cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential for Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Concrete

Anthropogenic releases of carbon dioxide are being studied with respect to the global carbon dioxide cycle. Concrete, the most used building material in the world, contributes to these releases significantly in the manufacturing of cement, both from energy use and from the calcination chemical process. The reverse process, carbonation, in which the hydrated cement reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcite, is being studied under many different circumstances for its potential to balance this release by sequestering carbon dioxide. This research focuses on other carbon dioxide sequestration species within concrete. It is hypothesized, and has been shown in some cases, that many other dissolved carbon dioxide complexes exist within the cement paste matrix, as they do in many aqueous-based systems and also that carbonate species other than calcite may exist. It is shown that carbon dioxide species, other than calcite, do exist in cement paste samples in amounts that are significant with respect to the stoichiometric potential for reversing the calcination process.
Genetic control of carcinogen metabolism leading to individual differences in cancer risk

Summary The Ah locus controls the induction of at least 20 monooxygenase «activities and associated cytochromes P 1 -450 and P-448 by 3-methylcholanthrene and numerous other polycyclic aromatic compounds. AHH induction is associated with P 1 -450 induction. One product of the regulatory Ah gene is believed to be a cytosolic receptor protein, which has a high affinity (apparent K d ≊ 1 nM) for polycyclic aromatic inducers and which appears to be defective (i.e. diminished affinity) in nonresponsive mice. Other induced macromolecules that appear to be under the same regulatory control include microsomal UDF glucuronosyltransferase, cytosolic reduced NAD(P): menadione oxidoreductase, and cytosolic ornithine decarboxylase. Regulation of responsiveness probably involves several alleles at more than one locus, but differences between C57BL/6 (responsive, Ah b ) and DBA/2 (nonresponsive, Ah d ) mice can be almost completely explained by the difference at the Ah locus. Heterozygotes ( Ah b / Ah d ) are responsive, but other genetic crosses between appropriate inbred mouse strains can result in the expression of additive inheritance or a situation in which the lack of responsiveness is dominant. Responsiveness occurs not only in liver but also in numerous nonhepatic tissues such as lung, kidney, bowel, skin, lymph nodes, bone marrow, retinal pigmented epithelium of the eye, brain, ovary, uterus, and mammary gland. Compared with Ah d / Ah d mice, Ah b / Ah b and Ah b / Ah d individuals have: a high inflammatory response to topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; a high susceptibility to MC- and BP-induced subcutaneous sarcomas and MC-induced lung tumors; an increased resistance to zoxazolamine-induced paralysis, lindane toxicity, and BP-induced bone marrow toxicity and leukemia; and an increased susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis and cataract formalion and to polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced birth defects, stillborns, resorptions, decreased birth weight, and ovarian primordial oocyte depletion. The Ah b allele is associated in vitro with a high mutational rate in Salmonella by metabolic activation of several chemical carcinogens and increases in numerous specific metabolites of chemical carcinogens bound to DNA nucleosides. There exists sufficient evidence that heritable variation of AHH inducibility occurs in man. Experimental difficulties in the day-to-day variability of the AHH assay with cultured lymphocytes or monocytes, however, make it impossible at this time to be certain of whether this induction process is controlled principally by a single gene. It therefore remains to be determined whether this genotype can ever be used as a biochemical marker for predicting increased susceptibility to certain types of environmentally caused cancers or toxicity in man.
Compressibility of Vitreous Silica

To explain the increase of compressibility of vitreous silica with pressure, it is assumed that there is a possibility of bending of the Si—O—Si lines in the structure. Calculations of network energies show that this is a reasonable assumption. Because of the randomness of the glass structure, it is not possible at this time to obtain more than a qualitative agreement between calculated and experimental values.
A case of unusual blunt peripheral artery injuries: The expanded use of CT and endovascular embolization.

A Case of Unusual Blunt Peripheral Artery Injuries: The Expanded Use of CT and Endovascular Embolization Ruby Skinner; The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care
DNA-DNA hybridization phylogeny of sand dollars and highly reproducible extent of hybridization values.

