cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconnectionless CME eruption: putting the Aly-Sturrock conjecture to rest

We demonstrate that magnetic reconnection is not necessary to initiate fast Coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The Aly-Sturrock conjecture states that the magnetic energy of a given force-free boundary field is maximized when the field is open. This is problematic for CME initiation because it leaves little or no magnetic energy to drive the eruption, unless reconnection is present to allow some of the flux to escape without opening. Thus, it has been thought that reconnection must be present to initiate CMEs. This theory has not been subject to rigorous numerical testing because conventional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical models contain numerical diffusion, which introduces uncontrolled numerical reconnection. We use a quasi-Lagrangian simulation technique to run the first controlled experiments of CME initiation in the complete lack of reconnection. We find that a flux rope confined by an arcade, when twisted beyond a critical amount, can escape to an open state, allowing some of the surrounding arcade to shrink, and releasing magnetic energy from the global field. This mechanism includes a true ideal MHD instability. We conclude that reconnection is not a necessary trigger for fast CME eruptions.
Synthesis of substituted acetylenes, aryl–alkyl ethers, 2-alkene-4-ynoates and nitriles using heterogeneous mesoporous Pd-MCM-48 as reusable catalyst

Pd-MCM-48 has been employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of substituted acetylenes via Sonogashira reactions under copper and amine-free reaction conditions. In addition, the catalyst exhibited excellent regioselectivity for primary alcohols towards C–O coupling leading to formation of alkyl–aryl ethers in high yields. A green procedure for the stereoselective synthesis of 2-alkene-4-ynoates and nitriles from the reactions of vic-(E)-diiodoalkenes with activated alkenes has also been demonstrated using Pd-MCM-48 catalyst. The catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture by filtration and reused for at least six times with minimal loss of activity.
DNA Replication Timing

Patterns of replication within eukaryotic genomes correlate with gene expression, chromatin structure, and genome evolution. Recent advances in genome-scale mapping of replication kinetics have allowed these correlations to be explored in many species, cell types, and growth conditions, and these large data sets have allowed quantitative and computational analyses. One striking new correlation to emerge from these analyses is between replication timing and the three-dimensional structure of chromosomes. This correlation, which is significantly stronger than with any single histone modification or chromosome-binding protein, suggests that replication timing is controlled at the level of chromosomal domains. This conclusion dovetails with parallel work on the heterogeneity of origin firing and the competition between origins for limiting activators to suggest a model in which the stochastic probability of individual origin firing is modulated by chromosomal domain structure to produce patterns of replication. Whether these patterns have inherent biological functions or simply reflect higher-order genome structure is an open question.
Political Parties, Supply-Side Strategies, and Firms: The Political Micro-Economy of Partisan Politics

This research examines the economic impact of partisan politics at a level that has been neglected in prior research: the firm level. Specifically, I investigate the impact of partisan supply-side policies on firm performance and firm heterogeneity in experience of this impact. I claim that parties’ supply-side strategies (the interventionist strategy of left-wing parties and the market-oriented strategy of right-wing parties) have conflicting implications for the productivity and cost of economic factors at the disposal of firms. My empirics employ firm-level data from 21 advanced industrial democracies for the period extending from 1989 to 2008. The results are counterintuitive and, in some ways, even provocative. I find that (1) firms perform better under left-oriented governments compared to right-oriented governments, suggesting that the interventionist strategy of left-wing parties helps firms better than the market-oriented strategy of right-wing parties; and (2) there is considerable firm heteroge...
A system for simulation, emulation, and deployment of heterogeneous sensor networks

Recently deployed Wireless Sensor Network systems (WSNs) are increasingly following heterogeneous designs, incorporating a mixture of elements with widely varying capabilities. The development and deployment of WSNs rides heavily on the availability of simulation, emulation, visualization and analysis support. In this work, we develop tools specifically to support heterogeneous systems, as well as to support the measurement and visualization of operational systems that is critical to addressing the inevitable problems that crop up in deployment. Our system differs from related systems in three key ways: in its ability to simulate and emulate heterogeneous systems in their entirety, in its extensive support for integration and interoperability between motes and microservers, and in its unified set of tools that capture, view, and analyze real time debugging information from simulations, emulations, and deployments.
Customer demand satisfaction in production systems: a due-time performance approach

The problem of customer demand satisfaction in production systems with unreliable machines and finite finished goods buffers (FGB) is addressed. The measure of customer demand satisfaction is characterized by the probability to ship to the customer a required number of parts during a fixed time interval. This measure, referred to as the due-time performance (DTP), is often used to characterize the quality of a supplier in the automotive industry supply chain. In the paper, a method for evaluating DTP in serial and assembly lines is developed and the problem of selecting capacity of the FGB is discussed. The results obtained are illustrated by a case study at an automotive component plant.
RTOS: extending OS/360 for real time spaceflight control

The Real Time Operating System/360 (RTOS/360), a modified version of the standard IBM System/360 Operating System (OS/360), was developed by the Federal Systems Division (FSD) of IBM for support of the Real Time Computer Complex (RTCC) during NASA's Apollo spaceflights. RTOS/360 is a real time, multi-tasking, multi-jobbing operating system that extends the basic features of OS/360 and adds additional features to:• Process real time data• Provide simplicity of use for the applications programmer• Ensure fast response system activity (requirements range from one-tenth of a second to one second)• Improve efficiency• Provide support for special devices not supported by OS/360• Provide a fail-safe system• Increase job shop throughput
Overview of Innovative PMI Research on NSTX-U and Associated PMI Facilities at PPPL

Developing a reactor compatible divertor and managing the associated plasma material interaction (PMI) has been identified as a high priority research area for magnetic confinement fusion. Accordingly on NSTX-U, the PMI research has received a strong emphasis. Moreover, with ˜15 MW of auxiliary heating power, NSTX-U will be able to test the PMI physics with the peak divertor plasma facing component (PFC) heat loads of up to 40-60 MW/m2.
Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 2-aryl-chromenes

An enantioselective Pd-catalyzed 6-endo-trig reaction for the synthesis of 2-aryl-chromenes has been developed. A systematic optimization of a TADDOL-derived ligand set resulted in the identification of a novel monodentate phosphoramidite–palladium catalyst that accesses 2-aryl-2H-chromenes with high yield and enantioselectivity under mild conditions. The products obtained from this method can be transformed into biologically active compounds through functionalization of the chromene alkene.
Pseudorandom generators for combinatorial checkerboards

We define a combinatorial checkerboard to be a function f : {1, . . . , m} d ? {1,?1} of the form $${f(u_1,\ldots,u_d)=\prod_{i=1}^df_i(u_i)}$$ for some functions f i : {1, . . . , m} ? {1,?1}. This is a variant of combinatorial rectangles, which can be defined in the same way but using {0, 1} instead of {1,?1}. We consider the problem of constructing explicit pseudorandom generators for combinatorial checkerboards. This is a generalization of small-bias generators, which correspond to the case m = 2. We construct a pseudorandom generator that $${\epsilon}$$ -fools all combinatorial checkerboards with seed length $${O\bigl(\log m+\log d\cdot\log\log d+\log^{3/2} \frac{1}{\epsilon}\bigr)}$$ . Previous work by Impagliazzo, Nisan, and Wigderson implies a pseudorandom generator with seed length $${O\bigl(\log m+\log^2d+\log d\cdot\log\frac{1}{\epsilon}\bigr)}$$ . Our seed length is better except when $${\frac{1}{\epsilon}\geq d^{\omega(\log d)}}$$ .
Glycogen Resynthesis After Exercise: Effect of Carbohydrate Intake

To maximize glycogen resynthesis after exercise, a carbohydrate supplement in excess of 1.0 g x kg(-1) body wt should be consumed immediately after competition or a training bout. Continuation of supplementation every two hours will maintain a rapid rate of storage up to six hours post exercise. Supplements composed of glucose or glucose polymers are the most effective for replenishment of muscle glycogen, whereas fructose is most beneficial for the replenishment of liver glycogen. The addition of protein to a carbohydrate supplement may also increase the rate of glycogen storage due to the ability of protein and carbohydrate to act synergistically on insulin secretion.
Selected ingredients in end-user programming

In the area of human computer interaction, over the last twenty years, we have witnessed considerable progress in an ever-increasing bandwidth from the computer to the user. Application screens evolved from static text only screens to interactive GUI screens. These screens contain numerous graphical element or "widgets", supporting multiple data types, such as text, voice, image, and video. The widgets can range from simple ones like a combo box or slider to more complicated OCX's such as interactive graphs or maps.On the other hand, the tools to program this application are still in the domain of programmers. Although there has been much progress in various RAD tools, visual language and 4GL to improve ease of use, they still mostly target programmers. We believe that in order to allow end-users to develop their own advanced UI applications, it is necessary to create higher-level application abstractions or 'algebra' for stating the application in a declarative manner. This can be compared to the relational algebra operators in the data base area. They were created as abstractions for data base queries, enabling end users to express their own queries in a declarative manner. In doing so, bugs are minimized and program modifications and maintenance becomes trivial. In this paper, we will motivate the reader to see the need for these abstractions and classify them into categories, emphasizing areas ripe for further research.
A Conjoint Model of Quantity Discounts

Quantity discount pricing is a common practice used by business-to-business and business-to-consumer companies. A key characteristic of quantity discount pricing is that the marginal price declines with higher purchase quantities. In this paper, we propose a choice-based conjoint model for estimating consumer-level willingness to pay (WTP) for varying quantities of a product and for designing optimal quantity discount pricing schemes. Our model can handle large quantity values and produces WTP estimates that are positive and increasing in quantity at a diminishing rate. In particular, we propose a tractable WTP function that depends on both product attributes and product quantity and that captures diminishing marginal WTP. We show how such a function embeds standard WTP functions in the quantity discount literature as special cases. We also demonstrate how to use the model to estimate the consumer value potential, which is the product of the premium a consumer is willing to pay and her volume potential. Finally, we propose a parsimonious experimental design approach for implementation. We illustrate the model using data from a conjoint study of online movie rental services. The empirical results show that the proposed model has good fit and predictive validity. In addition, we find that marginal WTP in this category decays rapidly with quantity. We also find that the standard choice-based conjoint model results in anomalous WTP distributions with negative WTP values and nondiminishing marginal willingness-to-pay curves. Finally, we identify four segments of consumers that differ in terms of magnitude of WTP and volume potential, and we derive optimal quantity discount schemes for a monopolist and a new entrant in a competitive market.
Law, policy and adolescent sexuality.

For those interested in the patterns of adolescent fertility there is a lesson to be learned from the story about the Emperor's new clothes (Andersen, 1913). The problems, or lack of them, present themselves as starkly as the Emperor's, yet there is a tendency not to face the fact that in certain societies adolescent sexuality can create problems. The vast majority of parents, health personnel and policy makers seem to prefer to ignore what can be readily perceived. Conversely, in many areas of the world, there may be a tendency to announce the existence of problems which do not exist.
Earthquakes along Eltanin transform system, SE Pacific Ocean: fault segments characterized by strong and poor seismic coupling and implications for long-term earthquake prediction

SUMMARY Centroid moment tensor solutions are recomputed for 190 earthquakes from 1976 to 2010 along the Heezen, Tharp and Hollister transform faults of the Eltanin system using a 3-D seismic velocity model. The total length of the three en echelon faults is nearly 1000 km; each is characterized by fast long-term rates of displacement of about 80 mm yr–1. Strike-slip faulting with moment magnitudes Mw up to 6.4 characterizes most of these events. The few involving normal faulting are located up to 40 km on either side of the transforms and involve extension nearly normal to the transforms. This partitioning of slip likely results from changes during the last few million years in the Euler pole for relative motion between the Antarctic and Pacific plates. Some parts of the Heezen and Tharp transforms exhibit strong seismic coupling but others were aseismic at the resolution of our study, Mw > 5.0–5.5. Earthquakes were not found along nearby fast spreading ridges at that resolution. We calculate downdip widths of seismic coupling of about 5 km for four strongly coupled segments from observed moment rates and lengths along strike assuming earthquake activity accounts for the entire plate motion. Major differences in seismic coupling along strike are not in accord with common thermal models of plate cooling but instead are attributed to varying degrees of metamorphism, rock type and effective normal stress and possibly to the presence of short intratransform spreading centres. One 30–42-km-long segment of the Heezen transform that appears to be an isolated well-coupled asperity has ruptured in eight earthquakes of Mw 5.9–6.1 quasi-periodically with a coefficient of variation of 0.26 every 4.0 ± 1.0 yr. Other well-coupled fault segments, which were sites with earthquakes up to Mw 6.39 and fewer events since 1976, have average repeat times of about 7–24 yr. The fast rate of plate motion, maximum size of events and relatively short repeat times make these fault segments a good laboratory for research on quasi-periodic behaviour and earthquake prediction.
Investigation of Rotor Blade Roughness Effects on Turbine Performance

The cold air testprogram was completed on the SSME (Space Shuttle Main Engine) HPFTP (High-Pressure Fuel Turbopump) turbine with production nozzle vane rings and polished coated rotor blades with a smooth surface finish of 30 μin. (0.76 μm) rms (root mean square). The smooth blades were polished by an abrasive flow machining process. The test results were compared with the air test results from production rough-coated rotor blades with a surface finish of up to 400 μin. (10.16 μm) rms. Turbine efficiency was higher for the smooth blades over the entire range tested. Efficiency increased 2.1 percentage points at the SSME 104 percent RPL (Rated Power Level) conditions. This efficiency improvement could reduce the SSME HPFTP turbine inlet temperature by 57 R (32 K), increasing turbine durability
The spatial scales, distribution, and intensity of natural marine hydrocarbon seeps near Coal Oil Point, California

Natural hydrocarbon seepage from marine environments is an important source of methane and other gases to the atmosphere. Quantifying this flux is necessary for constraining global budgets and understanding local air pollution sources. A field of strong hydrocarbon seepage offshore of Coal Oil Point near Santa Barbara, California produces extensive areas of bursting bubbles at the sea surface. An instrumented buoy was deployed in the Coal Oil Point field to measure directly the atmospheric gas flux from three seeps of varying size and intensity. Spatial scales of continuity of the seeps, quantified by semivariograms, are small, ranging from < 1 to about 9 m such that flux values on larger scales are uncorrelated. These de-correlation scales are comparable to the horizontal extents of individual bubble plumes estimated visually at the sea surface. Semivariograms for each seep are used in an ordinary Kriging procedure to interpolate flux measurements onto a regular grid and produce objective maps of the spatial distribution of flux. Spatial integrals yield total flux estimates from the three seeps of ∼7400 m 3 day -1 which amount to 4-13% of the total flux from the Coal Oil Point field based on estimates from previous studies.
Does representational momentum reflect a distortion of the length or the endpoint of a trajectory

Observers viewed a moving target, and after the target vanished, indicated either the initial position or the final position of the target. In Experiment 1, an auditory tone cued observers to indicate either the initial position or the final position; in Experiment 2, different groups of observers indicated the initial position or the final position. Judgments of the initial position were displaced backward in the direction opposite to motion, and judgments of the final position were displaced forward in the direction of motion. The data suggest that the remembered trajectory is longer than the actual trajectory, and the displacement pattern is not consistent with the hypothesis that representational momentum results from a distortion of memory for the location of a trajectory.
Silver-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of arylnaphthalene lactones.

Arylnaphthalene lignan lactones are valuable natural products with promising anticancer and antiviral properties. In an effort to simplify their synthesis, we investigated a one-pot multicomponent coupling reaction between phenylacetylene, carbon dioxide, and 3-bromo- 1 -phenyl- 1 -propyne. After the corresponding 1,6-diyne was generated in situ, cyclization afforded the desired product. The level of regioselectivity was enhanced through the tuning of electronic properties. The use of cinnamyl bromide which led to the formation of a 1,6-enyne intermediate was also studied.
Cellular resolutions of cointerval ideals

Minimal cellular resolutions of the edge ideals of cointerval hypergraphs are constructed. This class of d-uniform hypergraphs coincides with the complements of interval graphs (for the case d = 2), and strictly contains the class of ‘strongly stable’ hypergraphs corresponding to pure shifted simplicial complexes. The polyhedral complexes supporting the resolutions are described as certain spaces of directed graph homomorphisms, and are realized as subcomplexes of mixed subdivisions of the Minkowski sums of simplices. Resolutions of more general hypergraphs are obtained by considering decompositions into cointerval hypergraphs.
The Fine Structure of the Kasparov Groups II: Topologizing the UCT

The Kasparov groups KK*(A,B) have a natural structure as pseudopolonais groups. In this paper we analyze how this topology interacts with the terms of the Universal Coefficient Theorem (UCT) and the splittings of the UCT constructed by Rosenberg and the author, as well as its canonical three term decomposition which exists under bootstrap hypotheses. We show that the various topologies on ExtZ1(K*(A),K*(B)) and other related groups mostly coincide. Then we focus attention on the Milnor sequence and the fine structure subgroup of KK*(A,B). An important consequence of our work is that under bootstrap hypotheses the closure of zero of KK*(A,B) is isomorphic to the group PextZ1(K*(A),K*(B)). Finally, we introduce new splitting obstructions for the Milnor and Jensen sequences and prove that these sequences split if K*(A) or K*(B) is torsion-free.
Regiospecific Hydration of γ-Hydroxy-α,β-Acetylenic Esters: A Novel Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetronic Acids

The optically active γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters are obtained from the enantioselective reaction of methyl propiolate with both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. These compounds can undergo regiospecific hydration in the presence of Zeise’s dimer, [PtCl2(C2H4)]2, to generate the optically active tetronic acids.
Real-time imaging of hepatitis C virus infection using a fluorescent cell-based reporter system

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which infects 2-3% of the world population, is a causative agent of chronic hepatitis and the leading indication for liver transplantation. The ability to propagate HCV in cell culture (HCVcc) is a relatively recent breakthrough and a key tool in the quest for specific antiviral therapeutics. Monitoring HCV infection in culture generally involves bulk population assays, use of genetically modified viruses and/or terminal processing of potentially precious samples. Here we develop a cell-based fluorescent reporter system that allows sensitive distinction of individual HCV-infected cells in live or fixed samples. We demonstrate use of this technology for several previously intractable applications, including live-cell imaging of viral propagation and host response, as well as visualizing infection of primary hepatocyte cultures. Integration of this reporter with modern image-based analysis methods could open new doors for HCV research.
More Than Adopters: Competing Influences in the Interlocking Directorate

This study explores the competing influences of different types of board interlocks on diffusion of a strategic initiative among a population of firms. We examine a broad social network of interlocking directors in U.S. firms over a period of 17 years and consider the likelihood that these firms will adopt a strategy of expansion into China. Results show that ties to adopters that unsuccessfully implement this strategy have a nearly equal and opposing effect on the likelihood of adoption as do ties to those that successfully implement the strategy. Ties to those that do not implement the strategy also have a suppressive effect on the likelihood of adoption. Furthermore, we examine a firm's position in the core-periphery structure of the interlocking directorate, finding that ties to adopters closer to the network core positively affect the likelihood of adoption. We discuss the implications of our study for social network analysis, governance, and internationalization research.
Can We Advance Macroscopic Quantum Systems Outside the Framework of Complex Decoherence Theory

Macroscopic quantum systems (MQS) are macroscopic systems driven by quantum rather than classical mechanics, a long studied area with minimal success till recently. Harnessing the benefits of quantum mechanics on a macroscopic level would revolutionize fields ranging from telecommunication to biology, the latter focused on here for reasons discussed. Contrary to misconceptions, there are no known physical laws that prevent the development of MQS. Instead, they are generally believed universally lost in complex systems from environmental entanglements (decoherence). But we argue success is achievable MQS with decoherence compensation developed, naturally or artificially, from top-down rather current reductionist approaches. This paper advances the MQS field by a complex systems approach to decoherence. First, why complex system decoherence approaches (top-down) are needed is discussed. Specifically, complex adaptive systems (CAS) are not amenable to reductionist models (and their master equations) because of emergent behaviour, approximation failures, not accounting for quantum compensatory mechanisms, ignoring path integrals, and the subentity problem. In addition, since MQS must exist within the context of the classical world, where rapid decoherence and prolonged coherence are both needed. Nature has already demonstrated this for quantum subsystems such as photosynthesis and magnetoreception. Second, we perform a preliminary study that illustrates a top-down approach to potential MQS. In summary, reductionist arguments against MQS are not justifiable. It is more likely they are not easily detectable in large intact classical systems or have been destroyed by reductionist experimental set-ups. This complex systems decoherence approach, using top down investigations, is critical to paradigm shifts in MQS research both in biological and non-biological systems.
Speeding up the FMMR perfect sampling algorithm: a case study revisited

In a previous paper by the second author, two Markov chain Monte Carlo perfect sampling algorithms--one called coupling from the past (CFTP) and the other (FMMR) based on rejection sampling--are compared using as a case study the move-to-front (MTF) self-organizing list chain. Here we revisit that case study and, in particular, exploit the dependence of FMMR on the user-chosen initial state. We give a stochastic monotonicity result for the running time of FMMR applied to MTF and thus identify the initial state that gives the stochastically smallest running time; by contrast, the initial state used in the previous study gives the stochastically largest running time. By changing from worst choice to best choice of initial state we achieve remarkable speedup of FMMR for MTF; for example, we reduce the running time (as measured in Markov chain steps) from exponential in the length n of the list nearly down to n when the items in the list are requested according to a geometric distribution. For this same example, tile running time for CFTP grows exponentially in n.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Message-Based Priority Functions

We consider packet communication systems of the multiaccess/broadcast type, exemplified by ETHERNET [1] and single-hop ground radio networks [2], in which all communicating devices share a common channel which is multiaccessed in some random fashion. Among the various random access schemes known, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) has been shown to be highly efficient for environments where the propagation delay is short compared to the transmission time of a packet on the channel [3]-[5]. In this paper, we describe a new version of CSMA which incorporates message-based priority functions, referred to as prioritized CSMA (P-CSMA). The scheme is based on the principle that access right to the channel is exclusively granted to ready messages of the current highest priority level. It can be made preemptive or nonpreemptive, and is suitable to fully connected broadcast networks with or without the collision detection feature. We analyze the p-persistent protocol of P-CSMA with two priority levels and derive the throughput-delay characteristics for each priority class. Finally, we discuss numerical results obtained from the analysis and from simulation, and thus evaluate the effect of priority functions and preemption on the throughput-delay characteristics for each class.
Restoration of Multichannel Microwave Radiometric Images

A constrained iterative image restoration method is applied to multichannel diffraction-limited imagery. This method is based on the Gerchberg-Papoulis algorithm utilizing incomplete information and partial constraints. The procedure is described using the orthogonal projection operators which project onto two prescribed subspaces iteratively. Its properties and limitations are presented. The effect of noise was investigated and a better understanding of the performance of the algorithm with noisy data has been achieved. The restoration scheme with the selection of appropriate constraints was applied to a practical problem. The 6.6, 10.7, 18, and 21 GHz satellite images obtained by the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), each having different spatial resolution, were restored to a common, high resolution (that of the 37 GHz channels) to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Both simulated data and real data were used in this study. The restored multichannel images may be utilized to retrieve rainfall distributions.
Fractal mechanisms of light scattering in biological tissue and cells

We use fractal continuous random media to model visible and near-infrared light scattering by biological tissue and cell suspensions. The power law of the reduced scattering coefficient, the anisotropy factor of scattering, and the phase function are derived with good agreement with experimental results. Implications for spectroscopic tissue diagnosis are discussed.
Stability of nonlinear asynchronous systems

In this work, we focus on a class of nonlinear asynchronous systems defined by two different modes of operation, one stable and the other one unstable. The switching between the two modes of operation is driven by external asynchronous events. It is assumed that on any time interval of a given length, the maximum time in which the system evolves in the unstable mode is bounded. This property is given in the form of a rate constraint. Under this assumption, we study the behavior of this class of systems and provide existential results of conditions on this rate constraint under which various types of stability of the origin of the nonlinear asynchronous system can be assured.
New Strategic Reactions for Organic Synthesis: Catalytic Asymmetric C−H Activation α to Nitrogen as a Surrogate for the Mannich Reaction

The asymmetric C−H activation reactions of methyl aryldiazoacetates are readily induced by the rhodium prolinate catalyst Rh2(S-DOSP)4 (1) or the bridged prolinate catalysts Rh2(S-biDOSP)2 (2a) and Rh2(S-biTISP)2 (2b). The C−H activation of N-Boc-protected cyclic amines demonstrates that the donor/acceptor-substituted carbenoids display remarkable chemoselectivity, which allows for highly regioselective, diastereoselective, and enantioselective reactions to be achieved. Furthermore, the reactions can display high levels of double stereodifferentiation and kinetic resolution. The C−H activation is caused by a rhodium carbenoid induced C−H insertion. The potential of this chemistry is demonstrated by a very direct synthesis of threo-methylphenidate.
Mass-Deformed BLG Theory in Light-Cone Superspace

Maximally supersymmetric mass deformation of the Bagger–Lambert–Gustavsson (BLG) theory corresponds to a non-central extension of the d = 3 N = 8 Poincare superalgebra (allowed in three dimensions). We obtain its light-cone superspace formulation which has a novel feature of the dynamical supersymmetry generators being cubic in the kinematical ones. The mass deformation picks a quaternionic direction, described by Ωmn, which breaks the SO(8) R-symmetry down to SO(4) × SO(4). The Hamiltonian of the theory is shown to be a quadratic form of the dynamical supersymmetry transformations to all orders in the mass parameter, M, and the structure constants, fabcd.
Classroom Seating Location, Student Grades, and Attitudes Environment or Self-Selection?

A previous study by Becker et al. demonstrated that students who sit near the front and center of a classroom get better grades and like the instructor better than students who sit in the back or a...
Structure–function analyses of solar fuels catalysts using in situ X-ray scattering

This tutorial review illustrates opportunities for the resolution of structure–function relationships to aid in the development of new materials for solar energy conversion using a combination of spectroscopy and catalysis measurements with X-ray scattering analyses to provide in situ structural characterization of solar fuels catalysts. As an example, the use of molecular cobaloxime catalysts in bimolecular and supramolecular photocatalysis schemes for proton reduction is briefly reviewed. These highlight the need to develop new modular, hierarchical, self-healing supramolecular architectures for solar fuels catalysis. Examples of the X-ray scattering structural analysis of amorphous materials in the context of photocatalytic function are discussed in detail.
What the Utilitarian Cannot Think

I argue that utilitarianism cannot accommodate a basic sort of moral judgment that many people want to make. I raise a real-life example of shockingly bad behavior and ask what can the utilitarian say about it. I concede that the utilitarian can say that this behavior caused pain to the victim; that pain is bad; that the agent’s behavior was impermissible; even that the agent’s treatment of the victim was vicious. However, there is still one thing the utilitarian cannot say, namely that the agent wronged the victim, that they violated her. According to utilitarianism, moral offenses are offenses against global utility, right reason or the totality of sentient beings, but never against individual victims, yet this aspect of the action – that it is an offense against a particular person –is highlighted when we say that this action wronged that woman.
Image identification and restoration in the subband domain

When faced with a large-sized point spread function, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is very sensitive to local minima. To deal with this problem, it is proposed that EM image identification and restoration be done in the subband domain. After the image is first divided into subbands, then the EM algorithm is applied to each subband separately. In each subband the point spread function can be modeled by a reduced number of parameters and the image model can be better represented also. An adaptive subband EM method for quantization of the upper frequency subbands is introduced. >
Determinants of the Physical Demand for Gold: Evidence from Panel Data

Although the role of gold in the world economy has declined since the gold standard was abandoned, it remains important as a central bank reserve, a hedge against risks, a barometer of geopolitical uncertainty, and an input for jewellery. While portfolio demand for gold has been well studied, determinants of physical demand are less understood. Certain emerging-market countries such as China and India import substantial amounts of gold, with several factors that may contribute: low financial development, need for precautionary savings and/or strong cultural valuation of gold itself. This article uses panel data on gold imports of 21 countries to examine determinants of physical demand. We find that determinants of physical demand differ from those of portfolio demand, and that they differ between the developed and developing worlds.
Mobile Agents and Intellectual Property Protection

Technical enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights often conflicts with the ability to use the IP. This is especially true when the IP is data, which may easily be copied while it is being accessed. As electronic commerce of data becomes more widespread, traditional approaches will prove increasingly problematic. In this paper, we show that the mobile agent architecture is an ideal solution to this dilemma: by providing full access to the data but charging for the transmission of results back to the user — results-based billing — we resolve the access versus protection conflict. We define new requirements for agent frameworks to implement results-based billing: “data-aware accounting” and “data-tight sandboxing”, which, along with the common requirements such as authentication, authorization, agent self-monitoring, and efficiency, provide the mechanisms by which database owners can effectively grant users access to their intellectual property.
The Approximate Capacity of the Many-to-One and One-to-Many Gaussian Interference Channels

Recently, Etkin, Tse, and Wang found the capacity region of the two-user Gaussian interference channel to within 1 bit/s/Hz. A natural goal is to apply this approach to the Gaussian interference channel with an arbitrary number of users. We make progress towards this goal by finding the capacity region of the many-to-one and one-to-many Gaussian interference channels to within a constant number of bits. The result makes use of a deterministic model to provide insight into the Gaussian channel. The deterministic model makes explicit the dimension of signal level. A central theme emerges: the use of lattice codes for alignment of interfering signals on the signal level.
Tracing the history of recent bulge star formation in Active Galactic Nuclei

We examine the relation between black hole accretion and bulge star formation as a function of look-back time (τ) in 20 541 obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs; with redshifts and bolometric luminosities ) optically selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). To quantify the most recently formed stars with ages less than typical AGN lifetimes, we estimate the differentiated specific star formation rate (SSFRτ) based on population synthesis analysis. The Eddington ratio (λ) is inferred using [O iii] λ5007 luminosity and stellar velocity dispersion as proxies for and black hole mass, respectively. We find that when τ τ0. The threshold time-scale τ0 is ∼0.1 (∼1) Gyr in young (old) bulges. The scatter in the power laws is dominated by observational uncertainties. These results may provide useful constraints on models explaining the correlations between AGN activity and bulge star formation.
The Structure of Jupiter, Saturn, and Exoplanets: Key Questions for High-Pressure Experiments

We give an overview of our current understanding of the structure of gas giant planets, from Jupiter and Saturn to extrasolar giant planets. We focus on addressing what high-pressure laboratory experiments on hydrogen and helium can help to elucidate about the structure of these planets.
Alternation-Trading Proofs, Linear Programming, and Lower Bounds

A fertile area of recent research has demonstrated concrete polynomial-time lower bounds for natural hard problems on restricted computational models. Among these problems are Satisfiability, Vertex Cover, Hamilton Path, MOD6-SAT, Majority-of-Majority-SAT, and Tautologies, to name a few. The proofs of these lower bounds follow a proof-by-contradiction strategy that we call resource trading or alternation trading. An important open problem is to determine how powerful such proofs can possibly be.We propose a methodology for studying these proofs that makes them amenable to both formal analysis and automated theorem proving. We prove that the search for better lower bounds can often be turned into a problem of solving a large series of linear programming instances. Implementing a small-scale theorem prover based on these results, we extract new human-readable time lower bounds for several problems and identify patterns that allow for further generalization. The framework can also be used to prove concrete limitations on the current techniques.
Gravity model in the Korean highway

We investigate the traffic flows of the Korean highway system, which contains both public and private transportation information. We find that the traffic flow Tij between city i and j forms a gravity model, the metaphor of physical gravity as described in Newton's law of gravity, PiPj/rij2, where Pi represents the population of city i and rij the distance between cities i and j. It is also shown that the highway network has a heavy tail even though the road network is a rather uniform and homogeneous one. Compared to the highway network, air and public ground transportation establish inhomogeneous systems and have power law behaviors.
Breaks, Bubbles, Booms, and Busts: The Evolution of Primary Commodity Price Fundamentals

This paper explores the behavior of real commodity prices over a 50–year period. Attention is given to how the fundamentals for various commodity prices have changed with a special emphasis on behavior since the mid 2000s. To identify changing commodity price fundamentals we estimate shifting–mean autoregressions by using: the Bai and Perron (1998) procedure for estimating structural breaks; a SlowShift procedure that specifies intercepts to be nonlinear, potentially smooth functions of time; and low frequency Fourier functions. We find that the pattern in the timing of the various shifts is suggestive of the causal fundamentals underlying the recent boom.
“Small Cities Blues:” Looking for Growth Factors in Small and Medium-Sized Cities

The purpose of this exploratory study is an attempt to identify public policies that have the potential to increase the economic viability of smaller metropolitan areas and cities. The authors identify characteristics associated with smaller metro areas that performed better than expected (winners) and worse than expected (losers) during the 1990s. The authors then look for evidence that public policy choices may have enhanced a metro area' ability to succeed by examining whether winners and losers are qualitatively different in ways that may indicate consequences of policy choices. A cluster analysis is completed to group the metro areas based on changes in social, economic, and demographic variables during the 1990s. The authors then use contingency table analysis and ANOVA to see if winners and losers are related to the grouping of metro areas in a way that may indicate the presence of government policy.
On the Elliptic Genera of Manifolds of Spin(7) Holonomy

Superstring compactication on a manifold of Spin(7) holonomy gives rise to a 2d worldsheet conformal eld theory with an extended supersymmetry algebra. The N = 1 superconformal algebra is extended by additional generators of spins 2 and 5/2, and instead of just superconformal symmetry one has a c = 12 realization of the symmetry group SW(3=2; 2). In this paper, we compute the characters of this supergroup, and decompose the elliptic genus of a general Spin(7) compactication in terms of these characters. We nd suggestive relations to various sporadic
Cultural Factors in Economic Growth

In 1940, when our Association was founded, this paper might have borne the same title as Caroline Ware's book: The Cultural Approach to History. In the meantime, however, world events have brought economists and historians together around the problem of economic growth. So, while pursuing the same interests illustrated in my contribution to Caroline Ware's book, I have chosen the more fashionable title of “Cultural Factors in Economic Growth.”
Type Ia supernovae and the Hubble constant

▪ Abstract The focus of this review is the work that has been done during the 1990s on using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to measure the Hubble constant (H0). SNe Ia are well suited for measuring H0. A straightforward maximum-light color criterion can weed out the minority of observed events that are either intrinsically subluminous or substantially extinguished by dust, leaving a majority subsample that has observational absolute-magnitude dispersions of less than σobs (MB) ≃ σobs (MV) ≃ 0.3 mag. Correlations between absolute magnitude and one or more distance-independent SN Ia or parent-galaxy observables can be used to further standardize the absolute magnitudes to better than 0.2 mag. The absolute magnitudes can be calibrated in two independent ways: empirically, using Cepheid-based distances to parent galaxies of SNe Ia, and physically, by light curve and spectrum fitting. At present the empirical and physical calibrations are in agreement at MB ≃ MV ≃ −19.4 or −19.5. Various ways that have been used ...
SYSTEMS SCIENCE: A GUIDED TOUR

The meaning of systems sciencie is explicated by a thorough analysis of the concept os a system. The roots of sstems science are then traced and its three basic components (knowledge, methodology and metamethodology) overviewed. A special attention is given to the connection of systems science to mathematics and computer technology. It is argued that systems science plays a fundamental role in dealing with complexity of systems of our current interest and that simplification methods form the core of systems methodology. Recent developments and trends in systems science are overviewed. It is shown that systems science contributes a new perspective to science, which is complementary to the perspective of traditional science.
On operad structures of moduli spaces and string theory

We construct a real compactification of the moduli space of punctured rational algebraic curves and show how its geometry yields operads governing homotopy Lie algebras, gravity algebras and Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras. These algebras appeared recently in the context of string theory, and we give a simple deduction of these algebraic structures from the formal axioms of conformal field theory and string theory.
The Dynamics and Status of India’s Economic Reforms

This paper considers the status of economic reform in India, to understand which further reforms might be desirable, and why they have not been successfully introduced or implemented. Rather than provide a list of reforms that “should” be undertaken, the paper attempts to understand the political economy of the process of economic reform in India, and how that process plays out with respect to different sectors of the economy, or different areas of potential economic reform. The discussion includes the roles of institutions, interest groups and ideas in driving reform.
Therapeutic potential of JAK2 inhibitors

The discovery of an activating tyrosine kinase mutation JAK2V617F in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) has resulted in the development of JAK2 inhibitors, of which several are being evaluated in phase I/II clinical studies. It is important to recognize that because the V617F mutation is localized in a region outside the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding pocket of JAK2 enzyme, ATP-competitive inhibitors of JAK2 kinase (like the current JAK2 inhibitors in the clinic) are not likely to discriminate between wild-type and mutant JAK2 enzymes. Therefore, JAK2 inhibitors, by virtue of their near equipotent activity against wild-type JAK2 that is important for normal hematopoiesis, may have adverse myelosuppression as an expected side effect, if administered at doses that aim to completely inhibit the mutant JAK2 enzyme. While they may prove to be effective in controlling hyperproliferation of hematopoietic cells in PV and ET, they may not be able to eliminate mutant clones. On the other hand, JAK inhibitors may have great therapeutic benefit by controlling the disease for patients with MPNs who suffer from debilitating signs (eg, splenomegaly) or constitutional symptoms (which presumably result from high levels of circulating cytokines that signal through JAK enzymes). Indeed, the primary clinical benefits observed so far in MF patients have been significant reduction is splenomegaly, elimination of debilitating disease-related symptoms, and weight gain. Most importantly, patients with and without the JAK2V617F mutation appear to benefit to the same extent. In this review we summarize current clinical experience with JAK2 inhibitors in MPNs.