cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation analyses between sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the world ocean

Based on data from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS), objective analyses of the monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) were prepared at GFDL for each month of the 110-year period 1870–1979. Time series of various indices characterizing the SST anomalies averaged over the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP), the tropical oceans and the world ocean are presented for monthly, yearly and decadal time-averaging periods. Global correlations maps are given for each decade of the 1870–1979 period. They show the spatial connections between the monthly SST anomalies in the EEP and in other parts of the world ocean and how these connections vary for the different decades. On the intermonthly time scale the SST anomalies in the EEP and those in the tropical and world oceans are found to be highly correlated, with maximum correlations values of 0.91 at zero lag for the tropical oceans during the 1950–1959 decade and 0.81 for the world ocean during the 1970–1979 decade. Positive correlation values of r⩾0.36 persist on average from about 4 months before to about 8 months after the EEP anomalies occur. There is a clear tendency for the tropical and world ocean anomalies to lag behind the EEP anomalies. Comparing different oceans, we find the tendency for the tropical SST anomalies in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans to lag behind those in the EEP region by about 1 and 3 months, respectively. On the interannual time scale the EEP anomalies are also well correlated with those in the other regions, having an average correlation of 0.84 for the tropical oceans and of about 0.7 for the world ocean.
Marketing utilities: A new look

Utility, it is usually agreed among marketers, is not just that which makes an item physically more useful; it is also that which makes a customer conceive of an item as being more useful. This usefulness is generally reflected in a customer's willingness to spend extra money to receive this service. Traditionally marketers have associated utility with time, place, possession, and form. While no one will disagree with these four categories, it may be that they are too narrow. This article expands these traditional four utilities to include other activities such as image creation, confidence building, and product customization which may lead to modifying the predisposition and perception of customers. It is with this expanded list that the marketer can better design his total product package so that customer utility can be maximized.
Effects of late (1 to 30 days) reperfusion after acute myocardial infarction on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram

Abstract Early reperfusion (4 to 6 hours) after acute myocardial infarction reduces mortality and reduces the incidence of late potentials on a signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG). Recent reports suggest that reperfusion accomplished after >6 hours also may reduce mortality. The effect of such later reperfusion on the SAECG is not known. We hypothesized that reperfusion by angioplasty accomplished >24 hours after onset of infarction would reduce late potentials and improve the parameters on the SAECG. Forty-one patients with a totally occluded infarct-related artery 12 ± 8 days after infarction underwent attempted angioplasty. SAECG, echocardiography and thallium-201 imaging were performed before and 1 month after attempted angioplasty. Angioplasty resulted in successful reperfusion in 32 patients and was unsuccessful in 9. No change in the incidence of late potentials occurred after successful reperfusion (13 of 32 patients before and 13 of 32 patients 1 month later) or after unsuccessful reperfusion (6 of 9 patients before and 5 of 9 patients 1 month later). Among patients with successful reperfusion, no significant change occurred in the QRS duration or the terminal signal duration
Urinary incontinence and sexual function in pre‐menopausal women

The aim of this cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study was to determine the nature of the relationship between urinary incontinence and sexual function in pre-menopausal women. Ninety one sexually active pre-menopausal women, with urinary incontinence, between 22 and 54 years of age completed self-assessment questionnaires in the home or in outpatient Urology or Gynecology clinics. The 12 item Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) was used to measure the level of sexual function, and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence (ICIQ-UI) was used to measure the severity of urinary incontinence. Total scores on the PISQ-12 and ICIQ-UI were analysed to determine the nature and strength of the relationship between severity of urinary incontinence and level of sexual function. A significant relationship was found between urinary incontinence and sexual function in pre-menopausal women. Women with more severe urinary symptoms had lower levels of sexual function. Although findings were significant only a weak relationship was found between the two conditions. More research is needed to identify and explain other factors that may impact urinary incontinence and sexual function in pre-menopausal women. In conclusion, results from the study will change clinical practice. Clinicians who understand the relationship between urinary incontinence and sexual function will be able to assess and discuss sexual concerns of the young female patients they treat.
E-discovery and its global implications

We've all been following the saga of WikiLeaks and the electronic government documents it disclosed. And during congressional hearings on the financial crisis, lawmakers grilled Goldman Sachs executives over the content of their e-mails, airing Goldman's “dirty laundry.” But your company's e-mails and sensitive electronic documents can also be disclosed—in connection with some civil or criminal case. This process is called e-discovery, and it can threaten the privacy of both US and multinational companies. What special challenges does this pose for companies? And what actions should your company take to cope? The authors of this article explain what you need to know. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional domains of the HIV-1 rev gene required for trans-regulation and subcellular localization

