cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land-cover classification using SIR-C/X-SAR data

With the flight of the Shuttle Radar Lab (SRL-1) in April and of SRL-2 in October of 1994, polarimetric SAR data is now available from a spaceborne sensor. While the previous efforts have been impressive, this new sensor promises even more discrimination ability. Once this sensor is made into a free-flyer (satellite) the algorithms developed now should work with minor modifications, allowing the data from the satellite to be used almost as soon as it is put into orbit. Consequently, it is important to devise a classification algorithm that is robust to variability in seasonal variations, weather, and local vegetation species. This paper presents a first step toward that goal. Several scenes from the April, 1994 flight are to be classified using a knowledge-based, hierarchical classifier. During the flight the snow cover changed remarkably as did the amount and distribution of standing water over the Raco, Michigan site. Despite this variability, a single classifier is to be developed that can classify five or six structural classes (bare surfaces, short vegetation, and a few different kinds of trees) with high accuracy. This has been achieved with a single image with accuracies higher than 90%. Other data from the October, 1994 flight are also to be classified and the differences between the two classifiers is to be related to changes in physical parameters between the two seasons. For example, since the deciduous trees do not have leaves during the winter, the C- and X-band radar responses are quite different in the summer than in the winter. Basic knowledge such as this can be used to adapt the classifier to seasonal changes.
Contemporary Population-Based Comparison of Localized Ductal Adenocarcinoma and High-Risk Acinar Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

Objective To compare pathological characteristics, treatment patterns, and survival in patients with ductal adenocarcinoma (DC) compared to those with acinar adenocarcinoma (AC). Materials and Methods Using the National Cancer Database, we identified patients diagnosed with clinically localized (cN0, cM0) pure DC (n = 1328) and AC (n = 751,635) between 1998 and 2011. High-risk AC was defined as Gleason 8-10. Demographic, treatment, pathological, and survival characteristics of patients were compared. Results Compared to patients with Gleason 8-10 AC, those with DC presented with lower mean prostate-specific antigen (10.3 vs 16.2 ng/mL, P P = .8) of clinical extra-capsular extension (stage ≥ cT3), and were more likely to undergo prostatectomy (54% vs 36%, P P P P P = .2). On Cox multivariable analysis, patients with Gleason 8-10 AC had a similar risk of death compared to those with DC (hazards ratio = 0.92, 95% CI [0.69-1.23], P = 6). Conclusion In this large contemporary population-based series, patients with DC of the prostate presented with lower prostate-specific antigen, had more favorable pathological features, and similar overall survival compared to men with Gleason 8-10 AC.
Pediatric acute kidney injury: The use of the RIFLE criteria

Outcome in pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) is in part related to diagnosis and intervention. Standard markers of severity of illness do not identify AKI. Modified RIFLE criteria are shown to identify patients who develop AKI, potentially allowing for early intervention.
Structure prediction: Folding proteins by pattern recognition

Although we are still a long way from being able to predict the details of protein structure from the underlying chemistry, slow but steady progress is being made at modeling structural features by recognizing the patterns that connect sequence to structure.
Venus: where has all the water gone?

Escape mechanisms examined to explain liquid water absence on Venus surface, considering hot acidic hydrosphere consequences for biological activity
Defining the Nature and Impact of Goals in Children and Adolescents with a Chronic Health Condition: A Review of Research and a Theoretical Framework

This paper presents a review of research related to goals in youth with a chronic health condition (CHC) and a related framework to inform theory and research. Performed literature review using PsychINFO and Medline with a combination of many key words related to health, goals, and youth. Sixteen studies related to goals in youth with a CHC were identified. An integrative framework to inform research on goals in pediatric CHCs was presented based on studies reviewed. The impact of a CHC on goals and related behaviors, impact of goal conflict and collaboration, interventions with goal-setting components, and impact of developmental, disease, socioeconomic, and cultural factors were described. Recommendations for future research were discussed. The application of theory related to the nature and impact of goals in youth with a CHC will advance the field from a research and clinical standpoint.
The Kronig-Penney Approximation: May it Rest in Peace

It has been traditional in explaining the energy band theory of solids to use a delta-function approximation due to Kronig and Penney. With the advent of the microcomputer age, it is argued here that numerical treatments of band structure are easy to do and physically far more correct. The Kronig-Penney approximation should now be regarded as obsolete.
Immunotherapy Targeting the CD40/CD154 Costimulatory Pathway for Treatment of Autoimmune Disease

The CD154–CD40 ligand pair interaction plays a central role in both induction of the immune response and in immune effector functions. Indeed, many animal disease models and human autoimmune diseas...
Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field

Abstract This review takes an evolutionary and chronological perspective on the development of strategic human resource management (SHRM) literature. We divide this body of work into seven themes that reflect the directions and trends researchers have taken over approximately thirty years of research. During this time the field took shape, developed rich conceptual foundations, and matured into a domain that has substantial influence on research activities in HR and related management disciplines. We trace how the field has evolved to its current state, articulate many of the major findings and contributions, and discuss how we believe it will evolve in the future. This approach contributes to the field of SHRM by synthesizing work in this domain and by highlighting areas of research focus that have received perhaps enough attention, as well as areas of research focus that, while promising, have remained largely unexamined.
Growing corticospinal axons by-pass lesions of neonatal rat spinal cord.

