cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's shyness, popularity, school liking, cooperative participation, and internalizing problems in the early school years

Abstract Aims of the present study included understanding the manner in which shyness during the first year of formal schooling predicts early popularity in the peer group, as well as the manner in which children's shyness and popularity uniquely contribute to later school liking, cooperative participation, and internalizing problems. Structural equation modeling using parents’, teachers’, and children's reports suggested that children's (N = 291; 46% girls) kindergarten shyness predicted lower school liking and lower cooperative participation during second grade through its negative association with first grade popularity. Shyness during the first year of formal schooling may relate to difficulties in the classroom during later years due to problematic peer relations. The indirect relation of kindergarten shyness to second-grade internalizing problems through first-grade popularity was not statistically significant. Kindergarten shyness was also directly related to higher cooperative participation, which suggests that relations between early shyness and classroom engagement may be more complex than previously assumed.
Quantitative lateral force microscopy study of the dolomite (104)-water interface.

The friction and lateral stiffness of the contact between an atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe tip and an atomically flat dolomite (104) surface were investigated in contact with two aqueous solutions that were in equilibrium and supersaturated with respect to dolomite, respectively. The two aqueous solutions yielded negligible differences in friction at the native dolomite−water interface. However, the growth of a Ca-rich film from the supersaturated solution, revealed by X-ray reflectivity measurements, altered the probe−dolomite contact region sufficiently to observe distinct friction forces on the native dolomite and the film-covered surface regions. Quantitative friction−load relationships demonstrated three physically distinct load regimes for applied loads up to 200 nN. Similar friction forces were observed on both surfaces below 50 nN load and above 100 nN load. The friction forces on the two surfaces diverged at intermediate loads. Quantitative measurements of dynamic friction forces at low loa...
Rod transduction parameters from the a wave of local receptor populations

The analysis of electroretinogram a waves from locally stimulated populations of rods is complicated by the presence of scattered light within the eye. Scattered-light and cone contributions can be assessed after brief flashes of light designed to saturate only rods in the locally stimulated area. Subtracting the scattered-light and the cone responses from the local electroretinogram gives a pure rod a wave that can be fitted with models of photoreceptor activity. We demonstrate the feasibility of this technique by recording local rod a waves from a group of five normal subjects and by fitting the a waves with the rod model to derive transduction parameters. The local rod a waves are compared with expected responses derived from simulations in which the response of the entire retina to heterogeneous illumination is mimicked.
Olecranon Fractures With Sagittal Splits Treated With Dual Fixation

Purpose To assess the results of olecranon fractures with an intra-articular sagittal plane fracture managed by orthogonal fixation constructs. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed and 14 proximal ulna fractures with intra-articular comminution resulting in separate medial and lateral fragments were identified. All fractures were classified according to the Schatzker, Mayo, and AO classification systems. Postoperative functional assessment, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, time to union, and complications were recorded. Results Eleven patients were treated with both dorsal and lateral plates. Three patients were managed with a single dorsal plate and cerclage wires. All fractures healed. Mean length of follow-up was 15 months (range, 4–72 mo). Mean range of motion at final follow-up was a flexion-extension arc of 24° to 129° with 89° and 79° of pronation and supination, respectively. The most common complication was symptomatic hardware, leading to removal of hardware in 5 of 14 (36%) patients. Average postoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 7. Two patients developed heterotopic ossification and 1 patient required a local pedicled flap for soft-tissue coverage. Conclusions Identification of this subset of fractures is critical to successful management. A supplemental lateral plate or cerclage wires can successfully manage these difficult fractures and achieve good outcomes. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Trends in hydrophobic organic contaminants in urban and reference lake sediments across the United States, 1970-2001

A shift in national policy toward stronger environmental protection began in the United States in about 1970. Conversely, urban land use, population, energy consumption, and vehicle use have increased greatly since then. To assess the effects of these changes on water quality, the U.S. Geological Survey used sediment cores to reconstruct water-quality histories for 38 urban and reference lakes across the United States. Cores were age-dated, and concentration profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons were tested statistically. Significant trends in total DDT, p,p‘-DDE, and total PCBs were all downward. Trends in chlordane were split evenly between upward and downward, and trends in PAHs were mostly upward. Significant trends did not occur in about one-half of cases tested. Concentrations of p,p‘-DDE, p,p‘-DDD, and PCBs were about one-half as likely to exceed the probable effect concentration (PEC), a sediment quality guideline, in sediments deposited in the 1990s as i...
Small compact ferrite surface plasma light source

