cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do emotional states influence binge eating in the obese

Objective The purpose of this experimental investigation was to test the hypothesis that negative affective states trigger disinhibited eating in the form of binge eating in subjects with binge eating disorder (BED). Method: BED subjects and weight-matched non-eating disordered subjects (NED) attended a laboratory experiment during which they were randomly assigned to a negative or a neutral mood induction procedure prior to being served a multi-item buffet. The dependent variable of interest was postmood induction carolic intake. Results: There were no significant differences in caloric intake between subjects in the negative and neutral mood conditions. However, negative affect was associated with eating episodes labeled binges, and associated with loss of control. Discussion: Our findings suggest that mood may be an important factor that discriminates overeating and binge eating. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Roaming radical pathways for the decomposition of alkanes.

CASPT2 calculations predict the existence of roaming radical pathways for the decomposition of propane, n-butane, isobutane and neopentane. The roaming radical paths lead to the formation of an alkane and an alkene instead of the expected radical products. The predicted barriers for the roaming radical paths lie ∼1 kcal/mol below the corresponding radical asymptotes.
Component-less design of recovery and allocation systems: a functionality-based clustering approach

Abstract The objective of this paper is to introduce a novel design paradigm: ‘component-less design’ which is driven by tracking properties and not components. This new paradigm is particularly useful for (1) systems where applications are driven by properties or functionality of the streams and not by their chemical constituency or (2) when the streams include numerous (almost infinite number of) components. The focus of the paper is to identify optimal strategies for the recovery and allocation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The infinite-dimensional problem is mapped into a two-dimensional visualization domain by introducing the novel concept of clustering. It is based on tracking functionality and properties of the complex hydrocarbon mixtures as opposed to their individual components. The clusters are tailored so as to maintain two fundamental rules for intra- and inter-stream conservation. The new concept of clustering along with its unique attributes are derived mathematically. Its application in visualization tools and revised level-arm manipulation are also illustrated. Finally, these clusters are incorporated into mass integration framework to determine optimal strategies for the recovery and allocation of complex hydrocarbon mixtures.
Expenditures on children by female-headed households

The 1982–84 Consumer Expenditure Survey data are used to analyze expenditures made by nonpoor female-headed households for child-related goods and services. These child costs are measured using Engel's (1895) food share equivalency methodology, previously used by Espenshade (1984) to analyze child-related expenditures in two-parent households. Results show that single, female-headed households on average spend about $112,000 to $142,000 in 1990 dollars to raise a single child to age 18. Findings are also compared with those of two other recently published studies of single-parent child cost estimates.
Protective Role of Angiotensin II Subtype 2 Receptor in Blood Pressure Increase in Obese Zucker Rats

Earlier, we reported that there was an increase in angiotensin II type 2 (AT 2 ) receptor expression in the renal proximal tubule, and selective activation of the AT 2 receptor by AT 2 agonist inhibits Na,K-ATPase activity in the proximal tubules and increases urinary Na excretion in obese Zucker rats. We hypothesized that the AT 2 receptor has a protective role against blood pressure increase in obese Zucker rats. To test this hypothesis, we treated obese Zucker rats with the AT 2 receptor antagonist PD123319 (PD; 30 μg/kg per minute) using osmotic pumps. Age-matched lean rats and vehicle-treated obese Zucker rats served as controls. On day 15 of the treatment with PD, arterial blood pressure was measured by cannulation of the left carotid artery under anesthesia. Control obese rats exhibited higher mean arterial pressure (122.0±3.4 mm Hg) compared with lean control rats (97.0±4.8 mm Hg). The PD treatment of obese rats raised mean arterial pressure further by 13 mm Hg. The plasma renin activity was significantly increased in the PD-treated obese compared with control-obese or lean rats. Western blot analysis revealed that the PD treatment in obese rats caused an ≈3-fold increase in the renin expression in the kidney cortex but had no effect on the expression of the cortical angiotensin II type 1 and AT 2 receptors. The present study suggests that the renal AT 2 receptors provide a protective role against blood pressure increase in obese Zucker rats, and this protective effect, in part, could be because of the ability of the AT 2 receptors to keep the kidney renin expression low in obese rats.
Localized states at metal-metal interfaces: An inverse photoemission study of Pd/Nb(110).

