cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An 'other-race effect' for categorizing faces by sex

It is well-known that people recognize faces of their own race more accurately than faces of other races-a phenomenon often referred to as the 'other-race effect'. Using brief presentations of faces, we show a similar effect for the task of discriminating the sex of a face. Specifically, Caucasian observers discriminated male and female Caucasian faces more accurately/efficiently than did Oriental observers, and Oriental observers discriminated male and female Japanese faces more accurately/efficiently than did Caucasian observers. This result indicates that, under suboptimal viewing conditions, the identification of even the most salient of facial characteristics-face sex-is impaired for other-race faces. This finding suggests, also, that the nature and diversity of our experience with faces may affect not only the quality of the face representation for later access by recognition processes, but also the efficiency of a perceptual discrimination process. Intriguingly, too, we found that female observers, for both races tested, were considerably more accurate at the sex classification task than were male observers.
Early Spindle Assembly in Drosophila Embryos: Role of a Force Balance Involving Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Nuclear Mechanics

Mitotic spindle morphogenesis depends upon the action of microtubules (MTs), motors and the cell cortex. Previously, we proposed that cortical- and MT-based motors acting alone can coordinate early spindle assembly in Drosophila embryos. Here, we tested this model using microscopy of living embryos to analyze spindle pole separation, cortical reorganization, and nuclear dynamics in interphase-prophase of cycles 11-13. We observe that actin caps remain flat as they expand and that furrows do not ingress. As centrosomes separate, they follow a linear trajectory, maintaining a constant pole-to-furrow distance while the nucleus progressively deforms along the elongating pole-pole axis. These observations are incorporated into a model in which outward forces generated by zones of active cortical dynein are balanced by inward forces produced by nuclear elasticity and during cycle 13, by Ncd, which localizes to interpolar MTs. Thus, the force-balance driving early spindle morphogenesis depends upon MT-based motors acting in concert with the cortex and nucleus.
Pharmacogenomics in Asthma Therapy: Where Are We and Where Do We Go?

The response to drug treatment in asthma is a complex trait and is markedly variable even in patients with apparently similar clinical features. Pharmaco-genomics, which is the study of variations of human genome characteristics as related to drug response, can play a role in asthma therapy. Both a traditional candidate-gene approach to conducting genetic association studies and genome-wide association studies have provided an increasing list of genes and variants associated with the three major classes of asthma medications: β2-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers. Moreover, a recent integrative, systems-level approach has offered a promising opportunity to identify important pharmacogenomics loci in asthma treatment. However, we are still a long way away from making this discipline directly relevant to patients. The combination of network modeling, functional validation, and integrative omics technologies will likely be needed to move asthma pharmacogenomics closer to clinical re...
Opportunity cost analysis for dynamic wavelength routed mesh networks

Optical backbone networks are becoming increasingly intelligent and flexible. These networks are able to establish high-bandwidth wavelength connections on-demand to support future network-centric applications. Choosing an efficient path in a timely manner, while considering important criteria such as operation costs and network performance, is a key problem confronting the network operators. Subtle path preferences of different dynamic routing algorithms (which are usually ignored by traditional analysis techniques) can make a significant difference in performance on mesh networks. It opens new research to advance routing algorithms in both analysis and implementation paradigms. In this paper, we propose an opportunity cost model that provides fast and accurate analysis for threshold-based online congestion-aware routing algorithms. The model is simple to compute, robust to different network topologies, and scalable. We show that our model further aids in the design of a number of new routing algorithms that can be easily applied to practical networks. In contrast to previous work, the optimal threshold values for our algorithms can be identified analytically, and the values sustain good performance on different network topologies and sizes.
Vector signal analysis of digital baseband and IF signals within an FPGA

This paper introduces novel techniques for analyzing digital signal and modulation quality inside of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This convergence of innovations in logic analysis with those in vector signal analysis can provide designers of digital baseband and IF signal processing systems as well as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters with the ability to make key measurements where they were previously unavailable or difficult to make. As FPGAs continue to make larger contributions in DSP for wireless and satellite communications, the increasing dominance of digital baseband and IF signals presents a challenge to designers of radio and satellite systems. DSP circuit designers constantly make tradeoffs between design complexity (bit precision, number of filter taps, etc), power consumption, and signal quality. Key measurements like error vector magnitude can be used to gauge the performance implications of these tradeoffs. Previously, vector signal analysis measurements have been either directly integrated into RF test instruments, or written as custom software by baseband designers. With entire sections of a radio being implemented digitally, and integrated inside a single chip, new methods are needed to characterize the individual subsystems in a digital radio. This paper presents the combination of a dynamic FPGA probe, which enables routing of signal groups within an FPGA to a logic analyzer for measurement through a small number of physical package pads, with an FFT-based vector signal analysis software package. This combination provides simultaneous measurement of time domain, frequency spectrum, and modulation quality on digital signals inside an FPGA. It also provides the quick selection of various internal nets for signal analysis without time-consuming redesigns of the FPGA
mGluR1 agonists elicit a Ca2+ signal and membrane hyperpolarization mediated by apamin-sensitive potassium channels in immature rat purkinje neurons

