cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinal mechanisms of color vision.

Abstract Over a century and a half ago Young (1802) theorized that color discrimination is mediated by three photoreceptor substances, each maximally sensitive to a different region of the spectrum, and that the activity of each of these substances is somehow communicated in a unique fashion to the brain. In the last few years the techniques of electrophysiology and retinal spectrophotometry have made possible experiments which justify Young's conclusions. In particular, the technique of single-cell microspectrophotometry has revealed that in the goldfish, an animal known from behavioral experiments to have a well-developed ability to discriminate colors, there are three groups of retinal cones, each containing a single pigment maximally sensitive in a particular region of the spectrum. Although electrophysiology has not yet yielded much definite information in regard to photopigments, since it has not been possible to record from single cones, it has provided much information on the function of the neural layers of the retina. The most distal responses recorded with microelectrodes, the S-potentials , are slow, graded potentials in response to illumination. One kind, the C-response , has opposite polarity in different regions of the spectrum. The retinal ganglion cells which initiate impulses in the optic nerve fibers are acted upon by paired excitatory and inhibitory influences from groups of receptors maximally sensitive in different regions of the spectrum. Thus, whereas the receptors have been demonstrated to behave in a manner consistent with the trichromatic theory, the neural responses are encoded in a fashion consistent with Hering's opponent color hypothesis.
A roadmap for the adoption of unmanned systems into public safety

The IEEE Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics community has created a roadmap for producing unmanned systems that could be adopted by the Public Safety sector within 10 years, given appropriate RD this suggests the maturity of robotics technology is beginning to match stakeholder needs. Each of the five applications were discussed in terms of the six broad enabling technology areas specified in the current National Robotics Initiative Roadmap (perception, human-robot interaction, mechanisms, modeling and simulation, control and planning, and testing and evaluation) and nine specific capabilities identified by the community as being essential to commercialization (communication, alerting, localization, fault tolerance, mapping, manpower needs, plug and play capabilities, multiple users, and multiple robots). The community believes that perception and human-robot interaction are the two biggest barriers to adoption, and require more research, given that their low technical maturity (3rd and 6th rank respectively). However, each of the specific capabilities needed for commercialization are being addressed by current research and could be achieved within 10 years with sustained funding.
Content of thoracic residency training and its relevance to the practice of medicine

Abstract Background . The Thoracic Surgery Directors Association (TSDA) curriculum book provides learning objectives for a thoracic surgery residency. Our purpose was to evaluate the relevance of these objectives through feedback from recent graduates. Methods . Graduates of multiple TSDA programs were mailed a 50-item questionnaire. Survey items were objectives from the TSDA curriculum book representing six areas of thoracic surgery. Graduates rated each objective for adequacy of instruction and relevance to their current practice on Likert-type scales. Results . Two hundred twenty-eight surveys were included in the analysis. Despite excellent operating room education, graduates across subspecialty lines reported the need for improved education in "nonoperative" subjects. Graduates practicing cardiac surgery reported little relevance of their general thoracic educational experience. Conversely, graduates practicing general thoracic surgery expressed the need for more/better educational experiences in thoracic oncology and esophageal surgery. Conclusions . Contemporary thoracic surgical education can be improved. A strong need for improvement exists in the teaching of "nonoperative" subjects. As graduates elect careers in thoracic subspecialties, a need exists to align thoracic surgery educational experiences with ultimate career goals of residents.
Transferrin is required for normal distribution of 59Fe and 54Mn in mouse brain.

Hypotransferrinemia (hpx/hpx) is a genetic defect in mice resulting in <1% of normal plasma transferrin (Tf) concentrations; heterozygotes for this mutation (+/hpx) have low circulating Tf concentrations. These mice provide a unique opportunity to examine the role of Tf in Fe and Mn transport in the brain. Twenty weanling wild-type BALB/cJ mice, 15 +/hpx mice, and 12 hpx/hpx mice of both sexes were injected i.v. with either 54MnCl(2) or 59FeCl(3) either 1 h or 1 week before killing at 12 weeks of age. Total brain counts of 54Mn and 59Fe were measured, and regional brain distributions were assessed by autoradiography. Hypotransferrinemia did not affect total brain Mn uptake. However, 1 week after i.v. injection, hpx/hpx mice had less 54Mn in forebrain structures including cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, striatum, and substantia nigra. The +/hpx mice had the highest total brain 59Fe accumulation 1 h after i.v. injection. A striking effect of regional distribution of 59Fe was noted 1 week after injection; in hpx/hpx mice, 59Fe was located primarily in choroid plexus, whereas in +/+ and +/hpx mice 59Fe was widely distributed, with relatively high amounts in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. We interpret these data to mean that Tf is necessary for the transport of Fe but not Mn across the blood-brain barrier, and that there is a Tf-independent uptake mechanism for iron in the choroid plexus. Additionally, these data suggest that endogenous synthesis of Tf is necessary for Fe transport from the choroid plexus.
Calcified hepatic cyst

