cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public attitudes concerning Intra-EU immigration in Germany: The role of government and press

Prejudice and negative attitudes concerning immigration is an omnipresent phenomenon in many modern societies around the world. This study has investigated the relationship between Germans’ trust i...
Inter- and intra-tract analysis of white matter abnormalities in individuals with early-treated phenylketonuria (PKU).

Even with early and continuous treatment, individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) may exhibit abnormalities of cortical white matter (WM). The present study utilizes a new analysis approach called Automated Fiber-Tract Quantification (AFQ) to advance our understanding of the tract-specific patterns of change in WM abnormalities in individuals with early-treated PKU (ETPKU). Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data from a sample of 22 individuals with ETPKU and a demographically-matched sample of 21 healthy individuals without PKU was analyzed using AFQ. In addition, a subsample of 8 individuals with ETPKU was reevaluated six months later after demonstrating a significant reduction in blood phe levels following initiation of sapropterin treatment. Within-tract AFQ analyses revealed significant location-by-group interactions for several WM tracts throughout the brain. In most cases, ETPKU-related disruptions in mean diffusivity (MD) were more apparent in posterior (as compared to anterior) aspects of a given tract. Reduction in blood phe levels with the aforementioned ETPKU subsample was associated with a similar pattern of improvement (posterior-to-anterior) within most tracts. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is a systematic pattern of change in WM abnormalities in individuals with ETPKU in a posterior-to-anterior manner along individual WM tracts.
The Pigouvian Constitution

How can lawmakers reduce the skyrocketing rate of gun death in the United States? How can they stymie the spread of viral fake news stories designed to undermine our elections? Certain constitutionally-protected activities—like owning a gun or speaking online—can generate social harms. Yet when lawmakers enact regulations to reduce those harms, they are regularly struck down as unconstitutional. Indeed, it is the very laws designed to most aggressively reduce social harms—like total criminal bans—that are the least likely to be upheld. As a result, regulators appear stuck with an unpleasant choice—regulate constitutionally or effectively, but not both. This article proposes a novel solution: Pigouvian taxation. A Pigouvian tax is an economic tool whereby people are required to bear the social costs of their own activity, rather than forcing others to do so. In important cases, Pigouvian taxes can thread the needle that traditional regulations have not, reducing serious social costs while respecting constitutional protections of individual rights. This is because many constitutional tests—for example, strict scrutiny’s “narrow tailoring” requirement—implicitly reflect the very kind of economic thinking on which Pigouvian taxes rely. In short, constitutional doctrines protecting individual activity do not require society to implicitly subsidize such activity by absorbing any and all costs it generates. Legitimate social costs may be regulated. But regulations must maintain a careful proportionality between the constitutional burdens they impose and the social harms they seek to eliminate. Pigouvian taxes, unlike traditional command-and-control rules, are inherently well-suited to such tailoring. Thus, in areas—like guns and speech—where traditional rules have been difficult or impossible to adequately tailor, Pigouvian taxation presents an important new regulatory tool.
Household air pollution related to biomass cook stove emissions and its interaction with improved cookstoves.

Introduction Household air pollution (HAP) is associated with significant global morbidity and mortality. Newer initiatives including improved cookstove (IC) and cleaner fuels are being implemented to improve HAP effects. Methods A literature review was conducted for household air pollution related to biomass cookstoves in resource limited countries. In January 2018, we electronically searched the PubMed database for the term cookstoves with no date restrictions. We included cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies, conference abstracts, editorials, and reviews; studies that assessed the emissions related to cookstove and factors affecting HAP emissions. Results Twenty-three articles met the objectives of the review. Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter Conclusion Unavailability of tools to measure ventilation and continued IC efficacy in long term affect uniformity and comparability of IC study results. Community education about the health effects of HAP and importance of ventilation in decreasing HAP is an important aspect of public health policy to prevent HAP effects.
Early Intubation and Increased Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study

Objectives: There has been controversy about the timing and indications for intubation and mechanical ventilation in novel coronavirus disease 2019. This study assessed the effect of early intubation and mechanical ventilation on all-cause, inhospital mortality for coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Design: Multicenter retrospective cohort study. Setting: Eleven municipal hospitals in New York City from March 1, 2020, to December 1, 2020. Patients: Adult patients who tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019 in the emergency department were subsequently admitted. Patients with do-not-intubate orders at admission were excluded. Interventions: Intubation within 48 hours of triage and intubation at any point during hospital stay. Measurements and Main Results: Data from 7,597 coronavirus disease 2019 patients were included;of these, 1,628 (21%) were intubated overall and 807 (11%) were intubated within 48 hours of triage. After controlling for available confounders, intubation rates for coronavirus disease 2019 patients varied significantly across hospitals and decreased steadily as the pandemic progressed. After nearest neighbor propensity score matching, intubation within 48 hours of triage was associated with higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.30 [1.15-1.48];p < 0.0001), as was intubation at any time point (hazard ratio, 1.62 [1.45-1.80];p < 0.0001). Among intubated patients, intubation within 48 hours of triage was not significantly associated with differences in mortality (hazard ratio, 1.09 [0.94-1.26];p = 0.26). These results remained robust to multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Intubation within 48 hours of triage, as well as at any time point in the hospital course, was associated with increased mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 patients in this observational study.
“I Am Almost a Breadwinner for My Family”: Exploring the Manifestation of Agency in Sex Workers’ Personal and Professional Contexts:

