cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of multihomed NEMO

Mobile networks can be formed in bus, train, aircrafts, satellites with a wide variety of on-board IP-enabled devices and Network Mobility (NEMO) protocols are required to support uninterrupted services to ongoing sessions. Earlier works have not demonstrated seamless handover for NEMO architecture. In this work, we proposed a handover scheme for NEMO that exploits the multi-homing feature of the Mobile Router and uses make-before-break strategy to ensure seamless handover for NEMO. Using experimental testbed, we have presented a thorough handoff performance evaluation of multihomed NEMO and compared it with basic NEMO. Results demonstrate that the proposed multihomed NEMO outperforms the basic NEMO while achieving seamless handover.
Expressions for coefficients of electrorheological fluid dampers

Useful expressions are developed for the damping coefficient of two types of viscous dampers that contain electrorheological (ER) fluids. The damping action in the first type occurs in flow between stationary parallel plates; the second type has annular flow between two stationary concentric cylinders. For ER fluid control, an electric field is applied across the gap in which the fluid flow occurs. The solution for the concentric cylinder damper is based on a thin gap approximation. These solutions may facilitate solving mechanical systems problems, using ER fluids, and demonstrate the controllability of ER dampers.
Induction of cytochrome P450 family 1 mRNAs and activities in a cell line from the frog Xenopus laevis

Cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1) includes four subfamilies of enzymes: CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP1C, and CYP1D. In many vertebrates, CYP1A, 1B, and 1C expression is induced by agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, including toxic contaminants such as chlorinated dioxins, coplanar chlorinated biphenyls, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Assessed at the level of mRNA, protein, or enzyme activity, CYP1s (especially CYP1As) represent potent and popular biomarkers of contaminant exposure in aquatic vertebrates. Alkylated resorufins are synthetic substrates used to detect, quantify, and describe catalytic activities of cytochrome P450s. The ability to oxidize specific resorufin-based substrates can distinguish the catalytic activities of individual CYP1s. Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, is the most widely employed amphibian model in aquatic toxicology, yet the number, inducibility, and activities of CYP1s have not been systematically characterized in this species. Here we report the cloning of cDNAs encoding two new CYP1 family members, X. laevis CYP1B and CYP1C, along with an integrated assessment of the induction of alkyloxyuresorufin-O-dealkylase (AROD) activities and mRNA expression of four known X. laevis CYP1s: CYP1A6, CYP1A7, CYP1B, and CYP1C. Using XLK-WG, an X. laevis kidney epithelial cell line, we determined that EROD (ethoxyresorufin substrate) and MROD (methoxyresorufin) were both induced 3000- to 5000-fold following 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure up to 250 nM, while BROD (benzyloxyresorufin) and PROD (pentyloxyresorufin) activity was not detectable regardless of TCDD treatment. TCDD induced CYP1A6 and CYP1A7 mRNAs by 2–3 orders of magnitude, while CYP1B and CYP1C were unchanged. The more potent AHR agonist, FICZ (6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole), induced CYP1B up to 10-fold at concentrations between 0.1 and 250 nM, while CYP1C induction was less than 3-fold. CYP1B mRNA showed the highest constitutive mRNA expression, 5- to 75-fold greater than the other CYP1 transcripts. Taken together, these results suggest that CYP1A6 and CYP1A7 perform the bulk of EROD and MROD activities we observed in these cells. The ability of each X. laevis CYP1 to catalyze oxidation of individual resorufin substrates remains to be determined. Correlating CYP1 mRNA and induced AROD activity is a significant step toward clarifying the biochemical meaning of these biomarkers and the roles of CYP1 enzymes in X. laevis. The cell culture approach represents an important complement to the long standing use of frog embryos and tadpoles in toxicological studies, providing a well suited model system for determining the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of these important biomarkers of contaminant exposure.
Temporal analysis of English and Spanish narratives

Two groups of 45 adolescent young men, native speakers of English and Spanish, respectively, retold a narrative after individual auditory and/or visual presentation of an 80-sec episode. Spanish stories were longer in mean number of syllables, but shorter in mean number of words, than were English stories; word length in syllables was shorter in English. In most respects, silent pauses were comparable across the two languages, but vocal hesitations varied considerably. Articulation and speech rates were much faster in Spanish than in English. Auditory presentation elicited the longest stories, visual presentation the shortest; audio-visual presentation, despite the visual enrichment of the stimulus, elicited stories of inter-mediate length.
TERRITORIAL RED-BACKED SALAMANDERS CAN DETECT VOLATILE PHEROMONES FROM INTRUDERS

