cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability of the maxillary suture maturation and density in the subjects with different sex and growth status.

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to classify median palatine suture (MPS) maturation type in young and adult patients. Additionally, we compared MPS maturity type and density based on sex and growth status. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective cone beam computed tomography study, we included a total of 221 subjects, grouped based on sex and growth status. Once scans were aligned and oriented in the sagittal view, we conducted our evaluations on the axial sections. Based on interdigitation and shape, the MPS were categorized into Maturation Types A through E. Additionally, MPS density was measured as Hounsfield unit equivalent pixel intensity value scale for anterior and posterior sutural regions. RESULTS The majority of male (39%) and female (42%) subjects had MPS Maturation Type C. A maximum number of growing (42%) patients had Type C and nongrowing subjects (39%) had Type E sutures. The sex comparison showed significantly lower (p < .001) MPS density for both anterior and posterior regions in males when compared to females. Additionally, for the posterior region, nongrowing males had significantly lower (p < .001) MPS density when compared to nongrowing females. Subgroup comparisons of the MPS densities between growing and nongrowing males and growing and nongrowing females showed a significant difference (p < .001). CONCLUSION Classification of the MPS based on the maturation types provides a reliable predictor for orthodontic treatment planning. MPS density is significantly higher in females as compared to males. Similarly, nongrowing individuals have significantly higher MPS density compared to growing individuals for both anterior and posterior locations.
A case report: An aortobifemoral bypass implant found during cadaver dissection promotes inquiry-based learning

Abstract Introduction An unusual vascular implant found during routine cadaver dissection influenced instructors and students to learn more about the underlying disease and the surgical technique used to treat this disorder triggering an inquiry-based learning. Presentation of case This report describes a case of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with an aortobifemoral arterial bypass implant that was never found before in any of the previously dissected cadavers at Gannon University. Discussion PAD develops due to impaired blood flow to the lower extremities that causes numbness, weakness, and lower leg pain. The treatments can aim to improve the long-term cardiovascular outcomes. If therapeutic medications do not improve outcomes of PAD, revascularization by endovascular repair or aortofemoral bypass grafting is considered. Conclusion We would like to note that accidental discoveries of pathologies or surgical procedures during routine cadaveric dissections present a unique possibility for inquiry-based learning among future healthcare providers.
How to Forecast Commodity Price Movements: Time Series Models

In this chapter, we focus on commodity pricing and investment with time series models. For stock selection strategies, the ability to forecast individual stock returns is critical and usually relies on company-level factors, such as profitability, management quality, etc. In commodity investing, a deep understanding of the geopolitical dynamics and identification of macro-level factors are very important for a successful strategy. A stock selection strategy requires cross-sectional analysis, while commodity investing requires time series analysis. In this chapter, we get into details about the special features of time series models, introduce the concepts of unit root, spurious relationship, and cointegration, and show how they can be employed for quantitative investing in crude oil and pair trading.
Lessons from Katrina: Response, Recovery and the Public Health Infrastructure

Hurricane Katrina left many challenges and troubles in its wake, including a crisis for the region's health care system, which amply demonstrated the need to improve disaster preparedness for the nation's emergency medical providers. New Orleans's two large public hospitals have been closed since the storm. Essential medical records have been lost or destroyed. Pre-Katrina, half of the region’s population lacked health insurance. The numbers of uninsured and
Controller Design and Robustness Analysis for Multi-phase Wireless Power Transfer System Using H-infinity Mixed Sensitivity Approach

A controller for multi-phase wireless power transfer system is designed using H-infinity mixed sensitivity approach to improve the dynamic performance of the system. Robustness analysis is conducted for the combined system to check if the system is stable for different coupling coefficients. Experimental verification of the wireless power transfer system with the controller is performed on a 1.5 kW setup.
Elucidation of network structure in cationic photopolymerization of cyclic ether comonomers

Although cationic photopolymerizations are not inhibited by oxygen, polymerization rates and conversions of commonly used cycloaliphatic epoxides are typically much lower than industrially prevalent acrylates undergoing free-radical photopolymerization. The addition of oxetanes can dramatically improve epoxide kinetic outcomes; however, a clear understanding of how this addition impacts polymer structure has been lacking. Herein, copolymerization of epoxide and oxetane monomers is established via Raman spectroscopy paired with Soxhlet extraction and then confirmed using dynamic mechanical analysis. The microstructure of the resulting copolymer network is determined by calculating reactivity ratios for an industrially relevant cycloaliphatic epoxide paired with four different oxetanes using Raman spectroscopy to resolve individual conversions for each monomer. Reactivity ratios calculated using the Mayo–Lewis, Fineman–Ross, and Kelen–Tudos methods are all in agreement for these epoxide/oxetane systems, and the program developed using the Kelen–Tudos method is made available for future studies. Some monomer pairings result in random copolymers, while others result in blocky copolymers. The reactivity of each oxetane with the cycloaliphatic epoxide is influenced by monomer structure and purity; however, care must be taken to ensure that other reactions, such as the Activated Monomer mechanism due to interaction between epoxide and hydroxyl moeities, do not confound the reactivity ratio results.
Hardware- und Software-Sicherheitslösungen für Infotainmentsysteme

