cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplay of orbital tuning and linker location in controlling electronic communication in porphyrin arrays

The β-diphenylethyne-linked porphyrin dimers ZnFbU-β (nonlinking meso-mesityl substituents) and F30ZnFbU-β (nonlinking meso-pentafluorophenyl substituents) and their bis-Zn analogues have been examined by static spectroscopic (absorption, fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance), time-resolved spectroscopic (absorption, fluorescence), and electrochemical (cyclic and square-wave voltammetry, coulometry) methods. The β-linked dimers were examined to test the hypothesis that the nature of the porphyrin HOMO (a1u versus a2u) in concert with the position of the linker (β-pyrrole or meso carbon) mediates electronic communication (excited-state energy transfer, ground-state hole-hopping). The major findings are as follows: (1) The rate of energy transfer is (56 ps)-1 for ZnFbU-β and (24 ps)-1 for F30ZnFbU-β. (2) The rate of hole/electron hopping in the monooxidized bis-Zn complex [F30Zn2U-β]+ is in the fast-exchange limit and is at least comparable to that for [Zn2U-β]+. These findings indicate that the p...
Imagining otherwise: Connecting the arts and social justice to envision and act for change: Special issue introduction

Not only can art expose the norms and hierarchies of the existing social order, but it can give us the conceptual means to invent another, making what had once seemed utterly impossible entirely re...
Bimetallic Nanoshells for Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence with Broad Band Fluorophores

In this article, we reported the near-field interactions between the Ru(bpy)32+ complexes and plasmon resonances from the bimetallic nanoshells. The metallic nanoshells were fabricated on 20 nm silica spheres as cores by depositing 10 nm of monometallic or bimetallic shells. There were approximately 15 Ru(bpy)32+ complexes in the silica core. The metal shells were constituted of silver and/or gold. The bimetallic shells could be generated in homogeneous or heterogeneous geometries. The homogeneous bimetallic shells contained 10 nm silver–gold alloys. The heterogeneous bimetallic shells contained successive 5 nm gold and 5 nm silver shells, or alternatively, 5 nm silver and 5 nm gold shells. Optical properties of metal nanoshells were studied on both the ensemble spectra and single nanoparticle imaging measurements. The heterogeneous bimetallic shells were found to have a large scale of metal-enhanced emission relative to the monometallic or homogeneous bimetallic shells. It is because the heterogeneous bi...
Omega-3 fatty acids in cellular membranes: a unified concept

The Omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6) and its sister molecule EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5) are highlighted here. These highly unsaturated fatty acids are widespread in nature, especially in the marine environment, and are essential in membranes ranging from deep sea bacteria to human neurons. Studies of DHA/EPA in bacteria have led to a working model on the structural roles of these molecules and are described in this review. The main points are: (a) genomic analysis shows that genes encoding the DHA/EPA pathways are similar, supporting the idea that structural roles in bacteria might be similar, (b) biochemical analysis shows that DHA and EPA are produced in bacteria by a polyketide process distinct from the pathway of plants and animals; this allows DHA and EPA to be produced in anaerobic or oxygen-limited environments, (c) regulatory systems triggered by temperature and pressure have been identified and studied, and add to the understanding of the roles of these molecules, (d) DHA/EPA bacteria are located almost exclusively in the marine environment, raising the prospect of an important linkage between membrane processes and marine conditions, (e) physiological studies of an EPA recombinant of E. coli show that EPA phospholipids contribute essential fluidity to the bilayer and that an EPA-enriched membrane supports a respiratory lifestyle dependent on proton bioenergetics; the EPA recombinant displays other physiological properties likely attributed to high levels of EPA in the bilayer, and (f) chemical studies such as chemical dynamic modeling support the idea that DHA and presumably EPA contribute hyperfluidizing properties to the membrane. We hypothesize that DHA/EPA phospholipids contribute fluidity and other properties to the bilayer which distinguish these highly unsaturated chains from monounsaturates and polyunsaturates such as 18:2 and 18:3. We further hypothesize that the structural properties of DHA/EPA functioning in bacteria are also harnessed by higher organisms for enhancing crucial membrane processes including photosynthesis and energy transduction.
Familiality of triglyceride and LPL response to exercise training: the HERITAGE study.

