cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of the reggeon-reggeon cut

Abstract The reggeon-reggeon cut amplitude is studied in a model which differs from the conventional Mandelstam graph model in that the component reggeon-particle scattering amplitude is given by the dual model. As DeGrand and DeTar have recently emphasized, it is not at all obvious that in such a model the relative proportions of the diffractive, absorbed multiperipheral, and polyperipheral contributions to the cross section should be the same as given by Abramovskii, Gribov and Kancheli for the conventional model. However, we find that while the singularity structure of the dual reggeon-particle amplitude is quite different from that of the Feynman amplitude, the asymptotic behavior is also quite different with the result that these proportions are the same. This unexpected result suggests that these proportions are very model-independent and are a general consequence of the structure of reggeon amplitudes. Our work also leads to some additional insight into how to define reggeon cut amplitudes in a way independent of the Feynman graph model.
Personalized sequencing and the future of medicine: discovery, diagnosis and defeat of disease

The potential for personalized sequencing to individually optimize medical treatment in diseases such as cancer and for pharmacogenomic application is just beginning to be realized, and the utility of sequencing healthy individuals for managing health is also being explored. The data produced requires additional advancements in interpretation of variants of unknown significance to maximize clinical benefit. Nevertheless, personalized sequencing, only recently applied to clinical medicine, has already been broadly applied to the discovery and study of disease. It is poised to enable the earlier and more accurate diagnosis of disease risk and occurrence, guide prevention and individualized intervention as well as facilitate monitoring of healthy and treated patients, and play a role in the prevention and recurrence of future disease. This article documents the advancing capacity of personalized sequencing, reviews its impact on disease-oriented scientific discovery and anticipates its role in the future of ...
Optimal guidance for quasi-planar lunar ascent

The minimum-time controls (thrust pitch angle and thrust yaw angle) for the three-dimensional transfer of a constant-thrust rocket from one state to another over a flat moon are used to develop guidance laws for operation over a spherical moon. The objective is to evaluate the effect of making approximations on the size of the thrust pitch angle on the suitability of the resulting control law as a guidance law. After assuming small out-of-plane motion (small yaw angle), three pitch angle control laws (exact, first-order, and zeroth-order) are developed. The three laws are employed in the sample and hold guidance of a lunar ascent vehicle. All three laws satisfy the final conditions and give essentially the same pitch and yaw control histories. Since the zeroth-order law can be obtained completely analytically (no iteration processes), it merits consideration for ascent guidance.
Effect of carbon nanotube reinforcement on fracture strength of composite adhesive joints

This study investigated the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an epoxy adhesive additive for adhesive joints between steel–composite interfaces and composite–composite interfaces. The study also examined the effect of CNT functionalization to improve CNT dispersion and thus improve joint strength. Specimens were constructed by adhesively bonding two parallel coupons, with a starting crack at one end. The specimens were loaded to final failure in three-point bending for Mode II fracture. Critical strain energy release rate was used to compare fracture properties of each set of specimens. It was shown that additions of multi-walled CNTs on the order of 1 wt% with diameters on the order of 30 nm and lengths 5–20 μm enhanced fracture toughness for both steel–composite and composite–composite adhesive joints tested. However, other combinations of CNTs could significantly decrease fracture properties, likely due to agglomeration issues. Functionalization of nanotubes showed some limited promise. Scanning electron microscopy validated the improved dispersion of CNTs using functionalization, but also highlighted the shortening effects due to the harsh chemical treatment. In summary, the study illustrates the importance of various CNT parameters on fracture properties, and encourages further investigation and optimization of these parameters for applications of interest.
Research on the cost effectiveness of early educational intervention: implications for research and policy.

In the last decade, the “cost effectiveness” of early educational intervention has become a familiar argument for the expansion of such services to young children who are handicapped or living in poverty. Indeed, the claim is often broadened to support public provision of universal early childhood programs. At least two reasons are apparent for the popularity of the cost-effectiveness argument: (a) the commonsense appeal of early intervention as an investment in the future, and (b) the positive public response to programs that work and are fiscally responsible. One major purpose of this paper is to provide the information needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness arguments for early educational intervention. The other major purpose is to introduce psychologists to the methods of cost-effectiveness research so that they may be better equipped to evaluate, and participate in, cost-effectiveness studies. Thus, the core of this paper is a critical review of empirical research on the cost effectiveness of early educational intervention which serves both purposes. A context is provided for the review by the first two sections of the paper which discuss the broader empirical literature on early educational intervention and define economic concepts. In a final section, we offer our conclusions regarding interpretation of the research and recommendations for further research.
Splice variants of the alpha subunit of the G protein Gs activate both adenylyl cyclase and calcium channels

