cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competence and processing in children's grammar of relative clauses☆

Abstract We report two toy-manipulation experiments investigating 4–5-year-old children's interpretations of relative clauses. In the first experiment we show that the frequency with which relatives modifying the matrix direct object are interpreted as referring to the matrix subject is sensitive to the nature of the material in the relative. Animacy of the relative direct object leads to an increase in subject coreference errors for relatives; a similar effect of animacy was not found for infinitival complements. We propose that such errors arise when the child's sentence processor is taxed. In our second experiment we compare children's interpretations of relatives to their interpretations of temporal participial complements. Children eschewed coreference between the complement and the object of a passive prepositional phrase in the case of temporal participials but not in the case of relatives. We interpret this result as evidence that children are capable of analyzing relatives as constituents of the NP node, and hence that this node is recursive in their grammars. We discuss the results of both experiments in the context of a two-stage parsing model, arguing that our data fit a picture of children's linguistic abilities in which the 4-year-old has a sophisticated competence grammar and a parsing mechanism of essentially the same structure as the adult's. We compare our approach to a number of other approaches to children's relative clause interpretations in the literature, arguing that these alternatives are too structure-specific and can lead to underestimations of the child's competence grammar. We conclude that our analysis is compatible with a picture of acquisition in which the child's competence grammar of relatives is not qualitatively different from the adult's.
The Role of the Healthcare Professional in Human Trafficking

Paper Presentation Background Human trafficking, also referred to as sexual exploitation, is a widespread problem in the United States, and approximately 80% of exploited individuals are women. Women's health providers play critical roles in identifying these women and providing care for them while they are in captivity and upon their release. Human trafficking is defined as commercial sexual exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion, and traffickers consider these women property that can be continuously exploited. Health problems with specific signs and symptoms are common among these women. The nurse must identify these women, provide care for them, and assist them in finding safe resources. Case A 19-year-old woman presented to the women's health clinic with a complaint of vaginal bleeding. A history was taken by the women's health nurse practitioner prior to the physical examination, but the woman provided vague answers. During the examination, the nurse practitioner observed that the woman was bleeding excessively from two tears at the vaginal introitus. Upon questioning the woman further, the nurse practitioner discovered that the woman was a victim of sexual exploitation. However, she was reluctant to talk about it. Arrangements were made for the woman to go immediately to surgery with the gynecologist. Upon returning to the clinic for her 1-week follow-up visit, the nurse practitioner told the woman about helpful human trafficking resources in the area. The woman declined any assistance and left the clinic. One week later, the woman returned with the same complaint, and she was sent to the operating room for surgery. She did not keep her follow-up visit with the nurse practitioner and to date has not returned to the clinic. Conclusion To help sexually exploited women, the nurse must have a basic understanding about human trafficking. The nurse is one of the few health professionals who has contact with these women during their captivity. The nurse who is aware of the common risk factors, health problems, and sign and symptoms can identify women who are being sexually exploited. Otherwise, an opportunity to assist these women will be missed.
Hidden state dynamics in laser Doppler vibrometery measurements of the carotid pulse under resting conditions

A laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is used to sense movements of the skin overlying the carotid artery. Fluctuations in carotid artery diameter due to variations in the underlying blood pressure are sensed at the surface of the skin. Portions of the LDV signal corresponding to single heartbeats, called the LDV pulses, are extracted. This paper introduces the use of hidden Markov models (HMMs) to model the dynamics of the LDV pulse from beat to beat based on pulse morphology, which under resting conditions are primarily due to breathing effects. LDV pulses are classified according to state, by computing the optimal state path through the data using trained HMMs. HMM state dynamics are compared to simultaneous recordings of strain gauges placed on the abdomen. The work presented here provides a robust statistical approach to modeling the dependence of the LDV pulse on latent states.
Shallow plumbing systems for small-volume basaltic volcanoes, 2: Evidence from crustal xenoliths at scoria cones and maars

Abstract Monogenetic basaltic volcanoes record complex eruption processes and the relationships between those processes and shallow plumbing are poorly understood. This paper explores these relationships, building upon earlier studies of exposed shallow plumbing (in the upper hundreds of meters of crust) beneath volcanoes produced by magmatic eruption processes and those produced by phreatomagmatic processes, such as scoria cones and maars, respectively. Eruptive facies and xenolith abundances are described at three scoria cones and at tephra rings around two maars in the San Francisco Volcanic Field (Arizona, USA). Well-constrained subvolcanic sedimentary stratigraphy provides constraints on the depths of origin of xenoliths of different types. Sedimentary xenolith contents at scoria cones are
Facultative sex ratio adjustment by western bluebird mothers with stay-at-home helpers-at-the-nest

