooperativity via the assumption of an allosteric interaction between the four subunits. We find that the level of cooperativity, regulated by the binding of FK506 binding-protein, can have a dramatic effect on the excitation-contraction coupling gain and that this gain exhibits a clear maximum. These findings are compared to currently available data from different species and allows for an evaluation of the aforementioned heart-failure scenario.
Perceptions of acceptance: Evaluating World Wide Web projects in performance reviews

Recent literature reveals that World Wide Web projects are beginning to receive more respect and acceptance from administrators. This survey studied the perceptions of librarian and teaching faculty Web creators in universities around the country to see if acceptance is on the rise. It found that respondents generally are satisfied with the recognition granted to their Web projects. Further findings indicate that institutional factors largely influence satisfaction levels. Librarians and teaching faculty can improve acceptance of Web projects only when submitting external reviews of their work to the evaluators.
The Social Goals of New Urbanism

New Urbanism is most often appraised in terms of its physical design, while analysis of its social goals is limited to unsubstantiated claims about New Urbanists’ desire to engage in social engineering. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the explicit, stated link between the physical planning proposals of New Urbanism and three types of social goals: community, social equity, and the common good. The analysis is based on the Charter of the New Urbanism, which describes each core principle in detail. Of the 27 principles, 8 are related to equity, while 19 are connected to promoting the common good. None of the principles is explicitly related to community, although notions of community are often invoked for descriptive purposes. It is hoped that these results will help clarify the discussion of the relationship between physical planning and social goals in the context of New Urbanism.
Lithological and hydrological influences on ground-water composition in a heterogeneous carbonate-clay aquifer system

The influence of clay units on ground-water composition was investigated in a heterogeneous carbonate aquifer system of Miocene age in southwest Florida, known as the Intermediate aquifer system. Regionally, the ground water is recharged inland, flows laterally and to greater depths in the aquifer systems, and is discharged vertically upward at the saltwater interface along the coast. A depth profile of water composition was obtained by sampling ground water from discrete intervals within the permeable carbonate units during coring and by squeezing pore water from a core of the less-permeable clay layers. A normative salt analysis of solute compositions in the water indicated a marine origin for both types of water and an evolutionary pathway for the clay water that involves clay diagenesis. The chemical composition of the ground water in the carbonate bedrock is significantly different from that of the pore water in the clay layers. Dissolution of clays and opaline silica results in high silica concentrations relative to water in other parts of the Intermediate aquifer system. Water enriched in chloride relative to the overlying and underlying ground water recharges the aquifer inland where the confining clay layer is absent, and it dissolves carbonate and silicate minerals and reacts with clays along its flow path, eventually reaching this coastal site and resulting in the high chloride and silica concentrations observed in the middle part of the Intermediate aquifer system. Reaction-path modeling suggests that the recharging surficial water mixes with sulfate-rich water upwelling from the Upper Floridan aquifer, and carbonate mineral dissolution and precipitation, weathering and exchange reactions, clay mineral diagenesis, clay and silica dissolution, organic carbon oxidation, and iron and sulfate reduction result in the observed water compositions.
Obtaining Responses by Mail or Web: Response Rates and Data Consequences

Development of new technologies have complicated the survey process and increased opportunities for individuals to decide when and how to respond. This study explores the willingness of people who have obtained information from Cooperative Extension, a quasi-general public population, to respond to a customer satisfaction survey via the Web. Extension clients were sampled and randomly assigned to three treatments. Results show that Web-preference respondents (who could respond by Web initially or by mail later) had a lower response rate (52.6%) than did mail/Web choice and mail-only respondents (59.2% and 64.5%, respectively). A larger proportion of Web respondents had at least some college education and were under 65 years of age. Perceptions of service quality by varied somewhat by response mode with more Web respondents being "very satisfied." Given that survey mode resulted differences in the demographic profile and substantive results, this suggests researchers should consider how their results might be affected by methodological decisions about using the Internet or mixed-mode surveys.
How physician practices could share personnel and resources to support medical homes.