Signal transducing guanine nucleotide binding (G) proteins are heterotrimers with different alpha subunits that confer specificity for interactions with receptors and effectors. Eight to ten such G proteins couple a large number of receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters to at least eight different effectors. Although one G protein can interact with several receptors, a given G protein was thought to interact with but one effector. The recent finding that voltage-gated calcium channels are stimulated by purified Gs, which stimulates adenylyl cyclase, challenged this concept. However, purified Gs may have four distinct alpha-subunit polypeptides, produced by alternative splicing of messenger RNA. By using recombinant DNA techniques, three of the splice variants were synthesized in Escherichia coli and each variant was shown to stimulate both adenylyl cyclase and calcium channels. Thus, a single G protein alpha subunit may regulate more than one effector function.
Optimization of physiological lipid mixtures for barrier repair.

Three stratum corneum lipids, ceramides, cholesterol (CHOL), and free fatty acids (FA), are required for permeability barrier homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that application of one or two of these lipids to perturbed skin delays barrier recovery; only equimolar mixtures allow normal recovery. We asked here whether any physiological lipid mixtures improve barrier repair, as assessed by transepidermal water loss. Whereas an equimolar ratio of ceramides, CHOL, and FA (either the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, or the nonessential FAs, palmitic or stearic acids) allows normal repair, further acceleration of barrier repair occurs as the ratio of any of these ingredients is increased up to 3-fold. Similar preliminary results were obtained in damaged human skin. Likewise, while acylceramides alone delay barrier recovery, acylceramides:CHOL mixtures within a specific range of molar rations dramatically improve barrier repair. Furthermore, glycosyl ceramides, sphingomyelin, and triglycerides substitute effectively for ceramides and FA, respectively, but neither phospholipids nor cholesterol esters substitute for FA and CHOL, respectively. These studies show the specific requirements of selected stratum corneum lipid mixtures for optimized barrier repair in murine skin, with further validation in human skin. Utilization of physiologic lipids according to these parameters could lead to new forms of topical therapy for dermatoses (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and irritant dermatitis) triggered by abnormal barrier function.
Use of Mathematical Modeling in Determining the Effects of Electrode Configuration on Convection Currents in an Electric Glass Melter

A mathematical analysis of coupled heat transfer and natural convection in an all-electric glass furnace was conducted using a two-dimensional computer model. The model simulated numerically the complex interactions which occur among energy, mass, and momentum transfer in a vertical plane section through the melter. Computer-generated isotherm and streamline contour maps are presented for each of twelve different cases of vertical and horizontal rod-electrode pair configurations on the centerline section of a hypothetical all-electric glass furnace. The total electrical power consumption was held constant in all cases to establish a basis for comparison of the results. It is shown that both the temperature distribution and the circulation flow pattern in a glass melt can be markedly influenced by the power density distributions associated with electrodes of different length and orientation.
Chemically assembled heterojunctions of SnO2 nanorods with TiO2 nanoparticles via “click” chemistry

SnO2 is a promising material for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications because it exhibits high electron mobility, its conduction band lies at a convenient energy to act as an electron acceptor, and it can be easily grown in a variety of different nanostructures including nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanosheets. However, strategies for surface functionalization of SnO2 are much less well developed than alternative oxides. Here, we demonstrate the growth and subsequent chemical functionalization of SnO2 nanorods to enable the chemically directed assembly of SnO2 nanorod–TiO2 nanoparticle heterojunctions, and we characterize the charge-transfer properties using time-resolved surface photovoltage measurements. Vertically aligned SnO2 nanorods were grown via a high-pressure chemical synthesis method. The SnO2 nanorods were square in cross-section, exposing sidewalls consisting of {110}-type crystal planes. Functionalization via photochemical grafting with butenol yielded nanorods terminated with a high density of –OH groups that were converted to azide groups. The azide groups were linked with alkyne-modified TiO2 nanoparticles via the Cu(I)-catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, a form of “click” chemistry, thereby covalently grafting the TiO2 nanoparticles to the SnO2 nanorods. Time-resolved surface photovoltage measurements of the resulting adducts showed that the covalent bonding of TiO2 nanoparticles to the SnO2 nanorods enhances the interfacial charge transfer compared to the unmodified SnO2 nanorods, leading to an increased accumulation of holes at the surface.
Validity and Reliability of an Occupational Exposure Questionnaire for Parkinsonism in Welders

