cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on the pycnial stage of peridermium cerebroides(

The pycnial stage of the common gall-forming caulicolous Peridermium on Pinus radiata Don, P. attenuata Lemmon, and other coastal pines of California has never been reported so far as it has been possible to ascertain. The rust has recently been given the tentative name Peridermium cerebroides (?) by Meinecke (6), whose work shows that it is distinct from Peridermium Cerebrum (Peck) Hedgc. and Long and strongly suggests that it is a separate form or possibly species for which a valid name is lacking. In other repeating Peridermia the pycnial stage is notably inconspicuous. Meinecke (4, 5, 6) has found it only once in Cronartium Harknessii (Moore) Meinecke in the Sierras. Kle? bahn (3) reports that it does not occur regularly on Peridermium Pini (Willd.) Kleb. York (8, 9) does not mention pycnia in his more detailed descriptions of the Woodgate Rust, a point which at least suggests that the stage is not conspicuous. A possible exception to the examples just cited may be the Rocky Mountain form of Peridermium Harknessii for which conspicuous pycnia have been described by Weir and Hubert (7), who make no implication that the stage is scarce. On the other hand there is not sufficient experimental evidence available at present to say conclusively whether or not the rust is also facultatively autoecious.
Abortion Reactions to Infection By Synchytrium Brownii

Synchytrium brownii was established by Karling (4) for a parasite of Oenothera laciniata in Louisiana which Cook (2) had previously collected and identified as S\ fulgens. Subsequently it was found on 0. biennis in a field in Indiana, and a study of its host range showed that it is capable of infecting a number of other onagraceous species in the greenhouse. As described previously by the author (14), the reac? tion of the majority of these hosts to infection by incipient prosori or resting spores manifests itself primarily by a marked enlargement of the infected cell. This is usually accompanied by division and subse? quent enlargement of the surrounding epidermal, palisade and collenchyma cells causing the development of composite galls. In addition to the reactions of susceptible hosts, abortion reactions occur in some resistant taxa of the Onagraceae, and the present contribution concerns the cytology of these reactions. Somewhat similar abortions have been reported to occur in cases of infection by various species of Synchytrium by Cartwright (1), Koehler (6, 7, 8, 9, 10), Kusano (11, 12, 13), Gaumann (3) and Karling (5). In non-susceptible potato varieties Cartwright found that 5. endobioticum is as capable of infecting such varieties as readily as highly susceptible ones. She discovered that the death of the fungus occurred a few days after it penetrated the host cell; and concluded that resistance, in this case, was not due to mechanical failure of the fungus to enter the cell but to some physiological characteristic of the cell. Koehler (6, 7) continued this work and described the infected and adjacent cells of resistant varieties as undergoing acute or chronic necrotic abortion. In the case of acute abortion the fungus died within a few hours or days; in the latter reaction the parasite died within several weeks. According
Effect of nephrectomy and enterectomy on plasma clearance of intravenously administered dipeptides in rats.

1. Sham-operated and bilaterally nephrectomized rats were injected intravenously with glycyl-l-leucine, glycylglycine and glycylsarcosine, and the concentrations of these dipeptides in plasma and muscle, liver, renal cortex (in the sham-operated rats) and intestinal mucosa at various intervals were determined. 2. Initially the plasma concentrations of glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine were higher in nephrectomized than in control rats but later the concentrations were similar in both groups of rats. The disappearance of these two dipeptides from plasma was almost complete within 20 min, and their plasma half-lives were not changed remarkably by nephrectomy. In contrast, nephrectomy markedly impaired disappearance of glycylsarcosine from plasma and prolonged its half-life from 7·6 min to 52·0 min. 3. Glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine were not detected in tissues of control rats injected with these dipeptides, but glycylsarcosine was recovered from all four tissues examined. Nephrectomy resulted in greater accumulations of glycylsarcosine in tissues and the appearance of glycylglycine in the remaining three tissues and glycyl-leucine in muscle. 4. Enterectomy did not have a remarkable effect on plasma half-life of glycylglycine but it allowed recovery of this dipeptide from renal cortex, liver and muscle. 5. It is concluded that kidneys and small intestine are involved in the disposition of circulating dipeptides, but in their absence other tissues may assume a greater role in this regard. However, renal clearance appears to be an important route for the disposition of dipeptides which are poorly hydrolysed by body tissues.
Abnormal Large Central Occipital Emissary Vein: A Case Report and Review of Literature

A detailed description of the anatomy of the central occipital emissary vein, its embryology, anatomy, and abnormal variations is not available in the literature. This is the first known case report. A 48-year-old female underwent cerebral angiography to rule out dural arterio-venous fistula. Her angiography revealed an abnormally large central occipital emissary vein originating from the torcula, penetrating the cranium and draining into the suboccipital venous plexus. We provide discussion of the case with a review of the related literature. This case and its attached radiological images introduce a new type of entity to the existing data about the cranial emissary veins.
Detailed Analysis of Corrosion Level Evaluation Criterions for Aircraft Structure