Das Auto der Zukunft wird mit der Cloud, der Verkehrsinfrastruktur und mit anderen Fahrzeugen vernetzt sein und damit eine entscheidende Schluesselfunktion im Internet der Dinge (Internet of Things, IoT) uebernehmen. Dazu arbeiten die Automobilhersteller zunehmend mit fuehrenden Technologiefirmen wie Intel zusammen. Intel engagiert sich beim Aufbau von offenen Infotainmentplattformen wie der Genivi-Allianz und Tizen IVI. Der Artikel fokussiert auf die Herausforderungen, die sich auf diesem Weg stellen, unter anderem Hardware- und Softwaresicherheitsloesungen zum Schutz gegen nicht genehmigte Zugriffe auf Audio- und Videodaten. Eine weitere Herausforderung sind die besonders hohen Anforderungen der Automobilindustrie an die Zuverlaessigkeit der Bauteile und Komponenten. Die ersten verfuegbaren In-Vehicle-Infotainment (IVI)-Produkte dienen neuen Fahrerassistenzfunktionen und bieten offene Schnittstellen zur Erweiterung um Features wie Spracherkennung oder Gestensteuerung. Dabei unterstuetzt der integrierte Ethernet/AVB-Controller die schnelle und nahezu latenzfreie Uebertragung von Audio- und Videoinhalten in Echtzeit. Dies wird besonders wichtig fuer kuenftige Anwendungen in fortschrittlichen Fahrerassistenzsystemen, die eine Voraussetzung fuer (teil)autonomes Fahren bilden.
The Effects of ADH on Salt and Water Transport in the Mammalian Nephron

A cardinal function of the kidney is the separation of salt and water excretion, thus maintaining the constancy of both osmolality and composition of body fluids despite the wide variations in water and solute intake. The processes that accomplish this task are complex and involve the integrated action of virtually all nephron segments, coupled with that of a specialized vascular system (see Chapter 39, Concentrating and Diluting Processes).
Analysis of energy consumption and lifetime of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

The paper examines the performance as well as energy consumption Issues of a wireless sensor network providing periodic data from a sensing field to a remote receiver. The sensors are assumed to be randomly deployed. We distinguish between two types of sensor organizations, one with a single layer of identical sensors (homogeneous) and one with an additional overlay of fewer but more powerful sensors (heterogeneous). We formulate the energy consumption and study their estimated lifetime based on a clustering mechanism with varying parameters related to the sensing field, e.g., size, and distance. We quantify the optimal number of clusters based on our model and show how to allocate energy between different layers.
Random Acts of Delinquency: Trauma and Self-Destructiveness in Juvenile Offenders

This article provides an explanatory model of the way in which trauma leads to serious delinquency. Using perspectives from information processing, social learning, and self-regulation theories, we present evidence to suggest that adolescents whose lives were shaped by trauma perceive and encode social cues differently than non-traumatized individuals. A number of assessment tools and therapeutic interventions are recommended, followed by suggestions for advocating on the behalf of adolescents incarcerated in the juvenile justice system.
Understanding relationships between autism, intelligence, and epilepsy: a cross-disorder approach

AIM As relationships between autistic traits, epilepsy, and cognitive functioning remain poorly understood, these associations were explored in the biologically related disorders tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), and epilepsy. METHOD The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a quantitative measure of autistic traits, was distributed to caregivers or companions of patients with TSC, NF1, and childhood-onset epilepsy of unknown cause (EUC), and these results were compared with SRS data from individuals with idiopathic autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and their unaffected siblings. Scores and trait profiles of autistic features were compared with cognitive outcomes, epilepsy variables, and genotype.
Regulation of Eosinophilopoiesis in a Murine Model of Asthma

