cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hidden in Plain Sight? Records for On-Demand Academic Public Lectures in OCLC WorldCat: A Survey

This study examines record creation in OCLC WorldCat for the public and other non-curricular lectures that many colleges and universities in the United States post on the Internet as streaming or downloadable video or audio. It presents research indicating that few libraries catalog this lecture material in WorldCat but also that some libraries catalog heavily in this area. It suggests reasons for the relative neglect of this material by libraries, discusses the merits of making these lectures accessible through library catalogs, and concludes by identifying areas for future research.
Multisensory Integration and Behavioral Plasticity in Sharks from Different Ecological Niches

The underwater sensory world and the sensory systems of aquatic animals have become better understood in recent decades, but typically have been studied one sense at a time. A comprehensive analysis of multisensory interactions during complex behavioral tasks has remained a subject of discussion without experimental evidence. We set out to generate a general model of multisensory information extraction by aquatic animals. For our model we chose to analyze the hierarchical, integrative, and sometimes alternate use of various sensory systems during the feeding sequence in three species of sharks that differ in sensory anatomy and behavioral ecology. By blocking senses in different combinations, we show that when some of their normal sensory cues were unavailable, sharks were often still capable of successfully detecting, tracking and capturing prey by switching to alternate sensory modalities. While there were significant species differences, odor was generally the first signal detected, leading to upstream swimming and wake tracking. Closer to the prey, as more sensory cues became available, the preferred sensory modalities varied among species, with vision, hydrodynamic imaging, electroreception, and touch being important for orienting to, striking at, and capturing the prey. Experimental deprivation of senses showed how sharks exploit the many signals that comprise their sensory world, each sense coming into play as they provide more accurate information during the behavioral sequence of hunting. The results may be applicable to aquatic hunting in general and, with appropriate modification, to other types of animal behavior.
Concordance of psychiatric symptom ratings between a subject and informant, relevancy to post-mortem research

Investigators are interested in determining whether lifetime behavioral traits and specific mood states experienced close to death affect brain gene and protein expression as assessed in post-mortem human brains. Major obstacles to conducting this type of research are the uncertain reliability of the post-mortem psychiatric diagnoses and clinical information because of the retrospective nature of the information. In this study, we addressed the concordance of clinical information obtained through an informant compared with information obtained through a clinician interview of the subject. To test this, we measured both lifetime and within the week psychiatric symptoms of subjects (n=20) and an informant, their next-of-kin (n=20) who were asked identical questions. We found Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV axis 1 diagnoses by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview proportion of positive agreement for major depression was 0.97, bipolar disorder was 0.81, whereas proportion of negative agreement was 0.97 for schizophrenia. Symptom scale intra-class correlation coefficients and 95% confidence interval were: Bipolar Inventory of Signs and Symptoms=0.59 (0.23, 0.81), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale=0.58 (0.19, 0.81), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale=0.44 (0.03, 0.72), Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale=0.44 (0.03, 0.72), Young Mania Rating Scale=0.61 (0.30, 0.82), Barratt Impulsiveness Score=0.36 (−0.11, 0.70) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire=0.48 (−0.15, 0.83). We show that DSM-IV diagnoses; lifetime impulsivity severity, childhood trauma score and symptom scores were significantly consistent between the subjects and their informants. These data suggest, with some limitations, that both retrospective and informant obtained information can provide useful clinical information in post-mortem research.
Quantitative dynamics of site-specific protein phosphorylation determined using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

We have developed and validated a method that uses liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to quantify site-specific protein phosphorylation. The method uses selected ion monitoring to determine the chromatographic peak areas of specific tryptic peptides from the protein of interest. The extent of phosphorylation is determined from the ratio of the phosphopeptide peak area to the peak area of an unmodified reference peptide that acts as internal standard, correcting for variations in protein amounts and peptide recovery in the digest preparation procedure. As a result, we refer to this protocol as the native reference peptide method. Mole of phosphate at the selected site per mole of protein is obtained from this ratio, using calibration curves of synthetic peptides to determine relative responses. Our method begins with protein separation by SDS−PAGE and is carried out on amounts of peptide produced by an in-gel digestion of single Coomassie blue-stained bands. To illustrate the u...
A contrast of EB, modal and EM-algorithm estimates arising in the one-way analysis of variance situation

Abstract This paper explores the question of the choice of whether to use a joint posterior or a marginal posterior as basis for analysis with respect to various parameters of interest. It turns out that in the one-way analysis of variance situation there is an optimal choice. Connections with Empirical Bayes estimation is stressed as well as the use of the EM-algorithm. We demonstrate that for the latter, care must be taken with the choice of parameters to be declared “missing”, for a wrong choice could lead to inconsistent estimators or estimators with poor mean-square behaviour. The discussion is in the context of one-way analysis of variance.
Rethinking the responsiveness requirement for international research

