cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Riparian buffer effectiveness as a function of buffer design and input loads

Although many agricultural watersheds rely heavily on riparian buffer adoption to meet water quality goals, design and management constraints in current policies create adoption barriers. Based on focus group feedback, we developed a flexible buffer design paradigm that varies buffer width, vegetation, and harvesting. Sixteen years of daily-scale nutrient and sediment loads simulated with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) were coupled to the three-zone Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) to compare the effectiveness of traditional, policy-based buffer designs with designs that are more flexible and integrate features important to local farmers. Buffer designs included (i) 10 m grass, (ii) 15 m grass, (iii) 15 m deciduous trees, (iv) 30 m grass and trees, (v) 30 m grass and trees with trees harvested every 3 yr, and (vi) 30 m grass and trees with grass harvested every year. Allowing harvesting in one zone of the buffer vegetation (either trees or grasses) minimally affected water quality, with annual average percent reductions differing by .05; 76-78% for total nitrogen [TN], 51-55% for total phosphorus [TP], and 68% for sediment). Under the highest input loading conditions, buffers with lower removal efficiencies removed more total mass than did buffers with high removal efficiencies. Thus, by focusing on mass reduction in addition to percent reduction, watershed-wide buffer implementation may be better targeted to TN, TP, and sediment reduced. These findings have important implications for informing flexible buffer design policies and enhanced placement of buffers in watersheds impaired by nutrient and sediment.
Focus on Cardiovascular Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: Opportunities for Improvement

Cardiovascular mortality declined in the United States from 1980 to 2000 due to advancements predominately in prevention, in addition to therapies/technology. Unfortunately, the rise in obesity and diabetes has in part been responsible for halting this progress resulting in a concerning increase in cardiovascular mortality, particularly in younger individuals. Compared to other industrialized countries, the United States provides low-value care in a healthcare system which is disease focused, but is inadequate at promoting health. Herein, we discuss the importance of promoting health as well as the “three buckets of prevention”: (1) traditional clinical prevention, (2) innovative clinical prevention, and (3) community-wide prevention. These “buckets” provide a useful framework to discuss the challenges and opportunities for cardiovascular preventive specialists to improve the care of their patients, as well as the populations they serve.
Deep learning detection of subtle fractures using staged algorithms to mimic radiologist search pattern

To develop and evaluate a two-stage deep convolutional neural network system that mimics a radiologist’s search pattern for detecting two small fractures: triquetral avulsion fractures and Segond fractures. We obtained 231 lateral wrist radiographs and 173 anteroposterior knee radiographs from the Stanford MURA and LERA datasets and the public domain to train and validate a two-stage deep convolutional neural network system: (1) object detectors that crop the dorsal triquetrum or lateral tibial condyle, trained on control images, followed by (2) classifiers for triquetral and Segond fractures, trained on a 1:1 case:control split. A second set of classifiers was trained on uncropped images for comparison. External test sets of 50 lateral wrist radiographs and 24 anteroposterior knee radiographs were used to evaluate generalizability. Gradient-class activation mapping was used to inspect image regions of greater importance in deciding the final classification. The object detectors accurately cropped the regions of interest in all validation and test images. The two-stage system achieved cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.959 and 0.989 on triquetral and Segond fractures, compared with 0.860 (p = 0.0086) and 0.909 (p = 0.0074), respectively, for a one-stage classifier. Two-stage cross-validation accuracies were 90.8% and 92.5% for triquetral and Segond fractures, respectively. A two-stage pipeline increases accuracy in the detection of subtle fractures on radiographs compared with a one-stage classifier and generalized well to external test data. Focusing attention on specific image regions appears to improve detection of subtle findings that may otherwise be missed.
UBER v1.0: a universal kinetic equation solver for radiation belts

Abstract. Recent proceedings in radiation belt studies have proposed new requirements for numerical methods to solve the kinetic equations involved. In this article, we present a numerical solver that can solve the general form of the radiation belt Fokker–Planck equation and Boltzmann equation in arbitrarily provided coordinate systems and with user-specified boundary geometry, boundary conditions, and equation terms. The solver is based upon the mathematical theory of stochastic differential equations, whose computational accuracy and efficiency are greatly enhanced by specially designed adaptive algorithms and a variance reduction technique. The versatility and robustness of the solver are exhibited in four example problems. The solver applies to a wide spectrum of radiation belt modeling problems, including the ones featuring non-diffusive particle transport such as that arising from nonlinear wave–particle interactions.
New findings in vorticity dynamics of turbulent buoyant plumes

