cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceleration of periodic FEBI simulations for general bi-anisotropic media using a model-based parameter estimation technique

The hybrid finite element boundary integral (FEBI) algorithm provides an efficient analysis methodology for 3-D doubly periodic structures composed of inhomogeneous isotropic media with a wide range of applications including phased array antennas and frequency selective surfaces (FSS) [1, 2]. Recently, general bi-anisotropic media have been considered as substrates for antenna and metamaterial applications exhibiting interesting and useful properties [3]. An analysis of patch antennas residing in cavities filled with bi-anisotropic materials was presented in [3] employing the FEBI method. The spectral-domain method of moments (MoM) was applied to the analysis of periodic structures including FSS with anisotropic layered media in [4]. Scattering by periodic structures consisting of anisotropic materials was also analyzed by the FEBI approach [5]. However, very little work has been done to develop efficient techniques for evaluating scattering from 3-D doubly periodic structures composed of arbitrary inhomogeneous general bi-anisotropic media.
Home Health Care Nurses’ Perceptions of Heart Failure Home Health Care

High-quality nursing care in the home setting is one approach to improving outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). This study describes home health care nursing care of patients with HF from the perspectives of home health care nurses (HHNs). Using an emergent, qualitative design, 14 HHNs were interviewed and six major themes emerged: (1) HF care is unique, (2) HF patients’ needs exceed imposed limitations, (3) listening to HF patients is key, (4) HF education is critical, (5) eyes and ears of physicians, and (6) high reward/high commitment. Overall, HHNs felt that patients with HF have nursing care needs that exceed imposed limitations on HHN services. HHNs need time to educate patients and family caregivers about HF.
Kinetics of (R)-[11C] rolipram and (S)-[11C] rolipram In the Dog Heart: Investigation of Four Compartment Models

The PET tracers (R)-[11C] rolipram and (S)-[11C] rolipram have been proposed to measure phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) density as an indirect index of cAMP-mediated cell signaling, which is altered in many cardiac pathologies. The aim of this study was to determine which of the following models (if any) describe the kinetics of these tracers in normal dog hearts: a one-compartment model, a two-compartment model, and dual-input models comprising one or two compartments for rolipram and one compartment for labeled metabolites. Dynamic PET data were acquired from 6 healthy dogs with (R)-[11C]rolipram (10 studies) and (S)-[11C]rolipram (6 studies). Parameter estimates were obtained for 648 ROI's and median values determined. Distribution volumes were estimated from the parameter estimates. The one-compartment model did not fit the data acquired with either tracer adequately. Both the two-compartment model and the model comprising one compartment for the unchanged tracer and a parallel compartment to account for labeled metabolites provided good fits to the data obtained with (S)-[11C] rolipram (R-square: 0.99-1). The two-compartment model, with or without a parallel compartment to account for metabolites, described the kinetics of (R)-[11C]rolipram very well (R-square: 0.98-0.99). Estimates of the distribution volumes obtained with models that provided good fits to the data were very reproducible (CV: 10%-21%), suggesting that reliable measurement of PDE4 density in the heart may be possible.
Fast Integer Fourier Transform (FIFT) based on lifting matrices

This paper proposes a fast algorithm for computing the approximated DFT, called the Fast Integer Fourier Transform (FIFT). The new transform is based on the factorization of the DFT matrix into a product of some specified matrices and lifting matrices. The elements of the lifting matrices are quantized to the nearest binary-number representation. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can be implemented in fixed-point arithmetic using only shifting operations and additions. Any length-2/sup l/ DFT sequence for l /spl ges/ 1 can be computed using this algorithm.
Mitochondrial Genome of the Homoscleromorph Oscarella carmela (Porifera, Demospongiae) Reveals Unexpected Complexity in the Common Ancestor of Sponges and Other Animals

Homoscleromorpha is a small group in the phylum Porifera (Sponges) characterized by several morphological features (basement membrane, acrosomes in spermatozoa, and cross-striated rootlets of the flagellar basal apparatus) shared with eumetazoan animals but not found in most other sponges. To clarify the phylogenetic position of this group, we determined and analyzed the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella carmela (Porifera, Demospongiae). O. carmela mtDNA is 20,327 bp and contains the largest complement of genes reported for animal mtDNA, including a putative gene for the C subunit of the twin-arginine translocase (tatC) that has never been found in animal mtDNA. The genes in O. carmela mtDNA are arranged in 2 clusters with opposite transcriptional orientations, a gene arrangement reminiscent of those in several cnidarian mtDNAs but unlike those reported in sponges. At the same time, phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences from 12 mitochondrial (mt) protein genes strongly support the phylogenetic affinity between the Homoscleromorpha and other demosponges. Altogether, our data suggest that homoscleromorphs are demosponges that have retained ancestral features in both mt genome and morphological organization lost in other taxa and that the most recent common ancestor of sponges and other animals was morphologically and genetically more complex than previously thought.
1‐Methyl‐3‐phenylindane