Abstract A small compact ferrite surface discharge device capable of generating intense radiation for optical pumping of lasers will be described. The discharge travels along the surface of a ferrite slab 14.4 cm long by 2 cm wide with a formed conducting channel. A fast electrical discharge circuit consisting of a storage capacitor of 4.8 μF charged up to ∼ 30 kV produces a high current discharge accompanied by an intense plasma flash. The electrical and optical properties are reported in this paper. With N 2 or Ar − N 2 ( N 2 =10.3%) at 1 atm as the buffer gas, peak currents of up 75 kA were observed with a discharge electrical efficiency of 68%. When the length of the ferrite discharge channel was increased to 36 cm, the peak current decreased to 27 kA.
Ligands selective for α4β2 but not α3β4 or α7 nicotinic receptors generalise to the nicotine discriminative stimulus in the rat

Nicotine produces behavioural effects that are potentially related to its interaction with diverse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor populations. Evidence from gene deletion studies suggests that the interoceptive stimulus properties of nicotine are mediated by heteromeric high-affinity receptors containing α4β2 subunits. Mice lacking β2 subunits do not discriminate nicotine (Shoaib et al., Neuropharmacology, 42:530–539, 2002), and nicotine does not elicit dopamine release in these animals (Grady et al., J Neurochem, 76:258–268, 2001). The stimulus properties of nicotine can be detected in rats using a two-lever operant drug discrimination paradigm, allowing them to be classified pharmacologically using ligands with selectivity for receptors containing α4β2, α3β4 or α7 subunits. Rats trained to discriminate 0.4 mg/kg nicotine from vehicle were given the nicotinic receptor agonists, cytisine, varenicline, TC2559, ABT-594, A-85380 (all having high affinity but varying selectivity for α4β2-containing receptors), and WO 03/062224 and WO 01/60821A1 (selective for β4- and α7-containing receptors, respectively). In separate studies, WO 03/062224 was used as the training stimulus. Nicotine, TC-2559, A-85380 and ABT-594 showed dose-dependent and complete stimulus substitution, whilst WO 03/062224 and WO 01/60821A1 were completely without effect. Cytisine and varenicline showed partial generalisation, consistent with their partial agonist activity at nicotinic receptors eliciting dopamine release in rat striatal slices. After almost 50 training sessions with WO 03/062224, there was no clear evidence that an α3β4 receptor agonist could sustain a discriminable stimulus. Substitution to the nicotine discriminative stimulus required high-affinity and high intrinsic activity at β2 but not at β4- or at α7-containing nicotinic receptors.
Revolutionary coalitions in male rhesus macaques

[Coalitions between animals are found in a variety of taxa, but are most common among primates. Here, we present data on the relative abundance of male–male coalitions within a group of free-ranging rhesus macaques, a species in which male coalitions are reportedly rare or absent. We then report a series of revolutionary coalitions among subordinates against higher ranked individuals that transformed male dominance relationships. We use these data to test theoretical model predictions about revolutionary rank-changing coalitions among primate males. We also use data on male age, rank, group residency length, associations and relative fighting ability (morphometric variables), to test predictions about coalition members' characteristics. Contrary to model predictions, coalition sizes were large, but consistent with predictions, targets were high ranking, and members middle ranking. Coalition males were more similar to each other in rank, group residency length and body mass than other males were. Coalition members were also associates (spent more time with other members than non-members did in the preceding months), and had longer canines than other males. Our results show that males forming revolutionary coalitions were from a specific part of the male distribution and represent the first systematic analysis of male–male coalitions in free-ranging rhesus macaques., Coalitions between animals are found in a variety of taxa, but are most common among primates. Here, we present data on the relative abundance of male–male coalitions within a group of free-ranging rhesus macaques, a species in which male coalitions are reportedly rare or absent. We then report a series of revolutionary coalitions among subordinates against higher ranked individuals that transformed male dominance relationships. We use these data to test theoretical model predictions about revolutionary rank-changing coalitions among primate males. We also use data on male age, rank, group residency length, associations and relative fighting ability (morphometric variables), to test predictions about coalition members' characteristics. Contrary to model predictions, coalition sizes were large, but consistent with predictions, targets were high ranking, and members middle ranking. Coalition males were more similar to each other in rank, group residency length and body mass than other males were. Coalition members were also associates (spent more time with other members than non-members did in the preceding months), and had longer canines than other males. Our results show that males forming revolutionary coalitions were from a specific part of the male distribution and represent the first systematic analysis of male–male coalitions in free-ranging rhesus macaques.]
Comparison of snail density, standing stock, and body size between Caribbean karst wetlands and other freshwater ecosystems

