cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repugnant Aboriginality: LeAnne Howe’s Shell Shaker and Indigenous Representation in the Age of Multiculturalism

Surprisingly for a novel evidently invested in representations of contemporary Choctaw traditionalism as a viable alternative to settler society, LeAnne Howe's 2001 Shell Shaker gives unrelenting play to the gruesomeness, horror even, of the traditional rituals it depicts at the risk of reinforcing stereotypes of Indian savagery. Yet these depictions of the repugnant, that is, of ancient practices now prohibited by law or found reprehensible by a public sense of ethics, allow Howe to escape the integrative thrust of contemporary multiculturalism by preempting identification through difference-an interpretive logic according to which we are all the same because we are all different-at the center of contemporary multicultural reading practices. As the readers of Howe's novel recoil at the repugnant, they experience a limit to their understanding of the indigenous Other, a goal ethnic writing is presumed to facilitate. Howe's novel is a plea for alternative ways of apprehending difference in contemporary North America, whether we attempt it through reading literature or through other private or public activities. By redefining the interpretive ground of contemporary reading practices, Shell Shaker clears space for the potential welcoming of the (indigenous) Other despite freshly experienced limits of understanding, a welcoming that is not predicated on exacting transparency in exchange for acknowledgment. Further, the novel prompts an acknowledgment of contemporary indigenous nations, and the contemporary versions of indigenous traditionalism in particular, as viable forms of governance and sociality, forms that already successfully constitute political reality in North America.
VM Leakage and Orphan Control in Open-Source Clouds

Computer systems often exhibit degraded performance due to resource leakage caused by erroneous programming or malicious attacks, and computers can even crash in extreme cases of resource exhaustion. The advent of cloud computing provides increased opportunities to amplify such vulnerabilities, thus affecting a significant number of computer users. Using simulation, we demonstrate that cloud computing systems based on open-source code could be subjected to a simple malicious attack capable of degrading availability of virtual machines (VMs). We describe how the attack leads to VM leakage, causing orphaned VMs to accumulate over time, reducing the pool of resources available to users. We identify a set of orphan control processes needed in multiple cloud components, and we illustrate how such processes detect and eliminate orphaned VMs. We show that adding orphan control allows an open-source cloud to sustain a higher level of VM availability during malicious attacks. We also report on the overhead of implementing orphan control.
The pill and the rising costs of fertility control.

Until recently it appeared as if oral contraception greatly reduced the costs of fertility control. The advantages of effectiveness and the convenience of this method in preference to coitus-related contraception led to the dramatic increase in oral contraceptive (OC) use during the 1960s in the U.S. The trend in the 1970s is different. OC use has leveled off and suspicions have arisen that the net costs to women of using this form of birth control are higher than was previously believed. Discontinuation rates by women who have been on OCs have increased despite major improvement in the chemistry of the OC in recent years. In view of the evidence concerning the apparent risks to health associated with OCs the current trend is not surprising. The range of major diseases for which the relative risk is higher among OC users seems to be broadening and as a consequence the cumulative absolute risk overall of these diseases may be very much higher than was believed when only selected thromboembolic entities seemed to be involved. In order to obtain the publics view about the safety of OCs 1500 voting age adults have been questioned in national surveys since 1966. 34% of the respondents in 1976 said that they believed the OC to be safe but 47% of this group meant that it is as safe as aspirin. 34% ranked it as being somewhat less safe than aspirin. Their answers indicate that over time there had been increasing anxiety about the safety of the OC but no general sense of panic. Even among those who felt it is unsafe only a minority are willing to label it as "really dangerous."
Time-dependent changes of viscosity in dilute polymer solutions

Abstract Time-dependent changes in shear stress were observed in a number of polymer solutions sheared at constant velocity gradient in a cone-and-plate viscometer. More detailed studies were made of dilute solutions (0.05–0.1%) of high molecular weight ( M ∼ 10 7 ) polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene, in a viscous solvent Aroclor ( η > 1 poise ). Below 30°C. both rheopectic and thixotropic changes in shear stress were observed above a certain velocity gradient. Light scattering measurements showed that large aggregates were present. These aggregates disappeared on heating the solution to 50°C. and slowly re-formed, in a matter of hours, on cooling to room temperature. Comparisons were made of rapidly quenched and aged solutions to find how the level of aggregation affects flow properties. Little difference could be detected between the viscosities of these solutions or their time-dependent behavior. As aggregates, in themselves, were found to have little influence on flow properties, it is suggested that time-dependent behavior is due to the formation of polymer networks which are held together by reversible crosslinks which may be either broken (thixotropy) or formed (rheopexy) during shear.
Economic ideas and facts in the early period of the Risorgimento (1815-1848)

