cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Compact Electrical Model for Microscale Fuel Cells Capable of Predicting Runtime and $I$ – $V$ Polarization Performance

The growing popularity and success of fuel cells (FCs) in aerospace, stationary power, and transportation applications is driving and challenging researchers to complement and in some cases altogether replace the batteries of portable systems in the hopes of increasing functional density, extending runtime, and decreasing size. Direct-methanol fuel cell (DMFC) batteries have now been built and conformed to low-cost technologies and chip-scale dimensions. Conventional FC models, however, fail to accurately capture the electrical nuances and runtime expectancies of these microscale devices, yet predicting that these electrical characteristics are even more critical when designing portable low-power electronics. A Cadence-compatible model of a DMFC battery is therefore developed to capture all pertinent dynamic and steady-state electrical performance parameters, including capacity and its dependence to current and temperature, open-circuit voltage, methanol-crossover current, polarization curve and its dependence to concentration, internal resistance, and time-dependent response under various loading conditions-the model can also be extended to other micro- and macroscale FC technologies. The simulation results of the proposed electrical model are validated and compared against the experimental performance of several DMFC prototypes, resulting in a runtime error of less than 10.8% and a voltage error under various current loads of less than 80 mV for up to 95% of its operational life. The root cause of the remaining errors and relevant temperature effects in the proposed model are also discussed.
Travel Behavior among Latino Immigrants: The Role of Ethnic Concentration and Ethnic Employment

This article investigates the determinants of Latino immigrants’ travel mode choices (auto alone, carpool, transit, and other modes) from six different immigrant gateways: Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of living in ethnically concentrated locations and working in ethnically concentrated employment sectors in shaping their choices. The results indicate that living in areas with higher ethnic concentrations increases both the likelihood of carpooling and of taking public transit. Furthermore, working in an ethnic niche is a strong predictor of carpooling versus driving alone in five metropolitan areas, and of taking transit versus driving alone in four metropolitan areas.
Video object cut and paste

In this paper, we present a system for cutting a moving object out from a video clip. The cutout object sequence can be pasted onto another video or a background image. To achieve this, we first apply a new 3D graph cut based segmentation approach on the spatial-temporal video volume. Our algorithm partitions watershed presegmentation regions into foreground and background while preserving temporal coherence. Then, the initial segmentation result is refined locally. Given two frames in the video sequence, we specify two respective windows of interest which are then tracked using a bi-directional feature tracking algorithm. For each frame in between these two given frames, the segmentation in each tracked window is refined using a 2D graph cut that utilizes a local color model. Moreover, we provide brush tools for the user to control the object boundary precisely wherever needed. Based on the accurate binary segmentation result, we apply coherent matting to extract the alpha mattes and foreground colors of the object.
A combination of temporal thresholding and neural network methods for classifying multiscale remotely-sensed image data

A thresholding technique applied to a time series of 1 km, biweekly composited AVHRR-NDVI data stratifies a Sierra Nevada test site into broad vegetation classes based on temporal habit. These classes provide a basis for developing strata specific neural network classifiers which operate on single date 250 m and 500 m data simulated from Landsat Thematic Mapper, as well as 1000 m digital elevation data. The results of this combined hierarchical approach are compared to results from a network developed for the site as a whole without prior stratification. The artificial neural networks are feedforward models based on the multilayer perceptron structure trained by a backpropagation algorithm. The combined approach appears to perform slightly better than the sitewide model, although the results are comparable. The results from both approaches produced cover-type proportions which are closer to the proportions in the original 30 m reference class map than to the aggregated 250 m map used for training and testing the network models. >
Underdiagnosis and Undertreatment of Asthma in the Elderly

Objective To describe the clinical correlates of asthma in a community-based sample of elderly persons. Participants A community sample of 4,581 persons ≥ 65 years old from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Measurements Standardized respiratory, sleep, and quality-of-life (QOL) questions, a medication inventory, spirometry, and ambulatory peak flow. Results Four percent of the participants reported a current diagnosis of asthma (definite asthma), while another 4% reported at least one attack of wheezing accompanied by chest tightness or dyspnea during the previous 12 months (probable asthma). Smokers and those with congestive heart failure were excluded from the subsequent analyses, leaving 2,527 participants. Of those who had definite asthma, 40% were taking a sympathomimetic bronchodilator, 30% inhaled corticosteroids, 21% theophylline, and 18% oral corticosteroids; 39% were taking no asthma medications. The participants with definite or probable asthma were much more likely than the others to have a family history of asthma, childhood respiratory problems, a history of workplace exposures, dyspnea on exertion, hay fever, chronic bronchitis, nocturnal symptoms, and daytime sleepiness. They were also more likely to report poor general health, symptoms of depression, and limitation of activities of daily living. There was little difference in the morbidity and QOL of participants with recent asthma-like symptoms who had received the diagnosis of asthma versus those who had not. Conclusions Asthma in elderly persons is associated with a lower QOL and considerable morbidity when compared with those who do not have asthma symptoms. Asthma is underdiagnosed in this group and is often associated with allergic triggers; inhaled corticosteroids are underutilized.
A constitutive law for sea ice and some applications

