cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated circuit design with NEM relays

To overcome the energy-efficiency limitations imposed by finite sub-threshold slope in CMOS transistors, this paper explores the design of integrated circuits based on nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) relays. A dynamical Verilog-A model of the NEM relay is described and correlated to device measurements. Using this model we explore NEM relay design strategies for digital logic and I/O that can significantly improve the energy efficiency of the whole VLSI system. By exploiting the low effective threshold voltage and zero leakage achievable with these relays, we show that NEM relay-based adders can achieve an order of magnitude or more improvement in energy efficiency over CMOS adders with ns-range delays and with no area penalty. By applying parallelism, this improvement in energy-efficiency can be achieved at higher throughputs as well, at the cost of increased area. Similar improvements in high-speed I/O energy are also predicted by making use of the relays to implement highly energy-efficient digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters.
A coumarin based fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer cation sensor

Abstract We wish to report 4-[(Bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)methyl]-7-methoxychromen-2-one, 1, as a fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer cation sensor that is capable of indicating the presence of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions via a fluorescence signal. The log binding constants, β, for these metal ions have been measured, and were found to be 6.10 ± 0.4, 6.37 ± 0.3, and 5.67 ± 0.3, respectively. Download : Download full-size image
Physical Activity Patterns in a Diverse Population of Women

Background.Demographic and psychosocial correlates of activity in domains other than recreational activity have not been well characterized and may be particularly relevant for health promotion efforts aimed at women. Methods.Cross-sectional relationships between recreational, occupational, and household/caregiving physical activity and demographic and psychosocial factors were assessed with a mail survey in a random sample of 2,636 ethnically diverse women members of a large health maintenance organization, ages 20–65. Activity was assessed with a modified Baecke questionnaire that uses categorical responses regarding frequency of domain-specific activities to create four semicontinuous activity indices (sports/exercise, active living, occupational, household/caregiving). Results.Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of being in the highest quartile of the sports/exercise and active-living indices, compared with the other three quartiles, was decreased among older, nonwhite, less well educated, heavier women who had young children at home, lacked motivation to exercise, and perceived external obstacles to exercise behavior. The odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33–0.45, associated with low motivation, to 0.95, 95% CI 0.93–0.98, associated with increasing body mass index. Social support and confidence in one's ability to continue to exercise, even when faced with other pressures and demands (termed self-efficacy), were associated with increased likelihood of high levels of sports/exercise and active living (OR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.83–2.98 and OR = 3.96, 95% CI 2.92–5.38, respectively). In contrast, the highest quartile of household/caregiving activity was positively associated with increasing age (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.16–1.42), Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 0.55–1.01), being married (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.33–2.18), having young children at home (OR = 6.99, 95% CI 4.33–11), and greater time constraints as a barrier to exercise (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.38–1.74) and was negatively associated with employment (OR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.30–0.47). Increased likelihood of the highest quartile of occupational activity was associated with high school education or less (OR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.74–2.94) and current smoking (OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.23–2.23), while self-efficacy regarding exercise was associated with decreased likelihood (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.61–0.96). Conclusions.These findings suggest that demographic and psychosocial correlates of physical activity vary by domain and that initiatives to promote physical activity in the population need to take these differences into account.
Adrenocortical and behavioral reactions by differentially raised rhesus monkeys

Monkeys reared in social isolation or with an agemate were tested at 19 months for Cortisol responses following (1) ACTH injection and (2) initial experience in a novel playroom. Isolates had higher basal Cortisol, but did not differ from peer-raised monkeys in absolute Cortisol rise induced by ACTH or by the playroom experience. However, isolates did show more fear-disturbance-emotional behavior than did peers. The data suggest that basal Cortisol level may be a meaningful correlate of behavioral differences produced by differential rearing experiences in monkeys, but Cortisol rises induced by novel and complex stimulation are not correlated with these behavioral effects.
The Political Economy of High Speed Rail in the United States

Discussions of high-speed rail in the United States generally involve relatively straightforward matters of urban policy, civil engineering, economics and raw politics. High-speed rail is touted as an economic driver, a paragon of sustainability and an arena of competition with economic rivals in Europe and Asia. But a critical look at the discourse surrounding high-speed rail reveals the deep contradictions that have managed to stymie numerous initiatives to build high-speed rail lines while simultaneously keeping the dream alive in the imaginings of generations of advocates. This paper looks at plans for high-speed rail in the United States as a complex of ideas, connecting the nascent efforts to the larger American story.
The role of norepinephrine and acetylcholine in mediating escape deficits produced by inescapable shocks

