cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology-facilitated Organized Abuse: An Examination of Law Enforcement Arrest Cases

This paper looks at cases of organized abuse (that is, two or more offenders working in concert and having two or more victims, not solely familial) reported by law enforcement respondents during the three waves of the National Juvenile Online Victimization (NJOV) Study (n=29). The NJOV Study collected data from a national US sample of law enforcement agencies about technology-facilitated crimes ending in arrest at three time points: mid-2000 to mid-2001, 2005 and 2009. The paper reports on the prevalence of technology-facilitated organized abuse ending in arrest, contexts of cases and characteristics of offenders and victims.
Analysis of the Cook County Home-Rule Sales Tax

An analysis of the Cook County, Illinois Home-Rule Sales Tax from 2010 that focuses on how high sales tax percentage actually affects the surrounding counties in an economic downturn.
A 22 kHz multi-bit switched-capacitor /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ D/A converter with 92 dB dynamic range

This paper presents a 22 kHz, multi-bit D/A converter using a 5-level switched-capacitor (SC) DAC to provide 92 dB dynamic range and better than -94 dB THD. A 4th-order modulator is used with an oversampling ratio of 32. The multi-level SC DAC uses time- and capacitor-multiplexed methods that yield high linearity with a modest opamp gain in the presence of capacitor mismatches. The 5-level DAC is implemented in a double-poly, 2 /spl mu/m, /spl plusmn/5 V CMOS process from MOSIS without any trimming or calibration.
Productivity and technical choice: Applications to the textile industry

Abstract This paper analyzes past choices of technology and present levels of productivity in the Philippines' cotton spinning and weaving industries. Detailed engineering and economic information are used to assess the costs of alternative technologies, to estimate levels of productivity relative to international standards of best practice, and to analyze the sources of productivity short-falls. High costs of production are due both to inappropriate technological choices and to low productivity in the use of the technologies chosen. The major sources of low productivity are lack of sufficient firm-level specialization among product varieties and deficient firm-level technological capabilities; inadequate labor skills are not a major problem. The discussion emphasizes the general applicability of the analysis wherever low productivity is likely to be a problem.
Partitioning-of-energy model for laser ablation of tissue

A theoretical model is presented to account for the experimental observation that infrared tissue ablation is optimized by the use of wavelengths near the amide II band of proteins. The model recognizes the partitioned absorption of IR photons between protein and water due to overlapping spectral features along with the dynamics of biopolymers, the loss of mechanical integrity in proteins, and the explosive role played by the vaporization of water. The theoretical foundation for this model can be found in previous accounts of thermal confinement, multicomponent models, and selective photothermolysis.
Enabling blind and visually impaired library users: INMAGIC and adaptive technologies

A variety of enabling technologies such as synthetic speech, print enlargement on CRT screens, braille printers and displays, and communications technology has made library operations at the American Foundation for the Blind accessible to persons who are blind or visually impaired. INMAGIC software, a versatile database management system, has automated many library functions and has been integrated with other adaptive technologies. In addition to other applications, INMAGIC is used to update and create bibliographies and accession lists in inkprint, large print, or braille formats (with tape cassette versions available on request). Sidebars discuss the Xerox/Kurzweil Personal Reader (KPR); closed circuit television (CCTV); computers with speech; large print enhancements; Inmagic, Inc.—the company; and, in some depth, the functionality of INMAGIC.
Biological activities of synthetic analogues of Alternaria alternata toxin (AAL-toxin) and fumonisin in plant and mammalian cell cultures

In a search for an analogue of AAL-toxin with high phytotoxicity and low mammalian toxicity, aminopentols [(AP1), hexacetyl AP1 and N-acetyl AP1], and nine analogues (1-9), were tested for toxicity to duckweed (Lemna pausicostata), susceptible tomato (asc/asc) leaf discs, black nightshade leaf discs and mammalian cell lines, including dog kidney (MDCK), rat liver hepatoma (H4TG) and mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3). These were compared with AAL-toxin and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Analogue 9 at 10 microM increased cellular leakage and chlorophyll loss from both tomato and black nightshade leaf discs. The diester 9 was the most active in the duckweed bioassay, but it was much less toxic to MDCK and H4TG cells with an IC50 of 200 microM compared to 10 microM for FB1. Analogue 9 and FB1 showed similar low toxicities (IC50 = 150 microM) to NIH3T3 cells. Among the substances tested, only analogue 9 had significant phytotoxicity and low mammalian toxicity, indicating some potential for development of safe and effective natural herbicides.
Natural killer 1.1(+) T cells and "natural suppressor" T cells in the bone marrow.

