cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Middle french narrative tenses : Revisited once again

Since its publication, the analysis of Martin (1971, Temps et aspect: Essai sur l’emploi des temps narratifs en moyen franςais. Paris: Klincksieck) has been the standard reference with regard to tense and aspect distribution and use in Middle French prose. This article seeks to call into question that analysis, particularly with regard to the use of the Passe Compose, principally functioning as a present perfect in Old French. Largely due to the more nuanced analytical framework exploited, this author does not observe a resurgence of the Passe Compose in the centrally narrative components of the chronicles used in this study, a central characterization of Middle French prose put forth by Martin. Based upon the demonstrable need for a new analysis of prose narrative from this period, the author also questions the validity and generality of Martin’s claims with regard to the function that the Passe Compose is assuming in Middle French prose narrative.
Tall planting stock for enhanced growth and domination of brush in the Douglas-fir region

Two long-term experiments followed development of planted stock of various sizes, origins, and species. In one experiment, multiyear comparisons of container, 2-0 bareroot, and 3-year-old Douglas-fir transplants showed strong positive relationship between initial height and long-term (10–14 years) growth under a range of site conditions with high probability of brush development. In the other experiment, Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce were planted in salmonberry disturbed by logging 0 and 4 years previously. Half the seedlings were released with glyphosate 6 months after planting. Hemlock and Douglas-fir bare-roots all grew well if planted in a fresh burn, despite rapid regrowth of salmonberry, but virtually all seedlings less than 60 cm tall except Sitka spruce were killed by 4-year-old salmonberry if not released. Release improved growth of seedlings in the fresh burn by 6%, gaining an average of about 0.6 year toward reaching a height of 6 m. Release improved growth of survivors in 4-year-old salmonberry by 51% in height, 72% in diameter, and 325% in volume at age 12. Sitka spruce grew well until damaged by insects. Hemlock growth was equal to or greater than that of Douglas-fir of comparable initial height. In all comparisons, the probability of being overtopped by brush decreased with increasing initial stock height, and the effect of suppression on growth was also inversely related to initial height. Field planting operations may require special logistic measures for the largest stock types.
Normal variation in anorectal manometry.

A study was performed to define the normal range of values for anorectal manometry. Normal volunteers were divided according to gender and parity. There were 20 males, 21 nulliparous females, and 18 multiparous females among the 59 subjects. Anorectal manometry using a radial eight-port catheter was performed during resting and squeezing maneuvers of the anal sphincter. Computerized data analysis and three-dimensional imaging were used to calculate sphincter length at rest and squeeze, mean maximum resting and squeeze pressures, and vector symmetry index. The sphincter length at rest and with squeezing in males was significantly greater compared with the two female groups (P<0.007). Mean maximum squeeze pressures were also significantly elevated in the male group compared with the female groups (P=0).Mean maximum resting pressures were significantly higher in nulliparous women than in multiparous women (P=0.04).However, no difference in resting pressures was found between males and nulliparous females. A comparison of the symmetry of the anal canal revealed no differences among the three groups. Ranges for normal anorectal manometry are definable. Normal ranges are distinct for subgroups of patients, particularly with regard to gender and parity. Patients must be compared with their normal subgroups to correctly identify manometric abnormalities.
Factors affecting compliance in the NASA/Johnson Space Center fitness programme.

This paper has 2 general purposes. The first is to summarise the results of the 2 NASA/JSC retrospective studies. Results of these studies provided the foundation for a follow-up study, which was designed to develop risk profiles predicting the level and time-course of compliance from baseline data. Quite simply, the second purpose was to determine if those most likely to maintain or discontinue the exercice practice could be identified at enrolment
Hot-Ion Effects and Mode Conversion of the Lower-Hybrid Wave

Finite---ion-Larmor-radius modification of lower-hybrid waves in the ACT-1 toroidal plasma at frequencies $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\simeq}(4\ensuremath{-}8){\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ci}}$, close to the lower-hybrid resonance layer, is observed experimentally. Probe and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser scans of the wave amplitude show patterns at frequencies above each ion cyclotron harmonic. Modeling with a hot-ion, electrostatic-ray-tracing code and Fourier reconstruction of the wave form provide evidence for linear mode conversion to hot-plasma waves.
Forecasting Behavioral Differences Between For-Profit Firms and Nonprofit Organizations

If there is any one function managers most despise, it is the art of forecasting. By its very nature it concerns guessing the outcome of future events. No matter how sophisticated computer driven techniques and programs are evolved, the future has inherently within it events beyond the control of managers. This paper examines the forecasting behavior of nonprofit entities and compares it to the forecasting behavior and patterns of for-profit firms. Findings are reported and recommendations made.
Covariance averaging in the analysis of uncertain systems

