cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited persistence models for SAR automatic target recognition

We consider the task of estimating the scattering coefficients and locations of the scattering centers that exhibit limited azimuthal persistence for a wide-angle synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor operating in spotlight mode. We exploit the sparsity of the scattering centers in the spatial domain as well as the slow-varying structure of the scattering coefficients in the azimuth domain to solve the ill-posed linear inverse problem. Furthermore, we utilize this recovered model as a template for the task of target recognition and pose estimation. We also investigate the effects of missing pulses in the initial recovery step of the model on the performance of the proposed method for target recognition. We empirically establish that the recovered model can be used to estimate the target class and pose simultaneously for the case of missing measurements.
A comparative analysis of investment returns on hotels and casino hotels through the recession

This research applied Jensen’s alpha measure to analyze investment returns of hotels and casino hotels through the recent recession to determine if there were: (a) differences in risk-adjusted performance of these two types of hotels through various periods of the recession; and (b) which hotel outperformed the other during each period of the recession. The literature review addressed types of crises, the recession’s impact on the hospitality industry, differences between casino hotels and hotels, and methods of investment returns. Given the purpose of this dissertation, Jensen’s alpha measure was selected to measure the rate of return of hotels and casinos hotels. This study used weekly data of publicly traded hotel companies and casino hotel companies from January 2006 to December 2011, which consists of time periods of before, during, and after the recession. December 2007 to June 2009 was considered during the recession (The National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012). In addition to these three time periods, this study also examined the performance of hotels and casino hotels through the entire data by one-way ANOVA and independent t-test. The paper, entitled “A comparative analysis on investment returns of hotels and casino hotels throughout the recession,” examined compared investment returns before, during, and after the recent recession in comparison with the overall market. Each hotel category was compared with each other and with S&P 500 index. Beta was calculated using the weekly return of the stock and S&P 500, and return of 7-day U.S. Treasury bill was used as risk-free rate of return. Jensen’s measure was performed on each property through four different time periods to test whether the two kinds of hotel perform better than the whole market portfolio. Finally, two one-way ANOVA and four t-tests were employed to determine if there were differences in performance in individual hotel
GroupSec: A new security model for the web

The de facto approach to Web security today is HTTPS. While HTTPS ensures complete security for clients and servers, it also interferes with transparent content-caching at middleboxes. To address this problem and support both security and caching, we propose a new approach to Web security and privacy called GroupSec. The key innovation of GroupSec is that it replaces the traditional session-based security model with a new model based on content group membership. We introduce the GroupSec security model and show how HTTP can be easily adapted to support GroupSec without requiring changes to browsers, servers, or middleboxes. Finally, we present results of a threat analysis and performance experiments which show that GroupSec achieves notable performance benefits at the client and server while remaining as secure as HTTPS.
Civic Education in United States: A Multiple Regression of Civic Education Scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress

Social studies teachers instruct their students through a variety of instructional pedagogies. Social science education researchers have called for K-12 teachers to transition away from a traditional lecture format and move towards a format that encourages critical thinking. Classroom debates of controversial issues are a common method by which teachers engage students in higher-order thinking. This research study utilizes the 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) 12 th grade civics assessment ( n = 9,800) to identify instructional techniques that improve student’s score. Utilizing the NAEP Data Explorer online statistical analysis tool, a linear regression was conducted examining the effects of race, socio-economic status, instructional pedagogies, and access to newspapers and computers on student performance. Results show that discussing current events, at any frequency, increases student performance. Students who participated in classroom debates once or twice a month or less also improved. African-American and Hispanic students scored lower, as did students who qualified for free and reduced lunches. This study suggests that the inclusion of current events should be encouraged civics classes.
2D automatic body-fitted structured mesh generation using advancing extraction method

Abstract This paper presents an automatic mesh generation algorithm for body-fitted structured meshes in Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) analysis using the Advancing Extraction Method (AEM). The method is applicable to two-dimensional domains with complex geometries, which have the hierarchical tree-like topography with extrusion-like structures (i.e., branches or tributaries) and intrusion-like structures (i.e., peninsula or dikes). With the AEM, the hierarchical levels of sub-domains can be identified, and the block boundary of each sub-domain in convex polygon shape in each level can be extracted in an advancing scheme. In this paper, several examples were used to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithm for automatic structured mesh generation, and the implementation of the method.
Some "face time" for health information technology.

Introduction to the March 2011 issue of Virtual Mentor, which explores the ethics and impact of health information technology on medical care. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The Impact of Housing Temperature-Induced Chronic Stress on Preclinical Mouse Tumor Models and Therapeutic Responses: An Important Role for the Nervous System.

