cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring temporal effects for location recommendation on location-based social networks

Location-based social networks (LBSNs) have attracted an inordinate number of users and greatly enriched the urban experience in recent years. The availability of spatial, temporal and social information in online LBSNs offers an unprecedented opportunity to study various aspects of human behavior, and enable a variety of location-based services such as location recommendation. Previous work studied spatial and social influences on location recommendation in LBSNs. Due to the strong correlations between a user's check-in time and the corresponding check-in location, recommender systems designed for location recommendation inevitably need to consider temporal effects. In this paper, we introduce a novel location recommendation framework, based on the temporal properties of user movement observed from a real-world LBSN dataset. The experimental results exhibit the significance of temporal patterns in explaining user behavior, and demonstrate their power to improve location recommendation performance.
Dermis-derived 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid inhibits epidermal 12-lipoxygenase activity.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) in normal human dermis. After incubating homogenized dermis with exogenous AA, the extracted lipids were isolated by reversed- phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Each chromatographic peak was characterized by its UV absorption spectrum and identified by its coelution with the appropriate authentic standard and by radioimmunoassay of its eluate fraction. Identified compounds were quantitated by integrated optical density. Homogenized human dermis transformed AA into both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products, but predominantly 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). Cultured fibroblasts from normal human dermis also mainly metabolized AA into 15-HETE. To determine whether dermis-derived 15-HETE might modify the AA metabolism of epidermis, normal human epidermis was incubated with dermis. Increasing amounts of dermis resulted in an increasing inhibition of epidermal 12-HETE formation. Similarly, 15-HETE alone induced a dose-dependent decrease of epidermal 12-HETE formation, while the formation of prostaglandin E2 was unchanged. Since 12-HETE possess the ability to elicit skin inflammation and to stimulate epidermal DNA synthesis, 15-HETE formation may be a way whereby dermis regulates important epidermal activities.
black Americans And Psychopathology : an Overview Of Research And Theory

Blacks suffer the double jeopardy of belonging to a denigrated race and a dispossessed social class. The double jeopardy seems to be reflected in the greater social stressors with which most blacks live in society, the institutional inequities they encounter in mental health services, and the racial bias of professionals to whom they come, or are brought, for treatment. This article critically evaluates studies on this issue and their underlying theoretical debate.
Binding of spectinomycin by ribosomes fromEscherichia coli

The binding of the aminocyclitol antibiotic spectinomycin to 70S ribosomes and to 30S subunits fromEscherichia coli has been investigated. The association was influenced by the presence of messenger RNA. The Kd for [3H]-4 OH-spectinomycin binding to 70S ribosomes was 2×10−7 M without mRNA (polyinosinic acid), and 1×10−6 M with polyinosinic acid. Dissociation of the antibiotic from the ribosomes was significantly affected by the presence of a bound messenger RNA, which reduced the rate of dissociation by a factor of 5.7. The presence of mRNA did not influence the association of spectinomycin with the 30S subunit. The dissociation rate from the small subunit was comparable to the rate of dissociation from the 70S ribosome and was not affected by the presence of mRNA.
Leaching of water-soluble plasticizers from polymeric films prepared from aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions

AbstractThe leaching of water-soluble plasticizers from polymeric films prepared by casting and drying of plasticized colloidal polymer dispersions was investigated with respect to the type and concentration of plasticizer (triethyl citrate or triacetin), film thickness, type of colloidal polymer dispersions (acrylic: Eudragit RS30D, RL30D, or L30D; cellulosic: Aquacoat), Eudragit RS30D/RL30D ratio, and method of film preparation (solvent- or pseudolatex-casting). The leaching increased with increasing level of plasticizer as indicated by an increase in the release rate constant while the release rate constant was independent of the film thickness. The leaching was more rapid from Aquacoat films than from Eudragit RS30D films at all plasticizer concentrations. Increasing the amount of the more hydrophilic polymer dispersion, Eudragit RL30D, in mixed Eudragit RS/RL films increased the rate of leaching. The incorporation of propranolol HCl into the polymeric films significantly increased the leaching rate c...
Reversing the collision-avoidance handshake in wireless networks

Many medium-access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks proposed or implemented to date are based on collisionavoidance handshakes between sender and receiver. In the vast majority of these protocols, including the IEEE 802.11 standard, the handshake is sender initiated, in that the sender asks the receiver for permission to transmit using a short control packet, and transmits only after the receiver sends a short clear-to-send notification. We analyze the effect of reversing the collision-avoidance handshake, making it receiver initiated and compare the performance of a number of these receiver-initiated protocols with the performance of protocols based on sender-initiated collision avoidance. The receiver-initiated protocols we present make use of carrier sensing, and are therefore applicable to either baseband or slow frequencyhopping radios in which an entire packet can be sent within the same frequency hop (which is the case of FHSS commercial radios that support IEEE 802.11). It is shown that the best-performing MAC protocol based on receiver-initiated or sender-initiated collision avoidance is one in which a node with data to send transmits a dual-purpose small control packet inviting a given neighbor to transmit and asking the same neighbor for permission to transmit.
A Moral Predicament in the Criminal Law