Abstract Although population sex ratios rarely deviate from unity, the sex ratio of individual mothers should be labile, allowing them to bias their sex ratios in favour of the more successful sex when they can expect a difference in the mean reproductive value of their daughters and sons. Just how mothers should bias sex allocation is particularly complicated in cooperative breeders, because the adaptive sex ratio may be influenced by conflicting impacts of helpers on their parents' fitness via ‘local resource enhancement’ and ‘local resource competition’. In western bluebirds, Sialia mexicana , breeding-age helpers-at-the-nest are exclusively male and increase their parents' nesting success in the current year. As such, they are viewed as helpers, not hinderers, even though by failing to gain a breeding position they reduce their parents' annual inclusive fitness below that of parents with a breeding son. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that nonbreeding, stay-at-home helpers indicate poor breeding prospects for locally competing sons, and investigated one prediction of this hypothesis that such helpers also indicate a tendency for parents to produce substandard sons. A female removal experiment showed that female mates were in short supply. Pairs had daughter-biased broods when they had a stay-at-home helper son that failed to get a mate in the first place, but not when they had a helper that had been breeding on his own, but returned home to help sometime after his mother finished laying her eggs. Stay-at-home sons were not developmentally delayed relative to breeders of the same cohort, suggesting that helpers may not be inferior to breeders. Although the population sex ratio fluctuates about unity, a multiyear data set showed a negative relationship between the frequency of helping and the annual brood sex ratio for the population. These results suggest that local resource competition outweighs local resource enhancement in driving individual and population sex ratio variation in western bluebirds, a pattern that would not be predicted based on the simple question of whether helpers help or hinder at the nest.
The Role of Anxiety/Depression in the Development of Youth High Risk Behaviors: An Examination of Two Competing Hypotheses in a Sample of African-American, Single Mother Families

The role of anxiety/depression in the progression of youth externalizing problems to future high risk behaviors has been disputed in the literature. Mixed support exists for a multiple problem hypothesis (i.e., co-occurring anxiety/depression leads to more high risk behaviors) and a protective hypothesis (i.e., anxiety/depression buffers this progression). The present study compared these two hypotheses in a sample of 124 African-American single mother families by examining mother report of externalizing problems and anxiety/depression at an initial timepoint and youth report of high risk behaviors fifteen months later. Results support the multiple problem hypothesis: In the context of high levels of externalizing problems, high levels of anxiety/depression were associated with more youth engaging in high risk behavior across the 15 month follow-up than were low levels of anxiety/depression. The findings suggest it is important to consider multiple domains of youth problem behaviors to conceptualize and prevent high risk behaviors.
Self-reference and paradox in two and three dimensions

Abstract The Liar paradox is a familiar sentence that asserts its own falsehood. Just slightly less familiar is the Dualist, involving a pair of mutually referential sentences. Here we consider variations on the Dualist and Triplist, modelling their dynamical semantics using iteration within an infinite-valued logic. Strange attractors and fractal escape-time diagrams appear in two dimensions for the Dualist and in three dimensions for the Triplist.
1154 TRIMETHOPRIM IN PEDIATRIC UTI

To ascertain the efficacy of Trimethoprim (TMP) as a single therapeutic agent in the treatment of UTI in children, a prospective study was designed to compare TMP against sulfamethoxazole (sulfa), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-sulfa) and ampicillin. Eighty children with 100,000 colonies of the same organism grown in 2-3 consecutive clean catch specimens were randomly assigned to each treatment group for 10 days therapy in following doses: TMP 10 mg/kg; sulfa 150 mg/kg; TMP-sulfa 8AO mg/kg; and ampicillin 100 mg/kg.
A Historical 'Whodunit': The So-Called 'Kano Chronicle' and its Place in the Historiography of Kano

