cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A near real-time framework for extracting tip- sample forces in dynamic atomic force microscopy

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution tool used to characterize the topography and material properties of a large variety of specimens at nano-scale. The interaction of the micro-cantilever tip with the specimen causes cantilever deflections that are measured by an optical sensing mechanism and subsequently utilized to construct the sample topography. Recent years have seen increased interest in using the AFM to characterize soft specimens like gels and live cells. This remains challenging due to the complex and competing nature of tip-sample interaction forces - large tip-sample interaction force is necessary to achieve good signal-to-noise ratios; However, large force tends to deform and destroy soft samples. In situ estimation of the local tip-sample interaction force is needed to control the AFM cantilever motion and prevent destruction of soft samples while maintaining a good signal-to-noise ratio. This necessitates the ability to rapidly estimate the tip-sample forces from the cantilever deflection during operation. This paper proposes a first approach to a near real-time framework for tip-sample force inversion. We pose the inverse problem of extracting the tip-sample force as an unconstrained optimization problem. A fast, parallel forward solver is developed by utilizing graphical processing units (GPU). This forward solver shows an effective 30000 fold speed-up over a comparable CPU implementation, resulting in milli-second calculation times. The forward solver is coupled with a GPU based particle-swarm optimization implementation. We illustrate the framework on three classes of tip-sample interaction inversions. Each of these inversions is performed in sub-second timings, showing potential for integration with on-line AFM imaging and material characterization
A review of multicomponent interventions to prevent and control tobacco use among college students.

Abstract Objective: Multicomponent tobacco control programs have been implemented at the state and community levels and have led to a reduction in tobacco use. The purpose was to review the public health research literature on tobacco prevention and control programs on college campuses and derive evidence-based implications for comprehensive program implementation. Methods: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, and PubMed databases were used to search the research literature concerning tobacco prevention and control programs conducted on college campuses published between 2000 and 2009. Results: No studies were found that implemented all 5 recommended components of a comprehensive program. Tobacco control programs containing policy and prevention education were used the most and promotion of tobacco-free environments and banning sales of tobacco products were used the least. Conclusion: The review suggests that despite the recommendation of comprehensive tobacco control programs to reduce tobacco use on college campus...
Evaluation to Strengthen Distance Learning Programs

The authors describe how a comprehensive evaluation of a distance education program was used to strengthen and revise the program. The University of Wisconsin Collaborative Nursing Program, a collaborative effort of the five University of Wisconsin institutions that offer nursing education, allows Registered Nurses to complete a baccalaureate degree while remaining in their home communities. The program has been offered since 1996 and has used a variety of distance learning technologies.The comprehensive evaluation focused on:• Issues of cost and access• Technologies and learning modalities• Availability and quality of support services• Impact of the program on nurses’ careers.The paper describes the program, approach to evaluation, findings, and areas for change resulting from the study.
Analysis of implementation options for MPI-2 one-sided

The Message Passing Interface provides an interface for one-sided communication as part of the MPI-2 standard. The semantics specified by MPI-2 allow for a number of different implementation avenues, each with different performance characteristics. Within the context of Open MPI, a freely available high performance MPI implementation, we analyze a number of implementation possibilities, including layering over MPI-1 send/receive and true remote memory access.
Stability of the roots of random algebraic polynomials

In this paper we consider the behavior of the roots of random algebraic polynomials. A code was developed which generates a sample of random algebraic polynomials, calculates the roots of each sample polynomial, and then calculates the averages of the roots. Finally, the roots of the deterministic algebraic polynomial whose coefficients are the averages of the sample coefficients are calculated. These data are then tabulated and graphically displayed. The relationship between the averages of the roots of the sample polynomials and the roots of the average polynomial is discussed.
Primary Attachment in Female Adolescents: Association with Depression, Self-Esteem, and Maternal Identification

(1996). Primary Attachment in Female Adolescents: Association with Depression, Self-Esteem, and Maternal Identification. Psychiatry: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 20-33.
Polymerase Activity of Pichinde Virus

Abstract Pichinde virus, a member of the arenavirus group, was examined for polymerase activity. Purified virus was found to contain RNA-dependent RNA polymerase but not RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Since RNase but neither DNase nor actinomycin D inhibited the endogenous polymerase reaction, RNA of the virus appeared to be used as the template. The divalent cations Mg2+ and Mn2+ were required for optimal reactivity. The RNA product was partially resistant to RNase and the resistant portion had a sedimentation coefficient of 22 to 26S in sucrose gradients.
1325 Education with Pleasure= High Level of Knowledge and Treatment Quality