For this reason, the UK’s Nuffi eld Council 1 suggests research on Burkitt’s lymphoma is unresponsive to local health priorities and, therefore, unethical without further justifi cation. Responsiveness to a community’s health needs or health priorities is endorsed widely as an ethical requirement for clinical research in developing countries. 2,3 As the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences states: “Before undertaking research in a population or community with limited resources, the sponsor and the investigator must make every eff ort to ensure that: the research is responsive to the health needs and the priorities of the population or community in which it is to be carried out…” 3
Conjunctival Metastasis From a Cutaneous Melanoma as the Initial Sign of Dissemination

Purpose We report a case in which a conjunctival metastasis from a cutaneous melanoma was the first sign of metastatic disease. Method An excisional biopsy of an amelanotic pedunculated conjunctival lesion in a 52-year-old man showed epithelioid melanoma. Results Systemic examination showed widespread disseminated disease from a cutaneous melanoma that had been removed 3 Vi years earlier. At that time, no signs of metastatic disease were detected. Despite chemotherapy, the patient died 6 weeks later. Conclusion Conjunctival metastasis from a cutaneous melanoma is a rare and ominous sign of widely disseminated disease.
Warranty reserves for nonstationary sales processes

Estimation of warranty costs, in the event of product failure within the warranty period, is of importance to the manufacturer. Costs associated with replacement or repair of the product are usually drawn from a warranty reserve fund created by the manufacturer. Considering a stochastic sales process, first and second moments (and thereby the variance) are derived for the manufacturer's total discounted warranty cost of a single sale for single-component items under four different warranty policies from a manufacturer's point of view. These servicing strategies represent a renewable free-replacement, nonrenewable free-replacement, renewable pro-rata, and a nonrenewable minimal-repair warranty plans. The results are extended to determine the mean and variance of total discounted warranty costs for the total sales over the life cycle of the product. Furthermore, using a normal approximation, warranty reserves necessary for a certain protection level, so that reserves are not completely depleted, are found. Results and their managerial implications are studied through an extensive example. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 499–513, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10023
IMPROVING OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF POLICE

Despite advances in measurement and the sophistication of statistical technique, quantitative studies of police behavior seems to have reached the limits of their capacity to explain variance, develop and test theory, and inform policy choices. This paper suggests that further advances in observational studies of police behavior require that researchers account for the cognitive decision processes police use in exercising their discretion. A method for debriefing officers after encounters with the public is described. The results of a preliminary test of the method indicate that valuable in formation can be obtained with quite limited reactivity effects.
A parallel finite state machine implementation of a nearest-eight Hoshen-Kopelman adaptation for landscape analysis

This paper describes preliminary work on a parallel finite state machine implementation of the Hoshen-Kopelman cluster identification algorithm. While the original Hoshen-Kopelman algorithm applies the classic NEWS neighborhood function to determine cluster membership, this adaptation uses the nearest-eight neighborhood rule, which is often more appropriate for landscape analysis. The method presented here is intended to improve performance through the reduction of memory references by using a finite state machine to encapsulate input history from the map in a single variable.
Circadian Clocks in Daily and Seasonal Control of Development

The rotation of the earth results in regular changes in the light environment, and organisms have evolved a molecular oscillator that allows them to anticipate these changes. This daily molecular oscillator, known as the circadian clock, regulates a diverse array of physiologies across a wide variety of organisms. This review highlights a few of the insights we have into circadian clock regulation of development, in both plants and animals. A common thread linking plants and animals is the use of the circadian clock to sense changes in day length and to mediate a diverse number of photoperiodic responses.
Mössbauer, NMR, geometric, and electronic properties in S = 3/2 iron porphyrins.

Iron porphyrins with the intermediate spin S = 3/2 or admixed with S = 5/2 or 1/2 are models for a number of heme protein systems, including cytochromes c′. The 57Fe Mossbauer quadrupole splittings and 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts have been found to be useful probes of their electronic states. We present the results of the first successful quantum chemical calculations of the Mossbauer and NMR properties in various S = 3/2 iron porphyrin complexes, covering four-, five-, and six-coordinate states and three commonly seen porphyrin conformations: planar, ruffled, and saddled. Several interesting correlations among these useful experimental spectroscopic probes and geometric and electronic properties were discovered. These results should facilitate future investigations of related heme proteins and model systems.
Learner characteristics and dialogue: recognising effective and student-adaptive tutorial strategies