Abstract The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to label newly growing corticospinal axons after they had entered lesioned regions of the neonatal rat spinal cord. Two types of lesions were made at thoracic and lumbar levels before the arrival of the first corticospinal axons. (1) Thermal lesions were produced by the brief application of a heated rod to the vertebral column and could destroy the normal growth path over several spinal segments. Corticospinal axons, when successful in growing distal to thermal lesions, did so at the same rate as in normal controls and retaining their normal relative positions and morphology, especially fasciculation. (2) Surgical lesions were produced by cutting the spinal cord and were limited to one segment but could result in a barrier in the normal growth path composed of a cyst or glial scar. Corticospinal axons that succeeded in growing distal to a surgical lesion did so by being deflected to unusual positions, became defasciculated, and sometimes their normal growth rate was slowed. That corticospinal axons could in many instances grow past the two types of lesion suggests that a morphologically stereotyped glial scaffolding is not necessary for axon growth. The role of fasciculation in normal axon growth is highlighted by the disparate effects of the two types of lesion.
Speaking of Books: A War to be Won

Book reviewed in this article: Williamson Murray and Allan Millett, A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War
Long-Term Results of Internal Mammary Artery Implantation for Coronary Artery Disease: A Controlled Trial

Abstract One hundred forty-six adult men from sixteen Veterans Administration hospitals were entered in a controlled prospective clinical trial. Seventy-one patients were randomly allocated to receive implantation of the internal mammary artery into the left ventricular myocardium for chronic ischemic heart disease with angina pectoris, and 75 were assigned to the control group. The two treatment groups were similar at baseline with respect to sixteen clinical and angiographic factors thought to have prognostic importance. Most of the patients were operated on before 1970. Operative mortality was 12%, and implant patency in 52% of eligible patients studied 1 year after operation was 67%. At the end of follow-up extending up to 12 years (mean, 9.3 years), cumulative survival for both groups was similar. Over half of the patients (58%) had died at the end of 10 years (5% per year). While the hypothesis on which the operation was based appears to be valid, the degree of revascularization achievable in most patients did not affect longevity.
CytoViz: an artistic mapping of network measurements as living organisms in a VR application

CytoViz is an artistic, real-time information visualization driven by statistical information gathered during gigabit network transfers to the Scalable Adaptive Graphical Environment (SAGE) at various events. Data streams are mapped to cellular organisms defining their structure and behavior as autonomous agents. Network bandwidth drives the growth of each entity and the latency defines its physics-based independent movements. The collection of entity is bound within the 3D representation of the local venue. This visual and animated metaphor allows the public to experience the complexity of high-speed network streams that are used in the scientific community. Moreover, CytoViz displays the presence of discoverable Bluetooth devices carried by nearby persons. The concept is to generate an event-specific, real-time visualization that creates informational 3D patterns based on actual local presence. The observed Bluetooth traffic is put in opposition of the wide-area networking traffic by overlaying 2D animations on top of the 3D world. Each device is mapped to an animation fading over time while displaying the name of the detected device and its unique physical address. CytoViz was publicly presented at two major international conferences in 2005 (iGrid2005 in San Diego, CA and SC05 in Seattle, WA).
In hamsters dopamine D2 receptors affect ventilation during and following intermittent hypoxia.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that in golden Syrian hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) carotid body dopaminergic D 2 receptors modulate ventilation in air, during exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and reoxygenation. Ventilation was evaluated using the barometric method and CO 2 production was determined using the flow through method. Hamsters ( n = 8) received either subcutaneous injections of vehicle, haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) or domperidone (0.5 mg/kg). Ventilatory and metabolic variables were determined 30 min following injections, after each of 5 bouts of 5 min of 10% oxygen interspersed by normoxia (IH), and 15, 30, 45 and 60 min following IH when hamsters were exposed to air. Haloperidol, but not domperidone decreased body temperature in hamsters. Neither treatment affected CO 2 production. Vehicle-treated hamsters exhibited ventilatory long-term facilitation (VLTF) following IH. Haloperidol or domperidone decreased ventilation in air, during IH and eliminated VLTF due to changes in tidal volume and not frequency of breathing. Thus, in hamsters D 2 receptors are involved in control of body temperature and ventilation during and following IH.
Circadian Rhythm of Temperature Selection in a Nocturnal Lizard

We recorded body temperature and locomotor activity of Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) with free access to a heat source under a 14:10 light-dark cycle and in constant darkness. Under the light-dark cycle, the lizards selected higher temperatures during the light phase, when locomotor activity was less intense. Rhythmicity in temperature selection was transiently disrupted but later resumed when the animals were placed in constant darkness. These results demonstrate the existence of a circadian rhythm of temperature selection in nocturnal ectotherms and extend previous findings of a temporal mismatch between the rhythms of locomotor activity and temperature selection in nocturnal rodents.
Thermochemical investigations of nearly ideal binary solvents. I. Standard heats and volume changes of solution in methanol-isopropanol mixtures at 25°C

