cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The phonology of pitch accents in Chickasaw

This paper examines the phonology of pitch accents in Chickasaw, a Muskogean language of Oklahoma. Chickasaw is typologically unusual in displaying a predominantly top-down prominence system, in which phonological and morphological factors that are irrelevant for word-level stress play a crucial role in positioning the pitch accent in an Intonational Phrase. Word-level stress docks on the same syllable as the pitch accent, leading to asymmetries between stress patterns found in words carrying a pitch accent and words without a pitch accent. This type of top-down prominence system emerges naturally in Optimality Theory through an inviolable constraint requiring alignment of pitch accents and stress, coupled with the ranking of certain phrasal pitch-accent constraints above word-level stress constraints.
Identification of Novel Tau Interactions with Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is pathologically characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal tau tangles. We recently identified that tau associates with proteins known to participate in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD); consequently, ERAD becomes dysfunctional and causes neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that tau associates with other ER proteins, and that this association could also lead to cellular dysfunction in AD. Portions of human AD and non-demented age matched control brains were fractionated to obtain microsomes, from which tau was co-immunoprecipitated. Samples from both conditions containing tau and its associated proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry. In total, we identified 91 ER proteins that co-immunoprecipitated with tau; 15.4% were common between AD and control brains, and 42.9% only in the AD samples. The remainder, 41.8% of the proteins, was only seen in the control brain samples. We identified a variety of previously unreported interactions between tau and ER proteins. These proteins participate in over sixteen functional categories, the most abundant being involved in RNA translation. We then determined that association of tau with these ER proteins was different between the AD and control samples. We found that tau associated equally with the ribosomal protein L28 but more robustly with the ribosomal protein P0. These data suggest that the differential association between tau and ER proteins in disease could reveal the pathogenic processes by which tau induces cellular dysfunction.
The effects of x-irradiation on the vitamin excretion of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Ten monkeys were exposed to three levels (325, 400, 650 r) of x radiation. Anorexin, leucopenia, loss of hair, and at the high levels of irradiation, hemorrhage and diarrhea, followed. Observations on pair-fed non- irradiated controls demonstrated that the decreased urinary excretion of riboflavin, thiamine, and N/sup 1/-methylnicotinamide which followed irradiation was a result of food restriction, not a specific effect of the x-ray injury. No meaningful changes could be found in blood ascorbic acid at the levels of irradiation and intake. Diketogulonic acid excretion was increased in urine after irradiation. A temporary, moderately increased excretion of pteroylglutamic acid and of vitamin B/sub 6/ followed x-irradiation. No prolonged loss of ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin (N/sup 1/- methylnicotinamide), pyridoxine, or pteroylglutamate occurs which might indicate that x radiation is a conditioning agent in producing a deficiency of these factors. (auth)
Nosocomial Viral Infections: IV.Guidelines for Cohort Isolation, the Communicable Disease Survey, Collection and Transport of Specimens for Virus Isolation, and Considerations for the Future

Virus transmission within the hospital is related to transmissibility of the virus and susceptibility of the population at risk. General guidelines for the use of cohort isolation, for the control of virus transmission in the hospital, and for the use of the communicable disease survey for pediatric patients and visitors to the hospital are out-lined. We also present a brief review of how to collect and transport specimens for virus isolation to assist the infection control practitioner and the clinician and conclude with recommendations for further investigations in the areas of virology and infection control.
Association of atrial fibrillation risk alleles and response to acute rate control therapy

Abstract Objectives Given the sparse evidence for selection of first-line therapy for acute atrial fibrillation (AF) based on clinical factors alone, incorporation of genotype data may improve the effectiveness of treatment algorithms and advance the understanding of interpatient heterogeneity. We tested whether candidate nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to AF physiologic responses are associated with ventricular rate control after intravenous diltiazem in the emergency department (ED). Methods We conducted an analysis within a prospective observational cohort of ED patients with acute symptomatic AF, ventricular rate > 110 beats per minute within the first 2 hours, initially treated with intravenous diltiazem, and who had DNA available for analysis. We evaluated 24 candidate SNPs that were grouped into 3 categories based on their phenotype response (atrioventricular nodal [AVN] conduction, resting heart rate, disease susceptibility) and calculated 3 genetic scores for each patient. Our primary outcome was maximum heart rate reduction within 4 hours of diltiazem administration. Multivariable regression was used to identify associations with the outcome while adjusting for age, sex, baseline heart rate, and diltiazem dose. Results Of the 142 patients, 127 had complete data for the primary outcome. None of the genetic scores for AVN conduction, resting heart rate, or AF susceptibility showed a significant association with maximal heart rate response. Conclusion Using a candidate SNP approach, screening for genetic variants associated with AVN conduction, resting heart rate, or AF susceptibility failed to provide significant data for predicting successful rate control response to intravenous diltiazem for treating acute AF in the ED.
Textons and the propagation of space in acousmatic music

