cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON LOBLOLLY PINE.

The investigation herein reported was undertaken as part of a cooperative project on the biology of forest trees at Duke University. It represents an attempt to add a contribution to knowledge of the mineral nutrition of certain forest trees, in the hope that ultimately it may be possible to correlate the findings with studies of soil composition and with the local distribution of these tree species. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was selected as a species that is relatively cosmopolitan, and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L. ) as a species that is relatively specific in environmental requirements. The present paper is a preliminary report on loblolly pine only. For the purposes of this investigation, sand cultures were regarded as the most desirable method. Of the extensive work with sand cultures by many investigators within the past few years, little has been concerned with woody plants, and very little with forest trees. Mitchell 's (4) experiments on Scotch pine and white pine in the Black Eock Forest represent the most fruitful work of the kind that has been done with forest trees.
Polymer-supported quaternary onium salts catalysts prepared via concentrated emulsion polymerization

Abstract A concentrated emulsion has a very large volume fraction of dispersed phase (0.74 – 0.95 in this case) and the appearance of a gel. Three procedures based on concentrated emulsion polymerization are suggested for the preparation of polymer-supported quaternary onium salts. (1) Concentrated emulsions of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) in water are subjected to polymerization. The polymer resins thus obtained are composed of particles in the micrometre range. A large fraction of the pendant benzyl-chloride groups present in the poly(VBC) particles are converted to onium chloride by a quaternization reaction. (2) A small amount of VBC is added to a partially polymerized concentrated emulsion of styrene (containing a crosslinking agent) in water under vigorous stirring. The system is subsequently subjected to complete polymerization. The obtained polystyrene-poly (VBC) is found to consist of particles having a non-uniform poly (VBC) shell that covers a crosslinked polystyrene core. This polymer is then subjected to a quaternization reaction in order to generate a polymer substrate with bound quaternary onium chloride. (3) A concentrated emulsion of styrene in an aqueous solution of a quaternary onium chloride monomer is prepared. The onium chloride adsorbed on the surface of the dispersed phase polymerizes simultaneously with styrene when the concentrated emulsion is subjected to polymerization. The polymer-supported onium salts thus prepared were used as phase transfer catalysts in the alkylation of isopropylidene malonates. The catalysts containing larger pores had a higher activity than those with a more compact structure. The catalyst prepared by the second approach had a greater catalytic activity than that prepared by the first approach. The catalyst prepared by the third procedure had a low activity because of the small amount of supported onium salt it contains.
Forecasting the experience of stereotype threat for others

Abstract Women can underperform when they are concerned about confirming negative gender-based math stereotypes; however, little research has investigated whether female and male perceivers have insight into the experiences of stereotype-threatened women. Female and male participants were randomly assigned to take a math test under stereotype-threatening conditions (experiencers) or predict how a woman taking a math test would feel and perform in the same situation (forecasters). Although female and male forecasters expected female experiencers to have more negative emotional reactions than they actually did, forecasters believed that female experiencers would overcome these emotional reactions and perform at a high level—a much higher level than female experiencers actually performed. This discrepancy for performance expectations was driven by forecasters' beliefs that female experiencers could overcome threat. This research suggests that strengthening the perceived link between stereotype threat's impact on emotional experiences and performance outcomes could foster others' appreciation of its insidious influence.
Systematic relationships within the Vibrionaceae (Bacteria: Gammaproteobacteria): steps toward a phylogenetic taxonomy

A phylogenetic hypothesis is presented for all 95 species of the family Vibrionaceae (Bacteria: Gammaproteobacteria) based on a combined analysis of eight molecular loci (16S rRNA, gyrB, recA, rpoA, gapA, mreB, topA, atpA) for up to 9337 nucleotide characters. Members of this taxon exhibit diverse life histories, including bioluminescence, pathogenicity to human and marine organisms, symbiosis, quorum sensing and extremophilic environment living, making a hypothesis of phylogenetic history important to studies addressing these traits from an evolutionary perspective. It is proposed that this phylogenetic set of relationships replaces previous phenetic hypotheses and be used to construct a phylogenetic taxonomy. Recent taxonomic proposals, including the validity of four, instead of one, families representing the 95 species and historical notions of genera within the group are compared with the presented phylogenetic hypothesis. Character support is traced through the tree and is used to address these taxonomic proposals. Photobacterium is not a monophyletic group as it is currently delimited. Aliivibrio is found within Photobacterium, suggesting a new definition for Photobacterium that includes all species of Aliivibrio. Enterovibrio, Salinivibrio and Grimontia, previously thought to be distinct from and basal to Photobacterium and Vibrio, are found nested deeply within a large Vibrio clade. © The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
Distraction, attentional conflict, and drivelike behavior

Two studies provide evidence supporting a distraction-conflict view of social facilitation effects. Study 1 demonstrated that presence of an audience produced drivelike effects on the latency and vigor of a motor response. This effect, however, only occurred when attending to the audience caused attentional conflict. Study 2 demonstrated that in a two-task setting, attentional conflict, resulting from having to choose which task to work on, led to poorer performance on a complex copying task (p < .01, one tailed) and a larger percentage of dominant responses on J. L. Cohen and J. H. Davis' (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 27, 74–85) hidden word task (p < .04, one tailed), relative to a yoked control. Study 2 is consistent with earlier reports that choice heightens drivelike effects, while Study 1 indicates that attentional conflict contributes to social facilitation phenomena.
Directional control and the functional organization of defensive responses in Aplysia.

