cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.

"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" provides a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. The following are the key messages(1) In persons older than 50 years, systolic blood pressure (BP) of more than 140 mm Hg is a much more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; (2) The risk of CVD, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; individuals who are normotensive at 55 years of age have a 90% lifetime risk for developing hypertension; (3) Individuals with a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg should be considered as prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD; (4) Thiazide-type diuretics should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for the initial use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers); (5) Most patients with hypertension will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease); (6) If BP is more than 20/10 mm Hg above goal BP, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with 2 agents, 1 of which usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic; and (7) The most effective therapy prescribed by the most careful clinician will control hypertension only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with and trust in the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. Finally, in presenting these guidelines, the committee recognizes that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount.
Streptococcal modulation of cellular invasion via TGF-β1 signaling

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and other bacterial pathogens are known to interact with integrins as an initial step in a complex pathway of bacterial ingestion by host cells. Efficient GAS invasion depends on the interaction of bound fibronectin (Fn) with integrins and activation of integrin signaling. TGF-β1 regulates expression of integrins, Fn, and other extracellular matrix proteins, and positively controls the integrin signaling pathway. Therefore, we postulated that TGF-β1 levels could influence streptococcal invasion of mammalian cells. Pretreatment of HEp-2 cells with TGF-β1 increased their capacity to ingest GAS when the bacteria expressed fibronectin-binding proteins (M1 or PrtF1). Western blots revealed significant induction of α5 integrin and Fn expression by HEp-2 cells in response to TGF-β1. Increased ingestion of streptococci by these cells was blocked by a specific inhibitor of the TGF-β1 receptor I and antibodies directed against α5 integrin and Fn, indicating that increased invasion depends on TGF-β1 up-regulation of both the α5 integrin and Fn. The capacity of TGF-β1 to up-regulate integrin expression and intracellular invasion by GAS was reproduced in primary human tonsil fibroblasts, which could be a source of TGF-β1 in chronically infected tonsils. The relationship between TGF-β1 and GAS invasion was strengthened by the observation that TGF-β1 production was stimulated in GAS-infected primary human tonsil fibroblasts. These findings suggest a mechanism by which GAS induce a cascade of changes in mammalian tissue leading to elevated expression of the α5β1 receptor, enhanced invasion, and increased opportunity for survival and persistence in their human host.
The Moderating Effect of Product Category Knowledge and Attribute Importance on the Attraction Effect

This paper explores the moderating effect of product category knowledge and attribute importance on the attraction effect. The results of our study point to several boundary conditions of the effect. For consumers who have a moderate level of product category knowledge, and for consumers who assign more importance to one product attribute over the other, the attraction effect was strongest. In contrast, the attraction effect was diminished, in some cases to insignificant levels, for consumers with a high or low level of product category knowledge, and for consumers who consider both product attributes about equally important.
Fully automatic upper facial action recognition

We provide a new fully automatic framework to analyze facial action units, the fundamental building blocks of facial expression enumerated in Paul Ekman's facial action coding system (FACS). The action units examined here include upper facial muscle movements such as inner eyebrow raise, eye widening, and so forth, which combine to form facial expressions. Although prior methods have obtained high recognition rates for recognizing facial action units, these methods either use manually preprocessed image sequences or require human specification of facial features; thus, they have exploited substantial human intervention. We present a fully automatic method, requiring no such human specification. The system first robustly detects the pupils using an infrared sensitive camera equipped with infrared LEDs. For each frame, the pupil positions are used to localize and normalize eye and eyebrow regions, which are analyzed using PCA to recover parameters that relate to the shape of the facial features. These parameters are used as input to classifiers based on support vector machines to recognize upper facial action units and all their possible combinations. On a completely natural dataset with lots of head movements, pose changes and occlusions, the new framework achieved a recognition accuracy of 69.3% for each individual AU and an accuracy of 62.5% for all possible AU combinations. This framework achieves a higher recognition accuracy on the Cohn-Kanade AU-coded facial expression database, which has been previously used to evaluate other facial action recognition system.
Radial Diffusion Assay for Tannins

Tannins are polyphenols familiar to most of us as astringent compounds in red wine (originating in skins, seeds, and stems of grapes), tea leaves, and unripe fruit. In trees, they occur in bark, buds, and fruits, and are found in cell vacuoles or surface waxes. Tannins are assumed to defend plants against microorganisms, insects, and vertebrate herbivores. These brownish or yellowish compounds are used for tanning and dyeing. Tannins precipitate with proteins, the basis for tanning leather. In this assay, the interaction of tannins with protein in an agar gel is quantified. The insoluble precipitates form rings around an origin. The diameter of the rings is proportional to the tannin amounts present. It needs to be added that not all tannins bind to proteins, and not all precipitates are insoluble. The method of this exercise follows the Tannin Assay as described by Hagerman (1987). The material analyzed in this exercise can be known amounts of tannins such as “tannic acid” (a mixture of tannins), or plant extracts with unknown amounts of tannin. This exercise is written for tests with plant materials whose tannin level we wish to determine. These can be bud scales of trees such as aspen, or different parts of acorns (tip vs. base).
Role of Mycoplasma synoviae in Commercial Layer Escherichia coli Peritonitis Syndrome

