cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUBJECT EFFECTS AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

Summary.-The procedure described by Sigall, Aronson, and Van Hoose (1970) in their study of subjects' cooperation and apprehension about evaluation was extended to include experimenters who tested subjects from both their own and other classes. It was hypothesized that the effects found by Sigall, et 111. would be greater for subjects whose experimenter was their instructor than for subjects whose experimenter was not their instructor. The results did not sup port the hypothesis. Contrary to the Sigall, et al. findings, subjects in the present study showed increases in performance even when such increases suggested, from the experimenter's point of view, that the subjects were obsessivecompulsive. Interview data indicated that the average subject reportedly believed he was supposed to excel1 in task performance and performed accordingly. The Sigall, ec al. procedure is discussed from both the experimenter's and the subjects' point of view. It is suggested that the procedure does not afford an appropriate test for ~nderstanding subjects' cooperation in a psychological experiment. In the past decade a number of researchers have hypothesized and offered empirical evidence showing that the results of some psychological experiments are due partly or wholly to subject and not treatment effects. For instance, Orne ( 1962, 1969) speaks abont cooperative subjects who are aware of the experimenter's hypothesis and who merely fulfill his wishes, and Rosenberg (1965, 1969) theorizes that subjects in psychological experiments hold the common belief that psychologists are interested in, and conduct experiments about, various aspects of mental health and personality adjustment. Rosenberg speaks of a subject's apprehension about evaluation as a motivating factor to perform in an experiment in such a manner as to "look good," be that manner performing with socio-emotionally acceptable responses or performing well in a quasi-intellectual task such as a paired-associate learning task. These two theoretical positions of subject effects may be confounded in an experiment in that a subject who appears to be cooperating may be simply attempting to look good and his performance happens to coincide with the experimenter's hypothesis. If we are to understand subjects' cooperation and apprehension about evaluation in psychological experiments then we must be able to test for them differentially. Weber and Cook (1972) in a recent literature review and theoretical exposition of subject effects have acknowledged a crucial (their term) study for understanding subjects' cooperation and evaluation apprehension in the laboratory experiment. This crucial study was by Sigall, Aronson, and Van Hoose (1970). 'The research reported in this article w& partially supported by a summer research fellow
Fairness and Vote Choice in the 1984 Presidential Election

Two images of the voter are examined for factors explaining vote choice. The first image suggests that the voter operates as a consumer in the political environment. In this view, the voter shops f...
An investigation of reading and language abilities of college freshmen

The purpose of this study was to compare a range of reading–related abilities in two groups of college freshmen with higher and lower reading comprehension abilities. Reading comprehension ability groups were formed using American College Test reading scores. The groups were compared on measures of oral language vocabulary and syntax, phonemic awareness and print decoding skills. Results indicated that abilities that appear to relate to reading comprehension include recognition of the order of phonemes in spoken syllables, recognition of words that are good semantic and syntactic fits for sentence frames, recall of meanings for spoken words and conversion of printed to spoken words.
Do voluntary pollution reduction programs (VPRs) spur or deter environmental innovation? Evidence from 33/50

Abstract We study whether a government-sponsored voluntary pollution reduction program (VPR) promotes or deters the development of new environmental technologies that yield future emission reduction benefits. Using a panel of 127 U.S. manufacturing industries defined by 3-digit SIC classifications over the 1989–2004 period, we estimate impacts of industry-level participation in the 33/50 program, a VPR initiated by government regulators in 1991, on industry-level rates of environmental patenting. We find that higher rates of 33/50 program participation are associated with significant reductions in the number of successful environmental patent applications five to nine years after the program ended.
Decadal variation of the surface water PCO2 in the western and central equatorial Pacific.

