cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Operation of Intentions in Time: The Emergence of the New Venture:

Entrepreneurs’ timeframes for the birth and early development of new ventures offers a new lens for understanding the psychology and social construction of new organizations. This paper reviews the...
Dynamic Reorganization and Correlation among Lipid Raft Components.

Lipid rafts are widely believed to be an essential organizational motif in cell membranes. However, direct evidence for interactions among lipid and/or protein components believed to be associated with rafts is quite limited owing, in part, to the small size and intrinsically dynamic interactions that lead to raft formation. Here, we exploit the single negative charge on the monosialoganglioside GM1, commonly associated with rafts, to create a gradient of GM1 in response to an electric field applied parallel to a patterned supported lipid bilayer. The composition of this gradient is visualized by imaging mass spectrometry using a NanoSIMS. Using this analytical method, added cholesterol and sphingomyelin, both neutral and not themselves displaced by the electric field, are observed to reorganize with GM1. This dynamic reorganization provides direct evidence for an attractive interaction among these raft components into some sort of cluster. At steady state we obtain an estimate for the composition of this...
116 INCORPORATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY OF QUANTUM DOT NANOPARTICLES IN AMPHIBIAN LARVAE

The use of nanoparticles both commercially and pharmaceutically has increased over the past decade, including fluorescent quantum dot nanoparticles (QD) in biochemical research for in vivo imaging. Previous studies have reported the toxic effects of nanoparticles, but their effects on larval metamorphosis and animal development and growth have not been thoroughly examined. Additionally, the method of uptake of nanoparticles by larval systems is unknown. Amphibian larvae are an ideal model for assessing toxicity because of their sensitivity to environmental contaminants and rapid and easily observable developmental stages. We used Anaxyrus fowleri tadpoles to investigate QD (≤ 25 nm diameter) integration into larvae and possible deleterious effects on their growth and development. Tadpoles (A. fowleri; n = 5/group) were placed in 24-well plates containing 1 mL of distilled water and increasing concentrations of QD (0, 1, and 2 nM) 72 h post-hatch. The fluorescence emission of QD in wells was detected at various time points (1, 2, 24, 48, and 72 h) using the in vivo imaging system (IVIS). A subset of tadpoles was killed (MS-222) and sectioned for histopathology. Remaining tadpoles were monitored throughout development. Fluorescence emission of QD in sectioned tadpoles was visualised using an EVOS Cell Imaging System. Developmental metrics of living tadpoles were recorded until metamorphosis. Fluorescence intensity between controls and dosage groups were analysed by ANOVA-1, followed by Student’s l.s.d. test to evaluate the effects of QD concentration and exposure time. The threshold of significance was P < 0.05. The rate of incorporation of QD into tadpoles was determined using the equation y = C + Ao*2(–x/t1/2), where t1/2 is the half-life of QD remaining in solution. The IVIS imaging revealed a rapid decrease of QD fluorescence (total flux) signals from the aqueous tadpole environment. Decreases in fluorescence occurred within 1 h post-exposure and appeared dose and time dependent, with signal nearly gone within 48 h. Half-life of total flux (time necessary for tadpoles to absorb half of the QD in solution) is 20.75 h (R2 = 0.92) and 2.54 h (R2 = 0.96) for 1 nm and 2 nm QD in solution, respectively. The EVOS imaging revealed integration of QD and localization into tadpole tissues. Fluorescence was exclusively found within the mouth, gills, and sections of the intestinal lumen of exposed tadpoles within the first hour. Dose-dependent increases in fluorescence within tissue were observed at each time-point. No signal was observed in controls. In remaining live tadpoles, QD treated tadpoles were smaller in size [t(34) = 2.35, P = 0.024] than controls. Findings reveal that (1) A. fowleri tadpoles integrate and accumulate nanoparticles, without detectable excretion within 72 h post-exposure, and (2) nanoparticles impede normal tadpole development. Ongoing studies are determining the effects of QD exposure on complete tadpole metamorphosis. The work was supported by USDA-ARS Biophotonics Initiative grant #58–6402–3-018.
Graph-Structured Sparse Optimization for Connected Subgraph Detection

Structured sparse optimization is an important and challenging problem for analyzing high-dimensional data in a variety of applications such as bioinformatics, medical imaging, social networks, and astronomy. Although a number of structured sparsity models have been explored, such as trees, groups, clusters, and paths, connected subgraphs have been rarely explored in the current literature. One of the main technical challenges is that there is no structured sparsity-inducing norm that can directly model the space of connected subgraphs, and there is no exact implementation of a projection oracle for connected subgraphs due to its NP-hardness. In this paper, we explore efficient approximate projection oracles for connected subgraphs, and propose two new efficient algorithms, namely, Graph-IHT and Graph-GHTP, to optimize a generic nonlinear objective function subject to connectivity constraint on the support of the variables. Our proposed algorithms enjoy strong guarantees analogous to several current methods for sparsity-constrained optimization, such as Projected Gradient Descent (PGD), Approximate Model Iterative Hard Thresholding (AM-IHT), and Gradient Hard Thresholding Pursuit (GHTP) with respect to convergence rate and approximation accuracy. We apply our proposed algorithms to optimize several well-known graph scan statistics in several applications of connected subgraph detection as a case study, and the experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms outperform state-of-the-art methods.
Fine Epitope Mapping of Two Antibodies Neutralizing the Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin

Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is an important Bordetella pertussis virulence factor that is not included in current acellular pertussis vaccines. We previously demonstrated that immunization with the repeat-in-toxin (RTX) domain of ACT elicits neutralizing antibodies in mice and discovered the first two antibodies to neutralize ACT activities by occluding the receptor-binding site. Here, we fully characterize these antibodies and their epitopes. Both antibodies bind ACT with low nanomolar affinity and cross-react with ACT homologues produced by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Antibody M1H5 binds B. pertussis RTX751 ∼100-fold tighter than RTX751 from the other two species, while antibody M2B10 has similar affinity for all three variants. To initially map the antibody epitopes, we generated a series of ACT chimeras and truncation variants, which implicated the repeat blocks II–III. To identify individual epitope residues, we displayed randomly mutated RTX751 libraries on yeast and isolated clones wi...
Simulating field-scale variability and precision management with a 3D hydrologic cropping systems model

Effective variable-rate nitrogen (N) management requires an understanding of temporal variability and field-scale spatial interactions (e.g. lateral redistribution of nutrients). Modeling studies, in conjunction with field data, can improve process understanding of agricultural management. CropSyst-Microbasin (CS-MB) is a fully distributed, 3-dimensional hydrologic cropping systems model that simulates small (10 s of hectares) heterogeneous agricultural watersheds with complex terrain. This study used a highly instrumented 10.9 ha watershed in the Inland Pacific Northwest, USA, to: (1) assess the accuracy of CS-MB simulations of field-scale variability in water transport and crop yield in comparison to observed field data, and (2) quantify differences in simulated yield and farm profitability between variable-rate and uniform fertilizer applications in low, average and high precipitation treatments. During water years 2012 and 2013 (a “water year” refers to October 1st through the following September 30th, where a given water year is named for the calendar year on September 30th), the model simulated surface runoff with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.7, periodic soil water content (comparison to seasonal soil core measurements) with a root mean square error (RMSE) ≤0.05 m3 m−3, and continuous soil water content (comparison to in situ soil sensors) at 15 of 20 microsites with NSE ≥0.4. The model predicted 2013 field variability in winter wheat yield with RMSE of 1100 kg ha−1. Simulated uniform N management resulted in 0–35 kg ha−1 greater field average yield in comparison to variable-rate management. The savings in fertilizer costs under variable-rate N management resulted in $23–$32 ha−1 greater field average returns to risk. This study demonstrated the capacity of CS-MB to further understanding of simulated and observed field-scale spatial variability and simulated crop response to low, medium and high annual precipitation.
Cytochrome P450 Expression in Rainbow Trout: An Overview

The cytochromes P450 are the major enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous chemicals in fish (Buhler and Williams, 1989; Goksoyr and Forlin, 1992; Guengerich, 1992) and other animals (Guengerich, 1990). The membrane-bound cytochromes P450, predominately localized in the liver but also found in lower concentrations in other tissues, comprise a superfamily of closely related heme-containing enzymes of similar structure and diverse functions (Nelson et al., 1993). Initially, it was thought that fish lacked cytochrome P450-linked monooxygenases (Brodie and Maickel, 1962) but studies carried out in the late 1960’s (Buhler, 1966; Buhler and Rasmusson, 1968; Dewaide and Henderson, 1968) showed livers of rainbow trout and other fishes contained these enzymes. Enzyme activities were generally lower than in mammals and the fish P450s had temperature optima of about 25°C, explaining why they were not detected in the earlier studies where incubations at a higher temperature were employed. Subsequently, as observed in mammals, multiple cytochrome P450 forms were discovered in fishes (Klotz et al., 1983; Miranda et al., 1989; Williams and Buhler, 1982, 1983a, 1984) and several laboratories have succeeded in purifying and characterizing cytochrome P450 enzymes from numerous marine and freshwater fishes (for reviews see Andersson and Forlin, 1992; Buhler and Williams, 1989; Goksoyr and Forlin, 1992; Stegeman, 1989).
Mordant dye application on cotton: optimisation and combination with natural dyes