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen of domestic poultry and is prevalent in commercial layers. During the last decade Escherichia coli peritonitis became a major cause of layer mortality. The possible role of MS in the E. coli peritonitis syndrome of laying hens was studied. Four groups of 64 mycoplasma-free commercial layers at the onset of lay (about 80% daily production) were challenged with a virulent MS strain or a virulent avian E. coli strain or both. The four experimental groups were identified as follows: negative control, E. coli, MS, and MS plus E. coli. A typical E. coli peritonitis mortality was reproduced and included one, three, zero, and five birds in the negative control, E. coli, MS, and MS plus E. coli groups, respectively. Only the increased mortality in the MS plus E. coli group had statistical significance. Four weeks postchallenge 10 clinically normal birds from each of the four experimental groups were necropsied. All of the examined birds in the two MS-challenged groups demonstrated severe tracheal lesions. Body cavity lesions were detected in two and four birds in the MS and MS plus E. coli groups, respectively. The results demonstrate a possible pathogenesis mechanism of respiratory origin with regard to the layer E. coli peritonitis syndrome, show the MS pathological effect in layers, and indicate that a virulent MS strain can act as a complicating factor in the layer E. coli peritonitis syndrome.
Using Qualitative Methods to Evaluate and Validate Formal Models

Please see 2013 updated version, entitled "Bridging the Gap: Using Qualitative Evidence to Evaluate Formal Models."
Conflicting attachment and the growth of bipartite networks

Simple growth mechanisms have been proposed to explain the emergence of seemingly universal network structures. The widely studied model of preferential attachment assumes that new nodes are more likely to connect to highly connected nodes. Preferential attachment explains the emergence of scale-free degree distributions within complex networks. Yet it is incompatible with many network systems, particularly bipartite systems in which two distinct types of agents interact. For example, the addition of new links in a host-parasite system corresponds to the infection of hosts by parasites. Increasing connectivity is beneficial to a parasite and detrimental to a host. Therefore, the overall network connectivity is subject to conflicting pressures. Here we propose a stochastic network growth model of conflicting attachment, inspired by a particular kind of parasite-host interaction: that of viruses interacting with microbial hosts. The mechanism of network growth includes conflicting preferences to network density as well as costs involved in modifying the network connectivity according to these preferences. We find that the resulting networks exhibit realistic patterns commonly observed in empirical data, including the emergence of nestedness, modularity, and nested-modular structures that exhibit both properties. We study the role of conflicting interests in shaping network structure and assess opportunities to incorporate greater realism in linking growth process to pattern in systems governed by antagonistic and mutualistic interactions.
Comparison of the Sorption of Hydrogen Phosphide, Methyl Bromide, Ethylene Dibromide, and Hydrocyanic Acid by Wheat and Corn of Different Moisture Contents and Load Factors

The sorption of hydrogen phosphide (H3P), methyl bromide (MB), ethylene dibromide (EDB), and hydrocyanic acid (HCN) by wheat and corn of different moisture contents and load factors was determined. The drop in concentration in the presence of either wheat or corn was least for H3P followed by MB, EDE, and HCN. Sorption increased with an increased load. Sorption of the fumigant was greater as the moisture content increased.
Arrhenotokous Reproduction of Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

When each of 38 virgin females of the eulophid wasp, Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford), reared from isolated pupae was allowed to oviposit in a different fourth-instar Mexican bean beetle each day for 3 days, 36 of the females produced a total of 1,342 progeny (all male), thus confirming that the species is arrhenotokous. One host mummy was observed to contain one dead female (parasite) pupa, which possibly was the result of tychoparthenogenesis. Eighty-four female P. foveolatus isolated from males immediately after emergence from four fourth-instar host mummies also produced only male progeny. Again one fourth-instar Mexican bean beetle was exposed to each female each day for 3 days. Twenty-four females produced no progeny. The 60 remaining females produced 2,438 progeny, all of which were male. This is evidence that no preemergence mating occurred inside host mummies. Two factors mitigate against preemergence mating: crowding of female and male adults, which together with pupal exuviae makes courtship and mating of the parasite impossible; and failure of some virgin females to oviposit suggests a behavioral adaptation that tends to maximize reproductive fitness of haplodiploid species.
Republicanism: the Career of a Concept