Synthesizing data from multiple studies generates hypotheses about factors that affect the distribution and abundance of species among ecosystems. Snails are dominant herbivores in many freshwater ecosystems, but there is no comprehensive review of snail density, standing stock, or body size among freshwater ecosystems. We compile data on snail density and standing stock, estimate body size with their quotient, and discuss the major pattern that emerges. We report data from 215 freshwater ecosystems taken from 88 studies that we placed into nine categories. Sixty-five studies reported density, seven reported standing stock, and 16 reported both. Despite the breadth of studies, spatial and temporal sampling scales were limited. Researchers used 25 different sampling devices ranging in area from 0.0015 to 2.5 m2. Most ecosystem categories had similar snail densities, standing stocks, and body sizes suggesting snails shared a similar function among ecosystems. Caribbean karst wetlands were a striking exception with much lower density and standing stock, but large body size. Disparity in body size results from the presence of ampullariids in Caribbean karst wetlands suggesting that biogeography affects the distribution of taxa, and in this case size, among aquatic ecosystems. We propose that resource quality explains the disparity in density and standing stock between Caribbean karst wetlands and other categories. Periphyton in Caribbean karst wetlands has high carbon-to-phosphorous ratios and defensive characteristics that inhibit grazers. Unlike many freshwater ecosystems where snails are key grazers, we hypothesize that a microbial loop captures much of the primary production in Caribbean karst wetlands.
Effects of a Nonoccluded Virus of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the Development of a Parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

A nonoccluded virus (identified as an Ascovirus ), isolated from fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was tested to determine its compatability with the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson). Adult C. marginiventris readily transmitted the virus from infected to noninfected FAW larvae. However, the progeny of the parasitoids failed to complete development in host larvae inoculated with the virus before or during parasitization. Fewer parasitoids completed development in host larvae inoculated 4 days after parasitization than in larvae inoculated 5 days after parasitization and in parasitized controls. Mortality was not due to the virus killing the host before the parasitoids could complete development, since the virus-infected larvae lived longer than the parasitized controls. Fewer and smaller parasitoid larvae were found in virus-infected hosts than in parasitized controls when host larvae were dissected 6 days after parasitization.
Cell cycle analysis and drug inhibition studies of silver staining in synchronous HeLa cells.

Abstract Cytological staining with silver nitrate is specific for a protein associated with chromosomal nucleolus organizer regions and interphase nucleoli. At metaphase the amount of staining present is usually much less than that at interphase. During the transition from mitosis to G1, as seen in synchronized HeLa cells, the amount of silver staining increases and, by late G1, is located discretely and completely over the nucleolus. Such staining remains constant through G2. Towards late G2 a slight disorganization of the silver staining material is observed, possibly in preparation for the upcoming mitosis. Cells synchronized at mitosis and treated with either actinomycin D (AMD) or 2-mercapto-1-[2-(4-pyridyl)-ethyl]-benzimidazole (MPB), at concentrations which inhibit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, show nucleolar fragmentation and little, if any, apparent increase in silver staining at early G1. After removal of the MPB, the nucleolar fragments reform nucleoli and the staining increases to control levels. Treatment of mitotic cells with puromycin dihydrochloride does not effect nucleolar morphology or the increase in silver staining. These results directly demonstrate that silver staining is associated with rRNA synthesis.
Enucleation versus evisceration in ocular trauma: a retrospective review and study of current literature.

AbstractPurpose: To compare variables and outcomes from ocular trauma leading to either enucleation or evisceration to better inform surgical decision making.Design: Retrospective chart review.Methods: We reviewed 441 patients between 2001 and 2012 presenting with ocular trauma to a Level 1 trauma center in Queens, New York; of these, there were 16 enucleations and 6 eviscerations. Retrospective chart review noted age, gender, mechanism of injury, initial and final visual acuity, time to surgery, length of follow-up, pain, degree of motility, and complications. A review of literature in the context of our study was performed.Results: 20 patients were male and 2 patients were female; average age was 44 (SD: 20.0, range 18–91). 9/16 patients were enucleated to prevent sympathetic ophthalmia, whereas only 1/5 patient was eviscerated for this indication (p = 0.1619). No cases of sympathetic ophthalmia were reported over an average follow-up of 316 days. Average length of follow-up varied significantly between...
Irrigation — a blessing or a curse

Abstract Irrigation is vital to the well being of the people in this world and plays a significant role in local, national, and international economics. However, irrigation also has created problems, such as salinization of land and water resources, adverse socio-economic and cultural effects, and environmental damage. Civilizations have risen and fallen with the growth and decline of their irrigation systems, while others have maintained sustainable irrigation for thousands of years. In the last century or so, many large and impressive irrigation projects have been installed as monuments to engineering technology. Often, these systems have centralized (top-down) management, which is not in the best interest of farmers and local people. Gradual development of existing local irrigation practices and farmer (bottom-up) management, while less spectacular, may ultimately be more successful. Many of the problems in irrigated agriculture can be mitigated or avoided by improved technology and management, and by adequately addressing cultural, social, and environmental aspects.
Low Phase-Noise Planar Oscillators Employing Elliptic-Response Bandpass Filters

