cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate dynamical systems-based estimation of causal brain interactions in fMRI: Group-level validation using benchmark data, neurophysiological models and human connectome project data.

Abstract Background Causal estimation methods are increasingly being used to investigate functional brain networks in fMRI, but there are continuing concerns about the validity of these methods. New method Multivariate dynamical systems (MDS) is a state-space method for estimating dynamic causal interactions in fMRI data. Here we validate MDS using benchmark simulations as well as simulations from a more realistic stochastic neurophysiological model. Finally, we applied MDS to investigate dynamic casual interactions in a fronto-cingulate-parietal control network using human connectome project (HCP) data acquired during performance of a working memory task. Crucially, since the ground truth in experimental data is unknown, we conducted novel stability analysis to determine robust causal interactions within this network. Results MDS accurately recovered dynamic causal interactions with an area under receiver operating characteristic (AUC) above 0.7 for benchmark datasets and AUC above 0.9 for datasets generated using the neurophysiological model. In experimental fMRI data, bootstrap procedures revealed a stable pattern of causal influences from the anterior insula to other nodes of the fronto-cingulate-parietal network. Comparison with existing methods MDS is effective in estimating dynamic causal interactions in both the benchmark and neurophysiological model based datasets in terms of AUC, sensitivity and false positive rates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that MDS can accurately estimate causal interactions in fMRI data. Neurophysiological models and stability analysis provide a general framework for validating computational methods designed to estimate causal interactions in fMRI. The right anterior insula functions as a causal hub during working memory.
Impact of vessel size on endovascular treatment for femoropopliteal lesions

Purpose: TASC-II classification helps us determine the management of endovascular treatment (EVT) for femoropopliteal lesions. However, it has not been described about the vessel size. Little is known about the relationship between the vessel size and EVT outcomes. Methods: REAL-FP is retrospective multicenter analysis of endovascular treatment for femoropopliteal lesions at 13 Japanese medical centers from January 2004 to December 2011. 2742 patients, 3471 limbs were registered and we analyzed the relationship between the vessel size and EVT outcomes. We classified into four, group 1 (vessel size 4mm or less), group 2 (4 to 5.5mm), group 3 (5.5 to 7mm), and group 4 (over 7mm), according to the vessel diameter. The outcome measures were primary and secondary patency. Results: The mean follow interval was 834±656 days. Mean lesion length 120.0±89.4mm was mm and mean vessel diameter was 5.19±1.32mm. At 3 years, compared to group2,3,and 4, small vessel group (group 1) had significant worse cumulative primary patency (41.2%±2.8%, 65.2%±1.5%, 64.3%±1.8%, 66.3%±9.3%, respectively, p<0.0001) and secondary patency (79.3%±2.3%, 89.4%±1.0%, 91.2%±1.2%, 94.8%±3.6%, p<0.0001). After adjustment for age, gender, Rutherford classification, diabetes, hemodialysis, TASCII classification, stent use, vessel size was still significant risk factor (primary patency 0.78[0.71-0.86], p<0.0001, secondary patency 0.64[0.54-0.77], p<0.0001). ![Figure][1] Conclusions: The results of our study suggest vessel size is related to EVT outcomes. Probably, there is the necessity that we determine a treatment strategy in consideration of the vessel diameter. [1]: pending:yes
Temperature Enhanced Extremity Lengthening is Growth Rate Dependent

Limb length inequality is a potentially disabling condition with few noninvasive treatment options. Our lab has previously shown that unilateral heat increases bone elongation rate, suggesting that...
Localization of acetylcholinesterase activity in the protozoan, Tetrahymena geleii S.

SummaryAChE activity in the ciliate Tetrahymena geleii S is localized in the fibrillar system of the pellicle. Upon differential centrifugation, a fraction was obtained which contained only enzymatic activity from the pellicle. This fraction contained the entire amount of AChE activity of the cell.
Epidemiological Survey of Enterovirus EV71 in Yuxi City

