cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exporting Culture Wars

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) provide a broad range of health services in developing countries and they are more flexible than government health care clinics. NGOs are partially funded through donations, which helps keep the services affordable. However, the United States has instituted a “gag rule” to prohibit funding NGOs that advocate for, or counsel about, abortion services, even if such activities receive funds from sources other than the U.S.This article points to specific instances where the gag rule can be seen to cause harm to the people in Third World countries caught in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Further, it makes three arguments. First, it argues that the enactment of the global gag rule was and is a concerted effort to export the U.S. culture around the world. Second, it argues that the moral absolutism of the global gag rule overlaps with the criminalization of abortion and the patriarchal customary and religious norms and practices in sub-Saharan African countries, not only to undermine access to safe and affordable reproductive health care services, but also to consolidate and legitimize gender inequality. Last, it argues that the gag rule is proof of the unlimited powers of the President in the exercise of foreign affairs.The article then provides remedies for providing affordable health care without exporting the culture wars.
Trauma Symptoms among Infants Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence.

Objective: To determine whether infants have a traumatic response to intimate partner violence (male violence toward their female partner; IPV) experienced by their mothers, two questions were explored: (1) Is the number of infant trauma symptoms related to the infant’s temperament and the mother’s mental health? (2) Does severity of violence moderate those relationships? Methodology: Forty-eight mothers reported whether their 1-year-old infants experienced trauma symptoms as a result of witnessing episodes of IPV during their first year of life. Mothers also reported on their own trauma symptoms that resulted from experiences of IPV. Results: For those infants experiencing severe IPV and whose mothers exhibit trauma symptoms, we were able to predict whether infants exhibited trauma symptoms (b = .53, p < .01). This was not true for children who witnessed less severe IPV (b = −.14, ns). Maternal depressive symptoms and difficult infant temperament did not predict infant trauma symptoms for either group of infants. Conclusion: Mothers report that infants as young as 1-year-old can experience trauma symptoms as a result of hearing or witnessing IPV. The significant relationship between infant and maternal trauma symptoms, especially among those infants experiencing severe IPV, are consistent with the theory of relational PTSD. Findings suggest that interventions for mothers and families need to consider the influence of the severity of IPV on very young children.
Cell biology of the Arabidopsis nuclear siRNA pathway for RNA-directed chromatin modification

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the pathway for transcriptional silencing via RNA-directed DNA methylation and chromatin modification involves two forms of nuclear RNA polymerase IV (pol IVa and pol IVb), RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE2 (RDR2), DICER-LIKE3 (DCL3), ARGONAUTE4 (AGO4), the chromatin remodeler, DRD1, and the de novo cytosine methyltransferase, DRM2. New insight into the order of events, as well as the spatial organization of this pathway within the nucleus, has come from the combined use of protein immunolocalization, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH), DNA-FISH, and genetic analysis. New findings show that pol IVa, pol IVb, and DRD1 colocalize with DNA loci that are both the sources and targets of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). However, RDR2-dependent doublestranded RNA production, dicing by DCL3, and loading of siRNAs into AGO4-containing RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) appear to take place at a distant site, in an siRNA processing center located in the nucleolus. This siRNA processing center shares features of Cajal bodies, which are nucleolus-associated entities involved in the processing and trafficking of RNAs found in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that splice or modify mRNA, rRNA, or telomeres. Therefore, assembly and trafficking of chromatin-modifying RISCs may share similarities with other nuclear RNPs.
Observations on the Responsible Development and Use of Computational Models and Simulations

Most previous works on responsible conduct of research have focused on good practices in laboratory experiments. Because computation now rivals experimentation as a mode of scientific research, we sought to identify the responsibilities of researchers who develop or use computational modeling and simulation. We interviewed nineteen experts to collect examples of ethical issues from their experiences in conducting research with computational models. We gathered their recommendations for guidelines for computational research. Informed by these interviews, we describe the respective professional responsibilities of developers and users of computational models in research. In particular, we examine whether developers should disclose the full computational codes, and we explain how developers and users should minimize harms from improper uses of models.
Peripheral nerve tumors showing glandular differentiation (glandular schwannomas)

Five unusual peripheral nerve tumors of a type originally described by Garre in 1892 are reported. Each showed unique foci of glandular differentiation. Foci of cartilage were seen in two cases, one of which also showed osteoid. Three of the patients had von Recklinghausen's disease. All but one of the cases showed glands lined by nonciliated cuboidal and/or pseudostratified columnar epithelium bearing clear cytoplasm and demonstrating mucin production. Goblet cells were formed in two cases. While the glandular components appeared malignant in none of the tumors, the spindle-cell element in four of five cases was considered histologically malignant. Three of the patients died with clinical evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease. The first reported examples of this tumor also arose in patients with von Recklinghausen's disease. Data from our five cases and two cases in the literature indicate that glandular schwannomas are potentially malignant tumors with a wide survival span. Follow-up showed that of seven patients, four died with clinical evidence of disease within 7 months to 10 years of their diagnosis. The remaining three were alive and free of disease after 4, 5 and 10 1/2 years. Outcome in a given case is probably related to the degree of malignant change demonstrated by the spindle-cell component of the tumor.
Population Viability Analysis

