cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ablation mechanisms of calcium carbonate under visible and infrared laser irradiation

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and its structural relatives, the phosphates and hydroxyapatites, are natural crystals which are similar to the minerals found in such hard tissues as teeth and bone. We have recently demonstrated that laser- induced material removal in calcium carbonate occurs with high efficiency when irradiating with a free-electron laser at the fundamental asymmetric stretch mode of the carbonate group near 7 micrometers ; related studies show that the same thing is true in the isoelectronic sodium nitrate, and we expect it to operate in the phosphates as well when irradiated near the resonant 9 micrometers band. The mechanism of material removal appears to be the ejection of CO followed by a calcination reaction which produces CaO. Among the features which make CaCO3 such an interesting model material is that it also has a characteristic, temperature-dependent thermoluminescence - thus making it possible, by the study of the light emitted by the crystal prior to and after ablation, to estimate the temperature reached by the crystal in the early stages of laser ablation. Wavelength-dependent photoluminescence, photoacoustic and plume-spectroscopic studies show that efficient evaporative 'hole drilling' occurs at the infrared wavelengths corresponding to carbonate or nitrate vibration modes. However, where electronic or vibrational defects are excited by visible or infrared lasers, respectively, the mechanisms of material removal are photomechanical fracture in the former case and exfoliation or subsurface explosive vaporization in the latter.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Micro-pillar plasticity controlled by dislocation nucleation at surfaces

A model of micro-pillar plasticity controlled by the nucleation of dislocations at free surfaces was developed using methods of dislocation dynamics innovated by Johnston and Gilman 50 years ago. It is shown that the stress dependence of the rate of nucleation can be related to the dependence of the flow strength on the diameter of the pillar. The steady state flow stress in this model depends only on the kinetics of nucleation, whereas the transient deformation behavior depends on the initial dislocation density and the dislocation mobility, as well as the rate of nucleation. The model can describe not only the dependence of the strength on pillar diameter, but also recent experiments on fcc gold crystals, wherein pre-straining leads to softening and annealing leads to hardening. The model does not account for the stochastic, jerky nature of plastic flow in micro-pillars and is not meant to apply to pillars large enough to support substructure formation.
Combined nanoimprint and photolithography technique with a hybrid mold

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been successfully employed in nanoscale patterning, however, it is known to have limitations in replicating large scale (hundreds of microns and larger) and nanoscale patterns simultaneously. We present a new lithographic technique that integrates photolithography into the NIL patterning process. This technique uses a hybrid mold that has large metal pads embedded in a transparent NIL mold. Such a hybrid mold allows both large and nanoscale patterns to be replicated in one step by a combination of imprinting and photolithography. In addition, this new technique offers the advantages of simplifying residual layer distribution and avoiding NIL failures resulting from insufficient polymer flow, and can also eliminate the oxygen plasmon etching process used in NIL to remove the residual polymers.
Coherent Vibrational Oscillation in Gold Prismatic Monolayer Periodic Nanoparticle Arrays

We studied the ultrafast laser-induced coherent phonon oscillation in prismatic shaped gold nanoparticles assembled in monolayer periodic arrays by using the nanosphere lithographic technique. The amplitude and phase of the oscillation observed by ultrafast pump−probe transient spectroscopy is monitored as the wavelength of the dipolar surface plasmon absorption decreases. At a certain wavelength, the oscillation could not be observed. As the monitoring wavelength decreases further, the sign of the amplitude changes. From the wavelength at which the oscillation is not detected, the dependence of the absorption maxima on the size of the nanoparticles, the changes in the nanoparticle size are estimated during its oscillation. This large change in the size of the prismatic nanoparticle compared to the small change reported previously for the nanosphere oscillations is discussed.
On the Displacement Effects of Laminar Flames

Abstract Asymptotic methods for large Reynolds numbers are used to show that through displacement effects the heat release associated with both premixed and nonpremixed laminar flames in laboratory counterflow configurations result in significant alterations of the rate of strain attributed to the flow external to the flame. The analysis involves the classical sequence of calculating the first order inviscid flow, which in the present case yields the currently available expression for the rate of strain, the first order inner flow describing the structure of the flame including the displacement thickness of the flame and finally the second order outer flow yielding the correction to the rate of strain. Comparisons are made with some experimental and fully numerical results to demonstrate the significant alterations in the rate of strain produced by the displacement effects associated with heat release.
An efficient analytical Bayesian method for reliability and system response updating based on Laplace and inverse first-order reliability computations

Abstract This paper presents an efficient analytical Bayesian method for reliability and system response updating without using simulations. The method includes additional information such as measurement data via Bayesian modeling to reduce estimation uncertainties. Laplace approximation method is used to evaluate Bayesian posterior distributions analytically. An efficient algorithm based on inverse first-order reliability method is developed to evaluate system responses given a reliability index or confidence interval. Since the proposed method involves no simulations such as Monte Carlo or Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, the overall computational efficiency improves significantly, particularly for problems with complicated performance functions. A practical fatigue crack propagation problem with experimental data, and a structural scale example are presented for methodology demonstration. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method are compared with traditional simulation-based methods.
Quantitative Determination of Irinotecan and the Metabolite SN-38 by Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Different Regions of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids

A new and simple method was developed to evaluate the distribution of therapeutics in three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) by combining serial trypsinization and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). This methodology was validated with quantitative measurements of irinotecan and its bioactive metabolite, SN-38, in distinct spatial regions of HCT 116 MCTS. Irinotecan showed a time-dependent permeability into MCTS with most of the drug accumulating in the core after 24 h of treatment. The amount of SN-38 detected was 30 times lower than that of the parent drug, and was more abundant in the outer rim and intermediate regions of MCTS where proliferating cells were present. This method can be used to investigate novel and established drugs. It enables investigation of drug penetration properties and identification of metabolites with spatial specificity in MCTS. The new approach has great value in facilitating the drug evaluation process.
Static and dynamic properties of polymers in random media.

The properties of polymers in a disordered environment are studied with emphasis on the effect of trapping due to fluctuations in the porosity of the environment. Results are obtained for ${Z}_{N}$, the number of self-avoiding walks of length N starting at the origin, and D, the diffusion coefficient for the center of mass of the polymer. The two most important new results are that 〈ln${Z}_{N}$〉\ensuremath{\approxeq}N-${a}_{1}$${N}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, with \ensuremath{\alpha}=2-d\ensuremath{\nu} and \ensuremath{\nu} the Flory exponent, and that the leading behavior of the diffusion coefficient is D\ensuremath{\approxeq}exp(-${a}_{2}$${N}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$).
Visualizing computer memory architectures

The authors describe a conceptual model, the memory hierarchy framework, and a visual language for using the model. The model is more faithful to the structure of computers than the Von Neumann and Turing models. It addresses the issues of data movement and exposes and unifies storage mechanisms such as cache, translation lookaside buffers, main memory, and disks. The visual language presents the details of a computer's memory hierarchy in a concise drawing composed of rectangles and connecting segments. Using this framework, the authors improved the performance of a matrix multiplication algorithm by more than an order of magnitude. The framework gives insight into computer architecture and performance bottlenecks by making effective use of human visual abilities. >
Transmission Efficiency of Francisella tularensis by Adult American Dog Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae), has been implicated as a potential bridging vector to humans of Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia. Since the initial studies evaluating vector competency of D. variabilis were conducted, F. tularensis has been subdivided into subspecies and clades that differ in their geographical distribution in the United States and in the severity of infections caused in humans. Here, we demonstrate that D. variabilis nymphs efficiently acquire, transtadially maintain, and transmit each of the strains tested (clades A1b and A2, and type B). Transmission efficiency by adult females was similarly high among infection groups and ranged from 58% for type B to 89% for A2 infections. In addition, we demonstrated that transmission can occur shortly after tick attachment. These findings support the concept that D. variabilis adults may play a significant role in epizootic transmission of F. tularensis, and as a bridging vector to humans.
Grafting mechanisms in hybrid miniemulsion polymerization

The ultimate objective of hybrid miniemulsion polymerization is to produce a water-based crosslinkable coating through in situ grafting of a free radical growing acrylic polymer with an unsaturated resin. Certain authors have reported low grafting while others have reported higher. This article explores the factors that influence the grafting tendencies of these systems. Methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) have a sterically hindered radical center that lowers its reactivity toward unsaturated resin. This steric hindrance from the methyl group forces grafting of this type of monomer to occur by abstraction of a hydrogen allylic to a resinous double bond. This chain transfer produces a relatively inactive radical on the resin that reduces the grafting efficiency. The transfer process also inherently produces some degree of terminated PMMA polymer within the particle. Grafting occurs in this type of system through termination of living PMMA chains with that radical produced on the resin. For relatively water-soluble monomers such as MMA, grafting efficiency is further lessened by homogeneous nucleation resulting from the monomer hydrophilicity. These newly created particles cannot contain alkyd due to its hydrophobicity and thus inability to transport across the aqueous phase, and hence cannot produce grafted polymer. Nonetheless, degree of grafting of nearly 50% was observed in these systems. For hybrid systems involving an acrylate monomer such as butyl acrylate (BA), virtually complete grafting with alkyd was observed. This is due to the uninhibited BA radical center allowing the molecule to add directly through a resin double bond. This process offers the possibility for complete grafting. Homogeneous nucleation is not involved in this system due to the insolubility of BA in the aqueous phase. Resin double bond content and degree of conjugation also play an integral role in the grafting process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1825–1836, 2003
The residual cognitive competence of elderly females

