cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responses to atrazine of respiration, nitrification, and denitrification in stream sediments measured with oxygen and nitrate microelectrodes

Atrazine from agricultural runoff commonly pollutes streams in the Midwestern United States. Potential effects of atrazine on nitrification and denitrification were studied in sediment cores collected from a stream receiving relatively low inputs of atrazine. Nitrate and oxygen microprofiles were measured in these sediment cores using microelectrodes. After initial light and dark profile measurements, atrazine was added to overlying water resulting in concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 μg l−1 active ingredient. Microprofiles were measured again 1 and 6 days following the addition of atrazine. Rates of oxygen respiration, nitrification, and denitrification were determined from the microprofiles using a reaction-diffusion model. Oxygen respiration increased relative to its initial value in cores exposed to all atrazine concentrations. This resulted in a shallow oxic layer in sediment cores exposed to atrazine. Nitrification was inhibited in sediments exposed to 50 and 100 μg l−1 atrazine and was significantly higher than control in cores exposed to 10 μg l−1. In the light, denitrification increased relative to control in sediment exposed to 10 μg l−1 atrazine. Denitrification was inhibited by 100 μg l−1 atrazine in the dark. Total daily carbon mineralization resulting from aerobic and nitrate respiration was significantly higher in cores exposed to 10 μg l−1 atrazine than in control cores. These results suggest that atrazine can significantly alter nitrogen and carbon cycling in streams. Atrazine could affect stream recovery from nitrate pollution and could reduce total organic matter retention in streams.
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): apparent receptor binding in rat brain membranes.

Summary Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) binds to membranes of rat brain tissue via high- and low-affinity binding components. The high-affinity binding of TRH to brain membranes resembles binding to pituitary membranes in terms of its affinity and specificity for most peptides. In equilibrium studies, the dissociation constant for highaffinity binding to brain membranes is about 50 n M , which is about the same as for rat pituitary membranes, while low-affinity binding to brain membranes has a dissociation constant of about 5 μ M . Liver membranes display low-affinity binding for TRH with a dissociation constant similar to the low-affinity binding component of brain membranes. No high-affinity binding can be detected with liver membranes. Negligible saturable binding of TRH can be detected with membranes of any tissues examined other than liver, pituitary and brain. The dissociation constants for TRH binding to liver and pituitary determined by kinetic experiments measuring the rate constants for association and dissociation are close to dissociation constants determined by equilibrium experiments. In the cerebral cortex, the dissociation constant from kinetic experiments for the low-affinity binding site resembles the value obtained in equilibrium experiments, while a lower dissociation constant for the high-affinity binding site is obtained in the kinetic experiments. Saturable TRH binding occurs to a similar extent in most regions of the brain, though no high-affinity binding can be detected in the cerebellum. The dissociation constant of the binding site in the brain for TRH corresponds well to endogenous levels of TRH in the brain. The properties of high-affinity TRH binding in brain membranes correspond to those which might be anticipated for the physiological receptor for TRH in the brain.
Human Problem Solving in 2006

This paper presents a bibliography of a little more than 100 references related to human problem solving, arranged by subject matter. The references were taken from PsycInfo and Compendex databases. Only journal papers, books and dissertations are included. The topics include human development, education, neuroscience, research in applied settings, as well as animal studies. A few references from artificial intelligence are also given.
Are neonatal stem cells as effective as adult stem cells in providing ischemic protection

Background Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) may be a novel treatment modality for organ ischemia, possibly through beneficial paracrine mechanisms. However, stem cells from older hosts exhibit decreased function during stress. We therefore hypothesized that (1) BMSCs derived from neonatal hosts would provide protection to ischemic myocardium, and (2) neonatal stem cells would enhance postischemic myocardial recovery above that seen with adult stem cell therapy. Materials and methods Female adult Sprague Dawley rat hearts were subjected to an ischemia/reperfusion protocol via Langendorff isolated heart preparation (15 min equilibration, 25 min ischemia, and 60 min reperfusion). BMSCs were harvested from adult and neonatal mice and cultured through several passages under normal conditions (37°C, 5% CO 2 /air). Immediately prior to ischemia, 1 million adult or neonatal BMSCs were infused into the coronary circulation. Cardiac functional parameters were continuously recorded. Results Pretreatment with adult BMSCs significantly increased postischemic myocardial recovery as noted by improved left ventricular developed pressure, end diastolic pressure, contractility, and rate of relaxation. Neonatal stem cells, however, did not cause any noticeable improvement in myocardial functional parameters following ischemia. Conclusion Neonatal and adult BMSCs are distinctly different in the degree of beneficial tissue protection that they can provide. The data herein suggests that a critical age exists as to when stem cells become fully activated to provide their beneficial protective properties. Defining the genes that initiate these protective properties may allow for genetic amplification of beneficial signals, and the generation of “super stem cells” that provide maximum protection to ischemic tissues.
Femoral artery cannulation for thoracic aortic surgery: safe under transesophageal echocardiographic control.

