cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel interactions of complex carbohydrates with peanut (PNA), Ricinus communis (RCA-I), Sambucus nigra (SNA-I) and wheat germ (WGA) agglutinins as revealed by the binding specificities of these lectins towards mucin core-2 O-linked and N-linked glycans and related structures

Plant lectins through their multivalent quaternary structures bind intrinsically flexible oligosaccharides. They recognize fine structural differences in carbohydrates and interact with different sequences in mucin core 2 or complex-type N-glycan chain and also in healthy and malignant tissues. They are used in characterizing cellular and extracellular glycoconjugates modified in pathological processes. We study here, the complex carbohydrate-lectin interactions by determining the effects of substituents in mucin core 2 tetrasaccharide Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα-O-R and fetuin glycopeptides on their binding to agarose-immobilized lectins PNA, RCA-I, SNA-I and WGA. Briefly, in mucin core 2 tetrasaccharide (i) structures modified by α2-3/6-Sialyl LacNAc, LewisX and α1-3-Galactosyl LacNAc resulted in regular binding to PNA whereas compounds with 6-sulfo LacNAc displayed no-binding; (ii) strucures bearing α2-6-sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc, or 6-sialyl LacdiNAc carbohydrates displayed strong binding to SNA-I; (iii) structures with α2-3/6-sialyl, α1-3Gal LacNAc or LewisX were non-binder to RCA-I and compounds with 6-sulfo LacNAc only displayed weak binding; (iv) structures containing LewisX, 6-Sulfo LewisX, α2-3/6-sialyl LacNAc, α2-3/6-sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc and GalNAc Lewis-a were non-binding to WGA, those with α1-2Fucosyl, α1-3-Galactosyl LacNAc, α2-3-sialyl T-hapten plus 3'/6'sulfo LacNAc displayed weak binding, and compounds with α2-3-sialyl T-hapten, α2.6-Sialyl LacdiNAc, α2-3-sialyl D-Fucβ1-3 GalNAc and Fucα-1-2 D-Fucβ-1-3GalNAc displaying regular binding and GalNAc LewisX and LacdiNAc plus D-Fuc β-1-3 GalNAcα resulting in tight binding. RCA-I binds Fetuin triantennary asialoglycopeptide 100 % after α-2-3 and 25 % after α-2-6 sialylation, 30 % after α-1-2 and 100 % after α-1-3 fucosylation, and 50 % after α-1-3 galactosylation. WGA binds 3-but not 6-Fucosyl chitobiose core. Thus, information on the influence of complex carbohydrate chain constituents on lectin binding is apparently essential for the potential application of lectins in glycoconjugate research.
The Influence of Temperature on Growth, Sporulation, and Heat Resistance of Spores of Six Strains of Clostridium perfringens

The influence of temperature on growth, sporulation, and heat resistance of six strains of Clostridium perfringens was examined. The range of temperatures for growth and sporulation varied between strains and was influenced by the culture medium. Optimum growth occurred in Thioglycolate medium between 30 and 40 C for all strains. Optimum sporulation in Ellner's medium occurred in the 37 to 40 C range for all strains. The maximum number of spores produced varied with the strain. Heat resistance of the spores varied between strains but was not modified by temperature of incubation.
Melts and Phases

The first requirement for anyone wishing to make significant contributions to the science of new condensed inorganic phosphates is some understanding of phase chemistry. It is not required that phase chemistry be an end in itself, as with those who are interested in the science of phase thermodynamics as an independent study. Some treatises dealing with phase chemistry are all but incomprehensible to those of us who are interested in using diagrams as tools, but not a life’s study.1 Although I have used and studied phase diagrams for most of a lifetime, I make no pretense of being an accomplished master of all aspects of this science. In phosphate chemistry, as I practice it, phase chemistry is an indispensable tool.
CAST/EiJ and C57BL/6J Mice Differ in Their Oral and Postoral Attraction to Glucose and Fructose

