cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The extinguishing process: A case study of steel technologies in the world industry

Abstract This article examines the elimination of two old steel technologies, the Bessemer method and oxygen-steelmaking. This particular aspect of technological change has not been explored much, whereas substantial effort has been put into determining how these, and other steel technologies were originally adopted. The limited objective of this paper is to conduct a time analysis, i.e., to establish when the two processes began to be phased out, the pattern of such elimination, and how long it took for the steel industry to abandon completely these once-dominant technologies. While the elimination, or extinguishing of the two technologies was relatively fast in terms of their whole life-span, old technologies tend to hang on in a residual role a rather long period of time.
Using theoretical descriptors in quantitative structure-activity relationships: HPLC capacity factors for energetic materials

The widespread application of computational techniques to studies in biology and chemistry has led to a quest for important characteristic properties that may be directly derived from these methods. The theoretical linear solvation energy relationships (TLSER) have successfully replaced empirical parameters, such as in the linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) of Kamlet and Taft, with theoretical descriptors that are consistently derived for a wide variety of chemical and biological properties and for a large range of molecules. These descriptors are small in number, well-defined in theoretical terms, and provide a systematic basis for computational studies of complex phenomena. Energetic materials are a class of molecules whose explosive characteristics have been previously studied by empirical methods. The forensic and environmental sciences have prompted the conduct of detailed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) studies for identifying of trace quantities of commonly used explosives. The TLSER methodology provides good correlations between the calculated quantities and the experimentally determined HPLC capacity factors. This provides a reasonable interpretation of retention times in terms of molecular volume and quantities associated with acidity and basicity.
Critical dimension uniformity using reticle inspection tool

The Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU) specification on photomasks continues to decrease with each successive node. The ITRS roadmap for optical masks indicates that the CDU (3 sigma) for dense lines on binary or attenuated phase shift mask is 3.4nm for the 45nm half-pitch (45HP) node and will decrease to 2.4nm for the 32HP node. The current capability of leading-edge mask shop patterning processes results in CDU variation across the photomask of a similar magnitude. Hence, we are entering a phase where the mask CDU specification is approaching the limit of the capability of the current Process of Record (POR). Mask shops have started exploring more active mechanisms to improve the CDU capability of the mask process. A typical application is feeding back the CDU data to adjust the mask writer dose to compensate for non-uniformity in the CDs, resulting in improved quality of subsequent masks. Mask makers are currently using the CD-SEM tool for this application. While the resolution of SEM data ensures its position as the industry standard and continued requirement to establish the photomask CD Mean to Target value, a dense measurement of CDs across the reticle with minimal cycle time impact would have value. In this paper, we describe the basic theory and application of a new, reticle inspection intensity-based CDU approach that has the advantage of dense sampling over larger areas on the mask. The TeraScanHR high NA reticle inspection system is used in this study; it can scan the entire reticle at relatively high throughput, and is ideally suited for collecting dense CDU data. We describe results obtained on advanced memory masks and discuss applications of CDU maps for optimizing the mask manufacturing process. A reticle inspection map of CDU is complementary to CD-SEM data. The dense data set has value for various applications, including feedback to mask writer and engineering analysis within the mask shop.
Proactive therapeutic concentration monitoring of infliximab may improve outcomes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Results from a pilot observational study

Background Infliximab (IFX) is effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease; however, the effect is often not durable. It is unknown if proactive therapeutic concentration monitoring (TCM) of IFX improves outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective observational study examining the use of proactive TCM and titration of IFX to a target concentration for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission at a tertiary care center. The primary aim was to describe the clinical course of patients who had proactive TCM. A secondary analysis was done to assess if this strategy was superior to the standard of care. Results Forty-eight patients were identified as having proactive TCM. Fifteen percent had an initial undetectable trough concentration. Twenty-five percent (12 of 48) of patients escalated IFX after the first proactive TCM while 15% (7 of 48) of patients de-escalated IFX therapy over the study period. A control group of 78 patients was identified. Patients who had proactive TCM had a greater probability of remaining on IFX than controls (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.6; log rank test; P = 0.0006). The probability of remaining on IFX was greatest for patients who achieved a trough concentration >5 μg/mL (hazard ratio, 0.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.1; P Conclusions In this pilot observational study, proactive TCM of IFX frequently identified patients with low or undetectable trough concentrations and resulted in a greater probability of remaining on IFX.
Response of Separation to Impulsive Changes of Outer Flow