Factors described by Horn as affected by aging were hypothesized to physiologically define functional intelligence. Fifty female volunteers, who ranged in age from 68 to 98, were grouped as either Independent or Partially Dependent. Duke Activity Questionnaires validated group placement. Tasks derived from the Horn factors of attention, memory, and reasoning, as well as the Mini-Mental State and the WAIS-R Similarities and Digits Forward and Backward, assessed cognitive status. The tasks were more often sensitive to increased dependence than to age and generally supported the nomination of Horn's factors to identify "biological" intelligence. An unusual finding, low to negative correlations between educational and cognitive skills, was cited as relevant evidence of fluid loss.
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)-activated Transcription Factor X-box-binding Protein 1 (XBP1) Induces MicroRNA-346 Expression That Targets the Human Antigen Peptide Transporter 1 (TAP1) mRNA and Governs Immune Regulatory Genes

To identify endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced microRNAs (miRNA) that govern ER protein influx during the adaptive phase of unfolded protein response, we performed miRNA microarray profiling and analysis in human airway epithelial cells following ER stress induction using proteasome inhibition or tunicamycin treatment. We identified miR-346 as the most significantly induced miRNA by both classic stressors. miR-346 is encoded within an intron of the glutamate receptor ionotropic delta-1 gene (GRID1), but its ER stress-associated expression is independent of GRID1. We demonstrated that the spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (sXBP1) is necessary and sufficient for ER stress-associated miR-346 induction, revealing a novel role for this unfolded protein response-activated transcription factor. In mRNA profiling arrays, we identified 21 mRNAs that were reduced by both ER stress and miR-346. The target genes of miR-346 regulate immune responses and include the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene products, interferon-induced genes, and the ER antigen peptide transporter 1 (TAP1). Although most of the repressed mRNAs appear to be indirect targets because they lack specific seeding sites for miR-346, we demonstrate that the human TAP1 mRNA is a direct target of miR-346. The human TAP1 mRNA 3′-UTR contains a 6-mer canonical seeding site for miR-346. Importantly, the ER stress-associated reduction in human TAP1 mRNA and protein levels could be reversed with an miR-346 antagomir. Because TAP function is necessary for proper MHC class I-associated antigen presentation, our results provide a novel mechanistic explanation for reduced MHC class I-associated antigen presentation that was observed during ER stress.
Improving the Reliability of Computer Communication Networks

For networks that are directed or can be represented by a directed networks, reversing one or more of the uni-directional links may provide the ability to reconnect a network that has been disconnected by link failure. In this paper, a new approach to reconfigure such networks is proposed. We develop a linear time algorithm which, when reachability has been destroyed by the removal of a single link, optimally restores reachability through the reversal of selected links. Multi-link failure reconnectability is discussed and an algorithm with polynomial complexity is given which provides a nearly optimum solution to reconnect the network. We show that the reliability of a network that allows reversals is at least twice more than that in which reversals are not permitted. Unfortunately, the reconnection of some networks cannot be established. Therefore, we discuss the maximization of reachability of such networks so that each node can reach maximum number of the other nodes.
The lag structure of option price

Abstract The price of common stock warrants do not adjust immediately to changes in common stock prices. This lag is inconsistent with the ‘efficient market’ hypothesis. Based on daily closing prices this lag was measured and found to be a combination of the adjustment to stock price and to the adjustment of ‘other’ variables, i.e., positive serially correlated disturbance terms. A single equation model simultaneously estimating the parameters of the serial correlation and the coefficients of the lagged stock price indicate a substantial deviation from efficiency. Various simple strategies designed to exploit this lag are then tested.
Methoxyl-induced fluorescence quenching in N,N′-bridged 9H-dipyrrinones and an X-ray crystal structure

Strongly fluorescent dipyrrinones can be prepared by bridging the pyrrole and lactam nitrogens with a carbonyl group, from reaction with N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole in the presence of a strong, non-nucleophilic base. The yellow, N,N′-carbonyl-bridged dipyrrinones typically have fluorescent quantum yields (φF) approaching 1.0. Thus, in chloroform, N,N′-bridged 9H-dipyrrinones with β-alkyl substituents: 2,3-diethyl-7,8-dimethyl has φF = 0.90 (λem = 465 nm) and 2,3-dimethyl-7,8-dimethoxy has φF = 0.84 (λem = 482 nm). In contrast, 2,3-dimethoxy-7,8-dimethyl and 2,3,7,8-tetramethoxy show red-shifted λem but with strongly reduced φF: φF = 0.10 (λem = 511 nm) and 0.08 (λem = 511 nm), respectively. Methoxy substituents on the lactam, but not the pyrrole ring act to quench the fluorescence and shift the emission and excitation wavelengths bathochromically. The first X-ray crystal structure of an N,N′-carbonyl-bridged dipyrrinone was obtained from 7,8-dimethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-10H-dipyrrin-1-one.
Double-label autoradiography on polyacrylamide gels with 3H and 14C

Abstract A method of autoradiography is deseribed which allows discrimination between 3 H- and 14 C-labeled materials on polyacrylamide gels. The method relies on a very simple procedure for switching from fluorography to autoradiography which results in a decrease in 14 C detection sensitivity of about 10-fold but a concomitant decrease in 3 H sensitivity of over 800-fold. With the proper ratio of 3 H to 14 C radioactivities, there is little or no “spillover” of one isotope during the detection of the other. No special equipment is required.
Differential block of N-propyl derivatives of amitriptyline and doxepin for sciatic nerve block in rats.

