cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac and Respiratory Interactions Maintaining Homeostasis During Sleep

an important aspect of retaining homeostasis during sleep is maintenance of control over two qualitatively different types of musculature: that essential for oxygen exchange and that essential for blood transport. Maintaining coordination of these two motor systems, one supplied by motor control to the somatic musculature (i.e., diaphragmatic, intercostal, abdominal, and upper airway musculature) and the other supplied by motor control to the “autonomic” musculature (i.e., heart and vasculature), is a formidable task during sleep. Activity of the respiratory somatic musculature changes greatly between different sleep states, as do rate and variability of cardiac pumping and the tone of vasculature in different body areas. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems are tightly interrelated, however, and alterations from one sleep state to another in one system are accompanied by changes in the other. The coupling of activity between the two systems is relevant to certain pathological states, since dysfunction in one system can be associated with rapid onset of failure in the other. In addition, activity of both somatic respiratory and autonomic cardiovascular systems is greatly dependent on, and coordinated with, activity in the postural and limb somatic musculature, which in turn is also dependent on sleep state.
Painting publics: Transnational legal graffiti scenes as spaces for encounter, by Caitlin Frances Bruce

Caitlin Frances Bruce’s ​Painting Publics: Transnational Legal Graffiti Scenes as Spaces for Encounter​ explores scenes of publicity and public making through visual culture. Bruce draws upon and e...
Coding for Life -- Should Any Entity Have the Exclusive Right to Use and Sell Isolated DNA?

Myriad Genetics, Inc. ("Myriad") obtained patents in the 1990's on two "isolated" human breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes ("BRCA"). Myriad did not list all the isolated sequences it claims to have a right to monopolize, but instead claims a patent on the physical phenomena itself -- all DNA segments that code for the BRCA1 polypeptide, even the sequences Myriad has not identified and even someone else in the future creates or isolates the sequences through a method or methods not contemplated by Myriad.An impressive array of non-profit medical societies, doctors and patients sued to have the Myriad patents declared invalid. In 2010, the District Court for the Southern District of New York held in Association for Molecular Pathology v. United States Patent and Trademark Office that the claimed product patents for isolated DNA segments constituted unpatentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. §101. On July 29, 2011, a divided panel of the Federal Circuit reversed the District Court and held that the isolated DNA segments constituted patentable subject matter. Of the three member panel, Judge Lourie concluded that the isolated DNA was markedly different than the native DNA, so constituted patentable subject matter. Although Judge Moore agreed that certain DNA segments constituted patentable subject matter, he believed that the longer isolated DNA segments probably did not constitute patentable subject matter. However, primarily in light of the fact that the US Patent and Trademark Office has been granting patents for isolated DNA for years, Judge Moore concurred in the judgment of Judge Lourie. Judge Bryson concurred on one of the product claims (for synthetic cDNA) but dissented on claims pertaining to the isolated DNA segments on the grounds that isolated DNA did not differ markedly from the native DNA and that the function of the isolated DNA was identical to the function of the native DNA.The Supreme Court has stated that "Congress may not authorize the issuance of patents whose effects are to remove existent knowledge from the public domain, or to restrict free access to materials already available." This article argues that the Federal Circuit - not Congress - has done just that and has given Myriad a wall to restrict free access to materials that have literally been in humans for centuries. The isolated DNA segments of claim 1 do exactly the same coding as the do the native segments -- nothing more; nothing less. The segments of claim 1 do not act as primers or probes, so they do not have markedly different characteristics or utility than native DNA, which the Supreme Court has ruled courts must consider. Moreover, the functioning of the sequence of the nucleotide bases is a physical phenomenon that Myriad has not created but has captured in its claim. Judges Lourie and Moore disregarded Supreme Court precedent and the fundamental principle that physical phenomena are not patentable subject matter.
False Positives in Thyroglobulin Determinations Due to the Presence of Heterophile Antibodies: An Underrecognized and Consequential Clinical Problem.

Abstract Objective To report a case series of thyroid cancer patients in whom false positive results in immunometric assays for thyroglobulin (TgIMA) were caused by heterophilic antibody interference, describe the clinical scenario in which this interference should be suspected, and recommend methods to demonstrate the interference. Methods Three patients with unexpectedly elevated thyroglobulin results (range, 1.6-75 ng/mL) were studied. In the first patient, thyroglobulin was elevated despite the presence of Tg antibody. In the second patient, suppressed thyroglobulin was higher than a recent stimulated thyroglobulin. In the third patient, thyroglobulin became detectable years after treatment and did not change after thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation. TgIMA concentration determination was compared to determination by a mass spectrometry method (TgMS). Thyroglobulin was also remeasured after preabsorption with heterophile antibody blocking reagents and after serial dilutions. Results In all cases, thyroglobulin was undetectable by TgMS. In 2 of 3 patients, dilutions provided nonlinear thyroglobulin results. After blocking agent preabsorption, thyroglobulin dropped by 35%, 45%, and 91% in the 3 samples. Conclusion False positive thyroglobulin concentrations from heterophilic antibody interference have significant impact on the management of thyroid cancer. Here we show that TgMS assays can be used to rule out heterophilic antibody interference. This interference should be suspected when a detectable thyroglobulin by TgIMA does not respond to thyroid-stimulating hormone or is discordant from the clinical assessment.
Assessment of bone fragility in projection images using radiomic features

