cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Omental sling for management of the pelvic floor following exenteration.

Abstract Intestinal fistulas and obstruction are major problems following pelvic exenteration. These problems are directly related to the raw and denuded pelvic floor through which the intestines can prolapse and/or become adherent in a potentially infected field. A variety of techniques with the use of biological and nonbiological substitutes have been described. All have been found to have serious shortcomings. The omental sling described by Valle and Ferraris 6 has been used successfully in 12 patients. A method of lengthening the omentum is described which makes this technique more widely applicable. Five of the 12 patients required lengthening of the omentum before a sling could be created. There have been no problems related to intestinal prolapse, fistula, or obstruction in these 12 patients, with the longest follow-up being 33 months.
HIGH-HEAD DAMS AFFECT DOWNSTREAM FISH PASSAGE TIMING AND SURVIVAL IN THE MIDDLE FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER

Many high-head dams in Oregon's Willamette River basin were constructed without fish passage facilities for downstream migrants. Instead, fish pass dams via hydroelectric turbines, surface spillways or deep-water regulating outlets. The availability of these routes varies seasonally with dam operations and reservoir depth, which can fluctuate by tens of meters. To assess how dam and reservoir operations affect fish movement timing and survival, we used rotary screw traps below three Willamette basin dams and at two riverine sites above reservoirs. Traps were operated 2950 days over 8 years, and >195 000 fish were collected. Samples above reservoirs were primarily native salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), daces (Rhinichthys spp.) and sculpins (Cottus spp.), while those below dams were often dominated by non-native Centrarchidae. Capture rates at riverine sites were highest from late winter to early summer, coincident with juvenile Chinook salmon emigration. Conversely, collection below dams was largely restricted to late fall and winter when reservoirs were drawn down to annual lows and discharge was high. We hypothesize that winter operations facilitated fish access to dam turbines and regulating outlets, whereas spring–summer operations entrapped fish in reservoirs and restricted volitional downstream passage. Total fish mortality was ≤2% at riverine sites and was 36–69% below dams. Estimates were highest for non-native species and juvenile Chinook salmon. Fatal injuries were consistent with traumas related to pressure, shear and contact and there were size-related and morphology-related risk differences. Mitigation opportunities include fish bypass system development, retrofits for existing routes and seasonally appropriate reservoir draw down to allow fish passage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feature track summary visualization for sequential multi-view reconstruction

Analyzing sources and causes of error in multi-view scene reconstruction is difficult. In the absence of any ground-truth information, reprojection error is the only valid metric to assess error. Unfortunately, inspecting reprojection error values does not allow computer vision researchers to attribute a cause to the error. A visualization technique to analyze errors in sequential multi-view reconstruction is presented. By computing feature track summaries, researchers can easily observe the progression of feature tracks through a set of frames over time. These summaries easily isolate poor feature tracks and allow the observer to infer the cause of a delinquent track. This visualization technique allows computer vision researchers to analyze errors in ways previously unachieved. It allows for a visual performance analysis and comparison between feature trackers, a previously unachieved result in the computer vision literature. This framework also provides the foundation to a number of novel error detection and correction algorithms.
Exigent-Accommodation-Volume of Precipitation and Formation of Oxygen Precipitates in Silicon

In this paper we first describe, in some detail, the nature of an exigent-accommodation-volume factor associated with oxygen (Oi) precipitation in Czochralski (CZ) Si. This factor is regarded as a causal or characteristic factor which influences many aspects of the SiO2 precipitate nucleation and growth phenomena. Employing this factor, we then describe the possible explanations of two outstanding features of Oi precipitation in CZ Si: the precipitation retardation/recovery phenomena and the nucleation incubation phenomena.
Charge pumping and pseudopyroelectric effect in active ferroelectric relaxor-type films.

Unidirectional charge flow was observed in potassium tantalum niobate, ${\mathrm{KTa}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, films. These films of relaxor-type diffuse phase transition material were formed by metalorganic deposition and had a polarization gradient normal to the surface of the films. Novel charge pumping was observed in the active operation of simple two-terminal structures by excitation with periodic, strong electric fields. Such operation also showed a large pseudopyroelectric response. Effective pyroelectric coefficients as large as 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ C/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C have been obtained.
Distinguishing between Folate Receptor-α-mediated Transport and Reduced Folate Carrier-mediated Transport in L1210 Leukemia Cells