The vorticity dynamics of turbulent, buoyant, and pure plumes released into the quiescent ambience has been investigated using large-eddy simulations with plume Reynolds number in the range of 6 × 107 to 108. The plume is generated by a circular heat source and sustained by buoyancy forcings generated by heating. As the starting plume rises vertically, it expands radially, entraining ambient fluid into the plume and two distinct stages of evolution are evident. During stage one (initial stage), in the near-source region the plume is accelerating characterized by developing turbulence. During the next stage (mixing stage), the plume is significantly altered by turbulence resulting in significant entrainment and expansion in the radial direction. As turbulent intensities decay during the mixing stage, the enstrophy decays in an exponential manner with height with an exponent of −7/4. The turbulent kinetic energy budget analysis reveals—baroclinic torque, stretching, and compression—as the three dominant mechanisms for the plume growth. The probability distribution function (PDF) of vorticity shows that vorticity is mainly aligned along the transverse direction near the source and slowly reaches to a quasi-isotropy state downstream. Turbulence spectra demonstrate the presence of a buoyancy-regime with a −3 spectral slope. The PDF of vorticity further shows extreme dominance of the strain rate rather than rotation within the plume. Consistent with studies in the literature, the vorticity fluctuations align with the intermediate eigen-vector of strain-rate tensor.
Inside the Box: Safety, Health, and Isolation in Prison

A large social science research literature examines the effects of prisons on crime and socioeconomic inequality, but the penal institution itself is often a black box overlooked in the analysis of its effects. This paper examines prisons and their role in rehabilitative programs and as venues for violence, health and healthcare, and extreme isolation through solitary confinement. Research shows that incarcerated people are participating less today than in the 1980s in prison programs, and they face high risks of violence, disease, and isolation. Prison conditions suggest the mechanisms that impair adjustment to community life after release provide a more complete account of the costs of incarceration and indicate the performance of prisons as moral institutions that bear a responsibility for humane and decent treatment.
CHD4 is recruited by GATA4 and NKX2-5 silencers to repress non-cardiac gene programs in the developing heart

The Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex is one of the central chromatin remolding complexes that mediate gene repression. NuRD is essential for numerous developmental events, including heart development. Clinical and genetic studies have provided direct evidence for the role of chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4), the catalytic component of NuRD, in congenital heart disease (CHD), including atrial and ventricular septal defects. Further, it has been demonstrated that CHD4 is essential for mammalian cardiomyocyte formation and function. A key unresolved question is how CHD4/NuRD is localized to specific cardiac targets genes, as neither CHD4 nor NuRD can directly bind DNA. Here, we coupled a bioinformatics-based approach with mass spectrometry analyses to demonstrate that CHD4 interacts with the core cardiac transcription factors GATA4, NKX2-5 and TBX5 during embryonic heart development. Using transcriptomics and genome-wide occupancy data, we have characterized the genomic landscape of GATA4, NKX2-5 and TBX5 repression and defined the direct cardiac gene targets of GATA4-CHD4, NKX2-5-CHD4 and TBX5-CHD4 complexes. These data were used to identify putative cis-regulatory elements regulated controlled by these complexes. We genetically interrogated two of these silencers in vivo, Acta1 and Myh11. We show that deletion of these silencers leads to inappropriate skeletal and smooth muscle gene mis-expression, respectively, in the embryonic heart. These results delineate how CHD4/NuRD is localized to specific cardiac loci and explicates how mutations in the broadly expressed CHD4 protein lead to cardiac specific disease states.
NASA Range Safety Annual Report 2007

As always, Range Safety has been involved in a number of exciting and challenging activities and events. Throughout the year, we have strived to meet our goal of protecting the public, the workforce, and property during range operations. During the past year, Range Safety was involved in the development, implementation, and support of range safety policy. Range Safety training curriculum development was completed this year and several courses were presented. Tailoring exercises concerning the Constellation Program were undertaken with representatives from the Constellation Program, the 45th Space Wing, and the Launch Constellation Range Safety Panel. Range Safety actively supported the Range Commanders Council and it subgroups and remained involved in updating policy related to flight safety systems and flight safety analysis. In addition, Range Safety supported the Space Shuttle Range Safety Panel and addressed policy concerning unmanned aircraft systems. Launch operations at Kennedy Space Center, the Eastern and Western ranges, Dryden Flight Research Center, and Wallops Flight Facility were addressed. Range Safety was also involved in the evaluation of a number of research and development efforts, including the space-based range (formerly STARS), the autonomous flight safety system, the enhanced flight termination system, and the joint advanced range safety system. Flight safety system challenges were evaluated. Range Safety's role in the Space Florida Customer Assistance Service Program for the Eastern Range was covered along with our support for the Space Florida Educational Balloon Release Program. We hope you have found the web-based format both accessible and easy to use. Anyone having questions or wishing to have an article included in the 2008 Range Safety Annual Report should contact Alan Dumont, the NASA Range Safety Program Manager located at the Kennedy Space Center, or Michael Dook at NASA Headquarters.
Ontologies and Shape Grammars: Communication between Knowledge-Based and Generative Systems

