cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carolina Foxtail (Alopecurus carolinianus): Susceptibility and Suitability as an Alternative Host to Rice Blast Disease (Magnaporthe oryzae [formerly M. grisea])

Carolina foxtail (Alopecurus carolinianus) has not been reported to host Magnaporthe oryzae. A collection of Carolina foxtail obtained from several Arkansas locations over a 4-year period was inoculated with four races of the fungus under greenhouse conditions and, in all cases, inoculation resulted in the formation of irregular, yellow and brown lesions without obvious gray centers that are characteristic for blast on rice. Differences in these lesions were not observed among our collection. These lesions appeared to differ from typical blast lesions on inoculated rice leaves but were evident following artificial inoculation of Carolina foxtail in the greenhouse. M. oryzae races that differed in pathogenicity toward rice cultivars also displayed differences in lesion development on Carolina foxtail. The most virulent race on rice cultivars also produced lesions most rapidly on Carolina foxtail. These lesions developed more quickly on Carolina foxtail than on the most susceptible rice cultivars tested, including a susceptible California cultivar, M202. M. oryzae isolates cultured from these lesions in the infected Carolina foxtail caused typical disease symptoms of blast on inoculated rice cultivars. We suggest that Carolina foxtail is a new and previously unrecognized host for the blast pathogen.
Gamma Irradiation of Adult Plodia inter punctella: Effects on Mating, Sterility, and Number of Progeny

Irradiation of 24-h-old adults of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) did not significantly decrease the mating ability of males or females except at doses of 75–100 krad, but it increased mating frequency in females treated with 20–50 krad. The number of adult progeny per fertile pair and the percentage sterility were correlated with dose. The doses required to sterilize 50% of the males and females were 42.5 and 27.0 krad, respectively; the doses required for 99% sterility were 67.0 and 45.0 krad, respectively. The decreased number of progeny per fertile pair and the increased percentage of sterility combined to produce severe decreases in reproductive capacity. Although males appeared to be much more radioresistant than females, the proportionate decrease in reproductive capacities was nearly identical at the same doses. Thus the spermatozoa and oocytes were apparently equally sensitive to the induction of dominant lethal mutations, but the much greater number of male gametes prevented sterilization of the male except at higher doses.
On the determinants of non-market strategy: The separations mechanism and cost shifting in the telecommunications industry

This study examines the relationship between performance levels and the levels of cross-subsidy attained by local exchange carriers in the United States telecommunications industry. These cross-subsidies have been obtained by firms via their engagement in a separations mechanism, based on a cost allocation process, which telecommunications sector regulatory authorities use. Non-market strategies have assumed primacy in the activities of several sectors world-wide. Thus, understanding non-market strategic choices is important in the analysis of firms' behavior and performance. Active engagement in the separations process is an important non-market strategy in the telecommunications industry, as a firm relatively successful in this activity can gain large cross-subsidies. The analysis establishes that less profitable firms obtain greater cross-subsidies. Once the profitability variable is decomposed into its two main components, which are productivity and price recovery, the impact of the profitability variable reduces. Firms which are relatively unproductive, as well as those unable to recover higher output prices, obtain relatively greater cross-subsidies. These results are inconsistent with the postulates of the strategic cost-allocation and behavior literatures but are consistent with x-inefficiency and rent-seeking perspectives of firms' strategic actions.
Simulation of sensible and latent heat losses from wet-skin surface and fur layer

A simulation model that simultaneously calculates heat and mass transfer from a wetted skin surface and fur layer of a cow is presented. The model predicts evaporative, convective and radiant heat losses for different levels of skin and fur wetness, air velocity, air temperature and relative humidity. In the model, fur layer (hair coat) properties such as fur thickness and hair density assumed are that of summer conditions. Evaporative cooling from wet-skin surface and hair coat is the dominant mode of heat mitigation mechanism in stressful hot environments and is further enhanced by increased air velocity. Evaporative cooling is, however, depressed by increased relative humidity because of deficit of water-vapor concentration between the skin surface and ambient air.
Logarithmic behavior in a new two-dimensional metal: HgTe-CdTe superlattice

The resistance of a HgTe-CdTe superlattice of layer thickness 110 \AA{}/220 \AA{} shows logarithmic behavior with respect to temperature below 30 K. The field-parallel and field-perpendicular magnetoresistance clearly distinguish between the orbital and spin-dependent scattering mechanisms, and confirm two-dimensional behavior.
Evolutionary Significance of Polyploidy in the Pteridophyta