AbstractThis essay is about the difficulties of doing criminal justice in the context of severe social injustice. Having been marginalized as citizens of the larger community, those who are victims of severe social injustice are understandably alienated from the dominant political institutions, and, not unreasonably, disrespect their authority, including that of the criminal law. The failure of equal treatment and protection and the absence of anything like fair and decent life prospects for the members of the marginalized populations erode the basis for its allegiance to demands of the political community. The criminal law thus occupies a problematic normative position with respect to lawbreakers in this population; in many cases, it finds itself in the position of convicting them for crimes for which the political community itself bears some significant responsibility. The attempt to administer criminal justice therefore faces a serious moral predicament; on the one hand, criminal law has a right and an...
Elimination of hysteresis in a system of coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations.

We numerically study the effect of a stabilizing quintic term and a destabilizing cubic term in the coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations that describe the onset of traveling-wave convection in binary fluid mixtures. We present bifurcation diagrams which show that for large enough group velocity and coupling between the counter-propagating traveling waves, the expected hysteresis at onset is not present. We also show how a measure of the convected heat transport and its period vary with scaled Rayleigh number. While this model can explain certain features of recent experiments, a number of difficult issues remain.
The effects of temperature on synaptic transmission in hippocampal tissue slices.

Abstract Fully submerged rat hippocampal tissue slices were exposed to temperature changes, and the effects on CA1 pyramidal cell electrophysiology studied. Raising the temperature from 29 to 33 or 37 °C simultaneously increased the focal-excitatory postsynaptic potentials and decreased the population spikes. These changes were largely reversible for slices warmed to 33 °C, but not for slices warmed to 37 °C. During warming transiently increased excitatory transmission was observed; the degree of increased transmission was related to the rate of temperature rise. It is postulated that neuronal membrane hyperpolarization with warming is responsible for several of the effects seen.
Production and high energy prices: A case of India

Abstract This paper, on one hand, explores the relationship between energy and, on the other hand, examines the impact of energy consumption on output (GDP). Using data for India for the period 1957–1980, a simultaneous equation system is estimated. The statistical results reveal that the short-run price elasticity of energy in India is higher than in industrialized countries. However, in the Indian economy, the impact of additional energy on output is smaller compared to developed countries.
Opa Was a Nazi: Family, Memory, and Generational Difference in 2005 Films by Malte Ludin and Jens Schanze1

German authors have consistently broken the cultural taboo against discussing the Nazi legacy within the family in the so-called Vaterliteratur and later Enkelliteratur. While the former typically assumes an accusatory stance toward the parent generation, the latter has been characterized as forgiving and empathetic toward wartime Germans. Filmmakers have also contributed to this discourse, with autobiographical documentaries that explore their families' Nazi legacies. Jens Schanze's Winterkinder—Die schweigende Generation (2005) is a prime example of the grandchildren's empathetic yet critical examination of their family's past, especially when compared with Malte Ludin's 2 oder 3 Dinge, die ich von ihm weis (2005), which displays the confrontational, accusatory stance typically attributed to works of the children of the war generation. Both films impressively highlight what Sigrid Weigel calls a telescoping effect that allows for certain modes of denial to be passed on, and they expose the after effects on succeeding generations caused by such transferred silences and denials.
Supplying renewable energy to deferrable loads: Algorithms and economic analysis

In this paper we propose a direct coupling of renewable generation with deferrable demand in order to mitigate the unpredictable and non-controllable fluctuation of renewable power supply. We cast our problem in the form of a stochastic dynamic program and we characterize the value function of the problem in order to develop efficient solution methods. We develop and compare two algorithms for optimally supplying renewable power to time-flexible electricity loads in the presence of a spot market, backward dynamic programming and approximate dynamic programming. We describe how our proposition compares to price responsive demand in terms capacity gains and energy market revenues for renewable generators, and we determine the optimal capacity of deferrable demand which can be reliably coupled to renewable generation.
Homodimerization restores biological activity to an inactive erythropoietin mutant.