Background and Objectives The propyl group of ropivacaine ( N -propyl-2′,6′-pipecoloxylidide hydrochloride) could be responsible for conferring some sensory selectivity to this drug. Thus, adding a propyl group to experimental local anesthetics (LAs) (e.g., the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and doxepin) to increase sensory selectivity may be useful. We, therefore, synthesized N -propyl amitriptyline and N -propyl doxepin and investigated a potential predominance of sensory/nociceptive block over motor block (differential block) in a rat sciatic nerve block model. In addition, tetrodotoxin (TTX), a naturally occuring Na + channel blocker, was coinjected to investigate whether it increased block duration. Methods A 0.2-mL test dose of N -propyl amitriptyline and N -propyl doxepin, at a concentration of 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM, (alone or in combination with TTX at a concentration of 20 μM) was injected by the subfascial sciatic nerve approach. Motor function and sensory function (nociception) were evaluated by the force a rat’s hind limb produced when pushing against a balance and the reaction to pinch, respectively. Results N -propyl amitriptyline and N -propyl doxepin demonstrated prolonged block duration, with N -propyl amitriptyline displaying significant differential block at higher concentrations (5 and 10 mM). The combination of either of these drugs with TTX increased the potency as well as the efficacy. Neurotoxicity commenced at concentrations of 5 to 10 mM. Conclusions Detailed histopathologic nerve toxicity evaluations are justified to determine whether N -propyl amitriptyline has potential as a more sensory-selective local anesthetic at lower concentrations or as a predominantly sensory-selective neurolytic agent at higher concentrations.
HEAT CAPACITIES OF BINARY MIXTURES OF 1‐HEXANOL WITH HEXANE ISOMERS AT 298.15 K

Abstract Volumetric heat capacities were determined for binary mixtures of 1-hexanol with n -hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane at 298.15 K in a Picker flow microcalorimeter. The results were combined with previously published excess molar volumes to obtain excess isobaric heat capacities.
Hot corrosion of an aligned co-based, TaC-Strengthened eutectic alloy

A study of morphology of simple oxidation and hot corrosion of the aligned Co-10 wt.% Cr-14 wt.% TaC alloy was performed at 900°C in still air. The morphology of simple oxidation was found to correlate well with previous results on similar alloys. Hot corrosion tests were performed by coating the samples with a thin layer of Na2SO4 and exposing them to still air at 900°C. A radically different morphology was found and extensively analyzed using optical microscopy and the electron microprobe. These results are then explained using a localized reduction model of hot corrosion.
Selectivity in Generalizations about Self and Others from Performance

The willingness of perceivers to generalize about self and others from observed performance was investigated. In the first experiment, subjects judged the specific memory ability and the global intelligence of self or another after performance on a short-term memory task. Subjects drew strong inferences about the specific memory abilities of both self and others from performance. Global inferences about intelligence, however, were drawn about others but not self The second experiment examined the effects of chronic self-esteem on willingness to generalize about self: High- and low-self-esteem subjects judged their specific and global qualities after performing an anagram task. High-self-esteem subjects drew global inferences about self after good performance but not poor performance, whereas low-self-esteem subjects drew global inferences about self after poor performance but not good performance. The study provides evidence of an important mechanism that may contribute to the maintenance of global self-a...
Vernier acuity in human infants: rapid emergence shown in a longitudinal study.

Background Vernier acuity was measured longitudinally for comparison with published results on early stereopsis development. Methods Thirty-seven human infants were tested using forced-choice preferential looking. These included 29 pilot infants (9 or 12 weeks of age) and eight infants tested longitudinally (9 weeks to 11 to 15 weeks of age). Results At 9 weeks, Vernier acuity was about 40 minutes of visual angle, compared with a typical adult value of less than 10 arc sec of visual angle. Vernier acuity improved rapidly immediately after emergence, doubling within about 10 days. After age 11 weeks, Vernier acuity remained constant, at 1000 arc sec (17 min) of visual angle, until testing ended. Conclusion Vernier acuity developed over a time course different from published data on stereoacuity. Vernier acuity emerged significantly sooner, whereas stereopsis improved most quickly at an age when Vernier acuity was changing most slowly. It is unlikely that a single critical immaturity limits infant performance on both visual tasks.
Prior elicitation for model selection and estimation in generalized linear mixed models

Generalized linear models serve as a useful class of regression models for discrete and continuous data. In applications such as longitudinal studies, observations are typically correlated. The correlation structure in the data is induced by introducing a random effect, leading to the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). In this paper, we propose a class of informative prior distributions for the class of GLMMs and investigate their theoretical as well as computational properties. Specifically, we investigate conditions for propriety of the proposed priors for the class of GLMMs and show that they are proper under some very general conditions. In addition, we examine recent computational methods such as hierarchical centering and semi-hierarchical centering for performing Gibbs sampling for this class of models. One of the main applications of the proposed priors is variable subset selection. Novel computational tools are developed for sampling from the posterior distributions and computing the prior and posterior model probabilities. We demonstrate our methodology with two real longitudinal datasets.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF HEPATIC REGENERATION.