Objective Choice of cannulation site (femoral, axillary) for cardiopulmonary bypass for thoracic aortic surgery is controversial. We review a single-center consecutive experience with femoral cannulation in the era of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods Femoral artery cannulation is our preference for both aneurysms and dissections. If intraoperative TEE (or preoperative computed tomography) shows mobile atheroma, we avoid femoral cannulation and use the right axillary artery. Charts were reviewed to detect any cannulation- or perfusion-related complications. Results Eight hundred eighty patients underwent cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass for thoracic aortic surgery: 767 femoral (87%) and 113 other (13%, 87 aortic, 22 axillary, 4 innominate). Among the femoral cases, 673 (87.7%) were elective and 94 (12.2%) urgent or emergency. Hospital survival was 723 of 767 (94%): 654 of 673 (97%) for elective cases and 69 of 94 (73%) for urgent or emergency cases. Survivals were 549 of 572 (95%) for ascending and arch, 91 of 97 (93%) for descending, and 83 of 98 (84%) for thoracoabdominal. Stroke (fixed neurologic deficit) occurred in 14 of 767 cases (1.8%): 9 ascending or arch and 5 descending or thoracoabdominal. There were 5 paraplegias in the descending or thoracoabdominal group. There was 1 instance of intraoperative descending dissection (well tolerated), no arterial ruptures, and 6 instances (0.7%) of local femoral arterial narrowing requiring surgical correction (patch graft). One patient (0.1%) had postoperative ischemia of the cannulated limb, and 25 patients (3.2%) had local wound problems (infection 21, seroma 4) treated conservatively. Conclusions This large experience in the TEE era strongly supports femoral cannulation for aortic surgery, with good survival, low stroke rate, minimal perfusion-related rupture or dissection, and minimal limb ischemia. If intraoperative TEE shows mobile atheroma, axillary cannulation is preferred.
Thiol oxidation inhibits nitric oxide-mediated pulmonary artery relaxation and guanylate cyclase stimulation

The mechanisms through which thiol oxidation and cellular redox influence the regulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) are poorly understood. This study investigated whether promoting thiol ox...
Investments in Remote Sensing Instrument Technologies

As NASA Earth scientists strive to better understand the global changes of the Earth system, investments in advanced remote sensing technologies have become increasingly important. This paper focuses on accomplishments from recent Earth science technology development activities that are leading to new instrument system and subsystem level suborbital and space-based measurement techniques. Instrument systems described herein will help scientist better understanding how changes in ice topography and thickness, global tropospheric winds, and atmospheric aerosols and trace gases are impacting the Earth system. The NASA Earth Science Technology Office, Instrument Incubator Program, manages this portfolio of technology investments as well as numerous other technology developments for the NASA Science Mission Directorate.
Mathematical Model of the lac Operon: Inducer Exclusion, Catabolite Repression, and Diauxic Growth on Glucose and Lactose

A mathematical model of the lactose (lac) operon was developed to study diauxic growth on glucose and lactose. The model includes catabolite repression, inducer exclusion, lactose hydrolysis to glucose and galactose, and synthesis and degradation of allolactose. Two models for catabolite repression were tested: (i) cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis inversely correlated with the external glucose concentration and (ii) synthesis inversely correlated with the glucose transport rate. No significant differences in the two models were observed. In addition to synthesis, degradation and secretion of cAMP were also included in the model. Two models for the phosphorylation of the glucose produced from lactose hydrolysis were also tested: (i) phosphorylation by intracellular hexokinase and (ii) secretion of glucose and subsequent phosphorylation upon transport back into the cell. The latter model resulted in weak catabolite repression when the glucose produced from lactose was transported out of the cell, whereas the former model showed no catabolite repression during growth on lactose. Parameter sensitivity analysis indicates the importance of key parameters to lac operon expression and cell growth: the lactose and allolactose transformation rates by beta-galactosidase and the glucose concentrations that affect catabolite repression and inducer exclusion. Large values of the allolactose hydrolysis rate resulted in low concentrations of allolactose, low-level expression of the lac operon, and slow growth due to limited import and metabolism of lactose; small values resulted in a high concentration of allolactose, high-level expression of the lac operon, and slow growth due to a limiting concentration of glucose 6-phosphate formed from allolactose. Changes in the rates of all beta-galactosidase-catalyzed reactions showed similar behavior, but had more drastic effects on the growth rate. Changes in the glucose concentration that inhibited lactose transport could extend or contract the diauxic growth period during growth in the presence of glucose and lactose. Moreover, changes in the glucose concentration that affected catabolite repression affected the cAMP levels and lac operon expression, but had a lesser effect on the growth rate.
A layer extraction system based on dominant motion estimation and global registration