The effects of parametric uncertainty in stable state-space systems are analyzed by averaging the state covariance over the statistics of the uncertain parameters. For natural frequency uncertainty, this computation is related to the Fourier transform of the probability density function of the uncertain parameter. Equipartition and incoherence are illustrated for a single-mode oscillator. Averaging over a discrete uncertainty model yields the Bourret design equations while averaging over a Cauchy uncertainty distribution yields the maximum-entropy covariance equation of D.C. Hyland (1982). >
The non-random nature of communication in psychotherapy

The second-by-second behavior of the scores for patients and therapists on five quantified measures/dimensions of emotional communication used to characterize communicative vehicles was analyzed and compared to both theoretically random and simulated random data. Four criteria for randomness were developed, one distributional, two parametric and one entropic. Simulation was used to match the number of patient and therapist selections of combinations of the five variables across an entire session for parity in comparing simulated random data with actual psychotherapy data. In all cases, the significant statistical finding was that simulated random data meet the four criteria for randomness, while the actual patient and therapist psychotherapy data do not. We conclude that the vicissitudes of the items chosen for observation show non-random configurations and that patient and therapist variations of their communicative vehicles reflect inherent properties of emotional expression. These results support the view that human behavior is innately structured and patterned, and may be scientifically studied for non-random meanings and functions.
Roles of Suprachiasmatic Nuclei and Intergeniculate Leaflets in Mediating the Phase-Shifting Effects of a Serotonergic Agonist and Their Photic Modulation during Subjective Day

Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the phase adjustment of the circadian system during the subjective day in response to nonphotic stimuli. Two components of the circadian system, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (site of the circadian clock) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), receive serotonergic projections from the median raphe nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, respectively. Experiment 1, performed in golden hamsters housed in constant darkness, compared the effects of bilateral microinjections of the 5-HT1A/7 receptor agonist, 8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 0.5 microgram in 0.2 microliter saline per side), into the IGL or the SCN during the mid-subjective day. Bilateral 8-OH-DPAT injections into either the SCN or the IGL led to significant phase advances of the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity (p < .001). The phase advances following 8-OH-DPAT injections in the IGL were dose department (p < .001). Because a light pulse administered during the middle of the subjective day can attenuate the phase-resetting effect of a systemic injection of 8-OH-DPAT, Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether light could modulate 5-HT agonist activity at the level of the SCN and/or the IGL. Serotonergic receptor activation within the SCN, followed by a pulse of light (300 lux of white light lasting 30 min), still induced phase advances. In contrast, the effect of serotonergic stimulation within the IGL was blocked by a light pulse. These results indicate that the respective 5-HT projections to the SCN and IGL subserve different functions in the circadian responses to photic and nonphotic stimuli.
Oedipus East and West: An Exploration Via Manifest Dream Content

The frequency of opposite-sex figures in the dreams of 45 female and 51 male Indian university students is found to vary in relation to cultural and subcultural factors. When compared with a large sample of American dreams, the gender-counts of Indian dream-characters is found to differ significantly in a direction explainable by the greater sexual segregation in India. Moreover, when the sex ratio of dream characters for all subjects are correlated with their scores on a specially devised "Transitionalism Index" a significant positive relationship is found between dream contact and indications of daily interaction. It is also found that predictions of preference for the male or female parent which are based on dependency motivations coincide more closely with dream data than do those assuming a sexual motivation. The findings are interpreted as supporting a phenomenological-cultural theory of dreams rather than a classical psychoanalytic one. They are seen as a challenge to previous claims that the sex-r...
SEX RATIO DISTORTION CAUSED BY MEIOTIC DRIVE IN A MOSQUITO, Culex pipiens L

A genetic factor, distorter (d), has been discovered that upsets the normal sex ratio of 1:1 and results in a large excess of males in Culex pipiens. The effect can be explained by a sex-linked, recessive gene. Males homozygous for the gene (Md/md) produce few female offspring; the effect is not due to postzygotic mortality. During the first meiotic division in spermatogenesis, the shortest chromosome pair, which, according to Jost and Laven (1971), is associated with sex determination, can be seen to be abnormal. In a high proportion of spermatocysts, one of the dyads of the shortest bivalent fragments, and the pieces are distributed irregularly to the daughter cells. It is believed that the female-determining chromosomes fragment. This would give rise to an excess of male-determining sperm. The possible usefulness of this factor for control or for experimental purposes is discussed.
TO GLOSS OR NOT TO GLOSS: AN INVESTIGATION OF READING COMPREHENSION ONLINE

