cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning for the twenty-first century: the California State University

The San Jose State University School of Library and Information Science and the Office of the Chancellor in cooperation with industry partners designed and implemented a broadband network prototype to explore leveraging human and instructional resources among the 22 campuses of the California State University. With its current OC-3 capacity, the prototype network is capable of supporting near-broadcast quality two-way interactive video with simultaneous access to multi- and hypermedia resources across the network. Faculty and student collaborative work is facilitated by desktop video teleconferencing from faculty offices and student computer labs.
Fun with hardware transactional memory

Leading hardware vendors such as Intel and IBM are releasing a new generation of processor architectures that provide hardware transactional memory (HTM), a synchronization mechanisms for fast in-memory transactions. This talk will argue that HTM is not just a faster way of doing the same old latches and monitors. Instead, it could bring about a fundamental positive change in the way we program multicores (and eventually perhaps even databases) by allowing a fundamental rethinking of basic synchronization structures such as locks, memory management, and a range of concurrent data structures.
Postmortem Degradation of Titin and Nebulin of Beef Steaks Varying in Tenderness

Purified myofibrils were isolated from “tender” and “less-tender” bovine longissimus muscle at death and at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of postmortem storage (4oC). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to detect changes in the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal proteins, titin and nebulin. Titin and nebulin bands were observed to be less intense on gels from “tender” than from “less-tender” steaks. These results suggest that titin and nebulin were more rapidly degraded in “tender” than in “less-tender” steaks, and that the extent of beef loin steak tenderness may be dependent upon the postmortem degradation of titin and nebulin.
Effect of carbon source on enzymes involved in glycerol metabolism inNeurospora crassa

Specific activities of eight enzymes involved in glycerol metabolism were determined in crude extracts of three strains ofNeurospora crassa after growth on six different carbon sources. One of the strains was wild type, which grew poorly on glycerol as sole carbon source; the other two were mutant strains which were efficient glycerol utilizers. A possible basis for this greater effeciency of glycerol utilization was catabolite repression of glyceraldehyde kinase by glycerol in wild type, and two-fold higher glycerate kinase activity in the mutant strains after growth on glycerol, thus apparently allowing two routes for glyceraldehyde to enter the glycolytic pathway in the mutant strains but only one in wild type. The preferential entry of glyceraldehyde to the glycolytic pathway through glycerate was suggested by the lack of glyceraldehyde kinase in all three strains after growth on one or more of the carbon sources and the generally higher levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase and of glycerate kinase than of glyceraldehyde kinase.
Quantum Monte-Carlo Simulations for Disordered Bose Systems

Interacting bosons in a random potential can be used to model 4He adsorbed in porous media, universal aspects of the superconductor-insulator transition in disordered films, and vortices in disordered type II superconductors. We study a model of bosons on a 2D square lattice with a random potential of strength V and on-site repulsion U. We first describe the path integral Monte Carlo algorithm used to simulate this system. The 2D quantum problem (at T=0) gets mapped onto a classical problem of strings or directed polymers moving in 3D with each string representing the world line of a boson. We discuss efficient ways of sampling the polymer configurations as well as the permutations between the bosons. We calculate the superfluid density and the excitation spectrum. Using these results we distinguish between a superfluid, a localized or ‘Bose glass’ insulator with gapless excitations and a Mott insulator with a finite gap to excitations (found only at commensurate densities). We discover novel effects arising from the interplay between V and U and present preliminary results for the phase diagram at incommensurate and commensurate densities.
Effect of combining nisin and/or lysozyme with in-package pasteurization for control of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat turkey bologna during refrigerated storage.

Abstract This study investigated the efficacy of in-package pasteurization combined with pre-surface application of nisin and/or lysozyme to reduce and prevent the subsequent recovery and growth of Listeria monocytogenes during refrigerated storage on the surface of low-fat turkey bologna. Sterile bologna samples were treated with solutions of nisin (2 mg/ml=5000 AU/ml), lysozyme (10 mg/ml=80 AU/ml) and a mixture of nisin and lysozyme (2 mg nisin+10 mg lysozyme/ml) before in-package pasteurization at 65 °C for 32 s. In-package pasteurization resulted in an immediate 3.5–4.2 log CFU/cm 2 reduction in L. monocytogenes population for all treatments. All pasteurized treatments also resulted in a significant reduction of L. monocytogenes by 12 weeks compared to un-pasteurized bologna. In-package pasteurization in combination with nisin or nisin–lysozyme treatments was effective in reducing the population below detectable levels by 2–3 weeks of storage. Results from this study could have a significant impact for the industry since a reduction in bacterial population was achieved by a relatively short pasteurization time and antimicrobials reduced populations further during refrigerated storage.
Numerical modeling of lava flow cooling applied to the 1997 Okmok eruption: Comparison with advanced very high resolution radiometer thermal imagery

