cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of the intact photosystem I reaction center core containing P700 and iron-sulfur center FX

The photosystem I reaction center core containing P700 and iron-sulfur center FX has been isolated from a Synechococcus photosystem I particle with 6.8 M urea at pH 10.0 followed by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The reaction center core has retained > 90% of FX and 100% of P700 (determined by optical spectroscopy) but is totally devoid of iron-sulfur centers FA and FB (determined by optical and ESR spectroscopy). SDS-PAGE indicates the retention of the 57 kDa reaction center polypeptide(s) but the total absence of the 16.4 and 8.1 kDa polypeptides. The loss of FA and FB is further reflected in the decline of acid-labile sulfide from 11.8 ± 0.4 S2− /P700 in the control particle to 4.6 ± 0.3 S2− /P700 in the reaction center core. This preparation represents the first isolation of an intact reaction center core incorporating the components P700 and FX but totally lacking FA and FB.
Scientific Computing Using pPVM

Execution time of an application running on a cluster of workstations is critically dependent upon the performance of the underlying communication network, especially when the application demands for large data transfers among workstations. In this research, we use parallel network approach to improve the communication network performance and demonstrate this in a real cluster computing environment using multiple Ethernets. We modified the PVM environment to pPVM to schedule the application data onto multiple networks, the scheduling strategy being either round-robin or adaptive. The adaptive strategy performs well for both equal and unequal distribution of background load on the channels, and also for time-varying background load.
Effects of resistance training on cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure in the elderly.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether resistance training alters the cardiovascular responses to submaximal lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in the elderly. Twenty-one subjects were randomized into a control (C: n = 10; 70 ± 3 years. mean ± SD) or a resistance training (TR: n = 11; 67 ± 7 years) group. Subjects in the TR underwent 12 weeks of training consisting of three sets of 8-12 contractions at ∼60-80% of their initial maximal one repetition, three times per week, on 10 different machines. Before (Pre) and after (Post) training, all subjects underwent exposures of LBNP of -10, -20 and -40 Torr and muscle biopsy sampling at the vastus lateralis. TR increased (P≤0.05) knee extension (Pre = 379 ± 140 N, Post = 534 ± 182 N) and chest press (Pre = 349 ± 137 N, Post = 480 ± 192 N) strength. Neither body weight nor percentage body fat were altered (P>0.05) by training. Resistance training increased (P≤0.05) cross-sectional area in both Type I (4203 ± 1196 to 5248 ± 1728 μm 2 ) and Type II (3375 ± 1027 to 4286 ± 1892 μm 2 ) muscle fibres. Forearm blood flow, forearm vascular conductance, mean arterial pressure, and heart-rate responses to LBNP were not altered by the training. These data suggest that the cardiovascular responses of elderly to LBNP are unaffected by 12 weeks of whole-body resistance training despite increases in muscle strength and size.
The Relation between Attitudes and Later Behavior Following Dissonance-Produced Attitude Change

The relation between attitudes, following dissonance-produced attitude change, and later behavior was examined. Subjects who freely chose to attempt to attain a difficult goal for minimal external. justification expressed greater commitment to the goal and, subsequently, displayed superior task performance, relative to other subjects. More important, the correlation between expressed commitment and subsequent performance was of greater magnitude among these subjects. The results are discussed in terms of the apparent superior predictive utility of attitudes based upon self-revealing, prior behavior.
Development of a scalar hospital-specific severity of illness measure

Cost-function analysis of hospitals has been criticized for not including severity adjustments. We tested a scalar hospital-specific severity index, derived from Admission MedisGroup Scores. Alternative versions (i.e., linear/nonlinear) of the index were evaluated by estimating cost functions on a sample of 201 Pennsylvania hospitals. The scalar index was a strong predictor of costs. The results also suggest that the omission of a severity variable in a hospital cost function may cause a specification error.
The Importance of Substance-Related Sexual Victimization Impact on Substance Use and Risk Perception in Female College Students

Data on risk perception, sexual victimization, and substance use were obtained via surveys from 496 female college students to determine what factors influence risk perception using a written vignette in which participants make a hypothetical decision to leave a potentially risky situation. Experiences of substance-related (SR) victimization, rather than forcible victimization, were associated with significantly delayed risk perception. SR victimization victims reported feeling uncomfortable significantly later and leaving the scenario significantly later than non-victims. SR victimization victims also had significantly higher scores on heavy episodic drinking (HED), marijuana use, alcohol-related tolerance, and blackouts. Both substance use (HED and marijuana use) and alcohol-related problems (tolerance and blackouts) mediated the link between SR victimization and risk perception in the form of behavioral leave response. In contrast, only HED and tolerance mediated the link between SR victimization and r...
Risk Factors For Motor Vehicle Crashes Among Older Drivers in a Rural Community