In the last 10–15 years, there has been a recognition that the catecholamines (norepinephrine, NE, and epinephrine, Epi) released by the sympathetic nervous system under stressful conditions promote tumor growth through a variety of mechanisms. Tumors recruit autonomic nerves during their development and NE is then released locally in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Acting through adrenergic receptors present on a variety of cells in the TME, NE and Epi induce proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, metastasis of tumor cells, angiogenesis, and inflammation in the TME. These pre-clinical studies have been conducted in mouse models whose care and housing parameters are outlined in “The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [1]. In particular, the Guide mandates that mice be housed at standardized sub-thermoneutral temperatures; however, this causes a state of chronic cold-stress and elevated levels of NE. Although mice are able to maintain a normal body temperature when kept at these cool temperatures, it is becoming clear that this cold-stress is sufficient to activate physiological changes which affect experimental outcomes. We find that when mice are housed under standard, sub-thermoneutral temperatures (~22 °C, ST), tumor growth is significantly greater than when mice are housed at thermoneutrality (~30 °C TT). We also find that the anti-tumor immune response is suppressed at ST and this immunosuppression can be reversed by housing mice at TT or by administration of propranolol (a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist) to mice housed at ST. Furthermore, at ST tumors are more resistant to therapy and can also be sensitized to cytotoxic therapies by housing mice at TT or by treating mice with propranolol. The implications of these observations are particularly relevant to the way in which experiments conducted in preclinical models are interpreted and the findings implemented in the clinic. It may be that the disappointing failure of many new therapies to fulfill their promise in the clinic is related to an incomplete preclinical assessment in mouse models. Further, an expanded understanding of the efficacy of a therapy alone or in combination obtained by testing under a wider range of conditions would better predict how patients, who are under various levels of stress, might respond in a clinical setting. This may be particularly important to consider since we now appreciate that long term outcome of many therapies depends on eliciting an immune response.
Restorative activities among bereaved caregivers of nursing home patients.

Abstract This prospective study examined predictors and correlates of restorative activities in recently bereaved caregivers and their relation to post-bereavement adjustment, namely complicated grief. Participants included 89 caregivers (CGs) age 32–87 ( M age – 63 years) whose care recipients recently died in a long-term care facility ( M time since loss = 107 days). Our findings show that being prepared prior to death enables CGs the opportunity to engage in restorative activities post death. Restorative activities partially mediated the relationship between preparedness prior to death and complicated grief, but this association was attenuated in multivariable models. It is possible that being prepared prior to death allows CGs to engage in restorative activities post-death, which in turn decreases complicated grief. More research is needed in diverse populations of CGs to determine how restorative activities may impact post-bereavement adjustment.
Generalized Jordanian R-Matrices of Cremmer–Gervais Type

An explicit quantization is given of certain skew-symmetric solutions of the classical Yang–Baxter equation, yielding a family of R-matrices which generalize to higher dimensions the Jordanian R-matrices. Three different approaches to their construction are given: as twists of degenerations of the Shibukawa–Ueno, Yang–Baxter operators on meromorphic functions; as boundary solutions of the quantum Yang–Baxter equation; via a vertex-IRF transformation from solutions to the dynamical Yang–Baxter equation.
Oedipus Agonistes: Mothers and Sons in Richard Wright's Fiction.

