cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression of human prostate cancer cell growth by forced expression of connexin genes

The cell-to-cell channels in gap junctions, formed of proteins called connexins (Cxs), provide a direct intercellular pathway for the passage of small signaling molecules (< or = 1 kD) between the cytoplasmic interiors of adjoining cells. It has been proposed that alteration in the expression and function of Cxs may be one of the genetic changes involved in the initiation of neoplasia. To elucidate the role of Cxs in the pathogenesis of human prostate cancer (PCA), the pattern of expression of Cx alpha 1 (Cx43) and Cx beta 1 (Cx32) was studied by immunocytochemical analysis in normal prostate and in prostate tumors of different histological grades. While normal prostate epithelial cells expressed only Cx beta 1, both Cx alpha 1 and Cx beta 1 were detected in PCA cells. The Cxs were localized at the cell-cell contact areas in normal prostate and well-differentiated prostate tumors; however, as prostate tumors progressed to more undifferentiated stages, the Cxs were localized in the cytoplasm, followed by an eventual loss in advanced stages. Thus, epithelial cells from prostate tumors showed subtle and gross alterations with regard to expression of Cx alpha 1 and Cx beta 1 and their assembly into gap junctions during the progression of PCA. Retroviral-mediated transfer of Cx alpha 1 and Cx beta 1 into a Cx-deficient human PCA cell line, LNCaP, inhibited growth, retarded tumorigenicity, and induced differentiation, and these effects were contingent upon the formation of gap junctions. In addition, the capacity to form gap junctions in most Cx-transduced LNCaP cells was lost upon serial passage. Taken together, these findings indicate that the control of proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells in prostate tumors may depend on the appropriate assembly of Cx beta 1 and Cx alpha 1 into gap junctions and that the development of PCA may involve the positive selection of cells with an impaired ability to form gap junctions.
INFECTION OF TRANSFORMABLE CELLS OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BY BACTERIOPHAGE AND BACTERIOPHAGE DNA.

A phage HP1, infecting transformable cells ofHaemophilus influenzae Rd, has been isolated. The general properties of the wild type and of a clear plaquemutantc1 employed for most of the experiments are described. Phage DNA is infective for transformableHaemophilus cells with an efficiency (plaqueforming units of the original phage recovered as DNA-infected cells) of up to 6×10−3. The competence ofHaemophilus cells for infection with phage DNA parallels the competence for transformation with bacterial DNA.
Kinetic analysis of phenol–formaldehyde bonded wood joints with dynamical mechanical analysis

Abstract Cure development of phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resins has been extensively modeled based on chemical advancement. However, it is in situ mechanical development of wood–adhesive systems that is most relevant with process optimization such as hot-pressing of wood-based panels. The objective of this research is to examine the feasibility of applying common model-fitting kinetic analyses to describe cure development based on storage modulus development recorded with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Dynamic three-point bending tests were conducted on a sandwich specimens composed of two wood adherends bonded with an adhesive layer. Two commercial PF resins of different molecular weights distributions (labeled as PF-high and PF-low, respectively) were used as adhesives. In addition, PF-high bonded wood joints were also wrapped by aluminum foil to investigate the effect of moisture loss. The specimen curing process was monitored using various isothermal and linear heating regimes. The results showed that the PF-low joints cured more slowly than the PF-high joints. The foil-wrapped PF-high joints displayed slower curing process than the unwrapped joints and rendered two peaks in the tan δ curves. These peaks were attributed to gelation and vitrification, respectively. Overall, model-fitting kinetic analyses were effective to describe the mechanical development of wood–adhesive systems.
Effects of preoperative enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin on bleeding indices in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Background We examined the effects of preoperative administration of enoxaparin (ENOX), a low-molecular-weight heparin, on bleeding indices and transfusion rates in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods Patients undergoing isolated CABG between 1997 and 2002 who received preoperative ENOX or a continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin (UFH) were randomly divided into three groups: continuous UFH, ENOX last administered more than 12 hours before surgery (ENOX > 12), and ENOX administered less than 12 hours before surgery (ENOX Results A total of 69, 58, and 34 patients comprised the UFH, ENOX > 12, and ENOX p p p Conclusions The preoperative use of ENOX less than 12 hours before CABG is associated with lower postoperative hemoglobin values and higher rates of transfusion than continuous UFH.
Inability of the electroretinogram to recover after a brief, high-intensity light stimulus.