We present the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the Pd/Nb (110) interface. In the experiment we identify an interface resonance which clearly displays the required two-dimensional character of such a state. We further show that it is derived from a surface resonance present on the bare niobium. The presence of the Pd overlayer serves to localize and increase the surface character of this state rather than quenching it. The theoretical calculations support the identification of this state as an interface state and further indicate that its intensity reflects the strength of the interface bond.
Discrete and continuous curvature computation for real data

This paper describes two methods for estimating the minimum and maximum curvatures for a 3D surface and compares the computational efficiency of these approaches on 3D sensor data. The classical method of Least Square Fitting (LSF) finds an approximation of a cubic polynomial fit for the local surface around the point of interest P and uses the coefficients to compute curvatures. The Discrete Differential Geometry (DDG) algorithm approximates a triangulation of the surface around P and calculates the angle deficit at P as an estimate of the curvatures. The accuracy and speed of both algorithms are compared by applying them to synthetic and real data sets with sampling neighborhoods of varying sizes. Our results indicate that the LSF and DDG methods produce comparable results for curvature estimations but the DDG method performs two orders of magnitude faster, on average. However, the DDG algorithm is more susceptible to noise because it does not smooth the data as well as the LSF method. In applications where it is not necessary for the curvatures to be precise (such as estimating anchor point locations for face recognition) the DDG method yields similar results to the LSF method while performing much more efficiently.
Comparison of usage data of a print journal title versus electronic counterpart

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide insights and commentary into issues encountered in maintaining and assessing library technologies and technology-based services with limited budgets and with limited personnel. Design/methodology/approach – It uses usage data to illustrate effects of a conversion of a single journal title from print to electronic format. Findings – The conversion of a print journal subscription to electronic access resulted in a substantial decrease in cost per use despite an increase in overall subscription cost. Originality/value – This paper examines the effects of acquiring current electronic content based upon usage of a single, high use embargoed journal title in an aggregator package. Differences between print and electronic usage and cost per use are described in detail.
The Impact of Radiation Therapy on the Risk of Lymphedema After Treatment for Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study

Purpose/Objective Lymphedema after breast cancer treatment can be an irreversible condition with a negative impact on quality of life. The goal of this study was to identify radiation therapy-related risk factors for lymphedema. Methods and Materials From 2005 to 2012, we prospectively performed arm volume measurements on 1476 breast cancer patients at our institution using a Perometer. Treating each breast individually, 1099 of 1501 patients (73%) received radiation therapy. Arm measurements were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Lymphedema was defined as ≥10% arm volume increase occurring >3 months postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate risk factors for lymphedema. Results At a median follow-up time of 25.4 months (range, 3.4-82.6 months), the 2-year cumulative incidence of lymphedema was 6.8%. Cumulative incidence by radiation therapy type was as follows: 3.0% no radiation therapy, 3.1% breast or chest wall alone, 21.9% supraclavicular (SC), and 21.1% SC and posterior axillary boost (PAB). On multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio for regional lymph node radiation (RLNR) (SC ± PAB) was 1.7 ( P =.025) compared with breast/chest wall radiation alone. There was no difference in lymphedema risk between SC and SC + PAB ( P =.96). Other independent risk factors included early postoperative swelling ( P P P =.018), and axillary lymph node dissection ( P =.0001). Conclusions In a large cohort of breast cancer patients prospectively screened for lymphedema, RLNR significantly increased the risk of lymphedema compared with breast/chest wall radiation alone. When considering use of RLNR, clinicians should weigh the potential benefit of RLNR for control of disease against the increased risk of lymphedema.
Long- and Short-Term Photometric Behavior of Comet Hyakutake (1996 B2)

Abstract Narrowband filter photometry observations of Comet Hyakutake (1996 B2) were used to investigate this comet's short-term variability as well as its behavior for the apparition as a whole. Utilizing measurements obtained on a total of 13 nights between February 9, 1996, and April 14, 1996, we find that the heliocentric distance ( r H ) dependence of the production rates of OH and NH were much shallower than those for either the carbon-bearing species or the visible dust. Based on the OH measurements, the derived water r H -dependence was also significantly less steep than expected from a basic water vaporization model and required an effective active surface area of about 29 km 2 at r H =1.8 AU, 16 km 2 at r H =1 AU, and only 13 km 2 at r H =0.6 AU. This decrease in active area may be due to seasonally induced variations of a heterogeneous surface, or due to a decreasing contribution of gas from icy grains in the innermost coma. The relative abundances of the minor gas species place Hyakutake into the “typical” category of comets in the A'Hearn et al. (1995, Icarus 118 , 223–270) taxonomic classification system. The spectrum is generally redder at shorter wavelengths throughout the apparition; however, the dust color progressively changes from being significantly reddened (37%/1000 A) at large r H to near-solar at small r H . This change of color with distance implies a significant change in grain sizes or a changing proportion between two or more grain populations. A major outburst was initiated near March 19.9, just prior to the comet's close approach to Earth. The characteristic recovery from the outburst differed among the observed species, with OH recovering most rapidly, essentially returning to its baseline values by March 25. The spatial radial fall-off of OH throughout this interval was consistent with the expected nominal spatial distribution, while CN and C 2 displayed fall-offs consistent with a distributed source, and the dust fall-off was significantly less steep than 1/ρ, possibly due to fragmenting grains. Rotational lightcurve amplitudes were largest for the OH, NH, and dust, again consistent with the carbon-bearing species primarily originating from a distributed source. Significant variations were observed in the lightcurve amplitude and phase shifts as functions of aperture size. Finally, a refined value for the rotation period of 0.2614±0.0003 day was determined.
Value of initial ECG findings and plasma drug levels in cyclic antidepressant overdose

