cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computational model for mechanistic investigation of negative feedback in Inerleukin-17 receptor signaling (CCR6P.274)

IL-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes autoimmunity and protects against certain pathogens. Here, we present a computational model of signaling downstream of the IL-17 receptor. To manage the complexity of the system we use a rule-based modeling approach, in which signaling proteins are modeled as structured objects and rules describe their biochemical interactions. The model includes 19 molecules and 46 reaction rules, which expand to a reaction network with 168 distinct chemical species - complexes and phosphoforms of the basic molecules - which are connected through a network of 5,145 unidirectional reactions. The model is defined and simulated using the BioNetGen software. This model encompasses major signaling components downstream of IL-17R, which activate NF-κB and in turn promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. NF-κB also promotes production of A20, a deubiquitinating enzyme that inhibits NF-κB activation in multiple settings. We recently showed that A20 is a negative regulator of the IL-17 signaling pathway. By modeling A20 interactions with TRAF6 and IKK, we are able to recapitulate experimentally-observed oscillations in NF-κB-dependent A20 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Further expansion of the model, along with additional experimental work tracking the dynamics of signaling intermediates, will enable us to explore novel hypotheses about the regulatory mechanisms of A20 and other potential regulators of IL-17 signaling.
Social Learning Approaches to Health Education: Utilization of Infant Auto Restraint Devices

There has been little critical evaluation of which methods achieve the desired results in health education. Using purchase of proper infant auto restraint devices as an objective, we assessed the effectiveness of three educational approaches. Only 37% of control families had purchased an acceptable car seat, compared to 54% of those who received descriptive literature alone, 71% of those that received literature and had been shown a descriptive film, and 60% of those who were given literature, shown the film, and been provided with a demonstration of the seat. Purchase of car seats was positively correlated with social class and knowledge of auto safety, but not with a history of auto accidents. Utilization of auto restraint devices is an example of how social learning theory can be applied in health education.
Correlates of Drug Testing Attitudes in a Sample of Blue Collar Workers

Using responses from 1429 workers employed in the wood products industry, we examine the relationship between drug testing (DT) attitudes and several demographic, organizational, job attitude, and job outcome variables. After controlling for age and marital status, analyses revealed moderate correlations between DT attitudes and alcohol and drug variables, DT program characteristics, organizational, and work attitude variables. DT attitudes were weakly but significantly related to absences, late work arrivals, accidents, and injuries. Implications of the findings and future research suggestions are discussed.
Numerical Sensitivity of Nonlinear Stellar Pulsation Computations

The limit cycle properties of pulsating stellar models are studied in the context of spatial zoning and artificial viscosity. Two standard models representing the RR Lyrae and 8 Cephei stars are thoroughly tested. At moderate amplitudes the strong shocks are shown to be confined to the hydrogen ionization zone, but most of the ‘shock’ dissipation originates from the nonviolent layers beneath this zone, where shocks should not exist. The limit cycle behavior (amplitude, velocity and light curves, stability) depends on the artificial viscosity and on the zone number and distribution. Comparison of our Lagrangean code with other non-Lagrangean codes for the same models leads to the conclusion that they all give very similar results if the mass shells are distributed properly in the Lagrangean code. It is very important to implement a more accurate numerical treatment of shocks in order to clarify the cause of the amplitude limitation.
The Chemical Composition of Normal Stellar Atmospheres

Chemical composition of stellar atmospheres by model atmospheres, considering atomic transition, line broadening and thermodynamic equilibrium
In Situ Measurements of Deformation Behavior of Individual Phases in Composites by X-Ray Diffraction

Lattice strains in matrix phase of aluminum-boron and copper-tungsten composites measured by X ray diffraction
An investigation of techniques for the measurement and interpretation of cosmic ray isotopic abundances

An instrument, the Caltech High Energy Isotope Spectrometer Telescope (HEIST), has been developed to measure isotopic abundances of cosmic ray nuclei in the charge range 3 ≤ Z ≤ 28 and the energy range between 30 and 800 MeV/nuc by employing an energy loss -- residual energy technique. Measurements of particle trajectories and energy losses are made using a multiwire proportional counter hodoscope and a stack of CsI(TI) crystal scintillators, respectively. A detailed analysis has been made of the mass resolution capabilities of this instrument. Landau fluctuations set a fundamental limit on the attainable mass resolution, which for this instrument ranges between ~.07 AMU for z~3 and ~.2 AMU for z~2b. Contributions to the mass resolution due to uncertainties in measuring the path-length and energy losses of the detected particles are shown to degrade the overall mass resolution to between ~.1 AMU (z~3) and ~.3 AMU (z~2b). A formalism, based on the leaky box model of cosmic ray propagation, is developed for obtaining isotopic abundance ratios at the cosmic ray sources from abundances measured in local interstellar space for elements having three or more stable isotopes, one of which is believed to be absent at the cosmic ray sources. This purely secondary isotope is used as a tracer of secondary production during propagation. This technique is illustrated for the isotopes of the elements O, Ne, S, Ar and Ca. The uncertainties in the derived source ratios due to errors in fragmentation and total inelastic cross sections, in observed spectral shapes, and in measured abundances are evaluated. It is shown that the dominant sources of uncertainty are uncorrelated errors in the fragmentation cross sections and statistical uncertainties in measuring local interstellar abundances. These results are applied to estimate the extent to which uncertainties must be reduced in order to distinguish between cosmic ray production in a solar-like environment and in various environments with greater neutron enrichments.
Arithmetical independence results using higher recursion theory

