cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameter Sensitivity and Optimization Predictions of a Hydrogen/Oxygen Alkaline Fuel Cell Model

In this paper a mathematical model is used to predict parameter sensitivities and optimal design parameters for a hydrogen/oxygen alkaline fuel cell. A sensitivity analysis of the various transport and electrode kinetic parameters indicates which parameters have the most influence on the predicted current density and over which range of potentials these parameters affect the fuel-cell performance the most. This information can be used to decide which parameters should be optimized or determined more accurately through further modeling or experimental studies. The effect of various design parameters on the limiting current density are investigated to determine if optimal values exist for the parameters. The optimal electrode thicknesses for the anode and cathode reaction layers and the gas-and liquid-phase porosity in the cathode reaction layer are determined by maximizing the power density. These parameter sensitivities and optimal design parameters can help in the development of better three-phase electrodes and separators for the alkaline fuel cell.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF NALOXONE IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Rapid disappearance of naloxone was observed in a group of very low birthweight infants examined for naloxone kinetics. Five infants (BW 1.20±0.25kg, GA 29±1wk) received 0.04 mg/per kg of naloxone intravenously, four within the first week of life and one on day 26. Serial serum samples were obtained at specific time intervals and frozen for subsequent analysis. Serum naloxone concentrations were measured by the radioimmunoassay method of Berkowitz (1975).
Radionuclide mineral studies. 2. The effect of certain dietary constituents, including protein and vitamin B12 on the metabolism of inorganic S35-sulfate in the chick.

Abstract INTRODUCTION PREVIOUS work in our laboratory indicated that bone mineralization of S35O4 in chicks fed a natural feedstuffs diet supplemented with vitamin B12 was decreased as compared to that in chicks fed the same non-supplemented diet or a simplified diet with vitamin B12 (Martin and Patrick, 1960). Inorganic sulfate is incorporated into to chondroitin sulfate moiety of skeletal tissue (Bostrom and Mansson, 1952). Jackson and Ball (1953) and Layton (1950) have presented data indicating that chondroitin sulfate, a major component of the ground substance of connective tissue, plays an important role in the metabolism of connective tissue possibly associated with calcification. Since vitamin B12 has been shown by many workers to increase the growth rate of animals, it is reasonable to assume that increased sulfate uptake by connective tissue may be influenced by this vitamin. This study was designed in an effort to ascertain the factor or factors in the …
Specialization of hairs bearing pollen and oil on the legs of bees (Apoidea: Hymenoptera)

Angiosperm pollen dimensions range from 5–210 μ with a mean of 34μ. Pollen transported by bees as dry grains has similar dimensions. Pollen grains ≥100 μ and ≤ 10μ constitute less than 4% of the total. Bees have evolved specialized hairs to collect and transport extremely large, extremely small, and tangled (interconnected) pollen, as well as oil. Specialized pollen- and oil-bearing hairs have evolved independently in various groups of bees and do not reflect the phylogeny of bees. Although the size of angiosperm pollen has influenced the morphology of bees, there is no evidence that the latter has influenced the former.
Extension of the multi-armed bandit problem

There are N independent machines. Machine i is described by a sequence {Xi(s), Fi(s)} where xi(s) is the immediate reward and Fi(s) is the information available before i is operated for the sth time. At each time one operates exactly one machine; idle machines remain frozen. The problem is to schedule the operation of the machines so as to maximize the expected total discounted sequence of rewards. The main result is that to each machine is associated an index, and the optimal policy operates the machine with the largest current index.
STUDIES ON THE MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY IN THE WHITE EAT11

OVARIECTOMY performed before implantation of fertilized ova in the pregnant animalterminates gestation and this result is universal in the species studied. Although removal of the ovaries after implantation does not disturb the normal course of gestation in some species, notably the human, the horse, and the monkey, abortion or resorption invariably occurs following ovariectomy, in other species of which the rat is an example (Allen, Hisaw and Gardner, 1939;Reynolds, 1939). It has been assumed that the placenta secretes estrone and progesterone in sufficient amounts to maintain the pregnant state in those forms in which castration is not followed by the termination of pregnancy. As an example, the placentae of rats have been shown to produce estrone and progesterone (Selye, Collip and Thomson, 1935; Haterius, 1936; Kirsch, 1938), but it has been concluded that they do not secrete enough of these substances to maintain pregnancy, because pregnancy is terminated approximately 48 hours following ovariectomy ...
Glucoregulatory Physiology in Subjects with Low-Normal, High-Normal, or Impaired Fasting Glucose