1-Methyl-3-phenylindane product: 1-methyl-3-phenylindane product: 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindane Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[5]; cyclization, condensation
Design and construction status of the energy system for the ZTH experiment

A large-scale reversed-field pinch fusion experiment called ZTH is being designed and built at Los Alamos. Initially, the machine will be operating at a 1.7-MA plasma current, however, the machine can be upgraded to a 4-MA current with many of the components (such as the torus, coil system, and electrical power source) already having the 4-MA capability. The first plasma discharges are expected to take place in the spring of 1993. Major electrical power equipment components, such as a 1430-MVA generator, controlled power supplies, isolation and opening switches, current interrupter, capacitor banks, and transfer resistor are being designed and procured for this experiment. The design philosophy of the electrical system is explained. Test results of in-house research are described, and the procurement status of the major components is summarized. >
Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Endogenous Prostaglandins, and Blood Pressure Regulation in Humans

Omega-3 fatty acid supplements have been reported to have hypotensive properties in humans, and it has been suggested that this effect is due to altered prostaglandin synthesis. However, such effects are inconsistently found, and interpretation of the literature is confounded by problems with study design. Epidemiologic data are often quoted as showing lower blood pressure in populations that eat large amounts of fish, but this effect also is less clear from the primary data. This review presents population studies of the relationship between consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and blood pressure, problems involved in studying blood pressure, and the studies of lowering blood pressure and vascular reactivity with omega-3 supplements in volunteers. Data on omega-3 fatty acids and endogenous production of prostaglandins are also summarized, with interpretation of investigations of dietary omega-3 fatty acids and vascular control. Recent work addressing a number of controversial points is presented, with the conclusion that pharmacologic doses of omega-3 fatty acids can lower blood pressure in humans but probably do not do so directly via altered production of prostaglandins.
Generalized Variational Principles for Uncertainty Quantification of Boundary Value Problems of Random Heterogeneous Materials

Asymptotic theories of classical micromechanics are built on a fundamental assumption of large separation of scales. For random heterogeneous materials the scale-decoupling assumption however is inapplicable in many circumstances from conventional failure problems to novel small-scale engineering systems. Development of new theories for scale-coupling mechanics and uncertainty quantification is considered to have significant impacts on diverse disciplines. Scale-coupling effects become crucial when size of boundary value problems (BVPs) dynamic wavelength is comparable to the characteristic length of heterogeneity or when local heterogeneity becomes crucial due to extreme sensitivity of local instabilities. Stochasticity, vanishing in deterministic homogenization, resurfaces amid multiscale interactions. Multiscale stochastic modeling is expected to play an increasingly important role in simulation and prediction of material failure and novel multiscale systems such as microelectronic-mechanical systems and metamaterials. In computational mechanics a prevalent issue is, while a fine mesh is desired to achieve high accuracy, a certain mesh size threshold exists below which deterministic finite elements become questionable. This work starts investigation of the scale-coupling problems by first looking at uncertainty of material responses due to randomness or incomplete information of microstructures. The classical variational principles are generalized from scale-decoupling problems to scale-coupling BVPs, which provides upper and lower variational bounds for probabilistic prediction of material responses. It is expected that the developed generalized variational principles will lead to novel computational methods for uncertainty quantification of random heterogeneous materials.
Sequential Minimal Optimization : A Fast Algorithm for Training Support Vector Machines

This paper proposes a new algorithm for training support vector machines: Sequential Minimal Optimization, or SMO. Training a support vector machine requires the solution of a very large quadratic programming (QP) optimization problem. SMO breaks this large QP problem into a series of smallest possible QP problems. These small QP problems are solved analytically, which avoids using a time-consuming numerical QP optimization as an inner loop. The amount of memory required for SMO is linear in the training set size, which allows SMO to handle very large training sets. Because matrix computation is avoided, SMO scales somewhere between linear and quadratic in the training set size for various test problems, while the standard chunking SVM algorithm scales somewhere between linear and cubic in the training set size. SMO’s computation time is dominated by SVM evaluation, hence SMO is fastest for linear SVMs and sparse data sets. On realworld sparse data sets, SMO can be more than 1000 times faster than the chunking algorithm.
Long-lived Double-barred Galaxies from Pseudobulges

