cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resources needed for US CDC’s support to the response to post-epidemic clusters of Ebola in West Africa, 2016

West African countries Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea experienced the largest and longest epidemic of Ebola virus disease from 2014 to 2016; after the epidemic was declared to be over, Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone still experienced Ebola cases/clusters. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) participated in the response efforts to the latter Ebola clusters, by assisting with case investigation, contact identification, and monitoring. This study aims to estimate the cost to the US CDC of responding to three different Ebola clusters after the end of the Ebola epidemic in 2015: i) Sierra Leone, Tonkolili (Jan 2016, 2 Ebola cases, 5 affected regions); ii) Guinea, Nzerekore (Mar-May 2016, 10 Ebola cases, 2 affected regions); iii) Liberia, Somali Drive (Mar 2016, 3 Ebola cases, 1 affected region). After interviewing team members that had participated in the response, we estimated total costs (expressed in 2016 US Dollars [USD]), where total costs correspond to travel costs, deployed personnel costs, costs to prepare for deployment, procurement and interagency collaboration costs, among others. We also estimated cost per cluster case (corresponding to the total costs divided by the total number of cluster cases); and cost per case-affected-region (equal to the total costs divided by the product of the number of cases times the number of regions affected). We found that the response cost varied sixteenfold between USD 113 166 in Liberia and USD 1 764 271 in Guinea, where the main cost drivers were travel and personnel costs. The cost per cluster case varied tenfold between 37 722 in Liberia (three cases) and USD 347 226 in Sierra Leone, and the cost per case-affected-region varied threefold between USD 37 722 in Liberia and USD 88 214 in Guinea. Costs vary with the characteristics of each cluster, with those spanning more regions and cases requiring more resources for case investigation and contact identification and monitoring. These data will assist policy makers plan for similar post-epidemic responses.
Towards predicting removal rate and surface roughness during grinding of optical materials.

A series of controlled grinding experiments, utilizing loose or fixed abrasives of either alumina or diamond at various particle sizes, were performed on a wide range of optical workpiece materials [single crystals of Al2O3 (sapphire), SiC, Y3Al5O12 (YAG), CaF2, and LiB3O5 (LBO); a SiO2−Al2O3−P2O5−Li2O glass ceramic (Zerodur); and glasses of SiO2:TiO2 (ULE), SiO2 (fused silica), and P2O5−Al2O3−K2O−BaO (phosphate)]. The material removal rate, surface roughness, and morphology of surface fractures were measured. Separately, Vickers indentation was performed on the workpieces, and the depths of various crack types as a function of applied load was measured. Single pass grinding experiments showed distinct differences in the spatial pattern of surface fracturing between the loose alumina abrasive (isolated indent-type lateral cracking) and the loose or fixed diamond abrasive (scratch-type elongated lateral cracking). Each of the grinding methods had a removal rate and roughness that scaled with the lateral crack slope, s l (i.e., the rate of increase in lateral crack depth with the applied load) of the workpiece material. A grinding model (based on the volumetric removal of lateral cracks accounting for neighboring lateral crack removal efficiency and the fraction of abrasive particles leading to fracture initiation) and a roughness model (based on the depth of lateral cracks or the interface gap between the workpiece and lap) are shown to quantitatively describe the material removal rate and roughness as a function of workpiece material, abrasive size, applied pressure, and relative velocity. This broad, multiprocess variable grinding model can serve as a predictive tool for estimating grinding rates and surface roughness for various grinding processes on different workpiece materials.
Phase-retrievable operator-valued frames and representations of quantum channels

Abstract We examine some connections among phase-retrievable (not necessarily self-adjoint) operator-valued frames, projective group representation frames and representations of quantum channels. We first present some characterizations of phase-retrievable frames for general operator systems acting on both finite and infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, which generalize the known results for vector-valued frames, fusion frames and frames of Hermitian matrices. For an irreducible projective unitary representation of a finite group, the image system is automatically phase-retrievable and, moreover, it is a point-wisely tight operator-valued frames. We generalize this notion to more general operator-valued frames, and prove that point-wise tight operator-valued frames are exactly the ones that are right equivalent to operator-valued tight frames. For an operator system that represent a quantum channel, we show that phase-retrievability of the system is independent of the choices of the representations of the quantum channel.
Diversity Management in Action: Chief Diversity Officer Adoption in America’s Cities:

One of the primary ways cities signal the importance of diversity is to hire a chief diversity officer (CDO). Despite the importance of this position, we know remarkably little about the prevalence...
The Fair Housing Choice Myth