Objective To investigate the infection status of EV71 and to provide references for prevention and control of hand-foot-mouth disease( HFMD). Methods With Probability-proportional-to-size sampling method,residents in 18 administrative villages of 6 townships in Eshan and Xinping county were randomly surveyed according to the age distribution. The participants' blood samples were collected and were tested EV71 antibody. Results A total of 788 individuals were investigated,with the positive rate of EV71 antibody( EV71-IgG) as 41. 37%. The positive rate among different age groups showed statistical difference( χ2=42. 24,P0. 05),with 5-6 years old group as the highest( 64%) and 1 year old group as the lowest( 20. 65%). The positive rate demonstrated statistical difference among ethnics( χ2= 13. 89,P 0. 05),with Yi as the highest( 46. 67%) and Hani as the lowest( 21. 11%). Higher positive rate was founded in female than in male. Conclusion At large,the population in Yuxi tends to be vulnerable to EV71. The prevention and control of HFMD is still the focus.
Adaptive environmental governance of changing social-ecological systems: Empirical insights from the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Adaptive management and related fields have theorized new governance strategies that embrace complexity and are able to respond effectively to changing and unpredictable biophysical dynamics. However, this body of work pays inadequate attention to important on-the-ground realities, including feasibility of implementation and the power dynamics embedded in multi-scalar systems of environmental governance. This paper presents findings from a research project on challenges to adaptive management in the variable wetland ecosystem of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Many residents of this rural region rely on transitional agricultural practices, shifting between dryland and floodplain farming in response to dynamic precipitation and flooding patterns. Higher than average floods in 2009–2011 inundated many floodplain fields past the point of production, causing farmers to shift to the dryland for multiplem seasons. At the same time, the highly centralized Government of Botswana began to implement stricter regulations over floodplain resources, which stemmed in part from a new adaptive management plan developed for the region. As a result, many farmers felt pressured by the government to abandon transitional livelihood practices and to shift permanently to dryland agriculture even though many preferred to continue floodplain farming. This loss of a responsive livelihood strategy will likely result in decreased long-term adaptive capacity for many residents. Drawing on these findings, this paper advances the argument that if adaptive management is to become a viable option for communities in changing environments, more attention must be given to the role of unequal power relations in multi-scalar systems of environmental governance.
Misalignment of Career and Educational Aspirations in Middle School: Differences across Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status

Misalignment of educational and career goals (i.e., educational aspirations expressed are inadequate for attaining one's desired occupation) is associated with lower educational attainment and a lack of college readiness, and may contribute to persistent educational and employment disparities. Drawing on data from 249 sixth graders in low-income schools, this research examines misalignment between educational and career aspirations across racial and ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Findings indicate that students in low-income schools aspire to middle and upper middle class careers, but sometimes lack an understanding of the educational degrees required to achieve their goals. Latinos are significantly more likely than other groups to report misaligned aspirations, as are students in the free and reduced lunch program and those without a college-educated parent. Consequently, early gaps in misaligned career and educational goals for disadvantaged students may set them on a trajectory that perpetuates educational and occupational inequalities in this population. We discuss the programmatic implications of these findings in light of the elevated college and career planning needs of students traditionally underrepresented in higher education.
Fibrous Tectonics: A Rethinking of Composite Production through Innovation and Exploration of Molding Techniques and Methodologies

Abstract The inherent possibilities of composites present an exciting frontier in architecture that has remained largely untapped. In light of the current computational capacities and new digital tools in manufacturing, composites are just beginning to re-situate themselves in the field of architecture. Efficiency and durability coupled with a load bearing capacity make a strong case for the use of composites as a primary building material. We now possess the computational and digital manufacturing tools that make the development of a composite building viable. On a holistic level, the research has concerned itself with an overarching focus on developing a composite building which minimizes the required costs and labor while simultaneously creating the potential for customized forms. Based on the concepts of mass customization, when the workflow from digital conception to digital production is seamless, a variety of composite structures can be produced at no greater expense. This potential for an efficient “one off” composite architecture empowered by digital manufacturing and computation, is where the research is positioned. At present, the research has been focused on exploring surface composite structures through a reinvention of the ‘mold’. This approach has involved using inflated bladders, rather than traditional molds of milled foam or aluminum in order to produce composite structures. In doing so, the benefits of inflatables are all encompassing. Not only do they allow for inexpensive transportation and rapid deployment, but they also lend themselves to the production of large scale structures through the simple use of air and pressure, thus minimizing both material and effort. This lies in stark contrast to traditional composite manufacturing techniques which require molds to be milled out of solid aluminum blocks or high density foam volumes, whereas inflatable molds are easily heat sealed and inflated. When considering issues of scalability, traditional molding techniques demand significantly more labor, material, and with that, overarching costs. Inflatable molds however, require only more air. Coupled with the rethinking of molding techniques is a consideration in the technological methodologies in order to produce such composite structures. The research looks to the new developments in the composite industry, such as Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM). These processes greatly simplify the manufacturing of composites and eliminate much of the manual labor traditionally associated with composite structures. By taking advantage of the existing vacuum bag used for compaction while producing composites, the VARTM process pulls resin through the bag under vacuum pressure, thus wetting out the fibers and eliminating typical layup deficiencies while producing a nearly weightless composite structure.
Differential T Cell Suppression by Two Different Pentostatin Conditioning Protocols for Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (NST).

