cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The energy and greenhouse-gas implications of internet video streaming in the United States

The rapid growth of streaming video entertainment has recently received attention as a possibly less energy intensive alternative to the manufacturing and transportation of digital video discs (DVDs). This study utilizes a life-cycle assessment approach to estimate the primary energy use and greenhouse-gas emissions associated with video viewing through both traditional DVD methods and online video streaming. Base-case estimates for 2011 video viewing energy and CO2(e) emission intensities indicate video streaming can be more efficient than DVDs, depending on DVD viewing method. Video streaming benefits from relatively more efficient end-user devices than DVD viewing, though much of that savings is lost when accounting for the additional energy from network data transmission. Video streaming appears distinctly favorable when compared against any DVD viewing that includes consumer driving, which significantly increases the energy and CO2(e) emissions per viewing hour. Total US 2011 video viewing required about 192 PJ of primary energy and emitted about 10.5 billion kg of CO2(e). Shifting all 2011 DVD viewing to video streaming reduces the total primary energy use to about 162 PJ and the CO2(e) emissions to about 8.6 billion kg, representing a savings equivalent to the primary energy used to meet the electricity demand of nearly 200 000 US households each year. Sensitivity analysis indicates that results are most influenced by the end-user DVD player power demand, data transmission energy, and consumer travel for store DVDs. Data center energy use—both operational and embodied within the IT equipment—account for <1% of the total video streaming energy use. Results from this study indicate that designers and policy makers should focus on the efficiency of end-user devices and network transmission energy to curb future increases in energy use from the proliferation of video streaming.
The developing mosaic of autoimmune disease risk.

The discovery of new risk variants for systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), particularly around lymphocyte signaling pathways and integrins involved in clearing complement, provides fresh insights into this common human autoimmune disease. Understanding the role of the variants in disease pathophysiology and translating these findings into new therapies present major and urgent challenges to medical scientists.
Hot‐Pressed (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 Ferroelectric Ceramics for Electrooptic Applications

Transparent ferroelectric ceramic materials suitable for a variety of electrooptic applications were found in the quaternary (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 system. These PLZT materials are prepared from mixed oxides and hot-pressed typically at 1100°C for 16 h at 2000 psi. Modifying the lead zirconate-titanate system with lanthana linearly reduces the Curie point with increasing lanthana. Transmission measurements in the visible and infrared show that these materials exhibit a nearly constant response from the absorption edge of 0.37 μ to ∼6 μm. The highest transmission values, essentially 100% (neglecting reflection losses of ∼18%) for thin polished plates, were noted for compositions containing 8 at.% La or more. Specific compositions within the system display electrooptic memory or conventional linear or quadratic electrooptic effects; on the basis of the magnitude of the electrooptic effects, they compare quite favorably with single crystals.
Saving for retirement: The U.S. case

Abstract This paper discusses the personal saving behavior and the retirement behavior of households in the United States. It shows that a typical U.S. household owns virtually no financial savings even at ages approaching retirement. Most personal saving is in the form of housing equity, which, however, is not decumulated during retirement and thus cannot be counted on as retirement wealth. Saving for retirement is largely conducted by corporations and government through pension plans and Social Security. It also presents evidence indicating a relatively large impact on the Individual Retirement Account program on personal savings. The paper casts doubts on the applicability of the pure life-cycle saving hypothesis for the U.S. households. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , December 1988, 2 (4), pp. 385–416. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
Diffusion of Triplet Excitons in Anthracene Crystals

Diffusion of triplet excitons in anthracene crystals has been detected by time-dependent studies of the delayed blue fluorescence under varying spatial distribution of the exciting red light. The delayed fluorescence which results from triplet-triplet annihilation was used as a passive probe for detecting the triplets. The observed changes in the time dependence of the delayed fluorescence can be interpreted uniquely as due to triplet-exciton migration, and can be described by a diffusion equation. A diffusion constant of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ was obtained for triplet diffusion in the $\mathrm{ab}$ plane of anthracene crystals at room temperature.
Molecular recognition in noncovalent antitumor agent-DNA complexes: NMR studies of the base and sequence dependent recognition of the DNA minor groove by netropsin.