1962; also U.S.S.R. Computational Center for Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, No. 5, Pergamon Press, New York, 1963. 18 Ovsiannikov, L. V., "Gas Flow with Straight Transition Line," Prikladnaya Matematicheskaia Mekhanika, Vol. XIII, 1949; also TM 1295, May 1951, NACA. 19 Hopkins, D. F. and Hill, D. E., "Effect of Small Radius of Curvature on Transonic Flow in Axisymmetric Nozzles," AIAA Journal, Vol. 4, No. 8, Aug. 1966, pp. 1337-1343. 20 Norton, D. J., "Subsonic, Transonic, and Supersonic Nozzle Flow by the Inverse Technique," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 9, No. 6, June 1972, pp. 457-459. 21 van Tuyl, A. H., "Calculation of Nozzle Flows Using Pade Functions," AIAA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, April 1973, pp. 537-541. 22 Cohen, M. J. and Nimery, D. A., "The Design of Axisymmetric Convergent Cones with Plane Sonic Outlets," Israel Journal of Technology, Vol. 10, No. 1-2, 1972, pp. 69-83.
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) epidemiology and awareness

This commentary highlights and discusses the implications of a number of recent studies that refine epidemiologic knowledge of CMV infection and assess awareness of congenital CMV among clinicians and the public. These studies highlight that: (1) congenital CMV results in a disease burden that is substantial and severe; (2) a high proportion of United States women of reproductive age are susceptible to CMV infection; (3) the majority of congenital CMV infections in the United States result from recurrent infections among pregnant women; (4) CMV seroprevalence and seroincidence are much higher among racial/ethnic minorities and persons of lower socioeconomic status (SES); (5) household transmission of CMV appears to be an important transmission route in the United States; (6) sexual transmission of CMV appears to be an important transmission route in some population sub-groups in the United States; (7) women have limited awareness and knowledge about congenital CMV; (8) most obstetrician/gynecologists do not counsel women about prevention of congenital CMV; (9) most women view CMV prevention messages positively.
Enhanced mass spectrum of pseudo-Goldstone bosons?

In an attempt to clarify recent claims by Lusignoli, Masiero and Roncadelli, we study possibilities of enhanced pseudo-Goldstone boson masses through three examples in which a global symmetry is intrinsically as well as spontaneously broken: lepton number in a variant of the triplet Majoron model, Peccei-Quinn symmetry in low-energy supersymmetric standard models or two Higgs doublet standard models and chiral symmetries in extended walking technicolor models. We obviate the claims by Lusignoli et al. by pointing our that the size of intrinsic global symmetry breaking depends on hierarchies of the vacuum expectation values. The notions of approximate global symmetry and pseudo-Goldstone bosons hold only when the hierarchy is not too large.
Mapping the Constellation of Educational Marxism(s)

In this paper, the author maps three radically different visions of Marxism in educational philosophy. Each ‘register’ contains insights but also contradictions that cannot easily be resolved through internal modifications of the theory or through theoretical synthesis with other registers. The radical function of Marxist pedagogy is to create a constellation of Marxisms through which the outline of history can emerge. As such, the author ends with a new emphasis in Marxist education on the ‘exacting imagination’ of the teacher which creates a constellational image of concepts and theories all of which hang in a precarious and historically specific configuration.
Polar wander on Mars: Evidence in the geoid

The geoid of Mars is dominated by its equilibrium figure and by the effect of the Tharsis rise. To investigate the rotational stability of Mars prior to the rise of Tharsis, we produced a residual non-hydrostatic geoid without Tharsis. First the hydrostatic component of the present-day flattening was removed. This procedure was performed using a 6% non-hydrostatic component of flattening, a value set by the spin axis precession rate of Mars. Then zonal spherical harmonics up to degree 6 centered on Tharsis were removed. Finally, the resultant residual geoid was evaluated for rotational stability by comparing polar and equatorial moments at 4050 trial pole positions. If the spin axis of ancient Mars was secularly stable, our analysis indicates that substantial polar wander has occurred with the rise of Tharsis. Stable spin axis positions on the non-hydrostatic residual figure of Mars are 15° to 90° from the present-day poles. This result is consistent with previously proposed paleopoles based on magnetic anomalies, geomorphology, and grazing impacts.
Finite-temperature orbital-free DFT molecular dynamics: Coupling Profess and Quantum Espresso

Abstract Implementation of orbital-free free-energy functionals in the Profess code and the coupling of Profess with the Quantum Espresso code are described. The combination enables orbital-free DFT to drive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations on the same footing (algorithms, thermostats, convergence parameters, etc.) as for Kohn–Sham (KS) DFT. All the non-interacting free-energy functionals implemented are single-point: the local density approximation (LDA; also known as finite-T Thomas–Fermi, ftTF), the second-order gradient approximation (SGA or finite-T gradient-corrected TF), and our recently introduced finite-T generalized gradient approximations (ftGGA). Elimination of the KS orbital bottleneck via orbital-free methodology enables high-T simulations on ordinary computers, whereas those simulations would be costly or even prohibitively time-consuming for KS molecular dynamics (MD) on very high-performance computer systems. Example MD simulations on H over a temperature range 2000 K ≤ T ≤ 4,000,000 K are reported, with timings on small clusters (16–128 cores) and even laptops. With respect to KS-driven calculations, the orbital-free calculations are between a few times through a few hundreds of times faster.
CO Oxidation over AuPd(100) from Ultrahigh Vacuum to Near-Atmospheric Pressures: CO Adsorption-Induced Surface Segregation and Reaction Kinetics