The concept of republicanism was one of the success stories of the 1980s. The history of the conviction that the concept of republicanism could unlock the basic riddles of American politics and political culture is the history of a conjunction of multiple, sometimes contradictory needs. It is also a history of how historians argue and how concepts persuade. Republicanism was neither an ideological map to more than a small piece of experience, nor a paradigmatic language in the strong sense of J. G. A. Pocock's early work. Political language was inherently ambiguous and "multivalent," Pocock wrote; concepts "migrated" from one paradigm structure to another. The problem of the republicanism paradigm as it entered its last phase, however, was not simply that of a word passed through too many hands and made to do too many things — though that was manifest in republicanism's career in the late 1980s.
Effectiveness of Different Methods of Study

(1962). Effectiveness of Different Methods of Study. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 51-52.
On Inheritance Analysis and Motivation Exploration of the Construction “Vta+QM+NP”

The construction as "Chi ta san ge ping guo" possesses the characteristics of constructional homonymy.It at least could be taken as two constructions,A and B with the same form.A is the sub-construction of Chinese ditransitive,expresses the meaning of "get".B does not have the function of "cause to transfer",but expresses the statement with subjectivisation,prominently protrude the concept of "general amounts" that is supposed to be the same with Chinese construction "VP+QM+NP".The construction "Vta+QM+NP"governs three sub-constructions because of constructional polysemy.
National beef market basket survey.

Beef retail cases in supermarkets in 12 cities across the United States were surveyed for fat thickness measurements, cut representation, package weights and counts, and case space allocation. Randomly selected retail cuts were purchased and transported to Texas A&M University, where they were dissected into separable components. Samples of ground beef were obtained for chemical analysis. Over 42% of the beef retail cuts had no external fat, and approximately 75% of all cuts were boneless. The overall mean fat thickness for all retail cuts in the beef case was .31 cm, and the overall mean fat thickness for steaks and roasts from the major primals - chuck, rib, loin, and round - was .38 cm. The average percentage of separable lean was 79.0%, separable fat was 12.3%, and bone and connective tissue was 8.7%. Retail cuts had more than twice as much separable seam fat as separable external fat. Beef steaks and roasts had 27.4% less separable fat than values from USDA Agriculture Handbook 8-13. Of the ground beef surveyed, 37% was regular, 40% was lean, and over 22% was extra lean. Retail ground beef had approximately 10% less fat than values from USDA Agriculture Handbook 8-13.
The CREATE strategy benefits students and is a natural fit for faculty: Analysis of scientific literature using the CREATE approach allows students to learn microbiology while involving them with the process of science

Given how much time microbiologists spend reading and analyzing research articles, it is surprising that so many teach lecture courses based on textbooks, inadvertently depriving their students of the excitement of scientific discovery that comes with analyzing current research. Such faculty members typically spent years learning to do scientific research, designing experiments or carrying out observational studies, troubleshooting, and integrating findings from current literature with their hypothetical frameworks. As they developed more sophisticated insights into study design and data interpretation, including an awareness of the need to constantly challenge their own assumptions, future college faculty gained an ever-increasing fluency in the language of data analysis.
The Shapley Value in Voting Games: Computing Single Large Party's Power and Bounds for Manipulation by Merging

We consider two related and important problems in weighted voting games. For the first problem, we provide counterexamples to show that the previously proposed formulae for computing the Shapley values of large players in a restricted class of voting games referred to as single large party, are incorrect. Consequently, we present a simple and correct formula for computing the Shapley values of players in this type of games. Second, we bound the effects of manipulation by merging, i.e., dishonest behavior where strategic agents merge their weights to form a single bloc. A motivation for this problem can be found in decision-making, e.g., in negotiation settings. Consider a set of agents negotiating on how to allocate some budgets. If a subset of strategic agents merge their weights, they may be able to increase their share of the budgets. This obviously raises the question: What is the amount of damage that is caused to the non-manipulating agents? Analogously, what is the extent of budgets, payoffs, or power that manipulators may gain? We propose two non-trivial tight bounds for this problem using the well-known ShapleyShubik index. The results we propose here fit under the models and mechanisms for establishing identities, which are crucial for trustworthy interactions.
Compressed imagery detection rate through map seeking circuit (MSC) pattern recognition

