cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organization of the cerebellum in the pigeon (Columba livia): II. Projections of the cerebellar nuclei

The projections of the deep cerebellar nuclei in the pigeon have been delineated using autoradiographic and histochemical (WGA-HRP) tracing techniques. A medial (CbM) and lateral (CbL) cerebellar nucleus are recognized and CbM may be further partitioned into internal, intermediate, and intercalate divisions. As in mammals, most extracerebellar projections of CbM travel in the fasciculus uncinatus (FU); the rest travel with those of CbL in the brachium conjunctivum (BC). In the pigeon, both of these pathways are bilaterally but primarily contralaterally projecting systems. FU is a predominantly descending tract, with terminations within (1) the vestibular complex, (2) a column of contiguous medial reticular nuclei from pontine to caudal medullary levels; (3) the plexus of Horsley portion of the parvicellular reticular formation, continuing through the nucleus centralis medullae oblongatae, pars dorsalis, into intermediate layer VII of the cervical spinal cord, down to cervical segment 8-9; (4) the lateral reticular nucleus and the paragigantocellular reticular nucleus; (5) the dorsal lamella of the inferior olive. Rostrally FU terminals are found in the locus ceruleus and dorsal subcerulean nucleus. Minimal FU projections are also seen to the motor trigeminal nucleus and the subnucleus oralis of the descending trigeminal system. A small projection from the intercalate division of CbM travels in BC and projects upon the midbrain central grey, the intercollicular nucleus, the lateral tectal periventricular grey, the stratum cellulare externum and, sparsely, upon the dorsolateral thalamus. The bulk of BC originates from the lateral cerebellar nucleus and consists of a massive ascending and a small descending branch. The ascending system projects upon the red nucleus and the dorsally adjacent interstitial nucleus of Cajal and midbrain central grey, the prerubral fields continuing into the stratum cellulare externum, the nucleus intercalatus thalami, the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, the medial spiriform nucleus, the nucleus principalis precommissuralis, the nucleus of the basal optic root, the nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis, the dorsolateral thalamus, including the dorsal intermediate posterior, and the dorsolateral intermediate and anterior nuclei. BC also contains axons from the infracerebellar nucleus, which projects upon the trochlear and the oculomotor nuclei. The descending branch of BC distributes to the papilioform nucleus, the medial pontine nucleus, the gigantocellular and paramedian reticular nuclei, and, minimally, the rostral portions of the medial column and ventral lamella of the inferior olive. Taken in conjunction with data on amphibia and reptiles the present findings suggest that the fundamental ground plan of vertebrate cerebellar organization involves a medial and lateral cerebellar nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Innumeracy in social problems construction: Missing children, vanishing workers, and other statistical claims

Statistical claims are often central to the contemporary construction of social problems. The failure to subject these figures to critical analysis is a form of innumeracy, the inability to deal effectively with mathematical concepts. Two cases from the United States -estimates of the number of missing children, and projections for the workforce in the year 2000 -illustrate how the uncritical acceptance of inaccurate statistics can shape policy debates. Claimsmakers, the mass media, and the media audience all contribute to the innumerate interpretation of social statistics.
Thawing soil strength measurements for predicting vehicle performance

Abstract The CRREL Instrumented Vehicle (CIV), shear annulus, direct shear and triaxial compression devices were used to characterize the strength of thawed and thawing soil. Strength was evaluated in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb failure parameters c ′ and φ′, which can be used in simple models to predict the tractive performance of vehicles. Use of an instrumented wheel (like those of the CIV) is proposed for terrain strength characterization for traction prediction because the conditions created by a tire slipping on a soil surface are exactly duplicated. The c ′ and φ′ values from a portable shear annulus overpredict traction because of the curved nature of the soil failure envelope in the region of low normal stress applied by a portable annulus. Of all the tests, the direct shear test yielded the highest φ′ value, due to its slow deformation rate and drained conditions. The triaxial test produced results closest to those of the instrumented wheel. For all methods, φ′ increases with soil moisture but decreases rapidly beyond the liquid limit of the soil. The φ′ measured with the vehicle was also found to be strongly influenced by the freeze-thaw layering of the soil.
Architectural Role of HMO1 in Bending, Bridging and Compacting DNA

HMO1 proteins are abundant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) proteins. HMGB proteins are nuclear proteins that are known to have an architectural function. HMO1 possesses two HMGB box domains. It has been reported that double box HMGB proteins induce strong bends upon binding to DNA. It is also believed that they play an essential role in reorganizing chromatin and therefore are likely to be involved in gene activation. To characterize DNA binding we combine single molecule stretching experiments and AFM imaging of HMO1 proteins bound to DNA. By stretching DNA bound to HMO1, we determine the dissociation constant and the cooperative parameter. Furthermore, we learn that HMO1 proteins form loops, and by pulling on these loops, we characterize the size of these loops and the average force to break a loop. Stretching experiments enable us to study the dynamics of loop formation and the time for reformation of these loops after they are pulled apart. AFM images are used to probe the conformations of individual HMO1-DNA complexes. The results show that at lower concentrations, HMO1 preferentially binds to the ends of the double helix and links separate DNA strands, forming bridges. At higher concentrations HMO1 induces formation of a complex network that reorganizes DNA. Taken together, these results suggest that both HMG boxes of HMO1 participate in multiple functions in vivo.
Iliofemoral stenting for venous occlusive disease.