The type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) plays an import role in the synaptic physiology and development of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. mGluR1 expression occurs early in the developmental program of Purkinje neurons, at an age that precedes expression of the dendritic structure. Few studies have investigated the physiological response produced by mGluR1 activation in early-developing Purkinje neurons. To address this question, simultaneous recording of membrane potential and intracellular Ca(2+) was performed in immature cultured Purkinje neurons coupled with exogenous application of mGluR1 agonists. Membrane potential was measured using the perforated patch method of whole-cell recording, and intracellular Ca(2+) was measured using fura-2-based Ca(2+) imaging. Brief, 1-sec micropressure application of the group I mGluR-selective agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) evoked a prominent Ca(2+) signal and coincident fast hyperpolarization in the immature neurons. The mGluR1-selective antagonist 7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxylate ethyl ester blocked the Ca(2+) signal and fast hyperpolarization, confirming the involvement of mGluR1s. Amplitude of the fast hyperpolarization varied as a function of membrane potential and intracellular Ca(2+) and was blocked by apamin, an antagonist of the small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (SK), identifying this K(+) channel as an underlying mechanism. In similar experiments with mature cultured Purkinje neurons, DHPG elicited a Ca(2+) signal, but fast membrane hyperpolarization was not evident. These results suggest that mGluR1 activation and the resulting release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores and activation of SK channels may be a mechanism through which mGluR1 can modulate neuronal excitability of Purkinje neurons during early development.
Phrase structure of wild chimpanzee pant hoots: Patterns of production and interpopulation variability.

Recordings and behavioral observations of wild chimpanzees were made over a 2-year period in the Kibale National Park, Uganda (Kanyawara and Ngogo communities) to investigate patterns of acoustic variability in long-distance calls. The phrase structures of pant hoots, the species-typical loud call given predominantly by adult males, were analyzed. Analysis revealed that the build-up phrase was frequently absent from the pant hoots of Kibale chimpanzees. By contrast, analysis of published data on Gombe and Mahale chimpanzees (Tanzania) indicated that these animals typically included the build-up in their calls. These results were interpreted as evidence for phrase-level differences between populations in the acoustic morphology of this compound call. Data on age and sex differences in the context of production of pant hoots were analyzed, and their relevance to the possibility that aspects of pant hoot acoustic morphology are learned is discussed. Adult males initiated pant hoots more than subadult males, and adult males joined other pant hooting individuals with pant hoots more than subadult males did. It is suggested that younger males may pant hoot with specific adult males preferentially and that this may affect the development of their pant hoot acoustic morphologies. A peculiar pant hoot variant previously reported from Gombe, the whimper hoot, is described from Kibale. The production of this call by low-ranking individuals suggests that there are social constraints on pant hooting in the chimpanzee community. Ideas concerning the effect of social relationships on interpopulation variability in vocal signals are briefly discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rationalizing cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition for maximal efficacy and minimal adverse events

New information indicates that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is constitutively expressed in several tissues, including brain, lung, pancreas, kidney, and ovary, and plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal function. Selective COX-2 inhibition has been associated in animal studies with impairment of ulcer healing and renal function and inhibition of prostacyclin, an effect that inhibits vasodilation without inhibiting platelet aggregation. The clinical consequences, if any, of these effects remain to be determined in long-term studies in humans. The premise that selective COX-2 inhibitors will cause less gastrointestinal toxicity than nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs that inhibit both COX isoforms needs to take into account the low toxicity of nabumetone. The gastrointestinal safety profile of this nonacidic, dual COX inhibitor that does not undergo enterohepatic circulation has been evaluated in extensive clinical trials. The data submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration in the New Drug Application for nabumetone (Relafen), the comparative trials subsequently completed, the published databases of the comparative gastrointestinal toxicity of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the meta-analysis published in this issue of The American Journal of Medicine (Schoenfeld, page 48S) indicate that nabumetone has the lowest incidence of gastrointestinal toxicity among the extensively studied NSAIDs. Overall, the incidence is approximately 10-fold less than with comparator drugs. This rate is an appropriate current reference against which the gastrointestinal toxicity of COX-2 inhibitors can be compared.
Development of the information systems implementation research method

Through the use of a recently developed taxonomy of information systems implementation, a research method is developed. The information systems implementation research method (ISI-RM) allows the examination of IS implementation cases in a way that leads to results that are standardized for easier adoption by variance researchers. The paper examines the use of ISI-RM on a single case study. While untested in this paper, the ISI-RM may also be used as a meta-analytic tool, extracting important factors from a multitude of existing case studies.
Comparison of Seven SO4-S Extraction Methods for Analysis by Turbidimetry or ICP Spectrometry