Murray Last obliquely suggests that [the “Kano Chronicle”] is best regarded as a rather free compilation of local legends and traditions drafted in the mid-seventeenth century by a humorous Muslim rationalist who almost seems to have studied under Levi-Strauss. The danger lies in being carried away by one's own ingenuity. The question of the authorship and date(s) of writing of the so-called “Kano Chronicle” (KC) and hence how historians should evaluate it as a source, have intrigued students of Kano (and wider Hausa) history since the work was first translated into English by H. R. Palmer in 1908. Palmer himself had the following to say: The manuscript is of no great age, and must on internal evidence have been written during the latter part of the decade 1883-1893; but it probably represents some earlier record which has now perished….The authorship is unknown, and it is very difficult to make a guess. On the one hand the general style of the composition is quite unlike the “note” struck by the sons of Dan Hodio [ʿUthmān b. Fūdī, Abdulahi and Muḥammad Bello, and imitated by other Fulani writers. There is almost complete absence of bias or partizanship…. On the other hand, the style of the Arabic is not at all like that usually found in the compositions of Hausa mallams of the present day; there are not nearly enough “classical tags” so to speak, in it…. That the author was thoroughly au fait with the Kano dialect of Hausa is evident from several phrases used in the book, for instance “ba râyi ba” used in a sense peculiar to Kano of “perforce.” The original may perhaps have been written by some stranger from the north who settled in Kano, and collected the stories of former kings handed down by oral tradition.
Cross correlation for aligning 3D ultrasound derived endocardial surface

Two 2-D polar coordinate tables are used to describe the 3-D endocardial surface of the left ventricle at the end of both systole and diastole. A truncated ellipsoid is used as a preliminary model of the left ventricle. Cross correlating two truncated ellipsoids of different degrees of rotation around the origin of the reference system results in a definitive measure of the rotational difference between the two surfaces. Cross correlation is used to derive such information from the real cardiac endocardial surface data derived from 3-D transoesophageal ultrasound images. >
Collective excitations of electrons by an intense wave in a magnetic field

Collective variables describing the dipole and the quadrupole oscillations of the system of charged particles are introduced, and their equations of motion are analyzed in the presence of a constant magnetic field. The magnetic field causes shifts and splittings of the characteristic frequencies of the collective oscillations. In the neighborhood of these frequencies, parametric resonance occurs when the system is irradiated by an electromagnetic wave. In the regions of parametric resonance, the energy transfered to the system of particles grows exponentially in time.
Isotropic 3D fast spin-echo imaging versus standard 2D imaging at 3.0 T of the knee—image quality and diagnostic performance

The objective of this study was to compare a newly developed fat-saturated intermediate-weighted (IM-w) 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence with standard 2D IM-w FSE sequences regarding image quality and diagnostic performance in assessing abnormal findings of the knee. MR imaging was performed at 3.0 T in 50 patients. Images were assessed independently by three radiologists. Image quality was rated significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the 2D versus the 3D FSE sequences. Sensitivity for cartilage lesions was slightly higher for the 3D sequence, but specificity was lower. Low contrast objects were better visualized with 2D sequences, while high contrast objects were better shown with the 3D sequence. Confidence scores were higher for 2D than for 3D sequences, but differences were not significant. In conclusion, isotropic 3D FSE IM-w imaging may enhance standard knee MRI by increased visualization of high contrast lesions; however, 3D FSE image quality was lower.
Macro-star networks: efficient low-degree alternatives to star graphs

We propose a new class of interconnection networks, called macro-star networks, which belong to the class of Cayley graphs and use the star graph as a basic building module. A macro-star network can have node degree that is considerably smaller than that of a star graph of the same size, and diameter that is sublogarithmic and asymptotically within a factor of 1.25 from a universal lower bound (given its node degree). We show that algorithms developed for star graphs can be emulated on suitably constructed macro-stars with asymptotically optimal slowdown. This enables us to obtain through emulation a variety of efficient algorithms for the macro-star network, thus proving its versatility. Basic communication tasks, such as the multimode broadcast and the total exchange, can be executed in macro-star networks in asymptotically optimal time under both the single-port and the all-port communication models. Moreover, no interconnection network with similar node degree can perform these communication tasks in time that is better by more than a constant factor than that required in a macro-star network. We show that macro-star networks can embed trees, meshes, hypercubes, as well as star, bubble-sort, and complete transposition graphs with constant dilation. We introduce several variants of the macro-star network that provide more flexibility in scaling up the number of nodes. We also discuss implementation issues and compare the new topology with the star graph and other popular topologies.
Prediction of protein interaction sites from sequence profile and residue neighbor list

