cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimated energy and nutrient composition of different sources of food waste and their potential for use in sustainable swine feeding programs.

About 40% of the total food produced in the United States is wasted throughout the supply chain. The objective of this study was to determine the energy and nutrient content and variability of food waste sources generated at different stages within the food supply chain in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, metropolitan area, and their potential for use in swine diets. A total of four waste sources were selected: supermarket (SM; retail to consumer), university residential dining hall (RH; consumer to postconsumer), a city waste transfer station (TS; postconsumer to municipal waste disposal), and household source-separated organic recycling program (SSO; postconsumer to municipal waste). Samples were collected (SM: n = 22; RH: n = 60; TS: n = 27; SSO: n =12) and analyzed for GE, proximate analyses, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acid concentrations along with lipid peroxidation indicators including peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). Data were analyzed using a general linear model that included food waste source as the main factor, and least squared means with adjustment were used for multiple comparisons. Samples of SM food waste contained the greatest (P 0.05) in the phosphorus content of samples among food waste sources (0.30% to 0.64%). PV and TBARS were greatest (P < 0.05) in the SSO samples (PV = 82.4 meq/kg oil; TBARS = 2.44 mg malondialdehyde (MDA) eq/g oil) compared with the other three food waste sources. Although the concentrations of nutrients and calculated energy values of the food waste sources were moderately high compared with corn and soybean meal, their composition was more variable (i.e., greater SD of means). Food waste generated upstream (SM) in the food supply chain appears to have greater nutritional value than postconsumer food waste (RH, TS, and SSO), but all sources appear suitable for use in commercial swine diets provided that ME, NE, and nutrient digestibility values are well characterized.
Heterogeneity of Older Learners in Higher Education

Recent years have seen growing recognition of the importance of a college-educated workforce to meet the needs of employers and ensure economic growth. Lifelong learning, including completing a pos...
Hacking the Cis-tem

This paper looks at the case of transgender Britons who tried to correct the gender listed on their government-issued ID cards, but ran up against the British government's increasingly computerized methods for tracking, identifying, and defining citizens. These newly computerizing systems show some of the earliest examples of transphobic algorithmic bias: explicit attempts to program trans people out of the system can be seen in the programming of the early Ministry of Pensions computer system designed to apportion benefits to all tax paying British citizens. Transgender citizens pushed back against these developments, attempting to hack the bureaucratic avenues and categories available to them, laying the groundwork for a coalescing political movement. This paper argues that uncovering the deep prehistory of algorithmic bias and investigating instances of resistance within this history is essential to understanding current debates about algorithmic bias, and how computerized systems have long functioned to create and enforce norms and hierarchies.
The contagion of optimism: The relationship between patient optimism and palliative care clinician overestimation of survival among hospitalized patients with advanced cancer

OBJECTIVE Clinicians frequently overestimate survival time among seriously ill patients, and this can result in medical treatment at end of life that does not reflect the patient's preferences. Little is known, however, about the sources of clinicians' optimistic bias in survival estimation. Related work in social networks and experimental psychology demonstrates that psychological states-such as optimism-can transfer from one person to another. METHODS We directly observed and audio recorded 189 initial inpatient palliative care consultations among hospitalized patients with advanced cancer. Patients self-reported their level of trait optimism and expectations for survival prognosis prior to the palliative care consultation, and the palliative care clinicians rated their expectations for the patient's survival time following the initial conversation with the patient. We followed patient mortality for 6 months. RESULTS Patient optimism was associated with clinician overestimation of their survival in a dose-response relationship. Clinicians were approximately three times as likely to overestimate the survival of patients endorsing both high trait optimism and optimistic ratings of their survival time compared with neither (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.24-7.02). This association was not attenuated by adjustment for age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, cancer type, functional status, quality of life, or white blood cell count (ORadj : 3.45; 95% CI: 1.24-9.66). CONCLUSION Patients' optimism may have some influence over their clinicians' prognostic judgments.
Triggering Communal Peer Pressure: Spreading a Shared Understanding of Demands

Communal peer pressure catalyzes a sense of obligation among social groups, and encourages and nudges people who, at first, may not identify with those groups to blend, fit in, and conform to the larger expectations of those groups. Social comparison—communal peer pressure, horizontal diffusion of climate actions, and instilling a strong sense of common obligation—could be summoned as a motivator for climate actions. Mobilization strategies built around it can complement established drivers of participation such as care for sustainability, forethinking about the future generations of humans and non-humans, and economic incentives.
Causes, theories, and the past in political science

A theoretically grounded approach to causal questions illuminates both the utility and limitations of the potential outcomes (PO) framework as a model for historically-focused, quantitative empirical research. While some causal questions are immediately reconcilable with the PO framework, for others, theoretical guidance is valuable in ascertaining relevant comparisons or characterizing the generalizability of findings to different contexts. A third category of important causal relationships feature strategic or information-based interactions, or multiple or unobservable mechanisms, many of which cannot be directly tested using the PO framework. Here, theory is critical in elucidating additional, observable implications that may be tested empirically. In all three categories, historical research promises special benefits: it expands the set of cases on which to test causal claims, may provide counterfactuals not available in contemporary contexts, and can feature institutional transformations that function as plausibly exogenous modifier variables. We clarify this classification of causal questions using examples from our own historical research.
Estimation of Acceleration Parameters

