cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
7. Seymour Martin Lipset. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53 (March): 69–105 Cited 455 times.

“Some Social Requisites of Democracy” is, by official count, the seventh most cited article the Review has published. If we include citations to it as it was reproduced in Political Man (published the following year), we would surely find it to be one of the most influential political science essays of the past half-century. I suggest five reasons why.
PREDICTION OF GAS ADSORPTION IN 5A ZEOLITES USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION

Adsorption of air in 5A zeolites was studied using Monte Carlo simulations in the grand canonical ensemble (μ, V, T constant). Site-site potentials were used to model the adsorbate-zeolite and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. The potential model contains one adjustable parameter that was fit to a single experimental isotherm data point. Adsorption isotherms and heats of adsorption were determined for pure argon, oxygen, and nitrogen at 203.15 K, 233.15 K, and 297.15 K from 0.1 bar to 4.0 bar. Multicomponent adsorption isotherms were determined for binary mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen at 203.15 K. The results for the pure-component isotherms are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The results for the heat of adsorption are in good agreement with experimental data for argon and oxygen, but not for nitrogen. The results for multicomponent adsorption isotherms are qualitatively correct; however, the simulation was not able to quantitatively predict mixture data.
Exquisite allele discrimination by toehold hairpin primers

The ability to detect and monitor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in biological samples is an enabling research and clinical tool. We have developed a surprising, inexpensive primer design method that provides exquisite discrimination between SNPs. The field of DNA computation is largely reliant on using so-called toeholds to initiate strand displacement reactions, leading to the execution of kinetically trapped circuits. We have now similarly found that the short toehold sequence to a target of interest can initiate both strand displacement within the hairpin and extension of the primer by a polymerase, both of which will further stabilize the primer:template complex. However, if the short toehold does not bind, neither of these events can readily occur and thus amplification should not occur. Toehold hairpin primers were used to detect drug resistance alleles in two genes, rpoB and katG, in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, and ten alleles in the Escherichia coli genome. During real-time PCR, the primers discriminate between mismatched templates with Cq delays that are frequently so large that the presence or absence of mismatches is essentially a ‘yes/no’ answer.
Satellite Cell Proliferative Compartments in Growing Skeletal Muscles

The cell cycle time of satellite cells in growing rats was determined to be approximately 32 hr, with an S-phase of 14 hr. The estimated cycle time was the same for satellite cells in both oxidative soleus and glycolytic EDL muscles and is consistent with the rate at which myonuclei are produced during growth. Continuous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to determine if all satellite cells had the same cycle time in vivo. Approximately 80% of the satellite cell population was readily labeled over the first 5 days of continuous infusion. Remaining satellite cells accumulated label at a much slower rate and were still not completely saturated after an additional 9 days of infusion. Only a small portion of the cells labeled with BrdU during the first 5 days could be labeled with a second label ([3H]thymidine) during tandem continuous infusion experiments, suggesting that they pass through a limited number of mitotic divisions prior to fusion. These results suggest that satellite cells in growing oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles can be subdivided into two distinct compartments. About 80% divide with a 32-hr cell cycle duration and are responsible chiefly for providing myonuclei to growing fibers. The remaining 20% of the cells divide more slowly, probably because the cells enter a G(0)-phase between mitotic divisions. These reserve cells, through asymmetric divisions, may generate the myonuclei-producing satellite cell population. Proliferative potential for regeneration and adaptive responses is likely located in this reserve population.
Features of programmed cell death in intact Xenopus oocytes and early embryos revealed by near-infrared fluorescence and real-time monitoring

Factors influencing apoptosis of vertebrate eggs and early embryos have been studied in cell-free systems and in intact embryos by analyzing individual apoptotic regulators or caspase activation in static samples. Described here is a novel method for monitoring caspase activity in living Xenopus oocytes and early embryos. The approach, utilizing microinjection of a near-infrared caspase substrate that emits fluorescence only after its proteolytic cleavage by active effector caspases, has enabled the elucidation of otherwise cryptic aspects of apoptotic regulation. In particular, we demonstrate that brief caspase activity (ten minutes) is sufficient to cause apoptotic death in this system. We illustrate a cytochrome c dose threshold in the oocyte, which is lowered by Smac, a protein that binds thereby neutralizing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. We show that meiotic oocytes develop resistance to cytochrome c, and that eventual death of oocytes arrested in meiosis is caspase-independent. Finally, data acquired through imaging caspase activity in the Xenopus embryo suggests that apoptosis in very early development is not cell-autonomous. These studies both validate this assay as a useful tool for apoptosis research and reveal subtleties in the cell death program during early development. Moreover, this method offers a potentially valuable screening modality for identifying novel apoptotic regulators.
Theories of Low-Wage Work: Findings from an Analysis of Textbooks on Human Behavior and the Social Environment