In this paper, a low phase-noise planar oscillator employing an elliptic bandpass filter as a frequency stabilization element within its feedback loop is presented. The oscillator phase noise is significantly reduced by taking advantage of the group-delay peaks formed at the passband edges of the elliptic filter. A filter optimization technique for low phase-noise oscillator designs is introduced and applied to a four-pole bandpass elliptic filter. An X-band oscillator using the optimized filter in the feedback loop is designed and tested. At the oscillation frequency of 8.05 GHz, the measured phase noise is -143.5 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset frequency. The oscillator exhibits an output power of 3.5 dBm with an dc-RF efficiency of 10%. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the lowest phase noise performance for an X-band planar microwave oscillator.
Comparison of analysis, simulation, and measurement of wire-to-wire crosstalk, Part 1

In this investigation, we compare crosstalk analysis, simulation, and measurement results for electrically short configurations. Methods include hand calculations, PSPICE simulations, Microstripes transient field solver, and empirical measurement. In total, four representative physical configurations are examined, including a single wire over a ground plane, a twisted pair over a ground plane, generator plus receptor wires inside a cylindrical conduit, and a single receptor wire inside a cylindrical conduit. Part 1 addresses the first two cases, and Part 2 addresses the final two. Agreement between the analysis, simulation, and test data is shown to be very good.
Temporal Shifts in Conspicuousness: Mate Attraction Displays of the Texas Field Cricket, Gryllus texensis

Conspicuous mate attraction displays can simultaneously draw the attention of potential mates and predators, placing the signaller in peril of becoming prey. The balance between these countervailing forms of selection has the potential to shape mate attraction displays. Male Texas field crickets (Gryllus texensis; Orthoptera) signal acoustically to attract mates. Mating signals also attract acoustically orienting parasitoid flies (Ormia ochracea; Tachinidae). Both the abundance of female crickets and parasitoid flies fluctuates throughout the night. We show mate attraction displays exhibit diel shifts that correlate positively with expected female cricket presence and negatively with expected parasitoid fly activity. During early evening, when parasitoids are most common and mating is scarce, crickets signal less often and with reduced conspicuousness. During the second half of the evening, when sexually receptive females are abundant and parasitoids are scarce, crickets signal more often and with enhanced conspicuousness. These diel shifts in mate attraction displays do not appear to result from male crickets detecting parasitoid flies or female crickets and altering their behaviour accordingly. Males in close proximity to parasitoid flies or female crickets do not signal differently than lone males. Instead, diel pattern shifts in mate attraction displays appear to be a selective response to trade-offs between natural selection via parasitism and sexual selection via mate choice.
Effects of double amino-acid substitution polymorphism in acid β-galactosidase gene in two inbred strains of mice

We observed earlier that there are 5 nucleotide polymorphisms in the protein coding sequence of the acid beta-galactosidase gene between the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains of mice. Two of them result in amino acid substitutions. Consequences of the difference in the primary amino acid sequence were studied by introducing the two DBA polymorphisms into the C57BL cDNA, individually and in combination, by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and expressing the resultant cDNAs in the COS-1 cell expression system. Introduction of one polymorphism, Asn517-->Asp into the C57BL cDNA, did not alter the acid beta-galactosidase activity in the transfected COS-1 cells, while introduction of Gly539-->Arg completely abolished the catalytic activity. When both polymorphisms were introduced together, as in the DBA mice, however, the acid beta-galactosidase activity was restored to that of the C57BL level. Thus, Asn517-->Asp appears to counteract the activity-abolishing effect of Gly539-->Arg, although it does not by itself raise the catalytic activity. All four types of cDNA generated similarly large amounts of stable mRNA in COS-1 cells. These results do not explain the significantly low acid beta-galactosidase activity in tissues of DBA mice, described earlier and also confirmed in this study.
Finite Element Modeling of Cerebral Angioplasty Using a Multi-Mechanism Structural Damage Model

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) can lead to vascular damage when used to treat atherosclerotic obstructions and vasospasm in cerebral vessels [1–3]. In a controlled study of angioplasty in normal arteries of mongrel dogs, changes to the arterial wall due to over inflation were studied at two dilation levels (24%,50%) [4]. Damage to the wall was progressive — increasing with inflation level. At 25% inflation, localized fractures and stretching of the internal elastic lamina (IEL) were observed. Damage to the media was limited to the inner one-third of the wall. At 50% inflation, further radial damage was seen including extensive damage to the IEL, dissection of the media, distorted SMC and disorganized collagen fibers. At six months, the media exhibited signs of repair such as increased collagen content while the IEL showed no recovery.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
AN OBJECT-ORIENTED BSP TREE ALGORITHM FOR HIDDEN SURFACE REMOVAL

Since the BSP tree algorithm was introduced, many extended or applied algorithms for the original BSP tree algorithm have been reported. Most of the previous work dealt with polygons that are components of polyhedra. If a scene consists of many polyhedra and they are allowed to move, the management cost of a BSP tree becomes expensive and the size of the tree becomes large. This paper presents an object-oriented BSP tree algorithm that can more efficiently deal with a large number of moving polyhedra.
Prolonged exposure to inhalational anesthetic nitrous oxide kills neurons in adult rat brain

