cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats.

The hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is structurally similar to other indoleamine hallucinogens such as LSD. The present study examined the effects of 5-MeO-DMT in rats using the Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM), which enables analyses of patterns of locomotor activity and exploration, and the prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) paradigm. A series of interaction studies using the serotonin (5-HT)1A antagonist WAY-100635 (1.0 mg/kg), the 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 (1.0 mg/kg), and the 5-HT2C antagonist SER-082 (0.5 mg/kg) were performed to assess the respective contributions of these receptors to the behavioral effects of 5-MeO-DMT (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg) in the BPM and PPI paradigms. 5-MeO-DMT decreased locomotor activity, investigatory behavior, the time spent in the center of the BPM chamber, and disrupted PPI. All of these effects were antagonized by WAY-100635 pretreatment. M100907 pretreatment failed to attenuate any of these effects, while SER-082 pretreatment only antagonized the PPI disruption produced by 5-MeO-DMT. While the prevailing view was that the activation of 5-HT2 receptors is solely responsible for hallucinogenic drug effects, these results support a role for 5-HT1A receptors in the effects of the indoleamine hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and PPI in rats.
Anomaly in magnetic field dependence of microwave absorption at vortex pinning to depinning transition in Bi2−xPbxSr2Ca2Cu3O10 superconductor

Abstract Previous measurements have shown that the pinning to depinning transition of vortices in the copper oxide superconductors can be observed at constant temperature by a change in the slope of the linear dependence of the microwave absorption on B at a field B ′ . In this work measurements of the magnetic field dependence of the microwve absorption in N =3B-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O at 9.2 GHz at constant temperature at small magnetic field intervals in the transition region reveal a marked from the B dependence. On the other hand measurements of the temperature dependence of the microwave absorption due to vortex dissipation at constant magnetic field at one degree temperature intervals show an abrupt transition inconsistent with a second order character required for a transition from a vortex glass to a fluid. The anomaly in the magnetic field dependence of the absorption at the depenning to spinning transition is shown to be consistent with field dependent of the barriers in the flux solid leading to an intermediate phase consisting of a mixture of vortex fluid and solid.
Does a disordered γ-TiAl phase exist in mechanically alloyed TiAl powders?

Abstract An fcc phase has been reported to form in mechanically alloyed titanium-aluminum alloys. This fcc phase forms after an amorphous phase during milling and has been found to be stable up to very high temperatures. Different investigators have interpreted the formation of this fcc phase as (i) a product of crystallization of the amorphous phase, (ii) a supersaturated solid solution of titanium in aluminum, (iii) the disordered form of the γ-TiAl phase, or (iv) a contaminant phase. The present paper analyzes the available results and concludes that this is a contaminant phase, most probably TiN.
Evolutionary relationships among early hominids

Although cladistic analysis provides one of the most useful approaches to discovering the phyletic relatiosships among the species of Australopithecus and early Homo, methodological problems continue to beset any attempt to apply it in this context. Two of the most pressing problems are redundancy of traits due to similarity of underlying function and overrepresentation of some anatomical or functional systems in trait lists. In an attempt to mitigate these problems, we collapse our list of 77 traits into sets of traits using two methods. The first method segregates traits into seven groups by anatomical region. The second method segregates traits by function into five complexes which correspond fairly well with recognized trends in the evolution of early hominids (adaptation for heavy chewing, reduction of the anterior dentition, basicranial flexion, increased orthognathism and encephalization). The most parsimonious cladogram describing the relationships among the early hominid species obtained using the original 77 traits or the summary scores from the functional complexes, places Australopithecus afarensis as a sister group to all other hominids. Australopithecus aethiopicus occupies the next branch, leaving A. africanus, A. robustus, A. boisei and Homo as a monophyletic group. The cladogram next separates A. africanus from the remaining hominids and finally divides Homo from A. robustus and A. boisei. Summary scores for anatomical regions produced three equally parsimonious cladograms, one of which was identical to that described above. This result implies that there was a large amount of parallelism in hominid evolution, and that adaptations for heavy chewing evolved separately in the lineage leading to A. aethiopicus and in the lineage leading to A. robustus and A. boisei. Another implication is that Homo descended from an A. africanus-like ancestor and diverged from A. robustus and A. boisei relatively late in hominid evolution by reducing the extent of its adaptation to heavy chewing. Most current phylogenies are not compatible with the cladogram obtained in this study, but are instead compatible with a cladogram obtained when traits related to heavy chewing are used exclusively. The “heavy chewing” cladogram reverses the positions of A. aethiopicus and Homo. Perhaps the reason why most current cladograms resemble the “heavy chewing” cladogram is the over-representation of traits related to heavy chewing in most trait lists.
Retention of halocarbons on a hexafluoropropylene-epoxide modified graphitized carbon black Part 5: heavier ethane- and ethene-based compounds

