cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry Rotation at University of Chicago: Utilization and Educational Benefit of a Subspecialty Rotation in Psychiatric Residency Training.

Ten years ago, the University of Chicago Medical School Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience established a geriatric forensic psychiatry rotation for fourth-year residents as one option in a required experience in forensic psychiatry. The rotation’s emphasis was to learn about cases of testamentary capacity and undue influence. The program was supervised by a senior faculty member, an experienced clinician, board-certified in Geriatric Psychiatry. RESULTS Over the past decade, three of the 11 residents have pursued careers in forensic psychiatry, while another has become a geriatric psychiatrist. More than half of the respondents have pursued geriatric and/or forensic work following their graduations, and all believe that what they learned in the rotation applied to their general practice work. All 11 indicated that the rotation increased their interest in and understanding of forensic work. Ten “strongly agreed” that the geriatric forensic psychiatry rotation was a valuable learning experience. On average, trainees worked on 4.64 forensic cases over the course of the rotation and attended 2–3 trials or depositions. Over the last three years of the program, all three of the participating residents have chosen to complete a forensic fellowship following the rotation. CONCLUSION Residents affirm that a geriatric forensic psychiatry rotation is a valuable learning experience, one that has utility after their graduation. The University of Chicago Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience is committed to continuing this rotation as an important part of their forensic experience in resident education and to encourage more interest in the area of geriatric psychiatry.
Activities and Sensemaking Associated With Frontline Role Expansion in Primary Care Settings.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Many healthcare settings are embracing a dynamic of role expansion across occupational boundaries. This dynamic is particularly evident in organizations that are early adopters of innovations designed to improve care delivery. This study explores role expansion of frontline healthcare workers in primary care settings associated with early adoption of the patient-centered medical home. Qualitative data in the form of interviews were collected from 2012 to 2014 from six primary care practices functioning as early adopters of patient-centered medical homes. Fifty-one staff members were interviewed across the six practices. The author identified three forms of role expansion among frontline workers in these primary care practices. This role expansion was accompanied by key instances of work improvisation and enhanced social connections among staff and patients that fed into particular forms of sensemaking. Transformation of primary care delivery may be enhanced through expansion of frontline workers' roles, particularly at the early adoption phase.
State Representative: The Thucydides Trap and the Future of Global Governance

Imagining an alternative institutional and normative architecture for global governance must proceed on the bases of an identification and understanding of the principal challenges facing the international system. In my view, the gravest challenge facing the international system, and perhaps the greatest political drama of the twenty-first century, is the ongoing shift in the global balance of power. As we move from a U.S.-led unipolar system to a world in which non-Western powers, particularly China, exercise greater influence in international affairs, the foremost priority for global governance is to ensure that this transition proceeds peacefully and to minimize the potential for Great Power conflict, especially between the United States and China.
Spontaneous Bleeding from Multiple Intercostal Arteries in a Patient with Coarctation of the Aorta.

A 59-year-old man with a history of coarctation repair, mechanical aortic valve, and warfarin therapy presented with right flank pain. Computed tomography showed a large hematoma encircling an intact descending thoracic aorta. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated multiple areas of intercostal artery extravasation. An interventional radiologist performed angiography and embolization. The patient's course was complicated by an effusion and hypoxia, but no further bleeding was noted. We hypothesize that coarctation associated aneurysms and potential vessel wall weakness are the causes of hematoma in our case. We present this case with history of repaired coarctation with multiple spontaneous intercostal artery aneurysmal rupture.
Criminal justice research: Incorporating a public health approach

Abstract Criminal justice, a social science discipline intersecting law, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and social work, continues to work toward developing effective solutions to crime control and reduction. Increasing numbers of criminologists are engaging an applied evidence-based strategy used widely in medical and public health research. These rigorous research methods more validly assess the effects of mandated programs and policies in criminal justice. This chapter provides a foundational understanding of the circumstances that birthed the traditional approach to research taken by criminologists and how several factors are moving the field to using an evidence-based approach. Two overarching recommendations from this review are the need for (1) more classes in experimental research at the graduate level, and (2) mentoring young criminologists on ways to run experiments within criminal justice agencies to ensure continued use of these methods by the next generation of criminologists.
Spatio-temporal evolution of cavity ignition in supersonic flow

