cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Different Slicing Planes in Preservation of Major Hippocampal Pathway Fibers in the Mouse

The hippocampus plays a critical role in learning and memory and higher cognitive functions, and its dysfunction has been implicated in various neuropathological disorders. Electrophysiological recording undertaken in live brain slices is one of the most powerful tools for investigating hippocampal cellular and network activities. The plane for cutting the slices determines which afferent and/or efferent connections are best preserved, and there are three commonly used slices: hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC), coronal and transverse. All three slices have been widely used for studying the major afferent hippocampal pathways including the perforant path (PP), the mossy fibers (MFs) and the Schaffer collaterals (SCs). Surprisingly, there has never been a systematic investigation of the anatomical and functional consequences of slicing at a particular angle. In the present study, we focused on how well fiber pathways are preserved from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the hippocampus, and within the hippocampus, in slices generated by sectioning at different angles. The postmortem neural tract tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used to label afferent fibers to hippocampal principal neurons in fixed slices or whole brains. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was adopted for imaging DiI-labeled axons and terminals. We demonstrated that PP fibers were well preserved in HEC slices, MFs in both HEC and transverse slices and SCs in all three types of slices. Correspondingly, field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) could be consistently evoked in HEC slices when stimulating PP fibers and recorded in stratum lacunosum-moleculare (sl-m) of area CA1, and when stimulating the dentate granule cell layer (gcl) and recording in stratum lucidum (sl) of area CA3. The MF evoked fEPSPs could not be recorded in CA3 from coronal slices. In contrast to our DiI-tracing data demonstrating severely truncated PP fibers in coronal slices, fEPSPs could still be recorded in CA1 sl-m in this plane, suggesting that an additional afferent fiber pathway other than PP might be involved. The present study increases our understanding of which hippocampal pathways are best preserved in the three most common brain slice preparations, and will help investigators determine the appropriate slices to use for physiological studies depending on the subregion of interest.
Mixed-mode circuit simulation to characterize Ga 2 O 3 MOSFETs in different device structures

Two gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) MOSFETs, a non field plated (NFP) device and a field plated (FP) device, are proposed and simulated in Silvaco TCAD. The static characteristics of the devices were obtained from Silvaco TCAD and the characterization of switching performance was conducted in Silvaco mixed-mode with inductive load test circuit. To study the influence of the thickness of the field plate oxide (T FPOX ), another FP device with different T FPOX is investigated. The simulated devices were compared with commercially available silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs in a three phase modular multilevel converter (MMC) to predict their performance in high power application.
Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Confirms the Prediction of the Relative Energies of the Low-Lying Electronic States of 2,7-Naphthoquinone

Cryogenic negative ion photoelectron (NIPE) spectra of the radical anion of 2,7-naphthoquinone (NQ•–) have been taken at 20 K, using 193, 240, 266, 300, and 355 nm lasers for electron detachment. The electron affinity of the NQ diradical is determined from the first resolved peak in the NIPE spectrum to be 2.880 ± 0.010 eV. CASPT2/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations predict with reasonable accuracy the positions of the 0–0 bands in the three lowest electronic states of NQ. In addition, the Franck–Condon factors calculated from the CASPT2/aug-cc-pVDZ optimized geometries, vibrational frequencies, and normal modes successfully simulate the vibrational structures in these bands. The NIPE spectrum of NQ•– confirms that, as predicted, 3B2 is the ground state, and the 1B2 and 1A1 states are, respectively, 12.7 and 16.4 kcal/mol higher in energy than the triplet ground state. The experimental value of ΔEST = 12.7 kcal/mol in NQ and the finding that 1B2 is the lower energy of the two singlet states confirm the results of th...
She Loved and Ruled That Kitchen: Space and Autonomy in Kenyan Societies

Scholarly and popular literature alike has over the years portrayed African women as helpless victims of circumstances and their male counterparts, often attributing this perceived state of subjection to structures and practices in pre-colonial African societies. This historical inconsistency persists even with new emerging scholarship on African women. Focusing on the kitchen space, this paper asserts the need to invest in the creation of new theoretical frameworks for examining the identity of spaces in indigenous African societies, which does not imbue the ontology of said spaces and places with western characteristics or use western public and private space paradigms in defining these spaces. It explores the question that the privatization of the role of African women in society and consequently the privatization of these women's operational spaces is a post-missionary work / post-colonialism phenomenon. Referencing the histories and cultures of four Kenyan language communities, this study hopes to expose the multi-faceted nature of the traditional African kitchen, redefining it as a public and empowered space.
Designing effective nonverbal communication for pedagogical agents

This experimental study employed a 2×2×2 factorial design to investigate the effect of type of knowledge (procedural, attitudinal), deictic gesture (presence, absence), and facial expression (presence, absence) on learners attitudes, perception (agent persona, gesture, facial expression), and learning. A total of 237 participants learned from a instructional module that varied by the three factors. Results indicated that facial expressions were particularly valuable for attitudinal learning, and were actually detrimental for procedural learning outcome. Similarly, gestures were perceived as more valuable for students in the procedural module, even though they did not directly enhance recall.
Measuring environmental values and environmental impacts : Going from the local to the global

