cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS OF NANOMETER-SIZED (BI)METALLIC CLUSTERS WITH A NUCLEAR REACTOR

Mono- and heteronuclear clusters were synthesized by irradiating with gamma rays from a nuclear reactor aqueous solutions containing ionic precursors. Ag, Au/Ag and Ag/Pd clusters were produced and characterized by optical absorption and transmission electron microscopy measurements. Electron diffraction measurements show that the clusters have a crystalline fcc structure. Ag and Au/Ag clusters have a lattice parameter which coincides with the bulk. In the case of Ag/Pd clusters, a homogeneous alloy is formed whose lattice parameter closely follows Vegard's law. The cluster size distribution is in the nanometer range, although coalescence processes lead often to large aggregates. Optical absorption spectra are in agreement with previously reported results, when the presence of large aggregates is taken into account.
Hybrid simulations of the termination shock: Suprathermal ion velocity distributions in the heliosheath

[1] The Los Alamos hybrid simulation code is used to examine kinetic properties of pickup ions at the heliospheric termination shock and in the downstream heliosheath. All simulations are one-dimensional in spatial variations, represent the electrons as a zero-mass fluid, and address only perpendicular shocks. Interpretation of measurements from the IBEX and Voyager spacecraft depend sensitively on the properties of the suprathermal ions downstream of the termination shock, so this research addresses three topics concerning such ions. First, a careful examination of pickup ion trajectories shows that their initial acceleration does not require specular reflection at the shock, as is sometimes assumed, but is the consequence of gyromotion by selected ions at the shock. The primary factor in this energy gain is a gyro-phase-dependent interaction with the motional electric field upstream of, and the magnetic field at, the shock. Second, shock simulations are carried out in which the upstream pickup ions are assumed to have four different types of velocity distributions. The downstream ion perpendicular velocity distributions f(v⊥) are similar in each of the runs and may be approximately characterized as a thermal Maxwellian and a suprathermal distribution. The only significant difference among the four downstream distributions is in the tails of the suprathermal component. Third, simulations are carried out for three different upstream Mach numbers; the results show that faster solar wind flows lead to increased fluxes of ions in the tails of the suprathermal component and are generally consistent with energetic neutral atom observations by the IBEX spacecraft.
Some explicit estimates for domains of attraction

let x and F be n-vectors, with F periodic in t with period T. Let (1.1) have the periodic solution x = p(t) also with period T. Here T need not be the least period of either F or p, but let us assume that it is the least common period of F and p. Let us suppose further that p(t) is asymptotically stable with domain of attraction D. By this we mean that if x(t) is any solution of (1.1) for which x(l,) lies in D for some time t, , then x(t) lies in D for all later t, and moreover
The cure reactions, network structure, and mechanical response of diaminodiphenyl sulfone‐cured tetraglycidyl 4,4′diaminodiphenyl methane epoxies

The cure reactions, chemical structure, and network topography of diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS)-cured tetraglycidyl 4,4′diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) epoxies are reported. Systematic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies of the cure and degradation reactions of TGDDM-DDS epoxies in the 100–300°C temperature range as a function of DDS and boron trifluoride monoethylamine, BF3: NH2C2H5 catalyst concentrations are presented. FTIR studies indicate TGDDM epoxide homopolymerizes in the 175–250°C range via epoxide-hydroxyl (E-OH) chain extension reactions. The hydroxyl groups are initially present as α-glycol impurities or are formed by epoxide isomerization and/or oxidation. Three principal cure reactions occur at 177°C for TGDDM-DDS epoxies, namely primary amine-epoxide (PA-E), secondary amine-epoxide (SA-E) and E-OH reaction with the PA-E reaction being an order of magnitude faster than the other two cure reactions. The PA-E reaction dominates the early stages of cure and, hence, composite processing conditions. The three cure reactions are catalyzed to similar extents by BF3: NH2C2H5. FTIR and molecular modeling studies indicate that the E-OH and SA-E reactions can occur intermolecularly to form crosslinks or intramolecularly to form non-cross-linked internal rings. The complex degradation reactions of TGDDM-DDS epoxies in the 177–300°C range are reported. The principal degradation reactions involve (1) dehydration and/or oxidation to form ether crosslinks and (2) decomposition of the EOH cure reaction products to form propenal. Based on a knowledge of the cure reactions, together with molecular modeling, the chemical structure and network topography of TGDDM-DDS epoxies are reported.
Studies on oxygen consumption in digenetic trematodes. III. The relationship of body nitrogen to oxygen uptake

Abstract 1. 1. There is a significant correlation between Q o2 and body N in the adult stage of G. adunca within a definite age group. 2. 2. The Q o2 decreases as the size, determined by total N, increases during the life cycle of G. adunca . 3. 3. Interspecific studies on five species of cercariae show that there is a significant correlation between body N and oxygen uptake.
Isolation and utilization of phospholipid intermediates in cell wall glycopeptide synthesis