1. Noxious cutaneous stimulation of anterior sites onAplysia californica causes withdrawal and turning followed by escape locomotion (Figs. 1, 2). 2. Stimulation of anterior sites causes significantly larger turning responses than does stimulation of posterior sites (Fig. 3), so that escape locomotion is always directed away from a site of ‘attack’. 3. Later phases of escape locomotion are often the same, regardless of the site of the triggering stimulus (Fig. 4). 4. The defensive secretions, ink and opaline, are directed along the anterior-posterior axis at the source of noxious stimulation (Figs. 5, 6). 5. Ink and opaline ejections are directed to the front or back of the animal by characteristic responses of the siphon, mantle, and parapodia (Fig. 7). 6. Ink and opaline are ejected by a series of coordinated pumping movements of the mantle, gill, and parapodia that closely resemble triggered ‘respiratory pumping’ or ‘Interneuron II’ episodes (Fig. 8; Kupfermann and Kandel 1969; Byrne and Koester 1978; Hening 1982). 7. The directed ejection of secretions from the mantle cavity in response to noxious stimulation suggests a number of potential defensive functions for these secretions including aggressive retaliation, startle display, diversion, and alarm signalling (Edmunds 1975). 8. Taken together, our results and others' suggest an integrated scheme for the functional organization of overt defensive behavior inAplysia (Fig. 9), and begin to suggest testable hypotheses about the integration of defensive responses on the cellular level in this animal.
Eicosanoid-induced growth and signaling events in rat glomerular mesangial cells.

Abstract Renal glomerular injury frequently results in proliferation of a specialized supporting cell of the glomerular capillary known as the mesangial cell. In various forms of renal injury there is enhanced glomerular synthesis of specific eicosanoids of the arachidonic cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways including prostaglandin (PG) F 2α , thromboxane (Tx) A 2 , the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids 12-HETE and 5-HETE, and the leukotrienes LTB 4 and LTD 4 and attempts have been made to link these eicosanoids with injury-induced mesangial cell growth. In this study, the growth promoting effect of these eicosanoids on glomerular mesangial cells was correlated with activation of two growth regulatory enzymes: phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC). PGF 2α , and TxA 2 endoperoxide analog U-46619, and LTD 4 significantly enhanced DNA synthesis ((as assessed by [ 3 H]thymidine (TdR) incorporation)] in relatively quiescent (0.5% serum) mesangial cells, activated PLC [as assessed by increased 1,4,5-inositol tris-phosphate (IP 3 ) generation and diacylglycerol (DAG) synthesis], and activated PKC (as assessed by translocation of the enzyme activity from the cytosol to the membrane). The effect of PGF 2α on IP 3 generation was not blocked by the TxA 2 receptor antagonist, SQ-29,548. PGF 2α was the most effective eicosanoid in inducing all three events, and concentrations that enhanced TdR incorporation (1 μM) also activated PLC and PKC. In contrast, concentrations of U-46619 and LTD 4 which enhanced TdR incorporation (1 μM), also activated PLC, but were insufficient to also activate PKC. Our observations indicate that the growth-promoting effect of PGF 2α , U-46619, and LTD 4 can best be correlated with LPC activation. In addition, PGF 2α does not mediate PLC activation through binding to the TxA 2 receptor.
Differences in contraceptive use between family planning providers and the U.S. population: results of a nationwide survey

Abstract Objectives To describe contraceptive use among U.S. female family planning providers and to compare their contraceptive choices to the general population. Study design We surveyed a convenience sample of female family planning providers ages 25–44 years, including physicians and advanced practice clinicians, via an internet-based survey from April to May 2013. Family planning providers were compared to female respondents ages 25–44 years from the 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth. Results A total of 488 responses were eligible for analysis; 331 respondents (67.8%) were using a contraceptive method. Providers' contraceptive use differed markedly from that of the general population, with providers significantly more likely to use intrauterine contraception, an implant, and the vaginal ring. Providers were significantly less likely to use female sterilization and condoms. There were no significant differences between providers and the general population in use of partner vasectomy or the pill. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) use was significantly higher among providers than in the general population (41.7% vs. 12.1%, p Conclusions The contraceptive choices of this sample of female family planning providers differed significantly from the general population. These findings have implications for clinical practice, patient education, and health policy. Implications Family planning providers report higher use of LARC than the general population. This may reflect differences in preferences and access. Providers might consider sharing these findings with patients, while maintaining patient choice and autonomy.
Synthesis and Reactivity of d0 Alkyl, Silyl, and Hydride Complexes of Titanium and Zirconium Featuring an Aryl-Substituted Tripodal Triamido Ligand Derived from cis,cis-1,3,5-Triaminocyclohexane

Zirconium and titanium complexes containing the new chelating triamido ligand [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]3- (1) are reported. The chloride complexes [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]TiCl (2) and [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]ZrCl (3) were prepared by reaction of TiCl4(THF)2 and ZrCl4, respectively, with [1]Li3 (prepared in situ). The diethyl ether adduct of 3 (3·OEt2) was crystallographically characterized. The alkyl complexes [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]ZrCH2SiMe3 (4) and [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]ZrCH2Ph (5) were prepared by reaction of the triamine ([1]H3) with Zr(CH2SiMe3)4 and Zr(CH2Ph)4, respectively. The aryl complexes [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]ZrPh (6) and [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]ZrMes (7, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) were prepared by the reaction of 3 with PhLi and MesLi, respectively. Similarly, [cis,cis-1,3,5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3N)3C6H9]TiMe (8) was prepared by the reaction of 2 with MeMgBr. The alkyl and aryl complexes 4−8 did not react with hydrosila...
collective farming in northern and southern Yucatan, Mexico: ecological and administrative determinants of success and failure

Cross economic analyses that compare the productivity of Mexican collective ejidos (farms) with privately owned farms are insufficient to evaluate the success of Mexico's collective ejido program. They fail to account for differences in federal administrative incentives and constraints on the two sectors and differences in local ecologies. An anthropological comparison of local collective ejidos in the northern and southern zones of Yucatan state reveals that local variables are essential in determining the success or failure of ejidos. In both zones restrictive federal administrative policies inhibit the economic development of ejidos, but in zones where local ecological factors have encouraged rather than inhibited economic expansion, the ejidos show greater success.
The Foreign Policymaking Role of Congress in the 1990s: Remote Sensing Technology and the Future of Congressional Power

In the midst of a period of Congressional assertiveness on foreign policy, a new technology has emerged for commercial use with the potential for enhancing Congress' information-gathering processes and agenda-setting role. The effect may alter the balance of power in the relationship between Congress and the President. Congress' access to news media stories of imagery may provide an independent information source on U.S. or foreign military installations and activities. Such a source could be utilized to assess issues such as Pentagon appropriations, treaty compliance, and foreign aid funding. The thesis of this article is that when interest groups and the news media use remote sensing imagery on foreign policy issues, the foreign and national security policymaking process will be transformed by enhancing the information status and the public agendasetting role of previously excluded segments such as interest groups, the news media, and the general public. The expanded role of these groups will decentrali...
Application of the implicit Fourier-expansion method to the calculation of three-dimensional equilibria by the iterative method☆

The iterative method of finding solutions to three-dimensional equilibria is discussed. The implicit Fourier-expansion method is briefly described and applied to the linear problems arising in the iterative loops. The paper shows how to efficiently solve for the magnetic field induced by the plasma.
Global Perspectives on Resilience in Children and Youth

Global concerns about the consequences of disasters, political violence, disease, malnutrition, maltreatment, and other threats to human development and well-being have sparked a surge of international interest in resilience science. This article highlights progress and issues in research that aims to understand variations in human adaptation to adverse experiences. Two key questions are considered: Why is a new wave of global research on resilience important for developmental science? and Why is developmental science important for global resilience? The conclusion calls for developmental scientists to engage in international efforts to promote resilience.
PRC2 goes solo in the Drosophila female germline.

Polycomb-group proteins silence gene expression through epigenetic modification of chromatin. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Iovino et al. (2013) demonstrate that Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is required for maintenance of oocyte fate by repressing expression of two critical targets, Cyclin E and dacapo, during the early meiotic cycle.
Bug localization techniques for effective post-silicon validation

Post-silicon validation is used to detect and fix bugs in integrated circuits and systems after manufacture. Due to sheer design complexity, it is nearly impossible to detect and fix all bugs before manufacture. Existing post-silicon validation methods barely cope with today's complexity. New techniques are essential to minimize the effects of bugs and design flaws going forward. This talk will focus on two recent techniques, QED and IFRA, that can overcome significant challenges associated with a very crucial step in post-silicon validation: bug localization in a system setup. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques using results from quad-core Intel Core i7 hardware platforms and Intel Nehalem processors, and using actual examples of “difficult” bugs that occurred in complex SoCs.
Mlnimum-cost encoding of information

Haying determined a cost in energy, time, or money of transmitting each of a set of symbols (e.g., dot and dash, pulses of various amplitudes, etc.), one may inquire as to the nature of a code using these symbols which will transmit a given amount of information at the least cost, or will transmit information at a given rate for the least cost per unit time. Such a code must use each symbol with a relative frequency given by a negative exponential of a linear combination of its cost and duration in the case of a noiseless communication channel. If noise is present, the cost of each symbol is effectively increased by a multiple of its "prevarication," i.e., the entropy of the received symbol when only the given symbol is transmitted.
Phylogenetic Reanalysis of Strauch's Osteological Data Set for the Charadriiformes