We extend an independence result proved in [1]. We show that for all n, there is a special set of Πn sentences {φa}a ∈ H corresponding to elements of a linear ordering (H, <H) of order type . These sentences allow us to build completions {Ta}a ∈ H of PA such that for a <H b, Ta ∩ Σn ⊂ Tb ∩ Σn, with φa ∈ Ta, ¬φa ∈ Th. Our method uses the Barwise-Kreisel Compactness Theorem.
Analysis and Enhancement of Bandwidth Request Strategies in IEEE 802.16 Networks

IEEE 802.16 based broadband wireless access network is considered as one of the most promising wireless access technologies. It employs a request/grant scheme in bandwidth allocation where each subscriber station (SS) can send bandwidth requests (BRs) to the base station (BS) before bandwidth can be granted to SSs. The 802.16 standard defines two types of BR strategies, namely incremental requests and aggregate requests. In this paper, we first present an analytic model to analyze their performance and show that both types of BRs have rooms for improvement when facing two common types of traffic patterns, called the uphill traffic pattern and the periodic/bursty traffic pattern, in terms of overhead and data waiting time in the queue. Then, we propose two enhancement strategies, called the aggressive strategy and the conservative strategy, that exploit the property of the two traffic patterns to improve the performance. The simulation results show that the two enhancement strategies can effectively reduce the overhead and data waiting time, at the price of somewhat less bandwidth utilization in the case of conservative strategy.
The reversibility of different types of capital flows to emerging markets

Abstract We investigate whether some types of capital flows are more likely to reverse than others during currency crises. Earlier statistical testing has yielded conflicting results on this issue. We argue that the problem with the earlier studies is that the degree of variability of capital flows during normal or inflow periods may give little clue to their behavior during crises and it is the latter that is most important for policy. Using data for 35 emerging economies for 1990 through 2003, we confirm that direct investment is the most stable category, but find that contrary to much popular analysis, private loans on average are as reversible as portfolio flows.
Barrier dynamics in physiological aging.

Abstract Approximately 40 years ago the author initiated work which led to the ‘Diffusion Theory of Aging’. Due to the net differential rate of deposition of interstitial constitutents the transfer of molecules through this milieu becomes modified with advancing age so that delivery of nutrients to the interior of the cells becomes inappropriate to maintain the physiology of youthful cells. Later it was proposed that superhomeostatic events could leave irreversible residues which would further contribute to this ‘malnutrition’. The role of pericellular proteins and the plasma membrane was then unknown. Now they are much better understood as final barriers to the entrance and departure of molecules into and from the cell interior and they can be modified by age. Thus is proposed the ‘Barrier Dynamics Hypothesis of Aging’.
Granulocytopenia, lupus-like syndrome, and other complications of propylthiouracil therapy

Thirty-eight patients aged 2 to 18 years with hyperthyroidism were followed with hematologic studies while receiving propylthiouracil. Ten (26 per cent) had one or more episodes of leukopenia (white blood cell count
Influence of Rotation Sequence on the Optimum Corn and Soybean Plant Population

Rotation sequence and plant population are important management considerations for maximum yield. Response of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] to changes in plant population, rotation sequences, and tillage system was evaluated for 3 yr. Corn was planted in 76-cm rows and had a final plant population of 56 300, 65 800, and 75 200 plants ha -1 ; soybean was planted in 19-cm rows with a final plant population of 294 200, 450 400, and 518 500 plants ha -1 using conventional tillage and no-tillage systems. Both crops were compared in seven rotation sequences. For corn yield there were no interactions of plant population with tillage or rotation sequence. Averaged over years, tillage did not affect corn yield. Corn rotated annually with soybean and first-year corn after 5 yr of consecutive soybean yielded 12% more than continuous grown corn. Corn yields increased 11% as plant population increased from 56 300 to 75 200 plants ha -1 , regardless of tillage or rotation treatment. Averaged over years, no interactions of plant population with tillage or rotation sequence on soybean yield were found. Soybean yields were 8% higher in conventional tillage than in the no-tillage systems. First-year soybean after 5 yr of consecutive corn yielded 8% more compared with the other six rotation sequences. Plant population within the studied range did not affect soybean yield. It was concluded that neither corn-soybean cropping history nor tillage system were important for determining optimum plant population for corn or soybean.
The organization and physiology of the auditory thalamus and its role in processing acoustic features important for speech perception

The auditory thalamus, or medial geniculate body (MGB), is the primary sensory input to auditory cortex. Therefore, it plays a critical role in the complex auditory processing necessary for robust speech perception. This review will describe the functional organization of the thalamus as it relates to processing acoustic features important for speech perception, focusing on thalamic nuclei that relate to auditory representations of language sounds. The MGB can be divided into three main subdivisions, the ventral, dorsal, and medial subdivisions, each with different connectivity, auditory response properties, neuronal properties, and synaptic properties. Together, the MGB subdivisions actively and dynamically shape complex auditory processing and form ongoing communication loops with auditory cortex and subcortical structures.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents retrograde neuronal death in the adult central nervous system.

