cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of optical and rf communication systems for a Mars mission

We have performed a study on telecommunication systems for a hypothetical mission to Mars. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the benefits that microwave (X-band and Ka-band) and optical communications technologies afford to future missions. The telecommunication systems were required to return data after launch and in-orbit at 2.7 AU with daily data volumes of 0.1, 1, or 10 Gbits. Space-borne terminals capable of delivering each of the three data rates were proposed and characterized in terms of mass, power consumption, size, and cost. The estimated parameters for X-band, Ka-band, and optical frequencies are compared and presented here. For data volumes of 0.1 and 1 Giga-bit per day, the X-band downlink system has a mass 1.5 times that of Ka-band, and 2.5 times that of optical system. Ka-band offered about 20% power saving at 10 Gbit/day over X-band. For all data volumes, the optical communication terminals were lower in mass than the rf terminals. For data volumes of 1 and 10 Gb/day, the space-borne optical terminal also had a lower required dc power. In all three cases, optical communications had a slightly higher development cost for the space terminal.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enzymatic digestion of operator DNA in the presence of the lac repressor tryptic core

The trypsin-resistant core protein of the lac repressor was utilized in protecting operator DNA from two types of enzymatic digestion. Core repressor protects and enhances operator DNA digestion by DNase I in the same fashion as intact repressor, though to a lesser degree on the lower strand. DNase I patterns found for the ternary complexes (protein-sugar-operator) were consistent with the expected affinity alterations of the protein species in response to binding these ligands. The 3′ boundaries obtained by exonuclease III digestion for the intact repressor-operator complex varied slightly from those reported by Shalloway et al. (1980). Asymmetric binding to operator by the core repressor fragment was suggested by differences in the 3′ boundary for the core compared to intact repressor on the promoter-distal side of the complex. A composite picture of repressor structure and function emerges from the protection studies reported here and in the accompanying paper. In light of these and other results, models for repressor binding are examined.
KrF step-and-scan exposure system using higher-NA projection lens

A KrF step and scan exposure system using a projection lens has been developed. The exposure field is 25mm by 33mm which is large enough to fit two 256Mbit DRAM chips. The maximum numerical aperture is 0.6 and the maximum coherence factor of the illumination system is 0.75 for the maximum numerical aperture. Original design concepts for scanning technologies are introduced. Actual data of the system indicate the sufficient performance for 250nm design rule device production.
Identification of chemical sedimentary protoliths using iron isotopes in the > 3750 Ma Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt, Canada

An Eoarchean supracrustal belt dated at ca. 3750 Ma was recently identified in the Innuksuac Complex, northern Quebec (Canada). Rocks from the Nuvvuagittuq locality include mafic and ultramafic amphibolites, quartz–biotite and pelitic schists, orthogneisses, and banded quartz–magnetite–amphibole/pyroxene rocks of probable chemical sedimentary origin. The purported metasediments are enriched in the heavy isotopes of Fe by approximately 0.3‰/amu relative to IRMM-014. They also have high Fe/Ti ratios, up to 100× that of associated amphibolite units. These signatures demonstrate that quartz–magnetite–amphibole/ pyroxene rocks from Nuvvuagittuq are chemical sediments (e.g. banded iron-formations, BIFs) formed by precipitation of dissolved ferrous iron in a marine setting. All units were metamorphosed to upper amphibolite facies, which partly homogenized Fe isotopes. Variable Fe isotope compositions of bulk quartz–magnetite rocks are interpreted to reflect binary mixing between primary oxides and carbonates. Mixing relationships with major element chemistry (Ca/Fe, Mg/Fe, and Mn/Fe) are used to estimate the Fe isotope composition of the primary Fe-oxide phase (0.3 to 0.4‰/amu) and the chemistry of the carbonate (siderite and ankerite). Iron isotopes can thus be used to constrain the primary mineralogy of Fe-rich chemical sedimentary precipitates before metamorphism. The possible presence of siderite in the primary mineral assemblage supports deposition under high PCO2 .W e developed an isotope distillation model that includes two possible abiotic oxidation paths, homogeneous and heterogeneous. The isotopic composition of Fe in the precursor phase of magnetite in BIFs can be explained by partial oxidation through oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesis of Fe from a hydrothermal source.
Application of statistical methods to the analysis of ground‐water levels

Valuable hydrologic information can be obtained from statistical analysis of water-level trends. The time-series and the functional-equation approaches are applied to New Jersey well records representing different hydrologic conditions. The results are valuable as concise summaries of the records, for extrapolating observed data, for interpolating between measurements, and for estimating hydrologic factors such as coefficients of transrnissibility and storage, evapotranspiration, and ground-water discharge.
Taylor Vortices Induced Instability and Turbulence in Concentric Cylinder Separated by Microscale Clearance