Strauch's (1978) compatibility analysis of relationships among the shorebirds (Charadriiformes) was the first study to examine the full range of charadriiform taxa in a reproducible way. Subsequently Mickevich and Parenti (1980) leveled serious charges against Strauch's characters, method of phylogenetic inference, and results. To account for these charges, Strauch's characters were re-examined and recoded, and parsimony analyses were performed on the revised matrix. A parsimony analysis on 74 taxa from the revised matrix yielded 855 shortest trees, each length = 286 and consistency index = 0.385. In each shortest tree there were two major lineages, a lineage of sandpiper-like birds and a lineage of ploverlike birds; the two formed a monophyletic group, with the auks (Alcidae) being that group's sister taxon. The shortest trees were then compared with other estimates of shorebird relationships, comparison suggesting that the charges against Strauch's results may have resulted from the Mickevich and Parenti decisions to exclude much of Strauch's character evidence
On the Sine-Gordon S Matrix

On donne une deduction heuristique de la matrice S du secteur boson du modele sinus-Gordon. On etudie comment cette matrice S fait pour etre si simple
A Protestant Perspective on Access to Healthcare

In writing this paper I am reminded of a conference that I once attended. On that panel, the Jewish scholar spoke first. “Let me tell you what the Talmud says,” he began, and he gave a wonderful talk full of references to the legal rulings and stories of the Jewish tradition. Then the Catholic priest spoke. “Let me tell you what the Magisterium says,” he began, and he gave a wonderful talk carefully attentive to the moral tradition of the Catholic Church. Finally, a Protestant spoke. “You have heard what the Talmud says and what the Magisterium says,” he began, “Now let me tell you what I think.” I didn't know whether to laugh or cry, but now I find myself in a similar situation.
A Switch from Canonical to Noncanonical Wnt Signaling Mediates Drug Resistance in Colon Cancer Cells

Butyrate, a fermentation product of fiber in the colon, acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and induces apoptosis in colon cancer (CC) cells in vitro. We have reported that the apoptotic effects of butyrate are dependent upon the hyperactivation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. However, prolonged exposure of CC cells to increasing concentrations of butyrate results in the acquisition of resistance to the Wnt/beta-catenin- and apoptosis-inducing effects of this agent, as well as cross-resistance to structurally different HDACis. Here we report that one mechanism whereby HDACi resistance arises is through the increase of beta-catenin-independent (noncanonical) Wnt signaling. Compared to HDACi-sensitive HCT-116 CC cells, HDACi-resistant HCT-R cells exhibit higher levels of AKT/PKB cell survival signaling, which is in part induced by WNT5A and its receptor ROR2. The induction of AKT signaling by HDACis is also detected in other CC cell lines, albeit to a lesser extent than in the drug-resistant HCT-R cells. The observations suggested that the apoptotic effect of butyrate and other HDACis in CC cells can be augmented by inhibitors of pAKT. In agreement with the hypothesis, the combination of MK2206, a pAKT inhibitor, and a HDACi (butyrate or LBH589) induced higher apoptosis in CC cells compared to each agent alone. The exposure to both agents also re-sensitized the HCT-R cells to apoptosis. Finally, the concept of simultaneously inducing canonical Wnt activity and suppressing AKT signaling was translated into a combination of diet-derived agents. Diet-derived pAKT inhibitors (caffeic acid phethyl ester, sulforaphane, dilallyl trisulfide) suppressed the butyrate-induced levels of pAKT, and increased the apoptotic effects of butyrate in both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant CC cells. Our findings can be translated into (a) CC therapy employing combinations of synthetic HDACis and inhibitors of pAKT, as well as (b) CC prevention based upon diets that result in sufficient amounts of butyrate and pAKT inhibitors.
Late Quaternary extinctions: The promise of TAMS 14C dating

Abstract In the last 30000 years late Quaternary extinctions eliminated over two-thirds of the large land mammals of America and Australia and most of the endemic land vertebrates on oceanic islands. Specimens of extinct animals yielding too little organic material for measurement in decay counters are suitable for TAMS dating. Initial results support older evidence of an extinction chronology that was catastrophic regionally, transgressive globally and linked to the spread of prehistoric people.
Effect of Deaeration on the Flavor Stability of Concentrated Sweetened Cream

Summary Adequate deaeration markedly lessened flavor deterioration in concentrated sweetened cream during storage for 6 mo. at 40 and 70° F. The effectiveness of deaeration increased as the temperature at which it was initiated was increased from 135 to 170° F. and as the period of deaeration was lengthened from 0 to 60min. On the other hand, addition of oxygen to concentrated sweetened cream accelerated the rate of flavor deterioration. The peroxide values of deaerated samples decreased slightly during storage, whereas those of nondeaerated samples increased greatly.
Obstetric Complications of Ureteroscopy During Pregnancy