Measuring the impact of global change depends critically upon our ability to gauge the impacts of changes at the local and individual level. There are strong philosophical and practical concerns in measuring environmental, health, social, and economic impacts even at this level. Aggregating these across commodities, individuals, sectors, regions, and time presents further difficulties. Overcoming these obstacles oftentimes runs afoul of our inability to make interpersonal and intergenerational comparisons. This paper walks through the process of economic valuation from the very local scale of individual choices up to global aggregations across goods and services, individuals, space, and time. Along the way, important assumptions, particularly those related to analyses across different scales and aggregation from lower to higher scales will be emphasized. The effects of making different assumptions will be noted. Fundamental questions about the 'scientific' versus 'political/moral/ethical' nature of valuation will also be highlighted.
Protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial to study the effectiveness of an obesity and diabetes intervention (PASOS) in an immigrant farmworker population

Studies have shown that the prevalence of overweight, obesity and diabetes are higher in the largely Hispanic, immigrant farmworker population in California. Though to date, few interventional studies have focused on these issues in this at-risk population. The objective of this paper is to describe the study design of a cluster randomized controlled trial aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an obesity and diabetes work place intervention in an immigrant farm worker population. PASOS is an obesity and diabetes intervention program that will be implemented on ranches where immigrant farmworkers spend a considerable amount of time each day. This cluster randomized controlled study will enroll approximately 600 farmworkers. Using a uniform distribution for random number generation, ranches are randomized using a 1:1 ratio as either control or intervention. Baseline data will be taken from eligible participants and analyzed against data collected at the post-intervention, 6-month, 1-year, and 1.5-year follow-ups. The enrollment period is 1.5 years. Few studies have been conducted that aim to evaluate the effectiveness of a worksite intervention for obesity and diabetes prevention in a largely Hispanic, farmworker population. This study has been tailored to this population in order to enhance the feasibility of implementation and retention. If successful in reducing obesity and increasing healthy lifestyle choices to reduce diabetes, this study design can be implemented on a larger scale. NCT02480244 . Registered 24 June 2015.
“ION” B-Dot And Faraday Cup Results Located Inside The Cathode Knob Of The Self Magnetic Pinch (SMP) Diode

We describe our effort to measure the back-streaming ions from the target x-ray convertor and thus estimate the ion contribution to the A-K gap bipolar current flow.
Evaluating the Need for Pediatric Procedural Sedation Training in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship.

Objectives Pediatric procedural sedation has been increasingly performed by pediatric intensivists over the past decade. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship guidelines do not specify how fellows obtain proficiency in pediatric procedural sedation. We sought to survey the state of pediatric procedural sedation training during fellowship and whether fellows thought it was sufficient. Design A 21-question survey gathered data on pediatric procedural sedation training provided to Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellows. Surveys were sent to fellowship directors with instructions to distribute to second- and third-year fellows or recent graduates. Over 2 months, up to three e-mail reminders were sent to fellowship directors whose program had not completed at least one survey. Subjects Senior fellows and graduates of 65 active Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship programs. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Sixty-five percent of fellowship programs (42/65) returned at least one response. Ninety senior fellows and 27 recent graduates responded. Of respondents, 38% received pediatric procedural sedation training during the fellowship, and 32% reported mandatory training. Nine percent of programs used simulation. Although 61% who received training felt adequately prepared to perform pediatric procedural sedation, 25% needed additional preceptorship to sedate independently. Nearly one third (31%) reported that completion of a predetermined number of cases was required to sedate independently. Forty-eight percent reported a minimum number of cases was required for hospital credentialing. Nearly 45% were allowed to perform pediatric procedural sedation off the unit after receiving credentials. When asked if inadequate pediatric procedural sedation training would be a deterrent to applying for a position that included pediatric procedural sedation, 8.6% replied yes, 52.6% replied no, and 38.8% replied they were unsure. Conclusions Pediatric procedural sedation lacks a clearly defined training pathway. Most fellows find pediatric procedural sedation a valuable skill set. We propose that all Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellows receive training that includes pediatric procedural sedation critical incident simulation and cases performed outside the PICU to establish proficiency.
RAKE Receiver for HF Filter Bank Multicarrier Spread Spectrum Systems

HF skywave channels are typically characterized by one or two main paths. Taking note of this, in a previous paper, we proposed a two path RAKE architecture for the receiver in a filter bank multicarrier spread spectrum (FB-MC-SS) system. Using this architecture, we found that good performance can be obtained with much wider subcarrier bandwidths than is possible with a single path receiver. The main challenge with this RAKE architecture, which was not considered in this previous paper, is selecting the RAKE path delays. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for selecting these path delays. Satisfactory performance of the RAKE architecture and the algorithm for selecting the RAKE path delays are demonstrated through simulations and over the air transmission of FB-MC-SS data packets.
Conditioning Regimen [High-Dose Melphalan (HDM) Versus an Alternative] May Impact Response in Patients (pts) with Relapsed Multiple Myeloma (rMM) Receiving a Second Autologous Stem Cell Transplant (AutoSCT)