To become a medical home, providing patients with comprehensive, coordinated primary care, practices need to meet multiple requirements. These include some form of round-the-clock access for patients; managing chronic or complex conditions; carrying out timely, clear communication between providers and patients; and engaging in continuous quality improvement. The recently enacted health reform law reinforces these requirements. Although most primary care practices are small, we show how they, too, can meet the requirements by sharing services—for example, by using a shared nurse-staffed service to provide medical advice evenings and weekends—and by receiving help through various “extension” centers.
Forward Pricing Behavior of Corn and Soybean Producers

Forward pricing behavior of random samples of Indiana, Nebraska, and Mississippi crop producers was analyzed using Heckman's two-step limited information maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Producers who forward priced during the 1995-1998 period generally expected to forward price in 1999 using similar techniques. Probit models were estimated for cash forward contracts and taking a direct position in futures or options separately and combined. Results provide limited support for the hypothesis that forward pricing should be analyzed as an adoption decision. Variables reflecting risk attitudes do affect the decision to use forward pricing, while variables related to economic position affect the level of forward pricing.
Intercropping sunflower in organic vegetables to augment bird predators of arthropods

Field experiments were used to test whether intercropping sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in organic vegetables would (1) attract insecteating birds and encourage them to (2) forage in greater numbers and (3) for more time in cropped fields. Cropped areas with sunflower treatments of one or two rows per 0.4 ha exhibited significantly greater mean abundance of insectivorous birds than did control plots, across a variety of crop types. Additionally, both mean numbers of individual birds foraging on insect prey and mean insect-foraging time per hour in crops were significantly greater in plots with sunflower rows than without. Birds actively pursuing preyin study plots consumed economically important pest species and did not damage crops during the study. The addition of sunflower intercrops proved to be an effective habitat modification for augmenting avian insectivore numbers and insect-foraging time in organic vegetables. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Fine particulate matter air pollution and cognitive function among U.S. older adults.

Objectives. There is growing interest in understanding how exposures in the residential environment relate to cognitive function in older adults. The goal of this study is to determine if neighborhood-level exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) is associated with cognitive function in a diverse, national sample of older U.S. adults.
Diversity of Dissimilatory Bisulfite Reductase Genes of Bacteria Associated with the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Polychaete Annelid Alvinella pompejana

A unique community of bacteria colonizes the dorsal integument of the polychaete annelid Alvinella pompejana, which inhabits the high-temperature environments of active deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the East Pacific Rise. The composition of this bacterial community was characterized in previous studies by using a 16S rRNA gene clone library and in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. In the present study, a pair of PCR primers (P94-F and P93-R) were used to amplify a segment of the dissimilatory bisulfite reductase gene from DNA isolated from the community of bacteria associated with A. pompejana. The goal was to assess the presence and diversity of bacteria with the capacity to use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. A clone library of bisulfite reductase gene PCR products was constructed and characterized by restriction fragment and sequence analysis. Eleven clone families were identified. Two of the 11 clone families, SR1 and SR6, contained 82% of the clones. DNA sequence analysis of a clone from each family indicated that they are dissimilatory bisulfite reductase genes most similar to the dissimilatory bisulfite reductase genes of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Desulfovibrio gigas, Desulfobacterium autotrophicum, and Desulfobacter latus. Similarities to the dissimilatory bisulfite reductases of Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii, the sulfide oxidizer Chromatium vinosum, the sulfur reducer Pyrobaculum islandicum, and the archaeal sulfate reducer Archaeoglobus fulgidus were lower. Phylogenetic analysis separated the clone families into groups that probably represent two genera of previously uncharacterized sulfate-reducing bacteria. The presence of dissimilatory bisulfite reductase genes is consistent with recent temperature and chemical measurements that documented a lack of dissolved oxygen in dwelling tubes of the worm. The diversity of dissimilatory bisulfite reductase genes in the bacterial community on the back of the worm suggests a prominent role for anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria in the ecology of A. pompejana.
Urethra low-dose tunnels: validation of and class solution for generating urethra-sparing dose plans using inverse planning simulated annealing for prostate high-dose-rate brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose Urethral dose is related to severity of genitourinary toxicity in patients treated with brachytherapy for prostate cancer. This work describes a dose planning method that uses inverse planning to create a low-dose tunnel around the urethra and presents a class solution to achieve this additional dose sparing of the urethra. Methods Fifteen patients on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0321 protocol were treated for prostate cancer with a high-dose-rate brachytherapy dose boost to an external beam radiation treatment regimen. All were treated with 9.5 Gy for each of the two fractions after 45 Gy of the external beam radiation. The inverse-planning algorithm, inverse planning simulated annealing (IPSA), was used to create both the standard RTOG protocol (SRP) plan for treatment and the a posteriori urethra dose sparing (UDS) plan consisting of a dose tunnel along the urethra. Both plans maintained the protocol parameters: prostate V 100 (volume receiving 100% of prescribed dose) > 90% and bladder and rectum V 75 3 . In the SRP plans, the urethra surface was optimized to receive Results UDS planning reduced the urethra V 100 from 88% to 58% on average ( p V 125 from 3.3% to 0.2% ( p V 75 were maintained at 3 and not significantly different between plans. Prostate coverage was maintained per protocol at V 100 > 90%, with mean for the SRP V 100 = 93% versus UDS plan V 100 = 90%. Prostate D 90 for SRP was 104% versus UDS plan D 90 = 101%. For all patients, the UDS achieved a dose tunnel surrounding the length of the intraprostatic urethra. The class solution for generating UDS is presented. Conclusions A urethral sparing–focused planning solution using IPSA reduces mean urethral dose by 34%, as compared with IPSA-generated plans based on the RTOG 0321 protocol. This is done while maintaining prostate coverage and critical structure dose. This technique can be applied to all patients in whom urethra toxicity is of particular concern.
Unsupervised multiscale color image segmentation based on MDL principle

