cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Probabilistic Approach to Uncovering Attributed Graph Anomalies.

Uncovering subgraphs with an abnormal distribution of attributes reveals much insight into network behaviors. For example in social or communication networks, diseases or intrusions usually do not propagate uniformly, which makes it critical to find anomalous regions with high concentrations of a specific disease or intrusion. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic model to identify anomalous subgraphs containing a significantly different percentage of a certain vertex attribute, such as a specific disease or an intrusion, compared to the rest of the graph. Our framework, gAnomaly, models generative processes of vertex attributes and divides the graph into regions that are governed by background and anomaly processes. Two types of regularizers are employed to smoothen the regions and to facilitate vertex assignment. We utilize deterministic annealing EM to learn the model parameters, which is less initialization-dependent and better at avoiding local optima. In order to find fine-grained anomalies, an iterative procedure is further proposed. Experiments show gAnomaly outperforms a state-of-the-art algorithm at uncovering anomalous subgraphs in attributed graphs.
Reports and Input Checks

The problems and exercises that follow are designed to progress from one to the next; they should be resolved in the sequence given. At each step in the series there is a solution to allow the reader to correct any mistakes he may have made. This should permit everyone to work through to the end of this section. It may happen that you will find a correct solution which differs from the one we propose. We suggest that you adopt our solution in working the exercises that follow so as to make it easier to understand their solutions.
Aging of the Female Reproductive System

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the changes that occur in the female reproductive system with age. Although there is considerable variation in the exact age of menopause, the majority of women go through menopause at approximately 51 years of age, and the timing of this change has remained essentially the same since medical records have been maintained. Menopause occurs around the time that the ovarian follicular reserve becomes exhausted, and, in fact, marked variation in the follicular reserve correlates with variation in deterioration of regular menstrual cyclicity. In women, exhaustion of ovarian follicular reserve is the major factor that underlies the timing of perimenopause and menopause. Thus, ultimately, the permanent cessation of menstrual cyclicity can be largely attributed to changes within the ovaries. It appears that females are born with an enormous, but finite, postmitotic, nonrenewable endowment of follicles. At later stages of the perimenopausal transition and postmenopausal period, multiple ovarian and pituitary hormones exhibit changes in both concentrations and patterns of secretion. The highly erratic concentrations, patterns, and relationships among the hormones raise the real possibility that all aspects of the reproductive axis are no longer coordinated in the normal feedforward and feedback manner.
Hydrogels in cell encapsulation and tissue engineering

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that hydrogel is a network of hydrophilic polymers that absorbs water or biological fluid but does not dissolve. Hydrogels can be created from a number of water-soluble materials and commonly include synthetic polymers, proteins, and natural molecules. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of hydrogels is a result of polymer cross-linking that forms an insoluble structure within the fluid environment. The high water content and elasticity create a resemblance to biological tissue, creating extensive biomedical applications. A few scientists have even hypothesized that a primitive hydrogel may have provided the environment responsible for assembly of the first cell ( Trevors and Pollack, 2005 ). Biomimetic hydrogels have great potential for in vivo applications of tissue engineering. Growth factors and other bioactive molecules that are regularly added to media to enhance in vitro chondrogenic differentiation are added to hydrogel for local delivery with in vivo implants. Greater control over the release of growth factors when needed by encapsulated cells should significantly improve cartilage tissue production. There is a need for further studies of tissue-engineered cartilage in large-animal models. The current focus on in vitro and small-animal in vivo studies is appropriate for answering fundamental questions regarding the properties of engineered tissues, but translation to large-animal models will be critical for clinical translation. As certain tissue-engineering techniques come closer to clinical application, there will be a need for in vivo testing that more closely approximates the conditions and stresses that will be encountered by engineered tissues implanted in humans.
Potassium Supplementation Prevents Sodium Chloride Cotransporter Stimulation During Angiotensin II Hypertension.

