cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic changes in predator–prey interactions between two species of larval fishes and oyster veligers

Abstract The naked goby (Gobiosoma bosc), striped blenny (Chasmodes bosquianus ), and eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) are common resident species in temperate Atlantic tidal waters . All three species produce planktonic larvae, and interactions between their early life stages likely influence recruitment success. Fish predation on oyster veligers requires co-occurrence as well as a match between prey behavior, size, and morphology and the ability of the predator to capture and engulf the veliger (prey). Wild plankton , oyster veligers, and wild plankton enriched with oyster veligers (mixed) were fed to cultured larval fishes during laboratory experiments. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) no fish species-specific differences in oyster veliger consumption exist within similar predator–prey development stage combinations, (2) postflexion blennies and gobies consume more veligers than preflexion fishes, (3) veligers reach a size refuge from fish predation by the umbo developmental stage. The resulting data provide a quantitative description of larval fish feeding behavior with respect to fish (preflexion, postflexion) and veliger (straight hinge, umbo) developmental stage. Selectivity for bivalve veligers as well as ontogenetic effects on the predator–prey interaction were examined. Fish nests were cultured to provide larval fish predators of known age. Overall, 70% of striped blennies and 59% of naked gobies consumed at least one prey item during the 3 h experiments. There were fish species-specific differences in oyster veliger consumption between striped blennies and naked gobies. Striped blennies consumed more prey items including a wider range of veliger ages than larval naked gobies of the same developmental stages, regardless of the prey treatment. Fish selectivity was high for copepod nauplii and bivalve veligers and usually low for polychaete larvae, barnacle nauplii, and diatoms. There was a significant positive relationship between standardized consumption and predator development stage in the wild treatment for both fishes and in mixed and veliger treatments for blennies. All fishes consumed straight hinge veligers more often than umbo stage veligers. The largest veligers appear to reach a predation refuge from both fishes. Larval gobies and blennies are generalist predators that use seasonal pulses of zooplankton prey within temperate estuaries . Potential mismatches between predator–prey spatial and temporal overlap that might reduce fish recruitment are likely offset by adult spawning strategies that result in multiple nests within a long spawning season.
Skill saturation: Rationalization and post-industrial work

The last few decades in the United States have witnessed an exponential rise of information technologies in production and work. Advanced information systems have not only been adopted by all sectors of the economy in terms of usage and investment;1 they have also triggered a qualitative shift in skill requirements and work experience. This study focuses on the changing structures of work skills, seeking to develop a normative hinge for a better understanding and evaluation of skills. The term "information technologies" may refer to a number of developments such as telephones, computers, microprocessor-based products, integrated telecommunications, and even to genetic engineering.2 As my intent in this article is to explore work skills, I limit its usage to imply technologies that require the worker to interact chiefly with electronic text and graphics, whether to control heavy machines or compose a business document.
Abstract 806: Selective killing of cancer cells with mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction induced by activation of oncogenic Ras

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism by which cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. Oncogenic Ras activation is often observed in human cancer and was reported to cause mitochondrial dysfunction by compromising mitochondrial electron transport chain. Therefore, identification of new agents capable of effectively killing mitochondrial defective cancer cells would have important therapeutic implications. Our previous work has discovered that mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction could cause increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity to support cell survival in the metabolic switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction can also cause profound redox alteration to adapt ROS stress. Here, we report that targeted inhibition of NOX and glutathione synthesis has synergy effect in killing mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction cells, including cancer cells harboring oncogenic Ras activation. Activation of NOX and increased glutathione antioxidants are always observed in Ras activated cells. Treatment of these cancer cells with DPI and BSO to inhibit NOX activity and antioxidant adaptation function resulted in an elevated ROS stress, increased gamma-H2AX expression, leading to massive death of the cancer cells, such as Panc-1 and HCT116 cells. Antioxidant NAC and catalase attenuated the BSO and DPI induced cell death in mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction cells. The synergistic effect of BSO and DPI to kill oncogenic Ras bearing HCT116 cells was further confirmed using colony formation assay. Our results suggest that DPI, in synergy with BSO, is a promising compound capable of killing cancer cells bearing oncogenic Ras mutations through a ROS-mediated mechanism and warrants further investigations. Citation Format: Weiqin Lu, Yaying Yang, Craig Logsdon, Peng Huang. Selective killing of cancer cells with mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction induced by activation of oncogenic Ras. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 806. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-806
A CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction coupled to an in-plane exchange-biased magnetic layer

We report a stack structure which utilizes an in-plane exchange-biased magnetic layer to influence the coercivity of the bottom CoFeB layer in a CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction. By employing a thickness wedge deposition technique, we were able to study various aspects of this stack using vibrating sample magnetometer including: (1) the coupling between two CoFeB layers as a function of MgO thickness; and (2) the coupling between the bottom CoFeB and the in-plane magnetic layer as a function of Ta spacer thickness. Furthermore, modification of the bottom CoFeB coercivity allows one to measure tunneling magnetoresistance and resistance-area product (RA) of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB in this pseudo-spin-valve format using current-in-plane-tunneling technique, without resorting to (Co/Pt)n or (Co/Pd)n multilayer pinning.
Distributed Bilinear Systems: Positive and Negative Results on Controllability