Buckser and Potts1 observed the recovery of the rat electroretinogram (ERG) after weak light adaptation, and related this to the visual threshold. Buckser2 proposed a model to relate the recovery of the ERG a-wave after partial light adaptation to the level of the light adaptation. This communication reports the failure of the ERG to recover to the dark adapted ERG after exposure to a brief, high-intensity light flash.
Control of star formation by supersonic turbulence

Understanding the formation of stars in galaxies is central to much of modern astrophysics. However, a quantitative prediction of the star formation rate and the initial distribution of stellar masses remains elusive. For several decades it has been thought that the star formation process is primarily controlled by the interplay between gravity and magnetostatic support, modulated by neutral-ion drift (known as ambipolar diffusion in astrophysics). Recently, however, both observational and numerical work has begun to suggest that supersonic turbulent flows rather than static magnetic fields control star formation. To some extent, this represents a return to ideas popular before the importance of magnetic fields to the interstellar gas was fully appreciated. This review gives a historical overview of the successes and problems of both the classical dynamical theory and the standard theory of magnetostatic support, from both observational and theoretical perspectives. The outline of a new theory relying on control by driven supersonic turbulence is then presented. Numerical models demonstrate that, although supersonic turbulence can provide global support, it nevertheless produces density enhancements that allow local collapse. Inefficient, isolated star formation is a hallmark of turbulent support, while efficient, clustered star formation occurs in its absence. The consequences of this theory are then explored for both local star formation and galactic-scale star formation. It suggests that individual star-forming cores are likely not quasistatic objects, but dynamically collapsing. Accretion onto these objects varies depending on the properties of the surrounding turbulent flow; numerical models agree with observations showing decreasing rates. The initial mass distribution of stars may also be determined by the turbulent flow. Molecular clouds appear to be transient objects forming and dissolving in the larger-scale turbulent flow, or else quickly collapsing into regions of violent star formation. Global star formation in galaxies appears to be controlled by the same balance between gravity and turbulence as small-scale star formation, although modulated by cooling and differential rotation. The dominant driving mechanism in star-forming regions of galaxies appears to be supernovae, while elsewhere coupling of rotation to the gas through magnetic fields or gravity may be important.
Nuclear medicine in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the head and neck. I. Salivary and parathyroid gland disease and one identification and staging of head and neck tumors

The advent of both improved imaging systems and new radioactive agents has increased the effectiveness of nuclear medicine in diagnosing and treating diseases of the head and neck. In this first in a series of two articles, the role of nuclear medicine is discussed in the evaluation of diseases of the salivary and parathyroid glands, and in the identification and staging of head and neck tumors. Radionuclide studies of the salivary glands are useful in the identification of tumors and the evaluation of gland function. Such studies are a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome and of acute and chronic inflammatory disease. Radionuclide imaging also has been helpful in the detection of adenomata and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands and often complements ultrasonography localization procedures. The advent of gallium-67 imaging has improved the staging of head and neck tumors.
Total carbon mapping in glacial till soils using near-infrared spectroscopy, Landsat imagery and topographical information

Abstract Accurate mapping of total soil carbon is important for reliable assessment of carbon sequestration potential from a field to regional scales. Highly variable soil and topographical attributes of glacial till terrain cause difficulties in mapping soil carbon based only on a limited number of soil samples. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate the feasibility of mapping total soil carbon using newly developed on-the-go near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) image reflectance in glacial till soils with and without additional topographical information. The studied field was about 50 ha in size and located in Kalamazoo County of Michigan. The predominant soil is Kalamazoo loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs). NIRS spectra were collected along 22 north–south transects separated by a distance of 25 m and the distance between the measurements within a transect was equal to 5 m. The field was bare of vegetation and relatively dry during soil sampling. Landsat ETM imagery during soil sampling period was obtained. Eighty-five soil samples were collected on the NIRS transects from 0–10 cm depth. Principal component regression was used to relate NIRS spectra and ETM data to measured soil carbon. Regression coefficients between measured and predicted carbon values were equal to 0.70 and 0.46 using NIRS data and ETM imagery, respectively. When topographical attributes, such as elevation and terrain curvature were included into the regression model along with NIRS and ETM data, the regression coefficients improved to 0.81 and 0.62, respectively. The results indicated that combination of the NIRS and ETM measurements with topography is a valuable tool for accurate total carbon mapping in glacial till soils. Field soil moisture and texture were found to be helpful in explaining carbon variation and improving its prediction for ETM imagery data, but were not useful when added to NIRS measurements.
Habitat and Landscape Effects on Brood Parasitism, Nest Survival, and Fledgling Production in Swainson's Warblers

Abstract Numerous factors, including nest predation and brood parasitism, may limit populations of neotropical migratory birds. However, nest predation and brood parasitism are not constant, and temporal, biological, habitat, and landscape factors can affect the likelihood of these events. Understanding these patterns is important for species of conservation concern for which managers seek to provide quality habitat. One such species, the Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii), is a neotropical migrant that breeds primarily in bottomland hardwood forests of the southeastern United States. Little is known of factors influencing reproductive success of this rare, yet locally abundant, species. From 2004 through 2007, we examined factors influencing reproductive success of Swainson's warblers at 2 sites in eastern Arkansas, USA, St. Francis National Forest and White River National Wildlife Refuge. We used 2-stage modeling to assess the relationship between 1) temporal and biological, and 2) habitat and...
A dream, a journey, and a promise: the inauguration of Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics.

The journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step. — —Lao-Tzu, Vietnamese philosopher These are the “best of times.” Cardiologists worldwide are fortunate that they can offer much more to their patients today than was possible even a decade ago. Never before has cardiology been on such an exciting trajectory, with such exponential growth of knowledge and the exhilarating promise of harnessing the secrets of the genome to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiovascular disease and enhance vascular health over the human life course. The future offers the possibility of realizing the dream of practicing personalized preventive cardiovascular medicine. These are also the most challenging of times. Increased life expectancy has generated an unprecedented growth in the older segment of the population, with the accompanying rising burden of aging-associated cardiovascular disorders. Burgeoning medical knowledge and escalating patient expectations push cardiologists to keep abreast of the latest advances in cardiovascular research as never before. We understand now that common genetic variation may predispose to common forms of cardiovascular disease in the community, and rare genetic conditions provide unique pathogenetic insights into these diseases. The sequential steps in the origins of cardiovascular syndromes are beginning to unfold, revealing the stunning complexities involved in the molecular basis of disease. We are beginning to understand how genetic factors interact with environmental influences over an entire lifetime to pattern and remodel function at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ levels and to ultimately manifest as subclinical or clinical cardiovascular disease. Molecular phenotyping of diseases is here to stay and does not respect the traditional boundaries of medical specialties, but the range of innovative diagnostic modalities must expand dramatically if we are …
Theory of Viscoplastic Lubrication: Part 2—Applications

The Reynolds equations for viscoplastic lubricants can be quite complex, involving multiple branches which depend on the form of the boundary conditions invoked in their development. Methods of visualizing and understanding the branching problem are explored. This information is used, together with the Reynolds equations developed in the companion paper, in analyses of the lubrication of R wide slider bearing and a metalforming inlet zone. The results of these analyses are used to draw general conclusions regarding the influence of different types of non-Newtonian behavior
Post-Application Slough-Off of Pesticide Deposits on Orange Trees

Toxicant loss from fruit and leaf surfaces after a pesticide application was considered by GUNTHER and BLINN (1955) to be composed of 3 separate steps. The first step, occurring immediately after the pesticide spray had dried, was postulated to be a rapid loss within a few hours to a few days of the loosely adhering deposits consisting of pesticide sorbed to formulation carrier and to natural dust on the plant. The following step was a dissipation of toxicant from the more tenaciously adhering deposits through volatilization and decomposition of the compound by the action of sunlight and moisture. The duration of this step could be several days to several weeks. The final step was dissipation of the residues at a greatly reduced rate through a combined action of dislodgment, volatilization, chemical degradation, and penetration into subsurface tissues. The occurrence of the second and final steps, designated on semi-logarithmic plots of pesticide dissipation as the degradation and persistence curves, respectively, was reviewed by GUNTHER (1969) for about 40 insecticides and acaricides on citrus fruit. WESTLAKE et al. (1973) demonstrated this phenomenon on both citrus fruit and foliage for the newer insecticide dioxathion. Much interest has been currently generated with respect to foliar residues because of the current belated emphasis on worker safety in pesticide-treated groves. The visible accumulation of dust on foliage has been recorded by many workers
Land taxation and the Henry George theorem under uncertainty

Abstract This paper considers land taxation under uncertainty. At an optimal population of a jurisdiction, aggregate land rents of a jurisdiction equal expenditures on a public good, dubbed the Henry George theorem. As a consequence, the public good in a jurisdiction should be financed only by land taxes. However, in the presence of uncertainty, the size of population serves as insurance. It is thus efficient to increase the size of population beyond the optimal level with certainty, and land rents exceed public good costs.
Shrinkage stresses in wood logs considered as layered, cylindrically orthotropic materials

The deformation and stresses in a circular wood log resulting from an arbitrary radial moisture distribution are examined. In this paper the log is modeled as a layered cylinder, with each layer assumed to be linearly elastic, cylindrically orthotropic, and homogeneous. The general solution to the equations of elasticity for a representative layer is given; constants of integration in the solution are determined through application of appropriate continuity conditions at the layer interfaces. Numerical examples are presented for logs of Scots pine which illustrate the effect of nonuniform moisture content upon the displacement and stress distributions.
The genetic structure of a primate species: Rhesus macaques and other Cercopithecine monkeys