L1210 leukemia cells transport reduced folates and methotrexate via a well defined reduced folate carrier system and, in the absence of low folate selective pressure, do not express an alternate endocytotic route mediated by cell surface folate receptors. This laboratory previously described an L1210 leukemia cell line, MTXrA, with acquired resistance to methotrexate (MTX) due to the loss of mobility of the reduced folate carrier. We now report on the transfection of MTXrA with a cDNA encoding the murine homolog of the human folate receptor isoform of KB cells to produce MTXrA-TF1, which constitutively expresses high levels of FR-α. MTXrA-TF1 and L1210 cells were utilized to compare transport of methotrexate mediated by FR-α and the reduced folate carrier, respectively. Methotrexate influx in the two lines was similar when the extracellular level was 0.1 μM, but as the methotrexate concentration increased, influx via the reduced folate carrier increased in comparison to influx mediated by FR-α. Transport kinetics indicated both a ∼20-fold lower influx Kb and Vmax for MTXrA-TF1 as compared to L1210 cells. The two cell lines exhibited distinct influx properties. Methotrexate influx in MTXrA-TF1 was markedly inhibited by 50 nM folic acid and metabolic poisons. In L1210 cells, 1.0 μM folic acid did not affect MTX influx, and metabolic poisons either had no effect on or increased methotrexate influx. Removal of extracellular chloride markedly inhibited transport in MTXrA-TF1 but stimulated influx in L1210 cells. When the pH was decreased to 6.2, methotrexate influx was not altered in MTXrA-TF1 but was reduced in L1210 cells. Probenecid and sulfobromophthalein inhibit methotrexate influx in both L1210 and MTXrA-TF1 cell lines; however, inhibition in MTXrA-TF1 could be accounted for on the basis of inhibition of methotrexate binding to FR-α. The data indicate that the reduced folate carrier and FR-α function independently and exhibit distinct properties. FR-α expressed at sufficient levels can mediate influx of MTX and folates into cells at rates comparable to the reduced folate carrier and hence has pharmacologic and physiologic importance.
Probing the concept of statistical independence of intermediate-mass-fragment production in heavy-ion collisions

It is studied to what extent the characteristics of multi-IMF (intermediate-mass fragments) events can be derived from the properties of the observed single-IMF transverse-energy spectra. It is found that the spectra of total transverse IMF energy ${(E}_{t})$ in multi-IMF events are well represented by ``synthetic'' spectra obtained by a multiple folding of the single-IMF transverse energy spectrum. Further, it is shown that, using the experimental IMF multiplicity distribution in the folding procedure, it is possible to reproduce the observed trends in the IMF multiplicity distributions for fixed values of the total transverse energy ${E}_{t}.$ Accordingly, the ``synthetic'' multiplicity distributions show a binomial reducibility and an Arrhenius-like scaling similar to that reported in the recent literature. Consistent with the concept of a statistical independence of multiple IMF production, similar results are obtained when the above folding-type synthesis is replaced with one based on mixing of events with different IMF multiplicities. For statistically independent IMF emission, the observed binomial reducibility and Arrhenius-like scaling are shown to be merely reflections of the shape of the single-IMF transverse-energy spectrum. Hence, a valid interpretation of these IMF distributions in terms of a particular production scenario has to explain independently the observed shape of the single-IMF ${E}_{t}$ spectrum.
Blunted Blood Pressure Response to Central Sympathoinhibition in Normotensive Blacks Increased Importance of Nonsympathetic Factors in Blood Pressure Maintenance in Blacks

Enhanced sympathetic reactivity may predispose blacks to the development of hypertension and may occur because of increased sympathetic stimulation and/or attenuated sympathoinhibition. A potential site for such attenuated sympathetic inhibition may be at the level of central alpha2-adrenergic receptors, which play an important role in the feedback inhibition of norepinephrine release. We used cumulative doses (1, 2, and 3 microg/kg I.V.) of the centrally acting alpha2-adrenergic agonist clonidine to measure the sensitivity of alpha2-adrenoceptor-mediated sympathoinhibition and the resultant hypotensive response in 8 normotensive blacks and 10 normotensive whites. Sympathetic activity was determined by radioisotope dilution methodology. Basal norepinephrine spillover was similar in blacks (0.80+/-0.14 microg/min) and whites (0.73+/-0.19 microg/min, P=NS) and after clonidine decreased significantly in both blacks (0.21+/-0.07 microg/min, P<.0001) and whites (0.24+/-0.06 microg/min, P<.0001), with no difference between the groups (P=NS). Despite this similar degree of sympathoinhibition, the hypotensive response to clonidine was markedly blunted in blacks, such that mean arterial pressure decreased by only 10% in blacks but by 21% in whites (P<.0001). The smaller blood pressure decrement after clonidine in normotensive blacks, in the face of an equal degree of sympathoinhibition, suggests that even when sympathetic tone is decreased to the same level in blacks and whites, normotensive blacks have less reduction in blood pressure than whites, implying that nonadrenergic mechanisms contribute more to blood pressure maintenance in blacks than whites. Whether a similar interethnic difference in response to sympathoinhibition occurs in hypertensive patients is as yet unknown.
The Influence of In-Grown Stacking Faults on the Reverse Current-Voltage Characteristics of 4H-SiC Schottky Barrier Diodes

The area where 4H-SiC SBDs showed high reverse currents was extracted. After KOH etching, the in-grown SF on the basal plane, composed of a straight etch line with a pair of tilted oval pits and additional etch pits forming an isosceles triangle, was observed on some devices. All of the devices containing this SF structure showed large reverse leakage currents in spite of the good forward I-V characteristics. We speculate that this in-grown SF includes another planar fault on the {1-100} plane besides the basal plane which has a great influence on reverse currents of SBDs.
Tropical marine neurotoxins: venoms to drugs