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the motor vehicle crash rate in a cohort of older drivers from a rural community and to identify health-related conditions that increase their risk for crash involvement. DESIGN: Cohort study with 5 years of crash-record surveillance. SETTING: The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study, one of four Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1791 drivers aged 68 years and older. MAIN MEASURES: Exposure measures of physical, mental, and sensory well-being from a health interview survey; outcome measure of police-reported crashes maintained by the Iowa Department of Motor Vehicles. RESULTS: Between 1985 and 1989, 206 drivers were involved in 245 state-recorded crashes. The estimated annual crash involvement rate for these rural older drivers (28 per 1000 driving-years) was about 20% less than the national average for drivers aged 65 years and over (36 per 1,000). An increased risk for motor vehicle crashes was associated with episodes of back pain (Relative Risk = 1.4, P Language: en
Electron-atom spin asymmetry and two-electron photodetachment - Addenda to the Coulomb-dipole threshold law

Temkin (1982) has derived the ionization threshold law based on a Coulomb-dipole theory of the ionization process. The present investigation is concerned with a reexamination of several aspects of the Coulomb-dipole threshold law. Attention is given to the energy scale of the logarithmic denominator, the spin-asymmetry parameter, and an estimate of alpha and the energy range of validity of the threshold law, taking into account the result of the two-electron photodetachment experiment conducted by Donahue et al. (1984).
Effect of topical flurbiprofen on trabeculectomy.

PURPOSE AND METHODS: The effect of topical flurbiprofen, in addition to our ususal topical postoperative medications (prednisolone 1%, phenylephrine 2.5%, atropine 1%, and gentamycin 0.3%), on the outcome of trabeculectomy was assessed in a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized study of 49 eyes. Mean postoperative follow-up was 42 weeks (range, 4-52 weeks). RESULTS: Intraocular pressure was higher in the flurbiprofen (Ocufen, Allergan Pharmaceuticals) treated eyes than in the placebo control eyes, but they are not significantly different (15.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 12.8 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, p = 0.20, mean +/- SE). Similar results were observed for visual acuity using the Log-MAR scale (-0.45 +/- 0.06 vs. -0.52 +/- 0.07, p = 0.42, mean +/- SE). For both visual acuity and intraocular pressure, the flubiprofen effect did not change significantly with the follow-up period. There were more encapsulated filtering blebs in flurbiprofen-treated eyes (11/24 eyes, 46%) than in eyes treated with the artificial tear placebo (5/25 eyes, 20%), though the difference was only marginally significant (p = 0.058). No other differences in adverse effects were noted between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is no benefit of using postoperative flurbiprofen following initial trabeculectomy surgery.
An intensity-compensating system for infrared spectrophotometry

A novel compensating device for use in infrared spectrophotometry has been designed, constructed, and its properties investigated. The device consists of two sector disks rotated synchronously, with phase control on one disk permitting an absolute variation of the transmission factor of the compensator. No operational tests on an actual spectrophotometer have been made.
Development of the Polio Vaccine: A Historical Perspective of Tuskegee University's Role in Mass Production and Distribution of HeLa Cells

propagation of the poliovirus. It was the need for massive amounts of HeLa cells for the evaluation of Dr. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine that forever intertwined the history of Tuskegee University to the noteworthy history of the HeLa cell. When the words research and Tuskegee University are mentioned in the same sentence, many individuals outside this University’s Lincoln Gates think of the important research conducted by Dr. George Washington Carver. And although Dr. Carver’s contributions are beyond reproach, when it comes to scientific research on Tuskegee’s campus, several of its lesser-known scientists have left their own indelible marks. Two such scientists, Drs. Russell W. Brown (Figure 1) and James H.M. Henderson (Figure 2) made their mark by leading a team of researchers and staff at Tuskegee University in the mass production of the infamous HeLa cells for use nationally in the development of the polio vaccine. Historical perspective on polio among Blacks. Before going directly into the mass production of HeLa cells on Tuskegee’s campus, a brief historical perspective on the University’s prior involvement in polio treatment is warranted. Many factors and circumstances came into play to initiate Tuskegee’s involvement in the polio vaccine’s development. First and foremost, there was the prevalent racist climate found in this country. This attitude was expounded in the Southeast by Jim Crow discriminatory practices that belittled and held back Black people and made their lives more difficult. Compounding this was a ubiquitous belief in the orthopedic realm that Black polio victims were a rarity, with some people even believing that Blacks were immune to the disease. A combination of these factors led to a disregard for the suffering faced by Blacks infected with the polio virus. 2
Statins in Heart Failure

This article reviews the results from several recent reports describing the safety and efficacy of statin therapy in the setting of heart failure. It additionally discusses the ongoing controversy regarding the lipid paradox and possible mechanisms responsible for potential benefit of statin therapy in heart failure.
Thromboxane-insensitive dog platelets have impaired activation of phospholipase C due to receptor-linked G protein dysfunction.