Previous research has shown that red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) are able to detect the unseen presence of conspecifics through pheromones left on the substratum. We conducted an experiment with territorial males to determine if they can also detect volatile (or airborne) components of pheromones from male and female intruders. By placing pheromone-laden substrata from source males and females inside or outside a perforated Petri dish, we found that males respond aggressively towards male pheromones inside the dish relative to a control and nose tapped dishes containing both source males' and females' pheromones more than the control. We did not find evidence that residential males could differentiate between volatile components of males' and females' pheromones, but they responded more aggressively towards males' than towards females' pheromones when they had direct access to pheromone-laden substrata. These data suggest that territorial males need not patrol their small territories in search of intruders but can detect such intruders through volatile components of their pheromones. Direct contact with pheromones on the substratum may be necessary for males to differentiate between male and female intruders.
Singular values and condition numbers of galerkin matrices arising from linear integral equations of the first kind

In (1) the problem of the conditioning of matrices arising in the numerical solution of integral equations of the first kind by Galerkin and collocation schemes was investigated. A lower bound on the matrix condition number was found and its behavior as a function of the smoothness of the kernel of the original equation was studied. Some numerical results presented in (1) and much more extensive studies reported in (2) served to demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the theory. In these studies all basis functions were required to be orthonormal. Current computational methods frequently use non-orthonormal bases (for example, splines), and the question naturally arises as to whether such bases yield better conditions. Actually, in both (1) and (2) piecewise constant splines were examined as a special orthonormal set. They, of course, conformed to the general analytical theory. Computationally they usually proved more satisfactory than more classical orthonormal bases, providing both better conditioning and more satisfactory numerical results. In this paper the authors shall examine much more general bases including some that are spline-like. They show that in general little change is made in the analytical results found in (1). They also provide several corroborating numerical examples.
STUDIES OF NEGATIVE MAGNETORESISTANCE IN NEUTRON-IRRADIATED POLYCRYSTALLINE GRAPHITE AND IN BORONATED KISH GRAPHITE.

Abstract The changes in magnetoresistance resulting from substitutional introduction of boron atoms into the lattice of a single crystal of graphite were studied, as well as in polycrystalline graphite when defects (vacancies, interstitial atoms, etc.) are introduced by neutron irradiation. Measurements were performed at four temperatures: 300°, 77°, 4.2° and 1.6°K. Introduction of defects causes negative magnetoresistance to appear. The negative magnetoresistance of polycrystalline graphite shows in the process of gradual destruction of the graphitic lattice by neutron irradiation a quite different correlation with the Hall coefficient than is observed while the graphitic structure is formed in the original heattreatment process. The difference in behavior is believed to be related to the larger concentration of localized defects created and to the retention of some rudiments of the original structure in the case of irradiation.
Different Loading Times for Dental Implants: No Clinically Important Differences?

Data sources The Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, and Embase databases were searched. Reference lists of identified articles were also scanned for relevant papers. There were no restrictions on language or date of publication. Study selection Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel group design and of split-mouth design including root-form osseointegrated dental implants having a follow-up of four months to one year after loading were included. Data extraction and synthesis Data were independently extracted, in duplicate, by at least two review authors. The outcome measures were prosthesis and implant failures and radiographic marginal bone level changes. Risk of bias was assessed for each trial by at least two review authors. Results were combined using fixed-effect models with mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Autonomic interactions among subsidiary atrial foci.

Abstract Although the existence of a specific pacemaker hierarchy outside of the sinus node but within the atrium has been documented, little evidence regarding mechanisms controlling activity of these sites has been gathered. This investigation utilized an autologous perfusion of the sinus nodal artery, by way of the femoral artery, in order to suppress the sinus node cholinergically while unmasking latent atrial sites. Electrograms were recorded from the region of the sinus node and several atrial sites. Perfusion with small doses of acetylcholine and physostigmine unmasked pacemakers outside of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, but within the atrium. Either vagal stimulation or topical acetylcholine on the area of the presumed pacemaker returned dominance gradually toward the sinus node. Stimulation of the right stellate ganglion accelerated the latent pacemaker but did not shift activation toward the sinus node. These results are consistent with the existence of subsidiary atrial pacemakers that appear to be highly sensitive to the effects of acetylcholine. This may represent one mechanism, in addition to overdrive suppression, that maintains pacemaker hierarchy within the right atrium.
Discriminant Analysis of Electroencephalograms Recorded from Renal Patients

Cassification of electroencephalograms (EEGs) recorded from renal patients and normal subjects by discriminant-analysis-based techniques is described. The method for generation of two discriminant functions and a classification space is discussed and the classifier is tested on a randomly selected set of normal subjects and azotemic patients. The results of the discriminant function classification method are compared with another previously used method for assessing the amount of slow-wave-related EEG activity that is correlated with increasing renal failure. Finally, the discriminant functions are used to track a single patient from azotemia to dialysis and transplant.
“Green” preferences as regulatory policy instrument

