cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sliding friction and wear of tin-, indium- and lead-coated 52100 steel

Abstract The sliding friction and wear behavior of 52100 steel with and without soft metal coatings was studied by using a ball-on-disk test device in a vacuum environment. Coatings ranging from 0.01 μm to several micrometers were produced by thermal vapor deposition (tin, lead), ion-beam sputtering (tin, indium) and magnetron-sputtering deposition (tin). For an uncoated 52100 steel disk sliding against a 52100 steel ball, the friction coefficient increased from 0.2 to 0.7 as the normal load increased from 0.1 to 0.3 kgf. Both the disk and the ball became severely damaged as friction increased. For tests with coated specimens, the coefficient of friction at early stages of sliding was found to depend strongly on the morphology of the soft metal coatings. For example, coatings with granular structure, normally found in sputtered films thicker than 1 μm, gave rise to very high friction coefficients. The coefficient of friction of other coated specimens remained low after prolonged sliding, even when the soft metal coatings had worn from the disks. The coating material still contributed to reduced friction either by the formation of roller-type debris on the wear track or by the formation of a prow at the tip of the slider. For magnetron-sputtered tin films, a lower coefficient of friction resulted when only the disk was coated, rather than both sliding components.
Effect of a Respiratory Disease on Reproduction

Abstract LERNER, Taylor and Beach (1950) reported the outbreak of a respiratory disease, tentatively diagnosed as atypical infectious coryza resulting from uncomplicated Hemophilus gallinarum infection, in the University of California flock of S. C. White Leghorns. Evidence of differences in genetic resistance to this infection was presented by them. The flock of pullets had been divided into two groups on the basis of odd and even wing band numbers in order to randomize origin for a nutrition experiment. The groups were fed rations differing only in one ingredient from the day-old stage through the period of production reported here. Even-numbered birds (Pens H1B and H2) were fed a control 20 percent protein breeding mash containing two percent of liver meal (cf. Grau, Kratzer and Newlon, 1949, Table 11); odd-numbered birds (Pens H1A and H3) received no liver meal, but had the fish meal level of their diet increased by two percent. . . .
Aerial release of CO2 and respiratory exchange ratio in intertidal fishes out of water

Many fishes in the marine intertidal zone have the ability to exchange respiratory gases in air during brief periods out of water. Previous studies on marine amphibious fishes such as mudskippers and rockskippers have shown that they release CO2 in air at a rate consistent with its release in aquatic respiration. Respiratory Exchange Ratios (RER, CO2 released per O2 consumed) are between 0.7 and 1.0, similar to Respiratory Quotients (CO2 produced metabolically per O2 consumed). However, previous studies of temperate intertidal fishes emerged only at low tides have been less consistent, with two species reported similar in ability to the amphibious skipper fishes, and two others reported with much lower RERs in air. This study examines 12 species of fishes, from six families (Batrachoididae, Cottidae, Gobiesocidae, Kyphosidae, Pholididae, and Stichaeidae), present in the intertidal zone of California. All 12 species exchanged O2 and CO2 in air. Like the amphibious skipper fishes of marine tropical waters, many intertidal fishes of the temperate zone release CO2 during low tide emergence in quantities sufficient to match its metabolic production. These results indicate that CO2 release is not hampered by the change in respiratory medium from water to air.
Two-way bending behavior of 3-D GFRP sandwich panels with through-thickness fiber insertions

This paper presents the details of a research program that was conducted to evaluate the two-way bending behavior of 3-D glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwich panels. The panels consist of GFRP skins with a foam core and through-thickness fiber insertions. While the behavior of these panels under one-way bending is relatively well understood the behavior under two-way bending has not yet been investigated. An experimental program was conducted to evaluate the effect of the fiber insertion pattern and the panel thickness on the two-way bending behavior under the effect of a concentrated load. The experimental results were used to verify a non-linear, static finite element model which was used to introduce a simplified method to predict the behavior. The measured and predicted responses indicate that at lower deflections the panel behavior is dominated by plate bending action while for higher deflections membrane action dominates. The finite element analysis was extended to study the effect of different parameters which were not tested in the experimental program. The parametric study indicates that increasing the relative flexural or shear rigidities of the panel alters the behavior towards the plate bending mechanism thereby reducing the percentage of load carried by membrane action.
Evaluation of the FilmArray® system for detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Idaho Technologies FilmArray® Biothreat Panel for the detection of Bacillus anthracis (Ba), Francisella tularensis (Ft), and Yersinia pestis (Yp) DNA, and demonstrate the detection of Ba spores. Methods and Results: DNA samples from Ba, Ft and Yp strains and near-neighbors, and live Ba spores were analyzed using the Biothreat Panel, a multiplexed PCR-based assay for 17 pathogens and toxins. Sensitivity studies with DNA suggest a limit of detection of 250 genome equivalents (GEs) per sample. Furthermore, the correct call of Ft, Yp or Bacillus species was made in 63 of 72 samples tested at 25 GE or less. With samples containing 25 Ba Sterne spores, at least one of the two possible Ba markers were identified in all samples tested. We observed no cross-reactivity with near-neighbor DNAs.
Inside Front Cover: Nanoparticle Self‐Assembly of Hierarchically Ordered Microcapsule Structures (Adv. Mater. 9/2005)