Background Venous hypertension is a significant cause of patient morbidity and decreased quality of life. Common etiologies of venous hypertension include deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or congenital abnormalities resulting in chronic outflow obstruction. We have implemented an aggressive endovascular approach for the treatment of iliac venous occlusion with angioplasty and stenting. The purpose of this study was to determine the patency rates with this approach at a large tertiary care center. Materials/Methods All patients undergoing iliofemoral venous angioplasty and stenting over a 4-year period were identified from a vascular surgical registry. Charts were reviewed retrospectively for patient demographics, the extent of venous system involvement, the time course of the venous pathology, and any underlying cause. Technical aspects of the procedure including previous angioplasty or stenting attempts and presence of collaterals on completion venogram were then recorded. Patency upon follow-up was determined using primarily ultrasound scans; other imaging methods were used if patency was not clear using an ultrasound scan. Results A total of 36 patients (40 limbs) were stented from January 2005 through December 2008. Of these patients, 27 were women (75%). Both lower extremities were involved in 4 patients. Thrombolysis was performed in 19 patients (52.8%). Thrombosis was considered acute ( P Conclusion Iliofemoral venous stenting provides a safe and effective option for the treatment of iliac venous occlusive disease. Acceptable patency rates can be expected through short-term follow-up, especially in the case of May-Thurner syndrome. Further experience with this approach and longer-term follow-up is necessary. Thrombophilia workup should be pursued aggressively in this population, and further studies should be undertaken to determine the optimal length of anticoagulation therapy after stent placement.
Milton's Case for a Free Commonwealth

This article will examine the development of John Milton’s arguments for democracy as against monarchy and other sorts ofautocratic rule. These arguments are interesting both in their own right and insofar as they shed light on historiographicaldebatesconcerningtheclassicalrepublicantradition.Miltonisshowntoholdanegativeconceptionofliberty,asopposedtoapositive or participatory conception, which lends support to the neo-roman interpretation of that tradition, associated withQuentinSkinnerandPhilipPettit.However,itisfurthershownthatSinnerandPettitmisunderstandtheclassicalrepublicans’casefordemocracy,attributingtothemaconceptualargumentinplaceofanempiricalone.AbetterunderstandingofMilton’spolitical theory contributes to a better understanding of this dilemma, and perhaps suggests a solution.
Differential effect of ammonium on the induction of nitrate and nitrite reductase activities in roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings

The effect of exogenous NH 4 + on the induction of nitrate reductase activity (NRA; EC 1.6.6.1) and nitrite reductase activity (NiRA; EC 1.7.7.1) in roots of 8-day-old intact barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was studied. Enzyme activities were induced with 0.1, 1 or 10 mM NO 3 - in the presence of 0, 1 or 10 mM NH 4 + . Exogenous NH 4 + partially inhibited the induction of NRA when roots were exposed to 0.1 mM, but not to 1 or 10 mM NO 3 - . In contrast, the induction of NiRA was inhibited by NH 4 + at all NO 3 - levels. Maximum inhibition of the enzyme activities occurred at 1.0 mM NH 4 + . Pretreatment with NH 4 + had no effect on the subsequent induction of NRA in the absence of additional NH 4 + ; whereas the induction of NiRA in NH 4 + -Pretreated roots was inhibited in the absence of NH 4 + . At 10 mM NO 3 - L-methionine sulfoximine stimulated the induction of NRA whether or not exogenous NH 4 + was present. In contrast, the induction of NiRA was inhibited by L-methionine sulfoximine irrespective of NH 4 + supply. During the postinduction phase, exogenous NH 4 + decreased NRA in roots supplied with 0.1 mM but not with 1 mM NO 3 - ; whereas, NiRA was unaffected by NH 4 + at either substrate concentration. The results indicate that exogenous NH 4 + regulates the induction of NRA in roots by limiting the availability of NO 3 - . Conversely, it has a direct effect, independent of the availability of NO 3 - , on the induction of NiRA. The lack of an NH 4 + effect on NiRA during the postinduction phase is apparently due to a slower turnover rate of that enzyme.
Stress distributions in growing polycrystalline oxide films

Abstract We analyze the generation of stresses in polycrystalline oxide films formed via the oxidation of a substrate using a new continuum model. The model includes a description of the polycrystalline microstructure in two dimensions. The diffusion of all independent components, the rate of the oxidation reaction and the effect of stresses on these are accounted for in a thermodynamically self-consistent manner. Grain boundaries serve both as high diffusivity paths and as sites for oxide formation. Different diffusion controlled oxidation regimes (rapid oxygen/cation diffusion, comparable oxygen/cation diffusivities) and different grain boundary/bulk diffusivity ratios are examined within this framework. Numerical solutions reveal large lateral stress gradients, with stresses concentrated around the grain boundaries. While the average in-plane stress is compressive and the stress at the film/substrate interface near the grain boundary highly so, large tensile stresses are observed near the grain boundary at the film surface. These predictions are consistent with experimental observations on polycrystalline oxide growth. We also present analytical approximations for the stress distribution in the film that capture the essential features of the numerical results.
Hispanic. An epidemiologic meaningful term needed for public health planning.

