cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compliance with universal precautions: knowledge and behavior of residents and students in a department of obstetrics and gynecology.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge of universal precautions for the delivery and operating rooms by residents and students and to evaluate their use of universal precautions. STUDY DESIGN: Obstetrics and gynecology (ob/gyn) residents (n = 30) and students (n = 31) from an inner-city, teaching hospital were polled by anonymous questionnaire to assess their knowledge of the appropriate barrier equipment for certain ob/gyn procedures. To determine actual compliance with universal precautions, 459 ob/gyn procedures were observed. We noted the use of appropriate barrier equipment for each procedure: gloves for pelvic exam and face shields, gowns, gloves, and booties for vaginal delivery, cesarean delivery, and dilation and curettage. The True Epistat statistical software program was used to perform simple regression analysis. RESULTS: Thirty residents (100%) knew the appropriate barrier equipment required for each type of procedure performed. One student (< 1%) did not know that booties were appropriate for the surgical procedures. Rationale for lack of compliance with universal precautions elicited by the questionnaire included time constraints (64%), inconvenience (52%), and presumption that patient was not infected (34%). The observed rate of compliance with universal precautions by participants indicates that individual compliance was inversely related to the years of experience (overall compliance rate of students was 96%; for first-year residents, 92%, second-year residents, 89%, third-year residents, 84%, fourth-year residents, 78%; r = -0.9918, P = 0.0009). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge regarding universal precautions was nearly 100%, while overall observed compliance was only 89%. Compliance with universal precautions was better among students (96%) than among residents (88%). Compliance with universal precautions was inversely related to years of experience.
Mechanistic studies of surface catalyzed H2O2 decomposition and contaminant degradation in the presence of sand

Abstract This study examined the mechanism and kinetics of surface catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomposition and degradation of contaminants in the presence of sand collected from an aquifer and a riverbed. Batch experiments were conducted using variable sand concentrations (0.2 to 1.0 g-sand/ml solution) and phenol and quinoline as model contaminants. Inhibition and probe studies were conducted to ascertain the role of several oxygen radicals (e.g. OH, HO 2 /O 2 − ) on contaminant degradation. Phenol degradation products were consistent with reaction with hydroxyl radical. Concordant with this, phenol degradation was greatly inhibited in the presence of the widely accepted hydroxyl radical scavenger butanol. Additional inhibition studies with superoxide dismutase (SOD) support the conclusion that superoxide anion participates in the formation of hydroxyl radical. It is postulated that the relatively long-lived superoxide anion is capable of leaving the vicinity of the sand surface into bulk solution, where it may react with hydrogen peroxide to form hydroxyl radical and contribute to contaminant degradation. A mechanism is formulated and evaluated which accounts for these observations, as well as hydrogen peroxide decomposition kinetics and the complex decay behavior of phenol and quinoline in the presence of sand.
Comparative studies of senescence in natural populations of guppies.

Abstract: Investigators have rarely sought evidence for senescence in natural populations because it is assumed that relatively few individuals will survive long enough in the wild to exhibit the intrinsic increase in mortality with age expected from senescent individuals. Nevertheless, senescence has been documented in some natural populations, mostly in birds and mammals. Here we report on a comparative study of senescence in two natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We document senescence as an age‐specific increase in mortality rate, with use of mark‐recapture studies and implementation of program MARK for analysis of such observations. Extrinsic mortality was controlled for by choosing populations that experience low rates of predation because they coexist with only a single piscine predator (Rivulus hartii). These populations differ in their evolutionary history because one was native to such a site whereas the other was introduced to a site that previously contained no guppies. The ...
Physiologic effects of inhaled histamine in asthma: reversible changes in pulmonary mechanics and total lung capacity.

The investigation of spontaneous as well as induced asthma has often centered on studies of the pathophysiology of airflow obstruction.‘, 2 An increase in airflow resistance alone does not explain all of the clinical and physiologic changes characteristic of an asthmatic attack such as: a decrease in vital capacity, hyperinflation, transient loss of lung elastic recoil, or severe dyspnea.“-’ During spontaneous exacerbations of asthma, asthmatics not only increase functional residual capacity but many patients also develop large increases in their total lung capacity.’ In 1 patient reported by Woolcock and Read,” the residual volume during the acute attack was greater than the total lung capacity after recovery. Associated with this hyperinflation are decreases in lung elastic recoil5 which are reversed with treatment and are not as severe as those found in emphysema. Reports in the literature vary about whether similar hyperinflation occurs during the production of acute bronchoconstriction in the experimental laboratory. Some investigators have not shown increases in total lung capacity with either exercise-induced asthma83 9 or by bronchoconstrictor aerosols such as antigenlO I1 or histamine.” Others have shown that significant hyperinflation and loss of lung elastic recoil can be produced by inhaling bronchoconstrictor agents12, I3 and during postexertional asthma. I4
Design of PI observer for bilinear systems with unknown input disturbance