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: (Dr. E. Wiley) A 55-yearold Hispanic man was referred to the general surgery service by his primary care physician for management of a liver lesion. At his initial presentation, the patient had complained of 3 months of persistent but mild mid-epigastric pain associated with slight anorexia but no apparent weight loss. He denied fever, nausea, vomiting, or change in bowel habits, and his symptoms gradually resolved with only conservative measures. However, an abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan obtained early in his evaluation demonstrated an unsuspected, large, calcified cyst in the right lobe of the liver (Fig. 1). Otherwise, his medical history was unremarkable, without previous operations, hospitalizations, or abdominal trauma. He described occasional social drinking but denied smoking or the use of illicit drugs. He was employed as a truck driver, and his international travel was limited to northern Mexico. On examination, the patient was alert, oriented, ambulatory, and comfortable. His blood pressure was 110/78 with a regular pulse and appropriate respirations. His heart and lungs appeared unremarkable, whereas his abdomen was scaphoid, soft, and nontender, with no palpable masses or organomegaly. All laboratory values were within normal limits with the hematocrit 41.2%, the white blood cell count 7800, and the total bilirubin 0.5 mg/dL. A hepatitis panel was negative, and both the amebic serology and the echinococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were nondiagnostic.
Transactional Models in Early Social Relations

Predictions of developmental outcomes based on early assessments of the child have proven inadequate. Development consists of a series of stage-like restructurings of behavior as the child advances through life. Continuities in exceptional behavior generally do not bridge these stages unless those exceptional behaviors are maintained by an exceptional caretaking environment. Such exceptional caretaking can be related to a mother’s cognitive inability to make developmental sense of the behavior of her child. A sequence of negative transactions can be started when an infant is seen as being abnormal either through his history, appearance, or behavior. The parent who makes this concrete attribution will treat the child in such a way as to create a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’. Research must be directed at the variety of ways that parental levels of cognizing influence their perceptions of their offspring, which perceptions in turn influence their behavior toward their offspring. Dialectical interpretations offer a new tool for understanding the contradictions that motivate cognitive change.
Intraoperative intercostal nerve freezing to prevent postthoracotomy pain.

Abstract Intraoperative intercostal nerve freezing has been found to improve coughing and deep breathing and reduce the need for narcotics postoperatively. The incision is rendered anesthetic, and the procedure does not require repetition. This technique avoids the possible complications of other methods used to relieve thoracotomy pain.
Public-health rounds at the Harvard School of Public Health. Allocation of resources to manage hypertension.

Hypertension is one of the foremost public-health problems facing this nation. Its high prevalence, the enhanced risks of mortality and morbidity from the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease...
Tuning the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm

We apply the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm to pure gauge QCD and to QCD with four flavors of staggered dynamical fermions. We show how the acceptance in the global Metropolis step depends upon the parameters of the algorithm. By tuning the values of the coupling constants in the algorithm to be different from those in the global Metropolis step, we find that the acceptance can be kept large without having to make the step size prohibitively small. We give an analytic discussion of the tuning, and argue that the algorithm requires computer time growing proportional to ${V}^{5/4}$.
Effects ofQuercus emoryitrees on precipitation distribution and microclimate in a semi-arid savanna

Abstract We evaluated the effects of individual Quercus emoryi trees on precipitation distribution and microenvironment in a semi-arid savanna in south-eastern Arizona, U.S.A. Tree size was explicitly considered, with trees varying in crown area from 5 to 70 m 2 . Throughfall (the proportion of precipitation falling through the tree crown) was influenced by tree size and precipitation event size for precipitation events less than 30 mm. Non-linear regression indicated an exponential relationship between precipitation event size and stemflow, with precipitation event size explaining 66% of the variability in stemflow. Tree size was linearly related to stemflow, and accounted for an additional 6% of the variability. Soil moisture and temperature varied between sampling locations and between trees, although tree size had no apparent effect. Soil temperatures were lower beneath tree canopies in summer and higher in winter, compared to grassland zones. Regardless of tree size, trees had no measureable influence on soil bulk density or relative soil surface elevation.
A Revised Anand Constitutive Model for Lead Free Solder That Includes Aging Effects