Nanoparticle (NP)-assembled microcapsules represent a new class of hollow-sphere material, in which materials properties can be ‘programmed’ by way of NP and polymer compositions. Synthesis is based on a sequential self-assembly of NPs and polymer macromolecules. Reported by Wong and co-workers on p. 1145, this rapid, green synthesis technique applies to a wide spectrum of colloidal species and permits non-destructive encapsulation of water-soluble compounds. The inside cover shows a confocal microscopy image of water-filled microcapsules composed of silica NPs and a fluorescence-labelled polymer. The scale bar is 20 μm. The inset shows a simplified illustration of the microcapsule assembly process.
The medical education of United States citizens who train abroad

Background Graduates of international medical schools (IMGs) make up approximately one quarter of the physician workforce in the United States. Among IMGs are a number of US citizens (USIMGs) who take graduate training positions and ultimately practice in the United States. Compared with graduates of US medical schools (USMGs), relatively little is known about the undergraduate educational experiences of these US citizens. The objective of this study was to identify the schools that produce the most USIMGs and to describe the educational experiences and examination performance of graduates of these schools. Methods The 10 largest schools were identified based on the number of USIMGs who were certified by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates between 2001 and 2004. Information about the institutions was collected from the International Medical Education Directory; educational experience information was gathered from 100 randomly selected transcripts and from a survey that was completed by 418 graduates of the schools. These data were compared with information about USMGs from the curriculum management and information tool and the graduation questionnaire of the Association of American Medical Colleges. Performance on steps 1 and 2CK of the United States Medical Licensing Examination were also analyzed. Results Some differences existed between USIMGs and USMGs in the required clinical clerkships, the sites where educational experiences occurred, and the special topics that were covered. USMGs and non–US citizen IMGs had better examination scores than USIMGs. Conclusion There are many similarities; however, there are some noteworthy differences between the educational experiences of USIMGs and USMGs. Further work is needed to better understand the educational experiences of USIMGs, particularly in the clinical clerkships.
Leakage current starved domino logic

A new circuit technique based on a single PMOS sleep transistor and a dual threshold voltage CMOS technology is proposed in this paper for simultaneously reducing subthreshold and gate oxide leakage currents in idle domino logic circuits. In the sleep mode, the output inverter and keeper transistor of a domino gate are disconnected from the power supply by turning off a high threshold voltage sleep switch. The dynamic and output nodes are discharged by the initially high subthreshold and gate oxide leakage currents produced by the NMOS transistors in the pull-down network, output inverter, and fan-out gates. After the node voltages settle, the circuit is placed into a low subthreshold and gate oxide leakage state. The effectiveness of the circuit technique for suppressing leakage current is verified under significant fluctuations of channel length, gate oxide thickness, and channel doping concentration due to process variations. The proposed circuit technique lowers the total leakage power by 67.7% to 98.8% as compared to standard dual threshold voltage domino logic circuits. Similarly, an 11.7% to 84.1% reduction in total leakage power is observed as compared to a previously published sleep switch scheme in a 45nm CMOS technology.
Water Flow Patterns During Prey Capture by Teleost Fishes

SUMMARY Water flow into the mouth cavity during suction feeding in centrarchid sunfishes was studied by mapping the trajectories of small particles in the water during prey capture. In Lepomis, a circulation develops as the mouth opens, and water is drawn into the mouth from above, below and in front of the head. Water displaced by movement of the body as the prey is approached during the strike is entrained into the circulation towards the mouth. The parcel of water sucked into the mouth has a diameter approximately one-tenth that of the predator's length.
Peripheral neuropathy and myonecrosis following hyperthermia and radiation therapy for recurrent prostatic cancer: correlation of damage with predicted SAR pattern.

During the past 10 years, numerous phase I-II studies were conducted and provided clinical experience with combined radiation therapy and hyperthermia treatments. Among the rare complications reported in these combined radiation therapy-hyperthermia trials were myonecrosis and peripheral neuropathy which were felt, mainly on a clinical basis, to be caused by local heat damage. Recently, such complications were noted in two patients with recurrent prostatic cancer treated in our department with radiation therapy combined with deep regional hyperthermia delivered by the Sigma-60 applicator of the BSD 2000 hyperthermia system (Salt Lake City, UT, USA). Analysis of the results of three-dimensional modelling of the SAR (specific absorption rate, W/kg) pattern in these patients indicated high SAR at the sites of the complications. Pretreatment three-dimensional modelling or other methods of predicting potential areas of high power deposition may have a role for future hyperthermia treatment planning aiding in t...
Fault tolerant and energy efficient routing for sensor networks

