cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and Metabolism: Foundations for Animal Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health.

Consumption of high-quality animal protein plays an important role in improving human nutrition, growth, development, and health. With an exponential growth of the global population, demands for animal-sourced protein are expected to increase by 60% between 2021 and 2050. In addition to the production of food protein and fiber (wool), animals are useful models for biomedical research to prevent and treat human diseases and serve as bioreactors to produce therapeutic proteins. For a high efficiency to transform low-quality feedstuffs and forages into high-quality protein and highly bioavailable essential minerals in diets of humans, farm animals have dietary requirements for energy, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and water in their life cycles. All nutrients interact with each other to influence the growth, development, and health of mammals, birds, fish, and crustaceans, and adequate nutrition is crucial for preventing and treating their metabolic disorders (including metabolic diseases) and infectious diseases. At the organ level, the small intestine is not only the terminal site for nutrient digestion and absorption, but also intimately interacts with a diverse community of intestinal antigens and bacteria to influence gut and whole-body health. Understanding the species and metabolism of intestinal microbes, as well as their interactions with the intestinal immune systems and the host intestinal epithelium can help to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and develop prebiotic and probiotic alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in animal production. As abundant sources of amino acids, bioactive peptides, energy, and highly bioavailable minerals and vitamins, animal by-product feedstuffs are effective for improving the growth, development, health, feed efficiency, and survival of livestock and poultry, as well as companion and aquatic animals. The new knowledge covered in this and related volumes of Adv Exp Med Biol is essential to ensure sufficient provision of animal protein for humans, while helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions, minimize the urinary and fecal excretion of nitrogenous and other wastes to the environment, and sustain animal agriculture (including aquaculture).
What Is Enumerative Combinatorics

The basic problem of enumerative combinatorics is that of counting the number of elements of a finite set. Usually are given an infinite class of finite sets S i where i ranges over some index set I (such as the nonnegative integers ℕ), and we wish to count the number ƒ(i) of elements of each S i “simultaneously.” Immediate philosophical difficulties arise. What does it mean to “count” the number of elements of S i ? There is no definitive answer to this question. Only through experience does one develop an idea of what is meant by a “determination” of a counting function ƒ(i).
The Infrapatellar Plica - a New Intra-Articular Ligament of the Knee

The infrapatellar plica (IPP) is considered to be an embryological remnant, a synovial fold of no mechanical importance. Its tissue characterization has not been described in the English literature. We had noted during knee arthroscopy that the IPP appeared ligament-like, and showed mechanical behavior, stretching and relaxing with motion, and holding the FP against the distal femur. Seeking to determine its gross and microscopic structure and link it to the observed behavior, we dissected 12 cadaver knees, noting for each the gross anatomy, histology of the IPP and attached fat pad (FP). According to the classification by Kim, the IPP types were: 8 separate, 1 split, 2 fenestrated, and 1 vertical septum. The IPP is a non-isometric ligament, with typical ligamentous structure at its femoral attachment (FA), a typical enthesis, and its rope-like central zone (CZ), primarily dense fibrous bundles of collagenous tissue. The structure of the attachment of the IPP to the FP at the central body (CB) is unique a...
Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in visceral neurons after nerve injury

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) and the changes in this distribution after peripheral axotomy were examined in lumbosacral afferent and preganglionic neurons (PGNs) innervating the pelvic viscera of the male rat. The visceral neurons in L6-S1 and L1-L2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and in the spinal cord were identified by retrograde axonal transport following injection of Fluorogold (FG) into the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). Axotomy was performed by removing the MPG on one side 2–4 weeks prior to sacrificing the animals. A differential distribution of NOS-IR was detected in DRG cells at different segmental levels of control animals. Significantly greater numbers of NOS-IR cells were present in thoracic (T8, T10, T12; 30–44 cell profiles/section) and rostral lumbar DRGs (L1-L2; 3–15 NOS-IR cell profiles/section) compared to caudal lumbosacral (L5-S1) DRGs (0.2–0.7 cell profiles/section). A significant increase in the number of NOS-IR cells was detected in the L6-S1 DRG (p < or = 0.001; 11 NOS-IR cell profiles/section) but not in the L2 or L5 DRG ipsilateral to axotomy. In these ganglia, an average of 37.0 +/- 4.0% (L6) and 20.6 +/- 2.2% (S1), respectively, of FG-labeled pelvic afferent neurons were NOS-IR compared to 1.1 +/- 0.5% (L6) and 2.5 +/- 1.4% (S1) contralateral to the axotomy. Following axotomy, a significantly greater percentage of dye-labeled pelvic visceral afferents in the L1 and L2 DRG also exhibited NOS-IR in comparison to the contralateral side. Following axotomy, NOS-IR fibers were detected along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn extending from Lissauer's tract to the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) on the ipsilateral side of the L6 and S1 spinal segments. These NOS-IR fibers were not detected in adjacent spinal segments (L4, L5, or S2). Axotomy also changed the numbers of NADPH-d-positive and NOS-IR cells in the region of the SPN in the L6 spinal segment. Contralateral to the axotomy 38.3 +/- 4.0% of PGNs in the L6 spinal segment were colabeled with NOS-IR; however, ipsilateral to axotomy, a significantly greater percentage (61.0 +/- 3.0%; p < or = 0.01) of PGNs exhibited NOS-IR. Axotomy did not alter the distribution of PGNs in the S1 segment exhibiting NOS-IR. These results indicate that NOS-IR in visceral afferent and PGNs is plastic and can be upregulated by peripheral nerve injury.
Vehicle misfueling in California

