cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strength of composites repaired by laminating with dissimilar composites.

D efective composite restorations are usually replaced by completely removing the existing material. However, certain clinical conditions may make it advisable to remove only a portion of the existing restoration before the addition of new material. For example, this technique might be preferred if the existing restoration is near the pulp, retained by pins, or is large. Further, the repair process may be more manageable when the new material is added in increments. Incremental addition is sometimes used to layer dissimilar material to improve esthetics, strength, or finish. The bond strengths obtained by adding composites to polymerized materials have been reported in several in vitro studies.‘-” A reduction in bond strength was reported in all but one of the investigations cited.” The amount of the reduction was dependent on the test method and material used. In all but two of the reported studies, the bond strength was measured after adding composite to polymerized layers of the same material 9,lO
Significance of Step Size in the Acquisition Performance of Coherent IR-UWB Receivers

The sparsely pulsed ultra-wideband (UWB) waveform has to be detected using efficient search strategies. Consecutive serial search (CSS) and permuted search strategies have been used for pulse detection. CSS results in a large average acquisition time when low duty cycle pulses are used. Permuted search strategies circumvent this problem by exploiting the dense multipath characteristic of the UWB signal. A host of parameters influence the acquisition performance in the case of CSS and permuted search strategies. This paper discusses the significance of step size in the acquisition performance of coherent impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) receivers. Using theoretical analysis and simulations, it is established that for channel models with different multipath spreads, the step size minimally affects the acquisition performance of a single pulse correlator in the case of permuted search strategies. For CSS, the acquisition performance changes with step size.
Fast slice‐selective radio‐frequency excitation pulses for mitigating B +1 inhomogeneity in the human brain at 7 Tesla

A novel radio-frequency (RF) pulse design algorithm is presented that generates fast slice-selective excitation pulses that mitigate B+1 inhomogeneity present in the human brain at high field. The method is provided an estimate of the B+1 field in an axial slice of the brain and then optimizes the placement of sinc-like "spokes" in kz via an L1-norm penalty on candidate (kx, ky) locations; an RF pulse and gradients are then designed based on these weighted points. Mitigation pulses are designed and demonstrated at 7T in a head-shaped water phantom and the brain; in each case, the pulses mitigate a significantly nonuniform transmit profile and produce nearly uniform flip angles across the field of excitation (FOX). The main contribution of this work, the sparsity-enforced spoke placement and pulse design algorithm, is derived for conventional single-channel excitation systems and applied in the brain at 7T, but readily extends to lower field systems, nonbrain applications, and multichannel parallel excitation arrays.
Limited-precision effects in adaptive filtering

The effects of limited-precision errors in several popular adaptive-filtering algorithms are analyzed. Performance degradations caused by limited-precision quantization of internal algorithmic quantities are often found to be much larger than what might be otherwise expected. Furthermore, in many cases, limited-precision errors are found to accumulate in time without bound, leading to an eventual overflow. This overflow is an unacceptable phenomenon in practice. Where possible, we list modifications to the infinite-precision design criteria which prevent the overflow at the expense of a small degradation from the performance that is achievable in infinite precision. We also delineate unacceptable numerical problems in some of the adaptive filtering algorithms for which no solution is yet ubiquitously accepted or useful. Stochastic gradient (LMS), recursive least squares (RLS), and frequencydomain methods are all discussed. As such, this paper contains a mixture of tutorial and novel material in an effort to assist the reader in the limited-precision implementation of an adaptive-filtering algorithm.
Sub-pixel registration and estimation of local shifts directly in the Fourier domain

In this paper, we propose a new approach to sub-pixel registration, and the estimation of local shifts between a pair of images, directly in the Fourier domain. For this purpose, we establish the exact relationship between the continuous and the discrete Fourier phase of two shifted images or their subregions. In particular, we show that the discrete phase difference of two shifted images is a 2-dimensional sawtooth signal, with the exact shifts determined to sub-pixel accuracy by the number of periods of the phase difference along each frequency axis. The sub-pixel portions of the shifts are determined by the non-integer fraction of a period of the phase difference.
Program slicing for declarative models

The declarative modeling language Alloy and its automatic analyzer provide an effective tool-set for building designs of systems and checking their properties. The Alloy Analyzer performs bounded exhaustive analysis using off-the-shelf SAT solvers. The analyzer's performance hinges on the complexity of the models and so far, its feasibility has been shown only within small bounds. With the growing popularity of analyzable declarative modeling languages, in general, and Alloy, in particular, it is imperative to develop new techniques that allow the underlying solvers to scale to real systems.We present Kato, a novel technique that defines program slicing for declarative models and enables efficient analyses using existing analyzers, such as the Alloy Analyzer. Given a declarative model, Kato identifies a slice, which represents the model's core: a satisfying solution to the slice can be systematically extended to generate a solution for the entire model, while unsatisfiability of the core implies unsatisfiability of the entire model. The experimental results show that it is possible to achieve a significant improvement in the solving time.
Follow-up of Patients With New Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices Are Experts’ Recommendations Implemented in Routine Clinical Practice?

