cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Virtuous Manager, the Art of Character, and Business Humanities

The standard approach to business ethics has been to apply one or several moral standards, especially as drawn from utilitarianism or Kant’s duty ethics, to case studies from the context of modern business. The standard approach is contrasted with virtue ethics. With the contemporary retrieval of virtue ethics, the philosopher’s task is reconceived. Moral philosophy involves an “art of character,” the activity of making and developing character. After surveying recent literature calling for a humanistic approach to business, the developing field of medical humanities, especially the emphasis on narrative, is described and proposed as a model for developing a “business humanities” approach to advance humanism in business.
What Does the First Amendment Mean

HT HE FIRST AMENDMENT to the Constitution is, I believe, the most significant political statement which we Americans have made. And yet, just because it is so fundamental and revolutionary, its words are strangely confusing and paradoxical. By contrast with older forms of governing, the Amendment declares that the people of the United States are to be free-free from certain forms of governmental control, free to govern themselves in ways which they may choose, free to control those governing bodies which they have established as their agents. But the words "free" and "government," when used in such statements as these, are torn away from their earlier meanings. "Freedom,'' after the Constitution was adopted, did not mean what it had meant before. Nor did "government." And, for that reason, the interpretation of the Amendment is constantly involved in deep and perplexing ambiguity. The Amendment means, I am sure, what it says. But there is a sense in which it does not say what it means. At any rate, it does not say it to us unless we practice eternal vigilance in the criticism of our words and meanings. And, in that situation, the task of interpreting the Amendment, of discovering and formulating what its meaning is, what it has become, belongs primarily to the Supreme Court of the United States. It is the purpose of this paper to ask whether, under the strains of world war and domestic conflict, recent opinions of the Court have cleared away confusion and error about our freedom or have increased those evils. And, as a representative instance under that general inquiry, we will examine specifically the concurring opinion of Mr. Justice Frankfurter in Dennis v. United States.'
Bed angle detection in hospital room using Microsoft Kinect V2

This paper will focus on bed angle detection in hospital room automatically using the latest Kinect sensor. The developed system is an ideal application for nursing staff to monitoring the bed status for patient, especially under the situation that the patient is alone. The patient bed is reconstructed from point cloud data using polynomial plane fitting. The analysis to the detected bed angle could help the nursing staff to understand the potential developed hospital acquired infection (HAI) and the health situation of the patient, and acquire informative knowledge of the relation between bed angle and disease recovery to decide appropriate treatment strategy.
Cancer survivors of gynecologic malignancies are at risk for decreased opportunity for fertility preservation

Cancer survivors rate fertility as one of the most important determinants of their quality of life in the years after cancer treatment. We seek to describe the reproductive goals of women affected by gynecologic cancers and investigate their specific challenges during fertility preservation (FP) counseling. Univariate & multivariate logistic regression were used for quantitative analysis of objective FP counseling measures between women with gynecologic (GYN) and non-gynecologic (non-GYN) cancers from a cross sectional survey. Framework analysis was conducted on patient perception of physician-patient interactions. Of the 2537 women contacted, 1892 responded and 1686 reported treatment with potential to impact fertility. Among women with GYN cancers 52% wanted future children. Women <35 years were interested in FP (74%). Women with Gyn cancers received less FP counseling than women with non Gyn cancer (OR 0.5 95% CI 0.4–0.6). Three hundred twenty-four patients gave qualitative answers. Patient identified barriers included incomplete FP information (59%), nondisclosure (29%), a disinterest in FP (5%), and a perceived urgency to start treatment (7%). Women with gynecologic cancers are less likely to be counseled about FP in comparison to women not affected by gynecologic cancers despite having similar fertility goals. We have identified patient perceived barriers to optimal FP counseling which may be improved upon to increase the value of FP and optimize quality of life for cancer survivors of gynecologic malignancies.
Understanding the cost of dermatologic care: A survey study of dermatology providers, residents, and patients

Background The American Academy of Dermatology recommends dermatologists understand the costs of dermatologic care. Objective This study sought to measure dermatology providers' understanding of the cost of dermatologic care and how those costs are communicated to patients. We also aimed to understand the perspectives of patients and dermatological trainees on how cost information enters into the care they receive or provide. Methods Surveys were systematically developed and distributed to 3 study populations: dermatology providers, residents, and patients. Results Response rates were over 95% in all 3 populations. Dermatology providers and residents consistently underestimated the costs of commonly recommended dermatologic medications but accurately predicted the cost of common dermatologic procedures. Dermatology patients preferred to know the cost of procedures and medications, even when covered by insurance. In this population, the costs of dermatologic medications frequently interfered with patients' ability to properly adhere to prescribed regimens. Limitations The surveyed population was limited to the northwestern United States and findings may not be generalizable. Cost estimations were based on average reimbursement rates, which vary by insurer. Conclusion Improving dermatology providers' awareness and communication of the costs of dermatologic care might enhance medical decision-making, improve adherence and outcomes, and potentially reduce overall health care expenditures.
Measuring the Energy Consumption of Cyber Security