We present an unsupervised multiscale color image segmentation algorithm. The basic idea is to apply mean shift clustering to obtain an over-segmentation and then merge regions at multiple scales to minimize the minimum description length criterion. The performance on the Berkeley segmentation benchmark compares favorably with some existing approaches
Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors as a Novel Approach in the Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease: Evidence from an Experimental Murine Model

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is widely used to treat patients with life-threatening malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases. However, allogeneic HCT often is accompanied by severe and lethal complications from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), in which activated donor T cells recognize histocompatibility antigenic mismatches and cause significant toxicity in the recipient. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of cannabinoid receptors on donor-derived T cells may prevent GVHD. We tested the effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in an acute model of GVHD that was induced by transferring parental C57BL/6 (B6) spleen cells into (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) F1(BDF1) mice. Transfer of B6 cells into BDF1 mice produced severe acute GVHD in the recipient, characterized by lymphoid hyperplasia, weight loss, T helper l cytokine production and mortality. THC administration led to early recovery from body weight loss, reduced tissue injury in the liver and intestine, as well as complete survival. THC treatment reduced the expansion of donor-derived effector T cells and blocked the killing of host-derived immune cells while promoting Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Impaired hematopoiesis seen during GVHD was rescued by treatment with THC. The ability of THC to reduce the clinical GVHD was reversed, at least in part, by administration of cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1 and CB2 antagonists, thereby demonstrating that THC-mediated amelioration of GVHD was cannabinoid receptor-dependent. Our results demonstrate for the first time that targeting cannabinoid receptors may constitute a novel treatment modality against acute GVHD.
One-Week Comparison of Circulating Bile Acids in Patients after Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass vs Restricted Hypocaloric Diet

RESULTS: No baseline differences were present between RYGB and diet groups with regard to age, sex, BMI, hemoglobin A1c, and diabetes medication score. Both groups experienced improvements in BMI, diabetes medication score, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) after intervention. Total BA, predominantly conjugated BA, increased (1.06 ± 0.81 to 2.99 ± 3.02; p1⁄40.06), after RYGB. However, a decrease in total BA, predominantly
Tables and Figures

Tables and figures are used to present quantitative data and clear illustrations of trends or comparisons. Although not essential in a paper, they are often an integral part of most scientific papers. Tables are for presenting exact numbers; figures show trends and features. Tables are used to summarize numerical values to facilitate their interpretation in the text. Figures emphasize the relationship among numbers; they include charts, diagrams, graphs, photographs and other illustrations. The same (sets of) data should not be presented in tables and figures; each table and figures should contain enough information for the reader to understand it clearly without referring to the text; and all tables and figures should be cited in the text.
The Standard for Breach of a Liability Insurer’s Duty to Make Reasonable Settlement Decisions: Exploring the Alternatives

