cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATIONSHIPS OF SEYMOURIA, DIADECTES, AND CHELONIA

Evidence now available supports the concept of close relationship between the seymouriamorphs and diadectids, with the latter a specialized offshoot of the former. Diadectes itself clearly is not a progenitor of Chelonia. The seymouriamorphdiadectid complex may be a sterile line, except for the gephyrostegids which, originating very early among seymouriamorphs, may have led to true reptiles. There is some evidence, mostly highly tentative, that procolophons and their probable descendants, the pareiasaurs, may have arisen from the non-gephyrostegid seymouriamorph stock. Chelonia could have found their ancestery within the procolophons or pareiasaurs. If this is the case, and only additional study can confirm or deny it, then the concept of the Parareptilia, as proposed earlier (Olson, 1947), may retain much of its original meaning, with the Diadectidae, however, far removed from the ancestry of the Chelonia.
Modeling the Scholarship of Teaching Through Four Family Policy Assignments

This article describes the scholarship of teaching and discusses how it can be used in a family policy class. An Internet scavenger hunt, the use of weekly news articles for discussing family policy, a field trip to the state capitol, and a research project are the assignments described. Each assignment is followed by a discussion on how content, process, and premise reflections, components of the scholarship of teaching, can be used to evaluate and refine student achievement as well as the teacher's effectiveness skills. Rubrics for evaluating the assignments are included in the appendices. This article is designed to be helpful to faculty who teach family policy and may be adapted by other teaching professionals for a variety of disciplines.
Regulation of Rat Liver β-Hydroxy-β-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Activity by Cholesterol

Early work by Gould, Tomkins, Langdon and Bloch1–3 and others demonstrated that the addition of cholesterol to a rat diet resulted in almost complete cessation of de novo cholesterol synthesis. More recently, many investigators4, 5 have found that this inhibition is primarily at the site of reduction of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate (MVA), but the mechanism of this control has been controversial. It was found in this laboratory by studies involving the isolation of the enzyme6 and by others in studies involving antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis7, 8 that the diurnal rise in activity, first reported by Lynen's laboratory9, results from enhanced protein synthesis and that the enzyme protein decays at a constant rate with a short half life of about 3 h. During the decline in enzymatic activity, protein synthesis is severely inhibited. It has been suggested that cholesterol acts as a “repressor” of enzyme synthesis, but the other possibility, that cholesterol or a metabolite of cholesterol acts more directly as an inhibitor of enzymatic activity, remains an open question7–10. We have used an immunochemical method to try to answer this.
Saturation effects in temperature-programmed desorption spectra obtained from porous catalysts

Abstract For temperature-programmed desorption from porous catalysts where the rate-limiting process is diffusion of gas-phase molecules in local equilibrium with the adsorbed phase (i.e., Eqs. (5) and (7) satisfied), the presence of saturation effects in the adsorption isotherm produces a negative shift in T m that depends on the initial coverage. The maximum size of this shift for an initially saturated surface is ~5% of T m . A quantitative prediction of this saturation-induced shift is given by Eq. (23), which can be used to evaluate U ads directly from T m , provided that θ 0 and the remaining adsorbate-catalyst parameters are known (i.e., a , l , D , K 0 , and β).
Motion of a small body through an external field in general relativity calculated by matched asymptotic expansions

This paper shows that a small body with possibly strong internal gravity moves through an empty region of a curved, and not necessarily asymptotically flat, external space-time on an approximate geodesic. By "approximate geodesic," one means the following: Suppose the ratio $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{m}{L}$, where $m$ is the body's mass and $L$ is a curvature reference length of the unperturbed external field, is a small parameter. Then $O(L)$ deviations from geodesic motion in the unperturbed external field vanish over times of $O(L)$, with possible $O(L)$ corrections occurring only over times of order $\frac{L}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ or longer. The world line is here calculated directly from the Einstein field equation using a generalized method of matched asymptotic expansions based on a previous paper concerning singular perturbations on manifolds and related to a technique used by D'Eath. Aside from D'Eath's work, previous results on the motion of realistic bodies have assumed weak internal gravity, in some cases incorporating additional assumptions such as perfect fluids or high symmetry. This calculation makes no assumptions about the details of the body, such as weak fields, symmetry, the equations of state for matter, or even the presence of matter. Most previous treatments assumed asymptotic flatness of the external field. Here, it is only assumed that, in the region of interest, the external spacetime is empty and free of singularities. The results extend the work of D'Eath to a more general class of objects that includes nonstationary black holes, naked singularities, and neutron stars, as well as ordinary astrophysical objects. This method can be applied to related problems, such as the motion of a charged black hole through an external gravitational and electromagnetic field. A future paper will combine this method with Burke's method of obtaining radiation reaction to calculate the orbital-period shortening of gravitationally bound, slow-motion systems, such as the binary pulsar PSR 1913 + 16, containing objects with strong internal gravity.
Understanding health, culture, and empowerment in a disability context

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the different kinds of health‐promotion activities undertaken by Chinese individuals in managing their disability from multiple sclerosis (MS).Design/methodology/approach – The theory of control behavior was used in this study to understand the different kinds of primary and secondary health‐coping strategies used by participants and their impact on intra‐ and inter‐personal empowerments. Using semi‐structured interviews, interpretive phenomenology was used to elicit and analyze attitudes and behaviors of Chinese participants' management of MS.Findings – Unlike previous studies which only emphasized the tangible aspects of physical health, the current paper suggests the importance of viewing health benefits in a more holistic manner. It was clear from the Chinese participants that “disability” and “healthy” were not viewed as two separate concepts. Being healthy does not mean an absence of disease but as role functioning, energy and vitality, social rel...
The Impact of Publication of Analysts' Recommendations on Returns and Trading Volume

Publication of security analysts' recommendations in the column “Inside Wall Street,” which is published in Business Week, induces abnormal returns on the publication day and the following day. The abnormal returns are robust to the use of alternative samples and methodologies. The publication increases trading volumes for the securities that are recommended to be purchased, but not for securities that are recommended to be sold. The abnormal returns and trading volumes support the view that stock prices do not adjust instantaneously when new information arrives, and that the time pattern of price adjustment depends on the time pattern of the accessibility of the information. The authors find no statistically significant difference between the average abnormal returns that are induced by recommendations that appear at the beginnings of “Inside Wall Street” columns (and are covered more extensively than others) and the average abnormal returns induced by other recommendations.
Global and regional surface‐wave inversions: A spherical‐spline parameterization

A surface-wave phase-velocity inversion scheme based upon a compactly supported cubic B-spline basis on a triangular grid of knots with approximately equal inter-knot spacing is implemented to perform global, regional and variable resolution inversions. Numerical results show that the inverted phase-velocity maps based upon this method are similar to those obtained using a global spherical-harmonic representation. Nonlinear inversions incorporating ray refraction are feasible based upon the spherical-spline model parameterization and the resulting maps are only slightly different from those based upon the great-circle approximation. A multiresolution analysis is introduced to obtain finer resolution in regions with good ray coverage and lower resolution in regions with poor coverage.
Missing edge coverings of bipartite graphs and the geometry of the Hausdorff metric

In this paper, we examine the problem of finding the number \({k}\) of elements at a given location on the line segment between two elements in the geometry the Hausdorff metric imposes on the set \({\mathcal{H} (\mathbb{R}^{n})}\) of all nonempty compact sets in n-dimensional real space. We demonstrate that this problem is equivalent to counting the edge coverings of simple bipartite graphs. We prove the novel results that there exist no simple bipartite graphs with exactly 19 or 37 edge coverings, and hence there do not exist any two elements of \({\mathcal{H} (\mathbb{R}^{n})}\) with exactly 19 or 37 elements at a given location lying between them—although there exist pairs of elements in \({\mathcal{H} (\mathbb{R}^{n})}\) that have k elements at any given location between them for infinitely many values of k, including k from 1 to 18 and 20 to 36. This paper extends results in the geometry of the Hausdorff metric given in J. Geom. 92: 28–59 (2009). In addition to our results about counting edge coverings, we give a brief introduction to this geometry.
Quantitation of leukocyte gene expression in cetaceans

SummaryReal-time quantitation of cytokine mRNA is a routine immunologic technique, especiallyﬁtting for use in those species for which monoclonal antibodies are not available.Quantitative gene expression assays were developed to assist in the immunologicassessment of three cetacean species including bottlenosed dolphins, Paciﬁc white-sideddolphins and beluga whales. Nine cytokine genes (IL-2, -4, -10, -12, -13, -18, TNFa, TGFband IFNg) and Cox-2 were selected for analysis. Most mitogen-induced mononuclearleukocyte responses were similar between the three cetacean species with either up- ordown-regulation of cytokine genes. IL-10 expression was highly variable between species.No T H /1T H 2 polarization was evident. Cytokine gene analysis has the potential to identifyimmune system perturbations induced by environmental insult as well as providingdiagnostic tools for characterizing immune responses to environmental antigens andvaccines.& 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction
Characteristics of growth-inducing exercise

Abstract Characteristics of growth-inducing exercise in hamsters were studied by examining (a) dependence of this phenomenon on a specific activity device, (b) its species-specificity, and (c) features of the running pattern which produce optimal growth acceleration. Acceleration of growth by exercise occurs in hamsters running on either horizontal discs or in vertical wheels, and in gerbils running in rotating wheels, and is therefore neither device- or species-specific phenomenon. In contrast to the two rodent species demonstrating increases in the rate of weight gain at levels of voluntary activity between 10,000 and 30,000 RPD, rats running on either activity device, and gerbils and ground squirrels running on horizontal discs, generated low levels of activity and no evidence of increased somatic growth. At weight ranges associated with maximal acceleration of growth by disc exercise, hamsters ran at moderately high speeds of between 35 and 51 cm/sec for up to one hour without a pause. Their total daily activity exceeded 15,000 RPDs (5.9–8.5 km) and lasted between 5 and 10 hours. Prolonged voluntary activity at relatively low speed constitutes a sufficient condition for acceleration of somatic growth in two rodent species.
Crotonyl-coenzyme A reductase provides methylmalonyl-CoA precursors for monensin biosynthesis by Streptomyces cinnamonensis in an oil-based extended fermentation

It is demonstrated that crotonyl-CoA reductase (CCR) plays a significant role in providing methylmalonyl-CoA for monensin biosynthesis in oil-based 10-day fermentations of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Under these conditions S. cinnamonensis L1, a derivative of a high-titre producing industrial strain C730.1 in which ccr has been insertionally inactivated, produces only 15 % of the monensin yield. Labelling of the coenzyme A pools using [3H]-beta-alanine and analysis of intracellular acyl-CoAs in the L1 and C730.1 strains demonstrated that loss of ccr led to lower levels of the monensin precursor methymalonyl-CoA, relative to coenzyme A. Expression of a heterologous ccr gene from Streptomyces collinus fully restored monensin production to the L1 mutant. Using C730.1 and an oil-based extended fermentation an exceptionally efficient and comparably intact incorporation of ethyl [3,4-13C2]acetoacetate into both the ethylmalonyl-CoA- and methylmalonyl-CoA-derived positions of monensin was observed. No labelling of the malonyl-CoA-derived positions was observed. The opposite result was observed when the incorporation study was carried out with the L1 strain, demonstrating that ccr insertional inactivation has led to a reversal of carbon flux from an acetoacetyl-CoA intermediate. These results dramatically contrast similar analyses of the L1 mutant in glucose-soybean medium which indicate a role in providing ethylmalonyl-CoA but not methylmalonyl-CoA, thus causing a change in the ratio of monensin A and monensin B analogues, but not the overall monensin titre. These results demonstrate that the relative contributions of different pathways and enzymes to providing polyketide precursors are thus dependent upon the fermentation conditions. Furthermore, the generally accepted pathways for providing methylmalonyl-CoA for polyketide production may not be significant for the S. cinnamonensis high-titre monensin producer in oil-based extended fermentations. An alternative pathway, leading from the fatty acid catabolite acetyl-CoA, via the CCR-catalysed reaction is proposed.
Group-assertive training in treatment of expression of inappropriate anger.

Male volunteers reporting a history of expressing anger in an inappropriate or antisocial manner were assigned to an assertive training group or to a placebo group. Assertive training, conducted ov...
GABAA Receptor Function in the Cerebral Cortex of Alcohol-Naive P and NP Rats

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated an innate difference in the sensitivity of ethanol-naive P and NP rats to the acute intoxicating effects of high doses of ethanol. A number of studies have suggested that the acute intoxicating effects of ethanol may be mediated in part through potentiation of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor function. In the present study, the function of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptors was studied in ethanol-naive alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats by measuring 36Cl− influx into cortical microsacs. GABA, in a concentration-dependent manner, increased 36Cl− influx to an equivalent extent into cortical microsacs from P and NP rats (EC50 = 9.0 ± 1.0 and 10 ± 1.1 μM; Emax = 30.8 ± 1.3 and 28.1 ± 0.9 nmol Cl−/mg protein/3 s, respectively). Pentobarbital (30 μM) enhanced GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake (75 and 71% increase for P and NP rats, respectively) equally well in cortical microsacs from P and NP rats. Likewise, phenobarbital potentiation of GABA-stimulated 36Cl− influx was similar in cortical microsacs from P and NP rats. Phenobarbital, at the highest concentration tested (3 mM), directly stimulated 36Cl− influx to a similar extent in P and NP rats. However, ethanol failed to alter GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake into cortical microsacs prepared from ethanol-naive P and NP rats. The present results suggest that the differences between P and NP rats in innate sensitivity to the high dose effects of ethanol do not appear to be due to differences in cortical GABAA receptor function.
Relaxation. Can T2, be longer than T1?

The basic equations describing the decay of the magnetization vector in the transverse plane and its growth along the longitudinal axis, after a pulse, are briefly examined for very simple systems that obey the extreme narrowing condition, and relax in the absence of radiation damping. It is shown that in these cases, the vector does not simply tip backwards with a constant magnitude, retracing the path it followed during the pulse. It is mathematically proven that if T2 is equal to or less than twice T1, then immediately after a pulse, the vector first shrinks and then grows back to its initial magnitude while it tips back toward the longitudinal axis, instead of simply retracing its path. It is also shown that if T2 is greater than this threshold value, then at some point during the relaxation, the magnitude of the resultant will exceed its starting value, a situation apparently not consistent with our present understanding of the laws of physics.
Switched-capacitor filter based Type-III compensation for switched-mode Buck converters

In this paper, we present a novel switched-capacitor filter based Type-III compensation architecture for closed-loop regulation of fixed-frequency switched-mode Buck converters. Compared to the conventional all-analog filter, the proposed compensator can be fully-integrated onto the die resulting in reduced footprint and cost. In addition, the filter time constants scale linearly with the Buck converter's switching time-period, resulting in increased programmability and ease-of-use. A prototype of a voltage-mode PWM controller with programmable Buck Converter switching frequencies of 0.5 and 1 MHz, has been implemented and validated in a 0.36-μm BCD process, consumes 1.1 mA of static current from a 3.3 V supply, and occupies ~ 0.65 mm2 of active area on-chip.
Pre-Olympia Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Chronology in the Central Puget Lowland, Washington

Drifts of two pre-Olympia glaciations separated by nonglacial sediments are widespread in the central Puget Lowland of western Washington. The Double Bluff Drift (older) and Possession Drift represent advances of the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet more than 40,000 years ago. The nonglacial Whidbey Formation between the drifts was formed in streams and lakes. During its deposition, climate was initially cool and moist, as inferred from pollen in peat beds, but subsequently it became much like that of the present in the lowland. The Possession Drift is tentatively correlated with glacial deposits of Salmon Springs age in the southern part of the lowland. The Whidbey Formation may correlate with nonglacial deposits between two Salmon Springs Drifts or with the Puyallup Formation.
Alteration in connections between muscle and anterior horn motoneurons after peripheral nerve repair

The connections between the spinal cord and lower leg muscles of the rat are significantly altered by repair of the intervening sciatric nerve. Muscles supplied by the peroneal branch of the sciatic are innervated by fewer motoneurons after sciatic repair. Many of these neurons originally innervated the peroneal muscles, and others formerly served the antagonistic tibial muscles. Perikarya in the size range of alpha motoneurons regained peripheral connections with greater frequency than those in the gamma range. There are thus postoperative defects in the extent and specificity of alpha reinnervation as well as in the degree of gamma control.
Strongly consistent marching schemes for the wave equation

In this paper, we consider a class of explicit marching schemes first proposed in [1] for solving the wave equation in complex geometry using an embedded Cartesian grid. These schemes rely on an integral evolution formula for which the numerical domain of dependence adjusts automatically to contain the true domain of dependence. Here, we refine and analyze a subclass of such schemes, which satisfy a condition we refer to as strong u-consistency. This requires that the evolution scheme be exact for a single-valued approximation to the solution at the previous time steps. We provide evidence that many of these strongly u-consistent schemes are stable and converge at very high order even in the presence of small cells in the grid, while taking time steps dictated by the uniform grid spacing.
Analysis of RNA recovery and gene expression in the epidermis using non-invasive tape stripping

Summary Background The recovery of RNA from the upper epidermis by tape stripping yields variable RNA mass but has not been evaluated for its dependence on anatomical location. Gene expression at different body locations and the origin of RNA recovered by tape stripping have not been investigated. Objectives To characterize the recovery of RNA from different anatomical locations by tape stripping; to correlate the recovery of RNA and removal of barrier by tape stripping, as assayed by transepidermal water loss; and to investigate gene expression in the upper epidermis at different body locations. Methods Twelve subjects were tape stripped at 15 body locations. RNA mass was evaluated and gene expression assayed. Subjects were tape stripped 4, 8 and 12 times on the upper back and transepidermal water loss and RNA recovery assayed. Results Ranked by median RNA recovery, the following order was observed: mastoid > forehead > chest > upper back > mid back > cheek > lower back > deltoid > forearm > abdomen > ventral thigh > inner arm > shin > dorsal thigh > lower leg. Expression of the housekeeping gene mRNAs is found to be uniform and reproducible while IL-8 and TNFα mRNAs are expressed in different quantities both at different body sites within an individual and between individuals at a specific anatomical site. Data show a significant and high correlation between the number of tapes used to strip a site and transepidermal water loss but no strong correlation between transepidermal water loss and RNA recovery or number of tapes used to strip a site and RNA recovery. Conclusions Subjects and anatomical location are shown to be significantly different for the ability to recover RNA by tape stripping. We hypothesize that RNA recovered by tape strip is not derived from corneocytes but from cells associated with the stratum corneum.
The least-squares calibration on the micro-arcsecond metrology test bed

The Space Interferometry Mission (S1M) will measure optical path differences (OPDs) with an accuracy of tens of picometers, requiring precise calibration of the instrument. In this article, we present a calibration approach based on fitting star light interference fringes in the interferometer using a least-squares algorithm. The algorithm is first analyzed for the case of a monochromatic light source with a monochromatic fringe model. Using fringe data measured on the Micro-Arcsecond Metrology (MAM) testbed with a laser source, the error in the determination of the wavelength is shown to be less than 10pm. By using a quasi-monochromatic fringe model, the algorithm can be extended to the case of a white light source with a narrow detection bandwidth. In SIM, because of the finite bandwidth of each CCD pixel, the effect of the fringe envelope can not be neglected, especially for the larger optical path difference range favored for the wavelength calibration.
Study of the T1[110] phonon dispersion curves of BCC LA and BCC ZR

Abstract In both metals the frequencies of the T 1 [110] are found to be considerably lower than those of the T 2 branch. This implies a large anisotropy with respect to the propagation of elastic waves, a property which is more typical of simple than of transition metals. The possible implications of these results regarding the stability and the anomalous self-diffusion in these metals are briefly discussed.
Fine-Grained Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Water and Protein Contributions to Ultra-Fast and Slower Fluorescence Shifts from MD + QM Simulations

Vibrant discussion persists as to the origin of the time dependent fluorescence spectral (Stokes) shift (TDFSS) in the range 100 fs to 100 ps for a number of tryptophan (Trp)-containing proteins. TDFSS reports on the dynamic reorganization of the local environment around the large dipole of Trp following excitation to the 1La state. Much of the discussion centers on the ubiquitous “slow” (10 ps-5 ns) TDFSS component found only in proteins. Details of what determines the fast (< 2ps) component in proteins are also of interest. Two questions of interest are: (1) the relative contributions of protein and water; and (2) what length scales characterize these contributions. To help answer these ongoing questions we have performed molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with semiempirical quantum mechanics (MD + QM) for the proteins STNase, GB1, and monellin, each of which has been the subject of ultrafast experiments. We have examined the spatial contributions to shifts at 1pm intervals of distance, which has revealed that only 5-10 waters less than 0.8nm from Trp contribute to the TDFSS, while ∼100 waters out to 1.5 nm often contribute blue shifts that are the same in the ground and excited state. These simulations raise a further question as to the mechanism of fast anti-correlated fluctuations of protein and water contributions to the fluorescence shift.
Prophets of black progress: Benjamin E. mays and Howard W. Thurman, pioneering black religious intellectuals

Black religious intellectuals have historically occupied a very important role in the black community. In the course of American history, religion has served as the centerpiece of African American life and its preachers, ministers and thinkers have functioned as the main spiritual and intellectual leaders. Historically, black religious intellectuals have also operated as progenitors of social and political change in various facets of American life. In the era of slavery, Nat Turner and other preachers imbued many communities of blacks wi th the resolve and spiritual vision of resisting and surviving that system's evils. In the 19 th century, such luminary black religious thinkers as Alexander Crummell and Bishop Henry McNeal Turner laid the intellectual and spiritual foundations for black nationalism and the back to Africa movement. In the 20 th century, visionaries such as Benjamin Elijah Mays, Howard Thurman and Martin Luther King, Jr. represented the prototype black religious thinker in their fusion of religious theology, philosophy, secular intellectual thought, and a strong measure of individuality. Interestingly, this existence among many black religious figures of a strong intellectual undercurrent and balance to their religious and spiritual selves has placed them in a position of critical impo~ance vis-a vis the black community, American society wri t large, and the world. In this article my focus is geared toward an understanding of the critical importance and representation of 20th cen-
PAPR reduction in OFMD WiMAX application

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is one form of a multicarrier modulation technique. It is implemented in high date communication systems. The data in OFDM is divided into groups of sub- streams. Each supstream is mapped into orthogonal subcarrier. Consequently, the period of symbol will be long enough and is not affected by multipath channel fading. OFDM provides high spectral efficiency as long as robustness to the fading channel which makes it desirable for any communication system but there are some drawbacks of the OFDM. One main defect of OFDM is the PAPR which causes inter-carrier interference and high out-of-band power which degrades the performance of OFDM such as BER and ISI. The mitigation of the PAPR’s impact is the goal of this paper in the case of WiMAX.
Termite digestomes as sources for novel lignocellulases

For most animals, lignocellulose is a nutritionally poor food source that is highly resistant to enteric degradation. Termites, however, have the unique ability to digest lignocellulose with high efficiency, often using it as a sole food source. Another interesting aspect of termite biology is their symbiotic associations with prokaryotic and eukaryotic gut symbionts. Termite symbionts contribute to lignocellulose digestion efficiency, but by no means are they responsible for 100% of lignocellulose digestion in the termite gut. The termite digestome can be defined as the pool of genes, both termite and symbiont, that contribute to lignocellulose depolymerization and digestion, as well as simple sugar fermentation, nutrient transport, and nutrient assimilation. A central goal of termite digestomics research is to define/understand the relative contributions of termite and symbiont gene products to collaborative lignocellulose digestion. While efficient microbial cellulases have already been identified and are presently being used in industrial applications, efficient and inexpensive pre-treatments for lignin and hemicellulose depolymerization are not yet well developed. In this respect, termite digestomics has already offered significant insights, and can continue to identify relevant enzymes, as well as reveal how to optimally combine and utilize these enzymes for maximum synergy. The topics covered in this review are as follows: lignocellulose structure with emphasis on its potential for depolymerization by termite and gut endosymbiont-derived digestive enzymes; termite biology and ecology from the perspectives of termite nutrition, gut physiology, and lignocellulose digestion; and trends identified through recent termite digestomics research. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Regional distribution of glutathione reductase in the adult rat brain

Glutathione reductase was measured in 10 selected areas of the adult rat brain. Activitives varied over a 2.5-fold range. The caudate-putamen and cortical areas contained the highest activities. Several gray matter structures contained intermediate activities. The substantia nigra and the corpus callosum, a white matter structure, contained the lowest activities. The caudate-putamen, a catecholamine rich area, may produce H2O2 via MAO and would require glutathione reductase to recycle glutathione oxidized by glutathione peroxidase. However, the distribution of glutathione reductase activity also suggests a role in reducing oxidants formed during tissue respiration.
Preliminary Report on Controlling the Winter Emergence of the Japanese Beetle in Rose Greenhouses by Application of Chemicals to the Soil

The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) may cause injury in greenhouses containing roses by emerging during the winter months and feeding on the plants. This paper gives preliminary results obtained in an effort to control this injury by treating with various materials, beds containing five varieties of roses. As roses are usually allowed to remain in beds for a period of three to four years, final data on the value of the various tests will not be available until the expiration of that length of time.
"Do You Want Extra Police Coverage With Those Fries?" An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship Between Patrol Practices and the Gratuity Exchange Principle'

The free cup of coffee has long raised ethical debates in policing, but no research has yet provided a sufficient coupling of empirical and theoreti cal perspectives. Because officers report that t...
Effective Thermo-Elastic Constants for Monoclinic Laminates Containing Transverse Ply Cracks

Previous work on property changes in orthotropic laminates due to transverse ply cracking is extended to monoclinic laminates. In particular, the effective elastic moduli and thermal expansion coefficients for a [θ m /90 o n ]S laminate containing transverse cracks through the middle 90 o n layers are determined analytically. The cracks are assumed to be evenly spaced and to extend across the entire laminate width. Each of the θ m and 90 o n ply clusters are treated as a single homogeneous plate. The two ply clusters are connected through continuity of displacements and tractions at the interface. All 13 elastic constants and 4 thermal expansion coefficients are determined. Numerical results are compared to other models.
Generalization of the Fortuin-Kasteleyn-Swendsen-Wang representation and Monte Carlo algorithm.

We give a simple explanation of the Swendsen-Wang algorithm for Potts models in terms of a joint model of Potts spin variables interacting with bond occupation variables. We then show how to generalize this representation, as well as the corresponding Monte Carlo algorithm, to arbitrary models. We give initial results of tests of the new algorithm on the two-dimensional XY model.
MODIFICATION OF THE INCIDENCE OF MATING IN RATS BY STIMULATION WITH A SHORT AIR BLAST

Summary.-325 virgin female rats were individually stimulated with a four-minute air blast on the same day they were individually placed with mature males. Controls were 358 comparable rats. Mating was determined by the presence of vaginal plugs. XS analysis indicated that significantly more stimulated females were bred on Days 1, 2, 4, or 6 or more. The analysis on accumulative numbers bred revealed that significantly more stimulated females were bred by Days 2, 3, 4, and 5. No differences existed between srimulated and control groups in either litter size, incidence of abnormal young, or conceptions. It has been reported in past years that external stimuli cause modification of the sexual cycle in women (Selye, 1946; Stieve, 1952), in rats (Arvay, Nagy, & Kovacs-Nagy, 1956; Gronroos & Kauppila, 1959; Hahn & Hays, 1960; Richter, 1955, 1956, 1957), in mice (Whitten, 1956, 1959), in voles (Chitty & Austin, 1957), in goats (Shelcon, 1960) and in sheep (Smith, McLaren, Odom, & Miller, 1958; Schnickel, 1954). These modifications range from amenorrhea in women (Stieve, 1952) to anestrus (Gronroos & Kauppila, 1959; Richter, 1956), prolonged estrous cycles (Arvay, et a/., 1956) or persistent estrus in rodents (Chitty & Austin, 1957). The variety of stimuli causing these modifications was as great as the observations reported. This report concerns interval from the exposure of virgin rats to an air blast until the time of mating. A total of 683 virgin female rats of the Holtzman strain were included in this study. Of these, 325 random females were subjected to a direct stream of air under a pressure of approximately 30 psi for a maximum period of 4 min., while the remaining 358 animals served as non-stimulated controls. The females reacted to the air blast with a response ranging from little or no physical reaction to epileptic-like seizures commonly referred to as audiogenic seizures. Animals exhibiting a seizure were promptly removed from the air blast and no further treatment was given. Prior to stimnlation all females were housed six to a cage. The females were individually placed with males on the day of stimulation. Mating was determined by the presence of vaginal plugs on the underlying litter trays, with pregnancy being confirmed by autopsy on the 20th day of gestation. Day 1 was the 24-hr. period after being placed with a male. Dif
What is relative measurement? The ratio scale phantom

Traditionally, measurement scales with a unit are assumed to be available to measure and rank alternatives. However, such scales are scarce and it is often desired to rank alternatives on many tangible and intangible criteria. How? Relative measurement is a method for deriving ratio scales from paired comparisons represented by absolute numbers. This approach to measurement is useful in multicriteria decision-making where the concept of dominance is used to represent the comparisons numerically and derive and synthesize ratio scales to obtain an overall ratio scale ranking of the alternatives. Mathematical and structural issues relating to relative measurement and to the overall ranks of the alternatives are discussed in this paper.
Determination of trace amounts of tin in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract An atomic absorption method is described for the determination of traces of tin in rocks, soils, and stream sediments. A dried mixture of the sample and ammonium iodide is heated to volatilize tin tetraiodide -which is then dissolved in 5 % hydrochloric acid, extracted into TOPO-MIBK, and aspirated into a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. The limit of determination is 2 p.p.m. tin and the relative standard deviation ranges from 2 to 14 %. Up to 20 % iron and 1000 p.p.m. Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Hg, Mo, V, or W in the sample do not interfere. As many as 50 samples can be easily analyzed per man-day.
Translstor circuits and potentially stable operating points

Abstract A theorem due to I. W. Sandberg concerning the equations of transistor circuits and P 0 matrices is generalized so as to apply in situations where a pair of matrices must be analyzed. The result is used to obtain new stability criteria for transistor circuits.
Effects of Cosmetic Formulations Containing Hydroxyacids on Sun-Exposed Skin: Current Applications and Future Developments

This paper describes recent data on the effects of various skin formulations containing hydroxyacids (HAs) and related products on sun-exposed skin. The most frequently used classes of these products, such as α- and β-hydroxyacids, polyhydroxy acids, and bionic acids, are reviewed, and their application in cosmetic formulations is described. Special emphasis is devoted to the safety evaluation of these formulations, particularly on the effects of their prolonged use on sun-exposed skin. We also discuss the important contribution of cosmetic vehicles in these types of studies. Data on the effects of HAs on melanogenesis and tanning are also included. Up-to-date methods and techniques used in those explorations, as well as selected future developments in the cosmetic area, are presented.
A technique of anaesthesia in haemorrhagic shock

The anaesthetic management of patients in haemorrhagic shock is described. The principles are those of initial resuscitation with electrolyte solutions and alleviation of metabolic acidosis, combined with early induction of anaesthesia to permit control of bleeding as soon as possible. The anaesthetic technique depends on pre-oxygenation, intravenous anaesthesia, muscular relaxation and ventilation with pure oxygen. Earlier cases were induced with thiopentone and maintained with intermittent suxamethonium, but intravenous ketamine was later employed for induction and intramuscular ketamine for maintenance; this use of ketamine is now the author's method of choice. The use of a central venous pressure line connected to a cannula in the internal jugular vein is recommended.
Discovering and characterizing Hidden Variables

Theoretical entities are aspects of the world that cannot be sensed directly but that nevertheless are causally relevant. Scientifc inquiry has uncovered many such entities, such as black holes and dark matter. We claim that theoretical entities are important for the development of concepts within the lifetime of an individual, and present a novel neural network architecture that solves three problems related to theoretical entities: (1) discovering that they exist, (2) determining their number, and (3) computing their values. Experiments show the utility of the proposed approach using a discrete time dynamical system in which some of the state variables are hidden, and sensor data obtained from the camera of a mobile robot in which the sizes and locations of ob jects in the visual eld are observed but their sizes and locations (distances) in the three-dimensional world are not.
Prioritized Sweeping: Reinforcement Learning with Less Data and Less Time

We present a new algorithm, prioritized sweeping, for efficient prediction and control of stochastic Markov systems. Incremental learning methods such as temporal differencing and Q-learning have real-time performance. Classical methods are slower, but more accurate, because they make full use of the observations. Prioritized sweeping aims for the best of both worlds. It uses all previous experiences both to prioritize important dynamic programming sweeps and to guide the exploration of state-space. We compare prioritized sweeping with other reinforcement learning schemes for a number of different stochastic optimal control problems. It successfully solves large state-space real-time problems with which other methods have difficulty.
Sustained release hormonal preparations 12. Plasma levels of 6-methyl-17α-acetoxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione in hamsters

Abstract Absorption of 6-methyl-17α-acetoxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione from polydimethylsiloxane implants in hamsters was monitored by measuring peripheral plasma levels and excretion in urine and feces. The absorption was time dependent. Mean values 24 hrs after implantation were 684 ng (plasma volume based on 4.1% of body weight); this rose to 2876 ng on day 7 after insertion. Similarly, total excretion rose from a mean value of 5282 ng/24 hrs on day 1 to 15483 ng/24 hrs on day 7.
Bridging the Gap between Brain and Behavior: Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Memory