There have been a half dozen surveys performed by the California Air Resources Board in California from December, 1977 to July, 1982 to determine the rate of vehicle misfueling in California. There has been great concern raised over misfueling which leads to the poisoning of catalysts and the subsequent increases in emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen. The results of observing refueling at service stations indicate a misfueling rate at about 2% which is much lower than what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency figures indicate. Misfueling at self-serve stations is more than twice that noted at full-serve stations. The primary reasons given by motorists for misfueling are cheaper price of unleaded gasoline, performance (including pinging) and unavailability of unleaded fuel. Misfueling was accomplished primarily as a result of a modified restrictor or filler neck. The data also indicates that there are some differences in misfueling rates by location and that misfueling generally increases with age of vehicle.
Principles of snow hydrology

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Snow climatology and snow distribution 3. Snowpack condition 4. Ground-based snowfall and snowpack measurements 5. Remote sensing of the snowpack 6. Snowpack energy exchange: basic theory 7. Snowpack energy exchange: topographic and forest effects 8. Snowfall, snowpack and meltwater chemistry 9. Snowmelt runoff processes 10. Modelling snowmelt runoff 11. Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) 12. Snowpack management and modifications Appendices Index.
Some dynamics arising from learning in a hippocampal model

Summary form only given. In our simulations of hippocampal region CA3, we have observed a variety of dynamical behaviors over the course of learning. Such dynamics can either help or hurt the model as it is being trained to learn a cognitive task that depends on normal hippocampal function. The parameterization of the time spanning, associative synaptic modification rule has been investigated. In particular there is an interaction between the time constant of the NMDA-receptor and input longevity that has a direct effect on the dynamics of the neuronal codes that form. Inhibition potently affects the dynamics of cell firing, and it is easy to lose activity control when the excitatory synapses between primary, excitatory neurons alone are being modified. Synaptic modification of either the input or output synapses of an inhibitory neuron can, to a greater or lesser extent, compensate for synaptic modifications between primary neurons.
Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise

Oxidative stress contributes to age-related cognitive decline. In some instances, consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidant can provide superior protection than supplementation with purified antioxidants. Our prior studies have shown that supplementation with apple juice concentrate (AJC) alleviates oxidative damage and cognitive decline in adult (9-12 months) mice lacking ApoE (as a model of increased oxidative stress) and in normal aged (2-2.5 years) mice when challenged with a vitamin-deficient, oxidative stress-promoting diet. Here, we demonstrate that AJC, administered in drinking water, maintains acetylcholine levels that otherwise decline when adult and aged mice are maintained on the above deficient diet. Normal mice aged either 9-10 months or 2-2.5 years and ApoE-/- mice aged 9-10 months were maintained for 1 month on a complete diet or a diet lacking folate and vitamin E and containing iron as a pro-oxidant, and additional groups received 0.5% AJC ad libitum in drinking water. Spectrophotometric assay of acetylcholine levels revealed a significant decline in homogenates of combined frontal cortex and hippocampus for all mice maintained on the deficient diet, and a prevention of this decline in mice maintained on the deficient diet when supplemented with AJC. These findings provide a likely mechanism by which consumption of antioxidant-rich foods such as apples can prevent the decline in cognitive performance that accompanies dietary and genetic deficiencies and aging.
Rapid and step-wise eye growth in molting diving beetle larvae

However complex a visual system is, the size (and growth rate) of all its components—lens, retina and nervous system—must be precisely tuned to each other for the system to be functional. As organisms grow, their eyes must be able to achieve and maintain emmetropia, a state in which photoreceptors receive sharp images of objects that are at infinity. While there has been ample research into how vertebrates coordinate eyes growth, this has never been addressed in arthropods with camera eyes, which tend to grow dramatically and typically in a step-wise manner with each molt (ecdysis). Here, we used histological and optical methods to measure how the larval eyes of Sunburst Diving Beetles (Thermonectus marmoratus, Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) grow, and how well optical and morphological parameters match, during the dramatic growth that occurs between two consecutive larval stages. We find that the eye tubes of the principal eyes of T. marmoratus grow substantially around molt, with the vitreous-like crystalline cone contributing the most to the overall growth. Lenses also reform relatively quickly, undergoing a period of dysfunction and then regaining the ability to project sharp images onto the retina around 8 h post-molt.
Subband STAP processing, the fifth generation