We describe a system that extracts layers from a video sequence based on a method estimating and stabilizing the dominant motion. Our approach performs pair-wise registration of images parameterized by 2D affine or projective transformation as the first step. This pair-wise registration is based on: (1) hierarchical parameter estimation and refinement; (2) feature-matching; (3) FFT (fast Fourier transformation)-based global matching; and (4) RANSAC-based parameter estimation. A global registration is then performed among overlapping multi-frames. The global registration is based on inferring the topology (i.e. spatio-temporal relation among frames) and the characterization of the likelihood within overlapping areas. As the last step, we extract the background layer that consists of static components of the video stream after motion estimation. Our background extraction is based on deriving a pixel-wise color distribution in time and provides a basis for a compact description of a video. The presented approach is illustrated by a set of challenging examples.
U.S. Programme for Development of Satellite Services for Air Traffic Control

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is conducting experimental programmes to support introduction of satellite navigation and communications services into the air traffic control system during the 1990 time period. This work programme is closely related to the activities that have been conducted by the ICAO Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) Committee and will result in development of standards for avionics systems and services for the Global Positioning System (GPS), as well as digital voice and digital data link services. This paper summarizes the FAA programmes supporting the introduction of the new satellite services.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates Ca2+ Entry through L= and P-Type Ca2+ Channels in Rat Corticotropes*

CRH induces corticotrope membrane depolarization and facilitates action potential firing. The increase in electrical excitability causes large oscillatory increases in cytosolic Ca”- levels. In this study on highly enriched populations of cultured rat corticotropes, inhibitors were used to determine the contribution ofthe Na’ channel and Ca” channel subtypes to membrane excitability and cytosolic Ca”+ levels. Tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of the voltage-dependent Na’ channel, inhibited a rapid initial component of the action potential, but generally did not influence spontaneous or CRH-induced firing frequency. Tetrodotoxin also had no effect on spontaneous or CRHinduced cytosolic Ca*’ levels. The L-type Ca“ channel inhibitor nifedipine abolished spontaneous and CRH-induced action potentials and cytosolic Ca’ + transients, but did not eliminate the CRH-induced membrane depolarization or completely restore cytosolic Ca”’ to basal levels. Inhibition of P-type Ca”’ channels with w-agatoxin-IVA decreased action potential firing frequency and reduced the CRHinduced increase in cytosolic Ca”. The combination of nifedipine and w-agatoxin-IVA abolished the CRH-induced rise in Ca2- but did not abolish the membrane depolarization. Thus, cytosolic Ca’ + is mainly increased by CRH-induced action potentials that are completely dependent on L-type Ca” channels and partially regulated by P-type Ca”- channels. CRH-induced Ca” entry also occurs independently of action potentials and is due to P-type, and possibly L-type, Ca”’ channels activated by the CRH-induced membrane depolarization.
Feedback multiplier flat-panel television: III&#8212;Ion bombardment, dynode life, and ambient pressure

The gas-ion-feedback electron multiplier has been recognized for some time as capable of yielding a large-area electron source whose output can be spatially controlled on the scale of a picture element. Such a high-gain multiplier array can be conveniently formed using foils of oxidized Al-Mg alloy bonded to glass plates. During operation of the display the MgO dynodes of the electron multiplier are subject to intense ion and electron bombardment. This affects the device through three kinds of interaction. The ultimate life of a dynode is limited by sputtering. However, for the ion doses encountered during 104h of operation, the changes in secondary emission are not related primarily to sputtering damage but rather to the physisorption of the gas atoms on the MgO surface. This entrapment of gas also causes changes in the ambient pressure which must be compensated for. Finally, electron bombardment by itself can cause dissociation of MgO unless the MgO film has been stabilized by making the surface stoichiometric. Stabilized MgO dynodes can withstand a primary electron dose of 5000 C/cm2without damage and a dose of A+or He+ions of about 2 × 1017ions/cm2for an allowable decrease in secondary emission of 30 percent. An analysis of multiplier operation shows that a multiplier life of at least 104h can be expected in argon and helium; helium is the preferred choice because of the higher operating pressure and smaller sputtering damage to the electrodes. The sticking coefficient of 500-eV He ions on clean MgO at 23°C was measured to be 0.4 and it was found that at least six monolayers of He could be pumped into the dynodes. The characteristic time for gas release from the walls τ r is not constant but depends on the ion energy and on the degree of inward diffusion during the experiment. At 23°C, \tau_{r} > 100 h initially for 500-eV ions, and only 25 percent of the gas is recovered after three days. At 90° C, \tau_{r} \approx 1 h. These data were used to compute the pressure variations during various operating cycles. It is concluded that a gas supply is needed which is capable of delivering a total quantity of 20 1. torr of He on demand over hundreds of hours at 10-3torr, and which can reabsorb a comparable quantity of gas in about a minute. A pumping speed as small as 0.2 1/s would be sufficient to accomplish this.
Functional Analysis of KAP1 Genomic Recruitment