Abstract Successful ignition in the recirculating flow of a scramjet flame holder can be highly dependent upon the location of energy deposition because of the spatial variation of fuel concentration and flow properties. The current work experimentally investigated ignition processes when energy was deposited (∼100 mJ) via a spark discharge at four locations in the base of a cavity or by laser-induced breakdown in a Mach 2 flow with a stagnation temperature and pressure of 590 K and 483 kPa, respectively. The cavity was directly fueled with ethylene injection. The time dependent heat release was imaged at 40,000 frames per second and fuel concentration and distribution measurements were taken in the cavity prior to ignition. The average fuel concentration at the lean and rich ignition limits near the energy deposition locations measured 4.4–9.3% (Φ= 0.75 to 1.47). Energy deposition near the cavity step resulted in near immediate ignition kernel development and rapid achievement of self-sustained flame propagation in the front of the cavity, often faster than the bulk recirculation time of the cavity, leading to a spike in heat release. Energy deposition away from the cavity step region led to competition between local flow velocity, fuel concentration, and flame propagation rates. Ignition kernels formed along the floor of the cavity towards the closeout ramp and were rapidly advected towards the cavity step region before flame propagation could ensue. The fastest and most robust ignition events for all fueling cases showed rapid spanwise flame propagation near the cavity step.
Emulating I/O Behavior in Scientific Workflows on High Performance Computing Systems

Scientific application workflows leverage the capabilities of cutting-edge high-performance computing (HPC) facilities to enable complex applications for academia, research, and industry communities. Data transfer and I/O dependency among different modules of modern HPC workflows can increase the complexity and hamper the overall performance of workflows. Understanding this complexity due to data-dependency and dataflow is an essential prerequisite for developing optimization strategies to improve I/O performance and, eventually, the entire workflow. In this paper, we discuss dataflow patterns for workflow applications on HPC systems. As existing I/O benchmarking tools lack in identifying and representing the dataflow in modern HPC workflows, we have implemented Wemul, an open-source workflow I/O emulation framework, to mimic different types of I/O behavior demonstrated by common and complex HPC application workflows for deeper analysis. We elaborate on the features and usage of Wemul, demonstrate its application to HPC workflows, and discuss the insights from the performance analysis results on Lassen supercomputing cluster at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).
Effects of farrowing stall layout and number of heat lamps on sow and piglet behavior

Abstract Farrowing stalls are used in the United States swine industry to reduce pre-weaning piglet mortality, enable efficient individual animal management, and decrease facility construction and operating costs. The quantity and quality of space provided for sows and piglets in farrowing stalls are important economic and welfare considerations. To further explore the impacts of farrowing stall space allocation, a large-scale field study was conducted to compare sow and piglet behavior when housed in three farrowing stall layouts (TSL – traditional stall layout, ECSL – expanded creep area stall layout, ESCSL – expanded sow and creep area stall layout) with either one or two heat lamps (1HL and 2HL, respectively). A computer vision system classified posture budgets and behaviors of 322 sows and piglet location for 324 litters. Linear mixed models were developed to compare behavior and piglet pre-weaning mortality metrics between experimental treatments. Results show sows in ESCSL spent more time lying compared to sows in ECSL (p = 0.028) and less time sitting compared to sows in TSL and ECSL (p 0.05). Results can guide producers to consider wider sow areas in farrowing stalls to better meet sow behavioral needs and to include larger heated areas to meet piglet behavioral needs during lactation.
S-cone circuits in the primate retina for non-image-forming vision

Abstract Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) respond directly to light by virtue of containing melanopsin which peaks at about 483 nm. However, in primates, ipRGCs also receive color opponent inputs from short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone circuits that are well-suited to encode circadian changes in the color of the sky that accompany the rising and setting sun. Here, we review the retinal circuits that endow primate ipRGCs with the cone-opponency capable of encoding the color of the sky and contributing to the wide-ranging effects of short-wavelength light on ipRGC-mediated non-image-forming visual function in humans.
The Battle of Negro Fort: The Rise and Fall of a Fugitive Slave Community

In The Battle of Negro Fort: The Rise and Fall of a Fugitive Slave Community, Matthew J. Clavin examines a seldom-discussed conflict following the War of 1812 that resulted in the demise of a runaw...
Physical forces regulating hemostasis and thrombosis: Vessels, cells, and molecules in illustrated review