Abstract We examine here the suggestion that if consumers in sufficient numbers are willing to pay the premium to have power generated using low-emission technologies, tax or permit policies become less necessary or stringent. While there are implementation difficulties with this proposal, our purpose is more fundamental: Can economics make sense of using preferences as a regulatory instrument? If “green” preferences are exogenously given, to what extent can or should they be regarded as a substitute for other policies? Even with “green” preferences, production and consumption of polluting goods continue to impose social costs not borne in the market. Moreover, if green preferences are regarded as a policy instrument, the “no policy” baseline would require a problematic specification of counterfactual “non-green” preferences. Viewing green preferences as a regulatory policy instrument is conceptually sensible if the benchmark for optimal emissions is based on value judgments apart from the preferences consumers happen to have. If so, optimal environmental protection would be defined by reference to ethical theory, or, even less favorably, by prescriptions from policy advocates who give their own preferences great weight while giving those of the public at large (and the costs they bear) very little consideration.
Galvanomagnetic Effects, Magnetostriction, and Spin-Orbit Interaction in Cu-Ni-Fe and Other Ferromagnetic Nickel Alloys

In the triangular diagram of Cu-Ni-Fe alloys, the line of zero linear magnetostriction ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}$ approximately coincides with the line of zero extraordinary Hall constant ${R}_{s}$ and may be interpreted as the line where a $3d$ orbital degeneracy crosses the Fermi level. The "ferromagnetic anisotropy of resistivity" $\frac{({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{II}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}}$ of quenched Cu-Ni-Fe alloys containing more than 60 wt% Ni has been measured at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, where impurity scattering dominates. The large anisotropy values observed in Ni-Fe alloys decrease gradually by addition of copper. In particular, the anisotropy decrease along the line ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}=0$ suggests that the orbital degeneracy is partially lifted by the addition of copper. This line differs from a line of constant electron concentration, indicating a departure from the rigid-band model. A $3d$ band model with separate iron, nickel, and copper sub-bands correctly predicts the location of the line if the degeneracy is assumed to be located at the top of the nickel sub-band (bottom of the iron sub-band). The same assumption applies successfully to Me-Ni-Fe alloys, where Me is any metal (Cr, W, Mo, V, etc.) forming a nonmagnetic sub-band above the Fermi level. Existing data show that the extraordinary Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{{H}_{s}}=\frac{{R}_{s}{M}_{s}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}}$ is roughly proportional to the magnetostriction ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}$ for all fcc Ni-Fe, Cu-Ni, and Cu-Ni-Fe alloys at $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{c}$, with a slope \ensuremath{\approx}2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{+9}$ mks.
More social movements or fewer? Beyond political opportunity structures to relational fields

If social movements are an attempt by “outsiders” to gain leverage within politics, then one might expect the global spread of democracy to reduce social movement activity. This article argues the reverse. Granted, many past social movements, such as women's rights and civil rights, were efforts to empower the disenfranchised. However, this is not typical. Rather, social movements and protest tactics are more often part of a portfolio of efforts by politically active leaders and groups to influence politics. Indeed, as representative governance spreads, with the conviction by all parties that governments should respond to popular choice, then social movements and protest will also spread, as a normal element of democratic politics. Social movements should therefore not be seen as simply a matter of repressed forces fighting states; instead they need to be situated in a dynamic relational field in which the ongoing actions and interests of state actors, allied and counter-movement groups, and the public at large all influence social movement emergence, activity, and outcomes.
Fraser fir seedling gas exchange and growth in response to elevated CO2

Abstract Growth and gas exchange characteristics were examined in Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir.) seedlings grown from seed in elevated (713 ppm) or ambient (374 ppm) CO 2 for 1 year (two artificial growing seasons) to determine the potential influence of a twice-ambient CO 2 concentration on this species. A subset of seedlings was transplanted from 172 cm 3 pots into 1000 cm 3 pots at 7 months to determine if CO 2 effects were dependent on rooting volume. At 5 and 12 months, net photosynthesis ( P net ) and leaf conductance ( g l ) were lower in elevated CO 2 -grown seedlings grown in 172 cm 3 pots than in ambient CO 2 -grown seedlings when measured at either 346 or 796 ppm CO 2 . For 12-month-old seedlings grown in 1000 cm 3 pots, P net was reduced by an elevated CO 2 growth environment only when measured at 346 ppm CO 2 , although g l was lower in these seedlings when measured at either CO 2 measurement level. Seedlings grown in both pot sizes and in elevated CO 2 for 1 year had greater height, diameter, and leaf, stem, root and total dry weights than seedlings grown in ambient CO 2 . Specific leaf weight ( SLW ) was greater in elevated than in ambient CO 2 -grown needles only in the large pot size treatment. These results suggest that Fraser fir seedling growth will increase in a future elevated CO 2 environment despite changes in gas exchange characteristics.
Distribution of peculiar velocities from cosmic strings