Background and aims: One of the main factors forsatisfaction from the chosen profession is definedby nurses as a level of knowledge (Zurmehly,2008). Thus, taking into account that medicine is inthe process of continuous development, the nurseshave to learn and to update themselves all the time. According to professional books, the acceptedpractice in medicine is reference to dry facts, withoutemotions, thus the use of uncommon resourcesconstitutes an “antidote” to regular learning. If theeducator can use his imagination and to applydiverse techniques involving various senses andemotions, the trainee would be prevented fromgetting tired and would succeed better in the processof learning. The results of such learning would behigher than usual (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2007). There is no doubt that for most of the people, childhood is remembered as the most happy andsuccessful part of their lives when they have believedin eternal life, in perfectness of parents, and in theirown success. So why not to implement these trivialfacts to obtain ideal learning - with no pressure, withderiving self-confidence and pleasure from the veryprocess of learning?. Methods: To raise the motivation for self-learningand eventually to raise the level of knowledge andto improve the treatment quality, a novel instructionmethod was introduced intended to deepen theknowledge in the simplest way, the way connectingus to our childhood, to the times when learningbrought joy, happiness, and the wish to know more.
Women and Multiple Roles: Myths and Reality

Strong beliefs persist about the negative effects of maternal employment on women, their marriages, and their children, in spite of considerable systematic research indicating that, on average, employment has positive effects. The underlying assumption is that the roles of wife and mother are "natural" roles and are therefore performed without undue stress. In contrast, the role of employee is seen as "unnatural" and therefore highly demanding. These beliefs affect clinical practice, fostering a concern among mental health professionals about whether women can handle the demands of multiple roles without serious negative health consequences. It is therefore important to evaluate these beliefs in light of the empirical literature. Such an evaluation is especially critical at this particular time, when demographic trends suggest that the number of employed women with children is increasing, that paid employment will be a central component in most women's life experiences, and that as a society we are highly unlikely to return to the days of the "traditional" family. The need for careful scrutiny is underscored by the current political climate, in which there is much rhetoric implying that maternal employment "causes" many of our social ills--school dropouts, drug abuse, juvenile violence, and divorce.
A testbed architecture for evaluating Space Station telescience operations

The telescience and testbedding concepts to be implemented using the Space Station are briefly reviewed. In particular, attention is given to the conceptual view of the hardware and software elements of the testbeds, their relationship to the Space Station end-to-end architecture, and the methodologies for telescience operations. It is shown that properly used testbedding mechanisms can be used to gain sufficient experience to define requirements and concepts for science experiments, payload development, design of information system elements, and engineering considerations for Space Station hardware and operations.
Textural analysis of hyperspectral images for improving contaminant detection accuracy

Previous studies demonstrated a hyperspectral imaging system has a potential for poultry fecal contaminant detection by measuring reflectance intensity. The simple image ratio at 565 and 517 nm images with optimal thresholding was able to detect fecal contaminants on broiler carcasses with high accuracy. However, differentiating false positives from real contaminants, especially cecal feces were challenging. Further image processing such as textural analysis in the spatial domain was able to reduce false positive errors. In this study, textural analysis of hyperspectral images was conducted to improve detection accuracy by reducing false positives. Specifically, textural analysis with co-occurrence matrix of hyperspectral images performed well to identify “true” contamination. In addition, co-occurrence matrix textural features including average, variance, entropy, contrast, correlation, moment of poultry hyperspectral images were investigated for selecting optimal features to represent contamination. Image pre-processing with co-occurrence textural analysis, specifically mean of co-occurrence textural feature from the matrix (0° angle and distance equals to one) followed by image ratio was able to improve fecal detection accuracy without additional optical filters that increase cost for system hardware of multispectral imaging system for on-line application.
The Four Personae of Racism: Educators’ (Mis)Understanding of Individual Vs. Systemic Racism

This study used CRT to engage educators in critical discourse regarding the persistence of racism in urban schooling. A combined method of action research and critical case study was employed to raise a group of educators’ race consciousness through antiracist training. Findings revealed conflicting views of racism as an individual pathology vs. a systemic problem, which led to the development of four personae of racism: the conscious perpetrators, the unconscious perpetrators, the deceived perpetrators/activists, and the enlightened perpetrators/activists. The study found that the participants were largely deceived by their social activism to recognize their perpetuation of racism through their practice.
Microscopic findings associated with blood pressure indices in postmortem human aorta samples from young people (ages 15–34)☆

Abstract Standardized postmortem samples of thoracic and abdominal aortas from traumatic death victims (aged 15–34 inclusive) were selected according to renal indices of estimated blood pressure. Half of the males had renal small-artery evidence of elevated blood pressure, and half did not. The group consisted of an approximately equal number of black and white males. All of the individuals were nonsmokers and had similar age, cholesterol, and HDL distribution. Lipid deposition in the thoracic and abdominal aorta sections was determined quantitatively by means of computer micromorphometry in sections stained with Oil Red O. Results showed that there is a marked increase in extracellular lipid deposition in the intima for those arteries studied with elevated renal indices of hypertension. In addition, there is significantly more extracellular lipid in the abdominal aortas in black males than in white males. Also notable was the finding that the thoracic aorta samples exhibited significantly thicker intimas and larger intimal areas in the high blood pressure index groups than in the low blood pressure index groups. These results suggest that the development of atherosclerotic lesions may be due to an increased deposition of extracellular lipid in the matrix of the arterial intima.
Abortive initiation of transcription at a hybrid promoter. An analysis of the sliding clamp activator of bacteriophage T4 late transcription, and a comparison of the sigma70 and T4 gp55 promoter recognition proteins.