THE modern student who devotes himself to an attentive study of the standard histories of the unification of Italy soon feels the need of a less strictly political description of the Risorgimento than that which they offer him. The purely political history of the Risorgimento has a discouragingly episodical character, at least until Cavour comes on the scene. The outbreaks of I820, I848, and i859i86o reveal an unmistakable crescendo in the force of the national movement. But a satisfactory account of the development of that movement in the long intervals between crises is lacking. In the attempt to provide one, the best of the historians, from Tivaroni to Rosi, flounder amid episodes, and end with giving excessive emphasis to isolated acts of patriotic heroism which are far more impressive in retrospect than they could possibly have been in their immediate practical effect. One feels that the main stream must have been taking another course. This feeling is deepened when one contemplates the strength and consistency of the party that rallied to Cavour and the National Society in the period between I852and I859. Such a party could not have been created in a day or even by such a magician as Cavour. To find the main stream, to understand the strength of this party, it is necessary to go back to the period when Cavour and his generation were coming of age, the period between I8I5 and I848; and one realizes at once that their education could not have been political, but was the product of forces primarily economic and social. They were excluded from the political scene, the young men of that generation; or they rushed into it only to make martyrs of themselves. Economic and social questions they were free to discuss openly. They did so with competence and a fine ardor and with a remarkable consistency of direction; and through their discussion they developed a compact and intelligent body of public opinion on which the success of Cavour's masterly project was based. If one studies this period of preparation, previous to I848, leaving on one side the revolutionary propaganda of Mazzini and the semireligious propaganda of Gioberti, one finds that two powerful cur rents entered into the education of the new generation. One was a current of thought, the other a current of fact, of circtuinstance. Let us take them in order. One of the striking phenomena of Italian life in the period I8I51848 was aln earlnest discussion of the econiomic and social interests
Body fat composition and occurrence of kidney stones in hypercalciuric children.

In the last 10 years, the incidence of kidney stones has increased in the pediatric population, and this rise has been paralleled by a significant increase in pediatric obesity rates in the USA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate percentage body fat (%BF) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in hypercalciuric children with and without kidney stones. A retrospective chart review was performed on children with idiopathic hypercalciuria based on a 24-h urine calcium excretion of >4 mg/kg/day or >200 mg/day who had undergone DXA scanning. Patients were then classified by sex and by %BF (3 categories; normal: 36% girls, >30% boys). The 2003-2004 NHANES data were used as a control. Fifty patients (24 males) were analyzed, of whom 26% were assessed as having a normal %BF, 44% as being at risk for obesity, and 30% as being obese. Children with an increased %BF had a significantly higher occurrence of kidney stones (p = 0.03) than those with a normal %BF. No significant differences were noted in 24-h urine chemistries between the groups. In conclusion, an increased %BF was associated with an increased occurrence of kidney stones in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria.
Optical amplification in a nonlinear fibre interferometer

A report is made on the observation of optical amplification in a nonlinear fibre interferometer, based on degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM). The results are in agreement with a classical derivation for the nonlinear phase shift and gain.
Tracheotomy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Is it necessary

Objective: Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who develop respiratory failure and require mechanical ventilation have mortality rates of 85%. Tracheotomies are performed in this patient population for prolonged intubation. However, to date, objective data on tracheotomy in patients with AIDS are lacking. Tracheotomy in ventilator-dependent patients with AIDS presents risks to patients and exposes surgeons, nurses, and operating room personnel to human immunodeficiency virus–infected blood. Design: Given these considerations, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with tracheotomy in 10 intubated and ventilator-dependent patients with AIDS. Conclusions: Our study shows a mortality rate of 100%. We identify predictive factors and a prognosis that may aid in the treatment of these patients. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:1126-1129)
Rate of Growth of Larval Tobacco Hornworms Reared on Tobacco Leaves and on Artificial Diet

The larval period was 2 days longer when larval Manduea sexta (Johannson) were reared on tobacco leaves than when they were reared on artificial diet; about ⅓ more by weight of tobacco leaves was eaten than of artificial diet. Weights of larvae at the end of the 5th stadium, and resulting pupae were about the same whether the larvae were reared on tobacco leaves or on artificial diet.
Polyacrylamide gels which contain a novel mixed disulfide compound can be used to detect enzymes that catalyze thiol-producing reactions.