Short-term exposure of adult rats to nitrous oxide (N2O), an inhalational anesthetic and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) antagonist, causes a reversible neurotoxic vacuole reaction in neurons of the posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex (PC/RSC) which resembles that caused by low doses of other NMDA antagonists. Since high doses or prolonged exposure to other NMDA antagonists can cause neurons to die, we assessed whether prolonged N2O exposure might also cause neuronal cell death. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 150-vol% N2O (approximately EC50 for N2O anesthesia in rats) for various durations from 1 to 16 h. The time course for onset and disappearance of the reversible vacuole reaction was studied, as was the time course and dose requirement for triggering cell death. A maximum vacuole reaction was observed in PC/RSC neurons in brains examined immediately after 3 h of 150-vol% N2O exposure and the same magnitude of vacuole reaction was observed when brains were examined immediately after a longer period of N2O exposure. When N2O was terminated at 3 h and the rats were killed 1 h later, the vacuole reaction was markedly diminished and if the rats were killed 3 h later the vacuole reaction had completely disappeared. Prolonged exposure to 150-vol% N2O (for 8 h or more) caused neuronal cell death which was detectable by silver staining 32 h later. Concurrently administered GABAergic agents, diazepam (an i.v. anesthetic), or isoflurane (an inhalational anesthetic), prevented this cell death reaction. Our findings demonstrate that short-term exposure of adult rats to N2O causes injury to PC/RSC neurons that is rapidly reversible, and prolonged N2O exposure causes neuronal cell death. These neurotoxic effects, including the cell death reaction, can be prevented by coadministration of GABAmimetic anesthetic agents. Duration of NMDA receptor blockade appears to be an important determinant of whether neurons are reversibly injured or are driven to cell death by an NMDA antagonist drug.
A cross-sectional study of the self-report of stress among emergency department patients.

Background: There is a lack of information about the prevalence of stress and types of stressors experienced by Emergency Department (ED) patients. Objective: The present aim is to study the prevalence of stress, types of stressful situations and the relationship with other health issues within the ED population. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed in an ED at a level-1 urban trauma center for four months. An anonymous survey was offered to adult non critically ill patients who were admitted in the ED. They were divided on the basis of gender, age and level of stress and were asked about their demographics, reasons for their ED visit and health issues including stress, tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use, weight concern and health. Chi-square for the categorical variables and unpaired t-tests for continuous variables were conducted. Results: We interviewed 1797 patients, over 66% reported that they felt stressed on at least a weekly basis, and over 45% indicated that they felt stressed more than twice per week. While both young and old were equally stressed, females reported significantly more stress. Family, finances and work are the most frequently cited stressors. Different age groups reported different types of stressors. Overall, those patients reporting being stressed more frequently reported more high risk behaviors including cigarette and marijuana use and health problems including being overweight, being depressed, and having sleeping problems and chronic fatigue. Conclusions: Considering the high frequency of ED patients that report frequent stress and high risk behaviors, their ED visit may be an excellent opportunity to provide a referral or an intervention for stress reduction.
Dynamic Instability of Individual Microtubules Analyzed by Video Light Microscopy: Rate Constants and Transition Frequencies

We have developed video microscopy methods to visualize the assembly and disassembly of individual microtubules at 33-ms intervals. Porcine brain tubulin, free of microtubule-associated proteins, was assembled onto axoneme fragments at 37 degrees C, and the dynamic behavior of the plus and minus ends of microtubules was analyzed for tubulin concentrations between 7 and 15.5 microM. Elongation and rapid shortening were distinctly different phases. At each end, the elongation phase was characterized by a second order association and a substantial first order dissociation reaction. Association rate constants were 8.9 and 4.3 microM-1 s-1 for the plus and minus ends, respectively; and the corresponding dissociation rate constants were 44 and 23 s-1. For both ends, the rate of tubulin dissociation equaled the rate of tubulin association at 5 microM. The rate of rapid shortening was similar at the two ends (plus = 733 s-1; minus = 915 s-1), and did not vary with tubulin concentration. Transitions between phases were abrupt and stochastic. As the tubulin concentration was increased, catastrophe frequency decreased at both ends, and rescue frequency increased dramatically at the minus end. This resulted in fewer rapid shortening phases at higher tubulin concentrations for both ends and shorter rapid shortening phases at the minus end. At each concentration, the frequency of catastrophe was slightly greater at the plus end, and the frequency of rescue was greater at the minus end. Our data demonstrate that microtubules assembled from pure tubulin undergo dynamic instability over a twofold range of tubulin concentrations, and that the dynamic instability of the plus and minus ends of microtubules can be significantly different. Our analysis indicates that this difference could produce treadmilling, and establishes general limits on the effectiveness of length redistribution as a measure of dynamic instability. Our results are consistent with the existence of a GTP cap during elongation, but are not consistent with existing GTP cap models.
Dam: A Computer-Implemented Water Resource Teaching Game