Our investigations into solving systems of liner equations thus far have centered on the theoretical aspects of variants of the successive overrelaxation iterative method and the alternating-direction implicit methods. In all cases, the theoretical selection of associated optimum acceleration parameters was based on knowledge of certain key eigenvalues. Specifically, only the sepctral radius ρ(B) of the block Jacobi matrix B is needed (Theorem 4.7) to determine the optimum relaxation factor $$ \omega _b = \frac{2}{{1 + \sqrt {1 - \rho ^2 \left( B \right)} }} $$ (9.1) when the successive overrelaxation iterative method is applied in cases where B is a consistently ordered weakly cyclic matrix (of index 2) with real eigenvalues. Similarly, when the block Jacobi matrix has the special form $$ B = \left[ {\begin{array}{rll} O &\vline & F \\ \hline {F^* } &\vline & O \\ \end{array}} \right], $$ (9.2) the cyclic Chenbyshev semi-iterative method of Sect. 5.3 makes use of acceleration parameters ωm defined in (5.24) by $$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\omega _m = \frac{{2C_{m - 1} \left( {1/\rho \left( B \right)} \right)}}{{\rho \left( B \right)C_m \left( {1/\rho \left( B \right)} \right)}},} & {m > 1,} & {\omega _1 = 1,} \\ \end{array} $$ (9.3) where C m (x) is the Chebyshev polynomial of degree m. Again, the determination of optimum parameters depends only on the knowledge of ρ(B). The situation regarding variants of the alternating-direction implicit methods is not essentially different. In the commutative case H 1 V 1 = V 1 H 1 of Sect. 7.2, only the knowledge of the bounds α and β, in (7.37), $$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {0 < \alpha \le \sigma _j ,\tau _j \le \beta ,} & {1 \le j \le n,} \\ \end{array} $$ of the eigenvalues σj and τj of H 1 and V 1 was essential to the theoretical problem of selecting optimum acceleration parameters \( \tilde r_j \). However, to dismiss the practical problem of estimating key parameters, because in actual computations one needs but one or two eigenvalue estimates, would be overly optimistic. Those who have had even limited experience in solving such matrix problems by iterative methods have learned (often painfully) that small changes in the estimates of these key eigenvalues can sometimes drastically affect rates of convergence.1 In this section, we shall show that further use can be made of the Perron-Frobenius theory of nonnegative matrices in estimating these key eigenvalues.
Design of an experimental breeder reactor run 138B reactor physics benchmark evaluation management application

Reactor Monte Carlo simulations present numerous challenges including input file generation and processing output files for relevant results. Creating an input file for a heterogeneous core is furt...
Increasing mortality of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the US: are gender-specific risk factors important?

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is an often-fatal malignancy, with an annual incidence rate that closely approximates the mortality rate (1,2). The poor prognosis of these cancers is due in part to their nonspecific clinical presentation and the often-late stage at diagnosis—which is not amenable to curative treatment.
Broadside ATPG for Low Power Trojans Detection using Built-in Current Sensors

A novel broadside ATPG for low power hardware Trojan detection is proposed. The ATPG uses a set of built-in current sensors to observe the IDDT current drawn at gate level. Experimental results on the ISCAS’89 and ITC’99 benchmarks demonstrate its effectiveness. The generated test pattern set achieved high detection coverage using a small number of current sensors.
Novel compartmental models of infectious disease transmission

Abstract Many methodologies in disease modeling are invaluable in the evaluation of health interventions. Of these methodologies, one of most fundamental is compartmental modeling. Compartmental models have many different forms with one of the most general characterizations occurring from the description of disease dynamics with nonlinear Volterra integral equations. Despite this generality, the vast majority of disease modellers prefer the special case where nonlinear Volterra integral equations reduce to systems of differential equations through the traditional assumptions that 1) the infectiousness of a disease corresponds to incidence, and 2) the duration of infection follows either an exponential or Erlang distribution. However, these assumptions are not the only ones that simplify nonlinear Volterra integral equations in such a way. In what follows, we illustrate a biologically more accurate description of the total infectivity of a disease that reduces systems of nonlinear Volterra integral equations to a class of novel compartmental models, as described by systems of differential equations. We demonstrate the consistency of these novel compartmental models to their traditional counterparts when the duration of infection follows either an exponential or Erlang distribution, and provide a novel compartmental model for a Pearson distributed duration of infection. Significant outcomes of our work include a compartmental model that captures any Erlang distributed duration of infection with only 3 differential equations, instead of the typical inflated model sizes, and a compartmental models that capture any mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the duration of infection distribution with only 4 differential equations. Author summary Compartmental models are a powerful tool for predicting disease outbreaks, and evaluating public health policies and intervention effectiveness. However, such models typically have an inability to account for many of the biological features of a disease. For instance, the assumptions placed on the duration of infection required by most compartmental models are due to mathematical convenience, and are known to massively effect model behavior and quality of predictions. Our work illustrates a simple solution to these erroneous assumptions by proposing a new simplification of the general model proposed by Kermack and McKendrick. In doing so, we obtain a new class of compartmental models with many of the features that make traditional compartmental the go-to disease model for the vast majority the epidemiological modeling community, such as their formulations as systems of differential equations, while adding the ability to more accurately account for effects of variability in an individual’s duration of infection. As such, our work may be viewed as the starting point for multiple research avenues, as it opens up a new class of compartmental model for investigation under the contexts of mathematics, public health, and evolutionary biology.
A Conceptual Framework of Destination Sustainability in Sharing Economy