Abstract Phospholipid intermediates in cell wall glycopeptide synthesis, MurNAc(-pentapeptide)-P-phospholipid and GlcNAcMurNAc(-pentapeptide)-P-phospholipid, have been isolated from both M. lysodeikticus and S. aureus . Some analyses and studies of utilization of the isolated compounds for glycopeptide synthesis have been reported.
Local-hybrid functional based on the correlation length

Local-hybrid functionals involve position-dependent mixing of Hartree-Fock and density-functional exchange, which should allow improved performance relative to conventional hybrids by reducing the inherent delocalization error and improving the long-range behaviour. Herein, the same-spin correlation length, obtained from the Fermi-hole radius, is used as the mixing parameter. The performance of the resulting local-hybrid functional is assessed for standard thermochemical and kinetics benchmarks. The local hybrid is shown to perform significantly better than the corresponding global hybrid in almost all cases.
College Information, Support, and Opportunities For All?:

In this case, 10 Latina/o high school seniors and one high school counselor share their perspectives on how college information and opportunities are distributed in their school. In doing so, it becomes evident that efforts are not systematic or equitable. As a result, dilemmas arise when some students are denied the opportunity to attend a college fair held off campus during the school day and find alternative means of doing so. Current and aspiring educational leaders are urged to consider the ethical, safety, and policy issues related to the immediate dilemmas and the larger concern regarding the school’s college-going culture.
Relaxation of spheromak plasmas toward a minimum-energy state and global magnetic fluctuations.

Globally coherent modes which are observed during formation in the S-1 Spheromak plasma are shown to be important for flux conversion and plasma relaxation toward a minimum-energy state. A significant finding is the temporal progression through the n = 5, 4, 3, 2; m = 1 mode sequence as q rises through rational fractions m/n, where n and m are defined by the functional dependence e/sup i(nphi + mtheta/) of the fluctuations on toroidal angle phi and poloidal angle theta. Resistive MHD analysis predicts the observed modes and the sequence of occurrence.
Development of an underwater frazil-ice detector

Abstract A new underwater frazil-ice detector developed at USACRREL is described. The detector can operate remotely and independently. It can automatically start de-icing procedures and alert operators to the presence of frazil. The detector operates by measuring the flow rate through a small intake screen upon which frazil ice can accumulate. The intake screen is, in effect, a miniature trash rack that will freeze up much sooner than the actual trash rack. The detector was tested in the laboratory and in the field with good results; it is economical and is built largely with off-the-shelf items.
A Design of Experiments Investigation of Offset Streams for Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction

An experimental investigation into the noise characteristics of a dual-stream jet with four airfoils inserted in the fan nozzle was conducted. The intent of the airfoils was to deflect the fan stream relative to the core stream and, therefore, impact the development of the secondary potential core and noise radiated in the peak jet-noise direction. The experiments used a full-factorial Design of Experiments (DoE) approach to identify parameters and parameter interactions impacting noise radiation at two azimuthal microphone array locations, one of which represented a sideline viewing angle. The parameters studied included airfoil angle-of-attack, airfoil azimuthal location within the fan nozzle, and airfoil axial location relative to the fan-nozzle trailing edge. Jet conditions included subsonic and supersonic fan-stream Mach numbers. Heated jets conditions were simulated with a mixture of helium and air to replicate the exhaust velocity and density of the hot jets. The introduction of the airfoils was shown to impact noise radiated at polar angles in peak-jet noise direction and to have no impact on noise radiated at small and broadside polar angles and to have no impact on broadband-shock-associated noise. The DoE analysis showed the main effects impacting noise radiation at sideline-azimuthal-viewing angles included airfoil azimuthal angle for the airfoils on the lower side of the jet near the sideline array and airfoil trailing edge distance (with airfoils located at the nozzle trailing edge produced the lowest sound pressure levels). For an array located directly beneath the jet (and on the side of the jet from which the fan stream was deflected), the main effects impacting noise radiation included airfoil angle-of-attack and airfoil azimuthal angle for the airfoils located on the observation side of the jet as well and trailing edge distance. Interaction terms between multiple configuration parameters were shown to have significant impact on the radiated noise. The models were shown to adequately describe the sound-pressure levels obtained for a configuration in the center of the design space indicating the models can be used to navigate the design space.
Where did the bodies go? The social construction of suicide data, New York City, 1976-1992

The number of suicides reported for New York City by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) fell precipitously in 1985 and remained extremely low until 1989, when it returned to pre-1985 levels. The downturn in reported suicides from 1985 to 1988 occurred in all five of the city's boroughs but did not extend to the suburbs. The apparent drop in suicide rates was largely and perhaps completely an artifact of personnel and policy changes in the New York City Chief Medical Examiner's Office during a period in which the office engaged in defensive structuring in the face of severe political, economic, and journalistic pressures. During the downturn, suicides were “hidden” in reported deaths attributable to non-motor-vehicle accidents and, to a lesser extent, undeter-mined external causes. The socially constructed trough in suicide rates between 1985 and 1988 affects the outcome of tests of theories of suicidal behavior using county-level data for New York State.
Mitomycin-C induced improvement in superficial bladder tumors: a morphologic and immunohistochemical evaluation.

