cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recruiting Global Travelers: The Role of Global Travel Recruitment Messages and Individual Differences in Perceived Fit, Attraction, and Job Pursuit Intentions

Organizations often require managers to travel globally to fill international roles. Attending to fit with an organization's need for international mobility and global openness during recruiting could increase the proportion of effective global managers in an organization's applicant pool. We use recruitment research and theory to develop and test a conditional process model of the relationship between recruitment messages and job seeker perceived fit, attraction, and job pursuit intentions, depending on job seekers� global openness and willingness to travel globally. Recruitment messages include information about a job's travel requirements and the global presence of the business. Two studies were undertaken to test our hypotheses. Analyses were conducted with conditional process modeling using nonlinear bootstrapping. Study 1, involving 230 job seekers, found that applicants� willingness to travel interacted with recruiting messages about a job's global travel requirements to relate to job pursuit intentions through perceived job fit and job attraction. Study 2, involving 260 participants recruited through Mechanical Turk, indicated that global openness interacted with a global recruitment message, and willingness to travel interacted with a travel recruitment message, to relate to job pursuit intentions through job and organizational dimensions of perceived fit and attraction.
Influence of genetic background on transformation and expression of Green Fluorescent Protein in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Background/aims: The development of an electro-transformation system and the construction of shuttle plasmids for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans have enhanced the molecular analysis of virulence factors. However, inefficient transformation is frequently encountered. This study investigated the efficiency of electro-transformation and expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in 12 different A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. The influence of the plasmid vector, serotype, and phenotype were the major factors taken into consideration. Material and methods: Twelve serotyped A. actinomycetemcomitans strains were independently electro-transformed with two different Escherichia coli–A. actinomycetemcomitans shuttle plasmids (pVT1303 and pVT1304), both containing an identical ltx-GFPmut2 gene construct but a different backbone (pDMG4 and pPK1, respectively). The transformation efficiency, transformation frequency, and electro-transformation survival rate were determined by culture techniques. GFP expression was observed at the colony level by fluorescence microscopy. Results: All strains could be transformed with both plasmids. However, major differences were observed for the transformation efficiency, transformation frequency, and electro-transformation survival rate between strains. The data demonstrated that plasmid vector, serotype, and phenotype are key players for obtaining a successful transformation. An inverted relationship between the electro-transformation survival rate and tranformation frequency was also observed. GFP expression was also influenced by phenotype, serotype and plasmid vector. Conclusions: The serotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans has an important influence on its survival after electro-transformation and on transformation frequency. The expression of GFP is strain and plasmid vector dependent.
Omniscience and omnipotence: How they may help - or hurt - in a game1

The concepts of omniscience and omnipotence are defined in 2 × 2 ordinal games, and implications for the optimal play of these games, when one player is omniscient or omnipotent and the other player is aware of his omniscience or omnipotence, are derived. Intuitively, omniscience allows a player to predict the strategy choice of an opponent in advance of play, and omnipotence allows a player, after initial strategy choices are made, to continue to move after the other player is forced to stop. Omniscience and its awareness by an opponent may hurt both players, but this problem can always be rectified if the other player is omniscient. This pathology can also be rectified if at least one of the two players is omnipotent, which can override the effects of omniscience. In some games, one player's omnipotence ‐ versus the other's ‐ helps him, whereas in other games the outcome induced does not depend on which player is omnipotent. Deducing whether a player is superior (omniscient or omnipotent) from the natur...
New signal adaptive approach for the reduction of interference terms in quadratic time-frequency distributions

One of the key problems in high resolution (quadratic), time-varying spectral analysis is the suppression of interference terms which can obscure the true location of auto components in the resulting time-frequency distribution (TFD). Commonly used reduced interference distributions (RIDs) tackle the problem with a properly chosen two-dimensional low pass filter (kernel). A recently published 8 novel approach uses alternative means to achieve the desired goal. The idea of the new method is to obtain an estimate of the cross terms from a given prior distribution based on the magnitude and location of its negative components. The estimate is constructed via an iterative projection method that guarantees that the resulting distribution is positive and satisfies the marginals. Even though the marginals are usually a desirable property of TFDs in general, they can impose an undesirably strong constraint on positive TFDs in particular (Examples are given in this paper). For these cases it is thus beneficial to relax the marginals-constraint. In this paper we present a new method that does not require the incorporation of this constraint and thus leads to positive TFDs with reduced interference terms but without the restrictions due to the marginals.
Cruelty to Compassion: The Poetry of Teaching Transformation.