Polarization-modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRAS) is used to study CO adsorption on AuPd(100) surfaces, one well-annealed such that contiguous Pd sites do not initially exist and a second ion sputtered such that contiguous Pd sites are exposed. At CO pressures ≤1 × 10−3 Torr, Pd segregation to the surface is found; however, it is not sufficient to form contiguous Pd sites on the well-annealed sample. At CO pressures higher than ∼0.1 Torr, Pd segregation becomes greatly enhanced such that contiguous Pd sites form. Isosteric heats of adsorption of CO on Au sites and isolated Pd sites are measured to be 69 and 84 kJ/mol, respectively. The CO heat of adsorption on contiguous Pd sites is found to lie between these values. The CO oxidation reaction, monitored using both PM-IRAS and reaction kinetic measurements, occurs only on surfaces with contiguous Pd sites, due to the fact that O2 dissociation takes place exclusively on these sites. The surface composition and distribution can be...
Mechanisms for thermoluminescence in MgO and CaSO4

Abstract Mechanisms for thermoluminescence (TL) in MgO irradiated with ultraviolet light, based on a charge transfer process between transition-metal ions and V-centers, are proposed. Similar mechanisms occur in rare-earth doped CaSO4.
Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis Lymphogranuloma Venereum Serovar LI in Homosexual Men with Proctitis: Molecular Analysis of an Unusual Case Cluster

Among 767 rectal isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis obtained from men over the period 1981-1991, 7 were found to be a rare lymphogranuloma venereum serovar, L1. These isolates were from rectal specimens taken from five male patients in 1982-1983. Six of the seven isolates were available for DNA sequencing studies. All six of these isolates shared the same DNA sequence in the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene variable domains and had different MOMP sequences than did the prototype L1, L2, and L3 strains, suggesting a point source outbreak. All five patients infected with serovar L-1 were homosexual men who had symptomatic proctitis characterized by rectal pain, discharge, tenesmus, abnormalities seen on anoscopy, and leukocytes seen on gram stains of rectal specimens. We conclude that an unrecognized point source outbreak of the rare chlamydial L1 serovar occurred among homosexual men in Seattle in 1982-1983, and that the clinical manifestations of L1 infection may be less severe than those of L2 infections.
Climatic changes, magnetic intensity variations and fluctuations of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit during the past 2,000,000 years and a mechanism which may be responsible for the relationship

Abstract Our investigation of deep-sea climatic and magnetic records showing that high eccentricity of the earth's orbit, low magnetic field intensity and warm climate occur together indicates the relative importance of eccentricity as perhaps the phenomenon which has most consistently modulated both climate and magnetism for at least the past 2,000,000 years. A speculative hypothesis regarding the mechanism which may be responsible for a relationship between the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, geomagnetism, and climate is suggested.
Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Gas Interactions with an Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Membrane

Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate ethane, propane, and SF6 interactions with an aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) membrane. Pressures of 7.5−9.3 atm and temperatures of 293−333 K were examined for propane and SF6, whereas slightly lower temperatures (263−293 K) and pressures (6.7−7.5 atm) were used for ethane. Red-shifting and broadening is seen for the C−C stretching vibrations of the two hydrocarbons, as well as for the A1g symmetric vibration (ν1) of SF6. These spectral features indicate that the interaction between the gas and the nanotube membrane is capable of perturbing molecular vibrations and creating red-shifted features. Control experiments done on polycrystalline graphite and a polystyrene blank indicate that this spectral behavior is unique to gases interacting with the nanotubes in the membrane.
Nimbus IV View of the Major Structural Features of Alaska

Notwithstanding the relatively low degree of ground resolution, many of the major structural features of Alaska can be identified on the Nimbus IV IDCS image, exposed at an altitude of 600 nautical miles (1100 km). In addition, linears of regional extent that may be structurally controlled can be seen, many of which have not yet been recognized in surface mapping. The synoptic view provided by the image brings into focus an orthogonal set of fractures trending north-northeast and east-south-east and not heretofore apparent in regional maps of Alaska. This orthogonal fracture set may reflect a conjugate set of fractures within the crust, which has exerted significant control over the geologic history of the state. Increased resolution in other images from space platforms, such as the resolution of 200 to 650 feet (60 to 200 m) planned for the satellite television cameras of the ERTS program (20), will permit the discernment of finer detail and a greater accuracy in identifying and locating geologic features.
Physician referrals to physical therapy for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions

Abstract Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Carey TS. Physician referrals to physical therapy for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1839–49. Objectives To identify factors associated with orthopedic surgeons' and primary care physicians' referrals to physical therapy (PT) for musculoskeletal conditions. Design Cross-sectional analysis of National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data. Setting US office-based physician practices. Participants Visits to primary care physicians (N=4911) or orthopedic surgeons (N=4201) for musculoskeletal conditions. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measure Whether a PT referral was made. Results After controlling for diagnosis, illness severity, and PT supply, insurance status and physician characteristics remained strong predictors of PT referral. Primary care visits covered by Medicaid or a managed care plan were less likely to result in PT referral than were visits covered by private insurance or a nonmanaged care plan. Orthopedic surgeon visits covered by workers' compensation or managed care were more likely to result in PT referral than were visits not covered by workers' compensation or not covered by managed care. Osteopathic primary care visits were more likely than allopathic primary care visits to result in PT referral. Given identical visit characteristics, orthopedic surgeon visits were more likely than primary care visits to result in PT referral. Conclusions Significant differences exist in orthopedic surgeons' and primary care physicians' referrals to PT, both within and across specialties. Variation in PT referral may be indicative of problems with access and/or inappropriate referral.
Effects of aldosterone on Na+ transport in the toad bladder I. Glycolysis and lactate production under aerobic conditions

Abstract Previous studies indicated that aldosterone enhances active Na+ transport, glycolysis, lactate production and respiration of the toad bladder. Evidence was also presented that the changes in glycolysis and lactate production were secondary to the changes in active Na+ transport. Further analysis of the relationships between metabolism and Na+ transport was undertaken with the aid of two inhibitors of pyruvate metabolism, oxythiamine and phenylpyruvate. These inhibitors prevented the aldosterone-induced increase in oxidation of [6-14C]glucose but had little effect on the increase in lactate production. In contrast, the effect on Na+ transport (i.e., Isc) was completely inhibited by oxythiamine plus phenylpyruvate with glucose as substrate. The effect on Na+ transport, however, was obtained wth the by-pass substrates, oxaloacetate plus s-hydroxybutyrate, in the presence of these inhibitors. These results implied that steroidal enhancement of lactate production and Na+ transport were independent effects. To evaluate whether an increase in Na+ transport, per se would augment lactate production, the responses were evaluated under conditions of an imposed Na+ gradient (mucosal Na+ = 5 mM; serosal Na+ = 110 mM). Addition of NaCl to the mucosal media evoked the same increase in Isc as the addition of aldosterone; both additions increased Isc more than two-fold. Aldosterone reduced lactate production under these conditions while the re-addition of NaCl had no effect on lactate formation. These results are consistent with an action of aldosterone on pathways involved in oxidative energy metabolism, and suggest that the activation of glycolysis may be a function of the net balance between energy production and utilization.
A chromosomally based tod-luxCDABE whole-cell reporter for benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and xylene (BTEX) sensing

A tod-luxCDABE fusion was constructed and introduced into the chromosome of Pseudomonas putida F1, yielding the strain TVA8. This strain was used to examine the induction of the tod operon when exposed to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and aqueous solutions of JP-4 jet fuel constituents. Since this system contained the complete lux cassette (luxCDABE), bacterial bioluminescence in response to putative chemical inducers of the tod operon was measured on-line in whole cells without added aldehyde substrate. There was an increasing response to toluene concentrations from 30 micrograms/liter to 50 mg/liter, which began to saturate at higher concentrations. The detection limit was 30 micrograms/liter. There was a significant light response to benzene, m- and p-xylenes, phenol, and water-soluble JP-4 jet fuel components, but there was no bioluminescence response upon exposure to o-xylene. The transposon insertion was stable and had no negative effect on cell growth.
Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia

The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the efficacy of azithromycin-rifampin, clarithromycin-rifampin, and erythromycin-rifampin for the treatment of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. Eighty-one foals with naturally acquired pneumonia caused by R. equi were included in the study. Information on age, sex, breed, physical examination findings, laboratory testing, and thoracic radiography was abstracted from each medical record. Foals were divided in 3 groups based on the antimicrobial agent selected for therapy. Short-term (discharge from the hospital) and long-term (apparently healthy as a yearling) success rates, days of hospitalization, days with fever, days with tachypnea, and percentage of radiographic improvement were compared among groups. Foals treated with clarithromycin-rifampin had significantly (P = .02) higher odds of overall short-term (odds ratio [OR] = 12.2) and long-term (OR = 20.6) treatment success and significantly fewer days with fever than foals treated with erythromycin-rifampin. Foals treated with clarithromycin-rifampin had a significantly (P = .03) higher percentage of radiographic improvement and a tendency (P = .06) toward higher odds of overall short-term (OR = 8.1) and long-term (OR = 11.8) treatment success compared to foals treated with azithromycin-rifampin. Among foals with severe radiographic lesions, the success rates of foals treated with clarithromycin-rifampin both short-term (88%) and long-term (83%) were significantly (P = .02) higher than that of foals treated with azithromycin-rifampin (0%). For each treatment group, the only reported adverse effect was diarrhea that was mild and self-limiting in most cases. The combination clarithromycin-rifampin is superior to azithromycin-rifampin or erythromycin-rifampin for the treatment of pneumonia caused by R. equi in foals in a referral population.
The solution of the equations of linear elasticity for an infinite region containing two spherical inclusions