Epidemiologyis the study of the causes and consequences of disease in human populations. The aim is to study a sample of a population to make assumptions about the state of health of a broader population, and then to apply these findings to the individual. To calculate an incidence or prevalence rate of a specific condition, the denominator or underlying population at risk needs to be specified over some time interval. The population needs to be defined in advance and enumerated and some standardized definitions employed. Common terminology allows studies to be linked and permits the broader study of national disease statistics that are used to define the health of our nation. Statistics regarding mortality, the incidence and prevalence of disease, and analyses of time trends require large efforts to collect the necessary data to make any meaningful statements. The US Census is the main source of most of our
Characteristic differences in modulation of stomatogastric musculature by a neuropeptide in three species of Cancer crabs

Stomatogastric musculature from crabs in the genus Cancer provides a system in which modulatory roles of peptides from the FLRFamide family can be compared. The anterior cardiac plexus (ACP) is a neuroendocrine release site within the Cancer stomatogastric nervous system that is structurally identical in C. borealis, C. productus, and C. magister but that appears to contain FLRFamide-like peptide(s) only in C. productus. We measured the effect of TNRNFLRFamide on nerve-evoked contractions of muscles that were nearby, an intermediate distance, or far from the ACP. We found the spatial pattern of FLRFamidergic modulation of muscles in C. productus to be qualitatively different than in C. borealis or C. magister. In C. productus, muscles proximal to the ACP were more responsive than distal muscles. In C. borealis, FLRFamidergic response was less dependent on muscle location. These results suggest that functionally different roles of FLRFamides in modulating stomatogastric muscle movements may have evolved in different Cancer species.
EFFECT OF METHYLATED BEPRIDIL ON SLOW ACTION POTENTIALS IN CARDIAC MUSCLE AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE

The anti-anginal agent bepridil blocks slow Ca2+ channels in a variety of tissues. Since bepridil accumulates inside cells, the possibility exists that bepridil acts, at least partially, from inside the cell. To test this possibility, we examined the effects of a quaternary ammonium analog of bepridil, methylated bepridil, which presumably would enter the cells less readily, on the Ca2+-dependent slow action potentials of guinea pig papillary muscles (in 25 mM [K+]0) and rabbit pulmonary arteries (in tetraethylammonium chloride). In cardiac muscle, methylated bepridil had little effect on the slow action potentials at low stimulation frequencies (0.5 Hz), but at higher frequencies (1.0 and 2.0 Hz) the slow action potentials were depressed and/or the muscle was unable to follow each stimulation. These effects are similar to those obtained with bepridil, but bepridil was more potent than methylated bepridil. In vascular smooth muscle cells, methylated bepridil inhibited the slow action potentials at a somewhat lower dose than bepridil. We conclude that, in cardiac muscle, bepridil probably has two sites of action, one outside the cell (presumably on or associated with the slow Ca2+ channel) and a second site inside the cell. On the other hand, in vascular smooth muscle cells, bepridil may act only on an external site.
A New Hybrid RANS/LES Modeling Methodology for CFD Applications

The primary weakness of current hybrid RANS/LES (HRL) models lies in the treatment of the “transition zone,” where the value and the physical interpretation of the eddy viscosity changes from LES to RANS, or vice versa. In order to address this problem, the initial version of a new HRL modeling methodology has been developed that incorporates two separate turbulent stress parameters (one from the LES model and the other from the RANS model). In this paper, the viability of the new model is demonstrated by predictions of the flow over a backward facing step, which is one of the canonical test cases used for the validation of turbulence models. The simulation results of backward facing step flow at ReH = 37,000 provided by Menter’s Shear Stress Transport (SST) model, a new version of Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) i.e. delayed DES model, and the new model are compared with experiments. Mesh sensitivity of the models is also studied employing two different types of mesh, in order to test the wide applicability of the HRL models in various realistic flow simulations. Pressure and skin friction distributions and mean velocity profiles obtained with the new HRL model show improved agreement with the experimental measurements versus DES, and less sensitivity to the mesh details. Turbulent kinetic energy profiles of both the new model and the RANS model show qualitatively good agreement with experiments.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Discourse features as criteria in judging the intellectual ability of speakers

This study was undertaken to identify and describe those features of spoken discourse that native speakers of English consider to be indicative of level of intellectual functioning. Thirty judges listened to eleven narrations of a short film and then identified the speakers as “mildly mentally retarded” or “not retarded” and gave reasons for their decisions. The discourse criteria cited by judges in making their judgments fell into the categories of Detail, Coherence, Story Construction, Storytelling Performance, and Metacomments. The nature and relative importance of each of these categories is discussed.
The diversity of North American projectile-point types, before and after the bow and arrow

