cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow Devices to Assess Platelet Function: Historical Evolution and Current Choices

Platelet function testing, which began more than a hundred years ago, is a time-consuming and uncertain process. Simulating hemostasis and the blood vessel microenvironment in vitro is challenging, which poses a difficulty for diagnosing platelet dysfunction and mild von Willebrand disease (VWD). In an effort to simulate the rheological microenvironment within blood vessels, several blood flow devices have been introduced since the 1980s. These devices are capable of reproducing the shear rates found in arterioles and venules, and of incorporating endothelial cell monolayers and surfaces with adsorbed platelet-adhesive proteins. The authors will describe and review here the presently most well-known blood flow devices. The technologies inherent in these devices offer a combination of physiologic accuracy and small blood volume requirements in the evaluation of platelet disorders and mild VWD (or "symptomatic low von Willebrand factor") in flowing whole blood, with the potential to individualize therapeutic options for and to achieve greater diagnostic accuracy in mild platelet disorders and VWD.
Trends in Unilateral and Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Use in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: Patterns and Predictors

Increased use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) as treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in the US was first noted in the early 2000s. Optimization of treatment guidelines for DCIS requires an understanding of current surgical treatment trends, particularly as they may differ by patient sociodemographic and community resource factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical treatment trends among US women with DCIS and to assess the impact of sociodemographic and community resource factors on surgical treatment choice. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results dataset was queried for women aged 40 years and older who were diagnosed with unilateral DCIS between 2000 and 2014. Annual mastectomy rates were compared over time by age and race/ethnicity. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to identify predictors of mastectomy use, with patient sociodemographics, tumor characteristics, and community resource factors (i.e. plastic surgeon density) as covariates. A total of 130,731 women with DCIS met the inclusion criteria. Overall mastectomy rates remained relatively unchanged over the study period (25–30%). CPM use increased for all age and race/ethnic groups, with the greatest increase exhibited by women aged 40–49 years [relative to 2000; 2014 odds ratio (OR) 10.6]. With respect to community resource factors, CPM use, as opposed to unilateral mastectomy, was associated with counties of higher education level (OR 1.52), higher income level (OR 1.22), and lower plastic surgeon density (OR 1.26). While the popularity of mastectomy in the management of DCIS has remained relatively unchanged since the turn of the century, the use of CPM has risen substantially. Younger women with DCIS have seen the greatest increase in CPM use, a choice that remains influenced by race/ethnicity as well as income, education, and health resource availability. Until clinical risk stratifiers of DCIS are identified, the surgical decision-making paradigm must be improved so that treatment choice remains sensitive to cultural differences but becomes independent of income, education, and health resource availability.
52P Breast Cancer Stem Cells: A Novel Therapy for Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT Simple BRCA screening is insufficient for ‘event-free survival’ as breast cancer is clinically and pathologically an extremely heterogeneous disease. Targeting breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) present in bone marrow and breast tissues is an attractive alternative. Identification of BCSCs is the salient aspect of our research. The invasive and mesenchymal properties of BCSCs with CD44+/CD24low/ALDH1+ phenotype has made them a promising target for eliminating the metastatic capacity of primary tumors. We hypothesize that the ability to therapeutically attack stem cells hinges upon identifying unique targets such as cell surface markers which will be decisive for the development of specific target therapies. A total of 10 early chemo-naive patients with biopsy-proven triple-negative metastatic breast cancer in age group 18-36 years (mean age 28 years) were selected randomly and tested for CD44/CD24 cell surface markers following immunosorting using a magnetic cell sorter and immunophenotyping by flow cytometric analysis. Isolated BCSCs were cultured for in vitro drug sensitivity towards platinum, anthracycline and docetaxel and correlation was drawn between cell differentiation, percentage of stem cells and drug response. Accordingly chemotherapy was designed for a particular patient. The percentage of BCSCs in pre- and post-chemotherapeutic conditions were further compared. We have detected BCSCs in 90% of the cases. Among positive samples, 89% of patients showed platinum sensitivity and the rest were found to be anthracycline sensitive. No sensitivity to docetaxel was observed. In lieu of this, cisplatin was applied in vivo and the percentage of BCSCs came down to 6.58% from an initial 11.16% (for a representative case). Thus the primary aim to target BCSCs at onset of tumors in breast cancer patients to control metastasis and relapse of disease was somewhat obtained. We further plan to correlate the ratio of selected markers present in patients in pre- and post-chemotherapeutic condition with time to recurrence, mortality, morbidity and progression-free survival. Finally, if no BCSCs were to prevail after chemotherapy, then patients would be kept under observation and if traces were found, we would proceed to stem cell replacement. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
FUNCTIONAL MITRAL STENOSIS SEEN AFTER TRANS-JUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT IN A PATIENT WITH PRIOR HISTORY OF MITRAL VALVE REPAIR WITH ANNULOPLASTY RING