The Northern spotted owl is a small, predatory bird native to the coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Its preferred habitats are the old-growth forest communities of that region. These habitats have been extensively logged during the last century, reducing both the quantity of habitat available to this subspecies of owl and greatly increasing the fragmentation of remaining habitat. Population Viability Analysis (PVA) is intended to be a structured, systematic and comprehensive examination of the interacting factors that place a population at risk of chance extinction, especially as these relate to population size and distribution. The number of species listed as threatened or endangered is expected to grow rapidly in the coming decades, primarily because of loss of habitat. There are many habitat-limited species, such as narrowly endemic plants and some sedentary invertebrates that occur in low numbers or few sites that a PVA is superfluous.
Genetic control of renal thiazide receptor response to dietary NaCl and hypertension.

Excess NaCl increases blood pressure in some strains of animals but not others. An 8% NaCl diet did not change renal thiazide receptor (TZR) density in two salt-resistant normotensive rat strains (...
Fostering the entrepreneurial mindset in the junior and senior mechanical engineering curriculum with a multi-course problem-based learning experience

This paper presents a multi-course problem-based learning (PBL) experience to foster the entrepreneurial mindset in the junior and senior mechanical engineering curriculum. Previous senior project students designed, fabricated, and validated a fluid-powered gantry crane that exhibited areas for improvement. To improve upon the project gantry crane, junior-and senior-level students implemented concurrent problem-based learning activities in three courses: Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, and Mechatronics. Even though the PBLs targeted both technical and entrepreneurial objectives, only the results of entrepreneurial mindset attributes are discussed in this paper. Assessment results including student commentary are detailed and discussed in the paper. Preliminary results indicate extensive student practice of entrepreneurial skills.
Inhibition of G Protein βγ Subunit Signaling Abrogates Nephritis in Lupus‐Prone Mice

Objective Despite considerable advances in the understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is still an urgent need for new and more targeted treatment approaches. We previously demonstrated that small-molecule blockade of G protein βγ subunit (Gβγ) signaling inhibits acute inflammation through inhibition of chemokine receptor signal transduction. We undertook this study to determine whether inhibition of Gβγ signaling ameliorates disease in a mouse model of SLE. Methods Lupus-prone (NZB × NZW)F1 female mice were prophylactically or therapeutically treated with the small-molecule Gβγ inhibitor gallein. Tissue samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The development and extent of nephritis were assessed by monitoring proteinuria and by immunohistochemical analysis. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and total IgG and anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody–secreting cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results Gallein inhibited accumulation of T cells and germinal center (GC) B cells in the spleen. Both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment reduced GC size, decreased antibody-secreting cell production in the spleen, and markedly decreased accumulation of autoreactive anti-dsDNA antibody–secreting cells in kidneys. Gallein also reduced immune complex deposition in kidneys. Finally, gallein treatment dramatically inhibited kidney inflammation, prevented glomerular damage, and decreased proteinuria. Mechanistically, gallein inhibited immune cell migration and signaling in response to chemokines in vitro, which suggests that its mechanisms of action in vivo are inhibition of migration of immune cells to sites of inflammation and inhibition of immune cell maturation. Conclusion Overall, these data demonstrate the potential use of gallein or novel inhibitors of Gβγ signaling in SLE treatment.
Phylogeographic assessment of the northern pygmy mouse, Baiomys taylori