Adaptive array processing has moved through several stages of evolution. First there was spatial only adaptation, using gradient based algorithms. Second was true space-time adaptivity using time-taps on multiple channels. Third came more rapid convergence, using sample matrix inversion strategies. Fourth came dimensionally large system solutions, which focused on the need for reduced DOF such as beamspace, eigenspace, MUSIC, ESPRIT, BASS-ALE, etc. This paper argues that we are on the threshold of the fifth generation of STAP; mainly STAB in the subband domain. Subband STAP, is an elegant and computationally efficient solution to the need for increasing bandwidth in radar and sonar processing as well as mobile communications. We begin by motivating the need for wider bandwidths, from a SAR imaging perspective. Next, we show that the computational burden of wideband STAP is untenable for existing and emerging military requirements. Having motivated a compelling need we then propose subband STAP as a solution, motivated from an active sensor perspective. We describe subband STAP as an extension of the familiar STAP 3D datacube (range, angle, Doppler) to a 40 hypercube (subband range, angle, subband Doppler, subband frequency). Subbanding allows us to overcome challenging wideband effects such as Doppler-frequency coupling, high-resolution range migration, target self-nulling, channel decorrelation, and dispersion. We describe the challenges of subband STAP interference rejection and subband recombination with artifacts.
Interface Hardening with Deuterium Implantation

Incorporation of deuterium to passivate silicon-dangling bonds at the Si-SiO 2 interface through ion implantation before the growth of the gate oxide is the focus of this work. Polycrystalline silicon gate n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor diodes with 4 nm gate oxide grown on deuterium-implanted p-type silicon substrate were investigated. Deuterium implanted at a light dose of I × 10 14 /cm 2 at 25 keV reduced oxide leakage current due to reduction in oxide charge and interface traps. Out-diffusion of deuterium during oxidation was observed for lower energy implant. Higher energy implant, on the other hand, causes enhanced substrate damage and prevents deuterium from reaching the Si-SiO 2 interface. Formation of Si-D bonds at the interface as well as in bulk oxide seems to reduce bulk electron traps as noticed in constant current stress measurements. Interface state density N it as obtained from the conductance measurements suggests that implanted deuterium passivates the silicon dangling bonds, thereby reducing the interface charge. The N it distribution in silicon bandgap shows that there is significant reduction in N it for deuterium-implanted samples at an energy position about 0.2 eV above midgap, which corresponds well with P b0 center 0/- transition level of E v + 0.85 eV.
Digitizing and Display of Subnanosecond Single Transients via Scan Conversion

The analysis of fast single transients has long been one of the most challenging problems in oscillography. The instrument described in this paper uses a scan converter tube with separate write and read electron guns and a silicon diode array target. The charge gain properties of the target are put to good use in achieving the ability to display, or to digitize in a 512 × 512 matrix, single transients one nanosecond or less in duration.
Endothelin stimulation of cytosolic calcium and gonadotropin secretion in anterior pituitary cells

The presence of endothelin, a vasoconstrictor peptide, in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary suggests that it also regulates neural and other nonvascular target cells. In pituitary gonadotrophs, low doses of endothelin evoked oscillations in the intracellular calcium concentration, and high doses induced a biphasic calcium response. Mobilization of intracellular calcium predominated during the spike phase of the calcium response to endothelin, whereas calcium entry through dihydropyridine-sensitive channels contributed to both the spike and plateau phases of the calcium response. Endothelin was a potent as hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in stimulation of gonadotropin release in perifused pituitary cells. Endothelin bound specifically to pituitary cells with a dissociation constant of 70 picomolar, and induced rapid formation of inositol trisphosphate and diacyglycerol. Although intracellular calcium concentration and gonadotropin secretory responses to endothelin were independent to the GnRH receptor, endothelin and GnRH appeared to have a common signal transduction mechanism. These observations suggest that endothelin can act as a neuropeptide to regulate anterior pituitary function.
Calmidazolium, a calmodulin inhibitor, inhibits endothelium‐dependent relaxations resistant to nitro‐l‐arginine in the canine coronary artery

1. The role of calmodulin in endothelium-dependent relaxations in the canine coronary artery, was investigated by use of the inhibitor of calmodulin, calmidazolium. 2. The endothelium-dependent relaxations to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and nebivolol, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, in control solution, and to bradykinin in high potassium solution (to inhibit endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization), were abolished by nitro-L-arginine (30 microM), an inhibitor of nitro oxide-synthase. Calmidazolium (10 microM) did not inhibit these relaxations. 3. Calmidazolium did not affect the endothelium-independent relaxations to SIN-1, an exogenous donor of nitric oxide (NO). 4. The relaxations to bradykinin and to the calcium ionophore A23187 in control solution were inhibited to a small extent by calmidazolium (10 microM). 5. Bradykinin and A23187 induced relaxations in the presence of nitro-L-arginine (30 microM) that were abolished by calmidazolium (10 microM) but not affected by glibenclamide (10 microM), an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. 6. The endothelium-independent relaxations to lemakalim, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener, were not affected by calmidazolium (10 microM) but were inhibited by glibenclamide (10 microM). 7. These results suggest that calmidazolium does not inhibit the endothelium-dependent relaxations due to endothelium-derived NO in the canine coronary artery but inhibits either the production of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) from endothelial cells or its effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore these results suggest that EDHF contributes to endothelium-dependent relaxations in the canine coronary artery.
Sexual influences on hepatic secretion of triglyceride.