A large fraction of barred galaxies host secondary bars that are embedded in their large-scale primary counterparts. The evolution of such double-barred galaxies is still not well understood, partly because of a lack of realistic N-body models with which to study them. Here we report a new mechanism for generating such systems, namely, the presence of rotating pseudobulges. We demonstrate with high mass and force resolution collisionless N-body simulations that long-lived secondary bars can form spontaneously without requiring gas, contrary to previous claims. We find that secondary bars rotate faster than primary ones. The rotation is not rigid: the secondary bars pulsate, with their amplitude and pattern speed oscillating as they rotate through the primary bars. This self-consistent study supports previous work based on orbital analysis in the potential of two rigidly rotating bars. The pulsating nature of secondary bars may have important implications for understanding the central region of double-barred galaxies.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF EMBRYONIC WATER AVAILABILITY, BODY SIZE, AND CLUTCH ON SURVIVORSHIP OF NEONATAL RED-EARED SLIDERS, TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS

The period during which neonatal aquatic turtles migrate from their nests to the water is a critical stage, as mortality is high. Thus, the patterns and targets of natural selection involving the turtles are important to investigate. To evaluate these questions, we incubated eggs of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) and overwintered the resulting hatchlings under ecologically-relevant, common-garden conditions in the laboratory. We then performed an experimental release of 358 neonates in the field to investigate the possible effects of (1) water potential of the substrate on which the eggs were incubated (−60 and −100 kPa), (2) body size at the time of release, and (3) clutch of origin on short-term posthatching survivorship. Only clutch significantly affected survivorship in this field study. The lack of an effect of body size on survival may be due to substantially drier weather during the migration period than in previous and subsequent experiments, which may have led to atypical bu...
Nanofluid Suspensions and Bi-composite Media as Derivatives of Interface Heat Transfer Modeling in Porous Media

Spectacular heat transfer enhancement has been measured in nanofluid suspensions. Attempts in explaining these experimental results did not yield yet a definite answer. Modelling the heat conduction process in nanofluid suspensions is being shown to be a special case of heat conduction in porous media subject to Lack of Local thermal equilibrium (LaLotheq). Similarly, the modelling of heat conduction in bi-composite systems is also equivalent to the applicable process in porous media. The chapter reviews the topic of heat conduction in porous media subject to Lack of Local thermal equilibrium (LaLotheq), introduces one of the most accurate methods of measuring the thermal conductivity, the transient hot wire method, and discusses its possible application to dual-phase systems. Maxwell’s concept of effective thermal conductivity is then introduced and theoretical results applicable for nanofluid suspensions are compared with published experimental data.
Secondary Pancreatic Tumors: Imaging

The estimated prevalence of metastases to the pancreas at autopsy is between 3% and 10% (CUBILLA and FITZGERALD 1980; SCATARIGE et al. 2001; WILLIS 1973). Because pancreatic metastases occur in patients with advanced disease, the presence of the lesions themselves rarely cause ‘pancreas related’ symptoms; rather, they are discovered during surveillance imaging in oncology patients.
Multi-Stage Decisionmaking with Imprecise Utilities

We present a dynamic program for determining the set of all possibly optimal strategies for a decision analysis problem with imprecisely known utility function, where imprecision is described by set inclusion. This procedure is based on the assumption that the utility function is affine in an unknown parameter, which for example might be the vector of utility values itself or the vector of importance weights. A simple multiattribute example is presented to illustrate the theory and the computational procedure.
A multiethnic study of Delta32ccr5 and ccr2b-V64I allele distribution in four Los Angeles populations

Mutant alleles of the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 affect the susceptibility to HIV infection as well as the rate of disease progression. In this article the authors report the results of a survey for presence of the common Delta32ccr5 and ccr2b-V64I mutant alleles in 472 individuals of a multiethnic cohort. Hispanic Americans had the highest observed frequency of the Delta32ccr5 allele (3.57%), whereas African Americans had a lower frequency (1.55%). The mutant allele was absent in Asian Americans and Native Americans. Thus, the Delta32ccr5 allele segregates in populations with a significant white admixture and is rare in genetically distant non-European groups. Native Americans had the highest occurrence of the ccr2b-V64I allele (31.13%), whereas African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans had much lower frequencies (14.36%, 11.94%, and 14.37% respectively). This mutation is probably an ancient one, occurring before the migration of the ancestors of Native Americans across the Bering Straits to the Americas. The twofold greater frequency of ccr2b-V64I in modern Native Americans probably reflects a founder effect. The observed population differences in Delta32ccr5 and ccr2b-V64I frequencies, considered together with their documented effects on sensitivity to HIV infection and rate of disease progression, have implications for HIV transmission patterns in the United States, as well as for AIDS prediction, monitoring, and treatment.
Air-Fuel Ratio Control of Spark Ignition Engines With TWC Using LPV Techniques

