cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Idle Proletariat: Dawn of the Dead, Consumer Ideology, and the Loss of Productive Labor

OUGHLY HALF AN HOUR INTO THE BLOODY RAMPAGE OF George A. Romero’s Dawn of the Dead (1978), the four protagonists who have been fleeing the chaos of Philadelphia by helicopter come across an abandoned shopping mall. The large structure is strangely isolated from the rest of civilization, surrounded by the buffer of an empty parking lot populated by a scattering of slowmoving zombies. Needing a place to stop, eat, and rest, the four land on the roof. Feeling secure in their lofty position, they investigate the building, assessing the level of safety, and the potential spoils there for the taking. Looking down through the skylights, they see a modern-day shopping palace, complete with fully stocked stores and ample electrical power, and the few zombies roaming the concourses seem to be of little threat. Fran, the only woman in the group, looks on the ghouls and asks, ‘‘What are they doing? Why do they come here?’’ Her boyfriend Stephen answers, ‘‘Some kind of instinct . . . memory . . . of what they used to do. This was an important place in their lives’’ (Romero). Most scholarship concerning Dawn of the Dead focuses on the film’s rather overt criticism of contemporary consumer culture. By setting the bulk of the action in a shopping mall, Romero consciously draws the audience’s attention toward the relationship between zombies and consumerism. The insatiable need to purchase, own, and consume has become so deeply ingrained in twentieth-century Americans that their reanimated corpses are relentlessly driven by the same instincts and needs. The metaphor is simple: Americans in the 1970s have become a
Tilt-angle, polarization, and heat-capacity measurements near the smectic-A-chiral-smectic-C phase transition of p-(n-decyloxybenzylidene)-p-amino-(2-methylbutyl)cinnamate (DOBAMBC).

High-resolution heat-capacity, tilt-angle, and polarization measurements have been carried out in the vicinity of the smectic-A (SmA) \char21{}chiral-smectic-C (Sm${C}^{\mathrm{*}}$) phase transition of p-(n-decyloxybenzylidene)-p-amino-(2-methylbutyl)cinnamate (DOBAMBC). Heat-capacity studies were done on two different samples obtained from two laboratories. Different results were obtained. Almost simultaneous measurements of the tilt angle (theta) and polarization (P) on one of the samples allow us to reveal one surprising temperature dependence of the ratio P/theta. The anomaly in the ratio P/theta seems to be closely related to the anomaly in the helical pitch just below the SmA-Sm${C}^{\mathrm{*}}$ transition.
Theoretical considerations in the zone melting of organic substances: Establishment of ideal equilibrium conditions

Abstract In order to establish in theory the necessary conditions for reaching ideal thermodynamic equilibrium in the zone melting of organic substances, transport of impurity in the melt zone is analysed by: 1. The chemical potential for the case of pure diffusion, 2. Studying complete mixing in the melt by stirring, 3. Deriving the impurity concentration as a function of zone velocity. These analyses show that for maximum ultrapurity, the factors of zone length and zone velocity are critically denned for equilibrium conditions.
ACTH effects on response suppression and plasma corticosterone in the mouse

Abstract The effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on behavioral and adrenocortical responses in the mouse were investigated. In Experiment 1 ACTH facilitated the suppression of activity in a situation where this activity was punished by footshock. In Experiment 2 repeated injections with ACTH resulted in an increase in adrenocortical responsiveness. The data demonstrate the cross-species generality of effects on aversively motivated behavior.
Full-scale Flexural Strength Testing for Stone Cladding Design

Beginning with the Industrial Revolution and rapidly increasing following World War II, building cladding systems changed dramatically. Exterior wall construction that had previously consisted of thick mass masonry evolved into contemporary curtain wall systems. As curtain wall systems evolved, the economics of reducing the thickness of curtain wall components became more important. The use of thin stone veneers on buildings in the modern era was not associated with increased knowledge of stone material properties based on testing and research. Rather, the reduction in thickness is attributable to advancements in fabrication technology, economy in construction, and a rational approach to design of veneer systems. This paper will discuss the evolution of the use of stone in curtain wall systems and the associated ASTM standards for building stone. Early ASTM standards for building stone were limited to tests used to evaluate the compression strength of stone which was consistent for mass bearing walls of the early 20th century. As stone was increasingly used more as a veneer, standards for modulus of rupture (ASTM C 99) were introduced. As systems continued to evolve, flexural strength (ASTM C 880) was introduced to address material variability. The evolution of ASTM C 880 included increasing specimen width to further incorporate variability of the stone. Recently, the authors have introduced full panel testing in the design and evaluation process. This paper will present data and discuss the differences in test results for three case studies where both ASTM C 880 specimens and full panel flexural strength testing was performed. The focus of this section will be to discuss the implications of performing full-size panel testing in addition to ASTM C 880 standard specimen testing on design of stone cladding systems for tall building construction as a natural evolution of the design and evaluation process for thin stone cladding systems.
Can we be faithful to the Hippocratic oath in the era of managed care

The past few years have produced monumental changes in the American health care system. With those changes, questions of ethical conduct now challenge every physio cian practicing in the United States. Basically, many are asking if it is possible to uphold the precepts of the Hippocratic oath in the world of managed care. In using the term managed care, I am already breaking a promise I made to myself some time ago that I would never use the term managed in conjunction with the term care. We should call it what it really is, managed cost. In any event, let us examine that solemn oath that many physicians took on graduating from medical school and challenge each other to remain true to its fundamental principles.
MicroRNA-143 is a critical regulator of cell cycle activity in stem cells with co-overexpression of Akt and angiopoietin-1 via transcriptional regulation of Erk5/cyclin D1 signaling

We report that simultaneous expression of Akt and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) transgenes supported mitogenesis in stem cells with a critical role for microRNA-143 (miR-143) downstream of FoxO1 transcription factor. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from young male rats were transduced with Ad-vectors encoding for Akt (AktMSC) and Ang-1 (Ang-1MSC) transgenes for their individual or simultaneous overexpression (AAMSC; > 5-fold gene level and > 4-fold Akt and Ang-1 protein expression in AAMSC vs. Ad-Empty transduced MSC; EmpMSC). AAMSC had higher phosphorylation of FoxO1, which activated Erk5, a distinct mitogen-induced MAPK that drove transcriptional activation of cyclin D1 and Cdk4. Flow cytometry showed > 10% higher S-phase cell population that was confirmed by BrdU assay (15%) and immunohistology for Ki67 (11%) in AAMSC using EmpMSC as controls. miR array supported by real-time PCR showed induction of miR-143 in AAMSC (4.73-fold vs.. EmpMSC). Luciferase assay indicated a dependent relationship between miR-143 and ...
Fringing field effects in semiconductor nanowire double heterostructures

This paper investigates the electrostatics and carrier transport in nanowires with double heterostructures (DH). The particular interests include strong fringing field and weak screening effects resulting from the increased surface to volume ratio in nanowires. A general device simulator, PROPHET, is employed for a model nanowire structure with Al 0.2 Ga 0.8 N/GaN DH. Our simulations show that in general, the junction depletion width in the active region increases for nanowire based DH devices. The impacts of such effect on carrier injection in nanowire devices as well as the roles of forward biasing and material compositions are also investigated.
Schooling and Test Scores: A Mother-Natural Experiment.

Abstract In the economics of education, no task has been more important or more difficult than identifying the relationship between school inputs and student performance. The literature on this topic has reached little resolution, largely owing to the endogeneity of school resources. In this paper I examine the effect of a vital but little studied component of the education production function: instructional time. To identify the impact of schooling on test scores I make use of the fact that variation in winter weather made non-trivial differences in the number of school days students received prior to taking the Maryland School Performance Assessment Program (MSPAP) exams. I find evidence that students who took exams in years with heavy snowfall performed significantly worse than their peers in the same school who took MSPAP exams in other years. I also find that performance in a subject with relatively inflexible curricula (mathematics) and students in earlier grades were most affected by snow. Both of these findings are consistent with the interpretation that education inputs in the form of instructional days improve students’ test scores.
The Complex Nature of Serving Divorced and Separated Women: A Qualitative Analysis of Needs and Service Provision:

The existing literature indicates a long history of evidence that women experience greater economic hardship than men following divorce. Women struggle financially, exacerbated by issues of education and employment, impacting their own well-being and that of their children. This article reviews the perspectives of divorced and separated women who are utilizing services as well as the perspectives of the service providers in terms of economic and employment difficulties, unique needs of the population, and service provision. Recommendations are provided for programs and public policies to improve services to women and children.
The Effect of Breast FNA in Guiding the Optimal Management of Breast Lesions: A 5-year Retrospective Review of Outcome

squamous metaplasia, foamy histocytes, and lymphocytic infiltrate (none, mild, marked). Results: 36 TNBC cases were eligible and typically exhibited cellular clustering, naked nuclei, and nuclei >3 RBCs in size (see Table 1 and Table 2). Nuclear margins for TNBC are typically smooth-slightly irregular. Conclusion: TNBC typically exhibits cellular clustering, enlarged nuclear size, and naked nuclei. These features may help elucidate TNBC during rapid on-site evalution.
Combination of calcipotriene (Dovonex) ointment and tazarotene (Tazorac) gel versus clobetasol ointment in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: A pilot study

Abstract Background: Both calcipotriene and tazarotene have been shown to be effective in the treatment of psoriasis. No study has evaluated the effect of using both agents simultaneously. Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of combination treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriene ointment and tazarotene gel by comparing them with clobetasol ointment, a class I topical corticosteroid. A secondary objective was to evaluate the clinical compatibility of applying both agents at the same time. Methods: This pilot study was a prospective, single-center, open-label, right/left comparison of 28 lesion pairs in 15 patients. It consisted of a 2-week treatment phase, followed by a 4-week post-treatment observation phase. Results: All 15 patients completed the treatment phase of the study. At the end of the active treatment phase (end of week 2), calcipotriene- and tazarotene-treated lesions showed nearly identical reductions in scaling ( P = .93), plaque elevation ( P = .76), and overall lesional severity scores ( P = .29) compared with their matched clobetasol-treated counterparts. Erythema improved significantly more in clobetasol-treated lesions ( P ;P = .20). No patients had significant irritation from the treatments. During the post-treatment phase (weeks 3-6), all lesions worsened; plaque elevation returned somewhat more rapidly in calcipotriene- and tazarotene-treated lesions ( P P > .05). Conclusion: The nonsteroid combination of twice-daily calcipotriene ointment and once-daily tazarotene gel was not statistically different from twice-daily application of the class I corticosteroid clobetasol ointment in reducing psoriatic scaling, plaque elevation, and overall lesional severity over a 2-week period. There does not seem to be any chemical incompatibility between calcipotriene ointment and tazarotene gel that is clinically significant. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:907-13.)
Evidence-Based Renal Protection in Cardiac Surgery:

Acute renal dysfunction is a common serious complication of cardiac surgery. Although a diversity of mechanisms exist by which the kidney can be damaged during cardiac surgery, atheroembolism, isch...
Discretized peridynamics for linear elastic solids

Peridynamics is a theory of continuum mechanics employing a nonlocal model that can simulate fractures and discontinuities (Askari et al. J Phys 125:012---078, 2008; Silling J Mech Phys Solids 48(1):175---209, 2000). It reformulates continuum mechanics in forms of integral equations rather than partial differential equations to calculate the force on a material point. A connection between bond forces and the stress in the classical (local) theory is established for the calculation of peridynamic stress, which is calculated by summing up bond forces passing through or ending at the cross section of a node. The peridynamic stress and the constitutive law in elasticity are used for the derivation of one- and three-dimensional numerical micromoduli. For three-dimensional discretized peridynamics, the numerical micromodulus is larger than the analytical micromodulus, and converges to the analytical value as the horizon to grid spacing ratio increases. A comparison of material responses in a three-dimensional discretized peridynamic model using numerical and analytical micromoduli, respectively, is performed for different horizons. As the horizon increases, the boundary effect is more conspicuous, and the errors increase in the back-calculated Young's modulus and strains. For the simulation of materials of Poisson's ratios other than 1/4, a pairwise compensation scheme for discretized peridynamics is proposed. Compared with classical (local) elasticity solutions, the computational results by applying the proposed scheme show good agreement in the strain, the resultant Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.
Improving Academic Program Assessment: A Mixed Methods Study.

Starting with the premise that better assessment leads to more informed decisions about student learning, we investigated the factors that lead to assessment improvement. We used “meta-assessment” (i.e., evaluating the assessment process) to identify academic programs in which the assessment process had improved over a two-year period. The use of both quantitative and qualitative methods allowed us to understand the factors leading to assessment improvement better. Through these efforts, we discovered that a program’s assessment environment and use of resources were the predominant factors leading to improvement. One resource in particular, assessment consultation, was the most cited reason for improved assessment.
A framework for core-level modeling and design of reconfigurable computing algorithms

Reconfigurable computing (RC) is rapidly becoming a vital technology for many applications, from high-performance computing to embedded systems. The inherent advantages of custom-logic hardware devices, such as the FPGA, combined with the versatility of software-driven hardware configuration often boost performance while reducing power consumption. However, compared to software design tools, the relatively immature state of RC design tools significantly limits productivity and consequently limits widespread adoption of RC. Long and tedious design-translate-execute (DTE) processes for RC applications (e.g., using RTL through HDL) must be repeated in order to meet mission requirements. Novel methods for rapid virtual prototyping and performance prediction can reduce DTE repetitions by providing fast and accurate tradeoff analysis before the design stage. This paper presents a novel core-level modeling and design (CMD) framework for RC algorithms to support fast, accurate and early design-space exploration (DSE). The framework provides support for core-level modeling, performance prediction, and rapid bridging to design and translation. Core-level modeling enables detailed DSE without the need for coding. Performance prediction, such as maximum clock frequency, supports core-level DSE and can help system-level modeling and design tools to achieve more accurate system-level DSE. Finally, core-level models can be used to generate code templates and design constraints that feed translation tools and to rapidly obtain predicted performance.
Structure and vibrational spectra of bromine reservoir species from the atmospheric oxidations of bromoethane and bromopropane

Uncertainty in the ozone effects of bromoethane and bromopropane is associated with the lack of information regarding their respective brominated by-products for the atmospheric degradation chemistry. Ab initio molecular orbital methods at the density functional theory have been used to determine the fundamental IR vibrational modes of HC(O)H, CH3C(O)H, BrC(O)H, BrCH2C(O)H, BrCH2CH2C(O)H, CH3C(O)CH3, BrC(O)CH3, BrC(O)CH2CH3, and BrCH2C(O)CH3. A complete assignment for all the fundamental modes has been made for all the species under study. The vibrational infrared spectra of the brominated reservoir species is theoretically modelled and compared with experimental values where available. Rotational constants are calculated and compared with those in the literature.
Longitudinal Effects of School Context and Practice on Middle School Mathematics Achievement

ABSTRACT The authors analyzed mathematics achievement data from a longitudinally matched student cohort from a large southwestern U.S. school district to investigate school context and practice effects on the academic performance and growth of middle school students. Investigation of the degree to which aspects of the school environment related to mathematics achievement outcomes revealed 2 distinct patterns. School context, as measured by student and school demographic characteristics, related closely to mathematics performance levels but had little relationship with mathematics growth rates. The opposite was true for aspects of school practice. Teacher educational attainment and the mathematics curricula delivered to students were not related to student performance levels but were moderately associated with mathematics growth rates. These results suggest that the effect of some policy-relevant school variables may be difficult to identify when student achievement is studied at a single point in time. Ho...
Expression and sequence analysis of the p21(WAF1/CIP1) gene in renal cancers

Abstract Objectives The p21 (WAF1/CIP1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor is an M r 21,000 protein that can arrest cell growth by associating with and inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase complexes necessary for cells to exit G 1 . It is a downstream effector in the p53 growth control pathway and can be transcriptionally activated by increasing levels of p53 protein. The objective of this study was to determine if there are mutations or alterations in the expression of p21 in renal cancers that could contribute to renal cancer cell growth. Methods Twelve renal cancer cell lines were examined for mutations in the coding region of the p21 gene using single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis and direct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing. Expression of p21 was determined in all 12 cell lines by Northern analysis using a cDNA probe for p21 and Western analyses using a p21-specific antibody. Results Nucleotide base substitutions were detected in the p21 gene in two cell lines, which did not result in amino acid substitutions. P21-specific mRNA was present in 8 of 12 renal cancer cell lines, as determined by Northern analysis, although p21 transcripts could be detected by polymerase chain reaction in all 12 renal cancers. Varying levels of p21-specific protein were detected in 9 of 12 renal cancers. Conclusions These data indicate that mutation of the p21 gene is rare in renal cancer cell lines and that the uncontrolled growth of renal cancer cells is not due to mutation of the p21 gene. However, expression studies found a wide variation in the level of p21 protein in renal cancer cells, suggesting that aberrant regulation of p21 expression may play a role in renal cancer development.
Removable partial denture design: a review and a challenge.

Abstract The dentist must accept the responsibility for design of removable partial dentures. He must demonstrate this ability based on his knowledge of living tissue. Certain important biomechanical principles apply to the design of all removable partial dentures. These principles were reviewed in light of preservation of oral tissues.
INEQUALITY FOR BACKWARD ELECTRON- AND MUON--NUCLEON SCATTERING AT HIGH MOMENTUM TRANSFER.

From a sum rule for backward $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering, valid only in the limit of large four-momentum transfer ${q}^{2}$, we obtain an inequality for backward $e\ensuremath{-}p$ inelastic scattering which depends upon the commutator of space components of isospin currents. Given chiral $U(6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(6)$ current algebra, the total backward scattering at fixed large ${q}^{2}$ is predicted to be at least as great as that from a point Dirac particle with charge $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}e$.
The visual pigment of a chimaeroid fish

Abstract The visual pigment of the North Pacific coast chimaeroid fish,Hydrolagus colliei was extracted and analyzed by the method of partial bleaching. The prosthetic group was identified from the difference spectrum of the product formed by bleaching in the presence of NH2OH. The visual pigment in the extract was found to be P4841, a deep-sea type of visual pigment. This is interesting because field studies have indicated thatHydrolagus colliei is not always a deep-water fish. The nature of the visual pigment does not accord with this. It is tentatively concluded, however, that the ecology of this holocephalus fish is insufficiently known to warrant its classification as a strictly surface water inhabitant. In fact, there are reasons to suggest that it is basically a deep-water fish, like other chimaeroids, and that it can migrate vertically, perhaps in response to temperature.
British primary schools: A model for change?

Just as education in the nineteenth century United States was greatly influenced by European educators, today, once again, educators are looking to British primary schools as a possible model for change in our schools. The direction of change in British primary schools is toward a more informal education in both primary (ages 5-7) and junior schools (ages 7-11). It is estimated that 25 percent of the British primary schools fit the pattern of informal education and that another third are in one or more stages of moving in that direction. The junior schools have been somewhat slower in following suit. Informal primary education in England is not a sudden departure from the past. Primary schools throughout the western world have been greatly influenced by the work of such educational innovators as Comenius, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, and others. However, the report by England's Central Advisory Council for Education, Children and Their Primary Schools, 1967, has been a force in making informal primary education a national movement. This report of the Central Advisory Council is better known as the Plowden Report, after the chairwoman of the council, Lady Bridget Plowden. The Plowden Report was in one sense a study of the schools that were already in operation and a report that helped formulate the rationale and point the direction for primary education in England. The debate over "informal education" and more "formal" approaches to instruction is more a difference of basic values than a question of method or technique. The differences between how individuals look at organization of schools, teaching techniques, and curriculum spring from differences in their conceptions of education; behind the technique and methods lies the image of man. Silberman emphasized the point in his text, Crisis in the Classroom: "Indeed, the 'free day,' or 'informal education' to use a more inclusive term, is less an approach or method than a set of shared attitudes and convictions about the nature of childhood, learning, and schooling. Advocates of informal education begin with the conception of childhood as something to be cherished, a conception that leads in turn to a concern with the quality of the school experience in its own right, not merely as preparation for later life."1 In informal education, educational theorists and practitioners see education as an emerging process, where children are placed in a stimulating environment in which the individual develops at his own rate. This developmental process follows the individual's unique interests
Cardiac imaging and myocardial kinetics of technetium-tertiary butyl-isonitrile during dipyridamole-induced hyperemia.

To determine the myocardial kinetics of technetium-tertiary-butyl-isonitrile (Tc-TBI) during dipyridamole-induced hyperemia, the circumflex coronary arteries (LCX) of 15 dogs were partially occluded. Dipyridamole was then infused intravenously over 4 minutes, creating hyperemic flows in the anterlor descending (LAD) coronary system. Tc-TBI was administered, then LAD and LCX regional myocardial Tc-TBI activities were continuously monitored with miniature detectors and gamma camera imaging over 3 hours. Microsphere-determined regional myocardial blood flows demonstrated an LCXLAD flow ratio of 0.81 ± 0.21 at rest and 0.45 ± 0.24 (SD) during dipyridamole infusion. Three-hour fractional Tc-TBI clearance rates were minimal and were equal in the LAD (0.14 ± 0.11) and LCX (0.13 ± 0.12) zones (p = ns). Excellent gamma camera images, demonstrating the LCX defect, were obtained in all dogs. The correlation coefficient was 0.98 for regional myocardial blood flow vs initial Tc-TBI distribution. In conclusion: (1) Dipyridamole vasodilation unmasked coronary stenoses despite no flow disparities at rest. (2) The initial distribution of Tc-TBI is proportional to regional myocardial blood flow. (3) There is minimal washout and no redistribution into the initial defect over time, and thus image quality is stable over time. (4) Tc-TBI myocardial kinetics may be applicable to closely related agents currently being developed.
Exploring the nature of linkages between consequences and values

Abstract Laddering is one of the many ways of studying the linkages between consequences stemming from consumer choice and the personal values that may be related to that choice. This paper discusses seven issues related to laddering, both in terms of its use as an approach to gathering data and in terms of interpreting the output from laddering interviews: direction, number, and strength of linkages, degree of specificity, where in the ladder is the respondent's main focus, which links should be at the top of the ladder, and relation of values to choice behavior.
Infrared reflection absorption Spectroscopy study of the chemisorption of small molecules (H2, O2 and H2O) on silicon

Abstract For infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) in the single external reflection mode, a well-known limitation is the diminished sensitivity for adsorbates on semiconducting vs metallic substrates. We describe a technique in which an optically thin semiconductor film is deposited in ultra high vacuum on a metal and spectra recorded at grazing incidence in p-polarization. Using this approach, spectra have been obtained down to 650 cm −1 for H, O, OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CHO- (isopropoxy) adsorbed at coverages of up to one monolayer on Si films (about 40 to 120 A thick) on Ni(001). Isotope experiments have also been done using 18 O 2 and D 2 . The technique illustrated by these results is expected to be useful in studies of amorphous semiconductor surface chemistry and of the growth of such materials by chemical vapor deposition.
Morphogenesis of the node and notochord: The cellular basis for the establishment and maintenance of left–right asymmetry in the mouse

Establishment of left-right asymmetry in the mouse embryo depends on leftward laminar fluid flow in the node, which initiates a signaling cascade that is confined to the left side of the embryo. Leftward fluid flow depends on two cellular processes: motility of the cilia that generate the flow and morphogenesis of the node, the structure where the cilia reside. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding and unresolved questions about the regulation of ciliary motility and node structure. Analysis of mouse mutants has shown that the motile cilia must have a specific structure and length, and that they must point posteriorly to generate the necessary leftward fluid flow. However, the precise structure of the motile cilia is not clear and the mechanisms that position cilia on node cells have not been defined. The mouse node is a teardrop-shaped pit at the distal tip of the early embryo, but the morphogenetic events that create the mature node from cells derived from the primitive streak are only beginning to be characterized. Recent live imaging experiments support earlier scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies and show that node assembly is a multi-step process in which clusters of node precursors appear on the embryo surface as overlying endoderm cells are removed. We present additional SEM and confocal microscopy studies that help define the transition stages during node morphogenesis. After the initiation of left-sided signaling, the notochordal plate, which is contiguous with the node, generates a barrier at the embryonic midline that restricts the cascade of gene expression to the left side of the embryo. The field is now poised to dissect the genetic and cellular mechanisms that create and organize the specialized cells of the node and midline that are essential for left-right asymmetry.
A modified capillary assay for chemotaxis