Abstract This paper outlines results presented in [2] on the problem of controlling bilinear distributed parameter systems. Specifically we give results showing that one cannot control a bilinear distributed parameter system to a full open neighborhood of an infinite dimensional state space. Nevertheless we do present a result which allows identification of an accessible set of states for a class of “hyperbolic” control systems.
Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Part XXIII. Electroreduction of 1-methylpyridiniumcarboxaldehydes

Abstract All three isomeric 1-methylpyridiniumcarboxaldehydes are present in aqueous solutions predominantly in the hydrated form (PyCH(OH)2). At pH smaller than about 7, the protonated form of the free aldehyde is reduced in two one-electron steps following the sequence H+, e, H+, e. At pH greater than about 8 the free aldehydic form is reduced in two one-electron steps following the sequence, e, H+, e, H+. Up to pH about 10 the reducible species is formed by dehydration of PyCH(OH)2, at higher pH by elimination of hydroxide ion from PyCH(OH)O−. The increase in polarographic reduction current between pH about 8 and 10 is due to a base-catalyzed dehydration, involving a rate-determining formation of PyCH(OH)O−. The polarographic dissociation curve (i1 vs. pH) is in this case shifted to lower pH-values when compared with the conditional dissociation curve ([PyCH(OH)2] vs. pH). Such behavior shows that the effective reduction of the conjugate base of an electroinactive acid (PyCH(OH)2) occurs. The increase in polarographic reduction current at pH smaller than about 1 is due to an acid-catalyzed dehydration involving formation of PyCH(OH)(OH2+). The rate of protonation governs the limiting current, since the increase in current with increasing acidity occurs in a region one to two acidity units higher than pK1 values obtained spectrophotometrically, using acidity functions HC(OH)2. The free carbonyl species produced by dehydration is reduced following a sequence H+, e, H+, e.
The impact of molecular systematics on hypotheses for the evolution of root nodule symbioses and implications for expanding symbioses to new host plant genera

Current taxonomic schemes place plants that can participate in root nodule symbioses among disparate groups of angiosperms. According to the classification scheme of Cronquist (1981) which is based primarily on the analysis of morphological characters, host plants of rhizobial symbionts are placed in subclasses Rosidae and Hamamelidae, and those of Frankia are distributed among subclasses Rosidae, Hamamelidae, Magnoliidae and Dilleniidae. This broad phylogenetic distribution of nodulated plants has engendered the notion that nitrogen fixing endosymbionts, particularly those of actinorhizal plants, can interact with a very broad range of unrelated host plant genotypes. New angiosperm phylogenies based on DNA sequence comparisons reveal a markedly different relationship among nodulated plants and indicate that they form a more coherent group than has previously been thought (Chase et al., 1993; Swensen et al., 1994; Soltis et al., 1995). Molecular data support a single origin of the predisposition for root nodule symbiosis (Soltis et al., 1995) and at the same time support the occurrence of multiple origins of symbiosis within this group (Doyle, 1994; Swensen, 1996; Swensen and Mullin, In Press).
Robust model predictive control with discrete-time integral sliding surface

In this paper, a method of robust model predictive control for constrained linear discrete-time systems with bounded disturbances is presented. The approach is based on modifying the concept of discrete-time integral sliding mode control into an optimal constrained control problem. By introducing an additional sliding mode control term into the state feedback law, the closed-loop system can be maintained within a quasi-sliding band throughout the entire response. To avoid violating the original constraints, we need to tighten the constraints beforehand based on the knowledge of the quasisliding band and the switching signal in the sliding mode control. As the result, the tightened optimal control problem determines the discrete-time integral sliding surface and the associated sliding mode control term rejects the additional disturbance. The theoretical analysis and a numerical example illustrate the validity of the proposed method. A key feature of this method is its constraint tightening approach, which eliminates the complexity of iterative computation for the robust invariant set.
Localization of the membrane-associated CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in Chinese hamster ovary cells with an altered membrane composition.

