cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triage and optimization: A new paradigm in the treatment of massive pulmonary embolism

Abstract Background Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a highly fatal condition. Although venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) and surgical pulmonary embolectomy in the management of massive PE have been reported previously, the outcomes remain less than ideal. We hypothesized that the institution of a protocolized approach of triage and optimization using VA-ECMO would result in improved outcomes compared with historical surgical management. Methods All patients with a massive PE referred to the cardiac surgery service between 2010 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were stratified by treatment strategy: historical control versus the protocolized approach. In the historical control group, the primary intervention was surgical pulmonary embolectomy. In the protocol approach group, patients were treated based on an algorithmic approach using VA-ECMO. The primary outcome was 1-year survival. Results A total of 56 patients (control, n = 27; protocol, n = 29) were identified. All 27 patients in the historical control group underwent surgical pulmonary embolectomy, whereas 2 of 29 patients in the protocol approach group were deemed appropriate for direct surgical pulmonary embolectomy. The remaining 27 patients were placed on VA-ECMO. In the protocol approach group, 15 of 29 patients were treated with anticoagulation alone and 14 patients ultimately required surgical pulmonary embolectomy. One-year survival was significantly lower in the historical control group compared with the protocol approach group (73% vs 96%; P = .02), with no deaths occurring after surgical pulmonary embolectomy in the protocol approach group. Conclusions A protocolized strategy involving the aggressive institution of VA-ECMO appears to be an effective method to triage and optimize patients with massive PE to recovery or intervention. Implementation of this strategy rather than an aggressive surgical approach may reduce the mortality associated with massive PE.
Discrete Choice Experiments on The Acceptability of Monetary-Based Health Treatments: A Replication and Extension to Deposit Contracts

Although incentive-based treatments can promote a range of health-related outcomes, including smoking cessation and weight loss, researchers have found that they have poor acceptability under some conditions. The present studies add to the literature by examining the current acceptability of incentive-based treatments using discrete choice experiments in which low acceptability was previously demonstrated. In Study 1, we assessed the acceptability of financial and grocery voucher incentives compared to standard treatments for smoking cessation and weight loss (n = 51). In Study 2, we assessed the acceptability of deposit contracts and financial incentives versus standard treatments (n = 50). Acceptability was measured as the proportion of participants who chose incentive-based treatments over standard treatments, evaluated across a range of effectiveness levels (10–40%). In both studies, financial incentives and standard treatments were equivalently acceptable when stated effectiveness was equal. Deposit contract acceptability was also equivalent to financial incentives and standard treatments at equal effectiveness levels. Last, the acceptability of all incentives increased as stated effectiveness increased. Our findings correspond with some recent evaluations indicating that incentive-based treatments may be more acceptable than previously shown. Future work should explore methods to increase their adoption across diverse stakeholders and settings.
The effects of acute ethanol intoxication on cerebral energy metabolism.

It has long been known that anesthetics inhibit respiration in many tissues including brain and can, in yeast or heart extracts, lead to a reduction of cytochrome b while cytochromes c and a remain oxidized (Keilin, D. 1925 & 1929).
Assembly and dissociation of human insulin and LysB28ProB29-insulin hexamers: a comparison study

Purpose. Investigations into the kinetic assembly and dissociation of hexameric LysB28ProB29-human insulin (LysPro), a rapid-acting insulin analog produced by the sequence inversion of amino acids at positions B28 and B29, were designed to explain the impact that the sequence inversion has on the formulation and pharmacokinetics of the insulin analog.
Transcriptional profiling of small samples in the central nervous system.

RNA amplification is a series of molecular manipulations designed to amplify genetic signals from small quantities of starting materials (including single cells and homogeneous populations of individual cell types) for microarray analysis and other downstream genetic methodologies. A novel methodology named terminal continuation (TC) RNA amplification has been developed in this laboratory to amplify RNA from minute amounts of starting material. Briefly, an RNA synthesis promoter is attached to the 3′ and/or 5′ region of cDNA utilizing the TC mechanism. The orientation of amplified RNAs is “antisense” or a novel “sense” orientation. TC RNA amplification is utilized for many downstream applications, including gene expression profiling, microarray analysis, and cDNA library/subtraction library construction. Input sources of RNA can originate from a myriad of in vivo and in vitro tissue sources. Moreover, a variety of fixations can be employed, and tissues can be processed for histochemistry or immunocytochemistry prior to microdissection for TC RNA amplification, allowing for tremendous cell type and tissue specificity of downstream genetic applications.
Guest or Temporary Foreign Worker Programs

Abstract The purpose of guest or temporary foreign worker programs (TFWPs) is to add workers to the labor force but not permanent residents to the population, meaning that TFWPs are based on the principle of rotating foreign workers in and out of the country. A third of the roughly 115 million foreign-born workers in the world’s 3.5 billion strong labor force in 2013 were guest workers, including up to a third in Gulf oil-exporting and other Middle Eastern countries. The US immigration reforms debated over the past decade would expand current and create new guest worker programs.
Hispanic mothers' accounts of vaccinating their adolescent children against HPV: features of the clinic visit.