NST is increasingly being used to introduce a graft-versus-malignancy (GVM) effect with reduced regimen related toxicity. The first NST protocol, which accrued patients (pts) between 9/01 and 7/04, 39 pts with high risk/relapsed/refractory hematopoietic malignancies who were not candidates for full intensity allogeneic SCT underwent NST using Pentostatin/TBI. Their median age was 52 years (range 22–70). The median number of prior therapies was 4 (range 0–8) including prior autologous SCT in 22 pts. Conditioning consisted of Pentostatin 4 mg/m2 daily on day -21, -20, and -19, followed by 200 cGy TBI on day -1. The second protocol, between 10/04 and 6/06, 24 pts received the same conditioning regime on days -10, -9, and -8, and TBI on day -1. The median age of these pts was 59.5 years (range 36–70) and the median number of prior therapies was 2 (range 0–6). Post-grafting immunosuppression was cyclosporine (CsA)/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). In the both protocols CsA 2.0 mg/kg IV q12 hrs was administered on days -1, 0, and +1 and then converted to oral 5 mg/kg PO BID with a taper beginning on day +70. In the second protocol pts with unrelated donor transplants remain on CsA until day + 100. MMF at 15 mg/kg PO BID was administered on days 0–27 for related donor transplants in both protocols and in the second protocol this was extended until day +40 for the unrelated donor transplants. Results: In the day -21 protocol SCTs were from matched related (n=14) or unrelated (n=25) donors. The cumulative incidence of all grades of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) at day 100 was 40% and was more common in unrelated donor transplants (60% vs. 15%). In the day -10 protocol, SCT was performed with products from matched related (n=8) or unrelated (n=16) donors. The cumulative incidence of grade II–IV acute GVHD was approximately XX% (XX% in related versus XX% in unrelated donors). In both protocols, the median chimerism values for CD3+ cells and WBC at day 28 were >80% and 90% donor cells, respectively and T, B and NK lymphocyte frequency and numbers were identical at protocol entry. One day following TBI conditioning there was a 32% depression in CD3+ cells in the day -21 protocol that was partially recovered on days 28 and 70 post transplant (27% and 16% respectively). In the day -10 protocol there was a 45% depression in the frequency of CD3+ cells (p Conclusions: There appears to be a trend for a lower incidence of acute GVHD in the day -10 protocol, which can be associated with a reduction in the frequency of circulating T cells. This significantly greater reduction in T cell frequency, observed one day following TBI and 28 days post transplant, is directly associated with the timing of transplant relative to pentostatin conditioning as the post-grafting immunosuppression was similar between the two protocols at these time points.
Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls in New Jersey 1997–2011

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Delaware River currently exceed the Water Quality Criteria of 16 pg/L for the sum of PCBs due in part to atmospheric deposition. The purpose of this work was to use a source apportionment tool called Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to identify the sources of PCBs to the atmosphere in this area and determine whether their concentrations are declining over time. The data set was compiled by the Delaware Atmospheric Deposition Network (DADN) from samples taken in Camden, NJ from 1999 to 2011 and New Brunswick, NJ from 1997 to 2011. The PMF analysis revealed four resolved factors at each site. The factors that dominate the PCB burden in the atmosphere at both Camden and New Brunswick resemble Aroclor 1242. These factors declined in concentration during some portions of the monitoring period, but this decline slowed or stopped during 2003–2011. None of the factors displayed consistent declines in concentration throughout the monitoring periods, and ...
1.29 Electroactive Polymeric Biomaterials

Conjugated polymers are attractive materials for interfacing electrically conducting devices with biological tissue. These polymers, which can be electrochemically polymerized on metal electrodes, are electrically and ionically conductive, mechanically softer than metals, and have low cytotoxicity. The surface area of conjugated polymers can be tailored to create films with low electrical impedance. In addition, through synthetic chemistry or electrochemical doping, biological molecules can be incorporated into conjugated polymer films. These properties enable conjugated polymers to effectively interface with ionically active tissues, most often neural tissue. This chapter will focus on the conjugated polymers that have received the most attention for interfacing with tissue, polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Derivatives of these polymers that can covalently bind to biological molecules, such as peptides, have been developed, along with composites of the polymers with hydrogels, which have mechanical properties more similar to tissue. Coatings of PPy and PEDOT have been put on devices, including neural probes, and made into fibers for neural regeneration. Many current research projects focus on addressing biological reactions that occur upon implantation of devices, such as inflammation and gliosis. Potential solutions to these problems include electrical actuation of conjugated polymers for drug delivery and in vivo electrochemical polymerization.
Trends in sleep studies performed for Medicare beneficiaries.

