cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Pt Clusters with the Anatase TiO2(101) Surface: A First Principles Study

The adsorption of Ptn (n = 1−3) clusters on the defect-free anatase TiO2(101) surface has been studied using total energy pseudopotential calculations based on density functional theory. The defect-free anatase TiO2(101) surface has a stepped structure with a step width of two O−Ti bond distances in the (100) plane along the [101] direction and the edge of the step is formed by 2-fold-coordinated oxygen atoms along the [010] direction. For a single Pt adatom, three adsorption sites were found to be stable. Energetically, the Pt adatom prefers the bridge site formed by 2 2-fold-coordinated oxygen atoms with an adsorption energy of 2.84 eV. Electronic structure analysis showed that the Pt−O bonds formed upon Pt adsorption are covalent. Among six stable Pt2 adsorption configurations examined, Pt2 was found to energetically favor the O−O bridge sites on the step edge along [010] with the Pt−Pt bond axis perpendicular to [010]. In these configurations, one of the Pt atoms occupies the same O−O bridge site as ...
Pharmacology and safety of phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a phenylethylamine found commonly in cough medicines, nasal decongestants, and over-the-counter (OTC) diet aids. Since its discovery more than 70 years ago, the pharmacology of this drug has periodically been reexamined as the result of advances in the understanding of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenergic receptor function. This review presents a brief overview of the pharmacology of PPA, with an emphasis on how the drug effects smooth muscle tissues. Additionally, since the safety of PPA has recently been called into question, research pertaining to its toxicity is also reviewed.
Determinants of Women's Roles in Home Maintenance

Women aged 20 through 59 who owned their homes were surveyed to determine which home maintenance tasks they perform themselves and which home main tenance tasks they would be willing to perform if they knew how. The majority of women were most likely to do interior painting themselves. More than one-fourth of the women surveyed also were the most likely one in the family to clean the outside of the house, refinish wood surfaces, mow the lawn, caulk cracks, hang wallpaper, or do outside painting. In addition to these tasks, the majority of women indicated that if they knew how they also would be willing to do many other tasks, including skilled tasks such as window repair, minor plumbing re pairs, and installation of new flooring. Discriminant analysis was used to deter mine variables that best predict the characteristics of women most likely to be involved in home maintenance and those most likely to be willing to learn more tasks. The best predictors of female “do-it-yourselfers” were found to be percep tion of skill, marital status, age, employment status, and race, with do- it-yourselfers most likely to be younger, unmarried white women who are em ployed fewer hours per week and have a high perception of their skill level. The best predictors of willingness to do home maintenance tasks were skill, value of the dwelling, marital status, household size, age, and household income. Those most willing to learn more tasks were most likely to be younger, unmarried women with families, living in lower-value housing on low-to-moderate incomes, and having a high perception of their skill level.
Molecular weights of some cytochromes cc

Abstract The molecular weights of seven different cytochromes cc' have been determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. Studies were conducted in a variety of solvents and it was found that 6 M guanidine promoted the dissociation of three of the cytochromes cc' into subunits. The apparent size of Chromatium cytochrome cc' was unaffected by 6 M guanidine. However, the Chromatium cytochrome was completely dissociated into subunits of approx. 12 000 molecular weight in the presence of 100 mM NaOH. This last result suggests that the existence of a diheme peptide as previously reported should be re-evaluated.
Calculation of a new Meeh constant and experimental determination of burn size

With advances in research techniques involving molecular biology, the need for precision in the determination of surface area is even greater than previously. This study sets out to determine the most accurate Meeh constant, k, for a commonly used weight range of experimental rats. The importance of a narrow weight range is appreciated and planometric data is presented from a series of adolescent rats that allow a new k value to be calculated. The figures presented here represent the largest number of animals, of a commonly used rat strain, in the most widely used weight range yet described. Pelts were removed from 16 anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats after cervical dislocation. For each animal total body surface area (TBSA) was determined planometrically, along with premarked areas on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Entering the planometrically measured data along with the animal's weight into the Meeh formula, a k value was obtained for each rat. Surface areas were then calculated for each animal using the mean k, 9.46, and compared against figures obtained by using historical values for the Meeh constant. Using the new k value a method is described for the accurate determination of total body surface area and premarked surface areas, in experimental rats of a specific weight range.
The infeasibility of experimental quantification of life-critical software reliability

This paper affirms that quantification of life-critical software reliability is infeasible using statistical methods whether applied to standard software or fault-tolerant software. The key assumption of software fault tolerance|separately programmed versions fail independently|is shown to be problematic. This assumption cannot be justified by experimentation in the ultra-reliability region and subjective arguments in its favor are not sufficiently strong to justify it as an axiom. Also, the implications of the recent multi-version software experiments support this affirmation.
Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to antidepressant medications during pregnancy.

Purpose To evaluate risks for perinatal complications and congenital defects among infants exposed in utero to antidepressants. Methods We identified 2201 women who were prescribed an antidepressant during pregnancy and who delivered an infant within one of five large managed care organizations (HMO). Prescription drug dispensings and inpatient and outpatient diagnoses were obtained from automated databases at each HMO. Antidepressants were categorized into tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and medication timing was assessed by trimester. Rates of congenital anomalies or perinatal complications were compared to infants whose mothers were not prescribed antidepressants during pregnancy. Results Infants exposed to SSRIs or TCAs during pregnancy had a significant increase in preterm delivery risk. Fullterm infants exposed to SSRIs during the third trimester had an increased risk for respiratory distress syndrome, endocrine and metabolic disturbances, hypoglycemia, temperature regulation disorders, and convulsions. Third-trimester exposure to TCAs was also associated with an increased risk for respiratory distress syndrome, endocrine and metabolic disturbances, and temperature regulation disorders. There were 182 infants exposed to Paroxetine, and these infants did not have an increased risk of cardiac septal defects. Conclusions SSRIs and TCAs did not show a consistent link with congenital anomalies. Paroxetine exposure was not linked with an increased risk for cardiovascular anomalies, although our study power to detect a moderate increase in risk was limited. Infants exposed to antidepressants were at increased risk for preterm delivery. Both SSRIs and TCAs used during the third trimester appeared to increase the risk for perinatal complications and their use should be managed carefully among pregnant women with depression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF CORONAVIRUS CIS-ACTING RNA ELEMENTS AND THE TRANSCRIPTION STEP AFFECTING ITS TRANSCRIPTION EFFICIENCY

Seven to eight species of viral subgenomic mRNAs are produced in coronavirus-infected cells. These mRNAs are produced in different quantities, and their molar ratios remain constant during viral replication. We studied RNA elements that affect coronavirus transcription efficiency by characterizing a series of cloned coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) defective interfering (DI) RNAs containing an inserted intergenic sequence, from which subgenomic DI RNA is transcribed in MHV-infected cells. Certain combinations of upstream and downstream flanking sequences of the intergenic sequence suppressed subgenomic DI RNA transcription, yet changing one of the flanking sequences to a different sequence eliminated transcription suppression. The suppressive effect of certain combinations of flanking sequences, but not all combinations, could be counteracted by altering the intergenic sequence. Thus, the combination of intergenic sequence and flanking sequence affected transcription efficiency. We also characterized another set of DI RNAs designed to clarify which transcription step determines the relative molar ratios of coronavirus mRNAs. Our study indicated that if subgenomic mRNAs were exclusively synthesized from negative-strand genomic RNA, then the relative molar ratios of coronavirus mRNAs were most likely determined after synthesis of the genomic-sized template RNA. If negative-strand subgenomic RNAs were templates for subgenomic mRNAs, then the relative molar ratios of coronavirus mRNAs probably were determined after synthesis of the genomic-sized template RNA used for subgenomic-sized RNA transcription but prior to the completion of the synthesis of subgenomic-sized RNAs containing the leader sequence. The relative molar ratios of coronavirus mRNAs, therefore, seem to have been established prior to a putative replicon-type amplification of subgenomic mRNAs.
Operative technique of thoracoscopic spine surgery

Thoracoscopic approaches to the spine decrease associated morbidity compared with open approaches. This article reviews techniques applied to manage common thoracoscopically treated pathologies.
A THEORY OF HOMICIDAL BEHAVIOR AMONG WOMEN

This theory explains the homicidal behavior of women in a variety of settings. Structural, social, and cultural conditions of modern societies generate strain for all women, which produces negative affect. Women tend to internalize negative affect as guilt and hurt rather than externalize it as anger directed at a target. This results in a situation analogous to overcontrolled personality, and results in low overall rates of deviance punctuated by occasional instances of extreme violence. The conditions found in long-term abusive relationships and pre- or post-partum environments are more likely to produce this result, but the theory is not limited to explaining female homicide in these settings.
E-commerce new venture performance: how funding impacts culture

New venture “startups” are financed via three standard methods: self‐funding, “friends and family” or possibly “angel” investors; seed capital from venture capitalists; and large corporations’ venture funds. Each of these financial structures has its own set of risk and reward trade‐offs. Corporate venture funding has been seen as the least risky funding method, but also the least likely to be available for the entrepreneur. Each of these funding methods is likely to engender a different kind of corporate culture that could impact the e‐commerce venture’s long‐term development. The self‐ or privately‐funded company must continuously scramble for scarce funds and may not be able to develop internally the necessary culture of knowledge creation. Companies supported primarily by venture capitalists may develop a culture that over‐focuses on quick return of capital to investors. Alternatively, the slow decision‐making processes of large corporations are often antithetical to Internet time.
DIATOM COMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN STREAMS OF CHRONIC AND EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION: THE ROLES OF ENVIRONMENT AND TIME1

Community dynamics of epiphytic diatoms were studied for 3 years in a chronically and an episodically acidified tributary of Buck Creek, Adirondacks. Both streams experienced pulses of acidity during hydrologic events but these pulses were more pronounced in the episodically acidified stream, where pH decreased over two units (between 4.53 and 6.62) and the acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) became negative. In the chronically acidified stream, pH was below 4.9 and the ANC was negative 94% of the time. In this stream, high inorganic acidity following SO 2- 4 enrichment from snowmelt or rainstorms alternated with high organic acidity derived from a headwaters wetland during base flow. The fluctuating water chemistry generated shifts in diatom community composition: from exclusive dominance of Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Mills during periods of high inorganic acidity to proliferation of several subdominant species during periods of high organic acidity. In the episodically acidified stream, the pulses of acidity were associated with high NO - 3 concentrations and the corresponding high ratios of inorganic monomeric Al (Al im ) to organic monomeric Al (Al om ). Diatom communities there were dominated exclusively by E. exigua (Brebisson) Rabenhorst year round; however, this species peaked during periods of low acidity. Periods of high acidity and Al im :Al om ratios were marked by a decline in E. exigua and a concomitant increase in the subdominant species. Variance partitioning into terms of environmental and temporal variance, and their covariance, suggested that diatom communities in the chronically acidic stream were governed primarily by environmental factors while in the episodically acidic stream environmental and temporal factors had equal contributions.
Incidence and differences in urban-rural seasonal variation of type 1(insulin-dependent) diabetes in Wisconsin

In a hospital-based records study of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus among persons aged 0 to 29 years in two Wisconsin, USA counties (1970–79), the age-adjusted yearly incidence rate for white males (16.4/100,000) was significantly higher than for white females (11.6/100,000) (p = 0.006). Overall age-adjusted rates are similar to rates previously reported for the United States and the northern European countries of Denmark and Norway. Seasonal variation in diagnosis was found for total cases and males aged 10 to 19 years. A striking difference also was found in seasonal diagnosis between urban and rural cases. A diagnosis peak in the third and fourth quarter among rural cases contrasted with even quarterly distribution among urban cases. In addition, 52% of rural male cases aged 10 to 19 years were diagnosed during the fourth quarter while no seasonal pattern occurred among urban males the same ages. These findings identify subgroups for focus of future etiologic investigations.
An explicit general solution in linear fractional programming

Abstract : A complete analysis and explicit solution is presented for the problem of linear fractional programming with interval programming constraints whose matrix is of full row rank. The analysis proceeds by simple transformation to canonical form, exploitation of the Farkas-Minkowski lemma and the duality relationships which emerge from the Charnes-Cooper linear programming equivalent for general linear fractional programming. The formulations as well as the proofs and the transformations provided by our general linear fractional programming theory are here employed to provide a substantial simplification for this class of cases. The augmentation developing the explicit solution is presented, for clarity, in an algorithmic format.
Paired-associate latencies after the last error

Latencies in paired-associate learning were examined for 10 trials beginning after the last error on an individual pair. Latencies decreased over the first eight of these trials, the largest decrease occurring from the first to the second trial after the last error.
Role of mixed-mode crack propagation in thermally shocked brittle materials

Abstract The nature of crack propagation in thermally stressed brittle materials is described. Experimental data indicate that the fracture behavior is strongly influenced by mixed-mode crack propagation. Simple analyses are presented which qualitatively describe stable and dynamic crack propagation in thermal stress fields in the presence or presence of crack interaction. Recommendations are made of additional theoretical work.
Psychiatric aspects of dementia

Abstract As the population of the United States ages, the prevalence of dementing illnesses is also increasing. Many patients with dementing illnesses have associated psychiatric symptoms that are first recognized in the primary care environment. Having a high index of suspicion for psychiatric illness should lead to earlier detection and treatment of these symptoms, resulting in a better outcome for the patient. Management should include both nonpharmaceutical and, in many cases, pharmaceutical strategies. Older, cognitively impaired patients tend to be more sensitive to adverse effects of psychotropic medications, and drug regimens should be adjusted appropriately.
902-3 The Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) on Post-Stent Deployment Balloon Dilatation Strategies

To evaluate the impact of IVUS on post-stent deployment balloon dilatation strategies, we compared the quantitative angiographic results in 1044 lesions undergoing native vessel (N = 415) or saphenous vein graft (SVG) (N = 629) stent implantation using atubular slotted (JJIS) stent design. Comparison groups include the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention Registry (NACI, 1990-93), Washington Hospital Center (WHC) Stent Registry (native vessel, 1990-1992; SVG, 1992-94) and 2 IVUS-guided (complete stent ap-position, symmetry, and expansion) stent deployment protocols (Colombo in native vessels, 1993; Reduced Anticoagulation After Vein Graft Stent [RAVES] Study, 1993-4). Cineangiograms were analyzed at a central Core Laboratory using identical angiographic methodology (ImageComm). Balloon: artery ratios (BAR) were measured using the mean balloon diameter. Native Vessels SVGs NACI WHC Colombo NACI WHC RAVES Number Lesions 154 140 121 152 443 34 Reference, mm 3.26 3.26 3.09 3.47 3.68 3.51 % Adjunct Balloon 46 74 100 61 58 100 Balloon: Artery Ratio 1.10 1.08 1.28 1.09 1.12 1.23 MLD-Pre, mm 0.90 0.90 1.02 1.03 1.25 1.27 Post-Stent, mm 2.74 2.58 - 2.80 2.88 3.03 Final, mm 2.90 2.90 317 3.07 3.41 3.53 Δ gMLD alter balloon* 0.38 0.26 - 0.45 0.44 0.73 % Stenosis — Pre 72 73 67 70 66 64 Post-Stent 16 22 - 20 20 14 Final 12 12 - 2 14 7 - 7 MLD = minimal lumen diameter We conclude that 1) use of adjunct PTCA after stent deployment has increased, based on incomplete stent deployment identified by IVUS (despite an acceptable angiographic result); 2) BARs were higher after IVUS-guided stent deployment; and 3) IVUS-guided stent deployment result in a very low (-2% in native arteries, -7% in SVGs) final % stenosis. Assessment of the potential risk for angiographic complications using these aggressive balloon strategies must be periormed.
Tape asperity compliance measurement using a pneumatic method

The effects of asperity compliance on the head/tape interface is investigated for various magnetic tapes with different surface roughness characteristics and structure. Laser interferometry is used to obtain the asperity compliance curves for each tape by relating spacing and contact pressure at the head/tape interface with the spacing and contact pressure between a glass optical flat and tape. The Greenwood-Williamson model for contact between rough surfaces is used to "curve fit" the experimental data. The effect of visco-elasticity on asperity compliance is investigated.
Small sample power of multivariate nonparametric tests for monotone trend

Bhattacharyya and Kioiz (1966) propose two multivariate nonparametric tests for monotone trend, one involving coordinate-wise Mann statistics and the other, coordinate-wise Spearman statistics. Dietz and Killeen (1981) propose a different test statistic based on coordinate-wise Mann statistics. The Pitman asymptotic relative efficiency of all three tests with respect to a normal theory competitor equals the cube root of the efficiency of a multivariate signed rank test with respect to Hotelling's T2. In this article, the small sample power of the nonparametric tests, the normal theory test, and a Bonferroni approach involving coordinate-wise univariate Mann or Spearman tests is examined in a simulation study. The Mann statistic of Dietz and Killeen and the Spearman statistic of Bhattacharyya and Klotz are found to perform well under both null and alternative hypotheses
PDF calculations of piloted premixed jet flames

A series of piloted premixed jet flames with strong finite-rate chemistry effects is studied using the joint velocity-turbulence frequency-composition PDF method. The numerical accuracy of the calculations is demonstrated, and the calculations are compared to experimental data. It is found that all calculations show good agreement with the measurements of mean and rms mixture fraction fields, while the reaction progress is overpredicted to varying degrees depending on the jet velocity. In the calculations of the flame with the lowest jet velocity, the species and temperature show reasonable agreement with the measurements, with the exception of a small region near the centerline where products and temperature are overpredicted and fuel and oxidizer are underpredicted. In the calculations of the flame with the highest jet velocity, however, the overprediction of products and temperature and underprediction of fuel and oxidizer is far more severe. An extensive set of sensitivity studies on inlet boundary co...
Nonstandard points on algebraic curves

Let Γ be an algebraic curve which is given by an equation f(x, y) = 0, f(x, y) ∈ k[x, y] where k is an algebraic number field and f(x, y) is irreducible. Suppose that there exists an ∗Γ a nonstandard point (ξ, η) ∈ ∗k × ∗k. Then k(ξ, η) is (isomorphic to) the algebraic function field of Γ and, at the same time, is a subfield of ∗k. Correlating the divisors of the function field k(ξ, η) and of the number field ∗k, we develop an analogue of the Artin-Whaples theory of the product formula. This leads to one of Siegel's basic inequalities for rational points on algebraic curves.
Twelve tips for conducting collaborative research in medical education.

Background: Developing and ensuring successful collaborative research in medical education is no small task, but the rewards to researchers can be great. Collaborative research in medical education offers significant opportunities for investigators who wish to pool limited resources and expand professional networks. Despite this, collaboration often occurs without advance planning for the logistical aspects of collaborative work. Aims and Methods: These 12 tips, derived from developing and presenting a session on strategies for effective collaboration conducted at a national meeting, will assist readers who are planning to collaborate or are already engaged in collaborative scholarship. The tips are organized into items to consider in three phases of collaboration: planning, implementation, and dissemination of outcomes. Results and Conclusions: From selecting a topic to recognizing when the collaboration should end, the tips underscore the importance of good communication, and clear expectations for participants.
From corrections to communities as an HIV priority.

The health of inmates in correctional facilities has been a longstanding concern in the medical community1 and historically has centered on the health of populations entering correctional settings, which may affect the risk of infectious disease transmission inside these facilities.2,3 Recently, however, more attention has been devoted to public health consequences of inmates released to the community, where continuity of care represents a challenge for treatment and prevention, and there is an increasing appreciation of inmates being part of the public health in the community to which they are released.4,5 In 1983, the first case of AIDS was reported from a prison in the United States.6 Since that time, nearly 5% of the HIV/AIDS cases in the U.S. have been reported from correctional facilities, although the census for these facilities account for less than 1% of the population.6 This disproportionate representation of AIDS cases has garnered attention, and AIDS in the correctional setting over the past two decades provides an illustration of the changing and evolving perspectives on health in corrections facilities and also highlights areas where improvements in knowledge and intervention efforts can be made.
Development and assessment of indicators of rheumatoid arthritis severity: results of a Delphi panel.

Objective To develop a set of indicators for assessing the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through medical records. Methods A list of 47 potential indicators of RA was reviewed by an expert Delphi panel of 6 rheumatologists. The Delphi method is a formal approach for gathering expert opinion. The 47 potential indicators included items from the following 5 categories: radiologic and laboratory findings, clinical and functional status measures, extraarticular manifestations, prior surgical history, and medications. The panelists rated the potential indicators' relationship to RA disease severity. Each panelist rated each indicator on a scale of 0–6, in which 0 indicated no relationship at all with severe RA and 6 indicated a perfect relationship with severe RA. After a baseline set of ratings, a literature review was distributed to the panelists along with the panel's initial mean ratings and the ranges. The panelists then met to discuss the literature and rerate all indicators. Results After repeat ratings and review of relevant literature, the panel rated 28 of 47 (60%) potential indicators as having a strong or very strong relationship to severe RA. These 28 indicators were drawn from all 5 categories of potential indicators. There was agreement among the panelists on ratings for 41 of 47 indicators. Agreement was defined as a range of scores among the panelists ≤3. Conclusion A Delphi panel of rheumatologists agreed that data generally available in medical records may serve as potential indicators of severe RA.
Operative blunt duodenal injury in children: a multi-institutional review

BACKGROUND/AIM: Operative blunt duodenal injury in children is rare. The purpose of this analysis is to describe the clinical presentation, current management, and outcome of children with operative blunt duodenal injury. METHODS: The American Pediatric Surgical Association Trauma Committee solicited data from its members on children with blunt intestinal injuries identified at autopsy or operation from January 2002 through August 2006. RESULTS: Fifty-four children from 16 hospitals with operative blunt duodenal injuries were identified: 0.67 patients per hospital per year. The most common mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle crashes (35%), bicycle crashes (22%), and nonaccidental trauma (20%). Forty-nine patients (90%) had positive physical examination findings on initial presentation, including peritonitis in 18 patients (33%). Twenty-five computed tomographic (CT) scans performed demonstrated free fluid, and 13 (52%), free air. Eleven CT scans used enteral contrast, and only 2 (18%) showed extravasation. Fifty-two patients (96%) survived to operation. The overall complication rate was 42%. CONCLUSION: Operative blunt duodenal injury occurs less than once per year in the typical pediatric trauma center. Most of the patients have pertinent physical examination findings on arrival. Computed tomographic scans with enteral contrast do not seem to be helpful in diagnosis of duodenal injuries. Postoperative complications are frequent, but most children survive. Language: en
Mirrors and smoke: A. V. Hill, his Brigands, and the science of anti-aircraft gunnery in World War I

In 1916 Captain A. V. Hill was transferred from the infantry to the Ministry of Munitions to work on anti-aircraft gunnery. He determined the three-dimensional coordinates of flying objects by placing two mirrors far apart. The mirrors were viewed from a fixed distance above them and observers simultaneously marked the position of the object. He gathered brilliant men, most too old or too young for conscription, who became known as Hill's Brigands. They determined the coordinates of the explosions of shots fired with different fuse settings and fitted them with the ballistic equations to construct accurate gunnery tables. They solved the puzzle of erratic fuse timing at high altitudes. They developed apparatus to locate aircraft by sound. Travelling groups of Brigands worked with anti-aircraft gunners, which Hill regarded as the dawn of operations research. Hill was as adept at leading scientists as he was at doing science.
Ethanol does not modify opiate-mediated inhibition of striatal adenylate cyclase

: Ethanol increases the activity of “basal,” guanine nucleotide-and dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in mouse striatum. In contrast, ethanol, in vitro, did not modify the inhibition of striatal adenylate cyclase activity by opiates (morphine or [D-Ala2, D-Leu5] enkephalin). Following chronic in vivo ethanol treatment of mice, there was also no change in the character of opiate inhibition of striatal adenylate cyclase activity. Since ethanol, in vitro, does decrease striatal opiate receptor binding, the results suggest that the changes in affinity detected by ligand binding studies are not relevant for receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase activity, or that opiate receptor binding and opiate regulation of adenylate cyclase can be modulated independently. The selective effects of ethanol on systems that modulate adenylate cyclase activity may produce imbalances in neuronal function during in vivo ethanol exposure.
A Simulator for Perfusion Training

A perfusionist conducts cardiopulmonary bypass by managing a patient on a heart lung machine during open heart surgery. The perfusionist is responsible for taking corrective actions while the heart lung machine is working normally and under fault conditions. These responsibilities can be met only if the perfusionist has sufficient skills, dexterity and training. In this study, a simulator was developed to provide pre-clinical experience for perfusion students. The system is composed of a laptop computer (PC) controlling various solenoids, relays, and electronic components which are interfaced at a Sarns 9000 heart lung machine. Electronic components are connected to the parallel port of the PC. The software in the PC turns on or off relays and solenoids that affect the heart lung machine and the simulated patient. The system simulates the real operating room (OR) environment. The trainer can direct the system to work normally or cause the system to simulate problems that may appear during open heart surgery. Hence, the instructor can evaluate performance of the student by observing his or her reactions to the faults. The system was tested by a perfusion team and was found to be useful in training perfusion students prior to clinical rotations.
The responsibility for the other and The Responsibility to Protect

This article analyses various ways to articulate the ethical investigations of French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas with the doctrine of the responsibility to protect. In response to genocide and mass atrocity, an imperative to understand responsibility in a broader and more forceful way entails in both cases a new and analogous revision of the related concepts of identity and sovereignty. A basic complementarity of Levinas’ ethics with the responsibility to protect is ascertained: while Levinas’ ethical investigations can indeed bring a philosophical basis to the responsibility to protect, the latter can, in a limited way, be construed as practical policy implications of the former.
Effect of erythropoietin on proliferation of erythropoietin-responsive cells.

A single dose of Myleran suppressed CFU in polycythemic mice to around 1% of normal for a period of 2 weeks and permitted the study of effects of erythropoietin on unipotential, erythroid stem cells (erythropoietin-responsive cells, ERC) in the absence of cell inflow from the CFU compartment. Without erythropoietin no ERC were detectable for 12 days after Myleran. Injections of erythropoietin had no effect on CFU but restored ERC populations in proportion to the dose of erythropoietin. Hydroxyurea given after erythropoietin markedly inhibited ERC repopulation and the latter is attributed to a stimulation of ERC proliferation by erythropoietin. Evidence in support of an age structure in the ERC population is presented. Daily erythropoietin injection resulted in stable ERC populations, indicating that ERC loss through differentiation and ERC self-replication were in balance.
McLean's Scene: Jackie McLean as Improviser, Educator, and Activist

In a musical career spanning nearly sixty years, the alto saxophonist and composer Jackie McLean (1931-2006) developed a model of collaborative and socially engaged pedagogy that was to prove enormously fruitful both for his own career and that of the younger musicians who came into his sphere of activities. Based on a rigorous musicianship essential to Afrological forms of improvisation, an uncommon depth and breadth of experience, professional ties to seminal artists like Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Miles Davis, Charles Mingus, and Ornette Coleman, and a personal self-confidence which allowed for a radical openness, McLean was able to integrate performance, pedagogy and social and cultural advocacy into a uniquely coherent whole which was much greater than the sum of its parts. His process was opportunistic in the best sense of that word, and it was improvisational. In identifying and exploring some of the main themes or “scenes” of McLean’s musical practice, encompassing improvisation, education, and activism, I hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of the powerful cultural space delineated by this musician.
Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition

David Carrasco draws from the perspectives of the history of religions, anthropology, and urban ecology to explore the nature of the complex symbolic form of Quetzalcoatl in the organization, legitimation, and subversion of a large segment of the Mexican urban tradition. His new Preface addresses this tradition in the light of the Columbian quincentennial. "This book, rich in ideas, constituting a novel approach . . . represents a stimulating and provocative contribution to Mesoamerican studies. . . . Recommended to all serious students of the New World's most advanced indigenous civilization." H. B. Nicholson, "Man""
Performability evaluation: where it is and what lies ahead

The concept of performability emerged from a need to assess a system's ability to perform when performance degrades as a consequence of faults. After almost 20 years of effort concerning its theory, techniques, and applications, performability evaluation is currently well understood by the many people responsible for its development. On the other hand, the utility of combined performance-dependability measures has yet to be appreciably recognized by the designers of contemporary computer systems. Following a review of what performability means, we discuss its present state with respect to both scientific and engineering contributions. In view of current practice and the potential design applicability of performability evaluation, we then point to some advances that are called for if this potential is indeed to be realized. >
Jurisdiction Stripping: Litigation, Ideology, and Congressional Control of the Courts

This study finds that Congress removes court jurisdiction, and does so with increasing frequency over time. Institution-based models predict that Congress should strategically remove court review to control the judiciary's influence over policy when congressional and court preferences differ. Administrative realities suggest that jurisdiction removals may be aimed at controlling litigation, not judicial ideology. Denying courts’ review denies litigants court access, an action with ramifications for litigation driven costs, delays, and caseload pressures. Using a new database of all public laws containing jurisdiction stripping provisions from the 78th through the 108th Congresses, this study tests for relations between jurisdiction stripping and either federal case filings or ideological distances among the courts, Congress, and agencies. The findings indicate that administrative concerns related to litigation in which the government is a defendant influence jurisdiction stripping, but ideology does not.
Alternatives to Conservatorship: The Role of Daily Money Management Services

This study tested the hypothesis that daily money management services divert vulnerable elders from conservatorship. Community-residing elders referred to protective service were randomly assigned to a money management service (n = 40) or to customary screening by the Office of the Public Guardian or Adult Protective Services (n = 23). Results indicated no significant difference in rates of conservatorship between those who were offered the money management service and those who were not. Appointment to conservatorship for both groups was associated with cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptom severity.
Fairness and Collaboration in Network Air Traffic Flow Management: An Optimization Approach

Air traffic flow management ATFM attempts to maintain a safe and efficient flow of aircraft given demand-capacity mismatches while ensuring an equitable distribution of delays among stakeholders. There has been extensive research addressing network effects such as the presence of multiple airports, sectors, and connectivity requirements in ATFM, but it has not explicitly incorporated the equitable distribution of delays, as well as work on the equitable distribution of delays in a single-airport setting, such as ration-by-schedule RBS as introduced under the collaborative decision-making paradigm. In this paper, we develop a two stage approach for network ATFM that incorporates fairness and airline collaboration. In Stage 1, we propose a discrete optimization model that attempts to incorporate an equitable distribution of delays among airlines by introducing a notion of fairness in network ATFM models-controlling the number of reversals and total amount of overtaking, which is a natural generalization of RBS. For two flights f and f', a reversal occurs when flight f' arrives before f, when f was scheduled to arrive before f'. In the event a reversal occurs, the number of time periods between the arrival times constitutes overtaking. In Stage 2, we allow for airline collaboration by proposing a network model for slot reallocation. We provide extensive empirical results of the proposed optimization models on national-scale, real-world data sets spanning six days that show interesting trade-offs between fairness and efficiency. We report computational times of less than 30 minutes for up to 25 airports and provide theoretical evidence that illuminates the strength of our approach.
The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network Data Share project: Website design, usage, challenges, and future directions

BackgroundThere are many benefits of data sharing, including the promotion of new research from effective use of existing data, replication of findings through re-analysis of pooled data files, met...
SOI technology outlook for sub-0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS, challenges and opportunities

In this paper, the outlook for the SOI technology in the sub-0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS regime is discussed. The key challenges and opportunities for the SOI technology to become a main stream semiconductor technology are presented. >
A Lightweight Method for Automated Design of Convergence

Design and verification of Self-Stabilizing (SS) network protocols are difficult tasks in part because of the requirement that a SS protocol must recover to a set of legitimate states from {\em any} state in its state space (when perturbed by transient faults). Moreover, distribution issues exacerbate the design complexity of SS protocols as processes should take local actions that result in global recovery/convergence of a network protocol. As such, most existing design techniques focus on protocols that are locally-correctable. To facilitate the design of finite-state SS protocols (that may not necessarily be locally-correctable), this paper presents a lightweight formal method supported by a software tool that automatically adds convergence to non-stabilizing protocols. We have used our method/tool to automatically generate several SS protocols with up to 40 processes (and $3^{40}$ states) in a few minutes on a regular PC. Surprisingly, our tool has automatically synthesized both protocols that are the same as their manually-designed versions as well as new solutions for well-known problems in the literature (e.g., Dijkstra's token ring~\cite{dij}). Moreover, the proposed method has helped us reveal flaws in a manually designed SS protocol.
The Impact of Body Image on Consumers’ Perceptions of Idealized Advertising Images and Brand Attitudes

The purpose of this study was to examine how individuals’ body images influence their attitude toward an apparel brand through their perceptions of attractiveness and similarity with thin-idealized and nonidealized advertising images in the social comparison process. Data were collected from 143 female college students at a Midwestern university using a Web-based survey. Exposure to thin models did not induce more favorable brand attitudes than exposure to average-size models. However, individuals’ body images indirectly influenced brand attitudes through their perceptions of similarity with model images in the social comparison process. The results indicate the importance of body image in understanding a person’s interpretation of media images. The results imply that advertisers could feature more realistic model images reflecting a greater number of individuals' body images.
Towards a New Principia Politica: The Third Revolution in Political Science

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
Sensitivity of Atmospheric Radiative Heating Rate Profiles to Variations of Cloud Layer Overlap

Abstract Three different cloud overlap schemes are applied to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) vertical distribution of clouds in the radiative transfer model from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies climate GCM to study the sensitivity of radiative fluxes and atmospheric radiative heating rate profiles to variations in cloud vertical structure. This study differs from previous ones because the ISCCP dataset constrains the total column optical thickness of the clouds at each location, a fact that is used to constrain cloud overlap occurrence. Moreover, this study considers the effects of cloud vertical structure on both shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) fluxes at the top of the atmosphere, at the surface, and in the atmosphere. The in-atmosphere net fluxes are decomposed further into vertical profiles of radiative heating and cooling rates. The results show that the changes in the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and surface (SRF) radiat...
How do Orthopaedic Devices Change After Their Initial FDA Premarket Approval

The FDA approves novel, high-risk medical devices through the premarket approval (PMA) process based on clinical evidence supporting device safety and effectiveness. Devices subsequently may undergo postmarket modifications that are approved via one of several PMA supplement review tracks, usually without additional supporting clinical data. While orthopaedic devices cleared via the less rigorous 510(k) pathway have been studied previously, devices cleared through the PMA pathway and those receiving postmarket PMA supplements warrant further investigation. We asked: What are (1) the types of original orthopaedic devices receiving FDA PMA approval, (2) the number and rate of postmarket device changes approved per device, (3) the types of PMA supplement review tracks used, (4) the types of device changes approved via the various review tracks, and (5) the number of device recalls and market withdrawals that have occurred for these devices? All original PMA-approved orthopaedic devices between January 1982 and December 2014 were identified in the publically available FDA PMA database. The number of postmarket device changes approved, the PMA supplement review track used, the types of postmarket changes, and any FDA recalls for each device were assessed. Seventy original orthopaedic devices were approved via the FDA PMA pathway between 1982 and 2014. These devices included 34 peripheral joint implants or prostheses, 18 spinal implants or prostheses, and 18 other devices or materials. These devices underwent a median 6.5 postmarket changes during their lifespan or 1.0 changes per device–year (interquartile range, 0.4–1.9). The rate of new postmarket device changes approved per active device, increased from less than 0.5 device changes per year in 1983 to just fewer than three device changes per year in 2014, or an increase of 0.05 device changes per device per year in linear regression analysis (95% CI, 0.04–0.07). Among the 765 total postmarket changes, 172 (22%) altered device design or components. The majority of the design changes were reviewed via either the real-time review track (n = 98; 57%), intended for minor design changes, or the 180-day review track (n = 71; 41%), intended for major design changes. Finally, a total of 12 devices had FDA recalls at some point during their lifespan, two being for hip prostheses with high revision rates. Relatively few orthopaedic devices undergo the FDA PMA process before reaching the market. Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware that high-risk medical devices cleared via the FDA’s PMA pathway do undergo considerable postmarket device modification after reaching the market, with potential for design “drift,” ie, shifting away from the initially tested and approved device designs. As the ultimate end-users of these devices, orthopaedic surgeons should be aware that even among high-risk medical devices approved via the FDA’s PMA pathway, considerable postmarket device modification occurs. Continued postmarket device monitoring will be essential to limit patient safety risks.