A radiomics-based model was developed to predict bone fragility based on x-ray projection images. The model was trained using ROIs of MicroCT images, in which mean von Mises stress was computed using finite element modeling. The average normalized RMSE of the estimated von Mises stress of all folds was 14.7%. The model identifies GLSZM and GLDM features as important texture features for estimating stress. This work demonstrates radiomic features from projection images can be combined with nonlinear regression techniques to predict bone fragility and may result in a more accurate projection-domain estimate than areal bone mineral density.
Positive Definiteness Preserving Approaches for Viscoelastic Flow of Oldroyd-B Fluids: Applications to a Lid-Driven Cavity Flow and a Particulate Flow

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two numerical methods for simulating the time-dependent flow of Oldroyd-B fluids. Both methods preserve the positive definiteness of the conformation tensor at the discrete time level. In the first method, the factorization approach developed in Lozinski and Owens is combined with a fictitious domain/distributed Lagrange multiplier method to simulate particulate flow in Oldroyd-B fluids. The second method combines the technique of log-conformation tensor in Fattal and Kupferman with an operator splitting scheme of the Lie type to simulate a time-dependent lid-driven cavity Stokes flow. Even though the lid-driven cavity flow has closed planar streamlines in a simple confined geometry, its conformation tensor does have sharp boundary layers attached to the lid at high Weissenberg numbers.
Acceptability of an Internet treatment decision support program for men with prostate cancer.

We have implemented a customized Internet decision support system designed to engage men in the decision-making process for the management of localized prostate cancer. The system is delivered to patients in the patient education room of the UWMC Prostate Oncology Center. The system interactively guides the patient through a series of surveys, and delivers multi-media interaction modeling and decision support output, both of which are customized for the patient’s preferences. The system is currently implemented on an open source platform.
Beyond Depth-First: Improving Tabled Logic Programs through Alternative Scheduling Strategies

Tabled evaluations ensure termination of logic programs with finite models by keeping track of which subgoals have been called. Given several variant subgoals in an evaluation, only the first one encountered will use program clause resolution; the rest uses answer resolution. This use of answer resolution prevents infinite looping which happens in SLD. Given the asynchronicity of answer generation and answer return, tabling systems face an important scheduling choice not present in traditional top-down evaluation: How does the order of returning answers to consuming subgoals affect program efficiency.
RE J1255+266—Detection of an Extremely Bright EUV Transient

During a pointed ROSAT observation in the direction of the Coma cluster of galaxies an exceptionally bright EUV source, RE J1255+266, was detected serendipitously. The source is located close to the Galactic North pole, at b II ≃ 89°. Its observed EUV flux (62–110 eV) at the time of the detection was of order 7 × 10-9 ergs s-1 cm-2, making rE J1255+266 temporarily one of the brightest EUV sources on the sky.
Tracking of extended size targets in H.264 compressed video using the probabilistic data association filter

Object detection and tracking play a significant role in critical applications such as video monitoring and remote surveillance. These systems employ compression to efficiently utilize the available bandwidth. An example of an efficient compression solution to low bit rate video applications is the recently proposed H.264/AVC video coding standard. In particular, H.264/AVC has been optimized for transmission over wireless channels making it an attractive candidate for use in remote surveillance systems. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that exploits motion vectors generated by the H.264 encoder for object detection and tracking. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method to detect and track objects in real video sequences.
Competency-based curriculum development on medical education: an introduction.

Competency-based curriculum development in medical education: an introduction , Competency-based curriculum development in medical education: an introduction , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Polypeptide hormone interaction. I. Glucagon detergent interaction.

Abstract The interaction of glucagon with the cationic detergent, hexamethyl trimethylammonium bromide, has been studied by fluorescence and polarization of fluorescence of the tryptophanyl residue and by absorption of the aromatic residues and optical rotation of the peptide chromophore at 233 nm. All the measurements conform to the interpretation that glucagon acquires secondary and tertiary structure when combined with detergent. In contrast to other polypeptide hormones of similar chain length, the structural changes in glucagon occur before the region of micelle formation of the detergent. The effects of pH, ionic strength, concentration, glucagon and detergent chain size on the interaction have been evaluated. The concentration dependence of the association of detergent to form micelles has been investigated from the fluorescence and absorbance properties of three dyes, i.e. eosin y, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate and dichloroindophenol.
The Insula of Reil in Man and Monkey