Abstract The subcellular localization of the membrane-associated CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase was determined in Chinese hamster ovary cells in which the phospholipid composition had been altered by growth in the presence of N-methylethanolamine or treatment with phospholipase C. Cell homogenates were fractionated on Percoll density gradients, and marker enzyme activities were used to determine the location of the cellular membrane fractions. The peak of cytidylyltransferase activity occurred in the gradient at a density intermediate to that of the peaks of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane markers. The profile of cytidylyltransferase activity most closely resembled that of the Golgi membrane marker; however, upon sucrose gradient centrifugation, the profile of the Golgi apparatus was very different from that of cytidylyltransferase. Differential centrifugation suggested a nuclear membrane association of the enzyme. Cytidylyltransferase was associated with a membrane fraction that sedimented when subjected to very low speed centrifugation (65 x g, 5 min). From Percoll gradient fractions, nuclei were identified by microscopy, and they migrated with cytidylyltransferase activity. The data are consistent with a localization of cytidylyltransferase in the nuclear membrane.
Implicated Audience Member Seeks Understanding: Reexamining the "Gift" of Autoethnography

Researchers have characterized autoethnography as a highly evocative and personalized mode of discourse that affects authors and their audiences. In this article, the author examines autoethnography by recalling experiences communicating with Tillmann-Healy’s (2005) “The State of Unions: Activism (and In-Activism) in Decision 2004,” an autoethnographic poem about recent U.S. election results, civic inactivity among gay men, and the need for their political engagement. Sparked by a philosophical goal more to understand and respond than to admonish and territorialize, the author uses hermeneutic phenomenology and narrative reflections to consider the complexities of autoethnographic communication, and the hope and challenges that such personalized accounts of “experience” make possible for conversational partners.
Photochemistry of 1-(propan-2-ylidene)-1a,9b-dihydro-1H-cyclopropa[l]phenanthrene

Abstract The hydrocarbon, 1-(propan-2-ylidene)-1a,9b-dihydro-1H-cyclopropa[l]phenanthrene, affords dimethylvinylidene upon photolysis (∼315–400 nm) at ambient temperature, and the carbene may be trapped by cyclohexene. Some of the precursor also rearranged to a non-photolabile isomer via a putative 1,5-sigmatropic shift followed by an electrocyclic ring opening.
Therapeutic hysteroscopic procedures

Hysteroscopy has evolved from a diagnostic procedure into a therapeutic method for a variety of conditions. Instruments specifically designed for hysteroscopic operative procedures have improved. The indications for therapeutic hysteroscopy are increasing and its proper applications can improve patient's gynecologic care. These facts should stimulate the gynecologist to become proficient with hysteroscopy for diagnosis and the treatment of many intrauterine abnormalities. In selected patients there are major advantages including the avoidance of a laparotomy with the potential sequelae that can follow operations requiring entrance into the peritoneal cavity. The operative techniques have been refined and, with experience, good postoperative results and low morbidity have become evident. The septate uterus can be treated by hysteroscopic metroplasty with improved reproductive outcome. Symptomatic submucous myomas in selected patients can be removed hysteroscopically. Lysis of intrauterine adhesions has become the standard method of therapy. Foreign bodies lost in the uterine cavity or embedded IUDs can be removed atraumatically under direct vision. As the approach to intrauterine problems is refined, other applications are being investigated such as tubal cannulation, endoscopic chorionic villus sampling, and application of hysteroscopy to new reproductive technologies such as the placement of gametes in the fallopian tubes. Because of the simplicity of approaching the uterotubal ostia transcervically, hysteroscopy remains in the front line of investigation as a possible approach for inducing tubal occlusion as a permanent or temporary method of contraception. Finally, laser energy is being used in patients with intractable uterine bleeding to photocoagulate the endometrium and to create amenorrhea by means of inducing severe intrauterine adhesions.
A Comparison of the Inhibition of Bovine and Murine Leukemia Dihydrofolate Reductase by 4,6-Diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-(3-X-phenyl)-s-Triazines

A comparison has been made of the inhibition of two mammalian dihydrofolate reductases, one from bovine liver and the other from a murine tumor (L5178 YR-C3), by 40 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-(3-X-phenyl)- s -triazines. The Ki values obtained were used to formulate quantitative structure-activity relationships. The 3-X substituents were found to bind in a hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme. Binding was well correlated by the hydrophobic parameter π up to π of 1.6-1.7. Distinct differences were found in the inhibition constants for the two different enzymes. However, only one substituent not large enough to extend beyond the hydrophobic pocket showed selectivity. Those substituents, whose π values were ≤1.66, showed no selectivity. These results confirm the hypothesis of Baker [ Design of Active-Site-Directed Irreversible Enzyme Inhibitors . Wiley, New York (1967)] that one should not search for selective inhibitors by making variations on that part of a parent molecule binding in hydrophobic space. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We wish to thank P. Y. C. Jow for determining the partition coefficients for this paper.
Children's sleep and school psychology practice.

Much contemporary research has demonstrated the multiple ways that sleep is important for child and adolescent development. This article reviews that research with an emphasis on how sleep parameters are related to school adjustment and achievement. Five areas of sleep research are reviewed to discern implications for practice with children using an evaluation rubric of strong, moderate, and weak evidence. The research has implications for assessment of sleep and sleepiness in the schools, for primary and secondary prevention activities, and for interventions by school psychologists targeting children and adolescents with sleep problems that affect their school functioning.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Polio: Is There an Association?