Abstract In this paper, exact expressions for the stresses and the displacements in an infinite elastic solid containing two spherical inclusions are presented when an arbitrary linear strain field is applied at infinity. Owing to the linearity of the elasticity problem, the general solution can be obtained by superposing the stresses and displacements that result from the application of four independent strains at infinity. Two of these cases lead to axisymmetric solutions which are evaluated for elastic particles, while the remaining are solved only for rigid inclusions and cavities. The analysis is based on the Boussinesq-Papkovich stress function approach and makes use of the “multipole expansion” technique in which the solutions are expanded into series of spherical harmonics with respect to the centers of the two spheres. The solutions thus obtained converge very rapidly when the spheres are more than three radii apart, but become slowly convergent as the separation decreases. Numerical results are presented in graphs for the stresses along the center-line between two cavities and between two rigid spheres. In the latter case, the displacements of the rigid particles are also calculated.
DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase and exonuclease activities on a DNA sequence modified by benzo[α]pyrene diolepoxide

Adducts produced by modification of DNA with benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE) are known to inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis. This phenomenon has been used as a method for determining the distribution of carcinogen binding within defined DNA sequences. A critical comparison of different enzyme activities on adducted DNA is needed, since different enzymes may process adducted DNA differently. Thus, we compared blocks in DNA polymerase activity with that of an RNA polymerase and with an exonuclease at single base resolution. BPDE adducts blocked the progression of cloned T7 DNA polymerase (Sequenase) in a dose-dependent manner. Although the majority of these blocks were at one base prior to adducted guanines, we also observed some blocks opposite specific guanines, suggesting that in some sequences the polymerase inserted a base opposite the modified guanine. Digestion with T4 DNA polymerase (3'----5') exonuclease activity was also blocked in BPDE-adducted DNA; however, fragments produced by blocks in T4 exonuclease migrated two or more bases longer than the corresponding guanine. Mapping of adduct distributions using both Sequenase and T4 exonuclease gave similar results, demonstrating that a long tract of guanines was preferentially modified, and within a polyguanine sequence, the 5' guanines were more heavily modified than the 3' guanines. Transcription of adducted DNA by SP6 RNA polymerase was also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. However, adducted bases which posed strong blocks to the DNA polymerase were not always strong blocks to the RNA polymerase. Thus, in terms of adduct distribution, Sequenase and T4 exonuclease provided more consistent results than the RNA polymerase, since blockage of the RNA polymerase correlated poorly with guanines.
A state space approach to the parameterization of output regulating controllers

The output regulation problem is a classic problem which needs updated machinery to be effectively applied in a switched or blended controller setting. For stabilizing controllers approaches with Youla parameterization has been crucial to the solution of many complex controller switching problems. This paper seeks similar benefits by developing a state-space based parameterization of output regulating controllers. A critical step in this approach involves augmenting the plant with the unstabilizable exogenous input. Lastly, a controller switching example for an active suspension quarter car model is considered where a switched controller based on the developed parameterization framework is shown to significantly minimize switching transients in comparison to one with Youla parameterization.
Cytochrome P450/NADPH-dependent biosynthesis of 5,6-trans-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid from 5,6-trans-arachidonic acid

5,6-trans-AA (5,6-TAA, where TAA stands for trans-arachidonic acid) is a recently identified trans fatty acid that originates from the cis-trans isomerization of AA initiated by the NO2 radical. This trans fatty acid has been detected in blood circulation and we suggested that it functions as a lipid mediator of the toxic effects of NO2. To understand its role as a lipid mediator, we studied the metabolism of 5,6-TAA by liver microsomes stimulated with NADPH. Profiling of metabolites by liquid chromatography/MS revealed a complex mixture of oxidized products among which were four epoxides, their respective hydrolysis products (dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids), and several HETEs (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids) resulting from allylic, bis-allylic and (omega-1)/(omega-2) hydroxylations. We found that the C5-C6 trans bond competed with the three cis bonds for oxidative metabolism mediated by CYP (cytochrome P450) epoxygenase and hydroxylase. This was evidenced by the detection of 5,6-trans-EET (where EET stands for epoxyeicosatrienoic acid), 5,6-erythro-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid and an isomer of 5-HETE. A standard of 5,6-trans-EET obtained by iodolactonization of 5,6-TAA was used for the unequivocal identification of the unique microsomal epoxide in which the oxirane ring was of trans configuration. Additional lipid products originated from the metabolism involving the cis bonds and thus these metabolites had the trans C5-C6 bond. The 5,6-trans-isomers of 18- and 19-HETE were likely to be products of the CYP2E1, because a neutralizing antibody partially inhibited their formation without having an effect on the formation of the epoxides. Our study revealed a novel pathway of microsomal oxidative metabolism of a trans fatty acid in which both cis and trans bonds participated. Of particular significance is the detection of the trans-epoxide of AA, which may be involved in the metabolic activation of such trans fatty acids and probably contribute to their biological activity. Unlike its cis-isomer, 5,6-trans-EET was significantly more stable and resisted microsomal hydrolysis and conjugation with glutathione catalysed by hepatic glutathione S-transferase.
Birds, bugs and blood: avian parasitism and conservation