Resume Nous avons etudie les interactions moleculaires et les caracteristiques conformationnelles des complexes de la netropsine avec les duplex d(G1-G2-A3-T4-T5-T6-C7-C8) (AATT 8-mer) et d(G1-G2-T3-A4-T5-A6-C7-C8) (TATA 8-mer) par des etudes de RMN a une et deux dimensions en solution. Nous avons assigne les protons amide, pyrrole et methylene de la netropsine ainsi que les protons de base et de sucre H1′ de l'acide nucleique a partir d'une analyse de l'effet nucleaire d'Overhauser (NOESY) et des spectres correles (COSY) du complexe a 25°C. La direction des NOE dependants de la distance que nous avons observes demontrent que les helices 8-mer demeurent dextrogyres et que l'arrangement de la face concave et convexe des protons de la netropsine est conserve dans les complexes. Les changements observes dans les profils des NOE et les changements de deplacement chimique lors de la formation des complexes suggerent de legers changements conformationnels dans l'acide nucleique aux sites d'attachement des antibiotiques AATT et TATA, et peut-etre aux paires de bases G.C. les encadrant. Nous observons des NOE intermoleculaires entre les trois protons amide et les deux protons pyrrole sur la face concave de l'antibiotique et le sillon mineur du proton adenosine H2 des deux paires de bases centrales A4.T5 des duplex AATT 8-mer et TATA 8-mer. Les protons pyrrole a face concave de l'antibiotique exhibent egalement des NOE envers le proton sucre H1′ des residus 5 et 6 dans les complexes AATT et TATA 8-mer. Nous avons egalement decele des NOE intermoleculaires entre les protons guanidino et propioamidino methylene a chaque extremite de la netropsine et du proton adenosine H2 des deux paires de bases A3.T6 de chaque cote dans le duplex AATT 8-mer et les paires de bases T3.A6 dans le duplex TATA 8-mer. Ces etudes etablissent une serie de neuf contacts entre la face concave de l'antibiotique et le sillon mineur du segment AATT et du segment TATA des duplex 8-mer en solution. L'ampleur des NOE observes exige qu'il n'y ait aucune molecule d'eau intermediaire prise en sandwich entre la face concave de l'antibiotique et le sillon mineur du DNA, de sorte que la liberation de la colonne d'hydratation du sillon majeur est un prealable indispensable a la formation de complexes netropsine. Les differences que nous avons observee dans les deplacements chimiques du proton amide de la netropsine dans les complexes AATT 8-mer et TATA 8-mer suggerent des differences dans la force et/ou le type de liaisons hydrogene intermoleculaires aux sites de fixation de TATA et d'AATT. Nous avons observe un equilibre conformationnel entre deux orientations de la netropsine sur le DNA avec un echange plus rapide de la netropsine entre les sites lies pour le duplex TATA 8-mer que pour duplex AATT 8-mer a une temperature donnee.
Attitudes and perceptions of public relations professionals towards graduating students’ skills

Abstract The study asks whether universities should educate public relations students with a focus more on traditional skills or new technical skills. Results of a survey of 113 public relations professionals show that, while new technical skills are seen as increasingly important, professionals still value traditional skills more. Within the new technical skills, professionals emphasized the latest trends.
Freeze-fracture of sensory nerve endings in cat muscle spindles.

Sensory nerve endings and intrafusal muscle fibres of cat muscle spindles were examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The purpose of the study was to reveal intramembranous specializations that might be associated with the mechanosensory transducer system. Nerve ending membranes were found to contain high concentrations of intramembranous particles (greater than 7500 per μm2) in a range of sizes, but no localized aggregations or non-random arrangements were observed. Nerve ending membranes directly apposed to the surfaces of intrafusal muscle fibres did not appear to be strikingly different from non-interface membranes, although some differences in particle concentrations could be detected. The membranes of endings on nuclear bag and nuclear chain muscle fibres differed slightly in the numbers of particles and their distributions to protoplasmic or external fracture faces. It was concluded that intramembranous elements of the mechanoelectric transducer system may be dispersed over the whole surface of a sensory ending, rather than localized to smaller domains.
U.S. Patent Policy: Crafting a 21st Century National Blueprint for Global Competitiveness

The paper begins with an overview of the legal, institutional, and public policy bases of the U.S. patent granting system and subsequently examines major deficiencies acknowledged in the existing U.S. patent system. The paper then catalogs the essence of four patent reform proposals of the Federal Trade Commission, the National Research Council, and academic economists (Jaffe/Lerner and Maskus), all of which focus on ameliorating alleged major weaknesses in the U.S. patent system. The paper concludes with an analysis of the above cited patent reform proposals, arguing for a proposed set of workable policy recommendations (reflecting recent changes in public policy) focused on patent cost controls, patent quality, patent uncertainty, and patent reform legislation, all designed to contribute to a globally competitive 21st century patent policy for the U.S. economy.
Serial deselection in university libraries: The next step

American university libraries in general are faced with the need to make substantial reductions in their serial subscriptions. Many have made massive reductions. Others have made one massive cut after another. Why are libraries canceling serials? How are they deciding which titles to cancel? Will libraries continue to cancel serials on such a massive scale? These are some of the questions I will attempt to answer.
MASS TRANSFER TO MICROPARTICLES IN AGITATED SYSTEMS

