cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NHE blockade inhibits chemokine production and NF-κB activation in immunostimulated endothelial cells

Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) activation has been documented to contribute to endothelial cell injury caused by inflammatory states. However, the role of NHEs in regulation of the endothelial cell inflammatory response has not been investigated. The present study tested the hypothesis that NHEs contribute to endothelial cell inflammation induced by endotoxin or interleukin (IL)-1beta. NHE inhibition using amiloride, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride, and 5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride as well as the non-amiloride NHE inhibitors cimetidine, clonidine, and harmaline suppressed endotoxin-induced IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 production by human umbilical endothelial vein cells (HUVECs). The suppressive effect of amiloride on endotoxin-induced IL-8 production was associated with a decreased accumulation of IL-8 mRNA. NHE inhibitors suppressed both inhibitory (I)kappaB degradation and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB DNA binding, suggesting that a decrease in activation of the IkappaB-NF-kappaB system contributed to the suppression of HUVEC inflammatory response by NHE blockade. NHE inhibition decreased also the IL-1beta-induced HUVEC inflammatory response, because amiloride suppressed IL-1beta-induced E-selectin expression on HUVECs. These results demonstrate that maximal activation of the HUVEC inflammatory response requires a functional NHE.
Urban Origins/Destinations from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

High-resolution remote sensing (RS) image data were used to identify commercial and industrial (C&I) origins and destinations (O/D). Imperviousness, derived from a RS-based land cover classification, is utilized as a surrogate for C&I locations. Imperviousness is quantified using three parameters that indicate the percent of impervious surface in a block of interest and in surrounding blocks, each quantified through an intensity of red, green, or blue. The three parameters are combined in a meaningful way through the combination of the intensity of the three colors to represent which impervious surfaces are associated with C&I locations. A block size analysis was performed to determine the block size that best differentiates between C&I and non-C&I locations. Training sites were used to develop a land cover classification with two classes—C&I or non-C&I, that incorporates the color variations associated with C&I locations, including the impact of boundaries. An accuracy assessment was performed by comparing C&I/non-C&I designations with actual land use. C&I O/D are of use in determining travel distances and as a measure of transportation system accessibility.
An Alternative Perturbative Expansion in Quantum Mechanics: Scaling and Cutoff Resummation

Abstract An alternative perturbative expansion in quantum mechanics which allows a full expression of the scaling arbitrariness is introduced. This expansion is examined in the case of the anharmonic oscillator and is conveniently resummed using a method which consists in introducing an energy cutoff that is carefully removed as the order of the expansion is increased. We illustrate this technique numerically by computing the asymptotic behavior of the ground state energy of the anharmonic oscillator for large values of the coupling constant and show how the exploitation of the scaling arbitrariness substantially improves the convergence of this perturbative expansion.
Design of a wideband balun using parallel strips

A new wideband balun is presented. The designed balun has a symmetrical four-port structure with one port open-ended. It consists of a wideband impedance transformer and a broadband phase inverter. To design the wideband impedance transformer, an S-plane high-pass prototype has been exactly synthesized with third order Chebyshev response. A wideband parallel strip balun operating from 0.72 to 2.05 GHz is fabricated and tested to verify the design concept. The measured results match well with the design theory.
Supporting undo and redo in scientific data analysis

This paper presents a provenance-based technique to support undoing and redoing data analysis tasks. Our technique targets scientists who experiment with combinations of approaches to processing raw data into presentable datasets. Raw data may be noisy and in need of cleaning, it may suffer from sensor drift that requires retrospective calibration and data correction, or it may need gap-filling due to sensor malfunction or environmental conditions. Different raw datasets may have different issues requiring different kinds of adjustments, and each issue may potentially be handled by different approaches. Thus, scientists must often experiment with different sequences of approaches. In our work, we show how provenance information can be used to facilitate this kind of experimentation with scientific datasets. We describe an approach that supports the ability to (1) undo a set of tasks while setting aside the artifacts and consequences of performing those tasks, (2) replace, remove, or add a data-processing technique, and (3) redo automatically those set aside tasks that are consistent with changed technique. We have implemented our technique and demonstrate its utility with a case study of a common, sensor-network, data-processing scenario showing how our approach can reduce the cost of changing intermediate data-processing techniques in a complex, data-intensive process.
A hyperstable adaptive line enhancer for fast tracking of sinusoidal inputs