Abstract Unusual cells in the bone marrow of mice and/or humans suppress immune responses and inhibit the mixed leukocyte reaction, graft-versus-host disease, and systemic autoimmunity. Previous studies showed that these ″natural suppressor” T cells expressed the CD4 – CD8 – T-cell receptor-αβ + phenotype. More recent studies demonstrate that the latter cells express the natural killer 1.1 (NK1.1) marker and are members of the NK1.1 + T-cell family that secrete high levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 after initial activation. The suppressive activity of the bone marrow NK1.1 + T cells is dependent on their rapid secretion of high levels of IL-4. This unique cytokine secretion is not observed in conventional NK1.1 - T cells and can downregulate the function of the latter cells. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:S113-4.)
Thermometric Titrations of Free Fatty Acids with Iodine Monochloride

Abstract Thermometric titrations of the three unsaturated fatty acids found in vegetable seed oils. i.e., oleic, linoleic. and linolenic, were performed using iodine monochloride as the titrant. The titration curves produced indicate unusually stable transition states consistent with formation of the charged transfer complexes observed by others. Values for titration end points were often high, indicating that reaction rates were determined by slow kinetics. Enthalpy changes were quite large and showed an approximate doubling in going from oleic. with its one double bond, to linoleic. with its two double bonds. The Δ H for linolenic acid was, however, only 2.1 times that of oleic. This suggests that the slow reaction of linolenic′s third double bond is perhaps the main reason for the long incubation time used in the classical Wijs method.
ON A RESULT OF ROSENLICHT

ABSTRACT We prove a model theoretic result about orthogonality in the theory of differentially closed fields. Using that, we deduce a result of Rosenlicht (Proposition 1).
The hypervolume under the ROC hypersurface of "Near-Guessing" and "Near-Perfect" observers in N-class classification tasks

We express the performance of the N-class "guessing" observer in terms of the N/sup 2/-N conditional probabilities which make up an N-class receiver operating characteristic (ROC) space, in a formulation in which sensitivities are eliminated in constructing the ROC space (equivalent to using false-negative fraction and false-positive fraction in a two-class task). We then show that the "guessing" observer's performance in terms of these conditional probabilities is completely described by a degenerate hypersurface with only N-1 degrees of freedom (as opposed to the N/sup 2/-N-1 required, in general, to achieve a true hypersurface in such a ROC space). It readily follows that the hypervolume under such a degenerate hypersurface must be zero when N>2. We then consider a "near-guessing" task; that is, a task in which the N underlying data probability density functions (pdfs) are nearly identical, controlled by N-1 parameters which may vary continuously to zero (at which point the pdfs become identical). With this approach, we show that the hypervolume under the ROC hypersurface of an observer in an N-class classification task tends continuously to zero as the underlying data pdfs converge continuously to identity (a "guessing" task). The hypervolume under the ROC hypersurface of a "perfect" ideal observer (in a task in which the N data pdfs never overlap) is also found to be zero in the ROC space formulation under consideration. This suggests that hypervolume may not be a useful performance metric in N-class classification tasks for N>2, despite the utility of the area under the ROC curve for two-class tasks.
Deformation induced twin boundary crack formation in type 304 stainless steel

Abstract Evidence is presented for the formation of wedge-type cracks at annealing twin boundaries in Type 304 stainless steel deformed in the slow tension and creep-rupture modes at 650 °C. The observations indicate that twin boundaries may behave in a manner similar to grain boundaries under the test conditions employed in this work. A mechanism based on deformation induced twin boundary sliding and cavity formation is suggested to explain the observations.
Amplified inverted duplications within and adjacent to heterologous selectable DNAS

Plasmids containing a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) expression unit were transfected into DHFR-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Methotrexate exposure was used to select cells with amplified DHFR sequences. Three cell lines were isolated containing amplified copies of transfected DNA that had integrated into the Chinese hamster genome. Plasmid DNA was found to co-amplify with flanking hamster sequences that were repetitive (2 cell lines) and unique (1 cell line). Fragments comprising the junctions of amplified plasmid and CHO DNA were found to exist as inverted duplications in all three cell lines. These observations provide evidence that inverted duplication occurred prior to DNA amplification, thus underscoring the importance of inverted duplication in the DNA amplification process.
Development of tools, technologies, and methodologies for imaging sensor testing

Ground testing of space- and air-borne imaging sensor systems is supported by Vis-to-LWIR imaging sensor calibration and characterization, as well as hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) simulation with high-fidelity complex scene projection to validate sensor mission performance. To accomplish this successfully, there must be the development of tools, technologies, and methodologies that are used in space simulation chambers for such testing. This paper provides an overview of such efforts being investigated and implemented at Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC).
Specific Yield as Determined by Type‐Curve Analysis of Aquifer‐Test Data

Type-curve analysis of water-table aquifer pumping-test data has often resulted in values of specific yield that are unrealistically low when compared with values obtained by volume-balance calculations. It has been suggested that such values are the result of inadequate representation of drainage processes in the unsaturated zone. The commonly used analytical solution developed by Neuman for a homogeneous, water-table aquifer assumes that the drainage of pores in the zone above the water table due to lowering of the water table occurs instantaneously. Published pumping-test data from three relatively homogeneous, unconsolidated, granular aquifers with significantly different hydraulic conductivities are used to show that type-curve analysis based on the Neuman model will result in estimates of specific yield that agree with volume-balance calculations, provided that established procedures are followed. These involve the use of composite plots of drawdown observed at more than one location and inclusion of effects of partial penetration. Noninstantaneous drainage of pores in the unsaturated zone accounts for the finding that both type-curve analysis and volume-balance calculations yield values of specific yield that are slightly less than those obtained from laboratory column-drainage experiments. It may also account for a slight underestimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity as obtained by type-curve analysis.
Cocaine-induced suppression of saccharin intake and morphine modulation of Ca2+ channel currents in sensory neurons of OPRM1 A118G mice

