cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bench-to-bedside review: Resuscitation in the emergency department

Over the past decade the practice of acute resuscitation and its monitoring have undergone significant changes. Utilization of noninvasive mechanical ventilation, goal-directed therapy, restricted fluid volume, blood transfusion and minimally invasive technology for monitoring tissue oxygenation have changed the practice of acute resuscitation. Early diagnosis and definitive treatment of the underlying cause of shock remains the mainstay for survival after successful resuscitation. Patient-centered outcome end-points, in addition to survival, are being utilized to appraise the effectiveness of treatment. Application of medical ethics to the ever changing practice of acute resuscitation has also become a societal expectation.
What Would Thomas Aquinas Say about Intelligent Design

In light of Aquinas's teaching, I first critique William Dembski's mathematical approach to design in nature, and then critique Michael Behe's failure to distinguish between causes that physically produce an object and causes responsible for the plan for that object. I then investigate Aquinas's Fifth Way, both comparing it to Paley's argument, and attempting to discern where it disagrees with atheistic accounts of evolution. I show that Aquinas acknowledges that living things can result from finality at one level and chance at another level; in other words, he acknowledges that contingent intermediary causes are able to be part of God's plan or design for the production of new species. Thus, the disagreement between Aquinas and the proponents of atheistic versions of evolution is not due to any denial on his part that chance may have role in the production of new species. I then show that even atheist biologists and philosophers recognize a regular tendency in nature to something good, namely, the tendency for niches to be filled, resulting in the good of biodiversity. Where they and Aquinas part ways is as to whether things that lack cognition can only tend to an end when directed by an intelligent being.
Deconvolution of medical ultrasound images via parametric inverse filtering

The finite frequency bandwidth of ultrasound transducers and the non-negligible width of transmitted acoustic beams are the most significant factors that limit the resolution of medical ultrasound imaging. As a result, in order to recover diagnostically important image details, which are often obscured due to the resolution limitations, an image restoration procedure should be applied. The current study addresses the problem of reconstructing ultrasound images by means of the blind deconvolution techniques. Particularly, the proposed deconvolution method is based on inversely filtering the complex-valued ultrasound images with a restoration kernel, whose Fourier transform is modeled as a member of a finite-dimensional, principal shift-invariant subspace. This approach presents a novel and very versatile way of modeling the frequency response of the inverse filter, in which the latter is defined by a few parameters, which can be estimated from the data using some reasonable assumptions on statistical properties of the tissue reflectivity. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a number of in silico and in vivo examples.
The pigments of cottonseed

A method for the purification of gossypol has been developed which yields material differing in optical properties from those previously reported for gossypol preparations. A colorimetric test for extractable gossypol has been described. It has been shown that cottonseed contains at least three pigments in addition to gossypol. Some of the properties of the three pigments have been reported. One of these newly detected pigments, gossypurpurin, has been shown to be the substance which, mixed with gossypol, constitutes the so-called “red gossypol” of Podol’skaja. The frequently reported water-dispersable blue pigment of cottonseed has been shown to be either a complex of gossypol, gossypurpurin and protein or a mixture of two protein-pigment complexes. Its dissociation into the two pigments and protein has been accomplished.
Nano Wear of Thermal Flying Height Control Sliders

To increase the storage density in hard disk drives (HDDs), the clearance between the read/write head and the disk has to be reduced. In current HDDs, the flying height of the slider is about 1–2 nm, which is on the same order as the peak to peak value of the disk surface roughness. As a consequence, intermittent contact between the slider and the disk might occur. Intermittent head-disk contacts are undesirable since they can result in wear of the slider or lubricant transfer [1]–[5]. To achieve flying-heights of 1–2 nm, thermal flying height control (TFC) sliders have been introduced in HDDs [6]. TFC sliders contain a small heater element close to the read and write element. Energizing the heater element results in thermal expansion of the slider body and a thermal protrusion is formed. An increase in heater power increases this protrusion, thereby bringing the read and write element closer to the disk (Fig. 1).Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ideology and the philosophy of science: an American misunderstanding

There are significant flaws in recent claims that Thomas Kuhn's work was an apology for American Cold War ideology and a manifestation of the transformation of logical positivism from a politically motivated philosophy to an apolitical account of the logic of science. These arguments present an inaccurate account of important aspects of the European origins of positivism and its post-emigration career in the United States, and they misinterpret the character and impact of Kuhn's work. Although significant elements of the image of science that Kuhn criticized originated in positivist philosophy of science, that image most distinctly took shape in peripheral fields such as political science where it was appropriated as part of a conservative defence against an attack, by another wave of emigre scholars, on the traditional American commitment to science and liberalism. In the end, it was Kuhn's work that provided the most significant basis for challenging the image of science that dominated the Cold War era....
Sulphur in sediments chronicles past changes in lake acidification

