cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The shepherding of local public opinion: The Supreme Court and Lamb's Chapel

We argue that the standard methodology for assessing the impact of Supreme Court decisions on public opinion, which relies on national surveys to measure public attitudes before and after relevant Court decisions, fails, among other grounds, to account for the fact that the overwhelming majority of Court decisions speak to particular constituencies only. We assess the impact of the Supreme Court's decision in Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches on the geographic constituencies involved in the case. We interviewed a random sample of residents in the town of Center Moriches and in the surrounding county of Suffolk, New York, before and after the decision. Consistent with the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (Petty and Cacioppo 1986), we find that high levels of information about the decision increases support for the Court's decision among those for whom the decision is relatively less salient.
Increasing In-Row Spacing Enhances Potato Virus Y and Potato Leafroll Virus Spread in Potato

For potato, variety, tuber size, and chip or fresh markets all play a role in deciding which in-row spacing is used. Aphids are attracted to wide row spacings and as plant densities decrease, aphid densities increase. Wide in-row spacing could render ineffective any pest management tactic that exploited aphid colonization behavior through habitat manipulation if it prevented adequate row closure and enhanced aphid landing rates. To understand this, we studied the effect 20.3, 30.5, 45.7, 68.5, and 101.6 cm in-row spacing treatments had on PVY and PLRV spread. PVY infection reached 14.8 % at 101.6 cm in-row spacings and was the lowest (5.9 %) at 20.3 cm spacings. PLRV infection was highest at 101.6 cm spacings (69.1 %) and lowest at 20.3 cm spacings (44.2 %). Optimal potato production occurs on in-row spacing of 25 to 30 cm. Based on our results, current potato cultural practices in relationship to row spacing are not enhancing virus spread.
Brain Gene Expression in Development and After Injury

The development of any organ or tissue involves the organized generation, migration, differentiation, and interaction of various cell types. The complexity of functionally as well as molecularly defined cell types, both neurons and glia, in the adult nervous system is far greater than in other organs. As well as complex patterns of differentiation, brain development involves especially complex temporal and spatial patterns of cell migration, followed by the establishment and maintenance of complex patterns of synaptic connections between the axon of each neuron in a circuit and the dendrites or cell body of the next. This “hard wiring,” involving trillions of synapses, is the substrate for the constantly fluctuating patterns of synaptic activity that characterize a functioning nervous system. Owing to the length and complexity of neuronal processes, the cell body is a very small part of the neuron’s total volume, and proteins, mostly synthesized in the cell body, must be transported across considerable distances to their sites of utilization, e.g., to a synapse at the distal end of the axon (Fig. 1). Consequently, the generation and maintenance of a functional nervous system must involve the precisely regulated synthesis, transport, utilization, and degradation of a great many different gene products. The advent of recombinant DNA technology has given us the tools to identify some of these gene products and to investigate their synthesis, regulation, and function.
Yamada coupling reagent

The use of diethyl phosphoryl cyanide (diethyl cyanophosphonate) for the activation of carboxylic acids.
Leukemia specific antigens: FOCMA and immune surveillance.

The domestic cat is one of few species where most cases of naturally occurring leukemia and lymphoma are known to be caused by viruses [14]. The RNA retroviruses that cause these diseases are well characterized, and they are related to the viruses that cause similar tumors in laboratory mice [13,15]. The malignancies associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection include T and B cell lymphomas, lymphoblastic leukemias, and myeloid leukemias [7,44,48,56,63]. Feline sarcoma viruses (FeSV), which are defective for replication, induce multicentric fibrosarcomas and melanomas in vivo [36,62,82], and transform fibroblasts in vitro [5,73].
Rapid ester biosynthesis screening reveals a high activity alcohol-O-acyltransferase (AATase) from tomato fruit

Ethyl and acetate esters are naturally produced in various yeasts, plants, and bacteria. The biosynthetic pathways that produce these esters share a common reaction step, the condensation of acetyl/acyl-CoA with an alcohol by alcohol-O-acetyl/acyltransferase (AATase). Recent metabolic engineering efforts exploit AATase activity to produce fatty acid ethyl esters as potential diesel fuel replacements as well as short- and medium-chain volatile esters as fragrance and flavor compounds. These efforts have been limited by the lack of a rapid screen to quantify ester biosynthesis. Enzyme engineering efforts have also been limited by the lack of a high throughput screen for AATase activity. Here, we developed a high throughput assay for AATase activity and used this assay to discover a high activity AATase from tomato fruit, Solanum lycopersicum (Atf-S.l). Atf1-S.l exhibited broad specificity towards acyl-CoAs with chain length from C4 to C10 and was specific towards 1-pentanol. The AATase screen also revealed new acyl-CoA substrate specificities for Atf1, Atf2, Eht1, and Eeb1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Atf-C.m from melon fruit, Cucumis melo, thus increasing the pool of characterized AATases that can be used in ester biosynthesis of ester-based fragrance and flavor compounds as well as fatty acid ethyl ester biofuels.
On the topology of topography: a review