Precise control of the air-fuel ratio in a spark ignition (SI) engine is important to minimize emissions. The emission reduction strongly depends on the performance of the air-fuel ratio controller for the SI engine in conjunction with the Three Way Catalytic (TWC) converter. The TWC converter acts as a buffer to any variations occurring in the air-fuel ratio. It stores oxygen during a lean operation and releases the stored oxygen during a rich transient phase. The stored oxygen must be maintained close to the current storage capacity to yield maximum benefits from the TWC converter. Traditionally this is achieved using a simple PI control or a gain-scheduled PI control to address the variability in the operating conditions of the engine. This, however, does not guarantee closed-loop system stability and/or performance. In this work a model-based linear parameter varying (LPV) approach is used to design an H∞ controller. The design goal is to minimize the effect of disturbances on the air-fuel ratio and hence the relative storage level of oxygen in the TWC, over a defined operating range for the SI engine. The design method formulated in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) leads to a convex optimization problem which can be efficiently solved using existing interior-point optimization algorithms. Simulations performed validate the proposed control design methodology.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Toxicity of autoclaved cystine for Lactobacillus bifidus.

SummaryAutoclaved cystine is toxic to L. bifidus. Autoclaving in the presence of reducing sugar prevents development of the toxic product. The toxicity may be counteracted by addition, after autoclaving, of cysteine, thioglycollic or thiomalic acids, reductone, or cystine itself with ascorbic acid, but not by addition of ascorbic acid alone.
Précis of The View from Here

Contribution to Symposium on The View from Here By R. Jay Wallace, University of California, Berkeley Precis The View from Here is a book about our retrospective attitudes toward things that it is no longer within our power to affect, one way or another. The phenomena at the center of the discussion are regret and affirmation, which are negative and positive responses to the things that we look back on in retrospective thought. Regret is an emotion that reflects present unease with something that happened in the past; in its purest form—what I call all-in regret—it involves an intention-like preference that things should have been otherwise in some respect than they actually were. To regret in this way some past decision or circumstance is to be committed counterfactually to changing it, for the hypothetical situation that one had it in one’s power to do so. “Would that it were otherwise” is a natural expression of a regretful attitude of this kind. Affirmation, by contrast, involves a similar, intention-like preference that some past action or circumstance should not have been otherwise than it was. Regret and affirmation, construed in these terms, are contrary attitudes that cannot be sustained at one and the same time toward one and the same object. The View from Here explores the nature of these retrospective attitudes and the features of a person’s situation that condition them. One large theme in the book is the role of attachments in shaping our attitudes toward the things that we look back on in reflection. We are deeply attached to the people we love and to the life projects that give our lives meaning, and these attachments determine corresponding attitudes of affirmation toward their objects. Indeed, by a
Timed automata models for principled composition of middleware

Middleware for Distributed Real-time and Embedded (DRE) systems has grown more and more complex in recent years due to the varying functional and temporal requirements of complex real-time applications. To enable DRE middleware to be configured and customized to meet the demands of different applications, a body of ongoing research has focused on applying model-driven development techniques to developing QoS-enabled middleware. While current approaches for modeling middleware focus on easing the task of assembling, deploying and configuring middleware and middleware-based applications, a more formal basis for correct middleware composition and configuration in the context of individual applications is needed. While the modeling community has used application-level formal models that are more abstract to uncover certain flaws in system design, a more fundamental and lower-level set of models is needed to be able to uncover more subtle safety and timing errors introduced by interference between application computations, particularly in the face of alternative concurrency strategies in the middleware layer. In this research, we have examined how detailed formal models of lower-level middleware building blocks provide an appropriate level of abstraction both for modeling and synthesis of a variety of kinds of middleware from these building blocks. When combined with model checking techniques, these formal models can help developers in composing correct combinations of middleware mechanisms, and configuring those mechanisms for each particular application.
Modeling estrogen-receptor positive breast cancers in mice: is it the best we can do?

The continuous supplementation of mice with supraphysiological doses of estrogen for the growth of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers has been linked to toxicity in the host and perturbation of cancer cells' function that can misguide preclinical studies. Thus, alternative experimental models with circulating levels of estrogens higher than those of mice may represent more suitable hosts to model estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers.
A wearable system for asymmetric contactless human sensing

A wearable sensor capable of detecting the presence of humans within a front-facing 90-degree sector of varying radius is demonstrated herein. The system offers extensive applicability across a variety of scenarios where detecting the parameters of human interaction, including separation distance and duration, is of value. Sensing is accomplished using an ultrasonic distance and passive infrared sensor. This design improves upon previous approaches presented in the literature by eliminating privacy concerns associated with audio and video capture, and also relaxing the requirement that both interacting individuals be in possession of dedicated hardware. A KNN classifier is developed using data obtained from a designed indoor experiment intended to demonstrate system robustness across geometries consistent with those observed in the target application. Employing a set of only three features, an overall accuracy rate of 94.2% is realized for detecting human interactions occurring within a 90-degree sector of three-foot radius.
A sequential decision approach to problems in pattern recognition and learning