Abstract Development and use of DAM, a computer-implemented learning exercise designed to illustrate management of a large multiple-use reservoir system, is described. Five management roles are available to students using DAM: (1) a regional planning commissioner; (2) a fisheries manager; (3) a power company executive; (4) a recreation specialist; and (5) a city mayor. We found that allowing students to switch roles emphasized inherent management conflicts and increased total system appreciation. There is no “best” management scheme for DAM. In practice, students manage until they can agree on and defend a particular strategy. The specific goal of DAM is to provide students with an understanding of the principles and problems of managing a multiple-use resource. Response from students indicates this goal was achieved. DAM is currently played by students' keypunching decisions on computer cards and submitting these to the computer center. An improvement would be to place DAM on a permanent file for access ...
Low power system-on-chip FPAs

Rockwell Scientific's 3rd generation FPAs and sensor chip assemblies (SCA) are complete imaging systems-on-chip for IR and visible cameras. They provide 12-bit to 16-bit digital video at very low power consumption in hybrid and monolithic configurations. A 1936 by 1088 i-SoC with 5μm pixel pitch performs stand-alone visible imaging and a related application-specific integrated circuit supports SCAs. The former generates high-definition video at 30 Hz with <30 e-read noise, -80 dB fixed pattern noise and up to 70dB dynamic range at standard 2/3 inch optical format. When coupled to a fiber optic faceplate with micro-channel plate, the i-SoC for HDTV is believed the first for low-light-level HDTV imaging with 12-bit output at <200 mW. The latter, currently being developed to revolutionize space-and ground-based astronomy, is optimized for HAWAII-2RG 2048×2048 FPAs to provide 16-bit video at approximately 10mW for 10 Mbps imaging. The ASIC will help build very large mosaics for next-generation telescope sensors.
Alterations of neuroendocrine functions in spinal cord injury.

Abstract A transverse myelopathy causes a marked dysfunction in the negative feedback of some of the hypothalamohypophyseal-target organ axes. Spinal cord injured (SCI) humans with lesions above T 6 exhibit significantly lower serum LH and testosterone but not FSH. The parathyroid hormone-thyrocalcitonin regulation of bone metabolism is disturbed; the higher the lesion, the greater is the loss of mineral and matrix components of the bone. Further, the response to insulin induced hypoglycemia is blunted in SCI with high lesions, and their basal levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol are significantly lower than those of controls. Distension of the bladder or rectum, however, produces marked release of norepiniphrine and concomitant increase in sympathetic activity. The results suggest impaired hypothalamo-hypophyseal-testicular, -adrenocortical, -adrenomedulary, -sympathetic axis dysfunction.
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEIN DOMAIN INTERACTIONS AS REVEALED BY TWO-HYBRID SCREENS

All intermediate filament proteins possess three distinct domains: heads, rod and tail, and subdomains within the rod called helices 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B. Subunit packing within a filament is a consequence of interactions among these domains. Several such interactions are known, but probably many more contribute to stabilizing filament structure. We examined a number of such potential interactions using the yeast two-hybrid system. Domains or subdomains of murine vimentin, a Type III intermediate filament protein, were fused with either the DNA-binding or trans-activating domain of GAL4, a transcription factor. Interaction between the vimentin domains/subdomains functionally reconstituted GAL4, thereby activating transcription of a GAL1-LacZ reporter gene. The oligomeric state at which the interactions took place, i.e. whether the domains/subdomains were dimeric or tetrameric as they interacted, was also determined. These studies revealed a number of interesting interactions, among which was a strong homotypic binding of helix 2B to form tetramers. They also demonstrated a lack of interaction among others expected to do so based on current structural models. From these results we deduced which of the candidates for interactions, suggested by current models, were true protein-protein interactions and which represented nearest-neighbors only. Thus, the A11 and A22 modes of molecular alignment identified by Steinert et al. (Steinert, P. M., Marekov, L. N., Fraser, R. D. B., and Parry, D. A. D.(1993) J. Mol. Biol. 230, 436-452) are probably true interactions, whereas the A12 and ACN modes may describe adjacent but non-interacting molecules.
Generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation and problem drinking among college students.