The paper presents a fault tolerant routing algorithm that maximizes the lifetime of a sensor network by adjusting the number of packets traversing each node over multiple routes. An LP formulation gives the optimal single route. A distributed, iterative algorithm based on least cost path routing approximates the LP solution. Multiple path routing extends the iterative solution to increase resilience to link failures. Simulations show significant increase in network lifetime, and the tradeoff between the number of successful packet transfers and network lifetime for different multipath routing mechanisms.
Copper‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Diorganozinc Reagents: 4‐Phenylmorpholine

Benzoyl peroxide Phenylmagnesium bromide 4-Benzoyloxymorpholine 4-Phenylmorpholine Keywords: copper catalyst; amination; phenylmorpholine; diorganozinc reagents; Buchwald-Hartwig coupling; electrophilic amination; diarylzinc reagents
Studies on cerebral energy metabolism during the course of galactose neurotoxicity in chicks.

—At various times during a 2-day study, the levels of adenine nucleotides and selected glycolytic intermediates were determined in brains of chicks fed a diet containing d-galactose (40%, w/w). The levels of ATP and glucose 6-phosphate had decreased by 9 h after initiation of the diet, whereas those of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, l-α-glycerophosphate, and lactate were not reduced until after 18 h had elasped. Although glucose 1-phosphate was not appreciably affected, glucose and glycogen were depleted during the latter stages of the toxicity. The cerebral levels of 3′,5′-cyclic AMP and citrate did not differ significantly between the two dietary groups at 48 h. The changes in the levels of cerebral glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphates during ischemia indicated that the glycolytic rate was diminished in the chicks fed galactose and that high-energy phosphate compounds were depleted sooner than in controls. After intraperitoneal injection of [14C]glucose, the specific radioactivity and levels of glucose in the plasma from chicks fed either diet were similar, whereas they were significantly reduced in the brains from galactosefed animals. We suggest that galactose interferes with the uptake of glucose into the brain and that this mechanism may be an important factor in d-galactose-induced neurotoxicity in the chick.
Increasing ecological inference from high throughput sequencing of fungi in the environment through a tagging approach

High throughput sequencing methods are widely used in analyses of microbial diversity, but are generally applied to small numbers of samples, which precludes characterization of patterns of microbial diversity across space and time. We have designed a primer-tagging approach that allows pooling and subsequent sorting of numerous samples, which is directed to amplification of a region spanning the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and partial large subunit from fungi in environmental samples. To test the method for phylogenetic biases, we constructed a controlled mixture of four taxa representing the Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Following cloning and colony restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, we found no significant difference in representation in 19 of the 23 tested primers. We also generated a clone library from two soil DNA extracts using two primers for each extract and compared 456 clone sequences. Community diversity statistics and contingency table tests applied to counts of operational taxonomic units revealed that the two DNA extracts differed significantly, while the pairs of tagged primers from each extract were indistinguishable. Similar results were obtained using UniFrac phylogenetic comparisons. Together, these results suggest that the pig-tagged primers can be used to increase ecological inference in high throughput sequencing projects on fungi.
Common duty ratio control of input series connected modular DC-DC converters with active input voltage and load current sharing

In this paper, active input voltage and load current sharing of DC-DC converter modules connected in series at the input and parallel at the output employing a novel common duty ratio control concept, is proposed. An appropriate analysis and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed concepts.
From Kaolin to Kevlar

Inventing architectural form has always been a dynamic process located at the intersection of immaterialized concept and material construction. Negotiating this relationship requires knowledge of the behavior of materials—their expressive and qualitative attributes and mechanical and physical properties. Knowledge of this kind is used by the designer to assess diverse materials for specific applications. And, while the contemporary designer has access to an increasing number of materials, many are recent inventions themselves, thus precluding an intimate knowledge of their behavior or use in buildings. This paper outlines methods for acquiring and organizing useful information about a wide range of traditional and nontraditional materials with potential for intriguing use in architecture. It identifies the use of multiobjective optimization and material indices as a powerful method for material selection and demonstrates a computational tool that facilitates critical comparisons of new materials. The comparisons are the link between the potential of new materials and contemporary building systems. The work of a graduate research seminar conducted in the Department of Architecture at MIT is given as an example of its application.
Crustal evolution in the East African Orogen: a neodymium isotopic perspective

