cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Void formation and suppression during high temperature oxidation of MCrAlY-type coatings

Abstract Oxidation studies have been conducted on cast Co-22Cr-11Al (CoCrAl) coating alloy in air at temperatures between 700 and 1000 °C. To investigate the role of oxygen-active element additions on the oxidation behavior of the MCrAlY-type coatings, some of the CoCrAl specimens were ion implanted with either yttrium, hafnium or cobalt prior to oxidation. The oxidized specimens were subsequently examined by various electron optical techniques including scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. It was observed that voids formed in the coating alloy at the metaloxide interface during oxidation. The average size and density of these interfacial voids were dependent on temperature and time. Ion-implanted yttrium or hafnium greatly reduced the rate of void growth for all experimental conditions; cobalt implantation had little effect. This behavior is explained by a vacancy kinetic model which invloves the preferential diffusion of either metal or oxygen ions through the growing oxide scale. The results of the present study have significant implications concerning the oxidation kinetics and the adherence of the oxide scale to the coating alloy.
Environmental indices and public policy: a systems perspective on impact assessment and development planning

Environmental indicators and derived biophysical and socioeconomic indices define development potential and environmental constraints and are instrumental in identifying environmental impacts and potential solutions. Specifically, bio‐physical indices are critical in the identification, evaluation, selection, and implementation of sustainable, problem‐solving development strategies. It is stressed that the relevancy and effectiveness of public policies depend on adequate problem identification using representative diagnostic or need indicators to define the nature and magnitude of environmental problems. In contrast, prescriptive or opportunity indicators are used to derive action alternatives and information for decision analysis, forecasting and policy analysis. In this context, the role of base line studies and indicators that define the supply and demand of natural resources is discussed. This includes the description of the current status of the resource base, current and potential uses, and environm...
RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING THE ADOPTION POTENTIAL OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

The completely novel nature of some energy technology innovations sometimes makes prospective economic analysis of adoption potential neither desirable nor feasible. Three noneconomic models evaluating adoption potential are examined for technological innovations whose diffusion potential is not yet known. Applications of the general models are suggested with specific references to development of solar total energy systems.
Linking Supply Chain Management Superiority to Multifaceted Firm Financial Performance

Research has shown that superior supply chain effectiveness can yield enhanced firm financial performance. However, existing research does not use a consistent definition or a comprehensive list of supply chain leader firms. Using matched sample comparison, this study investigates the robustness of the relationship between supply chain effectiveness and the overall financial health of firms viewed as supply chain leaders by using AMR's supply chain top 25 list. We hypothesize that firms that have been identified by AMR as supply chain leaders will be more financially healthy than nonsupply chain leaders. That is, they will have better cost, activity, and liquidity ratios. The findings indicate that firms identified as supply chain leaders outperform their nonsupply chain leader peers in accounting-based activity, cost, and liquidity measures.
Subtidal flow and its variability at the entrance to a subtropical lagoon.

Abstract Spatial and temporal variability of the subtidal exchange flow at West Pass, an inlet at the entrance to a subtropical lagoon (St. Andrew Bay, Florida), was studied using moored and towed current velocity profiles and hydrographic data. Towed and hydrographic measurements were captured over one diurnal tidal cycle to determine intratidal and spatial changes in flow. Hydrographic profiles over the tidal cycle showed that tidal straining modified density stratification asymmetrically, thus setting up the observed mean flow within the inlet. During the towed survey, the inlet's mean flow had a two-layer exchange structure that was moderately frictional and weakly influenced by Coriolis accelerations. Moored current profiles revealed the additional contribution to the dynamics from centrifugal accelerations. Along channel residual flows changed between unidirectional and exchange flow, depending on the forcing from the along-estuary wind stress and, to a lesser extent, the spring–neap tidal cycle. Increases in vertical shear in the along channel subtidal flow coincided with neap tides and rain pulses. Lateral subtidal flows showed the influence on the dynamics of centrifugal accelerations through a well-developed two-layer structure modulated in magnitude by the spring–neap tidal cycle.
Empirical analysis of implicit brand networks on social media

This paper investigates characteristics of implicit brand networks extracted from a large dataset of user historical activities on a social media platform. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to comprehensively examine brands by incorporating user-generated social content and information about user interactions. This paper makes several important contributions. We build and normalize a weighted, undirected network representing interactions among users and brands. We then explore the structure of this network using modified network measures to understand its characteristics and implications. As a part of this exploration, we address three important research questions: (1) What is the structure of a brand-brand network? (2) Does an influential brand have a large number of fans? (3) Does an influential brand receive more positive or more negative comments from social users? Experiments conducted with Facebook data show that the influence of a brand has (a) high positive correlation with the size of a brand, meaning that an influential brand can attract more fans, and, (b) low negative correlation with the sentiment of comments made by users on that brand, which means that negative comments have a more powerful ability to generate awareness of a brand than positive comments. To process the large-scale datasets and networks, we implement MapReduce-based algorithms.
Optimal Nonlinear Pricing for a Monopolistic Network Service Provider with Complete and Incomplete Information

