cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MISR in-flight camera geometric model calibration and georectification performance

In order to facilitate a unique georectification approach implemented for Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) data, specific calibration datasets need to be derived during flight. In the case of the spaceborne MISR instrument, with its unique configuration of nine fixed pushbroom cameras, continuous and autonomous coregistration and geolocation of image data are required prior to the application of scientific retrieval algorithms. In-flight-generated calibration datasets are required to (a) assure accuracy, (b) reduce processing load, and (c) support autonomous aspects of the processing algorithm. This paper describes the in-flight geometric calibration approach with the focus on the first year of activities and the georectification performance achieved.
A Comparison of Convergence- and Surface-Flux-Based Convective Parameterizations with Applications to Tropical Cyclogenesis

Abstract The evolutions of radially symmetric vortices and idealized easterly waves are compared using three simple convective parameterization schemes. The parameterizations are formulated for a model atmosphere consisting of three coupled, shallow, constant-density layers. The first was developed by Ooyama and later refined by DeMaria and Pickle (the ODP scheme). Their scheme uses horizontal convergence in the boundary layer to define a vertical mass flux, along with a closure relation based on conservation of moist static energy that determines the vertical redistribution of mass. The second scheme is a modification of the ODP scheme in that convection is allowed to stabilize the profile. A third scheme has the convective mass flux from the boundary layer determined by the assumption that convective up- and downdrafts keep the equivalent potential temperature of the boundary layer in near equilibrium (the BLQ scheme). For vortices that are initially radially symmetric, the ODP scheme produces a hurrica...
Nucleotide binding by the histidine kinase CheA

To probe the structural basis for protein histidine kinase (PHK) catalytic activity and the prospects for PHK-specific inhibitor design, we report the crystal structures for the nucleotide binding domain of Thermotoga maritima CheA with ADP and three ATP analogs (ADPNP, ADPCP and TNP-ATP) bound with either Mg2+ or Mn2+. The conformation of ADPNP bound to CheA and related ATPases differs from that reported in the ADPNP complex of PHK EnvZ. Interactions of the active site with the nucleotide bold gamma-phosphate and its associated Mg2+ ion are linked to conformational changes in an ATP-lid that could mediate recognition of the substrate domain. The inhibitor TNP-ATP binds CheA with its phosphates in a nonproductive conformation and its adenine and trinitrophenyl groups in two adjacent binding pockets. The trinitrophenyl interaction may be exploited for designing CheA-targeted drugs that would not interfere with host ATPases.
An ${\cal H}^{2}$ -Matrix-Based Integral-Equation Solver of Reduced Complexity and Controlled Accuracy for Solving Electrodynamic Problems

Using an H 2 matrix as the mathematical framework, we compactly represent a dense system matrix by a reduced set of parameters, thus enabling a significant reduction in computational complexity. The error bound of the H 2-matrix-based representation of an electrodynamic problem was derived. We show that exponential convergence with respect to the number of interpolation points can be achieved irrespective of the electric size. In addition, we show that a direct application of H 2-matrix-based techniques to electrodynamic problems would result in a complexity greater than O (N), with N being the matrix size, due to the need of increasing the rank when ascending an inverted tree in order to keep a constant order of accuracy. A rank function was hence developed to maintain the same order of accuracy in a wide range of electric sizes without compromising computational complexity. With this rank function, we demonstrate that given a range of electric sizes which lead to a range of N , the dense system of O (N 2) parameters can be compactly stored in O (N) units, and the dense matrix-vector multiplication can be performed in O (N) operations. Moreover, the same order of accuracy can be kept across this range. The method is kernel independent, and hence is suitable for any integral-equation-based formulation. In addition, it is applicable to arbitrary structures. Numerical experiments from small electric sizes to 64 wavelengths have demonstrated the performance of the proposed method.
Impaired Behavior Regulation under Conditions of Concurrent Variable Schedules of Reinforcement in Children with ADHD.

Objective: To bridge theory of response inhibition and learning in children with ADHD. Method: Thirty ADHD and 30 non-ADHD children (ages 9-12) were compared under concurrent variable interval (VI-15 sec., VI-30 sec. and VI- 45 sec.) reinforcement schedules that required the child to switch between the three schedules under conditions of experimentally controlled inhibition (change over delay [COD] vs. No COD). Classical matching law was used to evaluate children’s success in maximizing reinforcement opportunities. Results: Children with ADHD showed normal matching only when immediate reinforcement for responding was blocked by the presence of a 3-s COD. Without a COD, ADHD children failed to conform to the normal matching law. Non-ADHD children’s behavior fit the matching law (i.e., rate of response was proportional to rate of reinforcement) whether a COD was present or absent. Conclusions: Results supported other findings that response inhibition is a key mechanism in responses to reinforcement schedule...
Caenorhabditis elegans Galectins LEC-6 and LEC-10 Interact with Similar Glycoconjugates in the Intestine