Bacteriophage T4 late promoters are transcribed by an RNA polymerase holoenzyme comprising the Escherichia coli core, E, the phage gene 55-encoded promoter recognition subunit, gp55, and the gene 33-encoded co-activator, gp33. Transcriptional initiation is activated by the T4 gene 45-encoded sliding clamp, which is loaded on to DNA at enhancer-like sites by its clamp-loader. Correct initiation of transcription at late promoters in basal mode requires only RNA polymerase core and gp55 (E·gp55). Dinucleotide-primed abortive initiation of basal and activated T4 late transcription has been compared. Only the trinucleotide non-productive transcript is made at a high rate; all other short transcripts are made at rates of less than one molecule per productive transcript. Gp45 increases abortive trinucleotide synthesis along with productive transcription, although the proportion of productive transcripts is also elevated. Nevertheless, this increase accounts for only a small part of the activation of T4 late transcription that is generated by its activator and co-activator. The pattern of production of short transcripts differs subtly between basal and enhanced transcription, indicating that linking the RNA polymerase with its sliding clamp activator only generates minor changes in the transition from abortive to productive RNA chain elongation. The T4 late promoter is converted to a strong ς70 promoter by inserting an appropriate −35 promoter element. A direct comparison at such a hybrid promoter shows ς70 and gp55 generating qualitatively and quantitative different patterns of abortive initiation at the same start site.
A compelling rationale for using preoperative visits to complete adult immunizations

Immunization is a safe and cost-effective method to protect adult patients against many diseases, including hepatitis B, pneumococcal infections, and influenza. Despite this fact, only 10% to 40% of adults in the United States who would benefit have been immunized. Approximately 62% to 92% of patients who develop a disease preventable by vaccination have visited an outpatient clinic at least once in the 3 years preceding their illness. Efforts to educate providers about immunization guidelines have not increased immunization rates. In this report, we propose using the preanesthesia clinic as an alternative site to screen, identify, and immunize adults at risk. We also discuss three vaccines that could be offered to patients and analyze the efficacy of the vaccines.
Evaluation of the Permeability of Agricultural Films to Various Fumigants

A variety of agricultural films are commercially available for managing emissions and enhancing pest control during soil fumigation. These films are manufactured using different materials and processes which can ultimately result in different permeability to fumigants. A systematic laboratory study of the permeability of the agricultural films to nine fumigants was conducted to evaluate the performance of commonly used film products, including polyethylene, metalized, and high-barrier films. The permeability, as expressed by mass transfer coefficient (cm/h), of 27 different films from 13 manufacturers ranged from below 1 × 10(-4) cm/h to above 10 cm/h at 25 °C under ambient relative humidity test conditions. The wide range in permeability of commercially available films demonstrates the need to use films which are appropriate for the fumigation application. The effects of environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, on the film permeability were also investigated. It was found that high relative humidity could drastically increase the permeability of the high-barrier films. The permeability of some high-barrier films was increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude when the films were tested at high relative humidity. Increasing the temperature from 25 to 40 °C increased the permeability for some high-barrier films up to 10 times more than the permeability at 25 °C, although the effect was minimal for several of these films. Analysis of the distribution of the permeability of the films under ambient humidity conditions to nine fumigants indicated that the 27 films largely followed the material type, although the permeability varied considerably among the films of similar material.
Folate intake assessment: validation of a new approach.

