cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental thermodynamic first and second law analysis of a variable output 1-4.5 kWe, ICE-driven, natural-gas fueled micro-CHP generator

Abstract This work experimentally assesses the thermodynamic performance of the only single kWe, variable-output, continuous duty, internal combustion engine driven, residential micro-combined heat and power (mCHP) generator (Marathon Engine Systems ecopower) available in the United States. The system underwent steady state testing over its full operating range, and first (energy) and second (exergy) law analyses were conducted on the collected data. At rated speed, first law results reveal the ecopower operated at an electrical efficiency of 24.4 ± 0.7% and a utilization factor of 94.5 ± 12.6%. At the same speed, the ecopower’s second law electrical efficiency was 24.3 ± 0.8% and total second law efficiency (including exergy in both the recovered heat and electrical streams) was 33.7 ± 1.9%. This total second law efficiency was higher than that of common residential heating devices, including electric and gas furnaces and boilers, electric air-source heat pumps, and gas-engine driven heat pumps. Further, the ecopower outperformed most of these devices at all part-load conditions as well, indicating it would be an appropriate choice for a dispatchable generator to provide ancillary grid-support services in a future with increased variable renewable generator penetration. System-level and internal combustion engine irreversibilities are also presented to identify areas of inefficiency. The most prominent irreversibilities were (in decreasing magnitude) irreversible heat transfer, combustion irreversibility, frictional and pumping losses, followed by generator and power electronic losses.
Extremely Thermoacidophilic Metallosphaera Species Mediate Mobilization and Oxidation of Vanadium and Molybdenum Oxides.

ABSTRACT Certain species from the extremely thermoacidophilic genus Metallosphaera directly oxidize Fe(II) to Fe(III), which in turn catalyzes abiotic solubilization of copper from chalcopyrite to facilitate recovery of this valuable metal. In this process, the redox status of copper does not change as it is mobilized. Metallosphaera species can also catalyze the release of metals from ores with a change in the metal’s redox state. For example, Metallosphaera sedula catalyzes the mobilization of uranium from the solid oxide U3O8, concomitant with the generation of soluble U(VI). Here, the mobilization of metals from solid oxides (V2O3, Cu2O, FeO, MnO, CoO, SnO, MoO2, Cr2O3, Ti2O3, and Rh2O3) was examined for M. sedula and M. prunae at 70°C and pH 2.0. Of these oxides, only V and Mo were solubilized, a process accelerated in the presence of FeCl3. However, it was not clear whether the solubilization and oxidation of these metals could be attributed entirely to an Fe-mediated indirect mechanism. Transcriptomic analysis for growth on molybdenum and vanadium oxides revealed transcriptional patterns not previously observed for growth on other energetic substrates (i.e., iron, chalcopyrite, organic compounds, reduced sulfur compounds, and molecular hydrogen). Of particular interest was the upregulation of Msed_1191, which encodes a Rieske cytochrome b6 fusion protein (Rcbf, referred to here as V/MoxA) that was not transcriptomically responsive during iron biooxidation. These results suggest that direct oxidation of V and Mo occurs, in addition to Fe-mediated oxidation, such that both direct and indirect mechanisms are involved in the mobilization of redox-active metals by Metallosphaera species. IMPORTANCE In order to effectively leverage extremely thermoacidophilic archaea for the microbially based solubilization of solid-phase metal substrates (e.g., sulfides and oxides), understanding the mechanisms by which these archaea solubilize metals is important. Physiological analysis of Metallosphaera species growth in the presence of molybdenum and vanadium oxides revealed an indirect mode of metal mobilization, catalyzed by iron cycling. However, since the mobilized metals exist in more than one oxidation state, they could potentially serve directly as energetic substrates. Transcriptomic response to molybdenum and vanadium oxides provided evidence for new biomolecules participating in direct metal biooxidation. The findings expand the knowledge on the physiological versatility of these extremely thermoacidophilic archaea.
Effects of embedding decontextualized language during book-sharing delivered by fathers in Turkey

Abstract This study investigated the effects of embedding decontextualized language cues during book-sharing delivered by fathers living in low socioeconomic status (SES) in Turkey. A multiple baseline design across behaviors evaluated the effects of intervention on decontextualized language and dyadic interaction outcomes for four father–child dyads. Fathers demonstrated increased decontextualized language utterances in intervention and generalization sessions. All children tended to mirror their fathers decontextualized language utterances. After the intervention was introduced dyads with limited interactions in baseline showed significant increases and the contextualized talk in baseline was replaced with greater decontextualized talk. This study advances our understanding of how fathers can be more effective conversational partners with their preschool-aged children when the training and resources are provided.
Abstract 104: AAV-Exosomes: A Novel Platform for Myocardial Gene Delivery for Cardioprotection

Introduction: Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are viral vectors of choice for delivering genes for long-term expression due to their safety in clinics. However, pre-existing immunity to AAVs from n...
One Hundred Twenty Years of U.S. Privacy Law Scholarship: A Latent Semantic Analysis