A modification is described of the capillary assay for chemotaxis. It employs a 96-well dilution plate and its cover. Capillary tubes are inserted through the cover and are supported by small rubber collars. The method is faster and less tedious and gives more precise results than earlier methods.
The role of renal aromatic N-deacetylase in selective toxicity of avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine in birds.

Abstract 1. 1. Several species of birds were studied to determine the amount of N-deacetylase activity present in the kidneys. This information was desired to learn if there was any apparent relation between the presence of the enzyme and the selective nephrotoxicity of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine. 2. 2. The active renal enzyme was absent from the hawk kidney, but was present in the kidneys of all other birds studied. The resistance of the hawk to 3chloro-p-toluidine and the absence of the enzyme from its kidneys indicate that the deacetylase is probably involved in the nephrotoxicity of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine. No comparable activity was found in the rat kidney or liver, or in the chicken liver.
Using Verbal Reports to Investigate Children's Aesthetic Experiences with Music

The purpose of this study was to explore children's aesthetic experiences with music through verbal report. (The term "aesthetic experience" was defined as follows: "intense subjective and personal experience; feelingful reaction; requires perception, experience of feelings and reactions, and psychological involvement," Price, 1986, p. 152). Participants were fourth graders, 31 girls and 29 boys, who possessed a variety of developmental statuses and conditions: normally developing (n = 35), gifted (n = 11), and special needs (n = 14). Students listened individually to Rachmaninoff's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Op. 43, Variation 18. Immediately following the listening session, I used structured interviews to investigate the students' aesthetic reactions to the music. Their comments were recorded and later transcribed. Content of the transcripts was analyzed, and categories emerged from the responses. Although it is impossible to ascertain if these children truly had aesthetic experiences, data indicate that they did respond to the music and could communicate their feelings verbally, some of which were deeply emotional. Except for word counts of student responses, there was little difference in reactions from the three developmental groups (normally developing, gifted, and special needs).
Particle Mixing by Freshwater Infaunal Bioirrigators: Midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) and Mayflies (Ephemeridae: Ephemeroptera)

Mechanisms and rates of sediment mixing by the infaunal chironomids Coelotanypus sp. and Chironomus sp., and the mayfly nymph, Hexagenia spp., were quantitatively investigated in the laboratory using a multiple 137Cs tracer layer microcosm technique. These insect larvae construct and irrigate burrows up to 10 cm beneath the sediment-water interface. Obliteration of tracer layers by these larvae was attributed to mixing by both diffusive (random smearing)—and feeding (directed particle motion)—style processes. Biodiffusion coefficients were obtained from the rate of widening of the tracer layers and feeding rates were obtained from the rate of decrease in activity of the tracer layers. The biodiffusion coefficients and feeding rates normalized by experimental population densities were used to compare the results of these experiments with those obtained in similar experiments using other organisms. The results suggest that of the organisms studied here, only Chironomus sp. mix sediments by biodiffusion at rates comparable to conveyor-belt deposit feeding oligochaete worms on a per individual basis. Individual rates of non-local mixing by feeding for the chironomid and mayfly larvae in these experiments are similar to or less than those reported for oligochaetes in similar experiments. These results indicate that although chironomid larvae and mayfly nymphs are burrow irrigators, they may also deposit-feed or at least rework sediments in a non-local fashion. Some of the differences in reported individual biodiffusion coefficients and feeding rates may be related to organism size, because larger organisms exhibited greater biodiffusion coefficients and feeding rates per individual. The values for the biodiffusion coefficients on a per individual basis were multiplied by approximate in situ population densities to evaluate the relative importance of each of these species at natural densities. The results indicate that the sparse populations of bivalves, some chironomids (Coelotanypus sp.), and mayflies cause a relatively small amount of mixing compared to the more abundant amphipods, tubificid oligochaetes, and Chironomus sp. Surprisingly, the bioirrigator Chironomus sp. appears to be as important in mixing sediment as depositfeeding conveyor-belt tubificid oligochaetes; however, whereas sediment mixing by tubificid oligochaetes is primarily the result of feeding, sediment mixing by Chironomous sp. appears to be largely the result of burrow construction.
Serious complications of vascular catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in cancer patients.

Over the period 1986 to 1989, 53 cancer patients were identified with catheter-relatedStaphylococcus aureus bacteremia at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Septic thrombosis was diagnosed in 12 (23 %) patients and was suspected in another 3 (6 %). Of the 12 patients, five developed deep-seated infections (septic emboli, endocarditis, meningitis, abscess), compared with 2 of the 38 other patients with no septic thrombosis (p<0.01). Fever persisted for more than three days after antibiotic initiation in 52 % of the patients with complications (septic thrombosis and/or deep-seated infections), compared with 19 % of those without complications (p<0.02). Of the three patients with complications who were treated for 14 days with intravenous antistaphylococcal antibiotics, two relapsed; in contrast, all of the nine patients with complications who were treated for more than 14 days (mean 4 weeks) were cured, and none relapsed (p<0.05). Of the nine patients with complications who were treated with a long course of therapy, only one required surgery. The possibility of septic thrombosis and/or deep-seated infections should be considered in all cancer patients with catheter-relatedStaphylococcus aureus bacteremia, and if present, the condition should be treated with appropriate intravenous antibiotics for at least four weeks.
Abstract 5148: Overexpression of histone methyltransferase WHSC1L1 regulates expression of ER-alpha in SUM44 breast cancer cells

The WHSC1L1 gene is amplified and overexpressed in ∼12% of breast cancers, and is thought to be a driving oncogene when amplified and overexpressed, however the mechanism of transformation is not known. SUM44 cells harbor an amplification of WHSC1L1 as part of the 8p11-p12 amplicon, and express high levels of both the long and short isoforms of the gene. The short isoform, containing only a PWWP domain and no catalytic SET domain, is the major species present in SUM44 cells. To create a model to study the effect of WHSC1L1 on gene regulation, SUM44 cells were lentivirally transduced with either a control shRNA for LacZ (shLacZ), an shRNA specific for both isoforms of WHSC1L1 (shWHtotal), or a short isoform-specific shRNA (shWHshort). Cell growth was significantly reduced in shWHtotal cells compared to shLacZ, however, the greatest decrease in growth was observed in cells transduced with the short isoform-specific shRNA. To identify genes transcriptionally regulated by WHSC1L1, we performed genome-wide expression profiling of SUM44 breast cancer cells transduced with either shWHtotal or shLacZ. A total of 5185 genes were found to be differentially expressed in shWHtotal SUM44 cells compared to shLacZ control. Among the 5185 differentially expressed genes, we found ESR1 to be significantly downregulated (-7.3-fold, p Citation Format: Jonathan Curtis Irish, Alexandria Rutkovsky, Stephen P. Ethier. Overexpression of histone methyltransferase WHSC1L1 regulates expression of ER-alpha in SUM44 breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5148. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5148
A formal specification-based approach to distributed parallel programming

Low-level language constructs used for expressing explicit communication, concurrency, synchronization, and parallelism in systems make the systems difficult to maintain. For example, many programming languages allow programmers to create parallel processes by using the fork/join statement and provide locking mechanisms to synchronize the resulting parallel computation. However, since fork/join may appear anywhere in a program, program making unstructured use of the language constructs may be difficult to understand and debug. We are presenting a middleware-based approach to distributed coordinated parallel programming. A familiar programming model will be provided to support implicit communication, concurrency, synchronization, and parallelism in systems through an implicit coordination-oriented approach. In other words, programmers do not have to explicitly express communication, concurrency, synchronization, and parallelism when they are developing distributed systems for parallel processing. In addition, a 4-layered interconnection architecture is implemented to support the programming model in an integrated manner. The implicit coordination-oriented approach to supporting parallel programming provides a number of benefits. Without inserting the low-level language constructs in an unstructured manner in programs makes the programs modular. Modularity improves the maintainability of the programs. Our approach supports the portability of programs by allowing the programs in different programming languages to be executed in any general programming environment without modifications.
Far-Field Simulation of the Hawaiian Wake: Sea Surface Temperature and Orographic Effects*

Recent satellite observations reveal far-reaching effects of the Hawaiian Islands on surface wind, cloud, ocean current, and sea surface temperature (SST) that extend leeward over an unusually long distance (.1000 km). A three-dimensional regional atmospheric model with full physics is used to investigate the cause of this long wake. While previous wind‐wake studies tend to focus on regions near the islands, the emphasis here is the far-field effects of SST and orography well away from the Hawaiian Islands. In response to an island-induced SST pattern, the model produces surface wind and cloud anomaly patterns that resemble those observed by satellites. In particular, anomalous surface winds are found to converge onto a zonal band of warmer water, with cloud liquid water content enhanced over it but reduced on the northern and southern sides. In the vertical, a two-cell meridional circulation develops of a baroclinic structure with the rising motion and thicker clouds over the warm water band. The model response in the wind and cloud fields supports the hypothesis that ocean‐ atmosphere interaction is crucial for sustaining the island effects over a few thousand kilometers. Near Hawaii, mountains generate separate wind wakes in the model lee of individual islands as observed by satellites. Under orographic forcing, the model simulates the windward cloud line and the southwest-tilted cloud band leeward of the Big Island. In the far field, orographically induced wind perturbations are found to be in geostrophic balance with pressure anomalies, indicative of quasigeostrophic Rossby wave propagation. A shallowwater model is developed for disturbances trapped in the inversion-capped planetary boundary layer. The westward propagation of Rossby waves is found to increase the wake length significantly, consistent with the threedimensional simulation.
Exercising Due Diligence in Legal Requirements Acquisition: A Tool-supported, Frame-Based Approach

