cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinup dynamics of gyrostats

Attention is given to the spinup dynamics of gyrostats containing a single axisymmetric rotor. Spinup of the rotor is due to a small constant torque applied by a motor on the platform. The dynamics are described by four firstorder differential equations, which are put into noncanonical Hamiltonian form. Using conservation of angular momentum and the method of averaging, the equations of motion are reduced to a single scalar first-order equation for the slow evolution of the Hamiltonian. This reduction is formally valid for small spinup torques and in regions of phase space where the unperturbed motion is periodic. The unperturbed separatrices are therefore regions where averaging fails to describe the motion adequately and are also indicative of dramatic changes in the attitude dynamics. Exact solutions to the averaged equation are used to justify further the projection of solutions of the four-dimensional system onto the plane of the slow states. The reduced two-dimensional slow state space is used to construct a single planar diagram that is useful for portraying spinup dynamics.
Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts

Pancreatic pseudocysts have traditionally been treated surgically or percutaneously. More recently, endotherapy has been used to decompress enlarging or symptomatic pseudocysts. This manuscript encompasses personal experience and recent literature reports to define the techniques, complications, and short- and long-term results with endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Three series have reported the transpapillary drainage of pseudocysts. At a mean follow-up of 15–37 months, endotherapy was definitive in 80%, with 0% mortality, 5%–22% morbidity, and a recurrence rate of 6%–9%. Two large series have reported transgastric or transduodenal fistulization. Endoscopic treatment was definitive in 72% and 88%, respectively. Complications approximated 15%, recurrence ranged between 12% and 18%, and there was a single mortality. The majority of published series have used a combination of drainage techniques contingent upon patient anatomy delineated by endoscopic retrograde cholargio pancreatography. These series have reported long-term drainage success in 65%–94%, complications ranging between 4% and 24%, and recurrences that have ranged from 8% to 23%. Endotherapy to drain pancreatic pseudocysts is both technically feasible and effective in a subset of patients with symptomatic pseudocysts.
Methodology for Site-Specific, Mobility-Based Cleanup Standards for Heavy Metals in Glaciated Soils

A framework was developed for establishing site-specific, mobility-based cleanup standards for heavy metal contaminated sites that incorporates a detailed soil characterization, laboratory mobility studies, and mathematical modeling. This framework was applied to a chromium contaminated soil from a metal finishing facility. A series of column leaching experiments were conducted at two different flow rates and influent pHs. A mathematical model was used to describe the fate, speciation, and transport of heavy metals in porous media. In this model, dissolved heavy metals interact with oxide coatings and soil organic matter on the outer surfaces of soil grains via surface complexation reactions. In addition, dissolved heavy metals diffuse into the soil matrix and react with intragranular reactive sites. Model simulations were performed for chromium to determine apparent mass transfer coefficients. A long-term simulation of the unsaturated zone at the site was performed to estimate cleanup levels for chromium under natural attenuation conditions. Applying this framework for the site-specific, mobility-based determination of cleanup levels provides a solution to the problem of estimating a practical cleanup goal.
Damage to finished goods inventory in A dynamic environment A markov chain model for the arts and crafts industry

Abstract A Markov chain model is presented as a tool for analysis of damage caused to an inventory of items which are subject to possibly many movements prior to sale. The model is applied to a case study to describe the nature and extent of such damage. However, possible extensions to other more general inventory-marketing distribution problems are clear. The states “item sold” and “item scrapped” are modelled as absorbing states while the locations of the items “in rework” and “at market” are transient states. Standard Markov chain calculations are made which then describe the expected status of the inventory.
Immunosuppressants: Pharmacokinetics, methods of monitoring and role of high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

Abstract Immunosuppressants are used in posttransplantation patient care and autoimmune disease therapy. Because of their narrow therapeutic ranges and high variations of the interindividual pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of immunosuppressants is critical. The most common methods used in the clinical laboratories for measurement of immunosuppressants are immunoassays and liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection, which are subject to interference by the metabolites formed in vivo. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a powerful analytical tool that provides high specificity and sensitivity in TDM of the immunosuppressants. In this article, the recent development of LC/MS application in measurement of the immunosuppressants is reviewed, and its benefits and pitfalls are critically discussed. The immunosuppressants included in this review are cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, and mycophenolic acid. Because of the simplified sample preparation and the high sensitivity and specificity, LC/MS has shown great potential to be the method of choice for TDM of the immunosuppressants, especially for simultaneous multiple-drug monitoring.
Factors affecting the phosphorylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase inEscherichia coli

InEscherichia coli, isocitrate dehydrogenase may undergo an acetate-induced inactivation. The degree to which the enzyme is inactivated depends upon the strain of organism employed, the culture medium in which the cells are grown, and the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium employed to induced the in vivo inactivation.
Use of the vocational exploration group with economically disadvantaged black students

Abstract The study found the Vocational Exploration Group to be an effective aid in increasing the career maturity of economically deprived 7th, 8th, and 9th-grade Black students. The Career Maturity Inventory (CMI), which was administered to all participants before and after the treatment period, indicated significant positive movement on 2 of the 6 CMI scales while scores for the control group remained constant.
FRACTALS AND VIBRATIONS: CAN YOU HEAR THE SHAPE OF A FRACTAL DRUM?