The equatorial Pacific Ocean is one of the most important yet highly variable oceanic source areas for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Here, we used the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), measured in surface waters from 1979 through early 2001, to examine the effect on the equatorial Pacific CO2 chemistry of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase shift, which occurred around 1988 to 1992. During the decade before the shift, the surface water PCO2 (corrected for temperature changes and atmospheric CO2 uptake) in the central and western equatorial Pacific decreased at a mean rate of about –20 μatm per decade, whereas after the shift, it increased at about +15 μatm per decade. These changes altered the CO2 sink and source flux of the equatorial Pacific significantly.
Clonal analysis of a case of multiple meningiomas using multiple molecular genetic approaches: pathology case report.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple meningiomas are uncommon brain tumors occurring concurrently in several intracranial locations in the same patient. In the present study, we determined the clonality, methylation status of deoxyribonucleic acid, and relationship of genetic alterations in eight meningiomas from one female patient. METHODS: Six molecular genetic techniques, including two methylation-based clonality assays and one transcription-based clonality assay, methylation analysis of CpG islands by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, loss of heterozygosity, microsatellite instability, and mutational analysis of the NF2 gene on chromosome 22, were used in comparative investigations on clonality and genetic alterations. RESULTS: The presence of clonal tumor cells was demonstrated by 1) loss of the same copy of chromosome 22 in all eight tumors; 2) transcription of the human AR gene from the same allele in six of eight tumors; 3) a common unmethylated allele at the AR locus in all eight tumors; and 4) the identical single-basepair insertion mutation in exon 9 of the NF2 gene in six of eight tumors. In addition, loss of a copy of the X chromosome in one tumor nodule and microsatellite instability in another nodule were observed. CONCLUSION: Taken together, this case of multiple meningiomas was most likely monoclonal in origin. Loss of chromosome 22 was an early event during the development of multiple meningiomas and was followed by mutations at the NF2 locus. Later events, including loss of the X chromosome, variation of AR gene expression, or microsatellite instability, may also have played a role in the development of multiple meningiomas in this patient.
Does level of ligation influence results in a murine biliary obstruction model

Background: Despite advances in perioperative management, patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction still experience a high rate of complications and death after surgery. The rat is commonly used as an experimental animal for research in obstructive jaundice. Ligation of the rat bile duct high in the liver hilum is assumed to produce a more severe model of biliary obstruction than low ligation. The differences are attributed to the ability of the rat bile duct to dilate. Differences in level of ligation may, thus, explain some discrepancies between studies. Materials and Methods: To test this hypothesis, female Lewis rats underwent high ligation (HL), low ligation (LL), and sham celiotomy. Colloidal carbon clearance, bilirubin, total serum bile acids, and hematocrit were measured 12 days later. Liver and spleen weight, presence or absence of ascites, infection, and adequacy of ligation were noted and the liver was processed for routine histology and electron microscopy. Results: Although bilirubin levels were higher after HL than after LL, liver and spleen weight, total serum bile salts, and phagocytic constants K and α were not different between these two groups. Gross, histologic, and ultrastructural appearance did not differ between HL and LL groups. Conclusion: High ligation causes greater hyperbilirubinemia than low ligation, but does not alter other parameters including phagocytic constants. The present study does not confirm the hypothesis that HL creates a more severe model than LL; therefore, it is unlikely that differences in level of ligation explain variability in results between studies.
Effect of threshing different sorghum cultivars on Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae and Coleoptera: Curculionidae)☆

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of threshing different sorghum cultivars on Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.). In a no-choice test, data on progeny production, loss in grain weight, duration of development, and cultivar index of susceptibility indicated that both species of insect responded differently when bred on unthreshed and threshed sorghum grain. On the average, unthreshed sorghum was more suitable than threshed sorghum for the development of S. cerealella, whereas threshed sorghum was found to be more suitable than unthreshed sorghum for S. oryzae development. Threshing did not have any influence on loss in grain weight due to the feeding activities of the larva of S. cerealella, but S. oryzae caused considerably greater loss to threshed than unthreshed sorghum grain. The duration of development of both species of insect was not affected by threshing, but cultivar index of susceptibility was. The different sorghum cultivars had a significant effect on the performance of both S. cerealella and S. oryzae, indicating that some factors in the cultivars and in the insects themselves were responsible for the observed variation. In a free-choice test, where unthreshed and threshed sorghum grain was exposed to S. oryzae in the same chamber, more progeny were produced in the threshed than unthreshed sorghum.
Effect of structural variation on the low temperature relaxation of aromatic polyesters

Abstract The mechanical β relaxation in a variety of aromatic polyesters has been examined. Serial changes in the chemical structure have included the introduction of rigid double and triple bonds in the 4-carbon diol, changes in the number of methylene groups in the diol, and comparison of isophthalate and terephthalate polymers. All the polymers exhibit a mechanical β process. The effect of structural variables on peak temperature and intensity indicates that the relaxation is controlled by the structure of the glycol.
Prospective memory and aging: The effects of working memory and prospective memory task load

Abstract A person's level of engagement in other actions may influence whether a prospective action is correctly performed. This study used a computerized prospective memory task in which participants remembered to perform an action when a specified background pattern appeared while they simultaneously performed a verbal working memory task. Amount of engagement in the working memory task was manipulated by increasing the number of words to be recalled. Prospective memory load was manipulated by varying the number of prospective targets. Older adults performed more poorly than younger adults on the prospective memory task under higher working memory load and also higher prospective load. Participants with lower working memory load performed better on the prospective task, regardless of age. There were no significant age differences in the absolute accuracy of performance postdictions (post experiment performance awareness). Age differences were also found with a second prospective memory task in which par...
1255 PRECEDING SPONTANEOUS LABOR (PSL), ELECTIVE REPEAT CESAREAN SECTION(RCS), AND IATROGENIC RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME(IaRDS)