Neurotoxic venoms are common among tropical marine creatures, which have specialized apparatuses for delivery of the venoms. These include jellyfish and anemones, venomous cone snails, venomous fish, stingrays, sea snakes, and venomous octopuses. Numerous toxic neuropeptides are found within these venoms, and some can discriminate between closely related intracellular targets, a characteristic that makes them useful to define cation channels and attractive for drug development. A synthetic derivative of an omega-conotoxin is now available, representing a new class of analgesics. In general, toxic marine venoms contain proteins that are heat labile, providing opportunity for therapeutic intervention following envenomation, while ingestible seafood toxins are thermostable toxins. Ingestible toxins found in the tropics include those associated with reef fish, pufferfish, and some shellfish, which serve as food-chain vectors for toxins produced by marine microorganisms.
1. PERSPECTIVES ON ADOLESCENT MEDICINE: CONCEPTS AND PROGRAM DESIGN

The concepts and goals of a program in adolescent medicine should include development of a capability to focus on current health needs of youth in a variety of settings; to plan clinical services to meet those needs with the flexibility necessary to respond to changing future requirements; and to deliver service within such a context while simultaneously creating a milieu conducive to education and investigation into the very process and definition of adolescence. The Division of Adolescent Medicine at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center was designed 7 years ago to fulfill these goals and consequently may serve others as a functional model for health care delivery to teenagers. The Division is comprised of: (1) a 37 bed in-patient unit; (2) a hospital-based ambulatory program including general diagnostic and follow-up services, as well as a specialty service capability in the areas of gynecology and family planning, cardiology, gastroenterology and nutrition; (3) primary care health services within teenage detention and prison facilities; (4) addictive disease diagnostic and treatment programs; (5) school health programs from intermediate school through college levels, and (6) the division also performs supportive and consultative functions for a variety of community-based agencies. Within the programatic design approximately 70,000 adolescents have been served. The cornerstone of the educational and investigative efforts has been the concept that all of the above six functional units are clinical laboratories and classrooms so that training and research activities are integral parts of each of the service areas. This program design is continually undergoing revision and refinement so as to remain ever-responsive to new and emerging problems to meet additional training demands and, most importantly, to permit and encourage creativity, and growth among patients and staff.
Interplay between two- and three-body interaction in light nuclei and nuclear matter

Abstract A recent study of different models of three-nucleon interaction (TNI) in 3 He, 3 H, 4 He and nuclear matter is extended to study the influence of different choices of the accompanying two-body interaction. A new two-body potential, Argonne υ 14 , is coupled with both the Tucson and isobar intermediate-state models of two-pion-exchange TNI, with a phenomenological intermediate-range repulsive TNI added to the latter. Variational calculations are carried out for these systems, and compared to the earlier work. We find that a stronger tensor component in the two-body potential, as typified by a larger deuteron D-state percentage, gives more attraction for the TNI, counteracting the saturation effect obtained when only two-body forces are considered.
An Easy and Efficient Route to Macrocyclic Polymers Via Intramolecular Radical-Radical Coupling of Chain Ends

Macrocyclic polystrene (PSt) was produced in high yields by an intramolecular atom transfer radical coupling reaction of the chain ends. The slow addition of the dibrominated polystyrene (BrPStBr) ...
Objective prism spectra of relatively cool stars in the near infrared

Abstract The present discussion deals in part with the description of the molecular bands visible on objective prism spectra between the region of λ6800 to λ8800. By means of these bands it is possible to detect, and in a number of cases to classify, M-type stars from the TiO bands, S-type stars from the LaO-bands and C stars from the CN bands. The detection of long-period variables by means of the VO-bands is also discussed. Some galactic structure problems arising from the surface distribution of these relatively cool stars are presented in brief.
Mathematical model of memory trace and forgetfulness.

A mathematical model of a memory trace and forgetfulness is proposed here based on an improved version of our previous work (Harth et al., 1970; Anninos et al., 1970). Thus it was shown that the trace of a stimulus pattern presented to a subject decays with time due to the interference theory which assumes that competition among different associations leads to losses of retention. Such interference theory has been tested in this model by assuming that the retention of a first learned item followed by the learning of other successive tasks, depends on the inhibitory effect induced by them on the first item.
CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED SEVERE LATE TOXICITY AFTER RADIATION TO THE PELVIS