In this paper, we consider the problem of designing a proportional integral (PI) observer to estimate the state and unknown constant disturbance for bilinear time-invariant systems. The design of the proposed PI observer is based on Lyapunov stability. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a stable observer. The proposed observer can also be used in step-shaped fault detection. The effectiveness of this method is verified by numerical examples.
USE OF SPATIAL CUES WITH REGARD TO THE INVASION OF GROUP SPACE

An innovative technique was used to explore spatial cues utilized by participants in deciding to invade the group space of two strangers. Confederates were placed at varying intervals from the center line in four long hallways of varying widths, representing the four experimental conditions. Participants were tallied as they chose to walk between or around the confederates. The smallest critical distance, at which 100% of the participants chose to invade rather than avoid the space between the confederates, was established. A consistent ratio was found between the confederate to wall (external distance) and confederate to confederate (internal distance) for the first 100% invasion for each experimental distance. The authors suggest that some consistent proportionate distance may be fundamental to the participants' decisions to invade group space. Further research is suggested to investigate the concept of “response cost” when the participant is forced to alter his path to avoid invasion.
Process and workload migration for a parallel branch-and-bound algorithm on a hypercube multicomputer

This paper describes the design and experimental evaluation of a novel parallel implementation of a branch-and-bound algorithm for solving the Traveling Salesperson Problem on a 32 node Intel hypercube. Issues studied experimentally are trade-offs in speed, memory, and communication costs as well as the effects of workload balancing and node utilization on speedup.Since the actual distribution of work among the parallel tasks of the TSP application cannot be predicted in advance, strategies and tradeoffs regarding the migration of processes from heavily loaded processors or the migration of work from heavily loaded processes can be studied. Toward this end, we have implemented operating system constructs for work and for process migration as extensions to the Intel iPSC hypercube's operating system. Furthermore, operating system support for the rapid sharing of intermediate values of the global objective function being optimized (i.e. 'tour' values in TSP) are provided.
Elastic Properties of Hollow-Sphere-Reinforced Composites

Elastic properties determined for reinforced composite material with hollow spherical inclusions embedded in matrix
Competition And Quality

Increasingly, physicians work as employees, patients have become consumers, and business school graduates are assuming control. As independent-practice-model health maintenance organizations (HMOs) grow rapidly, staff- and group-model HMOs are scared: will they go the way of the fee-for-service system? Competition, for the time being, seems to be king.
Routine clinical determination of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and thallium in urine and whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract For the measurement of As, Cd, Pb, and Tl in urine or whole blood, judicious choices of internal standard elements for matrix correction and the development of a refined isobaric arsenic correction are necessary to produce accurate ICP-MS results. Ga and Rh are chosen as internal standards for As and Cd respectively. Bi is better for the correction of Pb and Tl than Re. An empirically derived equation relating the measurement of 16 O 35 Cl to the 40 Ar 35 Cl contribution to the arsenic signal at mass 75 is refined by measuring the responses at mass 51 and 75 for urines with added hydrochloric acid. Overall, ICP-MS results for blood and urine are within 6% of Zeeman GFAAS results for patient samples. For surveys, the overall average of ICP-MS results is within 3% of target.
Disabled Rights: American Disability Policy and the Fight for Equality: Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer, Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2003, 318 pages

By most commonly used measures, there are more than 50 million Americans with disabilities, making them the largest minority group in the United States today, exceeding the number of African Americ...
Vehicle self-pollution intake fraction: children's exposure to school bus emissions.

Vehicle self-pollution occurs when a vehicle's emissions migrate to inside that vehicle's passenger compartment. This paper presents values for two new parameters: vehicle self-pollution intake fraction (iFSP), which is the total fraction of a vehicle's emissions inhaled by all people in the vehicle, and vehicle self-pollution individual intake fraction (iFi,SP), which is the fraction of a vehicle's emissions inhaled by an individual in the vehicle. We use results from tracer-gas experiments in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) to quantify students' iFSP and iFi,SP for school bus emissions. Six buses were studied during nine runs with windows open and seven runs with windows closed. Reported iFSP values (units: per million; min = 10, max = 94, mean = 27) indicate that the total mass of a bus' exhaust inhaled by students commuting on it is comparable in magnitude to the total mass of that bus' exhaust inhaled by all other people in the SoCAB. Reported iFi,SP values (units: per million; min = 0....
Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from 1985 to 1997