Abstract The ultrastructure of regenerating rat liver was studied during the first 4 days after two-thirds partial hepatectomy. It was found that changes occurred rapidly in cytoplasmic fat concentration and that there was pinocytosis of fat granules from plasma, with transport through cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and concentration in Golgi vacuoles. The number and electron density of cytosomes increased, and some of the electron density appeared to be lipid which came from Golgi vacuoles. Many of these changes disappeared by 9 hours after hepatectomy. Other non-specific changes, which consisted in swelling and pallor of mitochondria, loss of mitochondrialdense bodies, and wrapping of ergastoplasmic membranes about mitochondria, were observed. There was rapid increase in small granule content of the nucleus, both in the nucleolus and extranucleolar chromatin, beginning at 4 hours and reaching a maximum about 1 day after hepatectomy. These changes rapidly subsided so that, by 4 days after hepatectomy, most liver cells were normal except for decreased glycogen and the presence of cytoplasmic fat in occasional cells. This relative ultrastructural normalcy was somewhat surprising in view of the active proliferation of liver cells for 7–10 days after partial hepatectomy. The finding of striking ultrastructural changes in liver during the first few hours after hepatectomy suggests that investigation of the biochemical and biologic parameters of regeneration soon after hepatectomy might be particularly fruitful. Also, since the ultrastructural changes occur within the first few hours after hepatectomy, the occurrence of a specific circulating stimulus or inhibitor of regeneration would appear unlikely because a long period of time would seem to be required for sufficient change in their concentration to initiate regeneration.
Identification and quantitation of polysomes synthesizing rat liver fatty acid synthetase during nutritional or hormonal regulation

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acid synthetase synthesizing polysomes from rat liver have been identified and quantitated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation with [125I]labeled anti-fatty acid synthetase antibody. 2. 2. The [125I]labeled antibody binding to nascent fatty acid synthetase peptides demonstrated that the relative content of the fatty acid synthetase mRNA-containing polysomes in rat liver increases dramatically during dietary induction. 3. 3. This increase correlates well with the relative rate of in vivo synthesis of the fatty acid synthetase under the same conditions. 4. 4. The maximum quantity of the synthetase mRNA-containing polysomes was observed at the 12-hr period of dietary induction. Thereafter the quantity of fatty acid synthesizing polysomes declined. 5. 5. Insulin also markedly increased the quantity of synthetase polysomes in diabetic animals, which suggests that this hormone affects regulation of the synthetase at the transcriptional level. 6. 6. Most of the fatty acid synthetase synthesizing polysomes were “free”, rather than membrane-bound.
Second-Order Forces and Pressure Distributions on Three-Dimensional Bodies by Reverse-Flow Integral Method

The general second-order reverse-flow relation derived by Glarke has been applied to fusiform bodies and to combinations of fusiform bodies and quasi-cylindrical wings. It is first shown that the second-order drag of an isolated fusiform body can be expressed in terms of the firstorder forward and reverse flow over the body provided the angle of incidence is not too large. The innovation of a reverse flow which is not simply antiparallel to the forward-flow at infinity is introduced and then used to derive separate integral statements on the three rectangular components of the second-order velocity perturbation on the surface of an isolated fusiform body. Two of these integral statements are inverted to yield information on the second-order surface pressure distribution. The inversions effected are valid for unrestricted incidence. The uninclined body is covered as a special case. By considering the perturbation field of a wing-body combination as a sum of isolated body and wing fields and an interference field, the leading contribution of the interference field to the second-order drag is obtained from the reverse-flow relation. The result presumes that the second-order fields of the isolated body and wing are known in advance. The reverse flow due to a two-dimensional flat-plate wing is then used to achieve an integral for the leading second-order contribution to the lift on a wing-body combination. This integral is used to calculate the lift contribution on the conical wing-body configuration for cone half-angles dc of 5° and 10°. The numerical results are compared to those obtained by direct application of Van Dyke's second-order cone potential. The difference ranges from 4%, for [(M2 — 1)1/2 tanSc] = 0.2, to 16%, for [(M2 - 1) 1/2 tanSc] = 0.8.
A-C Multiple-Unit Car Motor