Twenty bladder biopsies from ten patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma were obtained prior to and following therapy with intravesical mitomycin-C. Each biopsy was evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically for A, B, H blood group antigen (BGA) expression. A, B and H blood group antigens were identified using monoclonal anti-A, B and H antibody and were localized with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) technique. Particular attention was directed toward flat urothelial lesions and the urothelium adjacent to papillary tumors. Routine histologic evaluation showed improvement in posttherapy biopsies compared to corresponding pre-therapy biopsies in 7/10 cases but was equivocal in 3/10 cases. Immunohistochemical evaluation, however, showed improvement in all 10 cases, as judged by increased urothelial BGA expression. This increase in urothelial BGA expression after intravesical mitomycin-C therapy suggests a therapy induced improvement in dysplastic urothelium which was not uniformly evident on routine histologic examination.
SU-FF-J-66: Inter and Intra-Fractional PTV Margins for Non-Sedated Intracranial Pediatric Patients

Purpose: To investigate the proper PTV margin for non‐sedated intracranial pediatric patients based on inter and intra‐fractional motion using a reflector array radiocamera system. Method and Materials: The patients were immobilized and simulated with a custom thermoplastic facemask and bite block. Attached to the bite block was a frame containing an array of fiducial reflectors. The treatment planning CT was registered with the fiducial frame software. During the first day of treatment, films were taken to ensure proper setup and to record the baseline position of the array. The position of the array was continuously tracked by infrared cameras and their deviations from baseline recorded at a frequency of 10 Hz. Based on the method described by van Herk et al, an inter‐fractional, intra‐fractional, and combined margin were calculated. Results: Twenty one patients were treated in 2006 with an average of 25.7 +/− 6.9 treatment fractions for which motion data was acquired. The average age was 15.7 +/−4.3 years. There was an average of 4.2 +/− 1.4 couch positions. With half of the inter‐fractional data analyzed, the preliminary inter‐fractional margins are 2.16 mm PA, 2.29 mm LR, and 2.28 SI. Based on one quarter of the intra‐fractional data, the preliminary intra‐fractional margins are 0.58 mm PA, 0.37 mm LR, and 0.62 SI. The preliminary combined margins are 2.24 mm PA, 2.32 mm LR, and 2.37 mm SI. Conclusions: Based on the preliminary data, a PTV margin of 2.5 mm is feasible for intracranial pediatric patients treated with radiocamera monitoring. If the patient is re‐positioned after each couch movement, a 0.75 mm PTV margin for intra‐fractional motion is potentially achievable. The ability to re‐position to the sub millimeter level requires further investigation.
Risk factor or social vaccine? The historical progression of the role of education in HIV and AIDS infection in Sub-Saharan Africa

Numerous epidemiological studies from the early years of the tragic HIV and AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa identified formal education as a risk factor increasing the chance of infection. Instead of playing its usual role as a preventative factor, as has been noted in many other public health cases, until the mid-1990s educated African men and women had a higher risk of contracting HIV than their less educated peers. This led to ambivalent policy about the efficacy of education as a possible social vaccine against new infections in this region. Reported here is a cohort analysis of formal education and HIV infection in 11 African countries showing that among younger adults, who came to sexual maturity after widespread misconceptions and misinformation about the causes of the disease were reduced, more schooling is associated with a lower risk of HIV infection. The results are discussed in light of a critique of past weak hypotheses about how education works as a social vaccine, and a new hypothesis is developed. Policy implications are described for renewed efforts towards the supply of quality education as an important strategy to promote public health in sub-Saharan Africa.
Tie Continuing Role Of Aircraft In Earth Observation Projects

Since much of the information presented in this paper is my interpretation of earth observation developments during the past twenty years, it is well that I offer some qualifications. I am an engineer of the "old school" with degrees in aeronautical and electrical engineering. I say old school because it was hammered into my head at Georgia Tech that engineers do useful things or they starve. I have been concerned during my twenty-five years of R&D experience in airborne instrumentation developments that the output of results of practical use to society has been minimal. I have become more enthused in the past nine years from my participation in the development of multispectral scanning and discrimination techniques. I believe we have finally developed a useful new remote sensing tool. As you might imagine I am biased toward aircraft as a widely useful earth observation platform for optical scanners. However, I see the merit of other platforms and I am an advocate of using appropriate tools for a particular job.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hyperspectral target detection using graph theory models and manifold geometry via an adaptive implementation of locally linear embedding