The Internet is a core tool for developing commercial and social relationships. As a consequence, cyber security must be properly assessed, for instance, to face new and sophisticated threats. To deliver large-scale services, proper countermeasures characterized by a non-negligible energetic impact have to be pursued. From this perspective, this article proposes to investigate the energy required by the most popular cryptographic algorithms. The collected measures are used to model relationships between power drains and size of the key or offered load via a black box approach. Results can also be used to prevent classical traffic analysis campaigns.
The Hand-Machine Interface

Three types of interface between the human hand and the world of machinery are distinguished. They are handles for moving objects, handrails for steadying the human and controls for transmitting information to a machine. For each type of human/machine interface the shape, size and texture of the handle need to be considered. The literature is reviewed on handles, handrails and hand controls, giving consistent recommendations on interfaces which fit the hand. Handle position and angle are considered for two types of tasks, manual materials handling and push/pull tasks. Both laboratory and field studies show that handle positions on boxes should encourage a ‘diagonally opposite’ grip which has both horizontal and vertical stability. Handle angle should be such as to minimize radial and ulnar deviations of the wrist. For pushing and pulling tasks the handle should be 900 – 1100 mm above ground level and foot obstructions should be avoided to allow free walking while pushing and pulling.
Contemplating Bureaucracies: A Tale of Identities – Essay 3

It “was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us” (Dickens, 1859/1940, p. 1), it was an age of traditional public administration pract...
Intersectional feminism for the environmental studies and sciences: looking inward and outward

Although hardly new, our current political climate has brought the specter of American injustice more explicitly into the public eye. The Black Lives Matter Movement, the Flint water crisis, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the various marches on Washington, among others, demonstrate the clear links between humans, nonhuman nature, and justice/equality. Now, then, is a critical moment for the field of environmental studies and sciences to evaluate how we “look outward” at the topics we study and “look inward” at how we conduct our ourselves and our work. Environmental studies and sciences (ESS) purportedly brings a transdisciplinary/multidisciplinary approach to research by linking the arts, humanities, social, and physical sciences in pursuit of more just socioecological outcomes. However, a cursory reflection on the field suggests continued disciplinary divisions that sort the nonhuman and human world into more-or-less distinct and sometimes problematically immutable categories. Further, manuscript discussion sections typically mix in issues of justice and equality ad hoc, rather than explicitly building them into research design and practice. In this article, we argue that feminist theory, and in particular theories of intersectionality, can critique and strengthen the ESS agenda by reforming current practice. Specifically, we draw on intersectionality to reframe how we organize the work we do (looking inward) and how we ask research questions (looking outward). We then use this theoretical framework to suggest how intersectional diversity can inform our future research programs, making the field more poised to meet the complex challenges of global environmental change.
An experimental study: laminar flame speed sensitivity from spherical flames in stoichiometric CH4–air mixtures

Further improvements in modern chemical kinetics mechanisms using laminar flame speeds require an understanding of the uncertainty and precision of the measurement and hence its limitations. From a...
Graduate Students Bringing Emotional Rigor to the Heart of Community-University Relations in Food Dignity

Food Dignity is an inter- and postdisciplinary action research project designed to support five communities’ efforts to build sustainable food systems, tell their stories, and create common ground between the collaborating campuses and communities. Food Dignity graduate students were intermediaries between more senior academic part­ners and community partners. This paper high­lights graduate students’ encounters with academic supremacy, which refers to systemic inequalities and the material, ideological, and practical privi­leges afforded to forms of academic knowledge production. We build on Porter and Wechsler’s (2018) explanation of academic suprem­acy, which they define in another article in this issue, in order to highlight certain aspects that relate specifically to the graduate student experi­ence. Using autoethnography, we describe the institutional ties, emotional experiences, relation­ships, and values that defined our intermediary status. This status and the support of community partners allowed us to explore ways in which aca­demic supremacy influenced our work and strate­gies for dismantling academic supremacy. We detail the conflicting pressures from academic institu­tions and community partners and the role of social justice values in balancing these pressures; we review how academic researchers deal with difficult social problems in the research process and the potential to use emotion as a guide through these difficulties; finally, we posit praxis-from-the-heart as a strategy for using emotions rigorously and productively to combat academic supremacy.
Impact of intensity of post-treatment surveillance on survival in colorectal cancer.

