cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enumeration of all simple t-(t+7,t+1,2) designs

We enumerate by computer algorithms all simple t (t +7, t +1, 2) designs for 1 t 5, i.e. for all possible t , and this enumeration is new for t 3. The number of nonisomorphic designs is equal to 3, 13, 27, 1 and 1 for t = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. We also present some properties of these designs including orders of their full automorphism groups and resolvability.
Christina'S World: Imaginary Perspectives and the Encoding of Spatial Alignment Relations1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a number of factors that influence the precision with which people remember the spatial location of objects in a scene, including the following: (1) the distinction between projective and relational spatial information, (2) short-term memory for location information, (3) the effects of perceptual grouping on the spatial resolution of the visual system, (4) the contribution of the perceiver's knowledge of rules governing the possible locations of objects in a scene to the encoding of spatial location information, (5) the importance of mutual constraints in the spatial relations among the objects in a scene, and (6) the distinction between automatic encoding and effortful memory strategies in the retention of spatial location information. Finally, the results of two experiments which explore the effect of the perceiver constructing non-egocentric, imaginary perspectives on the encoding of spatial location information are described.
Exposure ages and erosion rates for lunar rocks

The available data on the effects of particle bombardment of lunar rocks are examined, taking into account rare gas data, neutron capture products, radioactive nuclei, and particle tracks. Attention is given to exposure ages, questions concerning the validity of exposure ages, the location of rocks during irradiation, the criteria for valid crater ages, special problems regarding lunar breccias, surface residence times from long lived radioactive nuclei, surface residence times from galactic cosmic ray track data, rocks with simple surface exposure, rocks with complex surface exposure, limits on surface residence times, suntan and subdecimeter ages, erosion rates, and a number of case histories related to exposure age measurements as applied to the problem of the dating of impact events.
High-rate injection is associated with the increase in U.S. mid-continent seismicity

An unprecedented increase in earthquakes in the U.S. mid-continent began in 2009. Many of these earthquakes have been documented as induced by wastewater injection. We examine the relationship between wastewater injection and U.S. mid-continent seismicity using a newly assembled injection well database for the central and eastern United States. We find that the entire increase in earthquake rate is associated with fluid injection wells. High-rate injection wells (>300,000 barrels per month) are much more likely to be associated with earthquakes than lower-rate wells. At the scale of our study, a well’s cumulative injected volume, monthly wellhead pressure, depth, and proximity to crystalline basement do not strongly correlate with earthquake association. Managing injection rates may be a useful tool to minimize the likelihood of induced earthquakes.
Thinking piety and the everyday together: A response to Fadil and Fernando

Meditation on Fadil, Nadia and Mayanthi Fernando. 2015. “Rediscovering the ‘everyday’ Muslim: Notes on an anthropological divide." HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 5 (2): 59–88.
Symbolic modeling of non-linear devices for the virtual test bed

This contribution illustrates that a symbolically assisted technique can provide an efficient and rapid path for developing complex nonlinear device models for power system simulations. As an example, a phase-domain induction machine model is developed with the aid of a symbolic tool. The developed symbolic tool automatically constructs a time-domain power system component models in the resistive companion form (RCF) that is widely used in time-domain simulators. The automatic differentiation technique (ADT) is utilized within the context of a symbolic modeling language, and the tool has been implemented for the virtual test bed (VTB) simulation environment.
Glucose tolerance in zinc-deficient rats.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of zinc deficiency on glucose tolerance (GT) in the rat. In experiment 1, twenty-four male rats initially weighing 200 g were fed low zinc (1.5 ppm Zn) or zinc-supple mented (50 ppm Zn) diets. An abnormal elevation in blood glucose was observed, in the rats fed the low zinc diet, following the second of two intraperitoneal (IP) glucose doses administered 2 hours apart. The blood glucose levels in zinc- deficient and zinc-supplemented rats were not significantly different when the glucose dose was administered orally. In experiment 2, twenty-four weanling female rats were fed the low zinc or zinc-supplemented diets. As soon as an im paired GT to a second IP glucose dose was observed, six zinc-deficient rats were switched to the supplemented diet and pair-fed to the remaining six deficient rats. These rats had a normal GT within 1 week. The six zinc-supplemented rats, which were switched to the deficient diet, had a GT which was no different from their pair-fed zinc-supplemented mates for at least 3 weeks. These studies show that zinc-deficient rats have a significantly (P<0.01) abnormal GT to an IP glucose dose but not to an oral dose. Zinc supplementation corrects the GT im pairment within 1 week. J. Nutr. 702: 1079-1084, 1972.
Physical Attractiveness and Candidate Evaluation: A Model of Correction