We study various aspects of the question “Can one hear the shape of a fractal drum?”, both for “drums with fractal boundary” (or “surface fractals”) and for “drums with fractal membrane” (or “mass fractals”).
Effect of ethylenebisdiisothiocyanato sulfide (EBIS) on hepatic monooxygenase activity.

Abstract The effect of ethylenebisdiisothiocyanato sulfide (EBIS), a breakdown product of the ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides, on the heptic cytochrome P -450-containing monooxygenase system of rats and mice has been examined. In vivo administration of EBIS to rats and mice causes a dose-dependent decrease of hepatic cytochrome P -450 and an inhibition of the cytochrome P -450 monooxygenase-catalyzed metabolism of aniline and benzphetamine. Incubation of EBIS with hepatic microsomes from rats and mice in both the presence and absence of NADPH also leads to a decrease in the level of cytochrome P -450 in these microsomes and a decrease in the monooxygenase activity toward aniline or benzphetamine. The in vitro but not the in vivo decrease in cytochrome P -450 is accompanied by an increase in cytochrome P -420, an inactive form of cytochrome P -450. The decrease in cytochrome P -450 and the inhibition of monooxygenase activity seen on incubation of EBIS with hepatic microsomes appears to be a result of the nonenzymatic reaction of EBIS with sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues in cytochrome P -450. The inhibition of hepatic monooxygenase activity and decrease in hepatic cytochrome P -450 concentration seen on administration of EBIS in vivo appear to result from a mechanism other than reaction of EBIS with cysteine residues in hepatic cytochrome P -450.
Spin-orbital interaction in N-heterocyclic molecules general results in a cylindrical potential approximation

Abstract The method for calculation of spin-orbital interaction in benzene, developed by Mizushima and Koide, is extended to N-heterocyclic molecules in which both ( π, π ∗ ) and ( n, π ∗ ) states are excited. Using the L.C.A.O.-M.O. approximation, the general matrix elements of the interaction are expanded to matrix elements involving A.O.'s. The cylindrical form of the potential used by Mizushima and Koide, and one-center integrals only, are adopted as approximations. The method is applied to the case of pyridine, and evaluation of the matrix elements is carried out on the basis of symmetry considerations. The net result is a prediction that the absolute value for the transition probability of the lowest triplet ( n, π ∗ ) → singlet transition in pyridine would be of the same order of magnitude as the transition probability of the analogous π → π ∗ transition. Analysis of the results in terms of f -number ratios, and comparison with a parallel study based on a spherical potential, confirm a proposal of enhancement of spin-orbital interaction for ( n, π ∗ ) states.
Tales of pediatric asthma management: family-based strategies related to medical adherence and health care utilization.

Abstract Objectives To examine how family management styles, garnered from parent interviews about the effect of asthma on family life, are related to medical adherence and health care utilization. Study design Eighty parents with a child with asthma were interviewed. Computerized monitoring of medication use was collected every 2 months for 1 year. Parents and children completed measures of medical adherence and health care utilization at the time of the interview and at 1-year follow-up. Three categories of disease management were identified: reactive, coordinated care, and family partnerships. Group comparisons were made by using analysis of variance with medical adherence and health care utilization as dependent variables. Results Management strategies revealed in the interview were distinguishable by adherence rates at the time of interview and 1 year after. Interview categories were also predictive of emergency department use at 1-year follow-up. The reactive group received a diagnosis of asthma 1 year after noting symptoms, in contrast with the other groups, who received a diagnosis within 6 months. Conclusions The use of semistructured interviews may reveal important information about how families manage asthma. Further work may help identify areas amenable to intervention and provide a better understanding of why some families delay treatment.
What we know about child maltreatment

Abstract This article presents the results of an informal survey of nationally recognized experts on child maltreatment. The poll asked, “What do we know about child maltreatment?” A process of collating and sequential validation produced an outline of current knowledge that demonstrates some progress in understanding child maltreatment.
Eimeria stiedae: cytochemical identification of enzymes and lipids in sporozoites and endogenous stages.