ABSTRACTIn the field of terrain analysis, a primary goal is to effectively identify topographic features for a better understanding of their associated processes. The relationships among features are, therefore, of particular importance. The concept of the surface network, involving and defined by such features as peaks, pits, various saddles, ridge lines, and the opposite course lines, can be a beneficial construct for describing and modeling any mathematical surface and, perhaps, topographic surfaces, as well. However, limitations of terrain data collection, storage, and computational processing have presented difficulties when attempting to make the jump from such logical constructs and their supporting mathematical theories to the development of tools and mapped products representing the measured topography of a landscape. Compared to feature extraction, less attention has been given to the topological relationships among topographic features. This article provides a chronological review of the develo...
Radio-echo probing of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, USA, during onset of melting and spring speed-up

Radio-echo soundings were collected on Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, USA, from mid-May to mid-July 1993 to investigate spring speed-up and summer slowdown including high-speed events associated with three lake drainages. Temporal changes in echo power from all depths were highly correlated, indicating a strong effect from varying amounts of near-surface water. Evaluation of bed reflectivity was corrected for this effect based on the time variation of spatially stable patterns of internal scattering identified using principal component analysis. Hourly time series collected at two fixed locations over the deepest part of two valley cross sections showed no detectable change in bed reflection power (<5%) or phase (<0.05 rad). Reoccupation of fixed locations toward the margins at several-day intervals revealed changes in bed power reflectivity up to 50%, but with no definable relation to lake drainages. Theoretical analyses indicate that changes in reflectivity of <5% from a rock bed constrain basal water thickness changes to centimeter scale or less. Conductive basal till degrades the constraint to decimeter scale or more. Changes in bed reflectivity of 50% indicate probable absence of thick conductive till at such locations, and that the changes were caused by centimeter to decimeter changes in equivalent water thickness.
Effect of difluoromalonic acid di-amide on oxidation of organic acids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

SummaryDifluoromalonic acid and its di-amide inhibit the oxidation of a number of organic acids by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa although no inhibition could be demonstrated in sonicates of the cells. The di-amides of monofluoromalonic, tetrafluoro-succinic and hexafluoroglutaric acids are essentially inactive.
American Code of Nurse Ethics: concept basis and practice strategies

This article introduced nine items in the updated American Code of Nurse Ethics and then illustrated the important theories and concepts covered in each item. In the USA, the basic strategy for practicing the Code of Nurse Ethics is to utilize the systematized concepts included in these items throughout nursing education, policy administration, rules and regulations of health care organizations, national policies and laws, certificate standard of health care organization and nursing staff, and evaluation standard of nursing care quality, etc. The systematized mechanics of practicing the Code of Nurse Ethics was stated through the fishbone map of the Code of Nurse Ethic systemized practice network.
Effects of fiber and virginiamycin on nutrient absorption, nutrient retention and rate of passage in growing swine.

Three balance trials, each involving 12 crossbred gilts averaging 35.2 kg body weight, were conducted to determine the effects of dietary fiber and virginiamycin on nutrient digestibility, mineral absorption and retention, and digesta rate of passage (RP). Two levels of fiber (13.5 and 20.2% neutral detergent fiber) and two levels of virginiamycin (0 and 11 ppm) were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The RP was determined by observing the time required for a change in feces color after the addition of .5% chromic oxide to the diet. The high fiber diet had a faster (P less than .01) RP, which was associated with depressions (P less than .001) in the digestibility of dry matter (DM), energy (E), cell contents, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HC), cellulose, permanganate lignin and ash. Virginiamycin supplementation slowed (P less than .004) the RP of both low and high fiber diets, but improved (P less than .05) the DM, E, NDF, ADF, HC and cellulose digestibility of the high fiber diet only. Fiber increased (P less than .06) fecal N excretion, whereas virginiamycin supplementation decreased (P less than .08) fecal N excretion. The addition of virginiamycin improved the absorption and retention of P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn when added to the high fiber diet, but had little or no effect when added to the low fiber diet even though absorption and retention values for most minerals were similar or slightly higher for the unsupplemented high fiber diet compared with the unsupplemented low fiber diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Development of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at a Pediatric Hospital

This continuing feature will focus on recent advancements in the areas of pediatrics and neonatal pharmacology and on methods for reducing medication error risk in this patient population. Most pharmacological agents are designed with the adult in mind, and there is little literature-based data from which to derive dosing schedules and proper drug administration techniques for the pediatric and neonatal patient. Moreover, pharmacological response in this group is not well understood. We hope that this feature will help you provide pharmaceutical care to this high-risk population. Direct questions or comments to hospitalpharmacy@ drugfacts.com.
Painvin Breaks a Cipher