Abstract The peculiar velocities due to multiple cosmic string impulses is found to have a normal distribution whose mean and standard deviation can be written in terms of the string network evolution parameters. It appears that the observed peculiar velocities may be accounted for in the scenario although there may be a problem with the scaling of peculiar velocities with the size of the region. Some uncertainties in the predictions are discussed.
Collaborative marketing for electronic resources

Purpose – The project outlined in this seeks to answer the question: “Is a collaborative model of benchmarking the marketing of electronic resources feasible?”Design/methodology/approach – The project is designed as a national working group of approximately 100 college and university libraries all moving together through the process of a typical marketing cycle, running a brief marketing campaign, and reporting findings. All participating institutions will perform these steps at the same time, beginning in October 2011 and completing the project at the end of February 2012.Findings – Based on the data gathered as the result of the project, it is hoped to determine if college and universities working together and sharing data could help to define “best practices” in the marketing of electronic resources using a collaborative model.Originality/value – The literature in the area of marketing of electronic resources in libraries is sparse and, as a result, a path for the successful marketing of the resources ...
Investigation of Alkali Metal-Water Interactions in Acetonitrile

Abstract The exchange of acetonitrile into and out of the coordination sphere of alkali metal ions is fast on the NMR time scale and slow on the vibrational time scale. This results in separate infrared and Raman spectra for coordinated and non-coordinated solvents in solutions of alkali metal salts in acetonitrile. The 1H NMR spectra, on the other hand, are averages of coordinated and non-coordinated environoments. Addition of water to solutions of alkali metal salts in acetonitrile indicates that the cation is again preferentially solvated by water. The water completely replaces acetonitrile in the lithium coordination sphere until four waters have been added. Water also displaces the first acetonitrile from the coordination sphere of sodium and potassium ions. However, when additional water is added there is an equilibrium mixture of various species. Spectroscopic study of these solutions allows one to gain insights about the energetics and geometry of the cation. Experimental results from NMR, Raman and IR measurements along with extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations are used to discuss the alkali metal cation- water-acetonitrile system.
Various Findings in Surgically Treated Epilepsy Patients with Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumors in Comparison with Those of Patients with Other Low-grade Brain Tumors and Other Neuronal Migration Disorders

Summary: Purpose: To determine whether dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) that belong to the neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are to be classified with them or with “other low-grade brain tumors” regarding several etiologic, clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and EEG findings. Methods: These findings of 21 DNT patients were compared with those of 13 consecutive patients with other low-grade brain tumors and 41 NMD patients. Results: The result is absolutely clear: nearly all findings in DNT patients (complications during pregnancy, birth, the newborn period and the postnatal period, age at first seizure, epileptic syndrome, seizure type, febrile seizures, retarded milestones, intellectual and neurologic deficits, MRI, interictal and ictal EEG findings) being similar or in agreement with those of other low-grade brain tumors, not with those of other NMDs. Conclusions: Regarding various clinical features including surgery outcome, MRI, and EEG findings, DNTs should be classified with the other low-grade brain tumors, rather than with NMDs.
Parathyroid hormone is associated with decreased fat mass in young healthy women

Objective: To investigate the relationship of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with dietary calcium and changes in body composition. Design: Cross-sectional and 1-year longitudinal trial. Subjects: Normal-weight young women (age: 18-31), 155 subjects analyzed at baseline, and data for 41 subjects analyzed prospectively between baseline and 12 months. Measurements: Levels of fasting serum calcium and PTH, intakes of calcium (3-day diet records), and total body weight and body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). Results: Baseline dietary calcium, regardless of whether unadjusted or adjusted for energy intake, did not predict baseline levels of fasting serum PTH. Change in dietary calcium also did not predict change in serum PTH. However, log PTH was significantly correlated with body fat mass (R=0.27), but not lean mass at baseline (n=155), independent of serum calcium (corrected R=0.25). Further, 12-month changes (n=41) in log PTH positively predicted the 12-month change in body weight (R=0.32) and body fat (R=0.32), but not lean mass even when controlled for age or change in serum calcium. Conclusion: Fasting serum PTH was associated with increased fat mass, in both cross-sectional and prospective analysis. Thus, serum PTH may play a role in the regulation of body fat mass in young women.
Factors affecting isomer yield for n-heptane hydroisomerization over as-synthesized and dealuminated zeolite catalysts loaded with platinum