Objectives/Hypothesis To quantify trends and characteristics of sleep studies performed for Medicare beneficiaries in the United States. Study Design Retrospective longitudinal study of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Part B National Summary Data and Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data from 2000 to 2014. Methods Sleep study data were analyzed according to type of study performed, total expenditure amount, provider specialty, and geographic location. Results In 2014, 845,569 sleep studies were completed by 1.4% of Medicare beneficiaries for a total of $189 million. Since 2010, annual expenditures for sleep studies have declined, whereas the number of studies performed has increased by 9.1%. In 2014, polysomnography, split-night polysomnography, and unattended home sleep studies accounted for 40%, 48%, and 12%, respectively, of total sleep studies. This represents a dramatic growth in the number of unattended sleep studies performed since 2000, when they represented only 0.9%. Pulmonologists, independent diagnostic testing facilities, and neurologists are the top specialties that bill for sleep studies. Sleep medicine is a growing specialty and ranked fifth among providers, whereas otolaryngologists ranked eighth. Conclusions The healthcare burden of administering sleep studies is substantial, although the annual cost is declining. Unattended sleep studies contribute to decreasing costs and should be considered for patients who meet the correct indications. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2017
Classifying Adverse Events in the Dental Office.

Background Dentists strive to provide safe and effective oral healthcare. However, some patients may encounter an adverse event (AE) defined as "unnecessary harm due to dental treatment." In this research, we propose and evaluate two systems for categorizing the type and severity of AEs encountered at the dental office. Methods Several existing medical AE type and severity classification systems were reviewed and adapted for dentistry. Using data collected in previous work, two initial dental AE type and severity classification systems were developed. Eight independent reviewers performed focused chart reviews, and AEs identified were used to evaluate and modify these newly developed classifications. Results A total of 958 charts were independently reviewed. Among the reviewed charts, 118 prospective AEs were found and 101 (85.6%) were verified as AEs through a consensus process. At the end of the study, a final AE type classification comprising 12 categories, and an AE severity classification comprising 7 categories emerged. Pain and infection were the most common AE types representing 73% of the cases reviewed (56% and 17%, respectively) and 88% were found to cause temporary, moderate to severe harm to the patient. Conclusions Adverse events found during the chart review process were successfully classified using the novel dental AE type and severity classifications. Understanding the type of AEs and their severity are important steps if we are to learn from and prevent patient harm in the dental office.
Improving Patient Outcomes With Capnography Monitoring in the PACU

Background Information: Capnography monitoring provides an early warning of respiratory compromise. Early intervention can save money, time, and lives. The PACU at St. Joseph Hospital had the supplies and capability of capnography monitoring; however, nurses were not following credible evidence-base
Lactate:Glycolytic End Product and Oxidative Substrate During Sustained Exercise in Mammals — The “Lactate Shuttle”

Results of kinetic tracer studies on several mammalian species during rest and prolonged sustained exercise indicate that lactate is a metabolic intermediate which is very active in supplying carbon for a number of important physiological processes. Lactate is a product of glycolysis and glycogenolysis, and it is a precursor for glucose and glycogen resynthesis. Additionally, lactate produced at some sites during exercise is also a substrate for oxidative energy transduction at other sites. This “shuttling of lactate” through the interstitium and vasculature can be quantitatively as important as the release of glucose from the liver for supplying oxidizable substrate. Because much of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic flux passes through the lactate pool, the metabolism of lactate emerges as a critically important component in the overall integration and regulation of intermediary metabolism. This dynamic role of lactate in mammals, as described here, is different from the stagnant role of lactate portrayed from measurements of lactate concentration in the blood and muscle of mammals and other species. Rather than a dead-end metabolite which accumulates as the resuit of muscle anoxia during exercise and waits until the recovery (“O2 debt”) period to be returned to glucose and glycogen, lactate is a dynamic metabolite which turns over rapidly and which can participate in a number of processes during rest, exercise, and recovery from exercise.
Calling All Curators: A Novel Approach to Individualized Interactive Instruction.

Author(s): Pensa, Gita; Smith, Jessica; McAteer, Kristina | Abstract: With the increasing influence of the “Free Open Access Medical Education” (FOAM or FOAMed) movement, it is critical that medical educators be engaged with FOAM in order to better inform and direct their learners, who likely regularly consume these materials. In 2012, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)/Residency Review Committee (RRC) began to permit 20% of emergency medicine (EM) residents’ didactics hours to be earned outside of weekly conference, as “Individualized Interactive Instruction” (III) credits.1 We describe a digital course in EM, “Asynchrony,” as an approach to FOAM to meet these III standards. Asynchrony is geared toward EM residents using FOAM and other online learning tools, curated by faculty into narrative, topic-specific educational modules. Each module requires residents to complete a topic assignment, participate in a discussion board, and pass a quiz to earn ACGME-approved III didactic credit; all of this is tracked and filed in an online learning management system.
Prolific fruit output by the invasive tree Bellucia pentamera Naudin (Melastomataceae) is enhanced by selective logging disturbance