The Fair Housing Choice Myth examines why racial segregation persists in residential neighborhoods despite the fact that the nation codified the policy of equal housing opportunity over four decades ago. In passing the Fair Housing Act in 1968, Congress expressed the purpose of “replacing ghettoes by truly integrated and balanced living patterns.” The Article moves beyond the usual critique regarding strengthening enforcement provisions and proving intentional discrimination in order to address a structural flaw in the Fair Housing Act: the Act’s nondiscrimination provisions focus on consumers of color and industry members, but cannot reach third-party white consumers who choose to “opt out” of integration.The Article considers the role of “housing choice,” as that concept is understood in equal housing opportunity law and policy, and questions whether it actually exists for consumers of color, or whether it is more myth than reality. The Article examines the research on neighborhood preferences of black and white consumers, noting that white consumers desiring all-white enclaves are better able to exercise their housing choices than black consumers desiring more integrated neighborhood settings. It considers whether federal housing policy has helped curtail or facilitate this phenomenon. The Article examines the Fair Housing Act’s nondiscrimination provisions and concludes that they cannot address white housing preferences in favor of segregation. In addition, federal initiatives that are aimed at eliminating ghettoes are found lacking because they help deliver on the “exit strategy” without delivering the “entrance strategy,” thus failing to assist segregated, isolated ghetto residents to enter communities of opportunity.The Article then examines what is described as the missing link between the Fair Housing Act’s nondiscrimination provisions and real housing choice for all: the Act’s requirement that the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) affirmatively further fair housing in all its programs and activities. This heretofore undefined provision could be interpreted to create the “entrance strategy” by prohibiting the use of billions of federal housing and community-development dollars annually to subsidize and reinforce segregation, and instead requiring incentives for inclusive communities. The fact that HUD has never issued a regulation on its affirmative responsibility makes the Article important and relevant to a very real and pressing issue: the persistent failure of law to deliver real housing choice and opportunity to communities of color in housing markets across the United States.
Average lost work productivity due to non-fatal injuries by type in the USA.

Objective To estimate the average lost work productivity due to non-fatal injuries in the USA comprehensively by injury type. Methods The attributable average number and value of lost work days in the year following non-fatal emergency department (ED)–treated injuries were estimated by injury mechanism (eg, fall) and body region (eg, head and neck) among individuals age 18–64 with employer health insurance injured 1 October 2014 through 30 September 2015 as reported in MarketScan medical claims and Health and Productivity Management databases. Workplace, short-term disability and workers’ compensation absences were assessed. Multivariable regression models compared lost work days among injury patients and matched controls during the year following injured patients’ ED visit, controlling for demographic, clinical and health insurance factors. Lost work days were valued using an average US daily market production estimate. Costs are 2015 USD. Results The 1-year per-person average number and value of lost work days due to all types of non-fatal injuries combined were approximately 11 days and US$1590. The range by injury mechanism was 1.5 days (US$210) for bites and stings to 44.1 days (US$6196) for motorcycle injuries. The range by body region was 4.0 days (US$567) for other head, face and neck injuries to 19.8 days (US$2787) for traumatic brain injuries. Conclusions and relevance Injuries are costly and preventable. Accurate estimates of attributable lost work productivity are important to monitor the economic burden of injuries and help to prioritise cost-effective public health prevention activities.
Desire for and barriers to obtaining effective contraception among women experiencing homelessness.

Homelessness is a significant and growing problem in the United States. Women experiencing homelessness face unique challenges as they have high rates of unintended pregnancy. They often face significant barriers to obtaining effective contraception. This study aimed to explore the contraceptive preferences, desire for, and barriers to obtaining effective contraception among women experiencing homelessness. In this cross-sectional study, 54 women experiencing homelessness in Chicago who were at risk for unintended pregnancy were surveyed. While 94% of the women experiencing homelessness surveyed desired avoiding pregnancy, most were using the least effective contraceptive methods. Among participants, 80% had health insurance, 75% had a high school diploma, and 90% knew where to obtain birth control. Despite these factors, participants faced barriers to obtaining contraception. One significant barrier was lack of comprehensive contraceptive counseling as 62% report a physician had never counseled them on LARC methods. Approximately half of participants desired or would consider using a LARC in the future. Women experiencing homelessness in our study demonstrate significant unmet needs for effective contraception. Women experiencing homelessness would benefit from comprehensive contraceptive counseling and improved access to effective forms of contraception.
Chronic Intermittent Mild Whole-Body Hypothermia is Therapeutic in a Mouse Model of ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes motor neuron degeneration. There are no cures or effective treatments for ALS. Therapeutic hypothermia is effectively used clinically to mitigate mortality in patients with acute acquired brain injury and in surgical settings to minimize secondary brain injury. The efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia in chronic neurodegenerative disorders has not been examined. We tested the hypothesis that mild hypothermia/cold acclimation is therapeutic in a transgenic mouse model of ALS caused by expression of mutated human superoxide dismutase-1 gene. At presymptomatic stages of disease, body temperatures (oral and axial) of mutant male mice were persistently hyperthermic (38–38.5 °C) compared to littermate controls, but at end-stage disease mice were generally hypothermic (36–36.5 °C). Presymptomatic mutant mice (awake-freely moving) were acclimated to systemic mild hypothermia using an environmentally controlled chamber (12 h-on/12-off or 24 h-on/24 h-off) to lower body temperature (1–3 °C). Cooled ALS mice showed a significant delay in disease onset (103–112 days) compared to normothermia mice (80–90 days) and exhibited significant attenuation of functional decline in motor performance. Cooled mice examined at 80 days had reduced motor neuron loss, mitochondrial swelling, and spinal cord inflammation compared to non-cooled mice. Cooling attenuated the loss of heat-shock protein 70, mitochondrial uncoupling protein-3, and sumoylated-1 (SUMO1)-conjugated proteins in skeletal muscle and disengaged the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cooled ALS mice had a significant extension of lifespan (148 ± 7 days) compared to normothermic mice (135 ± 4 days). Thus, intermittent systemic mild hypothermia is therapeutic in mouse ALS with protective effects manifested within the CNS and skeletal muscle that target mitochondria.
On the Strength of Relaxations of Weakly Coupled Stochastic Dynamic Programs