Parasitism has far-reaching implications not only for the ecology and evolution of species but also for conservation. The effects of blood-feeding ectoparasites on colonially nesting bird species have been wodely studied, but recent surprising reports show that solitarily nesting species are also commonly attacked, mainly by the larvae of flies. Most bird species are solitary nesters; as their habitats are increasingly fragmented, how will the potential for such parasitism be affected? One example is that of the endangered Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata), in which habitat changes have introduced a deadly parasitic fly species in a complex and unpredicted manner. As theories on habitat fragmentation outpace the data, we need to carry out more field studies of the interactions between fragmentation and parasitism, and to include parasitism in species survival and recovery plans.
Pilates for Rehab: A Guidebook to Integrating Pilates in Patient Care

Smith E, Smith K. Minneapolis, MN 55447, OPTP, 2005, spiralbound, 223 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-9764757-8-2, $57.50. Pilates for Rehab targets the professional fitness practitioner who wishes to incorporate Pilates principles and exercises into their clients' rehabilitation programs. The basic concepts, such as breathing and pelvic and spinal positioning for stability, along with motor control for integrating mobility, are presented. This book describes the principles of Pilates in an easy-to-read, progessional format with helpful hints to avoid common pitfalls in the application of this philosophy. Chapters 1 through 5 introduce the basic guidelines of applying Pilates in a rehabilitation program, whereas the later chapters (chapters 6 through 12) integrate these principles in the design of exercise routines and the use of specific exercises in these routines. Although each chapter includes references, the …
Microprocessors in brief

This paper presents a tutorial overview of the past, present, and future of microprocessors and describes the key elements of their structure and operation. It is intended to serve as a technical introduction to the rapidly expanding field of microprocessor and microcomputer technology and to provide an overview of what these elements are, what they can do, and how they do it. The origin and evolution as well as the basic principles of operation are discussed. Several different types of microprocessor are considered and examples of their application in the solution of real-world problems are given.
Bleeding Rectal Varices: Trouble Upstream?

Question: A 47-year-old man presented with a stuttering course of painless hematochezia for the past 3‐4 months. He was admitted after passing about 2 pints of blood with a formed stool. He reported progressive fatigue over the past month and dizziness for several hours before admission. He took no medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. His only prior medical history was that of an iron-deficiency anemia for which he had been worked up by a gastroenterologist and a hematologist, as well as microscopic hematuria with a negative cystoscopy. He had no personal or family history of malignancy or bleeding diathesis. In the emergency room, he exhibited orthostatic hypotension. His physical examination was notable for bright red blood on the examining glove during a rectal examination with no palpable masses or external hemorrhoids. He had no other pertinent examination findings, including no cutaneous stigmata of chronic liver disease. His admission laboratories examinations revealed hemoglobin of 5.0 g/dL; mean corpuscular volume, 68 fl; leukocytes, 4,100/L; and platelets, 285,000/L. He had evidence of iron-deficiency anemia with a serum iron of 19 g/dL, total iron-binding capacity of 413 g/dL, ferritin of 10 mg/dL, and iron saturation of 3%. The reticulocyte count was 2.5%. After volume resuscitation, he underwent both an upper endoscopy and a nuclear medicine bleeding scan, which were negative for source of bleeding. The following day, colonoscopy revealed large rectal varices (arrow) and old blood in the left colon (Figure A). A subsequent abdominopelvic CT scan showed large pelvic varices draining into a dilated and tortuous inferior mesenteric vein (IMV; Figure B, arrow). Angiography was performed with venous phase imaging of a splenic artery injection
What was the Iconoclastic Controversy About

“Altogether, the Iconoclast controversy is in the grip of a crisis of over-explanation.” Since in his recent article Peter Brown is himself offering an explanation, we need to ask whether he has relaxed one grip only to fasten on another. Brown's analysis is characteristically brilliant. With a few deft strokes he outlines where scholarship is and what culs-de-sac it has got itself into, and he focuses attention on aspects of the evidence that have been insufficiently appreciated. Brown is peculiarly sersitive to the nature of religion, and as a result his article is an excellent account of the complex dynamics of religion in early Byzantium.
The 630 nm MIG and the vertical neutral wind in the low latitude nighttime thermosphere