Following extensive seagrass die-offs of the late 1980s and early 1990s, Florida Bay reportedly had significant declines in water clarity due to turbidity and algal blooms. Scant information exists on the extent of the decline, as this bay was not investigated for water quality concerns before the die-offs and limited areas were sampled after the primary die-off. We use imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to examine water clarity in Florida Bay for the period 1985 to 1997. The AVHRR provides data on nominal water reflectance and estimated light attenuation, which are used here to describe turbidity conditions in the bay on a seasonal basis. In situ observations on changes in seagrass abundance within the bay, combined with the satellite data, provide additional insights into losses of seagrass. The imagery shows an extensive region to the west of Florida Bay having increased reflectance and light attenuation in both winter and summer begining in winter of 1988. These increases are consistent with a change from dense seagrass to sparse or negligible cover. Approximately 200 km2 of these offshore seagrasses may have been lost during the primary die-off (1988 through 1991), significantly more than in the bay. The imagery shows the distribution and timing of increased turbidity that followed the die-offs in the northwestern regions of the bay, exemplified in Rankin Lake and Johnson Key Basin, and indicates that about 200 km2 of dense seagrass may have been lost or severely degraded within the bay from the start of the die-off. The decline in water clarity has continued in the northwestern bay since 1991. The area west of the Everglades National Park boundaries has shown decreases in both winter turbidity and summer reflectances, suggestive of partial seagrass recovery. Areas of low reflectance associated with a majorSyringodium filiforme seagrass meadow north of Marathon (Vaca Key, in the Florida Keys) appear to have expanded westward toward Big Pine Key, indicating changes in the bottom cover from before the die-off. The southern and eastern sections of the Bay have not shown significant changes in water clarity or bottom albedo throughout the entire time period.
Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology

Abstract Eight, temporally successive assemblage zones of tetrapod fossils provide the basis for dividing Triassic time into eight land-vertebrate faunachrons. These land-vertebrate faunachrons, their type assemblage zones, and their approximate correlation to the standard global chronostratigraphic scale are (ascending order): (1) Lootsbergian (Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Balfour, Katberg and Burgersdorp formations, Karoo basin, South Africa) = late Dorashamian–Induan; (2) Nonesian (Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Burgersdorp Formation, Karoo basin, South Africa) = Olenikian; (3) Perovkan (Shansiodon Assemblage Zone, Donguz Formation, Russian Urals) = Anisian; (4) Berdyankian (Mastodonsaurus Assemblage Zone, Bukobay Formation, Russian Urals) = Ladinian–early Carnian; (5) Otischalkian (Paleorhinus Assemblage Zone, Chinle Group, Chinle basin, USA) = late-early to early-late Carnian; (6) Adamanian (Rutiodon Assemblage Zone, Chinle Group, Chinle basin, USA) = latest Carnian; (7) Revueltian (Pseudopalatus Assemblage Zone, Chinle Group, Chinle basin, USA) = Norian; (8) Apachean (Redondasaurus Assemblage Zone, Chinle Group, Chinle basin, USA), = Rhaetian. The Triassic land-vertebrate faunachrons provide a framework for the correlation of Triassic nonmarine deposits with a temporal resolution comparable to the seven Triassic Stage/Ages of the standard global chronostratigraphic scale.
The Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors: What 10 Experts Think:

The counseling professional has called for the use of personal characteristics to be used for admissions to counseling programs as well as in the evaluation of counseling students. 10 expert counselors ranked 22 personality characteristics of potential students for importance and responsiveness to training. The most important include empathy, acceptance, and warmth, while the least important include resourcefulness, sympathy and sociability.
Etiology and Treatment of Pediatric Pleural Empyema.

Parapneumonic effusions (PE) complicate pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in 40% of cases. It is estimated that empyema forms in more than half of such cases but evidence-based data regarding appropriate treatment is limited. This study evaluates treatment modalities as they relate to duration of hospitalization and cost of care in such cases. A quality improvement based retrospective chart review was undertaken to evaluate outcomes for empyema that were diagnosed between 12/00–3/04 at Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, MO. Identification of empyema was based on strict criteria that was independently confirmed by 2 evaluating physicians. Cases were included if ultrasound and or CT showed pleural fluid loculation and septation OR pleural fluid was grossly purulent OR bacteria was identified on pleural fluid culture. Data abstracted included demographic data, radiographic imaging studies, pleural fluid analysis, treatment modality, length of hospital stay (LOS), and cost of care. 96 cases of CAP with PE were reviewed; 57 cases were classified as pneumonia, uncomplicated PE, 5 cases as necrotizing pneumonia/abscess but w/o empyema and 34 cases of empyema. Children with empyema ranged in age from 17 months–16 years (mean 5 years) and 20 were boys (59%). In 27 empyema cases, pleural fluid evaluation was performed. Empyema patients more often had neutrophil >90% and glucose 10,000 were more likely to be bacteriologically confirmed (7/11). Bacteriologic diagnosis was confirmed in 38% of cases; gram-positive pathogens predominated and S. pneumoniae was most commonly identified. Ten cases occurred annually and S. pneumoniae remained consistent despite widespread implementation of PCV in our community. Treatment included 4 modalities: Group 1 (n=2): antibiotics (A) only; Group 2 (n=14): A + thoracostomy tube; Group 3 (n=10): A + tube + alteplase fibrinolysis; and Group 4a/b (n=3/5): VATS (early ≤7 d sxs; late >7 days sxs). Patients in Group 2 had the greatest failure rate and longest stay (11.5 days) as well as cost of care. Patients in Group 3 and 4a had the shortest LOS and cost of care (7 days and median cost $21,062). Empyema was identified in 35% of cases of CAP with PE and the annual incidence remained stable over the last 3 years. Cases caused by S. pneumoniae persist despite PCV and may represent non vaccine strains (type 1 and 3). Among invasive interventions, tube thoracostomy alone had longer LOS and more failures. Early VATS and intrapleural fibrinolysis have shorter stays and cost. More evidence based investigation is necessary to confirm these results; utilization of a strict definition of empyema would facilitate such work.
Correlation Effects in Atoms