[1] Throughout February and March 1997, Okmok Volcano, in the eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska, erupted a 6-km-long lava flow of basaltic ′a′a within its caldera. In the first part of the study a numerical model for lava flow cooling was developed by Patrick et al. and applied to the flow to better understand the nature of its cooling. In this second part of the study, the model predictions for lava surface temperature over a 200-day cooling period were compared to advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) thermal imagery. Various methods were used to extract the subpixel lava temperature from the AVHRR pixel-integrated values, including the dual-band method and pixel merging. Inherent to these approaches is the multicomponent modeling of the lava surface temperature. Whereas active flows have been shown to have several thermal components, so, too, do flows undergoing extended cooling. Because of the dependence of the methods on the AVHRR instantaneous field of view (IFOV), the scan-dependent IFOV dimensions and overlap values were considered. Results from Patrick et al. indicate that convective heat loss from the surface largely controls surface temperature during extended cooling, but the functions governing this heat loss mechanism are poorly understood. AVHRR-derived temperatures from this part of the study suggest that values for the convective heat transfer coefficient for this flow were most commonly between 50 and 100 W m−2 K−1 and generally above 25 W m−2 K−1. These results are in agreement with previously measured values from the field but are significantly higher than those assumed in other remote sensing studies of cooling lava. Also, the AVHRR data corroborate the modeled prediction of seasonal warming of the lava surface.
Rectal temperatures of term newborn infantswith apnea

Summary Apnea of the newborn infant maybe accompanied by a precipitous rise in the rectal temperature. As respiration ensues, rectal temperatures fall to normal levels.
Effects of hydration on scale factors for ab initio force constants III: supermolecules

Abstract Experimentally measured vibrational frequencies from the polar groups of peptides in aqueous solutions do not agree with frequencies calculated from scaled quantum mechanical force fields (SQMFF) using differential scale factors developed for molecules in the vapor phase. Measured frequencies often differ by more than 50 wavenumbers from calculated values. In order to obtain a more reliable interpretation of our measurements, we need a force field that incorporates the effects of solvation on peptides. Calculations on such systems require the use of small basis sets because of current limitations on computational resources. The primary focus of this work is the use of supermolecule calculations, using a relatively small basis set, 4–31G, as a simulation of the effects of hydration on force constants and corresponding vibrational frequencies. In the context of the SQMFF methodology, it appears that supermolecule calculations provide a better model for the effect of solvation on force constants than do calculations on isolated molecules. We present here an analysis of the effects of basis set superposition error (BSSE), of basis set quality, and of electron correlation at the MP2 level on the vibrational frequencies and force constants obtained from ab initio supermolecule calculations. Our goal is to test the usefulness of the relatively small 4–31G basis set in this context. We show here the results of our calculations on formic acid hydrogen-bonded to water. The simplicity of this system allows comparisons with calculations using much larger basis sets, and with correlation effects at the MP2 level of theory. We make the following observations. Scaled force matrices obtained using different basis sets, and using MP2 calculations, are similar. Supermolecule calculations using different basis sets, and at the MP2 level, produce similar shifts in diagonal force constants (from values obtained from isolated molecules). The BSSE does not significantly affect the calculation of frequencies. Supermolecule calculations, and scaling of force constants obtained using small basis sets are useful strategies for simulating the effects of hydration.
Effects of aging and oxidation of palladized iron embedded in activated carbon on the dechlorination of 2-chlorobiphenyl.

Reactive activated carbon (RAC) impregnated with palladized iron has been developed to effectively treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment by coupling adsorption and dechlorination of PCBs. In this study, we addressed the dechlorination reactivity and capacity of RAC toward aqueous 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-ClBP), and its aging and longevity under various oxidizing environments. RAC containing 14.4% Fe and 0.68% Pd used in this study could adsorb 122.6 mg 2-ClBP/g RAC, and dechlorinate 56.5 mg 2-ClBP/g RAC which corresponds to 12% (yield) of its estimated dechlorination capacity. Due to Fe 0 oxidation to form oxide passivating layers, Fe2O3/Fe3O4 (oxide-waterinterface)andFeOOH/FeO(oxide-metalinterface), RAC reactivity decreased progressively over aging under N2 < H2O + N2 < H2O + O2 conditions. Considering nanoscale Fe/ Pd corrosion chemistry, the decline was quite slow at only 5.6%, 19.5%, and 32.5% over one year, respectively. Dissolved oxygen played a crucial role in enhancing 2-ClBP adsorption but inhibiting its dechlorination. The reactivity change could be explained with the properties of the aged RAC including surface area, Fe 0 content, and Fe species. During the aging and oxidation, the RAC showed limited dissolution of Fe and Pd. Finally, implementation issues regarding application of RAC system to contaminated sites are discussed.
Flexibility in Problem Solving: The Case of Equation Solving.