It is shown that large negative divergences (gradients) in the horizontal neutral wind in the equatorial thermosphere can support downward neutral winds in excess of 20 m/s. With attention to the meridional and vertical winds only, the pressure tendency equation is used to derive the expression U(sub z0) approximately equals (Partial derivative U(sub y)/Partial derivative y)H for the vertical wind U(sub z0) at the reference altitude for the pressure tendency equation; H is the atmospheric density scale height, and (Partial derivative U(sub y)/Partial derivative y) is the meridional wind gradient. The velocity gradient associated with the Meridional Intensity Gradient (MIG) of the O((sup 1)D) emission (630 nm) at low latitudes is used to estimate the vertical neutral wind in the MIG region. Velocity gradients derived from MIG data are about 0.5 (m/s)/km) or more, indicating that the MIG region may contain downward neutral winds in excess of 20 m/s. Though direct measurements of the vertical wind are scarce, Fabry-Perot interferometer data of the equatorial F-region above Natal, Brazil, showed downward winds of 30 m/s occurring during a strong meridional wind convergence in 1982. In-situ measurements with the WATS instrument on the DE-2 satellite also show large vertical neutral winds in the equatorial region.
Safety and Efficacy of Target-Specific Anticoagulants in Patients With Venous Thromboembolism

Objective: To review the role of target-specific anticoagulants (TSACs) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and their associated efficacy and safety. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed clinical trials, review articles, and relevant treatment guidelines were identified from MEDLINE (1966 to November 2014) using the following search terms: venous thromboembolism, vitamin K antagonist (VKA), target-specific anticoagulant, deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism. Results were limited to human trials published in English. Citations from articles were reviewed for additional references. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Clinical trials evaluating VTE treatment were included. Trials that evaluated alternative end points were excluded. Data Synthesis: Patients with VTE have a high risk of developing recurrent events and subsequent death if not treated in an appropriate manner. TSACs have been evaluated in several large clinical trials in patients with acute VTE. These trials have shown positive outcome...
Activation of the Ischemic Ventricle and Acute Peri-Infarction Block in Experimental Coronary Occlusion

Changes in left ventricular activation during the first 10 min. following occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery of dogs were studied by using multiple intramural electrodes. Intramural block and an increase in the amplitude of R were observed routinely in the outermost layers of muscle in the central zone of maximal ischemia as long as the occlusion was maintained. The changes were distinct from those produced by left bundle-branch block. Failure to propagate the accession process in normal fashion seems to be characteristic of ischemic heart muscle.
Neuroprotective treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder that may ultimately lead to severe disability. Its course may be slowed or arrested by neuroprotective interventions that influence the basic mechanisms involved in neuronal death. In the last 2 years, claims have been made for several possible neuroprotective treatments, and patients and physicians are increasingly enquiring about such a therapy. The present report summarizes the basis of various potential neuroprotective strategies and the progress that has been made in establishing their validity and clinical utility.
Unraveling the molecular components and genetic blueprints of stem cells.

Remarkable progress in stem cell biology research over the past few years has provoked a promise for the future of tissue regeneration and gene therapies; so much so, that the use of stem cells in ...
A spectrophotofluorometric study of compounds of biological interest.

Abstract An experimental spectrophotofluorometer and two commercial instruments of essentially the same design have been applied to a broad survey of the fluorescence characteristics of organic metabolites in solution. Useful ultraviolet or visible fluorescence was found to be exhibited by a large number of the light-absorbing compounds of biochemical significance, many of which had not previously been reported as fluorescing in solution. For each fluorophor, the wavelengths of maximum activation and fluorescence, the optimum pH for the development of fluorescence intensity, and an arbitrary measure of the ultimate sensitivity are presented. Some practical aspects of the application of spectrophotofluorometry to qualitative and quantitative analysis are discussed.
Inhibition of intermediary metabolism by amiodarone in dog thyroid slices

Amiodarone, an iodine-containing antiarrhythmic drug, has been reported to interfere with thyroid function and thyroid hormone metabolism. We studied the effects of amiodarone on basal and agonist [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), phorbol ester, or carbachol]-stimulated glucose oxidation, 32PO4 incorporation into phospholipids, and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) concentration in dog thyroid slices. Slices were preincubated with amiodarone at 37 degrees C for 1 h before the addition of agonist and the appropriate radioisotope. cAMP stimulation was measured after 20 min, glucose oxidation for 45 min, and 32PO4 incorporation into phospholipids for 2 h. Amiodarone (0.5 mM) had no effect on basal 14CO2 formation or 32PO4 incorporation into phospholipids but significantly inhibited TSH, phorbol ester, and carbachol stimulation of these parameters. It also inhibited cAMP stimulation by TSH. Inhibition of TSH-stimulated [14C]glucose oxidation was also obtained with another iodide-containing compound, iopanoic acid (0.5 mM), but not with iothalamate (up to 10 mM). Inhibition by amiodarone was still present, but to a lesser extent, when it was added at the same time as the agonist. Inhibition of stimulated [14C]glucose oxidation persisted even after the slices were incubated without amiodarone for 6 h. Inhibition by amiodarone, in contrast to that by inorganic iodide, was not prevented by 1 mM methimazole added at the same time as amiodarone. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of amiodarone on thyroid function are not due to dissociation of iodide from the molecule.
An alternatively spliced form of Apobec-1 messenger RNA is overexpressed in human colon cancer