Abstract A constitutive law for sea ice is constructed taking into account empirical facts of ice motion. The Reiner–Rivlin theory is used as a frame for the formulation, in which the isotropic stress and shear viscosity depends on the ice concentration and thickness. The latter depends also on the strain rate invariants. It is shown that winds normal to the shore can enhance the along-shore velocity component, which has a direction to the right of the wind due to the Coriolis force. This enhancement is mainly a result of the balance between the stresses, which is a nongeostrophic balance. Only after adding a small along-shore wind blowing to the left, can the geostrophic leftward along-shore jet be recovered. It is concluded that the wind direction is crucial for the direction of the along-shore ice velocity near the shore in this viscous sea-ice formulation.
Intraguild predation and interference by the mealybug predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on the parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii

Abstract The compatibility of the encyrtid parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii with the coccinellid beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri against the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, is determined by the extent of intraguild predation and interference by the predator. We tested the preference of the adults and fourth-instar larvae of C. montrouzieri for healthy mealybugs and parasitized mealybugs harboring 1-, 4-, 7- and 14-day-old parasitoid larvae. The experiments were conducted in no-choice (only unparasitized mealybugs or parasitized mealybugs of one parasitoid age were offered at one time) and choice (unparasitized and parasitized mealybugs of a specific age were offered simultaneously) tests. Both the adults and larvae of C. montrouzieri fed on unparasitized and parasitized mealybugs but strongly discriminated against the hardened mummies (14 days old). We also investigated the influence of the presence of C. montrouzieri to the foraging effectiveness of L. dactylopii. The level of parasitism by L. dact...
Using many cameras as one

We illustrate how to consider a network of cameras as a single generalized camera in a framework proposed by Nayar (2001). We derive the discrete structure from motion equations for generalized cameras, and illustrate the corollaries to epipolar geometry. This formal mechanism allows one to use a network of cameras as if they were a single imaging device, even when they do not share a common center of projection. Furthermore, an analysis of structure from motion algorithms for this imaging model gives constraints on the optimal design of panoramic imaging systems constructed from multiple cameras.
Surgical simulator for hysteroscopy: a case study of visualization in surgical training

Computer-based surgical simulation promises to provide a broader scope of clinical training through the introduction of anatomic variation, simulation of untoward events, and collection of performance data. We present a haptically-enabled surgical simulator for the most common techniques in diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy- cervical dilation, endometrial resection and ablation, and lesion excision. Engineering tradeoffs in developing a real-time, haptic-rate simulator are discussed.
An all-digital ADC/TDC for sensor interface with TAD architecture in 0.18-µm digital CMOS

An analog-to-digital and time-to-digital converter using a common architecture (Time A/D converter TAD) is presented. Its resolutions for both analog-to-digital converter (ADC) mode and time-to-digital converter (TDC) mode are settable. The circuit structure is a completely digital circuit including a ring-shaped pulse-delay-line (RDL) driven by an input voltage V in , along with an RDL synchronous counter, latch, and encoder. A prototype TAD-IC core of 0.044 mm2 in a 0.18-µm digital CMOS achieved 3.1 mV/LSB (8-bit, 20-MS/s, 1.7 mW), 15 µV/LSB (16-bit, 100-kS/s, 1.3 mW) in ADC mode, and 126 ps/LSB (V in = 1.8 V, 25-bit), 368 ps/LSB (V in = 1.0 V, 25-bit) in TDC mode, respectively. As an actual example of high-resolution ADC, a radio-controlled clock (RCC) receiver IC prototype is implemented with a minimum detectable sensitivity of 0.7 µVrms.
Der natürliche Mensch und sein Impulssystem