The East African Orogen (EAO) is one of Earth’s great collision zones, where East and West Gondwana collided to form the supercontinent ‘Greater Gondwana’ or ‘Pannotia’ at the end of Neoproterozoic time. There is now sufficient Nd isotopic data for basement rocks of the EAO to yield a useful summary. A total of 449 samples were gleaned from the literature, recalculated to a common value for the La Jolla Nd standard, and entered in Excel spreadsheets. This data set was filtered to exclude samples with 147 Sm/ 144 Nd > 0.165, considered to yield unreliable model ages, leaving 413 suitable data. The crust of the Arabian–Nubian Shield, including Egypt east of the Nile, Sudan east of the Keraf suture, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, most of Arabia, Eritrea, and northern Ethiopia yields overwhelmingly Neoproterozoic model ages. Crust to the east, in the Afif terrane of Arabia, Yemen, Somalia, and Eastern Ethiopia yields much older model ages, averaging 2.1 Ga, demonstrating an abundance of reworked ancient crust. This provides an isotopic link with Madagascar (mean age of 2.4 Ga), which in pre-Jurassic reconstructions lies on the southern extension of this older, remobilized tract. Crust in the far southern extreme of the EAO in Tanzania also yields ancient model ages, averaging 2.3 Ga. The central EAO, in southern Ethiopia and Kenya, yields intermediate ages (mean 1.1–1.2 Ga), interpreted to indicate extensive mixing between Neoproterozoic mantle-derived melts and ancient crust. The Nd isotope data indicate that the northern EAO is composed of juvenile Neoproterozoic crust sandwiched between reworked older crust, whereas the EAO farther south is progressively dominated by ancient crust reworked during Neoproterozoic time. The distribution of juvenile and reworked ancient crust suggests that the most intense collision between East and West Gondwana occurred in the southern part of the EAO. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Piecing Together Mother's Stress and Baby's Genetics to Understand Brain Development

household income and her ethnicity, which could be Chinese, Malay,orIndianinSingaporewherethestudywasconducted. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT )g enetic differences were captured by polymorphisms at three genetic locations, the best known of which is the val-met amino acid coding difference. Some differences in genotype between the three ethnic types exist, and these differences, inevitable in any human genetic study, were controlled for. Final analyses took birth weight and length of gestation into account. The results showed that neither the mother’ sa nxiety nor the baby’ sg enotype by themselves affected the thickness of the baby’ sc ortex. However, in several regions, there were different effects of maternal stress, depending on the baby’ sg enotype. For example, in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area involved with the regulation of anxiety and mood, maternal anxietydecreasedcortical thickness in babies with two copies of the COMT met allele but increased corticalthicknessinbabies withtwocopiesofthemore common COMT val allele. The investigators point out that dissecting this complex interaction helps pinpoint effects of the mother’s anxiety on the
On the Buffer Behavior with Poisson Arrivals, Priority Service, and Random Server Interruptions

A discrete buffered system with infinite buffer size, multiple Poisson arrival streams, priority service, and random server interruptions is considered. The queueing times of the data packets of different priority classes are derived using the concepts of delayed busy cycle and level crossing analysis. The results of this study can be used as a guidelines for the buffer design in digital systems.
QUANTITATIVELY ASSESSING THE ROLE OF CLOUDS IN THE TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF GJ 1214b

Recent observations of the super-Earth GJ?1214b show that it has a relatively featureless transmission spectrum. One suggestion is that these observations indicate that the planet's atmosphere is vertically compact, perhaps due to a water-rich composition that yields a large mean molecular weight. Another suggestion is that the atmosphere is hydrogen/helium-rich with clouds that obscure predicted absorption features. Previous models that incorporate clouds have included their effect without a strong physical motivation for their existence. Here, we present model atmospheres of GJ?1214b that include physically motivated clouds of two types. We model the clouds that are present in chemical equilibrium, as has been suggested to occur on brown dwarfs, which include KCl and ZnS for this planet. We also include clouds that form as a result of photochemistry, forming a hydrocarbon haze layer. We use a photochemical kinetics model to understand the vertical distribution and available mass of haze-forming molecules. We model both solar and enhanced-metallicity cloudy models and determine the cloud properties necessary to match observations. In enhanced-metallicity atmospheres, we find that the equilibrium clouds can match the observations of GJ?1214b if they are lofted high into the atmosphere and have a low sedimentation efficiency (f sed = 0.1). We find that models with a variety of hydrocarbon haze properties can match the observations. Particle sizes from 0.01 to 0.25 ?m can match the transmission spectrum with haze-forming efficiencies as low as 1%-5%.
Does prediabetes cause small fiber sensory polyneuropathy? Does it matter?

