cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on: Latent Markov models: a review of the general framework for the analysis of longitudinal data with covariates

We heartily congratulate Bartolucci, Farcomeni, and Pennoni for their review of latent Markov (LM) models (Bartolucci et al. 2014). Not only have they provided a succinct and thorough guide that will benefit researchers seeking to employ LM models for many years to come, but they also have offered their suggestions on a number of further developments to extend the basic LM framework that provide direction for future research. In this comment, we would like to pick up on the suggested developments concerningmore flexible temporal structures by highlighting two approaches that have proved useful in related domains; we do not view this as criticism of the proposed LM framework but rather as extensions of the review that are advantageous in terms of parsimony and scalability.
Assessment of two-temperature kinetic model for ionizing air

A two-temperatur e chemical-kinet ic model for air is assessed by comparing theoretical results with existing experimental data obtained in shock tubes, ballistic ranges, and flight experiments. In the model, one temperature (T) is assumed to characterize the heavy-particle translational and molecular rotational energies, and another temperature (Tv) the molecular vibrational, electron translational, and electronic excitation energies. The theoretical results for nonequilibrium flow in shock tubes are obtained using the computer code STRAP (shock-tube radiation program) and for flow along the stagnation streamline in the shock layer over spherical bodies using the newly developed code SPRAP (stagnation-point radiation program). Substantial agreement is shown between the theoretical and experimental results for relaxation times and radiative heat fluxes. At very high temperatures, the spectral calculations need further improvement. The present agreement provides strong evidence that the two-temperature model characterizes principal features of nonequilibriu m airflow. New theoretical results using the model are presented for the radiative heat fluxes at the stagnation point of 6 m radius sphere, representing an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle, over a range of freestream conditions. Assumptions, approximations, and limitations of the model are discussed. Nomenclature = average molecular speed ^/$kT/nm, cm s ~ ! = pre-exponential factor in reaction rate coefficient, cm3mole~ 1 s~ * - average vibrational energy per particle, erg = average vibrational energy per particle under equilibrium, erg = reaction energy, erg
Comparative evaluation of conventional 5 mm inverse and micro inverse detection probes at 500 MHz

Performance and sensitivity characteristics of a standard 5 mm inverse detection probe and a new micro inverse detection probe design were compared on identical amounts of material at 500 MHz. The latter consistently afforded approximately twice the signal-to-noise performance of the former in two-dimensional experiments, corresponding to a factor of four improvement in performance times to obtain comparable signal-to-noise ratio projections of HMQC data. The latter also facilitated the acquisition of HMQC spectra on much smaller amounts of material than was possible in the conventional 5 mm inverse detection probe.
Race but Not Age Affects Erythromycin Breath Test Results in Older Hypertensive Men

Erythromycin breath tests (ERBT) were performed to determine age and racial effects on CYP3A4-mediated hepatic clearance in hypertensive men (n = 43) in the clinical setting. Older hypertensive African American men (n = 19: 71 +/- 8 years, mean +/- SD) had faster ERBT clearance compared with Caucasian (n = 20: 72 +/- 6 years) hypertensive men (at 20 minutes after dosing: 0.042 +/- 0.01 percent dose/min exhaled vs. 0.033 +/- 0.013; at 60 minutes after dosing: 0.030 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.023 +/- 0.007 percent dose/min exhaled; ANOVA, p = 0.007), while age, smoking, and reported alcohol intake did not affect ERBT. The data suggest faster hepatic CYP3A-mediated clearance in African American men compared with Caucasian men, and that race may significantly affect CYP3A-mediated hepatic clearance in patients treated for hypertension.
Mesoscopic model for dynamic simulations of carbon nanotubes

A mesoscopic model is developed for static and dynamic simulations of nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes sCNTsd. The model is based on a coarse-grained representation of CNTs as “breathing flexible cylinders” consisting of a variable number of segments. Internal interactions within a CNT are described by a mesoscopic force field designed and parameterized based on the results of atomic-level molecular dynamics simulations. The radial size of the CNTs and external interactions among multiple CNTs and molecular matrix are introduced through a computationally efficient “virtual surface” method that does not require explicit representation of the CNT’s surfaces. The mesoscopic model is shown to reproduce well the dynamic behavior of individual CNTs predicted in atomistic simulations at a minor fraction of the computational cost.
Relation of Antarctic 100 mb temperature and total ozone to equatorial QBO, equatorial SST, and sunspot number, 1958‐87