Objective: We determined whether variations in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) within the nondiabetic range represent differences in insulin action or secretion. Subjects and Methods: Using results of the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, we classified 39 adults (body mass index range 20–56 kg/m2) as having normal fasting glucose (NFG, <100 mg/dl, n = 24) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG, 100–125 mg/dl, n = 15). The NFG group was subdivided into low-NFG (<90 mg/dl, n = 11) and high-NFG (90–99 mg/dl, n = 13). The 2-h oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose value was used to assign normal or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) status. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; β-cell function was assessed by calculating the insulinogenic index, homeostasis model assessment, and the disposition index. Results: Compared with low-NFG subjects, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance ...
“Shape or Fight?”: New York's Black Longshoremen, 1945–1961

The purpose of this essay is to examine the working world of African-American longshoremen in New York and how they came to terms with racist hiring practices. Some African-American longshoremen retained a degree of institutional freedom with their Jim Crow Local #968, but their inability to control a pier, and thereby guarantee steady work, resulted in a precarious situation of constantly searching for work. Nonetheless, Local 968 acted as a catalyst for direct attacks on their representative trade union and discriminatory employers. As will be seen, not all black longshoremen followed a path of confrontation; some attempted to find an alternative method of obtaining regular work. These longshoremen paid kickbacks, eagerly volunteered to work at a moment's notice, or consistently made themselves available for overtime. For all of these black longshoremen the record was a mixed one: at times successful in changing some hiring policies and union attitudes, at others painfully ignored or chastised for their efforts.
Prophylactic Timolol for the Prevention of High Intraocular Pressure after Cataract Extraction: A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind Trial

Abstract: Eyes undergoing routine intracapsular cataract extraction (without alpha-chymotrypsin) often experience marked ocular hypertension in the first six hours after surgery. We conducted a randomized, prospective, double-blind study to determine if timolol maleate would prevent this increase in pressure. Thirty-five eyes undergoing routine cataract extraction were given a drop of either timolol 0.5% or placebo twice before and twice after surgery. Nine (56.3%) of 16 control eyes and 2 (10.5%) of 19 timolol-treated eyes had pressures above 30 mm Hg at six hours after surgery ( P
The Ricean K factor: estimation and performance analysis

In wireless communications, the relative strength of the direct and scattered components of the received signal, as expressed by the Ricean K factor, provides an indication of link quality. Accordingly, efficient and accurate methods for estimating K are of considerable interest. In this paper, we propose a general class of moment-based estimators which use the signal envelope. This class of estimators unifies many of the previous estimators, and introduces new ones. We derive, for the first time, the asymptotic variance (AsV) of these estimators and compare them with the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). We then tackle the problem of estimating K from the in-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) components of the received signal and illustrate the improvement in performance as compared with the envelope-based estimators. We derive the CRBs for the I/Q data model, which, unlike the envelope CRB, is tractable for correlated samples. Furthermore, we introduce a novel estimator that relies on the I/Q components, and derive its AsV even when the channel samples are correlated. We corroborate our analytical findings by simulations.
BMS-345541 Sensitizes MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation by Selective Inhibition of Homologous Recombinational Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks

Our study was to elucidate the mechanisms whereby BMS-345541 (BMS, a specific IκB kinase β inhibitor) inhibits the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and evaluate whether BMS can sensitize MCF-7 breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) to ionizing radiation (IR) in an apoptosis-independent manner. In this study, MCF-7 cells were exposed to IR in vitro and in vivo with or without pretreatment of BMS. The effects of BMS on the repair of IR-induced DSBs by homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) were analyzed by the DR-GFP and EJ5-GFP reporter assays and IR-induced γ-H2AX, 53BP1, Brca1 and Rad51 foci assays. The mechanisms by which BMS inhibits HR were examined by microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The effects of BMS on the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to IR were determined by MTT and clonogenic assays in vitro and tumor growth inhibition in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. The results showed that BMS selectively inhibited HR repair of DSBs in MCF-7 cells, most likely by down-regulation of several genes that participate in HR. This resulted in a significant increase in the DNA damage response that sensitizes MCF-7 cells to IR-induced cell death in an apoptosis-independent manner. Furthermore, BMS treatment sensitized MCF-7 xenograft tumors to radiation therapy in vivo in an association with a significant delay in the repair of IR-induced DSBs. These data suggest that BMS is a novel HR inhibitor that has the potential to be used as a radiosensitizer to increase the responsiveness of cancer to radiotherapy.
Multidimensional signal processing with spatio-spectral holography

The potential for implementing a three-dimensional space-time correlator employing spatio-spectral holographic materials is discussed. The constraints on various configurations are derived and discussed, as well as possible enhancements. The analysis shows that time-space images on the order of 10,000 X 1,000 X 1,000 can be searched for at frame rate exceed 10 GHz.
Device scaling physics and channel velocities in AIGaN/GaN HFETs: velocities and effective gate length