Because polio and ALS are both manifestations of anterior horn cell disease, consideration of some etiologic or pathogenetic relationship continues to recur. Studies that show an association are infrequent and are greatly outnumbered by negative reports in spite of possible journal bias to report positive results. Our limited studies in Guam and Rochester, Minnesota, have added to the negative list, and support the conclusion that there is no etiologic association of these two distinct diseases. The role, if any, of nonparalytic polio and polio vaccines with respect to ALS is not clear. With such a high proportion of the population having antibodies to polio, it may not be feasible to differentiate ALS with respect to the presence or absence of polio antibodies. Although the results to date do not support a polio-ALS relationship, further long-term studies are desirable for both the classical and the Western Pacific forms of ALS with respect to past polio outbreaks and, for the future, the unknown effect of polio vaccines on the incidence of ALS.
The charge-charge flux-overlap model for the interpretation of atomic polar tensors and infrared intensities

Abstract The interpretation of infrared intensities using the concepts of atomic polar tensors divided according to contributions from charge-charge flux-overlap (CCFO) terms appears in general to be quite useful. Here we shall illustrate this analysis for the F and H atoms in chemically related molecules to show how their properties vary for CF, CH, OF and OH bonds as R varies in RCF, RCH and ROH molecules.
Benthic ecology of a spring‐fed river of interior Alaska

SUMMARY 1. A massive aquifer between the Gerstle, Tanana and Delta rivers in interior Alaska receives water from them and from smaller streams that flow from the Granite Mountains in the Alaska Range, Groundwater from the aquifer intersects the surface in a mid-sized (20m3s−1× 10%) spring-fed stream, Clearwater Creek. 2. Mean annual air temperature is about -2.6°C. However, even in winter when air temperature often reaches —40°C, the stream does not form a complete ice cover. Water temperature ranges from 0 to 7.8°C. Specific conductance and the concentrations of major ions vary little throughout the year, and summed ionic salinity exceeds 250 mg1-−1. 3. Benthic algal standing crop (as chlorophyll a) was at least an order of magnitude higher than that in a nearby surface-water stream, the upper Chena River, Standing crop peaked in spring and autumn (about 20mgm−2) and averaged about half this value, although biomass of an early spring bloom of Hydrurus foetid us was underestimated. 4. Algal standing crop was inversely related to the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and orrhophosphate-phosphorus in the water column. The ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (as mass concentrations) was always about 30. Measurements of primary production made in Clearwater Creek were among the highest reported for streams in subarctic Alaska. 5. Macroinvertebrate diversity in Clearwater Creek was low. Numbers of ‘morpho-species’ in monthly Surber samples (0.09m2) averaged nine, and ranged from three to fourteen. However, benthos and drift densities were similar to those reported from other Alaskan streams. In early spring and autumn, drifting macroinvertebrates were primarily Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera, but in summer, Diptera dominated the drift. The low diversity of macroinvertebrates is hypothesized to be a consequence of the small annual range in water temperature and the relatively constant discharge of Clearwater Creek.
Adhesion-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling is controlled by the direct scaffolding of Src from FAK complexes to lipid rafts by SSeCKS/AKAP12

Metastatic cell migration and invasion are regulated by altered adhesion-mediated signaling to the actin-based cytoskeleton via activated Src-FAK complexes. Src-suppressed C-kinase substrate (SSeCKS, the rodent orthologue of human Gravin/AKAP12), whose expression is downregulated by oncogenic Src and in many human cancers, antagonizes oncogenic Src pathways including those driving neovascularization at metastatic sites, metastatic cell motility and invasiveness. This is likely manifested through its function as a scaffolder of F-actin and signaling proteins such as cyclins, calmodulin, protein kinase C and A. Here we show that in contrast to its ability to inhibit haptotaxis, SSeCKS increased prostate cancer cell adhesion to fibronectin and type I collagen in a FAK-dependent manner, correlating with a relative increase in FAK(poY397) levels. In contrast, SSeCKS suppressed adhesion-induced Src activation (Src(poY416)) and phosphorylation of FAK at Y925, a known Src substrate site. SSeCKS also induced increased cell spreading, cell flattening, integrin β1 clustering and formation of mature focal adhesion plaques. An in silico analysis identified a Src-binding domain on SSeCKS(aa 153-166) that is homologous to the Src-binding domain of caveolin-1, and this region is required for SSeCKS-Src interaction, for SSeCKS-enhanced Src activity and sequestration to lipid rafts and for SSeCKS-enhanced adhesion of MAT-LyLu and CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest a model in which SSeCKS suppresses oncogenic motility by sequestering Src to caveolin-rich lipid rafts, thereby disengaging Src from FAK-associated adhesion and signaling complexes.
Hybrid molecular dynamics‐quantum mechanics simulations of solute spectral properties in the condensed phase: Evaluation of simulation parameters

