cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory for desirable versus undesirable personality characteristics

It was hypothesized that the results of memory searches are biased by an interaction between normative expectations about the relative preponderance of positive vs. negative personality characteristics and the evaluative nature of the question one is attempting to answer with memory-based information. To test the hypothesis, subjects viewed one of three slide sets in each of which equal numbers of desirable and undesirable personality characteristics were attributed to members of one of two groups. Amount of information to be processed was manipulated by the total number of slides to be viewed (48, 32, or 16). Following the slide presentations, half of the subjects in each condition were asked to estimate the number of desirable characteristics that had been attributed to the members of each of the two groups and half were asked to estimate the number of undesirable characteristics. As anticipated, with increasing amounts of information, subjects who were focused on undesirable characteristics in their memory search increasingly overestimated the number of desirable characteristics that had been presented. No such bias was found among subjects who were focused on desirable characteristics in their memory search.
The Extent of Cluster-Based Policies and the Political/Institutional Context A Collective Case Study

Regional economic development strategies are becoming increasingly popular with policy makers. Yet the role of government in cluster development and sustainability is not clearly understood. This research attempts to fill the gap between cluster theory and public administration by testing a political/institutional context model. A total of 24 in-depth interviews focusing on the shipbuilding cluster in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi were completed. Results indicate that the political culture of the region is a major limiting factor for the development of governance structures suitable for cluster-based economic development and upgrading. However, public administration’s network governance theory provides an ideal framework to build governance structures more suitable for cluster-based economic development and upgrading.
Algebraic Limitations on Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamics Simulations

Algebraic limitations imposed by the use of connected straightline segments to define meshes for hydrodynamics simulations in two-dimensional cylindrical geometries are shown. It is shown that in the simplest smooth isentropic flow of the spherical expansion of a gas with point symmetry, commonly, and currently, used finite difference, finite volume, or finite element staggered grid hydrodynamics equations cannot simultaneously preserve energy, entropy, and sphericity on an equal-angleR? ? mesh. It is further shown why finite difference codes tend to preserve sphericity and entropy, while finite element codes tend to preserve sphericity and energy. Exact difference representations of interface (cell face) pressures and work terms and of the elements of the strain rate tensor in a cell are shown.
Reversed phase liquid chromatography with UV absorbance and flame ionization detection using a water mobile phase and a cyano propyl stationary phase: Analysis of alcohols and chlorinated hydrocarbons

Abstract The development of liquid chromatography with a commercially available cyano propyl stationary phase and a 100% water mobile phase is reported. Separations were performed at ambient temperature, simplifying instrumental requirements. Excellent separation efficiency using a water mobile phase was achieved, for example N=18 800, or 75 200 m−1, was obtained for resorcinol, at a retention factor of k′=4.88 (retention time of 9.55 min at 1 ml min−1 for a 25 cm×4.6 mm i.d. column, packed with 5 μm diameter particles with the cyano propyl stationary phase). A separation via reversed phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) with a 100% water mobile phase of six phenols and related compounds was compared to a separation of the same compounds by traditional RP-LC, using octadecylsilane (ODS), i.e. C18, bound to silica and an aqueous mobile phase modified with acetonitrile. Nearly identical analysis time was achieved for the separation of six phenols and related compounds using the cyano propyl stationary phase with a 100% water mobile phase, as compared to traditional RP-LC requiring a relatively large fraction of organic solvent modifier in the mobile phase (25% acetonitrile:75% water). Additional understanding of the retention mechanism with the 100% water mobile phase was obtained by relating measured retention factors of aliphatic alcohols, phenols and related compounds, and chlorinated hydrocarbons to their octanol:water partition coefficients. The retention mechanism is found to be consistent with a RP-LC mechanism coupled with an additional retention effect due to residual hydroxyl groups on the cyano propyl stationary phase. Advantages due to a 100% water mobile phase for the chemical analysis of alcohol mixtures and chlorinated hydrocarbons are reported. By placing an absorbance detector in-series and preceding a novel drop interface to a flame ionization detector (FID), selective detection of a separated mixture of phenols and related compounds and aliphatic alcohols is achieved. The compound class of aliphatic alcohols is selectively and sensitively detected by the drop interface/FID, and the phenols and related compounds are selectively and sensitively detected by absorbance detection at 200 nm. The separation and detection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a water sample matrix further illustrated the advantages of this methodology. The sensitivity and selectivity of the FID signal for the chlorinated hydrocarbons are significantly better than absorbance detection, even at 200 nm. This methodology is well suited to continuous and automated monitoring of water samples. The applicability of samples initially in an organic solvent matrix is explored, since an organic sample matrix may effect retention and efficiency. Separations in acetonitrile and isopropyl alcohol sample matrices compared well to separations with a water sample matrix.
Mode‐I fracture behavior of carbon/epoxy plain‐weave composites containing double‐edge through‐the‐thickness cracks