Objective: Despite the widespread availability of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in the US, rates of vaccination among Hispanic adolescents lag behind those of other recommended vaccines. U...
Synchronous brain metastasis and impact of primary tumor side in colorectal cancers.

712Background: 25% of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC) present with synchronous metastatic disease. The incidence of brain metastasis (BM) in CRC is very low (1.2–3.2%) and tend to occur later ...
War crimes and individual responsibility

This memorandum is a very tentative statement of some implications of the Songmy disclosures. These disclosures suggest wider responsibilities in relation to Songmy, in relation to other war practices in Vietnam, and in relation to the war itself. These responsibilities include the clarification and identification of what sorts of behavior make one subject to prosecution as a potential war criminal. These responsibilities also range beyond the idea of criminal liability to encompass all Americans and, indeed, all peoples and governments in the world. We call upon people everywhere to investigate the actions of the United States in Vietnam and to relate their conscience to these actions. Such is the full call to responsible action in the wake of the Songmy disclosures.
Investment possibility based models for public–private partnerships in water projects

One of the key issues that govern the success to invest is creating prospects for the return of investment. However, this is often hampered by a lack of research in determining the region or the ar...
Abstract 3921: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) targeting radionuclides are highly cytotoxic across a panel of 20 neuroblastoma cell lines

Introduction: Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid malignancy in childhood, with only up to 50% 5-year survival in high-risk cases. It overexpresses the nuclear enzyme PARP-1, which can be targeted for specific delivery of radionuclides to DNA. Two such novel radiolabeled small molecule therapeutics are [211At]MM4, containing an alpha particle-emitting astatine-211, and [125I]KX1, containing an Auger electron-emitting iodine-125. Methods: Twenty human neuroblastoma cell lines were screened in vitro for sensitivity to [211At]MM4 and [125I]KX1, with non-targeted radionuclides and non-radioactive PARP-1 inhibitors as controls. Next, one sensitive and one resistant cell line was chosen for dosimetry based on radiopharmacology and cellular geometry properties measured specific to each therapeutic and cell line. Monte Carlo simulation was then performed to calculate the radiation dose to the cell nucleus at 50% cell kill. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of alpha and Auger particles against gamma irradiation was determined. Finally, the mechanism responsible for differential radiosensitivity across the twenty cell lines was examined by correlation with PARP-1 mRNA level. Results: [211At]MM4 and [125I]KX1 showed closely correlated (R2=0.93) cytotoxicity across the twenty neuroblastoma cell lines. [211At]MM4 demonstrated 102-103 times and 108-109 times greater cytotoxic potency compared to unbound 211At and its non-radioactive PARP-1 inhibitor analog respectively. More sensitive cell lines demonstrated greater sensitivity to [211At]MM4 even when normalized against their sensitivity to alpha radiation (R2=0.40, p Conclusion: Delivery of alpha and Auger emitters directly to neuroblastoma nuclear DNA by radiolabeled PARP-1 inhibitors results in enhanced cytotoxicity without requiring enzymatic PARP-1 inhibition. Sensitivity to radiolabeled PARP-1 inhibitors is characterized by increased RBE against gamma irradiation and only partially explained by inherent radiosensitivity, warranting further investigation of underlying biological factors. This promising efficacy in vitro can be examined in vivo and in other cancer types for broader application. Citation Format: Hwan Lee, Adam Mansfield, Minu Samanta, Sean W. Reilly, Kuiying Xu, Sean D. Carlin, John M. Maris, Robert H. Mach, Mehran Makvandi, Daniel A. Pryma. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) targeting radionuclides are highly cytotoxic across a panel of 20 neuroblastoma cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3921.
Choice of local anaesthetic for epidural caesarean section: a Bayesian network meta-analysis

Rapid-onset epidural local anaesthesia can avoid general anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. We performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis of direct and indirect comparisons to rank speed of onset of the six local anaesthetics most often used epidurally for surgical anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, CINAHL and CENTRAL to June 2019. We analysed 24 randomised controlled trials with 1280 women. The mean (95%CrI) onset after bupivacaine 0.5% was 19.8 (17.3-22.4) min, compared with which the mean (95%CrI) speed of onset after lidocaine 2% with bicarbonate, 2-chloroprocaine 3% and lidocaine 2% was 6.4 (3.3-9.6) min faster, 5.7 (3.0-8.3) min faster and 3.9 (1.8-6.0) min faster, respectively. Speed of onset was similar to bupivacaine 0.5% after ropivacaine 0.75% and l-bupivacaine 0.5%: 1.6 (-1.4 to 4.8) min faster and 0.4 (-2.2 to 3.0) min faster, respectively. The rate (95%CrI) of intra-operative hypotension was least after l-bupivacaine 0.5%, 315 (236-407) per 1000, and highest after 2-chloroprocaine 3%, 516 (438-594) per 1000. The rate (CrI) of intra-operative supplementation of analgesia was least after ropivacaine 0.75% 48 (19-118) per 1000 and highest after 2-chloroprocaine 3%, 250 (112-569) per 1000.
The Use of High-Throughput Transcriptomics to Identify Pathways with Therapeutic Significance in Podocytes