Abstract A key learning outcome in problem-solving domains is the development of flexible knowledge, where learners know multiple strategies and adaptively choose efficient strategies. Two interventions hypothesized to improve flexibility in problem solving were experimentally evaluated: prompts to discover multiple strategies and direct instruction on multiple strategies. Participants were 132 sixth-grade students who solved linear equations for three hours. Both interventions improved students' flexibility in problem solving and did not replace, nor interfere with, one another. Overall, the study provides causal evidence that exposure to multiple strategies leads to improved flexibility in problem solving and that discovery learning and direct instruction are compatible instructional approaches.
Aminocaproic acid decreases secondary hemorrhage after traumatic hyphema.

• Forty-eight patients (49 eyes) had nonperforating traumatic hyphema. Twenty-eight patients (28 eyes with hyphema) received oral aminocaproic acid, an antifibrinolytic agent, in a dosage of 100 mg/kg every four hours for five days, up to a maximum daily dose of 30 g. Twenty patients (21 eyes with hyphema) received placebo in an identical regimen. One eye treated with aminocaproic acid rebled; seven eyes receiving the placebo rebled. The results of this study show a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of secondary hemorrhage in the patients receiving aminocaproic acid.
Intelligent acoustic and vibration recognition/alert systems for security breaching detection, close proximity danger identification, and perimeter protection

Because the protection of perimeters in national, agricultural, airport, prison, military sites, and residential areas against dangerous approaching human and vehicles when using humans to provide security is expensive or unsafe, acoustic/vibration signature identification of approaching human and vehicles threats has attracted increased attention. This paper addresses the development and deployment of three types of acoustic and vibration based smart sensors to identify and report sequential approaching threats prior to the intrusion. More specifically, we have developed: a) acoustic based long range sensor with which vehicles' engine sound and type can be identified, b) vibration based seismic analyzer which discriminates between human footsteps and other seismic events such as those caused by animals, and c) fence breaching vibration sensor which can detect intentional disturbances on the fence and discriminate between climb, kick, rattle, and lean. All of these sensors were designed with several issues in mind, namely, optimized low power usage, a low number of false positives, small size, secure radio communication, and milspec. The developed vibration based system was installed in an airport with unprotected shore lines in the vicinity of taxi- and run-ways. The system reported an average of less than two false positives per week and zero false negative for the duration of forty-five days. Six fence sensors were installed on the terminal area and end-of-runway chain-link fences where there was possibility of intentional fence climbing. The fence sensors reported no false positives for the duration of forty-five days which included several days of seasonal storms.
The Evolution Of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating

Origins of Mating Behavior What Women Want Men Want Something Else Casual Sex Attracting A Partner Staying Together Sexual Conflict Breaking Up Changes Over Time Harmony Between The Sexes
Double Pion Photoproduction

The possible reactions for the photoproduction of two pions from hydrogen are (1) gamma + p yields p + pi /sup 0/ + pi /sup 0/, (2) gamma + p yields p + pi /sup +/ + pi /sup -/, and (3) gamma + p yields n + pi /sup +/ + pi /sup 0/. T hese reaCtions are of interest for the study of the isobar model, pi -nucleon forces, and pi - pi forces. The Cornell synchrotron bremsstrahlung beam was used to observe (1) and (3) by detecting the two pi 's in coincidence. A photon from the decay of a pi /sup 0/ enters the totally absorbing lead glass Chererkov counter, producing a pulse proportional to its energy. A diagram is given of the experimental arrangement showing the incident gamma -ray beam and the Chererkov counter. The results are given in graphical and tabular form. Reaction (1) seems to be isotropic while reaction (3) shows a strong forward peaking of pi /sup +/, particularly for forward pi /sup 0/ angles. (B.O.G.)
Postharvest Calcium Infiltration Delays Membrane Lipid Catabolism in Apple Fruit

Postharvest changes in membrane lipids of Ca 2+ -infiltrated apples (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) have been evaluated. Calcium infiltration (2% or 4% w/v CaCl2) improved fruit firmness retention over control (water-infiltrated) fruit following 6 months of 0 °C storage and after 7 subsequent days at 20 °C. During cold storage, total phospholipid (primarily phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) and acylated steryl glycoside concentrations increased in Ca 2+ infiltrated fruit but decreased in control fruit. Seven days following transfer from cold storage to 20 °C, total phospholipid concentration remained highest in fruit infiltrated with 4% CaCl2. Free sitosterol and steryl glycoside concentrations were generally increased with increasing infiltrated Ca 2+ concentration throughout the postharvest evaluation period. Greater conservation of specific membrane lipid components in the Ca 2+ -infiltrated fruit, both during and after low-temperature storage, may contribute to the well-known beneficial effects of Ca 2+ infiltration in maintaining apple quality.
Id proteins in cell growth and tumorigenesis