Purpose: During pregnancy a ureteral stone and its management may pose risks for the mother and fetus. Definitive ureteroscopic management of an obstructing stone during pregnancy has been increasingly used without a reported increased incidence of urological complications. However, the rate of obstetric complications of ureteroscopy during pregnancy remains undefined.Materials and Methods: Charts of pregnant women who had undergone ureteroscopy at 5 tertiary centers were reviewed. Patient and procedure characteristics were collected. Records were evaluated for the occurrence of obstetric complications in the postoperative period.Results: A total of 46 procedures were performed in 45 patients at 5 institutions. There were 2 obstetric complications (4.3%), including 1 preterm labor managed conservatively and 1 preterm labor resulting in preterm delivery. There was no fetal loss. No statistically significant characteristics were identified differentiating those patients having obstetric complications.Conclu...
Phorbol Myristate Acetate-Dependent Interaction of Protein Kinase Cα and the Neuronal Glutamate Transporter EAAC1

Sodium-dependent transporters clear extracellular glutamate in the mammalian CNS. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) rapidly increases the activity of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 (excitatory amino acid carrier-1). This effect is associated with redistribution of EAAC1 to the cell membrane and appears to be dependent on a particular PKC subtype, PKCalpha. In the present study, we sought to determine whether this specificity for regulation of EAAC1 is associated with the formation of EAAC1-PKCalpha complexes. In C6 glioma cells, activation of PKC with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced formation of EAAC1-PKCalpha complexes but did not induce formation of complexes with PKCdelta, a PKC not thought to regulate EAAC1. Formation of these complexes was blocked by inhibitors of PKC. Confocal microscopy revealed that PMA caused EAAC1 and PKCalpha to colocalize in clusters at or near the cell surface. The EAAC1-PKCalpha complexes were also observed in rat brain synaptosomes, demonstrating that this interaction is not restricted to C6 cells. These data demonstrate that EAAC1 and PKCalpha interact in a PKC-dependent manner that is associated with EAAC1 redistribution. Although PKC activation has been implicated in the regulation of many different neurotransmitter transporters, this study provides the first example of an interaction between a neurotransmitter transporter and PKC. PKCalpha also forms complexes with GluR2 (glutamate receptor subunit 2) and causes a reduction in the levels of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors at the plasma membrane. Together, these data suggest that PKCalpha may simultaneously trigger the redistribution of EAAC1 and glutamate receptors.
Perceptions and management approaches of physicians who care for women with ductal carcinoma in situ.

Abstract Purpose Limited previous data suggest that heterogeneity exists in the treatment approaches for women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We sought in a longitudinal cohort study of women with DCIS to assess the attitudes and management approaches toward DCIS among physicians who provide care to women. Materials and Methods Eligible physicians were invited to participate in a 1-time mailed survey. A financial incentive and reminders were used to enhance the response rate. Physician perception of risks associated with DCIS for patients and management approaches were evaluated. Results Two hundred and eight physicians were identified, and 151 (73%) completed the survey. Respondents had a median age of 49 years (range, 32-75 years), and most were surgeons or medical oncologists (66%). Eighty-eight percent reported seeing an average of ≥ 1 new patient with DCIS per month. In a multivariable model, physicians who cared for proportionately fewer patients with breast cancer were more likely to view DCIS as a riskier disease to a patient's overall health compared with physicians who cared for more women with breast cancer (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6; P = .036). Physicians exhibited differences in management approaches when considering theoretical patients with DCIS and did not use consistent terms when speaking with patients with DCIS. Conclusion Substantial variation exists among physicians regarding perceptions and management approaches for women with DCIS. In some settings, risks of physician-recommended therapy might outweigh benefits. Further evaluation of the effects of physician management approaches and attitudes about DCIS on patient outcomes is warranted.
The solid state photobleaching and photocrosslinking of copolymers containing the anthracene chromophore

Copolymers of methyl methacrylate with an anthracene derivative are photodegraded in the solid state to give crosslinked material. The mechanism of insolubilization is dependent on the nature of the substituents at both the 9 and 10 positions of the anthracene chromophore. Photodimerization is the primary and most efficient cause of insolubilization if one of these positions is unsubstituted. Photodimerization does not occur if both of these positions are substituted; instead crosslinking is caused by photolysis of the endoperoxide of the parent anthracene. Bromination can sensitize the initial photooxidation and subsequent crosslinking in a copolymer where photodimerization does not occur. As a consequence of the crosslinking the rate of photobleaching of the anthracene chromophore by 1ΔgO2 is severly curtailed. Poly(methyl methacrylate), a positive-tone polymer when exposed to UV light, is made negative acting by the incorporation of bound anthracene chromophores.
Data demand dynamics and profit maximization in communications markets