Corrosion prevention and control program are vital for the continued airworthiness of aging aircraft.The core is the corrosion level evaluation.The evaluating guideline in this paper,which based on the corrosion root(typical or not),corrosion type(local or widespread) and corrosion degree(allowable damage or not),can not only greatly promote the corrosion level evaluation efficiency,but has also been approved by Boeing Company and CAAC.
Automated Robust Image Segmentation: Level Set Method Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Application to Brain MRI

We address the problem of fully automated region discovery and robust image segmentation by devising a new deformable model based on the level set method (LSM) and the probabilistic nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). We describe the use of NMF to calculate the number of distinct regions in the image and to derive the local distribution of the regions, which is incorporated into the energy functional of the LSM. The results demonstrate that our NMF–LSM method is superior to other approaches when applied to synthetic binary and gray-scale images and to clinical magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the human brain with and without a malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme. In particular, the NMF–LSM method is fully automated, highly accurate, less sensitive to the initial selection of the contour(s) or initial conditions, more robust to noise and model parameters, and able to detect as small distinct regions as desired. These advantages stem from the fact that the proposed method relies on histogram information instead of intensity values and does not introduce nuisance model parameters. These properties provide a general approach for automated robust region discovery and segmentation in heterogeneous images. Compared with the retrospective radiological diagnoses of two patients with non-enhancing grade 2 and 3 oligodendroglioma, the NMF–LSM detects earlier progression times and appears suitable for monitoring tumor response. The NMF–LSM method fills an important need of automated segmentation of clinical MRI.
Metabolic Effects of Ketogenic Diets

The results of 24 metabolic profiles performed on 55 epileptic children receiving the classical ketogenic diet, the MCT diet, a modified MCT diet, and normal diets are reported from the University Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England.
Transformational Leadership: Attractions of Women and Minority Recruits to the Principalship:

Reform strategies for upgrading educational administration call for a revised conception of the role of principal as transformational leader and a different mechanism for recruiting and selecting p...
Inflammation and Immunity

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is considered an autoimmune systemic disorder as reflected by the high prevalence of autoantibodies in the sera of individuals suffering from SSc. In addition, several clinical features, gene polymorphisms, and biological abnormalities characteristically present in SSc are also shared with other autoimmune systemic conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They include gene polymorphisms associated with the immune response and the production of type I interferon upon activation of Toll-like receptors. It should be noted though that there is no established animal model able to reproduce the clinical phenotype of SSc upon immunization or passive transfer of immune cells or antibodies. During the last several decades, an enormous body of work has been generated indicating that different cells and soluble mediators belonging to the innate and adaptive immune system present abnormalities which are associated with distinct SSc phenotypes and that are possibly linked to disease development and progression. Strong evidence implicates dysregulated IL-1 family members and IL-6 function, skewed T cell responses toward a Th2 functional phenotype, and the preferential production of chemokines with pro-fibrotic potential. T cells have been shown to recognize autoantigens, some of which may result from cross-reactivity with neo-epitopes generated during cancer development. Despite this solid experimental evidence, it remains challenging to decipher with precision the sequence of events leading to a perturbed immunological state in scleroderma and attribute them a causal rather than a consequential role.
Dysregulation of hedgehog pathway signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma

2676 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is major cancer worldwide whose incidence is rapidly increasing due to end-stage chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. There is no first line systemic treatment for advanced HCC. Knowledge of of the signaling pathways involved in the initiation/progression of HCC will provide a rationale for the design of new molecular targeting agents. In order to characterize the changes in gene expression during the development of HCV-associated HCC, we collected samples from 78 HCV-cirrhotic patients undergoing surgical resection or liver transplantation for HCC. Gene expression of 56 candidate tumor pathway mRNAs were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR in lesions representing progressive histologic stages (10 normal, 10 cirrhosis, 18 dysplastic lesions, 40 HCCs) of HCC. Among these, key components of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, a tumor promoting pathway not previously studied in HCC, were, significantly dysregulated. The Hh pathway is crucial for normal embryonic development; however, reactivation of Hh signaling in adults is associated with several sporadic tumors. We found that 24/40 (60%) of HCV-associated HCCs displayed two-fold or more upregulation of Indian Hedgehog (IHH, Hh ligand) expression compared to 1/28 (3.6%) of cirrhotic livers and dysplastic lesions (p
Children’s Knowledge about Parental Exposure to Trauma

The study aims to determine children’s knowledge about their parents’ exposure to traumatic events and factors associated with such knowledge. Children (ages 9–16) and their parents with a range of exposures to trauma, including the 9/11 attack, answered questions about parental exposure to life threatening events. A child’s accurate knowledge about parental exposure was defined as an agreement between parent and child on lifetime presence or absence of traumatic events. The present study findings suggest that children were often unaware about their parents’ exposures to life threatening events. Knowledge about fathers’ exposure was more accurate when the child was older, fathers had direct exposure to 9/11, or had been a first responder. Children of mothers with depression were less likely to have accurate knowledge about their mothers’ exposure compared to children of non-depressed mothers. Overall, findings indicated that children are generally unaware of parental (particularly maternal) exposure to traumatic events. The next step is to determine how knowledge about parental trauma exposure impacts children.
Neurosarcoidosis affecting the vagus nerve.