Eimeria stiedae: Cytochemical Identification of Enzymes and Lipids in Sporozoites and Endogenous Stages. Experimental Parasitology 27, 100– 115. Acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase were found in sporozoites, whereas alkaline phosphatase, carboxylic ester hydrolases (eserine-resistant ), leucine aminopeptidase, β-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase were not detected. β-Galactosidase, fructose phosphate aldolase, and α-glucan phosphorylase were detected in endogenous stages, but there was no detectable β-glucosidase or sulfatase (utilizing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl sulfate as substrate) activities. Certain endogenous stages had either special activity and/or amounts of given enzymes. The affinity of certain cellular components for the cytochemical reaction products produced elsewhere led to difficulties in the interpretation of the results of the cytochemical investigation of leucine aminopeptidase in endogenous stages. Female gametocytes and unsporulated oocysts included large amounts of lipids stainable with Sudan black B and the fluorochrome 3,4-benzpyrene. Small droplets of lipid were detected in the cytoplasm of male gametocytes and in sporozoites. The refractile globule of the sporozoites stained moderately with both of these stains for lipids. Very small amounts of lipid, apparently “structural,” were detected in schizonts and merozoites.
Effect of trifluoperazine and other drugs on matrix vesicle formation by chicken growth plate chondrocytes in primary cell culture

Growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture release alkaline phosphatase (AP)-rich matrix vesicles (MV) into the culture medium. While these are thought to derive from the plasma membrane by a membrane fusion-dependent process, the mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, a cytosolic protein, synexin, has been shown to promote membrane fusion in a number of systems, and thus may be involved in MV formation. Since the action of synexin is selectively inhibited by trifluoperazine (TFP) and other phenothiazines, we examined the effects of these drugs, and imipramine, on cellular AP production and formation of AP-containing MV by cultured chondrocytes. In addition, we studied the effect on cell division, protein biosynthesis, and incorporation of palmitate into cellular and MV lipids. All of the drugs reduced cellular AP in a concentration-dependent manner; however, at the higher levels, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and TFP caused a transient sharp rise in MV AP activity. At IC50 levels, the drugs were more inhibitory to cellular AP than to MV AP, appearing to enhance significantly the transfer of available cellular AP into MV. In contrast, the drugs stimulated incorporation of [3H]palmitate into cellular lipids, but either had no effect on, or actually inhibited, incorporation of the fatty acid into MV. At these levels, the drugs had little effect on cell division and protein biosynthesis. The inhibitory effect of IC50 levels of CPZ on palmitate incorporation into MV appears to have resulted from impairment of vesicle formation per se, since at these levels the drug stimulated incorporation of the fatty acid into the cells. The transient stimulatory effect of higher levels of CPZ on MV AP levels, and the enhanced transfer of AP into MV by the drugs generally, may result from the effect of the drugs on membrane structure. Since TFP was not inhibitory to MV formation, it is doubtful that synexin was directly involved.
Community responsive schools, mixed housing, and community regeneration

Ethnographic research in 17 low‐income schools in the northeast of England is brought to bear on the relationship between the policies of community regeneration and practices of community responsive school leadership. Over 100 interviews and site visits with head teachers, politicians, teachers, community service providers, government officials, minority cultural coordinators, parents, students, and religious leaders reveal the importance of acknowledging and learning from successful primary schools that have served disadvantaged youth for generations. The article highlights the work of two head teachers who, aware of the larger context of their students, have created an environment, shaped a curriculum, and engaged a community to address the special needs of their students. Mixed housing policies, designed to bring middles‐class families into urban areas, supposedly to end social isolation and exclusion through the development of integrated schools, might in fact not only disrupt communities and families...
Intelligent data presentation for real-time spacecraft monitoring

This paper describes an intelligent user interface that is currently under development. The interface serves as a front end for real-time spacecraft monitoring software. The software operates under circumstances in which neither an intelligent human without automated assistance nor an automated system without intelligence are sufficiently effective. The user interface is supported by dynamic trade-off evaluation (DTE), a new technique that has been developed to automate general types of performance trade-offs in real-time problem solving systems. In this application, DTE is used to perform dynamic input data management for the purpose of determining which input data should be monitored in time constrained situations and how to present the monitoring information to a human analyst who has the ultimate responsibility for the spacecraft. This application has demonstrated that DTE can be used to dynamically vary the data that is monitored, making it possible to detect and correctly analyze all anomalous data by examining only a subset of the total input data. In carefully structured experimental evaluations that use real spacecraft data and real decision making, DTE provides the ability to handle a three-fold increase in input data (in real-time) without loss of performance and to intelligently present the information to a mission analyst.
Item‐reduction vs. subtest‐reduction short forms on the WAIS‐R with phychiatric inpatients

The relative performance of two Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) short forms, the Satz-Mogel item reduction technique (Adams, Smigielski, & Jenkins, 1984; Satz & Mogel, 1962) and the Silverstein (1982) subtest-reduction technique, was examined for a group of psychiatric inpatients (N = 75). The two short forms were evaluated on several criteria, including their ability to predict the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) using regression analysis, their reliability, and their total administration time. The standard error of estimates obtained in predicting the FSIQ were comparable for both short forms and resulted in a +/- 7 confidence interval to achieve 90% accuracy.
Between Classes: A Conference on Academic Labor