This pilot study investigated the effects of multimedia reading software on reading comprehension. Specifically, the study aimed to explore how multimedia annotations influence the level of comprehension. Twelve college students enrolled in a second semester French course were instructed to think aloud during the reading of text on the computer screen. Participants read the text under one of three conditions: full glossing, limited glossing, or no glossing. In addition, a tracker was set up in the software to record the amount and type of glosses, and length of time that each was consulted. The raw data clearly indicate an increase in the number of causal inferences generated for students who had access to full glossing. Computerized reading with full glossing may promote a deeper level of text comprehension. Pedagogical suggestions for second language (L2) teaching and research will be discussed.
Tectonic Development and Metallogeny of Madagascar with Reference to the Fracture Pattern of the Indian Ocean

Madagascar is apparently a large block of continental crust intermittently uplifted as a complex horst between two subsiding depressions within the system of north-northeast–trending fractures of the Indian Ocean floor. A set of major east-trending fractures intersect the Precambrian basement rocks. These fractures are probably of Precambrian age, but later movements occurred along them. Because of the continuing movement, these fracture zones are topographically detectable as a system of evenly spaced low areas followed by river valleys that cut the sedimentary cover of western Madagascar. The Mahanoro-Tsiribihina fracture zone in the middle of the island is the most significant. Its latitude roughly corresponds to that of a segment of the east-trending Rodriguez fracture zone which intersects the crest of the Mid–Indian Ocean (Mid-Oceanic) Ridge east of long. 63° E. An axis of magmatic reactivation in central Madagascar corresponds to a deep-seated Precambrian fracture zone along which magmatic processes occurred at different times. Endogenous ore deposits of Precambrian and Paleozoic age are related to the intersection of the east-trending fracture zones with the axis of magmatic reactivation and lines parallel to this axis. The mineralization associated with Cretaceous intrusive rocks exhibits another pattern of distribution. Madagascar essentially occupies its original place. Furthermore, India was not derived from the western Indian Ocean by continental drift. Instead, a continuous landmass, referred to as the “Malagasy-Mascarene subcontinent,” existed in the region between the eastern coast of present-day Africa and the Mid-Oceanic Ridge. This interpretation does not contradict the derivation of India from the central part of the Indian Ocean between 75 and 55 m.y. B.P. as suggested by McKenzie and Sclater. If the above two interpretations are correct, disintegration of a continental mass as well as continental drift have contributed to the origin of the Indian Ocean.
Appropriate Instructional Practices in Elementary Physical Education

(2011). Appropriate Instructional Practices in Elementary Physical Education. Strategies: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 16-18.
Use of pheromone traps to suppress populations of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in three isolated communities of elms

Abstract The technique of mass trapping as a pest management tool was evaluated for its potential in reducing populations of Scolytus multistriatus . More than two million beetles were caught on traps baited with a synthetic attractant composed of both aggregation pheromones and host tree volatiles. Trends in trap catches over a period of 4 years (1976–1979) in three small isolated towns of similar size and with a similar number of elms, suggest that there was little or no reduction of the beetle population. Patterns in the number of beetles captured and the dispersion of trap catches indicate that pheromonebaited traps may be deployed to help identify local infestations and to focus sanitation efforts.
Studies on the Mechanism of Decreased Angiotensin I Conversion in Rat Lungs Injured with Alpha-Naphthylthiourea

Lung endothelial cell injury may be an important early event in the pathogenesis of increased permeability pulmonary edema. Since angiotensin converting enzyme ACE) is located on the luminal surface of the endothelial cell membrane, we sought to determine whether the conversion of angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II is decreased after acute lung injury to rats, induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU), and we investigated the mechanism of the decrease. We found that lungs isolated from rats treated 4 h earlier with ANTU at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight (BW) had decreased AI conversion when perfused with Krebs-Henseleit at a constant flow rate of 30 ml/min/kg BW. When perfusate flow rate was increased from 30 to 50 ml/min/kg BW, lungs isolated from rats treated with 10 mg/kg BW ANTU also had decreased AI conversion when compared to controls treated with a vehicle, Tween 80. Investigating the mechanism of decreased AI conversion, there were no differences among experimental groups in pulmonary arterial pr...
The influence of soil interstitial waters on the physicochemistry of major, minor and trace metals in stream waters of the green lakes valley, Front Range, Colorado

The influence of soil interstitial waters on the physicochemical characteristics of major, minor and trace metals in stream waters of an alpine watershed, Front Range, Colorado was assessed. Dissolution of Ca-aluminosilicate minerals, ion exchange reactions and the magnitude of solute flux within the alpine soil environment account for most of the observed concentrations of major, minor and trace metals in the alpine stream waters. The rate of mineral dissolution and magnitude of solute flux during the summer of 1989 was greatly affected by anthropogenic disturbance which resulted in large amounts of colloidal material and freshly exposed mineral surfaces. The alpine ecosystem responded very quickly to this disturbance. The magnitude of solute flux in the soil environment was also highly dependent on the duration and intensity of rain events, as well as the location of the site along the slope. Transport of most trace metals in the stream waters was achieved by adsorption onto colloidal surfaces of Al–Si hydroxides smaller than 0·45 μm.
The Fundamental Basis for Cyclopolymerization. VI. An Ultraviolet Spectral Study of Certain Nonconjugated Allylcycloalkenes