Since the gene encoding Id1 was cloned in 1990, Id proteins have been implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. The development of knockout and transgenic animal models for many members of the Id gene family has been particularly useful in sorting out the biologic relevance of these genes and their expression during normal development, malignant transformation, and tumor progression. Here we review the current understanding of Id gene function, the biologic consequences of Id gene expression, and the implications for Id gene regulation of cell growth and tumorigenesis.
Analysis of cell wall material from plant tissues: Extraction and purification

Abstract The alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR) of immature and mature runner beans contains co-precipitated cytoplasmic proteins, nucleic acids, starch and polyphenols, which contaminate the isolated polysaccharide fractions and their binding is sufficiently tenacious to resist complete extraction with the usual protein solubilizing reagents. Therefore, a method was developed for preparation of “cell wall material” from plant tissues in which the contamination with cytoplasmic constituents was minimal. Alternative solvents for cell disruption and protein extraction have been compared. The method depended for its success on the selective removal of the contaminants from fresh ball-milled tissue by sequential treatments with 1% aq. Na deoxycholate, PhOH-HOAc-H 2 O followed by α-amylase digestion. Ball-milling the tissue ensured almost complete rupture of the cells and organelles and allowed the solvents to penetrate the sample fully and dissolve the cytoplasmic constituents. The purified “cell wall material” has protein contents varying from 2.5 to 5.5% depending on the type and maturity of the tissue. The residual proteins are resistant to pronase, rich in hydroxyproline and have the amino acid composition of purified cell wall proteins, showing that the wall preparations are relatively pure.
Carbon Capture with 4 m Piperazine/4 m 2-Methylpiperazine

Abstract An equimolar diamine blend of 4 m 2-methylpiperazine (2MPZ) with 4 m piperazine (PZ) is shown to be an attractive solvent for CO2 capture. This blend overcomes the difficulties posed by the narrow solid solubility window of pure 8 m PZ while preserving its benefits. The solid solubility window at 20 °C broadens from to . As the blend viscosity is nearly double that of pure PZ, normalizing the capacity by viscosity shows a practical capacity comparable to MEA at 0.63 mol CO2/kg solvent. The CO 2 absorption rate of the blend is lower, with at 40 °C, 84% that of PZ. The heats of CO 2 absorption of the blend and PZ are equal at Δ H abs = 70 kJ/mol. While the blend thermal stability is decreased, T max = 155 compared to 163 °C, oxidative stability is similar. Lastly, their volatilities are nearly equal with amine Henry's constant near 23 Pa at 40 °C. In short, the equimolar blend of 4 m 2MPZ with 4 m PZ is a competitive solvent for amine scrubbing.
Swelling suppression by injected self-interstitials

Abstract Electropolished foils of high purity nickel were irradiated with 14 MeV nickel ions to produce displacement damage similar to that found in a fusion neutron environment. The irradiated samples were prepared for transmission electron microscopy evaluation utilizing a transverse sectioning technique. Results show the formation of a void-free zone at a depth which corresponds to the range of the irradiating ions. The void-free zone increases in size with decreasing irradiation temperature from 450°C to 400°C. Comparisons are made to a current theoretical model relating the effects of injected interstitials to void nucleation rate at similar temperatures.
The Organization of Roman Religious Beliefs

Abstract: This study will focus on the differences in the way that Roman Paganism and Christianity organize systems of beliefs. It rejects the theory that ““beliefs”” have no place in the Roman religion, but stresses the differences between Christian orthodoxy, in which mandatory dogmas define group identity, and the essentially polythetic nature of Roman religious organization, in which incompatible beliefs could exist simultaneously in the community without conflict. In explaining how such beliefs could coexist in Rome, the study emphasizes three main conceptual mechanisms: (1) polymorphism, the idea that gods could have multiple identities with incompatible attributes, (2) orthopraxy, the focus upon standardized ritual rather than standardized belief, and (3) pietas , the Roman ideal of reciprocal obligation, which was flexible enough to allow Romans to maintain relationships simultaneously with multiple gods at varying levels of personal commitment.
Alterations in the X chromosome replication pattern induced by 5-azacytidine in a human tumor line

Biochemical studies have shown that the cytosine analog, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), induces hypomethylation and reactivates specific X-linked genes. Cytogenetically, it has been shown that this hypomethylating agent alters the replication pattern of the late-replicating, inactive X chromosome. In order to analyze the effect of 5-azaC on the X chromosome replication pattern of tumor cells with multiple X chromosomes, 5-azaC treatment, followed by terminal bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulses, was applied to the human breast tumor cell line ZR-75-30. Metaphase spreads were analyzed for the presence of X chromosomes with altered replication banding patterns. Seventy-four percent of the untreated cells contained at least one typical, pale-staining, inactive X chromosome as compared to only 8% of the cells in the treated groups. This demonstrates a dramatic change in the replication pattern of the inactive X chromosome of these neoplastic cells in response to 5-azaC treatment. These results suggest that neoplastic tissue is highly responsive to this hypomethylating agent, which may be related to the high degree of DNA hypomethylation observed in neoplasias.
Analysis of Transit Time Effects on Doppler Flow Measurement