The retention characteristics of thirteen heavier ethane-based and eight ethene-based halocarbon fluids related to alternative refrigerant research have been studied as a function of temperature on a stationary phase consisting of a 5% (by mass) coating of a low molecular mass polymer of hexafluoropropylene epoxide on a graphitized carbon black adsorbent. Measurements were performed at 0, 20, 40, and 60°C for R-152, and at 20, 40, 60, and 80°C for R-124. Measurements were performed at 40, 60, 80, and 100°C for R-123a, R-152, and R-115I-1, and at 60, 80, 100 and 120 for R-132b and R-1130a, R-1121 (cis), and R-1121 (trans). Measurements were performed at 80, 100, 120 and 140°C for R-113, R-123B1, R-141, R-1130 (cis), and R-1130 (trans). Measurements were performed at 100, 120, 140, and 160°C for R-113a, R-121, R-122, R-131, R-131a, R-1110, R-1111, and R-1120. Relative retentions as a function of temperature were calculated with respect to the retentions of tetrafluoromethane (R-14) and hexafluoroethane (R-116). Qualitative features of the data are examined, and trends are identified. In addition, the relative retention data were fitted to linear models for the purpose of predicting retention behavior of these compounds to facilitate chromatographic analysis.
Full-Scale Field Tests on Longitudinal Uplift Response of Corrugated Metal Pipe:

In response to problems with corrugated metal pipe (CMP) culvert uplift failures caused by unbalanced inlet hydraulic loading, full-scale field testing and numerical analysis were undertaken to develop a rational design methodology for CMP inlet tiedowns. Four uplift tests performed on a 2.44-m-diameter CMP under different backfill cover, foreslope, and restraint conditions are described. The objectives of the tests were to gain insight into the soil-structure interaction processes and to provide data for verification of the performance of the finite-element model used to calculate the required restraint forces. The test results indicate that the backfill foreslope has a significant effect on uplift response. For example, the force required to lift the CMP inlet 25 mm was about 50 percent greater with 0.6 m of backfill cover and a full 2:1 foreslope than with 0.6 m of backfill cover and approximately 4 m of the CMP exposed beyond the toe of the backfill foreslope. These results indicated that appropriate ...
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME WITH CYSTIC BONE LESIONS SECONDARY TO AMYLOIDOSIS IN CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is increasingly recognized in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Although the etiology remains obscure, angioaccess-related vascular engorgement and edema, and ischemic neuropathy are two likely possibilities. Amyloidosis is a relatively rare cause of CTS and had previously been thought to occur almost exclusively in patients with multiple myeloma. We report seven patients on chronic hemodialysis who developed CTS and were shown to have amyloid deposition within the synovium. Amyloid was demonstrated by characteristic staining with Congo red on polarizing microscopy and confirmed by electron microscopy. Six patients also exhibited radiolucent carpal bone cysts which were histologically shown to be due to bone replacement by an amyloid-positive synovitis. The average age of the patient and time on dialysis were 59.1 and 7.9 years, respectively. Serum and urine immunoelectrophoresis and bone marrow aspirates showed no evidence for plasma cell dyscrasia in six patients, while one patient did manifest a monoclonal IgA spike. Autopsies in three patients and liver biopsy in another showed no other evidence for disseminated amyloid. These hemodialysis patients exhibited a unique syndrome of CTS, lytic lesions of the carpal bones, and amyloid deposition in the synovium and within the bone cysts.
The spin-rotation interaction of atoms with half-filled electron shells

Abstract An important relaxation mechanism for spin polarized atoms with half-filled shells in noble gases is the spin-rotation interaction. A simple formula for the spin-rotation coupling constant is presented.
Structure and characterization of the gene encoding a mouse kappa3-related opioid receptor.

Abstract A genomic clone comprising the entire cDNA sequence encoding a mouse kappa3-related opioid receptor (KOR-3) was isolated by screening a mouse genomic library with a radiolabeled mouse KOR-3 cDNA probe. Sequence analysis of the genomic clone indicates that the KOR-3 gene contains five exons separated by four introns. The transcription start point (tsp) of KOR-3 was mapped by primer extension analysis of RNAs synthesized either in vivo or in vitro. A TATA-box and several potential regulatory elements, including five GRE sites, four NF-E1 binding sites and one MRE site, are present in the 2 kb of 5′-flanking region. A putative poly(A) signal (AATAAA) is found in the 3′-flanking region.
Evaluation of Oospore Hyperparasites for the Control of Phytophthora Crown Rot of Pepper