Voters typically evaluate an attractive candidate more favorably than an (otherwise equivalent) unattractive candidate. However, some voters "correct" for the biasing influence of physical appearance. This reduces, eliminates, or even reverses the physical attractiveness effect. Correction occurs when political experts evaluate a political candidate under nondistracting conditions. Under these "high cognitive capacity " conditions, voters primarily correct for physical unattractiveness. However, correction fails to occur when voters possess low levels of expertise or are distracted. Thus, in most circumstances, attractive candidates are evaluated more favorably than unattractive candidates. Two experiments provide support for this model of appearance-based candidate evaluation.
Examining the Contribution of a dA+dT Element to the Conformation of Escherichia coli Integration Host Factor-DNA Complexes

DNA binding proteins that induce structural changes in DNA are common in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Integration host factor (IHF) is a multi-functional DNA binding and bending protein of Escherichia coli that can mediate protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions by bending DNA. Previously we have shown that the presence of a dA+dT element 5'-proximal to an IHF consensus sequence can affect the binding of IHF to a particular site. In this study the contribution of various sequence elements to the formation of IHF-DNA complexes was examined. We show that IHF bends DNA more when it binds to a site containing a dA+dT element upstream of its core consensus element than to a site lacking a dA+dT element. We demonstrate that IHF can be specifically crosslinked to DNA with binding sites either containing or lacking this dA+dT element. These results indicate the importance of flanking DNA and a dA+dT element in the binding and bending of a site by IHF.
Car seats: helping parents do it right!

Abstract Misuse of car seats is widespread, and the pediatric nurse can help correct improper use by asking parents purposeful and specific questions that provide information on installation and positioning of child restraints. Common car seat misuses that can be revealed and corrected to prevent possible injuries or fatalities in children include misrouting the seat belt through the car seat frame; not using a seat belt; not using or improperly using all the car seat's required parts such as a shield, an internal harness, or a top tether; and positioning the car seat facing forward rather than facing the rear for a small infant.
A reduced-memory FIR filter using approximate coefficients for ultra-low power SoCs

This paper presents an ultra-low power (ULP) finite-impulse response (FIR) filter using a method that approximates filter coefficients on-chip without reliance on dedicated memory such as SRAM. In a system-on-chip (SoC) context, this method allows for full power gating of the coefficient unit without coefficient state loss, and runtime modifications of filtering specifications, such as filter order and cutoff frequency. Using trigonometric approximation methods for the sinc and resource sharing of computational units, a single coefficient is generated in five clock cycles. The approximation unit is compared against standard-cell-based memories, such as register and latch files, for energy and area, and the design is synthesized in 130nm CMOS consuming 6.9nW at 300mV and 6.5kHz.
Real-time monitoring of III-V molecular beam epitaxial growth using spectroscopic ellipsometry

We report the real-time monitoring of monolayer thickness changes in AlAs and GaAs layer growth on rotating GaAs substrates using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). A phase-modulated spectroscopic ellipsometer was integrated with a III-V MBE system by triggering spectral acquisition synchronously with substrate rotation. Absolute thickness accuracy was verified using ex situ SE measurement. Reasonable agreement was also obtained between in situ growth rate measurements by SE and reflection high energy electron diffraction. The precision and speed of this method appears suitable for real-time control of quantum devices, such as resonant-tunneling diodes.
The effect of halogenation on blood-brain barrier permeability of a novel peptide drug.

Abstract The utility of a drug depends on its ability to reach appropriate receptors at the target tissue and remain metabolically stable to produce the desired effect. To improve central nervous system entry of the opioid analgesic [ d -Pen 2 , l -Pen 5 , Phe 6 ]Enkephalin (DPLPE-Phe), our research group synthesized analogs that had chloro, bromo, fluoro, and iodo halogens on the para positions of the phenylalanine-4 residue. This study reports on investigation of the effect of halogenation on stability, lipophilicity, and in vitro blood–brain barrier permeability of a novel enkephalin analog DPLPE-Phe. The stability of each halogenated DPLPE-Phe analog as well as the amidated and nonamidated parent peptide was tested in plasma and brain. All peptides tested had a half-time disappearance >300 min except for DPLPE-Phe-NH 2 , which was found to have a half-life of 30 min in plasma. Octanol/saline distribution studies indicated addition of halogens to DPLPE-Phe-OH significantly increased lipophilicity except for p-[F-Phe 4 ]DPLPE-Phe-OH. p-[Cl-Phe 4 ]DPLPE-Phe-OH exhibited the most pronounced increase in lipophilicity. Para-bromo and para-chloro halogen additions significantly enhanced in vitro blood–brain barrier permeability, providing evidence for improved delivery to the central nervous system.
Current algebras, highest weight categories and quivers