This study assessed the validity and test-retest reliability of a medical and occupational history questionnaire for workers performing welding in the shipyard industry. This self-report questionnaire was developed for an epidemiologic study of the risk of parkinsonism in welders. Validity participants recruited from three similar shipyards were asked to give consent for access to personnel files and complete the questionnaire. Responses on the questionnaire were compared with information extracted from personnel records. Reliability participants were recruited from the same shipyards and were asked to complete the questionnaire at two different times approximately 4 weeks apart. Percent agreement, kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and sensitivity and specificity were used as measures of validity and/or reliability. Personnel files were obtained for 101 of 143 participants (70%) in the validity study, and 56 of the 95 (58.9%) participants in the reliability study completed the retest of the...
Working memory and comprehension: A replication

Daneman and Carpenter (1980, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450–466) developed a measure of working memory capacity, the reading span test, which they related in several experiments to individual differences in reading comprehension skill. Because previous attempts to establish a relation between working memory and comprehension had failed, Daneman and Carpenter’s work has received a great deal of attention. The purpose of the present study was to provide a replication using independently constructed materials for both the reading span test and the comprehension tasks. The results essentially replicated those of Daneman and Carpenter, but there were some important qualifications.
Determination of plasma tocopherols by gas liquid chromatography

A method is described for the separation and determination of plasma tocopherols by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Proteins in 0.1 g samples of plasma were precipitated with ethanol containing a known amount of 5,7-dimethyltocol which served as an internal standard. Tocopherols were extracted into petroleum ether, purified by thin layer chromatography and analyzed as trimethylsilyl ethers by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) on 0.5% Apiezon L. Recoveries of α- and γ-tocopherols averaged 100% and 93%, respectively. The mean total tocopherol content of eight human plasma samples was 8.5 μg/g by GLC and 9.9 μg/g by a ferric chloride-α,α′-dipyridyl method. The α- and γ-tocopherol contents of 16 human plasma samples ranged from 4.0 to 12.3 μg/g and 0.6 to 2.1 μg/g, respectively.
Navigational Aids and Learner Control in Hypermedia Instructional Programs.

This study examined the effects of learner control and navigational aids on performance in a hypermedia instructional program. Results indicated that students who were permitted to move freely within the program and had access to navigational aids, interacted more with the program and this was associated with higher performance on the posttest. The findings revealed that students who had control over the sequence of their instruction deviated from a linear path significantly more often when provided with navigational aids such as those used in this study. Navigational aids may provide a structure that promotes more explanatory behavior or interaction for students under learner control conditions.
Discovery of 2-chloro-N-((4,4-difluoro-1-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl)-5-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)benzamide as a potent and CNS penetrable P2X7 receptor antagonist.

Focused SAR studies were carried out around 5-heteroaryl and 1-amide portions of the 2-chlorobenzamide scaffold, resulting in the discovery of a potent, metabolically stable and centrally penetrable antagonist against P2X 7 receptor.
Experimental methods for grinding studies in laboratory mills

Abstract The paper describes the sieving and grinding schedules necessary to express the breakage characteristics of a brittle material in terms of specific rates of breakage and primary breakage product distributions. It is demonstrated that larger particles can break abnormally, and that the primary breakage distributions are not always normalized.
A functional acetylcholine receptor in the human erythrocyte

Abstract The effects of carbamyl choline and epinephrine on membrane rigidity of human erythrocytes have been studied using spin-labeled fatty acids. Treatment of the cells with neurotransmitters increases the cation permeability of the membrane, resulting in an increase in rigidity which apparently involves fibrous proteins in the cell.
Murine 32D cl3 cells — A transfectable model of phagocyte granule formation

Abstract Granulocytes expose phagocytized microbes to microbicidal substances that are stored in cytoplasmic granules and delivered by fusion to the phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes). To determine if the murine myeloid cell line 32D cl3 is suitable as a genetic model of protein translocation to granules and phagosomes, we permanently transduced 32D cl3 cells with human HNP-1 defensin cDNA, incubated them with opsonized zymosan, and immunostained them for human defensin HNP-1. Although their phagocytic rate was much slower than that of neutrophil granulocytes, 32D cl3 cells ingested zymosan into vacuoles that accumulated most of the transgenic defensin. The 32D cl3 cell line should be useful for studies of the targeting of proteins to granules and phagosomes.
Evaluating the Accuracy of a Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognition System:

This paper presents a conceptual discussion of four human operator models that are potentially useful for supervisory control applications: the operator function model (Mitchell, 1987), the problem behavior graph (Newell and Simon, 1972), the decision ladder (Rasmussen, 1986), and goal-means network (Woods and Hollnagel, 1987). These models are characterized along the dimensions proposed by Jones and Mitchell (1987) and are further examined in-depth with the use of verbal protocols collected concurrently with the performance of a supervisory control task.
Two-Phase Greedy Pursuit Algorithm for Automatic Detection and Characterization of Transient Calcium Signaling