Several studies have shown that human carriers of the single nucleotide polymorphism of the μ-opioid receptor, OPRM1 A118G, exhibit greater drug and alcohol use, increased sensitivity to pain, and reduced sensitivity to the antinociceptive effects of opiates. In the present study, we employed a 'humanized' mouse model containing the wild-type (118AA) or variant (118GG) allele to examine behavior in our model of drug-induced suppression of a natural reward cue and to compare the morphine pharmacological profile in acutely isolated sensory neurons. Compared with 118AA mice, our results demonstrate that homozygous 118GG mice exhibit greater avoidance of the cocaine-paired saccharin cue, a behavior linked to an aversive withdrawal-like state. Electrophysiological recordings confirmed the reduced modulation of Ca(2+) channels by morphine in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons from 118GG mice compared to the 118AA control cells. However, repeated cocaine exposure in 118GG mice led to a leftward shift of the morphine concentration-response relationship when compared with 118GG control mice, while a rightward shift was observed in 118AA mice. These results suggest that cocaine exposure of mice carrying the 118G allele leads to a heightened sensitivity of the reward system and a blunted modulation of Ca(2+) channels by morphine in sensory neurons.
Parental support, coping strategies, and psychological adjustment: An integrative model with late adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to apply an Integrative predictive model to examine interrelationships among parental support, adaptive coping strategies, and psychological adjustment among late adolescents. Findings using new measures of parental support and adaptive coping with 241 eighteen-year-old college freshmen supported hypotheses. Social support from both mother and father and a nonconflictual relationship between parents were positively associated with adolescents' psychological adjustment. Adolescents with high parental support were better adjusted and less distressed than were those with low parental support. Additionally, an integrative structural equation model showed that parental support was associated with psychological adjustment both directly and indirectly through a higher percent of approach coping strategies.
Is There a Core in Sociology? Results from a Survey

I report on a study of 301 sociologists to determine which concepts, topics, and skills they deem most important to cover in the introductory course and in the sociology curriculum. Respondents indicated high agreement that the list of skills, topics, and concepts adequately represented the range of possible items. I use both the raw ratings and the results of asking respondents to select their “top five” items. Results show strong agreement on core concepts, topics, and skills, with both overlaps and differences between results for the introductory course and the sociology curriculum. Issues of difference and inequality are important for both the introductory course and the curriculum. Core concepts are seen as more critical for the introductory course, and theory and methods are seen as more critical for the curriculum. Values and commitments as well as applied sociology rank lowest for both the introductory course and the sociology curriculum. Implications for the sociology curriculum as well as for in...
Coupled-Oscillator Model of Locomotion Stability With Elastically-Suspended Loads

Elasticity is a fundamental property of dynamic locomotion and is generally thought to affect the efficiency and stability of motion. In particular, it is becoming increasingly apparent that elastically-suspended loads are common in biology and useful for carrying loads. For example, the Suspended Load Backpack reduces the peak forces and energy cost during locomotion. In this paper, we present a simple model of locomotion to examine the effect of elastically-suspended loads on the peak forces, energy cost, and stability during locomotion. The results from the model show that elastically-suspended loads reduce the peak forces, energy cost, and stability of locomotion compared to rigidly-attached loads, thus indicating that a tradeoff exists between the decreased stability of locomotion and the reduction of peak forces and energy cost. We discuss this tradeoff and the implications of reduced stability on locomotion over rough terrain and the maneuverability of a system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Aggregation and Deposition of Heavy Organics in Petroleum Crudes

Abstract Deposition of complex and heavy organic compounds which exist in petroleum crude can cause a number of severe problems. To prevent deposition inside the reservoir, in the well head, and inside the transmission lines it is necessary to be able to predict the onset and amount of deposition due to various factors. In the present paper the basic mechanisms of organic deposition are described based on two different microscopic theories; and their predictive capabilities are discussed. These models are the continuous thermodynamic (CT) model and the steric colloidal (SC)model. Utilization of kinetic theory of aggregation enables one to develop a fractal aggregation (FA) model which combines the ideas of the two proposed CT and SC models. The FA model is capable of describing several situations, such as the phenomena of organic deposition, growing mechanism of heavy organic aggregates, the geometrical aspects of aggregates, the size distributions of precipitated organics, and the solubility of heavy org...
COMPOUNDING DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULI CONTROLLING FREE‐OPERANT AVOIDANCE1

