cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The changing racial composition of suburbs: 1950-1970.

Central city patterns of racial change frequently involve an invasion-succession process in which blacks replace whites in a community. In contrast, suburbs with significant black and white populations have frequently been growing in numbers of both races. This pattern is consistent with the general areal and population growth of the suburban community which has occurred since World War II. Within the suburban ring, com munities with growth of both blacks and whites differ significantly in housing and popu lation characteristics from the Invasion-Succession communities.
Laser spectroscopy of the A-X transitions of CaOH and CaOD

Abstract The A - X transitions of gas phase CaOH and CaOD, produced in a low-pressure flow system, were studied by low- and high-resolution laser spectroscopy. The vibrational structure of the low-lying vibrational levels of both the A and X states were determined. A detailed rotational analysis of the (0, 0, 0)-(0, 0, 0) bands of the A - X system is presented. The spectra are well described by a 2 Π- 2 Σ model, where the molecule is linear in both states. A preliminary analysis of the (0, 1, 0)-(0, 1, 0) bands indicates that the Renner parameter ϵ of the A 2 Π electronic state is equal to 0.073(1).
Comment on weak decays of charmed mesons

The suppression of quark-annihilation diagrams in nonleptonic decays of charmed particles forbides purely pionic modes of F. We discuss briefly the F semileptonic decay and the possibility that F/sup asterisk//sub J//sub 1/ is the lowest charmed strange meson.
A local method for solutions in two-dimensional potential theory and linear elasticity

A numerical method called the Boundary Walk Method (BWM) is used to solve problems in two-dimensional potential theory and linear elasticity in multiply connected domains. The BWM is a local method in the sense that it directly gives the solution at the point of interest. It is based on a global integral representation of the unknown function in the form of a potential, followed by evaluating the integrals in the resulting series solution using Monte Carlo simulation. Appropriate integral formulations which can be used with the BWM to solve problems in potential theory and linear elasticity in multiply-connected domains are presented. Numerical results for some sample problems based on these formulations are also presented.
The influence of extracellular matrix upon keratinocyte behavior

Abstract Cell-matrix interactions is a term used to designate how parameters of cellular behavior (proliferation, attachment, migration, etc.) are influenced by connective tissue, extracellular matrix macromolecules. It also designates how cells apposed to a matrix can modulate and influence the matrix. In this review, some of the cell-matrix interactions that have been described in human keratinocytes are outlined. Emphasis is on how some of these keratinocyte-matrix interactions may be relevant to the processes involved in wound healing.
Age-dependence of the stimulatory effect of triiodothyronine on the DNA synthesis of rat hepatocytes

Abstract The effect of a single subcutaneous injection of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) on DNA synthesis rate and liver growth was studied in young and old female Wistar rats. The hormonal treatment was effective in stimulating DNA synthesis, resulting in an increase of the specific liver volume as well as volume and numerical density of nuclei/100 g body wt. in young animals. In the old animals T 3 injection induced a reduced and delayed synthesis of DNA, which did not affect the morphometric parameters of liver/100 g body wt.
Was the 2000 Presidential Election Predictable

In late August 2000, at APSA's Annual Meeting, a panel of political scientists offered forecasts for the 2000 presidential election. Although they differed in particulars, most of the forecasters' models incorporated a measure of economic growth plus the president's approval rating. Because the economy was prospering and President Clinton enjoyed phenomenal approval numbers for the eighth year of office, the consensus prediction was a Democratic (Gore) victory by upwards of 6 percentage points. Although political scientists had offered forecasts before previous presidential elections, these political scientists' predictions for 2000 attracted more interest than usual. Their predictions drew exceptional interest both during the campaign, when nobody knew for sure how the election would turn out, and after, when the forecasters had to account for their mistakes.
Computer analysis of the electrocardiogram: evaluation of experience in a hospital heart station.

C ardiologists and administrators, concerned with the increasing volume of hospital electrocardiograms (ECG’s), are considering automation as a means of saving money and manpower. The initial cost for computer systems for ECG processing is high and prospective purchasers should fully understand the limitations as well as the capabilities of these systems for clinical use. In a collaborative study with the Medical Systems Development Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service, the Heart Station of the George Washington University Hospital used computer-derived ECG interpretations as part of its routine ECG processing from 1964 to 1968. Computer processing7 was performed by the Medical Systems Development Laborat0ry.l Members of the Heart Station staff assisted in the development of diagnostic criteria and in the evaluation of the programe2 This report describes the operation of the computer system in our institution over a 12 month period, presents an analysis of the system with emphasis on the accuracy of ECG interpretation, and evaluates computer analysis of the ECG for use in hospital practice.
High-Grade Endometrial Carcinomas.