This study is concerned with the problems in pattern recognition when input observations are taken sequentially with a proper stopping rule. The fact that sequential decision procedures (sequential probability ratio test and generalized sequential probability ratio test) can reduce the average risk in a monotonic fashion implies the gradual improvement of system performance during operation. The feature selection problem is also considered and both receptor (feature-extraction) and categorizer (decision) parts are treated as a whole. Before a terminal decision is made, a feedback path requests the categorizer to continue taking observations and properly adjust the stopping thresholds. At the same time, another feedback path feeds back the outcome of recognitions thus far obtained to the receptor for selecting a proper feature for the next observation. Using the proposed recognition scheme, the overall system performance has shown significant improvement during operation. Sequential recognition in random environment with and without an outside "supervision" is investigated, and the advantage of the proposed recognition system under "unsupervised" learning is discussed. Computer simulation of the recognition system with learning indicates very satisfactory results.
Content and Outcomes of Social Work Consultation for Patients with Diabetes in Primary Care

Purpose: Social workers are positioned to address social determinants of health (SDHs), but their specific roles in outpatient primary care practice have not been well described. We aimed to describe needs of patients with diabetes addressed during social work (SW) consultations and their impact on disease control. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of electronic medical records of 977 patients with diabetes with a SW consultation at 3 primary care internal medicine sites in 2014. Diabetes and cardiovascular (CV) risk factor control were assessed before and after the SW encounter. Patient subgroups with uncontrolled diabetes or CV risk factors were compared with propensity-matched patients without a SW encounter. Of the 977 records, 300 were randomly selected for abstraction of needs addressed at the SW consultation using SDH categories established by Wilkinson and Marmot. Results: Patient insurance status included 52% Medicare and 32% Medicaid. The SDHs most often addressed were social gradient (67%; obtaining medications or health insurance) and social support (25%). Among our total population, there were no significant improvements in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, or body mass index at least 3 months after the first SW consultation. For patients with uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c >9% or LDL cholesterol >130 mg/dl), HbA1c improved by 1.5 versus 1.1% for matched controls (P = .03) and LDL improved by 37.7 versus 21.3 mg/dl for matched controls (P = .002). Conclusions: In this sample with a preponderance of Medicare and Medicaid patients, social workers most often assisted patients with diabetes in obtaining medications or health insurance. For patients with uncontrolled diabetes or cholesterol, a temporal association between SW consultation and improved disease control was noted.
Re-balling BGA with gold-plated copper spheres, the need and the SMT challenges

The electronics industry is switching the majority of their mobile roadmaps to Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages in order to enable thinner form factor devices. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) have to solder down the packages to their production boards since there is no form-factor production BGA socket available in the industry. This raises several challenges for the OEM supply chain and increases overall product costs. In addition to the overall added height of the socket, one technical challenge that faces the OEM BGA socket is the long-term reliability of the interface between the socket's gold-plated contacts and the package's SAC solder balls. This non-noble metal interface creates the risk of intermetallic formation and growth over the product life cycle, which will cause a bond formation and affect the removability of the BGA; it could also increase the overall resistance of the next socketing cycle due to the intermetallic residue left on the pins. This paper presents an attempt to overcome the interface challenge by re-balling the BGA with gold-plated copper spheres. Several design and SMT process parameters affect the overall re-balling quality. In particular, solder wicking is a major challenge. This paper presents an attempt to optimize the design and SMT process parameters for better results. Pad size, pad define, stencil thickness, stencil aperture size, copper sphere size, and reflow oven vs. SRT are some of the parameters that were studied.
Evaluation of Nanobody Conjugates and Protein Fusions as Bioanalytical Reagents.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and Western blot are common bioanalytical techniques. Successful execution traditionally requires the use of one or more commercially available antibody–small-molecule dyes or antibody–reporter protein conjugates that recognize relatively short peptide tags (<15 amino acids). However, the size of antibodies and their molecular complexity (by virtue of post-translational disulfide formation and glycosylation) typically require either expression in mammalian cells or purification from immunized mammals. The preparation and purification of chemical dye– or reporter protein–antibody conjugates is often complicated and expensive and not commonplace in academic laboratories. In response, researchers have developed comparatively simpler protein scaffolds for macromolecular recognition, which can be expressed with relative ease in E. coli and can be evolved to bind virtually any target. Nanobodies, a minimalist scaffold generated from camelid-derived heav...
Improved stability, magnetic field preservation and recovery speed in (RE)Ba2Cu3Ox-based no-insulation magnets via a graded-resistance approach

The no-insulation (NI) approach to winding (RE)Ba2Cu3O x (REBCO) high temperature superconductor solenoids has shown significant promise for maximizing the efficient usage of conductor while providing self-protecting operation. Self-protection in a NI coil, however, does not diminish the likelihood that a recoverable quench occurs. During a disturbance resulting in a recoverable quench, owing to the low turn-to-turn contact resistance, transport current bypasses the normal zone by flowing directly from the current input lead to the output lead, leading to a near total loss of the azimuthal current responsible for magnetic field generation. The consequences are twofold. First, a long recovery process is needed to recharge the coil to full operational functionality. Second, a fast magnetic field transient is created due to the sudden drop in magnetic field in the quenching coil. The latter could induce a global inductive quench propagation in other coils of a multi-coil NI magnet, increasing the likelihood of quenching and accelerating the depletion of useful current in other coils, lengthening the post-quench recovery process. Here a novel graded-resistance method is proposed to tackle the mentioned problems while maintaining the superior thermal stability and self-protecting capability of NI magnets. Through computational modeling and analysis on a hybrid multiphysics model, patterned resistive-conductive layers are inserted between selected turn-to-turn contacts to contain hot-spot heat propagation while maintaining the turn-wise current sharing required for self-protection, resulting in faster post-quench recovery and reduced magnetic field transient. Effectiveness of the method is studied at 4.2 and 77 K. Through the proposed method, REBCO magnets with high current density, high thermal stability, low likelihood of quenching, and rapid, passive recovery emerge with high operational reliability and availability.
1/f noise in GaN/AlGaN HEMTs

The voltage dependence of the low-frequency noise of GaN/AlGaN HEMTs is usually modeled in terms of mobility fluctuations. Noise measurements in commercial devices before and after proton irradiation and/or voltage stress have been found instead to be more consistent with number fluctuations. Low-frequency noise measurements vs. temperature show defect-related peaks in energy at ∼ 0.2 eV, ∼ 0.5 eV, and ∼ 0.7 eV that increase with proton irradiation and/or voltage stress. The Dutta-Horn model of 1/f noise describes these results well, demonstrating that the noise is caused by defects in the AlGaN and/or GaN layers.
Open reduction-internal fixation versus intramedullary nailing for humeral shaft fractures: an expected value decision analysis.

Background Previous randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses have failed to collectively favor either open reduction–internal fixation (ORIF) or intramedullary nailing (IMN) fixation. The purpose of our investigation was to elucidate the optimal decision between ORIF and IMN for acute traumatic operative humeral shaft fractures through an expected value decision analysis. Methods We performed an expected value decision analysis and sensitivity analysis to elucidate the difference between ORIF and IMN fixation for patients with acute traumatic humeral shaft fractures. We surveyed 100 consecutive, randomly selected volunteers for their outcome preferences. Outcomes included union, delayed union, major complications, minor complications, and infection. A literature review was used to establish probabilities for each of these respective outcomes. A decision tree was constructed and a fold-back analysis was performed to find an expected patient value for each treatment option. Results The overall patient expected values for ORIF and IMN were 12.7 and 11.2, respectively. Despite artificially decreasing the rates of major complications, infection, delayed union, and nonunion each to 0% for IMN fixation (sensitivity analysis), ORIF continued to maintain a greater overall patient expected value (12.7 vs. 11.4, 11.2, 11.2, and 12.1, respectively). Only if the rate of nonunion after ORIF was increased from 6.1% to 16.8% did the overall expected outcome after ORIF equal that of IMN (11.2). Conclusion Our expected value decision analysis demonstrates that patients favor ORIF over IMN as the optimal treatment decision for an acute traumatic humeral shaft fracture.
Influence of the V content on microstructure and hardness of high-energy ball milled nanocrystalline Al-V alloys

Abstract Nanocrystalline Al-xV (x = 0, 0.5, 2, 5, 10 and 20 at. %) alloys were produced by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) followed by consolidation at room temperature under uniaxial pressure of 3 GPa. Grain size, dispersion of the alloying element (V) and formation of solid solution were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). High-energy ball milling imparted nanocrystalline structure and high solid solubility of V in Al - several orders of magnitude higher than the thermodynamically predicted value. Hardness of Al-xV alloys, which increased with increasing the V content, was higher than the commercial Al alloys. High hardness of the Al-xV alloys was attributed to the solid solution strengthening caused by high solid solubility of V and grain refinement
Linear Control Systems in Sequence Spaces