While societal and structural factors often constrain women’s agency in patriarchal settings, women nevertheless find creative ways to manifest and develop agency. Female sex workers (FSWs), in par...
Recoverable Deformation of Cohesionless Soils

Herein is shown that available experimental data on the recoverable behavior of cohesionless soils may be fitted closely using constitutive relations corresponding to a special case of the first order theory of hypoelasticity. Four forms of first order isotropic constitutive law are first presented and conditions are determined under which each law is integrable to an elastic law. Constants for the isotropic hypoelastic law are then determined which fit available data for triaxial states of stress and it is shown that the resulting law is inelastic. Consideration is then given to fitting the data by means of an anisotropic first order incremental law. Integrability conditions for triaxial loading states are obtained and are shown to be satisfied by both isotropic and anisotropic laws. The integrated law for triaxial loading for the isotropic case is obtained and demonstrated by application to the anisotropic consolidation test. Tests are described to investigate the elastic character of the recoverable behavior.
Analysis of Swirl Formation in the Combustion Chamber of a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, how in-cylinder flow analysis by means of laser light-sheet techniques and laser doppler anemometry (LDA) can help to understand the interaction of swirl flow and combustion in a direct-injection diesel engine and thus supports the development of engines with lower fuel consumption and emissions.
Nudging Consumers toward Better Food Choices: Policy Approaches to Changing Food Consumption Behaviors

The high prevalence of obesity and its associated illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes, has sparked interest in finding ways to encourage consumers to make healthier food choices. At the public level, providing information about why and how to choose a healthy diet has been the typical approach to encouraging behavioral change. Information can also influence food producers and marketers to develop and promote more healthful products, creating an environment in which it is easier for consumers to make healthier dietary choices. Nevertheless, information may not always be effective in improving food choices. One explanation is that nutrition information is complex and difficult to convey in a clear, actionable manner. Also, knowledge, while necessary, may not be sufficient to motivate behavior change. Even when consumers understand nutrition information, competing preferences for tastier, less expensive, or more convenient foods may lead them to make other choices. Findings from psychology, marketing, and behavioral economics research suggest approaches that may enhance the effectiveness of informational approaches and complement informational efforts. More research is needed to further develop these strategies and evaluate their effectiveness.
Cyclic nucleotide research — still expanding after half a century

Since the discovery in 1957 that cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger for the hormone adrenaline, interest in this molecule and its companion, cyclic GMP, has grown. Over a period of nearly 50 years, research into second messengers has provided a framework for understanding transmembrane signal transduction, receptor-effector coupling, protein-kinase cascades and downregulation of drug responsiveness. The breadth and impact of this work is reflected by five different Nobel prizes.
When Philosophies Collide: Dewey and Oakeshott on Politics and Education

I begin by illustrating their divergent conclusions regarding the arts and sciences, identifying a master contrast, then showing how it plays out in the realms of education and politics. I claim that the contrasting positions are grounded in fundamentally antithetical orientations to the social world, orientations that I liken to cartographers’ projections. I borrow the cartographic analogy in order to show the way each author illuminates a different aspect of the contemporary educational terrain. Finally, I trace the opposing orientations to each author’s psychology and conjecture what this means for philosophy. John Dewey (1859–1952) was America’s foremost philosophic spokesman for social democracy in the twentieth century. Skeptical about both democracy and socialism, Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990) was the twentieth century’s most significant conservative theorist in the United Kingdom. Each philosopher today has a coterie of zealous disciples who believe that their respective masters provided the only philosophic map anyone will ever need. Although their positions diverge on many issues, Dewey and Oakeshott also share commitments resulting from their initiation into philosophy at a moment when G.W.F. Hegel cast a very large shadow. Trained by disciples of Hegel, each shares Hegel’s understanding that social reality remains unintelligible until its historical, evolutionary character is foregrounded. But my focus here is on the divergences between the two, not on their commonalities. THE CONTRAST IN THE ARTS AND THE SCIENCES
Overview of Statistics

The sections in this article are Introduction Data Interpretation Statistical Methodology Data Analysis Statistical Analysis Based on Probability Models Exploration versus Verification Bayesian Inference and Decision Making The Bayesian/Frequentist Controversy Data Acquisition Measuring Single Units Assessing Population Characteristics Data from Experiments Serial Data Designing Experiments Conclusion Acknowledgments
Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems

It is our pleasure to present to you the Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems (DEBS), taking place in Nashville, TN, USA. The DEBS conference serves as the principal international forum for bringing together academic and industrial researchers, practitioners, and students interested in event-based systems. We have a very vibrant program this year, which includes three keynotes, six tutorials, six research sessions, one industrial session, one industrial panel, a fast abstract session, a demo/poster session, and a Ph.D. Workshop. The technical program runs for four days. The first day, July 6th, is reserved for tutorials and the Ph.D. Workshop. The following three days each start with a keynote: Dr. John Bates from Apama on July 7th, Prof. Alex Buchmann from Darmstadt University of Technology on July 8th, and Prof. Karsten Schwan from Georgia Tech on July 9th. The industrial session and panel are scheduled on July 7th. The demo/poster and fast abstract sessions take place on July 8th. The research sessions run through July 7th to 9th. The conference program is organized as plenary sessions, with the exception of the first day, during which the tutorials and the Ph.D workshop run in parallel. This year, the program committee that selected the papers consisted of 38 members for the research track and 10 members for the industrial track. The research track PC accepted 16 submissions as full research papers (27% acceptance rate), and 3 papers as short research papers. The industrial track PC accepted 3 submissions as short industrial papers. Our review process produced four reviews for each paper, followed by a discussion phase among reviewers for papers that had high variance in their ratings, and finally a shepherding process for papers that were accepted on the condition of satisfactory revisions. For the fast abstracts track, 10 short presentations will be made on new ideas or work in progress. For the demo and poster session, 7 demos and 6 posters will be presented. Finally, 7 presentations will take place during the Ph.D. Workshop. Fast abstracts, demos, posters, and Ph.D. Workshop presentations all appear as 2-page contributions in the proceedings. In its 8th year (5 years as a workshop and 3 years as a conference) DEBS is continuing to attract top level contributions from around the world, in the rapidly growing area of distributed even-based systems. The wide coverage of our technical program, in terms of the variety in the program components as well as the technical topics of the program items, is an indicator of the healthy growth in the field and the continued success of the DEBS conferences over the years.
Cutting Edge: CD4 T Cells Generated from Encounter with Seasonal Influenza Viruses and Vaccines Have Broad Protein Specificity and Can Directly Recognize Naturally Generated Epitopes Derived from the Live Pandemic H1N1 Virus

The unexpected emergence of pandemic H1N1 influenza has generated significant interest in understanding immunological memory to influenza and how previous encounters with seasonal strains influence our ability to respond to novel strains. In this study, we evaluate the memory T cell repertoire in healthy adults to determine the abundance and protein specificity of influenza-reactive CD4 T cells, using an unbiased and empirical approach, and assess the ability of CD4 T cells to recognize epitopes naturally generated by infection with pandemic H1N1 virus. Our studies revealed that most individuals have abundant circulating CD4 T cells that recognize influenza-encoded proteins and that a strikingly large number of CD4 T cells can recognize autologous cells infected with live H1N1 virus. Collectively, our results indicate that a significant fraction of CD4 T cells generated from priming with seasonal virus and vaccines can be immediately mobilized upon infection with pandemic influenza strains derived from antigenic shift.
Graph Layout for Displaying Data Structures

Displaying a program's data structures as a graph is a valuable addition to debuggers, however, previous papers have not discussed the layout issues specific to displaying data structures. We find that the semantics of data structures may require constraining node and edge path orderings, and that nonhierarchical, leveled graphs are the preferred data structure display. We describe layout problems for data structures, and extend the Sugiyama algorithm to solve them.
Studies of the Metabolism of 5α-Cholesta-8,14-dien-3β-ol and 5α-Cholesta-7,14-dien-3β-ol in Rat Liver Homogenate Preparations

[3α-3H]Cholesta-7,14-dien-3β-ol has been prepared by chemical synthesis and incubated with rat liver homogenate preparations. Under aerobic conditions, the incorporation of label into cholesterol, cholest-7-en-3β-ol, and cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol was shown. Under anaerobic conditions, labeled cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol and cholest-7-en-3β-ol were formed. A method for the separation of the acetate derivatives of cholesta-8,14-dien-3β-ol, cholesta-7,14-dien-3β-ol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol has been described. Employing this method, the convertibility of labeled cholesta-8, 14-dien-3β-ol to cholesta-7,14-dien-3β-ol upon incubation with washed rat liver microsomes has been investigated. Significant conversion of the Δ8,14-sterol to the Δ7,14-sterol was not observed.
A Search for Extended Line Emission from Broad Absorption Line QSOs