Podocytes have a unique structure that supports glomerular filtration function, and many glomerular diseases result in loss of this structure, leading to podocyte dysfunction and ESRD (end stage renal disease). These structural and functional changes involve a complex set of molecular and cellular mechanisms that remain poorly understood. To understand the molecular signature of podocyte injury, we performed transcriptome analysis of cultured human podocytes injured either with PAN (puromycin aminonucleoside) or doxorubicin/adriamycin (ADR). The pathway analysis through DE (differential expression) and gene-enrichment analysis of the injured podocytes showed Tumor protein p53 (P53) as one of the major signaling pathways that was significantly upregulated upon podocyte injury. Accordingly, P53 expression was also up-regulated in the glomeruli of nephrotoxic serum (NTS) and ADR-injured mice. To further confirm these observations, cultured podocytes were treated with the P53 inhibitor pifithrin-α, which showed significant protection from ADR-induced actin cytoskeleton damage. In conclusion, signaling pathways that are involved in podocyte pathogenesis and can be therapeutically targeted were identified by high-throughput transcriptomic analysis of injured podocytes.
Atomically Precise Crystalline Materials Based on Kinetically Inert Metal Ions via Reticular Mechanopolymerization

Atomistic control of the coordination environment of lattice ions and the distribution of metal sites within crystalline mixed-metal coordination polymers remain significant synthetic challenges. Herein is reported the mechanochemical synthesis of a reticular family of crystalline heterobimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is now achieved by polymerization of molecular Ru2 [II,III] complexes, featuring unprotected carboxylic acid substituents, with Cu(OAc)2 . The resulting crystalline heterobimetallic MOFs are solid solutions of Ru2 and Cu2 sites housed within [M3 L2 ] phases. The developed mechanochemical strategy is modular and allows for systematic control of the primary coordination sphere of the Ru2 sites within an isoreticular family of materials. This strategy is anticipated to provide a rational approach to atomically precise mixed-metal materials.
Intersectional Cultural Humility: Aligning Critical Inquiry with Critical Praxis in Psychology

This special issue is an interdisciplinary collection on intersectionality theory as critical inquiry and praxis. This paper challenges cultural competence models and argues instead for intersectio...
Eicosanoids in Cancer: Prostaglandin E2 Receptor 4 in Cancer Therapeutics and Immunotherapy

The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is frequently overexpressed in epithelial malignancies including those of the breast, prostate, lung, kidney, ovary, and liver and elevated expression is associated with worse outcomes. COX-2 catalyzes the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The COX-2 product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) binds to four G-protein-coupled EP receptors designated EP1-EP4. EP4 is commonly upregulated in cancer and supports cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis through activation of multiple signaling pathways including ERK, cAMP/PKA, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB. EP4 antagonists inhibit metastasis in preclinical models. Cancer stem cells, that underlie therapy resistance and disease relapse, are driven by the expression of EP4. Resistance to several chemotherapies is reversed in the presence of EP4 antagonists. In addition to tumor cell-autonomous roles of EP4, many EP4-positive host cells play a role in tumor behavior. Endothelial cell-EP4 supports tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Natural Killer (NK) cells are critical to the mechanism by which systemically administered EP4 antagonists inhibit metastasis. PGE2 acts on EP4 expressed on the NK cell to inhibit tumor target cell killing, cytokine production, and chemotactic activity. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), that inhibit the development of cytotoxic T cells, are induced by PGE2 acting on myeloid-expressed EP2 and EP4 receptors. Inhibition of MDSC-EP4 leads to maturation of effector T cells and suppresses the induction of T regulatory cells. A number of EP4 antagonists have proven useful in dissecting these mechanisms. There is growing evidence that EP4 antagonism, particularly in combination with either chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, or immune-based therapies, should be investigated further as a promising novel approach to cancer therapy. Several EP4 antagonists have now progressed to early phase clinical trials and we eagerly await the results of those studies.
Late Quaternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent

Abstract Over the last 50,000 years, a majority of megafauna went extinct globally. Only two regions, Africa, and tropical Asia retain megafaunal communities today. Their persistence in Africa has been attributed to co-evolution with hominins, but faunal dynamics are largely understudied in South Asia. Focusing on the Indian Subcontinent and using a novel dataset compiled from the published literature, we report an extremely size biased, but low magnitude extinction during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene—approximately 30,000 years after the arrival of Homo sapiens in the region. We document four mammalian extinctions—Palaeoloxodon namadicus, Stegodon namadicus, Hexaprotodon sp., and Equus namadicus; the extirpation of ostriches (Struthio camelus); and a pseudo-extinction of Indian aurochs (Bos namadicus). The per-capita extinction rate is comparable to eastern and southern Africa, but much lower than elsewhere. Given the long history of hominins in the Indian Subcontinent, and similar extinction patterns to those seen in Africa, we provide the first independent test of the co-evolution hypothesis, and further, suggest that robust population networks and climatic refugia may have allowed for the persistence of megafauna in this region.
Aerodynamic effects on outer ash deposition rates in second generation atmospheric pressure oxy-coal combustion systems