Protein-protein interaction sites are predicted from a neural network with sequence profiles of neighboring residues and solvent exposure as input. The network was trained on 615 pairs of nonhomologous complex-forming proteins. Tested on a different set of 129 pairs of nonhomologous complex-forming proteins, 70% of the 11,004 predicted interface residues are actually located in the interfaces. These 7732 correctly predicted residues account for 65% of the 11,805 residues making up the 129 interfaces. The main strength of the network predictor lies in the fact that neighbor lists and solvent exposure are relatively insensitive to structural changes accompanying complex formation. As such, it performs equally well with bound or unbound structures of the proteins. For a set of 35 test proteins, when the input was calculated from the bound and unbound structures, the correct fractions of the predicted interface residues were 69 and 70%, respectively.
Statin Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective:To evaluate the evidence for use of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) for (he prevention and management of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).Data Sources:Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE (1966–July 2007) and the Cochrane Database (2007, Issue 2). Search terms included HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and vasospasm. Other data sources were identified from select bibliographies.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All controlled trials evaluating statins for the prevention and management of cerebral vasospasm after aSAH and published in the English language were included for review. Clinical and surrogate markers for cerebral vasospasm and outcomes were assessed.Data Synthesis:Cerebral vasospasm, which may occur after aSAH, is associated with serious morbidity and significant mortality. Evidence suggests that statins have noteworthy biochemical effects through inhibition of nicotinamide ade...
Institutional Perspectives on Real Estate Investing

A survey of institutional investors is used to assess the role of real estate in portfolios. Despite modest current holdings, there is a trend toward increasing allocations to real estate, driven apparently by a desire for diversification and inflation protection, whatever the recent returns. The major perceived risks of real estate investing include liquidity, risk of property selection, and scarcity of reliable data. Yet investors seem more comfortable extrapolating past results for real estate than for hedge funds or venture capital. There is not surprisingly a strong relationship between manager confidence in extrapolation and target allocations to real estate.
Note on Earth Reflection of Ultra Short Radio Waves

In analytical investigations of the resultant pattern of electric intensity about an antenna, for the longer waves, the earth in the vicinity of the antenna has generally been considered as a perfect conductor. At sufficiently high frequencies, the reflected waves may differ considerably in magnitude and phase from perfectly reflected waves. The resultant distribution of electric intensity about an ultra short antenna depends upon the nature of the reflecting surface. Some computations and curves are given for the reflection coefficients and phase angles for various surface conditions, in conjunction with a horizontal ultra short antenna. Theoretical polar diagrams have been computed for various heights of horizontal antenna above the surface.
Parenteral Injection Massage: Bioavailability and Adverse effects, A Systematic Review

Parenteral injections are important preventive and intervention modalities for children and adults.Â Pain issues during injection procedures need to be addressed to increase adherence to medications and vaccination.Â Although pain is a concern, so are the measures to allow increased bioavailability of injectates for the maximal use of the body and the prevention of adverse effects.Â The objective of this review is to find out whether massaging an injection site increases bioavailability of injectates, while at the same time decreasing the pain experience and adverse effects.Â The subjects included 327 infants whose ages are 2, 4 and 6 months and 165 adults (15 to 67) who received parenteral injections.Â There is insufficient evidence to recommend massage prior to or after an injection to decrease pain and increase the bioavailability of injectates.Â More experimental studies are recommended. Â
Development of a peristaltic endoscope

A device that could locomote through curving and tortuous spaces would find many applications in medicine and in industry. Invertebrates such as earthworms and leeches can solve this problem using peristaltic locomotion. We describe a device consisting of three braided pneumatic actuators in series that can successfully locomote peristaltically. The device can locomote forwards and backwards in elevated and curving tubes, and with a plastic sheath around it.
A comparison of unscented and extended Kalman filtering for estimating quaternion motion

The unscented Kalman filter is a superior alternative to the extended Kalman filter for a variety of estimation and control problems. However, its effectiveness for improving human motion tracking for virtual reality applications in the presence of noisy data has been unexplored. In this paper, we present an empirical study comparing the performance of unscented and extended Kalman filtering for improving human head and hand tracking. Specifically, we examine human head and hand orientation motion signals, represented with quaternions, which are critical for correct viewing perspectives in virtual reality. Our experimental results and analysis indicate that unscented Kalman filtering performs equivalently with extended Kalman filtering. However, the additional computational overhead of the unscented Kalman filter and quasi-linear nature of the quaternion dynamics lead to the conclusion that the extended Kalman filter is a better choice for estimating quaternion motion in virtual reality applications.
Parallelism, distribution, and synchronization in SR

The author introduces the newest version of the SR concurrent programming language and illustrates how it provides support for execution environments ranging from shared-memory multiprocessors to distributed systems. SR uses a few well-integrated mechanisms for concurrency to provide flexible, yet efficient, support for concurrent programming. It is shown how synchronization, parallelism, and distribution are supported in SR. >
Comparing reconstructed Pleistocene equilibrium‐line altitudes in the tropical Andes of central Peru