Abstract The output of triglyceride by isolated perfused livers from female rats exceeds that by livers removed from male animals. Ovariectomy reduced the secretion of triglyceride by livers from female rats; administration of estrogen to the ovariectomized animals tended to return output toward control levels. It may be suggested therefore, that hepatic output of triglyceride can be regulated by gonadal or gonadotrophic hormones.
Lognormality of thorium concentrations in the Conway granite

Abstract The frequency distribution of thorium concentrations in the Conway granite of New Hampshire has been investigated by measurements with a portable gamma-ray spectrometer. A total of 737 determinations has been made, including out-crops within the main central batholith, a set of blocks at one quarry, two 600-ft. cores from the central mass, and one 500-ft. core from a separate body of granite. A lognormal curve appears to be the best description of the frequency distribution of these sets of data. This lognormality fits the mathematical model used by the writers, which predicts a lognormal distribution of trace element concentrations from homogeneous samples of igneous rocks. The model also predicts an arithmetically normal distribution for most common elements and a distribution skewed opposite to lognormality for elements which constitute more than half of the sample studied. The lognormal distribution of thorium concentrations in the Conway granite correlates well with the primary nature of the thorium mineralizations.
Bipolar disorder: an uncommon illness? Recognizing and caring for the elderly person with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BPD), an affective mood disorder formerly called manic–depressive illness, is a diagnosis rarely seen in elders. It has components of major depression and sometimes mania or hypomania. Many elders previously diagnosed with schizophrenia in their past are now found to have the elements of BPD. The psychiatric community has become aware that bipolar disorder in elders is much more common than previously thought, and progress is being made in appropriate diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Toward a General Theory of Institutional Autonomy

Institutional differentiation has been one of the central concerns of sociology since the days of Auguste Comte. However, the overarching tendency among institutionalists such as Durkheim or Spencer has been to treat the process of differentiation from a macro, “outside in” perspective. Missing from this analysis is how institutional differentiation occurs from the “inside out,” or through the efforts and struggles of individual and corporate actors. Despite the recent efforts of the “new institutionalism” to fill in this gap, a closer look at the literature will uncover the fact that (1) it has tended to conflate macro-level institutions and meso-level organizations and (2) this has led to a taken for granted approach to institutional dynamics. This article seeks to develop a general theory of institutional autonomy; autonomy is a function of the degree to which specialized corporate units are structurally and symbolically independent of other corporate units. It is argued herein that the process by which these “institutional entrepreneurs” become independent can explain how institutions become differentiated from the “inside out.” Moreover, this article offers five dimensions that can be operationalized, measuring the degree to which institutions are autonomous.
Excluding to include: (Non)participation in Mexican natural resource management

Participatory processes are often intended to encourage inclusion of multiple perspectives in defining management means and goals. However, ideas about the legitimacy of certain uses and users of the resources can often lead to exclusion from participation. In this way, participation can be transformed from a process of inclusion of various resource users to one of exclusion. Using a case study from a marine protected area in Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and drawing on work in deliberative democracy, I present a typology of how individuals and groups can be excluded from participation. External exclusion includes non-invitation and other means for keeping participation from occurring. Internal exclusion refers to exclusionary events during participatory meetings. This analysis suggests that participation needs to be recognized as a valuable but easily manipulated tool in the design of projects like natural resource management.
Introduction of proteins into living bacterial cells: distribution of labeled HU protein in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Growing bacterial cells forming division septa have sites near the septa that are sensitive to EDTA shock. Cells treated with EDTA incorporate proteins and other molecules from the surrounding medium, probably via vesiclelike lesions at the septa that are induced by EDTA. The amount of protein taken up is proportional to the protein concentration in the permeabilization medium. Incorporated molecules equilibrate throughout the cytoplasm, and those with affinity for DNA bind to the nucleoid. Conditions that promote the viability of permeabilized cells and help to avoid otherwise irreversible effects of EDTA are defined. Procedures for selecting cells that have incorporated protein and for studying the distribution of the protein and its effects in growing-dividing cells are described. The procedure may have several applications to molecular and cellular biology; however, we describe here the localization in living cells of the histonelike protein HU. Fluorescence microscopy of cells containing different amounts of fluorescein-labeled HU (varied from approximately 10(3) to 10(5) molecules per cell) showed that the HU concentrates in the nucleoid and is uniformly distributed throughout this structure. Control experiments demonstrated that unlabeled interior parts of the nucleoid can be resolved when labeled proteins that do not bind DNA or enter the nucleoid are introduced into living cells. It was concluded that in vivo added HU binds primarily DNA and that there are no intrinsic restrictions on major regions of the nucleoid to which the added HU protein may bind.
TU-A-224C-01: Daily Localization II: EPID, MVCBCT