Angiotensin II (AngII) hypertension increases distal tubule Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) abundance and phosphorylation (NCCp), as well as epithelial Na + channel abundance and activating cleavage. Acutely raising plasma [K + ] by infusion or ingestion provokes a rapid decrease in NCCp that drives a compensatory kaliuresis. The first aim tested whether acutely raising plasma [K + ] with a single 3-hour 2% potassium meal would lower NCCp in Sprague–Dawley rats after 14 days of AngII (400 ng/kg per minute). The potassium-rich meal neither decreased NCCp nor increased K + excretion. AngII-infused rats exhibited lower plasma [K + ] versus controls (3.6±0.2 versus 4.5±0.1 mmol/L; P + channel activation provokes K + depletion. The second aim tested whether doubling dietary potassium intake from 1% (A1K) to 2% (A2K) would prevent K + depletion during AngII infusion and, thus, prevent NCC accumulation. A2K-fed rats exhibited normal plasma [K + ] and 2-fold higher K + excretion and plasma [aldosterone] versus A1K. In A1K rats, NCC, NCCpS71, and NCCpT53 abundance increased 1.5- to 3-fold versus controls ( P + channel subunit abundance and cleavage increased 1.5- to 3-fold in both A1K and A2K; ROMK (renal outer medulla K + channel abundance) abundance was unaffected by AngII or dietary K + . In summary, the accumulation and phosphorylation of NCC seen during chronic AngII infusion hypertension is likely secondary to potassium deficiency driven by epithelial Na + channel stimulation.
Reasons for discontinuation of reversible contraceptive methods by women with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To report the reasons for discontinuation of contraceptive methods by women with epilepsy (WWE). METHODS: These retrospective data come from a web-based survey regarding the contraceptive practices of 1144 WWE in the community ages 18-47 years. We determined the frequencies of contraceptive discontinuations and the reasons for discontinuation. We compared risk ratios for rates of discontinuation among contraceptive methods and categories. We used chi-square analysis to test the independence of discontinuation reasons among the various contraceptive methods and categories and when stratified by antiepileptic drug (AED) categories. RESULTS: Nine hundred fifty-nine of 2393 (40.6%) individual reversible contraceptive methods were discontinued. One-half (51.8%) of the WWE who discontinued a method discontinued at least two methods. Hormonal contraception was discontinued most often (553/1091 50.7%) with a risk ratio of 1.94 (1.54-2.45 p < 0.0001) compared to intrauterine devices (IUDs) the category that was discontinued the least (57/227 25.1%). Among all individual methods the contraceptive patch was stopped most often (79.7%) and the progestin-IUD was stopped the least (20.1%). The top three reasons for discontinuation among all methods were reliability concerns (13.9%) menstrual problems (13.5%) and increased seizures (8.6%). There were significant differences among discontinuation rates and reasons when stratified by AED category for hormonal contraception but not for any other contraceptive category. SIGNIFICANCE: Contraception counseling for WWE should consider the special experience profiles that are unique to this special population on systemic hormonal contraception. Wiley Periodicals Inc. (c) 2017 International League Against Epilepsy.
Parkin regulation of CHOP modulates susceptibility to cardiac endoplasmic reticulum stress

The regulatory control of cardiac endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is incompletely characterized. As ER stress signaling upregulates the E3-ubiquitin ligase Parkin, we investigated the role of Parkin in cardiac ER stress. Parkin knockout mice exposed to aortic constriction-induced cardiac pressure-overload or in response to systemic tunicamycin (TM) developed adverse ventricular remodeling with excessive levels of the ER regulatory C/EBP homologous protein CHOP. CHOP was identified as a Parkin substrate and its turnover was Parkin-dose and proteasome-dependent. Parkin depletion in cardiac HL-1 cells increased CHOP levels and enhanced susceptibility to TM-induced cell death. Parkin reconstitution rescued this phenotype and the contribution of excess CHOP to this ER stress injury was confirmed by reduction in TM-induced cell death when CHOP was depleted in Parkin knockdown cardiomyocytes. Isogenic Parkin mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes showed exaggerated ER stress induced CHOP and apoptotic signatures and myocardium from subjects with dilated cardiomyopathy showed excessive Parkin and CHOP induction. This study identifies that Parkin functions to blunt excessive CHOP to prevent maladaptive ER stress-induced cell death and adverse cardiac ventricular remodeling. Additionally, Parkin is identified as a novel post-translational regulatory moderator of CHOP stability and uncovers an additional stress-modifying function of this E3-ubiquitin ligase.
Diagnosis of Metal Hypersensitivity in Orthopedics

The pathology of early aseptic implant failure has been linked in basic science, case, and group studies to metal implant debris–induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses (or metal allergy). However, a precondition of metal DTH does not always result in implant failure. The methods of diagnosing metal DTH responses measure cell-mediated adaptive immunity, where conditioned lymphocytes respond to specific stimuli. Metal-sensitivity testing is a direct test of an individual’s immune response to metal challenge, which has been in use for over the past half century to measure delayed-type responses to drugs (such as antibiotics) where the results indicate levels of immune reactivity. Currently approved methods for human diagnostic testing for metal DTH include both skin testing (patch testing) and in vitro blood testing using lymphocyte transformation testing (LTT). LTT testing may be better suited for diagnosing implant-related sensitivity, given the ability of dermal exposure to metals to induce DTH responses. Metal sensitivity among the general population has been well established with a rate of 10%-15%, where hypersensitivity to nickel is the most common. However, it remains unknown about the exact percentage of these presensitized people that will go on to develop pathogenic metal-sensitivity responses to their implant. Recent studies show that when exposure to metal implant debris is minimized, the chances of metal DTH reactivity are also minimized. Further, past basic science studies, case studies, and cohort studies indicate the clinical utility of metal-sensitivity testing in specific patient populations. Continuing clinical outcome studies are needed to relate positive patch and metal-LTT test results with other clinical determinants to more definitively predict and prevent pathologic reactivity to implants.
Glyphosate-Induced Specific and Widespread Perturbations in the Metabolome of Soil Pseudomonas Species

Previous studies have reported adverse effects of glyphosate on crop-beneficial soil bacterial species, including several soil Pseudomonas species. Of particular interest is the elucidation of the metabolic consequences of glyphosate toxicity in these species. Here we investigated the growth and metabolic responses of soil Pseudomonas species grown on succinate, a common root exudate, and glyphosate at different concentrations. We conducted our experiments with one agricultural soil isolate, P. fluorescens RA12, and three model species, P. putida KT2440, P. putida S12, and P. protegens Pf-5. Our results demonstrated both species- and strain-dependent growth responses to glyphosate. Following exposure to a range of glyphosate concentrations (up to 5 mM), the growth rate of both P. protegens Pf-5 and P. fluorescens RA12 remained unchanged whereas the two P. putida strains exhibited from 0 to 100% growth inhibition. We employed a 13C-assisted metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to monitor disruptions in metabolic homeostasis and fluxes. Profiling of the whole-cell metabolome captured deviations in metabolite levels involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ribonucleotide biosynthesis, and protein biosynthesis. Altered metabolite levels specifically in the biosynthetic pathway of aromatic amino acids (AAs), the target of toxicity for glyphosate in plants, implied the same toxicity target in the soil bacterium. Kinetic flux experiments with 13C-labeled succinate revealed that biosynthetic fluxes of the aromatic AAs were not inhibited in P. fluorescens Pf-5 in the presence of low and high glyphosate doses but these fluxes were inhibited by up to 60% in P. putida KT2440, even at sub-lethal glyphosate exposure. Notably, the greatest inhibition was found for the aromatic AA tryptophan, an important precursor to secondary metabolites. When the growth medium was supplemented with aromatic AAs, P. putida S12 exposed to a lethal dose of glyphosate completely recovered in terms of both growth rate and selected metabolite levels. Collectively, our findings led us to conclude that the glyphosate-induced specific disruption of de novo biosynthesis of aromatic AAs accompanied by widespread metabolic disruptions was responsible for dose-dependent adverse effects of glyphosate on sensitive soil Pseudomonas species.
A quantitative method to determine preservice chemistry teachers' perceptions of chemical representations

Chemical representations serve as a cornerstone to guide the teaching of chemistry concepts. The influence that a chemical representation has on instruction is largely dependent on how well the viewer interprets the information in the representation. Teachers serve as a guide to the students as they point out and make connections between the features present in a chemical representation. To influence how well the teacher serves as a guide it is important to develop teachers' pedagogical content knowledge as it relates to visualizations. As a first step towards developing this area of teaching expertise it is crucial to develop an understanding of how preservice chemistry teachers perceive a variety of chemical representations. To this end, this paper presents a novel card-sorting methodology that utilizes Johnstone's triangle as a continuum to determine how chemistry preservice teachers perceive representations relative to the presence of each of the three representational levels: macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic. This study has determined that this methodology is both valid and reliable among a group of chemistry preservice teachers. The participants were able to effectively detect the presence or absence of the macroscopic domain. However, there was greater variance when the symbolic and submicroscopic levels were present. In addition, variance among the participants’ responses also increased dramatically when multiple levels were present in one representation. This was largely a result of what key features the participant focused on while viewing the card. The variance results of this study, along with the accompanying rationales for the placement of the cards, serve to inform the development of practices to further foster preservice chemistry teachers’ pedagogical-visual-content-knowledge (PVCK).
Exploring the Potential of FreeBSD Virtualization in Containerized Environments

Enterprise and Cloud environments are rapidly evolving with the use of lightweight virtualization mechanisms such as containers. Containerization allow users to deploy applications in any environment faster and more efficiently than using virtual machines. However, most of the work in this area focused on Linux-based containerization such as Docker and LXC and other mature solutions such as FreeBSD Jails have not been adopted by production-ready environments. In this work we explore the use of FreeBSD virtualization and provide a comparative study with respect to Linux containerization using Apache Spark. Preliminary results show that, while Linux containers provide better performance, FreeBSD solutions provide more stable and consistent results.
Stability of the human faecal microbiome in a cohort of adult men.

Characterizing the stability of the gut microbiome is important to exploit it as a therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker. We metagenomically and metatranscriptomically sequenced the faecal microbiomes of 308 participants in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Participants provided four stool samples—one pair collected 24–72 h apart and a second pair ~6 months later. Within-person taxonomic and functional variation was consistently lower than between-person variation over time. In contrast, metatranscriptomic profiles were comparably variable within and between subjects due to higher within-subject longitudinal variation. Metagenomic instability accounted for ~74% of corresponding metatranscriptomic instability. The rest was probably attributable to sources such as regulation. Among the pathways that were differentially regulated, most were consistently over- or under-transcribed at each time point. Together, these results suggest that a single measurement of the faecal microbiome can provide long-term information regarding organismal composition and functional potential, but repeated or short-term measures may be necessary for dynamic features identified by metatranscriptomics. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of stool samples from 308 individuals over time indicate that longitudinal sampling is important for detecting dynamic functional features of the gut microbiome.
Occipital Neuralgia and Suboccipital Pain Syndromes

Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a neuropathic condition characterized by paroxysmal shooting, lancinating, and stabbing pain episodes in the distribution of the occipital nerve dermatome (Cesmebasi et al., Clin Anat 28: 101–8, 2015; Dougherty, Curr Pain Headache Rep 18: 1–5, 2014). Symptoms are commonly attributed to nerve entrapment, inflammation, or trauma (Dougherty, Curr Pain Headache Rep 18: 1–5, 2014; Vanelderen et al., Pain Pract 10: 137–44, 2010). The etiology of ON remains unknown and its diagnosis is complicated by the similarity of its symptoms to those of other primary headache disorders (Dougherty, Curr Pain Headache Rep 18: 1–5, 2014; Hoppenfeld, Curr Pain Headache Rep 14: 418–23, 2010). ON is most commonly diagnosed clinically (Dougherty, Curr Pain Headache Rep 18: 1–5, 2014). A multimodal approach to treatment, including physical therapy, antiepileptics, tricyclic antidepressants, and greater occipital neuromodulation via anesthetic blockade, is often successful in ameliorating the symptoms of ON (Dougherty, Curr Pain Headache Rep 18: 1–5, 2014; Hoppenfeld, Curr Pain Headache Rep 14: 418–23, 2010).
Generalizing biomedical relation classification with neural adversarial domain adaptation.

Motivation Creating large datasets for biomedical relation classification can be prohibitively expensive. While some datasets have been curated to extract protein-protein and drug-drug interactions (PPIs and DDIs) from text, we are also interested in other interactions including gene-disease and chemical-protein connections. Also, many biomedical researchers have begun to explore ternary relationships. Even when annotated data are available, many datasets used for relation classification are inherently biased. For example, issues such as sample selection bias typically prevent models from generalizing in the wild. To address the problem of cross-corpora generalization, we present a novel adversarial learning algorithm for unsupervised domain adaptation tasks where no labeled data are available in the target domain. Instead, our method takes advantage of unlabeled data to improve biased classifiers through learning domain-invariant features via an adversarial process. Finally, our method is built upon recent advances in neural network (NN) methods. Results We experiment by extracting PPIs and DDIs from text. In our experiments, we show domain invariant features can be learned in NNs such that classifiers trained for one interaction type (protein-protein) can be re-purposed to others (drug-drug). We also show that our method can adapt to different source and target pairs of PPI datasets. Compared to prior convolutional and recurrent NN-based relation classification methods without domain adaptation, we achieve improvements as high as 30% in F1-score. Likewise, we show improvements over state-of-the-art adversarial methods. Availability and implementation Experimental code is available at https://github.com/bionlproc/adversarial-relation-classification. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Paradigms and Problems: Alternative Constructivist/Interactionist Implications for Argumentation Theory

The philosophical premises of personal construct theory and symbolic interactionism do not necessarily lead to the view of argument presented by Willard and are not incompatible with a defense of a...
PNPT1 Release from Mitochondria during Apoptosis Triggers Decay of Poly(A) RNAs

Summary Widespread mRNA decay, an unappreciated feature of apoptosis, enhances cell death and depends on mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), TUTases, and DIS3L2. Which RNAs are decayed and the decay-initiating event are unknown. Here, we show extensive decay of mRNAs and poly(A) noncoding (nc)RNAs at the 3′ end, triggered by the mitochondrial intermembrane space 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease PNPT1, released during MOMP. PNPT1 knockdown inhibits apoptotic RNA decay and reduces apoptosis, while ectopic expression of PNPT1, but not an RNase-deficient mutant, increases RNA decay and cell death. The 3′ end of PNPT1 substrates thread through a narrow channel. Many non-poly(A) ncRNAs contain 3′-secondary structures or bind proteins that may block PNPT1 activity. Indeed, mutations that disrupt the 3′-stem-loop of a decay-resistant ncRNA render the transcript susceptible, while adding a 3′-stem-loop to an mRNA prevents its decay. Thus, PNPT1 release from mitochondria during MOMP initiates apoptotic decay of RNAs lacking 3′-structures.
Dislocation configuration in SI/Si z Ge 1-x strained layer heterostructures

The details of dislocation node structures in (100) Si/SixGe1-x heterostructures are shown through weak-beam transmission electron microscopy studies. It is shown that the resulting configurations are due to dislocation glide on {100} and {111} planes, as well as the interaction between dissociated dislocations. It is shown that similar observations have been made in bulk deformed silicon. The implications of the observations on the issue of strain relaxation in strained layer heterostructures is also discussed.
An instrumented vehicle assessment of problem behavior and driving style:: Do younger males really take more risks?

An instrumented vehicle was used to obtain behavioral data from 61 drivers ranging in age from 18 to 82. Each driver completed a personality questionnaire and participated in a study described as an evaluation of cognitive mapping and way-finding abilities. An evaluation of relationships between age, personality and driving style revealed that driver age and type A personality characteristics were significant predictors of vehicle speed and following distance, P < 0.05. However, contrary to the earlier research, which relies heavily on a self-reported driving criterion, no significant gender differences were obtained. A factor analysis of several at-risk driving behaviors identified a cluster of correlated driving behaviors that appeared to share a common characteristic identified as aggressive/impatient driving. It is suggested that the correlated cluster of driving behavior provide objective support for the assumptions of response generalization and problem behavior theory. Results are discussed with regard to implications for safe driving interventions and a problem behavior syndrome.
Role of ras Oncogenes in Experimental Models of Metastasis

The most important characteristic of malignant tumors is their ability to metastasize. Although some progress has been made in understanding how cancer cells disseminate, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Primary tumors contain heterogenous cell populations that differ in their metastatic capacity (1, 2). Metastatic and nonmetastatic tumor cell clones have been established from the same primary tumor (3), but so far no genetic elements specific for the metastatic phenotype have been identified. Somatic cell hybridization in vitro has been used extensively to study expression and regulation of the malignant phenotype (4). It has also been used to analyze some of the factors involved in the metastatic process (5, 6). Some reports have appeared on in vivo tumor-tumor cell or tumor-host cell hybridization, which in some instances can lead to an increase in the metastatic potential (4). However, most studies on in vitro hybridization between tumor cells and normal cells have demonstrated that the transformed and the metastatic phenotypes are recessive in nature (7, 8). Cytogenetic analyses have associated higher ploidy and more chromosomal abnormalities with advanced stages of malignancy (9). The acquisition of high chromosome numbers may lead to tumor progression through increased dosage of genes that may be involved in metastasis. Chromosomal changes consistent with gene amplification seen with increased malignancy include: double minutes (10), abnormally banded regions (11), and homogeneously stained regions (12).
Transverse Acoustic Wave Amplification Due to Mass Injection Around a Submerged Nozzle

Submerged nozzles in solid propellant rocket motors are finding increased application due to size limitations and other factors. One little explored aspect of such nozzles is their effect on the growth of acoustic waves in the motor chamber. This paper shows that the flow from the annulus surrounding the nozzle to the chamber cylinder is a significant contributor to the wave growth rate. Theoretical growth rate calculations after F. E. C. Culick and G. A. Flandro show that the mean flow from the annulus to the chamber contributes to the growth under any conditions. The magnitude of the effect depends primarily upon the mean flow speed and direction at the annular exit. A parametric study is used to show simple motor configuration changes that will greatly enhance the acoustic stability.
Biogenesis of Membrane Lipoproteins in Bacteria

The major outer membrane lipoprotein in Escherichia coli has provided a useful model for the studies of the biogenesis of bacterial lipoproteins in general. Lipoproteins with covalently linked glycerides and amide-linked fatty acids are present in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The primary structures and functions of these lipoproteins differ greatly but they share common features with respect to their modes of biosynthesis. They are first synthesized as precursor proteins, and in their precursor forms they are modified to become glyceride-modified prolipoproteins which are proteolytically processed by a unique prolipoprotein signal peptidase to form mature lipoproteins. This unique signal peptidase (signal peptidase II) is distinct from the signal peptidase for the processing of nonlipoprotein precursors (signal peptidase I) in its exquisite sensitivity to the cyclic antibiotic globomycin. Recent studies on the mechanism of export of prolipoprotein in E. coli and the specificities of the modification and processing enzymes are reviewed.
Aberrantly elevated TSH level due to human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) interference with thyrotropin assay

Measurement of TSH is a commonly used test to diagnosed thyroid dysfunction. Multiple factors can interfere with available assays. We present a case where presence of HAMA caused a falsely elevated TSH levels resulting in unneccessary and costly diagnostic evaluation. Clinicians should be aware of the various factors affecting thyroid function assays. Test results that are inconsistent with the clinical picture should prompt further testing to exclude interferences prior to initiating unneccessary and potentially harmful clinical interventions.
Transistor-Less Logic Circuits Implemented With 2-D Charge Density Wave Devices

We propose logic gates and circuits implemented with 2-D charge density wave (CDW) devices, which operate at room temperature. The 1T-TaS2 charge density wave devices exhibit a voltage triggered phase transition between the nearly commensurate and incommensurate CDW states, which is accompanied by an abrupt change of the resistance and hysteresis. The unique output characteristics of such devices allow for building logic gates and circuits without any transistors. Using the experimentally measured current–voltage characteristics, we model and numerically simulate the performance of the inverter and the OR logic gates consisting of CDW devices and regular resistors. Owing to the radiation-hard nature of the CDW devices and absence of transistors, the proposed circuits can be utilized in various harsh environments on earth or outer space.
The Molecular Structure of the Endothelial Glycocalyx Layer (EGL) and Surface Layers (ESL) Modulation of Transvascular Exchange.

There has been rapid progress over the past decade to extend the concept that a quasiperiodic inner endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL, <300 nm thick, with key components associated with the endothelial cell membrane) forms the primary molecular filter between circulating blood and the body tissues. The EGL is common to both continuous and fenestrated microvessels. The revised Starling Principle describing steady-state fluid exchange across the EGL describes new ways to understand transvascular exchange of water and plasma proteins in microvessels in both normal and disturbed states such as hemorrhage and fluid replacement during surgery. At the same time, direct optical observations describe endothelial surface layers (ESLs) with porous outer layers that extend 1–2 μm beyond the EGL. Preliminary analyses of water and plasma protein transport through barriers formed by a thick ESL in series with the EGL indicate that such two-layer structures can have permeability properties that are not consistent with measured water and plasma exchange in microvessels. Such multilayer models provide a basis for future detailed evaluations of both transports across endothelial surface layers and the methods to image components of both the EGL and the ESL. Furthermore changes in the thickness and distribution of thick ESLs in vessels with diameters larger than 50 μm may not reflect functional changes in the inner glycocalyx layer.
The Role of Gender, Experiential Avoidance, and Scrupulosity in Problematic Pornography Viewing: A Moderated-Mediation Model*

Prior studies on problematic pornography viewing (PPV) have identified religiosity and experiential avoidance as correlates. Scrupulosity has been theorized as a factor within religiosity that may ...
The effects of academic giftedness and gender on developmental trajectories of hopelessness among students living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods

Although there is much research on adolescent poverty, research related to youth living in communities characterized by extreme poverty who are also identified as academically gifted is lacking. Th...
The use of energy in milk production; a case study from Konya province of Turkey

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the energy efficiencies of dairy products produced in dairy enterprises in Konya region and to provide suggestions to increase energy efficiency. For this purpose, 125 dairy enterprises have been selected as samples by using stratified random sampling method to identify the enterprises to be examined. As a result, 8.05% of total energy input per cow was direct energy and 91.95% was indirect energy. 89.66% of total energy output is from milk production, 4.65% is from productive stock value (PSV) and 5.69% is cow manure. The energy use efficiency in the research area was found to be 1.07. Energy productivity in milk production has been calculated as 0.13 (kgMJ−1) when milk production per unit animal was taken into consideration. The specific energy value per dairy cow has been calculated as 7.42 MJ/kg. A non-parametric production function of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) has been applied to optimize energy use in dairy enterprises. The average technical efficiency (TE) in the research area has been calculated as 0.921. In this sense, the amount of input needs to be reduced by 7.9% in order to achieve the same level of production.
Functional conservation of RecQ helicase BLM between humans and Drosophila melanogaster

RecQ helicases are a family of proteins involved in maintaining genome integrity with functions in DNA repair, recombination, and replication. The human RecQ helicase family consists of five helicases: BLM, WRN, RECQL, RECQL4, and RECQL5. Inherited mutations in RecQ helicases result in Bloom Syndrome (BLM mutation), Werner Syndrome (WRN mutation), Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome (RECQL4 mutation), and other genetic diseases, including cancer. The RecQ helicase family is evolutionarily conserved, as Drosophila melanogaster have three family members: DmBlm, DmRecQL4, and DmRecQL5 and DmWRNexo, which contains a conserved exonuclease domain. DmBlm has functional similarities to human BLM (hBLM) as mutants demonstrate increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) and a decrease in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. To determine the extent of functional conservation of RecQ helicases, hBLM was expressed in Drosophila using the GAL4 > UASp system to determine if GAL4 > UASp::hBLM can rescue DmBlm mutant sensitivity to IR. hBLM was able to rescue female DmBlm mutant sensitivity to IR, supporting functional conservation. This functional conservation is specific to BLM, as human GAL4 > UASp::RECQL was not able to rescue DmBlm mutant sensitivity to IR. These results demonstrate the conserved role of BLM in maintaining the genome while reinforcing the applicability of using Drosophila as a model system to study Bloom Syndrome.
Imaging characteristics of neoplasms and other lesions of the jawbones

Abstract Obtaining an accurate diagnosis of odontogenic tumor-mimickers (nonodontogenic lesions masquerading as odontogenic lesions) and tumor-like lesions of the jawbones can be difficult and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Lack of familiarity with these disease processes may lead to uncertainty and errors in diagnosis, which increase the possibility of errors in treatment. Radiologists should be aware of the imaging appearances of lesions affecting the jawbones in order to provide a complete differential diagnosis and to guide clinicians in proper patient treatment. The morphologic characteristics of tumors and tumor-like lesions of the jawbones may provide key diagnostic information regarding the aggressive or nonaggressive biologic behavior of such lesions. In addition to imaging findings, thorough physical examination and, often, histologic analysis of biopsy specimens are required.
HemeOncoPoeisis: A fellow’s perspective on training.

e23000Background: The incidence of cancer is projected to increase 67% by 2030. Current projections suggest a 40% increase in demand for hematologists/oncologists (HO) yet only a 25% increase in tr...
Tax-Deferred Acquisitive Reorganizations for C Corporations

This technical note outlines the general judicial requirements an acquisition must meet to qualify as a tax-deferred reorganization. The variation in the specific requirements that must be met to qualify for different types of tax-deferred (“A,” Forward Triangular “A,” Reverse Triangular “A,” “B,” and “C”) reorganizations are addressed. Finally, the specific tax consequences to the target's shareholders and acquirer are outlined, and a numerical example illustrates the calculation of the after-tax proceeds to the target's shareholders and the after-tax cost to the acquirer. Excerpt UVA-F-1863 Rev. Aug. 30, 2019 Tax-Deferred Acquisitive Reorganizations for C Corporations Introduction You lead a company and want to expand. You have a target (T) company in mind and your team has estimated the price T's stock may be worth. You know the estimate is merely preliminary because the structure of the deal affects the ultimate “value of the deal” to both parties. A key factor that affects the ultimate value of the deal to the parties is the tax consequences. Before you determine the price you are willing to pay, there are two questions to ask that highlight the tax consequences of the deal for T and the acquirer (A) (see Exhibit1 for a summary): What are T's shareholders receiving (cash or stock)? . . .
Symptomatic Extra-Adrenal Myelolipoma in the Spleen.

A 42-year-old male patient presented with intermittent abdominal pain and gastrointestinal discomfort present for 4 years. Work-up included ultrasound and computed tomography, which identified a fat-containing splenic mass 5.6 cm in size. Due to recurrent symptoms, the patient sought medical care again. Subsequent images showed an increase in size to 7.6 cm, which was concerning for neoplasm. This was removed via open splenectomy, which was challenging due to intra-abdominal adhesions despite never having had any abdominal surgery. The patient's recovery was uncomplicated. Pathologic assessment indicated that the mass was a myelolipoma. Extra-adrenal myelolipomas are rare and typically found within the retroperitoneum but are extremely rare within the spleen. This case report adds the 6th such case to the literature and demonstrates the need for it to remain in the differential diagnosis of patients with fatty splenic masses, as well as that splenectomy is an appropriate treatment.
Introduction to Intraindividual Variation of Primate Behavior

Events in the world may vary simply by chance alone. Thus, caution must be employed where attempts are made to generalize. As Darwin (1859, 1871) understood, it is through the study of diversity that one identifies general patterns, most often by descriptive approaches prior to the application of appropriate quantitative methods of inference. Numerous students of primates have sought to describe broad patterns of response within the Order (Smuts et al., 1987; Dunbar, 1988; Dixson, 1998; Box, 1991; van Schaik and Kappeler, 1997; Muller and Thalmann, 2000; Kappeler and Pereira, 2003; Jones, 2002a; Jones and Agoramoorthy, 2003; Maestripieri, 2003a; Fewell, 2003), and monkeys and apes have long held a fascination for humans because of phylogenetic proximity. For this reason, primates of the Old World (Africa and Asia) are relatively well known compared to primates of the New World who diverged earlier from the anthropoid line.
Rehydration during Endurance Exercise: Challenges, Research, Options, Methods

During endurance exercise, two problems arise from disturbed fluid-electrolyte balance: dehydration and overhydration. The former involves water and sodium losses in sweat and urine that are incompletely replaced, whereas the latter involves excessive consumption and retention of dilute fluids. When experienced at low levels, both dehydration and overhydration have minor or no performance effects and symptoms of illness, but when experienced at moderate-to-severe levels they degrade exercise performance and/or may lead to hydration-related illnesses including hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration). Therefore, the present review article presents (a) relevant research observations and consensus statements of professional organizations, (b) 5 rehydration methods in which pre-race planning ranges from no advanced action to determination of sweat rate during a field simulation, and (c) 9 rehydration recommendations that are relevant to endurance activities. With this information, each athlete can select the rehydration method that best allows her/him to achieve a hydration middle ground between dehydration and overhydration, to optimize physical performance, and reduce the risk of illness.
Multiple Paths to Maximum Milk Production in Dairy Herds

Substantial effort has been invested in research strategies to maximize milk production on dairy farms. Nearly all of these approaches have focused on reaching target performance levels for the key components of milk production (milk per cow per day, calving interval, culling rate, etc.). Significant deviations from these targets have been viewed as suboptimal performance and a "problem" to correct through improved management. However, research in our laboratory using large swine databases has shown that setting targets without regard to the underlying biological and mathematical relationships among performance parameters is imprudent. It inevitably results in a biologically impossible combination of values being set as targets. In this study, we use production data from 152 dairy herds. We will describe the range of performance for the components of the milk production cycle that were achieved by the highest producing dairy herds in our database. These findings can be used by all dairy producers to set production targets for commonly used productivity measures that are biologically consistent with one another.
Monopsonistic Labor Markets and International Trade

This paper introduces a framework to study the impact of trade liberalization on wage inequality and welfare in the presence of monopsonistic labor markets. The interaction of firm heterogeneity in productivity with idiosyncratic preferences of workers for working at different firms generates between-firm wage inequality for workers with identical skills. The degree of monopsony power is captured by the elasticity of firm-level labor supply, with a lower elasticity implying more wage-setting power by the firm. With more productive firms paying higher wages, monopsony power dampens the impact of firm heterogeneity on the allocation of market shares and allows lower productivity firms to survive. In a closed economy this increases inequality, but in an open economy high levels of monopsony power inhibit exporting, which may reduce inequality by compressing wages on the right side of the distribution. Nevertheless, inequality in the open economy is always higher than in autarky. Monopsony power reduces social welfare (for empirically plausible values of the labor supply elasticity) and the gains from trade.
Correctional Decisions in the Community

Decisions about convicted offenders do not end with the sentence of the judge. Indeed, a new series of decisions is only beginning—whether the offender is to be placed on probation (usually with suspension of a more severe sanction), whether he or she is to be sent to jail (or these sanctions are to be used in combination), whether another alternative is to be selected, or whether the person is to be sent to prison. All these decisions that are now required may be called correctional, not because they necessarily are corrective of the person’s behavior, but because the term corrections has come into common use to designate the complex of activities, programs, and systems such as probation, jail, prison, and parole that have been designed to deal with adjudicated persons in state custody. Setting aside issues of paroling decisions for Chapter 9, we seek in this chapter and the next to outline the general nature of some common decision problems in areas of corrections.
TH-CD-BRB-01: Flattening Filter Free Beams for SRS and SBRT: It’s All About Speed

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) have now been applied clinically for several decades. The accumulation of published technical and clinical studies currently available has offered insights into both the efficacy and special concerns associated with the delivery of the stereotactic approach to different disease sites. The last few years have witnessed significant advances in both delivery technology and planning approaches. Digital linacs equipped with high dose rate flattening-filter free (FFF) beams are particularly well suited to stereotactic applications. Modern image guidance provides a framework for managing uncertainties and optimizing margins. Knowledge-based approaches can automate many aspects of the treatment planning process. This session will provide an overview of these important technical considerations in SRS/SBRT, and discuss approaches to safe clinical implementation. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand commissioning and application of FFF beams in SRS and SBRT applications 2. Understand how image guidance plays a role in the design of treatment margins and the management of uncertainties 3. Understand the methodology and application of knowledge-based planning to SRS and SBRT Kevin Moore: research funding, honoraria and travel support from Varian Medical Systems Kristy Brock: licensing agreement with RaySearch Laboratories for deformable registration technology Richard Popple: research funding and honoraria from Varian Medical Systems Timothy Solberg: honoraria from BrainLAB, ownership of Global Radiosurgery Services
La inteligencia: un estudio comparativo de las aptitudes cognoscitivas y el rendimiento escolar en adolescentes

This study is an attempt to approach intelligence from a factorial perspective and to relate it with scholar ability and succes. Thus, different special aptitudes and the “g”-factor intelligence have been correlated with the marks gained by a group of 16 and 17-year-old students in various school-subjects; at the same time the relation between the “g”-factor and each aptitude has been observed.
Rebounds and oscillations in respiration-linked movements of Ca++ and H+ in rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Addition of Ca++ to rat liver mitochondria suspended in buffered 80 mm KCl or NaCl causes activation of respiration, uptake of Ca++, and ejection of H+, followed by return of the respiratory rate to a resting steady state in which there are no further net movements of Ca++ and H+. However, when the KCl concentration is only 20 mm, the Ca++-induced respiratory jump is followed by a period in which the resting respiration remains constant at a low resting rate, but in which the inverse Ca++-H+ exchange between mitochondria and medium undergoes oscillations. The oscillations are observed also after the accumulation of Sr++, but not after Mn++. They are maximal in media containing impermeant anions such as chloride, bromide, iodide, and thiocyanate. The oscillations are modified by buffer species and pH. Oscillations in the Ca++-H+ exchange do not occur in the presence of ATP, Mg++, sucrose, or permeant anions such as phosphate or acetate. The oscillations appear to depend in part on reverse electron flow from succinate to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Since the mitochondria appear to behave in a self-correcting manner, the oscillations in the inverse Ca++ and H+ movements are rationalized in terms of a feedback relationship between Ca++ influx and efflux.