cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol production from corn starch in a fluidized-bed bioreactor.

The production of ethanol from industrial dry-milled corn starch was studied in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed bioreactor using immobilized biocatalysts. Saccharification and fermentation were carried out either simultaneously or separately. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) experiments were performed using small, uniform K-carrageenan beads (1.5-2.5 mm in diameter) of co-immobilized glucoamylase and Zymomonas mobilis. Dextrin feeds obtained by the hydrolysis of 15% dry-milled corn starch were pumped through the bioreactor at residence times of 1.5-4 h. Single-pass conversion of dextrins ranged from 54-89%, and ethanol concentrations of 23-36 g/L were obtained at volumetric productivities of 9-15 g/L-h. Very low levels of glucose were observed in the reactor, indicating that saccharification was the rate-limiting step. In separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) experiments, dextrin feed solutions of 150-160 g/L were first pumped through an immobilized-glucoamylase packed column. At 55 °C and a residence time of 1 h, greater than 95% conversion was obtained, giving product streams of 162-172 g glucose/L. These streams were then pumped through the fluidized-bed bioreactor containing immobilized Z. mobilis. At a residence time of 2 h, 94% conversion and ethanol concentration of 70 g/L were achieved, resulting in an overall process productivity of 23 g/L-h. At residence times of 1.5 and 1 h, conversions of 75 and 76%, ethanol concentrations of 49 and 47 g/L, and overall process productivities of 19 and 25 g/L-h, respectively, were achieved.
Comprehensive School Counseling Programs, Job Satisfaction, and the ASCA National Model

This study examined the level of school counselor job satisfaction and implementation of comprehensive school counseling programs in secondary schools in one state. Participants included 103 secondary school counselors selected using a cluster sampling of Michigan public school districts. The Job in General (JIG) scale was used to measure their job satisfaction. The Comprehensive School Counseling Implementation Measure (CSCIM), based on the ASCA National Model, was used to measure the level of implementation of a comprehensive school counseling program in their schools. The individual items "administrative support" and "facilitating communication between staff" on the CSCIM showed high correlations with job satisfaction, while moderate to high correlations were found in the items "serving all students," "clearly written and defined program philosophy," and "creating time for planning and evaluating the program." This article discusses limitations of this study and suggested directions for further research.
The molecular biology of addictive drugs.

The addictive drugs alcohol, morphine, cocaine, and amphetamine are each associated with the development of tolerance and physical dependence. Changes in gene expression occur in cell culture and in vivo with the administration of these centrally-acting drugs. This article reviews those experiments that have studied drug-induced alterations in gene transcription.
Entropy–Copula in Hydrology and Climatology

AbstractThe entropy theory has been widely applied in hydrology for probability inference based on incomplete information and the principle of maximum entropy. Meanwhile, copulas have been extensively used for multivariate analysis and modeling the dependence structure between hydrologic and climatic variables. The underlying assumption of the principle of maximum entropy is that the entropy variables are mutually independent from each other. The principle of maximum entropy can be combined with the copula concept for describing the probability distribution function of multiple dependent variables and their dependence structure. Recently, efforts have been made to integrate the entropy and copula concepts (hereafter, entropy–copula) in various forms to take advantage of the strengths of both methods. Combining the two concepts provides new insight into the probability inference; however, limited studies have utilized the entropy–copula methods in hydrology and climatology. In this paper, the currently ava...
Mechanism of gas cell stabilization in bread making. I. The primary gluten–starch matrix

Abstract Expansion of dough and hence bread making performance is postulated to depend on a dual mechanism for stabilization of inflating gas bubbles. Two flours were used in this study, one from the wheat variety Jagger (Jagger) and the other from a composite of soft wheat varieties (Soft). Thin liquid lamellae (films), stabilized by adsorbed surface active compounds, act as an auxiliary to the primary gluten–starch matrix in stabilizing expanding gas cells and this mechanism operates when discontinuities begin to appear in the gluten–starch matrix during later proving and early baking stages. Contributions of the liquid lamellae stability to dough expansion were assessed using flours varying in their lipid content. Incremental addition of natural lipids back into defatted flour caused bread volume to decrease, and, after reaching a minimum, to increase. Strain hardening is a key rheological property responsible for stabilizing the primary gluten–starch matrix. Jagger gave higher test-bake loaf volume than Soft and higher strain hardening index for dough. The different lipid treatments were found to have negligible effects on strain hardening index. Image analysis of crumb grain revealed that differences in number of gas cells and average cell elongation with different lipid treatments were insignificant. The evidence agrees with a dual mechanism to stabilize the gas cells in bread dough. To understand dough rheology at a molecular level, rheological properties of doughs were varied by addition of flour protein fractions prepared by pH fractionation. Fractions were characterized by SE-HPLC and MALLS. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of fractions progressively shifted to higher values as the pH of fractionation decreased. Mixograph dough development time paralleled the MWD. However, the strain hardening index and the test-bake loaf volume increased with increasing MWD up to a point (optimum), after which they declined. At a given strain rate, the behavior at the optimum is thought to result from slippage of the maximum number of statistical segments between entanglements, without disrupting the entangled network of polymeric proteins. Shift of MWD to molecular weight higher than the optimum results in a stronger network with reduced slippage through entanglement nodes, whereas a shift to lower molecular weights will decrease the strength of the network due to a lesser number of entanglements per chain.
Management of the Adverse Effects of Clozapine

