cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra of unsaturated alcohols

Analysis of the isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra of hexenols, cyclohexenols and various syn/anti pairs of bicyclic and tricyclic homoallylic alcohols shows that: (i) the spectra of the allylic alcohols are dominated by [M + H – H2O]+ and [M + C4H9–H2O]+ ions and contain traces of [M + H]+ ions; (ii) [M + H]+ ions are prominent in the spectra of acyclic and certain cyclic homoallylic alcohols; and (iii) [M + H]+ ions dominate the spectra of other acyclic unsaturated alcohols. The [M + H]+ ions may result from either: (a) protonation of the hydroxyl group, followed by a very rapid intramolecular proton transfer from the protonated hydroxyl group to the carbon–carbon double bond or internal solvation of the protonated hydroxyl group by the carbon–carbon double bond; and/or (b) direct protonation of the carbon–carbon double bond with significant internal solvation of the resulting carbocation by the hydroxyl group, which may lead to carbon–oxygen bond formation to give a protonated cyclic ether. The consequences of placing various geometric constraints on the possible intramolecular interactions between the hydroxyl group and the carbon–carbon double bond in unsaturated alcohols are explored.
A Description of the Techniques and Application of Molecular Replacement Used to Determine the Structure of Polyoma Virus Capsid at 22.5 Å Resolution.

The electron density map of polyoma virus capsid crystals solved at 22.5 A resolution by molecular replacement [Rayment, Baker, Caspar & Murakami (1982). Nature (London), 295, 110-115] shows that the 72 capsomeres that form the polyoma capsid are all pentamers. An extensive series of refinement calculations were undertaken to demonstrate the validity of this unexpected result. This report describes the details of the data collection, structure determination and the tests of the methods applied. The refinement calculations demonstrate that the refined phases are insensitive to the initial phasing model for a wide variety of models. They also show that it is vital to include in the refinement calculations interpolated values for the unrecorded data. A variety of tests demonstrate that the all-pentamer structure of the polyoma capsid is determined by the diffraction amplitudes and the self-consistent constraint that the 72 capsomeres are arranged with icosahedral symmetry within a well defined limiting envelope.
Herpes Zoster Vaccination Among Adults Aged 60 Years and Older, in the U.S., 2008

Background Shingles (herpes zoster [HZ]) is a localized, generally painful and debilitating disease that occurs most frequently among older adults. It is caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. HZ causes substantial morbidity, especially among older adults. The vaccine to prevent HZ was approved by Food and Drug Administration and recommended by the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices for people aged ≥60 years in 2006 (these recommendations were published in 2008). Purpose To examine HZ vaccination among people aged ≥60 years in the U.S. in 2008. Methods Data from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey among people aged ≥60 years were analyzed in 2010. Multivariable logistic regression and predictive marginal analyses were conducted to identify factors independently associated with HZ vaccination. Potential missed opportunities also were assessed. Results By 2008, only 6.7% (95% CI=5.9%, 7.6%) of adults aged ≥60 years reported having had HZ vaccination. The level of HZ vaccination coverage was lower (4.7%) among people aged 60–64 years compared to people aged 65–74 years (7.4%); 75–84 years (7.6%); and ≥85 years (8.2%). Coverage was statistically higher for non-Hispanic whites (7.6%) compared with non-Hispanic blacks (2.5%) and Hispanics (2.1%). Among people aged ≥60 years who reported never receiving HZ vaccination, 95.1% reported at least one missed opportunity to be vaccinated. People more likely to report ever having been vaccinated were older, female, non-Hispanic white, married, more educated, and reporting received influenza vaccination in the past year. Conclusions By 2008, HZ vaccination coverage was 6.7%. The coverage level was low among all groups, but it was lowest among minority groups. Increased efforts are needed to remove barriers and to enable HZ vaccination among all adults aged ≥60 years.
Animal behaviour: the nexus of sex and violence.

In mice, brain neurons that respond during either mating or aggression exhibit spatial overlap, and some even respond during both. This may help to explain the relationship between sex and violence in human behaviour. See Article p.221 Certain regions of the hypothalamus are known to be important in aggression. Until recently, it has not been possible to learn much more than that because it was difficult to stimulate specific cell types within a mixed population of cells. David Anderson and colleagues have used optogenetics to solve this specificity problem, and find that optogenetic stimulation of neurons in a subdivision within the ventromedial hypothalamus can elicit inappropriate attack behaviours — but that electrical stimulation does not produce the same result. Additional analysis of genetic and electrophysiological activity revealed overlapping neuronal subpopulations involved in fighting and mating, with potential competition between these behaviours, as neurons activated during aggression are inhibited during mating.
Synthesis and luminescence properties of platinum(II) complexes of 4′-chloro-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and 4,4′,4″-trichloro-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine

Abstract The complex [Pt(Cl 3 terpy)Cl]PF 6 has been prepared from cis -[Pt(dimethylsulfoxide) 2 Cl 2 ] and 4,4′,4″-trichloro-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (Cl 3 terpy). The complex [Pt(Clterpy)Cl]Cl has been prepared from cis -[Pt(1,5-cyclooctadiene)Cl 2 ] and 4′-chloro-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (Clterpy). Complexes have been characterized by 1 H NMR, IR and UV–Vis spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The lowest energy excited state for these complexes is metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in character. UV–Vis and low-temperature luminescence spectroscopy indicate that the MLCT state energy is lowered by chlorination of the terpy ligand. Chlorination also has substantial effects on the luminescent properties in fluid solution at 298 K. Unlike the related ‘parent’ complex [Pt(terpy)Cl] + , the chlorinated terpy complexes are luminescent in ambient fluid solution at 298 K. The 1.9 μs 3 MLCT emission lifetime for [Pt(Cl 3 terpy)Cl]PF 6 is unusually long for a platinum(II) complex in fluid solution.
Prediction Accuracy of Computer-Assisted Surgical Visual Treatment Objectives as Compared With Conventional Visual Treatment Objectives

Purpose This present study used the conventional visualized treatment objectives (VTOs) as a tool to evaluate the predictive value of the Dolphin computer-assisted VTOs. Materials and methods Presurgical cephalometric tracing predictions generated by oral and maxillofacial surgeons and the Dolphin Imaging software were compared with the postsurgical outcome as seen on lateral cephalometric tracings. Sixteen measurements of the predicted and actual postsurgical hard tissue landmarks were compared statistically. Results A paired Student’s t test showed that 7 measurements had statistically significant differences for the conventional VTOs (facial angle, P < .0001; AOC, P < .0001; SNB, P = .003; ANB, P = .004; U1-NA-degrees, P = .01; U1-NA-mm, P = .02; and N perp Pog, P < .0001), while 9 measurements were statistically significant (P = <.0001) for Dolphin (facial angle, P = .0001; AOC, P = .005; SNB, P = .001; ANB, I = .04; U1-NA-degrees, P = .003; PogNB, P = .04; U1-NA-mm, P = .002; N perp Pog, P = .0001; UFH, P = .03; and LFH, P = .03). Conclusion From these data, it appears that both VTOs demonstrated good predictive comparative outcome and are equally precise.
A turbulent wake as a tracer of 30,000 years of Mira’s mass loss history

Mira is one of the first variable stars ever discovered and it is the prototype (and also the nearest example) of a class of low-to-intermediate-mass stars in the late stages of stellar evolution. These stars are relatively common and they return a large fraction of their original mass to the interstellar medium (ISM) (ref. 2) through a processed, dusty, molecular wind. Thus stars in Mira's stage of evolution have a direct impact on subsequent star and planet formation in their host galaxy. Previously, the only direct observation of the interaction between Mira-type stellar winds and the ISM was in the infrared. Here we report the discovery of an ultraviolet-emitting bow shock and turbulent wake extending over 2 degrees on the sky, arising from Mira's large space velocity and the interaction between its wind and the ISM. The wake is visible only in the far ultraviolet and is consistent with an unusual emission mechanism whereby molecular hydrogen is excited by turbulent mixing of cool molecular gas and shock-heated gas. This wind wake is a tracer of the past 30,000 years of Mira's mass-loss history and provides an excellent laboratory for studying turbulent stellar wind–ISM interactions.
"Twin Gods Bending Over": Joy Harjo and Poetic Memory

Contemporary Native American poet Joy Harjo expresses and reflects patterns of ongoing, multilayered and multivocal memories within the narratives of her poems. These memories flow and interweave on a continuum within a metaphysical world that begins deep within her personal psyche and simultaneously moves back into past memories of her Creek (Muskogee) heritage, as well as forward into current pan-tribal experiences and the assimilationist, Anglo-dominated world of much contemporary Native American life. Harjo's poetic memories may be personal stories, family and tribal histories, myths, recent pan-tribal experiences, or spiritual icons of an ancient culture and history. And, while Harjo writes using both an "alien" language, English, and within expected structural and narrative formats of contemporary poetry, her poems also frequently resonate with the distinctive chanting rhythms and pause breaks associated with traditional Native American oralities. As with other contemporary Native American women poets such as Paula Gunn Allen (Laguna Pueblo/Sioux), Linda Hogan (Chickasaw), and Wendy Rose (Hopi/ Chowchilla Miwok), Harjo's past memories and present experiences seamlessly fuse together within individual poems; and when read together as a group, her poems construct in the reader's mind a single consistent, cohesive, and unified poetic utterance. The importance of memory to Harjo's poetry best reveals itself through a survey and examination of one of her most important ongoing tropes, the contemporary American city. Within her varied urban landscapes, Harjo's poetry most clearly illustrates the multivoiced nature of any marginalized poetry, and of Native American women's poetry in particular. On the one hand, after a first reading Harjo may seem to be writing out of the city-as-subject tradition of American poets like Walt Whitman, Carl Sandburg, Hart Crane, and William Carlos Williams. On the other hand, her city landscapes do not reflect promise and optimistic excitement, as do many urban settings of earlier white male American poets. Rather, Harjo's cities
Cardiac Complications of Chemotherapy: Role of Imaging

New advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment have increased survival rates in patients with cancer. In parallel with this increase in the number of cancer survivors is an increasing prevalence of cardiac complications from cancer treatment. Chemotherapy-induced cardiac dysfunction is a major contributor to adverse morbidity and mortality rates in cancer patients. Evidence suggests that both clinical symptoms and the traditional left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) may lack sensitivity as measures of cardiotoxicity. The early identification of subclinical LV dysfunction is becoming increasingly important, as this may allow cancer patients and their physicians to make informed decisions about therapeutic options. The features of echocardiography make it a useful tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiotoxicity. This review will examine the role of cardiac imaging in detecting cardiotoxicity, focusing primarily on the conventional and more recent echocardiographic approaches for assessing subclinical cardiotoxicity.
Effect of sublethal 6‐hydroxydopamine on the response to subsequent oxidative stress in dopaminergic cells: evidence for preconditioning

Exposure to sublethal stress can trigger endogenous protection against subsequent, higher levels of stress. We tested for this preconditioning phenomenon in a model of Parkinson's disease by applying 6-hydroxydopamine to the dopaminergic MN9D cell line. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (5–10 µm) protected against the toxic effects of a subsequent exposure to a higher concentration (50 µm), as measured by the Hoechst assay for nuclear viability. This was accompanied by little or no protection against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lactate dehydrogenase release, decline in ATP, or reduction in 3H-dopamine uptake. The antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (20 mm), when applied during preconditioning, abolished protection, as did the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (0.2 µm). Preconditioning did not affect superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase enzymes, or levels of heat shock protein-72. However, Bcl-2 protein levels rose with preconditioning. Preconditioning rapidly increased phosphorylation of kinases ERK1/2, Akt and JNK, and was abolished by pharmacological inhibitors of their activity. Finally, sublethal 6-hydroxydopamine preconditioned against the toxicity of proteasome inhibitor, MG-132 (1 µm). Thus, exposure of a dopaminergic cell line to sublethal oxidative stress can protect against additional oxidative stress due to translational and post-translational modifications, as well as confer ‘cross-tolerance’ against a different insult, proteasome inhibition.
Nonlinear optical effects in Hg1−xCdxTe∗

Abstract The alloy semiconductor Hg 1− x Cd x Te has widespread use in modern infrared detection equipment. By adjusting the ratio of Hg to Cd, the energy gap can be tailored to any desired value between 0 eV ( x = 0.17) to 1.4 eV ( x = 1.0). For values of x near 0.2 the electron effective mass is small, giving rise to a large spin-level splitting factor, or ɡ-value. We have examined two nonlinear optical effects which depend upon the high ɡ-value found in small gap Hg 1− x Cd x Te. These are the spin-flip Raman laser and 4-photon mixing. In each case we employ CO 2 lasers as the input source. In order to achieve resonant enhancement, we adjust the energy gap so that the absorption edge at the temperature of operation, 4 K, is near 10 μm; the required composition is Hg 0.77 Cd 0.23 Te. During operation as a spin-flip Raman laser, we observe 1st Stokes, 2nd Stokes and anti-Stokes signals, with a basic tunability of 3.8 cm −1 /kG for the 1st Stokes radiation. In the 4-photon mixing mode, we see resonant production of an output signal at frequency ω 4 = 2ω 2 − ω 1 , where ω 2 and ω 1 are the frequencies of the two CO 2 pump lasers. We also observe under some conditions 6 photon mixing, i.e. ω 6 = 3ω 2 − 2ω 1 .
Effects of Grade Level and Subject on Student Test Score Predictions.

ABSTRACT Can children assess their level of knowledge? To answer this question, the authors asked second, fourth, and sixth graders to predict test scores before and after regular classroom examinations in three subjects. A significant Grade × Subject Area interaction was found for predictions just prior to the test. Fourth graders made relatively accurate predictions in all three subject areas. Second graders were similar to fourth graders except for poor predictions in mathematics. Sixth graders made good predictions in mathematics and social studies, but had difficulty in spelling. The pattern of results from posttest (but before feedback) estimates of performance differed only slightly from pretest predictions. Prediction accuracy was strongly correlated with achievement, as measured by classroom tests but not by standardized tests. Some implications of these findings for instruction in self-regulated learning are discussed.
Efficient worm-like locomotion: slip and control of soft-bodied peristaltic robots