This research investigates the features retained after image compression for automatic pattern recognition purposes. Images were significantly compressed using open-source JPEG and JPEG2000 compression algorithms. The original and compressed images were processed with a Map Seeking Circuit (MSC) pattern recognition algorithm. [1] The resulting target detection rates for the compressed images were very similar to the original images, which included compression rates ranging from 10 to 0.2. Target detection location precision and target aspect were degraded for the lowest compression rates.
The Scary Side of Ginkgo biloba Is No Match for an Anesthesia Superstar: Seizures

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction between phenytoin and Ginkgo biloba, resulting in breakthrough seizures. Phenytoin is a cytochrome P450 2C19 substrate and Ginkgo biloba is a 2C19 inducer.
Bayesian Factor Analysis as a Variable-Selection Problem: Alternative Priors and Consequences

ABSTRACTFactor analysis is a popular statistical technique for multivariate data analysis. Developments in the structural equation modeling framework have enabled the use of hybrid confirmatory/exploratory approaches in which factor-loading structures can be explored relatively flexibly within a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) framework. Recently, Muthen & Asparouhov proposed a Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM) approach to explore the presence of cross loadings in CFA models. We show that the issue of determining factor-loading patterns may be formulated as a Bayesian variable selection problem in which Muthen and Asparouhov's approach can be regarded as a BSEM approach with ridge regression prior (BSEM-RP). We propose another Bayesian approach, denoted herein as the Bayesian structural equation modeling with spike-and-slab prior (BSEM-SSP), which serves as a one-stage alternative to the BSEM-RP. We review the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of both approaches and compare their empi...
Improvement of hydrogen detection limit for quadruple SIMS tool

Hydrogen is an element of significant interest for semiconductor process; however it cannot be detected by many available elemental analysis techniques. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is one of the few techniques for the measurement of hydrogen amount and depth distribution. Among all kinds of SIMS tools, magnetic sector, quadrupole and time-of-flight, quadrupole SIMS instrument usually has lowest vacuum pressure and therefore should have better hydrogen detection limit. But high blast-through noise from mass 0 to mass 1 significantly affects the hydrogen detection limit. Various methods to improve hydrogen detection limit were investigated in this study. With field axis potential bias and higher mass edge measurement, hydrogen detection limit of quadrupole SIMS tool was improved by one order of magnitude to 2.2×1018 atoms/cm3.
Judges Beyond Politics in Democracy and Dictatorship: Conservative Activism in the Heyday of Democracy, 1964–1973

In the previous chapter, I sketched the historical construction of the judicial role in Chile around the ideal of “apoliticism.” I described the development of the institutional ideology that forbade judges to interfere in “political” questions, and I explained how the structural reforms of the 1920s, while enhancing judicial independence and professionalism, empowered the conservative judicial elite and, thereby, served to perpetuate nineteenth-century understandings of “law” and “politics” within the institution. In the decades that followed, Chilean judges hence displayed very conservative (that is, predemocratic and politically illiberal) professional attitudes and practices, even as the country as a whole underwent a process of significant democratization. In this chapter, which covers the years 1964–1973, I defend that claim through an analysis of judicial behavior in civil and political rights cases, archival records, and interview material. My objectives are twofold. First, I seek to demonstrate that the substantive role of the judiciary in Chilean politics did not change radically with the advent of the Pinochet regime. Indeed, during the years leading up to the military coup, when Chile was considered one of the most democratic countries in the world, its courts played a role in the system that was quite illiberal and undemocratic. As in the past, judges generally deferred to the executive in the area of civil and political rights, leaving individual citizens at the mercy of the state.
Living in Style

For years I have kept a commonplace book — more recently in a computer file. It is a collection of passages drawn from my reading and teaching, and it includes passages from student papers. In my mind I am recording moments of striking eloquence. When I turn to them, they stand as quick reminders of what has captured my attention; for my writing they serve as points of reference to individual performances and positions in a larger field of ideas or debate. I often use epigraphs at the beginnings of essays, and I almost always use them in assignments I write for courses, and the commonplace book serves as a source for these.
Non-insect crustacean models in developmental genetics including an encomium to Parhyale hawaiensis

The impressive diversity of body plans, lifestyles and segmental specializations exhibited by crustaceans (barnacles, copepods, shrimps, crabs, lobsters and their kin) provides great material to address longstanding questions in evolutionary developmental biology. Recent advances in forward and reverse genetics and in imaging approaches applied in the amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis and other emerging crustacean model species have made it possible to probe the molecular and cellular basis of crustacean diversity. A number of biological and technical qualities like the slow tempo and holoblastic cleavage mode, the stereotypy of many cellular processes, the functional and morphological diversity of limbs along the body axis, and the availability of various experimental manipulations, have made Parhyale a powerful system to study normal development and regeneration.
The Measurement of Ultrasonic Hearing