Abstract 3-Allylcyclopentene, 4-allylcyclopentene, 3-allylcyclohexene, and 4-allylcyclohexene were prepared in order to compare their UV absorption characteristics with their ability to undergo cyclopolymerization. The far-UV spectra of the allylcycloalkenes and 4-vinylcyclohexene generally exhibited hypsochromic absorption relative to cyclohexene and 3-propylcyclohexene. This was interpreted to be the result of a destabilizing effect of the double bonds on each other. The spectrum of the previously described 1,4-dimethylenecyclohexane exhibited two long wavelength shoulders which were interpreted as possibly arising from an energy-stabilizing interaction between the double bonds. In addition to the UV spectral study, the monomers were also studied by Ir and NMR spectroscopy. No definite ground state interactions between the neighboring double bonds in these monomers were observed in these studies.
Regulation of Na+-pump activity by dopamine in rat tail arteries

Abstract We investigated the effect of dopamine on the vascular Na + -pump activity in isolated rat tail artery sections. Effect of dopamine on vascular tone was also assessed using a perfused tail artery preparation. Dopamine inhibited the Na + -pump activity in isolated rat tail arteries in a dose-dependent manner. Both SKF-38393 HCl, a selective dopamine D 1 receptor agonist, and quinpirole HCl, a selective dopamine D 2 receptor agonist inhibited the Na + -pump activity. The inhibition of the Na + -pump by dopamine was accompanied with a transient increase in the vascular tone. SKF-38393, but not quinpirole produced a sustained increase in the vascular tone. Tissues preincubated simultaneously with SCH-23390 HCl, a selective dopamine D 1 receptor antagonist, and sulpiride, a selective dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist, prevented the dopamine inhibition of the Na + -pump activity. Pertussis toxin blocked the Na + -pump inhibition produced by the dopamine D 1 receptor agonist but not by the dopamine D 2 agonist. Similarly, the dopamine D 1 receptor but not dopamine D 2 agonist increased the rate of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat tail artery sections. Our results indicate that dopamine inhibits rat tail artery Na + -pump activity, and both the dopamine D 1 receptor and dopamine D 2 receptor subtypes mediate this effect. It appears that dopamine D 1 receptor, but not dopamine D 2 receptor agonist-induced inhibition of the Na + -pump is mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism and may be coupled to the activation of the phospholipase C system in rat tail arteries. The modulation of the Na + -pump by dopamine may contribute to the vascular tone.
Signal and noise characteristics of Hahn SE and GE BOLD fMRI at 7 T in humans

At very high magnetic fields, GE BOLD fMRI is expected to contain nonspecific contributions and behave differently than HSE fMRI data. Similarly, the two approaches can conceivably suffer from different contributions to temporal instabilities in a times series that ultimately determine the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). We investigate the signal and signal fluctuation characteristics in GE and HSE fMRI data with the imaging parameters separately optimized for each contrast at 7 T. In HSE fMRI, activation-induced fractional signal change (DeltaS/S) decreased rapidly, and the ratio of standard deviations of image-to-image fluctuations due to physiological processes (sigmaPhys) to thermal noise (sigmaTherm) remained constant with increasing voxel volume. In contrast, DeltaS/S as well as volume of activated voxels was virtually independent of voxel size for GE BOLD, and sigma(Phys)/sigmaTherm increased with increasing voxel size. The ratio of BOLD signal changes (GE/HSE) was much closer to 1 in tissue areas compared to vessel areas. These observations led to the conclusions that the spatial extent of the activation-induced DeltaS/S was much broader in the GE data, and that the physiological processes that give rise to the temporal fluctuations lost coherence over millimeter distances in HSE compared to GE fMRI data. While further studies are needed to characterize it fully, sigmaPhys in HSE data was clearly different than in GE data. It was concluded that HSE imaging yields a significantly reduced amount of nonspecific signals compared to GE imaging, and, would be the method of choice (over GE) for high-resolution applications in humans.
Expression of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 by brain endothelium and glia in adult and suckling rats