Abstract Purpose: Recent studies have suggested that pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine, can prevent or ameliorate late radiation injury in animals and humans. Caffeine is a commonly consumed methylxanthine that provides a model for evaluating the impact of this category of drugs on radiation injury. A retrospective study was undertaken to determine if there is an association between caffeine consumption and a lower incidence of late radiation toxicity. Methods and Materials: From 1984 through 1990, 82 patients with cervical cancer and 53 patients with endometrial cancer were treated with primary or adjuvant radiation therapy at the University of Washington. Patients were interviewed regarding ingestion of caffeine-containing beverages, and average daily caffeine consumption during the time of radiotherapy was estimated. The evaluable patients (42 cervical, 31 endometrial) were stratified by quantity of caffeine consumption for correlation with the incidence of radiation toxicity. Results: Acute radiation toxicity was not associated with caffeine consumption for cervical or endometrial cancer. There was a nonstatistically significant trend toward a decrease in overall late radiation toxicity with increased caffeine intake for cervical cancer patients. Subgroup analysis revealed this trend to be attributable to a decreased incidence of severe late radiation injury in cervical cancer patients who consumed higher levels of caffeine at the time of their radiotherapy ( p = 0.02). This relationship was not observable for late toxicity in the endometrial cancer patients due to the low incidence of severe late injury following radiation for that disease. Conclusions: This investigation is supportive of previous studies showing a radioprotective effect for pentoxifylline, and suggests that the mechanisms of radioprotection may be common to methylxanthines as a drug class.
Molecular architecture of DesI: a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of desosamine.

Desosamine is a 3-(dimethylamino)-3,4,6-trideoxyhexose found, for example, in such macrolide antibiotics as erthyromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. The efficacies of these macrolide antibiotics are markedly reduced in the absence of desosamine. In the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, six enzymes are required for the production of dTDP-desosamine. The focus of this X-ray crystallographic analysis is the third enzyme in the pathway, a PLP-dependent aminotransferase referred to as DesI. The structure of DesI was solved in complex with its product, dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose, to a nominal resolution of 2.1 A. Each subunit of the dimeric enzyme contains 12 α-helices and 14 β-strands. Three cis-peptides are observed in each subunit, Phe 330, Pro 332, and Pro 339. The two active sites of the enzyme are located in clefts at the subunit/subunit interface. Electron density corresponding to the bound product clearly demonstrates a covalent bond between the amino group of the product and C-4‘ of the PL...
Electron scattering by a potential in the presence of a strong single-mode radiation field

We describe the collisions of an electron with a target atom in the presence of a strong, linearly polarized, monochromatic, oscillating electric field in the Kramers-Henneberger gauge. We show that the resulting set of coupled-channel equations, originally derived by Gavrila and Kaminski [Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 613 (1984)], represents electron scattering by a vibrating charge initially in a highly excited state. This formulation leads to a mechanical model of the atom-field interaction from which we can draw better insights into the nature of the process. We solve these coupled equations numerically in the close-coupling approximation by a combination of the linear algebraic and [ital R]-matrix propagator approaches. We specifically treat electron-proton collisions in an intense field and investigate the capture-escape resonances over a range of intensities and frequencies. We also investigate multiphoton ionization of atomic hydrogen in various intensity regimes. We extend our calculations for single-photon ionization into the superintense regime ([gt]10[sup 16] W/cm[sup 2]) and compare our results with results from time-dependent solutions of the Schroedinger equation.
In vivo function and membrane binding properties are correlated for Escherichia coli lamB signal peptides

Wild-type and pseudorevertant signal peptides of the lamB gene product of Escherichia coli interact with lipid systems whereas a nonfunctional deletion mutant signal peptide does not. This conclusion is based on interaction of synthetic signal peptides with a lipid monolayer-water surface, conformational changes induced by presence of lipid vesicles in an aqueous solution of signal peptide, and capacities of the peptides to promote vesicle aggregation. Analysis of the signal sequences and previous conformational studies suggest that these lipid interaction properties may be attributable to the tendency of the functional signal peptides to adopt alpha-helical conformations. Although the possibility of direct interaction between the signal peptide and membrane lipids during protein secretion is controversial, the results suggest that conformationally related amphiphilicity and consequent membrane affinity of signal sequences are important for function in vivo.
The biomedicalization of psychiatry: a critical overview

The biomedical model currently dominates psychiatric clinical practice and research. Unfortunately, this dominance had led increasingly to biological reductionism. This paper examines the historical and sociopolitical underpinnings of the biomedical model, and illustrates some of the common scientific distortions of reductionistic thinking. These observations are applied to recent directions in mental health policy and are used to provide a basis for alternative perspectives of mental illness and psychiatric research.
Household magnetic fields and childhood leukemia: a critical analysis.