The concepts introduced by Smalley in the context of space-form (2007) have firmly put acousmatic music on a discourse of spatial exploration, holding much potential for the developing of aesthetics in new directions. This article approaches space from the low level of musical structure, with a multi-dimensional attitude to space-form, exploring spatial texture, a concept introduced by Smalley to describe the temporal formations of space in spectromorphology (1997). Spatial articulation is investigated in the context of granular-oriented textures, proposing a micro-spatial, perceptual morphology ??? the texton ??? as an aesthetic approach to acousmatic music. This follows Albert Bregman's speculation regarding equivalents to visual perception in texture, where the theory of textons was first developed by the neuroscientist B??la Julesz. The article discusses acousmatic textons, in terms of intrinsic properties, the way they propagate in time, and how they organise in distributions to form spatial textures. The emergent macroscopic qualities of textonal formations are also reflected upon in the introduction of a group of textural states, where source-bonded spaces and abstract musical thinking coalesce.
Gorbachev's trade reforms: something old, something new

The “scientific-technological revolution” on which Gorbachev bases his call for new economic openings to the West has been discussed since the Brezhnev era. But Gorbachev brings new determination to transform words into deeds.
Reconstructive techniques in transoral robotic surgery for head and neck cancer: a North American survey.

Background Although the use of transoral robotic surgery for tumor extirpation is expanding, little is known about national trends in the reconstruction of resultant defects. Methods An 18-question electronic survey was created by an expert panel of surgeons from the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the University of Tennessee. Eligible participants were identified by the American Head and Neck Society Web site and from the Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Web site after review of surgeons trained in transoral robotic surgery techniques. Results Twenty-three of 27 preselected head and neck surgeons (85.18 percent) completed the survey. All respondents use transoral robotic surgery for head and neck tumor extirpation. The majority of the respondents [n = 17 (77.3 percent)] did not use any means of reconstruction. With respect to methods of reconstruction following transoral robotic surgery defects, the majority [n = 4 (80.0 percent)] used a free flap, a pedicled local flap [n = 3 (60.0 percent)], or a distant flap [n = 3 (60.0 percent)]. The radial forearm flap was the most commonly used free flap by all respondents. Conclusions In general, the majority of survey respondents allow defects to heal secondarily or close primarily. Based on this survey, consensus indications for pedicled or free tissue transfer following transoral robotic surgery defects were primary head and neck tumors (stage T3 and T4a), pharyngeal defects with exposure of vital structures, and prior irradiation or chemoradiation to the operative site and neck.
Estimation of CO2 Emissions Considering the Decisions of Multiple Drivers Within Car-Following Models

Decisions made by the drivers on the road have a significant impact on the traffic, as well as on their vehicular emissions. Simple decisions such as accelerating at a yellow traffic signal can alter the dynamics of traffic flow and engine operating points. Especially in cities, these decisions, cumulatively, can impact large complex systems like transportation network. For example, these can lead to unstable conditions such as traffic congestion or high concentration of emissions. In order to reduce these impacts, it is necessary to understand the drivers’ decisions, their influence on other vehicles, and the resulting impacts on emissions. This need drives the main objective of this paper, which is, to understand the relationships between the drivers decisions and vehicular CO2 emissions. In this paper, we model the drivers’ decisions by introducing a utility function for each driver in a micro-transportation model. Our hypothesis is that drivers have their own safe distance not only over front headway but also on rear headway. This usually happens when the driver chooses to change from acceleration to deceleration phases. We also propose a non-linear driver model to quantify the risk attitude of a driver based on factors such as age, experience, time of journey and the number of occupants. The Full Velocity Difference Method (FVDM) represents the traffic characteristics including speed, position, and vehicle acceleration at a traffic signal better than other car-following models. Hence, FVDM is used in our simulations. Numerical simulations show that a risk prone person results in a greater fuel consumption compared to the risk averse person. Simulation results also show that decisions made by a lead vehicle can be influenced by the follower vehicles properties such as speed and position and vice versa. The results show how driver decisions can alter the vehicular CO2 emissions. The proposed model is a step towards developing a decision support tool, which can help drivers in reducing CO2 emissions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Influence of Chelating Agents on Biogenic Uraninite Reoxidation by Fe(III) (Hydr)oxides

Microbially mediated reduction of soluble U(VI) to U(IV) with subsequent precipitation of uraninite, UO(2(S)), has been proposed as a method for limiting uranium (U) migration. However, microbially reduced UO(2) may be susceptible to reoxidation by environmental factors, with Fe(III) (hydr)oxides playing a significant role. Little is known about the role that organic compounds such as Fe(III) chelators play in the stability of reduced U. Here, we investigate the impact of citrate, DFB, EDTA, and NTA on biogenic UO(2) reoxidation with ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite. Experiments were conducted in anaerobic batch systems in PIPES buffer (10 mM, pH 7) with bicarbonate for approximately 80 days. Results showed EDTA accelerated UO(2) reoxidation the most at an initial rate of 9.5 μM day(-1) with ferrihydrite, 8.6 μM day(-1) with goethite, and 8.8 μM day(-1) with hematite. NTA accelerated UO(2) reoxidation with ferrihydrite at a rate of 4.8 μM day(-1); rates were less with goethite and hematite (0.66 and 0.71 μM day(-1), respectively). Citrate increased UO(2) reoxidation with ferrihydrite at a rate of 1.8 μM day(-1), but did not increase the extent of reaction with goethite or hematite, with no reoxidation in this case. In all cases, bicarbonate increased the rate and extent of UO(2) reoxidation with ferrihydrite in the presence and absence of chelators. The highest rate of UO(2) reoxidation occurred when the chelator promoted both UO(2) and Fe(III) (hydr)oxide dissolution as demonstrated with EDTA. When UO(2) dissolution did not occur, UO(2) reoxidation likely proceeded through an aqueous Fe(III) intermediate with lower reoxidation rates observed. Reaction modeling suggests that strong Fe(II) chelators promote reoxidation whereas strong Fe(III) chelators impede it. These results indicate that chelators found in U contaminated sites may play a significant role in mobilizing U, potentially affecting bioremediation efforts.
Liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatography for simultaneous determination of chlorobenzene compounds and organic chlorine pesticides in water

Objective:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 16 toxic chemicals including 1,4-dichlorobenzene,1,2-dichlorobenzene,trichlorobenzene,hexachlorobenzene,chlorothalonil,heptachlor,BHC,DDT and other substances in water by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography.Methods:The target analytes in water were extracted by hexane,and dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated,and finally separated on DB-1 capillary column and detected by ECD.Results:The detection limits of the method were 0.0040 μg/L～0.082 μg/L and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999.The recoveries ranged from 81.6% to 115.2% with the relative standard deviation of 1.5%～11.4%.Conclusion:The method could simultaneously determine 16 chlorobenzene compounds and organic chlorine pesticides in water with high recoveries.The method was satisfactory.
Institutional Guarantee for Innovation-driven Development in Liaoning Province of China

Innovation-driven development was put forward in the Report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.Currently,Liaoning Province is in the transitional stage from investment-driven to innovation-driven,and it is necessary to concentrate on institutional improvement because of the indirect realism of ideology and the rigid features of institutions themselves.By improving the institutional supplies,perfecting the allocation system of sci-tech resources,strengthening the enterprises′consciousness and motivation of technological innovation, bettering the system of cooperative innovation and scientific evaluation,training and introducing innovative talents,fostering an innovation-driven culture,and overcoming the main obstacles in the innovation-driven development,it is likely to update the ideological concepts,dominate the productive factors,develop the goals and promote the innovation-driven development.
Increased incidence of pancreatic fistulas after the introduction of a bioabsorbable staple line reinforcement in distal pancreatic resections.

Pancreatic fistula is a major cause of morbidity after distal pancreatic resection. When resections are performed with linear stapling devices, the use of bioabsorbable staple line reinforcement has been suggested to decrease the rate of pancreatic fistula. Our objective was to investigate the incidence of pancreatic fistula when using the Gore Seamguard ® staple line reinforcement in stapled distal pancreatic resections. A retrospective review of 30 consecutive patients with stapled distal pancreatectomy was conducted. A broad definition of pancreatic fistula was used. Clinicopathologic factors and outcomes were compared between groups. Pancreatic fistula was diagnosed in 11 of 15 patients (73%) and three of 15 patients (20%) in the Seamguard ® and non-Seamguard ® groups, respectively (P = 0.002). Pancreatic parenchymal transection at the neck of the gland was associated with pancreatic fistula, whereas laparoscopic procedures, splenic preservation, or additional organ resection were not. On multivariate analysis, the association between Seamguard ® use and pancreatic fistula was significant (P = 0.005). In conclusion, after introduction of the Gore Seamguard ® bioabsorbable staple line reinforcement, we experienced a significant increase in the rate of pancreatic fistula. This experience raises concern about the efficacy of this device in limiting pancreatic fistula after stapled distal pancreatic resection.
Interannual variability of winter‐spring temperature in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Relative contributions of atmospheric and oceanic processes