A central problem in understanding Wright's fiction has been coming to grips with the violence, motivated or unmotivated, toward female characters. In "Alas, Poor Richard," James Baldwin observes that in black fiction "there is a great space where sex ought to be; and what usually fills this space is violence." Baldwin interprets the violence in Wright's fiction as "compulsive" and "gratuitous" because the source is never examined. But Baldwin suspects that the root of violence in Wright's fiction is the rage of a man being castrated, that is, "unmanned" by a white society. 1 This essay endeavors to show, however, that the pervasive violence toward women in Wright's fiction is caused by the irreconcilable oedipal dilemmas that afflict his heroes. With the publication of studies by Margolies and Brignano 2 we have derived a fuller understanding of the Freudian dimensions in Wright's fiction. Neither of these studies, however, extends its perspective to the important mother-son relationship. Fabre's recent biography is more helpful for the personal dimensions behind the fiction. For instance, Fabre recounts Wright's intense interest in Freudian interpretations of violence as exemplified in Wright's involvement with Clinton Brewer, a young black man imprisoned for killing a woman. Wright introduced Brewer to Dr. Frederic Wertham, a Freudian psychoanalyst, who helped plead for Brewer's release. Wright and Wertham were successful; however, Brewer murdered another woman shortly after his release and this time Wright and Wertham had to marshal their energies to save Brewer from execution. 3 Wright's interest in the Brewer case and his association with Wertham can be utilized to understand the general depiction of women in his fiction. That is, his increasingly self-conscious treatment of the Freudian theme centers on the relation to and influence of the mother. Significantly, women do not appear in Wright's fiction except as mothers or surrogatemother figures. Consequently, the hero is inevitably engaged in a fruitless quest for the mother's undivided loyalty. As Simone de Beauvoir has observed, "Since every woman is endowed with the general essence of Woman, therefore of the Mother, it is certain that the attitude held toward the Mother will have repercussions in a man's relations with wife and mistresses." 4 It is a pattern in Wright's heroes that they are both strongly attached to the motherimage and at the same time disillusioned by the corruption of what should have been her sexual inviolability. They are forced, then, into the position of accepting woman either as an asexual, pure being, or as a whore, soiled and deserving of death. Fabre traces Wright's personal ambivalence and fear of women to the beating he received from his mother after he set a fire in their house. Richard, according to Fabre, regarded this punishment "as a betrayal. It not only seriously inhibited his independent spirit but also caused him to doubt his relationship to his mother.... This episode brutally shattered the emotional security he had derived from the exclusive affection of his mother." 6
Government policies and industrial performance: An institutional analysis of the indian experience

The study examines the impact that different industrial policy regimes have had on the performance of Indian industry between the period 1950-1951 and 19881989. The results show that in the 1950s, industrial efficiency was relatively high; however, in the 1960s and 1970s there was regression in efficiency patterns as a result of the regimes in place. These patterns began reversing themselves only in the 1980s as the policy regimes became progressive; however, efficiency in the 1980s was no better than it had been in the 1950s. In addition, there was misutilization of physical capital relative to working capital, and of managerial human resources relative to production labor. (JEL: D 24, L5, O 53, P2)
Diagnosis and Management of Genetic Iron Overload Disorders

Iron overload disorders lead to excess iron deposition in the body, which can occur as a result of genetic or secondary causes. Genetic iron overload, referred to as hereditary hemochromatosis, may present as a common autosomal recessive mutation or as one of several uncommon mutations. Secondary iron overload may result from frequent blood transfusions, exogenous iron intake, or certain hematological diseases such as dyserythropoietic syndrome or chronic hemolytic anemia. Iron overload may be asymptomatic, or may present with significant diseases of the liver, heart, endocrine glands, joints, or other organs. If treated appropriately prior to end-organ damage, life expectancy has been shown to be similar compared to matched populations. Alongside clinical assessment, diagnostic studies involve blood tests, imaging, and in some cases liver biopsy. The mainstay of therapy is periodic phlebotomy, although oral chelation is an option for selected patients.
Local Recurrence After Microwave Ablation of Lung Malignancies: A Systematic Review.

Background Microwave ablation is a therapeutic option for patients with lung malignancies who are not surgical candidates. However, reports on local recurrence have been limited to small case series or retrospective reports. This review was conducted to synthesize the evidence regarding local recurrence and adverse events after microwave ablation for primary non–small cell lung cancer or pulmonary metastases. Methods The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies investigating microwave ablation of lung malignancies with local recurrence or adverse events as a primary outcome. Articles were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme criteria. Results Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria, representing 985 patients and 1,336 treated lung nodules. Studies were limited by infrequent reporting of censoring and by short follow-up. Estimates of local recurrence by the end of the study varied substantially, from 9% to 37%. Tumor size was consistently shown to increase the risk of local recurrence. Among four studies that stratified results by tumor size, local recurrence among tumors smaller than 3 to 4 cm was 5% to 19%. Studies with accrual after 2011 showed recurrence rates between 9% and 26%, whereas earlier studies showed recurrence rates between 22% and 37%. The most common complication was pneumothorax, with grade III or higher complications infrequently encountered. Conclusions Microwave ablation of primary and secondary lung malignancies is a reasonable therapeutic approach for select patients. Estimates of local failure after treatment are highly variable, with newer reports and smaller tumors having more favorable treatment efficacy rates.
Hetero-functional Graph Theory Preliminaries

The third chapter of this book orients the reader with hetero-functional graph theory preliminaries from the fields of ontological science, model-based systems engineering, and graph theory. The fundamental ontological concepts of soundness, completeness, lucidity, and laconicity are presented as means by which to formally assess the fidelity of a model. The ontological analysis finds that multi-layer networks maintain soundness and laconicity, but lack completeness and lucidity. The lack of completeness is caused by negligence of function in the modeling language, and the lack of lucidity is caused by the overload of mathematical concepts such as nodes and edges. The remainder of the chapter relates the model-based systems engineering foundations for hetero-functional graph theory as a means of addressing the heterogeneity of interdependent smart city infrastructure systems. In particular, it focuses on the concept of system architecture at the instantiated, reference, and meta levels of abstraction. This discussion sets up hetero-functional graph theory as a more ontologically appropriate domain conceptualization for interdependent infrastructures.
Genetic determinants inSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium required for overcoming stressors in the host environment

Abstract Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), a non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), result in a range of diseases, including self-limiting gastroenteritis, bacteremia, enteric fever, and focal infections representing a major disease burden worldwide. There is still a significant portion of Salmonella genes whose functional basis to overcome host innate defense mechanisms, consequently causing disease in host, largely remains unknown. Here, we have applied a high-throughput transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) method to unveil the genetic factors required for the growth or survival of S. Typhimurium under various host stressors simulated in vitro. A highly saturating Tn5 library of S. Typhimurium 14028s was subjected to selection during growth in the presence of short chain fatty acid (100 mM propionate), osmotic stress (3% NaCl) or oxidative stress (1 mM H2O2) or survival in extreme acidic pH (30 min in pH3) or starvation (12 days in 1X PBS). We have identified an overlapping set of 339 conditionally essential genes (CEGs) required by S. Typhimurium to overcome these host insults. Interestingly, entire eight genes encoding F0F1-ATP synthase subunit proteins were required for fitness in all five stresses. Intriguingly, total 88 genes in Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI), including SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5, SPI-6 and SPI-11 are also required for fitness under the in vitro conditions evaluated in this study. Additionally, by comparative analysis of the genes identified in this study and the genes previously shown to be required for in vivo fitness, we identified novel genes (marBCT, envF, barA, hscA, rfaQ, rfbI and putative proteins STM14_1138, STM14_3334, STM14_4825, and STM_5184) that has compelling potential to be exploited as vaccine development and/or drug target to curb the Salmonella infection.
Messi hanging laundry at the Bernabéu: The production and consumption of Internet sports memes as trash talk

Abstract Internet memes and trash talk are communal activities that can be both playful and divisive. As such, Internet sport memes provide an instrument by which fans can broaden the extent of trash talk discourse to the digital sphere. This work explored how fan communities used Internet sport memes as trash talk within the context of the rivalry matches played between Futbol Club Barcelona and Real Madrid Club de Futbol. A grounded theory analysis of memes generated in response to rivalry matches indicated that fans used memes to practice diminution of their rival opponents and idolization of their own players. This was achieved by leveraging current content from recent matches, accessing in-depth knowledge about those contests and the rivalry generally, and juxtapositioning images and text to humorous effect to assert a specific reality among supporters.
A Husserlian Account of the Power of the Imaginary

This essay will concentrate on two brief texts that provide some indications about how Husserl thinks about theatrical and literary works of art as specific instances of Phantasie, about what he means by their “aesthetic” properties, and how this extended sense of the aesthetic points to their ability to move and renew the human spirit in ways consistent with Husserl’s own phenomenological enterprise, but in another sense in ways that surpass what theoretical enterprises like philosophy can achieve on their own. The two texts are, first of all, excerpts from research manuscripts from around 1918 published as Text 18 in Husserliana XXIII, Phantasie, Bildbewusstsein, Erinnerung 1895–1925, and secondly an even briefer occasional essay written around the middle of the 20’s entitled “Shaw und die Lebenskraft des Abendlands,” published as Beilage XI to the Kaizo articles in Husserliana XXVII.
Modeling Variability in Brain Architecture with Deep Feature Learning

The brain has long been divided into distinct areas based upon its local microstructure, or patterned composition of cells, genes, and proteins. While this taxonomy is incredibly useful and provides an essential roadmap for comparing two brains, there is also immense anatomical variability within areas that must be incorporated into models of brain architecture. In this work we leverage the expressive power of deep neural networks to create a data-driven model of intra- and inter-brain area variability. To this end, we train a convolutional neural network that learns relevant microstructural features directly from brain imagery. We then extract features from the network and fit a simple classifier to them, thus creating a simple, robust, and interpretable model of brain architecture. We further propose and show preliminary results for the use of features from deep neural networks in conjunction with unsupervised learning techniques to find fine-grained structure within brain areas. We apply our methods to micron-scale X-ray microtomography images spanning multiple regions in the mouse brain and demonstrate that our deep feature-based model can reliably discriminate between brain areas, is robust to noise, and can be used to reveal anatomically relevant patterns in neural architecture that the network wasn’t trained to find.
Supramammillary neurons projecting to the septum regulate dopamine and motivation for environmental interaction