In recent years, there have been significant advances in tutoring systems that engage students in rich natural language dialogue. With the goal of further understanding what makes tutorial dialogue successful, this article presents a corpus-based approach to modelling the differential effectiveness of tutorial dialogue strategies with respect to learning. We present results of a study in which task-oriented, textual tutorial dialogue was collected from remote one-on-one human tutoring sessions. This article extends a previous study which found that certain dialogue acts were correlated with learning and student characteristics in the corpus. The predictive models presented here demonstrate important differences between the dialogue sequences that were correlated with learning for different groups of students. The models demonstrate that tutor directives, a type of bottom-out hint, were negatively associated with learning for students with low incoming knowledge or low self-efficacy. The findings signal the importance of tutorial dialogue that adapts to learner characteristics.
EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH BLUNT CHEST TRAUMA: AN EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH

Chest trauma is the second commonest cause of traumatic death in the United States after head trauma, accounting for approximately 20% of deaths. 49 Many of these deaths are due to serious chest injuries that are reversible if discovered and treated in a timely fashion. Rapid detection and treatment of blunt chest injuries are essential to the resuscitation of the multiple trauma patient. For example, of those patients who sustain traumatic aortic disruption that is not immediately fatal, 71% to 84% will survive with prompt diagnosis and surgery, 74,82 whereas 90% will die without intervention. 72 Major injuries to the chest caused by blunt mechanism can be classified into chest wall injuries (e.g., rib fractures, flail chest, sternal fractures), pulmonary injuries (e.g., pulmonary contusion, hemothorax, pneumothorax, tracheobronchial disruption), cardiovascular injuries (e.g., myocardial contusion, aortic disruption, cardiac rupture/tamponade), and esophageal injuries. The diagnosis of these injuries depends on multiple modalities and has changed dramatically in recent years with the advent of newer imaging technology. We will examine the use of plain chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) to diagnose selected pulmonary and chest wall injuries. Because this has been an area of minimal controversy, however, there are few published data. Much of our current practice in diagnosing these injuries is not evidence based; presumably expert opinion or local practice drives these practices patterns. These injuries are very common, nevertheless. Pulmonary contusion is reported in 30% to 75% of patients with significant blunt chest trauma, and pneumothorax is present in 15% to 50% of these patients. 18 Because most of the recent literature on blunt chest trauma focuses on the controversy regarding the diagnosis of blunt aortic and myocardial injuries, much of this article is devoted to the use of CT, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), aortography, electrocardiography (ECG), transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and biochemical markers to identify these injuries. The true incidence of these two entities is not entirely clear. The incidence of blunt myocardial injury is difficult to ascertain because of the lack of agreement on the criteria for diagnosis. Reported incidences vary from 3% to 75% in series of chest trauma patients. 39,46 Thoracic great vessel injury accounts for approximately 8% to 9% of vascular injuries; however, most of these are caused by penetrating mechanisms. 51 Blunt disruption of the thoracic aorta usually is rapidly fatal prior to hospital arrival; it is estimated that only approximately 10% to 20% of patients with these injuries survive to reach the emergency department (ED). 44,86
Dithiocarbamate and CuO promoted one-pot synthesis of 2-(N-substituted)-aminobenzimidazoles and related heterocycles ☆

A rapid and efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of 2-(N-substituted)-aminobenzimidazoles is described. The reaction is promoted by dithiocarbamate and catalytic CuO. This procedure is general and can be applied to synthesize many potential drug candidates.
Expected utility and the non-normal returns of common portfolio rebalancing strategies

This study compares three common strategies: buy-hold, constant mix and constant proportion rebalancing separately for bull, bear and trendless markets using Monte Carlo simulation. These strategies are compared in terms of terminal wealth, risk and expected utility. Our results indicate that rankings of the strategies by general expected utility functions, defined across all moments of the distribution of terminal wealth, often differ from rankings by mean-variance statistics. As rebalancing can produce non-normal payoffs, relying purely on traditional mean-variance analysis may cause investors to select inappropriate rebalancing strategies.
Larmor precession measurement of the nuclear g1 factor of 135,137Ba isotopes in a fat atomic beam

An original method of determining the nuclear Lande factor for atoms with a diamagnetic ground state is illustrated with the two odd-A isotopes 135Ba and 137Ba. The method, based on the fast atomic beam laser spectroscopy technique, consists of detecting the in-flight Larmor precession of the nuclear magnetic dipolar moment in a static magnetic field, via the fluorescence induced by resonant laser light. When the magnetic-field amplitude is varied the fluorescence signal exhibits a fringed structure from which the g1 factor can be deduced.
Biocatalytic production of 10-hydroxystearic acid, 10-ketostearic acid, and their primary fatty amides

The objective of this study was to develop scaleup bioprocesses for producing 10-hydroxystearic acid (10-HSA) and 10-ketostearic acid (10-KSA) as well as their primary amides for potential new uses. A reactor process was examined to obtain the mono-oxygenated FA using Sphingobacterium thalpophilum (NRRL B-14797) and Bacillus sphaericus (NRRL NRS-732), which solely produce 10-HSA and 10-KSA, respectively, from technical-grade oleic acid. By using an 8-h-old B-14797 culture grown in a manganese-containing WF6 medium, pH 7.3, at 28°C under 350 rpm agitation and 0–50% dissolved oxygen concentrations provided by a controlled sparger aeration, the production of 10-HSA reached 7 g/L with a 40% yield in 4 d. In using a 12-h-old NRS-732 culture grown in a pyruvate-containing PF6 medium, pH 6.5, at 30°C under 750 rpm agitation without any sparger aeration during the conversion reaction, 10-KSA production reached 7.9 g/L with a yield of more than 54% in 72 h. The scaleup reactor process provided crystalline 10-HSA and 10-KSA for producting new primary amides via a lipase-catalyzed amidation reaction with yields of 94 and 92%, respectively. The primary amides of 10-HSA and 10-KSA displayed m.p of 115 and 120°C, respectively.
The negative bias temperature instability in MOS devices: A review

Abstract Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), in which interface traps and positive oxide charge are generated in metal–oxide–silicon (MOS) structures under negative gate bias, in particular at elevated temperature, has come to the forefront of critical reliability phenomena in advanced CMOS technology. The purpose of this review is to bring together much of the latest experimental information and recent developments in theoretical understanding of NBTI. The review includes comprehensive summaries of the basic phenomenology, including time- and frequency-dependent effects (relaxation), and process dependences; theory, including drift–diffusion models and microscopic models for interface states and fixed charge, and the role of nitrogen; and the practical implications for circuit performance and new gate-stack materials. Some open questions are highlighted.
FLUCTUATION-RESPONSE RELATION FOR STEADY STATES

The fluctuation-response relation for Langevin dynamics in the small noise limit, recently introduced, is generalized for the purpose of computing the fluctuation spectrum of a nonequilibrium system. The fluctuation-response relation provides an efficient and operational means to compute the fluctuations around a nonequilibrium steady state. As an example, we consider a model of a magnetic system driven away from (local) equilibrium by an oscillating magnetic field. The generalized fluctuation-response relation is utilized to compute the fluctuation spectrum of the driven system, which is shown to display some interesting behavior near the transition region (where the system undergoes a transition from a nonzero to zero time-averaged state).
Vasculitic neuropathy in a patient with cryoglobulinemia and anti-MAG IGM monoclonal gammopathy.

A patient with sensorimotor mononeuritis multiplex had a type II cryoglobulin with an IgM kappa M-protein that appeared to contain monoclonal anti-MAG antibodies of the same isotype. A sural nerve biopsy demonstrated necrotizing arteritis and features of both axonal degeneration and demyelination. IgM kappa and C3 deposits were present on the myelin sheath of some residual nerve fibers. The findings suggest that the anti-MAG antibodies contributed to the myelin damage, while cryoprecipitates may have caused the vasculitis and axonal degeneration. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Constrained Eigenvectors: A Means to Separate Aliased Arrivals

Multichannel filtering for wavefield separation have been used in seismic processing for decades and have become an essential component in VSP and crosswell reflection imaging. The need for good multichannel wavefield separation filters is acute in borehole seismic imaging techniques such as VSP and crosswell reflection imaging techniques such as VSP and crosswell reflection imaging, where strong interfering arrivals can temporally overlap with desired arrivals. For example, tube waves can be very strong in VSP and crosswell data. Tube waves can have similar frequency content to desired reflections making them difficult to temporally attenuate. Shear waves and conversions can also be an interference problem in many wide-angle imaging applications. In conventional surface seismic data, multichannel filtering prior to stacking is often less critical because there is often a time window where reflections and multiples can be isolated. In many land surveys, ground roll can be removed by low-cut filtering in the time domain.
Power characteristics of high magnification semiconductor lasers

A formalism is described for calculating the output power of high-magnification curved-mirror semiconductor lasers. This model allows arbitrary single-pass gain and includes thez-dependent saturation by the expanding or contracting mode fields. The results are in agreement with recently published experimental data and the same techniques will apply to other types of high-loss resonators.
Atomic and electronic structure of polymer organic semiconductors: P3HT, PQT, and PBTTT

First-principles pseudopotential density functional calculations were employed to investigate the atomic structure of three organic semiconductors: poly[$5,{5}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-bis(3-alkyl-2-thienyl)-$2,{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-bithiophene] (PQT), poly[2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene] (PBTTT), and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The calculations show that a substantial rotation of the conjugated planes around the polymer axis is energetically favorable for all three crystals. This rotation reduces the overlap of molecular orbitals, and therefore increases the effective mass in the $\ensuremath{\pi}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\pi}$ stacking direction. This impacts the mobility, which is estimated within an acoustic deformation potential model. Similar values for the effective mass and mobility were obtained for P3HT and PBTTT. Therefore, the higher mobility observed experimentally for PBTTT in comparison to P3HT could be a result of improved structural ordering rather than being an intrinsic property of crystalline regions of the polymer. Calculations indicate that substantial interdigitation of the alkyl side chains is energetically favorable for PBTTT.
A comprehensive descriptor of shape: method and application to content-based retrieval of similar appearing lesions in medical images.

We have developed a method to quantify the shape of liver lesions in CT images and to evaluate its performance for retrieval of images with similarly-shaped lesions. We employed a machine learning method to combine several shape descriptors and defined similarity measures for a pair of shapes as a weighted combination of distances calculated based on each feature. We created a dataset of 144 simulated shapes and established several reference standards for similarity and computed the optimal weights so that the retrieval result agrees best with the reference standard. Then we evaluated our method on a clinical database consisting of 79 portal-venous-phase CT liver images, where we derived a reference standard of similarity from radiologists’ visual evaluation. Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) was calculated to compare this ordering with the expected ordering based on the reference standard. For the simulated lesions, the mean NDCG values ranged from 91% to 100%, indicating that our methods for combining features were very accurate in representing true similarity. For the clinical images, the mean NDCG values were still around 90%, suggesting a strong correlation between the computed similarity and the independent similarity reference derived the radiologists.
Innovations in foot and ankle surgery

In the ever evolving world of medicine, orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery has been, and continues to be a specialty of pioneers and explorers. The care of lower extremity injuries and clinical pathology is constantly moving forward with respect to analysis and technology, both in novel ways to improve existing methods, as well as introduce the never-before-performed procedures and new instrumentation. This issue focuses on a select few of those issues and techniques that piqued our collective interests. Authors, local and abroad, were invited to share the latest advances in knowledge and procedures in their ever burgeoning areas of interest and expertise. It is a culmination of the information that these surgeons have been gracious enough to share with the rest of us. Obviously, not all of the advancements, procedural or technologic, could have been procured, refined, and condensed into just a few pages. What follows is a collection of controversial or popular, contemporary hot topics that generate fervent interest, discourse and debate at the most recent national and international symposia.
The Effects of Successful versus Failure-Based Cases on Argumentation while Solving Decision-Making Problems.

Solving complex, ill-structured problems may be effectively supported by case-based reasoning through case libraries that provide just-in-time domain-specific principles in the form of stories. The cases not only articulate previous experiences of practitioners, but also serve as problem-solving narratives from which learners can acquire meaning. The current study investigated the effects of different case-types (success, failures) on analogical transfer to similar problems. In the first week, undergraduate sales management students (N = 36) were assigned to different case library treatments (success, failure) and asked to construct a multifaceted argument (initial argument, counterargument, rebuttal) to resolve an ill-structured, decision-making hiring problem. In the following week, students constructed an argument to solve a novel case without the support of the case library. Data analysis revealed the failure-based case library condition produced significantly higher scores on measurements of counterarguments and holistic argumentation scores on both tasks. A discussion of the implications for pedagogy and instructional design are also presented.
A Registry-Based Twin Study of Depression in Men

Background The only large, registry-based twin study of depression using diagnostic criteria assessed by structured interview included only women. We present results from a comparable study of men. Methods Data were collected using a standardized telephone interview of men from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Both twins from 3372 pairs participated. Probandwise concordance rates and biometric modeling were used to analyze the data. Results The diagnosis of major depression (MD), as defined by DSM-III-R , and the subtype of severe/psychotic MD were significantly affected by genetic ( h 2 =0.36 and 0.39, respectively) and nonshared environmental ( e 2 =0.64 and 0.61, respectively) factors but not by family environmental factors. Dysthymia and mild and moderate MD were affected by family environmental ( c 2 =0.27, 0.08, and 0.14, respectively) and nonshared environmental ( e 2 =0.73, 0.92, and 0.86, respectively) factors but not by genetic factors. Early-onset (before age 30 years) and late-onset (after age 30 years) MD were significantly affected by genetic ( h 2 =0.47 and 0.10, respectively) and nonshared environmental ( e 2 =0.53 and 0.90, respectively) factors. Early-onset MD was significantly more heritable than late-onset MD. Conclusions The magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on depression in men is similar to that previously reported in women. Also similar to previous findings, more severe and earlier-onset depression may be more strongly affected by genetic factors, but differences in the reliability of reports of depression associated with severity may inflate estimates of the effect of the unique environment and deflate heritability estimates for less severe depression.
Evaluation of Solution Oxygenation Requirements for Azonitrile-Based Oxidative Forced Degradation Studies of Pharmaceutical Compounds

AIBN and ACVA oxidative forced degradation models are examined for two drug molecules whose predominant oxidation chemistries arise from different reaction mechanisms (i.e., free radical vs. nucleophilic). Stress was conducted under a variety of initiator concentrations, and under ambient and pressurized oxygen atmospheres. In each case examined, the azonitrile initiator solutions served as a good predictive model of the major oxidative degradation products observed in pharmaceutical formulations. At low to moderate inititator concentrations, the degradation product distributions and degree of reactivity were similar for samples stored in ambient and pressurized oxygen environments. These results are rationalized with reference to the oxygen consumption kinetics of AIBN and ACVA solutions as a function of initiator concentration. The data suggests that ambient air provides sufficient oxygen to enable chain propagation of peroxy radicals in azonitrile solutions of concentrations appropriate to the forced degradation of pharmaceutical compounds.
Crystallographic B-factors highlight energetic frustration in aldolase folding.