Selective logging in tropical rain forests may promote population growth of invasive plants. The ability of invaders to respond, specifically in reproductive traits, to increase in resource abundance may allow them to increase their presence in the seed rain of recipient communities. The invasive pioneer tree Bellucia pentamera (Melastomataceae) is currently spreading within Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The park has also experienced periods of illegal, small‐scale, selective logging that seem to have facilitated population growth and spread of this invader. We first used fruiting frequency as a proxy for fruit output to make comparisons between B. pentamera and the native tree community of over 200 genera. We then constructed two Generalized Linear Autoregressive Moving Average (GLARMA) models using 13 months of phenology data to predict both fruiting frequency and crop size of B. pentamera under selective logging versus natural treefall disturbance regimes. Bellucia pentamera fruited at considerably higher frequency than all 200 native genera considered. This invader also responded positively to selective logging with both odds of being in fruit and crop sizes at least doubling in logged plots. Prolific seed output of B. pentamera is especially problematic within the lottery competition of tropical rain forest gap tree communities, in which prominence in the seed rain is particularly important. Furthermore, the reproductive response of B. pentamera to selective logging suggests that this harvesting practice may have a considerable role in facilitating this invasion in Southeast Asia.
On the relationship between effective permeability and stress for unconventional rocks: Analytical estimates from laboratory measurements

Abstract Permeability measurements show that unconventional rock is considerably stress sensitive because the matrix permeability is likely controlled by micro cracks and bedding structures in unconventional reservoirs. While there are a number of laboratory studies in the literature on the dependency of core-scale permeability on effective stress for unconventional rocks, how to determine the corresponding large-scale stress-dependency relationship (of more interest to practical applications) from the laboratory measurements has not been systematically investigated. This work proposes a method to estimate such a large-scale relationship from laboratory measurements. Based on the stochastic approach commonly used for parameter upscaling, we derived relationships between the large-scale effective permeability and the stress for the two- and three-dimensional isotropic porous media. The development is based on the empirical observation that at core scale permeability is an exponential function of effective stress. The developed large-scale relationships can be written in terms of the same mathematical form as the local-scale relationship except parameters in the large-scale relationships correspond to effective ones. The effective stress sensitivity parameter (that characterizes the stress-dependency) is simply the expected value of that at the local scale, or the arithmetic average of local values, for the two-dimensional flow problem and a function of effective stress for the three-dimensional problem. Because of its dominant two-dimensional flow along beddings (resulting from the fact that vertical permeability is significantly smaller than the horizontal one), the relationship for the two-dimensional flow case is valid for unconventional rocks. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that for typical local-scale parameter values from unconventional rocks (e.g., Barnett shale and a carbonate source rock), the relationships obtained for two- and three-dimensional problems give the essentially same results.
Heterogeneity in emotion regulation difficulties among women victims of domestic violence: A latent profile analysis.

Abstract Background Research over the past two decades supports emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor related to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of psychiatric difficulties and risky behaviors. However, prior investigations are limited by their focus on difficulties regulating negative (but not positive) emotions. Further, research has not accounted for the heterogeneity in difficulties regulating emotions. Methods Participants were 210 female victims of domestic violence (DV; M age = 36.14, 48.6% African American) who completed measures assessing emotion regulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Positive), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), alcohol misuse (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and drug misuse (Drug Abuse Screening Test). Latent profile analysis was utilized to identify subgroups of DV-victimized women who were similar in endorsed difficulties in regulating negative and positive emotions. Differences in psychiatric difficulties (i.e., PTSD and depressive symptom severity) and risky behaviors (i.e., alcohol and drug misuse) were examined across these classes. Results Three classes of DV-victimized women differentiated by levels of difficulties regulating negative and positive emotions were identified. Greater psychiatric difficulties were found among classes defined by higher levels of difficulties regulating emotions, regardless of emotion valence. Risky behaviors were more prevalent among the class defined by higher levels of difficulties regulating both negative and positive emotions. Limitations Although results add to the literature on difficulties regulating emotions and their correlates, findings must be interpreted in light of limitations present including use of a cross-sectional and correlation design, reliance on self-report measures, and assessment of a select sample of women victims of DV. Conclusions Results highlight the potential importance of tailoring interventions accounting for the heterogeneity in negative and positive emotion regulation dimensions among DV-victimized women.
Effect of a Computerized Alert on Emergency Department Hepatitis A Vaccination in Homeless Patients During a Large Regional Outbreak.