We report a case of functional mitral stenosis after trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in a patient with prior history of mitral valve repair with annuloplasty ring. A 47-year-old male with history of CAD, severe mitral regurgitation status post repair with 26mm Physio
Circulating Exosomes from Human Lung Transplant Recipients Having Respiratory Viral Infections Contain Nucleic Acids and Activate Signaling Pathways CGAS/STING and RIG-1

Purpose Exosomes are membrane bound vesicles are released by cells into body fluids. Our laboratory demonstrated the presence of circulating exosomes with lung self-antigens (Collagen-V and K-α Tubulin) and donor HLA in lung transplant recipients (LTxRs) undergoing rejection. Since respiratory viral infections (RVI) is a risk factor for development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) post lung transplant, we postulated that RVI can lead to induction of exosomes with self-antigens containing viral DNA/RNA capable of activating innate immune signaling via cGAS/STING and RIG1 pathways, a mechanism leading to immune activation resulting in CLAD. Methods Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation. Size (50-200nm) was determined using nanosight. DNA and RNA were isolated using kits and quantified on the Nanodrop. Libraries were generated using Kapa Biosystem's library kit. The raw Illumina 2x150bp pair-end reads were checked on FastQC and were aligned to the human and viral genome build from CHIPseeker Database. Validation was done using antibodies and primers for respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, and rhinovirus. To determine the role of exosomes to induce cell signaling and endoplasmic stress (ER), airway epithelial cells (KCC266), and Hep2 cells were incubated with exosomes from LTxRs with RVI or stable. Results Viral nucleic acid sequences were noted in higher levels in exosomes from LTxRs with RVI in comparison to stable. Comparison with human genome identified the presence of DNA sequences specific to defensins, GTPase, apoptotic cleavage, and NMDA receptor in RVI LTxRs. Further, we identified upregulation of proteins associated with cGAS/STING and RIG1 (MAVS, MDA5, IFNβ) and ER stress (PERK, ATF4 and BiP) in KCC266 and Hep2 cells incubated with exosomes from LTxRs with RVI, but not stable. In contrast, exosomes from stable LTxRs had 91 sequences for MAP kinase and cell death signaling pathways. Conclusion We conclude that LTxRs diagnosed with RVI leads to induction of circulating exosomes having unique viral nucleic acid sequences capable of inducing signaling and ER stress. This can lead to activate innate immune signaling via cGAS/STING and RIG1 pathways resulting in immune responses to viral and donor antigens resulting in CLAD.
Supernumerary intrathoracic rib, a rare congenital anomaly: Case report and review of the literature.

A 17-year-old female who presented with cough, chest pain, dyspnea, and hemoptysis was found to have an intrathoracic rib. Patients who are diagnosed with intrathoracic ribs are most often asymptomatic and should undergo limited diagnostic workup. Intrathoracic ribs are rare congenital anomalies incidentally identified after chest radiography performed for another indication, as is the case with this patient. In this case, further evaluation was necessary due to persistent symptoms. Here, we used contrast-enhanced ultrasound after chest radiography and computed tomography to further evaluate the fatty intrathoracic mass and exclude vascular features suggestive of a tumor.
Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Formerly Incarcerated, Homeless Women.

Posttraumatic stress symptoms are a pressing issue among women experiencing incarceration and homelessness. Baseline data were collected among formerly incarcerated homeless women (N = 130) who wer...
Joint Preparation and Ray Shortening in Arthroscopic Versus Open First Metatarsophalangeal Fusion: A Cadaver Study.

Purpose This study compares the amount of joint preparation and first ray shortening following first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint fusion utilizing open conical reaming versus arthroscopic technique. Methods Ten below-knee cadaver specimens were randomly assigned to undergo either open or arthroscopic first MTP fusion. Following fixation, first ray length measurements were obtained from pre-operative and post-operative radiographs and were used to determine first ray shortening. Additionally, the ratio of first ray length to second ray length was calculated both pre-operatively and post-operatively and compared between the two approaches. All ankles were then completely dissected, and prepared surface areas were demarcated. ImageJ photo analysis software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to calculate the percentage of prepared and unprepared cartilage of each articular surface of each specimen. Results Overall, the open approach resulted in 99.3% ± 1.6% joint surface preparation, whereas the arthroscopic approach yielded 92.9% ± 7.2% (p = 0.089). On average, the head of the first metatarsal was significantly more prepared with the use of the open approach (99.5% ± 1.1%) than with the arthroscopic approach (96.6% ± 1.5%) (p = 0.008). However, with respect to the base of the phalanx, the average difference in preparation between the arthroscopic approach and the open approach was not statistically significant (90.0% ± 12.8% vs. 99.0% ± 2.2%; p = 0.160). The average amount of first ray shortening in the arthroscopic approach was 2.2 ± 1.8 mm compared to 2.1 ± 3.2 mm in the open approach (p = 0.934). The average change in the first to second ray length ratio was 0.02 for both approaches (p = 0.891). Conclusion Arthroscopic first MTP fusion can be used to achieve joint preparation comparable to open technique while maintaining first ray length.
Gout As a Predictor of Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes and Costs.