Clozapine has been found to be superior to traditional neuroleptics in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia and is increasingly being used to treat schizophrenia, affective disorders, some neurological disorders, and aggression. For many patients, clozapine offers new hope for the successful pharmacological management of a disabling mental disorder. However, up to 17 percent of patients must discontinue treatment with clozapine because of adverse effects, which also limit the rate at which the dose can be increased and the maximum dose that can be tolerated. This article reviews strategies for minimizing and managing the adverse effects of clozapine, including agranulocytosis, seizures, sedation, delirium, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hypotension, tachycardia, weight gain, sialorrhea, elevated liver enzymes, constipation, nausea, enuresis, fever, and neuromuscular effects. Incidence and morbidity are presented first. Then, the known or hypothesized pathophysiology of the adverse effects are described. Finally, nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions are reviewed. Under-standing the incidence, pathophysiology, and treatments of adverse effects is essential for a positive therapeutic outcome when prescribing clozapine.
Generalized l/sub 2/ synthesis

Introduces a general framework for control design which can be used to solve several open problems in robust and optimal control. These include systems subject to independently norm-bounded disturbances, robust stability for systems subject to "element by element" bounded structured uncertainty, certain classes of robust performance problems, and systems subject to deterministic white noise disturbances. This is achieved by combining concepts such as H-infinity optimization, linear matrix inequalities, and integral quadratic constraints. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the general problem to have a solution are in terms of a computationally attractive finite-dimensional linear matrix inequality.
Species-specific uptake of DNA by gonococci is mediated by a 10-base-pair sequence

Piliated Neisseria gonorrhoeae are known to be transformed less readily if transforming DNA competes with DNA containing the 10-bp sequence GCCGTCTGAA. It has been postulated that the 10-bp sequence is a recognition sequence which is required for efficient DNA uptake. We show that the presence of various forms of this 10-bp sequence results in increased uptake of double-stranded DNA into a DNase-resistant state and allows genetic transformation by an otherwise nontransformable plasmid. Images
Voice-Rate: A Dialog System for Consumer Ratings

Voice-Rate is an automated dialog system which provides access to over one million ratings of products and businesses. By calling a toll-free number, consumers can access ratings for products, national businesses such as airlines, and local businesses such as restaurants. Voice-Rate also has a facility for recording and analyzing ratings that are given over the phone. The service has been primed with ratings taken from a variety of web sources, and we are augmenting these with user ratings. Voice-Rate can be accessed by dialing 1-877-456-DATA.
The economic burden of fibromyalgia: comparative analysis with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: To quantify and compare direct costs, utilization, and the rate of comorbidities in a sample of patients with fibromyalgia (FM), a poorly understood illness associated with chronic wides...
Babesiosis and blood transfusion: flying under the radar

Infectious agents of disease continue to plague transfusion medicine as an increasing number of pathogens are described that pose a potential blood safety risk. While the recent focus has been on newly emerged agents, several well-established pathogens provide timely reminders that other agents continue to pose threats, but invariably 'fly under the radar', thereby failing to elicit adequate measures to prevent their transmission by blood transfusion. Perhaps foremost among this group of agents are the Babesia spp., which have been known to cause human disease, in the USA, for close to 40 years. B. microti, B. divergens and several Babesia-like agents are responsible for a growing number of human babesiosis infections. Concomitantly, in the USA, there has been a sharp rise in the number of transfusion-transmitted infections of Babesia spp., attributable almost exclusively to B. microti. Despite the obvious public health issues posed by Babesia spp., options for preventing their transmission by blood transfusion remain limited. However, recognition that the Babesia spp. are indeed an ongoing and expanding blood safety threat will probably prove instrumental in the development of viable interventions to limit transmission of these agents.
The Basic Principles of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are recombinant receptors that provide both antigen-binding and T-cell–activating functions. A multitude of CARs has been reported over the past decade, targeting an array of cell surface tumor antigens. Their biologic functions have dramatically changed following the introduction of tripartite receptors comprising a costimulatory domain, termed second-generation CARs. These have recently shown clinical benefit in patients treated with CD19-targeted autologous T cells. CARs may be combined with costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, or cytokines to further enhance T-cell potency, specificity, and safety. CARs represent a new class of drugs with exciting potential for cancer immunotherapy. Significance: CARs are a new class of drugs with great potential for cancer immunotherapy. Upon their expression in T lymphocytes, CARs direct potent, targeted immune responses that have recently shown encouraging clinical outcomes in a subset of patients with B-cell malignancies. This review focuses on the design of CARs, including the requirements for optimal antigen recognition and different modalities to provide costimulatory support to targeted T cells, which include the use of second- and third-generation CARs, costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, and cytokines. Cancer Discov; 3(4); 388–98. ©2013 AACR.
Key determinants of short-term and long-term glioblastoma survival: a 14-year retrospective study of patients from the Hermelin Brain Tumor Center at Henry Ford Hospital.