Manly’s Article III takes up the ADFGX (later ADFGVX) story. It contains a brief description of the ADFGX and ADFGVX cipher systems and contains a discussion of Painvin’s solution. There is also a discussion of the “Wilhelm” cipher used by the Political Section of the German Army for propaganda purposes. Finally, there is a general discussion of the different types of systems used in different parts of the German Army.
Evaluating water infrastructure and agriculture practices for drought adaptations in East Africa: A combined hydrological and system dynamics approach

As drought occurrences have increased in frequency and intensity, cost-effective policies for drought adaptations are needed. The study focuses on evaluating the cost effectiveness of innovative agricultural practices and hydraulic infrastructure for the region of East Africa. A combined hydrological and system dynamics model has been developed to represent the relationships between water availability, livestock and crop production, and the socio-economic and policy aspects. The hydraulic infrastructure measures are meant to increase the overall water availability. Five different hydraulic infrastructure options were considered: sand dams, rooftop rain water harvesting tanks, ponds, shallow wells, and boreholes. The agricultural practices include drip irrigation and agroforestry that are aimed at increasing crop yields and diversifying income, thus improving population resiliency during drought period. Using the metric of cost per gained cubic meter of water and the net present value of investment, the study found that a combination of increased hydraulic infrastructure and innovative agricultural practice policy can reduce domestic water deficits by 54–100% while increasing the income per capita by up to 285% over a 10-year simulation period. It was also found that the policies have different cost-benefit distributions on various stakeholders including pastoralist, agro-pastoralists, and farmers.
Central Pancreatectomy with Pancreaticojejunostomy for an Insulinoma: A Case Report with Literature Review.

Abstract Background: Insulinomas are a rare entity commonly treated by resection. Central pancreatectomy represents an uncommon type of resection for pancreatic lesions. Case Presentation: A 77-yea...
Why do residents participate in neighborhood associations? The case of apartment neighborhood associations in Seoul, South Korea

ABSTRACTPrivate governments are organized by residents to resolve collective action problems in neighborhoods and provide services that are public in nature for the community residents. This article builds knowledge of private governments by examining apartment complexes in Seoul, South Korea, and explores the determinants of citizen engagement in neighborhood associations. Apartment complexes in Seoul are forming physical neighborhoods that make its segregated life boundary distinct. This research proposes that the neighborhood associations in Seoul may create social spaces where people pursue human values and social goods and promote civic engagement in the community. To explain factors that affect residents who participate in neighborhood associations, we analyzed the Apartment Community Survey in Seoul. The results indicate that residents who participate in social groups and community programs and live in communities for a long time are more likely to participate in neighborhood associations
Short-time Brownian motion

This paper reviews our experiments and numerical calculations on short timescale Brownian motion and its applications. We verified the modified Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution using micrometer-sized spheres in liquids at room temperature. In addition, we proposed using Brownian particles as probes to study boundary effects imposed by a solid wall, wettability at solid-fluid interfaces, and fluid compressibility. The experiments rely on the use of tightly focused laser beams to both contain and probe the Brownian motion of microspheres in fluids. A dielectric sphere near the focus of a laser beam scatters some of the incident photons in a direction which depends on the particle’s position. Changes in the particle’s position are encoded in the spatial distribution of the scattered beam, which can be measured with high sensitivity. Lastly, we discuss the proposed studies on fluid compressibility and non-equilibrium physics using a short duration pulsed laser.
Volunteer Environmental Stewardship and Affective Labour in Philadelphia

Recent research has critically evaluated the rapid growth of volunteer urban environmental stewardship. Framings of this phenomenon have largely focused upon environmentality and/or neoliberal environments, unfortunately often presenting a totalising picture of the state and/or market utilising power from above to create environmental subjects with limited agency available to local citizens. Based upon qualitative research with volunteer urban environmental stewards in Philadelphia, affective labour is proposed as an alternative explanation for participation. Stewards volunteered their time and labour due to the intense emotional attachments they formed with their neighbourhoods, neighbours, and nonhuman others in relationships of affective labour. Volunteer urban environmental stewardship as affective labour provides room for agency on the part of individuals and groups involved in volunteer urban environmental reproduction and opens up new ways of relating to and being with human and nonhuman others.
Cell Autonomous and Non-cell Autonomous Regulation of SMC Progenitors in Pulmonary Hypertension.