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis and affects approximately 4% of the U.S. population. As the prevalence of gout and the number of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) performed continue to increase, the literature on TKA in patients with gout remains scant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with gout following TKA at a population level, that is, how patient with gout fair after TKA. We hypothesized that patients with gout have higher rates of complications and higher costs compared with controls. A case-control study was designed to evaluate two cohorts of Medicare patients who underwent TKA whose only distinguishing feature was the presence or absence of gout. Matching was performed to decrease confounding at a 1:1 ratio based on age, gender, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), (10-year survival predictor). The Medicare standard analytical files were queried through International Classification of Disease and current procedural terminology codes. A total of 15,238 patients were evaluated with 7,619 in each cohort. There were no age, gender, or CCI differences and 57.4% were females. Day of surgery and 90-day post-surgery costs were both significantly greater in those with gout (p < 0.001 for both). Multivariate analysis revealed that gout patients had increased odds of infection (odds ratio [OR] 1.229, p = 0.019), cardiac arrest (OR 1.354, p = 0.002), pneumonia (OR 1.161, p < 0.001), hematoma (OR 1.204, p = 0.002), and development of capsulitis (OR 1.208, p = 0.012). Nonetheless these patients had a decreased risk of pulmonary emboli (OR 0.835, p = 0.016). Our results support our hypothesis that patients with gout have higher rates of postoperative complications and increased day of surgery and 90-day costs of care after TKA. Given the high prevalence of gout in the United States, additional study on the utility of preoperative gout optimization for TKA patients is warranted. The level of evidence of this study is III, and it is a retrospective case-control study.
How to Train SPs in 10 Steps

Following case development, Standardized Patient training is the most important task required for delivering high fidelity human simulations. The SPs have a difficult job, as they are expected to juggle an authentic, accurate patient portrayal with assessing learners. Portrayal accuracy is more than memorizing a script. As an SP Educator, we help the SP bring the character to life so the learner can be immersed in a realistic experience. How does one handle the training tasks associated with this difficult job? While there is no evidence to suggest there is “one” right way to train SPs, this chapter provides general tips for SP training for lifelike portrayal and touches on training techniques for recording accuracy. Suggestions for creating a training partnership with SP are presented. Finally, we outline a 10 Step Framework for a flexible training approach firmly anchored in the ASPE Standards of Best Practices.
ReaxFF molecular dynamics study on pyrolysis of bicyclic compounds for aviation fuel

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the initial fuel pyrolysis of four bicyclic compounds, which are potential alternative jet fuels, using ReaxFF force field based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These fuels can be separated into two categories, (a) cyclic alkanes attached through a 4-membered ring and (b) cyclic alkanes attached through a single C–C bond. We use a systematic procedure to investigate the reaction chemistry of all these fuel molecules. Global Arrhenius parameters, such as activation energies and pre-exponential factors, are calculated and used to analyze the overall decomposition kinetics of the fuels. The bicyclic fuels have a faster or comparable decomposition rate compared to some existing jet-fuels, such as JP-10. These fuels decompose through two main reaction classes. One pathway is the cleavage of the central bond leading to the formation of two cyclic radicals or species. Second class of reactions involves ring opening leading to the formation of small alkene molecules. The importance of these reactions in fuel decomposition process is found to be highly temperature dependent. This work demonstrates that ReaxFF can be used to investigate pyrolysis and combustion chemistry of existing or future fuels and to potentially contribute to the development of their chemical kinetic models without any a priori input and chemical intuition.
Traversing Traditions: Prenatal Care and Birthing Practice Preferences Among Black Women in North Florida.

Objectives: Our goal was to explore prenatal practices and birthing experiences among Black women living in an urban North Florida community. Design: Non-random qualitative study. Setting: Private spaces at a convenient loca­tion selected by the participant. Participants: Eleven Black women, aged 25-36 years, who were either pregnant or had given birth at least once in the past five years in North Florida. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were completed in July 2017, followed by the­matic analysis of interview transcripts. Results: Four main themes emerged: a) decision-making strategies for employ­ing alternative childbirth preparation (ie, midwives, birthing centers, and doulas); b) having access to formal community re­sources to support their desired approaches to perinatal care; c) seeking advice from women with similar perspectives on birthing and parenting; and d) being confident in one’s decisions. Despite seeking to incorpo­rate “alternative” methods into their birth­ing plans, the majority of our participants ultimately delivered in-hospital. Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest that culturally relevant and patient-centered decision-making might enhance Black women’s perinatal experience although further research is needed to see if these findings are generalizable to a heterogenous US Black population. Implications for child­birth educators and health care profession­als include: 1) recognizing the importance of racially and professionally diverse staffing in obstetric care practices; 2) empowering patients to communicate and achieve their childbirth desires; 3) ensuring an environ­ment that is not only free of discrimination and disrespect, but that embodies respect (as perceived by patients of varied racial backgrounds) and cultural competence; and, 4) providing access to education and care outside of traditional work hours. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):227-234; doi:10.18865/ed.31.2.227
河南省2015-2020年非婚非商业异性性传播HIV/AIDS特征和流行趋势分析