A stress method to evaluate the stress intensity factor at the ends of a discontinuity contained by an orthotropic medium is developed. Unlike the classic stress method, of which determination of the stress intensity factor (SIF) is largely dependent on data collected from singularity-dominated zone, the proposed stress method is based on a stress expression in the form of multiterm expansion, including two higher-order terms. By adopting higher-order terms, far-field effect can be taken into consideration. Carbon/epoxy plain-weave textile composites are prepared and tensile-tested with double-edge notched (DEN) configuration. Effective crack length (a/W) ranges from 0.064 to 0.624. Prediction of the proposed model matches the definition, , with errors less than 5% for 0.064 < a/W < 0.402, whereas errors are reported up to 45.78% for 0.413 < a/W < 0.624. It is postulated that the errors beyond a/W = 0.4 results from finite geometry and interaction between cracks. A strain-gage test is carried out to verify the proposed stress method, utilizing two strain gages to realize the three-parameter strain gage method. The test result exhibits good agreement with the proposed method. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:213–220, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Some Issues on Application of Standardization and Decomposition Analysis

This article is to 1) address some issues when multiple populations and/or sample uncertainty are involved in application of standardization and decomposition analysis (SDA); and 2) introduce a computer program that provides op- portunity of dealing with such issues.
Stable, open-loop precision manipulation with underactuated hands

This paper discusses dexterous, within-hand manipulation with differential-type underactuated hands. We discuss the fact that not only can this class of hands, which to date have been considered almost exclusively for adaptive grasping, be utilized for precision manipulation, but also that the reduction of the number of actuators and constraints can make within-hand manipulation easier to implement and control. Next, we introduce an analytical framework for evaluating the dexterous workspace of objects held within the fingertips in a precision grasp. A set of design principles for underactuated fingers are developed that enable fingertip grasping and manipulation. Finally, we apply this framework to analyze the workspace of stable object configurations for an object held within a pinch grasp of a two-fingered underactuated planar hand, demonstrating a large and useful workspace despite only one actuator per finger. The in-hand manipulation workspace for the iRobot-Harvard-Yale Hand is experimentally measured and presented.
Distance Matters: Physical Space and Social Impact

Studies of college students and citizens of south Florida, United States, students in Shanghai, China, and an international sample of social psychologists show that social influence, measured by the frequency of memorable interactions, is heavily determined by distance. In all three cases, although there was a great deal of interaction with distant persons, the relationship between distance and interaction frequency was well described by an inverse power function with a slope of approximately -1, consistent with the expectation that social impact is proportional to the inverse square of the distance separating two persons. This result confirms one principle from Latane's 1981 theory of social impact and helps explain the ability of opinion minorities to cluster and survive in the face of majority influence.
Spectroscopic Identification of Probable Cataclysmic Variables in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397

The existence of compact binaries in dense clusters is of considerable interest for testing theories of binary production and evolution, as well as the dynamical evolution and survival of the clusters in which they reside. Here, using the newly repaired Hubble Space Telescope to observe the collapsed core of the nearby globular cluster NGC 6397, we report the first spectra of stars well below the main-sequence turnoff near the center of a dense globular star cluster. The spectra confirm our WFPC1 photometry that these objects are almost certainly the long-sought population of cataclysmic variables (CVs) in globulars, and that they are the likely counterparts for the recently discovered (ROSAT) low-luminosity X-ray sources in this cluster. The spectra suggest the CVs are magnetic (DQ Her type), raising the intriguing possibility that magnetic white dwarfs are preferentially produced in globular cluster cores.
Cultural orientations, daily activities, and adjustment in Mexican American youth.

The links between youth’s daily activities and adjustment and the role of cultural practices and values in these links were studied in 469 youth from 237 Mexican American families. In home interviews, data on mothers’, fathers’, and two adolescent-age siblings’ cultural practices (language use, social contacts) and values (for familism, for education achievement) were collected, along with data on youth risky behavior and depressive symptoms. In 7 nightly phone calls, youth reported on their day’s free time activities (i.e., sports, academics, religious activities, television viewing, and hanging out). Analyses revealed that youth who spent more time in unsupervised hanging out reported more depressive symptoms and risky behavior, and those who spent more time in academic activities reported less risky behavior. Results also indicated that more Anglo-oriented youth spent more time in sports, that more Mexican-oriented youth spent more time watching television, that fathers’ familism values were related to youth’s time in religious activities, and that parents’ educational values were linked to youth’s time in academic activities. Some evidence indicated that parents’ cultural practices and values, particularly fathers’, moderated the links between daily activities and youth adjustment.
Hand held Dyson Relay Lens for anti-counterfeiting

In this paper we describe the application, design and performance of a novel, small form factor Dyson Relay lens with inbuilt illumination configured for imaging printed marks. The high resolving power of the design clearly reveals the microscopic stochastic nature of printing processes and ink/substrate interactions. These imperfections provide a hard to copy “printed mark signature” that can be used for checking authenticity.
Effect of Acute Ethanol and Cocaine Administration on Gestation Days 14-17 in Mice