The performances of three rats were stabilized on a multiple schedule that maintained responding by a free-operant avoidance schedule during independent presentations of tone and light. The simultaneous absence of these stimuli signalled shock-free periods and controlled response cessation. Subsequently, test sessions were administered consisting of independent presentations of each stimulus and these stimuli compounded (tone-plus-light). During an extinction test, additive summation was observed to the compounded stimuli, i.e., more responses were emitted to the compound than to either tone or light. During a series of 28 maintenance-test sessions in which the shock schedule remained operative, the compounded stimuli produced a generally enhanced response rate and fewer pauses terminating with shock than either single stimulus condition. These results extend the generality of free-operant additive summation to responding maintained by aversive control. In addition, a comparison of the present study with previous experiments reporting additive summation of positively reinforced responding indicates that similar variables—rate and aversive differences between training stimulus conditions—should be considered in accounting for response distributions during stimulus compounding when responding is controlled by either positive or negative contingencies.
Effets de l'obstruction veineuse globale aiguë et de l'héparine non fractionnée sur la synthèse musculaire des cytokines

La phlegmatia coerulea dolens est une complication grave d'une thrombose veineuse profonde massive, caracterisee cliniquement par un œdeme tissulaire tres important du membre inferieur, suivi d'une insuffisance arterielle. Dans cette etude experimentale, nous avons evalue les effets tissulaires locaux de l'obstruction veineuse globale aigue associee a une ischemie arterielle partielle. Les experiences ont ete realisees pour etudier l'effet de l'heparine sur la reponse par les cytokines a l'obstruction simultanee veineuse et arterielle partielle. Les pattes arrieres de souris ont ete soumises a des conditions d'occlusion veineuse unilaterale et d'ischemie partielle du membre par garrot, confirmees par l'imagerie en Doppler laser. Les souris ont eu soit une obstruction veineuse de l'arriere-train avec heparine intra-veineuse non fractionnee (200 UI/kg) ou du serum physiologique intra-veineux 5 minutes avant l'occlusion veineuse. Les souris du groupe simulation ont ete soumises a une anesthesie seule avec occlusion veineuse. Apres trois heures, les souris ont ete sacrifiees et des tissus ont ete preleves pour mesurer l'œdeme (ratio poids sec/poids humide), la viabilite musculaire, les indices de thrombose locale (complexe thrombine-anti-thrombine et analyse des cytokines pour l'oncogene-1 en rapport avec la croissance et l'interleukine-6 (IL-6, par dosage immunologique lie a l'enzyme et ARNm par la reaction en chaine de la polymerase transcriptase inverse). Le temps et le volume de saignement ont ete documentes dans des souris traitees par serum physiologique et par heparine pour confirmer l'anticoagulation systemique. L'administration d'heparine intra-veineuse a entraine une augmentation importante du temps et du volume de saignement. Le Doppler laser a confirme l'obstruction veineuse et la persistance d'un flux arteriel. L'obstruction veineuse a entraine un œdeme nuisible important qui etait correle avec un ratio poids humide/poids sec significativement plus important mais n'etait pas associe avec une diminution significative de la viabilite musculaire. Les taux de GRO-1 et de proteine IL-6 et les taux de ARNm etaient significativement eleves dans le groupe occlusion veineuse par rapport au groupe controle. Le traitement par heparine diminuait de facon significative le complexe thrombine/anti-thrombine III mais ne modifiait pas le profil des taux de GRO-1 ou de proteine IL-6 observes avec l'occlusion veineuse. L'occlusion veineuse avec ischemie partielle induit une expression locale unique et puissante de cytokines. Le traitement par l'heparine n'a pas ameliore la reponse par les citokines. Ces donnees indiquent que le traitement par l'heparine ne modifie pas la reponse des cytokines a l'obstruction veineuse.
The Dynamic, Steady-State Propagation of an Antiplane Shear Crack in a General Linearly Viscoelastic Layer

Abstract : In a previous paper, the dynamic, steady-state propagation of an semi-infinite anti-plane shear crack was considered for an infinite, general linearly viscoelastic body. Under the assumptions that the shear modulus is a positive, non-increasing continuous and convex function of time, convenient, closed-from expressions were derived for the stress intensity factor and for the entire stress distribution ahead of and in the plane of the advancing crack. The solution was shown to have a simple universal dependence upon the shear modulus and crack speed from which qualitative information can readily be gleaned. Here, the corresponding problem for a general, linearly viscoelastic layer is solved. An infinite series representation for the stress intensity factor is derived, each term of which can be calculated recursively in closed-form. As before, a simple universal dependence upon crack speed and material properties is exhibited. (Author)
Mental Maps: Social Networks and the Language of Critical Reviews

