cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Rapid Increase in BMI From Age 5-15 Is Associated With Elevated Weight Status at Age 24 Among non-Hispanic White Females

Abstract Background A rapidly increasing BMI trajectory throughout childhood is associated with negative health outcomes in adulthood such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The purpose of the current study was to assess whether BMI trajectories from age 5–15 predicted changes in weight and BMI from adolescence to adulthood, and dieting-related behaviors in young adulthood. Methods Non-Hispanic White female participants from Early Dieting in Girls (n = 182), a longitudinal cohort study, were followed from age 5 to 15 and completed a follow-up survey at age 24. Participants were classified by age 5–15 BMI trajectory groups: UPC, accelerated weight gain from age 5–9; DDPC, accelerated weight gain from 5 to 9 followed by a decrease; 60PT, weight tracked along 60th percentile; 50PT, weight tracked along 50th percentile. Data at age 24 included self-reported weight, height, dietary restraint, disinhibition, and dieting. Results Majority of participants (80.8%) completed the follow-up survey; of these participants, 60% in UPC group had obesity at age 24, compared to Conclusions Children with accelerated weight gain continued to have the greatest weight gain from adolescence to adulthood and the highest prevalence of obesity in adulthood.
Designing soft pyroelectric and electrocaloric materials using electrets

A temperature variation can electrically polarize a pyroelectric material. In its converse manifestation, the electrocaloric effect entails a change in temperature due to the application of an electric field. These phenomena have wide applications ranging from infrared detection sensors and solid-state refrigeration to energy harvesting. However, the pyroelectric-electrocaloric effect is typically observed in certain classes of hard, brittle crystalline materials that must satisfy a stringent set of lattice symmetry conditions. Some limited experiments have however demonstrated that embedding immobile charges and dipoles in soft foams (thus creating an electret state) may lead to a pyroelectric-like response as well as large deformations desired from soft matter. In this work, we develop a systematic theory for coupled electrical, thermal and mechanical responses of soft electrets. Using simple illustrative examples, we derive closed-form explicit expressions for the pyroelectric and electrocaloric coefficients of electrets. While pyroelectricity in electrets has been noted before, our derived expressions provide a clear quantitative basis to interpret (and eventually design) this effect as well as insights into how the geometrically nonlinear deformation and Maxwell stress give rise to its emergence. We present conditions to obtain a larger pyroelectric and electrocaloric response. In particular, the electrocaloric effect is predicted for the first time in such materials and we show that a proper design and a reasonable choice of materials can lead to a temperature reduction of as much as 1.5 K under the application of electrical fields of 10 MV cm-1.
Determination of lactate and lactic dehydrogenase by biamperometric monitoring of hexacyanoferrate(II) in a flowing stream

Open tubular carbon electrodes were used to monitor the biamperometric current of hexacyanoferrate(II) ion produced by the LDH catalyzed reaction between hexacyanoferrate(III) ion and lactate, and that produced from the diaphorase catalyzed reaction between hexacyanoferrate(III) ion and NADH, product from the LDH catalyzed reaction between lactate and NAD. Reagents and samples were mixed in a flow stream. Reaction takes place between the mixing point and the electrodes, and measurements are taken after a constant time interval. Lactate and LDH standards in serum control solutions were measured using the NAD dependent reaction.
The Role of Heating in the Electrochemical Response of Plasmonic Nanostructures under Illumination

The role played by heating in the electrochemical behavior of plasmonic nanostructures under illumination was examined through a combination of theoretical modeling and experimental investigations....
Cost-Effectiveness of Sacral Neuromodulation versus OnabotulinumtoxinA for Refractory Urgency Urinary Incontinence: Results of the ROSETTA Randomized Trial

Purpose:Sacral neuromodulation and intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injection are therapies for refractory urgency urinary incontinence. Sacral neuromodulation involves surgical implantation of a d...
Astrophysical probes of inelastic dark matter with a light mediator

We consider an inelastic dark matter model, in which a fermion is charged under a broken U(1) gauge symmetry, and introduce a tiny Majorana mass term to split the fermion into two states with the light one being a dark matter candidate. If the gauge boson is light, it can mediate both elastic and inelastic dark matter self-interactions in dark halos, leading to observational consequences. Using a numerical technique based on partial wave analysis, we accurately calculate the elastic and inelastic self-scattering cross sections. We assume a thermal freeze-out scenario and fix the gauge coupling constant using the relic density constraint. Then, we focus on six benchmark masses of dark matter, covering a wide range from 10 MeV to 160 GeV and map parameter regions where the elastic scattering cross section per unit mass is within $1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}\ensuremath{-}5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}$, favored to solve small-scale issues of cold dark matter. If the heavy state can decay to the light state and a massless species, the inelastic up-scattering process can cool the halo and lead to core collapse. Taking galaxies with evidence of dark matter density cores, we further derive constraints on the parameter space. For dark matter masses below 10 GeV, the mass splitting must be large enough to forbid up scattering in the dwarf halo for evading the core-collapse constraint; while for higher masses, the up-scattering process can still be allowed. Our results show astrophysical observations can provide powerful tests for dark matter models with large elastic and inelastic self-interactions.
Emerging prognostic markers to determine Crohn's disease natural history and improve management strategies: a review of recent literature

Because Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, incurable condition, patients require life-long therapeutic approaches to initiate and maintain symptom control, improve quality of life, avoid hospitalizations and surgery, and minimize short- and long-term toxicity and complications such as stricturing, fistulae, osteoporosis and associated bony fractures, and linear growth failure in pediatric patients. Many physicians use symptom-based classifications, such as those published in the American College of Gastroenterology Practice Guidelines, to classify disease severity. However, all current classifications for CD focus predominantly on treating the present symptoms and not on the long-term treatment goal of altering the natural history of the disease. If physicians were able to identify disease phenotypes; at diagnosis, they could advise a course of robust intervention or more. conservative therapeutic modalities with a lower risk of toxicity, as appropriate. Over the past several years, much interest has developed in the role of genetic and serologic markers as prognostic tools in CD. With these genetic and serologic data in mind, clinicians have a growing ability to harness laboratory and genetic testing information in order to stratify patients relative to their risk of disease progression from the time of diagnosis, allowing for a more individualized treatment plan for each patient.
Fathers’ Time Off Work, Co-Residence, and Paternal Engagement among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Fathers:

Research consistently finds that fathers who take time off work when their children are born exhibit higher levels of paternal engagement relative to fathers who do not take time off work. This stu...
Direct observations of Pd–Te compound formation within noble metal inclusions in spent nuclear fuel

Abstract Although the existence of a five-metal (Mo-Tc-Ru-Rh-Pd) phase – as nanoparticles observed in irradiated nuclear fuel – has been known for more than half a century, the chemical and physical mechanisms controlling the formation and behavior of such particles remain stubbornly elusive. We present in this work new evidence for the presence of a separate nonmetallic phase associated with the metallic particles and containing a significant fraction of Te in addition to Pd. While this new phase potentially complicates the thermodynamic picture of a mixed alloy in equilibrium with the surrounding fuel environment, it also provides new clues in the search for a chemical mechanism for Pd migration through the uranium dioxide matrix and the nucleation behavior of the particles. Fractionation between phases may subsequently affect the mechanical performance of fuels during irradiation and their interactions with the surrounding environment during long-term waste storage.
In-Situ Full-Field Strain Measurement at the Sub-grain Scale Using the Scanning Electron Microscope Grid Method

Full-field measurement techniques are invaluable tools for investigating material behavior across length-scales. In the current work, a full-field measurement technique, the Grid Method, is implemented within a scanning electron microscope to demonstrate its ability to capture deformation heterogeneities at sub-grain length-scales. Microgrids, fabricated using focused ion beam platinum deposition are positioned on multiple areas with different underlying microstructure of an aluminum 1100 oligo-crystal. In-situ scanning electron microscope tensile testing is then conducted while capturing micrographs of the deposited grids after individual loading increments. Strain maps are generated through localized spectral analysis of a reference (non-deformed) and deformed micrographs. The strain maps exhibit intragranular and transgranular heterogeneities. The current work demonstrates the successful implementation and promise of the SEM grid method for extracting strain maps at reduced length-scales.
Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Family therapy from an attachment based perspective

Abstract Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a common presenting problem in the mental health profession, occurs in about five percent of children and has a high heritability factor. It is, therefore, common for clients with ADHD to have another family member also diagnosed with ADHD and/or display typical ADHD behaviors. ADHD is often correlated with emotion regulation difficulties and problematic family functioning. One way to address emotion regulation problems and problematic family functioning is through attachment-based interventions. Among research supported therapeutic interventions for children with ADHD, few, if any, treatment practices include overtly addressing attachment in treatment. Treating child ADHD through attachment in family therapy may be beneficial in reducing common behavioral problems that accompany ADHD (i.e., hyperactivity, inattentiveness, impulsivity, etc.). We suggest a Family Therapy Attachment Based (FTAB) therapeutic module (this module has yet to be empirically supported) to implement alongside common evidence-based treatment for treating child ADHD.
Detection of Anoikis Using Cell Viability Dye and Quantitation of Caspase Activity

Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death triggered by the loss of cellular interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and culminates in the activation of caspases. Specific interaction between cellular receptors such as integrins and the ECM is important to maintain cellular homeostasis in normal tissues through multiple cascades. This interaction provides not only physical attachment, but more importantly, vital interaction with the actin cytoskeleton and growth factors. Normal epithelial and endothelial cells require this interaction with ECM to survive. In cancer, the acquisition of anoikis resistance is a hallmark of malignant transformation and is required in the process of metastasis formation. As such, strategies to inhibit and/or counteract anoikis resistance are important in controlling cancer progression. In this chapter, we describe the method for detecting anoikis using cell viability and caspase activity assays.
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the lower urinary tract: biologic behavior of a rare entity

Summary The spectrum of neuroendocrine (NE) tumors in the genitourinary tract ranges from the aggressive large and small cell carcinomas to the often benign paraganglioma and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WD-NET). At least 15 pure lower urinary tract (LUT) WD-NETs have been described. Owing to the rarity of WD-NET in the LUT and the limited number of reported cases, a better definition of their biologic long-term behavior is warranted. Herein, we aim to describe 10 new cases of WD-NET arising in the LUT and expand on follow-up findings. Ten consultation cases were identified and included 6 men and 4 women who ranged from 45 to 73 years of age. Seven cases arose in the bladder with one located in the bladder neck, 1 arose in the prostatic urethra, 1 arose in the female urethra, and 1 arose in the left ureteral orifice. All lesions were confined to the lamina propria, and tumor architecture was pseudoglandular in all cases. Associated cystitis cystica et glandularis was identified in 5 cases; urothelial papilloma and florid von Brunn's nests were found in 2 additional cases. Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin and chromogranin was diffusely positive in 9 cases and focal in 1 case, and the Ki-67 proliferation index was 5% or less in all tumors. Follow-up ranged from 37 to 137 months (mean = 82; median = 77), and there was no evidence of residual disease or recurrence in any of the 10 patients during the follow-up period.
Advances in Refill Spot Welding Productivity

With more than a decade of research and development documenting both the benefits and the challenges of refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW), we see remarkedly few industrial applications that have moved to full implementation. Two major challenges have been recognized that are currently impeding further adoption; namely, cycle time and tool life. While these two challenges are not mutually exclusive, the focus of the current work will be to contest reported trends that claim reducing cycle time below 2 s has a deleterious effect on weld properties. Recently published work challenged this trend for RFSSW of a work-hardenable AA5052-H36, where weld times were reported as low as 800 ms (Larsen and Hovanski in Reducing cycle times of refill friction stir spot welding in automotive aluminum alloys, SAE International, 2020). While this study demonstrated that machine capabilities drive reduction in weld cycle time without a commensurate reduction in weld properties, the focus was on demonstrating these changes for a work-hardenable alloy rather than a precipitation-hardened alloy. As such, the current work will demonstrate that a similar reduction in cycle time may be realized in AA7075-T6.
Functional differentiation in the transverse plane of the hippocampus: An update on activity segregation within the DG and CA3 subfields

Decades of neuroscience research in rodents have established an essential role of the hippocampus in the processing of episodic memories. Based on accumulating evidence of functional segregation in the hippocampus along the longitudinal axis, this role has been primarily ascribed to the dorsal hippocampus. More recent findings, however, demonstrate that functional segregation also occurs along transverse axis of the hippocampus, within the hippocampal subfields CA1, CA2, CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG). Because the functional heterogeneity within CA1 has been addressed in several recent articles, here we discuss behavioral findings and putative mechanisms supporting generation of asymmetrical activity patterns along the transverse axis of DG and CA3. While transverse subnetworks appear to discretely contribute to the processing of spatial, non-spatial, temporal, and social components of episodic memories, integration of these components also occurs, especially in the CA3 subfield and possibly downstream, in the cortical targets of the hippocampus.
Anthropogenic forcing and response yield observed positive trend in Earth's energy imbalance.

The observed trend in Earth’s energy imbalance (TEEI), a measure of the acceleration of heat uptake by the planet, is a fundamental indicator of perturbations to climate. Satellite observations (2001–2020) reveal a significant positive globally-averaged TEEI of 0.38 ± 0.24 Wm−2decade−1, but the contributing drivers have yet to be understood. Using climate model simulations, we show that it is exceptionally unlikely (<1% probability) that this trend can be explained by internal variability. Instead, TEEI is achieved only upon accounting for the increase in anthropogenic radiative forcing and the associated climate response. TEEI is driven by a large decrease in reflected solar radiation and a small increase in emitted infrared radiation. This is because recent changes in forcing and feedbacks are additive in the solar spectrum, while being nearly offset by each other in the infrared. We conclude that the satellite record provides clear evidence of a human-influenced climate system. Satellite observations reveal a significant positive trend in Earth’s energy imbalance, but the contributing drivers have yet to be understood. Here, the authors show that it is exceptionally unlikely that this trend can be explained by internal variability; instead, anthropogenic forcing and feedbacks cause the trend.
Modulating captive mammalian social behavior: a scoping review on olfactory treatments

Abstract Many species use olfaction as a primary form of communication. Because of this, odor signals could be a useful tool to improve captive animal welfare by reducing aggression and promoting socio-positive behavior. However, to fully gauge the potential benefits of odor manipulations, the quality of existing literature must first be evaluated. Therefore, a systematic search and scoping review was conducted to summarize prevalent methods, treatment outcomes, and modulating factors in existing literature on the effect of mammalian, intraspecies odors on non-reproductive social behavior. Results from a systematic search of three databases were included if they were published in a peer reviewed journal, used a terrestrial mammalian species, and contained original data evaluating how an odor signal from the subject species directly affected non-reproductive social behavior. All articles were screened by two researchers, data were extracted by one, and reporting quality was assessed by both using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. Sixty-three articles were included based on this criteria. Most subjects were sexually mature, male rodents. The most common odor treatment originated from urine and aggressive behavior was measured most often. Overall, urine and saliva treatments had a variable effect on aggression, while urine most often increased scent marking and social investigation behavior. Concerningly, most articles showed unclear or high risk of bias. Data from this review highlights a need for additional research on how odor signals from sources other than urine affect behavior and how socio-positive behaviors are affected in general. Further, it emphasizes the need for more transparent reporting as the current body of literature makes it difficult to determine each experiment’s quality and how much weight it should be given when interpreting outcomes pertaining to our overall understanding of olfactory communication.
Electronic mail in pediatric practice

E-mail is an important component of the revolution in the delivery of health care.1 “Just as the telephone transformed American society and the practice of medicine, electronic communication is having a similar impact and will become an integral part of pediatrics.”2 E-mail use has benefits to the patient and the physician. It can reduce unnecessary office visits, increase practice efficiency, make office visits more productive; improve access to care, improve physician—patient communication and improve chronic disease management.3,4
The role of deictic particles in the IE personal pronoun system

AbstractIt is well known that deictic particles were affixed to personal pronouns in Indo-European. Three possible functions of these deictics are explored, and the most reasonable explanation is identified on the basis of comparative and typological evidence. In short, it is argued that these deictics served to derive emphatic pronominal forms.
How can information providers connect information resources to entrepreneurs to spur innovation in economic development? Co-sponsored by SIG-III and SIG-USE

Information and knowledge have been recognized as valuable resources for gaining competitive advantage, streamlining decision making and improving strategic management. In an increasingly competitive economic environment, the survival of organizations is heavily dependent on their recognition of information as an important strategic resource (Choo, 2005). Entrepreneurs, who have been regarded as the key drivers of innovation and have frequently been credited with boosting economic development (Timmons & Spinelli, 2009), find themselves in an increasingly disadvantaged position as a result of an inability to compete with the financial power of large companies. The benefits that entrepreneurs reap from having access to quality information resources have been documented in many studies, however, the accessibility and preferences of the information resources varies by context. The focus of the panel will be exploring how information specialists and institutions help entrepreneurs access and use information resources to support their business ventures. Panellists will shed light on different international perspectives drawn from research conducted on different types of groups/organizations. Discussion will be geared to illuminate existing approaches that have been taken to meet the information needs of entrepreneurs, with a view to propose future courses of action.
Chemical emissions from electronic products

Approaches are described for determining the indoor environmental impact of common office equipment. In the authors' experience, the majority of symptoms associated with product-related chemical emissions fall into two categories; mucous membrane irritation and odor-related phenomena. Selected case histories illustrate the impact common office equipment can have upon indoor environments and their human occupants. >
The relationship of a newly described acute-phase protein to human gestation

Abstract Rho is a newly described acute-phase serum protein which increases in titer in response to a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases. 1 It is present in 100 per cent of sera from pregnant women by the twentieth week of gestation, rises in titer until term, and then falls slowly during the postpartum period. It was barely detectable in some fetal sera and in some amniotic fluid samples near the end of the first half of gestation, and it could not be demonstrated in fetal tissue obtained at that time. Fetal serum titers increase with gestational age, but fetal levels remain below those of maternal sera. Undifferentiated placental tissue and estrogen/progestin do not appear to evoke rho antigen production. The stimulating mechanism during gestation remains unknown.
The New Old Economy: Networks, Institutions, and the Organizational Transformation of American Manufacturing

Introduction PART I: THE NEW OLD ECONOMY 1. A New Production Paradigm for a New Old Economy 2. Networks, Noise, and Institutional Change PART II: NETWORKS AND THE ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURING 3. The Decentralization of American Manufacturing 4. Collaboration in Practice: The Cost Reduction (Incremental Innovation) Waltz 5. Uncertainty and Contradiction in the New Old Economy PART III: INSTITUTIONS AND THE RELATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF REGIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY 6. It Couldn't Happen Here? Public Policy, Regional Institutions, and Inter-Firm Collaboration in the US 7. Toward the Relational Reconstruction of Regional Political Economy
Ethical Decision Making by Management Accountants: An Empirical Examination of Obedience Theory

Fraudulent behavior involving major firms (Enron, WorldCom, etcetera) has resulted in significant losses to investors and others sparking renewed interest in business ethics research. These frauds may have been allowed to flourish because of the pressure that superiors leveled on their accountants.This study reports the results of an experiment investigating if pressure from superiors (obedience pressure) affects the ethical choices of management accountants in a tax compliance situation dealing with the improper deduction of travel and entertainment expenses. The study also examined whether the materiality of the amount to be deducted improperly and the severity of the tax law violation affected ethical decision making. A sample of 168 members of the Institute of Management Accountants participated in the experiment. The materiality of the tax deductions did not significantly affect the actions of the study participants. However, the severity of the tax law violation and pressure from superiors affected subject’s actions. The effect of pressure from superiors (obedience pressure) was particularly strong. The study contributes to a better understanding of the ethical behavior of practicing accountants. This understanding may be used to improve ethics education and to build better models for future research.
Gravitational light-light and light-particle scattering: Comparison between the classical (general-relativistic) and quantum field-theoretic results

The classical general-relativistic cross-sections for the scattering of either a photon or a particle by a single photon of negligible spatial extent are calculated and found to agree, for small angles, with the results of the quantized linearized field theory. The differences between the scattering by a single photon and the scattering by a steady pencil of light are resolved.
X-ray Bursts in Neutron Star and Black Hole Binaries from USA Data: Detections and Upper Limits

Narayan and Heyl (2002) have developed a theoretical framework to convert suitable upper limits on type I X-ray bursts from accreting black hole candidates (BHCs) into evidence for an event horizon. However, no appropriate observational limit exists in the literature. In this paper we survey 2101.2 ks of data from the Unconventional Stellar Aspect (USA) X-ray timing experiment and 5142 ks of data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) experiment to obtain a formal constraint of this type. 1122 ks of neutron star data yield a population averaged mean burst rate of 1.69 x 10{sup -5} bursts s{sup -1} while 6081 ks of BHC data yield a 95% confidence level upper limit of 4.9 x 10{sup -7} bursts s{sup -1}. This is the first published limit of this type for Black Hole Candidates. Applying the theoretical framework of Narayan and Heyl (2002) we calculate regions of unstable luminosity where the neutron stars are expected to burst and the BHCs would be expected to burst if they had a surface. In this unstable luminosity region 464 ks of neutron star data yield an averaged mean burst rate of 4.1 x 10{sup -5} bursts s{sup -1} and 1512 ks of BHCmore » data yield a 95% confidence level upper limit of 2.0 x 10{sup 6} bursts s{sup -1}, and a limit of > 10 {sigma} that BHCs do not burst with a rate similar to the rate of neutron stars in these unstable regions. This gives further evidence that BHCs do not have surfaces unless there is some new physics occurring on their surface.« less
Decreased Sensitivity to Colchicine-Mediated Inhibition of Metabolite Uptake in Isolated Hepatoma Cells

The effects of colchicine on the incorporation of [3H]-leucine and [3H]thymidine were studied in inbred BUF rats bearing Morris hepatomas and in isolated hepatoma cells and hepatocytes. The results confirmed previous work by other investigators that uptake of amino acids in hepatomas can be inhibited by colchicine (250 micrograms/100 body wt) under conditions in which uptake is not impeded in host liver. Uptake and incorporation of [3H]thymidine in hepatomas were also more sensitive to inhibition by colchicine. Evidence was obtained that these inhibitory effects on incorporation were diminished in isolated cells and were similar for isolated hepatoma cells and hepatocytes. The data did not exclude alternative mechanisms, but they were compatible with a previous suggestion that an effect of colchicine on circulation in hepatomas may be a factor in the inhibitory action on metabolite uptake.
Feasibility and acceptability of an audio computer-assisted self-interview version of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in primary care patients

ABSTRACTBackground: This study explores the feasibility and acceptability of a computer self-administered approach to substance use screening from the perspective of primary care patients. Methods: Forty-eight patients from a large safety net hospital in New York City completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) version of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and a qualitative interview to assess feasibility and acceptability, comprehension, comfort with screening questions, and preferences for screening mode (interviewer or computer). Qualitative data analysis organized the participants' feedback into major themes. Results: Participants overwhelmingly reported being comfortable with the ACASI ASSIST. Mean administration time was 5.2 minutes (range: 1.6–14.8 minutes). The major themes from the qualitative interviews were (1) ACASI ASSIST is feasible and acceptable to patients, (2) Social stigma around substance use is a barrier to patient disclosure, and (3...
Trends in research time, fellowship training, and practice patterns among general surgery graduates.

Summary A comparison of research experience, fellowship training, and ultimate practice patterns of general surgery graduates at a university-based surgical residency program. Research experience correlated with pursuing fellowship training and predicted an eventual academic career. More recently, graduates have been able to obtain fellowships without a dedicated research year, perhaps reflecting shifting fellowship training opportunities. Background We hypothesized that the relationships among dedicated research experience during residency, fellowship training, and career choices is changing as research and fellowship opportunities evolve. Methods Comparison of research experience, fellowship training, and ultimate practice patterns of general surgery graduates for 2 decades (1990-1999, n = 82; 2000-2009, n = 98) at a university-based residency program. Main outcome measures were number of years and area of research, fellowship training, and practice setting. Results Compared by decade, graduates became increasingly fellowship-trained (51.2% vs 67.3%; p Conclusions Surgical residents have completed more dedicated research years and became increasingly fellowship-trained over time. The proportion of female graduates has increased with similar increases in research time and fellowship training in this subgroup. In the earlier decade, dedicated research experiences during surgical residency correlated with pursuing fellowship training, and predicted an eventual academic career. More recently, graduates have obtained fellowships and academic positions without dedicated research time, perhaps reflecting shifting fellowship opportunities.
206. Dorsal and ventral PFC responses to working memory differ in schizophrenia

establishing that a modified rodent spatial working memory task, the discrete-trial variable-delay alternation task, had important elements of human working memory paradigms. For example, performance remained submaximal and stable at second-long retention intervals, was dependent on retention interval and proactive inhibition, and on the integrity of the medial prefrontal cortex. Consistent with clinical findings, low dose amphetamine produced a delay-dependent improvement in performance while higher doses impaired performance at all retention intervals. D1 receptor blockade produced the predicted doseand delay-dependent impairment. D2 receptor blockade had no effect. Activation of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGluR 2/3) receptors, which in the prefrontal cortex inhibits the slow asynchronous phase of glutamate release, also produced a delay-dependent impairment. Low doses of an AMPA/ kainate antagonist had similar effects as the mGluR2/3 agonist. In contrast, the detrimental effect of NMDA receptor blockade was independent of memory load, with the higher dose resulting in chance-level performance at all retention intervals. These findings suggest the following: (1) activation of NMDA receptors is necessary for the initiation of the mnemonic encoding, (2) during the retention phase, WM is maintained by slow components that include the asynchronous phase of glutamate release resulting in “sustained” (second-long) postsynaptic activation of glutamate receptors, and phasic release of dopamine resulting in activation of D1 receptors.
Medium Field rf Transitions for Polarized Beams of Hydrogen and Deuterium

Abstract A medium field rf transition unit (MFT) which can induce one or a sequence of transitions between adjacent hyperfine states (| Δm f | = 1) of hydrogen and deuterium has been constructed and tested. The tests were carried out by ionizing atoms from an atomic beam source after the MFT and determining the vector and tensor polarizations of the proton and deuteron beams. The measured polarizations were found to be (96 ± 1)% of the calculated maximum for hydrogen and (96 ± 3)% for deuterium. The versatility of the MFT makes it possible to produce tensor or vector polarized deuterium beams with the largest figure of merit ( P 2 I ) as well as hydrogen beams in a pure spin state using only three rf transition units. The measured polarization of the beam is P zz = +0.91 ± 0.02 and P zz = −1.75 ± 0.04 for tensor polarized deuterium and P z = +0.92 ± 0.02 and P z = −0.95 ± 0.02 for vector polarized deuterium. Hydrogen atoms in a pure spin state were produced with P z = +0.92 ± 0.01 and P z = −0.88 ± 0.01.
Preparation of magnetic fine particles by borohydride reduction

Abstract Binary (CoB) and ternary (FeCoB) particles were prepared by the chemical reduction of corresponding metal salts with sodium borohydride in aqueous solutions. The reduction of Co2+ (aq) by NaBH4 has been studied with mechanistic and stoichiometric factors as the focus. The primary product of this reduction is nanoscale Co2B particles, which are formed possibly through the intermediacy of [(H2O)5CoOH(BH2)HOCo(H2O)5]3+, and this complexion is reduced by electrons provided by three more moles of NaBH4. However, a side reaction where NaBH4 reacts directly with H2O becomes important if sufficient time is available before Co2+ addition or if Co/Co2B particles are allowed to catalyze it. In this way, NaBO2 can be formed that can react with Co2+ to give Co(BO2)2 as a product. The secondary product is metallic Co particles, which are formed by heat treatment of Co2B/Co(BO2)2 mixtures, or by sacrificial oxidation of Co2B. A tertiary product is Co3B formed by heating a mixture of Co2B and Co. The FeCoB particles were prepared with varying composition and particle size. The as-made samples are amorphous for lower Fe/Co ratios and crystalline for higher Fe/Co ratios.
Grey Literature: Its Emerging Importance

This article emphasizes the importance of grey literature in the arsenal of search tools available to medical researchers. Because of the delay between research and publication, and because of the potential that some important research may never be published, access to innovative information is challenging. Grey literature is a tool to fill that void. The authors define grey literature, explore its sources, and identify its major users and uses. The authors identify the range of grey literature, its advantages and disadvantages, the various outlets that produce it, and where it may be found.
Reliability Assessment Calculation of the Automobile Transmission System

In order to improve reliability of automobile transmission system and its running stability, this paper raises a reliability assessment calculation method. This method considers dependent failure of the parts, material strength degradation with increasing load times and uncertainty of load times in micro and macro scopes to explore main factors affecting the system reliability. The feasibility of this method has been validated by the example analysis. As a result , material properties of each gear parts, torques and load times play key parts in reliability of the system.
Theoretical study of the low-lying electronic states of ZnO and ZnS

Theoretical spectroscopic constants and dipole moments are determined for the 1 Sigma(+), 1,3 Pi, and 3 Sigma(+) states of ZnO and ZnS, using extended Gaussian basis sets and incorporating correlation using both configuration-interaction and coupled pair (CPF) methods. Relativistic corrections (Darwin plus mass velocity), included using first-order perturbation theory, are relatively small. At the CPF level, both ZnO and ZnS have 1 Sigma(+) ground states, with the 3 Pi state lying 209 and 2075/cm higher, respectively. The 3 Sigma(+) state lies about 1.5 eV higher in ZnO and 2.1 eV higher in ZnS. The 1,3 Pi states are relatively close together since the exchange splitting is small with the sigma electron localized on Zn and the pi electron on oxygen (or sulfur).
The potential of land rental markets in the process of economic development: Evidence from China

Abstract We develop a model of land leasing with agents characterized by unobserved heterogeneity in ability and presence of an off-farm labor market. In this case, decentralized land rental may contribute to equity and efficiency goals and may have several advantages over administrative reallocation. The extent to which this is true empirically is explored using data from three of China's poorest provinces. Land rental markets and administrative reallocation reallocate land to those with lower endowments but the former are more effective in doing so and have a bigger productivity-enhancing effect. Information on hypothetical market participation suggests that reducing transaction costs in land rental markets could help to realize significant additional productivity gains.
Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness.

Study objectives Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) causes phasic inhibition via synaptic GABAA receptors and tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABA levels in the extracellular space regulate arousal state and cognition by volume transmission via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABAergic transmission in the pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. No previous studies have determined whether an agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors administered into the pontine reticular formation alters sleep and wakefulness. Therefore, this study used gaboxadol (THIP; agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit) to test the hypothesis that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors within the pontine reticular formation modulate sleep and wakefulness. Design Within/between subjects. Setting University of Michigan. Patients or participants Adult male Crl:CD*(SD) (Sprague-Dawley) rats (n = 10). Interventions Microinjection of gaboxadol, the nonsubtype selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (positive control), and saline (negative control) into the rostral pontine reticular formation. Measurements and results Gaboxadol significantly increased wakefulness and decreased both nonrapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in a concentration-dependent manner. Relative to saline, gaboxadol did not alter electroencephalogram power. Microinjection of muscimol into the pontine reticular formation of the same rats that received gaboxadol increased wakefulness and decreased sleep. Conclusion Tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit may be one mechanism by which the extracellular pool of endogenous GABA in the rostral pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. Citation Vanini G; Baghdoyan HA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness. SLEEP 2013;36(3):337-343.
Autocrine motility-stimulatory pathways of oral premalignant lesion cells

Patients with premalignant oral lesions have varying levels of risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), whose aggressiveness requires increased motility. Not known is if and how premalignant oral lesion cells acquire the increased motility characteristic of OSCC. This was addressed by immunohistochemical analysis of banked premalignant lesion tissues and by functional analyses using cultures established from premalignant oral lesions and OSCC. These studies showed premalignant oral lesion cells and OSCC to be more motile than normal keratinocytes. Concomitantly, levels of ceramide were reduced. The activity of the protein phosphatase PP-2A, which restricts motility and which can be activated by ceramide, was also diminished. This was due to IL-10 released from premalignant lesion cells. Treatment with a membrane-permeable ceramide restored PP-2A activity and blocked migration. These studies show an autocrine motility-stimulatory pathway that is mediated in premalignant lesion cells by IL-10 through its reduction of ceramide levels and inhibition of PP-2A activity.
Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware

Most experimental research projects are executed with a combination of purchased hardware equipment, which may be modified in the laboratory and custom single-built equipment fabricated inhouse. However, the computer software that helps design and execute experiments and analyze data has an additional source: It can also be free and open-source software (FOSS) ( 1 ). FOSS has the advantage that the code is openly available for modification and is also often free of charge. In the past, customizing software has been much easier than custom-building equipment, which often can be quite costly because fabrication requires the skills of machinists, glassblowers, technicians, or outside suppliers. However, the open-source paradigm is now enabling creation of open-source scientific hardware by combining three-dimensional (3D) printing with open-source microcontrollers running on FOSS. These developments are illustrated below by several examples of equipment fabrication that can better meet particular specifications at substantially lower overall costs.
Corn yields in the United States and sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial pacific ocean during the period 1868–1982

Abstract The yearly variation of corn yield above or below the trend in the United States is shown to be closely associated with the occurrence of warm sea-surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Data for the past 115 years indicate that warmer than normal sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are likely to coincide with above average corn yields in the United States. In the period 1868–1982 there have been fifty warm sea-surface temperature years as identified by Quinn et al. (1978). Examination of the yields on a state-by-state basis shows that Illinois has the strongest association and Iowa is second. For the 115-year record, Illinois and Iowa show a statistical level of significance in a chi square test at the 0.1% level. The adjacent states are at a much lower level. For the total U.S. corn yield which includes a much larger region the results are still significant at the 1.0% level. The results of this paper suggest that during the onset of a warm sea-surface temperature event there is a southerly displacement of the storm tracks during the growing season which modifies the climate so as to produce above average growth of the corn crop. It should be emphasized that these two climate anomalies occur concurrently. In fact, the maximum deviation from normal of the sea-surface temperatures occurs in the winter season after the corn crop has grown. Therefore, these results represent a correlation. The timing of the events suggests that the cause lies elsewhere.
Processor Allocation Using Partitioning in Mesh Connected Parallel Computers

Several processor allocation schemes for mesh connected parallel computers have been proposed in the literature. These schemes aim at improving system performance by reducing internal fragmentation or by enhancing submesh recognition ability. In this paper, we propose a system partitioning approach to reduce external fragmentation and thereby improve system performance. The target systems considered here are two-dimensional meshes where the side lengths are powers of 2. Processors are allocated to a partitioned mesh based on their submesh size requirements. The proposed scheme can be implemented in conjunction with any of the existing processor allocation schemes and thereby can also exploit the advantages offered by those schemes. The performance measurements are done through simulation experiments. Completion time for a fixed number of jobs, internal and external fragmentation, and system utilization are measured as performance indicators. It is observed that, in most cases, the proposed scheme demonstrates better performance than the previously proposed algorithms. Time complexity of the proposed scheme is less by a factor ofnthan the corresponding allocation scheme without partitioning, wheren= log2{min(w,h)}, andwandhare the width and height of a two-dimensional mesh.
AN ANALYSIS OF GROUP INTERACTION AND MATHEMATICAL ERRORS IN HETEROGENEOUS ABILITY GROUPS

Summary. This study investigated group interaction and mathematical errors of 11th-grade students working individually and in four-person heterogeneous ability groups. Averaging over all types of errors, high-ability students did best in the individual condition, low-ability students did best in the group condition, and medium-ability students did equally well in both conditions. When types of errors were distinguished, for high-ability students, the group condition was detrimental to learning new material (the mathematical algorithm) but was advantageous for performance on previously learned material (computational and algebraic manipulations); for medium-ability students, the group condition was good for learning the algorithm but not for performance on computational and algebraic manipulations; for low-ability students, group work was beneficial for performance of new and previously learned material. Group interaction was related to achievement: students who described or received explanations about the mathematical algorithm did well on the algorithm on the test, and students who explained how to perform computational or algebraic manipulations did well on those manipulations on the test.