We have obtained Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS snapshot images of 10 broad absorption line (BAL) QSOs and four radio-quiet non-BAL QSOs to search for extended narrow-line regions. For each object, we obtained an image in the F160W filter and a narrowband image in either Hα, Hβ, or [O II]. We find no detections of extended narrow-line emission in the sample. We generate simulated images of QSOs with extended narrow-line regions to place limits on the amount of flux that may be present, and we conclude that BAL QSOs cannot be more than several times brighter in extended emission than typical type 2 active galactic nuclei. Spatially unresolved Hα emission is detected in all nine objects observed in this line, which we attribute to broad Hα emission. The five detected BAL QSOs have derived Hα equivalent widths that are larger than those of the four non-BAL QSOs by a factor of ~2 on average. This may point to an intrinsic difference between the rest-frame optical spectral properties of BAL and non-BAL QSOs.
Performance analysis of WDM networks with wavelength conversion

The paper evaluates a circuit-switched multi-hop WDM network with wavelength conversion by a semi-Markov based approach. The proposed technique provides accurate performance prediction while also preserving model flexibility. Whether the wavelength conversion is beneficial or not depends on many factors. The main concerns considered are the number of wavelengths, packet generation rate, processing latency, and propagation delay. The network architecture evaluated is a bidirectional wrap-around mesh. System performance is measured in terms of network throughput and average packet delay. The results quantify the magnitude of performance improvement achieved through wavelength conversion.
Short stature: a psychosocial burden requiring growth hormone therapy?

Background Changes in the diagnosis of endocrine-based growth disorders and the advent of biosynthetic growth hormone have altered the long-standing policy of treating only those individuals with "classic" growth hormone deficiency. One justification for treating short children is to improve their psychosocial adaptation. The present investigation assessed the positive and negative behavioral adaptation, self-perceptions of domain-specific competencies, and global self-worth of a large, diagnostically heterogeneous sample of children and adolescents referred to pediatric endocrinologists for a growth evaluation. Methods All patients seen in a pediatric endocrine clinic (180 boys and 78 girls; 4 to 18 years) with a height at the fifth percentile or lower were included. Parents of all participating children completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Patients 8 years and older completed the Self-Perception Profile and those 11 years and older, in addition, completed the Youth Self Report. Short-stature (SS) subjects were compared with normative and psychiatric samples. Results The SS boys were described by parents as being significantly less socially competent and showing more behavioral and emotional problems than a normative sample selected for mental health. However, they were significantly more socially competent and showed fewer psychopathologic symptoms than a psychiatric referred sample of comparable age. The SS boys described themselves as less socially active but did not report more behavior disturbance than the normative sample. The SS boys' self-perceptions of domain-specific competencies and global self-worth were comparable to a normative comparison group with the exception that older subjects (13 years or older) described their athletic abilities more positively and their work competence more negatively. The SS girls were, with few exceptions, indistinguishable from the normal comparison groups on both parent- and self-report measures of social competency and behavior disturbance. Younger SS girls (ages 8 to 12 years) described their athletic competence and behavioral conduct more positively than the comparison group on the self-esteem questionnaire. Patient height deficit was unrelated to scores on the three questionnaires. Finally, no statistically significant differences in psychosocial functioning were detected between children with "normal-variant" SS and those with pathologic growth disorders. SS and those with pathologic growth disorders. Conclusions Short-stature girls show more adaptive psychosocial functioning than SS boys. In either sex, SS does not appear to be associated with clinically significant psychosocial morbidity. Severity of the height deficit does not correlate with the level of behavioral adaptation. These observations challenge the justification of providing growth hormone therapy for all short children to improve their psychosocial functioning.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Photophysical Properties, and DFT Calculations of a Bis(tetrathia-calix[4]arene) Tetracadmium Complex

Thiacalix[4]arenes are a unique family of polydentate ligands that offer a combination of four soft sulfur atoms together with four hard phenol oxygen atoms for binding to metal ions. In this study, the tetranuclear cadmium (II) complex Cd 4 II (tca)2·1.5CH2Cl2 (tca4− = tetra-anionic p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene) (1) was synthesized by reaction of a deprotonated p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene and various CdII salts. The structure of 1 was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The neutral complex 1 contains a square arrangement of four cadmium (II) ions sandwiched between two tca4− ligands that have a ‘cone’ conformation similar to that of the free ligand. The absorption and emission properties of the free ligand H4tca and complex 1 have been recorded and explained by DFT calculations of the molecular orbitals and electronic transitions between them. The tetranuclear cadmium (II) complex Cd 4 II (tca)2·1.5CH2Cl2 (tca4− = tetra-anionic p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene) (1) was synthesized by reaction of a deprotonated p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene and various CdII salts. The absorption and emission properties of the free ligand H4tca and complex 1 have been recorded and explained by DFT calculations of the molecular orbitals and electronic transitions between them.
Simulation of sound propagation over porous barriers of arbitrary shapes