Two complementary bodies of literature either claim explicitly or imply that human cruelty is rooted in asymmetrical relationships. The first describes and analyzes various forms of domination and acquiescence, including colonialism, racism, imperialism, sexism, and interpersonal power dynamics, among others. The second attempts to describe what would constitute the antidote, namely symmetrical relationships of mutuality and equality. Both of these literatures counsel abandoning asymmetrical relationships in favor of the symmetrical. To the contrary, this paper argues that it is only in the context of asymmetrical relationships that humans can learn the basics of equality and mutual regard that undergird democracy. More particularly, the moral use of asymmetrical relations would be to help the young acquire, inter alias, the kinds of self-awareness and self-understanding that would enable them to function as responsible parties in symmetrical relations.
A review of drospirenone for safety and tolerability and effects on endometrial safety and lipid parameters contrasted with medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel, and micronized progesterone.

Background: Drospirenone, a novel synthetic progestin, possesses characteristics more like natural progesterone than other synthetic progestins, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel. The antiandrogenic and antimineralocorticoid properties of drospirenone may, in the context of menopausal management, provide potential novel benefits in its effect on lipids and blood pressure while reducing the occurrence of water retention, acne vulgaris, and hirsutism. Methods: This review compares safety and tolerability data from clinical trials of drospirenone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel, and micronized progesterone. Results: Results suggest that drospirenone possesses a generally well-accepted side effect profile and resembles comparator oral progestogens in conferring endometrial protection with no significant effect on weight. One study indicates that drospirenone may have a benign effect on lipid parameters, having been seen to significantly lower total cholesterol and lowdensity ...
Effects of exercise and diet-induced weight loss on markers of inflammation II: impact on microRNA 21 and microRNA 146a expression and their regulatory role.

Background Obesity has been associated with inflammation. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise and diet-induced weight loss would affect markers of inflammation via the Phosphatase and Tensin homologue Deleted from Chromosome-10 (PTEN), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3k), Protein Kinase B (AKT or PKB), Nuclear Factor kappa Beta (NF-kB) signaling pathway through the regulation of microRNA 21 and microRNA 146a expression. Methods
Cyclic vomiting and the slit ventricle syndrome

Recurrent bouts of vomiting with headache and lethargy occurred in 6 children with ventriculoperitoneal shunts who had small ventricles rather than the expected dilated ones. Slit ventricle syndrome is not uncommon in children with shunts and its early recognition allows for appropriate surgical treatment.
Stratigraphy, chronology, and character of the 1976 pyroclastic eruption of Augustine volcano, Alaska

The chronology of deposits of the 1976 eruption of Augustine volcano, which produced pyroclastic falls, pyroclastic flows, and lava domes, is determined by correlating the stratigraphy with published records of seismicity, plume observations, and distant ash falls. Three thin air-fall ash beds (unit A1, A2 and A3) correlate with events near the beginning of the 1976 eruption on 22 and 23 January. On 24 January a small-volume, ash-cloud-surge deposit (unit S) accumulated over the north half of Augustine Island. A series of pumiceous pyroclastic flows represented by the lobate pumiceous deposits (unit F) occurred on 24 January and locally melted the snowpack to cause small pumice-laden floods. A thin ash bed (unit A4) was deposited on 24 January, and the main plinian eruption (unit P) occurred on 25 January. In middle to late February and again in mid April, lava domes were extruded at the summit accompanied by incandescent block-and-ash flows down the north flank. A hut near the north coast of the island was mechanically and thermally damaged by the small-volume ash-cloud surge of unit S before the eruption of the pumice flow of unit F; the metal roof was then penetrated by lithic fragments of the plinian fall of 25 January. Explosive eruptions in the early stage of an eruption-like that which deposited unit S — are important hazards at Augustine Island, as are infrequent debris avalanches and attendant tsunamis.
Lymphocyte cultures with small numbers of cells

Abstract Prior experience with cultures of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes indicated a need to develop methods for culturing small numbers of cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were obtained from 20 normal volunteers. Standard microcultures using 100 × 103 PBL/0.2ml and cultures with 50, 25 and 12.5 × 103 in 0.1 ml or 0.2ml were established in RPMI 1640 with autologous plasma. These cultures were incubated with PHA (1–30 μg) for 3, 4 and 5 days, pulsed with [3H]thymidine and harvested. In unstimulated cultures, cpm declined linearly with decreasing cell numbers. Standard cultures (100 × 103 PBL/0.2 ml) had maximal PHA stimulation (80, 916 ± 6394) at day 3 with 30 μg PHA. Other 0.2 ml cultures had lower cpm. By culturing 25 × 103 PBL in 0.1 ml for 3 days cpm were 82, 874 ± 6875 with 30 μg PHA and 77,153 ± 6022 with 15 μg PHA and were similar to standard cultures. Similar cpm were seen with 12.5 × 103 PBL in 0.1 ml after 4 days with 30 μg of PHA (80,838 ± 6674) and with 15 μg of PHA (72,860 ± 6243), and also after 5 days with 30 μg of PHA (86,703 ± 6732) and with 15 μg of PHA (74,066 ± 6388). The maximal response (126,578 ± 6580) was seen with 25 × 103 PBL/0.1 ml at day 4 with 30 μg of PHA. By decreasing culture volume to 0.1 ml and increasing time, the number of cells necessary to give PHA responses similar to standard cultures can be reduced by 75–88%.
An open virtual testbed for industrial control system security research