Eosinophilic inflammation plays a key role in tissue damage that characterizes asthma. Eosinophils are produced in bone marrow and recent observations in both mice and humans suggest that allergen exposure results in increased output of eosinophils from hemopoietic tissue in individuals with asthma. However, specific mechanisms that alter eosinophilopoiesis in this disease are poorly understood. The current study used a well-characterized murine animal model of asthma to evaluate alterations of eosinophil and eosinophil progenitor cells (CFU-eo) in mice during initial sensitization to allergen and to determine whether observed changes in either cell population were regulated by T lymphocytes. Following the first intranasal installation of OVA, we observed sequential temporal elevation of eosinophils in bone marrow, blood, and lung. In immunocompetent BALB/c mice, elevation of bone marrow eosinophils was accompanied by transient depletion of CFU-eo in that tissue. CFU-eo rebounded to elevated numbers before returning to normal baseline values following intranasal OVA exposure. In T cell-deficient BALB/c nude (BALB/cnu/nu) mice, CFU-eo were markedly elevated following allergen sensitization, in the absence of bone marrow or peripheral blood eosinophilia. These data suggest that eosinophilia of asthma results from alterations in two distinct hemopoietic regulatory mechanisms. Elevation of eosinophil progenitor cells in the bone marrow is T cell independent and likely results from altered bone marrow stromal cell function. Differentiation of eosinophil progenitor cells and phenotypic eosinophilia is T cell dependent and does not occur in athymic nude mice exposed to intranasal allergen.
“Los niños no tienen ni idea”: La forma en que los estudios de caso pueden contribuir a la formación de hábitos de pensamiento democráticos

Este articulo explora los caminos que hay que seguir y los desafios que hay que enfrentar para fortalecer la educacion civica en las democracias emergentes. En primer lugar, se presenta la idea de emplear temas polemicos como una manera de lograr este objetivo, en especial cuando tales temas se trabajan en conjunto con el pensamiento reflexivo. Luego, apoyados en tres estudios recientes, se entrelazan las caracteristicas culturales y contextuales de las experiencias escolares y se presenta una tipologia emergente dirigida a investigadores y a encargados de formular politicas en distintos contextos para que exploren la forma de tratar de manera consciente y deliberada temas polemicos en entornos especiales. (Idioma Original: Ingles)
Using Multilevel Models to Estimate Variation in Foraging Returns Effects of Failure Rate, Harvest Size, Age, and Individual Heterogeneity

Distributions of human foraging success across age have implications for many aspects of human evolution. Estimating the distribution of foraging returns is complicated by (1) the zero-inflated nature of hunting returns, as many if not most trips fail, and (2) the substantial variation among hunters, independent of age. We develop a multilevel mixture analysis of human foraging data to address these difficulties. Using a previously published 20-year record of hunts by 147 individual Ache hunters in eastern Paraguay, we estimate returns-by-age functions for both hunting failures and the size of harvests, while also estimating the heterogeneity among hunters. Consistent with previous analyses, we find that most hunters peak around 40 years of age. We can also show, however, that much more of the variation among Ache hunters arises from heterogeneity in failure rates (zero returns), not harvest sizes. We also introduce a new R package, glmer2stan, to assist in defining and fitting similar multilevel mixture models.
Physiological dead space during high-frequency ventilation in dogs.

Tidal volumes used in high-frequency ventilation (HFV) may be smaller than anatomic dead space, but since gas exchange does take place, physiological dead space (VD) must be smaller than tidal volume (VT). We quantified changes in VD in three dogs at constant alveolar ventilation using the Bohr equation as VT was varied from 3 to 15 ml/kg and frequency (f) from 0.2 to 8 Hz, ranges that include normal as well as HFV. We found that VD was relatively constant at tidal volumes associated with normal ventilation (7–15 ml/kg) but fell sharply as VT was reduced further to tidal volumes associated with HFV (less than 7 ml/kg). The frequency required to maintain constant alveolar ventilation increased slowly as tidal volume was decreased from 15 to 7 ml/kg but rose sharply with attendant rapid increases in minute ventilation as tidal volumes were decreased to less than 7 ml/kg. At tidal volumes less than 7 ml/kg, the data deviated substantially from the conventional alveolar ventilation equation [f(VT - VD) = constant] but fit well a model derived previously for HFV. This model predicts that gas exchange with volumes smaller than dead space should vary approximately as the product of f and VT2.
Adaptive Symbolic Control for Finite-State Transition Systems With Grammatical Inference

This note presents an approach that integrates elements from grammatical inference and game theory to address the problem of supervising finite-state transition systems operating in adversarial, partially known, rule-governed environments. The combined formulation produces controllers which guarantee that a transition system satisfies a task specification in the form of a logical formula, if and only 1) the true model of the environment is in the class of models inferable from positive data presentation (observations), 2) a characteristic sample of the environment's behavior is observed, and 3) the task specification is satisfiable given the capabilities described by the abstractions of the system and its environment.
An evaluation of the transportation needs of disadvantaged cancer patients