It is well known that cotton fibres can be dyed through the formation of coordinate bonds involving cellulose chains, mordants such as alum, and natural dyes such as alizarin. Similarly, synthetic dyes known as mordant acid dyes can be used to dye wool fibres. Unlike mordant dyes on wool, the fastnesses of natural dyes on cotton are often low. Although concerns surrounding textile sustainability have sparked renewed interest in the use of natural dyes, extensive replacement of synthetic dyes with natural dyes is neither practical nor fundamentally possible. However, similarities in dyeing methods using mordant and natural dyes raise the possibility of using mordant dyes as alternatives to natural dyes in the dyeing of cotton. Further, the potential for combining suitable dyes from these two classes to expand the colour gamut currently available from natural dyes on cotton seem worthy of exploration. The results of this study indicate that shades comparable with those produced by natural dyes can be obtained on cotton using select mordant dyes following Fe2+ and Al3+ pretreatments. The best results were obtained using a two-step/two-bath process and dyes such as CI Mordant Blue 13 and CI Mordant Orange 6. In evaluations of mordant and natural dye combinations using the two mordant dyes logwood and Osage orange as prototypes, interesting fabric shades were obtained. However, the fastness properties of these dyes must be improved in order to produce commercially viable dyeings.
Linguistic landscape of Gezi Park protests in Turkey

Gezi Park protests that rocked Turkey in 2013 left a significant mark in the country’s collective memory and contributed to the construction of a new language of political resistance. To challenge an increasingly authoritarian government, the protesters used novel repertoires of contention, particularly political graffiti. To better understand different types of linguistic and symbolic communication tools used in the public space during Gezi Park protests and their impact on different set of audiences, this article explores the following research questions: (i) What indexical properties are used in the languages used in graffiti, and what do they mean for understanding the various audiences that the protesters engaged? (ii) What counter-narratives are created in the graffiti produced during Gezi Park protests?
Strength of SiCf-SiCm composite tube under uniaxial and multiaxial loading

Abstract The authors report mechanical strength of nuclear grade silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix composite (SiCf-SiCm) tubing under several different stress states. The composite tubing was fabricated via a Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) process, and is being evaluated for accident tolerant nuclear fuel cladding. Several experimental techniques were applied including uniaxial tension, elastomer insert burst test, open and closed end hydraulic bladder burst test, and torsion test. These tests provided critical stress and strain values at proportional limit and at ultimate failure points. Full field strain measurements using digital image correlation (DIC) were obtained in order to acquire quantitative information on localized deformation during application of stress. Based on the test results, a failure map was constructed for the SiCf-SiCm composites.
Das Delir auf der Intensivstation

Das Delir auf der Intensivstation ist auch im Jahre 2015 ein ungelostes Problem. Es tritt nach wie vor zu haufig auf, beeinflusst den Intensivstationsaufenthalt ungunstig und kann schwerwiegende Folgen auch nach der Spitalentlassung mit sich ziehen.
Reading and the Neurocognitive Bases of Statistical Learning.

The processes underlying word reading are shaped by statistical properties of the writing system. According to some theoretical perspectives (e.g. Harm & Seidenberg, 2004) reading acquisition should be understood as an exercise in statistical learning. Statistical learning (SL) involves the extraction of organizing principles from a set of inputs. Several lines of research provide convergent evidence supporting the connection between SL and reading acquisition (e.g., Arciuli & Simpson, 2012; Frost et al., 2014; Bogaerts et al., 2015). An obstacle to fully appreciating the theoretical and educational implications of these findings is that SL is itself not well understood. In this paper, we review the current literature on SL with a particular focus on organizing this literature by grounding it in theories of learning and memory more generally. This approach can clarify the nature of SL and provide a framework for understanding its role in reading, reading acquisition, and reading disorders.
A18 Session 5: General Urology: Quality of life impact of cryotherapy for treatment of prostate cancer: A single center experience

Introduction Cryotherapy is a well-established modality for localized prostate cancer. In addition to a cancer cure, patients desire a treatment that will minimally impact their quality of life. The four domains; urinary irritation, urinary incontinence, bowel habit, and sexual function; of the Expanded Prostate Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaire are designed to evaluate this impact on quality of life. Methods EPIC questionnaires were distributed to patients as part of their 12 month postoperative follow up. They were collected, scored, and analyzed. Scores can range from 0, indicating poor function, to 100, indicating completely satisfactory function. Results 79 of 131 (60.31%) responded to the EPIC survey with a mean age of 69.97 (SD 6.58). T-tests and regression analyses were applied to determine differences in patient scores in relation to whether the subject is currently working, cryotherapy as a first line or repeat treatment, and age at time of treatment. The only domain found to be significant among patients who returned to the workforce versus those who did not was urinary incontinence, 92.24(SD 13.46) compared to 81.28 (SD 25.50), respectively (T-statistic −2.24, p = 0.0293). Whether cryotherapy was chosen as a first line treatment did not prove statistically significant with regards to urinary irritation or bowel habits. However, the mean urinary incontinence satisfaction score was 91.03 (SD 15.82) for those who underwent cryotherapy as a first line treatment versus 78.75 (SD 22.85) for those with prior treatment (T-statistic-2.44, p = 0.0176). Similarly significant, sexual function satisfaction scores for those without and with prior treatment were 40.83 (SD 32. 31) and 23.19 (SD 26.47), respectively (T-statistic −2.15, p = 0.0352). Urinary function scores were not affected by age. However, younger patients had better satisfaction with bowel habits and sexual function (T-statistic −2.35, p = 0.0217) and (T-statistic −3.04, p = 0.0033), respectively. Conclusions Patients in the workforce had a statistically significant higher satisfaction score with regard to urinary incontinence, although no causal relationship can be assumed. Prior treatments resulted in significantly lower urinary incontinence and sexual function satisfaction. This can be an important factor when counseling patients preoperatively and setting realistic expectations. Lastly, younger patients reported higher satisfaction scores with regards to bowel habits and sexual function and not for urinary function. Source of Funding: None.
On Density and Pressure Fluctuations in Uniformly Sheared Compressible Flow