Pt loaded Y, USY, beta, mordenite, ZSM-12, and ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios and a USY and ZSM-12 sample having enhanced activity were studied for the hydroisomerization of n-heptane. All the possible heptane isomers were obtained over Pt/H-ZSM-12 and the product distribution was closer to that over Y and beta catalysts, but very different from that over Pt/H-ZSM-5. Shape-selective effects in ZSM-12 resulted in a significantly higher isomer yield than the beta and Y-zeolite catalysts. For Y, beta, and ZSM-12 samples having very little extraframework aluminum, changing the Si/Al ratio did not affect the isomer yield. However, USY and ZSM-12 samples that showed enhanced activity were very sensitive to the Pt precursor and Pt loading, which caused huge differences in their activity and isomer selectivity. The Pt dispersion in the enhanced activity catalysts was also much lower. A careful optimization of the precursor, amount of Pt loaded, and pretreatment conditions is essential to achieve good balance between the metal and the acid functions in these catalysts. The optimized enhanced activity catalyst is able to provide isomer yields approaching that obtained over the regular catalysts, which suggests that zeolite acidity is not directly affecting the isomer selectivity. These results indicate that the maximum isomer yield for a Pt/H-zeolite catalyst is obtained when the metal and acidic functions of the catalysts are well balanced. Therefore, it may not be possible to increase the isomer yield beyond this maximum by modifying the acidity characteristics of the catalyst. Mordenite and ZSM-5 catalysts showed low isomer yields, but acid dealumination of the parent mordenite improved the isomer yield, possibly due to creation of mesopores.
Interstitial recurrence, with chronic inguinodynia, after Lichtenstein herniorrhaphy

Not long after Lichtenstein and Shulman (1986) introduced their subaponeurotic repair, Nyhus (1989) expressed concern regarding subprosthetic incarceration. Even though interstitial recurrence was not encountered over the subsequent decade or more, one of us (AIG) was referred three cases over the past 3 years. Two men and a woman suffered from chronic inguinodynia 1-6 years following a Lichtenstein procedure for unilateral primary inguinal herniation. A mass, in an unusual location (spigelian line) was palpated in one, the other two required ultrasound studies for diagnosis. All at surgery revealed indirect sacs, and one also had a separate protrusion in the lateral triangle of the groin. Two were repaired laparoscopically, the other using a bilayer connected prosthetic device. Our hypothesis is that this painful complication is now appearing because of recent modifications to the operative technique. An overlay lax dome-shaped prosthesis cannot be relied on to always initially collapse the inguinal canal. Mini-dissection, by limiting exposure, may prevent placement of the keyhole in the mesh close enough to the internal inguinal ring. Studies are under way to determine the validity of these conclusions.
Flow between finite, steadily rotating eccentric cylinders

While concentric cylinder flows exhibit Ekman pumping at small values of the Reynolds number, once the container symmetry is broken, fluid particles migrate toward the horizontal midplane within the diverging part of the flow domain, and they move away from the midplane within the converging part of the domain. Under this condition, Ekman pumping is evident only at the widest and at the narrowest sections of the gap. When gradually increasing the Reynolds number, the flow acquires a cellular structure in a manner reminiscent of Benjamin's symmetric flow data. The cells spread from the stationary end-plates and link up at the center. The cells persist round the cylinder with varying strength and thus are truly toroidal. We show evidence of solution multiplicity at higher values of the Reynolds number by calculating two qualitatively different flows. One flow contains four cells, the other contains six, and both are supported by identical steady-state conditions.
The nucleus of a point determining graph

A graph is point determining if distinct points have distinct neighborhoods. In this paper we investigate the nucleus G^0={@[email protected]:[email protected] is point determining} of a point determining graph G. In particular, we characterize those graphs that are the nucleus of some connected point determining graph.
The 19F(3He, 6Li)16O reaction at 40 MeV: A study of the multi-particle-multi-hole structure of 16O excited states

Abstract The 19 F( 3 He, 6 Li) 16 O reaction has been studied at 40.7 MeV from θ lab = 5° to 170°. Excitation functions have been measured at 20°, 70° and 165°. The reaction mechanism is found to be predominantly direct, except at backward angles where a compound-nucleus process dominates. Zero-range DWBA calculations fail to account for the shape of the angular distributions. The role of finite-range effects is discussed, and satisfactory fits to the angular distributions are obtained by assuming a fixed-range interaction between the 3 He and the transferred triton-like fragment. Because of the observed selective population of the 16 O excited states, several conclusions about their multi-particle-multi-hole structure can be derived. In particular, a test of current shell-model wave functions is provided for the low-lying excited states, and the role of P 3 2 −1 configurations is pointed out.
RhoA-kinase coordinates F-actin organization and myosin II activity during semaphorin-3A-induced axon retraction

Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. During development, axon retraction is an important aspect of the pruning of inappropriately targeted axons in response to repellent guidance cues. I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. I report that semaphorin 3A activates myosin II in growth cones and axons. Myosin II activity is required for axon retraction but not growth cone collapse. Furthermore, semaphorin 3A promotes the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles in concert with the loss of F-actin in growth cone lamellipodia and filopodia. Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. Conversely, RhoA-kinase activity was required to shut down F-actin polymerization underlying protrusive activity. Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. I suggest that in the context of semaphorin 3A signaling, RhoA-kinase serves as a switch to change the function of the F-actin cytoskeleton from promoting protrusive activity to generating contractile forces.
On the hazards of assessing character pathology in an outpatient setting: a brief clinical note.