An IIR adaptive filter is presented for the application of tracking sinusoidal inputs. The filter uses a hyperstable update to provide very fast convergence, and is capable of tracking multiple sinusoids, with the order of the filter being twice the number of sinusoids. The convergence of the filter depends on a certain transfer function being strictly positive real (SPR), and necessary conditions are derived, for this transfer function to be SPR. These conditions hold for the completely general case, and can be very simply expressed in terms of the input sinusoidal frequencies, because of the specific application that is addressed, and because of the filter topology (a resonator-based filter structure) that is used. Further, these conditions are derived under the assumption that no post-error filter is used (unlike most hyperstable schemes). Further, these conditions are also shown to be sufficient for convergence, for the case of up to two input sinusoids (4th order filter). For a larger number of input sinusoids, though it has not been possible to prove the sufficiency of these conditions, we have conducted several experiments and obtained convergence in all cases, leading to the conjecture that the conditions are sufficient for convergence, for the general case as well. Simulations of the performance of the filter structure are also provided to support the theory and the conjectured condition for convergence. The capability of the adaptive filter to track fast changes in frequency make it a candidate for applications like demodulating MFSK signals. Alternatively, the speed can be traded for complexity because for slow adaptation (low /spl mu/), the algorithm reduces to a pseudo-gradient-based update that can be implemented very simply.
Repentance and Spiritual Power: Book vi of Richard Hooker's Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity

No one doubts that the treatise on repentance published in 1648 as the sixth book of Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity is by Hooker, but there has been considerable doubt that 1648 (as I shall call it) belongs in the Laws. Keble pronounced it ‘an entire deviation from its subject’, which should have been the Disciplinarian proposal that the power of ecclesiastical jurisdiction be exercised by congregational lay-elders, while W. Speed Hill concludes his recent detailed discussion of the problems surrounding the posthumous three last books of Hooker's great work by calling on those who would include 1648 in the Laws to argue their case for its inclusion ‘in the face of a substantial body of evidence, internal and external, to the contrary’. The present note is a response on the ‘internal’ side to Professor Hill's call for argument.
Extending the range of applicability and automation of the advancing front grid generation technique

We describe recent extensions and improvements to the advancing front grid generation technique. The following areas are treated: situations with thin or crossing surfaces, meshing of surfaces defined by triangulations, ease of user input to define the desired element size in space, and self-adaptive surface meshing to specified accuracy. The first extension is important if one considers the generation of volumetric grids around shells, membranes, fabrics, or CAD-data that exhibit cusps. Traditional advancing front generators are likely to fail in these situations. The second extension is required for situations where the surfaces to be gridded are not defined analytically, but via a triangulation. The third topic deals with the reduction of manual labor to specify element size in space. Sources, element sizes attached directly to CAD-data, and adaptive background grids are discussed. Adaptive background grids, in combination with surface deviation tolerances, are used to obtain surface triangulations that represent the geometry faithfully, and at the same time enable a smooth transition to volumetric meshes.
Studies in Carbohydrate Utilization by Organisms of the Genus Mycobacterium

By means of direct quantitative carbohydrate determinations employing the Shaffer-Hartmann blood sugar method I have shown there is a rather wide utilization of carbohydrates by organisms of the genus Mycobacterium.The reaction changes both in plain broth and carbohydrate broth cultures of the organisms of this genus are toward progressive increase in alkalinity. The reaction change is less rapid in the presence of utilizable carbohydrates. This increase in alkalinity whether in plain broth or carbohydrate broth cultures has been shown to be associated with an increase in the ammonia content of the media. This increase in ammonia is in most cases approximately equivalent to the increase in the titrable alkalinity. In other cases other substances either acid or alkaline in character, which are apparently derived from protein cleavage, are involved to some extent in the causation of the reaction changes and changes in titratable alkalinity. Such changes are accounted for by the ammonia increase equally as w...
ANTIMALARIALS AND OTHER ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS: PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF LABORATORY TESTS.

SummaryThe antimalarials quinacrine, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were investigated for their anticonvulsant activities against maximal electroshock seizures, maximal and minimal metrazol seizures and electrogenic psychomotor seizures. Phenobarbital, trimethadione diphenylhydantoin, and phenacemide were employed as reference standards. 1. All 3 antimalarials were ineffective in protecting mice from maximal electro-shock tonic extensor seizures, both after single oral doses and after 4 daily doses. 2. Hydroxychloroquine was effective against maximal metrazol seizures after a single oral dose. Quinacrine and chloroquine exhibited activity after 4 daily medications. 3. Quinacrine and chloroquine (low doses) enhanced psychomotor seizure duration while hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (high doses) slightly reduced seizure duration. 4. Difficulties in predicting clinical efficacy from laboratory data are discussed.
Repair of the Flexor Pollicis Longus

There are more repair techniques available for an injured flexor pollicis longus than for the other digital flexors. The procedure of choice is immediate primary or early delayed repair (less than three weeks after injury) by direct end-to-end suture. Good thumb function can also be obtained with the use of late delayed repair by tendon advancement with or without lengthening, free tendon grafting, and tendon transfer.
Implications of Nonclinical Research for Mental Health Policy