Measures of sensory acuity are obtained for varied reasons. For instance, an investigator may wish to know the effects of a drug, or a lesion, on the capacity of an animal to see, hear, or feel stimulation to which it is normally sensitive. More specifically, it is desirable to accurately assess the degree of sensory impairment resulting from some experimental treatment. Depending on the accuracy desired, the experimenter may choose an appropriate measurement technique from among a variety of procedures. No matter which technique is selected, however, the animal is always required to indicate it has detected a stimulus input by responding in some distinctive manner. Typically a cat may learn to move from one end of a box to the other when it hears a tone. Since past experience in the experimental chamber has shown the cat that failure to move during tone presentation resulted in painful electric shock, the cat usually learns to avoid shock by quickly moving across the box. Movement across the box during tone presentation is thus taken to indicate hearing. The tone may then be made progressively weaker until a signal level is reached to which the cat cannot respond, i.e., its threshold of hearing has been reached.
Statistical modeling of natural backgrounds in hyperspectral LWIR data

Hyperspectral sensors operating in the long wave infrared (LWIR) have a wealth of applications including remote material identification and rare target detection. While statistical models for modeling surface reflectance in visible and near-infrared regimes have been well studied, models for the temperature and emissivity in the LWIR have not been rigorously investigated. In this paper, we investigate modeling hyperspectral LWIR data using a statistical mixture model for the emissivity and surface temperature. Statistical models for the surface parameters can be used to simulate surface radiances and at-sensor radiance which drives the variability of measured radiance and ultimately the performance of signal processing algorithms. Thus, having models that adequately capture data variation is extremely important for studying performance trades. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we study the validity of this model using real hyperspectral data, and compare the relative variability of hyperspectral data in the LWIR and visible and near-infrared (VNIR) regimes. Second, we illustrate how materials that are easily distinguished in the VNIR, may be difficult to separate when imaged in the LWIR.
NSA Monthly Report- July 2016.

This monthly report is intended to communicate the status of North Slope ARM facilities managed by Sandia National Labs.
A Study on Investors' Expected Rate of Return on their Investments with Special Reference to the Nilgiris District

Investments have become a basic necessity for everyone. In our country there is rapid growth in investment. More number of investors is investing their funds in different types of investment opportunities. Investing wisely is a function of investor's specific needs and goals. Each investor has different objectives that need to be met depending on age, income and attitude towards risk. Investors have to work out with their investment profile to determine which investments are right for them and should consider important factors such as a personal status, plans and constraints. Interest rates changes also after the relative attractiveness of financial assets like shares, bonds and other fixed interest investments. Lower interest rates generally tend to cause a shift of ingestible funds from bonds, bank and company deposits to equity shares and vice versa. The impact of any change in interest rates affects the way companies finance their operations. When interest rates are high, companies prefer the raise funds through issue of equity shares rather than bonds and high cost bank loans. But in case of falling interest, bank loans become more attractive as a source of fiance than equity. So this means that lower interest rates are bad for the primary market and goods for the secondary markets. In this context, it was considered very important to know the rate of return expected by investors.
Applications of biotite inclusion composition to zircon provenance determination

Abstract Detrital zircons are the only confirmed surviving remnants of >4.03 Ga crust while younger detrital zircons provide a parallel record of more recent crustal evolution to that preserved in crystalline rocks. Zircons often preserve inclusions that may provide clues as to the origins of out-of-context grains in the sedimentary record. Previous studies have established that inclusions of biotite in magmatic zircon are compositionally well-matched to biotite in the source rock matrix, although a direct application to ancient detrital zircons has not been made. A number of studies have documented variations in the Fe, Mg, and Al contents of magmatic biotite from different source rocks and tectonic settings, suggesting that biotite inclusions may indeed serve as provenance indicators for detrital zircons. Consistent with earlier studies, we find that the FeO⁎/MgO ratio of magmatic biotite from continental arcs, collisional, and within-plate settings varies with relative oxidation state as well as whole-rock FeO⁎/MgO, while its Al2O3/(FeO⁎ + MgO) varies with whole-rock A/CNK (molar Al/(2 ⋅ Ca + Na + K)). Biotite from oxidized metaluminous and reduced S-type granitoids can be readily distinguished from each other using FeO⁎/MgO and Al2O3/(FeO⁎ + MgO), while biotite from reduced I-type and oxidized peraluminous granites may in some cases be more ambiguous. Biotite from peralkaline and reduced A-type granites are also distinguishable from all other categories by Al2O3/(FeO⁎ + MgO) and FeO⁎/MgO, respectively. Biotite inclusions in Hadean zircons from Jack Hills, Western Australia indicate a mixture of metaluminous and reduced S-type host rocks, while inclusions in 3.6–3.8 Ga detrital zircons from the Nuvvuagittuq Supracrustal Belt indicate more oxidized peraluminous magmas. These results highlight the diversity of felsic materials on the early Earth and suggest that biotite inclusions are applicable to zircon provenance throughout the sedimentary record.
Reducing Security Risks of Clouds Through Virtual Machine Placement

