cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Need for Cognition and Need for Affect on Partisan Evaluations

The voting behavior literature has advanced two prominent theoretical models of partisanship: the social psychological and rational models. Implicit to both stylized models is the assumption that all partisans process information similarly. Yet, growing research in psychology suggests that individuals possess different motivations when evaluating information. We propose that the applicability of the stylized models of partisanship is conditioned on individuals' need for cognition (NFC) and need for affect (NFA), with the social psychological model being most applicable to individuals who have a high NFA and the rational model most applicable to those with a high NFC. To test this proposition, we fielded a survey in which respondents who identified with the two major political parties in the United States (Democrat or Republican) were randomly assigned factual information that depicted either their party or their opposing party in a negative light. Respondents were then asked to assess the actions of that party and subsequently evaluate both political parties. We find evidence that is generally consistent with the proposition that the stylized models of partisanship are conditionally dependent on the extent to which individuals possess a need to engage in effortful thinking or a need to seek out emotions.
Síndrome metabólico: Definición y prevalencia

The metabolic syndrome is defined as a group of cardiovascular risk factors present in an individual. Diagnosis implies an adequate multifactorial handling in order to avoid associated outcomes. From the various diagnostic tools the most used is The National Cholesterol Education Program’s (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATP III), modified in 2005. Metabolic syndrome prevalence in Peru has been found in 16,8%, 20,7% in Metropolitan Lima and 21,5% in the rest of the coast; lowest prevalence was in rural mountains 11,1%. It is important to emphasize that women were more affected, 26,4% versus 7,2% in men, i.e., 1 of each 4 women had the metabolic syndrome.
Critical theorizing on broadcast history

This article focused on the problem of causal explanations embedded in historical accounts. Using three major theoretical positions — instrumentalism, institutionalism, and structuralism — the analysis produced three different accounts of the same event, CBS's 1970 change in programming policy. Because each position took a different level of analysis with a different degree of abstraction, each historical account implies different root causes for the policy change. The layering of the accounts provides the most accurate historical description and suggests that theoretical and methodological work be undertaken to build an integrated approach.
Transforming growth factor-β1 induces hepatocyte apoptosis by a c-Jun independent mechanism

Abstract Background. During hepatic regeneration, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 messenger RNA increases after the initial cycle of DNA synthesis, and it may control hepatocyte growth by inducing apoptosis. TGF-β1 also induces c-Jun, a potential proapoptotic transcription factor. We hypothesized that autocrine expression of activated TGF-β1 (Ad5aTGF-β1) would increase c-jun expression in rat liver and limit hepatic regeneration by inducing apoptosis. Methods. Male rats (175 to 200 g) received portal venous injections with adenoviruses expressing either luciferase (Ad5Luc), as a control, or Ad5aTGF-β1 at a dose of 6 × 10 9 plaque-forming units. Livers were harvested 24 or 48 hours after injection and nuclear extracts and total RNA isolated. TGF-β1 expression was confirmed by Northern blot analysis in all TGF-β1-injected rats. Results. A 2.5-fold increase in c-jun mRNA expression was detected in Ad5aTGF-β1-infected rats compared with control rats. Transcriptional activity was assessed with an AP-1-responsive-reporter gene that increased 3-fold in rat primary hepatocytes infected with Ad5aTGF-β1. C-Jun N-terminal kinase activity also increased 6- to 7-fold in Ad5aTGF-β1-treated rats 24 and 48 hours after injection. Ad5aTGF-β1-injected rats demonstrated increased AP-1 binding activity compared with Ad5Luc rats. Hepatocytes infected in vitro with Ad5aTGF-β1 demonstrated increased apoptosis compared with Ad5Luc-infected hepatocytes (47% vs 27%) 36 hours after infection. Dual adenoviral infection with Ad5aTGF-β1 and a dominant-negative c-Jun (Ad5TAM67) decreased AP-1-induced Ad5Luc activity but not hepatocyte apoptosis (46% with dominant-negative c-Jun and 47% without). Conclusions. These data demonstrate that TGF-β1 induces c-Jun, but c-Jun is not proapoptotic in hepatocytes. (Surgery 2002;132:441-9.)
Preparation of Mg3TeO6 for 125Te and 129I Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract Mg3TeO6 has been prepared in milligram batches with a high yield by oxidation of Te in NH4OH by 30% H2O2 followed by precipitation with magnesium nitrate. Heat treatment of the reaction mixture to 650°C results in the formation of crystalline Mg3TeO6 and loss of other volatile reaction products.
Gay Parenthood and the Decline of Paternity as We Knew It

Most analyses of postmodern transformations of intimacy feature adult unions, often placing gays and lesbians on the frontier. The contemporary pursuit of parenthood evinces a similar shift from ob...
A gesture-based interface for the exploration and classification of protein binding cavities