Abstract Background and objectives The association between prediabetes and distal polyneuropathy (DPN) remains controversial. Here we test whether the prevalence of small fiber sensory distal polyneuropathy is increased in prediabetes. Methods Prospectively recruited cohorts of healthy subjects and those with prediabetes from Olmsted County, Minnesota, were assessed for positive neuropathic sensory symptoms, or pain symptoms characteristic of small fiber sensory DPN. Hyperalgesia and hypoalgesia were assessed by “smart” quantitative sensation testing (QST). The prevalence of symptoms and QST abnormalities were compared among the groups. Results There was no significant increase in the prevalence of positive neuropathic sensory or pain symptoms, nor of hyper- or hypoalgesia in the prediabetes group. There was an increased prevalence of hypoalgesia of the foot only in newly diagnosed diabetes. Conclusions Based on positive sensory and pain symptoms and QSTs, we did not find an increase in small fiber sensory DPN in prediabetes. Recognizing that obesity and diabetes mellitus are implicated in macro- and microvessel complications, physicians should encourage healthy living and weight loss in patients with prediabetes. In medical practice, alternate causes should be excluded before concluding that small fiber sensory distal neuropathy is secondary to prediabetes.
The polynomial identities of matrices in characteristic zero

The multilinear identities of the k×k matrices F2 are studied in terms of the cocharacters and codimension sequences. For F2 the estimates are fairly good, while for k≥3 only partial results are obtained.
Molecular biomarkers of cancer stem/progenitor cells associated with progression, metastases, and treatment resistance of aggressive cancers

The validation of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in tumor cells is of critical importance for optimizing the choice and efficacy of personalized therapies. Importantly, recent advances have led to the identification of gene-expression signatures in cancer cells, including cancer stem/progenitor cells, in the primary tumors, exosomes, circulating tumor cells (CTC), and disseminated cancer cells at distant metastatic sites. The gene-expression signatures may help to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and predict the therapeutic responses and overall survival of patients with cancer. Potential biomarkers in cancer cells include stem cell-like markers [CD133, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD44, and CD24], growth factors, and their cognate receptors [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), EGFRvIII, and HER2], molecules associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT; vimentin, N-cadherin, snail, twist, and Zeb1), regulators of altered metabolism (phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase/Akt/mTOR), and drug resistance (multidrug transporters and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1). Moreover, different pluripotency-associated transcription factors (Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2, and Myc) and microRNAs that are involved in the epigenetic reprogramming and acquisition of stem cell-like properties by cancer cells during cancer progression may also be exploited as molecular biomarkers to predict the risk of metastases, systemic treatment resistance, and disease relapse of patients with cancer.
Irrigation Increases Inorganic Carbon in Agricultural Soils

Inorganic C reactions are among the most important chemical reactions that occur in irrigated soils and may contribute to the total amount of C sequestered in those soils. Because CO2 can escape from soils to the atmosphere or return to precipitate carbonate minerals, soils are open systems with regard to inorganic C. We measured inorganic and organic C stored in southern Idaho soils having long-term land-use histories that supported native sagebrush vegetation (NSB), irrigated moldboard plowed crops (IMP), irrigated conservation (chisel) tilled crops (ICT), and irrigated pasture systems (IP). Inorganic C and total C (inorganic + organic C) in soil decreased in the order IMP>ICT>IP>NSB. We use our findings to estimate that amount of possible inorganic and total C sequestration if irrigated agriculture were expanded by 10%. If irrigated agricultural land were expanded by 10% worldwide and NSB were converted to IMP, a possible 1.60 × 109 Mg inorganic C (2.78% of the total C emitted in the next 30 years) could be sequestered in soil. If irrigated agricultural land were expanded by 10% worldwide and NSB were converted to ICT, a possible 1.10 × 109 Mg inorganic C (1.87% of the total C emitted in the next 30 years) could be sequestered in soil. If irrigated agricultural land were expanded worldwide and NSB were converted to IP, a possible gain of 2.6 × 108 Mg inorganic C (0.04% of the total C emitted in the next 30 years) could be sequestered in soils. Inorganic C sequestered from land-use changes have little potential to make a significant impact on the concentration of atmospheric CO2. However, when coupled with organic C and altering land use to produce crops on high-output irrigated agriculture while selected less productive rain-fed agricultural land was returned to temperate forest or native grassland, there could be reductions in atmospheric CO2.
Decreased Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes During Aflatoxicosis

Abstract Dietary aflatoxin at concentrations of 1.25 μg/g or above caused in broiler chickens a significant (P
DNA‐and viral‐mediated gene transfer in follicular cells: Progress toward gene therapy of the thyroid

The authors investigate the in intro component of an ex situ strategy for gene transfer into the thyroid gland using DNA complex and retroviral vectors. Canine follicular cells harvested by unilateral lobectomy and grown in low-serum media proliferated in culture and retained their differentiated state as eindenced by morphology and thyroglobulin expression. Transient and «stable» gene transfer in thyroid cells were evaluated by comparing DNA and retroinral transduction techniques. Effective gene transfer and expression was demonstrated by histochemical staining for the marker gene product β-galactosidase
Investigating developmental cardiovascular biomechanics and the origins of congenital heart defects