This illustrated review focuses on the physical forces that regulate hemostasis and thrombosis. These phenomena span from the vessel to the cellular to the molecular scales. Blood is a complex fluid with a viscosity that varies with how fast it flows and the size of the vessel through which it flows. Blood flow imposes forces on the vessel wall and blood cells that dictates the kinetics, structure, and stability of thrombi. The mechanical properties of blood cells create a segmented flowing fluid whereby red blood cells concentrate in the vessel core and platelets marginate to the near-wall region. At the vessel wall, shear stresses are highest, which requires a repertoire of receptors with different bond kinetics to roll, tether, adhere, and activate on inflamed endothelium and extracellular matrices. As a thrombus grows and then contracts, forces regulate platelet aggregation as well as von Willebrand factor function and fibrin mechanics. Forces can also originate from platelets as they respond to the external forces and sense the stiffness of their local environment.
Digital Health Technologies for Remote Monitoring and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION Digital health technologies may be useful tools in the management of chronic diseases. We performed a systematic review of digital health interventions in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and evaluated its impact on (i) disease activity monitoring, (ii) treatment adherence, (iii) quality of life (QoL) measures, and/or (iv) health care utilization. METHODS Through a systematic review of multiple databases through August 31, 2020, we identified randomized controlled trials in patients with IBD comparing digital health technologies vs standard of care (SoC) for clinical management and monitoring and reporting impact on IBD disease activity, treatment adherence, QoL, and/or health care utilization or cost-effectiveness. We performed critical qualitative synthesis of the evidence supporting digital health interventions in patients with IBD and rated certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. RESULTS Overall, we included 14 randomized controlled trials (median, 98 patients; range 34-909 patients; follow-up <12 months) that compared web-based interventions, mobile applications, and different telemedicine platforms with SoC (clinic-based encounters). Although overall disease activity and risk of relapse were comparable between digital health technologies and SoC (very low certainty of evidence), digital health interventions were associated with lower rate of health care utilization and health care costs (low certainty of evidence). Digital health interventions did not significantly improve patients' QoL and treatment adherence compared with SoC (very low certainty of evidence). Trials may have intrinsic selection bias due to nature of digital interventions. DISCUSSION Digital health technologies may be effective in decreasing health care utilization and costs, though may not offer advantage in reducing risk of relapse, QoL, and improving treatment adherence in patients with IBD. These techniques may offer value-based care for population health management.
Humanity and the future: replies to Tina Rulli and Jay Wallace

This article is a response to contributions by Tina Rulli and Jay Wallace to a symposium on my book Why Worry about Future Generations? I respond to questions Rulli raises about my ‘Value Dependenc...
The Use of Intraosseous Fluid Resuscitation in a Pediatric Patient with Ebola Virus Disease.

Abstract Background Vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration are common manifestations of Ebola virus disease (EVD), leading to its high mortality. Mortality is especially high in patients older than 45 years, younger than 5 years, and in pregnant women and their fetuses. The majority of patients with EVD are not able to tolerate the quantities of oral hydration solutions necessary to rehydrate properly. Although some have speculated that IV and intraosseous lines are not practical in the austere, resource-constrained settings of an Ebola treatment unit during an epidemic, it is necessary to provide parenteral fluids and electrolyte replacements to significantly decrease mortality. Due to the inability to spend long periods of time working in hot environments wearing personal protective equipment, it is necessary to maximize the use of rapidly obtainable and safe parenteral access. Case Report The authors present a case of a 9-month-old patient with EVD in Sierra Leone in whom an intraosseous line was lifesaving. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Emergency physicians respond to international crises, such as the most recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa. It is important for such responders, as well as their responding organizations, to know and understand that intraosseous access is an important and safe modality to use in patients with EVD and in the austere settings often found in disaster settings.
Utilization of boar meat: composition, quality and odor incidence in relation to androstenone and skatole

The objectives of this research were: 1) to evaluate the carcass composition, muscle quality and odor incidence in group-reared boars and; 2) to determine the concentrations of 5α-Androstenone and skatole in boar fat and their relationships with odor intensity
Assessing the feasibility of fully homomorphic encryption for Smart Grid AMI networks

Despite the potential benefits of smart meters as part of the Smart Grid initiative, the deployment of smart meters has aroused several concerns on consumer privacy. To address such concerns, various solutions are proposed in recent years under a variety of assumptions. Nonetheless, all of these solutions require a trust relationship between the consumers and utilities or third-party service providers which still does not convince some of the consumers for using smart meters. An ultimate solution is to hide the data from utilities or third-parties by using fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) systems while still allowing them to do processing on the encrypted data for their needs. However, the FHE systems are recently started to be realized and their wider deployment for certain applications has not been explored yet. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using FHE systems on an IEEE 802.11s-based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) application when preserving the privacy of the consumers. We design and adapt one of the existing FHE schemes for AMI and test its overhead under a variety of conditions on an 802.11s-based wireless mesh network using ns-3 network simulator. Compared to traditional encryption and partially homomorphic systems, FHE comes with significant overhead in terms of data size and delay. Nevertheless, the results indicate that such delay and data size overhead are still in acceptable limits that can be handled by the existing meters and networks.
A Simple Method for Eccentric Event Espial Using Mahalanobis Metric