PURPOSE The main purpose of the present investigation was to test whether and to what extent familial/genetic factors are involved in the changes of postheparin lipoprotein lipase (deltaPH-LPL) activity and triglyceride (deltaTG) levels in response to exercise training. Additional hypotheses were also tested as to whether there were familial/genetic factors shared by baseline and the corresponding response to exercise training (i.e., by baseline triglyceride (TG(B)) and deltaTG and by baseline postheparin lipoprotein lipase (PH-LPL(B)) and deltaPH-LPL activity). METHODS Serum TG and PH-LPL were measured in 459 subjects from 99 sedentary Caucasian families of the HERITAGE Family study before (baseline) and after completing a 20 wk (3 times per week) exercise training protocol. The training protocol had a target intensity of 75% of the heart rate associated with baseline VO2max during the last 6 wk. PH-LPL activity was measured in the study subjects. Both univariate and bivariate familial correlation analyses were applied to the baseline and response data. RESULTS The maximal heritabilities for deltaTG and deltaPH-LPL activity were 22% and 15%, respectively. There were no common familial factors for TG(B) and deltaTG, nor were there any for PH-LPL(B) and deltaPH-LPL. However, we found that there were common familial factors underlying deltaTG and deltaPH-LPL; these familial factors seemed to differ across sex and generation groups. CONCLUSION Although there were no common familial factors underlying the covariation between the baseline triglyceride and PH-LPL activity and the corresponding responses to exercise training (i.e., TG(B) with deltaTG or PH-LPL(B) with deltaPH-LPL), the deltaTG and deltaPH-LPL covariation apparently share some common familial determinants.
GPU acceleration of optical mapping algorithm for cardiac electrophysiology

Optical mapping is an increasingly popular tool for experimentally analyzing the electrical activity in the heart. The optical mapping algorithm is computationally intense and consumes a considerable amount of time even with a highly optimized program running on a state-of-the-art multi-core microprocessor. For example, one second of data requires approximately 5 minutes of computation time (3.66 FPS) with a C++ program parallelized by OpenMP running on a 3.4GHz Quad-Core CPU. This article presents a GPU implementation of the optical mapping algorithm. Our result indicates that the GPU implementation is capable of processing the optical mapping video at 578 FPS which achieves 157.92X speed against the OpenMP optimized CPU implementation.
Competing on all fronts: Achievement orientation and disordered eating.

Strikingly high prevalence rates of symptoms of disordered eating among college women have been documented. The question arises as to whether one aspect of the college experience, achievement orientation, is associated with disordered eating. Competing hypotheses may be generated regarding the relationship between achievement orientation and disordered eating, with arguments for either a positive or negative relationship. The Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire (WOFO) and the Disordered Eating Symptoms Scale (DESS) were administered to 668 female undergraduate college students. Multivariate analysis of the WOFO subscales revealed that women with high levels of disordered eating obtained significantly higher scores on the Competitiveness subscale than women with low DESS scores. These findings support hypotheses of a positive relationship between competitiveness and disordered eating.
Differences in MEG gamma oscillatory power during performance of a prosaccade task in adolescents with FASD

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is characterized by a broad range of behavioral and cognitive deficits that impact the long-term quality of life for affected individuals. However, the underlying changes in brain structure and function associated with these cognitive impairments are not well understood. Previous studies identified deficits in behavioral performance of prosaccade tasks in children with FASD. In this study, we investigated group differences in gamma oscillations in response to a prosaccade task. We collected MEG data from 15 adolescents with FASD and 20 age-matched healthy controls (HC) with a mean age of 15.9 ± 0.4 years. During the prosaccade task, the participants began each trial by gazing at a centrally-placed fixation point. After a variable delay, a peripheral target appeared along the horizontal meridian in left or right visual field. The participants were instructed to saccade to the target as quickly and accurately as possible. Eye movement was recorded and synchronized to the MEG data using an MEG compatible eye-tracker. The MEG data were analyzed relative to the onset of the visual saccade. Time frequency analysis was performed using Fieldtrip with a focus on group differences in gamma-band oscillations. Following left target presentation, we identified 4 clusters over right frontal, right parietal and left temporal/occipital cortex, with significantly different gamma-band (30-50 Hz) power between FASD and HC. Furthermore, visual M100 latencies described in Coffman et al. (2012) corresponded with increased gamma power over right central cortex in FASD only, which may represent compensatory activity in this group. Gamma-band differences were not identified for stimulus-averaged responses implying that these gamma-band differences were related to differences in saccade network functioning. These gamma-band differences in power may provide indicators of atypical development of cortical networks in individuals with FASD.
Hadron showers in a low-density fine-grained flash chamber calorimeter

Abstract Hadronic showers at six incident particle energies from 33.8 to 415.4 GeV have been studied using the low-density fine-grained flash chamber calorimeter of the Lab C neutrino detector at Fermilab. Transverse distributions of unprecedented fine granularity have been obtained for a range of depths in the shower. Longitudinal energy distributions have been compared with those from iron-scintillator detectors. Some differences are observed which may be attributable to the different relative sensitivity of the two detector types to electromagnetic and hadronic shower components. Both longitudinal and transverse distributions have been parametrized. Fluctuations in energy deposition have been studied. The relative size of the fluctuations is largest near the starting vertex and in the tail of the shower, and falls slowly with increasing beam energy. Correlations between energy deposition in neighboring parts of the shower are observed, and anticorrelation is seen between energy deposition in the peak and in the tail of the shower. Containment lengths and widths have also been measured and parametrized.
Regulation of host diapause by an insect parasitoid