Year-to-year changes in springtime (September-October-November or SON) values of Antarctic 100 mb temperature and total ozone have been compared with each other and with year-to-year changes in SON values of equatorial 50 mb temperature (reflecting the quasi-biennial oscillation or QBO) and sea-surface temperature (SST) in eastern equatorial Pacific (reflecting El Nino). During the 30-year period 1958-87, there has been a significant (at the 5% level) correlation of 0.73 between year-to-year changes in SON values of Antarctic 100 mb temperature and total ozone, as well as a significant correlation of −0.64 between year-to-year changes in SON values of Antarctic 100 mb temperature and equatorial 50 mb temperature. There has been little correlation (−0.18) between year-to-year changes in Antarctic 100 mb temperature and SST in eastern equatorial Pacific. However, year-to-year changes in Antarctic total ozone have been almost equally related to year-to-year changes in equatorial 50 mb temperature and equatorial SST (respective correlations of −0.44 and −0.42), with a significant correlation of −0.60 if the latter two quantities are considered jointly (multiple correlation). Unlike the Arctic in winter, there is no evidence of an increase in springtime values of Antarctic 100 mb temperature (and total ozone) with increase in sunspot number when the equatorial QBO is in the west-wind phase, but there is provisional evidence of such an increase in the east-wind phase.
Callus formation from protoplasys of Sorghum cell suspension cultures

Abstract Cell suspension cultures have been obtained from three cultivars of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. Protoplasts readily obtained from these cultures underwent sustained cell division and callus formation.
Oligonucleotide incorporation and base pair stability of 9-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine, an analogue of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine.

9-Deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine (CdG) is a C-nucleoside and an analogue of the abundant promutagen 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (OdG). Like 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG), CdG should form a stable base pair with dC, but similar to OdG, CdG contains an N7-hydrogen that should allow it to also form a relatively stable base pair with dA. In order to further investigate the base pairing of CdG, it was incorporated into DNA and paired with either dC or dA. Melting studies revealed CdG:dC base pairs are less stable than dG:dC base pairs, while CdG:dA base pairs are less stable than OdG:dA base pairs. In order to gain a deeper understanding of these results, quantum studies on model structures of nucleoside monomers and base pairs were performed, the results of which indicate that (i) CdG:dC base pairs are likely destabilized relative to dG:dC as a result of structural constraints imposed by the C-nucleotide character of CdG, and (ii) CdG:dA base pairs may be less stable than OdG:dA base pairs, at least in part, because of a third...
Automorphisms of Coxeter groups of type K n

A Coxeter system (W, S) is said to be of type Kn if the associated Coxeter graph ΓS is complete on n vertices and has only odd edge labels. If W satisfies either of: (1) n = 3; (2) W is rigid; then the automorphism group of W is generated by the inner automorphisms of W and any automorphisms induced by ΓS. Indeed, Aut(W) is the semidirect product of Inn(W) and the group of diagram automorphisms, and furthermore W is strongly rigid. We also show that if W is a Coxeter group of type Kn then W has exactly one conjugacy class of involutions and hence Aut(W) = Spec(W).
A 20nm 112Mb SRAM in High-к metal-gate with assist circuitry for low-leakage and low-V MIN applications

A 20nm high-κ metal-gate planar CMOS technology is optimized and developed for SoC platform applications that span a wide range of power and performance. This technology is based on a 20nm SoC process featuring high-κ metal gate and strain techniques for core logic transistors with low-power/high-performance and I/O transistors. A high-density and a high-performance embedded memory bit cell each has an area <;0.1μm2. This technology is targeted to high-density low-cost low-power high-performance applications, such as mobile applications with video. Increased threshold-voltage variation of scaled transistors reduces the static noise margin (SNM) and write margin (WM) of the SRAM bit cell. The effect is more predominant for the high-density SRAMs due to small device sizes and large memory capacity requirement for modern SoC design. Therefore, chip performance and minimum operating voltage (VDDmin) are both degraded by the embedded SRAM. Reducing the pass-gate strength or BL capacitance with slow WL rise are effective techniques to improve the SRAM cell stability [1,2]. Underdriving the pass-gate reduces the bit-cell read current but also reduces WM, resulting in SRAM performance degradation. Physically shortening the BL limits the SRAM array configuration. Lowering the SRAM cell power supply improves the WM [3,4], but is less effective than the negative-bitline-based write-assist technique. Compared to conventional techniques, this work presents a partially suppressed wordline (PSWL) scheme for read assist and a bitline-length-tracked negative-bitline-boosting (BT-NBL) scheme for write assist without significantly degrading SRAM performance. With the read/write assist circuitry, the overall VDDmin improvement is over 200mV in a 112Mb SRAM test-chip.
Escape from the noun phrase: From relative clause to converb and beyond in an Amazonian language

This paper deals with the evolution of certain subordinating constructions in Hup, a Nadahup (Maku) language of the northwest Amazon. Internal reconstruction, informed by close resemblances among synchronically attested clause types, suggests that Hup’s headless relative clause has given rise to a converb construction, a subtype of adverbial in which a dedicated verb form modifies a main clause. This development provides new insight into the origins of converbs and sheds light on the crosslinguistically common resemblance between relative and adverbial constructions more generally. Additionally, the Hup converbal clause has itself developed a main clause function, and the subordinating morphology employed by the relative and converb constructions is associated with topicalization. The transitions undergone by these structures in Hup contribute to our understanding of the diachronic pathways that may be taken by clauses once they have attained syntactic complexity.
Investigation of clouds above snow surfaces utilizing radiation measurements obtained from the nimbus II satellite

Bidirectional reflectance of solar radiation and IR temperature data from Nimbus 2 satellite to differentiate clouds above snow surfaces
Reassessment of caspase inhibition to augment grafted dopamine neuron survival.