Abstract Background While the overall incidence of hepatitis A has declined markedly since the introduction of a vaccine, sporadic cases and outbreaks of the disease continue to occur. Objective Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of an electronic health record (EHR) provider alert as part of an outbreak-control vaccination program implemented in the emergency department (ED). Methods We conducted a retrospective study assessing the impact of a Best Practice Alert (BPA) built into an EHR to prompt providers when a patient was homeless to consider hepatitis A vaccination in the ED. Data were collected over three 6-month time periods: a historical control period, a pre-intervention period, and an intervention period. Results There were no vaccinations given in the ED in the historical period, which increased to 465 after the implementation of the BPA. During the implementation period, there were 1,482 visits identified among 1,131 patients that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, there were 1,147 (77.5%) visits where the patient either received the vaccine in the ED, had already received the vaccine, or it was not indicated due to the current medical issue. There were also 333 (22.5%) visits where the BPA was active for potential vaccination eligibility, but did not receive it in the ED. Conclusions We leveraged an informatics tool developed within our EHR to identify high-risk patients and remind providers of the availability of vaccination in the ED. Using these tools enabled providers to increase vaccination efforts within our ED to help control the community-wide outbreak.
We Did This? An Acknowledgment of the Causes of Segregation

The purpose of the chapter is to identify the primary historical and continuing causes of residential segregation in the United States. The research of Hirsch (1978) Jackson (1985), Teaford (1990), Massey and Denton (1993), Sugrue (1996), Gordon (2008) and Sharkey (2013) informed the focus group agenda. The participants identified segregation ordinances and deed restrictions as the main tools used to racially segregate the early twentieth century American city. Whereas, zoning, housing policy – particularly the issuing of FHA mortgages – urban renewal, and the placement of public housing were the primary drivers of segregation in the mid-twentieth century. The group further concluded that federal housing policy and contemporary banking practices since the 1968 Fair Housing Act has continued to reinforce segregation in the United States. In the accompanying essay, “We Are Still Doing This – But There is a Way to Stop,” Rosalind Williams maintains that current use of low-income housing tax credits continues to segregate African Americans into enclaves of concentrated poverty. She argues that the way to end racial segregation is to develop affordable housing in areas of high opportunity, discourage suburban sprawl, comprehensively address the needs of distressed housing, and reform racially tinged real estate and banking practices.
Two ancient neuropeptides, PACAP and AVP, modulate motivated behavior at synapses in the extrahypothalamic brain: a study in contrast

We examine evolutionary aspects of two primordial neuropeptides, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP); the distribution of AVP and PACAP and their receptors in mammals; AVP and PACAP release patterns relevant to their roles in neuroendocrine control in brain and periphery; and finally the intricate interlocking of homeostatic and allostatic regulation created by extrahypothalamic AVP and PACAP projections to brain circuit nodes important in controlling appetitive, avoidance and aggressive motor responses. A cardinal feature of peptide neurotransmission important in regulatory control of organismic responses and emphasized in this review, is that neuropeptides are released from large dense-core vesicles docked not only within axonal varicosities and dendrites but also at presynaptic nerve terminal sites, along with small clear synaptic vesicles, at active zones. Peptide transmitter nerve terminals, from hypothalamic and other projections, are distributed widely to multiple brain areas important in integrative control of behavior. They converge with heterologous inputs that release other transmitters, including other peptides, in the same areas. The concept of a quasi-hormonal effect of peptide neurotransmission through coordinated release at multiple synapses throughout the brain echoes earlier conceptualizations of "action-at-a-distance" by diffusion following peptide release at non-synaptic sites. Yet, it recognizes that peptide delivery occurs with neuroanatomical precision, from discrete peptide-containing brain nuclei, via highly distributed projections to multiple extrahypothalamic nodes, registering multiple homeostatic, hedonistic, aversive and reproductive drives that modulate real-time motor decisions. There is paradigmatic value in the discussion of these two particular ancient neuropeptides, for peptide-centric translational neuroendocrinology and peptide GPCR-based neurotherapeutics.
Temporary and Contingent Instantiation as Partial Identity

ABSTRACTAn apparent objection against my theory of instantiation as partial identity is that identity is necessary, yet instantiation is often contingent. To rebut the objection, I show how it can ...
Waiting for the Augmented Reality ‘Killer App’: Pokémon GO 2016

In this chapter, the author asks why, despite the commercial success of Pokemon GO, a large popular audience for augmented reality experiences has not yet gathered. Drawing a comparison to the quick and massive popularity of cinema at the turn of the century, the author asks, what do audiences desire from this ever-emerging medium? In response, the chapter re-draws definitions of the augmented reality medium and reflects on its unique potentialities. The central question of the chapter is an analogy: if, in 1903, The Great Train Robbery established the cinematic montage form and inspired the creation of massive cinema audiences and venues, what could be The Great Train Robbery of AR?
Helical Oxidovanadium(IV) Salen-Type Complexes: Synthesis, Characterisation and Catalytic Behaviour