The applicability of many-body perturbation theory in calculating electron correlations in atoms has been investigated. It was found that, in order for results to agree well with experiment, certain classes of diagrams, representing terms of the perturbation series, must be included to many orders. The higher order diagrams were found to be more important in calculating correlations among the outer electrons than among inner electrons. Methods for summing various classes of these diagrams were found. The total correlation energy in beryllium was calculated by perturbation theory, by the use of an IBM 7090 computer, to be -2.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11 eV. The value obtained from experiment is -2.59 eV. The calculated correlation energies for the different electronic shells were found to be -1.19 eV among $2s$ electrons, -1.15 eV among $1s$ electrons, and -0.135 eV between the $1s$ and $2s$ shells.
Alternative Therapy Used as Primary Treatment for Breast Cancer Negatively Impacts Outcomes

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has escalated over the past decade, despite the fact that clinical studies validating the efficacy of CAM remain sparse. Clinicians frequently encounter patients who reject standard treatment, but data on outcomes of patients choosing CAM as primary treatment for breast cancer are also lacking. Breast cancer patients who refused/delayed standard treatments in favor of alternative therapies were identified in a community surgical practice over a 10-year period. A retrospective chart review was performed with telephone interviews when possible. Estimated 10-year survival given recommended treatment was calculated. A total of 61 patients was identified; median age was 53. Median follow-up was 54 months. Patients were stratified into 2 subgroups: those who omitted/delayed surgery (SSG, n = 26) and those who were nonadherent to adjuvant therapy recommendations (ASG, n = 35). In the SSG, 96.2% experienced disease progression; 50% died of disease. Mean stage at initial presentation was II; mean stage at re-presentation after primary treatment with alternative therapies was IV. Disease progression occurred in 86.2% of those in the ASG; 20% died of disease. The mean 10-year survival calculated for those omitting surgery was 69.5%; observed survival for this group was 36.4% at a median follow-up of 33 months. Alternative therapies used as primary treatment for breast cancer are associated with disease progression and increased risk of recurrence and death. Diminished outcomes are more profound in those delaying/omitting surgery. Reviewing these results with our patients may help bridge the gap between CAM and standard treatments.
On decentralised control of non-linear interconnected systems

The asymptotic stabilisation problem of a class of large-scale interconnected systems is considered, where the non-linear interconnections between subsystems satisfy quadratic constraints that are functions of the whole system's state vector. A decentralised combined observer-controller compensator is proposed and analysed, where the subsystems’ state vectors are estimated using local sliding mode observers. The closed-loop system driven by the proposed decentralised compensator is guaranteed to be asymptotically stable subject to two conditions that are easily verifiable. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed decentralised combined observer-controller compensator.
Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilization in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790–1900.

Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilization in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790–1900. Alice Bullard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. 290 pp., appendix, notes, illustrations, bibliography, index.
Oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reactions in platelets freeze-preserved with dimethylsulfoxide.

Platelets were frozen with 4% or 5% DMSO at an overall rate of 2 to 3 C per minute and were stored at −80 C for as long as 10 months. They were washed with DMSO-plasma and acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solutions and were stored in 30 ml of autologous plasma at room temperature for about three hours before transfusion. Measurements were made of oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reaction, platelet factor- 3 and-4 activities, and platelet response to hypotonic stress. Platelet basal and latex stimulated oxygen consumption were found to be significantly impaired; platelet aggregation response to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen were decreased; platelet ATP and ADP content and release reactions were decreased; platelet antiheparin activity (platelet factor-4 level) was decreased; and the platelet response to hypotonic stress was impaired. What the results of these in vitro tests mean in relation to in vivo survival and hemostatic function of preserved platelets was not established.
Experimental validation of RF tomography

RF Tomography is a promising novel technology whose primary goal is the identification of underground cavities or tunnels. In this article, we propose scaled experiments in anechoic chamber to validate the numerical simulation results already available.
The Fundamental Theorem of Card Counting with applications to Trente-et-Quarante and Baccarat

The Fundamental Theorem of Card Counting is a unifying principle for the analysis of card games of chance which are characterized by sampling without replacement. The Theorem says (roughly) the “spread” in distribution of player expectations for partially depleted card packs increases with depletion of the card pack. Furthermore, average player expectation is non-decreasing (increasing under suitable hypotheses) with increasing depletion.
Re-examination of immune response and estimation of anti-Vi IgG protective threshold against typhoid fever-based on the efficacy trial of Vi conjugate in young children.