This Article considers the standard to be applied to determine whether an insurer has breached its duty to make reasonable settlement decisions. It focuses primarily on two standards: the disregard the limits (“DTL”) standard endorsed by section 24 of the Restatement of the Law of Liability Insurance (hereinafter “Restatement” or “Discussion Draft”), and the equal consideration (“EC”) standard, which I consider to be the primary competitor to DTL. The DTL standard says an insurer’s behavior is evaluated from the standpoint of a person who faces the full exposure of potential liability from a claim; to do this, the insurer (and the court) must “disregard the limits” of the applicable insurance policy. The EC standard requires that in making settlement decisions, an insurer must give equal consideration to the interests of the insured as it gives to its own interests. This Article will analyze these two standards in light of the case law applying them, and how the standards are and might be used in section 24 of the Restatement.By way of a roadmap, the Article begins with a description of the treatment of the two tests in section 24 of the Restatement. It then addresses the question of whether the two standards are the same. I contend that while they overlap, they are not the same. We then turn to an analysis of the current state of the case law regarding the standards being used by the courts to evaluate whether an insurer has breached its duty to make reasonable settlement decisions. That discussion will show that neither DTL nor EC in their “pure” forms are the majority rule, but that EC has a larger following than DTL and that a significant number of states take a blended approach using both DTL and EC. The Article then turns to the assessment of section 24 in light of the case law and makes a number of recommendations.
Energy requirement for lignocellulosic feedstock densifications in relation to particle physical properties, preheating, and binding agents

The low bulk density and low flowability of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock have been regarded widely as major barriers for a sustainable and efficient supply system. Densification of biomass is a viable option to increase the bulk (and inherent energy) density and flowability of feedstock, leading to improved efficiency of the supply system. The energy consumption of feedstock densification is one of the key variables that determines the efficiency of the feedstock supply. This paper investigates the energy consumption of herbaceous feedstock compression in relation to particle physical properties, preheating, and binding agents, such as steep water and thin stillage, both byproducts of corn ethanol production. The results indicate that the specific energy consumption for mini-bale densification was a function of the particle size, moisture content, and feedstock type. During pelletization, where all pellets were exposed to an identical maximum pressure, preheating temperature, particle size, and moist...
Designing schools to Support Socialization Processes of Students

Abstract This paper discusses the importance of understanding how the built environment of schools relates to the socialization processes of students. Schools can be affective systems that promote the social, emotional, and academic skills of children and youth, by serving as social microcosms of the broader society. It is widely recognized among education researchers and practitioners that social and emotional (non-cognitive) skills significantly influence student learning and performance. These skills include recognizing and managing emotions, developing caring and concern for others, establishing positive relationships, making responsible decisions, and handling challenging situations constructively. These skills serve as the foundation for a broad range of psychosocial, academic, and occupational outcomes. Subsequently, many primary and secondary schools in the U.S. are investing resources into interventions that focus on the promotion of these skills. From a socio-technical systems perspective, school interventions that aim to improve social and emotional outcomes are influenced by the social and emotional conditions for learning. There is evidence to suggest that the built environment of schools affect these social and emotional conditions and contributes to student socialization—factors that promote social and emotional skills—associated with academic learning and performance. However, research that examines the influence of the built environment of schools on student outcomes predominately focus on academic outcomes with little attention to the processes and outcomes from a social and emotional development perspective. An improved understanding of how attributes of the built environment of schools relate to socialization processes can further inform efforts to enhance the conditions for learning associated with both student learning and performance and social and emotional outcomes.
Investigation on Sanitary Condition of A Pure Water Plant and Its Countermeasures in Hanzhong City

[Objective]To understand the sanitary condition of a pure water plant in Hanzhong City.[Methods] Designed questionnaire was adopted to conduct house-by-house survey, the bottled water in the manufacturing enterprises' warehouse were sampled and tested. [Results]The qualified rate of sampling was relative low; in statistic of 83 test reports during 2004-2008, the major unqualified indicator was total bacteria, the qualified rate in summer was 52.0%, that in spring was 81.8%, the difference was significant (χ2=7.66,P0.01); the qualified rate for conductivity was only 72.3%. [Conclusion]The overall scale of pure water production enterprises is small, with low degree of automation, incomplete hygiene facilities, low level of sanitary management. The health department should strengthen supervision and training, the enterprises should increase investment, upgrade equipment levels, and improve sanitation facilities and management.
Correlation of Preoperative Urodynamic Findings to Postoperative Complications Following Pancreas Transplantation