Galectins are a family of metazoan proteins that show binding to various β-galactoside-containing glycans. Because of a lack of proper tools, the interaction of galectins with their specific glycan ligands in the cells and tissues are largely unknown. We have investigated the localization of galectin ligands in Caenorhabditis elegans using a novel technology that relies on the high binding specificity between galectins and their endogenous ligands. Fluorescently labeled recombinant galectin fusions are found to bind to ligands located in diverse tissues including the intestine, pharynx, and the rectal valve. Consistent with their role as galactoside-binding proteins, the interaction with their ligands is inhibited by galactose or lactose. Two of the galectins, LEC-6 and LEC-10, recognize ligands that co-localize along the intestinal lumen. The ligands for LEC-6 and LEC-10 are absent in three glycosylation mutants bre-1, fut-8, and galt-1, which have been shown to be required to synthesize the Gal-β1,4-Fuc modifications of the core N-glycans unique to C. elegans and several other invertebrates. Both galectins pull down the same set of glycoproteins in a manner dependent on the presence of these carbohydrate modifications. Endogenous LEC-6 and LEC-10 are expressed in the intestinal cells, but they are localized to different subcellular compartments that do not appear to overlap with each other or with the location of their glycan targets. An altered subcellular distribution of these ligands is found in mutants lacking both galectins. These results suggest a model where LEC-6 and LEC-10 interact with glycoproteins through specific glycans to regulate their cellular fate.
Ultra-high aspect ratio trenches in single crystal silicon with epitaxial gap tuning

A new method for the formation of narrow ( 500:1) trenches in monocrystalline silicon is demonstrated using a combination of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and epitaxial deposition. Aspect ratios achieved were an order of magnitude higher than using DRIE only. This method was used to fabricate width-extensional mode resonators with narrow gaps within our wafer-scale epitaxial polysilicon encapsulation process. A representative 52 MHz width-extensional mode resonator with a motional impedance near 1 KΩ is carefully characterized.
Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunction metrics and geodesic shape distance features for shape matching in synthetic aperture sonar

Assuming that a 1D curve is a representation of a manifold embedded in a 2D-space, the metrics of the eigenfunctions of the weighted graph-Laplacian and diffusion operator of that manifold are then a representation of the shape of that manifold with invariance to rotation, scale, and translation. In this work, we employ spectral metrics of the eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator compared with geodesic shape distance features for shape analysis of closed curves extracted from 2-D synthetic aperture sonar imagery. Results demonstrate that the spectral eigenfunction diffusion metric and the geodesic distance allow for good class separation over multiple noisy target shapes with a computational advantage to the eigenfunction method.
Forming limits for electromagnetically expanded aluminum alloy tubes: Theory and experiment

The electromagnetic forming process is a high-velocity manufacturing technique which uses electromagnetic (Lorentz) body forces to shape sheet metal parts. One of the several advantages of this technique is the considerable ductility increase observed in several metals, with aluminum featuring prominently among these. Motivated by the quasistatic case, recent work has extended the concept of forming limit diagrams (FLDs) to model the ductility of electromagnetically formed sheets. This general theory is hereby applied to study the ductility of freely expanding electromagnetically loaded aluminum tubes. Necking strains are measured in tubes of various geometries which are loaded by different coils and currents. The experimental results are plotted in principal strain space and show reasonable agreement with the corresponding theoretical FLD predictions, which indicate a 2- to 3-fold increase in the forming limits with respect to the quasistatic case.
Evidence for particle acceleration in the magnetospheric cusp

Abstract. New evidence reveals that the charged particles can be energized locally in the magnetospheric cusp. The power spectral density of the cusp magnetic fluctuations shows increases by up to four orders of magnitude in comparison to an adjacent region. Large fluctuations of the cusp electric fields have been observed with an amplitude of up to 350 mV/m. The measured left-hand polarization of the cusp electric field at ion gyro-frequencies indicates that the cyclotron resonant acceleration mechanism is working in this region. The cyclotron resonant acceleration can energize ions from keV to MeV in seconds.
Directional atherectomy before stenting versus stenting alone in percutaneous coronary interventions: A meta-analysis

Plaque debulking before stenting is still controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of 12 randomized and non-randomized trials comparing directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) before stenting versus stenting alone. Angiographic end points were acute gain, late loss and angiographic restenosis rate. Clinical end points were early major adverse cardiac events [MACEs: death, Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI), non-Q-wave MI], late MACEs (death, Q-wave MI) and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Data are expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) or weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% CI, as appropriate. A total of 1216 patients undergoing DCA before stent and 1484 patients undergoing stent alone have been included. DCA before stent was associated to a better acute gain compared to stenting alone (WMD 0.23, [0.18-0.28]; p<0.0001), to a striking reduction of angiographic restenosis rate (OR of 0.67, [0.54-0.84], p=0.0003) and to a significantly lower rate of late TLR (OR 0.73 [0.59-0.91], p=0.006). Late loss did not differ between the two groups (WMD 0.00 [-0.08 and 0.08], p=0.98). We found a higher rate of early MACEs for the combined approach (OR 1.87 [1.16-3.02], p=0.01), with similar prevalence of late MACEs (OR 0.83 [0.65-1.06], p=0.13). In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrates that DCA before stenting is superior to stenting alone with regard to acute angiographic results and TLR with a similar prevalence of late MACEs. The higher prevalence of early MACEs with DCA before stenting, however, is disturbing and probably related to distal embolization.
Controlled Fusion with Hot-ion Mode in a Degenerate Plasma