During the fetal stages of primate development, the insula is situated on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere (Fig. 1A). However, in the more advanced primates, the adjacent neocortical areas develop much more extensively than the insula. This leads to massive frontal, parietal, and temporal opercularization and to the formation of the sylvian fissure within which the insula remains buried from the time of birth onwards. In subprimate mammalian species where the neocortex does not develop as extensively, the homolog of the insula remains exposed on the surface of the brain throughout adult life (Rose, 1928).
Changing authentic identities: evidence from Taiwan and China

Despite ideological rhetoric to the contrary, identity changes and authenticity depend on social experience – the lived interactions of individuals as well as the broad range of political-economic, historical, and personal factors that shape those interactions. Because governments influence social experience, they can shape identities of their populations. Plains Aborigines in colonial Taiwan became Han Taiwanese after Japanese authorities banned footbinding. Local Han became Tujia, and Prmi became both Pumi and Tibetan in China's nation-wide ethnic identification project. However, deliberate attempts at manipulation do not always succeed. The social experience of daily discrimination countered colonial authorities' efforts to make Han Taiwanese into Japanese, contrary to the claims of more recent nostalgic narratives. Narratives of unfolding – partisan stories about the development of a people over time – push the notion, useful to contemporary political authorities, that ethnic identities are fixed because they are based on culture and ancestry and that their authenticity is an ontological absolute derived from origins in antiquity. Analytic distinction of ideological rhetoric from the social experience of individuals allows a better understanding of the socially constructed processes of identity formation and authentication. Resume Bien que la rhetorique ideologique soutienne le contraire, les changements d'identite et l'authenticite dependent de l'experience sociale, autrement dit des interactions vecues aussi bien que de nombreux facteurs politico-economiques, sociaux et personnels qui donnent forme a ces relations. En influant sur cette experience, les gouvernements peuvent modeler l'identite de leurs populations. Les aborigenes des plaines de Taiwan sont devenus des Han quand les autorites coloniales japonaises ont interdit le bandage des pieds. Les Han locaux sont devenus des Tujia, et les Prmi sont devenus aussi bien des Pumi que des Tibetains dans le projet d'identification ethnique national chinois. Les tentatives de manipulation ne sont cependant pas toujours couronnees de succes. L'experience sociale d'une discrimination quotidienne a battu en breche les efforts des autorites coloniales de transformer les Han de Taiwan en Japonais, quoi qu'en disent les recits nostalgiques posterieurs. Les recits de deploiement, narrations partisanes du developpement d'un peuple dans le temps, avancent la notion (utile pour les autorites politiques contemporaines) que les identites ethniques sont fixees parce qu'elles se fondent sur la culture et les ancetres et que leur authenticite est une verite ontologique absolue, liee a leurs origines antiques. En distinguant par l'analyse la rhetorique ideologique et le vecu social des individus, on peut mieux comprendre les processus, socialement construits, de formation et d'authentification de l'identite.
Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharides from Xanthomonas Species

Volk, Wesley A. (University of Virginia, Charlottesville). Cell wall lipopolysaccharides from Xanthomonas species. J. Bacteriol. 91:39–42. 1966.—The lipopolysaccharides from 20 species of Xanthomonas were extracted and purified. Biological studies suggest that these lipopolysaccharides are analogous to the endotoxins extracted from enteric organisms, as judged by their mouse lethality and their ability to provoke the local Shwartzman reaction in rabbits. Studies on the composition of the polysaccharides revealed that all contained uronic acid, glucose, mannose, and a compound apparently identical to the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate previously described in enteric organisms. The polysaccharide also contains organic phosphate, and additional carbohydrates such as rhamnose, xylose, fucose, and galactose are found in some, but not all, species. In contrast to the composition of the enteric lipopolysaccharides, heptose was not found in any of the lipopolysaccharides of the Xanthomonas species studied.
Body image predicts quality of life in men with prostate cancer.

Objective Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the USA will survive. Of the many aspects of survivorship affected by prostate cancer, body image receives limited attention despite some indication that it may be important to men with the disease. The present study investigated how body image changes over time and the relations between changes in body image and quality of life (QOL) in men with prostate cancer. Methods In a longitudinal design, patients (N = 74) completed questionnaires before treatment (T1) and at 1 month (T2) and 2 years (T3) following treatment completion. Results Growth curve modeling indicated that there was no significant change over time in group-level body image scores. However, hormone treatment was associated with a negative trajectory of change over 2 years. Also, analysis of individual difference scores indicated that ≥50% of patients demonstrated change of at least 0.5 standard deviation between time points. Hierarchical regression indicated that change in body image between T1 and T2 was significantly associated with change in QOL between T1 and T3, while controlling for demographic variables, treatment, treatment-related functioning, and general and treatment-specific positive expectations. In predicting change in body image between T1 and T2, treatment-specific positive expectation was the only significant predictor. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that body image is an important component of the prostate cancer experience. Findings suggest that body image has a meaningful association with QOL among prostate cancer survivors.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization to an equilibrium of the Navier–Stokes equations with tangential action of feedback controllers