Abstract The rev gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a 116 amino acid nuclear regulatory protein (Rev) that increases the cytoplasmic expression of viral mRNAs containing the Rev response element (RRE) and coding for the structural proteins, Gag and Env. To identify the functional domains of Rev, amino acid deletion and chain termination mutations were introduced in the Rev coding region. The ability of these mutants to increase the cytoplasmic expression of a Rev-test plasmid (pSV-AR), containing the RRE cloned into the 3′ noncoding region of the CAT gene in plasmid pSV2CAT, was examined in transient expression assays in HeLa cells. Our results indicate that three distinct regions mapping within the N-terminal 98 amino acids of Rev are essential for its activity. The subcellular localization of the various Rev proteins was examined in COS cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Rev was found to localize predominantly in the nucleolus of transfected cells. All mutant Rev proteins, with the exception of a deletion mutant ( rev Δ41–44) lacking four Arg residues of a highly basic domain, were found to localize in the nucleolus. Mutant rev Δ41–44 exhibited weak diffuse fluorescence in the nucleus with a tendency to accumulate in the cytoplasm. A 15 amino acid region encompassing this basic domain (38–52) when fused to the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase gene efficiently directed the fusion gene product to the nucleus and nucleolus, suggesting a role for this domain in the nucleolar localization of Rev.
Oxidation and hydriding of uranium studied by positron annihilation

Abstract The oxidation of uranium by water vapor and dry or humid oxygen and the hydriding of uranium by dry or humid hydrogen were studied by positron annihilation measurements. Positron lifetime and Doppler broadening measurements exhibit features that are correlated with the reaction conditions and with the defect complexes controlling the reactions. There is evidence of positronium formation and trapping and specific lifetime values are associated with different defect complexes.
Effect of two sedative protocols and hepatosplenic disease on Doppler indices of splenic arteries in dogs: a preliminary study.

Abstract Doppler flow indices (DFIs), such as the resistive index (RI) and the pulsatility index (PI), are commonly used to characterize blood flow. Parenchymal infiltration of an organ and administration of sedative and anaesthetic drugs can affect DFIs by altering resistance to blood flow. In this prospective study, the effect on DFIs of two sedative protocols (acepromazine or dexmedetomidine, each combined with butorphanol) and the presence or absence of hepatic and/or splenic disease, was investigated in the splenic arteries of 75 dogs. The RI and PI in splenic arteries of dogs sedated with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol were lower than those of dogs sedated with acepromazine and butorphanol. PI in splenic arteries was higher in animals with hepatosplenic disease than in healthy animals. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves suggested that PI measured in canine splenic arteries could be useful in predicting the presence of hepatosplenic disease in the absence of other abdominal disease.
Local structure of silica glasses

Abstract The vocabulary which we use for the classification of network silicas is given in two earlier publications. There we identified a feature of local structure, the local cluster of a tetrahedron, comprised of those tetrahedra which belong to the set of primitive rings of a tetrahedron in the network. Two-dimensional glasses are of interest as tractable precursors for the study of three-dimensional networks. We study the two-dimensional case to clarify our definitions. Next we consider three-dimensional networks, our viewpoint being the differences between two- and three-dimensional geometry. Included is a discussion of the geometry underlying these differences followed by a series of examples which are designed to elucidate the differences, and the consequences for the study of network of silica glasses.
South Polar and Equatorial Differences in Central Peaked Martian Craters

Description of the results of a preliminary study of the distribution of central peaked Martian craters based on photographs taken by Mariner 6 and 7. The study provides information about the origin of these craters and about the geological processes occurring on the surface of Mars. It is pointed out that central peaks in Martian craters in the south polar region occur more frequently than their equatorial counterparts and the peak frequency statistics and crater morphologies imply that preferential peak production has taken place.
Theory to Practice: Practice to Theory

How does one learn and acquire knowledge? Which approach is better—practical exposure and application, or learning concepts and techniques grounded in theoretical models and framework? Which method...
Painful diabetic neuropathy is more than pain alone: examining the role of anxiety and depression as mediators and complicators.

A wealth of information exists regarding the plight of patients suffering with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). Although physical pain is certainly a primary challenge in the management of this condition, disorders associated with emotional pain—especially depression and anxiety—also greatly complicate the clinician’s efforts to attain optimal outcomes for DPNP patients. This article reviews the high rate of comorbidity between DPNP and depression/anxiety with a focus on why this pattern of comorbidity exists and what can be done about it. To accomplish this, the many physiologic similarities between neuropathic pain and depression/anxiety are reviewed as a basis for better understanding how, and why, optimal treatment strategies use behavioral and pharmacologic modalities known to improve both physical pain and symptoms of depression and anxiety. We conclude by highlighting that screening, diagnosing, and optimally treating comorbid depression/anxiety not only improves quality of life, these but also positively impacts DPNP pain.
Rethinking Museums' Adult Education for K-12 Teachers.