For the past two decades, considerable interest and concern have been expressed, particularly in the lay media, over the hazards of exposure to the electric and magnetic fields from high-voltage transmission lines, electric appliances in the home, and video display terminals. Laboratory research and observations on human populations indicate that electric fields from these sources do not constitute a health hazard to humans or animals. There are reports, however, of an apparent association between magnetic fields and cancer or leukemia in selected populations. The quality of these reports and the validity of the conclusions, however, are questionable. Nevertheless, these studies have generated considerable public anxiety. This is exemplified by an article published in the New Yorker magazine (July 1990). The author relates in graphic detail accounts of a suspected cancer cluster on a single street in a community in Connecticut. Resources for this investigative report were largely second-hand accounts from newspapers and personal interviews with small nuclei of residents that suggested a relationship with exposure to electric and magnetic fields from a nearby electric substation. This article fanned the fires of public concern about electric and magnetic field-induced health dangers despite the fact that state and local health officials emphasized there was no evidence to confirm a connection. Almost weekly discussions in newspapers and magazines and on television, as well as the publicity given to a forthcoming Environmental Protection Agency report, have exacerbated the concern. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Humans are exposed to a wide variety of natural and artificial electromagnetic fields. The predominant natural magnetic field is the earth9s static magnetic field, which has a strength of about 0.5 G. Electric power is transmitted as direct current and/or as alternating current (AC) at 50 or 60 Hz.
A Bayesian tree-search track initiation algorithm for dim targets

A novel algorithm for multi-target track initiation in dense clutter environments is proposed based on approximating local maxima in the observation likelihood function. The algorithm implements a tree structure to search for local maxima of the observation likelihood function by dividing the entire surveillance area into large subsets and narrowing the search inside each subset in which there is a high likelihood that a target is present. A rough Gaussian approximation technique is proposed to reduce complexity in calculating the observation likelihood function over a subset by avoiding integration. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a multi-target benchmark dataset and shows superior performance in terms of high target detection probability, low probability of false alarm, and low computational complexity.
On the Relation of Stockout Probability to the Optimum Reorder Mechanism in Complex Production-Inventory Systems

A discussion is presented of a class of operating policies which employ the familiar "newsboy" relationship in more complicated multi-item production-inventory systems.
A Self-Powered “Sense-Act-Treat” System that is Based on a Biofuel Cell and Controlled by Boolean Logic

Bio-logic-al: an autonomous, integrated "sense-act-treat" system that is based on an enzymatic biofuel cell has been developed. The system couples a biocomputing logic-detection method with a drug-release system to provide a logic-activated therapeutic intervention in response to a simulated abnormal physiological state, without the need for an external power source, control electronics, or microelectromechanical actuators.
Analysis and control of a fuel delivery system considering a two-phase anode model of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack

Abstract The fuel delivery system using both an ejector and a blower for a PEM fuel cell stack is introduced as a fuel efficiency configuration because of the possibility of hydrogen recirculation dependent upon load states. A high pressure difference between the cathode and anode could potentially damage the thin polymer electrolyte membrane. Therefore, the hydrogen pressure imposed to the stack should follow any change of the cathode pressure. In addition, stoichiometric ratio of the hydrogen should be maintained at a constant to prevent a fuel starvation at abrupt load changes. Furthermore, liquid water in the anode gas flow channels should be purged out in time to prevent flooding in the channels and other layers. The purging control also reduces the impurities concentration in cells to improve the cell performance. We developed a set of control oriented dynamic models that include a anode model considering the two-phase phenomenon and system components The model is used to design and optimize a state feedback controller along with an observer that controls the fuel pressure and stoichiometric ratio, whereby purging processes are also considered. Finally, included is static and dynamic analysis with respect to tracking and rejection performance of the proposed control.
Gender role preference and family food chores.

Abstract Objective To learn how couples stratified by gender role preference (GRP) manage food chores. Design One-time, individual semistructured qualitative interview with each partner in a couple representing 1 of 3 GRP pairings. Subjects/Settings Volunteers were recruited using advertising and snowball sampling and met the criteria of (1) both parents living at home, (2) wife no older than 40, and (3) at least one child under age 6 and, if present, all others under age 18. Both partners in volunteer couples completed a 31-item GRP scale, and the scores of each partner were categorized as traditional (lowest 25% of possible scores), transitional (middle 50%), or egalitarian (top 25%). No traditional couples volunteered. A purposeful sample of 10 transitional and 10 egalitarian wives representing 20 couples were interviewed. Variables Measured Each partner was asked to describe their current food chore responsibility, their opinion of the balance of responsibility, and how this role assignment had changed since first married. Analysis Methods Used Thematic content analysis, constant comparison, and consensus produced the final thematic analysis. Results Couples in which both partners were transitional assigned food chore responsibility primarily to accommodate the breadwinner's role. Couples in which both partners were egalitarian used three different strategies to handle food chores. Implications Educators should consider the differences found when designing interventions for recently married couples and parents of young children.
Lubeluzole and conditioned learning after cerebral ischemia