Hyperspectral images comprise, by design, high dimensional image data. However, research has shown that for a d-dimensional hyperspectral image, it is typical for the data to inherently occupy an m-dimensional space, with m << d. In the remote sensing community, this has led to a recent increase in the use of non-linear manifold learning, which aims to characterize the embedded lower-dimensional, non-linear manifold upon which the hyperspectral data inherently lie. Classic hyperspectral data models include statistical, linear subspace, and linear mixture models, but these can place restrictive assumptions on the distribution of the data. With graph theory and manifold learning based models, the only assumption is that the data reside on an underlying manifold. In previous publications, we have shown that manifold coordinate approximation using locally linear embedding (LLE) is a viable pre-processing step for target detection with the Adaptive Cosine/Coherence Estimator (ACE) algorithm. Here, we improve upon that methodology using a more rigorous, data-driven implementation of LLE that incorporates the injection of a cloud" of target pixels and the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) detector. The LLE algorithm, which holds that the data is locally linear, is typically governed by a user defined parameter k, indicating the number of nearest neighbors to use in the initial graph model. We use an adaptive approach to building the graph that is governed by the data itself and does not rely upon user input. This implementation of LLE can yield greater separation between the target pixels and the background pixels in the manifold space. We present an analysis of target detection performance in the manifold coordinates using scene-derived target spectra and laboratory-measured target spectra across two different data sets.
Characterization of soluble aggregates from whey protein isolate

The aggregation behavior of a commercially available whey protein isolate upon heat treatment at neutral pH and low ionic strength was determined using a combination of size exclusion chromatography, multi-angle laser light scattering, dynamic light scattering and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The objective of the work was to examine the effect of heating on the denaturation and subsequent aggregation of 10% (w/v) WPI solutions at neutral pH and low ionic strength. Previous work on heat-induced whey protein aggregation has focused in particular on β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), which is the main protein responsible for heat-induced aggregation; however, because of the presence of α-lactalbumin (α-lac) in WPI, differences in the aggregation behavior occur. Time and temperature affected the amount of residual native α-lac and β-lg, showing a decrease in native protein as aggregates formed. The aggregates differed in molecular weight and hydrodynamic diameter depending on temperature of heating. Electrophoresis of soluble aggregates, collected by preparative size exclusion chromatography, showed a ratio of about 2.0 β-lg/α-lac, regardless of temperature or time of heating. On the other hand, the composition of the residual native protein suggested higher α-lac reactivity at 65 °C than at 75 and 85 °C compared to β-lg, with generally faster rates of denaturation for both proteins with increasing temperature of heating.
Statistical-mechanical basis for accurate analytical equations of state for fluids

Abstract Theories of liquids have been developed over the past twenty years based on the recognition that the structure of a liquid is determined primarily by repulsive forces, so that fluids of hard bodies (spherical or nonspherical) can serve as useful reference states for perturbation theories. We show how these results can be extended to obtain simple analytical equations of state for real fluids, which include the low-density vapor and the supercritical fluid as well as the true liquid. These equations are quintic in the density (the van der Waals equation is cubic), and are very accurate (parts per thousand to a few percent in the density for nonpolar fluids). They are first-principles equations in the sense that the entire fluid p-v-T surface can be calculated if the intermolecular potential is known, but they can be used with much less input information. Because the parameters of the equations of state that depend only on the repulsion are insensitive to the detailed shape of the potential, knowledege of just the second virial coefficient as a function of temperature is sufficient to construct the p-v-T surface. Examples are given for a selection of fluids, including Ne, CH4 CO2, and H2O.
Wavelet-domain approximation and compression of piecewise smooth images

The wavelet transform provides a sparse representation for smooth images, enabling efficient approximation and compression using techniques such as zerotrees. Unfortunately, this sparsity does not extend to piecewise smooth images, where edge discontinuities separating smooth regions persist along smooth contours. This lack of sparsity hampers the efficiency of wavelet-based approximation and compression. On the class of images containing smooth C/sup 2/ regions separated by edges along smooth C/sup 2/ contours, for example, the asymptotic rate-distortion (R-D) performance of zerotree-based wavelet coding is limited to D(R) /spl lsim/1/R, well below the optimal rate of 1/R/sup 2/. In this paper, we develop a geometric modeling framework for wavelets that addresses this shortcoming. The framework can be interpreted either as 1) an extension to the "zerotree model" for wavelet coefficients that explicitly accounts for edge structure at fine scales, or as 2) a new atomic representation that synthesizes images using a sparse combination of wavelets and wedgeprints-anisotropic atoms that are adapted to edge singularities. Our approach enables a new type of quadtree pruning for piecewise smooth images, using zerotrees in uniformly smooth regions and wedgeprints in regions containing geometry. Using this framework, we develop a prototype image coder that has near-optimal asymptotic R-D performance D(R)/spl lsim/(logR)/sup 2//R/sup 2/ for piecewise smooth C/sup 2//C/sup 2/ images. In addition, we extend the algorithm to compress natural images, exploring the practical problems that arise and attaining promising results in terms of mean-square error and visual quality.
Communication and Public Opinion Plus Ça Change