n a Fermi-degenerate plasma, the rate of electron physical processes is much reduced from the classical prediction, possibly enabling new regimes for controlled nuclear fusion, including the hot-ion mode, a regime in which the ion temperature exceeds the electron temperature. Previous calculations of these processes in dense plasmas are now corrected for partial degeneracy and relativistic effects, leading to an expanded regime of self-sustained fusion.
Ultrasound-guided trial transfer may be beneficial in preparation for an IVF cycle

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to determine if ultrasound-guide d trial transfer (UTT) in the office in preparation for an IVF cycle can be utilized as an altern ative and/or adjunct to ultrasound-guided embryo transfer (UGET). METHODS: Patients planning to undergo an IVF cycle at an academic centre were included. Each patient underwent an UTT in the office by the same practitioner. Th e difference in length (DL), if any, was measured from the perceived top of the uterine cavity (c atheter tip) to the actual cavity apex as visualized by ultrasound. RESULTS: Of the 64 patients enrolled, 19 patients (29.7%) had a measurable DL, of which 14 (21.9%) had a DL � 0.5 cm, and nine (14.1%) had a DL � 1.0 cm. Significant differences were noted between patients when comparing DL to previous pregnancy status and the total cavity depth (sounding depth + DL) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: UTT in the office setting appears to be beneficial in preparation for an IVF cycle with embryo transfer.
Therapeutic efficacy and bone mineral density response during and following a three-month re-treatment of endometriosis with nafarelin (Synarel).

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine the effects of a repeated course of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist nafarelin on symptoms and signs of endometriosis and lumbar and distal radius bone mineral density. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-five women previously treated for 6 months with nafarelin, who had recurrent symptoms and signs of endometriosis, received 400 mcg/day of nafarelin intranasally for 3 months. Efficacy was evaluated by changes in severity of symptoms and signs. Lumbar bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and distal radius bone mineral density by single-photon absorptiometry. Bone mineral density was also measured in 10 control volunteers. RESULTS: Repeated 3-month treatment significantly alleviated recurrent symptoms and signs of endometriosis. Lumbar bone mineral density decreased significantly by a mean of 2% at the end of treatment; this loss was restored within 3 to 6 months after treatment completion. No bone mineral density decline occurred in the radius. Bone mineral density changes in the control group were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: A repeated 3-month course of nafarelin treatment significantly relieved recurrent endometriotic symptoms and signs without sustained loss of bone mineral density.(Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:8)
Correlation Between Hospitalization for Pharmaceutical Ingestion and Attention Deficit Disorder in Children Aged 5 to 9 Years Old

To determine if attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a risk factor for pharmaceutical ingestions leading to hospital admission in children between ages 5 and 9, a retrospective, case-controlled chart review was conducted at a children's hospital. Cases were children aged 5 to 9 admitted for oral ingestion of pharmaceuticals. Controls were children admitted during the same time period with abdominal pain, appendicitis, or gastroenteritis. Controls were matched to cases 3:1 by age and gender. An odds ratio was calculated to determine if attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a statistically significant risk factor for hospitalization after pharmaceutical ingestion. A total of 36% of 31 identified cases had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared with 7% of controls. The odds ratio for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children hospitalized after pharmaceutical ingestion was 7.97 (95% confidence interval, 2.35-28.01; P < .01). Children hospitalized for pharmaceutical ingestion...
Turning Collaboration into Transaction: A Case of Intranet Use in Boundary-Spanning Practices

This paper draws on Bourdieu's theory of practice and on observations from a qualitative case study to investigate how the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) affects boundary-spanning practices inside organizations. To understand boundary-spanning practices, we distinguish between collaborative and transactive practices, where the former is defined as the engagement of agents in the joint production of objects; whereas, the latter is defined as the engagement of agents in the exchange of objects produced separately by each party. We found that before the introduction of ICTs, agents relied primarily on relationships facilitated by individuals - boundary spanners. However, boundary spanners were overwhelmed with work, not available on all projects, and sometimes seen as biased. The Intranet was envisioned to replace boundary spanners with a boundary object to save on the communication overhead. The use of the system, however, also replaced a collaborative practice with a transactive one.
Capturing and curating published data

Verifiability and reproducibility are core tenets of the scholarly communication process. For many scientific publications, however, it is often the case that supporting datasets are not preserved, even when the article text is. And when they are, it is usually as a collection of files without relationships amongst one another or to the articles with which they are associated. There are some existing approaches that attempt to link datasets with articles after the fact (e.g.,NED ), but they are relatively few and involve substantial human intervention.The Digital Research and Curation Center in the Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries, in conjunction with its partners has developed a proof-of-concept system that demonstrates an approach to capturing datasets during the process of submitting the associated article. As part of this process, linkages are established between the datasets and the article.
‘Unlawful Enemy Combatant’: Status, Theory of Culpability, or Neither?