This paper addresses scaling issues in AIGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors (HFETs) using ensemble Monte Carlo techniques. For gate lengths below 0.25 /spl mu/m, f/sub T/ values are known not to scale linearly with the inverse gate length. The authors' simulations show this to be due to an increasing difference between the lithographic gate length and the effective gate length as the devices shrink. The results for AIGaN/GaN are compared with In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/-In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As-InP devices, and the authors found that the limiting role of velocity overshoot and depletion region spread causes the GaN HFETs to have a peak f/sub T/ of /spl sim/ 220 GHz compared to /spl sim/ 500 GHz for InGaAs devices.
TU‐C‐204C‐02: Introducton to Cancer Biology

This presentation will focus on methods to validate non‐invasive PET radiotracers for the quantification of loco‐regional hypoxia. MicroPET images will be shown of different hypoxia tracers and their uptake kinetics discussed. The use of compartmental analysis to define parametric images will be compared against single late time point imaging. Digital autoradiography will be used to determine the intra‐tumoral distributions of different hypoxia tracers, which will be compared against endogenous hypoxia‐related proteins, exogenous hypoxia markers and hypoxia reporter‐gene expression. Experiments to validate PET imaging of tumor hypoxia using image guided partial oxygen probes will be discussed. The lecture will conclude with efforts to clinical quantify the hypoxia distribution in head and neck patients. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the different methods of detecting hypoxia (direct pO2 probe measurement, immunohistochemistry and surrogate imaging approaches). 2. Learn how potential hypoxia radiotracers are validated. 3. Understand the difference between static images of hypoxia radiotracer uptake versus parametric images of tumor hypoxia. 4. Understand the challenges of dose painting loco‐regional hypoxia
Decreased NK Cells in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Determined in Archival DNA

Purpose: Natural killer (NK) cells are a key element of the innate immune system implicated in human cancer. To examine NK cell levels in archived bloods from a study of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a new DNA-based quantification method was developed. Experimental Design: NK cell-specific DNA methylation was identified by analyzing DNA methylation and mRNA array data from purified blood leukocyte subtypes (NK, T, B, monocytes, granulocytes), and confirmed via pyrosequencing and quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP). NK cell levels in archived whole blood DNA from 122 HNSCC patients and 122 controls were assessed by qMSP. Results: Pyrosequencing and qMSP confirmed that a demethylated DNA region in NKp46 distinguishes NK cells from other leukocytes, and serves as a quantitative NK cell marker. Demethylation of NKp46 was significantly lower in HNSCC patient bloods compared with controls ( P NKp46 demethylation based on tumor site or stage. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate a significant depression in NK cells in HNSCC patients that is unrelated to exposures associated with the disease. DNA methylation biomarkers of NK cells represent an alternative to conventional flow cytometry that can be applied in a wide variety of clinical and epidemiologic settings including archival blood specimens. Clin Cancer Res; 18(22); 6147–54. ©2012 AACR .
Analysis of cost of performing communications using various communication mechanisms

There is a trend towards incorporating architectural features which support mechanisms for efficiently communicating long messages and (fixed-size) short messages. In this paper, we provide a framework for analyzing the communication costs in parallel machines which provide various communication mechanisms. First, we define four parameters to accurately model the communication time in these parallel machines. Then, we study the suitability of various mechanisms for performing basic communication operations. Finally, three problems which have very different communication requirements are used as examples to demonstrate the usefulness of our framework in understanding the impact of these communication mechanisms on the communication cost. >
Reconfigurable robot teams: modeling and supervisory control

Teams of land-based, airborne, or submerged robots constitute a new breed of robotic systems for which the issue of controlled behavior arises naturally. In this brief, we model the dynamics of the robot team in the discrete-event system (DES) framework and design a reconfigurable system that can handle situations in which robot units may switch offline. In particular, we exploit the dichotomy between controllable and uncontrollable behavior to synthesize a supervisor using only controllable events, but also one whose structure adapts to uncontrollable events. This brief presents a novel method based on learning and verification for restoring supervision as well as behavioral assurance of the team.
Maximum likelihood localization of sources in noise modeled as a Cauchy process

A new robust beamformer, based on the Cauchy additive noise assumption, is introduced. The maximum likelihood approach is used for the bearing estimation of multiple sources from a set of snapshots when the interference is impulsive in nature. It is shown that the Cauchy receiver greatly outperforms the Gaussian receiver in a wide variety of non-Gaussian noise environments, and performs comparably to the Gaussian receiver when the additive noise is Gaussian. The Cramer-Rao bound on the estimation error variance is derived, and the robustness of the Cauchy beamformer in a wide range of impulsive interference environments is demonstrated via simulation experiments. >
An improved method for double-isotope and double-emulsion radioautography using epoxy resin sections.