Nine isolates of known oospore mycoparasites comprised of six actinomycetes (Actinoplanes missouriensis, A. philippinensis, A. utahensis, Amorphosporangium auranticolor, Ampullariella regularis, Spirillospora albida) and three fungi (Acremonium sp., Humicola fuscoatra, Verticillium chlamydosporium) were tested in the greenhouse for their ability to suppress or delay the onset of crown rot of pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici. Verticillium chlamydosporium applied as a root dip increased the number of healthy plants by more than 100% when peppers were transplanted into soil artificially infested with oospores of Phytophthora capsici, but not when peppers were transplanted into soil naturally infested with P. capsici. The other mycoparasites were ineffective in the greenhouse. All the mycoparasites tested parasitized oospores of P. capsici in vitro. Zusammenfassung In Gewachshausversuchen wurden neun als Oosporenmycoparasiten bekannte Isolate, und zwar sechs Actinomyceten (Actinoplanes missouriensis, A. philippinensis, A. utahensis, Amorphosporangium auranticolor, Ampullariella regularis und Spirillospora albida) und drei Pilzarten (Acremonium sp., Humicola fuscoatra und Vertidllium chlamydosporium), auf ihre Fahigkeit, das Auftreten der crown-rot-Krankheit von Paprika, verursacht durch Phytophthora capsid, zu unterdrucken oder herauszuzogern. Nach einer Wurzeltauchbehandlung mit V. chlamydosporium wurde die Anzahl von gesunden Pflanzen um mehr als 100% erhoht, wenn die behandelten Pflanzen in einen mit P. capsici kunstlich inokulierten Boden, jedoch nicht in einen naturlich infizierten Boden, umgesetzt wurden. AUe anderen Mycoparasiten waren in den Gewachshausversuchen wirkungslos. In vitro waren alle gepruften Mycoparasiten in der Lage, P. capsici-Oosporen zu parasitieren.
RGB Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor

The Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor is the most widely used instrument to measure the optical aberrations of the human eye. Traditional Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors measure the ocular aberrations at a single wavelength, which is usually in the near infrared region of the spectrum. A modified Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor that simultaneously measures aberrations at three visible wavelengths is discussed. The modified instrument provides a measurement of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye in addition to the monochromatic aberrations provided by the conventional device. Human subjects testing results and the comparison of measured LCA with clinical values are presented.
INFLUENCE ON BRAND EVALUATION: CONSUMERS' BEHAVIOR AND MARKETING STRATEGIES

A model based on representational thinking is presented to explain the role of environment in brand evaluation. With respect to retail settings, we conclude that the environment of a retail setting is not of critical importance in brand evaluation when consumers have elaborate representations of their target brands. When their representations for target brands are less elaborate, consumers' evaluations of these brands will be derived from their representations of either the physical or social environment, or both, to the extent that these representations are well elaborated. The strategic marketing implications of the above relationships are also discussed.
POST-ACQUISITION FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

This study reports the results of an em72pirical analysis of post-acquisition financial perfornance ancd changes in execuitive compensation. A mtzodel of the determinants of cash compenisation is presenzted and tested. Firm size, fcormn of acquisition, executive motivation, and finianicial perform7zanice are anialyzed for two grolups of acquiring firm7Z.s. Results are compared to a grouip of nion-acqtuirinig firm7zs. The fiznancial performance mleaslures include accouniting and capital market datal for a 4-year period both precedinig anid followiing acquisitioni activity. The results indicate that, oni average, firnnis wvhichi enigaged in a mIa(ljor acquiisition performned poorly in the post-acqlisition period. Top executives of those firms.s on average, experienced significant inicreases inz cash cotm1penisationl. After controlling for size effects, financial performiiance related strong/y to chaniges in executive compensation for the non-acquiring firns, blut generally3 did not relate to changes in executive compensation for the acqluiring firmiis.
Rhenium(VII) polyhydrides supported by chelating bis -phosphine ligands: DPEphos, xantphos and biphep

Three new rhenium polyhydride complexes, [ReH7(L2)], incorporating bidentate organophosphorus ligands (L2 = DPEphos, xantphos and biphep), were successfully synthesized using the corresponding [ReOCl3(L2)] complexes as precursors. The polyhydride complexes were characterized by IR, 1H and 31P NMR, and elemental analysis.
Uranium and radium sorption on amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide

Abstract Sorption of uranium on amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide was investigated at 25° and 60°C from 0.01 M NaCl and 0.01 M NaHCO3 solutions over an initial U concentration range of ∼10−4M to 5 · 10−7M (23,800-93.2 ppb U). Uranium distribution coefficients ranged from more than 2 · 106 ml g−1 from 0.01 M NaCl at 25°C to ∼ 3 · 104 ml g−1 from 0.01 M NaHCO3 at 25°C and fell rapidly with increasing initial U solution concentration. The uranium sorption data fit a Dubinin-Radushkevich sorption isotherm. Sorption of radium on amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide also was investigated at 25° and 60°C from 0.01 M NaCl over an initial Ra concentration range of ∼ 5 · 10−7–5 · 10−10M (113-0.113 ppb Ra). The radium sorption data fit a Freundlich sorption isotherm with radium distribution coefficients ranging from a low of ∼1100 ml g−1 at 60°C to a high of >20,000 ml g−1 at 25°C, much lower than comparable uranium distribution coefficients.
Convergence and clustering in major league baseball: the haves and have nots?