A relation is derived between the transmitted spectral density and the output spectral density of broad bandwidth, random signal, Doppler flow measurement systems operating under conditions where the fluid transit time is limited by the transmitted signal bandwidth and not by beam geometry. The fact that this result is already known to hold for pulsed radio frequency (RF) Doppler proves that random or pseudorandom Dopplers will give the same output spectrum as pulsed RF Dopplers, provided that the transmitted spectral density of the RF system has the same envelope as that of the noise system.
Modified anisotropic diffusion for image smoothing and enhancement

This paper discusses an improved nonlinear filtering approach based on anisotropic diffusion technique. This modified anisotropic diffusion method smooths along curve directions, i.e. the directions of level sets. The upwind scheme for level set is used to solve the diffusion equation. Compared with the conventional anisotropic diffusion, which depends only on the local gradient of intensities of the processed image, this modified scheme overcomes the defect of indefinite edge enhancement associated with Perona-Malik model while depressing noises in a better performance. Moreover, a multi-scale diffusion technique is applied to limit blurring by the presence of edges as measured at the scale of interest, so that accurate information about boundaries of objects could be preserved and small details that fall below the scale of interest be removed. Then an extension into vector-valued diffusion is also presented in this paper, which is capable of smoothing small objects while maintaining boundaries information in vector-valued images. Experiments on gray-scale and color images demonstrate the efficacy of this method in image smoothing as well as image enhancement.
Discursive Constructions of Breastfeeding in U.S. State Laws

Previous research has identified several ways that breastfeeding is constructed in public discourses, each with consequences for breastfeeding attitudes, policies, and practices. Researchers analyzed discursive constructions of breastfeeding in U.S. state laws regarding breastfeeding in public to see if common representations were replicated in law and to identify patterns among states that used similar language. Results indicated that laws varied in the level of protection they offered, with the least protective laws decriminalizing breastfeeding in public and the most protective laws criminalizing interference with breastfeeding. The least protective states were located in the Western and North-Central regions, Republican-leaning, and less urban, whereas the most protective states were located in the New England and North-Central regions, Democrat-leaning, and more urban. Most states that fell on either end of this continuum had breastfeeding rates above the national average. Laws also varied in the lev...
25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels after recovery from tuberculosis: insights into pathogenesis.

Summary Objective 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels after recovery from tuberculosis (TB) may reflect pre-morbid levels and therefore provide insight into pathogenesis. We assessed 25(OH)D levels after recovery from TB disease, and compared to levels in persons without TB disease. Methods Case-control study. Cases were persons who had recovered from culture-confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease. Controls were persons without TB disease. Total 25(OH)D was measured from stored plasma specimens using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results 29 persons with prior TB disease and 36 controls were included. Median 25(OH)D levels were 24.7 ng/mL (IQR, 18.3–34.1) in prior TB disease, and 33.6 ng/mL (IQR, 26.2–42.4) in controls (Mann–Whitney; P = 0.01). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that black race (adjusted mean difference [ β ] = −8.3 ng/mL; 95% CI −14.5, −2.2; P β = −10.4 ng/mL; 95% CI −17.0, −3.8; P β = −5.8 ng/mL; 95% CI −11.4, −0.3; P = 0.05) were associated with lower 25(OH)D levels. Conclusions Persons who had recovered from TB disease had lower 25(OH)D levels compared to controls without TB disease, after adjusting for important confounders. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to further characterize the possible role of low 25(OH)D in the pathogenesis of TB disease and TB recurrence after recovery.
Optical analysis of vibrations in continuous media

Abstract Optical methods of vibration analysis are described which are independent of assumptions associated with theories of wave propagation. The principles involved are reviewed and several variations of the methods used are demonstrated with examples of application to the solution of three problems not solved before. These problems are of special interest in the field of underwater technology. Procedures for scaling data obtained with photoelastic models to predict the behavior of prototypes are illustrated. Difficulties involved in extending optical methods of complete analysis to three-dimensional problems which have no planes of symmetry and to studies of compressional wave propagation in fluids are discussed.
Formative Years of Political Consulting in America, 1934–2000

American political consulting began with the work of Whitaker and Baxter in the 1930s and came into its own in the 1960s. When television came into its own, candidates first turned to commercial advertisers, then in the mid-1960s to specialists who concentrated on media for political campaigns. Private political polling began in the mid-1950s and has emerged as a principal strategy for campaigns in the 1970s. Most early consultants were generalists, but with a second and third generation of consultants appearing in the 1970s through the 1990s, more niche markets were created: in fundraising, telemarketing, direct mail, candidate and opposition research, media buying, and voter data base management. Approaching the 21st century, the business of political consulting was growing and increasingly competitive. Consultants branched out to corporate and issue advocacy clients, ballot issues, state and local candidates, and international elections.
A pilot study on the lytic activity of bdellovibrio in wastewater