Electrocardiographic changes and quantitative plasma drug levels associated with cyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose have been the subject of many reports in the medical literature. Heart rate, QRS duration, QT interval, and most recently, the terminal 40 ms QRS (T40) axis have been reported to be valuable indicators in TCA overdose. The value of plasma drug levels and their ability to predict complications has been debated. To evaluate the discriminant and predictive abilities of ECG parameters and quantitative drug levels in a large series of TCA overdoses, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of all overdose patients admitted to ICU in our facility during a 30-month study period. The TCA-positive group (187) had statistically significant differences ( P R of less than .33 in all cases. QRS duration of 100 ms or more and heart rate of 100 or more, or TCA level of 1,000 ng/mL or more, were present in all of a few patients with complications. We conclude that ECG parameters cannot be relied on to include or exclude the diagnosis of TCA overdose and that TCA levels do not correlate with ECG parameters.
The density of the Io plasma torus ribbon

We investigate two contradictory determinations of the density of the “ribbon” feature within the Io plasma torus. A value of ∼2000 cm−3 was measured by the Voyager 1 Plasma Science and Planetary Radio Astronomy instruments. Volwerk et al. [1997] recently suggested a value at least 5 times higher, and possibly much greater. Their upward revision is based on rapid EUV intensity variations observed by the Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometers: Short radiative cooling times are only possible with higher plasma densities. We have modeled emissions from both the Voyager-based torus model and the high-density case suggested by Volwerk, and show that the latter is inconsistent with the intensity and morphology of numerous observations. We suggest that the observations by Volwerk et al. [1997] can be explained by a closer examination of the radiative cooling process and possibly by short-term temperature variations caused by variability of the dawn-dusk electric field in the Jovian magnetosphere.
The Implications of Erotic Plasticity and Social Constructionism in the Formation of Female Sexual Identity

According to the definition of erotic plasticity, female sexuality is more flexible than male sexuality and more influenced by social, cultural, and situational factors. The social constructionist model suggests that sexuality is constructed by culture so that female sexuality may vary based on the context of one's experiences. Developing a sexual identity may involve exploring a variety of sexual experiences that may not conform to distinct categories of lesbian, gay male, bisexual, or heterosexual. Therapists working with female clients who are exploring their sexual identity should focus on possibilities for personal growth as well as potential barriers of exploration.
A Pilot Study of Instructor Factors and Student Preferences.

In order to gain a better understanding of the ways in which an instructor could enhance an on-line learning experience, we surveyed 96 students enrolled in on-line Health Promotion and Wellness courses. Almost all respondents felt that sending e-mailed reminders and posting announcements on the course was very important or important for enhancing the on-line learning experience. There was a mixed response in the ratings for how important it was for an on-line instructor to host on-line office hours and the weakest ratings were for rating importance of having asynchronous time with an on-line instructor. Not surprisingly, most students used the library for research purposes less often or as often for their on-line courses than for their face-to-face courses. However, the majority of students used the Internet for resources more often or as often. Interestingly, half of the respondents felt that they interacted more with classmates in their on-line course. The amount of time spent preparing assignments in ...
Design of decentralized adaptive controllers

The control of a class of large scale systems formed by an arbitrary linear interconnection of linear time-invariant subsystems with unknown parameters is investigated. An approach is developed for stabilization and tracking using decentralized adaptive controllers. Sufficient conditions are established in a form of algebraic criteria which can guarantee desired stability properties under certain structural perturbations.
The schematic protection model: its definition and analysis for acyclic attenuating schemes

The protection state of a system is defined by the privileges possessed by subjects at a given moment. Operations that change this state are themselves authorized by the current state. This poses a design problem in constructing the initial state so that all derivable states conform to a particular policy. It also raises an analysis problem of characterizing the protection states derivable from a given initial state. A protection model provides a framework for both design and analysis. Design generality and tractable analysis are inherently conflicting goals. Analysis is particularly difficult if creation of subjects is permitted. The schematic protection model resolves this conflict by classifying subjects and objects into protection types. The privileges possessed by a subject consist of a type-determined part specified by a static protection scheme and a dynamic part consisting of tickets (capabilities). It is shown that analysis is tractable for this model provided certain restrictions are imposed on subject creation. A scheme authorizes creation of subjects via a binary relation on subject types. Our principal constraint is that this relation be acyclic, excepting loops that authorize a subject to create subjects of its own type. Our assumptions admit a variety of useful systems.
Drugging the bad "AKT-TOR" to overcome TKI-resistant lung cancer.