Abstract Erythropoietin (Epo) is believed to transduce a signal by bringing two Epo receptors into close proximity, enabling cross-phosphorylation. We compared monomeric Epos with homodimers in which two Epo monomers are linked by polyglycine. Monomeric Epo mutant R103A is unable to support Epo-dependent cell growth or trigger Janus kinase 2 and STAT5 activation, even at concentrations greater than 7,000 times that sufficient for wild-type Epo activity. In contrast, R103A homodimer induces proliferation and transduces signal at concentrations similar to that of wild-type Epo monomer and homodimer. These experiments show that two discrete domains on Epo are required for receptor binding and activation. Our results also suggest that the EpoR can be dimerized by different forms and sizes of molecules, as long as tworecognition motifs are provided in the same molecule. Design of other dimeric molecules may enhance our understanding of cytokine specificity and signal transduction.
OM Forum-The Service and Information Economy: Research Opportunities

The U.S. economy is already dominated by service and information-intensive industries in terms of both gross national product and jobs, and these trends are visible in all major world economies. These economic shifts are driven by productivity changes, which today often depend on new information and communication technologies. These changes can be thought of as service industrialization, which underlies productivity improvements. Industrialization is, in turn, closely related to the design and operation of service processes at the level of firms and sectors. Some of the implications for process economics, operations strategy, and process management are outlined, and the opportunities for research in operations and technology management related to these trends are discussed.
First premarital contraceptive use: United States, 1960-82.

This paper estimates trends in first premarital contraceptive use in the U.S. from 1960-1982. The source of the data was Cycle III of the National Fertility Survey of Family Growth conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics in 1982 and included 5153 women aged 15-44. The study begins with an interdisciplinary literature review. Overall 47% of women used a method at first intercourse: condom by 19% withdrawal 11% and pill 11%. The percentage using any method increased from 39% in 1960 to 48% in the late 1970s. Pill use rose to a peak of 12% in the early 70s while condoms rose to 17% in the late 70s possibly due to the fear of herpes. Use of withdrawal increased continuously from 7-14%. Whites (49%) and especially Jews (74%) tended to use some method while Hispanics (22%) did not and Blacks tended to wait about a year. Socioeconomic factors that affected method use were parental communication living with both parents mothers education and age at first intercourse. After a month or so the male methods characteristic of unplanned intercourse are typically replaced by the pill the method most often used by married women. 54% use the pill as their first method after first intercourse. The results were discussed briefly in relation to the literature.
Optimal input for identification versus sensitivity reduction of systems with large parameter variations

In this article, we present an algorithm leading to an optimal controller gain for the automatic regulation of a linear system (closed-loop policy) and to an optimal auxiliary input. This is used for the purpose of either system identification, resulting in the maximum sensitivity measure and thus increased accuracy (Refs. 1–25), or system sensitivity reduction, resulting in the minimum sensitivity measure and thus reliable operation (Refs. 26–46). These results, which are robust in terms of parameter variations, are developed without constraints on the input functions.
Magnetic field induced quenching of excitons in modulation doped InGaAs quantum wells

Abstract Magneto-optical studies of modulation-doped n-type InGaAs single quantum wells have been performed in a density regime where interaction between Landau levels from n=1 conduction subband and exciton states from n=2 subband is important. This allows the exciton to be used as probe of the localized-delocalized state aspect of the Landau levels, with a direct connection to the quantum Hall effect.
Construction and expression of hybrid plasmids containing the Escherichia coli glyA gene

Abstract The Escherichia coli glyA gene, encoding serine transhydroxymethylase (STHM), has been cloned in the plasmid vector pACYC184. The recombinant plasmid (pGS1) contains a 13 kb EcoRI insert. Genetic and biochemical experiments indicate that the region controlling STHM synthesis is present on the insert. Strains bearing multicopy plasmid vectors carrying the glyA gene overproduce the enzyme from 17- to 26-fold. The glyA gene was identified on the insert by analyzing a set of plasmids derived from pGS1 that carry random insertions of the transposable kanamycin resistance element Tn5. Cloning of segments of the original insert into plasmid pBR322 established that a 2.5 kb SalI-BclI fragment carries the glyA gene. A physical map of this fragment is presented.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses of isothiazoles

N.m.r. spectral analyses of isothiazole and its methyl homologs permits assignment of chemical shifts and coupling constants for each of the protons in these molecules. The chemical shift values for hydrogens attached to the isothiazole nucleus substantiate electron density values calculated from molecular orbital theory. In 5-methylisothiazole, the coupling constant for the hydrogen atom at position 3 and those on the methyl group is larger than for hydrogens attached directly to the isothiazole nucleus at positions 3 and 5.
An efficient probabilistic encryption scheme

Our algorithm requires slightly less encrypting and decrypting operations for transmitting a message one bit at a time, and most significantly, our algorithm can be extended to provide for multi-bit encryption and decryption. Further, our multi-bit scheme can incorporate a digital signature scheme within it
Auditory Oddball fMRI in Schizophrenia: Association of Negative Symptoms with Regional Hypoactivation to Novel Distractors