Introduction Second AutoSCT has been demonstrated to be beneficial in pts with relapsed multiple myeloma (rMM), in clinical trials. The optimal conditioning regimen for pts who receive a second transplant has not been currently established. We report our experience using an alternative conditioning regimen (ACR) with either bortezomib with high-dose melphalan (Bor.mel) or carmustine with high-dose melphalan (BCNU.mel), versus single-agent HDM in pts receiving a second AutoSCT for rMM. Methods Data was retrospectively collected and analyzed from all pts who received Bor.mel, BCNU.mel (dosing previously reported), and HDM (melphalan 140 mg/m2 or 200 mg/m2 IV) as conditioning prior to second AutoSCT for rMM at our institution. Demographics, disease risk status at initial diagnosis, disease status prior to and response to second AutoSCT, transplant related adverse events and outcomes were analyzed. Fisher's exact test was used to compare response rates between groups. Results Between 2012-2016, 82 adult pts received a second AutoSCT (50 HDM pts, 32 AC pts). The median age was 59 years in the HDM arm and 56 years in the ACR arm. The ACR arm had more high risk pts [7 (22%) vs 2 (4%)]; however, the majority of pts in both arms had standard risk rMM. All patients received HDM as conditioning with first AutoSCT. A complete remission at day 100 was observed in 19 (38%) HDM pts vs 11 (34%) ACR pts; VGPR in 23 (46%) HDM vs 12 (38%) ACR; PR 3 (6%) HDM vs 7 (22%) ACR; SD 1 (2%) HDM vs 1 (3%) ACR; and PD in 2 (4%) HDM vs 1 (3%) ACR. Two patients in the HDM arm were not evaluable at day 100 (1 death, 1 lost to follow up). There was a trend towards more favorable response (stringent CR + CR + VGPR) in patients that received HDM compared to ACR (p = 0.073). Adverse effects were similar between the two groups. The median time to neutrophil (12 days HDM vs 13 days ACR) and platelet engraftment (18 days HDM vs 18 days ACR) were similar. At last follow up, 42 (51.2%) pts were alive, 18 (36%) in the HDM arm and 24 (75%) in the ACR arm. Of the 40 pts that died, cause of death was progressive disease in 8 pts (4 pt in each group), infection related in 5 pts, other causes in 2 pts, and unknown in 25 pts. Conclusions Second autologous stem cell transplant is an effective option for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Based on our analysis, HDM in second AutoSCT was associated with a more favorable response (sCR + CR + VGPR) compared to ACR, however; there were a higher percentage of high risk pts and fewer patients in the ACR arm. Further evaluation with a more robust population size in each group is warranted in addition to evaluating other alternative regimens to determine if a change in conditioning regimen with second autografts would provide better outcomes.
Influence of sorghum cultivar, phenological stage, and fertilization on development and reproduction of Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an invasive pest of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae). Since its first outbreak in sorghum in 2013, severe infestations have spread throughout the southern USA, causing major economic losses. Whereas insecticide applications can mitigate some of the pest's impacts, a sustainable ecology-based management program is needed to reduce reliance on chemical control. Two greenhouse assays examined the influence of selected host plant characteristics on M. sacchari life table parameters. We studied the effects of silicon (rates equivalent to 0 and 3,360 kg silicon per ha) and nitrogen (rates equivalent to 0, 110, and 224 kg nitrogen per ha) on M. sacchari growth and reproduction on a susceptible cultivar (SP 7868) in 2 phenological stages (5-leaf stage and boot stage). A second experiment examined the same silicon and nitrogen treatments on resistant (DKS 37-07) and susceptible (DKS 38-88) cultivars of grain sorghum. We calculated M. sacchari life table parameters including the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, doubling time, and mean generation time for each treatment. Aphid population growth parameters were greater for plants in the 5-leaf stage than in the boot stage. In both experiments, nitrogen fertilization had a positive effect on M. sacchari fecundity, but effects of nitrogen on other parameters were less consistent. Silicon had a negative effect on life table parameters on sorghum plants in the boot stage, but effects were not consistent across treatments. Sorghum cultivar DKS 37-07 showed a high level of resistance, because no aphids survived to adulthood. These results suggest that resistant sorghum cultivars and nitrogen management could have a role in integrated pest management of M. sacchari.
Free lunch for all? The impact of universal school lunch on student misbehavior

Abstract South Korean primary and secondary schools have been providing free lunches only to low-income students since the 1980s. In the early 2010s, the Free School Meal Program (FSMP) expanded the provision of free lunches to all students, without altering the nutritional content of the school meals or the school meal take-up rate, which has always been very high. We investigate the impact of this universal school lunch program on the incidence of misbehavior in schools. We find that FSMP reduces the number of behavioral incidents, particularly physical fights between students, by about 35%.
Detection of North Atlantic Right Whales with a Hybrid System of CNN and Dictionary Learning