Summary Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating disease characterized by excessive vascular muscularization. We previously demonstrated primed platelet-derived growth factor receptor β+ (PDGFR-β+)/smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker+ progenitors at the muscular-unmuscular arteriole border in the normal lung, and in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, a single primed cell migrates distally and expands clonally, giving rise to most of the pathological smooth muscle coating of small arterioles. Little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. Herein, we show that primed cell expression of Kruppel-like factor 4 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1-α) are required, respectively, for distal migration and smooth muscle expansion in a sequential manner. In addition, the HIF1-α/PDGF-B axis in endothelial cells non-cell autonomously regulates primed cell induction, proliferation, and differentiation. Finally, myeloid cells transdifferentiate into or fuse with distal arteriole SMCs during hypoxia, and Pdgfb deletion in myeloid cells attenuates pathological muscularization. Thus, primed cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous pathways are attractive therapeutic targets for pulmonary hypertension.
Signals driving the adaptation of saccades that require spatial updating

Adaptation and the spatial updating of saccades are thought to be independent processes. When we dissociate the visual target and the intended saccade command, the transfer of visually guided sacca...
Uterine preservation in a young patient with adenosarcoma of the uterus - Case report and review of literature.

Uterine adenosarcomas (AS) are rare malignancies and make up 5% of uterine sarcomas (Friedlander et al., 2014; Hensley, 2012). They are usually low-grade tumors and are characterized by a benign epithelial component with a malignant mesenchymal component, which is typically a low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma but can also be a high-grade sarcoma (Hensley, 2012). Patients diagnosed with uterine adenosarcomas generally have a good prognosis with the exception of deeply invasive tumors or those with high-grade sarcomatous overgrowth. The standard management is total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy. However, the difficulty arises in young patients with uterine adenosarcomas who wish to preserve their fertility. In view of the rarity of uterine adenosarcomas, there are limited data on the safety and follow-up in women opting for fertility sparing surgery. There has only one previous study (Lee et al., 2017) reporting a successful pregnancy. We present a case report of a young lady with uterine adenosarcoma who underwent fertility sparing surgery with a successful normal delivery after. She subsequently had a local recurrence after 8 years and underwent staging surgery.
Optogenetics: A Primer for Chemists

The field of optogenetics uses genetically encoded, lightresponsive proteins to control physiological processes. This technology has been hailed as the one of the ten big ideas in brain science in the past decade, the breakthrough of the decade, and the method of the year in 2010 and again in 2014. The excitement evidenced by these proclamations is confirmed by a couple of impressive numbers. The term "optogenetics" was coined in 2006. As of December 2017, "optogenetics" is found in the title or abstract of almost 1600 currently funded National Institutes of Health grants. In addition, nearly 600 reviews on optogenetics have appeared since 2006, which averages out to approximately one review per week! However, in spite of these impressive numbers, the potential applications and implications of optogenetics are not even close to being fully realized. This is due, in large part, to the challenges associated with the design of optogenetic analogues of endogenous proteins. This review is written from a chemist's perspective, with a focus on the molecular strategies that have been developed for the construction of optogenetic proteins.
A New Tool for Encouraging Activity: Project PACE

Promoting physical activity among patients is an essential role for physicians. Project PACE (Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise) is a practical system of matching physician cou...
Organized family planning services in the United States, 1976-1977.

In 1977 about 4.2 million women received contraceptives from organized family planning programs in the U.S. according to a study conducted by the Alan Guttmacher Institute. The number of women served in family planning clinics has increased from 863000 in 1968 to 4215000 in 1977 although since 1972 the rate of increase has slowed. About 31% of patients in 1977 were under 20 compared to 20% in 1969. Contraceptive services were provided by 2574 public and private agencies at 5270 different locations. 42% of women receiving family planning services from organized programs in 1977 received them from health departments 27% from Planned Parenthood affiliates 13% from hospitals and 18% from other agencies. Health departments constituted 58% of providers although they served only 42% of patients while Planned Parenthood affiliates with 7% of providers served 27% of patients. Federal expenditures for medical family planning services provided by organized clinics and private physicians rose from an estimated $13.5 million in 1968 to $239.1 million in 1977 and estimated federal expenditures for clinic services were $192.5 million. Title X project grants are the main source of federal funds for family planning services but increases in project grants since 1973 have been modest. Other sources of federal support are the Maternal and Child Health program under Title V of the Social Security Act and Medicaid and Social Service programs. Details about these funding sources are presented. 76% of expenditures for medical family planning services in organized clinics came from federal sources 9% from state funds and 15% from patient fees and private contributions.
Complicated Grief Treatment (CGT) for Prolonged Grief Disorder

Complicated grief (CG) also called prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a recently described syndrome characterized by intense and persistent acute grief with yearning, longing, and sadness; preoccupation with thoughts and memories of the deceased; and complicating thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that impede successful mourning. This chapter describes a novel complicated grief treatment (CGT) that has been evidence-tested in two randomized controlled trials. The treatment targets resolution of grief complications and facilitation of successful mourning and utilizes techniques from prolonged exposure for PTSD, interpersonal psychotherapy for depression, and motivational interviewing. The treatment is delivered in 16 weekly sessions comprising 4 phases: getting started (sessions 1–3), core revisiting sequence (sessions 4–9), midcourse review (session 10), and a closing sequence (sessions 11–16). The chapter describes strategies and techniques used in CGT, illustrates these with a case example, and provides some guidance for implementation challenges and an overview of the research that supports the treatment.
Near optimal time boundary controllability for a class of hyperbolic equations