One experimental therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) is the transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue. Unfortunately, up to 95% of grafted neurons die, many via apoptosis. Activate...
Properties of p- and n-Type PbTe Microwires for Thermoelectric Devices

In thermopower measurements, microwires fabricated from as-purchased bulk PbTe exhibits p-type behavior between room temperature and ∼600 K. At higher temperatures, it undergoes majority carrier inversion and exhibits n-type behavior. We report on the preparation and properties of potassium oxide and Zn-doped PbTe microwires, which exhibit stable p- and n-type behavior, respectively, between room temperature and 725 K. Thermoelectric figures of merit (ZT) are reported for device components prepared from bundles of such p- and n-type microwires in a glass matrix.
Trigonal hydrogen-related acceptor complexes in germanium

In germanium, an interstitial hydrogen atom may bind at a substitutional atom of carbon, silicon, beryllium, or zinc to form a shallow, monovalent acceptor complex. Photothermal ionization spectroscopy under uniaxial stress reveals that the complexes A(H,C), A(H,Si), A(Be,H), and A(Zn,H) have trigonal (${C}_{3v}$) symmetry. Each has two (1s)-like acceptor levels which shift, but do not split, under stress. In the fourfold basis for a ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$(${T}_{d}$) level, simultaneous diagonalization of the perturbations of applied stress, and of a trigonal lowering of symmetry, yields theoretical piezo- spectroscopic behavior in quantitative agreement with all available experimental data. This procedure has been extended to predict the stress-induced shifts of (1s)-like shallow acceptor levels associated with tetragonal (${D}_{2d}$) and rhombic-I (${C}_{2v}$) complexes in germanium, should these ever be observed experimentally. The four trigonal complexes in germanium are to be contrasted with A(Be,H) in silicon, in which the rapid tunneling of hydrogen leads to recovery of tetrahedral symmetry and a much more complicated energy-level structure.
3D recursive Gaussian IIR on GPU and FPGAs — A case for accelerating bandwidth-bounded applications

GPU device typically has a higher off-chip bandwidth than FPGA-based systems. Thus typically GPU should perform better for bandwidth-bounded massive parallel applications. In this paper, we present our implementations of a 3D recursive Gaussian IIR on multi-core CPU, many-core GPU and multi-FPGA platforms. Our baseline implementation on the CPU features the smallest arithmetic computation (2 MADDs per dimension). While this application is clearly bandwidth bounded, the difference on the memory subsystems translates to different bandwidth optimization techniques. Our implementations on the GPU and FPGA platforms show 26X and 33X speedup respectively over optimized single-thread code on CPU.
Preservation of Coccidial Sporozoites by Freezing

MAINTENANCE of cultures of coccidia for experimental purposes is laborious and expensive. To overcome these difficulties, we attempted to freeze and store sporozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer, 1929, and E. tenella (Railliet and Lucet, 1891) Fantham, 1909, in liquid nitrogen vapour. Sporozoites, liberated in the usual manner1, were suspended in media containing 7 per cent dimethyl sulphoxide and frozen to −80° C at the controlled rate of 1°/ min; they were then stored in a cylindrical tank about 3 in. above liquid nitrogen.
Modifications in the technique of gastric lavage

A simple experimental model was used to demonstrate the effects of water temperature and mechanical agitation in removing pills during gastric lavage. It was nearly impossible to remove pills from an artificial stomach using room temperature water and no mechanical agitation. Using warm tap water and repetitive compressions of the artificial stomach, the pills were consistently removed with ease. We recommend that gastric lavage for poisoning victims include two phases, the first using traditional lavage technique, and the second using larger aliquots, warm lavage fluid, and massage of the epigastrium.
Acid neutralizing capacity of leaves exposed to acidic fog

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine pH at the leaf surface of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), azalea (Rhododendron spp.), celery (Apium graveolens L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) after 2 hr of exposure to acidic fog at pH levels ranging from 1.6 to 5.6. Results demonstrated that leaves had a surface capacity to neutralize acidic input. The acid neutralizing capacity was dependent upon hydrogen ion input. Plant species differed in their capacity to neutralize specific levels of acidic input. Acidity of moisture at the leaf surface after exposure to pH of 3.6 or higher was no more than pH 4.6 for celery to pH 5.8 for azalea. No foliar necrosis was observed at treatment levels of pH 3.6 or above. Species with similar leaf surface pH levels differed in amount of foliar necrosis.
Small Radiation Detectors for Bronchoscopic Tumor Localization

