cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure of the OPG2 Fab AN ANTIRECEPTOR ANTIBODY THAT MIMICS AN RGD CELL ADHESION SITE

Cell surface receptors called integrins mediate diverse cell adhesion phenomena through recognition of the sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) present in proteins such as fibronectin and fibrinogen. Platelet aggregation in hemostasis is mediated by the binding of fibrinogen to the gpIIb/IIIa integrin. The OPG2 antibody binds the gpIIb/IIIa receptor and acts as a ligand mimic due to the presence of an argininetyrosine-aspartic acid (RYD) sequence in the CDR3 loop of the heavy chain. The RYD loop and side chains are ordered in the 2.0-A resolution crystal structure of the Fab fragment from this antireceptor antibody. Moreover, the RYD loop assumes two clearly defined conformations that may correspond to the orientations of the loop in the free state or bound to integrin. This molecule will serve as a tool for understanding protein-integrin recognition in platelet aggregation and other RGDmediated cell adhesion interactions.
Fine Structure of Selected Marine Pseudomonads and Achromobacters

Abstract The fine structure of more than 20 marine pseudomonads and more than 15 achromobacters was examined. Under the conditions extant, clear differences between members of these two groups were seen. The pseudomonads displayed the characteristic gram-negative morphology: the cell wall was irregularly undulant and the cytoplasmic membrane more nearly planar, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles were loosely packed throughout the periphery of the cytoplasm, and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was axially disposed. Cell division appeared to be by constriction. Some strains characteristically produced evaginations or blebs of the cell wall. Occasionally, thick, densely stained ring structures were seen which are possibly analogous to mesosomes. In contrast, the achromobacters demonstrated a regularly undulant outer cell wall element and a planar inner wall. The cytoplasmic membrane was thin and not readily observed. RNP particles were densely stained and tightly packed in the cytoplasm; the DNA was most often lobate in disposition. Cellular division was mediated by the formation of a septum which consisted of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner element of the cell wall. Mesosomes were observed in all of the strains examined. Dense inclusion bodies were also seen in many strains.
Physiology of Acute Pain in Preterm Infants

Abstract Abstract Understanding the pain physiology of the preterm infant is essential to the provision of effective pain prevention and pain management. Peripheral and ascending pain pathways are mature by 20 weeks of gestation so infants are completely capable of feeling pain. The expression of pain in preterm infants is well documented. However, the immature descending pain pathway and lack of serotonin until 6 to 8 weeks after birth along with a greater density of pain receptors in the skin mean that preterm infants experience more severe pain than adults. The duration of the pain is longer, and the consequences of repeated painful procedures create permanent structural changes in the vulnerable nervous system of the preterm infant. Prevention of pain may preclude the permanent structural changes in the preterm nervous system, and adequate management when pain is necessary may prevent the psychologic and emotional consequences of repeated pain in the preterm infant. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Fluorescence characterization of the low pH-induced change in diphtheria toxin conformation: effect of salt.

Abstract We have examined the effect of pH on diphtheria toxin conformation using intrinsic protein fluorescence and a new fluorescence quenching method. In aqueous solutions, fluorescence indicates toxin conformation undergoes a drastic change at low pH. This conformational change is closely associated with a switch from a hydrophilic conformation to a hydrophobic one, as judged by quenching-detected detergent binding. In the absence of NaCl these changes occur around pH 4–4.5. However, in 150 mM NaCl the conformational change occurs in the pH 5–5.5 range, close to the pH the toxin is expected to encounter in endosomes and lysosomes. Therefore, the conformational change observed at low pH is likely to be physiologically signficant.
Relation of structure to function in bacterial O-antigens—VII. Endotoxicity of ‘lipid A’

Abstract The ‘lipid A’ precipitate obtained from endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by acidic hydrolysis is highly heterogenous, it consists of more than 30 components as shown by chromatography. This preparation represents approximately 1 10 of the original endotoxic activity of the parent endotoxin. The crude ‘lipid A’ was separated into three major fractions: (1) ethyl acetate-soluble (ETAC); (2) chloroform-soluble (CHLO); and (3) insoluble residue (RESI). Investigating the biological activity of these and comparing them to the activity of the parent endotoxin as well as to the crude, nonfractionated ‘lipid A’ preparation, it was found that almost all the biological activity residing in the crude ‘lipid A’ preparation can be found in the RESI. Chemical analysis as well as biological studies of this fraction strongly suggested that it contains incompletely degraded endotoxin derivatives. The insolubility of RESI in dilute acids or in water is due to partial degradation of the hydrophilic polysaccharide moiety of the endotoxic lipopolysaccharide molecule. While this degredation rendered this endotoxin derivative less soluble in water, it was apparently not strong enough to completely abolish its biological activity. Further separation of the fraction RESI on preparative thin-layer chromatography provided a chromatographically homogeneous component which is apparently equally or more active than the parent endotoxin. Biological activities and molecular ratios of this subtance reveal some similarities between endotoxic glycolipids and this material. This substance represents a relatively acid resistance active fragment of the parent endotoxin. This study also compared various preparations, all called ‘lipid A’, and established chemical as well as biological differences among them. The more limited use of the term ‘lipid A’ and more accurate description of the various lipid-rich endotoxin derivatives is therefore recommended.
THE EXPERIENCE OF A COMPREHENSIVE LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP PEDIATRIC CLINIC FOR DRUG-EXPOSED CHILDREN: K.I.N.D.E.R. (KIDS IN NEED OF DRUG EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION) CLINIC. 607