Traditional finite element based predictions for solder joint reliability during thermal cycling accelerated life testing are based on solder constitutive equations (e.g. Anand viscoplastic model) and failure models (e.g. energy dissipation per cycle model) that do not evolve with material aging. Thus, there will be significant errors in the calculations with lead free SAC alloys that illustrate dramatic aging phenomena. In this study, we have developed a revised set of Anand viscoplastic stress-strain relations for solder that include material parameters that evolve with the thermal history of the solder material. The effects of aging on the nine Anand model parameters have been examined by performing stress-strain tests on SAC305 samples that were aged for various durations (0–6 months) at temperature of 100 C. The stress-strain data were measured at three strain rates (.001, .0001, and .00001 1/sec) and five temperatures (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 C). The mechanical tests have been performed using both water quenched (WQ) and reflowed (RF) samples (two unique specimen microstructures). In the case of the water quenched samples, there is rapid microstructural transitioning during the brief time that occurs between placing molten solder into the glass tubes and immersing the tubes in water bath. On the other hand, the reflowed samples are first cooled by water quenching, and then sent through a reflow oven to re-melt the solder in the tubes and subject them to a desired temperature profile matching that used in PCB assembly.As expected, the observed mechanical properties of water quenched samples were better (higher in magnitude) than the corresponding mechanical properties of the reflowed samples. Although the differences in elastic modulus between the water quenched and reflowed samples are small, significant differences are present for the yield and ultimate tensile stresses (for each aging condition). For both the water quenched and reflowed specimens, significant degradation of the mechanical properties has been observed with aging. Using the measured stress-strain and creep data, mathematical expressions have been developed for the evolution of the Anand model parameter with aging time. Our results show that 2 of the 9 constants remain essentially constant during aging, while the other 7 show large changes (30–70%) with up to 6 months of aging. The revised Anand constitutive equations for solder with aging effects have also been incorporated into commercial finite element codes (ANSYS and ABAQUS).Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Optoelectronic devices: standards activities in Europe: a case study

This paper describes the method used to develop an internal, company specification into a European standard, by cooperation, collaboration, and experience sharing across the industry. In so doing, it briefly outlines the structure of Standards bodies in Europe and demonstrates that with good will and a firm intent by all parties a document can be produced in acceptable timescales that allows the end customer to achieve the required degree of confidence in the product with an acceptable level of effort from the suppliers.
Predicting Postsurgery Nasal Physiology with Computational Modeling Current Challenges and Limitations

IntroductionHigh failure rates for surgical treatment of nasal airway obstruction (NAO) indicate that better diagnostic tools are needed to improve surgical planning. This study evaluates whether computer models based on a surgeon’s edits of presurgery scans can accurately predict results from computer models based on postoperative scans of the same patient using computational fluid dynamics.Study DesignProspective study.SettingAcademic medical center.MethodsThree-dimensional nasal models were reconstructed from computed tomographic scans of 10 patients with NAO presurgery and 5 to 8 months postsurgery. To create transcribed-surgery models, the surgeon digitally modified the preoperative reconstruction in each patient to represent physical changes expected from surgery and healing. Steady-state, laminar, inspiratory airflow was simulated in each model under physiologic, pressure-driven conditions.ResultsTranscribed-surgery and postsurgery model variables were statistically different from presurgery variab...
Altered Sensitivity to Sodium Channel-Specific Neurotoxins in Cultured Neurons from Temperature-Sensitive Paralytic Mutants of Drosophila

In vitro culture of central nervous system neurons from Drosophila larvae enables direct examination of effects of neurological mutations at a single-cell level not readily amenable to in vivo experimentation. Using this system, we examined the cytotoxic effect of veratridine, which selectively causes persistent activation of sodium channels, on the mutants para and nap known to have a temperature-dependent block in propagation of nerve action potentials. Even at a permissive temperature (22o C) for the mutant flies, the veratridine-induced neuronal lethality was significantly lower in both para and nap cultures than in normal cultures. At a temperature (35 oC) causing paralysis of mutant flies, nap neurons showed the same high degree of resistance to veratridine; while para neurons showed an increased resistance to a level similar to that of nap neurons. A similar reduction in the veratridine-induced neuronal death was also observed in normal cultures that were pretreated with the sodium channel blocker ...
The effect of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylazoformamide (TMAF) on lysosomal stability in the presence and absence of anti-inflammatory agents

Summary The compound, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylazoformamide (TMAF), reported to be an intracellular GSH oxidant, was used in this study for exploring lysosomal hydrolase release mechanisms and differences between various lysosomal populations. TMAF was found to induce labilization of all lysosomal fractions studied. All of the anti-inflammatory agents (AIA's) tested significantly enhanced TMAF-induced release of two or more acid hydrolases from M-L but not P-2 lysosomal fractions. These and other findings indicate that P-2 lysosomal membranes differ in structural detail from M-L fraction lysosomes.
Object-oriented programming in Smalltalk and ADA

Though Ada and Modula-2 are not object-oriented languages, an object-oriented viewpoint is crucial for effective use of their module facilities. It is therefore instructive to compare the capabilities of a modular language such as Ada with an archetypal object-oriented language such as Smalltalk. The comparison in this paper is in terms of the basic properties of encapsulation, inheritance and binding, with examples given in both languages. This comparison highlights the strengths and weaknesses of both types of languages from an object-oriented perspective. It also provides a basis for the application of experience from Smalltalk and other object-oriented languages to increasingly widely used modular languages such as Ada and Modula-2.
Gender and Moral Voice: Moving from Woman's Nature to Standpoint Epistemology

(1992). Gender and Moral Voice: Moving from Woman's Nature to Standpoint Epistemology. Women's Studies in Communication: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-24.
Simulation of a local area network for a newspaper production system

A computer simulation model has been developed for a Local Area Network (LAN)-based newspaper production system (NPS). The objective is to develop a model that serves as a performance evaluation and design tool for the NPS operation in a Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) environment. The approach taken involved developing three modules that mimic the seven layers of the MAP/OSI (Open System Interconnection) model from a performance evaluation perspective: (1) the medium access module that is based on the ANSI/IEEE 802.4 Token Passing Bus, (2) a transport module that implements the essential functions of the ISO Transport Protocol, and (3) a user traffic module (representing the top three layers) that uses a general and flexible model to create a realistic message load based on the actual message interactions in a processing plant. While a newspaper production process is considered in this paper for specific application, the user traffic module is capable of portraying any plant with well-defined process interactions in terms of messages. Results are presented from simulation runs with the NPS data.
ESCA study of carbon monoxide and oxygen adsorption on tungsten

Abstract The chemisorption of both CO and O 2 on a clean tungsten ribbon has been studied using an ultrahigh vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. For CO, the energy and intensity of photoemission from O(1s) and C(1s) core levels have been studied for various adsorption temperatures. At adsorption temperatures of ∼100 K., the “virgin”-CO state was the dominant adsorbed species. Conversion of this state to more strongly-bound β-CO is observed upon heating the adsorbed layer to ∼320K. Thermal desorption of CO at 300⩽ T ⩽640 K causes sequential loss of α 1 -CO and α 2 -CO as judged by the disappearance of O(1s) and C(1s) photoelectron peaks characteristic of these states. Oxygen adsorption at 300K gives a single main O(ls) peak at all coverages, although at high oxygen coverages there exist small auxiliary peaks at ∼2eV lower kinetic energy. The photoelectron C(1s) and O(1s) binding energies observed for these adsorbed species are all lower than for gaseous molecules containing C and O atoms. For CO adsorption states there is a systematic decrease in photoelectron binding energy as the strength of adsorption increases. These observations are in general accord with expectations based on electronic relaxation effects in condensed materials.
The new U.S. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

Abstract An outline is given of the plans for the new U.S. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory to be built in Florida and of the NMR facilities at the Laboratory. In March, 1991, the National Science Foundation released a grant of $66M to a consortium of the University of Florida, Florida State University and Los Alamos National Laboratory to establish the new Laboratory. The State of Florida is providing $55M for a building and for 34 new academic and academic-related staff. The laboratory will be sited in Tallahassee, Florida, and pulsed fields will be provided in Los Alamos. The Laboratory will be a national user facility and will also have in-house research. Plans include 50T DC magnets powered by a 32 MW supply, 25T superconducting magnets and 1000T short-pulse flux compression magnets. Low temperature and high pressure facilities will be provided. NMR facilities will be provided for work in solid-state physics, high-resolution NMR for structural investigations in molecular biology, magnets for NMR microimaging and wide bore magnets for in vivo NMR imaging and spectroscopy. Initial high-resolution proton NMR facilities will be provided at 750 MHz, rising later.
Influences of general computer experience and age on library database search performance

Two experiments examined the effects of general computer experience and age on library system search performance among novice library system users. Twenty younger adults (10 with high and 10 with low computer experience) and 20 older adults (10 with low and 10 with no computer experience) performed 10 search tasks of varying difficulty. Search success, syntax errors, database field specifications, keyword specifications, and use of Boolean operators were examined. Among younger novices, high computer experience was associated with slightly better performance than low computer experience. Among older novices, having some computer experience was associated with much better performance than no computer experience. Older computer users showed lower overall success rates, made more syntax and field specification errors, and demonstrated poorer understanding of Boolean logic and keyword matching algorithms than younger adults with similar computer experience. Implications for interface design and training inter...
Towards Technologically and Competitively Neutral Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Infrastructure