Abstract Objective Glioblastoma (GBM) is a heterogeneous neoplasm with a small percentage of long-term survivors. Despite aggressive surgical resection and advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the median survival for patients with GBM is 12–14 months. Factors associated with a favorable prognosis include young age, high performance status, gross resection >98%, non-eloquent tumor location and O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation. We retrospectively analyzed the relationship of clinical, epidemiologic, genetic and molecular characteristics with survival in patients with GBM. Methods This retrospective analysis of overall survival looked at the outcomes of 480 patients diagnosed with GBM over 14 years at a single institution. Multivariate analysis was performed examining multiple patient characteristics. Results Median survival time improved from 11.8 months in patients diagnosed from 1995 to 1999 to 15.9 months in those diagnosed from 2005 to 2008. Factors associated with survivor groups were age, KPS, tumor resection, treatment received and early progression. 18 cancer-related genes were upregulated in short-term survivors and five genes were downregulated in short-term survivors. Conclusions Epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular characteristics all contribute to GBM prognosis. Identifying factors associated with survival is important for treatment strategies as well as research for novel therapeutics and technologies. This study demonstrated improved survival for patients over time as well as significant differences among survivor groups.
Geometries and energy separations of the electronic states of In2P2

Abstract Geometries and energy separations of several electronic states of In 2 P 2 are computed using the relativistic complete active space multi-configuration self-consistent field followed by multi-reference singles + doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) computations in conjunction with relativistic effective potentials that included over a million configurations. The 1 A g ground state with an equilibrium structure of a rhombus and several low-lying excited states are found with the same geometries.
Relative importance off environmental variables in determining the growth off nestling Tree Swallows Tachycineta bicolor

Unpredictable, short-term changes in environmental conditions associated with weather patterns have severe impacts on the reproductive success of Tree Swallows Tachycineta bicolor, as well as other aerial insectivores. We examined the effects of day-to-day environmental variation on the growth of nestling Tree Swallows. Using path analysis, we compared the relative importance of changes in food availability, ambient temperature and wind speed on changes in mass and feather length over four years at our study site near Ithaca, New York. Changes in environmental conditions explained a significant amount of the variation in nestling growth, with daily high temperature having the greatest influence for nestlings younger than five days. Both food supply and temperature had significant direct effects on growth of nestlings older than nine days, with temperature also having a significant indirect effect through its influence on food availability. For both young and old chicks, mass gains were smaller for chicks hatched later in the season. Environmental conditions also explained a significant amount of the linear growth of the ninth primary feather in one of two years, with food supply showing the most consistent positive effect. Environmental conditions several days prior to the measurements significantly influenced feather growth, indicating that the effects of adverse conditions are spread out over several days of feather growth, but this effect was not seen for change in mass.
Neurolinguistics must be computational

We provide a threefold taxonomy of models in neurolinguistics: faculty models, which embrace the work of classical connectionists and holists and of such modern workers as Geschwind; process models, which are exemplified by the work of Luria, and which fractionate psycholinguistic tasks and ascribe the components to particular brain regions; and representational models, which use specific linguistic representations to build a psycholinguistic analysis of aphasic performance. We argue that further progress requires that neurolinguistics become more computational, using techniques from Artificial Intelligence to model the cooperative computation underlying language processing at a level of detail consonant with linguistic representations. Finally, we note that current neurolinguistics makes virtually no contact with the synapse-cell-circuit level of analysis characteristic of twentieth-century neuroscience. We suggest that the cooperative computation models we envisage provide the necessary intermediary between current neurolinguistic analysis and the utilization of the fruits of modern neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and neurophysiology.
Abnormally short serum half‐lives of IgG in β2‐microglobulin‐deficient mice

The MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, mediates the transfer of maternal gamma globulin (IgG) to young rodents, primarily via intestinal transcytosis, and this provides humoral immunity for the first few weeks after birth. In a previous study, the site of mouse IgG1 (mIgG1) with which FcRn interacts has been mapped using recombinant wild-type and mutated Fc-hinge fragments. The site encompasses residues at the CH2-CH3 domain interface of Fc (Ile253, His310, Gln311, His433 and Asn434) and the same amino acids are involved in regulating the pharmacokinetics of the Fc-hinge fragments. This suggests that in addition to its known function, FcRn might also play a role in IgG homeostasis. Consistent with this hypothesis, in this study, we demonstrate that FcRn α-chain mRNA is present not only in neonatal brush border but also in other tissues of adult animals (liver, lung, spleen and endothelial cells). In addition, analysis of the pharmacokinetics of mouse Ig/Fc-hinge fragments in genetically manipulated mice that are deficient in the expression of FcRn demonstrates that the β-phase half-lives are abnormally short. These findings suggest that FcRn is involved in IgG homeostasis.
Adductor muscle activity abnormalities in abductor spasmodic dysphonia.

Abstract Objective: To determine laryngeal muscle activation abnormalities associated with speech symptoms in abductor spasmodic dysphonia (ABSD). Study Design: Bilateral laryngeal muscle recordings from the posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and cricothyroid muscles were conducted in 12 ABSD patients. Patients' measures were compared during speech breaks and during speech without breaks and with 10 normal controls. Results: Significant group differences were found in the thyroarytenoid muscle; the patients had significantly greater activity on the right side both during speech breaks and nonbreaks in comparison with the controls. Cricothyroid muscle levels were also increased on the right in the patients. Conclusion: An asymmetry in adductor muscle tone between the 2 sides in ABSD may account for difficulties with maintaining phonation and voice onset after voiceless consonants. Significance: These abnormalities may indicate why PCA BOTOX injections have not been as effective in ABSD as thyroarytenoid injections have been in adductor spasmodic dysphonia. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:23-30)
Antifungal mechanisms by which a novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine toxin kills Candida albicans in biofilms

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces several phenazines including the recently described 5-methyl-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (5MPCA), which exhibits a novel antibiotic activity towards pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans. Here we characterize the unique antifungal mechanisms of 5MPCA using its analogue phenazine methosulphate (PMS). Like 5MPCA, PMS induced fungal red pigmentation and killing. Mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that PMS can be covalently modified by amino acids, a process that yields red derivatives. Furthermore, soluble proteins from C. albicans grown with either PMS or P. aeruginosa were also red and demonstrated absorbance and fluorescence spectra similar to that of PMS covalently linked to either amino acids or proteins in vitro, suggesting that 5MPCA modification by protein amine groups occurs in vivo. The red-pigmented C. albicans soluble proteins were reduced by NADH and spontaneously oxidized by oxygen, a reaction that likely generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additional evidence indicated that ROS generation precedes 5MPCA-induced fungal death. Reducing conditions greatly enhanced PMS uptake by C. albicans and killing. Since 5MPCA was more toxic than other phenazines that are not modified, such as pyocyanin, we propose that the covalent binding of 5MPCA promotes its accumulation in target cells and contributes to its antifungal activity in mixed-species biofilms.
Nonmedical prescription opioid use among victimized women on probation and parole

Abstract Background Nonmedical prescription opioid use (NPOU) is a major public health concern and few studies have described this phenomenon among victimized women involved in the criminal justice system. Objective This study will describe the relationship between victimization, psychological distress, health status and NPOU among the vulnerable population of victimized women on probation and parole. Methods A sample of 406 women on probation and parole responded to items assessing victimization history, self-reported health status, physical pain, psychological distress, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized to differentiate NPOUs versus nonusers. Results Overall, 169 (41.6%) women reported lifetime NPOU, and 20% reported use in the past year. Compared to women who did not report NPOU, NPOUs were more likely to be White, have poorer general health, and more severe psychological distress across nine symptom domains. In multiple logistic regression models, each year of age reduced the odds of NPOU by 4%; White women were twice as likely as women of other races to report NPOU; each unit increase in the measure for physical pain was associated with a 30% increase in the odds of NPOU; and participants who met diagnostic criteria for PTSD were 60% more likely to report NPOU compared to individuals who did not. Conclusion Victimized women on probation and parole report high rates of NPOU and comorbid mental and physical health problems. The criminal justice system should routinely screen for NPOU, as well as untreated or poorly managed physical pain and psychological distress, which may increase risk of NPOU.
“Turning the Whole Affair into a Ballad” of Misogyny

The story of Blithedale dwells on an experimental community reminiscent of the Brook Farm Transcendental group with which Hawthorne had briefly been associated in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Indeed, his participation in the communal experiment served as the germ for the novel, which was written ten years after his one-year stay there, but the impact that his experience among the social reformers had upon the fictitious Blithedale community is a point of much conjecture and debate among critics. Many of them see distinct parallels between Hawthorne's characters and actual persons of the day, while others have rejected any but the slightest resemblance to the actual Brook Farm experimenters. The article focuses on The Blithedale Romance as a novelistic indication of the American misogynistic narratives with its archetypal origins.
Cyanotryptophans as Novel Fluorescent Probes for Studying Protein Conformational Changes and DNA-Protein Interaction.