In an earlier study, 128 socioeconomically disadvantaged cancer patients who were receiving follow-up care in a general medicine clinic were surveyed to assess their concrete needs. Respondents reported a variety of transportation problems (e.g., cost of transportation, cost of parking). A large number of these patients also reported missing clinic appointments because of transportation difficulties. Fifty-three of the original 128 patients participated in the present study, which compared the effects of providing patients with information only about transportation resources and providing patients with this information plus assistance in selecting the appropriate transportation resource. The authors found that the transportation needs of disadvantaged cancer patients could be better met. Information about transportation resources alone was insufficient to improve disadvantaged cancer patients' compliance with clinic appointments. However, helping them select an appropriate transportation resource did help...
Domestic Violence and the Indian Diaspora in the United States

The profile of the current Asian Indian population in the United States is largely an outcome of immigration policies and practices. For most immigrants, including Asian Indians, gender, class and ethnic relations get reshaped as women and men adapt to life in a foreign country. This article discusses domestic violence among the Indian diaspora in the United States with insights from the staff of the community-based women's organisation, Sakhi for South Asian Women, in New York City. It provides a general overview of the Indian population in the United States and explains how immigration policies and regulations factor into immigrant women's experiences of marriage, migration, and marital and domestic violence in a community that has been perceived as a model minority in the United States. Notions of cultural identity, family values and gender, as well as the forms of marriage and violence, are briefly examined. Emphasis is placed on the pivotal role played by Sakhi for South Asian Women in transforming d...
Jones's Matrix Representation of Optical Instruments. 2: Fourier Interferometers (Spectrometers and Spectropolarimeters).

Our method of matrix synthesis of optical components and instruments is applied to the derivation of Jones's matrices appropriate for Fourier interferometers (spectrometers and spectropolarimeters). These matrices are obtained for both the source beam and the detector beam. In the course of synthesis, Jones's matrices of the various reflectors (plane mirrors; retroreflectors: roofed mirror, trihedral and prism cube corner, cat's eye) used by these interferometers are also obtained.
Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence in the United States: results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present updated estimates of the prevalence of, and to examine the correlates of, alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence in a representative sample of the U.S. population. Methods: This study was based on the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES), a representative sample (N = 42,862) of the United States population aged 18 years and older. Results: The prevalence of lifetime alcohol use was 66.0%, with 44.4% of the respondents reporting alcohol use during the past 12 months. Lifetime and 12-month prevalences of alcohol dependence were estimated at 13.3% and 4.4%, respectively. Men were significantly more likely than women to use alcohol, and alcohol use and dependence were much more common among cohorts born after Prohibition and after World War II. Members of the youngest cohorts, between the ages of 18 and 24 years at the time of the interview, were more likely to use drugs, to become...
A SURFACE FEATURE ATTRIBUTED HYPERGRAPH REPRESENTATION FOR 3-D OBJECT RECOGNITION

A surface feature hypergraph (SFAHG) representation is proposed for the recognition and localization of three-dimensional objects. The hypergraph representation is shown to be viewpoint independent thus resulting in substantial savings in terms of memory for the object model database. The resulting hypergraph matching algorithm integrates both, relational and the rigid pose constraint in a consistent unified manner. The matching algorithm is also shown to have a polynomial order of complexity even in multiple-object scenes with instances of objects partially occluding each other. An algorithm for incrementally constructing the hypergraph representation of an object model from range images of the object taken from different viewpoints is also presented. The hypergraph matching and the hypergraph construction algorithms are shown to be capable of correcting errors in the initial segmentation of the range image. The hypergraph construction algorithm and the matching algorithm are tested on range images of scenes containing multiple three-dimensional objects with partial occlusion.
Differential survival of juvenile sockeye and coho salmon exposed to low dissolved oxygen during winter

Juvenile sockeye salmon (43-78 mm) survived 100% for 24 h in cages in ice-covered Black Lake, Alaska at oxygen saturations >65% (9 mg l -1 ), but only 45% at 24% saturation (3.0-3.3 mg l -1 ) and none at < 17% saturation (2.3 mg l -1 ). All juvenile coho (50-120 mm) survived 100% for 24 h down to 21% oxygen saturation (3.1 mg l -1 ), and all 50 coho survived 4-5 days at 23-24% saturation (3.2-3.3 mg l -1 ).
Concurrent Sick Building Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Epidemic Neuromyasthenia Revisited