Abstract The synthesis of N -[5-(hydroxyethyl)dithio-2-nitrobenzoylaminoethyl]acrylamide ( I ) is described. If the disulfide bond in this compound is reduced with thiol reagents, an intense yellow color develops ( ϵ 412 = 13,600 at pH 7.4) due to essentially the same chromophore as 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid, the reduced form of 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman's reagent). Polyacrylamide gels were prepared that were crosslinked with N,N′ -methylenebisacrylamide and which contained I as an integral part of the polymerized acrylamide chain. Acetylcholinesterase (from electric eel and human brain tissue slices) and alkaline phosphatase (from Escherichia coli and calf intestine) were subjected to electophoresis and then the gels were immersed in an appropriate thiol-substrate buffer (acetylthiocholine and cysteamine- S -phosphate, respectively). A yellow band developed rapidly in the acrylamide gel at the site of enzyme activity. Electrophoresis on the mixed disulfide-polyacrylamide gel proved to be a rapid and sensitive technique to detect very small amounts of enzyme (∼0.02 fmol acetylcholinesterase) and should have wide application for detecting other enzymes that hydrolyze thiol substrates.
Incipient failure prediction of rotating electrical machinery by eddy current on-line monitoring method

An electromagnetic online monitoring system is described. Present crack detection and online monitoring techniques are briefly summarized, and the eddy current method is discussed in further detail. Electromagnetic analysis for sensor development and optimization, laboratory experiments to verify the flaw detection and imaging system, and demonstration of hardware for the integrated online monitoring system are reported. >
Fatigue crack propagation in iron and two iron binary alloys at low temperatures

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation in iron and six FeSi and FeNi binary alloys was studied at temperatures from 123 to 296 K to determine alloy and temperature effects. Crack growth rates were observed to decrease initially with decreasing temperature for all alloys. At some temperature below the ductile-brittle transition temperature the trend reversed, with more prevalent static and/or cyclic cleavage fracture modes enhancing crack growth rates. Fatigue crack propagation exponents corresponding to the enhanced growth rates also increased as the temperature decreased below the ductile-brittle transition temperature. At 100°C below this temperature the exponents were two to four times greater than at 100°C above the transition temperature. The variation of the exponents over this temperature range was substantially less for 1% Ni and 1% Si additions than for 2.5% and 4% additions. A similar trend with alloy addition for the Peierls stress and activation enthalpy, previously observed, indicated that a dislocation dynamics or strain rate sensitivity effect could be involved. A dislocation dynamics model based on cleavage growth steps was derived assuming that dislocations along the rivers of a propagating cleavage crack control cyclic cleavage. The calculated fatigue crack exponents and rates provided good agreement with actual values but showed a weakness in predicting the accelerated growth rates at temperatures well below the ductile-brittle transition temperature.
Balanced reciprocal translocation mosaicism: How frequent?

We describe 2 cases of balanced reciprocal translocation (BRT) mosaicism. The frequency of this aberration in the population referred to our laboratory was determined and compared to those frequencies reported in the literature by other clinical cytogenetics laboratories. The extent of BRT mosaicism was also examined in surveys of prenatal populations, which are less likely to have a bias due to ascertainment on the basis of abnormal phenotype. The frequencies in the postnatal and prenatal populations examined in this study were calculated to be 5.7 × 10−5 (95% confidence interval is 3.2–8.2 × 10−5) and 4.1 × 10−5 (95% confidence interval is 2.0–6.2 × 10−5). However, in view of the extent of variation reported in the various studies, these estimates should be considered first approximations of the true frequency. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A MAC Layer Protocol for Sensor Networks Using Directional Antennas

Using directional antenna in ad hoc networks, offer many benefits in contrast to their classical omni-directional counterparts. The most important benefits are the significant improvement in spatial reuse, reduction of the radio interference, increase in coverage range and subsequently an increase in network capacity on the whole. On the other hand, directional transmission increases the hidden terminal problem and the problem of deafness. To best utilize directional antennas, a suitable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol must be designed. Current MAC protocols, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard for Wireless LANs, assume the omni-directional antenna at its Physical layer and thus does not fully exploit the capabilities of a directional antenna. In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks which fully exploits the potentials of directional antennas. We evaluate our work through simulation studies performed on the network simulator – NS2. Numerical results show that our protocol offers significant improvement in throughput when compared to the performance of traditional 802.11 MAC protocol and D-MAC which is a Directional MAC protocol for ad hoc networks.
The structure of diffusion flames burning pure, binary, and ternary solutions of methanol, heptane, and toluene☆

Abstract The structure of counterflow diffusions flames burning heptane, toluene, binary solutions of methanol and toluene, and heptane and toluene, and ternary solutions of methanol, heptane, and toluene is characterized in the vicinity of extinction. Composition profiles of stable species were measured in these flames by use of gas sampling with quartz microprobes and analyzed by use of on-line, two column gas chromatography. Temperature profiles were measured by use of coated thermocouples. A number of compounds were observed during pyrolysis of the fuel. Experimental results were analyzed by using the mixture fraction (conserved scalar) as the independent variable. Results show that for a diffusion flame burning heptane the approximation that the Lewis numbers for all species are approximately equal to unity is valid. When the composition profiles for major chemical species and temperature profiles are plotted with mixture fraction as the independent variable, the maximum value of the concentration of the major stable species and the maximum value of the temperature were found to occur on the rich side of stoichiometry. For diffusion flames burning solutions of methanol, heptane, and toluene, the compositions of the hydrocarbon fuels were observed to extrapolate to a value of zero at nearly the same location; however, methanol was observed to extrapolate to a value of zero at a different location. It is suggested that a previously developed theoretical analysis which did not allow the fuel concentrations to attain a value of zero at different locations may give slightly inaccurate results, when used to predict flame extinction.
Transport of the photoexcited electron-hole plasma in InP