Pontryagin’s maximum principle in its infinite-dimensional version provides (separate) necessary and sufficient conditions for both time and norm optimality for the system y′ = Ay + u (A an infinitesimal generator). The question whether targets in D(A) guarantee a smooth costate has been open. We show the answer is “no” by means of a counterexample involving an analytic semigroup. Another analytic semigroup sheds some light on other subjects such as the existence of hypersingular time optimal controls (thus answering another open question) and the characterization of the reachable space and of singular functionals in its dual.
Discharges of Visual Neurons in Eye Movements

In animals with sharp vision, only a small portion of the retina is specialized for detailed vision. This portion, the fovea, has a high density of photoreceptors and in our eyes we can count as many as 7000 cones in a small area which covers only two degrees of the visual field. The fovea has outstanding spatial sensitivity. For the rest of the retina, however, the spatial sensitivity is extremely poor. Because of such a difference in capabilities we have to move our eyes in order to bring the image onto the fovea; therefore, the eye movement is especially well developed in animals having a discrete fovea. The function of eye movements is to acquire a visual target and then track it so that the image stays on the fovea. For that purpose the brain has to select a visual target and transform its spatial coordinates into a motor signal necessary for the production of accurate eye movements by the oculo motor system. The information about the location of the target could be derived from either branch of the visual system, namely, the midbrain pathway terminating primarily in the superior colliculus or the geniculo-cortical pathway terminating chiefly in the striate cortex. There is no doubt that the control of eye movements is strongly dependent on the feedback of sensory information from the retina. The primary pathway for visual information is by axons of retinal ganglion cells from the eyeball to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then through the optic radiations to the visual cortex. Some fibers of retinal ganglion cells also travel to the midbrain, terminating chiefly in the superior colliculus and the pretectal region. In this session on “Neuronal Substrates of Eye Movement,” I have been asked to discuss the properties of neurons in the afferent pathway of the eye movement control system. In order to study response properties of visual neurons during eye movements, I recorded single unit activity from the optic tract and the lateral geniculate nucleus in the chronic cat. The cat had permanently implanted, nonpolarizing EOG electrodes, with which both horizontal and vertical EOGs were measured. The cat was fully awake and making frequent eye movements. A stainless steel microelectrode was advanced by a mechanical drive until it reached the target structure; thereafter, it was driven by a hydraulic system. Action potentials of retinal ganglion cells were recorded from the optic tract, a few millimeters posterior to the optic chiasm. In the second series of experiments, spikes were recorded from relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Prospective Investigation of Incidence and Co-Occurrence of Dysphagia, Dysarthria, and Aphasia Following Ischemic Stroke

Purpose The high incidence of swallowing and communication disorders following stroke is well documented. However, many of these studies have used retrospective chart reviews to make estimates of incidence and co-occurrence. The current study prospectively examined the incidence and co-occurrence of dysphagia, dysarthria, and aphasia following a 1st occurrence of ischemic stroke at an academic medical center hospital. Method One hundred patients who experienced their 1st ischemic stroke were recruited for participation in this study. All participants received a clinical swallowing evaluation to assess for dysphagia, administration of the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment-Second Edition ( Enderby & Palmer, 2008 ) and Western Aphasia Battery-Revised ( Kertesz, 2006 ) to screen for the presence of dysarthria and aphasia, respectively. Results Incidence rates of dysphagia, dysarthria, and aphasia were 32%, 26%, and 16%, respectively. Forty-seven percent of participants had at least 1 of these disorders, 28% had 2 of these disorders, and 4% had all 3. Although the incidence rates in this study were smaller in magnitude than incidence rates in previous research, the pattern of results is broadly similar (i.e., dysphagia had the highest incidence rate, followed by dysarthria and, lastly, aphasia). Conclusions This prospective study yielded slightly lower incidence rates than have been previously obtained from retrospective chart reviews. The high incidence and co-occurrence of devastating swallowing and communication disorders post-ischemic stroke provides clear motivation for speech-language pathology involvement in the early phase of stroke rehabilitation.
The GM+E closure: A framework for coupling backscatter with the Gent and McWilliams parameterization