Background— A 2008 expert consensus statement outlined the minimum frequency of follow-up of patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). Methods and Results— We studied 38 055 Medicare beneficiaries who received a new CIED between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2009. The main outcome measure was variation of follow-up by patient factors and year of device implantation. We determined the number of patients who were eligible for and attended an in-person CIED follow-up visit within 2 to 12 weeks, 0 to 16 weeks, and 1 year after implantation. Among eligible patients, 42.4% had an initial in-person visit within 2 to 12 weeks. This visit was significantly more common among white patients than black patients and patients of other races (43.0% versus 36.8% versus 40.5%; P <0.001). Follow-up within 2 to 12 weeks improved from 40.3% in 2005 to 55.1% in 2009 ( P <0.001 for trend). The rate of follow-up within 0 to 16 weeks was 65.1% and improved considerably from 2005 to 2009 (62.3%–79.6%; P <0.001 for trend). Within 1 year, 78.0% of the overall population had at least 1 in-person CIED follow-up visit. Conclusions— Although most Medicare beneficiaries who received a new CIED between 2005 and 2009 did not have an initial in-person CIED follow-up visit within 2 to 12 weeks after device implantation, the rate of initial follow-up improved appreciably over time. This CIED follow-up visit was significantly more common in white patients than in patients of other races.
WEALTH AND CONSUMER HORIZON: EVIDENCE FROM A DEVELOPING ECONOMY

This paper presents new evidence on the length of consumer horizon, which represents an important aspect of the Permanent Income Hypothesis. It uses data on private wealth of India for 1949-50 to 1974-75. Time varying parameter estimation is used to derive annual values of consumer discount rate and horizon. The findings support Friedman's view that horizon is approximately three years long. The author discusses the plausibility of his findings. Two types of tests have appeared in the literature to examine the validity of the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH). The first type of tests has addressed the relevance of the strict version of the PIH, viz., that the permanent consumption is proportional to permanent income and that the marginal propensity to consume out of transitory income is close to zero. The second type of tests has examined the length of the consumer horizon to see if it was longer than one year and thus the policy implications of the PIH were indeed different from the ones derived from the Keynesion type Absolute Income Hypothesis. Since the PIH has exciting policy implications for the savings efforts in underdeveloped countries several attempts have been made to understand the relevance of this theory in the context of underdeveloped countries. However, most of the studies thus far have been confined to the first type of tests. As yet no suitable attempt appears to have been made to calculate the length of the consumer horizon to see if it is equal to or longer than one year. At the very outset it may be noted that the term "horizon" in the PIH has a quite different meaning from what it usually does. As it has generally been used "horizon" implies a cutting off point-that a consumer does not look beyond, say, three years if that is the length of his horizon. In other words, in the usual parlance horizon implies a planning period. However, in relation to the PIH (Friedman, 1958, 1963) it means that it is the dividing line between effects he (consumer) considers transitory and those he considers permanent; that he will not adjust his consumption pattern to actual or possible changes in circumstances except as these can be expected to affect his consumption possibilities for a period longer than three years; and hence he definitely does look beyond three Note: I am grateful to Moses Abramovitz for several helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. I am also thankful to a referee of this journal and the Managing Editor for many useful comments. To Mr. Jagdish Kumar, former Director of National Income Accounts at the Central Statistical Organization in New Delhi, I owe a special debt for his help in collecting data for reproducible tangible wealth of India. I am also thankful to Ela Trivedi for computations reported here.
Sexual selection on male body size and mating behaviour in American toads, Bufo americanus

Abstract Mating behaviour of B. americanus was observed from 1985 to 1987. The population contained 38–45 males and 11–26 females, depending on the year. The breeding season of this ‘explosive breeder’ usually encompassed less than 48 h. Male reproductive success varied from zero to two matings per season and zero to an estimated 15 126 zygotes per season. All females mated once per season and variation in their zygote production was estimated to be 4017–11 624 zygotes per season. Body length explained 76% of the variation in zygote production of females. However, male body length was only weakly correlated with mating success in two of three seasons, and with zygote production in one of three seasons. Male arm length was predicted to correlate with male mating success because longer arms should facilitate remaining clasped to females when challenged by rival males. However, mating males did not differ from non-mating males in arm length, and the relationship between arm length and body length was the same for the sexes. Various male behaviours were measured using focal-animal sampling but only call rate correlated with male mating success. The pattern of size dimorphism (females larger than males) is consistent with the observed sex-specific relationships between reproductive success and body size.
TEACHING ENGLISH TO THE WORLD: HISTORY, CURRICULUM AND PRACTICE, George Braine (Ed.)