A time-domain solver using an immersed boundary method is investigated for simulating sound propagation over porous and rigid barriers of arbitrary shapes. In this study, acoustic propagation in the air from an impulse source over the ground is considered as a model problem. The linearized Euler equations are solved for sound propagation in the air and the Zwikker-Kosten equations for propagation in barriers as well as in the ground. In comparison to the analytical solutions, the numerical scheme is validated for the cases of a single rigid barrier with different shapes and for two rigid triangular barriers. Sound propagations around barriers with different porous materials are then simulated and discussed. The results show that the simulation is able to capture the sound propagation behaviors accurately around both rigid and porous barriers.
An examination of the energetics of Crick's wobble hypothesis.

Abstract In order to account for the observed amino acid coding, Crick postulated the possible existence of certain “wobble configurations” of base-pairs in the third position of the codon-anticodon triplet. Some of these are examined here as follows. The configuration of these pairs is varied and the total interaction energy between the bases calculated by a previously described method. The configuration which corresponds to the minimum energy is selected. All but one configuration are similar to the postulated “wobble configurations” of Crick. The one exception constitutes a redundancy in coding and thus does not affect Crick's postulate. The energies found for these configurations are similar to those previously computed for the usual Watson-Crick pairs, and thus by analogy sufficient to stabilize the “wobble configurations”. An additional result of the computations is to support Nash and Bradley's assertion that the minima of the electrostatic energy and of the total energy occur for very similar configurations.
WHY DO UNIVERSITIES COMPETE IN THE RATINGS GAME? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE U.S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT COLLEGE RANKINGS

Previous research has concluded that an institution's ranking in the annual U.S. News and World Report “Best Colleges” issue impacts admission outcomes and pricing decisions at schools in the Consortium for Financing Higher Education. This article expands on the previous work by analyzing the effects of the U.S. News and World Report rankings across a broader range of universities and variables. The results show that many schools' admission outcomes are responsive to movements in the rankings; however changes in rank are more significant at certain locations in the rankings and affect public and private schools differently. The results also show that the socioeconomic and racial demographics of highly ranked universities may also be affected by changes in rank.
Evidence for the insulator-metal transition in xenon from optical, x-ray, and band-structure studies to 170 GPa.

The equation of state and optical absorption of condensed Xe have been measured in a diamond-anvil cell up to 172 GPa. Pressures were determined by use of the ruby-fluorescence technique or from the equation of state of the Re gasket used to confine the sample. Xe transformed to an hcp structure between 70 and 90 GPa that remained stable to 172 GPa. At 150 GPa we observed sudden changes in absorption and reflection spectra of Xe that we attribute, on the basis of electron band calculations, to the onset of metallization.
Study of the Initial Stages of Sintering Solids by Viscous Flow, Evaporation‐Condensation, and Self‐Diffusion

The mechanism of material transport in sintering can be elucidated in some cases by direct observation of the rate of interface growth and approach of centers between spherical particles. Measurements with glass, sodium chloride, and copper indicate that with these materials viscous flow, evaporation-condensation, and self-diffusion are the rate-determining mechanisms. Values of viscosity, vapor pressure, and diffusion constants have been determined, but calculations of diffusion constants from these data are subject to uncertainties of interpretation. A model is presented for the behavior of copper during the initial stages of sintering, which is in agreement with available experimental data, and which requires vacancy elimination at dislocations or grain boundaries. Data for refractory oxides indicate the importance of purity and fabrication pressure, but the sintering mechanism for these materials is not determined by the present data.
Cheyne–Stokes respiration: Hypoxia plus a deep breath that interrupts hypoxic drive, initiating cyclic breathing