Abstract Objective To describe the performance characteristics and validate a folate-specific focused recall approach to estimating folate intake. Design In a cross-sectional study, folate-specific recalls were used to estimate subjects' average daily folate intake from seven days of dietary recall over a one-month period. This estimate was compared to an estimate of the average daily folate intake obtained using the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and to plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations. Subjects Subjects were women aged 21 to 47 years and were recruited from the university community. Thirty-three subjects were recruited, and 28 subjects completed the study. Intervention After an initial clinic visit, during which a baseline blood sample was collected for measurement of plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations, subjects participated in focused dietary recall interviews by telephone and/or Internet (e-mail). At the end of the month, subjects completed the FFQ. Main outcome measures The main outcome measures were to describe how well the focused recalls were able to describe relative dietary folate intake as compared to the FFQ and if the focused recall method estimate correlated with plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations. Statistical analyses Estimated folate intakes were ranked by tertiles using the two dietary assessment approaches and the rankings were compared. The Spearman correlation test was used to compare the focused recall and the FFQ dietary data to plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations. Results Estimated folate intake inclusive of supplements was 411.4±192.8 (mean±SD) μg/day based on focused recalls and 458.5±221.5 μg/day based on the FFQ. Exclusive of supplements, estimated folate intake from the diet was 327.8±30.2 μg/day based on focused recalls and 373.5±155.6 μg/day based on the FFQ. The ranking comparison of focused recalls vs the FFQ demonstrated a concordance of 44% without supplements and 67% with supplements for the highest tertile, and 56% without supplements and 67% with supplements for the lowest tertile. Estimated folate intake based on focused recalls was correlated significantly with plasma homocysteine ( r =−0.443, P r =0.354; P =.06) concentrations. Applications A focused dietary recall approach is a useful method for collecting information on folate intake in women. Estimated folate intake based on the focused recall approach is reasonably correlated with plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations even in this small sample of women. Accurate data on folate intake can form the basis of dietary counseling to increase intake of this important micronutrient in the target population of young women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:991-1000.
Delta opioid receptor in human neuroblastoma cell lines

Abstract Opioid receptor sites were detectable in 4 out of 9 human neuroblastoma cell lines tested, in the human retinoblastoma line Y79 NHT C10 and in the mouse neuroblastoma line Neuro 2A. All of these cell lines expressed δ sites, while only one coexpressed μ sites (SK-N-SH). Together with δ sites previously found in rodent neuroblastoma lines, these results suggest that the expression of δ sites is under less stringent control than that of μ and χ sites. A large number of δ sites (> 10,000 sites per cell) is expressed in IMR-32 and NMB neuroblastoma lines. Agonist binding was sensitive to Na + and guanine nucleotides. The δ sites in IMR-32 and NMB cells were further characterized with δ selective ligands and [ 3 H]DADL tracer. Their δ binding affinities were identical to those of the μ and δ cell line SK-N-SH; therefore the presence of μ sites does not appear to affect the binding behavior of the δ sites by any potential interaction among the binding proteins. Further, close correlations were found when comparing ligand binding in the human neuroblastoma cell lines with those of mouse neuroblastoma cells and rodent brain, and indication that the δ receptor is highly preserved among different species.
Plasma Cell Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis Does Not Predict West Nile Virus Infection

Purpose. Diagnosis of WNV (WNV) relies upon serologic testing which may take several days after the onset of clinical symptoms to turn positive. Anecdotal reports suggest the presence of plasma cells or plasmacytoid lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be an early indicator of WNV infection. Methods. The CSFs of 89 patients (12 with WNV, 12 with other viral illness {OVI}, and 65 with nonviral illness{NVI}) were compared for the presence of either plasma cells or plasmacytoid lymphocytes. Results. Plasma cells were rarely seen in any of the patients. Plasmacytoid lymphocytes were more commonly seen in WNV (58%) and OVI (50%) than NVI (11%). The differences were significant for WNV versus NVI, but not WNV versus OVI (P < 0.001 and P = 0.58, resp.). Conclusions. A CSF pleocytosis with plasma cells or plasmacytoid lymphocytes was neither sensitive nor specific for the diagnosis of WNV infection.
Perceptual learning of discriminating features for facial recognition

Purpose Various studies have shown humans preferentially utilize certain facial features in identity discrimination (Schyns et. al, 2002). However, there has not been thorough investigation into the ability of humans to learn which features are more discriminating. The goal of this study is to measure human perceptual learning in comparison to a learning optimal Bayesian for a face identification task.
Phonon focusing catastrophes

We present an elegant application of formal catastrophe theory to phonon focusing phenomena in crystals. The standard analysis of phonon focusing breaks down near singular directions known as caustics. The theory we present, in addition to being numerically accurate, provides a qualitative picture of caustic surfaces which yields important new insights into the results of phonon propagation experiments. Supporting experimental evidence is also presented.
New collagen markers of 'derepression' synthesized by rabbit articular chondrocytes in culture.

Abstract Chondrocytes isolated from rabbit articular cartilage undergo a progressive ‘derepression’ in culture and synthesize Type I, Type III and an unidentified collagen designated Peak ‘X’. In contrast, cartilage slices synthesize predominantly Type II collagen with increasing amounts of Peak ‘X’ during prolonged culture.
Period Protein Is Necessary for Circadian Control of Egg Hatching Behavior in the Silkmoth Antheraea pernyi