Abstract The neurocytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was described originally as an activity that supports the survival of neurons of the chicken ciliary ganglia in vitro. The widespread expression of CNTF and its principal binding protein, CNTF receptor alpha, in the central and peripheral nervous systems suggests a broader trophic role for this peptide. In the present study, we report that CNTF prevents axotomy-induced cell death of neurons in the anteroventral and anterodorsal thalamic nuclei of the adult rat. Using the polymerase chain reaction, we also demonstrate the presence of CNTF and CNTF receptor alpha mRNA in these same thalamic nuclei. The coincidence of CNTF and its receptor in a population of neurons responding to the factor suggests a paracrine function for CNTF. The present findings establish that CNTF has significant effects on neurons of the central nervous system in vivo and demonstrate that neurocytokines can prevent cell death in the adult central nervous system.
Predicting acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a multivariate analysis

A multivariate logistic regression analysis of patient symptoms and signs and laboratory findings associated with the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease was performed with use of data from 628 women who were clinically diagnosed as having the disease for the first time at the University of Lund, Sweden. In 414 women (65.9%) acute pelvic inflammatory disease was laparoscopically confirmed. We developed a mathematical model that correctly predicted 87.0% of the cases of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and had an overall correct classification rate of 75.6%. Variables that were good predictors of acute pelvic inflammatory disease were purulent vaginal discharge, erythrocyte sedimentation rate greater than or equal to 15 mm/hr, positive gonorrhea result, adnexal swelling on bimanual examination, and rectal temperature greater than or equal to 38 degrees C. Furthermore, we developed "mixed model I" and "mixed model II," which combine simple clinical parameters and laparoscopy in varying degrees. In mixed model I the sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification values were 93%, 67.2%, and 84.5%; in mixed model II these values were 100%, 67.2%, and 89.2%. Use of relatively simple and reproducible clinical parameters can identify those women who would most benefit from laparoscopy to diagnose acute pelvic inflammatory disease.
cAMP and protein kinase A in endocrine (and other) tumors.

Studies of the biological role of cAMP have indicated dual and often opposing effects on proliferation and differentiation. Elevation of the intracellular cAMP in normal and transformed cells may lead to cell proliferation; in other cells, it induces changes in morphology, apoptosis and/or differentiation. The best known mediator of cAMP action in the cell is cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase A (PKA). PKA exists as two different isozymes, designated type I (PKA-I) and type II (PKA-II); the two isoforms are essentially distinct in their physicochemical properties. The relative ratio of PKA-I and PKA-II varies throughout the cell cycle in cells of the same type, it changes significantly during development and follows different patterns in the various tissues. Disruption of the apparently fine balance between the main two PKA isozymes is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and tumor growth, and vice versa. The enormous variety of cAMP/PKA functions and the net effect of this signaling system...
Evaluation of expressed emotion in schizophrenia: a comparison of Caucasians and Mexican-Americans

Social desirability, while a recognized source of respondent bias among Mexican-Americans, has not been evaluated as an explanation for the lower rate of high expressed emotion (EE) found in the family members of Mexican-Americans versus Caucasians with schizophrenia. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the lower rate of high EE (hostility and criticism) among Mexican-Americans was the result of cultural factors impacting on how information was reported by the Mexican-American relative of a patient with schizophrenia. We compared the ratings of EE between Caucasian (N = 17) and Mexican-American (N = 44) patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and their key relatives using the level of expressed emotion (LEE) scale (paper and pencil instrument rated by the patient and relative separately) and the Five Minute Speech Sample (observational experimenter rated). The ability of the various measures to predict relapse over two years was also examined. Contrary to our hypothesis, there were no differences between patient and family measures within ethnic group. Mexican-American patients and relatives reported lower rates of high EE than Caucasians across all measures. High EE predicted relapse across measures for Caucasian participants, but did not predict relapse for Mexican-Americans on any of the measurement instruments. We discuss the implications of these findings on cross-cultural research and family interventions for individuals with psychotic disorders.
Changes of extremity and laryngeal muscle electromyographic amplitudes after intravenous administration of vecuronium.