"The university works because we work!" That was the refrain at a confer ence on the crises facing academic labor at New York University on No vember 16, 1996. Faculty, graduate students, and university staff convened to report on working conditions and propose solutions to their problems as laborers in American academia. Graduate students related their efforts on many campuses to build organizations to protect their jobs as research and teaching assistants. Support staff rallied around New York University's clerical workers, whose campaign for a closed shop coincided with the conference. Adjunct faculty stressed their struggles to enter the university work force in better than casual subsistence conditions. Full-time faculty voiced concerns about threats to faculty unions, tenure, and full-time teach ing positions in the university while supporting the efforts of students, adjuncts, and staff to join them in the ranks of recognized and respected university workers. Despite the spirit of the participants, the picture presented at the conference was bleak. As the opening session affirmed, the American university is in crisis?and its workers are the first to experience its trou bles. Speakers dismissed the notion that the university is a liberal bastion in a landscape of bleak workplace transformations. Instead, insisted Carol Knox (United Auto Workers), the university is "catching up" to other industries in threatening its workers' compensation and job security. David Montgomery (Yale University) went further: He contended that univer sities are leaders in the casualization of professional work. Their adminis trators are ardent practitioners of the "lust for privatization," responding to often-artificial budget crises not by defending needs but by whittling at jobs and academic programs. They measure success at the bottom line, not in the classroom. Juan Flores, director of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies at the City University of New York, remembered that his job once involved "building community, directing research projects, and tying them to the community." Now he mainly fights to defend diminishing resources and to distribute them as fairly as possible. He has become a "hatchet man" for the administration's downsizing schemes, he complained. Constant cri
Mathematical modeling of buffers used in myocardial preservation.

Objective Buffers added to myocardial preservation solutions are considered to be critical for resisting myocardium pH changes from the accumulation of protons (H+). Our hypothesis is that mathematical modeling of three clinically used buffers will define their individual buffering capacities under simulated clinical conditions. Methods The buffers, tromethamine (THAM), sodium bicarbonate (HCO3-), and L-histidine, were compared in terms of their buffering capacity (beta) under specific temperatures and concentrations, using a mathematical model. Results At 37 degrees C, the maximal beta (betamax) occurred at pH 7.75 for THAM, pH 6.10 for HCO3-, and pH 5.89 for L-histidine at equimolar concentrations. A decrease in temperature moved betamax to a higher pH value for each buffer. At clinical concentrations, L-histidine provided the greatest buffering capacity followed by HCO3- and THAM, respectively. Discussion This model permitted comparison of the above buffers under simulated clinical conditions. The assumption was that the magnitude of betamax at a given temperature determines which buffer(s) could be most effective for myocardial preservation. Also, the assumption was taken that these buffers are used in a closed system--where there is no continuous blood flow--and that the buffering ability of THAM and L-histidine were not influenced by the accumulation of CO2 as is HCO3-. THAM and L-histidine were more effective at hypothermic temperatures compared with HCO3-; however, HCO3- provided buffering at normothermic temperatures. Through the theoretical considerations of this study, we propose that combining HCO3- with THAM or L-histidine could be most efficacious for myocardial preservation during open heart surgery or organ transplantation.
Detecting ALS and Parkinson’s disease in rats through locomotion analysis

We describe a method that detects locomotion deficiencies due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) in laboratory rats. The locomotion deficiencies are recognized by performing three different comparisons: (1) comparing the locomotion of an ALS model, G93A mutation of SOD1 with control rats, (2) comparing the locomotion of a PD model, 6-OHDA lesioned with control rats, and (3) comparing the locomotion of G93A/SOD1 and 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Each comparison resulted in different set of locomotion parameters for ALS and PD that characterized the locomotion deficiencies and resulted in the best logistic regression model that classifies the rats into diseased/healthy groups with minimum error. The sensitivity and the specificity of the classification for comparisons (1), (2), and (3) were above 90%.
Research Artifacts and the Social Psychology of Psychological Experiments

In psychological research with human subjects, experimenters need to anticipate potential artifacts that may be attributable to the social context of such research. Called research artifacts in this review, they are essentially uncontrolled, systematic errors (or biases) that threaten the degree of validity of statements made about whether changes in one variable result in changes in another variable. This discussion focuses on a proposed Markov-like model emphasizing three mediating variables that operate in a theoretical chain of events. One variable refers to the likelihood of the subject's receptivity to task-orienting cues (called demand characteristics), or incidental hints about the experimenter's expectations. A second variable refers to the likelihood of the subject's motivation (or willingness) to comply with those cues or hints. A third variable refers to the likelihood of the subject's capability of responding in accordance with the cues or hints. These three variables are discussed along with strategies that researchers can use to break the chain of events.
Localized fermions and anomaly inflow via deconstruction