In this paper, we focus on the users' aggregate data demand dynamics in a wireless communications market served by a monopolistic wireless service provider (WSP). Based on the equilibrium data demand, we optimize the WSP's data plans and long-term network capacity decisions to maximize its profit. For a market where two different data plans are offered, it is shown that the existence of a unique equilibrium data demand depends on the data plans, and the convergence of data demand dynamics is subject to the network congestion cost, which is closely related to the WSP's network capacity. A sufficient condition on the network congestion cost indicates that the WSP needs to provide a sufficiently large network capacity to guarantee the convergence of data demand dynamics. Then, we formalize the problem of optimizing the WSP's data plans and network capacities to maximize its profit, and solve it numerically.
Evaluation of two lanthanide complexes for qualitative and quantitative analysis of target proteins via partial least squares analysis.

Abstract Two lanthanide complexes, namely 5-aminosalicylic acid ethylenediaminetetraacetate europium(III) (5As-EDTA-Eu3+) and 4-aminosalicylic acid ethylenediaminetetraacetate terbium(III), were evaluated for the analysis of carbonic anhydrase, human serum albumin (HSA), and γ-globulin. Quantitative analysis is based on their luminescence enhancement upon protein binding and qualitative analysis on their lifetime capability to recognize the binding protein. Analytical figures of merit are presented for the three proteins. The limits of detection with 5As-EDTA-Eu3+ are at the parts per billion level. Partial least square regression analysis is used to determine HSA and γ-globulin in binary mixtures without previous separation at the concentration ranges typically found in clinical tests of human blood serum.
Dual approach to the emission spectrographic determination of elements in airborne particulate matter

Abstract A method is described in which atmospheric particulates are collected on high-purity graphite filter disks and analyzed initially by a point-to-plane spark excitation method and ultimately by d.c. are excitation. The development of the methods is described and their capabilities are evaluated. The results indicate that 15–25 elements can be determined with accuracies within the ±10–15% precision limits. The methods involve direct analyses requiring minimal sample handling procedures to avoid contamination and loss problems.
Interfacial engineering of solid electrolytes

Abstract The roles of interfaces in either blocking or enhancing ionic conduction in various types of solid electrolytes, including lithium, sodium, oxygen and other types of ion conductors as well as proton conductors, are critically reviewed. Two important fundamental interfacial phenomena, namely the formation of space charges and two-dimensional interfacial phases (complexions), can markedly alter ion transport along or across various types of interfaces, including grain and phase boundaries as well as free surfaces. Since the experiments and models of space charges have been well documented in literature, a new focus of this short review and viewpoint article is to propose and discuss an emerging opportunity of utilizing the formation and transition of interfacial phases to either alleviate the blocking effects or further enhance ionic conduction in solid electrolytes.
Transient thermal management using phase change materials with embedded graphite nanofibers for systems with high power requirements

Phase change materials (PCMs) exhibit excellent thermal storage capacity due to their high latent heat of transformation and have been successfully utilized in small volumes for transient thermal management of electronics. However, their low thermal conductivity makes it difficult to utilize large volumes of PCMs for transient thermal management of larger systems. To improve the thermal performance, high thermal conductivity graphite nanofibers are embedded into a paraffin PCM. The thermal effects of fiber loading levels, measured in weight percent (0 to 10%) are examined for a system with power loads between 100 and 700 W. The use of the graphite nanofiber enhancement is found to double the useful performance time of the PCM and lower the system operating temperature.
Noninvasive quantitation of cytosine deaminase transgene expression in human tumor xenografts with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Analysis of transgene expression in vivo currently requires destructive and invasive molecular assays of tissue specimens. Noninvasive methodology for assessing the location, magnitude, and duration of transgene expression in vivo will facilitate subject-by-subject correlation of therapeutic outcomes with transgene expression and will be useful in vector development. Cytosine deaminase (CD) is a microbial gene undergoing clinical trials in gene-directed enzyme prodrug gene therapy. We hypothesized that in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy could be used to measure CD transgene expression in genetically modified tumors by directly observing the CD-catalyzed conversion of the 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) prodrug to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated in subcutaneous human colorectal carcinoma xenografts in nude mice by using yeast CD (yCD). A three-compartment model was used to analyze the metabolic fluxes of 5-FC and its metabolites. The rate constants for yCD-catalyzed prodrug conversion (k1app), 5-FU efflux from the observable tumor volume (k2app), and formation of cytotoxic fluorinated nucleotides from 5-FU (k3app) were 0.49 ± 0.27 min−1, 0.766 ± 0.006 min−1, and 0.0023 ± 0.0007 min−1, respectively. The best fits of the 5-FU concentration data assumed first-order kinetics, suggesting that yCD was not saturated in vivo in the presence of measured intratumoral 5-FC concentrations well above the in vitro Km. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to noninvasively monitor therapeutic transgene expression in tumors. This capability provides an approach for measuring gene expression that will be useful in clinical gene therapy trials.
Differential autoantibody responses to thyroid peroxidase in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis

In order to examine the specificity of the autoantibody response to thyroid peroxidase (TPO, previously identified as thyroid microsomal antigen) in autoimmune thyroid disease, we examined reactivity of sera from 45 Hashimoto's and 48 Graves' patients to native thyroid microsomes, denatured and reduced human TPO and several recombinant fragments of human TPO corresponding to amino acids 457-933 of the native protein. Both Graves' and Hashimoto's sera bound native, denatured and reduced TPO at significantly greater rate than normal controls, and no differences were noted between the two disorders in binding to these forms of the autoantigen. Binding was also noted to two recombinant fragments of TPO, corresponding to amino acids 513-633 and 633-933 in TPO. The frequency of autoantibodies to the TPO AA(633-933) region was not significantly different in Hashimoto's vs. Graves' disease patients (58% vs. 65% respectively), and appeared to relate to evidence of glandular inflammation in the Graves' patients (presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and elevated anti-microsomal antibody levels). In contrast, antibodies to the TPO AA(513-633) fragment were significantly more common and of higher titer in Hashimoto's vs. Graves' disease patients, and did not correlate with any measure of glandular inflammation. These results identify two specific regions of TPO autoantibody binding and indicate that there are differences in the autoantibody response to TPO in Hashimoto's and Graves' diseases.
Arm Span and Ulnar Length Are Reliable and Accurate Estimates of Recumbent Length and Height in a Multiethnic Population of Infants and Children under 6 Years of Age

Surrogate measures are needed when recumbent length or height is unobtainable or unreliable. Arm span has been used as a surrogate but is not feasible in children with shoulder or arm contractures. Ulnar length is not usually impaired by joint deformities, yet its utility as a surrogate has not been adequately studied. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to examine the accuracy and reliability of ulnar length measured by different tools as a surrogate measure of recumbent length and height. Anthropometrics [recumbent length, height, arm span, and ulnar length by caliper (ULC), ruler (ULR), and grid (ULG)] were measured in 1479 healthy infants and children aged <6 y across 8 study centers in the United States. Multivariate mixed-effects linear regression models for recumbent length and height were developed by using ulnar length and arm span as surrogate measures. The agreement between the measured length or height and the predicted values by ULC, ULR, ULG, and arm span were examined by Bland-Altman plots. All 3 measures of ulnar length and arm span were highly correlated with length and height. The degree of precision of prediction equations for length by ULC, ULR, and ULG (R(2) = 0.95, 0.95, and 0.92, respectively) was comparable with that by arm span (R(2) = 0.97) using age, sex, and ethnicity as covariates; however, height prediction by ULC (R(2) = 0.87), ULR (R(2) = 0.85), and ULG (R(2) = 0.88) was less comparable with arm span (R(2) = 0.94). Our study demonstrates that arm span and ULC, ULR, or ULG can serve as accurate and reliable surrogate measures of recumbent length and height in healthy children; however, ULC, ULR, and ULG tend to slightly overestimate length and height in young infants and children. Further testing of ulnar length as a surrogate is warranted in physically impaired or nonambulatory children.
A methodology for surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth retrieval using the microwave polarization difference index

A methodology for retrieving surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth from satellite microwave radiometer data is presented. The procedure is tested with historical 6.6 GHz H and V polarized brightness temperature observations from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) over several test sites in Illinois. Results using only nighttime data are presented at this time due to the greater stability of nighttime surface temperature estimation. The methodology uses a radiative transfer model to solve for surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth simultaneously using a nonlinear iterative optimization procedure. It assumes known constant values for the scattering albedo and roughness, and that vegetation optical depth for H-polarization is the same as for V-polarization. Surface temperature is derived by a procedure using high frequency V-polarized brightness temperatures. The methodology does not require any field observations of soil moisture or canopy biophysical properties for calibration purposes and may be applied to other wavelengths. Results compare well with field observations of soil moisture and satellite-derived vegetation index data from optical sensors.
Numerical modeling of liquid withdrawal from gravure cavities in coating operations; the effect of cell pattern

A particular free-surface flow of industrial importance is the unsteady motion of a thin layer of viscous liquid on an engraved solid surface or substrate. A model is presented and numerical studies are performed for the cell-emptying behaviour when an engraved roller is used to transfer a liquid coating onto a moving belt or web. The three-dimensional unsteady liquid motion is calculated where the flow domain is bounded above by a stress-free surface and bounded below by a moving substrate with one of several different patterns of indentations. The goal is to ascertain, theoretically, how the choice of pattern affects the performance of the substrate. The physical model is simplified through use of the long-wave or lubrication approximation that is appropriate to liquid flow in thin layers. Three different patterns of cells: square, diamond and hexagonal, are considered. In each case the cell shape is taken to be paraboloidal. Early-time cell emptying is found to be quite independent of pattern. There is a degree of re-filling however, which is pattern-dependent. In this work, a high degree of symmetry is exploited to reduce the size of the numerical computations. Only Newtonian liquids are considered.
Towards mobility-rich analysis in ad hoc networks: using contraction, expansion and hybrid models

