cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth

Abstract This chapter reviews the empirical research on the relation between defense spending and economic growth. A broad flavor of the approaches adopted by different scholars is provided through a list of selected studies on the topic since 1973 and an outline of the variations over Benoit's original work that have been explored in the literature. A discussion of three major methodological issues is then undertaken. The following section summarizes the main substantive results reported in various studies, and another section contains some thoughts on the future research on the subject. The chapter ends with a few concluding and summarizing observations.
A simulation architecture for manufacturing interoperability testing

Manufacturing systems are often costly to develop and operate. Simulation technology has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for improving the efficiency of manufacturing system design, operation, and maintenance. But manufacturing simulations are usually developed to address a narrow set of industrial issues, e.g., the purchase of new equipment or the modification of a manufacturing process. Once the analysis is complete a particular simulation model may not be used again. If simulations could be made more modular and easily integrated, they could have tremendous value as tools for manufacturing interoperability testing. This paper presents a modular reference architecture to facilitate the integration of manufacturing simulation systems with other support and testing applications. Opportunities for testing are also discussed that will be enabled by the implementation of the architecture.
Magnetic particle spectroscopy of glioma cells targeted with lactoferrin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticle contrast agents

MPI is a real time imaging modality that promises micromolar sensitivity together with sub-mm spatial resolution using iron oxide nanoparticle tracers [1]. Here, the potential of lactoferrin conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles (Lf-IONPs) in oncology as contrast agents [2] for targeted magnetic particle imaging [3] was explored in glioma cells in vitro. We demonstrated receptor-mediated uptake by C6 glioma cells with Prussian blue staining (PBS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and evaluated the efficiency of these nanoparticles as MPI contrast agents for cancer diagnosis.
Linking leaf transcript levels to whole plant analyses provides mechanistic insights to the impact of warming and altered water availability in an annual grass

Insights into the effects of climatic changes on primary metabolism in plants will enhance our understanding of ecosystem response to global climate change. In a greenhouse experiment, we studied the impact of total annual rainfall, intermittent wet and dry periods, and increased soil and air temperature ( + 3 °C) on an annual C 3 grass, Avena barbata, dominant in many California and Mediterranean grasslands. In order to gain a mechanistic understanding of plant response, analyses were carried out at scales ranging from the leaf (gene expression and enzyme activity) to the whole plant (biomass and phenology). Plant gene expression was more responsive to short-term changes in water availability (wet vs. dry periods) than to differences in cumulative rainfall. The effect of elevated temperature depended on total rainfall: flowering started earlier in high vs. low temperature under high rainfall, but not under low rainfall. Gene expression indicative of advanced development could be measured in leaves several weeks before flowering, linking gene expression to the phenological impact of altered climate. Given these responses of a dominant annual grass to manipulation of rain and temperature, we suggest that the impact of increased temperature on California annual grasslands will vary between wet and dry years. In wet years, biomass production will increase and flowering will occur earlier compared with dry years. Leaf transcript abundance analyses provided insights into the mechanisms of plant response to warming and altered precipitation patterns.
LATENT HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 GENE EXPRESSION IN GANGLIA INNERVATING THE HUMAN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Using in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene expression is prevalent in human adult nodose ganglia. This suggests that infection of gastrointestinal sensory nerves, probably through swallowed virus-laden oral secretions, occurs commonly and that HSV-1 reactivating from this site may play a role in recurrent gastrointestinal disorders.
Release of ecologically relevant metabolites by the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus CCMP 1631

Photoautotrophic plankton in the surface ocean release organic compounds that fuel secondary production by heterotrophic bacteria. Here we show that an abundant marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus, contributes a variety of nitrogen-rich and sulfur-containing compounds to dissolved organic matter. A combination of targeted and untargeted metabolomics and genomic tools was used to characterize the intracellular and extracellular metabolites of S. elongatus. Aromatic compounds, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenylalanine, as well as nucleosides (e.g. thymidine, 5'-methylthioadenosine, xanthosine), the organosulfur compound 3-mercaptopropionate, and the plant auxin indole 3-acetic acid, were released by S. elongatus at multiple time points during its growth. Further, the amino acid kynurenine was found to accumulate in the media even though it was not present in the predicted metabolome of S. elongatus. This indicates that some metabolites, including those not predicted by an organism's genome, are likely excreted into the environment as waste; however, these molecules may have broader ecological relevance if they are labile to nearby microbes. The compounds described herein provide excellent targets for quantitative analysis in field settings to assess the source and lability of dissolved organic matter in situ.
Cognitive load and usability analysis of R-MAP for the people who are blind or visual impaired