10016Background: The optimal strategy for CRC post-treatment surveillance is unknown. The frequency and type of testing remains controversial, and it is unclear whether surveillance impacts rates o...
Incorporating palliative radiotherapy education into hospice and palliative medicine fellowship training: a feasibility study.

Background: Insufficient knowledge of radiotherapy among hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) physicians is a barrier to providing optimal palliative care. We sought to assess the impact of a palliative radiotherapy curriculum on the knowledge, attitudes, and practice behaviors of HPM fellows at a single institution. Methods: We implemented a palliative radiotherapy didactic course for HPM fellows. The course consisted of three one-hour lectures and a guided tour of the radiation oncology suite. Anonymous pre-post course surveys and a longitudinal assessment were used to assess curricular impact. Quantitative data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics with P values calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with continuity correction. Results: All eligible fellows completed the questionnaires. Prior to the course, all fellows agreed that possessing a working knowledge of palliative radiotherapy was important yet lacked confidence in this domain. Fellow-reported confidence increased significantly on post-course assessment, as did the mean score on objective knowledge assessment. This increased knowledge was retained on longitudinal evaluation at three months. The curricular intervention also impacted fellow-reported practice behaviors and attitudes. In the three months following the intervention, fellows were more likely to refer patients for palliative radiotherapy, more likely to collaborate with radiation oncologists, and more likely to view radiation oncologists as members of a comprehensive palliative care team. Conclusions: This feasibility study suggests that a brief curricular intervention can impact HPM fellows’ knowledge about, attitudes towards, and practice behaviors associated with the use of radiotherapy in the palliative management of advanced cancer patients.
Premenarchal patients present differently: A twist on the typical patient presenting with ovarian torsion.

Abstract Background/Purpose The aim of this study was to characterize differences between pre- and postmenarchal females with ovarian torsion. Methods A single-center review was conducted of all nonneonatal pediatric patients with ovarian torsion from 2011 to 2018. Clinical data were compared between pre- and postmenarchal patients. Results One hundred and twenty-seven patients were identified, and 25% were premenarchal. Premenarchal patients were more likely to have a delay in diagnosis (38% vs 20%, p = 0.042), develop ovarian necrosis (34% vs 17%, p = 0.036), and present without an associated adnexal mass (44% vs 0%, p Conclusion Premenarchal females with ovarian torsion can present differently than females postmenarche and often have a delay in diagnosis. Premenarchal females are more likely to undergo torsion without an associated adnexal mass and are at higher risk for ovarian necrosis. Oophoropexy is an appropriate treatment in the absence of an adnexal mass. A high-index of suspicion for ovarian torsion should be maintained for premenarchal females presenting with abdominal pain and an otherwise negative workup. Type of study Retrospective comparative study. Level of evidence Level III.
Knowledge inventory of foundational data products in planetary science

Some of the key components of any Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructure (PDSI) are the data products that end-users wish to discover, access, and interrogate. One precursor to the implementation of...
A 17-Gene Panel Genomic Prostate Score Has Similar Predictive Accuracy for Adverse Pathology at Radical Prostatectomy in African American and European American Men.

Abstract Objective To validate the 17-gene Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) as a predictor of adverse pathology (AP) in African American (AA) men and to assess the distribution of GPS in AA and European American (EA) men with localized prostate cancer. Methods The study populations were derived from 2 multi-institutional observational studies. Between February 2009 and September 2014, AA and EA men who elected immediate radical prostatectomy after a ≥10-core transrectal ultrasound biopsy were included in the study. Logistic regressions, area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC), calibration curves, and predictive values were used to compare the accuracy of GPS. AP was defined as primary Gleason grade 4, presence of any Gleason pattern 5, and/or non-organ-confined disease (≥pT3aN0M0) at radical prostatectomy. Results Overall, 96 AA and 76 EA men were selected and 46 (26.7%) had AP. GPS result was a significant predictor of AP (odds ratio per 20 GPS units [OR/20 units] in AA: 4.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-11.5, P = .001; and EA: 4.88; 95% CI 1.8-13.5, P = .002). On multivariate analysis, there was no significant interaction between GPS and race (P >.10). GPS remained significant in models adjusted for either National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk group or Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score. In race-stratified models, area under the receiver operating characteristics curves for GPS/20 units was 0.69 for AAs vs 0.74 for EAs (P = .79). The GPS distributions were not statistically different by race (all P >.05). Conclusion In this clinical validation study, the Oncotype DX GPS is an independent predictor of AP at prostatectomy in AA and EA men with similar predictive accuracy and distributions.
Trends and Variation in Care and Outcomes for Children Hospitalized With Acute Gastroenteritis