A recent study indicated that CAST/EiJ and C57BL/6J mice differ in their taste preferences for maltodextrin but display similar sucrose preferences. The present study revealed strain differences in preferences for the constituent sugars of sucrose. Whereas B6 mice preferred 8% glucose to 8% fructose in 2-day tests, the CAST mice preferred fructose to glucose. These preferences emerged with repeated testing which suggested post-oral influences. In a second experiment, 2-day choice tests were conducted with the sugars versus a sucralose + saccharin (SS) mixture which is highly preferred in brief access tests. B6 mice strongly preferred glucose but not fructose to the non-nutritive SS whereas CAST mice preferred SS to both glucose and fructose even when food restricted. This implied that CAST mice are insensitive to the postoral appetite stimulating actions of the 2 sugars. A third experiment revealed, however, that intragastric glucose and fructose infusions conditioned significant but mild flavor preferences in CAST mice, whereas in B6 mice glucose conditioned a robust preference but fructose was ineffective. Thus, unlike other mouse strains and rats, glucose is not more reinforcing than fructose in CAST mice. Their oral preference for fructose over glucose may be related to a subsensitive maltodextrin receptor or glucose-specific receptor which is stimulated by glucose but not fructose. The failure of CAST mice to prefer glucose to a non-nutritive sweetener distinguishes this strain from other mouse strains and rats.
PitchIn: Eavesdropping via Intelligible Speech Reconstruction Using Non-acoustic Sensor Fusion

Despite the advent of numerous Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, recent research demonstrates potential side-channel vulnerabilities exploiting sensors which are used for event and environment monitoring. In this paper, we propose a new side-channel attack, where a network of distributed non-acoustic sensors can be exploited by an attacker to launch an eavesdropping attack by reconstructing intelligible speech signals. Specifically, we present PitchIn to demonstrate the feasibility of speech reconstruction from non-acoustic sensor data collected offline across networked devices. Unlike speech reconstruction which requires a high sampling frequency (e.g., > 5 KHz), typical applications using non-acoustic sensors do not rely on richly sampled data, presenting a challenge to the speech reconstruction attack. Hence, PitchIn leverages a distributed form of Time Interleaved Analog-Digital-Conversion (TI-ADC) to approximate a high sampling frequency, while maintaining low per-node sampling frequency. We demonstrate how distributed TI-ADC can be used to achieve intelligibility by processing an interleaved signal composed of different sensors across networked devices. We implement PitchIn and evaluate reconstructed speech signal intelligibility via user studies. PitchIn has word recognition accuracy as high as 79%. Though some additional work is required to improve accuracy, our results suggest that eavesdropping using a fusion of non-acoustic sensors is a real and practical threat.
Temporary as Indefinite: Horizons of the Future in 1967

Time is the most essential component of the legal regime that followed the 1967 war and the Israeli conquest of the Palestinian Territories. It is essential since one of the most basic components of a regime of occupation under international law is being temporary. First, I argue that occupation has been and still is the best definition for its control of these territories that Israel could have hoped for, since under the current framework Israel can argue that it can hold the territory both indefinitely and temporarily, without giving full civil and political rights to their Palestinian population. Second, and this is my main argument, that the choice of the occupation as the legal paradigm was an Israeli choice, despite the apparent controversy over it. Based on recent autobiographic publications and archival documents, this paper shows that the Israeli military legal system used the paradigm of occupation with relation to the takeover of these territories, starting 1963, and that has persisted ever since. Moreover, the emergency and temporary mode of the military government that followed the conquest of the Palestinian Territories lasted only a few weeks, and has been swiftly replaced by a permanent and indefinite mode of government. In doing so, Israeli military legal advisors have shown incredible foresight of the future, which still enables the longest occupation in modern times. By opting for a regime of occupation, Israel could have practiced the de-facto annexation as it does, while maintaining a regime that is still considered legitimate and legal under international law. It has managed to equate "temporary" with "indefinite".
Technology Transfer: How SMEs Build Relationships to Advance Open Innovation

This study reviews small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs) ability to avail themselves of technology transfer through the theoretical lens of open innovation. SMEs have shown to be the greatest source of job growth in both developed and developing countries. However, to remain competitive and become sustainable, SMEs in today’s marketplace need to innovate. Technology transfer can be an advantageous tool in assisting SMEs in their need to innovate. An effective strategy for SMEs to obtain technology transfer is to partner with competitors, suppliers, customers, universities, and government-sponsored research and development programs. This study offers a literature review of peer-reviewed works regarding the impact technology transfer has on SMEs and what barriers they encounter to obtaining technology transfer. This study concluded that there are attributes such as building personal relationships and communication, which allow SMEs to overcome these barriers and successfully partake in technology transfer. This paper advances the study of the theory of open innovation within SMEs by providing greater insight into how to create environments that foster technology transfer. Practitioners will gain an understanding of the barriers which inhibit technology transfer and the attributes required to overcome these barriers.
Design and Implementation of a Cross-Sectional Nutritional Phenotyping Study in Healthy US Adults