Industrial control system security has been a topic of scrutiny and research for several years, and many security issues are well known. However, research efforts are impeded by a lack of an open virtual industrial control system testbed for security research. This paper describes a virtual testbed framework using Python to create discrete testbed components including virtual devices and process simulators. The virtual testbed is designed such that the testbeds are inter-operable with real industrial control system devices and such that the virtual testbeds can provide comparable industrial control system network behavior to a laboratory testbed. Two virtual testbeds modeled upon actual laboratory testbeds have been developed and have been shown to be inter-operable with real industrial control system equipment and vulnerable to attacks in the same manner as a real system. Additionally, these testbeds have been quantitatively shown to produce traffic close to laboratory systems.
Phenomenological partial-specific volumes for G-quadruplex DNAs

Accurate partial-specific volume ( $$ \overline{v} $$ ) values are required for sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium analyses. For nucleic acids, the estimation of these values is complicated by the fact that $$ \overline{v} $$ depends on base composition, secondary structure, solvation and the concentrations and identities of ions in the surrounding buffer. Here we describe sedimentation equilibrium measurements of the apparent isopotential partial-specific volume ϕ′ for two G-quadruplex DNAs and a single-stranded DNA of similar molecular weight and base composition. The G-quadruplex DNAs are a 22 nucleotide fragment of the human telomere consensus sequence and a 27 nucleotide fragment from the human c-myc promoter. The single-stranded DNA is 26 nucleotides long and is designed to have low propensity to form secondary structures. Parallel measurements were made in buffers containing NaCl and in buffers containing KCl, spanning the range 0.09 M ≤ [salt] ≤ 2.3 M. Limiting values of ϕ′, extrapolated to [salt] = 0 M, were: 22-mer (NaCl-form), 0.525 ± 0.004 mL/g; 22-mer (KCl-form), 0.531 ± 0.006 mL/g; 27-mer (NaCl-form), 0.548 ± 0.005 mL/g; 27-mer (KCl-form), 0.557 ± 0.006 mL/g; 26-mer (NaCl-form), 0.555 ± 0.004 mL/g; 26-mer (KCl-form), 0.564 ± 0.006 mL/g. Small changes in ϕ′ with [salt] suggest that large changes in counterion association or hydration are unlikely to take place over these concentration ranges.
Elevated fluid pressure and extreme mechanical weakness of a plate boundary thrust, Nankai Trough subduction zone

Pore fluid pressure is a key parameter governing both the shear strength of faults and the conditions for seismic and tsunamigenic slip on subduction zone megathrusts. However, quantitative constraints on this parameter based on in situ data in these, or any, faults have proven elusive. Using seismic interval velocities derived from a three-dimensional seismic reflection survey, we compute porosity, fluid pressure, and effective stress at the plate interface in the Nankai Trough subduction zone (offshore southwestern Japan) to 20 km down the fault dip using well-constrained, locally calibrated empirical relationships between velocity, porosity, and effective stress. We show that the fault and immediately subjacent footwall are nearly undrained, implying that the subduction megathrust slips under a shear stress of
Structural studies of MIP synthase

The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-l-myo-inositol 1-­phosphate (MIP) by 1-l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIP synthase) is the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo biosynthesis of inositol in all eukaryotes. The importance of inositol-containing molecules both as membrane components and as critical second messenger signal-transduction species make the function and regulation of this enzyme important for a host of biologically important cellular functions including proliferation, neurostimulation, secretion and contraction. MIP synthase has been overexpressed in Esherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by chromatographic methods. Two crystal forms of MIP synthase were obtained by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. Native data sets for both crystal forms were collected in-house on a Rigaku R-AXIS IIC imaging-plate detector. Crystal form I belongs to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 153.0, b = 96.6, c = 122.6 A, β = 126.4°, and diffracts to 2.5 A resolution. Crystal form II belongs to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 94.5, b = 186.2, c = 86.5 A, β = 110.5°, and diffracts to 2.9 A resolution.
d-lactate encephalopathy

Although D-lactate is not a product of human intermediary metabolism, absorption of D-lactate produced by abnormal intestinal bacteria can cause systemic acidosis in patients who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery, particularly jejunoileal bypass. In order to learn more about the prevalence of D-lactate encephalopathy, its occurrence in other disorders, and how well D-lactate concentration correlates with clinical symptoms, serum D-lactate levels were determined in several specific populations. D-lactate was undetectable (less than 0.5 mmol/liter) in 72 healthy volunteers and 57 obese persons. In 33 patients who had jejunoileal bypass, 16 reported symptoms consistent with D-lactate encephalopathy since surgery. Nine of these 16 had D-lactate levels greater than 0.5 mmol/liter (range 0.7 to 11.5 mmol/liter). Levels of D-lactate fluctuated over time, and in two patients, markedly elevated levels correlated with an encephalopathy accompanied by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and elevated anion gap. In 470 randomly chosen hospitalized patients, D-lactate level greater than 0.5 mmol/liter was found in 13 (2.8 percent), and 60 percent of these had a history of gastrointestinal surgery or disease. It is concluded that elevated serum D-lactate levels are relatively common in patients with jejunoileal bypass, and although more rare, occur in other gastrointestinal disorders as well. The symptoms of D-lactate encephalopathy are quite sensitive, but not necessarily specific for this disorder.
Sodium-dependent binding of D-glucose to a filamentous fraction of Tris-disrupted brush borders from hamster jejunum

Abstract Tris-disrupted brush borders prepared from hamster jejunum were fractionated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Preferential D-glucose binding to a filamentous, microvillus core fraction was dependent upon the Na+ concentration in the incubation medium. No binding occurred when K+, Li+, NH4+, or choline was substituted for Na+. It has been postulated that microvillus core filaments are intimately involved in the mechanism of active sugar as well as amino acid transport by the small intestine.
Effect of SO2 Exposure on Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Intact Chickens

The time required for mucociliary clearance from the chicken nasal turbinate and from the maxillary sinus was investigated in individual animals by using a newly designed plastic holder for the experimental animals. Determined in this way were: 1) the effect of SO2 exposure on sinus and turbinate clearance time, 2) the effect of the nerve blocking drugs atropine, scopolamine, reserpine, and propranolol on turbinate clearance time, and 3) the effect of these nerve blockers on clearance rates in chickens exposed to SO2. Turbinate mucociliary clearance was measured at 5 intervals per day, during 1 to 7 hr after exposure, for 7 consecutive days. Sinus clearance time was measured twice daily 1 to 4 hr after exposure. Turbinate clearance time in birds exposed to 6 ppm, and sinus clearance time in birds exposed to 40 ppm intermittently for 2 consecutive days both increased strikingly as a direct effect of SO2 exposure. However, continuous exposure to 6 ppm of SO2 during 16 hr per day for 7 consecutive days produced double peaks of increased turbinate clearance time with intervening recovery periods, suggesting an intranasal mucociliary homeostatic response. In individual animals, 26 of 35 animals (75%) exposed to 5 ppm, and 5 of 10 animals (50%) exposed to 20 ppm continuously during 16 hr per day for 7 consecutive days showed the same patterns. Reserpine and propranolol, which are sympatholytic agents, produced decelerated intranasal transport rates. Atropine and scopolamine, which are parasympatholytic agents, did not affect clearance rates. These nerve blockers, however, blocked the biphasic recovery pattern due to SO2 exposure. This blocking effect was statistically significant for atropine and reserpine 1 hr after injection.
Charting a new course for CUNY

I want to thank the National Association of Scholars for the suppor t it has given me over the past few years and for the kind invitation to address its membersh ip . These have been exciting times for the City University of NewYork (CUNY). In the s u m m e r of 1999, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani appo in ted a task force chaired by fo rmer pres ident o f Yale, Benno Schmidt. H e charged that task f o r c e o n which I had the h o n o r to serve-wi th identifying the drawbacks and oppor tunities for CUNY. We came up with an extensive list, and, t hough there is still a long way to go, we addressed a significant n u m b e r of i tems on that agenda. We worked vigorously to establish h igher s tandards and to restore value to a CUNY degree. Despite what remains to be done , there is already striking evidence of progress on several fronts that repudia tes the critics o f educat ional re form and the skeptics who cou ldn ' t grasp that raising standards reaps benefits bo th for individual s tudents and for the institutions they attend. Cons ider my resolut ion to el iminate remedia l courses at CUNY senior coll e g e s a n d only at the senior colleges. It was, in my opinion, a l imited and reasonable resolution, bu t realizing it r equ i red a Hercu lean effort, drawing on suppor t f rom Governor George Pataki and Mayor Giuliani. It involved no fewer than four reviews and formal approvals: twice by the boa rd of trustees, once by the New York State Board of Regents, and again in the CUNY master plan for the years 2000 and 2004. Critics p red ic ted several years o f en ro l lmen t decline. They suggested that our insistence on genuine college-level coursework would drive hoards of s tudents even fur ther f rom our campuses. There was picketing. There was turmoil. Benno and I were even accused of e thnic cleansing by a commit tee of the City Council . That gives an idea of the kind of opposi t ion that g ree ted our l imited and reasonable proposal . Police in riot gear were n e e d e d to keep o rde r at meetings of the trustees, and that a tmosphere prevailed until the desires and ex-
Microwave assisted solid-phase synthesis of substituted tetraazaporphyrins and a phthalocyanine-peptide conjugate

Various asymmetrically substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs) and porphyrazines (Pzs) have been synthesized in good yields using a solid-phase synthesis method with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) resin attached to an indole linker as the solid support. These compounds are formed by cross condensation of maleonitrile or phthalonitrile with another phthalonitrile covalently bonded to the solid support with an amino linking group. The polymer bound Pc or Pz is separated by filtration, and washing the symmetrical Pc or Pz by-product. The amine Pc-appended to polyethylene glycol resin is further reacted to yield azide whilst still on the solid support. Cleavage of the Pc or Pz off the solid support results in 3:1 asymmetric Pz or Pz with high degree of purity, requiring minimal further purification. The use of hydrophilic PEG-based resin allows the symmetrical compound to be removed completely by washing whereas the acid labile indole linker makes it easier to cleave the product under mild conditions. The conjugation abilities of these compounds have been demonstrated by the successful conjugation of one of the azide Pcs with a peptide elaborated with an alkyne function. Use of microwave for the synthesis of these compounds results in shorter reaction times, higher yields and higher degree of purity.
Roy Hertz, M.D. (1909–2002): The cure of choriocarcinoma and its impact on the development of chemotherapy for cancer

Dr. Roy Hertz is one of two scientists credited with discovering the first medical cure of a solid cancer. This paper presents a biographical history of Dr. Hertz and discusses his roles in the discovery of a cure for choriocarcinoma and as a pioneer for future research in cancer chemotherapy. This biography not only serves as a testament to the pioneering individuals in the field of chemotherapeutics but also represents the unique blend of medical, pharmacological, and physiological histories that led to the profound discovery. The timing and significance of the work of Drs. Hertz and Li cannot be overestimated. Their discovery was a spectacular success, demonstrating proof of the principle that chemotherapy can cure metastatic cancer and that an almost uniformly fatal cancer in young patients could be cured with a single chemotherapeutic agent, which stands as one of the greatest achievements in cancer research.
Fat, Frail and Dying Young: Survival, Body Weight and Pathology of the Charles River Sprague-Dawley-Derived Rat Prior to and Since the Introduction of the VAFR Variant in 1988

Trends in survival and body weight were evaluated in 2140 control Sprague-Dawley-derived [Crl: COBS-CD(SD)BR and Crl: COBS-VAF CD(SD)BR] rats used for 24-month rat carcinogenicity studies between 1979 and 1991. Body weight and survival were remarkably stable in the CD-COBS rats used during 1979-1987: at 24 months, the mean survival in males was 68 +/- 5%, and 60 +/- 5% in females. With the CD-COBS-VAF rat, a variant of the CD-COBS strain used between 1988 and 1991, the survival at 24 months dropped to 41 +/- 3% in males, and 44 +/- 7% in females compared to the CD-COBS. The CD-COBS-VAF rat had a significantly reduced life span (P < 0.001 at 24 months), a significant increase in mean body weight (males at 6 months: 672 +/- 24 g vs. 536 +/- 6 g; females: 359 +/- 7 g vs 308 +/- 3 g; P < 0.001) and food consumption (males at 6 months: 31.3 +/- 3.3 vs. 25.4 +/- 2.1 g d-1; females: 22.0 +/- 2.7 g v. 20.3 +/- 2.0 g d-1; P < 0.001). CD-COBS-VAF rats which failed to survive up to study termination had individual body weights at 3, 6 and 12 months which were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those which survived until 24 months. Our historical data base of control rats (CD-COBS and CD-COBS-VAF) in carcinogenicity studies revealed a significant (males: P < 0.001); females: P < 0.01) and inverse linear relation between mean 3-month body weight and 24-month survival. When compared to CD-COBS animals, CD-COBS-VAF rats showed an increase in the incidence of pituitary tumours in males, mammary fibroadenomas in females, an increase in the incidence of severity of glomerulonephrosis, and a greater incidence of animals which died without any obvious pathology. It is concluded that, in our Sprague-Dawley substrains, both the individual and the group mean body weights in early adult life appear predictive for the individual and group life expectancy. The decrease in longevity in the CD-COBS-VAF rat is principally due to disease and degeneration processes associated with fast growth and high body weight.
Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2–Seropositive Persons: A Meta-analysis

To determine the contribution of herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infection to the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, a systematic review of literature and data synthesis were done. Thirty-one studies addressed the risk of HIV infection in HSV-2-seropositive persons. For 9 cohort and nested case-control studies that documented HSV-2 infection before HIV acquisition, the risk estimate was 2.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-3.2). Thus, the attributable risk percentage of HIV to HSV-2 was 52%, and the population attributable risk percentage was 19% in populations with 22% HSV-2 prevalence but increased to 47% in populations with 80% HSV-2 prevalence. For 22 case-control and cross-sectional studies, the risk estimate was 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 3.1-5.1), but the temporal sequence of the 2 infections cannot be documented. Control strategies for HSV-2 need to be incorporated into control of sexually transmitted infections as a strategy for HIV prevention.
Deposition and rainwater concentrations of trifluoroacetic acid in the United States from the use of HFO-1234yf

Currently, HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) is the most common refrigerant in automobile air conditioners. This high global warming potential substance (100 year GWP of 1370) will likely be phased out and replaced with HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) that has a 100 year GWP of 4. HFO-1234yf will be oxidized to produce trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in clouds. TFA, a mildly toxic substance with detrimental effects on some aquatic organisms at high concentrations (≥100μgL−1), would be transported by rain to the surface and enter bodies of water. We investigated the dry and wet deposition of TFA from HFO-1234yf over the contiguous USA using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW) with interactive chemical, aerosol, and cloud processes (WRF/Chem) model. Special focus was placed on emissions from three continental USA regions with different meteorological characteristics. WRF/Chem simulated meteorology, cloud processes, gas and aqueous phase chemistry, and dry and wet deposition between May and September 2006. The model reproduced well the multimonth total sulfate wet deposition (4% bias) and its spatial variability (r = 0.86) observed by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program. HFO-1234yf emissions were obtained by assuming the number of automobile air conditioners to remain unchanged, and substituting HFO-1234yf, mole-per-mole for HFC-134a. Our estimates of current HFC-134a emissions were in agreement with field data. Average TFA rainwater concentration was 0.89μgL−1, with peak values of 7.8μgL−1, for the May–September 2006 period over the contiguous USA. TFA rainwater concentrations over the dry western USA were often significantly higher, but wet-deposited TFA amounts remained relatively low at such locations.
Fully differential current-input CMOS amplifier front-end suppressing mixed signal substrate noise for optoelectronic applications

In recent optoelectronic communication systems, microprocessors tend to be imbedded on-chip with analog interface circuitry. This results in a critical substrate noise issues for mixed-signal chip designers because switching transients in digital MOS circuits can interfere with analog circuits integrated on the same die by means of coupling through the substrate. In order to optimize the dynamic range of the system and to minimize the sensitivity to substrate noise, many noise-reduction techniques, such as a P+ guard ring, a N-well guard ring, trench oxide isolation, and MOSCAP have been developed and employed to suppress substrate noise generated by clocking of the digital circuitry in microprocessor. In this paper, a fully differential method is described, which is used to reduce the substrate noise effect caused by the microprocessor. This approach has been implemented in a communications data processing application, in which the microprocessor is located next to the analog current-input optical data receiver and quantization circuits which have a sensitivity of -28 dBm and variable gain characteristic for power efficiency. Both simulated and experimental results of this design approach are presented herein.
Built-in test strategy for next generation military avionic hardware

A built-in-test (BIT) strategy is developed, aided by the reliability models of MIL-HDBK-217E. This development results in the consideration of device and system failure rate distributions along with system application and environment in deciding where and what type of BIT to implement. In particular, it is shown that failures of electronic circuits can be attributed to both gate- and package-related failures and that the BIT strategy must take this failure distribution into account. A typical line-replaceable module, representative of that being designed for next-generation military fighter aircraft, is analyzed to develop a BIT implementation which detects a high percentage of the expected failure of the module. >
Cloning, ethics, and religion.

On Sunday morning, 23 February 1997, the world awoke to a technological advance that shook the foundations of biology and philosophy. On that day, we were introduced to Dolly, a 6-month-old lamb that had been cloned directly from a single cell taken from the breast tissue of an adult donor. Perhaps more astonished by this accomplishment than any of their neighbors were the scientists who actually worked in the field of mammalian genetics and embryology. Outside the lab where the cloning had actually taken place, most of us thought it could never happen. Oh, we would say that perhaps at some point in the distant future, cloning might become feasible through the use of sophisticated biotechnologies far beyond those available to us now. But what many of us really believed, deep in our hearts, was that this was one biological feat we could never master. New life—in the special sense of a conscious being—must have its origins in an embryo formed through the merger of gametes from a mother and father. It was impossible, we thought, for a cell from an adult mammal to become reprogrammed, to start all over again, to generate another entire animal or person in the image of the one born earlier.
Scaling plant size to below‐ground zone of influence in annuals under contrasting competitive environments

Summary 1 Understanding the development of plants’ below-ground zone of influence, the region over which a plant acquires soil resources, is essential for understanding and predicting interplant competition. 2 The objective of this experiment was to characterize root system development of four weed species (Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L. and Setaria faberi Herm.) when grown in monoculture and in mixture to assess the influence of maize competition on root system volume and shape. 3 Using a herbicide-injection technique, root development was assessed at two field sites with contrasting soil textures. Lateral root growth (LRG) was measured over the growing season at 15, 30 and 60 cm depths. Similarly, vertical root growth (VRG) was assessed when roots reached 15, 30 and 60 cm depths. The technique proved useful for quantifying VRG and LRG over time for all four weed species. From vertical and lateral root system expansion, the volume of soil exploited by the root system (V) was calculated and used as an estimator of the below-ground zone of influence. 4 For A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus, VRG was less influenced than LRG by interspecific competition, and was independent of plant size. In contrast, LRG was strongly related to plant size. Differences in LRG were primarily responsible for the sizeable reductions in below-ground zone of influence for plants of similar ages but of lower above-ground biomass (AGB) due to competition with maize. 5 Above-ground biomass of A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus was exponentially related to below-ground zone of influence with a scaling exponent of 0·71 (AGB = 84·14V0·71, R2 = 0·74). Soil type (sandy loam vs silt loam), plant species, or interspecific competition (monoculture vs mixture with maize) did not substantially influence this relationship. 6 The scaling factor reported in this study could be used to improve dynamic models of plant competition in annual agroecosystems. This work also provides insights into the likelihood of below-ground competition between neighbouring plants during root system development.
A new improved energy-momentum tensor

Abstract We show that the matrix elements of the conventional symmetric energy-momentum tensor are cut-off dependent in renormalized perturbation theory for most renormalizable field theories. However, we argue that, for any renormalizable field theory, it is possible to construct a new energy-momentum tensor, such that the new tensor defines the same four-momentum and Lorentz generators as the conventional tensor, and, further, has finite matrix elements in every order of renormalized perturbation theory. (“Finite” means independent of the cut-off in the limit of large cut-off.) We explicitly construct this tensor in the most general case. The new tensor is an improvement over the old for another reason: the currents associated with scale transformations and conformal transformations have very simple expressions in terms of the new tensor, rather than the very complicated ones they have in terms of the old. We also show how to alter general relativity in such a way that the new tensor becomes the source of the gravitational field, and demonstrate that the new gravitation theory obtained in this way meets all the epxerimental tests that have been applied to general relativity.
Structural determination of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O103:H2.

The structure of the antigenic O-polysaccharide isolated from the lipopolysaccharide produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O103:H2 was determined and shown to be composed of d-glucose (1 p...
Association of serum bicarbonate levels with mortality in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD.

Background. Metabolic acidosis, usually manifested by low serum bicarbonate level, is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and appears to be associated with higher mortality in dialysis patients. It is not known whether a similar association is present in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD). Methods. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox models to examine the association between baseline and time-variable serum bicarbonate (measured as total CO2) with the outcomes of all-cause mortality and the composite of pre-dialysis mortality or end-stage renal disease in 1240 male patients with moderate and advanced NDD-CKD. Results. Serum bicarbonate showed a significant U-shaped association with all-cause mortality, with the highest mortality rate observed in patients with baseline serum bicarbonate levels <22 mmol/L [multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for patients with serum bicarbonate <22 mmol/L versus ≥22 mmol/L: 1.33 (1.05–1.69), P = 0.02] and the lowest mortality observed in patients with baseline serum bicarbonate of 26–29 mmol/L. The associations between lower serum bicarbonate level and mortality were more accentuated in subgroups of patients with better nutritional status and lower inflammation. Conclusions. Both lower and higher serum bicarbonates are associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with moderate and advanced NDD-CKD. Clinical trials are needed to determine if therapeutic interventions aimed at optimizing serum bicarbonate can result in improved outcomes in this population.
Early adversity and mechanisms of plasticity: Integrating affective neuroscience with developmental approaches to psychopathology

Interest in the effects of early adversity on children's development reflects contemporary emphases on early experience in the behavioral sciences and plasticity in the neurosciences. Over the past decade, powerful new tools and approaches for understanding the neural circuitry involved in emotion have become increasingly available. Yet, research in developmental psychopathology has not reaped the full benefits of affective neuroscience approaches and methods. Integration of affective neuroscience approaches can excavate developmental mechanisms, thereby advancing knowledge about the etiology, prevention, and treatment of mental health problems in children. Here, we consider two general principles that can guide understanding of plasticity in the neural circuitry of emotion systems and the development of psychopathology.
Sensitivity and responsivity measures for discrimination learning

Abstract The present report considers alternative measures of sensitivity and response bias for the discrimination learning paradigm. The classical signal detection measures, d′ and β, were compared with their nonparametric equivalents, A′ and B″, with theoretical measures derived from threshold theory and with empirical measures derived from the ROC graph. Differential rabbit eyelid conditioning data from three experiments were analyzed with these measures, and the results of these analyses were used along with other information to determine which measures of sensitivity and response bias are most useful for the analysis of discrimination learning data.
Quality control for SPECT systems.

A comprehensive set of acceptance tests is the basis for an effective quality control program. Acceptance tests indicate whether the scintillation camera meets published specifications but should also include evaluation of certain parameters not specified by the vendor but that can seriously affect image quality. Once a camera is "accepted," initial quality control tests serve as a benchmark for future measurements. Tomographic systems must be subjected to the same basic quality control program as planar cameras. Flood field images must be acquired and evaluated daily; spatial resolution must be tested once each week. Less frequently, parameters such as multiple-window spatial registration, collimator uniformity, system sensitivity, and camera "dead time" should be evaluated. Single photon emission computed tomographic systems require additional tests to ensure optimum performance. Center-of-rotation calibration and verification of detector registration are needed to avoid losses of spatial resolution. Fl...
Fostering collaboration and learning in asynchronous online environments

This case study, based on social constructivist learning theory, analyzed the quality of interaction and learning taking place during asynchronous discussions in a graduate level course by focusing on the types of instructional strategies employed to foster discussion. Qualitative and quantitative procedures were used to analyze knowledge construction processes based on previously conducted research that provided a set of indicators for replication in coding and comparison of results. The role of facilitator was closely monitored in relation to the quality of responses in regard to knowledge construction in order to determine the types of instructional strategies best suited to draw students into online discussions that are constructivist, collaborative approaches to building knowledge.
Financial Networks and Informal Banking in China: From Pawnshops to Private Equity

Provides an analysis of why informal financial networks and institutions still play an extremely important role in China's economy in the 21st century. Although China has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in the world, it still suffers from a weak financial system dominated by state-controlled banks and severely limited access to capital for private entrepreneurs and consumers. The case shows how the political climate, economic regulatory environment and social attitudes towards lending practices have shaped the approach to and structure of financing private enterprises over time. It also addresses the response of the Chinese government to the resilient curb market in the context of the economic reforms and policy changes for the banking and financial sector.
Comparative Effects on Experimental Tuberculosis of 2,4′-Dichloro-benzophenone and 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylsulfone.

Summary and conclusionsThe effect of 2,4′-dichlorobenzophenone on experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs was studied. Although 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone was capable of exerting an impressive inhibitory effect, the chlorine derivative of benzophenone did not retard or influence favorably the course or character of the disease as exemplified among the animals in the untreated or control group. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. Favorable bacteriostatic results in vitro of chemical compounds against tubercle bacilli are not necessarily indicative of favorable results in experiments in vivo. 2. 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone under the conditions imposed proved capable of combating a tuberculous infection rather satisfactorily. 3. The one chlorine derivative of benzophenone studied proved ineffective in altering the expected course of the disease.
The Effects Of Negotiator Preferences, Situational Power, And Negotiator Personality On Outcomes Of Business Negotiations

A laboratory experiment was used to investigate the joint effects of preferences, personality, and situational power on the outcomes of business negotiations. Results show that preferences vary acr...
Enhancement of the Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Methyldopa and other Anti-Hypertensive Drugs by Carbidopa in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

1. A peripheral inhibitor of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, carbidopa [(-)-L-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate], at doses up to 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally or 30 mg/kg orally had no effect on directly recorded arterial pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats derived from the Wistar/Okamoto strain. It enhanced, however, the anti-hypertensive effects of methydopa, hydrallazine, guanethidine and clonidine, and, to a lesser extent, reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide. The mechanism of this enhancement is presently unkonwn, but biochemical studies support the assumption that carbidopa is likely to reduce sympathetic nervous system activity. 2. The conversion of [3H]tyrosine (given intraperitoneally) to dopa (3,4-dihydroxypheylalanine) and catecholamines was measured in the hearts and adrenals of control rats and animals pretreated with carbidopa (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Carbidopa significantly decreased the accumulation of 3H-labelled catecholamines in both organs and increased their total tyrosine content and the specific radioactivity of tyrosine.
Does Technology Have Race

This paper started as a response to the "Black Lives Matter" campaign in the USA, and emerged as a critique of race more generally in technology design. This paper provides case studies of how technologies are often less usable by persons of color, and contextualizes this in light of intersectionalist theory. Finally, it discusses how the HCI community can ameliorate the situation, and our obligation to do so in light of the ACM code of ethics.
Effect of Radiated heat of Oil-Soaked Sand on Its Ignition Characteristics

The effect of the radiant heat on the flash point and ignition point of the oil-soaked sand were studied experimentally.Diesel oil and a bed of sand were used respectively as the fuel and the ground model.Experiments were conducted by varying the mass ratio between sand and diesel oil,and the diameter of sand and outside radiant heat.It is found that when outside radiant heat is confined within a certain range,the flash point and ignition point of oil-soaked sand rise with the increase of radiated heat,and then remain to a constant.When the surface of the compound is exposed to radiant heat,the flash point and ignition point of oil-soaked sand rise with the increase of mass ratio between sand and diesel oil,but without any minimum.It is also found that the sand diameter has effect on the flash point and ignition point of oil-soaked sand.