The Mega‐Voltage Cone‐Beam CT (MVCBCT) system provides a 3D image of the patient anatomy in the actual treatment position that can be tightly aligned to the planning CT, allowing daily verification and correction of the patient position moments before the dose delivery. Integrated onto a linear accelerator, the system consists of a new a‐Si flat panel adapted for MV imaging and a workflow application allowing the automatic acquisition of projection images at low dose rate, CBCTimage reconstruction,CT to CBCTimage registration and couch position adjustment. Moreover, MVCBCT provides accurate electron density and allows studies of dosimetrical impact of setup error, anatomical changes or presence of implanted metallic objects. This lecture will provide an overview of the physics characteristics of MV and MV CBCTimaging, acceptance testing and commissioning, acquisition and reconstruction,image registration, alignment precision and quality assurance procedures. An overview of the clinical applications will be provided. Finally, current challenges and future developments will be addressed. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the basics concepts of MV Cone‐Beam CTimaging. 2. Understand the workflow and issues related to clinical applications of MV CBCT, including acquisition, reconstruction, registration and patient alignment. 3. Understand the possibilities of 3D Imaging for patient alignment. This work was supported by Siemens Oncology Care Systems.
Teaching and Assessing Technical Proficiency in Surgical Subspecialty Fellowships

Objectives To determine how programs are teaching and assessing procedural skills, and their perceived success. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) approved training programs in pediatric urology and colorectal surgery. Participants Program directors and recent graduates (2007-2009). Results Thirty-nine program directors (60%), and 57 graduates (64%) responded; 89.5% of graduates and 94.9% of program directors felt training occurred successfully for the procedures that trainees were performing in their present practice. Nearly 90% of trainees and all program directors reported that there was no formal assessment of procedural competency at the beginning of training, although 66.7% of program directors reported that trainees were assessed “informally.” Both program directors and trainees reported dialogue with faculty was the most frequent method used in preparing for operative procedures. Other methods (textbook/atlas, journals, web-based programs, videos) were used less frequently. Program directors with shorter tenure were more likely to use web-based and video methods; younger trainees were less likely to use textbooks/atlases. Faculty feedback on clinical decision-making and postprocedural review were perceived by both program directors and trainees as the most effective assessment methods for improving performance; however, trainees were more likely than program directors to report that postprocedure reviews were not included in their training (15.8% vs 9%, p = 0.045). Patient outcomes, written feedback from peers, and self-assessment were included in most programs, but valued less. Simulation was used in only about half the programs and was valued more highly by trainees than program directors (p = 0.011). Conclusions Training in procedural proficiency was viewed as successful by both program directors and graduates. Dialogue with, assessment by, and feedback from faculty were frequently used and most valued; stressing the importance of the facilitator role of faculty in the education of the trainee. These findings provide guidance for the development of newer methods of teaching and assessment.
The primary process of the Hindu epics

A. K. Ramanujan said, 'No Hindu ever reads the Mah?bh?rata for the first time' (1991a: 419). He also said, 'In India,...no one ever reads the R?m?yana or the Mah?bh?rata for the first time' (1991b: 46). Continuing the first statement, which opens an essay on 'Repetition in the Mah?bh?rata' that dates back to a 1968 paper presented to Victor Turner's Seminar on Comparative Epic at the University of Chicago, Ramanujan provides a sense of why he says 'reads for the first time' rather than 'hears for the first time' (which is the way I misre membered these passages, and their oral tellings at conferences, until I relocated them). Recounting his own youthful 'native' experiences of the epic, Ramanujan begins with a hearing, but one from a text-conversant pandita who recounted Mah?bh?rata stories in a tailor shop. So the hearing implies a prior reading, even though the reading is not Ramanujan's. Moreover, the reading and hearing are multilingual and intertextual. The pandita alternated between the Mah? bh?rata and 'large sections of a sixteenth-century Kannada text.' Last recalled are the
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis

Diffuse involvement of the pulmonary interstitium with abnormal fibrous tissue is a process that occurs in many settings. There are many possible etiologies for pulmonary fibrosis, but in the majority of individuals, a clear cause cannot be determined and a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) results. Despite limited knowledge concerning the etiology, recent advances in biomedical technology offer great promise for increasing our understanding of IPF. This review will focus on current concepts of the pathogenesis and therapy of IPF.
Interoperability calls for an unusual mix of skills.