Abstract Uniform stabilization in the neighborhood of an unstable equilibrium of the Navier–Stokes equations is considered. It is shown that in 2 and 3 dimensions such equilibrium can be stabilized by purely tangential action of feedback boundary and interior control. The support of such feedback controls can be arbitrarily small—but needs to be localized in a boundary layer. In contrast with prior literature, this result is proved without any assumptions imposed on the spectral properties of the Oseen’s operator, which in turn rest on a unique continuation property.
Post cataract-intraocular lens (IOL) surgery opacification

Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation has no doubt been one of the most satisfying advances of medicine. Millions of individuals with visual disability or frank blindness from cataracts had and continue to have benefit from this procedure. It has been reported by ophthalmologists that the modern cataract-intraocular lens (IOL) surgery is safe and complication-free most of the time. This makes the watchword for any cataract surgeon to be 'implantation,' 'implantation,' 'implantation.' In the mid-1980s, as IOLs were evolving rapidly, the watchword of the implant surgeon was 'fixation,' 'fixation,' 'fixation.' Most techniques, lenses and surgical adjuncts now allow us to achieve the basic requirement for successful IOL implantation, namely long-term stable IOL fixation in the capsular bag. However despite this advancement some items 'slipped through cracks.' In this article, we would like to alert the reader to a new watchword, namely 'opacification,' 'opacification,' 'opacification.' Here we will be talking about the good, the bad, and the ugly. Examples of the 'good' include the recent successes now being achieved in reducing the incidence of posterior capsule opacification. Examples of the 'bad' include various proliferations of anterior capsule cells, problems caused by silicone oil adherence to IOLs and problems with piggyback IOLs. The 'ugly' include the sometimes striking and often visually disabling opacifications occurring on and within IOL optics, both on some modern foldable IOLs as well as a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) optic degradation occurring with some models a decade or more after implantation.
Are Children More Angered and Distressed by Man–Child than Woman–Child Arguments and by Interadult versus Adult–Child Disputes?

Six to 10-year-olds’ responses to witnessing videotapes of five contexts of verbal and physical arguments (man–woman, man–boy, man–girl, woman–boy, and woman–girl) were compared to examine the hypotheses that: (1) man–child disputes would be perceived more negatively and evoke more negative affect in children than woman–child conflict; and (2) man–woman conflict would be viewed more negatively and elicit greater negative emotions in children than adult–child arguments. Results lend support to the two predictions, and consistent with the emotional security hypothesis, reveal that (1) man–child conflict evoked more sadness and fear in children than woman–child disputes; (2) man–woman arguments evoked more intense feelings of sadness and fear than any of the adult–child disputes, and the adult in the conflicts was perceived as more sad and scared when arguing with the spouse than with the girl or boy; and (3) physical conflict evoked more negative affect than verbal disputes.
Nanotechnology-based molecular photoacoustic and photothermal flow cytometry platform for in vivo detection and killing of circulating cancer stem cells

In-vivo multicolor photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry for ultrasensitive molecular detection of the CD44+ circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is demonstrated on a mouse model of human breast cancer. Targeting of CTCs with stem-like phenotype, which are naturally shed from parent tumors, was performed with functionalized gold and magnetic nanoparticles. Results in vivo were verified in vitro with a multifunctional microscope, which integrates PA, photothermal (PT), fluorescent and transmission modules. Magnet-induced clustering of magnetic nanoparticles in individual cells significantly amplified PT and PA signals. The novel noninvasive platform, which integrates multispectral PA detection and PT therapy with a potential for multiplex targeting of many cancer biomarkers using multicolor nanoparticles, may prospectively solve grand challenges in cancer research for diagnosis and purging of undetectable yet tumor-initiating cells in circulation before they form metastasis.
Inflammatory mediators and growth factors in obstructive renal injury

Abstract Obstruction of the upper urinary tract poses a significant clinical challenge to the urologist, and the cascade of renal cellular and molecular events triggered by upper urinary tract obstruction result in a progressive, and eventually permanent, loss in renal function. These pathological changes include the development of renal fibrosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation, and apoptotic renal cell death. A myriad of cytokines and growth factors have been identified as major contributors to obstruction-induced renal fibrosis and apoptotic cell death, including transforming growth factor-β1, angiotensin II, nuclear factor-κB, and tumor necrosis factor-α. This review examines the role of these mediators in obstruction-induced renal injury.
An algorithm for estimating the parameters of unrestricted hidden stochastic context-free grammars

A new algorithm is presented for estimating the parameters of a stochastic context-free grammar (SCFG) from ordinary unparsed text. Unlike the Inside/Outside (I/O) algorithm which requires a grammar to be specified in Chomsky normal form, the new algorithm can estimate an arbitrary SCFG without any need for transformation. The algorithm has worst-case cubic complexity in the length of a sentence and the number of nonterminals in the grammar. Instead of the binary branching tree structure used by the I/O algorithm, the new algorithm makes use of a trellis structure for computation. The trellis is a generalization of that used by the Baum-Welch algorithm which is used for estimating hidden stochastic regular grammars. The paper describes the relationship between the trellis and the more typical parse tree representation.
Fairness in liberal theories of justice

Evaluant la possibilite d'un rapprochement entre la vision sociale du confucianisme et les ideaux du liberalisme occidental, l'A. analyse la notion de loyaute (fairness) qui fonde la plupart des theories de la justice. Comparant la theorie de Rawls au libertarisme de Nozick, puis a des penseurs aussi lointains que Confucius, l'A. defend la position de Rawls, fondee sur le principe de la justice procedurale et de l'egalite des chances, contre la position de Nozick, fondee sur la conception lockeenne du contrat et sur la structure sociale du marche
Enhanced Yield of Antihemophilic Factor and von Willebrand Factor by Cryoprecipitation with Polyethylene Glycol1

. A procedure involving cryoprecipitation of human plasma in the presence of polyethylene glycol results in consistently higher yields of antihemophilic factor and von Willebrand factor than were heretofore achieved by cryoprecipitation alone. The resulting AHF and vWF are at least as pure as ordinary cryoprecipitate and can easily be further purified by additional processing. The method is expected to be especially useful in the preparation of AHF and vWF concentrates for the treatment of patients with hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease.
Psychotraumatology: a two-factor formulation of posttraumatic stress

Other than the “sudden death” phenomenon, posttraumatic stress represents the most severe and incapacitating form of human stress (Everly, 1989). Posttraumatic stress is directly associated with three DSM-III-R, Axis I disorders: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Multiple Personality Disorder, and Brief Reactive Psychosis (APA, 1987). It is similarly associated with the Axis II personality disorder Borderline Personality Disorder (Herman and van der Kolk, 1987). Posttraumatic stress may be indirectly related to various forms of mood disorders, substance abuse syndromes, and phobic disorders. Regarding the prevalence of posttraumatic stress, Helzer et al. (1987) found the lifetime prevalence of PTSD at around 1% in the general population. Breslau et al. (1991) found the prevalence of PTSD to be 9% in a cohort of young adults in an urban setting. They further found a prevalence of 24% in young adults who had been exposed to traumatic events. Norman and Getek (1988) have estimated that nearly one-half of all patients admitted to urban trauma centers are likely to suffer from PTSD in addition to their physical traumatization, while another 31% may suffer from a milder variant of posttraumatic stress. These data argue compellingly for the potential severity of the threat that posttraumatic stress poses to society. Yet, no one clear-cut therapy for posttraumatic stress has emerged, nor has a generally agreed-upon phenomenology emerged upon which to base such a therapy. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive formulation of posttraumatic stress based upon an integration of biological and psychological evidence.
AIDS: A case management approach. The illinois experience

The Illinois Department of Children and Family Services provides through their Medical Foster Care Program substitute living arrangements for wards of the state with positive antibody tests, ARC, and AIDS. At present there are ten children (eight in Cook County) that fall into one of these categories. Half (5) of these children are infants under the age of one year. Three (3) are adolescents who were exposed through intravenous drug abuse and/or prostitution. Case illustrations and discussion together with case planning and management techniques are presented for two of the cases: an adolescent with a positive antibody test, and a three-year-old with AIDS. Current trends and future issues for investigation are also presented.
Is medical clearance necessary for pediatric psychiatric patients

Abstract Background Although most studies have found low rates of organic illness in patients with isolated psychiatric complaints, psychiatric patients are frequently brought to emergency departments (EDs) for medical clearance. Study Objectives To assess the utility of ED medical clearance before transfer of pediatric patients on psychiatric holds to inpatient psychiatric facilities, and to evaluate charges associated with ED medical clearance. Methods Retrospective study of pediatric psychiatric patients in one urban pediatric ED with 22,000 annual patient visits over an 18-month period. Patients were included if transported to the ED for medical clearance after being placed on an involuntary psychiatric hold in the prehospital setting. Main outcome measures were charges for screening laboratory tests and secondary ambulance transfers and wages for sitters resulting from ED visits for medical screening examinations of patients on psychiatric holds. We also determined what percentage of patients truly warranted a medical screen and the percentage of psychiatric holds overturned, avoiding transfer to a psychiatric hospital. Results There were 789 patients included; 72 (9.1%) were determined to require medical screening. Total charges for laboratory assessments and secondary ambulance transfers and wages for sitters were $1,241,295, or US$17,240 per patient requiring a medical screen. Only 35 (4.4%) holds were overturned in the ED. Conclusion Few patients brought to the ED on an involuntary hold required a medical screen. Use of basic criteria in the prehospital setting to determine who required a medical screen (altered mental status, ingestion, hanging, traumatic injury, unrelated medical complaint, rape) could have led to significant savings.
Langmuir‐hinshelwood model of soil phosphorus kinetics

Abstract A mathematical model is needed to relate the dynamics of soil phosphorus (P) chemistry in a batch reactor to the soil/solution ratio and to initial P in the reactor. The Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model appears to describe this system quite well. According to this model reversible adsorption of P from solution to the colloidal surface (Langmuir component) is followed by an irreversible reaction of the surface species (Hinshelwood component). The system is an example of heterogeneous catalysis. Adsorption follows 2nd order kinetics related to solution P concentration and concentration of available surface sites for adsorption. Desorption and reaction are assumed to follow 1st order kinetics. The system is described by three simultaneous equations, two of which are 1st order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Numerical integration is by the Euler finite difference method. Data from the literature are used to calibrate the model and to demonstrate its characteristics for a sandy soil. Rapid drop i...
Psychodynamics versus endocrinology in postpartum psychosis: A critique of the diminished capacity test in infanticide cases

Postpartum psychosis has been suspected by many medical and mental health experts to a be a precipitating factor of infanticide. This paper addresses this disorder from historical, psychodynamic, and biogenic perspectives, and includes a review of clinical literature. The disorder is then made relevant to the diminished capacity test in criminal adjudications of infanticide cases. This includes a legislative history and discussion of the British approach. Then diminished capacity and the “British model” are critiques taking into account the confusion over postpartum psychosis’ etiology.
The interaction between L1-type proteins and ankyrins--a master switch for L1-type CAM function.

L1-type cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important mediators of neural differentiation, including axonal outgrowth and pathfinding and also of synapse formation and maintenance. In addition, their interactions with cytoskeletal components are highly conserved and regulated. How these different aspects of CAM functionality relate to each other is not well understood. Based on results from our and other laboratories we propose that ankyrin-binding to L1-type CAMs provides a master switch. The interaction with ankyrins directs L1-type adhesive proteins into different functional contexts, either ankyrin-independent functions, such as neurite outgrowth and axonal pathfinding or into ankyrin-dependent functions, such as L1’s role at axon initial segments (AIS), paranodal regions, synapses and in dendrites.
Side‐chain liquid crystalline polymers with silphenylene‐siloxane main chains. I. Synthesis of silphenylene‐siloxane polymers containing hydrosilane units

Siophenylene-siloxane polymers with repeating units containing hydrosilane, SiH, groups were synthesized for use as backbone polymers in side-chain liquid crystalline polymers. The polymerization of 1,4-bis (hydroxydimethylsilyl) benzene with a bis (Pyrrolidinyl) silane monomer formed a crosslinked polymer during the course of the reaction, while the use of a bis (ureido) silane monomer gave a polymer which crosslinked on storage after preparation. However, a soluble polymer could be prepared successfully by using a dichlorosilane as the comonomer. Polymers containing two and three SiH groups in each unit were prepared by the last method. All Soluble polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), infrared spectroscopy (IR) multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Breaking the petaflops barrier

In this paper, we discuss the impact of petascale computing and the major issues to getting beyond a petaflops. We describe IBM approaches to petascale computing but with a major focus on the Los Alamos National Laboratory Roadrunner machine. We provide an overview of the hardware and software structures, focusing on the new triblade compute node architecture and the corresponding data control and synchronization software support to enable high-performance computing applications on this architecture. The fundamental technology drivers and issues for petascale computing and beyond are software complexity, energy efficiency, and system reliability, availability, and serviceability.
Charging Zircaloy-2 with hydrogen beyond the solubility limit

Abstract Samples of Zircaloy-2 coated with zirconium hydride were both held isothermally and thermally cycled. The maximum temperatures employed were in the vicinity of 400° C. After the treatments the hydrogen concentration of the bulk metal was determined. Long-term isothermal holding did not result in a hydrogen concentration greater than a characteristic terminal solubility. Thermal cycling resulted in hydrogen concentrations much greater than the characteristic “terminal solubility”, though the levels attained do not appear sufficient to explain the high hydrogen concentrations found in corrosion samples. Possible reasons for the supercharging effect are discussed.
Second Vane Total Pressure Loss Due to Endwall Iceform Contouring

The iceformation design method generates an endwall contour, altering the secondary flows that produce elevated endwall heat transfer load and total pressure losses. Iceformation is an analog to regions of metal melting where a hot fluid alters the isothermal surface shape of a part as it is maintained by a cooling fluid. The passage flow, heat transfer and geometry evolve together under the constraints of flow and thermal boundary conditions. The iceformation concept is not media dependent and can be used in analogous flows and materials to evolve novel boundary shapes. In the past, this method has been shown to reduce aerodynamic drag and total pressure loss in flows such as diffusers and cylinder/endwall junctures. A prior paper [1] showed that the Reynolds number matched iceform geometry had a 24% lower average endwall heat transfer than the rotationally symmetric endwall geometry of the Energy Efficiency Engine (E3). Comparisons were made between three endwall geometries: the ‘iceform’, the ‘E3’ and the ‘flat’ as a limiting case of the endwall design space. This paper adds to the iceformation design record by reporting the endwall aerodynamic performances. Second vane exit flow velocities and pressures were measured using an automated 2-D traverse of a 1.2 mm diameter five-hole probe. Exit plane maps for the three endwall geometries are presented showing the details of the total pressure coefficient contours and the velocity vectors. The formation of secondary flow vortices is shown in the exit plane and this results in an impact on exit plane total pressure loss distribution, off-design over- and under-turning of the exit flow. The exit plane contours are integrated to form overall measures of the total pressure loss. Relative to the E3 endwall, the iceform endwall has a slightly higher total pressure loss attributed to higher dissipation of the secondary flow within the passage. The iceform endwall has a closer-to-design exit flow pattern than the E3 endwall.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
IMPY: an improved thioflavin-T derivative for in vivo labeling of β-amyloid plaques

Development of small molecular probes for in vivo labeling and detection of beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques in patients of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of significant scientific interest, and it may also assist the development of drugs targeting Abeta plaques for treatment of AD. A novel probe, [123I/(125)I]IMPY, 6-iodo-2-(4'-dimethylamino-)phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, was successfully prepared with an iododestannylation reaction catalyzed by hydrogen peroxide. The modified thioflavin-T derivative displayed a good binding affinity for preformed synthetic Abeta40 aggregates in solution (K(i)=15+/-5 nM) and showed selective plaque labeling on postmortem AD brain sections. Biodistribution study in normal mice after an iv injection of [125I]IMPY exhibited excellent brain uptake (2.9% initial dose/brain at 2 min) and fast washout (0.2% initial dose/brain at 60 min). These properties are highly desirable for amyloid plaque imaging agents. In vivo plaque labeling was evaluated in a transgenic mouse model (Tg2576) engineered to produce excess amyloid plaques in the brain. Ex vivo autoradiograms of brain sections of the Tg 2576 mouse obtained at 4 h after an i.v. injection of [125I]IMPY clearly displayed a distinct plaque labeling with a low background activity. When the same brain section was stained with a fluorescent dye, thioflavin-S, the same Abeta plaques showed prominent fluorescent labeling consistent with the results of the autoradiogram. In conclusion, these findings clearly suggest that radioiodinated IMPY demonstrates desirable characteristics for in vivo labeling of Abeta plaques and it may be useful as a molecular imaging agent to study amyloidogenesis in the brain of living AD patients.
Human mesenchymal stem cells require monocyte-mediated activation to suppress alloreactive T cells.

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (MSCs) are precursors of nonhematopoietic mesenchymal cells of the bone marrow microenvironment. MSCs were shown to inhibit alloreactive T lymphocytes, but the mechanism and mediators of this effect are not fully understood. Here we describe a novel interaction between blood monocytes and bone marrow-derived, culture-expanded MSCs, which results in inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation. We found that CD14 + monocytes from blood activate MSCs to secrete inhibitory molecules that lead to inhibition of alloreactive T cells. This cellular communication is not contact-dependent, but rather is mediated by soluble factors that include interleukin (IL)-1β. MSC-mediated inhibition of alloreactive T lymphocytes is associated with downregulation of activation markers CD25, CD38, and CD69 detected both in CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes. The cytokines secreted by MSCs that mediate T-cell inhibition include transforming growth factor-β1, but not IL-10. The interaction between blood monocytes and the MSCs represents a unique immune regulatory paradigm that can potentially be exploited in clinic.
Characterization of an Integrated On-Capillary Dual Electrode for Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrochemistry

An integrated on-capillary dual electrode electrochemical detector for capillary electrophoresis consisting of two platinum wires is described. The electrodes are permanently fixed so that no alignment is necessary. The detector was evaluated for direct amperometric detection in the series configuration. Collection efficiencies were calculated for a series of phenolic acids exhibiting different degrees of chemical reversibility. The linearity and limits of detection at both electrodes were determined. The selectivity of the system was demonstrated by the detection of ferulic acid in beer.
Fractal basin boundaries in a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system

The final state for nonlinear systems with multiple attractors may become unpredictable as a result of homoclinic or heteroclinic bifurcations. The fractal basin boundaries due to such bifurcations for a four-well, two-degree-of-freedom, nonlinear oscillator under sinusoidal forcing have been studied, based on a theory of homoclinic bifurcation inn-dimensional vector space developed by Palmer. Numerical simulation is used as a means of demonstrating the consequences of the system dynamics when the bifurcations occur, and it is shown that the basin boundaries in the configuration space (x, y) become fractal near the critical value of the heteroclinic bifurcations.
Intracellular calcium–mediated activation of hepatic Na+/H+ exchange by arginine vasopressin and phenylephrine