This paper discusses information flow between knowledge-based models and shape grammars for generation of building designs, explaining the interaction, sys-tem and implementation. The benefit for using the interactive system is that the complementary properties of the two schemes are used to strengthen the overall process. Shape grammar contains rules about the geometric organization, while knowledge-based model supports the contextual information.
Attractors and inverse limits

This paper surveys some recent results concerning inverse limits of tent maps. The survey concentrates on Ingram’s Conjecture. Some motivation is given for the study of such inverse limits.
A Social Mechanism of Reputation Management in Electronic Communities

Trust is important wherever agents must interact. We consider the important case of interactions in electronic communities, where the agents assist and represent principal entities, such as people and businesses. We propose a social mechanism of reputation management, which aims at avoiding interaction with undesirable participants. Social mechanisms complement hard security techniques (such as passwords and digital certificates), which only guarantee that a party is authenticated and authorized, but do not ensure that it exercises its authorization in a way that is desirable to others. Social mechanisms are even more important when trusted third parties are not available. Our specific approach to reputation management leads to a decentralized society in which agents help each other weed out undesirable players.
The relationship between measures of obesity and incident heart failure: The multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis

Objective: To evaluate the strength of association of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with incident heart failure (HF), exploring our associations by ethnicity and age. Design and Methods: 6,809 participants, aged 45-84 years old, without clinical cardiovascular disease (2000–2002), from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were included. Cox-Proportional hazards models were used to examine associations of BMI and WC with incident HF. The predictive abilities of BMI and WC were compared using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: Over a median follow-up of 7.6 years, there were 176 cases. BMI and WC were associated with incident HF in men (1.33 [1.10-1.61] and 1.38 [1.18-1.62], respectively] and women (1.70 [1.33-2.17] and 1.64 [1.29-2.08], respectively). These associations became non-significant after adjusting for obesity-related conditions (hypertension, dysglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, kidney disease, and inflammation). The associations of BMI and WC did not vary significantly by ethnicity or age-group, but were inverse in Hispanic men. The area under the curve for BMI and WC was 0.749 and 0.750, respectively, in men and 0.782 and 0.777, respectively, in women. Conclusions: The association between obesity and incident HF is largely mediated by obesity-related conditions. BMI and WC have similar predictive abilities for incident HF.
Learning component interfaces with may and must abstractions

Component interfaces are the essence of modular program analysis In this work, a component interface documents correct sequences of invocations to the component's public methods We present an automated framework that extracts finite safe, permissive, and minimal interfaces, from potentially infinite software components Our proposed framework uses the L* automata-learning algorithm to learn finite interfaces for an infinite-state component It is based on the observation that an interface permissive with respect to the component's must abstraction and safe with respect to its may abstraction provides a precise characterization of the legal invocations to the methods of the concrete component The abstractions are refined automatically from counterexamples obtained during the reachability checks performed by our framework The use of must abstractions enables us to avoid an exponentially expensive determinization step that is required when working with may abstractions only, and the use of L* guarantees minimality of the generated interface We have implemented the algorithm in the ARMC tool and report on its application to a number of case studies including several Java2SDK and J2SEE library classes as well as to NASA flight-software components.
Is There a Connection Between Thermal Pulses and PNe Halos: an Approach to an Answer

We wish to explore the hypothesis that the shells and halos of planetary nebulae are formed during the thermal pulsing of progenitor AGB stars. Using published data and model results we compare the AGB interpulse time ΔtT and the time between shell ejections ΔtD for a sample of PNe with halos. ΔtT is derived from the Paczynski relation using the PNe central star luminosity. ΔtD is calculated using the radii and velocity of PNe shells and halos.
The cross-layer adaptation of TCP-Friendly rate control to 3G wireless links

Existing transmission control protocol (TCP) and TCP-Friendly flows suffer from unpredictable losses and delay over wireless links because such factors may cause sending rate throttling and lower the reactivity of transmission control. This paper presents a cross-layer approach to adapt TCP-Friendly rate control (TFRC) to these two factors of 3-rd generation (3G) wireless links. For effective adaptation, we classify the causes of packet losses and delay observed in transport layer as: Capacity-related and Erroneous-channel-related, and recognize them by using layer 2 automatic repeat-request (ARQ) information. The proposed approach takes into account hybrid ARQ (HARQ), adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), and layer 2 ARQ and is simulated over the high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) links. Simulation results show that our approach outperform the standard TFRC and one other improved TFRC scheme. Besides, it is shown that erroneous-channel-related delay adaptation makes it possible to increase the throughput of TFRC effectively even in cases where no erroneous-channel-related loss occurs.
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase as a target of sFRP2 in cardiac fibroblasts

Recent studies of myocardial infarction in secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) knockout mice and our hamster heart failure therapy based on sFRP2 blockade have established sFRP2 as a key profibrotic cytokine in the heart. The failing hamster heart is marked by prominent fibrosis and calcification with elevated expression of sFRP2. Noting the involvement of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in bone mineralization and vascular calcification, we determined whether sFRP2 might be an upstream regulator of TNAP. Biochemical assays revealed an approximately twofold increase in the activity of TNAP and elevated levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the failing heart compared with the normal heart. Neither was this change detected in the liver or hamstring muscle nor was it associated with systemic hyperphosphatemia. TNAP was readily cloned from the hamster heart and upon overexpression increased the level of extracellular but not intracellular Pi, which is consistent with the cell surface location of the ectoenzyme. In line with the previous demonstration that sFRP2 blockade attenuated fibrosis, we show here that the therapy downregulated TNAP. This in vivo finding is corroborated by the in vitro study showing that cultured cardiac fibroblasts treated with recombinant sFRP2 protein exhibited progressive increase in the expression and activity of TNAP, which was completely abrogated by cycloheximide or tunicamycin. Induction of TNAP by sFRP2 is restricted to cardiac fibroblasts among the multiple cell types examined, and was not observed with sFRP4. The current work indicates that sFRP2 may promote cardiac fibrocalcification through coordinate activation of tolloid-like metalloproteinases and TNAP.
THE COMMERCE CLAUSE AS A CONSTRAINT ON WASTEFUL BUSINESS INCENTIVES: ROADBLOCK OR BUMP IN THE ROAD IN THE ‘RACE TO THE BOTTOM?’

State and local economic development efforts have grown during the last three decades in the United States. Some public incentives for companies may be effective, including those for high unemployment areas; others may be wasteful, especially if they retain corporations that merely threaten to leave. As companies increasingly expect incentives, however, governments find themselves in a ‘race to the bottom’– the only way to remain competitive is to offer more. Having identified arguments for and against incentives, this paper considers the prospects for addressing wasteful competition, including, in the absence of Congressional action, the US Supreme Court's application of the Commerce Clause to strike down incentives that discriminate against interstate commerce. A review of a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of incentives for the DaimlerChrysler Toledo Jeep plant finds that the Commerce Clause is not a solution for wasteful competition. Another model to consider is the European Union's regulation of incentives.
CARS Temperature Measurements in a Combustion -Heated Supersonic Jet

Measurements were made in a combustion-heated supersonic axi-symmetric free jet from a nozzle with a diameter of 6.35 cm using dual-pump Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). The resulting mean and standard deviation temperature maps are presented. The temperature results show that the gas temperature on the centerline remains constant for approximately 5 nozzle diameters. As the heated gas mixes with the ambient air further downstream the mean temperature decreases. The standard deviation map shows evidence of the increase of turbulence in the shear layer as the jet proceeds downstream and mixes with the ambient air. The challenges of collecting data in a harsh environment are discussed along with influences to the data. The yield of the data collected is presented and possible improvements to the yield is presented are discussed.
Aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection of K562 cells is antibody-dependent and is mediated via an Fc(gamma)RII receptor

Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) infects macrophages but infection is restricted. Using the human macrophage cell line U937, we reported infection to be antibody-dependent [22, 23]. Recently, we learned that the U937 cells were contaminated with the human cell line, K562[12]. To clarify which cell line actually supported ADV infection, we studied the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of ADV infection in pure lines of U937 and K562. After infection with ADV complexed with mink anti-ADV antibody, up to 10% of the K562 cells, but none of the U937 cells showed evidence of infection. These results indicated that K562 cells, but not U937 cells, were susceptible to ADV. ADV-infected cultures of K562 were sorted by flow cytometry after staining with a murine monoclonal antibody (IV.3) directed against Fc(gamma)RII. Only cells that were IV.3 positive supported ADV gene expression. Also, preincubation of K562 cells with IV.3 blocked ADV infection by more than 90%. These results established that the ADE of ADV in K562 is Fc(gamma)RIIA-mediated.
Characterization of components of P-700-chlorophyll a-protein complex from a blue-green alga, Phormidium luridum

Abstract The P-700-chlorophyll a-protein complex (F60) isolated previously by a nondetergent method (Huang, C. and Berns, D.S. (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 220, 145–154) has been treated with the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the two resulting fractions, designated (for heavy) H and (for light) L, were separated by chromatography on a Sephacryl S-200 column. After removing detergent, the isolated H-fraction contains about 43 chlorophylls per P-700 molecule. At −196°C, the fluorescence emission peak of the H-fraction is at 715 nm; in the presence of detergent a major 677 nm and a minor 720 nm maximum are observed. The low-temperature emission maximum of the L-fraction is shifted from 686 to 677 nm in the presence of detergent. Two bands at approx. 696 and 654 nm are observed in the chemically induced difference spectra of F60 and the H-fraction in SDS-Tris buffer, but principally one band at 654 nm is observed in the L-fraction. After exhaustive dialysis in Tris buffer, the major 696 nm band is dominant in all samples and there is a great attenuation of the 654 nm band. The polypeptide composition of F60 and the H-fraction are similar while the L-band consists of polypeptides lower than 20 kDa. The amino acid composition of F60 and its two components (H and L) is also reported. Sedimentation-velocity studies indicate that in SDS-Tris buffer the H-fraction contains two species, 2.5 and 10.1 S, and in Tris buffer one species, 14.7 S, while the L-fraction contains one species, 2.5 S, with or without the detergent. The results presented here suggest that the heart of Photosystem I is mainly localized in the H-fraction and that the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex is in the L-fraction.
A brain protein associated with schizophrenia and mental deterioration.

Abstract A survey of human soluble brain proteins fractionated by a high-resolution acrylamide gel electrophoretic system resulted in the following discovery and conclusions: 1. 1. One brain protein, coded #2.7 in our electrophorograms, was found “absent” in a significant number of chronic schizophrenic and related psychoses. 2. 2. The “absence” of protein ‘2.7’ does not appear to be related to the environmental effects of institutionalization of drug treatments. 3. 3. It is suggested that the psychotic subjects with the “absent” protein may have a mutant form of the protein which is unstable.
Frequency regulation and economic dispatch using integrated storage in a hybrid renewable grid

Increasing penetration of renewable energy sources on the electrical grid, with intermittent and fluctuating supply, leads to frequency variations that are excessive in nature. This paper demonstrates the use of energy storage devices as a solution to reduce these variations. In addition to grid stability, renewable operators are also interested in arbitrage operation. A simple dispatch strategy is provided, for operation of a wind farm coupled with a utility scale battery.
A Strategically Timed Verbal Task Improves Performance and Neurophysiological Alertness During Fatiguing Drives

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate if a verbal task can improve alertness and if performance changes are associated with changes in alertness as measured by EEG. BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that a secondary task can improve performance on a short, monotonous drive. The current work extends this by examining longer, fatiguing drives. The study also uses EEG to confirm that improved driving performance is concurrent with improved driver alertness. METHOD: A 90-min, monotonous simulator drive was used to place drivers in a fatigued state. Four secondary tasks were used: no verbal task, continuous verbal task, late verbal task, and a passive radio task. RESULTS: When engaged in a secondary verbal task at the end of the drive, drivers showed improved lane-keeping performance and had improvements in neurophysiological measures of alertness. CONCLUSION: A strategically timed concurrent task can improve performance even for fatiguing drives. APPLICATION: Secondary-task countermeasures may prove useful for enhancing driving performance across a range of driving conditions. Language: en
Topical Absorption of Polypeptides With Dimethylsulfoxide

The effects of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) upon the topical absorption of vasopressin and adrenocorticotropin (corticotropin) in the rat and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in the frog were investigated. At a dose approximately 20,000 times that used intravenously, vasopressin absorption was slightly increased in one third of the rats by the application of DMSO, while corticotropin absorption was unaffected. The topical absorption of MSH in the frog was increased by DMSO in three of five experiments at a dose of MSH several hundred times that used in dorsal lymph sac injection. The small increase in topical absorption of these hormones seen in some animals after the application of DMSO, therefore, required extremely large doses.
Model-derived assessment of cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral blood flow following traumatic brain injury.

Before fluid percussion hypertensive challenge resulted in a significant increase of PAR and mCVR; whereas, both rPABF and mCBF remained constant. Following fluid percussion, hypertensive challenge resulted in a significant decrease of PAR and mCVR and consistent with impaired cerebrovascular regulation. Hypertensive challenge significantly increased both rPABF and mCBF and approximately doubled with increased CPP with correlation values of (r=0.96, p<0.01) and (r=0.97, p≤0.01) respectively. Assessment of model-derived cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral blood flow with changes of CPP provides a means to continuously monitor the state of cerebrovascular regulation.
What Urban Crisis? A Historian's Point of View

The urban crisis of the past decade is placed in historical perspective. Only in the context of the anomalously stable period of fiscal expansion and social prosperity following World War II did it seem like a crisis. Put in a more appropriate and longer historical context, three aspects of the postwar urban era need addressing: urban finance, welfare, and crime. Although troubled, cities are relatively well-off financially, while poverty and crime are social problems that have become urban for reasons other than those associated with any particular urban causal mechanism. All three have followed different dynamics, requiring separate analytic treatment.
QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICAL THEORY OF ATOMS INTERACTING WITH HIGH-INTENSITY RADIATION FIELDS.

The interaction of a bound electron with external radiation fields of finite intensity is treated with the standard quantum-electrodynamical (QED) formalism of Feynman and Dyson. We first construct an equation for a bound electron in finite-intensity radiation fields, such as those encountered in early molecular-beam experiments and in recent masers and lasers. The Green's function for the equation so obtained enables us to compute the induced transition probabilities for various systems of interest. In this paper, we carry out the calculations on the two-level and three-level systems explicitly, where we find that, to order ${e}^{4}$, the QED method based on forward scattering and the semiclassical treatment differ. As we consider only the interaction of electrons with low-energy photons, we may ignore the virtual photon processes, in accordance with the low-energy theorem. As a result, this treatment contains only finite calculations. We demonstrate explicitly that our results are in qualitative agreement with the molecular-beam experiments of Kusch, for which the semiclassical treatment of Salwen fails to predict the results. Consequently, we expect an intensity-dependent effect which can be properly explained only by QED and not by the semiclassical treatment. We also include the effect of nonelectromagnetic relaxation on the induced transition probability of a two-level system, for which we obtain an expression slightly different from that used by Ramsey for the hydrogen maser. Finally, we derive some expressions which will be of interest in experiments related to lasers and masers.
Metamorphism of the ordinary chondrites: A review

Abstract Textural variations among the ordinary chondrites are paralleled by mineralogioal and chemical trends, most of which are consistent with the view that these chondrites have experienced various degrees of alteration in the solid state. On the basis of mineralogical and textural data, it is inferred that this alteration took place at temperatures of roughly 400 to greater than 820°C, under load pressures on the order of 1–2 kbar, in the absence of penetrative stress and under relatively dry, reducing conditions. The mineralogical data do not indicate whether alteration took place during reheating of cold material (progressive metamorphism) or during cooling of a hot agglomerate (autometamorphism). The former mechanism seems more likely, for the latter requires extremely rapid and deep burial, which would be difficult to achieve within existing models for the origin of chondritic material. Alternative models which attribute the textural, mineralogical and chemical variations among ordinary chondrites to crystal-liquid-vapor interactions prior to accumulation find little support in the chondrites and are regarded as less satisfactory than the metamorphic hypothesis.
Bonhoeffer and universal health care as a human right.

Bonhoeffer gave a theocentric basis for human rights, as God is the ground of ethics. In our earthly world, the “ultimate” must be prepared by what is “penultimate.” That includes humanity’s natural life and bodily wholeness, leading to human duties crafted by human reason. Nowadays, biblical texts should not be used as partisan weapons attacking government provision of health care, since all Scripture (even the Law) is seen as a Christ-centered focus on human redemption. Thus, Bonhoeffer implies a right to universal health care, but leaves entirely open which practical structures may best provide it.
Determinants of variation in human serum paraoxonase activity

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and is believed to contribute to antiatherogenic properties of HDLs. We assessed the determinants of PON1 activity variation using different substrates of the enzyme. PON1 activity in serum samples from 922 participants in the San Antonio Family Heart Study was assayed using a reliable microplate format with three substrates: paraoxon, phenyl acetate and the lactone dihydrocoumarin. There were major differences among results from the three substrates in degree of effect by various environmental and genetic factors, suggesting that knowledge of one substrate activity alone may not provide a complete sense of PON1 metabolism. Three significant demographic covariates (age, smoking status and contraceptive usage) together explained 1–6% of phenotypic variance, whereas four metabolic covariates representing lipoprotein metabolism (apoAII, apoAI, triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol) explained 4–19%. Genes explained 65–92% of phenotypic variance and the dominant genetic effect was exerted by a locus mapping at or near the protein structural locus (PON1) on chromosome 7. Additional genes influencing PON1 activity were localized to chromosomes 3 and 14. Our study identified environmental and genetic determinants of PON1 activity that accounted for 88–97% of total phenotypic variance, suggesting that few, if any, major biological determinants are unrepresented in the models.
Participatory evaluation: a case study of involving stakeholders in the evaluation process.

ABSTRACT One way to ensure that an evaluation has “utility” is to use a participatory evaluation approach where the evaluator partners with primary users to carry out various phases of an evaluation. This article provides a case study of how participatory evaluation was used in an out-of-school youth development and employment program at the Science Museum of Minnesota's Kitty Andersen Youth Science Center. Youth staff participated in a series of evaluation workshops where they learned about evaluation, made their own meaning of evaluation data, generated recommendations to improve their museum work, and ultimately took more ownership and control of their program. As a result of the workshops, youth also carried out their own formative evaluation of four museum programs. The program manager and the youth staff reaped a number of benefits from this process. The factors leading to its success are discussed.
Navigational Use of Cassini Delta V Telemetry

Telemetry data are used to improve navigation of the Saturn orbiting Cassini spacecraft. Thrust induced delta V's are computed on-board the spacecraft, recorded in telemetry, and downlinked to Earth. This paper discusses how and why the Cassini Navigation team utilizes spacecraft delta V telemetry. Operational changes making this information attractive to the Navigation Team will be briefly discussed, as will spacecraft hardware and software algorithms responsible for the on-board computation. An analysis of past delta V telemetry, providing calibrations and accuracies that can be applied to the estimation of future delta V activity, is described.
(RN) Measuring interstellar gas-phase D/H ratios in the presence of H~2

Aims. To clarify the circumstances under which it is acceptable to approximate the interstellar gas-phase D/H ratio by D I/H I. Methods. Observed column densities of H I, D I, H 2 and HD are compared for six lines of sight having appreciable fractions of H 2 . Results. The overall fraction of deuterium in HD varies by a factor 3-4 but is found to be much smaller than the fraction of H in H 2 in all cases, implying that deuterium appears as D I and N(D I)/N(H I) exceeds the gas-phase D/H ratio in H 2 -bearing gas. Conclusions. Deuterium in H 2 -bearing gas contributes to the observed D I absorption and the D/H ratio should be inferred from N(D)/N(H) where N(D) = (N(D I) + N(HD)), N(H) = N(H I) + 2N(H 2 ): failure to do so biases the resulting D/H ratio upward, typically by 5%-15% in present data. Along sightlines with multiple kinematic components having different molecular fractions, fractionation can cause velocity differences between D I and H I profiles. Shifts between H 2 and HD velocity centroids may arise when the molecule-bearing gas has kinematic substructure reflecting regions of different ionization balance and HD/H 2 ratios.
Real-Time Interactive Facilities Associated With A 3-D Medical Workstation

Biomedical workstations of the future will incorporate three-dimensional interactive capabilities which provide real-time response to most common operator requests. Such systems will find application in many areas of medicine including clinical diagnosis, surgical and radiation therapy planning, biomedical research based on functional imaging, and medical education. This paper considers the requirements of these future systems in terms of image quality, performance, and the interactive environment, and examines the relationship of workstation capabilities to specific medical applications. We describe a prototype physician's workstation that we have designed and built to meet many of these requirements (using conventional graphics technology in conjunction with a custom real-time 3-D processor), and give an account of the remaining issues and challenges that future designers of such systems will have to address.
Abstract 4246: Long-term primary culture of a mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma containing CD133 positive cells

Among epithelial ovarian cancers, mucinous ovarian cancer (MOC) is rare but highly lethal. In this work, we describe the successful long-term primary culture of a heterogeneous population of cells derived from a tumor biopsy obtained from a 50 yr old patient diagnosed with stage IIIc ovarian cancer that underwent debulking surgery. The tumor was hemorrhagic and pathologically classified as a MOC. To understand the biological behavior in culture of this rare tumor type, the tissue biopsy was enzymatically digested, and the bulk of the cells were allowed to attach to regular tissue culture flasks. After 24 h in culture, the cells that adhered to the plate formed colonies of epithelial appearance. Such colonies were however surrounded by cells with mesenchymal phenotype. We considered the latter cells as part of the tumor microenvironment, and, consequently did not intend to separate them from the epithelial cells-a method that has been traditionally used to generate epithelial cancer cell lines. After two months of incubation and with periodic media changes, the culture still displayed a combination of epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. When we compared the phenotype observed in photographs taken four days after initial plating versus those taken two months later, it was clear the net growth of the epithelial, but not the mesenchymal component of the culture. The growth of the epithelial component was confirmed by BrdUrd incorporation. Of notice, each epithelial foci was always closely surrounded by mesenchymal-like cells; when the mesenchymal component of the culture was removed to enrich the epithelial cell population, the epithelial cells stopped growing and underwent quiescence. In the mixed culture, the cells with epithelial morphology stained mostly positive for E-cadherin and negative for vimentin, whereas the opposite occurred for the cells with mesenchymal morphology. Curiously, some cells in the periphery of the epithelial compartment where positive for the mesenchymal marker vimentin, suggesting the existence of a “transitional” epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. We studied the expression of the stem cell marker CD133 and of the endothelial marker CD31. We found CD133 positive cells in both epithelial and mesenchymal compartments, whereas CD31 positive cells were only found in the mesenchymal area. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that it is feasible to maintain in culture, for a relatively long period of time, a complex mixture of cells obtained from a primary MOC. We show that it is the complexity of the cellular components what allows the culture to grow, confirming in vitro the importance of the tumor microenvironment for the successful proliferation of the ovarian epithelial cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4246. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4246
Progress in vaccines for sexually transmitted diseases

The development pipeline for vaccines to control sexually transmitted infections holds greater promise than ever before. Preclinical studies are encouraging in the development of chlamydia and gonococcal vaccines, and for the first time, recent clinical trials have shown the feasibility of creating vaccines to control genital herpes and cervical human papillomavirus infections. Behavioral research suggests that these vaccines will likely find acceptance among health care providers and consumers.
Recessive lethality of yeast strains carrying the SUP61 suppressor results from loss of a transfer RNA with a unique decoding function

Abstract A serine-inserting ochre suppressor (SUP61) and its amber allele (SUP-RL1) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can only be derived from or maintained in diploid strains heterozygous for the suppressor transfer RNA locus (Brandriss et al., 1975). Two models have been proposed to account for this recessive lethal phenotype. In one, lethality results from the presence of the altered gene product; excessive suppression could interfere with the proper termination of translation. In the second model, lethality is due to the loss of the wild-type function; the suppressor mutation could alter an essential gene that is present in only a single copy in the haploid genome. We have tested a set of specific genetic and biochemical predictions which uniquely distinguish these models. We first isolated several mutant strains carrying second-site mutations which lie within, or are closely linked to, the SUP61 locus. Despite the absence of any biologically detectable suppressor activity, these mutants still give rise to only two viable spores per tetrad. As in the parent, lethality is absolutely correlated with the segregation of the SUP61 allele, and thus it cannot be due solely to suppression. To demonstrate that the SUP61 mutation alters an essential function in haploid cells, a cloned copy of the wild-type gene (sup+) was introduced into a diploid containing SUP61 by transformation. Following sporulation, the transformant gave rise to four viable spores per tetrad. We have shown by hybridization analysis that the two spores per tetrad which have suppressor function contain the cloned sup+ gene and plasmid DNA integrated in tandem with the SUP61 gene. Piper (1978) has shown that the amber suppressor SUP-RL1 is derived from a tRNAUCGSer gene. More recently, we and others (Etcheverry et al., 1979; Olson et al., 1981; Broach et al., 1981) have provided evidence that the gene coding for this tRNA species exists in only a single copy per haploid genome. Our ability to “cure” the recessive lethal phenotype of SUP61 now allows the conclusion that the gene altered by the suppressor mutation codes for the only isoaccepting species of tRNASer which can decode UCG codons in vivo.
Iron and folate in fortified cereals.

Background: Fortification of cereal-grain products was introduced in 1941 when iron and three vitamins were added to flour and bread. Ready-to-eat cereals were fortified at about the same time. These fortifications have contributed to increased dietary iron intake and reductions in iron deficiency anemia in the US. In 1996, FDA finalized rules for fortification of specific enriched cereal-grain products with folic acid. This measure was instituted to increase the folate intakes of women of child-bearing age and thereby reduce the risk of having a pregnancy affected with a neural tube birth defect. However, with recent increases in fortification, public health officials in the US are concerned that excess intake of specific nutrients such as iron and folic acid may result in toxic manifestations.Objective: Our objective was to measure iron and total folate content in breakfast cereals and compare assay to label values for % Daily Value. We also determined by weight the amount of a ready-to-eat breakfast ce...
Analysis of three-pulse electron spin-echo modulation: Phase reversal

Abstract Three-pulse electron spin-echo modulation patterns are analyzed with particular attention paid to the phase reversal of the modulation. For zero isotropic hyperfine coupling a simple expression is derived which relates the time of phase reversal to the dipolar distance to the interacting magnetic nuclei. However, even a small isotrophc hyperfine coupling dramatically affects the time of phase reversal. The absence of phase reversal in the three-pulse echo modulation from trapped electrons in methyltetrahydrofuran glass is shown to be consistent with the results obtained from two-pulse echo modulation studies.