The introduction of the sharing economy has revolutionized resident-tourist relationships and provides further implications of destination sustainability. Built on several well-established theories, this conceptual study intends to develop a new and holistic framework to examine destination sustainability, focusing on the change of resident-tourist relationships. The framework is first guided by the stakeholder theory to identify the four key stakeholders in the new sharing economy context: residents, tourists, governments, and the sharing economy platform. With the collaboration theory and resource theory as a foundation, the framework then describes each stakeholder’s specific needs and resources. The service-dominant logic further supports service exchanges and value co-creation among stakeholders. The framework then adopts the capital theory approach to conceptualize destination sustainability in terms of human, social, natural and manufactured capital. Finally, three propositions are developed to justify the new peer-to-peer collaboration paradigm that leads to destination sustainability. The proposed framework is aligned with the six-pillar transformation in e-Tourism research and serves as an intelligent solution to destination sustainable development in the sharing economy context.
A Case of COVID-19 Re-Infection in a Liver Transplant Patient

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing worldwide pandemic infection. The exact incidence of disease re-infection or recurrence remains unknown. One particular at-risk population includes individuals with solid organ transplantation on immunosuppression. We present a case of COVID-19 re-infection in a chronically immunocompromised liver transplant patient. A 53-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgias. She was found to test positive for COVID-19. Her relevant medical history included liver transplantation on chronic immunosuppression. More recently, she had tested positive for COVID-19 approximately three months prior to this and was hospitalized at that time for encephalopathy and treated with remdesivir and convalescent plasma. She had subsequently recovered with negative COVID-19 testing in the interim. On the ED presentation with presumed re-infection, her disease was deemed to be mild with lack of severe symptoms or pulmonary involvement, and she was discharged with outpatient follow-up for monoclonal antibody infusion therapy. We describe a scenario of presumed COVID-19 re-infection in a liver transplant patient. To our knowledge, this is a rare event and has been reported internationally in only a handful of individuals. We surmise that immunosuppression could offer some protection from the inflammatory cascade of the initial disease process in COVID-19 given the relatively mild disease observed in our patient. On the other hand, a less robust immune response may decrease humoral immunity and leave patients at greater risk of re-infection. Further investigation is necessary to delineate COVID-19 disease re-infection versus relapse, especially in the setting of an immunocompromised state.
Ascites volume at the time of primary debulking and overall survival of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

Objectives To investigate the impact of malignant ascites volume on the outcomes of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma who undergo primary debulking surgery. Methods Patients diagnosed with stage III-IV epithelial ovarian carcinoma and bulky intra-abdominal (TIIIC) disease between 2010 and 2015, who underwent primary debulking surgery followed by multi-agent chemotherapy and known status of residual disease, were drawn from the National Cancer Database. Based on available information, the presence and volume of malignant ascites was categorized as absent, low ( > 980 mL) volume. Median overall survival was determined from Kaplan-Meier curves and compared with the log rank test. A multivariate Cox model was constructed to control for confounders. Results 2493 patients were identified; 31.9% (n=795) had no ascites, 40.2% (n=1001) had low, and 28% (n=697) had high volume malignant ascites. Rate of complete gross resection was higher for patients with no ascites (65.9%) compared with those with low (35.6%) and high (23%) volume ascites (p Conclusions The presence and volume of malignant ascites at the time of primary debulking surgery was associated with the likelihood of achieving a complete gross resection and worse overall survival.
Combined effects of copper, nickel, and zinc on growth of a freshwater mussel (Villosa iris) in an environmentally relevant context