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is usually characterized by upper respiratory complaints, headache, and mild fatigue. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness with defined criteria including extreme fatigue, sore throat, headache, and neurological symptoms. We investigated three apparent outbreaks of SBS and observed another more serious illness for illnesses), characterized predominantly by severe fatigue, that was noted by 9 (90%) of the 10 teachers who frequently used a single conference room at a high school in Truckee, California; 5 (23%) of the 22 responding teachers in the J wing of a high school in Elk Grove, California; and 9 (10%) of the 93 responding workers from an office building in Washington, D.C
Response of a reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure to removal of two adjacent columns

The response of Hotel San Diego, a six-story reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure, is evaluated following the simultaneous removal of two adjacent exterior columns. Analytical models of the structure using the Finite Element Method as well as the Applied Element Method are used to calculate global and local deformations. The analytical results show good agreement with experimental data. The structure resisted progressive collapse with a measured maximum vertical displacement of only one quarter of an inch (6.4 mm). Deformation propagation over the height of the structure and the dynamic load redistribution following the column removal are experimentally and analytically evaluated and described. The difference between axial and flexural wave propagations is discussed. Three-dimensional Vierendeel (frame) action of the transverse and longitudinal frames with the participation of infill walls is identified as the major mechanism for redistribution of loads in the structure. The effects of two potential brittle modes of failure (fracture of beam sections without tensile reinforcement and reinforcing bar pull out) are described. The response of the structure due to additional gravity loads and in the absence of infill walls is analytically evaluated.
Comparative studies of electronic structures of sodium metasilicate and α and β phases of sodium disilicate

The electronic structures of sodium metasilicate (${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$Si${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) and the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phases of sodium disilicate (${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$) are calculated from first principles by the method of linear combination of atomic orbitals. Two different sets of calculations with exchange parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ set equal to $\frac{2}{3}$ and 1.0 were performed. Results are presented in terms of total and partial density of states and the valence electron charge distribution. The calculated electronic structures are discussed in connection with the local structural environment of each type of atom in these crystals. Comparison with experimental x-ray photoelectron spectra on ${({\mathrm{Na}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{x}{(\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ glasses suggests that local short-range order in crystalline and glassy alkali silicates is similar.
Relationship between the cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase activities in Escherichia coli B and an E. coli B (Met H - ) mutant.

Abstract The methylcobalamin (MeB 12 ) homocysteine transmethylase activity and the B 12 -dependent 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MeH 4 -folate) homocysteine transmethylase activity in cell-free extracts of E. coli B are catalytic functions of separate sites on a single enzyme-protein. Whether these two transmethylases exactly co-purify from extracts, and are protected against p -chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), however, depends on whether or not the cells were previously cultured in the presence of approximately 1 × 10 −8 m cyanocobalamin (CNB 12 ). E. coli B (met H − ) contains a defective 5-MeH 4 -folate apoenzyme which does not tightly bind B 12 as a prosthetic group. While the folate-inactive apoenzyme from the mutant strain still catalyzes MeB 12 homocysteine transmethylation, this second site on the defective protein is not protected by media CNB 12 against pCMB inactivation. Both transmethylase activities are repressed 50% by growth in the presence of 10 m l-methionine.
Type C workplace interventions

This paper describes the appropriate uses of Type C interventions and presents three case studies for analysis and discussion. Type C change interventions include counseling, coaching, and consulting. Each intervention involves a service provider who assumes the dual role of “helper” and “change agent”. Each intervention also has unique characteristics that make it particularly suited to affecting different types of changes in organizations.
The Advanced Test Accelerator a High-Current Induction Linac

The Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) is a linear induction accelerator being built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The aim of the ATA, together with its associated physics program is the research and development necessary to resolve whether particle-beam propagation is possible. Since the accelerator is the tool needed to do the basic propagation experiment, many of its design parameters are specified by the physics. The accelerator parameters are: 50 MeV, 10 kA, 70 ns pulse width (FWHM), and a 1 kHz rep-rate during a ten-pulse burst. In addition, beam quality and pulse-to-pulse repeatability must be excellent. The unique features of the accelerator are the 10 kA beam and the 1 kHz burst frequency.
Hazardous waste sites, stress, and neighborhood quality in USA

Seven neighborhoods adjacent to hazardous waste were surveyed. The authors found that respondents did not rate their neighborhoods as highly as Americans as a whole, but, like most Americans, they did rate their present neighborhood better, or the same as, their previous one. The adjacent hazardous waste site was mentioned as distressing more often than any other neighborhood characteristic. Yet in four of the seven neighborhoods, dilapidated buildings and streets, odors and smoke from sewage treatment plants and factories, noise from trains and traffic congestion, or another neighborhood characteristic was mentioned as more stressful than the hazardous waste site. It is argued that govemment needs to be more aggressive about understanding community viewpoints before proposing multi-million dollar hazardous waste remediation plans that could be resisted by a community.
Designing for testability