Objective: Motivational models of alcohol use often invoke constructs derived from social-learning theory, including coping styles, drinking motives and affective distress. To date, no study has assessed the potential role of negative mood regulation (NMR) expectancies (the extent to which one holds positive expectations of one's ability to cope with negative affect) in promoting problematic drinking behavior. This study evaluated the relationship between NMR expectancies and problem-related drinking while controlling for the influence of alcohol consumption, coping behaviors, drinking motives, demographic variables and affective distress. Method: Participants (N = 136, 80% female) were college undergraduates who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires on two occasions that were separated by 8 weeks. Results: Initial correlational analyses indicated a strong (negative) association between NMR expectancies and problem drinking behavior. Findings from separate hierarchical regression analyses demo...
Liquid—vapour equilibria research on systems of interest in cryogenics — a survey

Abstract This survey provides a convenient summary of available data on liquid—vapour equilibria for systems of interest in cryogenics. An annotated bibliography of 392 references has been compiled, current to January 1973. These references have been scanned individually with few exceptions, and cross-indexed by system with notation of extent of data and other significant features. The systems included are those made up of the possible combinations of H 2 (D 2 , HD), N 2 , O 2 , F 2 , CO, H 2 S, He(He 3 ), Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and the saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons through the C 4 s.
Using the Technology Acceptance Model to Predict Violations in the Medication Use Process

Violations present a path to medical injury that has, thus far, been largely unexplored. This paper focuses on violations of three medication administration protocols and tests the hypothesis that if current processes for completing these tasks are neither easy nor useful, or if there is dissatisfaction with the tasks, then violations will be more likely. Survey data were collected from 199 nurses in the pediatric intensive care units, hematology-oncology-transplant units, and medical-surgical units at two pediatric hospitals. The results of the logistic regressions did not support the hypothesis, though several significant predictors of violations were found. The predictors of violations, possible reasons the hypotheses were not supported, and considerations for measuring violations are discussed.
Achievement test scores in mathematics and science.

Average achievement test scores of the nation9s youth in mathematics and science have declined rather steadily since the early 19609s, and this decline is more marked in the higher grades. The average test scores in mathematics and science of high school seniors who have intended to go to college and major in those fields, however, have been quite stable. These findings may have implications for educational policy.
Multimethod Communication for High-Performance Metacomputing Applications

Metacomputing systems use high-speed networks to connect supercomputers, mass storage systems, scientific instruments, and display devices with the objective of enabling parallel applications to utilize geographically distributed computing resources. However, experience shows that high performance can often be achieved only if applications can integrate diverse communication substrates, transport mechanisms, and protocols, chosen according to where communication is directed, what is communicated, or when communication is performed. In this paper, we describe a software architecture that addresses this requirement. This architecture allows multiple communication methods to be supported transparently in a single application, with either automatic or user-specified selection criteria guiding the methods used for each communication. We describe an implementation of this architecture, based on the Nexus communication library, and use this implementation to evaluate performance issues. This implementation was used to support a wide variety of applications in the I-WAY metacomputing experiment at Supercomputing~95; we use one of these applications to provide a quantitative demonstration of the advantages of multimethod communication in a heterogeneous networked environment.
Torque distribution influence on tractive efficiency and mobility of off-road wheeled vehicles

Abstract Off-road vehicle performance is strongly influenced by the tire-terrain interaction mechanism. Soft soil reduces traction and significantly modifies vehicle handling; therefore tire dynamics plays a strong role in off-road mobility evaluation and needs to be addressed with ad-hoc models. Starting from a semi-empirical tire model based on Bekker–Wong theory, this paper, analyzes the performance of a large four wheeled vehicle driving on deformable terrain. A 14 degree of freedom vehicle model is implemented in order to investigate the influence of torque distribution on tractive efficiency through the simulation of front, rear, and all wheel drive configuration. Results show that optimal performance, regardless vertical load distribution, is achieved when torque is biased toward the rear axle. This suggests that it is possible to improve tractive efficiency without sacrificing traction and mobility. Vehicle motion is simulated over dry sand, moist loam, flat terrain and inclined terrain.
Pancreas transplantation in type II diabetes mellitus

Although the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was once considered a contraindication to simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, a growing body of evidence has revealed that similar graft and patient survival can be achieved when compared to type 1 diabetes mellitus recipients. A cautious strategy regarding candidate selection may limit appropriate candidates from additional benefits in terms of quality of life and potential amelioration of secondary side effects of the disease process. Although our current understanding of the disease has changed, uniform listing characteristics to better define and study this population have limited available data and must be established.
Non-Eeuclidean spring embedders

We present a conceptually simple approach to generalizing force-directed methods for graph layout from Euclidean geometry to Riemannian geometries. Unlike previous work on non-Euclidean force-directed methods, ours is not limited to special classes of graphs, but can be applied to arbitrary graphs. The method relies on extending the Euclidean notions of distance, angle, and force-interactions to smooth non-Euclidean geometries via projections to and from appropriately chosen tangent spaces. In particular, we formally describe the calculations needed to extend such algorithms to hyperbolic and spherical geometries. We also study the theoretical and practical considerations that arise when working with non-Euclidean geometries.
Particle loaded monolithic sol-gel columns for capillary electrochromatography : A new dimension for high performance liquid chromatography