Abstract Trace metals rarely contaminate freshwaters independently, hence regulatory limits based on single-metal toxicity may be underprotective of aquatic life. This could be especially the case for rare and sensitive fauna like freshwater mussels, such as those suppressed in the Clinch and Powell Rivers in eastern USA where trace metals are long-term contaminants but at concentrations below regulatory limits. We hypothesized metal mixtures may be exerting combined effects on mussels, resulting in greater toxicity than would be predicted based on single-metal exposures. To test that hypothesis, we conducted two experiments exposing juvenile rainbow mussels (Villosa iris) for 42 days to dissolved copper, nickel, and zinc, individually and in three-metal mixtures, in an environmentally-relevant context of water with chemistry (hardness 155 mg/L as CaCO3, dissolved organic carbon 1.7 - 2.3 mg/L, pH 8.4) similar to that of the Clinch River, which receives alkaline mine drainage. We used a toxic unit approach, selecting test concentrations based on literature values for the lower of 28-day survival or growth (length) effect concentrations for Villosa iris or Lampsilis siliquoidea (fatmucket). Our first experiment confirmed survival and growth effects when acute and chronic water quality criteria, respectively, are approached and/or exceeded. Our second experiment, at lower concentrations, showed no effects on survival but combined effects on growth were evident: a mixture of Cu, Ni, and Zn (7.2 ± 1.2, 65.3 ± 6.1, 183 ± 32 μg/L, respectively) inhibited growth (dry weight) by 95% versus 73%, 74%, and 83% inhibition for single-metal exposures to Cu, Ni, and Zn of similar concentration (8.0 ± 1.1, 63.5 ± 4.8, 193 ± 31 μg/L, respectively). Furthermore, a mixture of Cu, Ni, and Zn with individual concentrations 21%, 29%, and 37% of their water quality criteria (3.4 ± 1.2, 21.8 ± 1.8, and 62.1 ± 8.4 µg/L, respectively) inhibited growth (dry weight) by 61% relative to controls. Our observation of combined effects suggests that regulatory limits based on single-metal toxicity may be underprotective of freshwater mussels when multiple metals are present.
Innovations in Personal Construct Psychotherapy

Edited by David Winter and Linda Viney London: Whurr, 2005, 448 pp., $60.00 US Personal Construct Psychotherapy: Advances in Theory, Practice and Research, edited by David Winter and Linda Viney, r...
Design and Analysis of a Scalable, Shared-memory System with Support for Burst Traffic

This simulation-based study examines the behavior of a realistic shared-memory multiprocessor system that utilizes Omega networks. A unique aspect is the presence of bursts of requests, such as processors with associated vector units or caches would generate. It is demonstrated that the forward network, the memory modules, and the reverse network of such a system interact and affect each other’s performance such that good performance depends less on the speed of any one component than on the interaction between them. Cost-effective modifications for improving this balance are evaluated. Within the range of system sizes studied (32 to 512 processors), results show that MIN-based systems that operate close to their peak memory bandwidth can indeed be constructed.
Alternative coordinate systems for analyzing cross-section shapes of glaciated valleys: a case study from the Dalijia Mountains, China

The morphometry of glaciated valleys has been of considerable significance in evaluating models and processes of valley form development, and is typically evaluated using a power law function fit to topographic data. Results of the power law method are sensitive to the location of the coordinate system origin, but most previous research has used a coordinate system centered on the valley midpoint and has not systematically assessed alternative approaches. Here, we test four options for selecting the coordinate system origin, using cross-section profiles from glacial, fluvial, and transitional valleys in the Dalijia Mountains, China: (A) the lowest elevation point, (B) the valley midpoint, (C) the lowest point on the valley side wall, and (D) the highest point on the valley side. Option A produces results that are most consistent with expected values and trends for shape parameters in the Dalijia Mountains. Over half of the values calculated using Option B overestimate key valley-shape parameters compared ...
GNSS and GEO Signal Integrity

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) have both internal and independent methods to maintain integrity. This chapter discusses two different methods– GNSS‐ receiver autonomous integrity monitoring and use of ground monitoring stations to monitor the health of the satellites, as is done via space‐based augmentation system (SBAS) and the ground‐based augmentation system. SBAS integrity is based on the premise that errors not detected or corrected in the operational environment can become threats to integrity and, if not mitigated, can become hazards to the user. The user must be protected from residual errors that can become threats to the integrity data that could result in hazardously misleading information being transmitted to the user. The SBAS system must compute estimates of the reference receiver clocks and GNSS/geostationary Earth orbit satellite clock errors. The chapter also describes some approaches that may be used to eliminate and minimize data errors, mitigate integrity threats, and satisfy the safety integrity requirements.
First Image of the Surface of a Star with the Hubble Space Telescope

A direct image of the surface of a star, Betelgeuse (=α Ori; M2 Iab), has been obtained with the Faint Object Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope. Images in two ~300 A-wide bands centered at 2550 and 2800 A cover ~10 resolution elements on the stellar disk. The ultraviolet diameter of Betelgeuse of 125 ± 5 mas at 2500 A (corresponding to 108 ± 4 mas, FWHM) is a factor of 2.2 larger than the optical diameter, thus indicating a substantially extended chromosphere in this supergiant. A single bright, unresolved area is present in the southwest quadrant of the disk (P.A. = 235°) in both images, with a peak amplitude of 1.3-1.8 as compared to the surrounding disk and a temperature differential in excess of 200 K. This feature may be the result of magnetic activity, atmospheric convection, or global pulsations and shock structures that heat the chromosphere. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of the Mg II λλ2795, 2802 doublet with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph suggests complicated dynamics, with outflowing material in the chromosphere indicated by the Mg II emission.
Net charge effects in N-heterocyclic carbene–ruthenium complexes with similar oxidation states and coordination geometries