This is a review of 14 of the most commonly used textbooks on human behavior and the social environment as regards their content relating to low-wage work. The textbooks are divided into three categories, analyzed, and compared. Particular attention is paid to theoretical perspectives on low-wage work. In most of the textbooks, the content on low-wage work is scattered, with few textbooks providing theoretical grounding on this issue. However, several of the textbooks did provide theoretical lenses that could be applied to low-wage work. The review concludes with a discussion of how theoretical views could be incorporated better into each of the three categories.
Consumer decision to upgrade or downgrade a service membership

Service memberships are commonly used to support consumer relationships, yet the mechanisms for consumers’ membership decisions are poorly understood. This paper develops a model of consumers’ decision to modify (upgrade or downgrade) a service membership conditional on their decision to renew. Bridging insights from relationship marketing and consumer behavior, the proposed model conceptualizes how relational drivers differentially influence the upgrade/downgrade decision while also modeling the effect of transactional, membership and socio-demographic variables. The posited hypotheses are tested with a multinomial logit model with selection using multi-source (archival and survey) consumer-level data related to renewable service memberships in a not-for-profit context. Results suggest that modification decisions are driven by relational payoffs from ongoing experiences such that upgrade decisions evidence a “motivator” effect of consumer trust (quadratic), while downgrade decisions indicate a negative influence of consumer trust conditional on perceived knowledge. Managerially, the study indicates that, while membership modification and renewal are disparate decisions with remarkably divergent mechanisms, to examine and analyze them as independent decisions is to risk misjudgments about their determinants and waste resources in investments that are unlikely to yield desired return.
Did Insecure Attachment Styles Evolve for the Benefit of the Group

In a recent article in Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ein-Dor et al. (2010) propose that insecure attachment styles harm the biological fitness of individuals, yet may have been favored by natural selection because they provide benefits for the group. This novel hypothesis proclaims that groups containing a mixture of secure and insecure attachment styles deal more effectively with hazards, such as venomous snakes or fires, because of earlier detection and escape. While I support adaptationist approaches to development, including attachment, I have concerns about this specific proposal. In particular, I question: (1) that insecure attachment styles are detrimental to individual fitness, (2) that insecure attachment styles are well-designed for dealing with danger at the group-level, (3) the underlying assumption that human attachment styles evolved in social groups comprised mostly of genetic relatives, (4) whether the empirical evidence, provided by the authors, can arbitrate between hypotheses postulating benefits to individuals versus benefits to groups.
Temporal changes in nutritional state affect hypothalamic POMC peptide levels independently of leptin in adult male mice.

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons constitute a critical anorexigenic node in the central nervous system (CNS) for maintaining energy balance. These neurons directly affect energy expe...
A fault-tolerant distributed subcube management scheme for hypercube multicomputer systems

This paper proposes a fault-tolerant distributed subcube management scheme for hypercube multicomputer systems. Gracefully degradable subcube management is supported by a data structure, called the distributed subcube table (DST), and a fault-tolerant broadcast protocol, called the reliably synchronized broadcast (RSB). In an n-dimensional hypercube, DST is the collection of 2/sup n/ local subcube tables (LSTs), DST. >
World to Chip Sample Introduction

The effort to pursue a greater quality of life has given rise to an entire industry devoted to acquiring technology that produces accurate medical diagnoses in a shorter amount of time than is currently possible. The goal is a very small, self contained system that is available to doctors in offices and to medical personnel in field situations. This goal has nearly been realized through recent advances in micro and nano technologies that allow diagnostic systems to shrink to the size of a microchip. However, as systems shrink in size, smaller sample introduction methods are needed. This paper explores three different possibilities for introducing sample from the macro environment to that of a micro-chip in a Micro Total Analysis (mu-TAS), or Lab-on-Chip (LOC), scenario. In addition to the world-to-chip possibilities, this paper also explores methods to maximize the quantity of sample delivered to specific locations on the chip for processing, while minimizing the chip area. The use of a fixed displacement, solenoid activated micropump, is verified as one method of sample entry. Standard Luer Lock syringes were also used in conjunction with Luer to 1/8 NPT fittings. Finally Hamilton micro syringes were used with UpChurch fluidic interconnects. The chip layouts included several different angles of intersection between two channels, as well as the use of multiple, smaller channels. The three methods are judged on ease of consumer use, ease of manufacturing, and finally overall reliability of the method. Preliminary results indicate that the micropump solution is the easiest for consumer use, is reliable, but is difficult to implement. The Luer lock fittings also provide easy consumer use; however, reliable sealing in combination with the shear volume of the syringes hinder implementation. Finally the Hamilton micro syringes in conjunction with UpChurch fluidic interconnects is difficult for personnel in the field to implement, but offers a reliable and easily implemented method of sample introduction.
Systems engineering of complex software systems