Glacier equilibrium-line altitude (ELA), and the difference between modern and palaeo-ELA can be interpreted as a proxy for climate change. One issue in ELA reconstruction is that different methods of ELA reconstruction may produce a range of results for the same palaeoglacier. When a range of methods is used to reconstruct ELAs across a region, resulting variations may be related to the method rather than the past climate. Palaeoclimatic interpretation of ELAs that were reconstructed by different methods may prompt spurious inferences if the ELA range is the result of methodological differences rather than climatic variation. We address the relationship and degree of variation between methods by comparing terminus-to-headwall-altitude ratio (THAR), accumulation- area ratio (AAR), and accumulation-area balance ratio (AABR) methods for palaeoglaciers in four valleys in the tropical Andes. Valleys in the eastern cordillera of the Peruvian Andes bordering the Junin Plain (11 � S, 76 � W, ca. 4100 m a.s.l.) are presently ice-free but were glaciated repeatedly during the Pleistocene. We use a combination of 90-m shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) data, 15-m Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data, and 1:25 000 topographic maps to reconstruct ELAs. Within each of three groups of moraines, map-based THAR and AABR estimates of ELA tend to be highest, followed by DEM-derived THAR ELAs, with AAR-reconstructed ELAs somewhat lower in this region. ELA estimates for the local Last Glacial Max- imum (LLGM) range from ca. 4250 to 4570 m a.s.l., with ELAs of ca. � 220 to � 550 m (depending on valley and method used). Within individual valleys, ELAs for the same palaeoglaciers calculated by different methods vary by � 100 m. ELAs of the LLGM glaciers and those of the largest glaciers to occupy the Junin valleys ( > 65 ka) are not markedly different from each other, regardless of the method used in their calculation, which is largely a reflection of the valley hypsometry in the region. Our analysis suggests relatively low decreases in temperature during glacial periods in the region (ca. 2.5 � 1 � C). Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity Criterion-Based Bit and Power Loading for Shallow Water Acoustic OFDM System with Limited Feedback

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, some subcarriers may be subject to deep fading. If the channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter, adaptive transmission techniques can be applied to mitigate the deep fading effect and increase the system's overall performance. Therefore, it is more valuable to analyze the UWA channel with limited CSI feedback. In this paper, we adopt ambient noise in the OFDM UWA communication system for the first time and calculate its power for each subcarrier. We explain the properties of UWA channel and investigate the optimal power loading strategy for the UWA channel with different levels of transmitter's CSI, which is combined with bit loading for a given system target bit-error rate (BER). The optimum result is derived by maximum system capacity with the constraints of the system's total transmission power and target BER. The Lloyd algorithm is employed to quantize the CSI at the receiver and construct the codebook, which is also known to the transmitter. Simulation results compare the performance difference between a few bits of feedback, perfect feedback and non-feedback, which show that a few bits of feedback can significantly improve the system performance.
The market for health care: where is the patient?

In 1980 I wrote an article in the New England Journal of Medicine (1) in which I said that the most important new development in the US health care system was the recent, relatively unheralded rise of a huge new industry that supplied medical services for profit. Without attracting much public attention, investor-owned businesses had begun to take over large parts of a health system which until then had been largely community-based and not-for-profit. At that time the major components of this new industry were proprietary hospitals and nursing homes, diagnostic laboratories, home-care and emergency room services, and hemodialysis centers. In total, these businesses had already captured almost a quarter of all the revenues spent for personal health care and I predicted their rapid growth would soon make them not only a dominating force in our health care delivery system, but also a major influence on public policy. There was an obvious analogy between this burgeoning, highly profitable new industry and the “military-industrial complex” that Dwight Eisenhower had warned about in his farewell address as President in 1961, so I called it the “new medical-industrial complex”. As the significance of the commercial transformation of this country’s health care system became increasingly apparent, this subject began to attract widening interest in the popular media and in the professional literature. Paul Starr’s 1982 landmark study of the social and economic development of medicine in America (2) was the first major scholarly work to take up this theme and put it in broad historical context. After devoting most of his book to the rise of the medical profession and its struggle for professional autonomy, Starr wrote a final chapter, entitled “The Coming of the Corporation”, which described the new corporate transformation of the US health care system and its growing threat to the …
Newer calcium channel antagonists and the treatment of hypertension

Calcium channel antagonists have become popular medications for the management of hypertension. These agents belong to the diphenylalkylamine, benzothiazepine, dihydropyridine, or tetralol chemical classes. Although the medications share a common pharmacological mechanism in reducing peripheral vascular resistance, clinical differences between the sub-classes can be linked to structural profiles. This heterogeneity is manifested by differences in vascular selectivity, effects on cardiac conduction and adverse events. The lack of differentiation between calcium channel antagonists in clinical trials has contributed to uncertainty associated with their impact on morbidity and mortality. Data from more recent studies in specific patient populations underscores the importance of investigating these antihypertensives as individual agents. A proposed therapeutic classification system suggests that newer agents should share the slow onset and long-acting antihypertensive effect of amlodipine. Additionally, a fav...
INTERNSHIP TRAINING DIRECTORS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNSHIP APPLICANTS