In this work, we present a dynamic simulation of an earthworm-like robot moving in a pipe with radially symmetric Coulomb friction contact. Under these conditions, peristaltic locomotion is efficient if slip is minimized. We characterize ways to reduce slip-related losses in a constant-radius pipe. Using these principles, we can design controllers that can navigate pipes even with a narrowing in radius. We propose a stable heteroclinic channel controller that takes advantage of contact force feedback on each segment. In an example narrowing pipe, this controller loses 40% less energy to slip compared to the best-fit sine wave controller. The peristaltic locomotion with feedback also has greater speed and more consistent forward progress.
Comments on "Critical races in Ada programs

Comments are made on the above named work by G.M. Karam, C.M. Stanczyk, and G.W. Bond (see ibid., vol.15, no.11, p.1471-80, 1989), in which the semantics of the Ada rendezvous mechanism are discussed in terms of the critical race problem and a method is proposed for designing critical race-free programs. It is noted that this problem has been well described and numerous solutions have been presented in the literature during the past ten years (1980-90). >
Random-bond Ising model in two dimensions: The Nishimori line and supersymmetry

We consider a classical random-bond Ising model (RBIM) with binary distribution of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}K$ bonds on the square lattice at finite temperature. In the phase diagram of this model there is the so-called Nishimori line which intersects the phase boundary at a multicritical point. It is known that the correlation functions obey many exact identities on this line. We use a supersymmetry method to treat the disorder. In this approach the transfer matrices of the model on the Nishimori line have an enhanced supersymmetry $\mathrm{osp}(2n+1|2n),$ in contrast to the rest of the phase diagram, where the symmetry is $\mathrm{osp}(2n|2n)$ (where n is an arbitrary positive integer). An anisotropic limit of the model leads to a one-dimensional quantum Hamiltonian describing a chain of interacting superspins, which are irreducible representations of the $\mathrm{osp}(2n+1|2n)$ superalgebra. By generalizing this superspin chain, we embed it into a wider class of models. These include other models that have been studied previously in one and two dimensions. We suggest that the multicritical behavior in two dimensions of a class of these generalized models (possibly not including the multicritical point in the RBIM itself) may be governed by a single fixed point, at which the supersymmetry is enhanced still further to $\mathrm{osp}(2n+2|2n).$ This suggestion is supported by a calculation of the renormalization-group flows for the corresponding nonlinear sigma models at weak coupling.
Model for non-instantaneous LNG and gasoline spills

Predictions are made of the development and decay of the dimensions of liquid fuel spills on water resulting from collisional rupture of a single fuel tank on large tankers of LNG and of gasoline for the case in which ignition of the spills occurs immediately on rupture. Two sizes of rupture holes are considered, and the shape and duration of the LNG spills are compared with those of an ‘instantaneous’ spill. In contrast to the predicted circular shape of an instantaneous spill, the predicted shapes of the hole spills are long and narrow with aspect ratio, at maximum area, of about 10 to 1 for LNG and 5 to 1 for gasoline. The maximum spill area from a 9.3 m2 (100 ft2) hole in an LNG tank is predicted to be attained in half the time predicted for an instantaneous spill of the same fuel volume and is one-third the maximum area of the latter.
NSF warned about budget cuts

Walter Massey had been director of the National Science Foundation for less than 24 hours when Bob Traxler, chairman of the House VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies appropriations subcommittee, and one of the two most important people in Congress with jurisdiction over NSF, provided early warning of cuts in the foundation's proposed FY 1992 budget. “We must tell you that in our best judgement, we're not going to be too successful in matching your allocation of the 302(b) process with the generosity of the president's request,” Traxler told Massey, referring to the process that was largely set up by last year's budget agreement. The subcommittee hearing—held March 5 and 6 in a room off the main corridor of the U.S. Capitol, with space for only a dozen spectators—was one of the most important congressional events in this year's consideration of the NSF budget. Massey attended with the entire top tier of the NSF staff.
RELAXATION PHENOMENA ON INDIUM ANTIMONIDE SURFACES AT HIGH ELECTRIC FIELDS.

Abstract High voltage pulsed field effect experiments were performed on the {111} A and B surfaces of n-type InSb which were previously exposed to a mixture of chlorine and air. The observed relaxation phenomena were attributed to an emission of electrons from a “slow” surface state into the conduction band. These phenoma were adequately described by a quantum mechanical tunnel equation. A “slow” surface state was located approximately 0.04 eV below the conduction band edge on both surfaces. High voltage alternating current field effect experiments were concurrently performed on the same surface.
Quantile splines with several covariates

Abstract We extend univariate regression quantile splines to problems with several covariates. We adopt an ANOVA-type decomposition approach with main effects captured by linear splines and second-order ‘interactions’ modeled by bi-linear tensor-product splines. Both univariate linear splines and bi-linear tensor-product splines are optimal when fidelity to data are balanced by a roughness penalty on the fitted function. The problem of sub-model selection and asymptotic justification for using a smaller sub-space of the spline functions in the approximation are discussed. Two examples are considered to illustrate the empirical performance of the proposed methods.
Morphological Correlates of Masticatory Patterns in Peccaries and Pigs