Objectives Our objective was to review patients who presented to our medical center with a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis affecting the vagus nerve and to present symptoms, progression, treatments, and outcome. Methods We performed a chart review of patients who presented to our medical center in the past 10 years with a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis specifically affecting cranial nerve X. Results A chart review of 53 patients revealed only 4 with findings suggestive of vagal neurosarcoidosis. All were male and had a mean age of 50 years (range, 42 to 57 years) at presentation of symptoms. Two of the 4 patients presented initially with cough, 1 had recurrent syncope, and another presented with left facial pain. Vagus nerve involvement included vocal fold paresis or paralysis in all 4 patients, 2 of whom reported coughing with exposure to various odors and 2 of whom were found to have a unilateral palatal weakness. All but 1 had positive findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the head. Conclusions Neurosarcoidosis involving the vagus nerve is a rare finding, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vocal fold paresis or paralysis.
Prenatal Exposure to a Maternal High Fat Diet Increases Hepatic Cholesterol Accumulation in Intrauterine Growth Restricted Rats in Part Through MicroRNA-122 Inhibition of Cyp7a1

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and consumption of a high saturated fat diet (HFD) increase the risk of hypercholesterolemia, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The mechanism through which the cumulative impact of IUGR and in utero exposure to a maternal HFD increase cholesterol levels remains unknown. Cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) initiates catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids for elimination from the body, and is regulated by microRNA-122 (miR-122). We hypothesized that IUGR rats exposed to a maternal HFD would have increased cholesterol and decreased Cyp7a1 protein levels in juvenile rats, findings which would be normalized by administration of a miR-122 inhibitor. To test our hypothesis we used a rat model of surgically induced IUGR and fed the dams a regular diet or a HFD from prior to conception through lactation. At the time of weaning, IUGR female rats exposed to a maternal HFD had increased hepatic cholesterol, decreased hepatic Cyp7a1 protein and hepatic bile acids, and increased hepatic miR-122 compared to non-IUGR rats exposed to the same HFD. In vivo inhibition of miR-122 increased hepatic Cyp7a1 protein and decreased hepatic cholesterol. Our findings suggest that IUGR combined with a maternal HFD decreased cholesterol catabolism to bile acids, in part, via miR-122 inhibition of Cyp7a1.
Return-to-Play and Performance Outcomes of Professional Athletes in North America After Hip Arthroscopy From 1999 to 2016.

Background:The effect of hip arthroscopy on athletic performance compared with preinjury levels for professional athletes in different sports remains unknown. In addition, while return rates have b...
Silencing of the Hsp70-specific nucleotide-exchange factor BAG3 corrects the F508del-CFTR variant by restoring autophagy

The protein chaperones heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90 are required for de novo folding of proteins and protect against misfolding-related cellular stresses by directing misfolded or slowly folding proteins to the ubiquitin/proteasome system (UPS) or autophagy/lysosomal degradation pathways. Here, we examined the role of the Bcl2-associated athanogene (BAG) family of Hsp70-specific nucleotide-exchange factors in the biogenesis and functional correction of genetic variants of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) whose mutations cause cystic fibrosis (CF). We show that siRNA-mediated silencing of BAG1 and -3, two BAG members linked to the clearance of misfolded proteins via the UPS and autophagy pathways, respectively, leads to functional correction of F508del-CFTR and other disease-associated CFTR variants. BAG3 silencing was the most effective, leading to improved F508del-CFTR stability, trafficking, and restoration of cell-surface function, both alone and in combination with the FDA-approved CFTR corrector, VX-809. We also found that the BAG3 silencing–mediated correction of F508del-CFTR restores the autophagy pathway, which is defective in F508del-CFTR–expressing cells, likely because of the maladaptive stress response in CF pathophysiology. These results highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the cellular chaperone system to improve the functional folding of CFTR variants contributing to CF and possibly other protein-misfolding–associated diseases.
Reassessing "minor" breaches of confidentiality.

Determining the severity of a breach of medical privacy, and therefore whether or not it will be reported to the US Department of Health and Human Services, by the patient's reaction puts the hospital's interest in avoiding reporting breaches above the patient's best interests. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Layer-specific effects of dopaminergic D1 receptor activation on excitatory synaptic trains in layer V mouse prefrontal cortical pyramidal cells.