Density fluctuations can be significant in a variety of flows such as high-speed flow of a compressible fluid, the mixing of separate constituents with different densities, reacting flow, and low-speed stratified flow. The behavior of density fluctuations in high-speed flow and their effect on the velocity is investigated here using DNS (direct numerical simulation) of compressible turbulence sustained by uniform mean shear. It is well-known [1, 2, 3] that, when convective Mach number increases, there is a large reduction in the thickness growth rate and turbulent intensities of the mixing layer. Although the shear is nonuniform in the mixing layer, a similar stabilizing effect on the turbulent kinetic energy K has been noticed in simulations [4, 5, 6] of uniformly sheared, compressible flow. We summarize the numerical procedure and our previous results [6] in section 2, investigate the evolution of thermodynamic fluctuations in section 3 and describe compressibility effects on the Reynolds stresses in section 4. The evolution in the presence of initially strong density and temperature fluctuations is discussed in section 5.
Alternatives to CFC Refrigerants

ABSTRACT Since July of 1989, we are freezing the production and consumption of CFCs at the level of 1986 according to the first regulation based on the Montreal Protocol. We understand the necessity of CFC reduction In order to protect the Global environment In the future because of the hypothesis of ozone depletion, ffe agree to the phase out of CFCs at least by the end of this century. Our CFC producers have confidence that we contribute to the Improvement of human life by supplying cheaper CFCs for a long time. Especially air conditioners, refrigerators and food storages using CFCs are essential equipment for modern human life, ffe are making our best effort to develop CFC substitutes and the most economical production processes for them.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity to Fungi in the Lungs

In summary, for the fungal pathogens that establish primary infection in the lung, most existing evidence suggests that Ab responses elicited in individuals with disease do not contribute to host defense. While for the dimorphic fungi, systemic Ab responses correlate with severity of disease, in invasive aspergillosis, spread of infection correlates with decreasing Ab titers. However, direct study of both the Ab response in the pulmonary compartment and the role of Ab-mediated immunity during infection, particularly in the context of TH1-associated responses, has been limited. In contrast, mounting evidence supports that passive administration of specific mAbs can confer host benefit, at least in part by limiting host damage. Such mAbs may be different from those elicited as part of the Ab response to infection.
Cyber Insurance.

This chapter will first present a principal-agent game-theoretic model to capture the interactions between one insurer and one user. The insurer is deemed as the principal who does not have incomplete information about user's security policies. The user, which refers to the infrastructure operator or the customer, implements his local protection and pays a premium to the insurer. The insurer designs an incentive compatible insurance mechanism that includes the premium and the coverage policy, while the user determines whether to participate in the insurance and his effort to defend against attacks. The chapter will also focus on an attack-aware cyber insurance model by introducing the adversarial behaviors into the framework. The behavior of an attacker determines the type of cyber threats, e.g. denial of service (DoS) attacks, data breaches, phishing and spoofing. The distinction of threat types plays a role in determining the type of losses and the coverage policies. The data breaches can lead to not only financial losses but also damage of the reputations. The coverage may only cover certain agreed percentage of the financial losses.
Recommitting to America's Unique Government-University Partnership.

The partnership between the government and American research universities lies at the heart of the U.S. scientific and higher educational enterprise. This unique and historic partnership has advanc...
Congenital myopathy with a novel SELN missense mutation and the challenge to differentiate it from congenital muscular dystrophy

Abstract Multiminicore disease is a myopathy that is pathologically characterized by the presence of multiple areas of small, short, and poorly delineated zones of sarcomeric disorganization lacking mitochondria (minicores) that can be observed in both type 1 and type 2 fibers. Most cases of multiminicore disease typically present with early-onset axial weakness, respiratory insufficiency, scoliosis, and rigid spine. There is no correlation between the frequency of minicores and clinical severity. Multiminicore disease is genetically heterogeneous and can result from recessive or dominant mutations. Genetic testing is needed to establish the precise diagnosis and provide overall prognosis. Here we report a 23-year-old woman with respiratory failure, distal joint hyper-laxity, scoliosis and rigid spine due to multiminicore disease caused by a novel compound heterozygous mutation in the selenoprotein N1-encoding gene (SELN). The preserved ambulation into adulthood and normal creatinine kinase (CK) favor the diagnosis of congenital myopathy over congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). However, the nonspecific myopathic histopathological changes and extremely rare minicore-like structures can make it challenging to differentiate between SELN-myopathy and congenital muscular dystrophies, such as Ullrich or lamin A/C-CMD.
The effect of structural firefighter protective clothing systems on single-legged functional hop test scores.