This study uses network analysis to examine the correspondence, based on Bourdieu's theory of cultural production, between artists’positions in a structure of social relations and the critics’conceptions of their work. Shared gallery memberships among fine art photographers yield person-by-person matrices that are partitioned into structurally equivalent blocks. Three types of actors emerge: “stars” who have large loose-knit networks of bridge ties, “invisible collegians” who inhabit small dense cliques, and “stragglers” who have difficulty maintaining any sort of foothold in the network. Critical reviews of the photographers in the population are then analyzed for stylistic references, and the photographers are matched to stylistic categories. A match emerges between the types of networks and the stylistic perceptions of the critics. “Stars” are categorized with a wide variety of stylistic terms, often contradictory in nature. “Invisible collegians” and “stragglers” are routinely fit into one stylistic camp or another. Multiplying the person by style matrix by its transpose yields a person-by-person matrix of perceived shared stylistic affinity. “Stars” in this matrix have higher scores of both degree and “betweenness” centrality.
Numerical solution of the collisionless Boltzmann equation for stellar systems

This paper presents a numerical procedure for the direct numerical solution of the collisionless Boltzmann equation appropriate to stellar dynamics. The velocity distribution need not be isotropic but spherical spatial symmetry is assumed. The difference scheme uses a second-order implicit scheme combined with an analog of the Sn method of Carlson. Inclusion of collisions, external force fields, and the two-body distribution function will be straightforward. The results for the collisionless system are accurate up to 10 crossing times. Both known analytic solutions and nonequilibrium models have been tested. An appendix gives the absicissas and weight factors for the Gaussian integration of f01f(x)x2 dx
The thermodynamics of hydrogen isotope exchange in lysozyme : the influence of glycerol

The temperature dependence of hydrogen isotope exchange rates for lysozyme in 5 molal aqueous glycerol and for poly (D,L-alanine) in a range of glycerol concentrations from 0 molal to 8 molal have been determined. The activation enthalpy of base-catalyzed exchange for poly (D,L-alanine) in water is 4 kcal/mol and passes through a minimum at about 2 molal glycerol before returning to a value of 4 kcal/mol at 4 molal glycerol. Exchange rates for lysozyme have been analyzed with transition state and Kramers's theories. The activation parameters for exchange of protons in lysozyme in the presence of 5 molal glycerol show a similar qualitative behavior to those determined for exchange in the absence of glycerol [R. B. Gregory et al. (1982) Biochemistry24, 6523–6530]. The activation enthalpies and entropies for the fast-exchanging protons show a gentle increase as H(t), the number of hydrogens remaining unexchanged, decreases. By contrast, the activation parameters for the slowest exchanging protons [H(t) < 20] increase dramatically as H(t) decreases. As in water, the activation parameters for exchange of the fast- and slow-exchanging protons in glycerol solution are characterized by two distinct compensation temperatures (510 ± 100 K for the fast protons and 340 ± 40K for the slow protons). These values are not significantly different from those determined for exchange in water. The activation parameters, ΔH‡, and TΔS‡, are both several kcal/ mol lower for exchange in glycerol solutions compared with water. Enthalpy and entropy changes for the thermal unfolding of lysozyme in glycerol solutions [results of K. Gekko (1982) J. Biochem.19, 1197–1204] are larger than those determined for unfolding in water. This suggests that exchange does not involve local unfolding of segments of the protein. There is evidence for a contribution from thermal unfolding for exchange of the slowest protons in glycerol solutions which is not observed in water. Analysis of exchange rates for the fast protons as a function of temperature and viscosity with Kramers' equation provides values of the viscosity exponent. This is found to increase with decreasing values of H(t). These results are not easily rationalized with Gavish's model [(1980) Phys. Rev. Lett.44, 1160] of a “position-dependent, internal protein viscosity” and suggest that the Gavish model of the friction coefficient is incorrect. A dissection of the effect of glycerol on exchange of the fast protons into viscosity and thermodynamic contributions is not possible with the present data. Both factors are suggested to influence exchange of the fast protons.
THE CONFIGURATIVE METHOD FOR SURER IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS, NOTABLY IN CHILD STUDY.

The strategy of using short tests at the exploratory stages of determining personality factors in young children has one drawback: it leads to difficulties in factor matching unless a rigorous test...
The empirical status of symmetries in physics

Symmetries in physics are most commonly recognized and discussed in terms of their function in the mathematical formalism of the theories. Discussion of the observation of symmetries in nature is less common. This paper analyses the observation of particular symmetries such as Lorentz and gauge symmetries, distinguishing between direct observation of the symmetry itself and indirect evidence, the latter being the observation of some consequence of the symmetry. The result of the analysis is that global symmetries such as Lorentz symmetry are, in an important sense, directly observed, while local symmetries such as gauge symmetry are not. 1 Introduction 2 Kinds of symmetries 2.1 Internal and external symmetries 2.2 Global and local symmetries 3 Observing a symmetry 4 The observability of four types of symmetries 4.1 External, global symmetries 4.2 External, local symmetries 4.3 Internal, global symmetries 4.4 Internal, local symmetries 5 Conclusion.
Comparison of conventional and high-frequency ventilation in piglets after lung lavage