Computer-science expertise will be a key ingredient of a successful 'bioinformatics nation'.
The Dynamic Control of Kiss-And-Run and Vesicular Reuse Probed with Single Nanoparticles

Vesicular secretion of neurotransmitter is essential for neuronal communication. Kiss-and-run is a mode of membrane fusion and retrieval without the full collapse of the vesicle into the plasma membrane and de novo regeneration. The importance of kiss-and-run during efficient neurotransmission has remained in doubt. We developed an approach for loading individual synaptic vesicles with single quantum dots. Their size and pH-dependent photoluminescence change allowed us to distinguish kiss-and-run from full-collapse fusion and to track single vesicles through multiple rounds of kiss-and-run and reuse, without perturbing vesicle cycling. Kiss-and-run dominated at the beginning of stimulus trains, reflecting the preference of vesicles with high release probability. Its incidence was increased by rapid firing, a response appropriate to shape the kinetics of neurotransmission during a wide range of firing patterns.
Role of image guided radiation therapy in obese patients with gynecologic malignancies

Abstract Purpose We investigated the effect of body mass index on setup errors by analyzing daily shifts required in treating patients undergoing image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for gynecologic malignancies. Methods and Materials Forty successive patients treated with daily kV-based IGRT for gynecologic malignancies between April 2009 and June 2012 were identified. Directional setup corrections were analyzed according to patient body mass index. Random and systematic setup errors were calculated. Image acquisition dose was estimated by performing ionization chamber measurements in a phantom. Results Obese patients had larger random setup errors, particularly in the right-left (R-L) direction, with a setup error of 7.6 mm, versus 3.9 mm for nonobese patients. The range of individual patient random errors in the R-L direction was 1.5 to 7.6 mm among nonobese patients versus 2.0 to 17.0 mm among obese patients ( P = .03, F -test). For obese patients, daily IGRT prevented treating outside the planning target volume in 33% of fractions, versus 16% in the nonobese group ( P = .001). The mean total image acquisition dose from daily kV-IGRT was approximately 3 cGy, versus 150 cGy if daily megavoltage portal imaging were used to correct for erratic setup errors. Conclusions Daily kV-based IGRT in obese patients allows for correction of erratic setup error and minimizes excess dose from portal imaging.
Constructs of Student-Centered Online Learning on Learning Satisfaction of a Diverse Online Student Body: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

The present study investigated the relationships between constructs of web-based student-centered learning and the learning satisfaction of a diverse online student body. Hypotheses on the construc...
Liquid-phase hydrogenation of 1-alkenes over Rh/AlPO4 and Rh/sepiolite catalysts

The catalytic activity of Rh (1 wt.%) catalysts supported on AlPO4 and sepiolite has been studied in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of linear 1-alkenes. The reaction orders with respect to 1-alkene concentration are negative but are first order with respect to hydrogen, indicating that 1-alkene adsorbs very strongly on Rh sites and alkene and H2, compete for adsorption sites on the surface. The initial hydrogenation rates increase in the order 1-hexene < 1-heptene < 1-octene, and furthermore, on going from 1-hexene to 1-octene the steric effects (through ΔS≠) are activating, while electronic effects (from ΔH≠) deactivate the reaction process. A cis-concerted mechanism taking place in a single step on a Rh site with three coordinative unsaturations which can simultaneously adsorb hydrogen and a π-bonded alkene is suggested.
Competitive adsorption of NO, SO2 and H2O onto mordenite synthesized from perlite

Abstract A new material, mordenite synthesized from volcanic ash (perlite) in the presence of sodium salts, has been shown to be a weak sorbent for NO and a strong and reversible sorbent for SO 2 . The mordenite's capacity to adsorb SO 2 was found to be related to the amount of sodium present in the material. Capacities as high as 8 wt% were achieved at 1250 ppm of SO 2 in helium at 25°C. In multicycle tests the mordenite maintained its capacity after more than 40 cycles when desorbing the SO 2 at 300°C. The adsorption rate of SO 2 in the absence of water was modelled and the adsorption activation energy was found to be 3.2 kcal mol −1 . Water significantly decreased the mordenite's capacity to adsorb SO 2 and also caused the SO 2 to be chromatographically desorbed in a roll-up peak. In these water-SO 2 adsorption experiments a peculiar breakthrough was observed for water, where the water concentration exiting the bed first decreased and then increased. This peculiar water breakthrough could not be explained by assuming independent adsorption of the two species, but was qualitatively predicted by assuming that water adsorption is enhanced by the presence of adsorbed SO 2 .
Conjugation in the Hypotrich Ciliate, Paraurostyla weissei (Stein): A Scanning Electron Microscope Study*