All deliveries by RCS at MWH from 1970-79 were reviewed to assess the relationship between PSL at term and IaRDS in infants delivered by elective RCS. Infants of diabetic mothers, of Rh-sen sitized mothers, with congenital anomalies, or with perinatal asphyxia(5 min Apgar 2 wks more than the GA by PE. Infants in gp B (29/71-41%) with mean BW of 3200 gms had OE=GA by PE within 2 wks. Mean hospital stay was 11 days for both gp. Infants in gp A presumably were premature. The rate of IaRDS for this gp might be reduced by improved OE of GA. Infants in gp B were at term by both OE and PE, so for this gp the rate of IaRDS (1.7%) is unlikely to be affected by better OE of GA. Children born at term by elective RCS are at risk for IaRDS. PSL at term in these mothers seems to be a reliable indicator of fetal pulmonary maturity(FPM). Women scheduled to undergo elective RCS should either be allowed to go into labor or should have an L/S ratio to confirm FPM prior to RCS.
A History of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography

The invention of the electrocardiograph by Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven in 1902 gave physicians a powerful tool to help them diagnose various forms of heart disease, especially arrhythmias and acute myocardial infarction. The discovery of x-rays in 1895 and the invention of the electrocardiograph 7 years later inaugurated a new era in which various machines and technical procedures gradually replaced the physician's unaided senses and the stethoscope as the primary tools of cardiac diagnosis. These sophisticated new approaches provided objective information about the structure and function of the heart in health and disease. This review summarizes the origins and development of electrocardiography and addresses its role in defining cardiology as a specialty.
High Frequency Partial Liquid Ventilation vs. Infasurf Rescue in Preterm Lambs with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) † 1720

Surfactant replacement therapy is established as a primary treatment for RDS in preterm infants. Its efficacy however, is decreased in advanced disease states. Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perflubron (LiquiVentr) appears to improve lung function in infants with RDS who have failed to respond to exogenous surfactant. We hypothesized that PLV alone would improve lung function as compared with exogenous surfactant (Infasurfr) in the rescue treatment of severe RDS. We studied preterm lambs delivered by C-section(gest. age 125-127 days) with severe advanced RDS (criteria: PaO2 20-40 mmHg at 3 hours of life). Lambs were placed on high frequency ventilation (Sensormedics 3100A) with F1O2 1.0, amplitude 50 cmH2O, frequency 8-10 Hz, and mean airway pressure 15 cmH2O. At 3 h, animals received either Infasurf (100 mg/kg) or PLV with LiquiVent (25 ml/kg initial dose with replacement of evaporative losses).Results: PaO2 was increased 2.5-fold within 30 minutes in the LiquiVent group, and this improvement was sustained for the two hours of study. In contrast, the Infasurf group showed minimal response in PaO2, and this value returned to pretreatment baseline by 2 hours. PaCO2 trended downward with PLV (PaCO2: 70± 10 mmHg to 54 ± 7 mmHg) as compared with Infasurf(PaCO2: 69 ± 7 mmHg to 65 ± 8 mmHg). Necropsy revealed hemorrhagic, edematous lungs in the Infasurf group and less diffuse and less severe changes in the LiquiVent group. We conclude that PLV with LiquiVent is more effective than Infasurf in the treatment of severe, advanced RDS in the preterm lamb. PLV may be useful as a primary intervention in infants with severe advanced RDS. Figure
An erosion model of polycrystalline ceramics in abrasive waterjet cutting

This paper investigates the erosion phenomenon associated with abrasive waterjet cutting of polycrystalline ceramics. The erosion mechanisms observed in this study include intergranular network cracking and plastic flow. Material removal due to network cracking is calculated with a crack network model which relates the fracture surface energy in forming the crack network to the energy of the impact induced stress waves. The contribution of plastic flow is evaluated with Finnie's model. The derived erosion model is verified with abrasive waterjet erosion experiments.
Cautious Optimism for Extreme Dose Escalation in Prostate Cancer