This chapter presents a sampling of nonclinical research that is germane to national mental health policy. Consideration of this research demands taking a somewhat different perspective than the practicing clinician is accustomed to. I shall first define mental health policy and consider how research can be used in the development of national policy alternatives. I shall then consider how nonclinical research is developed and applied to these themes.
The evolution of urban music in Democratic Republic of Congo during the 2nd and 3rd decades (1975-1995) of the Second Republic-Zaire

Elsewhere, I argue that the implementation of the quota system in higher education in the 1960s was one of the catalysts for the rise of a large new generation of musicians and musical ensembles in Zaire during the first decade of the Second Republic. In the same source I assert that the musical style of the younger generation of musicians was laden with borrowings of phrasing referents (time-line patterns) and melodic formulae from ethnic music. Unlike the first, the last two decades of the Second Republic, stigmatized by the sagging economy and die decadence of the political structure, sent a series of negative impacts to all facets of the national life, culminating in the closing of the chapter on President Mobutu’s thirty-two year regime (May 20, 1965 through May 17, 1997). The failed attempt by the government to eradicate tribalism reinforced instead ethnic consciousness, whose lasting effect continues to be felt well after the May 17 liberation. While becoming indifferent to the political regime and its leadership, musicians remained faithful to their respective ethnic traditions, and reflected this ethnic awareness in the newly established style. These two realities prevailed during the last two decades of the Second Republic as sources of inspiration as the situation compounded.
Depth reconstruction validation in pixelated semiconductor detectors

The depth of interaction in pixelated CdZnTe and HgI 2 detectors is determined using either the cathode-to-anode signal ratio (CAR) or drift time information. The CAR can be used if a γ-ray interacts only once in the detector. The drift time must be used if the γ-ray interacts over multiple pixels. The accuracy of these reconstruction techniques is evaluated using a collimated fan beam of γ-rays that can scan across the entire depth of the detector, from the pixelated anode to the planar cathode. Signals are read-out using the VAS UM/TAT4 ASIC. First, the beam position associated with the anode and cathode of a detector is determined. To measure the anode position, the polarity of the applied bias must be reversed to ensure that electrons, rather than holes, drift through the bulk. Once the beam is properly calibrated to determine the actual cathode and anode locations, many reconstruction properties are studied. The discrepancy between the reconstructed depth and the true collimator position is found to be small for all detectors tested, with a minor reconstruction bias for interactions near the anode side. The thickness of the inactive layer near the anode has been measured to be less than 300μm for two 15mm thick CdZnTe detectors. The experiments have also been used to simultaneously evaluate the time-amplitude-walk calibrations and the reconstruction of multiple-pixel events based on the drift time.
Review on sustainable development of island microgrid

In microgrid, distributed generators (DG) can be utilized effectively, and controlled intelligently and flexibly. By use of rich renewable energy sources (RES) on islands, island microgrids can be built to develop clean and pollution-free renewable energy power industry, which makes islands' natural balance of the regional energy industry achieved, the ‘renewable energy’ economy developed, the industrial structure optimized, and industrial systems with circular economy established. RES on islands of China, including wind, solar, biomass, ocean current energy, wave energy, tidal energy, ocean thermal energy, ocean salinity gradient energy and geothermal energy, are summarized in this paper. It was carried out that comparison among international definitions and structures of microgrid currently, together with that analysis on features of an island microgrid. The domestic and international research was reviewed on island microgrid based on renewable energy power generation. A comprehensive overview of some projects was presented. Finally, it was pointed out that some key issues, which should be paid attention to during the island microgrid developing progress. All of these are of great referential and guiding in island microgrid development.
Phase Control of RF Sputtered SnSx with Post-Deposition Annealing for a Pseudo-Homojunction Photovoltaic Device

Tin (II) Monosufide (SnS) is an interesting material for thin film photovoltaics. n- and p-type sputter-deposited SnSx have been investigated for use in a homojunction photovoltaic device. Post-deposition vacuum heat treatment of as-deposited amorphous films was found to produce n-type SnSx and p-type SnS depending upon in situ vacuum anneal time and temperature. Annealing temperatures varied from 300°C to 400°C at durations from 20 min to 60 min under high vacuum. Results show clear photoresponse for both n-type and p-type using Pd contacts.
The Complete Genome Sequence of Hyperthermophile Dictyoglomus turgidum DSM 6724™ Reveals a Specialized Carbohydrate Fermentor.