Domestic wastewater and 0.22 μm pore size wastewater filtrates in a small-scale laboratory wastewater treatment system were inoculated with qual numbers of Eschericia coli and of Bdellovibrio cells. Over a 9-day period, cell counts were made for Bdellovibrio and coliforms. A 3 log reduction within a 72 h incubation period was recorded for both Bdellovibrio and the coliform population inoculated into wastewater. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the Bdellovibrio populations in wastewater and in wastewater filtrates within an incubation period of 24h and between the coliform populations within an incubation period of 48 h. The data from the study indicate that steady-state conditions appear to exist concerning the interaction between Bdellovibrio and E. coli in waste-water and that Bdellovibrio has only a minor role in the elimination of E. coli from wastewater.
Flutamide counteracts the antiproliferative effects of antiprogestins in the primate endometrium.

In addition to blocking progesterone (P) action, antiprogestins (APs) also inhibit estrogen-stimulated endometrial cell proliferation in nonhuman primates and women. This effect is paradoxical because APs do not bind to estrogen receptors (ER), and AP + estradiol (E2) treatment leads to elevation of ER levels, a recognized action of estrogen in the endometrium. Recently, we showed that APs (RU 486, ZK 137 316 and ZK 230 211) also elevate endometrial androgen receptor (AR) in macaques and women and we hypothesized that over expression of AR may play a role in the antiproliferative actions of APs. We now report that cotreatment with the specific antiandrogen flutamide (FLU) blocked the suppressive effects of APs on estrogen action in the endometrium. We treated ovariectomized rhesus macaques with either E2 alone, E2 + ZK 137 316 or E2 + ZK 137 316 + FLU daily for 28 days. Endometrial wet weight (mean ± SE) from one-half of the endometrium was as follows: E2-treated controls, 360 ± 32 mg; E2 + ZK 137 316, 64...
A survey of film processing illustrated with poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Polymeric films are used to enclose other materials (as for packaging), to carry information (as for magnetic tapes), and as an engineering material (as for capacitor dielectrics). There is an appropriate combination of the bulk and the surface properties engineered to fit each particular use. This duality is illustrated by the “processing for properties” of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. An overview is presented of stretching, stabilization and relaxation methods of manufacture. These processing techniques, in conjunction with changes in the polymer composition, provide the property levels that are commercially significant.
High-frequency excision of transposable element Tc1 in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans is limited to somatic cells

Tc 1 transposable elements in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans undergo excision at high frequency. We show here that this excision occurs primarily or entirely in the somatic tissues of the organism. Absence of germ-line excision is demonstrated by showing that Tc 1 elements are genetically stable; elements at particular genomic sites, as well as the overall number of elements in the genome, were stably maintained during a year of continuous, nonselective propagation. Somatic excision is demonstrated by showing that empty Tc 1 sites arise during a single generation of growth of a synchronous population and are not inherited by the next generation. These results suggest that excision of Tc 1 elements is under the control of tissue-specific factors.
Pressure generation in a contracting myocyte

The central hypothesis of this investigation is that a shortening myocyte generates a time-varying transmural pressure, or intracellular pressure. A mathematical model was formulated for a single myocyte, consisting of a fluid-filled cylindrical shell with axially arranged contractile filaments, to quantitate the fiber-fluid interaction. In this model, the intracellular pressure mediates the interaction between myofilament force, cell shortening, and the mechanical properties of the sarcolemma. Shortening of myofibrils, which are embedded in the fluid-filled myocytes, deforms the myocyte, thereby altering its transmural fluid pressure. This increase in transmural pressure counteracts fiber shortening, hence constituting an internal load to shortening. The shortening of the myocyte is accompanied by thickening, due to the incompressible nature of its contents. Consequently, the overall contractile performance of the cell is integrally linked to the generation of intracellular pressure. The model manifests a positive transmural pressure during shortening, but not without shortening. The pressure in the myocyte, therefore, is not a direct function of the force generated, but rather of shortening. Intracellular pressure was measured through a fluid-filled glass micropipette (5 mu ID) employing a servo-nulling pressure transducer in a standard micropuncture technique. Measured intracellular pressure in a contracting isolated skeletal myocyte of the giant barnacle is observed to be dynamically related to shortening, but not to tension without shortening. The relation between the force of contraction, cell shortening, and intracellular pressure was assessed during both isotonic and isometric contractions. The results support the prediction that isometric, or nondeforming, contractions will not develop intracellular pressure and identify a reason for relengthening of the myocytes during relaxation.
(Carborane)rhodium-gold complexes