Among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)and other cercopithecine monkeys, social groups occupying adjacent home ranges (i.e., members of the same local population) exchange individuals and genes and thus exhibit marked genetic similarities. To assess the degree to which this pattern extends beyond the local population, the genetic structure of M. mulattaand six other primate species was determined using Nei’s (1973) gene-diversity analysis. The genetic similarities seen among social groups in the Dunga Gali population of M. mulatta (Melnick et al.,1984a) can be seen over the entire species range. Comparison of these results with the structures of other similarly organized primate species indicates that (1) the average social group contains most of its local population’s genetic diversity, (2) the average local population contains the majority of the genetic diversity found in the region to which it belongs, and (3) the proportion of species gene diversity found in the average regional population varies substantially between species. Genetic homogeneity within local and regional populations is probably the product of gene flow. The application of a number of analytical models of selection and gene flow strongly suggests that gene flow, genetic drift, and zoogeography offer a more parsimonious and plausible explanation for interspecific variation in regional differentiation than does stabilizing selection.
Clinical and therapeutic aspects of congenital and acquired long QT syndrome

The long QT syndrome is characterized by prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval on the surface electrocardiogram. It is associated with precipitation of a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, torsade de pointes, which may cause sudden death. The syndrome is a disorder of cardiac repolarization caused by the alterations in the transmembrane potassium and sodium currents. Six genetic loci for the congenital forms of the syndrome have been identified; sporadic cases occur because of spontaneous mutations. Acquired causes of the long QT syndrome include drugs, electrolyte imbalance, toxins, marked bradycardia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, myocardial ischemia, protein-sparing fasting, autonomic neuropathy, and human immunodeficiency virus disease. Clinical symptoms are the result of the precipitation of torsade de pointes and range from such minor symptoms as dizziness to syncope and sudden death. Short-term treatment is aimed at preventing the recurrences of torsade de pointes and includes intravenous magnesium and potassium administration, temporary cardiac pacing, and correction of electrolyte imbalance; rarely, intravenous isoproterenol is indicated. Long-term management includes use of beta-blockers, permanent pacemaker placement, and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Asymptomatic patients are treated if under the age of 40 years at the time of diagnosis.
Language definition and its role in developing a design discourse

Abstract Design lacks a reasonable infrastructure including agreement on key terms and their meaning, on what constitutes core knowledge, on structures that support access to research, and on a discourse that transcends the ephemeral. Lacking a formal structure, design as a discipline has no orderly reference to its resources or tagging for its research. As design emerges as a discipline, it needs to define and agree on basic terms. Language is recognized as a social contract, thus it cannot be successfully imposed. This paper provides background on definition issues and reports on a series of related studies using groups of designers to define terms. These studies and their results contribute to identification of factors needed in a collaborative definition process.
Fatigue crack layer propagation in polystyrene — Part II Analysis

Analysis of the experimental results described in Part I of this work is carried out within the framework of the Crack Layer theory. According to this theory, crack propagation results from active zone elementary movements namely, translation and rotation as a rigid body and deformation. This work is restricted to active zone translation only. The total energy release rate for active zone translation evaluated from load-displacement is close to the elastic energy release rate. Hence, the elastic energy release is used for correlating the data. The resistance of the material to crack propagation is considered to be due to the slow process of craze growth within the active zone. In the present study, the dissipative processes involved in active zone growth are approximated by a viscoelastic analogy. The description of the theory on translation of the active zone is in good agreement with the experimental results. The proposition that the specific enthalpy of crazing is a material constant is substantiated by analysis of the experimental results.
Isolation and characterization of two cyanogenic β-glucosidases from flax seeds

Two cyanogenic beta-glucosidases, linustatinase and linamarase, were isolated and purified from flax seeds (Linum ussitatissimum). They catalyze the sequential hydrolysis of linustatin and neolinustatin to yield acetone and methylethyl ketone cyanohydrins, respectively. The purification procedure for linustatinase involved acetone extraction, precipitation by polyethyleneimine and ammonium sulfate (40-80% saturation), and Red A gel, concanavalin A-Sepharose, and PBE 94 column chromatography; that for linamarase was similar except that polyethyleneimine precipitation was eliminated and DE-52 and Sepharose CL-6B replaced Red A gel column chromatography. The native substrates neolinustatin and linamarin were used for the assay during purification. Both proteins were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Linustatinase is an alpha beta dimer (molecular weights of alpha and beta = 39,000 and 19,000, respectively) while linamarase appears to be an alpha 5 beta 5 decamer (molecular weights of alpha and beta = 62,500 and 65,000, respectively). Both enzymes contain mannose or glucose. Linustatinase exists in five different isozymic forms (isoelectric points between 7 and 8) whereas linamarase occurs in one major form (isoelectric point 4 to 5). The kinetic parameters of the two enzymes are similar: acidic pH optima, Km's in the millimolar range, and competitive inhibition by delta-gluconolactone, a transition state analog. The presence of an aglycone structure in the substrates is important for both enzyme activities. In addition, both enzymes are specific towards the beta-glycosidic linkage; linustatinase (a beta-bis-glucosidase) readily hydrolyzes beta-bis-glucosides with 1,6 and 1,3 linkages whereas linamarase (a beta-monoglucosidase) exhibits little activity towards these substrates.
Preclinical Toxicology Studies with Acyclovir: Carcinogenicity Bioassays and Chronic Toxicity Tests