EGFR kinase inhibitors constitute an important class of lung cancer treatments. While they produce dramatic responses in a subset of patients—primarily those with activating EGFR mutations—remissions are typically limited to several months due to acquired drug resistance, frequently associated with the secondary T790M mutation in EGFR. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Li et al. report that an irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitor, HKI-272, had limited activity in a mouse lung cancer model driven by an EGFR mutant harboring T790M and an activating mutation. However, combining HKI-272 with rapamycin promoted rapid tumor regression, suggesting a therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance.
Making Nature/Marking Humans: Law as a Site of (Cultural) Production

This article engages both the “construction of nature” thesis and the project of legal geography to examine law as a culturally significant site wherein “nature” is produced. Because the meaning of “nature” is often a function of its contrasts with the category “human,” to participate in the construction of one is, almost by definition, to participate in the construction of the other. After discussing law as a site of cultural production in general terms, this article surveys a range of legal contexts in which the nature/human distinction is a central conceptual-political concern. These contexts include nature as externality (wilderness), animality (bestiality), and corporeality (reproductive technologies and the involuntary medication of inmates). The article's conclusion addresses the pragmatics of constructivism within the context of existing humanist-liberal legal frames of reference.
Studies on the enzymes involved in puparial cuticle sclerotization in Drosophila melanogaster.

The properties of cuticular enzymes involved in sclerotization of Drosophila melanogaster puparium were examined. The cuticle-bound phenoloxidase from the white puparium exhibited a pH optimum of 6.5 in phosphate buffer and oxidized a variety of catecholic substrates such as 4-methylcatechol, N-beta-alanyldopamine, dopa, dopamine, N-acetyldopamine, catechol, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Phenoloxidase inhibitors such as potassium cyanide and sodium fluoride inhibited the enzyme activity drastically, but phenylthiourea showed marginal inhibition only. This result, coupled with the fact that syringaldazine served as the substrate for the insoluble enzyme, confirmed that cuticular phenoloxidase is of the "laccase" type. In addition, we also examined the mode of synthesis of the sclerotizing precursor, 1,2-dehydro-N-acetyldopamine. Our results indicate that this catecholamine derivative is biosynthesized from N-acetyldopamine through the intermediate formation of N-acetyldopamine quinone and N-acetyldopamine quinone methide as established for Sarcophaga bullata [Saul, S. and Sugumaran, M., F.E.B.S. Letters 251, 69-73 (1989)]. Accordingly, successful solubilization and fractionation of cuticular enzymes involved in the introduction of a double bond in the side chain of N-acetyldopamine indicated that they included o-diphenoloxidase, 4-alkyl-o-quinone:p-quinone methide isomerase, and N-acetyldopamine quinone methide:dehydro N-acetyldopamine isomerase and not any side chain desaturase.
Dielectronic recombination and satellite line spectra of highly charged tungsten ions11This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.

Abstract We present our recent progress on theoretical studies that involve auto-ionizing states of highly charged tungsten ions. Such auto-ionizing states have two channels for decay, which requires that both radiative and auto-ionization atomic data be calculated and combined in a detailed study of the dielectronic recombination (DR). Three atomic codes are used to produce relativistic atomic data (energy levels, radiative transition probabilities, and auto-ionization rates). These are the relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT) code, the multiconfiguration relativistic Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore atomic code (HULLAC), and the Hartree–Fock relativistic (Cowan) code. Branching ratios relative to the first threshold and intensity factors are calculated for satellite lines, and DR rate coefficients are determined for the excited states. The total DR rate coefficient is derived as a function of electron temperature, and it is shown that the contribution of the highly excited states is ve...
Psychiatric consults on medical and surgical wards: a six year study.

Using a psychiatric consultation database, 1, 463 consults were completed over a six-year period (1980 to 1986). Many variables were studied, including demographics, who requested the consults, the reasons for consultation, DSM-III diagnoses, and treatment recommendations. Most variables were unstable from year to year despite thorough and consistent supervision. This study demonstrates the vulnerability of traditionally reported consultation data in establishing norms for defining psychiatric morbidity in the hospital. Future recommendations are discussed.
On the Economic Role of RIS/PACS in Healthcare