SYNOPSIS. Conjugation in Paraurostyla weissei has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. In the course of conjugation, one member of each conjugating pair is resorbed. An organism that is being resorbed always lies to its partner's left and is always fused to its partner's oral region. A mechanism for the development of this asymmetry is proposed, based on the asymmetry of individual Paraurostyla. After resorption is complete, exconjugants enter a rounded, nonmotile stage which lasts several days. Exconjugants at this stage have been compared with cysts and have been found to be dissimilar.
Dexamethasone inhibits the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in the suppression of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that dexamethasone (DEX) suppresses neointimal hyperplasia and proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) by inducing a late G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) regulates cell proliferation by controlling progression from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. We hypothesized that DEX inhibits human vascular SMC proliferation and causes cell cycle arrest through inhibition of Rb phosphorylation. Human aortic SMC were cultured and treated with incremental doses of DEX. Cell counts and [ 3 H]thymidine uptake were determined after 72 h. To examine the effects of DEX on the cell cycle, cells were synchronized by serum deprivation, restimulated to enter G1 phase, and treated with 10 −5 M DEX, and protein was extracted at sequential time points. Flow cytometry was performed to track cell cycle progression. Western blots were performed to examine Rb phosphorylation. DEX inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent fashion. Flow cytometry indicated that DEX induces a G1 phase cell cycle arrest. DEX inhibited the phosphorylation of Rb protein compared to control. DEX inhibits the proliferation of human vascular SMC by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest. DEX inhibited the phosphorylation of Rb, a key step in the progression of the cell from G1 to S phase. Elucidation of the mechanism of DEX may be helpful in treatment strategies for preventing neointimal hyperplasia as well as other disorders of cell proliferation.
Reactions of O2 and H2O with magnesium nitride films

Abstract The formation of magnesium nitrides on the Mg(0001) surface by nitrogen ion implantation at room temperature was confirmed by XPS. Oxygen adsorption on the surfaces implanted with nitrogen to different extents, monitored by AES, demonstrated that oxygen adsorption and reaction occurred only with incompletely nitrided sites. In contrast, XPS and AES data showed that the magnesium nitride films were readily attacked by H2O, forming magnesium oxides, hydroxides, oxynitrides and possibly NH3.
Energy budget during fold tightening of a multilayer fold

Abstract The Canyon Range syncline, Central Utah, is composed of an alternating sequence of competent quartzite and incompetent argillite layers and is used here as a natural case study of multilayer folding processes. Geometric details of this fold are evaluated in terms of energy consumption in order to determine which kinematic components of folding are dominant at various stages of fold tightening. In addition, this paper attempts to evaluate what mechanism(s) (e.g. kink folding, fracture formation and sliding along surfaces) are involved in each kinematic component. In general, the patterns preserved in the Canyon Range syncline are comparable to multilayer folding models. In more detail, the following is concluded from this case study. (1) The competent and incompetent members deformed primarily by cataclastic flow and consumed approximately equal amounts of energy. (2) The roles of original competent and incompetent layers reversed during folding. (3) As the syncline tightened, less energy was consumed with increasing hinge fractions. (4) The least amount of energy was consumed with 40° limb dips (i.e., 100° interlimb angle). (5) With an open fold geometry (interlimb angle ≥140°), the hinge region consumed ∼70% of the fold's total energy. (6) Once the fold reached an interlimb angle of ∼60°, the limbs consume close to 70% of the total energy. (7) When the fold reached an interlimb angle of ≤60°, the incompetent layer(s) consumed ∼90% of the fold's energy.
The Suppression of Transferred Lymph Node Cells in Adult and Neonatal Rabbits.

Summary The transfer of rabbit lymph node cells incubated in vitro with antigenic material derived from Shigella paradysenteriae to recipient rabbits leads to the appearance of agglutinins to Shigella in the sera of the recipient animals. The production of the antibody by the transferred cells is suppressed if the recipient rabbits have received a prior injection of leukocytes obtained from the donor animals. The suppression of antibody formation by transferred lymph node cells has also been demonstrated when the transferred cells have been incubated with serum obtained from rabbits which have been injected with rabbit leukocytes. This is presumably due to the effect of antibodies to leukocyte antigens within the heterogeneous population of rabbits. The transfer of lymph node cells to neonatal rabbits is also followed by the appearance of antibody in the sera of these animals. In the case of the neonatal recipients the suppression of transferred lymph node cells can also be actively induced by the prior injection of the donors' leukocytes; in the induction of this effect given numbers of rabbit leukocytes are almost as effective in the neonatal as in the adult recipient rabbit. The suppressive effect can also be conferred on recipient rabbits by injecting them with other rabbit lymph node cells—in this case cells of nodes draining sites of injection of rabbit leukocytes. Here, again, cells of neonatal rabbits injected with rabbit leukocytes are as effective as those of adult rabbits in the suppression of antibody formation by transferred lymph node cells. The sera of neonatal rabbits injected with rabbit leukocytes are, however, far less effective than are similar sera from adult rabbits in passively transferring the suppressive effect on transferred lymph node cells. Two possible bases for this difference are indicated.
Modeling Wind-Induced Water Setup in Lake St. Clair

Abstract Water level measurements at Belle River and St. Clair Shores from 1 June to 30 November 1985 are used to verify simulations of wind-induced water setup obtained from a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Lake St. Clair. The wind drag coefficient is estimated as a function of stability and wind speed by correlating observed and computed water levels under various atmospheric conditions. Effects of different bottom stress formulations are investigated by considering the balance of forces along the setup line between Belle River and St. Clair Shores. The setup computed by a hydrodynamic model for a given wind stress may vary by as much as 50% depending on the formulation of the bottom stress and the wind drag coefficient varies strongly with the type of bottom stress used in the model. The hydrodynamic model produces a correlation coefficient, r = 0.92, between hourly values of computed and measured setup. Comparison of results with empirical relationships between wind and water level changes produce similar results.
The\(\bar \partial \)-operator on algebraic curves

For a singular algebraic curve we show that all closed extensions of $$\bar \partial $$ are Fredholm, and we give a general index formula. In particular, we prove a modified version of a conjecture due to MacPherson.
SENSITIVITY OF VISUAL RECEPTORS OF CAROTENOID-DEPLETED FLIES: A VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN AN INVERTEBRATE.