This technique for the quantitation of silver grains in radioautographs produced by two differently labeled precursors of proteins and ribonucleic acids involves the use of 0.5 μ-thick sections from as many as 24 different blocks of tissue on a single microscope slide. Thereby, the incorporation of uridine-3H and leucine-14C by exocrine cells of the pancreas and major salivary glands was studied. The results indicate: (1) that this technique can be applied successfully in a simultaneous evaluation of two metabolic aspects in a given population of cells, and (2) that standardization of the mounting procedure permits multiple statistical comparisons of different organs.
Performance Correlations for Reciprocating Plate Extraction Columns

Abstract Abstract The height equivalent to a theoretical stage (HETS) is estimated using one correlation to describe behavior for reciprocating speeds below the optimum point and a second expression to estimate HETS values for reciprocating speeds above it. These two equations are then combined to yield a generalized expression that is applicable in both regions and which can be used to predict the minimum HETS and the optimum reciprocating speed. The observed dependence on the operating parameters and the physical properties of the liquid/liquid system generally agree with those observed in HETS correlations for pulse columns.
Morphometric identification of bovid metapodials to genus and implications for taxon-free habitat reconstruction

Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of measurements on twelve metacarpal and ten metatarsal dimensions indicates that metapodials differ much more in size than in shape among the twenty-three genera of extant Sub-Saharan bovids. The only conspicuous shape variation is in metapodial length, which sometimes differs significantly among genera that are similar in all other dimensions. It follows that Discriminant Analysis (DA) intended to identify metapodials to genus will depend primarily on size, and except for the occasional like-sized genera that differ in metapodial length, DA will often confuse genera of similar size. DA of the same metapodials subjected to PCA supports this prediction. PCA further shows that bovid species that favor the same habitat often differ in metapodial size, shape, or both, and species that favor different habitats often overlap substantially in their metapodial morphometrics. DA intended to assign metapodials to habitat will thus produce different results depending on the species used to characterize each habitat type and on the number of specimens by which each species is represented. Habitat reconstruction founded in DA is therefore taxon dependent rather than taxon-free, and it cannot supplant reconstruction based on taxonomic identifications below the family level.
Real-Time Classification of Streaming Sensor Data

The last decade has seen a huge interest in classification of time series. Most of this work assumes that the data resides in main memory and is processed offline. However, recent advances in sensor technologies require resource-efficient algorithms that can be implemented directly on the sensors as real-time algorithms. We show how a recently introduced framework for time series classification, time series bitmaps, can be implemented as efficient classifiers which can be updated in constant time and space in the face of very high data arrival rates. We describe results from a case study of an important entomological problem, and further demonstrate the generality of our ideas with an example from robotics.
Hydrological Risk Assessment of Old Dams: Case Study on Wilson Dam of Tennessee River Basin

This case study presents a risk analysis reassessment for the oldest dam in the Tennessee River basin—the Wilson Dam—based on postdam flow data. The hydrologic risk of old Wilson Dam was computed from historical flow data (spanning pre and postdam periods) and reservoir volume at the dam site. Additional flow data not previously used in the design phase of the dam helped to update more robustly the probability of flood occurrence that exceeded a particular return period during the life of a dam. The generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution was fitted to historical peak flow (at the dam site) and annual maximum reservoir volume using the L -moment method. This reassessment approach has wide application in reservoir water and safety management for aging dams. The study underscores the need for a review of risk analysis for aging dams that have extensive postdam flow data, particularly in the United States. Furthermore, this case study also demonstrates the unique value of the L -moment method in incorpo...
Hemangiomas of Infancy: Clinical and Biological Characteristics:

Hemangiomas of infancy are common in the general pediatric population, are usually easily diagnosed, and generally do not require treatment. However, a small but significant percentage of hemangiomas of infancy may develop complications, including infection or ulceration. In addition, hemangiomas located in some anatomic regions may be associated with other anomalies and therefore require more careful monitoring and earlier intervention to prevent permanent sequelae. This review focuses on distinguishing hemangiomas from vascular malformations and delineates the natural history of hemangiomas of infancy, with an emphasis on identifying those hemangiomas that require additional evaluation and closer follow-up. Current treatment modalities, including the use of systemic steroids and the pulsed-dye laser, are discussed. In addition, several conditions that often present with cutaneous hemangiomas are described, including PHACES syndrome and neonatal hemangiomatosis. Finally, an assessment is made of the current understanding of the biology of hemangioma proliferation and involution, including the role of endothelial growth factors and GLUT1, a new marker for hemangiomas of infancy.
Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. I. A new look at the Jones-Mote reaction, general characteristics.