High-grade endometrial carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of clinically aggressive tumors. They include FIGO grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma, serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, and malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (MMMT). Epidemiologic, genetic, biologic prognostic and morphologic differences between these entities are striking in prototypic cases, yet substantial overlap exists and diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches that account for the group's diversity are currently insufficient. FIGO grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma demonstrates solid, trabecular or nested growth and may resemble poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Endometrioid glandular differentiation is usually focally present. Serous carcinoma usually displays papillary architecture but glandular and solid patterns may predominate. Tumor cells typically display diffuse and severe atypia. Clear cell carcinoma should be diagnosed by recognizing characteristic papillary or tubulocystic architecture with cuboidal tumor cells showing atypical but uniform nuclei. Cells with clear cytoplasm are frequently but not always present. On the other hand, clear cells may be encountered in endometrioid and serous carcinomas. Immunohistochemical stains for p53, p16, ER, PR, mib-1, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β and pan-cytokeratin can be helpful in classifying these high-grade carcinomas. They should be used in concert with thorough morphologic examination, as part of a rational panel of markers and only in specific circumstances. Although these tumors may appear clinically and even morphologically similar, demographic and epidemiologic features as well as patterns of spread and treatment modalities differ.
Assembly Time Estimation: Assembly Mate Based Structural Complexity Metric Predictive Modeling

This paper presents an automated tool for estimating assembly times of products based on a three step process: connectivity graph generation from assembly mate information, structural complexity metric analysis of the graph, and application of the complexity metric vector to predictive artificial neural network models. The tool has been evaluated against different training set cases, suggesting that partially defined assembly models and training product variety are critical characteristics. Moreover, the tool is shown to be robust and insensitive to different modeling engineers. The tool has been implemented in a commercial CAD system and shown to yield results of within ±25% of predicted values. Additional extensions and experiments are recommended to improve the tool.
Cloning and characterization of methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The folate derivative 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (folinic acid; 5-CHO-THF) was discovered over 40 years ago, but its role in metabolism remains poorly understood. Only one enzyme is known that utilizes 5-CHO-THF as a substrate: 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS). A BLAST search of the yeast genome using the human MTHFS sequence revealed a 211-amino acid open reading frame (YER183c) with significant homology. The yeast enzyme was expressed inEscherichia coli, and the purified recombinant enzyme exhibited kinetics similar to previously purified MTHFS. No new phenotype was observed in strains disrupted at MTHFS or in strains additionally disrupted at the genes encoding one or both serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMT) or at the genes encoding one or both methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases. However, when the MTHFS gene was disrupted in a strain lacking the de novo folate biosynthesis pathway, folinic acid (5-CHO-THF) could no longer support the folate requirement. We have thus named the yeast gene encoding methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase FAU1(folinic acid utilization). Disruption of the FAU1 gene in a strain lacking both 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase isozymes (ADE16 and ADE17) resulted in a growth deficiency that was alleviated by methionine. Genetic analysis suggested that intracellular accumulation of the purine intermediate AICAR interferes with a step in methionine biosynthesis. Intracellular levels of 5-CHO-THF were determined in yeast disrupted atFAU1 and other genes encoding folate-dependent enzymes. In fau1 disruptants, 5-CHO-THF was elevated 4-fold over wild-type yeast. In yeast lacking MTHFS along with both AICAR transformylases, 5-CHO-THF was elevated 12-fold over wild type. 5-CHO-THF was undetectable in strains lacking SHMT activity, confirming SHMT as the in vivo source of 5-CHO-THF. Taken together, these results indicate that S. cerevisiae harbors a single, nonessential, MTHFS activity. Growth phenotypes of multiply disrupted strains are consistent with a regulatory role for 5-CHO-THF in one-carbon metabolism and additionally suggest a metabolic interaction between the purine and methionine pathways.
Carbofluoresceins and carborhodamines as scaffolds for high-contrast fluorogenic probes.

Fluorogenic molecules are important tools for advanced biochemical and biological experiments. The extant collection of fluorogenic probes is incomplete, however, leaving regions of the electromagnetic spectrum unutilized. Here, we synthesize green-excited fluorescent and fluorogenic analogues of the classic fluorescein and rhodamine 110 fluorophores by replacement of the xanthene oxygen with a quaternary carbon. These anthracenyl “carbofluorescein” and “carborhodamine 110” fluorophores exhibit excellent fluorescent properties and can be masked with enzyme- and photolabile groups to prepare high-contrast fluorogenic molecules useful for live cell imaging experiments and super-resolution microscopy. Our divergent approach to these red-shifted dye scaffolds will enable the preparation of numerous novel fluorogenic probes with high biological utility.
Adaptation of neural taste responses in cat.

