cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work It Out/See a Counselor

Fifty-nine spouses going through the process of separation completed an Internet survey on their experience. Not only was the process of separation difficult for the majority of both women and men (over three-fourths evaluated their adjustment as “still healing” or “terrible” with some “suicidal”), the advice from over two-thirds of both women and men to those contemplating separation/divorce was to avert a divorce by “working it out” or “seeing a counselor.” When this was not possible, the spouses (more men than women) recommended a cooling off period. Clearly, one effect of involvement in the process of separation was a reevaluation of the desirability of initiating a separation to the degree that they would alert others contemplating separation/divorce to rethink their situation and to attempt reconciliation. Implications and limitations of the research are identified.
Review of Traffic and Highway Engineering, Fourth Edition, by Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel

The fourth edition of the popular book on traffic and highway engineering by Nicholas Garber and Lester Hoel has been released. The authors maintain the five core parts of the previous edition, namely: • Introduction to Transportation; • Traffic Operations; • Transportation Planning; • Location, Geometrics, and Drainage; and • Material and Pavements. However, many notable and timely additions have been included that highlight the recent evolution of transportation during the seven years since the third edition was released. The book begins with an excellent overview of transportation, written in a conversational style that can be enjoyed by all readers, regardless of their background and interest. Of particular note is the expanded section on the history of transportation and the evolution of America’s highways. Significant historical landmarks, ranging from the Lancaster Turnpike toll road in 1794 and the introduction of the bicycle in 1886, to the 21st-century development of information technology and hybrid vehicles in transportation, are presented and discussed. Even the most uninterested reader’s attention will be captured by the excellent presentation and the notable contribution that transportation has made over the years. The addition of several historic photos, obtained from the Library of Congress, provides a finishing polish to this section. Safe and efficient operation of transportation systems has never been more important than it is today. In part two of the book, the authors highlight this importance and present the concept of traffic operations through eight appropriately defined chapters. Although an expanded section on human factors concepts may have enhanced this section, the authors do appropriately define the characteristics of drivers and pedestrians, and add timely discussions on older driver and bicyclist characteristics. The chapter on highway safety has been appropriately expanded to include the burgeoning areas and rapid knowledge gain in this topic. I particularly appreciated the expanded discussion on the statistical procedures used in transportation safety data analysis, including a fundamental presentation on the Empirical Bayes methodology commonly used by safety researchers. The authors effectively provide sufficient detail to capture the readers’ interest and understanding, but avoid a statistical documentary that may detract from the beginner’s understanding of this important issue. I also found the presentation of shock waves in traffic flow extremely well done. For those who have taught introductory transportation courses, the concept of shock waves is perhaps the most difficult concepts for students to grasp. The authors effec-
Modeling of the Global Water Cycle – Analytical Models

Both numerical and analytical models of coupled atmosphere and its underlying ground components (land, ocean, ice) are useful tools for modeling the global and regional water cycle. Unlike complex three-dimensional climate models, which need very large computing resources and involve a large number of complicated interactions often difficult to interpret, analytical models are able to provide more direct and intuitive figures of variability and processes in a highly simplified system. They can be a good and efficient alternative modeling tool, especially for studying continental water cycle. This article describes the analytical models developed based on the soil and atmospheric water and energy conservation equations. A fourth-order model is used to illustrate the perturbation equation, solutions, and physical interpretation. Our understanding of some water cycle variability issues, including timescale, persistence, and major physical parameters and processes, obtained from the analytical models is presented. Keywords: analytical model; water cycle; persistence; land–atmosphere interaction and feedback
Tract-based morphometry

Multisubject statistical analyses of diffusion tensor images in regions of specific white matter tracts have commonly measured only the mean value of a scalar invariant such as the fractional anisotropy (FA), ignoring the spatial variation of FA along the length of fiber tracts. We propose to instead perform tract-based morphometry (TBM), or the statistical analysis of diffusion MRI data in an anatomical tract-based coordinate system. We present a method for automatic generation of white matter tract arc length parameterizations, based on learning a fiber bundle model from tractography from multiple subjects. Our tract-based coordinate system enables TBM for the detection of white matter differences in groups of subjects. We present example TBM results from a study of interhemispheric differences in FA.
Cyclic Feature Concealing CP Selection for Physical Layer Security

Cyclic prefix (CP) utilizing techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) offer significant advantages in equalizing the effect of time dispersive channels at the expense of a reasonable spectral redundancy. However, cyclic features introduced by CP to the signal can also be exploited for blind parameter estimation and synchronization which compromise the security and privacy of the signal against eavesdropping attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel CP selection technique that conceals the cyclic features of the signal while maintaining the advantages in equalization without reducing spectral efficiency. After presenting the proposed technique, its performance is discussed for OFDM and SCFDE in terms of bit-error rate and complexity as well as cyclic feature suppression.
A catastrophizing assessment of worrisome thoughts.

Cognitive products of anxiety related to the automatic questioning style proposed by Kendall and Ingram (1987) were examined in the context of chronic worry using a method modeled after the cognitive therapy technique of decatastrophizing. As chronic worriers generated sequences of possible catastrophic consequences for two worry topics, they generated significantly more catastrophic steps than nonworriers. Also, worriers reported a significant increase in subjective discomfort as catastrophizing progressed while nonworriers' reports revealed no change. With few exceptions, the content of worriers' catastrophic sequences did not differ from that of nonworriers. Despite this, worriers rated the events in their sequences as significantly more likely to actually occur than nonworriers. These results are consistent with the view of Ingram and Kendall (1987) that anxiety is associated with automatic questions of the form “what if?” It is argued that the differences between the cognitive products of worriers and nonworriers observed during catastrophizing reflect worriers' more ready access to elaborate memory stores of answers to catastrophic “what if?” questions that have been acquired through frequent repetition.
Burn injuries: Epidemiology and prevention

This article describes a retrospective epidemiologic study of burn injuries in New York State. Information is provided on patterns of occurrence for various populations, places, and times. The environmental hazards most frequently associated with burn hospitalizations are identified. A systematic methodology (Haddon's Ten Countermeasure Strategies) is used to identify potential prevention activities. The objective of this report is to stimulate state and local agencies to develop a greater variety of burn injury prevention activities.
One-electron reduction of carcinogen chromate by microsomes, mitochondria, and Escherichia coli: identification of Cr(V) and .OH radical.

Abstract Earlier studies have shown that a long-lived Cr(V) species is produced during the reduction of chromate (Cr(VI)) by microsomes/NADPH, mitochondria, and other cellular constituents and that this Cr(V) species plays a significant role in the mechanism of Cr(VI) toxicity. The present work indicates that this species is a Cr(V) complex involving the diol moieties of NADPH as the ligand. Additionally, ESR spin trapping investigations show that the hydroxyl (.OH) radical is also generated in the reduction process. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enhances the .OH generation but suppresses the Cr(V)-NADPH complex formation. Catalase decreases the .OH radical generation and enhances the Cr(V)-NADPH formation. Measurements under anaerobic atmosphere show decreased .OH radical generation, indicating that during the cellular Cr(VI) reduction process molecular oxygen is reduced to H 2 O 2 , which reacts with the Cr(V)-NADPH complex to generate the .OH radical via a Fenton-like mechanism.
Charge Transfer for Protons in H 2

A precise measurement of the electron capture cross section for protons in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is reported for proton energies between 2.4 and 60 kev. The method involves collection of the residual ions by a sequence of identical condensers. The same scattering chamber is also used for the measurement of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{01}$ and (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{01}+{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{10}$). The recent measurements of Stier and Barnett are in close agreement with our results.
Genetic variability for grain yield traits of five random-mating populations of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.

Abstract Five random-mating sorghum populations were compared with two hybrids to determine amount and range of genetic variability for grain yield and yield components. Populations used represented varied contributions of adapted, temperate lines and converted, tropical exotic lines. Increased levels of genetic variability displayed by populations were generally associated with increases in the proportion of exotic, converted germplasm used in constructing the populations. Based on extent of genetic variability on a per plant basis, TP5R and TP13B offer most potential for improvement of grain yield. Highest variability for grain yield was displayed by TP5R and for seeds per panicle by TP13B. TP5R represented a population composed entirely of diverse converted sorghums. All populations displayed considerable genetic variability for flowering date and plant height, and little genetic variability for panicles per plant. Genetic variability was observed for seed weight in all but one population, TP13B. None of the populations exceeded hybrids for plot grain yield, reflecting the assemblage of desirable genes combined into hybrid combinations compared to the heterogeneous and heterozygous nature of random-mating populations. For the two cropping seasons over which the study was conducted, relative differences between populations and hybrids for grain yield were greater in 1980 than in 1981. Implications for potential improvement of populations with regard to grain yield and breeding needs for sorghum production in semi-arid environments are considered in relation to genetic variability contributed by component lines of populations.
Constitutive NF-κB and NFAT activation in aggressive B cell lymphomas synergistically activates the CD154 gene and maintains lymphoma cell survival

Abnormalities in B-lymphocyte CD40 ligand (CD154) expression have been described for a number of immunologic diseases, including B-cell lymphomas. Although functional analysis of the CD154 gene and protein has been extensive, little is known about the mechanisms controlling CD154 expression in activated T cells, and even less is known for normal and malignant B cells. In this study we describe the transcriptional mechanism controlling CD154 expression in large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). We show that the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor is also constitutively activated in LBCL. We demonstrate that the constitutively active NFATc1 and c-rel members of the NFAT and nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) families of transcription factors, respectively, directly interact with each other, bind to the CD154 promoter, and synergistically activate CD154 gene transcription. Down-regulation of NFATc1 or c-rel with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or chemical inhibitors inhibits CD154 gene transcription and lymphoma cell growth. These findings suggest that targeting NF-κB and NFAT, by inhibiting the expression of these transcription factors, or interdicting their interaction may provide a therapeutic rationale for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of B-cell origin, and possibly other disorders that display dysregulated CD154 expression.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM-5: New Criteria, New Measures, and Implications for Assessment

The diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were substantially revised for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—5th edition (DSM-5). This in turn necessitated revision of DSM-correspondent assessment measures of PTSD. We describe the various changes to the PTSD diagnostic criteria and the corresponding changes to National Center for PTSD measures. We also discuss the implications of the new criteria for assessment of trauma exposure and PTSD. Although the DSM-5 version of PTSD departs significantly in some respects from previous versions, we conclude that there is fundamental continuity with the original DSM-III conceptualization of PTSD as a chronic, debilitating mental disorder that develops in response to catastrophic life events.
Current implementation of site-specific technologies in U.S. cotton production

The initial adoption of site-specific management for cotton production was slower than by commodities grown in the mid-west. Part of the delayed adoption can be explained by the lack of functional cotton yield monitors. Now that yield monitors are commercially available, cotton producers are beginning to find many applications for geospatial technologies. The emphasis of this paper is on applications that are being implemented at some level on commercial farms. Traditional grid-based soil sampling has found some use for pre-plant application of fertilizer, and soil conductivity mapping has been used to apply variable rate soil amendments in the west. During the growing season, vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) have been used as a tool to direct scouting for insect infestations. The scouting information and NDVI are combined to create variable rate insecticide application maps. A catalyst to this approach has been the recent development of aerial variable rate application technology. In some production regions, it is necessary to control cotton's vegetative development rate with plant growth regulators (PGRs). Vegetation indices are very useful for defining areas of the field where PGRs are needed. Research is also being conducted on the use of imagery for the development of defoliation application maps before harvest. In the short-term, simple vegetation indices can meet many of management information needs for cotton when combined with directed scouting of the field. However, to be ultimately successful, dependable and frequent sources of imagery will be required. Near-real time delivery is essential, as a majority of the management decisions are often made on a daily basis. Most producer-based applications of these data have been from airborne platforms managed by local image providers where flexible image acquisition schedules are possible.
Scrap your boilerplate with XPath-like combinators

XML programming involves idioms for expressing 'structure shyness' such as the descendant axis of XPath or the default templates of XSLT. We initiate a discussion of the relationships between such XML idioms and generic functional programming, while focusing on the (Haskell-based) 'Scrap your boilerplate' style of generic programming (SYB). This work gives insight into mechanisms for traversal and selection. We compare SYB and XSLT. We approximate XPath in SYB. We make a case for SYB's programmability, when compared to XPath's fixed combinators. We allude to strengthened type checking for SYB traversals so as to reject certain, trivial behaviors.
Treatment of multi-focal colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver of immune-competent and syngeneic rats by hepatic artery infusion of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus

Viruses that replicate selectively in cancer cells hold considerable promise as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancy. We report an orthotopic model of multi-focal colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases in the livers of syngeneic and immune-competent rats, which permitted rigorous testing of oncolytic virus vectors as novel therapeutic agents through hepatic arterial infusion for efficacy and safety. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a negative-strand RNA virus with intrinsic oncolytic specificity due to attenuated anti-viral responses in many tumors. After administration at the maximum tolerated dose, the recombinant VSV vector gained access to multi-focal hepatic CRC lesions that led to tumor-selective viral replication and oncolysis. No relevant vector-associated toxicities were noted and in particular, no damage to the hepatic parenchyma was seen. Moreover, the survival rate of vector-treated rats was significantly improved over that of animals in the control treatment group (p = 0.015). Our results demonstrate that hepatic arterial administration of oncolytic VSV is both effective and safe in an immune-competent and syngeneic rat model of multi-focal CRC liver metastasis, suggesting that it can be developed into an effective therapeutic modality in patients in the future. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Naltrexone-facilitated buprenorphine discontinuation: a feasibility trial.

Abstract Rationale Buprenorphine is an effective and popular treatment for opioid dependence. It remains unclear, however, when or how to transition stable buprenorphine-maintained individuals to complete abstinence. This trial investigates the feasibility of using naltrexone to facilitate buprenorphine discontinuation in stable individuals who had tolerated a taper to 2mg or less but were unable to terminate entirely due to withdrawal-related distress. Methods The sample consisted of 6 buprenorphine-maintained individuals in sustained full remission, and who had tolerated a taper but were unable to discontinue altogether. A rapid induction procedure was performed, which included supervised buprenorphine discontinuation, oral naltrexone titration with a starting dose of 6.25mg, and administration of long-acting injectable naltrexone. Participants were followed weekly for 5weeks after the injection, with telephone follow-up occurring at 6months. Results The rapid induction procedure was well tolerated. There was no observed or reported clinical worsening over the course of study participation. Notably, no participants experienced an increase in Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) scores after the first oral dose of NTX as compared to day 1 (24hours after last dose of buprenorphine); instead, SOWS scores decreased between days 1 and 7 ( p =0.043). All participants were able to discontinue buprenorphine and to remain opioid free during the trial and at follow-up. Conclusions This preliminary trial represented for all participants the first successful attempt at buprenorphine discontinuation. Further research is needed to better understand if naltrexone is effective at facilitating buprenorphine discontinuation, as well as the feasibility of a sequential approach (buprenorphine stabilization to naltrexone) for opioid use disorders.
Cardiac late potential signals and sources

Most studies of cardiac late potentials (LPs) recorded from the body surface use signal processing definitions to characterize these abnormal ventricular potentials. For many years, the focus of the clinical studies have been on those signals that outlast the QRS complex; however, cardiac mapping studies have clearly identified that the such abnormal activation occurs during the QRS complex as well and can be distinguished from normal QRS potentials using advanced signal processing tools. Thus, both the abnormal intra-QRS potentials and the LP represent a continuum of the same signal sources. The electrogram recordings of these signals are often characterized as multiphasic with ambiguous/multiple depolarization times spanning tens of milliseconds within very short distances ( 30 milliseconds) and decremental conduction. Hence, the role of this passive cell coupling in the generation of abnormal patterns of conduction as well as arrhythmogenesis has yet to be fully determined but may in fact define another mechanism of cardiac conduction.
Effect of Hospital Restructuring on Registered Dietitian Staffing in a Large Metropolitan Area.

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To review the effects of restructuring on management and non-management staffing in hospital food and nutrition services departments. The Nutrition Administrators of Chicagoland (NAC), a professional group composed of clinical nutrition managers (CNMs), conducted a survey in April, 1995 to study the effect of restructuring in its member hospitals. Questionnaires were mailed to 85 hospital based CNMs in Chicago and neighboring suburbs. This tool was designed to investigate how management and non-management registered dietitian (RD) staffing had been affected by hospital restructuring. Specifically, respondents were asked to provide information regarding: 1) facility description (urban (U) vs. suburban (S) and teaching/university (TU) vs. community (C); 2) size/census; 3) restructuring history (number of phases and time frame); 4) change in management RD, non-management RD and overall food and nutrition staff full-time equivalents (FTEs) post restructuring; and (5) changes in managerial span of control. Results : Forty (40) questionnaires were returned and the data was analyzed using Student's t-tests and ANOVA. The average hospital occupancy was 60%. At least one restructuring phase within the past three years occurred in 82.5% of the hospitals. The main impact of restructuring trends fell on the managerial RDs, with an average 21.2% decline in FTEs. Non-management RDs and total food and nutrition staff FTEs evidenced a smaller decrease of 5.4% and 8.3%, respectively. Of the hospitals retaining the CNM position (n=34), 35.2% reported a change in the title of the CNM position and increased responsibilities in 23.5%. Title retention with additional responsibilities was reported by 11.8%. There was no statistically significant difference in this data when it was analyzed by hospital type (TU vs. C), location (U vs. S), or size/census. Conclusions: In this metropolitan area, hospital restructuring has had a measurable effect on RD staffing, irrespective of hospital type, location, or size/census. Management RDs, in particular, have been impacted by the current restructuring environment When CNMs are retained, their span of control frequently increases, with the assignment of additional duties and responsibilities. Reimbursement trends suggest that CNMs should anticipate continued downsizing and be proactive in the process underway in their particular facility.
An Unusual Manifestation of Acquired Syphilis

Bone involvement is an unusual manifestation of acquired syphilis. We report a case of clinically apparent osteitis of the skull, secondary to acquired syphilis, which was the patient's presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Selective comprehensive multidimensional separation for resolution enhancement in high performance liquid chromatography. Part II: Applications

In this second paper of a two-part series, we demonstrate the utility of an approach to enhancing the resolution of select portions of conventional 1D-LC separations, which we refer to as selective comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC (sLC × LC), in three quite different example applications. In the first paper of the series we described the principles of this approach, which breaks the long-standing link in online multi-dimensional chromatography between the timescales of sampling the first dimension (¹D) separation and the separation of fractions of ¹D effluent in the second dimension. In the first example, the power of the sLC × LC approach to significantly reduce the analysis time and method development effort is demonstrated by selectively enhancing the resolution of critical pairs of peaks that are unresolved by a one-dimensional separation (1D-LC) alone. Transfer and subsequent ²D separations of multiple fractions of a particular ¹D peak produces a two-dimensional chromatogram that reveals the coordinates of the peaks in the 2D separation space. The added time dimension of sLC × LC chromatograms also facilitates the application of sophisticated chemometric curve resolution algorithms to further resolve peaks that are otherwise chromatographically unresolved. This is demonstrated in this work by the targeted analysis of phenytoin in urban wastewater effluent using UV diode array detection. Quantitation by both standard addition and external calibration methods yielded results that were not statistically different from 2D-LC/MS/MS analysis of the same samples. Next, we demonstrate the utility of sLC × LC for reducing ion suppression due to matrix effects in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry through the analysis of cocaine in urban wastewater effluent. Finally, we explore the flexibility of the approach in its application to two select regions of a single ¹D separation of triclosan and cocaine. The diversity of these applications demonstrates the power and versatility of the sLC × LC approach, which will benefit tremendously from further optimization and advances in valve technology that specifically address the needs of this new technique.
SU-E-T-342: Use of Patient Geometry Measurements to Predict Dosimetric Gain with VMAT Over 3D for Chestwall and Regional Nodal Radiation

Purpose: To predict the dosimetric gain of VMAT over 3D for the treatment ofchestwall/IMN/supraclavicular nodes using geometric parameters acquired during simulation Methods: CT scans for 20 left and 20 right sided patients were retrospectively analyzed toobtain percent ipsilateral lung volume included in the PWT and supraclavicular fields, central lung depth (CLD), maximum lung depth (MLD), separation, chestwall concavity (defined here as the product of CLD and separation) and the maximum heart depth (MHD). VMAT, PWT and P/E plans were done for each case. The ipsilateral lung V20 Gy and mean, total lung V20 Gy and mean, heart V25 Gy and mean were noted for each plan. Correlation coefficients were obtained and linear regression models were built using data from the above training set of patients and then tested on 4 new patients. Results: The decrease in ipsilateral lung V20 Gy, total lung V20 Gy, ipsilateral lung mean and total lung mean with VMAT over PWT significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the percent volume of ipsilateral lung included in the PWT and supraclavicular fields with correlation coefficient values of r = 0.83, r = 0.77, r = 0.78 and r = 0.75 respectively. Significant correlations were also found between MHD and the decrease in heart V25 Gy and mean of r = 0.77 and r = 0.67 respectively. Dosimetric improvement with VMAT over P/E plans showed no correlation to any of the geometric parameters investigated in this study. The dosimetric gain predicted for the 4 test cases by the linear regression models given their respective percent ipsilateral lung volumes fell within the 95% confidence intervals around the best regression fit. Conclusion: The percent ipsilateral lung volume appears to be a strong predictor of the dosimetric gain on using VMAT over PWT apriori.
Bringing the data mart into the curriculum

The development and deployment of data warehouses have become critical activities in strategic planning and decision-making. Computer and information science students should have an early hands-on exposure to the theoretical and practical aspects of this complex technology. This paper describes the first steps in an ambitious program for bringing the data warehouse into the curriculum. With the support of a NSF-ILI grant, two teams of senior students designed and developed a large-scale data repository on an Oracle platform as part of their capstone projects. This paper reports on the early phase of that process during which students established a data mart with drill-down and advanced data visualization capabilities. The impact of the project on current and future activities in the lab and in the classroom is discussed.
PHOTOACOUSTIC CALORIMETRY OF CYCLOHEPTENE DERIVATIVES. RELAXED TRIPLET ENERGIES OF 1‐PHENYLCYCLOHEPTENE AND 1, 3‐CYCLOHEPTADIENE AND THE ENERGETICS OF GROUND‐STATE cis‐trans ISOMERIZATION

— The heat of isomerization Ect of cis-1-phenylcycloheptene (c-PC7) to its highly strained trans isomer has been determined by a combination of a quantitative study of acid-catalyzed trapping of the trans isomer with time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry. The relaxed triplet energy has been determined for PC7 and for cis, cis-1, 3-cycloheptadiene. The triplet energies are in line with previous studies of other alkenes but the Ect value is significantly higher than that calculated by molecular mechanics calculations for cycloheptene. The significance of the results for cis-trans thermal isomerization is discussed.
Induction of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase in Xanthium Leaf Disks. Photosynthetic Requirement and Effect of Daylength

A cycloheximide-sensitive increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) occurs in Xanthium leaf disks exposed to light. Radioactive ammonia-lyase has been isolated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation and starch gel electrophoresis from disks fed l-isoleucine-U-(14)C or l-arginine-U-(14)C. The incorporation of radioactive amino acids into phenylalanine ammonia-lyase together with the inhibitory effects of cycloheximide indicate that the observed increase in enzyme activity involves the induction of lyase synthesis.The light-dependent synthesis of the ammonia-lyase is completely inhibited by 50 mum 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (CMU) indicating that photosynthesis is involved. Only a trace quantity of some photosynthetic product must be needed because half light saturation occurs at very low intensity (ca. 30 ft-c). Exogenous carbohydrate is also required for continuing enzyme synthesis over a 72 hr period. But carbohydrate does not replace the photosynthetic requirement in darkness. Enzyme formed in light disappears rapidly from disks placed in the dark. The decay of ammonia-lyase activity follows first order kinetics. The half-life of the lyase ranged from 6 to 15 hr in leaf material used. Cyoloheximide inhibits the decay of lyase activity. Thus the maintenance of turnover in Xanthium leaf disks requires de novo synthesis of protein. That turnover, i.e., degradation as well as synthesis of lyase protein occurs is suggested by the apparent loss of radioactive ammonia-lyase from leaf disks placed in darkness. Light-induced synthesis coupled with rapid turnover can produce a diurnal fluctuation of ammonia-lyase activity in Xanthium leaf disks. Alternating periods of enzyme synthesis and degradation were observed in disks exposed to 24 hr cycles of light and dark. The average level of enzyme activity maintained in the tissue was directly related to the length of the light period. Induction of lyase synthesis was also observed in excised leaves and to a lesser extent in leaves of whole plants.
Osteocalcin gene promoter: Unlocking the secrets for regulation of osteoblast growth and differentiation.

The bone tissue-specific osteocalcin gene remains one of a few genes that exhibits osteoblast-restricted expression. Over the last decade, characterization of the promoter regulatory elements and complexes of factors that control suppression of the osteocalcin gene in osteoprogenitor cells and transactivation in mature osteoblasts has revealed transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that mediate development of the osteoblast phenotype. In this review, we have focused on emerging concepts related to molecular mechanisms supporting osteoblast growth and differentiation based on the discoveries that the osteocalcin gene is regulated by homeodomain factors, AP-1 related proteins, and the bone restricted Cbfa1/AML3 transcription factor.
Biological Monitoring for Depleted Uranium Exposure in U.S. Veterans

BackgroundAs part of an ongoing medical surveillance program for U.S. veterans exposed to depleted uranium (DU), biological monitoring of urine uranium (U) concentrations is offered to any veteran ...
Isolated adrenocortical cells of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): Steroidogenic and ultrastructural properties

Abstract Isolated adrenocortical cells from White Leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) were compared to those from rats (Rattus norvegicus). Cells were prepared from collagenase-dispersed adrenal glands of sexually mature male animals. Corticosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay after incubation for 2 h with steroidogenic agents. Of the four ACTH analogues used, three were 6–17 times more potent with rat cells than with fowl cells (potencies were indicated by half-maximal steroidogenic concentrations). However, 9-tryptophan (O-nitrophenylsulfenyl) ACTH1–24 was 8 times more potent with fowl cells than with rat cells, thus suggesting that ACTH receptor differences exist between the two cell types. In addition, cAMP analogues were 10 times more potent with rat cells than with fowl cells suggesting that fowl corticosteroidogenesis is less dependent on cAMP than is rat corticosteroidogenesis. At equal cell concentrations, rat cells secreted 20–40 times more corticosterone than did chicken cells when they were maximally stimulated. Although rat cells converted 8 times more pregnenolone to corticosterone than did fowl cells, the half-maximal steroidogenic concentration for pregnenolone-supported corticosterone synthesis was the same for both cell types (about 5μM). This suggests that fowl cells have lower steroidogenic enzyme content rather than lower steroidogenic enzyme activity. An unusual feature seen in the isolated fowl adrenocortical cells was an abundance of intracellular filaments.
Analogies of the Sacrament in Sixteenth-Century French and Spanish Ethnography: Jean de Léry and José de Acosta.

AbstractThis article uses the controversies surrounding the Eucharist in post-Reformation Europe to frame a comparison of two prominent ethnographic texts of the late sixteenth century. Calvinist Jean de Lery's Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil (1578) and Jesuit father Jose de Acosta's Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590), both bestsellers in their time, served as important vehicles of knowledge about the New World for European readers. Despite being written from opposite sides of the denominational divide, the two works display notable similarities in their detailed examination of indigenous ritual practices and their insistent use of sacramental analogies to account for the most troubling and the most intriguing components of these practices: human sacrifice and cannibalism. In addition to showing how the analogies that structure ethnographic representation serve polemical and doctrinal ends, I examine how analogy itself functions as a contested site in which the radically diverge...
Cell-to-cell mapping method for time-optimal trajectory planning of multiple robot arm systems

This paper presents the results obtained by applying the cell-to-cell mapping method to solve the problem of the time-optimal trajectory planning for coordinated multiple robotic arms handling a common object along a specified geometric path. Based on the structure of the time-optimal trajectory control law, the continuous dynamic model of multiple arms is first approximated by a discrete and finite cell-to-cell mapping on a two-dimensional cell space over a phase plane. The optimal trajectory and the corresponding control are then determined by using the cell-to-cell mapping and a simple search algorithm. To further improve the computational efficiency and to allow for parallel computation, a hierarchical search algorithm consisting of a multiple-variable optimization on the top level and a number of cell-to-cell searches on the bottom level is proposed and implemented in the paper. Besides its simplicity, another distinguishing feature of the cell-to-cell mapping methods is the generation of all optimal trajectories for a given final state and all possible initial states through a single searching process. For most of the existing trajectory planning methods, the planning process can be started only when both the initial and final states have been specified. The cell-to-cell method can be generalized to any optimal trajectory planning problem for a multiple robotic arms system.
Role of the actin cytoskeleton in the regulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

The anion-selective channel CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), whose dysfunction is responsible for the onset of cystic fibrosis, is regulated by cAMP through the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). The nature of this activation process is unknown. In the present study, patch-clamp techniques were applied to both mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells expressing human epithelial CFTR (CFTR cells) and cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM), to determine whether CFTR is modulated by the actin cytoskeleton, and whether the actin cytoskeleton may be implicated in the cAMP-stimulated activation of the channel protein. Acute changes in the actin cytoskeleton by addition of cytochalasin D (CD) activated whole-cell currents in CFTR cells and NRVM. Addition of actin to excised, inside-out patches also activated CFTR. A functional characterization of CFTR in either cell type included cAMP-induced, linear whole-cell and single-channel currents in symmetrical Cl-, permeability to ATP, and inhibition by either diphenylamine-carboxylate (DPC) or a monoclonal antibody raised against CFTR. Incubation of CFTR cells and NRVM with CD for over 6 h prevented CFTR activation either by the cAMP pathway under whole-cell conditions or by PKA under excised inside-out conditions. Thus a complete derangement of the actin cytoskeleton prevents the cAMP-dependent activation of CFTR. CFTR activation, however, was restored by subsequent addition of actin. In summary, changes in actin filament organization modulate CFTR channel activity by a mechanism entailing a direct interaction between actin filaments and CFTR.
Children and Chores: A Mixed‐Methods Study of Children's Household Work in Los Angeles Families

This ethnographic study investigates children's contributions to household work through the analysis of interview data and scan sampling data collected among 30 middle-class dual-earner families in Los Angeles, California. We discuss convergences and divergences between data collected with two independent methodologies: scan sampling and interviewing. Scan sampling data provide an overview of the frequency of children's participation in household work as well as the types of tasks they engaged in during data collection. Children's interview responses reflect their perceptions of their responsibilities, how they view family expectations regarding their participation in household work, and whether allowance is an effective motivator. Comparative analysis reveals that most children in our study spend surprisingly little time helping around the house and engage in fewer tasks than what they report in interviews. Within the context of children's minimal participation in household work, we find that allowance is not an effective motivator, but that children in families with access to paid domestic help tend to be less helpful than children in families without. We suggest that while most children are aware that their working parents need help, in some families, inconsistent and unclear expectations from parents negatively affect children's participation in household work.
Use of dyes and proteins as indicators of virus adsorption to soils

Abstract Outbreaks of viral diseases have been associated with contamination of ground water sources by viral migration from septic tanks. A better understanding of virus adsorption to soils might help elucidate the possible mechanism of subsurface virus migration and ultimate contamination of ground water sources. The present investigation sought a simple test that could predict virus adsorption to soils. Two dyes, methylene blue (positively charged) and amaranth (negatively charged), and three proteins, ferritin ( p 1 4.5), myoglobin ( p 1 7.3) and cytochrome- c ( p 1 9.3), were evaluated as potential indicators of virus adsorption to 20 different soils. The results indicated that no single indicator could predict the adsorption pattern for the different viruses which were evaluated with the soils tested. However, the viruses could be divided into two groups based on their similarities to adsorption of ferritin and cytochrome- c to soils. The other three indicators, myoglobin, methylene blue and amaranth did not significantly correlate with virus adsorption. Therefore, it is proposed that a two protein indicator system could be used to evaluate soils to predict virus adsorption.
Hydrodynamic elliptic and triangular flow in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=2.76A TeV

Abstract It is shown that a simultaneous comparison of both elliptic and triangular flow from ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional viscous fluid dynamics with recent measurements in Pb + Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) favors a small specific shear viscosity ( η / s ) QGP ≈ 1 / ( 4 π ) for the quark–gluon plasma. Using this viscosity value, the relative magnitude of the elliptic and triangular flow is well described with Monte Carlo Glauber (MC-Glauber) initial conditions while Monte Carlo Kharzeev–Levin–Nardi (MC-KLN) initial conditions require twice as large viscosity to reproduce the elliptic flow and then underpredict triangular flow by about 30%.
Behavioral marital therapy for male alcoholics: Marital and drinking adjustment during the two years after treatment*

Follow-up results are presented for a study in which posttreatment results were reported earlier (Behavior Therapy, 1985, 16, 147–167). Married male alcoholics, who had recently begun individual outpatient alcoholism counseling, were randomly assigned to a no-marital-treatment control group or to 10 weekly sessions of either a behavioral marital therapy (BMT) or an interactional couples therapy group. Couples who received BMT in addition to the husbands' alcoholism counseling had better marital outcomes on both more positive wives' marital adjustment and less time separated than couples in which the husband received individual alcoholism counseling only, although the strength and the consistency of marital relationship findings favoring BMT diminished over time after treatment. In terms of drinking outcomes, the advantage for BMT over control noted during treatment was no longer apparent after treatment. Although BMT and interactional couples group did not differ on drinking or marital adjustment, both types of marital therapy had fewer days separated than controls suggesting that the common effects of both types of marital therapy may be to promote relationship stability during the long and arduous period of recovery from alcoholism. Finally, alcoholics with the most severe marital and drinking problems prior to treatment had the worst outcomes in the two years after treatment. Future studies should give more attention to maintaining gains produced by BMT with a special focus on preventing or minimizing relapses and strengthening sobriety, especially among cases with more severe problems.
Relative reactivities of bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,3-diene and 1,2-cycloheptadiene with conjugated dienes and styrene

Abstract Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,3-diene ( 2 ) and 1,2-cycloheptadiene ( 3 ), generated by treatment of the corresponding dichlorides 4 and 5 with magnesium, were found to undergo cycloaddition reactions with 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, styrene, and 1,3-cyclopentadiene. 2 , but not 3 , was also found to undergo a (2 + 2) cycloaddition reaction with cis -pentadiene. The relative reactivities of 2 and 3 with cis -pentadiene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, styrene, and 1,3-cyclopentadiene at 60° in THF were found to be: 0·18, —; 1·0, 1·0; 0·60, 7·5; and 4·0, 150.
Stereotype confirmation concerns predict dropout from cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder.

There are high attrition rates observed in efficacy studies for social anxiety disorder, and research has not identified consistent nor theoretically meaningful predictors of dropout. Pre-treatment symptom severity and demographic factors, such as age and gender, are sometimes predictive of dropout. The current study examines a theoretically meaningful predictor of attrition based on experiences associated with social group membership rather than differences between social group categories--fear of confirming stereotypes. This is a secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing two cognitive behavioral treatments for social anxiety disorder: virtual reality exposure therapy and exposure group therapy. Participants (N = 74) with a primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder who were eligible to participate in the parent study and who self-identified as either “African American” (n = 31) or “Caucasian” (n = 43) completed standardized self-report measures of stereotype confirmation concerns (SCC) and social anxiety symptoms as part of a pre-treatment assessment battery. Hierarchical logistic regression showed that greater stereotype confirmation concerns were associated with higher dropout from therapy--race, age, gender, and pre-treatment symptom severity were not. Group treatment also was associated with higher dropout. These findings urge further research on theoretically meaningful predictors of attrition and highlight the importance of addressing cultural variables, such as the experience of stereotype confirmation concerns, during treatment of social anxiety to minimize dropout from therapy.
Irradiation for bronchial carcinoma: Reasons for failure. I. Analysis of local control as a function of dose, time, and fractionation

Radiation therapy is the only potentially curative form of therapy for patients with carcinoma of the lung who are not surgical candidates. Previous studies have evaluated response by evaluating survival. Evaluation of local control of disease is essential if one is to understand and modify therapeutic approaches in an effort to increase survival. Clinical data are presented on 197 patients with primary epithelial tumors of the lung. An analysis of local control data is presented using the concept of nomial standard dose (NSD). If local failure is to occur, it is manifest by 15 months. Survival is affected by the ability or inability to achieve local control. Above a dose of 1450 ret, no correlation between increasing ret dose and increasing local control is observed.