Personality disorder patients are not regarded favorably by young doctors eager for “good” therapy cases. In addition, examining physicians may experience thinlyveiled hostility to the hedonistic orientation of such patients.
Response of a correlated double sampling circuit to 1/f noise [generated in CCD arrays]

Correlated double sampling (CDS) was introduced by White et al. (1974) as a technique for removal of switching transients and elimination of the Nyquist (reset) noise, both of which are associated with charge sensing circuits employed in charge-coupled device arrays. An additional advantage is the attenuation of the 1/f noise component in the charge sensing circuits due to the zero in the CDS noise transfer function at the origin (/spl omega/=0). The effect of the CDS circuit on the reset noise and Johnson-Nyquist (white) noise in the associated circuitry has been adequately described (see ibid., vol.SC-11, no.1, p.147, 1976). The author presents an analysis of the effect of the CDS circuit on the 1/f noise component generated in the preceding CCD circuitry.
Computerized Prediction of Glass Compositions from Properties

A computer technique is described which allows prediction of glass compositions which have arbitrary sets of properties. The technique involves equations which can be used to calculate the properties of a glass when only its composition is known. The application of the method to soda-lime silicate glasses is discussed.
Gigahertz planar photoconducting antenna activated by picosecond optical pulses.

We have generated 1–20-GHz microwave pulses by illuminating an Fe-compensated InP wafer with 50-ps optical pulses at normal incidence. The process of the generation of microwave radiation was monitored and analyzed directly through a 40-GHz sampling oscilloscope with precision. The saturation properties, the waveform evolution, and the optical coupling efficiency of the gigahertz photoconducting antenna are discussed. The flexibility, compactness, and high-resolution features offered by this technique merit new applications for radar communication as well as for other microwave detecting devices.
The effect of phosphatides on utilization of vitamin A and carotene.

SummaryVitamin A-depleted rats fed a vitamin-free diet, supplemented with synthetic B vitamins and 2 U.S.P. units of vitamin A in the form of carotene, failed to gain weight in spite of the presence of 4% cottonseed oil in the diet. Satisfactory growth was obtained when soybean phosphatides (1%) were added to the diet. An amount of soybean oil (0.3 %) equivalent to that contained in the soybean phosphatides used also promoted growth but to a lesser degree. Rats fed the vitamin A-deficient diet supplemented with soybean oil and 2 units of vitamin A appeared in poor condition and began to lose weight after the third week.Substitution of cod liver oil in place of carotene as the source of vitamin A in the diet, with addition of soybean oil or soybean phosphatides resulted in a growth response similar to that obtained with carotene. However, cod liver oil alone also caused some gain in weight.In the presence of soybean phosphatides, carotene was as well utilized as vitamin A under the conditions of our experi...
Fatigue behavior of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm asphalt additives

Abstract The long-term performance of pavement is associated with various factors such as pavement structure, materials, traffic loading, and environmental conditions. Improving the understanding of the fatigue behavior of the specific rubberized warm mix asphalt (WMA) is helpful in recycling the scrap tires and saving energy. This study explores the utilization of the conventional fatigue analysis approach in investigating the fatigue life of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing the WMA additive. The fatigue beams were made with one rubber type (−40 mesh ambient crumb rubber), two aggregate sources, two WMA additives (Asphamin ® and Sasobit ® ), and tested at 20 °C. A total of eight mixtures were performed and 29 fatigue beams were tested in this study. The test results indicated that the addition of crumb rubber and WMA additive not only reduced the mixing and compaction temperatures of rubberized asphalt mixtures offset by crumb rubber but also effectively extended the long-term performance of pavement when compared with conventional asphalt pavement. In addition, the exponential function forms are efficient in achieving the correlations between the dissipated energy and load cycle as well as mixture stiffness and load cycle.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE ROOTS AND ROOT HAIRS OF A WINTER RYE PLANT (SECALE CEREALE)