A DNA hybridization phylogeny of four sand dollars using a sea biscuit as an outgroup is presented. The study is unusual in that the normalized percent hybridization (NPH) values were all <50%, yet the same topology was obtained regardless of which distance metric was used, i.e., whether reciprocal distances were averaged or not, or whether or not a molecular clock was assumed. The tree also appears robust under jackknifing and bootstrapping. The extent of hybridization between homologous hybrids was measured with a five- to sevenfold higher precision than is typical, and by implication NPH was also measured with a higher than normal precision. The ability to measure highly reproducible NPH values offers the possibility of examining the phylogeny of more widely divergent species than typically studied using DNA hybridization techniques, using 1/NPH as a distance metric. The hypothesis of a molecular clock within the sand dollars was rejected, adding sand dollars to the growing list of groups where significant rate variation is known. A small fraction of the sand dollar genomes hybridized with the distantly related regular sea urchin Lytechinus. These slowly evolving sequences probably represent conserved exonic components of the genome.
Teacher characteristics as predictors of teacher–student relationships: Stress, negative affect, and self-efficacy

Students' misbehavior has been consistently linked to teachers' reports of stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not teacher stress, negative affect, and self-efficacy predict the quality of student–teacher relationships. Participants included 113 elementary (K-5th) teachers in a metropolitan area in the United States. A survey method was used to measure teacher perceptions in working with difficult students and their relationships with students. Negative teacher–student relationships were predicted by teacher stress. Significant correlations were found among negative affect, teacher stress and negative relationships. Implications for teacher support and continuing education issues are discussed.
Transformational teaching and the practices of black women adult educators

This chapter uses the classroom experiences of two black women professors as a lens to examine how transformational theory affects learning and teaching. It also explores the ways in which dimensions of power have an impact on student-teacher interactions.
HEAVY DRINKING AND THE RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURY

This study evaluated the association between the frequency of heavy drinking and the risk of occupational injury, using nationally representative data from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The sample consisted of 29,192 adults who were employed at some time during the year preceding the NHIS interview. Overall, 7.2% reported an on-the-job injury during the preceding year, but the rates were higher--about 13%--for those employed as skilled or unskilled laborers or who reported engaging in repeated strenuous physical activity at work. Slightly more than one-fourth of the employed adults reported at least one occasion of drinking five or more drinks during the preceding year. After adjusting for the effects of age, gender, education, occupation, and strenuous job activity, the odds of occupational injury increased with frequency of heavy drinking, with odds ratios varying from 1.08 (one occasion of heavy drinking) to 1.74 (daily heavy drinking). Odds ratios were decreased slightly by the inclusion of smoking as a control variable, indicating that some of the excess risk of injury among heavy drinkers may reflect their greater propensity to take health-related risks rather than direct effects of ethanol. The odds ratios also were slightly lower when the analysis was restricted to current drinkers, suggesting that the risk of work injury was increased by light or moderate as well as heavy drinking.
Diabetes Prevents Periodontitis-Induced Increases in Gingival Platelet Derived Growth Factor-B and Interleukin 1-Beta in a Rat Model

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a progression that is very much dependent on host response. The gingiva can be considered to be in a constant state of wounding (pathologic wounding by bacterial plaque) and a constant state of maintenance/repair. In this context, any metabolic disturbance in the host which compromises tissue repair/wound healing will exacerbate the progression of periodontitis. Diabetes presents an interesting example because two major complications of diabetes are delayed wound healing and periodontitis. Our previous studies indicate that delayed wound healing and periodontitis may be manifestations of a general systemic deficit in diabetes involving alteration of macrophage cytokine gene expression. The present study was designed to determine whether: 1) diabetes-induced metabolic alterations affect gingival cytokine levels; and 2) diabetes-induced metabolic alterations modify the gingival cytokine profile in periodontitis. Sprague-Dawley rats (N=12/group) were injected with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) into the tail vein to induce diabetes (defined by blood glucose levels > 250 mg/dl) or received the injection vehicle or no treatment as controls. Periodontitis was induced in additional groups of diabetic and control rats by gavage with Porphyromonas gingivalis A7436. After 90 days, serum glucose was analyzed to document diabetes; alveolar bone level was measured to document severity of periodontitis; gingiva was harvested circumferentially from the first and second molars; and cytokines in gingival homogenates were assayed by ELISA using commercial kits. Cytokine levels were expressed as mean+/-SEM pg/microg protein. Diabetes alone did not alter the gingival cytokine profile for platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Periodontitis alone demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in levels of PDGF-B and IL-1beta. Diabetes superimposed on periodontitis prevented these increases. Thus, diabetes-induced metabolic alterations do not affect gingival cytokine levels per se; however, they do alter the normal host response to periodontitis through blockage of periodontitis-induced increases in PDGF-B and IL-1beta.
Teratologic effects of ethylnitrosourea on brain development in rats.

Wistar rats were injected iv with ethlnitrosourea (ENU) between days 14 and 21 of gestation and the offspring killed 0, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, and 75 days after birth. The brains obtained from these animals, on macroscopic examination, revealed that ENU produced micrencephaly of variable degrees reflected predominantly in the reduced dimensions of the cerebrum and cerebellum, inversely proportional in severity to the gestational age at which ENU was administered. The degrees of micrencephaly were first evident in 15-day-old animals and persisted throughout adulthood.
SAW multi-sensor system with temperature and range

This paper explores the effect of time overlapping multiple Bragg reflectors on the waveform of a coded, passive SAW sensor. Typical SAW sensors utilize serial reflectors, or chips, with a constant waveform shape; however, by using a multi-track SAW configuration the overlap of chips can be optimized for a desired waveform independent of bandwidth. Theoretical results for common signal envelopes are discussed and fabricated results on YZ-LiNbO3 are presented. By properly designing the chip overlap an arbitrary envelope and weight can be achieved. These techniques are used to design a new type of orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) SAW sensor. The updated coding technique decreases device response length while preserving code diversity and bandwidth as compared to a traditional, serial OFC layout. Results of these devices in a multi-sensor system show the ability to simultaneously track temperature and range, with 4 concurrent devices tracked at distances between 5-14 meters. Single sensor operation at a range of 14 meters is highlighted with a range determination accuracy of 0.25 meters (at +/3°C).
Anomalous relaxations of (0001) and (1010) surfaces in hcp metals

Abstract We have used local-volume potentials (LVP) to study the (0001) and (10 1 0) surfaces of 13 hcp metals. The calculated structures and energies of (0001) and (1010) surfaces show some agreement with experiment, particularly as to the sign of the relaxation. All the metals show deep changes in interlayer spacings. On (0001) surfaces Co, Gd, Hf, Mg, Re, Ru, Ti and Tl show first layer-spacing contraction while Be, Dy, Er, Sc and Zr show anomalous first layer-spacing expansion. Similarly, on (10 1 0) surfaces Co, Dy, Gd, Mg, Re, Ru, Ti and Tl show first layer-spacing contraction while Be, Er, Hf, Sc and Zr show anomalous first layer-spacing expansions. The prediction of first layer-spacing expansion of the Be(0001) surface agrees with a recent low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) experiment. The results on hcp (0001) surfaces contrast with relaxation on fcc (111) surfaces, also reported here, where the model always give contractions.
Holographic Low Concentration Ratio Solar Concentrators

A model for holographic low concentration ratio concentrators for solar energy applications is presented and experimentally verified. The method is applied to two-dimensional holographic planar concentrators. Projected system energy yield is also evaluated.
Robustness of absolute stability

The stability of a class of single-input, single-output singularly perturbed systems formed by a linear time-invariant feedforward block with a sector bounded time varying feedback is considered. It is shown that if the reduced order ‘ slow ’ subsystem is absolutely stable and the parasitics are asymptotically stable and sufficiently fast then the full system is absolutely stable. Bounds on the singular perturbation parameter for uniform asymptotic stability and absolute stability are obtained.
What do I do now

William Nelson, Paul Hofmann, and Robert L Schwartz comment on another common ethical dilemma
Response of strongly interacting matter to a magnetic field: Some exact results

We derive some exact results concerning the response of strongly interacting matter to external magnetic fields. Our results come from consideration of triangle anomalies in medium. First, we define an ``axial magnetic susceptibility,'' then we examine its behavior in two-flavor QCD via response theory. In the chirally restored phase, this quantity is proportional to the fermion chemical potential, while in the phase of broken chiral symmetry it can be related, through triangle anomalies, to an in-medium amplitude for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$. We confirm the latter result by calculation in a linear sigma model, where this amplitude is already known in the literature.
Chromo-electric dipole moment of light quarks through a two-loop mechanism

Abstract We show that the leading contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment may arise from the chromo-electric dipole moment of the light quarks via a two-loop mechanism of Barr and Zee.
Characterization of the chirality of the monohydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids produced by rat basophilic leukemia cells

Abstract Incubation of rat basophilic leukemia cells with exogenous arachidonic acid and permeabilizing concentrations of ethanol resulted in the production of 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. With chiral phase high performance liquid chromatography, it was demonstrated that the 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid had strict (S) stereospecificity while contrary to expectation, the 12- and the 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids were non-racemic mixtures of the stereoisomers with the S R ratios averaging 8.6 and 2.2, respectively. If the strict (S) stereospecificity of mammalian lipoxygenases holds true, these results suggest that the 15- and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids may be derived from non-lipoxygenase sources. Examination of the chirality of the oxygenase products of unsaturated fatty acids may be of value in defining the enzymes which are activated in vivo in pathological states.
Endocrine Profile in a Patient with Familial Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study

Urinary and blood hormonal profiles were studied throughout a monthly cycle in a patient with familial breast cancer. Two comparison cohorts (one high-risk and one low-risk) were studied concurrently. Findings disclosed that our breast cancer-affected patient showed a distinctive hormonal pattern characterized by significant elevation throughout the cycle of plasma estrone, estradiol, and prolactin. Save for a depression in plasma FSH in the early follicular phase, this hormone, as wells as LH and progesterone patterns in our patient, were similar to the comparison cohorts. Urinary estrone and estradiol patterns in our patient were elevated early in the follicular phase. Our patient also showed a depression in urinary estrone, estradiol, and estriol following ovulation, which persisted throughout the luteal phase. Blood and urinary hormone patterns in the high-risk cohort were not demonstrably different from the low-risk cohort, with the exception of plasma prolactin. The results on the latter hormone showed an unexpected significant depression throughout most of the menstrual cycle in this low-risk cohort. We conclude that estrone and estradiol elevations, as clearly evidenced in our breast cancer-affected patient, may provide clues that ultimately might be used as an etiologic discriminant for breast cancer risk and which may also play a pathogenic role in this disease. Since this involved a single patient, our conclusions must be interpreted cautiously.
Kallistatin is a new inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth

Kallistatin is a unique serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) and a heparin-binding protein. It has been localized in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of human blood vessels, suggesting that kallistatin may be involved in the regulation of vascular function. Our previous study showed that kallistatin plays a role in neointima hyperplasia. In this study, we investigated the potential role of kallistatin in angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Purified human kallistatin significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced proliferation, migration, and adhesion of cultured endothelial cells. Kallistatin attenuated VEGF- or bFGF-induced capillary density and hemoglobin content in subcutaneously implanted Matrigel plugs in mice. To further investigate the role of kallistatin in angiogenesis, we prepared adenovirus carrying the human kallistatin cDNA (Ad.HKBP) and evaluated the effect of kallistatin gene delivery on spontaneous angiogenesis in a rat model of hind-limb ischemia. Local kallistatin gene delivery significantly reduced capillary formation and regional blood perfusion recovery in the ischemic hind limb after removal of the femoral artery. Furthermore, a single intratumoral injection of Ad.HKBP into pre-established human breast tumor xenografts grown in athymic mice resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth. CD31 immunostaining of tumor sections showed a decreased number of blood vessels in the kallistatin-treated group as compared to the control. These results demonstrate a novel role of kallistatin in the inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth.
In Vivo Microscopy of the Mouse Brain Using Multiphoton Laser Scanning Techniques

The use of multiphoton microscopy for imaging mouse brain in vivo offers several advantages and poses several challenges. This tutorial begins by briefly comparing multiphoton microscopy with other imaging modalities used to visualize the brain and its activity. Next, an overview of the techniques for introducing fluorescence into whole animals to generate contrast for in vivo microscopy using two-photon excitation is presented. Two different schemes of surgically preparing mice for brain imaging with multiphoton microscopy are reviewed. Then, several issues and problems with in vivo microscopy - including motion artifact, respiratory and cardiac rhythms, maintenance of animal health, anesthesia, and the use of fiducial markers - are discussed. Finally, examples of how these techniques have been applied to visualize the cerebral vasculature and its response to hypercapnic stimulation are provided.
On the equality of grammatical families

Abstract A decision procedure involving the testing for containment is presented for determining whether two grammatical families (families generated by context-free grammar forms) are equal. It is also shown that every nontrivial grammatical family which is a proper subset of the family of context-free languages can be constructed in a unique canonical way from the family of regular sets by certain operations. Thus, two such grammatical families are equal iff their canonical representations are identical.
Cryogenic Preservation of Sperm from Striped Bass

Abstract Spermatozoa of striped bass Morone saxatilis were successfully cryopreserved, retaining fertilizing capacity for up to 2 years. Spermatozoa in 14 extenders, in combination with three concentrations of four cryoprotectants at various sperm : medium ratios, were frozen at different rates and tested. Best results were obtained with extender “OH-189” (7.30 g NaCl, 0.38 g KCl, 0.23 g CaCl2˙2H2O, 5.00 g NaHCO3, 0.41 g NaH2PO4˙H2O, 0.23 g MgSO4˙7H2O, 5.00 g fructose, 7.50 g lecithin, and 5.00 g mannitol in 968.95 g distilled H2O) combined with 5.0% dimethylsulfoxide and mixed in a 1:4 sperm : medium volume ratio. The highest fertilization percentage obtained with cryopreserved semen was 87.7. No fertilization was obtained when glycerol, ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol were the cryoprotectants. Mean freezing rates faster than 5 C/minute were more effective than slower rates.
Zeatin biosynthesis from N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine in Actinidia and other woody plants

Tissue cultures of Actinidia kolomikta can be maintained as callus through repeated passages on a nutrient medium devoid of cytokinin but containing inorganic nutrients, sucrose, and other basal organics plus auxin. Under these conditions, actively growing callus contained 2 and 0.5 nmol of the cytokinins zeatin [io6Ade; 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino)purine] and N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine (i6Ade), respectively, per gram (fresh weight). When tissues were transferred from cytokininless medium to 30 μM i6Ade, endogenous io6Ade increased linearly to 160 nmol/g (fresh weight) during 8 hr, and i6Ade increased to 5 nmol/g (fresh weight) in 2 hr and then declined. The apparent Km for i6Ade in A. kolomikta and Actinidia chinensis × Actinidia arguta callus and in tissue slices of A. arguta stems was 12 μM. In addition, the reaction(s) converting i6Ade to io6Ade was O2-requiring and specific for i6Ade versus N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine (i6A). When A. kolomikta callus was fed 30 μM i6A, io6Ade increased and reached a concentration corresponding to 6 nmol/g (fresh weight) in 8 hr. Ribosylzeatin (io6A) did not increase. Under N2 during i6A feeds, i6A accumulated rather than being metabolized to i6Ade, suggesting that i6A normally may be metabolized via i6AMP and i6Ade to io6Ade. A survey of 30 species of woody plants in 20 families of dicotyledonous angiosperms indicated that the ability to accumulate io6Ade (≥10 nmol/g) in 24-hr feeds with 30 μM i6Ade was restricted to certain systematic groups—e.g., order Ericales, families Oleaceae and Rubiaceae. This suggests that plants may differ in their pathways for io6Ade biosynthesis and that cytokinin biochemistry has potential as a taxonomic character above the species and genus levels.
Effect of pylorotomy on inhibition of gastric secretion by intestinal acidification

The effects of pylorotomy on inhibition of histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion by intestinal acidification were studied in 6 dogs. Each animal was prepared with a gastric fistula and a duodenal catheter. The gastric secretory response to single subcutaneous injections of either histamine (0.1 mg/kg) or pentagastrin (6 μg/kg) was measured. Intestinal acidification by infusion of 0.1 N HCl inhibited histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated secretion. After pylorotomy, duodenal acidification failed to inhibit histamine-stimulated secretions but still inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated secretion.
Feedback mechanism in self-oscillations excited by the ion-ion instability

The self-excitation of the slow beam mode has been studied in an experiment performed with a double-plasma device having multidipole confinement. The oscillations observed are nearly monochromatic. The feedback mechanism which produces the frequency selection is probably provided by the backward acoustic mode, rather than the instantaneous mechanism proposed by Fujita el al. (1977).
Efficient disjunctive unification for bottom-up parsing

This paper describes two novel techniques which, when applied together, in practice significantly reduce the time required for unifying disjunctive feature structures. The first is a safe but fast method for discarding irrelevant disjunctions from newly-created structures. The second reduces the time required to check the consistency of a structure from exponential to polynomial in the number of disjunctions, except in cases that, it will be argued, should be very unusual in practical systems. The techniques are implemented in an experimental Japanese analyser that uses a large, existing disjunctive Japanese grammar and lexicon. Observations of the time behaviour of this analyser suggest that a significant speed gain is achieved.
A poly-region boundary element method for two-dimensional Boussinesq flows

Abstract A sparse boundary element method (BEM) for steady non-uniformly heated viscous fluid flow is presented. The new boundary integral formulation with a poly-region approach involves the use of region-based convective velocity along with free-space fundamental solutions with slight compressibility in order to eliminate pressure from the governing equations. The boundary element formulation developed previously by the authors for incompressible isothermal viscous fluid flows is extended for non-isothermal flows governed by Boussinesq equations. The new BEM is then applied to the problem of natural convection in a square enclosure, to the classical Rayleigh–Benard problem and to a stratified flow over a backward-facing step. In all three cases, the boundary element results are in good agreement with published finite difference and finite element solutions. However, in some instances, the boundary element solutions are more accurate, particularly in terms of resolving surface tractions and heat flux. Consequently, results are presented in detail to provide data for future comparison.
METHYLATED PURINE BASES IN HEPATIC AND COLONIC RNA OF RATS TREATED WITH 1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

Administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to rats produces colon cancer. The mechanism by which this agent induces colon cancer is unclear. This investigation was conducted to assess the effect of DMH on the hepatic RNA and the colonic RNA of rats. DMH (300 mg/kg body wt) was administered to rats by ip injections. After 24 h, the hepatic RNA and the colonic RNA were isolated and their component purine bases were analyzed by HPLC. DMH treatment resulted in the formation of 1-methyladenine, 1-methylguanine, N2-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine, and 7-methylguanine in RNA. These methylated products may play a role in cellular injury produced by DMH.
Fever in young children with sickle cell disease

Bacterial septicemia and meningitis are major causes of death in young children with sickle cell anemia. We report a prospective study of 182 episodes of fever among 22 children with sickle cell diseases identified at birth. The majority of patients with fever exceeding 39.5°C were treated with antibiotics intravenously until results of blood cultures were known. Infectious diseases were documented in 38% of all febrile events. Six episodes of bacterial septicemia, two associated with meningitis, were successfully treated with no mortality or residual morbidity. These data form the basis of suggestions for management of the young child with sickle cell disease and fever.
Spiral CT colonography: reader agreement and diagnostic performance with two- and three-dimensional image-display techniques.

PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic performance and reader agreement with two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) display techniques for detecting colorectal polyps with spiral computed tomographic (CT) colonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A test set of 30 colonic segments was developed from spiral CT colonographic studies (12 with polyps and 18 without). The 12 segments with polyps contained 22 lesions (11 polyps <10 mm, 11 polyps or cancers ≥10 mm), with all findings verified with colonoscopy. Three specific 2D and 3D image-display techniques were tested. Three experienced abdominal radiologists independently analyzed each test case and were retested 6 weeks later. RESULTS: The results of readings 1 and 2 were similar for all image-display techniques among the readers. Pooled segment results were sensitivity of 89%–92% and specificity of 72%–83%. Pooled polyp size results for sensitivity and positive predictive value were 77%–86% and 74%–86% (all polyps, n = 22), 91%–100% and 85%–100% (polyps or c...
Percutaneous vertebroplasty: A to Z.

Abstract Percutaneous vertebroplasty has been performed in the United States since 1995, and widespread application of the procedure for osteoporotic and neoplastic compression fractures or vertebral infiltration has demonstrated remarkable efficacy with rare complications. Appropriate patient selection criteria and a thorough understanding of safe technique is essential for clinical success; imaging studies must be combined with careful physical examination to direct treatment to the appropriate level in patients with multiple compression deformities. Preoperative consultation with the patient and their family provides an opportunity to clarify the patient's treatment expectations and helps to anticipate and obviate potential obstacles to treatment. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
The impact of self-awareness and depression on subjective reports of memory, quality-of-life and satisfaction with life following TBI.

AbstractObjective: To determine the relationship between self-awareness and depressive symptomatology with self-reports of memory, Quality-of-Life (QoL) and satisfaction with life in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 30 community dwelling adults, who sustained a TBI at least 1 year prior to study enrolment. Participants completed questionnaires to assess the constructs of depression, self-awareness, QoL, satisfaction with life and memory.Results: Symptoms of depression were significantly associated with self-reports of poor memory abilities, lower QoL and lower satisfaction with life. Additionally, higher levels of self-awareness were associated with lower ratings of QoL and reduced memory abilities and better strategy use regarding memory. However, when examining the contribution of each construct individually, depressive symptomatology, and not self-awareness, was significantly associated with subjective self-reports of memory, QoL and satisfaction with lif...
Cell motility: Turning failure into function

In their search for more favourable environments bacteria choose new directions to explore, usually at random. In a marine bacterium with a single polar flagellum it is now shown that this quest is enhanced by a buckling instability.
Measuring the spatial arrangement of urban vegetation and its impacts on seasonal surface temperatures

Urban forestry is an important component of the urban ecosystem that can effectively ameliorate temperatures by providing shade and through evapotranspiration. While it is well known that vegetation abundance is negatively correlated to land surface temperature, the impacts of the spatial arrangement (e.g. clustered or dispersed) of vegetation cover on the urban thermal environment requires further investigation. In this study, we coupled remote sensing techniques with spatial statistics to quantify the configuration of vegetation cover and its variable influences on seasonal surface temperatures in central Phoenix. The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine spatial arrangement of green vegetation cover using continuous spatial autocorrelation indices combined with high-resolution remotely-sensed data; (2) examine the role of grass and trees, especially their spatial patterns on seasonal and diurnal land surface temperatures by controlling the effects of vegetation abundance; (3) investigate the s...
The solubility of quartz glass in water

The solubility of fused quartz in water has been determined at the 300-atmosphere isobar for the temperature-range 200°C to 420°C. Some previous investigations of the solubility of silica in water have erred, it is believed, through a failure to distinguish true solubility from colloidal dispersion, combining in unknown proportions true solubility and colloidal, dispersion. In the present determinations, solubility was measured by exposing a weighed charge of silica-glass to the solvent action of a known amount of water at a given temperature and pressure. At the end of the run the charge was again weighed and solubility determined by weight-difference. This general method of measuring solubility would seem applicable to any substance which shows little or no tendency to redeposit back upon the original charge by recrystallization from solution under the conditions of cooling.
Structure of BaBiO3−δ at high temperature

Abstract Using in situ neutron powder diffraction, we have studied the structures of BaBiO3−δ at high-temperature. Above 520°C, fully oxygenated BaBiO3 has a double cubic perovskite structure (space group Fm3m; a =8.8 A ) exhibiting a commensurate charge density wave (CDW). Depleting oxygen destroys this commensurate CDW, giving rise to a primitive cubic perovskite structure with one Bi site (space group Pm3m; a =4.4 A ). Further reduction in oxygen content leads to a pseudo-tetragonal phase with δ≈0.5. We propose that oxygen deficient BaBiO3−δ in the primitive cubic phase could be metallic as a result of losing the commensurate CDW.
Second Thoughts from the Second World: Interpreting Aid in Post- Communist Eastern Europe

While some aspects of the socialist past made aid essential to political and economic transition in eastern Europe after 1989, other socialist legacies seemed to undermine aid programs. As a result, aid ended up actually reproducing characteristics of socialist practice that it was intended to redress. This article accounts for such an outcome by outlining the special problems of aid in the post-communist context. It then draws on case studies of aid in Bulgaria and Russia to illustrate these suggestions. Attention to the east European case also suggests broader lessons for aid providers, notably the need to pay greater attention to local interpretations of the idiom of aid in the post-Cold War era, when competing spheres of influence no longer motivate aid efforts.
A Nonstandard Approach to Standard English

Recent attempts to establish English-only public policy and legislation reflect declining support for sociolinguistic diversity in the United States. This trend has important consequences in education, not only for speakers of languages other than English, but also for speakers of minority varieties of English. In this article, assimilationist ideology is rejected as a way of legitimizing the educational experience of language minority groups. Instead, a pluralist position is adopted, one that views the teaching of standard English as a second dialect (SESD) as “additive bidialectalism” rather than remediation. The terms dialect, creole, and standard are discussed with reference to the harmful effects of linguistic prescriptivism. Research in two areas is then reviewed: (a) studies examining differences in varieties and their influence on communication and (b) sociolinguistic work on classroom participation structures involving language minority students. It is concluded that differences in varieties are not trivial and that culturally appropriate modifications to classroom discourse patterns, such as those implemented in a program for Hawaii Creole English-speaking children, are useful models for other SESD settings.
Design parameters for temperature-programmed desorption from a packed bed

A model for temperature-programmed desorption from a packed bed of spherical particles is presented. It is shown that the conclusions and criteria derived in an earlier paper for a slab in a CSTR apply to this experimental configuration as well when the parameters are properly defined (R. J. Gorte, J. Catal. 75, 164, 1982). Dimensionless groups of easily measured catalyst parameters are presented which enable the experimenter to determine when complications due to readsorption, concentration gradients in the particles, lag times due to diffusion and hold-up in the sample cell, and gradients along the length of the catalyst bed are important. It is shown that the activation energy of the desorption process may not be the heat of adsorption when diffusion in the particles is activated, such as is the case with zeolites. Another important result is that concentration gradients along the length of the bed will be difficult to eliminate without using flow rates high enough to cause gradients in the particles. Conditions for minimizing difficulties and for determining the proper interpretation are given.
Graphical enumeration of conformations of chains

A pictorial scheme with an equivalent numerical interpretation for the enumeration of conformations of long chains is outlined. It exploits a 1:1 correspondence between specially constructed molecular graphs uniquely characterizing a conformation and combinatorial objects involving three symbols. Not all combinations of symbols are permitted; nevertheless they may be viewed as numbers in a ternary system, which permits their simple ordering and subsequently the assignment of an ordinal number to each acceptable conformation. An algorithm for the enumeration of conformations in a long chain can hence be based on the construction of ternary numbers having (n-2) digits, which are subject to some constraints, as indicated in the text.
Fast tracking: infants learn rapidly about object trajectories

Research on early object concept formation has the potential to provide a unique contribution to the debate between constructivism and nativism but has, thus far, generated only controversy. New research by Kochukhova and Gredeback that examined infants' predictions of the reappearance of an occluded object offers new insight into not only when but how such concepts are acquired.
Polyamines are required for microtubule formation during gastric mucosal healing

Polyamines are essential for the repair of gastric and duodenal erosions. Concentrated NaCl (3.4 M) given intragastrically damages the oxyntic gland mucosa and increases the activity of gastric muc...
System-assisted analog mixed-signal design

In this paper, we propose a system-assisted analog mixed-signal (SAMS) design paradigm whereby the mixed-signal components of a system are designed in an application-aware manner in order to minimize power and enhance robustness in nanoscale process technologies. In a SAMS-based communication link, the digital and analog blocks from the output of the information source at the transmitter to the input of the decision device in the receiver are treated as part of the composite channel. This comprehensive systems-level view enables us to compensate for impairments of not just the physical communication channel but also the intervening circuit blocks, most notably the analog/mixed-signal blocks. This is in stark contrast to what is done today, which is to treat the analog components in the transmitter and the analog front-end at the receiver as transparent waveform preservers. The benefits of the proposed system-aware mixed-signal design approach are illustrated in the context of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for high-speed links. CAD challenges that arise in designing system-assisted mixed-signal circuits are also described.
RESOURCES FROM ANOTHER PLACE AND TIME : RESPONSES TO PULSES IN A SPATIALLY SUBSIDIZED SYSTEM

As the theoretical bases for the dynamics of spatially subsidized communities emerge, ecologists question whether spatially subsidized communities exhibit similar structure or dynamics to communities that receive strongly pulsed resources. In both cases, communities may be structured by responses to resources that are potentially absent at any given point in time (pulsed communities) or space (subsidized communities), even if pulsed resources are part of the in situ productivity of the system or the subsidies arrive as a relatively constant input from a nearby system. The potential for significant spatial or temporal resource limitation, therefore, may be a key factor influencing in similar ways the persistence of populations, the structure and dynamics of communities, and the evolution of specific life history traits. In most complex systems, however, multiple resources may arrive for various trophic entities at various points in time and from various points in space, and thus it may be difficult to separate or compare the dynamics of spatially subsidized and pulsed systems. In this paper, we explore the effects of interactions between pulses and subsidies in plant and animal populations and communities on highly pulsed and variably subsidized islands in the Gulf of California. While many of the plant and animal communities on the unsubsidized islands in this system respond to pulses of rain in classic ways, responses to these rain pulses on islands subsidized by seabird guano or other marine resources are quite different and variable, and depend on a combination of life history characteristics, physiology, competitive interactions, and trophic relationships. These variable responses to rain pulses then translate into large differences in dynamics and community structure of subsidized vs. unsubsidized islands. Indeed, most systems experience both temporal pulses and spatial subsidies. When considered in tandem, complementary or synergistic effects of the multiple, temporally and spatially variable resources may emerge that help explain complex food web structure and dynamics.
Real world SOC experience for the classroom

System-on-chip design is an important new trend in the design of complex integrated circuits. The integration of a microprocessor, memory and peripherals onto a single die opens new possibilities, but also presents new design challenges. Teaching system-on-chip design techniques to students requires not only CAD software but also design libraries and HDL code blocks. This paper presents a reference system-on-chip design as well as a set of training materials. The design is a dual-processor SOC with several peripheral blocks. It is based on a generic 180 nm process design kit and cell library. All materials are available at no charge to students and universities.
All proxy scheme for event source anonymity in wireless sensor networks

Event source anonymity is potentially an important aspect of secure wireless sensor networks (WSN). The existing schemes developed for wired networks do not work in WSNs due to the characteristics of radio transmission and limited resources. A recent article proposed several solutions for the strong global adversary model [1]. The protocols depend on dummy messages and special proxy nodes that filter out unnecessary messages. We present an improved scheme - the All Proxy Scheme - that improves the efficiency by performing message filtering at every sensor node. Our simulations show that APS improves real message delivery ratio and decreases message overhead while maintaining the same security guarantees as PFS and TFS described in [1].
High-speed large-area inverted InGaAs thin-film metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors

Inverted metal-semiconductor-metal (I-MSM) photodetectors, which are thin-film MSMs with the growth substrate removed and fingers on the bottom of the device (to eliminate finger shadowing to enhance responsivity), are reported herein for high-speed high-efficiency large-area photodetectors. Reported herein are the highest speed vertically addressed large-area (40-/spl mu/m diameter) photodetectors reported to date, which operate with a responsivity of 0.16 A/W and a full-width half-maximum of less than 5 ps. Materials, fabrication processes, heterogeneous integration, and characterization of I-MSM photodetectors are presented in this paper, as measured using a fiber-based electrooptic sampling system. These large-area photodetectors are ideal for vertically addressed high-speed optical links which need alignment-tolerant packaging for cost sensitive applications.
Efalizumab for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis

OBJECTIVE:To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of efalizumab for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2005%) using the key words hu1124, anti-CD11a, efalizumab, Raptiva, Xanelim, and psoriasis was conducted. References of identified articles were reviewed for additional citations.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Clinical trials evaluating the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of efalizumab for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults were included in our review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Efalizumab's ability to inhibit the binding of CD11a, a subunit of leukocyte function–associated antigen type 1, to intracellular adhesion molecule 1 results in decreased T-cell activation and migration, 2 key steps in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Results of clinical trials have demonstrated that efalizumab administered subcutaneously is a safe and effective treatment for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Efalizumab was well tolerated...