We examined the molecular basis of the circadian control of egg hatching behavior in the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi. Egg hatching is rhythmically gated, persists under constant darkness, and can be entrained by light by midembryogenesis. The time of appearance of photic entrainment by the silkmoth embryo coincides with the appearance of Period (PER) and Timeless (TIM) proteins in eight cells in embryonic brain. Although daily rhythms in PER and/or TIM immunoreactivity in embryonic brain were not detected, a robust circadian oscillation of PER immunoreactivity is present in the nuclei of midgut epithelium. per antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment of pharate larvae on the day before hatching consistently abolishes the circadian gate of egg hatching behavior. per antisense treatment also causes a dramatic decrease in PER immunoreactivity in newly hatched larvae. The results provide direct evidence that PER is a necessary element of a circadian system in the silkmoth.
On the placement of open-loop robotic manipulators for reachability

Abstract Criteria for and implementation of the placement of robot manipulators with the objective of reaching specified target points are herein addressed. Placement of an open-loop robotic manipulator in a working environment is characterized by defining the position and orientation of the manipulator’s base with respect to a fixed reference frame. The problem has become important in both the medical and manufacturing fields, where a robot arm must be appropriately placed with respect to targets (tasks) that cannot be moved. An applicable numerical formulation is presented. While other methods have used inverse kinematics solutions in their formulation for defining a locality for the manipulator base, this type of solution is difficult to implement because of the inherent complexities in determining all inverse kinematic solutions. The approach used in this work is based on characterizing the placement, forcing a cost function to impel the workspace envelope in terms of surface patches towards the target points and subject to functionality constraints, but not requiring the computation of inverse kinematics. The formulation and experimental code are demonstrated using a number of examples.
Detection of Zinc withβ-naphthoquinoline and thiocyanate

β-Naphthoquinoline with thiocyanate provides a sensitive crystal reaction for zinc in acid solution. Even at zinc concentrations as low as 1:200000, characteristic crystals of zinc hydrogenβ-naphthoquinoline thiocyanate are obtained in 2 N sulfuric acid solution. The test can be carried out in the presence of moderate amounts of barium (acetic acid solution of reagent), calcium, magnesium, beryllium, aluminum, chromium, cerium, lead (acetic acid solution), arsenic, manganese and nickel as well as the alkali metals. Cadmium in concentrations below 0,5 per cent does not interfere; ferric iron up to 1 per cent does not interfere if the test is carried out in 50 per cent phosphoric acid solution. Most other metals give precipitates with the reagent.
The social and the political in Luhmann

This article examines Luhmann’s contributions to contemporary political theory from a different light than has been made available thus far in Anglo-American political theory. More specifically, I argue that social systems theory makes a provoking and productive intervention in the ongoing debate on competing conceptions of ‘critique’ and normativity. I first compare Luhmann’s approach with that of Foucault’s and show that systems theory powerfully interrogates the sociological validity of the structure of normativity often found in the currently prominent liberal-universalist political theory. Later in the article, however, I identify a central theoretical problem in Luhmann’s brand of systems theory – namely a highly constricted notion of politics. This, I argue, stems from a strong apolitical structure of its overarching concept, the social. I trace this problem by analyzing the peculiar character of Luhmann’s normativism, or what I call ‘reluctant normativism’, and then by putting his central concepts alongside the recent developments in the theories of ‘the political’.
Ethics and Decision‐Making in a Course Management System: instructor and learner development

Abstract This study examines teacher and student development over the course of a semester in a business ethics class in which a course management system (CMS) was used to support ethical decision‐making. Dual methods were used to analyze instructor and learner development. An action research approach facilitated changes in practice that can be mapped to learner behaviors. Argyris and Schon’s (1978) theory of congruence framed instructor analysis while student data were analyzed with Kavathatzopoulos’s (1993) heteronomous or autonomous typology. Findings indicate some change in the instructor’s governing values with changes in action strategies. Online student groups ranged in the degree of documented ethical reasoning development and a positive correlation exists between grades and discussion forum activities indicating shifts in reasoning abilities.
The impact of group fissions on genetic structure in Native South America and implications for human evolution

In a series of publications beginning in the 1960s, Neel and colleagues suggested that genetically nonrandom, or "lineal", population fissions contributed to genetic structure in ancient human groups. The authors reached this conclusion by studying the genetic consequences of village fissions among the Yanomamo, a Native South American group thought to have been relatively unaffected by European contact and, therefore, representative of the human past. On the basis of ethnographic accounts and pedigree data, they further concluded that patrilineal relationships were particularly important in shaping the genetic structure of villages following fissions. This study reexamines the genetic consequences of village fissions using autosomal STRs, Y-chromosome STRs, and mitochondrial DNA sequences collected from large samples of individuals from multiple Yanomamo villages. Our analyses of the autosomal STRs replicate the previous finding that village fissions have produced substantial genetic structure among the Yanomamo. However, our analyses of Y-chromosome STRs and mtDNA d-loop polymorphisms suggest that other population processes, including village movements, inter-village migration, and polygynous marriage, affect genetic structure in ways not predicted by a simple model of patrilineal fissions. We discuss the broader implications of population fissions for human evolution and the suitability of using the Yanomamo as a model for the human past.
Use of trifluoroacetic acid to prepare cellodextrins