Children exposed to alcohol and/or other substances in-utero are at risk for fragmented health care, which is frequently obtained through emergency rooms. K.I.N.D.E.R. (Kids in Need of Drug Evaluation and Rehabilitation) Clinic has a `one-stop-shop' model to address the medical and social needs of these at-risk children. Our staff consists of a board certified Pediatrician, a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, a Social Worker and an assistant. Our main location is at the Texas Medical Center with two community out-reach clinics. Services provided include: primary pediatric care, case management, in-depth developmental evaluations, visits with medicaid representatives, a patient incentive program, multi-disciplinary team coordination, education and assistance to families, a community advisory board, a family based steering committee, a health-care training facility, research activities, and community at-large involvement. After only 16 months of operation, we have enrolled 300 patients (our goal was to enroll 75 patients the first year). Our patient population can be described as: 53% male, 47% female; ages 0 to 16 years, with a mean age of 1.6 years. The ethnicity breakdown is: 65% African American, 19% White, 15% Hispanic and 1% Asian American. Health insurance coverage is 95% Medicaid, 2% private insurance and 3% non-funded. Monitoring and Evaluation are achieved through a quarterly anonymous patient-satisfaction survey. This user-friendly environment has resulted in a 90% up-to-date immunization rate. While traditionally this population is hard to reach, this innovative approach has been successful in providing consistent longitudinal health care. The K.I.N.D.E.R. Clinic is primarily funded by the Community Oriented Primary Care Bureau of the Texas Department of Health.
STALing B cell responses with CD22

B cells are critical for providing protection from disease because the Abs they produce offer an important first line of defense from invading pathogens. However, B cells can also contribute to harmful immune responses especially when their Ab production is directed toward self antigens (Ags), as is the case in many autoimmune diseases. Finding ways to manipulate B cell responses — either enhancing them for vaccine development or inhibiting them in patients with autoimmune and allergic diseases — has been a long-standing goal for vaccinologists and clinicians alike. One promising strategy that has emerged for immune modulation is the targeted delivery of Ag to specific immune cell subsets (1). This approach uses mAbs or ligands specific for cell surface receptors to deliver linked Ags directly to immune cells upon injection in vivo. In this issue of the JCI, Macauley and colleagues introduce a novel Ag-targeting approach to inhibit B cell responses that combines both Ag specificity and negative regulation of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling (2).
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solid Hydrogen

The fine structure of the nuclear magnetic resonance line in solid hydrogen at low temperatures (1.15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) was studied experimentally using a recording meter technique. The observed line shape can be explained quantitatively by the magnetic dipole interaction of the two protons in a hydrogen molecule, provided one takes into consideration the effect of the crystalline potential responsible for lifting the rotational degeneracy of the ortho-molecules in the solid. Extremely general assumptions concerning the nature of this crystalline potential are sufficient to account for the nuclear resonance data; in particular, one can treat the case where this potential, by virtue of the random mixture of ortho- and para-molecules in the solid, is not symmetric and not the same at the positions of different ortho-molecules. An apparent hysteresis effect in solid hydrogen was observed and some experiments were also performed on solid HD and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. The general theory developed in connection with the foregoing experiments also predicts the detectability in solid hydrogen of a resonance line in zero external magnetic field, this line constituting a direct measure of the dipole interaction responsible for the fine structure of the resonance line in high fields. Despite experimental difficulties peculiar to the zero-field experiment, this resonance line was found at the expected frequency of about 165 kc/sec.
Four-dimensional upper crustal construction at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges: A perspective from an upper crustal cross-section at the Hess Deep Rift

Abstract The faulted walls of the Hess Deep Rift in the equatorial Pacific provide one of the few significant tectonic windows into the oceanic crust created at a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. The 5000-m-deep rift graben exposes a slightly dismembered section of oceanic crust created at the East Pacific Rise ∼1 Ma. The upper portion of the North Wall of the rift features a laterally extensive exposure of upper crustal rock units similar to those found in many ophiolite complexes. For tens of kilometers along the rift wall, basaltic lavas (with sparse dikes) grade down into a spectacular sheeted dike complex that is underlain locally by a heterogeneous assemblage of gabbroic rocks. The geometry of lava flows, dikes and fault zones that developed during magmatic accretion provide constraints on the cross-axis (temporal) evolution of the upper crust in this area. Outcrop-scale digital imagery from submersible vehicles provides a well-constrained geological framework for samples collected from these upper crustal rock units, and the geochemistry of lava and dike samples provides additional temporal constraints on crustal accretion and the role of along-axis magma transport during accretion. Integrated results of geological and geochemical investigations suggest a four-dimensional model for upper crustal construction whereby tectonic and magmatic processes act in concert to construct the upper oceanic crust within a few kilometers (few tens of thousands of years) of a fast-spreading ridge axis. In this model, a sub-axial melt lens, where it exists, is recharged from below with distinct parental melts, and limited along-axis mixing preserves geochemical segmentation of the melt lens. Dikes emanate from distinct portions of the melt lens and transport magmas vertically, as well as significant distances laterally along-axis, erupting lavas in the special case where magmas ascend through dikes to higher levels in the crust and intersect the seafloor. Differences in the phenocryst contents and compositions of lavas and dikes suggests that density filtering of buoyant magmas, among other factors including magma overpressure and orientations of local stresses, plays a role in the eruption of magma on the surface. During spreading and magmatic construction, subaxial subsidence accommodates thickening of the basaltic lava unit. Sub-axial subsidence, faulting, and block rotation result in an upper crust with inward-dipping (toward the axis) lava flows and outward-dipping (away from the axis) dikes. Substantial differences in upper crustal geology may result from segment-scale variations in which vertical magma delivery dominates in areas of robust magma supply (likely over sites of recently recharged melt lenses at segment centers) but lateral magma transport dominates in areas of relatively lower magma supply (possibly toward segment ends).
Competing macro-hypotheses in the United States: A Kalman filtering approach

The empirical validity of alternative views about the short-run determinants of real output growth in the United States is investigated. A nested framework is used to test the macro rational expectations (MRE) hypothesis directly against two competing hypotheses - the neo-Keynesian view that anticipated and unanticpated monetary policy both matter,and Friedman's (1977) proposition that increased inflation uncertainty reduces real output at least temporarily. The unobservable explanatory variables are obtained from time-varying-parameter models of inflation and money growth, which generate forecast errors and their conditional variances consistent with rational expectations under a continuously chaning policy regime. The empirical results strongly support Friedman's view. The MRE hypothesis must be rejected since both anticipated and unanticipated monetary changes matter. The results prove robust across different model specifications and estimation techniques.
Temperature-dependent Effects of Rainbow Trout on Growth of Atlantic Salmon Parr

Abstract Temperature may influence interactions between species by regulating energy balances of individuals. We conducted a laboratory study to determine whether temperature influenced the effects exerted by large rainbow trout on the growth of Atlantic salmon parr. Bioenergetic models were used to predict maintenance rations so that food resources were limiting over a range of temperatures; equal biomasses of rainbow trout were substituted for Atlantic salmon to evaluate the relative effect of interspecific interactions on Atlantic salmon growth. In the presence of rainbow trout, salmon growth increased as temperatures increased from 15°C to 25°C; no such temperature effect occurred for salmon maintained alone. Growth differences between salmon maintained with and without trout were highly significant at 25°C but not at 15°C. We conclude that the presence of trout depressed salmon growth at 15°C but not at higher temperatures, most likely a result of differences in thermal optima between these two species. Field data show that the proportion of stocked Atlantic salmon to wild rainbow trout coexisting in natural streams is a function of mean summer temperature. As stream temperatures increased, Atlantic salmon became increasingly favored over rainbow trout, but with a concomitant decrease in total salmonine biomass. We suggest that Atlantic salmon restoration programs focus more attention on relatively warm streams in watersheds where interactions with naturalized rainbow trout may occur.
Dioxygen Reactivity of Copper and Heme−Copper Complexes Possessing an Imidazole−Phenol Cross-Link

Recent spectroscopic, kinetics, and structural studies on cytochrome c oxidases (CcOs) suggest that the histidine-tyrosine cross-link at the heme a 3 -Cu B binuclear active site plays a key role in the reductive O 2 -cleavage process. In this report, we describe dioxygen reactivity of copper and heme/Cu assemblies in which the imidazole-phenol moieties are employed as a part of copper ligand L N 4 OH (2-{4-[2-(bis-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-amino)-ethyl]-imidazol-1-yl}-4,6-di -tert-butyl-phenol). Stopped-flow kinetic studies reveal that low-temperature oxygenation of [Cu I (L N 4 OH)] + (1) leads to rapid formation of a copper-superoxo species [Cu I I (L N 4 OH)(O 2 -)] + (1a), which further reacts with 1 to form the 2:1 Cu:O 2 adduct, peroxo complex [{Cu I I (L N 4 OH)} 2 (O 2 2 - )] 2 + (1b). Complex 1b is also short-lived, and a dimer Cu(II)-phenolate complex [Cu I I (L N 4 O-)] 2 2 + (1c) eventually forms as a final product in the later stage of the oxygenation reaction. Dioxygen reactivities of 1 and its anisole analogue [Cu I (L N 4 OMe)] + (2) in the presence of a heme complex (F 8 )Fe I I (3) (F 8 = tetrakis(2,6,-difluorotetraphenyl)-porphyrinate) are also described. Spectroscopic investigations including UV-vis, 1 H and 2 H NMR, EPR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies along with spectrophotometric titration reveal that low-temperature oxygenation of 1/3 leads to formation of a heme-peroxo-copper species [(F 8 )Fe I I I -(O 2 2 - )-Cu I I (L N 4 OH)]+ (4), v(o-o) = 813 cm - 1 . Complex 4 is an S = 2 spin system with strong antiferromagnetic coupling between high-spin iron(III) and copper(II) through a bridging peroxide ligand. A very similar complex [(F8)Fe I I I -(O 2 2 - )-Cu I I (L N 4 OMe)]+ (5) (ν ( 0 - 0 ) = 815 cm - 1 ) can be generated by utilizing the anisole compound 2, which indicates that the cross-linked phenol moiety in 4 does not interact with the bridging peroxo group between heme and copper. This investigation thus reveals that a stable heme-peroxo-copper species can be generated even in the presence of an imidazole-phenol group (i.e., possible electron/proton donor source) in close proximity. Future studies are needed to probe key factors that can trigger the reductive 0-0 cleavage in CcO model compounds.
Exchange Theory and International Relations

Depicting social behavior as a kind of exchange has deep historical roots. Although many social science disciplines have used exchange models, students of international relations have been slow to apply such models to their subject. Many topics of interest to international relations scholars could be usefully treated by way of social exchange theory. Such topics include resource allocation, power, burden-sharing, foreign aid, dependency, institutions, and bargaining. The potential contribution of the exchange perspective to understanding of these topics has yet to be realized.
Electronically driven phonon anomalies in transition metal carbides

Abstract Large maxima in the generalized susceptibility of χ( q ) of TaC calculated from its APW band structure are found to correlate very well with observed soft phonon modes. Such maxima are not found for HfC where phonon anomalies are not observed.
Designing garden city landscapes: Works by Marjorie L. Sewell Cautley, 1922-1937

Abstract According to planner and landscape architect Henry Wright, the successes of the ‘new towns’ of Radburn, New Jersey, and Sunnyside in Brooklyn, New York, were definitely and irrevocably related to [their] site and setting1. The setting was in each case a landscape designed by Marjorie Sewell Cautley in conjunction with a team of architects and landscape architects led by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. These designers recognized the need to think holistically, conceiving a total environment in which physical design strove to preserve, enhance, and render visible the vitality of natural systems, as well as the individual and social lives of residents2. While a study of the landscape would appear key to the theoretical and design history of the garden city movement, historians and critics have generally bypassed any in-depth inquiry into the designed landscapes for garden cities.3 The work of Cautley for the Stein-Wright design team is particularly interesting as it simultaneously reveals the ideal...
Scintillation data comparison between a star and laser returns from a high-altitude balloon payload

On 15 September 1996, a high altitude research balloon was launched SW of the Starfire Optical Range (SOR) on Kirtland AFB, NM. The primary purpose of the balloon launch was to test a low power satellite communications package developed under the direction of Dr. Charles Swenson of Utah State University. An equally important objective of this experiment was to collect laser scintillation data from the balloon at the 1 .5-meter telescope located at the SOR. Scintillation data was also obtained from a star near the location (azimuth and elevation) of the balloon for comparison. The balloon payload was illuminated from the ground with a small aperture 810 nm laser diode transmitter and retro-reflected into the 1.5-meter telescope from a 1 inch optical corner cube. The returned light was detected by a photomultiplier tube. This paper examines the statistics of intensity fluctuations from these two sources and compares experimental results with theory.
Morphological Granulometric Analysis Of Electrophotographic Images

Size distributions of particles within a binary image can be generated by morphological filtering processes known as granulometries. These filter the image by structuring elements of ever increasing size, the ultimate result being a distribution correlated to particle size. The granularity of electrophotographic solid area images can be analyzed by applying morphological granulometries that generate size distributions providing greater information than that currently being used for feedback control systems. This is accomplished by examining the microstructure of the image. The approach discussed in the present paper employs simulation techniques employing existing magnetic brush development and optical density transform models to yield particle area distributions in electrophotographic images. The application of a granulometry to a simulated particle area distribution produces a morphological size distribution whose sample statistics are characteristic of various parameters in the electrophotographic process.
Confirming Chanclas: What Early Childhood Teacher Educators Can Learn From Immigrant Preschool Teachers

The immigrant teacher perspective has been largely missing from local and national debates on early childhood pedagogy and has certainly been marginalized in debates about language in early childhood settings. Interviews with dozens of preschool teachers in multiple U.S. cities about children of immigrants' language choices at school (as part of the Children Crossing Borders study) revealed a specific immigrant teacher critique of typical English language modeling techniques. These immigrant teachers reposition children's home languages as a valuable form of expression and thus argue for a more empathetic and constructivist view of children of immigrants. Hearing the perspectives of immigrant preschool teachers is especially important for early childhood educators who are preparing young teachers to serve a growing number of children of immigrants in early childhood settings. This article asserts that early childhood educators need to talk honestly with students about the implications of their responses t...
Active matter transport on complex substrates

Colloids interacting with complex landscapes created by optical means exhibit a remarkable variety of novel orderings and equilibrium states. It is also possible to study nonequilibrium properties for colloids driven over optical traps when there is an additional external electric field or some other form of external driving. Recently a new type of colloidal system has been realized in which the colloids are self-driven or self-motile and undergo a persistent random walk. Self motile particle systems fall into the broader class of self-driven systems called active matter. For the case of externally driven colloidal particles moving over random or periodic arrangements of traps, various types of pinning or jamming effects can arise. Far less is known about the mobility of active matter particles in the presence or random or periodic substrates. For example, it is not known whether increasing the activity of the particles would reduce the jamming effects caused by effective friction between particles. Here we show by varying the activity and the density of active particles that various types of motion can arise. In some cases, increasing the self-driving leads to a reduction in the net flow of particles through the system.
Descartes-Inseparability-Almog

Joseph Almog' s elegant and concise monograph, What am /?, simultaneously advances a new interpretation of Descartes' dualism and offers a powerful articulation of the bearing of essentialist metaphysics on the mind-body problem. Some may object to Almog' s endeavor to see Descartes so much in light of recent, Kripkean developments in metaphysics. Some may object to this, but not me. The study of the history of philosophy is tough, and we cannot afford to neglect any potential source of insight. Some may object to Almog's tying his original development, and criticism, of Kripkean metaphysics to the let's face it often obscure views of someone writing more than three centuries ago. Some might say: why not forget the history and just take on the real issues directly? Some might say this, but not me. Like the study of the history of philosophy, philosophy itself is tough and we cannot afford to neglect any potential way of making progress, even if that way comes from one of our remote philosophical ancestors. Indeed, I would say that the distinction between doing philosophy and studying its history is not all that sharp, if it exists at all. This is one of the important lessons of which Almog's book reminds us. Some may object to Almog's relatively sparse attention to the details of Descartes' texts and his non-existent attention at
Identification, sequence, and expression of Treponema denticola mcpA, a putative chemoreceptor gene

The nucleotide sequence of a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein gene, mcpA, from Treponema denticola has been determined. The mcpA gene encodes a 729-amino acid protein whose deduced amino acid sequence has significant homology with several bacterial MCPs. T. denticola McpA contains two N-terminal transmembrane regions and two C-terminal putative methylation sequences that are separated by a highly conserved signaling domain. The organization of these structural features is characteristic of MCPs. The observed molecular mass of the in vitro synthesized McpA (76.0 kDa) correlates with the predicted molecular mass of the protein (80.1 kDa).
Ultrasonic devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. I. Process model

Tire and rubber waste recycling is an important issue facing the rubber industry. In addressing this issue, the present article describes the first attempt to formulate a model and to simulate a novel continuous ultrasonic devulcanization process. The proposed model is based upon a mechanism of rubber network breakup caused by cavitation, which is created by high-intensity ultrasonic waves in the presence of pressure and heat. Dynamics of bubble behavior is described by the Notlingk-Neppiras equation with incorporation of an additional term based upon elastic strain-energy potential. Acoustic pressure arising in the ultrasonic field is related to void formation. Their concentration is calculated based upon nucleation and growth of gas bubbles in crosslinked elastomers under negative driving pressure. The breakup of a three-dimensional network in crosslinked rubbers is combined with flow modeling. The viscosity function required for this modeling is based upon a power-law model which includes temperature, shear rate, and gel fraction dependence.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bromodeoxyuridine incorporation using fixed microcultures

We report a quantitative method by which a single microculture can be examined for (i) cell morphology; (ii) cell number; (iii) DNA synthesis; and (iv) expression of cell antigens. This method first involves measuring by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) the total bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into DNA by monolayer microcultures. The BrdU-ELISA measurement was followed by simultaneous immunostaining for BrdU-positive nuclei and for a cytoplasmic antigen. The method was applied to the measurement of mitogen-induced proliferation of rat sciatic nerve Schwann cell and cerebral astroglia microcultures. The ELISA measurement of BrdU incorporation compares favorably with measurements of tritiated thymidine incorporation and offers the additional advantages that the same microculture can subsequently be examined for cell number, for cell morphology, and for the percentage of cells having BrdU-labeled nuclei and other antigens.
The Role of Thrombolytics in Acute and Chronic Occlusion of the Hand

Distal arm and hand ischemia from vessel thrombosis or embolism remains a difficult clinical challenge. The causes of ischemia are variable and include connective tissue disease, embolism, atherosclerosis, and iatrogenic etiology. Although reports are limited, treatment with catheter-directed thrombolysis has favorable results in cases of acute thrombosis, with most patients (80%) demonstrating improvement. Digital amputation rates are less than 10% and the hand is often salvaged. Bleeding and access-site complications remain prevalent in patients undergoing intra-arterial thrombolysis. This review discusses etiology, treatment approaches, outcomes, and complications when thrombolytic therapy is used for distal arm and hand ischemia.
Risk Stratification and Interventional Cardiology: Robert L. Frye Lecture

Risk stratification and risk-benefit ratios are extremely important in guiding patient-physician interactions as well as patient and family counseling. Risks associated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are (1) compromise of the vessel lumen or vessel integrity, (2) unsuccessful procedure, and (3) restenosis. Predicting mortality risk depends on the specific patient population to be treated and on the specific mortality model used. The most common models are those from New York State, the American College of Cardiology, the Northern New England Cooperative Group, the University of Michigan, and The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. As more data and sophisticated analyses become available, risk stratification will become more accurate as long as the approach used is straightforward, makes intuitive sense, and is easy and efficient to apply.
Fast adaptive termination mode selection for H.264 scalable video coding

Although scalable video coding can achieve coding efficiencies comparable with single layer video coding, its computational complexity is higher due to its additional inter-layer prediction process. This paper presents a fast adaptive termination algorithm for mode selection to increase its computation speed while attempting to maintain its coding efficiency. The developed algorithm consists of the following three main steps which are applied not only to the enhancement layer but also to the base layer: a prediction step based on neighboring macroblocks, a first round check step, and a second round check step or refinement if failure occurs during the first round check. Comparison results with the existing algorithms are provided. The results obtained on various video sequences show that the introduced algorithm achieves about one-third reduction in the computation speed while generating more or less the same video quality.
Mixed Variable Optimization for Radio Frequency Ablation Planning

We present a method towards optimization of multiple ablation probe placement to provide efficient coverage of a tumor for thermal therapy while respecting clinical needs such as limiting the sites of probe insertions at the pleura/liver surface, choosing secure probe trajectories and locations, avoiding ablation of critical structures, reducing ablation of healthy tissue and overlap of ablation zones. The ablation optimizer treats each ablation location independently, and the number of ablation probe placements itself is treated as a variable to be optimized. This allows us to potentially feedback the ablation after deployment and re-optimize the next steps during the plan. The optimization method uses a new class of derivate-free algorithms for solving a non-linear mixed variable problem with hard and soft constraints derived from clinical images. Our methods use discretization of the ablation volume, which can accommodate irregular shape of the ablation zone. The non-gradient based strategy produce new candidates to yield a feasible solution within a few iterations. In our simulation experiments this strategy typically reduced the ablation zone overlap and ablated healthy tissue ablated by 46% and 29%, respectively in a single iteration, resulting in a feasible solution to be found within 35 iterations. Our method for optimization provides efficient implementation for planning the coverage of a tumor while respecting clinical constraints. The ablation planning can be combined with navigation assistance to enable accurate translation and feedback of the plan.
Chlorination of Boron on a Ruthenium-Coordinated Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp) Ligand: A Caveat for the Use of TpRu(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl

A side-product that accompanies the synthesis of the widely utilized starting material TpRu(PPh3)2Cl (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) has been identified as the complex ClTpRu(PPh3)2H (ClTp = chlorotris(pyrazolyl)borate), which provides a rare example of a boron-halogenated pyrazolylborate ligand. The reaction of ClTpRu(PPh3)2H with dichloromethane or chloroform quantitatively produce ClTpRu(PPh3)2Cl.
Experimental confirmation of stable, small-debye-length, pure-electron-plasma equilibria in a stellarator.

The creation of the first small-Debye length, low temperature pure electron plasmas in a stellarator is reported. A confinement time of 20 ms has been measured. The long confinement time implies the existence of macroscopically stable equilibria and that the single particle orbits are well confined despite the lack of quasisymmetry in the device, the Columbia non-neutral torus. This confirms the beneficial confinement effects of strong electric fields and the resulting rapid $E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B$ rotation of the electrons. The particle confinement time is presently limited by the presence of bulk insulating materials in the plasma, rather than any intrinsic plasma transport processes. A nearly flat temperature profile is seen in the inner part of the plasma.
Effect of the ionic strength on the adsorption process of an ionic surfactant onto a C18-bonded charged surface hybrid stationary phase at low pH

The adsorption behavior of nortriptylinium hydrochloride was investigated in detail on a new C18-bonded charged surface hybrid stationary phase (CSH-C18, Waters) at a constant W(S)pH of 2.60 (phosphate buffer dissolved in an acetonitrile/water mixture, 34/66, v/v) in order to promote strong repulsive electrostatic interactions between the surface of the packing material and the analyte molecules. This new stationary phase was recently designed to reduce the peak tailing of ionizable compounds in RPLC. Overloaded band profiles were recorded over a broad range of column loading factors (0.03-2.18%) and eluent ionic strengths (5-50mM). The experimental data were compared to those predicted by some electrostatically modified adsorption isotherms, including the Langmuir and the Moreau isotherms. For small loading factors ( 0.1%), the compound was mostly adsorbed as a neutral species and the adsorption behavior was best represented by an apparent Langmuir-Moreau isotherm model.
Summations over equilaterally triangulated surfaces and the critical string measure

We propose a new approach to the summation over dynamically triangulated Riemann surfaces which does not rely on properties of the potential in a matrix model. Instead, we formulate a purely algebraic discretization of critical string path integral. This is combined with a technique which assigns to each equilateral triangulation of a two-dimensional surface a Riemann surface defined over a certain finite extension of the field of rational numbers, i.e. an arthmetic surface. Thus we establish a new formulation in which the sum over randomly triangulated surfaces defines an invariant measure on the moduli space of arithmetic surfaces. It is shown that because of this it is far from obvious that this measure for large genera approximates the measure defined by the continuum theory, i.e. Liouville theory or critical string theory. In low genus this subtlety does not exist. In the case of critical string theory we explicity compute the volume of the moduli space of arithmetic surfaces in terms of the modular height function and show that for low genus it approximates correctly the continuum measure. We also discuss a continuum limit which bears some resemblance with a double scaling limit in matrix models.
Brain Fos induction is a sensitive biomarker for the lowest observed neuroexcitatory effects of domoic acid.

Abstract Domoic acid induces Fos in several brain regions controlling memory processing and gastrointestinal functions. In the present study, we determined serum levels of domoic acid that caused observable effects, and examined whether brain c- fos was a sensitive marker for the lowest observed neuroexcitatory effects in mice. Five different doses (0.25 to 4.0 mg/kg) of domoic acid were intraperitoneally administered to mice, and the serum concentration of domoic acid was monitored using a radioreceptor assay. The earliest neuroexcitatory effect of domoic acid on behavior was observed in the form of hyperactivity which occurred at 0.5 mg/kg (0.076 ± 0.02 μg/ml serum domoic acid, mean ± SE, n = 5). However, stereotypic behavior (scratching) was observed only at doses ≥1.0 mg/kg (0.25 ± 0.02 μg/ml). At 2.0 mg/kg (0.54 ± 0.04 μg/ml) and higher, convulsions and seizures occurred. Domoic acid induction of c- fos mRNA was detected in the whole brain at 1.0 mg/kg, whereas increased Fos immunostaining was localized in the dentate granule cells and the pyramidal cells of hippocampal formation at doses as low as 0.5 mg/kg (0.076 ± 0.02 μg/ml). Our results indicate that Fos expression in the hippocampus is a sensitive biomarker for the neuroexcitatory effects of domoic acid, being induced at doses of domoic acid lower than those that elicit stereotypic behavior..
Story structure versus content in children's recall

Several previous investigations of story recall have consistently found that certain story constituents are better recalled than others, suggesting a universal, underlying representation for a story. The present study examined this possibility by controlling for the semantic content of settings, initiating events, internal responses, consequences, and reactions across versions of the same story. Using gist criteria, free and probed recall of these five categories was nearly equal, failing to replicate the previous findings. Using syntactic form and relative location criteria to measure recall accuracy, however, internal response and reaction categories underwent categorical transformations which replicated the prior pattern favoring settings, initiating events, and consequences in recall. The lack of differences in gist recall among the categories was attributed to the importance of story events in relationship to a goal—action—consequence hierarchy rather than to a story event's structural functioning. The fact that subjects transformed the syntactic form and relative location of certain categorial information during recall suggests use of story schema operations at retrieval.
Toward an Ethically Responsible Approach to Vaginal Birth After Cesarean

Determining approach to delivery after a previous cesarean is among the most contentious areas of obstetrics. We present a framework for ethically responsible guidelines and practice regarding vaginal birth after cesarean. We describe ethical complexities of 3 key issues that mark the debate: the cesarean delivery rate, safety, and patient autonomy. We then describe a taxonomy of considerations that should inform a responsible framework for guideline development and highlight critical distinctions between types of guidelines that have been blurred in the past. We then forward 2 central claims. First, in otherwise uncomplicated birth after a single previous cesarean, both vaginal birth after cesarean and repeat cesarean should be regarded as reasonable options; women, rather than policymakers, providers, insurance carriers, or hospitals, should determine delivery approach. Second, in complicated cases, providers and policymakers should carefully calibrate the strength of evidence to ensure differential risk and cost are adequate to justify directive guidelines given important variations in values women bring to childbirth.
Perceptions of Group-Led Online Discussions: The Benefits of Cooperative Learning:

To assess the effectiveness of a cooperative learning activity, students were randomly assigned to small groups and asked to lead an online discussion. Responses to a survey administered at the completion of the course suggest that the activity was effective in meeting its goals of promoting student interaction and increasing perceived student learning. More interesting are results showing that student satisfaction with elements of cooperative learning was positively related to their satisfaction with the activity, perceptions of the success of the activity in meeting its goals, perceived amount of learning, past group experiences, and grade on the activity. These results are discussed in the context of the benefits of constructing group activities with the elements of cooperative learning in mind.
Indentification and Ranking of Critical Contingencies in Dependent Variable Space

Working in dependent-variable space, reliable yet simple computational procedures are presented for the purpose of identifying and ranking line outages which result in the violation of various limits related to power system security. Security limits defined in terms of real-power line flows, generator reactive powers and demand-bus voltage magnitudes are considered in normalised subspaces wherein critical contingencies are identified by a filtering algorithm using the infinite norm as a performance index. Critical contingencies are then ranked using performance indices which are defined in accordance with the subspace of interest. In the case of real-power line flows, ranking is based on a measure related to distance from the center of the corresponding security region whereas, in the case of generator reactive powers and demand-bus voltage magnitudes, ranking is based on measures related to distances from the boundaries of the corresponding regions. Furthermore, an operating point's violation of limits associated with generator reactive powers and demand-bus voltage magnitudes is measured in combined form form with due consideration being given to the relationships between these reactive powers and voltage magnitudes.
Microstructure-sensitive accumulation of plastic strain due to ratcheting in bearing steels subject to Rolling Contact Fatigue

Abstract It is well known that the empirical parameters correlated to Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) bench tests are sensitive to the microstructural attributes of the bearing material. The key driver for this sensitivity is the accumulated deformation accentuated by the difference in the mechanical properties of the carbide precipitate, matrix, and interface. This manuscript studies the accumulation of deformation/micro-plastic strain during RCF due to ratcheting behavior in the microstructure of bearing steels. The objective of this study is to understand the contribution of carbide particles towards ratcheting. Homogeneous elastic–plastic finite element (FE) simulations of the ball-on-rod RCF test using a ‘global–local’ approach is used, and is applicable when the drivers for fatigue degradation are controlled primarily by the heterogeneous field represented by the carbides. The global model simulates the overall ball-on-rod RCF test considering homogeneous material, while the local model accounts for the influence of the carbide particles in the microstructure. The results from finite element simulations reveal that carbide particles act as stress concentrators and introduce a shear stress cycle with a non-zero mean stress at the scale of the carbide microstructure, which promotes strain accumulation via ratcheting. A study on the spatial variation of ratcheting behavior in the vicinity of the carbide particle is also presented. The results presented translate to other through and case-hardened bearing steels subject to RCF and highlight the important role played by the carbide microstructure in controlling the spatial and temporal rate of fatigue damage accumulation via localized ratcheting. The approach presented has general applicability to heterogeneous materials with other forms of heterogeneity such as inclusions, pores and grain boundaries, subject to multiaxial fatigue.
Diffusion to a Different Drummer

In their interesting report “NMR studies of single-file diffusion in unidimensional channel zeolites” ([3 May, p. 702][1]), Volker Kukla et al . refer to the application of single-file diffusion to ion transport in membrane channels. But there appears to be an important difference between these
Oxidations involving the heme complex in raw meat

In raw meat systems one is concerned with both lipid and pigment oxidations. Heme pigments catalyze oxidation of tissue lipids causing a stale or rancid odor and flavor. Free radicals from lipid oxidation can oxidize and decompose the red ferrous hemes. This results in the brown colored meat commonly rejected by the consumer. This paper reports three approaches taken to study means of reducing these nonmicrobial oxidative changes: (1) enzymatic reduction of metmyoglobin to maintain ferrous pigments; (2) inhibition of lipid and pigment oxidation and decomposition by means of an antioxidant and reducing agent; (3) the use of model systems to study the kinetics of lipid and heme oxidations. While a biological metmyoglobin reducing system has been found to exist in post mortem suscles, its practical significance in relation to retention of meat color and odor is not fully understood. Anaerobic conditions are usually necessary to achieve complete reduction. The common phenolic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl gallate, along with ascorbic acid will protect meat color and odor for up to eight days according to both chemical analyses and sensory evaluations. Such meat can be packaged aerobically. Surface pigments will remain as the bright red oxymyoglobin familiar to the consumer rather than the purple reduced myoglobin of anaerobically packaged meat.