Standard heats and volume changes of solution of acetone,n-butanol, chloroform, and water in methanol, isopropanol, and mixtures of the two are reported. In every case, the value of a measured property in a mixture is more negative than the mole-fraction average of the values measured in the pure solvents. Equations relating the heat of solution in a binary mixture to the heats of solution in the pure solvents and the excess enthalpy of the binary mixture are developed from equations for the excess enthalpy of simple ternary systems. Heats of solution ofn-butanol agree fairly well with predicted values. Combination of standard heats of solution with standard volume changes of solution allow estimation of standard energy changes of solution at constant volume.
Solar neutrinos from the decay of 8B.

The spectrum of neutrinos produced by the beta decay of /sup 8/B in the sun is computed including forbidden corrections to the weak interactions. The total cross section for absorption by /sup 37/Cl of /sup 8/B neutrinos is (1.06 +- 0.1) x 10/sup -42/ cm/sup 2/. The uncertainty is determined by calculating the cross section using different measured spectra for the alpha particles that result from the decay of /sup 8/B to /sup 8/Be and by varying the transition matrix elements consistent with the branching ratios measured using delayed protons emitted in the beta decay of /sup 37/Ca.
13C NMR spectral characterization of epimeric rotenone and some related tetrahydrobenzopyranofurobenzopyranones

The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra of epimers of rotenone and four 12a-hydroxy-analogues were examined to determine the stereochemical effect of the B/C ring fusion involving the 6a- and 12a-carbon centers. Chemical shift differences between the epimeric carbon resonances of cis- and trans-6a,12a-compounds were notably larger than those of diastereoisomers derived from the same B/C ring junction stereochemistry. Results of the spectral analysis have been useful for the quantification of mixtures of epimers and for the measurement of rates of epimerization and oxygenation.
Food allergies-finding help on the internet

Food allergies present real challenges to those who must deal with them on a daily basis. When food provokes an immune response, perhaps inducing a severe condition such as anaphylactic shock, it becomes the enemy and an obstacle to be overcome. For some this is a problem of infancy soon outgrown, but for many others it is a lifelong problem requiring special diets, emergency medication kits, and a perpetual vigilance regarding all food consumed. The Internet enables those afflicted with food hypersensitivities to learn about their condition as well as methods for dealing with it in their daily lives. This paper describes Web sites that provide information and support for those with food allergies.
ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION IN SEEDS OF THE HALOPHYTES SALICORNIA PACIFICA VAR. UTAHENSIS AND ATRIPLEX CANESCENS

Etude comparative dont les resultats sont en faveur du concept de compartimentalisation ionique dans les graines de ces deux halophytes. Les concentrations en ions seraient liees aux facteurs du milieu
CHRISTIAN VIRTUE ETHICS AND THE ‘SECTARIAN TEMPTATION’

Plusieurs grands avocats de la theorie de la vertu sont en fait des sectaires. Cependant, la theorie de la vertu chretienne n'implique pas les consequences d'irresponsabilite sociale et de relativisme souvent associes a l'accusation de sectarisme. La theorie chretienne de la vertu est tout a fait compatible avec un engagement politique
A note on R. H. Vincent's cognitive sensibilities

(1940). (Fifth International Congress for the Unity of Science, Cambridge, Mass., 1939.) 5. . "On Inductive Logic," Philosophy of Science, 12:72-97 (1945). 6. . "The Two Concepts of Probability," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 5:513-32 (1945). Reprinted in H. Feigl and W. Sellars, eds., Readings in Philosophical Analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1949. 7. . The Logical Foundations of Probability, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950. 8. . The Continuum of Inductive Methods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952. 9. . "Meaning Postulates," Philosophical Studies, 3:65-73 (1952). Reprinted in Meaning and Necessity, 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956. 10. . "On the Comparative Concept of Confirmation," British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 3:311-18 (195 3). 11. . "The Aim of Inductive Logic," in Proceedings of the International Congress for Logic and Methodology of Science (Stanford, 1960). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962. Pp. 113-28. 12. . "Replies and Systematic Expositions," to appear in Paul A. Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. Forthcoming. 13. Carnap, R., and W. Stegmuller. Induktive Logik und Wahrscheinlichkeit. Wien, 1959. 14. Good, I. J. Probability and the Weighing of Evidence. London: C. Griffin; New York: Hafner, 1950. 15. Kemeny, John G. "Carnap on Probability" (review of [7]), Review of Metaphysics, 5:145-56 (1951). 16. . "Extensions of the Methods of Inductive Logic," Philosophical Studies, 3:38-42 (1952). 17. . "A Logical Measure Function," Journal of Symbolic Logic, 18:289-308 (1953). 18. Popper, K. Logik der Forschung. Wien: J. Springer, 1935. 19. __ . The Logic of Scientific Discovery (translation of [18]). London: Hutchinson, 1959. 20. Savage, L. J. The Foundations of Statistics. New York: Wiley, 1954.
Voices outside the camp: Some significant nonpastoral books in 1979–80