OBJECTIVES: Assess trends in inpatient acute gastroenteritis (AGE) management across children’s hospitals and identify elements of AGE management associated with resource use. METHODS: We examined inpatient stays for children 6 months to 18 years hospitalized with AGE from 2009 to 2018 using the Pediatric Health Information System database. We characterized demographics, hospital-level resource use (ie, medications, laboratories, and imaging), and outcomes (ie, cost per case, 14-day revisit rates, and length of stay [LOS]). We compared demographic characteristics and resource use between 2009 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018 using χ2 and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. We grouped hospitals on the basis of 2009 use of each resource and trended use over time using logistic regression. Annual change in mean cost and LOS were estimated by using models of log-transformed data. RESULTS: Across 32 354 hospitalizations at 38 hospitals, there was a high use of electrolyte testing (85.4%) and intravenous fluids (84.1%) without substantial changes over time. There were significant reductions in the majority of laboratory, medication, and imaging resources across hospitals over the study period. The most notable reductions were for rotavirus and stool testing. Many hospitals saw a decrease in LOS, with only 3 noting an increased revisit rate. Reductions in cost per case over time were most associated with decreases in imaging, laboratory testing, and LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Significant variation in resource use for children hospitalized with AGE coupled with high use of resources discouraged in AGE guidelines highlights potential opportunities to improve resource use that may be addressed in future AGE guidelines and quality improvement initiatives.
Protocols for studying the time-dependent mechanical response of viscoelastic materials using spherical indentation stress-strain curves

Spherical nanoindentation has been used successfully to extract meaningful indentation stress-strain curves in hard materials such as metals and ceramics. These methods have not yet been applied on viscoelastic-viscoplastic polymer samples. This study explores the potential of the current spherical nanoindentation analysis protocols in extracting indentation stress-strain curves and viscoelastic properties on samples exhibiting time-dependent material response at room temperature. These new protocols were tested on polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, and low-density polyethylene. The properties extracted under different loading rates and indenter tip sizes conditions were observed to be consistent. It is further demonstrated that it is possible to recover the compression stress-strain curves for polymethyl methacrylate and low-density polyethylene from the measured indentation stress-strain curves. This study establishes some of the foundations needed for the development of protocols needed to reliably investigate the local time-dependent mechanical response of materials using spherical nanoindentation.
Reporting of Demographic Variables in Neuropsychological Research: An Update of O'Bryant et al.'s Trends in the Current Literature.

Objective: Demographic trends and the globalization of neuropsychology have led to a push toward inclusivity and diversity in neuropsychological research in order to maintain relevance in the healthcare marketplace. However, in a review of neuropsychological journals, O’Bryant et al. found systematic under-reporting of sample characteristics vital for understanding the generalizability of research findings. We sought to update and expand the findings reported by O’Bryant et al. Method: We evaluated 1648 journal articles published between 2016 and 2019 from 7 neuropsychological journals. Of these, 1277 were original research or secondary analyses and were examined further. Articles were coded for reporting of age, sex/gender, years of education, ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status (SES), language, and acculturation. Additionally, we recorded information related to sample size, country, and whether the article focused on a pediatric or adult sample. Results: Key variables such as age and sex/gender (both over 95%) as well as education (71%) were frequently reported. Language (20%) and race/ethnicity (36%) were modestly reported, and SES (13%), and acculturation (<1%) were more rarely reported. SES was more commonly reported in pediatric than adult samples, and the opposite was true for education. There were differences between the present results and those of O’Bryant et al., though the same general trends remained. Conclusions: Reporting of demographic data in neuropsychological research appears to be slowly changing toward greater comprehensiveness, though clearly more work is needed. Greater systematic reporting of such data is likely to be beneficial for the generalizability and contextualization of neurocognitive function.
Implicit Scorekeeping: A We-Mode Account of Belief and Interpretation

The concept of implicit scorekeeping plays a central explanatory role in Robert Brandom’s theory of discursive rationality. This is the concept of a speaker’s attributing, unmediated by explicit higher-order thoughts, discursive commitments and entitlements of various types to his or her interlocutors in conversation. According to Brandom, the totality of such implicit scorekeeping efforts, distributed over historically situated discoursing individuals, literally institutes the norms of discursive reasoning governing their conversations. Yet Brandom offers no positive theory of implicit scorekeeping. I argue that in light of the broader literature on mindreading, this omission is problematic. My goal in this chapter is to develop a positive theory of implicit scorekeeping and to indicate how implicit scorekeeping, as modelled by this theory, promises to carry the explanatory burdens Brandom assigns to his merely negative conception. Key to my proposal is the idea that beliefs are propositional we-attitudes, that is, that a belief that p intrinsically involves, qua doxastic attitude (as opposed to qua contentful state), a certain interpersonal dimension. The central parts of this chapter motivate and develop this conception of belief. As it turns out, believers so conceived attribute beliefs, both as held and as to be held, to others unmediated by higher-order thoughts, that is, implicitly. Inserting an adjusted and expanded version of this conception of belief into Brandom’s theory then yields the sought positive conception of implicit scorekeeping, which, as I shall indicate, holds promise to carry the explanatory burdens Brandom assigns to his merely negative conception.
Accurate surface estimation from high-resolution 3D microwave images