Schizophrenia is associated with abnormal processing of salient stimuli, which may contribute to clinical symptoms. We used fMRI and a standard auditory three-stimulus task to examine attention processing. Target stimuli and novel distractors were presented to 17 patients and 21 healthy controls and activation was correlated with negative and positive symptoms. To targets, patients overactivated multiple regions including premotor cortex, anterior cingulate, temporal cortex, insula, and hippocampus, and also showed attenuated deactivation within occipital cortex. To distractors, patients overactivated left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. This overactivation may reflect hypersensitivity to salient stimuli in schizophrenia. Patients also exhibited an inverse correlation between negative symptom severity and activation to novel distractors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor area, and ventral striatum. Novelty-induced activity within prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum may represent a useful intermediate phenotype for studies of negative symptoms.
Increased levels of serum lipofuscin derived from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in patients with chronic renal failure

AbstractNormal Caucasian male sera incubated with 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to generate soluble lipofuscin were studied together with unincubated serum samples from uremic Caucasian males, using the methods of Schwertner & Hawthorne in order to identify a fluorescent substance found by them to increase in uremic sera. Ethanol extracts of uremic sera, of normal sera containing this soluble lipofuscin and of same normal serum blanks were prepared. Reversed-phase thin-layer chromatograms of the extracts developed with methanol-water (40 : 60, v./v.), displayed one significant spot per sample, with RF values of 0.89 ± 0.02. The spots showed blue fluorescence in 366 nm ultraviolet light. Aqueous solutions of the spots from uremic sera and from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid-incubated normal sera produced closely similar fluorescence excitation shoulders and maxima at ~ 321 nm and emission maxima at 402 ± 3 nm with significantly higher intensities than the normal. Thin-layer chromatograms of the ethanol extracts wer...
Comparison of long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction in patients never graduated from high school with that in more educated patients

Abstract The clinical course of 363 patients with acute myocardial infarction who did not complete high school education was compared with that of 453 who completed at least high school. Both the inhospital and 4-year mortality rates were markedly greater for the less educated than for the more educated patients (13 vs 5% [p
Induction of cleft palate in rats with antiinflammatory drugs.

Pregnant Holtzman rats were injected subcutaneously with anti-inflammatory drugs from days 12–15 of gestation. Daily doses producing significant frequencies of cleft palate in the offspring ranged from 0.1–0.8 mg/day for triamcinolone, betamethasone, and dexamethasone. Cleft palate was not induced by methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and cortisone, even by daily doses ranging from 8–75 mg. Similar experiments were performed on A/J mice. The possible significance of these experiments in relation to testing potential teratogens and to the mechanism of palate closure is discussed.
Rapid assay method for the determination of methotrexate.

A rapid procedure for the assay of methotrexate samples (bulk or formulated) has been developed in these laboratories. This procedure, which employs quantitative paper chromatography, makes use of relatively inexpensive equipment and is simple to execute.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIBODY BINDING SITES IN THE LARVAE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES VAR. SUUM BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENT TECHNICS.

Abstract Antibody binding sites in Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum were determined by direct and indirect fluorescent antibody technics. Binding sites on embryonated eggs, freshly hatched second stage larvae, and larvae isolated from and within the lungs and livers of experimentally infected mice, as well as sections of adult worms were investigated. Specific fluorescent staining was observed in oral, anal, cuticular, and excretory pore precipitates of larvae isolated from tissues and in the cuticle of whole and sectioned larvae. No precipitates were observed on second stage larvae; however, the cuticle stained specifically in both whole and sectioned second stage larvae when incubated in immune fluorescent globulin. Similarly, specific staining of the larval cuticle was noted in sections of embryonated eggs. The “fertilization” membrane of the latter stained nonspecifically. No staining of the cuticle in sections of adult worms was observed; only the periphery of the muscle cells showed specific staining.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF RNA SYNTHESIS DURING POLLEN EMBRYOGENESIS IN HYOSCYAMUS NIGER (HENBANE)

RNA synthesis during pollen embryogenesis in cultured anther segments of Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) has been followed by autoradiography of 3H-uridine incorporation. Embryogenic divisions were initiated in binucleate pollen grains in which the generative nucleus or both generative and vegetative nuclei synthesized RNA. When the first haploid mitosis in culture resulted in pollen grains with two nearly identical nuclei, those in which both nuclei synthesized RNA became embryogenic. Binucleate pollen grains in which 3H-uridine incorporation was confined exclusively to the vegetative nucleus gradually became starch-filled and nonembryogenic. Based on the degree of involvement of the vegetative nucleus in embryoid formation, some differences were noted between the counts of autoradiographic silver grains over cells cut off by the generative and vegetative nuclei during progressive embryogenesis. The possible significance of RNA synthesis in the nuclei of binucleate pollen grains in determining the pathway of embryogenic divisions is discussed. IN ANGIOSPERMS, formation of microspores following meiosis in the microspore mother cell is the beginning of a short-lived male gametophytic generation. The microspore matures into the pollen grain which undergoes two successive mitotic divisions. The first division (first haploid mitosis) is characteristically asymmetric and results in the formation of a small generative cell and a large vegetative cell. Next, the generative cell divides producing two male gametes. The pollen tube is formed from the vegetative cell whose nucleus eventually disintegrates or remains as a
The trimethylsilylation of xylose and the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the major products