Abstract Transport properties of the photoexcited electron-hole plasma in n-type InP have been studied by the spatial-imaged, time-resolved Raman scattering technique with 30μm and 0.1μm spatial resolution for lateral and perpendicular transport, respectively, and on a picosecond time scale. The plasma density ranging from 1 × 1016 to 2 × 1017 cm−3 was deduced from fitting of the Raman spectra with the plasmon-LO phonon scattering theory which took into account the contributions from free holes. In contrast to the experimental results of Young and Wan who found that ordinary diffusion equation was sufficient to fit their transient plasma density-time profiles in semi-insulating InP, our experimental measurements have shown that perpendicular transport (i.e., expansion into the bulk crystal) of the plasma in n-type InP can be very well described by a modified diffusion equation including the effect of drifting away from the surface based on a hydrodynamic model. The transient plasma density-time profiles were studied at T = 300K and for an initial injected plasma density n ⋍ 2 × 10 17 cm−3. The plasma has been found to expand laterally at a velocity V ⋍ 5 × 10 4 cm/sec and perpendicularly into the crystal at a velocity Vp ⋍ 1.5 × 10 5 cm/sec.
Interference between transverse cross-correlated relaxation and longitudinal relaxation affects apparent J-coupling and transverse cross-correlated relaxation

The apparent value of the measured J-coupling is affected by transverse cross-correlated relaxation between dipolar interaction and chemical shift anisotropy. This effect counteracts the decrease in the apparent value of J resulting from self-decoupling caused by longitudinal relaxation, thereby bringing the measured J-coupling closer to its true value. In addition to the dynamic frequency shift and self-decoupling, interference between transverse cross-correlated and longitudinal relaxation processes may serve as a complementary explanation for the deviation between the measured and true J-couplings for small size scalar couplings. The apparent cross-correlated relaxation rate between coupled spins may also be affected by this interference.
An overview of benchmarking process: a tool for continuous improvement and competitive advantage

The continuous pursuit of excellence is the underlying and ever present goal of benchmarking practices. Benchmarking is an external focus on internal activities, functions, or operations in order to achieve continuous improvement. It is the process of judging a company’s processes or products by comparing them to the world’s best, including those in other industries. Benchmarking is emerging in leading‐edge companies as a tool for obtaining the information needed to support continuous improvement and gain competitive advantage. In order to benchmark effectively, there needs to be a strong strategic focus and some flexibility in achieving the goals set forth by management. Perhaps the most important aspects of effective implementation are adequate planning, training, and open interdepartmental communication.
Ultraviolet spectroscopic study of ferric iron solutions

Ultraviolet absorbance spectra of ferric iron solutions of varying iron concentrations maintained at a constant pH of 1.0 and a constant ionic strength of 0.1 were studied. The experimental conditions of low pH minimized the formation of the hydrolytic FeOH2+ and Fe(OH)2+ species; thus, the spectra of iron solutions containing principally the Fe3+ species were recorded. The digitized spectral data were used to establish a model for the Fe3+ absorption spectrum that involves a Gaussian function with three parameters for each of the two absorption bands. These parameters were the wavenumber of the band maximum, ν‾max, the full width at half maximum intensity, Δν‾1/2, and the absorptivity of the band maximum, ɛmax. This study provided estimates for these parameters at 25°C for 0.1 ionic strength media.
Perturbation bounds for least squares problems with equality constraints

We present some new results on the perturbation analysis for least squares problems with equality constraints, based on an equivalent formation of the problem and the optimal perturbation result for general least squares problems.
Some remarks on global symmetry

Abstract According to Gell-Mann's original idea of global symmetry, K-meson interactions violate this symmetry. In the present paper, a speculative argument is described suggesting that all K-meson interactions must break down global symmetry and even restricted global symmetry (RGS). There exists, however, a kind of generalized RGS, for which this violation of RGS is more manifest in the real K-meson processes than in the virtual ones. The argument presented connects the problem of RGS and its violation with the question why leptons do not interact strongly with pions and K-mesons.
Synthesis of Spirocyclic Indolines by Interruption of the Bischler–Napieralski Reaction

The development of a versatile method for the synthesis of spirocyclic pyrrolidinoindolines is discussed. Treatment of N-acyltryptamines with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride–2-chloropyridine reagent combination affords highly persistent spiroindoleninium ions that are subject to intra- and intermolecular addition at C2 by nucleophiles.
The relationship between material properties, device design, and the sensitivity of resonant mechanical sensors