Human platelet thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 (TXA2/PGH2) receptors are linked to phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) via a G protein tentatively identified as a member of the Gq class. In contrast, platelet thrombin receptors appear to activate PI-PLC via other unidentified G proteins. Platelets from most dogs are TXA2 insensitive (TXA2-); i.e., they do not aggregate irreversibly or secrete although they bind TXA2, but they respond normally to thrombin. In contrast, a minority of dogs have TXA2-sensitive (TXA2+) platelets that are responsive to TXA2. To determine the mechanism responsible for TXA2- platelets, we evaluated receptor activation of PI-PLC. Equilibrium binding of TXA2/PGH2 receptor agonists, [125I]BOP and [3H]U46619, and antagonist, [3H]SQ29,548, revealed comparable high-affinity binding to TXA2-, TXA2+, and human platelets. U46619-induced PI-PLC activation was impaired in TXA2- platelets as evidenced by reduced (a) phosphorylation of the 47-kD substrate of protein kinase C, (b) phosphatidic acid (PA) formation, (c) rise in cytosolic calcium concentration, and (d) inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3) formation, while thrombin-induced PI-PLC activation was not impaired. GTPase activity stimulated by U46619, but not by thrombin, was markedly reduced in TXA2- platelets. Antisera to Gq class alpha subunits abolished U46619-induced GTPase activity in TXA2-, TXA2+, and human platelets. Direct G protein stimulation by GTP gamma S yielded significantly less PA and IP3 in TXA2- platelets. Immunotransfer blotting revealed comparable quantities of Gq class alpha-subunits in all three platelet types. Thus, TXA2- dog platelets have impaired PI-PLC activation in response to TXA2/PGH2 receptor agonists secondary to G protein dysfunction, presumably involving a member of the Gq class.
The Efficiency of Mispaired Ligations by λ Integrase is Extremely Sensitive to Context

The integrase protein (Int) of phage λ is a well-studied representative of the tyrosine recombinase family, whose defining features are two sequential pairs of DNA cleavage/ligation reactions that proceed via a 3′ phosphotyrosine covalent intermediate to first form and then resolve a Holliday junction recombination intermediate. We devised an assay that takes advantage of DNA hairpin formation at one Int target site to trap Int cleavages at a different target site, and thereby reveal iterative cycles of cleavage and ligation that would otherwise be undetected. Using this assay and others to compare wild-type Int and a mutant (R169D) defective in forming proper dimer/tetramer interfaces, we found that the efficiency of “bottom-strand” DNA cleavage by wild-type Int, but not R169D, is very sensitive to the base-pair at the “top-strand” cleavage site, seven base-pairs away. We show that this is related to the finding that hairpin formation involving ligation of a mispaired base is much faster for R169D than for wild-type Int, but only in the context of a multimeric complex. During resolution of Holliday junction recombination intermediates, wild-type Int, but not R169D, is very sensitive to homology at the sites of ligation. A long-sought insight from these results is that during Holliday junction resolution the tetrameric Int complex remains intact until after ligation of the product helices has been completed. This contrasts with models in which the second pair of DNA cleavages is a trigger for dissolution of the recombination complex.
Targeting CCM-, CEA-, and CSM-Based Computing to Specific Architectures Based upon HPCMP Systems Assessment

Each year the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP) acquires new super computing hardware through a rigorous acquisition process, denoted "TI" for technology insertion, based primarily on application benchmarking. The corresponding suite of applications spans many disciplines and is carefully constructed to ensure that the HPCMP workload is accurately reflected. For the most recent acquisition cycle (TI-06), GAMESS, LAMMPS, OOCORE, and CTH7 were used to represent the computational chemistry and materials (CCM), computational electromagnetics and acoustics (CEA), and computational structural mechanics (CSM) computational technology areas (CTAs) in the workload, respectively. This paper will compare the performance of these four codes representing the CCM, CEA, and CSM components, respectively, of the TI-06 benchmarking suite on HPCMP systems to determine which system is best suited for each CTA
LIVING BY DESIGN: C. R. ASHBEE'S GUILD OF HANDICRAFT AND TWO ENGLISH TOLSTOYAN COMMUNITIES, 1897–1907

Shortly before C. R. Ashbee transplanted a hundred and fifty Cockneys to Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, in 1902 to form a utopian arts-and-crafts community, two other back-to-the-land settlements were also established, one located outside the market town of Stroud, a mere bicycle ride away from Ashbee and his guild. These Tolstoyan colonies – Purleigh, founded in 1896 in Essex, and Whiteway, founded in 1898 in the Cotswolds – fostered goals of fellowship and the simplification of life, as had been modeled by Henry Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Walt Whitman in the United States and Edward Carpenter in Britain. Yet, whereas Ashbee was inspired by the model of William Morris and nostalgia for a pre-industrial England, English Tolstoyans looked not to craft, but to a less Aesthetic “bread labor” as a respite from modernity's corruption. Visiting Whiteway in 1904, Ashbee observed the Tolstoyans’ struggles to live off the land and commented, “they hold the other end of the stick we are ourselves shaping at Campden” (qtd. in MacCarthy 100). As his metaphor implied, both groups shared utopian aspirations, but Whiteway's settlers had sought the perfection of life from another vantage point and through other means. Ashbee regarded the austerity of their lives with distance and, as we will see, even with some distaste. Nevertheless, some features of the guildsmen's lifestyle at Chipping Campden mirrored those at Whiteway. This essay uses memoirs and fictions by C. R. Ashbee, his spouse, Janet Ashbee, and the Tolstoyans to disentangle the threads of “Aestheticism” and “simplification,” and to mark places of their conflation.
Information technology outsourcing and organizational restructuring: An explanation of their effects on firm value