The paper presents an approach, which detects eccentric events in real time surveillance video systems (e.g., escalators), based on optical flow analysis of multitude behavour followed by Mahalanobis and *** 2 metrics. The video frames are flagged as normal or eccentric established on the statistical classification of the distribution of Mahalanobis distances of the normalized spatiotemporal information of optical flow vectors. Those optical flow vectors are computed from the small blocks of the explicit region of successive frames namely Region of Interest Image (RII), which is discovered by RII Map (RIIM). The RIIM is obtained from specific treatment of foreground segmentation of moving subjects. The method essentially has been tested against a single camera data-set.
Recent progress of terahertz imaging technology

A pulsed terahertz (10/sup 12/ Hz) or a "T-ray" occupies a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.1 THz to 10 THz) between the infrared and microwave bands. We expect that the research in the THz band in the 21st century will become one of the most promising research areas for transformational advances in physics and biology, as well as in other interdisciplinary fields.
Noncatalytic function of ERK1/2 can promote Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated growth arrest signaling.

Kinase activity is known as the key biochemical property of MAPKs. Here, we report that ERK1/2 also utilizes its noncatalytic function to mediate certain signal transductions. Sustained activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway induces growth arrest, accompanied by changes in cell cycle regulators (decreased retinoblastoma phosphorylation, E2F1 down-regulation, and/or p21CIP1 up-regulation) and cell type-specific changes in morphology and expression of c-Myc or RET in the human tumor lines LNCaP, U251, and TT. Ablation of ERK1/2 by RNA interference abrogated all these effects. However, active site-disabled ERK mutants (ERK1-K71R, ERK2-K52R, and ERK2-D147A), which competitively inhibit activation of endogenous ERK1/2, could not block Raf/MEK-induced growth arrest as well as changes in the cell cycle regulators, although they effectively blocked phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 catalytic activity readouts, p90RSK and ELK1, as well as the cell type-specific changes. Because this indicated a potential noncatalytic ERK1/2 function, we generated stable lines of the tumor cells in which both ERK1 and ERK2 were significantly knocked down, and we further investigated the possibility using rat-derived kinase-deficient ERK mutants (ERK2-K52R and ERK2-T183A/Y185F) that were not targeted by human small hairpin RNA. Indeed, ERK2-K52R selectively restored Raf-induced growth inhibitory signaling in ERK1/2-depleted cells, as manifested by regained cellular ability to undergo growth arrest and to control the cell cycle regulators without affecting c-Myc and morphology. However, ERK2-T183A/Y185F was less effective, indicating the requirement of TEY site phosphorylation. Our study suggests that functions of ERK1/2 other than its “canonical” kinase activity are also involved in the pathway-mediated growth arrest signaling.
MUTANT ISOLATION TECHNIQUES WITH PLANT TISSUE CULTURES

Selection in vitro can be a very powerful tool because very large numbers of cells can be utilized. The mutants that are selected can have value both in basic studies and for agricultural and other commercial purposes, such as drug production. The methods used in the selection must be tailored to the type of mutant desired and to the tissue culture capabilities of the species and genotype of choice. Mutagen tretments may well increase the mutation frequency but can have detrimental effects on such properties as plant regeneration. Several methods for auxotroph selection are discussed and methods are presented in detail for resistance selection with suspension cultures, mutagenized and plated suspension cultures, and callus cultures.
Gubernatorial and Senatorial Camapaign Mobilization of Voters

This article examines the role of gubernatorial and U.S. Senate campaigns in mobilizing voters in the 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996 elections. Merging contextual measures on these campaigns with data from the Voter Supplement Files of the November Current Population Surveys, I find that statewide campaigns are especially important for activating citizens in midterms. An off-year campaign environment that is associated with hotly-contested, high-spending campaigns elevates citizens' turnout probabilities by double-digit points. However, a presidential race provides an overriding stimulus that gets to the polls most of those citizens who can be activated, as state-level races demonstrate negligible mobilizing influence in the on-years. I also find that previous looks into the influence of campaign context on individual turnout are based on “biased” tests of statistical significance. Failure to take into account state “clusters” in national samples results in downwardly biased standard errors and, consequently,...
Study of SCR cold-start by energy method

The cold-start of a prototype diesel engine exhaust aftertreatment system was analyzed using a simplified energy balance to study the impact of system design changes on the performance of the selective catalytic NOx reduction reactor. The simplified energy balance method is shown to be a viable tool for system-level analysis of the aftertreatment performance. The results indicate that without an external energy supply the best way to shorten the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactor light-off time is to reduce the system thermal inertia by including a metallic diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and moving the SCR reactor upstream. Such optimization of the aftertreatment architecture is found to significantly reduce SCR light-off time for the configurations examined. Electrical heating applied to the SCR and DOC reactors can also reduce the light-off time. The system architecture optimization, however, is subject to vehicle under-hood packaging restrictions. To meet more stringent emission standards in the future, a combination of architecture optimization and electrical heating will be required.
Computer simulation of hydrogen embrittlement in metals