AbstractUrological complications are common following pancreas transplantation with bladder drainage. Some investigators have excluded patients from pancreas transplantation because of abnormal preoperative urodynamics. To determine the risk of an abnormal bladder in bladder-drained pancreas transplantation, we prospectively evaluated 23 type I diabetic patients undergoing pancreas transplantation with preoperative urodynamics. For study purposes, criteria for an abnormal urodynamic evaluation were a bladder capacity of greater than 1,000 cc, absence of normal detrusor contractility and an abnormal voiding pattern. In addition, an abnormal study was defined by the presence of 2 or more of the following: 1) suppressed proprioception at 250 cc or at a volume of greater than 50% of bladder capacity, 2) peak flow of less than 10 cc per second, 3) interval to peak flow of greater than 30seconds or 4) post-void residual of greater than 150 cc.Of the 23 patients 10 (43%) had abnormal preoperative urodynamic stud...
The International Tribunal for Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia

On 25 May 1993, the UN Security Council unanimously confirmed its decision of 22 February 1993 to establish an International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991.1 This decision, taken 47 years after the Nuremberg Tribunal completed its mandate, was apparently a significant success in the long road leading to international criminal justice, although the immediate motivation of its authors was to appease an international public opinion shocked by the reports of atrocities in the former Yugoslavia. The Tribunal was a convenient substitute for a military intervention rejected by the main Powers.
Dreams from His Mother

A brief assessment of the implications for President Obama's policy-making of the anthropological research of his late mother, Ann Dunham, in Indonesia in the 1980s, focusing on the entrepreneurial spirit of village-based crafts people.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES : V. PRODUCTION OF ANTIHEMOTOXIN BY IMMUNIZATION WITH OXIDIZED PNEUMOCOCCUS HEMOTOXIN.

Immunization with solutions of the intracellular substances of pneumococci, in which the hemotoxin has been rendered inactive by oxidation, yields an antibody which neutralizes the active or reduced hemotoxin.
The Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Multiple Sclerosis Progression (P1.387)

Objective: To evaluate the association between modifiable risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption and vitamin D deficiency) and multiple sclerosis (MS) progression as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) new lesions, relapse rate, and the Timed 25 Foot Walk (T25FW). Background: Smoking, alcohol intake and vitamin D deficiency are prevalent in patients with MS contributing to MS progression requiring clinical and research implications. Methods: Subjects (n=150) were identified through age, gender, race, and disease duration and followed retrospectively for 5 years based on medical records. Descriptive statistics, correlation, logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the association between modifiable risk factors and MS progression. Results: The mean age was 45.5 years (SD 14.3), 79 [percnt] were females and 59[percnt] were Non-Hispanic Whites, 70[percnt] had more than 5 years duration of disease, 68[percnt] were never smokers, 58[percnt] were social drinkers, 51[percnt] had low vitamin D level (<30), and 77[percnt] had relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Current smokers had 5 times greater odds to have increased disability than never smokers (p=.03). Alcohol drinkers based on number of drinks had (-.172) times the odds of having increased disability; thus having a greater odds of reaching lower EDSS scores. There was no association between vitamin D levels and disease progression in MS. Conclusions: Smoking and alcohol intake are associated with MS. Smoking has a detrimental effect and alcohol consumption has a neuroprotective effect in MS. Vitamin D has not shown any statistical significant results. Assessment and addressing modifiable risk factors in MS aid in minimizing the progression of the disease. Disclosure: Dr. Ben-Zacharia has nothing to disclose.
Bounds for the augmented Zagreb and the atom-bond connectivity indices

Using electrical networks and majorization we obtain a lower bound for the augmented Zagreb index in terms of the number of vertices and edges, and the maximum vertex degree. An analogous upper bound for the atom-bond connectivity index is also obtained. These bounds, which are attained by the complete graph Kn, are not comparable to the ones found in the literature.
STAYING WITH THE (POLITICAL) TROUBLE

The recently published edited volume Vulnerability in Resistance (2016), which blossomed out of a workshop that took place at Columbia University’s Global Center in Istanbul, Turkey in 2013, could ...
Sharing data under the 21st Century Cures Act.

On 13 December 2016, President Obama signed the 21st Century Cures Act (“the Act”) into law. Many of its provisions support the creation of an “Information Commons,” an ecosystem of separate but interconnected initiatives that facilitate open and responsible sharing of genomic and other data for research and clinical purposes. For example, the Act supports the National Institutes of Health in mandating data sharing, provides funding and guidance for the large national cohort program now known as All of Us, expresses congressional support for a global pediatric study network, and strengthens patient access to health information. The Act also addresses potential barriers to data sharing. For example, it makes the issuance of certificates of confidentiality automatic for federally funded research involving “identifiable, sensitive” information and strengthens the associated protections. At the same time, the Act exacerbates or neglects several challenges, for example, increasing complexity by adding a new definition of “identifiable” and failing to address the financial sustainability of data sharing and the scope of commercialization. In sum, the Act is a positive step, yet there is still much work to be done before the goals of broad data sharing and utilization can be achieved.
Design considerations for 2.5-D and 3-D integration accounting for thermal constraints

In this paper, we explore the design considerations of two approaches to 2.5-D integration (silicon interposer and bridge-chip) from a thermal perspective and compare to 3-D ICs. Moreover, the impact of die thickness mismatch and die spacing are investigated in 2.5-D systems. We conclude that the die dissipating the largest power should be the thickest in a multi-die package. Larger lateral spacing between dice reduces the temperature at the unrealistic expense of communication power efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to consider this tradeoff when selecting appropriate die spacing.
Experimental Investigation of Shock Wave Amplification Using Multiple Munitions

A laboratory setup has been constructed to generate expanding shock waves in air using exploding wires. High-speed schlieren video is captured to characterize the shock fronts. Current work aims to validate the system with single exploding wires, after which multiple exploding wires will be used to study the interaction of the shock waves. Preliminary results confirm the system is able to generate expanding shocks. Wires of diameter 0.15 mm have generated shock waves with Mach numbers of 1.3. Following further testing of the system, multiple exploding wires will be used to study the interaction of the shock waves.
Age-related differences in length of stays, hospitalization costs, and outcomes for an injury-matched sample of adults with paraplegia.

Objective: To investigate the effects of age at injury on neurological and functional outcomes and hospitalization length of stays and charges following spinal cord injuries resulting in paraplegia...
Predicting data science sociotechnical execution challenges by categorizing data science projects

The challenge in executing a data science project is more than just identifying the best algorithm and tool set to use. Additional sociotechnical challenges include items such as how to define the project goals and how to ensure the project is effectively managed. This paper reports on a set of case studies where researchers were embedded within data science teams and where the researcher observations and analysis was focused on the attributes that can help describe data science projects and the challenges faced by the teams executing these projects, as opposed to the algorithms and technologies that were used to perform the analytics. Based on our case studies, we identified 14 characteristics that can help describe a data science project. We then used these characteristics to create a model that defines two key dimensions of the project. Finally, by clustering the projects within these two dimensions, we identified four types of data science projects, and based on the type of project, we identified some of the sociotechnical challenges that project teams should expect to encounter when executing data science projects.
Author Correction: Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Cannabis Use

The authors missed to add the below Acknowledgment to the original version of this article.
Potential Benefits to Patients and Payers From Increased Measurement of Antipsychotic Plasma Levels in the Management of Schizophrenia

Approximately 40% of patients with schizophrenia either do not respond to the prescribed antipsychotic drug or cannot tolerate it because of side effects, resulting in poor disease control and negative health and economic outcomes. Identifying the root cause of such complicated courses of treatment is a critical step in the treatment of these patients. Although measurement of antipsychotic plasma levels can be used to discern potential root causes, this tool is not routinely used in the United States. The authors of this column discuss the potential effects on patient outcomes and on the value of care from greater use of this diagnostic tool, especially under emerging payment models and delivery system reform efforts.
Scalable N-worst algorithms for dynamic timing and activity analysis

As the overheads for ensuring the correctness of electronic designs continue to increase with continued technology scaling and increased variability, better-than-worst-case (BTWC) design has gained significant attention. Many BTWC design techniques utilize dynamic timing and activity information for design analysis and optimization. These techniques rely on path-based analysis that enumerates the exercised paths in a design as targets for analysis and optimization. However, path-based dynamic analysis techniques are not scalable and cannot be used to analyze full processors and full applications. On the other hand, graph-based techniques like those that form the foundational building blocks of electronic design automation tools are scalable and can efficiently analyze large designs. In this paper, we extend graph-based analysis to provide the fundamental dynamic analysis tools necessary for BTWC design, analysis, and optimization. Specifically, we present scalable graph-based techniques to report the N-worst exercised paths in a design for three metrics — timing criticality (slack), activity (toggle count), and activity subject to delay constraints. Compared to existing path-based techniques, our scalable dynamic analysis techniques improve average performance by 977 x, 163 x, and 113 x, respectively, and enable scalable analysis for a full processor design running full applications.
An integrated emergency department based neurology curriculum for medical students: design, implementation, and results (P1.053)