Abstract The Gent and McWilliams (1990, GM) tracer transport scheme has long been a cornerstone of global-scale ocean modeling, and is well-known for its ability to mimic the effects of baroclinic turbulence by reducing the available potential energy of resolved flows. However, theory predicts that baroclinic turbulence also acts to transfer this potential energy to kinetic energy, which can then be fluxed toward larger scales by an inverse energy cascade. These dynamical processes represent a separate branch of the large-scale ocean energy cycle which GM presently does not account for. In this paper a framework is developed which allows the potential energy removed by the GM scheme to be transferred to resolved motions. In this framework, which is labeled GM＋E (or “GM plus energetics”), the energy transfer occurs by employing GM alongside a parameterization of the barotropic Reynolds stresses in the momentum equations, which takes the form of a negative harmonic viscosity acting on the barotropic velocities. The Reynolds stress parameterization is considered as being complementary to GM, in that its energetics are explicitly tied to those of GM while being independent of the choice of transfer coefficient or form of the GM closure. A set of idealized baroclinic spindown simulations is used to compare GM＋E against standard GM, and is shown to substantially improve the kinetic energy spectra, probability distributions of flow structures, and restratification rate within the front relative to an eddy-resolving truth simulation.
Ovarian Teratomas in Women With Anti-N-methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: Topography and Composition of Immune Cell and Neuroglial Populations Is Compatible With an Autoimmune Mechanism of Disease

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune syndrome in young women that is often accompanied by an ovarian teratoma (NMDAR-E teratoma). A prevailing theory implicates that the generation of autoantibodies to NMDAR on neurons in the central nervous system is triggered by neuroglial tissue in the associated teratoma. The histopathology of NMDAR-E teratomas has not been fully elucidated but limited studies have focused on alterations in neuroglial tissues and immune cell populations. We hypothesized that evidence of antibody generation in NMDAR-E teratomas could be detected by colocalized neuroglial tissue and lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers as well as by alterations in the composition and morphology of neuroglial tissues. The study compared 12 NMDAR-E teratomas (11 ovarian, 1 mediastinal) with 61 control teratomas containing neuroglial tissue from women without NMDAR-E. NMDAR-E teratomas were significantly smaller and were composed of a higher percentage of neuroglial tissue than control teratomas. Many NMDAR-E teratomas did not exhibit typical gross pathologic features of a mature cystic teratoma, but were composed of predominately solid tissue (so-called Rokitansky nodule). Colocalized neuroglial tissue and lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers were present in 11/12 NMDAR-E teratomas, predominantly within the Rokitansky nodule, but only in 4/61 control teratomas (P<0.0001). There was a relative paucity of mature neurons in NMDAR-E teratomas as well as a hypercellular astrocyte population, while there were less prominent or no differences in the presence or composition of diffuse inflammatory infiltrates, lymphoid aggregates without germinal centers, ganglion cell clusters or oligodendrocytes between NMDAR-E teratomas and control teratomas. We conclude that the presence of colocalized neuroglial tissue and lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers along with a general paucity of neurons should prompt clinical consideration for NMDAR-E even in asymptomatic women, as the symptoms may occasionally develop after an otherwise incidental oophorectomy. Tissue sampling should be directed to the Rokitansky nodule, when present, to identify neuroglial tissues; complete microscopic examination of the ovarian specimen should be considered if gross pathologic features of teratoma are not present. The significance of the altered neuroglial cell populations and potential relationship to the pathogenesis of NMDAR-E merit further study.
Local membrane charge regulates β 2 adrenergic receptor coupling to G i3

The β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) signals through both Gs and Gi in cardiac myocytes, and the Gi pathway counteracts the Gs pathway. However, Gi coupling is much less efficient than Gs coupling in most cell-based and biochemical assays, making it difficult to study β2AR-Gi interactions. Here we investigate the role of phospholipid composition on Gs and Gi coupling. While negatively charged phospholipids are known to enhance agonist affinity and stabilize an active state of the β2AR, we find that they impair coupling to Gi3 and facilitate coupling to Gs. Positively charged Ca2+ and Mg2+, known to interact with the negative charge on phospholipids, facilitates Gi3 coupling. Mutational analysis suggests that Ca2+ coordinates an interaction between phospholipid and the negatively charged EDGE motif on the amino terminal helix of Gi3. Taken together, our observations suggest that local membrane charge modulates the interaction between β2AR and competing G protein subtypes.
Through the Looking Glass: Temperament and Emotion as Separate and Interwoven Constructs

The current chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical forces that have shaped the study of emotional development from the perspective of temperament research. Despite variations in the theoretical perspective used to approach the link between temperament and emotion, the necessary limits in available methodologies have drawn the literature to a fairly close empirical consensus. To organize the discussion, the chapter examines four factors that have both led empirical research and have colored subsequent theoretical interpretations: Person, Context, Time, and Experience. Assessing permutations in each of the factors can help the field better understand the complex patterns of emotion development that reflect, and are embedded in, variations in temperament over time. The systematic inclusion of individual differences in each of the four factors also moves the field away from the difficult task of trying to capture the elusive “average child.” This strategy may improve our understanding of temperament and emotion development and advance our overarching goal of improving the robustness of our science.