cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The human cytomegalovirus protein pUL38 suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death independently of its ability to induce mTORC1 activation.

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses not only hijack cellular machinery, they also deregulate host stress responses for their infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) modulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, due at least in part to the viral protein pUL38, and one of the consequences is to maintain the viability of infected cells. Consequently, pUL38-deficient virus induces premature cell death during infection. In addition, pUL38 activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which may also antagonize other detrimental cellular stresses (N. J. Moorman et al., Cell Host Microbe 3:253–262, 2008). It remains elusive how pUL38 inhibition of cell death is related to mTORC1 activation. In this study, we defined the interplay of the two pUL38 activities. We constructed a series of pUL38 truncation mutants based on the secondary structure prediction and evolutionary conservation of its sequence. We found that the N-terminal 239 residues of pUL38 were necessary and sufficient to block cell death induced by pUL38-deficient virus or by the ER stress inducer tunicamycin. However, this pUL38 domain was unable to activate mTORC1 when expressed alone. Importantly, small-molecule inhibitors of mTORC1, rapamycin or torin 1, did not compromise pUL38 activity to block cell death in isolation or in virus infection. Expression of a constitutively active variant of an mTORC1 activator, Rheb (Ras homolog enriched in brain), could not prevent cell death induced by pUL38-deficient virus. Collectively, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that pUL38 prevents ER stress-induced cell death independent of its role in mTORC1 activation.
Same Policy Area, Different Politics: How Characteristics of Policy Tools Alter the Determinants of Early Childhood Education Policy

This article tests a theory of how key characteristics of a policy tool under debate magnify the importance of particular elements of the policymaking context in U.S. states. In particular, it is expected that state use of more visible policy tools will depend on the economic context in the state, whereas state use of more coercive policy tools will vary with the ideological and partisan context in the state. These hypotheses are tested in a policy area for which states employ a range of distinct policy tools—early childhood education policy. Pooling data from all 50 states at four time points (N = 200), hierarchical linear models are estimated to examine the variation and change in states’ use of four policy tools—focusing in particular on the degree of visibility and coerciveness of each tool. As expected, wealthier states typically make use of more visible tools; however, when poorer states experienced economic growth, they expanded less visible policy tools more often than visible tools. Politically liberal states used the primary coercive tool more often than conservative states; less coercive tools expanded under Democratic Party control. This empirical test of commonly accepted theories of the politics of policy tool choices reveals complex relationships between politics and policy, contributing to a fuller description of how the characteristics of the policies under consideration can actually alter the way that “politics determines policy” and “policy determines politics” in U.S. states.
Reconfigurable 40-Gbit/s tributary selection from a 640-Gbit/s signal using NOLM-based cascaded demultiplexing

We demonstrate a scheme for reconfigurably selecting multiple tributaries of a 640-Gbit/s signal using cross-phase modulation in cascaded nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs). An average penalty of ~3.5 dB is introduced by each NOLM after arbitrarily selecting two 40-Gbit/s tributaries and subsequently redistributing them.
Parliamentary Politics and Foreign Exchange Markets: The World According to GARCH

We investigate the impact of parliamentary political processes on exchange rate volatility. During periods of potential political change, currency traders have less certainty about the future of government policy. Consequently, these periods will be associated with higher volatility—a measure of the predictability of exchange rate movements. We estimate a series of fractionally integrated exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models on four currencies using daily data: the British pound, the French franc, the Belgian franc, and the Swedish krona. The results indicate that, while political events often increased exchange rate volatility, participation in the European Monetary System helped stabilize the level of the exchange rate and reduce volatility.
Precedence relationship performance of an indirect matrix solver

A highly parallel truncated accelerated Neuman series preconditioner is presented. Results from using this preconditioner are compared with those obtained using a traditional truncated Neumann series preconditioner and the Jacobi method on matrices whose numerical content is characteristic of the bus admittance matrices used in the analysis of faulted power system problems. These results show that the number of precedence relationships experienced by this technique are of the same order of magnitude as the number encountered when using direct methods. >
Race, Space, and the Spread of Violence Across the City

A central explanation for elevated violence in urban African American neighborhoods is that the relationship can be accounted for by race-related differences in socioeconomic conditions. Yet recent studies have shown that predominantly African American neighborhoods experience higher rates of violence relative to other ethno-racial communities, even when socioeconomic conditions can be held constant. Explanations for these differences center on the deleterious effects of extensive residential segregation and the existing racial order privileging whites and their communities. This study examines whether the concentration and spread of urban violence can be characterized as a racially invariant process over half a century. In a detailed case study of the prototypical “rustbelt” city of Buffalo, New York, between the 1950s and the 1990s, negative binomial regression analyses fail to support the racial invariance thesis for predicting intra-neighborhood homicide rates. Multinomial logit regression models show that racial composition is also associated with vulnerability to inclusion in a cluster of highly violent neighborhoods as homicide diffused across the city, especially in recent decades. Thus, the spatial organization of urban African American neighborhoods generates a unique racialized vulnerability to the extralocal diffusion of violence; there is, in effect, an ecological racial variance in the spread of violence across the city. Moreover, this process has become increasingly entrenched over time, undermining any assertion that the urban experience reflects a post-racial America.
Lights, Camera, Action! Antimicrobial Peptide Mechanisms Imaged in Space and Time