Many stochastic dynamic programs (DPs) have a weakly coupled structure in that a set of linking constraints in each period couple an otherwise independent collection of subproblems. Two widely studied approximations of such problems are approximate linear programs (ALP), which involve optimizing value function approximations that additively separate across subproblems, and Lagrangian relaxations, which involve relaxing the linking constraints. It is well-known that both of these approximations provide upper bounds on the optimal value function in all states and that the ALP provides a tighter upper bound in the initial state. The purpose of this short paper is to provide theoretical justification for the fact that these upper bounds are often close if not identical. We show: (i) For any weakly coupled DP, the difference between these two upper bounds --- the relaxation gap --- is bounded from above in terms of the integrality gap of the constraint separation problems within the ALP; (ii) If subproblem rewards are uniformly bounded and some broadly applicable conditions on the linking constraints hold, the relaxation gap is bounded from above by a constant that is independent of the number of subproblems; and (iii) When subproblem actions are binary and the linking constraints have a unimodular structure, the relaxation gap equals zero. The conditions for (iii) hold in several widely studied problems: restless bandit problems, online stochastic matching problems, network revenue management problems, and price-directed control of relocating resources. These findings generalize and unify existing results.
Comparison of feather mercury concentrations in live-caught vs. found-dead chick carcasses of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua)

There is limited direct empirical evidence to evaluate the efficacy of using opportunistically found bird carcasses as proxies for estimating pollutant exposure in populations of live birds for avian ecotoxicology studies. In this study, we analyzed total mercury concentrations in feathers collected from live Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chicks and from Gentoo Penguin chick carcasses found at the same breeding colonies. Distributions of mercury concentrations for feathers from live-caught chicks and from found-dead chicks broadly overlap and, for our study, feathers from found-dead penguin chicks provide similar information about exposure to mercury as do feathers from live penguin chicks from the same locations. Our results suggest that, when mercury is estimated to be below adverse effect levels, the common practice of sampling from opportunistically found chick carcasses is a suitable and less-invasive alternative method of specimen collection in penguin colonies.
Social dominance in monkeys: Lack of effect on ethanol self-administration during schedule induction.

Nonhuman primate models of alcohol use disorder (AUD) frequently utilize schedule-induced polydipsia to initiate ethanol drinking. Previous research has demonstrated that specific characteristics of drinking during the final phase of induction, in which monkeys consume 1.5 g/kg of ethanol per day, can predict whether monkeys become heavy or light drinkers when they subsequently have free access to ethanol (22 hours per day; Baker, Farro, Gonzales, Helms, & Grant, 2017; Grant et al., 2008). A monkey's position in the social dominance hierarchy is another factor associated with ethanol drinking in nonhuman primates; lower social status is associated with higher ethanol intakes. In the present study, characteristics of drinking during induction were measured in 12 male cynomolgus monkeys living in three established social groups (4 monkeys per group). All monkeys were induced to consume water, then increasing doses of ethanol (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg) for 30 sessions per dose using a 300-s fixed-time schedule of food pellet delivery. Drinking sessions occurred five days per week and monkeys were group-housed on the other two days. Contrary to our hypothesis that subordinate monkeys would show characteristics of drinking during the last phase of induction that were predictive of later heavy drinking, no significant differences were observed between dominant and subordinate monkeys in any phase of induction. When ethanol availability was subsequently increased to 22 hours per day for 5 weeks, the intakes of subordinate- and dominant-ranked monkeys diverged, with higher intakes on average in subordinates. Several factors unique to the conditions of induction may have obscured any influence of social rank, including the limited duration of sessions and limited maximal ethanol intake. The data support the conclusion that the effects of social rank on ethanol consumption require unrestricted access to ethanol.
Roles for ADP-Ribosylation Factors in Membrane Traffic

Publisher Summary ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) are essential and ubiquitous regulators of membrane traffic, and are both structurally and functionally very highly conserved across eukaryotes. Biochemical studies of purified and recombinant Arfs have revealed them to be regulatory GTPases that act as allosteric activators of several enzymes, including the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of some bacterial toxins and mammalian lipid-modifying enzymes, and mediators of protein complex assembly, particularly in the biogenesis of carriers of membrane traffic. This chapter provides a summary of Arf background and then focuses on the roles of Arfs in membrane traffic; specifically, in the recruitment of protein adaptors to membranes and pairing with cytoplasmic tails of transmembrane protein “cargo” to coordinate the concentration and sorting of cargos to their appropriate destinations. It also concerns different groups of Arf effectors, with a particular focus on Arfs as allosteric activators of lipid-modifying enzymes and as initiators of protein complex assembly at the site of carrier biogenesis, through the recruitment of specific protein adaptors. These details are predicted to give researchers unprecedented control over membrane traffic, and tools to design the means to alter traffic in ways that will be beneficial in a clinical setting.
A longitudinal study of gait and balance dysfunction in normal older people.

Objective To identify the causes of deteriorating gait and balance in normal older people. Methods We measured visual acuity, vestibulo-ocular responses, pure-tone hearing levels, vibration sense, deep tendon reflexes, and Tinetti gait and balance scores in 59 normal older subjects (mean ± SD age on entry, 78.5 ± 3.7 years) followed up at yearly examinations (range, 8-10 years). White matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging taken in mid follow-up were graded qualitatively and quantitatively. Results For each variable except white matter hyperintensities, we calculated a normalized change per year. There was a significant ( P Conclusions This longitudinal study showed age-related decreases in vestibular, visual, auditory, and somatosensation in normal older people, but these changes were only weakly correlated with changes in gait and balance. White matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging were more highly correlated with changes in gait and balance, but all variables together accounted for only about 29% of the measured change in gait and balance.
On the Minimum Number of Transmissions in Single-Hop Wireless Coding Networks

The advent of network coding presents promising opportunities in many areas of communication and networking. It has been recently shown that network coding technique can significantly increase the overall throughput of wireless networks by taking advantage of their broadcast nature. In wireless networks, each transmitted packet is broadcasted within a certain area and can be overheard by the neighboring nodes. When a node needs to transmit packets, it employs the opportunistic coding approach that uses the knowledge of what the node's neighbors have heard in order to reduce the number of transmissions. With this approach, each transmitted packet is a linear combination of the original packets over a certain finite field. In this paper, we focus on the fundamental problem of finding the optimal encoding for the broadcasted packets that minimizes the overall number of transmissions. We show that this problem is NP-complete over GF(2) and establish several fundamental properties of the optimal solution. We also propose a simple heuristic solution for the problem based on graph coloring and present some empirical results for random settings.
Process Evaluation for a Prison-Based Substance Abuse Program

Abstract This paper presents findings from a process evaluation conducted in a prison-based substance abuse program in Kentucky. The purpose of a process evaluation is to provide a comprehensive description of how a program is conceptualized, planned, implemented, modified, and terminated. This paper discusses key components in the Substance Abuse Program (SAP), including a detailed program description, modifications in planned treatment strategies, program documentation, and perspectives of program staff and clients. Findings from this initial process evaluation indicate that prison based programs have the potential to work for those who are committed to recovery. Discussion regarding program accomplishments and implications for modifications are reviewed.
Effects of Input Organization on Auditory Short-Term Memory

Children with learning disabilities have more problems with memory tasks than do children who are making normal progress in school. It was hypothesized that this is because they do not make comparable use of the various ways of organizing memory. This study compared the performances of the two groups on auditory short-term memory tests under different conditions of input organization. The results showed that the learning disabled children used input organization in a pattern of performance similar to that of the normal children, but their memory spans were nonetheless significantly poorer on the experimental tests. Some aspects of linguistic organization are discussed, and these results are compared with other recent studies. Recommendations are made for remedial activities which use meaningful language.
Staying the Course: Narratives of African American Males Who Have Completed a Baccalaureate Degree

This study investigated the factors that contribute to African American males successfully completing a baccalaureate degree. Employing a qualitative research design, the author conducted focus group interviews with African American male graduate students (n = 11). Participants identified four factors as being significant contributors to their successful completion of a baccalaureate degree: (1) having an epiphany about the importance of higher education; (2) having access to the resources needed to attend and persist in an institution of higher education; (3) having a mentor, and (4) being resilient when faced with obstacles. Implications for institutions of higher education are discussed.
Ten Years’ Experience With Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Up to January 1989, 171 patients were trained at our center on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and 17 on continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). Over 10 years, we have gained 5,068 patient-months experience. Patient survival was 60% and 31% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. In contrast, diabetics had a survival of 32% at 5 years. Major complications included 499 new episodes of peritonitis, 304 exit-site infections, 22 hernias, five bowel perforations, one hydrothorax, and three episodes of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis. Our technique survival has been 62% and 40% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. We believe that CAPD is a viable dialysis technique for long-term treatment of chronic renal failure and it should be offered as an option to intermittent hemodialysis.
Pathfinder 3D: A flow for system-level design space exploration

Three dimensional integration technology has the potential to provide enhanced performance and device density gains beyond that available from technology scaling alone. However, it provides plethora of design choices for system designers. The full exploitation of the benefits of 3D integration requires a system-level exploration flow which can facilitate in finding an optimal 3D design by comparing possible early design choices. In this paper we present a flow for fast system-level exploration useful for path finding studies. The flow enables users to explore the tradeoff between different stacking and partitioning schemes in terms of performance, power, and temperature. We also present a free open source design kit compiler, FreePDK3D45 and a tool for fast floorplan evaluation of TSV-based digital architectures, Pathfinder3D. The open source design kit and architecture evaluator can help the community to research, learn and explore the various aspects of 3D integration. Using the proposed flow and design kit, we present a case study of 3D integration of a Network on Chip. This case study demonstrates system-level comparisons of the performance, power and temperature of different homogenously partitioned stacking schemes.
THE REDUCTION OF HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY IN THE 7-DAY OLD RAT WITH PEG-SOD. ▴ 2255

During cerebral reperfusion, the vasculature generates superoxide. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) are low in the immature brain. SOD conjugated to polyethyleneglycol (PEG-SOD) enters endothelial cells without crossing the intact blood brain barrier. We used PEG-SOD to investigate how vascularly derived superoxide contributes towards the production of ischemic brain injury in the 7day old (P7) rat. P7 rats were injected with 30,000U /kg. of PEG-SOD i.p. Serum SOD levels peaked at 4hrs, t1/2= 25hrs. To determine a protective dose we produced a hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult to the R cerebral hemisphere in P7 rats by R common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.25h exposure to 8% oxygen. We randomized rats (n=55) into 4 groups; Saline; PEG-SOD 10,000; 30,000 or 100,000 U/kg. All treatment was given i.p. 3h before hypoxia. At 42h after the HI insult we measured water content by the wet-dry method and calculated R hemisphere swelling: swelling was 21.8±8.8%(Mean±SD) for 15 saline treated and only 6.6±7.4 in the PEG-SOD 30,000 U/kg group, p=<0.0001 ANOVA. The 10,000 and 100,000 U/kg doses were not protective. Next we determined if treatment immediately after the HI insult could reduce brain injury so we repeated the HI insult and randomized rats (n=57) into 4 groups Saline, or PEG-SOD100,000; 60,000 or 30,000 U/kg i.p. At 42h recovery R hemisphere swelling was 21.9±9.7% (Mean±SD) in the 13 saline treated and 11.1 ±11.4 in the 60,000 U/kg and 6.4±5.6% in the 30,000 U/kg groups, p=0.003 and p=<0.0001 vs Saline respectively, ANOVA. To determine long term neuroprotection, 58 other rats were treated with Saline or 30,000 U/kg PEG SOD at 0 or at 1h of recovery from HI and allowed to recover 14 days when the brain was removed, fixed and 2mm coronal sections cut. We related the areas of the damaged right to the undamaged left hemispheres and found no long term protection compared to Saline, p=0.7, Kruskal-Wallis test. In a separate experiment, pretreatment(30,000u /kg i.p.) also did not protect against long term injury, p=0.7. In conclusion PEG SOD administered i.p. before or immediately after a HI insult in the P7 rat reduces brain swelling at 42h of recovery by 70% but it does not reduce long term brain atrophy.
Further Evidence in Support of the Somatic Mutation Hypothesis of the Origin of Malignancy

In a recent publication (1) the authors presented some of the results of a statistical analysis of data collected over a twelve-year period from a large colony of pedigreed rats experimentally infested with Cysticercus fasciolaris , the larval form of Taenia taeniaeformis (crassicollis) , the common tapeworm of the cat. In that analysis the frequency of occurrence of this parasitic disease and its malignant complication, Cysticercus sarcoma, was considered in respect to age, sex, family, and strain. The present report deals with the relation of the tumor to the host and to the parasite. In earlier publications (1, 2, 3, 4) attention has been called to the fact that usually a Cysticercus sarcoma was confined to a single cyst, although the host may have had one to one hundred benign cysts. Sometimes two or more cysts were involved in the same tumor, and occasionally there were in a host two or more probably independent Cysticercus sarcomata. In earlier publications (1, 2, 3, 4) attention has been called to the fact that usually a Cysticercus sarcoma was confined to a single cyst, although the host may have had one to one hundred benign cysts. Sometimes two or more cysts were involved in the same tumor, and occasionally there were in a host two or more probably independent Cysticercus sarcomata.
Cost effectiveness of individual vs. group cognitive behavior therapy for problems of depression and anxiety in an HMO population.