This paper provides a framework for understanding competition and industry structure in the context of Fiber to the Home (FTTH). We present engineering cost models, which indicate that FTTH is a decreasing cost industry, thereby making facilities based competition an unlikely outcome. Non-facilities based competition (or service level competition) in FTTH can happen in data-link layer (or transport) services via unbundled dark fiber (i.e. unbundled network elements) and in higher layer (voice, video and data) services via logical layer unbundling (or open access). FTTH architectures differ in the extent to which they support unbundling and therefore the extent of non-facilities based competition in FTTH depends on the architecture of the shared network over which multiple service providers offer service. Among the four different FTTH architectures considered, the curbside single-wavelength Passive Optical Network architecture (PON) that has isolated pole-mounted splitters has the most economical fiber plant but permits unbundling only at the logical layer. Consequently, though a PON supports ‘open access’ based competition in higher layer services like voice, data and switched digital video, it does not facilitate competition in data-link layer services or in the provision of analog broadcast video services. In complete contrast, the Home Run architecture has the highest initial (fiber related) capital cost, but permits unbundling of both the physical plant and at the logical layer. The Home Run architecture therefore supports a per subscriber choice of data-link layer services (via UNE based competition) as well as competition in higher layer voice, video and data services (via open access). This work further identifies deployment strategies, which can facilitate physical plant unbundling at costs much lower than the Home Run architecture. Physical plant unbundling is made possible by establishing Optimal Fiber Aggregation Points (OFAPs) that aggregate multiple distribution fibers (or homes). Unbundling is achieved at the cost of longer distribution loop lengths (vis-a-vis a curbside PON). Ideally, both passive splitters and active electronics can be deployed at an OFAP. OFAP architectures further lead to higher utilization of splitter and Optical Line Termination (OLT) ports in markets that have less than 100% penetration thereby providing the service provider with a real option to (i) defer investment in OLT ports (ii) deploy multiple data-link layer technologies and (iii) effectively phase in new technologies - under both monopoly and competition.
Reconsidering the Link between Incumbent Support and Pro-EU Opinion

According to some recent work on the attitudes towards European integration, supporters of incumbent parties are generally more pro-European than supporters of opposition parties. However, there ar...
Near-IR photodissociation of peroxy acetyl nitrate

Abstract. Measurements of the C-H overtone transition strengths combined with estimates of the photodissociation cross sections for these transitions suggest that near-IR photodissociation of peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) is less significant (Jnear-IR≈3x10-8s-1 at noon) in the lower atmosphere than competing sinks resulting from unimolecular decomposition and ultraviolet photolysis. This is in contrast to the photochemical behavior of a related peroxy nitrate, pernitric acid (PNA), that undergoes rapid near-IR photolysis in the atmosphere with Jnear-IR≈10-5s-1 at noon (Roehl et al., 2002). This difference is attributed to the larger binding energy and larger number of vibrational degrees of freedom in PAN, which make 4νCH the lowest overtone excitation with a high photodissociation yield (as opposed to 2νOH in PNA).
Constructing a diocese in a post-conquest landscape: a comparative approach to the lay possession of tithes

This article explores how territorial conquest and consolidation of Muslim-ruled lands in the medieval Iberian Peninsula influenced the restoration and growth of frontier episcopal sees through an analysis of tithing. In comparing two neighbouring dioceses in the Crown of Aragon, Tortosa and Lleida, restored following the same mid-twelfth-century expedition with similar privileges yet differing frontier conditions, the study finds that the ability of dioceses to develop parishes and impose episcopal privileges was limited by conditions on the frontier which in turn conditioned the course and progress of seigniorial and royal territorial consolidation. In the wake of conquest, bishops in both Tortosa and Lleida often negotiated with lay lords who seized tithes on their lands in order to found and foster parishes. As the dioceses succeeded in developing their lands and the border with Islam was pushed further afield, willingness to compromise on tithe collection and permit lay retention of episcopal and parish revenues accordingly faded away. While bishoprics on the Iberian frontier did face special challenges with tithing created or influenced by their territorial environments not witnessed in the interior of Christendom, the temporary deviations from canonical provisions necessitated by these special conditions did not usually result in enduring differences in episcopal tithing practices.
Circadian rhythms of feeding, oviposition, and emergence of the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Circadian rhythm of feeding, oviposition, and emergence of boll weevil adults were determined at five different photophases (24, 14, 12, 10, and 0 hours) and a constant 27 o C temperature, 65% RH in the laboratory. Squares from Petri dishes, where they were exposed to boll weevil females, were removed and examined for feeding and oviposition punctures every 4 hours during daylight (0700-1900 h) and every 12 h at night (1900-0700 h) over eight consecutive days. Cohorts of randomly selected egg-punctured squares were sampled from ovipositing females at 0700, 1100, 1500, and 1900 during 24 hours and under different photophase treatments, and maintained in Petri dishes at 27± 1 o C, 65% RH. Dishes were observed twice daily (1900 and 0700 h) for adults emerging at day or night. Circadian rhythm of oviposition was not affected by the length of the photophase. The boll weevil has round-the-clock circadian rhythm of oviposition, with a daytime preference. We observed that 82.4%-86.0% of the boll weevil eggs were deposited between 0700 and 1900 h, and 14.0%-17.6% between 1900 and 0700 h during a 24-h period. Feeding of boll weevil females in photoperiods 24: 0 h (complete light) and 0: 24 h (complete darkness) did not significantly change between 0700-1900 h versus 1900-0700 h, while the daily cycle of light and darkness in other photoperiods significantly increased the feeding punctures from 0700-1900 compared with 1900-0700 h. The circadian rhythm of emergence depended significantly on the time of oviposition and the length of the photophase. Investigation of boll weevil circadian rhythm provides a better understanding of boll weevil ecology and reveals potential weak links for improving control technologies targeting their reproductive strategies.
Dietary preparation before rest and exercise testing

To compare the effectiveness of four dietary preparations for stabilizing resting and exercise measurements, seven male recreational exercisers (27 ± 4 y) participated in four dietary preparations, each repeated in successive weeks: (1) 24-h random diet including an overnight fast (RAN); (2) 24-h random diet, including fast, followed by a standard meal 3 h before testing (RANM); (3) 24-h prescribed diet including an overnight fast (PRES); and (4) 24-h prescribed diet, including fast, followed by a standard meal (PRESM). After each preparation, metabolic rate (VO 2 ) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured at rest and in association with moderate treadmill exercise. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) followed by Tukey posthoc tests indicated that resting VO 2 , RER, and blood parameters were not different between the two trials on the same diet. Exercise RER, however, was slightly different in trial I than in trial 2 for all preparations except PRESM. Combining both trials, resting VO 2 and exercise RER were higher when a pretesting meal was administered. Plasma values were not different for the four dietary preparations. These results suggest that a standard overnight fast appears to be adequate for establishing representative and reproducible rest and exercise values for the parameters measured, except possibly for exercise RER reliability. Nutrition 1998;14:11-16.
Cyclic Behavior of Traditional and Innovative Composite Shear Walls

Shear wall systems are one of the most commonly used lateral-load resisting systems in high-rise buildings. The composite shear wall system studied herein consists of a steel plate shear wall with a reinforced concrete wall attached to one side of it using bolts. In this paper, experimental studies of three-story composite shear wall specimens are presented and test results are discussed. Two half-scale specimens were tested and both showed highly ductile behavior and stable cyclic postyielding performance. The specimens were able to tolerate 33 cycles of shear displacements and reach maximum interstory drift of more than 0.05. Here the interstory drift is defined as lateral movement of the floor over the story height. The bolts connecting the reinforced concrete walls to steel plate shear walls were able to ensure the composite action by bracing the steel plate shear wall to the reinforced concrete shear wall and preventing the overall buckling of steel plates. During late cycles and after shear yielding of the steel plate, inelastic local buckling of the steel plate shear wall occurred in the areas between the bolts. The experimental results and their implication in seismic design are summarized and discussed.
N-Acetyl-d-Galactosamine-Inhibitable Adherence Lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. II. Mitogenic Activity for Human Lymphocytes

A soluble protein preparation from virulent axenic amoebae (strain HM1-IMSS) has been demonstrated to be mitogenic for normal human lymphocytes; mitogenesis was optimal at 100 micrograms/ml when incubation was maintained for five to seven days with monocytes (P less than .001). After gel filtration chromatography mitogenic activity of fractions was associated with N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin activity (agglutination of Chinese hamster ovary cells; P less than .001). Lymphocyte proliferation induced by these active fractions was specifically inhibited by asialofetuin (P less than .001), which contains three terminal beta 1-4 linked galactose residues. In four strains of axenic amoebae mitogenic activity of soluble protein preparations correlated with in vitro virulence and lectin activity for Chinese hamster ovary cells. The amoebic N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin appears to be responsible for the mitogenic activity of soluble amoebic protein preparations; alteration of cell-mediated immunity by this amoebic moiety could potentiate in vivo virulence of the parasite.
ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE COMBUSTION OF SINGLE CHAR PARTICLES

Diffusion and reaction models of varying complexity are used to study the stability of the combustion of single char particles. In contrast to past studies which have considered only the reaction of carbon with oxygen, both the heterogeneous reactions of carbon with oxygen and carbon dioxide and the homogeneous oxidation of carbon monoxide are taken into account in the formulation of the mathematical models. Emphasis is placed on the investigation of the feasibility of occurrence of oscillatory combustion. Our results show that high rates of the C-O2 reaction and high concentration of O2 in the ambient favor the occurrence of multiple steady states and oscillatory solutions, but the appearance of oscillatory instability is suppressed by the homogeneous reaction in the gas phase and the presence of CO and CO2 in the ambient. The parametric investigation of the problem reveals, in agreement with the results of past studies, that the heat capacity of the porous solid, the Lewis number, and the thickness of t...
Takayasu's arteritis associated with intrarenal vessel involvement

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is an inflammatory process frequently associated with stenosis and obliteration of the aorta and its primary branches. Renal manifestations of the disease include renal artery stenosis, hypertension, and ischemic kidney disease. To our knowledge, vasculitis involving intrarenal arteries has not been reported in association with TA. We report a case with clinical and arteriographic features of TA associated with involvement of intrarenal vessels.
Using Epiphytic Lichens to Monitor Nitrogen Deposition Near Natural Gas Drilling Operations in the Wind River Range, WY, USA

Rapid expansion of natural gas drilling in Sublette County, WY (1999–present), has raised concerns about the potential ecological effects of enhanced atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to the Wind River Range (WRR) including the Class I Bridger Wilderness. We sampled annual throughfall (TF) N deposition and lichen thalli N concentrations under forest canopies in four different drainages of the WRR. Measurements of TF N deposition and N concentrations in lichen thalli were highest at plots closest to drilling operations (<30 km). N concentrations in lichens decreased exponentially with distance from drilling activity. Highest TF N deposition, 4.1 kg ha−1 year−1, coincided with clear evidence of damage to lichen thalli. This deposition value is above estimated preindustrial deposition conditions (0.9 kg N ha−1 year−1) and regional critical loads (a deposition value below which ecosystem harm is prevented) of N deposition for sensitive ecosystem components. N concentrations in Usnea lapponica were strongly correlated (r = 0.96) with TF N deposition, demonstrating that elemental analysis of lichen material can be used to estimate TF N deposition. N concentrations below 1.35 % in U. lapponica and 1.12 % in Letharia vulpina were associated with estimated background conditions of 0.9 kg N ha−1 year−1. Additional lichen sampling in the Bridger Wilderness is recommended to further quantify and monitor spatial patterns of N deposition and to define areas of elevated N deposition.
Checking it Twice: Age-related Differences in Double Checking during Visual Search

Visual search is an integral part of functioning in everyday life and a primary component of some occupational tasks. Older adults typically exhibit longer response times on visual search tasks compared to younger adults. Mechanisms proposed as explanations of these age-related differences include general slowing of the speed of information processing, amount of internal noise, attentional capacity, selective attention, and inhibition. This study evaluated the possibility that age-related differences in visual search may be partly due to older adults double checking to a greater degree than younger adults. Older adults did in fact double check more so than younger adults. Moreover, speed stress instructions reduced double checking behavior as well as age-related differences in double checking.
Lensing magnification: implications for counts of submillimetre galaxies and SZ clusters

We study lensing magnification of source galaxies by intervening galaxy groups and clusters using a halo model. Haloes are modelled with truncated NFW profiles with ellipticity added to their lensing potential and propagated to observable lensing statistics. We present the formalism to calculate observable effects due to a distribution of haloes of different masses at different redshifts along the line of sight. We calculate the effects of magnification on the number counts of high-redshift galaxies. Using Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimetre Telescope (BLAST) survey data for submillimetre galaxies (SMGs), we find that magnification affects the steep, high flux part of the counts by about 60 per cent. The effect becomes much stronger if the intrinsic distribution is significantly steeper than observed. We also consider the effect of this high-redshift galaxy population on contaminating the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) signal of massive clusters using the halo model approach. We find that for the majority of clusters expected to be detected with ongoing SZ surveys, there is significant contamination from the Poisson noise due to background SMGs. This contribution can be comparable to the SZ increment for typical clusters and can also contaminate the SZ decrement of low-mass clusters. Thus, SZ observations, especially for the increment part of the SZ spectrum, need to include careful modelling of this irreducible contamination for mass estimation. Lensing further enhances the contamination, especially close to the cores of massive clusters and for very disturbed clusters with large magnification cross-section.
Evaluation and reduction of harmonic distortion caused by solid state voltage controllers of induction motors

The harmonic distortion caused by a solid state AC voltage controller of an induction motor drive is evaluated. A conventional shunt harmonic filter (SHF) for harmonic reduction for a group of such drives is compared with a harmonic blocking compensator (HBC). It is shown that the HBC is more efficient in harmonic reduction than the SHF, especially, with distorted supply voltage. Moreover, the designer has more control over the HBC than the SHF performance. The HBC, however, has a higher power rating than the SHF. >
Characterization of opens in logic circuits

We present an algorithm for extracting opens in rectilinear circuit layouts using a plane-sweep technique. An implementation of the algorithm is used to characterize realistic opens in combinational circuit layouts. The occurrence of three types of opens possible in standard cells is examined. The number of single and multiple stuck-at faults due to opens in benchmark circuits is determined, assuming that floating nodes cause stuck-at faults. The distribution of open critical area between cells and routing, and between circuit layers is measured for the benchmark circuits. >
Intergenerational Assistance to Adult Children: Gender and Number of Sisters and Brothers

This study considers how the number of sisters and brothers affects the flow of aid from older parents to adult children. Using data from the 2004 Middletown Kinship Survey (N = 338), the authors find that the aid adults receive from their parents varies by the gender composition of the sibship. Adults with more sisters tend to receive less assistance from their older parents. This holds true across a range of helping behaviors, including financial, gifts, transportation, housework and yard work, and technology. The pattern does not hold for brothers. Possible explanations include resource dilution (daughters drawing more on parents’ resources, leaving fewer resources to go around) or cooperative networks created among sisters (thus rendering aid from parents less necessary).
Design of experiments in computer performance evaluation

Techniques of statistical design of experiments have been successfully employed for many decades in a variety of applications in industry, agriculture, medicine, psychology, and other physical and social sciences. Their aim is to provide scientific and eficient means of studying the effects, on one or more variables of interest, of varying multiple controllable factors in an experiment. These techniques have not been widely used in the study of computer systems, although they can potentially have as large an impact as they have had in other fields. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the basic concepts underlying the statistical design and analysis of experiments and to illustrate them by means of examples drawn from studies of computer system performance. The examples include comparisons of alternate page replacement and free storage management algorithms, optimization of a scheduler, and validation of a system simulation model.
International and foreign affairs on network television news

With television broadcasting the “window on the world” of most Americans, the amount of foreign and international news carried by the three national commercial networks becomes an important subject for inquiry. Adnan Almaney earned his Ph.D. in mass communications from Indiana University, and currently is an assistant professor of communications in DePaul University in Chicago.
Strategies for assessment of Botanical action on Metabolic Syndrome in the mouse and evidence for a Genotype-specific effect of Russian Tarragon in the regulation of insulin sensitivity

Published reports of botanical action are often hampered by the lack of generalized systematic approaches or by the failure to explore mechanisms that could confirm and extend the reported observations. Choice of mouse or rat housing conditions (singly or group housed) and imposed stress during handling procedures are often variable and can contribute significantly to differences in baseline phenotypes measured across studies. Differences can also be observed in the role of the extract in either the treatment of the metabolic syndrome or roles in the regulation of the emergence of metabolic syndrome. The choice of diet used can also vary between the different studies, and diet-botanical interactions must be considered. This minireview highlights the strategies being pursued by the Botanical Research Center Animal Research Core to evaluate the in vivo phenotypes of several botanical extracts during long-term feeding studies. We describe a phenotyping strategy that promotes a more rigorous interpretation of botanical action and can suggest or eliminate possible mechanisms that may be involved. We discuss the importance of selecting the mouse model, as background strain can significantly alter the underlying susceptibilities to the various components of metabolic syndrome. Finally, we present data suggesting that one of the major botanical extracts being studied, an extract of Russian tarragon, may manifest a mouse strain genotype-specific insulin-sensitizing phenotype.
A Uniform Voltage Gain Control for Alignment Robustness in Wireless EV Charging

The efficiency of wireless power transfer is sensitive to the horizontal and vertical distances between the transmitter and receiver coils due to the magnetic coupling change. To address the output voltage variation and efficiency drop caused by misalignment, a uniform voltage gain frequency control is implemented to improve the power delivery and efficiency of wireless power transfer under misalignment. The frequency is tuned according to the amplitude and phase-frequency characteristics of coupling variations in order to maintain a uniform output voltage in the receiver coil. Experimental comparison of three control methods, including fixed frequency control, resonant frequency control, and the proposed uniform gain control was conducted and demonstrated that the uniform voltage gain control is the most robust method for managing misalignment in wireless charging applications.
A three-dimensional finite-difference thermoregulatory model of a squirrel monkey.

Abstract A three-dimensional thermoregulatory model of a squirrel monkey, whose shape is approximated by 742 rectangular blocks of varying sizes, has been developed. The inhomogeneous model has four layers: a core, a composite layer of muscle and fat, skin, and fur. The model simulates the flow of heat into and out of the body, including internal heat generation (metabolism) by the body, cooling and distribution of heat by blood, thermal conduction throughout the body, evaporative heat loss from sweating, and radiation and convection from the outer surface of the body. It also simulates dynamic thermoregulatory behavior such as peripheral vasomotor responses (skin vasodilation and vasoconstriction) and variable sweating rates. Computed results are compared with available experimental data; the agreement is good, especially for ambient temperatures above 26°C.
Amplification of salt-induced polymer diffusiophoresis by increasing salting-out strength.

The role of salting-out strength on (1) polymer diffusiophoresis from high to low salt concentration, and (2) salt osmotic diffusion from high to low polymer concentration was investigated. These two cross-diffusion phenomena were experimentally characterized by Rayleigh interferometry at 25 °C. Specifically, we report ternary diffusion coefficients for polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 20 kg·mol–1) in aqueous solutions of several salts (NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4) as a function of salt concentration at low polymer concentration (0.5% w/w). We also measured polymer diffusion coefficients by dynamic light scattering in order to discuss the interpretation of these transport coefficients in the presence of cross-diffusion effects. Our cross-diffusion results, primarily those on salt osmotic diffusion, were utilized to extract Nw, the number of water molecules in thermodynamic excess around a macromolecule. This preferential-hydration parameter characterizes the salting-out strength of the emplo...