This paper reports results from a research project aimed at identifying fundamental privacy law principles derived from the writings of legal scholars and commentators using probabilistic topic modeling, which is comprised of a suite of algorithms that attempt to discover hidden thematic structures in large archives of documents. Topic modeling algorithms are statistical methods that analyze the words of texts to discover topics (themes) contained within, how those topics are connected to each other, and how they change over time. A latent Dirichlet allocation process, which identifies sets of terms that more tightly co-occur, is incorporated into the topic modeling analysis to identify words most closely associated with each identified topic. The latent Dirichlet allocation therefore provides insight into the context in which each identified topic occurs. Our analysis reveals that privacy law in the United States comports most closely with the Georgia Supreme Court’s 1905 description of privacy from the seminal case Pavesich v. New England Life Insurance Company: “the right of a person to be secure from invasion by the [government or] public into matters of a private nature.”
Raising the bar: Teaching kindergartners with emotional and behavioral disabilities and teachers’ readiness expectations

Abstract This study examined whether kindergarten teachers’ school readiness expectations differed in classrooms with and without children with emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD). Using teacher observations from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten Class of 2010–11, where observations were selected based on a three stage sampling design to ensure national representation, we relied on a school fixed effects methodology given the large sample of teachers teaching classrooms with (N = 390) and without (N = 3480) students with EBDs. Using readiness expectations scales derived from teacher-reported survey items, we found that academic readiness expectations were no different across teachers but teachers with students with an EBD have higher social readiness expectations. The characteristics of teachers and classrooms did not consistently moderate readiness expectations. These findings indicate that teachers hold similar, and in some cases higher, expectations for students in classrooms with diverse learning differences and behavioral needs.
Biologically Active Lipids in Vascular Biology

Biologically active lipids play numerous important roles in controlling vascular functions both in physiological and pathological settings. While enzymatically formed bioactive lipids mainly control physiological reactions involved in constriction and relaxation, as well as in providing an anticoagulant vessel surface, nonenzymatic lipid oxidation products have largely been implicated in controlling and driving a variety of blood vessel pathologies. Bioactive lipids are sensed by all cell types in the vascular wall. A variety of lipids control pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, endothelial barrier function, migration and phenotypic switching in smooth muscle cells, and macrophage phenotypic polarization and function. The biological effects of enzymatically formed bioactive lipids are mainly mediated via G protein-coupled receptors. Depending on specific receptor recognition, S1P and oxysterols can elicit either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. On the other hand, lipid oxidation products are recognized by two classes of less specific receptors called pattern recognition receptors and scavenger receptors. They may also directly modify proteins and enzymes thereby affecting a variety of vascular functions and contribute to inflammatory responses of the vessel wall, sometimes involving activation of inflammasomes. Oxidized lipids present in oxidized lipoproteins (oxLDL) enhance the formation of foam cells (i.e., lipid-laden macrophages). These oxidized lipids induce a specific stress response in macrophages that involves Nrf2-dependent upregulation of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes.
Subjectively and Objectively Measured Sleep Predict Differing Aspects of Cognitive Functioning in Adults.

Objective To examine associations between subjectively-reported sleep and objectively-measured sleep (i.e., actigraphy) with different domains of cognitive functioning, and determine whether age may moderate these associations. Method In this cross-sectional study, a total of 489 participants (mean age = 45.4 years; SD = 18.8) completed a self-reported sleep measure and one week of actigraphy. Participants also completed a battery of cognitive tests measuring episodic memory, social cognition, executive functioning, and complex cognition (i.e., reasoning, visuospatial, and language abilities). Results Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater objective sleep quality and longer onset latencies were both associated with better performance on measures of conceptual flexibility. In contrast, subjective sleep quality was not associated with performance in any cognitive domain after accounting for objective sleep variables. Age moderated sleep-cognition relationships in differing ways based on cognitive domain and facet of sleep assessed. For example, whereas poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with poorer complex cognition in younger, but not older adults, poorer objective sleep quality was associated with poorer conceptual flexibility in older, but not younger adults. Conclusions Objectively-measured and self-reported sleep are associated with differing aspects of executive functioning, with the latter related to executive functioning broadly and the former associated with conceptual flexibility in particular. Age moderates sleep-cognition relationships differentially depending on the method by which sleep quality and quantity are measured.
Bone chemical composition changes in bird bones from laboratory exposure to saline lake conditions

The abundance of bird bones in archeological contexts of high salt is potentially impacted by salinization, which can affect bone preservation. We exposed wing elements (humeri, ulnae, and radii) of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) to laboratory conditions simulating a saline lake substrate with overlaying saltwater for up to 32 weeks. Our analyses based on bone ashing and elemental concentration using ICP-OES are reported. The data provide useful taphonomic information regarding changes in bone mineral content, element concentrations, and element to phosphorus ratios of bird bones exposed to saline environments. Results showed that all exposed wing bones increased significantly in bone mineral content, which indicated that wing bones most likely became stronger. Overall, ionic concentrations of Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, P5+, Sr2+, and Si4+, except Fe3+, changed significantly among all wing bones with saline exposure. These changes in ion concentration took place in as little as 4 weeks. Element to phosphorus ratios provided insight into potential ionic substitutions between the bone and the saline substrate and solution exposure. The results from our study provide direct evidence that the chemical composition of bird bones deposited along saline lake shorelines quickly become altered.
Long-Term Effects of Early Adolescent Marijuana Use on Attentional and Inhibitory Control.

Objective:This study sought to examine the prospective effects of early adolescent marijuana use on late adolescent attentional and inhibitory control. Alcohol use, antisocial problems, and gender ...
Research progress of the safety about using bronchoscope in children's disease of respiratory system

The use of bronchoscope in pediatrics is more common that following the development and perfection of bronchoscope technology.Because of the particularity of children, the safety about using bronchoscope in pediatric had been paid close attention all the time.The study and observation, which are related to the safety of diagnosis and treatment with bronchoscope in children has been became hot spot.In order to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and complications, in operation we should choose appropriate anesthesia, continue to offer oxygen and complete the operating expertly and quickly; we also must closely monitor the patient's vital signs, especially for small age groups.Improving and strictly enforcing the disinfection and isolation system in order to avoid unnecessary iatrogenic infection.The safety of the medical staffshould be protected at the same time. Key words: Bronchoscope; Safety; Respiratory system; Children
Driven-dissipative phase transition in a Kerr oscillator: From semiclassical PT symmetry to quantum fluctuations

We study a minimal model that has a driven-dissipative quantum phase transition, namely, a Kerr nonlinear oscillator subject to driving and dissipation. Using mean-field theory, exact diagonalization, and the Keldysh formalism, we analyze the critical phenomena in this system, showing which aspects can be captured by each approach and how the approaches complement each other. Then critical scaling and finite-size scaling are calculated analytically using the quantum Langevin equation. The physics contained in this simple model is surprisingly rich: it includes a continuous phase transition, ${Z}_{2}$ symmetry breaking, $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry, state squeezing, and critical fluctuations. Due to its simplicity and solvability, this model can serve as a paradigm for exploration of open quantum many-body physics.
Deterioration in Health-Related Quality of Life Diminishes Benefit of Lung Cancer Resection in Older Adults.

Abstract Introduction Outcomes of oncologic resection are related to tumor biology and patient-reported health factors. However, data regarding changes in functional status and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) before and after lung surgery for older adults are lacking. Patients and Methods We identified lung cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (MHOS) linked database. HRQOL surveys captured physical/mental health, activity of daily living (ADLs), and medical comorbidities. Patients who underwent surgery with baseline prediagnosis HRQOL survey and postdiagnosis follow-up survey were selected. Patient, disease, and HRQOL measures were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression for overall and disease-specific survival. Results Overall, 138 patients were evaluated. Disease extent was localized for 75 (54%) and regional for 58 (42%). The cohort experienced an increase in the number of major comorbidities and declines in physical HRQOL, mental HRQOL, and ADLs. Median overall survival was 74 months. Decreased overall survival was independently associated with male sex (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.7, P = .03), more advanced disease (regional vs. localized: HR = 1.8, P = .01; distant vs. localized: HR = 2.1, P = .22), and decline in ADLs (HR = 1.8, P = .02). Decreased disease-specific survival was independently associated with male sex (HR = 2.2, P = .03), more advanced disease (regional vs. localized: HR = 2.9, P = .002; distant vs. localized: HR = 3.1, P = .22), and decline in mental HRQOL (odds ratio = 2.1, P = .02). Conclusion The potential survival benefit of lung resection for malignancy is diminished by declines in physical and mental health. Among older surgical patients at risk for functional and HRQOL deterioration, identification and mitigation of such deterioration may optimize oncologic outcomes.
Comparing the effectiveness of reading modifications on comprehension accuracy and reading comprehension rate

Research regarding the role of reading fluency for middle school-aged students with disabilities is limited, particularly for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This stu...
ctDNA pathogenic variants (PVs) in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes in patients with metastatic CRPC.

138Background: HRR PVs can serve as predictive biomarkers and two PARP inhibitors are approved for metastasic CRPC (mCRPC) pts. Published data are predominantly focused on tissue-based assays, but ...
Political constraints and currency crises in emerging markets and less developed economies

Political institutions may directly affect the likelihood of currency crises by influencing market confidence. They may indirectly affect the likelihood of currency crises by influencing economic fundamentals. This study uses econometric mediation to estimate both direct and indirect causal pathways for veto player theory—a common framework for analyzing political institutional constraints—and finds this approach improves upon the standard econometric approach in the extant literature, which only estimates the direct causal pathway. This new mediated approach shows that political constraints also indirectly reduce the likelihood of crises through strengthening key economic fundamentals. Additionally, the analysis finds that when global conditions are stable, more constraints are shown to directly reduce the risk of crises. When global conditions are volatile, more constraints are shown to directly increase the risk of crises. Global volatility is more likely to cause crises in countries with relatively constrained political systems, and vice versa.
The Enthalpy and Heat of Transition of Cs2MoO4 by Drop Calorimetry

The enthalpy measurements on Cs2MoO4 reported in this paper were carried out as part of a calorimetric program to study compounds of interest in reactor technology. Cs2MoO4 may be produced in the uraniaplutonia fuel elements of a liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor (LMFBR) since both cesium and molybdenum have been observed in the oxide-clad interface region of the fuel pin. Therefore, thermodynamic data are needed to predict the conditions of formation of Cs2MoO4 and its stability.
6 Yolk Absorption in Embryonic and Larval Fishes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the yolk absorption in embryonic and larval fishes. The rate and efficiency of yolk absorption are influenced by a number of environmental factors, including temperature, light, oxygen concentration, and salinity. Fish eggs are not motile, and thus developing embryos are unable to actively exploit the most favorable environments available, at least until after hatching. In teleost eggs, the yolk syncytium together with overlaying mesoderm and ectoderm spreads to enclose the entire yolk mass. Endoderm does not follow the movement of the teleost blastodisc rim and, consequently, the yolk is not enclosed by an endodermal layer. Yolk platelets are mobilized more rapidly than the oil globule from the yolk mass, especially after hatching. The rate at which yolk reserves are depleted must be a function of the surface area of the absorptive layer and the metabolic activity of that layer.
Dual Enforcement of Constitutional Norms

Not so very long ago, the story of American constitutional law was easy to understand and even easier to relate. Constitutional law was a story written by two actors: the framers of the U.S. Constitution and the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Constitution provided the content of constitutional law and a Supreme Court told us what it meant. Today, this master narrative has begun to unravel in favor of new one that treats constitutional law as both the object and the venue of a plural and often remarkably inclusive ongoing conversation about the norms by which we live and govern ourselves. The U.S. Supreme Court remains, to be sure, an important and in many ways preeminent voice in the formal pronunciation of American constitutional law. But increasingly the Court is understood to share the stage with a plurality of other voices that speak together - sometimes cooperatively, sometimes competitively - in a collective enterprise of generating, elaborating, and ultimately applying and enforcing constitutional norms. This paper, which comprises the introductory chapter of Dual Enforcement of Constitutional Norms: New Frontiers of State Constitutional Law (James A. Gardner and Jim Rossi, eds., Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2010), lays out the book’s principal thesis. Rejecting both the old dual federalism and the newer judicial federalism models, the contributors to this volume understand the generation, development, interpretation, and enforcement of constitutional norms at the national and state levels to be best conceived as constituent activities of a single, collective enterprise conducted by many actors located in many sites scattered throughout the system. The chapters of Dual Enforcement thus present a conception of national and subnational constitutional law as complementary partners in a complex, collective enterprise of constitutional self-governance, and our aim for the book is to advance an understanding of state constitutions in the broader inter-institutional process of constitutional dialogue.
Sequential Contests with Ability Revelation

We consider a two-stage elimination contest where before the competition in the second round takes place contestants’ abilities are revealed. We derive a monotonic symmetric equilibrium and make a comparison of the expected effort with and without revelation of ability. Our main finding is that the revelation always increases the firstround effort but decreases the second-round effort. As our numerical examples show, the expected two-round total effort can, however, either increase or decrease with the revelation.
Role of immune molecules in the establishment and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses

An increasing number of studies support an unexpected role for immune molecules in regulating healthy brain functions during development and in adulthood. Here we review the roles of specific immune molecules (including cytokines, components of the complement cascade, and members of the major histocompatibility complex class I family and their receptors) in the formation and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. These findings add a new dimension to our understanding of neural-immune interactions, and suggest novel molecular mechanisms that may underlie the modification of glutamatergic synapses in both normal and pathological states.
Employing E-Health: The Impact of Electronic Health Records on the Workplace

Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems may soon become a fixture in most medical settings. President Obama’s 2009 stimulus legislation includes $19 billion to promote their implementation. The sophisticated features and efficiencies of EHR systems have the potential to improve health outcomes and enhance patient welfare considerably. However, this emerging technology also poses significant challenges and risks, not the least of which are its workplace impacts. This article provides a first of its kind analysis of the ramifications of EHR systems for workers and employers. The potential effects of health information computerization on the workplace are numerous. Employers may obtain and process EHRs for purposes of fitness for duty determinations, reasonable accommodations, workers’ compensation, and payment of medical claims. Digitized records could enable employers to obtain unprecedented amounts of information in response to lawful requests and thus intensify workers’ concerns about privacy and discrimination. At the same time, employers may find EHRs to be cumbersome and difficult to interpret and, if they store health information electronically, may worry about security breaches. EHR systems could also affect employers’ insurance costs, impact discovery in litigation, and profoundly affect the work habits of health care providers. This article argues that these concerns can best be addressed by specific changes to the ADA, the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules, and parallel state laws as well as by technological advances and appropriate federal oversight. As the country transitions to computerization in the medical field, proactive steps must be taken to protect stakeholders in all settings, including the American workplace.
M51’s Material Arms and Density Waves

We find that the entire spiral structure in M51 is consistent with a tidal passage of its companion, NGC 5195, in a highly inclined orbit ≈ 70 million years ago. Fig. 1 shows dust lane arms of M51 from a photograph. Azimuths and radii of observed arms ”time reversed” back to 70 million years ago are seen as two straight lines which point to the hypothesized disk crossing point of the companion to the northwest. This direction agrees with that found in Toomre and Toomre’s (1972) non-self-gravitating simulations. Fig. 2 is a preliminary self-gravitating computer simulation of M51 including disk gas cloud collisional dissipation and gravitational clumping. Disk gas arms (representing HI, H2) are shown at the present epoch. Compare to the observed dust lane arms in Fig. 1, noting the steepness of the outer arms, their symmetric kinks going inward and the size of the pattern relative to companion position. Note the long arm opposite the present companion position and the ”sling shot” gas feature above the present position of the companion in the simulations. Compare to the HI observations of Rots, et al. elsewhere in this volume. The companion passed near the disk edge to the northwest as marked. Compare to the line direction in Fig. 1. The companion then moved beyond the disk plane to its present position seen through M51’s disk. Fig. 3 shows an unperturbed disk (to a different scale) at the same time step as Fig. 2. This essential numerical test shows no large changes in structure or spontaneous spiral arms. The Fig. 2 outer arms wind up like material arms. The arm particles originated in a roughly fan-shaped region around a line from the crossing-point to the nucleus.
Bewältigung der Ablösungsprobleme anfallskranker Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener mit Hilfe eines multidisziplinären Beratungsteams

Das Jugendalter und das junge Erwachsenenalter sind Lebensphasen, die durch immer weiterreichende Ablosungsprozesse zwischen Eltern und erwachsen werdenden Kindern gekennzeichnet sind. An die Stelle von Fremdkontrolle und Heteronomie treten Selbstkontrolle und Autonomie, und zwar sowohl fur die Eltern als auch fur die Heranwachsenden. Im Zusammenhang mit einer Epilepsie entstehen haufig besondere Schwierigkeiten, die erhohten Entwicklungsanforderungen dieser Lebensphase erfolgreich zu bewaltigen. Jeder Anfall ist mit einem Kontrollverlust verbunden, der Autonomiebestrebungen in Frage stellt. Dadurch kommt es haufig zu recht komplizierten Ablosungsprozessen. Bewaltigungsmoglichkeiten sind unter anderem abhangig vom Zeitpunkt der Erkrankung, von den mit der Epilepsie verbundenen organisch und medikamentos bedingten Begleiterscheinungen, von der Effektivitat der facharztlichen Betreuung, von der Interaktionsstruktur der betroffenen Familie und von der Personlichkeit des jungen Menschen. Haufig entstehen durch ungeklarte medizinische Fragen und belastende psychosoziale Fragen auserst verwickelte Problemkonstellationen. Notwendige Verselbstandigungsschritte unterbleiben. Die Angst vor dem nachsten Anfall verbindet sich ubergangslos mit den ohnehin in Ablosungsprozessen zu bewaltigen den Angsten. Eine erfolgreiche Beratung von Familien mit .anfallskranken jungen Erwachsenen setzt eine Integration epileptologischer und psychotherapeutisch-padagogischer Kompetenz voraus. Nur so konnen die multiplen Blockierungen dieser Ablosungskrisen entschlusselt und durch adaquate Interventionsstrategien bearbeitet werden. Zwei typische Verlaufe von Ablosungskrisen junger Menschen mit Epilepsie und die Unterstutzung ihrer Bewaltigung durch multidisziphnare Beratung und Behandlung werden in ihren Grundziigen dargestellt.
Paralysis Episodes in Carbonic Anhydrase II Deficiency.

Carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder manifest by osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, and cerebral calcification. Other features include growth failure and mental retardation. Complications of the osteopetrosis include frequent bone fractures, cranial nerve compression, and dental mal-occlusion. A hyper­chloremic metabolic acidosis, sometimes with hypokalemia, occurs due to renal tubular acidosis that may be proximal, distal, or more commonly, the combined type. Such patients may present with global hypotonia, muscle weakness or paralysis. We report a case of CA II deficiency with recurrent attacks of acute paralysis which was misdiagnosed initially as Guillian-Barre syndrome.
Observations and Modeling of Turbulence in the Solar Wind

Alfvenic fluctuations are a ubiquitous component of the solar wind. Evidence from many spacecrafts indicate that the fluctuations are convected out of the solar corona with relatively flat power spectra and constitute a source of free energy for a turbulent cascade of magnetic and kinetic energy to high wave numbers. Observations and simulations support the conclusion that the cascade evolves most rapidly in the vicinity of velocity shears and current sheets. Numerical solutions of the magnetohydrodynamic equations have elucidated the role of expansion on the evolution of the turbulence. Such studies are clarifying not only how a turbulent cascade develops, but also the nature of the symmetries of the turbulence.
A Hierarchical Simulator Based on Formal Semantics

Simulation consists of exercising the representation of a design on a general purpose computer. It differs from programming only because the ultimate implementation will be in a different medium, say a VLSI chip. In order for simulation to be in any sense effective, the simulated system must perform the same function as the ultimate implementation. A VLSI chip is a highly concurrent object; the simulation of such a chip amounts to programming a highly concurrent system. It follows that any demonstrably correct simulation technique will be one of the two types: (1) The entire design is represented as an implementation with objects which are abstract models of the medium at the bottom level (e.g. transistor model). The simulation operates on a representation which is a direct image of the fully instantiated implementation in the medium. (2) The design is represented as a hierarchy of implementations. Each level of implementation is constructed of objects which are abstract models of the implementation at the level below it. The simulation operates on a hierarchical representation where each level is refined by the level below it.
FORMATION OF GANGS AND INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG USE AMONG MARGINALIZED YOUTH: USES OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW.

Youth gangs continue to present major social problems despite their frequent appearance in literature on social processes and deviance. Investigation of gangs with a focus on emergence, involvement in drug use, and trafficking can lead to useful areas of inquiry. Youthful members of practically all immigrant groups have formed gangs in their process of adaptation to life in the United States, and most of these gangs either converted into organizations of adults or died out as members moved into adult rules. Nevertheless, growing numbers of gangs have become perpetuated in their home communities, and their members include adults over 30 years old. These perpetuated gangs draw their memberships from populations that have histories of socioeconomic marginalization. Newly formed gangs in populations that have arrived in the United States recently are at risk of perpetuation if the populations from which they draw members become marginalized through Jack of employment opportunities and viable adult roles. Both death and emergence of gangs in contemporary United States life merit further study with an eye toward preventing the most severe consequences of involvement in gangs, violence and drug use. Three cases in point- Cuban gangs in Miami, opportunistic gang formation in East Harlem, and Haitian youth on the verge of forming gangs provide examples of the process of forming and dissolving gangs. Data from a new study of Haitian youth suggest approaches to prevention of undesirable behavior among immigrant youth.
Desalination across a graphene oxide membrane via direct contact membrane distillation

Abstract We demonstrate the immobilization of graphene oxide on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane surface for desalination via direct contact membrane distillation. The graphene oxide immobilized membrane significantly enhanced the overall permeate flux with complete salt rejection, and the flux reached as high as 97 kg/m2 h at 80 °C. We attribute this enhancement in flux to multiple factors including selective sorption, nanocapillary effect, reduced temperature polarization as well as the presence of polar functional groups in graphene oxide.
Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship Among Maternal Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, Social Support, and Children’s Behavior and Development

This article is a longitudinal investigation of the relationships between maternal victimization, maternal functioning, and children’s behavior and development. Participants include 203 mother-child dyads from a low-income population recruited from pediatric primary care clinics. Data are collected when children are 4 and 8 years of age. Child outcomes are evaluated using maternal, teacher, and child self-report and objective measures of cognitive and academic functioning. Maternal victimization history is associated with maternal depressive symptoms, low levels of maternal social support, child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and low levels of child socialization. Child behavior problems identified at age 4 are enduring and persist to age 8. The effects of maternal victimization history on both internalizing behavior problems and socialization are mediated by maternal depressive symptoms. The effects of maternal depressive symptoms on externalizing behavior problems, socialization, and...
Global Analysis of the RNA-Protein Interaction and RNA Secondary Structure Landscapes of the Arabidopsis Nucleus

Posttranscriptional regulation in eukaryotes requires cis- and trans-acting features and factors including RNA secondary structure and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). However, a comprehensive view of the structural and RBP interaction landscape of nuclear RNAs has yet to be compiled for any organism. Here, we use our ribonuclease-mediated structure and RBP-binding site mapping approaches to globally profile these features in Arabidopsis seedling nuclei in vivo. We reveal anticorrelated patterns of secondary structure and RBP binding throughout nuclear mRNAs that demarcate sites of alternative splicing and polyadenylation. We also uncover a collection of protein-bound sequence motifs, and identify their structural contexts, co-occurrences in transcripts encoding functionally related proteins, and interactions with putative RBPs. Finally, using these motifs, we find that the chloroplast RBP CP29A also interacts with nuclear mRNAs. In total, we provide a simultaneous view of the RNA secondary structure and RBP interaction landscapes in a eukaryotic nucleus.
The search for and interpretation of genetic controls that enhance plant growth under deficiency levels of a macronutrient

Techniques developed to measure growth of tomatoes and beans under limiting amounts of either P, K or Ca in solution culture reveal differences among strains. Genetic analysis permits estimates of gene action for control of efficiency and the isolation of improved segregants. The genetic isolates have value in studying mechanisms contributing to uptake, transport and utilization processes.
Nephrotic-range proteinuria and hyperglycemia associated with clonidine therapy

Glycosuria, hyperglycemia, and nephrotic-range proteinuria developed in a 68-year-old patient after clonidine was added to a stable antihypertensive regimen, which included metoprolol, of three years' duration. He later became glucose-intolerant with fasting hyperglycemia. Clonidine has been reported to transiently impair glucose tolerance. Persistent diabetes in a previously normoglycemic patient following clonidine has not been reported, and it supports the possibility that clonidine and metoprolol may have additive effects in suppressing endogenous insulin secretion.
AVAST survey 0.4–1.0 μm spectroscopy of igneous asteroids in the inner and middle main belt

Abstract We present the spectra of 60 asteroids, including 47 V-types observed during the first phase of the Adler V-Type Asteroid (AVAST) Survey. SDSS photometry was used to select candidate V-type asteroids for follow up by nature of their very blue i–z color. 47 of the 61 observed candidates were positively classified as V-type asteroids, while an additional six show indications of a 0.9 μm feature consistent with V-type spectra, but not sufficient for formal classification. Four asteroids were found to be S-type, all of which had i–z values very near the adopted AVAST selection criteria of i–z ⩽ −0.2, including one candidate observed well outside the cut (at a mean i–z of −0.11). Three A-type asteroids were also identified. Six V-type asteroids were observed beyond the 3:1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, including the identification of two new V-type asteroids (63085 and 105041) at this distance. Six V-type asteroids were observed with low (
Prolactin of Normal and Dwarf Mice

Prolactin and albumin of the mouse, when analyzed either as a mixture of the two purified proteins or as constituents of a pituitary homogenate, were not well separated from each other by disc-electrophoresis at pH 9.5 unless the concentration of acrylamide exceeded 7.5%. By using a gel made with 10% acrylamide, a maximum resolution of all the major components of the electrophoretic pattern was obtained, and the procedure then could be used to demonstrate differences in the amount of protein in the prolactin band in the pituitary gland of the mouse under various conditions. Both the greater amount of this band in the pituitary gland of the female mouse as compared to the male, and its increase in the pituitary of the male after administration of estradiol were detected easily. The band designated as prolactin in the electrophoretic pattern was isolated by preparative electrophoresis and identified as having prolactin activity by the pigeon crop sac assay. A molecular weight of 23,000 ± 1000 was found for ...
Non-linear dynamic analysis of piping system using the pseudo force method

Abstract Simple piping systems are composed of linear elastic elements and can be analysed using conventional linear methods. The introduction of constraint springs, separated from the pipe with clearance gaps, to such systems to cope with the pipe whip or other extreme excitation conditions introduces non-linearities to the system, such non-linearities being associated with the gaps. Since these spring-damper constraints are usually limited in number, discretely located and produce only weak non-linearities, the analysis of linear systems including these non-linearities can be carried out by using modified linear methods. In particular, the application of pseudo force methods, wherein the non-linearities are treated as displacement-dependent forcing functions acting on the linear system, was investigated. The non-linearities induced by the constraints are taken into account as generalised pseudo forces on the right-hand side of the governing dynamic equilibrium equations. Then an existing linear elastic finite element piping code, EPIPE, was modified to permit application of the procedure. This option was inserted such that the analysis could be performed using either the direct integration method or via a modal superposition method, the Newmark-Beta integration procedure being employed in both methods. The modified code was proof tested against several problems taken from the literature or developed with the non-linear dynamics code, OSCIL. The problems included a simple pipe loop, a cantilever beam and a lumped mass system subjected to pulsed and periodic forcing functions. The problems were selected to gauge the overall accuracy of the method and to ensure that it properly predicted the jump phenomena associated with non-linear systems. Implementation of the method was found to be straightforward with the simplest iteration procedure for the pseudo force vector sufficing. The results predicted with the method agreed in all important aspects with existing solutions as well as those generated with other methods. As with linear analyses, the modal superposition solution mode was found to be the most efficient; however, exhibiting slightly greater inaccuracies.
A comparative study of analytical methods to determine postmortem changes in carbon monoxide concentration

Twenty-one autopsy blood samples were analyzed using spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic procedures after storage for 30 and 150 days. When carboxyhemoglobin was measured spectrophotometrically at the absorbance ratio of 540 nm/555 nm, the observed average percent losses were 8 +/- 9% and 35 +/- 27% after 30 and 150 days of storage, respectively. When measured at the absorbance ratio of 540 nm/579 nm, the average percent losses of carboxyhemoglobin were 7 +/- 8% and 34 +/- 25% after 30 and 150 days, respectively. Wavelength shifts and distorted spectral scans were observed at 150 days. When carbon monoxide was determined by gas chromatographic methods based on combining capacity, the average percent loss was 15 +/- 24% and 37 +/- 36% after 30 days and 150 days, respectively. The average percent loss of calculated CO based on hemoglobin concentration after 30 days was 31 +/- 14% and at 150 days, 40 +/- 24%. The average percent loss of calculated CO based on iron content was 23 +/- 13% and 37 +/- 23% after 30 and 150 days, respectively.
ECHINOCOCCUS VOGELI RAUSCH AND BERNSTEIN, 1972, FROM THE PACA, CUNICULUS PACA L. (RODENTIA: DASYPROCTIDAE), IN THE DEPARTAMENTO DE SANTA CRUZ, BOLIVIA

Among approximately 2,000 mammals examined for helminths in various regions of Bolivia during 1983-1987, cysts of Echinococcus vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972, were found in a single paca, Cuniculus paca L., collected at La Laguna, Departamento de Santa Cruz (lat. 16 degrees 36'W; long. 62 degrees 42'S). This record, the first from Bolivia, represents a considerable extension of the known geographic range of this species in South America. Upon analysis of the morphologic characteristics of the protoscoleces derived from the cysts, the sizes of rostellar hooks from the material from the paca were found to be well within the ranges reported in previous studies. Statistical analysis of frequency distributions of hook characteristics revealed some deviations from normality. These results indicate that parametric statistics should be applied with caution in analyses of inter-and intraspecific variation of morphologic characteristics of hooks of metacestodes of the genus Echinococcus.
Postmastectomy radiation therapy: A surgical perspective

Controversy exists about whether postmastectomy radiotherapy prolongs survival or is merely of benefit to maintain local control. Surgical series of patients treated by radical or modified radical mastectomy alone show locoregional failure rates ranging from 4% to 26%. The likelihood of involvement of supraclavicular and internal mammary nodal metastases increases as the extent of axillary nodal involvement increases. Adjuvant systemic therapy appears to have limited impact on the incidence of locoregional failure. Untreated nodal disease is a potential source of tumor dissemination and provides a biological rationale for a survival benefit for irradiation.
Variation in Adult Mortality and Knockdown Caused by Insecticides Among Populations of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), adults from three populations in Hawaii were tested for mortality and knockdown responses to DDT, diazinon, fenvalerate, and permethrin. For each insecticide, mortality and knockdown differed significantly among populations. Males and females responded similarly. Diazinon was least toxic and permethrin was most toxic to all three populations. Overall, adult mortality and knockdown were correlated with larval LC30’s across insecticide-population combinations, but adults from one population with DDT-resistant larvae were not resistant to DDT. Monitoring resistance in diamondback moth larvae by testing pheromone-attracted males merits exploration.
The portrayal of women in prime time, 1953–1977

A content analysis of 1314 television programs and 2444 starring characters appearing on prime-time television from 1953–1977 revealed that the number of females in starring roles has remained relatively constant over the last 25 years and that most women are still found in situation comedies. While the number of women shown as housewives or housekeepers has declined from the 1950s to the present, the makeup of the television labor force has consistently shown no relationship to the real-life employment patterns of women. The data seem to support the findings announced in a recent study by the United States Commission on Civil Rights, which concluded that women were underrepresented on television and were frequently seen in stereotyped roles.
Charge distribution in the fission of 232Th

Abstract The yield of ten shielded or quasi-shielded nuclides in the fission of 232Th by 9·5 MeV and 11·3 MeV protons and 11·5 MeV deuterons has been determined in order to study the distribution of nuclear charge. Various mass formulae, neutron distribution functions and postulates of charge distribution functions and postulates of charge distribution were tested for correlation with the experimental data. It was found that a “saw-tooth” neutron function with a shell-effected mass equation gave the “best fit” to a Gaussian distribution when the equal charge displacement postulate was used to describe the proton induced fission and when the minimum potential energy postulate was used to describe the deuteron induced fission.
A fatigue clinic in a comprehensive cancer center: design and experiences.

Cancer-related fatigue is now the most prevalent symptom of cancer, occurring in 60-90% of patients. Fatigue has been identified by cancer patients as a factor influencing functionality and quality of life. Our objectives in developing a fatigue specialty clinic at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were to improve our patients' quality of life by decreasing fatigue; educate health care providers, patients, and patients' families about cancer-related fatigue; develop an appropriate clinical and diagnostic evaluation for this symptom; correlate objective measures of fatigue with its clinical evaluation; and develop innovative treatment plans for cancer-related fatigue. This article describes the general clinic design and operations and the preliminary analysis of the first 40 patients evaluated in the fatigue clinic.