Abstract We study the category of graded finite-dimensional representations of the polynomial current algebra associated to a simple Lie algebra. We prove that the category has enough injectives and compute the graded character of the injective envelopes of the simple objects as well as extensions between simple objects. The simple objects in the category are parametrized by the affine weight lattice. We show that with respect to a suitable refinement of the standard ordering on the affine weight lattice the category is highest weight. We compute the Ext quiver of the algebra of endomorphisms of the injective cogenerator of the subcategory associated to an interval closed finite subset of the weight lattice. Finally, we prove that there is a large number of interesting quivers of finite, affine and star-shaped type, as well as tame quasi-hereditary algebras, that arise from our study.
Cardiac metallothionein synthesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and its protection against diabetes-induced cardiac injury.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Metallothionein (MT), a stress-response protein, is significantly increased in the liver and kidney of diabetic animals. We examined whether diabetes also induces cardiac MT synthesis through oxidative damage and whether MT overexpression protects the heart from injury. Diabetes was induced in mice by single injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and cardiac MT mRNA and protein levels were measured 2 weeks and 2 months after STZ treatment. Diabetes significantly increased cardiac MT synthesis 2 weeks and 2 months after STZ treatment, with no change in cardiac metals including zinc, copper, and iron. Serum and cardiac vasopeptide endothelin and inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α were also significantly increased in diabetic hearts, as were the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione and the immunohistochemical staining of 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal. To explore the biological importance of increased MT synthesis in the heart, MT-overexpressing transgenic mice were treated with STZ and then examined 2 months later. A loss of inotropic reserve, uncovered during β-adrenergic stimulation, and the presence of cardiac fibrosis, shown by increased Sirius red staining of collagen, were evident in the wild-type diabetic mice but not in the MT-overexpressing transgenic diabetic mice. These results suggest that diabetes-induced cardiac MT expression likely associates with systemic increases in endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α and the resulting cardiac oxidative stress. Overexpressing cardiac MT significantly protects the heart from diabetes-induced injury.
CMV esophagitis : sequelae of radiation therapy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been commonly described in immunocompromised patients. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients and routine antiviral prophylaxis in transplant recipients have helped to curb the majority of clinically significant CMV infections. Patients undergoing chemotherapy are also closely monitored for leucopenia and opportunistic infections. We describe here a case of CMV esophagitis in a patient with a solid tumor and no prior exposure to chemotherapy. This patient was immunocompromised from his recent radiation therapy and concurrent steroid use. This case demonstrates the fact that even without any exposure to chemotherapy, extensive radiation treatment can lead to severe marrow suppression. Early endoscopy in such patients is recommended to avoid delay in the diagnosis of opportunistic infections.
A numerical comparison of high order transformation and isoparametric transformation methods

Abstract A numerical comparison is made between the quadratic isoparametric transformation method and a second order example of a high order transformation method for the model problem of Laplace's equation on curved domains. Three curved domains are considered and numerical results for several trial solutions are given. Significantly improved accuracy is attained by the high order transformation method. A finer element discretisation is chosen for one of the domains resulting in more than twice the number of variables. The errors using the high order transformation method on the original mesh remain significantly smaller than those given by the isoparametric method used on the finer mesh.
The Impact of Training and Other Variables on the Preparation of the Public Welfare Workforce

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of innovative training for public welfare workers on training outcomes, as well as the individual and organizational mediators of these outcomes. This study surveyed 623 public welfare workers on training satisfaction, knowledge, transfer, individual variables such as personality and learning readiness, and organizational variables such as team and supervisor support of learning. Results indicate that public welfare workers experienced a significant increase of knowledge from pre- to post-training, reaching a mastery level of knowledge. Personality and organizational support of learning were related to training satisfaction, while personality and learning readiness were related to self-reported training transfer. Given the ever-changing policy and practice context of public welfare, training is an essential organizational strategy to promote best practice.
INFLUENCE OF pH ON THE BINDING OF COPPER, ZINC AND IRON IN SIX FIBER SOURCES

The binding of endogenous copper, zinc and iron in six fiber sources was examined via incubation under three pH conditions: (1) pH 0.65; (2) pH 6.8; and (3) a sequential treatment of pH 0.65, neutralization, then pH 6.8. After both the pH 6.8 and sequential treatments, most of the minerals remained bound in the residues, while little remained bound after the acidic treatment. This indicated that the minerals were rebound when the pH was raised from very acidic to only slightly acidic. Titrations of the untreated fiber sources showed that protein influenced the hydrogen ion buffering capacity. After enzymatic proteolysis, the buffering capacities were reduced and other physicochemical properties appeared to gain influence.
Icons, symbols, and signs: visible languages to facilitate communication

Graphical user-interfaces rely on visual signs, that is, icons and symbols, to speed communication, take up less visual space, and provide a distinctive visual style for products and services. Are icons/symbols being used effectively? Can they help improve human communication? Some proposed systems, like LoCoS, seek to develop additional forms of universal communication, like a visual Esperanto. What is the future for icons and symbols? Read on…
A Circuit Design for Impedance-based Structural Health Monitoring