Chiral [VO(salen)] complexes (R,R)-7 and (R,R)-8 were synthesised by ligand replacement from [VO(acac)2] with the resolved (1R,2R)-cyclohexyl ligands 3,3′-[(1R,2R)-1,2-cyclohexane-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bis-4-phenanthrenol [(R,R)-3] and 3,3′-[(1R,2R)-1,2-cyclohexanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bisbenz[a]anthracen-1-ol [(R,R)-4], respectively. Similarly, complexes (R)-9 and (R)-10 were synthesised using the (R)-binaphthyl ligands 3,3′-[(1R)-(1,1′-binaphthalene)-2,2′-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bis-4-phenanthrenol [(R)-5] and 3,3′-[(1R)-(1,1′-binaphthalene)-2,2′-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bis-benz[a]anthracen-1-ol [(R)-6], respectively. These complexes were characterised by IR spectroscopy, ESI-TOF-MS, electronic absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). Single crystal X-ray analysis of (R,R)-7 and (R,R)-8 revealed distorted square pyramidal geometries and a 1:1 ratio of diastereomeric M and P helical conformers. Solution CD studies in THF combined with DFT calculations indicate that the M conformer dominates in solution for (R,R)-7. Preliminary catalytic oxidation of thioanisole with H2O2 and 1 % [VO(salen)] showed good selectivity for sulfoxides over sulfones but low enantioselectivities (8 to 33 %) which are solvent dependent but insensitive to the catalyst used.
A methodological approach for structural health monitoring of mass-timber buildings under construction

Abstract Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a method used to evaluate the performance of new structural systems and critical infrastructure. With mass-timber building construction on the rise, SHM programs have emerged to document hygrothermal, static, and dynamic behavior of these structures. To most efficiently document behavior and provide recommendations to industry, it is key that the research community work collaboratively to create consistent data by using standardized approaches. This paper presents a methodological approach for monitoring mass-timber buildings during construction to address this need. The approach was validated over ten months with a mass-timber building under construction at Oregon State University.
The cost of waiting: Association of ED boarding with hospitalization costs.

Abstract Background Emergency Department (ED) boarding, the practice of holding patients in the ED after they have been admitted to the hospital due to unavailability of inpatient beds, is common and contributes to the public health crisis of ED crowding. Prior work has documented the harms of ED boarding on access and quality of care. Limited studies examine the relationship between ED boarding and an equally important domain of quality—the cost of care. This study evaluates the relationship between ED boarding, ED characteristics and risk-adjusted hospitalization costs utilizing national publicly-reported measures. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of two 2018 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Hospital Compare datasets: 1) Medicare Hospital Spending per Patient and 2) Timely and Effective Care. We constructed a hospital-level multivariate linear regression analysis to examine the association between ED boarding and Medicare spending per beneficiary (MSPB), adjusting for ED length of stay, door to diagnostic evaluation time, and ED patient volume. Results A total of 2903 hospitals were included in the analysis. ED boarding was significantly correlated with MSPB (r = 0.1774; p-value: Conclusion We found a strong relationship between measures of ED crowding, including ED boarding, and risk-adjusted hospital spending. Future work should elucidate the mediators of this relationship. Policymakers and administrators should consider the financial harms of ED boarding when devising strategies to improve hospital care access and flow.
Credit Use of U.S. Households after the Great Recession: The Role of Credit Constraint

This study investigated the relationship between credit constraint and credit use of U.S. households after the Great Recession using the 2010 and 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances datasets. When both datasets were used for analysis, the size of the sample was 12,497 households. Credit use was investigated for the following: (i) installment loan debt and (ii) outstanding credit card balances. A household was categorized as credit-constrained if the household had been turned down for credit in the past five years or if the household was discouraged from applying for credit. Results of the analyses using a Heckman selection model indicated that households experiencing credit constraint were 13.62% more likely to hold installment loans and to have larger loan amounts than those not experiencing credit constraint. Also, constrained households were 6.65% more likely to hold outstanding credit card balances, but those households had smaller outstanding credit card balances than households who were not experiencing credit constraint. In other words, there were higher rates of credit use among households experiencing credit constraint. This could be the result of past credit use instead of inability to borrow.
Coronary Artery Vasospasm Requiring Cardiac Autotransplantation Yet Controlled With Tobacco

Coronary artery vasospasm is typically managed through avoidance of triggers and with symptomatic treatments with calcium channel blockers and long-acting nitrates. Here, we report a rare case of medically refractory coronary artery vasospasm associated with genetic predispositions that initially required cardiac autotransplantation followed paradoxically by nicotine for long-term symptomatic control. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).
To Freeze and Not to Fry