AS AN element of the plant cover, grasses are efficient as soil binders and occupy a particularly prominent place in erosion studies. Their compact fibrous root systems develop mainly in the upper soil levels which gives them a very advantageous position in soil binding. Fortunately their economic importance as field and forage crops makes their cultivation porfitable from an agricultural standpoint as well as from one of soil conservation. The investigations by Weaver and his associates (1926) have given a general picture of the subterranean parts of many plants. Reports of these investigations deal more particularly with the horizontal and vertical distribution of root systems. A recent paper by Pavylechenko (1937) is one of the first attempting a quantitative survey of the roots of a mature plant. In this study, dealing with competition between weed and crop plants, Pavylechenko reports the total root length of several individual field grasses -namely, wild oats, 54.3 miles; Marquis wheat, 44.2 miles; and Prolific spring rye, 49.1 miles. These figures were based upon measurements of single plants grown widely separated. The survey of the root systems of these plants did not include all roots. Pavylechenko states there were "further subdivisions" which were neither counted nor measured. Had these, the quaternary roots, been included, the total figures would certainly have been much higher, probably doubling his reported totals. In general the work on root hairs has been carried on by a group of investigators whose interests have been mainly in growth responses as influenced by external factors, and apparently none of them has made a count of root hairs for an entire well-developed plant. This paper gives the figures for the root and root hair systems of a single cereal plant, Secale cereale L. Of several grasses studied in a preliminary waynamely, Andropogon furcatus Muhl., Sorgastrum nutans (L.) Nash., Poa pratensis L., and Triticum sativum L.-winter rye was selected because it has been used successfully in retarding erosion and also because of its importance as a grain and forage crop. Studies in progress deal similarly with several other grasses. The seedling of winter rye produces a whorl of four primary roots. These function for a number of weeks but disappear later as numerous permanent adventitious roots grow out from the base of the stem area and become the main roots of the plant. Branches from these are the more numerous secondary roots which in turn give rise to the tertiary
The correlation between DNA adducts and chromosomal aberrations in the target organ of benzidine exposed, partially-henatectomized mice

An experimental system was developed to test the association between benzidine--DNA adduct levels and chromosome aberrations in the target organ, the liver, of mice. A 2/3 partial hepatectomy was performed (0 h), then the animals were treated with benzidine (0, 7.8, 19.5, 38.2 or 97.8 mg/kg, i.p.) and an agar-coated 50 mg 5-bromodeoxyuridine tablet was implanted subcutaneously (58 h). Colcemid was given at 4 mg/kg i.p. (70 h), and the animals were sacrificed 2 h later. The liver from each animal was divided, with portions allocated for cytogenetics and DNA adduct analysis. DNA adducts were analyzed with the 32P-postlabeling technique. DNA adduct and chromosomal aberration data were available on a total of 43 animals. Benzidine was shown to be a potent clastogen in liver, the target organ, as opposed to its reported weak activity in the bone marrow. A linear dose response was demonstrated for benzidine--DNA adducts found in the liver. The correlation between adduct levels and aberrations in individual animals was 0.43 (P less than 0.05). However, most of the residual variance was due to four outlying cases. When these cases were removed from the data set and the analysis repeated, the linear correlation coefficient increased to 0.74. When the data were analyzed by dose groups, the correlation was 0.91. These data support the hypothesis that carcinogen-DNA adducts are responsible for the induction of chromosomal aberrations, and perhaps other genotoxic events, including neoplasia.
Measurement Models, Estimation, and the Study of Change

The study of change is based on the idea that the score or index at each measurement occasion has the same meaning and metric across time. In tests or scales with multiple items, such as those common in the social sciences, there are multiple ways to create such scores. Some options include using raw or sum scores (i.e., sum of item responses or linear transformation thereof), using Rasch-scaled scores provided by the test developers, fitting item response models to the observed item responses and estimating ability or aptitude, and jointly estimating the item response and growth models. We illustrate that this choice can have an impact on the substantive conclusions drawn from the change analysis using longitudinal data from the Applied Problems subtest of the Woodcock–Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery–Revised collected as part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care. Assumptions of the different measurement models, their benefits and limitations, and ...
Anti-estrogen inhibition of androgen induced sexual receptivity in rats.

It has been known for some time that the administration of testosterone propionate or testosterone propionate plus progesterone can induce lordosis behavior in female rats much as can estrogen treatment. It has been suggested that this phenomenon reflects an androgen to estrogen metabolism of the administered testosterone. In the present study it was argued that if this hypothesis were true it should be possible to block androgen induced lordosis with an anti-estrogen which is known to block estrogen induced lordosis. Ovariectomized female rats were administered either testosterone propionate plus progesterone or testosterone propionate plus anti-estrogen plus progesterone. Androgen treatment led to the display of lordosis; anti-estrogen blocked androgen induced lordosis. The anti-estrogen used was CI-628 (CN 55,945-27, Parke, Davis). When this anti-estrogen was administered to male rats it failed to block androgen maintained seminal vesicle weight, or normal male mating patterns suggesting that this agent does not possess anti-androgenic properties. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that androgen induces female lordosis patterns by first being converted to estrogen.
Prenatal tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alters cognitive function and amphetamine response from weaning to adulthood in the rat