Soil sulfur (S) analyses for fertilizer recommendations in the northern Great Plains often do not reflect crop S requirements. Seven SO4-S extraction methods with S determination by either turbidometry or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy including Ca(H2PO4)2 and KH2PO4 (both containing 500 ug/l P), 0.25 M KCl (40 oC) and 0.25 M KCl (room temperature), H2O, DTPA, and Mehlich 3 extractants. Three horizon depths of three soils from a previous field study were used for these comparisons. Average standard deviations for turbidometric determinations were 4.3 times greater than ICP determinations. With turbidometry, S values were H2O > KH2PO4 > Ca(H2PO4)2 > KCl (40 oC) = KCl, while with ICP, the values were Mehlich 3 > KCl (40 oC) = KCl > DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) > KH2PO4 > H2O > Ca(H2PO4)2. Extraction with KCl at room temperature with ICP determination appears to show promise, but further method evaluation is necessary before it can be recommended as a SO4-S test method.
FOOD WEB STRUCTURE, ENERGETICS, AND IMPORTANCE OF ALLOCHTHONOUS CARBON IN A DESERT CAVERNOUS LIMNOCRENE: DEVILS HOLE, NEVADA

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that allochthonous carbon is important in the diet of the endemic pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis over a 3-year period in Devils Hole, Nevada. Devils Hole is a cavernous limnocrene located in the Mojave Desert approximately 15 m below the land surface and receives direct solar radiation <7% of the total time during the year. The system is dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria in the summer and supports about 15 invertebrate species and the endemic pupfish C. diabolis. We examined food web structure and measured autochthonous carbon production and entry of allochthonous carbon with funnel traps. Stable isotopes were used to compare contributions of each carbon source. Allochthonous carbon contributed 2971 kj ·yr−1 (60%) of the total available energy to the food web compared to only 2000 kj ·yr−1 autochthonous production. A major stochastic rain event delivered more terrestrial carbon to Devils Hole in l hour than annual allochthonous carbon, estimated from data collected with...
Environment map based lighting for reflectance transformation images

Environment map based lighting has proven to be an effective technique in simulations and real time rendering for adding realism and conveying complex illumination to the viewer. We present a novel algorithm for using environment maps to light and render polynomial texture maps. The technique is demonstrated with reflectance transformation images stored using both polynomial texture maps and hemispherical harmonics. The limitations of employing hemispherical harmonics in this context are discussed.
The Pus Pioneers

28. Salerni G, Teran T, Puig S, et al. Meta-analysis of digital dermoscopy follow-up of melanocytic skin lesions: a study on behalf of the International Dermoscopy Society. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(7):805-814. 29. Carli P, Massi D, Santucci M, Biggeri A, Giannotti B. Cutaneous melanoma histologically associated with a nevus andmelanoma de novo have a different profile of risk: results from a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40(4):549-557.
Some Unsettled Questions in Organization Theory

This article attempts to call attention to the real issue in organization theory and to suggest the desirability for ending the time-consuming and wasteful debates of the past. The real issue is th...
Anaphylaxis in Bordetella pertussis-treated mice. IV. Schultz-Dale reaction.

SummaryMouse antibody was found to be more effective than rabbit antibody in sensitizing the mouse uterus to the specific antigen. It was also found that B. pertussis cells do not affect the sensitization of the mouse uterus when the mouse is sensitized by passive means. When the active method of sensitization of mice was employed, however, B. pertussis accelerated the appearance of sensitivity of the uterus as demonstrated by the Schultz-Dale reaction.The authors wish to express their appreciation to Dr. R. L. Anacker for his helpful suggestions and criticisms in writing this manuscript.
A comparison of DSM-IV versus DSM-5 substance use disorder diagnoses in adolescent populations

ABSTRACTMost of the considerations for changes to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders have focused on adults. This study compares the diagnostic determinations for substance use disorders with the former Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) versus the current DSM-5 diagnostic criteria among samples of adolescents likely to be evaluated. The DSM-5 has three classifications (mild, moderate, and severe) based on the number of positive findings for 11 diagnostic criteria as opposed to the abuse versus dependence distinction of the DSM-IV-TR. The new criteria replace the criterion of legal problems with one of craving and compulsion to use. The sample consists of 571 males and 333 females who are evaluated either in the juvenile justice system or upon presenting for an evaluation at addiction treatment programs. Results revealed that relatively few cases with no current diagnosis will receive a diagnosis with the new criteria. Similarly, more than 90% of those with ...
Industry watch: heat-not-burn tobacco products are about to reach their boiling point.