House flies (Musca domestica) raised under sterile conditions on a diet lacking carotenoids and retinol (vitamin A) have visual receptor sensitivities —as assessed electroretinographically—which average more than 2 log units below normal, both in the near ultraviolet (340 mµ) and visible (500 mµ) regions of the spectrum. Loss of sensitivity can be prevented by the addition of β-carotene to the larval food. Flies reared for several generations on a carotenoid-free diet, but under conditions where the adults are not kept sterile, do not show a further loss of sensitivity. It is suggested that carotenoid stored in the egg prevents complete blindness in the first generation, and that microorganisms can supply small amounts of carotenoid and thereby prevent complete blindness in the second and successive generations.
Equations for determining current distribution among the conductors of busses comprised of double-channel conductors

A RECENT paper1 advances equations enabling calculation of the inductance and short-circuit forces of busses comprised of double-channel conductors, as shown in Fig. 1 of that paper. These quantities are the essential parameters required for the rational design of this currently much-used bus. In an advertisement2 it is stated that this type of construction is used in ?11 out of the 16 largest turbine-generator? installations. The correctness and the usefulness of these equations in actual design are manifested by the valuable complementary discussion1 of this recent paper given by O. R. Schurig, who compared values of reactance determined experimentally on a typical 3-phase bus comprised of 6-inch aluminum channels with values calculated from the equations of reference 1 and found good agreement among corresponding experimentally and analytically determined values.
An active-site titrant for chymotrypsin, and evidence that azapeptide esters are less susceptible to nucleophilic attack than ordinary esters

Abstract The p-nitrophenyl ester of N-methoxycarbonylazaphenylalanine reacts with chymotrypsin in 1:1 stoichiometry, and the enzyme concentration can be quantified from the absorbance of the p-nitrophenolate produced in the reaction. This azapeptide does not decompose at pH 7 in the presence or absence of 1 mM hydroxylamine.
Developmental changes in serotonergic receptor-mediated modulation of embryonic chick motoneurons in vitro

Intracellular recordings were obtained from antidromically identified motoneurons in an embryonic chick spinal cord slice preparation at two developmental stages (embryonic days 12 and 18, E12 and E18) which bracket a critical period in spinal cord growth. The resting membrane potential of chick motoneurons did not change significantly between E12 and E18, but there was a significant decrease in neuronal input resistance. A small inward rectification was present in cells of both ages, although a lower proportion of E12 motoneurons exhibited inward rectification compared to E18 motoneurons. Injection of depolarizing current pulses revealed that most E12 motoneurons exhibited spike adaptation, while the majority of E18 motoneurons showed high frequency tonic firing. Bath application of serotonin (5-HT) and its agonists 5-carboxamido-tryptamine (5-CT, a 5-HT1 agonist) and alpha-methyl 5-HT (a 5-HT2 agonist) produced hyperpolarizing responses accompanied by decreased input resistance in all E12 motoneurons studied. The same three agonists produced depolarizing responses and increased input resistance in all E18 motoneurons studied. The effects of serotonergic agonists on motoneuronal excitability were tested using depolarizing current pulses. In most cases, serotonergic agonists caused a decrease in firing frequency during the hyperpolarizing response in E12 neurons. At E18, bath application of 5-HT, 5-CT or alpha-methyl 5-HT produced an increase in firing frequency in all motoneurons during the depolarizing response. Our results indicate that both 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes contribute to modulation of chick motoneuron excitability and appear to reverse the polarity of their effects on membrane potential after a critical period in development of the spinal cord.
Complex Tibial Fractures: Tips and Tricks for Intramedullary Nail Fixation:

Intramedullary nailing of metaphyseal and segmental tibia fractures can be technically challenging for a variety of reasons. Restoring length, alignment and rotation of the injured limb requires careful preoperative planning and meticulous attention to surgical technique, while avoiding common pitfalls. Understanding the deforming forces on the fracture segments and normal tibial osteology provides a background for recognizing the most common pitfalls when nailing these fractures. Many adjuncts for obtaining and maintaining fracture reduction while nailing have been described, including extended positioning, use of the femoral distractor, blocking screws, and provisional plating. We discuss these techniques as well as the role of intramedullary fixation for treating metaphyseal fractures with articular extension. The purpose of this paper is to describe the background and technique for a variety of operative tips and tricks to facilitate intramedullary nailing of metaphyseal and segmental tibia fractures.