Abstract In the laboratory, a designer may conveniently analyse microprocessor circuits and their peripherals by means of suitable logic analysers. This is possible because he will have a detailed knowledge of his system and the time to learn the optimum methods of using his analyser. Once this system is a part of a product, it would be preferable if a less complicated means of verifying the processor's correct activity were available should a failure occur. An extremely convenient and inexpensive verification and diagnostic system may be designed into a product using two complementary techniques, selftest and signature analysis. The material cost of implementing such a system can be very small indeed whereas the savings in troubleshooting time and test equipment costs can be substantial.
Relativistic stellar stability: an empirical approach

The PPN formalism which encompasses the post-Newtonian limit of nearly every metric theory of gravity is used to analyze stellar stability. This analysis enables one to infer, for any given gravitation theory, the extent to which post-Newtonian effects induce instabilities in white dwarfs, in neutron stars, and in supermassive stars. It also reveals the extent to which our current empirical knowledge of post-Newtonian gravity (based on solar-system experiments) actually guarantees that relativistic instabilities exist. In particular, it shows that: (1) for conservative theories of gravity, current solar-system experiments guarantee that the critical adiabatic index, for the stability of stars against radial pulsations exceeds the Newtonian value of 4/3 and (2) for nonconservative theories, current experiments do not permit any firm conclusion about the sign of the critical adiabatic index, and (3) in the PPN approximation to every metric theory, the standard Schwarzschild criterion for convection is valid.
Analysis of Two Coronal Loops with Combined TRACE and SOHO/CDS Data

We use an innovative research technique to analyze combined images from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). We produce a high spatial and temporal resolution simulated CDS raster or “composite” map from TRACE data and use this composite map to jointly analyze data from both instruments. We show some of the advantages of using the “composite” map method for coronal loop studies. We investigate two postflare loop structures. We find cool material (250 000 K) concentrated at the tips or apex of the loops. This material is found to be above its scale height and therefore not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The exposure times of the composite map and TRACE images are used to give an estimate of another loop’s cooling time. The contribution to the emission in the TRACE images for the spectral lines present in its narrow passband is estimated by using the CDS spectral data and CHIANTI to derive synthetic spectra. We obtain cospatial and cotemporal data collected by both instruments in SOHO Joint Observations Program (JOP) 146 and show how the combination of these data can be utilized to obtain more accurate measurements of coronal plasmas than if analyzed individually.
A social-based cyber-physical system for distributed message transmission

The explosive increase of the availability of personal mobile devices has brought about a significant amount of peer-to-peer communication opportunities upon their encountering, which can be exploited to realize distributed message transmission among mobile devices. However, the opportunistic encountering among mobile devices, which is determined by the mobility of their holders, has introduced great difficulties on efficiently transmitting a message to its designated destination. Actually, people usually present a certain pattern on daily mobility. Further, device holders often belong to a certain social network community. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a social- based cyber-physical system for distributed message transmission, namely SocMessaging, by integrating both the mobility pattern and the social network of device holders. When selecting an encountered node for message relay, in addition to the node's historical encountering records with the destination node, SocMessaging also considers its social closeness with the destination node. Then, the message is always transmitted to the node that is most likely to meet its destination. As a result, SocMessaging closely connects the cyber world (i.e., network), physical world (i.e., people) and social network (i.e., social connection). Finally, our experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed system in message transmission between device holders.
exo-Imino to endo-Iminocyclitol Rearrangement. A General Route to Five-Membered Antiviral Azasugars

A facile synthesis is reported for five-membered iminocyclitols which allows for variation in stereochemistry at all the chiral centers, diverse C1- and N-substitution, and the potential for a thre...
Compressed-domain registration techniques for MPEG video

A multi-scale DCT-domain image registration technique for two MPEG video inputs is proposed in this work. Several edge detectors are first applied to the luminance component of DC coefficients to generate the so-called difference maps for each input image. Then, a threshold is selected for each difference map to filter out regions of lower activity. Following that, we estimate the displacement parameters by examining the difference maps of the two input images associated with the same edge detector. Finally, the ultimate displacement vector is calculated by averaging the parameters from all detectors. In order to reach higher quality of the output mosaic, 1D alignment is locally applied to pixels around the boundaries of displacement that is decided in the previous step. It is shown that the proposed method reduces the computation complexity dramatically as compared to pixel-based image registration techniques while reaching a satisfactory result in composition. Moreover, we discuss how the overlapping region affects the quality of alignment.
Secularization, Differentiation, and the Function of Religious Value Orientations