The integration of electronic patient data records with digital images in PACS is the only way today to provide high-quality clinical services. Such integration enables clinicians to access both systems' data reliably and consistently, as part of their regular working environment. We present a general framework for capturing the actual tangible and intangible benefits of RIS/PACS implementation at a major hospital. Prior to the implementation, we looked at 150,000 studies in terms of charges and revenues collected, and for a sample we identified report turn-around times (TAT) and process bottlenecks. We repeated these inquiries after the RIS/PACS implementation. In addition, we used a survey instrument to measure the changes in the satisfaction levels of radiologists, technology staff, and referring physicians. We found a phenomenon 63% year-long learning rate that was observed after the systems were implemented. During that period, TAT shrunk by 80%, indicating that most of the benefits of RIS/PACS take time and added effort to be fully realized. The billing process became more authentic and reliable as all preps, procedures and exams could be captured, and lost studies rates have decreased from 10% to less that 1%. We documented a steady increase in revenue per procedure of more than $3 per procedure per month. On top of the above, the satisfaction level of both referring physicians and employees went up dramatically from around 3 to 6 in a seven-point Likert scale! We also present some operational recommendations resulting from an econometric study, and documented and elaborated on the virtual tools now available for more accurate, easy to use teaching purposes. Future paths are process bottleneck identification for continuous improvement, and improved scheduling models for both patients and staff. Our results may lead to fuller utilization of RIS/PACS functionality, to a significant return on investment (ROI), and to improved patient care and acceptance by referring physicians.
CT/MR imaging: a design tool for custom orthosis.

Purpose : Orthotics attempts to correct imperfections of the human body. These deficiencies can be either congenital or due to injury. Orthotic devices have continuously evolved over the years and range in sophistication from simple joint braces to spinal body jackets. Generic orthoses, such as knee braces, come in various sizes and can be purchased over-the-counter. Sophisticated orthoses, such as those used to correct scoliosis, have to be custom made. Each of such orthoses has to be fabricated for one particular patient and requires the patient's exact geometry. The conventional technique to acquire patient geometric information has generally been casting. This latter is a time proven method of capturing the geometry of body sections of interest. However, in certain situations, casting might not always be the best alternative to obtain patient geometric data. Method/Results : This paper presents a new approach to acquire patient geometric information using CT/MR imaging. The proposed approach can help ...
Dihydrotestosterone upregulates the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and ERBB2 in androgen receptor-positive bladder cancer cells.

Androgen receptor (AR) signals play important roles in bladder carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, including EGFR and ERBB2, leads to bladder cancer cell growth and correlates with poor patients’ prognosis. However, cross talk between AR and EGFR/ERBB2 pathways in bladder cancer remains poorly understood. In AR-positive bladder cancer UMUC3 and TCC-SUP cells, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased the expression of EGFR and ERBB2 both in mRNA and in protein levels, and an anti-androgen hydroxyflutamide antagonized the effect of DHT. The necessity of AR was confirmed by silencing the receptor, using short hairpin RNA (shRNA), in UMUC3 cells, as well as by expressing the receptor in AR-negative 5637 cells. Of note were much higher basal levels of EGFR and ERBB2 in UMUC3-control-shRNA than in UMUC3-AR-shRNA and those of EGFR in 5637-AR than in 5637-V. DHT additionally upregulated the levels of phosphorylation of EGFR (pEGFR) and its downstream proteins AKT (pAKT) and ERK1/2 (pERK), induced by EGF treatment, in AR-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry on cystectomy specimens showed strong associations between expressions of AR and EGFR (PZ0.0136), pEGFR (PZ0.0041), ERBB2 (PZ0.0331), or pERK (PZ0.0274), but not of pAKT (PZ0.5555). The Kaplan‐Meier and log-rank tests further revealed that positivity of AR (PZ0.0005), EGFR (PZ0.2425), pEGFR (PZ0.1579), ERBB2 (PZ0.2997), or pERK (PZ0.1270) and negativity of pAKT (PZ0.0483) were associated with tumor progression. Our results indicate that AR activation upregulates the expression of EGFR and ERBB2 in bladder cancer cells. AR signals may thus contribute to the progression of bladder cancer via regulation of the EGFR/ERBB2 pathways. Endocrine-Related Cancer (2011) 18 451‐464
Shear-enhanced compaction in dilating granular materials

Abstract Compaction of loose, granular materials commonly results in the loss of porosity and, hence, a volumetric decrease of the material by the localization of deformation bands. Different types of deformation bands tend to form at a range of specific angles to maximum compression (σ1), as documented in numerous field and laboratory studies. Usually, localization of bands occurs at low angles to σ1 during deformation involving volumetric increase and at higher angles during compaction of the material. Generally in agreement with field and laboratory orientation measurements, several models have been used to obtain the optimum angle deformation band formation with respect to σ1. However, some field and laboratory studies report deformation bands with substantial compaction across them that have orientations requiring material dilation to be in accord with those models. This discrepancy is explored by modeling the orientations of structures under progressive deformation for all combinations of simultaneous pure and simple shear. Our results allow for shear-enhanced compaction at the onset of dilational shear band formation, thus accounting for both the band orientation as well as the observed compaction within the bands. These findings indicate that compaction localized within a deformation band is not simply related to a total volumetric decrease of the material, since the transition between localization of compaction and dilation is found not to coincide with the transition of volume decrease to increase of the material, and hence to the material′s mechanical response at a given stress state.
Governors Turn Pro: Separation of Powers and the Institutionalization of the American Governorship