Polyploidy occurs in the heterosporous and homosporous Pteridophyta, but with a much higher frequency in the latter. Ninety-six percent of the homosporous Pteridophyta show a gametic chromosome number greater than 27, whereas 90 percent of the heterosporous ones possess a gametic chromosome number less than 28. Ultrafrequent establishment of poly- ploidy in the homosporous Pteridophy- ta appears to be necessary to create and maintain genetic variation in the face of the homozygotizing effects of habitual self-fertilization in the monoe- cious gametophytes of these plants.
Analytical and statistical approaches to metabolomics research

Metabolomics, the global profiling of metabolites in different living systems, has experienced a rekindling of interest partially due to the improved detection capabilities of the instrumental techniques currently being used in this area of biomedical research. The analytical methods of choice for the analysis of metabolites in search of disease biomarkers in biological specimens, and for the study of various low molecular weight metabolic pathways include NMR spectroscopy, GC/MS, CE/MS, and HPLC/MS. Global metabolite analysis and profiling of two different sets of data results in a plethora of data that is difficult to manage or interpret manually because of their subtle differences. Multivariate statistical methods and pattern-recognition programs were developed to handle the acquired data and to search for the discriminating features between data acquired from two sample sets, healthy and diseased. Metabolomics have been used in toxicology, plant physiology, and biomedical research. In this paper, we discuss various aspects of metabolomic research including sample collection, handling, storage, requirements for sample analysis, peak alignment, data interpretation using statistical approaches, metabolite identification, and finally recommendations for successful analysis.
Annual Cycle in Rainfall of the Indo–Pacific Region

Abstract Rainfall is analyzed for the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. The analysis uses a multichannel scheme to retrieve open-ocean rain rate from brightness temperatures measured between 1979 and 1986 by the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer. Rain rates were averaged over calendar months for 1° boxes. These rain rates were checked against two published climatologies. They were analyzed in light of historical climatologies of rainfall over the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. Except for the Somali jet, the scheme adequately represented ambient conditions over the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. Rain tended to fall in two bands paired across the equator. Over the Indian Ocean, the southern member consistently dominated the northern member. Over the west Pacific Ocean, at times through the course of the year, each member dominated the other. Close to the East Indies northern and southern members merged. Bands were modulated by a pair of wavelike conglomerates. Following the sun, each wave ...
Bone Marrow Cytologic and Histologic Biopsies: Indications, Technique, and Evaluation

Bone marrow evaluation is indicated when the routine examination of a blood smear has failed to provide an answer to the question: What is causing an observed hematologic abnormality? If the blood already clearly indicates an immune mediated hemolytic anemia or regenerative anemia for which an etiology is suspected/known, a bone marrow evaluation is likely superfluous. Similarly, an inflammatory response or leukocytosis for which a cause is suspected or known may not warrant a bone marrow evaluation.
THE SENSOR INSERTION SYSTEM, AN INSTALLATION ALTERNATIVE AT DUCK, NC, USA

Field measurements are important for understanding coastal processes, verifying and calibrating numerical and physical models, and as direct input to coastal designs. Many aspects of coastal engineering are hampered by the lack of high quality field data particularly during storms. This paper introduces the Sensor Insertion System (SIS), which uses a somewhat different approach for measurements that has proven useful at the US Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility (FRF). The SIS is a pier-mounted diverless instrument deployment and retrieval system that can be used to make measurements under calm or storm conditions anywhere across the surf zone. The SIS can operate in wave heights up to 5.6 m, with 20 m/s winds, and 2 m/s currents. The mobility of the SIS permits measurements to evolve with the morphology, thus avoiding many of the problems of traditional stationary instrument installations. The SIS approach is to use a single instrument array and reduce the cost and logistics of instrumenting the surf zone so that a long-term measurement capability can be maintained. This approach has helped overcome many of the obstacles of directly measuring storm longshore sediment transport processes at the FRF during the past six years. The utility of the SIS is demonstrated in this paper through examples of it's application for a variety of coastal science investigations.
Existence and uniqueness of 'money' in general equilibrium: natural monopoly in the most liquid asset

The monetary character of trade, use of a common medium of exchange, is shown to be an outcome of economic general equilibrium in the presence of transaction costs and market segmentation (in trading posts with a separate budget constraint at each transaction). Commodity money arises endogenously as the most liquid (lowest transaction cost) asset. Scale economies in transaction cost account for uniqueness of the (fiat or commodity) money in equilibrium, creating a natural monopoly. Trading posts using a medium of exchange create a network externality inducing others’ adoption of the same medium. Bertrand monetary equilibria (among competing trading posts) and uniqueness of ‘money’ are robust to threats of entry. Government-issued fiat money has a positive equilibrium value from its acceptability for tax payments and sustains its natural monopoly through the scale of government economic activity.
Influence of Watershed Scale Atrazine Reduction Practices on Pesticides and Fishes within Channelized Agricultural Headwater Streams