Described herein are the syntheses and photophysical characterization of three novel cyanotryptophans, and their efficient incorporation into proteins as fluorescent probes. Photophysical characteristics indicated that each was significantly brighter and red-shifted in fluorescence emission relative to tryptophan. Each analogue was used to activate a suppressor tRNA transcript and was incorporated with good efficiency into two different positions (Trp22 and Trp74) of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR). The Trp analogues could be monitored selectively in the presence of multiple native Trp residues in DHFR. 6-CNTrp (A) formed an efficient Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair with l-(7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)ethylglycine (HCO, D) at position 17. Further, 6-CNTrp (A) was incorporated into two DNA binding proteins, including the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I and an RNA recognition motif (RRM2) of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP LL). Using these proteins, we de...
Financial Development and International Trade in Ghana: An Empirical Study

This paper analyzes the relationship between growth in international trade and financial development in Ghana. Applying Co-integration Test and the Vector Error Correction Model to a time series dataset from 1960 to 2013, the study finds that there is long run causal relationship among the financial development variables and international trade in Ghana. The result is significant as Ghana continues to develop its financial system and enhance its presence in international trade.
Abstract 331: A comprehensive high-resolution genomic analysis of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) shows a highly complex karyotype characterized by abnormalities affecting multiple genes involved in critical pathways associated with lymphocyte maturation and survival

Introduction. PCNSL is an aggressive primary brain tumor characterized by a perivascular accumulation of malignant cells that have lymphoid characteristics. As there is significantly less information regarding the molecular pathogenesis of PCNSL in comparison with systemic lymphomas the aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive high-resolution genomic analysis in a cohort of PCNSL cases to better characterize the disease at chromosomal and gene level. Material and Methods. Specimens from 7 EBV- and HIV-negative and presumed immunocompetent PCNSL patients with sufficient frozen tissue for DNA extraction were studied. Copy-number abnormalities were analyzed by array CGH using SurePrint G3 (1 million probes) microarray (Agilent). B-cell differentiation status was characterized by immunostains for CD10, MUM-1, and CD138. Results. PCNSL cases were characterized by highly complex genomes with a median of 23 copy-number abnormalities per patient (range 16-49). Twenty-four chromosomal regions were affected in recurrent deletions and 19 in copy-number gains. Gain of 12q12-q24.33 and losses of 9p21.3 and 6q were the most common abnormalities, found in five of the seven patients. There was not a deleted region on 6q unique to all cases, with 6q14.1-q14.3, 6q16.3-q22.2 and 6q25.3-q26 losses being found in 4 out of 5 cases with 6q deletions. Two regions of interest were biallelically deleted. CDKN2A was the sole gene included in all cases with 9p21.3, being biallelically deleted in two out of 5 cases. TOX and CD58, genes associated with the development and activation of T cells, were also biallelically affected. Focal monoallelic deletions affecting negative regulators of the NFkB signaling pathway (MAP4K1, TANK, TAX1BP1, TRIB3), cell cycle (RB1) and immune-cell regulation (SIRPB1, CBLB, NFATC2) were also identified. Overall, a total of 22 genes were included in homozygous deletions in at least one case. Several chromosomal breakpoints were identified inside genes that encode transcription factors previously identified as being part of fusion protein in other hematological malignancies (FOXP1, ETV6 and NCOA2). Conclusion. This pilot study showed evidence for a highly complex genome, mainly characterized by abnormalities affecting a plethora of genes involved in lymphocyte development, activation and NF-kB signaling pathways regulation. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 331.
Choosing Sides in Wars

We present a rational-choice theory of how decision makers choose sides, or neutrality, in ongoing wars. The theory focuses on each nation's expected utility from the war's possible outcomes, and on each nation's utility for its available strategies. Once the decision-making calculus is specified, the theory is tested against more than two thousand national decisions to remain neutral or to join an ongoing war on one side or the other. The theory proves to have considerable explanatory power, with the results of the data analysis indicating that the basic decision-making calculus used to choose sides in wars has not changed substantially during the past century and a half, although there have been some adjustments upwards and downwards in the relative importance of particular elements in the calculus.
Portable Politics and Durable Religion: The Moral Worldviews of American Evangelical Missionaries*

This study examines the portable politics and durable religion of American evangelical missionaries from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in their experiences abroad culturally, politically, and religiously. The data comes from semi-structured interviews with 27 missionaries conducted between December 2003 and July 2005. We argue that the most plausible explanation of the durability of evangelical religion can be found by analyzing the multilayered nature of the evangelical moral world-view. We find that (1) the cultural and political views of missionaries arise from a core moral world-view; (2) these moral worldviews are perceived as absolute and above culture, and thus withstand criticism and can be transported to other cultures; (3) the moral worldviews of missionaries who had experienced greater cultural and religious diversity at home were more resistant to change in their encounters abroad; and (4) the primary critique evangelical missionaries make of America is subjective and personal rather than social and systemic.
Olfactory Communication at Sandbathing Loci by Sympatric Species of Kangaroo Rats

Kangaroo rats typically sandbathe in a series of side rolls and ventral rubs, resulting in the deposition of various body secretions in the sand. I investigated olfactory communication at sandbathing loci by examining responses of sympatric species of kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami and D. microps , to sandbathing loci of conspecific males and females and to loci of males and females of the other species. Responses to disturbed sand and gerbil odor also were tested as controls. The frequency of sandbathing rubs at sandbathing loci during a 10-min period was measured. Generally, both species showed an attraction to sandbathing deposits of conspecifics, with D. merriami exhibiting a stronger attraction than D. microps . Males showed a greater response to deposits at sandbathing loci than females and were attracted to deposits of both conspecific females and males. Females sandbathed at loci where conspecific females had sandbathed. This attraction was possibly to disturbed sand, because D. merriami females sandbathed at high frequencies at loci with only disturbed sand and no odor deposit. The attraction of kangaroo rats to sandbathing deposits of conspecifics indicated that olfactory communication occurred at sandbathing loci. Possibly, kangaroo rats identify species and sex from deposits at these sites.
Evaluation of Effects of Variations in Aggregate Base Layer Properties on Flexible Pavement Performance

This paper aims to evaluate flexible pavement responses and performance affected by variations in the aggregate base layer properties. An advanced three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was developed to capture the nonlinear cross-anisotropic behavior of granular material. The FE model characterized the hot-mix asphalt layer as a viscoelastic material and used moving load to predict time- and temperature-dependent pavement responses under different temperatures (25°C and 45°C). Two asphalt pavement sections with different asphalt layer thicknesses (3 and 5 in.) were analyzed, considering variations in aggregate properties. The response changes in the asphalt layer, aggregate base layer, and subgrade depended on the interaction between viscoelastic asphalt layer and stress-dependent aggregate base layer. Fatigue cracking and subgrade rutting were more affected by changes of aggregate base layer properties among different failure mechanisms in each pavement layer. The coefficient of curvature and compl...
Synchronizing determination of Tin and antimony in soaked liquid of plastic pipes for water supply by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Objective:To establish a method for synchronizing determination of Tin and antimony in soaked liquid of Plastic Pipes for Water Supply by atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Methods: Through optimizing instruments conditions,comparing the effect of different reducers,and exploring the influence of the disturbing ions,the synchronizing determination of Tin and antimony in soaked liquid of Plastic Pipes for Water Supply is established by hydride generator atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Results: The linear calibration curve for Tin is within the range of 0 μg/L~10 μg/L,of which correlative coefficient is 0.9992,and for antimony is within the range of 0 μg/L~10 μg/L,of which correlative coefficient is 0.9993.The detection limits are 0.8507 μg/L for Tin and 0.0424 μg/L for antimony.The recovery rates of spiking standards for Tin and antimony are 102% and 95% respectively.The RSDs are 3.28% for Tin and 2.70% for antimony.Conclusion: The method is simple,accurate and rapid enough for synchronizing determination of Tin and antimony in soaked liquid of Plastic Pipes for Water Supply.
Effect of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide on lymphocyte circulation

BACKGROUND: Lymphocyte recirculation is directed by glycoprotein adhesion molecules on lymphocytes and endothelial cells of lymphoid tissues. Lymphocyte circulation in different lymphoid tissues is dependent on the type of glycoprotein adhesion molecules present. In the present study, the effects of inhibiting new protein synthesis on the ability of lymphocytes to circulate and home to different lymphoid tissues was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: New Zealand White rabbits and Lewis white rats were treated with cycloheximide or buffer. Total circulating lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte subsets were measured. Rabbits were given autologous, 111indium-labeled lymphocytes to determine if there were changes in the organ distribution of lymphocytes after cycloheximide treatment. RESULTS: After cycloheximide treatment, the number of circulating lymphocytes but not neutrophils increased significantly by 2 hours in both rabbits and rats. T cells, B cells, and L-selectin-positive lymphocytes showed similar increases. Measurements of the distribution of the radiolabeled, autologous lymphocytes in cycloheximide-treated animals showed significantly greater numbers circulating in the peripheral blood and decreased numbers in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleens compared with controls. In contrast, the number of radiolabeled lymphocytes in the lung was not decreased after cycloheximide administration. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that protein synthesis inhibition causes lymphocytosis due to decreased lymphocyte homing to mesenteric nodes, Peyer's patches, and spleen, but not lung. This effect was not specific for distinct lymphocyte subsets, including T cells, B cells, or lymphocytes expressing L-selectin. These data show that molecules modulating lymphocyte homing in some organs have rapid turnover rates and suggest that changes in homing during the inflammatory process can be rapidly regulated by changes in protein translation.
Sepsis: clinical dilemmas.

Abstract Sepsis, manifested by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Despite advances and our knowledge of sepsis, there remain clinical dilemmas that impact how we treat patients. These clinical dilemmas include hypotension, cardiac dysfunction and altered oxygen consumption. There is increasing recognition that treatment of these problems does not necessarily improve outcome. As we improve our understanding of sepsis, there is increased recognition that improvement in morbidity and survival will come not only from treating the manifestations of sepsis but also the endogenous mediators responsible for the development of these clinically important conditions. This manuscript discusses the clinical dilemmas associated with sepsis, current therapy and future directions for managing sepsis.
Introduction: Biostatistics and R

The purpose of this lesson is to provide context for the science of biostatistics and to highlight a few of the major contributors. Emphasis is given to the role of data analysis for the various disciplines in the biological sciences (e.g., agriculture, biology, clinical trials, ecology, environmental health, epidemiology, genetics, health sciences, nutrition, public health, etc.). The practice of biostatistics is then linked to the use of R, a free and open source software environment. As explained, each problem in this text is associated with a.csv (comma-separated values) ASCII file, a Code Book detailing data organization, quality assurance through graphical presentations and descriptive statistics, selected statistical analyses, summary of outcomes, and an addendum offering ideas on how R can be used for additional insight into biostatistics.
Frequency-response characteristics of autonomic nervous system function in conscious rats

To characterize the efferent pathway from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to peripheral autonomic neurons and finally to selected effector organs, we stimulated the PVN in 10 conscio...
Short-loop feedback of luteinizing hormone: dose-response relationships and specificity.

The short-loop feedback control of rabbit luteinizing hormone (rLH) was studied by using a highly specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) system for rLH which does not react with human LH. Permanent intravenous catheters were placed in adult female New Zealand White rabbits at the time of castration. Highly purified human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was injected intravenously at doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 50, and 100IU into unanesthetized animals 1 to 16days following castration. Blood samples were obtained at –20, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, and 180minutes via catheter, and rLH and rabbit follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) levels were determined by RIA. Doses between 1 and 100IU of hLH produced a prompt decrease in rLH (within 5minutes); the maximal response occurred within 20 to 30minutes. Calculated as integrated area of response between 0 and 180minutes, a dose-response relationship existed between 0.5 and 4.0IU of hLH. Human LH, even at high doses of 50IU, produced no changes in endogeneous rFSH. This is the first description of an entirely specific control system for LH, separate from FSH. The short-loop feedback control system for LH is sensitive to levels of LH estimated to be present in eugonadal animals.
Abstract 2673: Inhibition of fatty-acid oxidation as a therapy for MYC-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer

Expression of the oncogenic transcription factor MYC is disproportionately elevated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to estrogen, progesterone and/or human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor-positive (RP) breast tumors. We and others have shown that MYC alters metabolism during tumorigenesis. However, the role of MYC in TNBC metabolism remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized that pharmacologic inhibition of MYC-driven metabolic pathways may serve as a therapeutic strategy for this clinically challenging subtype of breast cancer. Using a targeted metabolomics approach, we identified fatty-acid oxidation (FAO) intermediates as dramatically upregulated in a MYC-driven model of TNBC. A lipid metabolism gene signature was identified in patients with TNBC in the TCGA and multiple other clinical datasets, implicating FAO as a dysregulated pathway critical for TNBC metabolism. We find that MYC-overexpressing TNBC, including a transgenic model and patient-derived xenograft (PDX), display increased bioenergetic reliance upon FAO. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAO catastrophically decreases energy metabolism of MYC-overexpressing breast cancer, blocks growth of a MYC-driven transgenic TNBC model and MYC-overexpressing PDX. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of FAO is a novel therapeutic strategy against TNBCs that overexpress MYC. Citation Format: Roman Camarda, Alicia Y. Zhou, Rebecca A. Kohnz, Sanjeev Balakrishnan, Celine Mahieu, Brittany Anderton, Henok Eyob, Shingo Kajimura, Aaron Tward, Gregor Krings, Daniel K. Nomura, Andrei Goga. Inhibition of fatty-acid oxidation as a therapy for MYC-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2673.
An effective design course to inspire active learning in undergraduate education