Three central themes that have persisted throughout the history of research on communication and public opinion are examined in light of past, present, and future research. These themes include (1) ongoing concerns surrounding the political diversity of the communica- tion environment; (2) selective exposure to political communication; and (3) the interrelationship between mass and interpersonal political commu- nication. We explore the importance of these themes with an emphasis on how technological changes have made them, if anything, more relevant today than they were when first identified as central concerns of the discipline. To say that communication technology has changed dramatically since the last Public Opinion Quarterly anniversary issue in 1987 is to state the obvious. But technological change alone does not necessarily dictate changes in the locus of scholarly concern. In this article, we suggest that many of the same themes that Elihu Katz identified on the 50th anniversary ofPublicOpinionQuarterly— which were themselves drawn from the earliest studies of communication and public opinion in the 1940s and 1950s—are as relevant today as ever. In this article, we review three major themes that connect studies of communication and public opinion from the past to those in the present and likely future. First, scholarly activity reflects an ongoing interest in the political diversity of the communication environment. To what extent does the information environ- ment approximate the democratic ideal of a marketplace of ideas? In this case, the research question is largely a descriptive one, asking to what extent the state of the communication environment is as one would like it to be. Beyond diversity, two additional themes follow directly from the earliest empirical
Policing and Performing Liberal Individuality in Anthony Trollope's The Warden

In this essay I argue that Anthony Trollope9s The Warden (1855) anticipates and problematizes Trollope9s oft-cited representativeness of the Victorian period generally, and Victorian liberalism in particular. As JŸrgen Habermas has shown, Victorian liberalism should be construed less in terms of its promotion of pluralism than in terms of an "ambivalence" as to its practical implications. Correspondingly, The Warden offers a performative exemplification of Victorian liberalism that is instructive precisely because it paradoxically refuses definitively to represent it. The instruction I would draw from this paradox relates to the moral "pinch" that Septimus Harding, the novel9s protagonist, feels as a result of his aspiration to "be right" as opposed to being "proved" right. This paradox disrupts the reader9s reflexive inclination to read Harding9s emancipation in traditionally Romantic terms. Just as Harding was "awoken" from the self-induced oblivion of a hegemonic morality, so too the reader is awoken from the self-induced oblivion of the disciplinary conventions of Victorian literary experience that D. A. Miller and David Lloyd critique. Thus the novel can be said to embody Victorian liberalism precisely to the extent that it illuminates the question of such embodiment as open, as a practical problem confronting and animating Victorian society. Hence Trollope makes Harding9s imaginary cello-playing the medium or 9embodiment9 of his "awakening": the pursuit of "right being" is a matter of "testing" the boundaries of political action and aesthetic imagination alike.
Multi-Compartmental Nanoparticles-in-Emulsion Formulation for Macrophage-Specific Anti-Inflammatory Gene Delivery

Purpose To develop a safe and effective non-viral vector for gene delivery and transfection in macrophages for potential anti-inflammatory therapy.
A Combined On-Line/Off-Line Framework for Black-Box Fault Diagnosis

We propose a framework for fault diagnosis that relies on a formal specification that links system behavior and faults. This specification is not intended to model system behavior, but only to capture relationships between properties of system behavior (defined separately) and the faults. In this paper we use a simple specification language: assertions written in propositional logic (possible extensions are also discussed). These assertions can be used together with a combined on-line/off-line diagnostic system to provide a symbolic diagnosis, as a propositional formula that represents which faults are known to be present or absent. Our framework guarantees monotonicity (more knowledge about properties implies more knowledge about faults) and allows to explicitly talk about diagnosability, implicit assumptions on behaviors or faults, and consistency of specifications. State-of-the-art diagnosis frameworks, in particular from the automotive domain, can be cast and generalized in our framework.
Jefferson Davis and the Civil War Era – By William J. Cooper Jr

Author of a monumental Davis biography, the author of this book treats complex subjects in nine lucid chapters focused on the impact of politics. Varina Davis said her husband was no politician, bu...
Designing robots for optimal performance during repetitive motion