Active millimeter and microwave imaging techniques can be used to create a high-resolution 3D image volume of a target’s reflectivity. Millimeter-wave imaging is commonly used for personnel security screening and numerous other applications. Backprojection based image reconstruction techniques form a 3D complex-valued volume. The complex-valued volume is commonly reduced to a real-valued volume by taking the magnitude. For anomaly detection and cross image registration of an object it is beneficial to generate an accurate representation of an object’s surface. Extracting a smooth and accurate surface from a magnitude only image is challenging. One difficulty is the magnitude image has limited resolution in the depth direction which normally limits precision to a moderate fraction of the depth resolution. Another difficulty is that the magnitude of the image depends heavily on the geometry and orientation of the object being imaged. The phase information in a complex-valued image volume provides a means to decouple the magnitude of the image from the geometry of an object and provide precision much finer than the depth resolution would indicate. This enables the generation of a smooth and accurate point cloud representation of the surface of an imaged object. A method to extract a point cloud from the phase information in a 3D complex-valued millimeter-wave image volume is developed and results with simulated and experimental data are presented
Classroom Management to Support Emerging Adolescents in Active Middle School Classrooms

learn best through active engagement with ideas, the environment, and other learners. Tea chers of adolescent students use multiple learning and teach ing approaches that respond to student diversity. Middle level classrooms are complex, and dynamic, environments where individuals, and small groups of students, simultaneously engage in a wide variety of tasks. T his article presents a discussion of connections be tween middle level concepts of teaching and learning and managin g a classroom through creating opportunities for ac tive and engaged learning. The article argues and concludes that classroom management is more about managing learning than managing behavior and that one effective way t o manage student behavior is to create an environme nt where students continuously engage in active learning.
Keynote: Monitoring People and their Vital Signs Using Radio Signals and Machine Learning

In this talk, I will present sensing technologies that track people’s gait and movements based purely on the radio signals that bounce off their bodies. They can further monitor a person’s breathing, heartbeats, and sleep quality remotely, without requiring any physical contact with the human body. They operate by transmitting a low-power wireless signal and analyzing its reflections using machine learning models. We show results from using these sensors for remote health monitoring of patients with Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and COVID-19. We envision that such technologies can enable truly smart homes that learn people’s habits and passively monitor their vital signs to allow for early detection of health problems and improve overall health and well-being.
Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures using embedded PZT Sensors in Space Application

The use of composite structures in the space domain has increased significantly over the past years owing to its high strength to weight ratio. Because of the criticality and huge amount of money associated with these missions, there is an urgent requirement to monitor the structural integrity and its degradation by novel SHM techniques.In this paper we use ultrasonic guided wave technology and study the different possibilities of embedding piezoelectric sensors (PZT) into the carbon composites made by filament winding. We demonstrate the sensing capabilities of our developed sensor system to damages which can arise due to any accidental low-energy impact. A series of lab test was conducted on composite coupons to inspect the ability of PZT sensors to detect individual damages with high probability based on their distance from the impact location. The results show that PZT sensors are very promising in detecting all the damages caused by impacts with varying energies and can be a possible answer to needs of the structural health monitoring and non-destructive evaluation of advanced space structures.
Physiological mediators of prenatal environmental influences in autism spectrum disorder

Recent research has pointed to the importance of the prenatal environment in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but the biological mechanisms which mitigate these environmental factors are not clear. Mitochondrial metabolism abnormalities, inflammation and oxidative stress as common physiological disturbances associated with ASD. Network analysis of the scientific literature identified several leading prenatal environmental factors associated with ASD, particularly air pollution, pesticides, the microbiome and epigenetics. These leading prenatal environmental factors were found to be most associated with inflammation, followed by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Other prenatal factors associated with ASD not identified by the network analysis were also found to be significantly associated with these common physiological disturbances. A better understanding of the biological mechanism which mediate the effect of prenatal environmental factors can lead to insights of how ASD develops and the development of targeted therapeutics to prevent ASD from occuring.
Metagenomic Analysis of Polar Ecosystems