Abstract A simple procedure for the hydrolysis of cellulose or biomass into cellodextrins using trifluoroacetic acid-water mixtures was found. Several reaction variables to get maximum conversion of the cellulose into watersoluble oligomers were determined. Fermentation of the cellodextrins produced ethanol in 75% yields.
In the Hindutva Laboratory: Pogroms and Politics in Gujarat, 2002

Communal violence wracked the state of Gujarat and the city of Ahmedabad once again in 2002, leaving some 2,000 people dead. Because the ruling BJP party had proclaimed Gujarat the ‘Laboratory of Hindutva’, analysts throughout India saw the violence as BJP policy and debated its possible spillover effects elsewhere. This paper finds that in a period already marked by stressful economic and cultural change and attended by political uncertainty, some BJP leaders gambled that an attack on Gujarat's Muslims, and on the rule of law in general, would attract followers and voters. Their gamble proved correct at least in the short run. This paper examines the cultural, social, geographical and educational restructuring that is occurring, through legal and illegal struggles, and the impact of the violence upon these processes. It examines the declining status of Muslims as a result of continuous propaganda against them. It analyzes the degree to which the state was damaged as a result of the decision for violence and asks about the degree to which leaders do, or do not, wish to ‘put it behind them’, and suggests that Ahmedabad's problems are widely shared in both the developing and developed worlds.
Using inverted echo sounders to measure dynamic height in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Niño

Abstract We investigate the relationship between the dynamic height anomaly ( ΔD ) and roundtrip acoustic travel time (τ) measured by inverted echo sounders (IES) in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Salinity variations in the upper 50 m have little effect on τ but do affect surface dynamic height, ΔD 0–2500 . Consequently, in the eastern equatorial Pacific it is better to interpret τ as a record of dynamic height below 50 dbar, ΔD 50–2500 . The slope o f the calibration, derived from a regression of ΔD 50–2500 with τ, is −60 dyn m s -1 . This slopeis controlled mainly by the highly energetic El Nino signal, and is approximately 17% steeper than the simulated IES response to the first baroclinic mode. This difference may be explained by the significant second-vertical-mode component of El Nino, but is small since τ is relatively insensitive to the second vertical mode. As a result, purely first-mode signals (which are likely to dominate IES records because of the low second-mode sensitivity) will still be estimated will with the same calibration.
Refractory and relapsing multiple myeloma treated by blood stem cell transplantation.

ABSTRACT Between June 1989 and June 1992, 12 patients with advanced multiple myeloma underwent peripheral blood stem cell autotransplantation after high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The conditioning regimen included melphalan (140 mg/m 2 ), high-dose cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), methylprednisolone (2 g daily × 7), and total body irradiation (9–12 Gy). Transplant morbidity included severe mucositis ( n = 7) and acute renal failure ( n = 2) related to infusion of the stem cells. Engraftment was delayed ( n = 4) in this heavily pretreated population, and two patients had complete graft failure. Despite the advanced nature and chemotherapy–refractory state of their disease, 11 of 11 evaluable patients achieved an objective response. Six patients survived to leave the hospital, and four remain alive—one died of acute leukemia induced by prior melphalan exposure. Three of the four are relapse-free at a median of 24.9 months (range, 18–28 months). Some patients with advanced refractory multiple myeloma can achieve objective responses from high-dose chemoradiotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell rescue. Harvesting peripheral blood stem cells from high-risk patients early in their disease for later use may decrease the risk of graft failure. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation after high-dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation can produce durable responses in patients with advanced refractory myeloma.
Minimally Invasive Direct Access Heart Valve Surgery