Relative contributions between the local atmospheric and oceanic processes on the interannual variability of winter-spring shelf temperature in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) are investigated based on a regional ocean model. The model demonstrates sufficient capability to realistically simulate the interannual temperature changes during 2003–2014. On interannual time scales, the mean winter/spring temperature in the MAB is determined by the combination of the initial temperature at the beginning of the season and the mean cumulative air-sea flux, while the mean cumulative ocean advective flux plays a secondary role. In spite of the overall importance of air-sea flux in determining the winter and spring temperature, the relative contributions between air-sea flux and ocean advective flux on the evolution of the temperature anomaly in each individual year varies. The predictability of spring (April–June) temperature based on winter (January–March) temperature is weak because the temporal decorrelation time scale changes significantly from year to year. Both the highly variable shelf temperature and its decorrelation time scale are affected by the changes in the relative contributions between the air-sea flux and ocean advective flux.
More Realism Please: Introduction to Multiparameter Models

Real-world problems nearly always require statistical models with more than one unknown quantity. However, usually only one, or a few, parameters or predictions are of substantive interest. Our analysis of mercury concentrations in fish tissue provides a simple, but nevertheless typical, example. We may be primarily interested in the population mean of log mercury concentration, but of course we don’t really know the value of the population variance σ2. Therefore, in a realistic model, we must treat σ2 as an unknown parameter along with μ.
Accurate Heats of Formation for SiFn and SiFn+, for n = 1−4

Accurate heats of formation are computed for SiFn and SiFn+, for n=1-4. The vibrational frequencies are determined at the B3LYP level of theory. The energetics are determined at the CCSD(T) level of theory. Basis set limit values are obtained by extrapolation. In those cases where the CCSD(T) calculations become prohibitively large, the basis set extrapolation is performed at the MP2 level. The temperature dependence of the heat of formation, heat capacity, and entropy are computed for the temperature range 300 to 4000 K and fit to a polynomial. The CCSD(T) bond energies are compared with those obtained at the B3LYP, MP2, G2, and G2MP2 levels of theory.
Tissue-Specific Transgene Expression in Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cell-Derived Megakaryocytes: Correction of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT)

Abstract Abstract 387 Megakaryocyte-specific transgene expression in patient-derived iPS cells offers a new approach to study and potentially treat disorders that affect megakaryocytes and platelets. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated in GT, a disorder resulting from an absence of functional platelet integrin alphaIIb/beta3, leading to impaired platelet aggregation and clinically presenting with severe bleeding. While rare, GT can serve as a model of an inherited platelet disorder that would benefit from corrective cell therapy. For this study, iPS cells were generated from the peripheral blood of healthy controls and two patients with GT. Patient 1 is homozygous for a novel alphaIIb exon/intron 4 splice site mutation, leading to an alternatively spliced transcript and premature stop codon. Patient 2 is homozygous for a previously reported alphaIIb missense mutation in exon 8 (p.G273D), leading to impaired intracellular transport and surface expression of the heterodimer. Both patients express Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Science advice in the Trump White House

As President Trump takes office, he has the enormous undertaking of making thousands of political appointments across the federal government, including nearly 800 nominations requiring Senate confirmation. Among his top priorities should be to nominate a science adviser and to staff the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the single agency in the government responsible for the health of the entire federal science and technology (S&T) portfolio. OSTP is the sole voice in the White House focused on using and supporting scientific research, advancing the nation's technological capability, and advising the president on all policy issues as they relate to S&T. Here, we describe the vital role of OSTP and its policy councils and offer recommendations on selecting the president's science adviser and OSTP leadership. A strong OSTP will be critical for maintaining U.S. leadership in S&T and innovation ( 1 ).
Mathematical Model of Dual-Pulse Laser Ignition

A model of thermal ignition by dual-pulse laser energy addition is presented in this paper. The concept of controllable energy deposition is analyzed, assuming the first low-energy short-pulse-leng...
Combination of Cα–H Hydrogen Bonds and van der Waals Packing Modulates the Stability of GxxxG-Mediated Dimers in Membranes