Lubeluzole [S-4-(2-benzothiazolylmethylamino)-α-((3,4-difluorophenoxy)methyl)-1-piperidineethanol] reduces the severity of cerebral injury in animal models of brain ischemia. Its beneficial effects may include decreased concentration of extracellular glutamate, blockade of sodium and calcium channels, and attenuation of nitric oxide-mediated neuronal death. Previous studies have shown that global cerebral ischemia in rabbits impaired the subsequent acquisition of a trace-conditioned eyeblink reflex. Here, we examined the effect of preischemic treatment with lubeluzole on the acquisition of a trace-conditioned eyeblink response after 6.5 min of global cerebral ischemia. Three groups of rabbits underwent cerebral ischemia: one group underwent ischemia alone (I) and two groups underwent ischemia and also received lubeluzole (L1, 1.25 mg/kg, and L2, 2.5 mg/kg). All animals were subsequently trained using classical trace conditioning. Each training session consisted of the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (an 85-dB, 6-kHz auditory tone lasting for 100 ms) followed by a trace interval (a period of 300 ms during which no external stimulus was delivered) followed finally by the delivery of the unconditioned stimulus (a 150-ms puff of air directed at the cornea). We found that animals receiving preischemic administration of 1.25 mg/kg of lubeluzole demonstrated a significantly improved acquisition of the trace-conditioned reflex as compared to animals that did not receive lubeluzole. This finding demonstrates improved long-term neurobehavioral outcome with preischemic administration of 1.25 mg/kg of lubeluzole.
Community Determinants of Substance Abuse Treatment Referrals from Juvenile Courts: Do Rural Youths Have Equal Access?

Many youths in juvenile justice are in need of substance use services, yet referral to services is often inadequate. This study examines the ecological factors related to substance use service referrals made through Tennessee's juvenile courts. A series of hierarchical binomial logistic models indicated that individual-level factors accounted for 31% of the variance among courts in referral rates. Community and court factors accounted for an additional 16% of the variance. Youths were more likely to be referred if they had a higher need, were white, were male, were adjudicated in communities that had a higher service density, and appeared in courts that had good relationships and frequent contact with mental health providers. Controlling for individual need, youths in rural areas tended to have lower referral rates; however, this relationship was mediated by the frequency of contact and the quality of relations between the court and mental health providers and county average socioeconomic status.
Immune-mediated Onchocerca volvulus Sclerosing Keratitis in the Mouse

Abstract Sclerosing keratitis is the major cause of blindness due to onchocerciasis; its pathogenesis is poorly understood. We have previously reported an immune-mediated model of experimental interstitial keratitis in guinea pigs following intrastromal challenge with soluble antigens from Onchocerca volvulus. This model system is ideal for evaluation of pathogenicity of multiple purified antigen preparations; however, reagents necessary for detailed immunologic analysis of the inflammatory cellular infiltrate are not yet available for guinea pigs. Because of the ready availability of these reagents for mice, a mouse model has been developed. The inflammatory response observed in this model was analogous to that seen in human onchocercal sclerosing keratitis as well as in the guinea pig model of onchocercal sclerosing keratitis. Granulocytes were present in the acute inflammatory response, whereas the chronic response showed lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes. Neovascularization and scarring of the corneal stroma was also observed. This model will be helpful in examining the mechanisms of immuno-pathogenesis and the contribution of the host genetic background to the disease.
Head movements elicited by electrical stimulation of the anteromedial cortex of the rat

Abstract Electrical stimulation, 5-sec trains, 0.5 msec rectangular pulses, 20 Hz pulse frequency, was applied to the anteromedial cortex of awake rats (N=28) to determine if head orienting behavior could be elicited. Following recovery from surgery in which up to six monopolar electrodes were implanted, the rats were adapted to and tested on a small platform surrounded by water. Elicited behavior patterns reliable at 150 μA or less in Experiment 1 (66 sites) and at 100 μA or less in Experiment 2 (32 sites) were analyzed. The most common response was a single head turn in a direction contralateral to the side of stimulation. Positive sites occurred throughout the anterior cingulate and the medial precentral regions. Coordinated forelimb movements were associated with contralateral head movements at dorsal anterior cingulate sites. Ipsilateral head turns were elicited at sites in the most rostral and ventral parts of the anteromedial cortex, including the prelimbic area. Lateral scanning sites were widespread but tended to concentrate at the mergence of the contralateral and ipsilateral movement fields. Vertical movements were often elicited with ipsilateral movements; dorsal sites supported downward head movements and ventral sites supported upward head movements. Sites supporting forward head movements were concentrated in the anterior cingulate region caudal to the genu of the corpus callosum. Neck extension usually appeared in conjunction with lateral head movements and frequently with forelimb movements.
Solution hybridization using cloned, 5'-32P-labeled, double-stranded DNA to distinguish among closely related nucleic acids

A rapid, sensitive, and specific solution-hybridization method is described that utilizes cloned, double-stranded DNA. The DNA is treated with restriction enzyme(s), and fragments are 32P-labeled at their 5' termini with polynucleotide kinase. A single fragment is partially purified by gel electrophoresis, denatured, and annealed with unlabeled RNA or DNA. The reaction mix is treated with S1 nuclease, precipitated with TCA, and the [32P]DNA counted. Hybridization is recognized only when the 32P label is associated with duplexes that are TCA-precipitable. The specificity of the method was analyzed by annealing experiments with cloned, human globin DNAs. Restriction fragments labeled in the 3' untranslated region of human beta globin clones formed S1-resistant, TCA-precipitable duplexes with beta globin DNA, but not with delta or gamma globin DNA. Thus, a major advantage of the method is that it can distinguish among homologous nucleic acids whose uniformly labeled cDNAs cross hybridize under moderately stringent conditions. This assay is as sensitive as the [3H]cDNA hybridization method, and it circumvents the requirement for purified mRNA as a template for [3H]cDNA synthesis. It also avoids a gel electrophoresis step, it is rapid and quantitative, and many samples can be simultaneously analyzed.
Foot temperature in diabetic polyneuropathy: innocent bystander or unrecognized accomplice?

Aim To explore mechanisms by which temperature could influence the pathogenesis and symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy. Methods We conducted a literature review attempting to identify mechanisms by which diabetic polyneuropathy could be affected by temperature. Results Cooling can theoretically hasten the progression of diabetic polyneuropathy through several different mechanisms. Specifically, cooling can enhance neuronal ischaemia, increase formation of reactive oxygen species, slow axonal transport, increase protein kinase C activity, and interfere with immune function. Short-term temperature fluctuations (both warming and cooling) can initiate and exacerbate neuropathic pain by causing neuronal hyperexcitability and functional deafferentation. Although normal fluctuations of distal extremity temperature may be sufficient for these effects, impaired thermoregulation may make the distal extremities more susceptible to temperature extremes. Eventually, a ‘vicious cycle’ may ensue, resulting in neuronal deterioration with further disruption of temperature regulation. Limited epidemiological data suggest a higher prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy in populations living in colder locations, supporting our hypothesis. Conclusions Variations in foot temperature may play an important but as yet unrecognized role in the development and symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy. Further basic and clinical research exploring this concept could help elucidate the natural history of diabetic polyneuropathy and lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
Clinical utility of intraatrial pacemaker stored electrograms to diagnose atrial fibrillation and flutter.

The purpose of this study was to determine if intraatrial electrograms (EGMs) are required to diagnose specific types of atrial tachyarrhythmias detected by pacemaker diagnostics. DDD pacemakers in 56 patients were programmed to store episodes of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Some episodes had a stored atrial EGM snapshot of the atrial tachyarrhythmia. The EGMs were analyzed to confirm whether the stored episodes were true atrial tachyarrhythmias or other pacemaker-sensed events. EGM confirmation of atrial tachyarrhythmias correlated with increasing duration and rate of episodes. In particular, using EGMs, 8 (18%) of 44 episodes 5 minutes in duration (P 250/min (P 250 complexes per minute and were a minimum of 10 seconds in duration. Fifteen (88%) of 17 episodes meeting the combined stored data criteria of > 250 complexes per minute and duration > 5 minutes were confirmed as atrial fibrillation or flutter by stored EGMs. Atrial EGMs identified that 71 (62%) of 114 stored high atrial rate (HAR) episodes were events other than true atrial tachyarrhythmias. Pacemaker diagnostic data with intraatrial EGMs can diagnose specific atrial tachyarrhythmias and identify other pacemaker-sensed events. Stored episodes > 250 complexes per minute and > 5 minutes in duration had a high correlation with atrial fibrillation and flutter.
Comment: EEGs not likely helpful for behavioral assessments in Smith-Lemli-Opitz

Neurologists' interpretations that a routine EEG shows interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) have high variability and low sensitivity in cohorts of idiopathic epilepsies.1 However, given the wide availability of EEG and the heterogeneous nature and observational criteria for behavioral diagnoses, identifying brain-based biomarkers such as IEDs could be helpful.
Effects of intervalence band coherences on the coherently coupled heavy-hole-light-hole Stark shift in semiconductor quantum wells

A theoretical study of the coherently coupled heavy-hole--light-hole optical Stark effect in semiconductor quantum wells is presented. Based on a detailed investigation of the various many-body contributions to the Stark shifts, we identify a parameter regime in which the existence of intervalence band coherences (analogous to the nonradiative Raman coherence in three-level atoms) can be inferred from the coherently coupled heavy-hole--light-hole excitonic optical Stark shift. The analysis is performed for the third-order nonlinear optical regime $({\ensuremath{\chi}}^{3}$ regime), and is based on the dynamics-controlled truncation (DCT) formalism. It includes the relevant optical selection rules, excitonic and two-exciton-correlation (e.g., biexcitonic) effects.
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF SEVERAL NONVOLATILE ORGANIC ACIDS OF COCOA BEANS

SUMMARY— Organic acids precipitated as lead salts from water extracts of cocoa beans were converted to trimethylsilyl ethers. TMS ethers were then separated and identified using a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Citric, phosphoric, lactic, oxalic, malic, tartaric, succinic and gluconic acids were present in every sample examined, irrespective of geographic origin. Five of the acids were quantitated using a GLC procedure which involved the preparation of methyl esters from freeze-dehydrated, water extracts. Concentration ranges found, g/100g beans, were: lactic, 0.11–0.71; oxalic, 0.24–0.43; succinic, 0.02–0.07; malic, 0.02–0.10; citric, 0.56–1.32. Concentrations of lactic acid were lowest and citric acid levels tended to be highest in commercial samples from countries where cocoa beans usually are not subjected to a planned fermentation. These trends were confirmed in an experiment involving beans from Trinidad which had undergone a carefully controlled fermentation. Only minor differences were found in organic acid concentrations between roasted and unroasted cocoa beans.
Latent variables in econometrics

Unobservable variables in econometrics are represented in one of three ways: by variables contaminated by measurement errors, by proxy variables, or by various manifest indicators and/or causes. This paper contains a discussion of models involving each of these representations, and highlights certain interesting implications that have been ‘insufficiently emphasized or completely unrecognized in the literature.
Study of Ice Clouds: Scattering, Radiative Transfer and Remote Sensing

We develop a database of the scattering and absorption properties of ice crystals for wavelngths from 3 to 100 µm. A fast radiative transfer model is developed for simulating IR radiances for two cloud layers.
NUCLEOLAR AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING UNBALANCED GROWTH OF TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

Numerous nucleoli can be observed in the macronucleus of the logarithmically growing ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis; at late log phase the nucleoli aggregate and fuse. In stationary phase this fusion process continues, leaving a very few large vacuolated nuclear fusion bodies in the nucleus. When these stationary phase cells are placed into fresh enriched proteose peptone medium, the large fusion bodies begin to disaggregate during the 2.5-hour lag phase before cell division is initiated. By 3 to 6 hours after inoculation the appearance of the nucleoli in many cells returns to what it was in logarithmic cells. In view of the possible role of nucleoli in ribosome synthesis, attempts were made to correlate the morphological changes to changes in RNA and protein metabolism. The beginning of an increased RNA synthesis was concomitant with the beginning of disaggregation of the large fusion bodies into nucleoli, which was noticed in some cells by 1 hour after the return to fresh enriched proteose peptone medium. Increased protein synthesis then followed the increased RNA synthesis by 1 hour. The supply of RNA precursors (essential pyrimidines) were removed from cultures which were grown on a chemically defined synthetic medium, in order to study the relation between nucleolar fusion and synthesis of RNA and protein. Pyrimidine deprivation drastically curtailed RNA and protein synthesis, but did not cause fusion of nucleoli. When pyrimidines were added back to this culture medium, RNA synthesis was immediately stimulated and again preceded an increased protein synthesis by 1 hour. These studies suggest the involvement of unfused nucleoli in RNA and protein synthesis and demonstrate the extreme plasticity of nucleoli with respect to changes in their environment.
Design for Bulk Recycling: Analysis of Materials Separation

Abstract Increased interest in the life cycle design of products has resulted in emphasis on the disassembly and recovery of materials at product end-of-life. For many products the cost of disassembly will outweigh the value of any materials recovered and such products will be processed by bulk recycling involving shredding and mechanical material separation. The efficiency of bulk recycling is influenced by a number of factors including the selection of materials during product design. This paper deals with the analysis of materials separation, which determines the least cost or maximum profit level of materials separation. This can be used for the evaluation of product designs for efficient bulk recycling and the combination of disassembly and bulk recycling.
Computed EEG topography in acute stroke.

Summary The potential for clinical application of computed EEG topography (CET) has been known since 1978. However, studies relating to the focal brain lesions are few. We have studied 19 cases of acute stroke involving the cerebral hemispheres. CET and EEG were recorded as soon as possible, usually within 1–3 days of onset. Repeat maps were recorded at 1 wk. Symptoms, neurologic exam, routine EEG and CT scan were compared with the CET of power spectral and flash evoked potential data. Statistical criteria were also applied. Good correlation was noted between CET and EEG and CT. Occasionally, CET was noted to provide information beyond EEG or CT. These early studies suggest a potential utility for CET in the early diagnosis of stroke.
Structural analysis of T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein (gp32*I) crystal by electron microscopy

Low dose electron diffraction and imaging techniques have been applied to the study of the crystalline structure of gp32*I, a DNA helix destabilizing protein derived from bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein. A quantitative analysis of intensities from electron diffraction patterns from tilted, multilayered gp32*I crystal has provided the unit cell thickness of the crystal. The three-dimensional phases indicate that the space group P21212. By taking into account the unit cell volume and the solvent content in the crystal, it was deduced that there is one gp32*I molecule in each asymmetric unit. A projected density map of unstained, glucose-embedded gp32*I crystal was synthesized with amplitudes from electron diffraction intensities and phases from electron images with reflections out to 7·6 A. Because of the similarity in the scattering density between glucose and protein, this projected map cannot be interpreted with certainty. A low resolution three-dimensional reconstruction shows that the protein molecule is about 90 A long and about 20 A in diameter. Because the dimer is formed around a dyad axis, the protein molecules comprising it must be arranged head-to-head. This dimeric arrangement of the proteins in the unit cell may be implicated as one of the conformational states of this protein in solution.