This study examines the institutional development of governors’ offices. Pooled analyses from 1983 to 2004 indicate that government growth and workload foster institutionalization, as does rivalry ...
Ion Transporting Composite Membranes I . Nafion‐Impregnated Gore‐Tex

Abstract : Ion transporting membranes are required in a variety of electrochemical processes and devices including chlorine-caustic production, batteries, fuel cell, electrolyzers, etc. Nafion, a perfluorosulfonate ionomer marketed by Du Pont has proved useful for a number of these applications. Nafion has a number of attractive features including good chemical and mechanical stability and high perselectivity. In addition, however, it has two potentially significant disadvantages - it is a cation transporting membrane (i.e., there is no anion transporting equivalent) and it is rather expensive. These difficulties have prompted efforts to develop anion and cation transporting materials which have Nafion's desirable chemical and mechanical features but which can be produced more cheaply. It occurred to us that a cheaper and more versatile membrane material might be prepared by doping an inexpensive, nonconductive material with a small amount of an ion transporting polymer. In an effort to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we have impregnated commericially available porous polytetrafluoroethylene membranes (Gore-Tex) with small quantities of Nafion, to make cation transporting composites. Electrode surfaces were covered with these composite membranes electrochemical techniques were used to study the membranes transport properties. We have shown that the Nafion-doped Gore-Tex does, indeed, transport cations and that the rate of transport can be much higher than the transport rate in a pure Nafion membrane. Keywords include: Ionic conduction, Membranes, Transport.
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model as a Tool for Evaluating HPCMP Assets and Capabilities in Grand Scale Numerical Weather Prediction

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been used extensively in research and operational theaters on a broad range of computer architectures. There is a need for a standard suite of case studies by which to benchmark a computational platform's potential to efficiently support WRF and, concurrently, a need to push WRF into increasingly larger problem sizes in order to test the capability of WRF and its supporting software and hardware on the truly grand scale domains. The Arctic Region Supercomputing Center is implementing a suite of WRF case studies intended to support benchmarking and testing on all architectures, ranging from small, single CPU systems, to those with hundreds of thousands of cores. The benchmark cases are all based on a single weather event over a 6,075×6,075km domain centered at Fairbanks, Alaska, ranging from horizontal grid resolutions of 81km with 150,000 grid points, to 1km with over one-billion grid points. Each case is available to users in the form of a restart, boundary condition, and parameters file, so that once WRF has been installed on a system the case may be readily-tested. Implementation of the one billion grid point case has been particularly problematic, revealing issues that prevent WRF from operating on large-scale problems unless specialized software and procedures are considered. With the help of WRF and Cray experts, the giga-gridpoint barrier has been conquered, and the pursuit of even bigger computational challenges for WRF continues, with the realization that modelers will always have an insatiable appetite for higher resolution, more complicated physics and bigger domain sizes.
Plasminogen binds the heparin-binding domain of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3.

Limited proteolysis lowers affinity of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 for bound IGFs, resulting in greater IGF bioavailability. Plasmin is one of many proteases that cle...
Changes in prostate cancer grading: Including a new patient-centric grading system

The first structured approach to grade prostate cancer based on the underlying histological architecture was developed by Donald Gleason who in 1966 proposed a morphologic classification of prostate cancer and in 1974 demonstrated its clinical significance based on prostate cancer-specific death. Contemporarily referred to as the Gleason grading system, it has gained worldwide recognition allowing a more individualized approach to patients with prostate cancer. In 2005, the International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) made the first revisions to the grading system. Subsequently, based on the new discoveries in pathologic and clinical aspects of prostate cancer, as well as the changing nature of the prostate cancer in part due to a robust screening, there was a need for experts to re-visit the approach to grade prostate cancer. In November 2014, the ISUP experts and clinical leaders in prostate cancer from 17 countries conducted a consensus conference in Chicago, IL, USA. The consensus conference defined various grade patterns and proposed the adoption of a new grading system of prostate cancer. Herein, we describe the background and rationale for the changes and provide guidelines to their clinical implementation.
Effects of nerve agent antidote and heat exposure on soldier performance in the BDU and MOPP-IV ensembles

This study assessed the effects of nerve agent antidote (atropine/2-PAM chloride versus saline placebo) and heat-humidity (95 degrees F/60% RH versus 70 degrees F/30% RH) on repeated performance of militarily relevant psychological tasks while wearing the battle dress uniform (BDU) and while wearing chemical protective clothing (MOPP-IV). All BDU heat sessions (6 hours) were completed, but with some task impairments and a few subjective reactions. MOPP-IV heat sessions could not be continued beyond 2 hours; all tasks were impaired and subjective reactions were numerous and severe. Atropine/2-PAM significantly shortened endurance time for heat sessions in MOPP-IV. Language: en
Alterations of spontaneous and evoked release of acetylcholine during dithiobiuret-induced neuromuscular weakness.