Global software development, via wage differential, reduces software life cycle cost significantly and is expected to grow. However, two recent studies reported that anticipated benefits of software outsourcing of custom software projects such as cost reduction, expanded capabilities, and increased flexibility often failed to materialize. These discrepancies were attributed to unclear or changing requirements from the enterprise and poor communication, among others, leading to suggestions of "centralize-standardize-outsource" or commodities outsourcing. Some complex software systems have been developed successfully by contracting companies in the U.S. or globally distributed teams via insourcing. In an attempt to prepare our students in this globalization era, this paper advocates two systems engineering techniques: software product line architecture and iterative and incremental development to overcome problems faced by globally distributed development teams. A high-value, high-risk network management system is used to illustrate the techniques. Projects in software engineering curriculum and design patterns are suggested.
Surface Oxidation Mechanisms of Molybdenum Disilicide in High-Temperature Combustion Environments

The stability of MoSi2 was studied at 1600°C in combustion products with an incoming gas to air ratio of 1:6.7 and compared to results in a 1:10 environment. Oxidation was investigated using periodic weight measurements and characterization using XRD, SEM, and EDS. Passive oxidation was observed; MoSi2 was oxidized by H2O and CO2 to form Mo5Si3 and SiO2. The amorphous silica product formed a surface layer and reduced the oxidation rate as it coarsened. MoO3(g) did not form which was in agreement with the thermodynamic (SOLGASMIX-PV) prediction that it would only form in the presence of molecular oxygen. A good agreement was observed between the measured and calculated weight gains based on the surface layer thickness.
Comparison of Immunologic Amplification vs Enzymatic Deposition of Fluorochrome-conjugated Tyramide as Detection Systems for FISH

Using various sizes and dilutions of hapten-conjugated DNA probes, we compared catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) to fluorochrome-conjugated antibody layering (immunological method) for amplifying FISH signals. Cosmid and phage probes that contained human DNA inserts of 40 kb and 15 kb, respectively, and were mapped to chromosome 15q11.2 were used to evaluate these amplification methods. The probes were used either at standard concentrations (10 ng/μl) or at dilutions up to 1:40 (0.25 ng/μl). Detection of FISH signals using either immunological (three antibody layers) or CARD methods were comparable when the undiluted (10 ng/μl) or 1:4 dilution (2.5 ng/μl) of the cosmid probe was used. Use of a single fluorochrome-conjugated antibody layer produced very weak FISH signals. However, addition of an unlabeled secondary antibody followed by a third antibody conjugated to the same fluorochrome (i.e., two rounds of amplification) produced a strong signal that was detected at a 1:4 probe dilution but was not su...
Effect of Acute Ethanol Exposure on Cultured Fetal Rat Hepatocytes: Relation to Mitochondrial Function

Studies from our laboratory have shown that short-term ethanol exposure inhibits epidermal growth factor-dependent replication of cultured fetal rat hepatocytes, along with a drop in ATP level, and that these effects could be caused, at least in part, by ethanol-induced oxidative stress. In these prior studies, mitochondrial morphology was abnormal and membrane lipid peroxidation products were increased, along with reduced transmembrane potential and enhanced permeability to sucrose. To define the effects of ethanol on mitochondrial function further, the present study examines the impact of ethanol exposure on mitochondrial electron transport chain components. A 24-hr exposure of cultured fetal rat hepatocytes to ethanol (2.5 mg/ml) reduced mitochondrial complex I activity by 16% (p < 0.05), complex IV by 28% (p < 0.05), and succinate dehydrogenase by 23% (p < 0.05). This reduction was paralleled by lower ADP translocase activity (24%, p < 0.05) and diminished mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) (20%, p < 0.05). Pretreatment with 0.1mm S-adenosyl methionine, before ethanol exposure, normalized mitochondrial GSH along with activities of complex I, complex IV, and succinate dehydrogenase. A 3-hr exposure of isolated mitochondria (which do not metabolize ethanol) to ethanol (2.5 mg/ml), inhibited the activities of complex I (19%, p < 0.05), complex IV (24%, p < 0.05), and of ATP synthesis (20%, p < 0.05). It is concluded that: (1) short-term ethanol exposure modestly decreases ATP synthesis by inhibiting activities of fetal hepatic mitochondrial electron transport chain components; (2) ethanol, in the absence of acetaldehyde (as in the isolated mitochondria), can directly impair mitochondrial respiratory chain components; and (3) protection from some of the adverse effects of ethanol by pretreatment with S-adenosyl methionine suggests that these effects are secondary to depletion of mitochondrial GSH.
Role for human SIRT2 NAD-dependent deacetylase activity in control of mitotic exit in the cell cycle.