Application of pesticides within the watersheds of agricultural streams typically leads to increased instream pesticide concentrations that reduces water quality and threatens aquatic life. Pesticide reduction practices that reduce pesticide application within agricultural watersheds should reduce concentrations of pesticides within agricultural streams. Unfortunately, the influence of pesticide reduction practices on pesticides and the biota within agricultural headwater streams has not been empirically evaluated. We evaluated the watershed scale influence of atrazine reduction prac tices on pesticides, pesticide mixtures, and fish communities within channelized agricultural headwater streams in central Ohio. Water samples for pesticide measurements and fishes were collected in the spring and summer from a treatment stream (watershed size – 3.89 km 2 ) that received atrazine reduction practices within 26 to 31% of its watershed during the first two years and then the watershed usage of these practices was reduced to less than 6% in the last four years. We also collected water samples and fishes during the same time from a control stream (watershed size 4.54 km 2 ) that received atrazine reduction practices in 6% or less of its watershed during the study. Only three of 15 pesticide response variables and two of 15 fish community response variables indicated a potential effect of atrazine reduction practices. Mean differences in atrazine desethyl concentration, atrazine desethyl percent occurrence, and the number of pesticides between the control and treatment streams were greater during the time period with atrazine reduction practices than the time period without atrazine reduction practices. Mean differences in trophic guild richness and fish species composition simi larity between the control and treatment streams occurred between time periods with and without atrazine reduction practices only during the summer. Our results suggest that implementing atrazine reduction practices to reduce atrazine usage within small portions (30% or less) of the watersheds of channelized agricultural headwater streams may not influ ence pesticides, pesticide mixtures, and fish community struc ture during the spring and summer.
X-Ray Microanalysis in the Variable Pressure (Environmental) Scanning Electron Microscope.

Electron-excited x-ray microanalysis performed in the variable pressure and environmental scanning electron microscopes is subject to additional artifacts beyond those encountered in the conventional scanning electron microscope. Gas scattering leads to direct contributions to the spectrum from the environmental gas, as well as remote generation of x rays by electrons scattered out of the focussed beam. The analyst can exert some degree of control over these artifacts, but depending on the exact situation, spurious elements can appear at the trace ( 0.1 mass fraction) levels. Dispersed particle samples give the least compromised results, while fine scale microstructures are the most severely compromised. Procedures to optimize the situation based upon specimen preparation as well as spectral processing are described.
Abnormal sweating patterns associated with itching, burning and tingling of the skin indicate possible underlying small‐fibre neuropathy

Summary Background Itching, burning, numbness and tingling of the skin are frequent reasons for dermatology consultation. We hypothesized that these sensations may be attributable to a small-fibre neuropathy. Sweating, which is mediated by small nerve fibres, may be a surrogate marker of small-fibre neuropathy. Objectives To investigate the results of thermoregulatory sweat testing (TST), which depicts and estimates whole-body sweating, in patients with itching, burning, numbness and tingling sensations. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 227 patients with itching, burning, numbness and tingling sensations involving the skin who were seen at our institution during 2008 and also underwent TST. Results The mean age of the cohort was 54 years (range 3–89), and 58% were female. In all, 149 patients (66%) had abnormal TST results; in 119 (80%) of these patients the areas of anhidrosis on TST corresponded to their symptomatic areas. For each symptom analysed separately, the area of anhidrosis correlated with the area of symptoms in most patients. Conclusions Patients with burning, itching, numbness and tingling have abnormal sweating patterns and often do not sweat in the symptomatic areas. These novel findings suggest that a small-fibre neuropathy may underlie many cutaneous symptoms and that the neuropathy can be estimated using TST.
A Thermal Simulation Process Based on Electrical Modeling for Complex Interconnect, Packaging, and 3DI Structures

To reduce the product development time and achieve first-pass silicon success, fast and accurate estimation of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) interconnect, packaging and 3DI (3D integrated circuits) thermal profiles has become important. Present commercial thermal analysis tools are incapable of handling very complex structures and have integration difficulties with existing design flows. Many analytical thermal models, which could provide fast estimates, are either too specific or oversimplified. This paper highlights a methodology, which exploits electrical resistance solvers for thermal simulation, to allow acquisition of thermal profiles of complex structures with good accuracy and reasonable computation cost. Moreover, a novel accurate closed-form thermal model is developed. The model allows an isotropic or anisotropic equivalent medium to replace the noncritical back-end-of-line (BEOL) regions so that the simulation complexity is dramatically reduced. Using these techniques, this paper introduces the thermal modeling of practical complex VLSI structures to facilitate thermal guideline generation. It also demonstrates the benefits of the proposed anisotropic equivalent medium approximation for real VLSI structures in terms of the accuracy and computational cost.
The roles of cilia in developmental disorders and disease