We review our experience with minimally invasive direct access (MIDA) heart valve surgery in 518 patients. Two hundred fifty-two patients underwent MIDA aortic valve replacement (AVR) or repair and 266 underwent MIDA mitral valve repair or replacement. Among the 250 AVRs, 157 (63%) were men, aged 63.2 +/- 14.6 years, NYHA functional Class 2.4 +/- 0.8. The surgical approach was right parasternal in 36 (14%) or upper hemisternotomy in 216 (86%). There were four (2%) operative deaths. Perioperative complications included 14 (5.6%) reexplorations for bleeding, 7 (3%) chest wound infections, 5 (2%) strokes, and 1 (0.4%) external iliac vein injury. Follow-up was complete in 193 (77%) patients, with a mean follow-up of 12 +/- 8 months. Late complications included 2 (0.8%) nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 4 (2%) reoperations for, respectively, 2 pericardial complications, 1 paravalvar leak, and 1 infected valve. There were five (2%) late deaths from congestive heart failure, pneumonia, hemorrhage, aneurysm, and cancer. Mean follow-up NYHA Class was 1.4 +/- 0.6. For the 266 mitral patients, 145 (54.5%) were men, age 58.7 +/- 13.6 years, functional Class 2.3 +/- 0.5. The surgical approach was right parasternal in 195 (73%), lower hemisternotomy in 53 (20%), right submammary thoracotomy in 9 (3.4%), or full sternotomy through a small skin incision in 9 (3.4%). There were 2 (0.8%) operative deaths. Perioperative complications included 4 (1.5%) reoperations for bleeding, 4 (1.5%) strokes, and 5 (2%) wound infections, and 3 (1%) ascending aortic complications. Follow-up was complete in 202 (76%) patients with a mean follow-up of 9.5 +/- 6.4 months. Late complications included one (0.4%) nonfatal myocardial infarction and three (1%) reoperations all converting repairs to replacements. There were three (1%) late deaths from suicide, pneumonia, and sudden death, respectively. Mean follow-up NYHA functional Class was 1.3 +/- 0.5. We conclude that MIDA heart valve surgery is safe and effective for the majority of patients requiring isolated elective aortic or mitral valve surgery. Language: en
Programs for molecular formula determination employing data from unit resolution MS/MS spectra

Abstract Direct determination of molecular formulae cannot be accomplished using unit resolution molecular weight data, since a given molecular weight may be consistent with many formulae. Several software tools have been developed to facilitate the determination of molecular formulae using unit resolution MS and MS/MS data. MS and MS/MS isotopic ratio data and identified substructures are used to develop constraints on the elemental composition. The composition data and molecular weight of the compound are then entered as input to a molecular formula generator program which generates all possible formulae consistent with these constraints. In this manner, the number of candidate formulae is greatly reduced.
A comparative study of nerve healing in adult, neonatal, and fetal rabbits

This experiment quantitatively compared the human equivalent of a nerve repair following surgical division in the fetal, adult, and early childhood period of development using a rabbit as an experimental animal model. Twelve time-dated pregnant New Zealand White rabbits at 24 days' gestation (term = 31 days) underwent hysterotomy ; one hind limb was delivered through the uterine opening. The sciatic nerve was divided and repaired by primary neurorrhaphy using two 11-0 epineural sutures. Sciatic nerve repair was also performed in 10 neonatal and 10 adult New Zealand White rabbits. Following repair, each group was assessed using electromyography examination, measuring distal motor latency and amplitude at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months postrepair. There was no difference in any of the groups in distal motor latency. The amplitude rose incrementally in all groups, and the fetal group had significantly higher amplitudes (p < 0.02) at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months in comparison with the adult group. There was no statistically significant difference between fetal and neonatal nerve repairs at any of the time periods. At the completion of the study, the nerve repair sites were harvested for histologic estimation of mean myelinated fiber density and fiber diameter distribution distal and proximal to the repair site. A greater percentage of myelinated axons crossed the repair site in the fetal group (83 percent) in comparison with the adult group (63 percent) (p < 0.03). Out study also demonstrated significant increases in the number of larger myelinated fibers crossing the repair site in comparison with the neonatal and adult groups (p < 0.04). This study found that fetal nerve healing following surgical repair is superior to that found in adult animals and results in a higher number of larger myelinated fibers crossing the repair site in comparison with adult and neonatal repairs.
Coronary microcirculation changes in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy identified by novel perfusion CT

Intramyocardial microvessels demonstrate functional changes in cardiomyopathies. However, clinical computed tomography (CT) does not have adequate spatial resolution to assess the microvessels. Our hypothesis is that these functional changes manifest as altered heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of arteriolar perfusion territories. Our goal was to determine whether the spatial analysis of perfusion CT could clinically detect changes in the function and structure of the intramyocardial microcirculation in a non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Two groups were studied: (1) a Control group (12 male plus 12 female) with no risk factors nor evidence of coronary artery disease, and (2) a DCM group (12 male plus 12 female) with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% and no evidence of coronary artery disease. Using the CT scan, the LV free wall thickness and its radius of curvature were measured. The DCM group was sub divided into those with LV free wall thickness <11.5 mm and those with thickness ≥11.5 mm. In the myocardial opacification phase of the CT scan sequence, myocardial perfusion (F) and intramyocardial blood volume (Bv) for multiple intramyocardial regions were computed. No significant differences between the groups were demonstrable in overall myocardial F or Bv. However, the myocardial regional data showed significantly increased spatial heterogeneity in the DCM group when compared to the Control group. The findings demonstrate that altered function of the subresolution intramyocardial microcirculation can be quantified with myocardial perfusion CT and that significant changes in these parameters occur in the DCM subjects with LV wall thickness greater than 11.5 mm.
I'll Think of Something: Improvisation in Small Church Service Programs