The ABET engineering criteria was first formulated and introduced to the American education system in the middle 1990s. The ABET accreditation system defines an engineering graduate according to Blooms Taxonomy. As a part of the continuing curriculum improvement at Bucknell University, a new junior-level design course has been recently introduced into the curriculum. The course title is ECEG 301: Praxis for Engineering Design. The objectives of this course are manifold, but is primarily designed to pave the way to improved student performance in senior design projects, promote team-work and hands-on experiences, and to enhance student completion of ABET outcomes, particularly criteria (c to h). Examples of the course contents include computer aided design (Solidworks®), 3-D printing, design process elements, functional decomposition, fabrication, implementation, and simulation of photovoltaic systems. The course also aims at introducing students to crucial and current societal and environmental issues. In this paper, the results of the multiple projects are discussed. Based on anecdotal data analysis and feedback from students and faculty, the assigned projects have encouraged students' creativity and enhanced their ability to work on multidisciplinary teams. The inclusion of similar courses in undergraduate engineering curriculum would definitely improve students' hands on experiences and prepare them for more complex design challenges.
Evaluation of dual-time point 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging to differentiate malignant from benign pulmonary nodules

1471 Objectives To revisit the clinical value of dual time point (DTP) FDG PET/CT imaging in patients referred for assessment of clinically concerning pulmonary nodules. Methods This is a retrospective study of 69 patients referred for evaluation by 18-FDG PET/CT of a clinically concerning pulmonary nodule, between July 2012 and September 2015 at a military medical center. PET/CT was acquired at 1 and 2 hrs (early and delayed scan) after 18F-FDG injection. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was calculated of each nodule that had focally greater than lung background uptake. Any solid, semi-solid or ground-glass nodule was accepted. A positive for malignancy result was defined as greater than 10% increase between the early and delayed scan. A negative result was defined as less than a 10% increased uptake, stability, or decreased uptake between the early and delayed scans. The “gold standard” for comparison was either a biopsy result, or a greater than one year follow-up chest CT or PET/CT. Only cases with a “gold standard” for comparison were accepted. Simple sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results The number of true positive cases was 26, of false negative cases 6, of false positive cases 12, and of true negative cases 25. These translate into a sensitivity of detecting cancer in a malignant nodule of 78.8% and specificity to exclude cancer in a non-malignant nodule of 67.6%. If excluding nodules less than 10 mm or ground-glass nodules, the sensitivity increases to 89.7%. In comparison to initial only or single time point (STP) imaging with positivity for malignancy defined as SUVmax at 2.5 or greater, the sensitivity is not significantly changed at 78.1%, rising to slightly less than with DTP when excluding nodules less than 10 mm or ground-glass nodule to 85.7%. Specificity is also not significantly different for STP imaging only, calculated at 66.7%. Conclusions Dual-time-point 18F-FDG PET-CT imaging is of questionable greater usefulness than single-time point imaging for differentiating malignant from benign pulmonary nodules, showing a slight benefit in only sensitivity if excluding small or ground-glass nodules.
Gut contents of larval fishes from Iight trap and plankton net collections at Enmedio Reef near Veracruz, Mexico

Traditionally, it has been assumed that re­ef fish recruitment is a density dependent pro­cess determined by adult population size and resource limitations (Sale 1978). More recent ideas on factors regulating population size in­clude the concept that reef populations are strongly influenced by pre-recruitment limita­tions (Victor 1986, Richards and Lindeman 1987, Doherty and Williams 1988). Variation in larval survival rates due to starvation can strongly affect year class strength. Finding ap­propriate planktonic prey within a few days of hatching is critical to larval survival. However, little is known about the diets of early (prefle­xion) larval reef fishes, thus studies of their feeding ecology would provide insight into survi­val and subsequent recruitment to reefs. A ma­ jor limitation to such studies has been the low yield of reef fish larvae in plankton tows (Victor 1986, Leis 1989). Light traps are an at­ tractive alternative since many fish larvae are attracted to light, and traps can be easily deplo­yed in shallow reef sites. We conducted a study to examine the diets of tropical fish larvae co­llected by light traps and plankton tows at dif­ferent habitats on a shallow coral reef. Our ob­jective was to collect first feeding preflexion larvae and to identify prey organisms in their guts. This information is needed for our long term goal of culturing coral reef fishes in the laboratory.