Jones-Mote reactivity, defined as a delayed-type skin reaction, occurs transiently early in the course of immunization with protein antigens or hapten conjugates with or without the adjuvant effect of tubercle bacilli. The skin reaction is typically a flat, well-circumscribed erythema with little induration beginning at about 6 hr, reaching a peak at 18–24 hr, and fading or gone at 48 hr. Immunogenic carrier requirements for hapten-specific Jones-Mote hypersitivity resemble those of antibody production rather than of classic delayed hypersensitivity. Skin test antigen requirements indicate that the Jones-Mote reaction involves an active stimulatory response rather than combination with preformed antibody, since ABA conjugates of nonimmunogenic D-polymers do not work. Studies with ALS and carrageenan suggest that the lymphocyte is an important contributor to the reaction, but the macrophage is not. Because the reactions studied here are operationally different from those described by Jones and Mote and because they have a characteristic histology, the term "cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity" is proposed.
Hyperoxic effects on alveolar sodium resorption and lung Na-K-ATPase

Active Na+ transport by the alveolar epithelium keeps alveoli relatively dry. Hyperoxia increases epithelial permeability, resulting in pulmonary edema. We sought to determine whether active Na+ re...
Producers Market Better Eggs When Paid on a Quality Basis

Abstract Egg producers, for many years, have been advised to market their eggs where they will be paid on the basis of quality. Too often this advice has not been backed up by specific experimental data, but rather, by what was thought should happen. It was believed that a differential in price per dozen based on quality would induce farmers to take better care of their flocks and eggs in order to receive the higher price. This research note supplies information showing one advantage of marketing eggs on a candled quality basis. Records were obtained from a city egg buyer who purchased eggs from five country egg receiving stations. All eggs were candled (and frequently checked) according to specifications which correspond to U.S.D.A. quality standards. Each day the city receiver would order from each country receiver, a specific number of cases of eggs for delivery on a specified date. To fill …
Comparative metabolism of hydantoin and beta-methyl hydantoin.:

In previous experiments1 it was pointed out that when betamethyl hydantoin is given subcutaneously to dogs only fifteen per cent of the compound reappears unchanged in the urine. A similar amount is excreted as methyl hydantoic acid. But while all of the nitrogen of the compound was excreted, the remainder was unaccounted for in the nitrogen partition. Immense amounts of oxalic acid were found in the urines during experimental days, and this suggested hydrolysis of methyl hydantoic acid to methyl urea and glycollic acid, with oxidation of the latter to oxalic acid. Supplementary experiments have thrown doubt upon excretion of a large amount of methyl urea, hence the possibility of origin of the oxalic acid found from a substance such as methyl parabanic acid, in the method of determination, is being considered.Experiments have also been carried out in which hydantoin and hydantoic acid were administered. In keeping with the findings of Lewis2 no evidence of urea or ammonia formation was obtained. When hyd...
The Yellow-Haired Porcupine as a Highway Casualty

Stoner ( Jour. Mamm. , 21: 360–361, 1940) called attention to the paucity of published records of the porcupine as a …
Cognitive Guidelines for Computer-Aided Instruction: A Navigational Case Study

In order to realize the full benefits of computer aided instruction, the computer tools must reflect the cognitive demands of the user. In particular, computer-aided instruction must be sensitive to restrictions on human memory and attention, and it must facilitate the development of internal models of the relevant target domains. To this end, we have developed a set of preliminary guidelines which have been used in the development of computerized aids for training people to use a maneuvering board for ship navigation.
EFFECTS OF LEVORPHANOL AND LEVALLORPHAN ON OSMOLALITY OF SERUM FROM WATER LOADED RATS.

SummaryLevorphanol altered the control serum osmolality response to a 5% oral water load in rats. The change at a small dose of levorphanol was consistent with retention of water systemically owing to the antidiuretic effect of levorphanol. At a high dose, another component appeared in the osmolality curve suggesting that inhibition of water absorption from the gastrointestinal tract was occurring. All effects of levorphanol were antagonized by levallorphan.
Cardiac localization of eosinophil-granule major basic protein in acute necrotizing myocarditis.

THE association of eosinophilia and endomyocarditis has been well documented. A form of Loffler's endocarditis,1 characterized by eosinophilic pancarditis, muscle necrosis, and arteritis, is usually a feature of certain systemic diseases, including the hypereosinophilic syndrome,2 3 4 eosinophilic leukemia,5 polyarteritis nodosa,6 , 7 drug-induced hypersensitivity,8 bronchial asthma,9 10 11 biliary tract carcinoma,12 and parasitic disease.13 The cardiac involvement is characterized by a subacute course and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Treatment with glucocorticoids and cytotoxic agents is effective.14 Fulminant acute necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis occurring in the absence of notable extracardiac disease has been reported only rarely.15 The disease has a short course and is rapidly fatal. . . .
Enhanced Megakaryopoiesis and Platelet Activity in Hypercholesterolemic, B6-Ldlr-/-, Cdkn2a-Deficient Mice.

