cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell-surface Receptor Shedding: A Means of Regulating Function

The majority of interactions between a cell and its microenvironment occur through specific cell-surface receptors. Therefore, regulation of receptor function is a critical event for cellular regulation. The most global way of regulating receptor function is by restricting the expression of individual receptors to specific cells of various lineages or to unique stages of differentiation. Expression of the ligand(s) for each receptor may also be limited, thus conferring additional specificity. A second way of regulating receptor function is by limiting the number of receptors expressed per cell. One mechanism for this is receptor internalization following interactions with ligand. The receptor can either be degraded in a specific endosome or, following ligand release, be recycled to the cell surface. A third method for controlling receptor function is by regulating the affinity of a receptor for its ligand, as is the case for some leukocyte adhesion receptors that increase their affinity for ligand following leukocyte activation (1). This affinity change is transient, allowing for adhesive-deadhesive interactions to occur. Thus, after the initial receptor-ligand interactions, the cells are released to interact again with other cells. Recently, a fourth mechanism of cell-surface receptor regulation has been identified. This involves shedding of the receptor from the cell surface following engagement of ligand or activation of the receptor-bearing cell. A number of surface molecules present on cells of various lineages are now known to be shed and thereby released into the extracellular milieu. These include many of the growth factor receptors, including receptors for interleukin (lL)-I, IL-2 (CD25), transferrin (CD72), insulin, growth hormone, tumor necrosis factor (2), colony-stimulating factor-l (3), and nerve growth factor (4). Also included in this growing list are several immunologically important molecules, including major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigens, CD8, CDl4, and the adhesion receptor leukocyte adhesion molecule-l (LAM-I)/MEL-I4 (5, 6). Similarly, many of the Fc receptors found on leukocytes are shed, including Fc€receptor II (CD23), FC'Y receptor II (CD32), and
Response to Intervention and Retention for Children with Specific Learning Disabilities: Differences in Academic Achievement between Retained and Non-Retained Students.

Research indicates that the practice of grade-level retention may have negative effects on students; nevertheless it is often used in practice for students who fail to meet academic standards. In contrast to retention, response to intervention (RtI) is a sound practice that is based on a preventive framework and utilizes differentiated instruction and progress monitoring to meet student needs. The present study examined a sample of students from a district where RtI implementation was being scaled-up, but retention also occurred. Academic assessment data for those students identified as having specific learning disabilities in the area of reading were examined to determine whether there were differences between students who were retained prior to referral and their non-retained peers. Results indicated that the retained students performed significantly worse on the reading comprehension and math domains of the standardized academic tests and had fewer progress monitoring data points collected prior to referral for evaluation. The results suggested that retention may have offered little academic skills benefit and, perhaps, even a delay in the time to eligibility for special education. The implications for the impact of retention on academic skills are discussed and future directions for research are presented.
Relation between left ventricular global and regional function and extent of myocardial ischemia in the canine heart

To develop a quantitative relation between the overall severity of acute ischemia and left ventricular global and regional function, two minor axis internal diameters and myocardial wall thickness were determined using ultrasonic crystals in 10 open chest dogs with carotid-left anterior descending artery cannulation. The overall extent of ischemia produced by graded stenosis of the cannulation system was estimated by total myocardial blood flow deficit, calculated using radioactive microspheres and a balloon-reservoir perfusion technique permitting precise separation of ischemic from nonischemic tissue. Although cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work were maintained through chamber enlargement until total myocardial blood flow deficit was about 10%, ejection indexes of left ventricular function decreased progressively with increasing ischemia and correlated inversely with total myocardial blood flow deficit (r = −0.55 to −0.73). Ejection indexes of left ventricular global function correlated directly with regional function in the ischemic zone (r = 0.67 to 0.83), although global function decreased at a far slower rate than regional contraction during progressive coronary stenosis with an ischemic region comprising about 25% of total left ventricular weight. During myocardial ischemia, regional dysfunction resulted in progressive global contractile dysfunction; left ventricular hemodynamic status was maintained until ischemia was severe.
An unusual pheochromocytoma associated with an androgen secreting adrenocortical adenoma. Evaluation of its polypeptide hormone, catecholamine, and enzyme characteristics

Our patient had a left suprarenal mass. His blood pressure was normal, but his urinary catecholamines (CA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), total metanephrines (TMn) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA) were elevated. In addition, he had elevated, nonsuppressible urinary 17-ketosteroids (17KS) and androsterone, but his urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids (17OHCS) and free cortisol were normal, as were his plasma cortisol and ACTH. After resection of the suprarenal mass, the patient's urinary hormone values reverted to normal. The mass contained a pheochromocytoma and an adrenocortical adenoma. The pheochromocytoma was unusual in that it contained very little norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) and an abundance of epinephrine (E) despite normal enzyme concentrations. Electron micrographs showed primarily E granules with few of the NE-type. The immunoperoxidase histochemical stains for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and serotonin (S) were strongly positive. The patient's blood pressure may have been normal because his pheochromocytoma secreted E, VIP, or S. The associated adrenocortical adenoma produced no symptoms and was probably coincidental.
Putting Ordinary Language to Work A Min-Max Strategy of Concept Formation in the Social Sciences