Tumor detection at bronchoscopy involves a linear visual search throughout the accessible part of the bronchial tree with biopsy at suspicious locations. We have designed, built and tested a series of small radiation detector probes that can be passed through the biopsy channel of a bronchoscope and used to locate sites of increased uptake of tumor-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Such probes can help to locate visually obscured or submucosal tumors and can identify sites for biopsy. NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) scintillation detectors with flexible fiber optic light guides and a CdTe semiconductor detector have been constructed. Tumor phantom studies have successfully predicted the performance of the NaI(Tl) probe in clinical studies using 57Co-bleomycin.
"Multiple-scattering" (green's function) model for polyatomic molecules II. Theory

A “multiple-scattering” or Green's function technique for calculating bound one-electron molecular eigenstates has been proposed in a previous paper. The original formulation of this technique is designed primarily for the treatment of the spectral characteristics of complex polyatomic molecules, where more conventional molecular-orbital methods are difficult to apply. In the present paper, the theory is modified in order to allow a more accurate treatment of symmetric polyatomic molecules and molecular ions. The modification consists of taking into account the long-range nature of the molecular potential and the “mixing” of a single-center partial-wave expansion of the one-electron wave function with the original multicenter partial-wave expansion. This is achieved without sacrificing the basic computational simplicity of the method, in particular, the separation of the “atomic” and “structural” aspects of the secular problem and the absence of multicenter integrals.
Physiological research in chronic pulmonary disease: an evaluation of alveolar aeration, oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer and the pulmonary circulation.

An adequate clinical evaluation of pulmonary function requires measurements on the ventilatory status, on the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and on the pulmonary blood flow. Single tests of lung function on only one aspect are unsatisfactory. There is need for more extensive application of accurate pulmonary function testing, for better diagnosis of the individual case for medical treatment, for better surgical evaluation in the problem case and more accurate disability appraisal in compensation cases. The pulmonary function evaluation should be used along with the history, the physical and the roentgenological examination. Spirograms are satisfactory screening tests, but lung volume measurements are required for accurate evaluation of emphysema and fibrosis. Measurements on arterial blood and the expired air complete the pulmonary function evaluation. The clinician, chest surgeon, consultant or others, when provided with an accurate pulmonary function evaluation of their problem cases, will come to use and rely on this new field of medicine more and more. On the other hand, inadequate pulmonary function testing will have the reverse effect engendering suspicion and distrust. The pulmonary physiologist must employ an adequate battery of tests well standardized and suitable for routine use on the individual case regardless of the problem, and the information obtained must be interpreted correctly and be dependable for use in arriving at a decision for the best method for handling or managing the individual problem case.
Permanent Insertion of Foreign Genes into the Chromosomes of Soil Bacteria

A system for inserting a selectable non–antibiotic marker gene into the chromosomes of soil bacteria is described. This insertion is accomplished using a bicomponent transposition system with the E. coli lacZY genes cloned between Tn7 termini. The system is designed so that unselected genes can be inserted along with the selectable marker thus enabling the permanent insertion of foreign genes into bacteria proposed for release into an environment such as soil.
Homicide as a public health problem in the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

This is a case stud y of homicides carried out within the Second Section of the J ustice Court, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It has been obser ved that: most homicides are carried out by males (95,7%), Afro- Brazilians (62,9%), between 15 and 25 years (45,7%), illiterate or with incomplete schooling (74,3%), and unemployed (18,6%). It was also observed that the victims' profiles are very similar. Most homicides take place on public streets (41,4%), in the city suburbs, between 20 and 24 o'clock, (51,4%). In 50,0% of the cases, the victim did not receive help from any public health service. In the cases where any family member helped (37,41%), the victims were taken to the Santa Casa de Misericordia Hospital. Firearms were the prevailing weapons (70,0%) and motives for all crimes were futile, or banal; in most cases (57,0%), alcohol was involved.
DEGENERATE FOUR-WAVE MIXING IN ABSORBING MEDIA.