In the communication network pricing literature, it is the linear pricing schemes that have been largely adopted as the means of controlling network usage or generating profits for network service providers. This paper extends the framework to nonlinear pricing and investigates optimal nonlinear pricing policy design for a monopolistic service provider. The problem is formulated as an incentive-design problem, and incentive (pricing) policies are obtained for a many-users regime, which enable the service provider to approach arbitrarily close to Pareto- optimal solutions. Under the assumption that the service provider knows the true user types, analytical and numerical results indicate a profit improvement exceeding 38% over linear pricing by the introduction of nonlinear pricing. We also consider the scenario where the service provider has incomplete information on user types. A comparative study of the results for complete information and incomplete information is carried out as well, with numerical results pointing to 25%-40% loss of profit by the service provider due to incompleteness of information on the user types.
Persistence of Immunity to Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine in Healthy Adults

The varicella vaccine was approved in 1995 for use in healthy varicella-susceptible children and adults. Long-term immunity in 461 healthy adults who were enrolled in varicella vaccine trials in 1979-1999 were studied. Forty vaccinees (9%), including 19 (21%) of 89 vaccinees with household exposure (HHE) to chickenpox, developed breakthrough chickenpox 8 weeks to 11.8 years (mean, 3.3 years) after vaccination. The median number of skin lesions among the 36 untreated vaccinees was 20 (range, 1-240 lesions), and the number of lesions was essentially the same with time since vaccination. Breakthrough chickenpox was mild, even among vaccinees who did not have seroconversion or those recipients who lost detectable antibody. Lower varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibody titers measured within 3 months of vaccination as well as at the time of HHE were associated with an increased risk of breakthrough disease. This study demonstrated that the varicella vaccine was effective in providing adults with long-term protection from serious VZV disease.
Volumetric properties of supercritical ethanen‐n‐heptane mixtures: The isothermal compressibility in the critical region

The isothermal compressibility (at constant composition x) kT,x, was calculated in the neighborhood of the critical locus for seven mixtures containing 3.5 to 19.6 mole % heptane and analyzed in terms of the reduced pressure variable σ = (P – P)/P where P is the pressure at which kT,x becomes very large. The data can be represented by the equation kT,x = const. σ−λ along the critical isotherm and one near it and by the locus P(T). λ was found to be a strong function of x. The divergence of the isothermal compressibility of the mixtures near the critical locus is in conflict with predictions from classical equations of state but in accordance with modern concepts of the critical region.
What-is-Said From Different Points of View

‘What-is-said’ was introduced as a technical term by Paul Grice in his William James lectures of 1967 as a way of drawing the line between what we know upon hearing an utterance based on our knowledge of the language, and ‘what is implicated’, i.e. what we can infer from the fact that an utterance has been made in context. Sometimes identified with the truth-conditional or propositional content of an utterance, ‘what-is-said’ is nowadays hotly contested between literalist and contextualist approaches to meaning and has been variously reformulated or even downright rejected. This article summarizes the relevant debates in post-Gricean pragmatics and presents some empirical evidence in favor of a literalist conception of ‘what-is-said’ as the content of the speaker’s locutionary act, which is prior to pragmatic enrichment and not cancellable.
Optimization of periodic nanostructures for enhanced light-trapping in ultra-thin photovoltaics

Nanophotonic light trapping offers a promising approach to increased efficiency in thin-film organic photovoltaics. In this paper, an extension of the direct-binary-search algorithm was adopted to optimize dielectric nanophotonic structures for increasing power output of ultra-thin organic solar cells. The optimized devices were comprised of an absorber layer sandwiched between two patterned, transparent, conducting cladding layers. Light trapping in such devices with an absorber thickness of only 10nm increases power output by a factor of 16 when compared to a flat reference device. We further show that even under oblique illumination with angles ranging from 0 to 60 degrees, such a device could produce over 7 times more power compared to a flat reference device. Finally, we also performed a spectral and parametric analysis of the optimized design, and show that the increase is primarily due to guided-mode resonances. Our simulations indicate that this new design approach has the potential to significantly increase the performance of ultra-thin solar cells in realistic scenarios.
Prophets in the Wilderness: An Ecology of Ministerial Organization Participation in Public Affairs