Abstract Recent measurements in scenarios representative of second generation atmospheric pressure oxy-coal combustion systems have shown a significant increase in ash deposition rates in comparison to combustion in air. However, the causative mechanisms behind this increase have not been well understood. To fill this void, well-characterized experiments including fuel and deposit particle size distributions (PSDs) were coupled with highly resolved numerical simulations to isolate the aerodynamic effects impacting the deposition process such that mechanisms could be hypothesized. Three combustion scenarios (AIR, OXY27, OXY70) spanning a factor of three variation in flue gas volumetric flow rates were simulated and the deposition characteristics (impaction rates, deposit PSD, temperature, residence times, capture rates) tracked/predicted using a customized deposition module. The measured deposit PSD was significantly different from the PSD of the parent fuel indicating significant physio-chemical transformations (coalescence and particle growth in particular) at play. The use of simplistic modeling approaches (swelling parameter variations) to model particle growth led to inaccurate deposit ash PSD and rate predictions. A more satisfactory agreement between the measurements and simulations was obtained when the functional form of the parent fuel PSD (spread parameter) was modified to conform closely to the deposit PSD while still ensuring the fidelity of temperature and velocity predictions. Based on the measured ash compositions, identical capture criteria were employed across all three scenarios. This study further supports the theory that the ash deposition rates in these systems are dominated by aerodynamic effects with the ash PSD playing a dominant role.
Interface information marketing: a vital aspect of a customer-oriented corporate strategy

There are many areas within an organization where the application of the marketing concept is appropriate. The authors deal with one such area emphasizing internal interfaces in an organization. Specifically, they deal with adopting a marketing perspective in the management of information generated as a result of interaction among functional or divisional units in an organization. It is suggested that the chief information officer (CIO) adopt a marketing perspective in the management of such information, and a framework for this purpose is proposed. Such a marketing focus could influence the CIO to prioritize management information system projects that need to be performed in an organization. This could lead to better management of interface information systems. >
Application of the Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Science Curriculum

The Reggio Emilia Approach to early childhood education is growing in its influence in the United States. This article focuses on the relevance of this Italian early childhood philosophy to science knowledge and content standards for the PreK–12 student population. This article presents (a) a summary of key concepts of the Reggio Emilia Approach, (b) a description of the science curriculum standards for the K–3 grades in the United States, and (c) an example of an in-depth project on rain forests for a second-grade class that integrates many of the concepts of the Reggio Emilia Approach. Included in this article are suggestions for planning, implementing, documenting, and evaluating a developmentally appropriate and effective science lesson for an early childhood classroom through the lens of Reggio Emilia.
On some symmetric q-special functions

In this paper, we define the q-analogue of gamma and Bessel function,symmetric under interchange of q and q−1, and present some of its main properties.
New developments in leakage-resilient cryptography

Much of modern cryptography is predicated on the assumption that users have secrets which are generated using perfect randomness, and kept perfectly secret from an attacker. The attacker is then constrained to black-box (input/output) access to the user's program. In reality, neither assumption holds, as evidenced by numerous side-channel attacks that have surfaced over the last few decades. This leads naturally to the question - is it possible to secure cryptography against general types of information leakage at a fundamental, algorithmic level (as opposed to, say, solutions for specific attacks)? This is the goal of leakage-resilient cryptography. In this talk, we will survey recent developments in leakage-resilient cryptography, including definitions and constructions of various cryptographic primitives secure against general forms of leakage. We will place particular emphasis on the new tools and techniques that we have developed to handle information leakage, as well as the relation between leakage-resilience and other questions in cryptography.
Particle Size Effects on Flow Properties of Ps304 Plasma Spray Feedstock Powder Blend

The effects of BaF2-CaF2 particle size and size distribution on PS304 feedstock powder flowability have been investigated. Angular BaF2-CaF2 eutectic powders were produced by comminution and classified by screening to obtain 38 to 45 microns 45 to 106 microns, 63 to 106 microns, 45 to 53 microns, 63 to 75 microns, and 90 to 106 microns particle size distributions. The fluorides were added incrementally from 0 to 10 wt% to the other powder constituents of the PS304 feedstock: nichrome, chromia, and silver powders. The flow rate of the powder blends decreased linearly with increasing concentration of the fluorides. Flow was degraded with decreasing BaF2-CaF2 particle size and with increasing BaF2-CaF2 particle size distribution. A semiempirical relationship is offered to describe the PS304 powder blend flow behavior. The Hausner Ratio confirmed the funnel flow test results, but was slightly less sensitive to differences in BaF2-CaF2 particle size and size distribution. These findings may have applicability to other powders that do not flow easily, such as ceramic powders.
Impulsive fields generated by low-voltage ESD