The northern pygmy mouse, Baiomys taylori , occurs throughout the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and southern Altiplano of central Mexico and extends northward in 3 projections into northern Mexico and the United States. We used mitochondrial DNA (from the cytochrome- b and NADH dehydrogenase 2 genes) and morphological data to assess diversity within B. taylori across its geographic range in relation to recognized subspecies and putative physiographic filter-barriers. Our results indicate 5 distinct mitochondrial clades despite little morphological variation across the species’ geographic range. The Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental separate clades representing the eastern (Gulf coastal lowlands), central (Altiplano), and Pacific coastal lowlands, which appear to be divided into 3 major mitochondrial clades. Based on a preliminary analysis of cranial morphology, we are able to reject the Balcones Escarpment of Texas as an impediment to the well-documented recent northern expansion of the species, while we are unable to reject a causal role of filter-barriers elsewhere in subspecific differentiation. Revision of subspecific taxonomy must await further genetic sampling, particularly along the western and southeastern portions of the species’ distribution. El raton pigmeo norteno , Baiomys taylori , se distribuye a traves del Eje Volcanico Transmexicano y la parte sur del Altiplano del centro de Mexico y se extiende hacia el norte de Mexico y los Estados Unidos en tres direcciones. Utilizamos ADN mitocondrial (del citocromo- b y del gen NADH deshidrogenasa) y datos morfologicos para evaluar la diversidad dentro de B. taylori a traves de su rango geografico en relacion con las subespecies reconocidas y las supuestas barreras-filtro fisiograficas. Nuestros resultados indican 5 clados mitocondriales distintos a pesar de la escasa variacion morfologica a lo largo de su rango geografico. La Sierra Madre Oriental y la Sierra Madre Occidental separan los clados representantes de las tierras bajas del este (tierras bajas del Golfo), del centro (Altiplano), y las tierras bajas del Pacifico, que parecen estar divididas en 3 clados mitocondriales principales. Basados en un analisis preliminar de la morfologia craneal, pudimos rechazar el Escarpe de Balcones de Texas como un impedimento a la bien documentada expansion nortena de la especie, mientras que no fue posible rechazar el rol causal de las otras barreras-filtro en la diferenciacion subespecifica. La revision de la taxonomia subespecifica debera esperar un mayor muestreo genetico, en particular a lo largo de las porciones oeste y sureste de la distribucion de la especie.
International Business, International Management, and International Strategy

In 1999, Jean Boddewyn, prompted by the relaunch of the Journal of International Management, published a provocative article, "The Domain of International Management," in which he critiqued current...
P-T-time Path of Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism Induced by Zircon Inclusion Method

Zircon is an excellent capsule to protect primary evidences of the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism, whereas mineralogic evidences of the UHP conditions were mostly obliterated in the matrix minerals of the rock due to the extensive retrograde overprinting related to exhumation. Zircons from the Kokchetav UHP-HP massif contain numerous inclusions of graphite, quartz, garnet, clinopyroxene, phengite, phlogopite, rutile, albite, K-feldspar, amphibole, zoisite, kyanite, calcite, dolomite, apatite and monazite, as well as diagnostic UHP minerals, microdiamond and coesite, which are identified by laser Raman spectroscopy. The diamond inclusions coexist with coesite and garnet, and appear also with low-pressure minerals, especially graphite in single zircon grains with zonal arrangements. Internal structure of zircon displays distinct zonal fabrics, which comprise inherited core, wide mantle and outer rim, each with distinctive inclusion micro-assemblages. These observations indicat-ed that zircon has been grown at several distinct stages including UHP mineral-bearing mantle, low-pressure mineral-bearing rim and inherited core containing low-pressure minerals. Sensitive high resolution ion micro-probe (SHRIMP) analyses of the zoned zircons resulted four discrete ages of the Kokchetav ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks ; (1) Middle Proterozoic protolith age, (2) 537 ± 9 Ma for the UHP metamorphism, (3) 57 ± 8 Ma for the late-stage amphibolite facies overprint, and (4) 456-461 Ma for the post-orogenic thermal events. The zircon inclusion method presented here is a comprehensive technique to demon-strate the history of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, and can be applied to understand P-T-time history of other UHP-HP metamorphic terranes.
Estimating dynamics of US demand for major fossil fuels

Long-run demand relationships among fossil fuels in the United States were investigated using annual data covering 1918 through 2013. Due to the endogeneity problem among the variables of interest, as indicated by the findings from the Granger Causality test, weak exogeneity test, and Directed Acyclic Graphs, the use of the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) method was deemed appropriate. The SUR model demonstrated that there was low level of substitutability among fossil fuels, but the small magnitude of the estimated coefficient indicates that natural gas, oil, and coal are more properly classified as independent goods than as substitutes of each other within the US market. Income elasticities for all three fossil fuels indicate that they are normal goods. Several external shocks have significant impact on demand for each of the fossil fuels. Slightly lower explanatory power of oil demand equation may be explained with the fact that the model did not include US oil imports although the US economy has been dependent, to some degree, on imported oil.
Optical Imaging of Cancer Cell Metabolism in Murine Metastatic Breast Cancer

Results from imaging the optical redox ratio in murine breast cancer cells at normoxic and hypoxic conditions are presented. These data compare well with measurements of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation using a metabolic flux analyzer.
Performance evaluation considering mask misalignment in multiple patterning decomposition