Nun wird es Ernst mit dem naturlichen Menschen. Ich versuche mich hier einmal an einer Definition. Vorher muss ich aber etwas beichten: Der Betriebsarzt, der die IBM-Executives ganztagig untersucht, hat den von mir ausgefullten Vorfragebogen studiert und mit drohender Miene auf den Eintrag „Sport:———“ gedeutet. „Keinen Sport? Ich meine, wenn Sie eine halbe Stunde in der Woche etwas tun, sollten Sie es hier eintragen. Ein Strich im Formular sieht hasslich aus. Andern Sie das bitte?“ Ich dachte nach und schuttelte sachte den Kopf. „Nein.“ — „Aber ein bisschen?“ — „Ich arbeite ein paar Tage im Jahr richtig tierisch im Garten, weil wir zu viele Baume haben, aber sonst nichts.“ — „Achten Sie nie auf Ihren Korper?“ — „Doch, ja.“ — „Und spuren Sie, was er will?“ — „Er will nichts. Er sitzt ruhig dabei, wenn ich Bucher schreibe “ — „Und was sagt Ihre Familie?“ — „Kennen Sie den Dialog von einer Frau mit ihrem Mann von Loriot, wo der Mann immer beteuert, er wolle in Ruhe im Sessel sitzen, die Frau ihm aber das ganz Entscheidende raubt, namlich Nerven und Ruhe?“ — „Aber Ihr Korper! Ihre Blutwerte sind ganz o.k., der Blutdruck hervorragend, Sie konnen ihn doch nicht ganz verkommen lassen…“
Integral Combustion Simulation of a Turbulent Reacting Flow in a Channel with Cross-Stream Injection

A new integral one-step reaction submodel has been developed for an Argonne combustion computer code to simulate reacting flows of an advanced combustor for magnetohydrody-narmic power generation. The integral combustion code makes numerical calculations of a reacting flow more efficient and mart stable while still preserving the major physical effects of the complex combustion processes. Results of the simulation indicate that (1) fluid mixing is mainly responsible for combustion performance and (2) counterflow injection with an injection angle in the range of 120° to 140° yields the best mixing and combustion performance.
Rate distortion analysis of pose estimation via Hidden Markov Model

A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) provides an efficient way to model multi-aspect measurements, with each state representing a contiguous set of target orientations. The state sequence estimated by the Viterbi algorithm gives a good estimation of the target pose. In this paper, rate distortion theory is used to develop a bound for the state sequence (pose) estimated by a discrete HMM. A model for the classification process is detailed, facilitating the application of rate distortion theory. Here the rate is defined as the number of codes used in a discrete HMM, and the distortion is the probability of error in estimating the state sequence. The rate distortion function is calculated for an underwater acoustic target using the Blahut algorithm. The performance of a discrete HMM with a different number of codes is compared with the bound and found to be far from optimal. Possible approaches to improve the performance are discussed.
Cardiovascular risk factors affect hippocampal microvasculature in early AD

There is growing clinical and neuropathologic evidence suggesting that cognitive decline in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is aggravated by a synergistic relationship between AD and cerebrovascular disease associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension. Here we used the stereologic “Space Balls” method to investigate the relationships between AD pathology and cardiovascular risk factors in postmortem human brains of patients with hypertension and diabetes in two groups — one consisting of cases with AD diagnosis and one of cases without. Hippocampal CA1 and CA3 microvasculature length density estimates were generated to characterize quantitatively the contribution of cardiovascular risk factors to the severity of neuropathologic changes. Our main finding is that the mean and variance of length density values in the AD group were significantly increased from the non-AD group, regardless of the absence or presence of a cardiovascular risk factor. An additional finding is that in the AD group without a risk factor, dementia severity correlated with amount of length density change in the CA1 field—this correlation did not exist in the AD groups with risk factors. Our findings suggest a role for cardiovascular risk factors in quantifiable change of hippocampal CA1 field microvasculature, as well as suggest a possible role of cardiovascular risk factors in altering microvasculature pathology in the presence of AD.
Dispersion of Response Times Reveals Cognitive Dynamics

Trial-to-trial variation in word-pronunciation times exhibits 1/f scaling. One explanation is that human performances are consequent on multiplicative interactions among interdependent processes-interaction dominant dynamics. This article describes simulated distributions of pronunciation times in a further test for multiplicative interactions and interdependence. Individual participant distributions of approximately 1,100 word-pronunciation times were successfully mimicked for each participant in combinations of lognormal and power-law behavior. Successful hazard function simulations generalized these results to establish interaction dominant dynamics, in contrast with component dominant dynamics, as a likely mechanism for cognitive activity.
Terrorist Strategy And Global Economic Implications

This paper attempts to show that Al Qaeda leaders follow a basic model of utility maximization constrained by their available resources. Their resource constraints led to what appears to be a relatively flat transnational organizational model design in an attempt to challenge the U.S. military pyramid and free market American system. It is suggested that the 911 attacks were meant to serve as a catalyst to induce the U.S. to respond in a manner that might move the terrorists closer to their objectives. That may not have occurred but the 911 attacks were cost effective in creating large dollar costs on the U.S. and global economy. The direct costs of the attacks for the U.S. were much less important than the cumulative costs accruing to the U.S. and global economy from, in part, the post 911 U.S. response to the attacks. Longer run expected economic costs of 911 attacks range from increased private and public sector expenditures, a slowing of growth in global trade, to expected adverse effects on potential output and increased volatility of business cycles. The U.S. response to terrorist activity in terms of increased outlays and tighter security measures appears to be based on the assumption that terrorists may plan to use weapons of mass destruction at some point and/or the U.S. is extrapolating an annual terrorist event of a magnitude equivalent to the 911 casualties and costs. Otherwise, historical civilian casualty numbers resulting from terrorist actions over the past several decades may not warrant this sizeable U.S. response. But U.S. consumers and taxpayers seem willing to pay higher costs to reduce the threat of terrorist attacks in the U.S. Other countries, in comparison, seem to rely more on historical civilian casualties in formulating their response. Of course, free-rider benefits do accrue to our Allies from U.S. military actions abroad.
Maize (Zea mays L.) response to a severe soil water-deficit during grain-filling

