cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-efficient reconstruction of 3D microstructure and distribution of properties of random heterogeneous materials containing multiple phases

Abstract Ultra-fast 3D material microstructure reconstruction and quantitative structure-property mapping are crucial components of integrated computational material engineering (ICME). It is particularly challenging for modeling random heterogeneous materials such as alloys, composites, polymers, porous media, and granular matters, which exhibit strong randomness and variations of their material properties due to the hierarchical uncertainties associated with their complex microstructure at different length scales. An explicit mixture random field (MRF) model is proposed to characterize and reconstruct multi-phase stochastic material property and microstructure simultaneously. The proposed method is shown to have ultra-high computational efficiency and only requires minimal imaging and property input data. The material property field is modeled by this strongly non-Gaussian random field, which is generated by a nonlinear mapping from the underlying Gaussian random field explicitly. The corresponding microstructure is represented by discrete phase indicators obtained from the material property field. A decomposed Karhunen–Loeve (K-L) expansion method is used to dramatically reduce the computational costs and memory requirement for high-dimensional and high-resolution generations. The feasibility and superior efficiency are demonstrated by reconstructing various materials, from 2D to 3D, bi-phase to multi-phase, isotropic to anisotropic materials. The results show that it only takes approximately seconds to reconstruct a 3D material with the resolution of 500 × 500 × 500 pixels. The elegant expression for explicit microstructure-property mapping with uncertainty quantification capability can be directly incorporated into the ICME framework for material design and optimization.
Seasonal Summer Camp Staff Experiences: A Scoping Review

Every year, nearly one million staff work seasonally at summer camps. Although little research has investigated staff experiences compared to campers’ experiences, literature does exist. Understanding the breadth and depth of this literature is an important way to guide future investigations and employment practices regarding seasonal summer camp staff experiences. The purpose of our scoping review was to synthesize the literature about seasonal summer camp staff experiences. Using two scoping review manuals as guides, we systematically retrieved and reviewed the corpus of literature produced from 1900 to 2020 regarding seasonal summer camp staff experiences. We reviewed 116 documents, including peer-reviewed journal articles, theses and dissertations, and refereed conference abstracts. We extracted and analyzed documents’ topics, methods, sample and setting characteristics, major findings, and future research suggestions. We present our analysis of literature in two sections: staff outcomes and administrator/staff concerns. Findings from our review may inform future research and practice. Subscribe to JOREL
Risk, Protective, and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Campus Health Services Utilization Among Black Men on a College Campus

The aim of this study is to analyze relationships among social and environmental determinants serving as risk, protective, and important covariate factors for mental health risk and help-seeking among Black men on a college campus. A secondary data analysis was conducted utilizing an ongoing, campus-wide survey at a large, urban, public university. Measures included depressive and anxiety symptoms; campus service utilization; risk factors (e.g., financial status); protective factors (social support/religiosity); and additional covariates (substance use/GPA). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine relationships between these factors, symptoms and help-seeking. Data is included for 681 students. Findings indicated that stressful life events were associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms (B = 0.39, p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (B = 0.33, p = 0.013). Cannabis use (B = 1.14, p = .020) was also associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. We found that financial status (B = 0.21, p = 0.041) was positively associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and endorsement of religiosity was associated with lower levels anxiety (B = − 0.23, p = 0.019) and depressive symptoms (B = − 0.32, p = 0.035). Religiosity predicted lower utilization of campus health services. The key findings indicated that Black men’s mental health is negatively influenced by stressful live events and cannabis use. As religiosity was associated with lower levels of symptoms and utilization, it may be beneficial to assess this in future work. Further research is needed to address and improve mental health and help-seeking among these men.
Lawyers' Ethics Beyond the Vanishing Trial: Unrepresented Claimants, De Facto Aggregations, Arbitration Mandates, and Privatized Processes

Trials are a vivid variable in the world of litigation, as reflected in the title of this colloquium, Civil Litigation Ethics at a Time of Vanishing Trials. In this Introduction, I argue that the challenges for lawyers loom larger than those reflected in the declining rate of trials. More facets of contemporary dispute resolution need to be engaged when contemplating the topics and roles that legal ethics must address in the decades to come. Millions of litigants appear in civil cases without attorneys. When clients are represented, they are often grouped by judges and lawyers into aggregates, created through a variety of methods, both formal and informal. Trial rates are down; one in one hundred federal civil cases goes to trial. Less in focus is that case filings are also flattening. To the extent people do go to court, they are often greeted by mandates to resolve disputes privately. Courts are now venues in which public adjudication has taken a back seat to alternative dispute resolution, which generally occurs outside the public purview. In short, vanishing trials are but a piece of the privatization and relocation of process. Dispute diffusion captures the eclipse of adjudication in courts as the central paradigm of government-based dispute resolution. Can and will lawyers impose regulation on themselves in response? Ought regulations be placed instead in statutes and court rules? And what shape should such provisions take, with what potential impact on the norms of lawyering and the body politic? This colloquium offers a series of essays responding to aspects of these new and daunting challenges.
Deteriorated regional calf microcirculation measured by contrast-free MRI in patients with diabetes mellitus and relation with physical activity.

Objective:To evaluate regional calf muscle microcirculation in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) with and without foot ulcers, compared to healthy control people without DM, using contrast-free ma...
Why the Maternal Medication List Matters: Neonatal Toxicity From Combined Serotonergic Exposures

Serotonergic medications are used for the prevention and treatment of depression during pregnancy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) can cause poor neonatal adaptation, which has been attributed to withdrawal versus toxicity. Bupropion, a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, is often used as an adjunctive agent to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SNRIs for refractory depression. Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic, may also be used in more complex cases. When combined with serotonergic drugs, bupropion and quetiapine are associated with increased risk of serotonin syndrome in adults. We describe a neonate exposed to venlafaxine (an SNRI), bupropion, and quetiapine in utero who presented nearly immediately after birth with encephalopathy and abnormal movements. The severity and rapidity of symptoms may be attributable to potentiation of venlafaxine's serotonergic effects by bupropion and quetiapine. Neonatal providers should be aware of maternal medications and prepare for possible adverse effects, particularly from common psychotropic exposures.
Chapter 5 Volatility

Abstract We provide a unified framework to understand current advances in two important fields in empirical finance: volatility estimation by virtue of microstructure noise-contaminated asset price data and transaction cost evaluation. In this framework, we review recently-proposed identification procedures relying on the unique possibilities furnished by asset price data sampled at high frequency. While discussing these procedures, we offer our perspective on the existing methods and findings, as well as on directions for future work.
An observational investigation of the comet-asteroid connection

Recent observations indicate that comet nuclei and certain asteroids, particularly near-Earth asteroids (NEA) and the distant asteroids, may have much in common. The authors investigated the possible connection between comets and asteroids via two methods. A spectroscopic survey of two groups of asteroids that may be related to comets, namely the NESs and Trojan asteroids, indicates that we cannot dispel the hypothesis of a main-belt origin NEAs, while the Trojan survey shows that the Trojans and the known comet nuclei are spectrally similar over the wavelengths examined. Results of attempts to determine the mass loss rates of NEAs indicate that we cannot exclude the possibility that low-activity comets exist in the NEA population and have escaped detection simply because their small sizes result in mass loss rates which are below the detection limit.
Automatic VHDL Model Generation System

Abstract This paper presents an automatic program synthesis system which generates VHDL models for digital simulators. Behavioral and structural models can be generated from Boolean equations, truth tables, HDL descriptions or schematic diagrams. This system provides an efficient method for automatic model development, which is one of the most difficult task, in a simulation environment.
Alberto Escobar y el pensamiento literario hispanoamericano

TJna de las teorias mas populares de la critica hispanoamericana reciente alega la inexistencia de la teoria hispanoamericana de la literatura. La contradiccion, si bien divertida, no deja de revestirse de aspectos graves, por la falta de introspeccion que permite entrever. Con lo anterior no aludo al conocidisimo pasaje de Corriente alterna de Octavio Paz en que, pese a reconocerse los meritos de criticos aislados, se afirma que nuestros paises "carecen de un cuerpo de doctrinas literarias, es decir, ese mundo de ideas que, al desplegarse, crea un espacio intelectual" ("Sobre la critica"). Los argumentos pacianos tienen sentido cuando no se extrapolan de su obra, en la que resulta esencial la nocion de modernidad: recuerdese que el escritor la ha definido como "tradicion de rupturas"; en su posicion de critico "moderno", entonces, Paz se ve forzado a desconocer la historia regional que lo produjo y a forjar la ilusion de su absoluta novedad como exegeta literario — en realidad heredero, desde numerosos puntos de vista, de Alfonso Reyes, Pedro y Max Henriquez Urena, Juan Maria Gutierrez, Andres Bello, y anterior a todos ellos, del Lunarejo. No, no es a Paz a quien deberiamos referirnos aqui. Es a los especialistas que, aun contando con la oportunidad de resenar y difundir en el exterior la historia de la teoria critica latinoamericana, prefieren rastrearla in the literary works themselves, since it is rarely constituted in specifically theoretical writingsl. ?Puede existir la critica sin una teoria que la respalde? La respuesta, creo, es negativa. La sola concepcion de semejante entidad seria tan imposible y absurda como la de una novela o un poema que prescindieran de la literatura o la de una frase que no perteneciera a ningun idioma. No me parece desacertado suponer que el problema de la mayoria de los negadores
A simple color concentration measurement technique for powders

Abstract Looking for a way to measure residence time distributions of an 80 micron fluidized cracking catalyst (FCC) powder, a simple measurement technique was discovered that quantifies tracer color concentration. Using a color spectrophotometer that measures percent reflectance as a function of wavelength, a calibration curve can be constructed for standard mixtures of dyed and un-dyed powder. This calibration curve can then be used to determine the color concentration of an unknown sample by measuring its reflectance. The effects of operating parameters such as dye strength, aperture size, surface roughness, sample volume and depth, and continuous flow were all evaluated. This spectrophotometric technique was found to be a quick and simple way to measure colored mixture concentrations. In addition to being ideal for residence time distribution applications, it has the potential to easily quantify mixing in any unit operation, batch or continuous.
A biomechanical model of pendelluft induced lung injury.

Abstract Lung ventilation using high frequency oscillatory techniques have been documented to attain adequate gas exchange through various gas transport mechanisms. Among them, the pendelluft flow is considered one of the most crucial mechanisms. In this work, we computationally investigate the induction of abnormal mechanical stresses and a regionally trapped volume of gas due to pendelluft flow. Large eddy simulation was used to model the turbulence in an upper tracheobronchial lung geometry that was derived from CT scans. The pendelluft flow was captured by modeling physiological boundary conditions at the truncated level of the lung model that is sensitive to the coupled resistance and compliance of individual patients. The flow–volume and volume–pressure loops are characterized by irregular shapes and suggest abnormal regional lung ventilation. Incomplete loops were observed indicating gas trapping in these regions signifying a potential for local injury due to incomplete ventilation from a residual volume build-up at the end of the expiration phase. In addition, the gas exchange between units was observed to create a velocity gradient causing a region of high wall shear stress surrounding the carina ridges. The recurrence of the pendelluft flow could cause a rupture to the lung epithelium layer. The trapped gas and wall shear stress were observed to amplify with increasing compliance asymmetry and ventilator operating frequency. In general, despite the significant contribution of the pendelluft flow to the gas exchange augmentation there exists significant risks of localized lung injury, phenomena we describe as pendelluft induced lung injury or PILI.
Advances in measurement techniques for characterizing mid-IR fibers in the 2-12 mu m wavelength region

Recent advances that have taken place in laser sources and detectors for use with mid-IR fibers in the 2-12- mu m wavelength region are discussed. Emphasis is placed on III-V semiconductor devices. The parameters highlighted are temperature of operation, threshold current density, output power (for lasers), quantum efficiency, modulation response, and dark current (for detectors). It is suggested that much work remains to be done so that these devices can eventually be used in practical systems. >
Mechanism of catalysis of the hydrolysis of a formamidinium compound

The hydrolysis of a fluoroformamidinium ion to give a urea is subject to general base catalysis, where the addition of water is catalyzed by carboxylate monoanions (pKa 2.22–5.52) with a Bronsted coefficient of β = 0.80 through a class n mechanism. The Bronsted coefficient and small solvent isotope effect of kH/kD = 1.2 ± 0.2 for catalysis by acetate anion are consistent with significant movement of a hydron towards the catalyst in a late asymmetric transition state. A concerted mechanism is proposed that is enforced by proton transfer within a hydrogen-bonded intermediate species, in which the difference in pKa between the catalyst and the intermediate is ∼16 units. Hydroxide and carbonate deviate below an extrapolation through a series of carboxylate anions, suggesting that over a wider range of pKa the Bronsted plot displays downward curvature, possibly due to a ‘Hammond effect’ on the proton transfer component of the reaction, that results in a change in transition-state structure with increasing pKa of the base catalyst. A 30-fold positive deviation of the uncatalyzed reaction from the limiting Bronsted line through the carboxylates suggests that the uncatalyzed reaction occurs via a different mechanism. The solvent isotope effect of kH/kD = 1.7 ± 0.1 and Bronsted type coefficients (for donating nitrogen substituents) of βdgArN = −0.3 and βdgRN = −0.4 for the uncatalyzed reaction are consistent with either a stepwise mechanism of addition and proton transfer, or a cyclic transition state containing two hydrogen bonded water molecules.
Turbulent Fluxes of Liquid Water and Buoyancy in Partly Cloudy Layers

A simple convective mass flux model is used to derive expressions for the fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy turbulent layers. The results differ radically from those suggested in some previous studies. Physical interpretation is given, and examples are presented. Implications for the dynamics of partly cloudy boundary layers are discussed, and the aftermath of cloud-top entrainment instability is analyzed.
Molecular relationships and species divergence among Phragmatopoma spp. (Polychaeta: Sabellaridae) in the Americas

Phragmatopoma spp. are marine, reef-building polychaetes that inhabit the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of both coasts of the Americas. Phragmatopoma californica is found in the Pacific Ocean along the California coast south to Mexico, while Phragmatopoma caudata inhabits the Caribbean islands and Atlantic Ocean from the Florida coast south to Brazil. Although apparently geographically isolated, P. californica and P. caudata have been found to interbreed (Pawlik 1988a) and thus their specific taxonomic relationship has been unclear. In this study, two genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1), were sequenced to assess the specific status of P. californica and P. caudata as well as Phragmatopoma virgini. Comparison of sequences revealed that samples of P. californica shared no COI haplotypes or ITS-1 sequences with P. caudata. Phylogenetic analyses, including maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods, clustered each species in separate, well-supported clades with genetic distances between them being greater than between either contested species or the uncontested, valid species, P. virgini. Thus, the molecular data support that P. californica and P. caudata are separate species. However, the sample of individuals of P. virgini included one genetically divergent individual, whose morphology was found to match that of a species formerly recognized as P. moerchi but since synonymized with P. virgini. Divergences among lineages were dated using the COI sequences, after adjustment for non-clock-like behavior. Consequently, we suggest that P. virgini and P. caudata are sister taxons and that P. californica diverged from the P. virgini/P. caudata clade ∼5.7 mya with P. virgini diverging from P. caudata ∼3 mya.
Inhibitory effect of hypergravity on photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in Euglena gracilis.

Summary Photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, is a critical biological process, whereby plants synthesize carbohydrates from light, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water. The influence of gravity on this biological process, however, is not well understood. Thus, centrifugation was used to alter the gravity environment of Euglena gracilis grown on nutritive agar plates illuminated with red and blue light emitting diodes. The results showed that hypergravity (up to 10× g ) had an inhibitory effect on photosynthetic CO 2 fixation. Chlorophyll accumulation per cell was essentially unaffected by treatment; however, Chl a /Chl b ratios decreased in hypergravity when compared to 1×g controls. Photosynthesis in Euglena appears to have limited tolerance for even moderate changes in gravitational acceleration.
The World as We Know It

AbstractAmerica's domestic reaction post 9/11 was laudable. President George W. Bush drew a clear distinction between the terrorists and Islam as such. Religious communities called upon the devout to avoid religious hatred and acrimony. As a result, there were few attacks on American Muslims. Nonetheless, many Americans support the "war on terror" against militant Islamists, and feel disquiet over those elements of Islamic teaching that appear to deny civic values such as the right to religious liberty and the right to convert. The publication of the statement "What We're Fighting For" in 2002 expressed some of these concerns and led to a difficult but fruitful ongoing dialogue between intellectuals in America and the Arab Middle East. The major differences that exist between Islam, Christianity, and Judaism require "deep toleration": the capacity to live with and among those with whom one profoundly disagrees on some vital matters. A civic Islam must be allowed to prevail that avoids the extremes of theo...
Immune responses and protection obtained with rotavirus VP6 DNA vaccines given by intramuscular injection

Intramuscular (i.m.) injection of murine VP6 DNA vaccines raised high titers of rotavirus-specific serum IgG and IgA antibodies in BALB/c mice. A Th1-like antibody response was generated based on the ratio of serum IgG2a to IgG1 antibodies. Rotavirus-specific serum IgA but not fecal IgA was detected in mice prior to rotavirus challenge. Partial protection against rotavirus challenge was achieved as measured by reduction of rotavirus antigen shedding in feces. A similar level of protection was found with a bovine rotavirus VP6 DNA vaccine against a murine rotavirus challenge, suggesting that heterologous protection can be obtained by immunizing with VP6 DNA vaccines. We did not directly test for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, but in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells in mice immunized with a murine VP6 DNA vaccine did not significantly change the duration of virus shedding or the pattern of protection obtained. This finding suggested that CD8+ CTL activity was not essential for the partial protection we obtained by i.m. immunization of mice with VP6 DNA vaccines.
Substrate Control of Free Radical Generation from Xanthine Oxidase in the Postischemic Heart

While the free radical-generating enzyme xanthine oxidase is a central mechanism of injury in postischemic tissues, questions remain regarding how xanthine oxidase-mediated radical generation is triggered during ischemia and reperfusion. There is controversy regarding whether radical generation is caused by enzyme formation or that of its substrates xanthine and hypoxanthine. Therefore, studies were performed in isolated rat hearts correlating the magnitude and time course of radical generation with alterations in xanthine oxidase and its substrates. Radical generation was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and correlated with spectrophotometric assays of tissue xanthine oxidase activity and chromatographic measurement of tissue and effluent concentrations of xanthine oxidase substrates and products. Xanthine oxidase was present in preischemic hearts and slightly increased during 30-min global ischemia. Hypoxanthine and xanthine were not present prior to ischemia but accumulated greatly during ischemia due to ATP degradation. These substrate concentrations rapidly declined over the first 5 min of reperfusion matching the observed time course of radical generation, whereas xanthine oxidase activity was largely unchanged. Both substrates were also observed in the coronary effluent during the first 5 min of reflow along with the product uric acid. Thus, the burst of xanthine oxidase-mediated free radical generation upon reperfusion is triggered and its time course controlled by a large increase in substrate formation that occurs secondary to the degradation of ATP during ischemia.
Commentary: Settler colonial studies and the North American frontier

Settler colonial studies offer a valuable perspective on the history of the North American frontier. Although the comparative study of settler colonies was an important project of American historians in the 1970s, it was not until the field had developed in Australia in the 1990s that it became an important part of historical practice in the USA. Applying the model to the history of the earliest settler colonies in North America, however, suggests the need to rethink the implicit assumptions and premises of the concept of settler colonialism.
Differential inhibition of HIV-1 cell binding and HIV-1-induced syncytium formation by low molecular weight sulphated polysaccharides

Dextran sulphate (MW 5000 and 8000) and a polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (MW 10,000), at concentrations that provided complete protection in a homologous infection assay, failed to block syncytium formation and the resulting cytopathic effect when MT-2 cells were mixed with H9/HIV-1 cells. These substances also had no antiviral activity when added to cells, after virus challenge, at a time when binding and entry were complete. However, a high molecular weight (500,000) dextran sulphate blocked HIV-1 infection at both stages. Thus, the gp120-CD4 interactions mediating HIV-1 binding and HIV-1-induced syncytium formation are differentially affected by this class of polyanionic substances. Furthermore, size may be a determining factor in their potential application as anti-HIV treatment.
Design and Performance of the EO-1 Advanced Land Imager

An Advanced Land Imager (ALI) will be flown on the first Earth Observing mission (EO-1) under NASA's New Millennium Program (NMP). The ALI contains a number of key NMP technologies. These include a 15 degree wide field-of-view, push-broom instrument architecture with a 12.5 cm aperture diameter, compact multispectral detector arrays, non-cryogenic HgCdTe for the short wave infrared bands, silicon carbide optics, and a multi-level solar calibration technique. The focal plane contains multispectral and panchromatic (MS/Pan) detector arrays with a total of 10 spectral bands spanning the 0.4 to 2.5 micrometer wavelength region. Seven of these correspond to the heritage Landsat bands. The instantaneous fields of view of the detectors are 14.2 (mu) rad for the Pan band and 42.6 (mu) rad for the MS bands. The partially populated focal plane provides a 3 degree cross-track coverage corresponding to 37 km on the ground. The focal plane temperature is maintained at 220 K by means of a passive radiator. The instrument environmental and performance testing has been completed. Preliminary data analysis indicates excellent performance. This paper presents an overview of the instrument design, the calibration strategy, and results of the pre-flight performance measurements. It also discusses the potential impact of ALI technologies to future Landsat-like instruments.
Nativity, Duration of Residence, Citizenship, and Access to Health Care for Hispanic Children

This article examines differences in access to a regular source of health care for children of Hispanic subgroups within the United States. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the immigration status of the mother – including nativity, duration in the United States, and citizenship status – and its affect on access to health care for Hispanic children. Data are pooled from the National Health Interview Survey for 1999–2001 and logistic regression models are estimated to compare Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Other Hispanic children with non-Hispanic whites and blacks. While initial disparities are recorded among the race/ethnic groups, in the final model, only Mexican American children display significantly less access to health care than non-Hispanic whites. The combined influence of the mother's nativity, duration, and citizenship status explains much of the differentials in access to a regular source of care among children of Hispanic subgroups in comparison to non-Hispanic whites.
Dynamic approaches to pension funding

Abstract The paper presents a dynamic model of pension funding for a defined benefit occupational pension scheme. Two types of risk are introduced concerned respectively with the stability and security of funding: the ‘ contribution rate ’ risk and the ‘ solvency ’ risk. An objective function is introduced to allow the simultaneous minimization of these two risks. The paper derives optimal funding control procedures for the contribution rate subject to specified constraints.
Occurrence of Mitochondria-targeted Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Gene in Animals Increases Organelle Resistance to Water Stress

Anhydrobiotic animals survive virtually complete loss of cellular water. The mechanisms that explain this phenomenon are not fully understood but often include the accumulation of low molecular weight solutes such as trehalose and macromolecules like Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of a mitochondria-targeted LEA gene (Afrlea3m) product in an animal species. The deduced molecular mass of the 307-amino acid polypeptide from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana is 34 kDa. Bioinformatic analyses reveal features typical of a Group 3 LEA protein, and subcellular localization programs predict targeting of the mature peptide to the mitochondrial matrix, based on an N-terminal, amphipathic presequence. Real-time quantitative PCR shows that Afralea3m mRNA is expressed manyfold higher in desiccation-tolerant embryonic stages when compared with intolerant nauplius larvae. Mitochondrial localization of the protein was confirmed by transfection of human hepatoma cells (HepG2/C3A) with a nucleotide construct encoding the first 70 N-terminal amino acids of AfrLEA3m in-frame with the nucleotide sequence for green fluorescence protein. The chimeric protein was readily incorporated into mitochondria of these cells. Successful targeting of a protein to human mitochondria by use of an arthropod signaling sequence clearly reveals the highly conserved nature of such presequences, as well as of the import machinery. Finally, mitochondria isolated from A. franciscana embryos, which naturally contain AfrLEA3m and trehalose, exhibit resistance to water stress (freezing) as evidenced by an unchanged capacity for oxidative phosphorylation on succinate + rotenone, a resistance that is absent in mammalian mitochondria lacking AfrLEA3m.
Causality explains why spatial and temporal translations commute: A remark

Under reasonable assumptions, it is proven that if a space-time has symmetries of translation type, then these symmetries form a commutative group.
Best-reply dynamics in large binary-choice anonymous games

We consider small-influence anonymous games with a large number of players n where every player has two actions. For this class of games we present a best-reply dynamic with the following two properties. First, the dynamic reaches Nash approximate equilibria fast (in at most cn log n steps for some constant c>0). Second, Nash approximate equilibria are played by the dynamic with a limit frequency of at least 1−e^(−c′n) for some constant c′>0.
Induction chemotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCCHN)

Induction chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck has long been known to be highly active with tumor responses observed in a high percentage of patients. More recent studies have added taxane to traditional platin and infusional fluorouracil regimens. Docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) is presently studied in prospective controlled trials to better define the efficacy and potential toxicity of sequential treatment with TPF followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy. We await the results of these trials before we accept induction chemotherapy as a standard treatment and to best identify the subgroups of patients who may be most likely to benefit from the approach.
Electronic relaxation rates of copper, aluminum, and potassium determined from the temperature dependence of the anomalous surface impedance

Changes in frequency of an extremely stable isothermal $\mathrm{LC}$ oscillator are associated with the temperature dependence of the surface impedance of a thermally isolated metallic sample placed within the inductor. Even in the anomalous skin-effect regime, where the electronic mean free path is much greater than the rf skin depth, there is a small yet measurable temperature dependence to the surface impedance. The formulas for the surface impedance (valid for the anomalous through classical skin-effect regimes) by Reuter and Sondheimer are used to extract, from the changes in frequency of the oscillator, information related to electronic relaxation rates. The electronic relaxation rates determined in this way are compared to relaxation rates obtained from published dc electrical resistivity data. Cu, Al, and K have yielded consistent temperature dependencies with respect to the dc measurements in certain temperature ranges. A comparison of dc electrical conductivity and surface-impedance measurements is also made through the use of the theoretical work of Manz, Black, Pashaev, and Mills, who find, for the temperature-dependent surface impedance in the extreme anomalous limit, a new relaxation rate different from that in the relaxation-time approximation. This new relaxation rate in certain limits is predicted to be proportional to that characterizing the dc electrical resistivity. The results obtained from copper are the best verification of this prediction. Data from aluminum are about a factor of 5 greater than the model-dependent prediction of Manz et al. Difficulty in achieving a high residual resistance ratio in potassium prevents a comparison through the theory of Manz et al. However, a ${T}^{2}$ dependence observed with potassium at low temperatures is about 150 times greater than that observed in recently reported dc electrical resistivity data. A further theoretical investigation by Black and Mills examined the contribution of electron-electron normal scattering processes to surface impedance in the extreme anomalous limit. Their findings suggest that these electron-electron $N$ processes may fully contribute to the surface-impedance relaxation rate. Our copper and potassium data qualitatively support this suggestion.
A multi-level analysis of the effects of age and gender stereotypes on trust in anthropomorphic technology by younger and older adults

Previous research has shown that gender stereotypes, elicited by the appearance of the anthropomorphic technology, can alter perceptions of system reliability. The current study examined whether stereotypes about the perceived age and gender of anthropomorphic technology interacted with reliability to affect trust in such technology. Participants included a cross-section of younger and older adults. Through a factorial survey, participants responded to health-related vignettes containing anthropomorphic technology with a specific age, gender, and level of past reliability by rating their trust in the system. Trust in the technology was affected by the age and gender of the user as well as its appearance and reliability. Perceptions of anthropomorphic technology can be affected by pre-existing stereotypes about the capability of a specific age or gender.
On the stability of the lattice structure of membranous cytochrome oxidase

Abstract The two dimensional crystal lattice formed by the protein complexes in membranous cytochrome oxidase has been observed under a variety of staining conditions, including in the absence of any stain or fixative. The crystal lattice was reversibly destroyed at pH values above 8.3, in high salt and under reducing conditions. These results indicate that the lattice structure of the cytochrome oxidase membrane is very sensitive to the conformation of the enzymic complex, and that protein-protein interactions are involved in stabilizing the lattice structure.
Choosing a right surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome treatment.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the most common cause of respiratory insufficiency in preterm infants, especially those born at 1,200 g and as an aerosol preparation are currently in progress.
Resource Theory and Power in Families: Life Cycle Considerations

We begin our discussion by outlining the usefulness of "resource theory" as a theoretical framework for the study of family power. This framework is then used to analyze changes in the balance of power between elderly parents and their middle-age children. With respect to intergenerational power relationships, we argue that the autonomy of elderly parents has increased, but their power and influence over adult children has decreased. This trend is likely to continue in coming decades. Resource theory is then utilized to analyze changes in marital power relationships as couples age. Most studies of power relationships between elderly spouses have an important limitation--they tend to reflect yesterday's definitions of male and female roles. Recent changes in these roles may significantly alter the social meanings of aging for both men and women in coming years.
G-NAS: A grid-based approach for negative authentication

Surveys show that more than 80% authentication systems are password based and these systems are increasingly under direct and indirect attacks. In an effort to protect the Positive Authentication System (PAS), the negative authentication concept was introduced [9]. Here, the representation space of password profile is called self-region; any element outside this self-region is defined as the non-self-region. Then anti-password detectors (clusters) are generated covering most of the non-self-region while leaving some space uncovered to reduce detector generation time and obfuscation. In this work, we investigate a Grid-based NAS approach, called G-NAS, where anti-password detectors are generated deterministically. This approach allows faster detector generation compared to previous NAS approaches. We reported some experimental results of G-NAS using different real-world password datasets. Results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach and exhibited significant improvements compared to NAS approaches. It appears to be more robust and scalable with respect to the size of password profiles and able to update of detector sets on-the-fly.
The Role of Rural Community Colleges in the Development of Personal Identity

Rural community colleges have an often understated impact on the communities they serve, especially in regard to their role in developing the identity of individuals. The ability of the rural community college to influence individual identity development is often exasperated due to the challenges associated with rural American life. The role of the rural community college in meeting individual needs can be guided by the five components of the Model of Community Expectancy (Deggs & Miller, 2011). Drawing upon this model, rural community colleges influence the development, creation, and sustaining of community expectations by developing the individual through labor, nonformal education, liberating education, and sports and recreation programs. Focusing on these and related program areas can enable rural community college leaders in developing the next generation of community leaders.
Hyperalimentation-associated neonatal cholestasis: effect of oral gentamicin.

The effect of oral gentamicin on the incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in preterm infants less than 1500 g birth weight was assessed retrospectively. Of 24 patients on parenteral nutrition for more than 10 days, 12 infants who received oral gentamicin (group I) for prophylaxis against neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis were compared to 12 infants who did not (group II). Both mean and peak direct bilirubin levels were significantly higher in group II. The increase in both mean and peak direct bilirubin levels after initiation of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was significant in group II only. The incidence of cholestasis was significantly higher in group II than in group I. These results suggest that oral gentamicin may have a protective effect against parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in the newborn preterm infant. (Journal of Parenteral Enteral Nutrition 13:633-636, 1989)
On the spectrum of hyponormal operators

Xia's theorem about the spectrum of hyponormal operators is reproved by a simple method and it is extended to the case of unbounded hyponormal operators with bounded imaginary part and double commutingn-tuples of hyponormal operators.
Characterization of alumina interfaces in TBC systems

Interfacial segregants in thermally grown α-Al2O3 scales formed during high temperature exposure of thermal barrier coating systems reflect the oxygen-active dopants present in the bond coating and substrate, such as Y and Hf. These dopants diffuse outward and segregate to the substrate-alumina interface and the alumina grain boundaries. Related studies suggest that these segregants affect the growth and mechanical properties of the alumina-scale; however, the characterization of segregation in alumina formed on coated superalloy systems has been limited. Segregation examples evaluated using analytical transmission electron microscopy are given from traditional Pt-modified aluminide coatings and newer Pt diffusion coatings. Model systems are used to illustrate that grain boundary segregants on the columnar alumina boundaries are not because of the reverse diffusion of cations from the Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 top coating, and that interstitial elements in the substrate likely affect the outward flux of cation dopants. The dynamic nature of this segregation and oxygen-potential gradient-driven diffusion is discussed in light of observations of substrate dopant and interstitial contents affecting coating performance.
Background Noise Acceptance and Personality Factors Involved in Library Environment Choices by College Students

Abstract For decades, academic libraries made efforts to provide study environments differing in acoustic environment. The present study aimed to provide an evidence basis for this practice by comparing background noise acceptance and personality factors of two groups of college-aged students self identified as preferring quiet or background noise when performing cognitive tasks. Twenty young adult college students participated. Each participant completed background noise assessment (reading and listening) and personality assessment (five factor inventory, locus of control, and self-control). Results of the present study indicate that personality factors are not related to an individual's acoustic environment preference while studying; however, background noise acceptance measured while reading and while listening to speech was related to study environment choice. Findings of the present study indicate that students accurately self-assess their acoustic study environment needs. This evidence indicates that academic libraries should continue to offer multiple acoustic study environments for college students.
Study on the strength and failure modes of laser welded galvanized DP980 steel lap joints

Abstract The mechanical properties of different sections of the laser welded galvanized high strength dual phase (DP) 980 steel lap joint such as the hardened zone (fusion zone and the grain coarsened heat affected zone (HAZ)), the softened zone (subcritical HAZ), and the base material were determined through mini-tensile tests. The numerically-predicted load–displacement curve and the sample rotation angle were verified by experimental measurements. The FE model considering the non-homogeneous mechanical properties was built based on the weld cross section geometries that were obtained under various laser welding conditions. The numerically-predicted von Mises equivalent strain concentrations and failure modes of the galvanized DP980 lap joints with respect to different laser welding conditions exhibit reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
Mineralogical Variations in the Delakhari Sill, Deccan Trap Intrusion, Central India*

The Delakhari sill (maximum thickness cf. 200 m) is the most extensive Deccan Trap instrusion which occurs in central India, between longitutdes 78~ to 78~ and latitudes 22~ ' and 22~ ". Based on petrographic examination, the sill is divided, from bottom to top, into (1) the Lower Chilled Zone (LCZ), up to 8 m thick, marked by abundant interstitial glass and an overall fine grain size, (2) the Olivine-Rich Zone (ORZ), 27 m thick, enriched in olivine (relative to the other zones in the sill), (3) the Central Zone (CZ), 70 m thick, marked by depletion in olivine and overall coarse grain size, (4) the Upper Zone (UZ), 55 m thick, marked by the presence of two chemically and morphologically distinct olivine types and abundant interstitial grano- phyre, and (5) the Upper Chilled Zone (UCZ), 10- 25 m thick, marked by abundant interstitial glass. Compositions of the pyroxenes and olivines show an overall increase in Fe/Mg with crystallization, but extensive interzonal and intrazonal variations and overlaps exist. Olivine ranges from Fa24 (ORZ) to Fa95 (UZ). In the UZ and inner UCZ, an equant (Fa44- 50, called type-A olivine) and interstitial skele- tal olivine (Fa70-95, called type-B olivine) occur to- gether. Compositions of the Ca-rich and Ca-poor pyr- oxenes fall in the range Wo38En34Fsz8 to Wo33EnsFs59 and Wo14En4~Fs45 to Wo16Ent9Fs65, respectively. Overall, the two pyroxene trends con- verge with Fe-enrichment except for one anomalous sample from the UZ which contains a Ca-rich (Wo34EnsFs58) and a Ca-poor (WoloEnlsFs72) pyr- oxene well within the 'Forbidden Zone' of Smith (1972). Compositions of coexisting oxide minerals indi- cate that the sill crystallized at oxygen fugacities from 10 -l~ atm (ORZ) to 10 -13 (UZ). The magma prior to intrusion appears to have been derived from a
A quantitative study of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with singular potential of any derivative orders

Abstract In this letter, we report, for the first time, the quantitative study of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with the singular potential term represented by the derivative of the Dirac δ -function of higher orders, δ ( n ) , n ≥ 1 , via numerical approximation. We found that a similar critical phenomenon occurs with δ ( n ) as in the case with the δ -function. That is, the soliton solution is split into transmitted, trapped, and reflected solutions and the transmitted and reflected parts preserve the soliton structure. Furthermore, the higher derivative of the impulsive forcing term is used the stronger reflection occurs; the reflection coefficient increases almost exponentially as the order increases. We also found that for each order the reflection coefficient decays almost exponentially with the soliton velocity. The decay pattern of the trapping rates for higher values of n is different from that with n = 0 if n is large. Various velocities with up to fifth order derivative of the δ -function are used to verify the claim.
Response variables and magnitude of the contingent negative variation

Abstract When subjects in a fixed fore-period reaction time task are presented with a repetitive stimulus that is terminated by the manual response made to it, the contingent negative variations following the warning stimulus will be of greater magnitude than when a single stimulus, over which the subject has no control, is used. It is suggested that different levels of motivation are involved in these two conditions.