This discussion focuses on impulse electromagnetic fields generated by relatively low-voltage ESD (about 3 kV or less) and, in particular, on EMI effects resulting from their approach/collision. A series of experiments have revealed the strength of the unipolar impulse field generated by indirect ESD and how great a threat it is to electronic equipment. >
Chloroquine-induced alterations in phasic muscles: II. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Abstract Chloroquine administration (2.5 mg/100 g for 1 to 7 days) caused swelling of specific regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the phasic posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscle of the chicken. These included the portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the A and I bands and the region of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (adjacent to the I band) that was acid phosphatase positive in control chicken muscles. The lateral cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules were unaltered from controls. This swelling may be due to either chloroquine accumulation in the acid phosphatase-positive sarcoplasmic reticulum or a reduced calcium content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum resulting from an inhibition of calcium transport by chloroquine.
Mood changes in adolescents using depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception: a prospective study.

Abstract Study Objective: Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is thought to cause changes in mood among patients using it for contraception. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in negative and positive affect among adolescent females using DMPA as a contraceptive agent. Design, Setting, Participants: This prospective study was set in an urban hospital adolescent clinic. Thirty-nine adolescents choosing DMPA as a contraceptive agent and 24 adolescents not using any hormonal contraception were enrolled as subjects and controls, respectively. Two standardized questionnaires, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist–Revised (MAACL-R), were administered at baseline to all participants and readministered at 3, 6, and 12 months. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in negative affect from baseline to 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated by the BDI and by “dysphoria” subscale scores of the MAACL-R. Paired t -tests were used to measure these changes in subjects and controls separately. Results: The mean change in BDI scores from baseline to one year for those who completed one year was −4.8 for subjects ( P = .02) and +.3 ( P = .84) for controls. The mean change in the dysphoria subscale scores was −5.7 ( P = .21) for the subjects and −.1 ( P = .98) for the controls while the change in the positive affect scores over a period of one year were −2.1 ( P = .46) and +.1 ( P = .98) for subjects and controls, respectively. Conclusions: Adolescents using DMPA do not show depressive symptoms when using DMPA as a contraceptive agent over a period of 12 months as measured by the BDI and show no significant changes in negative or positive affect as measured by the MAACL-R.
Dynamic Load Balancing on Networked Multi-core Computers

As multi-core computers becoming the main computation force of the computer network, dynamic load balancing for parallel applications on multi-core computers needs to be studied. The paper describes a method for extending the dynamic load balancing tool to support multi-core computers. The method scales all cost function information into per CPU core unit and performs dynamic load balancing in terms of CPU cores. The parallel processes are assigned to each computer (not each CPU core) assuming that the operating system assigns the parallel processes equally among all CPU cores. The proposed tool has been successfully tested for supporting parallel CFD applications.
Bioconversion of oleic acid to a series of keto‐hydroxy and dihydroxy acids by Bacillus species NRRL BD‐447: Identification of 7‐hydroxy‐16‐oxo‐9‐cis‐octadecenoic acid

Fifty-eight strains of eight Bacillus species were selected from the ARS Culture Collection to investigate their ability to bioconvert oleic acid to unique hydroxy or keto derivative. Addition of 0.5% oleic acid substrate to a whole-cell culture of Bacillus strain NRRL BD-447 produced mixtures of mono-, di-, and trisubstituted compounds. These products appear to contain combinations of keto and hydroxy groups. One of the major products was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and its structure was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to be 7-hydroxy-16-oxo-9-cis-octadecenoic acid.
A Comparison Between Three- and Two-Dimensional Thermal Finite Element Analysis of the Gas Metal Arc Welding Process

Predictions of transient temperature distributions in welding can help the selection of welding process parameters that minimize residual stresses. A three-dimensional (3D) thermal finite element model of bead-on-plate gas metal are welding (GMAW) is presented and is used to evaluate a cross-sectional, two-dimensional (2D) counterpart model. While the thermomechanical problem of welding is 3D in nature, it is shown that the 2D model can provide temperature field predictions comparable to those of the 3D model, even though the 2D model tends to predict peak temperatures higher than those of the 3D model. Both types of model predictions are compared to welding test measurements.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Pre-activation of toll-like receptor 4 attenuates post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction

Introduction: Cardiac preconditioning against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can be achieved both acutely-transient ischemia minutes before I/R-and in a delayed fashion-by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration hours before. Interestingly, activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), the dominant transducer of LPS, causes rapid production (within minutes) of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. The purposes of this study were to determine whether activation of TLR4 acutely protects the myocardium from post-ischemic dysfunction and whether IL-1β and/or iNOS are required. Methods: Three mouse strains were used: wild-type, iNOS knockouts and IL-1β knockouts. Hearts in each group were perfused by the Langendorff technique and received either LPS (1μg/cc) or carrier for 30 min followed immediately by 20 min of ischemia and 60 min reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion, recovery of the baseline left ventricular developed pressure (rLVDP) was compared between groups. Tissue IL-1β and nitrate/nitrite levels after I/R were measured by ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively. To confirm the role of TLR4, paclitaxel (30μM)-a known TLR4 activator-was substituted for LPS and compared to carrier. Results: In the wild-type, both LPS and paclitaxel were protective: LPS failed to protect the iNOS or IL1-β knockout hearts. IL-β and nitrate/nitrite were both elevated following I/R in wild-type; LPS pre-treatment further enhanced these levels. Conclusions: Transient activation of TLR4 by either LPS or paclitaxel in the isolated heart confers functional protection from subsequent I/R injury. The mechanism appears to require both an intact iNOS and IL-1β production and likely involves increased levels of NO and IL-1β. TABLE—ABSTRACT 49. Treatment rLVDP P (by ANOVA) LPS 58 ± 2.6% <0.001 carrier (perfusate buffer) 32 ± 5.3% paclitaxel 56 ± 2.4% <0.006 carrier (0.1% albumin + DMSO) 30 ± 5.7%
Chlorine modification of Mo/silica-titania mixed-oxide catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane

Abstract A series of molybdenum-based catalysts have been prepared and studied in regard to their performance in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane. The effect of alkali (K and Li) and halide (Cl−) modifiers on catalyst performance has been evaluated by doping at a low level (dopant/Mo molar ratio=0.1). The changes in reaction performance are related to the nature of the supported MoOx surface species that are significantly affected by the introduction of chlorine. While the addition of halide modifiers is known to positively affect the gas-phase mechanisms of ethane ODH at higher temperatures (>650 °C), current work indicates that the effect for surface redox mechanisms over MoOx-based catalysts may be somewhat less-pronounced, but still beneficial, at lower temperatures of operation.
Response of the chick ciliary ganglion-iris neuromuscular preparation to botulinum neurotoxin.

Abstract Response of the chick ciliary ganglion-iris muscle neuromuscular junction (NMJ) preparation to the botulinum neurotoxin (NT) was investigated. The 150 kDa serotypes A and E NTs inhibited muscle contraction in a dose dependent fashion. Neurotoxicity of type E NT increased 20–40 fold after mild digestion with trypsin. The 50 kDA light and 100 kDa heavy chains of type A NT, following separation, applied individually, did not paralyze the tissues. Preincubation of the NMJ preparations with the isolated type A heavy chain delayed (antagonized) the paralytic action of the 150 kDa dichain type A NT. Sequential administration of type A heavy chain, followed by type A light chain mimicked the action of the parent NT. The chick ciliary preparation therefore is a useful NMJ preparation to study neurotoxicity of botulinum neurotoxins.
THE ANGULAR THREE-POINT CORRELATION FUNCTION IN THE QUASI-LINEAR REGIME

We calculate the normalized angular three-point correlation function (3PCF), q, as well as the normalized angular skewness, s{sub 3}, assuming the small-angle approximation, for a biased mass distribution in flat and open cold dark matter (CDM) models with Gaussian initial conditions. The leading-order perturbative results incorporate the explicit dependence on the cosmological parameters, the shape of the CDM transfer function, the linear evolution of the power spectrum, the form of the assumed redshift distribution function, and linear and nonlinear biasing, which may be evolving. Results are presented for different redshift distributions, including that appropriate for the APM Galaxy Survey, as well as for a survey with a mean redshift of z{approx_equal}1 (such as the VLA FIRST Survey). Qualitatively, many of the results found for s{sub 3} and q are similar to those obtained in a related treatment of the spatial skewness and 3PCF, such as a leading-order correction to the standard result for s{sub 3} in the case of nonlinear bias (as defined for unsmoothed density fields), and the sensitivity of the configuration dependence of q to both cosmological and biasing models. We show that since angular correlation functions (CFs) are sensitive to clustering over a range of redshifts, themore » various evolutionary dependences included in our predictions imply that measurements of q in a deep survey might better discriminate between models with different histories, such as evolving versus nonevolving bias, that can have similar spatial CFs at low redshift. Our calculations employ a derived equation, valid for open, closed, and flat models, to obtain the angular bispectrum from the spatial bispectrum in the small-angle approximation. (c) (c) 2000. The American Astronomical Society.« less
Illusions of Neoliberalization: The Dual Nature of the Reform of the Bank of Korea since the Economic Crisis of 1997

This article investigates the transformation of the Korean state in the extensive neoliberalization process since the economic crisis of 1997. It challenges the perception of Korea as the paragon of neoliberalization for the Third World and demonstrates the illusion of neoliberalization. Focusing on the reform of Korea's central bank, the Bank of Korea, this article argues that Korea's neoliberalization generated an incongruous combination characterized by the persistent legacies of the prior developmental state under the veil of formal neoliberal scheme of depoliticization. It also argues that behind such double-facedness were the core state elite who operated under the institutional legacy of the prior developmental state in maintaining their power against domestic and international pressure. This article seeks to draw attention to discrepancies between the neoliberal reform of formal institutions and policies at a macro level and their actual and underlying management and nature at a micro level. Este ...
Development of sensor arrays using fiber optic imaging bundles