Abstract Treatment of the reagent [NEt4][Rh(CO) (PPh3) (η5-7,9-C2B9H11)] in CH2Cl2, in the presence of TIBF4, with half an equivalent of the digold compounds [AU2Cl2{μ- Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2}] (n  2-6) affords the complexes [Rh2Au2{μ-Ph2P(CH2) nPPh2}(CO)2 (PPh3)2(η5-7,9-C2B9H11)2]. The compounds [Rh2 Au2 {μ-Ph2P(CH2)n PPh2}(CO)2(PPh3)2 (η5-7,8-C2B9H11)2](n = 3 or 6) have similarly been prepared. Reactions between the digold complexes [Au2Cl2(μ-Z or E-Ph2PCH  CHPPh2)] and the salts [NEt4][Rh(CO)(PPh3)(η5- 7,n-C2B9H11)](n = 8 or 9) give the four isomeric dirhodium-digold complexes [Rh2Au2(μ-Z or E-Ph2PCH CHPPh2)(CO)2(PPh3)2 (η5-7,n-C2B9H11)]2]. The NMR data for the new compounds are reported and discussed in terms of the formulations proposed.
A randomized trial and the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare, life-threatening autoimmune disease. Mycophenolate mofetil is a potent immunosuppressant medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration to be used after solid organ transplantation and to treat pemphigus vulgaris. Mycophenolate mofetil has not become the "wonder drug" that had been anticipated based on initial clinical reports. Studies like that reported by Beissert et al. in this issue are essential to improve dermatologic care.
A gem-allyl dianion synthon in water

Abstract The reaction of 1,3-dibromopropene with carbonyl compounds mediated by indium in water gave bis-allylation products connected to the same carbon. Such a reactivity effectively constitutes a gem-allyl dianion synthon.
CME Interaction and the Intensity of Solar Energetic Particle Events

Large Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are closely associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The significant correlation observed between SEP intensity and CME speed has been considered as the evidence for such a close connection. The recent finding that SEP events with preceding wide CMEs are likely to have higher intensities compared to those without was attributed to the interaction of the CME-driven shocks with the preceding CMEs or with their aftermath. It is also possible that the intensity of SEPs may also be affected by the properties of the solar source region. In this study, we found that the active region area has no relation with the SEP intensity and CME speed, thus supporting the importance of CME interaction. However, there is a significant correlation between flare size and the active region area, which probably reflects the spatial scale of the flare phenomenon as compared to that of the CME-driven shock.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Some North Pacific Coast Poems: a Problem in Anthropological Philology

relevant to materials elsewhere.' On the American scene, the study of the structure of language is joining effectively again with the study of its use, after a period of relative separation. The full gamut of linguistic structures and their functions in social context is coming to be investigated in ways both structurally adequate and functionally interesting. As part of this, one more often finds an interest in linguistic method and an interest in the content of texts joined together-an interest both in texts as documentation for linguistics, and in linguistics as a source of insight into texts. Such joint interest takes various names and stems from several sources, but for anthropology it is most noticeable in the structural study of myth and in a surge of attention to stylistics and poetics. The volume, Style in Language, and the varied response it has received, are prime examples of the changing American climate in regard to the latter.2 This changing climate is one of many changes now serving to bracket much
Carving Categories in a Continuous World: Preverbal Infants Discriminate Categorical Changes Before Distance Changes in Dynamic Events

Abstract To learn motion verbs and prepositions, children must categorize event components such that jumping 1 meter over the puddle and jumping 3 meters over the puddle are both instances of jumping. Thus, children's categories must allow variability in coordinate properties, while preserving the relational component labeled by motion verbs and prepositions. The current study asks if preverbal infants notice within-category distance changes (e.g., height of a jump) more than across-category distance changes, (e.g., over versus under). Results suggest that categorical changes are most important, which has implications for how children carve a continuous world into categories that coincide with language.
Abundance, Composition, and Vertical Transport of PAHs in Marsh Sediments

Petroleum-derived hydrocarbons continue to persist in Wild Harbor, West Falmouth, MA, following a spill of No. 2 fuel oil in 1969 from the barge Florida. Recent analysis of marsh sediments revealed that residues of degraded oil are present with concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons as high as ∼9 mg g-1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute only a minor fraction of these residues with maximum concentrations of 134 μg g-1, but their fate is of interest because of their potential toxicity to organisms. As compared to typical unweathered No. 2 fuel oil, the current distribution of PAHs in the sediments reflects substantial weathering by abiotic and biotic processes, specifically a preferential loss of naphthalenes relative to phenanthrenes, as well as isomer-specific biodegradation of alkylated PAHs. Based on comparison to results from an earlier study, it appears that little or no change has occurred to the distribution of PAHs since 1989, indicating that weathering at this site has st...
Effects of substrate micropatterning on nonlinear optical properties of polar self-assembling films

Self-assembling triblock molecules were previously shown to form thin films with polar order. These films are also known to contain polar supramolecular aggregates that are layered in head-to-tail fashion. In this work, glass substrates were prepared using a focused-ion-beam system to generate 1 mm×1 mm areas containing periodic arrays of squares with lateral dimensions of 7 and 17 μm. The squares were defined by 3 μm wide and 10 nm deep troughs created by Ga ion beams. Using second-harmonic-generation measurements, the average molecular tilt angle was found to be smaller in patterned films, suggesting that micropatterning enhances overall polarization in these films.
Effect of Pyocyanin on a Crude-Oil-Degrading Microbial Community