Government laws and organizational policies introduce critical legal requirements that govern information systems. Unlike traditional requirements elicited from stakeholders, legal requirements have unique characteristics that software engineers must address to ensure that their systems are demonstrably compliant with relevant laws and policies. This paper presents important terminology for developing legally compliant software systems and a methodology consisting of procedures and models for acquiring, representing and analyzing phenomena in legal documents, which constitute rich sources of legal requirements. Based on a grounded theory, the method has been validated through a mixed-methods approach consisting of multiple, descriptive case studies. This paper presents a human subject experiment that tests a fundamental part of the theory to understand the efficacy of multiple users applying the method to a sample regulation text.
The Management of Spontaneous Pneumothorax

The records of 155 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax seen at the William Beaumont (Army) General Hospital during the period 1958 to 1968 were reviewed in retrospect with emphasis on effective management. The recurrence rate was found to average 41 percent. It was 49 percent for patients treated with bed rest, 40 percent for those treated first with bed rest and later with tube thoracotomy and 38 percent for the group treated primarily with tube drainage. There was no recurrence after open thoracotomy and pleurodesis, a procedure advisable after the second episode of pneumothorax. The complication rate was low irrespective of therapeutic regimen but hospitalization was considerably shorter after tube thoracotomy, which is preferred as treatment of choice for initial management.
Benjamin Barringer: originator of the transperineal prostate implant

T recent American Urological Association centennial issue of the Journal of Urology was devoted to landmark papers that advanced urology. Two papers, dated 1972 and 1983, pertained to the implantation of the prostate with radioactive sources.1,2 One might therefore presume that prostate brachytherapy originated in the latter part of the 20th century. In actuality, radium therapy was used in the treatment of prostate cancer many decades earlier by several prominent urologists.3–6 The leading innovator was Benjamin Barringer, who performed hundreds of transperineal implantations beginning in 1915. X-rays were first identified in 1895, and, as the equipment was inexpensive and widely available, therapeutic x-irradiation was attempted within months of the discovery. Radioactivity was discovered the following year and radium, the first clinically useful radionuclide, in 1898. Radium, however, was scarce and prohibitively expensive. Glowing reports of its therapeutic value led, in 1913, to the founding of the National Radium Institute to develop a domestic source. Coincidentally, James Ewing took control of the Memorial Hospital in New York. As a consequence of his interest in radium therapy, the institution acquired a substantial stock of the substance and Ewing recruited several young surgeons to explore its utility in the treatment of cancer. Benjamin Stockwell Barringer (Fig. 1) was born in New York City in 1877, and was educated at Cornell Medical School (1902) and Europe. He joined the Memorial staff in 1915 and by October of that year had begun implanting bladder and prostate malignancies. Within 2 years, he had performed more than 20 of each. Other urologists of his era used radium to treat prostate cancer.3–7 Most (including Hugh Hampton Young) used an intracavitary (sources placed within a natural cavity) technique, arraying radium capsules along the anterior rectal wall, urethra, bladder neck, and perineum.6 Although the gland was surrounded by the radionuclide, the dose delivered to the prostate was limited by the tolerance of the intervening skin and mucosa. Barringer’s interstitial (sources implanted into the parenchyma) technique circumvented this limitation.
Exchange coupled composite media for perpendicular magnetic recording

A novel exchange coupled composite (ECC) media was demonstrated and investigated systematically in this work. The writing capability and thermal stability were proved to be engineered separately based on this new media. Proper exchange coupling between [Co-PdSiO]/sub n/ hard layer and FeSiO soft layer was implemented through a PdSi interlayer. Transmission electron microscope plan-view and cross section view observations, macromagnetic, and micromagnetic testing proved vertically grown magnetic grains with soft and hard regions for ECC media. The switching of the soft region of magnetic grains with the external field rotated the magnetization of the hard region of magnetic grains to about 45/spl deg/ with perpendicular direction, which resulted in a similar behavior as a dynamic tilted media. A much lower angle dispersion of the remanent coercivity for the ECC media was found, which is another advantage for such media. ECC media showed better recording performance compared to perpendicular media. Strong exchange coupling between the hard and soft regions of magnetic grains (exchange spring media) was discussed based on the above proposed layer structure too.