Molecular biologists seek to explain why similar proteins bind different molecular partners. The visual examination and comparison of binding cavities in protein structures can reveal information about the molecular partners that bind to a protein. Similarities can reveal regions that accommodate similar molecular fragments, while differences in binding preferences can arise from regions where binding sites differ. By comparing the binding cavities of multiple proteins, further information about the specificity of each protein can be discovered. But the visual examination of protein structure is a difficult cognitive task that requires persistence and quantitative precision. Software supports these efforts, but software for analyzing structure is difficult to use for investigators without computational backgrounds. By enabling non-computational users to better use analytical software, we hope to support progress in structural biology. Below, we present LeapRenderer, a 3-dimensional gesture-driven interface for visualizing protein surface models controlled primarily by the Leap Motion Controller. LeapRenderer serves exploration and classification functions. It allows researchers to explore the protein structures by manipulating 3-D renderings via rotation and scaling. It also aids researchers in categorizing similar proteins into groups by providing a simple interface for comparing and sorting protein surfaces. These capabilities thereby support the discovery and classification of protein binding sites.
Regulation of adiponectin and leptin gene expression in white and brown adipose tissues: influence of β3-adrenergic agonists, retinoic acid, leptin and fasting

Circulating adiponectin levels fall whereas leptin levels rise with obesity, suggesting that regulation of these two adipocyte-derived hormones may be simultaneously influenced by common obesity-related factors. We examined adiponectin mRNA levels in WAT and in some instances, brown adipose tissue (BAT) following fasting and refeeding, acute and chronic administration of a beta(3)-adrenergic agonist, acute treatment with retinoic acid (RA) and a glucocorticoid, and following chronic infusion of leptin and compared the expression of adiponectin to that of leptin in each circumstance. Serum concentrations of adiponectin were also reported for most of the treatments. Fasting diminished and refeeding reversed both adiponectin and leptin gene expression. Peripheral injection of the beta(3)-adrenergic agonist, CL316,243, suppressed both leptin and adiponectin expression in WAT. A small but significant reduction in adiponectin expression in BAT was also observed following this treatment. Although CL316,23 lowered serum leptin levels markedly, it did not affect serum adiponectin levels. A chronic 7-day infustion of CL316,243 resulted in an elevation of adiponectin expression in WAT and serum concentrations in contrast to suppressions in both mRNA and serum levels of leptin by a similar treatment as previously reported. Chronic administration of leptin did not alter adiponectin synthesis in WAT compared to controls, but prevented the reduction in adiponectin synthesis associated with pair feeding. Food restriction through pair feeding also diminished adiponectin expression in BAT. Collectively, although leptin and adiponectin are inversely correlated with obesity, leptin does not appear to participate directly in adiponectin synthesis. The short-term regulation of the two adipokine expression in WAT is somewhat similar, perhaps subjective to common control of energy balance. The long-term regulation of adiponectin expression in WAT appears to be the opposite of that of leptin and may be more sensitive to changes in adiposity or insulin sensitivity.
Distribution and population structures of immature and adult Euphausia superba in the western Bransfield Strait region during the 1986-87 summer

Interrelationships among body size, maturity state and spatial distribution in immature and adult Euphausia superba were examined through the course of the 1986-87 reproductive season in a region centered in western Bransfield Strait and extending northward into Drake Passage and southward into Gerlache Strait. During an initial (December to January) peak in production to phytoplankton and krill larvae in Gerlache Strait and adjacent parts of Bransfield Strait, so few post-larvae and adults were caught that the parent stock of those larvae could not be identified with certainty. However, small adults of 36–42 mm body length were caught in abundance later in the summer (February to March), after larval recruitment in and near Gerlache Strait had ceased. Many of these small adults then appeared to be post-reproductive. In Bransfield Strait during late summer (late February to March) there was a nearly equal mixture of small adults (which dominated in Gerlache Strait) and large adults (>42 mm): the large adults showed most evidence of recent reproductive activity and could have been responsible for much of the late summer larval recruitment in Bransfield Strait. In Drake Passage, large adults were usually dominant; the few caught in December were undergoing maturation near the South Shetlands, and in January they were reproductive and dispersed in more offshore oceanic waters. During late February to March, krill became more available in Drake Passage with many having reassembled in aggregations near Livingston Island (South Shetlands). By then, not only small adults but also large adults appeared post-reproductive in all areas. Evidence relating to growth rate in adults was obscured by erratic variations in ratios of body-length classes, month-to-month, considered artifacts on sampling. However, adult growth appeared negligible during January to March. After midsummer (January) there were distinct changes in relative abundances of males to females of >42 mm: within 43–47 mm the modal frequencies favored females, and within 48–55 mm males were dominant, suggesting differential survivorship. The Gerlache-Bransfield Straits and similar coastal habitats must be considered nursery areas, not only for immature krill as has been previously proposed, but also for early summer larvae. In particularly productive years, as in 1986-87, these coastal waters may become spawning localities for small adult krill before production by large adults develops farther away from the Peninsula. Immatures of <12 mm in December and ca 16–30 mm by March, comprised a subgroup of the smallest immature krill though not consistently abundant enough to be distinguished as a year class. Their distributions suggest origins and early growth outside of the study area, possibly in the Weddell Sea and coastal waters of the Bellingshausen Sea.
Regional cooling of human nerve and slowed Na+ inactivation.