TRIM28 (KAP1) is upregulated in many cancers and has been implicated in both transcriptional activation and repression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, we show that KAP1 binding sites fall into several categories, specifically, the 3' coding exons of zinc finger (ZNF) genes and promoter regions of ZNFs and other genes. The currently accepted model is that KAP1 is recruited to the genome via interaction of its N-terminal RBCC domain with KRAB ZNFs (KRAB domain containing ZNFs). To determine whether the interaction of KAP1 with KRAB ZNFs is the mechanism by which KAP1 is recruited to genomic binding sites, we analyzed stable cell lines that express tagged wild-type and mutant KAP1. Surprisingly, deletion of the RBCC domain abolished KAP1 binding to the 3' exons of ZNF genes but KAP1 binding to promoter regions was unaffected. Using KAP1 knockdown cells, we showed that the genes most responsive to KAP1 were not ZNF genes but instead were either indirect targets or had KAP1 bound 10 to 100 kb from the transcription start site. Therefore, our studies suggest that KAP1 plays a role distinct from transcriptional regulation at the majority of its strongest binding sites.
Enhancing Teaching Assistants' (TAs') Inquiry Teaching by Means of Teaching Observations and Reflective Discourse

Recent education reform efforts advocate teaching the process of science (inquiry) in undergraduate lecture and laboratory classes. To meet this challenge, professional development for the graduate student instructors (teaching assistants, or TAs) often assigned to teach these classes is needed. This study explored the implementation of an observation protocol designed to support peer observation and reflection among TAs teaching inquiry-based undergraduate biology laboratories. The researchers of this study and TA-peers who are experienced in teaching inquiry used the protocol to observe novice TAs at the beginning, mid-point, and end of a semester-long teaching assignment. Novice TAs used a modified version of this protocol to observe an experienced and a novice TA. Analysis of post-semester interview data indicated engaging in both sets of observations and post-observation discussions facilitated by the protocol gave novice TAs new ways to teach content, guidance on implementing pedagogical theory, and means to improve communications with students and classroom management skills. Researchers also used quantitative data collected from the observations to document frequency of teaching and student behaviors associated with teaching inquiry and how these frequencies changed during the semester. Considerations for how to use both sets of data to inform changes in TA professional development are discussed.
DomoNet: a framework and a prototype for interoperability of domotic middlewares based on XML and Web Services

This paper proposes a novel architecture based on the services oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm to enable the interoperability among domotic middlewares through a "universal" XML-based home automation language.
Achievement of sustained deep remission with adalimumab in a patient with both refractory ulcerative colitis and seronegative erosive rheumatoid arthritis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is commonly associated with peripheral inflammatory arthritis, and it has been estimated that as many as 12% of IBD patients report these manifestations. However, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is rarely associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). Among all the biological agents available, nine have been currently approved for the treatment of RA. Conversely, only Infliximab and recently Adalimumab have been approved for UC. In particular, the efficacy of Adalimumab in UC has been demonstrated by both recent randomized controlled trials and real-life studies. Moreover, Adalimumab is a well-established treatment for RA. Herein, we describe a patient with RA and UC treated successfully with ADA.
Overestimation bias in mate competition

Abstract It has been proposed that selection has shaped the human mind to be predictably biased in domains where the costs of false-positive and false-negative errors have been asymmetrical throughout human evolutionary history. Using this logic, the current study predicts that men and women systematically overestimate the degree to which members of the opposite sex find their same-sex mating competition desirable. Ten photographs of opposite-sex targets were shown to a sample of men ( n =123) and women ( n =159), and they were asked questions pertaining to each target's desirability as a mate. The same photographs, this time with sex of target and participant being the same, were shown to a second group of men ( n =105) and women ( n =103), and they were asked to estimate the desirability of the depicted individuals to members of the opposite sex. Consistent with the mate competition overestimation bias hypothesis, men and women consistently overestimated the degree to which members of the opposite sex find members of their same sex attractive and desirable as potential mates.
Web enabled collaborative climate visualization in the Earth System Grid