Abstract A chelating benzimidazolylidene–carboxylate ligand (1) was transferred from [Ag(1)] to [RuCl2(dmso)4] to afford trans(C)-[Ru(1)2(bpy)] (2), but all attempts to incorporate 1 into cis(Cl)-[RuCl2(bpy)2] were unsuccessful. Alternatively, reaction of [RuCl(1)(η6-cymene)] (3) with bpy and AgOTf successfully produced [Ru(1)(bpy)2][OTf] (4). Methylation of 2 and 4 with MeOTf yielded trans(C)-[Ru(1-Me)2(bpy)][OTf]2 (5) and [Ru(1-Me)(bpy)2][OTf]2 (6), accompanied by a +2 and +1 increase in net charge, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the increase in Ru(II)/Ru(III) oxidation potential from 2 to 5 was twice the increase from 4 to 6. UV–Vis spectroscopy also revealed that transitions in 5 occurred at higher energy than in 2 by double the difference between 6 and 4. Crystallographic analysis demonstrated that the coordination environment of Ru did not differ significantly between 2 and 5, suggesting that the observed shifts in oxidation potentials and absorption wavelengths are not due to changes in coordination chemistry or formal oxidation state. Collectively, these results show that 5 and 6 feature Ru centers more electron deficient than those in 2 and 4, respectively, by amounts linearly proportional to the difference in net charge.
Cell recognition and pattern formation in the developing nervous system.

Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. The topographic map of cell position in the avian retina is conserved and inverted when retinal ganglion neurons synapse with neurons in the optic tectum. Developmental mechanisms based on molecular gradients that specify positional information and pattern formation have been postulated in the establishment of these topographic maps of cells in retina and optic tectum. Two cell surface proteins in retina, TOP(DV) and TOP(AP), are distributed in dorsoventral and anteroposterior topographic gradients, respectively. Corresponding gradients of TOP molecules present in the tectum are inverted with respect to the retinal gradients. These orthogonal gradients of TOP(DV) and TOP(AP) molecules provide a possible Cartesian coordinate system for designation of cell position at all points in the retinotectal map.
Comparative Genomics of a Plant-Parasitic Nematode Endosymbiont Suggest a Role in Nutritional Symbiosis

Bacterial mutualists can modulate the biochemical capacity of animals. Highly coevolved nutritional mutualists do this by synthesizing nutrients missing from the host’s diet. Genomics tools have advanced the study of these partnerships. Here we examined the endosymbiont Xiphinematobacter (phylum Verrucomicrobia) from the dagger nematode Xiphinema americanum, a migratory ectoparasite of numerous crops that also vectors nepovirus. Previously, this endosymbiont was identified in the gut, ovaries, and eggs, but its role was unknown. We explored the potential role of this symbiont using fluorescence in situ hybridization, genome sequencing, and comparative functional genomics. We report the first genome of an intracellular Verrucomicrobium and the first exclusively intracellular non-Wolbachia nematode symbiont. Results revealed that Xiphinematobacter had a small 0.916-Mb genome with only 817 predicted proteins, resembling genomes of other mutualist endosymbionts. Compared with free-living relatives, conserved proteins were shorter on average, and there was large-scale loss of regulatory pathways. Despite massive gene loss, more genes were retained for biosynthesis of amino acids predicted to be essential to the host. Gene ontology enrichment tests showed enrichment for biosynthesis of arginine, histidine, and aromatic amino acids, as well as thiamine and coenzyme A, diverging from the profiles of relatives Akkermansia muciniphilia (in the human colon), Methylacidiphilum infernorum, and the mutualist Wolbachia from filarial nematodes. Together, these features and the location in the gut suggest that Xiphinematobacter functions as a nutritional mutualist, supplementing essential nutrients that are depleted in the nematode diet. This pattern points to evolutionary convergence with endosymbionts found in sap-feeding insects.
Can the development of advanced metering infrastructures contribute to the integration of decentralized generation in distribution network operation

Integrating securely decentralized sources on the grid while keeping it safe, reliable and stable is a real challenge for grid operators. That is why advanced metering infrastructures are the solution for integrating decentralized generation securely. Indeed, AMI enables us to know exactly the quantity of energy transiting at all points and at all times on the grid, and to have a reactive management of the grid when faced with integrating widespread and highly unpredictable energy sources. (3 pages)
Pairs of partially ordered sets of tame representation type