Deeper understanding of the bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) should help in the design of new antibacterial agents. Over several decades, a variety of biochemical assays have been applied to bulk bacterial cultures. While some of these bulk assays provide time resolution of the order of 1min, they do not capture faster mechanistic events. Nor can they provide subcellular spatial information or discern cell-to-cell heterogeneity within the bacterial population. Single-cell, time-resolved imaging assays bring a completely new spatiotemporal dimension to AMP mechanistic studies. We review recent work that provides new insights into the timing, sequence, and spatial distribution of AMP-induced effects on bacterial cells.
The Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Liposomal Bilayers and Their Effects on Surface Characteristics and Colloidal Stability

The interactions with and effects of five chemically distinct, bioactive phenolic compounds on the lipid bilayers of model dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes were investigated. Complementary analytical techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and phosphorus and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), were employed in order to determine the location of the compounds within the bilayer and to correlate location with their effects on bilayer characteristics and liposomal stability. As compared to the phenolic compounds localized in the glycerol region of the DPPC head group within the bilayer, which enhanced the colloidal stability of the liposomes, compounds located closer to the center of the bilayer reduced vesicle stability as a function of time. Molecules present in the upper region of liposomal DPPC acyl chains (C1-C10) inhibited liposomal aggregation and size increase, perhaps due to tighter packing of adjoining DPPC molecules and increased surface exposure of DPPC phosphate head groups. These data may be useful for designing liposomal systems containing hydrophobic phenols and other small molecules, selecting appropriate analytical methods for determining their location within liposomal bilayers, and predicting their effects on liposome characteristics early in the liposome formulation development process.
Ask Your Doctor... About Computers

How did we wind up with computers in most doctors' offices but little communication between these computers? This article briefly surveys efforts to introduce computerized, centralized, and portable electronic health records in the United States and why they have been largely unsuccessful. Historians of computing have the resources not only to help the general public think more constructively about the roles of computers in medicine, but also to see how what is happening in medicine lays bare the great and small changes the use of information technology has brought to everyday life.
Impacts of introduced rangifer on ecosystem processes of maritime tundra on subarctic islands

Author(s): Ricca, MA; Miles, AK; Van Vuren, DH; Eviner, VT | Abstract: Introductions of mammalian herbivores to remote islands without predators provide a natural experiment to ask how temporal and spatial variation in herbivory intensity alter feedbacks between plant and soil processes. We investigated ecosystem effects resulting from introductions of Rangifer tarandus (hereafter "Rangifer") to native mammalian predator- and herbivore-free islands in the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska. We hypothesized that the maritime tundra of these islands would experience either: (1) accelerated ecosystem processes mediated by positive feedbacks between increased graminoid production and rapid nitrogen cycling; or (2) decelerated processes mediated by herbivory that stimulated shrub domination and lowered soil fertility We measured summer plant and soil properties across three islands representing a chronosequence of elapsed time post-Rangifer introduction (Atka: ∼100 yr; Adak: ∼50; Kagalaska: ∼0), with distinct stages of irruptive population dynamics of Rangifer nested within each island (Atka: irruption, K-overshoot, decline, K-re-equilibration; Adak: irruption, K-overshoot; Kagalaska: initial introduction). We also measured Rangifer spatial use within islands (indexed by pellet group counts) to determine how ecosystem processes responded to spatial variation in herbivory. Vegetation community response to herbivory varied with temporal and spatial scale. When comparing temporal effects using the island chronosequence, increased time since herbivore introduction led to more graminoids and fewer dwarf-shrubs, lichens, and mosses. Slow-growing Cladonia lichens that are highly preferred winter forage were decimated on both long-term Rangifer-occupied islands. In addition, linear relations between more concentrated Rangifer spatial use and reductions in graminoid and forb biomass within islands added spatial heterogeneity to long-term patterns identified by the chronosequence. These results support, in part, the hypothesis that Rangifer population persistence on islands is facilitated by successful exploitation of graminoid biomass as winter forage after palatable lichens are decimated. However, the shift from shrubs to graminoids was expected to enhance rates of nitrogen cycling yet rates of net N-mineralization, NH+4 pools, and soil δ15N declined markedly along the chronosequence and were weakly associated with spatial use within islands. Overall plant and soil patterns were disrupted but responded differently to intermediate (50 yr) and long-term (100 yr) herbivory, and were correlated with distinct stages of irruptive population dynamics. Copyright:
The familial ovarian cancer registry: progress report.

BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer can be cured if detected early enough, but usually has already metastasized when diagnosed. A family history of ovarian cancer is still the strongest known risk factor. OBJECTIVE To identify women at risk for ovarian cancer and design a program of surveillance. METHODS Prospective registry of women with a family history of ovarian cancer. RESULT From April 1991 to July 1993, 137 women (119 families), mean age 43, registered with the Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry. The 119 pedigrees revealed 171 cases of ovarian cancer. Only one family is undocumented by pathology. Forty of 137 registrants have more than one relative with ovarian cancer. Six percent of pelvic examinations were abnormal for potential adnexal disease. In 4% of registrants, initial CA125 concentrations were abnormal. Ultrasound examinations were abnormal in ovarian size (5%), in morphology (3%), and by resistive indices (4%). Four ultrasounds were repeated earlier than routine. Using "standard" fees, the total cost to diagnose the one case of ovarian cancer discovered was $68 848. CONCLUSIONS This approach still cannot be considered cost-effective. We are continuing to search for genetic and molecular markers of disease in women at greatest risk and in their affected relatives.
Behavior in a complex learning situation involving five stimulus-differentiated paths

Six male albino rats were tested daily for 39 days on a five-choice multiple path elimination problem in which paths were differentially covered (by sandpaper, burlap, velure, etc.) and in which the order of elimination was not controlled in any way by the E. All Ss solved the problem, attaining the criterion much more rapidly than a parallel group had achieved such solution with uniformly surfaced wood paths. Variation in patterns of response on successive trials was characteristic of Ss while they maintained high accuracy. Strong preferences were displayed for selecting, on successive runs, paths that diverged maximally from each other.
The Feminization of HPV: Reversing Gender Biases in US Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Policy

In the article, the authors discuss developments in the prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers in the U.S. as of mid-2016, particularly the approval of a nine-valent HPV vaccines. They cite that the vaccines provide protection against five additional oncogenic HPV types and reverse the feminization of HPV. Also cited are the variability in vaccination rates among age groups and genders and the effectiveness of Papanicolau test screening in HPV cancer prevention.
CONVERTING WASTE WATER INTO RESOURCES THE FUNDAMENTAL STRATEGY AND MEASURE FOR PROTECTION AND EXPLOITAGE OF WATER RESOURCES

Based on the current situation of water quality outflowing from the sewage treatment plant at Haigang District in Qinhuangdao,the paper analyzes the differences among the water used by port coal operation,domestic consumption,municipal engineering and irrigation,and discusses the possibility of reusing waste water after further advanced treatment.Besides,three aspects of possible benefits by reusing are briefly analyzed,and it is considered that converting waster water into resources is a fundamental measure for solving the shortage of water resources and water pollution in Qinhuangdao.
Narrative Situation: Who’s Who and What’s Its Function

This chapter introduces the basic elements of narrative situation, the combination of narrator, perspective (point of view), and narrative level involved in first-person and third-person fictional narration.1 A separate final section treats second-person narration and points readers to the growing bibliography on this unusual kind of narrative situation. This chapter deals exclusively with prose fiction, since the extent to which films have narrative situations, implied by the gaze of the camera, operates by rough analogies to the possibilities in prose fiction. Most films adopt the equivalent of third-person omniscience.2
A third false friend of familiar objects: universal mereological composition

Metaphysicians who are sceptical about familiar objects for the most part suppose that the world is really populated by the fundamental particles of completed microphysics, or by mereological simples – or by both, should the fundamental particles turn out to be mereological simples. They then must explain why the world at least appears to contain objects that are so much larger, objects such as dogs and trees and boulders. The metaphysicians considered in the previous chapter suppose that they can explain this appearance by holding that adverbially identified “arrangements” obtain among the microparticles, such as dogwise and treewise arrangement. But other proponents of an ontology of the small respond differently. They hold that there really are unitary large objects, in all of the volumes in which common sense supposes a familiar object to be present, and that this follows merely from the premise that each of those volumes is occupied by microparticles or simples. These philosophers are adherents of UMC (universal mereological composition). In this chapter I argue that UMC is both unmotivated and untenable; the only way to have unitary, relatively large, objects in all the volumes where common sense supposes familiar objects to be present is to have familiar objects themselves. But even apart from its relation to the ontology of familiar objects, UMC is of considerable intellectual interest.
Choosing and Siting Food Access Interventions: Food Mirages and Produce Stands in Portland, Oregon