Objective: To analysis the characteristics and trends of non-martial and non-commercial heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS cases in Henan province between 2015 and 2020. Methods: Information of newly reported HIV/AIDS through non-martial and non-commercial heterosexual transmission was collected from National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Information system, using SPSS 22.0 to analyze the characteristics and tend of cases. Results: During 2015-2020, a total of 10 877 HIV/AIDS cases infected by non-martial and non-commercial heterosexual transmission were newly reported in Henan province. This mode of infection increased from 32.6% in 2015 to 35.5% in 2020 (trend χ2=81.880,P<0.01). The male to female ratio was 1.9∶1 (7 105∶3 772). The mean age was (45.5±15.8) years, increasing annually (F=5.184,P<0.01). For female cases, the proportion of aged 15-50 years group was decreased annually (trend χ2=69.888, P<0.01). Most HIV/AIDS cases were distributed in the early HIV epidemic areas and Zhengzhou city, the same as the cases of the first CD4+T cells counts (CD4) below 200 cells/μl. The median (P25, P75) first CD4 count was 298 (143, 462) cells/μl. The proportion of the first CD4<200 cells/μl was no significant change annually, while the proportion of the first CD4≥500 cells/μl was decreasing annually (trend χ2=18.961,P<0.01). Conclusions: The reported cases through non-martial and non-commercial heterosexual transmission increased, with most of them were male, married, junior, farmer, migrant laborer, and aged 40-59 years. It is needed to focus on the rural district and the middle-aged population, combined with biological and social factors to control the prevalence of AIDS through comprehensive prevention and control measures.
Tumor vascular pattern and blood flow impedance in the differential diagnosis of leiomyoma and adenomyosis by color Doppler sonography.

Purpose: Our objective was to evaluate the differences between leiomyoma and adenomyosis by color Doppler sonography with new criteria. Methods: A total of 78 patients with symptomatic uterine nodularities who were sonographically suspected to have leiomyoma or adenomyosis without other coexisting pathologic conditions was enrolled in the study. All patients underwent transvaginal color Doppler sonography (7.0-MHz vaginal probe) or transabdominal color Doppler sonography (5.0 MHz) during the early follicular phase. The morphology, tumor vascular pattern, and blood flow impedance of the uterine tumors were measured. All of the patients underwent surgery and the pathologic reports were used as references. Results: The mean age was not statistically significant in patients with adenomyosis versus leiomyoma (P > 0.05). The morphologic criteria for adenomyosis and leiomyoma by sonography detected 79% of adenomyosis and 84% of leiomyoma. Adenomyosis had 87% randomly scattered vessels or intratumoral signals and 88% of leiomyomas showed peripheral scattered vessels or outer feeding vessels. Eighty-two percent of adenomyoses had a pulsitility index (PI) of arteries within or around uterine tumors >1.17 and 84% of leiomyomas had a PI ≤ 1.17. The reliability test of tumor vascular pattern and blood flow impedance were better than that of using morphological criteria alone. Conclusions: With the aid of color Doppler sonography, tumor vascular pattern and blood flow impedance of the arteries within or around uterine tumors could more accurately diagnose adenomyosis and leiomyoma in addition to the morphologic criteria on transvaginal sonography.
The induction of a unique procoagulant activity in rabbit hepatic macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a common occurrence during clinical sepsis and can be induced in the experimental host by LPS. Fibrin deposition in the hepatic microcirculation has been observed within 30 min of i.v. injection of LPS. Because mononuclear phagocytes have been shown to produce a PCA after exposure to LPS, we have examined the ability of a homogeneous population of explanted hepatic macrophages to express PCA. Addition of as little as 10 ng/ml of LPS stimulated a 15- to 20-fold increase in PCA over control culture levels within 7 1/2 hr post-treatment. The PCA was found to be membrane-associated, with approximately 90 to 95% of the total PCA present in the cellular lysates, and more than 85% was inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with the diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid, an inhibitor of ecto-enzymes. In contrast to tissue thromboplastin produced by other M phi populations, the H-M phi PCA was found to be markedly sensitive both to heat inactivation at 56 degrees C and to inhibition by 1 mM DFP. Additionally, assays involving both a 1-stage coagulation test as well as an enzyme assay with a Factor Xa-specific substrate (using normal and deficient human plasmas) demonstrated that the H-M phi PCA appears to activate Factor X directly. Unlike tissue thromboplastin, the H-M phi PCA is non-dependent of Factor VII activation. These studies: 1) demonstrate the LPS induces a unique PCA in the H-M phi, and 2) support a role for the H-M phi in the initiation of DIC in endotoxemic shock.
INCREASED LAMB PRODUCTION WITH RAMS EXPOSED TO SHORT DAYLENGTHS DURING THE NONBREEDING SEASON

Summary Exposure of rams during the nonbreeding season (anestrous period) to short daylengths will initiate a new sexual cycle characterized by testicular growth, increased mating activity and improved semen quality. Lambing results accumulated from 300 potential matings indicate that rams exposed to artificial photoperiods of 8 hr light and 16 hr darkness for 10 weeks (referred to as rams on short-days) are more fertile than control rams maintained under the relatively long days of spring. When five control rams were penned individually with 30 ewes synchronized with progestogen and PMSG, 67% of the ewes were mated. Eightynine percent of the ewes were mated with rams on short-days. Expressed as a percentage of the total ewes exposed per ram, 32% lambed from control matings; whereas, 67% lambed following exposure to rams on short-days. Combined with a higher number of lambs born per ewe lambing, rams on short-days sired 2.5 times more lambs than did control rams. Results of this study show that the ram contributes significantly to the fertility of single-sire matings and that lamb production can be increased substantially by experimental manipulation of photoperiod. Exposure of both rams and ewes to artificial photoperiods may be a
PID control in the presence of static friction: exact and describing function analysis

PID position control in the presence of static friction is shown to lead to a frictional limit cycle for all stabilizing combinations of P, I and D parameters. An idealized Coulomb+static friction model, dimensional analysis and the study of all possible solutions to the differential equations are used to achieve analytic results for this nonlinear problem. Three theorems establishing the predictions of the describing function are also presented.
Temporal clustering of major earthquakes along individual faults due to post-seismic reloading

Palaeoseismic evidence suggests that earthquake recurrence intervals in some regions can be highly variable, with clusters of multiple large events separated by much longer periods of quiescence. Because post-seismic processes have a significant effect on the reloading rate of the coseismic fault, we hypothesize that temporal variations in the amount of stress concentrated in the non-seismogenic lithosphere can modulate large earthquake recurrence times. We explore this hypothesis using simple analogue spring-dashpot-slider models. We find that in the presence of small amounts of environmental noise, post-seismic stress transfer over timescales much longer than an earthquake cycle may be an important factor in generating clustering behaviour. The propensity for the system to be clustered is a function of a non-dimensional number that we call the Wallace Number, W. W is defined as the average earthquake stress drop divided by the product of the long-term geologic strain rate across the fault and the effective viscosity of the system. Our results indicate that environments with relatively low strain rates and a relatively weak non-seismogenic lithosphere are most susceptible to clustering driven by post-seismic stress recycling mechanisms.
Interfacial failures in a compressive shear strength test of glass/polymer laminates

Abstract A computational method for interfacial failure modeling in composite material systems using cohesive elements is developed. This method is based on phenomenological cohesive zone models implemented within an implicit finite element framework as cohesive elements. Dynamic 2D and 3D cohesive elements have been developed and are used to simulate a compressive shear strength (CSS) test. The CSS test is employed in the polymer industry to measure polymer/substrate adhesion. The computational framework is first verified against existing analytical solutions for dynamic crack growth in double cantilever beam specimens. The phenomenon of stable crack growth followed by unstable crack growth observed in the CSS experiment is simulated. Various crack growth behaviors, obtained for different sizes of the initial pre-flaw along the interface, are studied. The phenomenon of dynamic crack “pop-in”, consisting of dynamic crack growth followed by crack arrest and stable crack growth, is investigated. The influence of the cohesive zone model parameters on crack “pop-in” as well as stability of crack growth are studied. A 3D dynamic simulation of a square plan form of CSS test is performed. The 3D analyses reveal the mixed-mode behavior in crack front growth along the interface and local “pop-through” of the crack front near the free edge of the CSS test specimen.
Bremsstrahlung and energetic electrons in supernovae

Explicit Monte Carlo calculations are presented for the rate of Compton scattering and for the spectrum recoil electrons per gram at discrete depths within models of supernovae, with emphasis on the bremsstrahlung emissivity within supernova interiors. The spectrum of the bremsstrahlung emissivity is calculated at E to the -1.3 for a wide range of supernova models. The radial and temporal dependence of that emissivity is calculated for two models of SN 1987A and for one model of a Type Ia and of a He core explosion model of a Type Ib. The spectrum emerging from the surface, which is then evaluated by Monte Carlo techniques, was found to be sensitive to the photoelectric opacity and inverted by it, i.e., the spectral luminosity of the bremsstrahlung component increases slowly between 1 and 30 keV even though the emissivity declines with energy within that energy band. The bremsstrahlung luminosity was found to dominate that of the primary scattered gammas for E of less than 20 keV.
Endovascular carotid artery stenting and early coronary artery bypass grafting for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: long-term outcomes and neurologic events.

Background: Optimal management of patients with asymptomatic critical carotid artery stenoses prior to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has no clear consensus. Further, optimal timing for surgical coronary revascularization has not been defined after or with any carotid revascularization. Methods: We reviewed the data from 2002 to 2007, of all patients in our institution who underwent carotid artery stenting (CAS) for critical carotid artery stenoses, prior to CABG. Twenty patients with critical carotid disease were referred for preoperative carotid intervention prior to CABG. Carotid duplex demonstrated evidence of critical stenoses in all patients. Patients were serially assessed by a stroke neurologist before and after the procedure (immediately, at 24 hr, at 48 hr, immediately following CABG, and at 30 days). We evaluated initial procedural success as well as freedom from periprocedure stroke. Results: Prior to undergoing CABG, 20 patients had stents placed in a single carotid artery for unilateral asymptomatic critical carotid artery stenoses. All the procedures, except one, were performed with distal embolic protection. Patients received aspirin and clopidogrel. There were no strokes or deaths up to a mean follow up of 486 days. The mean time from CAS to CABG performed in the same hospital admission was 6.4 days. Transfusion rates were not excessive despite dual antiplatelet therapy. Conclusion: In a real-world setting, endovascular extracranial CAS for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis by experienced operators, prior to CABG was safe and permitted early coronary revascularization without increased risk of strokes or death in this high-risk cardiovascular patient population. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A process for evaluating retail store efficiency: a restricted DEA approach

Abstract A managerial process is developed for assessing the efficiency of 552 individual stores for a multi-store, multi-market retailer employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Incorporating assurance regions into a DEA model allowed for a more complete specification of inputs and outcomes than usually found in DEA applications. This procedure permitted the researchers to capture top management's strategic thinking. Practical usefulness of the process' results is illustrated with respect to two management issues: evaluating store managers and identifying critical success factors (CSFs).
Synthesis and X-ray studies of chiral allosteric modifiers of hemoglobin.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of chirality on the allosteric activity of a series of Hb allosteric modifiers. The chiral analogues were based on the lead compound (4), JP7, {1-[4-(((3,5-dimethylanilino)carbonyl)methyl)phenoxy]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid} with different d- and l-amino acids conjugated to the JP7 acid moiety. The d-isomers were the most potent in vitro effectors in Hb solutions as well as with whole blood. In general, this study demonstrated that the chirality of extended amino acid side chains in JP7 conjugates plays an important role in observed degree of allosteric activity. The binding site interactions for four analogues were determined by single crystallographic diffraction studies. Conclusions show that the chiral configuration of some of the d-isomers enable the effectors to bind with a greater number of interactions with the protein residues. d- and l-isomers with equivalent or near equivalent allosteric activity did not show any significant differences or inter...
Kinetic Models for the Formation of “Unconventional” TCNQ Ion-Radical Salts of 1 : 1 Stoichiometry

Abstract While there are many examples of salts of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethan (TCNQ) which form segregated stack crystal structures, in TCNQ salts of 1:1 stoichiometry, the only cations which always give stacked structures are the alkali metals. The TCNQ salts formed by reaction with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) i.e., TTF-TCNQ-TCNQ, a quasi-one-dimensional metal with a uniform segregated stack crystal structure, is termed “unconventional” because, before its discovery, reactions of neutral closed-shell donor with a neutral closed-shell acceptor would have been expected to give an alternating cation-anion stacking arrangement. Prior to the discovery of (TTF-TCNQ), the best organic conductor was the 1:1 TCNQ salt of the N-methyl-phenazinium (NMP) cation which was found to have a uniform segregated stack crystal structure. This 1:1 salt is unusual because at least twenty-nine other 1:1 TCNQ salts of planar closed-shell nitrogen heterocyclic monocations are insulators with crystal structures that do not exhi...
Venus winds are zonal and retrograde below the clouds

Winds in the lower atmosphere of Venus, inferred from three-dimensional radio interferometric tracking of the descents of the Pioneer day and north probes, are predominantly easterly with speeds of about 1 meter per second near the surface, 50 meters per second at the bottom of the clouds, and more than 200 meters per second within the densest, middle cloud layer. Between about 25 and 55 kilometers altitude the average flow was slanted equatorward, with superimposed wavelike motions and alternating layers of high and low shear.
Isotope and chemical microsampling: Constraints on the history of an S-type rhyolite, San Vincenzo, Tuscany, Italy

Fine scale heterogeneities in strontium isotope ratios, 40Ar-39Ar ages, and chemical com~sition have been determined for individual mineral grains and enclaves in the rhyolites of San Vincenzo, Italy. The rhyolites are peraluminous with phenocrysts of alkali feldspar, piagioclase, biotite, and cordierite and have previously been divided into two groups on the basis of whole rock major element chemistry. Group B lavas are distinguished from Group A in having higher MgO and CaO contents as well as containing two pyroxenes and chilled latite enclaves. The Group B lavas show textural evidence for d~sequilib~um~ such as resorption and sieve zones in feldspars. Laser fusion 40Ar-39Ar dating of individual alkali feldspar crystals suggests that the eruption of these rhyolites took place 4.38 + 0.04 Ma, ~though small amounts of excess argon are present in subhedral and cloudy crystals. The groundmass in the Group A sample has a higher initial R7Sr/86Sr (0.725) than that of the Group B (0.7 13). The Sr isotope compositions of chemically and texturally characterized individual grains reveal marked disequilibrium between minerals and the host glass as well as within-grain zonation. The feldspars and coarse-grained biotites have initial 87Sr/8"Sr that are intermediate between those of the Group A and B glasses, with alkali feldspar generally having higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios than plagioclase. Chilled latite enclaves, which are present in only the Group B lavas, have relatively low initial 8'Sr/86Sr ratios in the range 0.7082-0.7088. The mineral chemistry and isotope data indicate that restite does not form a significant portion of the crystalline assemblage and, therefore, cannot be the source of the strontium isotope dis- equilibrium. Xenocrysts mixed into the rhyolite from a mafic magma were identified as clinopyroxene megacrysts, clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene clots, orthopyroxene-plagioclase clots, and plagioclase with extensive sieve textures. These grains all have relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Other grains that may be xenocrysts are cordierites with cores containing inclusions of biotite, spinel, and sillimanite, and alkali feldspars with excess 4"Ar. The strontium isotope di~quilib~um in phenocrysts of plagioclase, alkali feldspar, and biotite is attributed to a changing melt chemistry that was too rapid for strontium diffusive equilibration. A mode1 for the San Vincenzo magma chamber is proposed in which the Sr isotope evolution of the Group B rhyolites is due to magma mixing of a crustal melt with latite magma containing unra- diogenic strontium. The variable initial strontium isotope compositions of Group A phenocrysts may be due to assimilation or crystallization along the interface between mingled Group A and B magmas.
Effects of prometryne on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Toxicity of prometryne to early life stages of common carp was assessed. On the basis of accumulated mortality in the experimental groups lowest observed-effect concentration (LOEC) was estimated as 1100 µg/l; and no observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was 850 µg/l. Fulton's condition factor was significantly lower than in controls in fish exposed to 4000 µg/l after 7, 14, and 21 days. By day 14, fish exposed to 4000 µg/l prometryne showed significantly lower mass and total length compared to controls. Fish exposed the 1200 and 4000 µg/l showed delay in development, severe hyperaemia in gill, liver, and caudal and cranial kidney. Subchronic prometryne exposure of early-life stages of common carp at concentrations of 1200 and 4000 µg/l affected their survival, growth rate, early ontogeny, and histology.
Cross infestivity of Sarcoptes scabiei

Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis was successfully transferred from the dog to New Zealand White Rabbits, Oryctologus cuniculus . Natural and experimental transfers were accomplished between rabbits. The dog strain transferred to rabbits showed no morphologic changes and was readily transferred back to dogs. Experimental transfer of var. canis to guinea pigs and pigs resulted in only temporary infestation. Attempts to infest haired and hairless mice, thymus-deficient (nude) mice, and rats were unsuccessful. The unsuccessful or transient nature of cross-infestations between some host species and complete cross-infestation in others leads to the conclusion that all S. scabiei varieties are not host-specific but that they do possess some degree of host preference and that physiologic differences between varieties exist. (J AM ACRD DERMATOL 10:979–986, 1984.)
Trust research to address uncertainty in security for the smart grid

Perfect authentication is unachievable at the scales required for the smart grid, but we continue to design systems as if it had been achieved. Our ongoing research, using a viewpoint inspired by the concept of trust, along with results from decision theory, is attempting to provide a foundation for system design that explicitly addresses uncertainty of authentication. Although progress on the mathematical theory thus far is promising, a great deal more work is needed to understand how (or even whether) real-world behavior and experience can be modeled in the theory to make it useful in practice.
Model Calculations of Isotope Effects Using Structures Containing Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonds

Isotope effect calculations (H/D and 16O/18O) were carried out for a series of vibrational models containing a double-minimum potential for a hydrogen bond. The calculations showed the maximum hydrogen isotope effects for models in which the zero-point vibrational levels (for H) for the motion governed by the double-minimum potential were very near the energy of the barrier for the potential. The hydrogen isotope effects also showed a strong dependence on the energy difference between the wells of the double-minimum potential. Isotopic entropies were calculated for the H/D isotope effects, and were found to be dependent on the height of the barrier in the potential. Oxygen isotope effects were all inverse for reasons having little to do with the presence of double-minimum potentials in the models. The results have implications for studies of low-barrier hydrogen bonds.
Systematic review highlights difficulty interpreting diverse clinical outcomes in abnormal uterine bleeding trials