Abstract Background & Aims: Apobec-1 is an RNA-specific cytidine deaminase whose forced overexpression in transgenic animals is associated with hepatic carcinogenesis. Apobec-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) undergoes alternative splicing, generating a catalytically inactive peptide, apobec-T. We have examined apobec-1 gene expression in human gastrointestinal tumors and in colon cancer–derived cell lines. Methods: Levels of the full-length (apobec-1) and alternatively spliced (apobec-T) mRNAs were measured by RNase protection assay, and apobec-T distribution was determined by immunocytochemical localization. Results: Apobec-1 mRNA was detectable in normal and colon cancer tissue, metastatic nodules, and certain colon cancer–derived cell lines. Apobec-T mRNA abundance was increased an average of 3.5-fold in colon cancers compared with paired control tissue (range, 0.5–14-fold). Immunocytochemical analysis showed apobec-T expression in normal fetal and adult colon and in gastric and small intestinal adenocarcinomas, colonic tubular adenomas, and both primary and metastatic colonic tumors. Overexpression of apobec-T in a tetracycline-responsive cell line decreased cellular proliferation. Conclusions: Apobec-T is expressed in normal, adenomatous, and cancerous gastrointestinal tissues, and levels of the mRNA encoding this peptide are significantly increased in colon cancer. Although its relationship to colon carcinogenesis has not been defined, the regulated overexpression of apobec-T is associated with an altered growth phenotype. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:1096-1103
Zero crossings, bandwidth compression, and restoration of nonlinearly distorted band-limited signals

This paper discusses the relationship between the zero crossings or zeros of band-limited signals and their nonlinear transformations. It is proved that the bandwidth of a signal can be compressed by a ratio of 1/n if and only if the signal has nth-order zero crossings or zeros (if complex). Also, a monotonic nonlinearity in the observation of a band-limited signal can be identified from the zero crossings (or zeros) of the derivative of the observed signal. (The results are for one-dimensional signals. Extensions to two-dimensional signals remain to be addressed.)
Word-voter: a new voter design for triple modular redundant systems

Redundancy techniques are commonly used to design dependable systems to ensure high reliability, availability and data integrity. Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) is a widely used redundancy technique that masks faults. In a TMR system, we have three implementations of the same logic function and their outputs are voted using a voter circuit. In this paper, we present a new voter design called the Word-Voter that has some distinct advantages over the bit-by-bit voting schemes used in conventional TMR systems. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the word-voter design in increasing the data integrity (reducing the probability of corrupt outputs) of TMR systems. The area and delay overhead of the word-voter design is compared to that of the bit-by-bit voter. An efficient design of a TMR-Simplex system using the word-voter is also presented.
Evaluating the impact of police officer body-worn cameras (BWCs) on response-to-resistance and serious external complaints: Evidence from the Orlando police department (OPD) experience utilizing a randomized controlled experiment

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) on officers' response-to-resistance (R2R) incidents and serious external complaints. Methods A randomized experiment was used where 46 officers were randomly assigned to wear BWCs and 43 officers were randomly assigned to not wear BWCs. Pre- and post-BWC implementation outcome data was compared both between and within groups. Results The results suggest that BWCs are an effective tool to reduce R2R incidents and serious external complaints. Specifically, the prevalence of R2R incidents and the prevalence and frequency of serious external complaints were significantly less for officers randomly assigned to wear BWCs. Pre–post comparisons within groups demonstrated that the reduction in the prevalence of R2R incidents (53.4% reduction) and external complaints (65.4% reduction) were statistically significant for the officers who wore the BWCs, and significant reductions in the frequency of these outcomes were detected as well. Overwhelming agreement was also found among officers who wore the BWCs for the utility of BWCs to improve evidence collection and report writing and improve their behavior and police work in general by having the opportunity to review their own BWC videos. Conclusions Police departments would be prudent to consider adopting these devices in their agencies.
A Relationship Between Protein Level and Energy Level in Chick Rations

Abstract THE relationship between energy and protein level is an important consideration in ration formulation for cattle, horses, and swine. This relationship was discussed by Wolff (1876) and has been expanded by numerous other nutritionists. Forbes et al. (1939) reported that rats fed higher percentages of protein in the diet showed a decrease in the heat produced. By increasing both the calories and protein and controlling feed intake, Forbes et al. (1946) were able to keep the growth rate constant with rats. The relationship has been considered only to a limited extent in formulating rations for chicks. Hill and Dansky (1950) obtained normal growth with low protein diets if the energy level was also reduced. Growth was reduced on a low protein diet if the energy level was high. Dymsza et al. (1954) reported that with a 16% protein breeder diet for turkeys, decreasing the caloric content to 249 Calories per …
Genome Sequence of Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain 381

ABSTRACT Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral opportunistic pathogen. Sequenced P. gingivalis laboratory strains display limited diversity in antigens that modulate host responses. Here, we present the genome sequence of A7A1-28, a strain possessing atypical fimbrillin and capsule types, with a single contig of 2,249,024 bp and a G+C content of 48.58%.