Studies of interest groups typically sample from organizations or lobbyists registered with a government - those already engaged in political action. Because of this design choice, the questions asked of organizational systems are constrained. We take a different tack, pursuing investigation of one organizational form, ministerial organizations (MOs), in a wide variety of systems to ask about whether and how they engage in public affairs across ecologies. Specifically, we ask: What pressures affect whether MOs engage a public versus private purpose? How do MOs forage in public affairs, with what size and diversity of coalition? The data result from a hyper-network survey of MO contacts, identified by a national sample of United Methodist Church clergy. We find, contrary to assertions in previous work that religious interest groups respond to ecological pressures in a similar manner as other interest groups.
Temperature-dependent photosynthesis in the intertidal alga Fucus gardneri and sensitivity to ongoing climate change

article Understanding the photosynthetic responses of marine macroalgae to changes in their thermal environment is vital to characterizing the success of these habitat-forming primary producers in the face of climate change. We measured net photosynthesis in apical tips of Fucus gardneri collected from the intertidal zone of Friday Harbor, WAovera range ofirradiance levels(0-1500 μmol photons m −2 s −1 ) at10°, 14°, and18°Cto determine levels of saturating irradiance. We then recorded net photosynthesis at saturating irradiance in tips exposed to seawater temperatures ranging from 6 to 22 °C, as well as dark respiration. Results show that F. gardneri at this location has a peak in net photosynthesis at 16-18 °C seawater temperature, with significant declines in net photosynthesis at 20° and 22 °C. Respiration showed a positive linear relationship with increasing seawater temperature. Using archived seawater temperature, irradiance, and tidal data, we produced a model of net pho- tosynthesis over two years (October 2010-October 2012). Maximal seawater temperatures recorded at FHL rarely exceeded 14 °C, suggesting that an increase of +2 and +4 °C in seawater temperature would lead to increased net photosynthesis at this site. These results allowed us to develop a predictive model to forecast the net photosynthesis of F. gardneri at different intertidal elevations to explore the effects of seawater temperature andirradiance on netphotosynthesis.Wealsoexaminedthe effects of thetiming of hightide,testing thehypoth-
Survival and disinfection of Marek's disease virus and the effectiveness of filters in preventing airborne dissemination.

Abstract Feathers plucked from Marek’s disease virus (M.D.V.)-infected chickens and stored in the dry state were found to have significant levels of infectious M.D.V. after storage for at least 3 weeks at 37.5°C., for 8 (but not 13) months at room temperature 22–25°C.) and for at least 3 years at 4°C. With the relative humidity adjusted to 80%, infectious virus could not be recovered after 1 to 2 weeks at 37.5°C. Several chemical disinfectant solutions (chlorine, quaternary ammonium compound, organic iodine, cresylic acid, synthetic phenol, and sodium hydroxide), were able to destroy infectivity of dried feathers within a 10-minute treatment period. Formaldehyde gas fumigation destroyed most but not all of the infectivity, while distilled water, a detergent (Tween-80), and glacial acetic acid were without significant effect on the infectivity of the feathers. A filter media with a listed efficiency rating of 80–85% (Average Dust Spot Efficiency—Atmospheric Dust Test) was partially efficacious and one with a rating of 93–97% was completely effective in preventing airborne spread of virus shed from M.D.V. infected chickens.
Investigation of Nitrogen Induced closely coupled Sb based Quantum Dots for Infrared Sensors Application

We report the growth and structural properties of InSb and InSb:N quantum dots on InAs and GaAs substrates. Strain induced, self-assembled quantum dots are grown using solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. For improved growth control, we developed a growth technique similar to atomic layer epitaxial methods. InSb and InSb:N multiple quantum dots formed on both InAs and GaAs. We explain the formation of multiple quantum dots by the anisotropic distribution of strain energy within the quantum dot, the long adatom lifetime during atomic layer epitaxy, and the low bond energy of InSb. Nitrogen incorporation during formation of quantum dots changes surface energy barrier and causes anisotropic distribution of strain energy, results in formation of closely coupled multiple quantum dots in orientation. We obtained mid infrared luminescence around 3.6 μm from InNSb QDs grown on InAs substrate, where it exhibits relatively low efficiencies of nitrogen incorporation compared to the quantum well structure.
Paracrine Effect of NRG1 and HGF Drives Resistance to MEK Inhibitors in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma (UM) patients with metastatic disease usually die within one year, emphasizing an urgent need to develop new treatment strategies for this cancer. MEK inhibitors improve survival in cutaneous melanoma patients but show only modest efficacy in metastatic UM patients. In this study, we screened for growth factors that elicited resistance in newly characterized metastatic UM cell lines to clinical grade MEK inhibitors, trametinib and selumetinib. We show that neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) provide resistance to MEK inhibition. Mechanistically, trametinib enhances the responsiveness to NRG1, and sustained HGF mediated activation of AKT. Individually targeting ERBB3 and cMET, the receptors for NRG1 and HGF respectively, overcomes resistance to trametinib provided by these growth factors and by conditioned medium from fibroblasts that produce NRG1 and HGF. Inhibition of AKT also effectively reverses the protective effect of NRG1 and HGF in trametinib-treated cells. UM xenografts growing in the liver in vivo and a subset of liver metastases of UM patients express activated forms of ERBB2 (the co-receptor for ERBB3) and cMET. Together, these results provide preclinical evidence for the use of MEK inhibitors in combination with clinical-grade anti-ERBB3 or anti-cMET monoclonal antibodies in metastatic UM.
Aspirin: Promise and Resistance in the New Millennium

Although conceived at the end of the 19th century, aspirin remains the gold standard of antiplatelet therapy. Approximately 100 randomized clinical trials have established its efficacy and safety i...
Efferent Limb Myoneural and Luminal Continuity and Postgastrectomy Gastric Emptying

Delayed gastric emptying and altered upper gut transit or both are common following Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy and are thought to be due to altered efferent limb transit secondary to isolation of the Roux limb from the duodenal pacemaker. We postulated that preservation of myoneural continuity of the Roux limb with the duodenal pacemaker would enhance solid gastric emptying, while division of the afferent limb of a Billroth II gastrojejunostomy (B-II), isolating the efferent jejunal limb from the duodenal pacemaker, would slow gastric emptying. Solid gastric emptying was measured in 14 dogs, who then underwent gastric vagotomy and antrectomy. Eight animals were reconstructed with a Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, preserving myoneural but not luminal continuity of the Roux limb with the afferent limb via a muscularis bridge, while six dogs underwent standard B-II gastrojejunostomy. Serosal electrodes were placed on the afferent and efferent jejunal limbs. Gastric emptying was restudied, with fed and fasted myoelectric recordings. The bridge was then divided to create a standard Roux, while the afferent limb was transected and reanastomosed just proximal to the gastrojejunostomy in the B-II dogs to isolate the efferent limb from the duodenal pacemaker, with repeat studies. Bridge dogs had delayed solid gastric emptying compared to their preoperative state, despite normal efferent limb motility. Gastric emptying was not further altered by division of the bridge, despite altered efferent limb motility, including a decreased migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) cycle length (62 ± 1 vs 128 ± 18 min, P < 0.001), slow wave frequency (SWF) (14.1 ± 0.6 vs 17.6 ± 0.6 cpm, P < 0.01), postptrandial suppression of MMCs (60 ± 18 vs 303 ± 28 min, P < 0.01), and an inverted SWF gradient, indicating ectopic pacemakers. Solid gastric emptying was unchanged after standard B-II compared to the preoperative state, even following transection and reanastomosis of the afferent limb. Solid gastric emptying was faster in the latter group than in Roux animals, despite similar efferent limb motility. We conclude that myoneural continuity of the efferent limb of a gastrojejunostomy with the duodenal pacemaker is less important than luminal continuity of the afferent and efferent limbs in determining postgastrectomy solid gastric emptying.
Lebesgue Sampling with a Kalman Filter in Wireless Sensors for Smart Appliance Networks

An event-based sampling method is developed for wireless smart appliance networks. This is accomplished with a Kalman filter that includes an asynchronous measurement update along with a standard model-based prediction of the state- variables. This approach minimizes the number of communication transmissions while also providing rapid updates on an as-needed basis to those appliances that require attention. This work is motivated by recent demands for household energy management systems that coordinate in real-time the optimal allocation of electrical usage among various household appliances. Results for a household network are provided for the case of a networked variable speed clothes dryer.
Isolation and compositional analysis of trypanosomatid editosomes.

Abstract Most mitochondrial (mt) mRNAs in trypanosomes undergo posttranscriptional RNA editing, which inserts and deletes uridines (Us) to produce the mature and functional mRNA. The editing process is catalyzed by multiple enzymatic steps and is carried out by an ∼20S macromolecular complex, the editosome. Editosomes have been purified from Trypanosoma brucei using various techniques including combinations of column chromatography, gradient sedimentation, monoclonal antibody affinity, and TAP‐tag affinity approaches. This article describes in detail the methods for editosome purification and identification of protein components by mass spectrometry analyses. It also describes the methods for isolation and analysis of TAP‐tagged mutagenized complexes.
Transport of waste leakage in stratified formations

Contaminant transport in a strongly heterogeneous stratified formation whose log hydraulic conductivity distribution has a variance greater than unity is investigated. Four kinds of waste leakage scenario are studied. They are: (1) continuous waste leakage from landfills; (2) temporal waste leakage from landfills; (3) continuous deep-well injection wastes; and (4) temporal deep-well injection wastes. Ensemble average concentrations and variances of concentration distributions are calculated for the four scenarios. The results in this paper show that when heterogeneity of a formation increases, transport in this formation differs significantly from the linear solutions which assume that the variances of log hydraulic conductivity are less than unity.
Short Term Variations in Primary Productivity

This review briefly considers two topics in primary production. In both cases time scales appear to be short (hours to days) and both have significance for ocean chemistry and physics. The first concerns implications, for studies of mixing in the surface layer, of the fact that phytoplankton “remember” their past light history. Here time scales of minutes to hours are important. The second concerns primary production as the driving force for the sinking flux of biogenic organic particles, and significant time and space scales of variability of the production of sinking particles in the surface layer. The minimum time scale of interest here appears to be 12–24 hours.
Real Options and the Economic Analysis of Litigation: A Preliminary Inquiry

This paper suggests that litigation can be profitably modeled as a compound real option with two potential "payoff vectors": a payoff that reflects potential recovery on the merits of a claim and a payoff that reflects defendants' willingness to avoid future litigation costs. Plaintiffs engage in staged investments that can be abandoned at any point, but that require them to incur litigation costs at each stage of the process. Plaintiffs' litigation expenditures impose litigation costs on defendants and simultaneously generate new information about the magnitude of potential verdicts and the magnitude of potential plaintiff and defendant litigation costs. Settlements then reflect the likely outcome on the "merits" (i.e., the verdict), as well as defendants' avoided litigation costs and plaintiffs' prosecution costs. This paper demonstrates that a recent model by Bebchuk is a special case of a compound real option model in which probability distributions are degenerate. The universe of negative expected value lawsuits that can be credibly brought by plaintiffs may be materially larger than Bebchuk suggests, and the size of likely settlements greater. The paper also demonstrates that litigation can be classified into one of three broad categories reflecting the extent to which lawsuits are "meritorious," "vexatious," and/or "exploratory." This taxonomy contributes precision to the current litigation reform debate. It also supports distinctions that differ from traditional characterizations of litigation as "frivolous" or as involving "fishing expeditions." The paper further derives a set of comparative statics results illustrating, among other things, the effect of changed volatility in plaintiffs' and defendants' litigation expenditures. The analysis also suggests a family of cost-shifting rules that are different from the British or American Rules. Under one implementation of the proposed "Stanford Rules," plaintiffs would be taxed for an amount that is a function of the excess, if any, of defendants' reasonable litigation costs over plaintiffs' litigation costs. This payment could be made contingent on the outcome of the lawsuit and could also be made payable to the registry of the court. We demonstrate that this rule has characteristics that may make it preferable to either the British or American Rules.
Visual 3D motion acuity predicts discomfort in 3D stereoscopic environments

Abstract A major hindrance in the popularization of 3D stereoscopic media is the high rate of motion sickness reported during use of VR technology. While the exact factors underlying this phenomenon are unknown, the dominant framework for explaining general motion sickness (“cue-conflict” theory) predicts that individual differences in sensory system sensitivity should be correlated with experienced discomfort (i.e. greater sensitivity will allow conflict between cues to be more easily detected). To test this hypothesis, 73 participants successfully completed a battery of tests to assess sensitivity to visual depth cues as well as a number of other basic visual functions. They then viewed a series of 3D movies using an Oculus Rift 3D head-mounted display. As predicted, individual differences, specifically in sensitivity to dynamic visual cues to depth, were correlated with experienced levels of discomfort. These results suggest a number of potential methods to reduce VR-related motion sickness in the future.
Selected Salient Evidentiary Issues in Employment Discrimination Cases

This short paper was prepared as a handout for a presentation given for the ALI-ABA and Georgetown CLS, at Georgetown University Law Center. The major sections of the paper are as follows: Significant Relevance for a Nonhearsay Purpose Avoids the Exclusionary Hearsay Rule; “Me, Too,” “He‟s Done It Before,” “Not Me”: Evidence of Character and of Other Acts; Chart: Character Evidence Rules Road Map; Other Sexual Conduct of Plaintiff; Rulings as to Waiver of Attorney-Client Privilege.
Sketch Pad as Legal Pad: Picturing Corporate Practice

(Note: this paper is now superseded by a book. The book is called Picturing Corporate Practice (West Academic 2016). The paper served as a working paper in the development of the book.) This paper is about practicing corporate law. It offers some ways of thinking about the core professional tasks of advice development and deal planning, and about the products corporate lawyers make for those purposes. The paper also suggests a practical technique — sketching — for gaining traction on the analysis and communication at the core of the practice. The sketching discussion draws on the extensive literature in cognitive science, psychology, engineering, architecture, and design about sketching, cognition, and collaboration. The paper is not in conventional form; it is written in an informal style, and makes extensive use of graphics. The content, format, and style reflect the fact that the paper is designed as a resource for law students and new corporate lawyers, and as a possible source of teaching ideas for classroom and clinical instructors.
An Introduction to the Formation Theory of Active Materials

We will use the term formation theory to describe a certain class of optimal design and control problems for elastic systems. The subject matter concerns the deliberate alteration of the equilibrium configuration of an elastic structure by means of attached or embedded actuators responding to an external control signal. To the extent that the controlled configuration is maintained constant over an extended time interval, or varies slowly enough so that inertial effects can be ignored, we have what we designate as static formation theory. It will be seen as we proceed that, from the mathematical point of view, the subject has much in common with parameter identification problems in a similar context, the optimal design part of the work primarily involving the specification of parameter functions in a particular class of partial differential equations.
The Influence of the Vegetative Nerves Upon the Distribution of Arsenic After Salvarsan Injections.

The present investigation gives a comparison between the distribution of arsenic in normal animals1 and animals which were under the influence of epinephrin. Epinephrin was given subcutaneously twenty minutes before the salvarsan was injected intravenously. In Table I the figures in column (A) indicate the arsenic content in mg. per 100 gms. dried specimen of the various organs after an intravenous injection of 80 mg. salvarsan per kilo body weight, preceded by the subcutaneous injection of 5 mg. per kilo body weight of epinephrin. The figures under (B) are given for comparison and represent arsenic determinations in rats which received intravenous injections of 160 mg. of salvarsan per kilo of body weight without epinephrin. A dose of 80 mg. of salvarsan is equivalent to 25 mg. of metallic arsenic and a dose of 160 mg. of salvarsan contains 50 mg. of metallic arsenic.Table I1 shows the percentage of the arsenic, actually injected, that is present in the organs at the given intervals. Here again thefigure...
Party Realignment in Britain, 1900-1925: A Preliminary Analysis

It is doubtful that any other period of comparable length in British history witnessed as many profound changes in politics as did the first quarter of the twentieth century. To mention only some of the more important examples, voter turnout rose from about 21% to 76% of the adult population; the party system was transformed when Labour displaced the Liberals as the major party of the left; legislative power was profoundly altered by the Parliament Act of 1911 which deprived the Lords of the right to veto permanently bills passed by the Commons; the social base of parlimentary recruitment expanded to include more members from lower middleand working-class backgrounds; the disruptive influence of Irish self-government was removed from political life; and public concern shifted from issues related to Empire and wider access to parliamentary politics to domestic matters of a distributional nature. Under the cumulative impact of these changes, particularly in the party system, British politics in essence ceased to be traditional, and became modern. The abundance of studies about electoral and party politics during the period, and the recurrence of dramatic terms to describe certain events such as the Conservative "disaster" at the 1906 general election or the Liberal "downfall" after World War I, testify to the importance the period holds for scholars of British political history. Except for psephological efforts, however, most analyses take a basically narrative and descriptive approach, focusing mainly upon the views and actions of parliamentary
The Effects of Porosity And Clay Content On Wave Velocities In Sandstones

The ultrasonic compressional (Vp) and shear (V,) ve­ locities and first-arrival peak amplitude (A p ) were mea­ sured as functions of differential pressure to 50 MPa and to a state of saturation on 75 different sandstone samples, with porosities ranging from 2 to 30 percent and volume clay content C ranging from 0 to 50 per­ cent, respectively. Both V p and V, were found to corre­ late linearly with porosity and clay content in shaly sandstones, At confining pressure of 40 MPa and pore pressure of 1.0 MPa, the best least-squares fits to the velocity data are
Tire-derived carbon composite anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract Hard-carbon materials are considered as one of the most promising anodes for the emerging sodium-ion batteries. Here, we report a low-cost, scalable waste tire-derived carbon as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Tire-derived carbons obtained by pyrolyzing acid-treated tire at 1100 °C, 1400 °C and 1600 °C show capacities of 179, 185 and 203 mAh g −1 , respectively, after 100 cycles at a current density of 20 mA g −1 in sodium-ion batteries with good electrochemical stability. The portion of the low-voltage plateau region in the charge-discharge curves increases as the heat-treatment temperature increases. The low-voltage plateau is beneficial to enhance the energy density of the full cell. This study provides a new pathway for inexpensive, environmentally benign and value-added waste tire-derived products towards large-scale energy storage applications.
Food Animal Cremations of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico

ABSTRACTThe Amargosan Pinacatenos, a dialect subgroup of the Papago, occupied the Sierra Pinacate in far northwestern Sonora from the onset of the Medithermal period until well into historic times. A unique trait, that of cremating the bones of food animals, especially of bighorn sheep, is here described and commented upon. A relationship is suggested between this trait and the Papago-Pima custom of heaping bighorn sheep homs, and the so-called “bighorn sheep cult” of the Hohokam.
Conceptualizing Intercultural Communication

We often think of social constructions such as race or ethnicity as being immutable, but the multiple ways that people perform these identities and the variable meanings they assign to their performances suggest that these categories are, in fact, flexible. We understand other kinds of identities based on profession, education, or socioeconomic class as more malleable as a result of personal agency or life experience. Language identities fall somewhere in-between. It is, of course, possible to become a speaker of a new language through transnational movement or dedicated effort. Yet social categories based on language are seemingly more constant; language identities are closely aligned with where we are from geographically, but also in terms of race, ethnicity, and nation.1 Through lived experiences and everyday interactions, identities are constantly changing and evolving. These abstract social constructions define individuals based on internal and external perceptions of what constitutes salient identity features. Despite the seemingly uncontestable nature of some identities, we constantly push and pull at their boundaries. Individuals define themselves as members (or not) of social groups, and likewise impose definitions on others based on their membership or exclusion. As such, intercultural encounters are one of many sites where individuals negotiate identities through interaction. The study of identity in situations of persistent intercultural contact, as found in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, allows us to examine a place where sustained societal contact regularly blurs and/or confirms social boundaries.
Stock Identification for Conservation of Threatened or Endangered Species

Publisher Summary Fisheries, water diversions, and other environmental shifts have the potential to result in significant loss of specific fish stocks, necessitating careful management wherever possible. Impacts often affect complex mixtures of different stocks, however, making effective management critically dependent on precise methods for stock identification. This is particularly important in contexts involving threatened and endangered species because conservation measures require focused targeting in order to achieve and monitor rebuilding goals. As a result, the application of genetic and statistical methods toward stock identification has continued to develop and improve in the past few decades, largely in response to a number of new challenges. These fall into three primary areas: continued interest in sustaining harvest and economic yield despite extreme variability and changes in habitat availability, ocean productivity, stock strengths, and effectiveness of fishing technologies; increasing interaction between farmed and hatchery-reared fish with their counterparts from wild populations;the increasing number of endangered or threatened species cases needing special attention for protection and rebuilding. Cases are selected to span major regions around the Northern Pacific Rim but also for their unique contributions to the field of genetic stock identification (GSI).
Impact of Pharmacy Proximity and Delivery Services on HIV Viral Suppression Among Low Income Urban Patients

Adherence to antiretrovirals is essential to achieve viral suppression in HIV patients. Unfortunately, numerous barriers to adherence and subsequent viral suppression still exist. This study examines the association between pharmacy location and viral suppression for low income HIV patients. We evaluated whether home delivery services or closer proximity to in-store pharmacies was associated with viral suppression. Patients utilizing delivery pharmacy had increased likelihood of sustained viral suppression compared to in-store pharmacy patients (aOR = 3.430). For patients traveling to pharmacies, there were no differences in proximity for suppressed and non-suppressed patients. Home delivery may aid adherence and improve viral suppression.
Discussion of "Protocolized warfarin reversal with 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate with recombinant factor VIIa".

Abstract Introduction Life-threatening bleeding is the most feared complication of warfarin therapy. Rapid anticoagulant reversal via replacement of vitamin K dependent clotting factors is essential for hemostasis. Methods A retrospective cohort study of warfarin-treated patients experiencing a life-threatening bleed treated with a warfarin reversal protocol comprised of 4F PCC (post-implementation group) and those who received the prior reversal protocol of 3F PCC and rFVIIa (pre-implementation group) was performed. Demographic and clinical information, anticoagulant reversal information, and all adverse events attributed to warfarin reversal were recorded. Results 195 patients were included in final analysis; 118 in the pre-implementation group, 77 in the post-implementation group. While baseline SOFA and GCS scores were similar between groups, the pre-implementation group had a longer ICU LOS and higher in-hospital mortality (p Pre-reversal INR was similar between both groups, but post-reversal INR was significantly lower in the pre-implementation group, 0.8 versus 1.3 (p The leading TEC in both groups was deep venous thrombosis. Differences in baseline characteristics (p ≤ .2) were entered into a Poisson log-linear regression model for association with TECs. Receipt of rFVIIa was the only characteristic significantly associated with TECs. Discussion A 4F PCC warfarin reversal strategy is efficacious at reversing INR while providing significantly lower thromboembolic risk as compared to 3F PCC with rVIIa.
Problem, Status, and Possible Solutions for Lithium Metal Anode of Rechargeable Batteries

Lithium (Li) metal has been regarded as the ultimate anode material for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its high specific capacity and low reduction potential. However, the application of Li metal in rechargeable batteries was hampered by two major problems: dendritic deposition and inferior cycling efficiency. In this minireview, the mechanisms relating to these two major problems and relative solutions are reviewed by starting with the intrinsic natures of Li metal. In addition, limitations of the electrochemical characterization methods currently used for evaluation of Li cycling performances are discussed, and possible directions for future research are suggested.
Pressure drop of R134a, R32 and R1233zd(E) in diabatic conditions during condensation from superheated vapor

Abstract Pressure drop during condensation from superheated vapor is reported in this paper. Three different refrigerants including R134a, R32 and R1233zd(E) are evaluated in two horizontal round copper tubes with 6.1 and 4.0 mm inner diameters. The test conditions cover a range of mass fluxes from 100 kg m−2 s−1 to 400 kg m−2 s−1 and heat fluxes from 5 kW m−2 to 15 kW m−2. The condensing pressures are selected to be those that correspond to 30 °C. The measurements are all conducted with diabatic flows which start in the superheated (SH) region to observe how the onset of condensation affects the pressure drop. The visualizations of condensation are compared with the measured pressure drop, suggesting the pressure drop behaviors in different regions during the condensation process are different due to different flow regimes. The onsets of condensation all happens in the superheated region before specific enthalpy drops to that of bulk quality 1. The pressure drop depends on the mass flux, specific enthalpy and tube diameter. The result also shows that several thermal properties of the refrigerants such as the density ratio and viscosity have an effect on the pressure drop, which can be explained by the generation of waves and the differences in vapor and liquid velocity. A peak in the pressure drop curve is consistently present between the onset and end of condensation around bulk quality 1, which could be a result of the competition between increasing liquid-wave strength and decreasing flow velocity as condensation proceeds after the onset of liquid film. Since none of the current existing correlations are sufficient in accounting for the different mechanisms in different stages of the condensation process, a pressure drop model that is specifically developed for condensation of superheated vapor by taking non-equilibrium into consideration is in need.
A response to "God and behavior mod"

In a previous article, Rodger Bufford argues that behavioral technology is broadly consistent with the biblical view of man. In this response, it is argued that behavior modification as an applicat...
Taming Globalization? Civil Regulation and Corporate Capitalism

This paper examines the emergence, goverance and mixed impact of private global business regulation to address global governance failures.
Combining Simulation and Emulation Systems for Smart Grid Planning and Evaluation

Software-defined networking (SDN) enables efficient network management. As the technology matures, utilities are looking to integrate those benefits to their operations technology (OT) networks. To help the community to better understand and evaluate the effects of such integration, we develop DSSnet, a testing platform that combines a power distribution system simulator and an SDN-based network emulator for smart grid planning and evaluation. DSSnet relies on a container-based virtual time system to achieve efficient synchronization between the simulation and emulation systems. To enhance the system scalability and usability, we extend DSSnet to support a distributed controller environment. To enhance system fidelity, we extend the virtual time system to support kernel-based switches. We also evaluate the system performance of DSSnet and demonstrate the usability of DSSnet with a resilient demand response application case study.
A mathematical model for measuring and managing macrosustainabilty

In order for the human race to continue to thrive in the long term, we have to learn how to manage our natural resources wisely. In order to manage something you must first be able to measure it. Macrosustainabilty is the key to finding solutions to megaproblems facing the Earth such as insufficient access to food, environmental degradation, declining natural resources, and deteriorating communities. This paper measures and manages global macrosustainabilty. An optimisation model has been set based on the five categories.
Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer: A Historical Perspective

Sir George Beatson proposed a connection between breast cancer and ovary more than a century ago. It took several decades to the discovery of hormone estrogen and a few more decades when Elwood Jensen announced the discovery of estrogen receptor. His work led to our understanding of how hormones control target gene transcription via their receptors. Several laboratories made major contributions toward our understanding of hormone action. To date, 49 nuclear hormone receptors have been identified that form the nuclear receptor family and carry out a myriad of metabolic functions. Most notably, they are targets for therapy. Jensen and colleagues made ER antibodies that were used to develop ER assay kits in breast cancer specimens. ER contents in breast cancer patients proved to be useful in deciding mode of treatment. Soon after the discovery of ER, the antiestrogen, tamoxifen, which was originally developed as a female contraceptive, was repurposed for breast cancer management, and later it was used as a prophylactic in those women who were in high risk for breast cancer.
An average sliding window correlation method for dynamic functional connectivity

Sliding window correlation (SWC) is utilized in many studies to analyze the temporal characteristics of brain connectivity. However, spurious artifacts have been reported in simulated data using this technique. Several suggestions have been made through the development of the SWC technique. Recently, it has been proposed to utilize a SWC window length of 100 s given that the lowest nominal fMRI frequency is 0.01 Hz. The main pitfall is the loss of temporal resolution due to a large window length. In this work, we propose an average sliding window correlation (ASWC) approach that presents several advantages over the SWC. One advantage is the requirement for a smaller window length. This is important because shorter lengths allow for a more accurate estimation of transient dynamicity of functional connectivity. Another advantage is the behavior of ASWC as a tunable high pass filter. We demonstrate the advantages of ASWC over SWC using simulated signals with configurable functional connectivity dynamics. We present analytical models explaining the behavior of ASWC and SWC for several dynamic connectivity cases. We also include a real data example to demonstrate the application of the new method. In summary, ASWC shows lower artifacts and resolves faster transient connectivity fluctuations, resulting in a lower mean square error than in SWC.