Studies of yeast have shown that the SIR2 gene family is involved in chromatin structure, transcriptional silencing, DNA repair, and control of cellular life span. Our functional studies of human SIRT2, a homolog of the product of the yeast SIR2 gene, indicate that it plays a role in mitosis. The SIRT2 protein is a NADdependent deacetylase (NDAC), the abundance of which increases dramatically during mitosis and is multiply phosphorylated at the G2/M transition of the cell cycle. Cells stably overexpressing the wild-type SIRT2 but not missense mutants lacking NDAC activity show a marked prolongation of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Overexpression of the protein phosphatase CDC14B, but not its close homolog CDC14A, results in dephosphorylation of SIRT2 with a subsequent decrease in the abundance of SIRT2 protein. A CDC14B mutant defective in catalyzing dephosphorylation fails to change the phosphorylation status or abundance of SIRT2 protein. Addition of 26S proteasome inhibitors to human cells increases the abundance of SIRT2 protein, indicating that SIRT2 is targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Our data suggest that human SIRT2 is part of a phosphorylation cascade in which SIRT2 is phosphorylated late in G2, during M, and into the period of cytokinesis. CDC14B may provoke exit from mitosis coincident with the loss of SIRT2 via ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. As the founding member of a vast gene family with members present in archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes, SIR2 was first described in the budding yeast as a gene mediating the transcriptional silencing of the silent mating type (MAT) loci HML and HMR (14, 19). Additional functions for SIR2 in budding have been described, including the silencing of subtelomeric genes (telomere position effect [TPE]) and the regulation of transcription and recombination in the multiple tandem copies of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (for a review, see reference 12). Guarente, Sinclair, and coworkers have shown that the SIR2 gene may suppress aging in budding yeast, through a mechanism involving the suppression of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) derived from errant intralocus recombination and suggested that SIR2-related genes in other organisms may be involved in the aging process as well, even in multicellular eukaryotes (13). The mechanism by which SIRT (an acronym for SIR2 related) genes retard aging in metazoans may involve caloric restriction (CR) instead of the ERCs found in yeast (22). Support for this hypothesis has recently come from the key finding that providing the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with two copies of one of its SIR2-related genes (the gene normally found on chromosome IV) can extend the worm’s life span by 50% (36). This extension of life span function is seen only for one of the three SIR2-related genes, Sir-2.1, encoding a large nuclear protein orthologous to that coded for by the SIR2-related gene known as SIRT1 in humans and SIR2 in mice. Neither of the other two SIRT genes in the
Stochastic dynamics of coarse-grained quantum fields in the inflationary universe.

It is shown how coarse graining of quantum field theory in de Sitter space leads to the emergence of a classical stochastic description as an effective theory in the infrared regime. The quantum state of the coarse-grained scalar field is found to be a highly squeezed coherent state, whose center performs a random walk on a bundle of classical trajectories.
The Hidden Question in Fisher

This Term, the Supreme Court will once again consider whether the University of Texas at Austin is illegally discriminating on the basis of race in its undergraduate admissions program. Most commentators expect the University to lose because it seems to have so little need to consider race as an admissions factor in light of the success generating racial diversity its Ten Percent Plan has had all by itself. This does, indeed, seem to be an easy case. But it is an easy case only because it has been litigated upon on a dubious premise: that the Ten Percent Plan is itself constitutional. The more interesting and important question is whether this premise is false. I think it may be. The Ten Percent Plan was (successfully) designed to replicate the discrimination against whites and Asians that the University had achieved using pervasive racial preferences in the 1990s. If a law is motivated by racial discrimination and has the effect of racial discrimination, isn’t the law racial discrimination? And, if it is, isn’t it constitutionally suspect? The short answers to these questions are yes.
Emotions and multilingualism, by A. Pavlenko

Aneta Pavlenko's latest work thoroughly explores the nature of the multifaceted relationship between emotion, bi- and multilingualism, and language. The author argues that the field of linguistics ...
Bridging the Gap to the Microfinance Promise: A Proposal for a Tax-Exempt Microfinance Hybrid Entity

Over three decades after its inception, microfinance continues to hold great promise as a tool for poverty alleviation. Current estimates suggest that there is approximately $300 billion of unmet demand for microfinance. But the high operating costs of microfinance institutions (MFIs) that are passed on to borrowers in the form of high interest rates are a significant roadblock to MFI expansion. This paper proposes that MFI interest rates can be lowered systematically if the high cost of obtaining capital is lowered. High cost of capital increases operating costs which in turn causes MFIs to charge high interest rates on loans to borrowers to pay for the high cost to MFIs of providing the loans. If nonprofit MFIs are permitted to operate as tax-exempt for-profit entities MFIs will be better equipped to attract investor capital thereby lowering their cost of obtaining capital and corresponding operating costs and interest rates. An effective vehicle for achieving this outcome via tax law and corporate regulation would be a hybrid corporate form for social enterprise: an efficient for-profit firm with all the advantages of a nonprofit and none of the drawbacks.
Testing an Attribution Model of Caregiving in a Latino Sample: The Roles of Familismo and the Caregiver–Care Recipient Relationship