As the technology advances to 14/10 nm technology nodes and beyond, multiple patterning lithography (MPL) is no longer an option but a necessity. For advanced technology nodes, process variations have significant influences on the quality of fabricated circuits, and often lead to unexpected power/timing degenerations. For example, a 6 nm misalignment causes a 15% error in coupling capacitance and a 5% error on total capacitance, whereas a 2 nm displacement creates approximately a 5% error for coupling capacitance and 2% error for total capacitance [1]. Mask misalignment would increase the coupling capacitance for a given layout and further complicate the way of simulating timing closure. In this paper, we studied the coupling capacitance variations due to mask misalignment in MPL, and mathematically proved that worst case coupling capacitance scenarios for all MPL decompositions. Our algorithm is able to identify a decomposition with a tight upper bound on the worst case coupling capacitance, which can be used in timing/power analysis. Our approach is expected to help the engineers to quickly evaluate the quality of different decompositions, and better understand the pros and cons brought by MPL decompositions.
The effects of annealing a 2-dimensional array of ion-irradiated Josephson junctions

We have fabricated the two-dimensional arrays of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) using YBa2Cu3O7-δ ion-irradiated Josephson junctions, and we have studied the effects of post-annealing the arrays at 100 ◦C in oxygen. The maximum voltage modulation, V B, in a magnetic field for DC biased arrays at 50 K is initially 1.2 mV, but increases to 3 mV after annealing. Furthermore, the temperature where the largest V B occurs increases from 45 K to 48.5 K after annealing. We present and simulate a model where annealing causes diffusion and recombination of the low-energy oxygen defects that narrows the barrier, resulting in an increase in the Josephson binding energy. We show that this process stabilizes after 40 minutes of annealing and leads to a significant improvement in the properties of the array.
Seeing number using texture: How summary statistics account for reductions in perceived numerosity in the visual periphery

Peripheral visual perception is characterized by reduced information about appearance due to constraints on how image structure is represented. Visual crowding is a consequence of excessive integration in the visual periphery. Basic phenomenology of visual crowding and other tasks have been successfully accounted for by a summary-statistic model of pooling, suggesting that texture-like processing is useful for how information is reduced in peripheral vision. I attempt to extend the scope of this model by examining a property of peripheral vision: reduced perceived numerosity in the periphery. I demonstrate that a summary-statistic model of peripheral appearance accounts for reduced numerosity in peripherally viewed arrays of randomly placed dots, but does not account for observed effects of dot clustering within such arrays. The model thus offers a limited account of how numerosity is perceived in the visual periphery. I also demonstrate that the model predicts that numerosity estimation is sensitive to element shape, which represents a novel prediction regarding the phenomenology of peripheral numerosity perception. Finally, I discuss ways to extend the model to a broader range of behavior and the potential for using the model to make further predictions about how number is perceived in untested scenarios in peripheral vision.
Pcbp1 and Ncoa4 Regulate the Flux of Iron through Ferritin in Developing Erythroid Cells

Abstract In general human cell models, Poly(rC)-binding proteins (Pcbp) mediate the delivery and integration of iron into the iron storage protein. Conversely, nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (Ncoa4) initiates the liberation of ferritin iron by localizing the protein to autophagosomes. The erythron is the major consumer of body iron. Whether these regulators of ferritin iron are functional in developing red cells remains unclear, and thus was investigated. Both Pcbp1 and Ncoa4 were readily detectable in immunoprecipitates of erythroid ferritin. The peak of Pcbp1-binding to ferritin preceded the stage of maximal Ncoa4-ferritin interaction, which coincided with the induction of β-globin, during erythroid maturation. Both Pcbp1 and Ncoa4 deficiency resulted in lower iron incorporation into heme and hemoglobin by differentiation, without compromised Alas2 gene expression. In Pcbp1-deficent cells, less iron loading into ferritin accompanied the erythropoietic defects. Ncoa4-lacking cells exhibited a massive accumulation of iron in ferritin. No apparent interaction between Pcbp2 and ferritin was detectable in erythroid cells. However, Pcbp2 depletion affected ferritin mineralization in a manner opposite to Pcbp1 deficiency. This was associated with an increase in Pcbp1-ferritin complex formation detected by coimmunoprecipitation. Supplemental iron led to decreases in the amount of both Pcbp1 and Ncoa4 interacting with ferritin. The iron-responsiveness of Ncoa4's ferritin-binding activity was primarily due to post-transcriptional changes in protein abundance. The down-regulation of Ncoa4 protein by high iron required intact lysosome activity, and the expression of an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, Herc2. Collectively, the present studies provide evidence of the metallochaperone activity of Pcbp1 for ferritin mineralization, and the involvement of Ncoa4 in the mobilization process of stored iron in erythroid cells. Furthermore, the impaired hemoglobinization by insufficiency of these genes identifies ferritin as an essential source of iron for heme production during terminal erythroid differentiation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Generalized shrinkage and penalty functions

We extend the proximal mapping property of soft thresholding to a general class of shrinkage mappings. We give an example and demonstrate improved reconstruction performance.
Factors Associated With High-Risk Alcohol Consumption Among LGB Older Adults: The Roles of Gender, Social Support, Perceived Stress, Discrimination, and Stigma.