There appear to be two distinct views on the level of competitive balance within Major League Baseball. One view, mostly associated with academics, is that competition is more equal today than it ever has been. The other view, mostly associated with the media and the industry, is that competition is far worse today. The present paper, borrowing from the literature on economic convergence, finds that both views are valid. More specifically, while competitive balance has continued to improve, the improvement has been such as to create distinct convergence clusters. A discussion of the composition of these clusters is offered in the text.
The fiscal impact of population aging in Brazil: 2005-2050

In this paper, we estimate the fiscal impact on population aging in Brazil from 2005 through 2050. We focus on three key areas of public spending: education, pensions, and health care. Our projections are based on a simple model in which aggregate public expenditures are driven by changes in the age structure of the population as well as by changes in the average public benefits received per age. We assess the likely increases in public spending over the coming decades, contrasting the divergent trends in public spending on education, pensions, and health care. We also assess the magnitude of these changes in terms of growth in spending relative to GDP annually through 2050 and estimate the present value of the increase in spending. We find that changing population age structure will lead to increasing cost pressures in health care and especially in pensions. Our projections show that beginning around 2015, public spending will begin a sustained and rapid increase lasting several decades rising from 18% of GDP to reach 27% of GDP by 2050. The needs for increased investment in students will compete against those for sustaining pension benefits and facing increasing demands for health care. In particular, our projections show that an ambitious educational reform aimed at reaching the OECD level of investment per youth within a decade would amount to only about one fourth of the projected cost increases in public health and pension programs.
A Remark on the Alternative Expectation Formula

Students in their first course in probability will often see the expectation formula for nonnegative continuous random variables in terms of the survival function. The traditional approach for deriving this formula (using double integrals) is well-received by students. Some students tend to approach this using integration by parts, but often get stuck. Most standard textbooks do not elaborate on this alternative approach. We present a rigorous derivation here. We hope that students and instructors of the first course in probability will find this short note helpful.
Sulfur dioxide oxidation in laboratory clouds

Abstract SO2 oxidation in the presence of NH3 was studied in a mixing-type continuous-flow cloud chamber. NaCl and soot particles (∼5–15 μ m−3) were used as cloud condensation nuclei. Cloud liquid water content was varied between 0.2 and 3 g m−3. SO2 and NH3 concentrations were 0.6 and 1.1 ppm, respectively. The contact time between the SO2 and the cloud drops was varied from 8 s to 3 min. Up to 80% of the input SO2 can be oxidized within short contact times in the presence of NH3 and when the water is in the condensed cloud-drop phase. Negligible sulfate formation was observed in the absence of the liquid phase regardless of the presence or absence of NH3. No significant dependence of the oxidation on the cloud condensation nuclei type nor the contact time was found. This in-cloud SO2 oxidation is much faster than predicted by S(IV) oxidation by molecular oxygen measured in bulk solutions.
A Three-way Correspondence Between Partitions

In a recent paper a 1-1 correspondence was established between partitions of a positive integer n of the form (p1p2p3...pn) where pj − pj+k−1 ⩾ 2 and at most i − 1 of the pj equal 1, and partitions of n whose hook differences dj all lie in the range −(i − 2) ⩽ dj ⩽ 2k − i − 1. The correspondence uses on a sequence of operations for constructing partitions as an intermediate state, and the size of the partition produced is the greater index of the corresponding sequence. In this paper the correspondence is extended to a three-way correspondence by showing how the greater index of a sequence may be decomposed and reassembled to form a Durfee dissection partition. These correspondences, together with other rearrangements, are then used to interpret some of Slater's identities as generating functions for sets of partitions.
Buprenorphine: Dose-related effects on cocaine and opioid use in cocaine-abusing opioid-dependent humans ☆

Fifteen subjects dependent on both opioids and cocaine completed an ascending and tapering schedule of buprenorphine dosing, with maintenance for 21 days at each dose of buprenorphine (4, 8, 12, 16 mg sublingual daily) during both ascending and tapering phases. Higher doses of buprenorphine led to greater reductions in opioid use: 64.7% of subjects were opioid abstinent for 3 weeks at the 16-mg dose compared to 27.3% at the 4-mg ascending dose. The proportion of cocaine-positive urine toxicologies was significantly lower during buprenorphine tapering (12 mg, 8 mg, 4 mg) compared to ascending doses up to 8 mg, with intermediate results at 12 mg and 16 mg during the ascending phase (F value = 6.6, df = 8,813, p < 0.001). Self-reported days, times, and quantity of cocaine used per week showed a similar pattern of intermediate reductions at the 12-mg and 16-mg dose during the ascending phase and significantly reduced values during the descending schedule. There were no significant buprenorphine dose effects on cocaine euphoria. This study indicates that buprenorphine dose has a significant and substantial impact on opioid use and a significant but less robust impact on cocaine use, with higher doses and longer time on buprenorphine leading to attenuated cocaine use.
Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in cases of cytomegalovirus infection.

Abstract Objective Several studies have shown that abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns are the results from pre-existing fetal brain damage. We evaluated intrapartum fetal heart rate pattern of cytomegalovirus-infected fetuses and correlated the patterns with neurologic outcomes. Study design Between 1991 and 2001, there were 20 cytomegalovirus-infected fetuses. We selected 40 fetuses as control subjects that were matched for gestational age and birth weight. Fetal heart rate was interpreted according to the guidelines of the National Institute for Child and Human Development. The incidence of abnormal fetal heart rate pattern and umbilical blood gases were compared between both groups. We also investigated the factors that contributed to abnormal fetal heart rate pattern in the cytomegalovirus group. Results Nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns (prolonged deceleration and recurrent late deceleration) were observed in 8 of 20 fetuses (prolonged deceleration, 7 fetuses; recurrent late deceleration, 1 fetus) in the cytomegalovirus group and in 3 of 41 fetuses (prolonged deceleration, 1 fetus; recurrent late deceleration, 2 fetuses) in the control group ( P P Conclusion Cytomegalovirus-infected fetuses are more likely to show abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns than low-risk control fetuses, which suggests that the perinatal detection of cytomegalovirus is necessary to distinguish hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
PENTOSANPOLYSULFATE INHIBITS MAST CELL HISTAMINE SECRETION AND INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM ION LEVELS:: AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION OF ITS BENEFICIAL EFFECT IN INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

Purpose: Mast cells are ubiquitous cells derived from the bone marrow and are responsible for allergic reactions as they release numerous vasodilatory, nociceptive and pro-inflammatory molecules in response to immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific antigen. Mast cell secretion is also triggered by a number of peptides, such as bradykinin and substance P, and may also be involved in the development of inflammatory responses. An example is interstitial cystitis, which is a sterile painful bladder disorder that has been associated with a defective glycosaminoglycan bladder mucosal layer and an increased number of activated mast cells. Pentosanpolysulfate is a synthetic, sulfated polysaccharide that has been approved for the treatment of interstitial cystitis on the premise that it may replenish the defective glycosaminoglycan layer. We hypothesize that pentosanpolysulfate may also have an additional or alternate action on bladder mast cells. We report that pentosanpolysulfate has a powerful dose dependent inhib...
Scholarly big data information extraction and integration in the CiteSeer χ digital library

CiteSeerχ is a digital library that contains approximately 3.5 million scholarly documents and receives between 2 and 4 million requests per day. In addition to making documents available via a public Website, the data is also used to facilitate research in areas like citation analysis, co-author network analysis, scalability evaluation and information extraction. The papers in CiteSeerχ are gathered from the Web by means of continuous automatic focused crawling and go through a series of automatic processing steps as part of the ingestion process. Given the size of the collection, the fact that it is constantly expanding, and the multiple ways in which it is used both by the public to access scholarly documents and for research, there are several big data challenges. In this paper, we provide a case study description of how we address these challenges when it comes to information extraction, data integration and entity linking in CiteSeerχ. We describe how we: aggregate data from multiple sources on the Web; store and manage data; process data as part of an automatic ingestion pipeline that includes automatic metadata and information extraction; perform document and citation clustering; perform entity linking and name disambiguation; and make our data and source code available to enable research and collaboration.
On learning method in modelling and analysis of biocybernetic systems

This paper reviews a learning process for the development of a model of a specific physiological control system. It provides an example of a nonlinear system structure, and elucidates processes of aggregating biological variables and of decomposing a system model at different time scales. A quasilinear approximate analysis of the model suggests an adaptive control mechanism which is yet to be explored.
Natural vibrations of laminated orthotropic spheres

Abstract A method based on the Rayleigh-Ritz technique is used to study the natural vibrations of elastic spheres composed of an arbitrary number of spherical layers, each with distinct density and spherically orthotropic (transversely isotropic) properties. The basic form of the displacement field known from studies of isotropic spheres is employed, except for the radial dependence which is taken in an approximate manner by considering the sphere to be an assemblage of a large number of spherical laminas; for each lamina, the radial dependence of the displacement field is characterized by a discrete number of generalized coordinates. The approximation results in two algebraic eigenvalue problems which are solved for examples of isotropic and.laminated orthotropic spheres.
Productivity in the Food Industry: Problems and Potential

This timely report appears during a period when rising food prices are a subject of public concern and the entire food distribution system is encountering difficulty in handling upward pressures on operating costs. At this juncture, there is a need for a critical examination of inefficient and outdated procedures and operations within America's food distribution system. For this reason, this volume has been produced as rapidly as possible for wide distribution to the food industry--the nation's largest business--and for the immediate or ultimate benefit of all those who consume its product.The book is the first to treat the industry as a systematic whole--or, more exactly, to identify the ways in which it can be made into such a whole, with better couplings at the junctures between manufacturing/processing/transporting/warehousing/retailing. This will require both the application of technological breakthroughs and the breaking down of institutional barriers.In addition to better vertical integration of these various levels, the author advocates greater horizontal cooperation among the companies at a given level. He itemizes ways in which productivity can be increased through the standardization of equipment and procedures on an industry-wide basis--without leading to a restraint of trade or subjecting individual companies to the threat of antitrust prosecution.Speaking before a panel of the National Industrial Conference Board, Dr. Bloom stated that the opportunities for improving productivity now lie in "the interfirm locus rather than the intrafirm area which until now has been the main sphere of productivity emphasis... [Managers] have ignored the effect of their action upon other units within the industry system. The result is an appalling degree of waste within the system as a whole."Specific proposals and broad recommendations are advanced involving both legislation and industrial action to accelerate the rate of productivity improvement with an emphasis upon the systems approach to productivity problems. The report also draws some general implications for productivity improvement in other industries and in the entire American economy. These implications are drawn in part from realistic extensions of the findings in the food industry and in part from more general considerations.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS FROM MOUSE CEREBRAL CORTEX DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

Discontinuous Ficoll-sucrose gradients were used to prepare subcellular fractions from mouse cerebral cortex at various stages of postnatal development. Representative samples of each subcellular fraction were obtained by sedimentation in an analytical ultracentrifuge and each fraction was examined quantitatively and qualitatively by electron microscopy. The amount of synaptosomal material was determined for each fraction on the basis of volume percentage, obtained from a series of contiguous micrographs, to circumvent any sampling error. This allowed an accurate appraisal of synaptosomal distribution during neural development and a direct comparison of the Ficoll-sucrose gradient fractions to the original crude mitochondrial preparations. The distribution of synaptosomal material was shown to be quantitatively altered during neural development, and maturation-dependent changes, at a qualitative level, were described. In addition, the relationship between neural maturation and the relative proportion and distribution of subcellular particles which contain processes tentatively identified as growth cones were characterized.
Moving Pictures as an Aid in Community Development

The main focus of this paper is to describe the use of moving pictures as an adjunct to a program of social change.A community development program in a rural disintegrated neighborhood in the Canadian Maritimes was the setting in which a change effort by the authors was taking place. Our previous research plus the studies of Lewis and Haggstrom led us to formulate four characteristics of the neighborhood which were defined as targets for change: community isolation, community and self-disparagement, powerlessness, and short-term motivation. Following Skinner's reinforcement model, films were made which reflected back to the neighborhood selected accomplishments with the aim of further developing accomplishment and thereby reducing disparagement, the sense of powerlessness, and short-term motivation. The gathering of people to view the movies and to discuss them was intended to help reduce isolation.Eight projects were filmed at very low cost over the course of two summers. Two of the more extensive projec...
Extendability and von Neuman–Morgenstern stability of the core

This paper introduces a strengthening of the notion of a stable core and characterizes it in terms of Kikuta and Shapley’s extendability condition.
Minimum Wages and the Farm Labor Market

Effects of U. S. minimum wage legislation on farm wage rates and employment are investigated by a reduced‐form supply‐demand model of the hired farm labor market. Results indicate the extension of minimum wages to some farm labor has significantly increased farm wages and reduced employment, as the marginal productivity theory of factor demand would predict.
Solution of eigenvalue problems by Sturm sequence method.

A generalized eigenvalue algorithm is presented herein along with the complete listing of the associated computer program, which may be conveniently utilized for the efficient solution of certain broad classes of eigenvalue problems. Extensive applications of the procedure are envisaged in the analysis of many important engineering problems, such as stability and natural frequency analysis of practical discrete structural systems, idealized by the finite element technique. The procedure based on the Sturm sequence method is accurate and fast, possessing several significant advantages over other known methods of such analysis. Numerical results are also presented for two representative structural engineering problems.
System Identification of a Vibro-Impact Beam With a View Toward Structural Health Monitoring

We study the dynamics of a cantilever beam vibrating between two rigid stops of specified clearance at its free end by performing nonlinear system identification (NSI) based on the correspondence between analytical and empirical slow-flow dynamics. First, we perform empirical mode decomposition (EMD) on the acceleration responses measured at ten, almost evenly-spaced, spanwise positions along the beam, leading to sets of intrinsic modal oscillators governing the vibro-impact dynamics at different time scales. In particular, the EMD analysis can separate nonsmooth effects caused by vibro-impacts of the beam and the rigid stops from the smooth (elastodynamic) response, so that nonlinear modal interactions caused by vibro-impacts can be explored through the remaining smooth components. Then, we establish nonlinear interaction models (NIMs) for the respective intrinsic modal oscillators, determined from the intrinsic mode functions of the EMD, where the NIMs invoke slowly-varying forcing amplitudes that can be computed from empirical slow-flows. By comparing the spatio-temporal variations of the nonlinear modal interactions for the vibro-impact beam and those of the underlying linear model, we demonstrate that vibro-impacts significantly influence the lower frequency modes by introducing spatial modal distortions, whereas the higher frequency modes tend to retain their linear dynamics between impacts. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed NSI method can extract spatio-temporal nonlinear modes, as further method development moves toward structural health monitoring and damage detection.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Coherence theory of the ring laser

Expressions for the fluctuations and correlations of the light emitted by a ring laser with counter-rotating traveling wave modes are derived theoretically. It is shown that the competition of the two modes for the excited atomic population leads to negative correlations between their intensity fluctuations, whose magnitude depends on the detuning of the laser cavity from the atomic line center. As a result of the mode competition, the relative intensity fluctuations do not die out in general as the working point of the laser is raised above threshold at line center, and the emitted light does not become fully coherent as in a conventional laser. The two-time amplitude and intensity correlation functions of the light are calculated at line center, and are shown to be expressible in terms of the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of a certain Schr\"odinger equation, in complete analogy with the theory of the single-mode laser. However, the intensity correlation time increases with pump parameter above threshold, unlike that for the single-mode laser.
Radiolabeling of unprotected octreotide with F-18

Octreotide can be labeled with fluorine-18 as a potential radiopharmaceutical for quantitative in vivo mapping of somatostatin receptors in cancer patients. A one step synthesis that does not involve blocking and unblocking of the e-lysine amine would prevent preparation of the blocked starting material and would eliminate the need for hydrolysis after radiolabeling. The effect of labeling the e-amino of lysine versus the α-amino moiety of D-phenylalanine has been studied previously. In general, at high pH the e-amine of lysine is labeled when using reactive reagents, e.g. the Bolton Hunter reagent. At lower pH values, the α-amino moiety is labeled, but never quantitatively (1). We found that using octreotide and the N-succinimidyl 4-fluorobenzoate, we could obtain radiolabeling yields of >15% for the α-amino moiety at neutral pH. The radioligand was easily separated and did not require the blocked precursor. This yield is sufficient for carrying out experiments in large animals and human subjects.
Disaster Response and Planning for Libraries, 3rd ed., by Miriam B. Kahn

In 2008, the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) developed an emergency preparedness response plan. This plan is designed to mitigate the impact of potential disasters on communities,...
Relation of working memory to off-line and real-time sentence processing in children with specific language impairment

In this study we examined the influence of working memory on the off-line and real-time sentence comprehension/processing of children with specific language impairment (SLI). A total of 12 children with SLI, 12 normally developing children matched for chronological age (CA), and 12 children matched for receptive syntax (RS) completed three tasks. In the working memory task, children recalled as many words as possible under three processing load conditions varying in the number of mental operations (i.e., no load, single load, dual load). In the off-line comprehension task, children listened to linguistically nonredundant and redundant sentences. In the real-time sentence processing task, children monitored sentences for the occurrence of a target word appearing at the beginning, middle, or end of a test sentence and pushed a response pad as quickly as possible upon hearing the target. In the memory task, SLI children recalled fewer words in the dual-load condition relative to CA peers, who showed no condition effect. The SLI and RS groups performed similarly overall; however, both groups recalled fewer words in the dual-load condition than in the other conditions. In the off-line task, the SLI group comprehended fewer sentences of both types relative to the CA controls and fewer redundant sentences relative to themselves and to the RS controls. A significant correlation between working memory and sentence comprehension was found for the SLI group and control groups. For the on-line task, between-group analyses revealed that the SLI group yielded an overall slower word recognition reaction time than the CA and RS groups. Working memory and sentence processing were not correlated for any group. Results were interpreted to suggest that SLI children have a more limited functional working memory capacity than their CA peers. Children with SLI also appear to have greater difficulty managing their working memory resources relative to both age peers and younger children when performing a conventional off-line sentence comprehension task but not a real-time sentence processing task.
The Prevention of Breast Cancer through Reduced Ovarian Steroid Exposure

Analysis of epidemiologic data on cancers of the breast, ovary and endometrium; the effects of endogenous hormones on cell proliferation; and current carcinogenesis concepts, suggest that hormonal contraceptives can be developed that will reduce lifetime risk of all 3 cancers. The 'unopposed-estrogen hypothesis' accounts for endometrial cancer risk factors. Ovarian cancer risk is closely related to the total frequency of ovulation. The risk of breast cancer can be explained by an 'estrogen-plus-progestogen hypothesis'. On the basis of this analysis an hormonal contraceptive regimen has been developed consisting of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHA) plus continuous low-dose add-back estrogen and a short course of progestogen every fourth month. The total dose of add-back estrogen is estimated to be approximately 38% that in present-day low-dose combination-type oral contraceptives (COCs). The total dose of progestogen is approximately 15% that in COCs. This regimen prevents ovulation and should thus reduce ovarian cancer risk. It also reduces the exposure of the endometrium to unopposed estrogen, and the exposure of the breast to estrogen-plus-progestogen. It is estimated that use of such a regimen for 10 years will only reduce lifetime risk of endometrial cancer by one-sixth, but lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is estimated to be reduced by two-thirds, and lifetime risk of breast cancer is estimated to be reduced by one-half.
Lymphoid precursors are directed to produce dendritic cells as a result of TLR9 ligation during herpes infection.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells were previously found to express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), suggesting that bacterial/viral products may influence blood cell formation. We now show that common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) from mice with active HSV-1 infection are biased to dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, and the phenomenon is largely TLR9 dependent. Similarly, CLPs from mice treated with the TLR9 ligand CpG ODN had little ability to generate CD19+ B lineage cells and had augmented competence to generate DCs. TNFα mediates the depletion of late-stage lymphoid progenitors from bone marrow in many inflammatory conditions, but redirection of lymphopoiesis occurred in TNFα−/− mice treated with CpG ODN. Increased numbers of DCs with a lymphoid past were identified in Ig gene recombination substrate reporter mice treated with CpG ODN. TLR9 is highly expressed on lymphoid progenitors, and culture studies revealed that those receptors, rather than inflammatory cytokines, accounted for the production of several types of functional DCs. Common myeloid progenitors are normally a good source of DCs, but this potential was reduced by TLR9 ligation. Thus, alternate differentiation pathways may be used to produce innate effector cells in health and disease.
VECTOR COHERENT STATE THEORY FOR THE Sp(6) =) U(3) BRANCH OF THE S, D, FERMION PAIR ALGEBRA

Abstract Vector coherent state theory is used to give very explicit matrix representations for the Sp(6) ⊃ U(3) branch of the Ginocchio S, D-pair algebra for all states of generalized S,D-pair seniority, u = 0, 1, and 2 to facilitate calculations in the fermion dynamic-symmetry model.
MEMS-based biological platform for dynamic cell-to-cell interaction characterization

MEMS-based biological platforms with the capability of spatiotemporal control of living cells have been demonstrated. The space control is accomplished by microfabrication to have targeted gaps between two adjacent culture areas. The time control is achieved by the electrical activation of corresponding electrode to independently activate the culture area of interest to allow movement/attachment of living cells. Prototype device with co-culture area of 50×50µm2 and separation gaps of 0.5∼2.5 µm have been successfully fabricated and tested using living cells with −1.5V of electrical activation voltage. Preliminary cell co-culture tests with structure of 1×3 array using 3T3 fibroblast cells have been successfully demonstrated through serial surface activations. As such, this MEMS platform could be a basic yet versatile cellular biology tool to characterize transient cell-to-cell interactions.
Visual Locomotion Scoring in the First Seventy Days in Milk: Impact on Pregnancy and Survival

Abstract Our hypotheses were that cows classified as lame during the first 70 d in milk have more days from calving to conception and a greater hazard of dying or being culled compared with cows that were not classified as lame. Our objective was to estimate the detrimental effects of lameness on calving-to-conception interval and hazard of dying or being culled in lactating Holstein cows. Data were collected from 5 dairy farms located in upstate New York from November 2004 to June 2006. The design was a prospective observational cohort study. Cows were assigned a visual locomotion score (VLS) using a 5-point scale: 1 = normal, 2 = presence of a slightly asymmetric gait, 3 = the cow clearly favored 1 or more limbs (moderately lame), 4 = severely lame, to 5 = extremely lame (nonweight-bearing lame). In total 1,799 cows were enrolled. In 2 alternative categorizations, cows were considered lame if at least 1 VLS was ≥3 during the first 70 d in milk, and if at least 1 VLS was ≥4 for the same period they were considered lame. Lameness (VLS ≥3) was detected at least once in 26.5, 54.2, 33.9, 51.8, and 39.3% of all cows in farms 1 to 5, respectively. The hazard ratio of being detected pregnant was 0.85 for lame cows (VLS ≥3) vs. nonlame cows; hence, lame cows were at a 15% lower risk of pregnancy than nonlame cows. When lameness was redefined as VLS ≥4, the hazard ratio of been detected pregnant was 0.76 for lame cows vs. cows with VLS
L-373,890, An achiral, noncovalent, subnanomolar thrombin inhibitor

Abstract L-373,890, a highly selective and efficacious pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor was designed using a combination of X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling and empirical structure optimization.
The Unique and Shared Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Fear, Anger, and Sadness in Childhood

This study examined the extent to which subordinate dimensions of negative emotionality were genetically and environmentally distinct in a sample of 1,316 twins (51% female, 85.8% Caucasian, primarily middle class, Mage = 7.87 years, SD = .93), recruited from Wisconsin hospital birth records between 1989 and 2004. Cholesky, independent pathway, and common pathway models were fitted for mother report, father report, and in-home observation of temperament. Although findings support the use of negative emotionality, there were heritable aspects of anger and fear not explained by a common genetic factor, and shared environmental influences common to anger and sadness but not fear. Observed fear was independent from observed anger and sadness. Distinctions support specificity in measurement when considering implications for child development.