Abstract Four products have been detected from the reaction of trimethylsilyl chloride with xylose. The two major ones obtained on etherifying a mutarotated mixture of xylose isomers have been isolated and characterized with the aid of NMR spectroscopy as the fully substituted trimethylsilyl pyranose derivatives. It is suggested that the evidence from these and related studies indicates that pyranose rings are somewhat flattened by the introduction of axial groupings. The effect of the trimethylsilyloxy grouping on the NMR signals of α-hydrogens has been compared with that of the acetoxy grouping.
Vice Laws and Self-Sovereignty

There is an important moral difference between laws that criminalize drugs and prostitution and laws that make them illegal in other ways: criminalization violates our moral rights in a way that nonlegalization does not. Criminalization is defined as follows. Drugs are criminalized when there are criminal penalties for using or possessing small quantities of drugs. Prostitution is criminalized when there are criminal penalties for selling sex. Legalization is defined as follows. Drugs are legalized when there are no criminal penalties for manufacturing, selling and possessing large quantities of drugs. Prostitution is legalized when there are no criminal penalties for owning or operating a brothel or escort service, no criminal penalties for working as a paid agent for sex work, and no criminal penalties for paying someone for sex who is above the age of legal employment and sexual consent. The criminalization of drugs and prostitution violate the right of self-sovereignty in depriving individuals of important forms of control over their own minds and bodies, but nonlegalization does not violate this right. It is therefore consistent, as a matter of principle, to advocate decriminalization but to oppose legalization.
Multinomial Distribution and Ascertainment Models

In this paper general ascertainment models are studied relaxing the strong assumption of complete dominance. Probabilitis of ascertaiment for both the complete and incomplete models depending on family size and register size for two types of affected individuals are derived.
The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Presentation and Treatment of Diverticular Disease

Diverticular disease is a common medical problem, but it is unknown if lower socioeconomic status (SES) affects patient outcomes in diverticular disease. The New York (NY) State Inpatient Database was used to query 8,117 cases of diverticular disease occurring in patients aged 65–85 in 2006. Race and SES were assessed by creating a composite score based on race, primary insurance payer, and median income bracket. Primary outcomes were differences in disease presentation, use of elective surgery, complication rates when surgery was performed, and overall mortality and length of stay. Patients of lower SES were younger, more likely to be female, to have multiple co-morbid conditions, to present as emergent/urgent admissions, and to present with diverticulitis complicated by hemorrhage (p < 0.0001). Overall, patients of low SES were less likely to receive surgical intervention, while rates of surgery were similar in elective cases. When surgery was performed, patients of lower SES had similar complication rates (25.4% vs. 20.2%, p = 0.06) and higher overall mortality (9.0% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.003). Patients of low SES who are admitted with diverticular disease have an increased likelihood to present emergently, have worse disease on admission, and are less likely to receive surgery.
High-resolution computed tomography accurately predicts resectability in hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract Introduction Despite the use of radiologic, endoscopic, and laparoscopic staging techniques, the rate of nontherapeutic laparotomies in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains high. This study evaluated the accuracy of preoperative high-resolution computed tomograpy (HRCT) to determine resectability in this setting. Patients and Methods Preoperative helical HRCT (2 contrast phases, rapid intravenous contrast bolus, 2.5-mm section thickness) for 32 consecutive patients who underwent laparotomy for the diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma from 2000 to 2005 were reviewed by a hepatobiliary radiologist. The accuracy of HRCT was determined by comparison of the imaging interpretation to intraoperative and pathologic findings. The chi-square test was used to identify imaging findings that best predicted unresectability. Results Fourteen of the 32 (44%) study patients were unresectable (extension along bile duct, 4; peritoneal metastases, 4; vascular encasement, 3; noncontiguous liver metastases, 2; N2 lymphadenopathy, 1). HRCT correctly predicted resectability in 17 of 18 patients who underwent therapeutic laparotomy (sensitivity = 94%). HRCT correctly predicted the inability to resect in 11 of the remaining 14 cases (specificity = 79%). In the 3 cases in which HRCT predicted resectability and the patient was unresectable, subcentimeter peritoneal disease, a subcentimeter liver metastasis, and distal bile duct involvement were responsible factors. The negative and positive predictive values of HRCT were 92% and 85%, respectively. Individual radiographic findings that best predicted unresectability were peritoneal spread ( P = .015) and hepatic artery ( P = .006) or portal vein ( P = .002) involvement. Conclusions Preoperative HRCT accurately predicts resectability in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Identification of specific radiographic features, in particular major vascular involvement and peritoneal abnormalities, is now used by our group to avoid unnecessary laparotomy.
First steps in biological nitrogen fixation