This article proposes a ‘min-max’ strategy of definition applicable to all concepts intended for general usage within some language region. The min-max strategy relies on the conjoined use of minimal and ideal-type definitions. A minimal definition identifies the bare essentials of a concept with traits sufficient to bind it extensionally while maintaining all non-idiosyncratic meanings associated with it. An ideal-type definition includes all attributes that together define the concept in its purest, most ‘ideal’ form. Minimal definitions are minimal in their attributes but maximal in their phenomenal range, while ideal-type definitions are maximal in their attributes but minimal in their phenomenal range. This min-max strategy serves to bind a concept in semantic and referential space, providing the most satisfactory general definition for that concept. We illustrate this strategy with the keyword ‘culture’. We identify the minimal and maximal definitions of ‘culture’, within which all definitions devel...
Junction heterostructures for high performance electronics

Abstract The exploding market in mm-wave wireless communications market requires a simple transistor technology which: (i) exhibits high performance across a wide bias range to perform both transmit and receive operations; (ii) has high threshold uniformity to enable high density, high speed signal processing circuits; and (iii) has basic technological requirements which is relatively transparent to both commercially important materials, InP and GaAs. The heterojunction transistor technology presented here satisfies these requirements.
Using hyperspectral radiometry to predict the green leaf area index of turfgrass

The green leaf area index (LAI) is an important indicator of the photosynthetic capacity of turfgrass canopies. The measurement of LAI is typically destructive and requires large plots to allow for multiple sampling dates. Hyperspectral radiometry may provide a rapid, non-destructive means for estimating LAI. Our objectives were to: (1) evaluate the utility of hyperspectral radiometry to predict the LAI of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa Pratensis L.); and (2) determine regions of the spectrum that provide the best LAI predictions. An empirical prediction model of spectral data for LAI was conducted with partial least squares regression (PLSR). The PLSR method created viable, first-iteration models for five of 11 sampling dates (the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.52–0.85). Each model had its own set of factors that were analysed to determine their ‘weights’, or specific regions of the spectrum by which they were most strongly influenced. Second iterations of each model were then created using only those r...
Synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly study of a novel porphyrin molecule in Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films.

The self-assembly and supramolecular engineering of porphyrins into ordered arrays have recently attracted much interest because of their promising application potential in molecular and electronic devices, spintronics, energy harvesting and storage, catalysis, and sensor development. We herein report the synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly study of a novel porphyrin molecule, 2Por-TAZ, in Langmuir and Langmuir−Blodgett films. The 2Por-TAZ molecule contains two porphyrin macrocycles attached to a triaminotriazine headgroup. Triaminotriazines are known to form a highly ordered linear supramolecular self-assembly through complementary hydrogen bonding with barbituric acid molecules at the air−water interface. Surface pressure−area isotherm measurements and polarized UV−vis absorption spectroscopic studies indicate that the 2Por-TAZ molecules adopted an edge-on orientation at the air−water interface. Polarized UV−vis absorption study also revealed that the 2Por-TAZ molecules formed linear supramolecul...
The deutsche musikgesellschaft, 1918–1938

(1991). The deutsche musikgesellschaft, 1918–1938. Journal of Musicological Research: Vol. 11, Musicology in the Third Reich, pp. 151-176.
Comparison of Bayesian and Regression Approaches to the Study of Information Processing in Judgment.

Abstract In recent years there have been several hundred studies within the rather narrowly-defined topic of information utilization in judgment and decision making. Much of this work has been accomplished within two basic schools of research, which we have labeled the “regression” and the “Bayesian” approaches. Each has its characteristic tasks and characteristic information that must be processed to accomplish these tasks. For the most part, researchers have tended to work strictly within a single approach and there has been minimal communication between the resultant subgroups of workers. Our objective here is to present a review and comparative analysis of these two approaches. Within each, we examine (a) the models that have been developed for describing and prescribing the use of information in decision making; (b) the major experimental paradigms, including the types of judgment, prediction, and decision tasks and the kinds of information that have been available to the decision maker in these tasks; (c) the key independent variables that have been manipulated in experimental studies; and (d) the major empirical results and conclusions. In comparing these approaches, we seek the answers to two basic questions. First, do the specific models and methods characteristic of different paradigms direct the researcher's attention to certain problems and cause him to neglect others that may be equally important? Second, can a researcher studying a particular substantive problem increase his understanding by employing diverse models and diverse experimental methods?
ACID-BUFFERED ACETONE AS A FIXATIVE FOR ENZYME CYTOCHEMISTRY.

ALTHOUGH acetone has been recommended as a fixative in the histochemical study of enzymes in tissue sections1,2, there have been but few reports on the use of this fixative in the examination of blood films and related preparations.
Myopic utility functions on sequential economies

Abstract In Brown and Lewis (1981) continuity in the Mackey topology of (l∞, l1) is related to myopic (or impatient) economic behavior. They also show that finer (locally convex) topologies admit continuous non-myopic utility functions. In that work the space of bounded sequences, l∞, is interpreted as all time sequences of bounded consumption plans. In Brown (1981) the analysis is extended to study the theory of interest on related sequence spaces. This note applies our simple technique for ‘computing’ Mackey continuity of real-valued functions defined on l∞. Our first result is motivated by Bewley's (1972, app. II) theorem, but extends it in several important ways (on sequential economies). First, Beweley's examples (specialized to the sequential setting) are all ‘temporally separable’,that is, consumption in one time period does not affect indifference sets in another. We give new explicit examples of Cobb-Douglass-like utility functions and show that the ‘obvious’ infinite-dimensional Cobb-Douglass functions are non-myopic. Known equilibrium theory [from Bewley (1972), but pre-dating him in the sequential case] applies to these new examples. Second, we remove the assumptions of concavity and monotony from the proof of continuity. Our second result shows that some of the ‘stationary’ utility functions studied by Koopmans, Diamond and Williamson (1964) are also myopic in the sense of Brown and Lewis. In general their work is based on the finer uniform topology. Finally, we show how to transform our technique so that it applies to Brown's more general sequential economies. A change of variables transfers our examples to these spaces.
Remote atom probe field ion microscopy

Abstract Each of the normal stages of operation of the atom probe, i.e., specimen loading, field ion imaging, selection of the feature of interest for analysis, and atom probe analysis, have been examined to determine the feasibility of operating an atom probe over the Internet. Experiments have been performed that have demonstrated the feasibility of remotely monitoring and controlling a conventional atom probe field ion microscope and a three-dimensional atom probe.
Biological Microbeam Irradiation With Lasers

The selective damage of cell structures by partial irradiation is a technique employed by biologists since the early 1900's. (See reviews: Refs. 1, 2, 3, 4) The approach is simple: expose a specific cellular region or structure to a non-lethal dose of radiation, and then examine the cell with respect to altered structure and function. In this way, much can be learned about various subcellular struc-tures (organelles) and general cell function. In theory, this approach to the study of organelle function could be most productive. Indeed, several hundred studies have been published. However, of these only a few have resulted in substantial progress in understanding the cell. The types of radiation have included par-ticulate (protons, electrons, alpha particles, etc.) and electromagnetic (ultra-violet, X-ray, gamma ray). It is probable that the general damaging properties of these types of radiation have resulted in much secondary cell damage, thus making strict interpretation of the results difficult. It was not until the early 1960's that successful partial cell irradiation was performed with visible wavelengths. The intensity attainable at a single or few wavelengths with laser light has permitted the selective damage of numerous cell organelles. Surprisingly, secondary effects to non-target structures appear to be minimal, if not non-existent. Though a coherent explanation of this capability cannot be given at this time, the fact remains that numerous cell structures can be affected selectively without apparent damage to nearby organelles. These results have been confirmed by assaying subsequent cell function as well as cell ultrastructure. In fact, it has been possible to demonstrate that the unirradiated regions of an otherwise irradiated organelle are structurally (and apparently functionally) unaffected.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factors within the 1969 SVIB for women and relationships to Holland's theory

Abstract The Basic Interest Scales (BIS) and the Occupational Scales (O-S) of the revised Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women (TW 398) were assigned Holland codes, and component scores for the BIS and O-S were separately developed, intercorrelated, and evaluated along with standardized composite scores representing each of the 11 O-S Groups on the profile. The dimensionality of the BIS and O-S was similar, and similar in number to Holland's theory, but the components were only partially congruent. Some profile Groups provided relatively good representations of BIS and/or Occupational scale components, and the grouping of the O-S provided important information not otherwise readily available. Holland's dimensions are not uniformly represented in either the BIS or O-S, and despite some similarities, fundamental problems of compatibility appeared to exist in relating the structure of this instrument to Holland's formulations. Women's interests are in need of independent study.
Fractal analysis of dental radiographs to detect periodontitis-induced trabecular changes.

Background and Objective: The aim was to evaluate fractal analysis as a tool to quantitatively measure the impact of periodontal disease on surrounding bone. The diagnosis of periodontitis is based on information obtained from clinical and radiographic examinations. The current standard use of dental radiographs is visual inspection, often with no quantitative analysis. Fractal analysis can be used to examine trabecular bone patterns among periodontal patients. Material and Methods: Patients (n = 108) from the University of Southern California School of Dentistry were classified into three groups: healthy, moderate and severe periodontitis. A region of interest was selected from periapical radiographs. Image processing was applied to correct for lighting irregularity, and the box-counting method was used to calculate a fractal dimension. ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to measure fractal dimension differences between all groups. Results: According to the statistical tests, significant differences in average fractal dimensions were measured between healthy and moderate periodontitis groups (p < 0.01) and between healthy and severe periodontitis groups (p < 0.001). Higher fractal dimensions were measured in healthy periodontal patients. Conclusion: Fractal analysis evidenced significant differences between patients affected and not affected by periodontitis. The box-counting method quantitatively describes the severity of bone disease and can be used to improve current diagnostic techniques.
Transition probabilities in the C2 ∑+-X2 II system of CH

Abstract Relative Einstein emission coefficients are measured for several bands of the C2∑+-X2 II system of the CH radical, using laser-induced fluorescence in an atmospheric pressure flame. The results are compared with theoretical calculations; a previously calculated ab initio electronic transition moment, together with Morse wave functions, forms an excellent representation of the experimental results.
Characterization of a fructan exohydrolase purified from barley stems that hydrolyzes multiple fructofuranosidic linkages

Abstract Barley ( Hordeum vulgare cv Morex) fructan exohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.80) was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on anion exchange and lectin affinity columns. The final enzyme preparation was homogenous as determined by the presence of a single band on silver stained SDS-PAGE and IEF gels. The purified protein had a molecular mass of 33 kDa and a pI of 7.8. Analyses of relative hydrolytic rates of various fructans were determined by measuring released fructose by pulsed electrochemical detection after separation of reactions by HPLC. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed β -2,1-linkages in 6 G , 1-kestotetraose, 1 and 6 G -kestotetraose, 1, 1-kestotetraose, and 1-kestotriose with relative rates of 100 : 96 : 85 : 88. This enzyme slowly hydrolyzed the β -2,6-linkages in 6 G -kestotriose and in 6 G , 6-kestotetraose and sucrose with relative rates of 5 : 4 : 3 compared to 6 G , 1-kestotetraose hydrolysis rates arbitrarily set at 100. The substrate attack pattern, determined by identifying products from hydrolysis of purified fructan tetrasaccharides, was of the multichain type. Sucrose was a mixed-type inhibitor of inulin hydrolysis.
First integrals in the discrete variational calculus

The intent of this paper is to show that first integrals of the discrete Euler equation can be determined explicitly by investigating the invariance properties of the discrete Lagrangian. The result obtained is a discrete analog of the classical theorem of E. Noether in the Calculus of Variations.
Beyond Power Proportionality: Designing Power-Lean Cloud Storage

We present a power-lean storage system, where racks of servers, or even entire data center shipping containers, can be powered down to save energy. We show that racks and containers are more than the sum of their servers, and demonstrate the feasibility of designing a storage system that powers them up and down on demand further, we show that such a system would save an order of magnitude more energy than current disk-based power-proportional storage systems. Our simulation results using file system traces from the Internet Archive show over 44% energy savings, a 5x improvement over disk-based power management systems, without performance impact. We explore the tradeoffs in choosing the right unit to power off/on, and present an automated framework to compute the optimal power management unit for different scenarios.
Complex regulation of arsenite oxidation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Seminal regulatory controls of microbial arsenite [As(III)] oxidation are described in this study. Transposon mutagenesis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens identified genes essential for As(III) oxidation, including those coding for a two-component signal transduction pair. The transposon interrupted a response regulator gene (referred to as aoxR), which encodes an ntrC-like protein and is immediately downstream of a gene (aoxS) encoding a protein with primary structural features found in sensor histidine kinases. The structural genes for As(III) oxidase (aoxAB), a c-type cytochrome (cytc2), and molybdopterin biosynthesis (chlE) were downstream of aoxR. The mutant could not be complemented by aoxSR in trans but was complemented by a clone containing aoxS-aoxR-aoxA-aoxB-cytc2 and consistent with reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR experiments, which demonstrated these genes are cotranscribed as an operon. Expression of aoxAB was monitored by RT-PCR and found to be up-regulated by the addition of As(III) to cell cultures. Expression of aoxAB was also controlled in a fashion consistent with quorum sensing in that (i) expression of aoxAB was absent in As(III)-unexposed early-log-phase cells but was observed in As(III)-unexposed, late-log-phase cells and (ii) treating As(III)unexposed, early-log-phase cells with ethyl acetate extracts of As(III)-unexposed, late-log-phase culture supernatants also resulted in aoxAB induction. Under inducing conditions, aoxS expression was readily observed in the wild-type strain but significantly reduced in the mutant, indicating that AoxR is autoregulatory and at least partially controls the expression of the aox operon. In summary, regulation of A. tumefaciens As(III) oxidation is complex, apparently being controlled by As(III) exposure, a two-component signal transduction system, and quorum sensing.
Timing of Levothyroxine Administration Affects Serum Thyrotropin Concentration

Context: Patients treated with levothyroxine typically ingest it in a fasting state to prevent food impairing its absorption. The serum thyrotropin concentration is the therapeutic index of levothyroxine action. Objective: The study objective was to determine the effect of the timing of levothyroxine administration in relationship to food on serum thyrotropin levels. Design: Participants were randomized to one of six sequences, each consisting of three 8-wk regimens in a three-period crossover design. These regimens were in a fasting state, at bedtime, and with breakfast. The concentrations of TSH, free T4, and total T3 during each of the three timing regimens were documented. The primary outcome was the difference between serum TSH concentrations under fasting conditions compared with concentrations during the other 8-wk regimens. Setting: The study was conducted in an academic medical center. Participants: Study participants were receiving levothyroxine for treatment of hypothyroidism or thyroid cancer. Results: Sixty-five patients completed the study. The mean thyrotropin concentration was 1.06 ± 1.23 mIU/liter when levothyroxine was administered in the fasting state. When levothyroxine was taken with breakfast, the serum thyrotropin concentration was significantly higher (2.93 ± 3.29 mIU/liter). When levothyroxine was taken at bedtime, the serum TSH concentration was also significantly higher (2.19 ± 2.66 mIU/liter). Conclusion: Nonfasting regimens of levothyroxine administration are associated with higher and more variable serum TSH concentrations. If a specific serum TSH goal is desired, thereby avoiding iatrogenic subclinical thyroid disease, then fasting ingestion of levothyroxine ensures that TSH concentrations remain within the narrowest target range.
Modeling of heat transfer in a mist/steam impinging jet

The addition of mist to a flow of steam or gas offers enhanced cooling for many applications, including cooling of gas turbine blades. The enhancement mechanisms include effects of mixing of mist with the gas phase and effects of evaporation of the droplets. An impinging mist flow is attractive for study because the impact velocity is relatively high and predictable. Water droplets, less than 15 μm diameter and at concentrations below 10 percent, are considered. The heat transfer is assumed to be the superposition of three components: heat flow to the steam, heat flow to the dispersed mist, and heat flow to the impinging droplets. The latter is modeled as heat flow to a spherical cap for a time dependent on the droplet size, surface tension, impact velocity and surface temperature, The model is used to interpret experimental results for steam invested with water mist in a confined slot jet
G-protein modulators alter the swimming behavior and calcium influx of Paramecium tetraurelia.

Abstract To assess the potential role of G-proteins in chemokinesis, Paramecium tetraurelia was pre-incubated with the G-protein modulator pertussis toxin. Pertussis toxin pretreatment significantly reduced Paramecium chemoattraction to sodium acetate and ammonium chloride in T-maze behavioral assays and depressed the frequency of avoidance reactions, indicating that heterotrimeric G-proteins may be involved with the motility response. To determine whether G-proteins exert their effect via the ciliary voltage-sensitive calcium channel, we examined responses of P. tetraurelia to the potent voltage-sensitive calcium channel agonist, deltamethrin. Pertussis toxin preincubation significantly reduced the toxic effects of deltamethrin exposure as determined by survival under depolarizing conditions and reduced the duration of backward swimming episodes in behavioral bioassays. Furthermore, non-hydrolyzable analogs of guanine nucleotides altered deltamethrin-stimulated calcium influx via calcium channels in isol...
OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF SILICON CARBIDE FOR ASTROPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS. II. EXTENDING OPTICAL FUNCTIONS FROM INFRARED TO ULTRAVIOLET USING SINGLE-CRYSTAL ABSORPTION SPECTRA

Laboratory measurements of unpolarized and polarized absorption spectra of various samples and crystal structures of silicon carbide (SiC) are presented from 1200-35000 cm–1 (λ ~ 8-0.28 μm) and used to improve the accuracy of optical functions (n and k) from the infrared (IR) to the ultraviolet (UV). Comparison with previous λ ~ 6-20 μm thin-film spectra constrains the thickness of the films and verifies that recent IR reflectivity data provide correct values for k in the IR region. We extract n and k needed for radiative transfer models using a new difference method, which utilizes transmission spectra measured from two SiC single-crystals with different thicknesses. This method is ideal for near-IR to visible regions where absorbance and reflectance are low and can be applied to any material. Comparing our results with previous UV measurements of SiC, we distinguish between chemical and structural effects at high frequency. We find that for all spectral regions, 3C (β-SiC) and the polarization of 6H (a type of α-SiC) have almost identical optical functions that can be substituted for each other in modeling astronomical environments. Optical functions for of 6H SiC have peaks shifted to lower frequency, permitting identification of this structure below λ ~ 4 μm. The onset of strong UV absorption for pure SiC occurs near 0.2 μm, but the presence of impurities redshifts the rise to 0.33 μm. Optical functions are similarly impacted. Such large differences in spectral characteristics due to structural and chemical effects should be observable and provide a means to distinguish chemical variation of SiC dust in space.
Common Genetic Variants Associate with Serum Phosphorus Concentration

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that maintains cellular energy and mineralizes the skeleton. Because complex actions of ion transporters and regulatory hormones regulate serum phosphorus concentrations, genetic variation may determine interindividual variation in phosphorus metabolism. Here, we report a comprehensive genome-wide association study of serum phosphorus concentration. We evaluated 16,264 participants of European ancestry from the Cardiovascular Heath Study, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Framingham Offspring Study, and the Rotterdam Study. We excluded participants with an estimated GFR 45 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 to focus on phosphorus metabolism under normal conditions. We imputed genotypes to approximately 2.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the HapMap and combined study-specific findings using meta-analysis. We tested top polymorphisms from discovery cohorts in a 5444-person replication sample. Polymorphisms in seven loci with minor allele frequencies 0.08 to 0.49 associate with serum phosphorus concentration (P 3.5 10 16 to 3.6 10 7 ). Three loci were near genes encoding the kidney-specific type IIa sodium phosphate co-transporter (SLC34A1), the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), proteins that contribute to phosphorus metabolism. We also identified genes encoding phosphatases, kinases, and phosphodiesterases that have yetundetermined roles in phosphorus homeostasis. In the replication sample, five of seven top polymorphisms associate with serum phosphorous concentrations (P 0.05 for each). In conclusion, common genetic variants associate with serum phosphorus in the general population. Further study of the loci identified in this study may help elucidate mechanisms of phosphorus regulation.
Corrigendum to “Central vasopressin V1a receptors modulate neural processing in mothers facing intruder threat to pups” [Neuropharmacology 58 (2010) 107-116]

The authors of the above paper regret that the incorrect name was given for the V1a receptor antagonist drug that was administered to rats before MRI experiments. The correct name for the drug is [β-Mercapto-β,β-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl1, O-me-Tyr2,Arg8]-Vasopressin (commercially available through Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; Product #V2255) and was not [deamino-Pen(1), O-Me-Tyr, Arg(8)]-Vasopressin. The incorrect name was for a nonselective V1 receptor antagonist that was not used in the study.
Comparing Group and Subgroup Cohesion Scores: A Nonparametric Method with an Application to Brazil

This article builds a nonparametric method for inference from roll-call cohesion scores. Cohesion scores have been a staple of legislative studies since the publication of Rice’s 1924 thesis. Unfortunately, little effort has been dedicated to understanding their statistical properties or relating them to existing models of legislative behavior. I show how a common use of cohesion scores, testing for distinct voting blocs, is severely biased toward Type I error, practically guaranteeing significant findings even when the null hypothesis is correct. I offer a nonparametric method—permutation analysis—that solves the bias problem and provides for simple and intuitive inference. I demonstrate with an examination of roll-call voting data from the Brazilian National Congress.
The Giant Component in a Random Subgraph of a Given Graph

We consider a random subgraph G p of a host graph G formed by retaining each edge of G with probability p. We address the question of determining the critical value p (as a function of G) for which a giant component emerges. Suppose G satisfies some (mild) conditions depending on its spectral gap and higher moments of its degree sequence. We define the second order average degree $\tilde{d}$ to be $\tilde{d}=\sum_v d_v^2/(\sum_v d_v)$ where d v denotes the degree of v. We prove that for any e> 0, if $p > (1+ \epsilon)/{\tilde d}$ then asymptotically almost surely the percolated subgraph G p has a giant component. In the other direction, if $p < (1-\epsilon)/\tilde{d}$ then almost surely the percolated subgraph G p contains no giant component.
Benefits, holism, and the aggregation of value

We reject Moorean holism about value—the view that the value of the whole does not equal the sum of the values of its parts. We propose an alternative aggregative holism according to which the value of a state of affairs is the sum of the values of its constituent states. But these constituents must be evaluated in situ.We also argue that, in addition to value tout court, there are benefits that can go to individuals—where the value of a state of affairs need not equal the sum of the benefits it supplies. To deny this claim is to deny, among other things, the possibility of even raising distributional concerns, or that of stating egoism in a coherent fashion. And denying these possibilities is implausible. But once benefits are in the picture, there is, pace certain forms of consequentialism, pressure to acknowledge that we can have extra reason to pursue them beyond considerations of the effect of such pursuit on the general good.We conclude by applying these thoughts to, first, the claim that Pareto-optimality is necessary for maximal value (we argue that this thesis is false); and, second, Parfit's ‘repugnant conclusion’ (we use this conclusion to bolster our claim that value need not be the sum of benefits: if value were always the sum of benefits, the repugnant conclusion would follow; the repugnant conclusion is false; therefore value is not always the sum of benefits).
Proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells in the primate corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle and simulated early pregnancy.

The objective of this study was to evaluate endothelial vs. steroidogenic cell proliferation throughout the lifespan of the primate corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle and simulated early pregnancy (CG treatment). Tissues were collected from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta; n = 3/day) on days 3-4, 7, 10, 12, and 14 of the of the luteal phase and at menses during spontaneous menstrual cycles and after 1, 3, 6, or 9 days of hCG treatment beginning on day 9 of the luteal phase. Corpora lutea were snap-frozen in mounting medium for immunocytochemical and histochemical evaluation. The labeling index (percentage of positive to total nuclei) for Ki-67 antigen, a cell proliferation marker, was determined in conjunction with cell-specific markers. Immunolocalization of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and von Willebrand factor in addition to histochemical staining for the Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (i.e. lectin)-binding site were used to identify endothelial cells. Histochemical detection of 3 be...
Myelodysplastic syndromes: toward a risk-adapted treatment approach

Several classification and scoring systems have been developed in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS to predict the risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia and survival. These prognostication models have been also used to inform therapeutic decision-making in a risk-adapted fashion. Patient-related factors such as age, comorbidities, and functional status have to be considered as well. Here we review a risk-guided therapeutic approach for the management of MDS patients. It is anticipated that the improved understanding of the complex pathogenesis of MDS and the recent discovery of important molecular lesions will be translated into novel therapeutic approaches. Additionally, some prognostic aberrations are expected to be incorporated into the prognostic tools with the goal of improving their prognostic precision and therefore allow for a more informed therapeutic decision-making based on the individual's risk profile.
Psychology and AIDS Education: Reducing High-Risk Sexual Behavior

Several years of research produced a 1-credit AIDS education class that is effective in increasing student knowledge and changing high-risk sexual behavior. The course integrates information on AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, sexual assault prevention, and related issues with self-management and sexual decision-making skills. The class is taught in small sections led by 2-person teams of peer instructors and uses a discussion and exercise approach to present the material. Data from a two semester course evaluation indicate a substantial decrease in the percentage of students engaging in high-risk sexual behavior. The course was replicated at three other universities and is a way of actively involving psychology departments and behavior analysis programs in the important activities of AIDS prevention and peer education.
RNF2 E3 or Not to E3: Dual Roles of RNF2 Overexpression in Melanoma

RNF2/RING1B is amplified and overexpressed in numerous tumors and contributes to tumorigenicity; however, the biologic importance is poorly understood. Surprisingly, the role of RNF2 in tumorigenesis and invasion can be separated into catalytically independent and catalytically dependent processes.
CNRC-TMT: Second Language Writing Assistant System Description

We describe the system entered by the National Research Council Canada in the SemEval-2014 L2 writing assistant task. Our system relies on a standard Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation trained on generic, publicly available data. Translations are produced by taking the already translated part of the sentence as fixed context. We show that translation systems can address the L2 writing assistant task, reaching out-of-five word-based accuracy above 80 percent for 3 out of 4 language pairs. We also present a brief analysis of remaining errors.
Vocal mimicry in the Epaulet Oriole

The Epaulet Oriole (Icterus cayanensis) imitated calls of seven species of birds (models) at six localities in northeastern Argentina. The models occurred in the same habitats. At one site 92% of 61 tape recorded calls were imitations. Calls of hawks, alarm calls, and mobbing calls were frequently copied. Both sexes imitated year round. Epaulet Orioles reacted to playbacks of conspecifics, even those from distant localities. Models, however, were seldom attracted to playbacks and/or to the vocalizing orioles. The available data is consistent with the idea that mimicry is used as an "interspecific threat" directed to potential predators.
Rechargeable aluminum batteries with conducting polymers as positive electrodes.

This report is a summary of research results from an Early Career LDRD project con-ducted from January 2012 to December 2013 at Sandia National Laboratories. Demonstrated here is the use of conducting polymers as active materials in the posi-tive electrodes of rechargeable aluminum-based batteries operating at room tempera-ture. The battery chemistry is based on chloroaluminate ionic liquid electrolytes, which allow reversible stripping and plating of aluminum metal at the negative elec-trode. Characterization of electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole films revealed doping of the polymers with chloroaluminate anions, which is a quasi-reversible reac-tion that facilitates battery cycling. Stable galvanostatic cycling of polypyrrole and polythiophene cells was demonstrated, with capacities at near-theoretical levels (30-100 mAh g-1) and coulombic efficiencies approaching 100%. The energy density of a sealed sandwich-type cell with polythiophene at the positive electrode was estimated as 44 Wh kg-1, which is competitive with state-of-the-art battery chemistries for grid-scale energy storage.
Spatial trends of precipitation chemistry in the Central Plains region of the United States

In the late 1970s, historically high concentrations of anthropogenic air pollutants in the United States prompted the development of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN). While much has been learned since program inception, many long-term data sets have yet to be interpreted, the results of which will help guide changing policies. Given the lack of studies in the Central Plains of the Midwestern United States, spatial trends of the past 30 years are presented from ten NADP sites surrounding, and including, Missouri, USA. Concentrations of calcium were highest (0.40 mg/L) and lowest (0.14 mg/L) at north and southeast sites, respectively, with a westward trend of increasing concentration. Ammonium concentrations were highest (0.67 mg/L) at northern NADP locations, with all sites showing an average increase in concentration of 65 % from 1984 to 2014, including south central Iowa which showed an increase of 226 %. Sulfate concentrations were highest for eastern sites (1.70 mg/L), but showed an overall decrease of at least 50 % for all locations since the early 1980s. Nitrate concentrations decreased between 5 and 30 % for each site over the 30-year period. Alkalinity increased between 10 and 25 % from southern to northern sites, respectively. When grouped into north–south, and east–west regions, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for all constituents, except potassium, between each region. Data syntheses, such as that presented here, advances understanding of long-term precipitation chemistry, thereby improving management strategies intended to mitigate atmospheric chemical deposition.
Introduction to the symposium on equality of opportunity and education

Equality of opportunity is an ideal that finds a place in almost all theories of a just society. This ideal is also prevalent in our own political discourse, especially in debates about education policy. Given the myriad and significant dimensions of individual and collective well-being that flow from education – including health and access to health care, rewarding employment, income, leisure time, and civic participation – equality of opportunity matters deeply in the education realm. And it is within this realm that the meaning of this ideal is perhaps most deeply contested. How should limited educational resources be distributed to best honor equality of opportunity (e.g. by merit, by need)? What inequalities in educational opportunity, if any, are permissible? Can equality of educational opportunity be secured when large inequalities in educational inputs and outputs remain in place? The papers in this symposium focus on different dimensions of these questions. This symposium is part of a larger multi-year project at the McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society at Stanford, funded by the Spencer Foundation, which examined the relationship between the ideal of equality of opportunity and the public provision of education. The impetus for this issue, and the larger project of which it is a part, is that despite widespread agreement that equality of opportunity is an essential ideal, its meaning, goals, and application to education are highly contested. Gaining greater clarity about this fundamental ideal is especially urgent given mounting evidence about the increasing scope of income and wealth inequality, and the role of educational disparities in exacerbating those inequalities. The symposium begins with a paper that enters the debates about the conceptual meaning of equality of opportunity of education and proposes a framework to remedy confusion surrounding the ideal. In this paper, ‘What is Equality of Opportunity in Education?’ Hugh Lazenby distinguishes equality of opportunity through education from equality of
User-involvement/oriented Care Models and Substance Use Disorder Care: Review of the Literature

A review of the most current substance use disorder (SUD) treatment/care literature best practices, suggests implementation of user-involvement/oriented models of care results in successful care outcomes. User-involvement models of care are (1) person-centred, (2) demonstrate a patient/person participation approach, (3) apply shared decision-making, and (4) include a recovery model approach to care and client-provider interaction. Current studies that have examined the implementation of user-involvement models of care in SUD treatment are limited, and furthermore, represent a great degree of overlap without identifying care outcomes that are specific to each model. There appears to be no empirical study that examines SUD care outcomes based on a synthesis of the four models and this may be an indication of further research.
Research on determination of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in wine by HPLC

An HPLC method for detecting the concentrations of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in wine was established in this paper.The methanol-0.02 mol/L acetic ammonium(30:70)were used as the mobile phase.The flow rate and detection absorption of UV were 1 ml/min and 230 nm,respective- ly.It showed that this method could be applied to determine the contents of benzoic acd and sorbic acid in wine exactly due to its good repetition, higher sensitivity and convenience.The concentration of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in three samples all satisfied the national standard.
Measuring Children's Church-Based Social Support: Development and Initial Validation of the Kids’ Church Survey

Given the importance of considering context in development, the goal of the present study was to develop and provide initial validity evidence for the Kids’ Church Survey (KCS), a new measure of children's church-based social support. Data were collected from 1253 children ages 6–14 attending mainline Protestant, evangelical Protestant, and Catholic churches. Parallel and exploratory factor analyses supported a three-factor solution: received (emotional) church support, perceived church support from peers, and perceived church support from adults. Confirmatory models conducted with independent samples provided an excellent fit for the data. All three scales evidenced acceptable internal (.78–.92) and test–retest (.88–.95) reliability. Measurement invariance was demonstrated across genders and age groups, with the exception of the perceived peer support scale, which was not invariant across ages. The KCS was sensitive to between-church differences in children's programs and incrementally predicted self-esteem, prosocial behavior, and spirituality. Applications for researchers, mental health practitioners, and clergy are discussed.