Acyclovir (ACV), a nucleoside analog that is a new herpes-specific antiviral drug, was given by gavage at 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg/day to Sprague Dawley rats and Swiss mice for most of their lifetime to assess chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity. Treatment with ACV did not shorten the lifespan of either rats or mice. In fact, female mice given 150 and 450 mg/kg/day had significantly longer mean durations of survival than control female mice when analyzed by the life table technique. There were no signs of toxicosis produced by chronic exposure to ACV in either the rats or mice, and there was no drug-related increase in neoplasms in either species. Four groups of Beagle dogs were initially given daily oral doses of 15, 45 or 150 mg/kg ACV in a 1 year chronic toxicity study. Dogs treated at 150 mg/kg/day vomited, had diarrhea, consumed less feed and lost weight within 2 weeks. Dogs treated at 45 mg/kg/day also had minimal signs of gastrointestinal toxicosis. These dose levels were then decreased to 60 and 30 mg/kg/day for the rest of the one year test period. With the exception of occasional and inconsistent emesis and diarrhea, the 60 mg/kg/day dose level was well tolerated. Some mid and high dose dogs had sore paws due to erosion of footpads and cracking, splitting and loosening of the nails first becoming evident during the 13th week of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effects of ibotenate lesions of the median preoptic nucleus on experimentally-induced and circadian drinking behavior in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with either ibotenic acid or vehicle in the region of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) during methoxyflurane anesthesia. Later, the rats were tested for drinking responses elicited by angiotensin II (1 and 2 mg/kg s.c.) and hypertonic saline (3 and 6% w/v s.c.). Tests were conducted at 3 different phases of a 12:12 light-dark (LD) cycle (in the middle of the light phase and in the early and midportion of the dark phase). The rats with ibotenate lesions of the MnPO drank significantly less than vehicle-injected and lesion control groups regardless of when the tests were conducted. Subsequent monitoring of the diurnal rhythm of drinking, employing electrical lickometers, detected no difference between the rhythms of 4 rats with ibotenate lesions of the MnPO who failed to drink to homeostatic challenges and 4 vehicle-injected control rats. The results indicate that ibotenic acid lesions of the MnPO block drinking behavior stimulated by angiotensin II and hypertonic saline without disrupting the entrainment or pattern of ad libitum drinking.
Bromine levels in tissue lipids of rats fed brominated fatty acids

Rats have been fed diets containing either 0.8% brominated corn oil or 0.5% of the ethyl ester of 9,10-dibromostearate or 9,10,12,13-tetrabromostearate. The brominated compounds were incorporated into semisynthetic diets and animals were observed after feeding periods of 5 days to 3 months. With the exception of adipose tissues, the highest concentration of lipid-bound bromine was observed after 5 days on the experimental diets. It was also observed that feeding of the dibromostearate resulted in the highest levels of lipid-bound bromine in heart, whereas the tetrabromostearate tended to result in higher levels of lipid-bound bromine in liver. Brominated corn oil produced more substantial changes than the brominated fatty acid esters, inducing fatty livers and enlarged yellow hearts. Microscopic examination indicated myocardial degeneration and occasional early necrosis.
General Mental Ability in the World of Work: Occupational Attainment and Job Performance.

The psychological construct of general mental ability (GMA), introduced by C. Spearman (1904) nearly 100 years ago, has enjoyed a resurgence of interest and attention in recent decades. This article presents the research evidence that GMA predicts both occupational level attained and performance within one's chosen occupation and does so better than any other ability, trait, or disposition and better than job experience. The sizes of these relationships with GMA are also larger than most found in psychological research. Evidence is presented that weighted combinations of specific aptitudes tailored to individual jobs do not predict job performance better than GMA alone, disconfirming specific aptitude theory. A theory of job performance is described that explicates the central role of GMA in the world of work. These findings support Spearman's proposition that GMA is of critical importance in human affairs.
Semantic Memory Verification of Binary Statements by Children at Three Academic Levels.

Abstract Ninety-six binary statements were administered to 120 children randomly selected from three academic levels. The children were to respond TRUE or FALSE to each statement. Error count and latency for correct responses were used as measures of performance. The Constituent Comparison Model ( Carpenter, P., & Just, M. A., Psychological Review , 1975 , 82 , 45–73), which postulates that verification latency will increase linearly with a linear increase in the number of hypothesized constituent comparisons, accounts quite well for the results obtained in this study. Furthermore, the results suggest an increasing efficiency in semantic memory verification across the three academic levels as reflected by a decrease in variability of performance, a decrease in the time required to read and encode sentences, and a decrease in the time required per constituent comparison.
Form factors for two-nucleon transfer reactions

Abstract A general expression for the differential cross section in two-nucleon transfer reactions is derived, emphasizing the role of the overlap integral of the nuclear wave functions involved. In the case of transitions to doubly magic nuclei it is found that this overlap must satisfy a familiar two-particle Schrodinger equation and can therefore be expressed as the sum of products of two single-particle wave functions. These single-particle states are taken to be eigenstates of a finite well and are bound at their experimentally determined single-particle energies. Correlations introduced by mixing several of these configurations ensure the correct energy dependence in the overlap. Angular distributions calculated using this prescription are compared to experiment and to the methods of other workers. It is found that the magnitude of the differential cross section is very sensitive to the energy with which the single-particle states are bound in the finite well.
System Aspects of Remote-Data-Access Ocean Measurements

The influence of economics interacting with measurement requirements on the recent evolution of ocean measurement systems is noted, particularly with respect to the costs of operating ships. The logical future course of this evolution toward remote-data-access systems, i.e., unattended systems from which data are accessible during the observation period, is noted. The concept of program reliability is differentiated from system reliability. Two measures of system effectiveness are defined: data-acquisition cost efficiency (bits/$) and systemcost-access index (bits/$-day). A hypothetical measurement problem is approached through two unattended systems, one a remote-data-access concept and one a data-isolated concept. The various measures of merit derived illustrate the economic and operational superiority of the remote-data-access concept under the conditions defined.
Northern Annular Mode impact on spring climate in the western United States

[1] Shifts in stormtrack position associated with the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) are linked to temperature changes and reduced spring precipitation in the western United States. During the transition to spring following a high-index winter, weakening of the stormtrack over the northeastern Pacific Ocean and western United States is shown to lead to warmer and drier conditions west of the Rocky Mountains and increased precipitation just east of the Rocky Mountains, consistent with observations of early spring onset in the western United States. Given projected increases in the average annular mode index and associated poleward shifts in the stormtrack, this analysis provides additional evidence that much of the western United States will experience more severe drought conditions over the next several decades, irrespective of changes in temperature, because of an earlier shift to warm-season circulation patterns.
Anthropogenic disturbance and the formation of oak savanna in central Kentucky, USA

Aim To deepen understanding of the factors that influenced the formation of oak savanna in central Kentucky, USA. Particular attention was focused on the link between historical disturbance and the formation of savanna ecosystem structure. Location Central Kentucky, USA. Methods We used dendrochronological analysis of tree-ring samples to understand the historical growth environment of remnant savanna stems. We used release detection and branch-establishment dates to evaluate changes in tree growth and the establishment of savanna physiognomy. We contrasted our growth chronology with reference chronologies for regional tree growth, climate and human population dynamics. Results Trees growing in Kentucky Inner Bluegrass Region (IBR) savanna remnants exhibited a period of suppression, extending from the establishment date of the tree to release events that occurred c. 1800. This release resulted in a tripling of the annual radial growth rate from levels typical of oaks suppressed under a forest canopy (< 1 mm year−1) to levels typical of open-grown stems (3 mm year−1). The growth releases in savanna trees coincided with low branch establishment. Over the release period, climatic conditions remained relatively constant and growth in regional forest trees was even; however, the growth increase in savanna stems was strongly correlated with a marked increase in Euro-American population density in the region. Main conclusions Our data suggest that trees growing in savanna remnants originated in the understorey of a closed canopy forest. We hypothesize that Euro-American land clearing to create pasturelands released these trees from light competition and resulted in the savanna physiognomy that is apparent in remnant stands in the IBR. Although our data suggest that savanna trees originated in a forest understorey, this system structure itself may have been a result of an unprecedented lack of Native American activity in the region due to population loss associated with pandemics brought to North America by Euro-Americans. We present a hypothetical model that links human population dynamics, land-use activities and ecosystem structure. Our model focuses on the following three land-use eras: Native American habitation/utilization; land abandonment; and Euro-American land clearance. Ecological understanding of historical dynamics in other ecosystems of eastern North America may be enhanced through recognition of these eras.
Readmission After Pancreatic Resection: Causes and Causality Pattern

Background Readmission rates have been targeted for cost/reimbursement control. Our goal was to identify causes for readmission and delineate the pattern of early and late readmission.
Neurogenesis, learning and associative strength

Though the role of the hippocampus in processes of learning and memory is well established, the role of new neurons generated there is less understood. Training on some associative learning tasks increases the likelihood that new cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus will survive. In the rat, an effective training procedure is trace eyeblink conditioning, in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an aversive stimulation to the eyelid (unconditioned stimulus; US), but the stimuli are separated by a temporal gap. Here, we manipulated the asymptote or rate of acquisition during trace conditioning, and examined survival of cells generated 1 week before training. Acquisition was disrupted by decreasing associative strength by insertion of unpredicted USs or slowed with latent inhibition. The number of cells was increased in animals that were trained with trace conditioning, irrespective of the decrease in associative strength or slowed acquisition. Disrupting acquisition with unsignaled USs still increased cell numbers, suggesting that the learning effect on cell survival is not dependent on reliable expression of the conditioned response. Further, animals in the latent inhibition conditions that learned but required more trials also retained more of the new cells than animals requiring fewer trials. The number of cells that survived after the effective training procedures was similar to the number of cells that were available for rescue at the beginning of training. Thus, learning can rescue the majority of cells expressed at the beginning of training, and does so most effectively when acquisition requires many trials.
Subcontracting, coordination, flexibility, and production smoothing in aggregate planning

We propose a model in which subcontracting can be explicitly considered as a production planning strategy. Possible market and nonmarket subcontracting mechanisms and their costs are discussed. We show that a class of feasible subcontracting mechanisms in which firms coordinate their production via subcontracts Pareto-dominate other mechanisms. We then offer an example with quadratic cost functions and coordination subcontracts; linear decision rules for production, inventory, and subcontracting are derived. In the example, subcontracting reduces the variability in production and inventory. The same interpretation can be used for flexibility of manufacturing resources.
An expert system for lighting energy management in public school facilities

: Lighting accounts for a large part of the energy expenses of a facility, ranging from 40% to 60% of the total energy cost. Therefore, it represents a critical factor to consider in any energy management program. Lighting audits involve complex energy calculations, such as the estimation of light intensity per square unit area, quality of illumination, and required number of light sources to obtain an adequate illumination level in the facility. In this paper we discuss the development and implementation of an easy-to-use expert system for lighting energy management in public schools. The prototype computer-based system can evaluate 11 different areas of a school facility, and it can identify suitable lighting solutions from 17 distinct bulb types and 38 ballast types. The system determines a facility's required number of bulbs, and it performs the cost and saving analysis of its final recommendation. The constructed expert system was successfully validated by two human experts through two case studies, involving the evaluation of a conventional classroom and a medium-size office.
Military aircraft propulsion lubricants–current and future trends

Abstract : An assessment of the performance of MIL-L-7808J and MIL-L-23699C military Specification lubricating oils in turbine engines and helicopter gear boxes is presented along with predicted performance of current and upgraded military specification oils in advanced and 'growth' engine designs. Data is presented on advanced ester base engine lubricants, corrosion inhibited engine oils, and separate helicopter gear box oils evolving from current developmental research efforts. Future high temperature candidate fluids representing the ultimate stability for turbine engine oils are also discusses. Their use, in most cases, entails engine design considerations to accommodate their unique properties. The advantages and disadvantages of the various classes of synthetic lubricants for turbine engine applications are discussed, and deficiencies are identified where additional research programs are needed.
The Mesdag Panorama: Sheltering the all‐embracing view

The idyllic harmony of nature and culture, represented in the Mesdag Panorama (The Hague, 1881), is seen as a manifestation of a widespread late nineteenth-century desire to screen out the fragmentary forces of modernity. Hendrik Willem Mesdag used photography as an aid to paint an icon of an idealized world in which the disembodied eye partakes of a unified Whole. Disjunctive elements are found in the painting, however, that betray a repressed awareness that this harmonious world is a fiction, contrasting the temporal, historical perception of everyday life at the Dutch seaside of 1881.
Tissue engineered neural constructs designed for intracerebral gelation

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in death or severe neurological disability in 175,000 individuals each year in the U.S. (T.A. Gennarelli, 1993), TBI treatment presents a significant clinical challenge because of the poor regenerative capabilities of the brain, resulting in permanent tissue loss. A tissue engineered construct consisting of cells embedded within an extracellular matrix scaffold has the potential to rescue damaged tissue and promote functional recovery. In this in vitro study, the authors investigated Matrigel/sup TM/ and methylcellulose (MC) as potential construct materials for incorporation of neural cells. These materials form gels at physiologic temperatures yet exist as a solution at lower temperatures. This reverse gelation makes them particularly attractive for minimally invasive grafting in the brain. The material/cell constructs could be injected as a solution into lesioned areas and/or deafferented regions, where they would subsequently form a semi-solid hydrogel in vivo.
Regulation of fatty acid metabolism by mTOR in adult murine hearts occurs independently of changes in PGC-1α