We use propagation of singularities results to obtain essentially optimal time boundary controllability for strictly hyperbolic equations with real analytic coefficients.
The Type I Interferon System With Emphasis on Its Role in Malignancies

Interferon-α2 (IFN-α2) has been tested extensively in human clinical trials and has proven to confer a survival benefit to patients with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), hemangioma and various other malignancies. To date, the precise molecular determinants that differentiate responders from nonresponders have not been defined. A majority of the current knowledge about IFN-α2 has been derived from its role as an endogenously-produced antiviral compound. Importantly, new information on the activity of exogenously administered IFN-α is beginning to emerge as a result of its widespread use for tumor immunotherapy. This chapter will focus on the biology of IFN-α and its effects on downstream signaling events within the tumor cell and host immune effectors. We will highlight both endogenous and exogenous IFNα2, because information from each might provide insight into the mechanism of action of IFNα as an immunotherapeutic agent. Continued research on the basic biology of the IFN system could potentially lead to a greater understanding of its antitumor activity and greater clinical benefit while reducing its toxic side effects.
p38α MAPK signaling drives pharmacologically reversible brain and gastrointestinal phenotypes in the SERT Ala56 mouse

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder with limited treatment options. Activation of p38 MAPK signaling networks has been identified in ASD, and p38 MAPK signaling elevates serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) activity, effects mimicked by multiple, hyperfunctional SERT coding variants identified in ASD subjects. Mice expressing the most common of these variants (SERT Ala56) exhibit hyperserotonemia, a biomarker observed in ASD subjects, as well as p38 MAPK-dependent SERT hyperphosphorylation, elevated hippocampal 5-HT clearance, hypersensitivity of CNS 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C receptors, and behavioral and gastrointestinal perturbations reminiscent of ASD. As the α-isoform of p38 MAPK drives SERT activation, we tested the hypothesis that CNS-penetrant, α-isoform–specific p38 MAPK inhibitors might normalize SERT Ala56 phenotypes. Strikingly, 1-week treatment of adult SERT Ala56 mice with MW150, a selective p38α MAPK inhibitor, normalized hippocampal 5-HT clearance, CNS 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C receptor sensitivities, social interactions, and colonic motility. Conditional elimination of p38α MAPK in 5-HT neurons of SERT Ala56 mice restored 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C receptor sensitivities as well as social interactions, mirroring effects of MW150. Our findings support ongoing p38α MAPK activity as an important determinant of the physiological and behavioral perturbations of SERT Ala56 mice and, more broadly, supports consideration of p38α MAPK inhibition as a potential treatment for core and comorbid phenotypes present in ASD subjects.
In situ formation of hydrophobic magnetic ionic liquids for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.

Abstract A new class of magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) containing paramagnetic cations has been applied for in situ dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in the determination of both polar and non-polar pollutants, including ultraviolet filters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, a plasticizer and a preservative in aqueous samples. The MILs were based on cations containing Ni(II) metal centers coordinated with four N-alkylimidazole ligands and chloride anions. The MILs were capable of undergoing in situ metathesis reaction with the bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([NTf2−]) anion during the microextraction procedure, generating a water-immiscible extraction solvent containing the preconcentrated analytes. The MIL was then isolated by magnetic separation, followed by direct analysis using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Among all of the studied MILs, those containing the N-butylimidazole and N-benzylimidazole ligands ([Ni(C4IM)42+]2[Cl-] and [Ni(BeIM)42+]2[Cl-], respectively) exhibited the best extraction performance. The method under optimum conditions required 5 mL of sample at pH 3, 20 mg of [Ni(C4IM)42+]2[Cl-] or 30 mg of [Ni(BeIM)42+]2[Cl-], 300 μL of acetone or acetonitrile as dispersive solvent (depending on the MIL), a 1:2 M ratio of MIL to [NTf2−], and 3 min of vortex. The developed method achieved higher extraction efficiency compared to the conventional MIL-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction mode, with extraction efficiencies of 46.8–88.6% and 65.4–97.0% for the [Ni(C4IM)42+]2[Cl-] and the [Ni(BeIM)42+]2[Cl-] MILs (at a spiked level of 81 μg L-1), respectively, limits of detection down to 5.2 μg L-1, and inter-day relative standard deviation lower than 16%.
Brachial Plexopathies: Update on Treatment.

Brachial plexopathies (BPs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases which can profoundly affect person’s function and quality of life. This review targets current approaches to treatment of different BP types. Although there are multiple BP etiologies, non-traumatic causes are particularly unrecognized by clinicians, leading to misdiagnoses and delay in appropriate therapies. Recent data suggests that idiopathic neuralgic amyotrophy may be 50-fold more common than previously thought, with poorer outcomes than reported unless rapid diagnosis is followed by a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, including surgery for refractory cases. Advances in diagnostic imaging reduce time to treatment, if proper recognition by primary providers leads to rapid referral to neurologists. Due to rarity, heterogeneity, and overlap of different BP syndromes, development of treatment strategies is still based on case series and retrospective studies. Despite advances in surgical therapies, there are no randomized trials to guide optimal approaches to treatment in either traumatic or non-traumatic cases. Recent advances in imaging and surgical therapies may significantly improve clinical outcomes for patients with BPs, if rapid diagnosis of these often under-recognized conditions can be substantially improved to optimize approach to management. Controlled trials are still needed to optimize therapeutic strategies.
Enhanced Shock Scattering Histotripsy With Pseudomonopolar Ultrasound Pulses

Shock scattering histotripsy involves a complex interaction between positive and negative phases of an acoustic burst to initiate a robust cavitation bubble cloud. To more precisely study these effects and optimize shock scattering histotripsy therapy, we constructed a frequency compounding transducer to generate pseudomonopolar ultrasound pulses. The transducer consisted of 113 individual piezoelectric elements with various resonant frequencies (250 kHz, 500 kHz, 750 kHz, 1 MHz, 1.5 MHz, 2 MHz, and 3 MHz). For each resonant frequency, an extremely short pulse could be generated. Pseudomonopolar peak positive pulses were generated by aligning the principal peak positive pressures of individual frequency components temporally, so that they added constructively, and destructive interference occurred outside the peak-positive-overlapped temporal window. After inverting the polarity of the excitation signals, pseudomonopolar peak negative pulses were generated similarly by aligning principal peak negative pressures. Decoupling the positive and negative acoustic phases could have significant advantages for therapeutic applications enhancing precision and avoiding cavitation at tissue interfaces by using mostly positive pressure pulses. For example, we show that 16 shock scattering bubble clouds can be generated using only peak positive pulses following a single peak negative pulse that initiates a pressure release “seed cloud” from which the first shock front is “scattered.” Subsequent positive only pulses result in a precise elongated lesion within red blood cell phantoms.
Latinx Immigrant Youth’s Indirect and Direct Disclosures About Their Family-Undocumented Experiences, Received Emotional Support, and Depressive Symptoms:

Drawing upon sensitive interaction systems theory, this study investigated Latinx immigrant youth’s indirect and direct disclosures about their family-undocumented experiences (i.e., informing othe...
The Effect of Memorization on the Retention and Learning Acquisition of Programming Practice

To foster a skillful IT workforce, it is crucial to balance fundamental programming concepts and advanced coding skills that students can apply to complicated real-life problems. One of the biggest deterrents for students to succeed in a computing field is the struggle with learning new programming languages and how to code effectively. Based on Bloom’s Taxonomy, this study develops a holistic view of the student learning process in computer programming and suggests the pedagogical insights to improve students’ programming skills. This study shows the positive impact of memorization toward learning in fundamental programming class and its potential linkage to improved retention in computing programs.
CT Volumetry and Basic Texture Analysis as Surrogate Markers in Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Introduction We evaluated volumetric tumor measurements and computed tomography texture analysis as prognostic indicators in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer when compared with the unidimensional tumor size measurements used in Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Patients and Methods In a retrospective review, computed tomography examinations in 77 patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer were evaluated before and after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Baseline and changes in tumor diameter, volume, and texture were analyzed. Survival was analyzed with Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival statistics. Results Cox regression analysis demonstrated that only change in tumor volume (exp(B) = 1.006; P = .02) and the initial sum of the largest target lesion diameters predicted survival (exp(B) = 1.013; P = .02). Kaplan-Meier statistics demonstrated that patients with an initial sum of the largest target lesion diameters less than 88 mm had median survival time of 587 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 269-905 days), compared with the survival of those with larger tumor burden of 407 days (95% CI, 235-579 days). Patients in whom tumor volume decreased by more than 29% had a median survival time of 622 days (95% CI, 448-796 days), compared with 305 days for those with less decrease (95% CI, 34-240 days). Conclusion This study demonstrates that change in lung tumor volume is a better marker of patient survival than change of unidimensional diameter measurements in our cohort. If confirmed in larger studies, this suggests that volumetry might improve clinical decision-making for individual patients and allow for faster assessment of new treatments.
Level set splitting in DEM for modeling breakage mechanics

Abstract Brittle breakage of particles in granular materials has often been modeled using the discrete element method (DEM). DEM is often limited however in its ability to capture particle shape, particularly when used for breakage. This paper presents the first brittle breakage technique where level set functions will allow for the description of arbitrary shape for both particles and fracture surfaces. The breakage model to be described here uses fracture surfaces defined by level sets to take advantage of simple intersection and difference set operations to split particles in both two and three dimensions. We show how this method is implemented and how we can use it to define and apply arbitrary fracture surface shapes. We then give qualitative examples of using the method in both simple and exotic ways. Finally, we model oedometric tests and rock crushing, both very common uses for previous DEM breakage techniques, to present a validation that the method captures the physics of the problem.
Acoustic detection of microbubble formation induced by enhanced optical breakdown of silver/dendrimer nanocomposites

We utilize a real-time acoustic technique, based on pulse-echo measurements to detect formation of microbubbles in an aqueous solution of a silver/dendrimer nanocomposite (DNC). Wave-field plots of successive recordings illustrate the generation and behavior of bubbles created by the optical breakdown process. A significant threshold reduction is achieved with DNC particles compared to its host dendrimer, enabling a diverse field of low-threshold breakdown applications.
The biochemical basis of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry

Abstract Perhaps the most important concept to understand to appreciate the biochemical basis of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry is the effect of formalin fixation on the microenvironment of a given fixed cell. The complex three-dimensional protein/protein, protein–nucleic acid, and nucleic acid–nucleic acid network created after formalin fixation is a major determinant of whether the in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry reaction is a success or failure. This chapter dissects the biochemical consequences of pore size, ionic charges, breathability, and annealing/denaturation forces that are operative in every cell in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues when doing in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The chapter emphasizes how to exploit this information to greatly increase the chances that the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments you do will yield optimal signal and little to no background.
The Archetypal Faith of Christ

Hans Urs von Balthasar’s theology of Jesus’s “archetypal faith” situates the question of his consciousness in our contemporary context of the life of faith. His position is validated by current bib...
A real-time sleep scoring framework for closed-loop sleep manipulation in mice.

Subtle changes in sleep architecture can accompany and be symptomatic of many diseases or disorders. In order to probe and understand the complex interactions between sleep and health, the ability to model, track, and modulate sleep in preclinical animal models is vital. While various methods have been described for scoring experimental sleep recordings, few are designed to work in real time - a prerequisite for closed-loop sleep manipulation. In the present study, we have developed algorithms and software to classify sleep in real time and validated it on C57BL/6 mice (n = 8). Hidden Markov models of baseline sleep dynamics were fitted using an unsupervised algorithm to electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) data for each mouse, and were able to classify sleep in a manner highly concordant with manual scoring (Cohen's Kappa >75%) up to 3 weeks after model construction. This approach produced reasonably accurate estimates of common sleep metrics (proportion, mean duration, and number of bouts). After construction, the models were used to track sleep in real time and accomplish selective rapid eye movement (REM) sleep restriction by triggering non-invasive somatosensory stimulation. During REM restriction trials, REM bout duration was significantly reduced, and the classifier continued to perform satisfactorily despite the disrupted sleep patterns. The software can easily be tailored for use with other commercial or customised methods of sleep disruption (e.g. stir bar, optogenetic stimulation, etc.) and could serve as a robust platform to facilitate closed-loop experimentation. The source code and documentation are freely available upon request from the authors.
Analysis of Radiation Dose to the Shoulder by Treatment Technique and Correlation With Patient Reported Outcomes in Patients Receiving Regional Nodal Irradiation.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Shoulder/arm morbidity is a late complication of breast cancer treatment with surgery and regional nodal irradiation (RNI). We set to analyze the impact of radiation technique (intensity modulated radiation therapy [IMRT] or 3D conformal radiation therapy [3DCRT]) on radiation dose to the shoulder with a hypothesis that IMRT use results in smaller volume of shoulder receiving radiation. We explored the relationship of treatment technique on long-term patient-reported outcomes using the quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (q-DASH) questionnaire. MATERIALS/METHODS: We identified patients treated with adjuvant RNI (50 Gy/25 fractions) from 2013-2018. We retrospectively contoured the shoulder organ-at-risk (OAR) from 2 cm above the ipsilateral supraclavicular (SCL) planning target volume (PTV) to the inferior SCL PTV slice and calculated the absolute volume of shoulder OAR receiving 5-50 Gy (V5-V50). We identified patients that completed a q-DASH questionnaire ≥6 months from the end of RNI. RESULTS: We included 410 RNI patients: 54% stage III, 72% mastectomy, 35% treated with IMRT. IMRT resulted in significant reductions in the shoulder OAR volume receiving 20-50 Gy vs. 3DCRT. In total, 82 patients completed the q-DASH. The mean (SD) q-DASH=25.4 (19.1) and tended to be lower with IMRT vs. 3DCRT: 19.6 (16.4) vs. 27.8 (19.8), p=0.078. CONCLUSION: We found that IMRT reduces radiation dose to the shoulder and is associated with a trend towards reduced q-DASH scores ≥6 months post-RNI in a subset of our cohort. These results support prospective evaluation of IMRT as a technique to reduce shoulder morbidity in breast cancer patients receiving RNI.
507 Burn Survivor Perspectives On a "Virtual" Survivor Retreat

Introduction The social distancing restrictions mandated by the COVID-19 pandemic have directly impacted burn survivor support groups Around the country, Pediatric Camps and Adult Support groups have been canceled or moved to an alternate format While these alternative methods provide much-needed support and interaction for burn survivor groups, it is unknown how they compare to traditional, in-person support programs In November 2020, our facility will replace our traditional Adult Burn Survivor Retreat with an entirely virtual, synchronous retreat The retreat will feature many of the sessions and experiences from the in-person retreat but will be lacking the face-to-face contact that is so valued by our Adult Survivor Group Educational sessions will be provided by adult psychologists and social workers, burn therapists and nurses An adult burn survivor will provide the keynote address Adult burn survivors, who have participated in prior year's retreats, will be invited to participate in a comparison feedback survey Methods Participants in the Virtual Adult Survivor Retreat will complete a post-retreat survey, comparing the virtual retreat experience to the traditional in-person retreat format Likert scale questions will address participation level, benefit of retreat, specific feedback for sessions and ease of ability for survivors to interact with peers In addition, the survey will seek to identify barriers of the virtual format as a means of providing needed survivor support Results Survey results will be analyzed, and trends will be reported Statistically significant results can be further explored to guide future virtual events Conclusions Virtual events utilizing video platforms have become commonplace in the era of COVID-19, however, this format is still new, and the benefits have not been fully explored Evidence has shown a direct benefit to survivors participating in support services In an attempt to fill the gap left by the cancelation of in-person events, our facility is hosting a synchronous virtual retreat for adult burn survivors Retreat evaluation and data comparing the virtual event to prior in-person events will be analyzed and reported
101 Things I Learned in Architecture School

This is a book that students of architecture will want to keep in the studio and in their backpacks. It is also a book they may want to keep out of view of their professors, for it expresses in clear and simple language things that tend to be murky and abstruse in the classroom. These 101 concise lessons in design, drawing, the creative process, and presentation -- from the basics of "How to Draw a Line" to the complexities of color theory -- provide a much-needed primer in architectural literacy, making concrete what too often is left nebulous or open-ended in the architecture curriculum. Each lesson utilizes a two-page format, with a brief explanation and an illustration that can range from diagrammatic to whimsical. The lesson on "How to Draw a Line" is illustrated by examples of good and bad lines; a lesson on the dangers of awkward floor level changes shows the television actor Dick Van Dyke in the midst of a pratfall; a discussion of the proportional differences between traditional and modern buildings features a drawing of a building split neatly in half between the two. Written by an architect and instructor who remembers well the fog of his own student days, 101 Things I Learned in Architecture School provides valuable guideposts for navigating the design studio and other classes in the architecture curriculum. Architecture graduates -- from young designers to experienced practitioners -- will turn to the book as well, for inspiration and a guide back to basics when solving a complex design problem.
The nectary-specific pattern of expression of the tobacco Nectarin I promoter is regulated by multiple promoter elements.

The major protein secreted into the nectar of tobacco plants (Nectarin I) is a germin-like protein that has superoxide dismutase activity. We have isolated the gene encoding Nectarin I (NECI) and analyzed the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) marker gene driven by its promoter in transgenic plants. Transgenic plant lines that expressed the CAT gene under control of the full-length NEC1 promoter showed high levels of CAT expression in mature floral nectaries. Tissue specificity of NECI-CAT expression demonstrated that the construct was expressed uniquely in nectaries with a small level of expression in ovary. Further, analysis of its temporal expression showed that the construct is expressed uniquely during those times when nectar is actively being secreted from flowers. An examination of the transcription start site verified that the initiation site of the NECI-CAT mRNA in transgenic plants is identical with that of the native gene in vivo. Two promoter deletion constructs were also prepared and analyzed. Analysis in transgenic plants revealed that the nectary-specific expression is the result of multiple promoter elements and suggests that nectar secretion and flower opening may be coordinately regulated.
Elementary ideas behind plasma physics

This contribution is in support of Alfven's use of circuit theory to advance the understanding of complex plasma physical problems, such as magnetic reconnection; these ideas have often been mis-understood. Circuit analysis is not a full description of the physics, being a scalar relationship. However, it is suitable for dealing with energy relationships and cause and effect, and it is fully capable of showing fallacies behind various fashionable ideas, including steady-state reconnection.