Objectives: To compare electromyographic (EMG) amplitude changes in extremity and laryngeal muscles after vecuronium administration and study the effects of topical lidocaine on laryngeal EMG in a swine model. Study Design: Prospective animal study. Methods: Electrically evoked EMG activities were recorded from the vocalis muscles (directly and via an EMG endotracheal tube) and from the flexor digitorum muscles before and after intravenous vecuronium administration. EMG amplitudes were followed for 30 minutes after vecuronium injection together with monitoring of limb twitches to train-of-four stimulation. The testing was repeated after a 30-minute wash-out period and with topical lidocaine. Results: EMG amplitude recovery occurred sooner and more quickly in flexor digitorum muscle than in vocalis muscles. Reappearance of four twitches corresponded to EMG amplitude recovery to about 80% of the baseline in flexor digitorum muscles and to about half-baseline size in vocalis muscles. EMG amplitudes were generally lower at the start of the second round testing than the first round, with somewhat slower recovery in vocalis muscles. Conclusions: In contrast to reports by others in human studies, extremity muscles seem to be more resistant to vecuronium at 0.1 mg/kg than laryngeal muscles in the swine. Reappearance of four twitches corresponds to 50% of laryngeal EMG recovery and indicates adequate condition for monitoring electrically evoked laryngeal EMG activities. This study is inconclusive regarding the effects of topically applied lidocaine on laryngeal EMG amplitudes. Translation of these data to humans should be done with caution.
Peer counseling: Drug and alcohol abuse prevention

A peer counseling program was developed as a method for preventing drug and alcohol abuse among high school juniors and seniors. The program was implemented and the results were monitored to evaluate the impact of the program on the students. An analysis of the data showed that the students were able to learn and utilize peer counseling skills but that the prevention of drug abuse could not be documented in this study. Subjective reports, however, were found to support the effects of the program.
A New Song for a New Motherland: Eurovision and the Rhetoric of Post‐Soviet National Identity

In March 2009 Russia's Channel One aired a live competition to choose Russia's entry for the 2009 Eurovision Song Competition, which was scheduled to be held in Moscow in two months time. The results were scandalous: Anastasia Prikhod'ko, a former participant in Russia's equivalent to the American Idol competition, Fabrika zvezd, who was Ukrainian in both citizenship and nationality, won with “Mamo” (Mother) an emotional ballad on the pain of love and female suffering that she performed half in Ukrainian and half in Russian. This article considers what Prikhod'ko's selection as Russia's national entry for Eurovision and the ensuing scandal tell us about the construction of Russian national identity in the post-Soviet era and about Russia's attitude to its closest geographic neighbors. The author argues that Prikhod'ko's performance can best be understood as part of the larger phenomenon of post-Soviet nostalgia: both the way “Mamo” was staged for the Eurovision international competition in Moscow and public statements made by a variety of cultural figures in defense of the song evoked Soviet aesthetics and Soviet rhetoric about the “friendship of peoples” (Druzhba narodov). In the context of Russia's on-going quarrels with other former Soviet Republics, the presence of these nostalgic elements in “Mamo” inevitably seemed politically freighted: the song effectively juxtaposed to present tensions Soviet style “ethnic harmony” and hence, depending on one's point of view, either read as a touching appeal for peace and tolerance or as an veiled threat that hinted at the possible renewal of Russia's cultural dominance over the other former Soviet republics.
Articulation Visibility at Two-Year Colleges

Articulation between two-year colleges and universities provides a critical opportunity for potential students. Most institutions declare their support of articulation; however, the visibility of this support to potential students is inconsistent at best. Articulation agreements that are visible and easily understood by potential students serve as a motivation to the pursuit of higher education. Conversely, the lack of a complete, visible path to a baccalaureate degree is a powerful deterrent to enrollment. For this study, articulation is a coordinated effort and process to support efficient transfer between institutions of higher education. (DeMott, 1999). The purpose of this study is to explore the general visibility of existing articulation opportunities at two-year colleges. The visibility of articulation agreements is a critical practical factor in their potential positive impact on student behavior and success.
Surgical Approaches for Vestibular Schwannoma

Despite the emergence of multiple management options for patients with vestibular schwannomas, surgery remains an important part of the treatment algorithm. The retrosigmoid, translabyrinthine, and middle fossa craniotomies are the three most commonly employed approaches for microsurgical resection. Each has inherent advantages and limitations, which are described in this article. Additionally, we present indications and procedural highlights for each.
Pion double charge exchange on Ca isotopes

A simple two-amplitude model introduced to relate pion double charge exchange on /sup 16/O and /sup 18/O is used to predict cross sections for /sup 42en-dash48/Ca, based solely on experimental data for /sup 40/Ca and simple predictions for double isobaric analog transitions. The presence of the ''forbidden'' core component increases the expected /sup 42/Ca cross sections by a factor of 6 above the double isobaric analog transition prediction and changes the expected /sup 48/Ca//sup 42/Ca ratio by a factor of 4.5.
Mapping the desert: Arthur Rimbaud, Charles de Foucauld, and the Société de Géographie, 1884–85

Abstract This article focuses on two disparate figures in the French colonial period in Africa, the ex-poet Arthur Rimbaud and the ex-soldier Charles de Foucauld. Between 1883 and 1884, each lived in Africa in self-imposed exile of a sort, and undertook rigorous exploration of the region to which he had relocated himself. Both composed reports on their regions of the ‘dark continent,’ and both reports were submitted to, and recognized by, the Societe de Geographie back in Paris. The two geographical texts – Rimbaud's Rapport sur l'Ogadine and de Foucauld's Reconnaissance au Maroc – are watersheds of life-writing, as much as they are representations of colonial Africa observed by Frenchmen. Through comparing the two desert narratives, and considering the two authors' African lives, I argue that the process of writing about the desert actually evokes the essential character of each writer's voice, a voice to which he only found access in the desert. Finally, these voices in turn provide valuable information about the relationship between France and Africa, colonial force and colony, and about the various forms of resistance to each of those roles.
Lifting body effects on the equilibrium orientation of tethers in the atmosphere

Abstract In recent years, a large number of tether atmospheric missions to the Earth and other planets have been proposed. Tethered probes in these studies are generally modeled as simple spheres and altitude must be maintained using slow tether reel mechanisms. In missions where large atmospheric uncertainties are expected, this slow altitude control mechanism may prove unacceptable. Using a hypersonic lifting body as the probe provides an additional means for controlling the tether system. The use of a moveable tether attachment point represents a simple mechanism to control the altitude and aerodynamic forces of the lifting probe. In this paper we investigate the effects of this control mechanism on the equilibrium orientation of a tether system in circular orbit. These preliminary results indicate that the lifting body provides a significant level of control over the probe altitude.
A Microfluidic Device for Wear Detection in Lubricants

We present the design, fabrication and testing of a microfluidic device for metal wear detection in lubrication oils. The detection is based upon the capacitance Coulter counting principle, that is, on the change in a microchannel’s capacitance caused by the presence of a metal particle in the microchannel. Preliminary testing on the microfluidic device using 20 μm aluminum particles has demonstrated the feasibility of using this microfluidic device for detection and counting of micro metal particles in non conductive lubricant oil. This microfluidic device is promising for online oil debris detection by the use of multiple detection microfluidic channels.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Conformational alterations in the proximal portion of the yeast invertase signal peptide do not block secretion

Various amino acid insertions have been introduced into the proximal portion of the signal sequence of secreted yeast invertase. The altered invertase genes have been reintroduced into yeast and monitored for their ability to direct synthesis of secreted invertase in vivo. The insertions should alter the signal polypeptide local secondary structure as predicted by the Chou and Fasman rules (1978). Secretion of these altered invertase polypeptides is not blocked by the amino acid insertions.
ENERGY AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF ALPHA PARTICLES FROM REACTIONS OF HIGH- ENERGY PROTONS WITH Ag AND Br NUCLEI

An investigation has been made of the energy and angular distributions of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted from silver and bromine nuclei in Ilford $D\ensuremath{-}1$ (200 \ensuremath{\mu}) nuclear emulsions, during bombardments in the Brookhaven Cosmotron with 1.0-, 2.0-, and 3.0-Bev protons. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ energies studied were in the interval from 0-50 Mev with particular emphasis placed on the low-energy region. An attempt has been made to correct the observed spectra for the center-of-mass motion of the emitting nucleus and then to compare these spectra with those calculated from nuclear evaporation theory. Two sets of center-of-mass transformations were made. In one case the beam direction was considered to be that of the moving system, and in the second case the direction of the observed recoil was considered to be that of the moving system. Good agreement was obtained with the theoretical spectra throughout the energy region studied. An apparent excess of low-energy $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles in the uncorrected spectra was removed by assuming that the emitting nucleus moves in the observed direction of the recoil at $0.015c$ at 1.0 Bev and $0.02c$ at 2.0 Bev. These velocities were consistent with the measured lengths of the observed recoil nuclei. Both the angular distributions of the recoil fragments and of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles were consistent with random emission from this moving system. It seems likely, therefore, that one can, at the same time, explain the observed angular distributions and the low-energy $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles by isotropic evaporation from a moving system.
Assessment of Pop-in Significance in Heterogeneous Weld Heat-affected Zone Using Finite Element Analyses☆

Abstract Small crack initiation and arrest behavior called pop-in is often observed in fracture toughness tests of welded joints. The material toughness is extremely sensitive to the local brittle zone (LBZ) in heterogeneous heat-affected zone (HAZ). The avoidance of pop-in initiation is very difficult in toughness tests of welded joints using high strength steels. These pop-ins may not always significant events in structural integrity due to the material heterogeneity in HAZ where the material surrounding LBZ has high crack arrest capability. The pop-in behavior in heterogeneous HAZ has been investigated using 3-dimensional dynamic finite element analyses (FEA) with calibrated cohesive elements. The models used are single edge notch bend and single edge notch tension specimens having material heterogeneities to assess loading mode and material heterogeneity effects on pop-in behaviors. It has been found that toughness heterogeneity in HAZ has a large effect on pop-in significance. And the effect of loading mode such as bending or tension on pop-in significance can be observed in FEA.
Accurate Centroid Tracking

Abstract The object of this work was to develop analytical tools for describing errors associated with mosaic array centroiding. As an example of a current problem, a Monte Carlo simulation of a point source tracking problem was implemented. Then for a given noise and image model, the accuracy of the image tracking was evaluated.In general the various causes for error in the centroid estimate were pixel geometry, device and background noise, and energy spillage outside window. Both mean errors (bias) and distribution about the mean (variance) were studied.The conclusions were: Various sources of centroid estimation errors were developed. A Monte Carlo simulation of track position estimation was evaluated for various scenarios. Multiple measurements could be shown to provide resolution of a fraction of a pixel,IntroductionAn example of tracking a point source with a mosaic array is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The problem is to determine the location of the source as seen by the mosaic array focal plane with the background shown in Figure 1. After some focal plane pro­ cessing most of the background is eliminated and the remaining track "hits" are shown in Figure 2. The question to be answered by this paper is, "How accurately can the tracked object be located in the mosaic array coordinates considering signal/noise ratio, length of track, optical image quality, etc.?"i simulated trackFigure 1. Original object track withbackground, (from simulation)Figure 2. Object track after focal plane processing, (from simulation)Causes of error in centroid estimateThe definition of the true centroid of an unresolved point source object is shown in Figure 3 along with a single estimate of centroid position (with noise) and in mean value of the centroid position estimate with noise. Error sources considered in this analysis are shown in Figure 4 and are due to discrete geometry of array, thermal and background noise, and energy spillage outside sample window.106
Oral Salmonella Challenge and Subsequent Uptake by the Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Calves

Previous attempts to infect peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) with Salmonella via oral inoculation have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a series of experiments to determine whether multiple exposures to an oral challenge would result in Salmonella-positive PLN in cattle. In each of three experiments, calves were inoculated with Salmonella Montevideo. In the first experiment, calves were challenged with either no Salmonella (control), a single oral dose (~1010; PCON), or 10 consecutive doses in water (~103; WAT). The positive control treatment resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in the percentage of Salmonella-positive PLNs, compared with the WAT-treated and control animals. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to additionally determine if the stress associated with feed and water deprivation influences the systemic spread of Salmonella from the gastrointestinal tract to PLNs. Following 14 days of oral inoculation (average 7.1 × 104 CFU/day) in experiment 1, Salmonella was recovered from one subiliac an...
Optical character reading for research data entry.

An optical character reader for input of data of the Boll Weevil Eradication Trial Program in North Carolina provided an alternative to keypunching and key-to-tape entry and offered potentially faster entry into the computer.
Eye movements in the dark during the attempt to maintain a prior fixation position.

Abstract The horizontal eye movements of two subjects were measured during a series of 3-sec intervals of total darkness as they attempted to maintain the ocular position defined by prior viewing of a fixation target. Systematic changes in the mean and variance (over trials) of displacements of the eye occurred between successive portions of the dark interval. The pattern of correlations between eye position at a given moment in the dark interval and subsequent displacements contained statistically significant deviations from expectation based on a random walk model indicating some control of eye position by an extraretinal signal; however, these deviations were not large. The extraretinal signal is itself often in error with regard to the position toward which correction does take place. It is suggested that the extraretinal signal is the subject's perception of a discrepancy between the effort pattern exerted in “attempting to hold the same position” and his memory for what this effort pattern was during fixation of the visible target; the ocular displacements in the dark are a manifestation of the noisiness of this signal.
A Case for Including the “Lived Experience” of African American Men in Batterers’ Treatment

Influenced by the national attention that followed the violent episode between pop superstar Rihanna and hip-hop artist Chris Brown, this article explores the importance of including the psychosocial experiences of disenfranchised African American men in traditional intervention programs for batterers. The article provides an overview of how intimate partner violence affects African American women and discusses how racialized stereotypical images of this group—as promulgated by society, hip-hop and rap music—contribute to men’s sexist attitudes. The construct of race-related stress is discussed, highlighting the multiple ways in which men—particularly those who batter—are affected by racial oppression. Finally, implications for practice are suggested, highlighting how the confluence of gender oppression, race, racism, and patriarchy shapes African American men’s (especially poor and uneducated individuals) social construction of masculinity.
Salen-type compounds of calcium and strontium.

Salen complexes of the heavy alkaline-earth metals, calcium and strontium, were prepared by the reaction of various salen(t-Bu)H2 ligands with the metals in ethanol. Six new calcium and strontium compounds, [Ca(salen(t-Bu))(HOEt)2(thf)] (1), [Ca(salen(t-Bu))(HOEt)2] (2), [Ca(salpen(t-Bu))(HOEt)3] (3), [Ca(salophen(t-Bu))(HOEt)(thf)] (4), [Sr(salen(t-Bu))(HOEt)3] (5), and [Sr(salophen(t-Bu))(HOEt)(thf)2] (6), were formed in this way with the quatridentate Schiff-base ligands N,N‘-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)ethylenediamine (salen(t-Bu)H2), N,N‘-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,3-propanediamine (salpen(t-Bu)H2), and N,N‘-o-phenylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine (salophen(t-Bu)H2). Initially, ammonia solutions of the metals were combined with the salen(t-Bu)H2 ligands, and in the reaction of strontium with salen(t-Bu)H2, the unusual tetrametallic cluster [{OC6H2(t-Bu)2CHN(CH2)2NH2}Sr(μ3-salean(t-Bu)H2)Sr(μ3-OH)]2 (7) was produced (salean(t-Bu)H4 = N,N‘-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl...
Perioperative Management of Combined Carotid and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Procedures

The objective of this review is to provide a high level overview on current thinking for treatment of patients with combined carotid and coronary artery disease given that these patients are at higher risk of adverse cardiac events, stroke, and death. This review discusses (1) the current literature addressing perioperative stroke risk in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft, (2) the literature regarding different surgical approaches when both carotid and coronary revascularization are being considered, and (3) the data available to guide optimal management of this complex patient population to minimize complications regardless of the surgical approach taken.
Quantity, controls and functions of large woody debris in Midwestern USA streams

Large woody debris (LWD) can increase stream habitat heterogeneity by providing structure, altering flow patterns, enhancing sediment deposition, forming pools and retaining organic matter. In North America, the role of LWD has been studied extensively in streams of mature forests (e.g. Pacific Northwest), but few studies have assessed LWD in streams of younger forests (e.g. Midwestern USA). Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the volume and abundance of LWD in a set of Midwestern streams; (2) evaluate possible factors influencing LWD quantity; (3) identify the functional roles of LWD; and (4) compare LWD levels in the upper Midwest to those elsewhere in North America. In 2002 and 2003, we measured LWD and geomorphological variables in 15 low-gradient streams draining previously logged watersheds in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Mean (±SE) LWD volume (0.77 ± 0.12 m3 100 m−2) and abundance (33 ± 3 pieces 100 m−1) were 71% and 10% lesser, respectively, than in streams of similar gradient elsewhere in North America. Channel shape (width:depth ratio) explained 30% of the variation in LWD volume (multiple stepwise regression, P = 0.015) while LWD length and length:channel width combined, explained 72% of the variation in LWD density (multiple stepwise regression, P < 0.0001). About 50% of the LWD either stored sediment or stabilized banks and 14% of the LWD formed pools, although pool density was not significantly related to LWD volume or density. LWD levels, overall, were low in upper Midwestern streams, but the relative importance of that LWD to ecosystem function may be magnified in these wood-poor systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What did qubits ever do for me: an answer for CS2 students

We show how to teach and motivate small quantum computer programs as a supplemental topic in a CS2 data structures class. A traditional example such as Shor's factorization [8] could be used, but we focus instead on the area of quantum pseudo-telepathy games. Examples in this area require less mathematics than factorization and are easy to motivate with short proofs that the problems solved have no solutions in a world of classical computing. A CS2 class is a good location to present this work because of the matrix storage and manipulation that is required.
Bipyridine Adducts of Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene and Imido Alkylidyne Complexes

Seven bipyridine adducts of molybdenum imido alkylidene bispyrrolide complexes of the type Mo(NR)(CHCMe2R′)(Pyr)2(bipy) (1a–1g; R = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3 (Ar), adamantyl (Ad), 2,6-Me2C6H3 (Ar′), 2-i-PrC6H4 (AriPr), 2-ClC6H4 (ArCl), 2-t-BuC6H4 (ArtBu), and 2-MesitylC6H4 (ArM), respectively; R′ = Me, Ph) have been prepared using three different methods. Up to three isomers of the adducts are observed that are proposed to be the trans- and two possible cis-pyrrolide isomers of syn-alkylidenes. Sonication of a mixture containing 1a–1g, HMTOH (2,6-dimesitylphenol), and ZnCl2(dioxane) led to the formation of MAP species of the type Mo(NR)(CHCMe2R′)(Pyr)(OHMT) (3a–3g). DCMNBD (2,3-dicarbomethoxynorbornadiene) is polymerized employing 3a–3g as initiators to yield >98% cis,syndiotactic poly(DCMNBD). Attempts to prepare bipy adducts of bisdimethylpyrrolide complexes led to the formation of imido alkylidyne complexes of the type Mo(NR)(CCMe2R′)(Me2Pyr)(bipy) (Me2Pyr = 2,5-dimethylpyrrolide; 4a–4g) through a ligand-induced m...
Effects of tertiary amine local anesthetics on ion transport in the isolated bullfrog cornea.

Corneas were mounted in Ussing-type chambers and their short-circuit current (SCC) and resistance measured. Of eight local anesthetics tested, four (benoxinate, etidocaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine) stimulated the SCC when added to the epithelial bathing solution at concentrations of from 0·02 to 1 mm. The stimulation, which usually lasted for 40–60 min, was seen only when the Ringer's solution contained Cl. At higher concentrations or after longer incubations, these local anesthetics inhibited the SCC. Four other local anesthetics, dibucaine, tetracaine, proxymetacaine (proparacaine), and procaine, only inhibited the Cl-dependent SCC when added to the epithelial bathing solution, with ID50's (after 60 min) of about 0·04, 0·3, 2 and 10 mm, respectively. Stimulation of the SCC was always accompanied by a reduction in the transcorneal electrical resistance. Inhibition of the SCC was accompanied by an increase, decrease, or no change in resistance. In some cases where the SCC was inhibited, the resistance fell to very low levels, but this effect was often partially reversed when the drug was washed out of the chamber. It is suggested that local anesthetics inhibit the SCC by directly altering the chloride permeability of corneal epithelial cells. The explanation for the stimulatory effect is less clear, but could be due to an elevation of intracellular Ca levels or to hormone-like effects of the drugs.
Nonaqueous electrolytes for wide-temperature-range operation of Li-ion cells

Abstract Nonaqueous electrolytes play a key role in extending the operating temperature range of Li-ion batteries. In developing electrolytes for wide temperature operations, we adopted an approach of starting with thermally stable lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB(C2O4)2, or LiBOB) salts. We have demonstrated that the capacity of Li-ion cells fades much slower in electrolytes using LiBF4 or LiBOB than in electrolytes using LiPF6. For low temperatures applications, suitable solvent systems for LiBF4 and LiBOB were explored. We found that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) is smaller in Li-ion cells in electrolytes based on LiBF4 in selected solvent systems than that based on LiPF6 and results in better capacity utilization at low temperatures. We also found that the electrolytes based on LiBOB in PC-based solvent system would allow Li-ion cells with graphite anode to be cycled. By comparing the properties of LiBF4 and LiPF6 in the propylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (PC–DEC) solvent system, we found that it is possible to formulate proper solvent mixtures for enhanced conductivity for LiBF4 and LiBOB salts at low temperatures. It is concluded that nonaqueous electrolytes for wide-temperature-range operations of Li-ion cells are achievable.
Correlation of mechanical properties with non-destructive evaluation measurements in AlLi alloys

Abstract Selected mechanical, electrical and other physical properties were measured for both an Al-2.2wt.%Li binary alloy and aluminum alloy Al 2090, a commercial alloy, to determine the feasibility of a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of the mechanical properties of AlLi alloys. A series of thermal aging processes was performed to produce a broad range of precipitate states and morphologies which strongly affect the mechanical properties of these alloys. Correlations between mechanical properties, obtained in uniaxial tension, and quantities measured by using NDE techniques are reported. The mechanical properties included yield stress and ultimate tensile strength. The NDE measurements included the Vickers hardness, electrical conductivity, eddy current response, and acoustic velocity and attenuation. The observed relationships between the mechanical property values and the NDE data are discussed. The detection of the T 1 phase by the combined use of eddy current (or d.c. conductivity) and hardness measurements is of particular interest.
The role of adenotonsillectomy in graft-versus-host disease.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to better characterize the impact of pre-transplant adenotonsillectomy in the development of graft-versus-host disease in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Methods This retrospective study involved 211 children undergoing stem cell transplantation at Duke University. Patients who had undergone transplant were characterized by age at transplant, age at adenotonsillectomy (if applicable), age at graft-versus-host disease (if applicable), average length of follow up and other factors. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the relative risks associated with each variable. Results A total of 136 patients developed graft-versus-host disease and 75 did not. Average length of follow up was 2 years for GVHD and 1.7 years for non-GVHD patients. The relative risk (RR) of graft-versus-host disease was significantly increased under univariate analysis if the donor and recipient were unrelated (RR = 2.1, p p p = 0.70). Conclusions Adenotonsillectomy prior to bone marrow transplant has no significant impact either protectively or adversely on the risk of developing graft-versus-host disease after transplantation in pediatric patients. Future studies are needed to further examine the impact of otolaryngologic surgery on pediatric patients in terms of immune system modification. Research should specifically focus on the immunological effects of surgery on patients who will be undergoing bone marrow transplant.
Maternal epidural analgesia and rates of maternal antibiotic treatment in a low-risk nulliparous population.

BACKGROUND: Epidural analgesia is associated with an increased rate of fever in prospective randomized trials. While the evidence suggests that epidural fever is not infectious, epidural analgesia has been associated with increased rates of antibiotic use, the indications that prompt treatment have not been examined. METHODS: We analyzed 1235 nulliparous women with singleton term pregnancies presenting in labor with a temperature of <99.5°F. Antibiotic use during labor was categorized by indication. RESULTS: A total of 59.6% of women received epidural analgesia. The rate of antibiotic use was significantly higher in women receiving epidural analgesia (28 vs 10.8%). After adjusting for confounders using logistic regression, epidural analgesia was associated with a relative risk of 2.6 (95% CI 2.0, 3.4) for antibiotic treatment. The majority of the increased risk was due to significantly higher rates of antibiotic treatment for presumed chorioamnionitis (9.0 vs 0.4%) in the epidural analgesia group. CONCLUSION: Epidural-related fever results in excess maternal antibiotic treatment for presumed chorioamnionitis.