cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
M13 bacteriophage production for large-scale applications

Bacteriophage materials have the potential to revolutionize medicine, energy production and storage, agriculture, solar cells, optics and many other fields. To fulfill these needs, this study examined critical process parameters during phage propagation to increase phage production capability. A representative scale-down system was created in tube spin reactors to allow parallel experimentation with single- and multi-variable analysis. Temperature, harvest time, media composition, feed regime, bacteriophage, and bacteria concentration were analyzed in the scale-down system. Temperature, media composition, and feeding regimens were found to affect phage production more than other factors. Temperature affected bacterial growth and phage production inversely. Multi-variate analysis identified an optimal parameter space which provided a significant improvement over the base line method. This method should be useful in scaled production of bacteriophage for biotechnology.
A quantitative study of vacancy defects in quenched platinum by field ion microscopy and electrical resistivity—I. Experimental results

Abstract Platinum wires were quenched from 1700°C and the 4.2°K resistivity of the quenched-in vacancy defects was measured. Field ion microscope (FIM) specimens were then prepared from these same wires and the vacancy defects were imaged in a FIM as each specimen was dissected by pulse field evaporation. The image was recorded on cine film after each pulse and every atomic site in a large number of consecutive layers was recorded, A total of 157 monovacancies and 9 divacancies were found in 593,800 sites in 3 as-quenched specimens and 76 monovacancies and 1 divacancy were found in 321,300 sites in 5 specimens which were partially annealed after quenching. To correct for the presence of surface artifact vacancy defects, 319,600 sites were scanned in well-annealed specimens under identical conditions and only 11 artifact monovacancies were found. These observations constitute direct evidence that the predominant equilibrium defect at elevated temperatures is the monovacancy. The value of the monovacancy concentration quenched-in from 1700°C is (2.64 ± 0.14) · 10−4 at.fr. which is less than the equilibrium value because of quenching losses. The combination of the measured concentrations and resistivity increments yielded a monovacancy resistivity of (5.75 ± 0.30) · 10 −4 Ωcm (at.fr.) −1 . An observed perferential loss of divacancies from the 5 partially annealed specimens provided direct evidence that the divacancy is more mobile than the monovacancy. The measured ratio of the divacancy concentration to the monovacancy concentration in the as-quenched specimens was (0.06 ± 0.02). The relationship of this value to the divacancy binding free energy is analyzed in Part II.
Mitotic delay following x-radiation in the meristem cells of Pisum sativum*

Abstract A decrease in the number of dividing cells in the root meristem of Pisum sativum was observed following X-ray exposures of 100, 200, and 400 r. Using the technique of labeling cells with tritiated thymidine, it was found that radiation-induced blockage of cells passing from the S to G 2 interphase period was responsible for mitotic delay. The duration of effect was dose dependent, but the initial drop in the number of dividing cells was independent of dose. When tritiated thymidine was administered immediately following exposure, the percentage of labeled interphase cells was reduced below that of the control. However, when the label was administered 2 hr after exposure to X-rays, no difference between controls and irradiated meristems was observed. It was concluded that mitotic delay resulted from radiation-induced changes in the cells that were not exclusively involved in DNA synthesis but rather with the transition between the S and G 2 conditions.
The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice

Established models of T-helper-2-cell dominance in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major -- involving the early production of interleukin-4 by a small subset of Leishmania-specific CD4+ T cells -- have been refined by accumulating evidence that this response is not sufficient and, under some circumstances, not required to promote susceptibility. In addition, more recent studies in L. major-resistant mice have revealed complexities in the mechanisms responsible for acquired immunity, which necessitate the redesign of vaccines against Leishmania and other pathogens that require sustained cell-mediated immune responses.
Some aspects of atmospheric chemical reactions of atomic oxygen

Some features of atmospheric atomic oxygen chemistry that have received little attention, that need to be re-evaluated in the light of recent data, that have been studied in the author's laboratory, or that encompass some combination of these three are discussed. Newly-calculated values for the concentrations of excited atomic oxygen below 100 km are so low that it is unlikely that its reactions contribute appreciably to the concentration of any atmospheric component in that region with the possible exception of excited molecular oxygen. Reactions of ground state atomic oxygen may constitute a sink for methane and a source of sulfate in this atmospheric region. Many chemionization reactions probably occur in the atmosphere, and three possible types are considered in detail. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00223.x
Presence of serotonin in the venom of Conus imperialis

The bioactive components in the venoms of cone snails are largely small peptides which target to a diverse set of ion channels and neuronal receptors. We report here the presence of substantial levels of serotonin in the venom of the imperial cone snail, Conus imperialis. This venom also contains many small bioactive peptides. The identification of serotonin has been confirmed by mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC mobility and UV spectroscopy. Although serotonin has been reported in arthropod venoms, it was previously reported to be absent in Conus venoms. We examined a total of fourteen different Conus species, and found detectable serotonin only in the venom of C. imperialis. Conus imperialis specializes in feeding upon the amphinomid polychaete Eurythoe complanata. We speculate that serotonin may play a role in the capture of this prey.
A meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of telecourses in distance education

Abstract This study used meta‐analytic procedures to examine experimental research literature about the use of telecourses in adult and higher education. Weighted effect size analysis procedures were used. The study included experiments that used video and either one‐way or two‐way audio. The purpose of this study was to review evidence concerning the effectiveness of telecourses. The instructional features that impacted learner achievement were type of interaction during the broadcast, type of course, and type of remote site. Two‐way interaction was found to be the best method of interaction between learners and the instructor. Most of the studies failed to provide information about their learner attrition rate, thereby casting a shadow on the results.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin Reduces Tau Pathology and Preserves Neuroplastic Gene Expression in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer`s Disease

Despite recent negative results of the Gammaglobulin Alzheimer's Partnership (GAP) trial, the good tolerability to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and its potential benefit for patient subpopulations have highlighted the importance of understanding IVIG’s mechanism of action. IVIG contains antibodies to amyloid suggesting an amyloid clearance mechanism. However, the suboptimal results of the amyloid immunotherapy trials suggest an additional mechanism. Therefore, we tested whether IVIG alters the expression of tau neurofibrillary tangle (NFT)-like deposits within hippocampal CA1 neurons of the 3xTg mouse model of AD. Three-month-old mice were treated intravenously with IVIG (10%, 400 mg/kg) or placebo (10% BSA/saline) every two weeks for either three or six months. At sacrifice, plasma was isolated for gene expression profiling and brains were processed for immunohistochemistry using the AT-180 antibody, which recognizes hyperphosphorylated tau in NFTs. Stereologic analysis of CA1 neurons following three months of treatment revealed no difference in AT-180+ neuron number but a significant 15-20% decrease in AT-180 intraneuronal optical density with IVIG compared to placebo. By contrast, the number of AT-180+ CA1 neurons was reduced by 25- 30% following six months of IVIG treatment compared to placebo. Expression profiling studies showed that IVIG treatment resulted in a significant 40-50% increase in plasma levels of genes regulating neuronal cytoskeletal plasticity function and calcium-mediated signaling compared to placebo. Moreover, several transcripts encoding protein phosphatase subunits were 40-50% higher in IVIG-treated mice. Hence, IVIG reduces hippocampal NFT pathology in the 3xTg mouse through a mechanism that may involve preservation of neuronal plasticity and tau phosphorylation homeostasis.
The R273H p53 mutation can facilitate the androgen-independent growth of LNCaP by a mechanism that involves H2 relaxin and its cognate receptor LGR7

Mutations in p53 occur at a rate of approximately 70% in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (CaP), suggesting that p53 mutations facilitate the progression of CaP to androgen-independent (AI) growth. We have previously reported that transfection of p53 gain of function mutant alleles into LNCaP, an androgen-sensitive cell line, allows for AI growth of LNCaP in vitro. We herein confirm the in vivo relevance of those findings by demonstrating that the R273H p53 mutation (p53(R273H)) facilitates AI growth in castrated nude mice. In addition, we demonstrate that H2 relaxin is responsible for facilitating p53(R273H)-mediated AI CaP. H2 relaxin is overexpressed in the LNCaP-R273H subline. Downregulation of H2 relaxin expression results in significant inhibition of AI growth, whereas addition of recombinant human H2 relaxin to parental LNCaP promotes AI growth. Inhibition of AI growth was also achieved by blocking expression of LGR7, the cognate receptor of H2 relaxin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was used to demonstrate that p53(R273H) binds directly to the relaxin promoter, further confirming a role for H2 relaxin signaling in p53(R273H)-mediated AI CaP. Lastly, we used a reporter gene assay to demonstrate that H2 relaxin can induce the expression of prostate-specific antigen via an androgen receptor-mediated pathway.
The nearly-free-electron model and the fermi surface of AuGa

The nearly-free-electron model for Fermi surfaces becomes exceedingly complicated in structures containing a relatively large number of conduction electrons per primitive cell. The complications arise from several vanishing structure factors associated with certain reciprocal lattice vectors. Extremal areas of the Fermi surface, obtained by the de Haas-van Alphen effect, are presented for the orthorhombic intermetallic compound AuGa and shown to be incompatible with a nearly-free-electron model in single- or multiple-zone scheme form. The lattice parameters of this compound have been determined at room temperature and at liquid-helium temperature.
Immunocytochemical localization of prolactin in the pars distalis of the salamander Necturus maculosus

Abstract The prolactin cells in the anterior pituitary of Necutrus maculosus have been localized with anti-ovine prolactin using the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique. Two histological stains, carmoisine-L, orange G and hematolylin and eosin, were used to corroborate the immunocytochemical results. In low magnification micrographs, the peroxidase positive area corresponds to comparable acidophilic and carmoisine-L staining areas of other sections from the same part of the gland. Carmoisine-L stains the heavily granulated prolactin cells bright orange. These cells correspond in morphology and arrangement to those containing the dark brown precipitate which indicates the site where antigen bound peroxidase has reacted with its substrate. When tissue was stained with nonimmune serum or with immune serum adsorbed with prolactin instead of the first antibody, the results were negative.
Environmental factors in infertility

In conclusion, several studies indicate that there is an association between cigarette smoking and adverse reproductive outcomes in women as well as men. Some studies indicate that alcohol consumption impairs the reproductive capacity of women. Exposures to PCE in the dry cleaning industry, toluene in the printing business, ethylene oxide and mixed solvents have been associated with decreased fecundity. Abnormalities in sperm production have been found in men exposed to radiant heat or heavy metals. Environmental exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT, PCB, pentachlorophenol, hexachlorocyclohexane) has been associated with an increase in rates of miscarriage and endometriosis. Clinicians should counsel patients who are trying to achieve a successful pregnancy to stop smoking and limit alcohol intake. Clinicians can additionally counsel patients who are in contact with potentially harmful occupational and environmental toxicants to limit their exposure. It is important to recognize, however, that many of the studies to date are limited by small sample size, poor exposure assessment, poor outcome measurements, recruitment bias, or recall bias. Additional studies will be necessary to clarify the magnitude of risk associated with these factors.
Connective tissue growth factor with a novel fibronectin binding site promotes cell adhesion and migration during rat oval cell activation.

Oval cell activation, as part of the regenerative process after liver injury, involves considerable cell-matrix interaction. The matricellular protein, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), has been shown to be critical for oval cell activation during liver regeneration following N-2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy. To understand the mode of action of CTGF during this process, N-terminal CTGF was used as bait to screen a yeast two-hybrid complementary DNA library specific for regenerating livers with massive oval cell presence. Fibronectin (FN), a prominent component of hepatic extracellular matrix (ECM), was found to specifically bind to a new site on CTGF. In addition to module IV, this study showed that module I of CTGF was sufficient for binding to FN in both solid-phase in vitro binding assays and immunoprecipitation. Immunofluorescent staining revealed a dynamic ECM remodeling characterized by an FN-concentrated provisional matrix during oval cell–aided liver regeneration. Abundant CTGF protein was colocalized with FN in the provisional matrix. When expressed as recombinant proteins and immobilized on plastic surfaces, modules I and IV of CTGF were selectively adhesive to thymus cell antigen 1–positive (Thy1+) oval cells, stellate cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells but not to hepatocytes. The adhesion of these two modules on Thy1+ oval cells required heparan sulfate proteoglycan and integrin α5β1. Recombinant CTGF promoted an integrin α5β1–dependent migration but not proliferation on Thy1+ oval cells. Conclusion: Modules I and IV enabled the linkage of CTGF to FN and activated hepatic cells. Through these bindings, CTGF on the FN-concentrated provisional matrix promoted cell adhesion and migration, thereby facilitating oval cell activation. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Survival, osmoregulation and oxygen consumption of YOY coastal largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) exposed to saline media

The effect of salinity on survival, osmoregulation and oxygen consumption was determined on coastal young-of-the-year (YOY) largemouth bassMicropterus salmoides by exposing them to saline media of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16‰. The data indicated a decrease in survival with longer exposure time and increased salinity. There were no significant differences in plasma osmolality with increased salinity from 0 to 8‰ but osmolality was significantly greater at 12‰ than 0‰ and osmolality from 16‰ was greater than all other salinity treatments. No significant differences in hematocrits were detected between 0 and 12‰, but hematocrits in the 16‰ treatment were significantly reduced compared to all other treatments. YOYM. salmoides are good osmoregulators up to 8‰ but increased salinity caused measurable osmoregulatory dysfunction. Oxygen consumption rate increased significantly as salinity increased, suggesting that adaptation of this species to hypersaline media is in part accompanied by increased energy expenditure.
The possibly trapped excess free volume

Abstract Excess free-volume trapping incurred by quenching has been quantified for atactic polystyrenes with different molecular weights. As the initial temperature (T0) is elevated from the glass transition (Tg), the increment in excess free-volume trapping first responds sharply, then becomes sluggish, and finally levels off. Molecular weight increase shifts the isochronal curves to a higher temperature region, which coincides with the isochronal change in glass transition temperature (Tg t)- As the isochronal curves are superposed to form a master curve, the mechanism of excess free-volume trapping is essentially controlled by T0, from which the conformational structures of molecules are determined prior to quenching, rather than by the final aging temperature. In order for this superposition to occur, conceivably, the content of excess free volume trapped in the glassy state has to be fairly constant throughout all temperatures below Tg. Consequently, this study does not support the existence of an un...
Point Spread Function For A Segmented Mirror System

A procedure was developed to generate point spread functions for a segmented mirror system for a deployable reflector for submillimeter astronomy. These point spread functions were generated using ACCOS V and special purpose software. This procedure allows tilt and piston sensitivities to be evaluated. Point spread functions with tilt and piston errors are discussed.
An examination of sociocultural factors associated with health and health care seeking among latina immigrants

The purpose of this study was to examine the sociocultural factors associated with health maintenance and health care seeking among Latina immigrants. Data were collected from eight focus groups with 54 Latina immigrants between the ages of 19 and 62 (M=29.3±9.34). The PEN-3 model provided the framework for the study. Most of the participants came from Mexico; 46% had not completed high school; 85.2% had been in the United States for less than 7 years, and 73.6% reported not having health insurance coverage. Participants identified both positive and negative perceptions, enablers, and nurturers associated with health maintenance and health care seeking. Participants acknowledged the importance of physical, mental, and spiritual health and what they should do to be healthy. Despite such knowledge, they tended to engage in unhealthy behaviors due to a variety of nonstructural barriers such as lack of time, “tradition,” and procrastination. They tended to use alternative/complementary medicine first, and then seek medical help if these practices are not effective. Many women believe that they do not have control over their own health attributing this lack of control to the “system.” Participants also mentioned structural barriers to seeking health care such as lack of transportation, lack of proper documentation, lack of health insurance, language barriers, long waiting time at the clinics, and lack of knowledge on where to go for affordable care. Our study suggests that there are important structural and nonstructural barriers that hinder health maintenance and care seeking. The findings also lend support to the PEN-3 model, and suggest that positive perceptions, enablers, and nurturers associated with health maintenance and health care seeking, if properly reinforced, can counterbalance negative perceptions, enablers and nurturers in this population.
The Economic Degradation Process

As a student of agricultural development for over thirty years and as an economic policy trouble shooter in many countries for much of that same period, I have observed a recurring policy pattern or process among countries experiencing economic difficulties. This economic degradation process, or EDP, degrades economies worldwide-ranging from latent discomfort in developed countries such as the United States, to severe retardation in centrally planned countries such as Poland and Nicaragua, to immiserization of millions in numerous developing countries. EDP analysis focuses on the web of policies causing economic breakdown and not on the more familiar remedial economic stabilization and structural adjustment policies following an economic breakdown. The EDP emphasizes that corruption in government, parastatal inefficiency, autarky, indebtedness, or overvalued currency cannot be viewed in isolation but are symptoms of a larger process. The economic degradation process stands in contradistincton to the economic immiserization process (Bhagwati, Bodenheimer). The latter attributes third world poverty to external factors, such as declining international terms of trade, transnational corporations, dependency, and colonialism. In contrast, the economic degradation process attributes poor economic performance to internal factors, such as culture, a late start in development, and, especially, domestic policies. EDP places the responsibility for economic growth or decline not on outsiders but principally on the policy choices made by each country. The purpose of this essay is to define the economic degradation process and analyze its causes and cures. I first address stages in the process and implications for agriculture before defining elements of economic policies to avoid the EDP. The third main section lists hypotheses explaining why nations experience the process.
Suppression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 prevents dexamethasone-induced atrophy of cultured myotubes.

Abstract Objective The mechanistic role of the ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting is not fully understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is at least in part linked to atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression and that the ubiquitin ligases are regulated by compensatory mechanisms. Methods The expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 was suppressed individually or in combination in cultured L6 myotubes by using siRNA technique. Myotubes were treated with dexamethasone followed by determination of mRNA and protein levels for atrogin-1 and MuRF1, protein synthesis and degradation rates, and myotube morphology. Results Suppression of atrogin-1 resulted in increased expression of MuRF1 and vice versa, suggesting that the ubiquitin ligases are regulated by compensatory mechanisms. Simultaneous suppression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 resulted in myotube hypertrophy, mainly reflecting stimulated protein synthesis, and prevented dexamethasone-induced myotube atrophy, mainly reflecting inhibited protein degradation. Conclusions The results provide evidence for a link between upregulated atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression and glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. The study also suggests that atrogin-1 and MuRF1 levels are regulated by compensatory mechanisms and that inhibition of both ubiquitin ligases may be needed to prevent glucocorticoid-induced muscle proteolysis and atrophy.
SPLENIC FUNCTION AND HEMATOLOGIC CHANGES DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Seven infants with sickle cell anemia have been identified in routine screening of cord blood from 1500 neonates. These children have been followed serially for up to 2 years. Hemoglobin levels fell most rapidly during the first 3 months and then declined more slowly, stabilizing between 7 and 10 gm% by 10 months of age. The post natal decline of Hgb F was slower than normal but showed considerable variability. There was close correlation between the rate of fall of Hgb F and the development and severity of hemolysis. Clinical vasocclusive symptoms occurred as early as 4 months but were also variable. 99mTc colloid scans showed normal splenic activity in all infants before 6 months. The onset of functional asplenia was documented in four infants at 7, 8, 10 and 11 months. Thus, functional asplenia is an acquired defect in sickle cell anemia. Howell-Jolly bodies were noted prior to the abnormal scan. Functional asplenia occurred when Hgb F fell below 20%. Two infants retain normal splenic function at 12 and 20 months. These observations indicate variability in the development of hematologic and splenic abnormalities in children with homozygous Hgb S disease. The fact that splenic dysfunction, with resultant susceptibility to overwhelming sepsis may occur as early as 7 months of age in this disease, provides impetus for early diagnosis.
Quality Assurance of Onboard Megavoltage Computed Tomography Imaging and Target Localization Systems for On- and Off-Line Image-Guided Radiotherapy

We reviewed the quality assurance procedures that have been used to test fan- and cone-beam megavoltage-based in-room imaging systems. Phantom-based tests have been used to establish the geometric accuracy and precision of megavoltage-based systems. However, the clinical implementation of any system is accompanied by challenges that are best tested in a clinical setting using clinical images. To objectively judge and monitor image quality, a set of standard tests and phantoms can be used. The image noise and spatial and contrast resolution have been assessed using standard computed tomography phantoms. The dose to the patient resulting from the imaging procedure can be determined using calculations or measurements. The off-line use of patient images is of interest for the evaluation of dosimetric changes throughout the treatment course. The accuracy of the dosimetric calculations based on the megavoltage images has been tested for the fan- and cone-beam systems. Some of the described tests are typically performed before the clinical implementation of the imaging system; others are suited to monitor the system's performances.
Histamine H1-receptors mediate endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat isolated pulmonary arteries.

Abstract Histamine has been reported to cause endothelium-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and vasodilation. This study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory effects of histamine on cylindrical segments of extrapulmonary arteries isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats. In arterial segments precontracted with phenylephrine (10 μ m ), histamine (0.1–100 μ m ) elicited concentration-dependent relaxation responses. Removal of the endothelium or pretreatment with methylene blue (10 μ m ) abolished relaxation responses to low concentrations of histamine and markedly inhibited those caused by histamine at concentrations greater than 1 μ m . Incubation of endothelium-intact arterial segments with pyrilamine (1 μ m ) caused a significant rightward shift of the histamine concentration-response curves. Treatment of the segments with cimetidine (100 μ m ) or indomethacin (10 μ m ) only minimally antagonized histamine-induced relaxation in arteries with endothelium. Residual relaxation responses observed in arteries stripped of endothelium were unaffected by pretreatment with cimetidine, indomethacin, or pyrilamine. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of histamine in rat pulmonary arteries is mediated predominantly by activation of H 1 -receptors on the endothelium and the subsequent release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s).
Solutions to Teacher/Coach Problems in Secondary Schools

(1987). Solutions to Teacher/Coach Problems in Secondary Schools. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 28-29.
Accelerated shelf-life testing for oxidative rancidity in foods—A review

Abstract Accelerated shelf-life test (ASLT) methods for processed foods are receiving greater attention. In this paper, current ASLT methodology for fatty foods is reviewed with particular emphasis on the testing of antioxidant effectiveness. In all the classical ASLT methods temperature is the dominant acceleration factor used. Its effect on the rate of lipid oxidation is best analysed in terms of the overall activation energy, EA for liṕid oxidation. It is an inherent assumption in these tests that the EA is the same in both the absence and the presence of antioxidants. An analysis of the rate equations for the uninhibited versus the inhibited oxidation indicates, however, that the EA may be considerably higher in the latter case. ASLT data collected at 60–65°C bear this out and show that such tests lead to sizeable, but predictable, underestimation of the shelf-life extension by antioxidants for room temperature. In comparison, data collected at 98–100°C are much less predictable. At this higher temperature EA-variations are generally smaller and both under- and overestimation of shelf-life is found. In addition, the use of such high temperatures for complex foods is ruled out because of secondary reactions of other food components. Other acceleration parameters for shelf-life used are the oxygen pressure, reactant contact and the addition of catalysts. The effect of these factors, although much less important than that of temperature, is discussed.
Enhancement of physicians' treatment of illness by behavior therapy.

Abstract The author criticizes physicians who cling to the conventional belief that successful diagnosis and treatment of physical symptoms can only be handled by medical interventions. He describes the behavioral treatment of three patients who had been treated for almost two years unsuccessfully by medical specialists and who improved significantly with behavioral interventions. A physician who lacks the psychological information that illuminates the environmental and personal contingencies that help to initiate, support, and maintain a patient's symptoms—information such as that obtained by a behavioral analysis —risks deriving a deceptive image of the illness, extends treatment time, prolongs suffering, augments the risk of iatrogenic complications, and increases treatment costs.
A Model of Shopping Center Location

The purpose of this paper is to present a model of retail employment which includes planned shopping centers in the employment-allocation function. The differences between planned shopping centers and unplanned areas are explored. The model to project retail employment is presented. Multiple sources of demand are allowed and an equilibrium between employment and demand is assumed. A procedure to locate additional planned shopping-center areas is derived. The calibration procedure involves a hill-climbing algorithm, a criterion function, and the partial derivatives of the allocation function. Calibration results indicate a good parameter fit and support the hypothesis that planned shopping centers attract retail employment.
The effects of washing and chlorine dioxide gas on survival and attachment of Escherichia coli O157: H7 to green pepper surfaces

Abstract The effects of washing and chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) gas treatment on survivability and attachment of Escherichia coli O157: H7 C7927 to uninjured and injured green pepper surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and colony enumeration methods. Escherichia coli O157: H7 preferentially attached to coarse and porous intact surfaces and injured surfaces. The bacterial attachment to injured green pepper surfaces may be determined mainly by the hydrophilic properties of the injured surfaces and might not be assisted by the exocellular polymers of the bacteria. Injuries to the wax layer, the cuticle and underlying tissues increased bacterial adhesion, growth, and resistance to washing and disinfecting treatments. No significant growth of E. coli O157: H7 was found on uninjured surfaces after inoculation and incubation for 24 h at 37°C, whereas significant growth and multiplication were found on injured surfaces ( P 2 gas treatment was more effective as a disinfecting method than water washing. Using a membrane-plating method for resuscitation and enumeration of ClO 2 -treated E. coli O157: H7 on surface-injured green peppers, 3·03±0·02 and 6·45 ±0·02 log reductions were obtained after treatments by 0·62 and 1·24 mg l −1 ClO 2 , respectively, for 30 min at 22°C and 90–95% relative humidity. In contrast, water washing achieved log reductions of 1·5±0·05–1·67±0·10 on injured surfaces and 2·44±0·04 on uninjured surfaces.
SYMMETRY IN NUCLEI

In this article, dedicated to Bruce Barrett on the occasion of his 60th birthday, three of the concepts that have played a crucial role in the development of nuclear physics in the last 30 years, dynamic symmetry, dynamic supersymmetry and critical point symmetry, will be briefly reviewed. Bruce has contributed considerably to the first two subjects and it is a pleasure to dedicate this review to him.
The 5′UTR-specific mutation in VEEV TC-83 genome has a strong effect on RNA replication and subgenomic RNA synthesis, but not on translation of the encoded proteins.

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is one of the most pathogenic members of the Alphavirus genus in the Togaviridae family. Viruses in the VEEV serocomplex continuously circulate in the Central and South America. The only currently available attenuated strain VEEV TC-83 is being used only for vaccination of at-risk laboratory workers and military personnel. Its attenuated phenotype was shown to rely only on two point mutations, one of which, G3A, was found in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the viral genome. Our data demonstrate that the G3A mutation strongly affects the secondary structure of VEEV 5'UTR, but has only a minor effect on translation. The indicated mutation increases replication of the viral genome, downregulates transcription of the subgenomic RNA, and, thus, affects the ratio of genomic and subgenomic RNA synthesis. These findings and the previously reported G3A-induced, higher sensitivity of VEEV TC-83 to IFN-alpha/beta suggest a plausible explanation for its attenuated phenotype.
Relative signs of HH, HF, and FF coupling constants by nuclear magnetic double resonance

Abstract The calculation of the nuclear magnetic double resonance spectra and the determination of relative signs of coupling constants for nuclear spin systems of the general AmKn ⋯ Xr type can be based on a graphical procedure in which “frequency-sweep” transitions are plotted as a function of the frequency of the strong radio-frequency field. This method permits a straight-forward interpretation of the comparatively complicated spectra which arise at intermediate values of the second radio-frequency field on sweeping the magnetic field. The analysis of the “field-sweep” H1{F19} nuclear magnetic double resonance spectra shows that JCH3H and JHF are of the same sign in CH3CHF2 and CH3CH2F, while JHF (trans) and JFF (trans) are of opposite sign in CF2CHF.
Characterization of cyanobacterial communities from high‐elevation lakes in the Bolivian Andes

[1] The Bolivian Altiplano is a harsh environment for life with high solar irradiation (visible and UVR), below freezing temperatures, and some of the lowest precipitation rates on the planet. However, microbial life is visibly abundant in small isolated refugia of spring or snowmelt-fed lakes. In this study, we characterized the cyanobacterial composition of a variety of microbial mats present in three lake systems: Laguna Blanca, Laguna Verde (elevation 4300 m), and a summit lake in the Licancabur Volcano cone (elevation 5970 m). These lakes and their adjacent geothermal springs present an interesting diversity of environments within a geographically small region (5 km2). From these sites, 78 cyanobacterial cultures were isolated in addition to ∼400 cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from environmental genomic DNA. Based on microscopy, cultivation, and molecular analyses, these communities contained many heterocytous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (e.g., Calothrix, Nostoc, Nodularia) as well as a large number of cyanobacteria belonging to the form-genus Leptolyngbya. More than a third (37%) of all taxa in this study were new species (≤96% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity), and 11% represented new and novel taxa distantly related (≤93% identity) to any known cyanobacteria. This is one of the few studies to characterize cyanobacterial communities based on both cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent analyses.
Generational differences in musical preferences

(1994). Generational differences in musical preferences. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 43-59.
Contingency Theory: “Complex Man” or “Complex Organization”?

Organizational contingency theory has developed from two separate bodies of research. This article examines the possible benefits of combining one approach emphasizing individual differences (the “complex man” perspective), and a second approach emphasizing organizational and/or environmental differences (the “complex organization” perspective). Research indicates that the complex organization approach deserves to be more fully developed. Future directions for contingency research are discussed.
The experimental production of exophthalmos in fundulus by means of anterior pituitary extracts.

FOLLOWING the basic work of several investigators in establishing the relationship between the anterior pituitary and the thyroid, experimental hyperthyroidism was produced in many animals by implants, or by injections of suspensions and extracts of the hypophysis. Hyperthyroidism and concurrent exophthalmos, a situation resembling Graves’ disease, was produced experimentally by injecting pituitary emulsions in ducks (Schockaert, 1931). Later, similar results were obtained in guinea pigs by Loeb and Freedman (1932), and Friedgood (1934). The purpose of this paper is to report in detail a series of experiments wherein a remarkably rapid exophthalmos can be produced in Fundulus, the common Atlantic “minnow.” Some of these experiments were done several years ago, and reported in abstract form (Abramowitz and Fevold, 1937; Abramowitz, 1940). In addition to these earlier experiments, recent observations3 are also included.
Editorial Comment: Extended Resection in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection

In their article in this issue of Cardiology Clinics, Dr Paul P. Urbanski and colleagues analyze the entire spectrum of surgical options in the care of acute type A aortic dissection, from imaging to categorization, cannulation, brain protection, use of glues, aortic resection, and extent of repair. They make excellent points regarding all of these variables (Fig. 1). Regarding the specific topic of the debate, the authors make a reasonable case, based on their excellent recent experience, for
A stress transport equation model for simulating turbulence at any mesh resolution

Prior work has demonstrated the effectiveness of using two-equation closures as the basis for universal, self-adapting turbulence models that are effective at any mesh resolution (Perot and Gadebusch in Phys. Fluids 19:115105, 2007). In order to demonstrate the broad applicability of the fundamental approach, the same behavior is now demonstrated for a second-moment closure (SMC). The SMC has the advantage over the earlier two-equation universal closure of being more accurate in the coarse mesh limit and of having a natural mechanism for backscattering energy from the modeled to the resolved turbulent fluctuations. The mathematical explanation for why Reynolds averaged (RANS) transport equation closures are applicable at any mesh resolution, including the large eddy simulation (LES) regime, is reviewed. It is demonstrated that for the problem of isotropic decaying turbulence, the SMC model produces good predictions at any mesh resolution and with arbitrary initial conditions. In addition, it is shown that the proposed model automatically adapts to the mesh resolution provided. The self-adaptive nature of the method is clearly observed when different initial conditions are used. It is shown that classic RANS models (often thought to produce steady and smooth solutions) can produce three-dimensional, unsteady, and chaotic solutions when generalized correctly and when provided with sufficient mesh resolution. The implications of these observations on the fundamental theories of RANS and LES turbulence modeling are discussed.
Health Literacy and Numeracy: A Comparison of Magazine Health Messages

This content analysis of Cosmopolitan and Latina magazines (N = 348) examines health news stories read by millions of young U.S. women for factors related to health literacy. Findings show that the...
Permeability studies with cellulosic membranes.

The true diffusive permeabilities of commercial, modified commercial, and laboratory cast regenerated cellulose membranes were measured with a batch dialyzer using 15 solutes (sodium chloride, nine radioactively labelled organic solutes, and five low molecular weight proteins) ranging in molecular weight from 58 to 68,000. Additional measurements included membrane thickness, water content, and strength properties, as well as equilibrium solute partition coefficients and solute diffusion coefficients in free solution. All commercial cellophanes were similar in sodium chloride permeability on a unit thickness basis and were significantly less permeable than hydrophilic wet gel membranes. This difference was attributed to the irreversible collapse of membrane structure upon drying. As the solute characteristic size increased, permeability decreased more sharply with commercial cellophane than with wet gel cellulose, the ratio between the two becoming an order of magnitude for large solutes. The ratio between the solute diffusion coefficient in the membrane and in free solution decreased exponentially with increasing solute size. The results suggest further work for higher permeability cellulosic hemodialysis membranes.
Distance-measurement error associated with antenna phase-center displacement in time-reference radio positioning systems

This paper presents a tutorial discussion of the effects of antenna phase-center displacement on distance determination in time-correlation radio positioning systems. A technique to determine the antenna phase-center displacement as a function of observation angle is reviewed. A simple method to determine the distance error versus observation angle, derived from the antenna phase-center displacement, is then presented. Numerical distance-error predictions, determined directly from antenna phase-center displacement, are presented for a Yagi and a log-periodic antenna used in a commercial UHF radio distance-measurement system. Finally, the measured distance error versus observation angle for these antennas as determined in several field trials is presented, validating the numerical predictions.
Systems with Friction: Performance Limitations and Range Deficiency

In this paper we consider a simple model for systems with friction. The model includes differential equations with discontinuous right-hand side. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solution, and also discuss performance limitations caused by friction associated with tracking limitations.
Some highlights in the emergence of modern concepts of osteoarthritis

The present-day concept that osteoarthritis may be amenable to biological modification rather than a hopeless expression of old age or injury has historical roots in the period of 1935 through the early 1970s. One root was the structural and chemical delineation of the connective tissues: discovery of the proteoglycans and multiple molecular species of collagen. Another was the recognition of the ability of mature articular chondrocytes to replicate themselves rather than being terminally differentiated. A third was the elucidation of the engineering physiology of the joint: the role of matrix hydrophilia to the material properties of articular cartilage and biolubrication. Each root has direct relevance to ongoing therapeutic approaches to degenerative joint disease. The early epidemiological studies of Kellgren and Lawrence evolved into new techniques for testing their validity in clinical practice. Along the way there was a rich 2-way interaction between scientists and clinicians in arriving at these ideas.
Cortical granule biogenesis is active throughout oogenesis in sea urchins

Cortical granules are secretory vesicles formed in the eggs of most animals and are essential for the prevention of polyspermy in these organisms. We have studied the biogenesis of cortical granules in sea urchin oocytes by identifying cDNA clones that encode proteins targeted selectively to the cortical granules. These cDNA clones were identified by an immunoscreen of a cDNA library using antibodies to proteins of the fertilization envelope. Four different mRNAs were identified, ranging from 4 kb to 13 kb in length, that encoded proteins targeted specifically to cortical granules. Accumulation of these mRNAs began very early in oogenesis, in oocytes approximately 10–15 microns in diameter, and continued throughout oogenesis. The mRNAs reached peak abundance (on a per cell basis) in germinal vesicle stage oocytes, and the accumulation of each mRNA was linear with respect to oocyte growth. During breakdown of the germinal vesicle these mRNAs were degraded so that in eggs the mRNA signals were at background levels. Antibodies generated to recombinant proteins made from each of these cDNA clones showed that in the oocyte each cognate protein appeared early in oogenesis. These proteins accumulated only in cortical granules: no accumulation was seen in the cytoplasm, in Golgi, or in other vesicles, and no heterogeneity of the contents was seen within the population of cortical granules. Using these antibodies we show that cortical granules accumulated linearly throughout oogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Estimation or simulation of soil properties? An optimization problem with conflicting criteria

Both estimation and simulation approaches are formulated as the selection of a set of attribute values that are optimal for criteria that are typically conflicting. Estimation amounts to minimize local criteria such as a local error variance, whereas stochastic simulation aims to reproduce global statistics such as the histogram or semivariogram. A simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is presented to generate maps of optimal values: an initial random image is gradually perturbed so as to minimize a weighted combination of three components that measure deviations from local or global features of interest. The approach is illustrated using an environmental data set related to soil contamination by zinc. A validation set shows that, depending on the relative weight given to local and global constraints, the final maps have properties ranging from estimation to simulation in terms of mean square error (MSE) of prediction and extent of the space of uncertainty. Combination of both types of constraints leads to better performances (smaller proportions of misclassified locations, smaller prediction errors for the average proportion of contaminated locations within remediation units) than a smooth estimated map or a simulated map that reproduces only the histogram and semivariogram.