We study fermion localization in gauge theory space. We consider four-dimensional product gauge groups in which light chiral fermions transform under different gauge factors of the product group. This construction provides a suppression of higher dimensional operators. For example, it can be used to suppress dangerous proton decay operators. The anomalies associated with the light chiral fermions are compensated by Wess-Zumino terms, which in the continuum limit reproduce the five-dimensional Chern-Simons term.
Stem Cells to Pancreatic β-Cells: New Sources for Diabetes Cell Therapy

The number of patients worldwide suffering from the chronic disease diabetes mellitus is growing at an alarming rate. Insulin-secreting β-cells in the islet of Langerhans are damaged to different extents in diabetic patients, either through an autoimmune reaction present in type 1 diabetic patients or through inherent changes within β-cells that affect their function in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. Cell replacement strategies via islet transplantation offer potential therapeutic options for diabetic patients. However, the discrepancy between the limited number of donor islets and the high number of patients who could benefit from such a treatment reflects the dire need for renewable sources of high-quality β-cells. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are capable of self-renewal and can differentiate into components of all three germ layers, including all pancreatic lineages. The ability to differentiate hESCs into β-cells highlights a promising strategy to meet the shortage of β-cells. Here, we review the different approaches that have been used to direct differentiation of hESCs into pancreatic and β-cells. We will focus on recent progress in the understanding of signaling pathways and transcription factors during embryonic pancreas development and how this knowledge has helped to improve the methodology for high-efficiency β-cell differentiation in vitro.
Mitochondrial Import and Processing of Wild Type and Type III Mutant Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase

Isovaleric acidemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD), a nucleus-encoded, homotetrameric, mitochondrial flavoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of isovaleryl-CoA to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA. We have previously identified a nucleotide deletion in the gene for IVD in fibroblasts from a patient with isovaleric acidemia leading to a shift in reading frame and premature termination of translation. The mutant IVD precursor is imported and processed to mature size, but no active enzyme is detected in mutant fibroblasts or expressed in Escherichia coli. Examination of the crystal structure of human IVD reveals that the C terminus is involved in tetramer stability. In vitro mitochondrial import experiments show that wild type IVD protein rapidly and stably forms mature homotetramer following import, whereas Type III mutant protein never forms stable oligomers. An additional series of mutant proteins with truncations and/or alterations in the C-terminal sequence implicates the C terminus of IVD in both enzyme activity and tetramer stability. Importantly, a dimeric intermediate in the folding pathway for wild type IVD has been identified in the in vitromitochondrial import experiments, the first report of such an intermediate in the biogenesis of an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
Mass transfer dynamics of the evaporation step in membrane formation by phase inversion

Abstract A diffusion model has been developed for the evaporation step of the phase inversion process which incorporates the effects of the moving air—film interface, concentration-dependence of the mutual diffusivity, and time-dependent mass transfer coefficient. Calculations are carried out for the cellulose acetate (CA)—acetone binary casting system to illustrate the effects of casting solution composition, casting film thickness and surface area, and initial vapor phase solvent composition on the evaporation rate. Results are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental desolvation curve data. Such comparisons are a characteristic of the homogeneous diffusion process and therefore not subject to arbitrary assumptions regarding precipitation time.
Application of the complex cepstrum to locate acoustic sources near reflective surfaces

The complex cepstrum is used to correct bearing estimations of acoustic sources in the presence of a reflective surface. The echo time delay, given by the complex cepstrum, then is used in conjunction with the bearing estimation and measurement array height to determine the distance to the source. Consequently, the location of the acoustic source is determined with one detection array. An automated liftering procedure is used that zeros out a block portion of the cepstrum including the echo information. The problem of the resulting distortion is alleviated by applying a coherence criterion to the recovered direct signals at each microphone. Thus, to a large degree, the operator interactive nature of cepstral processing is overcome for this application. For the test signals and geometries considered, the cepstrum is shown to accurately correct for bearing errors in acoustic signals contaminated with reflections from nearby surfaces as well as provide the necessary information to determine the source location.
Guided harmonic sinusoid estimation in a multi-pitch environment

We describe an algorithm to accurately estimate the fundamental frequency of harmonic sinusoids in a mixed voice recording environment using an aligned electronic score as a guide. Taking the pitch tracking results on individual voices prior to mixing as ground truth, we are able estimate the pitch of individual voices in a 4-part piece to within 50 cents of the correct pitch more than 90% of the time.
Experimental Investigation of Self-Actuating, Upper-Surface, High-Lift-Enhancing Effectors

The increase in the maximum lift of an airfoil caused by small, movable tabs mounted on its upper surface has been explored in low-speed, wind-tunnel experiments at a chord Reynolds number of 1 :0 ££ 10 6 . These devices, herein called lift-enhancing effectors, have a chord that is 9% that of the airfoil and deploy passively at angles of attack approaching stall.Compared to theclean airfoil, themaximum lift coefe cientis increased by approximately 20%withthesesimpledevices.Theliftincreaseismainlycausedbytheeffectorsactingas“ pressuredams,” allowing lower pressures upstream of their location than would occur otherwise. At an effector the pressure recovers in a stepwise manner and continues downstream toward a trailing-edge value that is higher than that of the clean airfoil. This higher trailing-edge pressure also contributes to the increase in lift by allowing higher pressures over much of thelowersurface. It has been shown that, in the absence of separation, properly installed effectors will lay e ush on the surface and allow the airfoil to have the same performance in the low-drag range as the clean airfoil.
Foundations of social epistemics

A conception of social epistemology is articulated with links to studies of science and opinion in such disciplines as history, sociology, and political science. The conception is evaluative, though, rather than purely descriptive. Three types of evaluative approaches are examined but rejected: relativism, consensualism, and expertism. A fourth, truth-linked, approach to intellectual evaluation is then advocated: social procedures should be appraised by their propensity to foster true belief. Standards of evaluation in social epistemics would be much the same as those in individual epistemics, only the objects of evaluation would be interpersonal patterns of judgment and communication, and institutional practices that bear on opinion formation.
Clinical Instructors' and Athletic Training Students' Perceptions of Teachable Moments in an Athletic Training Clinical Education Setting

Abstract Context: For some time, educators have advised clinical instructors (CIs) to capture the elusive teachable moment in clinical education. However, a universal definition of a teachable mome...
Cell cycle-dependent DNA damage signaling induced by ICRF-193 involves ATM, ATR, CHK2, and BRCA1

Topoisomerase II is essential for cell proliferation and survival and has been a target of various anticancer drugs. ICRF-193 has long been used as a catalytic inhibitor to study the function of topoisomerase II. Here, we show that ICRF-193 treatment induces DNA damage signaling. Treatment with ICRF-193 induced G2 arrest and DNA damage signaling involving γ-H2AX foci formation and CHK2 phosphorylation. DNA damage by ICRF-193 was further demonstrated by formation of the nuclear foci of 53BP1, NBS1, BRCA1, MDC1, and FANCD2 and increased comet tail moment. The DNA damage signaling induced by ICRF-193 was mediated by ATM and ATR and was restricted to cells in specific cell cycle stages such as S, G2, and mitosis including late and early G1 phases. Downstream signaling of ATM and ATR involved the phosphorylation of CHK2 and BRCA1. Altogether, our results demonstrate that ICRF-193 induces DNA damage signaling in a cell cycle-dependent manner and suggest that topoisomerase II might be essential for the progression of the cell cycle at several stages including DNA decondensation.
Novel concepts in androgen receptor blockade.

Androgen receptor blockade is a cornerstone of treatment the cancer. Despite castrate levels of testosterone, activation for prostate cancer. Despite castrate levels of testosterone, activation of the androgen receptor remains an important mediator of disease progression in the androgen "independent" state. Thus, maximal blockade of androgen receptor signaling is a continual goal in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this review we will discuss how various aspects of androgen receptor signaling are being targeted for therapeutic development in castration-resistant prostate cancer. These include direct androgen receptor inhibitors, inhibitors of adrenal androgen synthesis, and a dual 5a-reductase isoenzyme inhibitor.
Legume Green Fallow Effect on Soil Water Content at Wheat Planting and Wheat Yield

and yields were compared with wheat yields from conventional till other studies wheat yields following the green fallow wheat–fallow. Generally there were no significant differences in available soil water at wheat planting due to legume type. Soil water at period have been decreased due to lower soil water wheat planting was reduced by 55 mm when legumes were terminated content at wheat planting (Zentner et al., 1996; Schlegel early and by 104 mm when legumes were terminated late, compared and Havlin, 1997) or due to N deficiency (Pikul et al., with soil water in fallowed plots that were conventionally tilled. Aver- 1997). Under the higher temperature, higher evaporaage wheat yield was linearly correlated with average available soil tive demand environmental conditions of the central water at wheat planting, with the relationship varying from year to Great Plains, the positive economic trade-off between year depending on evaporative demand and precipitation in April, water used by the legumes and their favorable rotation May, and June. The cost in water use by legumes and subsequent and N fixing effects have not been observed (Vigil and decrease in wheat yield may be too great to justify use of legumes as Nielsen, 1998). The objectives of this study were (i) to fallow cover crops in wheat–fallow systems in semiarid environments. determine the effect of legume termination date (using four legume species) on available soil water content at winter wheat planting and subsequent wheat yield in a
How effective is school consultation?: A review of recent research

Abstract This paper reviews the results of 29 studies on the effectiveness of school consultation published between 1972 and 1977. Twenty-two of the studies reviewed (76%) reported at least one or more positive effects resulting from consultation interventions. Behavioral consultation was found to be particularly effective. Several methodological limitations of the studies which reduce the generality of their findings are discussed. These include lack of appropriate experimental control procedures, failure to control for individual consultant and consultee characteristics, infrequent use of multiple dependent measures assessing both attitudinal and behavioral changes, and the absence of follow-up data. Despite the problems entailed in measuring consultation outcomes, the practice does appear to be effective. Further research investigating the influence of specific consultation models and processes is recommended.
Measure by measure: how WBT can help create a social online presence

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss how web‐based technologies (WBT) can be applied to theater arts courses.Design/methodology/approach – Through a review of the literature and parallels drawn between theater and online pedagogy, the paper proposes ideas for incorporating asynchronous and synchronous discussions, collaborative projects, and ways to utilize authentic and alternative assessments in addition to or in place of pen‐and‐paper tests.Findings – WBT can be used as an effective enhancement to any theater course, though not in the same way for each area of theater. Almost any class can benefit from expanding the social dynamics through using asynchronous communications, but the true decision of the best way to utilize the benefits of WBT in a theater arts class is the same as for the integration into any class. The instructor must look at their own teaching style, the class objectives, and determine what usages will best enhance the learning process for the students in the particular c...
Metathesis Reactions of Tris(adamantylimido)methylrhenium and Aldehydes and Imines

The tris(imido)methylrhenium compound CH3Re(NAd)3 (Ad = 1-adamantyl) was prepared and characterized. It reacts with aromatic aldehydes ArCHO forming the imines ArCHNAd. The reaction occurs in three...
A new ecological-severity ranking of major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises

A new ecological-severity ranking of the major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises is proposed in which the Capitanian crisis is ranked lesser than the Frasnian (Late Devonian) but greater than the Serpukhovian (end-Mississippian), and the Famennian (end-Devonian) crisis is ranked as equal in ecological impact to the Hirnantian (end-Ordovician). Two new decouplings between taxonomic severity and ecological severity are revealed in these analyses, the Capitanian and Famennian crises, in which the ecological impact of the biodiversity loss was markedly different from the magnitude of the biodiversity loss. These analyses also reveal that the “Great Devonian Interchange” (GDI) invasive-species event in the Givetian biodiversity crisis may provide an important palaeoecological analog for the study of present-day extinction and homogenization in ecosystems produced by modern invasive species.
Fluency, disfluency, dysfluency, and stuttering

Abstract The appropriate use of words, particularly certain words, is a persisting problem in the field of stuttering. This paper discusses some of the misuse involving four words basic to the field.
Human periodontal ligament cell viability in milk and milk substitutes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of several milk substitutes compared to whole milk in maintaining the viability of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on avulsed teeth. PDL cells were obtained from freshly extracted, healthy third molars and cultured in Eagle’s minimal essential media (EMEM). The cells were plated onto 24-well culture plates and allowed to attach for 24 h. EMEM was replaced with refrigerated whole milk (positive control), reconstituted powdered milk, evaporated milk, or one of two baby formulas (Similac® or Enfamil®). Tap water served as the negative control. Tissue culture plates were incubated with the experimental media at 37°C for 1, 2, 4, or 8 h. Cell viability was determined by a cell proliferation assay (CellTiter 96® AQ Assay), with absorbance read at 450 nM. A two-way ANOVA (p
Workshop weighs climate change studies at Valles caldera

The 22-km-diameter Valles caldera is the world's type resurgent caldera and is host to a 280°C liquid-dominated hydrothermal system [Smith and Bailey, 1968; Goffand Gardner, 1994]. The caldera also contains various lacustrine sediments and hydromagmatic deposits dating from the inception of caldera formation to roughly 50 ka. More recent bog deposits are also present. Many of these deposits are presumably buried within the caldera moat and overlain and interbedded with post-caldera moat rhyolite eruptions. New geologic mapping at the 1:24,000 scale shows that the best exposures of lacustrine rocks occur on the uplifted flanks of the central resurgent dome [Goff et al., 2003] and as eroded remnants within the encircling valleys.
Oligosaccharides accumulated in the kidney of a goat with β-mannosidosis: Mass spectrometry of intact permethylated derivatives☆