Degenerate four-wave mixing in a two-level absorbing (or amplifying) system is treated, leading to a quantitative description of amplified reflection, oscillation, and phase conjugation.
Study on Structure and Property of 1560 Nickel Alloy Produced by Electromagnetic Horizontal Continuous Casting

Using electromagnetic horizontal continuous casting method, A trial was carried out on producing (Φ54mm) 1560 nickel-based alloy round ingot. Examinations are also proceed on properties of a series of 1560 alloy wires and rods that made from the ingot by further rolling and drawing. The results show that the central area of ingot produced by electromagnetic horizontal casting is composed of uniform equiaxed grains, Some casting defects that usually occur in conventional horizontal continuous casting , such as central crackshrinkage cavity and porosity are restrained. Meanwhile, the segregation of solutes was reduced significantly. This technique shorten the conventional production process by eliminating annealingforging and sanding operation, which can greatly enhance the production yield.
Library Instruction Assessment in Academic Libraries

SUMMARY Determining the best methods of assessment for a library instruction program in a large research university can be a challenging task. Albert R. Mann Library at Cornell University Library has pilot-tested three methods of formative and summative assessment for its library instruction program-attitudinal, outcomes-based, and gap-measure-and determined not only key areas of improvement for the program, but also the benefits and drawbacks of each method of assessment. Attitudinal assessment has guided program improvement in areas of marketing and user satisfaction but does not provide the measurement of learning that outcomes-based assessment covers. The latter can be difficult to achieve in single-session, short-term instruction, while gap-measure assessment can provide a more nuanced view of both patron and instructor attitudes toward learning outcomes, if not actual data on achievement of the objectives themselves. The authors have determined that a combination of these three different types of as...
β-thromboglobulin levels in the nephrotic syndrome

Beta-thromboglobulin (BTG), a platelet-specific protein released on platelet aggregation, was measured in 13 patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of the nephrotic syndrome. All 13 patients had increased concentrations of BTG compared to both 10 normal controls and to 12 non-nephrotic azotemic patients (p < 0.001). In five patients with the nephrotic syndrome in remission, the BTG levels returned to normal. These results support the contention that the nephrotic syndrome is associated with a state of hypercoagulability and suggest that increased platelet aggregation may be the primary underlying mechanism.
Seismic behavior of code designed steel plate shear walls

Abstract The AISC Seismic Design Provisions now include capacity design requirements for steel plate shear walls, which consist of thin web plates that infill frames of steel beams, denoted horizontal boundary elements (HBEs), and columns, denoted vertical boundary elements (VBEs). The thin unstiffened web plates are expected to buckle in shear at low load levels and develop tension field action, providing ductility and energy dissipation through tension yielding of the web plate. HBEs are designed for stiffness and strength requirements and are expected to anchor the tension field formation in the web plates. VBEs are designed for yielding of web plates and plastic hinge formation at the ends of the HBEs. This paper assesses the behavior of code designed SPSWs. A series of walls are designed and their behavior is evaluated using nonlinear response history analysis for ground motions representing different hazard levels. It is found that designs meeting current code requirements satisfy maximum interstory drift requirements considering design level earthquakes and have maximum interstory drifts of less than 5% for maximum considered earthquakes. Web plate ductility demands are found to be significantly larger for low rise walls than for high rise walls where higher modes of vibrations impact the response. The percentage of story shear resisted by the web plate relative to the boundary frame is found to be between 60% and 80% and is relatively independent of panel aspect ratio, wall height, or hazard level, but is affected by transitions in plate thickness. Maximum demands in VBEs in design level shaking are found to be considerably less than those found from capacity design for SPSWs with 9 or more stories.
Modeling and analysis of machine sharing in manufacturing systems

Abstract The issue of machine sharing arises quite frequently in the design and operation of automated manufacturing systems. It is often championed as a mechanism for enhancing the flexibility and versatility of these systems. However despite its importance, our understanding of machine sharing and of its effect on system performance has remained inadequate, relying mainly on anecdotal data or limited empirical evidence. In this paper, we present an analytical model that captures the various dimensions of machine sharing and use this model to study the effect of machine sharing on performance of manufacturing systems. In particular, we examine the relationship between machine sharing and several performance measures, such as production rate, machine utilization, flow time and work-in-process inventory, for varying assumptions of system utilization, setup times, batch sizes and demand and processing variability. These relationships are then used to identify conditions under which machine sharing is of value and to determine the corresponding optimal sharing levels.
Modified supraglottic laryngectomy and resection of lesions of the base of tongue.

Extensive malignant tumors involving the base of tongue and adjacent pharyngeal walls usually require surgical resection combined with radiation therapy and sometimes chemotherapy. Often it is elected to perform a concomitant laryngectomy to prevent chronic aspiration, but not because of tumor extension to the larynx. A new technique allowing preservation of glottic function is described. This involved preservation of the false vocal folds and their surgical closure. The interarytenoid mucosa is preserved. This provides a fistula with a sphincteric function in the interarytenoid area. A permanent tracheostoma is created. This procedure has been used in the treatment of eight patients from April of 1979 to April of 1982. One patient died of sepsis in the early postoperative period. Of the seven evaluable patients, only one experienced significant aspiration postoperatively. All patients achieved adequate phonntion. Four patients developed good speech. The remaining three patients have some speech, but are limited in their articulation because of resection of a significant portion of the oral tongue. Three patients are alive and have developed a recurrence. Two patients are alive with recurrent disease and two patients died of their disease. This procedure appears to allow adequate surgical resection of extensive oropharyngeal neoplasms with preservation of the laryngeal functions of phonation and protection of the lower tracheal-bronchial tree.
Bayeux: an architecture for scalable and fault-tolerant wide-area data dissemination

The demand for streaming multimedia applications is growing at an incr edible rate. In this paper, we propose Bayeux, an efficient application-level multicast system that scales to arbitrarily large receiver groups while tolerating failures in routers and network links. Bayeux also includes specific mechanisms for load-balancing across replicate root nodes and more efficient bandwidth consumption. Our simulation results indicate that Bayeux maintains these properties while keeping transmission overhead low. To achieve these properties, Bayeux leverages the architecture of Tapestry, a fault-tolerant, wide-area overlay routing and location network.
Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women

Objective: To compare the accuracy of percentage body fat (%BF) estimates between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and DXA in obese African-American women. Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty-five obese African-American women (mean age, 45 years; mean BMI, 38; mean %BF, 48%) were studied. BF was assessed by both BIA (RJL Systems BIA 101Q; RJL Systems, Clinton Township, MI) and DXA (Hologic QDR-2000 Bone Densitometer; Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA). Generalized and ethnicity- and obese-specific equations were used to calculate %BF from the BIA. Bland-Altman analyses were used to compare the agreement between the BIA and the DXA, with the DXA serving as the criterion measure. Results: Two of the generalized equations provided consistent estimates across the weight range in comparison with the DXA estimates, whereas most of the other equations increasingly underestimated %BF as BF increased. One of the generalized and one of the ethnicity-specific equations had mean differences that were not significantly different from the DXA value. Discussion: The findings show that the Lukaski equation provided the most precise and accurate estimates of %BF in comparison with the QDR 2000 and provide preliminary support for the use of this equation for obese African-American women.
National television coverage and the behavioural bias of bettors: the American college football totals market

The market for totals, over/under bets, is examined for American college football. The sample is separated into nationally televised games on major networks, those games televised regionally or on smaller networks, and games not televised. A slight non-significant bias toward the over is observed for the sample as a whole. The bias is only statistically significant for nationally televised games on major networks. This bias to bet the over is likely due to a preference for scoring in games that bettors can watch on television. Explanations for this bias and the rejection of the efficient markets hypothesis found in this market are discussed from the point of view of the traditional sportsbook model and from the sportsbook model proposed by Levitt [Levitt, S.D. (2004). The Economic Journal, 114, 223–246]. These results demonstrate how bettor preferences can influence markets, and offer a possible avenue of research to those seeking to understand the satisfaction sought by gamblers.
Fusobacterium nucleatum prosthetic hip infection in an adult with sickle cell-beta thalassemia

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus commensal to the human oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract which causes an array of human infection, yet it has never been associated with infection of prosthetic joints. We report the first case of prosthetic hip infection caused by F. nucleatum in a man with sickle cell-beta thalassemia.
Animations to Assist Learning Some Key Computer Science Topics

The purpose of the work presented herein is to provide multimedia course material with animations to assist learning some key Computer Science topics on the World Wide Web. The work is presented in eight learning modules: Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Data Structures, Machine Architecture, Number Systems, Operating Systems, Programming Languages, and Software Engineering. Each module consists of a set of lessons with animations and interactive components including review questions. The work consists of 44 animations, 2,008 files, and 255 folders, totaling 15.5MB. The learning modules enable educators to provide a learning environment beyond the bounds of the classroom either to supplement their in-class teaching or as part of a distance learning course. The animations and interactive components are expected to improve the effectiveness of learning the covered topics.
A Simple Bridge for Use with Piezoelectric Transducers

A bridge circuit is described which can be applied to vibrating systems driven by piezoelectric transducers. It may be set up to give a measure of the output velocity at different loads or to respond sensitively to small changes in load.
Thermal activation of metastable decay: Testing nucleation theory.

We study analytically and numerically the decay of a metastable phase in (1+1)-dimensional classical field theory coupled to a heat bath. By a numerical simulation we obtain the nucleation barrier as a function of the energy difference between the metastable and stable phases, and compare it to the theoretical prediction from the critical bubble calculation. The numerical results provide strong confirmation of the theory.
Analysis of the occurrence of promoter-sites in DNA

We show that the occurrence and homology score (1) of promoter-sites in DNA depends upon the base composition of the DNA. We used simple probability theory to calculate the mean homology score expected for all promoter-sites that had a specific match in the canonical hexamers. By using the square root of this mean score as a measure of significance, we objectively classify all promoter-sites which are reported. We tested the theoretical approach in two ways. First, we used the program (PROMSEARCH) to analyze approximately 150,000 base pairs of random sequence DNA with different base compositions and we found excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. Our second test was the analysis of a number of sequences drawn from the GENBANK DNA sequence database. We have analyzed 20 bacterial and bacteriophage sequences, which consisted of at least one operon, for promoter-sites. We found no absolute preference for promoter-sites within noncoding regions. We show the results of analyzing the phages lambda, T7 and fd, and the E. coli lac operon. The major known promoters in these sequences were all found correctly. We discuss the question of the location of a number of minor promoter-sites and show how PROMSEARCH can be used to help identify the correct location of the promoter. This approach can be applied to the search for any DNA site and should allow greater objectivity when comparing DNA sequences for meaningful subsequences.
The Effects of Verbal Instruction, Modeling, Rehearsal, and Feedback on Correct Posture During Flute Playing

A behavioral skills training package, including verbal instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback, was used to teach children correct posture, defined as keeping feet on the floor, legs parallel to each other, and the back and neck perpendicular to the floor, during flute lessons. Three typically developing girls aged 8 to 9 years participated. All three students' posture improved from 0% during baseline to nearly 100% after training for all sessions, generalization probes, and after a 1- to 2-month follow-up. The training package was proven effective in the acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of correct posture for flute playing.
RESISTANCE OF MAIZE TO MELOIDOGYNE ARENARIA AND MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA

A diallel cross of eight maize, Zea mays L., inbred lines was analyzed for reaction to two species of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Egg production following inoculation of F1 hybrid seedlings with nematode eggs was determined in a greenhouse experiment. Data were analyzed using Griffing's Method 4, Model I. General combining ability was a significant source of variation in egg production of both M. arenaria and M. javanica; specific combining ability was not a significant source of variation for either. The correlation between egg production of the two nematode species on the 28 F1 hybrids was highly significant. Hybrids with Mp313 or SC213 as one parent were the most resistant to both species. This indicates that germ plasm is available for developing inbred lines and hybrids with resistance to both M. arenaria race 2 and M. javanica.
Empiricism, stances, and the problem of voluntarism

Classical empiricism leads to notorious problems having to do with the (at least prima facie) lack of an acceptable empiricist justification of empiricism itself. Bas van Fraassen claims that his idea of the “empirical stance” can deal with such problems. I argue, however, that this view entails a very problematic form of voluntarism which comes with the threat of latent irrationality and normative inadequacy. However, there is also a certain element of truth in such a voluntarism. The main difficulty consists in finding an acceptable form of voluntarism.
Applications Of Step-Scan Interferometry

Interferometry, in combination with the Fourier transform, is a powerful tool for IR spectroscopy. However, most commercial MIR spectrometers are not well suited to measuring spectra of dynamic systems. This disadvantage is due to the rapid scan mode of operation, in which the scanning mirror of the interferometer moves at constant velocity, v. As a consequence, each IR wavelength, λ, is modulated with its own Fourier frequency (f = 2v/λ). This time dependent modulation of the IR, caused by the rapid scan, becomes increasingly more difficult to separate from time dependent variations of the IR intensity caused by a dynamic system under study, as the time resolution desired approaches the Fourier modulation periods. A convenient solution to this problem is the use of step-scan interferometry. In this mode of operation, the moving mirror of the interferometer is stopped at evenly spaced intervals of the HeNe reference laser interference pattern while data are collected. As a consequence, the IR light is not modulated by the interferometer, and temporal intensity variations can be related to the dynamic system under study. Applications include photothermal/photoacoustic spectroscopy, phase-resolved spectroscopy, and classic time-resolved spectroscopy (i.e., pulsed excitation).© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design of ant-inspired stochastic control policies for collective transport by robotic swarms

In this paper, we present an approach to designing decentralized robot control policies that mimic certain microscopic and macroscopic behaviors of ants performing collective transport tasks. In prior work, we used a stochastic hybrid system model to characterize the observed team dynamics of ant group retrieval of a rigid load. We have also used macroscopic population dynamic models to design enzyme-inspired stochastic control policies that allocate a robotic swarm around multiple boundaries in a way that is robust to environmental variations. Here, we build on this prior work to synthesize stochastic robot attachment–detachment policies for tasks in which a robotic swarm must achieve non-uniform spatial distributions around multiple loads and transport them at a constant velocity. Three methods are presented for designing robot control policies that replicate the steady-state distributions, transient dynamics, and fluxes between states that we have observed in ant populations during group retrieval. The equilibrium population matching method can be used to achieve a desired transport team composition as quickly as possible; the transient matching method can control the transient population dynamics of the team while driving it to the desired composition; and the rate matching method regulates the rates at which robots join and leave a load during transport. We validate our model predictions in an agent-based simulation, verify that each controller design method produces successful transport of a load at a regulated velocity, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Metastatic Carcinoma to the Testis : A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 26 Nonincidental Cases With Emphasis on Deceptive Features