Daily treatment of rats with 2,4-dithiobiuret (DTB, 1 mg/kg/day i.p.) produces a flaccid neuromuscular weakness first observed in the hindlimbs after 5 to 6 days of treatment. This condition is characterized by diminished contractile strength following single shock and tetanic stimulation of the motor nerve, but no effect on contractions evoked by direct muscle stimulation, indicating an apparent impairment of motor axon conduction, junctional transmission or both. The purpose of the present study was to investigate further the neuromuscular depression caused by DTB using conventional intracellular microelectrode recording techniques. All experiments were conducted using the extensor digitorum longus muscle isolated from male rats treated for 6 to 7 days with 1 mg/kg/day i.p. of DTB or with 0.9% NaCl (1 ml/kg/day) as control. End-plate potentials (EPPs) and miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded from single junctions of DTB-poisoned or NaCl-treated paired controls. Muscles were transected ("cut muscle") to prevent contraction after peroneal nerve stimulation. EPP amplitude was decreased at the time of observable muscle weakness in DTB-treated rats. Endplate resting membrane potential was not affected. Decreased EPP amplitude was associated with a decrease in mean quantal content. Quantal content was depressed to an equivalent extent in DTB-treated rats when stimulus frequency was increased from 0.5 to 2, 5, 25 and 50 Hz. However, as the stimulus frequency was increased, preparations from DTB-treated rats were characterized by failures of nerve impulses to elicit an EPP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fighting fire in the heat of the day: an analysis of operational and environmental conditions of use for large airtankers in United States fire suppression

Large airtanker use is widespread in wildfire suppression in the United States. The current approach to nationally dispatching the fleet of federal contract airtankers relies on filling requests for airtankers to achieve suppression objectives identified by fire managers at the incident level. In general, demand is met if resources are available, and the dispatch model assumes that this use is both necessary and effective. However, proof of effectiveness under specific conditions of use in complex environments has not been empirically established. We geospatially intersected historical drop data from the federal contract large airtanker fleet with operational and environmental factors to provide a post hoc assessment of conditions of use for the 2010–12 fire seasons in the conterminous United States. Our findings confirm previous results demonstrating extensive use in extended attack. Additionally, we show that use is generally within guidelines for operational application (aircraft speed and height above ground level) and often outside of environmental guidelines suggestive of conditions conducive for most effective use, including drop timing with respect to response phase (initial attack v. extended attack), terrain, fuels and time of day. Finally, our results suggest that proximity to human populations plays a role in whether airtankers are dispatched, suggesting that prioritisation of community protection is an important consideration. This work advances efforts to understand the economic effectiveness of aviation use in federal fire suppression.
Superdeformed bands in195Tl

Two superdeformed (SD) bands have been found and assigned to195Tl on the basis of excitation function and cross bombardment results. The two bands are almost identical in transition energies to those observed in193Tl. They are signature partners with a splitting, presumably due to the proton i13/2 (Ω=5/2) orbital, characteristic of all known SD bands in the thallium isotopes. Their alignments relative to the193Tl bands were found to be zero.
EVALUATION OF CANDIDATES' CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES

Research (e.g., Kinder & Sears, 1985) has shown that viewers' perceptions of such characteristics as competence, honesty, and integrity in a political candidate will often affect their preferences for that candidate. To examine further the implications of such findings, a group of 48 undergraduates at a predominantly black university were asked to view the second president~al debate between Bush and Dukakis. The sample consisted of 30 young women and 18 young men whose mean age was 19 yr. All participants completed a set of questionnaires (see McIntosh, 1989) which included a measure of the viewers' evaluation of the two candidates on several characteristics as they debated the issues. This measure contained 14 items, seven assessing Bush's characteristics and seven assessing Dukakis' characteristics. Analysis showed that 33% of the viewers rated Dukakis as being "very truthful" in his answers to the panelists' questions while only 6% gave Bush such a rating. Almost 12% thought Bush showed good judgment in his responses, but this was far below the 23% who indicated that Dukakis showed good judgment in his responses. Twenty-seven percent rated Dukakis as "extremely likeable" but only 4% rated Bush as such. In terms of expertise, 31% considered Dukakis to be an expert in discussing the issues, while only 6% considered Bush to be an expert. Twenty-seven percent of these viewers, however, saw Bush as being "very confident" in discussing those same issues. This was still below Dukakis' rating of 35%. Twentythree percent rated Dukakis as being "very capable" in dealing with policy issues, but only 6% rated Bush in the same light. Finally, only 10% of the viewers rated Bush's over-all debate performance as "very successful" while Dukahs's rartng was as high as 31%. Interestingly enough, Dukakis was perceived more favorably than Bush on all seven characteristics. It was not surprising that 35% of the viewers thought he won the debate while only 6% indicated that Bush won. It must be noted, however, that prior Democratic preference among these viewers may well have accounted for the extremely positive characteristics assigned Dukakis.
Drug Interactions Between Disulfiram and α-Methyldopa and Related Agents in Reserpine-Pretreated Rats,