IT has been long known that hydrogen can substantially reduce the mechanical stability of transition metals under tensile stress1–3. This phenomenon of 'hydrogen embrittlement' has important consequences for the safety of fusion reactors and for space technology; but there remains considerable uncertainty about its microscopic origin2, 3. Here we report the results of a study of fracture of hydrogen-loaded palladium under tensile stress which uses Parrinello–Rahman molecular dynamics based on a many-body alloy hamiltonian. A rather unexpected result is that the apparent hydrogen embrittlement results from a local enhancement of ductility in hydrogen-saturated regions of the metal which causes a reduction of the critical tensile stress at which failure occurs.
The SF6− enigma for density functional theory: is the KMLYP functional a reasonable solution for this problematic anion?

Abstract The adiabatic electron affinity (EA) of sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) was determined using six different density functional or hybrid Hartree–Fock/density functional methods, including the recently developed KMLYP functional. With the extensively calibrated DZP++ basis set, the KMLYP functional predicts an EA for SF 6 of 1.48 eV. This value is in better agreement with experiment (1.07 ± 0.01 eV) than the best previously established DFT method (BHLYP, 1.69 eV) for related systems. The other four functional give electron affinities of 2.66 (B3LYP), 2.83 (B3P86), 3.22 (BLYP), and 3.00 eV (BP86). However, the difference from the experimental value is still about twice a large as DFT is usually able to obtain.
Comparing Good and Poor Spellers of Equal Reading and Verbal Abilities

Good and poor spellers at the university level were matched for equivalent reading ability; mean WAIS Verbal IQs for the two groups were also equivalent. The good and and poor spellers described similar reading and study habits, however, the good spellers more accurately spelled a list of unknown, difficult words (e.g., pseudogeusia), reflecting two possible strengths compared to poor spellers: (1) superior ability to dissect a word into component sounds and (2) superior knowledge of common letter patterns in the English language (e.g., pseudo).
The effects of sublethal pentachlorophenol exposure on predation risk in freshwater rotifer species

Abstract The effects of anthropogenic toxicants on predator–prey interactions is a poorly understood subject in ecotoxicology. Ecological studies of invertebrate predator–prey systems have indicated that the body size, swimming behavior, and population density of both predator and prey are important components influencing predation risk. However, weighing the relative contribution of predation risk factors, the manner in which they interact, and their responses to toxicant exposure requires multi-species predator–prey systems which consider both empirical measures of predator efficiency as well as the behavior of predator and prey. The effect of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the vulnerability of six herbivorous freshwater rotifer species to predation by the predatory rotifer Asplanchna girodi was studied. Prey species were exposed to sublethal concentrations of PCP (0, 110, 190, and 330 μg/l) for 30 min. Predator–prey encounters and prey ingestions were quantified for each species and PCP concentration. In addition, a computer tracking system was used to assess the effects of PCP on the swimming speed of each species. Regression models indicated a relationship between predator–prey encounters and both prey body size and prey swimming speed. However, swimming speed was dependent upon body size. The number of prey ingested was only slightly dependent upon the frequency of predator–prey encounters. Responses to PCP exposure varied between species, and the relationships between different indices of predation risk became less apparent after PCP exposure. Our results indicate that predator–prey interactions are responsive measures of toxicant exposure and provide ecological insight into how toxicants modify predator–prey interactions and zooplankton community structure.
Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits

Bacterial fruit blotch appeared in the United States in commercial watermelon fields with isolated severe outbreaks in Florida, South Carolina, and Indiana. Because the pathogen is seedborne, and a significant portion of commercial watermelon fields are planted with seedlings raised in greenhouses or other transplant production facilities, recognition of symptoms on seedlings is important.
Heterojunction solar cell calculations

Collection efficiency and spectral response calculations for semiconductor heterojunction solar cells
Self-Assembly of CdTe Nanocrystals into Free-Floating Sheets

In their physical dimensions, surface chemistry, and degree of anisotropic interactions in solution, CdTe nanoparticles are similar to proteins. We experimentally observed their spontaneous, template-free organization into free-floating particulate sheets, which resemble the assembly of surface layer (S-layer) proteins. Computer simulation and concurrent experiments demonstrated that the dipole moment, small positive charge, and directional hydrophobic attraction are the driving forces for the self-organization process. The data presented here highlight the analogy of the solution behavior of the two vastly different classes of chemical structures.
The misuse of benzodiazepines among adolescents: Psychosocial risk factors in a national sample