Here we report the complete genome sequence of the chemoorganotrophic, extremely thermophilic bacterium, Dictyoglomus turgidum, which is a Gram negative, strictly anaerobic bacterium. D. turgidum and D. thermophilum together form the Dictyoglomi phylum. The two Dictyoglomus genomes are highly syntenic, and both are distantly related to Caldicellulosiruptor spp. D. turgidum is able to grow on a wide variety of polysaccharide substrates due to significant genomic commitment to glycosyl hydrolases, sixteen of which were cloned and expressed in our study. The GH5, GH10 and GH42 enzymes characterized in this study suggest that D. turgidum can utilize most plant-based polysaccharides except crystalline cellulose. The DNA polymerase I enzyme was also expressed and characterized. The pure enzyme showed improved amplification of long PCR targets compared to Taq polymerase. The genome contains a full complement of DNA modifying enzymes, and an unusually high copy number (4) of a new, ancestral family of polB type nucleotidyltransferases designated as MNT (minimal nucleotidyltransferases). Considering its optimal growth at 72oC, D. turgidum has an anomalously low G+C content of 39.9% that may account for the presence of reverse gyrase, usually associated with hyperthermophiles.
Investigating Viruses during the Transformation of Molecular Biology

This Reflections article describes my early work on viral enzymes and the discovery of mRNA capping, how my training in medicine and biochemistry merged as I evolved into a virologist, the development of viruses as vaccine vectors, and how scientific and technological developments during the 1970s and beyond set the stage for the interrogation of nearly every step in the reproductive cycle of vaccinia virus (VACV), a large DNA virus with about 200 genes. The reader may view this article as a work in progress, because I remain actively engaged in research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) notwithstanding 50 memorable years there.
RPE65 and the Accumulation of Retinyl Esters in Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The RPE65 protein of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) enables the conversion of retinyl esters to the visual pigment chromophore 11-cis retinal. Fresh 11-cis retinal is generated from retinyl esters following photoisomerization of the visual pigment chromophore to all-trans during light detection. Large amounts of esters accumulate in Rpe65-/- mice, indicating their continuous formation when 11-cis retinal generation is blocked. We hypothesized that absence of light, by limiting the conversion of esters to 11-cis retinal, would also result in the build-up of retinyl esters in the RPE of wild-type mice. We used HPLC to quantify ester levels in organic extracts of the RPE from wild-type and Rpe65-/- mice. Retinyl ester levels in Sv/129 wild-type mice that were dark adapted for various intervals over a 4-week period were similar to those in mice raised in cyclic light. In C57BL/6 mice however, which contain less Rpe65 protein, dark adaptation was accompanied by an increase in ester levels compared to cyclic light controls. Retinyl ester levels were much higher in Rpe65-/- mice compared to wild type and kept increasing with age. The results suggest that the RPE65 role in retinyl ester homeostasis extends beyond enabling the formation of 11-cis retinal.
Electrostatic Cycling of Hybridization Using Nonionic DNA Mimics

This study demonstrates efficient electrostatic control of surface hybridization through use of morpholinos, a charge-neutral DNA mimic, as the immobilized “probes”. In addition to being compatible with low ionic strengths, use of uncharged probes renders the field interaction specific to the nucleic acid analyte. In contrast to DNA probes, morpholino probes enable facile cycling between hybridized and dehybridized states within minutes. Impact of ionic strength and temperature on the effectiveness of electrostatics to direct progress of hybridization is evaluated. Optimal electrostatic control is found when stability of probe–analyte duplexes is set so that electrostatics can efficiently switch between the forward (hybridization) and reverse (dehybridization) directions.
Mitochondria: back to the future.

Navdeep Chandel highlights a study published in 1996 that — by showing that mitochondria can release cytochrome c to initiate apoptosis — changed his view of the role of mitochondria in physiology.
Mechanisms matter for evaluating the economic impacts of marine reserves

Abstract Large areas of marine and coastal environments have been protected to satisfy diverse policy goals, but there has been limited work understanding the economic impacts of such closures. While methods for establishing causal impacts are prevalent, less attention has been paid to explaining the mechanisms through which the causal relationship came to be. Understanding mechanisms is crucial for designing policies that foster the mechanisms that achieve the intended objectives of marine reserves and mitigate the mechanisms that do not. We estimate the treatment effect of a large marine reserve on the net earnings of a commercial fishery using difference-in-differences and synthetic-control designs, and decompose the treatment effect into its constituent mechanisms through structural equation modeling. We find minimal evidence that closing the marine reserve to fishing had a significant economic cost for the industry; however, several counteracting mechanisms are critical for explaining the effect and for generalizing to other settings.
Pulling Back the Curtain: Revealing the Cumulative Importance of High-Performing, Highly Qualified Teachers on Students’ Educational Outcome:

This study examines the relationship between two dominant measures of teacher quality, teacher qualification and teacher effectiveness (measured by value-added modeling), in terms of their influence on students’ short-term academic growth and long-term educational success (measured by bachelor’s degree attainment). As students are exposed to teachers of varying quality over the course of their schooling, this study computes cumulative teacher quality indices that are able to more precisely estimate the impact of teacher quality. Notably, this study found that students who had been taught by a succession of high-performing and qualified teachers tend to have a positive relationship with students’ short- and long-term educational success.
The Role of MRI in Examining Subclinical Carotid Plaque