In humans, executive functions (e.g., working memory [WM]) are mediated in part by prefrontal cortical areas (PFC), where ventromedial areas may be homologous to ventromedial areas (mPFC) in rodents. Many executive functions are critically dependent on optimal dopamine levels within the PFC; however, our understanding of the role of dopamine in modulating PFC-mediated tasks is incomplete. Stable patterns of neuronal activity have been associated with WM processes, and recurrent excitatory synaptic activity has been proposed to play a role in this sustained activity. This excitatory activity may be regulated in a frequency-dependent manner. Thus, we examined the effects of dopamine D1-like receptor (D1R) activation on short-term excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) dynamics in two subtypes of mouse layer V mPFC pyramidal neurons by varying evoked train frequency from 10 to 50 Hz. We isolated non-NMDA receptor (non-NMDAR) and NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated components of EPSP trains, which were evoked by stimulating fibers located either within layer V or layer I of the mPFC. Interestingly, no differences in the effects of D1R activation were observed between subcortically projecting (PT or pyramidal tract) and contralaterally projecting (IT or intratelencephalic) layer V pyramidal cells. However, we found that D1R activation had layer-specific effects on NMDAR- and non-NMDAR-mediated EPSP trains: while D1R activation increased the amplitude of both components with layer V stimulation, with layer I stimulation D1R activation had no effect on non-NMDAR-mediated EPSP trains but decreased the amplitude of NMDAR-mediated EPSP trains. Our results suggest that dopamine, acting at D1-like receptors, increases the influence of local inputs from other layer V pyramidal cells, but may restrict the influence of layer I (tuft) inputs. Our demonstration of differential D1R regulation of excitatory synaptic dynamics in distinct compartments of mPFC layer V neurons may provide another important aspect linking cellular mechanisms of dopaminergic modulation to PFC network functioning, and ultimately to executive functions such as working memory.
Climate change adaptation, social capital, and the performance of polycentric governance institutions

How do patterns of interactions among policy actors shape their ability to contribute to climate change adaptation decision-making processes in fragmented regional governance settings? We address this question through statistical models of adaptation policy actors’ assessments of access to scientific/technical information as well as their perceptions of cooperation and procedural fairness across numerous adaptation decision-making processes operating in the Lake Victoria region, East Africa. We measured actors’ collaborative interactions as well as their participation in task forces, steering committees, and other policy forums that have emerged in response to the challenges of building adaptive capacity to the effects of climate change in the region. Because information access, cooperation, and procedural fairness are shaped by social processes, we tested how the performance of policy forums varied according to different measures of social capital. Specifically, we distinguished between bridging social capital (the value of relationships that span or broker between distinct subgroups) and bonding social capital (which results from frequent interaction or from clustered relationships within subgroups). We found that measures of bridging social capital had a positive effect on actors’ assessments of their access to information in policy forums, but a negative effect on their perceptions of cooperation and procedural fairness in forums. In contrast, measures of bonding social capital had a positive effect on cooperation and procedural fairness, but no effect on information access. Taken together, our results suggest that different forms of social capital have separate—and potentially opposing—effects on distinct measures of the performance of adaptation policy forums. The relative importance of each performance measure, which may vary from one policy forum to another, should guide efforts to encourage different forms of social capital across the numerous decision-making processes that comprise regional climate change adaptation governance systems.
“People first”: Factors that promote or inhibit community transformation

Residents are key assets in community change. Despite this, little is known about residents’ perspectives regarding factors that facilitate or inhibit successful planning for neighborhood transform...
Infections caused by group C and G Streptococcus (Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and Others): Epidemiological and clinical aspects

Streptococci carrying serogroup C and G antigens, and in particular, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE), are emerging human pathogens that are increasingly isolated from patients with a myriad of infections that range from mundane to life-threatening. SDSE is microbiologically similar to Streptococcus pyogenes. These streptococci frequently cause infections of the throat and skin and soft tissues. Moreover, they may invade the bloodstream and disseminate widely to many deep tissue sites, including the endocardium. Life-threatening invasive infections due to SDSE, including the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, occur most frequently in patients with severe underlying medical diseases. Treatment with penicillin is adequate under most circumstances, but treatment failure occurs. SDSE may also be resistant to other antibiotic classes including tetracyclines, macrolides, and clindamycin. Most human infections caused by groups C and G streptococci are transmitted from person to person, but infections due to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (and, rarely, to S. equi subsp. equi) are zoonoses. Transmission of these latter species occurs by animal contact or by contamination of food products and has been associated with the development of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Members of the Streptococcus anginosus group, usually classified with the viridans group of streptococci, are associated with a variety of pyogenic infections.
Microvascular hand surgery for digital ischemia in scleroderma

