cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The potential for composites in structural automotive applications

Abstract The primary use of fiber-reinforced composites in automobiles, with the exception of a few specialized low volume vehicles, has been in semi-structural or decorative parts. Use of composites in primary structural areas of the vehicle, such as body structures, has been very limited to date. Such applications offer a tremendous opportunity for future expansion of composites in the automotive industry. In addition to materials cost, there are two over-riding criteria for significant application of FRP materials in automotive structures: (1) proof of structural functionality/durability; and (2) development of rapid, reproducible fabrication procedures to optimize manufacturing economics. From a structural viewpoint, there are two major categories of material response which are critical to the application of composites to automobiles: fatigue (durability) and energy absorption. An abundance of evidence is accumulating relating the functional properties of these materials in simple structures. It is clear that the fundamental requirements of energy absorption and fatigue resistance are satisfied by composites and the main challenge is to translate these capabilities into complex structures with less well-defined load inputs. The less quantifiable, but equally important, functional requirement of ride quality (usually defined in terms of noise, vibration and ride harsness, NVH) also appears to be attainable through the utilization of composites. Even though this factor has been historically related to vehicle stiffness, and composite materials are less stiff than steel, all the indications are that the effective stiffness of composite structures meet NVH requirements—the elimination of joints through part integration plays a critical role in achieving such synergistic effects. Many of the properties of composite structures depend on the control of fiber location and part integration which in turn are a direct fucntion of the fabrication process. Current high production rate fabrication processes such as compression molding of sheet molding compound (SMC) type materials go only part way to optimizing the properties and economics. Optimum automotive composite structures will probably require a combination of processes, some of which will need significant development, to realize the enormous potential for composites in the automotive industry. Full-scale structures may involve SMC type molding, thermoplastic stamping and the developing preform molding (HSRTM) process which hasm perhaps, the greatest potential of all the processes of revolutionizing the use of composite structures. Technological breakthroughs in fabrication technology do not appear to be necessary, the main requirement is the development of existing assorted techniques combined with a concerted effort by all aspects of the composite and automotive industry.
Hierarchical Diagonal Blocking and Precision Reduction Applied to Combinatorial Multigrid

Memory bandwidth is a major limiting factor in the scalability of parallel iterative algorithms that rely on sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV). This paper introduces Hierarchical Diagonal Blocking (HDB), an approach which we believe captures many of the existing optimization techniques for SpMV in a common representation. Using this representation in conjuction with precision-reduction techniques, we develop and evaluate high-performance SpMV kernels. We also study the implications of using our SpMV kernels in a complete iterative solver. Our method of choice is a Combinatorial Multigrid solver that can fully utilize our fastest reduced-precision SpMV kernel without sacrificing the quality of the solution. We provide extensive empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of the approach on a variety of benchmark matrices, demonstrating substantial speedups on all matrices considered.
Polarization of resonance photoluminescence of excitons in GaAs

Abstract Polarization of photoluminescence is observed for the n=1 excitons in GaAs under resonant optical excitation. When the exciting light has linear polarization, the polarization of the emitted radiation increases when the excitation energy is tuned into the exciton absorption band. At maximum resonance, the emission spectra of both parallel and perpendicular polarizations have Lorentzian lineshapes at low temperature. The ratio of intensities is found to be 3:1, respectively, and independent of temperature.
Emotional Stability and Student Drug Use

The focus of this paper is upon college drug use as it relates to the individual student user. As with the academic dropout, the college drug user is seen as reflecting an emotional problem and pos...
Separation of gallium and arsenic from the wafer grinding extraction solution.

Abstract This work investigates the separation of gallium and arsenic from the wafer grinding extraction solution. The wafer grinding extraction solution was generated using hot and concentrated nitric acid. In this study, adsorption technology was employed to remove the toxic arsenic from the extraction solution. Ferric hydroxide was the adsorbent employed to adsorb arsenic. The effects of pH value, contact time, absorbent dosage, and chloride ion concentration on the efficiency of adsorption of gallium and arsenic were investigated. The optimal conditions for recovering gallium and removing arsenic were a raw pH of 0.2, a contact time of 6 min and a ferric hydroxide concentration of 30.4 g/L. Additionally, adding chloric ions reduces the residual percentage of gallium (ReGa) and the percentage of arsenic removed (RAs). Under these optimal conditions, ReGa and RAs are 100 and 80%, respectively.
Freeze-fracture study of vesicle disruption and inversion in isolated bovine rod outer segment disks

Abstract Four different preparation procedures were used to obtain disk vesicles from rod outer segments. These preparations were examined using freeze-fracture electron microscopy techniques to determine the degree of disk inversion and disruption. Very few vesicles appeared to be inverted in any of the preparations. There were, however, significant differences among the preparations in the proportion of vesicles which contained other vesicles. We conclude that vesicles often break open and then preferentially reseal uninverted (i.e., with the same orientation as native rod outer segment disks). These observations support the conclusion from labelling studies that the carbohydrate moiety of rhodopsin is on the intradiskal side of the membrane.
Networked omnivision arrays for intelligent environment