Abstract Regional cooling of human sensory nerves increases the amplitude and surface area of an evoked sensory compound action potential (SCAP). It has been proposed that these changes are due to cold-induced slowing of Na + inactivation. Na + inactivation is also the main voltage-dependent event that underlies the refractory period in myelinated nerve. Therefore, if slowed Na + inactivation causes the increased SCAP amplitude and area seen in focal cooling, a parallel temperature-dependent change should also occur in the SCAP refractory period. We compared the duration and magnitude of the relative refractory period to the total surface of a median nerve SCAP at 5 intervals of increasing temperature, from 24°C to 36°C. In 5 control subjects, the SCAP surface area and the relative refractory period increased 4–5-fold in parallel and revealed a non-linear relation to temperature change. Prolongation of the duration of individual nerve fiber potentials from slowed Na + inactivation is proposed as one explanation of these temperature-related changes.
Microwave Rotational Spectrum ofgaucheEthyl Alcohol in Excited States of the –OH Torsion

Abstract The microwave rotational spectrum of gauche CH 3 CH 2 OH has been identified and assigned for the two substates of the first excited state of the –OH torsion. Since μ b ≃ 0 by accident, only a -dipole transitions have been assigned. It was not possible to observe the c -dipole transitions since the tunneling frequency between the two substates is expected to be on the order of 1.7 THz. The assigned lines do not give a rigid rotor fit. The spectrum has been calculated using the IAM program of Liu for asymmetric–asymmetric molecules, which was of little use in the analysis. However, it has been necessary to determine improved potential energy coefficients for the –OH torsion with the result V 1 = 45.3 cm −1 , V 2 = 13.0 cm −1 , and V 3 = 370.0 cm −1 .
Prospective and retrospective processing in associative mediated priming

Abstract Mediated priming refers to the faster word recognition of a target (e.g., milk ) following presentation of a prime (e.g., pasture ) that is related indirectly via a connecting “mediator” (e.g., cow). Association strength may be an important factor in whether mediated priming occurs prospectively (with target activation prior to its presentation) or retrospectively. Mediated priming effects were compared for items having a strong (e.g., iceberg – cold – hot ) versus weak (e.g., camel – desert – hot ) mediator–target association. Priming obtained for both strong and weak mediator–target association conditions in lexical decision tasks (LDTs) conducive to retrospective processing, but only for the stronger items in more automatic LDTs. Results extend recent findings of mediated priming via retrospective processing (e.g., Jones, 2010 ), and further suggest that a strong mediator–target association is necessary in order for mediated priming to occur prospectively by spreading activation.
Controlling the Body: Muslim Feminists Debating Women's Rights in Indonesia

This essay discusses several scholarly and activist projects undertaken by Muslim feminists in Indonesia who aim at strengthening the basic human rights of women based on Islamic teachings. Highlighted in this article are the activities that focus on a woman's agency of choice; especially in matters pertaining to her body. According to these feminists, male interpretations of the Qur’an and its related texts of Hadith and Jurisprudence (Fiqh) combined with local and cultural influences led to misogynist teachings. By re-interpreting these religious sources according to contemporary needs and contexts, they strive to retrieve the underlying Qur’anic message of justice with the goal of influencing patterns of expectations concerning a woman's role and position as constructed by her religious, social, and economic environment.
Quality time with the fractious Fourier family

The Fourier family comprises a wide variety of mathematical transforms, some of them well established in the image-science community, some lesser known but deserving of more recognition. The goal of this paper is to survey the genealogy of this family and to show some possibly non-obvious applications of each member. Three central premises run through the discussion: (1) There can be no science of imaging without a scientific approach to the evaluation of image quality; (2) Image quality must be defined in terms of the information that is desired from the image and the method of extracting that information; (3) Digital images are discrete data obtained from a continuous object. These considerations will lead us to rely on rather different members of the Fourier family than the ones most often encountered in polite imaging society.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Purposive behavior and cognitive mapping: a neural network model

This study presents a real-time, biologically plausible neural network approach to purposive behavior and cognitive mapping. The system is composed of (a) an action system, consisting of a goal-seeking neural mechanism controlled by a motivational system; and (b) a cognitive system, involving a neural cognitive map. The goal-seeking mechanism displays exploratory behavior until either (a) the goal is found or (b) an adequate prediction of the goal is generated. The cognitive map built by the network is a top logical map, i.e., it represents only the adjacency, but not distances or directions, between places. The network has recurrent and non-recurrent properties that allow the reading of the cognitive map without modifying it. Two types of predictions are introduced: fast-time and real-time predictions. Fast-time predictions are produced in advance of what occurs in real time, when the information stored in the cognitive map is used to predict the remote future. Real-time predictions are generated simultaneously with the occurrence of environmental events, when the information stored in the cognitive map is being updated. Computer simulations show that the network successfully describes latent learning and detour behavior in rats. In addition, simulations demonstrate that the network can be applied to problem-solving paradigms such as the Tower of Hanoi puzzle.
Providing critical care during a disaster : The interface between disaster response agencies and hospitals

OBJECTIVE:: Recent natural disasters have highlighted shortfall areas in current hospital disaster preparedness. These include the following: 1) insufficient coordination between hospitals and civil/governmental response agencies; 2) insufficient on-site critical care capability; 3) a lack of "portability" of acute care processes (i.e., patient transport and/or bringing care to the patient); 4) education shortfalls; and 5) the inability of hospitals to align disaster medical requirements with other competing priorities. CONCLUSIONS:: Definition of the roles and responsibilities of a hospital during a disaster requires additional planning precision beyond the prehospital response phase. Planners must also better define plans for circumstances when or if a hospital is rendered unusable. Disaster medical training of hospital personnel has been inadequate. This article details the specifics of these issues and outlines various potential approaches to begin addressing and formulating remedies to these shortfalls.
Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the use of a commercial thermal printer to deposit Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and embryonic motoneuron cells into pre-defined patterns. These experiments were undertaken to verify the biocompatibility of thermal inkjet printing of mammalian cells and the ability to assemble them into viable constructs. Using a modified Hewlett Packard (HP) 550C computer printer and an HP 51626a ink cartridge, CHO cells and rat embryonic motoneurons were suspended separately in a concentrated phosphate buffered saline solution (3×). The cells were subsequently printed as a kind of “ink” onto several “bio-papers” made from soy agar and collagen gel. The appearance of the CHO cells and motoneurons on the bio-papers indicated an healthy cell morphology. Furthermore, the analyses of the CHO cell viability showed that less than 8% of the cells were lysed during printing. These data indicate that mammalian cells can be effectively delivered by a modified thermal inkjet printer onto biological substrates and that they retain their ability to function. The computer-aided inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells holds potential for creating living tissue analogs, and may eventually lead to the construction of engineered human organs.
Depth distribution of boron determined by slow neutron induced lithium ion emission

Abstract Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) has been established as a non-destructive technique to determine the near surface distribution of light elements, particularly boron. By analyzing the residual energy spectrum of the emitted particles of known initial energy as a result of nuclear capture within the target material, information about the site and amount of the reactions can be deduced. In the event of 10 B neutron capture, an alpha particle (1473 keV) and an excited 7 Li ion (840 keV) are emitted, both conveying the same information. However, because the Li ion has a greater charge, the stopping power in a given matrix is higher than that for the alpha particle. Consequently, for boron near the surface, the location of the origin of the emission can be determined with better depth resolution. At the NIST NDP facility, routine analysis using the alpha particle has been established earlier. This paper reports the progress of using the 7 Li ion stopping power to determine the boron depth distribution in the near surface of several matrices. This study has been performed on semiconductor device-related systems – boron in silicon glass, and carbon matrices. Various factors affecting the depth resolution are assessed when comparing the analysis of the alpha particle with that of the 7 Li ion.
Influence of acclimation temperature and season on acute temperature preference of adult mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni

Temperatures preferred by four groups of adult mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni, collected in October before spawning, in December after spawning, in late winter, and in spring were determined in the laboratory in a horizontal gradient. Acute temperature preference based on fish tested soon after capture and final preferendum estimates were 12.8 and 17.7°C, respectively (pre-spawning), 9.6 and 11.9°C (post-spawning), 10.8 and 9.9°C (winter), and 16.4 and 16.3°C (spring). Seasonal influence on temperature preference was evident on the basis of differences in final preferenda, covariance analysis of responses of laboratory-acclimated fish, and temperature preference of fish held at ambient river temperatures. Fish of the post-spawning and winter groups preferred lower temperatures than did those of pre-spawning and spring groups. Temperatures preferred by pre-spawning fish were too high for embryo survival. Caution is necessary in predicting thermal preference on the basis of a sample collected at one time of year or stage of sexual development.
Anatomical Evidence For A Strong Ventral Parabrachial Projection To Nucleus Raphe Magnus And Adjacent Tegmental Field.

Injections with [3H]leucine in the ventral parabrachial nuclei and nucleus Kolliker-Fuse of the cat revealed strong projections to the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and adjacent tegmentum, while similar injections in the adjacent nucleus subcoeruleus produced diffuse projections to large parts of the tegmentum, but not specifically to the NRM. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the area of the NRM and adjacent tegmentum demonstrated many labeled neurons in the ventral parabrachial nuclei, nucleus Kolliker-Fuse and nucleus subcoeruleus. These results suggest that the inhibition of nociception induced by stimulation in the ventral parabrachial nuclei may be based on the projections of this area to NRM and adjacent tegementum.
Variable Energy X-ray Photoemission Studies of Alkylsilane Based Monolayers on Gold

Gaseous n-hexylsilane (C6H13SiH3), n-octylsilane (C8H17SiH3), and n-octadecylsilane (C18H37SiH3) have been vapor deposited in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) on freshly evaporated gold surfaces to form monolayers. Surface sensitive X-ray photoemission studies utilizing synchrotron radiation in the 160−360 eV range have been used to characterize these systems. Analyses of the C 1s, Si 2p, and Au 4f and valence band regions permit a structural assessment of the monolayer. The full width at half-maximum of the Si 2p and C 1s core levels, 0.4 and 1.2 or 1.1 eV, respectively, suggest the monolayers are chemically homogeneous. The intensity variation of the Au 4f and Si 2p core levels at different photon energies indicate the surface coverage of the monolayer is ∼96% and the chain orientation is upright on the surface, not parallel to the surface. The valence band of the alkylsilane monolayers exhibit features at ∼−13.2, −14.6, −16.3, −17.6, and −18.9 eV that agree well with those observed for alkyl chains of the same l...
Inactivation of enzymes of the glutathione antioxidant system by treatment of cultured human keratinocytes with peroxides

Either metal ions, H2O2, t-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), or cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) was added to the medium of cultured human keratinocytes, and the activities of key peroxide-metabolizing enzymes were examined in a sonicated cell supernatant from the treated cells. 200 microM Fe++ +200 microM Fe was without effect on any enzyme activity. 700 microM CHP or tBHP decreased glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity by 90% after 5 h and by 100% at 20 h, even if the CHP or tBHP was removed from the media after 90 min. H2O2 at 700 microM caused a brief 17% decrease in activity, which was followed by complete recovery. GSH peroxidase was found to be rapidly inactivated in vitro by CHP, but the enzyme was also inactivated at 37 degrees C even in the absence of CHP. GSH prevented both types of inactivation. Consistent with this in vitro data, in vivo depletion of the GSH pool with buthionine sulfoximine led to lower levels of GSH peroxidase and increased sensitivity to peroxide-induced inactivation. Neither GSH reductase nor GSH S-transferase were inactivated by any treatment although CHP did cause a small increase in the activity of the latter, which was not due to induction. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was decreased 50% following treatment for 5 h with 700 microM CHP or tBHP, whereas H2O2 treatment caused a brief 15% decline, followed by recovery. The effects of peroxides were not altered by changing the concentration of Ca++ in the media. Catalase was unaffected by concentrations of peroxide up to 700 microM. Inhibition of catalase with aminotriazole slightly enhanced the toxicity of 700 microns H2O2. In summary, organic hydroperoxides at relatively low concentrations inactive key enzymes of the glutathione pathway, but hydrogen peroxide does not.
"Catch 222," the effects of symmetry on ligand binding and catalysis in R67 dihydrofolate reductase as determined by mutations at Tyr-69.

Abstract R67 dihydrofolate reductase (R67 DHFR) catalyzes the transfer of a hydride ion from NADPH to dihydrofolate, generating tetrahydrofolate. The homotetrameric enzyme provides a unique environment for catalysis as both ligands bind within a single active site pore possessing 222 symmetry. Mutation of one active site residue results in concurrent mutation of three additional symmetry-related residues, causing large effects on binding of both ligands as well as catalysis. For example, mutation of symmetry-related tyrosine 69 residues to phenylalanine (Y69F), results in large increases in Km values for both ligands and a 2-fold rise in the kcat value for the reaction (Strader, M. B., Smiley, R. D., Stinnett, L. G., VerBerkmoes, N. C., and Howell, E. E. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 11344–11352). To understand the interactions between specific Tyr-69 residues and each ligand, asymmetric Y69F mutants were generated that contain one to four Y69F mutations. A general trend observed from isothermal titration calorimetry and steady-state kinetic studies of these asymmetric mutants is that increasing the number of Y69F mutations results in an increase in the Kd and Km values. In addition, a comparison of steady-state kinetic values suggests that two Tyr-69 residues in one half of the active site pore are necessary for NADPH to exhibit a wild-type Km value. A tyrosine 69 to leucine mutant was also generated to approach the type(s) of interaction(s) occurring between Tyr-69 residues and the ligands. These studies suggest that the hydroxyl group of Tyr-69 is important for interactions with NADPH, whereas both the hydroxyl group and hydrophobic ring atoms of the Tyr-69 residues are necessary for proper interactions with dihydrofolate.
MMT conversion: a status report

The project to enlarge the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) to a 6.5 m single primary mirror telescope is described. The goal is to provide a telescope which is competitive with the existing MMT in tracking and pointing performance (0.2 and 1.0 arcseconds, respectively) but has more than twice the light gathering power and 15 times the angular field of view. The existing mount and building will be used with minor modifications so that the cost of the project is relatively modest. Casting of the 6.5 m mirror is scheculed in early 1991 and first light in late 1993.
Patterns of treatment in older adults with primary central nervous system lymphoma.

BACKGROUND. The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has increased in recent decades and is highest in people aged ≥65 years. Radiotherapy (XRT) and systemic chemotherapy (CTX), alone or in combination, are reported to extend survival, but treatment-related toxicity is a particular concern in the elderly. The objective of the current study was to identify factors associated with the receipt and type of treatment in a population-based cohort of older PCNSL patients. METHODS. Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data linked with Medicare claims, the authors identified PCNSL cases in adults aged ≥65 years who were diagnosed between 1994 and 2002. Initial treatment was defined as XRT alone, CTX alone, combined CTX and XRT, or no treatment, based on Medicare claims in the 6 months after diagnosis. The authors assessed the effects of age, comorbidity, and sociodemographic characteristics on the odds of receiving treatment. RESULTS. Of 579 PCNSL patients, 464 (80%) received any treatment. XRT alone was the most common modality (46%), followed by combined therapy (33%) and CTX alone (22%). The type of treatment varied by age (P < .0001). The use of CTX alone or in combination with XRT decreased with increasing age, whereas the use of XRT alone increased with age. In adjusted analysis, younger age (P < .01) was found to be predictive of the receipt of any treatment. The use of CTX decreased with age (P < .0001). The median survival was 7 months (95% confidence interval, 6–8 months); no significant time trends were observed. CONCLUSIONS. Although the majority of older PCNSL patients received treatment, most did not receive optimal therapy. Age was found to have the greatest influence on treatment selection. Overall survival in elderly PCNSL patients appears to be poor. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Aggravation by propranolol of hyperglycaemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in type II diabetics without alteration of insulin secretion.

Abstract 14 hypertensive men with type II diabetes sequentially received, in random order, hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg twice a day, propranolol 80 mg twice a day, and both drugs in combination. The 3-week treatment periods were separated by a 1-week washout period. Hydrochlorothiazide significantly increased fasting glucose by 31% (p 1c ) by 6·0% (p 1c by 14·7% (p
Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risk of perioperative stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy.

Background Carotid endarterectomy is performed in high volume in the United States. Identifying patients with a higher risk of stroke and death after carotid endarterectomy can lead to modifications in care that would significantly reduce the occurrence of these events. This study evaluates whether atrial fibrillation is significantly associated with an increased risk of death or stroke for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Methods This retrospective cohort study uses multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between atrial fibrillation and death and/or stroke after carotid endarterectomy. The study population is drawn from the National Inpatient Sample, 2005. All patients with a primary carotid endarterectomy and diagnosis of stenosis of precerebral arteries were included, except patients with concomitant open heart procedures. The main outcomes examined were in-hospital death and stroke, adjusted for age, gender, symptomatic status, and for comorbid disease. Results Carotid endarterectomy was performed for 20,022 patients. Strokes occurred in 189 patients (0.94%), and death occurred in 59 (0.29%). Patients with atrial fibrillation had significantly higher adjusted odds of stroke or death (odds ratio=2.45; P Conclusion Patients with atrial fibrillation have a substantially higher risk of stroke and death after carotid endarterectomy.
Effects of light, temperature and humidity on sporulation of Erysiphe cichoracearum on tobacco

The formation and release of conidia were studied in two ways; by the direct observation of conidiophores and by trapping the spores at the downwind end of an environment tunnel containing infected tobacco plants. About 5–6 conidia were produced and detached per conidiophore per day at constant temperature in continuous light, or in alternating periods of 13 h light and 11 h darkness. Conidia were produced more slowly in the dark periods of the alternating light and dark regime and faster in the following light period than at corresponding times in continuous light. There were no marked changes in the rate of production in continuous light where periods of different temperature (18 and 24 ° C) alternated. Conidia were caught at a constant rate in the tunnel in continuous light and continuous dark, at constant temperature and humidity. In alternating 12 h periods of 23 and 16 ° in continuous light or continuous dark, fewer conidia were caught in the cooler period. The catch increased soon after the change to 23 ° and then gradually diminished. In alternating 12 h periods of 1 and 8 mb saturation deficit in continuous light the catch remained almost constant. In alternating light and dark, the catch was small in darkness, followed a normal distribution with a peak 8 h after the beginning of the photoperiod and was unaffected by changes in temperature and humidity.
La mente extendida

Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. some accept the intuitive demarcations of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outsider the mind. Others are impressed by the arguments of Putnam and Burge that the truth-conditions of our thoughts “just ain’t in the head”,[* and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third position. We will advocate an externalism about mind, but one that is in no way grounded in the debatable role of truth-conditions and referente in fixing the contents of our mental states. rather, we advocate an active externalism, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes..
Electronic and molecular structure of aminimides (1-acyl-2,2,2-trimethyl-diazan-2-ium-1-ide). 2. Substituted aminimides (RCON−N+Me3)

Abstract The electronic structure and geometries of substituted aminimides (R CON − N + (CH 3 ) 3 ) where R = H, F, OH, NH 2 , N − N + (CH 3 ) 3 , NO, NO 2 , CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CH C, CH 2 CH, C 6 H 5 , SiH 3 have been examined using the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) model. For all aminimides (except when substituted with C 6 H 5 and SiH 3 ), NBO calculations locate one lone pair of the N − in the HOMO ( p z ) and the second lone pair in HOMO-3 (sp x , x = 1.06–1.19). One lone pair of oxygen (LP1) fills the HOMO-1 (p orbital which is orthogonal to π CO ). The π CO is the HOMO-2. There is a significant donor–acceptor interaction between the N − and the carbonyl group. Unlike other aminimides, when substituted with C 6 H 5 and SiH 3 the negative charge is mostly located on the carbonyl oxygen rather than on nitrogen. All R CON − N + (CH 3 ) 3 have a preference for the ( Z )-conformation about the C(O) N − bond. The computed Gibbs free energy of activation (25 °C) for converting the ( Z )-conformer into the ( E )-conformer is in the range of 22–35 kcal/mol. The anionic nitrogen of R CON − N + (CH 3 ) 3 is more effective at charge transfer than an ordinary amide! For example, the second order perturbation stabilization as result of donor (N − )/acceptor (C O) interaction is ca. 100 kcal/mol for R CON − N + (CH 3 ) 3 , while for similarly substituted amides is ca. 60 kcal/mol. The most important factors in negative hyperconjugation are the donation of the oxygen LP(2) into the adjacent antibonds σ* CO-R (the second order stabilization energy gives a good linear correlation with the calculated C O stretching vibrational values) and σ* CO-N- . Isodesmic reactions analysis at B3LYP/6-311 + G(d, p) level, G2 and G2MP2 supports the view that π donors (NH 2 , OH and F) are stabilizing the aminimides. The Gibbs free energy balance of the isodesmic reactions correlates linearly with the inductive and resonance substituent constants.
Reconstruction of metabolic pathways for the cattle genome

Metabolic reconstruction of microbial, plant and animal genomes is a necessary step toward understanding the evolutionary origins of metabolism and species-specific adaptive traits. The aims of this study were to reconstruct conserved metabolic pathways in the cattle genome and to identify metabolic pathways with missing genes and proteins. The MetaCyc database and PathwayTools software suite were chosen for this work because they are widely used and easy to implement.
INCIDENCE AND STRUCTURAL PREDICTORS OF AORTIC DISSECTION AMONG PATIENTS WITH GENETICALLY MEDIATED AORTIC ANEURYSMS: MULTICENTER FOLLOW-UP RESULTS FROM THE GENTAC (NATIONAL REGISTRY OF GENETICALLY TRIGGERED THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSMS AND CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS) REGISTRY

Aortic dissection (AD) is a serious complication of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Current day incidence and location of AD with genetically-mediated TAA are unknown. The population comprised adult GenTAC participants. Clinical assessment was done for AD within 1 month of registry enrollment, and
Case-based independent study for medical students in emergency psychiatry.

Objective: Brief cases designed for independent study were developed to allow third-year medical students some exposure to important concepts in emergency psychiatry during their required psychiatry clerkship. Methods: Five independent study cases were given to University of Michigan third-year medical students during their psychiatry clerkship, and their performance on a pre- and posttest of knowledge of emergency psychiatry management was compared between students who did and did not use the independent study cases. Results: All of the students improved in their knowledge of emergency psychiatric management, but the students who completed the cases had a significantly better performance on the postrotation quiz. Conclusions: Case-based independent study is an effective method to improve exposure to emergency psychiatry cases during a third-year medical student clerkship.
Labor as the Basis for Intellectual Property Rights

In debates about the moral foundations of intellectual property, one very popular strand concerns the role of labor as a moral basis for intellectual property rights. This idea has a great deal of intuitive plausibility; but is there a way to make it philosophically precise? That is, does labor provide strong reasons to grant intellectual property rights to intellectual laborers? In this paper, I argue that the answer to that question is “yes”. I offer a new view, different from existing labor theories of intellectual property, which I call the productive capacities view. This view gives us a way to make sense of the idea of labor as the basis for intellectual property rights, as well as a tool for critically evaluating existing intellectual property institutions.
Combined role of transrectal ultrasonography, Gleason score, and prostate-specific antigen in predicting organ-confined prostate cancer.

Abstract Prostate cancer staging is frequently inaccurate. By combining transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) with a retrospectively derived grade-stratified prostate-specific antigen (PSA-GS) scale, we demonstrated 77 percent staging accuracy in 155 men with clinically localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. When used as the first step in a staging algorithm, PSA-GS (Score > 7: PSA ≥ 4.0 ng/mL, uncontained; Score = 5 or 6: PSA ≥ 8.0 ng/mL, uncontained; Score ≤ 4: PSA ≥ 16.0 ng/mL, uncontained) had a sensitivity of 75 percent and a specificity of 72 percent. The addition of TRUS to the staging algorithm, necessary only in patients with negative predictions by PSA-GS (46%), increased the sensitivity to 86 percent and the negative predictive value to 79 percent, while positive predictive value was unchanged at 77 percent. The combination of TRUS with PSA
The Intertextuality of Comus and Corinthians

Presence des deux epitres aux Corinthiens et revision biblique des conventions du masque dans Comus de J. Milton
Optimization and validation of a Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry method for the routine analysis of soils and sediments

article i nfo A simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the routine analysis of trace elements on sediments and soils by UV-ns-LA-ICP-MS. The homogenization procedure that reduces the particle size of the samples to less than 1 µm diameter was found to be a key factor to allow for a representative sampling of the bulk soil at the micro-scale and to improve reproducibility and cohesion of the sample without requiring the use of any binder. The elimination of binders simplified the sample preparation and avoided any undesirable dilution of the sample. SEM/EDX analyses were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of laser to sample interaction. Matrix effects and different quantitation strategies were employed to demonstrate the utility of the analytical technique. Sixteen elements were analyzed on soil and sediment samples and certified reference materials. Analytical results obtained by LA-ICP-MS were comparable to solution ICP-MS analysis in terms of accuracy, precision and limits of detection. Two independent proficiency tests for trace metals in soils were conducted to compare the performance of the method versus conventional digestion ICP and AA methods, obtaining z scores ≤3 for all elements measured by LA-ICP-MS. An overall bias between 8 and 15% was found, depending on the sample while the overall precision was found to be better than 5% RSD for all samples. Limits of detection were as low as 0.01 mg kg −1 .
Use of linear feedback to control relaxation oscillations in a metal-passivation model

A method of linear feedback is shown to be applicable to the control or suppression of spontaneously occurring relaxation oscillations in a two-dimensional model for the passivation of a metal surface exposed to an aqueous medium. For the operating conditions selected, these oscillations are characterized by a large limit cycle within the state space of the electrochemical system. A physically plausible control is used, involving feedback of a linear combination of two measurable quantities to a controllable parameter. The control acts to stabilize an otherwise unstable fixed point without changing its state space coordinates. Addition of the control to the system's dynamics also results in the appearance of two new fixed points, one of which is stable, the other unstable. The control is found to be extremely robust; when applied, even when the system is far from a fixed point, stabilization onto one or the other of the two stable fixed points occurs quickly. Which of the two it approaches depends upon the state space coordinates of the system on the limit cycle at the time the control is initiated. Stabilization onto the fixed point of the free system, from any point on the limit cycle, can be achieved using a combination of free and controlled dynamics. Release of the control causes the system to return to its oscillatory dynamics. Other linear-feedback-based approaches to control also are briefly considered, such as feeding back the time derivative of a measurable quantity to a controllable parameter.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Post-Lumpectomy Treatment in Elderly Women.

Introduction In this era of rising cost of medical care, it is difficult to decide how to treat patients (pts). Specifically, with elderly pts who have small breast cancers (BC), there are many options. The NSABP B21 study looked at the need for breast radiotherapy (RT) after lumpectomy in node - pts with invasive BC =70 who received tam or RT alone. The CALGB also looked at this question in pts >= 70 with stage 1, node -, ER+ BC by randomly assigning them to tam or tam/RT. The only difference between the 2 groups was the rate of IBTR, which was 1% in the tam/RT group and 4% in the tam group. There was no differences in mastectomy for local recurrences, distant metastases, or 5 year OS. With the addition of aromatase inhibitors (AI), the IBTR rate in this cohort would be smaller. Based on these studies, we undertook a cost-benefit analysis of RT vs tam vs AI in pts >=70 with node -, ER+, stage 1 BC.MethodsThe 3 adjuvant treatment (tx) methods considered were conventional whole breast RT (28 fractions) alone, anastrozole (1mg Qday x 5 years), & tam (20mg Qday x 5 yrs). Rates of IBTRs were extrapolated from the CALGB 5 year data as a basis, the NSABP B21 trial relative risks (9.3% RT alone vs 16.5% Tam alone), & the ATAC trial relative risks (1.5% RT+Tam vs 1.0% RT+AI). Rates of contralateral breast cancers (CBC) were similarly estimated. Costs of outpatient tx was estimated using Medicare Part B reimbursements as a surrogate. Drug costs were taken from prices from Drugstore.com. All breast failures (CBC + IBTRs) were assumed treated with mastectomy alone. Costs associated with mastectomy were estimated using Medicare Part B reimbursements for surgical costs and associated Part A inpatient prospective payments. Total cost for each tx was calculated by the formula C = FC + TC, where C= total cost, FC= failure associated cost (failure rate x mastectomy cost), and TC = tx cost.ResultsThe results for estimation of failure rates at 5 years is shown in Table 1.The cost of mastectomy was $10,037.08.The results for total cost are shown in Table 2.DiscussionWe consider costs of initial tx and tx of local failure. Tam alone would be the tx of choice if simply considering this total cost. However, if side effects associated with each tx is considered, then the cost for each would need to be increased accordingly. For example, in NSABP P1 trial, 3 pts died from PE on tam. If a cost were estimated for these deaths (beyond the scope of this abstract), the total cost for tam would be much higher.ConclusionsThe results from adjuvant tx after breast conserving surgery in older women with early stage BC have been excellent. In an era of steadily increasing health care costs, the cost-to-benefit ratio should be one of the factors taken into consideration when deciding tx options. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1074.