This paper draws from behavioral finance theory to provide an alternative explanation to the efficient market hypothesis that investor under- and overreactions occur by chance. Hypotheses propose relationships between information technology/systems outsourcing (hereafter IT/IS) decisions on short- and long-term abnormal returns, while exploring the potentially confounding effect of organizational restructuring events that frequently follow such decisions. Using event studies techniques, it is found that although IT/IS outsourcing announcements are positively related to short-term abnormal returns, restructuring charges after the announcement moderate the relationship between the short-term effect of such announcements and long-term abnormal returns, so that long-term returns become negative when followed by organizational restructuring efforts resulting from IT/IS outsourcing.
A MATLAB to Fortran 90 translator and its effectiveness

In this paper, we describe the inference mechanism used by the FALCON system to translate MATLABl programs to Fortran 90. FALCON is a programming environment for the development of scientific libraries and applications. The objective of the MATLAB compiler is to allow program development to take place in a user-friendly, interactive environment without sacrificing performance. FALCON’s inference mechanism combines static and dynamic inference methods for intrinsic type, rank, and shape inference, and is supported by a sophisticated symbolic value propagation algorithm. Experimental results show that FALCON’s MATLAB compiler can genera~ code that is over 1000 times faster than MATLAB on a uniprocessor SGI Power Challenge, and is often as fast as handwritten Fortran programs.
Topiramate for Alcohol Dependence

Objective:To evaluate the evidence for the use of topiramate for alcohol dependence.Data Sources:MEDLINE (l 966-June 2008) and Cochrane Database (2008, Issue 1) searches were conducted using the search terms alcohol dependence and topiramate. Bibliographies of selected articles were examined for additional data sources.Study Selection and Data Extraction:English-language, randomized, controlled trials evaluating topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence in humans were selected for review. Three randomized controlled trials and 2 re-analyses were identified. Findings pertaining to efficacy and safety were extracted.Data Synthesis:Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory y-amino-butyric add function. These mechanisms may be significant in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Controlled trials have described the use of topiramate, titrated up to 300 mg daily, tor alcohol dependence, and have reported decreases in dri...
G→A Hypermutation in Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Regions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Residing in Resting CD4+ T Cells In Vivo

In vitro studies have shown that the host cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G causes lethal hypermutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcripts unless its incorporation into virions is blocked by Vif. By examining stably archived sequences in resting CD4+ T cells, we show that hypermutation occurs in most if not all infected individuals. Hypermutated sequences comprised >9% of archived species in resting CD4+ T cells but were not found in plasma virus. Mutations occurred in predicted contexts, with notable hotspots. Thus, defects in Vif function in vivo give rise to hypermutated viral genomes that can be integrated but do not produce progeny viruses.
Carbon and Amino Acids Reciprocally Modulate the Expression of Glutamine Synthetase in Arabidopsis

In bacteria and yeast, glutamine synthetase (GS) expression is tightly regulated by the metabolic status of the cell, both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. We discuss the relative contributions of light and metabolic cues on the regulation of members of the GS gene family (chloroplastic GS2 and cytosolic GS1) in Arabidopsis. These studies reveal that the dramatic induction of mRNA for chloroplastic GS2 by light is mediated in part by phytochrome and in part by light-induced changes in sucrose (Suc) levels. In contrast, the modest induction of mRNA for cytosolic GS1 by light is primarily mediated by changes in the levels of carbon metabolites. Suc induction of mRNA for GS2 and GS1 occurs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Suc-induced changes in GS mRNA levels were also observed at the level of GS enzyme activity. In contrast, amino acids were shown to antagonize the Suc induction of GS, both at the level of mRNA accumulation and that of enzyme activity. For GS2, the gene whose expression was the most dramatically regulated by metabolites, we used a GS2 promoter-β-glucuronidase fusion to demonstrate that transcriptional control is involved in this metabolic regulation. Our results suggest that the metabolic regulation of GS expression in plants is controlled by the relative abundance of carbon skeletons versus amino acids. This would allow nitrogen assimilation into glutamine to proceed (or not) according to the metabolic status and biosynthetic needs of the plant. This type of GS gene regulation is reminiscent of the nitrogen regulatory system in bacteria, and suggests an evolutionary link between metabolic sensing and signaling in bacteria and plants.
A Hypergraph Version of a Graph Packing Theorem by Bollobás and Eldridge