TEACHING ENGLISH TO THE WORLD: HISTORY, CURRICULUM AND PRACTICE. George Braine (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xx + 169. $22.50 paper.This volume, edited by Braine, has some links to a volume he edited 6 years earlier (Braine, 1999). The major purpose of the earlier work was to provide personal narratives of a number of nonnative English language teachers from various world settings. This volume relies on nonnative teachers to present information on the history of English language teaching and the most prominent curricula for this teaching in their respective countries, followed by their autobiographies. The issue of nonnative teachers of English has gained increasing prominence in recent years, as witnessed by the growing number of conference colloquia, formation of new interest sections within professional associations, and publications devoted to this topic. This volume contributes to that topic and movement but goes even further by adding information on what English language teaching has meant in key countries around the world.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003-2006

Objective—The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of individual risk factors for metabolic syndrome as well as the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006. Methods—The analytic sample consisted of 3,423 adults, 20 years of age and over, from NHANES 2003–2006. The National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) guidelines were used to identify adults who met their criteria for metabolic syndrome. Prevalence estimates were calculated for each risk factor for metabolic syndrome in addition to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Prevalence estimates and odds ratios were analyzed by sex and by age group, race and ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI) stratified by sex. Results—Approximately 34% of adults met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Males and females 40–59 years of age were about three times as likely as those 20–39 years of age to meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Males 60 years of age and over were more than four times as likely and females 60 years of age and over were more than six times as likely as the youngest age group to meet the criteria. Non-Hispanic black males were about one-half as likely as non-Hispanic white males to meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome, while non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American females were about 1.5 times as likely as non-Hispanic white females to meet the criteria. Overweight males were about six times as likely and obese males were about 32 times as likely as normal weight males to meet the criteria. Overweight females were more than five times as likely and obese females were more than 17 times as likely as normal weight females to meet the criteria. Conclusions—These results demonstrate that metabolic syndrome is prevalent and that it increases with age and with BMI. The prevalence varied by race and ethnicity but the pattern was different for males and females.
Upcoming hearings in Congress

The following hearings and markups have been tentatively scheduled for the coming weeks by the Senate and House of Representatives. Dates and times should be verified with the committee or subcommittee holding the hearing or markup; all offices on Capitol Hill may be reached by telephoning 202-224-3121. For guidelines on contacting a member of Congress, see AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts (Eos, April 17, 1984, p. 159).
BRING BACK THE MAGIC

: Magical ersatzism is the view that possible worlds are primitive abstract entities. In On the Plurality of Worlds, David Lewis presented what appeared to many to be a devastating argument against magical ersatzism. In this paper, I show that Lewis’ central argument does not succeed. Magical ersatzism remains a viable theory of possible worlds.
Continuous Copolymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride with Hexafluoropropylene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: High-Hexafluoropropylene-Content Amorphous Copolymers

Copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VF2) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide using a continuous stirred tank reactor. Three different HFP/VF2 molar feed ratios were studied, 59:41, 66:34, and 73:27, giving rise to amorphous copolymers containing about 23, 26, and 30 mol % HFP, respectively. The experiments were carried out at 40 °C with pressures in the range of 207–400 bar using perfluorobutyryl peroxide as the free radical initiator. Depending on the copolymer composition, the molecular weight, and the reaction pressure, either a homogeneous (solution) or a heterogeneous (precipitation) polymerization was observed. The effects of feed monomer concentration and reaction pressure were explored at otherwise constant conditions. The rate of polymerization (Rp) and the number-average molecular weight (Mn) increased linearly with the total monomer concentration, independent of the mode of polymerization, i.e., homogeneous or heterogeneous. Both Rp and Mn increase...
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for EBV lymphoproliferative diseases