. 1. The interaction between larval development and parasitism by the braconid wasp Cotesia koebelei (Riley), was investigated in a population of the butterfly Euphydryas editha (Boisduval) (Nymphalidae). In this population, the butterfly host has an obligatory overwintering larval diapause. 2. It was found that E. editha larvae harbouring parasitoids were more likely to pass through an extra feeding instar before entering diapause than were non-parasitized conspecifics. 3. In addition, some individuals that were experimentally exposed to multiple parasitoid attacks bypassed diapause completely; these larvae passed through five or six feeding instars, reaching sizes typical of final instar post-diapause larvae. 4. The observed effect of superparasitism occurred regardless of whether the host larvae subsequently produced mature parasitoids, suggesting that parasitoid attack is sufficient to invoke the response. 5. It is proposed that the parasitoid C.koebelei regulates the number of pre-diapause feeding instars of its insect host E. editha, and that some component of the female venom, injected at oviposition, is responsible for this regulation.
Effect of pulping variables on enthalpy of kraft black liquors: Empirical predictive models

The effects of pulping variables on enthalpy of slash pine kraft black liquors from a 2{sup k} + 2k + 1 (k = 4) central composite design pulping experiments that were performed in a large pilot scale digester have been studied. The four cooling variables were effective alkali, sulfidity, cooking temperature, and time at temperature. In all cases, the white liquor was adjusted to a causticizing efficiency of 85% and a reduction of 93% with Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3} and Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. The enthalpy of these liquors was determined over wide ranges of temperature and solids concentrations using a Setaram C-80 calorimeter. In this work, previous models for enthalpy-concentration relations were used to perform a systematic study on the effects of pulping conditions on enthalpy and to develop statistically based quantitative models for enthalpy as a function of pulping variables. These results are presented, and their utility is discussed.
Monkey versus human performance in the NCTR operant test battery

A battery of operant behavioral tasks, designed to monitor complex “cognitive” functions in monkeys, was adapted for use in children. Adaptations were then incorporated into the monkey battery so that monkeys and children performed exactly the same tasks. Food pellets served as reinforcers for monkeys; nickels for children. Correct responding in a task is thought to depend upon relatively specific brain functions including short-term memory and attention, learning, time perception, motivation, and color and position discrimination. Eight 4-year-old rhesus monkeys served as subjects, and groups ( n = 10to20) of 4- to 8-year-old children were recruited if they were not known to have any neurological, academic or behavioral problems. In performance of only the learning task was there any significant difference between monkeys and children. This difference was in response rate (not accuracy), with the monkeys responding faster than children. This lone difference in operant responding between monkeys and children was likely due to the fact that monkeys generally use all four appendages to respond whereas children generally do not.
The mycotoxin patulin inhibits respiration of higher plant cells

Abstract The mycotoxin patulin inhibits germination of apple pollen in vitro, and the growth of cultured soybean cell suspensions. Patulin inhibits pollen respiration by 50%. In soybean cultures both salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), an inhibitor of the cyanide-insensitive mitochondrial electron transport which is alternative to cytochrome electron transport, and patulin inhibit respiration 50–60%. In contrast KCN stimulates soybean cell respiration. Patulin and SHAM appear to compete for the same site(s) of inhibition since patulin is not as inhibitory when respiration is previously inhibited by SHAM. Patulin inhibits the entry of phenylalanine and threonine into soybean cells. Phenylalanine transport appears to be energy coupled since it is inhibited by the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and by a combination of the respiratory inhibitors KCN plus SHAM.
Passive Detection of Nitrogen Dioxide Gas by Relative Resistance Monitoring of Iron (II) Phthalocyanine Thin Films

Metal-substituted phthalocyanine (MPc) thin films have been well documented as sensitive materials for detection of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas. The mechanism for detection is such that a MPc thin film acting as the electron donor possesses a strong chemical adsorption affinity towards NO2 molecules acting as electron acceptors. The resulting charge-carrier complex formed significantly increases MPc thin-film conductivity. Sensors based on iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc) thin films were fabricated by physical vapor deposition of FePc onto gold interdigitated electrodes patterned on an oxidized silicon substrate. Sensor exposure to NO2 concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2 ppm under an ultrahigh-purity nitrogen environment was conducted. Results show that room temperature as-deposited 400-nm FePc films with no post-deposition heat treatment produced a sensor that can reliably differentiate NO2 concentrations in the range of 0.5 to 2 ppm NO2 under a nitrogen atmosphere, via passive monitoring of relative resistance change.
Photoacoustic tomography: a potential new tool for prostate cancer

The feasibility of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) for noninvasive imaging of prostate cancer was explored through the study on a canine model in vivo. Imaging of blood-rich lesions mimicking prostate tumors was achieved using a commercial medical ultrasound (US) system without affecting its original imaging functions. Based on the optical contrast between hemoglobin and other tissues, PAT has demonstrated good sensitivity and high contrast-to-noise ratio in visualizing deep lesions; while US has presented the morphological features including the boundary and the urethral of the prostate. PAT of prostate cancer may facilitate improved tumor localization, staging of disease, and detection of recurrences.
Los invisibles. Una historia de la homosexualidad masculina en España, 1850–1939