The lack of blood flow to the brain during a cardiac arrest can cause irreparable damage. Thus, after restoring normal rhythm and circulation, patients can end up with a beating heart in a brain-dead or a severely damaged body. Thus, preservation of the brain from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy has assumed paramount importance post-cardiac arrest. In this chapter, the author presents an illustrative case and briefly discusses hypothermia post-cardiac arrest for brain preservation.
Premixed carbon monoxide–nitrous oxide–hydrogen flames: measured and calculated burning velocities with and without Fe(CO)5

Abstract The burning velocity of premixed carbon monoxide–nitrous oxide flames (background water levels of 5 to 15 ppm) has been determined experimentally for a range of fuel–oxidizer equivalence ratio φ from 0.6 to 3.0, with added nitrogen up to a mole fraction of X N 2 = 0.25, and with hydrogen added up to X H 2 = 0.005. Numerical modeling of the flames based on a recently developed kinetic mechanism predicts the burning velocity reasonably well, and indicates that the direct reaction of CO with N 2 O is the most important reaction for CO and N 2 O consumption for values of X H 2 ≤ 0.0014. The calculations show that a background H 2 level of 10 ppm increases the burning velocity by only about 1% compared to the bone-dry case. Addition of iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO) 5 , a powerful flame inhibitor in hydrocarbon–air flames, increases the burning velocity of the CO–N 2 O flames significantly. The promotion is believed to be due to the iron-catalyzed gas-phase reaction of N 2 O with CO, via N 2 O + M = N 2 + MO and CO + MO = CO 2 + M, where M is Fe, FeO, or FeOH.
A tale of histone modifications

The modification of chromatin structure is important for a number of nuclear functions, exemplified by the regulation of transcription. This review discusses recent studies of covalent histone modifications and the enzymatic machines that generate them.
Abstract 19280: Gender Disparity in Outcomes of Myocarditis

Introduction: Myocarditis is an inflammatory disorder of cardiac myocytes, which can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Clinical presentation is highly variable, ranging from subclinical disease to cardiogenic shock and more often affecting men, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. Women with myocarditis typically have better long-term outcomes than men, including myocardial recovery and transplant free survival. We sought to investigate the difference in in-hospital mortality between men and woman with myocarditis. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), part of the healthcare cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), is the largest publicly available inpatient database designed to provide information on characteristics and outcomes of patients discharged from US hospitals. Using the NIS we identified our study population, composed of all adult patients who were admitted with a primary diagnosis of myocarditis during the calendar years 2008 to 2010. Results: We identified 990 patients with myocarditis, 644 males and 346 females. Women on average were significantly older (48 years vs. 35 years, p <0.001) and had more comorbidities (4.3 vs. 2.7, p <0.001). Women had a significantly higher incidence of shock (13.6 vs. 6.1, p<0.001), longer hospital stays (5.8 days vs. 4.0, p = 0.023) and higher in-hospital mortality (5.2% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.029). After adjusting for pertinent covariates using logistic regression analysis, female gender remained an independent predictor of increased in-hospital mortality (p=0.023, OR=2.384 [1.126-5.048]). Number of chronic conditions also independently predicted higher in-hospital mortality (p=0.000, OR=1.309 [1.174-1.461]). Presence of hypertension exhibited a protective effect (p=0.004, OR=0.048 [0.006-0.371]). Conclusion: In patients admitted with myocarditis, women were significantly older at presentation and had more comorbidities, but after adjusting for these clinical variables, they still had significantly higher in-hospital mortality compared to men.
Chemokines as regulators of T cell differentiation

Chemokines play well established roles as attractants of naive and effector T cells. New studies indicate that chemokines also have roles in regulating T cell differentiation. Blocking Gi protein-coupled receptor signaling by pertussis toxin as well as deficiencies in G alpha 12, chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), CCR5, chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, or MCP-1), CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, or MIP-1 alpha) and CCL5 (RANTES) have all been found to have effects on the magnitude and cytokine polarity of the T cell response. Here we focus on findings in the CCL2-CCR2 and CCL3-CCR5 ligand-receptor systems. The roles of these molecules in regulating T cell fate include possible indirect effects on antigen-presenting cells and direct effects on differentiating T cells. Models to account for the action of chemokines and G protein-coupled receptor signals in regulating T cell differentiation are discussed.
Genotyping errors and their impact on genetic analysis

Genetic dissection of complex traits involves a series of analyses of phenotypic and genotypic datasets in samples of families and/or unrelated individuals. In particular, both linkage analysis and association analysis depend critically on the quality of phenotype and genotype data. The focus of this chapter is on certain types of genotyping errors and how marker data can help resolve problems of mis-specification of familial relationships and misclassification of genotypes, and on how those kinds of errors can be detected and corrected. The impact of these types of errors on the results of genetic analyses will also be discussed. Other types of errors such as measurement error or misclassification in regard to phenotypes are not considered here.