A sensor capable of simultaneous imaging and pH measurements has been prepared by coating the distal tip of a single imaging fiber with a pH sensitive material. The coated fiber is fabricated using photochemical polymerization with a spin coating technique, and results in a fairly uniform coating of polyHEMA/fluorescein on the order of 10 micrometers thick. Performance data, and imaging capabilities, as well as instrumentation requirements and deposition chemistry, are discussed.
A STUDY OF SUCTION FORCE BY THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD I. EFFECT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS

Until recently only one osmotic quantity, the osmotic value at incipient plasmolysis, had been measured. In what is to follow, for the sake of brevity, I shall frequently use the term "osmotic value" instead of the above expression. By determining the incipient plasmolytic concentration, it had been established that x mol. cane sugar possessed the same osmotic value as the cell sap at limit plasmolysis. Some authors properly termed this quantity the "osmotic value at incipient plasmolysis"; others named it " osmotic pressure," "turgor," "concentration of the cell sap," "suction force," etc. In order to obtain a clear notion of the nature and importance of the various osmotic quantities, let us, with the aid of measurements made by Ursprung and Blum (22),1 consider the same cell with its semipermeable plasmatic membranes, first in normal condition,2 then at incipient plasmolysis, and finally when saturated with water. By means of text figure i we may first study the cell sap. If cell sap is placed in an osmometer with semipermeable membrane, it will, under normal cell conditions, suck up water with a force of 9.7 atm.; in other words, the suction force of the content of the normal cell is 9.7 atm. At incipient plasmolysis this force rises to IO.5 atm., and, when the osmometer is water-saturated, it falls to 9.3 atm. Let us turn our attention to wall pressure. At incipient plasmolysis this is naturally zero; when the cell is water-saturated, this pressure is necessarily equal to the suction force of the cell content, or 9.3 atm. Under normal conditions it has the intermediate value of 5.4 atm. By wall pressure we mean the pressure exerted by the cell wall against the cell content; by turgor pressure, the pressure exerted by the cell content against the cell wall. In an isolated cell in a state of equilibrium, these two values are numerically equal (26). We now turn our attention to the suction force of the cell, i.e., the force with which the cell sucks up water. If we consider the isolated cell, it is evident that this force is the resultant of two components, which act in
Saturation of the relavistic beam-plasma instability for arbitrary density ratios

Abstract The nonlinear saturation level Ws of the one-dimensional beam-plasma instability was calculated as a function of beam energy γ0 for all values of beam/plasma density ratio η. For η ⩾ 0.01, Wsdecreases with increasing γ0.
Evaluation of Topical Polyinosinic Acid-Polycytidylic Acid in Treatment of Localized Herpes Zoster in Children with Cancer: a Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Study

Twenty-four children with cancer and localized herpes zoster were randomized to receive either topical polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or a saline placebo. Solutions containing 1.0 or 2.5 mg of drug per ml were applied to the lesions every 3 h, seven times a day for 7 consecutive days. Serial, standardized color photographs were used to evaluate the progression of lesions and maximum percentage of dermatome involvement. In patients receiving poly(I:C), the median days of new lesions after therapy was 2.0 days as opposed to 3.5 days in placebo-treated patients. This difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, the total median days of lesions and percentage of dermatome involvement were similar in both groups, as were complications. Neither the concentration nor the total dose of drug was related to the outcome of infection. We conclude that topical poly(I:C), as used in this study, was of no benefit in treatment of localized herpes zoster.
Factors of source credibility

(1968). Factors of source credibility. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 59-63.
Utilization of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy and Image-Guided Radiation Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer: Is It Beneficial?

The recent development of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and improvements in image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) have provided considerable advances in the utilization of radiation therapy (RT) for the management of pancreatic cancer. IGRT allows for the reduction of treatment volumes, potentially less chance of a marginal miss, and quality assurance of gastrointestinal filling, while IMRT has been shown to reduce both sudden and late side effects compared with 3-dimensional conformal RT. Here, we review published data and provide essential recommendations on the utilization of IMRT and IGRT for the management of patients with pancreatic cancer.
Standard enthalpy of formation of CrSi2 by high-temperature mixing calorimetry

Abstract The standard molar enthalpy of formation of CrSi 2 has been determined by mixing calorimetry at (1400 ± 2) K. In these experiments the liquid alloy Cu 0.70 Si 0.25 Cr 0.05 is formed in the calorimeter from the elements or from CrSi 2 . The following result is reported: Δ f H m o (298.15 K) = −(77.4 ± 13.2) kJ · mol −1 . This result is compared with earlier experimental values and with the recently predicted value of Niessen and Miedema. Among the disilicides of the first-row transition metals from Sc to Cr the least negative enthalpy of formation is found for CrSi 2 .
Many homotopy categories are homotopy categories