The recent advances in high performance computing, storage and networking technologies have enabled fundamental changes in current climate research. While sharing datasets and results is already common practice in climate modeling, direct sharing of the analysis and visualization process is also becoming feasible. We report our efforts to develop a capability, coupled with the Earth system grid (ESG), for sharing an entire executable workspace of visualization among collaborators. Evolutionary history of visualizations of research findings can also be captured and shared. The data intensive nature of the visualization system requires using several advanced techniques of visualization and parallel computing. With visualization clients implemented through standard Web browsers, however, the ensuing complexity is made transparent to end-users. We demonstrate the efficacy of our system using cutting edge climate datasets.
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in pernicious anemia.

1. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism were measured in 16 patients with pernicious anemia. Seven of the patients were restudied in various stages of therapy. 2. The patients fell into two equal groups, those with severe anemia and those with moderate or no anemia. In the first group, cerebral blood flow was increased and cerebral vascular resistance decreased; in the second group, cerebal blood flow was decreased and vascular resistance increased. In both groups, cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption was decreased, as was cerebral venous oxygen tension . 3. There was a good correlation between the mental status defects and cerebral oxygen consumption and between severity of neurologic involvement and cerebral oxygen consumption. There was no correlation between cerebro-vascular resistance and cerebral oxygen consumption, nor between degree of anemia and cerebral oxygen consumption. 4. Specific therapy resulted in a moderate increase in cerebral oxygen consumption and cerebro-vascular resistance. In no instance did cerebral oxygen consumption become normal. 5. The disparity between the functional ability of the patients and the low values for cerebral metabolism is discussed. 6. It is concluded that pernicious anemia results in specific nervous system involvement not related to the anemia, and that this damage is at least partially irreversible in many patients.
Sources and transport of contaminants of emerging concern: A two-year study of occurrence and spatiotemporal variation in a mixed land use watershed.

The occurrence and spatiotemporal variation of 26 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) were evaluated in 68 water samples in 2011–2012 in the Zumbro River watershed, Minnesota, U.S.A. Samples were collected across a range of seasonal/hydrological conditions from four stream sites that varied in associated land use and presence of an upstream wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Selected CECs included human/veterinary pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, phytoestrogens, and commercial/industrial compounds. Detection frequencies and concentrations varied, with atrazine, metolachlor, acetaminophen, caffeine, DEET, and trimethoprim detected in more than 70% of samples, acetochlor, mecoprop, carbamazepine, and daidzein detected in 30%-50% of samples, and 4-nonylphenol, cotinine, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, tylosin, and carbaryl detected in 10%–30% of samples. The remaining target CECs were not detected in water samples. Three land use-associated trends were observed for the detected CECs. Carbamazepine, 4-nonylphenol, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, and carbaryl profiles were WWTP-dominated, as demonstrated by more consistent loading and significantly greater concentrations downstream of the WWTP and during low-flow seasons. In contrast, acetaminophen, trimethoprim, DEET, caffeine, cotinine, and mecoprop patterns demonstrated both seasonally-variable non-WWTP-associated and continual WWTP-associated influences. Surface water studies of CECs often target areas near WWTPs. This study suggests that several CECs often characterized as effluent-associated have additional important sources such as septic systems or land-applied biosolids. Finally, agricultural herbicide (atrazine, acetochlor, and metolachlor) profiles were strongly influenced by agricultural land use and seasonal application-runoff, evident by significantly greater concentrations and loadings at upstream sites and in early summer when application and precipitation rates are greatest. Our results indicate that CEC monitoring studies should consider a range of land uses, seasonality, and transport pathways in relation to concentrations and loadings. This knowledge can augment CEC monitoring programs to result in more accurate source, occurrence, and ecological risk characterizations, more precisely targeted mitigation initiatives, and ultimately, enhanced environmental decision-making.
Cost modelling of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas chlororaphis as biocontrol for competitive exclusion of Salmonella enterica on tomatoes

ABSTRACTPublished research on process-based models for biocontrol of foodborne pathogens on produce is limited. The aim of this research was to develop cost model estimates for competitive exclusion (CE) process using Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas chlororaphis (non-plant pathogenic and non-human pathogen) as biocontrol against Salmonella enterica on tomatoes. Cost estimates were based on material inputs, equipment, facilities, and projected processing conditions of post-harvest packaging of tomatoes. The microbiological data for inactivation of S. enterica was based on published papers. The small-scale processing facility was assumed to have a processing capacity of 2000 kg of tomatoes/hour for 16 h per day, operational 6 days a week, and for 3-months /year. The large-scale facility was assumed to have a processing capacity of 100,000 kg of tomatoes/hour. Estimated initial capital investment costs for small and large-scale models (production facility) were US$391,000 and US$2.1 million. Applicat...
Time in Romeo and Juliet