Mass transfer to microparticles in agitated vessels was measured experimentally to establish both the turbulent and the asymptotic molecular diffusion contributions. Prior studies specifically focused on transport to microparticles, defined as those whose size is comparable to or smaller than the Kolmogoroff minimum eddy size, are limited. Further, in some cases, the earlier work that a value for the Sherwood number of less than 2 could be obtained. The asymptotic molecular diffusion contribution was experimentally measured from dissolution of 1.3- and 4-μm AgCl crystals in aqueous KCl solutions, and the exchange of Ag+ ions with 9-μm ion exchange particles. These results represent the first systematic experimental confirmation that the theoretical limit of Sherwood number=2 is valid for spherical particles suspended in stirred tanks. The turbulent contribution was determined from measurements of the transfer rate to ion exchange particles, 6 to 420 μm in diameter, in aqueous glycerol solutions. The mass transfer coefficient for microparticles can be well correlated by the expression where Re = (ed4/gs3)13. The turbulent contribution is compatible with a boundary layer model whose origin is in decaying microeddies. This equation also correlates well the reliable results on microparticles which could be found in the literature. A comparison of the proposed equation for microparticles with previous correlations for macroparticles, extrapolated into the microparticle regime, suggests that the use of macroparticle correlations for microparticles could significantly underestimate the turbulent contribution to mass transfer.
C2-symmetric ansa metallocenes of titanium and zirconium with a ligand system that yields pure rac isomer: preparation and crystal structures of rac-η5-C5H22-SiMe34-CMe3)2SiMe3MCl2(M = Ti or Zr)

Abstract The preparation and structures of rac -[bis(2-trimethylsilyl-4-tert-butyl- η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)dimethylsilane]dichlorotitanium and rac -[bis(2-trimethylsilyl-4-tert-butyl- η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)dimethylsilane]dichlorozirconium, rac -BpMCl 2 (Bp = η 5 -C 5 H 2 2-SiMe 3 4-CMe 3 ) 2 SiMe 2 ; M=Ti or Zr)described. The structures are analogous, although as expected, longer Zr atom distances result in less steric crowding. Repulsions of ring substituents on opposing rings can be seen by the differing angles about the α trimethylsilyl substituents. The [MCl 2 ] and SiC 2 planes of the [SiMe 2 ] bridge are twisted by 11° owing to intramolecular steric repulsions.
Circular dichroism melting studies on R17 phage RNA

Summary Ultraviolet circular dichroism measurements were made on solutions of freshly prepared RNA from the bacteriophage R17 at pH 7.0, in both the absence and presence of Mg2+ ion, and over a temperature range of 26 – 760. A small negative band is detected at 298 nm adjacent to the strong positive band at 266 nm with and without Mg2+ ion. This band is thermolabile, disappears irreversibly and might suggest the presence of some sulfur-containing bases in R17-RNA. The intense positive band at 266 nm increases upon addition of M2+ ion, and temperature studies indicate that three distinct melting regions are now apparent, whereas in the absence of Mg2+ ion and in solution of low ionic strength only a sigmoidal heating curve is observed.
Symmetry breaking, snap-through and pull-in instabilities under dynamic loading of microelectromechanical shallow arches

Arch-shaped microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been used as mechanical memories, micro-relays, micro-valves, optical switches and digital micro-mirrors. A bi-stable structure, such as an arch, is characterized by a multivalued load deflection curve. Here we study the symmetry breaking, the snap-through instability and the pull-in instability of a bi-stable arch-shaped MEMS under static and dynamic electric loads. Unlike a mechanical load, the electric load is a nonlinear function of the a priori unknown deformed shape of the arch. The nonlinear partial differential equation governing transient deformations of the arch is solved numerically using the Galerkin method and a time integration scheme that adaptively adjusts the time step to compute the solution within the prescribed tolerance. For the static problem, the displacement control and the pseudo-arc-length continuation methods are used to obtain the bifurcation curve of the arch's displacement versus a load parameter. The displacement control method fails to compute the arch's asymmetric deformations that are found by the pseudo-arc-length continuation method. For the dynamic problem, two distinct mechanisms of the snap-through instability are found. It is shown that critical loads and geometric parameters for instabilities of an arch under an electric load with and without consideration of mechanical inertia effects are quite different. A phase diagram between a critical load parameter and the arch height is constructed to delineate different regions of instabilities. We compare results from the present model with those from a continuum mechanics based approach, and with results of other models and experiments available in the literature.
Temperature-guided radiofrequency catheter ablation of closed-chest ventricular myocardium with a novel thermistor-tipped catheter