Two n-vertex hypergraphs G and H pack, if there is a bijection f : V (G) → V (H) such that for every edge e ∈ E(G), the set {f(v) : v ∈ e} is not an edge in H. Extending a theorem by Bollobas and Eldridge on graph packing to hypergraphs, we show that if n ≥ 10 and n-vertex hypergraphs G and H with |E(G)|+ |E(H)| ≤ 2n −3 with no edges of size 0, 1, n −1 and n do not pack, then either (i) one of G and H contains a spanning graph-star, and each vertex of the other is contained in a graph edge, or (ii) one of G and H has n − 1 edges of size n − 2 not containing a given vertex, and for every vertex x of the other hypergraph some edge of size n − 2 does not contain x. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C65, 05C35
Test sequencing problems arising in test planning and design for testability

We consider four test sequencing problems that frequently arise in test planning and design for testability (DFT) processes. Specifically, we consider the following problems: (1) how to determine a test sequence that does not depend on the failure probability distribution; (2) how to determine a test sequence that minimizes expected testing cost while not exceeding a given testing time; (3) how to determine a test sequence that does not utilize more than a given number of tests, while minimizing the average ambiguity group size; and (4) how to determine a test sequence that minimizes the storage cost of tests in the diagnostic strategy. We present various solution approaches to solve the above problems and illustrate the usefulness of the proposed algorithms.
Decoupled smooth interfaces for spectral‐element approximations of parabolic or elliptic type

A method is examined to approximate the interface conditions for Chebyshev polynomial approximations to the solutions of parabolic problems, and a smoothing technique is used to calculate the interface conditions for a domain decomposition method. The methods uses a polynomial of one less degree then the full approximation to calculate the first derivative so that interface values can be calculated by using only the adjacent subdomains. Theoretical results are given for the consistency of the scheme and practical results are presented. Computational results are given for both a fourth-order Runga-Kutta methods and an explicit/implicit scheme. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimizing energy efficiency of 3-D multicore systems with stacked DRAM under power and thermal constraints

3D multicore systems with stacked DRAM have the potential to boost system performance significantly; however, this performance increase may cause 3D systems to exceed the power budget or create thermal hot spots. This paper introduces a framework to model on-chip DRAM accesses and analyzes performance, power, and temperature tradeoffs of 3D systems. We propose a runtime optimization policy to maximize performance while maintaining power and thermal constraints. Our policy dynamically monitors workload behavior and selects among low-power and turbo operating modes accordingly. Experiments with multithreaded workloads demonstrate up to 49% energy efficiency improvements compared to existing thermal management policies.
Is Happiness Good for Your Personality? Concurrent and Prospective Relations of the Big Five with Subjective Well-Being

The present research examined longitudinal relations of the Big Five personality traits with three core aspects of subjective well-being: life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Latent growth models and autoregressive models were used to analyze data from a large, nationally representative sample of 16,367 Australian residents. Concurrent and change correlations indicated that higher levels of subjective well-being were associated with higher levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, and with lower levels of Neuroticism. Moreover, personality traits prospectively predicted change in well-being, and well-being levels prospectively predicted personality change. Specifically, prospective trait effects indicated that individuals who were initially extraverted, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable subsequently increased in well-being. Prospective well-being effects indicated that individuals with high initial levels of well-being subsequently became more agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, and introverted. These findings challenge the common assumption that associations of personality traits with subjective well-being are entirely, or almost entirely, due to trait influences on well-being. They support the alternative hypothesis that personality traits and well-being aspects reciprocally influence each other over time.
Far infrared imagery.

Active imaging experiments are described in the 300 μm–1 mm-region of the far infrared (FIR) spectrum. Transmission data are presented for a wide variety of common materials indicating the range of applicability of FIR imaging to law enforcement or nondestructive testing. The FIR images of several objects are presented, and the practicality of FIR imaging is discussed in light of straightforward improvements that can be made in the simple imaging system employed in these studies.
Glycolytic inhibition by 2-deoxyglucose reduces hyperglycemia-associated mortality and morbidity in the ischemic rat.

Numerous laboratories have shown that hyperglycemia increases cerebral ischemic damage. This presumably results from increased lactate production and accumulation during ischemia. Although increased tissue lactic acidosis is associated with increased ischemic brain damage, this damage has not been directly linked to glycolytic flux. Because 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis we tested its ability to reduce hyperglycemia-exacerbated ischemic brain damage. Severe forebrain ischemia was produced by the four-vessel occlusion model in rats. Four rats received 3 g/kg glucose and saline while a second group (n = 5) was injected with 3 g/kg glucose plus 1.6 g/kg 2-DG. A third group (n = 5) was treated with 1 g/kg glucose plus saline and a fourth group (n = 5) received 1 g/kg glucose and 1.6 g/kg 2-DG. All rats were injected i.p. 10 minutes prior to the ischemic insult with the same volume/kg body weight. All rats receiving the high dose of glucose alone (3 g/kg) were dead within 24 hours postischemia. Rats who received 2-DG in addition to 3 g/kg glucose showed only 40% mortality (p = 0.119 Fisher's Exact). 2-DG completely eliminated convulsions during the initial two hours of recovery which was significant (p = 0.008), however, all rats in both groups showed some convulsions by 24 hours postischemia. Among rats receiving the low glucose dose (1 g/kg), none of the rats receiving 2-DG died or convulsed by 24 hours postischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Time domain phenomena of wave propagation in rapidly created plasma of periodic distribution

Theories, experiments and numerical simulations on the interaction of electromagnetic waves with rapidly created unmagnetized plasmas are presented. In the case that plasma is created uniformly, the frequency of a propagating electromagnetic wave is upshifted. An opposite propagation wave of the same frequency is also generated. In addition, a static current supporting a wiggler magnetic field is also produced in the plasma. When a spatially periodic structure is introduced to the rapidly created plasma, the theory and numerical simulation results show that both frequency-upshifted and downshifted waves are generated. If the plasma has a large but finite dimension in the incident wave propagation direction and is created rapidly rather than instantaneously, the frequency downshifted waves are found to be trapped by the plasma when the plasma frequency is larger than the wave frequency. The wave trapping results in accumulating the frequency-downshifted waves during the finite transient period of plasma creation. Indeed, in the experimental observations the frequency downshifted signals were detected repetitively with considerably enhanced spectral intensities, confirming the results of the numerical simulations. The missing of frequency upshifted signals in the experimental observations is explained by the modal field distributions in the periodic structure, indicating that the frequency upshifted modes experience heavier collisional damping of the plasma than the frequency downshifted modes.
Mechanisms of the dark decay of holograms in LiNbO/sub 3/:Fe crystals

Summary form only given. Two mechanisms of dark decay, proton compensation and electron tunneling have been identified. In LiNbO/sub 3/:Fe with doping levels less than 0.05 wt%, proton compensation dominates the dark decay, while in crystals with doping levels as high as 0.25 wt%, electron tunneling dominates. For crystals with doping levels between 0.05 wt% and 0.25 wt%, both mechanisms contribute significantly to the dark decay, and the single Arrhenius law does not hold anymore with a single activation energy.
Contradictions that Endure: Family Norms, Social Reproduction, and Rafael Correa's Citizen Revolution in Ecuador

Upon entering office in 2007, socialist Rafael Correa launched his Citizen Revolution in Ecuador, with the aim of establishing a postneoliberal order. His antineoliberal political discourse called for a “living well” (i.e., buen vivir in spanish; sumaq kawsay in Quichua) development model that favored solidarity over competition and sustainability over economic growth. It also called for increased political inclusivity and a form of redistribution that reaches a broader range of citizens. In line with other Latin American populist-socialist leaders, such as Hugo Chavez of Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia, Correa claimed that his revolution “has a woman's face.” Yet personally, Correa is a devout Catholic and trained economist who opposes abortion and homosexuality and favors a traditional familial model—one that reinforces a notion of “modern economic man” that is both Eurocentric and heteronormative.
Characterization of damage to photosystems I and II in a cyanobacterium lacking detectable iron superoxide dismutase activity.

Abstract The enzyme superoxide dismutase is ubiquitous in aerobic organisms where it plays a major role in alleviating oxygen-radical toxicity. An insertion mutation introduced into the iron superoxide dismutase locus (designated sodB) of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 created a mutant strain devoid of detectable iron superoxide dismutase activity. Both wild-type and mutant strains exhibited similar photosynthetic activity and viability when grown with 17 mumol.m-2.s-1 illumination in liquid culture supplemented with 3% carbon dioxide. In contrast, the sodB mutant exhibited significantly greater damage to its photosynthetic system than the wild-type strain when grown under increased oxygen tension or with methyl viologen. Although damage occurs at both photosystems I and II, it is primarily localized at photosystem I in the sodB mutant. Growth in 100% molecular oxygen for 24 hr decreased photoacoustically measured energy storage in 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and abolished the fluorescence state 2 to state 1 transition in the sodB mutant, indicating interruption of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. Analysis of the flash-induced absorption transient at 705 nm indicated that the interruption of cyclic electron flow occurred in the return part of the cycle, between the two [4 Fe-4 S] centers of photosystem I, FA and FB, and cytochrome f. Even though the sodB mutant was more sensitive to damage by active oxygen than wild-type cells, both strains were equally sensitive to the photoinhibition of photosystem II caused by exposure to strong light.
Baroreflex Sensitivity Impairment During Hypoglycemia: Implications for Cardiovascular Control

Studies have shown associations between exposure to hypoglycemia and increased mortality, raising the possibility that hypoglycemia has adverse cardiovascular effects. In this study, we determined the acute effects of hypoglycemia on cardiovascular autonomic control. Seventeen healthy volunteers were exposed to experimental hypoglycemia (2.8 mmol/L) for 120 min. Cardiac vagal baroreflex function was assessed using the modified Oxford method before the initiation of the hypoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp protocol and during the last 30 min of hypoglycemia. During hypoglycemia, compared with baseline euglycemic conditions, 1) baroreflex sensitivity decreases significantly (19.2 ± 7.5 vs. 32.9 ± 16.6 ms/mmHg, P < 0.005), 2) the systolic blood pressure threshold for baroreflex activation increases significantly (the baroreflex function shifts to the right; 120 ± 14 vs. 112 ± 12 mmHg, P < 0.005), and 3) the maximum R-R interval response (1,088 ± 132 vs. 1,496 ± 194 ms, P < 0.001) and maximal range of the R-R interval response (414 ± 128 vs. 817 ± 183 ms, P < 0.001) decrease significantly. These findings indicate reduced vagal control and impaired cardiovascular homeostasis during hypoglycemia.
The LDS Missionary Experience: Observations on Stress

The missionary experience may exceed the stress-hardiness level of some missionaries. Professional observations over the past six years have prompted a survey of factors involved. Six special areas considered are: (1) Comparative models of life sequences; (2) Selected factors in stress; (3) Diversity of mission administrative and priority patterns; (4) Women in mission relationships (5) End-of-mission and after-mission considerations; and, (6) Stress disorder parallels. Suggestions are made for some conceptual frameworks to help in further study of these areas, including a proposal to recognize as a clinical entity a mission-related stress disorder.
Focus on . . . Beneficiary Designations for Individual Retirement Accounts

Although IRAs are now ubiquitous, the specific details of such plans often are overlooked and important decisions are made without much forethought. An essential component, and an often significant portion, of a complete retirement program, the IRA document requires the same diligence and attention as do the owner's other estate planning documents. The terms of the agreement and the impact of beneficiary designations must be integrated into the overall estate plan for maximum benefit.
Bereaved African American Adults: The Role of Social Support, Religious Coping, and Continuing Bonds

ABSTRACTThe present study identified relationships between social support, religious coping, continuing bonds, prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptoms, and the quality of life among bereaved African American adults (N = 154). Perceived social support and less use of negative religious coping strategies predicted a higher quality of life and fewer PGD symptoms. Also, greater perceived social support, less use of negative religious coping strategies, and less use of continuing bonds significantly predicted fewer PGD symptoms. Implications suggest that the conceptualization of grief and loss for African Americans might include social support, religious coping, and continuing bonds.
Acidic Dissociation of Diprotonated Piperazine in Methanol-Water Solvents From 10 to 40 °C.

The first dissociation constant of piperazinium ion has been determined by the emf method in five methanol-water solvents (10 to 70 wt % MeOH) at 25 °C and in three solvents (10, 20, and 50 wt % MeOH) from 10 to 40 °C. From the variation of the dissociation constant with temperature, the changes of enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity were derived and compared with similar data for piperazinium ion in water. The variation of pK, ΔS°, and ΔCp° have been used to interpret the effect of the double positive charge on the solute-solvent interactions as compared to the effect exhibited by a single positive or a negative charge.
Abstract 2732: Short inverted repeats are hot spots for genetic instability in mammalian cells

Analyses of chromosomal aberrations in genetic disorders such as leukemia and lymphoma have provided compelling evidence that segments of the human genome are prone to breakage that lead to DNA rearrangements. Many of these hot spot areas contain sequences that have the potential to form non-B DNA such as Z-DNA, H-DNA or cruciforms. Although research has shown that large palindromes are mutagenic in mammalian cells, the instability of short inverted repeat sequences (30 bp), which are mapped near breakpoints and quite abundant in the eukaryotic genome, has not been investigated. In order to study the effects of short cruciform-forming sequences on genetic instability, we subcloned short AT- and CG-rich inverted repeats into a lacZ’ mutation-reporter shuttle vector. The cruciform structures that formed at the palindromic sequences were probed using S1 nuclease to confirm the presence of the non-B DNA structure. Cruciform-induced mutagenesis was measured in mammalian COS-7 cells via transfection then blue-white screening in DH5α cells. Ligation-mediated PCR provided direct evidence that cruciform-forming sequences induced double-stranded breaks in mammalian cells. In vitro replication assays using SV40- HeLa cell-free extracts were employed to establish the connection between replication and cruciform-induced genetic instability. Results from our study demonstrate for the first time that cruciform structures that form at short inverted repeats are mutagenic in mammalian cells. The majority of the mutants induced by cruciforms were large-scale deletions that spanned the inverted repeat sequence. Analyses of junctions revealed that >80% of the mutants contained microhomologies which are characteristic of error-prone nonhomologous end-joining repair. This suggests that cruciform structure is cleaved by replication-independent, structure-specific nucleases in mammalian cells that result in DNA double-stranded breaks at positions directly adjacent to the inverted repeat. These results indicate that cruciform-forming sequences may play a role in genetic instability and contribute to human diseases associated with gene translocations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2732. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2732
Increasing Online Discoverability of a Mixed-Format Collection