Purpose: This study tests the parameters of Weiner’s attribution model of caregiving, which describes how attributions of controllability relate to emotional reactions, which in turn influence willingness to provide support to stigmatized individuals. To date, the model has not been explored in the context of cultural variables, the caregiver–recipient relationship, or types of support. Design: The present study examined the attribution model using a Latino community sample (N = 96) that was presented with vignettes describing an individual with depression. Results: Support was found for the basic attribution model. Familismo was predictive of attributions of controllability and the basic model was predictive of emotional support, but not instrumental support. Participants were more willing to provide instrumental support to a partner, but had more positive affective reactions toward a sibling. Conclusions: The findings provide important information about contextual factors that may motivate Latino caregi...
Effect of Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Calcium on the Growth of Various Strains of Streptomyces

1. A study was made of the effect of four metals, iron, zinc, manganese, and calcium, on the growth of eight different strains of Streptomyces grown in the same medium in shake flasks. The design o...
Biodiesel from Microalgae, Yeast, and Bacteria: Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions

Biodiesels (fatty acid methyl esters) derived from oleaginous microbes (microalgae, yeast, and bacteria) are being actively pursued as potential renewable substitutes for petroleum diesel. Here, we report the engine performance characteristics of biodiesel produced from a microalgae (Chaetoceros gracilis), a yeast (Cryptococcus curvatus), and a bacteria (Rhodococcus opacus) in a two-cylinder diesel engine outfitted with an eddy current brake dynamometer, comparing the fuel performance to petroleum diesel (#2) and commercial biodiesel from soybeans. Key physical and chemical properties, including heating value, viscosity, density, and cetane index, for each of the microbial-derived biofuels were found to compare favorably to those of soybean biodiesel. Likewise, the horsepower, torque, and brake specific fuel consumption across a range of engine speeds also compared favorably to values determined for soybean biodiesel. Analysis of exhaust emissions (hydrocarbon, CO, CO2, O2, and NOx) revealed that all biof...
Traumatic onset of temporomandibular disorders: positive effects of a standardized conservative treatment program.

Objective To compare presenting problems and response to treatment of chronic temporomandibular (TMD) patients who perceive the onset of their symptoms to be related to trauma with those who report symptoms of unknown origin. Design Prospective treatment outcome study. Setting Outpatient multidisciplinary pain treatment center at a university medical center. Patients A total of 361 were evaluated initially, including 103 who perceived traumatic onset of symptoms and 258 who did not perceive onset to be related to trauma. Two hundred thirty-three (59 trauma and 174 nontrauma) returned for follow-up evaluation 6 months after the conclusion of treatment. Interventions Standardized six-session treatment program consisting of intraoral appliance, biofeedback, and stress management training. Outcome measures Clinical changes in muscle pain, temporomandibular joint pain, and mandibular opening. Self-report of change in perceived pain severity (MPQ--short form), depressive symptoms (BDI), catastrophizing about pain (CSQ--catastrophizing scale), MPI--interference scale, oral parafunctional habits, global evaluation of improvement, and use of pain medications at follow-up. Results and conclusions Regression of onset type on pretreatment variables indicated that a small but statistically significant proportion of pretreatment variability (8.7%) could be accounted for by onset. Both traumatic and nontraumatic onset groups showed positive outcomes following treatment. No significant differences between groups were found for any of the clinical or self-reported outcome measures with the exception that a significantly higher percentage of the trauma group reported using pain medication at follow-up. These findings are in contrast with previous suggestions that post-traumatic TMD patients show poorer response to treatment than nontrauma TMD patients.
Elucidating the neural circuitry underlying planning of internally-guided voluntary action.