Background —Genome-wide association studies for coronary artery disease (CAD)/myocardial infarction (MI) revealed a 58kb risk locus on 9p21.3. Refined genetic analyses revealed unique haplotype blocks conferring susceptibility to atherosclerosis per se vs risk for acute complications in the presence of underlying CAD. The cell proliferation inhibitor locus, CDKN2A , maps just upstream of the MI risk block, is at least partly regulated by the non-coding RNA, ANRIL , overlapping the risk block, and has been associated with platelet (PLT) counts in humans. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that CDKN2A deficiency predisposes to increased PLT production leading to increased PLT activation in the setting of hypercholesterolemia. Methods and Results —PLT production and activation were measured in B6- Ldlr-/-Cdkn2a+/- mice and a congenic strain carrying the region of homology with the human 9p21.3/ CDKN2A locus. The strains exhibit decreased expression of CDKN2A (both p16INK4a and p19ARF ) but not CDKN2B ( p15INK4b ). Compared to B6- Ldlr-/- controls, both Cdkn2a -deficient strains exhibited increased PLT counts and bone marrow megakaryopoiesis. The PLT over-production phenotype was reversed by treatment with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, PD0332991/palbociclib, that mimics the endogenous effect of p16INK4a. Western-diet feeding resulted in increased PLT activation, increased thrombin/anti-thrombin complex, and decreased bleeding times in Cdkn2a -deficient mice compared to controls. Conclusions —Together, the data suggest that one or more Cdkn2a transcripts modulate PLT production and activity in the setting of hypercholesterolemia, amenable to pharmaceutical intervention. Enhanced PLT production and activation may predispose to arterial thrombosis, suggesting an explanation, at least in part, for the association of 9p21.3 and MI.
The Application of Multimedia to Foreign Language Teaching

With the development of modern science and technology,the application of multimedia has become an inevitable trend in foreign language teaching.Comparing with the traditional teaching methods,multimedia teaching is able to cultivate a taste of English studying,improve the teaching quality and so on.In addition,this paper offers some suggestions on how to use multimedia in foreign language teaching.In foreign language teaching,only by using multimedia can teachers meet the needs of modern society.
Epidemiology of myoclonus

All studies that attempt to evaluate the general occurrence of myoclonus have various biases. Even so, myoclonus has been demonstrated to be an important cause of abnormal movement control when compared to other movement disorders. Clearly, posthypoxia etiology, neurodegenerative disease, and epilepsy syndromes are important individual causes of myoclonus. The epidemiology of myoclonus is worthy of further study in other defined populations.
The Emergence of the Randomized, Controlled Trial

Randomized, controlled trials date back much farther than is usually recognized, and their history offers insights into the intellectual and social forces shaping what would become a medical research standard and a mechanism for taming the therapeutic marketplace.
Catalytic Ring-Opening of Cyclic Alcohols Enabled by PCET Activation of Strong O-H Bonds

We report a new photocatalytic protocol for the redox-neutral isomerization of cyclic alcohols to linear ketones via C–C bond scission. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that key alkoxy radical intermediates in this reaction are generated via the direct homolytic activation of alcohol O–H bonds in an unusual intramolecular PCET process, wherein the electron travels to a proximal radical cation in concert with proton transfer to a weak Bronsted base. Effective bond strength considerations are shown to accurately forecast the feasibility of alkoxy radical generation with a given oxidant/base pair.
The Precision Medicine Initiative's All of Us Research Program: an agenda for research on its ethical, legal, and social issues

The Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) is an innovative approach to developing a new model of health care that takes into account individual differences in people’s genes, environments, and lifestyles. A cornerstone of the initiative is the PMI All of Us Research Program (formerly known as PMI-Cohort Program) which will create a cohort of 1 million volunteers who will contribute their health data and biospecimens to a centralized national database to support precision medicine research. The PMI All of US Research Program is the largest longitudinal study in the history of the United States. The designers of the Program anticipated and addressed some of the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) associated with the initiative. To date, however, there is no plan to call for research regarding ELSI associated with the Program-PMI All of Us program. Based on analysis of National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding announcements for the PMI All of Us program, we have identified three ELSI themes: cohort diversity and health disparities, participant engagement, and privacy and security. We review All of Us Research Program plans to address these issues and then identify additional ELSI within each domain that warrant ongoing investigation as the All of Us Research Program develops. We conclude that PMI's All of Us Research Program represents a significant opportunity and obligation to identify, analyze, and respond to ELSI, and we call on the PMI to initiate a research program capable of taking on these challenges. Genet Med advance online publication 01 December 2016
Nonuniversal Coupling of Cage Scale Hopping and Collective Elastic Distortion as the Origin of Dynamic Fragility Diversity in Glass-Forming Polymer Liquids

We formulate a theoretical mechanism for the physical origin of the massive dynamic fragility range observed in long chain glass-forming polymer melts within the context of the force-level elastically collective nonlinear Langevin equation theory of coupled local–nonlocal activated segmental relaxation. The hypothesis involves how the cage scale barrier hopping process on the three Kuhn segment length scale is quantitatively coupled to the longer range collective elastic distortion required to sterically allow large-amplitude events to occur. The key nonuniversal aspect is proposed to be an effective microscopic jump distance, a dynamical quantity associated with the activation barrier, which is influenced by nanometer-scale conformational transition physics and monomer chemistry. By introducing a single numerical factor that breaks the universality of the jump distance in our mapping of polymers to liquids of disconnected Kuhn-sized hard spheres, one can account rather well, and simultaneously, for the v...
On Searching the Literature: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Psychiatric Sources

The sensible use of a library is basic to scholarly clinical psychiatry as well as to research. This paper, through an annotated bibliography and specific examples, attempts to guide the reader to the useful sources and their utilization.
Thymosins and anti-thymosins: properties and clinical applications.

For years, scientists have searched for ways to trigger the body's own defenses against cancer and other diseases associated with abnormal immunity. This search has led to the discovery of a number of important new biological and chemical substances that augment, direct or restore many of the normal defenses of the body. These substances are in essence the natural drugs of the body that endow us with immunity and resistance to disease. Now called biological response modifiers (BRMs), most of these 'lsnew medicines’, such as thymosins, lymphokines, and interferons, occur naturally in the body, while others, synthetic immunomodulators and thymomimetic agents (drugs that mimic thymic function) have been created in the laboratory. Previously, therapeutic drug development in this area relied upon chemical synthesis or introduction of bacterial adjuvants, or modified viral compounds and substances, which were foreign to the body. Therefore, they did not and do not rely upon or use the body's natural immune and biological response systems for protection against disease, function and response to the environment. Although scientists have known about BRMs for years, isolating and purifying them so that they could be used to treat diseases has been extremely difficult. Many of these substances, such as the lymphokines, occur in the body in minute amounts and normally do not circulate in the blood. The development of new technologies for isolation and large scale synthesis, e.g. solid phase peptide synthesis, high-pressure liquid chromatography microsequencing and genetic engineering, has now permitted scientists to isolate, purify, and synthesize BRMs in sufficiently large quantities to allow human clinical trials. In this paper we will focus on the potential clinical applications of the thymosins and anti-thymosins.
Global Optimization in Microclusters

In this chapter, we introduce the reader to the fundamental developments of global optimization for the structure prediction of clusters. Section 14.1 presents an introduction to the research area of microclusters and provides some background information. Section 14.2 discusses the problem definition. Section 14.3 presents the novel difference of convex functions (DC) transformation which is based on eigenvalue analysis for a variety of potential energy models, and which results in explicit ways of defining the parameter a. Section 14.4 presents the mathematical model, along with its modifications, that satisfy the convergence conditions of the GOP algorithm. Section 14.5 discusses the detailed algorithmic procedure for determining the global minimum structure of microclusters. Section 14.6 presents computational results on small microclusters. Section 14.7 introduces a relaxation of the global optimization approach that allows for the computational studies of larger Lennard-Jones and Morse clusters. Finally, section 14.8 discusses the results with reference to magic numbers and interatomic spacing. The material presented in the chapter is based on the work of Maranas and Floudas (1992), (1993).
The Projection Scheme of Chorin

In some respect, Chorin’s scheme is the most basic projection method in use. It has been proposed at the end of the 1960’s, in order to decouple the calculation of the actual velocity field and the pressure function at each iteration step. This reduces the computational effort drastically and, additionally, introduces a stabilization of finite element pairs, that will be discussed in the following. The algorithm of Chorin is defined as follows, see [3]:
Thyroid Axis and Depressive Disorders

Interest has been directed to the relationship between depressive disorders and thyroid axis function for many years. In the past 20 years, numerous studies have examined various indices of thyroid axis function in patients with depressive disorders and effects of thyroid axis hormones on mood and behavior. A third line of interest has involved effects of various psychotropic drugs used in the treatment of affective disorders on thyroid axis function. The major focus of this chapter will be on studies examining the interaction between the thyroid axis and depression. However, we start with a brief overview of reasons for interest in a role of the thyroid axis in depression.
A technique for humeral prosthesis placement in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for fracture.

Recent trends have illustrated the benefits of treating displaced fractures of the proximal humerus with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Clinical results have demonstrated reliable restoration...
Just War Pacifism: Must it be a Contradiction in Terms?:

Efforts to resolve the tension within the Christian moral theological tradition between just war theory and pacifism have so far not produced any broadly accepted resolution. Key sticking points li...
Abstract WP417: Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Subsequent Stroke and Cardiovascular Events

Background: Growing evidence suggests that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and adverse cardiovascular outcomes; however, there are limited data that tre...
Oxidative stress of Cr(III) and carcinogenesis

Abstract Chromium has two naturally occurring valence states, trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)]. Cr(VI) is known carcinogen, while Cr(III) is considered generally safe at exposure concentrations. Cr(III) is nontoxic due to its poor absorption by mammalian cells due to its inability to cross the plasma membrane. Both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by producing hydroxyl radicals through a Haber–Weiss reaction. Cr(III) plays an important role in the Cr(VI) carcinogenic mechanism as Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) inside the cell. Cr(III) can then bind/interact with DNA and proteins and cause cellular dysfunctions. It is established that the ROS produced by Cr(VI) are key to its carcinogenic mechanism. In this chapter, we detail the ROS produced by chromium. We briefly discus the role of ROS and Cr(III) in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. Lastly, we focus on the potential toxicity of Cr(III) compounds and highlight two emerging areas in Cr(III) toxicity and carcinogenesis.
Tests of Achievement and Aptitude

The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) is a group of tests that are used to measure nine aptitudes. Twelve tests comprise the GATB, and its composition was determined by a series of factor analyses that were conducted on a larger number of tests. Unfortunately, the factor analyses were conducted on anywhere from 9 to 27 of the tests, and at no time were all of the tests that eventually made up the GATB used in the same factor analysis. To remediate this shortcoming, Watts and Everitt (1980) conducted a maximum-likelihood factor analysis on the correlation matrix as published in the GATB manual (U.S. Employment Service, 1970). Watts and Everitt failed to replicate the original factor structure, a result that is not surprising because the correlation matrix indicates that some tests correlate more highly with tests that are not in the same aptitude factor than with tests that are in the same aptitude factor. Hammond (1984) found that the GAB measured four higher order abilities rather than the nine factors specified in the manual. The GATB has become an extremely popular instrument in employment training and is reported to be used in 35 countries with 12 different language translations (Droege, 1984).
Use of otolith chemistry to assess recruitment and habitat use of a white bass fishery in a Nebraska reservoir

AbstractPerrion MA, Kaemingk MA, Koupal KD, Schoenebeck CW, Bickford NA. 2019. Use of otolith chemistry to assess recruitment and habitat use of a white bass fishery in a Nebraska reservoir. Lake R...
Prominent Influence of Socioeconomic and Governance Factors on the Food-Energy-Water Nexus in sub-Saharan Africa

This work was supported in part by funding from NSF-EAR 1416964. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by the National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the U.S. Government. All the data are from databases published online as cited in Tables S1 and S2. The compiled data set and code used in the CVSRA are available in the following GitHub repository (https://github.com/ding-k/Earth-s-Future-Supporting-Information-Code-and-Data.git).
Mass Spectrometric Evidence of Aldehyde Adduction in Beef and Pork Carboxymyoglobins

ObjectivesModified atmosphere packaging (MAP) containing carbon monoxide (CO) is employed to stabilize and improve color of fresh red meats. CO binds with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin (COMb), which provides consumer-desirable bright cherry-red color to fresh meats. Although lipid oxidation-induced discoloration in COMb has been documented, the molecular basis for interactions between lipid oxidation products (i.e., reactive aldehydes) and red meat COMb has not been investigated. Therefore, our objective was to characterize the adduction of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a model aldehyde, in beef COMb and pork COMb at typical meat storage condition.Materials and MethodsMyoglobin was purified from beef and pork cardiac muscle tissue. Deoxymyoglobin was prepared by sodium hydrosulfite-meditated reduction of myoglobin in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.6). COMb was prepared by bubbling deoxymyoglobin with a gas mixture containing 0.4% CO, 30% CO2, and 69.6% N2 for 40 min. Beef COMb (0.15 mM) and pork COMb (0.075 mM) were incubated with 1.0 mM HNE at pH 5.6 and 4°C (typical meat storage condition) for 8 d. Controls consisted of COMb plus an equivalent volume of ethanol used to deliver HNE. At the end of the storage, the samples were digested with trypsin, and the peptides were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for HNE adductsResultsLC-MS/MS spectra revealed that HNE adducted seven histidines (at positions 24, 48, 64, 88, 93, 119, and 152) in beef COMb, whereas only five histidines (at positions 24, 36, 48, 64, and 119) were adducted in pork COMb.ConclusionThese findings suggested that the molecular interactions between reactive lipid oxidation products and COMb are species-specific, and beef COMb is more susceptible to nucleophilic adduction by aldehydes than pork COMb. Additionally, the results indicated that lipid oxidation is more critical to color in fresh beef than in pork when retailing red meats in CO MAP.