Abstract We show that any category that is enriched, tensored, and cotensored over the category of compactly generated weak Hausdorff spaces, and that satisfies an additional hypothesis concerning the behavior of colimits of sequences of cofibrations, admits a Quillen closed model structure in which the weak equivalences are the homotopy equivalences. The fibrations are the Hurewicz fibrations and the cofibrations are a subclass of the Hurewicz cofibrations. This result applies to various categories of spaces, unbased or based, categories of prespectra and spectra in the sense of Lewis and May, the categories of L -spectra and S -modules of Elmendorf, Kriz, Mandell and May, and the equivariant analogues of all the afore-mentioned categories.
Ultrafast resonant optical Kerr effect in 4-butoxycarbonylmethylurethane polydiacetylene

The resonant optical Kerr effect in the isotropic phase of 4-butoxycarbonylmethylurethane polydiacetylene was measured to determine the third-order optical nonlinearity χ3 and the relaxation time.
Threshold analysis and urban development: An evaluation

Threshold Analysis has become an Important planning tool in the general planning process related to urban development in Europe. In this paper, the procedures of Threshold Analysis are examined and several possible applications are considered within a general framework of urban development. Finally, Threshold Analysis is evaluated and found to have a number of serious shortcomings as an independent planning tool. Its main contribution to the urban development process is shown to be its insights into aspects of the optimal time-cost sequence of land development.
Superoxide dismutase of the eye Relative functions of superoxide dismutase and catalase in protecting the ocular lens from oxidative damage

1. Activities of superoxide dismutase (superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) have been estimated in eye tissues. In rabbit eye, superoxide dismutase is present in corneal epithelium, corneal endothelium, lens, iris, ciliary body and retina. In lens the activity is in capsule epithelium. 2. Copper chelator diethyldithiocarbamate inhibited lens superoxide dismutase in vitro and in vivo in rabbit. 3. H2O2 caused inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity of lens extract, and this inhibition was potentiated by the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (3-aminotriazole) or NaN3. 3-Aminotriazole or NaN3 had no effect on lens superoxide dismutase. Thus endogenous catalase of lens affords protection to the lens superoxide dismutase from inactivation by H2O2. 4. In rabbit having early cataract (vacuolar stage) induced by feeding-3-aminotriazole, there was a decrease in superoxide dismutase of lens, a fall in ascorbic acid of ocular humors and lens, and a 2--3-Fold increase in H2O2 of aqueous humor and vitreous humor. We conclude that catalase of eye affords protection to the lens from H2O2 and it also protects superoxide dismutase of lens from inactivation by H2O2. Superoxide dismutase, in turn, protects the lens from the superoxide radical, O2.-. It is likely that inhibition of these enzymes may lead to production of the highly reactive oxidant, the hydroxyl radical, under pathological conditions when H2O2 concentration in vivo exceeds physiological limits as in cataract induced by 3-aminotriazole. A scheme of reaction mechanism has been proposed to explain the relative functions of ocular catalase and superoxide dismutase. Such a mechanism may be involved in cataractogenic process in the human.
Claudin Family of Proteins and Cancer: An Overview

Tight junctions are the apical cell-cell adhesion that regulate paracellular permeability and are critical for epithelial cell polarity. Molecular architecture of tight junction has been studied extensively, which has confirmed that claudin family of proteins is integral component of tight junction. Loss of cell-cell adhesion is central to the cellular transformation and acquisition of metastatic potential; however, the role of claudin family of proteins play in a series of pathophysiological events, including human carcinoma development, is only now beginning to be understood. Several claudin mouse knockout models have been generated and the diversity of phenotypes observed clearly demonstrates their important roles in the maintenance of tissue integrity in various organs and suggest that claudins also participate in cellular contexts other than tight junctions. The mechanisms of claudin regulation and their exact roles in normal physiology and disease are being elucidated, but much work remains to be done. In this review, we have discussed the conceptual framework concerning claudins and their potential implication in cancer. We predict that next several years will likely witness a boom in our understanding of the potential role of claudins in the regulation of tumorigenesis, which may, in turn, provide new approaches for the targeted therapy.
Propagation of mutual coherence in refractive x-ray lasers using a WKB method.

We derive an expression for the mutual coherence function for a lasing medium with spatially varying refraction and gain using a ray-tracing (WKB) formalism. The expression is valid in the limit of large refractive Fresnel number, which is equal to the geometric Fresnel number multiplied by the ratio of laser length to refraction scale length. For quasihomogeneous sources, the coherence function has the form of a Fourier transform of a source function which is modulated by a Gaussian whose width varies inversely with the square root of the gain. This result may be viewed as a generalization of the van Cittert--Zernike theorem to include both refraction and gain. For the case of refractive defocusing, we find the coherence length scales as the square root of the product of gain and the refraction scale length, inversely with the refractive Fresnel number, and exponentially with laser length. For a parabolic profile, this result is exact. We also treat hyperbolic secant refractive and gain profiles. Comparison of our results with numerical computations shows good agreement. We also indicate how to generalize the method to nonideal profiles obtained from measurements or hydrodynamic simulations.