A major factor in the development of the 4-motor equipment for use on a-c multiple-unit cars was the design of a suitable truck-mounted traction motor. Numerous electrical and mechanical problems had to be solved. The resultant design differs radically from the conventional axle-hung motor employed in such applications for the past 20 years. Preliminary operating experience indicates advantages comparable to those being realized with similar d-c equipment.
ASFALT: A Simple Fault-Tolerant Signature-based Localization Technique for Emergency Sensor Networks

We consider the problem of robust node deployment and fault-tolerant localization in wireless sensor networks for emergency and first response applications. Signature-based localization algorithms are a popular choice for use in such applications due to the non-uniform nature of the sensor node deployment. But, random destruction/disablement of sensor nodes in such networks adversely affects the deployment strategy as well as the accuracy of the corresponding signature-based localization algorithm. In this paper, we first model the phenomenon of sensor node destruction as a non-homogeneous Poisson process and derive a robust and efficient strategy for sensor node deployment based on this model. Next, we outline a protocol, called Group Selection Protocol, that complements current signature-based algorithms by reducing localization errors even when some nodes in a group are destroyed. Finally, we propose a novel yet simple localization technique, ASFALT, that improves the efficiency of the localization process by combining the simplicity of range-based schemes with the robustness of signature-based ones. Simulation experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed algorithms.
Targeted killing of metastatic cells using a platelet- inspired drug delivery system

The ‘targeted nanomedicine’ approach has revolutionized cancer therapy by packaging drugs within nanovehicles that can accumulate preferentially within the tumor due to the ‘enhanced permeation and retention’ (EPR) mechanism (passive targeting) and further bind to cancer cells via specific ligand–receptor interactions (active targeting). While these approaches have shown promise in well-vascularized primary tumors, their use for metastatic sites faces challenges due to high heterogeneity in the expression levels of tumor-associated targetable receptors. Therefore, alternative strategies for metastatic cell-specific targeting are of great clinical interest. To this end, we are exploring binding interactions of metastatic cells with host cells in the vascular compartment and whether such interactions can be exploited for metastasis-targeted delivery of drug-loaded nanovehicles. For ‘proof-of-concept’ of this approach, using high-metastatic MDA-MB-231 versus low-metastatic MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, we demonstrate that high-metastatic cells have enhanced binding interactions with active platelets via several cell-surface proteins. Utilizing this information and using liposomes as a model nanovehicle, we have created delivery systems that can actively bind to the high-metastatic cells via platelet-inspired heteromultivalent interactions. Using a mono-culture of MCF-7 versus MDA-MB-231, we demonstrate that these systems enhance the delivery of Doxorubicin (DOX) to the high-metastatic cells to cause significant cell-killing. Furthermore, incubating co-cultures of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with the DOX-loaded platelet-inspired nanovehicles, we demonstrate that the targeted binding, DOX delivery and cell-killing are quite selective towards the high-metastatic cells. Our results suggest that this platelet-inspired targeting can lead to unique strategies for metastasis-selective nanomedicine.
Select Nutrients in the Ovine Uterine Lumen. I. Amino Acids, Glucose, and Ions in Uterine Lumenal Flushings of Cyclic and Pregnant Ewes

Nutrients in uterine secretions are essential for development and survival of conceptuses (embryo and associated extraembryonic membranes) during pregnancy; however, little is known about changes in the amounts of specific nutrients in the uterine fluids of cyclic and pregnant ruminants. This study determined quantities of glucose, amino acids, glutathione, calcium, sodium, and potassium in uterine lumenal fluid from cyclic (Days 3-16) and pregnant (Days 10-16) ewes. Total recoverable glucose, Arg, Gln, Leu, Asp, Glu, Asn, His, beta-Ala, Tyr, Trp, Met, Val, Phe, Ile, Lys, Cys, Pro, glutathione, calcium, and sodium were greater in the uterine fluid of pregnant compared with cyclic ewes between Days 10 and 16. In cyclic ewes, only modest changes in the total amounts of glucose, Asn, Cit, Tyr, Trp, Met, Val, Cys, glutathione, calcium, and potassium were detected between Days 3 and 16. However, in pregnant ewes, amounts of glucose, Arg, Gln, Glu, Gly, Cys, Leu, Pro, glutathione, calcium, and potassium in uterine fluids increased 3- to 23-fold between Days 10 and 14 and remained high to Day 16. Of particular interest were increases in glucose, Arg, Leu, and Gln in uterine flushings of pregnant ewes between Days 10 and 16 of pregnancy. Total amounts of His, ornithine, Lys, Ser, Thr, Ile, Phe, Trp, Met, and Cit in uterine fluids also increased, but to a lesser extent during early pregnancy. These novel results indicate activation of pregnancy-associated mechanisms for transport of nutrients into the uterine lumen, and they provide a framework for future studies of nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and glutathione, required to activate nutrient-sensing cell signaling pathways for growth, development, and survival of conceptuses, as well as for optimization of culture media for in vitro studies of conceptus development.
MT: A toolset for specifying and analyzing real-time systems

This paper introduces MT, a collection of integrated tools for specifying and analyzing real-time systems using the Modechart language. The toolset includes facilities for creating and editing Modechart specifications. Users may symbolically execute the specifications with an automatic simulation tool to make sure that the specified behavior is what was intended. They may also invoke a verifier that uses model-checking to determine whether the specifications imply (satisfy) any of a broad class of safety assertions. To illustrate the toolset's capabilities as well as several issues that arise when formal methods are applied to real-world systems, the paper includes specifications and analysis procedures for a software component taken from an actual Naval real-time system. >
LC20 and kinetics of gizzard myosin subfragment-1: digestion with papain vs. S. aureus protease.