Reactivation of EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) after bone marrow transplantation can result in EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD). We have administered donor-derived EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to patients who are at high risk of this complication after receiving a T-cell-depleted allograft from a matched unrelated or mismatched related donor. The cells were marked with the neo gene before infusion so that we could evaluate their persistence and efficacy. CTL infusion produced a virus-specific immune response to EBV that persisted for up to 2 years. None of the 36 patients who received prophylactic CTLs have developed EBV-LPD, compared with a cumulative risk of 14% in patients who did not receive this treatment. Strong evidence of clinically valuable immune activity comes from 6 of these 36 patients whose pre-CTL levels of EBV DNA were elevated to a degree strongly predictive of the onset of lymphoma. In each of these cases, the levels returned to baseline after CTL infusion. 2 patients who were treated for clinically evident EBV-LPD attained prolonged remission after CTL infusion and in situ hybridization and semiquantitative PCR showed that the gene-marked CTL had selectively accumulated at disease sites. The prophylactic CTL treatment lacked acute adverse effects, whereas 1 patient who received CTLs for bulky established disease developed initial tumor swelling and respiratory obstruction. We conclude that EBV-specific CTLs are a safe and effective prophylaxis for EBV lymphoma and can also eradicate established disease. This approach is now being extended to other viruses that produce post-transplant morbidity and to other EBV-associated malignancies.
A clinical study of systemic lupus erythematosus in children

Purpose : Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystemic autoimmune disease with complex clinical manifestations. It probably involves genetic, environmental and immunologic factors. In this study, we investigated the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and prognosis of pediatric SLE to aid clinical care of pediatric SLE. Methods : The data of 45 patients who were diagnosed as pediatric SLE in Severance Children's Hospital from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 2005 were analysed retrospectively. Results : The mean age at diagnosis was 10.8 (0-15) years old. And the ratio of male to female patients was 1:4. The initial manifestations were facial edema (51.1 percent), malar rash (44.4 percent), and fever (28.9 percent). The ANA (97.8 percent), anti-ds DNA antibody (82.2 percent), lupus nephritis (71.1 percent), malar rash (71.1 percent), and cytopenia (66.7 percent) were the most common findings among the classification criteria by ACR (American College of Rhematology, 1997). Conclusion : Clinical manifestations and prognosis are various in pediatric SLE. Intensive studies of SLE in children should be continued for more effective treatment.
When goals collide: monitoring the goals of multiple characters.

Most story plots contain multiple characters who are independent, interact, and often have conflicting goals. One would expect that narrative understanding would require monitoring of the goals, concerns, and situations of multiple agents. There is considerable evidence that understanders monitor the primary protagonist’s goal plans (e.g., Suh & Trabasso, 1993). However, there is relatively little research on the extent to which understanders monitor the goals of multiple agents. We investigated the impact of characters’ roles and prominence on the extent to which understanders monitor the goal plans of multiple characters in a feature length film. In Experiment 1, participants made situation change judgments, and in Experiment 2, they verbally described scenes. Both types of judgments indicated that viewers monitor the goals and plans of multiple agents but do so to a greater extent for characters more prominent to the plotline.
Integration of a feature-based CAD system and an ART1 neural model for GT coding and part family forming

Abstract This paper presents an automated GT (group technology) coding and part family forming system that comprises an ART1 (binary adaptive resonance theory) neural model and a feature-based CAD (computer-aided design) system. The features need to be removed for machining parts are obtained from the feature-based CAD system. After the design process, parts are denoted by binary vectors. The ART1 neural model takes these binary vectors as inputs and forms part families according to the similarities of parts in terms of machining features. Each part and part family are then assigned GT codes according to a customized scheme. The feature-based CAD system and the ART1 neural network system have been implemented in C ++ and C languages, respectively. The working of the whole system is demonstrated with an example.
Ethyl 2,3,5,6-tetra­methyl­benzoate

The crystal structure of ethyl 2,3,5,6-tetra­methyl­benzoate, C13H18O2, has been determined and torsion angles are compared to those previously reported in a dipole moment study of substituted benzoates.
Monoclonal antibody NIMP-R10 directed against the CD11b chain of the type 3 complement receptor can substitute for monoclonal antibody 5C6 to exacerbate listeriosis by preventing the focusing of myelomonocytic cells at infectious foci in the liver.

Treatment of mice with a monoclonal anti- body (mAb) designated NIMP-R1O, directed against the CD11b polypeptide of the CD18/CD11b heterodimeric type S complement receptor (CR3), exacerbates listeriosis by preventing myelomonocytic cells from focusing at sites of infected hepatocytes in the liver. Under these condi- tions an otherwise sublethal Listeria inoculum grows un- restrictedly within hepatocytes and causes death in 3 days. The results obtained with NIMP-R1O are similar to those previously obtained with a different anti-CD11b mAb (5C6), although mAb NIMP-R1O is more effective at enhancing infection. Therefore, both mAbs can be used to analyze host antibacterial defenses in vivo. J. Leukoc. Biol. 52: 130-132; 1992.
NASA budget growth 1–2% in fiscal 1993?

Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-Md.) presented departing NASA Administrator Richard Truly with a sobering question at a March 25 hearing of the Senate Appropriations VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies subcommittee. Mikulski told Truly that if the so-called budget “firewalls” don't come down so that defense money can be shifted to domestic spending, her subcommittee's budget allocation will not be sufficient to fund President Bush's requests for NASA. The question she posed to Truly was, if the firewalls do not come down, “Do you believe the best appropriations strategy would be to go to a continuing resolution until March of next year … or recommend trying to squeeze the existing requirements into a growth rate of 1–2% and cut programs based on your priorities?” A continuing resolution would mean continuation of funding at current levels.
The Authorization of Coercive Enforcement Mechanisms as a Conceptually Necessary Feature of Law

In this essay, I argue that the authorization of coercive enforcement mechanisms is a conceptually necessary feature of law. I ground the argument in (1) the Hartian claim that the sense of “law” requiring explication picks out municipal legal systems in the modern state; (2) widely accepted Razian claims about how our legal practices construct the content of our legal concepts; (3) claims showing the ubiquity and centrality of coercive enforcement mechanisms in every paradigm instance of law we have ever known; and (4) logical difficulties arising in connection with explaining legal normativity in a system without such mechanisms. In the course of doing so, I respond to problematic society-of-angels thought experiments.
Differentiation of real valued functions

We now begin the differential calculus for real valued functions of several variables. The first step is to define the notions of directional derivative and partial derivative. Then the concept of differentiable function is introduced, by linear approximation to the increments of a function. Taylor’s formula with remainder is obtained for functions of class C(q); such functions have continuous partial derivatives of orders 1, 2,..., q. It is then applied to problems of relative extrema and to the characterization of convex functions of class C(2).
X-Ray Crystallographic, 19F-NMR and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Studies of Pig Heart Cytosolic Aspartate Aminotransferase

Structures determined by x-ray diffraction have been refined at 2.4–2.6A for the native enzyme, the external aldimine formed with α-methylaspartate and the ketimine species formed with L-glutamate. These results have been correlated with those of microspectrophotometry on crystals and are discussed in relationship to UV-visible spectra and 19F NMR spectra in solut ions.
Coronary revascularization before noncardiac vascular surgery: one more step forward in understanding its role.

Epidemiologic studies have shown that up to 60% of patients with peripheral arterial disease have underlying clinical or subclinical coronary artery disease ([1][1]) and that the presence of peripheral arterial disease is associated with a 6.6-fold increase in relative risk of death from coronary
Reflexes in Immunity

Simple reflex circuits provide crucial infrastructure for the neurological control of organ systems--even the immune system. Now, Gabanyi et al. reveal a reflex mechanism in gut activated by the presence of pathogens that forces macrophages into a tissue protective phenotype.
Intracerebral abscess associated with the Camino intracranial pressure monitor: case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a mainstay in the management of traumatic brain injury. Large investigations have validated the safety and efficacy of ICP monitors in comatose patients. Clinically relevant infections are extremely rare and cerebral abscess has never been reported with the Camino device. We describe an exceptional case of a life-threatening intracerebral abscess from an intraparenchymal ICP monitor. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 35-month-old child required 7 days of ICP monitoring after a fall from a 2-story window. His hospital course was complicated by severe airway edema treated, in part, with high-dose corticosteroid therapy for a total of 10 days. Two weeks later, the patient deteriorated acutely owing to a large intracerebral abscess under the previous ICP monitor site. Urgent craniotomy with evacuation of the abscess was performed on 2 separate occasions. Cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, which was treated with long-term antibiotics. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient was meeting age-appropriate milestones without focal deficits. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing an intracerebral abscess as a complication from an intraparenchymal pressure monitor. Corticosteroid therapy may have constituted an independent risk factor for the ICP monitor--associated infection, as well as reinsertion of the ICP monitoring device at the same site. That this is the first reported parenchymal infectious complication underscores the safety of this device with respect to infection. When reinsertion of a parenchymal monitor is considered, a new site should be chosen.
Drug-Drug Interactions Among Hospitalized Children Receiving Chronic Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