A piglet model of respiratory failure was used to compare airway pressures required for adequate gas exchange by a conventional positive pressure ventilator (CMV) and a high-frequency pneumatic flow interrupter (HFFI). Twelve newborn piglets (age means = 3.8 days and weight means = 1.4 kg) were given saline lung lavages after receiving intravenous Ketamine and Pavulon. Femoral and jugular vessels were catheterized for measurements of aortic and pulmonary blood pressures and gases, cardiac output, hematocrit, glucose and for the infusion of fluids. Airway pressures were measured 5 mm above the distal tip of the endothracheal tube. Lung lavage resulted in decreased static compliance and a twofold increase in pulmonary shunting. Following lavage the animals were kept on 100% oxygen and randomly assigned to either CMV (30/min) or HFFI (600/min) ventilation and thereafter were switched every 30 minutes to the alternate mode. Inspiratory duration was 33% of the total respiratory cycle during CMV and 30-50% for HFFI. Sixteen pairs of data comparing both ventilator modes were used. Blood gases, cardiovascular variables, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and pulmonary shunting were not different with either ventilator. Positive end-expiratory pressure (5.3 and 5.6 cm H2O) and mean airway pressure (12.5 and 11.9 cm H2O) were equal for CMV and HFFI, respectively. Peak inspiratory pressure was significantly lower for HFFI (23.1 +/- 3.7 SD cm H2O) than for CMV (30.4 +/- 5.5 SD cm H2O). The lower peak inflation pressure required during HFFI ventilation may reduce the potential for lung rupture.
H. pylori in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer: interaction between duodenal acid load, bile, and H. pylori.

H. pylori in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer: interaction between duodenal acid load, bile, and H. pylori
The mechanical behavior of pre-shocked copper at strain rates of 10−3−104s−1 and temperatures of 25–400 °C

Abstract We report the results of our study of the mechanical behavior of pre-shock-loaded oxygen-free electronic (OFE) grade copper. From quasi-static data for samples of 30 μm grain size shocked to 10 GPa for 1 μs, we derive a value of the thermal component of the mechanical threshold stress (MTS) characteristic of this material that is in good agreement with values in the literature. Using the MTS model for the flow stress of OFE copper, we show that our value of the threshold stress provides an excellent description of split Hopkinson pressure bar data for strain rate of 2700 s −1 . We then calculate the stress-strain behavior of electromagnetically launched expanding rings of 10 μm OFE copper previously shocked to 11.5 GPa for 1.6 μs, and we find excellent agreement with experimental observations, despite the large strain rate and temperature excursions characteristic of these experiments. We consider the possible influence of differences in the shock pressure and duration between the 10 and 30 μm materials on the value of the thermal component of the MTS, and we suggest that experimental scatter implied in the literature is too large to resolve any such differences. The effects of temperature and the limits of plastic flow are discussed briefly within the context of the MTS model.
Early and Middle Pleistocene Faunal and hominins dispersals through Southwestern Asia

Abstract This review summarizes the paleoecology of the Early and Middle Pleistocene of southwestern Asia, based on both flora and fauna, retrieved from a series of ‘windows’ provided by the excavated sites. The incomplete chrono-stratigraphy of this vast region does not allow to accept the direct chronological correlation between the available sites and events of faunal and hominin dispersals from Africa. It also demonstrates that hominins survived in a mixed landscape of open parkland with forested surrounding hills. In addition, the prevailing environmental conditions are not sufficient to explain successful adaptations to new ecological niches away from the African savanna of the bearers of ‘core and flake’ and the Acheulian industries, The differences in knapping and secondary shaping of stone artifacts probably reflect the learned traditions of different groups of hominins. The current distribution of lithic industries across Eurasia is undoubtedly incomplete due to lack of cultural continuities as well as paucity of field research in several sub-regions. This observation supports the contention that what we view as a constant stream of migrants was actually interrupted many times. The continuous occupation of southwestern Asia by the makers of the Acheulian is in contrast with neighboring regions such as the Iranian plateau and Eastern Europe. A more complex model is required to explain the recorded Eurasian archaeological–cultural mosaic.
Vibronic excitons in crystalline anthracene

Abstract We calculate, using a cluster Dynamical Coherent Potential Approximation, the optical spectrum of crystalline anthracene and obtain quantitative agreement with experiments.
Creating a research data network for cardiovascular disease: the CVRN.

Alan S Go, MD Director, Comprehensive Clinical Research Unit, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, 2000 Broadway Street, 3rd Floor, Oakland, CA 94612-2304, USA Tel.: +1 510 891 3553 Fax: +1 510 891 3606 alan.s.go@kp.org “Research data networks – defined linkages that allow aggregation of electronic and other patient-level data from geographically and administratively distinct health systems – offer tremendous potential to address ... public health questions.”
Agrarianism in American Society