In this paper, a hybrid approach of using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and dictionary learning is proposed for the detection of North Atlantic Right Whale (NARW) up-calls. The CNN was applied to extract features from NARW up-calls after these sound signals are converted into spectrograms. The features were then used to train a dictionary with a dictionary learning algorithm. The hybrid system of CNN and dictionary learning was compared with other methods using empirical data. It is shown in the paper that the proposed hybrid system produces superior results for detecting NARW up-calls.
Partial adjustment towards performance-based mutual fund returns: Evidence from U.S.-based equity funds

Mutual fund managers face heavy competition and have incentives to quickly re‐allocate their portfolios in order to achieve and beat their performance targets. However, portfolio adjustments are costly, as trading, administrative, and information costs reduce net returns. Therefore, managers face a trade‐off between the benefits of adjusting the portfolio in order to achieve/exceed performance targets and the costs associated with these adjustments. We apply an asymmetric partial adjustment model to a sample of U.S.‐based, open‐ended, equity mutual funds. Our results show that active mutual funds quickly offset and reverse underperformance and have some success in maintaining short‐term, above‐average fund performance. The average mutual fund in our sample offsets 103% of the deviation within 1 month following underperformance, while slowing adjustment to 84% of the deviation following outperformance. Moreover, we link relative performance‐driven portfolio rebalancing to heterogeneous information costs across fund investment objectives and find that funds focusing on acquiring more specific and costly information adjust more efficiently than those with broader investment objectives.
[ 99m Tc]Tc-HMPAO-Labeled Leukocyte Imaging of Infection and Inflammation

The identification and localization of infection can be a real challenge. The clinical picture of a skeletal fracture or a vascular graft might raise the suspicion of an infection, but confirming this can be a real diagnostic dilemma. In other cases, the clinical findings may not be localizing, and anatomic imaging modalities might be nondiagnostic. This chapter will review the technical aspects of labeling leukocytes, their biodistribution and radiation dosimetry, and the use of technetium-99m (99mTc)-labeled leukocytes for the identification and/or localization of infection for a variety of clinical scenarios. Gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and pulmonary indications are reviewed, as well as the use in the pediatric population. The advantages and disadvantages of the 99mTc-labeled leukocyte technique are reviewed. Investigational applications and future directions of infection imaging using new radiopharmaceuticals are also discussed.
Predicate-Functor Logics(*)

Publisher Summary Bound variable, so characteristic of analysis rather than of algebra, has became central to logic. This new logic has come to constitute even a basic theory of the bound variable; for, all the other desired uses of bound variables can be so paraphrased as to cause the bound variables to figure solely as variables of quantification. For, the logic of quantification excels the old algebras of classes and relations not only in flexibility, but in scope; and so it seems worthwhile to see what it would add up to when couched in just the block like sort of constants and connectives and free variables that are the stock in trade of elementary algebra. Such a translation need have no practical advantages, but it would be an algebraic explanation of the bound variable––an algebraic analysis of analysis. Predicate-functor logic is just adequate to the ordinary logic of quantification and identity. It is shown how to translate closed formulas of ordinary logic into predicate-functor logic; it is convenient to adopt three abbreviations.
No Evidence of Disease Activity - Past, Present, and Future (P5.191)

OBJECTIVE : Assess No Evidence of Disease Activity (NEDA) among placebo-treated patients pooled from four relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) clinical trials. Describe incidence of NEDA by time point and contribution of each component. Discuss future directions for measures of treatment targets in RRMS. BACKGROUND: The concept of NEDA in RRMS was first described by Havrdova and colleagues in a post-hoc analysis of the natalizumab AFFIRM phase 3 clinical trial. It was developed as a reasonable composite measure of disease remission that could be applied in clinical trials and clinical practice. NEDA is now being proposed as a real-world treatment goal in RRMS. DESIGN/METHODS: Placebo-treated patients from four pivotal clinical trials were analyzed: AFFIRM (natalizumab), DEFINE and CONFIRM (delayed-release dimethyl fumarate, DMF), and ADVANCE (Pegylated IFNβ-1a). NEDA was defined as no EDSS disability progression, no relapse, no Gd+ lesions, and no new or enlarging T2 lesions (NET2). Patients with no disease activity on some measures and missing data on others were reported as unknown. Yearly proportions were estimated as were the contribution of each component. RESULTS: 13.3[percnt] of untreated RRMS patients were NEDA year 0-1, 13.6[percnt] were NEDA year 1-2, and only 6.2[percnt] were NEDA over 2 years. Among patients with disease activity over 2 years, few patients had only Gd+ lesions (<1[percnt]) or only disability progression (5[percnt]); disease activity was mainly driven by relapses (67[percnt]) and NET2 lesions (63[percnt]). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of disease activity in RRMS is mainly driven by measures of inflammation (relapses and NET2) in the short term, with few patients experiencing disability progression in the absence of inflammatory measures. We therefore propose re-framing RRMS treatment goals to target relapses and new MRI lesions separately from measures of disability progression. Study Supported by: Biogen Idec Disclosure: Dr. Rudick has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Pace receives personal compensation from Biogen Idec Inc. as an employee. Dr. Raghupathi has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Catrillo-Viguera has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Hyde has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee.
Handbook of Political Communication Research, edited by Lynda Lee Kaid