Heat-not-burn tobacco products (HNB), including Reynolds American's (RA) ‘Eclipse’ and ‘Revo’ and Philip Morris International's (PMI) ‘Heatbar’, are devices that heat tobacco to ∼500°F, producing an inhalable aerosol. Since 1988, tobacco companies have perennially introduced HNB and marketed them as healthier than conventional cigarettes. These claims, refuted by researchers,1 failed to lure consumers. Each reincarnation of HNB was commercially unsuccessful, and most HNB products were discontinued shortly after their introduction. Until recently, HNB products were all but unavailable to consumers—but now may be the perfect time for a thriving HNB market. Recent enthusiasm for e-cigarettes2 has captured the attention of researchers and the imagination of tobacco executives. E-cigarette use is buoyed by perceptions that they are less harmful than conventional cigarettes.3 However, recent estimates …
Femoral Screw Divergence via the Anteromedial Portal Using an Outside-In Retrograde Drill in Bone–Patella Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Cadaveric Study

Purpose To assess screw divergence when inserting an interference screw for a bone–patellar tendon–bone graft using an outside-in technique with a retrograde drill to create the femoral tunnel. Methods Ten cadaver specimens underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft, with 23-mm-deep tunnels created by a retrograde drill outside-in technique. Drilling angles were based on a previous study that established the optimal angles to recreate the anterior cruciate ligament footprint. To ensure that screw insertion angles matched the angle of socket drilling, a marking pen was used to transpose 2 lines on the skin of the anterior knee corresponding to the drill in both the coronal and axial planes with the knee held at 90° of flexion. The femoral-sided bone plug was affixed with a 7 × 23 mm interference screw through an anteromedial portal. Computed tomography scans were used to calculate coronal and sagittal screw-tunnel divergence. Results The median screw divergence in the coronal plane was 2.79°, with a range of 1.1° to 17.2°. Of 10 specimens, 8 had no divergence (0° to 5°), 0 screws were between 5° and 10°, 1 screw was between 10° and 15°, and 1 screw was between 15° and 20°. The 95% confidence interval was 3.73° to 11.69°. No screws had ≥20° of divergence. In the sagittal plane, the median screw divergence was 5.68°, with a range of 1.2° to 18.7°. Five specimens had no divergence (0° to 5°), 3 screws were between 5° and 10°, 0 screws were between 10° and 15°, and 2 screws were between 15° and 20° of divergence. The 95% confidence interval was 3.73° to 11.69°. No screws had ≥20° of divergence. Conclusions The results of this study showed that 80% of screws diverted less than 5° in the coronal plane. In the sagittal plane, only 50% of screws were found to have divergence of 5° or less. No screw in either plane had divergence of greater than or equal to 20°. Clinical Relevance When using a retrograde drill, a skin marking technique is a useful aid in placing interference screws with acceptable angles of divergence when using an inside-out technique.
An unexpectedly high rate of revisions and removals in deep brain stimulation surgery: Analysis of multiple databases.

Abstract Introduction Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for movement disorders, and is under active investigation for other neurologic and psychiatric indications. While many studies describe outcomes and complications related to stimulation therapies, the majority of these are from large academic centers, and results may differ from those in general neurosurgical practice. Methods Using data from both the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), we identified all DBS procedures related to primary placement, revision, or removal of intracranial electrodes. Cases of cortical stimulation and stimulation for epilepsy were excluded. Results Over 28,000 cases of DBS electrode placement, revision, and removal were identified during the years 2004–2013. In the Medicare dataset, 15.2% and of these procedures were for intracranial electrode revision or removal, compared to 34.0% in the NSQIP dataset. In NSQIP, significant predictors of revision and removal were decreased age (odds ratio (OR) of 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.98) and higher ASA classification (OR 2.41; 95% CI: 1.22, 4.75). Up to 48.5% of revisions may have been due to improper targeting or lack of therapeutic effect. Conclusion Data from multiple North American databases suggest that intracranial neurostimulation therapies have a rate of revision and removal higher than previously reported, between 15.2 and 34.0%. While there are many limitations to registry-based studies, there is a clear need to better track and understand the true prevalence and nature of such failures as they occur in the wider surgical community.
The initial pump-probe polarization anisotropy of colloidal PbS quantum dots

Pump-probe polarization anisotropy measurements with 15 fs pulses are employed to investigate the electronic structure of PbS quantum dots. The initial anisotropy at the bandgap is anomalously low (<0.1) and suggests large electronic couplings.
Delay asymptotics for heavy-tailed MapReduce jobs

A MapReduce job consists of two phases that are processed in a map queue and a redeuce queue, respectively. The map queue is characterized by the processor sharing discpline, and the reduce queue by a multi-server station. A reduce task is composed of two sequential steps: the copy/shuffle step and the reduce function step. A synchronization barrier between the map and reduce phases complicates the process: the copy/shuffle step can overlap with the map phase, but its finish point and the start of the reduce function step have to be strictly after the completion of the map phase of the same job. This dependency can result in an interesting criticality phenomenon for the job delay distribution in MapReduce scheduling. We refine the logarithmic asymptotics that has been established for heavy-tailed MapReduce jobs by studying the exact asymptotics. The analysis reveals that the MapReduce framework combines the features of both processor sharing and first in first out disciplines.
Collection-based analysis of selected medical libraries in the Philippines using Doody's Core Titles.