The ultimate goal of this work is to understand the confluence of cognitive load and usability studies in evaluating the performance of fully integrated assistive technology solutions. The platform used for this study is called, Reconfigured Mobile Android Phone (R-MAP). The focus of this study is to measure the cognitive load and perform usability analysis and use them as a guide to refine the design and improve the usability of the R-MAP. A "secondary task performance" based procedure for measuring the cognitive load was used to study the R-MAP. The score of the secondary task performance was found to have strong relationship with the cognitive load, usability of the R-MAP and also the differences in performances among various categories of users.
Fe–Ga–As precipitates and their magnetic domain structures in high-dose iron implanted GaAs

The integration of ferromagnetism with semiconductors to fabricate ferromagnetic semiconductors has been believed to be a potential way to make new spintronic devices. We have synthesized ferromagnetic Fe3Ga2−x As x nanoparticles in the surface of GaAs by employing ion implantation and rapid thermal annealing processes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these nanoparticles exist only in the top surface of the GaAs samples, with sizes from several to hundreds of nanometers. They have two orientation relationships to the GaAs matrix: [1 − 210]p//[011]m, (10 − 10)p//(−42 − 2)m and (0002)p//(11 − 1)m; and [1 − 210]p//[011]m, (−1010)p//(42 − 2)m and (0002)p//(−11 − 1)m. The magnetic structures of the precipitates were studied by magnetic force microscopy. Results indicate that most of the ferromagnetic nanoparticles have single magnetic domains with their magnetic poles randomly orientated.
Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Consumption and Utilization of Nine Bermudagrasses

Nine bermudagrass varieties and strains were evaluated to determine their effects on consumption, utilization, preference, and host suitability of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The established varieties, ‘Coastal,’ ‘Tifton 44,’ ‘Tifton 78,’ and ‘Tifton 292,’ a newly released variety, ‘Grazer,’ and the experimental strains, #1 R12P5, OSU 71 × 6-7, OSU 74 × 11-2, and OSU 74 × 12-1 were included in this study. ‘Tifton 292’ was the grass most preferred by neonate larvae, and OSU 74 × 11-2 was the least preferred. A host suitability index indicated that ‘Tifton 78’ was the most suitable host for FAW development, and OSU 71 × 6-7 was the least suitable. The nine bermudagrass varieties and strains were categorized as susceptible (‘Tifton 78,’ OSU 74 × 12-1, and ‘Grazer’), intermediately resistant (#1 R12P5, ‘Coastal,’ ‘Tifton 292,’ OSU7 4 × 11-2, and ‘Tifton 44’), and resistant (OSU 71 × 6-7). The mechanism of resistance to FAW feeding is believed to be antibiosis rather than nonpreference.
Moral panics and the transgressive other

The concept of moral panic arose out of a particular conjuncture of political, social and theoretical circumstances; specifically the events of 1968, the social transformations of the late 1960s an...
The incomplete Cholesky—conjugate gradient method for the iterative solution of systems of linear equations

A new iterative method for the solution of systems of linear equations has been recently proposed by Meijerink and van der Vorst [1]. This method has been applied to real laser fusion problems taken from typical runs of the laser fusion simulation code LASNEX [2]. These same problems were also solved by various standard iteration methods. On a typical hard problem, the new method is about 8000 times faster than the point Gauss-Seidel method, 200 times faster than the alternating direction implicit method, and 30 times faster than the block successive overrelaxation method with optimum relaxation factor. The new method has two additional virtues. (1) Most of the algorithm is trivially vectorizable with a vector length equal to the full dimension of the system of linear equations. Thus, great savings are possible on vector machines. (2) The new method has a universal scope of application for solution of implicitly differenced partial differential equations. The only restrictions are that the matrix be symmetric and positive definite. The algorithm of Meijerink and van der Vorst which applied only to positive definite symmetric M-matrices is generalized to apply to positive definite symmetric matrices and further generalized to apply to nonsingular matrices arising from partial differential equations. A general description of the method is given. Numerical results are discussed and presented, and an explanation is given for the success of the method.
Examination of heat transport during off-axis neutral beam injection in DIII-D

Off-axis heating experiments have been conducted in DIII-D using 75 keV neutral beam injection as the auxiliary power source. The application of 7.5 MW of deuterium neutral beam power resulted in the plasma transiting into the high density H-mode confinement regime with equal electron and ion temperatures. The global thermal energy confinement was not affected by changing the heating location. A power balance analysis employing the 11/2-D ONETWO transport code and assuming purely diffusive heat transport found that the one-fluid effective diffusivity changed dramatically between the two cases. These results indicate the possibility that the local diffusivity is a function of some quantity other than the density, temperature and their gradients. An alternative explanation is that the diffusivity remains unchanged and that there is an inward non-diffusive heat flow to balance the power flow
FDG-PET study in pathological gamblers. 1. Lithium increases orbitofrontal, dorsolateral and cingulate metabolism.

Background: Pathological gambling affects 1–3% of the adult population, and has high comorbidity. Although mood stabilizers and serotonin reuptake inhibitors have shown some efficac
Assisted reproductive technology and major structural birth defects in the United States

BACKGROUND: With >1% of US births occurring following use of assisted reproductive technology (ART), it iscritical to examine whether ART is associated with birth defects. METHODS: We analyzed data from the NationalBirth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based, multicenter, case–control study of birth defects. We includedmothers of fetuses or live-born infants with a major birth defect (case infants) and mothers who had live-borninfants who did not have a major birth defect (control infants), delivered during the period October 1997–December2003. We compared mothers who reported ART use (IVF or ICSI) with those who had unassisted conceptions.Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for the following confounders: maternal race/ethnicity, maternalage, smoking and parity; we stratiﬁed by plurality. RESULTS: ART was reported by 1.1% of all control mothers,and by 4.5% of control mothers 35 years or older. Among singleton births, ART was associated with septal heartdefects (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5 2.1, 95% conﬁdence intervals [CI] 1.1–4.0), cleft lip with or without cleftpalate (aOR 5 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–5.1), esophageal atresia (aOR 5 4.5, 95% CI 1.9–10.5) and anorectal atresia(aOR 5 3.7, 95% CI 1.5–9.1). Among multiple births, ART was not signiﬁcantly associated with any of the birthdefects studied. CONCLUSIONS: These ﬁndings suggest that some birth defects occur more often among infantsconceived with ART. Although the mechanism is not clear, couples considering ART should be informed of allpotential risks and beneﬁts.
Seeing an Unseen Science.

​TheThe almost complete omission of cell biology from the history of modern biology is perplexing. For instance, Allen published his well-regarded Life Science in the Twentieth Century in 1975, the year after the founders of modern cell biology won the Nobel Prize, yet his book does not mention cell biology [1]. Judson's massive hagiography The Eighth Day of Creation (1979), which tracks the development of molecular biology, also leaves out cell biology, referring to George Palade, one of the recipients of the Nobel Prize, on only three pages [2]. Hopefully, with the appearance of Entering an Unseen World [3], reviewed here, a more accurate historical balance will begin to be restored.
Quantum mechanics and the social sciences: After hermeneutics

Quantum mechanics is interpreted, in the spirit of Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, as about physical objects in so far as these are revealed by and within the local, social, and historical process of measurement. An analysis of the hermeneutical aspect of quantum mechanical measurement reveals close analogues with the hermeneutical social/historical sciences. The hermeneutical analysis of science requires the move from the epistemological attitude to an ontological one.
Lymphocyte activation markers in idiopathic myositis: Changes with disease activity and differences among clinical and autoantibody subgroups

We studied the immunologic correlates of disease activity and differences among subgroups of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy by analysing phenotypic and activation marker expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Compared with controls, myositis patients with clinically active disease (n = 51) had significantly lower proportions of CD8+ cells and higher proportions of PBMC that expressed DR, CD3- DR, CD14- DR, interleukin-2 receptors, and the late T cell activation markers CD26 and TLiSA1. TLiSA1 expression, a marker for cytotoxic differentiation, correlated significantly with both clinical activity indices and serum levels of muscle-associated enzymes. In serial studies of seven patients, the proportion of PBMC expressing MHC class II antigen and late T cell activation markers decreased as myositis disease activity decreased, independent of type of therapy. Among the clinical subgroups, polymyositis (n = 21) and inclusion body myositis (n = 11) were virtually indistinguishable; dermatomyositis patients (n = 19) showed decreased proportions of CD3+DR+ and TLiSA1+ cells, and increased proportions of CD20+ and CD20+DR+ cells compared with the other two groups. Patients with autoantibodies to histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1 antigen, n = 11) had significantly lower proportions of CD3+ and CD4+ cells, lower CD4/CD8 ratios, and higher proportions of CD+ cells expressing CD20, compared with patients without anti-Jo-1 antibodies. These findings support the concept that activated lymphocytes, especially cells undergoing anamnestic responses and cytotoxic differentiation, are important in the pathogenesis of idiopathic myositis. Moreover, taken together with other studies, these data suggest that groups of patients segregated by clinical or autoantibody status have different mechanisms of systemic immune activation and immunopathology.
PROGRESS IN THE PREPARATION OF PANCREATIC EXTRACTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES

Seldom does science—medical science in particular—advance in perfectly straight lines, or by perfectly logical steps one directly above the other. In ascending the mountain of knowledge as in ascending physical mountains progress more often is accomplished by a zig-zag course. At times a mountain trail may seem to have lost the habit of ascending; it may even recede toward lower levels. And it is only by patiently threading one’s way through obscuring growths at the base of the mountain, and then ofttimes after further baffling experiences in fogs about the higher levels, that one emerges finally to the clearer view and the immediate consciousness of achievement. Such has been the progress of understanding in the treatment of diabetes. Not for a third of a century—not indeed since the demonstration by Mirikowski and von Mehring (1) in 1889 that the seat of the disease is in the pancreas—had there been any really great advance
Long-path microcells of modular design

Abstract Construction procedures are given for a long-path cell by casting the cell proper in plastic. The cast protects the cell and makes it very rigid. It also allows filling and emptying ports and end windows to become separate modules that can be easily removed for inspection and cleaning as necessary. Most importantly, casting allows the filling of the cell along the end windows, thus eliminating dead space.
Potassium Ion Induced Changes of Crystal Structure and Fluorescence of a Crown Ether

Luminescence properties and the x-ray structures of the fluorescent crown ether, 16-anthracen-ylmethyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-16-aza-cyclooctadecane (CEA) and its complex with potassium hexafluorophosphate (CEAK) have been obtained. In the solid state CEAK gives a structured blue emission and CEA gives a broad structureless green emission. The differences in luminescence behavior are explained on the basis of crystal packing. X-ray analysis shows that every two adjacent anthracene moieties in CEA form a sandwich-like anti-parallel dimer; the green-structureless emission then arises from the π-π stack of the aromatic rings. In CEAK, disruption of the π-π stacking structure forces a large separation between the anthracene rings, which yields an anthracene monomer emission. Luminescence lifetime data support the assignments.
Phenomenology of fracture in hot-pressed silicon nitride

Fracture phenomenology in hot-pressed silicon nitride has been studied fractographically as a function of flaw size, temperature and loading rate. Surface cracks of controlled size were introduced using the microhardness indentation technique. At room temperature, the fracture stress was found to depend on initial crack size according to the Griffith relationship and extrapolation of the data indicated that inherent processing flaws of the order of 12 to 24 μm are strength-controlling in virgin material. Using a simplified Griffith approach, the fracture surface energy, γ, at 20° C for hot-pressed Si3 N4 is about 22 000 erg cm−2. Two mechanistic regimes were manifest in the temperature dependence of the fracture stress. A mixed mode of fracture consisting of transcrystalline and intergranular crack propagation occurred up to 1100° C; at 1200° C and above, subcritical crack growth (SCG) occurred intergranularly and the extent of SCG increased with increasing temperature. Similarly, the extent of SCG decreased with increasing loading rate.
A chaotic attractor in ecology: theory and experimental data

Chaos has now been documented in a laboratory population. In controlled laboratory experiments, cultures of flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) undergo bifurcations in their dynamics as demographic parameters are manipulated. These bifurcations, including a specific route to chaos, are predicted by a well-validated deterministic model called the “LPA model”. The LPA model is based on the nonlinear interactions among the life cycle stages of the beetle (larva, pupa and adult). A stochastic version of the model accounts for the deviations of data from the deterministic model and provides the means for parameterization and rigorous statistical validation. The chaotic attractor of the deterministic LPA model and the stationary distribution of the stochastic LPA model describe the experimental data in phase space with striking accuracy. In addition, model-predicted temporal patterns on the attractor are observed in the data. This paper gives a brief account of the interdisciplinary effort that obtained these results.
PURINE METABOLITE ACCUMULATION DURING MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA : ADENOSINE PRETREATMENT VERSUS BRIEF ISCHEMIA

Hearts preconditioned by brief ischemia are characterized by a reduced rate of cellular purine metabolite production during subsequent prolonged ischemia; the purpose of this study was to determine if transient exogenous adenosine pretreatment can mimic this phenomenon. The accumulation of interstitial fluid (ISF) purine metabolites during prolonged ischemia in untreated anesthetized dogs (n = 7) was compared to that in a group pretreated with brief ischemia (ischemic preconditioned group; n = 9), a group pretreated with 1.5 micromoles/min intracoronary adenosine (n = 7), and a group pretreated with 100 micromoles/min intracoronary adenosine (n = 7). Ischemic preconditioning was achieved by a 5 min period of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion followed by 10 min of reperfusion. The adenosine-treated groups were subjected to 10 min of intracoronary adenosine followed by 10 min of recovery. All animals were exposed to 60 min LAD occlusion followed by 60 min reperfusion. The changes in ISF adenosine and adenosine metabolites were assessed by cardiac microdialysis, using dialysate concentrations as indices of ISF levels. Ischemic preconditioning decreased the rate of dialysate adenosine and total purine accumulation during the prolonged ischemia. Although the two doses of exogenous adenosine bracketed the increase in ISF adenosine seen with ischemic preconditioning, neither adenosine dose was able to attenuate the rate of purine metabolite accumulation during prolonged ischemia. We conclude that exogenous adenosine pretreatment is unable to mimic the reduced ischemia-induced purine efflux that is characteristic of myocytes pretreated with brief ischemia.
PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION IN RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY SPECIMENS: A POSSIBLE LINK TO CANCER EVOLUTION?

ABSTRACT Purpose: Inflammation is commonly observed in the prostate gland and has been implicated in the development of prostate cancer. The etiology of prostatic inflammation is unknown. However, the involvement of a carcinogenic infectious agent has been suggested. Materials and Methods: Prostatic tissue from 34 consecutive patients with prostate cancer was cultured to detect the presence of bacterial agents. Prostatic inflammation was assessed by histological examination of wholemount tissue sections. Results: The predominant microorganism detected was Propionibacterium acnes , found in 35% of prostate samples. A significantly higher degree of prostatic inflammation was observed in cases culture positive for P. acnes (p =0.007). P. acnes was separated into 3 groups based on cell surface properties, phenotype and genetic grouping. All skin control isolates were classified as group 1 whereas most prostatic isolates were classified as groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: P. acnes has been isolated from prostatic tissues in men who underwent radical prostatectomy for localized cancer and has been shown to be positively associated with prostatic inflammation. This inflammation may then be linked to the evolution of carcinoma. Furthermore, organisms infecting these patients with prostate cancer differ genetically and phenotypically from the commonly identified cutaneous P. acnes isolates, suggesting that specific subtypes may be involved in development of prostatic inflammation.
A card format for reference files in information processing

This paper proposes a card format suitable for a variety of reference files in information processing. An 80-column IBM card is divided into two fields—reference material field (columns 1-67) and identification field (columns 68-80). The format for the reference material is flexible, while the format for the identification is rigid. The reference material includes basically an index, title, source, class, summary and cross reference for each entry. The identification includes basically codes for a matrix of descriptors, an entry number, and the kind, major interest, and source of the reference. The identification also provides a choice to identify material for personal as well as general files. Since this card format is sufficient to identify the material normally associated with reference files for books, articles, programming terms, hardware terms, equipment, machine systems, abbreviations, etc., it is suitable as a standard for card reference files in information processing.
Some Measurements in Subcooled Flow Boiling of Refrigerant-113

Measurements of local vapor phase residence time fraction, liquid phase temperature, and heated wall temperature were carried out in subcooled flow boiling of Refrigerant-113 through a vertical annular channel. Data are reported for two fluid mass velocities and two pressures over a range of wall heat flux. Estimates of typical vapor bubble size and velocity are given. Some comparisons with a one-dimensional two-fluid model of subcooled boiling flow are also presented.
Components of child and parent interviews in cases of alleged sexual abuse

Considerable discussion in child sexual abuse evaluation centers around minimizing the number of victim interviews, however, the completeness of one professional's interview is not always addressed. In this study, professionals (medical, social, law enforcement/legal, mental health) indicated what components they included in their interviews of sexual abuse victims and their parents. Components included: details of abuse, family relationships, school situation/performance, child's development (toilet training, bed wetting, language development, etc.), child's knowledge of body part names, child's knowledge of body part functions, child-rearing practices (bathing, sleeping), medical history (illnesses, surgery), behavior problems, psychological symptoms (nightmares, sadness), physical complaints (pain, discharge), parental teaching about sex, and child's access to sexually explicit television or magazines. Interview components varied by profession, consistent with expected professional bias. This study demonstrates some professional bias in interviewing children and parents and suggests that having a single interview or interviewer may not always be optimal for a thorough evaluation. Increased communication and teamwork among professionals, and cross-training among disciplines could facilitate both the recognition of appropriateness of some "multiple interviews" as well as provide efforts to consolidate interviews when possible.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Detects Anaerobic Threshold

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides assessment of the integrative responses involving the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. Application of exercise testing remains limited to children who are able to understand and cooperate with the exercise protocol. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a noninvasive, continuous method to monitor regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2). Our specific aim was to predict anaerobic threshold (AT) during CPET noninvasively using two-site NIRS monitoring. Achievement of a practical noninvasive technology for estimating AT will increase the compatibility of CPET. Patients without structural or acquired heart disease were eligible for inclusion if they were ordered to undergo CPET by a cardiologist. Data from 51 subjects was analyzed. The ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) was computed on [Formula: see text] and respiratory quotient post hoc using the standard V-slope method. The inflection points of the regional rSO2 time-series were identified as the noninvasive regional NIRS AT for each of the two monitored regions (cerebral and kidney). AT calculation made using an average of kidney and brain NIRS matched the calculation made by VAT for the same patient. Two-site NIRS monitoring of visceral organs is a predictor of AT.
Railing Rhymes Revisited: Libels, Scandals, and Early Stuart Politics

This article surveys and assesses recent interdisciplinary scholarship on early Stuart verse libels – scandalous, defamatory poems surreptitiously circulating criticism of courtiers, councilors, and royal policies. It situates this scholarship within revisionist and post-revisionist historians’ debates on the nature of early Stuart politics and the causes of the English Revolution, and within the cultural turn in early modern studies and in the discipline of history at large. The article then surveys what scholars have argued about the libel as a form of political media operating within an early modern literary underground and an emerging public sphere, and as a form of political expression which articulated serious critique through allegations of sexual and other forms of personal corruption. It concludes with suggestions for future research.
Roles for scalloped and vestigial in regulating cell affinity and interactions between the wing blade and the wing hinge.

Abstract The scalloped and vestigial genes are both required for the formation of the Drosophila wing, and recent studies have indicated that they can function as a heterodimeric complex to regulate the expression of downstream target genes. We have analyzed the consequences of complete loss of scalloped function, ectopic expression of scalloped, and ectopic expression of vestigial on the development of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Clones of cells mutant for a strong allele of scalloped fail to proliferate within the wing pouch, but grow normally in the wing hinge and notum. Cells overexpressing scalloped fail to proliferate in both notal and wing-blade regions of the disc, and this overexpression induces apoptotic cell death. Clones of cells overexpressing vestigial grow smaller or larger than control clones, depending upon their distance from the dorsal–ventral compartment boundary. These studies highlight the importance of correct scalloped and vestigial expression levels to normal wing development. Our studies of vestigial-overexpressing clones also reveal two further aspects of wing development. First, in the hinge region vestigial exerts both a local inhibition and a long-range induction of wingless expression. These and other observations imply that vestigial-expressing cells in the wing blade organize the development of surrounding wing-hinge cells. Second, clones of cells overexpressing vestigial exhibit altered cell affinities. Our analysis of these clones, together with studies of scalloped mutant clones, implies that scalloped- and vestigial-dependent cell adhesion contributes to separation of the wing blade from the wing hinge and to a gradient of cell affinities along the dorsal–ventral axis of the wing.
Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammation: Interactions Between Epidermal Cytokines, Adhesion Molecules, and Leukocytes

How do T cells find their way to the epidermis? Ever since a special relationship between T cells and epidermis was first postulated, it has been assumed that T-cell trafficking through skin occurs as a matter of course, and that the exaggeration of this process may explain the histopathologic features of many diseases characterized by T-cell infiltration of skin. 1,2 However, the molecular basis for the affinity of T cells (and, indeed, of other bone marrow-derived leukocytes) for epidermis has remained obscure. Recently, several groups have contributed an important piece to the T cell-epidermis puzzle by focusing on the role of a group of glycoproteins collectively called adhesion molecules. 3-6 Many of these molecules are members of the integrin family of proteins (based on molecular relationships), which, in turn, are thought to belong to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. 7 The integrins are a heterogeneous group of proteins that appear to
Fast video segment retrieval by sort-merge feature selection, boundary refinement, and lazy evaluation

We present a fast video retrieval system with three novel characteristics. First, it exploits the methods of machine learning to construct automatically a hierarchy of small subsets of features that are progressively more useful for indexing. These subsets are induced by a new heuristic method called Sort-Merge feature selection, which exploits a novel combination of Fastmap for dimensionality reduction and Mahalanobis distance for likelihood determination. Second, because these induced feature sets form a hierarchy with increasing classification accuracy, video segments can be segmented and categorized simultaneously in a coarse-fine manner that efficiently and progressively detects and refines their temporal boundaries. Third, the feature set hierarchy enables an efficient implementation of query systems by the approach of lazy evaluation, in which new queries are used to refine the retrieval index in real-time. We analyze the performance of these methods, and demonstrate them in the domain of a 75-min instructional video and a 30-min baseball video.
Imperialism, liberalism & the quest for perpetual peace

Daedalus Spring 2005 For at least two generations, ‘empire’ and ‘imperialism’ have been dirty words. Already by 1959, when neither the French nor the British Empire had yet quite ceased to exist, Raymond Aaron dismissed imperialism as a “name given by rivals, or spectators, to the diplomacy of a great power”–something, that is, that only others did or had. By the 1970s, a consensus had emerged in liberal circles in the West that all empires–or at least those of European or North American origin–had only ever been systems of power that constituted a denial by one people of the rights (above all, the right to self-determination) of countless others. They had never bene1⁄2ted anyone but their rulers; all of those who had lived under imperial rule would much rather not have and 1⁄2nally they had all risen up and driven out their conquerors. Very recently this picture has begun to change. Now that empires are no more (the last serious imperial outpost, Hong Kong, vanished in 1997), a more nuanced account of their long histories is beginning to be written. It has become harder to avoid the conclusion that some empires were much weaker than was commonly claimed; that at least some of the colonized collaborated willingly, for at least some of the time, with their colonizers; that minorities often fared better under empires than under nation-states; and that empires were often more successful than nation-states at managing the murderous consequences of religious differences. Ever since 9/11 and the war in Afghanistan, a few intrepid voices have even been heard to declare that some empires might in fact have been forces for good. Books both for and against–with such titles as The Sorrows of Empire, America’s Inadvertent Empire, Resurrecting Empire, and The Obligation of Empire–now appear almost daily. As these titles suggest, the current revival of interest in empire is not unrelated to the behavior of the current U.S. administration in internaAnthony Pagden
Esterase isozymes in Lygus hesperus: Characterization and relationship with organophosphate resistance

Esterases of Lygus hesperus Knight from five field and one laboratory populations were separated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were characterized for inhibition and substrate specificity. There were six zones of esterase activity toward naphthyl ester substrates. Significant inter- and intra-populational polymorphisms were observed. All the isozymes were carbo-xylesterases that were sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon and insensitive to eserine or EDTA (ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid). Carboxylesterases from L. hesperus more readily hydrolysed naphthyl esters with short side chains. Molecular weight estimation by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that Est-1, the specific band of older females and eggs, contained two enzymes with relative molecular masses of 140000 and 112000. The four esterase allozymes in Est-3 had an average relative molecular mass of approximately 106000. The frequency of one putative allozyme in Est-3 was directly correlated with the LC50 values of trichlorfon (to which L. hesperus has become resistant). The developmental and distribution variability of the esterase isozymes are compared.
The effect of chronic twice daily exenatide treatment on β-cell function in new onset type 2 diabetes.

Objective To determine the effect of chronic daily exenatide treatment on β-cell function in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Background Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists, such as exenatide, are commonly used to treat patients with T2DM. Drugs in this class are insulinotropic but lower blood glucose by multiple mechanisms such that effects on β-cell function can be difficult to discern by conventional measures. Design Seventy-nine subjects with previously untreated T2DM were studied before and after 24 weeks of treatment with one of the two doses of exenatide, 5- or 10-μg twice daily, or placebo. All subjects had oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) before and after randomization with measurement of plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations. Insulin secretion rates (ISR), peripheral insulin sensitivity (OGIS) and hepatic insulin resistance index (Hep-IR) were calculated. Results During the trial, all three groups lost similar, small but significant, amounts of weight. Compared to placebo, 24 weeks of daily high- or low-dose exenatide treatment reduced HbA1c and improved fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia. Exenatide was associated with improved OGIS and Hep-IR independent of changes in weight. Plasma insulin levels and ISR during the OGTT did not differ before or after treatment with exenatide or placebo. However, when considered as a function of plasma glucose and insulin sensitivity, both doses of exenatide improved ISR proportionately to the improvement in plasma glucose. The higher dose of exenatide was associated with a significant improvement in β-cell sensitivity to glucose. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that in persons with early T2DM, chronic treatment with exenatide enhanced ISR and increased β-cell sensitivity to glucose. These improvements in β-cell function were not clearly reflected in plasma insulin and C-peptide levels, but became apparent when glycemia and insulin sensitivity were accounted for.
A new optimal window (signal processing)

An optimal window that can provide the best tradeoff between the peak sidelobe level and the total sidelobe level is presented. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the optimal window. A design algorithm is presented, and examples are discussed. The examples demonstrate that the window is capable of much better performance than previously available windows, such as the Hamming window. Relationships between the maximum error and the mean-squared error are explored for the window optimization problem. It is concluded that the minimax and least squares approximations are both fundamentally inefficient. This conclusion is supported by experimental evidence and mathematical analyses. >
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-O-ethyl- and -O-vinyl-α-d-glucopyranosides

Abstract Methyl 4,6- O -benzylidene-3- O -vinyl-α- d -glucopyranoside ( 2 ), methyl 4,6- O -benzylidene-2,3-di- O -vinyl-α- d -glucopyranoside ( 6 ), and methyl 4,6- O -benzylidene-2,3-di- O -ethyl-α- d -glucopyranoside (7) have been prepared and characterized. The 2-vinyl ether ( 3 rearranges on alumina chromatography to methyl 4,6- O -benzylidene-2,3- O -ethylidene-α- d -glucopyranoside ( 4 ).
Developmental hazard assessment with FETAX : aerobic metabolites in bacterial transformation of naphthalene

The underlying principle of bioremediation is the capability of microorganisms to biodegrade pollutants. When a contaminated site is biotreated, it is usually assumed that the disappearance of the pollutant means a reduction in the toxic effects of the contaminants. However, pollutants can undergo partial biodegradation or biotransformation. Microbial-mediated transformations play a critical role in the toxic effects of pollutants, as any alteration in structure can result in a change in physicochemical properties which influence toxicity. Therefore, a relevant question is; what is the toxicity of accumulative metabolites relative to the parent chemical? One class of chemicals that consistently appears at Superfund hazard waste sites is aromatic hydrocarbons. Studies of the aerobic bacterial metabolism of representative compounds, including benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene, have revealed similar oxidative pathways. Bacterial degradation of these aromatic hydrocarbons was initiated by the addition of two molecules of oxygen via a dioxygenase enzyme, with the resulting intermediate being converted to a catechol-like compound. From a biotransformation standpoint, one of the more thoroughly studied aromatic hydrocarbons has been naphthalene. Cerniglia (1984) has identified five major intermediates, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, salicylaldehyde, salicylic acid, gentisic acid and catechol in the aerobic bacterial degradation of naphthalene. In vitro test systems such as themore » Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay - Xenopus (FETAX) provide a time- and resource-effective means for assessing developmental toxicity on a preliminary basis. FETAX is a 96-hr static-renewal system that uses early embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the developmental hazard, using FETAX, of exposure to the model aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene, and it`s known major aerobic metabolites from bacterial transformation. 18 refs., 2 tabs.« less
Parainflammator Leukoencephalomyelitis: Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings

Parainflammatory leukoencephalomyelitis is a broad term used to include the spectrum of disorders that affect the central nervous system following infection, immunization, or other noxious stimuli. There is a wide range of clinical and pathologic severity, ranging from acute cerebellar ataxia to acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy. With the improved survival of these patients, magnetic resonance imaging provides a window to the pathologic process, which can aid in the long-term management of these patients. Although lesions of the brainstem and spinal cord correlate well to clinical symptoms, multiple cortical lesions may be present without specific localizing signs. The distribution of magnetic resonance lesions is different from that commonly seen in multiple sclerosis. In some cases, prolonged immunosuppression may be required to prevent recrudescence of the inflammatory response. (J Child Neurol 1988;3:205-213).
The United States experience with the acute and chronic treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension

Patients who clinically have primary or ‘unexplained’ pulmonary hypertension are found at autopsy or lung biopsy to have a variety of pulmonary vascular changes, including medial hypertrophy, thrombosis, intimal fibrosis and plexiform lesions. It is not surprising that the haemodynamic response to vasodilators varies widely. In general, the non-specific vasodilators used to treat pulmonary hypertension cause an acute fall in systemic arterial pressure, with an increase in cardiac output and a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary arterial pressure usually does not change much but occasionally drops dramatically. The risk of death in an acute trial of a vasodilator is less than 0.5% in experienced hands. The use of a short-acting vasodilator (e.g., prostacyclin) may indicate the presence or absence of vasoconstriction, the likelihood of fixed structural obstruction to flow and the risk of administering longer-acting vasodilators, and it may give a clue to prognosis. The risk-benefitratio in the use of vasodilators in the long-term treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension needs to be evaluated by a controlled trial, conducted in those who respond acutely. The roleof high-dose calcium channel blocker treatment and multiple drug therapy will also require further study.
Morphology of afferent and efferent synapses in hearing organ of goldfish

The sacculus, the hearing organ, of the goldfish was fixed with three different kinds of fixatives: osmium tetroxide, glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde. Three kinds of synapses are encountered in the sensory epithelium: the synapse between the hair cell and the afferent nerve ending, the synapse between the efferent nerve ending and the hair cell, and the synapse between the hair cell and the afferent nerve ending, there are synaptic vesicles about 370-430 A in average diameter in the hair cell side of the junction. The vesicles are always round in dependent of the fixative used. In the other two kinds of synapses, the efferent ending contains smaller vesicles about 310-360 A in average diameter. The shape of the vesicles changes according to the fixative used; round in osmium tetroxide-fixed materials, and elongated in aldehydefixed materials. The synapse between the hair cell and the afferent nerve ending in excitatory in nature, while the other two types of synapses are thought to be inhibitory in nature.
Interplay of language and culture in global E-commerce: a comparison of five companies' multilingual websites

This paper reports the results of a pilot study on the interplay of language and culture in global e-commerce, comparing the multilingual websites of five multinational companies, namely, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel and Microsoft. These five companies' websites in English are compared with the translated websites in both Simplified Chinese (SC) and Traditional Chinese (TC) in terms of contents and interfaces. The differences as well as similarities among the original websites in English and the translated websites in Simplified and Traditional Chinese are analyzed for the addition, omission and retention of linguistic and cultural elements. The results suggest that the adaptation to native language and local culture of the target audience and market is one of the important quality indicators for multilingual websites. The results also show that language and culture are inseparable for developing quality multilingual websites in global e-commerce.