Objectives (1) To systematically collect and organize into clinical categories all outcomes reported in trials for abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB); (2) to rank the importance of outcomes for patient decision making; and (3) to improve future comparisons of effects in trials of AUB interventions.
Interposition arthroplasty of the elbow with hinged external fixation for post-traumatic arthritis

This retrospective case series reviewed 9 men and 4 women (mean age, 41 years) with severe post-traumatic elbow arthrosis treated with interposition arthroplasty and temporary hinged external fixation. In 2 patients, treatment was considered to have failed because of early postoperative instability, and their results were classified as poor. The remaining 11 were followed up for a mean of 4 years (range, 1-11 years). The mean arc of flexion improved from 48° before surgery to 110° after surgery. The mean postoperative Broberg-Morrey score was 77 points, reflecting a mean improvement of 41 points (range, 13-68 points) and corresponding with 1 excellent, 4 good, 4 fair, and 4 poor results. Four patients had severe instability associated with bone loss of the distal humerus or trochlear notch. Interposition arthroplasty can improve elbow motion and function but at the expense of elbow stability despite hinged external fixation.
An empirical study of global malware encounters

The number of trojans, worms, and viruses that computers encounter varies greatly across countries. Empirically identifying factors behind such variation can provide a scientific empirical basis to policy actions to reduce malware encounters in the most affected countries. However, our understanding of these factors is currently mainly based on expert opinions, not empirical evidence.In this paper, we empirically test alternative hypotheses about factors behind international variation in the number of trojan, worm, and virus encounters. We use the Symantec Anti-Virus (AV) telemetry data collected from more than 10 million Symantec customer computers worldwide that we accessed through the Symantec Worldwide Intelligence Environment (WINE) platform. We use regression analysis to test for the effect of computing and monetary resources, web browsing behavior, computer piracy, cyber security expertise, and international relations on international variation in malware encounters.We find that trojans, worms, and viruses are most prevalent in Sub-Saharan African countries. Many Asian countries also encounter substantial quantities of malware. Our regression analysis reveals that the main factor that explains high malware exposure of these countries is a widespread computer piracy especially when combined with poverty. Our regression analysis also reveals that, surprisingly, web browsing behavior, cyber security expertise, and international relations have no significant effect.
A rapid microtechnique for the preparation of biological material for the simultaneous analysis of calcium, magnesium and protein.

No simple documented method of sample preparation is available for the analysis of calcium and magnesium in biological samples despite increasing awareness of the biological roles of these cations. The technique described here is rapid, avoids the use of dangerous reagents or costly equipment, and allows accurate determination of protein, calcium, and magnesium content of the speciment after sample preparation. Tissue is solubilized in 1 n NaOH after which one aliquot is used for protein analysis by the method of Lowry et al. (1951) (J. Biol. Chem.193, 265–275), and another is used for determination of cations by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method was used to analyze biological samples including adipocyte subcellular fractions, bovine liver, and orchard leaves. Results correlated well with those using reference wet ashing and low-temperature ashing techniques with correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.95 for calcium and 0.997 for magnesium. Intraassay coefficients of variation were 4–4.2%. The base-digestion technique is a simple, rapid, and precise method which avoids most of the limitations of currently available sample preparation techniques.
Structural characterization of low‐defect‐density silicon on sapphire

The structure of (100) silicon on (1102) sapphire is discussed for films grown by a special, defect‐limiting process. A three‐epitaxial‐step technique, which utilizes both vapor phase epitaxy and solid phase epitaxy, is employed in the fabrication of low‐defect‐density films. The effects of different Si+ implantation energies and initial Si film thicknesses on the final structure of the film are investigated in order to optimize the electrical characteristics. The improvement in crystalline quality during the solid phase epitaxy step is due to overgrowth of the {221}‐oriented microtwins by the [001) Si matrix. Both Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy are used in the analysis of the structure of these films.
Internal solitary waves in the Coastal Mixing and Optics 1996 experiment: Multimodal structure and resuspension

[1] Observations of internal solitary waves (ISWs) and of their role in sediment resuspension during the Coastal Mixing and Optics 1996 (CMO 96) experiment are reported. The largest resuspension events observed in the experiment can be related to retarded flow under the wave footprint. Two distinctly different periods of resuspension events could be distinguished based on the prevailing atmospheric conditions: a calm period, which we consider characteristic of nominal conditions, and an energetic period, during which two major storms occurred. ISWs arrived at the mooring site from a variety of sources, though a common intermodal dynamics seemed to occur repeatedly. Both mode 1 and mode 2 ISWs have been observed. The present analysis of the month-long portion of the CMO 96 data set constitutes the first reported observations, insofar as we are aware, of mode 2 waves on the continental shelf. Both mode 1 and mode 2 ISWs were found to stimulate resuspension. The mode 2 waves seem to be generated locally by resonant or topographic interactions with mode 1 ISWs. Internal wave fields of the type described here are expected to exist in a variety of other shallow seas as well.