Purpose of the study Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults have elevated rates of high-risk alcohol consumption compared with heterosexual adults. Although drinking tends to decline with age in the general population, we know little about LGB older adults' drinking. Using 2014 data from Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS), we aimed to identify factors associated with high-risk drinking in LGB older adults. Design and methods A U.S. sample of 2,351 LGB adults aged 50-98 years completed a survey about personal and social experiences, substance use, and health. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to identify predictors of past-month high-risk alcohol consumption. Results Approximately one fifth (20.6%) of LGB older adults reported high-risk drinking, with nonsignificantly different rates between men (22.4%) and women (18.4%). For women, current smoking and greater social support were associated with greater likelihood of high-risk drinking; older age, higher income, recovery from addiction, and greater perceived stress were associated with lower likelihood. For men, higher income, current smoking, and greater day-to-day discrimination were associated with greater likelihood of high-risk drinking; transgender identity and recovery from addiction were associated with lower likelihood. Implications Social contexts and perceived drinking norms may encourage higher levels of alcohol consumption in LGB older women, whereas men's drinking may be linked with discrimination-related stress. Prevention and intervention with this population should take into account gender differences and sexual minority-specific risk factors. With future waves of data, we will be able to examine LGB older adults' drinking trajectories over time.
Microbial Molecules from the Multitudes within Us

Chemists demonstrate in Cell that intestinal microbes are capable of synthesizing metabolites that look like clinical drugs and inhibit human targets. These results provide molecular resolution to the field of mammalian-microbial mutualism and highlight the potential for natural product discovery from the multitudes within us.
Significance of inferior wall ischemia in non-dominant right coronary artery anatomy.

AIM To investigate the relationship of inferior wall ischemia on myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with non-dominant right coronary artery anatomy. METHODS This was a retrospective observational analysis of consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with primary complaint of chest pain. Only patients who underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) were included. Patients who showed a reversible defect on SPECT MPI and had coronary angiography during the same hospitalization was analyzed. Patients with prior history of coronary artery disease (CAD) including history of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft surgerys were excluded. True positive and false positive results were identified on the basis of hemodynamically significant CAD on coronary angiography, in the same territory as identified on SPECT MPI. Coronary artery dominance was determined on coronary angiography. Patients were divided into group 1 and group 2. Group 1 included patients with non-dominant right coronary artery (RCA) (left dominant and codominant). Group 2 included patients with dominant RCA anatomy. Demographics, baseline characteristics and positive predictive value (PPV) were analyzed for the two groups. RESULTS The mean age of the study cohort was 57.6 years. Sixty-one point seven percent of the patients were males. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia was 36%, 71.9% and 53.9% respectively. A comparison of baseline characteristics between the two groups showed that patients with a non-dominant RCA were more likely to be men. For inferior wall ischemia on SPECT MPI, patients in study group 2 had a significantly higher PPV, 32/42 (76.1%), compared to patients in group 1, in which only 3 out of the 29 patients (10.3%) had true positive results (P value < 0.001 Z test). The difference remained statistically significant even when only patients with left dominant coronary system (without co-dominant) were compared to patients with right dominant system (32/40, 76.1% in right dominant group, 3/19, 15.8% in left dominant group, P value < 0.001 Z test). There was no significant difference in mean hospital stay, re-hospitalization, and in-hospital mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSION The positive predictive value of SPECT MPI for inferior wall ischemia is affected by coronary artery dominance. More studies are needed to explain this phenomenon.
Metabolic imaging of energy metabolism in traumatic brain injury using hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to cause perturbations in the energy metabolism of the brain, but current tests of metabolic activity are only indirect markers of energy use or are highly invasive. Here we show that hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be used as a direct, non-invasive method for studying the effects of TBI on energy metabolism. Measurements were performed on rats with moderate TBI induced by controlled cortical impact on one cerebral hemisphere. Following injection of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate, the resulting 13C-bicarbonate signal was found to be 24 ± 6% lower in the injured hemisphere compared with the non-injured hemisphere, while the hyperpolarized bicarbonate-to-lactate ratio was 33 ± 8% lower in the injured hemisphere. In a control group, no significant difference in signal was found between sides of the brain. The results suggest an impairment in mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, resulting in a decrease in aerobic respiration at the location of injury following TBI.
This/That, Here/There: Spatial Deixis in EAP Classroom Discourse

In Chap. 5, we examined person deixis in the form of first and second person pronouns. In this chapter, we concentrate on spatial deixis, a highly common feature in face-to-face interactions but one that is under-researched in classroom settings. Specifically, we explore the use of demonstratives and adverbs of locations in the L2CD-S and L2CD-T, and we compare learners’ and teachers’ use of these spatial deictics in the EAP classroom. By examining their use of spatial deictics, important insights can be gained on how each group conceptualizes objects and one another in the physical space of the classroom and connects with one another’s informational space.
Satb1 Regulates Contactin 5 to Pattern Dendrites of a Mammalian Retinal Ganglion Cell.

The size and shape of dendritic arbors are prime determinants of neuronal connectivity and function. We asked how ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells (ooDSGCs) in mouse retina acquire their bistratified dendrites, in which responses to light onset and light offset are segregated to distinct strata. We found that the transcriptional regulator Satb1 is selectively expressed by ooDSGCs. In Satb1 mutant mice, ooDSGC dendrites lack ON arbors, and the cells selectively lose ON responses. Satb1 regulates expression of a homophilic adhesion molecule, Contactin 5 (Cntn5). Both Cntn5 and its co-receptor Caspr4 are expressed not only by ooDSGCs, but also by interneurons that form a scaffold on which ooDSGC ON dendrites fasciculate. Removing Cntn5 from either ooDSGCs or interneurons partially phenocopies Satb1 mutants, demonstrating that Satb1-dependent Cntn5 expression in ooDSGCs leads to branch-specific homophilic interactions with interneurons. Thus, Satb1 directs formation of a morphologically and functionally specialized compartment within a complex dendritic arbor.
Factors associated with a primary surgical approach for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Primary surgery is the preferred treatment of T1-T4a sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). METHODS Patients with SNSCC in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) were analyzed. Factors that contributed to selecting primary surgical treatment were examined. Overall survival (OS) in surgical patients was analyzed. RESULTS Four-thousand seven hundred and seventy patients with SNSCC were included. In T1-T4a tumors, lymph node metastases, maxillary sinus location, and treatment at high-volume centers were associated with selecting primary surgery. When primary surgery was utilized, tumor factors and positive margin guided worse OS. Adjuvant therapy improved OS in positive margin resection and advanced T stage cases. CONCLUSIONS Tumor and non-tumor factors are associated with selecting surgery for the treatment of SNSCC. When surgery is selected, tumor factors drive OS. Negative margin resection should be the goal of a primary surgical approach. When a positive margin resection ensues, adjuvant therapy may improve OS.
Managing quality crossroads in healthcare: An integrative supply chain perspective

Managing quality in healthcare involves critical decision making at the intersections of multiple supply chain and operations processes. These intersections occur within an interdependent healthcare system, where changes in one part of the system affect another part of the system. Building on an integrated supply chain perspective, the authors develop the concept of “quality crossroads” to explain crucial intersections between quality processes and those related to strategy, purchasing, operations, customer relationship, and logistics processes. These intersections form a network of crossroads in which decisions about quality can create substantial consequences throughout delivery systems. To explore and apply the concept of quality crossroads in healthcare, the authors review and examine research articles related to healthcare quality published in the Quality Management Journal. The authors also explore applications of quality crossroads in the articles found in this special issue on healthcare q...
A Woman with Black Beads in Her Stomach: Severe Gastric Ulceration Caused by Yttrium-90 Radioembolization

Radioembolization (RE) is a selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) delivering targeted, high-dose, intra-arterial radiation directly to the vascular supply of liver tumors. Complications can occur due to aberrant deposition or migration of radiation microspheres into nontarget locations, including normal hepatic parenchyma, lungs, pancreas, and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract. We report a case of gastric ulcers due to yttrium-90 (90Y) seed migration to the stomach to alert clinicians to this rare cause of gastric injury. A 57-year-old woman with stage IV breast cancer with liver and lung metastases presented to the hospital with 2 months of worsening nausea and vomiting. Two months prior, she had received SIRT with 90Y microspheres without complications. Upper GI endoscopy showed diffuse gastritis and extensive antral ulceration. Biopsies revealed black, spherical foreign bodies, consistent with 90Y microspheres, documenting radiation injury. Radiation-induced UGI ulceration is caused by direct radiation injury from beta-radiation. Delay in diagnosis may be due to the nonspecificity of symptoms and temporal delay of symptom onset from SIRT, which was 2 months in our patient. Also, complaints may be attributed erroneously to adjuvant chemotherapy or widespread metastatic disease. Clinicians must consider radiation-associated toxicity in any SIRT-treated patient developing abdominal symptoms.
Knowledge and information and needs of system administrators in IT service factories

In this paper we describe the results of an empirical study about the information needs of system administrators in large scale Information Technology (IT) service delivery organizations. This study is based on interviews, non-participant observation, and an electronic survey with more than 200 systems administrators working on incident management, covering their daily work including knowledge and information needs in complex situations and routine work. Although previous work has uncovered the knowledge-intensive and collaborative nature of system administrators' work, the results described in the paper detail a much more complex picture: (i) low usage of knowledge management tools; (ii) high usage of personal communication and collaboration tools; and (iii) need of gathering information about customers from a specific set of stakeholders. We also found that the most useful sources of information in handling complex situations are: the customer; the customer account team; and other employees who were experts both in the customer and in particular aspects of the delivery of services. The results of this study indicate that knowledge management in IT service factories is very challenging and possibly should evolve from the current passive model of knowledge management to a dynamic style emphasizing both reusability through information technologies and sharing through face to face and computer-supported discussions among employees.
Elemental Mapping by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in Biology

Over the past decades there have been significant advances in transmission electron microscopy for biological applications, including in energy filtering and spectrum imaging, which are techniques based on the principles of electron energy loss spectroscopy. These imaging modalities allow quantitative mapping of specific chemical elements with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. This chapter describes the experimental and computational procedures for elemental mapping in two dimensions as well as a more recent extension to three dimensions, which can reveal quantitative distributions of elements in cells on a macromolecular scale.
Developing Linkages between Theory and Intervention in Stress and Coping Processes

The constructs of stress and coping have held an important role in theories about the development of problems of childhood and adolescents and in intervention models about how to prevent the occurrence of such problems (Haggerty, Sherrod, Garmezy, & Rutter, 1994; Rolf, Masten, Cicchetti, Nuechterlein, & Weintraub, 1990; Cowen, 1980; Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994; Hetherington & Blechman, 1996). Stress has been implicated in the development of a wide range of problems, and a rich literature has developed on factors that enable children to be resilient against the negative effects of stress (Gore & Eckenrode, 1994). In a parallel fashion, improving child and adolescent adaptation to stress has been identified as one of the most promising approaches to preventing the development of problems of childhood and adolescence (Compas, Phares, & Ledoux, 1989; Cowen, 1985; Bloom, 1990). For example, in their comprehensive annotated bibliography of primary prevention programs between 1983 and 1991, Trickett, Dahiyal, and Selby (1994) identified 169 citations concerning prevention programs under the headings of stressful life events, social support, and crisis intervention. Many of these stress-based preventive interventions have been empirically evaluated and found to have beneficial effects (Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994; Price, Cowen, Lorion, & Ramos-McKay, 1988). Unfortunately, however, the links between the theoretical and intervention research literatures are not strong.
A Multicenter Study Into Causes of Severe Acute Liver Injury.

The differential diagnosis of an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level of ≥1000 IU/L often is stated to include 3 main etiologies: ischemic hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis (typically hepatitis A and hepatitis B), and drug-induced (more specifically, acetaminophen/paracetamol) liver injury (DILI).1 Unfortunately, there are a paucity of studies examining the most common causes of acute liver injury (ALI) and those that have been published have been small,2 single-center,2 or examined less severe increases in ALT or AST levels.3,4 We conducted a multicenter study of all patients with an ALT and/or AST level ≥1000 IU/L. Our study had 3 main goals: (1) to determine the most common causes of an ALT and/or AST level ≥1000 IU/L, along with their relative frequencies; (2) to determine differences in etiology based on hospital type (liver transplant center, community hospital, Veterans Affairs hospital); and (3) to confirm or disprove the differential heuristic that ischemic hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis, and acetaminophen toxicity are the most common etiologies.
Using single-particle ICP-MS for monitoring metal-containing particles in tap water

Engineered, natural or incidental colloidal-sized materials in tap water may originate from source water or be generated in distribution systems (e.g., corrosion-related). An optimized single-particle (sp)-ICP-MS technique was applied to tap water samples (n = 50) collected from three buildings to analyze for Pb, Fe, Sn, Cu, Ag and Ti-containing particles. The Pb, Sn and Fe-containing particles were detected at an average concentration (ng L−1) of 1.2 (range: 0.06–4.8), 1.8 (range: 0.11–14), and 88 (range: 26–890), respectively, representing the corresponding total dissolved metal concentrations at a minimum of 0.4%, 10%, and 15%. No particulate Ti and Ag were observed in the samples. The Pb concentrations in the first 125 mL fraction collected were on average three times higher than those in the subsequent samples. Detection of the Cu particles required modification of the sample introduction system (direct self-aspiration into the nebulizer) to reduce matrix interaction with the auto-sampler tubing. The Cu particles were detected in 50% of the analyzed samples at an average concentration of 69 (range: 15–136) ng L−1. While all the metal concentrations were below the health advisory levels, this study showcases the feasibility and first application of spICP-MS to monitor metal-containing particles in tap waters, and the results suggest that the particulate forms of the studied elements may represent a significant fraction of the bulk elemental concentration in tap water.
The Diverse Talents Shaping the AO

Throughout the first 25 years of AO’s history, many different personalities had an enormous impact on the direction of the organization. In order to appreciate their many contributions, it is necessary to consider their full range of talents, both professionally and personally, that have combined to build this enterprise. Today, diversity is a term that is used extensively in describing organizations but it was just as relevant when the AO was created. It is not possible to mention all of the players involved with making the AO what it is today, but it is important to consider the range of talents, from various cultures, that came together to make their contributions, each utilizing their own strengths and experiences.
Poems by Qāsim Ḥaddād

Qāsim Ḥaddād is a prominent Bahraini poet. Largely self-educated, he rose to fame both as a poet and a political activist, writing much on political subjects dealing with revolution and progress. H...
Zen and the Art of the Selfie Stick: Blogging the John Muir Trail Thru-Hiking Experience

For cultures around the world, a journey, particularly one undertaken by foot through landscapes that are simultaneously natural and cultural, is both a metaphor for the discovery of the self and t...
Health Equity in Rwanda and Boston and Back Again.

I recently cared for an 8-day-old infant in the primary care clinic at 1 of Boston’s safety net hospitals. The exhaustion in his mother’s eyes exceeded the normal fatigue of new motherhood. We communicated with her Haitian Creole and my French, which, even in its mediocrity, brought a look of relief to her face. She was preoccupied with the safety of her 2 older children in Haiti and had fled domestic violence while pregnant. She had delivered her infant without family support and was now sleeping on a friend’s couch with her newborn. She also shared the universal concerns of every new mother: struggles with breastfeeding, mind-numbing fatigue, and fears that every sniffle meant something was wrong with her perfect infant. To arrive at her infant’s appointment, this mother had spent 3 hours transferring between 3 buses, alone with her newborn and without English skills. The infant was healthy and growing but he did not have a safe bed to sleep in. Our social workers and patient navigators quickly located a Pack ’n Play to donate. At the end of our visit, the mother teared up. She had exhausted her cash traveling to the hospital, but even with bus fare, she could not physically carry the infant and the crib home. New to the US hospital setting then, I inquired among my colleagues about options for providing transportation. I was met with sympathy mixed with a sense of fatigue and helplessness because our clinic sees so many similar families. … Address correspondence to Sara N. Stulac, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 850 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: sara.stulac{at}bmc.org
Target Flow-Pressure Operating Range for Designing a Failing Fontan Cavopulmonary Support Device

Fontan operation as the current standard of care for the palliation of single ventricle defects results in significant late complications. Using a mechanical circulatory device for the right circulation to serve the function of the missing subpulmonary ventricle could potentially stabilize the failing Fontan circulation. This study aims to elucidate the hydraulic operating regions that should be targeted for designing cavopulmonary blood pumps. By integrating numerical analysis and available clinical information, the interaction of the cavopulmonary support via the IVC and full assist configurations with a wide range of simulated adult failing scenarios was investigated; with IVC and full assist corresponding to the inferior venous return or the entire venous return, respectively, being routed through the device. We identified the desired hydraulic operating regions for a cavopulmonary assist device by clustering all head pressures and corresponding pump flows that result in hemodynamic improvement for each simulated failing Fontan physiology. Results show that IVC support can produce beneficial hemodynamics in only a small fraction of failing Fontan scenarios. Cavopulmonary assist device could increase cardiac index by 35% and decrease the inferior vena cava pressure by 45% depending on the patient's pre-support hemodynamic state and surgical configuration of the cavopulmonary assist device (IVC or full support). The desired flow-pressure operating regions we identified can serve as the performance criteria for designing cavopulmonary assist devices as well as evaluating off-label use of commercially available left-side blood pumps for failing Fontan cavopulmonary support.
Oral History Interview of PCC Founding

The Library of Congress (LC) is conducting oral history interviews of staff. As part of this effort, Ann Della Porta (ADP) and Dave Reser (DR) were recently interviewed and parts of the interview p...
Are the systems the same?: Applying the comparative method to variable intensification in the Spanish and Catalan of Tarragona, Spain

Abstract Although two languages in contact may contain similar structures, superficial structural similarities may abscond important differences. The comparative method critically determines whether the languages differ in relative rates of variant use, the significance of independent variables, constraint rankings, and ordering within factor groups (Poplack & Tagliamonte 2001). The study explored intensifier (i.e., degree modifier) variation between Spanish muy and bien and Catalan molt and ben “very”, as based on 84 sets of responses from bilinguals on a 24-item contextualized preference task (40 in Catalan, 44 in Spanish). Results indicated significantly higher selection of muy in Spanish than molt in Catalan. Moreover, independent variables played a greater role in Spanish, with adjective quality, animacy, and verb type all predicting intensifier selection, whereas in Catalan only adjective quality was predictive. The study provided the first variationist analysis of Catalan intensification, while also revealing key systemic differences between the two languages despite surface similarities.