In an attempt to elucidate the neural circuitry of planning of internally guided voluntary action, Ariani et al. (2015) used a delayed-movement design and multivariate pattern analysis of functiona...
Correlative factors of maternal-fetal infection caused by premature rupture of fetal membranes

Objective To investigate the high risk factors and effective prevention and control measures for infection in parturients and neonates with premature rupture of fetal membranes. Methods Medical records of patients with premature rupture of fetal membranes in a hospital from January 1999 to December 2002 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Forty-nine infection occurred among 1 416 ( 3.46%) inpatients. The constitutional ratio of genital tract infection in parturients was 32.26%, and incisional infection was 22.58%. The constitutional ratio of lower respiratory tract infection in neonates was 57.14%, and skin infection was 23.81%. Conclusion Premature rupture of fetal membranes is a high risk factor for infection in parturients and neonates. Preventive antimicrobial agents usage, early diagnosis of infection and timely termination of pregnancy are effective means to prevent infection caused by premature rupture of fetal membrane.
The impact of primary care and what States can do.

espite the availability of evidence on the benefits of primary care on population health, little has been done to incorporate this evidence into planning for and evaluation of health services in the United States. In contrast, many industrialized nations have undergone major health system reform to make primary care the essential infrastructure of their health system. Some of these reforms resulted from legislation, as was the case in Spain and Australia, and others have entailed policy decisions to strengthen the practice of good primary care, as has occurred in the United Kingdom (UK) and is now occurring in various aspects of primary care in Sweden, France, and Germany. The reasons the US has not embraced primary care are complex and get to the heart of the characteristics of the US health services system, particularly its increasing dominance by special interest groups such as the academic medical establishment and specialty orientation, medical device manufacturers, and fee-for-service reimbursements that favor specialty practice. 1 In this paper we briefly review the evidence for the impact of primary care in improving health, increasing equity, and reducing total health system costs; discuss the rationale for benefits of a primary care orientation within health services systems; and conclude with a discussion of needed additional research and policy attention. Benefits of Primary Care The first systematic study of the benefits of primary care on health and costs of care consisted of an international comparison of 11 western industrialized nations using data from the mid-1980s. 2 The study was repeated a decade later with 13 countries including Japan. 3 Both studies rated countries on policy characteristics encouraging primary care and practice characteristics reflecting primary care organization: first contact care; person-focused care over time; degree of comprehensiveness within primary care; and coordination of care. The studies were consistent in showing that some countries rated very poorly on primary care whereas others rated better. Those in the former group had poorer health on many population health measures including but not limited to life expectancy at various ages, age-adjusted mortality, and infant mortality (neonatal and postneonatal separately). They also were more costly health systems. These findings were robust and persisted even after controlling for various health-related characteristics of the population (such as extent of risky behaviors in the population). Confidence in the findings was provided by a pooled time series analysis of 18 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries that controlled for additional health and health system-related characteristics (such as percent
Crystal growth of LiIn1−xGaxSe2 crystals

Abstract Lithium containing chalcogenide single crystals have become very promising materials for photonics and radiation detection. Detection applications include nuclear nonproliferation, neutron science, and stellar investigations for the search of life. Synthesis and single crystal growth methods for lithium containing chalcogenide, specifically LiIn 1− x Ga x Se 2 , single crystals are discussed. This study elucidates the possibility of improving neutron detection by reducing the indium capture contribution; with the incorporation of the lithium-6 isotope, gallium substitution may overcome the neutron detection efficiency limitation of 6 LiInSe 2 due to appreciable neutron capture by the indium-115 isotope. As a figure of merit, the ternary parent compounds 6 LiInSe 2 and 6 LiGaSe 2 were included in this study. Quality crystals can be obtained utilizing the vertical Bridgman method to produce quaternary compounds with tunable optical properties. Quaternary crystals of varying quality depending on the gallium concentration, approximately 5×5×2 mm 3 or larger in volume, were harvested, analyzed and revealed tunable absorption characteristics between 2.8–3.4 eV.
Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes, and Heart Failure-Free Survival: The Cardiovascular Disease Lifetime Risk Pooling Project

Objectives This study was designed to quantify the relationship between the absence of heart failure risk factors in middle age and incident heart failure, heart failure-free survival, and overall survival.
Remote Sensing for Sustainability

Driven by the societal needs and improvement in sensor technology and image processing techniques, remote sensing has become an essential geospatial tool for understanding the Earth and managing Human-Earth interactions. Remote Sensing for Sustainability introduces the current state of the art remote sensing knowledge integral for monitoring the world’s natural resources and environments, managing exposure to natural disasters and man-made risks, and helping understand the sustainability and productivity of natural ecosystems. Bridging the gap between remote sensing and sustainability science this book examines theories and methods as well as practical applications of sustainable development for cities using remote sensing; focuses on remote sensing methods and techniques for sustainable natural resources with emphasize on forests; answers questions on how and what the remote sensing methods and techniques can do for the sustainability of environmental systems; and examines the issues of energy use and sustainable energy sources using remote sensing technology in countries such as Germany, China, the U.S, drawing on case studies to demonstrate the applicability of remote sensing techniques. This comprehensive guide, which can serve to professors, researchers, and students alike, takes in consideration the United Nations set of sustainable development goals and intends to contribute to the GEO’s Strategic Plan by addressing and exemplifying a number of societal benefit areas of remote sensing data sets, methods, and techniques for sustainable development.
Case Study #8: Warriors of the Gentle Dreams