Cloud computing is providing many services in our daily life. When deploying virtual machines in a cloud environment, virtual machine placement strategies can significantly affect the overall security risks of the entire cloud. In recent years, some attacks are specifically designed to collocate with target virtual machines in the cloud. In this paper, we present a Security-aware Multi-Objective Optimization based virtual machine Placement algorithm (SMOOP) to seek a Pareto-optimal solution to reduce overall security risks of a cloud. SMPPO also considers resource utilization on CPU, memory, disk, and network traffic using several placement strategies. Our evaluation results show that security of clouds can be effectively improved through virtual machine placement with affordable overheads.
Percutaneous Devices: Options

With the advent of long-term mechanical circulatory support devices, the need for improving outcomes in these patients has driven the technological development of percutaneous ventricular assist devices (pVADs). This chapter endeavors to review currently available devices utilized in the advanced heart failure patient population, including patient selection, advantages and disadvantages, technical considerations, and complications.
Evaluation of Cloud Microphysical Schemes for a Warm Frontal Snowband during the GPM Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx)

AbstractDetailed observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx) of an intense warm frontal band on 18 February 2012 were used to evaluate several bulk microphysical parameterizations within the NASA-Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) Model. These included the Predicted Particle Properties (P3), Morrison (MORR), Stony Brook University (SBU), and Goddard four-class ice (4ICE) microphysics schemes. All schemes were able to predict the snowband, but the simulated intensities varied because of various assumptions in these schemes. The saturation adjustment scheme within MORR promoted excessive amounts of cloud water evaporational cooling in the warm sector, which contributed to a decrease in midlevel instability approaching the frontal band and thus a weaker band. In contrast, the explicit calculation of cloud water condensation/evaporation in the P3 scheme produced limited amounts of evaporational cooling, which allowed for grea...
Treatment of Patients in Third Relapse and Beyond Including Double-Refractory Disease

With the continued arrival of new agents, treatment options for multiply relapsed and double-refractory myeloma have expanded considerably. Important factors to guide the choice of therapy are prior drug exposures, comorbidities including in particular renal impairment, performance status, and rapidity of relapse. Data on currently approved therapies—carfilzomib, pomalidomide, panobinostat, daratumumab, elotuzumab, salvage transplant—are reviewed. Additionally, promising therapies currently in development—novel proteasome inhibitors (marizomib), HDAC6 inhibitors (ricolinostat), cell cycle inhibitors (filanesib), apoptosis inducers (selinexor), protein kinase inhibitors (ibrutinib, dinaciclib, afuresertib, LGH447), monoclonal antibodies (isatuximab, indatuximab), tumor vaccines, allogeneic transplant, and immune modulators (pembrolizumab, CAR-T cells)—are discussed.
Perspective: Terahertz science and technology

The field of terahertz science and technology has been an active and thriving research area for several decades. However, the field has recently experienced an inflection point, as several exciting breakthroughs have enabled new opportunities for both fundamental and applied research. These events are reshaping the field, and will impact research directions for years to come. In this Perspective article, I discuss a few important examples: the development of methods to access nonlinear optical effects in the terahertz range; methods to probe nanoscale phenomena; and, the growing likelihood that terahertz technologies will be a critical player in future wireless networks. Here, a few examples of research in each of these areas are discussed, followed by some speculation about where these exciting breakthroughs may lead in the near future.
Enriching Social Presence through Research and Practice: A Review of 'Social Presence in Online Learning'

'Social Presence in Online Learning: Multiple Perspectives on Practice and Research,' examines social presence through three lenses: as technologically facilitated, as learners' perceptions, and as a critical literacy. Whiteside, Dikkers, and Swan have edited an extremely useful volume that combines reviews of research with practical suggestions. The book makes a convincing case for the importance of social presence considerations in online course design.
Vulnerability to Substance Abuse

Vulnerability to develop dependence on an addictive substance is a common phenotype. It receives pathogenic components from genetic predispositions, brain memory systems, brain reward systems, the acute and chronic properties of addictive substances themselves and environmental features that come largely from outside of the home environment. Here we review: (a) evidence that supports polygenic models with (at least) modest heterogeneity for the genetic architectures of addiction and related phenotypes; (b) the data that shape our current understanding of the molecular genetics of individual differences in vulnerability to substance dependence and related phenotypes in individuals of European, African and Asian ancestries; (c) overlaps between addiction vulnerability and data for other heritable, brain-based phenotypes that include: (i) bipolar disorder, (ii) cognitive ability, (iii) frontal lobe brain volume, (iv) ability to successfully quit smoking, (v) neuroticism, and (d) plausible ideas about the history of at least some of the allelic variants that predispose to addictions in current populations. These convergent results add to evidence that individual differences in the quality and quantity of brain connections make pleiotropic contributions to individual differences in vulnerability to addictions and to related brain disorders and phenotypes.
Promoting Integrated Social and Medical Care through Semantic Integration and Context Visualization

With many disparate information systems distributed among social and medical care facilities, achieving an integrated social and medical view of people is a huge challenge. We propose a system based on semantic integration that addresses this challenge. It achieves light-weight data integration and navigation via a three-layer architecture: a virtual RDF view layer, a distributed query processing layer and a unified context view layer. This integrates information from disparate systems without cloning data, and also supports data exploration through a novel visualization.
Fundamentals of the Analytic Hierarchy Process

The seven pillars of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are presented. These include: (1) ratio scales derived from reciprocal paired comparisons; (2) paired comparisons and the psychophysical origin of the fundamental scale used to make the comparisons; (3) conditions for sensitivity of the eigenvector to changes in judgements; (4) homogeneity and clustering to extend the scale from 1–9 to 1-℞; (5) additive synthesis of priorities, leading to a vector of multi-linear forms as applied within the decision structure of a hierarchy or the more general feedback network to reduce multi-dimensional measurements to a uni-dimensional ratio scale; (6) allowing rank preservation (ideal mode) or allowing rank reversal (distributive mode); and (7) group decision making using a mathematically justifiable way for synthesising individual judgements which allows the construction of a cardinal group decision compatible with individual preferences. These properties of the AHP give it both theoretical support and broad application.
Lifetimes of Excited Atoms near Surfaces

First principles calculations of the shifts and lifetimes of atomic energy levels outside clean and impurity covered surfaces are presented. It is shown that in the presence of coadsorbed impurities both the widths and the shift of atomic levels with position can be strongly modified compared to the clean metal case. Such changes can significantly alter the probability for charge transfer between an atom and a surface. This effect is illustrated by an application to a series of recent ESD experiments of excited H from K covered Pt(100).
Skilled Nursing Facilities After Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Time for Selective Partnerships Is Now!

Abstract Background Bundled payment initiatives for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients are dramatically impacted by discharges to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), making target prices set by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services difficult to achieve. However, we hypothesized that a granular examination of SNF discharges would reveal that some may disproportionately increase costs compared to others. Methods The institutional database was retrospectively queried for primary TKA patients under bundled payment initiatives. The 4 most common SNFs utilized by our patient population (A, B, C, and D) were investigated for length of stay, cost of care, and whether the overall target price for the episode of care (EOC) was reached. Results In total, 1223 TKA patients were analyzed, with 378 (30.9%) discharged to an SNF and 246 patients selecting one of the 4 most common SNFs (A: 198, B: 21, C: 15, D: 12). Each SNF represented a significant fiscal portion of the total EOC; however, SNF D had significantly longer length of stay (21 vs 13 days, P 24.6% of the total EOC were predictive of exceeding the target price. Conclusion Bundled payment models are significantly impacted by SNF disposition; however, select facilities disproportionately impact this system. In order to maintain free patient selection for disposition, post-acute care facilities must be held accountable for controlling cost, or a separate bundled payment provided.
From Impressions to Intentions: Direct and Indirect Effects of Police Contact on Willingness to Report Crimes to Law Enforcement:

Objectives:Crime reporting intentions have been associated with ratings of police legitimacy and effectiveness. Less is known about the role of personal encounters with police. We explore this issu...
Voices Versus Visions: A Commentary On Academic Library Collections And New Directions

Academic library collections are under pressure to follow dominant voices in the library world to redefine library missions and collections according to emerging trends in new library services. These trends call for a shift in focus away from traditional resource support for curriculum and research to new tech-related and other services. This sea-change in academic library function is led by the voices of major figures at library conferences and taken up by some library leaders who want to be on the cutting edge of reevaluating traditional academiclibrary collections and the very essence of the mission of academic libraries. Thus, it is important to question dominant voices at library conferences, in published discourse, and among our colleagues so as to prevent the shaping of all libraries into a common mold of new services that can seem alluring but can potentially disconnect our libraries from their more fundamental role in supporting the research and curriculum of our institutions. Listening to the input of our faculty and student stakeholders, as well as balancing new roles with the value of foundational ones, are key to preserving our central importance to the university.
Differences in acidosis-stimulated renal ammonia metabolism in the male and female kidney.