Previous reports have shown that papain-digested gizzard subfragment-1 (PAP-S1) has a cleaved regulatory light chain (LC20), and Vmax similar to phosphorylated heavy meromyosin (HMM) Greene et al., Biochemistry 22:530–535, 1983; Sellers et al., J. Biol. Chem. 257:13880-13883, 1982; Umemoto et al., [J. Biol. Chem. 264:1431–1436, 1989], while S. aureus protease-digested S-1 (SAP-S1) has intact LC20, but Vmax closer to that of unphosphorylated HMM [Ikebe and Hartshorne, 1985]. To determine whether intact LC20 inhibits ATPase activity for subfragment- 1 (S1), we compared the kinetic properties and structures of unphosphorylated PAP-S1 and SAP-S1. SDS-PAGE showed that SAP-S1 had 68 and 24 KDa heavy chain and 20 and 17 KDa light chain components. PAP-S1 (15 minutes digestion at 20°C) also had 68 and 17 KDa bands, but the single 24 KDa band (24HC) was replaced by a group of 22–24 KDa fragments and LC20 was cleaved to a 16 KDa fragment. At 13 mM ionic strength, both PAP-S1 and SAP-S1 had Vmax similar to phosphorylated HMM (1.1–1.5 s−1). SAP-S1 had the same KATPase as phosphorylated HMM (38 μM actin). but KATPase for PAP-S1 was 3-fold stronger (11 μM actin). Subsequent digestion of SAP-S1 with papain did not significantly change Vmax, but as LC20 and 24HC were cleaved, both KATPase and Kbinding strengthened 3- to 5-fold. Thus, intact LC20 did not inhibit, and cleavage of LC20 did not increase Vmax for S1. Rather, papain cleavage of LC20 and 24HC was associated with strengthened actin binding. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family of gram-positive bacterial toxins.

The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a family of β-barrel pore-forming toxins secreted by Gram-positive bacteria. These toxins are produced as water-soluble monomeric proteins that after binding to the target cell oligomerize on the membrane surface forming a ring-like pre-pore complex, and finally insert a large β-barrel into the membrane (about 250 A in diameter). Formation of such a large transmembrane structure requires multiple and coordinated conformational changes. The presence of cholesterol in the target membrane is absolutely required for pore-formation, and therefore it was long thought that cholesterol was the cellular receptor for these toxins. However, not all the CDCs require cholesterol for binding. Intermedilysin, secreted by Streptoccocus intermedius only binds to membranes containing a protein receptor, but forms pores only if the membrane contains sufficient cholesterol. In contrast, perfringolysin O, secreted by Clostridium perfringens, only binds to membranes containing substantial amounts of cholesterol. The mechanisms by which cholesterol regulates the cytolytic activity of the CDCs are not understood at the molecular level. The C-terminus of perfringolysin O is involved in cholesterol recognition, and changes in the conformation of the loops located at the distal tip of this domain affect the toxin-membrane interactions. At the same time, the distribution of cholesterol in the membrane can modulate toxin binding. Recent studies support the concept that there is a dynamic interplay between the cholesterol-binding domain of the CDCs and the excess of cholesterol molecules in the target membrane.
The Glaxo International Postmarketing Surveillance System: Present and Future

The Glaxo worldwide system for monitoring the safety profile of its marketed and investigational products is described. This paper specifically focuses on the coordinated development of drug surveillance activities between Glaxo Group Research (United Kingdom) and Glaxo Inc. (United States). Central to this dedicated effort is a single worldwide computer system for the storage, monitoring and retrieval of adverse event data.
Prefrontal white matter in pathological liars.