Summary Adaptation of taste responses was studied as recorded from the chorda tympani nerve of the cat. HCl, NaCl and quinine hydrochloride were tested at suprathreshold concentrations that produced responses of roughly equal magnitude. Adaptation was assessed by measuring the change in magnitude of the response produced by the second member of a pair of identical stimuli. The time interval between stimuli and the duration of the first stimulus were separately varied to provide different measures of adaptation. The time for recovery from adaptation was quickest for quinine and slowest for HCl. Correspondingly, HCl was most depressed and quinine the least affected by adaptation. Not only was the magnitude of response reduced, but its rate of rise was slowed by prior stimulation. Adaptation was found to increase with time and to exert its effect for at least 80 sec, the maximum time studied. The effects of adaptation were mainly limited to the phasic component of the two-stage response. The tonic phase was not appreciably altered from the magnitude dictated by its slow time course, even though excitability was declining along a steep gradient. In human studies psychophysical adaptation is complete and is associated with a corresponding decline of the neural response to zero. Our results indicate that sensory adaptation of taste may occur in animals to a similar degree, despite the maintained neural activity.
Tracking flame base movement and interaction with ignition kernels using topological methods

We segment the stabilization region in a simulation of a lifted jet flame based on its topology induced by the YOH field. Our segmentation method yields regions that correspond to the flame base and to potential auto-ignition kernels. We apply a region overlap based tracking method to follow the flame-base and the kernels over time, to study the evolution of kernels, and to detect when the kernels merge with the flame. The combination of our segmentation and tracking methods allow us observe flame stabilization via merging between the flame base and kernels; we also obtain YCH2O histories inside the kernels and detect a distinct decrease in radical concentration during transition to a developed flame.
Characterization of biomedical polymer-adherent macrophages: interleukin 1 generation and scanning electron microscopy studies.

Abstract Macrophage activation following attachment to biomedical polymers was studied using two systems of analysis. Supematants generated by human peripheral blood monocytes cultured on the surface of several different biomedical polymers were evaluated for the presence of the secreted regulatory protein interleukin 1(IL1). In addition, each cell-polymer culture surface was subjected to scanning electron microscopy for gross morphological evaluation. Results indicate that, although all materials were efficient in the attachment and activation of cells, the panel of polymers showed a differential capacity in attachment and activation of monocytes. Dacron® and polyethylene surfaces had a greater density of cells showing morphology indicative of activation, corresponding to elevated levels of IL1 in these cultures. Biomer and polydimethylsiloxane surfaces showed fewer activated cells and had lower IL1 levels in culture. Expanded polytetrafluorethylene resulted in intermediate levels of IL1 and attached cells showing activated morphology.
The Same Periplasmic ExbD Residues Mediate In Vivo Interactions between ExbD Homodimers and ExbD-TonB Heterodimers

ABSTRACT The TonB system couples cytoplasmic membrane proton motive force to TonB-gated outer membrane transporters for active transport of nutrients into the periplasm. In Escherichia coli, cytoplasmic membrane proteins ExbB and ExbD promote conformational changes in TonB, which transmits this energy to the transporters. The only known energy-dependent interaction occurs between the periplasmic domains of TonB and ExbD. This study identified sites of in vivo homodimeric interactions within ExbD periplasmic domain residues 92 to 121. ExbD was active as a homodimer (ExbD2) but not through all Cys substitution sites, suggesting the existence of conformationally dynamic regions in the ExbD periplasmic domain. A subset of homodimeric interactions could not be modeled on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure without significant distortion. Most importantly, the majority of ExbD Cys substitutions that mediated homodimer formation also mediated ExbD-TonB heterodimer formation with TonB A150C. Consistent with the implied competition, ExbD homodimer formation increased in the absence of TonB. Although ExbD D25 was not required for their formation, ExbD dimers interacted in vivo with ExbB. ExbD-TonB interactions required ExbD transmembrane domain residue D25. These results suggested a model where ExbD2 assembled with ExbB undergoes a transmembrane domain-dependent transition and exchanges partners in localized homodimeric interfaces to form an ExbD2-TonB heterotrimer. The findings here were also consistent with our previous hypothesis that ExbD guides the conformation of the TonB periplasmic domain, which itself is conformationally dynamic.
Interventional therapy for neonates with critical congenital heart disease

Transcatheter interventional therapies for children continue to evolve at a remarkable rate. Perhaps no where are these procedures more important than in the critically ill newborn. In this core curriculum review article several of the most commonly performed interventions performed in critically ill newborns are discussed with regards to technique and outcomes.
Observation of Optical Bullets Formed in Laser-Driven Plasma Bubble Accelerators

Laser-driven plasma “bubble” accelerators, which produce mono-energetic electron beams, are shown to reshape co-propagating probe pulses into optical “bullets” that visualize the bubble directly.
Nonlinear Effects in Ultrasonic Propagation in a Nematic Liquid Crystal

Abstract Measurements of the ultrasonic second harmonic amplitude in the nematic liquid crystal MBBA have been made at fundamental frequencies of 2, 5, and 10 MHz. It is found that the isentropic derivative of the sound velocity, which is related to the nonlinear coupling coefficient C, decreases by approximately 37% as temperature decreases from 35[ddot]C above to 20[ddot]C below the nematic to isotropic transition temperature, Tc, and may be discontinuous at Tc. In the nematic phase the coupling coefficient is found to be independent, within experimental error, of the angle between the ultrasonic wave vector and the nematic director. This confirms a previous result. Here, however, we are able to place a limit of at most a 4% change in C with a change in direction of propagation. From this value we calculate an upper bound of 10−11 dynes/cm2 for the isentropic derivative of the sound velocity anisotropy with respect to pressure.
Parascapular free flaps in skin malignancies

