cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing images, changing visions, changing practices.

Good health care, readers of this journal know, requires more than the physician practicing “evidence-based” medicine, using the wizardry of modern technology in combination with honed diagnostic skills to identify medical troubles and their treatment. It depends on the physician's understanding of the patient's emotional and social needs, and requires skill and sensitivity in relating to patients and their family members.
How Teachers' Classroom Cases Express Their Pedagogical Beliefs.

This study documents an attempt to develop a system of analysis to evaluate teachers' classroom cases based on the hypothesis that the way a teacher defines and orders the standard components of a ...
The Management of Complex Tasks in Organizations: Controlling the Systems Development Process

Control theory attempts to explain how one person or group in an organization can ensure that another person or group works toward and attains a set of organizational goals. Prior empirical work investigating control theory has shown that characteristics of the task and of the organizational environment predict the use of various types of control. However, this paper argues that when control theory is applied to a complex, nonroutine task such as the management of information systems development, the theory of control is incomplete. In particular, it proposes that knowledge of the task is a key determinant of type of control. Four modes of control behavior, outcome, clan, and self art identified from the organizational literature; each high-lights different aspects of control in organizations. Building on prior empirical work, this paper integrates the different theoretical perspectives and predicts the circumstances under which each type of control will be implemented. Survey responses from 96 participants of 32 systems development efforts suggest that the extent to which behaviors are monitored interacts with the project sponsor's level of systems development knowledge to determine the amount of behavior control; that outcome control is a function of the extent to which behaviors are monitored and outcomes are measurable; and that self-control is dependent on the extent to which outcomes are measurable and the level of the project sponsor's knowledge about systems development activities. No relationship between clan control and the independent variables was found.
Hydralazine urinary metabolites in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Urinary metabolites of hydralazine were studied using a paper chromatographic technic. The major urinary metabolite detected in both normal subjects and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was 3-methyltriazolo [3,4-a] phthalazine. Differences were not detected between the two groups.
Isolation and Characterization of Host Recognition Cues in Corn Roots for Larvae of the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Behavioral bioassays were used to isolate compounds from germinating corn roots that elicit a host recognition response (tight-turning behavior) by neonate larvae of the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. When a behaviorally active extract of germinating corn roots was separated into an aqueous partition and a hexane partition, significantly more larvae (P < 0.05) responded to the recombined partitions than to either partition alone, demonstrating that the active material is a blend comprising both polar and nonpolar compounds. When the aqueous partition was separated with reverse-phase solid phase extraction, most of the behavioral activity was retained in the 100% water fraction (F-1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis determined that F-1 contained a blend of small sugars, diacids, amino acids, and inorganic compounds. The nonpolar partition was separated on a silica column, and the resulting fractions were tested in combination with F-1 from the aqueous separation. More than 70% of larvae responded to the 100% acetone fraction (fraction B) in combination with F-1, and the response to this treatment was significantly higher than responses to the other nonpolar fractions or to F-1 alone. Methyl esterification of fraction B, followed by gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester analysis, confirmed that fraction B primarily consisted of lipids containing fatty acyl groups.
A preliminary theory of the effects of task and environmental factors on human performance

Human performance as function of task and environmental factors, using psychological and physiological references
Solubilization of benzene by aqueous sodium octylsulfate: Effect of added sodium chloride

Abstract Highly precise vapor pressure-solubility data have been obtained for benzene in aqueous solutions of sodium octylsulfate (SOS) containing approximately 0.4 M sodium chloride, at 15, 25, 35, and 45°C. A mass action model, using a form of the Poisson distribution equation modified to include cooperative benzene-benzene interactions within the micelle, provides an excellent fit of the solubilization data at each temperature. Values are reported of equilibrium constants for the interaction of a single benzene molecule with micellar SOS, the cooperativity parameters in the Poisson model, and activity coefficients for benzene solubilized in the micelle. A comparison of the solubilization results with those obtained for SOS solutions with no added salt indicates the influence of NaCl on properties of the micelles and micelle solubilizates. As has been reported previously, careful measurements of the dependence of extent of solubilization on the solubilizate activity indicate that solute-solnte interactions within the micelles lead to significant departures from Henry's law.
Microzooplankton grazing on Prorocentrum minimum and Karlodinium micrum in Chesapeake Bay

Potential grazing rates on the bloom forming dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Karlodinium micrum were measured in Chesapeake Bay during summer (2000). Cultured P. minimum and K. micrum cells were fluorescently labeled with 5-chloromethylfluoroscein diacetate and introduced to <200 μm filtered water. Microzooplankton grazing was assessed by measuring the disappearance of labeled prey over time. Grazing on P. minimum and K. micrum was highest between lower oligohaline to midmesohaline regions of the open bay, where microzooplankton biomass was greatest. In June, grazing rates on P. minimum were high at all stations, apparently because of naked (NHD) and thecate heterotrophic dinoflagellates. In July, grazing pressure on P. minimum was related to aloricate oligotrich and choreotrich biomass (r 2 = 0.5107, p = 0.030), whereas g for K. micrum was correlated with Oxyrrhis marina (r 2 = 0.7217, p = 0.004) abundance. In August, grazing on P. minimum was correlated with abundance of the NHD Gyrodinium spp. (r 2 = 0.6621, p = 0.006) and Polykrikos kofoidii (r 2 = 0.6617, p = 0.010) abundance. Microzooplankton biomass peaked within the mesohaline regions of Chesapeake Bay during all months, and these assemblages were dominated by heterotrophic dinoflagellates. On the basis of these results, microzooplankton grazing is an important loss to P. minimum and K. micrum populations in Chesapeake Bay.
PROPERTIES OF FRANKFURTERS PROCESSED WITH POTASSIUM AND SODIUM BICARBONATE

A study was designed to evaluate the use of low levels of sodium (0.25, 0.5, 1%) and potassium (0.25, 0.5%) bicarbonate on the sensory, microbial and functional properties of frankfurters. Both sodium and potassium bicarbonate resulted in higher pH values than control (no bicarbonate) on day 0 but differences diminished after storage at 4°C for 22 days. At the 0.5% level of addition, both sodium and potassium bicarbonate treatments had lower percent free water when compared to controls. The addition of high levels of bicarbonate resulted in diminished sensory properties; however, low levels had sensory characteristics in the acceptable range. No differences were detected between treatments for aerobic plate counts, anaerobic plate counts or yeast and mold counts. Results indicate an acceptable product can be produced using low levels of either sodium or potassium bicarbonate. The use of low levels of bicarbonate also results in beneficial changes of some physical properties.
Physicalism and mental causes: contra Papineau

In Philosophical Naturalism (1993), David Papineau defends physicalism, the thesis that all natural phenomena are physical. More precisely, Papineau's physicalism consists of two theses regarding supervenience and token congruence. His supervenience thesis states that two systems differ chemically, biologically, or psychologically with regard to their intrinsic, nonrelational properties only if they differ physically. His token-congruence thesis, denying epiphenomenalism, states that 'each dated mental occurrence is the same as some dated physical occurrence, even if we can't identify the mental type in question with any one physical type' (1993: 12). Papineau offers supervenience and token congruence as individually necessary and jointly sufficient for physicalism, adding that the world of physicalism is fundamentally constituted by physical phenomena. Papineau's physicalism allows for the correct use of nonphysical vocabulary, and denies that such vocabulary is always shorthand for physical properties. In Papineau's words: '... physicalism, as I have characterized it, allows that we often use nonphysical terminology, like 'sulphuric acid', 'thunderstorm', 'elephant', and 'thinking of the future', to group and categorize large-scale arrangements of physical facts. Moreover, physicalism allows that such special terminology isn't just a shorthand for complex physical properties: for in those cases where type identity fails, special categories cannot even in principle be specified in physical terms' (1993: 13). Still, according to Papineau, the special vocabulary is just a way of describing complexes of physical phenomena; it does not require the existence of any nonphysical substance. All substances are, then, physical, but not all correct ascription of properties is ascription of physical properties. In this respect, Papineau's physicalism is nonreductive and noneliminative: It does not require that all nonphysical vocabulary be reduced or eliminated. In particular, it does not require that psychological vocabulary be reduced or eliminated. As Papineau says, '... I don't in fact think that psychological categories are reducible to physical ones,' adding later that '... there is plenty of uncontentious empirical evidence that everyday psychology is true at just those points where it takes us beyond Dennett's [nonrealist] intentional stance' (1993: 44, 67). Why accept Papineau's physicalism? I shall argue that Papineau's answer yields a troublesome dilemma: either a dubious kind of causal
Meeting the Challenges of Policy-Relevant Science: Bridging Theory and Practice

Ongoing public debate about the role of science in policy making signifies the importance of advancing theory and practice in the field. Indeed, assumptions about the science-policy nexus hold direct implications for how this inter face is managed. A useful lens on contemporary themes is offered by the experience of a federal environmental science program that launched an ambitious effort to enhance capacity for policy rel evance while protecting a commit ment to sound, impartial scientific inquiry. This was achieved by developing an explicit conceptual model and implementing corre sponding strategies that addressed critical gaps in capacity for policy relevant research, analysis, and communication while supporting existing capacities. This article describes and evaluates the capacity-building effort from the dual perspectives of deepening an understand ing of successful practice in the field and advancing a conceptual understanding of the science-policy nexus. It illustrates the challenges facing practitioners and the need for greater interaction between theory and practice.
Comparative subacute toxicity of all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoic acid in Swiss mice.

Abstract Swiss mice were treated once a day for 21 days with all-trans- or 13-cis-retinoic acid administered ip or po. The LD50 of all-trans-retinoic acid was 31 mg/kg ip and 1100 mg/kg po; the LD50 of 13-cis-retinoic acid was 140 mg/kg ip and 26,000 mg/kg po. However, after 21 consecutive days of treatment, fractured bones were observed in treated animals at all tested doses of 13-cis-retinoic acid and at doses of all-trans-retinoic acid higher than 3 mg/kg ip or 10 mg/kg po. By either route of administration, 13-cis-retinoic acid produced the same number and incidence of fractures at doses three to five times that of all-trans-retinoic acid administered by the same route. Treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid ip resulted in a dose-related decrease in the red blood cell count, but ip administration of all-trans-retinoic acid did not. The concentration of albumin, the serum transport protein for these compounds, was changed only after low oral doses of all-trans-retinoic acid. The appearance of fractured bones was not always associated with elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Based on these parameters of toxicity, 13-cis-retinoic acid was less toxic than all-trans-retinoic acid.
Enriching a motion collection by transplanting limbs

This paper describes a method that can significantly increase the size of a collection of motion observations by cutting limbs from one motion sequence and attaching them to another. Not all such transplants are successful, because correlations across the body are a significant feature of human motion. The method uses randomized search based around a set of rules to generate transplants that are (a) likely to be successful and (b) likely to enrich the existing motion collection. The resulting frames are annotated by a classifier to tell whether they look like human motion or not.We evaluate the method by obtaining motion demands from an application, synthesizing motions to meet those demands, and then scoring the synthesized motions. Motions synthesized using transplants are generally somewhat better than those synthesized without using transplants, because transplanting generates many frames quite close to the original frames, so that it is easier for the motion synthesis process to find a good path in the motion graph. Furthermore, we show classifier errors tend to have relatively little impact in practice.Finally, we show that transplanted motion data can be used to synthesize motions of a group coordinated in space and time without producing motions that share frames.
A road recognition system using GPS/GIS integrated system

The 3-D geometry of the road ahead of a moving vehicle is of practical importance in the development of intelligent vehicle capabilities such as obstacle and road recognition, cruise control, collision warning systems, and steering control. In this paper, we present a road recognition system that uses two different data sources, a Global Positioning System (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) data. The desired outputs of the recognition system are the distance of vehicle to the vanishing point and the elevation angle between these two points. The GPS/GIS integrated component makes use of GPS data and digital elevation model (DEM) data from a GIS. The system is capable of determining the geometry of the road ahead with various vehicle speeds and outdoor road conditions. The system is divided into several components including location systems, a reckoning system, map matching, and map database. The experiments and results are described to verify the performance and accuracy of each algorithm. An analysis of various vehicle speeds and outdoor conditions has been tested on the GPS/GIS integrated system.
Centromere-Proximal Crossovers Are Associated With Precocious Separation of Sister Chromatids During Meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In most organisms, meiotic chromosome segregation is dependent on crossovers (COs), which enable pairs of homologous chromosomes to segregate to opposite poles at meiosis I. In mammals, the majority of meiotic chromosome segregation errors result from a lack of COs between homologs. Observations in Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster have revealed a second class of exceptional events in which a CO occurred near the centromere of the missegregated chromosome. We show that in wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most spore inviability is due to precocious separation of sister chromatids (PSSC) and that PSSC is often associated with centromere-proximal crossing over. COs, as opposed to nonreciprocal recombination events (NCOs), are preferentially associated with missegregation. Strains mutant for the RecQ homolog, SGS1, display reduced spore viability and increased crossing over. Much of the spore inviability in sgs1 results from PSSC, and these events are often associated with centromere-proximal COs, just as in wild type. When crossing over in sgs1 is reduced by the introduction of a nonnull allele of SPO11, spore viability is improved, suggesting that the increased PSSC is due to increased crossing over. We present a model for PSSC in which a centromere-proximal CO promotes local loss of sister-chromatid cohesion.
Design and Implementation of ARP Functionality Based on VHDL

Purpose: In order to alleviate the related CPU workload of processing protocol stack, recoding the ARP protocol from TCP/IP protocol stack with hardware language VHDL, and the end to implement it on hardware platform. Methodology: According to functions, separating ARP protocol into two functional modules, creating limited state machine respectively and programming, at last integrating them on Xilinx ISE7.1i integrated environment, to implement functional simulation separately on ModelSim SE 6.0C at the end. Results: Based on the simulation results data, re-design the ARP protocol model which can replace the related functions in TCP/IP protocol stack. Conclusion: The success of ARP protocol module redesign with VHDL language, will drive the development of off-load engine technologies of TCP/IP protocol. Of course it will bring a new development of network also. In the next few years, it will promote a rapid development hot spot of network communication.
Direct Spectrographic Analysis for Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium in Gold Beads from Fire Assay:

Platinum, palladium, and rhodium are determined by direct spectrographic analysis of a 4 mg gold bead obtained by fire assay fusion and cupellation. The weighed bead is placed into a graphite electrode containing 2 mg of (NH4)2 OsCl5 which stabilizes the platinum volatilization and is burned in a 15 A dc arc in an argon–oxygen atmosphere. Detection limits for a sample of one assay ton are 5 ppb for Pt and less than 1 ppb for Pd and Rh.
Cognitive, Emotional, and Language Processes in Disclosure

Previous studies have found that writing about upsetting experiences can improve physical health. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, 72 first-year college students were randomly assigned to write about either their thoughts and feelings about coming to college or about superficial topics for three consecutive days. Measures of language use within the writing samples and cognitive measures of accessibility and schematic organisation were collected in the weeks before and after writing. As in previous studies, writing about college was found to reduce health centre visits for illness and to improve subjects' grade point average. Text analyses indicated that the use of positive emotion words and changes in words suggestive of causal and insightful thinking were linked to health change. Improved grades, although not linked to these language dimensions, were found to correlate with measures of schematic organisation of college-relevant themes. Implications for using written language to understand cognit...
Mobility of strained and dislocated In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As semiconductor material

A theoretical investigation of low-field electron transport properties in thick layers of partially strain-relieved lattice-mismatched In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As on GaAs semiconductor material is performed. The results indicate that room-temperature improvements in low-field mobility with increasing indium concentration are possible, but only occur if the density of misfit dislocations can be held below a critical value. >
The Role of Consumers in Walker Process Litigation

Through Walker Process claims, antitrust law condemns monopolization by means of the fraudulent procurement and enforcement of invalid patents. Walker Process litigation can serve a critical role in a competitive economy by bringing down illegal monopolies that reduce output below efficient levels. Recently, courts have split on whether consumers have standing to initiate Walker Process litigation. Surprisingly, none of the courts denying consumers standing to bring Walker Process claims has performed any extensive analysis of the purpose or structure of antitrust standing. After explaining how denying standing to consumers who attempt to bring Walker Process claims undermines the compensatory and deterrent functions of antitrust law, this symposium piece demonstrates how such consumers satisfy the traditional antitrust standing requirements. However, that does not mean that consumers should necessarily have unimpeded access to federal courts to pursue Walker Process claims. The proper standard requires balancing several competing goals; it should render patent fraud not cost-beneficial and should compensate consumers injured by illegal monopolies maintained through fraudulently procured patents, but without opening the floodgates to nuisance suits and frivolous litigation that could deter legitimate patent activity. The article considers whether it would be appropriate to allow consumers to sue for Walker Process liability but to impose some limit on such suits. After considering the criteria for an appropriate screen for filtering out undesirable claims, the article proposes two such screening mechanisms.
Reduction of glutamine synthetase mRNA in hypertrophied skeletal muscle.

Skeletal muscle glutamine synthetase (GS) expression is reduced by endurance exercise and is increased when normal innervation is interrupted. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether GS expression is downregulated by the increased contractile activity associated with functional overload. Plantaris muscles overloaded for 30 days by synergist ablation were 70% heavier than those in sham-operated and unoperated control muscles. GS mRNA levels from hypertrophied muscles, measured by Northern and dot-blot hybridization, were reduced to 30% of controls. Changes in total RNA concentration and the proportion of poly(A)+ RNA in the total RNA pool did not account for the decline in GS mRNA. Despite reduced levels of GS mRNA, GS enzyme activity (nmol.h-1.mg protein-1) was unchanged in the hypertrophied muscles (overload, 79 +/- 5; control, 82 +/- 4). To further examine the lack of relationship between GS mRNA and enzyme activity, the concentration of glutamine, a known posttranslational modifier of GS activity, was measured. Consistent with the observed enzyme activities, muscle glutamine was unchanged in hypertrophied muscle (overload, 6.2 +/- 0.3; control, 5.8 +/- 0.4 mumol/g tissue). These results suggest that translational or posttranslational regulation, other than through alterations in glutamine concentration. may play a role in maintaining GS enzyme levels in hypertrophied muscle. Moreover, the regulation of GS activity in muscle hypertrophy may differ from the regulation with endurance training, in which changes in enzyme activity parallel changes in mRNA.
Parsing the Meaning of 'Personal Injuries' Under Section 104(a)(2)

In September 2009, the Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service issued a proposed regulation that would modify a longstanding definition of “personal injuries” under Internal Revenue Code section 104(a)(2). (That section provides an exclusion for “damages received . . . on account of personal physical injuries or physical sickness.”) This regulation project is important, and the proposal is helpful in many respects. But it leaves at least one fundamental question unanswered: What is it that distinguishes a personal injury from any other injury?
Social norms for intimate partner violence.

This study investigated perceived descriptive norms (i.e., perceived prevalence) for intimate partner violence (IPV) among college students. Male and female college students were asked to estimate the prevalence of IPV for same-sex "typical students" on their campus. Perpetrators of IPV made higher estimates than nonperpetrators. Both perpetrators and nonperpetrators overestimated the prevalence of IPV when compared to actual prevalence rates. Findings lend support for using social-norms-based prevention programs on college campuses. Language: en
Evaluation of broth media for routine culture of cerebrospinal and joint fluid specimens

Broth cultures of cerebrospinal and joint fluids are important components in the culture detection of meningitis and septic arthritis. The authors examined 121 strains of bacteria isolated from clinical specimens representing 13 species or groups that cause meningitis and arthritis for growth in supplemented Thioglycolate broth (THIO), Supplemented Peptone Broth (SPB), and minced beef heart (MBH) media each alone or with added IsoVitaleX. Both SPB and MBH with IsoVitaleX performed better as broth culture media than the media without IsoVitaleX or THIO with or without IsoVitaleX.
Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the western Llano uplift, central Texas The story in an outcrop

A small, but perfectly exposed outcrop of Mesoproterozoic rocks in the western Llano uplift displays lithologic and structural relations from which a sequence of geologic events has been determined. Detailed geologic mapping and petrologic studies combined with new U-Pb ages of key units are used to constrain the tectonic evolution of this little-studied region and provide a basis for comparison with the previously studied southeastern uplift. The outcrop consists of layered mafic and felsic gneiss cross-cut by three generations of granitic dikes and sills. The sequence of events as deduced from cross-cutting relations and U-Pb geochronology is as follows: (1) generation of compositional layering (S 0 ) and parallel biotite foliation (S 1 ) in the gneisses at 1256 Ma; (2) emplacement of the first set of granitic sills and dikes at 1253 Ma; (3) transposition, isoclinal folding, amphibolite facies metamorphism, and fabric formation (S 2 ) between 1253 Ma and 1126 Ma; (4) emplacement of pegmatitic granitic dikes at 1126 Ma; (5) open folding and boudinage between 1126 Ma and 1076 Ma; and (6) emplacement of aplitic granitic dikes at 1076 Ma. Four U-Pb ages of titanite, two each from the gneiss and pegmatitic granite, are concordant at ∼ 1114 Ma indicating that the region had been sufficiently hot to reset titanite ages in the gneiss and that the region had cooled below the titanite blocking temperature by this time. The tectonic evolution of this outcrop is remarkably similar to that of other areas of the Llano uplift, suggesting that the entire uplift experienced a similar evolution.
Distribution Characteristics and Ecological Risk of PAHs in River Courses of Urban Old Industrial Relocation Areas: A Case Study of Weigong River in Shenyang City

Aimed at the distribution characteristics and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) in the river of an urban relocation area,the 16 priority PAHs by the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection were quantitatively analyzed in the water and sediment of Weigong River of Shenyang City,China from October 2011 to September 2012. The spatial distributions of PAHs were revealed by seasonal sampling and along-the-river sampling,and the ecological risk of PAHs was preliminarily assessed with entropy evaluation. The results showed that the mean concentrations of total PAHs were 0. 721 μg·L-1in the water and3 777. 8 ng·g-1in the sediment. A positive correlation was found between the concentrations of TOC( total organic carbon) and PAHs in both water and sediment. As a whole,the potential risk of PAHs pollution in Weigong River could be categorized as lowto moderate. However,naphthalene and anthracene might cause toxicity to the aquatic organisms at some sampling sites.
African American Maternal Power and the Racial Socialization of Preschool Children

In the present qualitative study, we applied an integrated Black feminist-child development theoretical framework to examine how 12 African American mothers engaged the racial socialization process with their preschool-age girls and boys in the U.S. state of South Carolina. We specifically examined (a) the strategies and messages that mothers use during the racial socialization process and (b) mothers’ perceptions of external sources that influenced their children’s racial socialization experiences. Two major themes emerged from data analyses: Motherwork as Conscientization and Doing African American Mothering. An overarching finding was that mothers found the racial socialization of their children to be characterized by a struggle to maintain control over racialized messaging received by their children and a feeling of powerlessness over the influence of external forces in racial socialization. Mothers preferred to use cultural socialization and egalitarian socialization with their young children and believed that there was a developmental time of readiness for having conversations involving race and race discrimination.
Concurrently upregulated and downregulated D2/D3 receptor systems in cocaine use disorder using [11C]PHNO

16 Objectives PET imaging of dopamine type 2 and type 3 receptors (D2R/D3R) in cocaine use disorder (CUD) demonstrate lower binding potential (BPND) in the dorsal striatum using [11C]raclopride1,2, which primarily reflects D2R availability, and greater BPND in the D3R-rich midbrain using [11C]PHNO3,4, a D3R-preferring agonist. However, [11C]PHNO studies of CUD have been unable to replicate [11C]raclopride findings of reduced binding in D2R-rich dorsal striatum, where [11C]PHNO BPND largely reflects D2R availability5. The current study aimed to further investigate regional alterations in D2R/D3R availability in CUD and age- and gender-matched healthy comparison (HC) participants using [11C]PHNO. Methods 26 recently abstinent ( Results There was a main effect of group across ROIs (F7,44=3.87, p=0.002), with CUD relative to HC displaying greater BPND in the SN (t50=2.91, p=0.005) and reduced BPND in the DPU (t50=2.14, p=0.037), while a group difference in the DCA did not reach significance (t50=1.79, p=0.080). Results survived correction for age-related differences in BPND. Whole-brain analysis confirmed reduced dorsal striatal and greater midbrain BPND in CUD relative to HC participants. ICA identified three sources of [11C]PHNO BPND (striatopallidal, pallidonigral, and mesoaccumbal networks) that represent systems of brain regions displaying coherent variation in receptor availability. There was a main effect of group on source intensities (an indication of a source’s relative contribution to a subject’s aggregate BPND mixture) (F3,48=4.28, p=0.009). Consistent with regional findings, CUD participants displayed reduced intensity of the striatopallidal network (t50=2.58, p=0.013) and greater intensity of the pallidonigral network (t50=2.03, p=0.047). Conclusions The current study extends previous research of D2R/D3R availability in CUD measured with [11C]PHNO, detecting both lower BPND the dorsal striatum greater BPND in the midbrain, and demonstrates the utility of ICA in exploring concurrently upregulated and downregulated dopamine receptor systems in CUD. Research Support. NIDA: P20-DA027844 (MNP), R03-DA027456 (RTM), T32-DA022975 (PDW); NCATS: UL1 TR000142 (REC); CT-DMHAS, CASAColumbia.
"Call Me a Little Critical if You Will": Counterstories of Latinas Studying Abroad in Guatemala.

This article examined a group of Latina students studying abroad. It highlighted ways in which identity manifests itself for Latinas in different contexts. It used counterstories, stories of historically marginalized groups in education. Primary findings were cultural dissonance; a reflection of past, present, and privilege; and the critical consumption of knowledge. Institutional suggestions to increase participation of students of color in study abroad programs and recommendation of effective practices are provided.
The Early Life of Henry George

The first inkling of what would become a raging political debate in the United States and beyond, centered about the finances of the public sector, could not have begun in a more colorful way. In fact, there are few scholar-philosophers more fascinating than the iconoclast Henry George.
Byte-Based Partial-Match instruction and data compression for high-performance and low-power interconnects

With improvement in technology, the number of cores and the numbers of threads per core keep increasing. As a result, instruction and data transferred on interconnects increase significantly. Interconnects are becoming a performance and power bottleneck of multi-core systems. In this paper, we present our compression scheme, Byte-Based Partial-Match (PM) compression for both instruction and data transferred at all memory levels. Our simulation results show that, on average, about 28%∼67% compression ratios can be achieved with PM compression. Overall performance of a system can be increased by 1.4%∼21.9% with default system bus widths. With compressed bus widths, about 7%∼40% of interconnect power can be saved.
Senior Volunteering in Service to Community Elders in Shanghai: Bringing Together Agendas for Productive Aging and Community-Based Social Support for the Aged in China

In this article, I examine recent ethnographic data on the subjective meanings of volunteering expressed by Chinese older adult volunteers working within community-based non-governmental-organization (NGO) projects supporting aging in place for ailing elders and their family caregivers in Shanghai, China. In examining this data, I analyze what older adults’ community-based volunteering means to them in the context of broader questions about the potential for bringing together gerontological agendas for productive aging and community-based social support for the aged. I argue that these Chinese older adult volunteers bring special strengths to community volunteering in support of the aged, and that their choice to serve community members of advanced age also brings distinctive benefits to them as volunteers. This pairing of older volunteers with senior community recipients has demonstrated excellent potential, as well as some important challenges.
Connectomics and other novel methods for examining neural systems

Abstract Novel approaches for studying the brain and relating its activities to mental phenomena have come into use during the past decade (Bargmann, 2015). These include both new laboratory methods – involving, among others, generation of isolated cells which retain neuronal characteristics in vivo; the selective stimulation of neurons by light in vivo; and direct electrical stimulation of specific brain regions to restore a system's balance of excitation and inhibition – and a new organizing principle, “connectomics”, which recognizes that networks, and not simply a key nucleus or region, underlie most brain functions and malfunctions. Its application has already improved our comprehension of how the brain normally functions and our ability to help patients with such poorly treated neurologic and psychiatric diseases as Alzheimer's disease.
Introduction to Drug-Drug Interactions

Innovations in drug development have led to the introduction of many chemical entities in clinical practice over the past 60 years. This innovation coupled with the increasing use of polypharmacy has raised the potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions. The current chapter provides a basic overview of the mechanisms and preclinical prediction of drug interactions. The interpretation of the results of clinical drug studies and the necessity for continued review of primary literature on this topic are discussed.
Phosphorus and Kidney Disease: Mechanisms for Perturbed Phosphorus Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abnormalities in phosphorus metabolism occur early in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Compensatory changes in renal phosphate handling are sufficient to maintain serum phosphorus within the normal laboratory range in early stages of kidney disease, but in more advanced kidney disease, these mechanisms no longer suffice and hyperphosphatemia ensues. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are the main phosphaturic hormones that increase renal phosphate excretion by decreasing the renal sodium-phosphate cotransporters in the proximal tubule. FGF23 increases renal phosphate excretion earlier than PTH in response to abnormal phosphate homeostasis, and together elevations in FGF23 and PTH mediate processes that help restore serum phosphorus levels to normal in moderate-to-severe CKD. FGF23 is modulated by dietary phosphorus intake, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and PTH. FGF23 synthesis and release are positively regulated by serum phosphorus and 1,25(OH)2D and negatively regulated by unknown mechanisms. The major focus of this chapter will be to understand the mechanism of abnormal phosphorus homeostasis in patients with kidney disease, with particular attention to the biochemical/hormonal factors including vitamin D, PTH, and FGF23, as well as a brief consideration of bone and the intestine.
Change and continuity of income divide in the American Southeast: A metropolitan scale analyses, 2000–2014

Abstract Changing racial/ethnic diversity along with economic growth have also drawn renewed public attention to growing income inequality and lack of economic well-being in the American society. This paper investigates one element of contemporary inequality – the income divide between the richest and the poorest population groups in the metropolises of the U.S. Southeast. This paper examines income divide across southern U.S. metropolises in 2000 and 2014, their change during 2000–2014, their variation across major races/ethnicities, and their relationships with important metropolitan characteristics such as diversity, intermixing, socio-economic status and built-environment attributes. Cartographic, ranking/matrix, and correlations analyses suggest that the largest, most diverse, most segregated, and those with a greater presence of better educated are the most income divided metropolises, whereas the small-to-mid-sized metropolises, with lesser educated population are less divided. The income divide has increased during 2000–2014 in a majority of these metropolises, and for all races/ethnicities, even though Whites and Asians are relatively better-off compared to overall population whereas Blacks and Hispanics lag behind.
Hematological Issues in Liver Disease

Patients with liver disease have long been considered at risk for bleeding complications. Although bleeding in patients with cirrhosis occurs frequently on the basis of portal hypertension, evidence accumulated over the last 10 years suggests that the underlying state of hemostasis in patients with cirrhosis and acute liver failure appears to be “re-balanced,” such that redundant mechanisms exist to compensate for deficient pro-coagulant, liver-derived factors. Recent clinical and in vitro research has demonstrated that stable patients with acute and chronic liver failure actually exist in a relative hypercoagulable state, which may propagate the progression of liver disease itself as well as cause systemic thrombotic complications. Surely, treating such patients with blood and blood products has the potential to exacerbate the hypercoagulable state and cause harm. The following will summarize much of the background to the new concept of re-balanced hemostasis in patients with cirrhosis and acute liver failure, and suggest therapeutic options other than repleting blood products to achieve a “goal,” the often unattainable normalization of standard coagulation laboratories.
Galaxy motions cause trouble for cosmology.

According to the widely accepted dark energy plus cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, dark matter is responsible for both the growth of cosmological structures and the motions of galaxies relative to the expansion of the universe. The dynamics of small galaxies orbiting larger ones provides a crucial window into this mysterious dark matter, which leaves its gravitational mark throughout the universe but has not yet been detected directly. On page 534 of this issue, Muller et al. ( 1 ) describe observations of satellite galaxies around Centaurus A, the largest galaxy system in the vicinity of the Milky Way. The results may lead to either a better understanding of galaxy formation within the ΛCDM model or a push to overthrow its underlying assumptions.
Irreversible water mediated transformation of BCN from a 3D highly porous form to its nonporous hydrolyzed counterpart

Boron carbon nitrides (BCNs) were synthesized from boric acid and melamine mixtures of various ratios, by heat treatment at 1000 °C. They are thermally stable nanorods of a high carbon content (∼20 at%) and low crystallinity. The various precursor ratios led to alterations in porosity and in B, C, and N chemical environments. Since the applications of this kind of material in aqueous media are of high interest, their stability upon exposure to water was investigated. Adsorption of water resulted in a marked weight gain and in a loss of porosity and fluorescence. FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that contact with moisture/water resulted in the formation of ammonium borate and B–C bonds were identified as the main sites of this reaction. BCN reacts slowly with air humidity. In this process ammonia is released and the adsorptive properties are gradually lost. The results suggest that BCN when used in an aqueous phase/ambient environment should be considered as rather nonporous BCNO with a high content of a carbon phase (C–C), significant amount of borate, and lower nitrogen content than those in freshly synthesized samples.
System-size dependence of the viscous attenuation of anisotropic flow in p + Pb and Pb + Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

The elliptic and triangular flow coefficients (${v}_{n},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}n=2,3$) measured in Pb + Pb ($\sqrt{{s}_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=2.76\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{TeV}$) and $p+\mathrm{Pb}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(\sqrt{{s}_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=5.02\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{TeV}$) collisions are studied as a function of initial-state eccentricity (${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{n}$) and dimensionless size characterized by the cube root of the midrapidity charged hadron multiplicity density ${\ensuremath{\langle}{N}_{\mathrm{ch}}\ensuremath{\rangle}}^{1/3}$. The results indicate that the influence of eccentricity (${v}_{n}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{n}$) observed for large $\ensuremath{\langle}{N}_{\mathrm{ch}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ is superseded by the effects of viscous attenuation for small $\ensuremath{\langle}{N}_{\mathrm{ch}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$, irrespective of the colliding species. Strikingly similar acoustic scaling patterns of exponential viscous modulation with a damping rate proportional to ${n}^{2}$ and inversely proportional to the dimensionless size are observed for the eccentricity-scaled coefficients for the two sets of colliding species. The resulting scaling parameters suggest that, contrary to current predilections, the patterns of viscous attenuation as well as the specific shear viscosity $\ensuremath{\langle}\frac{\ensuremath{\eta}}{s}(T)\ensuremath{\rangle}$ for the matter created in $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ and Pb + Pb collisions are comparable.
Detonation diffraction in a circular arc geometry of the insensitive high explosive PBX 9502

Abstract We describe the details of an unconfined insensitive high explosive (PBX 9502) circular arc section experiment, in which, after a transient period, a detonation sweeps around the arc with constant angular speed. The arc section is sufficiently wide that the flow along the centerline of the arc section remains two-dimensional. Data includes time-of-arrival diagnostics of the detonation along the centerline inner and outer arc surfaces, which is used to obtain the angular speed of the steadily rotating detonation. We also obtain the lead shock shape of the detonation as it sweeps around the arc. Reactive burn model simulations of the PBX 9502 arc experiment are then conducted to establish the structure of the detonation driving zone, i.e. the region enclosed between the detonation shock and flow sonic locus (in the frame of the steady rotating detonation). It is only the energy released in this zone which determines the speed at which the steady detonation sweeps around the arc. We show that the sonic flow locus of the detonation driving zone largely lies at the end of, or within, the fast reaction stage of the PBX 9502 detonation, with the largest section of the detonation driving zone lying close to the inner arc surface. We also demonstrate that the reactive burn model provides a good prediction of both the angular speed of the detonation wave and the curved detonation front shape.
Modal Cost Analysis for Simple Continua

The most popular finite element codes are based upon appealing theories of convergence of modal frequencies. For example the popularity of cubic elements for beam-like structures is due to the rapid convergence of modal frequencies and stiffness properties. However, for those problems in which the primary consideration is the accuracy of response of the structure at specified locations it is more important to obtain accuracy in the modal costs than in the modal frequencies. The modal cost represents the contribution of a mode in the norm of the response vector. This paper provides a complete modal cost analysis for simple continua such as beam-like structures. Upper bounds are developed for mode truncation errors in the model reduction process and modal cost analysis dictates which modes to retain in order to reduce the model for control design purposes.
The Spatial Diffusion of Beer from its Sumerian Origins to Today

This chapter traces the spatial diffusion of beer from the Fertile Crescent region and on to Egypt, then throughout Europe via the Roman conquest. The importance of Catholic monasteries to the development of beer culture in Europe during the Middle Ages is reviewed, along with the rise of commercial brewing and the decline of monastic brewing in early modern Europe. This chapter also discuss the dissemination of beer culture to Colonial America and later in the United States. Topics discussed include the role of German immigrants in the development of nineteenth century beer industry. Twentieth Century topics discussed include prohibition, post-World War II mass production and consolidation, and the rise of microbreweries.
The Part Played by Value in the Modification of Open into Attractive Possibilities

Moral value as it was understood by Nicolai Hartmann and by Max Scheler belongs uniquely to volitions or willings, to dispositions to will and to persons as beings capable of willing. Moreover, as understood in this paper as well as by Hartmann, Scheler, and Husserl, every volition necessarily involves if not actual valuings then reference to retained valuings and potential valuings as well as to cognitive mental phenomena. As used here, the terms ‘volition’ and ‘willing’ denote mental traits, such as lived experiences and habits insofar as they either do or can occur actively. A trait of a mind or “monad” can have moral value — in contrast to utility, for example — only insofar as it is or can be or could have been engaged in and so performed by the person or ego to whose mind the trait belongs. The classification of lived experiences as voluntary or not voluntary cuts across the three-fold classification of mental processes as cognitive, affective, or conative. This seems to be the most appropriate way to distinguish the voluntary from the involuntary. Voluntary mental phenomena are characterized by the engagement of the ego in some lived experience occurring in the flux of its lived experiences.