Abstract Background The misuse of benzodiazepines (BZs) among adolescents is an important issue within the fields of mental health, medicine, and public health. Though there is an increasing amount of research on prescription medication misuse, a relatively small number of studies focus on adolescent BZ misuse. The goal of this study, therefore, is to identify demographic and psychosocial factors that place adolescents at risk for misusing BZs. Additionally, the authors applied concepts from social bonding theory, social learning theory, and strain theory to determine the extent to which these concepts explain BZ misuse. Methods Using data from the 2011 National Survey of Drug Use & Health, multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to determine which factors were associated with an increased risk of BZ misuse. Results These findings help to describe the psychosocial profile of adolescent BZ misusers which should increase the ability of clinicians to identify patients who may be at greater risk for misuse. Conclusion This study is particularly important within the context of psychiatry, where a clearer understanding of adolescent BZ misuse is critical for informing prevention efforts and developing best practices for prescribing BZs.
Innate and Learned Shoaling Preferences Based on Body Coloration in Juvenile Mollies, Poecilia latipinna

Shoaling offers fish enhanced protection from predators through a phenomenon known as the confusion effect. This phenomenon depends on a high degree of phenotypic homogeneity within a shoal, which may confuse predators that have difficulty in targeting a single individual as prey. Accordingly, fish typically choose shoalmates with similar phenotypic characteristics to themselves. In the molly (Poecilia latipinna), dramatic differences in body coloration have been shown to affect shoalmate choice in adults. Here, we show that juvenile mollies (50 d old) were capable of shoaling and that early experience impacted shoalmate choice. When raised in isolation, mollies chose shoalmates with similar body coloration to their own. When raised with other juvenile mollies, test fish chose to associate with individuals of the same coloration as the fish with whom they had been reared. These results show that P. latipinna are capable of the behavioral plasticity that has been demonstrated in other fish species, and that early experience affects the impact of body coloration on shoaling decisions in this species.
SCINTILLATOR-BASED NANOSECOND LIGHT SOURCES FOR TIME-RESOLVED FLUORIMETRY

We have investigated a new pulsed light source for time-resolved fluorimetry. The light source consists of a beta emitter, Sr90, and a liquid or plastic scintillator. Time-correlated single photon counting is employed to demonstrate the new pulsed light source. Measured fluorescence lifetimes of standards anthracene (4.97 ± 0.06 ns) and 1-aminoanthracene (21.4 ± 0.2 ns) agree well with literature values. Advantages of the new light source include the low cost, the size (1 cm-3 or smaller), the nanosecond pulse widths, the high pulse rates, and the extremely stable pulse-to-pulse profile. There is no risk of radioactive contamination from the beta emitter since it is bound in a ceramic matrix and encapsulated.
Evaluation of a new macrocyclic antibiotic as a chiral selector for use in capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A new macrocyclic antibiotic, LY307599, has been evaluated as a chiral selector for the separation of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen using capillary electrophoresis (CE). The effect of varying separation buffer parameters such as buffer strength, pH, LY307599 concentration and methanol concentration were assessed. Using the optimized CE conditions, the separation of flurbiprofen enantiomers can be achieved using LY307599 as a chiral selector.
Thermal Reignition of a High Current Spark Channel

Reignition measurements of a high current (40KA) spark channel in air at atmospheric pressure during both the early and late post-spark period at different radial distances from the axis of the channel are obtained by simultaneous measurements of current and voltage across a pair of auxiliary probing electrodes. In contrast to previous studies on high current spark channel recovery where reignition measurements are confined to the spark (fast) breakdown regime which occurs at times greater than 1 ms after spark inition, this present work deals primarily with reignition in early delay times as early as 50 µs after the spark initiation where thermal (slow) breakdown occurs. The results of the present study indicate that conductance of the channel increases abruptly during thermal breakdown, and thus the technique of simultaneous measurements of the current and the voltage across the probing electrodes can be used to study recovery during the early post-spark period when thermal breakdown occurs.
Photodecomposition of the Carbamate Pesticide Carbofuran: Kinetics and the Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter

This study examined the photodecomposition of carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide with high oral toxicity. Rate constants are measured for the pesticide in aqueous solution and in the presence of various samples of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Kinetic experiments are monitored with HPLC, while reaction products are determined using HPLC, GC−MS, and 1H NMR: mechanisms are proposed for the first three steps of the reaction. It was found that the photodecomposition proceeds via first-order reaction kinetics and that the presence of various DOM samples inhibits the photolysis reaction of carbofuran. This phenomenon can be correlated to the magnitude of the binding interaction between carbofuran and DOM. Finally, techniques such as GC−MS and 1H NMR are used to identify the photodecomposition products. The first three steps of the reaction are defined. In the first step of the reaction, the carbamate group is cleaved from the molecule. The furan moiety is opened in the second step producing a substituted cate...
Small blue cells mimicking small cell carcinoma in spermatocele and hydrocele specimens: a report of 5 cases