A wireless ad hoc network is an infrastructureless network where nodes are mobile. The evaluation of ad hoc networking protocols is very sensitive to mobility. As a result, exploring a set of rich mobility models in ad hoc networks is essential. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a classification of various mobility models, in addition to proposing the contraction, expansion, and hybrid mobility models. These proposed models cover scenarios in which nodes merge, scatter, or switch to different movement patterns over time. We also investigate a set of mobility metrics to capture characteristics of mobility. We implement our mobility models in the IMPORTANT framework in NS-2. We use our framework to evaluate the performance of ad hoc routing protocols. Our study shows that no one metric is sufficient to capture mobility, but average node degree and link duration are very useful in capturing mobility dynamics. We note a wide spectrum of performance outcomes with mobility. Also, we observe that in some scenarios (involving contraction) performance improves with added velocity.
Role of Myocytes in Myocardial Collagen Production

Excessive collagen deposition may cause abnormal stiffness of the heart during hypertrophy and heart failure. The potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II seems, via an unknown mechanism, to stimulate collagen production. This study describes the in vitro and ex vivo effects of [Sar(1)]Ang II on collagen production by fibroblasts in culture and in beating, nonworking heart preparations. The effects of [Sar(1)]Ang II on isolated rat hearts or rat heart fibroblasts were determined by quantifying transcript levels of collagen phenotypes I and III through videodensitometry after Northern blot analysis with specific cDNA probes (collagen [P alpha( 2)r(2)] rat alpha( 2)[I] probe for type I and human skin fibroblast alpha(1)[III] probe for type III). When [Sar(1)]Ang II was added in vitro to neonatal or adult 28-week-old Wistar-Kyoto rat heart fibroblasts, questionable stimulation in the mRNAs of types I and III occurred. In contrast, when 10(-8) mol/L [Sar(1)]Ang II was added to beating, nonworking Wistar-Kyoto rat heart preparation ex vivo, a 1.5- to 2.5-fold stimulation of collagen mRNAs of phenotypes I and III was observed. When neonatal fibroblasts were cocultured with neonatal myocytes in vitro, with 10(-10) mol/L [Sar(1)]Ang II added, there was no stimulation of either phenotype. However, significant stimulation of both collagen transcripts was recorded when 10(-10) mol/L [Sar(1)]Ang II was added to adult fibroblasts cocultured with either neonatal or adult myocytes. Our data suggest that factors produced by myocytes are necessary for upregulation of collagen genes in vitro and demonstrate that fibroblast-myocyte cross-talk is required for Ang II-induced collagen upregulation.
Computing areas using Green's Theorem and a Software Planimeter

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a planimeter is `an instrument for measuring the area of a plane figure by tracing its boundary line'. Even without knowing how a planimeter works, it is clear from the definition that the idea behind it is that one can compute the area of a figure just by `walking' on the boundary. For someone who has taken calculus, this immediately suggests Green's Theorem. The aim of this note is to clarify for others why this principle works. We do this by using points of view from linear algebra to elementary plane geometry in order to obtain an intuitive justification for Green's Theorem. As an application, we show how the reader can easily construct a `software planimeter'. The idea behind this is certainly not original; the formula for the area of a polygon used in this process (see Theorem 1.2 and Remark 1.5 (3)) is surely folklore for experienced programmers (1). What we would like to emphasize is, on the one hand, the beautiful interplay between various branches of mathematics and elementary computer graphics in this case. On the other hand, since our application is (in our view) particularly fun to work with, we hope that this approach can be successfully used in class as an aid in teaching Green's Theorem, or in a calculus lab, or even to show younger and more inexperienced students that sometimes deep mathematical results can be surprisingly accessible and entertaining.
Wave propagation on helical antennas

The current distribution, the near field, and the far field of helical antennas are examined. It is found that the application of the helix as an endfire radiator is dependent on two higher Order modes of the helix wave functions. This differs from the application of the helix as a slow wave structure in a traveling wave tube where the lowest order mode of the helix wave functions is utilized.
All is Not Fair The Effects of Changing Committee Representation on Partisan Conflict in Transforming Legislatures

This article addresses the problem of the causes of party conflict in former one-party legislatures. Some argue that as the minority party gains ground in the legislature, partisan floor conflict will rise. Yet, literature on committees and the changing status of the committee system seems to suggest that conflict is lowered in chambers where the minority party participates in committee decision making. This study is based on tests of data from a 10-year time period. The author reports that the proportion of minority party membership on committees has a direct dampening effect on the level of conflict on the floor. This analysis also finds that the effect is variable by bill type and that the overall effect on conflict is greater than the effect of chamber share in determining the level of party conflict in the chamber.