Successful lesion formation using radiofrequency energy requires adequate tissue heating. Temperature monitoring during ablation may thus improve the efficiency of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Each of five anesthetized, closed-chest adult mongrel dogs weighing 19 to 24 kg received a single pulsed ablation at four left ventricular and two right ventricular sites using a thermistor-tipped 2 mm electrode catheter. The maximum temperature at the electrode-tissue interface was preset at 90 degrees C and current delivered for 40 seconds (method A) or at 70 degrees C for 40 seconds (method B1) or 80 seconds (method B2). With method C, the temperature was set at 90 degrees C for 20 seconds, after which the temperature setting was turned off and ablation continued until impedance increased or the temperature reached > or = 100 degrees C. The size of the resultant lesion was greater with method A than with methods B1, B2 or C (mean length x width x depth, 5.6 x 4.8 x 6.5 vs 4.1 x 4.0 x 5.1 vs 4.2 x 4.0 x 5.2 vs 5.0 x 4.3 x 5.7 mm, respectively; p or = 100 degrees C. We conclude that temperature (and thus impedance) monitoring improves control and efficacy of lesion formation during radiofrequency catheter ablation.
Graduate Agribusiness Management Programs: Too Many and Too Cheap

Nearly two dozen graduate programs in agribusiness management have emerged in the last decade. All are at public universities. This pattern raises several questions: Why have private universities stayed out of this market? Is this trend good for our students? Who is benefiting the most from this trend? In this paper, I present some hypotheses regarding the answers to these questions.
An Eclectic Model of Recent LDC Macroeconomic Policy Analyses

Summary. - After decades of neglect, there has been a growing concern in the 1970s with the theoretical and econometric analysis of short-run macroeconomic policy in LDCs. This paper attempts an eclectic synthesis of the recent work on this subject, developing a ‘standard LDC model’ of aggregate demand and aggregate supply that can be readily compared with the textbook models for advanced economies. Comparative static analyses of monetary policy, fiscal policy, devaluation and wages policy are conducted, and it is shown that the standard macropolicy prescriptions often produce non-standard results. Monetary restriction and devaluation are particularly suspect, as they are likely to produce both recession and price rises.
Integrable and chaotic motions of four vortices

Abstract Conclusive numerical evidence of chaos in the four-vortex problem is presented using the method of Poincare sections. The problem is formally reduced to a two degrees of freedom hamiltonian. The advection of a passive marker by three vortices displays chaos.
Septic arthritis due to Moraxella osloensis

Summary The first case of septic arthritis associated with vaginal discharge in a young child caused by Moraxella osloensis is reported. The similarity of clinical appearance to gonococcal disease and of microscopic morphology of the organism to Neisseria gonococcus emphasize the necessity for confirming a suspected clinical diagnosis with careful laboratory studies.
Vascular bed-specific hemostasis: role of endothelium in sepsis pathogenesis.

Objectives: To examine the role of vascular bed-specific pathways in determining the hemostatic phenotype in sepsis. Data Sources/Study Selection: Published research and review articles related to hemostasis and endothelial cell biology. Data Extraction and Synthesis: The results of published studies have been used to generate a hypothesis of vascular bed-specific hemostasis in sepsis. Conclusions: In sepsis, coagulation is initiated by the extrinsic pathway and is amplified through the intrinsic pathway. In addition, the body's natural anticoagulant mechanisms are significantly dampened. Together, these changes result in a net imbalance of hemostasis. The nature of this imbalance varies from one vascular bed to the next according to the local set point of the endothelium. These concepts lay an important foundation for understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis.
Comparison of Computerized and Standard Visual Criteria of Exercise ECG for Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease

Objective: To review past and current studies of computerized exercise ECG criteria in order to establish which, if any, are superior to standard visual analysis for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Prior studies that compared multiple computerized ECG criteria were reviewed. In addition, we investigated two sets of patients that had both exercise testing and coronary arteriography at two university-affiliated Veteran's Affairs Medical Centers. Patients with previous myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery, valvular heart disease, left bundle branch block, or any diagnostic Q waves present on their resting ECGs were excluded from analysis. Sensitivity and specificity values were compiled for standard visual analysis and for the following computerized ECG criteria: ST0; ST60; ST slope; ST integral; ST index; R wave adjusted ST; ST/heart rate (HR) index; Hollenberg's Treadmill exercise score; and discriminant function analysis (DFA). Results: Despite the effects of limited challenge and work-up bias, the compiled results indicate that ST measurements recorded during the time of recovery from exercise are substantially more diagnostic than those recorded at maximal exercise. ST integral, ST60, and R wave adjusted ST60 during recovery are especially discriminating of CAD, while Hollenberg's treadmill exercise score is not. There were inconclusive results for HR adjustments to ST depression and ST index. DFA including visual analysis of the ECG consistently exhibited the greatest discriminating power of all computerized results. Conclusion: Although DFA, ST integral during recovery, or ST60 during recovery exhibited improved predictive value, further research is necessary before we can clearly offer a superior alternative to standard visual analysis.
Probing the scale of local density augmentation in supercritical fluids: A picosecond rotational reorientation study