A polyclonal affinity-purified antibody to the carboxyl-terminal end of the rat monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) was generated in chickens and used in immunocytochemical studies of brain tissue sections from adult and suckling rats. The antibody identified a 48-kDa band on immunoblots and stained tissue sections of heart, cecum, kidney, and skeletal muscle, consistent with the reported molecular mass and cellular expression for this transporter. In tissue sections from adult brains, the antibody labeled brain microvessel endothelial cells, ependymocytes, glial-limiting membranes, and neuropil. In brain sections from 3- to 14-day-old rats, microvessels were much more strongly labeled and neuropil was weakly labeled compared with sections from adults. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that labeling was present on both luminal and abluminal endothelial cell plasma membranes. These results suggest that MCT1 may play an important role in the passage of lactate and other monocarboxylates across the blood-brain barrier and that suckling rats may be especially dependent on this transporter to supply energy substrates to the brain.
Design development of steering and speed control for an intelligent mobile robot

Exploratory research on the design of a modular autonomous mobile robot controller for steering and speed control is described. The high level control of the robot incorporates a fuzzy logic approach. Steering and speed control are achieved using a three-axis Galil motion controller. The steering mechanism and the speed control involve the parallel control of the robot's two front wheels based on decisions made by the upper level fuzzy logic to guide the robot in a desired direction to follow a specific path and avoid obstacles in that path. The steering motors are Electrocraft brush DC motor. The BDC amplifiers are run in the current loop mode. The overall control is supervised by a personal computer through the multi-axis controller. The system has been simulated on Matlab and Simulink and optimal values for the digital gains were achieved for desired control. Testing of these systems has been done in a laboratory setting as well as on an outside track with positive results.
Burning the Corn: Subsistence and Destruction in Ancestral Pueblo Conflict

Archaeological studies situated within tightly defined and even historical frameworks are essential for gaining a better understanding of human conflict. Our work at Burnt Corn Pueblo in northern New Mexico, conducted since 2000, examines a specific episode of conflict within the context of Ancestral Pueblo society during the late 1200s C.E. Widespread burning of foodstuffs stored within the village has significant implications for the nature of the event, particularly given a local environment of relative scarcity. Evidence suggesting different patterns of destruction at neighboring, contemporary sites complicates this picture as does the sacred nature of corn within Ancestral Pueblo society. Collectively, these patterns imply that burning foodstuffs was an act encompassing more than the subsistence sphere. Further examination of the burned corn at Burnt Corn thus allows us to engage the relationships between food, subsistence, destruction, and ritual. This chapter will evaluate the archaeological patterning of this episode within the framework of Pueblo culture and thus promote a more anthropological approach to the archaeology of war.
The Community Use of Churches

It is by no means uncommon in the present day for proposals to be put forward for the re-ordering of a church in order to enable part of the building to be used for what might be described as secular purposes. In some instances this might mean the nave having all fixed furniture removed so that it could be used as a hall, or as part of the church when required. Sometimes rooms are created in part of the building, perhaps in the tower or close to the entrance. Sometimes a great deal of space can be found in a crypt.
Relativistic Theory of Fields

This section is an adaptation of Chap. 5 of lectures given at Stanford by Schwinger in 1956 (Schwinger 1956). A state of a physical system is defined in terms of the maximum number of compatible measurements which can be made upon the system. If the state were defined on a space-like surface (one in which all points are in space-like relation: (\(\Delta x)^2-(\Delta t)^2 >0\)) then a measurement at any point is compatible with one made at any other point, since the disturbances introduced by the measurements cannot propagate faster than c, and hence cannot interfere. Thus, a state can be specified as an eigenvector of a complete set of commuting, Hermitian operators \(\underline{a}\), associated with a definite space-like surface \(\sigma :\,\, | a^\prime ,\sigma \rangle \). There always exists a coordinate system in which the space-like surface \(\sigma \) is all of three-dimensional space at a given time; in this particular Lorentz frame the state vector is just: \(| a^\prime ,t\rangle \).
Real-time predictive optimization for energy management in a hybrid electric vehicle

With increasing numbers of electric and hybrid vehicles on the road, transportation presents a unique opportunity to leverage data-driven intelligence to realize large scale impact in energy use and emissions. Energy management in these vehicles is highly sensitive to upcoming power load on the vehicle, which is not considered in conventional reactive policies calculated at design time. Advancements in cheap sensing and computation have enabled on-board upcoming load predictions which can be used to optimize energy management. In this work, we propose and evaluate a novel, real-time optimization strategy that leverages predictions from prior data in a simulated hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy management task. We demonstrate a complete adaptive system that improves over the lifetime of the vehicle as more data is collected and prediction accuracy improves. Using thousands of miles of real-world data collected from both petrol and electric vehicles, we evaluate the performance of our optimization strategy with respect to our cost function. The system achieves performance within 10% of the optimal upper bound calculated using a priori knowledge of the upcoming loads. This performance implies improved battery thermal stability, efficiency, and longevity. Our strategy can be applied to optimize energy use in gas-electric hybrids, battery cooling in electric vehicles, and many other load-sensitive tasks in transportation.
Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi—III. Peziza Domiciliana and Peziza Repanda

(1916). Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi—III. Peziza Domiciliana and Peziza Repanda. Mycologia: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 195-198.
Fatty acids enter cells by simple diffusion.

Juxtaposed in this issue of the Proceedings are two short reviews on the cellular uptake of water-insoluble substances, in this case, long-chain fatty acids. These reviews reflect two different biases as to how fatty acids and similarly apolar substances enter cells: whether by simple diffusion regulated by the physical chemical properties of water, the lipid bilayer region of membranes, and fatty acids, or by a facilitated mechanism dependent on specialized binding proteins and carrier proteins. The mechanism of cellular uptake of molecules like long-chain fatty acids has broad biomedical importance. Elucidation of the mechanism has implications for pharmacokinetics, for predicting the pharmacokinetic behavior of new compounds, and potentially for directing compounds of a given structure to selected kinds of membranes. Yet the current views of the problem could not be more divergent.For example, a spontaneous mechanism for the uptake of the nonpolar compounds by cells predicts that solubility in plasma m...
Analysis of the Smoke of Cigarettes Containing Salvia divinorum

Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogen sold over the internet in several forms. Perhaps the most common method of use is smoking the dried leaf material. The sole presumed active constituent, salvinorin A, is a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Upon smoking of the dried leaf material, some of the salvinorin A is destroyed or converted to other materials, leaving in question the actual amount of salvinorin A delivered that leads to the psychotomimetic effect. On average, 133 μg of salvinorin A was delivered in the smoke from an 830 mg per cigarette, which contained ∼2.7 mg of salvinorin A. Hence, only ∼5% of the salvinorin A available in the dried plant material was delivered in the smoke. Upon smoking, hydrolysis of salvinorin A to salvinorin B, an inactive and minor component of the leaf material, also occurs as evidenced by a higher delivered amount of salvinorin B vs salvinorin A (217 vs 133 μg per cigarette). Since smoking is an effective means of achieving the hallucinogenic effect and salvinorin A is the presumed sole active ingredient in the plant, the estimated effective dose of salvinorin A by inhalation is <133 μg per person. Considering the reported rapid metabolism of salvinorin A in vivo, the dose reaching the brain would be substantially less.
A quantitative method for the determination and charting of the erythrocyte hypotonic fragility.

A method is described for the determination and charting of the fragility of the red blood cells to hypotonic sodium chloride solution. For plotting the results obtained, a new method was used, employing the principle of "hemolytic increments," i.e., plotting the additional amount of hemolysis occurring in each successive tube of solutions of decreasing saline concentration. By this method, curves are obtained somewhat similar to those of Price-Jones curves of red cell diameters. Such curves, when properly analyzed, afford an interpretation of the varying diameter thickness range of the red cell population and indirectly an insight into the types of red cells present, and of the possible hemolytic mechanisms present. Preliminary investigations indicate that they are particularly instructive in the hemolytic anemias and especially in the Mediterranean anemias. A simplified shorter method was also devised for routine clinical use. This method, although not as useful for research purposes, has proved to be more accurate and yet less time consuming than most methods currently used.
Research on The Permeation of Percolation Peucine on Early Dental Caries

Objective To discuss the permeation of percolation peucine on early dental caries.Methods Aritificial enamel were selected and divided into three groups as observation group,control group A and control group B.Percolation peucine,fissure sealant and strain resin were used in each group,respectively.The permeation of the groups was compared.Results The permeation depth of observation group was longer than control group A and control group B,the differences were significant(P0.05).The difference between control group A and control group B was not significant(P0.05).Conclusion Percolation peucine probably possess significant superiority on preventing early dental caries.
Mechanisms of Opioid Tolerance