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States. The degree of luminal narrowing evaluated by angiography is the standard for assessing the risk of stroke in patients with carotid atherosclerosis and for determining the need for surgical intervention. However, multiple studies have shown that clinical events arise not from the degree of stenosis but from the morphologic characteristics and plaque composition. This is borne out by the difference in absolute risk reduction between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients who receive surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Future clinical practice may diagnose patients with high-risk atherosclerosis, based on plaque characteristics and morphology rather than the degree of stenosis alone. Carotid MRI is a noninvasive imaging method that can provide information on atherosclerotic plaque morphology, composition, and progression or regression. This chapter describes the current capabilities of MRI for visualizing carotid atherosclerosis, including MRI protocols to appropriately evaluate carotid plaque, the image features of carotid arteries, and the future direction of carotid MR imaging and how it can be better used for the management of patients with subclinical atherosclerosis, resulting in a higher quality of life.
Expressions of HTLV-III infection in a pediatric population.

The etiologic agent for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has now been identified as being a lymphocytotropic retrovirus, designated as HTLV-III (human T-cell lymphocytotropic virus III) and the LAV/IDAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus/ immunodeficiency associated virus).1–3 It is now clear that the disease can occur in children as well,4–7 characteristically inflicting offspring of women in risk groups and recipients of blood transfusions and blood products. Prior to knowledge of the etiologic agent for AIDS, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) developed a working definition of AIDS for purposes of national surveillance, which was extended for children as well.4 This definition served a very useful purpose, but its strict inclusionary criteria resulted in exclusion of many cases which, after going through a series of terminologies, subsequently got collectively termed as AIDS-related complex or ARC. Conforming to these definitions has been especially problematic in children who have certain unique features not seen in adults. It is the purpose of this report to discuss characteristic features in a group of pediatric patients from Long Island and Brooklyn in metropolitan New York. We have considered evidence for HTLV III infection as the single requisite for inclusion in the study, and here we discuss the spectrum of clinical and laboratory manifestations that may be associated with HTLV III infection in children.
Temperature-Dependent Toughening in Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics

The mechanical response of whisker-reinforced ceramics, which is dominated by interfacial chemistry-arid stress, is expected to vary as thermal mismatch stresses diminish and girain boundary phases soften with increasing temperature. To examine the temperature dependence of the toughening process two silicon carbide whisker-reinforced systems have been studied: alumina and mullite. The systems represent a range of thermal mismatch conditions and potential crack-whisker interactions including crack bridging, whisker pull- out and crack deflection. For both systems, fracture toughness and hardness are measured as a function of temperature. The fracture toughness of both materials shows little change to 1100°C. However, post-mortem fractography indicates that limited pullout occurs in the mullite/SiCw system at elevated temperatures. Only whiskers oriented normal to the fracture plane are pulled out without fracture due to the additional bending stresses on the whiskers. In the alumina/SiCw system, the mode of fracture remains invariant with temperature because of high whisker compressive stresses. These observations indicate that for randomly-oriented whiskers substantial toughening by pull-out is contingent upon low interfacial stresses coupled with high strength whiskers which can sustain large bending stresses.
Optical Sensing Methods for Metal Oxide Nanomaterials

Optical analysis of metal oxides as a means of transduction in sensing devices provides an alternative method for the detection of target analytes. The optical properties of metal oxides are rich with opportunity as luminescence, dielectric function changes and optically active dopants are all sensitive to environmental changes and can be utilized in a sensing device. A detailed description of the latest work on the photoluminescence of metal oxides will be provided, with a focus on ZnO, SnO2 and TiO2 nanoscale thin films as well as nanorods. Changes in the dielectric function of perovskite metal oxide coated long period fiber gratings has been shown to be a convenient sensing device and results pertaining to these metal oxides containing alkaline earth metals and their use in the detection of CO2 will be highlighted. Optically active dopants, pertaining specifically to metal nanoparticles such as Au, Cu and Ag, can serve as beacons for reactions and environmental changes within metal oxide nanocomposite thin films through the interrogation of changes in their plasmonic properties. In particular sensing applications within harsh conditions, including elevated temperature and either oxidizing or reduction gas environments will be detailed. Each of these optical techniques will be reviewed and any key environmental, film deposition methods or reaction conditions will be highlighted in light of their potential effects on sensor detection limits, sensitivity or selectivity characteristics.
Combined head phantom and neural mass model validation of effective connectivity measures

OBJECTIVE Due to its high temporal resolution, electroencephalography (EEG) has become a promising tool for quantifying cortical dynamics and effective connectivity in a mobile setting. While many connectivity estimators are available, the efficacy of these measures has not been rigorously validated in real-world scenarios. The goal of this study was to quantify the accuracy of independent component analysis and multiple connectivity measures on ground-truth connections while exposed real-world volume conduction and head motion. APPROACH We collected high-density EEG from a phantom head with embedded antennae, using neural mass models to generate transiently interconnected signals. The head was mounted upon a motion platform that mimicked recorded human head motion at various walking speeds. We used cross-correlation and signal to noise ratio to determine how well independent component analysis recovered the original antenna signals. For connectivity measures, we computed the average and standard deviation across frequency of each estimated connectivity peak. MAIN RESULTS Independent component analysis recovered most antenna signals, as evidenced by cross-correlations primarily above 0.8, and maintained consistent signal to noise ratio values near 10 dB across walking speeds compared to scalp channel data, which had decreased signal to noise ratios of ~2 dB at fast walking speeds. The connectivity measures used were generally able to identify the true interconnections, but some measures were susceptible to spurious high-frequency connections inducing large standard deviations of ~10 Hz. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that independent component analysis and some connectivity measures can be effective at recovering underlying connections among brain areas. These results highlight the utility of validating EEG processing techniques with a combination of complex signals, phantom head use, and realistic head motion.
Cultural Immersion Camps and Development of Ethnic Identity in Asian American Youth

The purpose of this study was to explore camp outcomes specialized in ethnic identity among Asian American youth after they participated in a residential cultural immersion camp. In this study, the cultural immersion camp is viewed as a mediating factor that channels other influences in such a way as to guide Asian American youth to commit more expressly and more fully to their perception of ethnic identity. The results obtained from 3 cultural immersion camps located in the Western United States reveals that cultural immersion camp experiences significantly increase perceived levels of ethnic identity among Asian American youth. Implications of cultural immersion camp on the development of Asian American youth are discussed.
Super-Resolution Direction-of-Arrival Estimation based on Multiplicative Array Processing

In radar, sonar and wireless communications, there is a critical need for estimating the direction-of-arrival (DoA) of signals or sources. DoA angles of signals are estimated by processing the measurements from spatially distributed sensor arrays. In all these cases, conventional processing involves using linear processing to combine the measurements from the sensor elements of the spatial array. The DoA angular resolution is determined by the size of the spatial array. In this study, a multiplicative processing technique known as multiplicative array processing (MAP) is proposed to achieve fine angular resolution by using much smaller array sizes. Multiplicative processing of array measurements has the potential to achieve super-resolution capability where the effective resolution is commensurate with significantly larger array sizes. In this study, both simulations and experimental results are used to verify and validate the proposed multiplicative processing technique. Simulations indicate that for moderate to high signal-to-noise ratios, MAP performs as well as linear processing methods with much larger array sizes. MAP is applied to experimental measurements to verify and validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique with field data.
Benefits of negative pressure wound therapy with instillation in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds: a case series.

Objective: Impaired wound healing can lead to hard-to-heal wounds, which impact on patients, clinicians and healthcare systems. Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and dwell time (NPW...
Characterizing the Impact of Fear of Falling on Activity and Falls in Older Adults with Glaucoma.

Objective Fear of falling (FoF) may alter mobility in older adults, especially among those with visual impairment. Using a longitudinal prospective cohort of older glaucoma patients, we investigated whether and how FoF is associated with future falls and physical activity. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting Hospital-based single-center recruitment. Participants Individuals with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. Measurements FoF was measured annually over a 3-year period using the University of Illinois at Chicago FoF Questionnaire, with lower Rasch-analyzed FoF scores (in logit units) indicating less fear. Participants recorded falls prospectively over the 3-year period using monthly mail-in calendars. Daily steps were collected annually over 7 days using an accelerometer. Visual field (VF) sensitivity was derived by combining sensitivities from monocular VF results. Participants completed questionnaires to determine other demographic/health characteristics. Multivariate random effects models evaluated within-participant changes in fall rates and physical activity across study years. Results At lower FoF levels (FoF≤0), each one-unit worsening in FoF score across study years was associated with 2.73 times higher odds of reporting at least one fall in the next year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55-4.81) but was not associated with average daily steps (P = .44). Similar results were seen when fall rates were normalized by number of steps taken (P = .97). At higher FoF levels (FoF > 0), inter-year changes in FoF scores were not significantly associated with reporting a fall in the following year (P = .78) but were associated with 407 fewer average daily steps per one-unit change in FoF (95% CI = -743 to -71). Conclusion FoF is an important psychological factor associated with mobility in glaucoma patients, although specific aspects of mobility (fall rates vs activity levels) affected vary by the degree of FoF. Our findings suggest that customizing behavioral interventions for older adults based on their levels of FoF may be an important strategy for fall prevention and activity promotion. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1847-1851, 2020.
DRAGON-V: Detection and Recognition of Airplane Goals with Navigational Visualization

We introduce Detection and Recognition of Airplane GOals with Navigational Visualization (DRAGON-V), a visualization system that uses probabilistic goal recognition to infer and display the most probable airport runway that a pilot is approaching. DRAGON-V is especially useful in cases of miscommunication, low visibility, or lack of airport familiarity which may result in a pilot deviating from the assigned taxiing route. The visualization system conveys relevant information, and updates according to the airplane's current geolocation. DRAGON-V aims to assist air traffic controllers in reducing incidents of runway incursions at airports.
Fidelity and utility of GPS loggers as a tool for understanding community participation of older adults.

Objective The purpose of this research was to examine the fidelity and utility of global positioning system (GPS) technology for studying community mobility indicators, and to explore implications for community participation for older adults. Method A longitudinal cohort design with community-dwelling older adults (n = 33) was employed. GPS spatial data and activity logs were collected at baseline and one year later. Data were analysed to evaluate the fidelity of the GPS protocol, the nature and frequency of destinations, and the stability of community mobility over time. Results Findings include evidence for high reliability of the GPS loggers to record out-of-home trips when compared to activity logs; utility of the technology for identifying frequency and type of occupational destinations; and the relative stability of two community mobility variables over time. GPS loggers generate key insights into how older adults move in and through their community as they engage in a range of occupations. Conclusion GPS technology is a robust and useful tool for gathering novel information, especially when combined with qualitative data. GPS loggers may be incorporated in evaluation or to tailor interventions. Community mobility enables social participation, and warrants further research using these methods to support processes of aging in place.
On the Timing of Revenue Shocks to State and Local Governments from COVID-19

One of the immediate political difficulties of federal legislation during the COVID-19 pandemic is in the delivery of aid made available to state and local governments. However, due to differences in administrative and budgeting processes, there is variation in the timing between damages to their respective economies and the effect on available revenues. This timing and significance depend on the degree to which a particular government relies on a given set of revenue instruments and how immediately sensitive those instruments are to the local business cycle in the production of tax revenues. This paper explores the heterogeneity of these subjects across states, finding that the timing of federal aid would have disparate interstate impacts.
Molecular Stratification of Adult and Pediatric High Grade Gliomas

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. While less common in children, high grade glial and glioneuronal tumors are diagnosed in over 1000 pediatric patients per year in the United States. Given the marked advances in massively parallel sequencing over the last two decades, combined with advances in epigenetic studies such as methylation profiling, we now have a better understanding of the molecular features underlying and driving high grade gliomas in both adults and children. These molecular features are now used as part of the classification of these tumors, and aid in predicting their overall behavior and response to different therapeutic modalities. Herein, we describe the genetic characteristics of the most common high grade glial and glioneuronal tumors in adults and children, starting with the class-defining mutations, and moving into additional mutations commonly seen in the different tumor classes. As a broad category, high grade gliomas in adults can be divided into three main categories- (1) midline gliomas with H3 K27M mutations, (2) IDH-mutant glioblastomas, and (3) IDH-wildtype glioblastomas. Within children, there are many more categories. The histone mutation driven tumors are broadly divided into (1) midline gliomas with H3 K27M mutations and (2) hemispheric gliomas with H3 G34 R/V mutations. Additional high grade gliomas in children can be driven by many other drivers, including but not limited to amplifications of MYC/MYCN, PDGFRA, or EGFR. Infantile high grade gliomas represent another distinct category, driven by NTRK fusion or alterations in genes of the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, including ALK, ROS1, and MET. Finally, we briefly touch on some germline mutations that lead to an increased incidence of high grade gliomas, including those of neurofibromatosis type 1, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and constitutional mismatch repair deficiency/Turcot syndrome type 1.
Mirroring Taxpayers’ Deferred Tax Accounting

This Article highlights that federal financial reporting's failure to accrue future years’ tax revenue effects of taxpayers’ temporary book-tax differences leads to omission of trillions of dollars of net “federal deferred tax assets” and related distortion of true annual deficits. This Article demonstrates that recent technological and regulatory developments have overcome standard-setters’ practicality concerns about full accrual accounting for tax revenue and argues that FDTA fits within the standard setters’ definition of “asset.” It also offers estimates of larger FDTA items and suggestions as to how government can more precisely calculate FDTA.
Partial Flap Loss in Gender Affirming Phalloplasty.

Background Flaps used in phalloplasty are larger than described for other indications, with a design that is tubularized up to two times. While the incidence of partial flap loss (PFL) is well described, current literature lacks granularity comparing donor sites and techniques with minimal discussion of etiology and management. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with PFL in phalloplasty. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent phalloplasty by a single surgeon at a single institution between 2016 and 2020. PFL was defined as any patient requiring sharp excision of necrotic tissue and reconstruction. Patient variables (demographics, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, comorbidities), flap variables (donor site, design, dimensions, perforator number) and intraoperative variables (use of vasopressors, intraoperative fluid volume) were collected. Results Of 76 phalloplasties, 6 patients suffered PFL (7.9%). 5/6 patients were radial forearm free flap tube-within-tube (TWT) and 1/5 patients were pedicled anterolateral thigh TWT. 4/6 cases involved the shaft only and were treated with excision ± Integra and full-thickness skin grafting. 2 cases of PFL involved the urethral extension requiring excision of the necrotic segment. Conclusion PFL occurred in 7.9% of cases and was solely found in the TWT cohort. The majority of cases involved the shaft, sparing the urethral segment. Cases in the acute postoperative period appeared to be related to macrovascular venous congestion, while cases in the subacute period appeared to be due to microvascular arterial ischemia.
Examining the utility of DNA barcodes for the identification of tallgrass prairie flora

Premise The tallgrass prairies of North America are one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world, making efficient species identification essential for understanding and managing diversity. Here, we assess DNA barcoding with high-throughput sequencing as a method for rapid plant species identification. Methods Using herbarium collections representing the tallgrass prairie flora of Oak Lake Field Station, South Dakota, USA, we amplified and examined four common nuclear and plastid barcode regions (ITS, matK, psbA-trnH, and rbcL), individually and in combination, to test their success in identifying samples to family, genus, and species levels using BLAST searches of three databases of varying size. Results Concatenated barcodes increased performance, although none were significantly different than single-region barcodes. The plastid region psbA-trnH performed significantly more poorly than the others, while barcodes containing ITS performed best. Database size significantly affected identification success at all three taxonomic levels. Confident species-level identification ranged from 8-44% for the global database, 13-56% for the regional database, and 21-80% for the sampled species database, depending on the barcode used. Discussion Barcoding was generally successful in identifying tallgrass prairie genera and families, but was of limited use in species-level identifications. Database size was an important factor in successful plant identification. We discuss future directions and considerations for improving the performance of DNA barcoding in tallgrass prairies.
COMMENT ON “RUSSIAN SIBERIA: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH”

(1989). COMMENT ON “RUSSIAN SIBERIA: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH”. Soviet Geography: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 247-252.
Network Programming in Windows NT

1. Introduction. Historical Perspective. Impact of Windows NT Design on Users. Impact of Windows NT Design on Developers. Client/Server Computing with Windows and Windows NT. Summary. 2. Understanding Windows NT Architecture. Salient Windows NT Architecture Features. Networking in Windows NT. Salient Win32 Programming Features. Creating an Echo Server. Summary. 3. Understanding Windows Architecture. Operating Modes of Windows. Networks in Windows for Workgroups. Summary. 4. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) in Windows NT. Historical Perspective. Microsoft RPC Concepts. Writing a Simple RPC-based Client and Server. Designing Efficient RPC Client and Server. Designing Communication Infrastructure. Using Callback Routines. RPC Management. RPC Error and Exception Handling. Secure RPC. Echo Server--RPC-based Win32 Server. RPC Programming in Windows. Summary. 5. Windows Sockets in Windows NT. Introduction to Sockets Programming. Windows Sockets Extensions. Interoperability with IPX/SPX based Applications. Name Service Provider APIs. A Windows Socket Based Win32 Service. Guidelines for 16-bit Windows Sockets Applications. Summary. 6. Pipes in Windows NT. Named Pipes in Windows NT. Anonymous Pipes. Win32 Service Using Named Pipes. Named Pipes in Windows. Comparison with UNIX Pipes. Summary. 7. Using Mailslot in Windows NT. Architecture of Mailslots. Programming Mailslots. A Win32 Service Using Mailslot. Mailslots in Windows for Workgroups. Summary. 8. NetBIOS Programming in Windows NT. Overview of NetBIOS Programming. NetBIOS Support in Windows NT. NetBIOS Programming in Windows NT. A NetBIOS-based Win32 Service. NetBIOS Programming in Windows. Summary. 9. SPX/IPX Programming in Windows NT. An Overview of Novell NetWare. NetWare Services. IPX Programming. SPX Programming. Summary. Bibliography. Appendix A: Determining NetBIOS System Characteristics. Appendix B: Window Socket. 0201590565T04062001
Kinematic features of unrestrained vertical arm movements

Unrestrained human arm trajectories between point targets have been investigated using a three-dimensional tracking apparatus, the Selspot system. Movements were executed between different points in a vertical plane under varying conditions of speed and hand-held load. In contrast to past results which emphasized the straightness of hand paths, movement regions were discovered in which the hand paths were curved. All movements, whether curved or straight, showed an invariant tangential velocity profile when normalized for speed and distance. The velocity profile invariance with speed and load is interpreted in terms of simplification of the underlying arm dynamics, extending the results of Hollerbach and Flash (Hollerbach, J. M., and T. Flash (1982) Biol. Cybern. 44: 67-77).