We have explored the impact of a number of basic simulation parameters on the results of a recently developed hybrid molecular dynamics-quantum mechanics (MD-QM) method (Mercer et al., J Phys Chem B 1999, 103, 7720). The method utilizes MD simulations to explore the ground-state configuration space of the system and QM evaluation of those structures to yield the time-dependent electronic transition energy, which is transformed into the optical line-broadening function using the second-order cumulant expansion. Both linear and nonlinear optical spectra can then be generated for comparison to experiment. The dependence of the resulting spectra on the length of the MD trajectory, the QM sampling rate, and the QM model chemistry have all been examined. In particular, for the system of oxazine-4 in methanol studied here, at least 20 ps of MD trajectory are needed for qualitative convergence of linear spectral properties, and > 100 ps is needed for quantitative convergence. Surprisingly, little difference is found between the 3-21G and 6-31G(d) basis sets, and the CIS and TD-B3LYP methods yield remarkably similar spectra. The semiempirical INDO/s method yields the most accurate results, reproducing the experimental Stokes shift to within 5% and the FWHM to within 20%. Nonlinear 3-pulse photon echo peak shift (3PEPS) decays have also been simulated. Decays are generally poorly reproduced, though the initial peak shift which depends on the overall coupling of motions to the solute transition energy is within 15% of experiment for all model chemistries other than those using the STO-3G basis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Relating the efficacy of naltrexone in treating self-injurious behavior to the motivation assessment scale

One opiate hypothesis suggests that self-injurious behavior (SIB) is related to elevated sensory thresholds. The present study examined the relationship between scores on the Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS) (Durand and Crimmins, 1988), a 16-item scale designed to determine variables that maintain SIB in developmentally delayed individuals, and response to naltrexone (an opiate blocker). High baseline levels of SIB in 20 subjects were significantly correlated with observations that SIB was maintained by need for attention as measured by the MAS. There were no significant correlations between scores on the MAS and change in SIB to the most effective dose of naltrexone (2.0 mg/kg). The present findings did not support the relationship between response to naltrexone and sensory scores on the MAS.
Nonequilibrium Phonon Distributions in Metals

The effect of a nonequilibrium phonon distribution on some of the transport properties of metals is calculated in the presence of electric and thermal currents and a magnetic field. It is shown that the lattice heat current contains an additional term not found in the literature which is equal in magnitude to the terms usually retained, and that this term represents the contribution from the nonequilibrium part of the electron energy distribution. Thus, the heat current carried by the lattice in metals is dependent on the magnitude of the electron current. Further, the effect of electron phonon scattering caused by a nonequilibrium phonon distribution on the Ettingshausen and Ettingshausen-Nernst coefficients is shown to be insufficient to explain the anomalous behavior of these coefficients for metals.
Hydrozoan eggs can only be fertilized at the site of polar body formation

Abstract Hydrozoan eggs are normally fertilized at the site of polar body formation. The female pronucleus is just under the cell membrane at this site. Sperm are attracted to the eggs and aggregate at this site. This paper demonstrates that this site is the only region on the egg surface where the sperm can fuse with the egg. This has been done by cutting unfertilized eggs into fragments containing the site of polar body formation and fragments without this region. Sperm were added to the fragments and their ability to be fertilized was assayed by noting whether or not they cleaved. Only fragments containing the site of polar body formation cleaved. The absence of cleavage in fragments lacking the site of polar body formation cannot be attributed to the inability of these fragments to attract sperm. Such fragments attract sperm for several hours while fragments which contain the site of polar body formation stop attracting sperm a few minutes after fertilization. Cytological studies of egg fragments which do not contain the site of polar body formation show that they do not contain sperm nuclei. The lack of cleavage in these fragments cannot be attributed to the lack of a female pronucleus. By using centrifugation it is possible to move the female pronucleus away from the site of polar body formation. By cutting these centrifuged eggs in an appropriate way it is possible to create egg fragments with the site of polar body formation that lack the female pronucleus and egg fragments that lack the site of polar body formation but contain a female pronucleus. Only fragments which contain the site of polar body formation can be fertilized.
Raman Effect in Gases and Liquids

IN a note recently communicated to NATURE it was pointed out that the Raman effect in triatomic molecules having a linear model could be explained on the assumption of a fundamental mode of vibration along the line joining the three nuclei of the molecules. Such vibrations take place along the direction of propagation of the radiation and behave as optically inactive ones and are not manifested in the near infra-red bands. The case of carbon dioxide was discussed on this basis.
Effect of Profilin on Actin Critical Concentration: A Theoretical Analysis