Abstract The supramammillary region (SuM) is a posterior hypothalamic structure, known to regulate hippocampal theta oscillations and arousal. However, recent studies reported that the stimulation of SuM neurons with neuroactive chemicals, including substances of abuse, is reinforcing. We conducted experiments to illuminate how SuM neurons mediate such effects. The excitation of SuM glutamatergic (GLU) neurons was reinforcing in mice; this effect was relayed by the projections to septal GLU neurons. SuM neurons were active during exploration and approach behavior and diminished activity during sucrose consumption. Consistently, inhibition of SuM neurons disrupted approach responses, but not sucrose consumption. Such functions are similar to those of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. Indeed, the stimulation of SuM-to-septum GLU neurons and septum-to-ventral tegmental area (VTA) GLU neurons activated mesolimbic dopamine neurons. We propose that the supramammillo-septo-VTA pathway is important in reinforcement and approach motivation and may play an important role in mood and substance-use disorders.
Following the rules to foil Gram-negative infections

Molecular design principles increase accumulation of an antibiotic in multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
Two in One: Echocardiographic Features of Right-Ventricular Diverticulum and Left-Ventricular Aneurysm in the Same Patient.

Abstract Ventricular diverticulum is a rare congenital heart defect that is usually found incidentally upon imaging, such as 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram. We report a case in which an isolated right-ventricular diverticulum and a left-ventricular aneurysm were both found on transthoracic echocardiogram in the setting of a pulmonary embolism. This case highlights how to distinguish between an aneurysm and a diverticulum based on wall motion on echocardiogram, as well as potential complications that may arise from either anomaly.
Do Firms Use Employee Volunteer Programs as Management Controls

Based on prior research, management could use an employee volunteer program as part of a management control system. This prior research reports that employees and managers feel these programs improve employee productivity in a way consistent with personnel controls and belief system controls. However, this prior research primarily relies on survey data that might be influenced by the social desirability of reporting that employee volunteer programs are beneficial to the firm. I use a unique sample of 1,428 firm-years, hand-collected from sustainability reports, and I empirically examine the effect employee volunteer programs have on employee productivity. I find evidence that the current-period use of an employee volunteer program has a positive effect on future-period employee productivity (moderated by the firm’s current-period employee productivity), further confirming that employee volunteer programs have potential for use as management controls. But this result does not directly answer the question of whether firms actually do use these programs as management controls. As such, I empirically examine how CEO incentives affect the extensiveness of employee volunteer programs (as measured by the natural logarithm of total volunteer hours) because if they are actually used as management controls, CEO incentives should affect the implementation of these programs. I find that CEO incentives that focus CEO attention on long-term and short-term firm outcomes are associated, respectively, with more and less extensive employee volunteer programs. In sum, my study provides evidence that firms can and do use employee volunteer programs as management controls.
Employment Protection and the Direction of Technology Adoption

We study the impact of employment protection legislation (EPL) on firms’ innovation choices, through an event-study analysis of several labor market reforms occurring in Europe over 2000-2016. Data on firms’ technology adoption from the Community Innovation Survey reveal that substantial drops in EPL for temporary workers prompt a reallocation of innovation efforts towards the introduction of new products, away from process innovation aimed at cutting labor costs. Among innovative firms, the share of product innovators increases by 15% of the pre-reform value (10pp in absolute terms), while the share of firms specializing in process innovation falls by 35% (also 10pp).
Thinking on Their Feet: Along Main Street

This paper considers the problem of learning and decision-making in a dynamic stochastic economic environment by agents subject to information processing constraints. An agent endogenously chooses to operate in terms of a simplified model of the economy, which implies: a delayed, if at all, updating of the estimates of evolving states/random variables’ conditioning parameters; as well as the entropy reduction, or even its complete “folding” that drops the less important variables from the agent’s approximating model. Specifically, parameter learning is implemented relying on computational complexity theory, which produces a constrained version of the standard Kalman filter. The latter leads to a less than one-for-one reaction to the newly observed information, without the need to postulate e.g. habit formation; which is responsible for an underreaction to permanent parameter changes (“stickiness”), as well as for an overreaction to transitory shocks (“overshooting”). In a standard stochastic growth model with government transfers, such agents may fail to realize that a fiscal expansion now necessitates a compensatory fiscal contraction later, which implies the effectiveness, in certain sense, of the fiscal stimulus policy (albeit at the expense of efficiency losses) and a violation of the Ricardian equivalence. Numerical simulations suggest high fiscal multipliers, with the effects relatively stronger at times of economic recession. Being the outcomes of endogenous choices of rational agents, these results are immune to the Lucas critique.
Leveraging Team Dynamics to Predict Open-source Software Projects' Susceptibility to Social Engineering Attacks.

Open-source software (OSS) is a critical part of the software supply chain. Recent social engineering attacks against OSS development teams have enabled attackers to become code contributors and later inject malicious code or vulnerabilities into the project with the goal of compromising dependent software. The attackers have exploited interactions among development team members and the social dynamics of team behavior to enable their attacks. We introduce a security approach that leverages signatures and patterns of team dynamics to predict the susceptibility of a software development team to social engineering attacks that enable access to the OSS project code. The proposed approach is programming language-, platform-, and vulnerability-agnostic because it assesses the artifacts of OSS team interactions, rather than OSS code.
A Molecular Inquiry into the Role of Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-exposed Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

The treatment landscape for advanced urothelial cancer has changed dramatically owing to the US Food and Drug Administration approval and introduction of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), including enfortumab vedotin and sacituzumab govitecan. Efforts have begun to use these therapies in earlier disease states, specifically bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). We assessed gene expression associated with these newly approved therapies in a novel cohort of treatment-naive NMIBC tumors before and after BCG therapy. Multiple genes, including Nectin-4, Trop-2, and Her-2, exhibited increased expression after BCG therapy compared to baseline. However, few of the tumors with increased expression of ADC targets also exhibited increased PD-L1/PD-1 expression. Taken together, these data demonstrate the heterogeneous genomic landscape of BCG-exposed NMIBC, and provide evidence supporting the evaluation of ADCs in NMIBC. PATIENT SUMMARY: We evaluated the potential role of targeted therapies that have been approved in the USA for advanced non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) that has recurred after treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). By assessing levels of specific genes and proteins linked to the targeted therapies, we demonstrate that there is rationale for further evaluation of these therapies in NMIBC.
COMMENTS on T.I. Ören

What is “model realism”? It is perhaps best described at this point as an aspiration toward developing modelling formalisms and methodologies that are closely representative of, or applicable to, reality. While we can not analyze what is this “reality” without getting into interminable philisophical complexities, we can set up a series of tests which would gage a methodology and its formalism for proximity or applicability to the real world. A framework for addressing modelling, and also design, methodologies in this way is given in Oren’s article. Implicit in his approach is the understanding that we cannot deal with model realism without stepping out beyond the confines of any one modelling paradigm (and the advocate of any such methodology would like us to keep ourselves enmeshed in its “world view”) to take a broader, more encompassirg perspective. True, it is important to know what the formalism is and how it solves problems. But more than this, we must ask what kinds of situations can it represent, what kinds of issues can it deal with, what kinds of checks can it bring to bear to assure its success, indeed most crucially, how will it determine what success means.
Jet Engine Noise Generation, Prediction, and Control

Aircraft noise has been a problem near airports for many years. It is a quality of life issue that impacts millions of people around the world. Solving this problem has been the principal goal of noise reduction research that began when commercial jet travel became a reality. While progress has been made in reducing both airframe and engine noise, historically, most of the aircraft noise reduction efforts have concentrated on the engines. This was most evident during the 1950 s and 1960 s when turbojet engines were in wide use. This type of engine produces high velocity hot exhaust jets during takeoff generating a great deal of noise. While there are fewer commercial aircraft flying today with turbojet engines, supersonic aircraft including high performance military aircraft use engines with similar exhaust flow characteristics. The Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229, pictured in Figure la, is an example of an engine that powers the F-15 and F-16 fighter jets. The turbofan engine was developed for subsonic transports, which in addition to better fuel efficiency also helped mitigate engine noise by reducing the jet exhaust velocity. These engines were introduced in the late 1960 s and power most of the commercial fleet today. Over the years, the bypass ratio (that is the ratio of the mass flow through the fan bypass duct to the mass flow through the engine core) has increased to values approaching 9 for modern turbofans such as the General Electric s GE-90 engine (Figure lb). The benefits to noise reduction for high bypass ratio (HPBR) engines are derived from lowering the core jet velocity and temperature, and lowering the tip speed and pressure ratio of the fan, both of which are the consequences of the increase in bypass ratio. The HBPR engines are typically very large in diameter and can produce over 100,000 pounds of thrust for the largest engines. A third type of engine flying today is the turbo-shaft which is mainly used to power turboprop aircraft and helicopters. An example of this type of engine is shown in Figure IC, which is a schematic of the Honeywell T55 engine that powers the CH-47 Chinook helicopter. Since the noise from the propellers or helicopter rotors is usually dominant for turbo-shaft engines, less attention has been paid to these engines in so far as community noise considerations are concerned. This chapter will concentrate mostly on turbofan engine noise and will highlight common methods for their noise prediction and reduction.
Webplaces: using intermediaries to add people to the Web

The web is a social phenomenon, with businesses and individuals finding myriad reasons to both publish and access information. However, though millions of people are using it at any given moment, the web is a lonely place — much more like a catalogue than a bustling downtown. Users have individualised experiences that hide the presence of others. People think of the web as a kind of physical space in which they move to obtain information (Maglio and Barrett, 1997b; Maglio and Matlock, 1999), but they do not think of it as a kind of place that affords social interaction (Dieberger, 1999). Erickson (1993) defines “place” as “space plus meaning”, and Harrison and Dourish (1996) define it “as space which is invested with an understanding of behavioral appropriateness, [and] cultural expectations” (p. 69). Put simply, a sense of place derives from a shared understanding about a space, and interpersonal interactions are required to create shared understanding (see also Munro, Hook and Benyon, 1999). To transform the web from a simple space into a social place requires the structure of an interactive culture
Costs of family care for adults with mental retardation and related developmental disabilities

"Out-of-pocket" spending by families supporting an adult family member with mental retardation or related developmental disability was characterized and estimated. Annualized nonreimbursed spending among a sample of 99 Chicago-area households was evaluated through survey and telephone interview across 10 categories of routine daily living expenses and disabilities-related services. The average annual out-of-pocket cost was $6,348. Average pre-tax income for the sample households was $37,657. Although wealthier households reported higher levels of spending, the percentage of household income represented by out-of-pocket costs increased significantly as family incomes decreased. Results were discussed in the context of families as a focus for service planning and public policy and the importance of the family to the nation's system of care.
Client-Directed Outcome-Informed Work: An Overview

Considerable research has amassed to support the contention that irrespective of specific treatment modality and in some instances, treatment provider or format, clients are likely to benefit from psychotherapy. The psychotherapy literature appears to have shifted its focus from simply evaluating comparative treatments––and the resultant equivalence of outcome––to identifying the hypothesized underlying mechanisms or common factors found to account for client improvement. An alternative perspective to the traditional philosophy of psychotherapy research and practice, in which researchers strive to delineate disparities between various treatment modalities and identify the most efficacious or effective for a given disorder, involves examining the commonalities. The common factors perspective is the basis from which the Client-Directed Outcome-Informed (CDOI) approach was derived. This paper presents a general overview of CDOI and reviews the empirical evidence supporting the relative contribution of the various factors responsible for client improvement. CDOI may best be conceptualized as an underlying framework from which all clinicians, regardless of theoretical orientation or scientific discipline, may ascribe. Implications for routine clinical practice are also described.
Catastrophe theory partition attachment (CTPA) protocol for homeland security in the electronic battlefield and theater missile defense

The catastrophe theory partition attachment (CTPA) protocol must be appended to each network centric protocol partition to enable complete observation by the global grid of catastrophe theory properties due to terrorist activity. The CTPA protocol utilizes the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) overlay protocol concept in the geometric neural network overlay (GNNO) protocol to detect and replace software protocol partitions removed or damaged realizing Lagrangian constraint removal theory for tracking damage, Lagrangian capacity and delay optimization, and the weapons of mass destruction percentage of intelligence distribution exposure solution points. The CTPA protocol geometric software structure is composed of the octagonal GNNO protocol, and the four attached pentagons each containing three triangles. The two catastrophe triangles in each of the four pentagons yield the eight catastrophes and the four communication parity triangles, within the four pentagons, communicate the CTPA protocol corrections to the global grid. The CTPA protocol attachment geometric software structure is performance evaluated for both the electronic battlefield weapon and target population and path prediction (WTPPP) protocol and the theater missile defense (TMD) missile interception constraint removal (MICR) protocol.
Signal-selective direction finding for fully correlated signals