The effect of Ca++ mobilizing agonists arginine vasopressin and phenylephrine on Na+/H+ exchange was studied in freshly isolated hepatocytes and isolated perfused rat livers. The activity of Na+/H+ exchange was determined from the rate of H+ efflux, 22Na uptake and pHi recovery. Arginine vasopressin and phenylephrine stimulated H+ efflux and 22Na uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes and increased the rate of pHi recovery from acid-loaded hepatocytes. These effects were inhibited by amiloride. Arginine vasopressin- and phenylephrine-induced increases in H+ efflux were also dependent on extracellular Na+. Arginine vasopressin- and phenylephrine-induced increases in intracellular Ca++ concentration, H+ efflux, 22Na uptake and intracellular pH recovery were decreased in hepatocytes preloaded with the Ca(++)-buffering agent [bis-(2-amino-5-methylphenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] (MAPTA). Na+/H+ exchange-dependent intracellular pH recovery from cytosolic acidification was stimulated by thapsigargin, which increases intracellular calcium concentration by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ ATPase. Arginine vasopressin- and phenylephrine-induced increases in intracellular pH recovery were not dependent on extracellular Ca++ and were inhibited by calmidazolium, a calmodulin inhibitor. Arginine vasopressin and phenylephrine also increased H+ efflux in the absence but not in the presence of amiloride in perfused rat livers without affecting biliary HCO3- excretion. These results indicate that arginine vasopressin and phenylephrine activate Na+/H+ exchange in rat hepatocytes, an effect mediated in part by intracellular Ca++ and calmodulin kinase. Furthermore, sinusoidal Na+/H+ exchange does not appear to be involved in biliary HCO3- excretion.
Adaptations to local environments in modern human populations.

After leaving sub-Saharan Africa around 50 000–100 000 years ago, anatomically modern humans have quickly occupied extremely diverse environments. Human populations were exposed to further environmental changes resulting from cultural innovations, such as the spread of farming, which gave rise to new selective pressures related to pathogen exposures and dietary shifts. In addition to changing the frequency of individual adaptive alleles, natural selection may also shape the overall genetic architecture of adaptive traits. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the genetic architecture of adaptive human phenotypes based on insights from the studies of lactase persistence, skin pigmentation and high-altitude adaptation. These adaptations evolved in parallel in multiple human populations, providing a chance to investigate independent realizations of the evolutionary process. We suggest that the outcome of adaptive evolution is often highly variable even under similar selective pressures. Finally, we highlight a growing need for detecting adaptations that did not follow the classical sweep model and for incorporating new sources of genetic evidence such as information from ancient DNA.
A Student-Made Silver–Silver Chloride Reference Electrode for the General Chemistry Laboratory: ∼10 min Preparation

A student-prepared silver–silver chloride reference electrode is described. The chemical deposition of AgCl(s) onto Ag(s) is accomplished in 30–50 s by placement of a Ag(s) wire in laundry bleach. An autopipettor tip with an agarose gel plug serves as the electrode housing; the agarose gel contains predissolved KNO3. Reference electrode preparation is completed in about 10 min, allowing enough time for laboratory exercises that utilize the electrode. Preparation and operation of the electrode and recovery of the Ag(s) are designed to teach a number of important chemistry principles.
The hunting of the snark: the elusive calcium receptor(s)

“For the snark’s a peculiar creature that won’t be caught in a commonplace way.” —Lewis Carroll, The Hunting of the Snark The first hunt took a long time. The existence of a highly sensitive calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) was postulated more than 30 years ago based on the exquisite ability of the parathyroid cell to respond to small changes in serum ionized calcium concentration (1). The gene encoding CaSR was finally cloned in 1993 (2). Shortly thereafter it was found that inactivating mutations in CaSR were responsible for familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) in heterozygotes and for severe hyperparathyroidism in homozygous infants while activating mutations caused hypoparathyroidism (3, 4). Deletion of the mouse calcium receptor mimics the phenotype of FHH in heterozygote individuals. In homozygous mice there is early death due to hypercalcemia and a surprising skeletal phenotype of rickets, which suggested that CaSR might be essential for normal mineralization (5, 6).
Recognizing Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request as a Social Problem: Utilizing the Public Arenas Model

Nearly one in three babies in the United States are now born surgically. While many causes for this surge in cesareans have been suggested, the phenomenon of cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) has been the subject of the most controversy. Utilizing Hilgartner and Bosk’s public arenas model, this article examines the ways in which CDMR has been framed and a collective definition of the problem established. Recognizing CDMR as a social problem is the first step to creating policies to ensure that the health and safety of mothers and babies are protected.