This paper examines the improvisation practiced by leaders in three emergency feeding programs on the south side of Chicago. It contributes to the theoretical understanding of religious leadership. Scholars recognize that religious leadership is improvisational, but little research has been done about how and when leaders improvise. This paper demonstrates that leaders in these feeding programs innovate frequently, but it argues that they do so in a limited way. Unlike improvisers in music, theater, or business, who innovate to increase variability, these kitchen improvisers exercise creativity in order to lessen variability and produce predictable results. The paper identifies the structural factors that promote and inhibit improvisation. It argues that space for improvisation is constructed by human need, institutional mission, and supply uncertainty, but that space for innovation is simultaneously limited by organizational expectations and the structure of volunteer labor. The paper suggests that the structural factors limiting improvisation in these programs also limits creativity in other areas of church work.
Transistorized 10-Mc Decade Scaler

A space-saving, standard, transistorized 10-Mc decade scaler of modular construction has been developed to replace assorted earlier types of scalers. For high reliability, silicon planar transistors are used throughout, except for readout drivers. Two complete scalers are contained in a standard, rack mounting frame of 3-1/2-inch front panel height. A power supply module on the rear panel powers both scalers. Each scaler comprises nine modules. One module contains a tunnel diode pulse height discriminator with a threshold variable from 0.1 to 2 volts, and temperature coefficient less than 1 mv/°C. Another module contains a diode gate for gating the discriminator output, and the reset circuitry for the scaler modules. A third module contains a 10-Mc decade counting unit (DCU). Six identical 1-Mc DCU's complete the scaler. Ten-digit front panel readout of the DCU's is provided by neon lights in column configuration. External DCU readout is provided by four-line binary-coded decimal signals in 1-2-4-8 code.
Slot die coating of polybenzimiazole based membranes at the air engulfment limit

Abstract The objective of the current study is to analyze the slot die coating process of highly viscous (1–20 Pa s), shear-thinning solutions. The upper and lower coating boundaries are determined with respect to various non-dimensional parameters. Polyphosphoric acid doped polybenzamidazole (PPA/PBI) solutions are used as the test solutions. Simulations are performed using 2D, volume-of-fluid (VOF) model available in FLUENT 6.3.26 to predict the coating windows. The numerically predicted coating window compared within ±4% of the experimental data. Design of Experiments (DOE) is performed to understand the impact of operational and processing conditions on the coating windows. It is observed that the air engulfment could be delayed by using smaller coating gaps and higher processing temperatures, which would facilitate faster processing of thin films, an important attribute during industrial scale processing. One major contribution from the study is the development of a semi-empirical model, in which operational and processing parameters are supplied as inputs to predict the air engulfment velocity within ±10% accuracy.
Models for Reliability Prediction of Fine-Pitch BGAs and CSPs in Shock and Drop-Impact

Drop-induced failures are most dominant in portable electronic products. In this study, explicit finite element models have been used to predict the transient dynamic behavior of various area-array package architectures assembled to printed circuit boards after drop-impact. Parameters predicted include field-quantities and their derivatives including displacement and strain. Methodologies for modeling components using smeared property formulations have been investigated. Reduced integration element formulations examined include-shell and solid elements. Model predictions have been validated with experimental data. Results show that models with smeared properties can predict transient-dynamic response of board assemblies in drop-impact, fairly accurately. A high-speed data acquisition system has been used to capture in-situ strain, continuity, and acceleration data in excess of 1 million samples per second. Ultra high-speed video at 40 000 fps has been used to capture the deformation kinematics. Component types examined include-plastic ball-grid arrays (BGAs), tape-array BGA, quad-flat no-lead packages (QFN), and conduction-cooled ball-grid arrays (C2BGA). Model predictions have been correlated with experimental data. Impact of experimental error sources on model correlation with experiments has also been investigated
One kidney transplant center's experience: linking process improvements and Medicare/Medicaid conditions of participation

Context—An institutional priority toward transplantation, dedicated team dynamics, aggressive clinical growth, and optimal care practices are essential for delivering exceptional care to transplant patients. The importance of multidisciplinary integration of these priorities throughout the continuum of patient care is widely recognized in the transplant arena as well as by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). In fact, it is the collaboration within these aspects of care that is necessary for certification by CMS.Objectives—To establish institution-wide practices, systems, and mechanisms to optimize performance of transplant centers through the use of evidence-based protocols, clinical innovation, and data-driven quality improvements. To develop training programs and competency based orientation addressing the topics needed for transplant nurses, multidisciplinary caregivers, and clinical transplant coordinators who provide care to transplant patients. To comply with the CMS conditions of ...
At the heart of information ecologies: invisibility and technical communication

The ecological metaphor for technological systems provides a useful supplement to others dealing with the question of human control over technologies. However, it fails to develop adequately its own reliance on communication as the means whereby human values may be embedded in technologies, or to recognize the role of professional communicators in that process.