To explain the effect of profilin on actin critical concentration in a manner consistent with thermodynamic constraints and available experimental data, we built a thermodynamically rigorous model of actin steady-state dynamics in the presence of profilin. We analyzed previously published mechanisms theoretically and experimentally and, based on our analysis, suggest a new explanation for the effect of profilin. It is based on a general principle of indirect energy coupling. The fluctuation-based process of exchange diffusion indirectly couples the energy of ATP hydrolysis to actin polymerization. Profilin modulates this coupling, producing two basic effects. The first is based on the acceleration of exchange diffusion by profilin, which indicates, paradoxically, that a faster rate of actin depolymerization promotes net polymerization. The second is an affinity-based mechanism similar to the one suggested in 1993 by Pantaloni and Carlier although based on indirect rather than direct energy coupling. In the model by Pantaloni and Carlier, transformation of chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into polymerization energy is regulated by direct association of each step in the hydrolysis reaction with a corresponding step in polymerization. Thus, hydrolysis becomes a time-limiting step in actin polymerization. In contrast, indirect coupling allows ATP hydrolysis to lag behind actin polymerization, consistent with experimental results.
Universals: Studies in Indian Logic and Linguistics

This collection of articles and review essays, including many hard to find pieces, comprises the most important and fundamental studies of Indian logic and linguistics ever undertaken. Frits Staal is concerned with four basic questions: Are there universals of logic that transcend culture and time? Are there universals of language and linguistics? What is the nature of Indian logic? And what is the nature of Indian linguistics? By addressing these questions, Staal demonstrates that, contrary to the general assumption among Western philosophers, the classical philosophers of India were rationalists, attentive to arguments. They were in this respect unlike contemporary Western thinkers inspired by existentialism or hermeneutics, and like the ancient Chinese, Greeks, and many medieval European schoolmen, only as Staal says more so. "Universals" establishes that Asia's contributions are not only compatible with what has been produced in the West, but a necessary ingredient and an essential component of any future human science."
Q: How long can my patient use intranasal steroid sprays?

There is little evidence to indicate they cause significant systemic side effects. However, patients who use them regularly should undergo examinations of the nasal cavity at least once a year to check for damage to the septum.
Developmental Model Using Gestalt-Play Versus Cognitive-Verbal Group with Chinese Adolescents: Effects on Strengths and Adjustment Enhancement

This study compared the effectiveness of short-term developmental group counseling applying Gestalt-play versus cognitive-verbal approaches with Taiwanese adolescents. On a measure of behavioral and emotional strengths, teachers reported significant changes in students' overall behavioral and emotional strengths measured via total scores. Specific areas measured via subscores, included (a) family involvement which was enhanced primarily by the Gestalt-play approach and (b) affective strength which was enhanced primarily by the cognitive-verbal approach. In contrast, parents reported no significant changes. On a measure of school and social adjustment, teachers and students' peers reported weak intervention impacts.
Launching into the deep: the musings of a budding physician-scientist

No Abstract. Keywords: physician-scientist, medical education Archives of Ibadan Medicine 2005, Vol. 6(1): 31-33
Coherent flow imaging: A power Doppler imaging technique based on backscatter spatial coherence

Power Doppler imaging is a commonly used method for the detection of flow. The direction of flow is lost with power Doppler, but it has greater sensitivity to flow compared to velocity estimation techniques. Power Doppler imaging can be degraded if thermal noise is large or if slowly moving reverberation clutter passes through the wall filter.We have developed a power Doppler imaging technique, based on the same principles as power Doppler, but uses the coherence of backscattered blood signal rather than the complex backscattered signal. This technique, called SLSC power Doppler, is less sensitive to clutter-based signals and thermal noise. We show in simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments that the detected flow demonstrates a smoother, fuller profile and is more robust to the presence of thermal noise. The technique can also utilize fewer ensemble samples to obtain satisfactory detection of flow.
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Field in Domestic Refrigerators

Air circulation and temperature distribution inside a domestic refrigerator chamber are two important factors in refrigerator design. They are critical for food quality control and energy saving and are affected by natural/forced convection, radiation and layout of the stored food. Knowledge about the actual air flow and temperature distributions inside a refrigerator is required to improve temperature homogeneity and reduce energy consumption. In present work we numerically study the air circulation and the heat transfer phenomena in a domestic frost-free refrigerator. The inner compartment, the evaporator and the outside thermal insulation foam are considered. The conjugate heat transfer problem is studied by solving the unsteady laminar Navier-Stokes equations using a finite volume method. The Boussinesq approximation is used to model the natural convection. The discrete ordinate method is adopted to take into account the radiation heat transfer between the cold back evaporator and warm surfaces to further understand the impact of radiation. The accuracy of the numerical methods is verified through grid sensitivity analysis and comparison with available numerical and experimental data. Comparisons are made with and without radiation. Our simulations show that radiation significantly changes the temperature distribution and air circulation pattern. The effects of shelf and food stored on the temperature distribution and air circulation are also studied by comparing three configurations: empty refrigerator, empty refrigerator with shelves and loaded refrigerator with food.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Nitrogen Mobilization in Pea Seedlings. II. Free Amino Acids

In an earlier report from this laboratory (10) the changes in protein nitrogen and various forms of nonprotein nitrogen-amino, amide, peptide, ammonia, and urea-were reported for the different tissues of peas and pea seedlings during the early stages of growth. The data emphasize the quantitative importance of the free amino acids, particularly in the roots and shoots of these young seedlings. Although they contribute only about 3 % to the total nitrogen of the seed, their contribution rises to 10 % in the 5-day seedling. In root shaft and shoot shaft tissue of the 5-day seedling, from 40 to 45 % of the nitrogen is in the free amino acids. The work did not make clear the role these amino acids plav in the conversion of the storage proteins of the seed to the functional proteins of the young plant. Clearly the first information needed for this purpose is a detailed picture of the changes in the concentration of the individual amino acids. The cotyledons and embryonic axis tissue of pea seeds before and after one day's germination, and the cotyledons, root shafts, shoot shafts, root tips, and shoot tips of 3- and 5-day seedlings have been analyzed for their free amino acid content. The results give evidence for extensive interconversions and metabolism of amino acids during seedling growth, and show much similarity between the compositions of seedling root and shoot tissue. The very high levels of homoserine in certain tissues are documented.
Cognitive performance and MR markers of cerebral injury in cognitively impaired MS patients

Objective: To relate neuropsychological performance to measures of cerebral injury in persons with MS selected for cognitive impairment. Methods: Participants were 37 individuals with relapsing–remitting (59.5%) and secondary progressive (40.5%) MS. They were tested at baseline as part of a clinical trial to enhance cognition with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Eligibility criteria included at least mild cognitive impairment on a verbal learning and memory task. A modified Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests formed the core of the behavioral protocol. Neuroimaging measures were central (ventricular) cerebral atrophy, lesion volume, and ratios of N -acetyl aspartate (NAA) to both creatine and choline. Results: A clear, consistent relation was found between cognitive and MR measures. Among neuroimaging measures, central atrophy displayed the highest correlations with cognition, accounting for approximately half the variance in overall cognitive performance. NAA ratios in right hemisphere sites displayed larger correlations than those on the left. Multiple regression models combining the MR measures accounted for well over half the variance in overall cognitive performance. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test was the neuropsychological task most strongly associated with the neuroimaging variables. Conclusions: If a strong and stable association can be firmly established between cognitive and MR variables in appropriate subsets of MS patients, it might aid in the investigation of interventions to enhance cognition and modify the course of the disease.
Application of the Gibbs-Konovalow equations to binary phase equilibria

The Gibbs-Konovalow relations are shown to provide a unified approach to the description of binary two-phase equilibria. The relations are applied to a consideration of high order transitions1 (7) and are shown to easily lead to well-known, but generally uncorrelated, hehavior of slopes of lines separating two single-phase regions in binary systems. In particular, the conditions under which the slope of the temperature-composition line is zero, constant, or undefined in the neighborhood of congruent1 and peritectic11 processes are derived.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling in atherogenesis

Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, stroke and myocardial infarction. Cigarette smoke consists of a complex mixture of about 4000 compounds. Out of these, polycyclic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, oxidizing agents and carbon monoxide have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that nicotine (the addictive component of cigarettes) binds to high affinity cell-surface receptors and accelerates the atherogenic process. These receptors are called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are expressed ubiquitously in almost all cells existing in the blood vessels. The present review summarizes the pro-atherogenic effects of nAChR ligands such as nicotine and tobacco nitrosamines. The contribution of different nAChR subunits in plaque growth, progression and neovascularization are discussed in detail. The signaling pathways underlying the actions of the nAChRs ligands in blood vessels are also described. Finally, the feasibility of nAChR ligands as therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis is summarized. We believe that the information presented in this review is relevant for atherosclerosis patients who are active smokers, exposed to environmental tobacco smoke or use nicotine patches or gums for smoking cessation.
Performance Analysis of CFD Application Cart3D Using MPInside and Performance Monitor Unit Data on Nehalem and Westmere Based Supercomputers

Cart3D is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) application aimed at conceptual and preliminary design of aerospace vehicles with complex geometries. It is widely used by design engineers at NASA, Department of Defense and aerospace companies in the USA. We present detailed performance analysis of Cart3D using two tools SGI MPInside and op_scope that collects hardware counter data from Intel Performance Monitoring Unit (PMU) on supercomputers based on Nehalem micro-architecture. Using these tools, we have done dynamic profiling of Cart3D (compute time, communication time and I/O time), along with dynamic profiling of MPI functions (MPI_Sendrecv, MPI_Bcast, MPI_Isend, MPI_Irecv, MPI_Allreduce, MPI_Barrier, etc.) with respect to message size of each rank and time consumed by each function. MPI communication is further analyzed by studying the performance of MPI functions used in this application as a function of message size and number of cores. Using these tools we have also studied efficiency of the processor to measure its effective utilization, efficiency of the floating-point units, percentage of vectorization and percentage of data coming from L2 cache, L3 cache, and main memory. This study was performed on two computing sub-systems based on quad-core Nehalem-EP and hex-core West mere-EP processors that are part of Pleiades an SGI Altix ICE at NASA Ames Research Center.
Collaborative governance for urban revitalization: lessons from empowerment zones

In 1993, President Clinton launched the Empowerment Zone (EZ) programme, the only major urban policy initiative of his presidency. In a reflection of Clinton's ‘third-way’ posture, the EZ combined ...
Thermodynamic generation of the baryon asymmetry

Abstract A new technique for generating the baryon asymmetry of the universe is discussed. By using the natural CPT non-invariance of the universe during its early history, we discuss how a baryon asymmetry can develop while baryon violating interactions are still in thermal equilibrium with respect to an effective hamiltonian. Furthermore, both the ground state and fundamental interactions in these theories can be CP conserving.
Evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia: which diagnostic tool is superior?

Purpose of reviewAs flexible endoscopic examinations of swallowing become more widely used to evaluate patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, it is important to be aware of research regarding the efficacy of this procedure as compared with the videofluoroscopy procedure. A recent evidence-based revi
Effect of immunotherapy on sCD23 levels in patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom

Background sCD23 is the designation given to the low affinity IgE receptor. The soluble fragment of this receptor (sCD23) participates in the regulation of IgE synthesis. Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a venom immunotherapy regimen on sCD23 levels. Methods We measured sCD23 levels by ELISA in Hymenoptera venom-allergic patients (positive skin tests and a history of systemic reactions to Hymenoptera sting) in serial sera collected over a course of venom immunotherapy with a mean duration of 54 months. Mean pre-sCD23 and post-sCD23 levels were compared using a Student's two-tailed t test. Results sCD23 levels were found to be unchanged over the course of venom immunotherapy. Conclusions This is the first longitudinal study that has been done. It suggests that while both immunotherapy and sCD23 are known to be involved in the regulations of IgE synthesis in the atopic patient, the immunomodulation seen in venom immunotherapy is not mediated through sCD23 in any simple regulatory manner.
Hippo Pathway Activity Influences Liver Cell Fate

Summary The Hippo-signaling pathway is an important regulator of cellular proliferation and organ size. However, little is known about the role of this cascade in the control of cell fate. Employing a combination of lineage tracing, clonal analysis, and organoid culture approaches, we demonstrate that Hippo pathway activity is essential for the maintenance of the differentiated hepatocyte state. Remarkably, acute inactivation of Hippo pathway signaling in vivo is sufficient to dedifferentiate, at very high efficiencies, adult hepatocytes into cells bearing progenitor characteristics. These hepatocyte-derived progenitor cells demonstrate self-renewal and engraftment capacity at the single-cell level. We also identify the NOTCH-signaling pathway as a functional important effector downstream of the Hippo transducer YAP. Our findings uncover a potent role for Hippo/YAP signaling in controlling liver cell fate and reveal an unprecedented level of phenotypic plasticity in mature hepatocytes, which has implications for the understanding and manipulation of liver regeneration.
MICROVILLOUS CELLS IN AMPULLAE OF THE LIZARD INNER EAR.

Electron microscopy of membranous labyrinths in Anolis carolinensis, Gonatodes biteanatus and Ameiva chrysolaema reveals the presences of cells of complex structure located adjacent to sensory areas in all ampullae. Microvillous cells are characterized by extensive infolding of basal cell membrane, with clefts extending to level of the basal portion of the nucleus. Each compartment thus formed is filled with mitochondria, ribosomes and glycogen. Lateral and basolateral interdigitations with surrounding cells are present. Supranuclear cytoplasm is composed of numerous mitochondria, extensive Golgi apparatus and dense populations of ribosomes and glycogen. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the most common reticulum present, although there is scattered granular reticulum. Toward lumen of ampulla, cells are constricted and a small portion of cytoplasm extends between supporting cells to bulge into lumen. Long, slender, branching microvilli project from luminal border into endolymph. Supporting cells resemble those found in adjacent sensory areas, with undulating luminal membranes, few mitochondria, scattered (but abundant) ribosomes and polysomes, considerable endoplasmic reticulum, extensive Golgi apparatus, lateral and basolateral interdigitations with other supporting cells and microvillous cells. Also present are large vacuoles containing elongate, randomly- oriented crystalline material. General morphology of microvillous cells suggests that they are involved in ion transport and in maintenance of electrolyte balance in endolymph. The role of glycogen in this process is discussed, as is the general problem of endolymph formation.
A method for determining types of self-esteem.

“The present study describes a method of determining self-esteem. This method is based upon a conbination of (a) the subject's response to the Self-Esteem Inventory; (b) a rating of certain of his behaviors which are presumably related to self-esteem; and (c) information on a constellation of experiential and motivational variables.” 22 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)