BACKGROUND Firefighters must complete a physical ability test to assess work readiness. There is a lack of understanding of how personal protective clothing (PPC) affects functional performance tests for work readiness, e.g. Triple Hop for Distance (THD) and Triple Hop for Work (THW). OBJECTIVE To examine firefighter PPC's effect on the THD and THW measures. METHODS Thirty-one healthy, untrained participants (male = 20, female = 11; age = 23±3 years; height = 175.30± 11.12 cm; mass = 77.94±14.24 kg; mass in PPC = 89.14±14.68 kg) completed three successful trials of the THD on their dominant and non-dominant leg, with and without PPC. The main outcome measures included maximum and mean distances on the THD with and without PPC and THW. RESULTS We identified a significant decrease in THD measures (mean difference = 97.83 cm; p < 0.001) and THW measures (mean difference = -326.61J; p < 0.001) when donning PPC in the dominant leg. We identified a significant decrease in THD (mean difference = 121.48 cm; p < 0.001) and THW (mean difference = 493.15J; p < 0.001) for females, and a significant difference for THD (mean difference = 84.83 cm; p < 0.001) for males when donning PPC. CONCLUSIONS The addition of PPC decreased the THD and THW measures. The additional mass of the PPC required the more energy to move the same distance without the PPC.
An investigation of racial/ethnic and sex differences in the association between experiences of everyday discrimination and leukocyte telomere length among patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) may be sensitive to psychosocial stressors such as discrimination. An inclusive examination of experiences of discrimination on LTL across racial/ethnic and sex groups is currently lacking. Baseline data were obtained from 369 White and African American patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Mental Stress Ischemia Mechanisms and Prognosis Study. LTL was measured from peripheral blood leukocytes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated in kilobase pairs. Discrimination was measured using the 10-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS). Responses were rated using 4-point Likert scales ranging from never = 1 to often = 4 and summed. Regression models were stratified by race/ethnicity and sex to estimate associations between discrimination and LTL. Each 10-unit increase in experiences of everyday discrimination was associated with an average of .20 fewer kilobase pairs (or 200 base pairs) among both African American women (β = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.35, -0.04; p-value: 0.02) and White women (β = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.01; p-value: 0.04), after adjusting for basic demographic factors. Results were similar after further adjusting for behavioral, disease, and psychosocial risk factors (depression and stress). There were no significant associations between experiences of everyday discrimination and LTL for White men or African American men. Overall, experiences of discrimination were associated with shorter LTL among women and not in men. Discrimination may be a potential source of stress associated with shorter LTL among women with CAD. Future studies should explore longitudinal associations between everyday experiences of discrimination and telomere length and also with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Nuclear Transformation: Technology and Applications

Nuclear transformation is now simple and efficient, and it has revolutionized the kinds of questions that can be addressed using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system. The highest rates of transformation are obtained using C. reinhardtii genes that complement auxotrophic mutations as selectable markers. Cotransformation is efficient, so effects of mutations engineered in vitro can readily be tested by reintroducing the altered genes into an appropriate mutant strain together with a selectable marker. Because nearly all nuclear transformation events result from apparently random integration of the introduced plasmid into chromosomal DNA, it is possible to generate large numbers of insertional mutants. The subsequent isolation of the disrupted genes by virtue of the molecular tag provides a very powerful means for cloning genes with known mutant phenotypes. Alternatively, since nuclear transformation is so efficient, genes with good selectable phenotypes can be isolated by complementing appropriate recessive mutations with pools of DNA from an indexed genomic library. Recently, expression of eubacterial genes that confer antibiotic resistance to C. reinhardtii has been reported; these genes should be useful as dominant selectable markers in any genetic background. However, transformants are recovered with these bacterial genes at only 1 % the rate obtained by transformation with C. reinhardtii genes, and in about half the cases the introduced genes are silenced under nonselective conditions, sometimes a problem with C. reinhardtii genes as well. Although an active homologous recombination system allows efficient recombination between simultaneously introduced plasmids, the rate of gene-targeted homologous integration events is very low. Further understanding of the factors that limit the expression of reintroduced genes and the rate of gene-targeting could lead to substantial improvements in the capability of manipulating the nuclear genome and of generating or phenocopying mutations corresponding to cloned genes.
DUETS (Dallas UtErus Transplant Study): The role of imaging in uterus transplantation:

Objective:Uterus transplantation is rapidly becoming a viable clinical option for women with uterine-factor infertility and a desire for parenthood. Radiological imaging plays a central role in sel...
Parametric study of warpage in PBGA packages

Plastic ball grid array (PBGA) is one of the most widely used types of chip packages in various electronic devices such as network servers, microcontrollers, and memory devices. As the demand for higher performance electronic devices grows, the I/O densities of PBGA packages are increasing while requiring superior reliability. Warpage induced during the reflow assembly process is one of the crucial factors affecting the thermo-mechanical reliability of PBGA packages; therefore, accurate warpage prediction is an important task for package design processes. In this study, the effects of four geometric factors (the solder bump pitch, package size, molding compound, and substrate thicknesses) of the PBGA package on its warpage are assessed by using parametric finite element analysis. The correlation between PBGA warpage and the four factors is studied using the analysis of variance and the regression method. These results are expected to provide design guidelines for in-house PBGA designers.
ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES

Professional ethics have to do with one's professional behavior as it affects others. Ethics are determined by cultural, social, and professional values, and may not be governed by laws. Professional behavior relative to communication may be governed by policies or codes of ethics of a society, a company, an agency, or a publisher, and the ethical decisions may sometimes be guided by those policies. In scientific communication, professional ethics, copyrights, and patents are the main issues of ethical and legal concern. Scientists are interested in discovering truths, and any communication among them must be carried out with a high degree of accuracy and integrity. In scientific communication, two kinds of ethical errors are unforgivable: distorting one's own data and plagiarizing the work of others. Other breaches of integrity are also deplorable but sometimes hard to diagnose. Distorting data intentionally is inexcusable, but that which is not intentional can also be detrimental to science and to one's reputation. Plagiarism is a dirty word in scientific writing and is as inexcusable as is distorting data. Ethically, it is disrespect not to recognize the ownership of the property of other writers. Like other forms of dishonesty, plagiarism is easy to distinguish when it is blatant. Every scientist tries to achieve copyrights and patents for their work that guarantees originality and reputation.
Demographics and Career Intentions of Graduates of Combined Baccalaureate-MD Programs, 2010-2017: An Analysis of AAMC Graduation Questionnaire Data.

Purpose Combined baccalaureate-MD programs exist to fulfill a variety of educational missions, including to promote the development of physician-scientists, increase workforce diversity, promote primary care careers, and meet the needs of underserved patients. The authors sought to determine the demographics of combined program graduates, as well as their intention to practice in primary care (IPPC) and intention to work with the medically underserved (IWMU), as compared with graduates of traditional MD programs. Method Data from the 2010-2017 Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire, a national survey of graduating medical students, were recategorized (e.g., as combined program or traditional program) before analysis. Logistic regression models on the 2 primary outcomes (IPPC and IWMU) were conducted to estimate odds ratios for the effects of covariates and predictors (e.g., gender, underrepresented in medicine [URM] group member, type of medical degree program). Results Data from a total of 109,028 respondents were included (3,182 from combined and 105,846 from traditional programs). Compared with students in traditional programs, those in combined programs were more likely to be younger (age at graduation ≤ 29: 3,143, 98.8% vs 89,688, 84.7%) and female (1,813, 57.0% vs 52,013, 49.1%) but less likely to identify as a URM group member (276, 8.7% vs 14,757, 13.9%). In an adjusted logistic regression model, graduating from a combined program, identifying as female, and IWMU predicted significantly greater odds of IPPC, while identifying as a URM, identifying as female, and having debt predicted significantly greater odds of IWMU. Graduating medical students who indicated family medicine as a career specialty were more likely to indicate an IWMU. Conclusions Medical students graduating from combined programs were more likely to indicate an IPPC but were no more likely to indicate an IWMU than traditional program graduates.
Transradial access for thrombectomy in acute stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective Transradial access has recently been gaining more popularity in various neurointerventional procedures. To this day, a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the outcomes of transradial access for mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke have not been performed. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were systematically searched. Studies published in the last ten years reporting on the use of transradial access for acute stroke intervention were eligible. The DerSimonian–Laird random effects model was used, and the primary endpoints included puncture to reperfusion time, end mRS, TICI reperfusion, mortality, and access site complications. Results A total of 515 records were identified. Fourteen observational studies reported on the use of radial access for thrombectomy, with 10 of these studies (n = 309) included in the meta-analysis. Mean puncture to reperfusion time associated with the transradial access was 46.864 ± 6.601 min. Favorable end mRS of ≤ 2 was reported in 37.1 % ± 7.3 % of patients. TICI ≥ 2B was achieved in 84.6 % ± 3.4 % of patients. All-cause mortality was observed in 9.3 % ± 4.8 % of patients. Transradial access had low complications with only 1.4 % ± 0.7 % of stroke cases. When the transradial studies were compared to the contemporary randomized clinical trials using the standard transfemoral access, no significant differences were found in all of these primary outcomes. Conclusion This meta-analysis study demonstrates that transradial access for mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke may be a feasible and safe alternative. Future prospective studies are needed to validate these results.
Fertility Problems and Parenting Daily Hassles in Childhood: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study of Adoptive Parents