We report on the rotational reorientation kinetics of N,N`-bis-2,5-tert-butylphenyl-3,4,9,10-perylene-carboxodimi de (BTBP) in several liquids, and in three supercritical fluids (fluoroform, carbon dioxide and ethane). In liquids, BTBP follows near perfect Debye-Stokes-Einstein (DSE) behavior under sticky boundary conditions. However, in supercritical fluids the rotational dynamics of BTBP are distinctly different. In close proximity to the critical density ({rho}{sub r} = 1), the recovered rotational reorientation times are up to 12-fold greater than predicted by simple DSE theory with sticky boundary conditions. Upon increasing the fluid density, the recovered rotational reorientation times steadily decrease until they fall within hydrodynamic predictions (i.e., DSE theory). This extraordinary behavior is explained in term of local solute-fluid density augmentation which is a feature particular only to supercritical fluids. By using a model recently developed by Anderton and Kauffman, the local fluid density is found to exceed the bulk by up to 300%. Upon increasing the pressure and moving away from the high compressibility region we see that the extent of local density augmentation decreases to a value approaching the bulk density. At low fluid density (near the critical density) the radius of the `solute-fluid cluster` is a factor of 2 greater than the solute alone. 64more » refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.« less
The Incredible Shrinking World? Technology and the Production of Space:

This paper is about the role of technology in the transformation of space, and the ways in which these changes are represented. These processes are explored principally through critical analysis of the work of Harvey and Lefebvre; more specifically, I contrast the place of technology as expressed through their varied emphases on the annihilation of space, and the production of space. The dramatic restructuring of space and time in recent decades, associated with new high-speed geographies of production, exchange, and consumption, has been theorized against the backdrop of a ‘shrinking world’, The popular conception of the world shrinking to a global village is generally seen as the product of technological advances in telecommunications, transportation, and ‘information’. For Harvey, these innovations arc seen as the means through which capital has freed itself from spatial constraints. By placing the ‘collapse of space’ jargon alongside Marx's phrase, the annihilation of space by time, these spatial meta...
Does regionalization of local public health services influence public spending levels and allocative efficiency

Abstract This paper uses a panel data set of Connecticut communities to offer several empirical insights into the economics of local public health services. First, the demand characteristics associated with local public health services are explored. Tax-share, income, and aid elasticities of local public health demand and the congestability of local public health services are estimated and compared to similar estimates for local public education and municipal services. Second, local and regional demands for public health services are compared with respect to their underlying characteristics and spending levels. Third, Brueckner's test is conducted to determine if resources are efficiently allocated to local public health services in communities with an independent health department and those participating in a regional health district. Empirical evidence reveals that the demand for local public health services is inelastic with respect to tax share, unrelated to income, and relatively sensitive to intergovernmental aid. Moreover, regionalization appears to increase spending on public health services especially relative to both municipal and local education services. Finally, regional health departments serving large populations appear to overspend on local public health services.
Comparing rail fuel efficiency with truck and waterway

This paper presents a railroad energy efficiency model used to estimate the fuel economies for classes of trains transporting various commodities. Comparable procedures are used to estimate truck and waterway fuel consumption. The results show that coal unit trains are 4.5–5.0 times more energy efficient than movements in the largest trucks allowed in the eastern and western regions of the US, unit grain train movements in the central US are 4.6 times more fuel efficient, soda ash unit train and non-unit train shipments are 4.9 and 3.2 times more efficient, and ethanol unit train and non-unit train movements are 4.8 and 3.0 times more efficient. In terms of barge traffic, coal unit train and non-unit train are 1.3 and 0.9 times as energy efficient in the eastern US, grain unit train and non-unit train movements are 1.7 and 1.0 times more efficient from Minneapolis to the Gulf of Mexico, and grain unit train and non-unit train movements are 1.0 and 0.7 times more fuel efficient from the Upper Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico.
Polarized signaling: basolateral receptor localization in epithelial cells by PDZ-containing proteins

Extracellular signals are normally presented to one surface of epithelial cells and to one end of neurons, and so neuronal and epithelial cell signaling is inherently polarized. Another aspect of signaling polarity is that receptors are often asymmetrically distributed on the surfaces of polarized cells. Recent evidence from studies of Caenorhabditis elegans shows that signaling polarity plays an important role in development. The underlying mesoderm induces the overlying ectoderm to form the vulva, and asymmetric distribution of the signal receptor on the basolateral surface of the epithelium is crucial for this signaling. In neurons, the localization of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels at synapses allows neurons to be exquisitely sensitive to synaptic inputs. Exciting recent reports suggest that receptor localization to neuronal synapses and the basolateral membrane domains of epithelia may involve a common molecular mechanism involving localization by PDZ-containing proteins.
An Examination of Privacy Rules for Academic Advisors and College Student-Athletes: A Communication Privacy Management Perspective

This study explored how academic advisors managed revealed private information from college student-athletes. The 37 academic advisors were interviewed to address: What criteria advisors use to judge privacy rules regulating access or protection of shared private information from student-athletes, and how privacy-rule choices function in this context? Academic advisors interviewed represented 21 different institutions of the four NCAA division levels and 10 separate athletic conferences. Using Communication Privacy Management theory as a framework, findings indicated there were two main criteria: motivations and risk-benefit ratios used to develop privacy rules managing revealing and concealing the student-athlete's private information.
A semi-parametric Bayesian model for unsupervised differential co-expression analysis

Differential co-expression analysis is an emerging strategy for characterizing disease related dysregulation of gene expression regulatory networks. Given pre-defined sets of biological samples, such analysis aims at identifying genes that are co-expressed in one, but not in the other set of samples. We developed a novel probabilistic framework for jointly uncovering contexts (i.e. groups of samples) with specific co-expression patterns, and groups of genes with different co-expression patterns across such contexts. In contrast to current clustering and bi-clustering procedures, the implicit similarity measure in this model used for grouping biological samples is based on the clustering structure of genes within each sample and not on traditional measures of gene expression level similarities. Within this framework, biological samples with widely discordant expression patterns can be placed in the same context as long as the co-clustering structure of genes is concordant within these samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method to date for unsupervised differential co-expression analysis in this generality. When applied to the problem of identifying molecular subtypes of breast cancer, our method identified reproducible patterns of differential co-expression across several independent expression datasets. Sample groupings induced by these patterns were highly informative of the disease outcome. Expression patterns of differentially co-expressed genes provided new insights into the complex nature of the ERα regulatory network. We demonstrated that the use of the co-clustering structure as the similarity measure in the unsupervised analysis of sample gene expression profiles provides valuable information about expression regulatory networks.
Communication of preferences for care among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Barriers to informed decisions?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the way patients with serious, progressive illnesses communicate their care preferences to their physician. DESIGN: An observational, cross-sectional survey of 1031 clients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus disease. Self-report of communication was assessed in 861 clients who stated a treatment preference focused on extending life or focused on comfort even if it shortened life. SETTING: The Robert Wood Johnson AIDS Health Services Program in 9 US cities. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred sixty-one of 1031 clients recruited to the AIDS Health Services Program. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixty-one subjects expressed a preferred treatment approach; however, only 35.8% had spoken to their physician about their preferred treatment. Black clients were half as likely (odds ratio, 0.49; confidence interval, 0.29-0.85) to have discussed their preferred treatment approach even after adjustment for age, function, education, income, and other covariates. Black clients were half as likely to prefer an approach to care that focused only on comfort (odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.76). Clients with AIDS who were symptomatic daily, college educated, and more functionally impaired were more likely to have discussed a preferred treatment approach with their physician. CONCLUSIONS: Most persons with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection have not discussed their preferred treatment approach with a physician. This disparity is greater for blacks, who were less likely to want a palliative treatment approach.
Plasma diagnostics of a d.c. arcjet chemical vapor deposition diamond reactor

Plasma diagnostic measurements were performed on a d.c. arcjet chemical vapor deposition diamond reactor. The electron temperature and density near the substrate were determined using a floating double-probe technique. The gas phase excitation temperature was determined by fitting the optical emission spectrum from the d3гg→a3гu transition of the C2 molecule to a calculated emission spectrum. An electron temperature of 2.0(±0.2) eV and a lower limit electron density of ∼5.7(±1)×1010cm−3 were measured. Results from the optical emission analysis gave excitation temperatures of ∼2000–2200 K. The disparity between the electron, the C2 rotational and vibrational temperatures, and the previously determined gas temperatures (<3000K) indicate that the plasma is not in thermal equilibrium. In addition, as a result of the high gas velocities present between the gun and substrate (maximum ∼1.1 × 105 cm s−1), the residence time in the plasma is insufficient for the species concentrations to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, the chemistry which occurs in the plasma, and the dependent flux of species transported to the substrate are dominated by reaction-rate-limited chemical kinetics.
Constitutive and induced expression by pyridine and β-naphthoflavone of rat CYP1A is sexually dimorphic

Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were compared in terms of the constitutive levels and inducibility of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 (CYP1A) in lung, kidney, and liver. CYP1A were induced by i.p. treatment with pyridine (75 mg/kg per day) or β-naphthoflavone (βNF; 25 mg/kg per day) for two consecutive days and analyzed catalytically (via O-dealkylation of resorufin ethers), at the protein level (by Western blot analysis) and at the mRNA level (by Northern blot analysis). In untreated rats, CYP1A1 protein and its mRNA were detectable only in the lung and kidney of females but not males, whereas CYP1A2 protein and its mRNA were detectable only in the liver in either gender. Pyridine treatment upregulated CYP1A1 mRNA and its protein in the lung, kidney and liver in female rats, and upregulated the mRNA but not the protein in the lung and liver in male rats. Conversely, pyridine induced both CYP1A2 mRNA and protein in the liver in female rats, whereas it induced the protein but not its mRNA in the liver in male rats. No gender difference was observed in the plasma elimination rate of administered pyridine. βNF, in contrast to pyridine, induced CYP1A proteins, activities, and mRNA to higher levels in male than in female rats. The results show that the constitutive as well as inducible expression of CYP1A is sexually dimorphic in the Sprague-Dawley rat, with females being more responsive than males to induction by pyridine but with males being more responsive than females to induction by βNF. The findings support the involvement of different mechanisms in CYP1A induction by pyridine and βNF.
Negotiating Risk and Promoting Empowerment through Rap Music: Development of a Measure to Capture Risk and Empowerment Pathways to Change

The purpose of this study was to report on the development and construction of the Individual and Community Empowerment (ICE) inventory, a measure seeking to capture the specific pathways by which either risk-enhancing impacts or empowering impacts of rap music manifest. Data were analyzed via structural equation modeling from a convenience sample of 128 high school and college students. Results found that respondents elicited (1) empowering themes that related to them individually and to the broader community and (2) high-risk themes that may promote risky health behaviors. Implications about research and practice relevance of the ICE inventory are discussed.
Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes.

Abstract Recent data have revealed that the plasma concentration of inflammatory mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), is increased in the insulin resistant states of obesity and type 2 diabetes, raising questions about the mechanisms underlying inflammation in these two conditions. It is also intriguing that an increase in inflammatory mediators or indices predicts the future development of obesity and diabetes. Two mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Firstly, glucose and macronutrient intake causes oxidative stress and inflammatory changes. Chronic overnutrition (obesity) might thus be a proinflammatory state with oxidative stress. Secondly, the increased concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6, associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, might interfere with insulin action by suppressing insulin signal transduction. This might interfere with the anti-inflammatory effect of insulin, which in turn might promote inflammation.
The capacity of the ergodic miso channel with per-antenna power constraint and an application to the fading cognitive interference channel

To be considered for an IEEE Jack Keil Wolf ISIT Student Paper Award. This paper characterizes the ergodic capacity of the fading multiple-input single-output (MISO) channel with per-antenna power constraints (PerPC) with perfect Channel State Information (CSI) at all terminals. This turns out to be the sum-capacity achieving strategy for the ergodic fading Gaussian overlay cognitive interference channel (EGCIFC) in the strong interference regime. The EGCIFC is a two-user timevarying interference channel in which a primary / licensed transmitter and a secondary / cognitive transmitter share the same spectrum and where the cognitive transmitter has noncausal knowledge of the primary user’s message. The MISO and the EGCIFC results are verified numerically for the case of independent Rayleigh fading gains. Different achievable strategies, corresponding to different amount of CSI, are compared to show the performance of the derived PerPC optimal power allocation.
Comparing peripheral venous access between obese and normal weight children

Summary Introduction: Intravenous (i.v.) access is sometimes a difficult, time-consuming, and highly frustrating procedure. Obesity is widely believed to be associated with difficult peripheral intravenous access (PIV) placement. This study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and ease of venous access in children undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures. Methods: We prospectively collected data on children aged 2–18 years undergoing elective noncardiac surgery at our institution. A trained research assistant (RA) was present for PIV placement in all patients and noted the following: age, gender, ethnicity, weight, height, and BMI. We also collected data on i.v. insertion site, number of attempts, number of operators, and the number of i.v. cannula used. The main outcome variable was success or failure of i.v. placement on first attempt. Sample size calculation indicated a need for 40 obese and 40 control patients. Results: A total of 103 (56 lean and 47 obese) patients comprised the study population. PIV cannulation was achieved on the first attempt in 55.2% while 39.6% of patients had 2–3 attempts before successful cannulation. Obese children were more likely to have failed attempt at first cannulation than lean controls (P < 0.001). Similarly, obese children were more likely to require two or more attempts at cannulation than lean children (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These data indicate that i.v. placement is more difficult in obese children than their lean peers and that the most likely site for successful placement in obese children after a failed attempt on the dorsum of the hand is the volar surface of the hand. Knowledge of potential sites for successful i.v. access could help to improve the success rate for i.v. placement.
Excessive drinking by rats with septal lesions during hypovolemia induced by subcutaneous colloid treatment.

Abstract Rats with septal lesions consumed much more water than control rats did during a 24-hr test after subcutaneous administration of polyethylene glycol solution. Previous experiments have demonstrated that plasma renin activities are 35 to 70 times greater than basal levels after this treatment, and that rats with septal lesions overdrink when comparable levels are produced by systemic administration of renin. Thus, it seems likely that angiotensin was largely responsible for the exaggerated intakes that were elicited by the colloid. However, given their special sensitivity to the thirst-inducing effects of angiotensin, it is noteworthy that the brain-damaged animals drank normally during the first 8 hr of the test period because by then plasma renin activities should have been increased to values 20 to 40 times greater than basal levels. These findings therefore suggest that angiotensin usually contributes little as a dipsogen to thirst, even during such extensive hyperreninemia, and that it is only when angiotensin levels are higher still that drinking is stimulated.
Oral and injectable medications for the treatment of erectile dysfunction

The treatment of erectile dysfunction has changed dramatically over the past two decades. The introduction of the oral agent sildenafil 2 years ago has revolutionized the treatment of men with compromised erections and has met with expected success and low morbidity. Sildenafil is effective in most men with erectile dysfunction in the general population and in select populations, such as men with spinal cord injury, diabetes mellitus, and patients who have had nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. It is safe in the general population as well as in many men with cardiac disease. Other newer medications are in trial and may soon be available to supplement treatment with sildenafil. Oral phentolamine, apomorphine, newer phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, and topical agents are currently in phase 3 trials. These agents, in addition to newer intraurethral and indictable agents, may assist men with erectile dysfunction and rescue those in whom sildenafil is ineffective or in whom untoward side effects of sildenafil reduce its effectiveness. The 21st century will witness many additional agents designed for specific patients with specific conditions causing erectile dysfunction. We can expect these oral agents, assisted by topical and injectable agents, to successfully restore erectile function in the majority of men suffering from erectile dysfunction.
SELF‐INSTRUCTION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTION AND REINFORCEMENT

This study investigated the impact of training 9 first- and second-grade children to use a full self-instructional regimen, and then differentially reinforced the use of self-instruction only, accuracy only, or both self-instruction and accuracy. Three comparison children received no training in self-instruction and were reinforced for accuracy only. Children improved dramatically in academic accuracy subsequent to self-instructional training, independent of the use of self-instruction and of the specific behavior consequated. Children who were reinforced for using self-instruction did use self-instruction, and those who were not, did not. Comparison group children showed little improvement until training in problem-solving strategies was given after 9 days of reinforcement for accuracy. Self-instructional training is discussed as one type of event that increases the likelihood of accurate performance. Its effectiveness may be explained in terms of a teaching strategy rather than in terms of modifying cognitive processes.
Theory of light-beam propagation at nonlinear interfaces. II. Multiple-particle and multiple-interface extensions.

The theory presented in the preceding paper is extended to account for incident optical beam breakup into multiple self-focused channels and to deal with multiple reflection and transmission at multiple interfaces. Beam breakup is explained by examining the decomposition of the channel in one medium, into its soliton and radiation components after it has crossed into the new medium. A formula is derived which gives the criterion for the number of channels appearing as a consequence of breakup. This formula also provides analytic expressions for the individual self-focused channel powers and the amount of radiation generated. An important observation here is that the amount of radiation generated at the interface shrinks rapidly as a function of increasing channel number N. Each new component generated can be treated as a separate equivalent particle moving in its own equivalent potential. The theory of the preceding paper [Aceves, Moloney, and Newell, Phys. Rev. A 39, 1809 (1989)] can therefore be applied directly to show that low-power channels generated in the breakup will suffer reflection while higher-power channels will undergo transmission. An added ingredient to allow for mutual-channel interaction is the soliton-collision formula. The multiple-interface extension of the single-interface problem results from patching individual single-interface equivalent potentials together. The theory is illustrated with two applications: (i) a nonlinear version of a directional coupler requiring just two interfaces and (ii) trapping of a channel at an interface by a ramped linear refractive index.
Effect of freeze -thaw cycles on load transfer between the biomineral and collagen phases in bovine dentin

Abstract Stabilization of biological materials by freezing is widespread in the fields of medicine and biomaterials research and yet, in the case of hard biomaterials such as dentin, there is not a good understanding of how such treatments might affect the mechanical properties. The freezing and thawing may have a number of different effects on dentin including formation of cracks in the microstructure and denaturation of the collagen. Using high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the apparent moduli of bovine dentin samples were measured before and after various numbers of freeze–thaw cycles. It was determined that repeated freezing and thawing has no measurable effect on the hydroxyapatite or fibrillar apparent moduli up to 10 cycles. This confirms that the use of low temperature storage for stabilization of dentin is reasonable in cases where stiffness is a property of importance.
Effect of nucleation site spacing on the pool boiling characteristics of a structured surface

Pool boiling characteristics of pyramidal shaped re-entrant cavities (characteristic size 40 μm) etched in silicon were evaluated in this study. A test surface was fabricated to totally eliminate back heat loss and minimize spreading in the substrate. The effect of inter-cavity spacing and convection plumes from a heat source located below the test surface on nucleate boiling parameters is documented. High speed photography was used to record and quantify the bubble departure frequency, the departure diameter, the active site density and to observe the effect of interaction between neighboring nucleation sites. Experiments were conducted in saturated FC 72 at atmospheric pressure.