Abstract Background The capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Vi antigen, is an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen. Similar to other polysaccharide vaccines, the protective action of Vi, both to the polysaccharide alone or when presented as a conjugate, is mediated by serum IgG Vi antibodies. The evaluation of Vi capsular polysaccharide based vaccines to prevent typhoid fever would be significantly facilitated by the identification of a “protective level” of serum antibodies to Vi antigen. Methods The protective level of anti-Vi IgG against typhoid fever was derived from the protective efficacy and immune response of a Vi-rEPA conjugate vaccine efficacy trial. The estimation was derived by two methods: correlation of the percent efficacy and the antibody distribution profile in the vaccine group at a given period of observation, and use of the relative ratio of anti-Vi IgG levels between the vaccine and placebo groups greater or equal to the Relative Risk of typhoid fever used in the efficacy determination. Results Both methods predicted a similar range of a minimum protective level of anti-Vi IgG between 1.4 and 2.0 μg/ml (short term threshold). When applying a protective threshold of 10 μg/ml at 6 months post immunization, an IgG level in excess of 1.4 μg/ml was achieved by 90% of children at 46 months post immunization, consistent with an 89% level of protection over the duration of the study. We thus suggest that the proportion of children with Vi IgG > 10 μg/ml (long term threshold) 6 months after immunization may reflect the proportion protected over at least a 4 year period. Conclusion The current assignment of an anti-Vi IgG protective level may be of value when evaluating vaccine performance of future Vi conjugate vaccines.
RECENT MORTALITY FROM CANCER OF THE CERVIX IN THE UNITED STATES AND UNITED KINGDOM

Abstract Death-rates from cancer of the cervix in the United States in 1950-67 are compared with similar data for England and Wales. In the United States (unlike England and Wales) statistics show no evidence of a rise in mortality-rates for cancer of the cervix among women under 60 years: they show a decline in all 10-year age-groups from 30 to 79 among White women; among non-White women a similar decline has occurred in those aged 30-59, but the rates have remained relatively constant among those aged 60-79.
Subzero temperature tolerance in spiders: The role of thermal-hysteresis-factors

The immature stages of two species of spiders which overwinter under the bark of standing dead trees survive subzero temperatures by depressing their supercooling points in winter. These are a crab spider,Philodromus sp. (Philodromidae), and a sac spider,Clubiona sp. (Clubionidae). The solutes which are at least partially responsible for the decrease in supercooling points in winter are: (1) proteins which produce a thermal hysteresis (a difference between the freezing and melting points) of approximately 2°C in the hemolymph and (2) glycerol. The thermal-hysteresis-factors and glycerol are only found in the spiders in winter. Acclimation of winter spiders to warm temperatures, at either long or short photoperiods, results in loss of the thermal hysteresis within two weeks. These thermal-hysteresis-factors appear to be similar to protein and glycoprotein antifreezes previously found in polar marine fishes and certain overwintering insects.
Effects of cholecystokinin on gallbladder stasis and cholesterol gallstone formation

Abstract Recent studies suggest an etiologic role for gallbladder stasis in the genesis of cholesterol gallstones. The effect of periodic gallbladder emptying on stone prevention is not clear. Using the prairie dog model, we tested the hypothesis that daily cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) prevents gallbladder stasis and cholesterol gallstone formation. Prairie dogs were fed either a control or a 0.4% cholesterol-enriched chow for 6 weeks. Cholesterol-fed animals received a daily intramuscular injection of either saline, CCK-OP, 0.2 μg/kg or CCK-OP, 1.0 μg/kg. Gallbladder bile lithogenic index (LI), bile salt pool size (BSPS), and the degree of radioisotope equilibration between gallbladder and hepatic bile (Rsa-an index of stasis) were determined. The more physiologic dose of CCK-OP (0.2) significantly reduced BSPS and bile lithogenicity, prevented stasis and reduced the incidence of gallstones. Our data suggest that (1) periodic gallbladder emptying decreases bile lithogenicity, prevents stasis, and reduces the incidence of cholelithiasis, (2) stasis is essential to gallstone formation and (3) daily physiologic doses of CCK-OP may be useful for gallstone prophylaxis in high-risk patients.
Determining invertible two and three dimensional quadratic isoparametric finite element transformations

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm determining the invertibility of any planar, triangular quadratic isoparametric finite element transformation. Extensions of the algorithm to three-dimensional isoparametric finite element transformations yield conditions which guarantee invertibility of 10-node tetrahedra and 8-node bricks.
Aminocaproic Acid (amicar) as an alternative to aprotinin (trasylol) in liver transplantation.

Abstract Introduction This study compared clinical outcomes for a large number of liver transplant patients receiving intraoperative epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), aprotinin, or no antifibrinolytic agent over an 8-year period. Patients and Methods Records for deceased donor liver transplants were reviewed. Data included antifibrinolytic agent, blood loss, early graft function, and postoperative complications. Study groups included low-dose aprotinin, high-dose aprotinin, EACA (25 mg/kg, 1-hour infusion), or no antifibrinolytic agent. Results Data were included for 1170 consecutive transplants. Groups included low-dose aprotinin (n = 324 [28%]), high-dose aprotinin (n = 308 [26%]), EACA (n = 216 [18%]), or no antifibrinolytic (n = 322 [28%]). EACA had the lowest intraoperative blood loss and required the fewest transfusions of plasma. Patients receiving no agent required the most blood transfusions. Early graft loss was lowest in the EACA group, and 90-day and 1-year patient survival rates were significantly higher for the low-dose aprotinin and EACA groups according to Cox regression. Complications were similar, but there were more episodes of deep vein thrombosis in patients receiving EACA. Conclusions These results suggest that transitioning from aprotinin to EACA did not result in worse outcomes. In addition to decreased intraoperative blood loss, a trend toward improved graft and patient survival was seen in patients receiving EACA.
Skulls in the desert

Perhaps the one constant in every business is the need to cope with technological change, and libraries are no exception. In fact, libraries may be one of the most affected industries – with technological change impacting not only how libraries do business, but also what services they provide and how collections are built and maintained. While reading this brief history of the various technologies that have gone the way of the Dodo, librarians are asked to contemplate how they keep themselves relevant in our ever‐evolving technological world of information access.
Replisome mechanics: lagging strand events that influence speed and processivity

The antiparallel structure of DNA requires lagging strand synthesis to proceed in the opposite direction of the replication fork. This imposes unique events that occur only on the lagging strand, such as primase binding to DnaB helicase, RNA synthesis, and SS B antigen (SSB) displacement during Okazaki fragment extension. Single-molecule and ensemble techniques are combined to examine the effect of lagging strand events on the Escherichia coli replisome rate and processivity. We find that primase activity lowers replisome processivity but only when lagging strand extension is inoperative. rNTPs also lower replisome processivity. However, the negative effects of primase and rNTPs on processivity are overcome by the extra grip on DNA provided by the lagging strand polymerases. Visualization of single molecules reveals that SSB accumulates at forks and may wrap extensive amounts of single-strand DNA. Interestingly SSB has an inter-strand positive effect on the rate of the leading strand based in its interaction with the replicase χ-subunit. Further, the lagging strand polymerase is faster than leading strand synthesis, indicating that replisome rate is limited by the helicase. Overall, lagging strand events that impart negative effects on the replisome are counterbalanced by the positive effects of SSB and additional sliding clamps during Okazaki fragment extension.
Novel G-Protein Complex Whose Requirement Is Linked to the Translational Status of the Cell

G proteins, which bind and hydrolyze GTP, are involved in regulating a variety of critical cellular processes, including the process of protein synthesis. Many members of the subfamily of elongation factor class G proteins interact with the ribosome and function to regulate discrete steps during the process of protein synthesis. Despite sequence similarity to factors involved in translation, a role for the yeast Hbs1 protein has not been defined. In this work we have identified a genetic relationship between genes encoding components of the translational apparatus and HBS1. HBS1, while not essential for viability, is important for efficient growth and protein synthesis under conditions of limiting translation initiation. The identification of an Hbs1p-interacting factor, Dom34p, which shares a similar genetic relationship with components of the translational apparatus, suggests that Hbs1p and Dom34p may function as part of a complex that facilitates gene expression. Dom34p contains an RNA binding motif present in several ribosomal proteins and factors that regulate translation of specific mRNAs. Thus, Hbs1p and Dom34p may function together to help directly or indirectly facilitate the expression either of specific mRNAs or under certain cellular conditions.
Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition has been used with success for the past two decades. In pediatrics, parenteral nutrition has been shown to improve nitrogen balance and growth. However, controversies exist including indications, requirements, duration, outcomes, and costs of parenteral nutrition in the pediatric population. This review provides a brief summary of current indications for pediatric parenteral nutrition and requirements for intravenous nutrients. Guidelines outlined by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition for the pediatric patient are also presented.
Object recognition with luminance, rotation and location invariance

We propose a neural network based on image synthesis, histogram adaptive quantization and the discrete cosine transformation (DCT) for object recognition with luminance, rotation and location invariance. An efficient representation of the invariant features is constructed using a three-dimensional memory structure. The performance of luminance and rotation invariance is illustrated by reduced error rates in face recognition. The error rate of using a two-dimensional DCT is improved from 13.6% to 2.4% with the aid of the proposed image synthesis procedure. The 2.4% error rate is better than all previously reported results using Karhunen-Loeve (1990) transform convolution networks and eigenface models. In using the DCT, our approach also enjoys the additional advantage of greatly reduced computational complexity.
Linguistic competency and citizenship: Contrasting portraits of multilingualism in the South Korean popular media1