Abstract Mimicking paleobiological studies of biodiversity, changes in the diversity of temporal types of North American projectile points are modeled to reveal evolutionary patterns of origination and extinction. Origination is modeled as rapid innovation of multiple point types (high diversity), and extinction is modeled as gradual winnowing of less-efficient types. Introduction of the bow and arrow as a new weapon-delivery system is modeled as an increase in point diversity. Six sequences of points (dart + arrow), six sequences of dart points, and six sequences of arrow points from western North America best match the model when the number of time periods ⩾5 and the number of types is >3.
Brontides: Natural Explosive Noises

Episodes of explosive noises of natural origin, or brontides, have been well documented, often in association with seismic activity and in a few cases as precursors to major earthquakes. Ground-to-air acoustic transmission from shallow earthquakes can account for many of these episodes, but not for all, and other causes, such as the sudden eruption of gas from high-pressure sources in the ground may at times have been responsible. Confusion with distant thunder or artillery at times of anomalous sound propagation complicates the analysis, and more recently the greatly increased frequency of artificial explosive noises and sonic booms has tended to mask the recognition of natural brontides.
Bowel care practices in chronic spinal cord injury patients

Abstract Objective: To determine current characteristics of bowel care practices of chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Design: Prospective interview and examination of 100 SCI patients injured for more than 1 year. Setting: Freestanding rehabilitation outpatient SCI center. Participants: One hundred chronic SCI patients. Results: The following bowel program characteristics were found: alternate-day programs were most common; most subjects performed their programs in the morning; and tetraplegic subjects performed their programs less often, used suppositories more often, required greater assistance, and took longer to complete their programs. Conclusions: Bowel dysfunction in chronic SCI need not be associated with complications in the majority of cases.
Effects of GP IIb/IIIa receptor monoclonal antibody (7E3), heparin, and aspirin in an ex vivo canine arteriovenous shunt model of stent thrombosis

Background Thrombosis is an important limitation of metallic coronary stents, especially in smaller vessels in which shear rates are high. Monoclonal antibody to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (7E3) has been shown to inhibit shear-induced platelet aggregation. In this study, we compared the effects of 7E3, heparin, and aspirin on stent thrombosis in an ex vivo arteriovenous shunt model of high-shear blood flow. Methods and Results An ex vivo arteriovenous shunt was created in 10 anesthetized dogs. Control rough-surface slotted-tube nitinol stents (n=72) expanded to 2 mm in diameter in a tubular perfusion chamber were interposed in the shunt and exposed to flowing arterial blood at a shear rate of 2100 s−1 for 20 minutes. The animals were treated with intravenous murine 7E3 (Fab′)2 (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg), heparin (100 U/kg), or aspirin (10 mg/kg). Effects of the test agents on thrombus weight, platelet aggregation, platelet P-selectin expression, bleeding time, and activated clotting time (ACT)...
Solvable world problems in semigroups

Small cancellation theory has been an important tool in group theory. Remmers [R] in his thesis has applied some of the techniques to show that a finitely presented semigroupS has a solvable word problem if the presentation satisfiesC(3). In this paper, which was part of the doctoral dissertation [C] of the first named author, we show that the word problem forS is solvable ifS is finitely presented and satisfiesC(2) andT(4). This completes the analogy with the small cancellation hypotheses in group theory, see for example [LS], Chapter V. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the referee for pointing out a mistake in the original manuscript and suggesting the correct definition ofT(4).
Cementation of polyethylene liners into well-fixed metal shells at the time of revision total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Cementing polyethylene liners into well-fixed metal shells at revision total hip arthroplasty is an accepted technique. Previous studies have tested the initial strength of this construct, but none have tested the construct under physiologic and abnormal loading conditions. The current study examines liner-shell performance under these conditions. In addition, this study quantitates whether hand-modified regular liners or liners designed for cementation with integrated cement spacers, which provide an even cement mantle, perform better. Cyclic loads of up to 4000 N for 500000 cycles followed by 2000 N for 200000 cycles of edge loading were used. The liners with integrated spacers demonstrated higher lever-out moments and statistically significant increase in tear-out loads.
Role of epidermal growth factor receptor degradation in gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity.

