cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synapse-Binding Subpopulations of Aβ Oligomers Sensitive to Peptide Assembly Blockers and scFv Antibodies

Amyloid β42 self-assembly is complex, with multiple pathways leading to large insoluble fibrils or soluble oligomers. Oligomers are now regarded as most germane to Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. We have investigated the hypothesis that oligomer formation itself occurs through alternative pathways, with some leading to synapse-binding toxins. Immediately after adding synthetic peptide to buffer, solutions of Aβ42 were separated by a 50 kDa filter and fractions assessed by SDS-PAGE silver stain, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and capacity for synaptic binding. Aβ42 rapidly assembled into aqueous-stable oligomers, with similar protein abundance in small ( 50 kDa) oligomer fractions. Initially, both fractions were SDS-labile and resolved into tetramers, trimers, and monomers by SDS-PAGE. Upon continued incubation, the larger oligomers developed a small population of SDS-stable 10–16mers, and the smaller oligomers generated gel-impermeant complexes. The two fractions associated differently with neurons, with prominent synaptic binding limited to larger oligomers. Even within the family of larger oligomers, synaptic binding was associated with only a subset of these species, as a new scFv antibody (NUsc1) immunoprecipitated only a small portion of the oligomers while eliminating synaptic binding. Interestingly, low doses of the peptide KLVFFA blocked assembly of the 10–16mers, and this result was associated with loss of the smaller clusters of oligomers observed at synaptic sites. What distinguishes these smaller clusters from the unaffected larger clusters is not yet known. Results indicate that distinct species of Aβ oligomers are generated by alternative assembly pathways and that synapse-binding subpopulations of Aβ oligomers could be specifically targeted for Alzheimer’s therapeutics.
Sex differences in aggression: What does evolutionary theory predict?

The target article claims that evolutionary theory predicts the emergence of sex differences in aggression in early childhood, and that there will be no sex difference in anger. It also finds an absence of sex differences in spousal abuse in Western societies. All three are puzzling from an evolutionary perspective and warrant further discussion.
Comparison of the conformation in the crystal and in solution of 1-(nitromethyl)-3-phenylphthalan

In connection with the stereochemical problem posed by 1, 3-disubstituted phthalans, we have determined the crystal structure of trans-1-(nitromethyl)-3_phenylphthalan, I (2). In the crystal, the dihedral angle between the C-H_X and the C-NO_2 bonds is found to be 90” with the nitro group oriented away from the phthalan part of the molecule. It is of special interest to determine whether the same conformation is also favored in solution and to this end we have analyzed the proton magnetic resonance spectra of I in CDCl_3.
Research on technical framework of smart distribution network

The future development trend of electric power grid is smart grid, which include such features as flexible, clean, secure, economic, and friendly and so on. Smart grid involves power generation, transmission, transformation, distribution, consumption and dispatching. Distribution network locates at the end of power system, and due to its direct connection with consumers, the quality and ability of power supply is guaranteed by it. In this paper, the connotation, characteristics and the development goals of smart distribution network in China are expounded firstly. Secondly, the technical framework of smart distribution network, which include network infrastructure, information communication system and intelligent application system, is put forward. The main technical compositions of the framework are briefly discussed in succession. Lastly, the suggestion on development path of smart distribution network in china is proposed, in the hope of providing reference to the further research and implementation of smart distribution network.
Interaction of Lipopolysaccharides, Glycolipid, and Lipid A with Acid Soluble Basement Membrane Collagen During Thermal Aggregation

Lipopolysaccharides derived from a number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species were incorporated into thermal aggregates acid soluble basement membrane collagens. Although most of these endotoxins were noted to inhibit basement membrane collagen aggregation, some lipopolysaccharides possessed little or no inhibitory properties. However, the lipid A derived from all of the latter lipopolysaccharides and the glycolipid from Salmonella minnesota R595 were noted to be significant inhibitors of acid soluble basement membrane collagen aggregation. These data suggest that the nonpolar region of the endotoxin molecule is responsible for the inhibition of acid soluble basement membrane collagen assemblies and that these intermolecular interactions probably occur with the hydrophobic globular domain of acid soluble basement membrane collagens.
Nucleation of Freezing by Cavitation in Sub-cooled Bismuth and Gallium

IN the article entitled “Nucleation of Freezing by Cavity Collapse and its Relation to Cavitation Damage”1, it was stated that there was experimental evidence to support the suggestion that freezing in substances such as bismuth, germanium, gallium and silicon (the freezing points of which diminish with pressure up to relatively high compressions) may not be nucleated by cavitation. The complete basis for this comment was not provided and it is clear that an additional explanation is necessary. To my knowledge, no experiments involving the use of ultrasonically generated cavitation have been performed on these substances in their sub-cooled liquid states. The statement was based instead on information regarding other forms of treatment that normally induce dynamic nucleation. Apparently both sub-cooled gallium2 and bismuth3 are known to be surprisingly immune to such treatment. I believe that all dynamic nucleation is due to cavitation. The behaviour of gallium and bismuth is taken, therefore, to indicate that they are immune to the nucleating effects of cavitation, no matter how it is generated. Such a conclusion is obviously open to debate. The real test would seem to lie in the ultrasonic cavitation experiments.
Brain development: Integrins and the Reelin pathway