T is conventional for editors and critics to point out that in Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare compressed into a matter of days the action that took nine months in Brooke's Romeus and Juliet. They also note that there are a great many time references in the play, and, on the basis of these refererences, they construct a calendar for the events of the plot. But, even though allusions to time are made with great precision in the play, critics are not yet agreed about such a seemingly elementary chronological point as the number of days the plot covers. P. A. Daniel, for example, dedared in i878 that the play.ends "early in the morning of the sixth" day,' and he is followed in this belief by John Munro, among others, who defines the time as "less than six days".2 Caroline Spurgeon, differing only slightly from these critics in her time analysis, says that the lovers meet on Sunday and die on Thursday night,3 and G. B. Harrison also finds that the action covers five days.4 Raymond Chapman, however, believes that the play ends early Thursday morning and therefore that the events have occurred in four days,5 and Granville-Barker also takes this point of view.6 The fullest of these discussions are the ones by Daniel and Chapman, although Daniel's is nothing more than a summary of the events taking place on each day and Chapman's a brief note making no attempt to list every time reference. W. W. Lloyd in i856 recognized that this "breathless rapidity of incidents, this hasty interchange" is the "ruling motive with which all the accompaniments harmonize".7 Recently Brents Stirling has especialy developed the idea of the "haste theme" as a key to the play,8 but he is not concerned with arranging a chronology of events. Despite the attention which the time question has received, no one has gathered together all the precise time references and examined them. Such a list forms an impressive collection-partly because of its size (showing the extent to which the play is saturated with time allusions) and partly because the precision of the references makes it possible to know the exact time of day of
The Subtalar Angle: A Proposed Measure of Rearfoot Structure

The purpose of this study was to propose a new measure of rearfoot structure to further enhance the understanding of the function of the foot. Landmarks visible on sagittal plane radiographs were used to represent the approximate direction of the subtalar joint axis in the sagittal plane based upon descriptions from the literature of its orientation. Four landmarks were chosen, resulting in four calculated angles. One hundred lateral view radiographs were analyzed. The mean values ranged from 28.7 degrees to 47.7 degrees. These values are within the ranges reported from both cadaver and in vivo studies. Tests of repeatability of the measures resulted in intraclass coefficient values between 0.94 and 0.98, suggesting good reliability. All four angles correlated highly among each other (r = 0.88-0.97). Examination of the validity of any one of these measures is left to those who are able to accurately calculate the orientation of the subtalar joint axis.
Behavioral economics of drug self-administration. III. A reanalysis of the nicotine regulation hypothesis.

The maintenance of a characteristic level of nicotine in a smoker's body is referred to as nicotine regulation. Considerable research has examined this question of whether smokers regulate nicotine intake. This is because nicotine regulation raises the question of whether smokers who, to decrease their intake of tar, switch to low tar/low nicotine cigarettes will increase the number and/or intensity of cigarettes smoked. Although the results of studies examining nicotine regulation are reported as generally consistent, considerable variability exists across these analyses such that the health hazards of smoking low tar/nicotine cigarettes remains uncertain. In the present analysis, these studies were analyzed to ascertain whether a behavioral-economic interpretation could better quantify the effects of changing nicotine yield on individuals' nicotine and smoke consumption. Specifically, 17 nicotine-regulation studies were reanalyzed using a unit-price analysis (i.e., cost-benefit analysis). The reanalysis showed less variability across regulation studies than previously reported; a positively-decelerating demand curve was found across most studies, consistent with previous unitprice analyses of food- and drug-maintained behavior. The benefits of this reanalysis versus the traditional regulation interpretation are that the behavioral economics approach: 1) brings unity to a variable set of data, 2) shows a nonlinear relationship, previously considered to be linear, between nicotine consumption and nicotine yield, 3) shows that nicotine yields higher, and not lower, than the smoker's usual brand decrease smoke consumption and thus decreases consumption of the harmful agents in tobacco, 4) better quantifies the data and provides a more parsimonious interpretation that generalizes to other drugs and food-maintained behavior in humans and nonhumans and, 5) integrates behavioral and pharmacological factors that control the consumption of reinforcers. These results suggest the value of behavioral economics in the study of consumptive behaviors and clinically suggest, in agreement with the studies contained herein, that decreasing the smoker's usual nicotine yield can have potential healthrisks for smokers who are unable to stop smoking.
Do our best in technology supervision at a new circumstance of power grid