The Collection In 2004, Smithsonian Libraries acquired the mixed-format Russell E. Train Africana Collection for its special collections division. This collection contained items that had broad public appeal and significant historical value. The collection’s diversity of materials has been a source of excitement and challenge since Smithsonian Libraries acquired it in 2004. Judge Russell E. Train created the collection around his decades-long fascination with the history of exploration and wildlife in Africa. Train acquired materials from historic figures like Theodore Roosevelt during his African Expedition in 1909–1910, as well as explorers David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. The collection includes . . .
Tight SoS-degree bounds for approximate nash equilibria

Nash equilibria always exist, but are widely conjectured to require time to find that is exponential in the number of strategies, even for two-player games. By contrast, a simple quasi-polynomial time algorithm, due to Lipton, Markakis and Mehta (LMM), can find approximate Nash equilibria, in which no player can improve their utility by more than e by changing their strategy. The LMM algorithm can also be used to find an approximate Nash equilibrium with near-maximal total welfare. Matching hardness results for this optimization problem were found assuming the hardness of the planted-clique problem (by Hazan and Krauthgamer) and assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis (by Braverman, Ko and Weinstein). In this paper we consider the application of the sum-squares (SoS) algorithm from convex optimization to the problem of optimizing over Nash equilibria. We show the first unconditional lower bounds on the number of levels of SoS needed to achieve a constant factor approximation to this problem. While it may seem that Nash equilibria do not naturally lend themselves to convex optimization, we also describe a simple LP (linear programming) hierarchy that can find an approximate Nash equilibrium in time comparable to that of the LMM algorithm, although neither algorithm is obviously a generalization of the other. This LP can be viewed as arising from the SoS algorithm at log n levels -- matching our lower bounds. The lower bounds involve a modification of the Braverman-Ko-Weinstein embedding of CSPs into strategic games and techniques from sum-of-squares proof systems. The upper bound (i.e. analysis of the LP) uses information-theory techniques that have been recently applied to other linear- and semidefinite-programming hierarchies.
Comparative Analysis of Pain Behaviours in Humanized Mouse Models of Sickle Cell Anemia

Pain is a hallmark feature of sickle cell anemia (SCA) but management of chronic as well as acute pain remains a major challenge. Mouse models of SCA are essential to examine the mechanisms of pain and develop novel therapeutics. To facilitate this effort, we compared humanized homozygous BERK and Townes sickle mice for the effect of gender and age on pain behaviors. Similar to previously characterized BERK sickle mice, Townes sickle mice show more mechanical, thermal, and deep tissue hyperalgesia with increasing age. Female Townes sickle mice demonstrate more hyperalgesia compared to males similar to that reported for BERK mice and patients with SCA. Mechanical, thermal and deep tissue hyperalgesia increased further after hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment in Townes sickle mice. Together, these data show BERK sickle mice exhibit a significantly greater degree of hyperalgesia for all behavioral measures as compared to gender- and age-matched Townes sickle mice. However, the genetically distinct “knock-in” strategy of human α and β transgene insertion in Townes mice as compared to BERK mice, may provide relative advantage for further genetic manipulations to examine specific mechanisms of pain.
The Value-Added Organization: Beyond Business as Usual

The term “value-added” is thrown around fairly frequently in library literature, but what does it really mean? In libraries and other information organizations, we are constantly under pressure to demonstrate value to our constituencies. How much does the public benefit from tax monies spent on local public libraries? How much does the academic library contribute to student success? Can the special library demonstrate its value to its parent company or organization? Related to the concept of “value,” but not identical, is the “value-added” product or service. Originating in business and economics, the term “value added” refers to additional features that provide something extra to a product or service, thereby increasing their worth to users.
Radiation-induced tongue myokymia with hypoglossal nerve damage, mimicker of motor neuron disease.

Key Clinical Message This teaching case of tongue myokymia offers clear electromyographic findings of myokymic discharges on two different sweeps. Radiation-induced tongue myokymia should be considered in the differential diagnosis for motor neuron disease (MND).
Epigenetics: role of germ cell imprinting.

Epigenetic modification of the genome includes those processes such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling that effect changes in gene expression. These processes are dynamic with dramatic changes occurring during the growth and development of eucaryotic organisms. In mammals, these modifications are also essential since perturbations can lead to altered growth or lethality. For example, DNA methylation is essential to proper mouse development since deletion of any one of 3 DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) results in extensive disruption in DNA methylation patterns and embryonic lethality (Li et al., 1992; Okano et al., 1999). Similarly, in humans, defects in the gene encoding DNMT3B are associated with a syndrome which leads to immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies (ICF syndrome) (Xu et al., 1999). Finally, defects in chromatin proteins also cause lethality in mice (O’Carroll et al., 2001).