The GxxxG motif is frequently found at the dimerization interface of a transmembrane structural motif called GASright, which is characterized by a short interhelical distance and a right-handed crossing angle between the helices. In GASright dimers, such as glycophorin A (GpA), BNIP3, and members of the ErbB family, the backbones of the helices are in contact, and they invariably display networks of 4 to 8 weak hydrogen bonds between Cα–H carbon donors and carbonyl acceptors on opposing helices (Cα–H···O═C hydrogen bonds). These networks of weak hydrogen bonds at the helix–helix interface are presumably stabilizing, but their energetic contribution to dimerization has yet to be determined experimentally. Here, we present a computational and experimental structure-based analysis of GASright dimers of different predicted stabilities, which show that a combination of van der Waals packing and Cα–H hydrogen bonding predicts the experimental trend of dimerization propensities. This finding provides experimenta...
Anchoring Theory of Lightness

Lightness refers to the white, black, or gray shade of a surface. The basic problem is that the light reaching the eye from a given surface, as the product of surface reflectance and illumination, does not specify the reflectance of the surface. A black in sunlight can reflect more light than a white in shadow. No computer program exists that can identify the reflectance of an object in a photo or video. Any possible solution must exploit the context surrounding the object. Anchoring theory proposes to solve the problem by grouping patches of the retinal image into regions of equal illumination, called frameworks, then computing lightness values within each framework using rules of anchoring combined with luminance ratios.
Midline synovial and ganglion cysts causing neurogenic claudication

Typically situated posterolateral in the spinal canal, intraspinal facet cysts often cause radicular symptoms. Rarely, the midline location of these synovial or ganglion cysts may cause thecal sac compression leading to neurogenic claudication or cauda equina syndrome. This article summarizes the clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and management of three intraspinal, midline facet cysts. Three patients with symptomatic midline intraspinal facet cysts were retrospectively reviewed. Documented clinical visits, operative notes, histopathology reports, and imaging findings were investigated for each patient. One patient presented with neurogenic claudication while two patients developed partial, subacute cauda equina syndrome. All 3 patients initially responded favorably to lumbar decompression and midline cyst resection; however, one patient required surgical stabilization 8 mo later. Following the three case presentations, we performed a thorough literature search in order to identify articles describing intraspinal cystic lesions in lateral or midline locations. Midline intraspinal facet cysts represent an uncommon cause of lumbar stenosis and thecal sac compression. Such entities should enter the differential diagnosis of midline posterior cystic lesions. Midline cysts causing thecal sac compression respond favorably to lumbar surgical decompression and cyst resection. Though laminectomy is a commonly performed operation, stabilization may be required in cases of spondylolisthesis or instability.
History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and Northwestern Baja California Islands

-The California Channel Islands, U.S.A., and Northwestern Baja California Islands, Mexico, host important breeding populations of several seabird species, including the endemic Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas) and Xanntus' Murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus). Mammals introduced to nearly all of the islands beginning in the late 1800s to early 1900s include: cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canisfamiliaris), Black Rats (Rattus rattus), rabbits and hares (Leporidae), goats (Capra hirca), sheep (Ovis aries), and other grazers. Cats, dogs and rats are seabird predators, grazers such as goats and sheep cause habitat degredation, and rabbits destroy habitat and compete with hole-nesting seabirds. Cats, which were introduced to at least 19 islands and currently occur on ten islands, have had the greatest impacts on seabirds, including the extinction of the endemic Guadalupe Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla). Cats are known to have eliminated or severely reduced colonies of Black-vented Shearwaters, Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and Xantus' Murrelets. Black Rats have occurred on a minimum of seven islands and have reduced numbers of small, hole-nesting alcids on at least one island. At many islands, defoliation and erosion caused by rabbits and large grazing mammals has been severe. Their effects on seabirds are not well documented but potentially are serious. Impacts from introduced mammals have been most severe on islands with no native mammalian predators. On the Northwestern Baja California Islands, temporary and permanent human settlements have led to a greater diversity and source of introductions. Programs to remove introduced mammals and to reduce the possibility of future introductions are needed to restore seabird populations and to preserve the biodiversity of the region. Surveys are needed particularly on the Northwestern Baja California Islands to update the status and distribution of seabirds and to further assess impacts from introduced mammals. Received 18 May 1998, accepted 20 July 1998.
From Phenomenology to the Self-Measurement Methodology of First-Person Data

Ruth Millikan argues that there is no “legitimate phenomenology of experience”: that there is no method—not even a fallible or partially reliable one—for accurately describing our experiences in the first-person. The reason is that there is no method for checking that the ideas we think we have about experience are about anything at all. Like phlogiston, there may be no such things as the properties we take experience to have.
Learning Gene Networks Underlying Clinical Phenotypes Using SNP Perturbations