This study was a retrospective review of a case series of nine patients, aged 40 to 83 years, presenting to the head and neck cancer department at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, with a diagnosis of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), requiring reconstruction after surgical resection. In this group of patients, parascapular fasciocutaneous free flaps proved to be a safe, reliable, and cosmetically effective choice for reconstruction of head and neck skin cancer defects. Choosing donor tissue from a relatively non-sun exposed area can prevent potential development of new malignancies that may arise from donor sites using sun-exposed skin. We discuss the benefits and versatility of the parascapular fasciocutaneous free flap and our experience in using this flap to reconstruct complex surgical defects.
Pricing externalities in the world financial markets: Theory and policy implications

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the equilibrium asset pricing mechanism in a partially segmented world capital market where some assets are internationally tradable while others are not. The major findings are: First, nontraded assets are priced according to a world systematic risk, reflecting the spill-over effect generated by the traded assets, as well as a country-specific risk. Second, our asset pricing model allows for a continuum of domestic/international mixed pricing, with the degree of international pricing determined by the ability of traded assets to replicate the country market portfolios. Third, nontraded firms of a country get a “free ride” from the traded counterparts in that the former benefits from integration without incurring the concurrent costs. Fourth, notwithstanding a relatively small number of traded securities, the world capital market can be much more integrated than it may appear, due to the asset pricing externality effect. Fifth, to maximize the indirect benefit from partial integration, dual-listed assets or country funds should be chosen so that they have the highest correlation with the domestic market portfolio. Sixth, examination of our sample Australian firms that are cross-listed on the U.S. stock exchanges indicates that these firms experienced a decline in the expected return upon U.S. listings.
Gender perceptions of management’s green supply chain development among the professional workforce

An empirically-based study measuring the perceived effectiveness of green supply chain management (GSCM)-based initiatives of Pittsburgh, PA metropolitan companies by their professional workforce was conducted. Statistical analyses, via multiple linear regression and principal-components analysis, via factor analysis, revealed many layers of complexity. Although there were no significant differences among the sexes in terms of the major operational and green-based initiatives implemented by their perspective management, there were some noticeable differences on GSCM-based priorities. Significant positive relationships exist among productivity and efficiency measures and ultimate support for management’s efforts to properly direct its suppliers in a more ecofriendly direction. In general, the strongest employee acceptance rates were found to be in the areas of using recycled products, eco-friendly practices attracts and retains customers, competitive advantage obtained by sharing ecological responsibility, and supply chain is a high corporate priority.
Quantitative dual-tracer planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of molecular mixing

Simultaneous, planar laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) images of nitric oxide (NO) and acetone have been used to calculate instantaneous quantitative maps of molecularly mixed jet-fluid fraction in an axisymmetric shear layer. In this experiment, NO is seeded into high-purity nitrogen jet fluid and acetone is seeded into air coflow. On mixing at the molecular level, the NO LIF is strongly quenched by oxygen from the coflow, while the acetone signal is unaffected by the mixing process. The extent to which the jet fluid is mixed at the molecular level is determined on a pixel-by-pixel basis from the simultaneous NO and acetone planar LIF images. Jets at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 50 000 are investigated.
Dismemberment, divorce and hostile takeovers: A comment on corporate moral personhood

We can explain our intuitions about corporate takeover cases by appeal to Peter French's picture of the corporation as a moral person. He argues that corporations are persons in much the same sense as you and I, and are entitled to the same rights as humans. On this analysis, takeovers are murders, attempted murders, attempts to enslave, etc. I want to explore the consequences of this view for corporate takeovers. I shall argue that, though French can explain why our moral intuitions seem to arise in response to some concern about the corporations themselves, his analysis commits us to the wrong intuitions in some cases. I shall then offer an account of these intuitions which focuses on the character of corporations.
The Relation of the Dual Thyroxine/Vitamin D-Binding Protein (TBP/DBP) of Emydid Turtles to Vitamin D-Binding Proteins of Other Vertebrates