This paper examines how metapragmatic framings of multilingual competency and incompetency have become indexes of global and South Korean citizenship in the South Korean popular media. Drawing upon depictions of multilingualism in South Korean television deurama (‘drama’), comedy skits, and popular music, it examines how the locus of modernity and cosmopolitanism is moving away from the U.S.-oriented overseas Korean (gyopo) and towards the figure of the elite transnational returnee (saldaon saram). It argues that as the transnational circulation of people, media, and ideologies accelerates in the age of globalization, intra-ethnic discourses of linguistic mockery will also intensify. 本文檢視南韓大眾媒體中的多語現象, 探討擁有多語能力如何成為判定是世界公民和南韓公民的依據。我們探索在全球化下, 欠缺語言能力的種族化形象的跨國流傳, 以及同民族間的語言嘲諷現象的興起。這篇文章觀察南韓電視連續劇、綜藝節目喜劇單元和流行音樂中對多語現象的呈現, 據此分析多語現代性和世界主義如何從過去曾是南韓旅美僑胞的表徵, 轉變成當今海歸(跨國鍍金後返國)人士的專屬形象。[Mandarin] 본 논문은 한국의 대중문화에 나타난 다국어 사용 능력과 무능력의 메타실용주의적 프레이밍이 어떻게 세계화와 한국화된 현대 시민의 지표로 반영되고 있는지에 관한 연구이다. 드라마, 코미디 쇼, 그리고 대중 음악 등 대한민국의 여러 대중매체에서 드러난 다국어 사용의 실례들을 통해 현대화와 도시화의 주체가 재미교포에서 해외 거주 경험이 있는 엘리트들로 옮겨가는 과정을 고찰한다. 또한, 세계화로 인해 사람과 미디아, 이데올로기의 초국가적 흐름이 가속화 되어가는 이 시대에, 인종간의 조소성 발언들이 늘어날 것으로 예측한다. [Korean]
False-Evidence Ploys and Interrogations: Mock Jurors' Perceptions of False-Evidence Ploy Type, Deception, Coercion, and Justification

We studied mock jurors' evaluations of police false-evidence ploys across two false-evidence ploy information conditions (true or false confession). Study 1 participants evaluated lists of demeanor, testimonial, and scientific ploys and rated testimonial false-evidence ploys as more coercive than demeanor false-evidence ploys. Participants in the false-confession condition rated false-evidence ploys as more deceptive than did participants in the true-confession condition. Study 2 participants evaluated false-evidence ploy types within interrogation transcripts. Participants rated testimonial false-evidence ploys as more deceptive and coercive than demeanor false-evidence ploys; participants in the true-confession condition rated false-evidence ploys as more justified. Across studies, participants reading realistic transcripts rated false-evidence ploys as more deceptive and coercive. We discuss implications for scholars, attorneys, and interrogators. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘If No Gasoline, No Water’: Privatizing Drinking Water Quality in South Texas Colonias

Our study investigates why low-income Mexican-American residents living in rural and periurban subdivisions (colonias) in South Texas, one of the poorest regions in the United States, are increasingly dependent upon water vending machines as the main source of drinking water despite continued water infrastructure development. We outline a relational framework that builds on current debates within nature–society scholarship to address this paradox. We demonstrate how institutional enclosure—the creation or repurposing of institutions that curtails public participation in water governance—paired with water quality discourses and daily practices, operate over time to enroll residents as neoliberal subjects. We focus our attention on the emergence of the ‘water consumer’, or the individual who purchases drinking water from the vending machine. This approach addresses the coproduction of political subjectivities in relation to institutional change and how subjectivity reconstitutes a new hydrosocial relationsh...
BRAIN REWARD ACTIVITY TO MASKED IN-GROUP SMILING FACES PREDICTS FRIENDSHIP DEVELOPMENT.

This study examined whether neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS) to in-group facial expressions—presented without explicit awareness—could predict friendship patterns in newly arrived individuals from China 6 months later. Individuals who initially showed greater VS activity in response to in-group happy expressions during functional neuroimaging later made considerably more in-group friends, suggesting that VS activity might reflect reward processes that drive in-group approach behaviors.
Node-centric hybrid routing for ad hoc networks

We present node-centric approaches to hybrid routing for ad hoc networks in which normal nodes are distinguished from special nodes, called netmarks, hosting popular network services or functioning as points of attachment to the Internet. With node-centric hybrid routing, netmarks force common nodes to maintain routing information for them by either sending routing updates proactively, or by requiring nodes to maintain on-demand routing entries towards them for extended periods of time. Routes between peer nodes are set up on-demand. Two node-centric routing solutions are presented based on partial link-state information. Simulation results using ns2 show that maintaining table-driven routing for netmarks and on-demand routing for common nodes performs much better than purely on-demand routing protocols based on distance vectors, path information, or link-state information.
Comments on “Atmospheric Disturbance Caused by Human Modification of the Landscape”

In a recent article published in the February 2001 issue of the Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, Weaver and Avissar (hereafter WA) investigated the response of the atmosphere to landscape heterogeneity to assess the importance of mesoscale fluxes of sensible and latent heat arising from differences in land use in the southern Great Plains. To do so they used the RAMS mesoscale model and a surface flux data set derived from observations and the Simple Biosphere Model. They selected six days for analysis based on the criterion that the study region located at the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) was not obscured by clouds with obvious non-local origins. WA noted that mesoscale fluxes of latent heat on those six days were large, especially near and above the top of the boundary layer. They argued that regions of strong vertical motion that they associated with mesoscale fluxes were closely correlated with regions of precipitation on one of the six days they studied and with cloudy regions on two other days. From these findings, WA concluded that landscape heterogeneity arising from human influences can''significantly affect local weather and climate.'' They further concluded that the inabilitymore » to predict mesoscale fluxes is a serious failing of general circulation models (GCMs) used to predict climate change and that further studies in parameterizing such fluxes for use in GCMs is therefore necessary. In this paper we offer a somewhat different interpretation and perspective on the findings of WA.« less
‘Punch Pictures’: Localising Punch in Meiji Japan