Recent technologies are generating an abundance of genome sequence data and molecular and clinical phenotype data, providing an opportunity to understand the genetic architecture and molecular mechanisms underlying diseases. Previous approaches have largely focused on the co-localization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with clinical and expression traits, each identified from genome-wide association studies and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, and thus have provided only limited capabilities for uncovering the molecular mechanisms behind the SNPs influencing clinical phenotypes. Here we aim to extract rich information on the functional role of trait-perturbing SNPs that goes far beyond this simple co-localization. We introduce a computational framework called Perturb-Net for learning the gene network that modulates the influence of SNPs on phenotypes, using SNPs as naturally occurring perturbation of a biological system. Perturb-Net uses a probabilistic graphical model to directly model both the cascade of perturbation from SNPs to the gene network to the phenotype network and the network at each layer of molecular and clinical phenotypes. Perturb-Net learns the entire model by solving a single optimization problem with an extremely fast algorithm that can analyze human genome-wide data within a few hours. In our analysis of asthma data, for a locus that was previously implicated in asthma susceptibility but for which little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the association, Perturb-Net revealed the gene network modules that mediate the influence of the SNP on asthma phenotypes. Many genes in this network module were well supported in the literature as asthma-related.
Particle Radiation Induced Neurotoxicity in the Central Nervous System

For patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors, radiation therapy plays a central role in treatment. However, despite its efficacy, cranial radiation is associated with a range of side effects ranging from mild cognitive impairment to overt brain necrosis. Given the negative effects on patient quality of life, radiation-induced neurotoxicities have been the subject of intense study for decades. Photon-based therapy has been and largely remains the standard of care for the treatment of brain tumors. This is particularly true for patients with metastatic tumors who may need treatment to the whole brain or those with very aggressive tumors and a limited life expectancy. Particle therapy is now becoming more widely available for clinical use with the two most common particles used being protons and carbon ions. For patients with favorable prognoses, particularly childhood brain tumors, proton therapy is increasingly used for treatment. This is, in part, driven by the desire to reduce the potential for radiation-induced side effects, including lasting cognitive impairment, which may potentially be achieved by reducing dose to normal tissues using the unique physical properties of particle therapy. There is also interest in using carbon ion therapy for the treatment of aggressive brain tumors, as this form of particle therapy not only spares normal tissues but may also improve tumor control. The biological effects of particle therapy, both proton and carbon, may differ substantially from those of photon radiation. In this review, we briefly describe the unique physical properties of particle therapy that produce differential biological effects. Focusing on the effects of various radiation types on brain parenchyma, we then describe biological effects and potential mechanisms underlying these, comparing to photon studies and highlighting potential clinical implications.
Research Priorities for Physician Wellness in Academic Emergency Medicine: Consensus from the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine Wellness Committee.

Background Physicians and trainees in academic health care settings face unique challenges to maintaining and enhancing their well-being compared to their community practice counterparts. Objective Our objective was to develop a research agenda focused on well-being, resilience, and career longevity issues specific to practicing emergency medicine in an academic setting. Methods We convened an expert group of academic emergency physicians prior to the 2018 annual meeting of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine to determine a set of uniformly accepted research priorities in the field by consensus. Results Three themes emerged as components of a comprehensive research agenda: 1) origins and natural history of burnout, resilience, well-being and other related concepts; 2) influence of early training and the learning environment; and 3) impact of burnout, attrition, and lack of organizational or system support for wellness on operations. Conclusion We believe that this agenda will inform future research and effective interventions to support physician and trainee well-being.
Adipose-derived stem cells delay muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in the rodent model.

Introduction Injuries to peripheral nerves cause distal muscle atrophy. The effects of adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) injections into a muscle after injury were examined. Methods A 1.5 cm defect in the rat sciatic nerve was created, resulting in gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. The nerve defect was repaired with autograft; DiR-labeled ASCs were injected into the gastrocnemius immediately postoperatively. Quantitation of gross musculature and muscle fiber area, cell survival, fibrosis, lipid deposition, inflammation, and reconstructive responses were investigated. Results ASCs were identified in the muscle at 6 weeks, where injections showed increased muscle mass percentage retained, larger average fiber area, and less overall lipid content accumulated throughout the musculature. Muscles having received ASCs showed increased presence of interlukin-10 and Ki67, and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Discussion This investigation is suggestive that an ASC injection into denervated muscle post-operatively is able to delay the onset of atrophy. Muscle Nerve 59:603-603, 2019.
Solar geoengineering to reduce climate change: a review of governance proposals