Renal ammonia excretion is a critical component of acid-base homeostasis, and changes in ammonia excretion are the predominant component of increased net acid excretion in response to metabolic aci...
Ocular Manifestations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder resulting in periods of breathing cessation secondary to upper airway collapse during sleep. The effects of OSA on a patient’s cardiovascular and metabolic health are well known, though less recognized are OSA’s associations with ophthalmic disease. The effects of OSA on the eye and ocular adnexa include floppy eyelid syndrome (FES), chronic eye irritation, glaucoma, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), papilledema, keratoconus, central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and complications with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections. Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder with a slew of ocular side effects, some of which are sight threatening, and many of which merit referral to an eye care provider.
Circuit aerobic and resistance exercise to target metabolic dysregulation in breast and prostate cancer survivors: The CARE trial study design.

TPS10126Background: Breast and prostate cancer survivors are at an increased risk of developing comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome (MSY), diabetes, and cardiovascular disease exacerbated by c...
Role of Preoperative MRI in the Management of Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer Patients.

Summary Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a well-established, valuable adjunct to screening mammography in women that have documented high-risk for developing breast cancer; it is also used to evaluate implants for silicone rupture and as part of the baseline work-up for patients presenting with axillary metastatic disease but a mammographically/sonographically occult primary breast cancer. The role of breast MRI in the preoperative evaluation of other women with an established breast cancer diagnosis is controversial. Many surgeons routinely obtain breast MRI on their newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients, and the MR findings guide further work-up regarding need for additional biopsies and/or extent of surgery. This practice however, carries the risks of delaying definitive surgery and increasing the likelihood that a patient will be triaged toward mastectomy surgery. However, adjuvant breast radiation effectively controls mulifocal/multicentric ipsilateral breast disease and systemic therapy has bilateral chemoprevention effects. Retrospective studies of women that have had breast MRI included in their preoperative work-up have therefore failed to demonstrate any outcome advantages such as fewer re-excisions to obtain negative margins, improved local control following breast conserving surgery or reduced rates of contralateral breast cancer. Prospective trials that aim to define the potential value of preoperative breast MRI in high-risk patient subsets are ongoing.
Defining Inclusion: Faculty and Student Attitudes Regarding Postsecondary Education for Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Inclusion across education contexts is critical to acknowledge and inspire the full potential of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). In the early stages of a postsecondary education program's development, peers and faculty are integral stakeholders to promoting an inclusive campus life. We conducted a campus-wide survey at a large public university to evaluate the perspectives of 1,867 faculty and students regarding their views of inclusion in student life and their attitudes toward prospective students with IDD. We incorporated a mixed-methods approach to summarize these views by using correlations, linear regression, and qualitative analysis of open-ended responses. We offer recommendations for research and practice aimed at increasing inclusive opportunities for students with IDD and their peers on college campuses.
Correlation of mesothelin (MSLN) expression with future peritoneal metastases (PM) in colorectal cancer (CRC).

176Background: CRC patients with PM have a significantly worse median overall survival (OS) when compared to those with liver and lung metastases. We studied MSLN protein expression using immunohis...
Beyond Trauma Exposure: Discrimination and Posttraumatic Stress, Internalizing, and Externalizing Problems Among Detained Youth.

AbstractAccording to the race-based traumatic stress model, racial discrimination is proposed to comprise a traumatic experience that results in posttraumatic stress symptoms, as well as internaliz...
Demonstration of GaN-based metal–insulator–semiconductor junction by hydrogen plasma treatment

We demonstrate a nickel/insulating-GaN (i-GaN)/p-type GaN junction and investigate its electrical properties. The i-GaN is formed by exposure to a low-power hydrogen plasma to passivate the p-GaN layer. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of the i-GaN is used to understand the passivation effect of the hydrogen plasma on p-GaN. The junction shows very low leakage (<10−9 A at −50 V), excellent rectifying properties (∼107), high temperature stability, and blue light electroluminescence at forward bias. A bandgap model is proposed to illustrate the electrical properties of hydrogenated p-GaN and to understand the device characteristics.
Virtual staining of unlabeled quantitative phase images using deep learning

We demonstrate a deep learning-based technique which digitally stains label-free tissue sections imaged by a holographic microscope. Our trained deep neural network can use quantitative phase microscopy images to generate images equivalent to the same field of view of the specimen, once stained and imaged by a brightfield microscope. We prove the efficacy of this technique by implementing it with different tissue-stain combinations involving human skin, kidney, and liver tissue, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Jones’ stain, and Masson’s trichrome stain, respectively, generating images with equivalent quality to the brightfield microscopy images of the histochemically stained corresponding specimen.