Fertility problems are known to exert a negative impact on psychological health. Meanwhile, individuals with fertility challenges often view adoption as a positive healing experience. Yet, a dearth...
Frequency-locked optical microresonator noise analysis

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical microresonators with high quality (Q) factors have been widely used to sense biomolecules due to their small mode volume and narrow linewidth resonance. Previously, we reported a frequency locked optical whispering evanescent resonator (FLOWER) system for real time single macromolecule detection. Here, we explore the detection limit of FLOWER via numerical simulation based on coupled mode theory. These results predict that frequency locked microcavities with ultra-high-Q can detect resonance shifts as small as 0.05 attometers at 1 millisecond time interval and are limited by shot noise and laser intensity noise.
What are friends for? The impact of friendship on communicative efficiency and cortisol response during collaborative problem solving among younger and older women.

Conversation is a skilled activity that depends on cognitive and social processes, both of which develop through adulthood. We examined the effects of age and partner familiarity on communicative e...
Administered Activities in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine: Impact of 2010 North American Guidelines on US General Hospitals

1780 Objectives To describe pediatric nuclear medicine as it is practiced at general hospitals in the US and to assess the impact of dose awareness campaigns such as Image Gently on this practice. Methods A survey was developed to inquire as to the status of pediatric nuclear medicine at each hospital and the method used to determine the administered activity for children. The survey was emailed to a sample of general hospitals with more than 300 beds. Data were collected for 5 commonly performed pediatric nuclear medicine procedures: Tc-99m MDP bone scans, Tc-99m MAG3 renograms, Tc-99m DMSA renal cortical scans, Tc-99m based hepatobiliary scans, and F-18 FDG PET scans. The sites reported dosage by weight (MBq/kg), the minimum and maximum dosages and the activities that they would administer to 2 hypothetical patients: a 5 year old boy (20 kg, 110 cm tall) and a 10 year old girl (30 kg, 140 cm tall). Results The survey was delivered to 196 sites with 121 (61.7%) responding. Eighty-two hospitals (67.8% of respondents) performed pediatric nuclear medicine. All sites scaled administered activity for children, mostly by body weight. Also, 82.4% of sites that performed nuclear medicine in children indicated they were familiar with Image Gently, 57.1% were familiar with the 2010 North American Guidelines and 54.9% altered their protocols because of the Guidelines. The median value for parameters (MBq/kg, minimum and maximum dosages) defined by the Guidelines was equal to the Guidelines recommended value in all cases for all respondents and those familiar with the Guidelines. More than 50% of the sites were compliant with the Guidelines for both the acquisition parameters and the administered activities for the 2 hypothetical patients, particularly sites that were familiar with the Guidelines. However, there remained a wide variation in practice, as much as a factor of 16, for those sites that are not familiar with the Guidelines. Conclusions Image Gently and the 2010 North American Guidelines have had a substantial impact on the practice of pediatric nuclear medicine in the US. However, wide variations in practice still exists, particularly for sites not familiar with the Guidelines. Further promotion regarding the importance of standardization in the practice of pediatric nuclear medicine is still necessary.
The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is an opportunistic fungal infection causing significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The conventional treatment of PJP is sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) dosed at 15-20 mg/kg/day of the trimethoprim component. Several studies have suggested similar mortality outcomes and an improved adverse effect profile using a lower dose (<15 mg/kg/day) SMX-TMP regimen. Our objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lower dose SMX-TMP for PJP pneumonia. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from inception to January 15, 2020, for studies in English evaluating low-dose SMX-TMP (<15 mg/kg/day) compared to conventional dosing for the treatment of PJP. Outcomes evaluated in our meta-analysis include survival and adverse reactions. RESULTS After excluding studies that did not meet our inclusion criteria, four studies were analyzed for adverse reactions and three for mortality. Overall, there was no significant difference in mortality between low-dose and conventional-dose SMX-TMP groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18-1.70). There was a significant decrease in the rate of adverse reactions for the low-dose group compared with the conventional-dose group (RR: 0.70, 95% CI, 0.53-0.91). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows a significant decrease in adverse reactions and similar mortality rates with lower-dose SMX-TMP compared to conventional dosing. A low-dose SMX-TMP regimen in the treatment of PJP should be considered a viable option as it could potentially decrease treatment discontinuation rates and reduce patient harm.
Teaching Approaches in Advertising: Creativity and Technology.

This study provides insight into the role of technology in the creative process in contemporary advertising education. Many questions guided this Grounded Theory study How are radical changes in th...
Comparison of hemagglutinating pili of Haemophilus influenzae type b with similar structures of nontypeable H. influenzae.

