cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hydrodynamic analysis of fish swimming speed: wake structure and locomotor force in slow and fast labriform swimmers

Past study of interspecific variation in the swimming speed of fishes has focused on internal physiological mechanisms that may limit the ability of locomotor muscle to generate power. In this paper, we approach the question of why some fishes are able to swim faster than others from a hydrodynamic perspective, using the technique of digital particle image velocimetry which allows measurement of fluid velocity and estimation of wake momentum and mechanical forces for locomotion. We investigate the structure and strength of the wake in three dimensions to determine how hydrodynamic force varies in two species that differ markedly in maximum swimming speed. Black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) swim at low speeds using their pectoral fins exclusively, and at higher speeds switch to combined pectoral and caudal fin locomotion. E. jacksoni can swim twice as fast as similarly sized L. macrochirus using the pectoral fins alone. The pectoral fin wake of black surfperch at all speeds consists of two distinct vortex rings linked ventrally. As speed increases from 1.0 to 3.0 L s(−)(1), where L is total body length, the vortex ring formed on the fin downstroke reorients to direct force increasingly downstream, parallel to the direction of locomotion. The ratio of laterally to downstream-directed force declines from 0.93 to 0.07 as speed increases. In contrast, the sunfish pectoral fin generates a single vortex ring per fin beat at low swimming speeds and a pair of linked vortex rings (with one ring only partially complete and attached to the body) at maximal labriform speeds. Across a biologically relevant range of swimming speeds, bluegill sunfish generate relatively large lateral forces with the paired fins: the ratio of lateral to downstream force remains at or above 1.0 at all speeds. By increasing wake momentum and by orienting this momentum in a direction more favorable for thrust than for lateral force, black surfperch are able to swim at twice the speed of bluegill sunfish using the pectoral fins. In sunfish, without a reorientation of shed vortices, increases in power output of pectoral fin muscle would have little effect on maximum locomotor speed. We present two hypotheses relating locomotor stability, maneuverability and the structure of the vortex wake. First, at low speeds, the large lateral forces exhibited by both species may be necessary for stability. Second, we propose a potential hydrodynamic trade-off between speed and maneuverability that arises as a geometric consequence of the orientation of vortex rings shed by the pectoral fins. Bluegill sunfish may be more maneuverable because of their ability to generate large mediolateral force asymmetries between the left- and right-side fins.
The Deresination of Guayule: A Physical Model. Part II: A Two-Component Analog for Deresination

Abstract Based on GPC, the worm resin can be separated into two distinct groups, large and small. To obtain the overall diffusion coefficients for the two groups that could be useful as commercial design parameters, the worms were converted into wet worm crepe. Diffusion studies with model compounds, abietic acid, and trilinolein, reveal that: (a) their diffusion coefficients for desorption into acetone are inversely proportional to their respective molecular size, (b) the diffusion behavior of the two model compounds in a mixture can be fitted to a simple additive model, and (c) their diffusion coefficients are quite similar to those of the two groups of resin constituents (large and small). It is, therefore, possible to model and optimize a commercial deresination process for guayule worms on the basis of the diffusion behavior of two model compounds linolein and abietic acid and the physical geometry.
Blameworthiness, Intent and Cultural Dissonance: The Unequal Treatment of Cultural Defense Defendants

Criminal law assumes that the judge and jury share the same cultural and experiential framework as the defendant; accordingly, crimes are defined with this assumption as an underlying premise. In this article, I will explain how the determination of mens rea often fails to reflect culpability because the definition of crimes fail to account for the cultural dissonance that often exists between the judge/juror and the accused. In this Article, I propose an analysis and reconceptualization of intent that bridges gaps in perception and understanding attributable to cultural dissonance.
Glycophorin C content of human erythrocyte membrane is regulated by protein 4.1

Human erythrocyte transmembrane sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin C, plays a functionally important role in maintaining erythrocyte shape and regulating membrane material properties, possibly through its interaction with protein 4.1. Moreover, it has previously been shown that membranes deficient in protein 4.1 exhibit decreased content of glycophorin C. To further define the relationship between protein 4.1 and glycophorin C, a series of studies were performed using both protein 4.1- and glycophorin C-deficient erythrocytes. Quantitation by flow cytometry showed that the glycophorin C content of cells totally deficient in protein 4.1 was 9% of normal and that of cells partially deficient in protein 4.1 was 44% of normal. Interestingly, while homozygous glycophorin C-deficient cells had no detectable levels of this sialoglycoprotein, cells from obligate heterozygotes had normal levels. Protein 4.1 content of membranes of these glycophorin C-deficient cells was also normal. These data suggest that glycophorin C may be synthesized in excess by erythroid cells and its membrane content regulated by protein 4.1. To investigate if this regulation is due to association between protein 4.1 and glycophorin C, we examined the retention of glycophorin C in membrane skeletons (Triton shells) prepared from normal membranes, protein 4.1-deficient membranes, and protein 4.1-deficient membranes reconstituted with exogenous protein 4.1. Glycophorin C is retained by Triton shells prepared from normal membranes, whereas Triton shells prepared from protein 4.1-deficient membranes are totally devoid of this sialoglycoprotein. However, reconstitution of protein 4.1-deficient membranes with purified protein 4.1 resulted in retention of glycophorin C with the Triton shells. This finding suggests that protein 4.1 is necessary for association of glycophorin C with the membrane skeleton. Furthermore, these data suggest that through its interaction with glycophorin C, protein 4.1 may play a role in regulating the membrane content of this sialoglycoprotein in mature human erythrocytes.
A Step-By-Step Approach To Neonatal EEG