Abstract In the 19th Century, Cheyne and Stokes independently reported cycles of respiration in patients with heart failure, beginning with apnea, followed by a few breaths. However Cheyne–Stokes respiration (C–SR) can also occur in healthy individuals with sleep, and was demonstrated in 1908 with voluntary hyperventilation, followed by apnea that Haldane blamed on hypoxia, subsequently called post-hyperventilation apnea. Additional theories explaining C–SR did not appear until 1954, based on control theory, specifically a feed-back regulator controlling CO 2 . This certainly describes control of normal respiration, but to produce an unstable state such as C–SR requires either a very long transit time (3½min) or an increase of the controller gain (13 times), physiologically improbable. There is general agreement that apnea initiates C–SR but that has not been well explained except for post-hyperventilation apnea, and that explanation is not compatible with a study by Nielsen and Smith in 1951. They plotted the effects of diminished oxygen on ventilation (V) in relation to CO 2 (Fig. 1). They found that the slope of V/CO 2 (gain) increased with hypoxia, but it flattened at a moderate CO 2 level and had no intercept with zero (apnea). It is also incompatible with our published findings in 1975 that showed that apnea did not occur until an extreme level of hypoxia occurred (the PO 2 fell below 10mmHg), followed shortly by gasping. Much milder hypoxia underlies most cases of C–SR, when hypoxic drive replaces the normal CO 2 -based respiratory drive, in a failsafe role. I hypothesize that the cause of apnea is a brief interruption of hypoxic drive caused by a pulse of oxygen from a stronger than average breath, such as a sigh. The rapidity of onset of apnea in response to a pulse of oxygen, reflects the large pressure gradient for oxygen from air to lung with each breath, in contrast to CO 2 . With apnea, there is a gradual fall in oxygen, resulting in a resumption of hypoxic drive, and the cycle of C–SR continues until the next large breath. This novel theory, that a pulse of oxygen interrupts hypoxic drive to cause the initiating apnea of C–SR, is compatible with the known causes of C–SR: onset of sleep, mild hypoxia with congestive heart failure, and neurologic disorders. It is also compatible with factors known to abolish C–SR: waking, oxygen supplementation, and drugs that increase alertness such as caffeine. Testing of the hypothesis would require beat by beat recording of respiration, and arterial oxygen with a response time fast enough to demonstrate the rapid suppression of hypoxic drive. Alternatively, using a different theoretical approach such as limit-cycle oscillators instead of control theory.
Indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol in kernels of Oryza sativa

Abstract IAA- myo -inositol was isolated from kernels of Oryza sativa and characterized by its chromatographic properties and its mass spectral fragmentation pattern. This is the first demonstration of the occurrence of a myo -inositol ester of IAA in a plant other than Zea mays .
Rehearsing professional roles in community: teacher identity development in a school–university partnership

In this article, the authors describe a school–university relationship which aims to sustain dialogue between educators who are positioned differently in relation to pre‐service teacher growth. The authors distinguish an ‘intentional partnership’ model from other approaches to school–university collaboration, providing a rationale for their focus on identity development and dialogue. These two areas have particular salience for beginning teachers in the American context of accountability reform, where increasingly teachers are positioned as implementers of curriculum and learning is often defined through narrow numerical scores. Using their experience with an elementary school partnership, the authors examine discourse patterns at meetings and participant feedback to explore ways in which teacher identities are rehearsed and how identity positions are taken up in relation to such issues as district‐mandated curricula. They conclude with implications for teacher educators regarding teacher identity develop...
Dynamic Regulation of Histone H3 Methylated at Lysine 79 within a Tissue-specific Chromatin Domain

Post-translational modifications of individual lysine residues of core histones can exert unique functional consequences. For example, methylation of histone H3 at lysine 79 (H3-meK79) has been implicated recently in gene silencing inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the distribution and function of H3-meK79 in mammalian chromatin are not known. We found that H3-meK79 has a variable distribution within the murine β-globin locus in adult erythroid cells, being preferentially enriched at the active βmajor gene. By contrast, acetylated H3 and H4 and H3 methylated at lysine 4 were enriched both at βmajorand at the upstream locus control region. H3-meK79 was also enriched at the active cad gene, whereas the transcriptionally inactive loci necdin and MyoD1 contained very little H3-meK79. As the pattern of H3-meK79 at the β-globin locus differed between adult and embryonic erythroid cells, establishment and/or maintenance of H3-meK79 was developmentally dynamic. Genetic complementation analysis in null cells lacking the erythroid and megakaryocyte-specific transcription factor p45/NF-E2 showed that p45/NF-E2 preferentially establishes H3-meK79 at theβmajor promoter. These results support a model in which H3-meK79 is strongly enriched in mammalian chromatin at active genes but not uniformly throughout active chromatin domains. As H3-meK79 is highly regulated at the β-globin locus, we propose that the murine ortholog of Disruptor of Telomeric Silencing-1-like (mDOT1L) methyltransferase, which synthesizes H3-meK79, regulates β-globin transcription.
The Law, the Counselor, and Student Records

The counselor's legal responsibilities in the release of information about students involve matters of parental rights to information; possible defamation, libel, and slander; and privileged communication. The counselor, however, has little to fear from legal actions, provided that he performs in a professional and ethical manner and follows certain basic principles. When in doubt, he should feel free to consult with the judge in the case, and even at times with the attorneys involved. Relevant statutes and judicial rulings are cited to illustrate these various points.
Not miRly a Knockout