Polar environments can be among the simplest environments on Earth, making them excellent models to understand ecosystem processes and the responses of microorganisms to environmental perturbations. This vulnerability and the rate of the ongoing change make polar environments a priority in climate change and bioremediation studies. This chapter covers studies based on large-scale 16S rRNA gene libraries, environmental microarrays, large-insert clone libraries, and shotgun genome sequencing that are applying metagenomic techniques to characterize and understand polar ecosystems. A recent study at sites ranging from the Falkland Islands all the way to the base of the Antarctic Peninsula used 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to compare the bacterial community structure and diversity in warmed versus control plots. This study revealed that soil warming induced significant shifts in the major soil bacterial groups like Acidobacteria and α-Proteobacteria, which led to changes in soil respiration. A recent shotgun metagenomic study in the Canadian High Arctic sequenced a permafrost sample and its overlying active-layer soil and focused particularly on genes that might be important for greenhouse gas emissions following permafrost thaw. The only metagenomic study of polar freshwater ecosystems published to date looked at the viral communities of an Antarctic lake. This study revealed that a large proportion of the viral sequences retrieved from the lake were from eukaryotic viruses and not from bacteriophages. Emerging technologies could also be interesting to apply to polar environments. For instance, bioremediation studies could benefit from metabolomics, proteomics, and newly developed reactome arrays.
Einleitung und Hinweise für das Arbeiten mit dem programmierten Text

Der Text ist so aufgebaut worden, das — ahnlich wie im individuellen oder Gruppenunterricht — eine dynamische Wechselwirkung zwischen Leser und Buch entstehen kann. Schritt fur Schritt werden die Grundlagen der Neuroanatomie dargestellt. Es werden Ihnen jeweils kleine Informationseinheiten mitgeteilt. Aufgrund der so erworbenen Kenntnisse sind die freien Stellen im Text auszufullen, Antworten zu geben und die Bilder nach Masgabe der Anweisungen zu vervollstandigen. Auf den dann folgenden Seiten konnen Sie uberprufen ob Ihre Angaben richtig sind. Das Programm ist so zusammengestellt worden, das neue Zusammenhange die vorher erklarten Sachverhalte voraussetzten.
Qualitative analysis for social scientists: Seminar on open coding

This chapter is not a discussion of research procedures as such, but is an extended illustration of open coding, with commentaries on particular instances of it. Again, readers who are eager to move directly to procedures should defer reading this chapter until later, although it is placed here because to most readers it should be useful to at least scan it, especially the analytic commentary in its closing pages. The chapter consists of one case: a research seminar session which was recorded on tape. The format of the presentation is this: first, a short introduction to the case; second, the analytic discussion itself; third, an analytic summary, with a detailed commentary on each phase of that unfolding discussion. In the long extended case, the seminar participants are seen working together on the very real data of a researcher–student. By contrast, the pain-theory case in Chapter 2 illustrated a very active teacher, at a very early session of the seminar, “getting across” various elements of grounded theory methodology, using not a presenting student's data but only the combined experiential data of himself and the class participants. Here, while experiential data come visibly into play as an element of the analysis, the chief data are not collective data. Besides, there is the additional, if invisible, drama of a presenting student who is deeply concerned about the outcome – the product – of the class discussion. Of course, the materials in this chapter are designed not only to illustrate the teaching–learning of analysis within the seminar setting, but to clarify further how qualitative analysis, especially open coding, is carried out in the grounded theory style of analysis.
Undermining Inalienable Rights: From Dred Scott to the Rehnquist Court.

This 150th anniversary of the Dred Scott decision presents the opportunity to assess whether the Supreme Court continues to rely on notions of states' rights doctrine to thwart civil rights initiatives. Particularly suspect are recent findings that Congress abused its Fourteenth Amendment Section 5 authority in passing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the Violence Against Women's Act, and parts of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"). While those decisions by no means treat victims as sub-humans, in the way that Dred Scott did blacks, they display a knee jerk rejection against federal efforts to protect individual rights for the common good.This Article evaluates the extent to which congressional authority under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, which were designed to overrule Dred Scott, extends to the protection of inalienable rights. The second part reflects on the universal rights Revolutionaries claimed were at the core of nationhood. That part also examines how the pragmatic, constitutional compromises they made for the sake of union sullied their achievements. The third part examines the extent to which Dred Scott distanced itself from the protection of universal rights that transcend state sovereignty. Part four discusses Reconstruction of the American conception of citizenship through both constitutional amendment and legislative initiatives. That section further considers how the Supreme Court undermined changes to the Constitution, gravitating back to the antebellum primacy of state authority over universally recognized rights. Part five discusses post-Reconstruction judicial interpretations of the Fourteenth Amendment. Part six then delves into some recent limitations on federal civil rights authority, which the Rehnquist Court predicated on state sovereignty, swinging the pendulum away from the Warren Court deference to legislative efforts on behalf of civil rights back to the Taney Court's narrow construction of federal powers.
Selling the family silver to pay the grocer's bill? The case of privatization in India

Using data on Indian government-owned …rms, we investigate the eect of privatization on the performance of these …rms. Our results suggest that privatization is positively associated with the pro…tability and e¢ ciency of of government-owned …rms. Despite the small number of transactions, selling majority equity stakes to private owners has an economically signi…cant impact on …rm performance. Moreover, pri- vatization is not associated with layos or a decline in employee com- pensation. These results are robust to controlling for the observable and unobservable characteristics of …rms selected for privatization, and industry and country level reforms.
Electromagnetic scattering from foliage camouflaged hard targets, in VHF-band

A hybrid target-foliage model is developed to investigate the scattering behavior of hard targets embedded inside a forest canopy, in VHF frequency band (20-200 MHz). The proposed model is based on single scattering theory for propagation through and scattering from the forest and an FDTD technique to compute the scattered field from the target. The connection between these two models is accomplished through the application of reciprocity theorem
Defining Genes in the Genomics Era

Even with the availability of the genome sequences of many different organisms, we are still left wondering about the definition of a true gene. In their Perspective, Snyder and Gerstein discuss different criteria that can be used to define what a gene is in the era of genomics.
Pediatric Neuro-AIDS

This chapter reviews the clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological features of pediatric neuro-AIDS (prior to the use of antiretroviral (ARV) agents) and the changing neuroepidemiology in the highly active ARV therapy (HAART) era. Salient features of pediatric HIV/AIDS and its epidemiology are briefly summarized, since there are major differences between adult and pediatric HIV/AIDS, and neurological aspects need to be viewed in the context of this complex and progressive illness for which the epidemiology is diverse and changing, as are treatment protocols and their availabilities. Among adolescents, intravenous drug use and sexual exposure are the most common risk factors for acquiring HIV-1 infection. Some children develop progressive and disabling motor deficits yet maintain relatively stable (albeit impaired) cognitive and adaptive social skills, whereas others have more impaired cognitive than motor function. Some children can also have relatively stable minor motor and cognitive findings. Host genetic factors are relevant as well (e.g., CCR5 and CXCR4 polymorphisms, virus-host interactions affecting genes and gene products, and as-yet-undefined virus-host interactions). Secondary central nervous system (CNS) complications should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the HIV-1-infected child who presents with new onset of mental status changes, headache, seizures, or focal neurological deficits. The most effective way to prevent pediatric HIV-1-associated neurological syndromes is to prevent vertically acquired HIV-1 infection. Clearly the most effective strategy to achieve this goal is to prevent HIV-1 infection in all women of childbearing age.
Prospects of gene and cell therapy for managing cardiac complications in Friedreich ataxia

Introduction: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting ∼ 1/50,000 people. The disease is caused by guanine–adenine–adenine repeat expansions in the frataxin gene, which results in frataxin deficiency. Cardiac complications occur in a majority of patients and are the leading cause of death in FRDA. Presently, there are no therapeutic agents to slow the disease progression. Recently, gene and cell therapies have been proposed as future treatments for addressing the debilitating cardiac features of the disease.Areas covered: This review describes potential gene and cell therapy approaches to treating cardiac complications in FRDA. Cell therapies include induced pluripotent stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Gene therapy options consist of lentiviral, herpes simplex virus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene transfer, with AAV-frataxin vectors reaching late preclinical stages of testing.Expert opinion: Gene and cell therapies are progre...
The Implications of Fiscal Conditions and Growing Internationalization for Monetary Policies and Financial Market Conditions

The paper argues that the endogenous behavior of monetary authorities provides an important channel through which fiscal policy influences financial variables, and that growing internationalization has increased the sensitivity of financial conditions to fiscal policy. The core of the argument is that fiscal policy influences exchange rates, particularly to the extent that it affects the expected after-tax returns on capital located in different countries, and that the sensitivity of exchange rates to fiscal policy increases with growing internationalization. In addition, financial conditions reflect the actual and expected responses of the monetary authorities to exchange rates.
Performance of a Leaky Bucket System with Long-Range Dependent Input Traffic

The leaky bucket is a flow control mechanism that is designed to reduce the effect of the inevitable variability in the input stream into a node of a communication network. In this paper we study what happens when an input stream with heavy tailed work sessions arrives to a server protected by such a leaky bucket. Heavy tailed sessions produce long-range dependence in the input stream. Previous studies of the systems suggested that such long-range dependence can have dramatic effect on the system performance. By concentrating on the time until overflow of large finite buffers, we characterize the distribution of the time until buffer overflow, and we show that the leaky bucket flow control does make the system overflow less often, but long-range dependence still makes its presence felt.
Oxygen uptake in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana).

Weight-specific rates of aquatic oxygen consumption (V˙O 2, μl O2 g–1 h–1) at 23°C were determined for water-breathing (e.g., forcibly submerged) bullfrog tadpoles as functions of stage of development and O2 tension (PO2). The V˙O2 at an O2 tension near that of air-saturated water (PO2 ˜ 154 mmHg) was independent of stage of development throughout the premetamorphic stages (I–XIX). Aquatic V˙O2 increased by approximately 24%, relative to the average of the preceding stages, during the first metamorphic stage (XX) and thereafter decreased steadily with developmental stage. The decline in aquatic V˙O2 resulted in a shift from facultative air-breathing to obligate air-breathing at about stage XXII. Changes with developmental stage of the critical O2 tension (Pc) corresponded to changes in aquatic V˙O2. The Pc was low and relatively constant at 29–36 mmHg through stage XVI, started to increase (to 51 mmHg) during the final premetamorphic stages (XVII–XIX), reached a value near air saturation (159 mmHg) at stage XXII, and was in excess of air saturation for stages XXIII–XXV. The ability to survive continuous submergence paralleled the changes in Pc, as tadpoles could survive in air-saturated water without access to air through stages XXII–XXIII, when they drowned. Whole-body lactate concentrations of tadpoles in normoxic water with access to air averaged 0.56 mg/g through stage XX, comparable to that of froglets (stage XXV, 0.67 mg/g) in shallow water. Animals in anoxic water with access to air exhibited an approximate doubling (1.05 mg/g) of lactate concentration for all stages, as did metamorphic stages XXI–XXV in normoxic water with air access. Recently metamorphosed frogs (stage XXV) could survive continuous submergence for up to 200 h without accumulating lactate if the water was hyperoxic (600–700 mmHg), suggesting that cutaneous O2 exchange in normoxic water is diffusion-limited. Stages I–XXI in normoxic water breathed air regularly but infrequently (0.4–6.2 surfacings/h), with earlier stages breathing more frequently than later stages. While not required for oxygen uptake during these stages, air-breathing may serve to promote lung development, to prevent lung collapse, or to prevent accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Surfacing rates increased as the PO2 of the water decreased, but we could discern no clear relationship between the Pc for surfacing and developmental stage. Stages XXII–XXV spent most of their time floating. The changes in aquatic V˙O2, Pc, surfacing behavior, and survivorship when forcibly submerged, all suggest that stage XXII is a critical developmental stage during which bullfrog tadpoles switch from a primarily aquatic to a primarily terrestrial mode of existence. When provided with a choice of being in or out of water, early stages abruptly change from a preference for water (e.g., 92.5% of stage XXI) to a preference for land by stage XXII (74%), further indicating the transitional nature of the latter stage. J. Exp. Zool. 280:121–134, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Properties of gallium arsenide purified by zone refining and zone levelling

Bulk GaAs purified in a vertical zone melt (VZM) process by zone refining and zone levelling has been evaluated with emphasis on those properties required for high energy gamma-ray spectrometers. Concentrations for the major electrically active centers: EL2 and the shallow acceptors C and Zn have been determined. Shallow acceptor concentrations have been determined by infrared spectroscopy including electronic 1s-2p and local vibrational mode absorption measurements. EL2 concentrations were determined from near-IR absorption. Zinc was found to be a major contaminant in commercial LEC material, often present in concentrations exceeding that of carbon. Zone refining has established a distribution coefficient, kZn, of 0.6 for zinc. By contrast, the apparent distribution coefficient for carbon, kC, was found to be in the range 0.9 < kC < 1.1. This is substantially nearer 1 than the range of values found in other recent experiments. EL2, the dominant electrically active defect in commerical LEC material, is present in crystals grown from stoichiometric melts with concentrations in the high 1015 cm−3 range. Gallium doping yields a further reduction in EL2 concentration but requires use of Ga with greater than 6–9s purity to avoid contaminating previously zone-refined material.
An electronically controlled dual-intermediate coulometric titrator with end-point anticipation

Abstract An electronically controlled dual-intermediate coulometric titrator that is constructed from readily-available components and a simple semimicro titration cell are described. The circuitry of the titrator permits most of the titration to be run rapidly, but provides gradual approach to the changeover and end-points. The device was tested by the determination of 4–385 μg of aniline by generation of excess of bromine, followed by backtitration with copper(I). Standard deviations ranged from ±0.5 μg with small amounts of aniline to ±3.7 mg with large amounts.
Near-thermal energy width of moderated high energy positrons

Abstract More than 10 −7 of the positrons emitted by 11 C (produced by proton bombardment of boron) emerge from the room-temperature boron target with a low energy (less than 1 eV) and a measured energy width of (0.100+0.010) eV.