The earliest Japanese term for political cartoon—‘Punch picture’ (Ponchi-e ポンチ絵)—was invented in 1868 by a Japanese language news journal, the Kōko shinbun 江湖新聞 (the public news) published in the treaty port of Yokohama. The word endured until the early 1900s when it was slowly supplanted by the more familiar manga (cartoon), a broader term that came to mean not only single panel political cartoons but also four panel cartoons, comic strips, comic magazines and eventually animated cartoons.
Copy number of the 16S rRNA gene in Rickettsia prowazekii.

Abstract The obligate intracellular parasite, Rickettsia prowazekii, is a slowly growing bacterium with a doubling time of 8 to 12 h. The copy number of the 16S rRNA gene in the rickettsial chromosome was determined to be one. Genomic DNA from R. prowazekii was digested either by a variety of restriction enzymes known not to cut at any site in the rickettsial 16S rRNA gene or by a combination of these noncutting enzymes and SmaI, which cuts the gene only once. Only one DNA fragment in these digests hybridized to a biotinylated probe containing a portion of the rickettsial 16S rRNA gene. Moreover, the density of the rickettsial 16S rRNA gene fragment after hybridization was equal to the density of each of the seven 16S rRNA gene fragments in Escherichia coli.
Beyond deviance and disease: Drug users as subjects at the Institute for Scientific Analysis

A distinctive genre of research on drug use developed at the Institute for Scientific Analysis (ISA) in San Francisco beginning in the early 1970s and continuing into the present. This article first provides a brief history of the Institute in order to situate its drug research in historical, institutional and biographical context. Second, it sketches an ideal type of the style of research generally used by ISA scientists to explore drug use, abuse, addiction, sales, treatment and policy. Four core elements characterize ISA's approach to research on drug use: Symbolic Interactionism as a theoretical framework, which attends to the subjective and adopts an appreciative rather than a correctional standpoint; inductive or Grounded Theory as an analytic strategy of discovery and hypothesis generation; qualitative methods such as ethnography and depth interviewing, which afford thick description of the people and worlds being studied and Labeling Theory, which sensitized ISA researchers to the possible effects...
Measurement and dynamic display of acoustic wave pulses

To evaluate and improve the longitudinal and lateral resolution of an ultrasonic transducer in pulse-echo imaging, it is useful to visualize how the ultrasonic pulse travels in space. A method for measuring and dynamically displaying the traveling acoustic wave pulses is developed. A half-millimeter hydrophone was used to scan two-dimensional planes through the beams produced by three types of transducers: commercial PZT, air-backed PZT, and PZT ceramic/polymer composite. The signals were digitized and stored in two- and three-dimensional formats. The ANALYZE software package was used to produce movies of the traveling wave as well as the two- and three-dimensional depictions of the pulse at various points in space and time. >
Tissue Adhesive in Surgical and Crush Renal Trauma

Angiography and nephroangiography has been performed 3 and 6-10 weeks after induced trauma to 18 rabbit kidneys. The lesions, mimicking crush trauma or surgical ectomy, were repaired using a cyano-acrylate. Perinephric tissue was adhered to the wound and made repair easier in crush trauma. In the resected kidneys it constituted a new pelvic wall. The angiographies demonstrated that in essence only the directly traumatized arteries were abnormal, that the cortical lesions were very small and the venous drainage unimpaired. The function, assessed on urograms, was good. No ureteric obstruction was present.
Setting priorities for conservation: the influence of uncertainty on species rankings of Indiana mammals

Systems for ranking species can aid governmental agencies and other groups in determining conservation priorities. However, current systems rarely account for the effects that uncertainty, i.e. incomplete knowledge of a species or biological variability within a species, may have on determining a species' rank. We tested whether three methods of incorporating uncertainty into a ranking system produced changes in conservation priorities. Our analysis focused on 55 species of mammals native to Indiana, USA. Uncertainty was incorporated into a ranking system by permitting survey respondents to assign probabilities to each category of a question. The ranks between species priority scores for methods with and without uncertainty were highly correlated. All methods gave results comparable to the qualitative ranking system currently in use. However, some species of conservation concern received substantially different ranks across methods. We recommend using a variety of scoring methods to produce a robust assessment of a species' conservation status.
FastRoute 4.0: global router with efficient via minimization

The number of vias generated during the global routing stage is a critical factor for the yield of final circuits. However, most global routers only approach the problem by charging a cost for vias in the maze routing cost function. In this paper, we present a global router that addresses the via number optimization problem throughout the entire global routing flow. We introduce the via aware Steiner tree generation, 3-bend routing and layer assignment with careful ordering to reduce via count. We integrate these three techniques into FastRoute 3.0 and achieve significant reduction in both via count and runtime.