We have recently reported that treatment with gemcitabine, a potent chemotherapeutic agent and radiation sensitizer, stimulates phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Because phosphorylation of EGFR is known to precede receptor degradation, we hypothesized that gemcitabine treatment may also result in EGFR degradation. In two human head and neck cancer cell lines, UMSCC-1 and UMSCC-6, we demonstrated an approximately 80% decrease in total EGFR levels at 72 h after a 2-h treatment with 1 μ M gemcitabine. Neither cisplatin nor 5-fluorouracil, which are used to treat head and neck cancer, caused EGFR degradation. EGFR downregulation did not occur at the level of transcription, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), but instead occurred via phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the receptor along a proteosome/lysosome-mediated pathway. Inhibition of EGFR degradation, by either pretreatment with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib or by exposure to the proteosome/lysosome inhibitor MG132, significantly reduced gemcitabine-induced cell death. These results suggest that EGFR degradation may be a novel mechanism for gemcitabine-mediated cell death. These findings also indicate that caution should be exercised when combining gemcitabine with agents that may prevent EGFR degradation, such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors administered in a suboptimal sequence or proteosome inhibitors.
Education and Counseling for Norplant Users

Because Norplant provides effective contraception for 5 years, it is an excellent choice for many women. However, it has side effects that have prompted early removal in a significant number of women. Nurses who educate and counsel women about Norplant before insertion and provide support and management of side effects afterward can increase user satisfaction and long-term continuation.
Mitomycin C-treated 3T3 fibroblasts used as feeder layers for human keratinocyte culture retain the capacity to generate eicosanoids

Murine 3T3 fibroblasts, treated with mitomycin C in order to inhibit their proliferation, have been extensively used as feeder layers to enhance the cultivation of human keratinocytes in vitro. In order to identify possible factors responsible for this enhancing effect, studies were undertaken to determine whether eicosanoid generation by 3T3 cells was preserved following mitomycin C treatment. Accordingly, both untreated and mitomycin C-treated 3T3 cells were incubated with [1-14C]arachidonic acid and their qualitative generation of [1-14C]labeled eicosanoids assessed by thin layer chromatography. Levels of endogenously generated eicosanoids were quantitatively determined by specific radioimmunoassays performed on culture supernatants obtained from incubations of both treated and untreated cells. Results of these studies demonstrate that mitomycin C treatment, although preventing the proliferation of 3T3 cells, failed to alter their generation of prostaglandin E2 or 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha. Furthermore, in parallel cultures, the untreated 3T3 cells stopped generating eicosanoids upon reaching confluence, whereas the mitomycin C-treated 3T3 cells that did not proliferate continued to generate eicosanoids.
To ask a question, one must know enough to know what is not known

In this study, we test the notion that a prerequisite for asking questions about new topic matter is some appropriate level of knowledge. Learners should ask the most questions when their knowledge is well matched to the level of presentation. To test this hypothesis, we tested learners with two levels of background knowledge using learning material with two levels of difficulty. The learners were instructed to say aloud all their questions and thoughts while learning. With the easier material, novice learners asked more, questions than trained learners; with the harder material, trained learners asked more questions than novice learners. The results suggest that any theory of question asking in learning should consider the interaction between the levels of knowledge of the asker and of the material.
Impact of Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes on Locoregional Recurrence in Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Background Gene expression studies have identified distinct breast cancer subtypes, including luminal A, luminal B, Her2-enriched, and Basal-like, which differ in survival. The impact of subtypes on locoregional recurrence (LRR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer is unknown.
Detection of Oceanic Quasi-Zonal Jets from Altimetry Observations

AbstractRecent analyses of observations and ocean model outputs have revealed coherent low-frequency quasi-zonal jets in observed sea surface height (SSH) anomaly and model velocity fields. The jets were latent, that is, they were not detectable by eye, but revealed and selected by time-averaging procedures. Time-averaging procedures, when applied to fields that contain propagating features (eddies and waves), can create jetlike structures of nonphysical nature (artifacts). This paper suggests the application of three criteria to distinguish real jets from these artifacts, and demonstrates that quasi-zonal jets extracted from satellite altimetry observations off California were not artifacts. First, quasi-zonal jets off California were stronger than artifacts: the observed SSH for the jets reached 4–5 cm, which is considerably larger than SSH artifacts, which did not exceed 0.9–1.2 cm. Second, axes of the observed jets were not always oriented along the paths of propagating mesoscale features (waves and e...
Hypocalcemic Effect of Pentagastrin and Related Gasitrointestinal Hormonal Peptides in the Rat1

The hypocalcemic effect of gastrointestinal hormonal peptides was evaluated in young fasted rats. Systemic iv injection of synthetic pentagastrin and tetragastrin and of native porcine gastrin in doses of 4-12 μg/rat produced modest hypocalcemia (fall of 6-12%) IS and 30 min later. By 60 min after injection normocalcemia was reestablished. Single injections of pentagastrin produced hypophosphatemia as well as hypocalcemia. The hypocalcemic effect of pentagrastrin was abolished after acute removal of the thyroid gland, suggesting that the secretion of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) was involved. This interpretation also was supported by the fact that the magnitude and duration of hypocalcemia produced in rats by iv gastrointestinal peptides could be mimicked by a small (0.25 mU) iv dose of porcine TCT. In related experiments, multiple iv injections of pentagastrin at 30-min intervals into intact rats failed to maintain the hypocalcemic effect observed 30 min after a single injection. Injection of a high dose of bet...
Free‐radical polymerizations initiated by triethylaluminum–cuprous chloride mixtures