Abstract The relation of a dual binding protein, involved in the transport of both thyroxine (T4) and vitamin D3, in the blood of emydid turtles to blood proteins in other vertebrates was examined immunologically. Binding studies with 25-OH-[3H]cholecalciferol (D3) confirmed the presence of a D3-binding protein (DBP) in the plasma of a wide variety of chelonian species representing both major suborders, as well as other species of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that these binding proteins exhibited variable electrophoretic mobilities and in some species multiple DBPs were observed. Western blot analysis of these gels and additional tests with SDSPAGE showed that an antiserum against the dual T4/D3-binding protein (TBP/DBP) from the turtle Trachemys scripta cross-reacted with the DBPs of diverse turtles, one crocodilian (Alligator), and birds; however, there was little or no cross-reaction with plasma from squamate reptiles (three snakes, four lizards), one crocodilian (Osteolaemus), amphibians (two anurans, one urodele), or mammals (six eutherians, one metatherian). The cross-reacting proteins (DBPs) all exhibit a similar Mr (≈60 K). Adsorption of plasma by TBP/DBP-affinity chromatography confirmed this phylogenetic pattern of cross-reactions between the anti-TBP/DBP serum and functional DBPs in chicken, turtle, and alligator blood (affinity adsorption effectively eliminated D3 binding); there was only weak cross-reaction with DBP in a lizard and the second crocodilian (50% reduction in D3 binding) and none with DBP of snakes or mammals (D3 binding was unaffected). Results suggest that the plasma protein (TBP/DBP) that exhibits dual, high-affinity binding of T4 and D3 in one turtle family evolved from the more "primitive" vitamin D-binding protein of stem reptiles; thus, the high-affinity T4-binding site on this molecule is probably a derived characteristic of DBP in the Emydidae.
Prediction of stability constants. I. Protonation constants of carboxylates and formation constants of their complexes with class a metal ions

Abstract Methods recently developed for the estimation of stability and protonation constants of ligands for which no data currently exist are now applied to aliphatic organic mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids and their complexes with basic metal ions such as the alkali(I) and alkaline earth(II) metal ions, the lanthanide(III) ions, the actinide(III and IV) ions, and the dioxoactinide(VI) ions. The results consist of selected measures values, and estimated values, of the protonation and formation constants of 18 structural types of carboxylate ligands. Variations of stability constants with ionic strength are determined for various charge types, extending the data for potential application to environment systems, sea water, and biological fluids. The complexes of the alkali metal ions and of the alkaline earth ions showed variations in stability constants that are interpreted with the aid of ionic models of these complexes. The lanthanide complexes showed increases in stability constant increments through the first half of the series, followed by a change to a lower slope, and in some cases to a negative slope, at or just before gadolinium(III). Data currently available for the actinides are limited, but a few estimated constants are presented. More data are needed to establish definite trends.
Sequence analysis and precise mapping of the 3′ ends of HeLa cell mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs

Abstract The 3′-terminal segments of the two HeLa cell mitochondrial ribosomal RNA species have been sequenced by subjecting 3′-end-labeled samples of highly purified components to RNAase T 1 or RNAase A digestion, fingerprinting the products and further characterizing them by secondary enzymatic digestion. The results, when correlated with the mitochondrial DNA sequence, clearly indicate that the 3′ end nucleotide of the transcribed moiety of almost 90% of the 12 S rRNA molecules corresponds in the DNA sequence to a nucleotide immediately contiguous to the following tRNA Val gene, while the transcribed moiety of the remainder of the 12 S rRNA molecules is shorter by one, or perhaps two or three, nucleotides. Both the major and the minor 12 S rRNA species have been found to be, in the majority, oligoadenylated at their 3′ ends, exhibiting mostly stretches of one to five A residues. A similar analysis of the 16 S rRNA has shown the occurrence of two major types of transcribed moiety comprising about 90% of the total, and several minor ones. Some ambiguities in the precise localization in the mitochondrial DNA sequence of the 3′-terminal residues of the 16 S rRNA transcripts have been resolved by high resolution mapping experiments utilizing the S 1 protection technique and analysis of the products on sequencing gels. The results clearly show that the 3′ termini of the two major types of transcribed moiety correspond in the DNA sequence to the nucleotide immediately adjacent to the tRNA Leu gene or to the preceding one; furthermore, the 3′ ends of the minor types of transcribed moiety form with those of the major types a cluster of nucleotides, mostly contiguous, in the mitochondrial DNA sequence. All species of transcribed moiety have been found to be oligoadenylated. The present results point to a certain imprecision in the process leading to the formation of the 3′ ends of 16 S rRNA and, together with other data, support a model whereby termination of transcription, rather than processing, is responsible for generating these 3′ ends. The observation of oligoadenylation in the HeLa cell mitochondrial rRNAs confirms and extends similar findings in the homologous hamster RNAs, and suggests a general role of adenylation in the processing or termination of mitochondrial DNA transcripts.
Progress and Potential in Evaluating Energy Efficiency Programs

Evaluation of energy-efficiency programs has come of age. Substantial progress has been made during the past decade in the development of methods to measure the cost and performance of such programs. These developments inlcude: use of quasi-experimental designs; use of fuel- consumption data to measure energy savings; weather-normalization of fuel-consumption data; consideration of nonresponse bias, self-selection, take-back and free riders; evaluation of long-term program effects; integration of outcomes and process evaluations; and use of data from a variety of sources. Program evaluators will face new challenges during the 1990s, largely because the role of energy-efficiency programs will expand greatly. These challenges include: integration of evaluation results with forecasts of energy use; conversion of evaluation results into a form useful for program planning; and development of standardized methods to conduct evaluations and to report evaluation results.
Rethinking the truncated normal distribution