Ca $^{2+}$ plays an important role in the regulation of cellular functions. Local calcium events, e.g., calcium sparks, not only bring insights into Ca $^{2+}$ signaling but also contribute to the understanding of various cellular processes. However, it is challenging to detect calcium sparks, due to their transient properties and high level of nonstationary noises in microscopic images. Most of existing algorithms tend to have limitations for the detection of calcium sparks, e.g., empirically defined hard thresholds or poor applicability to nonstationary conditions. This paper presents a novel two-phase greedy pursuit (TPGP) algorithm for automatic detection and characterization of calcium sparks. In Phase I, a coarse-grained search is conducted across the whole image to identify the predominant sparks. In Phase II, adaptive basis function model is developed for the fine-grained representation of detected sparks. It may be noted that the proposed TPGP algorithms overcome the drawback of hard thresholding in most of previous approaches. Furthermore, the morphology of detected sparks is effectively modeled with multiscale basis functions in Phase II, thereby facilitating the analysis of physiological features. We evaluated and validated the TPGP algorithms using both real-word and synthetic images with multiple noise levels and varying baselines. Experimental results show that TPGP algorithms yield better performances than previous hard-thresholding approaches in terms of both sensitivities and positive predicted values. The present research provides the community a robust tool for the automatic detection and characterization of transient calcium signaling.
Topically applied Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG inhibits UVR-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas.

We present here that heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), when topically applied to mouse skin, inhibits UVR–induced development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In these experiments, DMSO:acetone (1:40 v/v) solution of 17AAG (500 nmol) was applied topically to mouse skin in conjunction with each UVR exposure (1.8 kJ m-2). The UVR source was Kodacel-filtered FS-40 sun lamps (approximately 60% UVB and 40% UVA). In independent experiments with three separate mouse lines (SKH-1 hairless mice, wild-type FVB, and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe)-overexpressing transgenic FVB mice), 17AAG treatment increased the latency and decreased both the incidence and multiplicity of UVR-induced SCC. Topical 17AAG alone or in conjunction with UVR treatments elicited neither skin nor systemic toxicity. 17AAG-caused inhibition of SCC induction was accompanied by a decrease in UVR-induced (1) hyperplasia, (2) Hsp90β-PKCe interaction, and (3) expression levels of Hsp90β, Stat3, pStat3Ser727, pStat3Tyr705, pAktSer473, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). The results presented here indicate that topical Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG is effective in prevention of UVR-induced epidermal hyperplasia and SCC. One may conclude from the preclinical data presented here that topical 17AAG may be useful for prevention of UVR-induced inflammation and cutaneous SCC either developed in UVR-exposed or organ transplant population.
Earth Radiation Budget Satellite

A satellite to measure the earth's radiation budget is to be integrated, tested, and delivered ready for launch on the space shuttle by April 1984. Although there have been Earth radiation budget instruments in NASA's experimental NIMBUS 6 and 7 spacecraft, this will be the first time this factor can be measured on a global basis over a 24-hour day. The earth absorbs more solar energy in some regions and emits more thermal energy in others. This heating differential sets wind and ocean currents in motion to transfer heat from heated to cooled areas. Hence, the earth's radiation budget, as a driving force for weather, is one of the factors on which comprehensive data are needed for better weather and climate predictions.
One School’s Implementation of RTI With English Language Learners: “Referring Into RTI”

The purpose of this study was to determine how a response-to-intervention (RTI) model was implemented with a large percentage of Latino English language learners who were having reading difficulties in an urban elementary school at the primary level (K-2). The authors sought to describe school personnel's perceptions of RTI, what the model looked like in their school, and the challenges they faced. The authors focused on how teachers' understandings, beliefs, judgments, professional development, and training affected the RTI decision-making process by investigating classroom-based literacy instruction and problem-solving meetings. This study contributes to the literature by presenting a qualitative, in-depth description of how teachers implemented an RTI model for English language learners. These themes were intertwined and functioned as a negative cycle that created a deficits-based RTI literacy model.
The simplest modification of Cu diffusion barrier dielectrics to improve Cu/Low-k interconnects reliability

In recent years, it has become more serious concern to achieve high reliability(EM, SM and TDDB) in Cu/Low-k interconnects. In this paper, we propose the simplest method to improve EM and SM reliability using the conventional SiCN deposition system without the complicated system and special source gases. And also, we propose a new hermeticity test procedure using TDS(Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy).
Distributed sampling rate adaptation for networked control systems

Building networked control systems is a promising direction that promotes the evolution of the traditional control systems. The ability of using different sampling rates in control systems provides the flexibility for adapting their resource needs based on the dynamic networking environment. This paper studies the dynamic rate adaptation problem for networked control systems. In particular, we define a utility function which quantifies the relationship between the performance of a control system and its sampling rate. Then we formulate the rate adaptation problem as an optimal resource allocation problem, where the aggregated utility is maximized. We further present a price-based algorithm, where prices are generated to reflect the network utilization penalties and are used as the basis for rate adaptation. We formally prove the stability of our algorithm. The rate adaptation algorithm is further evaluated in an integrated simulation environment that consists of Matlab and ns-2, which allows highly accurate evaluation of network effects on the NCS performance. The experiment results show that our algorithm is able to provide agile and stable sampling rate adaptation.
A new approach for alignment of multiple proteins.

We introduce a new graph-based multiple sequence alignment method for protein sequences. We name our method HSA (Horizontal Sequence Alignment) for it horizontally slides a window on the protein sequences simultaneously. Current progressive alignment tools build up final alignment by adding sequences one by one to existing alignment. Thus, they have the shortcoming of order-dependent alignment. In contrast, HSA considers all the proteins at once. It obtains final alignment by concatenating cliques of graph. In order to find a biologically relevant alignment, HSA takes secondary structure information as well as amino acid sequences into account. The experimental results show that HSA achieves higher accuracy compared to existing tools on BAliBASE benchmarks. The improvement is more significant for proteins with low similarity. 1. Motivation Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of protein sequences is one of the most fundamental problems in computational biology. It is an alignment of three or more protein sequences. MSA is widely used in many applications such as phylogenetic analysis 17 and identification of conserved motifs 22 . The alignment of two sequences with maximum score can be found in O(L 2 ) time using dynamic programing 14 , where L is the length of the sequences. This algorithm can be extended to align N sequences, but requires O(L N ) time 12,18 . A variety of heuristic MSA algorithms have been developed. Most of them are based on progressive application of pairwise alignment. They build up alignments of larger numbers of sequences by adding sequences one by one to existing alignment 5 . We call this a vertical alignment since it progressively adds a new sequence (i.e., row) to a consensus alignment. These methods have the shortcoming that the order of sequences to be added to existing alignment significantly a!e cts the quality of the resulting alignment. This problem is more apparent when the percentage of identities among amino acids falls below 25%, called the twilight zone 3 . The accuracies of most progressive sequence alignment methods drop considerably for such proteins. In this paper, we consider the problem of alignment of multiple proteins. We develop a graph-based solution to this problem. We name this algorithm HSA (Horizontal Sequence Alignment) as it horizontally aligns
Imaging endocytic clathrin structures in living cells

Our understanding of the clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway owes much to new visualization techniques. Budding coated pits and clathrin-coated structures are transient molecular machines with distinctive morphological characteristics, and fluorescently labeled versions of a variety of marker proteins have given us a tantalizing glimpse of the dynamics of the system in living cells. Recent live-cell imaging studies have revealed unexpected modes of coat assembly, with distinct kinetics, distinct recruitment of associated proteins, distinct requirements for the participation of actin and its accessory proteins, and apparently distinct mechanisms of membrane deformation. A crucial issue is to connect the events detected by light microscopy with the structures and properties of the molecular constituents. Here, I outline descriptions of coat assembly in different circumstances that are consistent with what is known from X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy.
Preventing HIV infection in heterosexual women: What do we know? What must we learn?

Abstract Women are becoming infected with HIV via heterosexual activity at an accelerating rate, both in the United States and globally. Although a number of evaluations of behavioral risk-reduction interventions for women have been reported, many suffer from methodological problems that weaken confidence in their findings, and furthermore it is clear that many women are unable to respond to the interventions that have been tested. Most women infected through heterosexual activity are infected by their primary partner, yet achieving consistent condom use with this partner can be highly challenging for women. The present article presents recent work and innovative ideas for intervention strategies that may be more feasible, and thus more effective, for women at risk for HIV infection by their primary male partner.
A New Bat (Chiroptera: Natalidae) from the Early Miocene of Florida, with Comments on Natalid Phylogeny

We describe a new extinct genus and species of bat belonging to the endemic Neotropical family Natalidae (Chiroptera) from the Thomas Farm Local Fauna in northern peninsular Florida of early Miocene age (18‐19 million years old). The natalid sample from Thomas Farm consists of 32 fossils, including a maxillary fragment, periotics, partial dentaries, isolated teeth, humeri, and radii. A proximal radius of an indeterminate natalid is reported from the I-75 Local Fauna of early Oligocene age (about 30 million years old), also from northern Florida. These fossils from paleokarst deposits in Florida represent the 1st Tertiary records of the Natalidae. Other extinct Tertiary genera previously referred to the Natalidae, including Ageina, Chadronycteris, Chamtwaria, Honrovits, and Stehlinia, may belong to the superfamily Nataloidea but do not fit within our restricted definition of this family. Eight derived characters of the Natalidae sensu stricto are discussed, 5 of which are present in the new Miocene genus. Intrafamilial phylogenetic analysis by parsimony of the Natalidae suggests that the 3 living subgenera, Natalus (including N. major, N. stramineus, and N. tumidirostris), Chilonatalus (including C. micropus and C. tumidifrons), and Nyctiellus (including N. lepidus), deserve full generic rank. The Natalidae apparently evolved in North America before the late Oligocene, went extinct in what is now the Nearctic region (i.e., Florida) after the early Miocene, and survived in tropical Middle America during the remainder of the Tertiary. The presence of 2 endemic genera and 4 endemic species suggests that natalids reached the West Indies by overwater dispersal early in their history (Oligocene or Miocene). The lack of a Tertiary fossil record, marginal distribution, and limited species richness and endemism of natalids in South America are suggestive of a comparatively late arrival on that continent, possibly in the late Pliocene after the beginning of the Great American Faunal Interchange.
A FAP46 mutant provides new insights into the function and assembly of the C1d complex of the ciliary central apparatus

Virtually all motile eukaryotic cilia and flagella have a ‘9+2’ axoneme in which nine doublet microtubules surround two singlet microtubules. Associated with the central pair of microtubules are protein complexes that form at least seven biochemically and structurally distinct central pair projections. Analysis of mutants lacking specific projections has indicated that each may play a unique role in the control of flagellar motility. One of these is the C1d projection previously shown to contain the proteins FAP54, FAP46, FAP74 and FAP221/Pcdp1, which exhibits Ca2+-sensitive calmodulin binding. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii null mutant for FAP46. This mutant, fap46-1, lacks the C1d projection and has impaired motility, confirming the importance of this projection for normal flagellar movement. Those cells that are motile have severe defects in phototaxis and the photoshock response, underscoring a role for the C1d projection in Ca2+-mediated flagellar behavior. The data also reveal for the first time that the C1d projection is involved in the control of interdoublet sliding velocity. Our studies further identify a novel C1d subunit that we term C1d-87, give new insight into relationships between the C1d subunits, and provide evidence for multiple sites of calmodulin interaction within the C1d projection. These results represent significant advances in our understanding of an important but little studied axonemal structure.
Prostate biopsy interpretation. Current concepts, 1999.

Early detection of prostate cancer is an enormous public health issue, accounting for more than 1 million biopsy and surgical specimens annually in the United States. The incidence of prostate cancer has tripled during the past decade owing to widespread use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination, creating a massive diagnostic and therapeutic burden for physicians. This article reviews diagnostic criteria for carcinoma, indications for repeat biopsy, and cancer mimics. Previously it was not possible to define fully the minimal criteria for prostatic adenocarcinoma owing to a lack of understanding of all of its mimics; these criteria for carcinoma are now sufficiently refined that one can separate out a category of suspicious foci that fall below the diagnostic threshold for malignancy.
Life-Cycle Wage Growth and Heterogeneous Human Capital

Wages grow rapidly for young workers, and the human capital investment model is the classic framework to explain this growth. While estimation and the theory of human capital have traditionally focused on general human capital, both have evolved toward models of heterogeneous human capital. In this article, we review and evaluate the current state of this literature. We exposit the classic model of general human capital investment and extend it to show how a model of heterogeneous human capital can nest previous models. We then summarize the empirical literature on firm-specific human capital, industry- and occupation-specific human capital, and task-specific human capital and discuss how these concepts can explain a wide variety of labor market phenomena that traditional models cannot.
Emigration, Generation, and Collective Memories: The Presence of the Past for Emigrants from the Former Soviet Union

Research on memory of public events consistently reveals generational effects, where individuals remember best the events from their “critical years” of adolescence and early adulthood—a phenomenon...
Antiretroviral Therapy in the Clinic

Currently, over 25 antiretroviral drugs and several fixed-dose drug combinations are available in most developed countries. Individual agents target many of the critical steps in the HIV replication cycle—entry, reverse transcription, integration, and proteolytic processing. Newer regimens offer greater convenience and less toxicity than ones previously used, and emerging data suggest that antiretroviral therapy should be initiated earlier during the natural history of HIV infection than was previously recommended (54). Randomized comparative testing has demonstrated superior clinical, immunologic, and virologic outcomes with certain drug combinations, although the use of certain otherwise effective antiretroviral regimens may sometimes be limited by co-morbid illnesses and toxicities. This review focuses on the translation of insights gleaned from both bench and clinical research into the day-to-day care of HIV-infected patients. We discuss the practical issues of how to choose an antiretroviral regimen, when to start therapy, how to monitor the clinical response, and how to adjust therapy for treatment failure or drug-associated toxicities.
PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF CAT LITTER

Eighteen commercial cot litters were characterized for the ,following physicul characteristics: water holding cupocity, dtying time, pH, cost, density. residual water, and particle size. Using senson, analysis, eight of the litters were evaluated ,for dustiness. clumpability arid odor control before and afier use and storage. The art litters dlfered substantinllv in both physical arid sensory properties. The cn,sttrl litters u>ere notedfiw their small uniform size, high water holding capacity und clunipability. The recycled litter w(is most dusty and ammoniacal; whereas, the granule litter had an inncitely offensive odor: The alfalfa litter had superior odor control. but neither clumped nor dried well. The clay litters could be differentiated by pH, residual wateK water holding capacio and could be classified as either perfumed arid nonperfumed. Some of the perfumed litters became intensely perfunied when used arid stored; whereas, the other perfumed litters behaved like the nonpet-fiumed litters and became more offensive.
Banking on Families: How Families Generate and Distribute Social Capital

Before we can determine the relevance of social capital to the sociology of family and kinship, we must fill the gaps in our theoretical knowledge. For example, we still do not know how couples, parents, children, and groups generate, accumulate, manage, and deploy social capital. Neither do we know the consequences of social capital for the welfare of families and their individual members. To investigate these areas, we must replace the makeshift measures currently in use with measures that do not confuse social capital with the presumed consequences of access to same. With this attention to theoretical elaboration and careful measurement, we will discover whether the idea of social capital is fruitful or merely decorative.
Process and Product: Contemporary British Theatre and its Communities of Women

Most of Great Britain's active women dramatists have found crucial support and encouragement for their work from communities of women in the theatre. Off stage, during the process of planning, writing, and rehearsing, collaborations have changed the standard theatrical work pattern and modified the way women writers conceive of drama. On stage, the products – the plays – reflect their communal generation in their focus on groups. In short, the collaborations, collectives, and groups which have encouraged and advanced women's theatrical work account for its particular verve. And while the position of women's theatre communities is now aesthetically and politically much more complicated than it was in the early 70s, playwright Sue Townsend can still proclaim, albeit more optimistically than most, that collaboration with a group ‘is the only way to work’.
Does the Evidence Make a Difference in Consumer Behavior? Sales of Supplements Before and After Publication of Negative Research Results

Objective To determine if the public consumption of herbs, vitamins, and supplements changes in light of emerging negative evidence.
TWO-YEAR DELAY IN PLUMAGE MATURATION OF MALE AND FEMALE 'ELEPAIO

Abstract I studied molt and plumage in the ‘Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis), a monarch flycatcher endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on the island of Hawai‘i from 1994–1997. I captured birds in mist nets, examined them for molt, measured their plumage color with Munsell color chips, and followed them for several years to document plumage changes. Male and female Hawai‘i ‘Elepaio exhibited three distinct post-juvenal plumages, first basic, second basic, and definitive basic, and thus have a two-year delay in plumage maturation. ‘Elepaio have a single annual molt, so there are no alternate plumages. The first prebasic molt is partial, but all subsequent molts are complete. The first basic plumage is juvenile-like and sexually monochromatic. The second basic and definitive basic plumages are sexually dimorphic in throat color. In each sex the second basic plumage resembles definitive plumage. Age-related plumage changes include increases in the whiteness, number, a...
Optimal Design of Short Fiber Bragg Grating Using Bat Algorithm With Adaptive Position Update

We propose a new method to optimally design short triangular-spectrum fiber Bragg gratings (TS-FBGs), using the metaheuristic bat algorithm (BA). In addition, we propose a novel modification, i.e., adaptive position update (APU), to optimize the index modulation within a predetermined range. The discrete layer-peeling algorithm is used to efficiently initialize BA. The APU improves the search performance and accuracy of the BA algorithm in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) design application. Using the proposed method, a 0.2-nm-bandwidth TS-FBG, operating in the C-band, is designed. The short-length FBG with chirp-free structure prevents complex phase modulation for practical considerations. In addition, a dual-wavelength TS-FBG of 0.75-nm bandwidth operating in the eye-safe region has been designed and provided the most accurate optimum design length. The latter is well suited for FBGs inscribed in high-birefringent fibers, which are utilized in multiwavelength fiber laser systems. For both cases, the accuracy and search performance of APU-BA are shown to be better than those of previously reported algorithms in the literature.
Using machine translation to convert between difficulties in rhythm games

A method is presented for converting between Guitar Hero difficulty levels by treating the problem as one of machine translation, with the different difficulties as different "languages." The Guitar Hero I and II discs provide aligned corpora with which to train bigram-based language models and translation models. Given an Expert sequence, the model can create sequences of Hard, Medium, or Easy difficulty that retain the feel of the original, while obeying heuristics typical of those difficulties. Training the model requires a single pass through the corpus, while translation is quadratic in the length of the Expert sequence. The method outperforms a recurrent neural network in producing sequences that match the hand-designed levels. The method may make it easier for amateurs to produce content for the Rock Band Network.
TESOL as a Professional Community: A Half-Century of Pedagogy, Research, and Theory.