The Handbook of Political Communication Research, edited by Lynda Lee Kaid, is the latest iteration of a series (of sorts) that dates back a quarter-century to the publication of a volume by the sa...
SPS: An SMS-based push service for energy saving in smartphone's idle state

Despite of all the advances in smartphone technology in recent years, smartphones still remain limited by their battery life. Unlike other power hungry components in a smartphone, the cellular data and Wi-Fi interfaces often continue to be used even when the phone is in its idle state in order to accommodate background (necessary or unnecessary) data traffic produced by some applications. In addition, bad reception has been proven to greatly increase energy consumed by the radio, which happens frequently when smartphone users are inside buildings. In this paper, we present a Short message service Push based Service (SPS) system to save unnecessary power consumption when smartphones are in idle state, especially in bad reception areas. First, SPS disables a smartphone's data interfaces whenever the phone is in idle state. Second, to preserve the real-time notification functionality required by some apps, such as new email arrivals and social media updates, when a notification is needed, a push server will deliver a wakeup text message to the phone (which does not rely on data interfaces), and then SPS enables the phone's data interfaces to connect to the corresponding server to retrieve notification data via the normal data network. Once the notification data has been retrieved, SPS will disable the data interfaces again if the phone is still in idle state. We have developed a complete SPS prototype for Android smartphones. Our experiments show that SPS consumes less energy than the current approaches. In areas with bad reception, the SPS prototype can double the battery life of a smartphone.
Normal Arp2/3 complex activation in platelets lacking WASp.

Arp2/3 complex is believed to induce de novo nucleation of actin filaments at the edge of motile cells downstream of WASp family proteins. In this study, the signaling pathways leading to Arp2/3 complex activation, actin assembly, and shape change were investigated in platelets isolated from patients with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS), that is, who lack WASp, and in WASp-deficient mouse platelets. WASp-deficient human and mouse platelets elaborate filopodia, spread lamellae, and assemble actin, identical to control WASp-expressing platelets. Human platelets contain 2 μM Arp2/3 complex, or 8600 molecules/cell. Arp2/3 complex redistributes to the edge of the lamellae and to the Triton X-100–insoluble actin cytoskeleton of activated WASp-deficient platelets. Furthermore, the C-terminal CA domain of N-WASp, which sequesters Arp2/3 complex, inhibits by half the actin nucleation capacity of octylglucoside-permeabilized and activated WAS platelets, similar to its effect in WASp-expressing cells. Along with WASp, platelets express WAVE-2 as a physiologic activator of Arp2/3 complex and a small amount of N-WASp. Taken together, our findings show that platelets activate Arp2/3 complex, assemble actin, and change shape in the absence of WASp, indicating a more specialized role for WASp in these cells.
Trivium Crypto-Coprocessor

Stream ciphers are complex state machines that generate an infinite stream of pseudo-random bits starting from a single key. These bits can be used as a keystream in encryption and decryption operations. In this chapter we’ll discuss the implementation of such a stream cipher algorithm, called Trivium, as a co-processor. The co-processor is attached to a host processor. The software on that host processor initializes the Trivium coprocessor, and retrieves a very long (infinite) keystream. We consider different types of host processors, including an 8-bit 8051 micro-controller, a 32-bit StrongARM RISC, and a 32-bit Microblaze processor. We will evaluate the impact of different types of hardware-software interfaces on the performance of the overall design. We will also investigate the path to implementation on an FPGA.
Spectroscopic metabolic abnormalities in mTLE with and without MRI evidence for mesial temporal sclerosis using hippocampal short-TE MRSI.

Purpose: Long echo time (TE) spectroscopy reliably identifies the epileptogenic hippocampus in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Short-TE spectroscopy gives additional metabolic information but may have more artifacts. The aim of this study was to test (a) lateralization of the seizure focus by short-TE spectroscopy, and (b) value of myoinositol (MI) in the identification of the epileptogenic hippocampus. Methods: Twenty-four patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: 16 with mesial temporal sclerosis (TLE-MTS), eight patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; TLE-No), and 16 controls were studied with hippocampal 2D short-TE magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Results: In TLE-MTS, the ipsilateral N-acetylaspartate (NAA) was decreased compared with contralateral (p = 0.03) or controls (p = 0.007). Additionally, the ipsilateral MI was decreased compared with controls (p = 0.012). TLE-No values showed no side differences and were not different from controls. Abnormalities in the anterior hippocampus correctly lateralized the epileptogenic hippocampus in less than or equal to82% of TLE-MTS and in less than or equal to80% of the TLE-No. Conclusions: The accuracy of short-TE MRSI at 1.5 T for focus lateralization in mTLE is comparable to that of long-TE MRSI. MI might be helpful for focus lateralization, but more information about the factors influencing the MI concentration is needed.
Rethinking justice and institutions in African peacebuilding