Methyl methacrylate was polymerized by triethylaluminum—cuprous chloride catalyst. A study of the polymerization kinetics indicated that the overall rate was represented by the equation, Rp = K[AlEt3] [CuCl]½ [M]2. The overall activation energy was 16.5 kcal/mole. From ESR measurement and the results of copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with styrene, it was suggested that the catalytic system has the character of a radical initiator. A polymerization scheme was also proposed.
Metabolic Profiling of the Sink-to-Source Transition in Developing Leaves of Quaking Aspen

Profiles of small polar metabolites from aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) leaves spanning the sink-to-source transition zone were compared. Approximately 25% of 250 to 300 routinely resolved peaks were identified, with carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids being most abundant. Two-thirds of identified metabolites exhibited greater than 4-fold changes in abundance during leaf ontogeny. In the context of photosynthetic and respiratory measurements, profile data yielded information consistent with expected developmental trends in carbon-heterotrophic and carbon-autotrophic metabolism. Suc concentration increased throughout leaf expansion, while hexose sugar concentrations peaked at mid-expansion and decreased sharply thereafter. Amino acid contents generally decreased during leaf expansion, but an early increase in Phe and a later one in Gly and Ser reflected growing commitments to secondary metabolism and photorespiration, respectively. The assimilation of nitrate and utilization of stored Asn appeared to be marked by sequential changes in malate concentration and Asn transaminase activity. Principal component and hierarchical clustering analysis facilitated the grouping of cell wall maturation (pectins, hemicelluloses, and oxalate) and membrane biogenesis markers in relation to developmental changes in carbon and nitrogen assimilation. Metabolite profiling will facilitate investigation of nitrogen use and cellular development in Populus sp. varying widely in their growth and pattern of carbon allocation during sink-to-source development and in response to stress.
MODERATE HYPOTHERMIA IN MAN: HAEMODYNAMIC AND METABOLIC EFFECTS

Studies were performed on four patients undergoing intracranial operation during the induction and reversal of surface hypothermia to 30°C. Oxygen uptake decreased an average of 26 per cent from 34° to 30°C to a mean value of 48 per cent of predicted basal uptake. At the same time, cardiac output decreased only 11.5 per cent, resulting in a consistent rise in calculated mixed venous oxygen saturation from a mean of 76 to 81 per cent at 30°C. As a result of this and the effect of cooling on oxygen dissociation, the estimated tension of oxygen in mixed venous blood remained virtually unchanged. When shivering was allowed to occur in two patients, oxygen uptake increased approximately 50 per cent without any concomitant increase in cardiac output. Observed right atrial and SVC oxygen saturations correlated well with calculated mixed venous oxygen saturations with regard to direction and magnitude of change with change in temperature.
International Telecom Settlements: Gaming Incentives, Carrier Alliances and Pareto‐Superior Reform

Liberalized countries that allow competition in international telecommunications favor traffic re-routing practices as arbitrage against foreign monopolists. This view is seriously incomplete. Monopolists, allied with carriers in liberalized countries, can use these practices to reduce termination payments to nonalliance carriers??thereby harming also consumers in liberalized countries??by gaming regulations that require equal termination rates at both ends and ‘proportional return’ (the monopolist’s traffic is allocated among carriers in proportion to their shares of traffic to its country). We also present a simple bilateral settlements reform that eliminates gaming incentives and other proportional-return distortions, yet benefits both countries.
Differential glucocorticoid enhancement of the cytokine-driven transcriptional activation of the human acute phase serum amyloid A genes, SAA1 and SAA2.

The human acute phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA) genes, SAA1 and SAA2 , have a high degree of sequence identity that extends ∼450 bp upstream of their transcription start sites. Each promoter contains analogously positioned functional binding sites for the transcription factors NF-κB and NF-IL6. In human HepG2 hepatoma cells transfected with SAA promoter luciferase reporter constructs, administration of IL-1 and IL-6, singly or in combination, induced SAA1 and SAA2 transcriptional readouts that were qualitatively indistinguishable. However, under induced conditions, the SAA2 promoter had a significant quantitative transcriptional advantage over the SAA1 promoter. The application of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in the context of cytokine stimulation enhanced the transcriptional activity of the SAA1 , but not the SAA2 , promoter such that readout from the former became equivalent to that from the latter. A putative glucocorticoid response element (GRE) is present (between residues −208 and −194) only in the SAA1 gene; a similar sequence in the corresponding region of the SAA2 gene is disrupted by a nine-residue insertion. The SAA1 GRE was shown to be functionally active and the SAA2 disrupted GRE was shown to be functionally inactive in experiments using reporter constructs carrying SAA1 and SAA2 promoters that had been modified by site-specific mutagenesis. Quantitative analysis of transcript-specific RT-PCR products, derived from SAA1 and SAA2 mRNAs after treatment of HepG2 cells with cytokines in the presence or absence of dexamethasone, confirmed that the endogenous SAA1 gene has a cytokine-driven transcriptional disadvantage that is superseded by a marginal transcriptional advantage when glucocorticoids are present.
Finding congruent regions in parallel

Abstract Given a straight-line embedded plane graphh G of n edges and a polygon P of m edges, m≤n, we describe an algorithm for finding all polygons in G that are congruent to P. Our algorithm requires Θ(n log n) time for a CREW PRAM with m processors. This improves upon the O(n2) time (with m processors) required by the systolic array algorithmm of [7]. We also show the problem is in NC by showing how to implement our algorithm in Θ(log n) time using mn processors.
Duodenal fat intensifies the perception of heartburn.