The notion that non-human animals are capable of episodic memory is highly controversial. Here, we review recent behavioral work from our laboratory showing that the fundamental features of episodic memory can be observed in rats and that, as in humans, this capacity relies on the hippocampus. We also discuss electrophysiological evidence, from our laboratory and that of others, pointing to associative and sequential coding in hippocampal cells as potential neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory.
MEMS Diffractive Optical Nanoruler Technology for Tipbased Nanofabrication and Metrology

This paper reports on a diffractive optical nanoruler used to guide tip-based nanofabrication. A precision of ±3 × 10-4 has been demonstrated across a 75 mm wafer; we can account for errors external to the system which reduce this figure to ±1.5 × 10-5. A microfabricated aluminum grating diffracts an external cavity laser beam stabilized to the rubidium D2 line (780nm). The resulting hexagonal lattice intensity pattern guides a PC-board assembly, consisting of a quadrature photodiode and an STM tip, on a flexural piezo stage. The STM tip is used to make indentations in resist spun on an Al film deposited on a silicon wafer. The precision is measured using electron microscopy by locating the indentations.
The effect of captopril on renal hemodynamics in hypertensive patients.

The effects of captopril (50 or 100 mg t.i.d.) with and without hydrochlorothiazide (25 or 50 mg/day) on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and the renin-angiotensin system were determined in 20 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Normalization of blood pressure (supine diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg) was achieved in 12 patients after four or six weeks of captopril alone (147 +/- 3/100 +/- 3 mm Hg after a two-week placebo lead-in vs. 135 +/- 4/83 +/- 1 mm Hg after captopril, P less than 0.01/P less than 0.001). In these 12 patients, no significant alterations in renal blood flow or glomerular filtration rate were observed. Plasma renin activity increased two- to threefold above baseline levels, whereas serum and urinary aldosterone decreased by 23 and 35 per cent, respectively. Eight other patients remained hypertensive after four weeks of captopril alone (165 +/- 6/110 +/- 3 vs. 156 +/- 8/102 +/- 4 mmHg, P greater than 0.05/P less than 0.05). With addition of hydrochlorothiazide, blood pressure fell (P less than 0.001) to 129 +/- 7/84 +/- 3 mm Hg. Captopril alone or in combination with diuretic had no significant effect on renal hemodynamics. In the eight patients requiring diuretic, plasma renin activity remained constant after captopril monotherapy, but rose threefold after hydrochlorothiazide was added. The combination of these two antihypertensive agents significantly lowered serum aldosterone levels and urinary aldosterone excretion by 53 and 50 per cent, respectively. In summary, captopril with and without a thiazide diuretic reduced blood pressure without altering renal hemodynamics.
Single vibronic level emission spectroscopy of the A˜1B1→X˜1A1 system of dibromocarbene

Abstract Following the development of an improved discharge recipe for production of dibromocarbene (CBr2), and an extensive spectroscopic survey of the A ˜ 1 B 1 ← X ˜ 1 A 1 system that has led to a revision in the position of the origin, we have recorded single vibronic level (SVL) emission spectra of C79Br81Br and C81Br2 which probe the vibrational structure of the X ˜ 1 A 1 state up to ∼7000 cm−1 above the vibrationless level. These spectra reveal many previously unassigned levels. In the region between ∼3600 and 5900 cm−1, or between the singlet-triplet gap proposed by Hsu et al. [H.-J. Hsu, W.-Z. Chang, B.-C. Chang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005, 7, 2468–2473] to that predicted by theory, we find that ∼90% of the lines can be assigned to X ˜ 1 A 1 levels within three standard deviations of our Dunham expansion fit, suggesting that the vast majority of emission lines terminate on levels of the singlet state. A nearly complete set of vibrational parameters was determined for the X ˜ 1 A 1 state; the derived parameters are in good agreement with recent ab initio predictions.
Effects of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene on wild rodents at Edwards Air Force Base, California, USA

Effects of inhalation of volatilized trichloroethylene (TCE) or perchloroethylene (PCE) were assessed based on the health and population size of wild, burrowing mammals at Edwards Air Force Base (CA, USA). Organic soil-vapor concentrations were measured at three sites with aquifer contamination of TCE or PCE of 5.5 to 77 mg/L and at two uncontaminated reference sites. Population estimates of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami and D. panamintinus) as well as hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology of kangaroo rats and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were compared between contaminated and uncontaminated populations. Maximum soil-gas concentrations associated with groundwater contamination were less than 1.5 microl/L of TCE and 0.07 microl/L of PCE. Population estimates of kangaroo rats were similar at contaminated and reference sites. Hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology of kangaroo rats and deer mice indicated no evidence of health effects caused by exposure. Trichloroethylene or PCE in groundwater and in related soil gas did not appear to reduce the size of small mammal populations or impair the health of individuals.