Innovative research on the interactions between biomechanical load and cardiovascular (CV) morphogenesis by multiple investigators over the past 3 decades, including the application of bioengineering approaches, has shown that the embryonic heart adapts both structure and function in order to maintain cardiac output to the rapidly growing embryo. Acute adaptive hemodynamic mechanisms in the embryo include the redistribution of blood flow within the heart, dynamic adjustments in heart rate and developed pressure, and beat to beat variations in blood flow and vascular resistance. These biomechanically relevant events occur coincident with adaptive changes in gene expression and trigger adaptive mechanisms that include alterations in myocardial cell growth and death, regional and global changes in myocardial architecture, and alterations in central vascular morphogenesis and remodeling. These adaptive mechanisms allow the embryo to survive these biomechanical stresses (environmental, maternal) and to compensate for developmental errors (genetic). Recent work from numerous laboratories shows that a subset of these adaptive mechanisms is present in every developing multicellular organism with a "heart" equivalent structure. This chapter will provide the reader with an overview of some of the approaches used to quantify embryonic CV functional maturation and performance, provide several illustrations of experimental interventions that explore the role of biomechanics in the regulation of CV morphogenesis including the role of computational modeling, and identify several critical areas for future investigation as available experimental models and methods expand.
Bridging the Russian Cultural Gap: Language and Culture Wars in the Creation of a Soviet Peasant Press

Abstract This study explores the effort of the Bolshevik state during the 1920s to establish a means of communicating with the peasantry through an examination of the two centrally produced nationwide party newspapers directed during the New Economic Policy at a peasant audience and the most influential periodical dealing with press issues in the 1920s. It specifically examines the effort to create a language that would facilitate communication with the peasantry and the attempt to develop a new type of journalist, the rural peasant correspondent, who would be able to command the new language and address the issues that most concerned the peasantry while translating to the village the goals of the revolution. On the eve of collectivization the Soviet regime had at the very least opened a wedge into the village via the newspaper. In turn, the peasants were incorporating the newspaper into their weapons of the weak. A newspaper culture was beginning to emerge in rural Russia upon which a shared national vis...
Discovery and Optimization of Macrocyclic Quinoxaline-pyrrolo-dihydropiperidinones as Potent Pim-1/2 Kinase Inhibitors.

The identification of Pim-1/2 kinase overexpression in B-cell malignancies suggests that Pim kinase inhibitors will have utility in the treatment of lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Starting from a moderately potent quinoxaline-dihydropyrrolopiperidinone lead, we recognized the potential for macrocyclization and developed a series of 13-membered macrocycles. The structure–activity relationships of the macrocyclic linker were systematically explored, leading to the identification of 9c as a potent, subnanomolar inhibitor of Pim-1 and -2. This molecule also potently inhibited Pim kinase activity in KMS-12-BM, a multiple myeloma cell line with relatively high endogenous levels of Pim-1/2, both in vitro (pBAD IC50 = 25 nM) and in vivo (pBAD EC50 = 30 nM, unbound), and a 100 mg/kg daily dose was found to completely arrest the growth of KMS-12-BM xenografts in mice.
Current density profile characterization and analysis method for focused ion beam

The most critical challenge of circuit edit is the scaling of nano-machined features to the ever-decreasing minimum dimensions of VLSI process technologies. A key enabler for achieving small nano-machined feature sizes is a narrow focused ion beam (FIB) profile. Thus, the analysis of FIB profiles and their characteristic widths yields useful criteria of suitability for advanced circuit edit and other nano-machining applications. We present herein, the details of an analysis method of ion beam profiles based on amorphization traces produced by the beam when scanned over a 001 Si single crystal sample, with increasing doses. The amorphized region widths are measured by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The analysis, relying on TRIM simulation, yields the transverse current density of a beam as a sum of two Gaussians and an exponential, and includes error estimates. Successful beam analyses of several modern FIB columns have been performed. We believe that this methodological approach to beam profile analysis may be used to advantage by FIB column manufacturers for characterization and development. Display Omitted An analysis method suited for ion beam profiles of small probe size, is presented in detail.Amorphization traces in Si, are least-squares fitted to a TRIM derived damage function.A best parameterized beam profile is obtained assuming the form of two Gaussians and one exponential.A best parameterized beam profile is obtained assuming the form of two Gaussians and one exponential.Several relatively new FIBs have only (~ 5-10%) of beam current in tails, and are advantageous for nanomachining.
An Overview of the Air Force's Speed Agile Concept Demonstration Program

The United States Air Force faces numerous challenges in today’s changing world environment, particularly in regards to its mobility fleet. To address these challenges the Air Force Research Laboratory has been making focused investments in technologies for future airlifters. A major emphasis by the Aerospace Systems Directorate has been on ‘speed agility,’ a phrase coined for an aircraft that is capable of efficient flight at low speeds (~90 knots) and at transonic cruise speeds (Mach 0.8). A speed agile aircraft is able to takeoff and land on short airfields as well as cruise faster than today’s military mobility fleet, giving it unparalleled efficiency, access, and flexibility. In order to validate requisite technologies a multi-year program was undertaken with government and industry partners that aimed to refine host vehicle configurations, validate aerodynamic performance at low speed and at transonic conditions, and develop and evaluate flight controls technologies to ensure safe, robust aircraft operations. These goals were achieved for two separate hybrid powered lift systems by way of testing at the NASA Langley 14’x22’, the AEDC National Full Scale Aerodynamic Complex, the NASA Langley National Transonic Facility, the NASA Ames Vertical Motion Simulator, and the AFRL LAMARS simulator.
Study of ionic liquid immobilization on polyvinyl ferrocene substrates for gas sensor arrays.

In this report, the effects of conductive polymer oxidation states and structures on the design and development of ionic liquid (IL)/conductive polymer (CP) composite films for gas sensing are systematically characterized. Four different polyvinyl ferrocene (PVF) films synthesized by varying the conditioning potential (0.7 vs 0.0 V) and the electrolyte are tested for their gas-sensing properties (e.g., sensitivity, selectivity, response time, linearity, and dynamic range against various gas analytes such as dichloromethane, ethanol, natural gas, methane, formaldehyde (37%), and benzene) utilizing the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and ATR-FT-IR. The best available film is further studied as a substrate for the immobilization of various ILs that enhanced both the sensitivity and selectivity. Finally, two arrays, each comprising four sensors with the following scheme are developed and characterized for their ability to classify the four target analytes by using linear discriminant analysis: (1) the highe...
Sinonasal sarcoidosis: A new system of classification acting as a guide to diagnosis and treatment.

BACKGROUND The signs and symptoms of sinonasal sarcoidosis are diverse and nonspecific. It easily mimics more common sinonasal disorders such as allergic rhinitis, bacterial sinusitis, and atrophic rhinitis. The purpose of this study was to develop a classification system of sinonasal sarcoidosis that will help serve as a guide for both diagnosis and treatment. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients diagnosed with sinonasal sarcoidosis from 1974 to 2013. A PubMed literature review of all published case series of sinonasal sarcoidosis was also reviewed. RESULTS The charts of 14 patients with biopsy-proven sinonasal sarcoidosis were reviewed. Follow-up time ranged from 6 months to 28 years. Presenting signs included hypertrophic mucosa, nasal polyps, crusting, nasal enlargement, and destructive processes. Eight patients underwent medical management alone and six patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. Five of the six patients were successfully treated with surgery. On review of the literature, 256 cases of sinonasal sarcoidosis were found, of which 43 patients underwent surgery. Clinical outcomes of the patients who underwent surgery were not consistently reported. CONCLUSION Based on critical analysis of the clinical presentation of sinonasal sarcoidosis in our case series and on review of the literature, sinonasal sarcoidosis can be classified into four subgroups: atrophic, hypertrophic, destructive, and nasal enlargement. Each subgroup responds differently to treatment and has its own differential diagnosis. Surgery is only indicated for a select group of patients and the vast majority of patients benefit from medical management alone.
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound: A Role in Early Pregnancy?

Three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) allows imaging of anatomical structures in multiple planes, some of which are not possible with conventional two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS). This provides an advantage when imaging early embryonic or fetal structures by transvaginal ultrasonography, since manipulation of the transvaginal probe is more restricted in space when compared to the transabdominal probe. Several case reports and series highlight potential benefits of 3DUS to study the early embryonic anatomy in vivo (sonoembryology) as well as for the early diagnosis of congenital anomalies. However, comparative studies between 2DUS and 3DUS for early first trimester diagnosis are lacking. In this chapter we review the potential role of 3DUS for early diagnosis of congenital anomalies, including congenital heart disease.
Recent Developments in Open Heavy Flavor Experiments

Abstract Heavy quark program has been one of the focused programs at RHIC and LHC to study detail properties of strongly-coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma (sQGP). I will review recent experimental achievements on open heavy flavor production in heavy ion collisions, including measurements of nuclear modification factors, elliptic flow and heavy quark triggered correlations. By comparing with most sophisticated theoretical models, I will comment on physics implications on current understanding of sQGP medium properties. In the end, I will discuss future plans of utilizing heavy flavor quarks to probe emergent QCD properties in heavy ion collisions at both RHIC and LHC.
Statistical Shape Model Construction of Lumbar Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs in Segmentation for Discectomy Surgery Simulation

Discectomy procedure simulations require patient-specific and robust three-dimensional representation of vertebral and intervertebral disc structures, as well as existing pathology, of the lumbar spine. Prior knowledge, such as expected shape and variation within a sample population, can be incorporated through statistical shape models to optimize the image segmentation process. This paper describes a framework for construction of statistical shape models (SSMs) of nine L1 vertebrae and eight L1-L2 intervertebral discs from computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) images respectively. The generated SSMs are utilized as a reference for knowledge-based priors to optimize coarse-to-fine multi-surface segmentation of vertebrae and intervertebral discs in volumetric MR images. Correspondence between instances within each model has been established using entropy-based energy minimization of particles on the image surfaces, which is independent of any reference bias or surface parameterization techniques. The resulting shape models faithfully capture variability within the first seven principal modes.
Simplified energy-based analysis of collapse risk of reinforced concrete buildings

Abstract This paper presents a simplified method for evaluating the risk of progressive collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The method is formulated based on a recently developed two-scale numerical model for RC structures. In this model, all structural members are modeled by a set of coarse-scale cohesive elements representing the potential damage zones (PDZs). The cohesive constitutive behavior is determined by fine-scale finite element (FE) simulations of the corresponding PDZs. In the present study, a new energy-equivalent linear elastic cohesive model is developed for RC buildings. The damage status of the PDZ is determined by comparing the elastic energy stored in the cohesive element with the actual energy dissipation capacity of the PDZ. This model is applied to analyze the behavior of a two-dimensional frame subassemblage under a column removal scenario, and it is shown the model is capable of capturing the total energy dissipation of the entire failure process. This cohesive model is combined with a sequential analysis method to identify different possible failure paths leading to collapse initiation. The present model is applied to analyze the collapse initiation risk of a prototype RC building, where the randomness in both gravity loads and material properties is taken into account. The results are compared with the recent simulations using a nonlinear dynamic model. It is shown that the present analysis is much more efficient than the conventional nonlinear dynamic analysis, and it yields a reasonable upper bound of the collapse probability.
A quantitative method for determining relative colonization rates of maize callus by Fusarium graminearum for resistance gene evaluations.

Abstract A quantitative PCR method was developed for detecting Fusarium graminearum growing in maize callus. Fungal DNA was detected 12 h after inoculation (detection limit, 0.2 pg) and was correlated with visual ratings. The method effectively quantified fungal growth in callus overexpressing a peroxidase gene conferring fungal resistance.
Physiologic Benefits and Impacts of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgeries

Minimally invasive spine surgeries (MIS) aim to decrease soft tissue disruption without compromising the goals of the surgery. To date, techniques have largely been employed to replace posterior spine procedures such as laminectomy and microdiscectomy. MIS methods have also been developed in the past decade to achieve posterior interbody fusion. The MIS lateral approach is a more recent innovative minimally invasive technique that offers direct access to the anterior and middle spine column by taking advantage of the retroperitoneal or retropleural corridor to mitigate the injury to the paraspinal structures associated with traditional anterolateral or posterolateral approaches. Patients benefit from MIS since the techniques are associated with less blood loss, less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, and fewer postoperative infections and complications.
From the Land of Shadows: War, Revolution and the Making of the Cambodian Diaspora, by Khatharya Um | Southeast Asian Migration: People on the Move in Search of Work, Refuge and Belonging, ed. by Khatharya Um and Sofia Gaspar

Review Essay: From the Land of Shadows: War, Revolution and the Making of the Cambodian Diaspora By Khatharya Um New York: New York University Press, 2015, 329 pp. Southeast Asian Migration: People on the Move in Search of Work, Refuge and Belonging Edited by Khatharya Um and Sofia Gaspar Chicago: Sussex Academic, 2016, 230 pp.
Modeling and measurement of hydrogen radical densities of in situ plasma-based Sn cleaning source

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography sources expel Sn debris. This debris deposits on the collector optic used to focus the EUV light, lowering its reflectivity and EUV throughput to the wafer. Consequently, the collector must be cleaned, causing source downtime. To solve this, a hydrogen plasma source was developed to clean the collector in situ by using the collector as an antenna to create a hydrogen plasma and create H radicals, which etch Sn as SnH4. This technique has been shown to remove Sn from a 300-mm-diameter stainless steel dummy collector. The H radical density is of key importance in Sn etching. The effects of power, pressure, and flow on radical density are explored. A catalytic probe has been used to measure radical density, and a zero-dimensional model is used to provide the fundamental science behind radical creation and predict radical densities. Model predictions and experimental measurements are in good agreement. The trends observed in radical density, contrasted with measured Sn removal rates, show that radical density is not the limiting factor in this etching system; other factors, such as SnH4 redeposition and energetic ion bombardment, must be more fully understood in order to predict removal rates.
Exploration of the Association Between Physical Health and Suicidal Behavior in Psychiatric Outpatients in Rural America.

Objective Evidence reveals a link between poor physical health and suicide. The physical health of rural, adult psychiatric outpatients with a history of suicide was examined. Methods The medical records of 192 patients seen at a tertiary-level academic medical center were examined for demographics, psychiatric and medical history, and self-reported measures of depression, anxiety, childhood trauma, and health status. Results The 48 subjects who endorsed a history of suicide attempts evidenced more medical conditions than those who had not made a suicide attempt (t = 2.91, P = 0.005). Conclusions The results support the hypothesis of increased health risks in patients with a history of suicide attempts and highlight the need for targeted health interventions.