BACKGROUND Patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) frequently report that meals high in fat worsen heartburn. Nevertheless, studies to determine whether high fat meals promote gastro-oesophageal reflux have produced conflicting and equivocal conclusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS To determine, alternatively, whether fat in the small intestinal lumen intensifies the perception of heartburn, we studied 11 patients with typical heartburn from GORD. After being placed on omeprazole to suppress endogenous acid, these fasting subjects underwent oesophageal perfusions with graded doses of HCl at pH values of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. Oesophageal perfusions were conducted while the duodenum was perfused with saline (control) and again with fat at 8 g/h. RESULTS Time to onset, intensity, and severity of heartburn varied with dose of oesophageal acid (p CONCLUSION We conclude that duodenal fat intensifies the perception of heartburn.
The Job Market for New Economists: A Market Design Perspective

This paper, written by the members of the American Economic Association (AEA) Ad Hoc Committee on the Job Market, provides an overview of the market for new Ph.D. economists. It describes the role of the AEA in the market and focuses in particular on two mechanisms adopted in recent years at the suggestion of our Committee. First, job market applicants now have a signaling service to send an expression of special interest to up to two employers prior to interviews at the January Allied Social Science Associations (ASSA) meetings. Second, the AEA now invites candidates who are still on the market, and employers whose positions are still vacant, to participate in a web-based "scramble" to reduce search costs and thicken the late part of the job market. We present statistics on the activity in these market mechanisms and present survey evidence that both mechanisms have facilitated matches. The paper concludes by discussing the emergence of platforms for transmitting job market information and other design issues that may arise in the market for new economists.
Uplift of Oahu, Hawaii, during the past 500 k.y. as recorded by elevated reef deposits: COMMENT

[McMurtry et al.’s (2010)][1] uplift rate of 0.06 mm/yr (= m/ka) places marine isotope stage (MIS) 7 at +16 ± 2 m, MIS 9 at +23 m, and MIS 13 and 15 at +30 m, but their age data are flawed and lack supportive field and proxy evidence. The amplitude of eustatic sea levels (ESLs) during
Telling Stories: Rhetoric and Leadership, a Case Study:

Often one hears that leaders lead through action, by example. But more often, and often more effectively, leaders lead through their words, by acts of speech, as it were. They are frequently called upon to speak and write, formally and informally, to convey their vision for their organization to their staff and constituents. In doing so, they are not only announcing that vision, but are engaging in a rhetorical negotiation with their audience, trying out words, phrases, and literary constructions to better and more convincingly communicate their vision of their organization and the direction in which they wish to take it. If their rhetoric fails, or is not wholly successful, they strive to change or modify it. Through such verbal exchanges, leaders communicate the style and substance of their leadership and give form and imaginative life to their vision for the organization. Howard Gardner (1995), the Harvard psychologist, has written that ‘[L]eaders achieve their effectiveness chiefly through the stories...
Refining instruction set architecture for high-performance multimedia processing in constrained environments

Multimedia processing in software has been significantly accelerated by the addition of subword-parallel instructions to the instruction set architectures (ISAs) of modem microprocessors. While some of these multimedia instructions are simple and effective, others are very complex, requiring large, special-purpose functional units that are not practical for constrained environments such as handheld multimedia information appliances. For such environments, low-power and low-cost are as important as the high performance required for real-time multimedia processing and the general-purpose programmability required to support an ever growing range of applications. In this paper, we introduce PLX, a concise ISA that selects the most useful features from the first two generations of multimedia instructions added to microprocessors, and explores new ISA features for high-performance yet low-cost multimedia processing with small footprint processors. PLX is unique in that it is designed from scratch as a fully subword-parallel architecture with novel features like datapath scalability from 32-bit to 128-bit words, and a new definition of predication for reducing conditional branches. We illustrate the use of PLX's architectural features with four frequently used multimedia kernels: discrete cosine transform, pixel padding, clip test and median filter. Our performance results show that a 64-bit PLX implementation achieves significant speedups compared to a basic 64-bit RISC processor and to IA-32 processors with MMX and SSE multimedia extensions. PLX's datapath scalability feature often provides an additional 2x speedup in a cost-effective way.
Biomarkers in oncology research and treatment: early detection research network: a collaborative approach

Several important criteria are essential for the development of biomarkers in clinical oncology. First, the biomarkers should be easily measured using standardized and cost-efficient methods. Second, biomarkers should be easily attainable from clinical materials such as body fluids and cells. Third, biomarkers should have clearly defined cutoff values with high sensitivity and specificity. Lastly, the predictive value of biomarkers should be possible in strata as large as possible. Single biomarkers may not be able to meet all of these criteria, which necessitates the development of biomarker panels. High-throughput technologies will be necessary for measuring these biomarker sets and translation of these methods into a clinical setting will be necessary in order to employ these biomarkers in a healthcare setting. One of the most important aspects of biomarker development will be standardization and statistical evaluation of biomarker studies. Guidelines for biomarker studies need to be developed that wil...
Statins and the Colorectum: Hope for Chemoprevention?