(1981). A Step-By-Step Approach To Neonatal EEG. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
The Principles of Diagnosing Suspected Vaccination Related Death and Application the Principles to the Four Cases of Suspected Vaccination related Deaths

Objective To explore the practical principles in diagnosis of suspected vaccination related deaths.Method Collection information of four suspected vaccination related deaths,including clinic symptom,vaccination history,autopsy and final diagnosis.Analyzing and hypothesis of possible cause of death to exclude vaccine allergy and vaccine quality without enough attenuation and opened ample contaminated with bacterium and its toxin or performance error based on theory of allergy and regulations of vaccine producing quality and the vaccination management process combined with epidemiological survey.Results None of death caused by vaccination which were testified based on the four principle(1)the onset time longer than 2 hour after vaccination excluded from allergy,(2)cases not with the same batch of the vaccine or the patient without the symptom and the similar duration of incubation of the vaccine target disease to excluded from vaccine quality;(3)vaccine ample not opened long time before vaccination excluded from vaccine contaminated with bacterium and its toxin(4)not similar pharmaceutical agent put at the same place with the vaccine during vaccination excluded from the performance error.Conclusion The four principles in diagnosis of suspected vaccination related death was scientific,objective,practical,feasible and helpful in the investigation of suspected vaccination related death,especially for those who working in the grass-root such as county immunization management institute or township hospital.
Ambient-Potential Composite Ewald Method for ab Initio Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Molecular Dynamics Simulation

A new approach for performing Particle Mesh Ewald in ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) simulations with extended atomic orbital basis sets is presented. The new approach, the Ambient-Potential Composite Ewald (CEw) method, does not perform the QM/MM interaction with Mulliken charges nor electrostatically fit charges. Instead the nuclei and electron density interact directly with the MM environment, but in a manner that avoids the use of dense Fourier transform grids. By performing the electrostatics with the underlying QM density, the CEw method avoids self-consistent field instabilities that have been encountered with simple charge mapping procedures. Potential of mean force (PMF) profiles of the p-nitrophenyl phosphate dissociation reaction in explicit solvent are computed from PBE0/6-31G* QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations with various electrostatic protocols. The CEw profiles are shown to be stable with respect to real-space Ewald cutoff, whereas the PMFs computed from trunca...
Sensitivity of sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) to qualitative changes in reinforcement

Shifts in reward magnitude have often failed to produce rapid performance changes in the instrumental behavior (swimming speed) of fish. The present within-subjects experiment was conducted to determine if sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) are sensitive to qualitative shifts in reinforcement. Shifts from pellet to mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) reinforcement produced large increases in straight-alley swimming speed, and a shift from mealworm to pellet reinforcement produced an equally large performance decrement. These results show that sunfish were sensitive to this qualitative shift in reinforcement. A shift-saliency hypothesis is advanced to account for the seemingly disparate reports in the literature.
The selfobject function of weapons: a self psychology examination.

Weapons serve a variety of functions, both for individuals and for society. One such function is that of a selfobject for narcissistically vulnerable persons. This selfobject function allows the damaged self to maintain cohesion and to offset feelings of vulnerability and powerlessness. Because the weapon allows the personality to feel in control and to exert dominance over others, it may come to be viewed in an idealized manner. This is very similar to the idealizing selfobject transference described by Kohut. Weapons are more likely to become selfobjects for those personalities suffering from some degree of self pathology. The selfobject function of weapons, however, may have significance beyond individual psychopathology. Groups of individuals, societies, and even nations may utilize weapons to counter feelings of vulnerability and to diminish fragmentation of the group's collective self. Their destructive potential may be unleashed in response to an intense narcissistic injury and narcissistic rage. The importance of weapons can thus be better understood by examining them within the context of self psychology. Language: en
Nitrosocarbonyl release from O -substituted hydroxamic acids with pyrazolone leaving groups

Abstract A new class of nitrosocarbonyl precursors, O-substituted hydroxamic acids with pyrazolone leaving groups (OHPY), is described. These compounds generate nitrosocarbonyl intermediates, which upon hydrolysis release nitroxyl (azanone, HNO) under physiologically relevant conditions. Pyrazolones have been used to confirm the generation of nitrosocarbonyls by competitive trapping to form isomeric N-substituted hydroxamic acids (NHPY) via an N-selective nitrosocarbonyl aldol reaction. The rate of nitrosocarbonyl release from OHPY donors is impacted by donor substituents, including the pyrazolone leaving group.
Diabetes and Hypertension in Marshallese Adults: Results from Faith-Based Health Screenings

The Pacific Islander population in the USA is growing rapidly. However, research on Pacific Islanders in the USA is limited, or sometimes misleading due to aggregation with Asian Americans. This project seeks to add to the dearth of health literature by conducting a health assessment of Marshallese in northwest Arkansas. Using a community-based participatory research approach, nine health screening events were conducted at local Marshallese churches. Participants completed the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey core questionnaire and diabetes module if applicable. Biometric data, including Hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, and body mass index, were gathered by an interprofessional team. Four hundred one participants completed health screenings. High proportions of diabetes, obesity, and hypertension were found. A high percentage of participants were uninsured, and multiple barriers to health care were found within the sample. This project represents one of the first broad health assessments of Pacific Islanders in the USA. Proportions of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and uninsured found in the sample are much higher than national proportions.
Types of Bacteria and Shelf-Life of Evacuated Carbon Dioxide-Injected and Ice-Packed Broilers.

Broiler carcasses were packed in low-permeability film bags that were evacuated, injected with CO2, then held at 2 C. Broilers were examined microbiologically and for off-odor to determine the shelf-life and types of bacteria. Vacuum level did not significantly affect bacterial counts. Broilers stored in 65% CO2 had a 1-day longer shelf-life than those held in 20% CO2 and about a 5-day longer shelf-life than ice-packed broilers. Spoiled carcasses from either 20 or 65% CO2 packages had an acid-sour off-odor, and more than 90% of the bacteria present were Lactobacillus . Ice-packed broilers had the typical putrid off-odor at spoilage, and more than 95% of the bacteria were non-pigmented Pseudomonas .
Comparative Expression Profile of Organic Cation Transporters in Diabetes and Cancer: Effects of Metformin

Background and Aim Organic cation transporters have critical role for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs. These transporters act as uptake transporters (OCT1, OCT2, OCT3 and PMAT) or efflux transporters (MATE1 and MATE2) for cationic drugs including Metformin. PMAT, OCT1 and OCT3 are expressed in Intestine and may be involved in Intestinal transport of metformin. OCT1, OCT3 and MATE1 expression in liver may facilitate hepatic uptake of metformin. In Kidney OCT1, OCT2 and PMAT may act as influx transporter while MATE1 and MATE2 may act as efflux transporters. Metformin is the first line of drug for diabetes and may have beneficial effects in cancer treatment. Expression profile of metformin transporters may have crucial role in pharmacokinetics of the drug. At present there is very limited data for the expression of these transporters in different cell lines and db/db mice. No in-vitro data is present for comparative expression of these transporters in primary endothelial cells vs. cancerous cells and effect of high glucose/metformin treatment on the expression of drug transporters is still unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression levels of OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, MATE1, MATE2 and PMAT in normal/cancerous cell lines as well as mice organs (intestine, liver and kidney) under normo/hyper-glycemic condition and low/high dosage of metformin treatment. Material and methods Different cancerous/non-cancerous cell lines (HUVECs, MCF7, PA1, Huh7, HEK293T and MMECs) were cultured in normal/high glucose mediums and treated with low/high dosage of metformin for 7 days. Cells in early passages (P3 to P6) were used and experiments were replicated five times. Mice samples (liver, kidney and small intestine) were collected from wild type (C57BL/6J) and db/db mice after treatment with metformin for 6–8 weeks. Total RNA and proteins were isolated from cell line/mice organ samples and gene/protein expressions were estimated by using real-time PCR and western blotting. Gene expressions were leveled by the endogenous controls (beta-actin and GAPDH) and comparative CT values were estimated. Relative gene expressions were calculated through 2-(ΔΔCT) method. Western blot analysis was done after normalizing densitometry data of transporter proteins with endogenous control protein (β-actin or GAPDH). Results We detected expression of all selected metformin transporters in endothelial cells and in majority of cancer cell lines. Comparative gene expressions of metformin transporters in all of the selected cell lines were estimated. The levels of OCT1/OCT2 expressions between non-cancerous/cancerous cell lines were significantly modulated (P
Stable water isotopes and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics

A complete understanding of the interaction between convection and the large-scale circulation in the tropics remains an outstanding problem. Although there is evidence that the vertical structure of convective heating has great influence in the large-scale response and that this structure also presents considerable geographical variations, more need to be done. One of the questions that are still unanswered is how the vertical structure of the convective heating, or, similarly, of vertical velocity, varies across the tropical Pacific. Here it is suggested that some light can be shed on this debate by considering stable water isotopes. Because these tend to be progressively less abundant with increasing height, precipitation associated with top heavy profiles should be expected to be more depleted than that associated with bottom heavy profiles. This claim is verified with a variety of data: first, using observations from IAEA/WMO Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation stations; then, using a simple model based on the budget of water isotopes in precipitation; finally, using a more complex isotope-enabled general circulation model. Evidence provided by these sources confirms that different structures of vertical velocities are associated with different isotopic abundances, with top heavy profiles giving rise to more depleted rainfall. Finally, the data from over the Pacific, although scarce, seem to suggest that precipitation in the eastern part is more enriched than in the western, thus hinting at velocity profiles over the East being more bottom heavy than over the West Pacific.
The Spy Who Saved Me: Sustainability, Identity, and Intrigue in the Espionage Thriller

This chapter outlines the contours of the spy thriller from its earlier literary form to the contemporary Hollywood manifestation in order to understand how this generic form impacts portrayals of the environment in two films: Quantum of Solace and Kingsman: The Secret Service. Each film represents a different environmental issue: in Quantum, drought imperils a South American country; in Kingsman, it is climate change that threatens humanity. Although distinct in terms of plot and focus, the films share in common a focus on the white male that will save humans from environmental disaster.
GNAI2 polymorphic variance associates with salt sensitivity of blood pressure in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity study.

Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) increases hypertension risk and associated adverse cardiovascular outcomes. At present, there are no validated rapid tests or diagnostic markers to identify ...
Logging identification of the Longmaxi mud shale reservoir in the Jiaoshiba area, Sichuan Basin

Abstract Compared with conventional gas reservoirs, shale gas reservoirs are not sensitive to petrophysical properties, making it much difficult to identify this kind of reservoirs with well logging technologies. Therefore, through a comparison of the logging curves of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi marine shale in the Jiaoshiba area, Sichuan Basin, it is found that the mud shale on conventional log curves generally features high gamma ray, high uranium, low thorium, low kalium, relative high resistivity, high interval transit time, low neutron, low density and low photoelectric absorption cross section index, while on elements logging curves, it features an increase of silicon content and a decrease of aluminum and iron content. Based on the logging response characteristics of mud shale, the logging curves most sensitive to shale, gamma ray, neutron and density logging were selected and overlaid to identify mud shale effectively. On the basis of qualitative identification, the density logging value can identify the non-organic-rich mud shale from organic-rich mud shale, because the former has a density of 2.61–2.70 g/cm3, while the latter has a density of less than 2.61 g/cm3. The identification results agree well with the results of field gas content test, TOC experiment, and gas logging, so this study can provide reference for the logging interpretation.
Military Medical Contribution to Indigenous (Military and Civilian) Health Sector Development (HSD) Within Security and Stabilisation Operations

This chapter provides a description of the factors to consider and medical capabilities required to achieve the maximum effect for any military medical contribution to indigenous health sector support. It starts by examining the impact of insecurity on health and common issues affecting health sectors in crisis. The main focus is the role of international military medical forces in supporting the development of health services support for indigenous security forces within wider Security Sector Reform (SSR). The closing section considers how international military medical services can support the wider international community in the development of the indigenous civilian health sector.
Cancer Biology and Nutrigenomics

1. Current cancer models comprise those that are inherited through the germline and represent only ~5% of total cases of human cancers. These tumors originate because of mutational events. The remaining ~95% originate as sporadic events and evolve as a result of exposure to the environment, which includes exposure to both environmental contaminants and dietary agents.
Lifelong Machine Learning: Second Edition

Lifelong Machine Learning, Second Edition is an introduction to an advanced machine learning paradigm that continuously learns by accumulating past knowledge that it then uses in future learning and problem solving. In contrast, the current dominant machine learning paradigm learns in isolation: given a training dataset, it runs a machine learning algorithm on the dataset to produce a model that is then used in its intended application. It makes no attempt to retain the learned knowledge and use it in subsequent learning. Unlike this isolated system, humans learn effectively with only a few examples precisely because our learning is very knowledge-driven: the knowledge learned in the past helps us learn new things with little data or effort. Lifelong learning aims to emulate this capability, because without it, an AI system cannot be considered truly intelligent. Research in lifelong learning has developed significantly in the relatively short time since the first edition of this book was published. The purpose of this second edition is to expand the definition of lifelong learning, update the content of several chapters, and add a new chapter about continual learning in deep neural networks—which has been actively researched over the past two or three years. A few chapters have also been reorganized to make each of them more coherent for the reader. Moreover, the authors want to propose a unified framework for the research area. Currently, there are several research topics in machine learning that are closely related to lifelong learning—most notably, multi-task learning, transfer learning, and meta-learning—because they also employ the idea of knowledge sharing and transfer. This book brings all these topics under one roof and discusses their similarities and differences. Its goal is to introduce this emerging machine learning paradigm and present a comprehensive survey and review of the important research results and latest ideas in the area. This book is thus suitable for students, researchers, and practitioners who are interested in machine learning, data mining, natural language processing, or pattern recognition. Lecturers can readily use the book for courses in any of these related fields.
The Relationship Between Individual Characteristics, Quality of Confinement and Recidivism by Offenders Released From Privately and Publicly Managed Residential Community Corrections Facilities:

This study examines Commonwealth of Pennsylvania state prison data on inmates released to a term of residential community corrections in either a publicly or privately managed institution (n = 7,20...
Hawks, Doves, and Peace: An Experimental Approach

An old adage holds that “only Nixon could go to China”; that is, hawkish leaders face fewer domestic barriers than doves when it comes to pursuing reconciliation with foreign enemies. However, empirical evidence for this proposition is mixed. In this article, we clarify competing theories, elucidate their implications for public opinion, and describe the results of a series of survey experiments designed to evaluate whether and why there is a hawk's advantage. We find that hawks are indeed better positioned domestically to initiate rapprochement than doves. We also find support for two key causal mechanisms: Voters are more confident in rapprochement when it is pursued by a hawk and are more likely to view hawks who initiate conciliation as moderates. Further, the hawk's advantage persists whether conciliatory efforts end in success or failure. Our microfoundational evidence thus suggests a pronounced domestic advantage for hawks who deliver the olive branch.
The Green Economy: Strategic Planning for a Future?

While the green economy is uniquely dependent on imagination, it is not imaginary. While it needs ideas to grow, it is not necessarily ideological. The term “green economy” brings to mind for many people wind turbines and solar energy installations, and, perhaps, organic produce and free-range chickens as well. All these usages convey the sense of “sustainability.” The use of the term “green” -- long associated with growth and life -- is in keeping with the term “sustainability” as articulated in the 1987 United Nation Brundtland Report, entitled Our Common Future. The report defines the term “sustainability” as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” This concept is not new. It is essentially the Golden Rule in the environmental context. In other words: Use the resources of the world, but do not use them up.
Fulminant Vascular and Cardiac Toxicity Associated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sorafenib

The use of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors such as sorafenib is limited by a risk of severe cardiovascular toxicity. A 28-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia treated with prednisone, tacrolimus, and sorafenib following stem cell transplantation presented with severe bilateral lower extremity claudication. The patient was discharged against medical advice prior to finalizing a cardiovascular evaluation, but returned 1 week later with signs suggestive of septic shock. Laboratory tests revealed troponin I of 12.63 ng/mL, BNP of 1690 pg/mL, and negative infectious workup. Electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia and new pathologic Q waves in the anterior leads. Coronary angiography revealed severe multivessel coronary artery disease. Peripheral angiography revealed severely diseased left anterior and posterior tibial arteries, tibioperoneal trunk, and peroneal artery, and subtotal occlusion of the right posterior tibial artery. Multiple coronary and peripheral drug-eluting stents were implanted. An intra-aortic balloon pump was placed. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed chronic left ventricular infarction with some viability, 17% ejection fraction, and left ventricular mural thrombi. The patient opted for medical management. Persistent symptoms 9 months later led to repeat angiography, showing total occlusion of the second obtuse marginal artery due to in-stent restenosis with proximal stent fracture, and chronic total occlusion of the right internal iliac artery extending to the pudendal branch. Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography viability study demonstrated viable myocardium, deeming revascularization appropriate. Symptom resolution was obtained with no recurrences. Sorafenib-associated vasculopathy may follow a fulminant course. Multimodality cardiovascular imaging is essential for optimal management.
Chromosome 17: neXt-MP50 C-HPP Challenge Completed

ABSTRACT The C-HPP Team for Chromosome 17 has documented meeting the neXt-MP50 Missing Protein Challenge. Protein-level PE1 evidence including MS and protein-protein interaction data from the global proteomics community has reduced the number of PE2,3,4 proteins coded on Chromosome 17 by 50 since the 2016 baseline in neXtProt. As a follow-up to our analysis and prioritization of Chr 17 missing proteins last year, we describe what predictions and guidance were successful in this update and we explain the dynamics of a net reduction of PE2,3,4 Missing Proteins. This analysis can serve as a guide for other C-HPP chromosome teams seeking high-quality evidence for the 2129 remaining missing proteins.
Saving Your Self: How Identity Relevance Influences Product Usage