A truncated distribution is a conditional distribution which is restricted by the domain of a random variable in special situations. Truncated distributions were introduced more than one hundred years ago, but only a few papers have examined the standardisation of a truncated distribution, especially the standardisation of a truncated normal distribution. However, the traditional truncated standard normal distribution, derived from the truncation of a standard normal distribution, has varying mean and variance, depending on the location of truncation points. As a result, its statistical analysis may not be done on a consistent basis. The contribution of this paper is three-fold. First, we develop a standard truncated normal distribution by standardising a truncated normal distribution. The truncated mean and variance of this distribution are zero and one, respectively, regardless of the location of the truncation points, thereby being more consistent with the well-known standard normal distribution. Second, we develop the cumulative probability table of the standard doubly truncated normal distribution as a set of guidelines for engineers and scientists. Finally, we prove that the variance of the truncated distribution is always smaller than the variance of the original distribution.
Nonlinear singular multipoint boundary value problems

Let Λ be a linear differential operator on (a, b) of order 2m with leading coefficient possessing an integrable reciprocal. Global C(m-1)(a, b) solutions are shown to exist for certain nonlinear multipoint boundary value problems of the form A u = F(u, …, u(m-1), where linear combinations of derivatives through order m – 1 are specified at points interior to (a, b). The associated linear problem is completely solved through the construction of an appropriate Green's function which determines a compact operator G = A−1. The linear eigenvalue problem is examined and a complete orthonormal system exhibited in L2(a, b). Solutions of the nonlinear problem are obtained by exhibiting fixed points for the operator GF. A sei ein linearer Differentialoperator auf (a, b) von der Ordnung 2m, dessen fuhrender Koeffizient eine integrable Reziproke besitzt. Es wird gezeigt, das in C(m-1) (a, b) fur gewisse nichtlineare Mehrpunkt-Randwertprobleme der Form A u = F(u, …, u(m-1), bei denen in inneren Punkten von (a, b) bestimmte Linearkombinationen von Ableitungen bis zur (m – 1)-ten Ordnung gegeben sind, globale Losungen existieren. Das lineare Problem wird durch die Konstruktion einer geeigneten Greenschen Funktion, welche einen kompakten Operator G = A−1 bestimmt, vollstandig gelost. Das lineare Eigenwertproblem wird untersucht und ein vollstandiges Orthonormalsystem in L2(a, b) aufgestellt. Losungen des nichtlinearen Problems erhalt man als Fixpunkte des Operators GF.
Sleep symptoms and clinical markers of illness in patients with heart failure.

The purpose of this study was to survey patients with heart failure (HF) for sleep symptoms using a standardized questionnaire and correlate symptoms with conventional markers of clinical status. A self-report paper questionnaire was offered to patients presenting to a tertiary care HF clinic. Symptoms were grouped according to “risk” categories and correlated with routine clinical information. One hundred six (52.7% of 201 with all data) respondents had a high pretest probability for sleep apnea syndrome. Sixty three (31.3%) reported symptoms suggesting the presence of chronic insomnia; seven (3.5%) and eight (4%) reported symptoms of narcolepsy and restless legs syndrome, respectively. High-risk respondents for sleep apnea had a higher body mass index (p<0.001), were younger (p<0.05), and had a higher ejection fraction (p<0.05). The odds ratio (confidence interval) for paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) to a complaint of sleepiness was 1.99 (1.1–3.6) and to a complaint of insomnia was 3.5 (1.8–6.5). In men, complaints of sleepiness in patients with PND were correlated, 4.47 (1.9–10.3), as was a correlation to high pretest probability for sleep apnea, 2.47 (1.1–5.5). There were no correlation of New York Heart Association status classification to high risk for sleep apnea, but a complaint of insomnia tended to occur with worsening functional status (p<0.05). There was only modest correlation of self-reported symptoms as elicited by a questionnaire and risk for sleep disorders with common clinical assessments for HF. Such collection of symptoms might be useful in establishing guidelines for routine sleep testing or as an adjunct to clinical trials.
Visualization of the F9 antigen on sperm from normal and T/t-complex mutants by immunoscanning electron microscopy

The antigens defined by conventional syngeneic antiserum against F9 embryonal carcinoma cells were localized on mature sperm using immunolabeling and scanning electron microscopy. Labeling patterns were compared for normal (+ / +) mice and mice bearing recessive t-haplotypes. The results showed that antigens detected by intact anti-F9 antiserum are expressed similarly in all genotypes, except for sperm from mice bearing the t12-haplotype where the frequency of labeled cells was reduced. Labeling with the IgM fraction of anti-F9 antiserum was lower on sperm from all t-genotypes examined, with sperm from + /t12 males showing the most marked reduction. In all cases, the labeling patterns were similar, and included a labeling of the whole sperm head with complete anti-F9 antiserum and a restriction of the label to the postacrosomal region when the IgM fraction was used.
Determination of zirconium and hafnium with xylenol orange and methylthymol blue

Abstract Both Xylenol Orange and Methylthymol Blue are highly selective and sensitive reagents for zirconium and hafnium forming intensely red complexes in an acidic medium. The factors affecting the color formation have been studied. The properties of the complexes have been determined and compared. In general, zirconium forms a more stable complex with the two dyes than hafnium, and Xylenol Orange forms a stronger complex with either zirconium or hafnium than Methylthymol Blue. Hydrogen peroxide can completely mask the zirconium complexes of either dye but only slightly affects the hafnium complex of Xylenol Orange. Zirconium and hafnium can both be determined without separation using peroxide as a masking agent and sulfate as a demasking agent. A bleaching reaction was observed when small amounts of hafnium were added to the red zirconium complex of Methylthymol Blue in 2.4 N perchloric acid or a small amount of zirconium was added to the red hafnium complex of Methylthymol Blue solution at pH 2 to 3.
Drosophila as a tool for the rapid assessment of chemicals for teratogenicity.

Drosophila melanogaster is being investigated for its potential to aid in identifying priority chemicals for teratologic study. The method encompasses treating larvae over the entire metamorphosis period, i.e., from the egg through three instar stages to pupa formation, by incorporating the test chemical into the medium. Adult flies are systematically examined under a binocular microscope for external morphological anomalies. Data from treated flies can be compared with those from concurrent control flies using standard statistical tests. Results from this developmental work reveal a dramatic and reproducible response of Drosophila to various chemical treatments. Validation studies, testing known teratogens and nonteratogens, are necessary before such a system can be incorporated into existing teratologic screening regimens.
Reactors for electric furnace circuits

IN any alternating-current circuit supplying power to an electric arc furnace, the reactance of the circuit is depended upon to stabilize the arc, and to limit the maximum current which will flow through the circuit in case the arc becomes short-circuited, due to the electrodes coming into direct contact with each other or with the furnace charge. The resistance of the buses, electrodes and charge will help to limit the maximum current, but its effect is small in comparison with that of the reactance.
Local adaptive mesh refinement for shock hydrodynamics

The aim of this work is the development of an automatic, adaptive mesh refinement strategy for solving hyperbolic conservation laws in two dimensions. There are two main difficulties in doing this. The first problem is due to the presence of discontinuities in the solution and the effect on them of discontinuities in the mesh. The second problem is how to organize the algorithm to minimize memory and CPU overhead. This is an important consideration and will continue to be important as more sophisticated algorithms that use data structures other than arrays are developed for use on vector and parallel computers.
Mechanisms of Cerebral Injury from Cardiac Surgery

Cerebral injury is a frequent complication of cardiac surgery, and it has been associated with high mortality, morbidity, hospital costs; an increased likelihood of admission to a secondary care facility after hospital discharge; and impaired quality of life. This article examines postulated mechanisms for cerebral injury from cardiac surgery. Most emphasis has been placed in the past on the intraoperative interval as being the period of highest cerebral vulnerability. Many clinical cerebral events, however, occur in the postoperative period.
Human cingulate cortex: Surface features, flat maps, and cytoarchitecture

The surface morphology land cytoarchitecture of human cingulate cortex was evaluated in the brains of 27 neurologically intact individuals. Variations in surface features included a single cingulate sulcus (CS) with or without segmentation or double parallel sulci with or without segmentation. The single CS was deeper (9.7 ± 0.81 mm) than in cases with double parallel sulci (7.5 ± 0.48 mm). There were dimples parallel to the CS in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anastomoses between the CS and the superior CS. Flat maps of the medial cortical surface were made in a two-stage reconstruction process and used to plot areas. The ACC is agranular and has a prominent layer V. Areas 33 and 25 have poor laminar differentiation, and there are three parts of area 24: area 24a adjacent to area 33 and partially within the callosal sulcus has homogeneous layers II and III, area 24b on the gyral surface has the most prominent layer Va of any cingulate area and distinct layers IIIa-b and IIIc, and area 24c in the ventral bank of the CS has thin layers II–III and no differentiation of layer V. There are four caudal divisions of area 24. Areas 24a′ and 24b′ have a thinner layer Va and layer III is thicker and less dense than in areas 24a and 24b. Area 24c′ is caudal to area 24c and has densely packed, large pyramids throughout layer V. Area 24c'g is caudal to area 24c′ and has the largest layer Vb pyramidal neurons in cingulate cortex. Area 32 is a cingulofrontal transition cortex with large layer IIIc pyramidal neurons and a dysgranular layer IV. Area 32′ is caudal to area 32 and has an indistinct layer IV, larger layer IIIc pyramids, and fewer neurons in layer Va. Posterior cingulate cortex has medial and lateral parts of area 29, a dysgranular area 30, and three divisions of area 23: area 23a has a thin layer IIIc and moderate-sized pyramids in layer Va, area 23b has large and prominent pyramids in layers IIIc and Va, and area 23c has the thinnest layers V and VI in cingulate cortex. Area 31 is the cinguloparietal transition area in the parasplenial lobules and has very large layer IIIc pyramids. Finally, variations in architecture between cases were assessed in neuron perikarya counts in area 23a. There was an age-related decrease in neuron density in layer IV (r = −0.63; ages 45–102), but not in other layers. These observations provide structural underpinnings for interpreting functional imaging studies of the human medial surface. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A minimal anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in Trypanosoma brucei.

