cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Consistent Mapping Necessary for High-Speed Search?

Recent research has suggested that visual-search functions will become shallower with practice, but only if the stimuli and responses are consistently mapped. We tested the necessity of consistent mapping for the phenomenon by asking subjects to report the largest digit in a visual display. Despite the fact that we used a varied-mapping task, significant reduction in the visual search function was observed. The reduction could not be attributed to the probability information in the task. Perfectly consistent mapping of stimulus to response does not appear to be a necessary precondition for reduction of visual-search rate. Psychologists and educators, as well as succinct adages, have extolled the benefits of practice. Recently, cognitive psychologists have attempted to investigate the consequences of practice on human mental functioning. Practice, under certain conditions, can produce substantial changes in performance: In addition to general improvements with practice, performance in the practiced task is often unaffected by the number of nontarget items. Practice alone, however, does not appear to be sufficient. Researchers (e.g., Kristofferson, 1972; Ross, 1970; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977) have proposed and demonstrated that the mapping between the stimulus or stimulus set and the responses must be consistent. If a stimulus is consistently mapped to a particular response, then the presence of that stimulus will in
Segregation analysis of alcoholism in high density families: a replication.

We have previously reported segregation analysis of alcoholism in 35 multigenerational families, each ascertained through a pair of male alcoholics by using the mixed model implemented by POINTER. This analysis suggested that liability to alcoholism was, in part, controlled by a major effect with or without additional multifactorial effects. The hypothesis that the major effect was explained by a single genetic locus with strictly mendelian transmission was rejected. The purpose of the present analysis was to use the regressive model implemented by the REGD program from the Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology computer package (S.A.G.E.) to confirm by replication that a major effect was present in these 35 families. Evidence for the major effect found in Pointer was replicated in the present analysis by using S.A.G.E. Also, we found strong evidence for parental effects that were independent of the major locus transmission from ancestral relatives to children. Mendelian transmission of this major effect was rejected when models incorporated parental effects. When the major effect was calculated adjusting for parental phenotypes, the relative risk of affection for children was about twice as high with affected parents vs. unaffected parents.
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of thyroid peroxidase

Thyroid peroxidase was isolated from porcine thyroids by two methods. Limited trypsin proteolysis was employed to obtain a cleaved enzyme, and affinity chromatography was used to isolate intact thyroid peroxidase. Enzyme isolated by both methods was used in the examination of the heme site of native thyroid peroxidase and its complexes by EPR spectroscopy. Intact thyroid peroxidase showed a homogeneous high-spin EPR signal with axial symmetry, in contrast to the rhombic EPR signal of native lactoperoxidase. Reaction of cyanide or azide ion with native thyroid peroxidase resulted in the loss of the axial EPR signal within several hours. The EPR spectroscopy of the nitrosyl adduct of ferrous thyroid peroxidase exhibited a three-line hyperfine splitting pattern and indicated that the heme-ligand structure of thyroid peroxidase is significantly different from that of lactoperoxidase.
LASER MODULATION INDUCED BY INTRACAVITY PHOTOTHERMAL DEFLECTION

We report a new technique for intracavity absorption spectroscopy via a photothermal effect. Deflection of the laser beam within the cavity is induced by external optical excitation resulting in modulation of the laser output and enabling absorption spectra of condensed phase materials to be obtained. We describe the characteristics of the absorption spectra we have observed and discuss various advantages and applications of this effect.
Seasonal succession of the phytoplankton in the upper Mississippi River

Species composition and seasonal succession of the phytoplankton were investigated on the upper Mississippi River at Prairie Island, Minnesota, U.S.A. Both the numbers and volume of individual species were enumerated based on cell counts with an inverted microscope. A succession similar to algal succession in the local lakes occurred. The diatoms were dominant during the spring and fall and blue-green algae were dominant during the summer. The algal concentrations have increased up to 40 fold the concentrations of the 1920's, since the installation of locks and dams. The maximum freshweight standing crop was 4 mg · l−1 in 1928 (Reinhard 1931), 13 mg · l−1 in 1975 a wet year, and 47 mg · l−1 in 1976, a relatively dry year with minimal current discharge. The diatoms varied from 36–99%, the blue-green algae from 0–44% and the cryptomonads from 0–50% of the total standing crop. The green algae were always present but never above 21% of the biomass. The dominant diatoms in recent years were centric -Stephanodiscus andCyclotella spp. (maximum 50,000 ml−1). The dominant blue-green algae wereAphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfsex Born.et Flahault andOscillatoria agardhii Gomont (maximum 800 ml−1). These algal species are also present in local lakes. Shannon diversity values indicated greatest diversity of algae during the summer months.
Incorporation of ABCB1-mediated transport into a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of docetaxel in mice.

Docetaxel is one of the most widely used anticancer agents. While this taxane has proven to be an effective chemotherapeutic drug, noteworthy challenges exist in relation to docetaxel administration due to the considerable interindividual variability in efficacy and toxicity associated with the use of this compound, largely attributable to differences between individuals in their ability to metabolize and eliminate docetaxel. Regarding the latter, the ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1, PGP, MDR1) is primarily responsible for docetaxel elimination. To further understand the role of ABCB1 in the biodistribution of docetaxel in mice, we utilized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling that included ABCB1-mediated transport in relevant tissues. Transporter function was evaluated by studying docetaxel pharmacokinetics in wild-type FVB and Mdr1a/b constitutive knockout (KO) mice and incorporating this concentration–time data into a PBPK model comprised of eight tissue compartments (plasma, brain, heart, lung, kidney, intestine, liver and slowly perfused tissues) and, in addition to ABCB1-mediated transport, included intravenous drug administration, specific binding to intracellular tubulin, intestinal and hepatic metabolism, glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. For all tissues in both the FVB and KO cohorts, the PBPK model simulations closely mirrored the observed data. Furthermore, both models predicted AUC values that were with 15 % of the observed AUC values, indicating that our model-simulated drug exposures accurately reflected the observed tissue exposures. Overall, our PBPK model furthers the understanding of the role of ABCB1 in the biodistribution of docetaxel. Additionally, this exemplary model structure can be applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of other ABCB1 transporter substrates.
Hydrogen peroxide as an alternate substrate for the oxygen-evolving complex.

Abstract Photosystem II reaction centers evolve O 2 in the dark when H 2 O 2 is added as a substrate. Although some of this activity can be attributed to catalase, as much as 75% of the activity was not affected by the addition of 1 mM KCN. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that this KCN-insensitive O 2 evolution from H 2 O 2 in the dark is catalyzed by the cycling of S states in the oxygen-evolving complex including: (1) inactivation of H 2 O 2 -mediated O 2 evolution by Ca/EDTA washing; (2) susceptibility of the activity to inhibition by amines like ammonia and Tris; (3) inhibition by CCCP which is known to accelerate the rate of deactivation of the S 2 state and; (4) a direct dependence of the rate of O 2 evolution on the presence of calcium and (5) chloride.
Vestibular disease, and its relationship to facial paralysis in the horse: a clinical study of 7 cases.

SUMMARY: The signs observed in 6 cases of peripheral vestibular disease included incoordination, head tilt and nystagmus. The intensity of the signs varied greatly with duration of the disease, and in 3 cases facial paralysis was also present. Tympanosclerosis was demonstrable in all cases subjected to radiology. Trauma was the causative factor in most cases. The causes of, and relationships between, vestibular dysfunction and concomitant facial paralysis are discussed. The exact etiology of the tympanosclerosis is unknown.
Cellular Phone Interference Testing of Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators In Vitro

An in vitro study was undertaken to investigate the potential for cellular telephones to interfere with representative models of presently used ICDs. Digital cellular phones (DCPs) generate strong, amplitude modulated fields with pulse repetition rates near the physiological range sensed by the ICD as an arrhythmia. DCPs with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) pulsed amplitude modulation caused the most pronounced effect--high voltage firing or inhibition of pacing output of the ICDs. This electromagnetic interference (EMI) occurred only when the phones were within 2.3-5.8 cm of the ICD pulse generator that was submerged 0.5 cm in 0.18% saline. ICD performance always reverted to baseline when the cellular phones were removed from the immediate proximity of the ICD. Three models of ICDs were subjected to EMI susceptibility testing using two types of digital phones and one analog cellular phone, each operating at their respective maximum output power. EMI was observed in varying degrees from all DCPs. Inhibition of pacer output occurred in one ICD, and high voltage firing occurred in the two other ICDs, when a TDMA-11 Hz DCP was placed within 2.3 cm of the ICD. For the ICD that was most sensitive to delivering unintended therapy, inhibition followed by firing occurred at distances up to 5.8 cm. When a TDMA-50 Hz phone was placed at the minimum test distance of 2.3 cm, inhibition followed by firing was observed in one of the ICDs. EMI occurred most frequently when the lower portion of the monopole antenna of the cellular phone was placed over the ICD header.
Ethical Justifications for Moratoriums on Vanguard Scientific Research

Lawrence J. Nelson and Michael Meyer (2005) criticize the President's Council on Bioethics (PCB) for failing as an exemplar of public discourse about the ethics of human embryonic stem cell researc...
Peer Victimization in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Co-occurring Anxiety: Relations with Psychopathology and Loneliness

Peer problems are common among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and may be exacerbated among those who are also anxious. Yet, few data exist on the nature and psychosocial correlates of peer victimization in youth with ASD and anxiety. Accordingly, this study investigated associations among peer victimization, loneliness, autism-related social impairment, and psychopathology in a sample of 60 youth (ages 11–14 years) with ASD and co-occurring anxiety. Youth completed measures of peer victimization, loneliness, anxiety, and depression, while their parent completed measures of child behavioral and emotional problems, functional impairment in daily life, and autism-related social impairment. Modest rates of victimization were noted, with ~7 % and 15 % of youth reporting clinically significant relational and reputational victimization but 0 % of participants endorsing significant overt victimization. Peer victimization was directly but modestly associated with some psychosocial maladjustment indices, but not with autism-related social impairment. Although results have to be considered in the context of certain limitations, these data suggest that peer victimization may be associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms and loneliness in children with ASD and comorbid anxiety.
Spectroscopic Study of [Fe2O2(5-Et3-TPA)2]3+: Nature of the Fe2O2 Diamond Core and Its Possible Relevance to High-Valent Binuclear Non-Heme Enzyme Intermediates

The spectroscopic properties and electronic structure of an Fe(2)(III,IV) bis-mu-oxo complex, [Fe(2)O(2)(5-Et(3)-TPA)(2)](ClO(4))(3) where 5-Et(3)-TPA = tris(5-ethyl-2-pyridylmethyl)amine, are explored to determine the molecular origins of the unique electronic and geometric features of the Fe(2)O(2) diamond core. Low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) allows the two features in the broad absorption envelope (4000-30000 cm(-)(1)) to be resolved into 13 transitions. Their C/D ratios and transition polarizations from variable temperature-variable field MCD saturation behavior indicate that these divide into three types of electronic transitions; t(2) --> t(2) involving excitations between metal-based orbitals with pi Fe-O overlap (4000-10000 cm(-)(1)), t(2)/t(2) --> e involving excitations to metal-based orbitals with sigma Fe-O overlap (12500-17000 cm(-)(1)) and LMCT (17000-30000 cm(-)(1)) and allows transition assignments and calibration of density functional calculations. Resonance Raman profiles show the C(2)(h)() geometric distortion of the Fe(2)O(2) core results in different stretching force constants for adjacent Fe-O bonds (k(str)(Fe-O(long)) = 1.66 and k(str)(Fe-O(short)) = 2.72 mdyn/A) and a small ( approximately 20%) difference in bond strength between adjacent Fe-O bonds. The three singly occupied pi-metal-based orbitals form strong superexchange pathways which lead to the valence delocalization and the S = (3)/(2) ground state. These orbitals are key to the observed reactivity of this complex as they overlap with the substrate C-H bonding orbital in the best trajectory for hydrogen atom abstraction. The electronic structure implications of these results for the high-valent enzyme intermediates X and Q are discussed.
Raman scattering and optical-absorption studies of the metastable alloy system GaAs x Sb 1 − x

The optical properties of ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ alloys grown across the entire concentration range by multitarget sputter deposition are reported. X-ray diffraction, optical absorption, and Raman spectra show the samples to be single-crystal, single-phase alloys for all x, including those in the miscibility gap. Alloy lattice constants are found to vary linearly with concentration. The direct \ensuremath{\Gamma}-point energy gaps, determined from optical-absorption measurements, show significant negative bowing. Contrary to previous reports, the Raman spectra exhibit two-mode behavior throughout, including a local mode of As in GaSb and a resonant mode of Sb in GaAs. An analysis of peak frequencies and line shapes versus concentration is given in the context of disorder effects. We observe broadenings much less severe and asymmetric than those seen in similar systems and usually interpreted in terms of k\ensuremath{\ne}0 density-of-states activation. The observed adherence to zone-center selection rules for all x, suggests a more accurate interpretation to be one involving the k\ensuremath{\approxeq}0 spectral projection of the density of states.
Infection with Bartonella weissii and Detection of Nanobacterium Antigens in a North Carolina Beef Herd

Very recently, Bartonella organisms have been isolated from large ruminants (deer, elk, and dairy and beef cattle) located in the United States and in France. In this study, we report the serologic, microbiologic, and molecular findings related to the isolation of a Bartonella species in North Carolina beef cattle and the detection of nanobacterial antigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Between August 1998 and September 1999, blood was collected from 38 cattle ranging in age from 1 month to 6.5 years. After a 1-month incubation period, a Bartonella sp. was isolated on a 5% rabbit blood agar plate from three of six EDTA blood samples. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from all three isolates resulted in a DNA sequence that was 100% identical to that of B. weissii 16S rRNA (GenBank no. AF199502). By IFA testing, 36 of 38 cattle had antibodies (> or =1:64) to Bartonella weissii (bovine origin) antigens. Nanobacterial antigen was detected in 22 of 22 serum samples. We conclude that infection with an organism similar or closely related to B. weissii can occur in North Carolina cattle and that although their actual existence is still controversial Nanobacterium antigens were detected with a commercially available test kit. The epidemiology, vector biology, and potential pathogenicity of these organisms in cattle deserve future consideration.
Lack of evidence for the involvement of formaldehyde in the hepatocarcinogenicity of methyl tertiary -butyl ether in CD-1 mice

The oxygenated fuel additive methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) induced hepatocellular adenomas in female but not male CD-1 mice exposed to 8000 ppm; liver cancer was not induced in female or male mice exposed to 3000 or 400 ppm. Since MTBE is metabolized by cytochrome P450 to formaldehyde (HCHO), a potentially mutagenic intermediate capable of forming DNA-protein cross-links (DPX), the formation of DPX and of another HCHO derivative, RNA-formaldehyde adducts (RFA), from MTBE was investigated using freshly isolated hepatocytes from female CD-1 mice incubated with MTBE-(O-methyl-14C). DPX and RFA were detected, but the adduct yields were very small and were independent of the concentration of MTBE in the hepatocyte suspension over a wide concentration range (0.33-6.75 mM). Similar results were obtained using hepatocytes from male B6C3F1 mice and male F344 rats. Induction of cytochrome P450 by pretreatment of mice with MTBE prior to isolation of hepatocytes did not result in a measurable increase in the yields of either DPX or RFA. In contrast to the absence of concentration-dependent DPX and RFA formation from MTBE, there was a marked, concentration-dependent increase in the yields of both DPX and RFA when [14C]formaldehyde was added directly to the medium. These results suggest that the metabolism of MTBE to HCHO approaches saturation at concentrations below 0.33 mM, and that the rate of HCHO production from metabolism of MTBE is slow relative to the rate of HCHO metabolism. The lack of concentration dependence and the absence of species or sex differences in the formation of DPX and RFA from MTBE indicate that metabolism of MTBE to HCHO is not a critical component of its carcinogenic mechanism in mice.
Interferon-γ and Transforming Growth Factor-β Modulate the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production Induced by Fcγ-Receptor Stimulation in Murine Macrophages

Abstract Engagement of receptors for the Fc region of IgG (FcγR) can activate a variety of biological responses in macrophages, and these responses can be modulated either positively or negatively by co-stimulation with a variety of agents including cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). We have previously demonstrated that FcγR crosslinking activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members p42 MAPK , p38, and JNK. Herein, we examined the modulatory effect of IFN-γ, TGF-β, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) on FcγR-induced MAPK activation in murine macrophages. FcγR-induced activation of p42 MAPK and JNK was augmented nearly two-fold by pretreatment with IFN-γ. Conversely, TGF-β pretreatment suppressed FcγR-induced activation of p42 MAPK , JNK, and p38. These modulatory effects of IFN-γ and TGF-β on MAPK activation correlated with changes in FcγR-stimulated TNF-α production by these two cytokines.
Calculated valence band density of states and reflectivity for ZnSe

Abstract Using a non-local pseudopotential, including spin-orbit interactions, we calculate a valence band density of states for ZnSe which is in significantly better agreement with experiment than previous local pseudopotential calculations. The calculated reflectivity spectrum is also presented.
Predictive Optimal Control of a Hyperbolic Distributed Model for a Wind Tunnel

A new optimal-control approach is described, based on first-order hyperbolic partial differential equations to investigate a Mach number control problem for a closed-circuit wind tunnel. The flow in the wind tunnel is modeled as a distributed system using the Euler equations and is controlled by a compressor at the system boundary. The control inputs to the compressor are in turn controlled by a lumped-parameter system modeled by ordinary differential equations that represent dynamics of a drive-motor system and an inlet guide vane system. Optimality conditions of these coupled distributed and lump-parameter systems are developed using variational principles to establish an adjoint formulation for the optimal-control problem. The results are applied to a design of a predictive linear-quadratic optimal control for stabilizing the Mach number during a disturbance in the wind tunnel.
Robust, non-parametric measures of exchange rate variability

Changes in exchange rates are well-known to possess non-Gaussian distributions, yet in testing for differences in exchange rate volatility few researches have examined measures that do not assume Gaussian data. This paper develops a robust, non-parametric measure for comparing exchange rate variability across time. The measures are applied to monthly exchange rate data to test for differences in exchange rate variability across different monetary policy regimes. The comparison show inconsistencies between conclusions based on the classical F -test and the robust, non-parametric equivalent. Using the robust test for changes in exchange rate variability, we do not conclude that variability has increased over time. Increases in variability do occur, but usually only in specific percentiles of the data.
Urachal anomalies in children: the vanishing relevance of the preoperative voiding cystourethrogram

Purpose: Children with a wet, draining, or infected umbilicus are often referred to pediatric surgeons. Unfortunately, uniform guidelines regarding diagnostic imaging are lacking. Historically, the persistence of the urachus was attributed to intrauterine distal urinary obstruction. Today, many surgeons continue to advocate preoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Methods: Records of children with urachal abnormalities over the past 10 years were reviewed. Demographics, presentation, imaging, genitourinary anomalies, operations, length of stay, and complications were recorded. Statistical evaluation was by descriptive analysis. Results: Fifty-six children were diagnosed with urachal anomalies. Age at operation was 2.5 years (1 day-13 years). Fifty percent of patients were less than 1 year. Ultrasound was used in 88% of cases. Voiding cystourethrogram (34%) and computed tomography (14%) were also used. Average hospitalization was 1.9 (0-13) days. Thirty-two percent underwent operations as outpatients. Seven percent developed wound infections. Eight children (14%) had genitourinary anomalies. However, no VCUG examination (n = 19) documented an obstructive process. Conclusions: The current study represents the largest reported series of symptomatic urachal anomalies in children. Disorders of the urachus are variable in presentation with the diagnosis reliably made by history and ultrasound alone. Further testing, including VCUG, is not warranted, adding additional cost, an invasive procedure, and inconvenience to the child.
Attitude similarity and interpersonal attraction during early communicative relationships: A research note on the generalizability of findings to opposite‐sex relationships

Past research examining the combined influence of normal initial conversations and attitude similarity on interpersonal attraction has been limited to same‐sex acquaintances. This research note reports on a study which tests (a) the generalizability of these findings to opposite‐sex early acquaintance and (b) the sex combination scope condition of the interpersonal goals perspective. The findings indicate that normal initial conversations between opposite‐sex partners overcome the positive preacquaintance similarity‐attraction association by increasing attraction toward attitudinally dissimilar partners. These findings replicate the outcomes of earlier research on same‐sex partners. The findings are interpreted as strengthening and broadening support for the interpersonal goals perspective on attraction in communicative relationships.
The origin of the Recent non-marine evaporite deposit of Saline Valley, Inyo County, California

Abstract A study of the mineralogy and hydrochemistry of the Recent evaporite deposit in the Saline Valley playa has been carried out. Halite, thenardite mirabilite, glauberite, gypsum, calcite, dolomite, ulexite, analcime and sepiolite have been identified in efflorescences and/or in sands and muds. Inflow is from springs and mountain streams which disappear on reaching the alluvial fans so that the playa is fed by groundwater flow only. These inflow waters are sodium-calcium sulfate-bicarbonate waters while the playa brines (shallow sub-surface, brine table 0′ to −15′) are sodium sulfate-chloride waters which progressively increase in total ion concentration from the margin in toward the center of the playa. Two initial steps in the development of the playa brines are (1) calcite precipitation within the alluvial fans causing a drastic decrease in Ca 2+ and HCO 3 - proportions in the waters reaching the playa, and (2) precipitation of gypsum at the playa edge, which controls the initial SO 4 2− concentration of the brines. Further evaporation simply leads to waters dominated by chloride and alkalis. The distribution of evaporite minerals in the sands and muds of the playa is zonal. From the periphery to the center of the playa, roughly concentric zones carry gypsum; gypsum + glauberite; glauberite; glauberite + halite. This sequence would be produced in proper order by progressive evaporation under equilibrium conditions of certain solutions in the experimental system CaSO 4 -Na 2 SO 4 -NaCl-H 2 O at temperatures between about 10° and 50°C and 1 atm total pressure. Quantitative agreement in composition of experimental and natural brines co-existing with the same assemblages confirms this equilibrium model for the playa evaporites. The model implies that chemical evolution of the natural brines follows a predictable course, one controlled mainly by the bulk composition of the parent water and by the extent of evaporation. The present zonal configuration represents only a stage in the long-range geochemical evolution of the evaporite deposit; outward migration of the existing zones, and addition of a new zone, with time is postulated.
Strategies to Identify the Lynch Syndrome Among Patients With Colorectal Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

The Lynch syndrome is the most common genetic cause of colorectal cancer, but the best way to identify affected individuals and families remains uncertain. This cost-effectiveness analysis examines...
Participants' values and incentive plans

Incentive plans are designed to motivate participants to pursue what is valued by an organization. This article discusses how values may influence the design of incentive plans and the success of their implementation. In situations where the incentive plan fits participants' values, the authors predict a process of mutual reinforcement. When values and incentives collide, they propose two possible yet conflicting outcomes: the “carrot effect” and the “snubbed carrot effect.” They conclude by addressing the implications of fit and misfit for research and practice. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An analysis of the momentum forcing in the high-latitude lower thermosphere

[1] We analyze the dynamics of the high-latitude thermsopheric wind system below 170 km for negative IMF Bz by using a fully nonlinear model with a realistic distribution of the forcing. A transition of the forcing patterns and their relative contribution to the high-latitude lower thermospheric wind system occurs around 123 km under various conditions, weak or strong IMF, summer or winter. Winds around and above 123 km are sustained by the gradient-wind balance among divergent/convergent pressure gradient, Coriolis, and horizontal momentum advection (mainly centrifugal) accelerations. Below 123 km winds are maintained by the approximate balance of divergent/convergent pressure gradient, Coriolis, and Hall ion drag accelerations through modified geostrophy. The dominant contribution to the wind tendency (time rate of change) is the rotational component of the ion drag acceleration. The wind tendency above 123 km tends to resemble rotational Pedersen ion drag acceleration well, which reflects a rotated pattern of the E × B velocity. Near and below 123 km the wind tendency is also affected by the rotational component of the Hall ion drag acceleration whose pattern no longer closely resembles the pattern of the E × B velocity, and the wind pattern can differ significantly from that well above 123 km. Simulations for different strengths of the IMF and different seasons indicate that largely divergent/convergent Coriolis and horizontal momentum advection accelerations tend approximately to balance with the horizontal pressure gradient (as well as with divergent/convergent ion drag at lower altitudes) under various conditions. As the forcing increases the radius of curvature of the strong winds also tends to increase, so that the centrifugal acceleration does not increase quadratically with the maximum wind speed, and the tendency for a rough balance between the Coriolis and horizontal momentum advection accelerations in the duskside vortex above 123 km is maintained.
IMPACT OF UV‐B RADIATION UPON ESTUARINE MICROCOSMS

— Twelve flow-through estuarine microcosms were exposed daily to four different levels of UV-B radiation (290–320. nm)(1.57 ± 102, 6.43 ± 103, 6.86 ± 103 and 7.61 ± 103 J·m-2d−1) in addition to a natural level of visible solar radiation (380-800. nm). The parameters studied over a four week period were phytoplankton community composition, plankton biomass (ash-free dry weight), chlorophyll a concentration and primary productivity (radiocarbon uptake). With increased exposure to UV-B radiation there was an obvious alteration of the community composition. Daily exposure to enhanced levels of UV-B radiation also depressed the biomass, the chlorophyll a concentration and the radiocarbon uptake of samples from the ecosystems.
AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF THE COMMUNICATION OF AUTHORITATIVE PRONOUNCEMENTS IN ACCOUNTING

: The cloze procedure, a psycholinguistic technique, was used to empirically evaluate the communication of authoritative pronouncements in accounting. Three of the most recent pronouncements of five different authoritative bodies were tested via a random sample of 750 certified public accountants, 750 academic accountants, and 600 private accountants. Using the cloze procedure's 57% criterion level, evidence was found (contrary to expectations) that communication problems do not exist with either authoritative bodies or classes of accountants. However, evidence was found (as expected) that communication problems do exist with two of the fifteen authoritative pronouncements tested. I want to express my sincerest appreciation to the City University of New York PSC-BHE Research Award Program for the grant that made this project possible.
The major issues in the community and cancer prevention and detection. Applied cancer prevention and the primary caregiver. A challenge to the community

The cure rate for cancer can be increased from the current 51% to 75% by the year 2000. Two important actions that will make this goal possible are the prevention of cancers that are caused by known carcinogens and the earlier detection of cancer in asymptomatic individuals. Current knowledge about the cause of cancer makes it prudent for persons to change their lifestyles (primary prevention). Tobacco products are the number one culprit in cancer cause and it is estimated that 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States would not occur if tobacco use had been avoided. The sound principles of cancer prevention and early detection need to be applied by primary care physicians and community cancer centers working together. Caution must be advised when recommending a variety of diets and medicines that, as yet, have no proven value in cancer prevention. Cancer control research is needed to expand cancer control applications in a cost effective and acceptable manner.
Control of actin conformation in AML myeloblasts: The effects of bryostatin and TPA

Protein kinase C (PKC), an enzyme involved in signal transduction, is the receptor for both the tumor-promoting phorbol esters and the anti-neoplastic bryostatins. In many cells, phorbol esters and bryostatins cause similar effects; we have found that both agents increase actin polymerization in neutrophils. In some cells, however, the two agents result in different cell processes; we have found consistently different effects of these agents on actin conformation in myeloblasts obtained from leukemic patients. The patients tested all had increases in F-actin in response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and most had decreases in F-actin in response to bryostatin. The data suggests that leukemic myeloblasts have a different cytoskeletal response to a tumor promoter and an antineoplastic agent despite their common receptor.
VV 5-32-63/64 - The 'supermassive double galaxy' in Abell 1775 revisited

Spectroscopy is presented for galaxies in A 1775, the cluster containing VV 5-32-63/64, an apparent double galaxy which has long been considered a gravitationally bound system with supermassive components (10 to the 13th solar masses). However, this model has run afoul of recent radio observations, which detected an extremely long straight radio tail emanating from the eastern galaxy in the pair. The present observations indicate that if both galaxies are members of the same cluster, the cluster radial-velocity dispersion (1522 km/sec) is large enough to account for the velocity difference between the two VV galaxies (1650 km/sec). It is therefore suggested that the VV galaxies are not gravitationally bound and need not be supermassive. The large velocity dispersion measured for A 1775 also strains suggested velocity dispersion vs X-ray luminosity relations for clusters of galaxies, as A 1775 has not yet been detected at X-ray wavelengths.
Effect of intravenous iron supplementation on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity in hemodialysis patients: a prospective, open-label study.

Abstract Background: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is an enzyme with activity dependent on the reduction of heme iron that is responsible for the metabolism of many drugs. CYP3A4 activity is reduced in hemodialysis (HD) patients and thus may be related to functional iron deficiency. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IV iron supplementation on hepatic is CYP3A4 activity in HD patients. Methods: This prospective, open-label study was conducted in 12 iron-deficient (transferrin saturation 14 C exhaled in a single-breath collection after the test dose of erythromycin underwent demethylation by CYP3A4. The ERMBT was also administered to 7 age-, sex-, and race-matched healthy controls. Results: Twelve HD patients (6 Hispanic, 3 white, 3 Native American; 8 men, 4 women; mean [SEM] age, 56.2 [5.0] years; mean [SEM] weight, 77.0 [5.6] kg; and 7 controls (4 men, 3 women; mean [SEM] age, 51.3 [5.0] years; mean [SEM] weight, 77.5 [7.4] kg) were enrolled in the study. In the total HD population studied, mean (SEM) CYP3A4 activity did not change significantly after IV iron replacement (1.46 [0.27] vs 1.57 [0.24] 14 C exhaled/h). A subgroup of 7 HD patients had significantly lower CYP3A4 activity before IV iron replacement compared with the other 5 HD patients and controls (mean [SEM] 0.86 [0.24] vs 2.30 [0.26] and 2.10 [0.26] 14 C exhaled/h; P P = 0.04) and it was not statistically different from that of controls (1.50 [0.36] vs 2.10 [0.26]). Conclusions: Overall, IV iron administration had no significant effect on hepatic CYP3A4 activity. However, in a subset of HD patients with low baseline CYP3A4 activity indicated by low ERMBT values, IV iron supplementation was associated with a potentially clinically relevant increase in hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Further studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and clinical implications of this interaction.
Amplified electrocatalysis at DNA-modified nanowires for ultrasensitive biosensing

Three-dimensional gold nanowire ensembles (NEE) are a novel and useful platform for electrochemical DNA detection. Work performed in our laboratory using the three-dimensional nanostructures with an electrocatalytic reporter system has produced attomole sensitivity towards target DNA sequences. Large electrocatalytic signals observed at DNA-modified nanowires produce high signal-to-noise ratios, which is one factor that contributes to the improved sensitivity. DNA- modified nanostructures generate amplified electrocatalysis signals that are significantly larger than those observed at bulk gold surfaces, and our experiments indicate that the three-dimensional architectures of the nanowires facilitate the electrocatalytic reaction because of enhanced diffusion and accessibility occurring around these structures. The heightened sensitivity achieved indicates that the nanowire ensembles constitute a promising platform for ultrasensitive biosensors.
"I Never Knew There Were so Many Books about Us": Parents and Children Reading and Responding to African American Children's Literature Together.

The purpose of this study was to examine how the social practices of African American families—with children in grades K-2—changed as a result of participating in a family literacy program utilizing African American children’s literature. The families were exposed, through a series of workshops, to an abundance of children’s literature written by and about African Americans. Data sources included pre and post interviews conducted with parents, parental reading logs, and a reflective journal kept by the researcher. Findings suggested that parents increased the amount of time reading aloud to their children, passed along the information that they learned about African American children’s literature to family, friends, and co-workers, and began seeking out and developing an appreciation for quality African American children’s literature. This study was unique in that it involved collaboration between a public university, a local church, an African American sorority, and an innovative teacher recruitment initiative designed to increase the number of Black, male elementary school teachers.
Mobile augmented reality in the data center

Recent advances in compute power, graphics power, and cameras in mobile computing devices have facilitated the development of new augmented reality applications in the mobile device space. Mobile augmented reality provides a straightforward and natural way for users to understand complex data by overlaying visualization on top of a live video feed on their mobile device. In our data center mobile augmented reality project, the user points a mobile device camera at a rack of data center assets, and additional content about these assets is visually overlaid on top of each asset in the video stream from the mobile device camera. This correspondence between digital content and physical things or locations makes mobile augmented reality an intuitive user interface for interacting with the world around us. This paper describes augmented reality techniques for mobile devices and the motivations around using a multimarker computer vision-based technique for visualizing asset data in the data center. Our mobile augmented reality project enables system administrators to easily interact with hardware assets while they are in the data center, providing them with an additional tool to use in managing the data center.
Magnetic anisotropy in epitaxial Co superlattices.

A series of epitaxial Co-Au and Co-Cu superlattices has been grown by molecular-beam-epitaxy techniques, with Co thicknesses varying from 5 to 40 \AA{} and constant Au and Cu thicknesses of 16 and 25 \AA{}, respectively. We compare the magnetic properties of both types of superlattice. Crossover to an easy axis normal to the film plane occurs at a thickness of 19 \AA{} of Co in the Co-Au series and 10 \AA{} of Co in the Co-Cu series. We show that the observed magnetic behavior of both of these systems can be accounted for by contributions from demagnetization, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and magnetoelastic anisotropy. The magnetoelastic term depends on the strain present in Co layers, which in turn is a function of the Co-layer thickness. In our calculation we employ measured Co-layer strains, determined by x-ray scattering, in combination with the known elastic and magnetostriction constants of bulk Co.
Morphometric analysis of cucurbit mitochondria: The relationship between chondriome volume and DNA content

Electron micrographs of cucurbit seedling cells were subjected to morphometric analysis in order to determine organellar volumes. Serial sections revealed that for watermelon, zucchini squash, cucumber and muskmelon there were hundreds of small, ovoid mitochondria in cotyledon, leaf and hypocotyl cells, but only about 7 or 8 large, branching mitochondrial reticula in apical meristem cells of watermelon and muskmelon. For a given tissue there was little species to species difference in the volume of the cells, nuclei, total plastids and total mitochondria (the chondriome), although for each species the volumes were widely variable for cells and plastids, and somewhat variable for nuclei and the chondriome. Despite our previously determined 7- to 8-fold range in mitochondrial DNA content among cucurbit species, there was no variation among species in the volume of the chondriome for any of the four tissues analyzed. We conclude that for both individual, ovoid mitochondria and the entire chondriome, there is no correlation between volume and DNA content, as has been sometimes reported for the nucleus. Calculations show that in cells of differentiated tissues, the number of ovoid mitochondria may be larger than the number of mitochondrial genomes.
Carrier waves in semiconductors I: Zero temperature theory

A detailed treatment of the space-charge waves or carrier waves which are associated with drifting carriers in a semiconductor is given. These waves have a phase velocity comparable to that of the drifting carriers, but normally have very high loss. This dielectric relaxation loss may be radically decreased by utilizing the interaction between two sets of carriers, working with semiconductors of small cross section, or semiconductors placed against high permittivity materials. Gain may be obtained by using special materials such as GaAs, or by the use of interactions between two sets of carriers in the presence of a magnetic field. The treatment given neglects the effect of diffusion so as to keep the mathematics simple and emphasize the physics of the problem. In a later paper, methods of taking diffusion into account will be given.
‘Community’, semiotic flows, and mediated contribution to activity

This article begins with an overview and problematization of the term community through a brief assessment of its history, diverse uses, core attributes, heterogeneous elements, and collocational companions. Following this, I describe demographics and processes associated with collective engagement in digitally mediated environments. Utilizing select alternatives to the term ‘community’ and incorporating the cultural-historical notions of mediation and activity, I then present research describing exogenous influences affecting educational uses of technology in L2 settings, the use of instant messaging and blogging for out-of-class FL interaction at the secondary school level, and a pedagogically focused example of a remixing text posted to an online fan fiction website. I conclude by proposing bridging activities as an approach for connecting the emergent logics of digital vernaculars with the analytics of formal schooling.
The effect of topical fluorides, after acid etching of enamel, on the bond strength of directly bonded orthodontic brackets

This study tests the hypothesis that the beneficial effects of topical fluoride can be realized without reducing the bond strength of the resin adhesive. Twenty-eight groups of four teeth (third molars and premolars) were extracted from twenty-eight patients and stored in distilled water. Twin brackets on Ormesh pads were bonded to all teeth with Endur adhesive. One tooth from each group was bonded according to the manufacturer's instructions. These teeth, Subgroup I, served as controls. Subgroup II teeth were etched for 4 minutes with 50% phosphoric acid containing 2 percent sodium fluoride. Subgroup III teeth received a 3-minute application of a basic phosphate fluoride solution (10(-2)M NA3PO4, 10(3) ppm F) after 1 minute of etching with 50 percent phosphoric acid. Subgroup IV teeth received a 4-minute application of 8 percent stannous fluoride solution after 1 minute of etching with 50 percent phosphoric acid. Each tooth was mounted in a block of improved dental stone; guide wires were used to reproduce bracket orientation. The M.T.S. materials-testing apparatus was used to generate a torsional moment on the bracket at a rate of 1 degree per second. Fluoride uptake by enamel has been shown to be greater in an acid medium or after acid etching. The application of directly bonded orthodontic brackets and pit-and-fissure sealants requires acid etching of the enamel surface. This study supports the use of topical fluoride after acid etching, a procedure that achieves the benefits of increased fluoride uptake without changing the bond strength of the resin adhesive.
Epidemiology and etiology of Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease was first reported in Japan in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki. It has since been recognized worldwide, and in at the United States and Japan is the most important cause of acquired heart disease in children, surpassing other more recognized conditions such as rheumatic fever, endocarditis and myocarditis. It is primarily a disease of children less than 5 years of age but has been reported in older children and adults. Risk factors for the illness include Asian ancestry, male gender and certain familial predispositions. Observations such as similarity to certain exanthematous infectious diseases, temporal-geographic clustering of cases and seasonality in incidence favors an infectious etiology. Pathology and pathogenesis of the disease indicate that it is a medium-sized artery vasculitis that results from a dramatic immune activation that in most cases reversed by immune modulating agents such as intravenous immunoglobulin. Unfortunately, the etiology of the illness remains obscure, although recent studies favor a possible viral etiology.