This study examined the role of neurochemical changes produced by inescapable shock, specifically the depletion of norepinephrine (NE) and enhancement of acetylcholine (ACh), in mediating subsequent inescapable shock-induced deficits in escape acquisition in rats. Enhancement of these neurochemical changes by injections of the NE synthesis inhibitor, FLA-63 (10 mg/kg), or the anticholinesterase, eserine sulphate (3 × 0.5 mg/kg), during the inescapable shock enhanced the subsequent escape deficits observed 3 days later. In contrast, these drugs had no effect on the subsequent escape behavior of rats that were not exposed to inescapable shock. Since these effects could not be attributed to carry-over or state-dependent effects of the drugs, these data suggest that the magnitude of the escape deficit produced by prior inescapable shock is dependent on the magnitude of the initial inescapable shock-induced changes in NE and ACh.
On the Projected Fermion Description of Anisotropic S=1/2 Antiferromagnets

In this paper we consider anisotropic S=1/2 antiferromagnets through a projected fermion description. The success of projected fermion methods for the isotropic system is reviewed. We present an analytical approximation to Gutzwiller approximation and illustrate it’s use by showing that it is consistent with the SU(2) symmetry of projected fermions. The anisotropic antiferromagnet is written in terms of a fermion mean field. We consider the case of Ising anisotropy and show that in the Ising limit a procedure of minimizing the post-projection energy of a fermion mean field state gives the correct Ising ground state.
Treatment of acute immune-mediated neuropathies: Guillain-Barré syndrome and clinical variants.

The author reviews current treatment approaches for the management of acute immune-mediated peripheral neuropathies, including the Guillain-Barre syndrome together with the clinical variants, which are acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, acute motor axonal neuropathy, acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy, and the Fisher syndrome. A summary of clinical evidence for drug therapies is provided, with additional recommendations for commonly used treatment modalities including a focus on the approach to using intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange therapy.
Radiations of 93Y and 94Y and half-lives of 93Sr and 94Sr☆

Abstract The radiations of 93Y and 94Y have been examined by β-ray spectrometry and γ-ray scintillation spectrometry. 93Y decays about 90 per cent by a 2·89±0·02-MeV β-transition to the ground state of 93Zr; the spectrum of the 2·89 MeV group has a unique first-forbidden shape γ-rays of energies 0·267, 0·49, 0·935, 0·935, 1·15, 1·20, 1·42, 1·89-1·91, 2·14-2·18 and ∼2·43 MeV accompany the remaining 10 per cent of the disintegrations. On the basis of γ-γ coincidence measurements, these radiations have been fitted to a partial decay scheme involving levels in 93Zr at 0·267, 0·935, 1·42, 1·89, 2·18 and ∼2·43 MeV. 94Y has a complex β-spectrum of maximum energy 5·0 ± 0·2 MeV; the highest-energy group corresponds to the transition to the ground state of 94Zr. The lower-energy β-transitions are accompanied by γ-rays of energies of 0·56, 0·92, 1·13, 1·65, 1·90, 2·13, 2·84 and 3·53 MeV, plus unresolved γ-ray groups at 2·57 and 3·06 MeV. The half-lives of 93Sr and 94Sr, measured by experiments involving periodic chemical separations of 93Y and 94Y from fission-product strontium, are 8·2 ± 0·0·8 min and 1·3 ± 0·2 min, respectively. The half-lives of 93Y and 94Y are 10·25 ± 0·10 hr and 20 ± 1 min, respectively. A search has been made for isomerism in 93Y. Measurements on yttrium grown from fission-product strontium have shown no definite evidence for an isomer of 93Y with a half-line in the range 30 sec to 3 hr. The yield of 10·25 hr 93Y from fission of 235U by water-moderated “pile” neutrons is (6·1 ± 0·6) per cent.
Effects of physiological variations in circulating insulin levels on bone turnover in humans.

Physiological variations in insulin levels do not alter bone turnover, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, or osteoprotegerin levels in humans.
IRon overload screeNing tool (IRON): Development of a tool to guide screening in primary care

Iron overload is associated with significant morbidity and mortality yet is easily treated. The objective of this study was to create a tool that could be easily adapted to clinical practice that indicates the likelihood of a patient having undetected iron overload. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002 for US adults aged 20 years and older to build a model (unweighted n=8,779). We chose potential variables for inclusion that could be gathered by self-report or measured without laboratory data and were suggested by past literature on hemochromatosis and iron overload. We computed logistic regressions to create the scores by initially evaluating the variables' relationship with elevated ferritin and elevated transferrin saturation and then using odds ratios to correspond to scores. The resulting score on the IRon Overload ScreeNing Tool (IRON) was then validated with data on 13,844 adults in the NHANES III, 1988-94. Predictors in the final tool were age, gender, previous diagnoses of liver condition, osteoporosis or thyroid disease. The IRON score yielded an area under the curve (AUC) in the NHANES 1999-02 of 0.720 and an AUC of 0.685 in the NHANES III validation sample. The IRON score is a tool to assist in identification of patients with iron overload that has several qualities that make it attractive for use in clinical practice with an undifferentiated patient population including brevity, easily collected information and predictive ability comparable to other tools that help in directing screening.
Indoor transient SOA formation from ozone + α-pinene reactions: Impacts of air exchange and initial product concentrations, and comparison to limonene ozonolysis

Abstract The ozonolysis of reactive organic gases (ROG), e.g. terpenes, generates secondary organic aerosol (SOA) indoors. The SOA formation strength of such reactions is parameterized by the aerosol mass fraction (AMF), a.k.a. SOA yield, which is the mass ratio of generated SOA to oxidized ROG. AMFs vary in magnitude both among and for individual ROGs. Here, we quantified dynamic SOA formation from the ozonolysis of α-pinene with ‘transient AMFs,’ which describe SOA formation due to pulse emission of a ROG in an indoor space with air exchange, as is common when consumer products are intermittently used in ventilated buildings. We performed 19 experiments at low, moderate, and high (0.30, 0.52, and 0.94 h−1, respectively) air exchange rates (AER) at varying concentrations of initial reactants. Transient AMFs as a function of peak SOA concentrations ranged from 0.071 to 0.25, and they tended to increase as the AER and product of the initial reactant concentrations increased. Compared to our similar research on limonene ozonolysis (Youssefi and Waring, 2014), for which formation strength was driven by secondary ozone reactions, the AER impact for α-pinene was opposite in direction and weaker, while the initial reactant product impact was in the same direction but stronger for α-pinene than for limonene. Linear fits of AMFs for α-pinene ozonolysis as a function of the AER and initial reactant concentrations are provided so that future indoor models can predict SOA formation strength.
Does Japan really have robot mania? Comparing attitudes by implicit and explicit measures

Japan has more robots than any other country with robots contributing to many areas of society, including manufacturing, healthcare, and entertainment. However, few studies have examined Japanese attitudes toward robots, and none has used implicit measures. This study compares attitudes among the faculty of a US and a Japanese university. Although the Japanese faculty reported many more experiences with robots, implicit measures indicated both faculties had more pleasant associations with humans. In addition, although the US faculty reported people were more threatening than robots, implicit measures indicated both faculties associated weapons more strongly with robots than with humans. Despite the media’s hype about Japan’s robot ‘craze,’ response similarities suggest factors other than attitude better explain robot adoption. These include differences in history and religion, personal and human identity, economic structure, professional specialization, and government policy. Japanese robotics offers a unique reference from which other nations may learn.
Relay feedback-based power control in multihop wireless networks

In this paper, we propose a distributed power control scheme which can take into account the end-to-end performance of users in a multihop cellular network. Bottleneck links in a multihop wireless network limit the maximum rate achieved by users along their routes. Under the proposed scheme a link dynamically switches between different power adaptation algorithms based on whether it is a bottleneck or a non-bottleneck link. Specifically, non-bottleneck links iteratively reduce their transmit powers whereas the bottleneck links use power control to exploit the corresponding interference reduction and further increase their signal-to-noise-and-interference ratios (SINRs). We show substantial system throughput performance gain under our scheme and for which, under certain scenarios, we derive a closed-form expression of the converged transmit power levels regardless of their initial values.
A calculation of gaseous slip velocity and microscale flow fields from a molecular-continuum matching analysis

Abstract Small-scale gaseous flows cannot be described as a continuum, especially at boundaries where molecular interactions of the fluid with a wall takes place. Work has been done to match molecular dynamics simulations near a wall to continuum flow away from a wall [S.T. O'Connel, P.A. Thompson, Phys. Rev. E 52, R5792.2.]. Microscale flow fields have also been calculated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations with a Maxwellian slip boundary condition [E.B. Arkilic et al., J. Microelectromech. Systems 6 (2) (1997) 167–178.]. This paper, in two dimensions, calculates microscale flow fields and slip velocities ab initio by matching, with a novel computer algorithm, analysis of molecular interaction with boundaries to continuum flow away from the boundaries for wall-velocity-step-jumped-time-varying Poiseuille flow. Slip velocities are also calculated in the steady-state case for Poiseuille flow. Drift velocities approximately one mean free path from the walls are found to be between 20–30% of the maximum flow field velocity along the length of the channel for transient analysis of helium gas and 5–36% of the maximum velocity for steady-state analysis of various gases. These ratios are consistent with past calculations of flow fields calculated with a prescribed Maxwellian slip boundary condition (E.B. Arkilic et al., 1997.).
Deployment models for commercialized carbon capture and storage.

Even before technology matures and the regulatory framework for carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been developed, electrical utilities will need to consider the logistics of how widespread comme...
Seasonal and interannual variation of physical and biological processes during 1994–2001 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea: A three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical modeling study

A Pacific basin-wide physical–biogeochemical model has been used to investigate the seasonal and interannual variation of physical and biological fields with analyses focusing on the Sea of Japan/East Sea (JES). The physical model is based on the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS), and the biogeochemical model is based on the Carbon, Si(OH)4, Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSiNE) model. The coupled ROMS–CoSiNE model is forced with the daily air–sea fluxes derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis for the period of 1994 to 2001, and the model results are used to evaluate climate impact on nutrient transport in Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) and phytoplankton spring bloom dynamics in the JES. The model reproduces several key features of sea surface temperature (SST) and surface currents, which are consistent with the previous modeling and observational results in the JES. The calculated volume transports through the three major straits show that the Korea Strait (KS) dominates the inflow to the JES with 2.46 Sv annually, and the Tsugaru Strait (TS) and the Soya Strait (SS) are major outflows with 1.85 Sv and 0.64 Sv, respectively. Domain-averaged phytoplankton biomass in the JES reaches its spring peak 1.8 mmol N m− 3 in May and shows a relatively weak autumn increase in November. Strong summer stratification and intense consumption of nitrate by phytoplankton during the spring result in very low nitrate concentration at the upper layer, which limits phytoplankton growth in the JES during the summer. On the other hand, the higher grazer abundance likely contributes to the strong suppression of phytoplankton biomass after the spring bloom in the JES. The model results show strong interannual variability of SST, nutrients, and phytoplankton biomass with sudden changes in 1998, which correspond to large-scale changes of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Regional comparisons of interannual variations in springtime were made for the southern and northern JES. Variations of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass related to the PDO warm/cold phase changes were detected in both the southern and northern JES, and there were regional differences with respect to the mechanisms and timing. During the warm PDO, the nutrients integrated in the MLD increased in the south and decreased in the north in winter. Conversely, during the cold PDO, the nutrients integrated in the MLD decreased in the south and increased in the north. Wind divergence/convergence likely drives the differences in the southern and northern regions when northerly and northwesterly monsoon dominates in winter in the JES. Subjected to the nutrient change, the growth of phytoplankton biomass appears to be limited neither by nutrient nor by light consistently both in the southern and northern regions. Namely, the JES is at the transition zone of the lower trophic-level ecosystem between light-limited and nutrient-limited zones.
Populations of bacteria and actinomycetes associated with sclerotia ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum buried in Houston black clay

Sclerotia ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar (the causal agent of root rot of cotton) were produced in the laboratory and then buried at a depth of 45 cm at three sites in Texas situated on Houston black clay soils with various cropping histories. The sites included a native grassland prairie, a field in continuous cotton production, and a field in which cotton, corn, and sorghum were grown in rotation. Samples of sclerotia were retrieved monthly over a 12 month period. Populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were enumerated using dilution-plate techniques and isolates were screened (in vitro) for their ability to produce substances inhibitory toP. omnivorum. The sclerotia supported large numbers of bacteria (including fluorescent pseudomonads) and actinomycetes. Numbers associated with sclerotia ranged from 106–109 cells per gram of sclerotia plus adherent soil and were 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than numbers from soil at the same depth but free of sclerotia. Bacteria and actinomycetes antagonistic toP. omnivorum were isolated from sclerotia buried at each of the three sites. Up to 26% of the isolates inhibited growth ofP. omnivorum.
Proof of principle for inversion of vector sensor array data

Acoustic data collected from a 22 m long horizontal line array with elements comprised of omni-directional hydrophone sensors co-located with acceleration vector sensor triplets are analyzed for seabed geo-acoustic information. Broadband and continuous wave tone data were recorded from the passage of a surface vessel source, the R/V Montague, in an August 2006 experiment conducted in Monterey Bay. The water depth at the array and along the source track was approximately 85 m. Simultaneous inversions for source track and geo-acoustic parameters were performed with 18 tones from the 62–415 Hz tone data for source ranges 0.5–2.0 km. The efficacy of inversions with vector sensor data is demonstrated by the fact that data from vector sensor acceleration components parallel to the array line of bearing produced inversion solutions approximately identical to the solutions obtained from the inversion of data for the same tones from the hydrophone array components. In addition the source spectra derived from these inversions are in nominal agreement with the source spectra obtained from an independent measurement.
The vocalization of painful affect.

Abstract The act of verbalizing painful emotion is a sign of positive adaptive functioning, related to improved clinical state in depressed patients, and to capacity for self-regulation in persons experiencing stressful life events. In this investigation, the quality of articulation of emotion is assessed using a technique of discourse analysis applied to five-minute speech samples produced by severely depressed psychiatric inpatients and elderly medical outpatients. The method yields affect articulation profiles that trace sequential patterns of affect expression in spontaneous speech. The positive impact of the verbalizing process is based on the operation of the referential activity function, which involves integration of speech with cognitive and motoric processes. A model is proposed in which a linguistic or cognitive drive associated with referential activity, a “need for names,” operates as a positive force, in opposition to a potentially maladaptive mechanism of avoidance of negative affect by blocking the experience to symbol link.
Intestinal Drug Absorption and Metabolism I: Comparison of Methods and Models to Study Physiological Factors of In Vitro and In Vivo Intestinal Absorption

Two experimental methods for use in kinetic studies on a compartment model for intestinal metabolism and absorption were evaluated. The in vitro cannulated everted intestinal sac and the in vivo intestinal loop with complete mesenteric venous collection were compared in the same region of rabbit intestine. These experimental methods were used to study the effects of metabolism, tissue accumulation, and blood flow on the transport of sali-cylamide across the basal barrier and provide experimental evidence to support the cell compartment model. At lower initial mucosal concentration (10−3M), over 60% of the drug appearing in mesenteric blood is conjugated with glucuronic acid. At higher initial mucosal fluid concentrations, glucuronide conjugation appears to be capacity limited and the disappearance from the lumen-curve shows a distinct distributive phase characteristic of a cell compartment model. The rate of transport of free drug across the basal barrier is blood flow rate-limited while the transport of glucuronide is essentially independent of blood flow. Appearance of free salicyl-amide into mesenteric blood, in vivo, shows a lag time of 4 min. compared to a lag time of about 10 min. for the appearance of free drug into serosal fluid in vitro. The steady state rate of appearance of free drug into the plasma (in vivo) is five to ten times greater than the rate of appearance of free drug into the serosal fluid (in vitro) at similar mucosal concentrations. The in vivo intestinal loop with complete venous collection was found to have many advantages in studying physiological factors of intestinal drug absorption.
Cross Talk between Neuroregulatory Molecule and Monocyte: Nerve Growth Factor Activates the Inflammasome

Background Increasing evidence points to a role for the extra-neuronal nerve growth factor (NGF) in acquired immune responses. However, very little information is available about its role and underlying mechanism in innate immunity. The role of innate immunity in autoimmune diseases is becoming increasingly important. In this study, we explored the contribution of pleiotropic NGF in the innate immune response along with its underlying molecular mechanism with respect to IL-1β secretion.
Exam room, chair side evaluation of retinal edema: improving accuracy and precision for identification of subclinical diabetic macular edema.

Abstract Background Early detection of diabetic macular edema (DME) is important for improving patient outcomes. Currently, the gold standards are slit lamp stereo biomicroscopy examination and fluorescein angiography (FA). Detecting DME with a slit lamp is subjective and can be difficult in the early stages of the disease. FA is invasive and involves discomfort and risk to the patient. A new diagnostic test, the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) Retina Module (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), is noninvasive, objective, and sensitive to early changes in the retina. It is purported to locate and quantify retinal edema such as DME, independent of retina thickening. Presented are a series of case reports comparing retinal photography, FA, HRT, and ocular coherence tomography (Stratus OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) results on patients with DME. The purpose is to determine the clinical utility of the HRT for discerning DME compared with clinical stereo biomicroscopy impression and FA. Case reports In this representative case series, the author’s first stereo biomicroscopy impression, macular photographs, retinal fluorescein angiographs, Stratus OCT images, and HRT Retina Module images from 5 type 2 diabetic patients (3 insulin and 2 non–insulin dependent) with retinopathy are presented. All patients are men, with a mean age of 56.4 (range, 51 to 62). Subjects had diabetes mellitus type 2 for an average of 14.4 years (range, 10 to 22) and were experiencing fluctuations or loss in vision. In all cases, DME was clearly identifiable on FA although sometimes questionable by stereo biomicroscopy. Nonstereo retinal photos and OCT examinations were inconclusive or unremarkable in 4 of 5 cases. The HRT Edema surrogate “e” index and map results showed areas of DME that were very similar to those of the FA images. Conclusions In this case series, the HRT Retina Module provided useful clinical information on DME patients including the quantification and extent of both subclinical and clinically significant DME. Although more rigorous study is warranted, such immediate feedback from a noninvasive, safe, diagnostic tool is invaluable in clinical practice, particularly with the advent of prophylactic nutritional genistein-based multivitamin supplements such as Bausch & Lomb Ocuvite DF (Rochester, New York).
The kinetics of ion exchange on crystalline zirconium phosphate

Abstract The rate of sodium-hydrogen exchange on zirconium phosphate has been measured potentiometrically in limited bath experiments over a range of sodium ion concentration. The results indicate that the exchange takes place in an initial fast, followed by a slow step. Both processes appear to be controlled by the diffusion of ions through the exchanger particles.
A note on implicit multifunction theorems

The paper is mainly devoted to the study of implicit multifunction theorems in terms of Frechet coderivative in Asplund spaces. It sharpens the well-known implicit multifunction theorem of Ledyaev and Zhu (Set Valued Anal., 7, 209–238, 1999) as well as many recent publications about this significant area.
Management of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease

Hypertension is present in three of four patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) but remains largely uncontrolled in most patients. Treating hypertension in these patients is complicated by the concern of precipitating coronary ischemia when diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is reduced excessively. However, an emerging body of evidence from recent clinical trials in high-risk hypertensive patients with or without CAD demonstrated the benefit of intensive drug therapy, even when DBP fell much lower than 80 mm Hg, in terms of reducing cardiovascular events and progression of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. Accordingly, the American Heart Association has now set the target BP goal to less than 130/80 mm Hg in hypertensive patients with CAD. Given the enormous gap between current BP levels in patients with CAD and the new target BP goals, multiple drug therapy is essential to achieve BP control and improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy: A Brief Review

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE) is a syndrome of altered mental status, hallucinations, delusional thinking, and often, epileptic seizures. It is diagnosed by the clinical syndrome, the presence of elevated titers of antithyroid antibodies, the lack of another diagnosis based on clinical evaluation, and the response to corticosteroid and other immunosuppressant treatment. This review discusses the symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment of HE. The disorder is important to recognize because aggressive treatment may bring about a favorable clinical outcome. The disorder has a relatively benign prognosis, compared with many of the entities for which it can be mistaken.
Climate Sensitivity Studies of the Greenland Ice Sheet Using Satellite AVHRR, SMMR, SSM/I and In Situ Data

The feasibility of using satellite data for climate research over the Greenland ice sheet is discussed. In particular, we demonstrate the usefulness of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Global Area Coverage (GAC) data for narrow-band albedo retrieval. Our study supports the use of lower resolution AVHRR (GAC) data for process studies over most of the Greenland ice sheet. Based on LAC data time series analysis, we can resolve relative albedo changes on the order of 2–5%. In addition, we examine Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave data for snow typing and other signals of climatological significance. Based on relationships between in situ measurements and horizontally polarized 19 and 37 GHz observations, wet snow regions are identified. The wet snow regions increase in aerial percentage from 9% of the total ice surface in June to a maximum of 26% in August 1990. Furthermore, the relationship between brightness temperatures and accumulation rates in the northeastern part of Greenland is described. We found a consistent increase in accumulation rate for the northeastern part of the ice sheet from 1981 to 1986.
Successful dihydrotachysterol (A.T. 10) replacement therapy in lactating thyro-parathyroidectomized rats.

Summary Thyro-parathyroidectomy (TPEC) was performed in ten albino rats on Day 4, in 66 albino rats on Day 7 of lactation. Replacement therapy was only partially successful when 187.5 μg. dihydrotachysterol (A.T. 10)/day was injected subcutaneously from Days 5–13. Completely successful replacement therapy was achieved when 60, 80, and 100 μg. A.T. 10/100g. body weight/day were given orally from Days 7–13 of lactation. All animals received daily 3.5 and 3 μg. thyroxine (T4)/100g. per day, respectively, from Day 4 or 7 until end of experiment. Criteria for lactational performance were prenursing litter weight and milk yield on Days 14 and 15–21. Nursing was standardized with 1 U.S.P. unit oxytocin (OXT), injected subcutaneously from Days 14–21 immediately before each nursing. Discontinuation of A.T. 10 in TPEC lactating rats on Day 13 resulted in fatal attacks of tetany in 35 of 66 of the superior lactating rats between Days 16 and 21. In 11 rats nonfatal attacks of tetany, combined with reduced lactational performance, occurred during the same period. Eleven other rats not observed to show signs of tetany were believed to have been completely para-thyroidectomized. It is suggested that lower losses of serum Ca due to poor lactational performance (as indicated by depressed litter weight and milk yield on Day 21) were responsible for the absence of tetany. Nine rats with lactational performance until Day 21 similar to intact control rats were considered to have accessory parathyroid glands. Rats successfully TPEC lost body weight, whereas intact controls gained slightly.
Agriculture and aquaculture applications of geothermal energy

Abstract Agriculture and aquaculture applications are particularly attractive for geothermal applications because they require heating at the lower end of the temperature range where there is an abundance of geothermal resources. Use of waste heat or the cascading of geothermal energy from power plants or other high-temperature uses also have excellent possibilities. A number of agribusiness applications can be considered such as greenhouses, aquaculture, animal husbandry, soil warming and irrigation, mushroom raising and biogas generation.
The structure of copper-nitrite reductase from Achromobacter cycloclastes at five pH values, with NO2- bound and with type II copper depleted.

High resolution x-ray crystallographic structures of nitrite reductase from Achromobacter cycloclastes, undertaken in order to understand the pH optimum of the reaction with nitrite, show that at pH 5.0, 5.4, 6.0, 6.2, and 6.8, no significant changes occur, other than in the occupancy of the type II copper at the active site. An extensive network of hydrogen bonds, both within and between subunits of the trimer, maintains the rigidity of the protein structure. A water occupies a site ∼1.5 A from the site of the type II copper in the structure of the type II copper-depleted structure (at pH 5.4), again with no other significant changes in structure. In nitrite-soaked crystals, nitrite binds via its oxygens to the type II copper and replaces the water normally bound to the type II copper. The active-site cavity of the protein is distinctly hydrophobic on one side and hydrophilic on the other, providing a possible path for diffusion of the product NO. Asp-98 exhibits thermal parameter values higher than its surroundings, suggesting a role in shuttling the two protons necessary for the overall reaction. The strong structural homology with cupredoxins is described.
Evidence for a difference in mechanism between the reactions with carboxypeptidase A of the (-) and (+) - enantiomers of a thiolester substrate.

Abstract Cinnamoyl-carboxypeptidase Aγ has been isolated from the reaction of the enzyme with (+)- S-(trans -cinnamoyl)-α-mercapto-β-phenylpropionate. This is the first instance in which an acyl-enzyme has been detected directly during the esterase action of carboxypeptidase A. Also, the failure to detect such a species in the carboxypeptidase A-catalyzed hydrolysis of the (−)-enantiomer of the thiolester under similar conditions provides the first experimental demonstration that an enzyme can act on different enantiomers of a substrate through different mechanisms.
QCL Based Absorption Sensor for Simultaneous Trace-Gas Detection of CH4 and N2O

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) absorption sensor system operating at 7.83 mm was developed for simultaneous dual-species monitoring of CH4 and N2O using a novel compact multipass gas absorption cell with a sampling volume of 225 mL.
A causality analysis of trade flows in the North American free trade agreement

This paper examines trade development in Mercosur and Pacific-Asian economies during the past decade from the perspective of regional integration. The main focus is the development of intraindustry trade. Globalization of corporate activities in the U.S. during the I980s and, more recently, in Japan and the new industrial economies stimulated in part by currency factors since late 1985 appear to have contributed to a significant increase in intra-industry trade among Pacific-Asian economies, particularly in technology-intensive products. In the case of Mercosur, bilateral trade between Argentina and Brazil is the principal element of success. Furthermore, the two biggest economies showed the highest intra-industry trade levels. The desegregated analysis showed that intra-industry trade in Mercosur is centered around products with high intensity in the use of human capital and technology. In addition, the analysis showed that an important part of intra-regional trade is centered around intermediate products and industries of capital goods.
Review: adderall may have a small advantage over methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

(2002) J Clin Psychopharm 22, 468; Faraone SV, Biederman J, Roe C. . Comparative efficacy of adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. . Oct; . : . –73. . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: How effective is adderall compared with methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder? Review with meta-analysis. Studies were identified using Pubmed. The authors do not provide details of any additional search strategies. Trials comparing adderall with methylphenidate for children with ADHD (DSM-IV criteria) were eligible if (1) outcome assessors were blind to treatment allocation; (2) means and standard deviations were presented for outcome scores; (3) structured methods were used to assess ADHD symptoms, aggressive or defiant symptoms or global ratings of behaviour. The authors included 2 clinic-based studies and 2 based at summer camps. Participants were 216 children aged 5–17 years. Data were extracted on … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bclinical%2Bpsychopharmacology%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BClin%2BPsychopharmacol%26rft.aulast%253DFaraone%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BV.%26rft.volume%253D22%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D468%26rft.epage%253D473%26rft.atitle%253DComparative%2Befficacy%2Bof%2BAdderall%2Band%2Bmethylphenidate%2Bin%2Battention-deficit%252Fhyperactivity%2Bdisorder%253A%2Ba%2Bmeta-analysis.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252F00004714-200210000-00005%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12352269%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/00004714-200210000-00005&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12352269&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F6%2F2%2F43.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000178210100005&link_type=ISI
Idealization in the Liver Transplant Setting

Liver transplant patients in psychotherapy may often be relatively silent about their new organs but intensely preoccupied with their medical and psychosocial caregivers. An important challenge for the liver transplant recipient is to preserve positive relationships with caregivers, and to ward off frightening feelings of anger and mistrust that may threaten to emerge. Idealization of caregivers is common, and may be ego-enhancing. Any threat to the idealization may be hazardous. Three liver transplant cases from the author's psychotherapy practice are presented which illustrate this paradigm. The ideas developed are readily applicable to current problems involving both psychotherapy and selection of transplant recipients.
AGU Members Press for Continued Federal Support for Basic Research on Capitol Hill

[1] While the debate over funding the federal government in 2011 is over, budget battles for 2012 and following years are now heating up. To demonstrate the importance of basic research funding, AGU collaborated with 28 other scientific and engineering societies to host 250 scientists at the sixteenth annual Science-Engineering-Technology Congressional Visits Day (SET-CVD). Twenty-four Earth and space scientists, from space physicists to hydrologists, came to Washington, D. C., on 6–7 April. Their mission was to remind lawmakers that federally supported science research drives America's economic engine; protects lives, property, and the environment; and helps keep America competitive by training the next generation of scientists, engineers, and science educators.
A new approach to knowledge acquisition by repertory grids

Personal construct theory is one of the important tools for knowledge acquisition. It provides an expert’s opinion of the relationship between objects and their properties in the form of a repertory grid. The current techniques provide the repertory grid in the form of a matrix of integers. This paper describes the preliminary attempts for elicitation and analysis of repertory grid using a range of integers for each relationship. Such an elicitation leads to a more natural description of the expert’s knowledge in addition to a better user interface.
Time-resolved opto-acoustic spectroscopy

Abstract A new approach to the study of excited state radiationless processes in large molecules in the vapor phase is proposed. The basis of the approach is the opto-acoustic effect: the generation of pressure fluctuations in a sample upon absorption of pulsed optical energy. A set of heat flow equations governing this effect has been constructed and solved under certain restrictions. This general solution is examined in detail for excitation into a vibrational level of the lowest triplet state of, say, an organic chromophore. Methods are presented for the extraction of important lifetime and nonradiative yield parameters from the expected time-resolved pressure signal. Finally, the effects of nonuniform sample absorption along the cell axis are presented in the form of simulated computer plots of the pressure signal. It is shown that both radial and longitudinal acoustic wave oscillations may be superimposed on the gross pressure rise.
Laboratory, Computational, and Field Studies of Snowboard Dynamics

While many studies have documented the dynamic behaviour of skis, similar studies for snowboards have been rare. Characteristics such as board stiffness and damping are acknowledged to be linked to performance, but a quantitative determination of corresponding natural frequencies and damping ratios has to date not been published. The present work uses laboratory, computational and field studies to develop and document an in-depth understanding and quantification of snowboard dynamics. In particular, laboratory tests are used to determine the first three bending and first two torsional natural frequencies and modal damping ratios for eight snowboards from two manufacturers. Computer models are developed using the software packages Pro/ENGINEER and Pro/MECHANICA that accurately reproduce the experimentally measured natural frequencies and that facilitate visualization of mode shapes. Field tests are discussed that provide insights into the strains and accelerations experienced by snowboards while subject to turns, stops and jumps. Quantitative results are shown to correlate well with qualitative descriptions offered by manufacturers and riders. Medium-quality boards designed for beginner riders and characterized as ‘soft’ have lower natural frequencies and larger damping ratios than similar boards designed for advanced riders and characterized as ‘stiff.’ Moreover, boards designed for advanced riders and characterized as ‘high-quality’ have natural frequencies higher than ‘medium-quality’ boards while still exhibiting high damping ratios.
Effects of Age and Temporal Placement of a Modeled Skill on Children's Performance on a Balance Task.

The present investigation explored the effect of age and temporal placement of a modelled skill on performance on a balance task. 60 boys, aged 7 and 9 yr., were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. The model was presented before any trials were attempted, midway, or not at all during 12 trials. A 2 (age) X 3 (model condition) X 12 (trials) repeated-measures design was utilized. Analysis of variance indicated significant effects of age, temporal appearance of the model, and an interaction of model by age for time on-balance. Model affected younger subjects but not older ones. Treatment did not affect off-balance errors. Findings for age and temporal placement are not consistent with some previous research.
MVAPICH-Aptus: Scalable high-performance multi-transport MPI over InfiniBand

The need for computational cycles continues to exceed availability, driving commodity clusters to increasing scales. With upcoming clusters containing tens-of-thousands of cores, InfiniBand is a popular interconnect on these clusters, due to its low latency (1.5 musec) and high bandwidth (1.5 GB/sec). Since most scientific applications running on these clusters are written using the message passing interface (MPI) as the parallel programming model, the MPI library plays a key role in the performance and scalability of the system. Nearly all MPIs implemented over InfiniBand currently use the reliable connection (RC) transport of InfiniBand to implement message passing. Using this transport exclusively, however, has been shown to potentially reach a memory footprint of over 200 MB/task at 16 K tasks for the MPI library. The Unreliable Datagram (UD) transport, however, offers higher scalability, but at the cost of medium and large message performance. In this paper we present a multi-transport MPI design, MVAPICH-Aptus, that uses both the RC and UD transports of InfiniBand to deliver scalability and performance higher than that of a single-transport MPI design. Evaluation of our hybrid design on 512 cores shows a 12% improvement over an RC-based design and 4% better than a UD-based design for the SMG2000 application benchmark. In addition, for the molecular dynamics application NAMD we show a 10% improvement over an RC-only design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such analysis and design of optimized MPI using both UD and RC.
Developmental aspects of atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia

Atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia is an incompletely understood substrate for supraventricular tachycardia. Although there is agreement that the mechanism involves functionally separate fast and slow AV node pathways, which are somewhat anatomically discrete, the anatomical basis for the reentrant circuit is not well defined. Furthermore, the nature of the long fast pathway effective refractory period is not known but most likely involves electrotonic interactions between fast and slow AV nodal pathways. The proposition that the mechanism is related to features of cell coupling has been studied in a finite element computer model. Because the calculations rely on assumptions about nodal size and space constants, clinical studies in smaller and younger patients are naturally of interest.