OBJECTIVES: Children treated with chronic medications are at risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) when hospitalized with an acute illness and prescribed new medications. We aimed to measure the prevalence of potential DDIs (pDDIs) among hospitalized children treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and to evaluate the impact of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) on pDDIs. METHODS: We analyzed a national sample of pediatric hospitalizations from 2005 to 2012 associated with administration of an AED and identified those prescribed a second medication with risk of a DDI. The prevalence of hospitalizations associated with a pDDI was calculated for each AED. We identified the drugs most commonly implicated in pDDIs and factors associated with pDDIs. Rates of pDDIs were measured in pre- and post-CPOE implementation periods. RESULTS: A pDDI was identified in 181 380 (41.7%) hospitalizations associated with the use of an AED, with 117 880 (27.1%) classified as severe pDDIs. AEDs most often implicated with a pDDI were phenobarbital, valproic acid, and phenytoin. Hospitalizations with pDDIs were associated with increased length of stay and a greater number of medications, ICU admissions, and operating room procedures. The implementation of CPOE did not result in a change in the rate of pDDIs (42.7% before versus 40.8% after; P = .48). CONCLUSIONS: Children treated with AEDs are at risk of pDDIs while hospitalized. The use of CPOE has not been associated with a significant decrease in the rate of pDDIs. Additional investigation to better define the impact of pDDIs and to advance development of clinical decision support within CPOE systems is warranted.
An Analysis Framework of Firm's Internal Market Boundary:Major Patterns and Its Influencing Factors

How market mechanism and hierarchy mechanism work together in an company and where the internal market mechanism's boundary is our concern.According to the resource-based view and competence-based view,we conclude that through introducing the market mechanism into firms can improve the firms' competence adapt to their environment and increase their profit accordingly,and this would depend upon the proper patterns that the two mechanisms interact.The patterns will be determined by the headquarters' controlling of internal business units and competitive relationship between them.These controlling and competitive relationship are influenced by the four factors: the special resources and competence possessed by the business units;the transferability of the resources and competence;the performance of internal business units;the competence of headquarters' integrating resources.
We are forever pumping air: the human body has the amazing ability to absorb gaseous microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass.

The current issue of the Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology (JECT) includes three articles dealing with in vitro measurement of gaseous microemboli (GME) (1–3). A 1983 editorial by Butler was featured as a 2006 JECT Classic Article and would be an exceptional fundamental review for readers prior to reading the new JECT articles (4,5). The selection and discussion of the highly referenced Sakauye Classic builds on the information provided by Butler. Sakauye’s work set the stage for several GME papers the following years in JECT. In their unique article, Sakauye et al. compare an ultrasonic bubble detector to a chamber especially designed to trap and coalesce micro air. They take on the issue of calibrating ultrasonic detectors. It is interesting that by 1983, we had known most of what we needed to know about measuring GME in flowing blood. The Sakauye team reminds us to not make assumptions about the calibration and validation of GME measurement systems. The information is in the volume of GME propelled as much as the GME counts at various sizes. Why all the interest in GME measurement now and what is the motivation for the numerous abstracts and publications in the last 3 years? We have learned that we are continually pumping air to our patients and we want to know how to minimize the embolic load. We hope that minimizing the load will lead to better cerebral protection outcomes. We have articles since 1982 instructing us on the sources of GME into and out of the extracorporeal circulation with recommendations to reduce the embolic load. Two clinical questions still plague us: 1) how large is the embolic load during cardiopulmonary bypass, and 2) what load threshold is detrimental to cardiopulmonary bypass patients? There is progress. The availability of consistent gaseous microemboli detectors has helped advance our knowledge about GME levels from extracorporeal circuit components used in clinical configurations. There is little data to show calibration methods for the GME detectors. Compared to bubble oxygenators in the 1980s, our circuits and components today produce less and trap more GME, and the embolic load to cardiac patients is decreased. Thankfully, our device manufacturer partners have invested in GME detection systems and have made significant improvements to components. The new circuit designs and components need to be studied and ranked within the context of our two clinical questions regarding embolic load. A search for the term “emboli” in the Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology yields 60 articles, some published as early as 1975. Nineteen of these articles deal with GME. JECT papers reporting the measurement of reflected sound signals in flowing blood proportional to gaseous microemboli numbers and diameter were published in the early 1980s. The three GME measurement articles in this issue of JECT help advance our knowledge of potential circuit embolic loads during patient use.
Geotechnical design of mine shafts

Shaft design receives little attention in the mining and civil engineering literature, and shafts are still constructed predominately on the basis of precedent and prior experience. One of the reasons for this situation is the lack of well established geotechnical design criteria which could define procedures to delineate the disturbed (yielded or fractured) rock zone, DRZ, and support requirements. Determination of stress distributions, and the extend of the DRZ for rectangular and the circular shafts are briefly discussed. In a study of the empirical design methods, adjustments to the basic Rock Mass Rating, RMR, for the effect of the orientation of the discontinuities and induced stresses in shaft structures are introduced. Finally, a general procedure for support design is presented.
Endovascular treatment of arteriovenous malformations.

Abstract Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are tangles of blood vessels that permit shunting of blood from the arterial to venous phase without intervening capillaries. The malformation’s arterialization of a low-pressure system creates a risk of rupture that is substantially higher when associated with an aneurysm. The annual hemorrhage rate is 2.2% per year as reported in the randomized trial of unruptured brain AVMs (ARUBA; rupture risk is increased after the first event. Ruptured AVMs have a 10% mortality rate and 20%–30% morbidity rate. The treatment of choice for AVMs is microvascular resection with or without preoperative embolization. Surgical risk can be stratified based on the Spetzler-Martin grading system. Liquid embolic material and coils may be used for the treatment of AVM associated aneurysms, especially in the setting of acute rupture as a bridge to delayed surgical resection. There is some limited reported success in total endovascular treatment of AVMs, but this is not considered standard therapy at this time. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been recently described but mainly limited to AMVs deemed too risky to approach in an open fashion and limited to 2.5 cm–3 cm in size. The delayed protection from hemorrhage (approximately 2–3 years) and high marginal failure/recurrence rate are the greatest concerns.
Potential aetiologies and prognostic implications of worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure

Background One third of patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) develop a worsening renal function (WRF) that is associated with increased in-hospital morbidity and morta...
Opening-wedge osteotomy for angular deformities of long bones in children.

Mild angular deformities associated with a mild limb-length discrepancy of long bones in children can be treated effectively with opening-wedge osteotomy with insertion of a specially prepared autogenous tricortical iliac-crest bone graft and with minimum or no internal fixation. Thirty-one osteotomies in twenty-six children satisfactorily corrected the deformities so that the angulation and length of the bone were comparable with the values on the normal, contralateral side. Physeal arrest or ipsilateral excision of a physeal bar was performed either concomitantly or at a separate operation in twenty-one of the twenty-six patients, to aid in the treatment of the limb-length discrepancy
Adaptive robust control: theory and applications lap integrated design of intelligent and precision mechatronic systems

The rapid advances in microelectronics and microprocessor technologies during the past decades have made the physical integration of mechanical systems, various sensors, and computer based control implementation platform rather affordable and a standard choice for any modern precision machines. Such a hardware configuration enables the control of the overall system to be constructed in the same way as what a human brain normally does - seamless integration of the fast reaction (or instantaneous feedback reaction) to immediate feedback information and the slow learning utilizing large amount of stored past information that is available in the computer based control systems. The theoretically solid nonlinear adaptive robust control (ARC) theory that has been developed recently well reflects such an intuitive integrated design philosophy of human brains, and has been experimentally demonstrated achieving better control 'performance than existing nonlinear robust controls (e.g., sliding mode controls) or nonlinear adaptive controls in a number of control applications. This paper is to introduce researchers and practicing engineers to the essences of such an advanced nonlinear control design methodology, and its applications to the integrated design of intelligent and precision mechatronic systems. The control of a high-speed/acceleration linear motor driven precision electro-mechanical system, and the energy-saving control of electrohydraulic systems using novel programmable valves are used as application examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented ARC approach in the integrated design of intelligent and precision mechatronic systems.
SEDIMENTATION, NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION, AND EARLY DIAGENESIS IN LOUISIANA BARATARIA BASIN COASTAL MARSHES

Abstract Vertical marsh accretion, along with sediment and nutrient accumulation, were examined using 137Cs dating and chemical analysis of soil cores taken from various marshes in Louisiana's Barataria Basin. Vertical accretion averaged 1.3 cm yr-1 and 0.7 cm yr-1 in levee and backmarsh areas respectively. Inorganic sedimentation increased fourfold from freshwater through salt marshes along a transect perpendicular to the Gulf Coast. The accretionary role of inorganic sediments is variable according to marsh type. Mineral sediment being deposited in the marsh is the principle source of iron, manganese, and phosphorus, but not of organic carbon or nitrogen. Manganese and phosphorus appear to be subject to substantial post-depositional remobilization.
Q Fever Presented as a Large Retroperitoneal Pseudotumoral Mass.

Background. Q fever is an infection caused by Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular organism. Acute infection is most often a benign and asymptomatic process; however, some individuals may go on to develop subacute and persistent localized symptomatic Q fever. As such, the clinical and histopathologic findings of Q fever are widely variable and may be missed if clinical suspicion is not high. Case Presentation. Herein we report the first case of C. burnetii infection presenting as an isolated retroperitoneal mass. A 61-year-old male underwent axillary-bifemoral bypass surgery. His postoperative course was complicated by the discovery of a large retroperitoneal mass. Conclusion. Clinical and histopathologic findings of Coxiella burnetii infection are variable and can be deceiving. These are often nonspecific, especially in its persistent localized infectious stages.
Using Genome Sequence to Enable the Design of Medicines and Chemical Probes