Although research has consistently demonstrated that people prefer to purchase products and brands that represent their identity, relatively little research has examined how this identity relevance influences product usage. Drawing from work on intertemporal choice, the present work proposes a conceptual framework for the influence of identity on product usage. The authors theorize and demonstrate an identity conservation effect, in that consumers are less likely to use nondurable identity products compared to nonidentity products because the tradeoff between possession value and in-use value is larger for identity products. Six studies demonstrate the identity conservation effect and provide support for the value tradeoff framework through both mediation and theoretically supported moderation.
Representing External Hazard Initiating Events using a Bayesian Approach and a Generalized Extreme Value Model

â€¢This paper details how Bayesian inference can be used to evaluate the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) model, including how to quantify parameter, and modeling uncertainty. The GEV is potentially useful to represent the occurrence of natural hazards as an initiating event in computational risk analysis.â€¢This paper demonstrates how to incorporate â€œinferred informationâ€ such as paleo-data (data collected before the time of continuous records or direct measurements) with an observed set of data.â€¢This paper demonstrates an approach to probabilistic weighting of data in order to emphasize different parts of an observed data set.â€¢This paper incorporates physical limits into the statistical-based GEV modeling approach.â€¢This paper includes trending in order to account for medium- to long-term variations such as climate change.The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a Bayesian approach to using Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models for representing a hazard-magnitude-frequency relationship within a computational risk assessment (CRA) framework. This paper will provide discussion and demonstration of:1How Bayesian inference can be used to evaluate the GEV model, including a detailed treatment of data, parameter, and modeling uncertainty.2Three synthetic examples where the underlying data-producing mechanisms are fully known in order to understand how GEVs can be used to represent the occurrence of extreme events. The three examples used in this paper are (i) a linear-type model, (ii) a logarithmic-type model, and (iii) an exponential-type model.3Incorporation of inferred information such as â€œpaleo dataâ€ with an observed data set.4Probabilistic weighting of data in order to emphasize different parts of an observed data set over other less-important data.5Incorporation of physics or physical limits into the statistical-based GEV modeling approach.6Inclusion of trending within the GEV approach in order to account for medium- to long-term variations such as climate change.
Utilizing Opportunistic Social Networks for Remote Patient Monitoring in Rural Areas

The use of Internet connectivity for remote patient monitoring is often unsuitable for rural communities where Internet infrastructure is lacking, and power outages are frequent. This paper explores the rural connectivity problem in the context of remote patient monitoring and analyzes the feasibility of utilizing a delay tolerant network (DTN) architecture that leverages the social behaviors of rural community members to enable out-of-range monitoring of patients in rural communities without local transportation systems. The feasibility is characterized using delivery latency and delivery rate with the number of participants and the number of sources as variables. The architecture is evaluated for Owingsville, KY using U.S. Census Bureau, the National Cancer Institute's, and IPUMS ATUS sample data. The findings show that within a 24 hour window, there is an exponential relationship between the number of participants in the network and the delivery rate with a minimal delivery of 38.7%, a maximal delivery rate of a 100% and an overall average delivery rate of 89.8%.
How Much Trust Do Trusts Require

How much trust, in the general sense, is required by a trust in the legal sense? The separation of management and beneficial ownership creates a risk that a trustee will act, or fail to act, based on its own interests. This paper explores the features of modern US trust law and practice that elevate the risk and the features that attempt to ameliorate the risk. The paper then offers two striking observations. The first is that US trust law is moving in both directions. Some aspects of modern trust law and practice require greater trust in the trustee, while other aspects of modern law and practice reduce the need for trust in the trustee. The second observation is that, to the extent US state legislatures have enacted rules diverging from uniform acts or Restatements, the divergent rules tend to increase - not decrease - the need for trust in the trustee.
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Acute Kidney Injury

The kidney is a highly metabolic organ that requires substantial adenosine triphosphate for the active transport required to maintain water and solute reabsorption. Aberrations in energy availability and energy utilization can lead to cellular dysfunction and death. Mitochondria are essential for efficient energy production. The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury is complex and varies with different types of injury. However, multiple distinct acute kidney injury syndromes share a common dysregulation of energy metabolism. Pathways of energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are emerging as critical drivers of acute kidney injury and represent new potential targets for treatment. This review shows the basic metabolic pathways that all cells depend on for life; describes how the kidney optimizes those pathways to meet its anatomic, physiologic, and metabolic needs; summarizes the importance of metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction in acute kidney injury; and analyzes the mitochondrial processes that become dysregulated in acute kidney injury including mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Survival of lizard eggs varies with microhabitat in the presence of an invertebrate nest predator

The risk of nest depredation is influenced by numerous factors, including predator density, environmental conditions of the nesting landscape, and nesting behaviors of mothers. Many reptiles choose nest microhabitats that facilitate embryonic development, but little is known about how the risk of nest depredation in different habitats influences egg survival and nesting behavior. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified predator–prey relationships between square-back marsh crabs (Armases cinereum) and eggs of the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). Our experiments aimed to answer the following questions: (1) are marsh crabs a predator of brown anole eggs, (2) does egg depredation differ among microhabitat types, and (3) how does crab density affect egg survival? We placed viable eggs in three different microhabitats used by nesting females (open area, palm frond, leaf litter), and manipulated the placement of the eggs as either buried or not buried. We also manipulated crab density in a field experiment. Our experiments confirmed square-back marsh crabs as egg predators, and eggs in the leaf litter or eggs buried were the least likely to be depredated. Additionally, eggs in leaf litter and under palm fronds escaped depredation longer than those in the open. Increased crab density also raised the risk of depredation for eggs placed under palm fronds or in open habitats. These results suggest that selection of nest sites by female brown anoles can influence offspring survival in the presence of marsh crabs, and the importance of nest site microhabitat choice may vary with predator density.
The Supreme Court’s Attempts Via Its Dormant Commerce Clause Jurisprudence to Navigate State Police Power and National Free Trade: Potential Lessons for International Trade

This Essay makes two modest moves. First, it identifies the circuitous path of the United States Supreme Court’s Dormant Commerce Clause case law. I describe the different legal doctrines and tests utilized by the U.S. Supreme Court since the beginning of the Republic to navigate the tension between, on the one hand, the reserved police power of individual states to regulate in their citizens’ interests and, on the other hand, the Interstate Commerce Clause’s grant of power to the federal government to make the United States free from interstate trade barriers.
Baseline incision characteristics and early scar maturation indices following cardiac device implantation

Aims Dermatologic evaluation for cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has not been established. We sought to ascertain baseline wound scar features using quantifiable surgical tools and scar scales on post-CIED patients. Methods A single-center, prospective observational case-control study was performed where 92 study subjects (40 healthy volunteers and 52 post-CIED patients) completed the study. Durometer was used to quantify skin pliability before CIED placement, postprocedure, and 2 weeks postprocedure. Higher durometer readings signified reduced skin pliability. Durometer readings were compared to the patients' contralateral pectoral skin and to a healthy volunteer's cohort skin within the prepectoral region. Patient wounds were observed and graded using the Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and Manchester Scar Scale (MSS). Results Baseline pectoral skin pliability readings were similar in healthy volunteers and CIED patient population. In comparison to preprocedural measurements, surgical site skin pliability decreased in postprocedural and 2 weeks follow-up time points (P-value .004 and 75 over time, P = .008). POSAS evaluations showed on average a thin painless hypopigmented scar with moderate stiffness. MSS scar evaluation showed a palpable scar with slight contour differences and color mismatch and appeared to be slightly better in the African American population. There was no difference in scar characteristics with preprocedural use of antiplatelet or anticoagulation or staple closure or gender. Conclusions Serial measurements could be of value for development of new strategies for cosmesis and improved wound healing.
Normal cognitive test scores cannot be interpreted as accurate measures of ability in the context of failed performance validity testing: A symptom- and detection-coached simulation study.

Introduction: While use of performance validity tests (PVTs) has become a standard of practice in neuropsychology, there are differing opinions regarding whether to interpret cognitive test data wh...
Recycle of nitrogen and phosphorus in hydrothermal liquefaction biochar from Galdieria sulphuraria to cultivate microalgae

Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of G. sulphuraria (GS) has been demonstrated to produce energy-dense biocrude oil, water-soluble chemicals, and biochar. The recycling of nutrients from HTL water-soluble chemicals for algae cultivation has been demonstrated. The current study evaluated the feasibility of using HTL biochar, a by-product to recover nutrients and use the nutrients to cultivate microalgae without inhibition. GS biomass was liquefied to produce biocrude oil, biochar, water phase, and gasses under subcritical water conditions (300 °C, 15 MPa & 30 min). The N and P content in the HTL biochar were ~5.27 wt.% and ~15.98 wt.%, respectively. Both nutrients were leached from the biochar at varied pH values with ~40.23% of phosphate and ~70.01% of ammoniacal nitrogen recovery obtained at a pH of 0.5. The leached phosphates and ammoniacal nitrogen were added to N and P free Cyanidium medium (CM) for cultivating GS. Growth experiments were carried out in microtiter plates and culture tube reactors at 40 °C and with CO₂ (2–3%) supplementation. Similar growth rates were observed in cultures supplemented with the leached nutrients when compared to controls in standard CM growth media proving the absence of inhibition in the former. Comprehensive characterization of HTL biochar by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, bomb calorimeter, and Scanning Electron Microscope is also presented. This study confirmed the feasibility of recovering nutrients from GS biochar and using these nutrients to cultivate algae successfully without inhibition, thus supporting reduced steps for recycling, process optimization, and HTL technology commercialization.
Situated observation in Bohmian mechanics.

Here we investigate what it might mean for a formulation of quantum mechanics to be empirically adequate. We begin by considering the measurement problem as an empirical problem and distinguishing between stronger and weaker varieties of empirical adequacy. A strongly adequate theory is one that provides a compelling explanation of the experiences of a physically situated observer. A formulation of quantum mechanics that provides such situated empirical adequacy also provides a particularly compelling response to the measurement problem. As a concrete example we consider how Bohmian mechanics explains the experience of a physically situated observer.
Autotransplant and Advanced Techniques for Extensive Cardiac Sarcomas

Left heart sarcomas and very complex left heart tumors may require cardiac explantation, ex vivo resection, and reconstruction and reimplantation of the heart - cardiac autotransplantation. Combined extensive cardiac resection and pneumonectomy may require a 2-step approach - the Texas Two Step. Finally, extensive ventricular tumors may require complete cardiac replacement. Our techniques for these difficult cases are discussed in this manuscript.
"Tripartite Synapses" in Taste Buds: A Role for Type I Glial-like Taste Cells.

In mammalian taste buds, Type I cells comprise half of all cells. These are termed “glial-like” based on morphologic and molecular features, but there are limited studies describing their function. We tested whether Type I cells sense chemosensory activation of adjacent chemosensory (i.e., Types II and III) taste bud cells, similar to synaptic glia. Using Gad2;;GCaMP3 mice of both sexes, we confirmed by immunostaining that, within taste buds, GCaMP expression is predominantly in Type I cells (with no Type II and ≈28% Type III cells expressing weakly). In dissociated taste buds, GCaMP+ Type I cells responded to bath-applied ATP (10-100 μm) but not to 5-HT (transmitters released by Type II or III cells, respectively). Type I cells also did not respond to taste stimuli (5 μm cycloheximide, 1 mm denatonium). In lingual slice preparations also, Type I cells responded to bath-applied ATP (10-100 μm). However, when taste buds in the slice were stimulated with bitter tastants (cycloheximide, denatonium, quinine), Type I cells responded robustly. Taste-evoked responses of Type I cells in the slice preparation were significantly reduced by desensitizing purinoceptors or by purinoceptor antagonists (suramin, PPADS), and were essentially eliminated by blocking synaptic ATP release (carbenoxolone) or degrading extracellular ATP (apyrase). Thus, taste-evoked release of afferent ATP from type II chemosensory cells, in addition to exciting gustatory afferent fibers, also activates glial-like Type I taste cells. We speculate that Type I cells sense chemosensory activation and that they participate in synaptic signaling, similarly to glial cells at CNS tripartite synapses. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most studies of taste buds view the chemosensitive excitable cells that express taste receptors as the sole mediators of taste detection and transmission to the CNS. Type I “glial-like” cells, with their ensheathing morphology, are mostly viewed as responsible for clearing neurotransmitters and as the “glue” holding the taste bud together. In the present study, we demonstrate that, when intact taste buds respond to their natural stimuli, Type I cells sense the activation of the chemosensory cells by detecting the afferent transmitter. Because Type I cells synthesize GABA, a known gliotransmitter, and cognate receptors are present on both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, Type I cells may participate in GABAergic synaptic transmission in the manner of astrocytes at tripartite synapses.
Effect of nutrient status, pH, temperature and water potential on germination and growth of Rhizopus stolonifer and Gilbertella persicaria.

Understanding the impact of environmental factors favouring natural niches of plant pathogens is a key component toward designing efficient management strategies. Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. and Gilbertella persicaria (E.D. Eddy) Hesseltine are two economically important pathogens that are commonly associated in simultaneous infections of many stone and pome fruits. The ability of R. stolonifer and G. pesicaria to assimilate diverse carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources and the effect of pH and the interaction temperature/ water potential (?) on their conidial germination and growth were investigated. The fungi were grown on a liquid medium containing D-glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or raffinose as C sources and urea, NH4NO3, NaNO2, glycine, or glutamine as N sources. The biomass production of R. stolonifer was the greatest when sucrose and fructose were used as C sources, respectively, whereas biomass production of G. persicaria was greater on fructose and glucose than on other sources. Glutamine and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) used as N sources yielded the highest biomass for R. stolonifer and G. persicaria, respectively. Sporangiospore germination and mycelial growth of R. stolonifer and G. persicaria were optimal between pH 3 and 10 and were totally inhibited at pH =2.5. The two fungi were affected by the interaction of temperature and ?. Both R. stolonifer and G. persicaria were sensitive to low temperatures (<10°C) and were completely inhibited at ? levels of -17 and -18.3, respectively. The nutrients utilization, pH, and ? x temperature profiles for sporangiospore germination and mycelial growth were to some extent similar between the two species corroborating that R. stolonifer and G. persicaria occupy similar ecological niches. Identifying ecophysiological determinants of these commercially important pathogens will contribute to our understanding of their physiology and epidemiology and will aid in developing appropriate models for disease prediction.