Abstract A criterion for tameness of representation type of a pair of partially ordered sets is obtained. An application to the study of torsionless modules over the tensor product of finite-dimensional associative l-hereditary algebras of dominant dimension ⩾ 1 is considered.
The promise and challenges of microalgal‐derived biofuels

Microalgae offer great promise to contribute a significant portion of the renewable fuels that will be required by the Renewable Fuels Standard described in the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act of the United States. Algal biofuels would be based mainly on the high lipid content of the algal cell and thus would be an ideal feedstock for high energy density transportation fuels, such as biodiesel as well as green diesel, green jet fuel and green gasoline. A comprehensive research and development program for the development of algal biofuels was initiated by the US Department of Energy (DoE) more than 30 years ago, and although great progress was made, the program was discontinued in 1996, because of decreasing federal budgets and low petroleum costs. Interest in algal biofuels has been growing recently due to increased concern over peak oil, energy security, greenhouse gas emissions, and the potential for other biofuel feedstocks to compete for limited agricultural resources. The high productivity of algae suggests that much of the US transportation fuel needs can be met by algal biofuels at a production cost competitive with the cost of petroleum seen during the early part of 2008. Development of algal biomass production technology, however, remains in its infancy. This perspective provides a brief overview of past algal research sponsored by the DoE, the potential of microalgal biofuels and a discussion of the technical and economic barriers that need to be overcome before production of microalgal-derived diesel-fuel substitutes can become a large-scale commercial reality. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid cation exchange--a basis for sensitive radiometric assays for aromatic amino acid decarboxylases.

Abstract Dopamine, tyramine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine can be quantitatively extracted from an aqueous medium into CHCl3 using a liquid cation exchange reagent, bisdiethylhexylphosphoric acid (DEHPA). When conditions of pH and ion concentration are precisely controlled, the extraction of the amino acid precursors of these amines is very low (0.1–1%). These observations form the analytical basis for a sensitive and convenient radiometric assay for aromatic amino acid decarboxylases.
Evidence of Pasteurella haemolytica linked immune complex disease in natural and experimental models.

Abstract The pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis is not completely understood, and studies have not established thatPasteurella haemolyticaA1 (Ph1) virulence is exclusively responsible for the development of acute pulmonary lesions. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if immune complex disease is involved in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. A retrospective immunohistologic study of lung tissue from natural cases of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (44) as performed, and immune complexes were observed in alveloar spaces and walls in 88% of these cases. To study this pathologic mechanism experimentally, groups of mice were immunized with purified Ph1 outer membranes (OMs) or sham immunized on days 0 and 14. Mice were challenged intratracheally on day 24 with either live Ph1 or Ph1 OMs, and pulmonary lesions were assessed 24 h after challenge. Placebo immunized mice developed focal infiltrates of neutrophils and macrophages centered around large caliber bronchi. Mice immunized with Ph1 OMs and challenged with live Ph1 or OMs developed severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia with diffuse neutrophilic infiltration, focal necrosis, hemorrhage and edema, that is histologically similar to bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Immunohistology revealed flocculent aggregates of IgG and complement positive material within alveolar spaces and walls from mice challenged with live Ph1, and fine granular deposits of IgG and complement positive material were observed lining the alveolar walls from mice challenged with Ph1 OMs. Immunized mice exhibited high serum IgG antibody titers to Ph1 outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Results of this study suggest that immune complex disease plays a role in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.
ArHCl interaction potential from differential elastic scattering cross section measurements

Abstract The crossed molecular beam technique has been used to determine the ArHCl spherically symmetric potential. Analysis of the data obtained at a relative collision energy of 12.4 × 10−14 erg (1.78 kcal mole−1) yields a potential with ϵ/k = 191°K, rm = 4.0 A. These results are shown to be in agreement with other experimental conclusions on the ArHCl van der Waals complex as well as with transport phenomena.
The value of the dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking.

In recent years, a perspective on adolescent risk-taking derived from developmental neuroscience has become increasingly popular. This perspective, referred to as the “dual systems model” (Somerville et al., 2010; Steinberg, 2010) or sometimes the “maturational imbalance theory” (Casey et al., 2011), posits that increased risk-taking during adolescence is due to a combination of heightened reward sensitivity and immature impulse control, which are tied to the development of two brain systems that undergo significant change during this age period, but that develop along different timetables. One system, which has been called the “socioemotional” incentive processing system (Steinberg, 2010; Chein et al., 2011) or “ventral affective system” (Pfeifer and Allen, 2012), is localized mainly in the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The second system, referred to as the “cognitive control” system (Steinberg, 2010; Chein et al., 2011) or “prefrontal control system” (Pfeifer and Allen, 2012), is localized mainly in lateral prefrontal, parietal, and anterior cingulate cortices (Wager and Smith, 2003; Owen et al., 2005). Briefly, the dual systems (DS) perspective posits that risk-taking during mid-adolescence is the product of the heightened reactivity of the socioemotional system against a backdrop of still maturing cognitive control. With further maturation, the socioemotional system becomes less reactive and the cognitive control system becomes stronger and more efficient. Together, these changes lead to an increase in risk taking during adolescence followed by a decrease in risk taking as individuals move into adulthood.
Reduction of vitrinites with lithium in ethylamine and the chemistry of the products

Abstract The reduction of a set of hand-picked vitrinite concentrates from various American seams with lithium in ethylamine has been studied. When the extent of reduction is plotted against carbon content and previously reported data are included, there is much scatter. Neither the use of ethylenediamine at 100 °C nor the use of extended reaction times has any consistent effect in increasing reduction. The same is true of the increase in extractability by pyridine. Carbonyl absorption in the infrared spectra of the products is thought to be due to reduction of phenols to cyclohexanones. Aliphatic C-H absorption is greatly increased, as expected. There is tendency for the hydroxyl content of higher-rank coals to increase on reduction and of lower-rank bituminous coals to decrease; this may be due to a change with rank of the relative importance of creation of new phenols by ether cleavage and destruction of phenols by reduction to cyclohexanones. Reduction is accompanied by substantial increases in extractability in chloroform (10–35%). Methyl absorption at 1375 cm−1 in the infrared spectra of the reduced products is greater than that of the raw coal and is quite intense in chloroform-soluble reduction products, as is 1H n.m.r. resonance in CDCl3 solution. Evidently analogues of dibenzyl ether and diphenylethane are cleaved during reduction. N.m.r. spectra detect no aromatic-bound hydrogen in the chloroform-soluble products.
Theoretical Analysis of Optimal Conditions in Fquilibrium Imaging of in Vivo Receptors

A mathematical analysis is presented of the optimal conditions for the equilibrium imaging of a three-dimensional spatially varying distribution of receptor sites. The analysis considers both the properties of ligand-receptor binding and counting statistics. Results for realistic imaging conditions are presented as two-dimensional equi-error contours of the relative standard error for the estimation of total receptor within a volume of interest. Each contour is a function of total administered ligand in one dimension and a function of total receptor (within a volume of interest) in the other dimension. These results allow the determination of the optimal relationship between the three-dimensional spatial distribution of total receptor, the ligand-receptor dissociation costant, and the total amount of administered ligand, therefore, they should provide a basis for the rational choice of conditions in studies involving positron emission tomography, single photon tomography, and autoradiography.
New evidence supporting the formation of a diaziridinium cation in the hydrolytic fission of diaziridines

The isolation and characterization of the bisulfate salt of the 3,3-dimethyldiaziridinium monocation is described. Elemental analysis, infrared, mass spectral, and conductivity data are presented along with results of chemical investigations to support the proposed structure. The only diaziridinium salts isolated previously were formulated as dications, hence the scope of diaziridine salt formation has been greatly expanded and new evidence has been provided which supports the formation of diaziridinium cations in acid hydrolysis and reductive fission.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLEN GRAIN-SIZE AND PROGENY GENDER IN DIOECIOUS SILENE-LATIFOLIA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)

Experiments and observations conducted during the past 90 years have provided conflicting evidence concerning the existence of a size difference between pollen grains containing an X chromosome (female-determining) and those containing a Y chromosome (maledetermining) in dioecious Silene latifolia. Were such a size difference to exist, this might explain, at least in part, the observation that X-bearing pollen tubes reach the ovary more quickly, on average, than Y-bearing pollen tubes. We tested for such a size difference by separating pollen collected from single anthers into three size classes: small, large, and random. Fruit set (number of pollinated flowers that set fruit) and seed set (number of seeds per capsule) did not differ for these three pollination treatments. Progeny sex ratios resulting from these three pollen size classes also did not differ significantly. Thus, pollen grain size is not affected by which of the two sex chromosomes is present. Our experiment is the first direct test of this relationship. Based on our results, size differences should not be invoked to explain competitive differences in male- and female-determining microgametophytes.
Two operations for "ratios" and "differences" of distances on the mental map.

Ss judged "ratios of distances" and "differences of distances" between pairs of U.S. cities. Results fit the theory that Ss used two comparison processes as instructed. A ratio scale of distances between cities was constructed from the 2 rank orders. From this scale, an interval scale of the city locations on an east-west continuum was derived. This scale agrees with the subtractive model fit to "ratios" and "differences" of easterliness and westerliness, and it also agrees with multidimensional scaling of judged distances between cities. These findings are consistent with the theory that Ss use subtraction when instructed to judge either "ratios" or "differences," but that they can use both ratio and difference operations when the stimuli (in this case, distances) constitute a ratio scale on the subjective continuum. Language: en
Ablation of Coactivator Med1 Switches the Cell Fate of Dental Epithelia to That Generating Hair

Cell fates are determined by specific transcriptional programs. Here we provide evidence that the transcriptional coactivator, Mediator 1 (Med1), is essential for the cell fate determination of ectodermal epithelia. Conditional deletion of Med1 in vivo converted dental epithelia into epidermal epithelia, causing defects in enamel organ development while promoting hair formation in the incisors. We identified multiple processes by which hairs are generated in Med1 deficient incisors: 1) dental epithelial stem cells lacking Med 1 fail to commit to the dental lineage, 2) Sox2-expressing stem cells extend into the differentiation zone and remain multi-potent due to reduced Notch1 signaling, and 3) epidermal fate is induced by calcium as demonstrated in dental epithelial cell cultures. These results demonstrate that Med1 is a master regulator in adult stem cells to govern epithelial cell fate.
Status of Therapeutic Gene Transfer to Treat Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs

Therapeutic gene transfer holds promise as a way to treat dilated cardiomyopathy from any underlying cause because the approach attempts to address metabolic disturbances that occur at the molecular level of the failing heart. Calcium-handling abnormalities and increased rates of apoptosis are abnormalities that occur in many types of heart disease, and gene therapies that target these metabolic defects have proven to be beneficial in numerous rodent models of heart disease. The authors are currently evaluating this approach to treat canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Digital libraries in support of science education: a case for computational physics

In this article, I'll focus on the NSDL's Communities for Physics and Astronomy Digital Resources in Education (ComPADRE) Pathway project for physics and astronomy education and outline the effort's goals and structure. More important, I'll present a proposal to better support the incorporation of computational methods in the undergraduate physics and astronomy curriculum.
Leniency Bias in Evaluating Clinical Social Work Student Interns

Leniency bias, or the tendency to evaluate individuals more favorably than is warranted, can prevent accurate evaluation and constructive supervision. This study tested leniency bias among field instructors of 90 clinical social work interns by comparing face-to-face and anonymous field instructors’ ratings of students’ knowledge, values, and skills. We also compared students’ own ratings to field instructors’ assessments. Results indicated little variance and consistently high ratings when field instructors evaluated face-to-face. There was greater variance and lower mean ratings when supervisors evaluated anonymously. Students’ self-assessments were the most critical and best matched the anonymous evaluations; whereas, the anonymous and face-to-face field instructor evaluations significantly differed on most items. These findings suggest the need for evaluation training for field instructors and the use of multiple assessment methods.
Integrated optical devices with nanoscale guiding layers

The waveguides with negative dielectric cladding are investigated. For TM1 modes the thickness of guiding layer can be ten times smaller than the working wavelength. The band-passing, wavelength-response, and transmission loss properties are analyzed.
A generalization of Kraemer's result on difference sets

Abstract Kraemer has shown that every abelian group of order 2 2 d + 2 with exponent less than 2 2 d + 3 has a difference set. Generalizing this result, we show that any non-abelian group with a central subgroup of size 2 d + 1 together with an exponent-like condition will have a difference set.
Calculation of the exchange splitting of N and O 1s binding energies in NO

The splitting of the N and O 1s binding energies in NO due to ionization to either triplet or singlet states of the inner-hole-state ions is calculated from exchange integrals over the molecular orbitals from ground-state LCAO SCF MO wavefunctions in a “double-ζ” basis. Calculated splittings (in eV) of 1.26 (N1s) and 0.77 (O1s) are in reasonable agreement with experimental values of 1.5 and 0.7, respectively, suggesting that such a ground state only model will be useful for core energy splittings in paramagnetic molecules.
A divergent/convergent approach to dolabriferol: the Kornblum–DeLaMare enantiomeric resolution

Abstract Several protected precursors of the polypropionate metabolite dolabriferol have been synthesized. A novel Kornblum–DeLaMare enantiomeric resolution was used to form two fragments of the natural product from a common precursor.
Are the Einstein and Brans-Dicke Theories of Gravitation Equivalent?

The identification of Einstein's general theory of relativity with the Brans-Dicke gravitational theory implicity in a recent paper by Harrison in this jounal is shown to be based on a misunderstanding of Einstein's paper, Hamilton's Principle and the General Theory of Relativity.'' (auth)
The Upper Limit of Crop Yield: This classical problem may be analyzed as one of the photosynthetic efficiency of plants in arrays.

This classical problem may be analyzed as one of the photosynthetic efficiency of plants in arrays.
Turkish Currency Crisis of 2000–2001, Revisited

Abstract Turkey’s exchange rate based stabilization programme had collapsed within just 11 months of its implementation in the midst of a liquidity crunch in November 2000 caused by a reversal in the capital inflow. The onset of the stabilization programme created ample opportunities for speculative investors to make relatively safe one‐sided bets, and the initial success of the programme in bringing down interest rates implied substantial capital gains over securities obtained in 1999 and early stages of the programme. It was only natural that speculative investors would take the opportunity to realize these gains while the firm exchange rate commitment was still in place. The programme failed to deal with this contingency effectively, assuming that as long as it was implemented faithfully, long‐term investors would be forthcoming to takeover positions speculators would want to unload. That assumption proved disastrously wrong.