The term “secularization,” when its referent is social institutions and value-norm complexes, is viewed as an instance of differentiation. However, the process of differentiation has both structural and functional components. Confusion in the debate over the nature and extent of secularization in American society arises from the fact that there is disagreement over the functions of religion in a differentiated social setting. A typology of meanings of “secularization” is developed by focusing on this functional component of the differentiation process. This typology, combined with a specification of the various meanings of “religion,” is utilized to pinpoint specific areas of disagreement in the debate over secularization. Suggestions are made on ways to empirically resolve the controversy.
Early silurian palynomorphs from the tuscarora formation in central Pennsylvania and their paleobotanical and geological significance

Abstract The Early Silurian (Llandoverian) Tuscarora Formation in central Pennsylvania contains shale beds with an abundant and predominantly land-derived palynoflora. Population studies of the assemblages of spore-like bodies (monads, dyads, and tetrads), leiospheres, nonacanthomorphic acritarchs, and miscellaneous organic structures from a section near Mill Hall provide data for biological, stratigraphic, and paleoecological investigations. Three new genera and eight new palynomorph species are described: Comasphaeridium hirsutum (n. sp); Leiosphaeridia acerscabrella (n. sp.); L. exasperata (n. sp.); Dyadospora membranifera (n. sp.); Pseudodyadospora laevigata (n. gen. et n. sp.); P. rugosa (n. sp.); Stegambiquadrella contenta (n. gen. et n. sp.); and Tortotubus protuberans (n. gen. et n. sp.). Experiments show that palynomorph size and morphology are significantly affected by oxidation, and that outer membranes are durable. The simple membrane coverings of the Silurian monads, dyads, and tetrads are distinguished from fern peri-spores and from the outer exines of cavate spores. A literature search on the occurrence of sporopollenin in extant and fossil algae is presented to demonstrate the possibility that some spore-like bodies could be algal in origin.
Baroclinicity Influences on Storm Divergence and Stratiform Rain: Subtropical Upper-Level Disturbances

Abstract Divergence structures associated with the spectrum of precipitating systems in the subtropics and midlatitudes are not well documented. A mesoscale model is used to quantify the relative importance different baroclinic environments have on divergence profiles for storms primarily caused by upper-level disturbances in southeastern Texas, a subtropical region. The divergence profiles simulated for a subset of the modeled storms are consistent with those calculated from an S-band Doppler radar. Realistic convective and stratiform divergence signals are also generated when applying a two-dimensional convective–stratiform separation algorithm to reflectivities derived from the mesoscale model, although the model appears to underestimate stratiform rain area. Divergence profiles from the modeled precipitating systems vary in magnitude and structure across the wide range of baroclinicities common in southeastern Texas. Barotropic storms more characteristic of the tropics generate the most elevated diver...
Carbon flux through citric acid cycle pathways in perfused heart by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Mathematical models of the TCA cycle derived previously for 14C tracer studies have been extended to 13C NMR to measure the 13C fractional enrichment of [2-13C]acetyl-CoA entering the cycle and the relative activities of the oxidative versus anaplerotic pathways. The analysis is based upon the steady-state enrichment of 13C into the glutamate carbons. Hearts perfused with [2-13C]acetate show low but significant activity of the anaplerotic pathways. Activation of two different anaplerotic pathways is demonstrated by addition of unlabeled propionate or pyruvate to hearts perfused with [2-13C]acetate. In each case, the amount of [2-13C]acetate being oxidized and the relative carbon flux through anaplerotic versus oxidative pathways are evaluated.
Complex Justice: The Case of Missouri v. Jenkins . By Joshua M. Dunn. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. 240p. $39.95.

Joshua Dunn presents a carefully researched study of Missouri v. Jenkins, a Kansas City case that led to the nation's “most expansive and expensive” school desegregation effort (p. 4). Dunn draws important lessons from the case regarding the limitations of judicial policymaking and the inability, and often unwillingness, of our nation to respond to demands by urban communities of color that equal and excellent schools be made available to all children.
Syndrome Malin During Treatment with Thiothixene and ECT: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome or Malignant Hyperthermia?

AbstractA case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) coincided with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), several days after discontinuing thiothixene. The occurrence of NMS in this setting also raised the possibility of malignant hyperthermia due to succinylcholine administered during ECT. Observations relevant to the differential diagnosis are discussed
Syntactic and Prosodic Computations in the Resolution of Relative Clause Attachment Ambiguity by English-French Learners.