Once again, investigators from the Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center, under the leadership of Dr. Zelefsky, have not only have pushed the envelope (dose escalation to 86 Gy) but also report their outcomes of longterm genitourinary (GU) toxicity [1]. Long-term quality of life (QoL) and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in patients receiving radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer were rigorously collected. Changes in QoL and IPSS over a 5-yr timeline were reported, with a minimum of 3-yr follow-up. GU toxicity was scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v.4.0, with events defined as an increase over baseline. IPSS sum increased by 3 over 5 yr in the entire cohort of patients, with only minimal worsening noted in the patients with mild baseline symptoms [1]. Patients with severe baseline GU function demonstrated an improvement in symptoms. The QoL index was unchanged overall but appeared to improve in patients with dissatisfied baseline QoL compared with satisfied baseline QoL. Approximately 20% and 1% of patients developed grade 2 and grade 3 late GU toxicities, respectively, with approximately half of the events resolving on further follow-up. This study should set, if not a standard, at least an example for the reporting of GU toxicity or other QoL outcomes after treatment (ie, radiation, radical prostatectomy, and/or hormone therapy) [1]. The investigators account for baseline function and follow the change in GU toxicity chronologically over a 5-yr period rather than simply reporting an overall score at a defined point in time. This is an accurate method for reporting the impact on QoL measures.
Multivariate analysis of capillary electrophoresis separation conditions for Z-E isomers of clomiphene

Plackett-Burman (P-B) experimental design has been used to optimize the factors affecting separation of Z and E isomers of clomiphene (zuclomiphene and enclomiphene respectively) using capillary electrophoresis. The P-B design was used to simultaneously investigate the following five factors: buffer ionic strength, buffer pH, heptakis (2,3,6-tri-o-methyl) beta-cyclodextrin (TMCD) concentration, methanol concentration and injection time, each at three levels. In addition to these, a dummy variable was added to estimate the variability of the system. Effects on resolution and analysis time were calculated. Based on the information gained from the P-B design, the following set of conditions was chosen: 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.3, 5 mM TMCD, 5% methanol, and 1.7 s hydrodynamic injection time. These conditions gave well-resolved peaks for zuclomiphene and enclomiphene.
Overview of Implementation of DARPA GPU Program in SAIC

This paper reviews the implementation of DARPA MTO STAP-BOY program for both Phase I and II conducted at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). The STAP-BOY program conducts fast covariance factorization and tuning techniques for space-time adaptive process (STAP) Algorithm Implementation on Graphics Processor unit (GPU) Architectures for Embedded Systems. The first part of our presentation on the DARPA STAP-BOY program will focus on GPU implementation and algorithm innovations for a prototype radar STAP algorithm. The STAP algorithm will be implemented on the GPU, using stream programming (from companies such as PeakStream, ATI Technologies' CTM, and NVIDIA) and traditional graphics APIs. This algorithm will include fast range adaptive STAP weight updates and beamforming applications, each of which has been modified to exploit the parallel nature of graphics architectures.
Bureaucratic Competition and Agenda Control

Competition among bureaus is often advanced as a solution to overproduction by monopoly bureaus. Further, competition tends to be viewed as some kind of natural state which bureaus will willingly gravitate to if given the opportunity. Beginning with the theoretical extensions of Niskanen to multiple bureaus, this article examines experimentally the effect of a competitive agenda proposal process on the outcomes of three-person committee games. The results suggest that simply duplicating the functions of a bureau is insufficient to generate increased efficiency. The success or failure of competitive reforms depends on the structure these reforms take, both in terms of the number of agenda setters and the level of communication between agenda setters and committee members.
Managing the Fiscal Metropolis: The Financial Policies, Practices, and Health of Suburban Municipalities by Rebecca M. Hendrick

Managing the Fiscal Metropolis: The Financial Policies, Practices, and Health of Suburban Municipalities. Rebecca M. Hendrick. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2011. 320 pp. ISBN: 97815...
Grade of Membership Analysis of Depression-Related Psychiatric Disorders

Information on 7,184 respondents of the Duke University and Johns Hopkins University Epidemiologic Catchment Areas (ECA) studies were analyzed using a fuzzy set classification procedure called Grade of Membership (GoM) analysis. A formal description of GoM analysis and its relationship to other multivariate procedures, some of which are described in other articles in this issue, is provided. Symptoms were selected for analysis that represented seven clinically defined psychiatric disorders: depression, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, and somatization. In the sample there were persons who expressed symptoms for these diseases as well as a large group of persons free of any symptoms. In the GoM analyses, we used both the 41 symptom variables initially provided to define disorder groups and a derivative set of 33 symptom variables with certain of the original symptoms grouped to increase the stability of symptom sets. In the analysis it was found that six pure ...
A model-based control laboratory experiment

A model-based control experiment for an undergraduate senior laboratory course is outlined in this article. The process under study is a continuous stirred-tank heater and the control objective is to control the water temperature in the tank. A discrete, dynamic, physical model of this process is used in the controller. The model-based control algorithm is a single-move, analytical controller that matches the model predicted temperature to a reference temperature trajectory at a single time in the future. A series of different control experiments using this algorithm are described and examples of each are presented.
Molecular map of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nuclear genome

We have prepared a molecular map of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome anchored to the genetic map. The map consists of 264 markers, including sequence-tagged sites (STS), scored by use of PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis, and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers, scored by use of Southern blot hybridization. All molecular markers tested map to one of the 17 known linkage groups of C. reinhardtii. The map covers approximately 1,000 centimorgans (cM). Any position on the C. reinhardtii genetic map is, on average, within 2 cM of a mapped molecular marker. This molecular map, in combination with the ongoing mapping of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones and the forthcoming sequence of the C. reinhardtii nuclear genome, should greatly facilitate isolation of genes of interest by using positional cloning methods. In addition, the presence of easily assayed STS markers on each arm of each linkage group should be very useful in mapping new mutations in preparation for positional cloning.
Toward the application of general systems theory in humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology arose in reaction to the restrictive paradigms of behaviorism and orthodox psychoanalysis. However, humanisitic psychology has yet to provide a consistent philosophical and methodological framework for the development and evaluation of models, methods, research, theories and therapies. Additionally, there exists no commonly shared structure for the translation and communication of intuitive recognitions and clinical findings. General systems theory offers a comprehensive methodology, rooted in the natural sciences, which may be applied to clarify and communicate many aspects of humanistic psychology. This paper demonstrates the common philosophical perspectives of general systems theory and humanistic psychology, describes general systems theory in terms of the challenges to humanistic psychology, and presents the concerns expressed by humanistic psychologists regarding the use of general systems theory. Selected areas are discussed in detail: The unity of mental and physical processes; the phenomenologically-based views of experience that encompass conscious, unconscious and transpersonal dimensions; and the growth paradigms of personal change described by such concepts as equifinality, anamorphosis and differentiation. Also, the humanistic psychologist is urged to be wary of inappropriate methodologies that complicate, rather than clarify, the issues at hand, and directions for future research are outlined.
Bistatic radar noncooperative illumination synchronization techniques

Synchronization techniques used in the Bistatic Alerting and Cueing (BAC) program are examined. Particular attention is given to illuminator search, target search synchronization, RF synchronization, PRF (pulse repetition frequency) synchronization, range gate synchronization, and solution of the bistatic triangle. All of the synchronization techniques have been implemented and tested during the two-and-a-half years of field-test demonstration of the BAC system. It is concluded that feasibility testing produced excellent results. >
Small-Signal Characteristics of the Diode-Stabilized Linear Integrated Devices

The small-signal characteristics and the frequency response of the diode-stabilized linear integrated devices (circuits) are examined. The built-in feedback property is explained. It is found that the circuit provides low input impedance, high output impedance, and small internal feedback. The frequency response of the circuit with the bias-diode is superior to that without the bias-diode. The current gain of the circuit can be controlled by appropriate design of active or passive elements. The experimental results using discrete components agree with the analysis.
Exemplar-based Sparse Representation phone identification features

Exemplar-based techniques, such as k-nearest neighbors (kNNs) and Sparse Representations (SRs), can be used to model a test sample from a few training points in a dictionary set. In past work, we have shown that using a SR approach for phonetic classification allows for a higher accuracy than other classification techniques. These phones are the basic units of speech to be recognized. Motivated by this result, we create a new dictionary which is a function of the phonetic labels of the original dictionary. The SR method now selects relevant samples from this new dictionary to create a new feature representation of the test sample, where the new feature is better linked to the actual units to be recognized. We will refer to these new features as S pif . We present results using these new S pif features in a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) framework for speech recognition. We find that the S pif features allow for a 2.9% relative reduction in Phonetic Error Rate (PER) on the TIMIT phonetic recognition task. Furthermore, we find that the S pif features allow for a 4.8% relative improvement in Word Error Rate (WER) on a large vocabulary 50 hour Broadcast News task.
Electrical Aspects of Adsorbing Colloid Flotation. XIII. Adsorption onto Surfaces with Positive and Negative Sites

Abstract The adsorption of anions and cations, including amphipathic ions, onto floes having both positive and negative adsorption sites was examined theoretically. The effects of ionic strength, substrate concentration, site lattice spacing, adsorption energy, and (in the case of amphipaths) hydrocarbon chain length were examined. An approximate thermodynamic approach was used.
Fiducial mark and CTOA estimates of thin film adhesion

Carbon fiducial marks are formed during thin film local delamination processes induced either by su- perlayer indentation forming circular blisters, or by residual stress relief through telephone cord blister formations. Hydrocarbons are sucked into the crack tip during the delamination process, outlining the crack tip opening angle (CTOA), which can be used to back calculate thin film adhesion using either elastic or plastic analyses presented here. Fiducial marks have been observed in two different thin films systems, namely Cu/SiO2 and TiWXNY/GaAs. TiWXNY/GaAs system also exhibited biaxial compressive stress-induced phone cord buckling delaminations. Surface AFM CTOA measurement approach is used to estimate the strain energy release rate increase along these phone cords delaminations.
Using Existing Tests and Scales in the Field

Fieldworkers often adopt existing scales and tests for use in the field from the voluminous social science literature. Frequently, these instruments have been developed and validated on samples that differ markedly from those encountered in the field. To address this situation, this article proposes four steps for critically examining and adjusting the results from such existing scales. These are (1) evaluating the psycho-metric properties of the existing scale, (2) comparing the fieldwork sample with the test sample, (3) analyzing item performance in the fieldwork sample, and (4) adjusting the scoring and interpretation.
Spectroscopy and Photometry of Nearby Young Solar Analogs

We present new photometry and spectroscopy of 34 stars from a catalog of 38 nearby (d < 25 pc) G and K dwarfs selected as analogs to the early Sun. We report that the least active star in our sample is also slowly rotating and probably of solar age. Two other stars appear to be evolved objects that have recently acquired angular momentum. A fourth star may be a spectroscopic binary. Many of the other stars belong to previously identified common proper-motion groups. Space motions, lithium abundances, and Ca II emission of these stars suggest ages between 70 and 800 Myr.
Use of Rainfall Cues by Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae): A Mechanism for Avoiding Flash Floods

Unlike most aquatic invertebrate taxa in desert streams, adults and juveniles of the giant water bug Abedus herberti Hidalgo experience low mortality from flash floods ( 90%). One explanation is that A. herberti use periods of torrential rainfall (>15 cm · hr−1) that often precede flash floods as a cue to abandon streams. “Stream abandonment behavior” consisted of exiting the stream after some threshold duration of torrential rainfall (8.0 min for adults, 29 min for juveniles), moving in a negatively geotactic direction away from the stream, and stopping in a sheltered area away from the active stream channel. Individuals crawled as far as 23 m from the stream, but returned within 24 h. Experiments with simulated rainfall demonstrated that the behavioral cue for stream abandonment behavior is probably related to the impact of rain on the stream surface, and not to other chemical or physical cues associated with inputs of rainwater (i.e., changes in pH, ion concentrations, water temperature, turbidity, or discharge) or approaching thunderstorms (i.e., pressure drops, thunder, lightning, or cloud cover). These other cues may play an auxiliary role in the behavior, however. Stream abandonment behavior can only account for part of the high survival rates observed for A. herberti during flash floods, since less than a third of observed individuals responded to either natural or simulated rainfall.
Raman Study of Isothermal Devitrificatn Kinetics of NaPO3 Glass

A laser Raman spectroscopic method was developed by which the increase in crystallinity of a devitrifying glass can be monitored continuously and isothermally at the devitrification temperature, without sample quenching, in a molecularly specific manner that yields high-quality kinetic data for the glass-crystal transformation. Applied to the study of vitreous (NaPO3)n(gl), the method yielded continuous data which were fitted, by a nonlinear least-squares method, to an equation of the form α(t) = 1- exp (-kNtN) with sufficient precision to permit optimization with respect to both N and kN. The values of N and kN vary with glass thermal history, i.e. with variations in time of heating at Tg for otherwise identical samples, although the material does not phase separate. The activation energy from any plot of In (kN)1/N vs (1/T) does not vary, but the offset of the curves indicates different preexponential terms in the Arrhenius expression. The results are analyzed in terms of current theories.
Modifying Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care

a result of inactive empirical antibiotic therapy as well as increasing economic costs for the community. Data on the association between the appropriateness of empirical antibiotic therapy and paitent outcomes is sparse for primary health care, compared with data from hospital settings, but anecdotal experience indicates that poor early antibiotic choice may be associated with progression of infection leading to hospitalization. In view of the above concerns, it appears reasonable that efforts be expended to improve the adequacy of antibiotic prescribing in the primary care setting. In this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Rautakorpi et al. [7] describe a remarkable effort to improve antibiotic use in the Finnish primary health care setting. It has long been known that antibiotic prescribing is taken seriously in Scandinavia; indeed, almost one-third of all primary health care centers in Finland expressed a willingness to participate in this study. A multifaceted intervention was initiated over a 2-year period, primarily targeting physicians, although the authors hint at enhanced education for patients. One physician from each participating health care center spent 6.5 days in a “train the trainer” program. Their primary goal was to improve compliance among their colleagues with antibiotic prescribing guidelines for 6 common infections—otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, acute bronchitis, bacterial skin infections, and urinary tract infections. Feedback on the study results, which acted as an important stimulus for ongoing adherence, was given to the physicians once a year. The intervention was successful on some, but not all, counts. There were significant improvements in compliance with first-line antibiotic treatment recommendations for sinusitis (from 35% to 51%; ), acute bronchitis (from 4% to P ! .001 9%; ), and urinary tract infec
Electrostatic and Non-Electrostatic Contributions of Proteoglycans to the Compressive Equilibrium Modulus of Bovine Articular Cartilage

This study presents direct experimental evidence for assessing the electrostatic and non-electrostatic contributions of proteoglycans to the compressive equilibrium modulus of bovine articular cartilage. Immature and mature bovine cartilage samples were tested in unconfined compression and their depth-dependent equilibrium compressive modulus was determined using strain measurements with digital image correlation analysis. The electrostatic contribution was assessed by testing samples in isotonic and hypertonic saline; the combined contribution was assessed by testing untreated and proteoglycan-depleted samples. Though it is well recognized that proteoglycans contribute significantly to the compressive stiffness of cartilage, results demonstrate that the combined electrostatic and non-electrostatic contributions may add up to more than 98% of the modulus, a magnitude not previously appreciated. Of this contribution, about two thirds arises from electrostatic effects. The compressive modulus of the proteoglycan-depleted cartilage matrix may be as low as 3kPa, representing less than 2% of the normal tissue modulus; experimental evidence also confirms that the collagen matrix in digested cartilage may buckle under compressive strains, resulting in crimping patterns. Thus, it is reasonable to model the collagen as a fibrillar matrix that can sustain only tension. This study also demonstrates that residual stresses in cartilage do not arise exclusively from proteoglycans, since cartilage remains curled relative to its in situ geometry even after proteoglycan depletion. These increased insights on the structure-function relationships of cartilage can lead to improved constitutive models and a better understanding of the response of cartilage to physiological loading conditions.
Spatiotemporal neural networks for link-state routing protocols

This paper discusses the application of a mixed-signal VLSI realization of a recurrent spatiotemporal neural network to a computer network routing. The neural network exhibits a regular interconnect structure and uses simple processing units in a combination which is well suited for VLSI implementation with a standard fabrication process. Its ability to rapidly arrive at solutions to the single-source multiple-destination routing problem makes it particularly attractive for link-state network routing protocols.
More Than Just A Hobby: Building an Academic Career in Global Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background As the specialty of emergency medicine (EM) continues to spread around the world, a growing number of academic emergency physicians have become involved in global EM development, research, and teaching. While academic departments have always found this work laudable, they have only recently begun to accept global EM as a rigorous academic pursuit in its own right. Objective This article describes how emergency physicians can translate their global health work into “academic currency” within both the clinician-educator and clinician-researcher tracks. Discussion The authors discuss the impact of various types of additional training, including global EM fellowships, for launching a career in global EM. Clearly delineated clinician-researcher and clinician-educator tracks are important for documenting achievement in global EM. Conclusions Reflecting a growing interest in global health, more of today's EM faculty members are ascending the academic ranks as global EM specialists. Whether attempting to climb the academic ladder as a clinician-educator or clinician-researcher, advanced planning and the firm support of one's academic chair is crucial to the success of the promotion process. Given the relative youth of the subspecialty of global EM, however, it will take time for the pathways to academic promotion to become well delineated.
Guiding Statistical Word Alignment Models With Prior Knowledge

We present a general framework to incorporate prior knowledge such as heuristics or linguistic features in statistical generative word alignment models. Prior knowledge plays a role of probabilistic soft constraints between bilingual word pairs that shall be used to guide word alignment model training. We investigate knowledge that can be derived automatically from entropy principle and bilingual latent semantic analysis and show how they can be applied to improve translation performance.
Which Children Are Not Getting Their Needs for Therapy or Mobility Aids Met? Data From the 2009-2010 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs.

Background Pediatric rehabilitation therapy services and mobility aids have an important role in the health of children with special health care needs, and the Affordable Care Act (ACA) may increase coverage for these needs. Identifying the prevalence of and factors associated with therapy and mobility aid needs and unmet needs prior to the full implementation of the ACA will be useful for future evaluation of its impact. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of and factors associated with caregiver perceived needs and unmet needs for therapy or mobility aids among children with special health care needs living in the United States. Design A cross-sectional, descriptive, multivariate analysis was conducted. Methods The 2009–2010 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs was used to identify a nationally representative sample of children with special health care needs with needs for therapy (weighted n=2,603,605) or mobility aids (weighted n=437,971). Odds of having unmet needs associated with child and family characteristics were estimated. Results Nearly 1 in 5 children with therapy needs had unmet needs, and nearly 1 in 10 children with mobility aid needs had unmet needs. Unmet needs were most strongly associated with how frequently the condition affected function and being uninsured in the previous year. Limitations Data were caregiver reported and not verified by clinical assessment. Survey data grouped physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy; analysis was not discipline specific. Conclusions This evidence serves as a baseline about the future impact of the ACA. Pediatric rehabilitation professionals should be aware that children with special health care needs whose condition more frequently affects function and who have insurance discontinuity may need more support to meet therapy or mobility aid needs.
Effects of molecular confinement and crowding on horseradish peroxidase kinetics using a nanofluidic gradient mixer

The effects of molecular confinement and crowding on enzyme kinetics were studied at length scales and under conditions similar to those found in biological cells. These experiments were carried out using a nanofluidic network of channels constituting a nanofluidic gradient mixer, providing the basis for measuring multiple experimental conditions simultaneously. The 100 nm × 40 μm nanochannels were wet etched directly into borosilicate glass, then annealed and characterized with fluorescein emission prior to kinetic measurements. The nanofluidic gradient mixer was then used to measure the kinetics of the conversion of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed conversion of non-fluorescent Amplex Red (AR) to the fluorescent product resorufin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The design of the gradient mixer allows reaction kinetics to be studied under multiple (five) unique solution compositions in a single experiment. To characterize the efficiency of the device the effects of confinement on HRP-catalyzed AR conversion kinetics were studied by varying the starting ratio of AR:H2O2. Equimolar concentrations of Amplex Red and H2O2 yielded the highest reaction rates followed by 2:1, 1:2, 5:1, and finally 1:5 [AR]:[H2O2]. Under all conditions, initial reaction velocities were decreased by excess H2O2. Crowding effects on kinetics were studied by increasing solution viscosity in the nanochannels in the range 1.0–1.6 cP with sucrose. Increasing the solution viscosities in these confined geometries decreases the initial reaction velocity at the highest concentration from 3.79 μM min−1 at 1.00 cP to 0.192 μM min−1 at 1.59 cP. Variations in reaction velocity are interpreted in the context of models for HRP catalysis and for molecular crowding.
Indications of a Role for Amylovorin as a Virulence Factor of ErwiniaAmylovora

Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by bacterial plant pathogens has been linked to virulence in a number of instances (1–4, 6, 8, 10, 11). Some studies have revealed that, although the presence of EPS does not insure virulence (1, 2, 8), its absence in at least two species signifies avirulence. Whether EPS is causally related to virulence remains to be completely defined. Nevertheless, there are data and observations that indicate that EPS occludes xylem vessels causing wilting, induces xylem parenchyma plasmolysis, water soaking of intercellular space and increased viscosity of xylem vessel fluid, thus impairing vascular transport.
Neurosolver learning to solve Towers of Hanoi puzzles

Neurosolver is a neuromorphic planner and a general problem solving (GPS) system. To acquire its problem solving capability, Neurosolver uses a structure similar to the columnar organization of the cortex of the brain and a notion of place cells. The fundamental idea behind Neurosolver is to model world using a state space paradigm, and then use the model to solve problems presented as a pair of two states of the world: the current state and the desired (i.e., goal) state. Alternatively, the current state may be known (e.g., through the use of sensors), so the problem is fully expressed by stating just the goal state. Mechanically, Neurosolver works as a memory recollection system in which training samples are given as sequences of states of the subject system. Neurosolver generates a collection of interconnected nodes (inspired by cortical columns), each of which represents a single point in the problem state space, with the connections representing state transitions. A connection map between states is generated during training, and using this learned memory information, Neurosolver is able to construct a path from its current state, to the goal state for each such pair for which a transitions is possible at all. In this paper we show that Neurosolver is capable of acquiring from scratch the complete knowledge necessary to solve any puzzle for a given Towers of Hanoi configuration.
Moral Intuitions Connect Political and Religious Beliefs

Rather than thinking about religious beliefs influencing political attitudes through an intentional cognitive process, this paper examines whether these belief systems overlap because they both represent an underlying psychological construct reflecting first principle beliefs on social organization. Using an original dataset, I find evidence that Haidt and Graham’s Moral Foundations (intuitions that guide moral decision making) of Ingroup, Authority and Purity concerns help to explain an individualist orientation toward society that manifests itself in conservative political beliefs and religious salience and beliefs like being born again and believing in the Bible as the literal word of God. Furthermore, the Moral Foundations of Fairness and Harm are associated with liberal political views and a communitarian religious orientation that emphasizes helping others more than avoiding personal wrongdoing.