maries of present day research, it seems worth-while to furnish a perspective of some of the events that led to the modern studies that have been made possible by the development of cell-free systems capable of fixing N2. This contribution will be limited primarily to those steps that are most closely related to the subject matter of the biochemical papers on the programme. This choice is dictated, not only because of the limits of time but also because these papers represent the area of my own research interests and, presumably, then, the area of my greatest competency. Alone, perhaps this would not be enough, but if the personal participation that furnishes background dealing with items of human interest and errors-observations that never get into the published works-is added, it should suffice. Other aspects in the field are represented in the discussion by the contributors of the afternoon portion of the programme; but having heard three of these recently, I am confident that these papers, too, will have a biochemical component. As a convenient point of departure, let us consider the state of the art in 1932 as recorded in the monograph Root nodule bacteria and leguminous plants, by Fred, Baldwin & McCoy (1932). Widely acclaimed by critics for its overall coverage, it represents the type of summary that would not be possible today-at least, not in a volume of 343 pages. Examination discloses that the available biochemical information required few of these pages; aside from some elementary chemical analyses of bacteria and plants, the following are of interest: (a) Mechanism of fixation: 10 pages which included material on both symbiotic
Asian Girls are Prettier: Gendered Presentations as Stigma Management among Gay Asian Men

Despite the well-documented cases of racism toward gay Asian men in the gay community, there is currently little research on how gay Asian men manage racial stigma. In this article, I examine the racial stigma management strategies of gay Asian men. I examine the nature of gay racial stigma toward gay Asian men and find that they use gendered presentations to counter the stereotype that they are more feminine than gay white men. While some gay Asian men engender a hypermasculine presentation, others use a hyperfeminine presentation to trade a more-stigmatized status for one that is less stigmatizing. More important, these men actively embrace stereotypes to successfully make these transitions. This article demonstrates that stigmatized groups can manage stigma by highlighting their spoiled identities rather than attempting to minimize them.
Quadrupole moments and the structure of the even titanium and chromium nuclei

Abstract The static quadrupole moments of the lowest 2+ states in 46, 50Ti and 50, 52, 54Cr were measured to be −21±6, 8±16, −36±7, −14±8 and −21±8e· fm2 respectively. Values for B(E2;01+ → 21+) of 855±40, 315±30, 1020±40, 660±30 and 850±30 e2 · fm4 were measured for 46, 50Ti and 50, 52, 54Cr respectively. Shell-model calculations for these and other f 7 2 shell nuclei were compared to the data. The N = 26, 28 nuclei are adequately described by the shell model if one-particle excitation into the p 3 2 and f 5 2 shells is allowed, but the other nuclei appear to have a more complicated structure. The coexistence model which has been applied to the calcium isotopes is in qualitative agreement with the present results and the assumption that the deformed band moves to a higher excitation energy as N → 28.
q profile measurements with the motional Stark effect diagnostic in the DIII-D tokamak

The motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic has emerged as the most reliable technique for the measurement of q profiles in tokamaks equipped with neutral beams. In the DIII-D tokamak, two separate eight-channel MSE instruments are utilized, giving 16 radial measurements. The viewing geometry for each instrument is designed to optimize the radial resolution (1.5 cm < δR < 6 cm) over the measurement range. Dual-frequency polarization modulators combined with lock-in detection provide a maximum signal-to-noise ratio with a time response of about 1 ms. Special consideration has gone into the design of the collection optics to minimize undesirable polarization effects on reflectors and Faraday roation in lenses. Examples of data from negative central magnetic shear, VH-mode and sawtoothing discharges highlight the capabilities of the DIII-D MSE diagnostic system.
Electroluminescence from GeSn heterostructure pin diodes at the indirect to direct transition

The emission properties of GeSn heterostructure pin diodes have been investigated. The devices contain thick (400–600 nm) Ge1−ySny i-layers spanning a broad compositional range below and above the crossover Sn concentration yc where the Ge1−ySny alloy becomes a direct-gap material. These results are made possible by an optimized device architecture containing a single defected interface thereby mitigating the deleterious effects of mismatch-induced defects. The observed emission intensities as a function of composition show the contributions from two separate trends: an increase in direct gap emission as the Sn concentration is increased, as expected from the reduction and eventual reversal of the separation between the direct and indirect edges, and a parallel increase in non-radiative recombination when the mismatch strains between the structure components is partially relaxed by the generation of misfit dislocations. An estimation of recombination times based on the observed electroluminescence intensi...
Coupling of proteins with radioactive p-diazobenzoic acid and its methyl ester.