Abstract Factors which reduce the rate or duration of grain-filling usually are detrimental to grain-yield. The effects of a severe soil water-deficit during the grain-filling period were studied for two commercial maize hybrids grown under field conditions utilizing a rain shelter. Two planting dates provided a range in the developmental stage at which deficits were imposed. Objectives were to compare the influence of the water-deficit on biomass accumulation, rate and duration of kernel-filling, kernel numbers, kernel size distribution, and final yield against an irrigated control. Deficit plants had less green leaf area during grain-filling due to early senescence. Above-ground biomass at the end of the growing season was 23–36% less for deficit plants than for irrigated control plants. Yield reductions ranged from 21% to 40% for the water-deficit treatments, with kernel weight being the most affected component. Individual kernel samples indicated that duration of the linear kernel-filling phase was shortened by as much as 8 days, whereas rate of single kernel-filling was not significantly reduced by the water shortages. There was a larger percentage of kernels weighing less than 100 mg for deficit plants, which reflected the abbreviated kernel-filling period.
Familial risk of cancer among randomly selected cancer probands.

Several investigators have reported that relatives of lung cancer probands have a greater-than-normal likelihood for developing some form of cancer. To evaluate whether this familial risk is general for probands with cancer at any site or limited to lung cancer probands, we did a case-control study in which probands having cancer affecting any body site were identified and their pedigree data were tabulated. Telephone interviews and a mailed questionnaire were used to obtain cancer histories and environmental exposures on the families of 41 lung cancer probands, 105 probands with cancer other than lung, and 127 spouse families. Cumulative tobacco exposure (P less than .05), occupational hazards (P less than .005), and age of the family relatives (P less than .0001) were found to be statistically significant predictors of cancer risk. With consideration given for these variables, we determined that siblings of lung cancer probands were at slightly greater risk of cancer of any kind (odds ratio [OR] = 1.43, P = .06) than siblings in the control group. Much of the elevated risk was attributable to an excess of lung cancer (OR = 2.49, P = .06). Siblings of non-lung/non-breast cancer probands were also determined to be at increased risk of lung cancer as well (OR = 1.61, P = .06). For parents, the risk was lower, although parental information may have been underreported.
Suggestions in the Observational Record of Land–Atmosphere Feedback Operating at Seasonal Time Scales

Abstract Observed monthly precipitation anomalies are standardized across midlatitude land, and ergodicity is invoked to combine the spatially distributed data into probability density functions (pdfs) of precipitation conditioned on the strength of earlier anomalies. The conditional pdfs, though broad and overlapping, are indeed distinct at a high (99.9%) level of confidence. This implies a nonzero degree of predictability for midlatitude precipitation, even at 3-month leads. This behavior is reproduced by an AGCM only when land–atmosphere feedback in the model is enabled.
Management of Alcohol Use Disorder in Patients Requiring Liver Transplant

A woman with alcohol use disorder presents with jaundice, enlargement of the abdomen, severe fatigue, and malaise. “Ms.W”isa48-year-olddivorcedCaucasianwomanwith a history of alcohol use disorder who presents to the emergency department with complaints of increasing fatigue, shortness of breath, and increased abdominal girth. On initial evaluation, she is awake and alert, with a blood pressure of 95/65 mmHg and a pulse of 105 bpm. She reports daily alcohol drinking, usually one to two bottles of wine per day. She also reports a history of depression dating back to her late teens and early 20s, before her alcohol use began, and again shortly after her divorce several years ago. On physical examination, she appears jaundiced with a distended abdomen and pedal
Micro-processing of NiMnGa shape memory alloy by using a nanosecond fiber laser

Abstract The interest on Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys (FSMAs), such as NiMnGa, is growing up, thanks to their functional properties to be employed in a new class of micro-devices. The most evident critical issue, limiting the use of these systems in the production of industrial devices, is the brittleness of the bulk material; its workability by using convectional processing methods is very limited. Thus, alternative processing methods, including laser processing, are encouraged for the manufacture of FSMAs based new devices. In this work, the effect of the nanosecond laser microprocessing on Ni 45 Mn 33 Ga 22 [at%] has been studied. Linear grooves were realized by a nanosecond 30 W fiber laser; the machined surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energetic dispersion spectroscopy for the composition analysis. The morphology of the grooves was affected by the laser scanning velocity and the number of laser pulses while the measured material removal rate appeared to be influenced mainly by the number of laser pulses. Compositional modification, associated to the loss of Ga content, was detected only for the lower scanning velocity, because of the high fluence. On the contrary, by increasing the velocity up to 1000 mm/s no Ga loss can be seen, making possible the laser processing of this functional alloy without its chemical modification. The use of short pulses allowed also to reduce the amount of recast material and the compositional change with respect to long pulses. Finally, the calorimetric analysis indicated that laser nanosecond microprocessing could affect the functional properties of this alloy: a larger decrease of the characteristic temperatures of the martensitic transformation was observed in correspondence of the low scanning velocity.
Sulfenic Acids and Peroxiredoxins in Oxidant Defense and Signaling

In recent years, there has been tremendous growth in awareness of the importance of sulfenic acids to biological processes. This is in part related to reactive oxygen species in general and hydrogen peroxide in particular becoming widely recognized as intermediates or second messengers crucial to signaling processes that guide cell growth and development. Thus a picture is emerging of sulfenic acids being important both for defending against oxidative stress and for normal growth. Although the work is challenging due to the fleeting and localized nature of some of the intermediates involved, substantial progress has been made in identifying modified proteins and the roles they play. The landscape of modifications uncovered thus far suggests that we have barely scratched the surface of the many stress-induced and regulatory oxidation events taking place in cells on a regular basis. This chapter recounts the chemistry of sulfenic acids and their effects in modulating function in a few recently-studied proteins. We also discuss cysteine-based peroxidases in more depth, with a focus on the structural and biochemical features of the peroxiredoxin family.
What Place for Marriage (E)Quality in Marriage Promotion

The place of marriage in a just and fair constitutional democracy reverberates as one of the most challenging questions posed in debates over family law and policy. Should government properly support and promote marriage, defined as the union of one man and one woman, as the proxy for the form of family best able to undergird our polity by allowing realization of the goods associated with family life and carrying out the important functions society assigns to families? Or is marriage's privileged place undeserved because it is an imperfect and inadequate proxy for these purposes. This article argues that, although family law should more firmly embrace equality among families by supporting a broader array of families, marriage (opened up to same-sex couples) deserves governmental support because it is a social institution that facilitates two significant dimensions of family life: (1) the intergenerational dimension of families, that is, social reproduction, and (2) the dimension of intimate association between adults who form families. However, when government engages in efforts to support and encourage marriage, the political value and constitutional norm of sex equality, as they bear on family life, should guide its efforts. Measured against this requirement, contemporary proposals to promote marriage, made by the social movement known as the marriage movement and by politicians who endorse marriage promotion as a tool of welfare policy, fall short. Marriage promoters contend that shoring up marriage is vital to social health. I examine the various strands of the social health argument: the appeal to adult happiness, to child well-being, to reducing negative externalities, and to civilizing men. I also address the special concerns that arise when welfare reform is used as a vehicle to promote marriage among low-income members of society. I conclude that, to date, marriage promoters fail to attend to the important relationship between marriage quality and marriage equality. They are ambivalent about the place of sex equality in the recipe for promoting healthy marriage. Governmental efforts to support healthy marriage, including educative efforts, should more firmly embrace the public value and constitutional principle of sex equality. Such a commitment does not impose an impermissible governmental orthodoxy and thwart pluralism.
Raising the Awareness of Accessibility Needs in Block Languages (Abstract Only)

Block languages (e.g., Scratch, Snap!, Alice, App Inventor, Blockly) offer a gentle introduction to programming and have been adopted widely in both K-12 and CS0 courses. However, block languages often are dependent on the mouse/keyboard for input and typically are visual in their output and representation. Because of these dependencies, students with a disability (e.g., mobility limitations or vision impairment) generally are unable to use block languages, thereby reducing the opportunities for broader participation in computational learning activities. Given the increasing need to broaden the participation of computing to those with diverse skills and backgrounds, it is important that the tools used to initiate the earliest entre into computing do not erect immediate roadblocks that impede initial interest and opportunity. There are many variations of user interfaces and assistive technologies that benefit those who may have difficulties utilizing traditional Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), but these tools often cannot be used universally across block languages. As more block languages are being developed and integrated into K12 and University curriculum, it is imperative that accessible solutions are discussed and implemented. These discussions require participation from the block language developer community, accessible computing community, and those educators who encounter accessibility needs among the students in their classrooms. The goal of this lightning talk is to call attention to the need for more accessible block-based programming environments and to spark conversation surrounding possible standard accessibility APIs that could possibly be supported by block language environment tool developers.
Difference between Own and Friend's Socioeconomic Status as a Predictor of Psychological Differentiation

Filsinger ( 1979) recently reported research on the effects of families' socioeconomic status on the psychological differentiation of a diverse group of college students. While the socioeconomic status of a student's family was not related to his cognitive style, the socioeconomic status of his best friend during high school was. Filsinger (1979) speculated that possibly individuals who are more cognitively complex select friends from the more complex environments of higher social status. However, Filsinger's (1979) analysis was inadequate to test that hypothesis. The socioeconomic status of best friend's family was employed as a single term in a regression analysis. That analysis indicated that individuals who have friends with high social status tend to be more differentiated; it did not test whether the friends were of higher status. It is not the absolute level of friend's social status which relates to the hypothesis but rather the difference between own and friend's social status. These data were reanalyzed to test the hypothesis that the difference between own . and friend's social class was related to psychological differentiation and that the more differentiated individuals would have friends of higher social status than their own. As reported by Filsinger (1979), 140 undergraduates (53 male, 87 female) completed a questionnaire containing demographic information and took the Hidden Figures Test (Jackson, Messick, & Myers, 1964).' The test is a group-administered version of the Embedded Figures Test; figures are hidden in a complex ground. The subject who can correctly identify relatively more of the figures is considered psychologically differentiated. The difference between own and friend's social status was calculated by subtracting own socioeconomic status from friend's socioeconomic status, both measured by Duncan's Index of Socioeconomic Status (Reiss, Duncan, Ham, & North, 1961). A positive score indicated friend's social status was higher than the subject's own. The results of the regression analysis containing that term are reported in Table 1. Three measures were statistically related to psychological differentiation: size of home community, sex, and difference between own and friend's social status. As previously reported (Filsinger, 1979), individuals from smaller communities and males scored higher on the Hidden Figures Test, but social status of own family was not related to cognitive style. The finding of particular interest in the present study is that, as hypothesized, individuals who have friends of higher social starus than themselves
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on a Chemically Etched ZnSe Surface

We report the observation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from a chemically etched ZnSe surface using 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPy) as probe molecules. A thin film of ZnSe is grown by mole...
Altered phenotypic gene expression of 10T1/2 mesenchymal cells in nonuniformly stretched PEGDA hydrogels

Disease-related phenotype modulation of many cell types has been shown to be closely related to mechanical loading conditions; for example, vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype shift from a mature, contractile state to a proliferative, synthetic state contributes to the formation of neointimal tissue during atherosclerosis and restenosis development and is related to SMC mechanical loading in vivo. The majority of past in vitro cell-stretching experiments have employed simplistic (uniform, uniaxial or biaxial) stretching environments to elucidate mechanobiological pathways involved in phenotypic shifts. However, the in vivo mechanics of the vascular wall consists of highly nonuniform stretch. Here we subjected 10T1/2 murine mesenchymal cells (an SMC precursor) to two- and three-dimensional nonuniform stretch environments. After 24 h of stretch, cells on an elastomeric membrane demonstrated varied proliferation [assessed by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation] depending on location upon the membrane, with maximal proliferation occurring in a region of high, uniaxial stretch. Cells subjected to a nonuniform stretching regimen within three-dimensional polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel constructs demonstrated marked changes in mRNA expression of several phenotype-related proteins, indicating a sort of "hybrid" phenotype with contractile and synthetic markers being both upregulated and downregulated. Furthermore, expression levels of mRNAs were significantly different between various locations within the stretched gel. With the proliferation results, these data exhibit the capability of nonuniform stretching devices to induce heterogeneous cell responses, potentially indicative of spatial distributions of disease-related behaviors in vivo.
Wetland Wildlife Monitoring and Assessment

Monitoring wetland wildlife is complex and requires use of various techniques to obtain robust population estimates. Herpetofauna, birds and mammals frequently inhabit wetlands and adjacent uplands. Sampling herpetofauna can include passive techniques such as visual encounter and breeding call surveys, and capture techniques that use nets and traps. Common bird monitoring techniques include scan surveys, point counts, nest searches, and aerial surveys. Some mammals, such as bats, can be sampled with audio devices, whereas mark-recapture techniques are most effective for other taxa. For all groups, the techniques used depend on the monitoring objective and target species. This chapter describes various techniques for monitoring populations of wetland wildlife. If these techniques are incorporated into a robust sampling design, they can be used to document changes in species occurrence, relative abundance, and survival.
Empathizing With Others’ Pain Versus Empathizing With Others’ Joy: Examining the Separability of Positive and Negative Empathy and Their Relation to Different Types of Social Behaviors and Social Emotions

Existing work linking empathy with social behavior has focused overwhelmingly on empathy for the negative emotions of others. But recent research suggests that feeling along with others’ negative emotions is a capacity distinct from feeling along with others’ positive emotions. In Study 1, we demonstrate the separability of positive and negative empathy by showing that although both relate to some of the same foundational empathic processes, each has a number of distinct correlates. In Study 2 we take an experimental approach and show that encouraging participants to empathize with the positive versus negative emotions of a suffering yet hopeful social group results in distinct patterns of vicarious emotion. Finally, Study 3 shows that although both positive empathy and negative empathy are associated to a similar degree with helping behavior directed toward others in need, positive—but not negative—empathy is related to “everyday” prosocial behaviors aimed specifically at increasing others’ positive emot...
Investigation on dietary status among rural and urban residents in Jiangsu

Objective: To assess dietary nutritional status and characteristics among rural and urban residents in Jiangsu province.Mothods: Twenty four hours dietary recalled method and weighed method for 3 consecutive days were used to collect dietary information by multi-stage random sampling method.Results: Compared to the reference intake of Chinese Balance Dietary Pagoda(CBDP),the average intake(per reference man per day) of cereals,meat,eggs,fishes met the recommendation;however,intake of vegetables,fruits,legume and dairy were lower than recommendation.Intake of edible oil was higher than the reference.With the economic income increased in residents,the trends of intake of cereals and tuber decreased while intake of vegetables,meat,fishes,eggs and dairy increased.Conclusion: Nutritional education and intervention are needed to promote healthy eating behavior and to improve the nutritional status and health condition.
Contribution of the Na+channel and Na+/H+exchanger to the anoxic rise of [Na+] in ventricular myocytes

The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of the Na+/H+exchanger (NHE) and the Na+channel to the rise in cytosolic Na+ concentration ([Na+]) that is seen in anoxic guinea pig ventricul...
Assessment of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests marketed for detection of ruminant proteins in finished feed.

The performance characteristics of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits, ELISA Technologies' MELISA-Tek test and Tepnel BioSystems' BioKit for (Cooked) Species Identification test, designed to detect ruminant proteins in animal feed, were evaluated. The test kits were evaluated by using acceptance criteria developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine Office of Research for evaluating selectivity, sensitivity, ruggedness, and specificity. The acceptance criteria for determining success used a statistical approach requiring a 90% probability of achieving the correct response within a 95% confidence interval. In practice, this measure requires the test to achieve the correct response 58 times for every 60 samples evaluated, or a 96.7% accuracy rate. A minimum detection level of 0.1% bovine meat and bone meal (BMBM) was required, consistent with the sensitivity of the analytical methods presently used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Selectivi...
Velocity of Indentation as a Variable in Tactile Sensation

Most investigators of tactile sensitivity have assumed that one of the static aspects of the tactile stimulating event, pressure (Weber, 1846) or tension (Meissner, 1859; von Frey and Kiesow, (1899) was the relevant metric that best described the relationship between the stimulating event and the resulting sensation. Recently other investigators (e.g., Harrington and Merzenich, 1970; Knibestol and Vallbo, 1980; Mountcastle and Darian-Smith, 1968) have used skin indentation depth as the appropriate metric to describe tactile stimuli.
Hybrid Pixel-Waveform (HPWF) Enabled CdTe Detectors for Small Animal Gamma-Ray Imaging Applications

This paper presents the design and preliminary evaluation of small-pixel CdTe gamma ray detectors equipped with a hybrid pixel-waveform (HPWF) readout system for gamma ray imaging applications with additional discussion on CZT due to its similarity. The HPWF readout system utilizes a pixelated anode readout circuitry which is designed to only provide the pixel address. This readout circuitry works in coincidence with a high-speed digitizer to sample the cathode waveform which provides the energy, timing, and depth-of-interaction (DOI) information. This work focuses on the developed and experimentally evaluated prototype HPWF-CdTe detectors with a custom CMOS pixel-ASIC to readout small anode pixels of $350~\mu \text {m}$ in size, and a discrete waveform sampling circuitry to digitize the signal waveform induced on the large cathode. The intrinsic timing, energy, and spatial resolution were experimentally evaluated in this paper in conjunction with methods for depth of interaction (DOI) partitioning of the CdTe crystal. While the experimental studies discussed in this paper are primarily for evaluating HPWF detectors for small animal PET imaging, these detectors could find their applications for ultrahigh-resolution SPECT and other imaging modalities.
Innovation and commonplaces

Robert L Ivie, “Rhetorical Innovations,” The Quarterly Journal of Speech 81, no. 4 (1995)Robert L. Ivie had no patience for what he called the “detached pursuit of disinterested knowledge.”1 Throug...
Inversion Generating Functions for Signed Pattern Avoiding Permutations

We consider the classical Mahonian statistics on the set $B_n(\Sigma)$ of signed permutations in the hyperoctahedral group $B_n$ which avoid all patterns in $\Sigma$, where $\Sigma$ is a set of patterns of length two. In 2000, Simion gave the cardinality of $B_n(\Sigma)$ in the cases where $\Sigma$ contains either one or two patterns of length two and showed that $\left|B_n(\Sigma)\right|$ is constant whenever $\left|\Sigma\right|=1$, whereas in most but not all instances where $\left|\Sigma\right|=2$, $\left|B_n(\Sigma)\right|=(n+1)!$. We answer an open question of Simion by providing bijections from $B_n(\Sigma)$ to $S_{n+1}$ in these cases where $\left|B_n(\Sigma)\right|=(n+1)!$. In addition, we extend Simion's work by providing a combinatorial proof in the language of signed permutations for the major index on $B_n(21, \bar{2}\bar{1})$ and by giving the major index on $D_n(\Sigma)$ for $\Sigma =\{21, \bar{2}\bar{1}\}$ and $\Sigma=\{12,21\}$. The main result of this paper is to give the inversion generating functions for $B_n(\Sigma)$ for almost all sets $\Sigma$ with $\left|\Sigma\right|\leq2.$
Opinion leaders' support for tobacco control policies and participation in tobacco control activities.

Objectives Because opinion leaders hold positions from which they may influence tobacco control efforts, this study examined their support for tobacco control policies and their involvement in tobacco control activities. Methods A telephone survey was administered to 712 California opinion leaders who were randomly selected from constructed lists representing 8 types of organizations: health, education, law enforcement, media, government, business, ethnic, and youth. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to identify predictors of support for and participation in tobacco control activities. Results Approximately one half to two thirds of opinion leaders supported the tobacco control policies queried; 60% reported involvement in tobacco control-related activities during the previous year. Organizational affiliation was a strong predictor of support and involvement, with leaders from health and educational organizations reporting the highest levels and business and media leaders reporting the lowest. Tobacco issue involvement variables (e.g., having a friend or family member with a smoking-related illness) were significantly associated with the outcomes, while sociodemographics, for the most part, were not. Conclusions Study results can be used to mobilize opinion leaders' support for tobacco control more effectively.
Prediction-Based Spectrum Management in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have been widely studied to improve spectrum utilization through a dynamic spectrum allocation scheme. However, many challenges remain and one big issue is how to provide an efficient spectrum management in a mobile environment. In this paper, we propose a new prediction-based spectrum management strategy to tackle this challenge. Both spectrum prediction and users’ mobility prediction are fully considered in the proposed strategy. Combining the prediction information and cooperative sensing, a CR base station can obtain the sensing information for future location of each secondary user, so as to prearrange high-quality channels for secondary users ahead of time. In addition, we propose a new channel selection scheme when multiple channels are available simultaneously. Besides traditional decision factors, the new channel selection algorithm takes the channel's future availability obtained from spectrum prediction into account. By properly integrating the spectrum prediction, user mobility prediction, and channel selection, the new spectrum management strategy is capable of allocating the spectrum resource more efficiently. Extensive simulations are conducted and results verify that the proposed spectrum management strategy significantly improves the system performance in terms of reducing handoff times and improving user satisfactory, connection reliability, and channel utilization.
Economic Pessimism and Racial Discrimination in Brazil

When studying Black politics, Brazil is an important country to consider because of its large Afro-descended population, its history of slavery, and persistent racial and economic inequality. In th...
Collaborative Branding of Partnered Health Systems in Radiology

In an effort to expand clinical reach and achieve economies of scale, academic radiology practices are strategically expanding into the community by establishing partnerships with existing community health systems. A challenge with this model is to effectively brand the collaboration in a way that underscores the strengths of both partners. In this article, the authors look at the benefits and risks of cobranding and review cobranding strategies for implementation by academic radiology practices considering partnership-based network expansion.
Neuromodulation with transcranial focused ultrasound

The understanding of brain function and the capacity to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders rest on the ability to intervene in neuronal activity in specific brain circuits. Current methods of neuromodulation incur a tradeoff between spatial focus and the level of invasiveness. Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) is emerging as a neuromodulation approach that combines noninvasiveness with focus that can be relatively sharp even in regions deep in the brain. This may enable studies of the causal role of specific brain regions in specific behaviors and behavioral disorders. In addition to causal brain mapping, the spatial focus of FUS opens new avenues for treatments of neurological and psychiatric conditions. This review introduces existing and emerging FUS applications in neuromodulation, discusses the mechanisms of FUS effects on cellular excitability, considers the effects of specific stimulation parameters, and lays out the directions for future work.