The paper summed up the situation of power supply technology supervision in past three years in Heilongjiang province,analyzed technology supervision index and presented some suggestions and thought about power supply technology supervision focusing on actual circumstance at present and discussed the significance of technology supervision effecting on condition-based overhaul.
Small business, manufacturing, and flexible specialization : Implications for the archivist

This article relates current research in the history of small business to archival practice. It compares the ways small and large firms are organized and function and describes how these differences are reflected in the records of such firms. The author discusses the implications of this model for documentation strategies and the appraisal of business records.
Measurement of background gamma radiation in the northern Marshall Islands

Abstract We report measurements of background gamma radiation levels on six islands in the northern Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Medren, and Runit onEnewetak Atoll; Bikini and Nam on Bikini Atoll; and Rongelap on Rongelap Atoll). Measurable excess radiation could be expected from the decay of 137Cs produced by the US nuclear testing program there from 1946 to 1958. These recordings are of relevance to safety of human habitation and resettlement. We find low levels of gamma radiation for the settled island of Enewetak [mean = 7.6 millirem/year (mrem/y) = 0.076 millisievert/year (mSv/y)], larger levels of gamma radiation for the island of Rongelap (mean = 19.8 mrem/y = 0.198 mSv/y), and relatively high gamma radiation on the island of Bikini (mean = 184 mrem/y = 1.84 mSv/y). Distributions of gamma radiation levels are provided, and hot spots are discussed. We provide interpolated maps for four islands (Enewetak, Medren, Bikini, and Rongelap), and make comparisons to control measurements performed on the island of Majuro in the southern Marshall Islands, measurements made in Central Park in New York City, and the standard agreed upon by the United States and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) governments (100 mrem/y = 1 mSv/y). External gamma radiation levels on Bikini Island significantly exceed this standard (P = <<0.01), and external gamma radiation levels on the other islands are below the standard. To determine conclusively whether these islands are safe for habitation, radiation exposure through additional pathways such as food ingestion must be considered.
Faith and Fact

FAITH has been presented in the last two chapters as the interpretative element within the religious person’s claimed awareness of God. Such a view raises at once the question whether faith entails any factual claims about “what there is” and “how things are” in the universe, or whether it is what R. M. Hare has called a blik, that is, a way of looking at the world which terminates in the world itself.1 The aim of this chapter is to present the full challenge of that question.
Scintillation properties of Eu2+-doped KBa2I5 and K2BaI4

Abstract We report two new ternary metal halide scintillators, KBa2I5 and K2BaI4, activated with divalent europium. Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed that KBa2I5 has a monoclinic structure (P21/c) and that K2BaI4 has a rhombohedral structure (R3c). Differential scanning calorimetry showed singular melting and crystallization points, making these compounds viable candidates for melt growth. We grew 13 mm diameter single crystals of KBa2I5:Eu2+ and K2BaI4:Eu2+ in evacuated quartz ampoules via the vertical Bridgman technique. The optimal Eu2+ concentration was 4% for KBa2I5 and 7% for K2BaI4. The X-ray excited emissions at 444 nm for KBa2I5:Eu 4% and 448 nm for K2BaI4:Eu 7% arise from the 5d–4f radiative transition in Eu2+. KBa2I5:Eu 4% has a light yield of 90,000 photons/MeV, with an energy resolution of 2.4% and K2BaI4:Eu 7% has a light yield of 63,000 ph/MeV, with an energy resolution of 2.9% at 662 keV. Both crystals have an excellent proportional response to a wide range of gamma-ray energies.
Metal Sandwich Membrane Improves Hydrogen Separation and Production and is Economic to Fabricate

(1996). Metal Sandwich Membrane Improves Hydrogen Separation and Production and is Economic to Fabricate. Materials Technology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 5-6.
Sound and the Auditory System

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the physical nature of sound, the manner in which it is transmitted and transformed within the ear, and the nature of auditory neural responses.
Strong Cosserat elastic effects in a unidirectional composite

Strong Cosserat elastic effects are observed in a designed composite consisting of unidirectional corrugated tubes in a hexagonal array. The torsional characteristic length is much larger than the tube diameter. The effective coupling number N approaches its upper bound of 1. Extremely large size effects are observed, about a factor of 128 in torsion.
Optogenetic excitation of cholinergic inputs to hippocampus primes future contextual fear associations

Learning about context is essential for appropriate behavioral strategies, but important contingencies may not arise during initial learning. A variant of contextual fear conditioning, context pre-exposure facilitation, allows us to directly test the relationship between novelty-induced acetylcholine release and later contextual associability. We demonstrate that optogenetically-enhanced acetylcholine during initial contextual exploration leads to stronger fear after subsequent pairing with shock, suggesting that novelty-induced acetylcholine release primes future contextual associations.
Mechano growth factor, a splice variant of IGF-1, promotes neurogenesis in the aging mouse brain