Abstract The coupling of various proteins, namely, bovine serum albumin, horse heart myoglobin, ribonuclease and insulin with p-diazobenzoic acid and with its methyl ester have been studied and compared with one another. The distribution of the haptene between the tyrosyl and histidyl residues parallels the frequency of these residues in various protiens. In addition to the haptene attached by azo coupling and detected spectroscopically, there is also a fraction incorporated by a different reaction and only found by the radioactivity of the haptene. As explanation for this point of attack, salt formation of the diazo functions with the free carboxyls of the proteins is proposed.
New Insights into Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition, Vasodilation, and Treatment of Hypertensive-Related Diseases

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) and its inhibitors are relevant to many physiological processes and diseases. The enzyme is differentially expressed throughout the body, in concentration and subcellular location, and as 13 catalytically active isoforms. Blood vessels contain small amounts of CA, but the enzyme’s role in vascular physiology and blood pressure regulation is uncertain. However, considerable recent evidence points to vasodilation by CA inhibitors. CA inhibition in vascular smooth muscle, endothelium, heart, blood cells, and nervous system could all contribute. It is equally plausible that other targets besides CA for all known CA inhibitors may account for their vascular effects. I will review this knowledge and important remaining gaps relating to treatment of hypertensive-related diseases with potent sulfonamide inhibitors, such as acetazolamide; but also the possibility that CA inhibition by thiazides and loop diuretics, although generally weaker, may have antihypertensive effects beyond their inhibition of renal sodium transporters.
Space-Grown Neuraminidase Crystals

David Malakoff's article concerning the science that will be conducted on the international space station (News Focus, 14 May, p. [1102][1]), mentions a recent press release by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) regarding influenza neuraminidase crystals that were grown in space. Malakoff interviewed me, and I clearly explained to him that crystals grown on the Mir space station produced the best x-ray diffraction data set in our laboratory at that time and were used to determine the 3-dimensional structure of N9 neuraminidase ([1][2]). This native structure was subsequently used for all of the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Center for Macromolecular Crystallography's (CMC's) drug complex structures, and still is today. In addition, we flew N2 and B-Lee-40 neuraminidase on the U.S. space shuttle. These crystals were used to determine several inhibitor-protein complex structures and to optimize the cryopreservation protocol used for all future neuraminidase crystals. In spite of my providing this information, Malakoff quotes Graeme Laver as saying that “the single space-produced crystal involved in the project was grown aboard Mir without NASA's help. ‘And it had nothing to do with the drug's development. BioCryst's findings came from crystals I grew on Earth.’” The CMC and BioCryst Pharmaceuticals worked as a team, sharing all information from this drug development project. It is incorrect to assert that the data and work performed by the CMC (using space-grown crystals) did not contribute to the scientific development of a useful clinical candidate drug. NASA's contribution to this project was substantial in terms of 10 years of funding support and crystallization of N2 and B-Lee-40 neuraminidase to support the drug design. 1. [↵][3]1. P. Bossart-Whitaker 2. et al. , J. Mol. Biol 232, 1069 (1993). [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][PubMed][6][Web of Science][7] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.284.5417.1102 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bmolecular%2Bbiology%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BMol%2BBiol%26rft.aulast%253DBossart-Whitaker%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%26rft.volume%253D232%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D1069%26rft.epage%253D1083%26rft.atitle%253DThree-dimensional%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Binfluenza%2BA%2BN9%2Bneuraminidase%2Band%2Bits%2Bcomplex%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Binhibitor%2B2-deoxy%2B2%252C3-dehydro-N-acetyl%2Bneuraminic%2Bacid.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1006%252Fjmbi.1993.1461%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8371267%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1006/jmbi.1993.1461&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=8371267&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F284%2F5420%2F1621.3.atom [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1993LV53300005&link_type=ISI
Long-Term Projections of the AIDS Epidemic

A mathematical model for predicting the future course of the AIDS epidemic permits the evaluation of a number of possible scenarios for male homosexuals in the US and finds that, while the epidemic can be mitigated, a combination of strategies will probably be needed. Steps to lower the transmissibility of the virus and to encourage more widespread testing and abstinence from risky sex practices are the most promising; merely reducing the rate of acquisition of new sexual partners without decreasing total sexual activity will have only a minor impact. A drug that increases the time from initial infection to the development of AIDS and the time from development of AIDS to death improves the short-term situation at the expense of the long-term if no cure is found. The presence of such a drug in conjunction with the other interventions is, in certain ways, worse than its absence. The model is used to estimate that between 24 and 52 new large urban hospitals will be needed to accommodate male homosexual AIDS patients, perhaps as soon as 1997.
945 ONTOGENY OF PHAGOCYTE MOVEMENT IN THE OVINE

Movement of phagocytic cells constitutes a major host defense mechanism. Previous studies from this and other laboratories have demonstrated diminished movement of neonatal PMNs and MNLs. Nothing, however, is known of the ontogeny of PMN and MNL movement. We now report such studies in the ovine. Fetuses ranging in age from 120 to 150 days (term) were delivered of date bred ewes by Caesarean section. PMNs were obtained from venous blood and chemotaxis was measured by a modified Boyden technique, utilizing 3μ cellulose acetate filters. Endotoxin activated pooled normal sheep plasma was the chemoattractant. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were obtained from the first 10-12 cc of tracheobronchial aspirate. PAM were suspended in McCoy's medium to a final concentration of 1.5 × 106/ml. Chemotaxis was studied by a modification of the method of Snyderman utilizing 8μ nuclepore filters. The data showed: 1) Regardless of age at delivery, PMNs and PAMs failed to show any chemotaxis. This correlated with marked neutropenia in the first blood sample obtained. Bone marrow examination, by contrast, showed normal granulocyte stores. Maternal ovine control PMNs and PAMs showed normal migration; 2) Following delivery, lamb PMNs developed chemotactic responses within several days. This correlated with rise in the peripheral neutrophil count to normal adult sheep levels. The absence of chemotactic response in utero was entirely unexpected and suggests a regulatory role on phagocyte function occurring during gestation and the birth process.
Changing places, changing emissions: The cross‐scale reliability of greenhouse gas emission inventories in the US

Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories, which currently inform abatement policy discussions, are developed mostly from national scale data. Nevertheless, although the policy debate tends to take place in global and national arenas, action to abate GHG emissions is inherently within the provenance of local institutions and communities. The purpose of this paper is to examine how much information is lost by not estimating GHG emissions data at scales finer than the whole US. Such information may be critical in bridging global and local policy. Differences in the composition of GHG emission sources based on GHG emission inventories at three nested spatial scales (national, state, local) for four study sites (in Kansas, North Carolina, Ohio and Pennsylvania) are analysed, drawing upon initial results of a large collaborative study known as the ‘Association of American Geographers‐Global Change in Local Places (GCLP)’ project. The concept of spatial sovereignty of emissions is developed to test the...
A Procedure for Artificial Insemination of Japanese Quail

Abstract A SIMPLE effective technique for the artificial insemination of Japanese quail is needed if these birds are to realize their full potential as laboratory animals for poultry investigations. Wilson et al. (1961) observed 10 percent fertility when quail were inseminated by a modification of the Burrows and Quinn (1939) method. Fertility levels of 9 and 4 percent depending upon semen dosage were reported by Ogasawara and Huang (1963). A method developed by Wentworth and Mellen (1963) resulted in fertility of 77.5 percent of birds inseminated. The disadvantages of this method stem from the necessity of introducing a hypodermic needle through the hard shelled egg present in the uterus with deposition of the semen just beyond the anteroventral end of the egg. Aside from allowing insemination of only birds that have a hard shell egg in the uterus, the egg following each insemination is lost. The primary objective of this paper…
Interaction of microcystin-LR with SuperChar: water decontamination and therapy.

Activated charcoal (SuperChar) has been recommended for therapeutic use against poisoning by several toxic agents, but it has not been tested against microcystin-LR toxicosis. Microcystin-LR, a cyc...
Segmentation-based retrieval of document images from diverse collections

We describe a methodology for retrieving document images from large extremely diverse collections. First we perform content extraction, that is the location and measurement of regions containing handwriting, machine-printed text, photographs, blank space, etc, in documents represented as bilevel, greylevel, or color images. Recent experiments have shown that even modest per-pixel content classification accuracies can support usefully high recall and precision rates (of, e.g., 80-90%) for retrieval queries within document collections seeking pages that contain a fraction of a certain type of content. When the distribution of content and error rates are uniform across the entire collection, it is possible to derive IR measures from classification measures and vice versa. Our largest experiments to date, consisting of 80 training images totaling over 416 million pixels, are presented to illustrate these conclusions. This data set is more representative than previous experiments, containing a more balanced distribution of content types. Contained in this data set are also images of text obtained from handheld digital cameras and the success of existing methods (with no modification) in classifying these images with are discussed. Initial experiments in discriminating line art from the four classes mentioned above are also described. We also discuss methodological issues that affect both ground-truthing and evaluation measures.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High‐affinity folate receptor in cardiac neural crest migration: A gene knockdown model using siRNA

Folate supplementation reduces the incidence of congenital heart defects, but the nature of this protective mechanism remains unclear. Immunolabeling demonstrated that the neural tube and neural crest (NC) cells were rich in the high-affinity folate receptor FOLR1and during the early stages of development FOLR1 was found principally in these cells. Suppression of Folr1 expression in the nascent cardiac NC by site-directed short-interfering RNA (siRNA) altered cardiac NC cell mitosis and subsequent migration patterns leading to abnormal development of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAA) and outflow tract. qPCR analysis demonstrated that the siRNA treatment significantly reduced Folr1 24 hr after treatment. These treatments also significantly reduced mitosis in the neural tube, but adjacent, nontreated areas were unaffected. In summary, a brief reduction in the expression of Folr1 during a critical stage of NC development had long-term consequences for the development of the PAA and outflow tract.