Metabolic imbalance is a key determinant of risk of chronic diseases. Metabolic health cannot be assessed solely by body mass calculations or by static, fasted state biochemical readouts. Although previous studies have described temporal responses to dietary challenges, these studies fail to assess the environmental factors associated with certain metabolic phenotypes and therefore, provide little scientific rationale for potentially effective intervention strategies. In this phenotyping study of healthy US adults, we are evaluating lifestyle, biological and environmental factors in addition to metabolic parameters to determine the factors associated with variations in metabolic health. A series of practical fitness, dietary, and emotional challenges are introduced and temporal responses in various areas of specialization, including immunology, metabolomics, and endocrinology, are monitored. We expect that this study will identify key factors related to healthy or unhealthy metabolic phenotypes (metabotypes) that may be modifiable targets for the prevention of chronic diseases in an individual. This study will provide novel insights into metabolic variability among healthy adults in balanced strata defined by sex, age and body mass index. Usual dietary intake and physical activity will be evaluated across these strata to determine how diet is associated with health status defined using many indicators including immune function, metabolism, body composition, physiology, response to exercise andmeal challenges and neuroendocrine assessment. A principal study goal is to identify dietary and other personal factors that will differentiate different levels of "health" among study participants. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02367287 .
Implications of Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Epigenetics

Abstract Epigenetic regulation of gene expression and genome function is essential to establish and maintain diverse cellular functions during mammalian development—alteration of which leads to cancer. Coordinated by chromatin and DNA modifier proteins and noncoding RNAs, epigenetic mechanisms impact chromatin structure and control the accessibility of genes and genomic elements and thereby influence their targeting by protein machinery. Epigenetic processes are extensively reprogrammed in cancer cells resulting in altered histone modifications, DNA methylation, and expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), disrupting normal patterns of gene expression. These findings bring a new perspective to our understanding on the underlying causes of cancers in that epigenomic abnormalities are equally important as the genetic alterations. Accumulating evidence suggests that lncRNA-mediated processes that control locus and cell-type specific gene expression to significantly impact cellular transformation. Here, we discuss the molecular characteristics of lncRNAs, and review the recent advances in how lncRNA-mediated processes that are linked to cancer epigenetics.
Dual detection of Zika virus nucleic acid and protein using a multi-mode interference waveguide platform

We report a novel technique for simultaneous detection of nucleic acid and protein biomarkers using multimode interference (MMI) waveguides on an optofluidic chip. Multiplex detection of Zika virus nucleic acids and proteins using two-color multi-spot excitation is demonstrated with excellent specificity.
A hermenêutica como possibilidade metodológica à pesquisa em educação

The aim of this text is to problematize and point out ways to use hermeneutics as a methodological possibility for research in education. It is a theoretical reflection on the hermeneutical horizon as a scientific and educational principle for dialogue and for the formative contradiction in dialogue with the other, overcoming the weaknesses and limitations of incomprehension. The results of the research indicate that the hermeneutic approach is very important for academic research in education, constituting a rich source of analysis, contributing to the construction of the research problem, data analysis and its respective interpretation, Being fundamental for the question-answer game and for the dialogical opening - a way of access to human understanding.
A composite game of hide and seek

We consider a ‘manhunting’ game in which one player, the Hider, chooses one of several cells to hide and a second player, the Seeker, distributes his resources among the several cells. The cells differ in their characteristics: it may be easier to hide in some cells, or there may be a lower probability of betrayal in others, etc. The Hider’s survival probability depends on the characteristics of the cell chosen, as well as on the amount of resources which the Seeker expends in that cell. The Hider may need to carry out some activity while in his cell. If so, the activity creates a signal which can help the Seeker to locate the Hider. The Seeker must of course try to distinguish between the noise due to the activity and random “white” noise. We obtain a complete analytic solution for the case without signals. Simulation is used to develop good strategies for the case with signals.
The evolution of plant resistance and correlated characters

The paradigm of plant herbivore coevolution suggests that determining the evolutionary response of plants to insect herbivory will improve our understanding of many aspects of plant and insect ecology. There are two potential evolutionary responses of plants to herbivory: resistance and tolerance. This paper examines problems inherent in measuring one factor involved in the evolution of plant resistance (the allocation cost of resistance) and then briefly considers the relationship between the evolution of tolerance and resistance in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea Roth.
Fluorescence-Based Protein Footprinting Using Histidine-Tagged Protein

We describe a procedure for protein footprinting to identify the region(s) of a protein that interacts with a ligand. The method utilized the affinity of a stretch of histidine residues cloned into the protein to metal-chelated resin. After limited protease digestion, the histidine-tagged end fragments were separated by the resin and labeled with a fluorescein derivative. Resolving the labeled digestion products on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel and visualizing the peptides using a FluorImager TM provided a way to identify the protease target sites that were protected from digestion because of interaction with DNA. The protection experiments would be applicable not only to detect direct contact sites but also sites allosterically altered by ligand bindings.
Idealism and Realism: The Normative and the Empirical

In explaining leadership by authorities in a society, we have seen the importance of the perspectives of realism and idealism in the historical events. Realism is the description of the actual use of power, and idealism is the justification for the exercise of power. We continue examining the historical case of the Russian Revolution, particularly in comparing Lenin’s reasoning with Kerensky’s reasoning. We see that Lenin was more realistic about the Russian political situation than Kerensky. Kerensky was more idealistic about government and also too idealistic about the Russian Army. We see that these differences in reasoning were important to the historical explanation of why Kerensky failed to keep governmental power and Lenin succeeded. Then, the history of Russia was changed.
A Computational Theory of the Mental Imagery Medium

Does it make sense to think of a mental image as a picture in the head? And if it does, how are three-dimensional objects and scenes represented in mental “pictures”? I suggest that these questions can be answered using the theoretical principles of computational cognitive science, analyzing the imagery system in terms of the data structures and processes that manipulate information during imaginal thinking. In particular, I outline a theory in which images are patterns of activation in a 3D array of cells, accessed via two overlayed coordinate systems: a fixed viewer-centered spherical coordinate system, and a movable object-centered or world-centered coordinate system. By inserting information into the array using one system, and accessing it using the other, a variety of 3D spatial information processes, such as generating, inspecting, and transforming images, recognizing shapes, and attending to locations, can be handled within a single framework.
Hemostatic Agents and Tissue Sealants: Potential Mimics of Abdominal Abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE. Topical tissue sealants and hemostatic agents, seen on postoperative imaging in a variety of intraabdominal and pelvic locations, have the potential to be mistaken for abdominal abnormal...
The Implications of the Current Visa System for Foreign Medical Graduates During and After Graduate Medical Education Training

The current and projected deficit in the physician workforce in the US is a challenge for primary care and specialty medical settings. Foreign medical graduates (FMGs) represent an important component of the US graduate medical education (GME) training pathway and can help to address the US physician workforce deficit. Availability of FMGs is particularly important to the internal medicine community, as recent data demonstrate that internal medicine is the specialty with the highest number of FMGs. System-based and logistical inefficiencies in the current US visa system represent significant obstacles to FMG trainees and have important psychological, emotional, and logistical consequences to FMG engagement and participation in US GME training and in the post-training workforce. In this article, we review the contemporary structure, process, and challenges of obtaining a visa for GME training. The H1B and J1 visa programs are compared and contrasted, with an emphasis on logistical specifics for FMG GME trainees and training programs. The process of and options for J1 visa waivers are reviewed. These considerations are specifically reviewed in the context of recent policy decisions by the Trump administration, with emphasis on the effects of these decisions on FMGs in medical training and practice.
Causes of Desktop FDM Fabrication Failures in an Open Studio Environment

Abstract The usage phase often dominates the lifetime environmental impact of energy and material consuming products. Improper human behaviors could increase the environmental impacts during the use stage of the product’s life cycle. The use phase of desktop fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers involves large energy and material consumption. In university makerspaces, many novices choose to use desktop FDM printers because of its easy operation, but novices often make improper design and operation decisions. The human errors increase the fabrication failures leading to higher material and energy consumption. Therefore, human behaviors should be investigated in order to identify the causes of fabrication failures in an open studio environment. Three types of failure causes are studied, which are designer error, operator error and machine error. In this research, computer-aided design (CAD) models, printing settings, user experience information and printing results were tracked and analyzed. In addition, the energy and material consumption were recorded from the printings. These data are analyzed to identify the key factors affecting printing failure rates and to improve the sustainability and efficiency of desktop FDM. From the collected data, a failure rate of 41.1% was observed. The failures caused by human error accounted for 26.3% of the total prints, which shows that human behaviors could influence the environmental impacts of FDM. For the factors impacting failure rates, user’s experience level and printing parameters were analyzed. We found that that experience did not result in higher expertise or lower failure rates.
Interaction of plasma functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles and ZDDP on friction and wear under boundary lubrication

Abstract Tribochemical interaction of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and plasma functionalized TiO2, to ascertain their synergist effects on tribological performance of steel test pairs under boundary lubricated sliding conditions in a mineral base oil, was investigated. A pin on reciprocating flat test configuration was utilized to determine the tribological properties of the individual additives and their mixtures in the oil. Specifically, friction coefficients, wear losses, and electrical contact resistance (ECR) data from seven different formulations were determined. Tribofilms, generated during sliding, were subjected to extensive surface analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) to determine the nature and the extent of tribochemical interactions. Results from these tribological tests, coupled with chemical characterization of the tribofilms, revealed that both ZDDP and TiO2 nanoparticles (by themselves) form very protective tribofilms on the rubbing surfaces. However, when used as a mix in the mineral oil, they surprisingly behave antagonistically hence resulting in severely increased wear. In contrast, TiO2 nanoparticles coated with boron rich plasma films showed relatively better anti-wear performance than when the uncoated ones were used singularly in the oil or as a mix with ZDDP.
Spectral weight in holography with momentum relaxation

Holographic low-energy spectral weight at zero temperature and finite momenta indicates the presence of a strongly coupled remnant of Pauli exclusion. Building upon previous work, we study the spectral weight of a bottom-up holographic superfluid model with spontaneously broken translational symmetry. We determine the effect of this symmetry breaking on the previously known attributes of the holographic superconductor spectral weight: 1) an instability at finite momenta and 2) the presence of nested Fermi surfaces (sometimes called Fermi shells). We find that the symmetry breaking seems to strengthen the former and suppress the latter, in a way that we describe.
Measles: There is No Vaccine against Vaccine Phobia

In 2000, the United States had effectively eliminated endemic measles. Unfortunately, due to misinformation and non-scientific based concerns, the rate of measles vaccination has declined. The United States is in the midst of its largest outbreak of measles since 2014, with 1,095 confirmed cases as of June 2019. The reasons for the re-emergence of measles and what this epidemic illustrates about the anti-vaccine culture in the United States are explored in this article.
Leadership that promotes successful implementation of community‐based mental health interventions

Community-based interventions (CBIs) have become an effective approach to promote mental well-being. To increase organizational capacity and effectively deliver CBIs, leadership is crucial. The current study aims to identify leadership qualities that are facilitators of CBI implementation. This paper presents evaluation findings from a national effort emphasizing CBIs for improving the mental well-being of men and boys in 16 local communities. The study utilized a mixed-method design, including both examining each grantee as a case study and conducting a cross-site evaluation. Findings revealed five leadership qualities that contributed to CBIs' success: personal vision, value-based leadership, relationship-oriented leadership, task-oriented leadership, and leadership development. The results outline strategies for strengthening organizational capacity through these leadership qualities. This study adds to the limited literature on leadership qualities that strengthen organizational capacity to successfully implement CBIs and can serve as a guide for funders, program planners, and evaluators.
Charting a successful course: The academic and clinical success committee's impact on student success.

Background: The road from prematriculation to graduation looks different for each student at each institution. To successfully complete the curriculum, students must often overcome difficulties, both academic and nonacademic. Up to 15% of 3rd-year medical students in the United States are still struggling on the major components of their clerkships and 11% in their 4th year. While there is an established need for medical school remediation, there is little evidence supporting what specifically works across the board. These deficiencies often do not go away on their own and with the need to educate all students, the guidance provided by multiple stakeholders (i.e., administration, staff, faculty, and clinicians) would be necessary to chart a course of success for these students. Methods: The Academic and Clinical Success Committee (ACSC) at the Texas A and M University College of Medicine provides a venue to review individual students and provide input, resources, and support on a timely basis. This is a necessary ingredient in guiding the students facing academic and clinical challenges toward successful completion of graduation requirements. Results: Since its incorporation, the work of the ACSC has contributed to a decrease in failures on consecutive block examinations, a decreased failure rate on Step 2 clinical skills (CS), and increased capacity to help students at risk of failing Step 1 to not do so. Discussion: In this brief report, we illustrate how we developed the ACSC, the impact and levels of success it has had on students, and challenges we have faced.
Greater Changes in Drug Burden Index (DBI) during Hospitalization and Increased 30-Day Readmission Rates among Older In-Hospital Fallers

A higher drug burden index (DBI) is known to be associated with pre-admission falls leading to hospitalization. We investigated whether a mean difference in DBI (ΔDBI) between the events of in-hosp...
Sex vs Gender: Are We there Yet? A BiologicalLocation for Gender, not Sex.

Research to date has left unexplained what may seem indefinable – gender identity. This article synthesizes important research that has not previously presented a case for a biological location of gender in the human phenotype. While gonadal sex and sexual orientation are accepted as emanating from genetic and hormonal templates, gender’s existence currently has so far emanated from a nebulous ‘somewhere’ in the brain. Recent hypotheses have argued there is no natural dichotomy of gendered behavior and proposed a merging of otherwise distinct categories for sex and gender into a mosaic of sex/gender. However, this seems to detour around non-physical behavior relevant to reproduction. This paper makes an original case for non-physical behaviors relevant to reproduction as the neurophysiological sense of gender and specifically centred within the reproductive axis. This fits in well with current understandings of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences on identity diversity.
The Nature of the Eigenfunctions in a Strongly Coupled Jahn-Teller Problem

In the lectures of Stinchcombe, Harley, Thomas, and Kjems we have heard about the role of the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect in driving a phase transition. These lectures have dealt primarily with doubly degenerate electronic states coupled to either nonde-generate or double degenerate vibrational modes. (For an introduction to the Jahn-Teller effect, see the lecture of Professor Thomas in this volume.) In this seminar we are interested in the nature of the wavefunctions for a single Jahn-Teller complex which exhibits strong coupling between a triply degenerate electronic state and a triply degenerate vibrational mode (T×τ). The nature of these wave-functions is of interest because, as Professor Thomas said, “The excitations of the single Jahn-Teller complexes give rise to bands of collective modes, and an analysis of the collective modes requires a thorough understanding of the excitations of a single complex.”
First-Year Hands-On Design Course: Implementation & Reception

To incorporate active and collaborative teaching methods early in our curriculum, we have developed a freshman design laboratory. The course introduces numerous core concepts and lab skills, by way of seven teaching modules, including spectrometer construction and a collaborative project with seniors. Survey data show students enjoyed and learned more from the course than through traditional methods. This class lays the groundwork for proven pedagogy throughout our curriculum.
Video games, cognitive exercises, and the enhancement of cognitive abilities

In this review we explore the emerging field of cognitive training via distinct types of interactive digital media: those designed primarily for entertainment (‘video games’) and those created for the purpose of cognitive enhancement (‘cognitive exercises’). Here we consider how specific design factors associated with each tool (e.g., fun, motivation, adaptive mechanics) and the study itself (e.g., participant expectancy, dose effects) can influence cognitive enhancement effects. We finally describe how the development of hybrid interventions that capitalize on strengths of each type of interactive digital media are anticipated to emerge as this field matures.
Cognitive Status and Form of Reference in Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction

We analyze a corpus of referring expressions collected from user interactions with a multimodal travel guide application. The analysis suggests that, in dramatic contrast to normal modes of human-human interaction, the interpretation of referring expressions can be computed with very high accuracy using a model which pairs an impoverished notion of discourse state with a simple set of rules that are insensitive to the type of referring expression used. We attribute this result to the implicit manner in which the interface conveys the system’s beliefs about the operative discourse state, to which users tailor their choice of referring expressions. This result offers new insight into the way computer interfaces can shape a user’s language behavior, insights which can be exploited to bring otherwise difficult interpretation problems into the realm of tractability.
Effects of Polyribonucleotides of Known Composition on Deoxycytidylate and Deoxyguanylate Kinase Activity in Pneumococci

Abstract Polycytidylic acid (poly C) stimulates the activity of deoxycytidylate and deoxyguanylate kinases in cell suspensions of type III pneumococci. Polyadenylic acid (poly A) stimulates the activity of dGMP kinase only. Polyuridylic acid (poly U) or polyinosinic acid (poly I) is inactive in this respect. A selective stimulation of DNA synthesis occurs in comparison to RNA and protein syntheses when the active polymers are added to cell suspensions. Enzyme synthesis, rather than enzyme activity, is affected by the active polyribonucleotides. This is shown by the fact that (a) chloramphenicol inhibits stimulatory effects of the active polymers, (b) omission of amino acids from the suspending medium reduces the stimulatory effects considerably, and (c) the specific activity of dCMP kinase purified from stimulated pneumococci is 4- to 5-fold higher than dCMP kinase extracted from a similar number of unstimulated pneumococci. The active intracellular materials appear to be oligomers of cytidylic or adenylic acid. Copolymers of various kinds (poly AC, poly UC, or poly GC) are less effective than the homopolymers and a molecular complex of poly C + poly I is completely ineffective. Poly C, but not its oligomers, can form a molecular complex with pneumococcal RNA or denatured pneumococcal DNA in vitro. However, complex formation in vitro is inhibited considerably if the RNA is extracted from cells pre-exposed to oligomers of cytidylic acid or poly C.
Type Culture Collections and their Databases

Microbial culture collections, also known as Biological Resource Centers (BRC), are primary suppliers of microbial cultures (germplasm) for medical, agricultural, and biotechnological research and development. Many countries have one or more culture collections that may specialize in certain microbial groups or may offer a broad coverage of many different microbial groups. Many of the larger collections are International Depositary Authorities under the Budapest Treaty and in this capacity accept patent cultures. A major goal of culture collections is long-term preservation of strains without genetic change. Methods for preservation include freeze-drying (lyophilization), L-drying, and ultracold freezing with liquid nitrogen. Culture collections are also centers of taxonomic and microbiological expertise.
Bioethics of Gene Therapy

Gene therapy in human beings raises a variety of important ethical, legal and social issues. Somatic gene therapy (SGT) is similar to other forms of medical treatment in that the goal is to treat or prevent diseases in individuals. SGT raises questions concerning safety and efficacy of treatments and protection for human research subjects. Germline gene therapy is different from traditional medicine because it involves manipulation of the human genome to prevent the birth of children with genetic diseases. Germline gene therapy has been much more controversial than SGT, because it creates risks not only to patients but also to future generations, and because it may lead to genetic enhancement. Genetic enhancement raises a number of difficult issues, including the ethics of changing human traits, parental control over children's lives, exacerbation of discrimination and social inequalities and eugenics. Key Concepts: Advances in genetics and biotechnology in the 1970s and 1980s made possible the first somatic gene therapy experiments, which took place in the 1990s. Somatic gene therapy has had some successes but still faces significant technical challenges. Somatic gene therapy can pose significant risks to patients and some have died in somatic gene therapy experiments. Germline gene therapy has been more controversial than somatic gene therapy because it involves deliberate, inheritable changes in the genome. Germline gene therapy poses risks not only to patients but also to future generations. Germline gene therapy raises difficult ethical questions related to tampering with human nature, enhancing human traits, parental control over children, discrimination, social justice and eugenics. The distinction between therapy (which aims to prevent or treat disease) and enhancement (which aims to improve human traits), plays a key role in debates about gene therapy. The therapy/enhancement distinction is not as clear as some have assumed, because the concept of disease is not purely objective and includes social, cultural and ethical dimensions. Investigators and institutions should take appropriate steps to protect the rights and welfare of gene therapy patients participating in clinical research. In thinking about the balance of benefit and risks of a gene therapy study, it is important to consider the safety and efficacy of the proposed research and the availability of alternatives. Keywords: somatic gene therapy; germline gene therapy; human enhancement; bioethics; human subjects research; assisted reproduction
The Soft Underbelly of Stakeholder Theory: The Role of Community

The lack of specificity around stakeholder identity remains a serious obstacle to the further development of stakeholder theory and its adoption in actual practice by business managers. Nowhere is this shortcoming more evident than in stakeholder theory's treatment of the constituency known as "community." In this paper we shall attempt to set forth what we call "The Problem of Community" as indicative of the definitional problems of stakeholder theory. We shall then begin the process of gaining greater specificity around our notions of community and the role of community in stakeholder theory and management. In doing so, we will identify two important developments in the areas of community that we believe are particularly relevant to the stakeholder theorist and practicing manager, and that is the emergence of two fairly new forms of community. These two new variants of community - the virtual advocacy group and the community of practice - represent two very different notions of community, with strikingly different implications for stakeholder theory and practice.
Mahāyāna Emptiness or « Absolute Nothingness » ? : The Ambiguity of Abe Masao’s Role in Buddhist-Christian Understanding

La contribution d’Abe Masao au dialogue christiano-bouddhiste a permis d’ouvrir de nouvelles voies de comprehension mutuelle. Toutefois, de la clarte a ete sacrifiee dans ce dialogue lorsque des participants chretiens furent amenes a croire qu’ils avaient trouve « la verite bouddhique » dans les presentations d’Abe. Cet article soutient qu’en grande partie Abe ne representait que l’Ecole de Kyōto qui s’appuyait sur des philosophes japonais du Neant Absolu et leur appropriation de l’illumination zen comme lieu de toute comprehension religieuse ; un lieu ou toute negation et toute affirmation sont simultanement affirmees et niees. Cet article soutient que la philosophie de l’Ecole de Kyōto de Abe ne represente pas l’ensemble des traditions bouddhiques classiques du Mahāyāna dans lesquelles le vide ne signifie pas le neant absolu mais l’apparition de tout lieu et de toute philosophie.
Assessing a new dimension of empathy: Empathic anger as a predictor of helping and punishing desires

The present research addressed the question of whether empathy can be experienced in terms of anger on behalf of a victimized person (i.e., “empathic anger”). The present research also tested whether empathic anger motivates desires intended to help a victim, or desires intended to punish a transgressor, or both. Four studies were conducted. Studies 1–3 developed and validated a measure of trait empathic anger. Study 4 validated a measure of state empathic anger and tested whether participants' empathic anger has an effect on their desire to engage in helping and punishing behaviors. State empathic anger had direct, positive effects on both helping and punishing desires, and trait empathic anger had positive mediated effects (via state empathic anger) on both desires. The effects of trait and state empathic anger were unique from the effects of existing measures of empathy-as-sadness. Implications for future empathy and prosocial behavior research are discussed.
The Archaeology of Britain: An Introduction from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Industrial Revolution

The Archaeology of Britain: An Introduction from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Industrial Revolution. John Hunter and Ian B. M. Ralston. eds. New York: Routledge, 1999 328 pp.
Gene expression profiling in the lung and liver of PFOA-exposed mouse fetuses.

Abstract Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a stable perfluoroalkyl acid used to synthesize fluoropolymers during the manufacture of a wide variety of products. Concerns have been raised over the potential health effects of PFOA because it is persistent in the environment and can be detected in blood and other tissues of many animal species, including humans. PFOA has also been shown to induce growth deficits and mortality in murine neonates. To better understand the mechanism of PFOA induced developmental toxicity, lung and liver gene expression profiling was conducted in PFOA-exposed full-term mouse fetuses. Thirty timed-pregnant CD-1 mice were orally dosed from gestation days 1–17 with either 0, 1, 3, 5, or 10 mg/(kg day) PFOA in water. At term, fetal lung and liver were collected, total RNA prepared, and samples pooled from three fetuses per litter. Five biological replicates consisting of individual litter samples were then evaluated for each treatment group using Affymetrix mouse 430_2 microarrays. The expression of genes related to fatty acid catabolism was altered in both the fetal liver and lung. In the fetal liver, the effects of PFOA were robust and also included genes associated with lipid transport, ketogenesis, glucose metabolism, lipoprotein metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, retinol metabolism, proteosome activation, and inflammation. These changes are consistent with transactivation of PPARα, although, with regard to bile acid biosynthesis and glucose metabolism, non-PPARα related effects were suggested as well. Additional studies will be needed to more thoroughly address the role of PPARα, and other nuclear receptors, in PFOA mediated developmental toxicity.
Optimal Aeroelastic Design of an Unsymmetrically Supported Panel

Abstract The problem of weight minimization for an infinite-span panel subject to a supersonic flutter constraint and constant in-plane loading is formulated as an optimal control problem. One end of the panel is simply supported while the other end is clamped. Values of the critical aerodynamic parameter are determined for a uniform reference panel. Numerical solutions are then obtained using a gradient projection optimal control algorithm for both homogeneous and sandwich panels. Upper and lower bounds on the panel thickness are enforced using control transformations.
Maize: The Native North American’s Legacy of Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity

Recent research has focused on establishing the values of preserving biodiversity both in agriculture and in less managed ecosystems, and in showing the importance of the role of cultural diversity in preserving biodiversity in food production systems. A study of the philosophy embedded in cultural systems can reveal the importance of the technological information for preserving genetic biodiversity contained in such systems and can be used to support arguments for the protection/preservation of cultural diversity. For example, corn or maize can serve as a paradigm of Native American thinking and can provide one of the few areas from which common philosophical conceptions can emerge. An examination of the cultivation of corn or maize as an agricultural activity and as a cultural activity in Native American literature reveals a philosophy that recognizes the importance of biodiversity and provides techniques for its preservation. Corn, and the food and the materials derived from it, is something thought out, not by specialists, but by the entire tribe and its ancestors, even if this thinking is done within what we might consider a framework of highly mythical notions. Importantly, this framework yields an understanding of both the genetics and nutrition of corn. A survey of these mythical notions (myths and stories) and agricultural practices makes this thought explicit and exemplifies the value of cultural diversity and biodiversity.
Oil security: Potential threats

(1998). Oil security: Potential threats. Contemporary Security Policy: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 71-90.
Thrombocytosis Elevates Serum Potassium

Spurious elevation of the serum potassium can be seen if the platelet count exceeds 1,000 × 109/L in patients with myeloproliferative disease. To see if serum potassium is increased at more modest elevations of the platelet count we studied these parameters in 283 controls and 161 patients with reactive thrombocytosis. The incidence of hyperkalemia was 34% in patients with over 500 × 109 platelets/L compared with 9% if the platelet count was below 250 × 109/L. Over this range there was a significant correlation of potassium increasing with the platelet count. The higher potassium values could not be explained on the basis of leukocytosis, renal insufficiency, or acidosis, suggesting that the elevated serum levels were often spurious. In support of this conclusion, the serum potassium exceeded plasma potassium by a larger amount in patients with thrombocytosis. We conclude that serum potassium rises in direct proportion to the platelet count in normal patients and in those with thrombocytosis, and that this increment is an artifact.