Los invisibles. Una historia de la homosexualidad masculina en Espana, 1850–1939, por Francisco Vazquez Garcia y Richard Cleminson, Granada, Comares, 2011, 317 pp., ISBN 978-8-4983-6783-6 Si bien s...
Axisymmetric stresses and displacements in a finite circular bar

Abstract The lateral surface is assumed to be traction free, whereas its end sections are subjected to prescribed tractions and/or displacements. A family of biorthogonal eigenfunctions are generated via Love's function. The problem is formally reduced to an infinite system of linear algebraic equations which can be solved two at a time in some cases and satisfactorily approximated by truncation in other cases. Two example problems are solved and selected numerical results are presented in graphical form.
Bright Futures in Malawi’s New Dawn: Educational Aspirations as Assertions of Identity

Imagined futures, once a vital topic of theoretical inquiry within the sociology of culture, have been sidelined in recent decades. Rational choice models cannot explain the seemingly irrational optimism of youth aspirations, pointing to the need to explore other alternatives. This article incorporates insights from pragmatist theory and cognitive sociology to examine the relationship between imagined futures and present actions and experiences in rural Malawi, where future optimism appears particularly unfounded. Drawing from in-depth interviews and archival sources documenting ideological campaigns promoting schooling, the author shows that four elements are understood to jointly produce educational success: ambitious career goals, sustained effort, unflagging optimism, and resistance to temptation. Aspirations should be interpreted not as rational calculations, but instead as assertions of a virtuous identity, claims to be “one who aspires.”
Postoperative Cardiac Arrhythmias in Children.

The cardiac rhythm can be very labile in the early postoperative period, neces-sitating a high degree of vigilance. Bradycardia may be due to sinus node dysfunction or varying degrees of atrio-ventricular block, both of which are usually due to surgical trauma. Temporary pacing, using implanted temporary pacing wires, should be readily available. Most often, bradycardias are transient. Patients who fail to recover an adequate sinus rhythm or atrioventricular conduction within 7 to 10 days should be treated with a pacemaker. Supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and junctional ectopic tachycardia are the major tachyarrhythmias of the early postoperative period. Establishing the diagnosis may require electrocardiography, atrial electrocar-diograph recordings, and the use of intravenous adenosine. The management options for patients with tachyarrhythmias include vagal maneuvers, hypo-thermia, pacing, drug therapy, catheter ablation, direct-current cardioversion, and adjuvant measures. Electrolytes and acid-based balance should be checked in all patients with an arrhythmia and optimized if necessary.
Interactions between E18 Rat Hippocampal Neurons and Au-Nanowire Arrays

The anodization of aluminum templates created nanoporous alumina tubes arranged parallel to each other and electrodeposition using gold solution (AuHCl4) resulted in arrays of gold nanowires (GNWs) inside the pores. For investigation of Au-nano-neuronal interactions, we have cultured embryonic day 18 rat hippocampal neurons on the surface of nanowires. For preliminary understanding of the neuronal growth and connectivity, we studied the images of nano-neuronal interactions by using optical, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For adhesion of neurons to nanoarrays surfaces, we used bioconjugating protein coating Poly-D-Lysine (PDL). The embryonic hippocampal tissues were dissociated mechanically and cultured on Au-nano templates. We demonstrated well-defined neuronal networks on Au-nanowire (GNW) arrays and on standard glass coverslips. The neurons attached with the nanowires surfaces by an interface of PDL, which is a positively charged poly-peptide and plays a vital role in neurites growth on the nanowire arrays. The pre- and post-synaptic affects of neuronal interactions on the surfaces of nanowires were measured by Ca+ imaging in Keck microscope.
Impact of Hospital Volume of Thoracoscopic Lobectomy on Primary Lung Cancer Outcomes

Background This study evaluated hospital operative volume of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy in primary lung cancer as a predictor of short-term outcomes after pulmonary lobectomy on a national scale. Some previous analyses comparing VATS vs open lobectomy outcomes have been limited by inaccuracies in patient cohort identification. Methods The 2008 Healthcare Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was culled using the International Classification of Diseases (9th Clinical Modification) procedure codes specifically distinguishing VATS vs open lobectomies (32.41 and 32.49, respectively) available only after October 2007. High hospital VATS volume was defined as 95th percentile or higher (> 20 VATS/year). Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify independent predictors of the following outcome measures: 30-day in-hospital morbidity and mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and hospital costs. Results We identified 6,292 primary lung cancer patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy, including 1,523 undergoing VATS (24%). Compared with open, VATS patients had fewer complications (38% vs 44%, p p p = 0.004) and shorter LOS (2.3 ± 0.3-day difference, p p = 0.001) compared with low-volume VATS hospitals. Multivariable analysis showed high hospital VATS volume independently predicted shorter LOS (0.9 ± 0.4-day difference, p = 0.001). Conclusions In a national database, VATS lobectomy was associated with fewer complications and shorter LOS than open lobectomy in primary lung cancer patients. Among patients undergoing VATS, high hospital volume was also associated with shorter LOS.
Mobile commerce and the creation of a marketplace