Most of the genera of peccaries and pigs have bunodont teeth and emphasize crushing mastication. This form of mastication puts heavy vertical loading on the temporomandibular joints and is associated with relatively large condyles. The Chacoan peccary, Catagonus wagneri , and the giant forest hog, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni , have broadened, lophodont molars and emphasize grinding mastication. A mechanical analysis of grinding mastication indicates that if a posteriorly directed temporalis is the dominant muscle on the balancing side of the jaw, vertical joint loading will decrease. This finding accounts for relative small condyles in the Chacoan peccary and giant forest hog. The pattern of muscle usage is the most important determinant of condyle size.
BrailleTouch: designing a mobile eyes-free soft keyboard

Texting is the essence of mobile communication and connectivity, as evidenced by today's teenagers, tomorrow's workforce. Fifty-four percent of American teens contact each other daily by texting, as compared to face-to-face (33%) and talking on the phone (30%) according to the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, 2010. Arguably, today's technologies support mobile text input poorly, primarily due to the size constraints of mobile devices. This is the case for everyone, but it is particularly relevant to the visually impaired. According to the World Health Organization, 284 million people are visually impaired worldwide. In order to connect these users to the global mobile community, we need to design effective and efficient methods for eyes-free text input on mobile devices. Furthermore, everyone would benefit from effective mobile texting for safety and speed. This design brief presents BrailleTouch, our working prototype solution for eyes-free mobile text input.
Measuring nondipolar asymmetries of photoelectron angular distributions

In theories of photoelectron angular distributions at soft-x-ray energies from 1 to 10 keV, first-order corrections to the dipole approximation give rise to two nondipolar asymmetry parameters in addition to the well-known dipolar asymmetry parameter \ensuremath{\beta}. The nondipolar parameters characterize the forward-backward asymmetry with respect to the propagation vector of the photon beam. Experimentally, the measurement of the nondipolar effect has been hampered because of the complications resulting from the three-parameter angular distribution. In this paper, we suggest various experimental approaches to the measurement of the three asymmetry parameters using partially linearly polarized x rays, corresponding to measurements on synchrotron radiation beamlines. We describe methods to extract the asymmetry parameters using such approaches. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A model for the oxidation of carbon silicon carbide composite structures

A mathematical theory and an accompanying numerical scheme have been developed for predicting the oxidation behavior of carbon silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite structures. The theory is derived from the mechanics of the flow of ideal gases through a porous solid. The result of the theoretical formulation is a set of two coupled nonlinear differential equations written in terms of the oxidant and oxide partial pressures. The differential equations are solved simultaneously to obtain the partial vapor pressures of the oxidant and oxides as a function of the spatial location and time. The local rate of carbon oxidation is determined using the map of the local oxidant partial vapor pressure along with the Arrhenius rate equation. The nonlinear differential equations are cast into matrix equations by applying the Bubnov-Galerkin weighted residual method, allowing for the solution of the differential equations numerically. The numerical method is demonstrated by utilizing the method to model the carbon oxidation and weight loss behavior of C/SiC specimens during thermogravimetric experiments. The numerical method is used to study the physics of carbon oxidation in carbon silicon carbide composites.
Optical switching mediated by quantum interference of Raman transitions.

We report an experimental study of quantum interference between two-photon Raman transitions and demonstration of the phase control of light attenuation/transmission in cold Rb atoms. By varying the phase and frequency of a weak control laser, either constructive interference or destructive interference between the two-photon Raman transitions in a three-level Λ system can be manipulated. The interference enables absorptive switching of one field by another field at low light levels.
Campaign Finance in the Presidential Election of 1940.

Important changes in the regulations governing receipts and expenditures of party committees, enacted in the summer of 1940, make a study of the financing of the presidential election of that year particularly interesting and significant. “Hatch Act II,” designed primarily to extend to certain state and local employees limitations upon political activities already imposed upon federal office-holders by “Hatch Act I,” introduced a number of radical changes in the rules governing the collection of campaign funds.
Marine invertebrates in an algal succession. III. Mechanisms linking habitat complexity with diversity

Abstract A diverse community of marine invertebrates is associated with suceessional algal mats in an intertidal boulder field in southern California. Species richness and abundance of invertebrates increased from early to middle suceessional stages, then remained similar into the later stage. These changes are paralleled by those in the physical structure (biomass and surface area) of the algae. Increased complexity of the algal physical structure probably influenced the associated invertebrate community through several mechanisms. (1) It decreased mortality caused by predation from fish and crabs. (2) It reduced the severity of physical stresses, primarily wave shock. (3) It increased the accumulation of those individuals and species transported passively by wave action. (4) In mobile species, selection of algal substrates was largely based on physical aspects of algal structure. While no species tested appeared to select particular algal species. all actively chose algal clumps of high biomass. All four mechanisms result in the accumulation of greater numbers of individuals in algal mats with higher biomass and surface area. Because a larger sample of the available pool of individuals is collected, more species are found in a given area of algal mat when the structure is more complex. The suceessional patterns of change in species richness of the invertebrate community seem to result from this sampling phenomenon. Laboratory experiments and correlations in abundance between pairs of species gave no evidence of any competitive interactions. Any apparent “structure” in this assemblage seems to be the result of the summation of individual responses to changing algal physical structure during succession.
948-51 Comparison of Sodium Depletion or Repletion Effects on Aldosterone and Sodium/Potassium Excretion Characteristics in Patients with Moderate to Severe Congestive Heart Failure, in the Absence of Diuretics

Recent studies have demonstrated that aldosterone may have a role in congestive heart failure, independent of angiotensin II, and our group and others have demonstrated that urinary sodium/potassium (Na/K) excretion may be predictive of relative changes in aldosterone secretion, including the extent of compensation during ACE inhibitor therapy. As diuretics may stimulate the renin system, and obscure patterns of Na/K excretion, we compared renin system characteristics and renal excretory patterns in patients with moderate to severe heart failure, receiving a 10 meq Na diet (n = 21), or a 100 meq Na diet (n = 18), during hospitalization, under strict matabolic diet, for a minimum of 5 days. The 100 meq group was divided into those achieving neutral Na balance (BAl, 91 ± 26 meq/24 hr; n = 8), and those persistently retaining Na (RET, 13 ± 13 meq/24 hr; n = 10). Hemodynamic study was obtained at completion of metabolic collections. These included mean (MAP) and pulmonary wedge (PWP) pressures (mmHg), cardiac index (CI, l/min/m 2 ), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR, dxs/cm 5 ). Twenty-four hour urine collections included Na, and K(both meq/24 hr), and aldosterone excretion (UAE, mcg/24 hr) rates. Na/K is given as a ratio. Plasma renin (PRA, ng/ml/hr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl) were measured. Mean values and difference between 100 meq groups ( * p l 0.05) are given below: MAP PWP Cl SVR Na/K UAE PRA BUN 100 meqBAL 94 20* 2.13 1777 1.62* 6.2* 0.82* 13* 100 meqRET 82 29* 1.90 1545 0.28* 37.3* 9.6* 21 10 meq 87 20 2.02 1732 0.26 38.0 9.9 22 Thus, Na/K ratio reflects renin system activity. Suppression of aldosterone excretion parallels increase of UNa, but occurs only in patients achieving neutral balance. We postulate that the improvement of Na/K seen with treatment interventions, is indicative of improved renal sodium handling, associated with renin system suppression.
The mucoprotein histochemistry of human mucous acinar cell containing salivary glands: submandibular and sublingual glands.

Abstract Histochemical evaluation of mucins elaborated by major sublingual and submandibular glands reveal that a heterogeneous population of mucosubstances exists. Sublingual gland mucous acinar cells synthesize periodate reactive mucins, carboxylated sialidase non-labile mucins and sulphomucins. Heterogeneity is prevalent between cells within a single acinar cluster and from acinus to acinus. Seromucous and demilune cells synthesize sialomucins. Submandibular gland mucous acinar cells also elaborate neutral, carboxy, and sulphomucins; however, the latter type is not as prevalent as in sublingual glands. Submandibular serous and demilune cells differ from those of sublingual gland in that they synthesize a zymogen-like neutral glycan.
Unexpected effects of chitin, cellulose, and lignin addition on soil dynamics in a wet tropical forest.

Decades of studies on the role of decomposition in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling have focused on organic matter (OM) of plant origin. Despite potentially large inputs of belowground OM from fungal cell walls and invertebrate exoskeletons, studies of the decomposability of their major constituent, chitin, are scarce. To explore effects on soil C dynamics of chitin, in comparison with two plant-derived chemicals, cellulose and lignin, I conducted a field-based chemical-addition experiment. The design contained three chemical treatments plus a control, with four replicates in each of two species of tropical trees grown in plantations. The chemicals were added in reagent-grade form at a rate that doubled the natural detrital C inputs of 1000 g C m−2 y−1. Despite its purported recalcitrance, chitin was metabolized quickly, with soil respiration (R soil) increasing by 64% above the control within days, coupled with a 32% increase in soil extractable ammonium. Cellulose, which was expected to be labile, was not readily decomposed, whereas lignin was rapidly metabolized at least partially in one of the forest types. I examined effects of stoichiometry by adding to all treatments ammonium nitrate in a quantity that adjusted the C:N of cellulose (166) to that of chitin (10), using both field and in vitro experiments. For cellulose, CO2 release increased more than five- to eightfold after N addition in root-free soil incubated in vitro, but only 0–20% in situ where roots were intact. By the end of the 2-year-long field experiment, fine-root biomass tended to be higher in the chitin treatment, where R soil was significantly higher. Together these findings suggest that soil N availability limited cellulose decomposition, even in this Neotropical forest with high soil N stocks, and also that trees successfully competed for N that became available as chitin decomposed. These results indicate that the major constituent of cell walls of soil fungi, chitin, can decompose rapidly and release substantial N that is available for plant and microbial growth. As a consequence, soil fungi can stimulate soil OM decomposition and N cycling, and thereby play a disproportionate role in ecosystem C and N dynamics.
NEUTRON-CAPTURE GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA OF V, Co, Ti, Fe, Cr, Au, Mn, AND I

An experiment has been performed on the neutron-capture gamma spectra of eight elements in the region of about 100 kev to 2.5 Mev using NaI crystals. Wherever possible, the data have been compared with the results of previous experiments and existing energy level schemes.
Esophageal Cancer Recurrence Patterns and Implications for Surveillance

Introduction: After definitive treatment of esophageal cancer, patients are at high risk for recurrence. Consistent follow-up is important for detection and treatment of recurrence. The optimal surveillance regimen remains undefined. We investigated posttreatment recurrence patterns and methods of detection in survivors of esophageal cancer. Methods: We retrospectively studied a cohort of patients who had undergone surgical resection for esophageal cancer at our institution between 1996 and 2010. Routine computed tomography scan and upper endoscopy were performed for surveillance. Results: In total, 1147 patients with resected esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma were included (median follow-up, 46 months). Of these, 723 patients (63%) had received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. During follow-up, there were 595 deaths (52%) and 435 recurrences (38%) (distant [55%], locoregional [28%], or both [17%]). Half of recurrences were detected as a result of symptoms ( n = 217), 45% by routine chest and abdominal computed tomography scan ( n = 194), and 1% by surveillance upper endoscopy ( n = 6). The recurrence rate decreased from 27 per 100 person-years in posttreatment year 1 to 4 per 100 person-years in year 6. In the first 2 years, the rate of recurrence was higher among patients who had received neoadjuvant therapy (35 per 100 person-years) than among those who had not (14 per 100 person-years) ( p Conclusions: The incidence of recurrence is high after esophagectomy for cancer. Surveillance endoscopy has limited value for detection of asymptomatic local recurrence. The yield from follow-up scans diminishes significantly after the sixth year; surveillance scans after that point are likely unnecessary.
Aldosterone and aldosterone antagonism in systemic hypertension.

Aldosterone mediates both water and electrolyte balance by acting on the renal mineralocorticoid receptors. Recent experimental studies have also documented the presence of these receptors in other body organs, including the brain, blood vessels, and heart, suggesting that aldosterone plays a larger role in normal physiologic function and in cardiovascular diseases such as systemic hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). The nonspecific aldosterone inhibitor spironolactone, and the selective aldosterone inhibitor eplerenone, are both approved for clinical use in treating patients with hypertension and/or symptomatic CHF. Studies have shown that spironolactone lowers blood pressure, improves endothelial function, reduces myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, and lowers the incidence of fatal arrhythmias. Eplerenone, which is more specific for the mineralocorticoid receptor, appears to provide all the beneficial effects of spironolactone in hypertensive patients, with the potential to modify many of the side effects related to nonspecific steroidreceptor blockade. Hyperkalemia remains a potential problem with all aldosterone antagonists.
Communication style in the information age

Explicates how traditional PR and corporate communication theories, models and paradigms may not be successfully used in an era of advanced information technology and global audience. The Internet technology has altered corporate personae and the mode, channels and methods of corporate communication and feedback. It has minimized the power distance and ushered in a new type of relationship between corporations and their relevant publics. Strategic information packaging, gatekeeping, timing and controlled reactive communication become more difficult to manage in the information age.
Experimental investigation of cold draft induced by two different types of glazing panels in metal curtain walls

Abstract Metal curtain walls typically have a large portion of continuous glazing area. In cold climate, the cold draft induced by the large cold glazing surface may cause discomfort to occupants seated in the perimeter zone. This paper presents the experimental investigation of the characteristics of the cold draft induced by two different types of glazing panels and its effect on the occupant's local thermal sensation. A large-scale (3.8 m ×6.7 m ) metal curtain wall specimen consisting of two different wall systems was tested in an Environmental Chamber. The effect of the thermal performance of glazing units, the frame projection, and the mechanical ventilator on the cold draft was studied. The measurements indicate that the better-insulated glazing unit reduces the cold draft considerably compared to the conventional glazing unit, thus increasing the comfort level of the occupants. The frame projection deflects the cold flow from the wall surface and causes mixing of the cold air with the room air thus elevating the temperature and decreasing the momentum of the cold air before it penetrates into the occupied zone. The mechanical ventilator, located at the end of the room side, simulates the design of moving the heating supply away from the exterior wall. The measurements show that the resultant air movement from the ventilator increases the draft risks at ankle level for the occupants, and the ASHRAE requirements cannot be met until the occupants seat 2 m away from the wall. The analysis shows that, for the test conditions of this study, the glazing surface temperature of both wall systems needs to be raised, through perimeter heating or ventilation system for example, in order to provide a comfortable indoor climate, the need for the better-insulated system being less than the conventional system.
Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy of Long-Chain Molecules Containing Strongly Absorbing Chromophores

Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy shows considerable promise as a new characterization technique for molecules which contain chromophores which absorb in the visible region, the region where conventional Raman measurements are made. With the use of near-infrared excitation, spectra in the absence of fluorescence and resonance enhancement are obtained. These advantages can be further enhanced if the collection of data using this technique becomes routine, requiring a level of complexity comparable to that of conventional Raman scattering. Toward that end, the implementation of a 90° scattering geometry in our FT-Raman measurements was undertaken, and the results are shown to be at least comparable to those obtained with the use of reflective optics in a 180° geometry. A number of results on both liquids and solids have also been obtained in order to compare FT-Raman with conventional scanning Raman measurements.
An everyday activity as a treatment for depression: the benefits of expressive writing for people diagnosed with major depressive disorder.

Background The benefits of expressive writing have been well documented among several populations, but particularly among those who report feelings of dysphoria. It is not known, however, if those diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) would also benefit from expressive writing.
Consociated Contemporaries as an Emergent Realm of the Lifeworld: Extending Schutz's Phenomenological Analysis to Cyberspace

According to the differences in the spatial-temporal co-location of human individuals, Alfred Schutz divided the contemporaneous lifeworld into two major realms: the realm of consociates made up of individuals sharing a community of space and a community of time, and the realm of contemporaries made up of individuals sharing neither a community of space nor a community of time. Extending Schutz's phenomenological analysis to cyberspace, this paper delineates an emergent third realm – the realm of consociated contemporaries, in which individuals share a community of time without sharing a community of space. A central argument of this paper is that the emergence of this social domain in cyberspace reconfigures the structure of the lifeworld by creating a new spatial-temporal condition of human contact, which gives rise to a new mode of human interaction and a new form of human relationship. The revolution of electronic communication is therefore a revolution of the ways in which human individuals come to construct we-relationships with one another in shared meaning contexts.
Fisheries Management and Fish Dependent Birds

Abstract Management of aquatic ecosystems can affect sensitive piscivores such as bald eagles, ospreys, and loons. Fisheries biologists must be aware of the needs of these species and should prepare multiple-use management plans jointly with wildlife biologists where these avian species occur. The needs of these birds should be included in fisheries management objectives, and human disturbances should be minimized. Proper fish population manipulation and habitat management can enhance the feeding opportunities of these and other fish-dependent birds.
Measurements of far-infrared intersubband absorption linewidths in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells as a function of temperature and charge density

Abstract Intersubband transitions in doped quantum wells are of fundamental scientific interest, as well as technological interest for potential devices. One of the important characteristics of the transitions is their linewidth. We present the results of linear absorption spectroscopy on a coupled double asymmetric QW structure. Using a backgated sample, we can independently vary the charge density and DC field at the well. The absorption lines appear to be homogeneously broadened. The lines appear to become lifetime broadened for temperatures above 70 K.
A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore (1), maintain (2) or enhance (3-5) muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening (6), angiogenesis (7-9), growth factor secretion (9-11), and muscle precursor cell activation (12) are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see (13)). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner (14), offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.
Ocular Dominance Plasticity Under Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Blockade

Occluding vision through one eye during a critical period in early life nearly abolishes responses to that eye in visual cortex. This phenomenon is mimicked by long-term depression of synaptic transmission in vitro, which may require metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and is age-dependent. Peaks in mGluR expression and glutamate-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover during visual cortical development have been proposed as biochemical bases for the critical period. Pharmacological blockade of mGluRs specifically prevented synapse weakening in mouse visual cortical slices but did not alter kitten ocular dominance plasticity in vivo. Thus, a heightened mGluR response does not account for the critical period in development.
A test of archonta monophyly and the phylogenetic utility of the mitochondrial gene 12S rRNA

The relationships within the superorder Archonta, which contains the orders Dermoptera (flying lemurs), Scandentia (tree shrews), Chiroptera (bats), and Primates, were examined through the analysis of five newly derived and complete mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences. The new data is combined with 83 additional known mammalian sequences to provide a full phylogenetic sampling. Phylogenetic hypotheses are generated using PAUP 3.1.1 (Swofford [1993] Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL) through analyses of all characters equally weighted, transversions only, and the effect of alignment gaps on phylogeny. The Parsimony Jackknifer (Farris et al. [1996] Cladistics 12:99–124) was used to assess the level of ambiguity present in the sequence data, and therefore the strength of the tree topologies. The conclusions of Springer and Douzery (1996, J. Mol. Evol. 43:357–373) which states that 12S rRNA is reliable to a time depth of 100 mya is unsupported by these analyses. The usefulness of 12S rRNA to aid in solving Archonta relationships and others of similar time depth is found to be suspect. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:225–241, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.