This article argues that conflicts in Africa need to be understood in the context of local conceptions of justice, which differ from those of the liberal peace model. Justice in African society is based on the notion of reciprocity which, when practised, tends to lead to solutions that resemble prisoner dilemma games. Because agreements are more like truces than true peace agreements they are easily abandoned when the costs of adhering are higher. Bringing in these local conceptions are vital for peacebuilding in Africa but so is the need to reform them so that they become more sustainable.
THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEWS FACT-CHECKING SITES

This study analyzes the emergence, development, and stasis of the news fact-checking website through the institutional perspectives of population ecology and institutional logics. The population ecology approach suggests that like other new media forms, fact-checking sites will mimic one another in pursuit of legitimacy, and this will encourage formation of media “populations,” and tendencies to buffer the external environment and stabilize. Over time, these sites will respond more to other sites within the population itself than to changes in the immediate environment. However, the institutional logics approach accommodates conflict and agency, suggesting that entities pursue complex strategies to retain legitimacy when faced with conflicts within the wider institutional environment. The fact-checking site is a product of such a strategy, as it straddles both traditional journalism and digital network logics. Findings show evidence of a budding fact-checking site population, increasing legitimacy, and in...
Child Neuropsychology: Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders

List of Figures.- List of Tables.- Preface.- Acknowledgments.- Part I: Anatomy and Physiology.- Introduction to Child Clinical Neuropsychology.- Functional Neuroanatomy.- Part II: Clinical Assessment.- Electropyshiology and Neuroimaging Techniques in Neuropsychology.- Integrating Neurological, Neurodiological, and Psychological Examiniations in Neuropsychological Assessment.- Neuropsychological Assessment Approaches and Diagnostic Procedures.- Part III: Childhood and Adolescent Disorders.- Severe Neuropsychiatric amd Externalized Disorders of Adolescence and Childhood.- Neuropsychological Correlates of Childhood and Adolescent Psychatric Disorders: Internalized Disorders.- Language-Related and Learning Disorders.- Metabolic, Biogenetic, Seizure, and Neuromotor Disorders of Childhood.- Acquired Neurological Disorders and Diseases of Childhood.- Part IV: An Integrated Intervention Paradigm.- Neuropsychological Intervention and Teratment Approaches for Childhood and Adolescent Disorders.- Clinical Case Studies.- Glossary.- References.- Name Index.- Subject Index.
Cytosolic free calcium and cell death during metabolic inhibition in a neuronal cell line

Elevated free cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+i) has been implicated as a mechanism of hypoxic neuronal death. The calcium hypothesis postulates that the basic metabolic response to hypoxic ATP depletion is a toxic increase in free cytosolic Ca2+i in all cell types. This inherent response then creates the environment in which subsequent derangements of Ca2+i may occur, for example, from glutamate excitotoxicity. Although the effect of glutamate on neuronal Ca2+i has been extensively studied, the basic neuronal response to hypoxia independent of glutamate receptor activation is not well defined. We therefore assayed both Ca2+i and plasma membrane integrity in fura-2-loaded, single SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells, using digitized video microscopy and metabolic inhibition (2.5 mM NaCN, 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose) to model the ATP depletion of hypoxia. Median time to cell death was 90 min (n = 51 cells). Initial Ca2+i was 121 +/- 67 nM. Ca2+i increased by 50 nM after 5-10 min of metabolic inhibition. Blebbing of the cell membrane was evident within 30 min. Ca2+i did not appreciably increase further until the time of cell death, when the loss of plasma membrane integrity allowed unimpeded influx of extracellular Ca2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role of autophagy in K-RAS- and B-RAF-driven lung cancers