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an n-alkane degrader that is frequently isolated from petroleum-contaminated sites and produces factors that enhance its competitiveness and survival in many environments. In this study, one such factor, pyocyanin, has been detected in an oil-degrading culture containing P. aeruginosa and is a redox-active compound capable of inhibiting microbial growth. To examine the effects of pyocyanin further, an oil-degrading culture was grown with and without 9.5 μM pyocyanin and microbial community structure and oil degradation were monitored for 50 days. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of cultures revealed a decrease in the microbial community diversity in the pyocyanin-amended cultures compared to that of the unamended cultures. Two members of the microbial community in pure culture exhibited intermediate and high sensitivities to pyocyanin corresponding to intermediate and low levels of activity for the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, respectively. Another member of the community that remained constant in the DGGE gels over the 50-day culture incubation period exhibited no sensitivity to pyocyanin, corresponding to a high level of catalase and superoxide dismutase when examined in pure culture. Pyocyanin also affected the overall degradation of the crude oil. At 50 days, the culture without pyocyanin had decreased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compared to the pyocyanin-amended culture, with a specific reduction in the degradation of dibenzothiophenes, naphthalenes, and C29 and C30 hopanes. This study demonstrated that pyocyanin influenced the diversity of the microbial community and suggests the importance of understanding how interspecies interactions influence the degradation capability of a microbial community.
Transplacental Lactate Dehydrogenase-elevating Virus (LDV) Transmission: Immune Inhibition of Umbilical Cord Infection, and Correlation of Fetal Virus Susceptibility with Development of F4/80 Antigen Expression

Maternal-to-fetal transmission of the murine lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) has been previously shown to be regulated by maternal immunity as well as gestational age. For the present study, the role of maternal immunity in placental and umbilical cord virus protection was studied, and virus targeting of umbilical cord and fetal macrophages was correlated with expression of the F4/80 macrophage phenotypic marker. The results showed that LDV-infected macrophages appeared in umbilical cord by 24 h post-infection of pregnant mice, and some LDV-infected macrophages displayed the F4/80 phenotype. This potential reservoir of virus for the fetus was inhibited by passive immunization of pregnant mice with IgG anti-LDV antibodies, which rapidly concentrated in the placenta and umbilical cord. Probing of umbilical cord cells with antibodies directed at MHC genetic markers demonstrated the presence of both maternal and fetal cells in umbilical cords. A strong developmental correlation was observed between fetal F4/80 expression and LDV susceptibility, at about 13.6 days of gestation. These results demonstrate immune suppression of free and cell-associated virus in umbilical cord, thus defining a potentially important mechanism for immune protection of the fetus from transplacental virus infection. The results also clarify the developmental basis for fetal susceptibility to LDV infection.
Fears in visually-impaired and normally-sighted youths

Abstract The present study examined the level and structure of fear in visually-impaired and normally-sighted youths. A total of 176 youths were examined: 70 visually-impaired and 106 normally-sighted youths. All youths were administered the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children. Results indicated that visually-impaired youths evinced quantitative and qualitative differences in their selfreported fears. Not only did they report greater levels of fear, perhaps, more importantly, they also reported qualitatively different fears. Results are discussed in terms of the antecedent and consequent factors associated with such differences.
Cytokeratin staining and other sentinel node controversies.

Abstract Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for breast cancer staging has been widely accepted because it is more sensitive and less morbid than axillary dissection. Sentinel nodes can be thoroughly scrutinized using a variety of techniques increasing the detection of micrometastases; however, the clinical relevance of micrometastases has been challenged. The available data suggest that the prognostic significance of axillary metastases is related to the size of the metastases, and the best data suggest that outcome for patients with metastases
UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and the conjugation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites to DNA.

Abstract Addition of UDP-glucuronic acid to microsomal incubations containing benzo(a)pyrene caused a dose-dependent conjugation of principally quinone and phenol metabolites. Total benzo(a)pyrene oxidation was also stimulated with a maximum increase at 2 nM UDPGA. In the presence of calf thymus DNA, UDPGA caused a 2.7-fold increase in benzo(a)pyrene diol-oxide modification of DNA, as analyzed by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Maximum DNA modification by diol-oxides occurred at a UDPGA concentration which gave the highest level of free benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol; likewise, the amount of DNA adduct derived from benzo(a)pyrene phenols declined in parallel with levels of free phenol metabolites. The UDPGA-induced increase in benzo(a)pyrene oxidation and concomitant increase in diol-oxide modification of DNA is consistent with removal of product inhibition by glucuronide conjugation of an inhibitory benzo(a)pyrene metabolite.