Research suggests that not only is marijuana use prevalent among women of reproductive age, but a significant number of women continue to use marijuana and its derivatives throughout pregnancy. Many studies have shown, in both humans and animals, that marijuana exposure during adolescence and adulthood is detrimental to normal cognition and memory. In this study, we examined the effects of daily intravenous injections of 0.15 mg/kg Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), given to pregnant dams throughout gestation, on cognitive function in the offspring. Offspring were exposed to three tests: a passive avoidance test at postnatal day (PND) 22, an active place avoidance test at PND 45, and an attention task at PND 60, which assessed learning and long-term memory, spatial working memory and prediction, and attention, respectively. Other offspring were also given a 1mg/kg amphetamine challenge at PND 60. Passive avoidance testing showed that prenatal THC had no effect on acquisition but interfered with consolidation during retention testing. The active place avoidance task showed no treatment-related effects on acquisition but a significant treatment effect was observed in reversal performance in males. The attention task showed that a smaller percentage of THC-exposed rats completed the test, although the failure rate of both groups was quite high. Finally, THC exposed animals, both male and female, showed a dampened locomotor response to amphetamine, but females were more active than males overall. These results suggest that prenatal THC exposure has effects on certain aspects of cognitive function in rats from weaning to adulthood. These effects suggest that prenatal marijuana exposure could also alter cognitive function in humans and therefore have an impact on school performance and dampen responses to psychostimulants as well.
Cyclin D1-dependent kinase activity in murine development and mammary tumorigenesis

Cyclin D1 is a multifunctional protein that activates CDK4 and CDK6, titrates Cip/Kip CDK inhibitors to increase CDK2 activity, and modulates the function of certain transcription factors. To specifically test the importance of cyclin D1-associated kinase activity, we generated "knockin" mice expressing mutant cyclin D1 deficient in activating CDK4/6. The development of several cyclin D1-dependent compartments, including mammary glands, proceeds relatively normally in these animals, demonstrating that cyclin D1-associated kinase activity is largely dispensable for development of these tissues. Strikingly, knockin mice were resistant to breast cancers initiated by ErbB-2. These results demonstrate a differential requirement for cyclin D1-CDK4/6 kinase activity in development versus tumorigenesis and strongly support cyclin D1-dependent kinase activity as a specific therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Social media recommendation based on people and tags

We study personalized item recommendation within an enterprise social media application suite that includes blogs, bookmarks, communities, wikis, and shared files. Recommendations are based on two of the core elements of social media - people and tags. Relationship information among people, tags, and items, is collected and aggregated across different sources within the enterprise. Based on these aggregated relationships, the system recommends items related to people and tags that are related to the user. Each recommended item is accompanied by an explanation that includes the people and tags that led to its recommendation, as well as their relationships with the user and the item. We evaluated our recommender system through an extensive user study. Results show a significantly better interest ratio for the tag-based recommender than for the people-based recommender, and an even better performance for a combined recommender. Tags applied on the user by other people are found to be highly effective in representing that user's topics of interest.
Sashay: designing for wonderment

No longer confined to our offices, schools, and homes, technology is expanding at an astonishing rate across our everyday public urban landscapes. From the visible (mobile phones, laptops, and blackberries) to the invisible (GPS, WiFi, GSM, and EVDO), we find the full spectrum of digital technologies transforming nearly every facet of our urban experience. Many current urban computing systems focus on improving our efficiency and productivity in the city by providing "location services" and/or interactive navigation and mapping tools. While agreeing with the need for such systems, we are reminded that urban life spans a much wider range of emotions and experiences. Our claim is that our successful future urban technological tools will be those that incorporate the full range of urban experiences -- from improving productivity and efficiency to promoting wonderment and daydreaming. We discuss intervention as a research strategy for understanding wonderment; demonstrate an example of such a study using a matchbook experiment to expose relationships between locations and emotions within a city; and use the results to develop Sashay -- a mobile phone application that promotes wonderment by visualizing an individual's personal patterns across the invisible, manufactured geography of mobile phone cellular towers.
Automating Radiologist Workflow, Part 3: Education and Training

The current model for radiologist education consists largely of mentorship during residency, followed by peer-to-peer training thereafter. The traditional focus of this radiologist education has historically been restricted to anatomy, pathology, and imaging modality. This "human" mentoring model becomes a limiting factor in the current practice environment because of rapid and dramatic changes in imaging and information technologies, along with the increased time demands placed on practicing radiologists. One novel way to address these burgeoning education and training challenges is to leverage technology, with the creation of user-specific and context-specific automated workflow templates. These automated templates would provide a low-stress, time-efficient, and easy-to-use equivalent of "computerized" mentoring. A radiologist could identify the workflow template of interest on the basis of the specific computer application, pathology, anatomy, or modality of interest. While the corresponding workflow template is activated, the radiologist "student" could effectively start and stop at areas of interest and use the functionality of an electronic wizard to identify additional educational resource of interest. An additional training feature of the technology is the ability to review "proven" cases for the purposes of establishing competence and credentialing.