Intelligent environments are systems that are aware of the spatial information and activities within them through sensors and interact with people in a natural and unobtrusive way. An intelligent system using networked omnivision array is proposed based on specified requirements of intelligent environments. It utilizes Omni-Directional Vision Sensor (ODVS) network as the sensory input. ODVS optical modeling is described, which allows panoramic and perspective view generation. A 3D tracker based on the ODVS network is constructed. Using the tracking information, active camera selection and dynamic perspective view generation enable real-time face tracking. Face recognition is also implemented for person identification. Current results of the modules and extensions to the system are also discussed.
On the localization performance measure and optimal edge detection

Tagare and deFigueiredo (see ibid., vol. 12, p. 1186-1189, 1990 ) present a localization performance measure for edge detectors. They correctly point out a flaw in Canny's formulation of the localization criterion, which was subsequently adopted by Sarkar and Boyer (1991). They motivate their form of the localization criterion along a different line of reasoning. In this comment, the authors show that although Canny's derivation was in error, the final form of his criterion is adequate and can, in fact, be derived from Tagare and deFigueiredo's formulation of the problem. The authors also point out some problems with Tagare and deFigueiredo's localization criterion. >
Three methods for measuring the ultrasonic velocity in thin films

Abstract We present three methods of measuring the velocity of ultrasound in self-supported thin films (1 μm or thicker). The first method involves time-of-flight measurements of sound pulses excited by a pulsed laser. These pulses are detected with a wide band laser interferometer and we measure the propagation delay time as a function of the path length. In the second method, we continuously excite the film using an interdigital transducer (IDT) while performing narrow band detection using the laser interferometer. The interferometer allows us to determine the position dependence of both the in-phase and the out-of-phase components of the film vibration (relative to the emitted signal). The third method is similar to the second, but both the generation and the detection of the ultrasonic wave are accomplished with IDTs. The receiving IDT is translated across the surface of the film and the ultrasonic continuity is maintained through a liquid bond. All three methods have been tested on the same film and yield similar values (within experimental limits) of the velocity of sound of the various modes excited. From these results, we deduce the shear and flexural moduli of the film and compare them with values quoted in the literature.
Elderly Self Care Education: A Low Technology Primary Health Care Option for Developing Countries

This article presents a number of perspectives on the curriculum building processes as well as the methodology and content of a self care training curriculum and Information packet that were prepared and field for the development of a model self care education program for older persons. Course content and topical areas are outlined, and various training agenda and educational materials are described.Although this program was undertaken as part of the national goal to develop a health promotion and disease prevention strategy for older people In the United States, a number of Insights, principles and implications drawn from the curriculum development activities and field testing experiences are applicable to other countries, especially developing nations where the problems and needs of the aged are becoming Increasingly apparent In the face of ever shrinking resources.
A management planning model for the delivery of family planning services

Abstract A management planning model for the delivery of family planning services is presented. Markovian probabilistic properties have been adapted for projecting patient flow for a set of various alternative strategies for scheduling patient visits in a health care system. By quantitatively formulating the scheduling problem in terms of pertinent inputs, management objectives and imposed restrictions, optimization of patient flow in the system for efficient utilization of health care resources is achieved through standard linear programming techniques.
Agronomic performance and genetic characterization of sugarcane transformed for resistance to sugarcane yellow leaf virus

Abstract Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV, a Poleovirus of the Luteoviridae family) is already widespread in Florida, and resistance in the Canal Point (CP) sugarcane population is limited. Genetic transformation of sugarcane for disease resistance holds promise but tissue culture and transformation processes produce undesirable agronomic characteristics necessitating thorough field evaluation. A 3-year sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum species) field study was conducted in Belle Glade, FL with the following objectives: (1) thoroughly evaluate the agronomic performance of two transgenic lines transformed for SCYLV resistance (6-1, 6-2) compared with parental cultivar control CP 92-1666, (2) determine level of SCYLV resistance in the transgenic lines, and (3) characterize genetic differences in the transgenic lines compared with CP 92-1666 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping. Sugarcane yields of CP 92-1666 were superior to both transgenic lines, as well as tissue culture (C-1) and nptII marker gene (20-1) controls, in the plant cane, first ratoon and second ratoon crops. CP 92-1666 recorded an average of 6.5–8.7 tons sucrose ha−1 yr−1 more than genotypes subjected to tissue culture and biolistic transformation. However, SCYLV infection rates in transgenic lines were only 0–5%, compared with 98% in CP 92-1666. Kanamycin field assays indicated that selectable marker gene nptII was stably expressed in all co-transformed lines. SSR genotyping showed 35 additional fragments to be present and 25 existing fragments absent among 6-1, 6-2, C-1 and 20-1 compared with CP 92-1666. Although all clones had unique genotypes, the four regenerated clones showed a greater genetic distance from the donor clone CP 92-1666 (mean GD 0.4) than to one another (mean GD 0.03). This study reports the first successful gene transfer of SCYLV resistance in sugarcane and the first report of variations in microsatellite repeat number associated with regeneration from embryogenic callus. Our results highlight the potential of genetic transformation methods to incorporate desirable traits into sugarcane, combined with the necessity of thorough agronomic evaluation of transgenic genotypes. Transgenic lines 6-1 and 6-2 are being used as parents in crosses designed to combine SCYLV resistance from these genotypes with agronomic characteristics of high-yielding materials.
Abstract LB-343: Ultraviolet radiation modulates distinct mouse epidermal miRNAs expression profile

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most common etiologic factor linked to the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a non-melanoma form of skin cancer that can metastasize. To find clues about the mechanism of UVR-induced development of SCC in FVB/N mice, we found that chronic UVR exposures lead to aberrant expression of several microRNAs (miRNAs). In the present experiment, mice were exposed to four (Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Monday) UVR (2 kJ/m2) treatments, emitted by Kodacel-filtered FS-40 sun lamps (approximately 60% UVB and 40% UVA). At 3 hrs post last UVR exposure, mice were sacrificed. RNAs were prepared from the scraped epidermis of these mice. To screen for unknown miRNAs, we performed the 1040 miRNAs microarray analysis. UVR treatment resulted in modulation of 15 miRNAs: six miRNAs (miR-145, miR-1937a, miR-1937b, miR-341*, miR-451, miR-720) were up-regulated while nine miRNAs (let-7g, miR-125–5p, miR-195, miR-200b, miR-29a, miR-30c, miR-429, miR-92a) were down-regulated. The microarray results were further validated by qRT-PCR. These UVR-induced over-expressed (e.g; miR-451) and down-regulated (e.g; let-7g, miR-195) miRNAs have been observed to be oncogene and tumor suppressor, respectively in various types of cancers. To determine the downstream target genes (DTG) of these miRNAs, insilico analysis was performed. We employed the DIANA LAB DNA Intelligent and Target-Scan program to reveal the various pathways and genes regulated by these miRNAs. Finally we did the IPA to decipher the existing network between these target genes. Among all the miRNAs modulated by UVR treatment, only miR-429 and miR-195 shown to have significant network. MiR-429 network consist of few important hubs. Those were TARDBP, PCBP (Poly (rC) Binding Protein) and PUF60. TARDBP is reported to bind to chromosomally integrated TAR DNA and repress HIV transcription. PCBP1 and PCBP2 are multifunctional protein reported to be translational coactivator. PUF60 is known as a transcriptional repressor. The network obtained by miR-195 DTG revealed that various cytokines exist in the downstream network. Among them, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α are the most significant hub of the network. We also found ZFP36 as an important hub, which is known for recruiting the miRNA at the 3′UTR of mRNA. IPA analysis suggests that all of the above hub molecules play major roles in cell cycle and cancer initiation and progression. UVR-induced deregulated miRNAs (miR-145, miR-1937a, miR-1937b, miR-341*, miR-451, miR-720 – let-7g, miR-125–5p, miR-195, miR-200b, miR-29a, miR-30c, miR-429, miR-92a) may constitute important components of UVR carcinogenesis (Support: NIH grant CA35368). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-343. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-343
Generic Galois extensions.

Abstract We define the notion of a generic Galois extension with group G over a field F. Let R be a communtative ring of the form F[x1,..., xn](1/s) and let S be a Galois extension of R with group G. Then S/R is generic for G over F if the following holds. Assume K/L is a Galois extension of fields with group G and such that L ⊇ F. Then there is an F algebra map f:R → L such that K ≅ S [unk]RL. We construct generic Galois extensions for certain G and F. We show such extensions are related to Noether's problem and the Grunwald-Wang theorem. One consequence is a simple proof of known counter examples to Noether's problem. On the other hand, we have an elementary proof of a chunk of the Grunwald-Wang theorem, and in a more general context. In fact, we have a Grunwald-Wang-type theorem whenever there is a generic extension for a group G over a field F.
Surface passivation of Ni/Cr alloy at room temperature

Room temperature oxidation of Ni-23at%Cr alloy has been studied. Chromium is preferentially oxidized on Ni/Cr alloy surface after 1 to 2 L of oxygen exposure. Reaction of Ni with oxygen occurs more slowly than the Cr/O 2 reaction, but much more rapidly than for pure Ni. Chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) is formed on both oxidized pure Cr and Ni/Cr alloys. It is found that substantial amount of hydroxyl species exists on the surfaces of oxidized pure Ni and Ni/Cr alloy. The angle-resolved Ni(2p) and O(1s) spectra suggest that NiO and adsorbed hydroxyl exist on the pure Ni surface, while Ni hydroxide mainly exists on the Ni/Cr alloy surface. The oxide on the Ni/Cr alloy has a bilayer structure consisting of a mixture of Ni hydroxide and Cr oxide at the outer monolayer, and a mixture of Cr oxide, small amounts of NiO and possibly some metallic Ni over the next four monolayers. In addition, a Cr depleted metallic layer exists below the oxide layer. As compared to the three monolayers NiO formed on pure Ni, the formation of Ni hydroxide is limited to the first monolayer of oxide layer on Ni/Cr, demonstrating the increased passivation ability of Ni upon adding Cr.
Role of zinc in hypoglycemia-induced neuron death

The mechanism of hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death has been extensively studied since a Swedish scientist, Roland Auer, developed a rat model of insulin-induced hypoglycemia one quarter of a century ago. Currently, mounting data derived from these studies are making it possible to propose an ever more complete mechanism of hypoglycemia-induced neuron death. Although salient differences between the two insults do exist, the pattern and progression of neuron death after acute/severe hypoglycemia have been observed to share many similarities with ischemia-induced neuron death. One important consideration is that the divalent cation zinc is a common neurotoxic factor in both conditions. For the last decade, our laboratory has offered evidence for the hypothesis that synaptic vesicular zinc release and subsequent translocation into the postsynaptic neuron are key upstream events in both neurological injuries of ischemia and hypoglycemia. The release of vesicular zinc from presynaptic terminals depends on nit...
Anchored multiplex PCR for targeted next-generation sequencing

We describe a rapid target enrichment method for next-generation sequencing, termed anchored multiplex PCR (AMP), that is compatible with low nucleic acid input from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens. AMP is effective in detecting gene rearrangements (without prior knowledge of the fusion partners), single nucleotide variants, insertions, deletions and copy number changes. Validation of a gene rearrangement panel using 319 FFPE samples showed 100% sensitivity (95% confidence limit: 96.5-100%) and 100% specificity (95% confidence limit: 99.3-100%) compared with reference assays. On the basis of our experience with performing AMP on 986 clinical FFPE samples, we show its potential as both a robust clinical assay and a powerful discovery tool, which we used to identify new therapeutically important gene fusions: ARHGEF2-NTRK1 and CHTOP-NTRK1 in glioblastoma, MSN-ROS1, TRIM4-BRAF, VAMP2-NRG1, TPM3-NTRK1 and RUFY2-RET in lung cancer, FGFR2-CREB5 in cholangiocarcinoma and PPL-NTRK1 in thyroid carcinoma. AMP is a scalable and efficient next-generation sequencing target enrichment method for research and clinical applications.
Unique response to heat of extracellular protease of Pseudomonas fluorescens M5.

Abstract Eight proteases selected from 38 cultures of psychrotrophic bacteria were subjected to heat stability tests. Cell-free filtrates of the broth in which the cultures were grown individually were heated to 40, 50, 60, and 70°C for 0, 15, 30, and 60min. Six of the filtrates were less than 50% inactivated by heating at 40°C for 60min, whereas the enzyme of Pseudomonas fluorescens M5 was inactivated completely by this treatment. Of the five most proteolytic cultures tested, including P. fluorescens M5, losses in protease activity ranged from 9 to 34% on heating at 70°C for 60min. Purified M5 protease retained at least 75% of its activity over the pH range of 4.5 to 7.5. Electrophoresis of active M5 protease from four chromatographed fractions revealed two bands in each with approximate molecular weights of 35,000 and 45,000. Heating at 40°C did not alter mobility of either band. Reasons for lability at 40°C but stability at 50, 60, and 70°C are discussed. Complexation with casein, observed with another protease, was not a possible explanation for stability at 40°C.
Does comparative effectiveness research promote rationing of cancer care

Comparative effectiveness research aims to inform health-care decisions by patients, clinicians, and policy makers. However, questions related to what information is relevant, and how to view the relative attributes of alternative interventions have political, social, and medical considerations. In particular, questions about whether cost is a relevant factor, and whether cost-effectiveness is a desirable or necessary component of such research, have become increasingly controversial as the area has gained prominence. Debate has emerged about whether comparative effectiveness research promotes rationing of cancer care. At the heart of this debate are questions related to the role and limits of patient autonomy, physician discretion in health-care decision making, and the nature of scientific knowledge as an objective good. In this article, we examine the role of comparative effectiveness research in the USA, UK, Canada, and other health-care systems, and the relation between research and policy. As we show, all health systems struggle to balance access to cancer care and control of costs; comparative effectiveness data can clarify choices, but does not itself determine policy or promote rationing of care.
Testicular 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity in the developing male rat

Abstract In the testes, 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (dihydrotestosterone, DHT) is converted to 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) by the enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3α-HSO). This steroid has been shown to possess biological activity in the male rat. The secretion of 3α-diol is much greater in the prepubertal animal than in the adult. This study is designed to quantitate the activity of 3α-HSO in the cytosol fraction of testes from male rats throughout sexual development. Following homogenizatlon of whole testes, the 105,000 × g supernatant or cytosol fraction was incubated with 3 H DHT and varying concentrations of unlabelled DHT in the presence of 0.25μm NADPH. The incubation was carried out at 34°C for 10 min at a pH of 7.4. The K m of 3α-HSO in testicular cytosol was calculated to be 1.25μM. The specific activity of testicular cytosol 3α-HSO, expressed as pmoles of 3α-diol converted from DHT per min per mg testicular cytosol protein, was high in young rats from 10 to 22 days of age, and was followed by a decline between day 22 and 37, with activity remaining low throughout adulthood. Total testicular cytosol activity of 3α-HSO, expressed as nmoles of 3α-diol converted from DHT per min per pair of testes, gradually increased from day 10 to day 60 and remained high in the adult rat. In the post-pubertal period, a possible lack of available substrate, DHT, or possible endogenous testicular regulatory mechanisms acting on 3α-HSO activity might account for the actual decrease in 3α-diol concentration in the blood and testes of mature rats.
High-modulus glass fibers for new transportation and infrastructure composites and new infrared uses

Abstract Calcium aluminate glass fibers offer major new opportunities in transportation, infrastructure composites and new infrared sensor applications. They possess a higher modulus than S-glass, an advantage that can yield major weight and energy savings in car, aircraft and aerospace composites, or stiffer composite parts in emerging bridge and construction markets. Their superior alkali resistance is an important advantage in cement composites. They also possess sapphire-like infrared transmission, a property that is obtained at a fraction of the cost of single crystal sapphire fibers. Quaternary non-silica calcium aluminates with 40–50% alumina have high melt viscosities ( ⪢10 Pa s ). Experimental fibers were obtained by potentially commercial processes (up-drawing from supercooled melts and down-drawing from performs). Binary compositions with >50% alumina have low viscosities ( ⪡10 Pa s ). Glass fibers were obtained by an experimental process (inviscid melt spinning) from melts with up to 81% alumina. Infrared optical aluminum tellurite fibers were obtained from supercooled melts. New glass theory is applied. Melt viscosity and glassy modulus are rheology controlled and their magnitude is due to differences in size, shape and orientation of nanocrystalline domains. Not surprisingly, the silicate and aluminate glass (or glass ceramic) fibers with the highest modulus (160–180 versus 69 GPa for E-glass) had the most pronounced nanocrystallinity.
Wittgenstein's visit to Ithaca in 1949: on the importance of details

In this paper, which is based on secondary material as well as new and primary material, we present and analyze the visit that philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein undertook to Ithaca, NY in the summer of 1949. During the visit Wittgenstein met with Norman Malcolm, his host, and also with a number of other philosophers. He also participated in the Philosophy Club at Cornell University. Most importantly, we trace and reproduce several of the conversations that Wittgenstein had during meetings and walks. These conversations covered a huge range of topics, from the Mormons and hamburgers to critical philosophical problems. We try to theorize this sprawling empirical material by problematizing the concept of details. We also draw on W.G. Sebald's work in this effort.
Kernel Level Support for Workflow Patterns

In the evolution of computing technology over the decades, file system capabilities have not grown in tandem to processing power. Today, scientific computing is highly data intensive and relies on workflows. Workflows developed are not portable among workflow management system. Also, scientific computation that rely on inherent workflows do not have a kernel support for workflows, and are executed essentially in a batch processing model. A file system that includes native kernel functionalities to support workflow execution would address the issue of parallel processing as well as portability. Such a file system would improve scientific computing performance. This paper describes an approach we developed to add workflow functionality to the Linux kernel and native file system to help simplify the use of workflow management systems for scientific computing.
Capillary electrohydrostatics of conducting drops hanging from a nozzle in an electric field

Abstract A hybrid boundary element/finite element method is used to determine the axisymmetric equilibrium shapes and stability of a conducting drop hanging from a nozzle of length H2 that is attached to the top plate of a parallel-plate capacitor. The finite element method is used to solve the Young-Laplace equation for drop shape and the boundary element method is used to solve an integral equation for the electric field distribution on the drop and solid surfaces. When the relative importance of interfacial tension force is large compared to electrical and gravitational forces, equilibrium drop shapes are segments of spheres and are conveniently parametrized by a single parameter -1 ⩽ D ⩽ 1: D = 0 corresponds to a hemisphere, as D → 1 the drop approaches a sphere, and as D → -1 the drop vanishes. The results show that equilibrium families of fixed drop volume, i.e., fixed D, lose stability at turning points with respect to field strength. When H2 = 0 (case of no nozzle), drop shapes at the stability limit are always conical. However, when H2 > 0 (case with a nozzle), drop shapes at the stability limit are conical only when D >D1, where D1 is a negative number. By contrast, very "skinny" drops, D E c with plate spacing H and nozzle length H2and the asymptotic values approached by E c as H and H2 grow without bound are also evaluated. These results are of primary importance in capillary electrohydrostatics and in the development and design of electrodispersion apparatus finding use in the production of ceramic precursor powders and in chemical separations.
Teaching Gender and International Relations

This article describes the author’s experience integrating gender as a topic in various international relations courses. It explains the author’s initial reasons for approaching gender issues, describes how gender is used to expand the experience of students in class, and considers some of the problems the author has faced. It concludes that gender is a useful way of approaching some ethical issues in world politics as well as providing a good critique of more common theories, but that it should be presented as a coherent theory and not just a side-issue if students are to take it as seriously as they do realism, liberalism, and the like.
Should the patient with coronary artery disease use sildenafil

Since the etiology of erectile dysfunction is frequently related to endothelial dysfunction, a problem in common with much vascular disease, erectile dysfunction disproportionately affects patients with cardiovascular disease. With the development of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, the first of which was sildenafil (Viagra), an effective oral medication became available. The question of safety of these drugs, especially in patients with latent or overt coronary artery disease, is of concern. Sildenafil relaxes smooth muscle and therefore lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure slightly. With organic nitrates, the drop in blood pressure is potentiated, at times dangerously, thereby making it contraindicated to take nitrates within 24 hours of using sildenafil. In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, there was no difference between sildenafil subjects and control patients in the incidence of myocardial infarction, cardiovascular, and total deaths. Coronary disease patients with stable angina, controlled on medications, were included in the trials. Therefore, sildenafil, as a drug, is safe in such patients. With a patient with coronary artery disease suddenly engaging in the physical exercise associated with sexual intercourse, there is the danger of increased risk of precipitating myocardial infarction or death. The cardiovascular metabolic cost of sexual activity is reviewed and appears to be approximately at the level of 3-5 metabolic equivalents of exercise. Sexual activity occurs within 2 hours of the onset of an acute myocardial infarction in <1.0% of patients. Although sexual intercourse is estimated to increase the risk of myocardial infarction by a factor of 2x, there is still only a very small increase in risk, a risk acceptable to patients who feel their quality of life will be markedly improved by their ability to engage in sexual activity.
Effect of frontal ablations upon an acquired temporal discrimination

Six food-deprived rats acquired a temporal discrimination of a DRL 15 schedule and their performance on the same schedule were observed following frontal ablation. Post-operative deficit resulted from such ablations; however, that deficit varied considerably from S to S but in all cases was a transient deficit.
Sources of variability in speechreading sentences: a generalizability analysis.

Generalizability theory (Cronbach, Gleser, Nanda, & Rajaratnam, 1972) was used to estimate the percentage of variance explained by three sources of variability in speechreading sentences: the subje...
Depo-provera: an excellent contraceptive for those who continue to use it

Abstract Objective: This paper focuses on the user profile, side effects, and discontinuation rates of Depo-Provera users at Grady Memorial Hospital, a large inner-city hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Methods: Between July 1993 and April 1996 baseline and follow-up interviews were conducted with African-American and Caucasian women who were using a contraceptive method. Women had to choose a method that they had not used in the previous 3 months. Results: Depo-Provera was one of the top two contraceptive methods chosen at Grady Memorial Hospital. Convenience and effectiveness were the main reasons for its selection. Of the total Grady Hospital sample ( n = 1,346), 404 women (30%) selected Depo-Provera as their method of contraception. Approximately 70% of the Depo-Provera users were aged 16–25 years, African American (98.3%), had never been married (88%), were on Medicaid (73.5%), and had had at least one pregnancy (94.3%). Depo-Provera users experienced menstrual (92.6%) and non-menstrual (67.6%) side effects. Menstrual side effects included amenorrhea, irregular cycles, spotting, and long menses. The most prevalent non-menstrual side effects were weight gain and headaches. The 12-month discontinuation rate of Depo-Provera was 49.2%, compared to oral contraceptives (66%) and Norplant (15%). The main reason cited for discontinuation of Depo-Provera was non-menstrual side effects (35.6%), menstrual side effects (23.1%), and inconvenience (12.0%). Of all women who initiated Depo-Provera use, 11.0% were pregnant at 12 months and 16.5% became pregnant by the first follow-up survey (average of 17 months). Conclusions: At Grady Memorial Hospital, Depo-Provera was a popular birth control method with high discontinuation rates. Menstrual, non-menstrual side effects, and inconvenience were the chief discontinuation factors. The impact of Depo-Provera discontinuation upon the pregnancy rate is substantial.
Depletion of the predominant B-cell population in immunoglobulin µ heavy-chain transgenic mice

The transgenic mouse line M54 was generated by introducing a functionally-rearranged immunoglobulin µ heavy-chain gene into the germ line of a C57B1/6 inbred mouse1. Previous examination of the antibodies produced by B-cell hybridomas derived from transgenic M54 mice showed that the presence of the μ transgene grossly altered the immunoglobulin repertoire of unimmunized animals, suggesting that these mice suffer from a serious immunoregulatory perturbation2. Studies presented here introduce a new perspective on this functional defect. We show that the lymphoid tissues from these transgenic mice lack virtually all conventional bone-marrow-derived B cells, which constitute the predominant B-cell population in normal mice and which typically produce primary and secondary antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens3–6. Moreover, the bone marrow from transgenic M54 mice is depleted of pre-B lymphocytes, indicating a serious defect in early B-cell lymphopoiesis. In contrast, CDS (Ly-1) B cells, a second B-cell population displaying a characteristic set of cell surface markers which are derived from distinct precursors in the peritoneum3–7, are represented at normal frequencies in these transgenic mice. Thus, the presence of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy-chain transgene in M54 mice results in an unexpected selective developmental defect that impairs the development of bone-marrow-derived pre-B and B cells without affecting Ly-1 B cells.
p62, a Phosphotyrosine-independent Ligand of the SH2 Domain of p56lck, Belongs to a New Class of Ubiquitin-binding Proteins

p62 is a novel cellular protein which was initially identified as a phosphotyrosine-independent ligand of the SH2 domain of p56lck. In the yeast two-hybrid system, p62 specifically interacted with ubiquitin in vivo. Furthermore, p62 bound to ubiquitin-conjugated Sepharose beads in vitro and was efficiently competed by soluble ubiquitin. The interaction was independent of ATP hydrolysis, and its dissociation did not require a reducing agent. Thus, p62 binds to ubiquitin noncovalently. Further analysis showed that the C-terminal 80 amino acids of p62 were indispensable for its interaction with ubiquitin. However, p62 has homology neither with ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases nor with the S5a subunit of the 26 S proteasome complex, the only proteins known to bind to ubiquitin noncovalently. These results suggest that p62 belongs to a new class of ubiquitin-binding proteins and that p62 affects signal transduction at least partly through ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation.
Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins and Ovarian Androgen Production

Increasing evidence indicates that the ovary contains an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system complete with ligands, binding proteins, and receptors. Through their interaction with IGF receptors on theca-interstitial cell surface membranes, the ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, synergize with luteinizing hormone (LH) to increase ovarian androgen production. The actions of these growth factors are modulated by intraovarian binding proteins, especially IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3, that enhance or inhibit the biological actions of the IGFs. These observations suggest that the IGF system plays a role in normal ovarian function and in the pathophysiology of ovarian hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Spectral decomposition via systolic triarray based on QR iteration

A multiphase systolic algorithm is proposed to solve the spectral decomposition problem based on the QR algorithm. It is shown that the Q matrix can be computed easily by using a multiphase systolic algorithm, and thus the eigenvectors can also be computed without any global communication in the array. Details on these multiphase operations of the QR algorithm as well as architectural consequences are discussed. >
Vesicles carry most exocyst subunits to exocytic sites marked by the remaining two subunits, Sec3p and Exo70p

Exocytosis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs at discrete domains of the plasma membrane. The protein complex that tethers incoming vesicles to sites of secretion is known as the exocyst. We have used photobleaching recovery experiments to characterize the dynamic behavior of the eight subunits that make up the exocyst. One subset (Sec5p, Sec6p, Sec8p, Sec10p, Sec15p, and Exo84p) exhibits mobility similar to that of the vesicle-bound Rab family protein Sec4p, whereas Sec3p and Exo70p exhibit substantially more stability. Disruption of actin assembly abolishes the ability of the first subset of subunits to recover after photobleaching, whereas Sec3p and Exo70p are resistant. Immunogold electron microscopy and epifluorescence video microscopy indicate that all exocyst subunits, except for Sec3p, are associated with secretory vesicles as they arrive at exocytic sites. Assembly of the exocyst occurs when the first subset of subunits, delivered on vesicles, joins Sec3p and Exo70p on the plasma membrane. Exocyst assembly serves to both target and tether vesicles to sites of exocytosis.
Self-Assembly of Graphene Nanostructures on Nanotubes

We demonstrate by molecular dynamics simulations that carbon nanotubes can activate and guide on their surfaces and in their interiors the self-assembly of planar graphene nanostructures of various sizes and shapes. Nanotubes can induce bending, folding, sliding, and rolling of the nanostructures in vacuum and in the presence of solvent, leading to stable graphene rings, helices, and knots. We investigate the self-assembly conditions and analyze the stability of the formed nanosystems, with numerous possible applications.
PROCESSING INTERCLAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS: STUDIES IN THE PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION OF TEXT. Jean Costermans and Michel Fayol (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. x + 290. $59.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.

The 13 essays of the present volume deal with how adults understand and how children develop coherence and textual cohesion. The collection possesses unity because the editors requested that the contributors emphasize the clause-level and linguistic markers, that they present an overview of current research, and that they show how the acquisition of particular cohesive functions manifests general principles.
Development and modeling of arsenic-trioxide-loaded thermosensitive liposomes for anticancer drug delivery.

In this article, a novel delivery system for the anticancer drug, arsenic trioxide (ATO), is characterized. The release of ATO from DPPC liposomes with MPPC lysolipid incorporated into the bilayer was measured. Upon heating the liposomes to 37°C, there was a 15–25% release over 24 hours. The ATO release from the DPPC and DPPC:MPPC (5%) systems leveled off after 10 hours at 37°C, whereas the DPPC:MPPC (10%) liposomes continue to release ATO over the 24-hour time span. Upon heating the liposomes rapidly to 42°C, the release rate was substantially increased. The systems containing lysolipids exhibited a very rapid release of a significant amount of arsenic in the first hour. In the first hour, the DPPC:MPPC (5%) liposomes released 40% of the arsenic and the DPPC:MPPC (10%) liposomes released 55% of the arsenic. Arsenic release from pure DPPC liposomes was comparable at 37 and 42°C, indicating that the presence of a lysolipid is necessary for a significant enhancement of the release rate. A coarse-grained mol...
Venous thromboembolism in cystic fibrosis

The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increasing in the pediatric population. Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have an increased risk of thrombosis due to central venous catheters (CVCs), as well as acquired thrombophilia secondary to inflammation, or deficiencies of anticoagulant proteins due to vitamin K deficiency and/or liver dysfunction. CVC-associated thrombosis commonly results in line occlusion, but may develop into serious life-threatening conditions such as deep venous thrombosis (DVT), superior vena cava syndrome or pulmonary embolism (PE). Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) may be a long complication. Local occlusion of the catheter tip may be managed with instillation of thrombolytics (such as tPA) within the lumen of the catheter; however, CVC-associated thrombosis involving the proximal veins is most often is treated with systemic anticoagulation. Initial treatment with heparin is a standard approach, but thrombolytic therapy, which may carry higher bleeding risks, should be considered for life and limb threatening episodes of VTE. Recommended duration of anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or warfarin ranges from 3 to 6 months for major removable thrombotic risks; longer anticoagulation is considered for recurrent thrombosis, major persistent thrombophilia, or the continued presence of a major risk factor such as a CVC. While CVCs are the most common risk for development of VTE in children, studies have not demonstrated a clear benefit with routine use of systemic thromboprophylaxis. The incidence and risk factors of VTE in CF patients will be reviewed and principles of diagnosis and management will be summarized.
EFFECT OF WATER HARDNESS ON VITREOUS ENAMEL SUSPENSIONS

A study of the effect of natural waters of varying hardness on the yield values and mobilities of enamel slips using the Gardner mobilometer is given.
Laser recrystallized, faceted, cellular and dendritic morphologies of thin film silicon-on-insulator

Abstract Configurations of faceted, cellular and dendritic growth morphologies, as observed on laser beam recrystallized thin film silicon on amorphous, insulating substrates, are reported. These configurations are viewed as first-order growth stability breakdown, from which the sub-boundaries develop. The cause of breakdown is discussed in terms of constitutional supercooling and absolute (bath) supercooling.
A Note on Equivalent Thurstone Models

Abstract Yellott (1978) has shown that there are Thurstone models with probability distributions of different types that are equivalent for complete experiments with three alternatives. This note generalizes and extends his findings by showing that for any number of alternatives n , there exists a pair of Thurstone models with probability distributions of different types that are equivalent for complete experiments with n alternatives, but which are not equivalent for complete experiments with n + 1 alternatives.
Timing and extent of Neogene tectonic rotation in the western Transverse Ranges, California

Paleomagnetic data collected from lower Miocene rocks throughout the western Transverse Ranges Province have consistently clockwise-deflected magnetic declinations, which suggests that the entire province has experienced clockwise tectonic rotation during Neogene time. Paleomagnetic declinations in lower Miocene rocks increase westward from 33.5 C ± 11° in the San Gabriel block to 91.7° ± 7° in the western Santa Ynez Range, suggesting a westward increase in the net amount of clockwise tectonic rotation. Paleomagnetic data that constrain the tuning of rotation suggest that the entire western Transverse Ranges rotated uniformly 50°–60° clockwise during the middle Miocene. This implies a minimum of 200 km of distributed dextral shear along the California coast and offshore during middle Miocene time. Little tectonic rotation appears to have occurred in the western Transverse Ranges during late Miocene time. Since Miocene time, continued clockwise rotation in the western Santa Ynez Range (31.3°), combined with counterclockwise rotation in the San Gabriel block (−16°), has: oroclinally bent the Transverse Ranges to the west of the San Andreas fault. The Pliocene-Pleistocene clockwise rotation implies an additional 30–60 km of distributed dextral shear across the southern California Coast Ranges during post-Miocene time.