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for cardiac development, growth, and function, but the role of mTOR in the regulation of cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial respiration is not well established. This study sought to determine cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in mice with inducible deletion of mTOR in the adult heart. Doxycycline-inducible and cardiac-specific mTOR-deficient mice were generated by crossing cardiac-specific doxycycline-inducible tetO-Cre mice with mice harboring mTOR floxed alleles. Deletion of mTOR reduced mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling after in vivo insulin stimulation. Maximum and minimum dP/dt measured by cardiac catheterization in vivo under anesthesia and cardiac output, cardiac power, and aortic pressure in ex vivo working hearts were unchanged, suggesting preserved cardiac function 4 wk after doxycycline treatment. However, myocardial palmitate oxidation was impaired, whereas glucose oxidation was increased. Consistent with reduced palmitate oxidation, expression of fatty acid metabolism genes fatty acid-binding protein 3, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein)-α and -β was reduced, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and -2 enzymatic activity was decreased. Mitochondrial palmitoyl carnitine respiration was diminished. However, mRNA for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and -1β, protein levels of PGC-1α, and electron transport chain subunits, mitochondrial DNA, and morphology were unchanged. Also, pyruvate-supported and FCCP-stimulated respirations were unchanged, suggesting that mTOR deletion induces a specific defect in fatty acid utilization. In conclusion, mTOR regulates mitochondrial fatty acid utilization but not glucose utilization in the heart via mechanisms that are independent of changes in PGC expression.
Increased risk of vincristine neurotoxicity associated with low CYP3A5 expression genotype in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background This study evaluates the relationship between cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 genotype and vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) in children with precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preB ALL). We have shown in vitro that vincristine is metabolized significantly more efficiently by CYP3A5 than by CYP3A4. We also found that vincristine neurotoxicity is less common in African-Americans (70% express CYP3A5) than in Caucasians. We test the hypothesis that CYP3A5 expressers experience less vincristine neuropathy than do CYP3A5 non-expressers. Procedure This study of pharmacogenetics of vincristine neuropathy in children with preB ALL was completed at Indiana University Simon Cancer Center. Whole blood for DNA extraction and genotyping was collected as well as plasma from a single time-point for analysis of vincristine and primary metabolite (M1) concentrations. Vincristine neuropathy was captured via chart review and graded per the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0. Results Eighty-nine percent of CYP3A5 expressers experienced neurotoxicity versus 100% of non-expressers (P = 0.03). The proportion of treatment months with neurotoxicity was significantly different between the expressers and non-expressers (16% vs. 27%, P = 0.0007). Limited pharmacokinetic data suggest different rates of vincristine metabolism between CYP3A5 genotype groups with higher primary metabolite (M1) plasma concentrations (P = 0.0004) and lower metabolic ratios ([vincristine]/[M1]) (P = 0.036) in the CYP3A5 expressers compared to the CYP3A5 non-expressers. M1 concentration was also inversely related to severity of neuropathy (P = 0.0316). Conclusions In children with preB ALL, CYP3A5 expressers experience less VIPN, produce more M1, and have lower metabolic ratios compared to CYP3A5 non-expressers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:361–367. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A churn model of scientific knowledge value: Internet researchers as a knowledge value collective

Abstract Determining the value of scientific and technical knowledge poses a great many problems. One of the most acute and widely recognized is that the value of knowledge shifts dramatically over time as new uses for the knowledge emerge. A related problem is that market-based valuation of knowledge is an inadequate index of certain types of scientific knowledge. We present an alternative framework for the value of scientific and technical knowledge, one based not on market pricing of information, but instead, on the intensity and range of uses of scientific knowledge. Our “churn” model of scientific knowledge value emphasizes the distinctive properties of scientific and technical knowledge and focuses on the social context of its production. In particular, we consider the value of scientific and technical knowledge in enhancing “knowledge value collectives”, our term for the set of individuals who interact in the demand, production, technical evaluation, and application of scientific and technical knowledge. To illustrate the use of the churn model as an interpretive framework, we examine the recent history of the Internet and the churning knowledge use and transformation accompanying its emergence. The development of the knowledge brought together in the Internet shows us how little traditional disciplines and institutions help in explaining today’s epoch-changing knowledge and technology innovations. We urge a focus on the social configurations producing knowledge value. Rather than counting discrete output, we argue that research evaluation is most helpful when its subject is the capacity of social configurations to produce new scientific and technical knowledge uses.