Des etudes sociologiques indiquent que l'adhesion aux principes de l'agrarianisme est encore grande dans la societe americaine. Mais les efforts pour identifier les racines structurelles de l'agrarianisme n'ont ete que partiellement couronnes de succes : seule une petite proportion de la variation dans le soutien a l'agrarianisme a pu y etre expliquee. Le caractere multidimentionnel des croyances agrariennes et leurs liaisons avec des valeurs sous-jacentes qui prevalent dans la societe americaine sont examines a l'aide de donnees tirees d'un echantillon national compose d'adultes. Des resultats signalent que le public americain adhererait largement aux principes de la doctrine agrairiainiste dans l'ensemble. De plus, les croyances se trouveraient organisees sous la forme d'une serie de dimensions d'attitudes correspondants a 4 des 5 principes de l'agrarianisme identifies par Flinn et Johnson en 1974 : la ferme familiale, le fondamentalisme agrarien, l'independance, le mode de vie a la ferme. L'analyse de l'echelle des scores pour les 3 premieres dimensions indiquerait que chacune exprimerait une ethique sociale differente qui se revelerait dans une unique configuration des valeurs americaines a laquelle elle serait significativement correlee
Ionospheric effects during the partial solar eclipse of 10 July 1972

Abstract Polarization measurements at Fort Monmouth, N.J., using ATS-3 emitted signals and bottomside ionospheric sounding measurements at the subionospheric point were performed during the partial solar eclipse of 10 July 1972. A decrease in the total electron content and the plasma temperature ensued with corresponding diffusive particle fluxes into heights of maximum ionization. The diffusion rate to the height of maximum ionization was comparable to the recombination rate at that altitude.
Tritium uptake and elimination by tissue-bound and body-water components in crickets (Acheta domesticus).

Abstract Tritium concentration ratios of less than unity (0·19) were determined for adult crickets which were at equilibrium for that particular instar with a tritium tagged food source. This phenomenon is interpreted as meaning that simple diffusion-equilibrium assumptions are not adequate for describing tritium movement in food chains when true equilibrium conditions are not met. Additional factors, such as rates of tritium assimilation and turnover for tissue-bound and body-water fractions, food habits, and duration of developmental stages must be considered along with environmental tritium concentrations in determining food chain transfers of this radionuclide.
VENOVENOUS (VV) VERSUS VENOARTERIAL (VA) EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION(ECMO) IN NEWBORNS WITH DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA. 883

VENOVENOUS (VV) VERSUS VENOARTERIAL (VA) EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION(ECMO) IN NEWBORNS WITH DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA. 883
Magnetocaloric effect in superparamagnets

The magnetocaloric effect is calculated for superparamagnetic materials as a function of temperature, field and cluster size. Assuming classical behavior, a universal curve is calculated from which an optimum cluster moment may be found for maximum entropy change upon application of a given field H at a given temperature T. Quantum effects are shown to be small for temperatures above 10 K and fields less than a few tesla. A comparison with results for a spin-72 paramagnet such as Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) is made, which indicates that superparamagnetic materials such as magnetic nanocomposites offer the possibility of extending the upper useful temperature limit of paramagnetic materials for magnetic refrigeration.
Heat Convection in Warm Springs Valley, Virginia

Warm Springs Valley, located in northwestern Virginia, is characterized by the discharge of springs from cavernous limestone at temperatures up to 40°C, although the measured geothermal gradient is a normal 10°C/km. The area is therefore hypothesized to be an important example of a situation where thermal convection is sufficient to produce high-temperature surface waters. A finite-difference numerical model was constructed to simulate the simultaneous transport of heat and fluid under combined forced and free convection conditions. This model was used to test the hypothesized heat flow system for Warm Springs Valley. The results of the testing show that, within the hydrogeological constraints found at Warm Springs Valley, convection with a normal geothermal gradient is capable of producing 40°C hot springs. The conditions required a zone of enhanced vertical hydraulic conductivity in the area of ground-water discharge and a deep zone of enhanced horizontal hydraulic conductivity. The enhanced zones are consistent with the geology found in the basin.
Reversible ultrastructural changes in human fibroblasts grown in hepes buffered MCDB-104 supplemented with human serum.

Prolonged maintenance of human dermal fibroblasts in McDB-104 medium supplemented with pooled human serum or platelet factor deficient preparations of human serum led to appearance of a large number of membrane bound inclusions, resembling lysosomes, and proliferation of small, Golgi associated vesicles. These inclusions did not appear if the cells were grown in Dulbecco-Vogt's modification of Eagle's minimal essential medium or in minimal essential medium supplemented with the same human serum fractions. Cells that acquired inclusions during a 10 d incubation in MCDB-104 subsequently lost these inclusions when transferred to Dulbecco-Vogt's mediumfor 4 d. Similar reversal of effects of MCDB-104 was also produced by MCDB-104 buffered with bicarbonate instead of HEPES.
Inclusion and Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders

Summary This article presents a point/counterpoint approach to the issue of full inclusion of all students with emotional/behavioral disorders. To set the stage for the discussion that follows, the academic, social, and behavioral characteristics of these students pertinent to classroom performance are reviewed. The pros and cons of these four issues are then presented: (a) appropriateness of the general education curriculum for students with EBD; (b) social acceptance and other social competence issues; (c) mental health interventions and supports in general education settings; and (d) legality of full inclusion. Under the legality issue, case law on full inclusion pertaining to students with EBD is briefly reviewed. The basic premise of the authors who are full inclusion opponents is that a continuum of placements, including full-time placement in general education classrooms, should be preserved so that decisions about appropriate settings can be made on an individual basis. The basic premise of the au...
Urinary calculous disease in Southeast Asian immigrants.

