cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subject-Media Interactions in Learning Spatial Relations

The study was designed to test the hypothesis that motion in visual media can be differentially effective in enhancing the learning of complex spatial relations as a function of the viewer's spatial aptitude. Eighty-four (42 males and 42 females) of high and low spatial aptitude (as measured by the Guilford-Zimmerman Test of Spatial Visualization) were taught the movement patterns of 5 chessmen with 1 of 3 instructional films: (1) A “Stills” condition which simulated a slide presentation, (2) A “Partial Motion” condition which was identical to the “Stills” condition except for the addition of an animated cueing arrow, (3) A “Full Motion” condition which followed a standard motion picture format. High aptitude subjects showed no differences between instructional modes. Low aptitude subjects performed better with both motion conditions but no differences were found between the two motion conditions.
In Times of Crisis: The Conditions of Pocketbook Effects

When and how will personal financial (aka “pocketbook”) concerns drive citizens’ political decisions? Scholars remain puzzled by the mismatch between the expectation that pocketbook voting should o...
Synthesis of lepiochlorin, an antibiotic metabolite of a fungus cultivated by ants

Abstract The fungal metabolite lepiochlorin has been synthesized from allylmethoxyethoxymethyl ether and the dianion of 2-phenylthiopropionic acid. The resulting lactone was converted to the butenolide and halogen functions introduced by hydrolysis of the MEM group and treatment with thionyl chloride followed by N-bromosuccinimide. Reaction with silver acetate yielded lepiochlorin.
Regional Analysis of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds in the Lower Troposphere of the Southeast United States

Nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) along with ozone as well as other trace gas and meteorological parameters were measured at eight rural sites located in the Southeast United States, as part of the Southern Oxidants Study. Fifty-four C2C10 NMOCs were collected from 1,2001,300 local time, once every six days from September 1992 through October 1993 and intermittently during 1994. This study was undertaken to characterize the nonmethane hydrocarbons in the rural areas of Southeast United States with respect to their concentrations, reactivities, and relative importance of natural and anthropogenic abundances of NMOCs. Though the sites are well removed from large urban source regions, the observations show a clear anthropogenic influence on the hydrocarbon levels at these rural sites. The data for the sites show similar seasonal patterns for total NMOC with summer maxima (average concentrations of 198 ppbC at the Long Creek, South Carolina, site to 47 ppbC at the Candor, North Carolina site) and fall minima (average concentrations of 73 ppbC at the Long Creek site to 31 ppbC at the Centreville, Alabama site). A secondary maximum is observed during the winter. A seasonal trend was observed in the concentrations of light molecular weight C\d2–C\d4 NMOCs (ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, \ii-butane, and \in-butane) with a winter maximum and a summer minimum. An analysis of changes in C\d2–C\d4 hydrocarbon ratios over a period of one year indicates that the variation is most likely due to seasonal changes in OH concentrations. A seasonal trend was also observed for the biogenically emitted NMOC, isoprene, with summer maxima (average concentrations of 37 ppbC at the Long Creek, South Carolina, site to 8.6 ppbC at the Giles County, Tennessee and Metter, Georgia, sites) and winter minima with winter seasonal values below the level of detection. Isoprene was observed to be the most dominant NMOC at most sites during the summer. The ambient concentrations of isoprene measured during the summer were found to be dependent on the ambient temperature. The monoterpenes \ia-pinene, \ib-pinene, and \id-limonene also peaked during the summer with averages ranging between 3.19 ppbC (Centreville, Alabama) and 6.38 ppbC (Oak Grove, Missouri), and a background concentration of 1.25 to 1.9 ppbC for all the sites during the winter.
Sequence, transcript characterization and polymorphisms of a Plasmodium falciparum gene belonging to the heat-shock protein (HSP) 90 family.