Although solar geoengineering (alternatively ‘solar radiation management’ or ‘solar radiation modification’) appears to offer a potentially effective, inexpensive and technologically feasible additional response to climate change, it would pose serious physical risks and social challenges. Governance of its research, development and deployment is thus salient. This article reviews proposals for governing solar geoengineering. Its research may warrant dedicated governance to facilitate effectiveness and to reduce direct and socially mediated risks. Because states are not substantially engaging with solar geoengineering, non-state actors can play important governance roles. Although the concern that solar geoengineering would harmfully lessen abatement of greenhouse gas emissions is widespread, what can be done to reduce such displacement remains unclear. A moratorium on outdoor activities that would surpass certain scales is often endorsed, but an effective one would require resolving some critical, difficult details. In the long term, how to legitimately make decisions regarding whether, when and how solar geoengineering would be used is central, and suggestions how to do so diverge. Most proposals to govern commercial actors, who could provide goods and services for solar geoengineering, focus on intellectual property policy. Compensation for possible harm from outdoor activities could be through liability or a compensation fund. The review closes with suggested lines of future inquiry.
The Peace Process between Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, 2009–2015

This article examines the 2009–2015 peace process between Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). It draws from conflict resolution literature to present the five transformers framework that...
Few Shot Clustering For Indoor Occupancy Detection With Extremely Low Quality Images From Battery Free Cameras

Reliable detection of human occupancy in indoor environments is critical for various energy efficiency, security, and safety applications. We consider this challenge of occupancy detection using extremely low-quality, privacy-preserving images from low power image sensors. We propose a combined few shot learning and clustering algorithm to address this challenge that has very low commissioning and maintenance cost. While the few shot learning concept enables us to commission our system with a few labeled examples, the clustering step serves the purpose of online adaptation to changing imaging environment over time. Apart from validating and comparing our algorithm on benchmark datasets, we also demonstrate performance of our algorithm on streaming images collected from real homes using our novel battery free camera hardware.
Reassessing the Variables Used to Measure Public Perceptions of Scientists

Both academics and science communication practitioners have long been interested in the public’s perceptions of scientists, impacts of those perceptions, and how communication tactics can affect th...
Mapping and dynamics of regulatory DNA in maturing seeds

Abstract The genome is reprogrammed during development to produce diverse cell types, largely through altered expression and activity of key transcription factors. The accessibility and critical functions of epidermal cells have made them a model for connecting transcriptional events to development in a range of model systems. In Arabidopsis thaliana and many other plants, fertilization triggers differentiation of specialized epidermal seed coat cells that have a unique morphology caused by large extracellular deposits of pectin. Here, we used DNase I-seq to generate regulatory landscapes of A. thaliana seeds at two critical time points in seed coat maturation, enriching for seed coat cells with the INTACT method. We found over 3000 developmentally dynamic regulatory DNA elements and explored their relationship with nearby gene expression. The dynamic regulatory elements were enriched for motifs for several transcription factors families; most notably the TCP family at the earlier time point and the MYB family at the later one. To assess the extent to which the observed regulatory sites in seeds added to previously known regulatory sites in A. thaliana, we compared our data to 11 other data sets generated with seven-day-old seedlings for diverse tissues and conditions. Surprisingly, over a quarter of the regulatory, i.e. accessible, bases observed in seeds were novel. Notably, in this comparison, development exerted a stronger effect on the plant regulatory landscape than extreme environmental perturbations, highlighting the importance of extending studies of regulatory landscapes to other tissues and cell types during development.
Report on YoungEC 19

We present a report on the second Young Research Workshop on Economics and Computation (YoungEC 19) held in Tel Aviv, Israel on December 31, 2019--January 2, 2020, highlighting the aspects that make this event unique from other workshops in the community.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors in adults. Current mainstay treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation; however, these are ineffective. As a result, immunotherapy treatment strategies are being developed to harness the body’s natural defense mechanisms against gliomas. Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells uses patients’ own T cells that are genetically modified to target tumor-associated antigens. These cells are harvested from patients, engineered to target specific proteins expressed by the tumor and re-injected into the patient with the goal of destroying tumor cells. In this mini review, we outline the history of CAR T cell therapy, describe current antigen targets, and review challenges this treatment faces specifically in targeting GBM.
15N-NMR of repeat peptides of tropoelastin. The tetrapeptide.