Randomly assigned 44 outpatient Ss, enrollees of the George Washington University Health Plan, a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), to one of three treatment modalities: (1) a cognitive behavior therapy group; (2) a traditional process-oriented interpersonal group; and (3) cognitive behavior therapy in an individual format. All Ss were referred by their physicians to the HMO Mental Health Practice for treatment for anxiety and/or depression. Beck's Depression Inventory, Speilberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Gay and Galassi's Adult Self-Expression Scale (an assertion measure) were administered pre- and post- treatment to all Ss. A subsample of these Ss also were rated pre- and post-treatment on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression by experienced clinicians blind to the treatment groups. All three experimental groups significantly improved on all dependent measures from pre- to post-treatment, and no differential treatment effects were found.
Combined resistance and endurance training improves physical capacity and performance on tactical occupational tasks

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic endurance (E), strength (R), and combined endurance and strength (CB) training for improving performance of tactical occupational tasks and determine if combined training interferes with performance enhancements of E or R alone. A total of 56 recreationally active women were randomly placed into four groups: R (n = 18), E (n = 13), CB (n = 15), Control (n = 10). Subjects trained three non-consecutive days per week for 8 weeks. Performance was measured pre-, mid-, and post-training for bench press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), squat 1-RM, bench press throw and squat jump peak power, VO2peak, 3.2 km load carriage (LC), 3.2 km run (run), and repetitive lift and carry (RLC). R and E demonstrated improvements which were generally specific to their training. R improved squat (48.3%) and bench press 1-RM (23.8%), bench press throw (41.9%), RLC (31.3%), and LC (11.5%). E improved run (14.7%), VO2peak (6.2%), squat 1-RM (15.3%), LC (12.9%), and RLC (22.5%). CB improved squat (37.6%) and bench press 1-RM (20.9%), bench press throw (39.6%), VO2peak (7.6%), run (10.4%), LC (13.1%), and RLC (45.5%). Post-training 1-RM squat was greater in R and CB than E, while E completed the 3.2 km load carriage task faster than C. In conclusion, 8 weeks of combined training improved performance in all tactical occupational tasks measured and did not interfere with improvements in strength, power and endurance measures compared to R or E alone.
Structure of merger remnants. II: Progenitors with rotating bulges

Mergers of identical galaxies consisting of self-gravitating disks, bulges, and halos are examined in the context of the suggestion that such events may form elliptical galaxies. Unlike earlier studies, the simulations reported here include effects arising from intrinsic spin of bulges. It is found that the disks and bulges are able to redistribute their angular momentum so that the luminous remnants rotate slowly near their centers. In addition, if the bulges are sufficiently concentrated, the core radii of the remnants are significantly reduced relative to those of end-states formed in mergers between pure stellar disks to the extent that the remnants share structural properties with observed elliptical galaxies. Nevertheless, it does appear that stellar-dynamical mergers between spiral progenitors will represent a viable mechanism for the production of massive elliptical galaxies only if sufficient mass resides already in dense, spheroidal components. These results suggest that any ellipticals formed in this manner having featureless light profiles were victims of a 'disk-bulge conspiracy' analogous to the disk-halo conspiracy thought to give rise to smooth rotation curves in spiral galaxies. Possible observational signatures of mergers are discussed, along with implications of the findings for our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.
Video image coding via multiresolution computation of motion vectors with discontinuities

A new method is developed for computation of motion vectors from a video sequence which is appropriate for motion compensated coding. Although the proposed method is gradient based, it can handle both discontinuities and long range motion. Experimental results on synthetic and natural images are reported.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mitigation of Ship Motion Using Passive and Active Anti-Roll Tanks

Because excessive roll motions of ships in rough seas badly affect their performance, there is a continuous interest in efficient ways to mitigate these undesirable motions. There are different devices to mitigate the roll of ships with different levels of performance and operating limits. Anti-roll tanks are more effective than other roll stabilization devices when the ship is not underway or moves slowly. Here, we investigate the application of passive and active anti-roll tank systems. The tank system consists of three tanks: each one consists of two columns connected at the bottom via a horizontal pipe equipped with a pump. The tanks are arranged along the length of the ship, symmetrically located about its center of gravity. The motion of the liquid in the tank is 1-D, but it exerts loads on all degrees of freedom of the ship. The equation governing the tank-liquid motion is coupled with the equations governing the 6-DOF motion of the ship in waves; the coupled system is solved simultaneously in time. First, we derive expressions for the forces and moments exerted on the ship by the tanks. Then, we study the roll response at different sea heading angles in rough sea conditions in the absence of the tanks to identify the critical heading angles where the roll is large. We demonstrate the nonlinear behavior of roll through frequency-response curves for different beam wave amplitudes. These curves exhibit typical nonlinear phenomena (jumps and hysteresis) for high wave amplitudes. Spectral analysis shows a two-to-one frequency relationship between the roll and pitch in rough head and follower seas, which are the most critical sea headings. For passive and active tanks, we study the effect of the frequency of the tank system on its effectiveness. We consider active anti-roll tanks in which the pump power is controlled via a proportional-derivative (PD) control law using the roll angle and its rate. We compare the performances of passive and active tanks in rough sea for the critical heading angles. We found that active anti-roll tanks outperform passive ones in terms of roll reduction and size and weight, but they require power consumption. To achieve a specified roll reduction, the weight of a passive tank might be as large as five times that of an active tank. We also found that the performance of passive tanks depends strongly on their frequencies, in contrast with active tanks, which are insensitive to their frequencies.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Construction of the CLEO III drift chamber

Abstract The CLEO III group is constructing a new drift chamber to be installed as part of the staged luminosity upgrade program at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring and compatible with the interaction region optics. Although having less radial extent than the current CLEO II tracking system, CLEO III will have equivalent momentum resolution because of material reduction in the drift chamber inner skin and gas. The thin inner skin requires special attention to the endplate motion due to wire creep. During stringing, use of a robot will fully automate the wire handling on the upper end.
Apparatus and analysis for sum-coincidence (n,γ) spectrometer

Abstract Apparatus is described for analyzing two-step cascades of neutron capture gamma rays by the sum-coincidence method and consideration is given to the types of results which can be obtained. A detailed analysis is given of detection efficiency and peak shapes and their dependence on the characteristics of the sum discriminator. Several background effects are analyzed quantitatively such as back-scattering between scintillators, annihilation photon transfer between scintillators, cascades which terminate only near to the ground state, three-photon cascades and uncertainties caused by unknown angular correlations.
Differences in intrafusal fiber content of spindles in several muscles of the cat.

Abstract The intrafusal fiber content observed in 850 spindles from seven kinds of limb muscles of the cat are presented. The tenuissimus had the smallest content, 6.14 fibers per spindle, and the extensor digitorum longus the largest, 7.91. Gastrocnemius spindles had more fibers than those in the soleus. The differences were attributable primarily to variation in number of nuclear chain fibers. No infallible correlation with anatomical or functional characteristics of the muscles was evident, although greater fiber content seemed to be associated with flexor action and fast contractility. The possible consequences of the spindle content of intrafusal fibers on static and dynamic sensitivity of its afferents are discussed in relation to available data on stretch sensitivity.
The role of antiproliferative gene Tob1 in the immune system

Tob1 (transducer of ERBB2-1, TOB1 is humans) is a member of the antiproliferative (APRO) family of proteins that controls cell cycle progression in several cell types. In addition, Tob1 has been implicated in diverse cellular mechanisms such as embryonic dorsal development, and T helper 17 (Th17) cell function. More recently, evidence linking Tob1 function to experimental and human immune related disorders has mounted, thus underscoring the potential of this molecule as a biomarker and as a therapeutic target. This article reviews these functions with an emphasis on their implications for human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
A good day

![Figure][1] Image courtesy of Callum Gordon/iStock/Thinkstock > Hoy es un buen dia, senora, > > I tell her, my eyes betraying my fears > > as they had on days before > Her eyes stare through me as she mouths Gracias, Doctor. > > The very thought of the words causing her to strain
Lipid peroxidation: A possible factor in late graft failure of coronary artery bypass grafts

Abstract Atherosclerosis is the paramount cause of late vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting. Lipid peroxidation, which may play a significant role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, was examined in segments of vein grafts ( n = 6) harvested at reoperation for coronary disease. These were analyzed for cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride, and lipid peroxides. Nonatherosclerotic vascular tissues, including coronary arteries ( n = 6), saphenous veins ( n = 9), and donor aortic specimens ( n = 11) were analyzed for comparison. Risk factors for atherosclerosis including elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides, smoking, and hypertension were more frequent in patients with coronary artery disease compared to organ donors. Lipid peroxides were elevated in explanted vein grafts when compared to either saphenous vein, coronary artery or donor aorta. Lipid peroxides were not significantly different in saphenous vein when compared to coronary artery, but levels in both of these tissues were greater than in donor aorta. Although increased levels of lipid peroxides in explanted veins may simply reflect morphologic changes in these grafts, the known effects of lipid peroxides on a number of biochemical events suggest that they may contribute directly to graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:652-7.)
ADHESIVE MECHANISMS OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM

The corneal epithelium adheres to the stroma through a series of linked structures termed collectively the adhesion complex. These structures include; intermediate filaments (keratin filaments) which are linked to the hemidesmosome; the hemidesmosome; the anchoring filaments which extend from the membrane at the hemidesmosome through the lamina lucida to the lamina densa region of the basement membrane; the anchoring fibrils which insert into the basement membrane from the stromal side; and the anchoring plaque on which anchoring fibrils terminate distal from their insertion on the basement membrane. Upon wounding, basal cells of the corneal epithelium disassemble their hemidesmosomes. During migration, the membranes along the wound bed exhibit a different kind of adhesion junction, the focal contact. This junction is present primarily in cells of the leading edge of migration and may be the provisional adhesion junction used by epithelial sheet moving to cover a wound.
Effect of rheological behavior on properties of cast and sintered silicon carbide

Abstract This paper describes the rheological behavior of suspensions for two types of SiC powder, termed G-SiC and S-SiC, with different contents of dispersant. In addition, examination of the suspension property and the cast density of the green compacts, together with the mechanical strength of the sintered body, was conducted. Experimental results show that a stable SiC suspension with the lowest viscosity is obtained by controlling the dispersant content at, e.g. ~0.1 wt% and ~0.25 wt% for 30 vol% of SiC phase for the G-SiC and S-SiC powders, respectively. Cast densities of as high as 68% of theoretical were attainable by using the finer S-SiC powders (having a mean particle size of 0.48 μm). The suspension with the lowest viscosity associated with the highest cast density cannot be fully considered as a true representation of the final sintered microstructure. Instead, a suspension with appropriate viscosity is needed for optimizing both particle arrangement and packing structure during casting toward a uniformly consolidated compact and sintered structure. The flexural strength of the sintered SiC ceramics is strongly related to the residual pore content, obeying an exponential power law dependence.
Shining a Light on Energy Homeostasis

The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is a complex structure containing both orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons, coordinately regulated by leptin and energy state. In their recent Nature Neuroscience study, Aponte et al. (2011) use optogenetic technology to provide a glimpse into the consequences of exclusive activation of either NPY/AgRP or POMC neurons.
Isolation of 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms from coastal steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmonidae)

We describe 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) isolated in coastal California populations of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). SNP loci were developed using a 'gene-targeted' approach, which involved the development of primers from functional genes in O. mykiss that were deposited in GenBank or in the published literature. These markers show a wide range of variability in three coastal steelhead populations, and will be useful in population genetic studies and in pedigree reconstruction. Potential applications include evaluation of population structure, introgression between native and hatchery trout, and evaluating reproductive success.
Representations of thermodynamic variability in the automated understanding of FLIR scenes

Grenander's pattern theory offers a unified approach to characterizing variability in complex systems. Automatic target recognition systems for forward-looking infrared sensors must be robust to three kinds of variability: (1) Geometric variability--Target appearances vary with their orientations and positions; (2) Image variability--Target appearances vary with their thermodynamic state, and natural backgrounds consist of widely varying textures; (3) Complexity/scene variability--The number of targets encountered will not be known in advance, and targets may enter or leave the scene at random times. Pattern theoretic algorithms based on jump-diffusion processes which accommodate variabilities (1) and (3) have been proposed. The diffusions account for (1) by estimating positions and orientations, and the jumps account for (3) by adding and removing hypothesized targets and changing target types. Here we extend the work to better accommodate (2) by summarizing the thermodynamic state of targets with a parsimonious set of variables which become nuisance parameters in the Grenander/Bayesian formulation.
Damages Remedies for Infringements of Human Rights Under U.S. Law

The laws of the United States provide damages remedies for some acts—primarily but not exclusively by state actors—that infringe many internationally recognized human rights. They mostly do so without specific reference to or incorporation of international human rights law or norms. In domestic cases, U.S. law provides damages remedies for human rights violations primarily through general laws concerning civil rights, constitutional torts and tort or tort-like suits against state entities and officials. In engaging international human rights law, particularly treaties, the United States generally has claimed that domestic law meets applicable international human rights standards and is adequate to fulfill the relevant international obligations of the United States. A handful of exceptional laws—including principally the Alien Tort Statute and the Torture Victims Protection Act—provide remedies specifically for human rights violations where the case involves a transnational element, including some cases of harms committed outside the United States, by foreign defendants, or against foreign victims. Some of these civil cases have relied on a venerable but limited principle of U.S. law that provides for reception of the customary international law of human rights into federal common law. Other features of U.S. law—principally those governing state and official immunity in domestic and transnational cases, and judicial restraint in cases involving foreign affairs and political questions—limit damages remedies that might otherwise be available for infringements of human rights.