It is quite common to see robots on assembly lines perform the same motion every sequence for long periods of time. Periodically, the robots are reprogrammed to carry out a new sequence. It can not be ignored that the parameters of the robot influence the cost per cycle. This cost is multiplied by the number of cycles to result in the operational cost over a period of time. However, today, no attempts are made to design robots so that their parameters could be adjusted to the optimal values for a given sequence of motion. In this paper, we propose a technique to identify the optimal parameters of a robot for a motion sequence between two given states in a prescribed time such that a cost functional is minimized. The proposed technique of solving this problem is new and does not use Lagrangian multiplier. It is highly computation efficient and the optimal parameters can be obtained within seconds. As a result, the parameters of a robot could be altered online as it is programmed to execute a new repetitive task.
Energy and stability in the Full Two Body Problem

The conditions for relative equilibria and their stability in the Full Two Body Problem are derived for an ellipsoid–sphere system. Under constant angular momentum it is found that at most two solutions exist for the long-axis solutions with the closer solution being unstable while the other one is stable. As the non-equilibrium problem is more common in nature, we look at periodic orbits in the F2BP close to the relative equilibrium conditions. Families of periodic orbits can be computed where the minimum energy state of one family is the relative equilibrium state. We give results on the relative equilibria, periodic orbits and dynamics that may allow transition from the unstable configuration to a stable one via energy dissipation.
Efficient disk-based K-means clustering for relational databases

K-means is one of the most popular clustering algorithms. We introduce an efficient disk-based implementation of K-means. The proposed algorithm is designed to work inside a relational database management system. It can cluster large data sets having very high dimensionality. In general, it only requires three scans over the data set. It is optimized to perform heavy disk I/O and its memory requirements are low. Its parameters are easy to set. An extensive experimental section evaluates quality of results and performance. The proposed algorithm is compared against the Standard K-means algorithm as well as the Scalable K-means algorithm.
Best management practices for forested wetlands in the Southern Appalachian Region

Forestry best management practices (BMPs) have been developed for all of the states included in the Southern Appalachian Region (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia). All of the state forestry BMPs were developed to reduce nonpoint source pollution from forestry operations. However, the states have developed BMPs that differ substantially with regard to methodology, particularly for forested wetlands. The state BMP guidelines vary in several major areas, including wetland types, BMP manual detail, streamside management zones, harvesting operations, site preparation operations, regeneration systems, road construction, and timber removal activities. An understanding of the similarities and differences between the state BMP guidelines will allow the forested wetland manager to comply with or improve upon existing forestry BMPs for wetlands.
Poisson Disorder Problem with Exponential Penalty for Delay

We solve the Poisson disorder problem when the delay is penalized exponentially. Our objective is to detect as quickly as possible the unobservable time of the change (or disorder) in the intensity of a Poisson process. The disorder time delimits two different regimes in which one employs distinct strategies (e.g., investment, advertising, manufacturing). We seek a stopping rule that minimizes the frequency of false alarms and an exponential (unlike previous formulations, which use a linear) cost function of the detection delay. In the financial applications, the exponential penalty is a more apt measure for the delay cost because of the compounding of the investment growth. The Poisson disorder problem with a linear delay cost was studied by Peskir and Shiryaev [2002. Solving the Poisson Disorder Problem. Advances in Finance and Stochastics. Springer, Berlin, Germany, 295--312], which is a limiting case of ours.
A comparison of electromagnetic wave and radiative transfer equation analyses of a coal particle surrounded by a soot cloud

The electromagnetic wave analysis of scattering from a two-component, stratified sphere has been applied to the physical situation consisting of a coal particle surrounded by a soot cloud. The analysis enables definition of emission coefficients for the coal and soot components. Comparisons are made with models based upon solutions to the radiative transfer equation, and agreement is found to be excellent for coal particle diameters six to seven times larger than the wavelength of radiation.
Serum Prolactin and Luteinizing Hormone Levels During an Induced Pause in Domestic Fowl

Abstract Serum prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured in White Leghorn hens induced to pause by fasting and exposure to 8L:16D photoschedule. Both PRL and LH levels declined during the fast and increased upon refeeding. Prolactin levels changed primarily in response to the fasting/refeeding component of the pause-inducing procedure, as exposure of non-fasted hens to an 8L:16D photoschedule exerted little effect on serum PRL levels. Injections of ovine prolactin during the pause-inducing procedure significantly reduced the subsequent rate of loss of primary wing feathers, suggesting that in certain physiological states, PRL may function to suppress molting.
Using the Haddon matrix: introducing the third dimension

William Haddon Jr developed his conceptual model, the Haddon matrix, more than two decades ago applying basic principles of public health to the problem of traffic safety.1 ,2 Since that time, the matrix has been used as a tool to assist in developing ideas for preventing injuries of many types. As such, it provides a compelling framework for understanding the origins of injury problems and for identifying multiple countermeasures to address those problems. However, users then must decide for themselves among the alternatives. This paper adds a third dimension to the matrix to facilitate its use for making decisions about which countermeasures to apply. The matrix of four columns and three rows combines public health concepts of host-agent-environment as targets of change with the concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.3 ,4 More specifically, the factors defined by the columns in the matrix refer to the interacting factors that contribute to the injury process (see tables 1 and 2). The host column refers to the person at risk of injury. The agent of injury is energy (for example mechanical, thermal, electrical) that is transmitted to the host through a vehicle (inanimate object) or vector (person or other animal). Physical environments include all the characteristics of the setting in which the injury event takes place (for example a roadway, building, playground, or sports arena). Social and legal norms and practices in the culture are referred to as the social environment. Examples include norms about child discipline or alcohol consumption or policies about licensing drivers or sales of firearms. View this table: Table 1 Haddon matrix applied to the problem of residential fires caused by cigarettes igniting upholstered furniture View this table: Table 2 Haddon matrix applied to the problem of school violence by firearms The phases in Haddon's initial configuration referred to rows in the matrix. These …
New Perspectives on the Correlation of SAT Scores, High School Grades, and Socioeconomic Factors.

In studies of the SAT, correlations of SAT scores, high school grades, and socioeconomic factors (SES) are usually obtained using a university as the unit of analysis. This approach obscures an important structural aspect of the data: The high school grades received by a given institution come from a large number of high schools, all of which have potentially different grading standards. SAT scores, on the other hand, can be assumed to have the same meaning across high schools. Our analyses of a large national sample show that, when pooled within-high-school analyses are applied, high school grades and class rank have larger correlations with family income and education than is evident in the results of typical analyses, and SAT scores have smaller associations with socioeconomic factors. SAT scores and high school grades, therefore, have more similar associations with SES than they do when only the usual across-high-school correlations are considered.
Temperature-controlled optical stimulation of the rat prostate cavernous nerves

Optical nerve stimulation (ONS) may be useful as a diagnostic tool for intraoperative identification and preservation of the prostate cavernous nerves (CN), responsible for erectile function, during prostate cancer surgery. Successful ONS requires elevating the nerve temperature to within a narrow range (~42 to 47°C) for nerve activation without thermal damage to the nerve. This preliminary study explores a prototype temperature-controlled optical nerve stimulation (TC-ONS) system for maintaining a constant (±1°C) nerve temperature during short-term ONS of the rat prostate CNs. A 150-mW, 1455-nm diode laser was operated in continuous-wave mode, with and without temperature control, during stimulation of the rat CNs for 15 to 30 s through a fiber optic probe with a 1-mm-diameter spot. A microcontroller opened and closed an in-line mechanical shutter in response to an infrared sensor, with a predetermined temperature set point. With TC-ONS, higher laser power settings were used to rapidly and safely elevate the CNs to a temperature necessary for a fast intracavernous pressure response, while also preventing excessive temperatures that would otherwise cause thermal damage to the nerve. With further development, TC-ONS may provide a rapid, stable, and safe method for intraoperative identification and preservation of the prostate CNs.
Hyper Talk: Sampling the Social Construction of ADHD in Everyday Language

This article examines the ways that meanings about the concept Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are socially constructed within the everyday language use of lay persons. The 224 language events referencing ADHD, including media sources, were recorded in journals by student assistants. These data reveal five patterned ways that lay persons appropriate and interpret discourses originating in medical and school communities of practice. Conclusions raise issues about the moral opportunities and responsibilities afforded and occluded by specific discourse practices.
Microscopic origins of anisotropic active stress in motor-driven nematic liquid crystals

The cytoskeleton, despite comprising relatively few building blocks, drives an impressive variety of cellular phenomena ranging from cell division to motility. These building blocks include filaments, motor proteins, and static crosslinkers. Outside of cells, these same components can form novel materials exhibiting active flows and nonequilibrium contraction or extension. While dipolar extensile or contractile active stresses are common in nematic motor-filament systems, their microscopic origin remains unclear. Here we study a minimal physical model of filaments, crosslinking motors, and static crosslinkers to dissect the microscopic mechanisms of stress generation in a two-dimensional system of orientationally aligned rods. We demonstrate the essential role of filament steric interactions which have not previously been considered to significantly contribute to active stresses. With this insight, we are able to tune contractile or extensile behavior through the control of motor-driven filament sliding and crosslinking. This work provides a roadmap for engineering stresses in active liquid crystals. The mechanisms we study may help explain why flowing nematic motor-filament mixtures are extensile while gelled systems are contractile.
Effect of the Micellar Phase on Photo-Induced Reactions(1)

The effect of phase on electron ejection and electron transfer processes is discussed. In particular the effect of micellar systems on the efficiency of these processes and the decreased energy for threshold is illustrated and evaluated for the possible application to storage of solar energy.
The Syntax and Semantics of while-Programs

In Chapter 1 we presented a version of the unsolvability of the Halting Program for pascal. The generality of that result rests on the crucial assumption—embodied in our formulation of Church’s Thesis—that the notion of “algorithmic” coincides with the notion of “programmable”. In this chapter we examine the relationship between algorithms and programs more carefully. We define a particularly simple language, a pascal subset called while-programs, with the intent of isolating a set of primitive operations and combination rules which form a convenient and tractable basis for our formulation of computability theory.
The loss cone imager

Abstract The Loss Cone Imager (LCI) instrument package on the US Air Force׳s Demonstration and Science eXperiment (DSX) mission is expected to provide in-situ measurements of energetic charged particles in the Earth׳s radiation belts. The LCI comprises an 18-pixel imaging electron spectrometer known as the Fixed Sensor Head (FSH) and a single pixel, narrow view angle, large geometric factor, charged particle telescope known as the High-Sensitivity Telescope (HST). The LCI is anticipated to be flown in a 6000 km×12,000 km orbit at 42 ° inclination to allow sampling of the inner and outer radiation belts as well as the slot region.
Are Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Devices a Form of Internal Coercion?

Internal coercion has been proposed as an amendment to standard criteria of autonomous choice in bioethics (Muller and Walter 2010). Alongside a criterial triad of acting (1) with intention, (2) wi...
Testamentary Incapacity, Undue Influence and Insane Delusions

Testamentary incapacity, undue influence, and insane delusions are recurring doctrines in the context of an impaired, weakened, or confused individual leaving a will, the validity of which comes under question. In In re Estate of Berg (S.D. 2010), the South Dakota Supreme Court held that an individual possessed testamentary capacity even where he suffered a static lifelong delusion about the identity of his father and was unable to articulate an accurate estimate of his net worth. The author offers an analysis of the holdings and outcome in Berg along with related cases and authority in context.
Online Simulation of Fluids in Early Design

Abstract Shorter product life cycles as well as growing range of product varieties are shifting the product development in the focus. Furthermore, risks of new developments can be reduced by evaluating different solutions. An effective instrument for the validation of different concepts and designs is simulation. Nowadays, there is a huge drawback in the area of fluid simulations. Tools used in the area of Computations Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have two disadvantages: on the one hand it takes a lot of effort to prepare the simulation; on the other hand, the computational execution of simulation takes a long time. Thus, fluids are mainly simulated in special cases like aerodynamics, not in special cases like filling processes because of not being economical. We present a new approach for simulating fluids in the early phases of the product development process based on existing Lagrangian methods. In addition a new method for a fast generation and modification of simulation models is described. We evaluate the new method for online simulation in an example showing a design process with a real-time simulation of the design, which is updated online. Thus, the design of products is supported by the What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get approach, helping to reduce the effort put into different concepts.
Unraveling Molecular Mechanism of Cell Migration Using Novel Perturbation Tools

Complexity in signaling networks is often derived from co-opting particular sets of molecules for multiple operations. Understanding how cells achieve such sophisticated processing using a finite set of molecules within a confined space - what we call the "signaling paradox"- is critical to cell biology and bioengineering as well as the emerging field of synthetic biology. We have recently developed a series of chemical-molecular tools that allow for inducible, quick-onset and specific perturbation of various signaling molecules. The present technique has been employed to unravel several important, previously unresolved questions regarding the regulatory mechanisms of potassium ion channels, the membrane targeting mechanisms of small GTPases and positive feedback machinery in neutrophil migration. Using this novel technique in conjunction with conventional fluorescence imaging and biochemical analysis, we are currently further dissecting intricate signaling networks in living cells. Ultimately, we will generate completely orthogonal machinery in cells to achieve existing, as well as novel, cellular functions. Our synthetic, multidisciplinary approach will elucidate the signaling paradox in cells created by nature.
Synthesis and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 Composite Photoanodes for Use in Solar Water Oxidation

α-Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 composite electrodes are prepared via a simple surface treatment performed on nanoparticulate α-Fe2O3 electrodes. The α-Fe2O3 electrodes are uniformly covered with a solution containing Zn2+ ions which react with Fe2O3 upon heating to form ZnFe2O4. As Zn2+ ions do not completely diffuse into the core of Fe2O3 particles under mild heating conditions, the ZnFe2O4 forms only on the surface of Fe2O3 as a shell layer, resulting in the formation of Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 composite electrodes. Any unreacted ZnO is removed by dissolution in 1 M NaOH, where ZnFe2O4 and Fe2O3 are stable. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopy studies show that a crystalline ZnFe2O4 phase forms after the heat treatment and the composite electrode with the best photoelectrochemical performances contains a 1:1 mol ratio of ZnFe2O4 and Fe2O3. The Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 composite electrode shows a significantly enhanced photocurrent response compared to the bare Fe2O3 electrode because ZnFe2O4 has conduction and valence band...