SummaryIn these experiments rats are reserpinized, and it is demonstrated that α-methyldopa reverses the tyramine pressor response blockade by reserpine. Diethyldithiocarbamic acid will inhibit the reversal process by a-methyldopa- a-methyldopamine, dopamine, and dopa. Disulfiram inhibits the reversal process of a-methyldopa and dopa. Disulfiram or diethyldithiocarbamic acid alone will not inhibit the tyramine response. Diethyldithiocarbamic acid is most potent of the two agents used in inhibiting the reversal process.Addendum: Musacchio, J. M., Bhagat, B., Jackson, C. J. and Kopin, I. J., J. Pharmacol., 1966 vl52, 293, have used nearly the same technique to show inhibition by disulfiram of the restoration by dopamine and α-methyldopamine of the response to tyramine in reserpine-treated cats.
75 Years of Pari-Mutuel Wagering in New York

The paper examines the state of New York horse racing on the 75th anniversary of pari-mutuel racing in New York State.
Networking democracy: Brazilian internet freedom activism and the influence of participatory democracy

This ethnographic study examines the pioneering tactics Brazilian Internet freedom activists have used to defend what they refer to as the Internet livre – a free and open Internet. In particular, it explores how the concept of participatory democracy – a governing philosophy that strives to broaden opportunities for citizens to make meaningful contributions in policy decisions beyond voting in elections – has uniquely informed Brazilian activist initiatives. Fighting for more participatory democracy was a hallmark of left wing social movements and labor unions working in the 1970s and 1980s to end the military dictatorship (1964-1985) as they sought to radically challenge elite control of the state by incorporating previously marginalized groups into the political system. Thus, Internet freedom activists are now applying this philosophy to the development of Internet policy and governance. Specifically, this study examines the crowdsourcing of a national Internet rights law, the Brazilian Internet Civil Rights Framework (Marco Civil da Internet), and the institutional structure of the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comite Gestor da Internet no Brasil). However, while proponents of participatory democracy contend that increased citizen participation leads to more socially equitable policy, scholars have also noted how participatory initiatives that do not actually redistribute power have frequently reproduced the preexisting socioeconomic inequalities of the larger society. This research substantiates this claim and exposes the many shortcomings of participatory initiatives in light of powerful corporate interests that continue to dominate the development of Internet policy in Brazil. This study is based on more than 20 months of multi-sited ethnographic research conducted over four years in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre, Sao Paulo, and Brasilia between 2010 and 2014. The methods used were long-term participant observation, semi-structured interviews with activists and policymakers, and in-depth analysis of activist publications and official documents.
158 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN A PATIENT WITH ADULT-ONSET STILL'S DISEASE.

Purpose Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been reported with several rheumatologic diseases; however, it is not common in adult-onset Still9s disease (ASD). We describe a patient with ASD who developed PAH. Case Report A 29-year-old female with a 9-year history of ASD was admitted in July 2005 with 3 months of progressive exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, and lower extremity edema. Her Still9s disease was characterized by periods of remissions and exacerbations, manifested by high spiking fevers, polyarthritis, evanescent maculopapular rash, leukocytosis, elevated ESR and ferritin, treated with corticosteroids, NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine. She never had dysphagia, GE reflex, Raynaud9s phenomenon, sleep-related breathing problems, use of tobacco, or anorexigens. Her physical exam was significant for heart rate of 120 beats per minute, respiration rate of 28 per minute, and blood pressure of 139/99 mm Hg, clear lungs, right parasternal heave, an accentuated pulmonary second heart sound, a 2/6 systolic murmur at left lower sternal border, elevated jugular venous pressure of 7 cm, mild hepatomegaly, ascites, 2+ dependent edema, and wrist and ankle joint synovitis. There was no skin tightness or telangiectasias. Laboratory testing on admission included WBC 19.2 k/μL, hemoglobin 9.6 g/dL, platelet count 552 k/μL, ESR 64 mm/hour, AST 221U/L, ALT 354 U/L, ferritin 1270 ng/mL ( Discussion and Conclusion Pulmonary manifestations of ASD include aseptic pneumonitis, pleural effusions, rarely acute respiratory distress syndrome, and restrictive lung disease. PAH has been reported in patients with scleroderma, SLE, MCTD, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and RA. However, this condition has only been reported once in a Japanese patient with ASD in 1990. We describe this patient with ASD with PAH without any other obvious cause; thus, we conclude it is likely secondary to pulmonary vascular changes related to ASD.
Failure to advise.

A recent Massachusetts case expands the concept of medical malpractice and the legal requirements of health care practitioners to their patients. Doctors can be found liable for negligence if they fail to advise patients to return for follow-up evaluations or treatment when symptoms persist or become worse. The legal theories involved and their implications are discussed.