Knockout mice are the gold standard for understanding gene function—or are they? The phenotypes of Egfl7 knockout mice and morphant fish suggested a critical and unexpected role for this secreted protein in angiogenesis, but a highly conserved microRNA, miR-126 , was subsequently found in intron 7 of the Egfl7 gene. Wang et al. used gene targeting to knock out miR-126 , but not Egfl7 , and found that loss of miR-126 alone causes defects in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis. These observations suggested that miR-126 , rather than Egfl7 , is the key player in angiogenesis, a result confirmed in a parallel study by Kuhnert et al. (2008), who generated mice specifically lacking Egfl7 , but not miR-126 , and vice versa. The intimate spatial and transcriptional relationships between miRNAs and protein coding genes suggest that retrospective analysis of other gene-targeted mice may identify additional functions for noncoding RNAs. This PaperPick refers to "The Endothelial-Specific MicroRNA miR-126 Governs Vascular Integrity and Angiogenesis," by S. Wang, A.B. Aurora, B.A. Johnson, X. Qi, J. McAnally, J.A. Hill, J.A. Richardson, R. Bassel-Duby, and E.N. Olson, published in August 2008. Video Abstract Drs. Wang and Olson discuss their work on miR-129, as well as the general idea that gene loci encoding both a protein and an intronic microRNA commonly share regulated expression patterns and downstream functions.
Quantitative extraction of microgram amounts of lipid from cultured human cells

Abstract A simple and efficient procedure based on the solvent system, ethyl acetate:acetone, was developed to extract the principal cellular lipids quantitatively from monolayer cultures of human fibroblasts with populations of even less than one-third million cells. The method was suitable for both radioisotope incorporation studies and studies involving quantitative analysis of fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography. In a modified form the extraction procedure also allowed a 99% recovery of radioactive cell lipid from serum-containing growth medium. Included are results and discussion on the validity of cell number data obtained from monolayer cell cultures which are detached by trypsin and counted by a hemocytometer and a Coulter counting apparatus.
Phenolic constituents of healthy and wound tissues in the giant cactus (Carnegieagigantea)

Abstract When the saguaro cactus is wounded, bacterial infection and necrosis frequently follows, unless a protective callus layer is formed at the site of injury. This callus tissue is highly ligniferous and contains numerous phenols. The healthy cortical tissue (pulp) is mainly polysaccharide in nature, containing dopamine as the principal phenolic constituent. Dopamine concentrations increase markedly at the site of wounding.
A convenient set of bidentate pyridine ligands for combinatorial synthesis

Abstract Synthesis is reported of five pyridine-containing bidentate ligands bearing nucleophilic groups at different positions. Their efficient solid-phase alkylation was demonstrated in the synthesis of a small library. These ligands are attractive building blocks for the construction of libraries of metal-binding compounds for various purposes.
The Pole-Equator Variation of Solar Chromospheric Height

We measured the height of the solar chromosphere as a function of position angle on seven circumsolar sets of high spatial resolution Hα filtergrams obtained during 1994–1995. Typically 40 CCD frames were needed to cover the solar limb. We also measured the frequency of visible macrospicules along the limb as a function of position angle. Two different height measures based on the gradient of the limb profile are defined in the Paper. They show variation with a pole-equator difference of about 2'', the poles being higher. In centerline Ha the derived height is typically 4300–4400 km at the equator and just below 6000 km at the solar poles with a true local scatter of 500 km (rms). A slight increase in height is also seen above active regions. We see a similar but smaller height variation in the wing of Hα. We also measured the height difference between the chromosphere in centerline and the wing of Ha. The off-band limb is always lower than the centerline limb by an average value of 500 km (07). Because of the self reversal of the chromospheric Hα line, the off-band chromosphere is twice as bright as the centerline. As a result, the gradient of the off-band limb profile is considerably steeper just above the photosphere. Thus, the popular misconception that spicules rise above the chromosphere is incorrect, except insofar as the macrospicules are concerned. We find the latter much more frequent above at the pole than at the equator, confirming the result of Bohlin et al. The number of macrospicules near the pole reaches 20 per 150'', or about three per arcmin2 on the disk, while we only count a few (sometimes none) near the equator. While we defer a serious study of the macrospicules to a later work, we can already state that these features are asymmetric in time, i.e., they are seen to go up but not come down. Comparison with Yohkoh soft X-ray data shows a high correlation between the enhanced chromo-spheric height, the macrospicule frequency, and the location of the polar coronal holes. This agrees with earlier measurements obtained in lower resolution and suggests a magnetic cause of the height difference, namely that the presence of a vertical magnetic field permits the jets to ascend higher.
Infectious arthritis in renal transplant patients

Infectious complications in the renal transplant patient are common, and infecting agents include opportunistic organisms as well as common pathogens. However, we were only able to document 6 patients who had septic arthritis from more than 800 who received a renal transplant at our institution over an 18-year period. Furthermore, only 16 other cases of infectious arthritis have been reported in the literature. All of our patients had an apparent predisposing factor and 3 patients had prior infection with the same organism. The knee was the most commonly infected joint. The initial synovial fluid white blood cell count was usually greater than 30,000 cells/mm3, but 1 patient with viral arthritis initially had noninflammatory fluid. The peripheral blood white blood cell count may not be elevated. All of our cases of initial joint infection occurred by 18 months posttransplant. Blood cultures were positive in 3 of 4 patients with bacterial infection. Followup of these 6 patients averaged 4.3 years. Numerous other rheumatologic syndromes and disorders peculiar to the posttransplant period may mimic a septic joint. Consequently, despite the low frequency of occurrence of septic arthritis, persistent attention to the locomotor system in the transplant patient is warranted.
Generating Functions on idempotent semigroups with application to combinatorial analysis

Abstract It was shown in earlier work that many combinatorial problems can be treated analytically by considering the algebraic structure of the set on which one is counting. The main tool in this analysis is the “incidence algebra” over a partially ordered set and two of its elements, the zeta function and its inverse the Mobius function. When the partially ordered set is a finite commutative semigroup of idempotents (semilattice) the incidence algebra arises in a natural way when considering the semicharacters of the semigroup (homomorphisms to the complex plane). The zeta function is the semicharacter matrix and hence is multiplicative. In this paper we exploit the multiplicativity of the zeta function to introduce a natural convolution operator over the semigroup. We then define a generating function based on the multiplicative nature of the zeta function. This generating function has the property that it converts convolution to ordinary products. Its inversion is given by the Mobius inversion formula. Many examples and applications are presented.
The Feminization of Rhetoric and Composition Studies

Last year, I was invited to speak at a conference whose theme was the feminization of composition.2 This topic coincided with another discussion I had been following in our journals: the emergence of Rhetoric and Composition as a scholarly field. In preparing my talk, I began to raise several questions like: What is meant by feminization in these discussions? Can we assume that composition is feminized? Are the discourses on disciplinary formation and on feminization already woven together? If not, should they be? This essay explores these questions, making distinctions and telling stories that offer an alternative perspective. Let me begin with the feminization of composition. My rereading of many of these discussions3 leads me to conclude that their statements about feminization apply largely to composition instruction, not to Rhetoric and Composition as a scholarly field.4 The two reasons generally advanced are the numerical predominance of women and the nature of composition pedagogy. Accounts agree that women do most of the teaching of writing from the university level to elementary school as either full- or part-time instructors. Many descriptions of recent pedagogies maintain that instructional practices, particularly of expressive and critical pedagogies, are marks of feminization because they are collaborative, student centered, and nurturing. A few, however, dissent. Susan Jarratt and Evelyn Ashton-Jones, for example, problematize collaboration as a desirable feminine pedagogy. Lil Brannon contends that the expressivists and people like Giroux, Shor, Freire, and Rose are reinscribing patriarchy by invoking masculine heroic narratives of conquest as traditional male Romantic heroes who, like the rugged individual in the Dead Poet's Society, work against all odds to make a difference. Some historical accounts of nineteenth-century composition position it as feminized in contrast to rhetorical instruction and the emerging professionalization of English Studies. Robert Connors argues that the demise of agonistic rhetorical instruction in persuasive public discourse, which he contends had largely characterized male education up through 1850, was related to the entrance of significant numbers of women into higher education in the nineteenth century. These women were excluded from taking oral rhetoric and assigned to a more "appropriate" course called composition. He
Spin‐Free quantum chemistry. XXII. Multiconfiguration self‐consistent field theory

Second order MCSCF theory is presented in a unitary group formulation for any multiplicity without spin projection. Its reduction to lower order theory is discussed, as well as its extension through the use of effective Hamiltonians.
The relationship between birth predictedness and violence during pregnancy among women in La Paz And El Alto, Bolivia.

Objectives: The main objectives were to estimate the prevalence of predicted and unpredicted last births using a prospective approach and to estimate the prevalence of violence during the last pregnancy. In addition, the relationship between birth predictedness and violence during pregnancy was examined. Methods: The target population for this study was women who had participated in the 1994 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and lived in El Alto and La Paz Bolivia (n = 1308). In 1997, 816 women were located and re-interviewed. During this three-year interval, 127/816 women had given birth to their last child. Results: Of the last births that occurred during the three-year interval, 82% were unpredicted (18% were to women who stated in 1994 that they wanted to postpone childbirth for more than three years and 64% were to women who stated they wanted to wanted to forego childbearing entirely). Twenty-eight percent of women reported that they had experienced violence during their last pregnancy. No statistically significant relationship was found between birth predictedness and violence during their pregnancy. Conclusions: The majority of births that occurred in the three-year study interval were unpredicted. The prevalence of violence during pregnancy was alarmingly high among this sample of women. Further investigation on violence during pregnancy is needed and should be expanded to examine how violence during pregnancy impacts maternal and infant outcomes, which have remained poor in this country. In addition, the high rates of unpredicted births illustrate that work remains to be done in addressing women’s ability to control their fertility.