Systems and structures monitoring their own structural integrity have become an active field. One method uses the piezoelectric impedance-based structural health monitoring technique (SHM), which utilizes a piezoelectric patch attached to a structure and measures its impedance within a certain frequency range. The frequency is maintained in the kiloHertz range for optimum sensitivity and coverage in damage detection. Owing to the coupling between electrical impedance and mechanical impedance, electrical impedance variations can indicate physical changes in the host structure. Based on the idea of a bridge circuit, a new electronic circuit to realize electrical impedance monitoring is presented (US patent pending). The proposed circuit generates a frequency sweep from 53 to 164kHz and measures the relative value of the electrical impedance modulus of a piezoelectric patch. The circuit can be integrated into a chip combined with a piezoelectric patch attached to a structure. With the help of a communication...
Analysis of query keywords of sports-related queries using visualization and clustering

The authors investigated 11 sports-related query keywords extracted from a public search engine query log to better understand sports-related information seeking on the Internet. After the query log contents were cleaned and query data were parsed, popular sports-related keywords were identified, along with frequently co-occurring query terms associated with the identified keywords. Relationships among each sports-related focus keyword and its related keywords were characterized and grouped using multidimensional scaling (MDS) in combination with traditional hierarchical clustering methods. The two approaches were synthesized in a visual context by highlighting the results of the hierarchical clustering analysis in the visual MDS configuration. Important events, people, subjects, merchandise, and so on related to a sport were illustrated, and relationships among the sports were analyzed. A small-scale comparative study of sports searches with and without term assistance was conducted. Searches that used search term assistance by relying on previous query term relationships outperformed the searches without the search term assistance. The findings of this study provide insights into sports information seeking behavior on the Internet. The developed method also may be applied to other query log subject areas. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of Δ9-THC and psilocybin in rats

Male albino rats were trained to respond differentially on the left or right lever in a 2-lever chamber on the basis of which drug had been given intra-peritoneally (IP) 30 min before experimentation. In 1 group 1.9 mg/kg of delta9-THC and control injections (vehicle) served as the discriminative stimuli associated with each lever and in another group the drug stimuli were 1.0 mg/kg of delta9-THC and 1.0 mg/kg of psilocybin. The results confirmed those of other experiments using different procedures; that delta9-THC can acquire discriminative control over responding. The fact that delta9-THC and psilocybin were also found to differentially control lever choice demonstrates that these 2 drugs probably produce discriminably different states in rats.
Effects of the internet and sociocultural factors on budget transparency and accountability

In this paper, we explore the relationship between Internet diffusion and other factors generally associated with democratic development, and transparency and accountability, as indicated by the online availability of budget information for a global sample of countries. We begin by defining transparency and reviewing research that has investigated the effects of budget transparency on governmental functioning. We go on to consider how Internet use affects democratic national development and the effects of Internet use on transparency information, particularly budget information. We then introduce our own research questions and describe analyses that explore the effects of the Internet as well as related sociocultural factors in predicting the online availability of 6 kinds of budgetary information in a sample of 90 countries.
Single injection, inspiratory/expiratory high-pitch dual-source CT angiography for median arcuate ligament syndrome: Novel technique for a classic diagnosis

This article discusses a novel technique for dynamic imaging of median arcuate ligament syndrome utilizing low dose CT technology and a single contrast injection.
Factors contributing to lumbar region passive tissue characteristics in people with and people without low back pain

Background Previously, we demonstrated that people in the Rotation with Extension low back pain subgroup display greater asymmetry of passive tissue characteristics during trunk lateral bending than people without low back pain. The purpose of this secondary analysis is to examine factors that explain the group differences.
Double dose vs. standard dose influenza vaccination in patients with heart failure: a pilot study

Aims Influenza infection leads to increased morbidity and mortality in those with heart failure, and individuals with heart failure exhibit reduced antibody responses to influenza vaccine. We hypothesized that patients with heart failure randomized to double dose (DD) influenza vaccine will mount more vigorous humoral immune responses compared with those given standard dose (SD) vaccine. Methods and results We randomized 28 heart failure patients to DD (30 μg/strain) or SD (15 μg/strain) influenza vaccine. We assessed antibody production by haemagglutination inhibition assay (reported as log haemagglutination units) prior to, at 2–4 weeks and at 4–6 months following vaccination. Baseline antibody titres between DD (n = 12, mean age 64 ± 10 years) and SD (n = 16, mean age 63 ± 9 years) did not differ significantly. At 2–4 weeks, DD haemagglutination unit changes were significantly higher than those of SD (3.3 vs. 1.6 for A/H3N2, P < 0.001; 1.9 and 1.1 for A/H1N1, P = 0.009; and 1.7 and 1 for B-type, P = 0.02). At 4–6 weeks, there were no differences in titres in any of the virus types between treatment groups and, although titres decreased, levels remained above the seroprotective threshold. Conclusions Higher influenza vaccine doses may elicit increased antibody-mediated responses in patients with heart failure; further studies should assess whether clinical outcomes are improved with this strategy.
Optimal consumption and portfolio choice with borrowing constraints

Abstract In this paper, we use stochastic dynamic programming to study the intertemporal consumption and portfolio choice of an infinitely lived agent who faces a constant opportunity set and a borrowing constraint. We show that, under general assumptions on the agent's utility function, optimal policies exist and can be expressed as feedback functions of current wealth. We describe these policies in detail, when the agent's utility function exhibits constant relative risk aversion.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: G11, G12, D52.
Myosin-Induced Detachment Causes Differences Between Ensemble and Single Molecule Myosin Kinetics

Single molecule measurements of mechanochemistry have greatly increased our understanding of muscle contraction. However, since trillions of myosin molecules work together in muscle, extrapolation to in vivo function requires additional understanding of how motors behave in an ensemble. Early findings suggested that myosin behaves similarly at both the single molecule and ensemble levels; but more recent experiments suggest otherwise. Using a combination of simulation and theory, we show that the force-dependence of ADP release causes myosin-myosin interactions that make ensemble myosin behavior differ fundamentally from single myosin behavior.We use solution data to estimate the parameters of a simple 4-state kinetic model for actomyosin interaction. For smooth muscle myosin, we add the measured force-dependence of ADP release to this model. Simulations of the model successfully predict the results of four experiments: 1. single molecule measurements of step size and strong binding liftetime; 2. In vitro motility measurements of actin speed as a function of [ATP]; 3. In vitro motility measurements of actin speed at low myosin density as a function of actin filament length; and 4. laser trap measurements of velocity as a function of force for small myosin ensembles. For skeletal muscle myosin, we use a subset of these data to estimate the force-dependence of ADP release and successfully predict the remaining data. The model is therefore consistent with both single molecule and ensemble data.In the model, myosin binding to actin accelerates the detachment of previously bound myosin. This myosin-induced detachment causes strong binding lifetime to depend on the number of myosin molecules interacting with actin. Counter-intuitively, this result implies that even when actin speed is “detachment limited” (meaning speed equals myosin's step size times the ADP release rate), increasing the attachment rate can increase speed.
Rolling horizon procedures for dynamic parallel machine scheduling with sequence-dependent setup times.

SUMMARY We present a family of rolling horizon heuristics for minimizing maximum lateness on parallel identical machines in the presence of sequence dependent setup times and dynamic job arrivals. This problem arises as a subproblem in a decomposition procedure for more complex job shop scheduling problems. The procedures solve a series of single machine subproblems to optimality and implement only part of the solution. Extensive computational experiments show that these methods significantly outperform dispatching rules combined with local search methods, both on average and in the worst case. Their performance advantage is particularly pronounced when there is high competition for machine capacity.
Role of the specifically targeted lysine residues in the glycation dependent loss of chaperone activity of αA- and αB-crystallins

Earlier studies have shown significant loss of chaperone activity in α-crystallin from diabetic lenses. In vitro glycation studies have suggested that glycation of α-crystallin could be the major cause of chaperone activity loss. The following lysine (K) residues in α-crystallin have been identified as the major glycation sites: K11, K78, and K166 in αA-crystallin and K90, K92, and K166 in αB-crystallin. The present study was aimed to assess the contribution of each of the above glycation site in the overall glycation and loss of chaperone activity by mutating them to threonine followed by in vitro glycation with fructose. Level of glycated protein (GP) was determined by phenylboronate affinity chromatography, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) by direct ELISA using anti-AGE polyclonal antibody, and chaperone activity by using alcohol dehydrogenase as the target protein. K11T, K78, and K166T mutants of αA showed 33, 17, and 27% decrease in GP and 32, 18, and 21% decrease in AGEs, respectively, as compared to αA-wt. Likewise, K90T, K92T, K90T/K92T, and K166T mutants of αB showed 18, 21, 29, and 12% decrease in GP and 22, 24, 32, and 16% decrease in AGEs, respectively. Chaperone activity also showed concomitant increase with decreasing glycation and AGEs formation. αA-K11T and αB-K90T/K92T mutants showed the largest decrease in glycation and increase in chaperone activity.
Personality characteristics of heroin addicts: review of empirical research 1976-1979.

Reviewed are 47 empirical studies. The paper contains sections on results from studies using specific psychometric instruments and measuring specific traits, personality differences in subgroups of heroin addicts, personality changes following treatment, and suggestions for future research. Measuring the presence or absence of a particular trait or characteristic is no longer sufficient. Rather, we need typologies within an interactional framework that systematically relates traits to other variables of interest (i.e., recidivism, treatment retention, and etiology).
Effect of calorically dense enteral nutrition formulas on outcome in critically ill trauma and surgical patients.

Background: Surgical and trauma patients are traditionally provided with calorically dense dietary formulas to deliver high amounts of nutrients. The benefits of these formulas remain unproven and may be associated with significant side effects and even increased mortality. We studied outcomes on surgical and trauma patients receiving either a calorically dense dietary formula or a normocaloric dietary formula. Methods: A retrospective analysis comparing outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) surgical and trauma patients receiving either a calorically dense dietary formula or a normocaloric dietary formula was performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Results: One hundred seventeen patients met study criteria. Surgical and trauma patients were analyzed separately. Despite receiving different calorically dense diets, caloric intake was not significantly different in surgical patients receiving either diet. However, surgical patients receiving a normocaloric formula exhibited decreased length...
Substance Use, Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Children and Adolescents

Using data from a community sample of youth ( N = 1,458; ages 9-17), this study assessed the association between adolescent substance use/abuse and suicidal behaviors. Suicide attempts were strongly associated with alcohol abuse and dependence, followed by frequent cigarette smoking. The associations remained significant even after controlling for depression. The associations between substance use/abuse and suicidal ideation were no longer significant after controlling for depression. These findings highlight the important role that substance use plays in adolescent suicidal behaviors.
Optical processes in the performance and recovery of gas-phase switches.

In this paper several optical processes that may be used to affect gas-phase switch performance and operation are discussed, and approaches using a laser to increase recovery rates of switches are presented. In the latter the laser is used during the recovery phase rather than the conductive or closure phase. This paper suggests that it should be possible to use a low-power laser (e.g., one that is technologically feasible to use as part of a switch) to assist in opening the switch by quenching excited atomic and/or molecular species. The application of laser-induced energy extraction to gas-phase switches is also discussed.
Role of ionic interactions in the compatibility of polyester ionomers with poly(ethylene terephthalate) and nylon 6

Water absorption and other properties of polyamides can potentially be modified by blending with polyesters. The compatibility of a polyester ionomer melt-blended with nylon-6 is studied in this article, examining the effect of blending upon crystallization behaviors, morphology, thermal/mechanical properties, and water absorption. Comparisons of the crystallization behaviors of the ionomer/nylon-6 blends with poly(ethylene terephthalate)/nylon-6 blends suggest increased compatibility due to greater interactions between the two phases. The results indicate that the presence of a significant amount of the ionomeric groups is required to improve polyester compatibility with polyamides. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2091–2103, 2006
Interpretation of observed cosmic microwave background radiation

The Alfven and Mendis (1977) conclusion that dust grains in galaxies render the universe opaque to cosmic microwave background at a red shift ratio equal to 40 is challenged by a calculation of the opacity of galactic dust grains to the microwave background radiation from the time of decoupling at emission red shift ratio equal to 1500 to the present in the standard big bang model. In the present calculation, evolutionary effects on grain opacity and abundance are estimated. At wavelengths used in studying the microwave background, the optical depth of the grains is found to be 0.18 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.03, and 0.05 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.5. The results indicate that microwave background can provide information on an early dense phase of the universe.
A Novel Cell Traction Force Microscopy to Study Multi-Cellular System

Traction forces exerted by adherent cells on their microenvironment can mediate many critical cellular functions. Accurate quantification of these forces is essential for mechanistic understanding of mechanotransduction. However, most existing methods of quantifying cellular forces are limited to single cells in isolation, whereas most physiological processes are inherently multi-cellular in nature where cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions determine the emergent properties of cell clusters. In the present study, a robust finite-element-method-based cell traction force microscopy technique is developed to estimate the traction forces produced by multiple isolated cells as well as cell clusters on soft substrates. The method accounts for the finite thickness of the substrate. Hence, cell cluster size can be larger than substrate thickness. The method allows computing the traction field from the substrate displacements within the cells' and clusters' boundaries. The displacement data outside these boundaries are not necessary. The utility of the method is demonstrated by computing the traction generated by multiple monkey kidney fibroblasts (MKF) and human colon cancerous (HCT-8) cells in close proximity, as well as by large clusters. It is found that cells act as individual contractile groups within clusters for generating traction. There may be multiple of such groups in the cluster, or the entire cluster may behave a single group. Individual cells do not form dipoles, but serve as a conduit of force (transmission lines) over long distances in the cluster. The cell-cell force can be either tensile or compressive depending on the cell-microenvironment interactions.
Gregariousness and aggression in wild and domestic rats

Pairs of wild and pairs of domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) were observed in an open field. Domestic pairs engaged in more gregarious contact (p <.01) and were less variable in their contact scores than wild rats (p <.01). Domestics were more active (p <.01) and produced fewer boluses than wild rats (p <.01). Unlike the wild pairs, domestic rats did not engage in aggressive behaviors.
The sodium balance of the euryhaline marine loggerhead turtle,Caretta caretta

The efflux of sodium ions from the loggerhead turtle,Caretta caretta, was investigated when animals were acclimated to seawater, freshwater, and during the acclimation period after transfer from seawater to freshwater. The rate of sodium loss in animals acclimated to seawater was found to be 3 μM Na · g−1 · hr−1. Cannulation of the cloaca showed that only 5% of the gross efflux of sodium was via the cloaca and it was calculated that 60% of the gross efflux was via nasal gland secretion and 35 % via integumentary diffusional loss. Cannulation experiments indicated that a significant amount of sodium may enter the body via the cloaca. Transfer of animals from seawater to freshwater resulted in a decline of sodium efflux by 90–99 % within 6 hr, and a further decline to only approximately 0 01 μM Na · g−1· hr−1 after 1–2 days in freshwater. Cannulation experiments of individuals acclimated to freshwater indicated that the role of the cloaca in sodium loss in freshwater was minimal. It was calculated that sodium loss in freshwater is so small that survival in freshwater for at least 20 days is possible without active extraction of sodium from the medium. No evidence could be found for active uptake of sodium ions from freshwater baths byCaretta.
A deep metastable eutectic iron–aluminate

Abstract A small number of amorphous nanograins with a silica-free, iron–alumina composition was formed during laboratory condensation of a low-silica Al–Fe–SiO–H 2 –O 2 vapor. Very rapid cooling of the vapor created conditions that were conducive to the formation of deep metastable eutectic compounds with a specific composition. High Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratios during condensation are reflected in the 1.8FeO · 0.6Fe 2 O 3 · Al 2 O 3 composition of this amorphous deep metastable eutectic compound.
Diffusion kinetics of a dialkyne in silicone rubber by density profiling

Abstract The technique of density profiling was used to monitor the diffusion of bishydroxycyclopentylbutadiyne (HCPB) through a silicone rubber. Reaction of HCPB with excess hydrosilane sites, unreacted during the polymer cure process, immobilized part of the diffusant and led to the development of a concentration front, or plateau, in the diffusion profiles. Kinetic modelling was used to reproduce the salient features of the profiles and to provide a means of obtaining a diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient was found to be a decreasing function of concentration, in contrast to the behaviour observed in most systems.
The Illinois Interlibrary Loan Assessment Project II: revisiting statewide article sharing and assessing the impact of electronic full-text journals

This paper presents data from two statewide ILL studies conducted in Illinois in 1995/96 and 1999/00. The results from the two studies provide a longitudinal look at borrowing and lending in Illinois and with the second study confirm a journal resource-sharing model for the state. Further analysis of high-use titles was conducted to determine any impact the present availability of full-text electronic journals is having on ILL, and the potential impact full-text access to highly-requested titles could have on resource sharing in Illinois.
Sickle hemoglobin instability: a mechanism for malarial protection

Heterozygosity for the mutant sickle hemoglobin confers protection from severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It is here proposed that this protection derives from the instability of sickle hemoglobin, which clusters red cell membrane protein band 3 and triggers accelerated removal by phagocytic cells. This explanation requires that sickle trait cells manifest greater hemoglobin instability than normal red cells, something that could derive from their content of sickle hemoglobin. The mechanism also implicates splenic function as a determinant of the protective effect.
Developmental properties of induced buds from a nonbudding mutant of Hydra viridis

The apical portions of the nonbudding mutant of Hydra viridis were induced to bud by grafting to them basal portions of wild type hydra of the same species. The induced buds had unusual developmental and morphogenetic properties that frequently showed characteristics of both wild type and mutant animals. The rate and extent of bud induction varied depending upon the body region of the wild type tissue grafted to mutant tissue. The gastric region induced the most buds at the highest rate. Induced buds containing cells from both the wild type and the nonbudding mutant were referred to as “heterocytes”. Wild type heterocytes were more like the mutant. Mutant heterocytes had regeneration properties characteristic of both the wild type and mutant animals depending upon how long they had been fed. The initial budding rates of the wild type heterocytes varied, but eventually all wild type heterocytes transformed into animals of mutant phenotype. These observations suggest that complex interactions are taking place in the heterocytes composed of cells derived from both the wild type and the nonbudding mutant.
The predictions of a new phenomenological model for SbSxO1-xI

Abstract A simplified phenomenological model for SbSxO1-xI solid solutions is developed for the (x-T-p) concentration-pressure-temperature-variables and compared with data from a new experiment.
Theory of deep inelastic neutron scattering: Hard-core perturbation theory

Details are presented of a new many-body theory for deep inelastic neutron scattering (DINS) experiments to measure momentum distributions in quantum fluids and solids. The high-momentum and energy-transfer scattering law in helium is shown to be a convolution of the impulse approximation with a final-state broadening function which depends on the scattering phase shifts and the radial distribution function. The predicted broadening satisfies approximate Y scaling, is neither Lorentzian nor Gaussian, and obeys the f, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{3}$ sum rules. The derivation uses a combination of Liouville perturbation theory, projection superoperators, and semiclassical methods which I term ``hard-core perturbation theory.'' A review is presented of the predictions of prior theories for DINS experiments in relation to the present work. A subsequent paper will present massive numerical predictions and a discussion of DINS experiments on superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$.
Purification and characterization of CMP-NeuAc:GM1 (Galβ1-4Ga1NAc) α2-3 sialyltransferase from rat brain