Since the mid-1990s, an imbalance between the number of available American Psychological Association (APA)-accredited internships and applicants has existed. In 2014, 14% of predoctoral psychology students who applied for internships accredited by the APA or members of the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) did not obtain an internship. In 2014, school psychology students were less successful in obtaining APA or APPIC internships than either clinical or counseling psychology students. This may be, in part, because only 51% of APA-accredited internships that report that children and/or adolescents are a major population served during the internship permitted school psychology students to apply. The present research investigated why internship training directors allow school psychology students to apply, or prohibit them from applying, for their internship training program by surveying and interviewing training directors of APA-accredited internship programs. The results suggest that program type alone is often used to determine applicant desirability. Additionally, several perceived strengths and weaknesses of school psychology students were identified based on training director responses. These findings are used to make recommendations for students, training program directors, and internship training programs.
The role of the HE institutions in scholarly publishing and communication

See video of the presentation. Institutions of higher education are in a double bind with respect to scholarly communication: On the one hand, they need to support the research needs of their students and researchers by providing access to the journals that comprise the archival record of scholarship. Doing so requires payment of substantial subscription fees. On the other hand, they need to provide the widest possible dissemination of works by those same researchers -- the fruits of that very research -- which itself incurs costs. I address how these two goals, each of which demands outlays of substantial funds, can best be honored. In the course of the discussion, I provide a first look at some new results on predicting journal usage, which allows for optimizing subscriptions.
Creating and Closing the T-Capsulotomy for Improved Visualization During Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement

Treatment of femoroacetabular impingement through an arthroscopic approach has gained widespread popularity in recent years. Although outcomes are generally favorable, one of the most common reasons for failure is incomplete resection of cam lesions of the femoral neck. As a result, the T-capsulotomy has been introduced as a method for improving access to the femoral head-neck junction, which is not always visible through a standard interportal capsulotomy. The T-capsulotomy has the benefits of improving arthroscopic visualization of the femoral neck, reducing overall fluoroscopy exposure for the patient and surgeon, and facilitating capsular plication. We present a reliable and efficient method for creating and repairing the T-capsulotomy. We routinely perform this technique in patients with cam lesions that are too large or too distal to safely visualize and decompress through an interportal capsulotomy.
Aspectual Entities and Tense in Discourse

Linguistic expressions form interesting patterns in discourse. In the domain of temporality, the morphemes of tense and aspectual viewpoint pattern significantly within a discourse. Shifts of viewpoint and tense are often associated with shifts of direction, and with the distinction between foreground and background. One important reason for this effect is that aspectual viewpoint and tense form closed sub-systems in language. In a closed system, choice of one term implies contrast with the other possibilities. The element of choice and its contrastive significance allows for more than one level of discourse meaning.
Today's Learner, Preferences In Teaching Techniques

The computer age is here. Students are tuned in to the latest digital devices and methods available today. Most students are exposed to short messages with video enhancements. This gives rise to a student who gets frustrated and bored with the standard lecture technique of years past. To achieve a greater effectiveness and learning outcome in delivering a lecture and subsequent learning, the professor has to know and understand the changes that are occurring in today’s learner. This paper presents findings of a study comparing the perceptions of first year freshmen business students’ with upper class business students’ perceptions as to how learning and assessment should occur in the classroom. The study also evaluates the differences between the various types of business majors.
The Philosophy of Economics: Why Look Under the Hood?

Daniel M. Hausman (1947–) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University, and he writes mainly on issues of economic methodology and the theory of causality. Methodologists have had few kind words for Milton Friedman's “The Methodology of Positive Economics” [1953, Chapter 7 in this volume], yet its influence persists. Why? One answer is that methodologists have missed an important argument, which economists have found persuasive. Unlike Hirsch and de Marchi (1990), I am concerned here with the argument, not with “what Friedman really meant.” Friedman declares, “The ultimate goal of a positive science is the development of a ‘theory’ or ‘hypothesis’ that yields valid and meaningful (i.e., not truistic) predictions about phenomena not yet observed” (p. 7). This is the central thesis of instrumentalism. But from a standard instrumentalist perspective, in which all the observable consequences of a theory are significant, it is impossible to defend Friedman's central claim that the realism of assumptions is irrelevant to the assessment of a scientific theory. For the assumptions of economics are testable, and a standard instrumentalist would not dismiss apparent disconfirmations. Indeed, the distinction between assumptions and implications is superficial. The survey results reported by Richard Lester and others, which Friedman finds irrelevant and wrong-headed (pp. 15, 31f), are as much predictions of neoclassical theory as are claims about market phenomena. But, like Lawrence Boland (1979), I contend that Friedman is not a standard instrumentalist. Consider the following passages: Viewed as a body of substantive hypotheses, theory is to be judged by its predictive power for the class of phenomena which it is intended to “explain.” (pp. 8–9)
On Convex Bodies and Log-Concave Probability Measures with Unconditional Basis

1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries (the case of bodies) 3 Log-Concave Measures 4 Decreasing Rearrangement 5 Euclidean Norm. Proof of Theorem 1.2 6 Theorem 1.1 for Log-Concave Measures References
Salivary gland function and electrolyte composition in potassium-deficient rats.

SummaryModification of sodium and potassium levels of submaxillary and parotid, but not sublingual, glands was achieved by reduction of dietary potassium. Submaxillary gland exhibited a decrease in potassium of approximately 10 meq/kg w.w. when compared with normal animals of the same age, and parotid approximately 4 meq/kg w.w. Sodium increased in both glands (8 meq/kg w.w. for parotid; 13 for submaxillary). The major functional change observed in potassium deficiency was a marked reduction in fluid flow rate; electrolyte levels of the secretions were not influenced by changed gland levels.
Spin-Orbit Relaxation of Cesium 7 2 D in Mixtures of Helium and Argon

Pulsed excitation on the two-photon Cs $6{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{3/2,5/2}$ transition results in time-resolved fluorescence at 697 and 672 nm. The rates for fine-structure mixing between the $7{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{3/2,5/2}$ states have been measured for helium and argon rare-gas collision partners. The mixing rates are very fast, $1.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9} {\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/atom s for He and $1.52\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10} {\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/atom s for Ar, driven by the small energy splitting and large radial distribution for the valence electron. The quenching rates are considerably slower, $6.84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ and $2.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11} {\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/atom s for He and Ar, respectively. The current results are placed in context with similar rates for other alkali-metal--rare-gas collision pairs using adiabaticity arguments.
Mechanisms of generation of fast (20 80 Hz) oscillations in thalamocortical circuits

Aim This review focuses on the mechanisms of generation of fast (20 80 Hz) oscillations in thalamocortical networks and their possible functional role. Development Fast oscillations appear in the electroencephalogram in a transitory fashion, during behavioral tasks that require increased alertness or during responses to optimal sensory stimulation in animals and humans. Fast oscillations also appear spontaneously during activated states (awake state and paradoxical sleep) and during the depolarizing phases of the slow oscillation that characterize slow wave sleep and anesthesia. Fast oscillations are generated in thalamic and cortical circuits as the result of the activity of pacemaker cells, or as the result of the synaptic interactions among excitatory and inhibitory cells. The synchronization of fast oscillations has been proposed as a possible solution to the binding problem. The formation of neuronal ensembles containing specific sets of cells oscillating together would be the code representing sensory input and coordination between sensory and motor activity. However, oscillating neurons coexist with equal numbers of non oscillating neurons. Conclusions Understanding the rules of coexistence of these two regimes of network activity is key to understanding information processing in the brain. As a first step, and in order to understand the possible role of fast oscillations, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms by which they are generated.
Interaction of rare illegitimate recombination event and a poly A addition site mutation resulting in a severe form of alpha thalassemia.

The clinical diversity of thalassemia depends on interaction of diverse genetic defects. We have characterized a severe form of alpha thalassemia caused by coinheritance of a rare alpha-globin gene deletion and a nondeletional defect in a southern Italian family. The proband, a 7-year-old girl, exhibited an abnormal hemoglobin electrophoresis pattern with hemoglobin H and hemoglobin Barts, indicating inheritance of H and hemoglobin Barts, indicating inheritance of a severe form of alpha thalassemia. Southern blot analysis of DNA showed normal as well as aberrant alpha-globin gene fragments indicating heterozygosity for a deletional form of alpha thalassemia in the proband and her mother. The coinheritance of a nondeletional form of alpha thalassemia (alpha alpha T) was suspected because of the severity of the proband9s phenotype and the presence of normal alpha-globin gene fragments in the father. Selective polymerase chain reaction of the paternal alpha 1- and alpha 2-globin genes in the proband followed by DNA sequence analysis showed an AATAAA to AATGAA mutation in the polyadenylation signal sequence of the alpha 2-globin gene. Genomic DNA mapping and sequence analysis of a unique polymerase chain reaction product generated across the deletion breakpoint of the maternal allele showed a 5,201-bp deletion extending from 870 nucleotides 5′ of the alpha 2-globin gene to nucleotide +519 in the alpha 1-globin gene. This deletion is similar to that previously suggested by blotting studies in a Greek family (Pressley et al, Nucleic Acids Res 8:4889, 1980) and removes the entire alpha 2-globin gene and a portion of the 5′ end of the alpha 1-globin gene. Sequence characterization of the resultant aberrant truncated alpha 1-globin gene from the proband showed a 27 nucleotide duplication corresponding to the 3′ end of the alpha-globin gene IVS-2 region separated by the insertion of a tetranucleotide (GGTT), suggesting that this deletion is caused by an illegitimate recombination event.
Synchronization without active chemical synapses during hippocampal afterdischarges.

Afterdischarges elicited by antidromic stimulation were studied in the CA1 region of transverse slices of rat hippocampus. The slices were incubated in a static bathing medium containing Mn2+ with lowered Ca2+ concentration, which blocked chemical synaptic transmission. Extracellular voltage recordings from micropipettes revealed afterdischarges of population spikes, which represent synchronized action potentials. Afterdischarge duration became longer with incubation time, occasionally lasting up to 9 s. Simultaneous recordings from three extracellular micropipettes indicated propagation of individual population spikes along the CA1 cell body layer during an afterdischarge. Intracellular recordings from pyramidal cells showed that action potentials were synchronized with population spikes. When initial action potentials of an afterdischarge were blocked by hyperpolarizing the impaled cell, subsequent action potentials remained synchronized with population spikes, indicating a synchronizing interaction between neurons. Intrasomatic neuronal recordings sometimes revealed partial action potentials that were also synchronized with population spikes. During afterdischarges, relatively weak (10 mV) hyperpolarization blocked both full and partial action potentials. These observations suggest that synchronized action potentials and partial spikes were initiated near the soma. Intracellular voltage recordings were referenced to a local extracellular microelectrode in order to determine more accurately the transmembrane potential in the presence of large population spikes .54). Such neuronal recordings revealed brief transmembrane depolarizations that occurred synchronously with population spikes. Large injected hyperpolarizing currents did not affect the brief transmembrane depolarizations. Similar differential voltage recordings across glial cell membranes did not show measurable brief transmembrane depolarizations during population spikes. However, slow glial depolarizations during afterdischarges indicated prolonged K+ accumulation and clearance in the extracellular space, which probably contributed to the hyperexcitability of pyramidal cells. During an afterdischarge, extracellular potentials were recorded simultaneously from six micropipettes arranged perpendicularly to the stratum pyramidale. Current source-density analysis indicated a sink in the cell body layer during population spikes and a corresponding source in distal dendrites. It is concluded that an electrical field effect depolarizes and thus synchronizes neurons during these afterdischarges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Vertical profiles of the 3-D wind velocity retrieved from multiple wind lidars performing triple range-height-indicator scans

Abstract. Vertical profiles of 3-D wind velocity are retrieved from triple range-height-indicator (RHI) scans performed with multiple simultaneous scanning Doppler wind lidars. This test is part of the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment (XPIA) campaign carried out at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory. The three wind velocity components are retrieved and then compared with the data acquired through various profiling wind lidars and high-frequency wind data obtained from sonic anemometers installed on a 300 m meteorological tower. The results show that the magnitude of the horizontal wind velocity and the wind direction obtained from the triple RHI scans are generally retrieved with good accuracy. However, poor accuracy is obtained for the evaluation of the vertical velocity, which is mainly due to its typically smaller magnitude and to the error propagation connected with the data retrieval procedure and accuracy in the experimental setup.
Dose Targeting Metrics in Conventional and Intensive Maintenance Dialysis

Hemodialysis has come a long way since its early days and is a life sustaining therapy for millions of people with end-stage kidney disease throughout the world. Although thrice weekly hemodialysis remains the most common form of renal replacement therapy, other therapies such as more frequent, prolonged dialysis modalities have seen a rise recently. In this review, we compare and contrast methods for measuring the dialysis dose, with a focus on small molecule clearance (Kt/Vurea ) among various dialysis modalities. We also describe newer on-line methods to measure dialysis and limitations to current adequacy measurement. Distinguishing dialysis adequacy from adequate treatment of the patient is also emphasized.