Objective: The overall aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel emergency department (ED) based neurology curriculum for medical students. Background: One of the most common shortcomings of the neurology education cited by students is inadequate exposure to “first-line” neurology, that is the chance to think about the undifferentiated patient with neurologic complaints. The ED provides the ideal environment for exposure to undifferentiated patients, but poses a unique set of challenges for integration of medical students. Design/Methods: Third-year medical students at Harvard Medical School were randomly assigned to two eight-hour shifts in the ED during the first or second two weeks of their month-long neurology rotation. During each shift, students saw 2–3 patients with neurological complaints and presented the history and exam to resident supervisors. On the third week of their rotation, students took a 10-question quiz on topics in emergency neurology. Students also completed a likert scale based survey on their attitudes toward the ED neurology curriculum. Results: Of 37 students who have completed the curriculum, 96% had an overall positive experience. 91% of students found that the curriculum contributed positively to their learning, 88% found that it improved confidence with taking a history and performing a neurologic examination, and 82% found that it improved their confidence with neurologic localization. Overall performance on the emergency neurology quiz was 52%. There was no significant difference between scores for students who took the quiz before or after completing their ED shifts (51% vs. 54%). There was no effect of exposure to specific topics in the ED on performance on quiz subtopics (chi-square test, p=0.1). Conclusions: An emergency room based neurology curriculum for medical students during a month-long neurology rotation is logistically feasible and well received by students. It contributes positively to self-perceived student learning and improves confidence with neurologic history and examination skills. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tyman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lueders has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cho has nothing to disclose.
Compressed sensing recovery using computational memory

Computational memory (CM) is a promising non-von Neumann approach where certain computational tasks are performed within resistive memory units by exploiting their physical attributes. We propose a new method for fast and robust compressed sensing (CS) recovery of sparse signals using CM. For a signal of size N, this method achieves a potential O(N)-fold complexity reduction compared with a standard software approach. Large-scale experimental demonstrations using more than 256k phase-change memory (PCM) devices are presented along with an in-depth device analysis and array-level considerations.
TRANSITIONING FROM CARDIAC SPECT TO PET MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING RESULTED IN INCREASED ASCERTAINMENT OF INDIVIDUALS REQUIRING REVASCULARIZATION

Despite advantages of cardiac positron emission testing (PET) over single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for diagnosing obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), the adoption of cardiac PET has not been widespread. One of the arguments for cardiac PET is its superior diagnostic
Improved Excitation Sequence Quantization in Regular Pulse Excitation Speech Coding

Good quality speech coding at bit rates under 16 kbps has a growing number of applications for efficient digital transmission and storage. Traditional waveform coders can provide good quality encoded speech at bit rates above 16 kbps, but their performance drops rapidly for lower rates. On the other hand, traditional vocoder techniques enable one to encode speech at very low rates, but the perceptual quality is limited, even for relatively large bit rates (4 to 9.6 kbps).
Introduction: To the Student

Functional analysis was developed in the last years of the nineteenth century and during the first few decades of the twentieth century. Its development was, in large part, in response to questions arising in the study of differential and integral equations. These equations were of great interest at the time because of the vast effort by many individuals to understand physical phenomena.
Correlation of ferrite formation to creep properties of Cr-Mo steel welds

A factor of four decreases from 16.0 × 10−4 to 4.1 × 10−4 %/h in steady state creep rate was observed in the fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) of a Cr-Mo steel weld, by reducing the pre-weld tempering temperature from 760 to 650 °C. The current study used electron backscatter diffraction and synchrotron x-ray diffraction techniques to characterize the microstructure in the FGHAZ of the two tempering temperature conditions. The results showed carbide-free ferrite that formed in the FGHAZ of weldments that were pre-weld tempered at 760 °C, contributed to void formation resulting in lower creep strength. It is proposed that the formation of ferrite in the FGHAZ is due to the incomplete dissolution of Cr23C6 carbide at heating process during welding, which results in Cr enrichment adjacent to the undissolved Cr23C6 carbide. Dictra simulation confirmed ferrite formation at the carbide/austenite boundaries during Cr23C6 carbide dissolution.