What should you do when you suspect a coworker of serious wrongdoing? What if the coworker is your boss? And what if you need your job to support yourself and your family? These are a few of the questions that the protagonist in “Warriors of the Gentle Dreams” must determine.
On arms and eggs: GI egg mania on the battlefields of World War II

ABSTRACTWorld War II combat memoirs, diaries and first-hand field accounts suggest that American GIs desired fresh eggs perhaps more than any other foodstuff and would go to extreme lengths to procure them, often at exorbitant cost. Highlighting the actual words of the troops and those who observed them, this article explores GI egg craving during the Second World War. It reveals that the widespread passion for fresh whole eggs was both a reflection of their scarcity in government-issued rations and a reaction against the loathsome dehydrated egg products force-fed to American soldiers throughout the war. It also demonstrates that GIs found fresh eggs both physically and psychologically comforting. Filling, easy to cook, easy to digest, usually eaten hot, fresh eggs were a high-protein alternative to the canned hash, pork and beans, soapy cheese, and dismal Spam ubiquitous in American field rations, and one cherished by frontline troops across the theaters of war. Also emphasized is the emblematic signifi...
A Hybrid Active Filter Based on Current Detection for Harmonic Suppression

Power-electronics circuits are widely used in industrial equipment, such as frequency changers, motor-drive systems, etc. Such equipment presents nonlinear impedance to the utility, generating large harmonic currents with well known adverse effects, such as low power factor, low efficiency and destruction of other equipment. Also, some precision instruments and communication equipment will be interfered. Therefore, utility power quality has become an important issue recently. This paper presents a hybrid active filter based on current detection for harmonic suppression. The compensating current flows into the power feeder in order to suppress the harmonic currents generated by nonlinear loads. A hybrid active power filter is developed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. The system is modeled in MATLAB SIMULINK to consist of the non-linear loads, with a hybrid active filter to compensate for the harmonic current injected by the nonlinear loads. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid active power filter has the expected performance.
Characteristics of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced porcine sepsis model for multi-organ metabolic flux measurements.

Survival of sepsis is related to loss of muscle mass. Therefore, it is imperative to further define and understand the basic alterations in nutrient metabolism in order to improve targeted sepsis n...
Trapping of Hexadehydro-Diels–Alder Benzynes with Exocyclic, Conjugated Enals as a Route to Fused Spirocyclic Benzopyran Motifs

Exocyclic, conjugated enals react with benzynes generated by heating various triyne-containing substrates to produce spirocyclic benzopyran derivatives. These products are consistent with a mechanistic sequence that involves initial net [2+2] cycloaddition of the benzyne and aldehyde followed by 4π-electrocyclic ring opening and 6π ring closing.
Wave velocity commonalized by interchanging mass and energy density

Abstract The exchange of mass and energy density defines the wave velocity to be independent of the physical and geometrical properties of the transport media. This is in contrast to the conventional mechanics models (CMMs) where the material and geometrical properties of the transport media are assumed to be known as an a priori. Elastic waves and Lamb waves pertain, respectively, to medium characterized by elastic constants and to the in-plane and out-of-plane motion of elastic waves. Non-elastic waves are inherently beyond the capability of the CMMs models.
The Impact of Packaging Languages on Product Evaluation: Evidence from the Czech Republic: An Abstract

Consumers in the Czech Republic are likely to see products targeted at more affluent Western consumers as being of higher quality, while, given the negative feelings toward Russia, products targeting Russians are viewed as of lower quality.
Why developmental states accept guest workers: bureaucratic policy-making and the politics of labour migration in Singapore

ABSTRACTDrawing on institutionalist approaches to migration politics and the concept of the developmental state, this article presents a case study of Singapore’s historic decision to retreat from its opposition to the employment of low-skilled foreign labour over the 1980s. Critically, Singapore’s controlled admission of guest workers not only challenges theoretical claims about developmental states’ aversion to guest workers, but its policies also became a model for the other industrialised states in Asia. By examining the gradual institutionalisation of Singapore’s paradigmatic guest worker policies between 1978 and 1987, I argue that the ‘plan-rational’ nature of policy-making in the developmental state and the recursive adaptation of policy tools explain how and why policy-makers came to accept the use of guest workers through the expansion of its foreign worker levy scheme.
A Review of Tofacitinib in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriasis

Tofacitinib is a novel Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. JAKs activate immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, they are critical in the pathogenesis of many diseases including autoimmune dis...
The Origin of Oxygen