While Portland, Oregon, gains renown for supporting locally grown, sustainably produced, healthy, or otherwise "good" food, it has failed to ensure equitable access to said food. As parts of the city gentrify, dislocated Portlanders find themselves without access to fresh produce, contributing to health disparities among low-income and minority residents. This research sought to understand issues of food access among populations displaced by gentrification and determine the best locations for produce stands as a method to increase access to fresh produce. It examines the concept of the food mirage by studying the coverage of grocery stores in Portland and proposes an alternative intervention, produce stands, as a pedestrian-scale approach to address gaps in grocery store accessibility for those without transportation. Calculations using geographic information systems (GIS) determine the ideal locations for produce stands in walkable areas not served by transit or fruit and vegetable markets and that house a high number of residents displaced by gentrification. The methodology returns appropriate sites in East Portland, a historically underserved area of the city facing disparities in obesity-related chronic disease. This paper contributes to the research and practice of food systems planning by incorporating indicators of gentrification-driven displacement as well as the built environment into a process of spatial analysis to expand consumption of affordable produce while providing entrepreneurship opportunities for disadvantaged residents. Food justice activists can use this methodology to determine areas of need and account for assets of the built environment in order to site a food access intervention that remains largely underutilized in North American cities.
Current paradigms in the etiology of obesity

Abstract The global prevalence of obesity continues to rise at an alarming rate and 37.7% of US adults are obese. Understanding the causes of excessive weight gain is extremely important, as it paves the way for the development of new therapies to control this epidemic. Obesity is a heterogeneous chronic disease where multiple factors interact to produce a state of positive energy balance leading to an increase in body weight. This review focuses on the major biological, environmental, and behavioral determinants of obesity. The key biological factors include genetics, brain-gut axis, prenatal determinants, pregnancy, menopause, neuroendocrine conditions, medications, physical disability, gut microbiome, and viruses. Propensity to develop obesity owing to one or more of these elements is exacerbated by environmental and behavioral influences. Environmental factors include food abundance, built environments, socioeconomic status, culture, social bias, and environmental chemicals. Behavioral factors comprise excessive calorie intake, eating patterns, sedentary lifestyles, insufficient sleep, and smoking cessation. It is essential to identify the determinants of adiposity in individuals with obesity to tailor prevention and treatment techniques effectively.
Advocacy and social justice.

Opening Exercise 263 Overview 263 Defining Advocacy and Social Justice 264 Conceptual and Historical Definition 264 Competency and Competency Development 268 Competencies 268 Core competencies 268 Disposition 268 Knowledge 270 Skills 273 Abilities 274 Training and Experiences to Develop Advocacy Competency 276 Training 276 Experience 277 Advocacy in Action: Real-World Uses of Advocacy 278 Case Study 1: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 278 Case Study 2: Addiction Recovery Supports 280 Future Trends for Advocacy 282 Summary 283 Discussion Questions 284 Key Terms and Definitions 285 Resources 285 References 287
The Relationship between Systemic Anticoagulation during Cardiac Surgery and Heparin Platelet Factor 4 Antibody Formation.

Abstract Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurs in approximately 1–3% of patients receiving unfractionated heparin. However, up to 50% of patients receiving heparin for systemic anticoagulation during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass develop antibodies to the heparin-platelet factor 4 (HPF4) complex detectable by enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA). This high incidence of seroconversion is not diminished by off-pump cardiac surgery (OPCAB), despite significantly lower doses of heparin used for surgical anticoagulation. We tested the hypothesis that HPF4 antibodies develop following cardiac surgery even when heparin is not used for surgical anticoagulation. Patients (n=133) were randomized (2:1) to receive bivalirudin (The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ) or heparin for surgical anticoagulation during OPCAB. There were no restrictions on the pre-operative or post operative use of heparin. Blood samples were obtained pre-operatively (baseline), and 7 and 30 days after surgery. Serum samples were stored frozen until tested with a commercially available ELISA for HPF4 antibodies (GTI Inc., WI). An optical density (OD) ≥ 0.4 was considered positive, while an OD >1.0 was deemed strongly positive. The percentage of patients having a positive HPF4 antibody test (OD ≥ 0.4), was similar at baseline (6.7 vs. 6.8%) and at 7 days (27.1 vs. 29.3%) in bivalirudin and heparin-treated patients, respectively. At 30 days, the frequency of HPF4 antibodies was lower in the patients who received bivalirudin for surgical anticoagulation (32.5% vs. 40.9%). The percentage of patients having a strongly positive ELISA (OD > 1.0) was 0% at baseline in both groups, 4.3 vs. 7.3% at 7 days and 4.8 vs. 9.1% at 30 days for bivalirudin vs heparin, respectively. These data suggest that HPF4 antibody formation during hospitalization for cardiac surgery is not dependent only on the heparin used for anticoagulation during surgery. Antibody positivity in baseline samples presumably results from pre-operative heparin use and is consistent with previous reports. Since bivalirudin is not capable of eliciting an HPF4 antibody response, post-operative seroconversion presumably reflects a combination of both pre- and post-operative heparin use. However, when heparin was used for surgical anticoagulation, the number of patients subsequently developing strongly positive HPF4 antibodies was almost twice that seen in the bivalirudin group. This suggests that the use of bivalirudin as a surgical anticoagulant may reduce the incidence and risk of HIT following cardiac surgery.
A Dollars and "Sense" Exploration of Vape Shop Spending and E-cigarette Use

INTRODUCTION Across the US, vape shops have emerged to provide e-cigarette users access to products not usually available at gas stations or retail stores. As vape shop sales have steadily increased, so have questions about the impact of marketing and price on e-cigarette use behaviors. In this exploratory analysis, we aim to characterize spending on e-cigarettes and evaluate the association with customer perceptions and use behaviors. METHODS In a cross-sectional survey of vape shop customers (n=78), perceptions and use of e-cigarettes and tobacco products were assessed. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between spending and socioeconomic factors, demographics, and use behaviors. RESULTS Overall, spending amounts ranged from less than $10/month to more than $250/month, with a median around $50-75/month. Males spent more than females (p=0.003), but spending did not significantly differ by age (p=0.13). Customers who spent more than $50/month used lower levels of nicotine (mg/ml) (p=0.003) but a greater quantity of e-liquid (ml/month) (p<0.0001) compared to customers who spent under that amount. Mod use and intention to use e-cigarettes as a cessation device were significantly associated with vape shop spending in the regression model (OR= 17.5; 95% CI= (4.3, 70.2) and OR=0.22; 95% CI= (0.06, 0.75), respectively). CONCLUSIONS Spending appears to be significantly associated with e-cigarette use behaviors. Making "sense" of the potential relationships between the dollars spent at vape shops and consumer use behaviors is important as regulations for e-cigarette sales are proposed.
The structure and unconventional dihydrogen bonding of a pressure-stabilized hydrogen-rich (NH3BH3)(H2)x (x = 1.5) compound

Combining X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and ab initio simulations we characterize an extremely hydrogen-rich phase with the chemical formula (NH3BH3)(H2)x (x = 1.5). This phase was formed by compressing ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) in an environment with an excess of molecular hydrogen (H2). This compound can store a total of 26.8 wt% hydrogen, both as molecular hydrogen and chemically bonded hydrogen in AB, making it one of the most hydrogen-rich solids currently known. The new compound possesses a layered AB structure where additional H2 molecules reside in channels created through the weaving of AB layers. The unconventional dihydrogen bonding network of the new compound is significantly modified from its parent AB phase and contains H⋯H contacts between adjacent AB molecules and between AB and H2 molecules. H–H can be either a proton donor or a proton acceptor that forms new types of dihydrogen bonding with the host AB molecules, which are depicted as H–H⋯H–B or H–H⋯H–N, respectively. This study not only demonstrates the strategy and the promise of using pressure for new material synthesis, but also unleashes the power of combining experiments and ab initio calculations for elucidating novel structures and unusual bonding configurations in dense low-Z materials.
Tensorview: visualizing the training of convolutional neural network using paraview

Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) have been widely used in visual recognition tasks recently. Previous works visualize learning features at different layers to help people to understand how CNNs learn visual recognition tasks. However they only provide qualitative description and do not help to accelerate the training process. We present TensorView to enable Paraview to visualize the evolution of CNNs. TensorView provides both qualitative and quantitative visualization that help understand the learning procedure, tune the learning parameters, direct merging and pruning of neural networks.
The Afferent Limb of Rapid Response Systems: Continuous Monitoring on General Care Units

The prevention of adverse events continues to be the focus of patient safety work. Although rapid response systems have improved the efferent limb of the patient's rescue, the detection of the patient's deterioration (the afferent limb) has not been solved. This article provides an overview of the complex issues surrounding patient surveillance by addressing the principal considerations of continuous monitoring as they relate to implementation, choice of sensors and physiologic variables, notification, and alarm balancing, as well as future research opportunities.
Why People Choose to Become a Combatant

This chapter examines the military structure of the Maoists armed conflict and the drivers and dynamics of armed recruitment. The analytical framework particularly focuses on structural, environmental and mobilising factors that were instrumental in turning civilians to become combatants either voluntarily or coercively. While this chapter acknowledges that structural and environmental factors pushed many young people to join the Maoists People’s Liberation Army (PLA), the roles and agency of the armed conflict mobiliser, hence the Maoists, and the strategies, tactics, methods they used to attract combatants cannot be overlooked. A critical analysis of combatant recruitment is relevant and necessary in reintegrating ex-combatants effectively in the post-conflict period. Therefore, the chapter maintains that a critical understanding of war recruitment is an entry point to design a reintegration programme at the end of a war, which is often expected to address causes and drivers of conflict.
Charge-carrier lifetime measurements in early-stage photovoltaic materials: intuition, uncertainties, and opportunities.

Measurements of charge-carrier lifetime in many early-stage thin-film photovoltaic materials can be arduous due to the prevalence of defects and limited information about material properties. In this perspective, we give a brief overview of typical techniques for measuring lifetimes and discuss the intuition involved in estimating lifetimes from such techniques, focusing on time-resolved photoluminescence as an example. We then delve into the underlying assumptions and uncertainties involved in analyzing lifetime measurements. Finally, we outline opportunities for improving accuracy of lifetime measurements by utilizing two emerging techniques to decouple different recombination mechanisms: two-photon spectroscopy, which we demonstrate on BiI3 thin films, and temperature- and injection-dependent current-voltage measurements.
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Experimental approaches to wireless network design and analysis

Welcome to the ACM SIGCOMM 2005 Workshops!This year we are pleased to present a program of four excellent workshops: (1) Workshop on experimental approaches to wireless network design and analysis (E-WIND), (2) Workshops on economics of peer-to-peer systems (P2PECON), (3) Workshop on mining data networks (MineNet), and (4) Workshop on delay tolerant networking and related networks (WDTN).Workshops are becoming an integral part of the ACM SIGCOMM week-long Data Communications Festival and their goal is to enhance the ACM SIGCOMM conference technical program and promote cross-disciplinary interactions. In response to the call for proposals, we received a record of 12 workshop proposals, 4 of which were accepted after a review by the SIGCOMM 2005 organizing committee. Reaching out to other communities was probably one of the key factors in our selection process. E-WIND brings together the wireless and data networking communities; P2PECON has been successfully organized in the past two years as an independent workshop and brings together researchers from economics, distributed systems, and data networking; MineNet focuses on the analysis of the vast amount of data that can be extracted from the network and crosses the boundaries of networking, data mining, statistics, and machine learning. WDTN was selected as an emerging topic in data networking that could benefit from a focused workshop that will update researchers on the latest results in the area.There is a significant amount of logistics and co-ordination required between the four workshops and the ACM SIGCOMM 2005 conference and I would like to thank all the members of the SIGCOMM 2005 organizing committee and several volunteers who made it possible. First, I would like to thank Roch Guerin, Joe Touch, and Jennifer Rexford, for all their guidance during the workshop organization process and for being ready to assist at any time. Jaudelice C. de Oliveira and Honghui Lu managed the local arrangements. Steve Weber was always available to update the web-site with the workshop information, and Andreas Terzis and Christos Papadopoulos handled the registration and financial issues. Saswati Sarkar, and Lisa Tolles at Sheridan Printing led the difficult task of producing the combined proceedings.Last but not least, I would like to thank the organizers of the four workshops: Ed Knightly, Christophe Diot, Emin Gun Sirer, Eric Friedman, Shubhabrata Sen, Chuanyi Ji, Debanjan Saha, Joe McCloskey, S. Keshav, and Kevin Fall. Their hard work together with the excellent contributions of all authors were key in making these workshops successful.
Recruiting large online samples in the United States and India: Facebook, Mechanical Turk, and Qualtrics

This article examines online recruitment via Facebook, Mechanical Turk (MTurk), and Qualtrics panels in India and the United States. It compares over 7300 respondents—1000 or more from each source and country—to nationally representative benchmarks in terms of demographics, political attitudes and knowledge, cooperation, and experimental replication. In the United States, MTurk offers the cheapest and fastest recruitment, Qualtrics is most demographically and politically representative, and Facebook facilitates targeted sampling. The India samples look much less like the population, though Facebook offers broad geographical coverage. We find online convenience samples often provide valid inferences into how partisanship moderates treatment effects. Yet they are typically unrepresentative on such political variables, which has implications for the external validity of sample average treatment effects.
Reactions of water with radical cations of guanine, 9-methylguanine, 2′-deoxyguanosine and guanosine: keto–enol isomerization, C8-hydroxylation, and effects of N9-substitution

The reactions of D2O with radical cations of guanine (9HG˙+), 9-methylguanine (9MG˙+), 2′-deoxyguanosine (dGuo˙+) and guanosine (Guo˙+) were studied in the gas phase, including measurements of reaction cross sections over a center-of-mass collision energy (Ecol) range from 0.1 to 2.0 eV and computation of reaction pathways at DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97XD/6-31+G(d,p). Reaction efficiencies of all radical cations are well below unity (∼2% of collision rate), despite there being exoergic pathways. For each reactant ion, the energetically most favorable product channel corresponds to the formation of water complexes; however, this channel accounts for only 5% of the total cross section at the lowest Ecol and becomes negligible at high Ecol due to short complex lifetimes. The dominant product channel is H/D exchange that appears to be complex-mediated at low Ecol, but switches to a direct mechanism and accompanies keto–enol isomerization of the guanine moiety when Ecol increases. C8-hydroxylation, a minor yet the most biologically important channel, was observed for 9HG˙+; and its mechanism was elucidated in the presence of single and double water molecules, of which the second water eliminates the barrier for C8-addition via a proton shuttle mechanism. All reactions show strong dependence on radical structures, with overall reactivity being 9HG˙+ ≫ 9MG˙+ > dGuo˙+ ≈ Guo˙+. The reaction dynamics of 9HG˙+ and 9MG˙+ with water were simulated at Ecol = 0.1 eV using ωB97XD/6-31+G(d), to reveal complex formation at the early stage of the reaction and the effects of N9-substitution. Trajectory results suggest that the lack of a W9 complex (water bonded to N9–H) is responsible for the reduced reactivity of N9-substituted radical cations; but the relatively long-lived W16 complexes (water bonded to N1–H and C6–O) of dGuo˙+ and Guo˙+ may enhance keto–enol isomerization.
Identification of Subclinical Language Deficit Using Machine Learning Classification Based on Poststroke Functional Connectivity Derived from Low Frequency Oscillations.

Abstract Post-stroke neuropsychological evaluation is time-intensive in assessing impairments in subjects without overt clinical deficits. We utilized functional connectivity (FC) from ten-minute n...
A Tutorial on Formulating and Using QUBO Models

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) model has gained prominence in recent years with the discovery that it unifies a rich variety of combinatorial optimization problems. By its association with the Ising problem in physics, the QUBO model has emerged as an underpinning of the quantum computing area known as quantum annealing and has become a subject of study in neuromorphic computing. Through these connections, QUBO models lie at the heart of experimentation carried out with quantum computers developed by D-Wave Systems and neuromorphic computers developed by IBM. Computational experience is being amassed by both the classical and the quantum computing communities that highlights not only the potential of the QUBO model but also its effectiveness as an alternative to traditional modeling and solution methodologies. This tutorial discloses the basic features of the QUBO model that give it the power and flexibility to encompass the range of applications that have thrust it onto center stage of the optimization field. We show how many different types of constraining relationships arising in practice can be embodied within the "unconstrained" QUBO formulation in a very natural manner using penalty functions, yielding exact model representations in contrast to the approximate representations produced by customary uses of penalty functions. Each step of generating such models is illustrated in detail by simple numerical examples, to highlight the convenience of using QUBO models in numerous settings. We also describe recent innovations for solving QUBO models that offer a fertile avenue for integrating classical and quantum computing and for applying these models in machine learning.
Outcomes of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty With Posterior Capsular Plication

BackgroundGlenoid loosening and instability are among the most common complications after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), resulting in poor function. Posterior instability is one contri...
A Framework for the Control Room of the Future: Human-in-the-loop MPC

Abstract A general framework and preliminary results for the Control Room of the Future are presented. The inclusion of latest technology (e.g., natural language processing, facial recognition, big-data analytics) in control rooms, Model Predictive Control (MPC), and integration of human-in-the-loop is proposed. The paper focuses on process start-ups and uses a two-tank interacting nonlinear system to demonstrate the dynamic changes in the network topology of the plant. Three sets of simulations are conducted to highlight the MPC performance under human inputs to the system. A multiple-model MPC approach is used to solve the nonlinear control problem and the benefits of using it in human-in-the-loop systems are discussed. Future work includes using the network formulation as a supervisory fault detection layer, providing suggestions to the personnel via the Smart Control Room and implementing advanced models for predicting human decisions for safe process start-ups and transient operations.
The Effects of Doxorubicin-based Chemotherapy and Omega-3 Supplementation on Mouse Brain Lipids

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment affects ~30% of breast cancer survivors, but the effects on how chemotherapy impacts brain lipids, and how omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation may confer protection, is unknown. Ovariectomized mice were randomized to two rounds of injections of doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide or vehicle after consuming a diet supplemented with 2% or 0% EPA+DHA, and sacrificed 4, 7, and 14 days after the last injection (study 1, n = 120) or sacrificed 10 days after the last injection (study 2, n = 40). Study 1 whole brain samples were extracted and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS to quantify specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Lipidomics analyses were performed on hippocampal extracts from study 2 to determine changes in the brain lipidome. Study 1 results: only resolvin D1 was present in all samples, but no differences in concentration were observed (P > 0.05). Study 2 results: chemotherapy was positively correlated with omega-9 fatty acids, and EPA+DHA supplementation helped to maintain levels of plasmalogens. No statistically significant chemotherapy*diet effect was observed. Results demonstrate a limited role of SPMs in the brain post-chemotherapy, but a significant alteration of hippocampal lipids previously associated with other models of cognitive impairment (i.e., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease).
BDNF downregulates β-adrenergic receptor-mediated hypotensive mechanisms in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

We have shown that BDNF, a key hypothalamic regulator of blood pressure, disrupts catecholaminergic signaling between the NTS and the PVN by reducing the responsiveness of PVN neurons to inhibitory...
Muscle biopsies differ in relation to expression of fiber-type specific genes

Background: Skeletal muscle transcriptome has been analyzed to report muscle-specific biomarkers, but muscle heterogeneity has largely been overlooked in pursuit of formulating a balanced design. Given the heterogeneity of muscle tissue in terms of both function and fiber-type composition, there could be several unaccounted sources of variation affecting the gene expression profile of skeletal muscles. Categorization of muscle transcriptome according to the source of variation will not only improve the power of transcriptome comparison tests but also will help to identify unaccounted biological sources of variation. Materials and Methods: Gene expression profile of normal skeletal muscle subjects (GSE18732) were analyzed with R-statistical software and Bioconductor packages. Gene-sets were prepared by grouping Affymetrix probes according to biological processes they were annotated. Coherence score and associated P values were calculated for each gene-set. All gene-sets having P < 0.05 were selected as coherent gene-set. Results: We have analyzed gene-sets and used coherence scores to measure the degree of coregulation between genes of a gene-set. We have shown that coherent gene-sets have a better chance to classify samples into biologically relevant subgroups as compared to noncoherent gene-sets. Further, we have applied the developed method to the muscle gene expression profiles and found that muscle fiber-type proportion in collected biopsies is one of the most prominent unaccounted “source of variations” affecting gene expression measurements. Conclusion: The sample classification produced based on the expression profile of genes belonging to coherent gene-sets has a better chance to result in biologically meaningful clusters.
Latency of insect viruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of latency as synonymous with inapparent infection. A description of the kinds of insect viruses cited in various reports on latency is provided. However, the chapter also considers the arthropod-borne viruses of animals and plants as worthy of inclusion, as they are known to multiply in insect vectors with inapparent infections. It proceeds to give laboratory studies on stressors of latent viruses and describe associated observations of latency that may relate to naturally occurring epizootics in the field. The types of latent insect viruses are considered in terms of the host spectrum, restricted or broad, and also in terms of vectoring. Apart from standard considerations of latency, novel observations have been reported recently involving inapparent insect infections. These observations include the report that Nodamura virus infects both vertebrates and invertebrates, while in other situations, it resides in a latent form in insects. In addition, reports of the abrogation of immunity by some latent wasp viruses are presented. These viruses assist in the development of their wasp hosts within caterpillars in which the wasps act as parasitoids. Finally, the role of virus-like particles observed in Drosophila cells, and which are believed to contain mobile genetic elements, is discussed.
Executive Compensation, Individual-Level Tax Rates, and Insider Trading Profits

We consider insider trading profitability as a means for executives to shift the impact of changes in individual-level tax rates to shareholders. Consistent with predictions from an analytical model, we document a positive association between abnormal insider trading profitability and changes in income tax rates at the federal and state level. We estimate that the changes in insider trading profitability offset between 12% and 16% of the effect of tax rate changes on net compensation for an average executive. We predict and find that several factors moderate this relation. We conclude that executives pass a portion of the tax effects onto shareholders through insider trading profits.
¿Más borgeano que Borges? Joyce, Borges y la traducción // More Borgesian than Borges? Joyce, Borges and Translation

El presente ensayo se centra en la relacion ambivalente entre Jorge Luis Borges y James Joyce desde el punto de vista de la traduccion literaria y de la actitud fluctuante del escritor argentino hacia su colega irlandes. Los dos escritores son artistas poliglotas y traductores de toda la vida. Borges hacia declaraciones provocativas sobre la traduccion, pero sus traducciones no suelen ser tan radicales como sus teorias acerca de este oficio. No disfrutaba de la libertad sin restricciones, en terminos comparativos, de un auto-traductor como Joyce, cuya traduccion italianizante de un fragmento de Finnegans Wake es mas borgeana que Borges.
Social Cognition and Behavioral Flexibility: Categorical Decision-Making as a Primate Signature

Social cognition may be incorporated within the Triversian (Trivers, 1985) meaning of sociality whereby interindividual interactions are classified as selfish, cooperative, altruistic, or spiteful. Like all social behavior (Frank, 1998; Trivers, 1985), I assume that social cognition has evolved to optimize fitness where the (genetic and/or phenotypic) interests of individuals competing for limiting resources are not equivalent. These interests might be compromised, however, where cognitive responses have been manipulated or exploited so that individuals behave in the interests of others (e.g., as victims of social parasitism; see Frith and Frith, 1999; Whiten and Byrne, 1988; Chapter 3).