Metastatic carcinomas to the testis may simulate primary testicular neoplasms, even in patients with known extratesticular primaries, but information on this topic is limited. We therefore reviewed our experience with 26 cases from consultation (N=23) or hospital (N=3) files; none of the cases were from autopsy material or incidentally discovered in therapeutic orchiectomies from patients with prostate cancer. The tumors occurred in men 29 to 90 years old, with the prostate the most common primary site (N=11), followed by the renal parenchyma (N=4), colon (N=4), urinary tract (N=3), lung (N=2), esophagus (N=1), and, most probably, small intestine (carcinoid, N=1). Noteworthy findings included: the frequent absence of a known primary tumor (62%), the rarity of bilateral involvement (8%), the occasional lack of a distinct mass on gross examination (15%), the infrequency of multinodularity either grossly (8%) or microscopically (35%), the prominence of intertubular growth (42%), conspicuous intrarete or intratubular growth in some cases (especially prostate carcinoma) (19%), prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles in occasional cases (15%), and the frequent presence of lymphatic involvement (69%). Four tumors (3 prostate, 1 renal) with prominent intrarete and/or intratubular growth had submitting diagnoses of either a primary rete neoplasm or seminoma. Four tumors (2 prostate, 1 renal, and 1 bladder) with prominently vacuolated pale cells simulated Sertoli cell tumor. We conclude that, if autopsy cases and incidental tumors in therapeutic orchiectomy specimens are excluded, metastatic carcinomas to the testis are usually solitary, unilateral tumors that may simulate primary neoplasms, including rete adenocarcinoma and Sertoli cell tumor. Despite the rarity of documented cases in the literature, the bladder and renal pelvis should not be overlooked as possible sources for testicular metastasis. The pathologist must have a high index of suspicion for the possibility of a metastatic carcinoma to the testis for any testicular tumor where the routine light microscopic or immunohistochemical findings are unusual for a primary neoplasm. Clues to the likely primary site can usually be gleaned from the pathologic findings.
The limits of peer production: Some reminders from Max Weber for the network society

In the last few years, a powerful consensus has emerged among scholars of digitally enabled peer production. In this view, digital technologies and social production processes are driving a dramatic democratization of culture and society. Moreover, leading scholars now suggest that these new, hyper-mediated modes of living and working are specifically challenging the hierarchical structures and concentrated power of bureaucracies. This paper first maps the assumptions underlying the new consensus on peer production so as to reveal the sources of its coherence. It then revisits Max Weber’s account of bureaucracy. With Weber in mind, the paper aims to expose analytical weaknesses in the consensus view and offer a new perspective from which to study contemporary digital media.
Global gene expression analyses of bystander and alpha particle irradiated normal human lung fibroblasts: Synchronous and differential responses

The existence of a radiation bystander effect, in which non-irradiated cells respond to signals from irradiated cells, is now well established. It raises concerns for the interpretation of risks arising from exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the bystander response have not been well elucidated. To provide insight into the signaling pathways responding in bystanders, we have measured global gene expression four hours after bystander and direct alpha particle exposure of primary human lung fibroblasts. Although common p53-regulated radiation response genes like CDKN1A were expressed at elevated levels in the directly exposed cultures, they showed little or no change in the bystanders. In contrast, genes regulated by NFκB, such as PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2), IL8 and BCL2A1, responded nearly identically in bystander and irradiated cells. This trend was substantiated by gene ontology and pathway analyses of the microarray data, which suggest that bystander cells mount a full NFκB response, but a muted or partial p53 response. In time-course analyses, quantitative real-time PCR measurements of CDKN1A showed the expected 4-hour peak of expression in irradiated but not bystander cells. In contrast, PTGS2, IL8 and BCL2A1 responded with two waves of expression in both bystander and directly irradiated cells, one peaking at half an hour and the other between four and six hours after irradiation. Two major transcriptional hubs that regulate the direct response to ionizing radiation are also implicated in regulation of the bystander response, but to dramatically different degrees. While activation of the p53 response pathway is minimal in bystander cells, the NFκB response is virtually identical in irradiated and bystander cells. This alteration in the balance of signaling is likely to lead to different outcomes in irradiated cells and their bystanders, perhaps leading to greater survival of bystanders and increased risk from any long-term damage they have sustained.
Experiments and modeling of flow of elastomers in an internal mixer with intermeshing rotors

The direct observation of flow in the internal mixer with various rotor geometries is described. With decreasing distance between two rotors, additional transfer flow was observed in the inter-rotor area. The FAN (Flow Analysis Network) method with assumption of fully filled, Newtonian fluid and isothermal condition was employed to simulate the flow patterns in the mixer with non-intermeshing and intermeshing rotors. The distributive mixing capability was considered in terms of the fractional flow in the mixer calculated for various rotor geometries.