cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LIQUID--LIQUID EXTRACTION OF MERCURY WITH HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT AMINES FROM IODIDE AND BROMIDE SOLUTIONS.

Abstract New systems are described for the highly efficient solvent extraction of mercury with high-molecular-weight amines from aqueous iodide or bromide solutions. Mercury extracts essentially quantitatively at both the sub-nanogram and macro levels. The quaternary amines are especially attractive because of their ability to extract mercury from alkaline as well as acidic solutions. Regeneration of the amine solvent is readily achieved by stripping the mercury with alkaline solutions of cysteine.
Streamflow-induced variations in nitrate flux in tributaries to the Atlantic coastal zone

Streamflow-related variability in nutrient flux represents an important source of uncertainty in managing nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems. Quantification of flux variability is of particular interest to coastal resource managers in adopting effective nutrient-reduction goals and monitoring progress towards these goals. We used historical records of streamflow and water-quality measurements for 104 river monitoring stations in an analysis of variability in annual and seasonal flux of nitrate to the Atlantic coastal zone. We present two measures of temporal flux variability: the coefficient of variation (CV) and the exceedence probability (EP) of 1.5 times the median flux. The magnitude of flux variations spans a very wide range and depends importantly upon the season of year and the climatic and land-use characteristics of the tributary watersheds. Year-to-year variations (CV) in annual mean flux range over two orders of magnitude, from 3–200% of the long-term mean flux, although variations more typically range from 20–40% of the long-term mean. The annual probability of exceeding the long-term median flux by more than 50% (EP) is less than 0.10 in most rivers, but is between 0.10 and 0.35 in 40% of the rivers. Year-to-year variability in seasonal mean flux commonly exceeds that in annual flux by a factor of 1.5 to 4. In western Gulf of Mexico coastal rivers, the year-to-year variablity in the seasonal mean flux is larger than in other regions, and is of a similar magnitude in all seasons. By contrast, in Atlantic coastal rivers, the winter and spring seasons, which account for about 70% of the annual flux, display the smallest relative variability in seasonal mean flux. We quantify the elasticity of nutrient flux to hypothetical changes in Streamflow (i.e., the percent increase in flux per percentage increase in mean discharge) to allow the approximation of flux variability from streamflow records and the estimation of the effects of future climatically-induced changes in Streamflow on nutrient flux. Flux elasticities are less than unity (median = 0.93%) at most stations, but vary widely from 0.05% to 1.59%. Elasticities above unity occur most frequently in the largest rivers and in rivers draining the arid portions of the western Gulf of Mexico Basin. Historical flux variability and elasticity generally increase with the extent of arid conditions and the quantity of nonurban land use in the watershed. We extend the analysis of flux variability to examine several case studies of highly unusual meteorological events capable of significantly elevating nitrate flux and degrading estuarine ecology.
Pronamide disrupts mitosis in a unique manner

Abstract Pronamide (3,5-dichloro( N -1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide) has traditionally been grouped with mitotic disrupters, such as colchicine or trifluralin, that inhibit polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. Many of the effects of pronamide ( c -metaphases, polymorphic nuclei, isodiametric cells, abnormal xylem development, swollen root tips) are similar to these well-studied mitotic disrupters. However, immunofluorescence microscopy studies using anti-tubulin sera revealed that, unlike other mitotic disrupters, pronamide-treated cells have greatly shortened microtubules that are located only at the kinetochore region. These structures detected by immunofluorescence studies were determined by electron microscopy to be microtubules. Because these short kinetochore microtubules did not allow for mitosis to proceed normally, the nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes leading to polymorphic nuclei. Frequently, other cytoplasmic organelles normally excluded in the zone occupied by the chromosomes and spindle during mitosis were retained within the reformed nuclei. These data indicate that, although the net effect of pronamide is similar to those of colchicine and trifluralin, pronamide acts by a different mechanism.
Growth, nutrient storage, and release of dissolved organic nitrogen by Enteromorpha intestinalis in response to pulses of nitrogen and phosphorus

Abstract Enteromorpha intestinalis was subject to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment supplied in four weekly pulses in a 10:1 molar ratio with six concentrations ranging from no addition to 1000 μM NO 3 +100 μM PO 4 . The alga reduced inorganic N to very low concentrations ( E. intestinalis increased in proportion to enrichment across the lower four of the six treatments; range of growth was −6 to 60% change from initial wet wt. N concentration in the tissue decreased at the four lower loading rates due to dilution by growth, but increased greatly (from an initial of 2.7–5% dry wt.) in the highest loading rate partially due to lack of growth in this treatment. In contrast, the mass of N in the tissue increased linearly (slope=0.012, r 2 =0.779, P =0.0001) over all treatments, showing that uptake and storage were not always coupled to growth. Patterns of tissue P concentration and accumulation were similar to N. Significant amounts of dissolved organic N accumulated in the water, especially in the highest N pulses. Net retention of N in algal tissue ranged from 73 to 98% while retention of P ranged from 79 to 88%; the % lowest retention occurred when nutrient pulses were either very high or low. We hypothesize that this opportunistic, bloom-forming alga is adapted to pulses of nutrients, such that, when pulses are of very high concentration, E. intestinalis can delay growth in favor of saving energy to maximize nutrient uptake and storage.
Study of superconductivity in (Sn1−xEux)1.2Mo6Se8

Abstract The superconducting transition temperature Tc has been measured for the selenide ternaries (Sn1−xEux)1.2Mo6Se8 both at ambient and high pressures. Similar to the sulfides (Sn1−xEux)1.2Mo6S8, the Tc of the selenides decreases only slightly with increasing x below 0.4, but rapidly above. The pressure effect on Tc is highly unusual, varying from negatice to positive, and from linear to nonlinear, depending on x. The results and their implications are discussed.
Using Motion Pictures to Teach Management: Refocusing the Camera Lens Through the Infusion Approach to Diversity:

Motion pictures and television shows can provide mediums to facilitate the learning of management and organizational behavior theories and concepts. Although the motion pictures and television shows cited in the literature cover a broad range of cinematic categories, racial inclusion is limited. The objectives of this article are to document the exclusivity, provide possible explanations for the exclusivity, expand the current literature by providing motion picture options that feature actors of color in leading roles, demonstrate that movies with actors of color in leading roles are applicable for teaching topics other than diversity, and advocate an infusion approach to diversity.
An asymmetric molecular A-frame: The crystal structure of [Pd2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2(μ-I)(CH3)I] [BF4]·H2O

The conversion of a bridging methylene into a terminal methyl group by reaction of flouroboric acid with Pd 2 (Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 ) 2 (μ-CH 2 )I 2 has been confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure investigation. The product, [Pd 2 (Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 2 (μ-I)(CH 3 )I] BF 4 , crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with 1 molecules in the asymmetric unit and cell dimensions a = 37.114(7), b = 10.275(1), c = 41.447(6) A , β = 101.23(1)°. The measured density at 300 K is 1.68 g cm −3 . The calculated value of 1.72 g cm −3 is determined at 140 K (Z = 12). At the present stage of refinement, R = 0.078 (4221 reflections). The PdPd bond lengths of 2.976(6) and 3.01(1) A are intermediate between those usually found for bonded and non-bonded metal atoms. The overall geometry is that of an unsymmetrical A-frame with one bridging and one terminal iodine, a terminal methyl group, and two bridging phosphine ligands.
Anisotropy of foams

Cellular materials are often anisotropic, i.e. their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. In this paper, we model the mechanical behaviour of anisotropic foams to describe the ratio of foam properties in two orthogonal directions in terms of the mean intercept lengths of the cells. Experimental measurements of the mean cell intercept lengths and of the mechanical properties of two polyurethane foams indicate that the model describes anisotropy well.
Plasma homovanillic acid as an index of brain dopamine metabolism: Enhancement with debrisoquin

Plasma levels of the dopamine (DA) metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) may be a useful measure of brain HVA production by central DA systems. Even though there is a significant peripheral contribution to plasma HVA, experimental manipulations that alter brain HVA produce parallel changes in plasma HVA levels. This study was designed to assess whether the ability of plasma HVA to reflect haloperidol induced increases in brain HVA could be strengthened by reducing the contribution to plasma HVA from peripheral sources. Debrisoquin sulfate, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that does not enter the brain, was given in a low dose schedule to rats and lowered the peripheral contribution to plasma HVA by between 42 and 68%, resulting in a situation where between 62 and 87% of plasma HVA derived from brain. Using this dose schedule, rats pretreated with debrisoquin displayed a significant increase in plasma HVA following a lower dose of haloperidol than that required in the vehicle pretreated rats. In the debrisoquin pretreated group, a 71% increase in brain HVA was accompanied by a significant 60% increase in plasma HVA, whereas the vehicle pretreated group required a 136% increase in brain HVA to display a significant 50% increase in plasma. These findings indicate that debrisoquin pretreatment improves the reliability of plasma HVA to reflect changes in brain DA metabolism. Plasma HVA samples obtained from humans following debrisoquin may provide a clinically applicable method for assessing brain DA systems in neurologic and psychiatric illness.
Transplantation of microencapsulated hepatocytes for liver function replacement

Recent advances in cell biology and biotechnology have lead the way for a greater understanding of cell function and the potential therapeutic use of transplanted cells for treating a wide array of...
Comparison of histopathologic coronary lesions obtained from directional atherectomy in stable angina versus acute coronary syndromes

The transition of coronary lesions from the stable to unstable state is the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris. Angiographic, angioscopic and postmortem pathologic studies suggest that this transition is mainly due to atherosclerotic plaque fissuring and associated thrombus formation.‘.2 The present study examines the tiistopathologic characteristics of the “culprit lesion” obtained during directional coronary atherectomy of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Directional atherectomy provides a unique opportunity for studying the composition of unstable lesions in living symptomatic patients. Case histories of consecutive patients referred to the University of Michigan Medical Center for directional coronary atherectomy after May I, 1989 were analyzed. All patients selected for inclusion in this study had angina, objective evidence of myocardial ischemia and cineangiograms showing 21 lesion with >50% diameter stenosis of an epicardial coronary artery. The unstable group comprised patients who had experienced ischemic pain at rest accompanied by transient ST-T changes on the electrocardiogram, or acute myocardial infarction during the 2-week period preceding directional atherectomy. The stable group comprised patients who had not had ischemic pain at rest, progressive angina, recent-onset angina or acute myocardial infarction during the 3-month period preceding directional atherectornv. Directional atherectorny was petformed as described previously.3 The atherectomy device (Devices
A Unifying Mutation in Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders

Dr. John Goldman writes that this year, four research groups independently discovered that most patients with polycythemia vera and some with myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia have an identical acquired point mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene.
End-stage renal disease predicts complications in pacemaker and ICD implants

End-Stage Renal Disease Predicts Complications in Pacemaker and ICD Implants. Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased morbidity following invasive procedures. We hypothesized that patients with CKD have higher complication rates following device implantation than patients with normal renal function. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients undergoing ICD or pacemaker implantation from August 2004 to August 2007. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using the Cockroft–Gault equation. Those with GFR ≥ 90 cc/min served as controls. The remainder was grouped according to American Kidney Foundation stages of CKD. Bleeding complications were defined as need for pocket exploration or blood transfusion; cardiac tamponade; or hematoma requiring pressure dressing, change in medications or prolonged hospitalization. Infection was defined as infection of the pocket or lead system, or development of bacteremia/sepsis within 60 days. Results: There were 82 bleeding complications (5.7%) and 7 infections (0.5%) temporally related to device implantation in 1,440 patients. End-stage renal disease (ESRD), defined as GFR < 15 mL/min or need for dialysis, was identified in 32 patients. Infection rates were significantly higher in patients with ESRD versus controls (12.5% vs 0.2%; P < 0.0001). A significant increase in bleeding complications was observed in ESRD versus controls (21.9% vs 3.2%, respectively; P<0.0001). Bleeding complications were considerably greater than controls in moderate (GFR 30–59 mL/min) and severe (GFR 15–29 mL/min) CKD (7.4% and 9.8% vs 3.2%, respectively; P < 0.005). Conclusion: ESRD markedly increases bleeding and device-related infections. The risk of both complications parallels the severity of CKD. Further research is needed to reduce adverse outcomes in this high-risk population. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 1099-1104, October 2011)
Comment on "Analysis of Temperature Dependence of the Vortex-Core Parameter in He II"

The theoretical vortex-core radii of Pollock are shown to be in gross disagreement with recent experimental results of Glaberson and Steingart.
Technology, Profit Risk, and Assessments of Market Performance

I. Short-run cost and profit risk, 450. — II. Evidence that cost fixity affects profit risk, 452. — III. Cost behavior and firm size, 454. — IV. Links between market structure and market performance, 457. — V. Summary, 462.
Polyol and vacuole formation in cultured canine lens epithelial cells

Polyol accumulation and myo-inositol depletion were accompanied by extensive vacuole formation in cultured canine lens epithelial cells that were incubated for up to 96 hr in growth medium supplemented with 30 mM D-galactose or 30 mM D-glucose. These changes did not occur in cells incubated in a hypergalactosemic or hyperglycemic medium which also contained an aldose reductase inhibitor (20 microM sorbinil). In addition, these changes were not observed in lens cells incubated in growth medium supplemented with either 30 mM mannitol, which is known to enter cells only slowly, or in 30 mM L-galactose, which is not a substrate for aldose reductase. The vacuoles were visible at the ultrastructural level after 6 hr of incubation in 30 mM D-galactose and increased in both number and size with time. These vacuoles had a unique fine structure. They did not result from swelling of mitochondria or other cell organelles. As demonstrated cytochemically, they did not represent either lysosomes or Golgi saccules. The proliferation pattern of cells incubated with 30 mM D-galactose was clearly different from that of control cells, but approached normal when an aldose reductase inhibitor was added to the incubation medium. Together these findings suggest that vacuole formation and altered cell proliferation were caused by polyol accumulation and/or myo-inositol loss, both of which result from aldose reductase activity.
Outward currents of single hippocampal cells obtained from the adult guinea‐pig.

1. Neurones were isolated from the hippocampus of adult guinea-pigs by enzymatic and mechanical treatment. The electrophysiological properties of these cells were examined immediately after dissociation by intracellular recordings using low-resistance electrodes (2-5 M omega). 2. Pyramidal-shaped cells were identified visually. Intracellular recordings showed that these cells have input resistances ranging from 200 to 1300 M omega. Passive voltage responses to hyperpolarizing current injection were fitted by single exponentials decaying with time constants ranging from 15 to 60 ms. This suggests that the electrotonic structure of these cells is compact such that injected current elicited isopotential intracellular responses. 3. Outward currents activated by depolarization were examined in these cells using voltage-clamp techniques. The amplitude and the time course of the outward currents were profoundly affected by the holding potential. For cells held at -50 mV or more positive, depolarizing steps produced a slowly rising outward current. At holding potentials negative to -55 mV depolarizing pulses produced an additional early transient outward current followed by a slowly rising component which decayed gradually during sustained depolarizations. 4. The outward currents were separated by their kinetic properties and their sensitivity to cobalt (Co2+), tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). 5. The transient current peaked within 6 ms of the onset of depolarizing pulses. It decayed exponentially with a time constant of 20-40 ms. The amplitude of the current activated by a fixed depolarization increased gradually as the duration or the amplitude of the hyperpolarizing pre-pulse increased. The current activated by a fixed depolarization reached its half-maximal level when the hyperpolarizing pre-pulse was at -83 mV. 6. 4-AP exerted two actions on the transient current. Firstly, the time constant of the falling phase decreased by about a factor of two. Secondly, the current was blocked in a time- and voltage-dependent manner: the block increased when the hyperpolarizing pre-pulse lengthened. TEA, up to 10 mM, did not affect the amplitude of the transient current. Co2+ suppressed this current. The effects of Co2+ consisted of a shift to the positive direction of the voltage dependence of the current. 7. The delayed currents can be divided into Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent components. The component persistent in the Co2+ solution (K-current) decayed slowly with maintained depolarization (time constant greater than 3 s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Wnt survival guide: from flies to human disease.

It has been two decades since investigators discovered the link between the Drosophila wingless (Wg) gene and the vertebrate oncogene int-1, thus establishing the family of signaling proteins known as Wnts. Since the inception of the Wnt signaling field, there have been 19 Wnt isoforms identified in humans. These secreted glycoproteins can activate at least two distinct signaling pathways in vertebrate cells, leading to cellular changes that regulate a vast array of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell fate, cell proliferation, cell migration, stem cell maintenance, tumor suppression, and oncogenesis. In certain contexts, one subset of Wnt isoforms activates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway that is characterized by the activation of certain β-catenin-responsive target genes in response to the binding of Wnt ligand to its cognate receptors. Similarly, a second subset of Wnt isoforms activates β-catenin-independent pathways, including the Wnt/calcium (Wnt/Ca) pathway and the Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway, in certain cellular contexts. In addition, research has identified several secreted proteins known to regulate Wnt signaling, including the Dickkopf (DKK) family, secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs), and Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1). The advent of technologies that can provide genome-wide expression data continues to implicate Wnts and proteins that regulate Wnt signaling pathways in a growing number of disease processes. The aim of this review is to provide a context on the Wnt field that will facilitate the interpretation and study of Wnt signaling in the context of human disease.
Historical Review of WIG Vehicles

Introduction T feasibility of the development of a vehicle based on wing-in-ground (WIG) effect principles has intrigued military and cargo transportation planners for nearly 20 years. These vehicles could be developed for antisubmarine warfare (ASW) or transportation roles. In the U.S. several studies were conducted in the late 1950's and early 1960's to determine the feasibility of developing large transoceanic cargo transport vehicles. However, the decision to develop the Lockheed C-5A large jet cargo transport curtailed these activities. In the 1970's, interest in the WIG phenomenon was revived primarily in response to the need to identify new modes of transportation that would provide an energyefficient, cost-effective transport vehicle. This requirement was highlighted by the energy crisis of 1973. The Soviet Union has maintained a continuing interest in WIG vehicles since the 1960's. In the early 1960's, the Ministry of Ship Building conducted extensive studies of WIGs as transportation vehicles and several experimental vehicles were built. The most recent Soviet experimental designs have been suggested as search-and-rescue vehicles in river and coastal waters." This paper is an historical review of WIG vehicles. Experimental and proposed designs are described. Some comparisons are made betweeen these vehicles and more conventional transport vehicles. Some conclusions are drawn as to the future of WIG technology and its application to military and civilian vehicle requirements.
The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry and Informal Arms Control, 1912-1914

The last stage of the Anglo-German naval arms race before the First World War provides a valuable case study for the evaluation of current theories about the development of cooperation between intensely competitive states. After 1912 the naval competition between Britain and Germany resembled a game of prisoners' dilemma, as decision makers in both countries concluded that they benefitted from reciprocal restraint in battleship-building programs. Another striking feature of the naval rivalry in this period is that a modified version of a tit-for-tat strategy, devised by none other than Winston Churchill, who then served as first lord of Britain's Admiralty, played a critical role in controlling the competition. This essay analyzes the domestic political, diplomatic, and strategic factors that promoted mutual restraint in the battleship-building programs of Britain and Germany. Another purpose of this essay is to explore the limits of cooperation and to examine why this informal understanding on naval arma...
Inundated Timber as Nursery Habitat for Larval Gizzard and Threadfin Shad in a New Pumped Storage Reservoir

Abstract Influences of inundated timber on distribution of larval fishes were evaluated during April–August 1982 in Lake Oconee, Georgia, by determining densities of larvae in two offshore timber plots and two adjacent open-water areas. Most (97%) of the larvae collected were gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and threadfin shad D. petenense, and these species were usually more abundant in or near the flooded timber than in nearby limnetic sites. Larvae of other fishes, including Lepomis spp., Pomoxis spp., and white bass Morone chrysops, were rarely collected but occurred primarily at timbered sites. Higher abundance of larvae in the timber may reflect both extensive use of the flooded trees as spawning substrates and increased availability of food or shelter. Invertebrates and fish eggs collected incidentally during sampling for larvae were more abundant at timbered sites.
A bitter-tasting trihomolabdane arabinoside from Baccharis gaudichaudiana

Abstract Investigation of the aerial parts of Baccharis gaudichaudiana has afforded a new labdane arabinoside with a novel 23-carbon aglycone skeleton. The structure of this compound, to which we have accorded the trivial name, gaudichaudioside F, was established by analysis of its spectroscopic parameters.
Wideband optical fiber magnetic field sensor

The attractive features of fiber optic telemetry, including large signal bandwidth and electrical isolation, may be maintained while eliminating the disadvantages of fiber sensing. This can be accomplished by incorporating a sensing element having the appropriate characteristics. In this paper we will discuss the use of the semi-magnetic semiconductor Cd/sub 1-x/Mn/sub x/Te as a magnetic field sensing element taking into account the Verdet constant, the band gap, and the sensitivity of the material. The manner in which a magnetic semiconductor, such as Cd/sub 1-x/Mn/sub x/Te, could be used to implement a sensor is shown. This sensor system is particularly appropriate for measurement of rapidly varying magnetic fields in electrically noisy environments and may find application in the detection of intense RF fields. 5 refs., 5 figs.
Evaluation program design

A system model for a Community Referral Center (CRC) and its service function was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the CRC and create a composite description of its operation. The model structure and parameters were derived from several individual investigations of the inner-city and related service bureaucracies. The task was to determine how the CRC has fit into its human environment, into the complex of organizations and public and private agencies with which it has to deal and finally how it has gone about building its own structure.
Thermodynamic aspects of the glass transition: The applicability of the Landau theory of second-order transitions

Abstract Gordon has shown that the Landau theory of second-order phase transitions when applied to the glass transition provides a plausible explanation of the apparent coincidence of the temperature To of viscosity divergence and the T2 of the Kauzmann paradox. It can be shown however that two current statistical mechanical theories of the transition, the Gibbs-DiMarzio theory and one proposed by Goldstein which takes into account nonconfigurational contributions to the entropy, do not follow the Landau theory. We are thus presented with a dilemma: if the Landau theory is applicable to the glass transition, neither of the two statistical mechanical theories can be, and vice versa.
Numeracy and electronic poetry

This article explores the ways that numeric, mathematical and algorithmic thinking may provide insights into the designs of works of electronic poetry, and may suggest interpretive strategies for understanding such poems. Works of electronic literature bring together algorithmic forms and poetic processes in ways that uniquely highlight the many relationships of poetry to math.
On some relations for the inverse blackbody radiation problem

Some relations between the area-temperature distribution of a blackbody and its radiated power spectrum are derived. These relations shall be useful in verifying the adequacy and the accuracy of the various procedures recently developed for the numerical solution of the inverse blackbody radiation problem.
Optimization of an Automotive Radiator Fan Array Operation to Reduce Power Consumption

The cooling system for internal combustion engines removes waste heat to ensure a normal in-cylinder combustion process. To accomplish this task, the thermostat valve, radiator, radiator fan(s), and water pump circulate cooling fluid through the engine block and reject heat to the local environment. Since the cooling system consumes a portion of the engine's power, it is important that its operation uses minimal input energy. In this paper, a multiple radiator fan matrix was controlled to minimize energy usage for subsequent efficiency gains. A mathematical model for the radiator fan(s) and the forced convection heat transfer process was developed to establish a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. An interior points approach was introduced to solve the minimization problem. A series of laboratory tests have been conducted with different fan and speed combinations, with the objective to cool a thermal-loaded engine. Both the mathematical approach and test results indicated similar control strategies. Based on the tests data and accompanying mathematical analysis, an optimization control strategy reduced the fan matrix power consumption by up to 67% for the specified thermal load. An improvement in cooling system performance can offer greater vehicle fuel economy to help meet legislated mobility standards.
Interaction of α-Tocopherol with Model Human High-Density Lipoproteins

The effects of alpha-tocopherol on the properties of model high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), composed of human apolipoprotein A-I and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, were investigated by physicochemical methods. The intrinsic fluorescence of alpha-tocopherol and its effects on the polarization of fluorescence of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, which probes the hydrocarbon region of the lipids, and 4-heptadecyl-7-hydroxycoumarin, which is a probe of lipid surfaces, suggest that alpha-tocopherol is located at the lipid-water interface. Relative to cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol in lipid surfaces is virtually inert physicochemically. Incorporation of alpha-tocopherol into HDLs induces only a modest increase in particle size, no change in the transition temperature, and little change in lipid polarity and lipid-lipid interactions. Moreover, alpha-tocopherol has only a negligible effect on the kinetic parameters of the lipophilic enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, which binds to phosphatidylcholine surfaces and forms cholesteryl esters. However, alpha-tocopherol has a dramatic inhibitory effect on the rate of association of apolipoprotein A-I with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, a process that occurs through the insertion of the protein into preformed defects in the lipid surface. It is proposed that alpha-tocopherol inhibits the rate of association of apolipoprotein A-I with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine by inserting into defects within the lipid surface, thereby reducing the size and/or number of sites for insertion of apolipoprotein A-I.
Structural and dynamical disorder and charge transport in DNA

DNA can be viewed as a one-dimensional chain composed of stacked base pairs, and the randomness of the pair sequence has important impact on charge transport. In this paper, we study a realistic DNA model, in which the on-site energies for the different bases are correlated to the hopping integrals between the different pairs. This correlation is a natural consequence of the microscopic structure, and we find it drastically enhances the transmission probability, even if the base pairs are distributed randomly. On the other hand, we show also that torsional motion along the DNA chain produces strong polaron effects that suppress the electronic motion. Comparison with experiments require then a full description of polarons in structural correlated systems.
Periodic solution and oscillation in a competition model with diffusion and distributed delay effects

As experimental results reveal, the growth rates, diffusion rates and interaction coefficients of biological species are very sensitive dependent variables of external environmental conditions. A slight change in those conditions may effect the whole evolution process. Nonlinear periodic diffusion equations arise naturally in population models [l-5] where the birth and death rates, rates of diffusion, and environmental carrying capacities are periodic on a seasonal scale. The following periodic-parabolic logistic boundary value problem describes the evolution of a population u subject to diffusion, having “self-limitation” in growth, with periodically varying environmental parameters ~
Household solid fuel use in the Philippines: an exploratory spatial and social analysis

Over two billion people use solid fuels for basic needs such as cooking, with consequences for the environment, human health, and social and economic development. In the Philippines, 65% of households use solid fuels for cooking. To better understand this phenomenon, this study uses spatial analysis and multilevel modeling to answer: (1) Are there spatial differences in solid fuel use for cooking in the Philippines? (2) What social characteristics are associated with such use? The study finds that both types of characteristics are significantly related to solid fuel use. Implications for social work policy, practice, and research are discussed.
Rapid dendritic movements during synapse formation and rearrangement.

Abstract Major technical advances in the imaging of live cells have led to a recent flurry of studies demonstrating how dendrites remodel dynamically during development. Taken together with our current understanding of axonal development, these studies help provide a more unified picture of how neural circuits might be formed, altered or maintained throughout life.
A Statistical Methodology of Designing Controllers for Minimum Sensitivity of Parameter Variations

A statistical methodology is presented for designing controllers in problems where analytical solutions are unobtainable. The methodology is applicable to many complicated systems containing, for example, nonlinearities, uncertainty, and multiple inputs and multiple outputs. Because the design technique is a simulation based approach, no specific restrictions are placed on either the plant or the controller structure. A Monte Carlo technique is used to map the parameter space onto the indices of performance. The system performance either passes or fails the performance index. The objective in systems with uncertain parameters is to select (controller) parameter values which maximize the probability of passing the performance criterion. In deterministic systems, the goal is to find parameter values in the pass region that are as insensitive as possible, that is, parameter values that allow for the maximum amount of parameter variation without causing the system response to leave the pass region.
Responses of the a3 component of cytochrome c oxidase to substrate and ligand addition.

We have previously described a transient high spin ferric heme species in cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) which represents a3+3 (Beinert, H. and Shaw, R.W. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 462, 121–130), and can be detected and quantitatively determined by EPR. We have now used our ability to generate this species to study reactions of a3+3 with substrates and ligands and also responses to pH changes. This was accomplished by multiple rapid mixing and freezing techniques in conjunction with low temperature EPR and optical reflectance spectroscopies. The substrates used were O2 and ferrocytochrome c and the ligands cyanide, sulfide, azide and carbon monoxide. Contrary to the oxidized, resting form of the enzyme, the transient high spin species of a3+3 reacts within <10 ms stoichiometrically with cyanide and sulfide and at a slower rate with azide. The transient a3+3 species responds to O2 and CO by changes in signal size or shape, although no oxidoreduction is involved, indicating that a3+3 registers the presence of these gases. The high spin signal of the transient species is readily abolished by ferrocytochrome c or on raising the pH. Decreasing the pH induces a shift from the rhombic towards the axial component of the signal. Since the responses to CO and pH are analogous for the rhombic transient species to those observed with the rhombic high spin ferric heme species produced on partial reduction, it is suggested that the rhombic signals represent a3+3 in either case. In all these experiments, in which EPR detectable a3+3 was observed in large yield, no extra signals for copper or correspondingly increased intensity in the copper signal at g = 2 were seen. The relationship is discussed of the obviously reactive transient species of a3+3 to other ‘activated’ species that have been reported and to the oxidized resting form of the enzyme, which is known to react only slowly with ligands and to respond sluggishly to substrate.
Adjunct question effects with review

Abstract The effects on retention of adjunct questions either placed at the end of a passage or inserted after their respective paragraphs within the passage were examined. The high school subjects were encouraged to review the materials after encountering the questions, a departure from traditional procedures in the field. Both treatments led to superior retention of the previously questioned facts when compared to a passage-only control group, but did not increase retention of previously unquestioned facts. The position of the adjunct questions did not differentially affect performance. The discrepancy of the results from those traditionally reported are interpreted in terms of the procedures employed.
The effect of age on binding of MK-801 in the cat visual cortex.

Abstract We have examined the effect of age on the binding of (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) in the cat visual cortex. We hypothesized that this binding might change with age because: (1) MK-801 binds to a site associated with the N- methyl - d - aspartate (NMDA) receptor; (2) the NMDA receptor complex has been implicated in neural plasticity; (3) plasticity in the cat visual cortex is age dependent. We used standard receptor binding techniques to measure MK-801 binding in membrane homogenates in cats aged 7 days (d), 21 d, 43 d, 83 d, 7–8 months (mo) and over 2 years. Glutamate (100 μM), glycine (30 μM) and spermidine (20 μM) were used to enhance binding. We found that MK-801 binding is maximal at about 6 weeks of age, decreases slightly by 83 days and then decreases more dramatically in adults. Saturation analysis showed that the variation of binding with age resulted from variation in number of binding sites and not from variation in affinity. The ability of Mg2+ to inhibit MK-801 binding did not change with age. Dark rearing did not alter the development of MK-801 binding sites.
FULL-STATE FEEDBACK CONTROL DESIGN WITH “DELAY SCHEDULING” FOR CART-and-PENDULUM DYNAMICS

Abstract A new approach is proposed to design fixed full-state feedback controllers for linear time invariant (LTI) systems with multiple time delays. This approach takes advantage of the recently introduced “delay scheduling” concept, which opens a new direction in synthesizing the control. “Delay scheduling” strategy suggests further prolonging the existing (and unavoidable) delays in order to recover stability or to improve the control performance features. To be able to do this, however, system should have multiple stable operating zones in the domain of the delays. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a procedure for designing a control law which facilitates such pockets. It starts with a selection of the feedback gains for non-delayed systems. We utilize a recent paradigm, Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR), to examine the stability outlook when the delays are introduced in the dynamics. A scheme is also introduced to modify this gain structure so that the system exhibits a desirable set of stable pockets to facilitate the “delay scheduling”. The paper describes the methodology, without loss of generality, on a fully-actuated cart-pendulum system. Relevant experiments are carried out to show the viability of the proposed idea.
Computer security with service degradations

Computer systems invest substantial resources in securing their service. Costs of failure prevention are balanced against those of detection and recovery, even though recovery mechanisms can cause greater degradations of services. Most computer users consider degradations of service to be insidious and injurious. Yet, service degradations commonly assist in both the prevention and the curtailment of failures. Their toleration enables service continuation following fault activation, during which degradations are monitored for symptoms of security breaches.
Time-Resolved EPR and Optical Studies of Intermoiety Interactions in the Lowest Triplet State of L-Shaped Dimers of Naphthalene: Conformation Dependence of Excitation Exchange Interaction

Time-resolved EPR (TREPR), transient absorption, and phosphorescence spectra have been measured in solid matrixes at 77 K for the covalently linked L-shaped dimers of naphthalene, in which the in-plane long axes of the two naphthalene moieties are parallel and the in-plane short axes make an angle. The zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters obtained by simulation of the TREPR spectra are consistent with the dimer geometries, if it is assumed that excitation exchange interaction is responsible for the small D values of the dimers relative to the monomer. The tilt angle in the triplet state is significantly smaller for the dimers exhibiting excimeric phosphorescence than those exhibiting monomeric emission. Comparison of the spectral position and lifetime of phosphorescence from the L-shaped dimers with those from the sandwich dimers indicates that the excitation exchange interaction is substantially greater for the L-shaped dimers as compared to the sandwich dimers. The proposal that the preferred conformat...
Exploring the Framing Effects of Emotion Do Discrete Emotions Differentially Influence Information Accessibility, Information Seeking, and Policy Preference?

The persuasive effects of emotions have been the focus of burgeoning interest in recent years. Rather than considering how emotions function within traditional paradigms of attitude change, this research explores the possibility that emotions serve as frames for issues, privileging certain information in terms of accessibility and thus guiding subsequent decision making. This study’s results offer evidence that fear and anger can differentially affect information accessibility, desired information seeking, and policy preference, though these effects may be contingent on schema development. These findings support not only the relationship between emotions and frames but also the importance of the discrete emotion perspective in persuasive contexts.
Toward a Molecular Genetic Analysis of Spermatogenesis in Drosophila Melanogaster: Characterization of Male-Sterile Mutants Generated by Single P Element Mutagenesis

We describe 83 recessive autosomal male-sterile mutations, generated by single P element mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Each mutation has been localized to a lettered subdivision of the polytene map. Reversion analyses, as well as complementation tests using available chromosomal deficiencies, indicate that the insertions are responsible for the mutant phenotypes. These mutations represent 63 complementation groups, 58 of which are required for spermatogenesis. Phenotypes of the spermatogenesis mutants were analyzed by light microscopy. Mutations in 12 loci affect germline proliferation, spermatocyte growth, or meiosis. Mutations in 46 other loci disrupt differentiation and maturation of spermatids into motile sperm. This collection of male-sterile mutants provides the basis for a molecular genetic analysis of spermatogenesis.
EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT IRRADIATION ON PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSES.

Intermittent irradiation often has been used as a technique for evaluating the nature of the non-photochemical reactions associated with and limiting the rate of photochemical reactions. Several investigators (1, 4, 5, 6) have used intermittently applied radiant energy in studying photoperiodism, but the irradiances used have been far above the point of saturation of the photochemical reaction and little attempt has been made to control the energy relationships per cycle. These high irradiances and unbalanced energies have made it difficult to interpret the results in terms of the interrelationships between the photochemical and the non-photochemical reactions. This report deals with several series of experiments which were started in the winter of 1938 with the view of determining, by the use of intermittent irradiation, the general interrelationships between the photochemical and non-photochemical reactions associated with photoperiodism. In order to observe quantitatively the influence of the length of the dark period in relation to the effectiveness of the radiant energy in promoting photoperiodic reactions, two conditions were maintained. First, the total energy applied in comparable series was of constant value ; and secondly, the energy for the most effective treatment of the series was below the region where photochemical saturation begins. These conditions were used, except in the preliminary experiments where an endeavor was being made to find where saturation of the photochemical reaction begins as measured by phasic responses. Saturation of the photochemical reaction responsible for long photoperiod responses may be said to have occurred at that irradiance beyond which further increases fail to cause comparable increases in photoperiodic effect, i.e. vegetativeness in short-day plants or flowering in long-day plants. Below the region of saturation, the photoperiodic effect is approximately proportional to the irradiance (7). To date the only measure that we have of the photochemical reaction is the phasic response of the apical meristem and, to some extent, height responses. This is an indirect and unsatisfactory method, but will have to serve until more is known of the photochemical reaction.
Modeling the impact of nano‐pores on mineralization in sedimentary rocks

[1] By limiting crystal size, nanometer-scale pores in geological media can control the effective solubility of mineral phases. Since mineralization is determined by solubility, this mechanism, termed pore-size controlled solubility (PCS), is potentially significant for the evolution of porosity and permeability during reactive transport. To demonstrate the potential impact in geological systems, we developed a new one-dimensional numerical model, using a moving boundary condition, to describe the mineralization in the rock matrix adjacent to a pressure solution (stylolite) interface. In the model, the porous domain initially possesses a polymodal pore size distribution, although this is allowed to change in response to mineral precipitation, and the evolution of porosity and pore size distributions was simulated both for systems with constant mineral solubility and for systems in which solubility was pore size controlled. Consistent with field observations, total porosity decreases near the stylolite interface in all the simulations. However, in systems with constant solubility, nanometer-scale pores close rapidly because of their high specific surface area; by contrast, when the PCS mechanism is included in the model, transient bimodal pore size distributions develop, with nano-pores remaining open throughout the simulation. Our simulations suggest that the combination of the PCS mechanism with kinetic models for mineral precipitation can account for the bimodal pore size distributions observed in sedimentary carbonate rocks. Furthermore, while the mechanism is unlikely to affect rocks such as sandstones, PCS can impact carbonate and clay-bearing sediments, which typically possess high levels of submicron porosity.