A review article of recent books in disciplines related to pastoral care which may increase the effectiveness of the pastor's care and counseling ministries. Books selected challenge prevailing assumptions, offer new ways to perceive the pastoral task, and provide new and significant information. Books are reviewed from personality and psychotherapy, family history, theory and therapy, studies of violence and victimization, psychology and theology, and general ministry theory.
Enhanced nonlinear dynamics and monitoring bifurcation morphing for the identification of parameter variations

Abstract This paper proposes a novel vibration-based damage detection approach. The proposed technique is to actively change the stability of a fixed point (equilibrium state) of a system (structure) and create a new stable fixed point or limit cycle by applying a nonlinear feedback excitation. The nonlinear feedback excitation is designed such that a desired bifurcation (e.g., subcritical Hopf bifurcation) can occur, and a limit cycle may emerge close to the original fixed point. Hence, the deterioration of the structure during measurements is prevented, while the sensitivity of detection is increased by identifying the bifurcation point. The morphing of the bifurcation boundary (the locus of the bifurcation points) in the space of the controlled parameters of the nonlinear feedback excitation, together with the difference in the amplitude of the emerging limit cycle caused by the variation in structural parameters are utilized as features for the identification of parameter variations. To demonstrate the applicability and the potential (high sensitivity and robustness) offered by the proposed approach, a prototypical case of a two-degree-of-freedom mass–spring–damper system and a more complex example of a nonlinear panel forced by aerodynamic loads are investigated.
Activation of a Protein Kinase During Acantholysis

A protein kinase was demonstrated in epidermis and esophageal epithelium. In the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the enzyme phosphorylated phosvitin and casein but had relatively little activity toward epidermal protons. Slices of epidermis which were treated with cantharidin prior to homogenization contained two to three times as much protein kinase activity as did control specimens. An "activation" also was observed during purification procedures. It is proposed that protein kinase is present in the epidermis in a latent or controlled form. While activation of the protein kinase may contribute to the increased phosphorylation of proteins during acantholysis, other factors also must be considered.
Almost global finite-time stable observer for rigid body attitude dynamics

A state observer is proposed for rigid body at- titude motion with a given attitude dynamics model. This observer is designed on the state space of rigid body attitude motion, which is the tangent bundle of the Lie group of rigid body rotations in three dimensions, SO(3), and therefore avoids instability due to the unwinding phenomenon seen with unit quaternion-based attitude observers. In the absence of mea- surement noise and disturbance torques, the observer designed leads to almost global finite-time stable convergence of attitude motion state estimates to the actual states for a rigid body whose inertia is known. Almost global finite-time stability of this observer is shown using a Morse function as part of a Lyapunov analysis; this Morse function has been previously used for almost global asymptotic stabilization of rigid body attitude motion. Numerical simulation results confirm the analytically obtained stability properties of this attitude state observer. Numerical results also show that state estimate errors are bounded in the presence of bounded measurement noise and bounded disturbance torque. I. INTRODUCTION This paper presents a nonlinear observer for attitude and angular velocity states of a rigid body. The attitude dynamics of the rigid body is assumed to be given by Euler's equation with a known external torque, known body inertia, and a bounded but unknown disturbance torque. The observer de- sign presented here exhibits almost global finite-time stable convergence of state estimates to actual states in the absence of measurement noise and disturbance torque. This gives it fast convergence as well as robustness to bounded distur- bance torques and bounded measurement noise. Since most unmanned and manned vehicles can be accurately modeled as rigid bodies, the attitude dynamics of such vehicles when operated in uncertain or poorly known environments, can be subject to unknown but bounded disturbance torques. Therefore, fast convergence of state estimates and robustness of the observer to such unknown disturbances is essential for feedback control of such vehicles. The attitude is described directly on the Lie group of rigid body orientations in this observer design, without using local coordinates or unit quaternions for attitude representation. The attitude and angular velocity observer designed here assumes that attitude and angular velocity have been deter- mined from available measurements. Attitude is determined from direction or angle measurements while angular velocity measurements are usually obtained directly through rate gyros. The problem of attitude determination from a set of three or more vector measurements is commonly set up as
Reduction of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in shredded iceberg lettuce by chlorination and gamma irradiation