The Military Commissions Act of 2006 represents the United States’ most recent effort to establish a forum to try detainees captured in its ‘Global War on Terrorism’. This article briefly explores the Act's use of the term ‘unlawful enemy combatant’ to define both subject matter jurisdiction as well as the potential source of criminal liability. The article highlights the term's absence from the positive law of war as well as confusion over its legal significance in United States domestic law. Examining the relationship between status and protections under the law of war, the authors conclude the Act's use of the term ‘unlawful enemy combatant’ reflects legal convenience more than an objective assessment of the existing laws and customs of war.
Enhancing Humans and Sustainability: The Reunion of Bioethics and Environmental Ethics

Emerging technologies are hyped as ‘transformative’ by their proponents, who prophesize that these new technologies will significantly and beneficially change our world. Concerns have been raised about the potential environmental impacts of these technologies. Emerging technologies and their implications on humans, society, and the environment challenge our understanding of our responsibilities to the environment and future generations. Utilizing Van Potter’s sense of bioethics that meant the normative study of humanity’s place in the biosphere, I attempt to reintegrate bioethics and environmental ethics, to address questions about human well-being in the future, its dependence on complex environmental systems, and the impact of emerging technologies particularly enhancement technologies upon it. Ultimately, I argue that the future envisioned by proponents of human enhancement technologies is not consistent with our responsibilities to future generations which including leaving certain amounts of natural capital, including human ones.
Use of equivalent‐potential temperatures in the analysis of dependent climate

Saint Louis, Missouri, is not located in a primary air-mass-source region and the air-masses which are found over the city have migrated from other provinces. Such migrating air-masses contribute much to the day-to-day variability of the meteorological elements at Saint Louis, so that in the climatology of the city air-masses are recognized as important climatic controls. Hence it would seem that a clearer understanding of local variability can be derived from discussions of the air-mass climate from manifold viewpoints.
A current-comparator-based high-voltage inductance bridge

An overview of the development of a current-comparator-based high-voltage inductance bridge at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) for the accurate measurements of load losses of large high voltage inductive loads at low power factor operating conditions, such as, large high voltage power transformers and shunt reactors, will be presented. The bridge has ratio uncertainties of less than 10times10-6 in both magnitude and phase.
Real-time sensing and acoustic scene characterization for security applications

Real-time acoustic scene analysis has several applications such as homeland security, surveillance, and monitoring. The development of a collaborative networking infrastructure can be valuable in scene analysis since feature parameters can be extracted locally (at the node level) and combined at the base station. In this context, distributed and agile wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been of particular interest recently. In this paper, we propose real-time voice scene characterization algorithms for use in a wireless sensor network. Voice scene analysis is accomplished using a speech discriminator, a gender classifier, a system for recognizing the state of emotion, and an estimator of the number of speakers in an area of interest. Real-time implementations of these algorithms are accomplished using Crossbow motes and TI DSP boards, configured to operate in a wireless sensor network. A series of experiments are presented that characterize the performance of the algorithms under different conditions.
Political Identities and Political Landscapes: Men's Narrative Work in Relation to Women's Issues

This article presents case studies of two men who have a history of political activism on “women's” issues. The aim of my analysis is to describe the interpretive practice (Gubrium and Holstein 199...
Carpus and tarsus of Temnospondyli

The carpus of Eryops megacephalus and tarsus of Acheloma cumminsi known from complete and articulated individuals have provided the standard anatomy of these skeletal regions for temnospondyls. Restudy of the carpus of Eryops confirms the presence of only four digits, but refutes evidence for a prepollex, postminimus, and distal carpal 5. The supposed contact surface on centrale 1 for a prepollex is reinterpreted as part of the articulation for metacarpal 1 that includes distal carpal 1. Contrary to previous interpretations, a notch on the intermedium does not fit against the lateral corner of the radius. An articular surface on the distal end of the ulna thought previously to contact an absent postminimus fits against the ulnare. Preparation of the tarsus of the type specimen of Trematops milleri (junior synonym of Acheloma cumminsi ) and a previously undescribed crus and pes of Eryops finds no evidence for a pretarsale in either genus. Centrale 4 of the tarsus shares a similar rectangular shape with a wide contact for the tibiale among several temnospondyls whether terrestrial or aquatic. Limited flexibility of the carpus of Eryops and a strong palmar arch are probably weight-bearing features. A proximal-distal line of flexibility is present along the tibial side of the tarsus between the tibiale and centrale 4 and between centrale 2 and centrale 1. A phylogenetic analysis of Temnospondyli including new characters of the carpus and tarsus reveals considerable instability, highlighting the significance of Dendrerpeton acadianum , Balanerpeton woodi , Capetus palustris , and Iberospondylus schultzei .
Evolutionary Approaches for Studying Functional Morphology: Examples from Studies of Performance Capacity

Performance studies have long been a cornerstone of evolutionary studies of adaptation because of their purported importance for fitness. Nevertheless, for most systems, the mechanistic link among habitat use, morphology and performance is poorly understood. Further, few studies consider how behavior affects the relationship between morphology and performance. Here, I highlight the utility of considering both of these neglected areas by discussing studies in two systems: (1) the evolution of habitat use in Caribbean Anolis lizards, and (2) the evolution of limb function in desert lizards. Caribbean Anolis lizards partition the habitat via selection of different perch diameters, and surface diameter also exerts a strong effect on locomotor performance. Phylogenetic analyses show that Anolis species tend to avoid using perches in which their performance is submaximal, and also show that species with large performance breadths use a greater range of habitats. The underlying basis of this performance to habitat use link is a trade-off between the ability to sprint quickly on broad surfaces and the ability to move effectively on narrow surfaces. Studies of the kinematics of high-speed locomotion in five morphologically distinct lizard species reveal that some species exhibited behaviors that greatly enhanced their performance abilities relative to other species, suggesting that behavior can play a key role in the link between morphology and performance. Overall, these findings underscore the value of using a mechanistic approach for studying the links between habitat use, morphology and behavior.
Field Experiment of Reinforced Earth Wall

A field test conducted at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station indicated that the reinforced earth concept provides another alternative for constructing earth structures which may prove to be more economical when compared with conventional methods under certain conditions. Based on instrumentation measurements collected during construction and during loading of a retaining wall backfilled with sand and reinforced with galvanized steel ties, it appears that the Rankine earth pressure theory provides a good approximation for the measured lateral pressure when the wall is carrying little or no surcharge load. Prior to failure under a substantial surcharge loading, the measured lateral earth pressure was maximum at the middle third of the wall and varied from 1.0 to 1.2 times the Rankine active earth pressure. The curve connecting the points where maximum tensile stress occurred in the reinforcing ties did not coincide with the theoretical Rankine failure surface.
Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) of disialoganglioside GD2-positive solid tumors using a bispecific antibody (BsAb) with high affinity for GD2 and DOTA metal complex: A theranostic approach (TPRIT)

1486 Objectives PRIT of solid tumors has been limited by low therapeutic indices (TIs) due primarily to hematopoietic and renal toxicities. We combined 2 strategies to overcome these limitations: 1) a novel BsAb with more favorable in vivo biodistribution and 2) radiolabeled hapten moieties as a theranostic, i.e. to be used for quantitative imaging plus dosimetry and for RIT. We report here our initial results with a BsAb built from humanized IgG 3F8 with high affinity for GD2 and single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) for DOTA metal complex (Orcutt et al., Nucl. Med. Biol. 38:223, 2011) combined with 177Lu-DOTA for theranostic PRIT (TPRIT). Our aim was to achieve TIs of >50 for hematopoietic tissues and ~10 for kidney in nude mice bearing s.c. human GD2-positive neuroblastomas at tumoricidal doses (>4200 cGy; see Cheung et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77:739, 1986). Methods Non-invasive serial imaging and biodistribution experiments were performed varying TPRIT doses and administration schedules. A pilot therapy study was performed to test if an optimized dosing strategy was effective. Results Radiation doses to tumor and normal tissues were ~80 and ≤7.6 cGy/MBq, respectively, with TIs of 58 ± 35 for blood and 10 ± 5 for kidney. Treatment with three successive TPRIT cycles (33 MBq; ~6000 cGy to tumor) showed complete tumor response in 5/5 mice (control mice: 5/5 dead at 12 days), with survival of all treated animals at 30 days and tumor-free by bioluminescence and no obvious toxicities. Conclusions Using an optimized TPRIT approach, a highly effective therapeutic regimen was devised which resulted in complete responses in mice bearing GD2-positive solid tumors. Research Support NIH R25T Molecular Imaging in Oncology Fellowship (5R25CA096945-07), the Center for Targeted Radioimmunotherapy and Diagnosis, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Mr. William H. Goodwin and Mrs. Alice Goodwin and the Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research and The Experimental Therapeutics Center, MSKCC; Kids Walk for Kids with Cancer NYC; the Robert Steel Foundation.
Correlation of the RTS and RAPS in rotor-wing prehospital care

Abstract Introduction: The Rapid Acute Physiology Score (RAPS) has been applied to patients transported by air, but not correlated with commonly used prehospital indices. The authors desired to determine the correlation between RAPS and Revised Trauma Score (RTS). Correlations between RAPS and RTS in patients with non-trauma ills were also investigated. Methods: Eight-hundred forty-four consecutive patients transported by helicopter were retrospectively evaluated. Demographics, origin of transport, nature of illness, RTS and RAPS were recorded. RTS vs. RAPS scores were graphed using sunflower technique and correlation was calculated using Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficients (SCC). Alpha was set at ≤.05. Results: Sunflower plots revealed wide ranges of RAPS at like RTS values in less severely ill or injured patients. SCC analysis revealed statistically significant (p Conclusions: We conclude that RTS and RAPS scores exhibit significant correlation in a variety of patient populations. The wide range of RAPS seen at like RTS values suggests that RAPS may be a more sensitive indicator of physiologic status in patients transported by air.
Exploring Peace: Looking Beyond War and Negative Peace

Concern about war and large-scale violence has long dominated the study of international security. To the extent that peace receives any scholarly attention, it primarily does so under the rubric of “negative peace:” the absence of war. This article calls for a focus on peace in international studies that begins with a reconceptualization of the term. I examine the limitations of negative peace as a concept, discuss “positive peace,” and demonstrate empirically that Nobel Peace Prize winners have increasingly been those recognized for contributions to positive peace. Nevertheless, scholarly emphasis remains on war, violence, and negative peace—as demonstrated by references to articles appearing in a leading peace-studies journal and to papers presented at International Studies Association meetings. Peace is not the inverse or mirror image of war and therefore requires different theoretical orientations and explanatory variables. The article concludes with a series of guidelines on how to study peace.
Thyroid Function in Embryonic and Early Posthatch Chickens and Quail

Abstract Technological advances, especially radioimmunoassays, have led to good descriptive information about the timing and pattern of development of the thyroid gland (TG) and circulating thyroid hormone (TH). Immunocytochemical studies in combination with more traditional techniques such as gland ablation and hormone replacement have revealed the time of appearance of each hormone in the axis, the relative amounts of hormone present in each gland at different developmental stages, and a general picture of the pattern of maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Studies of the pituitary control of the TG remain limited by the lack of adequately specific techniques for measuring avian thyroid-stimulating hormone. Our understanding of peripheral TH dynamics is progressing as a result of iodothyronine deiodinase assays but full understanding will require more elaborate studies that adequately characterize the enzyme system(s) in each case. Molecular techniques have made powerful strides in identifying the gene responsible for producing a protein that appears to be the triiodothyronine receptor. Receptor assays have revealed the pattern of changes in receptor-binding capacities during development but have not yet revealed how binding of hormone to the receptor triggers cellular activity. Molecular genetic techniques are being used to reveal the mechanisms whereby some examples of developmental events (e.g., malic enzyme synthesis) are induced by TH. Although it is not yet possible to assess the value of molecular studies in this area for developing practical applications, these techniques are revealing the fundamental biological roles of TH in growth and development.
Cell-free transfer of cholesterol from lysosomes to phospholipid vesicles.

The objective of this work was to develop a cell- free system for studying the transfer of cholesterol from lysosomes to membrane acceptor particles. The methods in- volved 1) loading of CHO cells at 15°C with (SHIcholesteryl oleate-reconstituted LDL, such that it accumulated unde- graded in endosomes; 2) homogenization of cells, followed by preparation of an endosome-lysosome donor fraction; 3) in- cubation of the donor fraction at 37'C in a defined cytosol- like medium containing acceptor particles of egg phospha- tidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles (PCSW); and 4) measurement of cholesteryl oleate (CO) hydrolysis and trans- fer of the resulting free cholesterol (FC) to vesicles. During cell-free incubation, LDLloaded endosomes fused with lysosomes leading to the lysosomal hydrolysis of LDL cholesteryl ester. Maximal hydrolysis of approximately 50% was achieved in 4-8 h. This hydrolysis was inhibited by lysoso- motropic agents, proton ionophores, or removal of ATP and GTP from the medium, indicating that it took place in sealed lysosomes. In the absence of PCSW, the release of LDLde- rived FC from lysosomes was 5 10%/8 h. This was increased to a maximum of 25-30%/8 h at 3 mg/ml of PCSLJV. In contrast, the release of undegraded CO was 5-15%/8 h and not stimulated by PCSUV, suggesting that the transfer of FC to PC-SLJV was selective and not due to the uncontrolled release of lysosomal contents. I In comparisons between CHO-K1 cells and sterol transportdefective CHO(2-2) cells, lysosomes from the latter cell were 35% less efficient as do- nors of cholesterol for transfer to egg phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles, indicating that these methods re- produce an important aspect of sterol trafficking in cells. In addition, this result suggests that the mutation in CHO(2-2) has a direct effect on the lysosomes of these cells.-Johnson, W. J. Cell-free transfer of cholesterol from lysosomes to phos- pholipid vesicles. J. Lipid Res. 1996. 37: 54-66. Supplementary key words Chinese hamster ovary cell CHO-Kl CHO(2-2) endosome low density lipoprotein cholesteryl oleate free cholesterol acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase acid lipase chloroquine methylamine monensin nigericin ATP GTP calcium ion N-acetyl-bglucosaminidase alkaline phosphodiesterase cytochrome C oxidase U18666A progesterone imipramine phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles
The Evolution of Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

The treatment landscape for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a dynamic process that has seen considerable change in recent years. We have seen a rebirth of original breakthroughs with immune checkpoint inhibitors showing promise in patients with treatment-refractory disease. The optimal sequencing of treatments and incorporation of novel therapeutics are actively being investigated and have yet to be determined. The clinical challenges of this evolving treatment paradigm can be attributed to cost considerations, toxicity, and defining endpoints in the management of advanced RCC. As novel therapeutics emerge, finding the optimal treatment regimen for patients will have an increasing focus on patient-centered outcomes and improvement in quality of life in addition to improving survival.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate increases hydraulic conductivity in rabbit and rat CCT.

Although guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) is present in renal nephron segments, there is no information on the role of cGMP as a mediator of renal tubular transport events. We found that an activator of guanylate cyclase (nitroprusside) and 8-bromocGMP (8-BrcGMP) significantly increased hydraulic conductivity in rabbit and rat cortical collecting tubules (CCT) perfused in vitro. The effect of 10(-4) M 8-BrcGMP to increase CCT hydraulic conductivity was reversible and comparable in magnitude and time course to that produced by maximal concentrations of arginine vasopressin. In rabbit CCT, cGMP increased hydraulic conductivity in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibition with methylisobutylxanthine and in the presence of supramaximal concentrations of arginine vasopressin. Neither nitroprusside nor 8-BrcGMP stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in microdissected CCT. These data demonstrate that cGMP can act independently of either stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity or inhibition of phos...
Simultaneous tracking and rendering: Real-time monocular localization for MAVs

We propose a method of real-time monocular camera-based localization in known environments. With the goal of controlling high-speed micro air vehicles (MAVs), we localize with respect to a mesh map of the environment that can support both pose estimation and trajectory planning. Using only limited hardware that can be carried on a MAV, we achieve accurate pose estimation at rates above 50 Hz, an order of magnitude faster than the current state-of-the-art mesh-based localization algorithms. In our simultaneous tracking and rendering (STAR) approach, we render virtual images of the environment and track camera images with respect to them using a robust semi-direct image alignment technique. Our main contribution is the decoupling of camera tracking from virtual image rendering, which drastically reduces the number of rendered images and enables accurate full camera-rate tracking without needing a high-end GPU. We demonstrate our approach in GPS-denied indoor environments.
Recovery of arterial pressure control after partial baroreceptor denervation in awake rabbits

We examined recovery of control of heart rate (HR) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) by arterial baroreceptors after bilateral carotid sinus and aortic denervation or unilateral carotid sinus and aortic denervation in conscious rabbits. In one group of animals, HR responses to changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) after injection of nitroglycerin or phenylephrine were measured in control studies and at 2, 5, 10, and 15 days after partial baroreceptor denervation. All denervation procedures increased MAP and HR at 2 and 5 days after denervation. Reflex sensitivity decreased to 57-67% of control on day 2 after denervation. HR responses recovered by day 10 after bilateral aortic or carotid sinus denervation; however, recovery following unilateral denervation was less complete. In a second group of animals, studied after implantation of aortic flowmeters, TPR changes following reduction in cardiac output by inferior vena caval occlusion were 49% of control responses on day 2 after denervation and returned close to control level on day 5. Controls of HR and TPR recovered substantially and were not significantly different from control 10 days after partial denervation. Recovery apparently occurred through the remaining arterial baroreceptors, possibly due to central reorganization of reflex pathways.
Changing patterns of prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis following elective hip replacement.

The author audited the charts of elective hip replacements at a community hospital over an 18 month period. Initially, aspirin was the most commonly ordered prophylactic agent (31%). Only 15% of patients received an ideal or probably effective prophylactic regimen. After feedback was received by the orthopedists, another audit was performed. Warfarin was the most commonly used agent and 54% of patients received an ideal or probably effective regimen in the follow-up period (P < .0001 compared to initial survey). Although there is still room for further improvement, orthopedists in this community are using more effective regimens to prevent thromboembolism following elective hip surgery.
Underreporting and Missed Opportunities for Uptake of Intermittent Preventative Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy (IPTp) in Mali.

Objectives To identify factors contributing to low uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in rural Mali.
Bitmap Indices for Data Warehouses

Author(s): Stockinger, Kurt; Wu, Kesheng | Abstract: In this chapter we discuss various bitmap index technologies for efficient query processing indata warehousing applications. We review the existing literature and organize the technology into three categories, namely bitmap encoding, compression and binning. We introduce anefficient bitmap compression algorithm and examine the space and time complexity of the compressed bitmap index on large data sets from real applications. According to the conventional wisdom, bitmap indices are only efficient for low-cardinality attributes. However, we show that the compressed bitmap indices are also efficient for high-cardinality attributes. Timing results demonstrate that the bitmap indices significantly ou tperform the projection index, which is often considered to be the most efficient access method for multi-dimensional queries. Finally, we review the bitmap index technology currently supported by commonly used commercial database systems and discuss open issues for future research and development.
Core Biopsy of Abdominopelvic Lesions

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for core biopsy of abdominopelvic lesions procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Graduate-Assistant Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Professional Socialization in the Collegiate Setting: Part I

Context: Many newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs) pursue graduate assistantships, which allow them to gain experience while being supervised by an experienced AT. The graduate-assistant (GA)...
Spectra and structure of silicon containing compounds: Part IX. Microwave spectrum of methoxytrifluorosilane

Abstract The microwave spectra of CH 3 OSiF 3 and CD 3 OSiF 3 have been recorded in the region 18.5–40.0 GHz. Only R -branch a -type transitions were observed. The rotational constants have been found to be: B = 2265.68 ± 0.07 and C = 2248.71 ± 0.07 MHz for CH 3 OSiF 3 and B = 2051.17 ± 0.06 and C = 2034.61 ± 0.06 MHz for CD 3 OSiF 3 . These data were found to be consistent with r (Si-O) = 1.56 ± 0.01 A and ∠COSi = 132 ± 1.5°. The Si-O bond distance is somewhat shorter than the corresponding bond in similar compounds.
Abstract 138: Deficiency of CD11a Reduces CD8+ T-Cell Activation and Proliferation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice

T cells, particularly CD8 + T cells, are major participants in obesity-linked adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. CD11a, a β 2 -integrin, is crucial for T cell adhesion and interactions with antigen-presenting cells. It has been shown that stimulation of CD11a lowered the threshold of T cell activation, yet the role of CD11a in T cell activation in AT remains unknown. We used CD11a -/- mice to test the hypothesis that CD11a deficiency reduces CD8 + T cell activation in AT. Mice fed high-fat diet for 3 months were used as an obesity model, with mice on normal diet as lean controls. CD8 + T cells and related cytokines were examined in AT by flow cytometry or quantitative RT-PCR. Compared to lean wild-type (WT) mice, obese WT mice had increased numbers of activated CD8 + T cells, with higher proportions of CD11a high CD8 + memory T cells, CD44 + CD62L - effector memory CD8 + T cells and CD44 + CD69 + effector CD8 + T cells; and increased mRNA levels of granzyme B and IFN-γ in AT. Compared to obese WT, obese CD11a -/- mice had lower proportions of CD44 + CD62L - effector memory CD8 + T cells and CD44 + CD69 + effector CD8 + T cells, and decreased mRNA levels of granzyme B and IFN-γ (P + T cells. IL-2, IL-12 and IL-18 levels were increased in AT of obese WT compared to that of leans, and were lower in AT of obese CD11a -/- mice than that of obese WT. In vitro treatment with IL-2, IL-12 and IL-18 induced proliferation and expression of IFN-γ and CD69 in CD8 + cells isolated from AT of WT mice. Compared to those from WT mice, CD8 + T cells from AT of CD11a -/- mice showed decreased response to cytokine stimulation with fewer cells expressing IFN-γ (7.0±1.1% in CD11a -/- vs. 11.3±1.1% in WT, n=3-5/group, P + T cells in AT in vivo. At 3 hours after intraperitoneal injection of Edu, no Edu + T cells appeared in blood but we found CD8 + /Edu + T cells in AT of WT mice, indicating CD8 + T cells proliferated in AT. Compared to obese WT mice, obese CD11a -/- mice had decreased proportion of proliferating CD8 + T cells in AT (1.3±0.4% in CD11a -/- vs. 2.4±0.1% in WT, n=3/group, P + T cell activation and proliferation in AT associated with obesity.
Reflections on Science and Imagination

Once I was a physicist, working at the beginnings of plasma physics, after a few years in the Second World War dealing with radar, radar counter-measures, and scientific intelligence. Then I added history of physics, and always looked for philosophy. Why philosophy? Well, philosophy deals with three basic questions: What is? How do we know? What ought to be?
Nanoscale Phase-Separated Structure in Core–Shell Nanoparticles of SiO2–Si1–xGexO2 Glass Revealed by Electron Microscopy

SiO2-based optical fibers are indispensable components of modern information communication technologies. It has recently become increasingly important to establish a technique for visualizing the nanoscale phase-separated structure inside SiO2–GeO2 glass nanoparticles during the manufacturing of SiO2–GeO2 fibers. This is because the rapidly increasing price of Ge has made it necessary to improve the Ge yield by clarifying the detailed mechanism of Ge diffusion into SiO2. However, direct observation of the internal nanostructure of glass particles has been extremely difficult, mainly due to electrostatic charging and the damage induced by electron and X-ray irradiation. In the present study, we used state-of-the-art scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to examine cross-sectional samples of SiO2–GeO2 particles embedded in an epoxy resin, which were fabricated using a broad Ar ion beam and a focused Ga ion beam. T...