A CMP-NeuAc:GM1 alpha 2-3 sialyltransferase (GD1a synthase, 2.4.99.2) has been purified from the Triton extract of rat brain. The enzyme was purified and resolved by affinity chromatography on CDP-Sepharose column by a linear NaCl gradient elution. Final purification was achieved by elution from a 'GM1-acid'-Sepharose column. SDS-PAGE of the enzyme revealed a single protein band with an apparent Mr 44 kDa. It catalyzed specifically the sialylation of GD1b, GM1 and asialo-GM1. Enzyme products were identified by TLC in three different solvent systems. The Km value for GM1 was 7.5 x 10(-2) M, and for CMP-NeuAc it was 6.5 x 10(-5) M.
Agreement between bedside blood and plasma glucose measurement in the ICU setting

Study objective To assess the agreement between bedside glucose (bGlu) measurements and laboratory plasma glucose (pGlu) measurements in the ICU setting. Design Retrospective study. Setting ICU of a tertiary academic medical center. Patients One hundred ninety-seven patients admitted to the ICU from January through December 2002 who underwent 816 simultaneous bGlu and pGlu measurements. Interventions None. Measurements and results To calculate the agreement between the two methods of glucose measurement, the mean difference was obtained, and the limits of the agreement were calculated as the mean difference ± 2 SDs. On 767 occasions, the mean bGlu was 159 mg/dL and the mean pGlu was 151 mg/dL (p 400 mg/dL, and in these cases the mean pGlu was 423 mg/dL (range, 300 to 900 mg/dL). On 18 occasions, the bGlu was reported as Conclusions On average, bGlu provides a reasonable estimate for pGlu. However, for the individual patient, bGlu gives an unreliable estimate for pGlu. All of those taking care of critically ill patients should be aware of the limitations of bedside glucometry.
Service-Learning and Political Knowledge.

Abstract Its proponents argue that the important cognitive effect of service-learning is increasing political knowledge. In this article, I enumerate additional skills of political thinking relevant to a civically engaged service-learning curriculum in political science. These skills include helping students: 1) develop interest in politics, 2) learn what their interests are, 3) participate and deliberate prudently, 4) listen politically, and 5) judge the political world. Moreover, the aspects of political thinking I have enumerated can often be found more easily at service sites and can expand our understanding of political knowledge in the classroom. Instead of seeing service-learning activities as a means to achieve our academic goals, we can view activities at the site as a way to help our students think less as academic learners and more as civic ones. Political scientists can spend less time teaching civic knowledge to students and more time helping students realize that they possess political knowl...
Lowering the Bar or Moving the Target: A Wage Decomposition of Michigan's Charter and Traditional Public School Teachers:

Background: The quality of a school’s teaching force has a significant effect on student learning. One potential lever for increasing teacher quality is through selecting and rewarding teachers with desired characteristics. Purpose: To analyze differences and similarities in the salary determinants of Michigan’s charter and traditional public schools. Participants: The representative sample included 723 full-time traditional public school teachers and 468 full-time charter school teachers in Michigan during the 1999-2000 school year. ResearchDesign: This is a multivariate analysis of quantitative data. A secondary analysis of survey data was performed, allowing for greater generalizability across the population of interest. DataCollectionandAnalysis: The 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Survey was the data source. This NCES survey provides comprehensive data on school and staff characteristics that are representative at the state level. Findings: The average Michigan charter school teacher earns more than $15,000 less than the average Michigan traditional public school teacher. Two thirds of this salary difference is because charter school teachers often have lower endowments of valued characteristics, such as experience and certification. Conclusions: Charter school administrators appear to be selecting and rewarding teachers in innovative ways that could have a positive impact on teacher quality. They are hampered in these efforts by the depressed salaries offered in many charter schools.
Discharge planning in psychiatric units in general hospitals

Increased attention to discharge planning offers the potential for a better-integrated system of care for vulnerable patients.
Beneficial effects of alkalotic reperfusion following ischemic cardiac arrest.

Abstract The results of the present study indicate that exposure of ischemic myocardium to a solution with a low hydrogen ion concentration (pH 7.70) during the immediate post-ischemic period provides for better myocardial functional recovery and less myocardial water accumulation than does exposure to solutions with a normal hydrogen ion concentration (pH 7.40). Furthermore, exposure of the postischemic myocardium to a solution with a high hydrogen ion concentration (pH 7.10) results in poor recovery of ventricular function and significant myocardial water accumulation following reperfusion. Neither the beneficial effect of alkalotic reperfusion nor the harmful effect of acidotic reperfusion is associated with alterations in intramyocardial p CO 2 concentrations.