Opioid tolerance, defined by decreased analgesic efficacy of opioid analgesics after repeated and prolonged use, is a significant clinical problem limiting adequate treatment of pain with opioids, the most effective analgesics available today. After decades of research, multiple mechanisms at molecular, cellular and network levels have been proposed to account for the behavioral observation of opioid analgesic tolerance. Major mechanisms include those mediated by opioid receptor desensitization and internalization, glutamate receptors, chronic opioid-induced hyperalgesia and the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Phosphorylation-dependent opioid receptor desensitization decreases opioid receptor function and agonist efficacy by uncoupling of opioid receptors from downstream effectors, but its rapid time course and recovery of surface receptor functions may limit its contribution to only the early stage of opioid tolerance. Opioid receptor internalization and subsequent down-regulation, on one hand, decrease receptor density on surface membrane and reduce number of receptors available for agonist activation. On the other hand, differential ability of various opioid agonists to induce internalization appears to reflect their potency to induce analgesic tolerance, indicating receptor internalization as a key signal for downstream adaptive responses that lead to tolerance. Glutamate receptors, both NMDA and AMPA receptors, have long proved a key component in the synaptic networks responsible for behavioral tolerance, but their detailed role in the network has just begun to emerge. A mechanism of opioid tolerance from a system point of view states that chronic opioids induce sensitized pain, which counteracts the analgesic effect of sustained opioids. Our understanding of the underlying synaptic mechanisms for this counteraction has significantly improved. Finally, although superactivation of the cAMP signaling cascade has long been recognized as a typical molecular adaptation to chronic opioids, its physiological consequences on cell functions and its mechanistic significance for opioid tolerance have been characterized lately.
Reflecting Upon Our Journey and Planning the Road Ahead (Session 12 of the Treatment Manual)

This chapter reviews Session 12 of the treatment manual, which focuses on the end of the treatment program, therapeutic closure, and planning for the future. Whether the client continues to see the therapists depends on a number of factors, including where the client is in their treatment process, the resources of the facility where they are seeking services, and the ability of the therapist to continue seeing the client based on their clinical caseload. Therapeutic closure is a critical topic that needs to be handled with great care. This is also an important area where cultural adaptations can take place for people of diverse backgrounds. In addition, this is also an excellent time to highlight important issues, review what clients have learned during the treatment program, discuss their initial goals, and establish future goals. The top right-hand corner of the manual depicts a partial picture of the “climbing the mountain” technique, where the client is focusing on the skills they learned while communicating (eg, strengthening of relationships, emotions, thoughts, activities, communications, and not making excuses). This helps the client feel more equipped to tackle the road ahead and reminds them how they have strengthened themselves through hard work and perseverance.
United States Supreme Court & the Culture of Courts-Martial: The Need for Structural Changes

If we are truly the product of our past experiences, then this article is the sum of an almost 30-year study of court-martial practice, society's view of it, and the judge advocates who dedicate their professional careers to it. During this period, the author had the opportunity to observe military justice from many vantage points, both civilian and military. In 1975, after three years as a trial counsel and a defense counsel, he was assigned to the United States Army Government Appellate Division, then at Falls Church, Virginia. For the ensuing three years, the author had the luxury of examining the law to see not only how it affected the legal issues litigated, but how it defined the social and political climate within which our court-martial system operated. From Government Appellate Division (GAD), the author went to Charlottesville and the Army's Graduate Legal Program. Thereafter, he remained on the JAG School Criminal Law Faculty and continued studying and writing about these topics. In its essence, this short article is about the United States Supreme Court and Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces cases first encountered during the author’s endeavors at GAD and the Army JAG School, and what those cases say about our military justice system. More precisely, this article looks at the very negative view the Supreme Court had of the court-martial system, and what they have done and can do in the future to improve upon that view.The arguments made here are taken from the presentation at the Air Force JAG School's 50th Anniversary Symposium on the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Those comments focused on 50 years of Supreme Court and Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) opinions which discussed military law and military lawyers and on what can and should be structurally done to eliminate the three areas of court-martial practice which stimulate the legitimate criticism of their system:1. Articles 22 and 23, which locate all prosecutorial discretionary powers in commanders, and2. Article 25(d)(2) which requires those same commanders to hand-pick court members who will sit as finders of fact in the same cases they have decided should go to trial, and3. Article 32, which takes the place of grand jury proceedings. Particularly today, in this time of change, when the Services are encountering recruiting and retention challenges, when our criminal justice system is receiving increased scrutiny by the United States Supreme Court and other civilian institutions, and when all the definitions and preconceived opinions concerning national security are being recalculated, it is important that military lawyers and the court-marital system in general be evaluated accurately and fairly so that our credibility as lawyers within the military and within the legal professions will continue to grow, and as a result, the level of our contribution to national security will also be allowed to grow.
Poloidal Field Control for the Tokamak Physics Experiment

Control of the poloidal field (PF) in the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) is critical to achieving its mission of advanced tokamak research. Extensive examination of the plasma equilibrium; plasma start-up; plasma position, shape, and current control; and plasma shape reconstruction have been performed as part of the design process. This paper reports the progress in this area. The PF coils have been designed to produce a wide range of plasmas. Plasma start-up can be achieved for multiple conditions. Fast plasma position control coils inside the vacuum vessel are used for short timescale control of the plasma vertical and radial position. Shape and total plasma-current control are provided by the PF coils over a slower timescale. A new algorithm for shape control of a few critical plasma boundary points is described and used in simulations using the Tokamak Simulation Code. Fast magnetostatic reconstruction of the plasma shape is examined to determine the impact of measurement locations and their quality.
Estimating density of a territorial species in a dynamic landscape

Conservation planning for at-risk species requires understanding of where species are likely to occur, how many individuals are likely to be supported on a given landscape, and the ability to monitor those changes through time. We developed a distribution model for northern spotted owls that incorporates both habitat suitability and probability of territory occupancy while accounting for interspecies competition. We developed range-wide habitat suitability maps for two time periods (1993 and 2012) for northern spotted owls that accounted for regional differences in habitat use and home range size. We used these maps for a long-term demographic monitoring study area to assess habitat change and estimate the number of potential territories based on available habitat for both time periods. We adjusted the number of potential territories using known occupancy rates to estimate owl densities for both time periods. We evaluated our range-wide habitat suitability model using independent survey data. Our range-wide habitat maps predicted areas suitable for territorial spotted owl presence well. On the demographic study area, the amount of habitat declined 19.7% between 1993 and 2012, while our estimate of the habitat-based carrying capacity declined from 150 to 146 territories. Estimated number of occupied territories declined from 94 to 57. Conservation and recovery of at-risk species depends on understanding how habitat changes over time in response to factors such as wildfire, climate change, biological invasions, and interspecies competition, and how these changes influence species distribution. We demonstrate a model-based approach that provides an effective planning tool.
An approach to and web-based tool for infectious disease outbreak intervention analysis

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death globally. Decisions surrounding how to control an infectious disease outbreak currently rely on a subjective process involving surveillance and expert opinion. However, there are many situations where neither may be available. Modeling can fill gaps in the decision making process by using available data to provide quantitative estimates of outbreak trajectories. Effective reduction of the spread of infectious diseases can be achieved through collaboration between the modeling community and public health policy community. However, such collaboration is rare, resulting in a lack of models that meet the needs of the public health community. Here we show a Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model modified to include control measures that allows parameter ranges, rather than parameter point estimates, and includes a web user interface for broad adoption. We apply the model to three diseases, measles, norovirus and influenza, to show the feasibility of its use and describe a research agenda to further promote interactions between decision makers and the modeling community.
What does it mean to be a language variationist and bilingual

This article discusses what it means to be a bilingual and language variationist while revisiting the author’s language learning experiences. It shows how the author gains power and multilayered identities to employ a variety of Englishes as a tool for academic success and to be a part of community.
Threaded Discussion: A Tool for Implementing the Seven Principles of Good Practice in Undergraduate Education

(2004). Threaded Discussion: A Tool for Implementing the Seven Principles of Good Practice in Undergraduate Education. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 174-178.
Social Support, Psychology of

This article examines the concept of social support, providing a historical overview and a summary of major definitional and methodological issues in the field. Definitions have been more consistent in recent years and methodologies have both expanded and improved. Empirical evidence has accumulated concerning critical support characteristics including composition of social networks, exchanges of social support, and satisfaction with support. A lifespan model is considered to provide a framework with which to conceptualize social support. Other theoretical perspectives, research findings, and important theoretical issues are summarized. The major theoretical question that yet needs to be addressed is the mechanism through which social support has positive effects on the individual. It is suggested that under ideal conditions supportive exchanges increase self-efficacy in the support receiver. Over time, these experiences accumulate and lead the supported individual to feel that they can successfully cope with stressful experiences and generally meet life challenges. Future research needs to focus on how this information can be translated into useful prevention and intervention programs to enhance the health and well-being of individuals at risk.
Linking Special Education with Multicultural Education for Native American Children with Special Needs

Special educators need to be able to work well with Native American students who have special needs and their families to insure that their cultural background is used to support, rather than imped...
Ecology of Dogs in Developing Countries in Relation to Rabies Control Programs

The report focuses principally on the Central Philippines where successful rabies control has been maintained for 20 years. Dogs are the sole reservoir hosts of rabies in the Philippines with secondary transmission to cats and to livestock. Wildlife populations are very small, except for rodents and bats which have not been demonstrated to enter transmission cycles.
Rigour in Proof

Rigour in proof is of utmost importance for the pluralist, since he has no solid ontology to ground his theory, and his conception of ‘truth’ is also relative (to a theory). In the first section we look at the pluralist’s motivation for rigour. In the second section, we develop a characterisation of rigorous proof. There are several characterisations varying over the account of meaning we attach to mathematical claims and axioms. In the third section, we evaluate the characterisation with reference to our motivation. Lastly, we draw some general conclusions for the pluralist. With the analysis we discover that rigour is a regulative ideal, sensitive to philosophical inclinations.
9 GHz passively mode locked quantum dot lasers directly grown on Si

Photonics is born to help overcome the copper wires physical limits to transmit data at higher speed