Abstract This article explores the importance of developing strong adult education programs within a broader collaborative effort between museum staff and K-12 teachers. Focusing on history museums, the first section discusses the importance of museum visits for K-12 history learning and how we need to reconsider some of the primary purposes for these visits. Part two considers how to develop effective adult education for teachers by exploring the answers to three questions: (1) What is unique about teachers as adult learners? (2) What is unique about learning at museums? (3) How can museum staff and teachers work together to enhance K-12 students' learning?
Parity anomalies in gauge theories in 2 + 1 dimensions

Abstract It is shown that the introduction of massless fermions in an abelian gauge theory in 2 + 1 dimensions does not lead to any parity anomaly despite a non-commutativity of limits in the structure function of the odd part of the vacuum polarisation tensor. However, a parity anomaly does exist in non-abelian theories due to a conflict between gauge invariance under large gauge transformations and the parity symmetry.
Every Student Matters: Enhancing Strengths-Based School Counseling Through the Application of Mattering

Mattering to others involves individuals' perceptions that they are important and are valued by other people in interpersonal relationships and within systems. Mattering is a foundational concept that can inform the implementation of comprehensive, K-12 Strengths- Based School Counseling (SBSC; Galassi & Akos, 2007) programs and can allow counselors to facilitate improvement in school climate, student social functioning, and academic motivation and achievement. This article provides an outline for mattering-focused SBSC program activities. Specifically, the authors describe possible applications of mattering to counseling, classroom guidance, systemic consultation, advocacy, and school climate change.
Learning Leadership: Assessing Students at the Community College of Denver:

In response to a heightened demand for leaders, there has been a proliferation of leadership development programs throughout the United States. Today, there are nearly 600 campuses providing leadership education. This article examines leadership development by asking the question: Can leadership be taught? To answer this question, the authors assessed both curricular and co-curricular leadership programs at the Community College of Denver. The article illustrates the results of this study in hopes of providing a better understanding of leadership training in higher education.
EEG and vigilance behavior

An attempt was made to relate a physiological index of arousal and a behavioral index to test the arousal theory of vigilance. A visual monitoring task was used and the arousing activity was motor movements between signals. The motor manipulation was found to influence physiological arousal, but not the behavioral measure of monitoring efficiency.
Topological Invariants for Spin-Orbit Coupled Superconductor Nanowires

We show that the Hamiltonian of a multiband spin-orbit coupled semiconductor nanowire with Zeeman splitting and s-wave superconductivity is approximately chiral symmetric. The chiral symmetry becomes exact when only one pair of confinement bands is occupied and the Zeeman splitting is parallel to the nanowire. In this idealized case the Hamiltonian is in the BDI symmetry class of the topological classification of band Hamiltonians, allowing an arbitrary integer number of zero-energy Majorana fermion modes at each end. In the realistic case of multiband wires (Zeeman splitting still parallel to the length) the chiral symmetry is approximate and results in multiple near-zero-energy end states with increasing Zeeman splitting. The existence of such low energy end states implies the vanishing of the minigap with increased Zeeman splitting which can only be restored by breaking the approximate chiral symmetry by a second Zeeman field.
Let's Face Facts: Common Factors Are More Potent Than Specific Therapy Ingredients

Luborsky et al.'s findings of a non-significant effect size between the outcome of different therapies reinforces earlier meta-analyses demonstrating equivalence of bonafide treatments. Such results cast doubt on the power of the medical model of psychotherapy, which posits specific treatment effects for patients with specific diagnoses. Furthermore, studies of other features of this model—such as component (dismantling) approaches, adherence to a manual, or theoretically relevant interaction effects—have shown little support for it. The preponderance of evidence points to the widespread operation of common factors such as therapist-client alliance, therapist allegiance to a theoretical orientation, and other therapist effects in determining treatment outcome. This commentary draws out the implications of these findings for psychotherapy research, practice, and policy.
CAPITALISM VS. CORPORATISM

ABSTRACT There are, at present, at least two basic forms of market economy: one that tends to be open to innovative ideas; the other that tends to be more oriented to social services. The normative significance of these two “models” of market society—roughly speaking, the American and the Continental models—can best be appreciated by noticing that in the first model, entrepreneurship, and participation in the economy more generally, can be a major source of satisfaction for the entrepreneurs and employees, independently of their financial compensation. In the second model, the economy is primarily a means to the end of the goods it produces. Although the second type may be as suited to producing goods as the first type, it has fallen short—for reasons that economists now understand—in generating employee engagement and the satisfactions of exploration and self‐realization.
Adaptation mechanisms in spatial vision--I. Bleaches and backgrounds.

Abstract To examine how the mechanisms of bleaching and background adaptation affect spatial pattern vision, contrast detection thresholds were measured in the fovea for sinusoidal (increment-Gabor) targets, during long-term dark adaptation following full bleaches, and against steady adapting backgrounds of various intensities. The dark-adaptation curves were found to be invariant in shape over the range of spatial frequencies tested (1–15 c/deg); in other words, the amplitude sensitivity functions were invariant during dark adaptation. These results support the hypothesis that bleaching adaptation is local and multiplicative. On the other hand, the background-adaptation curves measured for different spatial frequencies were found to converge as background intensity increased; the amplitude sensitivity functions became flatter. These results reject the equivalent-background hypothesis.
Coastal bathymetry from hyperspectral observations of water radiance

Abstract Water depth, bottom reflectance, inherent optical properties of the water column (scattering, absorption, and fluorescence), and illumination conditions combine to determine the upwelling spectral radiance of coastal waters. If these complex optical relationships could be quantified, it would be possible to extract coastal information from spectral radiance data. We use data from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) in a neural network system to establish quantitative, empirical relationships between one of these parameters, depth, and remotely sensed spectral radiance. Data are analyzed for two areas: the western coast of Florida in the Tampa Bay area and the Florida Keys between Upper Matecumbe and Plantation Keys. The neural network approach results in retrieval of reasonable depths from spectral radiance in both cases over a depth range of 0 to 6 m. Retrieved depths for Tampa Bay are accurate to a RMS error of 0.84 m relative to depths in the National Ocean Survey (NOS) Hydrographic Database, and the Keys retrievals have an RMS error of 0.39 m relative to a bathymetric survey conducted to support this study. A neural network trained on a combination of the two data sets results in a combined RMS error of 0.48 m, nearly the same performance as neural networks trained individually. The ability of the neural network to generalize, producing algorithms with some degree of universality among diverse coastal environments is, thereby, demonstrated. The result of the generalization analysis is of practical importance because it indicates that the neural network may not require an extensive training set of water depth data in order to be “tuned” for each location where depth retrievals are desired. While empirical, the neural network is in some sense a model of the inversion of the radiative transfer problem within the marine environment. The neural network approach, therefore, operates on a higher level than more traditional statistical curve fitting solutions for retrieval of remotely sensed information.
Wavelet Packet-Autocorrelation Function Method for Traffic Flow Pattern Analysis

Accurate, timely forecasting of traffic flow is of key importance in effective management of traffic congestion in intelligent transportation systems. A detailed understanding of properties of traffic flow is essential for building a reliable forecasting model. The discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) provides more coefficients than the conventional discrete wavelet transform (DWT), representing additional subtle details of a signal. In wavelet multiresolution analysis, an important decision is the selection of the decomposition level. This paper proposes a statistical autocorrelation function (ACF) for the selection of the decomposition level in wavelet multiresolution analysis of traffic flow time series. A hybrid wavelet packet-ACF method is proposed for analysis of traffic flow time series and determining its self-similar, singular, and fractal properties. A DWPT-based approach combined with a wavelet coefficients penalization scheme and soft thresholding is presented for denoising the traffic flow. The proposed methodology provides a powerful tool in removing the noise and identifying singularities in the traffic flow. The methods created in this work are of value in developing accurate traffic-forecasting models.
Should benzodiazepines be replaced by antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety disorders? Fact or fiction?

ity of the newer ADs over BZs, both in terms of efficacy or safety, exists for either short-term or long-term treatment. BZ toxicity, adverse events, and withdrawal symptoms, not better efficacy, are usually cited in support of the use of ADs over BZs in anxiety disorders. Yet ADs are not better tolerated than BZs and they also cause withdrawal symptoms [5, 6] . Therefore, gradual, not abrupt, taper is indicated after treatment with BZs and ADs [7, 8] , and a distinction between withdrawal symptoms and a return of anxiety, often a most difficult task, is critical for clinical management. A well-conducted comparison trial of a BZ and a newer AD simply does not exist, neither for acute nor chronic treatment. In fact, when in the late 1970s the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) made the decision to withdraw largely from supporting clinical trials of new drugs, turning new drug development over to industry, many clinically important trials, such as a comparison of BZs versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ADs in anxiety disorders for example, were simply not done. It is therefore time that such comparison trials are conducted if possible under other sponsorship than that of the industry. In this issue of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Offidani et al. [1] address the important clinical question of the role of benzodiazepines (BZs) in the treatment of anxiety disorders and whether there exists evidence in the literature that the BZs should be replaced by the newer antidepressants (ADs). Experts today recommend the use of newer ADs as first-line treatments for anxiety disorders [2] , replacing the BZs; yet what is the evidence for this recommendation? Prescribing patterns in US outpatients for mood and anxiety disorders in the year 2007 do not seem to support this recommendation [3] . For example, 136 million prescriptions were written for ADs and 85 million for BZs and the 10 most frequently prescribed medications for either an anxiety or depression diagnosis include 7 ADs and 3 BZs, alprazolam, lorazepam and diazepam (clonazepam was not included in this survey as its use was coded under ‘convulsive disorders’). This 2007 prescribing pattern is very similar to the one reported by Stahl [4] for 2001. Controlled studies of BZs and ADs in anxiety disorders have been few and far apart as has been pointed out by Offidani et al. [1] . In fact, no evidence for the superiorReceived: June 5, 2013 Accepted: June 6, 2013 Published online: September 20, 2013
Risk factors for rising incidence of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.

In the last 30 years, the incidence of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma has steadily increased. The increase in incidence is approximately seven-fold, which is a more substantial increase than that of several malignancies, including melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. The rising incidence has led to a steady increase in mortality from 2 to 15 deaths per 100,000 in the last three decades. The etiologic factors involved in the development of these malignancies include gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, acid-suppressive medication use, obesity, and tobacco use. This article discusses the contribution of these etiologic risk factors to this increase in incidence.
A conversational psychiatric information network.

A pilot network consisting of IBM 2741 terminals connects Cherry Hospital to Duke University which is 75 miles away. The system we have devised allows users to write narrative reports, score behavioral scales, search patient files,and store census data. In addition it allows the physician to write medication orders. The system has been in active use for nine months. The major benefit of the system to the physician user is regular narrative and graphical information about patients, which enables him to keep well informed, to utilize consultation more effectively, and to provide continuity of care.
The value of colour Doppler imaging in assessing flow through ventriculo-peritoneal shunts

So far, Doppler ultrasonography has had little application in paediatric neurosurgery. The incidental observation of normally invisible CSF flow from the peritoneal end of a ventriculo-peritoneal (V-P) shunt on colour Doppler during a conventional abdominal ultrasound examination in one of our patients suggested that colour Doppler imaging might be of potential interest. Using a 10-5 MHz broad-band linear array transducer, conventional 2D and Doppler (spectral and colour-coded) ultrasonography was performed in 17 patients with V-P shunts, who were aged 3 months to 12 years. In all, 20 examinations were performed, because 2 patients had repeat examinations before and after shunt revision. In 13 examinations (65%) CSF flow was identified through the shunt tube. Flow velocities between 5 and 7 cm/s were measured. No flow was seen in 7 examinations (35%), 3 of which (15%) were performed before revisions for a blocked shunt. Further in vitro studies with simulated shunt/ventricular system model demonstrated that although clear CSF is not ultrasonically visible, the presence of particulate matter, such as choroid plexus debris, can generate a satisfactory Doppler signal with the probe insonating over the length of the tubing. In the presence of clear CSF, turbulence generated at junction points of the shunt system or at the exit of the peritoneal tube can be visualised well with Doppler ultrasonography, presumably due to generation of microbubbles. The clinical implications for the management of shunt obstruction are discussed.
Cloned pigmented retinal cells; the affects of cytochalasin B on ultrastructure and behavior

Three-week-old clones of pigmented retinal cells can be divided into four morphologically distinct regions: an outer zone of flattened cells, the squamous zone; a ring of rounded to spindle shaped cells which pile up and secrete large amounts of mucopolysaccharide, the stratified zone; a region of lightly pigmented cells, the intermediate zone; and the center consisting of a single layer of heavily pigmented cuboidal cells, the pigmented cuboidal zone. The ultrastructure of the cells in the pigmented cuboidal zone and the epithelial cells of eleven-day-old embryonic pigmented retina is similar. Both cell types are cuboidal in profile, rest on a typical basal lamina, interdigitate with adjoining cells at their bases, and have apical surface protrusions.
Underwater Sound Locating Capability in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Abstract It is known that crocodilians are able to locate the source of air-borne sound. However, locating the source of water-borne sound is difficult for physical reasons. I tested the ability of American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) to determine the direction toward the source of underwater sound by using their tendency to be attracted to slaps on the water surface. To produce surface slapping sounds with no air-borne component, I slapped the surface of the water inside a submerged diving bell and recorded the direction of alligator movements after the sound. The results show that alligators have a directionally biased response to water-borne sounds, indicating that they are capable of locating the source of a sound signal transmitted through the water. It would be physically difficult for the animal to do so by using the differences in time of sound arrival or in amplitude between left and right sides of the animal's head, so it is likely that alligators use other methods such as a sound pr...
On-line, real-time measurements of decontamination factors for a low-level waste incinerator

Abstract A method is described to monitor the distribution of radioactive isotopes through the off-gas treatment system of an incinerator. Simulated commercial waste spiked with known amounts of five fission products, 131I, 106Ru, 137Cs, 59Fe, 60Co, were incinerated. High resolution photon detectors were installed on the off-gas handling system of the controlled air incinerator at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to determine relative decontamination factors, which ranged from a low of 40 for 137Cs to a high of 5000 for 131I. Background measurements were made to determine the residual activity in the incinerator. Due to the constant purging of the system to maintain a negative pressure with respect to the sorrounding environment, the residual activity decays more rapidly than dictated by its half-life.
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Manganese(III) Dodecaphenylporphyrin Derivatives and X-ray Structural Determination of Chloro(5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaphenylporphyrinato)- manganese(III). Formation of a Manganese(IV) Species by Ozone and Electrochemical Oxidation

The electrochemistry of nine different manganese(III) dodecaphenylporphyrins containing halogen or CF3 groups on the phenyl rings of the porphyrin macrocycle is reported. Six of the compounds were previously synthesized while three of the derivatives, (DPPF8)MnCl, (DPPCl12)MnCl and (DPPF28)MnCl, are reported for the first time in this study. Each of the nine compounds was characterized in its neutral form by UV−visible and 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy and in its singly oxidized form by UV−visible and ESR spectroscopy after reaction with ozone. An X-ray crystal structure of (DPPF20)MnCl (C92H40N4F20MnCl·2CHCl3·0.25H2O) was also obtained. The compound crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell dimensions a = 17.258(3) A, b = 28.593(6) A, c = 17.476(4) A, β = 107.16(2)°, and Z = 4. It is nonplanar and adopts a saddle/ruffle hybridized macrocycle conformation.
Putting endotoxin to work for us: Monophosphoryl lipid A as a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant

The development of non-infectious subunit vaccines greatly increases the safety of prophylactic immunization, but also reinforces the need for a new generation of immunostimulatory adjuvants. Because adverse effects are a paramount concern in prophylactic immunization, few new adjuvants have received approval for use anywhere in the developed world. The vaccine adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A is a detoxified form of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, and is among the first of a new generation of Toll-like receptor agonists likely to be used as vaccine adjuvants on a mass scale in human populations. Much remains to be learned about this compound’s mechanism of action, but recent developments have made clear that it is unlikely to be simply a weak version of lipopolysaccharide. Instead, monophosphoryl lipid A’s structure seems to have fortuitously retained several functions needed for stimulation of adaptive immune responses, while shedding those associated with pro-inflammatory side effects.
Endogenous protein phosphorylation in chick and rat brain synaptic membranes

Abstract The protein kinase activities endogenous to synaptic membranes prepared by an identical procedure from avian (chick) and mammalian (rat) brains were compared. Both species showed similar responses towards both protein kinase effector molecules cyclic adenosine monophosphate and Ca 2+ . K app for cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase activity occurred at 0.4–0.8μM cAMP and K app for Ca 2+ -dependent, calmodulin-requiring protein kinase activity occurred at 1–2μM Ca 2+ (free ion concentration) both in the absence or presence of calmodulin added to the reaction mixture. This suggests that endogenous calmodulin in these membranes was able to modulate the Ca 2+ -dependent, calmodulin requiring protein kinase activity. After EGTA-treatment of the membranes to remove endogenous Ca 2+ and calmodulin, no significant response towards Ca 2+ on the phosphorylation of the membrane polypeptides was measured unless exogenous calmodulin was added after which the K app for Ca 2+ was increased to 15μM Ca 2+ (free ion concentration). There was a difference in the maximal levels of kinase activity in these membranes with chick membranes containing 57% less cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase activity, but 65% more Ca 2+ -dependent, calmodulin-requiring protein kinase activity than the rat membranes. Similar results were determined when either low (5 μM) or high (5.8mM) concentrations of adenosine 5′-triphosphate were added to the reaction mixtures. Besides certain species differences in the molecular weights of the resulting phosphoproteins, we observed several major differences with respect to the absence or presence of some of the phosphoproteins. Chick synaptic membranes may lack the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-requiring, microtubule-associated phosphoprotein, MAP 2 , one of the 2 neurospecific, cyclic adenosine monophosphate-requiring and Ca 2+ , calmodulin-requiring phosphoproteins (Protein Ib, although Protein Ia apparently is present), and the Ca 2+ -requiring, calmodulin-independent, ACTH-sensitive phosphoprotein, B50. The phenothiazines, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine and chlorpromazine were found to inhibit the Ca 2+ -dependent, calmodulin-requiring protein kinase activities of both the chick and rat synaptic membranes. This inhibition appeared to be specific for calmodulin because at the same concentrations the phenothiazine analogue, chlorpromazine-sulfoxide, had no effect on this activity. Also found to inhibit Ca 2+ -dependent calmodulin-requiring protein kinase activity were dibucaine and adrenocorticotropin. These data suggest that rat forebrain synaptic plasma membranes are activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate to a greater extent than are chick forebrain synaptic plasma membranes while the chick membranes are activated to a greater extent by Ca 2+ , calmodulin than are the rat membranes, though similarities dominate comparison of the two membrane systems.
Development of the Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry: Technical note

Object Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that modulation of specific central neuronal systems contributes to the clinical efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS). Real-time monitoring of the neurochemical output of targeted regions may therefore advance functional neurosurgery by, among other goals, providing a strategy for investigation of mechanisms, identification of new candidate neurotransmitters, and chemically guided placement of the stimulating electrode. The authors report the development of a device called the Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System (WINCS) for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring during functional neurosurgery. This device supports fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at a carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM) for real-time, spatially and chemically resolved neurotransmitter measurements in the brain. Methods The FSCV study consisted of a triangle wave scanned between −0.4 and 1 V at a rate of 300 V/second and appli...
The Developing Synapse: Construction and Modulation of Synaptic Structures and Circuits

Synapse formation and stabilization in the vertebrate central nervous system is a dynamic process, requiring bi-directional communication between pre- and postsynaptic partners. Numerous mechanisms coordinate where and when synapses are made in the developing brain. This review discusses cellular and activity-dependent mechanisms that control the development of synaptic connectivity.
Purification and properties of the adenosine deaminase from the midgut gland of a marine bivalved mollusc, Atrina spp.

Abstract 1. 1. The adenosine deaminase has an approximate molecular weight of 130,000–140,000 and the composition of two polypeptide units (mol. wt about 68,000) is suggested, by means of SDS disc electrophoresis. 2. 2. Both the α (Vm/Km) and β (Vm) parameters were varied with pH and temperature. RSS (relative substrate specificity) adenosine and deoxyadenosine values for α and β were 1.2 and 1.1, respectively. 3. 3. Adenine, 2′-, 3′, 5′-AMP, 5′-deoxyAMP, ADP and ATP were not deaminated by the enzyme. 4. 4. Inhibition by Mg2+ was found in reaction with adenosine at pH 8 but not with deoxyadenosine at the same pH. Mn2+, which did not affect the reaction rate at pH 4 and 5, showed competitive inhibitory effects at pH 6, 7 and 8.
Long-term cryopreservation of immunocompetent lymphocytes

Abstract Fresh splenic lymphocytes from C57 mice immune to a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma were found to have significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against sarcoma targets cells (P
Social Structure and Cultural Process in Yaqui Religious Acculturation

T HE theme of this paper is that the social structure of contact situations is an important determinant of the cultural change which goes on when two societies with differing cultures come into contact. This proposition is certainly not new or revolutionary, but it often seems neglected. If it is taken seriously, it does not permit one to advocate such generalizations as, for example, that under contact conditions material culture changes more readily than other aspects of culture, that core values (whatever they may be) are the most resistant elements to change, or even that traits from one culture which are incompatible with traits in another are resisted by participants in the latter. It promotes abandonment of this type of generalization simply because it requires any general statement about sequences of change in acculturation to include some reference to the structure of cultural transmission. It directs attention to the nature of the social relations through which contact is maintained and suggests that they have a determinable influence on the character of the innovations offered, on the acceptance and diffusion of these, and on the modification of the innovations which takes place. The view implied is not that social structure is the major determinant. It is rather that no instance of acculturation can be adequately described so long as the social structure of contacts is omitted, and hence that no change sequence can be explained without some consideration of the nature of the social structure. I wish to illustrate the proposition by consideration of some cultural changes among Yaqui Indians of northwestern Mexico. In the examples presented I shall try to show how the social structure of contact communities influenced changes in such cultural innovations as ritual artifacts, ritual behavior, and ritual beliefs. The present paper does not present comparative data which would help to illuminate the nature of the relationship between social structure and processes of cultural change, but the two papers which follow
Heterolysosome formation and function in some Anurans.

Abstract 1. 1. A 1–2-hr period was required for extensive uptake and heterolysosome formation in liver and kidneys of Bufo americanus and Rana pipiens when 125 I-albumin was injected intracardially. 2. 2. Heterolysosome formation did not occur in livers, and uptake of labelled albumin was diminished in pithed R. pipiens or Xenopus laevis . Uptake and heterolysosome formation could be restored in Xenopus if the lungs of pithed animals were aerated. 3. 3. Degradation of labelled protein in liver heterolysosomes of Bufo and Rana was inhibited by iodoacetamide or breakage of the particles and required the presence of mercaptoethanol in the incubation media.
Developing a Deeper Involvement with Science: Keith's Story

Much research in science education has focused on the conflicts that exist between individuals' ways of knowing the world and science. We have been left without an image of the compatibility or congruency that is necessary for science to occupy a fundamental position in a person's life. In this study we argue that Keith, a Jamaican American pre-service teacher, provides us with such an image. Using narrative, we trace the development of Keith's relationship with science over time and space in order to understand how Keith has constructed an identity through science amid the larger structures and contexts that comprise his life. We believe Keith's stories of practicing science in and out of the classroom illustrate how science, while taking an essential position in his lifeworld, extends and articulates Keith's subjective stances on experience. As part of his lifeworld, Keith finds a sense of value in science that turns it into a discipline that is part of the person he both is and wants to be and the world he wants to shape as a teacher.
Human ferritin cages for imaging vascular macrophages

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Macrophages are key components of vascular inflammation, which contributes to the development and complications of atherosclerosis. Ferritin, an iron storage and transport protein, has been found to accumulate in macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques. We hypothesized that ferritin could serve as an intrinsic nano-platform to target delivery of imaging agents to vascular macrophages to detect high-risk atherosclerotic plaques. Here we show that engineered human ferritin protein cages, either conjugated to the fluorescent Cy5.5 molecule or encapsulating a magnetite nanoparticle, are taken up in vivo by macrophages in murine atherosclerotic carotid arteries and can be imaged by fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. These results indicate that human ferritin can serve as a nanoparticle platform to image vascular inflammation in vivo.
Permutation polynomials of Abelian group rings over finite fields

Abstract For G a finite Abelian group, F a finite field, and R = F [ G ], the group ring, this paper enumerates the polynomials of F [ x ] that permute R under substitution. This paper serves as an illustration for a general technique for enumerating the permutation polynomials of an F -algebra with coefficients in F .
Perturbation analysis for Riccati equation

A perturbation analysis is applied to the Riccati equation of the linear quadratic regulator problem. In the limit where the weighting on the control input is zero, it is shown that the asymptotic expansion of the Riccati equation is equivalent to the limiting Riccati equation obtained by using the Goh transformation in the singular optimal control problem. Although the Goh transformation leads to an elegant general form, the perturbation approach is more direct and insightful. Furthermore, the asymptotic behavior of the Riccati equation near the limit is captured by using the perturbation approach.
Patterns of chromosomal instability in breast cancer

INTRODUCTION: Chromosomal instability may contribute to breast cancer progression and heterogeneity. Gene-expression profiling clustered breast tumors into subclasses IA, predominantly HER2-positive; IB, ER-negative/HER2-negative “basal-like”; IIA, low-grade ER-positive; and IIB, high-grade ER-positive. We hypothesized that chromosomal instability differs among these subclasses, and assessed tumor ploidy and frequency of allelic imbalance.
Sidoti & Company: Launching a Micro-Cap Product

It is 2010 and Sidoti & Company, a New York-based brokerage firm specializing in small capitalization stocks, has just launched a new product - micro-cap stock research. The firm has hired a group of five analysts who will produce written research reports on micro-cap stocks, that is, publicly traded stocks with a market capitalization of less than $250 million. Peter Sidoti, Sidoti & Company's founder and CEO, knows that there is demand for this product. However, he is not entirely certain how this new business will function, both with respect to how the product is distributed and to how Sidoti & Company will get compensated for it. The case discusses Sidoti & Company's business model, and how the new business fits with, and differs from, that model. It discusses the challenges Sidoti faces in making this new business a success.Learning Objective:Provide students with insight into the stock brokerage business. Discussion of financial and strategic planning at a firm level.
Assessment of regional biomass-soil relationships using vegetation indexes

The development of photosynthetic active biomass in different ecological conditions, as indicated by normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) is compared by performing a stratified sampling (based on soil associations) on data acquired over Indiana. Data from the NOAA-10 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) were collected for the 1987 and 1988 growing seasons. An NDVI transformation was performed using the two optical bands of the sensor (0.58-0.68 mu m and 0.72-1.10 mu m). The NDVI is related to the amount of active photosynthetic biomass present on the ground. Statistical analysis of results indicate that land-cover types (forest, forest/pasture, and crops), soil texture, and soil water-holding capacity have an important effect on vegetation biomass changes as measured by AVHRR data. >
Unified approach to the design of quadrature-mirror filters

A unified approach to the design of linear- and nonlinear-phase QMFs is developed. Formulated as an optimization problem, the design procedure is shown to translate into an eigenvalue-eigenvector problem. To find the optimal filter an algorithm is presented, which typically converges in a few tens of iterations. The flexibility of our design procedure permits several practical extensions to be made readily. These are (a) inclusion of frequency-weighted stop band energy criteria, and (b) inclusion of finite word-length constraints. We have successfully used our filters to applications such as image coding and analysis; here, their use in wavelet-series analysis of oceanographic data is demonstrated.