The teratogenic effects of the coadministration of alcohol and cocaine on gestation days 14-17 were investigated using an acute exposure model. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were assigned randomly to treatment groups generated from a 2 (0 or 6 g/kg alcohol) x 2 (0 or 60 mg/kg cocaine) x 4 (day of treatment) factorial design. An untreated control group was also employed. On GD14, 15, 16, or 17, females were intubated with alcohol or an isocaloric solution and injected (SC) 10 min later with cocaine or saline. Litters were evaluated on GD19 following cesarean delivery. A significant number of females in the alcohol-only group treated on GD16 or GD17 delivered litters prior to GD19. The results indicated that, in general, prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with decreased fetal body weight and suggested a possible increase in malformations of vascular origin. Cocaine and the alcohol/cocaine interaction did not affect the outcome variables in any reliable manner. Thus, with the animal model employed, cocaine did not exert teratogenic effects on its own nor did it influence alcohol-induced teratogenesis.
A Note on the Technical and Allocative Efficiency of Local Exchange Carriers in the United States

The issue explored is whether incentive regulation of local exchange carriers in the United States has resulted in an increase in efficiency. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, the methodology for measuring the effects of incentive regulation on efficiency is reviewed. This methodology is data envelopment analysis and allows for the measurement of both technical efficiency and allocative efficiency of individual local exchange carriers. The results of empirically implementing the DEA approach indicate that there is little change in technical efficiency. In fact average technical efficiency in 1988 was the same as in 2001. Next, while outputs continued to grow at about their historical rate across LECs, the sizeable increase in the two types of capital increased inputs well above their historical average rates for some LECs leading to short run allocative inefficiency. On average, however, allocative efficiency shows no identifiable trend between 1988 and 2001. Finally, in the aggregate, total economic efficiency does not demonstrate any trend between 1988 and 2001.
Interactions between Beauveria bassiana and the entomogenous nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis heliothidis

Abstract The nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis heliothidis and the fungus Beauveria bassiana possess broad and overlapping host ranges. The impact of B. bassiana and nematodes on host period of lethal infection (PLI) and on nematode and fungus progeny production in a single host was investigated. B. bassiana was applied initially and one species of nematode applied simultaneously or sequentially (1 to 5 days later) to last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. In general, the PLI for larvae exposed to nematodes and B. bassiana simultaneously was shorter than that for larvae exposed to either pathogen alone, or exposed to both sequentially. Even though infection with both pathogens decreased host PLI, B. bassiana and nematodes rarely coproduced progeny in dually infected hosts. In treatments with nematodes alone, or B. bassiana and nematodes applied at the same time or 1 day later, Xenorhabdus, the bacterium mutualistically associated with the nematodes, was observed in host hemolymph 12 hr after the application of the nematodes. Xenorhabdus or nematodes prevented or inhibited the growth of B. bassiana in the insect if nematodes were applied within 24 hr after the application of B. bassiana. B. bassiana was detrimental to the development of S. feltiae and H. heliothidis when applied to the insect more than 48 hr before nematodes. Temperature influenced the outcome of development in dually infected larvae. In early sequential treatments B. bassiana was more likely to develop to the exclusion of nematodes at 15°C, while nematodes were more likely to develop in these treatments at 22° and 30°C. Even though dual infections can result in a decreased PLI compared to singly infected hosts, antagonistic interactions between B. bassiana and entomogenous nematodes in dually infected hosts can adversely affect pathogen development and progeny production.
The continua of identities in postcolonial curricula: Kenyan students’ perceptions of gender in school textbooks

Abstract The roles of textbooks in postcolonial states is increasingly complicated, even more so when engaging a gendered analysis. This is in large part due the pressure national education ministries face considering the demands of the international aid community, particularly since implementation of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, nation-building, and cultural diversity. Using Kenya as a site of analysis, this article uses interviews conducted with Kenyan primary school students to determine how their perceptions of their textbooks relates to their lived realities. Focusing on images depicting labor in and out of the home, research shows that students’ perceptions of textbooks demonstrate that there exists a continuum of gender identities, particularly visible when images of transformative gendered roles for women that are incongruent with student realities.
National utilization trends of partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a case of underutilization?

Objectives Partial nephrectomy is perceived to be more technically demanding than radical nephrectomy; concurrently, the increasing incidence of small renal tumors has suggested a greater role for nephron-sparing techniques. From a quality-of-care perspective, the underuse of partial nephrectomy may represent suboptimal delivery of healthcare. Methods A total of 66,621 subjects undergoing radical and partial nephrectomy for kidney cancer between 1988 and 2002 were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a nationally representative data set of hospital discharges. Adjusted models were developed to identify clinical factors and structural measures independently associated with the use of partial nephrectomy. Results Overall, 7.5% of patients treated underwent partial nephrectomy. The utilization rates for partial nephrectomy ranged from 0.21 cases per 100,000 U.S. residents in 1988 to 1.6 cases per 100,000 U.S. residents in 2002. The percentage of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with partial nephrectomy has increased more than threefold during the study interval (3.7% in 1988 to 1990 compared with 12.3% in 2000 to 2002, P <0.0001 for trend). Patients treated at urban (odds ratio 1.1), teaching (odds ratio 1.3), and high nephrectomy volume (odds ratio 2.5) hospitals were more likely to undergo partial nephrectomy (each, P <0.01). Conclusions The national use of partial nephrectomy has increased but remains lower than expected in certain settings, suggesting underuse or selective referral. Subjects with kidney cancer are more likely to be treated with partial nephrectomy at teaching institutions with high surgical volumes. The practice patterns of physicians at institutions more commonly using partial nephrectomy may reflect a better quality of care, although additional work in delineating the disparate utilization rates is warranted.
The role of the integument with respect to different modes of locomotion in the Nematalycidae (Endeostigmata)

Previous research on the locomotion of the Nematalycidae has only been undertaken on Gordialycus, which is by far the most elongated genus of the family. Gordialycus is dependent on an unusual form of peristalsis to move around. It was not known whether the genera of Nematalycidae with shorter bodies also used this mode of locomotion. Our videographic recordings of Osperalycus did not reveal peristalsis. Instead, this mite appears to move around the mineral regolith via the expansion and constriction of the metapodosomal and genital region, allowing greater versatility in the way that the annular regions contract and extend. This type of locomotion would enable relatively short bodied nematalycids to anchor themselves into secure positions before extending their anterior regions through tight spaces. Low-temperature scanning electron micrographs show that the short bodied genera have integumental features that appear to be associated with this mode of locomotion. Peristalsis is almost certainly a more derived form of locomotion that is an adaptation to the unusually long body form of Gordialycus.
Ecological idealism and the peasant village

Alan R. Beals. Village Life in South India: Cultural Design and Environmental Variation. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1974. 189 pp. Figures, illustrations, suggested reading, and index. $7.50 (c...
The allocation of seigniorage in a common currency area

This paper considers the allocation of seigniorage in a common currency area with an independent central bank. It is shown that if the central bank retains autonomy in the allocation of seigniorage, inflation will be suboptimally high and taxes and government spending will be suboptimally low. Constitutionally mandating the rate of money growth will result in optimal inflation, but taxes and government spending will be too low. As long as consumers do not put too much weight on public good consumption, relative to private, it is better to constitutionally mandate seigniorage allocation shares than the level of money growth.
PEMFC Cathode Contamination Mechanisms for Several VOCs - Acetonitrile, Acetylene, Bromomethane, Iso-Propanol, Methyl Methacrylate, Naphthalene and Propene

The behavior of PEMFCs exposed to airborne contaminants was characterized in 2 stages. In the first stage, impedance spectroscopy was used to identify resistance loss types. In the second stage, other ex situ and in situ characterization methods were employed to obtain more detailed information about observed resistance loss types: rotating ring/disc electrode, membrane conductivity cell, tracer based method for residence time distribution measurements, segmented cell, and fuel cell coupled with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrograph. All 7 VOCs led to kinetic and mass transfer resistance changes. Only acetonitrile led to an ohmic resistance change. A decrease in catalyst active area (7 to >90 %) and increase in H2O2 side reaction product (18 to 1027 %) accounts for the smaller oxygen reduction current (12 to 100 %). An acetonitrile decomposition product is presumed to be responsible for the observed in situ ohmic loss because acetonitrile did not show an effect in the conductivity cell. Modest current redistributions were noted (<19 % on an absolute and dimensionless basis) but acetylene also initially showed a strong transient effect (≤100 % on an absolute and dimensionless basis) attributed to a gradual contamination along the flow field length. Only the unaffected contaminant species, CO2 and CO were detected at the cathode outlet. Contaminant conversion increased at higher cell voltages (62 to 332 % V-1) indicative of electrochemical oxidation. An acetylene contamination mechanism is proposed.
Mathematical music theory pedagogy and the “New Math”

In the 1960s and early 1970s, mathematics education in American primary and secondary schools underwent a short-lived, but major, reform: the “New Math.” It sought to replace rote learning with an emphasis on axiomatic (set-theoretical) conceptualization. Several aspects of this movement have implications for the pedagogy of mathematical music theory, some positive and some negative. This essay examines that relationship, and offers some consequent suggestions for the successful teaching of mathematical music-theoretical concepts and techniques.
The Effect of Subthreshold Temperatures on Eggs of the Alfalfa Weevil

The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), is a serious pest of alfalfa and occurs in all 48 conterminous United States (USDA 1972). In the southern part of its range, females oviposit on warm days throughout the fall and winter, and the damage done to early spring plant growth in these areas is generally attributed to larvae from these eggs (Evans 1959, Campbell et al. 1961). The literature pertaining to survival and over-wintering of alfalfa weevil eggs and their importance to spring damage of alfalfa in different geographic regions has recently been reviewed by Blickenstaff et al. (1972).
Synthesis and characterization of a simple chiral surfactant, sodium S-(−)-β-citronellyl sulfate

Abstract A chiral surfactant, S -(−)-β-citronellyl sulfate, meeting prescribed features has been synthesized from a naturally occurring monoterpenol. Final product yield is 56% after recrystallization. The enantiomer displays a specific rotation in methanol of [ α ] D = −2.51° , lowers the surface tension of water to 36 dyn/cm, and exhibits a critical micellar concentration of 90 m M .
TET1, a member of a novel protein family, is fused to MLL in acute myeloid leukemia containing the t(10;11)(q22;q23)

TET1, a member of a novel protein family, is fused to MLL in acute myeloid leukemia containing the t(10;11)(q22;q23)
Toxicity of pentachlorophenol to aquatic organisms under naturally varying and controlled environmental conditions

The toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was determined in the laboratory for 11 aquatic species. Tests were conducted seasonally in ambient Mississippi River water and under controlled conditions in Lake Superior water. Fifty-one acute toxicity tests were conducted, with LC50 values ranging from 85 micrograms/L for the white sucker Catastomus commersoni during the summer to greater than 7770 micrograms/L for the isopod Asellus racovitzai during the winter. The effect of PCP on growth and/or reproduction was determined for seven species. The most sensitive chronically exposed organisms were the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia reticulata and the snail Physa gyrina. The greatest variation in toxicity was due to species sensitivity. Within a given, season there was as much as a 40-fold difference in LC50 values between species. For any one species, the maximum variation in LC50 between seasons was approximately 14-fold. There were also substantial differences in acute-chronic relationships, with acute/chronic ratios ranging from greater than 37 for C. reticulata to 1 for Simocephalus vetulus. It is suggested that the composition of the aquatic community should be the most important consideration in estimating the potential environmental effects of PCP.
Do methanethiol adsorbates on the Au(111) surface dissociate

The interaction of methanethiol molecules CH3SH with the Au(111) surface is investigated, and it is found for the first time that the S-H bond remains intact when the methanethiol molecules are adsorbed on the regular Au(111) surface. However, it breaks if defects are present in the Au(111) surface. At low coverage, the fcc region is favored for S atom adsorption, but at saturated coverage the adsorption energies at various sites are almost isoenergetic. The presented calculations show that a methanethiol layer on the regular Au(111) surface does not dimerize.
Assessing metacognitive skills in waking and sleep: a psychometric analysis of the Metacognitive, Affective, Cognitive Experience (MACE) questionnaire.

Abstract The Metacognitive, Affective, Cognitive Experience (MACE) questionnaire was designed to assess metacognition across sleep and waking ( Kahan & LaBerge, 1996 ). The present research evaluates the psychometric properties of the MACE. Data from two recent studies (N = 185) were used to assess the inter-item consistency, test–retest reliability, and factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of the MACE. Results show that the MACE is a reliable measure with good construct validity. Exploratory factor analyses revealed one self-regulation and two monitoring factors. One monitoring factor emphasized monitoring internal conditions; the other emphasized monitoring external conditions. This factor structure is consistent with the Metacognitive Model ( Nelson & Narens, 1990 ). Tests of convergent and discriminant validity suggest that the MACE is assessing metacognition and is appropriately related to similar constructs such as mindfulness and self-consciousness. The implication of these findings as well as suggestions for research and clinical applications of the MACE are discussed.
Starting Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection: Is It WIHS To Wait?

In this issue, Anastos and colleagues analyzed the predictors of successful outcomes of antiretroviral chemotherapy in women participating in the Women's Interagency Health Study. Even persons with...
Joint attention on actions: acquiring verbs in ostensive and non-ostensive contexts.

Two studies of verb learning are reported. The focus of both studies was on children in their second year of life learning verbs in various pragmatic contexts. Of particular interest was the comparison of ostensive contexts – in which word and referent were simultaneously present in the child's perceptual field – to non-ostensive contexts. In a naturalistic study of 24 children at 1;3 and 1;9, it was found that mothers modelled verbs for their children most often BEFORE the referent action actually occurred. Over 60% of maternal verbs were used to refer to actions that mothers wished children to perform or that they were anticipating their performing (IMPENDING actions). Some verbs were also used to refer to current actions (ONGOING actions) or actions that had just been completed (COMPLETED actions). Children responded with comprehension most often to impending models. Impending and completed models, but not ongoing models, were correlated with children's verb vocabularies at 1;9. The second study was a lexical training study of 48 two-year-olds. Children learned to produce a novel verb best when it was modelled in the impending condition. They learned to comprehend it equally well in the impending and completed conditions. Children showed no signs of superior learning in the ostensive (ongoing) learning context. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of the different learning processes involved in acquiring nouns and verbs, and, more broadly, in terms of a social-pragmatic view of language acquisition in which the ostensive teaching paradigm is but one of many contexts in which children learn to establish a joint attentional focus with mature language users.
ANTIGENICITY OF SALT‐SOLUBLE BEEF MUSCLE PROTEINS HELD FROM FRESHNESS TO SPOILAGE AT LOW TEMPERATURES

SUMMARY Ground semitendinosus beef muscle was allowed to undergo normal spoilage at 7°C for 30 days. Changes in the antigenicity of the muscle proteins were determined periodically by injecting rabbits with 3% NaCl extracts of beef from freshness to spoilage. According to the serological methods employed, the salt-soluble muscle proteins were highly antigenic in all meat extracts. Although the anti-putrid and anti-fresh extract antibodies cross reacted they were, nevertheless, serologically distinct, in that the former always yielded a greater amount of precipitate and a larger number of precipitating bands than did the latter, when he two were tested against their homologous antigens. This study revealed that spoiled meat extracts contained at least 2 new antigenic species not demonstrable in fresh meat extracts, in addition to the antigens serologically common to both extracts. These findings indicate a lack of complete breakdown of salt-soluble beef proteins by the spoilage flora.
Effects of pronase on the development of reversed symmetry and duplications in the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.

Abstract Precleavage zygotes of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, were exposed to Pronase. These treated embryos and nontreated control embryos were reared through metamorphosis. All control larvae developed normal rudiments from the left coelom and associated structures. On the other hand, many of the plutei which had been exposed to Pronase had developed reversed symmetry (i.e., a rudiment on the right side) or a rudiment on both the right and the left sides. The significance of these results with regard to controls of spatial patterning is discussed in terms of gradients of morphogenetic determinants, cell surface properties, adhesiveness, and cell death.
Effect of toxic hepatitis on pharmacokinetics of salicylate in dogs

The effect of carbon tetrachloride (CT) induced toxic hepatitis on the pharmacokinetics of sodium salicylate was studied in beagle dogs. Plasma concentrationtime profiles were determined for sodium salicylate in ten healthy dogs and in the same dogs after CT administration. Laboratory tests for liver disease were performed before and after liver injury in order to examine the feasibility of using commonly employed laboratory tests as a guide for determining dosage regimens of sodium salicylate in the presence of liver dysfunction. The disappearance of sodium salicylate from the plasma of dogs was a first-order process through 8 h in both the normal and liver disease states. After CT, there was an alteration in the kinetic behavior between 8 and 24 h after salicylate administration. This change was linked to the decreased ability of the damaged liver to form glucuronides. The changes observed in the pharmacokinetics of salicylate before and after CT induced liver dysfunction were minimal and not statistically significant. The majority of the dogs, however, demonstrated a slightly decreased half-life after CT administration. This was due to an increase in the urinary excretion of unchanged salicylate. It was not possible to correlate laboratory parameters with pharmacokinetic parameters. Therefore, dosage alterations could not be based upon laboratory data. Data from this investigation, however, did not suggest the need to routinely alter the dosage of salicylate in the presence of CT induced toxic hepatitis.
Randomized intervention analysis for detecting non-random change and management impact: Dragonfly examples

Abstract The quasi-experimental approach of before–after control–impact (BACI) sampling can help decide when changes are due to human activities rather than natural variability. Detailed arguments for and against BACI designs and analytic methods are widespread in the literature, but far less attention has been paid to the mechanics of analyzing a BACI experiment. This paper demonstrates randomized intervention analysis with user-friendly software, where observations are paired in time before and after intervention. We provide examples using dragonfly count data in vegetation removal experiments.
Effects of Central Injection of Kyotorphin and l-Arginine on Oxytocin and Vasopressin Release and Blood Pressure in Conscious Rats

Intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) administration of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) increases oxytocin but not vasopressin secretion, in dehydrated rats [38]. Surprisingly, central injection of L-arginine, the substrate for NOS, caused a similar effect. Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine), a dipeptide formed from L-arginine by kyotorphin synthetase in the brain may mediate this magnocellular response. Therefore, the dose and time responses of hormone release were compared following I.C.V. injection of kyotorphin and L-arginine to conscious rats that were normally hydrated or deprived of water for 24 h. In water-sated rats, both L-arginine and kyotorphin increased blood pressure and plasma glucose levels coincident with elevating circulating levels of oxytocin, but not vasopressin. In dehydrated animals, both L-arginine and kyotorphin increased plasma oxytocin levels with a similar time course but only kyotorphin decreased vasopressin release. D-arginine, like L-arginine, stimulated secretion of oxytocin, indicating a nonstereospecific effect. A kyotorphin receptor antagonist (L-leucyl-L-arginine) given I.C.V. to dehydrated animals elevated plasma oxytocin and prevented the decrease in vasopressin levels after kyotorphin. Thus, kyotorphin, but not L-arginine, appears to attenuate release of vasopressin either directly from magnocellular neurons or indirectly via modulating compensatory reflexes activated by the pressor response. On the other hand, an excess of L-arginine and kyotorphin within the CNS may mimic the stress response by augmenting release of oxytocin and activating the sympathetic nervous system to increase blood pressure and plasma glucose levels.
Metric Optimization for Surface Analysis in the Laplace-Beltrami Embedding Space

In this paper, we present a novel approach for the intrinsic mapping of anatomical surfaces and its application in brain mapping research. Using the Laplace-Beltrami eigen-system, we represent each surface with an isometry invariant embedding in a high dimensional space. The key idea in our system is that we realize surface deformation in the embedding space via the iterative optimization of a conformal metric without explicitly perturbing the surface or its embedding. By minimizing a distance measure in the embedding space with metric optimization, our method generates a conformal map directly between surfaces with highly uniform metric distortion and the ability of aligning salient geometric features. Besides pairwise surface maps, we also extend the metric optimization approach for group-wise atlas construction and multi-atlas cortical label fusion. In experimental results, we demonstrate the robustness and generality of our method by applying it to map both cortical and hippocampal surfaces in population studies. For cortical labeling, our method achieves excellent performance in a cross-validation experiment with 40 manually labeled surfaces, and successfully models localized brain development in a pediatric study of 80 subjects. For hippocampal mapping, our method produces much more significant results than two popular tools on a multiple sclerosis study of 109 subjects.
Leiomyosarcoma in a renal allograft recipient treated with immunosuppressive drugs.

A highly malignant gastric leiomyosarcoma developed in a renal allograft recipient. This was the first primary malignant tumor observed in 247 patients at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital who received immunosuppressive therapy following renal transplantation. Among the 3,614 patients listed in the Human Kidney Transplant Registry as receiving allografts, 37 primary malignant tumors have been reported. This incidence of malignancy is 4.7 times greater than expected. Examination of the therapy employed in the 37 cases suggests that azathioprine is a major factor in the development of the tumors and that prednisone may act in a subsidiary role by suppressing the cellular immune response.
Statistical scalability analysis of communication operations in distributed applications

Current trends in high performance computing suggest that users will soon have widespread access to clusters of multiprocessors with hundreds, if not thousands, of processors. This unprecedented degree of parallelism will undoubtedly expose scalability limitations in existing applications, where scalability is the ability of a parallel algorithm on a parallel architecture to effectively utilize an increasing number of processors. Users will need precise and automated techniques for detecting the cause of limited scalability. This paper addresses this dilemma. First, we argue that users face numerous challenges in understanding application scalability: managing substantial amounts of experiment data, extracting useful trends from this data, and reconciling performance information with their applications design. Second, we propose a solution to automate this data analysis problem by applying fundamental statistical techniques to scalability experiment data. Finally, we evaluate our operational prototype on several applications, and show that statistical techniques offer an effective strategy for assessing application scalability. In particular, we find that non-parametric correlation of the number of tasks to the ratio of the time for communication operations to overall communication time provides a reliable measure for identifying communication operations that scale poorly.
Diazo Ketone Cyclization onto a Benzene Ring: 3,4‐Dihydro‐1(2H)‐azulenone

Diazo ketone cyclization onto a benzene ring: 3,4-Dihydro-1(2H)-azulenone intermediate: 1-diazo-4-phenyl-2-butanone product: 3,4-Dihydro-1(2H)-azulenone. Keywords: acylation; annulation, carbocyclic-[>6]; cyclization, free radical-carbenoid/nitrenoid; metal-catalyzed reactions, rhodium; rearrangements; benzene; benzene; diazomethane, explosive, toxic; apparatus, for high dilution
Interleukin-3 inhibits cycloheximide induction of C-jun mRNA in human monocytes: possible role for a serine/threonine phosphatase.

Cycloheximide is a strong inducer of the c-jun protooncogene mRNA at concentrations (≤50 ng/ml) that do not inhibit protein synthesis in human monocytes. This induction is transient lasting 30–60 min in contrast to the sustained induction obtained with concentrations that inhibit protein synthesis. The pluripotent colony stimulating factor interleukin-3 (IL-3) (10 ng/ml) is also a modest inducer of the c-jun gene in these cells; however, in combination with cycloheximide, IL-3 dramatically reduces the c-jun induction below levels induced by cycloheximide alone. This is a true inhibition and is not due to a change in temporal kinetics of induction because the suppression in the presence of IL-3 is observed at both 30 and 60 min after simultaneous addition of both IL-3 and cycloheximide. Preincubation of monocytes with 12.5 nM okadaic acid (a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A) and cycloheximide prior to addition of IL-3 restored the level of c-jun induction to that mediated by cycloheximide alone. This concentration of okadaic acid inhibited almost 70% of the phosphorylase phosphatase activity in monocyte lysates. These observations suggest that activation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase(s) underlies the ability of IL-3 to inhibit cycloheximide induction of c-jun in monocytes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
KINEMATIC MODELING, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF HIGHLY RECONFIGURABLE ARTICULATED WHEELED VEHICLES