Abstract Lettuce was inoculated with a six-strain cocktail of acid-adapted Escherichia coli 0157:H7 at a level of 1×10 7 CFU/g. Following chlorination at 200 μg/ml, the lettuce was irradiated at 0.15, 0.38, or 0.55 kGy using a 60 Co source. Survival of E. coli 0157:H7, aerobic mesophiles and yeast and molds were measured over a period of 10 days. For quality analysis, chlorinated lettuce was subjected to irradiation at 0.33 and 0.53 kGy and stored at 1.0°C, 4.0°C or 7.0°C. Changes in texture and color were determined by instrumental means and changes in flavor, odor, and visual quality were determined by sensory testing. Chlorination plus irradiation at 0.55 kGy produced a 5.4−log reduction in E. coli 0157:H7 levels. Chlorination alone reduced the E. coli 0157:H7 counts by 1–2 logs. Irradiation at 0.55 kGy was also effective in reducing standard plate counts and yeast and mold counts. Irradiation at this level did not cause softening of lettuce and sensory attributes were not adversely affected. In general, appearance and flavor were affected more by the length of storage than by temperature conditions. The 5+log reduction in E. coli counts and lack of adverse effects on sensory attributes indicate that low-dose irradiation can improve the safety and shelf-life of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce for retail sale or food service.
Biosynthesis of trehalose byBrevibacterium flavum: Use of long range13C−13C coupling data to characterize triose phosphate isomerase activity

The13C isotopic labeling pattern in the disaccharide trehalose (l,1-α-α-D-glucose) produced by the micro-organismBrevibacterium flavum when grown on a medium containing [1-{au13}C]glucose has been determined. Long range coupling between C-1 and C-6 carbons of the glucose units can be observed in the excreted material . It is proposed that some of the13C isotopomers in the excreted trehalose reflect the labeling pattern in (unobserved) fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Analysis of the label distribution within the framework of a steady state kinetic model allows an analysis of the contributions of the hexose monophosphate shunt and the degree of equilibration of triose phosphate isomerase. Analogous measurements on excreted glucose could be carried out in other organisms.
Gamma decays of isobaric analog states relevant to neutrino detection.

Measurements have been made of the gamma ray branching ratios for the decay of the lowest isobaric analog states of /sup 71/Ge and /sup 81/Kr. These states could be populated by high-energy neutrinos in gallium- and bromine-based detectors. Although these states are unbound to particle decay, all channels with significant penetrabilities are isospin forbidden, so that gamma decay is a possibility. Our results indicate that these states decay mainly by neutron emission and therefore contribute very little to detection sensitivities for /sup 71/Ga and /sup 81/Br.
ACTION SPECTRA FOR KILLING NON‐DIVIDING NORMAL HUMAN AND XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM CELLS

— Non-dividing human cells degenerate and eventually detach from a culture vessel surface when exposed to UV light. Action spectra for this kind of cell inactivation were determined using eight monochromatic wavelengths from 240 to 313 nm and both a normal DNA excision-repair-proficient strain and a repair-deficient Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP12BE) strain. The action spectra for both strains have similar shapes with a broad peak between 254 and 280 nm followed by a steep decline at wavelengths greater than 280 nm. The relative action spectra are similar to those for inactivation of reproductive capacity and pyrimidine dimer formation in rodent cells suggesting that the critical target and critical damage for inactivation of non-dividing human cells is DNA and damage to DNA, respectively. Normal repair-proficient cells are 5–7 times more resistant at all wavelengths, based on a comparison of Do values, than repair-deficient XP12BE cells, supporting the conclusion that the inactivating damage at all wavelengths is to DNA.
Thermal dissociation of antigen-antibody-antigen-like systems.

The dissociation of antigen-antibody-antigen-like systems by random thermal motion is investigated for two-fold particles (dimers). The dimer is assumed to consist of two rigid spheres of radius r joined by a loose inelastic string of extended length L. The spheres represent macromolecules and the string represents a bivalent molecular structure—such as an antibody—which is attached to active sites (e.g. antigen sites) on the spherical surfaces. The dimer dissociation rate constant r11 is calculated to be r 11 = ( C / 2 L ) ( k T / m ) × erfc ( E B / k T ) where C = 1.67 for L « r and C = 0.92 for L > 2r and EB is the binding energy which holds the string fixed to the particle site. It is shown that r11 plays a fundamental role in determining the manner and rate of higher order aggregate dissociations.
Control of very-long-wavelength infrared HgCdTe detector-cutoff wavelength

Hg1-xCdxTe is an important material for infrared (IR) detection applications where the bandgap of the alloy varies from semimetal to 1.4 eV. The large variation in bandgap energy with HgCdTe composition causes difficulty in controlling detector-cutoff wavelength, particularly for the long-wavelength IR and very-long-wavelength infrared (VLWIR, greater than 12 µm) spectral bands. Our ability to control the HgCdTe composition and compositional profile during growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is improved significantly by using automated feedback control from spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements, where the standard deviation in the error in composition has improved by a factor of 5, from σ = 0.0081 to σ = 0.0016. To improve our ability to predict cutoff wavelength from IR transmission measurements, we have used a model of the absorption in HgCdTe to revise our past empirical cutoff relationship to include the effect of compositional grading. We have achieved a mean detector-cutoff wavelength of 14.1 µm and standard deviation of σ = 0.25 µm for a series of 19 processed layers with a target cutoff of 14 µm. The excellent control in VLWIR detector cutoff we have observed is attributed to automated compositional control and an improved cutoff-prediction model.
The Soy Isoflavone, Genistein, Protects Human Cortical Neuronal Cells from Oxidative Stress