Thirty-eight clinical isolates of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae were tested for the presence of hemagglutinating pili similar to those of H. influenzae type b (Hib) that mediate buccal epithelial cell adherence. Four endogenously hemagglutinating (HA+) strains were identified, and eight additional HA+ variants were obtained from HA- strains by erythrocyte enrichment. All 12 HA+ nontypeable H. influenzae isolates bound antisera directed against denatured pilins of Hib, but none bound antisera against assembled native pili of Hib. In erythrocyte- and buccal-cell-binding assays, HA+ nontypeable H. influenzae binding was reduced compared with HA+ Hib binding and was not significantly different from HA- nontypeable H. influenzae binding. Both HA- and HA+ nontypeable H. influenzae binding was increased over binding of HA- Hib. HA+ nontypeable H. influenzae strains agglutinated adult erythrocytes that possess the Anton antigen, which is thought to be the receptor for Hib pili, and did not agglutinate cord or Lu(a-b-) dominant erythrocytes, which lack the Anton antigen. Electron microscopy of HA- and HA+ variants of three nontypeable H. influenzae strains showed few or no surface appendages on the HA- organisms, but piluslike structures were seen on many organisms from two HA+ nontypeable H. influenzae strains and on a few organisms from one strain. Thus, nontypeable H. influenzae appears to possess structures that are immunologically similar to the pilins that make up the hemagglutinating pili of Hib. However, nontypeable H. influenzae appears to also possess mechanisms for erythrocyte and buccal cell adherence that are not directly correlated with the presence of a hemagglutinating pilus. Images
Quadrupolar Nuclei in Glasses

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 NMR With a Quadrupolar Perturbation 3 Pure Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) Studies 4 NQR With a Zeeman Perturbation 5 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Design of norm-bounded and sector-bounded LQG Controllers for uncertain systems

The design of linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) controllers is addressed for uncertain linear time-invariant systems that are either norm bounded or belong to a given sector. The system matrices are assumed to be affine functions of parameters confined to a convex polytopic region in the parameter space. Methods are developed for designing controllers which satisfy certain norm or sector conditions and are simultaneously optimal in the LQG sense. The resulting controllers provide robust stability as well as optimal performance.
MODULATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL(C) BIOAVAILABILITY(F) BY PANCREATIC ENZYME REPLACEMENT (PRE) IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

The effect of PER on the F of C was ascertained in 5 adolescent: patients with CF. Each patient was studied on 6 occasions separated by at least 24 hours. Exocrine pancreatic function was ascertained by the urinary excretion of PABA following ingestion of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl PABA. C was administered as C succinate(CS) intravenously, and C palmitate(CP) or C base (CB) orally at a dose of 20mg/kg with or without PER. Multiple timed blood samples were obtained over a 12 hour period following each dose and analyzed by HPLC. Model independent pharmacokinetic analysis of CS biodis-position revealed (±SD) t½, 3.35±1.16hr; Vdss,1.39± 0.49 4kg; and Clp, 267.33±53.96ml/min/1.73m2. These values were comparable to those obtained with CB and for CS in unaffected individuals. The absolute F of CB ranged from 71-154% without PER and increased by 8-17% after PER. For CP the absolute F ranged from 21-59% increasing by 2-200% following PER. In one patient CP absorption continued throughout the monitoring period after PER. The wide range of effect of PER on the F of the oral formulations of C appeared related to the level of intrinsic exocrine pancreatic function.The relative F, CP/CB, was directly related to urinary PABA excretion (r=0.9). These results suggest that PER may significantly enhance the F of CP through replacement of pancreatic lipase. Pancreatic enzymes may play a role in enhancing the F of CB as well.
Energy-linked Ion Translocation in Submitochondrial Particles II. PROPERTIES OF SUBMITOCHONDRIAL PARTICLES CAPABLE OF Ca++ TRANSLOCATION

Abstract 1. In osmotically shocked submitochondrial particles, Ca++ caused a marked stimulation of DPNH oxidation and a minor stimulation of succinate oxidation. The accumulation of Ca++ in the presence of succinate resulted in a partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The Ca++:ATP ratio was 1.7, similar to that found in intact mitochondria. 2. Two independent methods have been used to establish that the submitochondrial particles which are capable of Ca++ translocation are indeed "inside-out." Electron micrographs at relatively low magnification of dense suspensions of these particles revealed that virtually all of them have inner membrane spheres on the outside. Immunological tests showed that phosphorylation associated with succinate oxidation is virtually completely abolished by a type-specific antibody against the inner membrane spheres (coupling factor 1). Isolation of the Ca++-loaded submitochondrial particles in sucrose density gradients yielded a band of heavy particles which were again shown to have inner membrane spheres on the outside. No contaminating mitochondria could be detected. 3. γ-Globulin from normal mice inhibited markedly the uptake of Ca++ by submitochondrial particles, but not by intact mitochondria. 4. In sections, electron-dense deposits appeared inside particles that had been allowed to accumulate Ca++ in the presence of succinate and ATP. Control particles incubated with Ca++ but without succinate and ATP did not show these deposits. 5. All these findings strengthen the conclusion that Ca++ translocation takes place in submitochondrial particles, which are inverted, i.e. where inner membrane spheres face the medium rather than the matrix.