The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that initiates chromosome segregation and mitotic exit by targeting critical cell-cycle regulators for proteolytic destruction. Previously, seven APC/C subunit homologues were identified in the genome of Trypanosoma brucei. In the present study, we tested five of them in yeast complementation studies and found none of them capable of complementing the yeast mutants lacking the corresponding subunits, suggesting significant discrepancies between the two APC/C’s. Subunit homologues of mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) have not yet been identified in T. brucei, raising the possibility that a MCC-APC/C complex equivalent may not exist in T. brucei. We performed tandem affinity purification of the protein complex containing a APC1 fusion protein expressed in the cells enriched in different phases of the cell cycle of procyclic form T. brucei, and compared their protein profiles using LC-MS/MS analyses. The seven putative APC/C subunits were identified in the protein complex throughout the cell cycle together with three additional proteins designated the associated proteins (AP) AP1, AP2 and AP3. Abundance of the 10 proteins remained relatively unchanged throughout the cell cycle, suggesting that they are the core subunits of APC/C. AP1 turned out to be a homologue of APC4. An RNAi knockdown of APC4 and AP3 showed no detectable cellular phenotype, whereas an AP2 knockdown enriched the cells in G2/M phase. The AP2-depleted cells showed stabilized mitotic cyclin B. An accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated cyclin B was indicated in the cells treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, demonstrating the involvement of proteasome in degrading poly-ubiquitinated cyclin B. In all, a 10-subunit APC/C machinery with a conserved function is identified in T. brucei without linking to a MCC-like complex, thus indicating a unique T. brucei APC/C.
Hyperfine structure of Sc II: Experiment and theory

Collinear laser--ion-beam spectroscopy has been used to measure hyperfine structure (hfs) in three levels of the 3d/sup 2/ and six levels of the 3d4p configuration of Sc II. The results combine with earlier measurements of hfs within these configurations to give a fairly complete picture of hfs in these configurations. The combined results are compared with multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) ab initio calculations. Good agreement is obtained for the magnetic dipole hfs constants of the singlet states in both the 3d/sup 2/ and 3d4p configurations, but the MCDF predictions for the triplet states are not even qualitatively correct. The poor agreement for the triplet states appears to be due to the neglect of core polarization in the present MCDF approach.
ISLA: An Isochronous Spectrometer with Large Acceptances

Abstract A novel type of recoil mass spectrometer and separator is proposed for the future secondary radioactive beams of the ReA12 accelerator at NSCL/FRIB, inspired from the TOFI spectrometer developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for online mass measurements. The Isochronous Spectrometer with Large Acceptances (ISLA) is able to achieve superior characteristics without the compromises that usually plague the design of large acceptance spectrometers. ISLA can provide mass-to-charge ratio (m/q) measurements to better than 1 part in 1000 by using an optically isochronous time-of-flight independent of the momentum vector of the recoiling ions, despite large acceptances of 20% in momentum and 64 msr in solid angle. The characteristics of this unique design are shown, including requirements for auxiliary detectors around the target and the various types of reactions to be used with the re-accelerated radioactive beams of the future ReA12 accelerator.
Bridging the Gap between What Mass Spectrometrists Want and What Spectroscopists Can Do: An Instrument for Spectroscopic Investigation of Matrix-Isolated, Mass-Selected Ions

An instrument designed to trap mass-selected ions from mass spectrometers in a low-temperature inert gas matrix, for subsequent structural analysis via vibrational and electronic spectroscopy, is described. Isolation of mass-selected CS2+ in an argon matrix is confirmed with the use of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. The role of counter-ions in matrix isolation of ions is discussed, as well as implications of the LIF results to infrared spectroscopic studies of matrix-isolated, mass-selected ions. Early infrared experiments suggest that some ion neutralization may occur.
A facile and regiospecific tritiation of sphingosine: Synthesis of (2S,3R,4E)‐2‐amino‐4‐octadecene‐1,3‐diol‐1‐3H

An easy technique for introduction of tritium into the 1-position of sphingosine was developed, employing regiospecific oxidation of the primary hydroxy group followed by reduction with NaB3H4. An improved preparation of N,N-dimethylsphingosine and its quaternization are also described.
Kondo-like State in a Simple Model for Metallic Glasses

A simple model is constructed for tunneling two-level systems interacting with conduction electrons in metallic glasses. The coupling constants do not commute in momentum space. Scaling theory shows a strong similarity with the antiferromagnetic Kondo effect, and it is shown that at low temperature a bound state is formed in which the motion of the tunneling atom and the angular dependence of the screening electron cloud verying in time are strongly correlated.