Mechano growth factor (MGF) is a splice variant of IGF-1 first described in skeletal muscle. MGF induces muscle cell proliferation in response to muscle stress and injury. In control mice we found endogenous expression of MGF in neurogenic areas of the brain and these levels declined with age. To better understand the role of MGF in the brain, we used transgenic mice that constitutively overexpressed MGF from birth. MGF overexpression significantly increased the number of BrdU+ proliferative cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVG). Although MGF overexpression increased the overall rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis at the proliferation stage it did not alter the distribution of neurons at post-mitotic maturation stages. We then used the lac-operon system to conditionally overexpress MGF in the mouse brain beginning at 1, 3 and 12 months with histological and behavioral observation at 24 months of age. With conditional overexpression there was an increase of BrdU+ proliferating cells and BrdU+ differentiated mature neurons in the olfactory bulbs at 24 months when overexpression was induced from 1 and 3 months of age but not when started at 12 months. This was associated with preserved olfactory function. In vitro, MGF increased the size and number of neurospheres harvested from SVZ-derived neural stem cells (NSCs). These findings indicate that MGF overexpression increases the number of neural progenitor cells and promotes neurogenesis but does not alter the distribution of adult newborn neurons at post-mitotic stages. Maintaining youthful levels of MGF may be important in reversing age-related neuronal loss and brain dysfunction.
The bright side of relational communication: Interpersonal warmth as a social emotion

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on one of the most common and most important emotions—interpersonal warmth. Interpersonal warmth is the pleasant, contented, intimate feeling that occurs during positive interactions with friends, family, colleagues, and romantic partners. Warmth can also be conceptualized as the pleasant emotional connection or attachment that one feels when communicating with loved ones. Similar feelings arise when one feels connected to nature. A cluster of constructs demonstrates that interpersonal warmth is both ubiquitous and important in one's emotional and relational lives. All of these constructs—intimacy, relational closeness, bondedness, attachment, and involvement—can be conceptualized as multicomponential constructs that include or are relevant to interpersonal warmth. Close relationships are affectively intense with positive emotions typically dominating. However, the majority of violent acts, including rapes and murders, occur in close relationships. The behavioral component of attachment focuses on the actions and communicative messages people use to keep them close to their partners or, conversely, to facilitate autonomy by placing physical distance between themselves and others.
Effects of Early Integrated Palliative Care on Caregivers of Patients with Lung and Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background The family and friends (caregivers) of patients with advanced cancer often experience tremendous distress. Although early integrated palliative care (PC) has been shown to improve patient-reported quality of life (QOL) and mood, its effects on caregivers' outcomes is currently unknown. Materials and methods We conducted a randomized trial of early PC integrated with oncology care versus oncology care alone for patients who were newly diagnosed with incurable lung and noncolorectal gastrointestinal cancers and their caregivers. The early PC intervention focused on addressing the needs of both patients and their caregivers. Eligible caregivers were family or friends who would likely accompany patients to clinic visits. The intervention entailed at least monthly patient visits with PC from the time of diagnosis. Caregivers were encouraged, but not required, to attend the palliative care visits. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Medical Health Outcomes Survey Short-Form to assess caregiver mood and QOL. Results Two hundred seventy-five caregivers (intervention n = 137; control n = 138) of the 350 patients participated. The intervention led to improvement in caregivers' total distress (HADS-total adjusted mean difference = -1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.76 to -0.15, p = .029), depression subscale (HADS-depression adjusted mean difference = -0.71, 95% CI -1.38 to -0.05, p = .036), but not anxiety subscale or QOL at week 12. There were no differences in caregivers' outcomes at week 24. A terminal decline analysis showed significant intervention effects on caregivers' total distress (HADS-total), with effects on both the anxiety and depression subscales at 3 and 6 months before patient death. Conclusion Early involvement of PC for patients with newly diagnosed lung and gastrointestinal cancers leads to improvement in caregivers' psychological symptoms. This work demonstrates that the benefits of early, integrated PC models in oncology care extend beyond patient outcomes and positively impact the experience of caregivers. Implications for practice Early involvement of palliative care for patients with newly diagnosed lung and gastrointestinal cancers leads to improvement in caregivers' psychological symptoms. The findings of this trial demonstrate that the benefits of the early, integrated palliative care model in oncology care extend beyond patient outcomes and positively impact the experience of caregivers. These findings contribute novel data to the growing evidence base supporting the benefits of integrating palliative care earlier in the course of disease for patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers.