cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrocardiographic differentiation of atrial flutter from atrial fibrillation by physicians.

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of physicians to differentiate atrial flutter from atrial fibrillation on a surface electrocardiogram (ECG). A questionnaire containing three 12-lead ECGs was mailed to 689 physicians, with multiple-choice questions asking whether the rhythm on each ECG was atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation. ECG 1 showed atrial fibrillation with prominent atrial activity (>0.2 mV) in lead V1; ECG 2 displayed atrial fibrillation with prominent atrial activity (>0.2 mV) in leads III and V1; and ECG 3 displayed atrial flutter. Overall, ECG1 was correctly identified as atrial fibrillation by 79% of physicians, ECG 2 was correctly identified as atrial fibrillation by 31%, and ECG 3 was correctly identified as atrial flutter by 90%. Cardiology fellows and cardiologists correctly identified ECG 1 more often than house officers and internists (95% vs 63%; P < or = .01). ECG 2 was correctly identified by 26% of cardiology fellows and cardiologists and by 37% of house officers and internists (P = .10). ECG 3 was correctly identified by 91% of cardiology fellows and cardiologists and by 82% of house officers and internists (P = .06). In conclusion, atrial fibrillation is frequently misdiagnosed as atrial flutter. Misdiagnosis of atrial fibrillation occurs more often when atrial activity is prominent on an ECG in more than one lead.
When Domestic Politics and International Relations Intermesh: Subordinated Publics' Factional Support Within Layered Power Structures

Using social dominance theory and structural balance theory to analyze the political and psychological perspectives of subordinated peoples, we argue that struggles between dominant and subordinated polities are embedded in layered power structures. In such contexts, it is important to examine publics' political desires and interests in relation to their political elites' positions or choices of political tactics and allegiances. To illustrate these arguments, we used random urban samples surveyed in March 2010 to examine Lebanese and Syrian citizens' favorability toward their governments and Hezbollah (a quasi-government faction with significant relations to the governments of Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the United States). As theorized, citizens' favorability depended on (i) how much they view their government as providing services for them, (ii) opposition to general group dominance, (iii) opposition to US oppression, and (iv) their governments' alignments vis-a-vis the US. Implications for political psychology and international relations theory are discussed.
Interface Structure of Graphene on SiC(000-1)

Graphene films prepared by heating the SiC($000\overline{1}$) surface (the C-face of the ${0001}$ surfaces) in a vacuum or in a Si-rich environment are compared. It is found that different interface structures occur for the two situations. The former yields a well known 3 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 3 reconstructed interface, whereas the latter produces an interface with \ensuremath{\surd}43 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ \ensuremath{\surd}43-R $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 7.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} symmetry. This structure is shown to contain a graphene-like layer with properties similar to the 6\ensuremath{\surd}3 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 6\ensuremath{\surd}3-R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ``buffer layer'' that forms on the Si(0001) surface (the Si-face).
Prognostic Value of Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Background— Anxiety is often present with depression and may be one of its manifestations. Although the adverse effects of depression in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have been well studied, the relation between anxiety and CHF prognosis has not been addressed. In a secondary analysis of data collected for a published study of depression and prognosis in patients with CHF, we examined the relations among anxiety, depression, and prognosis. Methods and Results— We measured symptoms of anxiety with the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale and symptoms of depression with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale in 291 patients with CHF hospitalized as a result of cardiac events. We followed up these patients for all-cause mortality over 1 year. The mean scores for state anxiety (State-A) and trait anxiety (Trait-A) were identical at 33.5; the mean BDI score was 8.7±7.6. State-A and Trait-A scores correlated highly with each other (r=0.85; P<0.01) and with BDI score (State-A, r=...
Postnatal inflammatory rat model for cerebral palsy: Too different from humans

Objective In humans, cerebral palsy (CP) may originate from inflammation during the second and third trimesters of gestation when preoligodendrocytes (Pre-OL) are most vulnerable to an inflammatory insult. We studied a postnatal CP model to evaluate injury that would correlate with presence of Pre-OL in human pregnancy. Study design On postnatal (P) days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, pups were treated with (lipopolysaccharide[LPS]) (n = 7; 30, 30, 60, 60, 120 μg/Kg) or saline (n = 7). Neonates were tested for motor and cognitive development. Adult offspring performed beam walking and rotarod for motor activity. White matter damage was assessed with immunohistochemical Pre-OL markers (CNP, PLP). Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U and analysis of variance. Results LPS-treated animals performed negative geotaxis ( P = .009) and surface righting ( P = .01) earlier than controls. No differences were observed for other neonatal tests. Adult LPS-treated offspring performed better in tests of motor control: rotarod ( P = .01) and beam walking ( P = .02). Pre-OL markers were altered in LPS-treated animals at both P22 (CNP and PLP increased in LPS, P P P P Conclusion Neonatal exposure to LPS induced white matter damage in the brain, accelerated neurodevelopment and motor tasks in adulthood. These are similar to findings from a postnatal hypoxic model suggesting that in the rodent, targeting the Pre-OL does not result in a CP phenotype.
Holography in the United States: 1991

Holography has done well these past three years since the previous International Display Conference. All of the various areas of holography are going strong: display holography, holographic (or more broadly, diffractive) optical elements, hologram interferometry, holographic spatial filtering, and holographic devices for optical computation.
Cell populations of tendon: A simplified method for isolation of synovial cells and internal fibroblasts: Confirmation of origin and biologic properties

Tendons transmit the force of muscle contraction to bone to effect limb movement. Special structural and biological properties of tendon have developed to facilitate force transmission. The tendon has a complex organization of cells surrounding the collagen bundles inside tendon as well as at the tendon surface. Internal cells may act to maintain the bulk of the collagen in tendon. External cells in the epitenon may provide lubrication for tendon gliding. To develop better understanding of these processes and the roles the cell populations play, we isolated cells from the surface and interior of tendon and studied them in vitro. Flexor tendons from 8-week-old white Leghorn chickens were separated into two distinct cell populations: the outer synovial cells and the fibroblasts more internal in tendon. These cell populations were discernible by their locations in the intact tendon, determined by sequential enzymatic and physical release from their substrata. Initially, some cells eluted in Hanks' salt solution (HSS) (population 1); then synovial cells were released after a 2-min treatment with 0.5% collagenase (population 2). Next, a population of synovial cells was released in high yield by treatment with 0.25% trypsin (step III, population 3). Step III, population 3 cells were used as synovial cells (SCs). Next, a population of SCs and fibroblasts were released by scraping with a rubber policeman (population 4). Subsequently, fibroblasts were released after incubation with 0.5% collagenase (population 5). A more direct procedure (procedure 2) to isolate the synovial and internal tendon cells involved treatment in 0.5% collagenase followed by sedimentation at 900 g. Cells that sedimented were largely fibroblasts, whereas the cells that remained at the top of the tube were largely SCs. Cells designated as SCs, isolated by procedure 2, most likely contained surface cells from epitenon and internal interfascicular cells from endotenon and paratenon. Surface tendon cells separated by sequential enzymatic and physical release from their substrata (by procedure 1) had all the following characteristics: distinct subpopulations of cells based on morphology; presence of cytoplasmic, lipid-containing vesicles; decreased sensitivity to trypsin; and reduced generation time as compared with that of internal fibroblasts. Conversely, the internal fibroblasts (IFs) appeared to represent a more uniform population based on morphological characteristics.
The UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale: Factor structure and associations with college drinking

The Impulsive Behavior Scale was developed by Whiteside and Lynam (2001) to assess several different facets of impulsivity and it has been linked to a number of outcomes. The present study used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the factor structure of the scale. Furthermore, the concurrent validity of the Impulsive Behavior Scale in relation to alcohol use and alcohol-related problems was examined. Results supported a four-factor structure of the scale, although several items were removed as a result of the EFA. In accord with theory and previous findings, the four subscales demonstrated differential relations with alcohol use and problems. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Inhibition of photophosphorylation by tentoxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide.

Abstract Tentoxin, a fungal toxin which is known to cause seedling chlorosis, was found to inhibit cyclic photophosphorylation but not reversible proton accumulation by isolated chloroplasts. The toxin, at low concentrations, also inhibited coupled electron flow (in the presence of ADP and phosphate) but did not effect basal electron flow (in the absence of ADP and phosphate) or uncoupled electron transport. It is suggested that tentoxin is an energy transfer inhibitor which acts at the terminal steps of ATP synthesis.
The formation of adjacent triplex-duplex domains in DNA

The ability of single-stranded DNA oligomers to form adjacent triplex and duplex domains with two DNA structural motifs was examined. Helix-coil transition curves and a gel mobility shift assay were used to characterize the interaction of single-stranded oligomers 12-20 nt in length with a DNA hairpin and with a DNA duplex that has a dangling end. The 12 nt on the 5'-ends of the oligomers could form a triplex structure with the 12 bp stem of the hairpin or the duplex portion of the DNA with a dangling end. The 3'-ends of the 17-20 nt strands could form Watson-Crick pairs to the five base loop of the hairpin or the dangling end of the duplex. Complexes of the hairpin DNA with the single-stranded oligomers showed two step transitions consistent with unwinding of the triplex strand followed by hairpin denaturation. Melting curve and gel competition results indicated that the complex of the hairpin and the 12 nt oligomer was more stable than the complexes involving the extended single strands. In contrast, results indicated that the extended single-stranded oligomers formed Watson-Crick base pairs with the dangling end of the duplex DNA and enhanced the stability of the adjacent triplex region.
Serological relationship and detection of bean common and bean yellow mosaic viruses in agar gel

SUMMARY Microprecipitin tests demonstrated a distant serological relationship between intact virus particles of BCMV and BYMV. Antiserum titres of 2048–4096 and 16–128 (reciprocals of dilution end-points) were found for homologous and heterologous antigens, respectively. Cross-reactivity, however, was not obtained in agar immunodiffusion tests when the antigens, in purified preparations or crude infective sap, were treated with pyrrolidine or when the reactants were placed in agar gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. Only homologous antigens produced a precipitin line; homologous antiserum titre was 16. In comparative immunodiffusion trials, single-radial-diffusion tests (antiserum incorporated in agar) were much more sensitive than double-diffusion tests for detecting low virus concentrations. Analyses of virus proteins by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis demonstrated that coat protein of each virus was composed of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 35000.
Role of Toll-like receptors in host responses to a virulence antigen of Streptococcus mutans expressed by a recombinant, attenuated Salmonella vector vaccine

In the present study, we investigated the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in host responses to the saliva-binding region (SBR) of Streptococcus mutans expressed by a recombinant, attenuated Salmonella vaccine. C57BL/6 wild type (wt), TLR2−/−, TLR4−/− and MyD88−/− mice were immunized by the intranasal route on days 0, 18 and boosted on day 98 with Salmonella typhimurium BRD 509 containing a plasmid encoding SBR. Serum and saliva samples were collected throughout the experiment and assessed for antibody activity by ELISA. Evidence is provided that the induction of a serum IgG2a (Th1-type) anti-SBR antibody response involved TLR2 signaling, whereas the anti-Salmonella response involved signaling through TLR4. The adaptor molecule MyD88 was not essential for the induction of a primary Th1-type response to SBR or Salmonella, but was necessary for a secondary response to SBR. Furthermore, the absence of TLR2, TLR4 or MyD88 resulted in enhanced Th2-type serum IgG1 anti-SBR and anti-Salmonella responses. Mucosal IgA responses to SBR were TLR2-, TLR4- and MyD88-dependent, while IgA responses to Salmonella were TLR4- and MyD88-dependent.
A general program for the calculation of internal rotation splittings in microwave spectroscopy

Abstract A theoretical basis is presented for a computer program which has been written to calculate the internal rotation splittings in the microwave spectra of molecules possessing a hindered internal symmetric top. This is an extension of the internal axis method and is applicable to a very general case, which includes any high barrier problem which is not a near spherical top. Any asymmetry, any geometry, and any size top can be handled by the program as it stands. The method involves the division of the Hamiltonian into a rotational part and a part involving internal rotation, the latter including the coupling between internal and over-all rotation. The matrix elements of these parts are set up separately, each in the most convenient basis, then transformed to a common basis (symmetric rotor in principal axes), then to the Wang basis, and finally to the basis which diagonalizes the (large) rigid rotor part. The small off-diagonal elements which are left are treated by perturbation theory. This procedure has been incorporated in an efficient Fortran program which uses fully the various symmetry properties.
1,1-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydroxyindolinium chloride from a deep water marine sponge,Dercitus sp.

1,1-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydroxyindolinium chloride (1a)was identified from a deep water sample of the marine sponge,Dercitus sp., and its structure was elucidated by spectral methods.
Doping-induced bandwidth enhancement in metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors

A novel technique is demonstrated for enhancing metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector bandwidths without reducing responsivity. The authors have observed bandwidth increases of up to 10 GHz from control to enhanced photodetectors which corresponds to about 70% enhancement. This technique involves modifying the internal electric field structure, by introducing a buried n-type doped layer that is completely depleted, to reduce the relatively long hole transit time. >
132 Sn + 96 Zr reaction: A study of fusion enhancement/hindrance

Capture-fission cross sections were measured for the collision of the massive nucleus {sup 132}Sn with {sup 96}Zr at center-of-mass energies ranging from 192.8 to 249.6 MeV in an attempt to study fusion enhancement and hindrance in this reaction involving very neutron-rich nuclei. Coincident fission fragments were detected using silicon detectors. Using angle and energy conditions, deep inelastic scattering events were separated from fission events. Coupled-channels calculations can describe the data if the surface diffuseness parameter, a, is allowed to be 1.10 fm instead of the customary 0.6 fm. The measured capture-fission cross sections agree moderately well with model calculations using the dinuclear system model. If we use this model to predict fusion barrier heights for these reactions, we find the predicted fusion hindrance, as represented by the extra push energy, is greater for the more neutron-rich system, lessening the advantage of the lower interaction barriers with neutron-rich projectiles.
Total and free propranolol levels in sensitive and resistant patients

The clinical effects of the beta-adrenergic inhibitor, propranolol, are believed to correlate best with circulating levels of free drug, the component of total drug concentration that is not bound to plasma proteins and is therefore free to interact with tissue beta receptors. We used the radioreceptor assay for propranolol to determine total and free propranolol levels in 32 hospitalized patients receiving a wide range of doses (40 to 1280 mg/day). Free propranolol was determined by equilibrium dialysis and by the erythrocyte drug level. Erythrocyte levels were found to correlate strongly with free drug, as determined by equilibrium dialysis. Mean percent free propranolol was 16.9 ± 2.4 ng/ml (SEM) by equilibrium dialysis and 18.8 ± 2.3 ng/ml (SEM) by the red cell level. Despite considerable variability in the actual level achieved at any given dose, total and free propranolol concentrations were related to dose. A weaker correlation for free drug concentration resulted from variability in free drug among responsive patients (mean ± SD free propranolol was 13.5 ± 8.8 ng/ml), and suggested a threshold level of free drug required to achieve clinical effects. Six patients were resistant to high doses of propranolol. Excessive protein binding was noted in four, suggesting abnormalities at the level of protein-drug interaction. Several other possible mechanisms for propranolol resistance became apparent. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 33, 163–171; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.25
Zinc metabolism in humans: a kinetic model

Abstract The development and testing of an integrated kinetic model describing both short and long term zinc metabolism in humans is discussed. The development took place in two stages. The first, based on a five day turnover study, details the early phases of zinc metabolism in several body tissues together with absorption and excretion. This model, however, accounts for only 10% of total body zinc. To describe the kinetics of total body zinc, a long term model which contains a reduced version of the five day model was developed. This model required an additional compartment for the liver system, but as postulated in the short term model, 90% of body zinc turns over slowly in a single compartment. The models are then used to describe the effect on zinc metabolism of different disease states and lietary perturbations. These additional studies enhance the models' validity while providing physiological insights.
Non-IgE mediated food allergy

Adverse reactions to dietary proteins (DPs) can impose a significant impact on one's daily life and can even affect the 'life style' of an entire family. Adverse reactions to DPs may or may not be immune-mediated. The immune-mediated adverse reaction to food is defined as food allergy (FA) which is roughly divided into IgE mediated or non-IgE mediated FA (NFA). As opposed to IgE mediated FA, NFA primarily affects the GI mucosa. In addition, there is far less of an understanding of NFA than IgE-mediated FA and its clinical relevance is likely under-estimated in most cases. This is partly due to delayed onset of symptoms and subsequent difficulty in making the clinical association between offending food and clinical symptoms. The lack of easily accessible diagnostic measures also contributes to the problem. The gut mucosal barrier is thought to have developed to execute an immensely difficult task; digestion and absorption of nutrients without provoking immune responses and cohabiting with commensal flora in a mutual beneficial relationship, while maintaining an immune defense against pathogenic microbes. The gut mucosal immune system accomplishes this task partly by establishing tolerance to macronutrients with potent immunogenecity. Immune tolerance to macronutrients (DPs) is maintained in part by active suppressive mechanisms involving antigen (Ag)-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells. This active immune tolerance state appears to be affected by various environmental factors such as change in commensal flora. In the first few years of life, humans gradually develop an intricate balance between tolerance and immune reactivity in the gut mucosa along with a tremendous expansion of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Not surprisingly, both IgE and non-IgE mediated food allergy (FA) is frequently seen during this period. The most common causative DPs for NFA are those contained in infant formulas (cow's milk and soy proteins). Unlike IgE mediated FA, NFA is rarely life-threatening. However, NFA to DPs can cause significant morbidity in rapidly growing infants and young children. A better understanding of pathogenesis of NFA is crucial for timely management of NFA in this vulnerable population. This review discusses the gut mucosal immune system in the first few years of life including genetic/environmental factors affecting the development of mucosal immune system and pathogenesis of NFA in association with clinical/laboratory findings.
Torsional Buckling Analysis and Damage Tolerance of Graphite/Epoxy Shafts

The~easured t?rsional buckling load of Graphite/Epoxy shafts is found in good agree­ m~nt with theoretical predictions basedon a general shell theory that includes elastic cou­ pling effects an~ transverse sheari~g deformations. Thedirection of the applied torqueand the lat up stackin~ sequence drastically affects the buckling load (up to 80%). Transverse sheanng deforrnatlOn~ are found significant when the number of circumferential waves in the buckling pattern IS . larger ~han 3. The residual strength of shafts with holes is also measured, andth~ dominant failure moderemains torsional buckling. The bucklin mode patternsare se.emmgly unaffected bydamage but buckling loadsare lowercompareJto un­ dama~ed ~peclmen~. Material failure concentrated around the hole does not occur untilthe h~le size .IS apprOJGmat~ly ~ne-third of the shaft's diameter. Teflon disks inserted between phe~ to sllI~ulate delammatI~ns. decrease the buckling load, but not significantly. In con­ ~1'::'IO?, stlff?ess characteristics, rather than strength characteristics dominate the e aviorofthm-walle~, undamaged shaftsunder torsional load, and this appearsto remain true for shafts with sizable damage (up to about one-third of the shaft's diameter).
An electrophoretic study of the negative correlation of certain carboxylesterases to insecticide resistance in Musca domestica L.

Die Carboxyesterase-Isozyme von 2Musca domestica-Stammen wurden analysiert: Die Esteraseaktivitat im organophosphat-resistenten Stamm ist bedeutend geringer als im suszeptiblen Stamm. Hingegen ist eines der 10 Isozyme mit Phosphataseaktivitat im resistenten Stamm aktiver oder in hoherer Konzentration vorhanden als im suszeptiblen Stamm, was die Annahme einer direkten Resistenz-Beziehung nahelegt.
Convergence of generalized spherical harmonic expansions in the three nucleon bound state

Abstract Theorems are presented on the rate of convergence of approximate three nucleon binding energies obtained by expanding the bound state wavefunction in a truncated generalized spherical harmonic basis. The rate of convergence is related to the properties of the two-body potential.
Malay fishermen: their peasant economy

The social, political and economic impact of the decline of the old colonial powers in Africa, India and the Middle East are still key areas of scholarly research and debate. Based on careful social observation and empirical research, these titles explore the tension between agriculture and industry in developing economies, and trace the complex political process of independence. Aimed at administrators and academics, these studies are central to Development Studies, and also present the work of renowned anthropologists such as Raymond Firth. Volumes in this set are: Caste and Kinship in Central India, Adrian C. Mayer (1960) 0-415-17567-4:Economics of Development in Village India, M.R. Haswell (1967) 0-415-17568-2: pp:Education and Social Change in Ghana, Philip Foster (1965) 0-415-17569-0:Growing up in an Egyptian Village, Hamed Ammar (1954) 0-415-17570-4:India's Changing Villages, S.C. Dube (1958) 0-415-17571-2:Indian Village, S.C. Dube (1955) 0-415-17572-0:Malay Fishermen, Raymond Firth (1946) 0-415-17574-7: .0 0 Mende of Sierra Leone, Kenneth Little (1951) 0-415-17575-5:The Negro Family in British Guiana, Raymond T. Smith (1956) 0-415-17576-3:Peasants in the Pacific, Adrian C. Mayer (1961) 0-415-17577-1:Population and Society in the Arab East, Gabriel Baer (1964) 0-415-17578-X:The Revolution in Anthropology, I.C. Jarvie (1964) 0-415-17579-8:Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa, Robert Chambers (1969) 0-415-17580-1:Shivapur: A South Indian Village, K. Ishwaran (1968) 0-415-17581-X:Social Control in an African Society, P.H.Gulliver (1963) 0-415-17582-8:State and Economics in the Middle East, Alfred Bonne (1948) 0-415-17583-6:Tradition and Economy in Village India, K. Ishwaran (1966) 0-415-17584-4:Transformation Scene, Ian Hogbin (1951) 0-415-17585-2: .00
A Local Time Approach to the Self-Intersections of Brownian Paths in Space

We study the Brownian functional $$\alpha (x,B) = \int\limits_B {\int {\delta _x (W_t - W_s )dsdt} } $$ whereWt is a Brownian path in two or three dimensions. ForB off the diagonal we identify α(x, B) with a local time, and establish the Holder continuity of α(x, B) in bothx andB.
Enhanced CO Oxidation Rates at the Interface of Mesoporous Oxides and Pt Nanoparticles

The interaction of the metal and support in oxide-supported transition-metal catalysts has been proven to have extremely favorable effects on catalytic performance. Herein, mesoporous Co3O4, NiO, MnO2, Fe2O3, and CeO2 were synthesized and utilized in CO oxidation reactions to compare the catalytic activities before and after loading of 2.5 nm Pt nanoparticles. Turnover frequencies (TOFs) of pure mesoporous oxides were 0.0002–0.015 s–1, while mesoporous silica was catalytically inactive in CO oxidation. When Pt nanoparticles were loaded onto the oxides, the TOFs of the Pt/metal oxide systems (0.1–500 s–1) were orders of magnitude greater than those of the pure oxides or the silica-supported Pt nanoparticles. The catalytic activities of various Pt/oxide systems were further influenced by varying the ratio of CO and O2 in the reactant gas feed, which provided insight into the mechanism of the observed support effect. In situ characterization using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and ambien...
STRUCTURAL PREDICTORS OF EMBEZZLEMENT: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT One objective of studying white-collar crime is to improve theorizing about crime in general. Despite this objective, there are few studies that allow for comparison of street-level crime and its white-collar counterpart even in core areas of criminological investigation. Studies of structural predictors of street-level crime in U.S. cities, states, and metropolitan areas are abundant. However, similar studies of white-collar crime do not exist, largely due to the failure of government agencies to collect and disseminate accurate data on white-collar offenses. This empirical absence is especially glaring given the theoretical importance assigned to economic motivation by theorists of white-collar offending. In this paper, we emulate typical aggregate studies of structural correlates of violent and property crime to examine rates of embezzlement in metropolitan areas with available data for 1990. Findings indicate that many structural variables that are consistently and positively related to stree...
Tellurium causes dose-dependent coordinate down-regulation of myelin gene expression.

Abstract Exposure of developing rats to a diet containing elemental tellurium systemically inhibits cholesterol synthesis at the level of squalene epoxidase. At high tellurium exposure levels (>0.1% in the diet), there is an associated segmental demyelination of the PNS. Low levels of dietary tellurium (0.0001%) led to in vivo inhibition of squalene epoxidase activity in sciatic nerve, and inhibition increased with increasing exposure levels. With increasing dose and increasing exposure times, there was an increasing degree of demyelination and increasing down-regulation of mRNA levels for myelin P0 protein, ceramide galactosyltransferase (rate-limiting enzyme in cerebroside synthesis), and HMG-CoA reductase (rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis). Because these were all down-regulated in parallel, we conclude there is coordinate regulation of the entire program for myelin synthesis in Schwann cells. An anomaly was that at early time points and low tellurium levels, mRNA levels for HMG-CoA reductase were slightly elevated, presumably in response to tellurium-induced sterol deficits. We suggest the eventual down-regulation relates to a separate mechanism by which Schwann cells regulate cholesterol synthesis, related to the need for coordinate synthesis of myelin components. Levels of mRNA for the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (indicator of alterations in axon-Schwann cell interactions) and for lysozyme (marker for phagocytic macrophages) were both up-regulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner which correlated with the presence of segmental demyelination. Levels of mRNA coding for myelin-related proteins were down-regulated at low tellurium exposure levels, without demyelination or up-regulation of nerve growth factor receptor. This suggests the down-regulation is related to the tellurium-induced cholesterol deficit, and not to the loss of axonal contact associated with early stages of demyelination or to the entry of activated macrophages.
Effect of Hadacidin on Growth and Adenylosuccinate Synthetase Activity of Dictyostelium discoideum

The growth of the eucaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum in liquid culture was completely inhibited by the aspartic acid analog hadacidin (N-formylhydroxyamino-acetic acid). Growth arrest occurred both in chemically defined medium and in complex growth medium containing aspartic acid and AMP precursors such as adenine and adenosine. Although these compounds could not overcome the effect of hadacidin, growth was restored if cells were washed and resuspended in fresh growth medium. Additional experiments showed that D. discoideum contains adenylosuccinate synthetase, the enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from IMP, aspartic acid, and GTP in the de novo biosynthesis of purines. A partially purified preparation of this enzyme was obtained, and the effect of hadacidin on its activity was studied. We found that maximum inhibition of the D. discoideum activity occurs at a ratio of aspartic acid to hadacidin of 5:1, suggesting that the affinity of the drug for this enzyme is less than for the enzyme from rabbit muscle and plants but greater than for that from Escherichia coli. The effect of the drug can be overcome by a 10-fold excess of aspartic acid, suggesting that the drug acts as a competitive inhibitor. A comparison of the adenylosuccinate synthetase activity levels at various stages of growth showed that its specific activity decreases about 60% as cells enter the stationary growth phase, and decreases about 75% after starvation for 2 h. Further studies showed that in cells treated with hadacidin the rate of uptake of exogenous nutrients is reduced about 75% and that these cells are more resistant to rupture by osmotic shock. While the results of this study are consistent with the proposal that growth arrest is contingent upon inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase activity, they also suggest that, as a consequence of this inhibition, some physiological properties of the cell have been altered.
Upper bound on the mass of non-rotating neutron stars

The problem of placing an upper bound on the mass of a non-rotating neutron star is investigated under minimal assumptions on the equation of state above nuclear densities. In particular causality (dp/dq<1) is not assumed in this region. An upper bound of about five solar masses is found.
Investigations of the environmental acceptability of fluorocarbon alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons.

Abstract Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are currently used in systems for preservation of perishable foods and medical supplies, increasing worker productivity and consumer comfort, conserving energy and increasing product reliability. As use of CFCs is phased out due to concerns of ozone depletion, a variety of new chemicals and technologies will be needed to serve these needs. In choosing alternatives, industry must balance concerns over safety and environmental acceptability and still meet the preformance characteristics of the current technology, the only viable alternatives meeting the safety, performance, and environmental requirements for the remaining 40% of demand are fluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HCFCs and HFCs possess many of the desirable properties of the CFCs, but because of the, hydrogen, they results in shorter atmospheric lifetimes compared to CFCs and reduces their potential to contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion or global warming; HFCs do not contain chlorine and have no potential to destroy ozone. This paper provides an overview of challenges faced by industry, regulators, and society in general in continuing to meet societal needs and consumer demands while reducing risk to the enviroment without compromising consumer or worker safety.
Gastroenteritis Due to Rotavirus in an Isolated Pacific Island Group: An Epidemic of 3,439 Cases

In the spring of 1964, 3,439 cases of acute gastroenteritis were reported from Truk District, an island group in the mid-Pacific. The causative agent was not identified in laboratory studies performed in that year. Retrospective serologic studies 15 years later with the complement fixation test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay provided serologic evidence that this outbreak was caused by the human rotavirus that was first isolated in 1973.
The ins and outs of polycystin-2 as a calcium release channel.

Mutations in either of two polycystin genes can cause kidney failure, but controversy remains regarding the cellular localization and function of the protein products. Polycystin-2 may be a calcium release channel located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and yet may be physically linked to polycystin-1 in the surface membrane.
Moral Games Teach Bioethics at Any Level

Review of: Moral Games for Teaching Bioethics ; Darryl R. J. Macer; (2008). UNESCO Chair in Bioethics, Haifa, Israel. 128 pages. http://www.eubios.info/MacerMoralGames.pdf .
Abstract A108: Racial/ethnic disparities in prostate cancer treatment persist

Background: Adjusting for stage and grade, Black and Hispanic men have lower prostate cancer (PCa) survival than White men. These survival differences are most likely multifactorial, but they have, in part, been attributed to lower receipt of definitive treatment (prostatectomy or radiation therapy vs. active surveillance or hormone therapy alone). Disparities in receipt of definitive treatment have been well documented in older SEER cohorts; however, we do not know if they persist. Therefore, we used the Surveillance Epidemiology End Result (SEER) Tumor Registry to analyze patterns of PCa treatment by race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, Asian/Other, and White men) in men diagnosed with clinically localized PCa between 2004–2007. Method: Logistic regression was performed to determine whether there were racial/ethnic differences in the odds of receiving definitive treatment, adjusting for age, year of diagnosis, grade, PSA, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk, SEER site, and marital status. We then examined the relative adjusted odds of receiving definitive treatment at each level of NCCN risk for Black, Hispanic and Asian/other men compared to White men. Results: Data from 175,366 (White 130,096, Black 21,503, Hispanic 14,412, and Asian/other 9,355) men were included in the analyses. In the overall sample, Black men (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.69-0.75) and Hispanic men (OR=0.92, 95% CI=0.88-0.96) had lower odds of receiving definitive therapy compared to White men. For Black men, this remained true at every level of risk, even among men with high (OR=0.62, 95%CI=0/55-0.69) and very high risk prostate cancer (OR=0.73, 95%CI=0.67-0.80). Hispanic men with high risk disease had lower odds of receiving definitive treatment than their White counterparts (OR=.80, 95%CI=.70-.90). However, the gap was not significant among Hispanics and Whites with the highest risk disease (OR=1.0, 95%CI=0.90-1.11). For Asian/other men, the odds of receiving definitive treatment were not significantly different than for White men, either overall or when stratified by NCCN risk. Racial/ethnic differences in the receipt of definitive treatment persist even among men with high risk disease. In order to address PCa treatment disparities and impact racial/ethnic disparities in PCa survival, further investigation of PCa treatment decision making is warranted. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A108.
Mechanisms of fenthion activation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to hypersaline environments

Previous studies in rainbow trout have shown that acclimation to hypersaline environments enhances the toxicity to thioether organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. In order to determine the role of biotransformation in this process, the metabolism of the thioether organophosphate biocide, fenthion was evaluated in microsomes from gills, liver and olfactory tissues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to freshwater and 17‰ salinity. Hypersalinity acclimation increased the formation of fenoxon and fenoxon sulfoxide from fenthion in liver microsomes from rainbow trout, but not in gills or in olfactory tissues. NADPH-dependent and independent hydrolysis was observed in all tissues, but only NADPH-dependent fenthion cleavage was differentially modulated by hypersalinity in liver (inhibited) and gills (induced). Enantiomers of fenthion sulfoxide (65% and 35% R- and S-fenthion sulfoxide, respectively) were formed in liver and gills. The predominant pathway of fenthion activation in freshwater appears to be initiated through initial formation of fenoxon which may be subsequently converted to the most toxic metabolite fenoxon R-sulfoxide. However, in hypersaline conditions both fenoxon and fenthion sulfoxide formation may precede fenoxon sulfoxide formation. Stereochemical evaluation of sulfoxide formation, cytochrome P450 inhibition studies with ketoconazole and immunoblots indicated that CYP3A27 was primarily involved in the enhancement of fenthion activation in hypersaline-acclimated fish with limited contribution of FMO to initial sulfoxidation.
Effect of deep stripping massage alone or with eccentric resistance on hamstring length and strength

Summary Background Many studies have evaluated the effects of different interventions on hamstring length. However, little research has been conducted on the effects of deep stripping massage strokes (DSMS) alone, or combined with eccentric resistance, on hamstring length and strength. Purpose To determine: 1) if DSMS have an effect on hamstring length and strength and 2) if the effects on hamstring length and strength are any different when DSMS are combined with eccentric exercise. Methods 89 Community College students and community members between the ages of 18 and 62 volunteered for the study. Of these, 64 demonstrated tight hamstrings on either one or both sides as defined by supine, passive terminal knee extension of ≤75° and participated in the study. Strength was assessed by pressing the posterior calcaneus into a strain gauge for approximately 5 s while seated with the knee flexed to 90°. On their tighter side, participants were administered longitudinal DSMS during 15, 10-s bouts of eccentric resistance with an elastic resistance band. On their other hamstring, participants were administered 15, 10-s longitudinal DSMS while lying passive. All massage strokes were performed at a depth of 7 out of 10 on a verbal pressure scale index. Afterwards, the hamstring flexibility and strength tests were repeated. Results Both DSMS with eccentric resistance (10.7%) and DSMS alone (6.3%) resulted in improved ( p p Conclusions These results suggest that DSMS increases hamstring length in less than 3 min but has no affect on strength. Furthermore, combining DSMS with eccentric resistance produces more hamstring flexibility gains than DSMS alone and does not affect strength.
On the shape evolution of a two-dimensional coherent precipitate with a general misfit strain

Abstract For a coherent precipitate in two dimensions, any misfit strain, i.e. stress-free transformation strain is expressed with two principal terms of e and η . Therefore, all the transformation problems can be divided into three cases, (a) a purely dilatational case with e = η ; (b) a tetragonal case of opposite signs with eη ≤0; and (c) a tetragonal case of same signs with eη >0. For case (a) with purely dilatational misfit strain, if elastic anisotropy is uniform, a soft particle takes on a plate-like shape along an elastically soft direction. A hard particle, however, tends to take on a shape of high symmetry with edges parallel to elastically soft directions. A homogeneous particle tends to follow the hard particle case in the early stage of evolution, but eventually changes to the pattern of a soft particle. For case (b) with tetragonal misfit strain of opposite signs, there exists always a preferred orientation at an angle of tan −1 (− η/e ) 1/2 with respect to a principal direction. This is true whether the particle is soft or hard, i.e. regardless of inhomogeneity. The third case (c), a misfit strain of same signs with eη >0, represents a combination of the previous two. A hard particle of this case tends to change its morphology from a plump shape to a somewhat elongated one with its major axis parallel to the preferred orientation due to the tetragonal part of opposite signs. A soft particle becomes a plate lying along a direction between an elastically soft direction and the preferred orientation.
Vascular neurology nurse practitioner provision of telemedicine consultations

The objective was to define and evaluate a role for the Vascular Neurology-Nurse Practitioner (VN-NP) in the delivery of telemedicine consultations in partnership with a vascular neurologist. Methods. Prospective stroke alert patients at participating hospitals underwent a two-way audio video telemedicine consultation with a VN-NP at a remotely located stroke center in partnership with a vascular neurologist. Demographic information, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, diagnoses, CT contraindications to thrombolysis, thrombolysis eligibility, and time interval data were collected. The inter-rater agreement between VN-NP and vascular neurologist assessments was calculated. Results. Ten patients were evaluated. Four were determined to have ischemic stroke, one had a transient ischemic attack, two had intracerebral hemorrhages, and three were stroke mimics. Overall, three patients received thrombolysis. The inter-rater agreement between VN-NP and vascular neurologist assessments were excellent, ranging from 0.9 to 1.0. The duration of VN-NP consultation was 53.2 ± 9.0 minutes, which included the vascular neurologist supervisory evaluation time of 12.0 ± 9.6 minutes. Conclusion. This study illustrated that a stroke center VN-NP, in partnership with a vascular neurologist, could deliver timely telemedicine consultations, accurate diagnoses, and correct treatments in acute stroke patients who presented to remotely located rural emergency departments within a hub and spoke network. VN-NPs may fulfill the role of a telestroke provider.
Abstract 4395: Cure of castration-resistant prostate cancer in TRAMP mice by reactivating tumor immunity with a phosphatidylserine-targeting antibody

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is initially effective against prostate cancer, but many patients eventually relapse and die from the outgrowth of castration-resistant disease. Here, we tested the hypothesis that tumor immunity against castration-resistant prostate cancer can be elicited by combining ADT with treatment with a monoclonal antibody that binds exposed phosphatidylserine (PS). The rationale was that PS is an immunosuppressive lipid that becomes exposed on tumor blood vessels and malignant cells in prostate tumors responding to ADT, and inhibits immune responses to prostate tumor antigens. To validate this hypothesis, we castrated TRAMP mice after they had developed prostatic adenocarcinomas and treated them with the PS-targeting antibody, mch1N11. We first demonstrated that PS exposure was induced on tumor vascular endothelium and tumor cells by castration. PS exposure on vessels coincided with regions of hypoxia generated in the tumor microenvironment. Next, we demonstrated that castration combined with treatment with mch1N11 inhibited tumor growth and progression. About half of the treated TRAMP mice did not develop castration-resistant tumors, and eventually died of old age. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the mch1N11 treatment combined with castration generated T-cell immune responses against TRAMP tumor antigens that kept the tumor in check. Extensive disruption of tumor vasculature and abundant infiltration of immune cells, including CD8 positive T lymphocytes, Natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells were observed. Splenocytes from mice treated with mch1N11 plus castration were able to kill TRAMP-C2 specifically in vitro, whereas splenocytes from mice in the other groups could not. These results demonstrate that PS, which becomes exposed on prostate cancer cells and tumor vasculature after ADT, inhibits immunity to TRAMP tumor antigens. Treatment with the PS-targeting antibody mch1N11 reactivates tumor immunity, which can permanently hold new tumor development in check. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4395. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4395