Autophagy degrades and recycles proteins and organelles to support metabolism and survival starvation. Oncogenic RAS upregulates autophagy required for mitochondrial function, stress survival, and engrafted tumor growth. We deleted an essential autophagy gene, autophagy-related-7 (Atg7), concurrently with Kras G12D activation with or without intact Trp53 in two mouse models for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In both models, Atg7 deficiency caused tumor cells to accumulate dysfunctional mitochondria, and acquire metabolic, growth and survival defects associated with reduction in tumor burden. Importantly, Atg7 deficiency altered the fate of Kras G12D -induced carcinomas to that of oncocytomas, rare, predominantly benign tumors characterized by the accumulation of defective mitochondria. Surprisingly, lipid accumulation was observed in Atg7-deficient tumors only when Trp53 was deleted. Atg7-deficient tumor-derived cell lines (TDCLs) had compromised starvation survival and formed lipidic cysts instead of tumors, suggesting defective utilization of lipid stores. Atg7 deficiency reduced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and increased sensitivity to FAO inhibition, indicating that with Trp53 loss, RAS-driven tumors require autophagy for mitochondrial function and lipid catabolism. Thus, autophagy is required for carcinoma fate, and cancers require autophagy for distinct roles in metabolism that are oncogene- and tumor suppressor gene-specific. To test the role of autophagy in oncogenic signaling pathways downstream of RAS, Atg7 was deleted in a mouse model of BRAF V600E -induced lung cancer in the presence or absence of the tumor suppressor Trp53. Atg7 deletion initially induced oxidative stress and accelerated tumor cell proliferation in a manner indistinguishable from Nrf2 ablation. Compound deletion of Atg7 and Nrf2 had no additive effect suggesting that both genes modulate tumorigenesis by regulating oxidative stress, revealing a potential mechanism of autophagy-mediated tumor suppression. At later stages of tumorigenesis, Atg7 deficiency resulted in an accumulation of defective mitochondria, proliferative defects, reduced tumor burden, conversion of adenomas and adenocarcinomas to oncocytomas, and increased mouse lifespan. Autophagy-defective tumor-derived cell lines were defective in their ability to respire, survive starvation and were glutamine-dependent, suggesting that autophagy-supplied substrates from protein degradation sustains Braf V600E -tumor growth and metabolism.
Counselor training in several evidence-based psychosocial addiction treatments in private US substance abuse treatment centers

Background Given that most addiction counselors enter the field unprepared to implement psychosocial evidence-based practices (EBPs), surprisingly little is known about the extent to which substance abuse treatment centers provide their counselors with formal training in these treatments. This study examines the extent of formal training that treatment centers provide their counselors in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing (MI), contingency management (CM), and brief strategic family therapy (BSFT).
Transcutaneous measurement of femoral artery flow.

Abstract The measurement of femoral artery blood flow in normal subjects has been accomplished using transcutaneous ultrasonic techniques. The calculation of volume flow depends upon the determination of arterial diameter and mean flow velocity. Arterial dimensions were measured using an echo tracking system which permits identification of the near and far walls of the vessel and its diameter. Flow velocity was measured from the frequency shift that occurs when ultrasound encounters the moving particles in blood. The calculated volume flows agree with those reported using the indicator-dilution methods. The limitations of the present method are discussed.
Quantitative tabletop coherent diffraction imaging microscope for EUV lithography mask inspection

Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) has matured into a versatile phase-contrast microscopy technique capable of producing diffraction limited images without the need for high precision focusing elements. CDI has been most appropriately applied in the EUV/X-ray region of the spectrum where imaging optics are both difficult to produce and inefficient. By satisfying basic geometric constraints (such as Nyquist sampling of scattered intensities) diffraction imaging techniques essentially replace any imaging elements with sophisticated computer algorithms. We demonstrate the utility of our CDI-based, phase-contrast EUV microscope by quantitatively imaging objects in both transmission and reflection. Patterned feature depth is obtained in transmission using keyhole coherent diffraction imaging (KCDI) and feature height is quantitatively extracted in the first general, table-top reflection mode CDI microscope.
An 8-year experience with type II endoleaks: Natural history suggests selective intervention is a safe approach

Objective The treatment of type II endoleaks remains controversial because little is known about their long-term natural history and impact on changes in aneurysm morphology. This study reviews type II endoleaks occurring in patients after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) at a single-institution over an 8-year period. Methods All patients undergoing EVAR who had type II endoleaks documented on follow-up imaging studies at our institution between January 1997 and March 2005 were reviewed. Data regarding patient demographics in addition to aneurysm size, device type, operative complications, and secondary interventions were reviewed. Outcomes evaluated included the rate of spontaneous sealing, freedom from secondary intervention, and aneurysm enlargement, rupture, or conversion. Results Type II endoleaks were present in 154 of 965 patients (16.0%) undergoing EVAR. Mean follow-up time was 22.0 months (range, 1 to 72 months). Fifty-five patients (35.7%) with type II endoleaks sealed spontaneously in a mean time of 14.5 months. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, approximately 75% of type II endoleaks sealed spontaneously within a 5-year period. Nineteen patients (12.3%) with type II endoleaks were treated at a mean time of 19.9 months at the operating surgeon's discretion, including 13 with sac enlargement >5 mm. Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated that approximately 65% of the patients remained free of intervention after a period of 4 years. Thirteen patients (8.4%) experienced aneurysm sac enlargement >5 mm. Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated that approximately 80% of patients with type II endoleaks remained free of sac enlargement >5 mm over a 4-year period. No patients with type II endoleaks experienced rupture or required conversion to open repair during their follow-up. Cox regression analysis showed that cancer, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with earlier spontaneous closure of the type II endoleaks ( P .05). Conclusions We observed that type II endoleaks have a relatively benign course, and in the absence of sac expansion, can be followed for a prolonged course of time without the need for intervention. The rate of spontaneous seal continues to increase with time and, therefore, close follow-up of patients with type II endoleaks who show no signs of aneurysm expansion is a safe approach. For patients in whom the exact etiology of their endoleak is in question, dynamic imaging should be used to exclude the presence of a type I endoleak.
Terbutaline-induced enlargement of the rat parotid gland.