Cilia are highly conserved organelles that have diverse motility and sensory functions. Recent discoveries have revealed that cilia also have crucial roles in cell signaling pathways and in maintaining cellular homeostasis. As such, defects in cilia formation or function have profound effects on the development of body pattern and the physiology of multiple organ systems. By categorizing syndromes that are due to cilia dysfunction in humans and from studies in vertebrate model organisms, molecular pathways that intersect with cilia formation and function have come to light. Here, we summarize an emerging view that in order to understand some complex developmental pathways and disease etiologies, one must consider the molecular functions performed by cilia.
Echocardiography before and after Resect-Plicate-Release Surgical Myectomy for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background Anatomic features of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are septal hypertrophy, elongated mitral leaflets, and anterior displacement of the papillary muscles. In addition to extended myectomy, the resect-plicate-release operation adds horizontal plication of the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) and release of the anterolateral papillary muscle (APM) in selected patients. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that (1) preoperative findings would be associated with procedures applied, (2) anatomic corrections would be observable postoperatively, and (3) there would be consistently good physiologic outcomes. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who had adequate echocardiograms before and 9.5 ± 12 months after the resect-plicate-release operation was performed from 2006 to 2012. Results Seventy-seven patients underwent myectomy, 50 AML plication, and 50 APM release. Patients who underwent plication had longer AMLs (32 ± 4 vs 28 ± 4 mm; P P Conclusions Echocardiographic AML length and directly observed slack provides a basis to recommend performance of plication and define its extent; plication decreases AML protrusion and stiffens the leaflet. Anterior APM recommends release, which drops the coaptation point posteriorly. Systematic relief of all aspects of obstructive pathophysiology results in consistent outcomes.
Defining the typical work environment for assisted reproductive technology laboratories in the United States.

Objective To determine time and staffing requirements as they relate to laboratory personnel in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Design Descriptive study. Setting Assisted reproductive technology clinics in the United States. Personnel All personnel working in ART laboratories, which included laboratory directors and technicians (those laboratory personnel trained in specific areas of embryology, andrology, and endocrinology). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measures(s) Frequencies were determined for time and staffing requirements as they pertained to individuals and procedures (e.g., oocyte retrieval, embryo transfer, semen analysis, hormone assay, etc.) performed in embryology, andrology, and endocrine laboratories. Result(s) Two different surveys of ART clinics in the United States were combined in this report. The average technician worked 40 hours a week, whereas the average laboratory director worked 49 hours per week. The average embryologist performed 181 procedures (not cases) per year. The average andrologist performed 648 procedures (not cases) per year, while the average endocrinologist completed 2,673 procedures (not cases) per year. Conclusion(s) This is the first report to describe time and staffing requirements as they relate to the laboratory personnel in an ART facility.
Testing a classification instrument for the ambulatory care setting

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity, generalizability, and interrater reliability of an instrument designed to measure the complexity of nursing care in the ambulatory care setting. The conceptual framework for the development of the classification instrument was adapted from a theory of organizations and is based upon knowledge technology. Previous research using the Delphi methodology delineated 44 activity categories for the classification instrument. These categories were organized under six literature-based responsibility areas. The instrument was tested in seven areas of one hospital-based ambulatory care setting. A total of 641 valid patient ratings were used for the analysis. Results indicate the instrument has beginning construct validity and high interrater reliability with training. It is not generalizable across services unless the effect of clinic type on nursing care complexity is considered.
Bioactive proanthocyanidins inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human melanoma cells by decreasing the accumulation of β-catenin

Melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer with poor survival rate. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin has been observed in nearly one-third of human melanoma cases thereby indicating that targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling could be a promising strategy against melanoma development. In the present study, we determined chemotherapeutic effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on the growth of melanoma cells and validated their protective effects in vivo using a xenograft mouse model, and assessed if β-catenin is the target of GSP chemotherapeutic effect. Our in vitro data show that treatment of A375 and Hs294t human melanoma cells with GSPs inhibit the growth of melanoma cells, which was associated with the reduction in the levels of β-catenin. Administration of dietary GSPs (0.2 and 0.5%, w/w) in supplementation with AIN76A control diet significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma tumor xenografts in nude mice. Furthermore, dietary GSPs inhibited the xenograft growth of Mel928 (β-catenin-activated), while did not inhibit the xenograft growth of Mel1011 (β-catenin-inactivated) cells. These observations were further verified by siRNA knockdown of β-catenin and forced overexpression of β-catenin in melanoma cells using a cell culture model.
Chip Package Interaction Study to Analyze the Mechanical Integrity of a 3-D TSV Package

The convergence and miniaturization of computing and communications dictates building up rather than out. As planar device miniaturization continues to its ultimate limits, the complexity of circuit interconnections for 2-D devices becomes a limitation for performance and drives up power dissipation [1]. As the consumers demand more functions on their hand-held electronic devices, the need for more devices such as memory, CPU and GPU in hand-held type footprints is increasing. Chip-stacking (3-D) is emerging as a powerful tool that satiates such IC package requirements. A 3-D FPGA would overcome the interconnect limitations, resulting in greater silicon efficiency per function (number of used gates/total number of gates), faster signal/data throughput, and faster switching of the gate-level configuration. 3-D through-silicon-via (TSV) technology is being termed as the “next big thing” in the semiconductor arena and has the potential of revolutionizing the packaging industry but it has some inherent issues that need to be addressed before it could be implemented in the mainstream electronics industry. TSV fabrication process, thermal management of 3-D TSV packages, TSV joule heating, and chip package interaction (CPI), are some of the key issues in this technology [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].In this paper, the thermo-mechanical chip-package-interaction (CPI) analysis is carried out and a full field compact 3D modeling methodology has been leveraged to assess the mechanical integrity of a 2 die 3D TSV package during attachment to substrate. This modeling methodology would provide damage predictions caused due to global and local CTE mismatch between the different package components. Mechanical interaction at the Si/TSV regions, back-end Cu/low-k stack, and the inter die μ-bumps during chip attachment is demonstrated in this paper.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Sputnik, the space race, and the Cold War

When the United States decided to compete in space, prestige became a major factor in national security and science and technology came under the purview of the federal government.
Issues in the diagnosis and management of malignant disease

Introduction to a new regular series of succinct reviews of cancer care relevant to non-oncologists.
A Biologist's Reflections on History

THE STUDENT of biology who in his spasmodic attempts to keep up with the progress of the humanities makes an excursion into the field of history is struck by the similarity between the language and concepts of his own discipline and various current interpretations of history. On second thought, perhaps he should not be surprised. Why should historians, in their efforts to interpret the rise and fall of civilizations, not have recourse to the ideas and models provided by a science, like biology, which is faced with the apparently analogous task of explaining the progressive change of forms which life has undergone on this planet? Until as late as the closing years of the 19th century, history limited itself essentially to the recording of past events. Depending upon one's own personal religious or moral preferences, the record of the past seemed to reflect either progress toward a divinely imposed goal or, later on, just "progress" per se. In this respect, history somewhat resembled the state and attitude of pre-Darwinian taxonomy and comparative anatomy which had recorded in minute detail observations of form and structure of as many living organisms as were available without providing any key whatever for explaining the similarities or differences existing between them. By contrast, the 20th century has witnessed, a series of efforts by historians like Spengler and Toynbee to subject the vast amount of uncovered historical facts and fancy to a rational or speculative analysis. Like Darwin, Lamarck and DeVries in biology, these men and others influenced by them, proceeded to suggest explanatory schemes for making sense of the vast amount of archivistic data accumulated by generations of chroniclers. Toynbee tells us that all civilizations are essentially similar in that each undergoes a definite and closely comparable life-cycle initiated by specific responses to specifically adverse stimuli or challenges. After that, they either undergo growth and differentiation or they are "arrested" in their growth, such as the Spartan or Polynesian civilizations. Arrested or "stagnant" civilizations will be superseded by new civilizations if in the process of meeting the original challenge they have become so specialized that they cannot successfully ise to meet new challenges by new and more appropriate responses. Prior to Toynbee, Spengler had supported his historical prophesies by speaking of the birth, gr wth, youth, adulthood, senility and decline of cultures.
Australian Energy Legal System and Its Reference

Though Australia is rich in energy resources, it faces some engergy prolems such as insufficient oil self-support,Green House Gas emission on the high side,inadequate energy investment and energy market reform not straight to the point. Prosperity, Security and Sustainability is the national energy policy developed by Australia gradually. The energy law system in Australia is very comprehensive, which concerns with all types of energy and each area of energy. Relatively perfect energy legal system has been established in Australia now. Establishing perfect energy law system and energy management system, promoting energy market reform within legal framework, attaching importance to energy security of supply and utilization are valuable experience for our country to reference during perfecting energy law system.
Voice Query Refinement

We describe a system for the refinement of spoken search queries. Given an initial query (Northern Italian restaurants in New York), instead of requiring a fully-specified followup query (Korean restaurants in New York), a more natural, abbreviated update query (Korean instead) may be spoken. The system consists of a parsing step to identify the type and arguments of the refinement, a candidate generation step to enumerate the possible refinements, and a model classification step to select the best refinement. We present results on test query refinements given both to this system and to human judges that show the automated system outperforms the human judges on that data set.
Biobased Fat Mimicking Molecular Structuring Agents for Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) and Other Edible Oils

To develop sustainable value-added materials from biomass, novel small-molecule sugar ester gelators were synthesized using biocatalysis. The facile one-step regiospecific coupling of the pro-antioxidant raspberry ketone glucoside and unsaturated or saturated long- and medium-chain fatty acids provides a simple approach to tailor the structure and self-assembly of the amphiphilic product. These low molecular weight molecules demonstrated the ability to self-assemble in a variety of solvents and exhibited supergelation, with a minimum gelation concentration of 0.25 wt %, in numerous organic solvents, as well as in a range of natural edible oils, specifically a relatively unstudied group of liquids: natural medium-chain triglyceride oils, notably coconut oil. Spectroscopic analysis details the gelator structure as well as the intermolecular noncovalent interactions, which allow for gelation. X-ray diffraction studies indicate fatty acid chain packing of gelators is similar to that of natural fats, signifyin...
Effect of secretin on gastric acid secretion in response to cholinergic stimuli.

Four dogs were prepared with antrectomies, gastric fistulas, and Pavlov pouches. Insulin or 2-deoxyglucose given by rapid intravenous injection evoked little secretion from the Pavlov pouches. Therefore, a threshold dose of histamine was given by continuous intravenous infusion and insulin, 0.5 or 0.25 U per kg, or 2-deoxyglucose, 0.15 g per kg, was injected after acid secretion had reached a plateau. This resulted in secretory responses similar to those stimulated by insulin or 2-deoxyglucose in animals with intact antrums. In some experiments secretin, 2 U per kg-hr was added to the intravenous infusion at the time of insulin or 2-deoxyglucose injection. Secretin did not alter acid output in response to insulin or 2-deoxyglucose. Pepsin secretion after 2-deoxyglucose was enhanced by secretin but secretin did not change an already high pepsin response to insulin. Acid and pepsin secretion stimulated by a continuous intravenous infusion of bethanechol was compared with secretory rates when secretin was added to the infusion. Secretin depressed acid and increased pepsin output due to bethanechol. These results were contrasted with those from experiments performed in dogs with gastric fistulas, Pavlov pouches, and intact antrums. In these animals, secretin markedly inhibited acid secretion in response to insulin or 2-deoxyglucose. These data suggest that direct cholinergic stimulation of parietal cells is not vulnerable to inhibition by secretin. The inhibition observed in animals with intact antrums is probably due to an antagonism by secretin of vagally released gastrin. Since bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion was inhibited by secretin in antrectomized animals the response to bethanechol may be due to the release of an endogenous humoral gastric stimulant other than antral gastrin as well as a direct effect of bethanechol on parietal cells.
Massive pulmonary embolism during liver transplantation.

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) and intracardiac thrombosis (ICT) are rare but potentially lethal complications during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Methods: We aimed to review clinical and pathological correlates of PE and ICT in patients undergoing OLT. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science. Results: Seventy-four cases of intraoperative PE and/or ICT were identified; PE alone in 32 (43%) patients and a combination of PE and ICT in 42 (57%) patients. Most frequent clinical symptoms included systemic hypotension and concomitant rising pulmonary artery pressure, often leading to complete circulatory collapse. PE and ICT occurred in every stage of the operation and were equally reported in patients with or without the use of venovenous bypass or antifibrinolytics. A large variety of putative risk factors have been suggested in the literature, including the use of pulmonary artery catheters or certain blood products. Nineteen patients underwent urgent thrombectomy or thrombolysis. Overall mortality was 68% (50/74) and 41 (82%) patients died intraoperatively. Conclusion: Mortality was significantly higher in patients with an isolated PE, compared to patients with a combination of PE and ICT (91% and 50%, respectively; p<0.001). Intraoperative PE and ICT during OLT appear to have multiple etiologies and may occur unexpectedly at any time during the procedure.
The new ethnographer at work

Building on observations from ethnography at the fin de siecle (Wellin and Fine, 2001), we address how ethnographers today approach their work tasks, incorporating new technology, emphasizing embodiment, sites of struggle, and increasing public engagement. We use the lens of the sociology of work to examine how ethnography has been shaped over the past 15 years, the lifespan of Qualitative Research. How do the challenges of occupational roles, places of research, and new forms of data gathering shape our collective work?
Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Wilson’s Disease

Wilson's disease (WD), or hepatolenticular degeneration, is an inherited autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the gene encoding a copper-transporting P-type ATPase necessary for copper exertion into bile. Consequently, copper accumulates to toxic levels in the blood, cornea, liver, and brain, manifesting as hematological, ocular, hepatic, neurological, and psychiatric symptoms respectively. Diagnosis is based on concomitant clinical and laboratory findings, including Kayser–Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin levels, increased urinary copper excretion, and increased hepatic copper concentration. Medical therapies consist of copper-chelating agents (d-penicillamine and trientine) and zinc, designed to either reduce intestinal copper absorption or increase urinary copper excretion. Ultimately, liver transplantation is the curative treatment for WD and may be urgently required in the setting of fulminant hepatic failure.
Modification of Bone Marrow Stem Cells for Homing and Survival During Cerebral Ischemia

Over the last decade, major advances have been made in stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke, which is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Various stem cells from bone marrow, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), have shown therapeutic potential for stroke. Concomitant with these exciting findings are some fundamental bottlenecks that must be overcome in order to accelerate their clinical translation, including the low survival and engraftment caused by the harsh microenvironment after transplantation. In this chapter, strategies such as gene modification, hypoxia/growth factor preconditioning, and biomaterial-based methods to improve cell survival and homing are summarized, and the potential strategies for their future application are also discussed.
The Moderating Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in the Relationship Between Cognitive and Aerobic Endurance Change.

Background:Improvements in cognition often accompany fitness improvements in older adults, and research suggests insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may influence this association. No prior work h...
Edoxaban: A direct oral anticoagulant.

Purpose The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety, and place in therapy of edoxaban for prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are reviewed. Summary Although warfarin has been an established therapy for stroke prevention in AF and VTE, the need for agents with less monitoring requirements, fewer food and drug interactions, and a lower risk of major bleeding led to the development of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Current DOACs work by either directly blocking thrombin (dabigatran) or inhibiting factor Xa (apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban). Edoxaban is the newest DOAC and only the second Food and Drug Administration–approved anticoagulant for once-daily administration. Unlike apixaban and rivaroxaban, edoxaban does not interact with the cytochrome P-450 system. The results of the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 and Hokusai-VTE trials demonstrated edoxaban’s noninferiority to warfarin. However, the adverse-effect profile of edoxaban may limit the drug’s use in clinical practice; in clinical trials, patients with AF who had a creatinine clearance of ≥95 mL/min had a higher rate of strokes with the use of edoxaban versus warfarin. Conclusion A review of the literature showed that edoxaban, the most recently approved DOAC, is noninferior to warfarin for management of VTE (after parenteral anticoagulant therapy) and for stroke risk reduction in many patients with nonvalvular AF.
Economic Impact of Treatment Duration and Persistence with Basal Insulin in Previously Insulin-Naive Users.

BACKGROUND: Although insulin is a well-established therapy that is associated with improved clinical outcomes, adherence and persistence with insulin regimens are poor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes-related health care costs and the impact of insulin persistence patterns on these health care costs have been previously studied; however, these aspects of insulin therapy have limited data beyond the first year of use and have not been characterized among patients previously naive to basal insulin. OBJECTIVES: To (a) describe and compare medical- and pharmacy-related costs, health care resource utilization, and comorbidities and complications during the initial year and second (experienced) year of basal insulin therapy, and (b) describe and compare the impact of continuous versus interrupted basal insulin use during each year. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational database analysis using claims from multiple U.S. commercial health plans (Truven Health MarketScan) in prev...
Observations of a beaver (Castor Canadensis Carolinesis) care, 24-hour activity records and performance on simple learning tasks

A report on the beaver as a laboratory animal. The special requirements for the care and maintenance of the beaver in the laboratory, and the necessary modifications of standard experimental procedures for study of this rodent are discussed. His 24 hour activity level and his instrumental conditioning and single T ward maze behavior were assessed. Bar press behavior was studied on CR and FR schedules with food reinforcement, and CR with water flow control reinforcement. T maze problems included: position learning, single alternation, double alternation, and black-white discrimination. With the exception of the difficult double alternation problem, the beaver demonstrated acquisition of each of the learning tasks and maintained a nearly constant level of food reinforcement even when the FR schedule of reinforcement reached 80:1.
EXAMINING REGULATORY CAPTURE: EVIDENCE FROM THE NHL

Regulatory capture has garnered significant attention, but poses a difficult empirical exercise since most relationships between regulators and regulated parties occur behind closed doors. In this research, we overcome this problem by analyzing an environment where the behavior of both the regulator and regulated parties are publicly available. Specifically, we utilize data from the National Hockey League (NHL) to examine the impact of general experience as a referee as well as experience refereeing a particular team on the assignation of penalties. We find that gaining general experience as a referee significantly reduces the number of penalties that a referee assigns. However, as a referee gains experience refereeing a specific team, they significantly reduce the number of penalties assessed to this team relative to teams that they have less experience refereeing, confirming that regulatory capture is observed among referees and teams in the NHL. (JEL G18, L51, K42)
Uber and the Sharing Economy, Changing Strategies and Global Markets: An Abstract

The purpose of this case-based research is to investigate Uber and its global markets and changing strategies in the sharing economy and transportation networks and logistics services industry. Uber is a part of the sharing economy as well as transportation network and logistics services industry and carries a unique business model. Uber and its competitors often seek business models which are synonymous with collaborative consumption. First introduced in 2009, Uber has become an ambitious and aggressive firm regarding its global operations and operates in over 400 cities in 60 countries.
Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Succinate)-Based Composites for Food Packaging

Active packaging refers to packaging systems with active functions beyond the inert passive containment and protection of the product. It is commonly used with foods, as it helps extend shelf life, improve safety or sensory properties and maintain food quality (Vermeiren et al. in Trends Food Sci Technol 10:77–86, 2009). Most diffused active packaging systems include the use of oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide or ethylene emitters and scavengers, ethanol releaser, as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The active agent may be placed in the package with the food, within a small sachet or pad of permeable material, able to release volatile antimicrobial agents without allowing a direct contact with the food product.
A Multi-Institutional Simulation Boot Camp for Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Nurse Practitioners*

Objectives:Assess the effect of a simulation “boot camp” on the ability of pediatric nurse practitioners to identify and treat a low cardiac output state in postoperative patients with congenital heart disease. Additionally, assess the pediatric nurse practitioners’ confidence and satisfaction with
Notes Toward a Neuroethics

The Ethical Brain challenges a variety of sociological assumptions that basic notions of morality vary culturally, that we cannot criticize the idea of other cultures impacting negatively on human nature, or that there is no human nature at all. Findings from five authors are used to bring sociology in line with more current neurosociological findings on the matter. Differences in Gazzaniga and de Waal in terms of brain processes involved in moral decisions are presented, as well as agreements about the available evidence for innate morality. An attempt to balance the positive features of our innate morality with the negative characteristics of humans is discussed. Finally, processes that encourage humans to identify with those that are the sources of unfairness are discussed.
Arms Race: The Next Generation

The research program in nuclear directed-energy weapons, sometimes known as NDEWs, was first formalized in 1985, two years after Ronald Reagan's Star Wars speech. It grew to a $350 million program in fiscal 1987 and 1988 with rhetoric to match. Congress scaled back the programs to $330 million in 1989 and $220 million in 1990. Precise funding for fiscal 1991 is difficult to determine because nuclear directed-energy weapons are now part of the core program of the weapons laboratories, not a separate item under the Strategic Defense Initiative. The administration requested $191.1 million this year but according to Christopher Paine, defense aid to Sen. Edward Kennedy, the programs will only receive $90-100 million this year. As cuts have been made, the rhetoric has also cooled, but research and underground nuclear tests on a number of these concepts are continuing. Although this research is within the laboratories' core program and thus shielded from congressional oversight, Congress blessed it. 9 refs.
Making a Career

There seems little doubt that Peano had for some time aspired to the chair of infinitesimal calculus — and with reason. He had already proved to himself and his students that he was a capable teacher. In the seven years since his graduation he had published several articles and two quite remarkable books. He was libero docente and assistente at the university; indeed, in actuality he had taken over Genocchi’s course. And he was a professor at the Military Academy. No doubt he felt his academic career reasonably secure.
Drainage of Intrathoracic Fluid Collections

Pleural fluid collections are common medical issues, occurring frequently secondary to pneumonia, surgery, infection, and sometimes neoplasm. Therapeutic options include thoracentesis, antibiotics, surgical chest tube, or IR catheter drainage and surgery (video-thoracospopic or open decortications). Placing an image-guided percutaneous chest catheter is an attractive alternative to surgically placed chest tubes because of the advantage of precise placement under image guidance and small caliber of the catheter (5–14 F versus approximately 24 F for chest tubes). Pleural effuisions resulting primarily from underlying cardiac, liver, or renal conditions are most commonly treated medically and rarely require drainage.
Hydrodynamic instability seeding by oxygen nonuniformities in glow discharge polymer inertial fusion ablators

The U.S. indirect drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) program uses glow discharge polymer (GDP) as one of the ablator materials for the ICF experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The performance of those implosions may be adversely affected by photoactivated uptake of oxygen impurities in the surface of the GDP ablator. These impurities can induce significant perturbations in the shock waves generated in the ablator. These perturbed shocks generate mass modulations that are amplified by Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability and reduce the performance of the implosions. Here we report on experiments that provide a quantitative connection between photoactivated oxygen uptake in GDP samples and modulations in shock velocities in the samples. The observed shock nonuniformity confirms the hypothesis that irregular oxygenation is a competent seed for the RT and can have a significant effect on NIF GDP implosions.