Kinetic simulations of the folding and unfolding of the mammalian TIM barrel protein aldolase were conducted to determine if a minimalist monomeric Go model, using the native structure to determine attractive energies in the protein chain, could capture the experimentally determined folding pathway. The folding order, that is, the order in which different secondary structures fold, between the Go model simulations and that from hydrogen−deuterium exchange experiments, did not agree. To explain this discrepancy, two alternate variant of the basic Go model were simulated: (1) a monomer Go model with native contact energies weighted by a statistical potential (SP model) and (2) a monomer Go model with native contact energies inversely weighted by crystallographic B factors (B model). The B model demonstrated the best agreement between simulation and experiments. The success of the B model is attributed to the ability of B factors to highlight local energetic frustration in the aldolase structure which r...
Experimental Determination of the Absorption Cross-Section and Molar Extinction Coefficient of CdSe and CdTe Nanowires†

Absorption cross-sections and corresponding molar extinction coefficients of solution-based CdSe and CdTe nanowires (NWs) are determined. Chemically grown semiconductor NWs are made via a recently developed solution-liquid-solid (SLS) synthesis, employing low melting Au/Bi bimetallic nanoparticle "catalysts" to induce one-dimensional (1D) growth. Resulting wires are highly crystalline and have diameters between 5 and 12 nm as well as lengths exceeding 10 microm. Narrow diameters, below twice the corresponding bulk exciton Bohr radius of each material, place CdSe and CdTe NWs within their respective intermediate to weak confinement regimes. Supporting this are solution linear absorption spectra of NW ensembles showing blue shifts relative to the bulk band gap as well as structure at higher energies. In the case of CdSe, the wires exhibit band edge emission as well as strong absorption/emission polarization anisotropies at the ensemble and single-wire levels. Analogous photocurrent polarization anisotropies have been measured in recently developed CdSe NW photodetectors. To further support fundamental NW optical/electrical studies as well as to promote their use in device applications, experimental absorption cross-sections are determined using correlated transmission electron microscopy, UV/visible extinction spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Measured CdSe NW cross-sections for 1 microm long wires (diameters, 6-42 nm) range from 6.93 x 10(-13) to 3.91 x 10(-11) cm2 at the band edge (692-715 nm, 1.73-1.79 eV) and between 3.38 x 10(-12) and 5.50 x 10(-11) cm2 at 488 nm (2.54 eV). Similar values are obtained for 1 microm long CdTe NWs (diameters, 7.5-11.5 nm) ranging from 4.32 x 10(-13) to 5.10 x 10(-12) cm2 at the band edge (689-752 nm, 1.65-1.80 eV) and between 1.80 x 10(-12) and 1.99 x 10(-11) cm2 at 2.54 eV. These numbers compare well with previous theoretical estimates of CdSe/CdTe NW cross-sections far to the blue of the band edge, having order of magnitude values of 1.0 x 10(-11) cm2 at 488 nm. In all cases, experimental NW absorption cross-sections are 4-5 orders of magnitude larger than those for corresponding colloidal CdSe and CdTe quantum dots. Even when volume differences are accounted for, band edge NW cross-sections are larger by up to a factor of 8. When considered along with their intrinsic polarization sensitivity, obtained NW cross-sections illustrate fundamental and potentially exploitable differences between 0D and 1D materials.
Cyclic AMP-induced repair of zebrafish spinal circuits

Neurons in the human central nervous system (CNS) are unable to regenerate, as a result of both an inhibitory environment and their inherent inability to regrow. In contrast, the CNS environment in fish is permissive for growth, yet some neurons still cannot regenerate. Fish thus offer an opportunity to study molecules that might surmount the intrinsic limitations they share with mammals, without the complication of an inhibitory environment. We show by in vivo imaging in zebrafish that post-injury application of cyclic adenosine monophosphate can transform severed CNS neurons into ones that regenerate and restore function, thus overcoming intrinsic limitations to regeneration in a vertebrate.
A study of unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by X-rays in the germ cells of male mice.

Abstract • In vivo DNA repair occurring in meiotic and postmeiotic germ-cell stages of male mice after X-ray treatment has been studied. Making use of the fact that no scheduled DNA synthesis occurs in the germ cells after the last S period in primary spermatocytes, and administering testicular injections of [ 3 H]dt, we measured DNA repair after X-ray exposure by the unscheduled incorporation of [ 3 H]dT (UDS) into germ cells. • An exposure—response study showed that UDS induced in spermatids is an increasing function of X-ray exposure, at least up to 1000 R. A significant level of UDS was measured in the spermatids at an exposure level of 200 R, which is considerably lower than what has generally been required to measure UDS in mammalian cells. • When testicular injections of [ 3 H]dT were administered immediately before X-ray teatment, the amount of unscheduled incorporation of [ 3 H]dT into spermatid DNA was maximized. By 4 h following X-ray exposure, no UDS could be detected in the spermatids. This is in marked contrast to the UDS induced in spermatids by alkylating agents such as MMS, EMS, PMS, and IMS, which can still be detected at least 3 days after chemical treatment. In addition, the total amount of UDS measured in spermatids after X-ray treatment is much less than that observed after exposures to these alkylating agents which produce equivalent genetic effects. This may result from relatively fewer repairable DNA lesions being induced by X-rays and from differences in the sizes of the repaired regions. UDS induced after X-ray treatment was detected in the same germ-cell stages (early meiosis through midspermatids) that undergo UDS when exposed to EMS. However, unlike EMS, which produces about the same level of UDS in all the germ-cell stages capable of repair, X-rays appear to produce a higher level of UDS in the earlier meiotic stages. • From genetic data obtained by other workers using X-rays we have observed that dominant-lethal frequencies are at least twice as high in germ-cell stages undergoing UDS than in later stages where no UDS is detected. Furthermore, specific-locus mutation frequencies for germ-cell stages that undergo UDS after a 300-R X-ray exposure are no lower than in later stages where no UDS is observed. Although UDS has been found to occur in germ-cell stages of male mice from early meiosis to midspermatids after X-ray treatment, there is no evidence that this UDS results in a decrease of genetic damage in the germ cells in which it occurs.
Modulation of basal and corticotropin-releasing factor-stimulated proopiomelanocortin gene expression by vasopressin in rat anterior pituitary.

Abstract In several anterior pituitary hormone systems, factors that stimulate hormone release also stimulate hormone biosynthesis. In the corticotropes of the anterior pituitary, CRF stimulates ACTH release as well as cAMP accumulation and transcription of the POMC gene. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a well documented coregulator of ACTH release and potentiates CRF-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The present studies were undertaken to determine if AVP also potentiates the early effects of CRF on POMC gene expression in rat anterior pituitary primary cultures. We have measured the levels of the POMC primary transcript, processing intermediate, and mature mRNA in nuclear RNA samples and POMC mRNA in cytoplasmic RNA samples as well as ACTH release after treatment with CRF and/or AVP. After a 30-min treatment with 0.5 nM CRF, POMC primary transcript levels were increased by 200–400%. Thirty-minute or 1-h treatments with AVP alone (10 or 100 nM) did not affect primary transcript levels, but increased the amount...
Federal science funding priorities, anti‐terrorism debated at AAAS Colloquium

John Marburger, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy has said that some federal science agencies not slated to receive big increases in the administration's proposed fiscal year 2003 budget could do better in upcoming years. In remarks on 11 April at a colloquium on science and technology policy, Marburger defended the Bush administration's push for increasing research funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other administration priorities, and he cautioned that tough budget decisions have to be made in light of the current tight economic climate and the large number of potential scientific opportunities. But he also said that funding levels for some agencies and science areas could increase at a later date during the administration's tenure.
Mediated gesture Paralinguistic communication and phatic text

This article draws an analogy between physical nonverbal gesture and the textual conventions of new and social media to argue that the vital nonverbal functions of face-to-face communication are no...
242 NEONATAL HYPERMAGNESEMIA: EFFECT ON PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH), TOTAL CALCIUM (Ca) AND IONIZED CALCIUM (iCa) LEVELS

Neoratal magnesium (Mg)-PTH interrelationships have not been examined. Pre-eclamptic mothers (n=22) receiving 3 to 40g MgSO4 during labor and their newborns (birth-72hrs) were studied. Maternal serum Mg rose from 2.1±.09mg/dl (mean±SE) pre-MgSO4 therapy to 4.4±.41 at delivery (1.5 to 14 hrs on therapy). Maternal iCa (Orion SS-20) fell from 4.1±.26mg/dl pre-therapy to 3.8±.3 at delivery (t, p<.05) with no change in maternal PTH (N-terminal assay, 89% of normals detected). Placental vein Mg was 4.8±.38mg/dl; infant Mg fell from 4.2±.20 at 6-12 hrs of age to 3.4±.15 at 24 hrs, 3.1±.15 at 48 hrs and 3±.18 at 72 hrs. Serum PTH was undetectable in 10/14 infants at birth, and in 12/12 at 6-12 hrs. As serum Mg fell <2.5mg/dl, serum PTH became detectable. When compared to controls matched for gestation and birth asphyxia, infants of MgSO4 mothers had a lower proportion of detectable PTH (5/21 vs 12/16 at 24-48 hrs, X2, p<.005, 4/11 vs 13/16 at 72 hrs, p<.02 and 13/58 vs 33/48 from birth-72 hrs, p<.0005); higher Ca at 24-48 and 72 hrs (10.2±.42mg/d1 vs 8.3±.28 and 10.1±.38 vs 7.9±.21, respectively, p<.005); and higher iCa at 24 hrs (3.6±.14 vs 3.1±.20, p<.05). Neonatal hypermagnesemia is associated with depressed neonatal PTH, but higher serum Ca and iCa. We speculate that neonatal hypermagnesemia suppresses parathyroid function, but elevates serum Ca because of its effect at the bone site.
A case‐control study of self‐reported exposures to pesticides and pancreas cancer in southeastern Michigan

A case-control study of pancreas cancer in residents, aged 30-79 years, of 18 counties in southeastern Michigan was conducted to investigate the risks of exposure to DDT and related materials in the general population. Sixty-six people with cytologically diagnosed pancreas cancer were identified using 7 participating hospitals in metropolitan Detroit and Ann Arbor. One hundred and thirty-one controls were frequency-matched to the cases on age, sex, ethicity and county of residence by random-digit dialing. All study participants were administered a questionnaire to assess life-time exposure to pesticides from both environmental and occupational sources, family history of cancer, past medical history, smoking history and demographic information. A statistically significant increased risk was found for self-reported exposure to ethylan (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl) ethane). Increased odds ratios were observed for self-reported exposures to chloropropylate and DDT, as well as for the summary group of organochlorine pesticides which included all of these materials, though these associations were not significant.
Computational modeling of vapor cloud explosions in off-shore rigs using a flame-speed based combustion model

Abstract Computational modeling is a useful tool in determining the consequences from vapor cloud explosions. Here an approach that uses a flame-speed based combustion model is evaluated. Various scenarios of explosions in full-scale off-shore modules are simulated and compared to available test data. The ignition location of the cloud and available venting paths are found to affect the overpressure field in and outside the module. For end ignition cases, the combustion of gas pushed out of the module is found to play a key role. Using the flame-speed based model with appropriate effective flame speeds is found to provide accurate simulations.
Dissociation of functional roles of dynamin in receptor-mediated endocytosis and mitogenic signal transduction.

Abstract Dynamin plays a critical role in the membrane fission mechanism that mediates regulated endocytosis of many G protein-coupled receptors. In addition, dynamin is required for ligand-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by certain receptors, raising a general question about the role of dynamin in mitogenic signal transduction. Here we report that endocytosis of μ and δ opioid receptors is not required for efficient ligand-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Nevertheless, mitogenic signaling mediated by these receptors is specifically dynamin-dependent. Thus a functional role of dynamin in mitogenic signaling can be dissociated from its role in receptor-mediated endocytosis, suggesting a previously unidentified and distinct role of dynamin in signal transduction by certain G protein-coupled receptors.
EBG Antenna for GPR Colocated With a Metal Detector for Landmine Detection

Electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) antennas are ideal for handheld sensing applications, such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for landmine detection, because of their small size, efficiency, and directivity. Increased detection performance has been shown when a GPR is combined with a metal detector, but a typical EBG antenna would preclude the sensors from being colocated because of the large amount of metal in the EBG structure. An EBG composed of very thin metal is proposed in this letter for application as a GPR colocated with a metal detector, without causing a significant self-response in the metal detector. Manufacturing methods are discussed, and GPR measurements are shown from the thin-metal EBG antennas. The metal detector response from a thin metal sheet is discussed, and measurements of the EBG ground planes are shown using a laboratory wideband electromagnetic induction system. The response from the thin metal is shown to be as low as three orders of magnitude less than from a copper sheet at typical metal detector frequencies.
Electrophoretic mobility of linear and star-branched DNA in semidilute polymer solutions.

Electrophoresis of large linear T2 (162 kbp) and 3-arm star-branched (N(Arm) = 48.5 kbp) DNA in linear polyacrylamide (LPA) solutions above the overlap concentration c* has been investigated using a fluorescence visualization technique that allows both the conformation and mobility mu of the DNA to be determined. LPA solutions of moderate polydispersity index (PI approximately 1.7-2.1) and variable polymer molecular weight Mw (0.59-2.05 MDa) are used as the sieving media. In unentangled semidilute solutions (c* c(e)), the conformation of migrating linear and star-shaped DNA manifest only subtle changes from their unentangled solution features, but mu for the stars decreases strongly with increasing LPA concentration and molecular weight, while mu for linear DNA becomes nearly independent of c and Mw. These findings are discussed in the context of current theories for electrophoresis of large polyelectrolytes.