Summary form only given. A recent technique based on maximum likelihood (ML) arguments has been shown to perform quite well in the presence of fully correlated sources and does so in a computationally efficient manner compared to competing techniques such as exhaustive-search ML or vector-space MUSIC. However, it still suffers from a lack of signal-selectivity which can be disadvantageous in some applications, and it requires that the noise be Gaussian and independent and identically distributed from sensor to sensor for the method to be a true maximum-likelihood technique. An algorithm that effectively addresses the above drawbacks by exploiting the known spectral coherence properties of the desired signals as well as their spatial coherence properties has been developed. >
Hybrid Systems Diagnosis

This paper reports on an on-going project to investigate techniques to diagnose complex dynamical systems that are modeled as hybrid systems. In particular, we examine continuous systems with embedded supervisory controllers that experience abrupt, partial or full failure of component devices. We cast the diagnosis problem as a model selection problem. To reduce the space of potential models under consideration, we exploit techniques from qualitative reasoning to conjecture an initial set of qualitative candidate diagnoses, which induce a smaller set of models. We refine these diagnoses using parameter estimation and model fitting techniques. As a motivating case study, we have examined the problem of diagnosing NASA's Sprint AERCam, a small spherical robotic camera unit with 12 thrusters that enable both linear and rotational motion.
Next generation chevy volt electric machines; design, optimization and control for performance and rare-earth mitigation

This paper presents the design, performance and control details of traction electric machines for GM's second generation Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV). Chevy Volt was the first personal vehicle in the industry with EREV power flow configuration which is carried over to the second generation. Since its introduction in 2011 Chevy Volts have been driven over half a billion miles, 67% of which in EV mode. The second generation of Volt brings a significant mass reduction and increased performance, EV driving range and fuel economy while simultaneously reducing rare earth content in its traction electric motors. The electric propulsion system is built on two electric machines; both PMAC topology. While hybrid-electric vehicles are gaining in popularity in hopes of addressing cleaner, energy sustainable technology in transportation, materials sustainability and rare earth dependence mitigation has not been the first priority in the hybrids available on the market today. However, design robustness to material cost volatility is crucial in automotive industry success and therefore designing electric propulsion to minimize or eliminate rare earth usage plays a major role in HEVs success. The objective of this paper is to present the newly redesigned electric traction machines for added performance while simultaneously reducing the rare earth and heavy rare earth content by over 80% and 50% respectively and in turn the cost of the system and yielding all around “cleaner” and more sustainable vehicle. A tall order by any measure; so various technologies were utilized to achieve this goal. The paper discusses grain boundary dysprosium diffusion process in permanent magnets as means to rare earth reduction in PMAC machines and design challenges surrounding such material use. We also discuss innovative PMAC topologies employing ferrite magnets to completely eliminate rare earth usage while maintaining the electric drive unit performance. The design of electric machines is presented in detail along with performance measurement results as well as thermal and NVH aspects. It is absolutely crucial that high performance electric machines are coupled with high performance control algorithms to enable maximum system efficiency and performance. Specifically, key challenges toward that goal are inverter voltage utilization, for maximum power capability and switching loss minimization. In order to address those, six-step mode of inverter control is a must. We focus on a specific challenge associated with this operation mode to keep the closed-loop current control regulation in the full six-step mode while losing a degree of freedom in the controls scheme. We present a novel PMSM control algorithm with a closed-loop current control regulation that can be used in both the SVPWM and full six-step mode.
Septin Form and Function at the Cell Cortex

Septins are GTP-binding proteins that form filaments and higher-order structures on the cell cortex of eukaryotic cells and associate with actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks. When assembled, septins coordinate cell division and contribute to cell polarity maintenance and membrane remodeling. These functions manifest themselves via scaffolding of cytosolic proteins and cytoskeletal networks to specific locations on membranes and by forming diffusional barriers that restrict lateral diffusion of proteins embedded in membranes. Notably, many neurodegenerative diseases and cancers have been characterized as having misregulated septins, suggesting that their functions are relevant to diverse diseases. Despite the importance of septins, little is known about what features of the plasma membrane influence septin recruitment and alternatively, how septins influence plasma membrane properties. Septins have been localized to the cell cortex at the base of cilia, the mother-bud neck of yeast, and branch points of filamentous fungi and dendritic spines, in cleavage furrows, and in retracting membrane protrusions in mammalian cells. These sites all possess some degree of curvature and are likely composed of distinct lipid pools. Depending on the context, septins may act alone or in concert with other cytoskeletal elements to influence and sense membrane properties. The degree to which septins react to and/or induce changes in shape and lipid composition are discussed here. As septins are an essential player in basic biology and disease, understanding the interplay between septins and the plasma membrane is critical and may yield new and unexpected functions.