This perspective on Bertagnolli et al. (beginning on p. 588 in this issue of the journal) and Lipkin et al. (beginning on p. 597) considers the likelihood that statins have chemopreventive efficacy in the large bowel. An observational analysis within a clinical trial of celecoxib found no benefit of statin use on the risk of colorectal adenomas (and some suggestions of an adverse effect). On the other hand, variation in the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene modified the association of statins with risk of colorectal cancer. The perspective discusses the implications of these data and how they fit into the context of previous investigations. Cancer Prev Res; 3(5); 573–5. ©2010 AACR.
Dietary Lutein from Marigold Extract Inhibits Mammary Tumor Development in BALB/c Mice

High levels of dietary lutein can inhibit mammary tumor growth in mice. However, the antitumor effect of low levels of dietary lutein on mammary tumors is unavailable. Female BALB/c mice and the WAZ-2T (-SA) mammary tumor cell line were used in two experiments. A preliminary tumor cell dose titration study (Experiment 1) was designed to determine the inoculation dose to produce approximately 65% tumor incidence. Mice (n = 10/dose) were inoculated with 0 to 1 x 10(6) tumor cells in the right inguinal mammary fat pad. A tumor cell load of 2.5 x 10(3) cells/inoculation produced approximately 65% tumor incidence. This dose was used in a subsequent study (Experiment 2) of the efficacy of dietary lutein against mammary tumor development. Mice (n = 20/treatment) were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 0, 0.002, 0.02, 0.2 or 0.4% lutein from marigold extract. After 14 d, all mice were inoculated with 2.5 x 10(3) tumor cells, and tumor growth was measured daily for 70 d at which time blood, liver, spleen and tumors were obtained. Lutein + zeaxanthin uptake increased dose-dependently (P < 0.05) with dietary lutein levels from 0 to 0.02% (spleen) or 0.2% (plasma, liver and tumor). Low levels (0.002 and 0.02%) of dietary lutein lowered (P < 0.05) mammary tumor incidence, tumor growth and lipid peroxidation, and increased tumor latency, whereas higher dietary levels (0.2 or 0.4%) were less effective. Therefore, very low amounts of dietary lutein (0.002%) can efficiently decrease mammary tumor development and growth in mice.
Computational complexity of the Schwarz alternating procedure

This paper develops sharp convergence rate estimates of the Schwarz alternating procedure. We do this for a model Poisson problem in one and two dimensions with multiple subdomains We then use these estimates to assess the serial and parallel complexity of the optimal Schwarz algorithm. We finish with a comparison of this optimal algorithm, using multigrid as the subdomain solver, and multigrid by itself, without domain decomposition.
Time-frequency distributions-a review

A review and tutorial of the fundamental ideas and methods of joint time-frequency distributions is presented. The objective of the field is to describe how the spectral content of a signal changes in time and to develop the physical and mathematical ideas needed to understand what a time-varying spectrum is. The basic gal is to devise a distribution that represents the energy or intensity of a signal simultaneously in time and frequency. Although the basic notions have been developing steadily over the last 40 years, there have recently been significant advances. This review is intended to be understandable to the nonspecialist with emphasis on the diversity of concepts and motivations that have gone into the formation of the field. >
The Interconvertibility of 'R' and 'S' Forms of Pneumococcus

1. Single cell cultures of "R" pneumococci may revert in all respects to the "S" type. 2. In all instances in which reversion has occurred the "R" forms have invariably reverted to the same specific type from which they were originally derived. 3. The transformation "R" to "S" may be effected in vitro by growth in anti-"R" sera, as well as in vivo by the method of animal passage. 4. Reversion from "R" to "S" whether effected in vivo or in vitro, is always accompanied by the acquisition of maximal virulence.
An Analysis Of The Levels And Patterns Of Shareholder Rights: 1990 - 2006

Greater attention is being paid to the issue of shareholder rights and corporate governance, particularly since the scandals of 1990s and 2000s and the stock market decline of the new millennium. This study advances the concept of an optimum level of shareholder rights in corporate governance and analyzes the long-run trends in shareholder rights versus management entrenchment, using the G-Index. This study finds that the level of shareholder rights generally has not increased, despite the legislative and regulatory reforms of the 2000s and contrary to the general perception. Rather, shareholder rights have declined amongst the large, S&P 500 companies. The paper also finds that there has been a tendency on the part of firms to converge to a median-level/norm of shareholder rights. Evidence further suggests that firms are searching for an optimum level that balances the risks and rewards of greater shareholder rights.