Abstract Two oligosaccharides accumulate in the kidney of a goat with β-mannosidosis. These oligosaccharides were isolated and purified from kidney extracts by Bio-Gel P2 gel permeation column chromatography. Their structures were characterized as Manβ1 → 4GlcNAc and Manβ1 → 4G1cNAcβ1 → 4G1cNAc by mass spectrometry of the permethylated intact oligosaccharide alcohols and permethylated native oligosaccharides. Carbohydrate composition analysis, methylation linkage studies, and enzymatic hydrolysis were also performed. Stored in 1 g of kidney were 1.6 μmol of disaccharide and 7.6 μmol of trisaccharide, which was three times that found in the brain of this affected animal ( M. Z. Jones and R. A. Laine, 1981, J. Biol. Chem., 256, 5181–5184 ). In both the brain and kidney of the affected goat, oligosaccharide accumulation was evidently represented by membrane-bound, electron-lucent vacuoles in numerous cell types. While lesions in the brain were associated with profound neurological deficits, functional impairment of the kidney was not apparent. Similar oligosaccharides excreted in urine may be derived from those stored in the kidney. The mass spectrometric methods utilized in this investigation will facilitate comparison of oligosaccharide composition in different tissues and biological samples in β-mannosidosis and other disorders of glycoprotein catabolism.
Modulation of Parallel Fiber Excitability by Postsynaptically Mediated Changes in Extracellular Potassium

Field potentials and extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o) were simultaneously monitored in the molecular layer of the rat cerebellar cortex during stimulation of the parallel fibers. The synaptic field potential elicited by stimulation was reduced by several methods. Reduction of synaptic field potentials was accompanied by a marked increase in the excitability of the parallel fibers. This change in excitability was related to the degree of extracellular K+ accumulation associated with parallel fiber stimulation. These findings support the proposal that increases in [K+]o associated with activity in postsynaptic elements can modulate the excitability of presynaptic afferent fibers.
Electrophoretic studies of serum proteins and glycoproteins during early stages of experimental tuberculosis.

SummaryThe systemic effects of acute experimental tuberculosis as reflected by alterations in concentration and distribution of the proteins and protein-bound carbohydrates of serum were investigated by filter paper electrophoresis. Electrophoretic analyses were performed on serum samples from groups of adult female guinea pigs sacrificed 8, 15, 19, 29, and 50 days following inoculation with 0.1 mg M. tuberculosis. Significant increases occurred in total serum glycoprotein levels and in the protein component of the α1-globulin fraction 8 days post-infection. A marked elevation of the polysaccharide moiety of the α2-globulin fraction and a significant decline in albumin protein was observed 15 days following infection. With the exception of significant increases in the components of the γ-globulin fraction in the latter stages of the study, major alterations in the other subfractions of serum had occurred by 15 days postinfection. It is suggested that the early alterations in electrophoretic patterns repre...
Optical inspection of holes in jet engine blades

The need for improved thermal efficiency of jet engines has led to changes in the design of combustor turbine blades. Modern turbine stage inlet temperatures now exceed the melting point temperatures of turbine blade materials. Super alloys, based on nickel, have been developed for use as blades, guide vanes, afterburners etc. To combat and avert blade failure caused by excessive operating temperatures, film cooling has been incorporated into blade design. In film cooling, cool air is bled from the compressor stage, ducted into internal chambers of the turbine blades, and discharged through small holes in the blade walls. This provides a thin, cool, insulating blanket along the external surface of the turbine blade, and large numbers of shaped holes have allowed designers to maximize the cooling effect. This paper explores a new design for measuring the presence and depth of blind holes in turbine blade. In the paper, we examine the inspection techniques currently in use and present a novel optical technique as an alternative. To precisely locate and measure the holes on the turbine blade, an XYZ translation stage is employed. Using a small collimating tube, a micro-beam illuminates each hole in a pre-programmed fashion. Depending on the level of reflected intensity and when it occurs, the presence of a hole bottom is determined. The optical inspection system consists of a laser, motorized micro-positioning stage, collimating tube, optical detector/amplifier, data acquisition software and a customized fixture for manipulating the samples.
Direct measurement of thermal expansion of sea water under pressure

Abstract The thermal expansion of sea water under pressure has been measured over a temperature range of − 2°C to 30°C at 2°C intervals for salinities of 30·50%, 35·00%, and 39·50%. The pressure range was 8–1001 bars (absolute). A direct measurement technique was used in which the change of volume of a water sample in a dilatometer was measured with the sample held under constant pressure and subjected to a temperature change. Temperature derivatives of specific volume were derived; it is estimated that they are accurate to better than 3 × 10−6 (cm3/g°C). An interpolation formula which fits these values to 1 × 10−6 (cm3/g°C) is given. In the temperature and pressure region of oceanographic interest the present results for the temperature derivative of specific volume show very good agreement both with the currently accepted values (Ekman and Knudsen) and with those based on sound velocity measurements (Crease). They do not, however, compare as favorably at low temperatures with the values computed either from the equation of state of Wilson and Bradley or from Eckart's representation of Ekman and Knudsen's experimental data.