Abstract The β-sympathomimetic drug terbutaline was shown to be a powerful secretogogue for the rat parotid gland. It was also found to be capable of causing a transient enlargement of the parotid which was similar to that produced by isoproterenol.
Multi-scale landscape factors influencing stream water quality in the state of Oregon.

Enterococci bacteria are used to indicate the presence of human and/or animal fecal materials in surface water. In addition to human influences on the quality of surface water, a cattle grazing is a widespread and persistent ecological stressor in the Western United States. Cattle may affect surface water quality directly by depositing nutrients and bacteria, and indirectly by damaging stream banks or removing vegetation cover, which may lead to increased sediment loads. This study used the State of Oregon surface water data to determine the likelihood of animal pathogen presence using enterococci and analyzed the spatial distribution and relationship of biotic (enterococci) and abiotic (nitrogen and phosphorous) surface water constituents to landscape metrics and others (e.g. human use, percent riparian cover, natural covers, grazing, etc.). We used a grazing potential index (GPI) based on proximity to water, land ownership and forage availability. Mean and variability of GPI, forage availability, stream density and length, and landscape metrics were related to enterococci and many forms of nitrogen and phosphorous in standard and logistic regression models. The GPI did not have a significant role in the models, but forage related variables had significant contribution. Urban land use within stream reach was the main driving factor when exceeding the threshold (≥35 cfu/100 ml), agriculture was the driving force in elevating enterococci in sites where enterococci concentration was <35 cfu/100 ml. Landscape metrics related to amount of agriculture, wetlands and urban all contributed to increasing nutrients in surface water but at different scales. The probability of having sites with concentrations of enterococci above the threshold was much lower in areas of natural land cover and much higher in areas with higher urban land use within 60 m of stream. A 1% increase in natural land cover was associated with a 12% decrease in the predicted odds of having a site exceeding the threshold. Opposite to natural land cover, a one unit change in each of manmade barren and urban land use led to an increase of the likelihood of exceeding the threshold by 73%, and 11%, respectively. Change in urban land use had a higher influence on the likelihood of a site exceeding the threshold than that of natural land cover.
Capillary-wave relaxation for a meniscus between miscible liquids.

We have measured autocorrelation functions for light scattered from capillary waves at the interface in a near-critical binary liquid mixture both at two-phase equilibrium and after abruptly raising the temperature to drive the system toward one-phase equilibrium. Use of the capillary-wave dispersion relation allows the extraction of an effective ``surface tension.'' This surface tension represents a dynamical integrity of the nonequilibrium interface which may affect pattern formation when the interface is driven.
Assessment of the potential for mixed-function oxygenase enzyme induction in the extrahepatic tissues of cunners (Tautogolabrus adspersus) during reproduction

Abstract One of the primary interests which have developed in aquatic toxicology over the past few years has been the use of the induction of mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) enzymes as a sensitive biochemical indicator for use in biological monitoring and assessment studies. Over 30 field trials had been reported to 1987 with fish indicating that induction may be common at various sites in the environment worldwide. 1 – 3 A number of other field trials have also been reported within the last two years. Most studies have focused on induction in liver but evidence suggests that liver tissues may be refractory to induction during reproduction. 4 We have investigated the potential for induction in extrahepatic and hepatic tissues of cunners pulsed with No. 2 fuel oil at various stages of reproduction. Both male and female fish were exposed during prespawning, early spawning and late spawning and induction was readily resolved in all tissues of both sexes during the three stages. The results on extrahepatic induction potential are of general toxicological interest and will find application in the design of future field studies.
A scale for the psychological magnitude of number

A scale of the “psychological magnitude” of number was constructed from similarity ratings of the 45 number pairs that can be obtained from a set of 10 integers. A nonmetric analysis of these similarity ratings showed that “psychological number” was a power function of number.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. 91. Biomimetic Reactions Are in Harmony with Loss of 2‘-Substituents as Free Radicals (Not Anions) during Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Ribonucleotide Reductases. Differential Interactions of Azide, Halogen, and Alkylthio Groups with Tributylstannane and Triphenylsilane1

The initial step in the mechanism-based inactivation of ribonucleotide reductases by 2‘-chloro-2‘-deoxynucleotides is abstraction of H3‘ by a proximal free radical on the enzyme. The C3‘ radical is...
MMIS07, 08: mining multiple information sources workshop report

In this report, we summarize the research issues, contents, and outcomes of the two recent workshops on Mining Multiple Information Sources (MMIS-07, 08) collocated with the 13th and the 14th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-07 and KDD-08). We first summarize the research issues and topics which in workshop co-chairs' view are the major challenges for mining multiple information sources. Then we briefiy introduce the content of the contributed papers in two years' program, along with the introduction to three keynote talks given by the invited speakers.