Objectives: This study assessed the book collection of five selected medical libraries in the Philippines, based on Doodys’ Essential Purchase List for basic sciences and clinical medicine, to compare the match and non-match titles among libraries, to determine the strong and weak disciplines of each library, and to explore the factors that contributed to the percentage of match and non-match titles. Method: List checking was employed as the method of research. Results: Among the medical libraries, De La Salle Health Sciences Institute and University of Santo Tomas had the highest percentage of match titles, whereas Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health had the lowest percentage of match titles. University of the Philippines Manila had the highest percentage of near-match titles. Conclusion: De La Salle Health Sciences Institute and University of Santo Tomas had sound medical collections based on Doody’s Core Titles. Collectively, the medical libraries shared common collection development priorities, as evidenced by similarities in strong areas. Library budget and the role of the library director in book selection were among the factors that could contributed to a high percentage of match titles.
Non-commutative Brillouin Torus

In this Chapter, we review the fundamental theoretical tools, starting with the space of disordered configurations and its associated dynamical systems, the \(C^*\)-algebra \({\mathcal A}_d\) of the physical observables, together with its Fourier and differential calculus. The latter is provided by a set of commuting derivations \(\partial \) and a trace \({\mathcal T}\). The triple \(({\mathcal A}_d,\partial ,{\mathcal T})\) defines a non-commutative manifold known as the non-commutative Brillouin torus. We reformulate the topological invariants and other response functions in this new framework. We also introduce the magnetic derivations and investigate the behavior of the correlation functions w.r.t. the magnetic fields. This Chapter also fixes the notation and defines the precise settings for the rest of our calculations.
Testing the daily PRISM air temperature model on semiarid mountain slopes

Studies in mountainous terrain related to ecology and hydrology often use interpolated climate products because of a lack of local observations. One dataset frequently used to develop plot-to-watershed-scale climatologies is PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model) temperature. Benefits of this approach include geographically-weighted station observations and topographic positioning modifiers, which become important factors for predicting temperature in complex topography. Because of the paucity of long-term climate records in mountain environments, validation of PRISM algorithms across diverse regions remains challenging, with end users instead relying on atmospheric relationships derived in sometimes distant geographic settings. Presented here are results from testing observations of daily temperature maximum (TMAX) and minimum (TMIN) on 16 sites in the Walker Basin, California-Nevada, located on open woodland slopes ranging from 1967 to 3111 m in elevation. Individual site mean absolute error varied from 1.1 to 3.7 °C with better performance observed during summertime as opposed to winter. We observed a consistent cool bias in TMIN for all seasons across all sites, with cool bias in TMAX varying with season. Model error for TMIN was associated with elevation, whereas model error for TMAX was associated with topographic radiative indices (solar exposure and heat loading). These results demonstrate that temperature conditions across mountain woodland slopes are more heterogeneous than interpolated models (such as PRISM) predict, that drivers of these differences are complex and localized in nature, and that scientific application of atmospheric/climate models in mountains requires additional attention to model assumptions and source data.
Care Coordination: A Systematic Review and a New Perspective

Care coordination (CC) is a critical function in the healthcare system and is currently a national priority in the US. Improved CC help reduce avoidable hospital admissions and readmissions. A CC system is a common platform where in all the care providers including patients interact with each other thereby sharing a common set of information and knowledge about a patientâ€™s condition that will result in improved quality of care. This study reviews various frameworks and strategies in CC, and finds that most CC systems do not address the social and community service coordination dimensions of CC. This is especially important as there is an increasing move towards “aging at home” in the country. So this study also presents the design and implementation of a community-based CC system for elder-care. Specifically, the approach adopted in this study was to develop a Learning Community for service providers, so better communication and learning among providers would result in increased care coordination across healthcare, social, and community eco-systems in the area of elder-care.
Tropospheric Moisture Sounding Using Microwave Imaging Channels: Application to GCOM-W1/AMSR2

Traditionally, space-based microwave imagers have been used exclusively for providing total atmospheric water vapor along with hydrometeor and surface parameters, using a combination of window channels. These channels operate away from the strong water vapor absorption lines used for atmospheric moisture sounding. Nevertheless, they are sensitive to the vertical distribution of moisture in the atmosphere. This is due to the fact that the water vapor absorption continuum varies monotonically, and the wing effect of the strong absorption lines has a nonconstant effect, across the microwave spectrum. Therefore, the transmittances of window channels are different, allowing a varying level of penetration into the atmospheric column. To demonstrate the capability of imagers to operate as sounders, we introduce penetration depth, which defines the vertical sensitivity of window channels to moisture. In addition, we evaluate the degree to which data from spaceborne microwave imagers, specifically the Global Change Observation Mission-Water 1 (GCOM-W1) Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) sensor, can be used to perform sounding of tropospheric moisture. The capability is assessed using numerical weather prediction (NWP) analysis as the reference. In simulations using a regression approach, the performance of AMSR2 moisture sounding matches that of Suomi-NPP ATMS up to 700 hPa, with standard deviations of 10%–20%. AMSR2 outperforms other pure moisture sounders (Microwave Humidity Sounder and Sondeur Atmospherique du Profil d’Humidite Intertropicale par Radiometrie) up to 500 hPa, before degrading rapidly. The performances using real observations and a physical algorithm are consistent with those found in simulations. These results highlight new applications for microwave imagers like GCOM-W1 AMSR2, including in Nowcasting and NWP, which are heavily reliant on lower tropospheric moisture information.
Development and Validation of a Canine-Specific Profiling Array to Examine Expression of Pro-Apoptotic and Pro-Survival Genes in Retinal Degenerative Diseases

We developed an expression profiling array to examine pro-apoptotic and pro-survival genes in dog retinal degeneration models. Gene-specific canine TaqMan assays were developed and included in a custom real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) array. Of the 96 selected genes, 93 belonged to known relevant pro-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways, and/or were positive controls expressed in retina, while three were housekeeping genes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that the selected genes belonged to expected biological functions (cell death, cell-mediated immune response, cellular development, function, and maintenance) and pathways (death receptor signaling, apoptosis, TNFR1 signaling, and induction of apoptosis by HIV1). Validation of the profiling array was performed with RNA extracted from cultured MDCK cells in the presence or absence of treatment with 10 μM staurosporin for 5 or 10 h. The vast majority of the genes showed positive amplifications, and a number of them also had fold change (FC) differences > ±3 between control and staurosporin-treated cells. To conclude, we established a profiling array that will be used to identify differentially expressed genes associated with photoreceptor death or survival in canine models of retinal degenerative diseases with mutations in genes that cause human inherited blindness with comparable phenotypes.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression During Pregnancy and Lactation

Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in women’s mental health and the problems of treating mood disorders throughout the reproductive cycle (1). In particular there has been increasing awareness that depression during pregnancy is highly prevalent and poses risks to both mother and fetus and infant (1, 2). The number of articles and reviews increases each year often with findings that contradict previous evidence. As the field grows it raises more questions than answers about how to balance competing mental health needs and risks during the perinatal period.
A review of wood cutting tool wear literature

The current state of knowledge about wood cutting tool wear is assessed by reviewing the published work in this area. Research concerned with tool wear which deals primarily with the tool material, with the work material and with tool-work interactions is considered.
The Reputational Impact of Investor-State Disputes

To what extent do alleged violations of international commitments damage state reputation? This article explore this question with specific reference to investor-state disputes arising under the pr...
Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

A highly efficient transition metal catalyst removal method is developed. The water-soluble catalyst contains a newly-designed NHC ligand for the catalyst removal via host-guest interactions. The new NHC ligand possesses an adamantyl (guest) tethered linear ethylene glycol units for hydrophobic inclusion into the cavity of a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) host compound. The new NHC ligand was applied to a Ru-based olefin metathesis catalyst. The Ru catalyst demonstrated excellent activity in representative ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions in aqueous media as well as organic solvent, CH2Cl2. After the reaction was complete, the lingering Ru residue was removed from the aqueous solution with the efficiency of more than 99% (53 ppm of Ru residue) by simple filtration utilizing a host-guest interaction between insoluble silica-grafted β-CD (host) and the adamantyl moiety (guest) on the catalyst. The new Ru catalyst also demonstrated high removal efficiency via extraction when the reaction is run in organic solvent by partitioning the crude reaction mixture between layers of diethyl ether and water. In this way, the catalyst stays in aqueous layer only. In organic layer, the residual Ru amount was only 0.14 ppm in the RCM reactions of diallyl compounds.
Social and Political Drivers of the Reorientation of U.S. Trade Policy: The Case of U.S. Withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership:

Previous sociological studies demonstrated that U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) had durable political power to motivate U.S. trade policy. However, why did the United States switch from a “f...
Impossibility of Sufficiently Simple Chemical Reaction Network Implementations in DNA Strand Displacement

DNA strand displacement (DSD) has recently become a common technology for constructing molecular devices, with a number of useful systems experimentally demonstrated. To help with DSD system design, various researchers are developing formal definitions to model DNA strand displacement systems. With these models a DSD system can be defined, described by a Chemical Reaction Network, simulated, and otherwise analyzed. Meanwhile, the research community is trying to use DSD to do increasingly complex tasks, while also trying to make DSD systems simpler and more robust. I suggest that formal modeling of DSD systems can be used not only to analyze DSD systems, but to guide their design. For instance, one might prove that a DSD system that implements a certain function must use a certain mechanism. As an example, I show that a physically reversible DSD system with no pseudoknots, no effectively trimolecular reactions, and using 4-way but not 3-way branch migration, cannot be a systematic implementation of reactions of the form \(A \rightleftharpoons B\) that uses a constant number of toehold domains and does not crosstalk when multiple reactions of that type are combined. This result is a tight lower bound in the sense that, for most of those conditions, removing just that one condition makes the desired DSD system possible. I conjecture that a system with the same restrictions using both 3-way and 4-way branch migration still cannot systematically implement the reaction \(A + B \rightleftharpoons C\).
Expanding service delivery: does it improve relationships among agencies serving homeless people with mental illness?

Enhancing interagency services integration for homeless people has been advocated as an approach for improving service delivery to this population. In contrast to system-level “top-down” interventions, this study examines the association of expanded funding of client-level homeless services, a “bottom-up” approach, with strengthening of interorganizational relationships. We compared Veterans Affairs/non-Veterans Affairs interagency relationships at VA facilities supporting community-oriented programs (N=72), at VA facilities supporting on-site internally focused homeless programs (N=10), and at facilities with no specialized homeless programs (N=47). VA facilities that supported community-oriented homeless programs enjoyed stronger VA-community agency relationships than the other two VA facility types. The study identifies an effective bottom-up resource-based approach to services integration.
Wellness as a Mitigating Factor for Teacher Burnout

Teacher stress and burnout have been associated with professional dissatisfaction and elevated rates of attrition. Knowledge has emerged to indicate that wellness may relieve professional stress th...
Lodgepole pine tree-ring growth, Δ 13 C and the inverse texture effect across a soil chronosequence in glacial till

Our goal was to better understand tree growth and photosynthetic responses to variations in plant available water and elucidate the role of the inverse texture effect in snow dominated montane forests. We measured tree ring carbon isotope composition and annual growth over a 31-year record for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) growing on three different-aged glacial till surfaces in Wyoming, USA. Soils of different ages developed on till surfaces from three separate glaciation events were significantly different in clay content and distribution with depth; maximum clay content at depth ranged from 19 to 20% on the two youngest till surfaces, but was as high as 36% on the oldest till surface. Ring growth was lowest at the youngest till sites, and only on these coarse-textured soils was growth positively correlated with annual maximum snow water equivalent (SWEmax). Δ13C was highest for trees at these young till sites, suggesting that hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance is comparatively high during growth periods on these coarse-textured soils. Taken together, we found that age of glacial till and related soil texture differences strongly influenced tree-ring growth and Δ13C response of lodgepole pine to interannual variation in precipitation and drought severity, but responses did not support an inverse texture effect in these semi-arid forest systems.
Inkjet-printed Solid-state Potentiometric Nitrate Ion Selective Electrodes for Agricultural Application

In this work, we demonstrate a low-cost and flexible solid-state ISE (ion selective electrode) using inkjet-printing for in-field nitrate detection. Three types ISEs of 25, 50, and 140 μm thick ISM (ion selective membrane) are fabricated and characterized. The ISEs exhibit ISM thickness dependent conditioning and stability that thicker ISM leads to longer conditioning but smaller drift; and the converse is true. Whereas, all ISEs present 50-52 mv/dec sensitivity in a wide range of 0.0001M to 0.1M nitrate and ~95% accuracy in soil nitrate detection. The analytical characterizations establish a relationship between fabrication parameters (ISM thickness) and ISE performance, which can be used to tune ISE to different agricultural applications.
Digital tools that promote or alleviate interpersonal violence

Abstract Teachers, health care professionals, and parents are aware of technology as an influential factor in adolescents’ experiences. The internet and online tools, like social media, inform norms surrounding peer to peer communication, relationships, and sex. Some experiences can aid a youth in strengthening their own values and social identity by providing information and support; however, these same tools can expose youth to harm in a way that is hard for parents and professionals to monitor. Seeing or experiencing victimization can have long-term impacts on health, wellbeing, and general perceptions of safety. Informing ourselves about these tools, teaching youth how to protect themselves, and offering validating support to those experiencing victimization is a community endeavor that we explore in this chapter.
Synthesis, structure and properties of tris(1-ethyl-4-isopropyl-imidazolyl-κN)phosphine copper(II)

Abstract In this study we report the synthesis and characterization of [Cu(T1Et4iPrIP)(CH 3 OH)Cl]Cl ( 1 ) (T1Et4iPrIP = tris(1-ethyl-4-isopropyl-imidazolyl)phosphine). T1Et4iPrIP serves as a His 3 biomimetic ligand binding metals through the 3-nitrogen of the imidazolyl group. The structure of 1 features copper(II) bonded to three nitrogen ligands from T1Et4iPrIP along with an oxygen ligand from methanol and a chloride ligand to form slightly distorted square pyramidal geometry with an imidazole group occupying the axial position and the methanol and chloride ligands situated in the basal plane. The weak sigma donation of the ligand set results in low energy d–d electronic transitions and small A ‖ (131 G). Time-dependent DFT calculations (B3LYP, 6-311+G(d,p)) on the optimized structure of 1 in methanol solvent allowed for the assignment of specific electronic transitions in the UV–Vis spectrum. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) was noted to consist of 65% Cu-d character identified as the d x 2 - y 2 orbital.
Simulation of Human and Artificial Emotion (SHArE).

The framework for Simulation of Human and Artificial Emotion (SHArE) describes the architecture of emotion in terms of parameters transferable between psychology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. These parameters can be defined as abstract concepts or granularized down to the voltage levels of individual neurons. This model enables emotional trajectory design for humans which may lead to novel therapeutic solutions for various mental health concerns. For artificial intelligence, this work provides a compact notation which can be applied to neural networks as a means to observe the emotions and motivations of machines.
Effects of a low allergenic soybean variety on gut permeability, microbiota composition, ileal digestibility of amino acids, and growth performance in pigs

Abstract Soybeans are the ‘gold standard’ protein source in pig diets, with lower inclusion levels in weaned pig diets due to transient gut hypersensitivity. The objective was to determine the impact of weaned pig diets containing a Triple Null (TN) soybean (low trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and P34 protein) in both meal (TNSBM), and full fat ground (TNGR) forms on intestinal permeability and gut microbial composition, ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids, and growth performance, in comparison to conventional soybean meal (CONSBM) and animal proteins (ANIM). In Exp. 1, 60 weaned barrows (6.65 ± 0.3 kg, n=12/diet) were randomly assigned to one of five experimental diets containing one of five test proteins (CONSBM, CONGR, TNSBM, TNGR, and ANIM). Gut permeability measurements were collected over 4d (1 pig/diet per d), beginning at d 11. No differences were detected in ileal or jejunal permeability among dietary treatments. In Exp. 2, 10 ileal-cannulated barrows (17.63 ± 1.18 kg BW) were used in a cross-over design to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of four test ingredients [fishmeal (FM), CONSBM, TNSBM, TNGR]. Each pig received 3 of the 5 diets (1 diet/coll for a total of n = 6 per diet. The SID of crude protein and amino acids was greater (P
Missed opportunities by health care providers to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in the use of alcohol treatment services.

Abstract Objective The objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate racial/ethnic differences in being offered information on alcohol treatment options by a health care provider; and (2) conduct stratified subgroup analyses to explore racial/ethnic differences in the use of alcohol treatment utilization among those who have received information on alcohol treatment services by a health care provider. Methods Data from National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015–2017) was used. Analyses were restricted to adult White, Black, and Latino participants who met diagnostic criteria for a past-year alcohol use disorder (AUD) and reported visiting a health care provider in the past-year (n = 4,939). A multivariable logistic regression model was estimated to investigate differences in being offered information on alcohol treatment by a health care provider by race/ethnicity. A sub analysis that was limited to participants who reported receiving information on alcohol treatment services by a health care provider (n = 481) was also conducted to explore racial/ethnic differences in treatment utilization. Results Overall, health care providers rarely provided information on alcohol treatment services to persons with AUD. In multivariable analyses, Latinos were less likely to receive information on alcohol treatment services than Whites, but no White-Black differences were documented. When analyses were restricted to those who had received information on alcohol treatment options, no racial/ethnic differences in the use of alcohol treatment services were found. Conclusions Health care providers can potentially encourage use of alcohol treatment among those in need and contribute to reducing existing alcohol-related racial/ethnic disparities.
Optimum Use of Pretensioning, Post-Tensioning, and Two-Way Prestressing

The historical nature of the development of new materials in engineered construction has always marked the beginning of new concepts in design, renewed trends, and improved techniques in forming different structural types. Prestressing is the creation within a material of a state of stress and strain that will enable it to better perform its intended function. Of all the building materials resisting tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion, none penetrates so deeply into an engineer.s mind as prestressed concrete. Its methods and applications are so versatile and unique that it embodies not only new techniques but also new concepts as well. Pretensioning, post-tensioning, combination of prestressed with reinforced concrete, are becoming well known to the profession. Since the late 1920.s, there has been a growing realization for the need of prestressed concrete in combination with precasting for reasons of economics inextricably interwoven with techniques, esthetics, ease, and speed in construction.