Abstract A gene ( pfhsp86 ) encoding a member of the heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) family has been isolated from Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf ). The pfhsp86 coding region comprises two exons separated by an 0.8-kb intron with consensus splice junction sequences. The transcript itself is 3.4-kb long and includes a 0.65-kb 5'-untranslated region ( UTR ) and a 0.54-kb 3'-UTR . Upstream of the transcription start point ( tsp ) are putative promoter modules: an inverted CCAAT box, a G + C-rich sequence and several TATA sequences. Transcription is enhanced in erythrocyte-stage parasites cultivated at elevated temperatures (2–3-fold at 39°C and 3-4-fold at 41 °C, relative to 37°C). The pfhsp86 gene maps within a chromosome 7 segment that is linked to chloroquine (Cq) response in a Pf cross. The parents of this cross (Dd2, HB3) differ in the first exon by two trinucleotide repeats, while more divergence is apparent between the introns. These trinucleotide repeat differences are linked to Cq response in the HB3 × Dd2 cross, but they did not predict Cq response in nine Pf lines from different locations.
Our fixation with fixation: are screws clinically superior to external wires in distal first metatarsal osteotomies?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate postoperative morbidity, the structural correction attained, and the long-term range of motion following fixation with a single external Kirschner wire and an internal cortical screw. We abstracted records for 69 patients undergoing distal unicorrectional chevron osteotomies. Thirty-three patients received percutaneous 0.062-inch K-wire fixation, and 36 patients received single 2.7-mm. cortical screw fixation. Among these age- and sex-matched subjects, there was not a significant difference between any of the correctional or morbid outcomes measured in this study on the basis of type of fixation employed. Patients with rigid internal screw fixation did not return to shoe gear sooner, develop fewer postoperative infections, or have increased long-term range of motion than the group receiving external fixation with a single K-wire. Surgical time was significantly longer for those patients undergoing rigid internal fixation with a screw (42.5 ± 9.5 vs. 35.7 ± 6.6 minutes, p
Robust Capacity Planning in Semiconductor Manufacturing

We present a stochastic programming approach to capacity planning under demand uncertainty in semiconductor manufacturing. Given multiple demand scenarios together with associated probabilities, our aim is to identify a set of tools that is a good compromise for all these scenarios. More precisely, we formulate a mixed-integer program in which expected value of the unmet demand is minimized subject to capacity and budget constraints. This is a dicult two-stage stochastic mixed-integer program which can not be solved to optimality in a reasonable amount of time. We instead propose a heuristic that can produce near-optimal solutions. Our heuristic strengthens the linear programming relaxation of the formulation with cutting planes and performs limited enumeration. Analyses of the results in some real-life situations are also presented.
Children's response to crisis and change

The vulnerability of early childhood to crisis is an ongoing concern for psychologists. Far from attempting to define the ideal conditions for child emotional growth, we still have not defined the long‐term effects of less than ideal conditions. Theoretical biases add to this problem by offering often dramatic alternative explanations for empirical findings. This article discusses some of these issues and describes an ecological model that is finding increasing favor among family researchers and clinicians.
Study of molecular mixing and a finite rate chemical reaction in a mixing layer

This paper concerns an analytical study of molecular mixing and finite rate chemical reactions in an infinite row of two dimensional vortices representing a mixing layer. Diffusion equations for reacting and non-reacting species are solved locally in a Lagrangian frame of reference following material elements. The flowfield is prescribed for the solution. The concentration distributions in the vortex structure are composed from these analytical solutions and presented for several cases. The probability density functions (pdfs) constructed from these distributions show similarities to those from the mixing layer experiments.
Diethylstilbestrol-induced jaundice in the Chinese and Armenian hamster.

An unusual and impressive hyperbilirubinemia was induced in Chinese hamsters by administration of diethylstilbestrol (DES). This icterus was dose-dependent and affected females more severely than males. However, a similar mortality was detected in both sexes. Another hamster, the Armenian hamster, was even more susceptible to the icteric and lethal effects of DES. The hamster model of DES-induced icterus showed many clinical dissimilarities when compared to the human estrogen-induced jaundice, simple cholestatic jaundice. Furthermore, hepatic pathology was distinctly different as canalicular cholestasis was absent although other degenerative and regenerative hepatocellular changes were present. Livers of Armenian hamsters were more severely affected than were livers from Chinese hamsters and contained Mallory bodies even within 1 week after DES treatment. A modest, nonlethal jaundice also was detected in European hamsters after DES injection, whereas Syrian hamsters were not affected even after larger doses. This unique sensitivity to DES, and the spectrum of sensitivity within these related hamsters (Armenian ± Chinese ± European vs. resistant Syrian) provide an interesting model for study of DES effect on hepatic function.
Site-specific nicking at the avian retrovirus LTR circle junction by the viral pp32 DNA endonuclease

The avian retrovirus pp32 DNA endonuclease prefers to nick supercoiled DNA containing long terminal repeat (LTR) circle junction sequences at one or the other of two sites, each which mapped two nucleotides back from the circle junction. The sequence at the sites of nicking was (sequence: see text) where increases indicates the positions of the two alternative nicked sites. This site-specific nicking was observed when the circle junction LTR DNA was present in supercoiled form, the divalent metal ion was Mg2+ and the molar ratio of protein to DNA was low. The majority of other LTR DNA sites nicked by pp32 in the presence of Mg2+ were adjacent to or within the dinucleotide CA.
Sex differences in expression of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA in waved-1 and C57Bl6 mice

A reduction of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha) expression in the spontaneous Waved-1 (Wa-1) mutant mouse causes specific behavioral and anatomical changes, including reduced fear learning and stress response and enlarged lateral ventricles. These alterations are observed predominantly in male Wa-1 mice after puberty. We hypothesized that regional differences in the expression of TGFalpha and its receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), may regulate the sexual dimorphism of the brain structures and functions during postnatal development. In general, fear learning-associated structures, including hippocampus and amygdala, showed maximum expression before puberty, regardless of genotype. In contrast, an overall temporal delay in the rise of both transcript levels, which peaked around or after puberty onset, was observed for the major stress regulatory hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. This pattern of expression was reversed for amygdala EGFR and hypothalamus TGFalpha and EGFR transcripts in males. When regional TGFalpha expression was compared between control and Wa-1 mice, far more complex patterns than expected were observed that revealed sex- and structure-dependent differences. In fact, the amygdala, hypothalamus, and pituitary TGFalpha expression pattern in Wa-1 exhibited a clear sex dependency across various age groups. Surprisingly, there was no compensatory up-regulation of the EGFR transcript in Wa-1 mice. The observed expression patterns of the TGFalpha signaling system during normal development and in the Wa-1 mutant mouse suggest complex sex- and age-dependent transcription regulatory mechanisms.
Educational Strategies for Gifted Students in Secondary Schools

What are the preferred instructional methods for gifted and tal ented students? This writer presents the results of a survey of educators and parents that was designed to answer that question.
Understanding performance in information systems: blending relevance and competence

Information systems have many stakeholder groups with differing views and assessment methods of user performance. For example, users find software unfriendly, and system maintainers find users recalcitrant. Performance of information systems usually measures either the competence of the user as seen from the system's perspective or the relevance of the retrieved materials as seen from the user's perspective. This article presents brief accounts of the user-based performance measure of relevance and the information system-based performance measure of competence. Relevance and competence are shown to be complex notions that have not been studied conjointly. The article then reports the results of an experiment that used a generalized geographic information system to illustrate how collecting and analyzing data simultaneously from both a system and user views of performance can suggest improvements for information systems. The user's view of this generalized system was formed by respondents describing a recent geographic information need situation and its resolution. The system view of the user in this generalized geographic information system was described by the accuracy and time on tasks of subjects as they read and answered questions concerning geographic text and map documents. This exploratory research generated two major hypotheses: Relevance varies directly with levels of competence and experience, and relevance varies directly with the difficulty of the task. These relationships are interesting and need further investigation because their underlying cause is not easily determined. The findings also indicate that through a merged, no-fault model, information science can contribute to constructing a holistic view of system performance by illustrating relationships among factors such as competence and relevance, and by exposing new factors such as expectations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preionization and discharge stability study of long optical pulse duration UV-preionized XeCl lasers

This paper presents a complete study of the temporal and spatial characteristics of the preionization of a XeCl rare-gas halide laser. The detailed study was made possible using the technique of laser-induced preionization which utilizes the uv radiation from a KrF laser to preionize a second rare-gas halide laser. In addition to the preionization study, high spatial and temporal resolution framing camera photographs have been used to investigate the growth of discharge instabilities which can lead to the premature termination of the XeCl optical pulse. The roles played by HCl, Xe, the buffer gas as well as the discharge energy loading in the development of discharge instabilities have been determined experimentally.
A Question of Balance: Labour, Management, and Society

A Question of Balance is a lucid and readable rendering of a complex and vexed issue, namely industrial relations. It offers an objective and unbiased commentary, unencumbered by the ideological baggage that outpourings on the subject usually carry.
Numerical simulation of the inception of channel meandering

The inception of channel meandering is the result of the complex interaction between flow, bed sediment, and bank material. A depth-averaged two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is developed to simulate the inception and development of channel meandering processes. The sediment transport model calculates both bedload and suspended load assuming equilibrium sediment transport. Bank erosion consists of two interactive processes: basal erosion and bank failure. Basal erosion is calculated from a newly derived equation for the entrainment of sediment particles by hydrodynamic forces. The mass conservation equation, where basal erosion and bank failure are considered source terms, was solved to obtain the rate of bank erosion. The parallel bank failure model was tested with the laboratory experiments of Friedkin on the initiation and evolution processes of non-cohesive meandering channels. The model replicates the downstream translation and lateral extension of meandering loops reasonably well. Plots of meandering planforms illustrate the evolution of sand bars and redistribution of flow momentum in meandering channels. This numerical modelling study demonstrates the potential of depth-integrated two-dimensional models for the simulation of meandering processes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yield enhancement through monitoring of real-time manufacturing processes

One of the major sources of particles today is from processing equipment. As die size continues to shrink, more effort needs to be placed in defect detection and elimination. A defect of 1 - 2 microns in size, while barely noticeable 5 years ago, can now destroy an entire die. Even with redundancy, a metal defect 1 micron in size will result in excess leakage due to an array short. While missing metal may be repairable, metal flakes from sputtering machines, for example, result in nonrepairable die. The objective of this paper is to show how backend defect reduction and yield enhancement can be improved with the use of the newer defect detection tools. We discuss three defect problems at different process levels which were discovered and eliminated with this work. The term `process induced defects per wafer pass' (PIDPWP) is demonstrated.
The Vacuum-Insulated, Varying-Capacitance Machine

The prospects for a varying-capacitance, vacuum-insulated, rotating machine have been examined analytically for the generation of HVDC power. Such a machine offers two potential advantages over conventional rotating machinery: 1. It is capable of very high efficiency (losses in the machine itself - excluding diodes or thyristors which might be necessary in some applications - would be less than 0.1%). 2. It is inherently suitable to high voltage operation. It appears that these machines, utilizing the best present-day techniques, are not an advantageous alternative to conventional magnetic synchronous machines for power frequency applications. For the generation of HVDC power, however, the situation is quite different: the vacuum-insulated, varying- capacitance machine would be comparable in size to the conventional magnetic machine and would possess the important advantages of producing HVDC power directly, and with higher efficiency. Assuming that 10 kV/mm could be insulated across the rotor-to-stator gap, such an HVDC machine would be 30-50% larger than a conventional synchronous alternator, but would, in effect, replace not only the alternator, but the power transformer and rectifying equipment. Losses in the vacuum-insulated HVDC machine would be 1/3 the losses of the conventional alternator-transformer -rectifier combination. If gradients of 25 kV/mm could be supported in the vacuum-insulated machine, it would be 20-30% smaller than the conventional alternative of a combination of magnetic synchronous machine, high voltage transformer, and rectifier. The design of a 7,000 kW,200 kV, dc generator, based on peak working gradients of 25 kV/mm, is discussed as an example.
Long-term outcome of the retained ureteral stump after lower pole heminephrectomy in duplex kidneys.

Abstract Objectives: Duplication of the ureter and renal pelvis is the most common upper urinary tract anomaly in childhood. The anatomical and functional divisions between upper and lower moieties of duplex kidney are extremely variable. The underlying pathological condition associated with a lower moiety is usually massive vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) to the lower collecting system and only rare obstruction. The non-functioning upper moiety is usually associated with obstructive ectopic ureter (with or without ureterocele). Most lower pole heminephrectomies are carried out for non-functioning lower moieties. In most cases, the lower defunctionalised segment of the ureter is left in situ. Complete ureterectomy is usually performed if presence of VUR into the lower end of the corresponding ureter is shown. There is little information on the long-term outcome of residual ureteral ‘stumps'. The purpose of our study was to review the long-term outcome of retained ureteral stumps in children undergoing heminephrectomy for non-functioning lower pole moieties in duplex kidneys. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 19 patients who underwent 20 lower pole heminephrectomies for a non-functioning lower pole moiety of a duplex kidney between January 1990 and December 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Median age at heminephrectomy was 4.5 years (range: 1 month to 12 years). Indications for heminephrectomy in the 20 renal units was reflux nephropathy in 16 (80%) and obstructive nephropathy in 4 (20%). All corresponding ureters were taken down as low as possible and transfixed through the heminephrectomy incision. Median follow-up was 8.5 years (range: 1–11 years). Results: Eight (40%) showed VUR into the stump after lower pole heminephrectomy. Two of these underwent subureteral endoscopic correction of VUR with polytetrafluoroethylene paste and resection of the stump was carried out in remaining two patients for recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI). Remaining four of the eight patients demonstrated spontaneous resolution of VUR during follow-up. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the vast majority of patients with residual ureteral stumps after lower pole heminephrectomy do not require stump resection at long-term follow-up.
A decomposition theorem for BMO and applications

Abstract Every function having bounded mean oscillation (BMO) on the line is written as a sum of coefficients times normalized rational functions with the coefficients satisfying a Carleson measure packing condition. This decomposition theorem and related techniques are used to obtain operator norm estimates for first and second order commutators and direct and converse singular value estimates for Hankel operators and products of Hankel operators.
Chemical decay of an antibiotic inverts selection for resistance

Antibiotics are often unstable and can decay into various compounds with potential biological activities. We found that as tetracycline degrades, the competitive advantage conferred to bacteria by resistance not only diminishes but actually reverses to become a prolonged disadvantage due to the activities of more stable degradation products. Tetracycline decay can lead to net selection against resistance, which may help explain the puzzling coexistence of sensitive and resistant strains in natural environments.
Amine‐cured epoxy resins: Adhesion loss due to reaction with air

The variability in adhesive bond strength and extent of cure of room-temperature, amine-cured epoxy resins has limited their applications. This paper reports the observation of microscopic crystal formation at the interface of the resin with air, resulting in a variably lower resin curing rate, extent of cure, and up to ten times lower adhesive bond strength. These crystals were identified as an amine bicarbonate salt, resulting from the reaction of the amine at the surface of the curing mixture with air. The bicarbonate formation seems to be general for the types of hardeners used in room-temperature curing. The amine-bicarbonate compound can be decomposed back to the amine by heating above 80°C. Otherwise, exposure of room-temperature systems to air before bonding is undesirable.
The Value of Clinical Trials from a Patient Perspective

: Clinical trials are essential in developing new treatments, care, and prevention for people with cancer. Unfortunately U.S. accrual rates for adult cancers are approximately 2–3%, partly due to the way the clinical trial system operates. Breast cancer patient advocates know enrollment has to accelerate to translate the many new scientific discoveries into effective use. Most newly diagnosed women, however, know nothing about clinical trials or why to consider them. The way a woman is approached about clinical trials can create fear and misunderstanding during a time when her body puts her into a physiological state of shock. These misunderstandings exacerbate the situation, and can lead to mistrust that will taint future medical interactions if they are not assuaged immediately. Many women, family members, and friends want to investigate clinical trials, but have no guide to help them through this daunting process. They have to contact many sources, decipher medical jargon, find a “clinical trial doctor,” and fight for insurance coverage. It is time for new approaches that make sense to patients. Clear information that helps people understand the value of research studies must also be presented in caring ways that reinforce the support people seek during crisis. Working together, cancer patient advocates and cancer researchers can provide this kind of useful information. The Clinical Trials Information Project (CTIP), a nonprofit organization established by patients and family members, has introduced a new approach through the CTIP Breast Cancer Kit
Return and Volatility Spillovers across Equity Markets in Mainland China, Hong Kong and the United States

Examinations of the dynamics of daily returns and volatility in stock markets of the U.S., Hong Kong and mainland China (Shanghai and Shenzhen) over 2 January 2001 to 8 February 2013 suggest: (1) evidence of unidirectional return spillovers from the U.S. to the other three markets; but no spillover between Hong Kong and either of the two mainland China markets; (2) evidence of unidirectional ARCH and GARCH effects from the U.S. to the other three markets; (3) correlations of returns vary across markets, with the highest correlation of 93.5% between the two Chinese markets, medium correlation of 30% between mainland China and Hong Kong markets and low correlations of 6.4% and 7.2% between the U.S. and China’s two markets; thus, international investors may benefit by allocating their assets in China’s markets; (4) the patterns of dynamic conditional correlations from the DCC model suggest an increase in correlation between China and other stock markets since the most recent financial crisis of 2007.
Veiling Glare In The Imaging Chain

It has been observed that image intensifier contrast ratio measurements taken on clinically installed systems always produce lower values than reported by the manufacturer. One common method of measuring the contrast ratio in the field uses the film recording camera which comes with the system, while the manufacturers always measure the image intensifier isolated from other system components. Evidence is presented showing that the difference between the two measurements is attributable to contrast losses in the optics. Also, evidence is presented suggesting that there is no observable difference in contrast presentation for image tubes with contrast ratios larger than 15. Contrast ratio measurement on clinically installed systems are recommended for performance monitoring purposes only.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In vivo suppressive function of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells is limited to the inflammatory site

Current paradigms suggest that, despite the heterogeneity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), all Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells can exert suppressive function when exposed to inflammatory stimuli. In vitro evaluation shows that MDSC from multiple tissue sites have suppressive activity, and in vivo inhibition of MDSC enhances T-cell function; however, the relative capacity of MDSC present at localized inflammatory sites or in peripheral tissues to suppress T-cell responses in vivo has not been directly evaluated. In the current study, we observed that during a tissue-specific inflammatory response, MDSC inhibition of CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production was restricted to the inflammatory site. Using a prostate-specific inflammatory model and a heterotopic prostate tumor model, we showed that MDSC from inflammatory sites or from tumor tissue possess immediate capacity to inhibit T-cell function, whereas those isolated from peripheral tissues (spleens and liver) were not suppressive without activation of iNOS by exposure to IFN-γ. These data suggest that MDSC are important regulators of immune responses in the prostate during acute inflammation and the chronic inflammatory setting of tumor growth, and that regulation of T-cell function by MDSC during a localized inflammatory response is restricted in vivo to the site of an ongoing immune response.
Analytic structure of cosmic radio jets - A preliminary investigation

The structure of the steady radio jet is discussed by analyzing the relativistic Euler equation in the case where surfaces of constant angular momentum coincide with surfaces of constant angular velocities. A closed analytic expression for the potential and other physical quantities is derived in a general stationary background geometry. The effect of the angular momentum component and the radial momentum component on the structure of the jet is studied in detail for Schwarzschild geometry. The jets are found to be pressure-confined and angular momentum-supported. The possibility of obtaining arbitrarily well-collimated jets very near to a black hole is discussed.
MO-D-105-03: The Medical Physicist's Role in the Oversight of Lead Shielding Installation in Nuclear Medicine: What to Look For

Purpose: All diagnostic medical physicists are familiar with postinstallation lead shielding surveys in radiographic and CT imaging rooms. Survey techniques ranging from visual inspection to transmission measurements are detailed for these types of procedure rooms in NCRP‐147. However, shielding requirements in PET/CT are vastly different, with little published guidance on post installation physics survey techniques. Methods: A complex PET/CT shielding installation is used as a pictorial example of the issues faced by a medical physicist performing a survey of newly installed shielding in nuclear medicine. In this example, every common thickness of lead shielding is used, from 1/32″ lead laminated sheetrock to 3/8″ lead laminated plywood. Even the use of 3/4″ interlocking lead bricks is discussed along with the necessary supporting structure for a lead wall of this thickness . Particular attention will be paid to penetrations and ductwork with specific regard to the increased difficulty associated with shielding these items in PET/CT suites. Results: The PET/CT shielding installation in question has been completed. At different stages through the installation, many issues were identified by physicists and were subsequently addressed by shielding contractors. An example of such an issue was the need to install overlapping lead astragals at the abutment between adjacent sheets of lead laminated plywood‐‐a practice which is not necessary for lead laminated sheetrock. Similar examples where installation requirements of lead shielding in PET/CT differ significantly from the requirements in X‐ray are presented. Conclusion: As technology improves, modern PET/CT systems are able to perform full body imaging in far less time than was previously required. As a Result, higher patient workloads are possible, thereby increasing facility shielding requirements. Medical physicists will need to familiarize themselves with the differences in the post‐installation lead shielding survey techniques required for PET with those traditionally used for X‐ray imaging rooms.
Swell potential of pulverized coal combustion bottom ash amended with sodium bentonite

Within the last decade several studies have been conducted to evaluate the geotechnical properties of bottom ash obtained from electric utilities burning pulverized coal amended with admixtures such as clay, bentonite, and lime. Most of these studies concentrated on evaluating strength and stiffness characteristics of the mixtures. Because of the high volume change characteristics of bentonite and clay, improper and/or excessive use of these admixtures can impart significant swelling characteristics to the mixtures. This study was conducted to evaluate the swelling properties of two bottom ash-bentonite mixtures compacted at various initial moisture contents. Results from this detailed investigation show that the swelling potential increased with the increase in bentonite content and decreased with the increase in initial moisture content. Mixtures with 20% bentonite were observed to have volume change characteristics that may not be suitable for some lightly loaded structures. Mixtures with 15% bentonite; compacted at initial moisture contents of 18% or higher; were observed to have less than 4% free swell, whereas for mixtures compacted at an initial moisture content of 16% or lower, the percent increase in free swell was observed to be greater than 7%.
The ultrastructural diversity of scrapie-associated fibrils isolated from experimental scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Summary Several different samples of scrapie-associated fibriIs (SAF) were extracted in identical fashion from the brains of golden Syrian hamsters infected with the 263K strain of scrapie agent and NIH Swiss mice infected with the Fujisaki strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) agent. Based on a total of over 500 measurements in individual fibrils in different extracts, hamster fibrils were more abundant, thicker and had better defined substructure than mouse fibrils. Hamster protofibrils were usually either twisted helically or in parallel arrays, whereas mouse protofibrils were often twisted, occasionally parallel, or could not be morphologically defined. Thus, SAF preparations from scrapie-affected hamsters can be uhrastructurally distinguished from those of CJD-affected mice, an observation that presumably reflects differences in their respective host-encoded amyloid protein subunits.
A stochastic model of traffic flow: Theoretical foundations

Abstract In a variety of applications of traffic flow, including traffic simulation, real-time estimation and prediction, one requires a probabilistic model of traffic flow. The usual approach to constructing such models involves the addition of random noise terms to deterministic equations, which could lead to negative traffic densities and mean dynamics that are inconsistent with the original deterministic dynamics. This paper offers a new stochastic model of traffic flow that addresses these issues. The source of randomness in the proposed model is the uncertainty inherent in driver gap choice, which is represented by random state dependent vehicle time headways. A wide range of time headway distributions is allowed. From the random time headways, counting processes are defined, which represent cumulative flows across cell boundaries in a discrete space and continuous time conservation framework. We show that our construction implicitly ensures non-negativity of traffic densities and that the fluid limit of the stochastic model is consistent with cell transmission model (CTM) based deterministic dynamics.
Body-field perceptual differentiation related to peer perception of attitudes toward clothing.

Sunzntary.-68 college women were administered individual measures of body-field perceptual differentiation and a sociogram designed to assess Ss on peer perception of attitudes toward clothing. The hypothesized relarionship between body-field percepmal differentiation and attimdes toward clothing was partly confirmed. Results show a significant negative correlation between body-boundary (barrier) index and being regarded as a fashion leader. Ss characterized by a low barrier differed significantly from those with a high barrier in being considered more oriented to fashion leadership and individualism in dress. Field dependence did not relate significantly to any particular pattern of expression through clothing. It is concluded that, within the sample, fashionable and individualistic clothing serves to raise the index of adjustment by reinforcing and redefining weak body boundaries. While field dependence does not relate to a person's orientation to clothing, it may relate to the motive underlying clothingrelated behavior. Differentiation and integration are two processes inherent in growth. Witkin, et al. (1962) discuss the concept of psychological differentiation which holds that development proceeds from simple to more complex behavior. With development, differentiation increases, so that the highly differentiated person can articulate complex stimulus fields, can be socially independent, can maintain an analytic approach in cognitive functioning, and can separate his body from the field. Witkin's (1965) concept of rhe "body as perceived" implies an abiliry, not only to perceive the body as separate from the world of objects but also the ability to articulate the environment and to remain independent of it. The field independent or the analytic observer is relatively unaffected by authoricy and is g~~ided by his own standards, values, and needs. The field dependent or global perceiver has not attained the same degree of differentiation and consequently relies on others for guidance and direction. Thus, development and growth are viewed as transformation of perceptual evaluations. Fisher and Cleveland (1958, 1965) propose that the way a person experiences his body boundaries is f~lndamental to his body image. The body-boundary measure or barrier score is an index of the "body as experienced" and is believed to be associated with feelings toward one's body. The individual who experiences definite body boundaries has been found to be more open and less defensive in dealing with the environment than the person with indefinite boundaries. The barrier score has been positively related to spontaneous expressiveness, independence, autonomy, and ability to operate effectively without guid
Magic bullets for the 21st century: the reemergence of immunotherapy for multi- and pan-resistant microbes

In our current world, antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microbes keeps getting worse with few new antibiotics being pursued by pharmaceutical companies. Modern-day immunotherapies, reminiscent of the serotherapy approaches used in the early days of antimicrobial treatments, are a potential counter-measure, but are usually limited by the narrow spectrum against target antigens. Surprisingly, many multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria share a common surface polysaccharide, poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG). Natural antibodies to PNAG are present in normal human sera, but are not protective. However, human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) or polyclonal antisera raised to a deacetylated glycoform of PNAG mediate opsonic killing and protect mice against infections due to all PNAG-positive MDR pathogens tested. An MAb is currently in Phase II clinical trials. These discoveries could lead to utilization of antibodies to PNAG for either therapeutic use in patients infected by PNAG-producing MDR bacteria or prophylactic use in patients at risk of developing MDR infections.
W. E. B. DU BOIS BETWEEN WORLDS: Berlin, Empirical Social Research, and the Race Question

W. E. B. Du Bois once remarked that “It was in Germany that my first awakening to social reform began” (Aptheker 1982, p. 275). This essay examines the intellectual impact of Du Bois's voyage to Berlin from 1892 to 1894. His acquisition of empirical social research methods under the tutelage of German historical economists, particularly Gustav von Schmoller, armed him with the intellectual and methodological tools he needed in his effort to attack pervasive biological determinist theories in the United States. Using empirical techniques grounded in a “system of ethics” as his conceptual guideposts, Du Bois analyzed race as not a biological but a social phenomenon. To be sure, this was no easy task. He was also a “race man,” who, loyal to his moral commitment to building a program of racial uplift, sought legitimacy as a social scientist from his fellow American sociologists, who summarily ignored his work. Struggling to serve his roles as both scientist and race man, Du Bois functioned within an intellectual space of double consciousness, constantly vacillating between two communities and two voices. In the end, Du Bois would successfully bring the scientific method to the race question, using inductive methods in his sociological studies on the African American experience. This approach made possible his seminal work The Philadelphia Negro (1899) and, subsequently, his research at Atlanta University. In the final analysis, his empirical research stood its ground, successfully advancing a new paradigm for examining race based on the idea that the putative racial hierarchy, theoretically grounded in biological determinism, was nothing more than a social artifact buttressed by racism. He further demonstrated how the economic disparity between Whites and Blacks functioned as the prime catalyst for “a plexus of social problems” that plagued African American life (Du Bois 1898, p. 14). His conclusions were a radical departure from the work of many American sociologists, many of whom were sympathetic to social Darwinism—his most formidable challenge.This essay would not have been conceived without the steady support and constant pushing of my dear friends and colleagues, all of whom have read or heard this paper at various stages: Anne Harrington, Robert Brain, Stephen C. Ferguson, Fanon Che Wilkins, Craig Koslofsky, Matti Bunzl, Peter Fritzsche, Frederick Hoxie, Dianne Pinderhughes, Jason E. Glenn, Bernadette Atuahene, Adam Biggs, Charlton Copeland, and Bikila Ochoa.
Effect of acute stressors on endocrinological and immunological functions in lambs.

Lambs were used to evaluate the effect of acute heat stress (HS) or restraint and isolation stress (RIS) on endocrinological and immunological functions. In Exp. 1, lambs were exposed to HS (35 degrees C) and control lambs (CN) were exposed to 21 degrees C for 24 h in two replicates (n = 8 lambs total per treatment). Samples of serum were obtained at frequent intervals for evaluation of cortisol; whole blood was obtained for total and differential leukocyte numbers and lymphocyte blastogenic function. The time-trends for cortisol between HS and CN lambs were different following treatment (P less than .005), but neither leukocyte numbers nor lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to mitogens were affected by acute exposure to the elevated ambient temperature. In Exp. 2, lambs (n = 6 per treatment) were given a 6-h RIS treatment and control lambs remained in their home stanchions (CON). Plasma and serum were obtained frequently during treatment and continued until 24 h after the onset of treatment. Plasma was evaluated for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum was assayed for cortisol. Samples of whole blood also were obtained before and at 6, 12 and 24 h after the onset of treatment for determination of total and differential leukocyte numbers and lymphocyte blastogenic responses to mitogens. Both ACTH and cortisol were elevated in response to RIS; the profiles of these hormones over the 24-h bleeding period differed for RIS and CON lambs (P less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parenting in Caribbean Families A Look at Parental Control, Structure, and Autonomy Support

There has been little research investigating parenting strategies and child outcomes in British Caribbean populations. This study examined the relations of parental control, structure, and autonomy...
Dual regulation of mammalian myosin VI motor function.

Abstract Myosin VI is expressed in a variety of cell types and is thought to play a role in membrane trafficking and endocytosis, yet its motor function and regulation are not understood. The present study clarified mammalian myosin VI motor function and regulation at a molecular level. Myosin VI ATPase activity was highly activated by actin with K actin of 9 μm. A predominant amount of myosin VI bound to actin in the presence of ATP unlike conventional myosins.K ATP was much higher than those of other known myosins, suggesting that myosin VI has a weak affinity or slow binding for ATP. On the other hand, ADP markedly inhibited the actin-activated ATPase activity, suggesting a high affinity for ADP. These results suggested that myosin VI is predominantly in a strong actin binding state during the ATPase cycle. p21-activated kinase 3 phosphorylated myosin VI, and the site was identified as Thr406. The phosphorylation of myosin VI significantly facilitated the actin-translocating activity of myosin VI. On the other hand, Ca2+ diminished the actin-translocating activity of myosin VI although the actin-activated ATPase activity was not affected by Ca2+. Calmodulin was not dissociated from the heavy chain at high Ca2+, suggesting that a conformational change of calmodulin upon Ca2+ binding, but not its physical dissociation, determines the inhibition of the motility activity. The present results revealed the dual regulation of myosin VI by phosphorylation and Ca2+ binding to calmodulin light chain.
Fishing effort redistribution in response to area closures

Spatial fishery closures will induce fishing effort to either move to open areas or to cease to fish. When designing a short- or long-term closed area management regime, the expected impact of that closure will depend upon how that effort is redistributed. We present a redistribution model based upon Ideal Free Distributions (IFDs) which is intermediate in complexity between analyses in which effort is distributed uniformly over open areas and models of full fleet dynamics. The IFD models incorporate the fundamentals of the decision process invoked by fishers facing relocation and the ensuing catch rates that result from the addition or removal of effort. Two classes of models were tested: an Availability model where catch rate declines were proportional to abundance; and an Abundance model where abundance declines at an exponential rate with the entry of displaced effort into an area. Results of these models were compared with uniform and proportional redistribution methods. The IFD-based methods included relative cost of relocation, thereby illustrating the importance of both catch rates and movement costs in designing closed area regulations. To demonstrate the methods, hypothetical area closures to United States pelagic longliners in the western Atlantic were examined and the impact of those closures on bycatch rates was evaluated. Guidance for selecting an appropriate model structure for a particular closed area problem is given.