Sulphur pollution has closely been linked to the problems of acid precipitation and lake acidification1. Although variations in sulphur isotopes can in principle be used to fingerprint the sources of sulphur in the lacustrine environemnt (see refs 2–5), no attempt has so far been made to apply the technique in the study of pollutant sulphur in lakes in an historical sense. We report here the concentrations and isotopic composition of sulphur in sediments of several softwater lakes of northern Ontario. An objective of the study has been to ascertain whether the accumulation of sulphur in the sediments is related to the flux of pollutant sulphur into the lakes.
Effects of injection of large molecular and particulate substances on body-temperature of rats.

SummaryIndia ink, suspensions of blood charcoal, carmine, and trypan blue were injected subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. Carmine was injected also intramuscularly. After subcutaneous and intramuscular injection a rise in body-temperature was observed. After intraperitoneal injection a fall in body-temperature was observed. As judged by relative engorgement of capillary beds, and changes in blood cell volume (hematocrit) and plasma protein concentration, these animals were not in shock during hypothermia, Intraperitoneal injections of ox bile, and solutions of peptone produced a less intense hypothermia although ox bile caused severe shock.
Proteasome-dependent disruption of the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex by HCMV protein pUL21a

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which controls ubiquitination and degradation of multiple cell cycle regulatory proteins. During infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a widespread pathogen, not only phosphorylates the APC coactivator Cdh1 via the multifunctional viral kinase pUL97, it also promotes degradation of APC subunits via an unknown mechanism. Using a proteomics approach, we found that a recently identified HCMV protein, pUL21a, interacted with the APC. Importantly, we determined that expression of pUL21a was necessary and sufficient for proteasome-dependent degradation of APC subunits APC4 and APC5. This resulted in APC disruption and required pUL21a binding to the APC. We have identified the proline-arginine amino acid pair at residues 109–110 in pUL21a to be critical for its ability to bind and regulate the APC. A point mutant virus in which proline-arginine were mutated to alanines (PR-AA) grew at wild-type levels. However, a double mutant virus in which the viral ability to regulate the APC was abrogated by both PR-AA point mutation and UL97 deletion was markedly more attenuated compared to the UL97 deletion virus alone. This suggests that these mutations are synthetically lethal, and that HCMV exploits two viral factors to ensure successful disruption of the APC to overcome its restriction on virus infection. This study reveals the HCMV protein pUL21a as a novel APC regulator and uncovers a unique viral mechanism to subvert APC activity.
Undergraduate medical education accreditation as a driver of lifelong learning

We describe the accreditation of medical education programs that lead to the Doctor of Medicine degree in the United States and Canada. We identify select accreditation standards that relate directly to the preparation of medical school graduates, as required for the supervised practice of medicine in residency training and for developing the skills of self-directed, independent learning. With standards that promote flexibility and encourage innovation, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education utilizes a continuous improvement model for the accreditation of undergraduate medical education with standards that promote flexibility and encourage innovation. The standards focus on curricula to meet learning objectives that address the current context of medical care. In undergraduate and graduate medical education, the relevance of the hospital as the predominant learning environment is challenged; in continuing medical education, traditional lectures are called into question for failing to change physician behavior and improve health care outcomes. To improve medical education from undergraduate through continuing medical education, all the relevant accrediting agencies must collaborate for success.
Applications of time-frequency and time-scale transforms to ultra-wideband radar transient signal detection

In this paper we use a non-stationary approach and analyze ultra-wideband (UWB) radar data using time-frequency and time-scale transformations. The time-frequency transformations considered are the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), the Wigner-Ville Distribution (WD), the Instantaneous Power Spectrum (IPS), and the ZAM transform. Two discrete implementations of the Wavelet Transform (DWT) are also investigated: the decimated A- trous algorithm proposed by Holschneider et al, which uses non-orthogonal wavelets; and the Mallat algorithm, which employs orthogonal wavelets. The transients under study are UWB radar returns from a boat (with and without corner reflector) in the presence of sea clutter, multipath, and radio frequency interferences (RFI). Results show that all time-frequency and time-scale transforms clearly detect the transient radar returns corresponding to the boat with a corner reflector. However, as the radar cross section of the target decreases (boat without a corner reflector), results change drastically as the RFI component dominates the signal. Simulations show that the Instantaneous Power Spectrum may be better adapted for localizing the transient among the time-frequency techniques studied. The decimated A-trous algorithm has the best time resolution of the techniques studied as the return appears better localized in the scalogram.
Authors’ reply to Messerli and colleagues

Messerli and colleagues’ response to our suggestion that subsets of treated cardiovascular patients are sodium depleted with high plasma renin concentrations and cannot benefit from renin-angiotensin system blocking drugs is typical of the current “one size fits all” approach to the …
Spheroplast formation and partial purification of microbodies from hydrocarbon-grown cells of Cladosporium resinae

Cells ofCladosporium resinae form greater numbers of microbodies when grown onn-alkanes than when grown on glucose. To facilitate isolation of microbodies, hydrocarbon-grown cells were spheroplasted. Of four spheroplasting agents and five osmotic supports examined, best results were obtained after a 4-h incubation with Novozym 234 plus chitinase and with 0.8 M sorbitol as osmotic support. Equal numbers of spheroplasts were obtained at pH 5.8 and at pH 7.0. Catalase was used as a marker for microbodies and cytochrome-c oxidase as a marker for mitochondria. Urate oxidase, a second marker for microbodies, was not detected in cell extracts. Microbodies were extremely fragile; of eight spheroplast disruption techniques attempted, the best yield of microbodies was obtained using a Teflon homogenizer for 5 min. Microbodies were partially purified by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Best results were obtained with discontinuous Percoll gradients which yielded a fraction enriched in microbodies and one enriched in mitochondria.
Depressive behavior and stress ulcer in Wistar Kyoto rats

Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, as compared to several other rat strains, are hypoactive in the open field test and in the defensive burying test. WKY rats readily acquire a learned helplessness task as well as a passive avoidance tasks. WKY rats also reveal a greater susceptibility to restraint-induced stress ulcer. The behavioral tests suggest the presence of depressive behavior in WKY rats. When exposed to the Porsolt forced-swim test of 'behavioral despair', WKY rats are judged as exhibiting more depressive behavior. Desipramine not only reduced immobility in the forced-swim test, but also diminished the severity of restraint-induced stress ulcer. These data suggested a heightened activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Basal plasma ACTH levels did not differ between WKY rats and Wistar rats, but serial plasma ACTH response to restraint stress was significantly greater for WKY rats. These data suggest that depressive behavior is a characteristic of WKY rats and this strain is a valuable model for studying depression which may be induced by an exaggerated stress response.
A second mammalian antizyme: conservation of programmed ribosomal frameshifting.

Abstract A second mammalian ornithine decarboxylase antizyme was discovered. The deduced protein sequence of the human antizyme2 is 54% identical and 67% similar to human antizyme1 but 99.5% identical to mouse antizyme2. Polyamine-regulated programmed ribosomal frameshifting is used in decoding antizyme2 mRNA as it is for antizyme1 mRNA. The mRNA signals for the programmed frameshifting are similar in the mRNAs for the two antizymes. However, in the stimulatory pseudoknot 3′ of the shift site, while the sequences of the stems are highly conserved, the sequences of the loops are divergent. Functional distinctions between antizymes seem likely, but no distinction in the tissue distribution of human antizyme1 and 2 mRNAs was distinguished, though antizyme2 mRNA is 16-fold less abundant than its antizyme1 counterpart. In addition to the previously characterized human antizyme1 mRNA, a second antizyme1 mRNA with an additional 160 nucleotides at its 3′ end was identified, and it has a tissue distribution different from that of the shorter antizyme1 mRNA.
Ideology and the demise or maintenance of soviet-type regimes perspectives on the Chinese case

Abstract The rapid demise of Soviet-type regimes seems to confirm that communist ideology is either resistant to change or, when it does change, changes totally, and that the belief factor is extremely weak or non-existent in these previously self-avowed ideological systems. But what about the Chinese case where ideology has survived and has entertained major empirical reforms? This article seeks to argue that it is possible to retain the conception of ideology as a belief system and incorporate it into an interpretation of its role in the demise or maintenance of Soviet-type regimes. An adapted, but still centrally sanctioned, doctrine can contribute both to policy innovations and to the maintenance of ideological hegemony and political stability. Conversely, the failure to manage ideological change and the corresponding loss of ideological hegemony in a Soviet-type regime can contribute significantly to the breakdown of its moral and political authority. These points will be illustrated with a survey of leading Chinese discussions on the nature and role of ideology, ideological change, and the role of ideology in empirical reforms. These discussions show how the Chinese regime has steered a middle course, against conservative opposition to change on the one hand and liberal challenge to the system on the other, leading to successful reform communism.
Effect of Buffer Constituents and Time on Drug Transfer Across In Vitro Rat Intestine

The in vitro absorption kinetics for salicylate ion and acetanilide were followed in six different buffer solutions over 2-hr. periods. Both everted and noneverted absorption rates were measured during four consecutive periods of 30-min. duration. Comparisons were made between initial rates, rates over the 4-30-min. periods, total amounts of drug transferred, lag time of initial runs, and increase of rates over the 2-hr. experiment (as percent of initial rate). By using this latter statistic as a measure of the loss in integrity of the intestinal tissue, Krebs bicarbonate pH 7.4 buffer was found to provide the best environment for maintenance of the in vitro membrane in a constant, viable condition. A sodium phosphate buffer and a tromethamine buffer were also found usable, although less effective than the Krebs buffer. In isotonic sodium chloride, serosal transfer rates of salicylate ion increased sharply while mucosal transfer rates remained constant over the 2-hr. experiment. Acetanilide, a nonionized drug, showed little increase in either mucosal or serosal transfer rates in this medium.
A Comparative Study of Web-Based Technology Applications in Corporations

Due to the complexity of international trade and intense global competition, businesses today are facing challenges that were unthinkable a decade ago. To effectively respond to these challenges, companies continue to explore new ways to measure and extend value to their existing and new customer base. In the past, business practices have used expensive and time consuming tools to manage day-to-day operations. However, with technology advancing at a rapid speed, companies are forced to incorporate new technologies into their organizational decision processes to remain competitive and to maintain or expand market share. One technological tool that has become increasingly valuable to business firms is the internet. The evolution of the internet has resulted in numerous web-based tools that have proven to be flexible and data rich enhancements in a wide variety of business applications. This research examines how corporations utilize the internet in their internal and external business decision processes. Th...
Specialists and generalists in obstetrics and gynecology: Conflicts of interest in referral and an ethical alternative

Referral patterns of physicians have a direct impact upon the care of patients, particularly in obstetrics and gynecology. The choice of referral is influenced by the history of specialization, physician altruism, and intricate patterns of financial conflicts of interest. The conflicts of interest are further obscured by the lack of clear definition of roles and responsibilities for generalist, specialist, and subspecialist. Alternate patterns for referral based on financial incentives or directed referral care plans are reviewed to examine the potential conflicts of interest. An ethics-based format for referral is outlined to address these conflicts of interest.
Correlation of arsenic incorporation and its electrical activation in MBE HgCdTe

The behavior of arsenic for p-type doping of MBE HgCdTe layers has been studied for various annealing temperatures and arsenic doping concentrations. We have demonstrated that arsenic is in-situ incorporated into HgCdTe layers during MBE growth. The carrier concentration has been measured by the Van der Pauw technique, and the total arsenic concentration has been determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. After annealing at 250°C under an Hg over pressure, As-doped HgCdTe layers show highly compensated n-type properties and the carrier concentration is approximately constant (∼mid 1015 cm−3) until the total arsenic concentration in the HgCdTe layers approach mid 1017 cm−3. The source of n-type behavior does not appear to be associated with arsenic dopants, such as arsenic atoms occupying Hg vacancy sites, but rather unidentified structural defects acting as donors. When the total arsenic concentration is above mid 1017 cm−3, the carrier concentration shows a dependence on the arsenic concentration while remaining n-type. We conjecture that the increase in n-type behavior may be due to donor arsenic tetramers or donor tetramer clusters. Above a total arsenic concentration of 1∼2×1018 cm−3, after annealing at 300°C, the arsenic acceptor activation ratio rapidly decreases below 100% with increasing arsenic concentration and is smaller than that after annealing at 450°C. The electrically inactive arsenic is inferred to be in the form of neutral arsenic tetramer clusters incorporated during the MBE growth. Annealing at 450°C appears to supply enough thermal energy to break some of the bonds of neutral arsenic tetramer clusters so that the separated arsenic atoms could occupy Te sites and behave as acceptors. However, the number of arsenic atoms on Te sites is saturated at ∼2×1018 cm−3, possibly due to a limitation of its solid solubility in HgCdTe.
Synthesis of benzo[c]phenanthrene dihydrodiols

Abstract Unlike most other alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic, benzo[c]phenanthrene has a “fjord region” instead of a “bay region”. For this reason, we have synthesized the three metabolically possible trans 1,2-, 3,4-, and 5,6-dihydrodiols to test them for carcinogenic activity.
Factors contributing to occasional failures in the laboratory diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid by indirect immunofluorescence.

Summary.— The basement membrane antibodies in 3 sera of patients with bullous pemphigoid were studied by means of indirect immunofluorescent staining chessboard titrations on monkey, rabbit and guinea-pig lip tissue. Comparisons of the results of these studies with those obtained in previous studies of this type with 2 other sera, revealed wide variations in the spectra of specificities of the bullous pemphigoid antibodies. Monkey oral or oesophogeal mucosa appears to be the substrate of choice for routine tests for these antibodies, although this must be regarded as an approximation of the “ideal antigen”. The implication of these findings are discussed both from the practical and theoretical points of view.
EPR spectroscopy as a predictive tool for the assessment of marginal donor livers perfused on a normothermic ex vivo perfusion circuit

Liver transplantation is a highly successful treatment for end-stage liver disease. While liver transplantation is often the only effective treatment for cirrhosis there is a critical shortage of donor organs, leading to death of many potential recipients on the waiting list. Marginal liver grafts are increasingly being used in an attempt to increase the number of donor livers utilized for transplantation. Marginal donor livers often have complications and worse outcomes for recipients receiving these types of transplant. The ability to predict the outcome with the use of marginal grafts is difficult and often imprecise leading decreased use of potentially suitable grafts. The development and maturation of normothermic ex vivo perfusion as a platform for the assessment of donor organs presents an opportunity to increase the number of usable donor livers available for transplantation. Furthermore, direct measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in the donor liver on an ex vivo perfusion circuit by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy would allow for precise real-time quantification of donor organ injury. The combination normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion with EPR spectroscopy could therefore present a powerful platform to increase the number of donor organs utilized for transplantation.
Anaesthetic management of infants requiring endobronchial argon laser surgery.

Small infants with endobronchial lesions primarily due to traumatic suction catheter injuries are now undergoing argon laser surgery to remove obstructive tissue. Providing an anaesthetic for these infants can be challenging because of the small airways involved which must be shared by the anaesthetist and the surgeon. We have performed 30 argon laser endobronchial surgeries in nine infants. The lungs of the majority of patients were ventilated through a tracheostomy intraoperatively, while the surgeon passed the argon laser fibre through the suction port of a fibreoptic bronchoscope which was passed transnasally. Three infants were too small to allow passage of the fibreoptic bronchoscope past an artificial airway. In these patients surgery and ventilation were accomplished through a rigid bronchoscope. Three larger patients without tracheostomies were managed with a modified nasal airway for intraoperative ventilation in conjunction with the fibreoptic bronchoscope.
Standing on More Than One Leg: Interdisciplinarity's Balancing Acts

One of the conclusions of Fins' very moving “neuroethical” biography of Wilder Penfield (Fins 2008), that neuroethics requires a robust synthesis between solid philosophy and solid neurosciences, i...
Gasification of Guaiacol and Phenol in Supercritical Water

We report on the gasification of guaiacol and phenol in supercritical water at 400−700 °C. The reactions were conducted in sealed quartz tubes, at times with added Ni wires that ran the entire length of the reactor. These reactors allowed the homogeneous and heterogeneous SCWG rates to be quantified separately for the first time. Guaiacol is mainly gasified into hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane. The rest of the guaiacol decomposes to phenol and o-cresol or reacts to form char. Nickel does not affect the conversion of guaiacol to phenol and o-cresol, but it significantly changes the gas product compositions. Phenol is mainly gasified into hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. Hydrogen was the most abundant product at high phenol conversions. The gas compositions measured experimentally were largely consistent with those anticipated from chemical equilibrium calculations. In the absence of nickel, phenol conversions up to 68% were reached after 1 h. In the presence of Ni wire, complet...
Predicting Reliability of Structural Systems Using Classification Method

This research examines classification approaches for estimating the reliability of structural systems. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of the classification methods, a practical engineering problem; namely, a spider assembly of a washing machine, has been considered. For the spider assembly, fatigue life test, finite element analysis, physical experimentation, and a classification processes are conducted in order to establish the analytical certification of its current design. Specifically, the finite element analysis and fatigue life analysis are performed and their results are validated compared to physical experimental results. The classification process is developed to estimate the probability of failure of the spider assembly in terms of stress and fatigue life. The relationship between the random quantities and structural responses of the spider assembly is established using probabilistic neural network and the support vector machine classifiers. The performance margin of the spider assembly is fully identified based on the estimated failure probability and structural analysis results from the fatigue life analysis and classifications.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Sampling and experimental challenges for the next decade in marine organic chemistry — a prospectus

Abstract Major advances in marine organic chemistry during the past decade have come on three fronts. The application of modern analytical tools has made possible measurements of many more and more complex organic compounds in seawater and sediments than was previously possible. New sampling techniques have provided new and important sample types for analysis of their organic composition. Manipulative experiments to study processes are becoming common. In order to keep progressing into the future, however, several areas must see continued advancement. Fundamental steps must be taken to better sample and characterize the large pool of dissolved and colloidal organic material. Improved in situ sensing systems for continuous and real-time measurements of dissolved components would greatly help in this characterization. Increased use of time-series sediment traps for organic geochemical investigations is needed to enhance our understanding of temporal variations in organic compound flux and cycling. Increased emphasis on in situ experimentation will be needed in order to understand mechanisms and rates for biogeochemical processes in which organic matter participates. And finally, an enhanced sampling grid, both temporally and spatially and synoptic with ecological, physical and inorganic geochemical measurements, is badly needed to maximize the body of geochemical information avaiable.
How Do Chinese ESL Learners Recognize English Words during a Reading Test? A Comparison with Romance-Language-Speaking ESL Learners.

This study examines how Chinese ESL learners recognize English words while responding to a multiple-choice reading test as compared to Romance-language-speaking ESL learners. Four adult Chinese ESL learners and three adult Romance-language-speaking ESL learners participated in a think-aloud study with the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB) reading test. As indicated by the think-aloud verbal reports, the Chinese ESL learners generally had more difficulty with English vocabulary, probably due to the vast difference between the writing system of Chinese and that of English. Rather, they were found to compensate for their deficiencies in vocabulary knowledge by extensively relying on test-taking strategies. The findings of this study are well supported by the cross-linguistic transfer theory and the compensatory nature of reading comprehension. The implications for teaching English vocabulary skills to Chinese ESL learners are also discussed.
Altered calcium homeostasis in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic and hypoxic injury.

Pathological calcification, observed in infarcted myocardium under certain conditions, is the most severe manifestation of abnormal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis induced by ischemia and related forms of myocardial injury. Specialized techniques for measurement of intracellular electrolytes, i.e., electron probe X-ray microanalysis, and intracellular free Ca2+, i.e. carboxylate indicators including fura-2, are providing new insights into regulation of intracellular Ca2+ and the role of altered Ca2+ homeostasis in the pathogenesis of myocardial cell injury. Several lines of investigation indicate that increased intracellular Ca2+ develops in association with other electrolyte alterations, altered cell volume regulation, and altered membrane phospholipid composition during the progression of myocardial cell injury.
Long‐term effects of daily grazing orbits on nutrient availability in Sahelian West Africa: I. Gradients in the chemical composition of rangeland soils and vegetation

Abstract. An investigation of the long-term effects of livestock grazing on the spatial distribution of plant nutrients was conducted in the Sahelian region of West Africa. The study area was located along the transhumance corridor used for at least the past century by a long-established population of agropastoralists in central Mali. Spatial variation of plant and soil chemistry across eighteen sites was investigated with respect to a grid, whose axes are defined by distance from a pan from which livestock disperse to graze primarily during the early dry season (D1) and by distance from the nearest of three pans used primarily during the rainy season (D2). Particle size distribution, pH, total C, N, and P of surface soil (0–10 cm) was determined for four composite samples collected at eleven of the eighteen ecological sites. Elemental analysis (N, P, Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu) was performed on above-ground tissue samples (excluding seeds) of the three most common grasses and the most common legume collected at all eighteen sites at the end of the rainy season. Results demonstrate that long-term grazing movements can, over the long-term, affect nutrient availability over wider spatial scales (5 km radii) than previously observed by shorter-term studies. Soil and plant chemistry were found in general to be most affected by the historic gradient of cattle presence during the rainy season (D2). Controlling for soil C and coarse sand fraction, soil pH was found to decline with D2 (−0.5 pH units per km D2) and to a lesser extent D1 (−0.15pH units per km D1), a finding that cannot be explained solely by a consideration of local geomorphology. The pH gradient was found to significantly affect micronutrient concentrations in plant tissues. Phosphorus (P) concentrations of plant tissue were found to decrease with D2. The increase in P-availability near rainy-season encampments could result from P-release from Al-complexes at higher pH and/or by the redistribution of P from outlying zones towards rainy-season encampments.
Leptomeningeal cyst associated with hemiplegia and skull defect of traumatic origin.

Summary An instance is recorded of the development of a leptomeningeal cyst, hemiplegia, and a persistent, large skull defect in a patient who had sustained a severe skull fracture at the age of 5 months and who was observed over a period of ten years. The skull defect, appearing as a striking feature in this case, made its roentgenologic appearance within a period of several months and was the result of the presence of the underlying leptomeningeal cyst. Some of the problems of diagnosis and the institution of proper treatmentare discussed in the light of the observations in this case.
Regulation of the development of distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells.

Discussion sur le developpement des lymphocytes T CD4 + suivant leurs secretions en cytokines. Identification de 3 sous populations de cellules helper ayant un developpement different: les precurseurs, les cellules effectrices et les cellules de memoire
An ultra-stable oxoiron(IV) complex and its blue conjugate base

Treatment of [FeII(L)](OTf)2 (4), (where L = 1,4,8-Me3cyclam-11-CH2C(O)NMe2) with iodosylbenzene yielded the corresponding S = 1 oxoiron(IV) complex [FeIV(O)(L)](OTf)2 (5) in nearly quantitative yield. The remarkably high stability of 5 (t1/2 ≈ 5 days at 25 °C) facilitated its characterization by X-ray crystallography and a raft of spectroscopic techniques. Treatment of 5 with strong base was found to generate a distinct, significantly less stable S = 1 oxoiron(IV) complex, 6 (t1/2 ∼ 1.5 h at 0 °C), which could be converted back to 5 by addition of a strong acid; these observations indicate that 5 and 6 represent a conjugate acid–base pair. That 6 can be formulated as [FeIV(O)(L–H)](OTf) was further supported by ESI mass spectrometry, spectroscopic and electrochemical studies, and DFT calculations. The close structural similarity of 5 and 6 provided a unique opportunity to probe the influence of the donor trans to the FeIVO unit upon its reactivity in H-atom transfer (HAT) and O-atom transfer (OAT), and 5 was found to display greater reactivity than 6 in both OAT and HAT. While the greater OAT reactivity of 5 is expected on the basis of its higher redox potential, its higher HAT reactivity does not follow the anti-electrophilic trend reported for a series of [FeIV(O)(TMC)(X)] complexes (TMC = tetramethylcyclam) and thus appears to be inconsistent with the two-state reactivity rationale that is the prevailing explanation for the relative facility of oxoiron(IV) complexes to undergo HAT.
LEAA's role in assisting state and local governments in the implementation of 911 service

By enacting the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, the Congress established a Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) and thereby focused national attention on improving the national criminal justice system. In this legislation the Congress specifically stated that "...crime is essentially a local problem that must be dealt with by state and local governments if it is to be controlled effectively...." Consequently, LEAA's role generally is one of assisting the states in addressing locally identified problems. The assistance provided includes conducting research, developing newly emerging technologies, evaluating innovative systems concepts, and making available technical/funding resources in accordance with established grantee selection criteria. LEAA is actively promoting the implementation of 911 service through 1) a demonstration of new 911 technologies in Alameda County, CA, and 2) a new program wherein specialized technical assistance will soon be available to local and state 911 planners. LEAA is also actively developing a "trunked" mobile communications system technology which holds the potential for substantially improving the command, control, and communications functions, relative to the public safety agencies' emergency response fleet resources, that are essential in providing a community with effective 911 service.
Differential inequality approach for deterministic approximation in two person zero-sum stochastic differential games

Abstract A two person differential game model in which the state process is described by a stochastic differential equation with respect to a martingale and parametrized by a small parameter is considered. The drift term is affected by both policies of each player as well as a rapidly fluctuating exogenous process. When the ‘intensity’ of the random noise becomes small with the parameter and the ‘contaminating’ process fluctuates with increasing speed, the limiting model becomes deterministic. It is shown that by using the optimal policy pair of the limiting deterministic system for the original model is asymptotically optimal. A differential inequality condition will be used for the convergence analysis.
Failure of semiclassical models to describe resistivity of nanometric, polycrystalline tungsten films

The impact of electron scattering at surfaces and grain boundaries in nanometric polycrystalline tungsten (W) films was studied. A series of polycrystalline W films ranging in thickness from 10 to 310 nm and lateral grain size from 74 to 133 nm were prepared on thermally oxidized Si. The Fuchs-Sondheimer surface-scattering model and Mayadas-Shatzkes grain-boundary scattering model were employed for quantitative analyses. Predictions from the theoretical models were found to deviate systematically from the experimental data. Possible reasons for the failure of the theoretical models to describe the experimental data are explored. Finally, a discussion of the crucial features lacking from existing models is presented, along with possible avenues for improving the models to result in better agreement with experimental data.
Interactive Astronomical Data Analysis Facility

A description is given of the Interactive Astronomical Data Analysis Facility (IADAF) which performs interactive analysis of astronomical data for resident and visiting scientists. The facilities include a Grant measuring engine, a PDS 1010A microdensitometer, a COMTAL image display system and a PDP 11/40 computer system. Both hardware and software systems are examined, including a description of thirteen overlay programs. Some uses of the IADAF are indicated.
Performing color space conversions with three-dimensional linear interpolation

Three-dimensionalinterpolation is suitable for many kinds of color space transformations. We examine and analyze several linear interpolation schemes-some standard, some known, and one novel. An interpolation algorithm design is divided into three parts: packing (filling the space of the input variable with sample points), extraction (selecting from the constellation of sample points those appropriate to the interpolation of a specific input point), and calculation (using the extracted values and the input point to determine the interpolated approximation to the outputpoint). We focus on regular (periodic) packing schemes. Seven principles govern the design of linear interpolation algorithms: 1) Each sample point should be used as a vertex of as many polyhedra as possible; 2) the polyhedra should completely fill the space; 3) polyhedra that share any part of a face must share the entire face; 4) the polyhedra used should have the fewest vertices possible; 5) polyhedra should be small; 6) in the absence of information about cuivature anisotropy, polyhedra should be close to regular in shape; and 7) polyhedra should be of similar size. A test for interpolation algorithm performance in performing actual color space conversions is described, and results are given for an example color space conversion using several linear interpolation methods. The extractions from cubic, body-centered-cubic, and face-centered-cubic lattices are described and analyzed. The results confirm Kanamori's claims for the accuracy of PRISM interpolation; it comes close to the accuracy of trilinear interpolation with roughly three-quarters the computations. The results show that tetrahedral interpolation, with close to half the computational cost of tnlinear interpolation, is capable of providing better accuracy. Of the tetrahedral interpolation techniques, one diagonal extraction from cubic packing is useful as a general-purpose color space interpolator...
The 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki: Progress but Many Remaining Challenges

Since 1964, through 7 revisions, the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki has stood as an important statement regarding the ethical principles guiding medical research with human participants. It is consulted by ethics review committees, funders, researchers, and research participants. It has been incorporated into national legislation and is routinely invoked to ascertain the ethical appropriateness of clinical trials.
Evaluation of myocardial blood flow reserve in patients with chronic congestive heart failure due to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Evaluation of Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure Due to Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Mohammed W. Akhter, Menahem Canetti, Amir Lerman, Ilyas S. Karaalp, Jason A. Zell, Harpreet Singh, Anilkumar Mehra, Uri Elkayam1—Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine & Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN
Differences in the two-dimension-gel electrophoresis protein patterns of the lethal K and benign B variants of encephalomyocarditis virus.

Abstract.Variants of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) are indistinguishable by hyperimmune serum. In spite of their antigenic similarity, they produce different disease syndromes in susceptible strains of mice. To understand the basis for the diversity in pathogenicity, studies have been initiated to characterize each of the virus variants. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to compare the proteins produced by the benign EMCV-B with those produced by lethal EMCV-K. The data show that (i) the replication cycle of each of the virus variants is characteristic of picornaviruses, (ii) the VP1 of EMCV-K is more basic than that of EMCV-B, and (iii) three proteins, one a major component of VP1, the other two with molecular weight of about 12,000, are present in EMCV-K but not in EMCV-B. [P.S.E.B.M. 1991, Vol 198]
Patients' perspectives of falling while in an acute care hospital and suggestions for prevention

Patient falls and falls with injury are the largest category of reportable incidents and a significant problem in hospitals. Patients are an important part of fall prevention; therefore, we asked patients who have fallen about reason for fall and how falls could be prevented. There were two categories for falls: the need to toilet coupled with loss of balance and unexpected weakness. Patients asked to be included in fall risk communication and asked to be part of the team to prevent them from falling. Nurses need to share a consistent and clear message that they are there for patient safety.
Dynamics of the Pacific Subsurface Countercurrents

A hierarchy of models, varying from 2 -layer to 4 -layer systems, is used to explore the dynamics of the 11 22 Pacific Subsurface Countercurrents, commonly referred to as ‘‘Tsuchiya Jets’’ (TJs). The TJs are eastward currents located on either side of the equator at depths from 200 to 500 m and at latitudes varying from about 28 to 78 north and south of the equator, and they carry about 14 Sv of lower-thermocline (upper-intermediate) water throughout the tropical Pacific. Solutions are found in idealized and realistic basins and are obtained both analytically and numerically. They are forced by winds and by a prescribed Pacific interocean circulation (IOC) with transport M (usually 10 Sv), representing the outflow of water in the Indonesian passages and a compensating inflow from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Analytic solutions to the 2 -layer model suggest that the TJs are geostrophic currents along arrested fronts. 1 2 Such fronts are generated when Rossby wave characteristics, carrying information about oceanic density structure away from boundaries, converge or intersect in the interior ocean. They indicate that the southern and northern TJs are driven by upwelling along the South American coast and in the ITCZ band, respectively, that the northern TJ is strengthened by a recirculation gyre that extends across the basin, and that TJ pathways are sensitive to stratification parameters. Numerical solutions to the 2 -layer and 4 -layer models confirm the analytic results, 11 22 demonstrate that the northern TJ is strengthened considerably by unstable waves along the eastward branch of the recirculation gyre, show that the TJs are an important branch of the Pacific IOC, and illustrate the sensitivity of TJ pathways to vertical-mixing parameterizations and the structure of the driving wind. In a solution to the 2 -layer model with M 5 0, the southern TJ vanishes but the northern one remains, being 1 2 maintained by the unstable waves. In contrast, both TJs vanish in the M 5 0 solution to the 4 -layer model,