Integrins link the extracellular matrix to the intracellular environment. They have been implicated in the Reelin pathway in cortical development. But new genetic studies have revealed that, while beta(1) integrin plays a role in formation of the basement membrane, it is not essential for neuronal migration.
Comment: Multistage secret sharing based on one-way function

He and Dawson recently proposed a multistage (t, n) secret sharing (MSS) scheme (see ibid., vol. 30, no. 19, p. 1591-2, 1994) to share multiple secrets based on any one-way function. The public shift technique is used to implement MSS. For k secrets shared among n participants, each participant has to keep only one secret; but there are a total of kn public values. In this Letter, the author shows an alternative implementation which requires the same number of secrets for each participant to keep; but there are only a total of k(n-t) public values. This implementation becomes very attractive, especially when the threshold value t is very close to the number of participants n.
Developing effective leadership in policing: perils, pitfalls, and paths forward

Purpose – Leadership plays a key role ensuring the achievement of desired outcomes in both formal and informal groups. Insufficient leadership in policing can result in significant negative consequences for agencies and their personnel. Despite the importance of effective leadership within police organizations little is known about the process of developing effective leaders and leadership behaviors. The paper contributes to the limited available empirical knowledge using data collected from police supervisors. The intent is to assess supervisors' perceptions of how leadership abilities might best be developed and to identify the barriers inhibiting such efforts.Design/methodology/approach – Open‐ended surveys are administered to students attending the FBI's National Academy, a career development program for mid‐career police supervisors. Respondents report their experiences with and perceptions of leadership development. The purposive sample of respondents provides insights from supervisors representing ...
Complexes of alkaline earths and cyanate in alkali halide crystals

Abstract Single crystals of KCl and KBr produced from the molten salt simultaneously doped with Ca +2 or Ba +2 and NCO − exhibit numerous new infrared absorption lines indicating a perturbed cyanate spectrum relative to the well known lines due to cyanate alone in the alkali halides. In most cases, ν 1 and ν 3 were shifted to higher frequencies. A detailed comparison of force constants for the pairs NCO − and HNCO, N − 3 and NH 3 , NCS − and HNCS shows a similar shift in the bonding in which the AB bond is softened, the BC bond stiffened in HABC relative to ABC − , although the frequencies of ν 1 and ν 3 shift in different directions in these examples. The new lines reported here closely parallel the HNCO frequencies, and are attributed to complexes occurring in the crystals.
Understanding state and national growth co-movement: A study of shared ATM networks in the United States

Prior theoretical work on networks and technology standards suggests that network effects may be viewed as a source of business value and an important element in the valuation of network goods. This study examines the co-movement between network growth at the economy level and in various local markets. We perform an historical analysis of CIRRUS and PLUS, the two largest nationally shared electronic banking networks from the 1980s to the present day, as a means to study regional contagion effects in network growth. We argue that that the perceived business value of a network or technology standard may exhibit spatial differences for firms operating in different markets, and that this may influence aggregate patterns of network technology diffusion. We employ near vector autoregression (NVAR), a variation of vector autoregression (VAR), as a means to gauge the strength of cross-market co-movement patterns. We also develop NVAR time-series models of the growth of CIRRUS and PLUS at the state and national levels, followed by the application of a variance decomposition (VDC) technique that permits us to infer the presence of contagion effects. Our results suggest that the number of account holders, the extent of education and tourism, network service coverage, and market concentration in local markets are drivers of the observed state-to-nation co-movement. We also discuss the broader opportunities that are available for applying the methodology that is presented, including some extensions that will permit the development of additional managerial and policy insights, and expansion to include other kinds of technologies.
Visualization of Mucosal Vasculature with Narrow Band Imaging: A Theoretical Study

Narrow band imaging (NBI) is a spectrally-selective reflectance imaging technique that is used as an adjunctive approach to endoscopic detection of mucosal abnormalities such as neoplastic lesions. While numerous clinical studies in tissue sites such as the esophagus, oral cavity and lung indicate the efficacy of this approach, it is not well theoretically understood. In this study, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to elucidate the factors that affect NBI device performance. The model geometry involved a two-layer turbid medium based on mucosal tissue optical properties and embedded cylindrical, blood-filled vessels at varying diameters and depths. Specifically, we studied the effect of bandpass filters (415±15 nm, 540±10 nm versus white light), blood vessel diameter (20-400 μm) and depth (30 - 450 μm), wavelength, and bandwidth on vessel contrast. Our results provide a quantitative evaluation of the two mechanisms that are commonly believed to be the primary components of NBI: (i) the increased contrast provided by high hemoglobin absorption and (ii) increase in the penetration depth produced by the decrease in scattering with increasing wavelength. Our MC model can provide novel, quantitative insight into NBI, may lead to improvements in its performance.
Product-Type Moderating Effects on Short-Term Demand for Reduced Price Convenience Goods

Abstract A field experiment within a supermarket chain found that demand sensitivity to price reductions varied sharply between product categories according to whether the product was a stock-up good, increased consumption good or a non-consumption increase good. Following a price reduction, stock-up goods and increased consumption goods were both elastic while non-stock up goods showed much less sales change. While stock-up goods then showed later lagged decreases in sales as consumers extend their savings, increased consumption goods returned to previous sales levels. The results imply simple but useful pricing strategies for grocery retailers.
Postmortem redistribution of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH).

Abstract Introduction Postmortem redistribution (PMR), a well-described phenomenon in forensic toxicology for certain drugs, can result in increased central blood concentrations relative to peripheral blood concentrations. Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component in cannabis or marijuana, is the illicit substance most commonly implicated in driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases and fatally-injured drivers. No investigation of PMR of THC in human blood has been reported to date. Methods Matched heart and iliac postmortem blood specimens were collected from 19 medical examiner cases (16 Males, 3 Females) with positive cannabinoid urine immunoassay screens. THC, its equipotent metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and non-psychoactive metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) were quantified by two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with cryofocusing, with 0.5 ng/mL limits of quantification (LOQ) for all analytes. Results 10 cases had quantifiable THC and 11-OH-THC; THCCOOH was present in all 19. Median (range) heart:iliac blood ratios were 1.5 for THC (range: 0.3–3.1); 1.6 for 11-OH-THC (range: 0.3–2.7); and 1.8 for THCCOOH (range: 0.5–3.0). Discussion Cannabinoids, in general, exhibited a mean and median central:peripheral (C:P) concentration ratio of less than 2 following death. A trend was observed for greater PMR with increasing postmortem interval between death and sampling. To our knowledge, these are the first data on THC PMR in humans, providing important scientific data to aid in the interpretation of postmortem cannabinoid concentrations in medico-legal investigations.
Home Visitor Relationship Security: Association With Perceptions of Work, Satisfaction, and Turnover

Home visiting is widely used to improve outcomes in families at risk for poor parenting. Impact is modest and variable, owing in part to poor fidelity. Attachment theory suggests that home visitors' relationship security influences fidelity because establishing a trusting relationship with parents is central to service delivery. This study describes paraprofessional home visitors' relationship security and relates it to demographics, psychological attributes, and work perceptions and intentions. Home visitors (n = 62) varied widely on the two major domains of relationship security: anxiety and avoidance. Relationship security was stable over time. Relationship anxiety and avoidance were associated with psychological and work constructs in theoretically predicted ways. Relationship anxiety was negatively associated with self-efficacy and positively associated with negative affect and indicators of burnout. Relationship avoidance was negatively associated with self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and tenure as ...
Isostatic response of the Australian lithosphere: Estimation of effective elastic thickness and anisotropy using multitaper spectral analysis

Gravity and topography provide important insights regarding the degree and mechanisms of isostatic compensation. The azimuthally isotropic coherence function be- tween the Bouguer gravity anomaly and topography evolves from high to low for increasing wavenumber, a diagnostic that can be predicted for a variety of lithospheric loading models and used in inversions for flexural rigidity thereof. In this study we investigate the isostatic response of continental Australia. We consider the effects of directionally anisotropic plate strength on the coherelce. The anisotropic coherence function is calculated for regions of Australia that have distinctive geological and geophysical properties. The coherence estimation is performed by the Thomson multiple-Slepian-taper spectral analysis method extended to two-dimensional fields. Our analysis reveals the existence of flexural anisotropy in central Australia, indicative of a weaker N-S direction of lower Te. This observation is consistent with the suggestion that the parallel faults in that area act to make the lithosphere weaker in the direction perpendicular to them. It can. also be related to the N-S direction of maximum stress and possibly the presence of E-W running zones weakened due to differential sediment burial rates. We also demonstrate that the multitaper method has distinct advantages for computing the isotropic coherence function. The ability to make many independent estimates of the isostatic response that are minimally affected by spectral leakage results in a coherence that is more robust than with modified periodogram methods, particularly at low wavenumbers. Our analysis elucidates the reasons for discrepancies in previous estimates of effective elastic thickness Te of the Australian lithosphere. In isotropic inversions for Te, we obtain values that are as much as a factor of 2 less than those obtained in standard inversions of the periodogram coherence using Bouguer gravity and topography but greater than those obtained by inversions that utilize free-air rather than Bouguer gravity and ignore the presence of subsurface loads. However, owing to the low spectral power of the Australian topography, the uncertainty on any estimate of Te is substantial.
Modulation of pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor during the estrous cycle of the rat.

This study was performed to investigate pituitary responsiveness to synthetic gonadotropic hormone-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) administered during the 5-day estrous cycle of the rat and to examine whether the observed differences can be attributed to ovarian secretion of estradiol. Gn-RH was injected intra-arterially at 4:00 PM to rats previously anesthetized with sodium pentothal to block the LH surge on proestrus and thus minimize changes in LH secretion which occur throughout the estrous cycle. Pituitary responsiveness was defined as the difference between serum LH concentrations in samples obtained immediately before and 15 min after administration of 200 ng Gn-RH, a time when maximal circulating levels of LH were observed. Administration of Gn-RH was followed by a significant increase in circulating LH on all days of the estrous cycle on which the response was tested (diestrus 2, diestrus 3, proestrus, estrus). Pituitary responsiveness was relatively low on diestrus 2 and estrus and was increased sligh...
TWO-PHASE DISTRIBUTION IN POROUS MEDIA: AN APPLICATION OF PERCOLATION THEORY

Abstract The displacement of oneincompressible fluid byanother in a porous medium is studied using the network representation. The Bernoulli percolation model for an infinite lattice graph is utilized in the interpretation of the capillary behavior of the medium. The calculated capillary pressure-saturation relationship using the Bethe lattice results agree qualitatively with experimental data. It is shown that in some special cases of two-dimensional media no nonwetting phase removal is possible.
An n-back task using vibrotactile stimulation with comparison to an auditory analogue.

We report a vibrotactile version of the common n-back task used to study working memory. Subjects wore vibrotactile stimulators on three fingers of one hand, and they responded by pressing a button with the other hand whenever the current finger matched the one stimulated n items back. Experiment 1 showed a steep decline in performance as n increased from 1 to 3; each additional level of n decreased performance by 1.5 d′ units on average. Experiment 2 supported a central capacity locus for the vibrotactile task by showing that it correlated strongly with an auditory analogue; both tasks were also related to standard digit span. The vibrotactile version of n-back may be particularly useful in dual-task contexts. It allows the assessment of cognitive capacity in sensory-impaired populations in which touch remains intact, and it may find use in brain-imaging studies in which vibrotactile stimuli impose a memory load.
Organic Pollutants in Aqueous-Solid Phase Environments: Types, Analyses and Characterizations

In order to study the chemodynamic behavior (i.e., fate and transport) of organic pollutants in the environment and their interactions with various solid phase systems, our goals in this chapter are to address these aspects. The first is to present a review of the most toxic organic pollutant types which are present in both aqueous and solid phase environments. These pollutants include petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, phthalates, phenols, PCBs, organotin compounds, and surfactants as well as complex organic mixtures (COMs) of pollutants leached from solid waste materials (SWMs) in landfills and disposal sites. The term solid phase system is used here to indicate soil-particulate matter, sediment, suspended, and biological materials. The second goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the different analytical techniques used for the determination of these organic compounds. The third objective is to discuss and evaluate the current instrumental developments and advances for the identification and characterization of these organic compounds. This chapter serves as the backbone for the subsequent chapters in the present volume, and aids in understanding the various interaction mechanisms between organic pollutants and diverse solid phase surfaces, their chemistry, and applicable modeling techniques.
Virulence of Rhizoctonia oryzae on Wheat and Barley Cultivars from the Pacific Northwest.

ABSTRACT Rhizoctonia oryzae (teleomorph = Waitea circinata) causes sheath spot of rice and root rot of wheat and barley. R. oryzae commonly is isolated from barley, wheat, and pea plants in eastern Washington and Idaho. Eight representative isolates were tested for virulence on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Baronesse), soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Madsen), and hard red spring wheat (cv. Scarlet) planted in natural soil in the greenhouse and maintained at 16°C. All isolates caused significant reduction of emergence in barley, but only seven of the eight isolates and one of the eight isolates reduced emergence of winter wheat and spring wheat, respectively. All isolates caused significant stunting and reduction in the number of seminal roots, root length, and number of root tips on wheat and barley. Some isolates also reduced the frequency of fine secondary roots, resulting in a reduction of the average root diameter. Spring barley was more susceptible to R. oryzae than winter or spri...
Multicriterion structure/control design for optimal maneuverability and fault tolerance of flexible spacecraft

A multicriterion design problem for optimal maneuverability and fault tolerance of flexible spacecraft is considered. The maneuverability index reflects the time required to perform rest-to-rest attitude maneuvers for a given set of angles, with the postmaneuver spillover within a specified bound. The performance degradation is defined to reflect the maximum possible attitude error after maneuver due to the effect of faults. The fault-tolerant design is to minimize the worst performance degradation from all admissible faults by adjusting the design of the spacecraft. It is assumed that admissible faults can be specified by a vector of real parameters. The multicriterion design for optimal maneuverability and fault tolerance is shown to be well defined, leading to a minimax problem. Analysis for this nonsmooth problem leads to closed-form expressions of the generalized gradient of the performance degradation function with respect to the fault parameters and structural design variables. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimum are derived, and the closed-form expressions of the generalized gradients are applied for their interpretation. The bundle method is applicable to this minimax problem. Approximate methods which efficiently solve this minimax problem with relatively little computational difficulties are presented. Numerical examples suggest that it is possible to improve the fault tolerance substantially with relatively little loss in maneuverability.
Applying Rasch Model and Generalizability Theory to Study Modified-Angoff Cut Scores

The traditional approach to scale modified-Angoff cut scores transfers the raw cuts to an existing raw-to-scale score conversion table. Under the traditional approach, cut scores and conversion table raw scores are not only seen as interchangeable but also as originating from a common scaling process. In this article, we propose an alternative approach to scale cut scores that first explores the interchangeability between raw cuts and raw scores and then verifies that both sets of scores share a common metric. The two approaches are compared with Rasch measurement model and Generalizability theory using real data from a standard setting study. The two approaches show nontrivial differences in their locations of scaled cut scores, but variability of their scaled cut scores remains comparable. The results illustrate the importance of verifying that panelists’ judgment of item difficulties and empirical item difficulties are on a common metric prior to the scaling of standard setting cuts.
Theory of inhomogeneous fluids

A theory of nonuniform liquids is presented which is based on the Yvon-Born-Green equation for the one-particle density and the Ornstein-Zernike equation of an inhomogeneous system. The necessary closure is effected by exploiting the solution of a modified hypernetted-chain equation and making a local approximation on the (highly universal) bridge function. The theory is successfully applied to model problems that have also been studied by direct-simulation methods. A brief generalization to quantum liquids is also given.
The millimeter and sub-millimeter spectrum of the BaOH radical

The pure rotational spectrum of the X2Σ+ ground electronic states of the BaOH and BaOD radicals has been observed using millimeter/sub-millimeter direct absorption spectroscopy. The lesser abundant isotopically substituted species, 136BaOH and 137BaOH, have been detected as well. The radicals were created by reacting barium metal vapor, produced in a Broida-type oven, with either H2O2 or D2O2. The rotational and spin—rotation constants were determined for the molecules from a nonlinear leastsquares fit to the data, using a 2Σ Hamiltonian. Hyperfine constants were also derived for 137BaOH, the one species where hyperfine structure was resolved. These measurements confirm a linear structure for BaOh.
Extended peptide-based inhibitors efficiently target the proteasome and reveal overlapping specificities of the catalytic β-subunits

Abstract Background: The 26S proteasome is responsible for most cytosolic proteolysis, and is an important protease in major histocompatibility complex class I-mediated antigen presentation. Constitutively expressed proteasomes from mammalian sources possess three distinct catalytically active species, β1, β2 and β5, which are replaced in the γ-interferon-inducible immunoproteasome by a different set of catalytic subunits, β1i, β2i and β5i, respectively. Based on preferred cleavage of short fluorogenic peptide substrates, activities of the proteasome have been assigned to individual subunits and classified as ‘chymotryptic-like' (β5), ‘tryptic-like' (β2) and ‘peptidyl-glutamyl peptide hydrolyzing' (β1). Studies with protein substrates indicate a far more complicated, less strict cleavage preference. We reasoned that inhibitors of extended size would give insight into the extent of overlapping substrate specificity of the individual activities and subunits. Results: A new class of proteasome inhibitors, considerably extended in comparison with the commonly used fluorescent substrates and peptide-based inhibitors, has been prepared. Application of the safety catch resin allowed the generation of the target compounds using a solid phase protocol. Evaluation of the new compounds revealed a set of highly potent proteasome inhibitors that target all individual active subunits with comparable affinity, unlike the other inhibitors described to date. Modification of the most active compound, adamantane-acetyl-(6-aminohexanoyl) 3 -(leucinyl) 3 -vinyl-(methyl)-sulfone (AdaAhx 3 L 3 VS), itself capable of proteasome inhibition in living cells, afforded a new set of radio- and affinity labels. Conclusions: N-terminal extension of peptide vinyl sulfones has a profound influence on both their efficiency and selectivity as proteasome inhibitors. Such extensions greatly enhance inhibition and largely obliterate selectivity towards the individual catalytic activities. We conclude that for the interaction with larger substrates, there appears to be less discrimination of different substrate sequences for the catalytic activities than is normally assumed based on the use of small peptide-based substrates and inhibitors. The compounds described here are readily accessible synthetically, and are more potent inhibitors in living cells than their shorter peptide vinyl sulfone counterparts.
Racial Differences in Children's Responses to Inequity1

Racial differences were examined in the responses of grammar school boys to an unfair distribution of rewards. Our primary interests were equity-restoration and inequity distress. Race of the three participants, allocator of rewards, beneficiary, and victim were varied in a factorial design. Generally, children who profited from the unfair distribution made no attempt to restore equity regardless of race. Black children who were victims did try to restore equity when the allocator was also black. All victims experienced emotional distress that was more extreme when the allocator's race was different from their own. Victims also justified their mistreatment by blaming themselves. There was no evidence of guilt on the part of the beneficiaries who disavowed the inequity. Thus equity-restoration through denial of responsibility by the advantaged and justification of inequity by the disadvantaged resulted in acceptance of a fundamentally unfair situation by beneficiary and victim alike.
Theory of exciton fine structure in semiconductor quantum dots: Quantum dot anisotropy and lateral electric field

Theory of exciton fine structure in semiconductor quantum dots and its dependence on quantum-dot anisotropy and external lateral electric field is presented. The effective exciton Hamiltonian including long-range electron-hole exchange interaction is derived within the $k\ensuremath{\cdot}p$ effective-mass approximation. The exchange matrix elements of the Hamiltonian are expressed explicitly in terms of electron and hole envelope functions. The matrix element responsible for the ``bright'' exciton splitting is identified and analyzed. An excitonic fine structure for a model quantum dot with quasi-two-dimensional anisotropic harmonic oscillator confining potential is analyzed as a function of the shape anisotropy, size, and applied lateral electric field.
Psychological sense of community at work: A measurement system and explanatory framework.

Organizational research has long dealt with community-related themes such as organizational commitment, workgroup cohesion, psychological climate, and morale. More recently, psychological contracts and organizational citizenship behaviors have approached the concept of community in more specific terms (Rousseau, 1995; Graham & Organ, 1993; Van Dyne, Graham, & Dienesch, 1994). The present investigation integrated the existing literature on community-related variables. This theoretical and empirical foundation was used to operationalize the construct of psychological sense of community in the workplace (PSCW), develop a measurement system and assess its psychometric properties, and test an initial framework of antecedents and consequences of PSCW. A cross-organizational sample of 256 employees partially support the proposed framework. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Localization of label-retaining cells in murine vocal fold epithelium.

Purpose Epithelial homeostasis is critical for vocal fold health, yet little is known about the cells that support epithelial self-renewal. As a known characteristic of stem cells is that they are ...
Artificial gravity as a countermeasure of physiological deconditioning in space

Abstract The displacement of humans from our planet to space and back to our planet or to another planet necessarily causes the exposure to transitional gravitational forces which create a need for countermeasures of physiological deconditioning. One of the alternative approaches to counteracting physiologial deconditioning is the simulation of a gravitational field. An apparatus named the artificial gravity simulator (AGS) has been designed and constructed. The AGS is a short radius rotating platform capable of producing a + Gz 100% gradient of a variable magnitude up to 3-g. It supports four beds for testing four subjects at a time. The AGS is suitable for short and long duration experiments on various physiological systems. At present it is being used to study the cardiovascular response to various g-levels and exposure times.
Clinical and Radiographic Improvement Following Cerebral Fat Emboli

Background Cerebral fat embolism is a well-described complication associated with long-bone fracture. However, with contemporary imaging, there is a distinct magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pattern emerging.
The Environment and the 1995 Farm Bill: Discussion

Kuch and Ogg praise the 1996 farm bill for its cost effectiveness, geographical targeting, riparian protection, and termination of cost-ineffective practices such as ACP cost sharing for liming. Praise is appropriate. But remaining troublesome environmental issues and competition from the ambitious 1985 farm bill argue against calling the 1996 farm bill "...a major piece of environmental legislation." Environmental programs have at least three shortcomings which the new farm bill will not correct. One is that commodity programs are inadequate delivery vehicles for environmental programs. The second is sacrifice of economic benefits from land in the Conservation Reserve
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has a dose-dependent biphasic effect on the number of adrenergic cells which develop in avian trunk neural crest cultures

The embryonic neural crest is the source of progenitor cells for a wide variety of adult cell types including several populations of neurons and neuroendocrine cells. We have investigated the effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on the development of quail trunk neural crest cultures. We found that at low doses CNTF promoted the development of increased numbers of adrenergic cells, but higher doses resulted in a decreased number of adrenergic cells relative to controls. Total and melanocyte cell number were unaffected over the range of CNTF concentrations tested. These results indicate that CNTF can affect adrenergic development in neural crest cultures in a dose-dependent biphasic manner.
A noise robust algorithm for underdetermined source separation

We present a method for source separation of speech and music signals when the number of sources is larger than the number of observation sensors, a problem known as underdetermined source separation. The method uses an iterative expectation-maximization procedure to estimate demixing parameters including frequencydependent attenuation and delay. To deal with noise distortion, the method treats noise explicitly as one of its parameters but identifies sources implicitly using a posteriori probabilities. We also extend the method to incorporate prior source statistics, represented as Gaussian mixture model. We evaluated the method in a set of noise conditions, and observed significant and consistent performance improvements than alternative methods.
Robust non-linear dimensionality reduction using successive 1-dimensional Laplacian Eigenmaps

Non-linear dimensionality reduction of noisy data is a challenging problem encountered in a variety of data analysis applications. Recent results in the literature show that spectral decomposition, as used for example by the Laplacian Eigenmaps algorithm, provides a powerful tool for non-linear dimensionality reduction and manifold learning. In this paper, we discuss a significant shortcoming of these approaches, which we refer to as the repeated eigendirections problem. We propose a novel approach that combines successive 1-dimensional spectral embeddings with a data advection scheme that allows us to address this problem. The proposed method does not depend on a non-linear optimization scheme; hence, it is not prone to local minima. Experiments with artificial and real data illustrate the advantages of the proposed method over existing approaches. We also demonstrate that the approach is capable of correctly learning manifolds corrupted by significant amounts of noise.
Response function of the fractional quantized Hall state on a sphere. I. Fermion Chern-Simons theory.

Using a well known singular gauge transformation, certain fractional quantized Hall states can be modeled as integer quantized Hall states of transformed fermions interacting with a Chern-Simons field. In previous work we have calculated the electromagnetic response function of these states at arbitrary frequency and wavevector by using the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) in combination with a Landau Fermi Liquid approach. We now adopt these calculations to a spherical geometry in order to facilitate comparison with exact diagonalizations performed on finite size systems.
Parametric generation in optical fibers in the 900-950nm spectral band

An analysis of the parametric interaction and the initial fiber geometry to achieve wavelength conversion from common laser sources operating in the 1030-1064nm spectral band into the 900-950nm wavelength range has been performed. The preliminary analysis shows that new fiber designs involving fibers with cores engineered with crystal-like shapes and also pulsed fiber sources operating at wavelengths in the 1030-1064nm will be required to achieve efficient emission within the desired wavelength range. Both the fiber required for phase-matching the parametric nonlinear process and the pulsed fiber laser pump source are within reach of current technology. They both require engineering efforts to produce a packaged, rugged and compact source.
Hierarchical Clustering Algorithms with Influence Detection

The computer program described in this study is based on the methodology developed by the authors to identify those individual data points that can affect the results of a cluster analysis. The computer program designed to compute the measure of internal influence is integrated with nine hierarchical clustering methods. Included among the methods is the first release of the Belbin, Faith, and Milligan 5-flexible clustering algorithm.
Occupation-number broadening schemes: Choice of ``temperature''

Band-structure calculations frequently use an occupation-number broadening method to approximate integrals involving the electronic density of states. The underlying assumptions of these techniques are frequently unstated and can lead to erroneous results. In particular, a sampling of recent papers shows that very few authors check the behavior of the integrals as a function of the broadening parameter (``temperature''). The correct temperature for one calculation may not be correct for another calculation in the same system. This paper uses a tight-binding calculation of the elastic constants in Niobium as an example of what can happen when the broadening parameter is not carefully applied.
Reversibly crosslinked nanocarriers for on-demand drug delivery in cancer treatment.

Polymer micelles have proven to be one of the most versatile nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. However, the in vitro and in vivo stability of micelles remains a challenge due to the dynamic nature of these self-assembled systems, which leads to premature drug release and nonspecific biodistribution in vivo. Recently, reversibly crosslinked micelles have been developed to provide solutions to stabilize nanocarriers in blood circulation. Increased stability allows nanoparticles to accumulate at tumor sites efficiently via passive and/or active tumor targeting, while cleavage of the micelle crosslinkages, through internal or external stimuli, facilitates on-demand drug release. In this review, various crosslinking chemistries as well as the choices for reversible linkages in these nanocarriers will be introduced. Then, the development of reversibly crosslinked micelles for on-demand drug release in response to single or dual stimuli in the tumor microenvironment is discussed, for example, acidic pH,...
Implementation issues for a noncoherent optical correlator

This paper concerns the realization of a noncoherent correlator: the positioning tolerances and light budgets of a noncoherent correlator, the effect of the wavelength spread of the noncoherent source, the need for multiplexing noncoherent filters, the best input device (CRT or SLM) to use in a noncoherent correlator, and the light budget for the different noncoherent correlators. We conclude that a laser diode with a diffuser and input SLM laser diode array is the best choice for light source and input device. We demonstrate that a laser diode array can also be used to multiplex CGH's and that this is the preferable architecture.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The isosteric phase transformation of the Ni(100)-c(5√2 × √2)R45° CO surface

Abstract A thermally activated isosteric phase transformation of CO on Ni(100) was identified and followed dynamically with temperature programmed reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (TPRAIS). Carbon monoxide adsorbed to a coverage of 0.6 monolayers on Ni(100) at 190 K gives rise to a c(5√2×√2)R45° LEED pattern and an infrared spectrum showing 2 3 of the molecules adsorbed in bridge sites and 1 3 of the molecules adsorbed in on-top sites. Heating the Ni crystal to 280 K results in little CO desorption and the same LEED pattern is observed. However, the infrared spectrum shows a reversal of the site occupancy of CO after heating to 280 K so that 2 3 of the molecules are in on-top sites and 1 3 are in bridge sites. This phase transformation was followed dynamically with TPRAIS during temperature programming. The activation energy for the phase transformation is ≈ 64 kJ/mol. In addition the adsorbed CO transfers from on-top sites to bridge sites at 400 K before desorbing at 415 K.
Chemistry and conformation of vitamin D molecules

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25) is a structurally unique steroid hormone because it not only possesses the complete 25-hydroxycholesterol side chain, but most notably, it possesses a seco-B triene structure (it lacks a B-ring and is usually depicted in a non-steroidal, extended conformation). In contrast, the classical steroid hormones possess a truncated side chain (progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone) or no side chain (estradiol and testosterone) and they all possess the fully intact ABCD steroid rings. These structural differences render the seco-B-steroid 1,25 considerably more conformationally flexible. Since 1,25 is now known to target a myriad of tissues where specific interactions occur to produce an array of biological responses, it is of interest to determine whether different topologies of 1,25 (resulting from different conformational orientations of 1,25) are necessary to interact effectively at the different target sites. The array of biological responses include both non-genomic and genomic effects and there is considerable promise for the efficacy of 1,25 analogs as chemotherapeutic agents in a variety of human disease states. For the non-genomic calcium transport response of transcaltachia, the finding that two 6-s-cis locked analogs, 1α,25-dihydroxyprevitamin D3 (pre-1,25) and 1α,25-dihydroxylumisterol3 (1,25-Lumi), are equipotent to 1,25, points strongly to the involvement of the 6-s-cis conformer of 1,25 as the biologically active conformer. Since there is a continuum of easily interconvertible 6,7-single bond conformers of the seco-B ring available to 1,25, conformational minima (either local or global) may have little to do with the manner in which 1,25 is bound to receptor. For the genomic calcium transport response, and for other genomic (or non-genomic) effects, there is no clear evidence whether the steroidal (s-cis) or non-steroidal (s-trans) conformer of 1,25 is involved. In order to address this matter further, efforts are underway to evaluate other conformationally locked analogs of 1,25 which might mimic either the planar 6-s-trans-1,25 or some intermediate conformer between it and the planar-6-s-cis form.
An appraisal of melting processes and the Galapagos hotspot: Major- and trace-element evidence

Abstract The variation of Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopes in lavas from the Galapagos Islands is thought to be the result of contamination of a mantle plume by the upper mantle. In order to evaluate the control of source mixing on the compositions of the lavas. the major- and incompatible trace-element compositions of parental melts are calculated by normalizing their values in aphyric, unaltered lavas to MgO = 8% along calculated liquid lines of descent. The Galapagos lavas have approximately half the worldwide major-element compositional range of MORBs. Of all the elements and ratios evaluated, only volcano-averaged K and La/Sm correlate with the isotopic ratios. This must indicate that differences in the melting process, such as depth, extent of melting, or both overwhelm any compositional difference between the plume and upper mantle. Several of the volcanoes have exceedingly large ranges in the abundances of incompatible trace elements, but the range of isotopic values from single volcanoes is small and best explained by large ranges in the extents of melting. Inferred parental lavas also have a large range of Si and Fe concentrations, which may result from extraction of the melts over a range of depths. Element abundances and isotopic ratios have geographic patterns which indicate that magmas from the center of the archipelago are derived by relatively lower average extents of melting, deeper average extraction depths, and less contribution of plume material. In general, however, the mantle beneath the central islands experienced wide ranges in temperature (extent of melting), and the melts were extracted from widely different depths. The lavas of the western and northern islands are more uniform, probably controlled by consistent temperatures in the underlying mantle and depth of extraction. These relationships are not explainable in terms of simple two-stage melting and mixing models. The compositions of parental Galapagos magmas are controlled by a complex sequence of processes which have different effects on the isotopic, major-element, and trace-element compositions of the magmas.