Rapid progress in genome sequencing technology has put us firmly into a postgenomic era. A key challenge in biomedical research is harnessing genome sequence to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine. This Review describes how genome sequencing has enabled the identification of disease-causing biomolecules and how these data have been converted into chemical probes of function, preclinical lead modalities, and ultimately U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. In particular, we focus on the use of oligonucleotide-based modalities to target disease-causing RNAs; small molecules that target DNA, RNA, or protein; the rational repurposing of known therapeutic modalities; and the advantages of pharmacogenetics. Lastly, we discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities in the direct utilization of genome sequence to enable design of medicines.
Pathogenesis and medical management of cystinuria

Cystinuria is an inheritable disorder of amino acid transport, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, Cystinuria is caused by defective transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids through the epithelial cells of the renal tubule and intestinal tract. Cystine stones are caused by the excessive renal excretion of cystine as a result of its low solubility in urine. Recently, a human kidney cDNA, named rBAT (also D2: the gene now designated SLC3A1), which elicits the transport for cystine and dibasic amino acids, has been reported. The 90-kd Type II glycoprotein stimulated cystine and dibasic and neutral amino acid uptake into oocytes with kinetics similar to the renal brush border transporter. The human gene for this protein resides on chromosome 2. The most frequent mutations found involved substitution of the threonine for methionine 467. Eight additional mutations in SLC3A1 have been found. Cystine stones frequently occur in the second or third decade of life, with an occasional occurrence in infancy and in old age. Urinary cystine excretion exceeding 250 mg/g creatinine is usually diagnostic of homozygous cystinuria. The goal of treatment is to reduce the urinary cystine concentration below its solubility limit (250 mg/L).
Beta interferon and gamma interferon synergize to block viral DNA and virion synthesis in herpes simplex virus-infected cells

The capacity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to replicate in vitro decreases tremendously when animal cell cultures are exposed to ligands of both the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor and IFN-γ receptor prior to inoculation with low m.o.i.s of HSV-1. However, the available evidence provides no insight into the possible mechanisms by which co-activation of the IFN-α/β- and IFN-γ-signalling pathways produces this effect. Therefore, it has not been possible to differentiate between whether these observations represent an important in vitro model of host immunological suppression of HSV-1 infection or an irrelevant laboratory phenomenon. Therefore, the current study was initiated to determine whether co-activation of the host cell's IFN-α/β and IFN-γ pathways either (i) induced death of HSV-1-infected cells such that virus replication was unable to occur; or (ii) disrupted one or more steps in the process of HSV-1 replication. To this end, multiple steps in HSV-1 infection were compared in populations of Vero cells infected with HSV-1 strain KOS (m.o.i. of 2·5) and exposed to ligands of the IFN-α/β receptor, the IFN-γ receptor or both. The results demonstrated that IFN-β and IFN-γ interact in a synergistic manner to block the efficient synthesis of viral DNA and nucleocapsid formation in HSV-1-infected cells and do so without compromising host-cell viability. It was inferred that IFN-mediated suppression of HSV-1 replication may be a central mechanism by which the host immune system limits the spread of HSV-1 infection in vivo.
Modular Spiking Neural Circuits for Mapping Long Short-Term Memory on a Neurosynaptic Processor

Due to the distributed and asynchronous nature of neural computation through low-energy spikes, brain-inspired hardware systems offer high energy efficiency and massive parallelism. One such platform is the IBM TrueNorth neurosynaptic system. Recently, TrueNorth compatible representation learning algorithms have emerged, achieving close to the state-of-the-art performance in various data sets. However, its application in temporal sequence processing models, such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs), is still only at the proof of concept level. There is an inherent difficulty in capturing temporal dynamics of an RNN using spiking neurons, which is only exasperated by the hardware constraints in connectivity and synaptic weight resolution. This paper presents a design flow that overcomes these difficulties and maps a special case of recurrent networks called long short-term memory (LSTM) onto a spike-based platform. The framework utilizes various approximation techniques, such as activation discretization, weight quantization, and scaling and rounding, spiking neural circuits that implement the complex gating mechanisms, and a store-and-release technique to enable neuron synchronization and faithful storage. While the presented techniques can be applied to map LSTM to any spiking neural network (SNN) simulator/emulator, here we choose the TrueNorth chip as the target platform by adhering to its hardware constraints. Three LSTM applications, parity check, extended Reber grammar, and question classification, are evaluated. The tradeoffs among accuracy, performance, and energy tradeoffs achieved on TrueNorth are demonstrated. This is compared with the performance on an SNN platform without hardware constraints, which represents the upper bound of the achievable accuracy.
Spatial Coherence Engineering of Lasers

We develop lasers with low spatial coherence to achieve speckle-free imaging. We also invent a fast and efficient method of switching the spatial coherence of a laser for multimodality microscopy.