This paper attempts to elaborate on the relationship between the onset of Taylor instability and appearance of what is commonly known as “turbulent flow” in the narrow gaps of concentric cylinders, with the inner cylinder rotating. A question that we dare open to debate is whether the flow formations observed during Taylor instability regimes are, or have to do with the actual “turbulence” that we model in microscale clearance flows through the turbulent formulation of the Reynolds equation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The preference of rats for a more difficult task

Twelve rats were trained in a Y-maze with a hurdle (requiring high effort) in the right arm. Two food rewards, equal in weight and acceptability but discriminably different, were used. All choices were rewarded with one of the two types of reward. The group given each reward randomly preferred the nonhurdle side. Groups given different rewards for each arm preferred the hurdle side. These results support Premack’s theory of reinforcement.
A Realistic Model of the Wind-Induced Ekman Boundary Layer

Abstract A physically realistic and general model for the vertical eddy viscosity in a homogeneous fluid is proposed. For an infinitely deep ocean the vertical eddy viscosity increases linearly with depth from a value of zero at the free surface. Based on this model a general theory is developed for the drift current resulting from a time-varying surface shear stress. Explicit expressions are given for the temporal development of the drift current in the vicinity of the free surface and for the steady-state response to a suddenly applied uniform shear stress. The steady-state solution predicts the effective Ekman layer depth to be proportional to the square root of the wind shear stress and reproduces the experimentally observed logarithmic velocity deficit near the free surface. The angle between the surface drift current and the wind stress is found to be somewhat smaller (of the order 10°) than predicted by Ekman's classical solution. For the unsteady response to a suddenly applied wind stress the pres...
Immediate early and functional AP-1 cis-response elements are involved in the transcriptional regulation of the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10)

Abstract Expression from the promoter of the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) is stimulated by co-transfection with DNA that encodes the virion protein Vmw65 previously shown to activate in trans the transcription of all IE genes (Wymer et al., 1989). Specific cis response elements involved in ICP10 transcriptional regulation were studied by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase analysis with hybrid ICP10 promoter/CAT structural gene constructions containing wild type or site-directed mutations of the promoter sequences. The data indicate that Vmw65 activation requires an intact TAATGARAT motif while complex formation requires an intact Oct-1 element, and the AP-1 consensus elements in the ICP10 promoter are functional in vitro. Thus, expression from the wild type and GA-rich mutant constructions was enhanced 10–20-fold by co-transfection with DNA encoding Vmw65. The GARAT and POU homeobox (PHB) binding motifs were required for Vmw65 mediated activation but the mutant in the POU specific box (PSB) binding motif was activated at higher concentrations of Vmw65 DNA (1.0–3.0 μg). The PHB and PSB binding motifs were necessary for complex formation as determined by gel retardation analysis with in vitro synthesized OTF-1 and Vmw65 proteins. The GARAT and GA-rich elements were not required. CAT expression from pICP10-cat was enhanced by co-transfection with jun and fos encoding DNA, and the ICP10 promoter complexed with in vitro synthesized jun protein.
Quantum-size effects in surface-enhanced raman scattering from noble-metal nanoparticies

We describe a new finite-size many-body effect in SERS from molecules adsorbed on noble-metal nanoparticles originating from the change in the screening of surface plasmon local field in the nanoparticle surface layer
Access pricing with unregulated downstream competition

Abstract We examine the optimal design of access tariffs when downstream competition is unregulated but imperfect, and when the regulator is uncertain about the production costs of an unregulated competitor. We show: (1) the regulator optimally sets access prices so as to tilt the playing field in the direction of the more efficient producer, rather than level the playing field as is often advocated in policy debates; (2) the optimal degree of regulatory intervention declines as downstream competition becomes more pronounced; and (3) the regulator optimally reveals to the incumbent supplier any information that arrives about the competitor’s production costs.
A new rotational method in factor analysis

A new rotational method, particularly appropriate when a positive manifold can be assumed, is presented in theory and in computational detail. It is applied to a five-dimensional factorial matrix in which a simple configuration is known to exist. The new technique is much more efficient in yielding the simple configuration than are the methods formerly used. Landahl's transformations can be combined with this method to advantage.
A tapping-mode AFM study of the compression of grafted poly(ethylene glycol) chains

We investigate the measurement of forces arising from the compression of surface-grafted poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, chains in aqueous solutions using sharp, unmodified tips in Tapping-Mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM). PEG chains were grafted to silica by reaction with preadsorbed poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), affording control of grafting density by reaction conditions. Numerical simulation of the cantilever oscillation, accounting for distance-dependent damping, was used to quantify the effective forces measured in TM-AFM. The decay length of the steric force was compared to those obtained using conventional AFM, and a good correlation was found between the two methods using PEG chains in both a mushroom and brush conformation. A significant disparity in the magnitude of the steric force obtained by conventional AFM force measurements and TM-AFM was observed, and this was attributed to a deeper compression/penetration of the polymer-coated surface by the tip in the case of TM-AFM.
Magnetohydrodynamic-Hypersonic Viscous and Inviscid Flow Near the Stagnation Point of a Blunt Body

Abstract : An investigation is presented of the hypersonic viscous and inviscid flow past a spherical body which contains a magnetic dipole field aligned with the flow. Local-similarity solutions of the flow field are assumed near the stagnation point. The solution found differs from previous solutions in that the magnetic field is defined on the body rather than at the shock. The numerical results indicate that the critical values of the magnetic interaction parameter no longer appear as in previous works and that the shock displacement is much larger than formerly found for magnetic interaction parameters less than one. The latter result suggests that a magnetic field is a more useful device for controlling the hypersonic flow about a body than previously thought. (Author)
Comment on Maclean’s “globalization and bridewealth rhetoric,” by Aletta Biersack

within which women and bridewealth are exchanged. The densest segment of the piece is easily the discussion of the bridewealth negotiations between two sub clusters of the Tukumenga clan-cluster. The marriage (for which the bridewealth is being negotiated) would further consolidate the clan-cluster by reciprocating or structurally duplicating marriages between the two sub-clusters in previous generations, and a close reading of this richly detailed segment is required to appreciate this point. The support for the proposed marriage is strong, but the bridewealth offered is small. The speeches of various Tukumenga leaders appear to clinch the deal, as momentum develops for accepting the meager bridewealth in the name of the greater structural good the marriage will yield. Up to a point, Maclean presents his "'classic' body of ethnographic materials" in classic fashion, as bearing on Maring social organization and the politics of marriage. We are once again in the world of Elementary Structures of Kinship (Levi-Strauss 1969) and the ocean of ink that has since been spilled on marriage and reciprocity in various parts of the world. But Maclean ultimately breaks with structural analysis in emphasizing the historicity of the clan-cluster, the relevance of supralocal forces and events, and the efficacy of local-level agency. This constellation of factors, seldom put together in a single analysis, at first glance seems self-contradictory, but Maclean ultimately helps us understand why it is not. As of 1987, the Tukumenga Maring were in the process of rethinking a policy they had followed since the 1960s to marry their most desirable females "outside" rather than "inside." The policy, a break with convention, accommodated the impact of a new governmental entity, the Local Government Council. The LGC
Prediction of residual oil saturation and cap-rock integrity from time-lapse, multicomponent seismic data, Delhi Field, Louisiana

Time-lapse, multicomponent seismic data acquired during the CO2 flood at Delhi Field, Louisiana are used to identify zones containing high residual bulk oil volume and to target the location of new injection wells in the field. The data are used to monitor the reservoir and to see if the predicted zones of high residual oil are contacted by the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process. Because the reservoir is shallow and injection pressures are relatively high, the cap rock is monitored. Stresses associated with injection induce observable shear-wave splitting anomalies in the cap rock. Stresses transmitted into the shale-confining layer by the injection process are not believed indicative of rupturing and CO2 leakage. The ability to monitor geomechanical changes through shear-wave splitting is an important new use of multicomponent seismic data.
Evidence that Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Stimulates Somatostatin Release in Vitro via β-Endorphin

Previous results indicate that GH-releasing factor (GRF) induces a dose-related stimulation of somatostatin (SRIF) release from median eminence fragments incubated in vitro. In the present investigation we examined whether this action was mediated by other neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. Studies using receptor blockers for dopamine (pimozide), tt-adrenergic receptors (phentolamine), and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (atropine) revealed that these receptor blockers, at a dose of 10-6 M, which was capable of blocking the response to the relevant transmitter in previous studies, had no effect on basal release of SRIF in the static incubation system and failed to modify the response to GRF (1O-10 M). On the other hand, the opiate receptor blocker naloxone at a dose of 10-6 M, although failing to alter basal release, completely blocked the response to 10-10 M GRF. To determine the opioid peptide involved in mediating the SRIF release induced by GRF, highly specific antibodies directed against β-endorp...
Communism's Posthumous Trial

Books reviewed in this article: Stephane Courtois et al.,The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression Francois Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century Tony Judt, The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French Twentieth Century Michel Dreyfus et al., Le Siecle des communismes
279: Quality of life surveys: Are responders different from non-responders?

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe male and female LT patients’ symptoms before and up to 6 months after LT. Methods and Materials: Subjects completed self-administered instruments before and at 1, 3, and 6 months after transplant. The Transplant Symptom Inventory, a 67-item, two-part instrument, measures symptom frequency and symptom distress on a 5-point likert scale. Rank order and change over time were analyzed with RIDIT analysis and Mantell-Hanzel chi-square. Significance was set at p 0.05). Results: The sample consisted of 163 LT patients, the majority were white (96 females and 67 males. Before LT, both genders ranked shortness of breath (SOB) with activity as the most distressing and most frequently occurring symptom Six months after LT, both genders reported a significant decrease in the frequency of SOB with activity, the frequency and distress for SOB at rest, and a significant decrease in frequency of fatigue, chest tightness, and feelings of lack of control. Females also reported a significant decrease in the frequency of heart palpitations, tiring easily and feelings of helplessness. In contrast, male LT recipients reported a significant decrease in the distress associated with SOB with activity, tiring easily, feeling afraid and feeling sad. Males also reported significant decreases in the frequency of sleepiness, fever, and feeling depressed, helpless and irritable. Negative symptoms reported by females included a significant increase in the frequency of tremors. Negative symptoms reported by males included a significant increase in distress due to the frequent occurrence of tremors, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Conclusions: At six months post LT, both genders reported significantly less SOB and fatigue and a significant decrease in the occurrence of feeling helpless. Male recipients reported more positive improvements as well as more negative symptoms than females. These findings underscore the importance of assessing changes in symptoms over time and to realize that gender differences exist.
Translation of object-oriented queries to relational queries

Proposes a formal approach for translating OODB queries to equivalent relational queries. The translation is accomplished through the use of relational predicate graphs and OODB predicate graphs. One advantage of using such a graph-based approach is that we can achieve bidirectional translation between relational queries and OODB queries. >
What Legitimizes Segregation? The Context of Special Education Discourse: A Response to Ryndak et al

Ryndak and colleagues provide a strong case that progress toward more and better access to general education is not occurring for students with intellectual disabilities. This response to their pap...
The Fifth Scenario: Identity Expansion in Organizational Psychology

Ryan and Ford (2010) have argued that organizational psychology is at a tipping point in terms of its distinctiveness from other fields. Although the four scenarios they propose for organizational psychology’s future cover a wide range of potential outcomes, we propose that there is another, more expansive, more optimistic scenario for our field: our identity needs to continue to evolve, expand, and extend itself to accommodate the evolving and expanding nature of the modern organizations we study. We suggest that the way forward for organizational psychology is to continue what we have done in the past: integrate theories from multiple disciplines, adopt multiple perspectives to the questions we face, and embrace the ambiguity inherent in the organizations we study. This additional scenario, which we term identity expansion, follows both from the history of the field and from research on professional identity. Below, we argue that both historically and theoretically such a future for our professional identity makes the most sense. Furthermore, we believe that organizational psychologists are in an excellent position to both shape and benefit from this expansion in identity.
Electronic Commerce and the State and Federal Tax Bases

The federal income tax does not apply to profits generated by pure mail order sales originating from outside the United States, and state and local consumption taxes are effectively inapplicable to pure mail order sales originating from outside the taxing jurisdiction. These conclusions seem fully applicable to federal taxation of income from sales that are initially solicited through Internet advertising and then transacted over the Internet between a customer in the United States and an out-of-country seller's out-of-country website. Similar conclusions are also, arguably, applicable in the case of state and local consumption taxes. Extension of the mail order tax exemption to Internet sales has been a cause of concern among taxing officials. Clearly, there are some very large commercial fields that are susceptible to being removed from the taxing jurisdiction of state and federal authorities through the utilization of electronic commerce. If this happens, all levels of government will suffer a significant revenue loss without a proportionate decline in the demand for government services. Solving this problem by government borrowing or by taxing non-electronic commerce more heavily is unattractive. The preferred solution is to find ways to keep Internet commerce in the state consumption tax and federal income tax bases, and to bring mail order commerce into both tax bases at the same time. The challenges of doing that, however, are truly daunting.
THE REACTION OF ATOMIC COPPER WITH CHEMISORBED HYDROGEN ON RUTHENIUM

Abstract The effects of adding copper to a hydrogen-covered Ru(0001) surface at 100 K have been studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD). These results show that after completion of the deposition of about one monolayer of copper, adsorbed hydrogen on the Ru is displaced completely to the topside of the copper film. This hydrogen spillover to the Cu surface is observed to occur even after completion of many monolayers of copper deposition on top of chemisorbed H. In addition, hydrogen bound to thin copper layers on Ru ( 3 monolayers) of copper or to bulk copper.
Genetic components to belowground carbon fluxes in a riparian forest ecosystem: a common garden approach.

Summary •Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux is a major component of terrestrial carbon (C) cycles; yet, the demonstration of covariation between overstory tree genetic-based traits and soil C flux remains a major frontier in understanding biological controls over soil C. •Here, we used a common garden with two native tree species, Populus fremontii and P. angustifolia, and their naturally occurring hybrids to test the predictability of belowground C fluxes on the basis of taxonomic identity and genetic marker composition of replicated clones of individual genotypes. •Three patterns emerged: soil CO2 efflux and ratios of belowground flux to aboveground productivity differ by as much as 50–150% as a result of differences in clone identity and cross type; on the basis of Mantel tests of molecular marker matrices, we found that c. 30% of this variation was genetically based, in which genetically similar trees support more similar soil CO2 efflux under their canopies than do genetically dissimilar trees; and the patterns detected in an experimental garden match observations in the wild, and seem to be unrelated to measured abiotic factors. •Our findings suggest that the genetic makeup of the plants growing on soil has a significant influence on the release of C from soils to the atmosphere.
X-FEDERATE: a policy engineering framework for federated access management

Policy-based management (PBM) has been considered as a promising approach for design and enforcement of access management policies for distributed systems. The increasing shift toward federated information sharing in the organizational landscape, however, calls for revisiting current PBM approaches to satisfy the unique security requirements of the federated paradigm. This presents a twofold challenge for the design of a PBM approach, where, on the one hand, the policy must incorporate the access management needs of the individual systems, while, on the other hand, the policies across multiple systems must be designed in such a manner that they can be uniformly developed, deployed, and integrated within the federated system. In this paper, we analyze the impact of security management challenges on policy design and formulate a policy engineering methodology based on principles of software engineering to develop a PBM solution for federated systems. We present X-FEDERATE, a policy engineering framework for federated access management using an extension of the well-known role-based access control (RBAC) model. Our framework consists of an XML-based policy specification language, its UML-based meta-model, and an enforcement architecture. We provide a comparison of our framework with related approaches and highlight its significance for federated access management. The paper also presents a federation protocol and discusses a prototype of our framework that implements the protocol in a federated digital library environment
Efficient computation of scale-space features for deformable shape correspondences

With the rapid development of fast data acquisition techniques, 3D scans that record the geometric and photometric information of deformable objects are routinely acquired nowadays. To track surfaces in temporal domain or stitch partially-overlapping scans to form a complete model in spatial domain, robust and efficient feature detection for deformable shape correspondences, as an enabling method, becomes fundamentally critical with pressing needs. In this paper, we propose an efficient method to extract local features in scale spaces of both texture and geometry for deformable shape correspondences. We first build a hierarchical scale space on surface geometry based on geodesic metric, and the pyramid representation of surface geometry naturally engenders the rapid computation of scale-space features. Analogous to the SIFT, our features are found as local extrema in the scale space. We then propose a new feature descriptor for deformable surfaces, which is a gradient histogram within a local region computed by a local parameterization. Both the detector and the descriptor are invariant to isometric deformation, which makes our method a powerful tool for deformable shape correspondences. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by feature matching on a sequence of deforming surfaces with ground truth correspondences.
Quantitative Measures of Functional Upper Limb Movement in Persons after Stroke

Stroke disables many older adults each year. This disease impairs the motor functions of survivors, and rehabilitation intervention is a critical part of recovery. Quantitative assessment techniques could be a valuable guide to this intervention. In this study, we propose the use of linear and nonlinear features to assess subjects after a stroke with upper limb motor impairment These features capture differences in accelerometer signals that mark patterns associated with functional movements performed by individuals with different severity of functional limitation and motor impairment. Our results indicate that the severity of functional deficit and motor impairment can be identified by quantifying the accelerometer signals for movements of the arm and hand while performing a functional reaching task
Does It Pay to Delay Social Security

Social Security benefits may be commenced at any time between ages 62 and 70. As individuals who claim later can, on average, expect to receive benefits for a shorter period, an actuarial adjustment is made to the monthly benefit to reflect the age at which benefits are claimed. We investigate the actuarial fairness of that adjustment in light of recent improvements in mortality and historically low interest rates. We show that delaying is actuarially advantageous for a large number of people, even for individuals with mortality rates that are twice the average. At real interest rates closer to their historical average, singles with mortality that is substantially greater than average do not benefit from delay, although primary earners with high mortality can still improve the present value of the household's benefits through delay. We also investigate the extent to which the actuarial advantage of delay has grown since the early 1960s, when the choice of when to claim first became available, and we decompose this growth into three effects: (1) the effect of changes in Social Security's rules, (2) the effect of changes in the real interest rate, and (3) the effect of changes in life expectancy. Finally, we quantify the extent to which the gains from delay can be expected to increase in the future as a result of mortality improvements.
From range scans to 3D models

Each year, we see a growing number of 3D range scanning products on the SIGGRAPH exhibition floor. You may find yourself asking "how do these technologies work?" and "how can I make use of the shape data they produce?" In this article, I will describe a few of the more common range scanning technologies. Then, I will step through a pipeline that takes the range data into a single geometric model and will conclude with a discussion of the future of range scanning.
Characterization of the Vaccinia Virus H3L Envelope Protein: Topology and Posttranslational Membrane Insertion via the C-Terminal Hydrophobic Tail

The vaccinia virus H3L open reading frame encodes a 324-amino-acid immunodominant membrane component of virus particles. Biochemical and microscopic studies demonstrated that the H3L protein was expressed late in infection, accumulated in the cytoplasmic viral factory regions, and associated primarily with amorphous material near immature virions and with intracellular virion membranes. Localization of the H3L protein on the surfaces of viral particles and anchorage via the hydrophobic tail were consistent with its extraction by NP-40 in the absence of reducing agents, its trypsin sensitivity, its reactivity with a membrane-impermeable biotinylation reagent, and its immunogold labeling with an antibody to a peptide comprising amino acids 247 to 259. The H3L protein, synthesized in a coupled in vitro transcription/translation system, was tightly anchored to membranes as determined by resistance to Na(2)CO(3) (pH 11) extraction and cytoplasmically oriented as shown by sensitivity to proteinase K digestion. Further studies demonstrated that membrane insertion of the H3L protein occurred posttranslationally and that the C-terminal hydrophobic domain was necessary and sufficient for this to occur. These data indicated that the H3L protein is a member of the C-terminal anchor family and supported a model in which it is synthesized on free ribosomes and inserts into the membranes of viral particles during their maturation.
Facial growth subsequent to Le Fort I osteotomies in adolescent monkeys

The study goal was to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the craniofacial adaptations following total maxillary osteotomy with and without mandibular autorotation. Six adolescent female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were randomly divided into two surgical groups, and eight others served control. Prior to surgery, metallic implants were inserted in the anterior part of the cranial base, on opposite sides of craniofacial sutures, and in multiple sites of the maxilla and mandible. Group I animals underwent a Le Fort I advancement of 4 mm, while Group II animals had a 5-mm advancement and a 2.5-mm impaction. Lateral cephalometric head-films were taken at monthly intervals for a total follow-up of 12 months after surgery. At least two cephalograms were taken on each occasion, one with the teeth in occlusion and the other with the mouth wide open. The latter was used to ascertain accurately the outline of the mandibular condyle. Cephalometric superimposition methods were used to quantify the growth changes. The findings indicated that the growth changes in the maxilla and mandible were related to the extent of injury caused by maxillary surgery. The largest increments and rates of growth were observed respectively in the control animals, Group I animals (anterior maxillary repositioning), and Group II animals (anterior and superior maxillary repositioning). The most interesting finding was that mandibular growth pattern followed maxillary growth pattern in both experimental groups, and the immediate postsurgical occlusion in Class II molar relationship was maintained with increased overjet in both experimental groups throughout the postsurgical observation period.
Sensitivity to the effects of pharmacologically selective antidepressants in different strains of mice.

Rationale: Recent advances in neurobehavioral genetics have increased the importance of research on the behavioral patterns of different mouse strains. A comprehensive comparison of inbred and outbred mouse strains was conducted to provide information on the range of performance and pharmacological effects in the forced swimming test, a behavioral test commonly used to measure the effects of antidepressant drugs. Objectives: Baseline performance and pharmacological responses to desipramine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, were compared in seven inbred and four outbred mouse strains in the forced swimming test. Methods: Swim sessions were conducted by placing mice in individual glass cylinders filled with water for 6 min. The duration of behavioral immobility during the last 4 min of the test was scored from videotapes. Results: A 10-fold range of immobility values and coefficient of variation supported the existence of substantial behavioral differences between mouse strains in baseline performance in the FST. In general, inbred strains demonstrated lower variability than outbred strains. Desipramine dose-dependently reduced immobility in seven of the 11 strains tested, with DBA/2J and the C57BL/6J mice showing greater sensitivity than the other strains. In contrast, fluoxetine reduced immobility in only three out of the 11 strains tested, DBA/2J, BALB/cJ and NIH Swiss mice. Conclusions: Background strain is a critical variable in determining baseline performance and the sensitivity to different types of antidepressant drugs in the mouse FST. The use of such mouse strains may provide information on the genetic basis for strain differences in depressive behavior and differential sensitivity to diverse classes of antidepressants.
A Morphometric Study of Age-Dependent Changes in Mitochondrial Populations of Mouse Liver and Heart

Mitochondria in sections of liver and heart (wall of left ventricle) from C57BL/6J mice, 8, 30 and 43 to 44 mo. old, were analyzed, using sterological techniques. The mitochondrial volume density decreased with age in both tissues: in liver the value estimated as 43 to 44 mo. of age was 65% the value estimated at 8 mo. of age; in the heart the 43 to 44 mo. value was 84% of the 8-mo. value. In both tissues, the decrease in mitochondrial volume density was the result of a decrease in the mitochondrial numerical density; the average volume of the mitochondrion remained constant throughout life.
3D Analysis of scattering losses due to sidewall roughness in microphotonic waveguides: high index-contrast

We present a 3D analysis of scattering losses due to sidewall roughness in rectangular dielectric waveguides valid for any refractive-index-contrast and field polarization. We show that the typical 2D analyses can substantially over-estimate scattering losses.
Topical corticosteroid in foam vehicle offers comparable coverage compared with traditional vehicles

Abstract Background: A new preparation of betamethasone valerate in a novel foam vehicle is available for treatment of scalp dermatoses. The vehicle spreads between hair until it reaches the scalp, where it melts and delivers the active drug. Solids make up only a tiny fraction of the foam vehicle, leaving no apparent residue on the skin or hair. The uniqueness of this vehicle raises the question of how to compare it with other topical corticosteroid preparations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the equivalency of a given quantity of the foam product to quantities of drugs in conventional vehicles. Methods: The number of fingertip units (FTUs) per gram and the area of coverage of an FTU of betamethasone valerate foam vehicle were determined and compared with those of cream, lotion, gel, and solution psoriasis treatments. Results: The weight of an FTU of foam vehicle was 52.5 ± 5.7 μg. There were 9 to 12 times as many FTUs in 100 g of vehicle foam as in 100 g of cream or gel and 2.3 to 2.8 times as many as in 100 g of lotion or solution. The area covered by an FTU of foam vehicle was less than the area covered by an FTU of cream or gel. Conclusion: The characteristics of foam vehicle are different from those of other vehicles. The greater number of FTUs in 100 g of foam vehicle made up for the lower coverage per FTU, such that total coverage area for 100 g of foam vehicle was comparable to the coverage area for 100 g of the drugs in traditional vehicles. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:1017–20.)
A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis.

Some epidemiological evidence suggests that diets high in omega 3 fatty acids ( n -3 FAs) may be beneficial for skeletal health. The aim of this systematic review was to determine if randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support a positive effect of n -3 FAs on osteoporosis. A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE databases. We included RCTs with skeletal outcomes conducted in adults or children (> = 1 year old) using n -3 FA fortified foods, diets or supplements alone or in combination with other vitamins/minerals, versus placebo. Primary outcomes were incident fracture at any site and bone mineral density (BMD) in g/cm 2 . Secondary outcomes included bone formation or resorption markers and bone turnover regulators. A total of 10 RCTs met inclusion criteria. Effect sizes with 95 % confidence intervals were estimated to compare studies across various treatments and outcome measures. No pooled analysis was completed due to heterogeneity of studies and small sample sizes. No RCTs included fracture as an outcome. Four studies reported significant favorable effects of n -3 FA on BMD or bone turnover markers. Of these, three delivered n -3 FA in combination with high calcium foods or supplements. Five studies reported no differences in outcomes between n -3 FA intervention and control groups; one study included insufficient data for effect size estimation. Strong conclusions regarding n -3 FAs and bone disease are limited due to the small number and modest sample sizes of RCTs, however, it appears that any potential benefit of n -3 FA on skeletal health may be enhanced by concurrent administration of calcium.
Asc1, homolog of human RACK1, prevents frameshifting in yeast by ribosomes stalled at CGA codon repeats

Quality control systems monitor and stop translation at some ribosomal stalls, but it is unknown if halting translation at such stalls actually prevents synthesis of abnormal polypeptides. In yeast, ribosome stalling occurs at Arg CGA codon repeats, with even two consecutive CGA codons able to reduce translation by up to 50%. The conserved eukaryotic Asc1 protein limits translation through internal Arg CGA codon repeats. We show that, in the absence of Asc1 protein, ribosomes continue translating at CGA codons, but undergo substantial frameshifting with dramatically higher levels of frameshifting occurring with additional repeats of CGA codons. Frameshifting depends upon the slow or inefficient decoding of these codons, since frameshifting is suppressed by increased expression of the native tRNA(Arg(ICG)) that decodes CGA codons by wobble decoding. Moreover, the extent of frameshifting is modulated by the position of the CGA codon repeat relative to the translation start site. Thus, translation fidelity depends upon Asc1-mediated quality control.
Log-linear model analysis of the semi-symmetric intraclass contingency table

This paper addresses the problem of analyzing a three-way contingency table that is upper-triangular, and a priori symmetric within layers. The log-linear model is modified to handle this kind of table, and maximum likelihood estimation is carried out for the modified log-linear model. This leads to an expression of the maximum likelihood estimates exclusively in terms of the observed cell counts. It is skin this analysis is equivalent to an application of the gone log-linear model to an artificially complete table, obtain. by splitting the off-diagonal cells in half within layers. This analysis is used in analyzing the results of a study done to determine the effect of the sex-linked dwarfing gene in male chickens on resistance to E. coli infection; the conclusion differs from that of a previous analysis of the same data (see Norwood and Hinkelmann 1978). It is found, in fact, that the structure of association among the two allele variables and the disease variable is somewhat more complex than previousl...
Some Aspects of Measuring Education

Abstract Education may be the most frequently used variable in social science research and is among the best predictors across a wide range of models. Despite its importance, education is usually taken for granted. Typically little attention is devoted to its conceptualization, operationalization, or measurement. This article considers (a) what aspects of education typically are and should be ascertained, (b) how reliably and accurately education is usually measured, and (c) special complications associated with measuring education across time. Data from NORC′s General Social Surveys are used to illustrate measurement issues and show the impact of alternative approaches.
Die Leistungen der Studierenden messen

Gleich vorneweg noch eine Funktion, die Prufungen nicht erfullen sollten: diejenige, Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten zu vermitteln, die nicht bereits in der Veranstaltung behandelt wurden. Auf diesen Punkt werde ich spater noch zuruckkommen.
Effect of Acute Nutritional Deprivation on Host Defenses Against Listeria Monocytogenes — Macrophage Function

Acute nutritional deprivation or starvation occurs frequently in the United States during such conditions as chemotherapy for malignancy and surgery. Despite this, the effect of starvation on host defense mechanisms has largely been ignored. In a previous study (1), we established a model of acute starvation in mice and used Listeria monocytogenes as an immunologic probe to investigate host defenses. Paradoxically, starved mice were resistant to normally lethal doses of Listeria. The protective mechanism in starved mice was not defined, although the tumoristatic capacity of macrophages from starved mice was increased. In the experiments described here, the effect of starvation on macrophage function was studied in detail as a possible mechanism for the increased resistance to Listeria.
Template activity of chromatin during stimulation of cellular proliferation in human diploid fibroblasts.

Abstract 1. Contact-inhibited confluent monolayers of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts can be stimulated to divide by replacing the medium with fresh medium containing 30% foetal calf serum. 2. Of the cells 40–75% are stimulated to divide with a peak DNA synthesis between 15 and 21h and a peak mitotic index between 28 and 30h after stimulation. 3. In the first 12h before the initiation of DNA synthesis there is a biphasic increase in the incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA of whole cells. 4. This is paralleled by a similar biphasic stimulation of chromatin template activity measured in vitro in a system in which purified cell chromatin is incubated with an exogenous RNA polymerase isolated from Escherichia coli. 5. The changes in chromatin template activity are believed to represent activation of the genome, with more sites available for RNA synthesis, and to account almost entirely for the changes in RNA synthesis occurring in the whole cell.
An Inequality of Orthogonal Complements

(1992). An Inequality of Orthogonal Complements. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 258-259.
Quality quandaries: Impact of only below limit of detection data

Treating below limit of detection data as left-censored data rather than as passes can lead to large reductions in the number of tests needed to demonstrate a design requirement.
On the Application of Laser Tailor-Welded Blank to Automobile and Its Advantages

Welding is a key process in automobile manufacturing.Using proper welding way can improve anti-crash ability of bodywork,reduce bodywork weight,production costs and fuel consumption and simplify general assembly process.The technique,laser tailored-welded blank has the right advantages.This paper introduces the features of TWB technology and the advantages of the application to automobile.
Surveillance of distribution and antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infection among children during 2006-2010

Objective To investigate the distribution and antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infection among children.Methods The blood culture was performed.The identification and susceptibility testing were carried out.The results were inperpreted according to CLSI standards.Results From Jan.2006 to Dec.2012,469 gram-negative bacteria strains were isolated from children with bloodstream infection,which consisted of 139 E.coli(29.6%),121 Klebsiella pneumoniae(25.8%),106 Salmonella(22.6%),32 Pseudomonas aeruginosa(6.8%),31 E.cloacae(6.6%) and 9 Acinetobacter baumannii(1.9%).There was no statistical difference in the positive rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) producing E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in different periods(P all0.05).For the four primary gram-negative bacteria,imipenem was the most potent antibiotic,followed by amikacin.The increased antibiotic resistance of E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to cefepime and ceftazidime were found,especially the latter,and there was statistical difference in different periods(P0.05).Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were highly sensitive to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin,but resistant to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime.E.cloacae was highly resistant to cefazolin and cefoxitin,but its resistance to cefepime and ceftazidime was decreased,and there was statistical difference in different periods(P0.05).Conclusions With the increasing antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infection,the rational use of antibiotics should be strengthen.