Periarterial sympathectomy and arterial bypass are microsurgical techniques which the literature suggests can provide improvement in digital pain and ulceration in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who have persistent symptoms despite medication management. This review summarizes the relevant anatomy, medical therapies, operative techniques, and surgical outcomes and complications associated with the management of the vascular manifestations of SSc in the hand. Multidisciplinary collaboration between dermatology, rheumatology, and hand surgery can facilitate optimal medical and surgical management for SSc patients.
Postphenomenology, a Technology with a Shelf-Life? Ihde’s Move from Husserl toward Dewey

Don Ihde has been writing about Edmund Husserl on phenomenology and Martin Heidegger on technology for decades. His explicit incorporation of John Dewey came somewhat later, but it now appears to play a fundamental role in his latest conception of postphenomenology. In this paper, I raise some preliminary questions about the implications of this move. What happens when a philosophy of technology becomes at least as Deweyan as it is phenomenological? Should we follow?
Constraining Alfv\'enic Turbulence with Helicity Invariants.

In this paper, we study the constraints imposed by the invariants (generalized helicities and energy) of extended magnetohydrodynamics on some global characteristics of turbulence. We show that the global turbulent kinetic and magnetic energies will approach equipartition only under certain circumstances that depend on the ratio of the generalized helicities. In systems with minimal thermal energy, we demonstrate that the three invariants collectively determine the characteristic length scale associated with Alfvenic turbulence.
CAN THE AMERICAN THYROID ASSOCIATION, K-TIRADS AND ACR-TIRADS ULTRASOUND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS BE USED TO PREDICT MALIGNANCY IN BETHESDA CATEGORY IV NODULES?

Objective: Management of thyroid nodules with Bethesda Category III and IV cytology on fine needle aspiration (FNA) is challenging as they cannot be adequately classified as benign or malignant. Ultrasound (US) patterns have demonstrated utility in evaluating the risk of malignancy (ROM) of Bethesda Category III nodules. This study aims to evaluate the value of three well established US grading systems (ATA, Korean-TIRADS, and ACR-TIRADS) in determining ROM in Bethesda Category IV nodules. Methods: 92 patients with 92 surgically resected thyroid nodules who had Bethesda Category IV cytology on FNA were identified. Nodule images were retrospectively graded using the three systems in a blinded manner. Associations between US risk category and malignant pathology for each system were analyzed. Results: Of the 92 nodules, 56 (61%) were benign and 36 (39%) were malignant. 47% of ATA high risk nodules, 53% of K-TIRADS category 5 nodules, and 50% of ACR-TIRADS category 5 nodules were malignant. The ATA high-risk category had 25% sensitivity, 82% specificity, 47% PPV for malignancy. K-TIRADS category 5 had 25% sensitivity, 85% specificity, 53% PPV for malignancy. ACR-TIRADS category 5 had 25% sensitivity, 84% specificity, 50% PPV for malignancy. None of the three grading systems yielded statistically significant correlation between US risk category and the ROM (p =0.30, 0.72, 0.28). Conclusion: The ATA, Korean-TIRADS, and ACR-TIRADS classification systems are not helpful in stratifying ROM in patients with Bethesda Category IV nodules. Clinicians should be cautious of using ultrasound alone when deciding between therapeutic options for patients with Bethesda Category IV thyroid nodules.
Gene expression regulation by CDK12: a versatile kinase in cancer with functions beyond CTD phosphorylation

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play critical roles in cell cycle progression and gene expression regulation. In human cancer, transcription-associated CDKs can activate oncogenic gene expression programs, whereas cell cycle-regulatory CDKs mainly induce uncontrolled proliferation. Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) belongs to the CDK family of serine/threonine kinases and has been recently found to have multiple roles in gene expression regulation and tumorigenesis. Originally, CDK12 was thought to be one of the transcription-associated CDKs, acting with its cyclin partner Cyclin K to promote the phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and induce transcription elongation. However, recent studies have demonstrated that CDK12 also controls multiple gene expression processes, including transcription termination, mRNA splicing, and translation. Most importantly, CDK12 mutations are frequently found in human tumors. Loss of CDK12 function causes defective expression of DNA damage response (DDR) genes, which eventually results in genome instability, a hallmark of human cancer. Here, we discuss the diverse roles of CDK12 in gene expression regulation and human cancer, focusing on newly identified CDK12 kinase functions in cellular processes and highlighting CDK12 as a promising therapeutic target for human cancer treatment.
Hans Krebs and the foundation of the use of glutamine in clinical nutrition: a personal perspective

This article details the role of Hans Adolf Krebs (Nobel Laureate 1953) in the study of glutamine metabolism that set the stage for the use of glutamine in clinical nutrition.The authors have carried out research on glutamine metabolism for many years and both trained under Krebs for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford.In 1923,Krebs qualified in medicine and spent three years in clinical training.He began his scientific career in the laboratory of Otto Warburg in 1926.Using Warburg manometry,Krebs worked on a number of projects related to degradation reactions in tumors.In 1931 he began to study synthetic reactions and described the urea cycle,the first cyclic biochemical pathway.In 1933 Krebs moved to England where he continued to work on amino acid metabolism and in 1935 he established the first molecular insights into glutamine metabolism in animal tissues that set the stage for the use of glutamine in clinical nutrition.He had identified the hydrolysis of glutamine by glutaminase and shown that there were different tissue isoforms of the enzyme.He described the fundamental regulatory feature of the most widespread "brain-type" glutaminase,that it is product-inhibited by glutamate; he showed that the "liver-type" isoform was not subject to this form of regulation.After the 1935 paper Krebs worked on other aspects of intermediary metabolism but continued to study glutamine,often applying the latest methodological advances.By the early 1970s,Krebs,and his colleagues,had established that glutamine was a good substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis,for renal gluconeogenesis and ammoniagenesis,and was a good respiratory substrate for enterocytes of the.small intestine.Furthermore,the Krebs group had showed that skeletal muscle released significant amounts of glutamine and had defined the role of the liver in both glutamine utilization and synthesis.At the time of his death (1981) he was still working on the relationship of branched chain amino acids to glutamine metabolism during the past quarter of a century numerous studies,initially from the groups of Wilmore and Fuirst,have been published describing the use of supplemental glutamine in TPN.A number of meta-analyses have been published with most reporting positive effects of glutamine supplementation,although a few have indicated adverse effects in a select group of patients.Thus the use of glutamine in clinical medicine owes a lot to the work of Krebs and his collaborators and trainees.The authors include a section of "Personal Reflections" describing working with Krebs and both are grateful for the training in the art of scientific investigation receveived from Professor Sir Hans A.Krebs,the father of glutamine metabolism. Key words: Glutamine; Kreb's cycle; Clinical application
Capturing Death in Animated Films: Can Films Stimulate Parent-Child Conversations about Death?

Abstract We present three studies examining death in children’s animated films. Study 1 is a content analysis of 49 films. We found that death is often portrayed in films, but many deaths occurred off-screen. Deaths were mostly portrayed in a biologically accurate manner, but some films portrayed biological misconceptions. Study 2 (n = 433) reports on parents’ attitudes and parent-child conversations about death in films. Children’s questions about death in animated films were similar to their questions about death more generally. Animated films may provide a context for parent-child conversations about death, as parents often watched these films with their children. However, it appeared that few parents took advantage of this opportunity to talk about death with their children.
The Invisible Influences Behind Joint Interviews: An Examination of Relational Expectations and Technology Use

This paper presents a reflexive account of how the use of joint interviews with romantic dyads creates a unique conversational space for people to reflect on relational practices that are often invisible. The contribution this paper seeks to offer is to encourage other qualitative scholars to think critically about the use of joint interviews as a data collection method when studying mediated communication and technology’s place in relational life. Using the data from a larger research project, I argue that with joint interviews, the process of metacommunication inevitably impacts the couple’s behaviors and direct communication at that moment, and potentially after the interview ends. Therefore, it is important for future scholars using joint interviews to include a follow-up interview with the couple to learn more about how their relational communication, especially over mediated channels, transforms after the interview concludes. Questions about the effect of joint interviews as a research practice are presented.
Supply Chain & Logistics of the Ottoman Army (1300-1566)

The Ottoman Empire developed from a frontier principality to become the most powerful empire in the world by 1566. It conquered lands and countries in three continents, covering and area of approximately 978,000 square miles at time of SA¼leyman the Magnificent. The most significant conquest, without a doubt, was the capture of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror, which marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire. Historians characterize this event as the end of middle ages. Many historians agree that the Ottomansâ€™ success depended to a large extent on their ability to amply supply provisions and weapons to their soldiers. They also provided plentiful food for their animals which were the main transport means. In other words, although soldiers, Janissaries and cavalry, won battles, the supply chain and logistics of the Ottoman Army made it possible. To the best of the knowledge of the author of this manuscript, there is very little research on how militaries of the middle Ages supplied and logistically supported their soldiers and animals. This paper provides an example of how one of those militaries accomplished it. This research is based on published books and articles by prominent historians and covers the period of 1300 to 1566. It concludes that the basic principles used by the Ottoman Army for their supply chain and logistical activities are still valid today and used by excellent modern supply and logistics systems.
“Can’t think of anything more to do”: Public displays of power, privilege, and surrender in social media disaster monologues

Disaster events – which can arise from meteorologic, geologic, technologic, or biologic hazards – have long served as sites to investigate socio-behavioral phenomena. Their disruption to and suspen...
Using Google sites, Google groups and Google documents to enhance your course

Traditional ground-based courses offer nothing in terms of group collaboration outside of the classroom. Online courses are predominantly built on WebCT, Blackboard, Angel WorldClass or similar online hosting solutions. These tend to work well, but often fall short in the area of group collaboration. By using Google Sites, Groups and Documents, students will be able to setup secure group web sites where they can share and work on documents such as word, power point presentations, calendars and spreadsheets.
Applications of human occupied vehicles at hydrocarbon seeps and vents in the Gulf of Mexico

For the past 15 years, Human Occupied Vehicles (HOV), or research submersibles, have been used to explore and investigate hydrocarbon (oil and gas) seeps and vents (HSV) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. These studies complement the rich history of investigation of chemosynthetic communities around the globe, and are particularly timely in view of increasing interest in oil and gas reserves beneath the continental slope. HOV research results have included: first ecological and physiological studies of HSV chemosynthetic communities in the Gulf, discovery of many new species of deep-sea microbes and invertebrates, new knowledge of the extent and behavior of seafloor gas hydrates, and description of the patterns of seepage and mechanisms that provide hydrocarbons to the seafloor. This paper is a summary of some of these discoveries and HOV technologies that made them possible.
Duodenal infarction after therapeutic gelfoam embolization of a bleeding duodenal ulcer

Abstract A patient is presented who sustained a duodenal infarction after therapeutic Gelfoam embolization of the gastroduodenal artery for hemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer. Factors that may have contributed to this previously unreported complication included underlying vascular disease, recent surgery, and an associated arteritis possibly related to the Gelfoam. Although ischemic injury of the duodenum has been considered unlikely because of its dual vascular supply, our case suggests that the technique of therapeutic embolization may carry an increased risk in patients with underlying vascular disease or previous surgery within the area of the vascular bed to be embolized.
Surface Imaging by Microlensing - Exploring Depth in Stellar Atmospheres

Gravitational microlensing is a new technique for studying the surfaces of distant stars. A point mass lens, usually a low-mass star from the disk, will typically resolve the surface of a red giant in the Galactic bulge, as well as amplify its brightness by a factor of 10 or more. Such events are now detected in real time and can be followed up with precision photometry and spectroscopy. The motivation for stellar imaging via microlensing lies in its unique ability to provide center-to-limb variation of spectral diagnostic lines. Such variation maps into a variation with depth in the stellar atmosphere - a unique and very valuable constraint for modeling the structure of red giants' atmospheres. We illustrate the technique on a recent successful observational campaign and discuss the implications for current stellar models.
Angiotensin II Antagonists in the Treatment of Hypertension: More Similarities Than Differences.

As the class of angiotensin-II antagonists expands, it becomes relevant to know if there are differences in antihypertensive efficacy among the various agents. Prior to regulatory approval, all agents have been evaluated vs. placebo. We excerpted the placebo-corrected reductions in diastolic blood pressure for angiotensin II antagonist monotherapy, using objective regulatory review data from the U.S. product circulars. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure reductions were very similar. In 25 randomized clinical trials that compared angiotensin II antagonists to other classes, equivalent antihypertensive efficacy was demonstrated at recommended doses. Data pooled from 51 clinical trials showed comparable weighted average diastolic blood pressure reductions (not placebo-corrected) for monotherapy with losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, candesartan, and telmisartan. Reductions in systolic blood pressure paralleled the changes in diastolic blood pressure. Somewhat smaller responses were observed with eprosartan, although this was based on fewer patients. Thus, there appears to be little clinically significant difference in blood pressure efficacy among the six marketed angiotensin II antagonists in the treatment of hypertension. (c)2000 by Le Jacq Communications, Inc.
PROPRIEDADE VIVA: UM NOVO STATUS PARA OS ANIMAIS DENTRO DO SISTEMA JURÍDICO

Este artigo desenvolve a legitimidade de que os animais nao-humanos podem possuir e exercer direitos legais. Esta proposta e apoiada pelo fato de que o sistema juridico ja abriga um numero de leis que defendem os interesses dos animais como nossas leis penais anti-­ crueldade e as ‘civil trust laws’. Para tornar um pacote mais coerente de todos os animais relacionados com questoes de politica publica, e util reconhecer a existencia de uma quarta categoria de bens, propriedade viva. Uma vez diferenciada de outros tipos de propriedade, entao uma nova area da jurisprudencia ira evoluir proporcionando direitos legais pelo menos para alguns animais. Este artigo estabelece o porque dos animais deverem receber consideracao no âmbito do sistema juridico, que devera centrar-­se sobre os animais, o que alguns dos direitos legais poderiam ser e como as regras tradicionais do direito de propriedade serao modificadas para acomodar a presenca desta nova categoria de propriedade.
Trumping the causal influence account of causation

Here is a simple counterexample to David Lewis’s causal influence account of causation, one that is especially illuminating due to its connection to what Lewis himself writes: it is a variant of his trumping example
Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence of Clostridium difficile strains

The toxin-producing bacterium C. difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated colitis, with an estimated 500,000 cases C. difficile infection (CDI) each year in the US with a cost approaching 3 billion dollars. Despite the significance of CDI, the pathogenesis of this infection is still being defined. The recent development of tractable murine models of CDI will help define the determinants of C. difficile pathogenesis in vivo. To determine if cefoperazone-treated mice could be utilized to reveal differential pathogenicity of C. difficile strains, 5-8 week old C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with a 10 d course of cefoperazone administered in the drinking water. Following a 2-d recovery period without antibiotics, the animals were orally challenged with C. difficile strains chosen to represent the potential range of virulence of this organism from rapidly fatal to nonpathogenic. Animals were monitored for loss of weight and clinical signs of colitis. At the time of harvest, C. difficile strains were isolated from cecal contents and the severity of colitis was determined by histopathologic examination of the cecum and colon. Cefoperazone treated mice challenged with C. difficile strains VPI 10463 and BI1 exhibited signs of severe colitis while infection with 630 and F200 was subclinical. This increased clinical severity was correlated with more severe histopathology with significantly more edema, inflammation and epithelial damage encountered in the colons of animals infected with VPI 10463 and BI1. Disease severity also correlated with levels of C. difficile cytotoxic activity in intestinal tissues and elevated blood neutrophil counts. Cefoperazone treated mice represent a useful model of C. difficile infection that will help us better understand the pathogenesis and virulence of this re-emerging pathogen.
Normal combinatoric classification: The sample case

Combinatoric classification of multivariate observation vectors is a procedure which can be applied to two normal populations with known parameters. Exact probabilities of misclassification can be obtained in this known parameter case. This paper extends combinatoric classification to the unknown parameter case by substituting appropriate estimates for the unknown parameters Simulation results are given for the specific trivariate case where the mean vectors are equal and the covariance matrices are of a special form.
Nonparametric density estimation and detection in impulsive interference channels. I. Estimators

For pt. I see ibid., vol.42, no.2-4, p.1684-1697 (1994). Nonlinear processing significantly enhances detector performance in nongaussian noise relative to that of linear detectors. Several nonparametric detection schemes for impulsive noise channels are formulated using the nonparametric probability density estimators developed in Part I. The likelihood ratio test and the small-signal (locally optimum) nonlinearity provide the basis for the formulation of these nonparametric detection schemes. Several modifications to these basic strategies are used to compensate for inaccuracies in the density estimates. In particular, for the problem of detecting a known signal in impulsive noise, two modifications to the standard likelihood ratio test are considered: the first is adapted from robust statistics, whereas the second, the "L/sub 1/-error-based" detector is specifically formulated for use with density estimates. Both schemes are found to perform close to the optimum likelihood ratio detector for a wide variety of impulsive noise densities. From the merits of these two tests, a new detection scheme that approximates the locally optimum nonlinearity is then developed. This detector, which uses the nonparametric density estimators developed in Part I, is shown to perform very well for the wide variety of impulsive and heavy tailed densities considered in the study. This nonparametric-density-estimate-based detector is also shown to outperform more conventional nonparametric detectors in impulsive noise. >
Measurements of Collective Collapse in a Bose-Einstein Condensate with Attractive Interactions

The occupation number of a magnetically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate is limited for atoms with attractive interactions. It has been predicted that, as this limit is approached, the condensate will collapse by a collective process. The measured spread in condensate number for samples of ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms undergoing thermal equilibration is consistent with the occurrence of such collapses.
Molecular-Field Theory of a Random Ising System in the Presence of an External Magnetic Field

The thermodynamic properties of very dilute concentrations of magnetic impurities in a nonmagnetic system and in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field are examined, using a mean-random-field approximation. The impurities are assumed to interact via a long-range potential which alternates in sign as a function of the position between the magnetic ions. A modified form of Margenau's statistical model is used to obtain the probability distribution $P(\overline{H})$ of the random internal exchange fields $\overline{H}$ in an Ising model. The magnetization and the specific heat are obtained as integrals over the distribution of internal fields. The variation of the magnetization and the low-temperature specific heat as a function of the external magnetic field is obtained for all temperatures. The model, when applied to a dilute alloy system, shows that the excess very-low-temperature specific heat is strongly decreased by the applied magnetic field ${H}_{\mathrm{ext}}$. The very-low-temperature magnetization per impurity is predicted to be proportional to ${\mathrm{tan}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ $\frac{{H}_{\mathrm{ext}}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is a temperature- and external-field-dependent width of the probability distribution.