Genistein, a soy isoflavone, has been shown to mimic the pharmacological actions of the endogenous steroid estrogen with which it has structural similarities. There is now evidence that the genistein can prevent disorders-like heart diseases, cancer and diabetes as well. However, very few studies have looked at the effect of genistein on the central nervous system. Published studies also show conflicting conclusions regarding the effects of genistein in the brain. The current study was conducted in the human cortical cell lines HCN1-A and HCN2 in order to determine the neuroprotective efficacy of genistein. It was observed that pre-treatment with 50 or 10 microM genistein was able to protect HCN1-A and HCN2 cells from the cell death induced by 100 microM or 1 mM tertiary butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH; a free radical generating toxin). The morphological disruption caused by t-BuOOH was also prevented by genistein in HCN2 cells. Moreover, genistein was able to prevent the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 that was caused by t-BuOOH treatment. These results indicate that genistein may have neuroprotective effect in cortical cells, which may be mediated by its regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2.
An approach to model checking the perceptual interactions of medical alarms

The perceptibiliy of auditory medical alarms is critical to patient health and safety. Unfortunately concurrently sounding alarms can interact in ways that can mask one or more of them: render them imperceptible. Masking may only occur in extremely specific and/or rare situations. Thus, experimentation is insufficient for detecting it in all of the potential alarm configurations used in medicine. Therefore, there is a real need for computational methods capable of determining if masking exists in medical alarm configurations. In this work, we present such a method. Using a combination of formal modeling, psychoacoustic modeling, temporal logic specification, and model checking, our method is able to prove whether a configuration of alarms can interact in a way that produces masking. This paper motivates and presents this method, describes its implementation, demonstrates its power with an application, and outlines future developments.
Ceramide As a Modulator of Endocytosis

The effects of ceramide analogs on the uptake of markers for fluid-phase (horseradish peroxidase, HRP) and receptor-mediated (low density lipoprotein, LDL) endocytosis were studied in Chinese hamster fibroblasts. N-Hexanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine (C6-Cer) decreased the uptake of HRP in a dose-dependent manner. Internalization was inhibited > 40% with 25 microM C6-Cer, relative to controls, and was apparent within 5 min. Internalization of HRP was also inhibited by other Cer analogs and by treatment with agents that raise levels of endogenous Cer (sphingomyelinase or the glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibitor, 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP)), but not by N-hexanoyl-D-erythrosphinganine (C6-dihydro-Cer) or sphingosine. Internalization of LDL was also inhibited by C6-Cer in a concentration-dependent manner, but was less pronounced than the effect on HRP internalization (10% versus 40% inhibition with 25 microM C6-Cer), suggesting that ceramide might affect fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis to different extents. C6-Cer also slowed HRP and LDL transport from endosomes to lysosomes as studied by analysis of endocytic vesicles on Percoll density gradients and induced a redistribution of endocytic organelles as determined by fluorescence microscopy of intact cells using appropriate markers. This resulted in decreased degradation of 125I-labeled LDL in the presence of C6-Cer. These results suggest that endogenous ceramide may modulate endocytosis.
The influence of hyperthyroidism on dental erosions.

Abstract A study of the incidence of dental erosion in patients with hyperthyroidism revealed an increased frequency of these lesions as compared to a euthyroid age- and sex-matched control group.
Finite-Time Controllability of Fractional-Order Systems

In this paper the conditions that lead to a system output remaining at zero with zero input are considered. It is shown that the initialization of fractional-order integrators plays a key role in determining whether the integrator output will remain at a zero with zero input. Three examples are given that demonstrate the importance of initialization for integrators of order less than unity, inclusive. Two examples give a concrete illustration of the role that initialization plays in keeping the output of a fractional-order integrator at zero once it has been driven to zero. The implications of these results are considered, with special consideration given to the formulation of the fractional-order optimal control problem.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Equity Impacts of Los Angeles' Air Quality Policies:

This research questions whether the imposition of federal clean-air standards in the Los Angeles metropolitan region will improve income equality. In the paper an attempt is made to measure the gains (health benefits, capitalized home price increases, visibility benefits) and losses [unemployment risks, price increases (including rents), and tax impacts] to mean-income households across communities and to households of different income groups within the communities for which sufficiently disaggregated data are available. The net welfare gains are substantial for households living in low-income (typically polluted) cities and for the less well-off households living in most cities. Thus the Los Angeles case generates substantial pro-poor benefits from air quality improvement. This finding could be an important ingredient in public discussions to strengthen community support for the Clean Air Act.
Interleukin-1 facilitates airway epithelial migration in response to injury.

Objective To test the hypothesis that interleukin (IL)-1 plays a permissive role in respiratory epithelial cell migration and proliferation. Study Design Primary cultures of porcine respiratory epithelial cells or tracheal organ explants were cultured in the presence or absence of function-blocking antibodies to IL-1. Areas of epithelial cell outgrowth were determined in control and antibody-treated organ explants daily for 4 days. At intervals, cultured cells were collected for cell counting and viability determination. Time course and dose–response curves were constructed for control and antibody-treated groups. Results Interleukin-1 secretion into culture supernatants increased sharply from days 3 to 7. Outgrowths from tracheal explants were reduced by greater than 60% by single antibody treatment, and by over 90% by treatment with antibodies to both IL-1α and -1β by day 4 of culture. Function-blocking antibodies to IL-1 significantly reduced cell number by day 7 of culture. Conclusions Interleukin-1 is produced by respiratory epithelial cells in culture during log phase growth and plays a permissive role in cell migration and proliferation.
An expanded view of the ontogeny of the rabbit humoral immune system

In summary, many questions remain to be answered regarding the ontogeny of the rabbit humoral immune system. These include the order of rearrangement for rabbit heavy chain genes, how the LRF of D is selected, the mechanism of haplotype exclusion, whether GALT is the “bursal equivalent”, the identity of FF, whether rabbit CDS + B-cells are self-renewing and whether B lymphopoiesis occurs in adult rabbits. We appreciate the opportunity that Langman and Cohn have provided for discussing these issues and look forward to their resolution.
Silicon Multiplexers/Demultiplexers for On-Chip Mode Division Multiplexing Based On Asymmetric Y-Junctions

We demonstrate passive 2 × 1 and 3 × 1 multiplexers and demultiplexers for mode-division-multiplexing based on asymmetric Y-junctions. Crosstalk as low as -30 dB is measured.
Convergence accelerator approach for the evaluation of some three-electron integrals containing explicitrij factors

A simplified analysis is presented for the evaluation of the three-electron one-center integrals of the form {integral}r{sub 1}{sup i}r{sub 2}{sup j}r{sub 3}{sup k}r{sub 23}{sup l}r{sub 31}{sup m}r{sub 12}{sup n}e{sup {minus}{alpha}r{sub 1}{minus}{beta}r{sub 2}{minus}{gamma}r{sub 3}}dr{sub 1}dr{sub 2}dr{sub 3}, for the cases i, j, k, {ge} {minus} 2, l = {minus}2, m {ge} {minus}1, n {ge} {minus}1. These integrals arise in the calculation of lower bounds for energy levels and certain relativistic corrections to the energy when Hylleraas-type basis sets are employed. Convergence accelerator techniques are employed to obtain a reasonable number of digits of precision, without excessive CPU requirements.
Timeless characters: a response to Vermeij (1999)

The use of geologic age or range data in phylogenetic reconstruction is strongly debated (Cracraft and Eldredge 1979; Smith 1994; Fox et al. 1999; Heyning and Thacker 1999). Vermeij (1999) voiced concern regarding ‘rectangular data matrices' and concluded that stratigraphic data are particularly suitable for improving phylogenetic inference. We find two major problems with his conclusion and question the validity of stratocladistics or any other phylogenetic method incorporating temporal data (e.g., Wagner 1998). 1. Geologic age is not a property that can be used as a character in phylogenetics. Age is not a property of specimens; age cannot be directly observed from the specimen alone (Mellor 1998: p. 88) and instead must be derived relative …
Separable features of the ligand-binding domain determine the differential subcellular localization and ligand-binding specificity of glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor.

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and progesterone receptor (PR) are closely related members of the steroid receptor family of transcription factors. The two receptors share a similar domain structure, substantial sequence identity, DNA binding specificity, and the ability to induce many of the same genes. Despite these similarities, the unliganded GR is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm, while unliganded PR is found predominantly in the nucleus. By expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged receptors and assessing subcellular localization in living cells by confocal microscopy, we have investigated the structural basis for the differential localization of GR and PR. By constructing a series of GFP-tagged receptor chimeras between GR and PR, we have shown that multiple features in the N-terminal half of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) are the critical determinants that mandate the differential localization of GR and PR. Replacement of residues encompassing helices 1–5 of GR with those of PR yield...
Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Influence: An Evolutionary Argument

(1997). Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Influence: An Evolutionary Argument. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 182-186.
Competitive interactions between l-alanine and l-phenylalanine in rabbit ileum

Abstract Studies of the interactions between the influxes of l -alanine and l -phenylalanine across the brush border of rabbit ileum indicate that for both amino acids the “inhibitor constant” (K′I) is approximately twice the “transport constant” (KA). These findings are consistent with the presence of separate influx mechanisms for alanine and phenylalanine, such that (i) both amino acids can interact (bind) with each mechanism and (ii) interaction with the inhibitory amino acid results in a complex that cannot translocate across the membrane.
Villain or Victim? The Faith-Based Sobriety of the Factory Worker Petr Terekhovich in Soviet Russia, 1925–1929

Any meaningful attempt to understand how the Soviet system evolved and ‘worked’ must take into account not only those who conformed ideologically, but also those who actively embraced alternative frameworks of meaning. This paper centres on the experience of a young factory worker, Petr Terekhovich, who, in the mid-1920s, abandoned ‘godlessness’ to devote himself to the charismatic lay preacher, Brother Ioann Churikov, and to a highly ascetic, scripture-based form of sobriety. Drawing largely on archival materials, it seeks to understand Terekhovich's story as a case study of religious struggle, belief and activism, an account of persecution by atheist officials, and ultimately, a narrative of resistance, spiritual freedom and self-determination under Soviet rule.
An Improved Leaf Disc Bioassay for Detecting Calonectria pseudonaviculata in Soil and Potting Media

Abstract Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata results in severe defoliation and dieback to boxwood (Buxus spp.). The pathogen was first described in the United Kingdom and New Zealand in the mid to late 1990s and has since spread throughout Europe and most recently to the United States and Canada. While many Calonectria spp. have an epidemiologically significant soil phase, little is known of the role of the soil phase of C. pseudonaviculata in the epidemiology of boxwood blight. We optimized a leaf disc bioassay for detecting and quantifying this pathogen in soil and compared this bioassay with a standard soil plating assay originally developed for quantifying Calonectria using a Suffolk sandy-loam soil. Additionally, the sensitivity of both assays was compared among three distinct soil types (sand-loam, silt-loam, and sand-peat potting media). The optimal incubation time for baiting C. pseudonaviculata from soil using the leaf disc bioassay was 96 h. The optimal soil moisture for the bi...
The Early Communication Indicator for Infants and Toddlers: Early Head Start Growth Norms From Two States

The Early Communication Indicator (ECI) is a measure relevant to intervention decision making and progress monitoring for infants and toddlers. With increasing recognition of the importance of qual...
A new approach for EPR detection of hydroxyl radicals by reaction with sterically hindered cyclic amines and oxygen

Sterically hindered cyclic amines react with hydroxyl radicals in the presence of oxygen to yield stable nitroxide radicals which can be detected by EPR. This reaction provides a nonconventional spin-trapping tool for detection of hydroxyl radicals.
Making the transition from information systems of the 1970s to medical information systems of the 1990s: the role of the physician's workstation

Many hospitals today have implemented widely disparate information systems on mainframe and mini-computer hardware. The advent of network technology in hospitals has made it possible to access information in these systems. Unfortunately, the user interfaces to applications on these systems are unique and difficult to learn, which makes them unsuitable for use by clinical services. In this paper we describe the development of a Physician's Workstation which integrates information from multiple existing information systems and discuss how the workstation makes it possible to move from the departmental systems of the present to the computer-based medical record system of the future.
Etiology and Prognosis of Acute, Late-onset Esotropia

Objective: The purpose of the study is to review etiologies and outcomes of sudden, late-onset esotropia. Design: The authors reviewed charts of patients in whom acute, comitant, constant esotropia developed after 5 years of age. Main Outcome Measures: The authors evaluated final ocular alignment, treatment, fusion, apparent etiologies, and associated neurologic conditions. Results: Ten patients met entry criteria with documentation of previous orthotropia. Ages ranged from 5 to 35 years. Esotropia at near ranged from 16 to 70 prism diopters. In seven patients, the esotropia improved partially or completely with correction of hypermetropia. Eight patients required surgery. In only one patient were neuroimaging studies positive, associated ophthalmic and systemic findings identified, and underlying neurologic disease diagnosed. Conclusions: Sudden, late-onset esotropia may be caused by an uncorrected refractive error. If no other neurologic signs are present, underlying intracranial disease is unlikely.
On the Significance of a Wall Effect in Enclosures with Growing Fires

Abstract This paper studies the significance of a wall effect that has been observed during the growth stage of enclosure fires. Relative to the two-layer phenomenon which tends to develop during such fires, the effect has to do with the near-wall downward injection of hot upper layer gases into the relatively cool uncontaminated lower layer. It is conjectured that these observed wall flows are buoyancy driven, and that they develop because of the relatively cool temperatures of the upper wall whose surfaces are in contact with the hot upper layer gases. For a growing fire (growth proportional to t m ; t being time and m≥0) in an enclosed compartment, an analysis of the conjectured mechanism for the wall flow leads to a time-dependent solution for the ratio of wall flow mass ejection rate from the upper layer, the, to the fire plume mass injection rate to the upper layer, [mdot] p . The solution indicates that in practical fire scenarios [mdot] w /[mdot] p can be of the order of “several tenths” even prio...
Speech Visualization based on Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) for the Hearing Impaired

This paper describes a novel speech visualization method that creates a readable pattern based on locally linear embedding (LLE). LLE is an unsupervised learning algorithm for feature extraction. If the speech variability is described by a small number of continuous features, then we can imagine the data as lying on a low dimensional manifold in the high dimensional space of speech waveforms. The goal of feature extraction is to reduce the dimensionality of the speech signal while preserving the informative signatures. Firstly, speech signal undergoes a series of preprocessing course. Secondly, we make use of LLE decreasing the dimension of speech feature vector. Finally, we utilize plot display algorithm to generate a speech plot. The algorithm consists of three parts: coordinates partition, area computation and coordinates calculation of speech feature value. The speech feature after dimension decreasing by LLE is displayed on the CRT by plot patterns and the deaf can utilize their own brain to identify different speech for training their oral ability effectively.