We identified 5 cases of hydrocele and spermatocele resections containing detached small cellular "blue" clusters, raising questions of small cell carcinoma by contributors to our consult service. Patients were 37, 39, 52, 67, and 70 years old. None of the 4 patients with follow-up developed small cell carcinoma. On routine stained sections, there were multiple clusters of detached hypercellular cells with focal streaming, high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, and hyperchromatic nuclei without prominent nuclei. There were no mitotic figures, apoptotic bodies, or necrosis. In 4 of 5 cases, there was sufficient tissue to perform immunohistochemistry along with 10 cases each of normal rete testis and epididymis. CD56 was positive in 4 of 4 cases of the "blue cells" and in 9 of 10 of normal rete testis; yet, it was positive in only 2 of 10 normal epididymis. Synaptophysin and chromogranin were negative in all cases of "blue cells." PAX2 was negative in all cases of "blue cells" similar to the 1 of 9 positive staining in rete testis and in contrast to the positivity seen in 9 of 9 cases of normal epididymis. Ki-67 was negative or showed only rare positive cells in all of the cases of the "blue cells." Clusters of blue cells suggestive of sloughed rete testis cells can mimic small cell carcinoma in hydrocele and spermatocele specimens based on their low power appearance and positive CD56 staining. Closer examination of the cells' bland morphology, low expression of Ki-67, and lack of chromogranin and synaptophysin, along with recognition of this entity, can prevent a misdiagnosis of malignancy.
Ein neuer Sensillentyp auf den Antennen weiblicher Moskitos (Aedes aegypti L.)

A new type of thin-walled, hair-like setae was found on the antennae of the female mosquito. The length of the 3 different types, already described in the literature, is compared with the author's own measurements. This new type differs not only in length but in electrophysiological responses.
Inversion of Two-Band Superconductivity at the Critical Electron Doping of (Mg, Al)B~2

Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) was combined with heat capacity measurements to probe changes of electronic structure and superconductivity in ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{(1\ensuremath{-}x)}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$. A simultaneous decrease of EELS intensity from $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-band hole states and the magnitude of the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ gap was observed with increasing $x$, thus verifying that band filling results in the loss of strong superconductivity. These quantities extrapolated to zero at $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.33$ as inferred from the unit cell volume. However, superconductivity was not quenched completely, but persisted with ${T}_{c}l7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ up to about $x\ensuremath{\approx}55$. Only the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ band had detectable density of states for $0.33\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.55$, implying an inversion of the two-band hierarchy of ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ in that regime. Since $\ensuremath{\pi}$-band superconductivity is active in other materials such as intercalated graphite, implications for new materials with high ${T}_{c}$ are discussed.
The formation of thyroxine from diiodotyrosine in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract 1. 1. Investigation of the formation of thyroxine as a product of the oxidation of diiodotyrosine by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (donor: H 2 O 2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7.) revealed that thyroxine could be obtained in a net yield of 15%. 2. 2. The methods for identification of thyroxine included ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectral analysis, elementary analysis, and paper chromatography. The effect of the compound upon the metamorphosis of tadpoles was compared with that of authentic thyroxine. 3. 3. The net yield was determined by the use of the isotope dilution technique. 4. 4. The results were discussed with respect to the formation of thyroxine in vivo .
Mössbauer spectroscopy of metalloproteins and the use of Fourier transforms