Background Studies have shown increased bilateral activation in the prefrontal cortex when normal individuals lie, but there have been no structural imaging studies of deceitful individuals. Aims To assess whether deceitful individuals show structural abnormalities in prefrontal grey and white matter volume. Method Prefrontal grey and white matter volumes were assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 12 individuals who pathologically lie, cheat and deceive (‘liars’),16 antisocial controls and 21 normal controls. Results Liars showed a 22–26% increase in prefrontal white matter and a 36–42% reduction in prefrontal grey/white ratios compared with both antisocial controls and normal controls. Conclusions These findings provide the first evidence of a structural brain deficitinliars, they implicate the prefrontal cortex as an important (but not sole) component in the neural circuitry underlying lying and provide an initial neurobiological correlate of a deceitful personality.
Effects of heat release on turbulent shear flows. Part 1. A general equivalence principle for non-buoyant flows and its application to turbulent jet flames

We address the differences observed due to heat release between reacting and non-reacting versions of otherwise identical shear flows under conditions for which buoyancy effects are negligible. The differences considered here result from density changes produced by exothermic reaction, and are shown to be similar to those produced by free-stream density differences in non-reacting flows. The piecewise linear variations of temperature with mole fraction allow the density changes due to exothermic reaction to be related to an equivalent non-reacting flow, in which the temperature of one of the fluids is raised to an effective value determined by the peak temperature and overall stoichiometry. This leads to a general equivalence principle by which the scaling laws for non-reacting flows can be extended to predict effects of heat release by exothermic reaction. This equivalence principle is then applied to axisymmetric turbulent jets, where it leads to a generalized momentum diameter d + in which the scaling laws for burning and non-burning jets become identical - it effectively extends the classical momentum diameter d * of Thring & Newby (1953) and Ricou & Spalding (1961) to exothermic reacting flows. The resulting predicted effects of heat release, in both the near and far fields, show good agreement with experimental data from momentum-dominated turbulent jet diffusion flames. The equivalence principle is then applied to planar turbulent jets, for which it also accurately predicts the observed effects of combustion heat release.
Operation Analysis in Generation Planning

This paper describes a generation planning tool that evaluates operation performance of proposed generation expansion plans. It extends previous work started in this area by using an expected capacity load difference to provide a probabilistic assessment of spinning reserve. This calculation provides a more complete analysis of operation performance of expansion plans that now includes both spinning reserve and minimum loading problem evaluations.
The role of inflow magnitude and frequency on plankton communities from the Guadalupe Estuary, Texas, USA : Findings from microcosm experiments

Changes in magnitude and frequency of inflow results in subsequent alterations in the delivery of nutrients essential for phytoplankton growth and competition producing variations in community composition and nutritional value of phytoplankton. Zooplankton demographics are likely directly influenced by pulsed inflows due to flushing losses, whereas they are also indirectly affected by changes in prey quality. In this study, we report the potential effect of pulsed inflows on the plankton community of the Guadalupe Estuary. Microcosms were used that allowed control of light intensity and photoperiod, turbulence, temperature, nutrient loading, and flushing magnitude and periodicity. Our microcosm experiments were novel as they utilized natural plankton communities, thereby allowing the simultaneous interaction between hydrology, resource availability and grazing. Results show differences in microcosms according to magnitude and frequency of flushing. For example, copepod population density was greatest at the annual mean inflow magnitude. At half the annual mean inflow a decline in prey quality likely resulted in poorer grazer performance, and at double the annual mean inflow magnitude increased flushing losses prevented the incidence of higher copepod densities. Similarly, pulsed inflows resulted in greater copepod population densities, higher overall phytoplankton biomass, and dominance of centric diatoms (known to be faster growing and more edible). While reduced freshwater inflow associated with increasing anthropogenic demands often strains the needs of estuarine systems, the effects of reduced river input may be alleviated with several management options including manipulation of the timing, frequency, and magnitude of freshwater inflows. Before implications for management can be discerned from these findings, however, larger scale experiments are needed focus on the roles of inflow magnitude and frequency.
Chain Models of Physical Behavior for Engineering Analysis and Design

The relationship between geometry (form) and physical behavior (function) dominates many engineering activities. The lack of uniform and rigorous computational models for this relationship has resulted in a plethora of inconsistent (and thus usually incompatible) computer aided design (CAD) tools and systems, causing unreasonable overhead in time, effort, and cost, and limiting the extent to which CAD tools are used in practice. It seems clear that formalization of the relationship between form and function is a prerequisite to taking full advantage of computers in automating design and analysis of engineering systems. We present a unified computational model of physical behavior that explicitly links geometric and physical representations. The proposed approach characterizes physical systems in terms of their algebraic-topological properties: cell complexes, chains, and operations on them.
Influence of Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction on the Arctic Oscillation in Two General Circulation Models

Abstract The influence of ocean–atmosphere interaction on the wintertime Arctic oscillation (AO) is investigated using a hierarchy of experiments made with two general circulation models (GCMs), ranging from climatologically forced atmospheric to fully coupled ocean–atmosphere GCMs with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Both GCMs reproduce well the AO spatial pattern, defined by the leading hemispheric mode of monthly sea level pressure or daily 700-hPa geopotential height, although the North Pacific pole is more pronounced as compared with observations. Coupling is not found to influence this spatial pattern. Power spectra are examined for evidence of ocean–atmosphere interaction in the form of spectral reddening or significant spectral peaks. No measurable influence is found. On interannual timescales, all the model AO spectra are approximately “white,” with no clear evidence of any statistically significant spectral peaks in the coupled experiments. Greenhouse gas–induced changes in sea level p...