The initial debate on mobile commerce (m‐commerce) was characterized by a high level of optimism, followed by a more nuanced and realistic approach. Still, m‐commerce is expected to constitute a significant future market worldwide. It is a new concept and is emerging in a context of few or no established norms, rules and standards. This article explores the move toward global rules and strategies for m‐commerce and the creation of a viable marketplace. In particular, it focuses on the relationship between initiatives to elaborate a coordinated strategy for m‐commerce in line with European regulatory requirements, on the one hand, and ambitions to promote technology and build global alliances in the world marketplace, on the other. These objectives, however, are often difficult to combine due to the variation in preferences among the corporate and standards organizations involved as a result of global competition and corporate activities in information and communications technology markets.
Centric relation records: the effect of muscle action.

Abstract A comparison of condylar positions was made by means of the Buhnergraph system with articulator-mounted casts. Three types of positional records were made and compared on eight subjects. Either heavy or light muscle contraction by the patient or electrically stimulated muscle contraction was used to position the condyles while the records were being formed.
Does auditor size matter? Evidence from small audit firms

Abstract While prior literature documents that Big 4 auditors provide higher quality audits, recent evidence suggests that these differences are due to client characteristics (Lawrence, Minutti-Meza, & Zang, 2011). Evidence on the audit quality of mid-tier auditors is mixed (Boone, Khurana, & Raman, 2010; Cassell, Giroux, Myers, & Omer, 2013). This study investigates the audit quality of small auditor firms (i.e., those with 100 or fewer). Specifically, we examine the relationship between earnings manipulations and the use of small audit firms, controlling for client characteristics using propensity score matching. We find that small audit firms are less able to constrain managers' opportunistic use of discretionary accruals. However we find no evidence that small audit firms are associated with real activity manipulation. By investigating a specific group of audit firms that are the smallest in the audit market, this study extends our understanding of the role of audit firm size in audit quality.
Mary Baker Eddy's Pragmatic Transcendental Feminism

Partway through her autobiography Retrospection and Introspection (1891), Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science, casts herself out of her text. What begins as a straightforward chronologica...
Effects of Univalent Cations on the Inductive Formation of Nitrate Reductase

An investigation has been made to determine the effectiveness of univalent cations as cofactors for the inductive synthesis of nitrate reductase. In these experiments K + functions more effectively as the univalent cation activator than other univalent cations. Substitution of Rb + for K + resulted in enzyme formation at a rate of about one-half of that obtained with K + . Sodium, Li + , or NH 4 + either failed to stimulate or completely inhibited the inductive formation of the enzyme. When no univalent cations were present in the induction medium, enzyme formation was delayed for an initial 3-hour period in contrast to the normal one-hour delay in enzyme formation where adequate K + was present in the induction medium. During the period of inductive formation of nitrate reductase the activity of pyruvic kinase, a constitutive enzyme, was assayed under conditions where adequate K + was present. Results indicate that the presence of the different univalent cations in the induction medium had no striking effect on the activity of this enzyme during the induction period.
Phase I/IB Study of Immunization with Autologous Tumor Cells Transfected with the GM-CSF Gene by Particle-Mediated Transfer in Patients with Melanoma or Sarcoma University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT Phase I/IB Study of Immunization with Autologous Tumor Cells Transfected with The GM-CSF Gene by Particle-Mediated Transfer in Patients with Melanoma or Sarcoma The objective of this Phase I study is to assess the acute and long-term toxicities of intradermal vaccination of cancer patients with lethally-irradiated tumor cells that have been transfected by particle-mediated gene transfer (PMGT) with gold particles coated with human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) DNA in a plasmid expression vector. The GM-CSF DNA-coated gold particles are delivered to tumor cells using helium pressure with a hand held gene delivery device. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that vaccination of mice with irradiated, GM-CSF-transfected melanoma cells provided protection from subsequent challenges with non-irradiated, non-transfected tumor cells. Ongoing human tumor immunotherapy studies use patients' melanoma or renal carcinoma cells transfected with a retroviral vector contai...
Structure and Elasticity of Genistein and Daidzein in Lipid Membranes using X-Ray Scattering and MD Simulations

This work reports the effects of bioflavinoids genistein and daidzein on lipid bilayers as determined by volume measurements, X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. Upon adding 20 mole% genistein or daidzein to DOPC membranes, experimental and simulated volumes are found to be in outstanding agreement. Both bioflavinoids insert into the hydrocarbon region near the carbonyls of DOPC and also DiphytanoylPC, ∼12 A from the bilayer center. In DOPC, both experiments and MD simulations show the area/unit cell equals 83 A2 for 20 mole% genistein and 80 A2 for 14 mole% daidzein (its maximum solubility in oriented samples). Both bioflavinoids thin DOPC and DPhyPC membranes proportional to their solubility. The long axes of both bioflavinoids are oriented nearly parallel to the plane of the bilayer with their carbonyl groups preferentially pointed towards the proximal surface. X-ray diffuse scattering reveals that both bioflavinoids modestly reduce KC, the bending modulus, daidzein slightly more than genistein. MD simulations determine that both bioflavinoids reduce KA, the area compressibility modulus, daidzein slightly more than genistein. These elasticity results are in general agreement with the hypothesis that bioflavinoids increase membrane flexibility, thereby overcoming hydrophobic mismatch, and increase gramicidin (gA) lifetimes1. However, the small structural and elasticity differences between genistein and daidzein cannot account for genistein's having twice the effect of daidzein in increasing gA channel lifetimes; that is apparently due to the greater solubility of genistein in membranes when equal amounts are added in gA experiments. 1Hwang, Koeppe & Andersen, Biochemistry 42:13464(2003).
Applying the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Recommendations for Fine-Needle Aspiration of Thyroid Nodules: Effect on Workup and Malignancy Detection

OBJECTIVE. The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) recommendations on thyroid nodules are intended to “diagnose thyroid cancers that have reached clinical significance, while avoiding unnecessary tests and surgery in patients with benign nodules.” The aim of our study was to determine the proportion of thyroid nodules undergoing ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) that do not meet SRU recommendations. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study is a retrospective study of 400 consecutive ultrasound-guided thyroid FNA encounters from July 2010 through June 2011. An encounter was defined as presentation to the department of radiology on a given date for FNA of one or more thyroid nodules. The criteria for performing biopsy of a nodule were determined by the referring clinicians. Nodules were categorized on the basis of sonographic findings as meeting SRU recommendations for biopsy, which we refer to as “SRU-positive,” or not, which we refer to as “SRU-negative.” Patients without a definitive pathol...
Behavioral Escape Avoidance Coping in African-American Men Who Have Sex with Men

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate differences between African-American men who have sex with men (MSM) who use behavioral escape avoidance coping responses and those who do not. In particular, we investigated differences in the African-American MSM in our study on psychosocial factors such as internalized homonegativity, exploration phase sexual identity, and the importance of race/ethnicity identity to self-concept; and we investigated the association of these factors on the likelihood of the use of behavioral escape avoidance coping responses. Eighty-three African-American MSM completed our online assessment tool. Chi-square tests and modified Poisson regression were used to test our hypotheses. Our results revealed significant differences in the internalized homonegativity, exploration phase sexual identity, and in the importance of race/ethnicity identity to self-concept for the men in this study who endorsed behavioral escape avoidance coping responses compared to those who did...
Prediction of lightness and brightness on different backgrounds

Two psychophysical responses to surface or self-luminous stimuli are hypothesized. A response to the luminance of the stimulus (α) and a response to the luminance difference between the stimulus and its surround (β) are both considered to be power functions. Lightness or brightness is taken to be an additive or subtractive combination of these two responses (α±Kβ) depending on whether the surround is darker or brighter than the stimulus, respectively. This model is shown to produce a quantitatively adequate explanation of Takasaki’s data on crispening. An attempt is made to use this formulation to fit scaling data from previous magnitude-estimation and partitioning studies of lightness and brightness in which different results have been obtained from different backgrounds. Data from matching experiments that involve different backgrounds for the comparison and standard stimuli are also analyzed by means of the same formulation. The model is compared with the Adams–Cobb–Judd formulation of background effect on lightness, the Takasaki empirical formula for crispening, and Stevens’s power-law formulation for brightness and lightness.
Metabolism of a Highly Selective Gelatinase Inhibitor Generates Active Metabolite

(4-Phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane (inhibitor 1) is a highly selective inhibitor of gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9), which is showing considerable promise in animal models for cancer and stroke. Despite demonstrated potent, selective, and effective inhibition of gelatinases both in vitro and in vivo, the compound is rapidly metabolized, implying that the likely activity in vivo is due to a metabolite rather than the compound itself. To this end, metabolism of inhibitor 1 was investigated in in vitro systems. Four metabolites were identified by LC/MS-MS and the structures of three of them were further validated by comparison with authentic synthetic samples. One metabolite, 4-(4-thiiranylmethanesulfonylphenoxy)phenol (compound 21), was generated by hydroxylation of the terminal phenyl group of 1. This compound was investigated in kinetics of inhibition of several matrix metalloproteinases. This metabolite was a more potent slow-binding inhibitor of gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9) than the parent compound 1, but it also served as a slow-binding inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-14, the upstream activator of matrix metalloproteinase-2.
Database marketing: Past, present, and future

During the past century, database marketing techniques have become increasingly important in allowing companies to reach and communicate with customers. An examination of the history of the field suggests that many of the core concepts associated with database marketing date back several decades, but the dissemination of these concepts into different industries and their integration with one another has proceeded slowly. This article presents an overview of how the field of database marketing has developed, with the hope that knowledge of what has happened in the past will enable marketers to find better ways to create relationships with their customers in the future.
State Investments in Psychiatric Innovation: Investigating Unmeasured State Factors.

We apply three separate panel data estimation methods to examine the diffusion of technologies at the state-level. These methods include the Hausman–Taylor random effects model, the fixed effects vector decomposition, and generalized estimating equations. We discuss the assumptions required of each and assess the stability of our policy results across the three models for a longitudinal study of the diffusion of newer psychotropic technologies. We find a reasonable level of consistency among marginal effects for time varying independent variables between our three estimation methods but some discrepancy in the estimated measure of precision in our empirical application. We find a number of policy conclusions are quite stable across estimation methods and may be of interest to state-level mental health policy decision makers.
Planning the French Canals: The “Becquey Plan” of 1820–1822

France's canal age was largely the outgrowth of the plan proposed by Francois Becquey, the state administrator who orchestrated a successful campaign to convince influential Frenchmen that a nationwide canal network was one of the essential tasks of their generation. As Becquey originally conceived his plan, canal building would directly contribute to economic growth and help foster a spirit of business enterprise. In the end he had to settle for a scheme under which the government paid a steep price to a handful of financial consortia for the right to assume all the risks and costs of building and operating the system itself.
The thermodynamics of indium-vacancy pairs in Hg0.79Cd0.21Te

Abstract We have measured the thermodynamic properties of In-V Hg pairs in the infrared material Hg 0.79 Cd 0.21 Te by using the method of perturbed angular correlation (PAC). PAC allows the determination of the absolute fraction of indium atoms in particular defects. Previous measurements have characterized the In-V pairs with hyperfine interaction frequencies of 83 and 92 MHz. These defects were observed in materials which were quenched from > 350dC to retain a large number of metal vacancies. After subsequent low temperature (60 l T A l 110dC) anneals, the fraction of indium atoms that had trapped vacancies increased because of the migration of metal vacancies. By measuring the rate of increase at different temperatures, we determined the vacancy migration energy to be E m = 0.45 p 0.04 eV. Anneals at slightly higher temperatures dissociated the In-V pairs. From the decrease in the In-V pair fraction with temperature, the In-V pair binding energy was found to be E b = 0.44 p 0.15 eV.
AMERICAN SPORTS WRITERS’ SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PROFESSIONALISM

American sports writers' use of social media as a newsgathering tool has influenced journalism practice, further complicating the industry's abstract definition of “professionalism.” This study builds on a pilot study published in the fall 2011 issue of Journal of Sports Media, which assessed print sports journalists' use of social media. In the current study, a survey was administered to 77 full-time print sports journalists who cover professional sports. This paper seeks to extend the pilot study and previous professional research in two ways: firstly, to assess how this specific subgroup of sports writers use Facebook and Twitter to gather information; and secondly, to analyze how these sports writers define “professionalism” and what industry factors correlate with chosen definitions, such as newspaper circulation and work superiors' attitudes toward social media. Cross-tabulations and chi-square tests were used to test hypotheses. Cramer's V or Phi, depending upon the cross-tabulation, were used to m...
Abstract A207: Whole transcriptome profiling in upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Background: RNA‐seq is a powerful technology that allows to obtain sequence and expression information simultaneously. We applied this technology to 4 upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Methods: RNA from four upper aerodigestive tract tumor specimens was extracted and sequencing libraries constructed. Samples were analyzed using an Illumina Genome Analyzer with a paired end module (36 or 54 base read length). Raw data was processed with a proprietary data pipeline. Potential mutations were filtered using both in house and external bioinformatic solutions, involving previously established databases of mutations (COSMIC) and SNPs (dbSNP), and removal of ancestral alleles identified from multiple sequence alignments. These SNPs were then parsed via in house scripts to determine whether the SNPs were present in coding regions, 3′UTR, 5′UTR, or in splice acceptor/donor sites. The coding SNPs were further parsed to determine which SNPs result in non‐synonymous changes. RNA‐Seq expression data was analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite and compared to microarray based expression data. Pathway analysis was performed using GeneGO Metacore and DAVID. Results: 500Mb to 2GB of data were obtained per sample. Between 700 and 2000 nsSNPs were identified, as well as a large number of alteration in the 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions. Genetic alterations in several commonly mutated genes were identified including TP53, ErbB2, H‐RAS, and Cyclin D1. SNPs were enriched in pathways commonly involved in upper aerodigestive tract tumors including cell cycle control, cytoskeleton, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Furthermore we screened for viral sequences identifying one sample that was HPV16 positive. RNA‐seq based and microarray based expression data generally correlated, but significant differences were also observed, that were at least partly due to the limited number of RNA‐seq reads. Conclusion: Cancer transcriptome sequencing is a promising and cost effective approach for identifying mutations and obtaining expression analysis simultaneously. Transcriptome sequencing holds promise as a readily available platform for assessing potential treatment targets in a specific tumor. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A207.
Medical Family Therapy: A Theoretical and Empirical Review

Medical Family Therapy (MedFT) is a relatively young sub-specialty founded initially at the intersection of Family Therapy and Family Medicine. The purpose of this article is to synthesize and review scholarly literature covering almost 30 years of history, growth, and available research on MedFT. Eighty-two articles that met specific inclusion criteria were reviewed and the literature was categorized into four distinct themes: (a) Emergence of MedFT in the literature; (b) Contemporary MedFT skills and applications; (c) Punctuating the “family therapy” in MedFT; and (d) MedFT effectiveness and efficacy research. What was learned was that MedFT is growing so rapidly there is now a need for a current definition, identification of core curriculum standards and competencies for training, as well as a commitment to produce rigorous research on its effectiveness and efficacy. Recommendations to advance efforts across the foci are provided.
Hierarchical approach to model multilayer colloidal deposition in porous media.

Particle deposition is important in many environmental systems such as water and wastewater filtration, air pollution control, subsurface transport, biofilm formation and fouling, and thin film synthesis for use in remediation technologies. While continuum-level models have been developed to predict deposition dynamics in these systems, these models fail to explain transient dynamics of multilayer deposition from a mechanistic viewpoint. In this work, a multiscale approach has been developed to predict multiple layer irreversible colloidal deposition in the presence of interparticle electrostatic and van der Waals interactions in porous media. The approach combines the kinetic information obtained from the mesoscopic stochastic simulations of particle deposition with the macroscopic conservation equation describing colloidal transport. Sequential Brownian dynamics simulations are first performed by accounting for particle-particle (P-P) and particle-surface (P-S) interactions, and multilayered particle deposits are obtained. The available surface function quantifying the deposition kinetics is then obtained from the deposit microstructure. Deposition dynamics are studied at different ionic strengths and particle potentials that control the range and magnitude of interparticle interactions. Simulation results showed that the microstructure of the particle deposits formed under the influence of P-P and P-S electrostatic interactions exhibited significant variations with respect to ionic strength and could be qualitatively explained by the interplay between the repulsive and attractive P-P and P-S interaction forces. The available surface function also varied significantly as a function of ionic strength. This basic understanding of the deposition dynamics at the mesoscale was then combined with the continuum-level transport equations to predict particle breakthrough curves in porous media. The approach is capable of capturing transient features of deposition dynamics, as demonstrated by the good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental observations.
Comparison of ultrasound-guided and standard landmark techniques for knee arthrocentesis.

Abstract Background: Ultrasound is a useful adjunct to many Emergency Department (ED) procedures. Arthrocentesis is typically performed using a landmark technique but ultrasound may provide an opportunity to improve arthrocentesis performance. Objective: To assess the success of emergency physicians performing landmark (LM) vs. ultrasound (US)-guided knee arthrocentesis techniques. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study of patients requiring knee arthrocentesis who presented to one urban university ED and two community EDs between June 2005 and February 2007. Results: There were 66 patients enrolled (39 US-guided, 27 LM). Among all users, there was no difference in arthrocentesis success (US 37/39 vs. LM 25/27); p = 1.0. Secondary Endpoints: 1) Patients reported less pain with ultrasound; US-guided 3.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.61–4.80) cm vs. LM 5.19 (95% CI 3.94–6.45) cm; p = 0.02. 2) Providers felt the US-guided technique was easier to perform than LM; 1.67 units on 5-point scale (95% CI 1.37–1.97) vs. 2.11 (95% CI 1.79–2.42) units; p = 0.02. 3) The total procedure time was shorter with the US-guided technique; 10.58 (95% CI 7.36–13.80) min vs. LM 13.37 (95% CI 9.83–16.92) min; p = 0.05. 4) There was no difference in the amount of fluid obtained between techniques; US-guided 45.33 (95% CI 35.45–55.21) mL vs. LM 34.7 (95% CI 26.09–43.32) mL; p = 0.17. Conclusion: US-guided knee arthrocentesis technique does not improve overall success of obtaining joint fluid aspirate vs. the standard LM and palpation technique. An US-guided approach does not result in more pain for the patient, takes no additional time to perform and, at least for novice physicians, leads to more fluid aspiration and greater novice provider confidence with the procedure. Further studies with more participants and standardization of anesthetic quantity are required to validate these findings.
Identification and quantitative determination of keto acids by paper chromatography.

Abstract A systematic analysis of keto acids and other carbonyl compounds in biological material was based on the following procedures: (1) their conversion to DNPH derivatives under mild conditions, (2) preliminary chromatographic separation into acidic and non-acidic DNPH derivatives, (3) isolation of each component by paper chromatography and (4) identification by means of rechromatography and catalytic reduction to the corresponding amino derivative. The method is quantitative for keto acids and its accuracy is between 10–20%.