This article reviews the developments in significant pedagogical and research domains in TESOL during the 50-year history of TESOL Quarterly. It situates these developments in the shift from a modernist to postmodern orientation in disciplinary discourses. The article also considers the changes in modes of knowledge dissemination in the journal by examining the changes in locations of research, authorship, article genres, and research methods. While there is an evolving diversity in the disciplinary discourses of TESOL that can appear to be a threat to the field's coherence, the article argues that this diversity can contribute to a more plural knowledge base and constructive disciplinary growth for TESOL.
High efficiency turbine blade coatings

The development of advanced thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) that exhibit lower thermal conductivity through better control of electron beam - physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) processing is of prime interest to both the aerospace and power industries. This report summarizes the work performed under a two-year Lab-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project (38664) to produce lower thermal conductivity, graded-layer thermal barrier coatings for turbine blades in an effort to increase the efficiency of high temperature gas turbines. This project was sponsored by the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Investment Area. Therefore, particular importance was given to the processing of the large blades required for industrial gas turbines proposed for use in the Brayton cycle of nuclear plants powered by high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs). During this modest (~1 full-time equivalent (FTE)) project, the processing technology was developed to create graded TBCs by coupling ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) with substrate pivoting in the alumina-YSZ system. The Electron Beam - 1200 kW (EB-1200) PVD system was used to deposit a variety of TBC coatings with micron layered microstructures and reduced thermal conductivity below 1.5 W/m.K. The use of IBAD produced fully stoichiometric coatings at a reduced substrate temperature of 600more » oC and a reduced oxygen background pressure of 0.1 Pa. IBAD was also used to successfully demonstrate the transitioning of amorphous PVD-deposited alumina to the -phase alumina required as an oxygen diffusion barrier and for good adhesion to the substrate Ni2Al3 bondcoat. This process replaces the time consuming thermally grown oxide formation required before the YSZ deposition. In addition to the process technology, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo plume modeling and spectroscopic characterization of the PVD plumes were performed. The project consisted of five tasks. These included the production of layered periodic microstructures in the coating, the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) modeling of particle transport in the PVD plume, functional graded layer development, the deposition of all layers to form a complete coating, and materials characterization including thermal testing. Ion beam-assisted deposition, beam sharing through advanced digital rastering, substrate pivoting, hearth calorimetry, infrared imaging, fiber optic-enabled optical emission spectroscopy and careful thermal management were used to achieve all the milestones outlined in the FY02 LDRD proposal.« less
Damage to dry crop seed by Red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, have been documented as damaging to planted field crop seed. The seeds are damaged before completion of germination. Five types of field crop seeds [wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; corn, Zea nays L.; grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; and soybean, Glycine max L.] were exposed to red imported fire ants under laboratory conditions to measure damage caused by feeding. The seeds were at an air-dry moisture condition, as typically sown by farmers. Corn, sorghum, and cotton seeds were tested with and without commercial insecticide treatments used on bagged retail-market seeds. Wheat was tested only as untreated seeds and soybean were tested as both inoculated and noninoculated seeds. Our results show that red imported fire ants feed on dry wheat, corn, and sorghum seeds and to a lesser degree on cotton and soybean seeds. Seed treated with an insecticide sustained less damage; however, if dry soil conditions allowed enough time for damage to exceeded 20-30%, as observed for sorghum, then there would still be a substantial risk to seed germination. Untreated wheat seed was the most heavily damaged and yet farmers in the red imported fire ant-infested region of the United States routinely plant untreated wheat seed. Red imported fire ant damage to the seeds of wheat, corn, sorghum, cotton, and soybean may vary from insignificant to severe, depending on exposure time to red imported fire ants, seed type, and whether or not a seed treatment was used.
5 – Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling

A functional approach in soil ecology focuses on integrating variables in soils. These variables include: decomposition rates, nutrient dynamics, soil respiration, and formation of soil structure. These generalized measurements summarize and integrate the combined actions of soil microflora and fauna, as influenced by abiotic variables and resource quality factors.