The Articulated Wheeled Vehicle (AWV) paradigm examines a class of wheeled vehicles where the chassis is connected via articulated chains to a set of ground-contact wheels. Actively- or passively- controlled articulations can help alter wheel placement with respect to chassis during locomotion, endowing the vehicle with significant reconfigurability and redundancy. The ensuing ‘leg-wheeled’ systems exploit these capabilities to realize significant advantages (improved stability, obstacle surmounting capability, enhanced robustness) over both traditional wheeledand/or legged-systems in a range of uneven-terrain locomotion applications. In our previous work, we exploited the reconfiguration capabilities of a planar AWR to achieve internal shape regulation, secondary to a trajectory-following task. In this work, we extend these capabilities to the full 3D case – in order to utilize the full potential of kinematic- and actuationredundancy to enhance rough-terrain locomotion.
The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in the Evaluation of Patients Presenting with Suspected or Confirmed Acute Coronary Syndrome

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has an important emerging role in the evaluation and management of patients who present with symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This paper discusses the role of CMR in the emergency department setting, where CMR can aid in the early and accurate diagnosis of non-ST elevation ACS in low and intermediate risk patients. For those with confirmed myocardial infarction (MI), CMR provides comprehensive prognostic information and can readily diagnose structural complications related to MI. Furthermore, the pattern of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) seen on CMR can help determine the etiology of cardiac injury in the subset of patients presenting with ACS who do not have obstructive coronary artery disease by angiography.
A Comparison of Nonlocking Semitubular Plates and Precontoured Locking Plates for First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis

Background:First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthrodesis is a successful, commonly performed procedure for many conditions affecting this joint. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes between patients who had primary first MTP joint fusions with either noncontoured stainless steel semitubular plates or precontoured plates. Our hypothesis was that there would be no difference in clinical or radiographic outcomes between these groups.Methods:A search based on operative report coding was performed to detect all patients who had undergone primary first MTP joint arthrodesis with a dorsal plating construct at our institution from 2005 to 2010. A retrospective review of electronic medical records and postoperative radiographs was performed to determine time to clinical and radiographic union, pain scores, complications, MTP angle, and proximal phalanx to floor angle. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables, and a chi-square or Fisher exa...
Inactivation of Lignin Peroxidase by Hydrogen Peroxide During the Oxidation of Phenols

The oxidation of phenols by lignin peroxidase (LiP) was characterized by a rapid decrease in enzyme activity. The initial oxidation rate of phenol decreased at moderately high (i.e., 400 microM) concentrations of H2O2. Similar results were obtained with several phenols. However, LiP was not inactivated during the oxidation of veratryl alcohol (VA). The apparent second-order rate constants for the reaction of compound II with phenol and VA at pH 3.5 were very similar, about 2.1 x 10(4) and 4.7 x 10(4) M-1 s-1, respectively. However, unlike VA, phenols could not convert compound III back to ferric enzyme. The visible absorption spectra of compound II and III were observed during oxidation of VA and phenols, respectively. These results suggest that the inactivation of LiP during the oxidation of phenols was mainly due to the accumulation of compound III, which was attributed to the inability of phenols or phenoxyl radicals to revert compound III to ferric enzyme. All of these results also suggested that the inactivation mechanism of LiP during oxidation of phenols was different from that during oxidation of anisyl alcohol, since anisyl alcohol was neither a substrate of compound II nor could it revert compound III [K. Valli et al. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 8535-8539 and R.S. Koduri and M. Tien (1994) Biochemistry 33, 4225-4230].
Insect emergence as a nitrogen flux in Neotropical streams: comparisons with microbial denitrification across a stream phosphorus gradient

AbstractResearch on how N is retained and removed from stream networks has focused on microbial metabolic pathways, such as denitrification. An alternative pathway for N to escape streams is in the form of emerging aquatic insects, and unlike denitrification, previous studies suggest that this pathway may be stimulated by increased availability of P. We tested the hypothesis that the flux of N exported from streams through insect emergence increases relative to flux through denitrification with increasing levels of stream P. We measured emergence and denitrification rates at 7 lowland stream sites in Costa Rica that differ in dissolved P levels and substrate characteristics. Emergence N flux ranged from 2.0 to 16.3% of measured denitrification rates and was not related to any measured physical or chemical variables. Sediment redox conditions were the best predictor of denitrification rates. Our emergence results suggest that most invertebrate biomass production in these streams is consumed by in-stream pr...