This study investigates the manner in which syntax, prosody, and context interact when second- and fourth-semester college-level English-French learners process relative clause (RC) attachment to either the first noun phrase (NP1) or the second noun phrase (NP2) in complex nominal expressions such as le secretaire du psychologue qui se promene (au centre ville) “the secretary of the psychologist who takes a walk (downtown).” Learners' interpretations were affected by the length of the RC, specifically its phonological weight. Effects of intonation contour were found only in a subset of learners. In a response time (RT) experiment that manipulated contexts, fourth-semester learners showed a final bias for NP1 attachment in interpretation but an initial RT bias for NP2 attachment. Second-semester learners also produced a NP2 attachment bias in RTs, but no asymmetry in interpretation was found. We argue that the processing of RC attachment by English-French learners requires a task-specific algorithm that implicates autonomous syntactic and prosodic computations and specific interactions among them.
Development of Component-Level Damage Evolution Models for Mechanical Prognosis

This paper presents component-level empirical damage evolution regression models based on loads and damage information that do for mechanical damage prediction what the Paris law does for predicting crack growth under fatigue loading. Namely, these regression models combine information about the current damage state and internal system loads to predict the progress of damage to failure. One of the drawbacks of Paris-like crack evolution laws is that localized information about the loading (stress) and damage (crack length) is required. In structural health monitoring applications, it is not feasible to instrument every potential crack initiation region to collect this localized information. The component-level damage evolution regression models developed here only require global measurements that quantify the damage and loading at the level of the component rather than at the site of damage. This paper develops damage evolution regression models for an automotive sway bar link undergoing axial fatigue loading with two different damage mechanisms at a weldment and at an electrical discharge machining notch. Restoring force diagrams are used to calculate the load indicators as damage progresses and transmissibility functions are used to calculate the damage indicator during tests to failure. A component-level load intensity factor (∇K) is calculated during these tests so that the rate of damage accumulation can be used to predict the growth of damage and ultimate failure.
The effects of area and perimeter on detection rates

The detection of luminance increments in a homogeneously lighted field was studied as a function of the area and perimeter of the luminance increment. Sixteen targets representing all possible combinations of four values of area and four values of perimeter were foveally presented. Exposure durations were short (25 to 40 msec). Results of both an analysis of variance and linear discriminant analysis indicated that detection probability increases as area increases, but neither variations in perimeter nor perimeter-area combinations produced effects that were significant oyer the experiment as a whole. The linear discriminant analysis revealed individual differences in the effects of perimeter and area on detection probability. Results were contradictory to Kristofferson’s (1957) “element contribution theory” and gave only slight support to Hecht’s (Lamar, Hecht, Shlaer, & Hendley, 1947) “border-quantum theory.”
Insulin-Sensitive and Insulin-Resistant Variants in NIDDM

To define the sequence of events that is involved in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we studied 16 NIDDM individuals (15 of 16 Black patients) with a mean age of 44 yr who had been near normoglycemic for 2–91 mo while off of antidiabetic medicine. With the euglycemic insulin clamp at 100 (μU/ml insulin, we defined two populations, one with normal peripheral insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal 7.51 ± 0.97 mg · kg −1 · min −1 ) and the other with insulin resistance (glucose disposal 3.35 ± 0.58 mg · kg −1 · min −1 ; P .001). The populations did not differ in age, degree of obesity, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, clinical presentation, or clinical course. Basal plasma insulin levels were normal in the sensitive group and significantly elevated in the resistant group. Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies were absent in all patients. Insulin action on the liver was normal in both groups. Basal hepatic glucose production measured with D-[3 −3 H]glucose was lower in the insulin-resistant group (1.53 ± 0.11 mg · kg −1 · min −1 ) than in the insulin-sensitive group (1.88 ± 0.06 mg · kg 1 · min −1 ) or normal control subjects (1.93 ± 0.05 mg · kg −1 · min 1 ). The decreased basal hepatic glucose production appeared to be secondary to the twofold higher fasting plasma insulin level seen in the insulin-resistant group. The insulin concentration necessary to suppress basal hepatic glucose production by 50% was 29.6 μU/ml in the insulin-sensitive group and 30.5 μU/ml in the insulin-resistant group. The absolute insulin-secretory responses to oral glucose and intravenous glucagon were significantly lower (50%) in the insulin-sensitive group than in the insulin-resistant group, whose absolute responses were similar to normal control subjects. Compared with individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, the insulin response to oral glucose in the insulin-resistant group was somewhat reduced. We hypothesize that NIDDM in this particular population consists of two subpopulations, one with primary insulin deficiency and normal insulin action and the other with primary peripheral insulin resistance and a mild impairment in glucose-mediated insulin secretion. In both, insulin action in the liver was initially normal.