Particle-loaded (3 pm, octadecylsilica) monolithic sol-gel columns have been prepared and selected characteristics measured. Several electrical properties may be calculated from simple current measurements in the column as a whole. Resistivity in the packed segment is approximately three times that in open segments, resulting in a 60% increase in field strength in the packed regions compared to the capillary with no packing. The surprisingly high specific permeability of these sol-gel columns is characteristic of 8-pm particles, which allows their operation in the microLC mode at pressures as low as 69 kPa where their efficiency is about 50,000 plates per meter and in the CEC mode where efficiency is about 106,000 plates per meter at 5 kV. There is a relatively rapid loss of efficiency with increasing linear velocity beyond 0.2 mm/s in microLC mode, which may be due to additional diffusion processes in the inter-particulate voids. A rapid loss of efficiency above 0.5 mm/s is also observed in the CEC mode, for the same reasons. Chromatographic retention behavior in either separation mode is characteristic of conventional octadecylsilica particles, indicating that analytes have significant access to the surface within the pores of the immobilized bonded phase.
Structure and site evolution of molybdenum carbide catalysts upon exposure to oxygen

Abstract Acid site densities could be reversibly tuned by a factor of ∼30 using an O2 co-feed, which reversibly creates Bronsted acid sites on the carbide surface without altering the bulk crystal structure of 2–5 nm Mo2C crystallites. Unimolecular isopropanol (IPA) dehydration at 415 K, a probe reaction, occurred on Bronsted acid sites of these oxygen-modified carbides with an intrinsic activation energy of 93 ± 1.3 kJ mole−1 via an E2 elimination mechanism with a kinetically-relevant step of β-hydrogen scission. Site densities were estimated via in situ 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DTBP) titration and used to calculate a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.1 s−1, which was independent of site density. Oxygen co-processing allows for facile in situ tunability of acidic and metallic sites on highly oxophilic metal carbides.
Role of hsp90 in systemic lupus erythematosus and its clinical relevance.

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of ubiquitous and phylogenically highly conserved proteins which play an essential role as molecular chaperones in protein folding and transport. Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) is not mandatory for the biogenesis of most proteins, rather it participate in structural maturation and conformational regulation of a number of signaling molecules and transcription factors. Hsp90 has been shown to play an important role in antigen presentation, activation of lymphocytes, macrophages, maturation of dendritic cells, and in the enhanceosome mediated induction of inflammation. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease with complex immunological and clinical manifestations. Dysregulated expression of Type I interferon α, activation of B cells and production of autoantibodies are hallmarks of SLE. The enhanced levels of Hsp90 were detected in the serum of SLE patients. The elevated level of Hsp90 in SLE has also been correlated with increased levels of IL-6 and presence of autoantibodies to Hsp90. This suggests that Hsp90 may contribute to the inflammation and disease progression and that targeting of Hsp 90 expression may be a potential treatment of SLE. The pharmacologic inhibition of Hsp90 was successfully applied in mouse models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and SLE—like autoimmune diseases. Thus targeting Hsp90 may be an effective treatment for SLE, especially if combined with other targeted therapeutic approaches.
Knocking on Doors: On Constructing Culture:

This reflective piece employs a layered text format and uses data from a pilot study on parents’ conceptualizations of parental involvement in schools to think theoretically about such issues as ac...
The Scattering of 10.4-Mev Deuterons by Hydrogen

The $d\ensuremath{-}p$ elastic scattering cross section has been measured in the angular region 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} CM (center-of-mass system) by means of a nuclear multiple photographic plate camera. Thin hydrogen gas targets were bombarded by the deuterons from the Los Alamos cyclotron, the incident deuteron energy at the center of the reaction volume being 10.4 Mev. Values of the scattering differential cross section are given within an absolute standard error of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 percent in the range 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} CM and to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 percent in the remainder of the angular range observed. Results of this measurement are in good agreement with previously reported data. The estimated total nuclear cross section, 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, is essentially that observed for the $n\ensuremath{-}d$ collision at the same center of mass energy. A least squares curve fit indicates $S$-, $P$- and $D$-wave interactions to be present at this energy.
Chemical Mediator in Exercise‐Induced Asthma and Exercise‐Induced Late Asthmatic Responses

In this paper, we describe chemical mediator fluctuation in exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and exercise-induced late asthmatic responses (EILA). The moderate, severe patients who showed EIA, had statistically significant increased plasma histamine levels after exercise. Leukotriene (LT) release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) showed two different patterns. In the EIA negative group, generation of LTs from PMN showed a significant increase after an exercise task. However, the EIA positive group showed statistically significant decreases at 15 minutes after exercise. In EILA, patients showed biphasic decreases in FEVi.o following exercise, which was accompanied by a parallel increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA).