cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Korean American Elderly's Knowledge and Perceptions of Elder Abuse

ABSTRACT “This study examines Korean American elders” perceptions of elder abuse and its perpetrators and explores cultural, as well as non-cultural influences on such perceptions. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 100 elderly Korean Americans, 60 years of age or older, residing in Los Angeles County. Respondents reported 46 abuse cases, categorized into the following six types: financial abuse (36%), psychological abuse (24%), culturally specific abuse (17%), neglect (15%), physical abuse (4%), and other (4%). Most respondents identified elder abuse in terms of abrogation of filial piety, suggesting the centrality of “children” in Korean American elders5 lives and well-being. Findings demonstrate that employing a uniform definition of elder abuse across all cultures and ethnic groups without attending to the cultural and subjective aspects of a given situation may result in missing problems and needs identified as important by the elderly themselves. Implications for social work practice and pr...
Alpha2 Agonists and Antagonists

This article discusses the use of the alpha 2 agonists in the dog and cat. A review of alpha 2 adrenoceptor activity is presented. The alpha 2 agonists xylazine and medetomidine are discussed. The physiological effects, clinical uses, and precautions and contradictions for each drug are presented. The use of the alpha 2 antagonists, yohimbine and atipamezole, are also discussed.
Influence of temperature, friction, and random forces on folding of the B-domain of staphylococcal protein A: all-atom molecular dynamics in implicit solvent.

The influences of temperature, friction, and random forces on the folding of protein A have been analyzed. A series of all-atom molecular dynamics folding simulations with the Amber ff99 potential and Generalized Born solvation, starting from the fully extended chain, were carried out for temperatures from 300 to 500 K, using (a) the Berendsen thermostat (with no explicit friction or random forces) and (b) Langevin dynamics (with friction and stochastic forces explicitly present in the system). The simulation temperature influences the relative time scale of the major events on the folding pathways of protein A. At lower temperatures, helix 2 folds significantly later than helices 1 and 3. However, with increasing temperature, the folding time of helix 2 approaches the folding times of helices 1 and 3. At lower temperatures, the complete formation of secondary and tertiary structure is significantly separated in time whereas, at higher temperatures, they occur simultaneously. These results suggest that some earlier experimental and theoretical observations of folding events, e.g., the order of helix formation, could depend on the temperature used in those studies. Therefore, the differences in temperature used could be one of the reasons for the discrepancies among published experimental and computational studies of the folding of protein A. Friction and random forces do not change the folding pathway that was observed in the simulations with the Berendsen thermostat, but their explicit presence in the system extends the folding time of protein A. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007
Spatial heterogeneity and models of surface runoff

Abstract The spatial heterogeneity of the processes and parameters which determine surface runoff has given rise to different attempts to improve on the lumped system representation of the watershed. Various techniques, ranging from the distributed formulation, component-type lumped models and the use of partial source-area and geomorphological concepts are reviewed in order to identify possible areas of future inquiry. The synthesis of the innovative contributions of the recent approaches is suggested.
Parallel algorithms for the domination problems in trapezoid graphs

Abstract Trapezoid graphs are a superclass of permutation graphs and interval graphs. This paper presents first parallel algorithms for the independent domination, total domination, connected domination and domination problems in weighted trapezoid graphs. All these algorithms take O(log2n) time on a EREW PRAM. The number of processors required is O(max{ n 3 log 2 n,n 2.376 }) for the independent domination problem, and O(max{ nm 2 log 2 n,m 2.376 }) for the other domination problems, where m is the number of edges in a trapezoid graph of n vertices.
Internal Designs Application for Inlet and Nozzle Aeroperformance Improvement

The following research results are based on development of an approach previously proposed by the authors for optimum nozzle design to obtain maximum thrust. The design was denoted a Telescope nozzle. A Telescope nozzle contains one or several internal designs of certain location, which are inserted at certain locations into a divergent conical or planar main nozzle near its exit. Such a design provides additional thrust augmentation over 20% by comparison with the optimum single nozzle of equivalent lateral area. What is more, recent experimental acoustic tests have discovered an essential noise reduction due to Telescope nozzles application. In this paper, some additional theoretical results are presented for Telescope nozzles and a similar approach is applied for aeroperformance improvement of a supersonic inlet. In addition, a classic gas dynamics problem of a similar supersonic flow into a plate has been analyzed. In some particular cases, new exact analytical solutions are obtained for a flow into a wedge with an oblique shock wave. Numerical simulations were conducted for supersonic flow into a divergent portion of a 2D or axisymmetric nozzle with several plane or conical designs as well as into a 2D or axisymmetric supersonic inlet with a forebody. The 1st order Kryko-Godunov march- ing numerical scheme for inviscid supersonic flows was used. Several cases were tested using the NASA CFL3d code based on full Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical simulation results have confirmed essential benefits of Telescope design applications in propulsion systems.
Asymptotic eigenfunctions of mixed problems of Stekloff's type

The characteristic values and the characteristic asymptotic functions of two problems are established. One of the problems has already been considered by Hersch and Payne [3]; the other is a generalization of [4].
A revision of the Nearctic species of Liancalus Loew (Diptera, Dolichopodidae).

The genus Liancalus Loew is revised for the Nearctic Region. Seven species are documented from this region including two new species: Liancalus genualis Loew, Liancalus hydrophilus Aldrich, Liancalus limbatus Van Duzee, Liancalus pterodactyl sp. n., Liancalus querulus Osten Sacken, Liancalus similis Aldrich, and Liancalus sonorus sp. n. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Liancalus genualis, Liancalus hydrophilus, Liancalus querulus, and Liancalus similis. The species are illustrated, a key to males and females is provided, and their distributions mapped. Adults of Liancalus are some of the largest species of Dolichopodidae and commonly occur on waterfalls and vertical seeps.
Consilience: Making contextual behavioral science part of the United Ivory Archipelago

Abstract The Association for Contextual Behavioral Science (ACBS) is one of the many islands in an archipelago of human-related disciplines that are largely isolated from each other. Evolution provides a unifying theoretical framework that can unite the Ivory Archipelago, achieving the goal of consilience, or unity of knowledge. ACBS can both gain from and contribute to this integration, which is already in progress.
Individual IKs channels at the surface of mammalian cells contain two KCNE1 accessory subunits

KCNE1 (E1) β-subunits assemble with KCNQ1 (Q1) voltage-gated K(+) channel α-subunits to form IKslow (IKs) channels in the heart and ear. The number of E1 subunits in IKs channels has been an issue of ongoing debate. Here, we use single-molecule spectroscopy to demonstrate that surface IKs channels with human subunits contain two E1 and four Q1 subunits. This stoichiometry does not vary. Thus, IKs channels in cells with elevated levels of E1 carry no more than two E1 subunits. Cells with low levels of E1 produce IKs channels with two E1 subunits and Q1 channels with no E1 subunits--channels with one E1 do not appear to form or are restricted from surface expression. The plethora of models of cardiac function, transgenic animals, and drug screens based on variable E1 stoichiometry do not reflect physiology.
Hyperalgesia In Diabetic Rats Is Alleviated By A Prosaposin‐Derived Peptide

The saposin C-derived peptide TX14(A) prevents onset of functional and structural disorders in the peripheral nerve of diabetic rats. We have now investigated the ability of TX14(A) to alleviate behavioral indices of abnormal pain perception in adult female rats 4-6 weeks after onset of STZ-induced diabetes. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited tactile allodynia (response threshold = 3 ± 1 g) compared to age-matched controls (10 ± 1g). A single ip injection of TX14(A) transiently alleviated tactile allodynia, with an effect that was maximal 6 hours (11 ± 1g) after injection and diminished within 48 hours. Maximal efficacy was seen with a 1 mg/kg dose while no effects were noted in control rats. Control rats exhibited a transient thermal hyperalgesia (77 ± 5% of baseline paw withdrawal latency) 15 minutes after intrathecal delivery of substance P (30 nmol) that resolved within 30 minutes. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited substance P evoked thermal hyperalgesia of similar magnitude (82 ± 5% at 15 minutes) but of greater duration (83 ± 4% at 1 hour). Intrathecal delivery of TX14(A) 30 minutes before intrathecal substance P was without effect on the transient thermal hyperalgesia in control rats (74 ± 9% at 15 minutes). In diabetic rats, the prolonged thermal hyperalgesia was abolished by prior intrathecal delivery of TX14(A), although the transient thermal hyperalgesia (72 ± 8% at 15 minutes) remained. These studies show that TX14(A) can rapidly allevate diabetes-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia for up to 48 hours.
The long‐term combined stimulatory effects of ethanol and phorbol ester on phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolysis are mediated by a phospholipase C and prevented by overexpressed α‐protein kinase C in fibroblasts

The protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) has been shown to potentiate the stimulatory effect of ethanol on the hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Following an initial 20-min period, the main product of PtdEtn degradation in cells treated with TPA plus ethanol was ethanolamine phosphate. Here, we have examined the regulatory role of PKC and the possible catalytic role of phospholipase C in the formation of ethanolamine phosphate. TPA, bryostatin, and bombesin, direct or indirect activators of PKC, had similar potentiating effects on ethanol-induced formation of [14C]ethanolamine phosphate from [14C]PtdEtn in [14C]ethanolamine-prelabelled NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. At lower concentrations of ethanol (40–80 mM), significant stimulation of ethanolamine phosphate formation required longer treatments (2 h or longer). The combined effects of TPA (100 nM) and ethanol (50–200 mM) on ethanolamine phosphate formation were not inhibited by the PKC inhibitors staurosporine or l-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7). In contrast, these inhibitors significantly inhibited TPA-induced formation of ethanolamine, catalyzed by a phospholipase-d-type enzyme. In membranes isolated from TPA+ ethanol-treated cells, enhanced formation of ethanolamine phosphate was maintained for at least 20 min. Down-regulation of PKC by prolonged (24-h) treatment of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by 300 nM TPA enhanced, while overexpression of α-PKC in Balb/c fibroblasts diminished, the stimulatory effect of ethanol on the formation of ethanolamine phosphate. Finally, addition of the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (2 μM) to fibroblasts inhibited TPA + ethanol-induced formation of ethanolamine phosphate. These results suggest that α-PKC-mediated protein phosphorylation may negatively regulate PtdEtn hydrolysis and that the potentiating effect of TPA may result, at least partly, from increased degradation of this PKC isoform.
Calorimetric investigation of partitioning of alcohols between bulk and sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar pseudophases at 25°C and 45°C

Abstract A rigorous calorimetric model based on the pseudophase model at infinite diluties was employed to determine the partition coefficient and enthalpy of transfer of 1-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and benzyl alcohol between the aqueous and micellar phases of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDDS) at 25 and 45°C. These values are in reasonable agreement with those available in the literature. The effect of temperature on the partition coefficient was found to be small, as opposed to that found for the enthalpy of transfer. An equation is derived for the limiting value of (—d ln m CMC /d m b c ) at m b c = 0 where m b c is the molality of the cosurfactant in the bulk phase. The derivation is based on a rigorous thermodynamic treatment for a pseudophase model. This constant, (—d ln m CMC /d m b c ), contains a number of terms: a partition coefficient, the degree of counter-ion binding, the Setchenov constant, the CMC and the ion—ion interaction parameter for mono-meric surfactant.
Situation Awareness Is Adaptive, Externally Directed Consciousness:

Situation awareness (SA) is defined as adaptive, externally directed consciousness. This definition dispels the artificial and contentious division evident in the literature, according to which SA is either exclusively knowledge or exclusively process. This misdirected rivalry has more to do with general perspectives on the study of human behavior than with SA itself. Through defining SA as an aspect of consciousness, researchers clarify two key issues. First, the source of goals with respect to SA is a normative arbiter in the task environment; that is, the behavior that SA generates must be directed at an external goal. Second, SA is the invariant at the core of the agent's perception-action cycle that supports skilled performance; that is, relationships among factors or dimensions in the environment determine what the agent must know and do to achieve the goals specified by the external arbiter. Investigators introduce a construct called the risk space to represent the invariant relations in the environment that enable the agent to adapt to novel situations and to attain prespecified goals. Researchers articulate this concept of a risk space through use of a specific example in commercial aircraft operations. The risk space structures information about the physical airspace in a manner that captures the momentary knowledge that drives action and that satisfies the goals and performance criteria for safe and efficient flight. The authors note that the risk space may be generalized to many different means of navigation.
The Impossible Airway: A Plan

A patient presented with near complete airway obstruction due to a massive tumor. Nonsurgical methods failed to secure the airway, and surgical approaches were considered unlikely to succeed in a timely fashion. Cardiopulmonary bypass via femoral-femoral cannulation with the use of local anesthesia and a portable unit, followed by IV anesthesia, allowed the surgeons to perform a controlled tracheotomy.
Late Bronze Age agriculture at Tasbas in the Dzhungar Mountains of eastern Kazakhstan

Abstract The settlement of Tasbas is located in the Dzunghar Mountains of eastern Kazakhstan. This article illustrates an economy at the site in the Late Bronze Age (Phase 2a, 1490–1260 cal. BC), which incorporated mixed agropastoralism or multiresource pastoralism. This economic model is significant in that it confirms the presence of Bronze Age agriculture in northern Central Asia, an area where the nature of early pastoralism and agriculture has been debated for decades. The archaeobotanical remains from Tasbas provide conclusive evidence for agricultural pursuits and suggest that by (at least) the mid-second millennium BC highland areas supported a complex system of agriculture using several distinct crop types. The Late Bronze Age assemblage from Tasbas has high ubiquities of: naked, six-rowed, split-apexed barley; highly compact, free-threshing wheat; green peas; and broomcorn millet. In addition, the presence of processing chaff (rachises) and impressions of culms and grains in mudbrick at the site support the argument that these crops were produced locally. The data presented here open new discussions concerning the integration of agriculture into Bronze Age pastoralist economies across Central Asia and the diffusion of both domestic grains and modes of production during the second millennium BC.
Alteration of calmodulin distribution does not accompany dopaminergic supersensitization of the mouse striatum

Membrane-bound calmodulin increases following dopaminergic supersensitization of the rat striatum. To assess the generality of this relationship, mice were treated with two different supersensitization paradigms. Calmodulin levels and subcellular distribution were determined by radioimmunoassay. Chronic haloperidol treatment increased striatal D2 dopamine receptor density by 25% but had no effect on membrane-bound calmodulin levels. Similarly, 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) lesions depleted striatal dopamine content greater than 95% without affecting membrane-bound calmodulin. In contrast, soluble calmodulin levels decreased by 15% in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum, suggesting that soluble calmodulin is enriched in presynaptic dopaminergic terminals. We conclude that dopaminergic supersensitization can occur in the mouse striatum in the absence of any change in calmodulin distribution.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation

Autologous bone marrow transplantation has become a very popular and successful treatment for many patients with lymphomas and other malignancies. The current indications, pretreatment regimes, and laboratory manipulations are discussed as well as the application of gene transfer to eliminate selected genetic diseases and detect disease relapse.
Charter Management Organizations: An Emerging Approach to Scaling up What Works.

Policymakers have shown increasing interest in replicating high-quality education models as a way to improve chronically underperforming schools. Charter management organizations (CMOs) have been touted as one organizational model poised to be such a vehicle for reform. CMOs are nonprofit organizations that operate a network of charter schools with a common mission or instructional design and shared central office support. In this article, the authors describe the theory of action behind CMOs and their emergence onto the education reform scene, finding promising signs that, as a network of schools, CMOs have more leverage than individual charter schools, and yet more nimbleness than traditional school districts, to replicate “what works.” Using data collected from a national study of 25 CMOs engaging in scale-up, the authors investigate the essential elements for CMO growth, identifying the influences of federal, state, and local policies, as well as internal organizational capacities, that either restric...
Toward a validational framework using student course papers from common undergraduate curricular requirements as viable outcomes evidence

Abstract Examining gains in undergraduate writing abilities, Haswell (2000) applied a multi-dimension construct of writing to impromptu writing exams composed at the first- and third years. This project replicates Haswell's original study to impromptu writing exams composed at the same points, and extends that methodology to course papers written for common undergraduate curricular contexts—first-year composition, general education requirements, and advanced undergraduate writing in the disciplines requirements—to consider the use of such assessment scores as plausible and appropriate evidence for outcomes assessment purposes within a validational framework (articulated by Kane, 2006, 2013). This study considers the feasibility of reporting such localized assessment information as an alternative to represent progress for undergraduate writing ability, and reports preliminary evidence suggesting positive effects of distributed writing requirements across undergraduate curriculums on student writing performance.
Risk of advanced lesions at first follow-up colonoscopy in high-risk groups as defined by the United Kingdom post-polypectomy surveillance guideline: data from a single U.S. center

Background The United Kingdom (U.K.) post-adenoma resection guidelines recommend earlier surveillance for patients with 5 or more adenomas or 3 to 4 adenomas of which one is 10 mm or larger compared with U.S. guidelines. Objective To evaluate the effect of using the U.K. guideline on a U.S. cohort of adenoma patients. Design Single-center, retrospective study. Setting Indiana University Hospital and an associated ambulatory surgery center. Patients A total of 1414 patients with baseline adenoma findings belonging to one of 5 risk categories and with a follow-up colonoscopy more than 200 days later. Intervention Colonoscopy, polypectomy. Main Outcome Measurements Incidence of advanced lesions at follow-up colonoscopy. Results Advanced neoplasms at follow-up occurred in 16.3% of patients with 5 or more adenomas including 1 that was 10 mm or larger, 8.6% of patients with 3 or 4 adenomas including 1 that was 10 mm or larger, 5% of those with 5 or more adenomas all smaller than 10 mm, 1.8% of those with 3 or 4 adenomas all smaller than 10 mm, and 1.4% of those with 1 to 2 adenomas smaller than 10 mm. Logistic regression analyses showed that the rate of advanced lesions at first follow-up was increased in persons with 3 or more baseline adenomas and at least 1 that is 10 mm or larger compared with those with 1 to 4 small baseline adenomas. Limitations Single-center, retrospective study. Conclusions Our results indicate the U.K. guideline predicts higher risk groups for advanced neoplasia at first follow-up. Our study had inadequate power to show better prediction of incident cancer. Additional study of other databases is warranted.
Isolation and culture of rat superior mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells

The structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells have been extensively investigated with the aid of in vitro culture techniques. The majority of studies have utilized aortic tissue as the source of cells. We present here a method for isolating and culturing smooth muscle cells of the rat superior mesenteric artery, an elasto-muscular vessel that is structurally and functionally different from the aorta. Cells were isolated from partially digested explants and characterized by immunochemical and biochemical techniques. Unlike cultured fibroblasts, the cultured cells stained positive for smooth muscle specific actin. The cells also produced laminin and type IV collagen in culture. This method provides a means for the isolation of large numbers of viable smooth muscle cells from the superior mesenteric artery which can be propagated in culture for in vitro study.
Smoking cessation strategy use among pregnant ex-smokers.

There is strong evidence for the beneficial health effects associated with smoking cessation during pregnancy. Although many pregnant women spontaneously quit smoking during pregnancy, postpartum relapse is high. Evidence suggests that pregnant women do not use smoking cessation strategies as identified by the 40-item Processes of Change Scale as frequently as others who quit smoking. The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with pregnant exsmokers’ use of experiential and behavioral smoking cessation strategies. A cross-sectional survey design is used for the study. From a sample of 201 primarily low-income pregnant women recruited to participate in a larger study, 58 were biologically confirmed ex-smokers. Multiple regression analysis reveals that motivation to quit smoking is the only significant factor explaining the use of experiential and behavioral smoking cessation strategies, accounting for 44% of the variance in experiential processes and 31% of the variance in behavioral proc...
ON CLASSICAL AND NEO-ANALYTIC FORMS OF PRAGMATISM

Abstract: Pragmatism as it originally arose in America has always been pluralist, always willing to find space for those who understood it in other ways. But in the emergence of neo-analytic pragmatism it is possible that the term has been stretched beyond its limits in a way that does more harm than good in veiling if not actually obscuring central tenets that are well worth preserving. The aim of this article is to describe some aspects of this phenomenon and to draw some tentative conclusions.
Acquired Cognitive Behavior Changes in Children from Cell-Phone Use [Health Effects]

In summary, it is interesting to note that apparently, cell-phone use was associated with faster but less accurate response in cognitive function tasks. With the exception of the complex word naming tasks, results were similar for children reporting more cellphone calls or greater total number of SMS or text messages per week, suggesting that these cognitive changes were not due to microwave exposure, if confirmed by subsequent experiments. Instead, the behavior may have resulted from more frequent use of cell phones and acquired cognitive skills.
Networking vehement frames: neo-Nazi and violent jihadi demagoguery

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of violent extremist propaganda. Frame analysis and network text analysis (NTA) are used to advance our understanding of how diagnostic frames function within violent extremist propaganda. Neo-Nazi and violent jihadi demagogues use diagnostic frames to identify grievances in order to leverage individual and collective attitudes. More specifically, diagnostic frames assist in attitude formation through manufacturing subcultural identities and social boundaries that resonate within a target population. A comparative research design is used because of the differences and similarities that exist between neo-Nazi and violent jihadi propaganda. Analysis is based on the NTA, which generates neo-Nazi and violent jihadi ego networks. Results suggest that the process of generating subcultural identities and social boundaries is not unique among ideologies or groups despite differences in language, culture, history, and geography. Importantly, ego networks ...
GM1-functionalized liposomes in a microtiter plate assay for cholera toxin in Vibrio cholerae culture samples

Abstract Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent for cholera, infects its host by expressing a protein consisting of two subunits: the pentameric cholera toxin B (CTB) and cholera toxin A (CTA). CTB frequently is used as an indicator of the presence of pathogenic V. cholerae and typically is detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). In lieu of an enzyme-linked detection method, we have developed GM1 ganglioside-functionalized fluorescent dye-encapsulating liposomes for the detection of CTB produced by V. cholerae in a simple microtiter plate assay. Liposomes were compared with fluorescein-labeled antibodies and enzyme-linked secondary antibodies for quantification of purified CTB. A limit of detection for CTB using the liposomes was 340 pg/ml, which was comparable to that using the ELISA but 18 times lower than that using the fluorescein-labeled anti-CTB antibodies for the same purpose. The sensitivity of the assay provided by the liposomes was substantial, and the working range improved when compared with that of the fluorescein-labeled antibodies and the ELISA. In addition, the liposomes required shorter assay times, exhibited greater precision, and were less expensive compared with the ELISA. The liposomes were optimized with respect to phospholipid and ganglioside concentrations. The optimized liposomes were then used to probe culture supernatants from V. cholerae El Tor C6706 grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and AKI medium for the presence of CTB.
Faster STORM using compressed sensing

In super-resolution microscopy methods based on single-molecule switching, the rate of accumulating single-molecule activation events often limits the time resolution. Here we developed a sparse-signal recovery technique using compressed sensing to analyze images with highly overlapping fluorescent spots. This method allows an activated fluorophore density an order of magnitude higher than what conventional single-molecule fitting methods can handle. Using this method, we demonstrated imaging microtubule dynamics in living cells with a time resolution of 3 s.
The preparation of (Al2O3)x(SiO2)y thin films using [al(OSiEt3)3]2 as a single‐source precursor

Abstract : Aluminum silicates, (Al2O3)x(SiO2)y, are attractive candidates as corrosion and wear-resistant coatings for metals and other substrates, due to their superior properties of creep resistance, thermal expansion, and chemical stability. Recently, it has been proposed that amorphous alumina-silica films would find application as insulators in multilevel interconnections, and as encapsulants for active devices and thin film components, because they do not suffer the temperature instability of alumina films while retaining the desirable insulating characteristics. Thin films of aluminum silicates have been previously prepared by either sol-gel techniques or the pyrolysis of aluminum-silicon containing polymers. However, there remain some difficulties in obtaining homogeneous and continuous films. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) offers and attractive alternative to these methods, since contiguous, homogeneous thin films can be deposited at low temperatures with high growth rates.
Confusions and Conclusions: A Response to Doane

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate critically the logic and conclusions of Doane's article (14), and in so doing, to raise serious questions regarding her evaluation of the family interaction literature. In particular, we suggest that Doane's paper is characterized by (a) a confused and inaccurate presentation of previous reviews; (b) a vague and contradictory set of terms around which she attempts to recast previous findings; (c) an arbitrary and unsystematic selection of findings used to support suggestions regarding reliable group differences; (d) uncritical and erroneous interpretations of findings that ostensibly support suggested differences between groups; and (e) a superficial acceptance of recent family interaction data concerned with the relationship between communication deviance/clarity and psychopathology. We hope our detailed critique will stimulate other observers of family interaction research to contribute more accurate and significant perspectives to the field than those presented in Doane's review.
THE AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE (ABR) EVALUATES RISK FACTORS FOR HEARING LOSS IN THE NEWBORN

Fourteen of 100 unselected patients in an intensive care nursery were found by the auditory brainstem evoked response (ABR) method to suffer significant hearing loss; of these 8 were ultimately discharged home. Analysis of the 100 clinical records identified 9 risk factors of which most, like low Apgar scores, are already known (Table I). However, neonatal asphyxia appeared to be associated with hearing loss only when repeated episodes of acidosis accompanied it (Table III). We conclude that the ABR readily identifies the hard-of-hearing premature and estimates the type and amount of his peripheral hearing loss, and that physiological events associated with prolonged perfusion of the cochlea with blood low in pH may be the most common cause of hearing disorder in this group.
N-Pyridylmethylephedrine derivatives in the catalytic asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes and diphenylphosphinoylimines

Abstract N-Pyridylmethyl-substituted Ephedra derivatives were synthesized by either direct alkylation or reductive alkylation of (1R,2S)-norephedrine, (1S,2S)-pseudo norephedrine, and (1R,2S)-ephedrine. These derivatives were then employed in asymmetric addition reactions with diethylzinc and aldehydes and diphenylphosphinoylimines. The use of the diastereomers from the Ephedra family allowed for a systematic evaluation of the contribution of the N-pyridylmethyl.
Distributed spectrum sensing for cognitive radios by exploiting sparsity

A cooperative approach to the sensing task of wireless cognitive radios (CRs) is introduced based on a basis expansion model of the power spectral density (PSD) in space and frequency. Joint estimation of the model parameters enables identification of the (un)used frequency bands at arbitrary locations and thus facilitates spatial frequency reuse. The novel scheme capitalizes on the sparsity introduced by the narrowband nature of transmit-PSDs relative to the broad swaths of usable spectrum and the scarcity of position vectors where active radios are located in space. A basis pursuit scheme is developed to exploit this sparsity in the solution and reveal the unknown positions of transmitting CRs. The resultant algorithm accounts for deterministic pathloss as well as random fading propagation and can be implemented via distributed online iterations which solve quadratic programs locally (one per radio). Simulations corroborate that exploiting sparsity in CR sensing reduces spatial spectrum leakage by 15-20 dB relative to least-squares (LS) alternatives.
Personal computer (PC) based image processing applied to fluid mechanics research

A PC based image processing system was employed to determine the instantaneous velocity field of a two-dimensional unsteady flow. The flow was visualized using a suspension of seeding particles in water, and a laser sheet for illumination. With a finite time exposure, the particle motion was captured on a photograph as a pattern of streaks. The streak pattern was digitized and processsed using various imaging operations, including contrast manipulation, noise cleaning, filtering, statistical differencing, and thresholding. Information concerning the velocity was extracted from the enhanced image by measuring the length and orientation of the individual streaks. The fluid velocities deduced from the randomly distributed particle streaks were interpolated to obtain velocities at uniform grid points. For the interpolation a simple convolution technique with an adaptive Gaussian window was used. The results are compared with a numerical prediction by a Navier-Stokes commputation.
Text clustering and summary techniques for CRM message management

One of customer relationship management (CRM) activities involves soliciting customer feedback on product and service quality and the resolution of customer complaints. Inevitably, companies must deal with large number of CRM messages from their customers either through e‐mails or from work logs. Going through those messages is an important but tedious task for managers or CRM specialists in order to make strategic plans on where to place the resources to achieve better CRM results. In this paper, we present a methodology for making sense out of CRM messages based on text clustering and summary techniques. The unique features of CRM messages are the short message length and frequent availability of correlated CRM ratings. We propose several novel techniques including organizational concept space, Web mining of similarity relationships between concepts, and correlated analysis of text and ratings. We have tested the basic concepts and techniques of CRM Sense Maker in a business setting where customer surveys are used to set strategic directions in customer services.
The effect of fire on microbial biomass: a meta-analysis of field studies

Soil microbes regulate the transfer of carbon (C) from ecosystems to the atmosphere and in doing so influence feedbacks between terrestrial ecosystems and global climate change. Fire is one element of global change that may influence soil microbial communities and, in turn, their contribution to the C dynamics of ecosystems. In order to improve our understanding of how fire influences belowground communities, we conducted a meta-analysis of 42 published microbial responses to fire. We hypothesized that microbial biomass as a whole, and fungal biomass specifically, would be altered following fires. Across all studies, fire reduced microbial abundance by an average of 33.2% and fungal abundance by an average of 47.6%. However, microbial responses to fire differed significantly among biomes and fire types. For example, microbial biomass declined following fires in boreal and temperate forests but not following grasslands fires. In addition, wildfires lead to a greater reduction in microbial biomass than prescribed burns. These differences are likely attributable to differences in fire severity among biomes and fire types. Changes in microbial abundance were significantly correlated with changes in soil CO2 emissions. Altogether, these results suggest that fires may significantly decrease microbial abundance, with corresponding consequences for soil CO2 emissions.
AEROBIC LAKE MUDS FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM LAKE WATERS1

Phosphorus-limited Selenastrum and CZado$zoru sp. will respond by growth or changes in extractable POa-P to as little as 0.02 mg POC-P in solution; these same spccics did not respond when exposed for a period of 1 or 2 weeks to as much as 2 mg of phosphorus as lake muds under aerobic conditions. Studies of the rate of sorption of phosphorus by lake muds, under aerobic conditions, from two lakes and from three depths in one lake, indicated that as little as 0.4 g (dry wt) of mud could sorb about 0.05 mg Pod-P in less than 30 min. These findings suggest that the sorption of phosphorus by lake muds under aerobic conditions can be used to remove phosphorus from lake water.
Use of therapeutic ultrasound to restore failed trabeculectomies.

We treated 20 recently postoperative eyes with nonfunctioning trabeculectomies at the site of the failed bleb with two to four ultrasound applications, each of five seconds duration, at an intensity level of 10 kW/cm 2 . Fifteen of the eyes demonstrated a long-term decrease in intraocular pressure to 21 mm Hg or below. The mean intraocular pressure of all patients fell from a preultrasound mean (± S.D.) of 32 ± 8 mm Hg to 20 ± 10 mm Hg at a mean time of 236 ± 204 days postultrasound. Complications included an immediate postultrasound rise in pressure over 10 mm Hg in 13 eyes, and the immediate development of a cataract in one patient.
Instructions and reinforcement in the observing behavior of adults and children

Abstract Observing responses of college students and children of different ages (4 to 5, 9 to 10, and 13 to 14 years) were studied using two-component schedules of reinforcement. Different frequencies or numbers of points were given in the components and points were backed by either money or instructions about getting points (e.g., “points are for the experimenter's information only”). Stimuli that were either correlated or uncorrelated with the components were contingent on presses on either of two concurrently available levers (observing responses). In each of three experiments, preferences for stimuli were consistent with the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis of observing but inconsistent with the uncertainty-reduction hypothesis. Stimulus preferences were established, eliminated, or reversed by instructions about the significance of getting points not backed with money. Instructions to in effect ignore points with no monetary value eliminated stimulus preference provided that money was not associated with points in other conditions for the same subjects. Stimulus preferences were otherwise independent of monetary point value. Instructions that described reinforcement contingencies promoted more rapid adjustment to the contingencies than occurred without them, and preferences were less variable across sessions within subjects and were on the average more extreme. Although some results involving absolute rates of observing depended upon the age of subjects, stimulus preferences did not. The data suggest that the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis of observing has considerable generality for humans in choice procedures in the laboratory. That monetary value of points did not affect preferences in a graded fashion is consistent with versions of the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis which emphasize reduction in delay to reinforcement over other reinforcement parameters.
Nanosecond motions of the single tryptophan residues in apolipoproteins C-I and C-II: a study by oxygen quenching and fluorescence depolarization.

Abstract Rotational freedom of the single tryptophan residue in human plasma apolipoproteins C-I (apo C-I) and C-II (apo C-II) was investigated by oxygen quenching and lifetime-resolved anisotropies. The tryptophan in both apo C-I and C-II was highly accessible to oxygen quenching. The tryptophan residue in both apo C-I and C-II and their sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) complexes displayed significant motional freedom on the nanosecond time scale. Lifetime-resolved anisotropies of tryptophan residues under conditions of oxygen quenching revealed an increase in the amplitude of the segmental motions at 40 °C as compared to that at 5 °C. It was concluded from these studies that both the apoprotein C-I and C-II are highly flexible molecules, and that the nanosecond motions of the tryptophan residue are sensitive to the fluidity of its environment in both SDS and DMPC Complexes.
Rf/øf strain analysis using an orientation net

Abstract Since the classical work of Cloos, deformed distributions of elliptical objects such as ooids or pebbles have been recognized as an extremely important category of geological strain marker. However, elliptical objects are not easily analyzed, especially where primary sedimentary fabrics are tectonically imbricated. This paper demonstrates that previously published analytical techniques generally address only specific aspects of deformed ellipse distributions; as research tools, they are like a stereonet with great circles only or small circles only. All of the above methods can be combined with the aid of a new orientation net which is as convenient to use in the field as a standard stereonet. Uniform and imbricate fabrics are evaluated with equal ease and assumptions are subjected to statistical testing.
Acoustic Output as Measured by Thermal and Mechanical Indices during Fetal Nuchal Translucency Ultrasound Examinations

Objective: Nuchal translucency (NT), performed between 11+0 and 13+6 weeks’ gestation as part of a screening test for fetal chromosomal abnormalities, involves relatively steady ult
Touchscreen crane control interfaces with oscillation suppression

It is often very difficult for human operators to control cranes due to their slow responses and lightly-damped payload swing. The control task is made even harder by awkward control interfaces. Portable touchscreen devices offer the opportunity to improve the control interface by replacing traditional push-button pendent and joystick-based controllers. This paper presents several classes of touchscreen interfaces that are coupled with an oscillation-supressing control system. Some interfaces are further augmented with a rotating reference frame of control that changes the control directions based on the direction that the touchscreen controller is pointing. Results from operator studies demonstrate the relative effectiveness of the interfaces and compares them with a traditional push-button pendent.
Effect of pulse characteristics on temperature rise due to ultrasound absorption at a bone/soft-tissue interface

The transient temperature rise at a bone/soft-tissue interface is an important quantity in the safety evaluation of procedures involving trains of high-intensity ultrasound pulses. Mathematical models based upon the time-averaged intensity of the pulse train can provide rapid estimates of the temperature rise, but are known to underestimate the temperature rise during the on-time of the pulse. This paper extends a previous analytical model to account for pulse shape, and provides error estimates for simulations employing time-averaged intensities. A simple analytic expression for the interface temperature that accounts for both bone and soft-tissue properties is provided. The analytic expression agrees well with temperature rise predictions based upon the finite-element method, when the insonation time is large compared to the pulse repetition period. In this case of large relative insonation time, the pulse shape is found to be inconsequential.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal sac.

Abstract Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal sac is a rare entity. We report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising in the lacrimal sac of a 30-year-old man who presented with an inner canthal mass. To our knowledge this is the first example of the cytopathology of this neoplasm in this anatomic site. Ann Diagn Pathol 7:31-34, 2003. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
193-Nm Excimer Laser-Assisted Etching of Polysilicon Films Using Cl2

193-nm excimer laser-assisted etching of polysilicon was studied in the presence of CI2. Maximum etch rates of 1.25 A/pulse were obtained for pressures of about 400 torr and fluences exceeding 400 mJ/(cm2-pulse). The etch rate increased with both fluence (100-550 mJ/(cm2-pulse)) and pressure (50-800 torr). An adsorptive etch mechanism similar to NF3 etching has been proposed, where Cl2 molecules diffuse to the surface, adsorb, and then react after absorbing laser radiation. This is consistent with photon and molecular flux considerations and the availability of reaction sites. Thermal effects where Cl2 molecules decompose to Cl atoms on “hot” polysilicon surfaces may assist this process, and appear to dominate under conditions of lower pressure (<400 torr) and higher fluence. Etching caused by the gas phase formation of Cl atoms is minimal due to the low Cl2 absorption cross section at 193 nm. Simple projection etching results showed that micron lines can be etched in polysilicon by use of this chemistry.
Preparation of a monospecific antibody to purified rabbit synovial fibroblast collagenase.

Abstract Collagenase produced by monolayer cultures of rabbit synovial fibroblasts was purified from serum-free culture medium. Antiserum to the pure enzyme preparation was raised in sheep. The IgG fraction has been isolated and characterized and shown to be specific for collagenase. The antibody is capable of precipitating and inhibiting the activity of both latent and activated rabbit synovial fibroblast collagenase. Cross-reactivity with human antigen from rheumatoid synovial cell culture medium is described.
The Use of Psychostimulants in Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Many children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) display problematic behaviors similar to those seen in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This paper will look at the controversy concerning diagnosing comorbid ADHD in children who meet criteria for PDD and review the existing literature examining the efficacy of stimulants in these particular set of behaviors or symptom clusters (hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention). The potential drawbacks of using stimulants in a population of children and adolescents who exhibit symptoms of PDD and ADHD will be discussed. Finally, this review will also attempt to define potential areas of future research to examine the utility of the psychostimulants in children and adolescents with PDD and symptoms of ADHD.