A method for obtaining accurate, quantitative 57Fe Mossbauer spectra from biological samples is illustrated stepwise in a data reduction procedure. Exact criteria are presented for deciding when it is necessary to account for the effects of the Beer-Lambert law in the Mossbauer spectra from biological samples. This procedure makes extensive use of the fast Fourier transform and other computer techniques in its data reduction and its curve-fitting stages. A method for optimizing sample thickness is presented. The choice of truncation in Fourier space as a means to numerically stabilize the deconvolution procedure is defended. Several advantages for curve fitting in Fourier space are shown. Maximization of information content is discussed for Mossbauer spectral simulation techniques.
Outcome in patients at high risk after open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Objective: Outcomes after surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in patients at high risk remain poorly defined. We investigated the short-term and long-term results of open repair of infrarenal AAA in a high-risk and comparison low-risk patient population. Methods: Conventional open surgical repair of nonruptured infrarenal AAA was performed in 572 consecutive patients from 1990 to 2000. Patients were considered at high risk if they had one or more of the following criteria: age 80 years or more, creatinine level 3.0 mg/dL or higher, severe pulmonary insufficiency, severe cardiac dysfunction, or hepatic failure. A retrospective review was carried out to determine relative risks, perioperative morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival. A P value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred twenty-eight of the study patients (22%) were at high risk and 444 were at low risk. Patients at high risk were older (77 versus 69 years; P < .001), were more likely female (26% versus 16%; P < .009), and had larger (mean, 5.9 versus 5.6 cm; P < .024), more symptomatic (20% versus 13%; P < .001) aneurysms. The 30-day operative mortality rate for the high-risk group was 4.7%, compared with 0.0% (P < .001) in the low-risk group. Overall and major morbidity rates were 29% and 14% in the high-risk cohort versus 17% (P < .003) and 5% in the low-risk cohort, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 46% (standard deviation, 5.2%) in the high-risk group versus 74% (standard deviation, 2.6%) in the low-risk group (P < .001). On multivariate analysis, age 80 years or more (P < .046), creatinine level 3.0 mg/dL or higher (P < .022), prior stroke (P < .012), and pulmonary dysfunction were significant predictors of poor operative outcome (30-day mortality and major morbidity), and female gender (P < .035), cardiac dysfunction (P < .004), creatinine level 3.0 mg/dL or higher (P < .0001), prior stroke (P < .005), and pulmonary dysfunction (P < .0001) negatively impacted long-term survival rates. Conclusion: This study shows that open repair of infrarenal AAA in patients at high risk can be performed with relative safety and with results that offer a benchmark with which endovascular repair can be compared. Poor long-term survival in this population, however, highlights the importance of patient selection and raises the question of whether repair of many patients at high risk is warranted. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:285-92.)
Qualities that differentiate dentists and physicians.

An evaluation of the extent to which certain personal qualities are considered necessary for the competent practice of dentistry and medicine, and the extent to which physicians and dentists can be differentiated in terms of these qualities. 56 physicians and 38 dentists rated 50 personal qualities on a seven-point adjectival scale in terms of their relevance to the competent practice of their respective professions. Analysis of the mean ratings of the qualities for both groups suggests a considerable similarity in the characteristics of competent physicians and dentists. Differences between the two seem to be more in degree than in kind. The data suggest a greater demand for concern with patient relations, precision of work, and sales ability on the part of dentists, while physicians indicated the need for a greater concern for “inquisitiveness” and a higher drive level than did dentists.
Active regenerative chatter suppression during boring manufacturing process

Abstract Machining performance such as that of the boring process is often limited by chatter vibration at the tool–workpiece interface. Among various sources of chatter, regenerative chatter in cutting systems is found to be the most detrimental. It limits cutting depth (as a result, productivity), adversely affects surface finish and causes premature tool failure. Though the machining system is a distributed system, all current active controllers have been designed based upon a simplified lumped single degree of freedom cutting process model. This is because it was found that in the majority of cutting processes, there exists only one dominating mode. However, such simplification does have some potential problems. First, since the system itself is a distributed system, theoretically it consists of infinite number of vibration modes. When the controller is designed to control the dominating mode(s) only, the energy designed to suppress the particular mode(s) may excite the rest of the structural modes, which unavoidably causes the so-called spillover problem. Second, the success of the control design of such simplified single degree of freedom system relies on the availability of accurate model parameters (such as the effective mass, stiffness and damping), which is unfortunately very hard to acquire. This is because the global properties are varying with the metal removal process and the movable components of machine tool. In this paper, an active controller designed from wave point of view is used to absorb chatter vibration energy in a broad frequency band to improve machining performance of a non-rotating boring bar. In contrast to most of the current active chatter control design, the wave controller is designed based on the real distributed cutting system model. The main advantage of such a control scheme to chatter suppression is its robustness to model uncertainties. The control scheme also eliminates the control spillover problem.
Observations on the Polishing of Metals

We present some observations on traditional (nonchemical) methods of lapping and polishing metals. Both relatively hard, nickel and hardened stainless steel, and relatively soft, copper and aluminum, materials will be discussed. Lapping and polishing techniques for the more easily polished hard materials yield poor to disastrous results for the softer metals. We further observe that metals require techniques different from glass due to the generally crystalline structure of metals. Glass being amorphous has a uniformly hard surface and responds uniformly to a variety of (sometimes rather brutal) polishing techniques. Metals on the other hand vary in hardness on the microscopic level due to crystal orientation and grain boundaries. Worse yet, they may also be stressed or work hardened from previous machining operations. Finally, the apparent hardness is affected by abrasives being embedded in the surface during lapping and initial polishing processes. Prior to obtaining a satisfactory finish, all these surface defect areas must be polished out using a lap and polishing compound designed to remove the harder material as easily as the softer. These considerations lead to diamond being considered a natural choice for polishing compound.