Several different kinds of things having to do with oxygen have led to a great deal of speculation on the role of this substance in evolution. We will first summarize the current status of the arguments and then in Section B examine how our knowledge of lipids bears on the problem.
Spinal Cord with Atlas of Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is tubular is shape, has 32 segments with the gray matter in the center and white matter on the outside. Each segment has nerve rootlets on the dorsal and ventral surface with ganglia attached to the dorsal nerve rootlets. These dorsal root ganglia contain the primary cell bodies of the general sensory systems-pain, temperature touch, and pressure.
Flow-field dynamics of the non-reacting and reacting jet in a vitiated cross-flow

Abstract The dynamics of a premixed ethylene-air jet injected transverse to a vitiated cross-flow were investigated using high-repetition rate particle image velocimetry (PIV). Both non-reacting and reacting jets were found to be characterized by a dominant frequency associated with the jet wake vortex system. For the isothermal jet, increasing the momentum flux ratio (J) has only a slight effect on the frequency of the oscillation but significantly increases its magnitude. The reacting jet was found to exhibit different behavior, with a monotonic increase in the dominant frequency with J. The jet equivalence ratio (ϕj) was found to have little effect on the rate of wake vortex shedding but affects the overall magnitude of the oscillation. Comparison with data reported in the literature suggests the relationship between the wake Strouhal number (Stw) and J is fuel dependent. Application of a vortex detection algorithm shows a stark difference in the location of the wake vortices under non-reacting and reacting conditions. Under isothermal conditions, the vortices are found close to the jet centerline and dissipate relatively quickly. Reaction confines the vortices to a narrow shear layer until a farther distance downstream and the vortices convect through the entire area of interest. Additionally, the vortex circulation strength was found to increase with J. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis of the non-reacting and reacting jets demonstrates the dominance of the wake vortex structures in the oscillating flow fields. In both cases, the temporal information extracted from the most energetic modes is identical to the dominant frequencies measured in the flow fields. The primary effect of heat release is to reduce the overall amount of coherence and to delay the appearance of elevated coherence levels until a larger streamwise distance from the jet exit.
Layering Assume-Guarantee Contracts for Hierarchical System Design

Specifications for complex engineering systems are typically decomposed into specifications for individual subsystems in a manner that ensures they are implementable and simpler to develop further. We describe a method to algorithmically construct component specifications that implement a given specification when assembled. By eliminating variables that are irrelevant to realizability of each component, we simplify the specifications and reduce the amount of information necessary for operation. We parametrize the information flow between components by introducing parameters that select whether each variable is visible to a component. The decomposition algorithm identifies which variables can be hidden while preserving realizability and ensuring correct composition, and these are eliminated from component specifications by quantification and conversion of binary decision diagrams to formulas. The resulting specifications describe component viewpoints with full information with respect to the remaining variables, which is essential for tractable algorithmic synthesis of implementations. The specifications are written in TLA+, with liveness properties restricted to an implication of conjoined recurrence properties, known as GR(1). We define an operator for forming open systems from closed systems, based on a variant of the “while-plus” operator. This operator simplifies the writing of specifications that are realizable without being vacuous. To convert the generated specifications from binary decision diagrams to readable formulas over integer variables, we symbolically solve a minimal covering problem. We show with examples how the method can be applied to obtain contracts that formalize the hierarchical structure of system design.
Slug generation processes in co-current turbulent-gas/laminar-liquid flows in horizontal channels

We theoretically and computationally investigate the physical processes of slug-flow development in concurrent two-phase turbulent-gas/laminar-liquid flows in horizontal channels. The objective is to understand the fundamental mechanisms governing the initial growth and subsequent nonlinear evolution of interfacial waves, starting from a smooth stratified flow of two fluids with disparity in density and viscosity and ultimately leading to the formation of intermittent slug flow. We numerically simulate the entire slug development by means of a fully coupled immersed flow (FCIF) solver that couples the two disparate flow dynamics through an immersed boundary (IB) method. From the analysis of spatial/temporal interface evolution, we find that slugs develop through three major cascading processes: (I) stratified-to-wavy transition; (II) development and coalescence of long solitary waves; and (III) rapid channel bridging leading to slugging. In Process I, relatively short interfacial waves form on the smooth interface, whose growth is governed by the Orr–Sommerfeld instability. In Process II, interfacial waves evolve into long solitary waves through multiple resonant and near-resonant wave–wave interactions. From instability analysis of periodic solitary waves, we show that these waves are unstable to their subharmonic disturbances and grow in amplitude and primary wavelength through wave coalescence. The interfacial forcing from the turbulent gas–laminar liquid interactions significantly precipitates the growth of instability of solitary waves and enhances coalescence of solitary waves. In Process III, we show by an asymptotic analysis that interfacial waves achieve multiple-exponential growth right before bridging the channel, consistent with observations in existing experiments. The present study provides important insights for effective modelling of slug-flow dynamics and the prediction of slug frequency and length, important for design and operation of (heavy-oil/gas) pipelines and production facilities.