Abstract The 15 N-NMR data obtained in chloroform and methanol are reported for Boc- l -Val 1 - l -Pro 2 -Gly 3 -Gly 4 -OMe, a repeat tetrapeptide sequence of tropoelastin. Deuterium substitution for labile peptide protons was carried out to delineate solvent-exposed and solvent-shielded peptide nitrogens. Solvent perturbation of the peptide nitrogen resonances together with the hydrogen-deuterium substitution reaffirms the previously derived conformation of the molecule in chloroform which contains a β-turn (type II) and a 14-membered hydrogen bond to form a cross-β structure.
The Aftermath of TMDL Litigation: Consent Decrees and Settlement Agreements

This article provides the latest developments about TMDL lawsuits nationally. It concludes that the results of TMDL settlements are mixed, least so where it matters most. The glory is that EPA has reviewed anew, or had the states review, readily existing and available water quality related data and information for 40,000 waters, finding 20,000 more ones impaired, bringing the national total to 60,000. EPA has agreed to "backstop" TMDL development for about 20,000 of these, and set or approved TMDLs for 10,000 impaired waters. EPA has for the first time reviewed and evaluated CPPs in six states. It has conducted dozens of associated ESA consultations. EPA's Office of Watersheds and Wetlands now incorporates TMDL planning into all facets of its operations. Every EPA Region, state and territory now boasts at least one FTE TMDL coordinator and program. Congress and state legislators have dedicated millions of dollars to TMDLs. The legal, policy and scientific academies know the language of TMDLs. The glum is that TMDLs have had little or no impact where they matter most: restoring over-polluted waters. The program is both administratively mature and practically irrelevant. Thirty years plus into the program and the CWA's hope of an ambient-based response to the nation's overly polluted waters is at best ossified and at worst over.
Perceiving the Causes of Objective and Subjective Outcomes following Motor Performance

Abstract This study investigated the relative effects of objective and subjective outcomes on subjects' causal attributions at an achievement-oriented motor task. A 2 × 2 factorial design (objective outcome by subjective outcome) was employed with 16 subjects in each condition. The two levels of both factors were success and failure. The results indicated that attributions were nonreciprocal (self-serving) under objective success and failure, but attributions were reciprocal (nonself-serving) when subjective success and failure were considered. Whether self-serving biases in causality of attributions are a fact or fiction (Miller & Ross, 1975) depends on whether objective or subjective outcomes are considered. Thus, if the subject's and experimenter's perceptions of success differ, it is not justified to use objective outcomes as the criteria for success and failure when testing the self-enhancement hypothesis.
The Curious Fiction of Treasury Shares

NJ AN able series of articles on the California Corporate Securities Act', Mr. Dahlquist takes polite issue with the view of the writer that the so-called "sale" of "treasury stock" by a corporation is in reality the issue of a new security. The controversy over this point suggests the need of a discussion on principle of the peculiar metaphysical fiction of the law as to treasury shares,2 which often puzzles the accountant and facilitates certain financial abuses.
Recent Studies on the Effects of Divalent Metal Ions on the Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids

Metal ions are required for many of the processes in which nucleic acids transfer genetic information (Eichhorn, 1973). Thus metal ions are essential for the proper functioning of the genetic apparatus. Nevertheless the presence of the wrong metal ions, or even the essential ones in the wrong concentration, can lead to errors. Let me illustrate such errors in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.
Theory and Application of Fluorescence Microscopy

The growing importance in biology and especially in neurobiology of fluorescence microscopy is due to (1) the extraordinary development of new fluorescent molecular probes and (2) the development of improved low light level imaging systems and confocal microscopy techniques. This overview covers fluorescent molecular probes, filters and filter sets, multiband filters and multidye fluorescence, light sources, microscope objectives, image resolution and the point-spread function, and general steps for immunolabeling.
Initial and Equilibrium 18O, 14C, 3H, and 2H Exchange Rates as Probes of the Fumarase Reaction Mechanism

Abstract Net conversion of malate to fumarate as measured by the A260 of fumarate is accompanied by a nearly equivalent loss of 3H or 2H from (2S, 3R)-32 or 3H-malate to water but by an appreciable incorporation of 18O from water into unreacted malate. At equilibrium with high substrate concentrations, exchange of the hydroxyl oxygen of malate with water is faster but interchange of the methylene hydrogen is slower than the carbon skeleton interchange between malate and fumarate. Relative values for the 18O(malate) ⇄ O(water), 14C(malate) ⇄ C(fumarate), 3H(malate) ⇄ H(water), and the 2H(malate) ⇄ H(water) exchange rates are 4.0, 2.5, 1.0, and 1.0, respectively. Exchange rate differences and 18O incorporation into malate as compared to net reaction are accentuated in a glycerol-water medium. The 14C:3H exchange ratio approaches a limiting value of below 1 at low substrate concentrations and a limiting value of between 2 and 3 at high substrate concentrations. Addition of 0.3 m ammonium sulfate accelerates the 3H exchange, presumably by facilitating proton dissociation from the enzyme. The exchange patterns are consistent with a carbonium ion mechanism. Theoretical equations and a reaction scheme in accord with the results are given. These allow calculation of distribution patterns of enzyme-bound intermediates and ratios for a number of velocity constants.