Abstract Recent immigrants from Southeast Asia accounted for 39 of 149 hospital admissions for treatment of urinary tract stones. Presumptive diagnosis of a urinary calculus was possible in only 19 per cent of the refugees compared with 60 per cent of other patients treated at the same hospital (p
Role of individual lower limb joints in reactive stability control following a novel slip in gait

Abstract Instability after slip onset is a key precursor leading to subsequent falls during gait. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of reactive muscular response from individual lower limb joints on regaining stability control and impeding a novel and unannounced slip during the ensuing single-stance phase. Ten young adults’ resultant moments at three lower limb joints of both limbs, initially derived by an inverse-dynamics approach from empirical data, were optimized to accurately reproduce the original motion before being applied as input to the control variables of their individualized forward-dynamics model. Systematic alteration of the moments of each joint caused corresponding changes in the displacement and velocity of the center of mass (COM) and base of support (BOS) (i.e. their state variables, xCOM, x ˙ COM , xBOS, x ˙ BOS ), and in the COM stability. The model simulation revealed that these joints had little influence on x ˙ COM but had substantial impact on x ˙ BOS reduction, leading to improve the COM stability, mostly from knee flexors, followed by hip extensors, of the slipping limb. Per unit reactive increase in normalized knee flexor or hip extensor moments and per unit reactive reduction in commonly observed plantar–flexor moments could lead to as much as 57.72±10.46 or 22.33±5.55 and 13.09±2.27 units of reduction in normalized x ˙ BOS , respectively. In contrast, such influence was negligible from the swing limb during this period, irrespective of individual variability.
Spectral Analysis of Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scales

(Received 1975 November 17; in original form 1975 July 18) Summary Power spectra of binary telegraph waves corresponding to observed geomagnetic polarity histories are compared to the theoretical spectrum for a gamma renewal process. This comparison is used to check an earlier interpretation that harmonic components are present in the data. The theoretical spectrum is derived using a general approach. Fourier analysis of the polarity sequence from 0 to 45 million years indicates a slight departure from this gamma model at the 95 per cent confidence level, but there is no evidence for periodicities. Maximum entropy spectral analysis employing the final prediction error statistic is used on several shorter reversal sequences to support this result.
Physical Therapist Treatment of Patients in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit: Description of Practice

Background Although studies have established the safety and feasibility of physical therapy in the critical care setting, minimal information about physical therapist practice in the neurological intensive care unit (NICU) is available. Objective This study describes physical therapists' treatment of people admitted to a NICU. Design People admitted to the NICU with a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, or trauma were retrospectively studied. Methods Data on patient demographics, use of mechanical ventilation, and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring were collected. For each physical therapy session, the length of the session, the location (NICU or post-NICU setting), and the presence of mechanical ventilation or ICP monitoring were recorded. Data on safety parameters, including vital sign response, falls, and dislodgement of lines, were collected. Results Over 1 year, 180 people were admitted to the NICU; 86 were evaluated by a physical therapist, for a total of 293 physical therapy sessions in the NICU (n=132) or post-NICU setting (n=161). Only one session (0.3%) was stopped, secondary to an increase in ICP. The first physical therapy session occurred on NICU day 3.0 (25%–75% interquartile range=2.0–6.0). Patients received a median of 3.4 sessions per week (25%–75% interquartile range=1.8–5.9). Patients with mechanical ventilation received less frequent physical therapy sessions than those without mechanical ventilation. Patients with ICP monitoring received less frequent sessions than those without ICP monitoring. However, after multivariate analysis, only the admission Glasgow Coma Score was independently associated with physical therapy frequency in the NICU. Patients were more likely to stand, transfer, and walk in the post-NICU setting than in the NICU. Limitations The results are limited by the retrospective, single-center nature of the study. There is inherent bias of evaluating only those patients who had physical therapy, and therapists were unable to completely adjust for the severity of illness of a given patient. Conclusions Physical therapy was performed safely in the NICU. Patients who required invasive support received less frequent physical therapy.
An evaluation of several moving singularity finite element models for fast fracture analysis

Abstract In this paper, several formulations of moving-singularity finite element procedures for fast fracture analysis are evaluated as to their accuracy and efficiency.
Architecture and VLSI implementation of digital symbol timing recovery for DTV receivers

Completely digital symbol timing recovery architectures have advantages over the conventional mixed analog and digital approach, such as ease of system integration (especially for VLSI implementations) and flexible sampling rates. This paper is split into two main parts. The first part describes a digital symbol timing recovery architecture designed for digital television (DTV) receivers and also presents the associated design tradeoffs. The second part discusses an important aspect of the VLSI implementation of the architecture, which is the design and verification of the system clocking scheme.