In this work we study three distinct resonant micromechanical sensor geometries and their ability to detect the addition of material at different locations on the devices. Small regions of gold were patterned on the resonators, and changes in frequency due to the presence of gold were measured as a function of position, device geometry, and the resonant mode. We have demonstrated the conditions under which micromechanical resonators are sensitive to the mechanical properties of added material as well as its mass and have quantified how these qualities have competing effects on resonant frequency using finite element analysis and analytical techniques. In cases where this competition significantly reduces frequency shift amplitudes, localized binding of the analyte is required, and we will compare different sensor designs and their frequency responses. When material is uniformly added to resonators, however, device geometry has little to no effect on sensitivity. While cantilevers may be the most commonly used geometry in this field, we show that they are not necessarily the most sensitive in all situations. In most biosensing applications, flexural rigidity is not expected to have an impact on resonant frequency, suggesting that all available resonator surface area should be used for analyte binding.
't Hooft's Consistency Condition as a Consequence of Analyticity and Unitarity

Abstract We derive 't Hooft's consistency condition on the bound-state spectrum of a confining field theory from the principles of analytic S -matrix theory.
Stability of psychopathology dimensions in chronic schizophrenia: response to clozapine treatment.

Current models of schizophrenia postulate that different symptom complexes, including the positive and negative, may relate to fundamental underlying neurobiological distinctions. However, the premise of an underlying stability to the psychopathological profile has not been systematically investigated, particularly in response to pharmacological intervention. The present work aimed to study this issue in 14 chronic schizophrenic inpatients by comparing their symptom clusters before and after a 20-week course of clozapine treatment. The results indicated significant improvement on all eight symptom dimensions, as well as in severity of general psychopathology. Despite the clinical gains, most dimensions remained highly stable, with correlations between prestudy and clozapine week 20 ranging up to .91 (P less than .0001) for the positive-negative composite score. These findings of stability over time, even in response to potent treatment, support the validity and importance of schizophrenic psychopathology dimensions, which appeared to possess fundamental traitlike characteristics.
Redesign of PCR primers for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I for marine invertebrates and application in all‐taxa biotic surveys

DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for species detection, identification and discovery. Metazoan DNA barcoding is primarily based upon a specific region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene that is PCR amplified by primers HCO2198 and LCO1490 (‘Folmer primers’) designed by Folmer et al. (Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology ,3 , 1994, 294). Analysis of sequences published since 1994 has revealed mismatches in the Folmer primers to many metazoans. These sequences also show that an extremely high level of degeneracy would be necessary in updated Folmer primers to maintain broad taxonomic utility. In primers jgHCO2198 and jgLCO1490, we replaced most fully degenerated sites with inosine nucleotides that complement all four natural nucleotides and modified other sites to better match major marine invertebrate groups. The modified primers were used to amplify and sequence cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from 9105 specimens from Moorea, French Polynesia and San Francisco Bay, California, USA representing 23 phyla, 42 classes and 121 orders. The new primers, jgHCO2198 and jgLCO1490, are well suited for routine DNA barcoding, all-taxon surveys and metazoan metagenomics.
0 ++ glueball mass

An approximate vacuum wave functional ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{0}$ is proposed for (2+1)-dimensional Yang-Mills theories. Using ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{0}$, one can compute the ${0}^{++}$ glueball mass ${M}_{G}$ in terms of the string tension. By using the idea of dimensional reduction, a prediction for ${M}_{G}$ can be made in 3+1 dimensions. One finds ${M}_{G}\ensuremath{\approx}1.5$ GeV.
The stability and dynamics of ribosomal protein L9: investigations of a molecular strut by amide proton exchange and circular dichroism

Nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism experiments were used to investigate the stability and dynamic aspects of ribosomal protein L9 from Bacillus stearothermophilus in solution. This unusually shaped protein, with its two widely spaced RNA-binding domains linked by a connecting helix, has been hypothesized to serve as a "molecular strut", most likely playing a role in ribosome assembly and/or maintaining the catalytically active conformation of ribosomal RNA. Protection factors for amide proton exchange were quantitatively measured in an extensive series of NMR experiments, providing probes of the stability and dynamics of localized regions of the protein. Results show that each of the two RNA-binding domains contains a highly stable core. The exposed central helix that connects the two domains is helical in solution, albeit not rigid, a result that is supported by amide proton protection factors, circular dichroism measurements, and carbon-13 and proton chemical shift index values. A conserved glycine and lysine-rich loop in the N-terminal domain is ordered and quite stable, a surprising result, since this loop had been presumed to be disordered in the original crystallographic analysis. Interestingly, the most dynamic parts of the protein are the regions that contain the likely RNA-binding residues in each of the two domains. The present results add further support to the notion that the L9 protein plays an architectural role within the ribosome, with the central helix serving as a molecular strut, or perhaps a spring, linking the two widely spaced RNA-binding domains.
Commentary on "Vascular cognitive impairment: today and tomorrow".

b r t i i a N e D p c r c Loss of cognitive abilities in old age has been recognized or more than 4,000 years. However, the clinical description f dementia was not established in the medical literature ntil the late 18th century. By the mid to late 19th century, he term senile dementia was being used to differentiate the ore common age-related dementia from dementia in oung and middle-aged persons, although little was known bout the underlying neuropathology of these conditions. y the late 19th century, progress in neuropathologic methds including brain tissue fixation, tissue staining, and imroved microscope optics markedly enhanced the ability of euroscientists to examine postmortem brain tissue from umans. This set the stage for clinical–pathologic case studes to inform our understanding of neuropathology of deentia and other neurologic conditions. The role of cererovascular disease as a contributor to dementia was mmediately apparent. In 1894, Otto Binswanger described clinical–pathologic syndrome of chronic progressive subortical encephalitis that would eventually be named inswanger’s disease [1,2]. In 1898, Alois Alzheimer decribed senile cortical atrophy, which he thought was caused y arteriosclerosis [3]. This was nearly a decade before the ase report of Augusta D, which described a clinical–pathoogic syndrome of progressive dementia in midlife not vasular in origin that would eventually be named Alzheimer’s isease (AD) [4]. For the next 6 decades, AD was thought o be a relatively obscure disease causing progressive deentia in midlife and something distinct from the all too ommon age-related senility that was considered to be the esult of arteriosclerosis or “hardening of the arteries.” By the middle of the 20th century, case series were slowly eplacing single case studies as a means of investigating the eurobiology of senile dementia. In a seminal series of papers, omlinson, Blessed, and Roth firmly established a role for oth cerebrovascular disease, especially in the form of large nd multiple gross cerebral infarctions, and ad pathology, in
Antifibrillatory drugs: The case for lidocaine and procainamide

Ventricular fibrillation (VF), in most instances, is sustained by multiple wavefronts. The most important prerequisites for development and maintenance of VF are inhomogeneity in activation and recovery and shortening of refractoriness. If drugs are to be effective in removing VF or facilitating its electrical removal, this should occur by alteration of these electrophysiologic mechanisms. Assessment of the antifibrillatory properties of many drugs has been compromised by at least two factors: 1) the questionable appropriateness of the model, and 2) the failure to distinguish between prevention of VF and removal, or facilitation of electrical removal, of VF. Most instances of VF encountered clinically are secondary to acute ischemia; therefore, the most applicable model is acute myocardial ischemia with spontaneous VF. In this setting little is known about the effectiveness of lidocaine (L) or procainamide (PA). While there is more information regarding the role of L in prevention of VF, and of both L and PA in elevating ventricular fibrillation threshold, there is a lack of data on the roles of either drug in removal of existing VF. Thus we are left to speculate on the actions of L and PA that may account for their usefulness in the treatment of VF. These actions are the basis for a projection of the role of L and PA in the treatment of VF. There is evidence in animal models of acute myocardial ischemia to support the use of at least lidocaine in VF.
Dihydrotestosterone and the initiation of protein synthesis by prostate ribosomes.

Abstract The binding of the initiator [35S]methionyl-tRNAf to prostate ribosomal particles is dependent on GTP and on a prostate cytosol fraction. The cytosol activity decreases rapidly after the rat is castrated. An increase in the cytosol activity can be observed almost immediately (within 10 min) after an intravenous injection of dihydrotestosterone into the castrated rat.
Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on Hydrothermal Alteration of the Trinity Peridotite, Klamath Mountains, California

The Trinity peridotite represents a rare opportunity to examine a relatively fertile plagioclase peridotite that was exhumed and later subjected to intrusive events in a seafloor environment, followed by its emplacement and incorporation into a continent. Over 250 stable isotopic determinations on whole rocks and minerals elucidate the hydrothermal evolution of the Trinity complex. All three serpentine polymorphs are present in the Trinity peridotite; these separate on the basis of their δD values: antigorite, -46 < δD < -82‰ and lizardite and chrysotile, -90 < δD < -106 and -110 < δD < -136‰, respectively. Antigorite coexists with chlorite, talc, and tremolite in contact aureole assemblages associated with Silurian/Devonian gabbroic plutons. Lizardite and chrysotile alteration carries a meteoric signature, which suggests association with post-emplacement serpentinization, or overprinting of earlier low-temperature seafloor serpentinization. Regionally, contours of δD values exhibit bull's-eye patterns as...
Three-Dimensional Digital Confocal Raman Microscopy

We describe an iterative image restoration technique which functions as digital confocal microscopy for Raman images. We deconvolute the lateral and axial components of the microscope point spread function from a series of optical sections, to generate a stack of well-resolved Raman images which describe the three-dimensional topology of a sample. The technique provides an alternative to confocal microscopy for three-dimensional microscopic Raman imaging.
Intraoperative Coronary Artery Spasm Successfully Treated with Nitroglycerin and Nifedipine

Coronary artery spasm is recognized as a major cause of angina and may coexist with fixed coronary artery disease. This report presents the case of a patient who developed recurrent coronary artery spasm in the operating room following effective coronary artery bypass grafting. The coronary artery spasm was manifested by sudden ST segment elevation, hypotension, and decreased cardiac output. Direct injection of nitroglycerin into each coronary artery graft was necessary to reverse the coronary artery spasm. Peripheral intravenous nitroglycerin plus nifedipine administered through a nasogastric tube prevented further recurrence of coronary artery spasm.
Depletion and recovery of ATP in V79 cells with exposure to inhibitors of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation

Cells of the cultured hamster cell line V79 were labeled with tritiated adenosine and incubated for up to 30 min in the presence of inhibitors of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. These inhibitors were (a) 5 mM KCN plus 5 mM iodoacetate, (b) 5 mM KCN plus 5 mM KF, and (c) 15 mM KCN plus 15 mM KF. The fate of the tritium label was examined during incubation with inhibitors and also during subsequent incubation in growth medium in the absence of inhibitors. The tritiated ATP pool was found to decrease in cells incubated in the presence of any of the inhibitor combinations, but only in the presence of 15 mM KCN plus 15 mM KF was this pool decreased below the level of detection. After cells were incubated with KCN plus KF, a high level of ATP was recovered when the inhibitors were removed. Cells incubated with KCN plus iodoacetate retained depletion levels of ATP. Plating efficiency and trypan blue staining showed that KCN-KF treated cells retained viability, whereas KCN-iodoacetate treated cells did not. Cells were examined for ability to take up tritiated uridine before, during, and after depletion of ATP by incubation in the presence of 15 mM KCN plus 15 mM KF. These cells were found to have a variation in uridine uptake that was related directly to intracellular ATP level. Cells in which the ATP was very low exhibited little or no uridine uptake, whereas cells in which the ATP level was near normal exhibited normal uridine uptake.
Nasopharyngeal angiofibromas: selecting a surgical approach

Background A review of 16 juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas, managed at the University of Pittsburgh, is presented. Methods A retrospective chart review was done. Surgical approaches and factors affecting recurrence are analyzed. Results Endoscopic transnasal, transpalatal, medial maxillectomy, facial translocation, and infratemporal fossa approaches, with or without craniotomy, were employed. The 37.5% recurrence rate reflects the advanced stage of the tumors. A major risk factor for recurrence was tumor involvement of the cranial base. Conclusions The surgical approach should be selected according to tumor location and effectiveness of embolization. In young patients, the approach should minimize the potential for facial growth retardation. Tumors confined to the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses may be removed endoscopically. Medial maxillectomy is recommended for tumors that extend to the medial infratemporal fossa or medial cavernous sinus. Significant involvement of the infratemporal fossa, cavernous sinus, or middle cranial fossa requires infratemporal fossa or transfacial approaches.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck19: 391–399, 1997
Simultaneous enumeration of multiple raphidophyte species by quantitative real‐time PCR: capabilities and limitations

Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) is a powerful method for species-specific detection and enumeration of harmful algal bloom (HAB) algae, but can be quite time-consuming and expensive for multiple species detection when only a single species is analyzed in each reaction. Rapid enumeration methods would be valuable for the investigation of multiple HAB events such as the mixed blooms of harmful raphidophyte species (Chattonella cf verruculosa, C. subsalsa, and Heterosigma akashiwo) that co-occur in the Delaware Inland Bays (DIB), USA. This technology uses multiple species-specific probes that fluoresce at different wavelengths and allows for the simultaneous detection and enumeration of more than one species, limited only by the detection capabilities of the instrument. The approach can cut analysis time and cost at least in half, depending on the number of species that can be accurately detected and enumerated in the mixture. Here, we compared multiprobing—or using a single primer set with species-specific probes—to multiplexing, in which species-specific primers and probes are used, targeting the 18S rDNA of 3 raphidophyte species and an internal standard. Although both methods were effective for multispecies detection compared to simplex results, multiplexing was more accurate than multiprobing for this particular group of species. We investigated the accuracy and sensitivity of multiplex/multiprobe QPCR using plasmids, genomic DNA from cultures, or DNA extracted from environmental samples as template. Smaller amplicon size and sequence heterogeneity between amplicons increased the accuracy of the results. We found that environmental samples of raphidophytes can be successfully multiplexed or multiprobed with only minimal losses in sensitivity. In addition, we explored probe reporter dyes and quenchers for their compatibility, robustness, and reproducibility in multitemplate detection, and we compared and evaluated the capabilities and limitations of this method for detecting and enumerating multiple phytoplankton species simultaneously.
The Impact of an Ego Depletion Manipulation on Performance-Based and Self-Report Assessment Measures

We investigated the impact of ego depletion on selected Rorschach cognitive processing variables and self-reported affect states. Research indicates acts of effortful self-regulation transiently deplete a finite pool of cognitive resources, impairing performance on subsequent tasks requiring self-regulation. We predicted that relative to controls, ego-depleted participants' Rorschach protocols would have more spontaneous reactivity to color, less cognitive sophistication, and more frequent logical lapses in visualization, whereas self-reports would reflect greater fatigue and less attentiveness. The hypotheses were partially supported; despite a surprising absence of self-reported differences, ego-depleted participants had Rorschach protocols with lower scores on two variables indicative of sophisticated combinatory thinking, as well as higher levels of color receptivity; they also had lower scores on a composite variable computed across all hypothesized markers of complexity. In addition, self-reported achievement striving moderated the effect of the experimental manipulation on color receptivity, and in the Depletion condition it was associated with greater attentiveness to the tasks, more color reactivity, and less global synthetic processing. Results are discussed with an emphasis on the response process, methodological limitations and strengths, implications for calculating refined Rorschach scores, and the value of using multiple methods in research and experimental paradigms to validate assessment measures.
Estimating Infrastructure Condition from a Biased Sample

In this paper, we address the problem of making inferences about a population of infrastructure facilities from a subset that is a biased sample. We consider the case in which the sample is biased toward facilities in worse condition or requiring more expensive repair. Two methods are developed that incorporate a model of the process through which the sample is selected. One of the methods is based on well-known truncated distributions, whereas the other assumes that the bias operates continuously. The methods are applied to a class of facilities under the Federal Aviation Administration’s jurisdiction known as “unstaffed facilities.” These consist of structures housing radars, navigation aids, radio beacons, and other ground-based equipment, and no previous system-wide evaluation has been attempted for these facilities. We present and discuss the estimates obtained from both the methods, and examine their goodness-of-fit with the sample. Given the premise that bias exists, the continuous bias model prove...
An Embedding Method for Simulation of Immobilized Enzyme Kinetics and Transport in Sessile Hydrogel Drops

A newly-developed embedding method for simulating enzyme kinetics and transport occurring within axisymmetric 3D domains is presented. The physical problem is pertinent to gel-pad microarrays for assessment of enzymatic activity. An enzyme is immobilized uniformly within a hydrogel which is spotted onto a solid surface in the form of a sessile drop, taking on a spherical cap shape. An aqueous solution containing substrate flows slowly past the porous drop. The substrate diffuses into the drop and is converted to product with the help of the enzyme. The product accumulates in and diffuses out of the drop and is taken away by the flow. Spatiotemporal distribution of the product, monitored via fluorescence, can be used to quantify the enzyme kinetics. This process is described by a system of nonlinear reaction-diffusion partial differential equations, modeling the diffusive transport and enzymatic reaction. The computational domain contains both the hydrogel drop and the bulk fluid phases. The embedding method is a computational technique that enables the use of finite differences on a regular Cartesian grid for simulation of multiphase problems with complex interfaces/boundaries. It uses a volume-fraction-based approach, similar to the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method, to implement the boundary conditions that must be applied at the interface between the phases. The main advantage of the embedding method is its simplicity, which results in code generation that can be highly optimized. In the present work, we apply the embedding method to the aforementioned two-phase reaction-diffusion problem and validate the results by comparing to a number of exact solutions available in simpler geometries and to results obtained using a finite-volume method on an unstructured body-fitted mesh. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Advanced situational awareness and obstacle detection using a monocular camera

This paper presents a modular approach for a high resolution monocular camera based system to detect, track, and display potential obstacles and navigational threats to soldiers and operators for manned and unmanned ground vehicles. This approach enhances situational awareness by integrating obstacle detection and motion tracking algorithms with virtual pan-zoom-tilt (VPZT) techniques, enabling soldiers to interactively view an arbitrary region of interest (ROI) at the highest captured resolution. Depth determination from a single imager is challenging and an approach for depth information, along with size and motion information is developed to assign a threat level to each obstacle.
The role of commitment for managing complex multinational projects

Commitment from all stakeholders is a critical condition for project success, especially for complex and multinational undertakings that involve intricate networks of resource and power sharing. The challenges of building and sustaining commitment in culturally and globally diverse teams are examined in a field study of 35 multinational, high-technology product developments. The results of this study identify (1) the components of commitment in various stakeholder groups, (2) the drivers and barriers to obtaining and sustaining commitment, and (3) the leadership style most conducive to fostering an organizational environment for high levels of project ownership and commitment to established project objectives. The findings provide an insight into the factors which influence team behavior and performance in complex multinational work environments, and a framework for assessing project leadership and managerial effectiveness. The paper concludes with specific suggestions for enhancing commitment within the project organization, its team members and partners. The presentation will be designed to stimulate critical thinking, dialog and experience sharing.