cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating knowledge and knowing: A framework for understanding knowledge-in-practice ☆

Abstract The foundation of an organization's strategy often lies in its ability to generate, combine, recombine, and exploit knowledge. Two very different perspectives have emerged in knowledge management research: a commodity view which sees knowledge as something to be acquired, stored, and converted and a community perspective which emphasizes knowing and the ability to act on what one knows. We propose a new framework for understanding knowledge in organizations which integrates these two views and complements prior research by focusing on knowledge-in-practice. In doing so, we clarify the organizational knowledge construct by examining the underlying knowledge-based characteristics of work practices. We create a multidimensional understanding of the knowledge-in-practice construct and introduce the concept of learnability. We explain how the proposed framework can lead to future research and discuss managerial implications for achieving fit between knowledge-in-practice and organization policies.
Characterization of highly dispersive components using direct instantaneous frequency measurements

The instantaneous frequency of a chirped pulse is directly measured by combining spectral and temporal interferometry, allowing for characterization of the stretcher of a chirped-pulse-amplification system over several nanoseconds with picosecond precision.
Hemorrhagic Shock and Early Resuscitation: the Cons

SUMMARY Although intravenous fluid administration is considered universally indicated for patients with post-traumatic hypotension of presumed hemorrhagic origin, there are no prospective clinical trials which have adequately validated this practice. Moreover, recent hemorrhage models that incorporate a vascular injury, as well as recently completed clinical trials, have indicated that attempts to restore blood pressure before surgical hemostasis may have the undesirable effect of accentuating hemorrhage and mortality.
Solid-solution hardening and softening in binary iron alloys

Six dilute (0.2, 0.5 and 1 at %) binary iron-base alloys with Co, Cr, Al, Si, Mn and Ni were prepared after scavenging inherent carbon with Ti. From tensile and stress relaxation tests in the temperature range of 77 to 450 K, stress-strain behaviours and thermal activation parameters were analysed as functions of solute content and temperature. In the four alloys containing Ni, Mn, Al and Si, solid-solution softening occurs below 250 K while solid-solution hardening occurs above 250 K. In the alloys containing Co or Cr, neither softening nor hardening due to solute additions occurs at any temperature. Detailed analysis of thermal activation parameters leads one to conclude that the solid-solution softening in the above mentioned four alloys is due to a decrease in kink energy with increasing solute content, while in the latter two alloys no change in kink energy occurs. On the other hand, there exists a strong solute concentration dependence of the athermal component, suggesting that the solid-solution hardening is due to the interaction of dislocations with groups of substitutional solute atoms that create lattice and modulus misfits.
Morphogenesis: Laying down the tracks.

To drive the formation of tubular structures, cells remodel their extracellular microenvironment to induce coordinated migration. It is now found that a mechanical feedback loop, involving the interaction of cell traction forces with collagen fibres, facilitates the formation of long epithelial tubules.
A first principles molecular dynamics study of the fullerene derivative C119

Abstract We have used local-orbital-based first principles molecular dynamics to predict the structure of the C 119 molecule which is found in the mass spectra of C 60 —ozone reactions. Our simulation assumes that the C 119 molecule is formed by joining an intact C 60 molecule with a C 59 (a C 60 with one atom removed by reaction with ozone). The predicted C 119 configuration has C 2 symmetry, three four-coordinated atoms, and two seven-membered rings. For this predicted configuration, we report calculated structural properties, electronic eigenvalues, and Raman spectra.
The Chernobyl Reference Horizon (?) in the Greenland Ice Sheet

Published reports of the presence of radioactive debris from the Chernobyl reactor accident in snow on the Greenland ice sheet raised the strong prospect that such debris might constitute a valuable time stratigraphic marker all over the ice sheet. Large volume snow samples to test this possibility were collected from 7 snowpits as part of a wide ranging regional snow chemistry survey conducted during 1987 and 1988. Snow labeled'' with Chernobyl derived radioactivity was detected in all of the pits. However, the total amount of radioactive debris found at the different locations varied over a 20 fold range. The variability in total fallout showed no clear large scale spatial pattern that could be related to the presumed progress of the radioactive plume over Greenland, suggesting that small scale differences in precipitation pattern and reworking of the snow by wind were predominantly responsible for the patchy preservation of the Chernobyl layer'' on the Greenland ice sheet. {copyright} American Geophysical Union 1989
The Utilization of Food Elements by Growing Poults 2. A Comparison of Diets Containing 25 and 30 Percent Protein

Abstract THE utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus by newly hatched turkeys was studied by Ackerson and Mussehl (1947) who found that 42 percent of the nitrogen, 23 percent of the calcium and 31 percent of the phosphorus were retained. The ration used contained 18.6 percent of crude protein which is lower than the level usually fed. In order to extend the original data to rations containing higher levels two diets were mixed to contain 24 and 30 percent crude protein as shown on Table 1. The increase in protein was accomplished by reducing the corn while increasing the soybean, alfalfa, meat scraps, fish meal and dried whey. No new protein concentrates were introduced so quantitative differences only appear in the protein furnished. The experimental feeding was carried out as described by Ackerson, Blish and Mussehl (1938). In computing the percentage utilization of the various elements the values of 1.28, 0.18, …
Suppression of decoherence and disentanglement by the exchange interaction

Entangled qubit pairs can serve as a quantum memory or as a resource for quantum communication. The utility of such pairs is measured by how long they take to disentangle or decohere. To answer the question of whether qubit-qubit interactions can prolong entanglement, we calculate the dissipative dynamics of a pair of qubits coupled via the exchange interaction in the presence of random telegraph noise and 1/f noise. We show that for maximally entangled (Bell) states, the exchange interaction generally suppresses decoherence and disentanglement. This suppression is more apparent for random telegraph noise if the noise is non-Markovian, whereas for 1/f noise the exchange interaction should be comparable in magnitude to the strongest noise source. The entangled singlet-triplet superposition state of two qubits ({psi}{sub {+-}} Bell state) can be protected by the interaction, while for the triplet-triplet state ({phi}{sub {+-}} Bell state), it is less effective. Thus the former is more suitable for encoding quantum information.
Is coil embolization of hypogastric artery necessary during endovascular treatment of aortoiliac aneurysms

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stent graft coverage of hypogastric artery in the management of aortoiliac aneurysms. Between January 2000 and December 2002, 98 patients underwent endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms (EVAR). Of these, 24 (24.5%) required occlusion of one hypogastric artery to facilitate the endovascular repair. Based on the method of hypogastric artery occlusion, patients were divided in to two groups. Group A (13/24 = 54%) underwent standard coil embolization followed by hypogastric artery orifice coverage whereas group B (11/24 = 46) underwent hypogastric artery orifice coverage without coil embolization. Post-EVAR computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was used to determine occurrence of endoleaks from the hypogastric artery orifice and patency of superior gluteal artery in both groups. These findings were further correlated with presence or absence of gluteal claudication. There was no difference in age (p < 0.38) or iliac aneurysm size (p < 0.3). In group A (13 patients), occlusion of superior gluteal artery was seen in 6 (46%). Four of six (66%) patients developed severe gluteal claudication. Patients in group A were likely to require more than one intervention (p < 0.00036). No patients in group B developed occlusion of the superior gluteal artery (p < 0.04) or gluteal claudication (p < 0.046). No endoleaks were seen from the origins of hypogastric artery in either group. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 35 months. Hypogastric artery orifice coverage without coil embolization effectively prevented retrograde endoleak without the occurrence of disabling gluteal claudication. Coil embolization of the hypogastric artery may be unnecessary during treatment of aortoiliac aneurysm.
Communication simulations for power system applications

New smart grid technologies and concepts, such as dynamic pricing, demand response, dynamic state estimation, and wide area monitoring, protection, and control, are expected to require considerable communication resources. As the cost of retrofit can be high, future power grids will require the integration of high-speed, secure connections with legacy communication systems, while still providing adequate system control and security. The co-simulation of communication and power systems will become more important as the two systems become more interrelated. This paper will discuss ongoing work at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to create a flexible, high-speed power and communication system co-simulator for smart grid applications. The framework for the software will be described, including architecture considerations for modular, high performance computing and large-scale scalability (serialization, load balancing, partitioning, cross-platform support, etc.). The current simulator supports the ns-3 (telecommunications) and GridLAB-D (distribution systems) simulators. A test case using the co-simulator, utilizing a transactive demand response system created for the Olympic Peninsula and AEP gridSMART demonstrations, requiring two-way communication between distributed and centralized market devices, will be used to demonstrate the value and intended purpose of the co-simulation environment.
Parametric Amplification At 16 Micrometers

Brewster cut CdSe crystals pumped by the P1(8) line of an HF laser were used to amplify optical signals at 16 μm. The source of the signals was a CdSe OPO pumped by the P2(7) line from the same laser. The configuration of both pump beams was such that flat radial intensity profiles were produced at the respective crystals, eliminating the need for confocal focusing. The gain bandwidth was measured and found to be in reasonable agreement with theory. The second order nonlinear susceptibility was measured for the first time at 16 μm and found in fair agreement with values determined at shorter wavelengths scaled to 16 μm through Miller's Δ.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Circumferential pressure’s inhibitory effects on soleus H-reflex

Background: Circumferential pressure (CP) applied to the lower leg reduces soleus motor neuron reflex excitability (MNRE); however, the mechanism of control is unknown. Aim: To investigate the effect that CP has on disynaptic reciprocal inhibition (DSRI) and on Ia presynaptic inhibition (IaPI) of the soleus H-reflex in healthy subjects. Methods: DSRI of soleus motoneurons and presynaptic control of soleus group Ia afferents were measured before, during and after CP was applied to the calf. Pressure was set to 40-45 mmHg. DSRI was evaluated by observing changes in the H-reflex amplitude after a conditioning stimulus was applied to the common peroneal nerve. IaPI was assessed using two separate protocols involving conditioning of the soleus H-reflex: femoral nerve facilitation (FNS) (heteronymous) and D1 and D2 inhibition (homonymous). A change in DSRI and IaPI was determined by comparing the Hpressure, Hpost-pressure phases to the Hpre-pressure phase of the conditioned H-reflexes. Results: A mean 12% decrease in FNS was observed during CP (p < 0.05). D1 and D2 inhibition decreased slightly. CP did not affect DSRI. Conclusion: The results show that CP applied to the calf significantly increased heteronymous soleus IaPI, but affected homonymous IaPI less. It was concluded the CP does increase IaPI of soleus motoneurons but only modestly. The change was not large enough to explain the dramatic inhibition that occurs in the (unconditioned) H-reflex amplitude when CP is applied. Therefore, IaPI is not the primary inhibitory mechanism that CP uses to lower MNRE.
Dynamic Instability Of Layered Anisotropic Circular Cylindrical Shells, Part II: Numerical Results

Abstract Numerical results for the parametric resonance response of layered anisotropic circular cylindrical shells are presented based on a theoretical development given in part I [1]. The principal regions of parametric resonance are determined numerically from the system of Mathieu equations derived in part I. Results are given for two particular graphite-epoxy shells. The effects of pre-instability inertia in the composite shell is shown to be similar to that discussed previously [2] in connection with isotropic shells. Specifically, it is found that inclusion of pre-instability inertia may result in increased widths of the instability regions of modes having instability forcing frequency very close to a natural frequency of the pre-instability motion of the shell. Also, the effect of pre-instability spatial variation on the principal regions of parametric resonance is separately studied. It is found that the widths of the instability regions may be greatly increased by inclusion of these spatial variations.
SST algorithms in ACSPO reanalysis of AVHRR GAC data from 2002-2013

In response to a request from the NOAA Coral Reef Watch Program, NOAA SST Team initiated reprocessing of 4 km resolution GAC data from AVHRRs flown onboard NOAA and MetOp satellites. The objective is to create a longterm Level 2 Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO) SST product, consistent with NOAA operations. ACSPO-Reanalysis (RAN) is used as input in the NOAA geo-polar blended Level 4 SST and potentially other Level 4 SST products. In the first stage of reprocessing (reanalysis 1, or RAN1), data from NOAA-15, -16, -17, -18, -19, and Metop-A and -B, from 2002-present have been processed with ACSPO v2.20, and matched up with quality controlled in situ data from in situ Quality Monitor (iQuam) version 1. The ~12 years time series of matchups were used to develop and explore the SST retrieval algorithms, with emphasis on minimizing spatial biases in retrieved SSTs, close reproduction of the magnitudes of true SST variations, and maximizing temporal, spatial and inter-platform stability of retrieval metrics. Two types of SST algorithms were considered: conventional SST regressions, and recently developed incremental regressions. The conventional equations were adopted in the EUMETSAT OSI-SAF formulation, which, according to our previous analyses, provide relatively small regional biases and well-balanced combination of precision and sensitivity, in its class. Incremental regression equations were specifically elaborated to automatically correct for model minus observation biases, always present when RTM simulations are employed. Improved temporal stability was achieved by recalculation of SST coefficients from matchups on a daily basis, with a ±45 day window around the current date. This presentation describes the candidate SST algorithms considered for the next round of ACSPO reanalysis, RAN2.
Accuracy of Inverse Composite Laminate Characterization via the Mesh Free Random Grid Method

The present paper reports on the progress towards the evaluation of the Mesh Free Random Grid Method (MFRGM) for the inverse constitutive characterization of composite materials. The method provides the capability for the remote (non contact) measurement of displacement and strain fields of structures bounded by flat surfaces that deform under various mechanical and generalized loading conditions. The known forward solution of an anisotropic plate with an open hole, loaded at infinity, is used to generate synthetic images MFRG. The inverse problem for determining the constitutive parameters formulated directly on the generalized constitutive law. Performance of the technique is evaluated by the usage of just one frame corresponding to one set of strain state for various amounts of noise. The evaluation is repeated by utilizing frames corresponding to different rotations of the laminate relative to the loading direction. Finally the exceedingly accurate behavior of the methodology is discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Glutathione biosynthesis in murine L5178Y lymphoma cells.

Abstract Murine L5178Y lymphoma cells in culture required preformed cyst(e)ine and methionine for growth. Cystathionine was not an adequate substitute for either of these amino acids. 35 S-Amino acid uptake and 35 S incorporation into cellular reduced glutathione (GSH) occurred rapidly with cysteine or cystine. [ 35 S]Methionine uptake was rapid but 35 S failed to be incorporated into GSH. The cystathionine pathway for cysteine biosynthesis was absent in this cell line based upon the absence of γ-cystathionase in cell-free extracts and the inability of methionine sulfur to be incorporated into GSH. Glutathione S -transferase activity of intact cells permitted extensive depletion of glutathione with diethylmaleate. Methionine in the medium failed to support the repletion of GSH while cystine from the medium accounted for all of the cysteinyl sulfur in the repleted GSH. Very limited efflux of GSH, and no efflux of oxidized glutathione or disulfide of GSH and cysteine (CYSSG) could be observed in the presence or absence of the irreversible γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor l -(α S ,5 S )-α-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole-acetic acid (AT-125). However, up to 1.9 nmol/10 6 cells of CYSSG accumulated intra-cellularly in cells placed in medium containing 0.5 m m cystine after diethylmaleate depletion of GSH. γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in cell extracts was sufficient to indicate a role for this enzyme in glutathione turnover in L5178Y cells. Under normal culture conditions intracellular glutathione concentration was 2.3 ± 0.7 nmol/10 6 cells.
Effect of gravity on vestibular neural development.

The timing, molecular basis, and morphophysiological and behavioral consequences of the interaction between external environment and the internal genetic pool that shapes the nervous system over a lifetime remain important questions in basic neuroscientific research. Space station offers the opportunity to study this interaction over several life cycles in a variety of organisms. This short review considers past work in altered gravity, particularly on the vestibular system, as the basis for proposing future research on space station, and discusses the equipment necessary to achieve goals. It is stressed that, in keeping with the international investment being made in this research endeavor, both the questions asked and the technologies to be developed should be bold. Advantage must be taken of this unique research environment to expand the frontiers of neuroscience.
Recovery of central nervous system functions impaired by lethal head x-irradiation.

SummaryThe effects of X-irradiation on the response to maximal electroshock and on EEG have been studied in head irradiated rats at various intervals following irradiation. A single application of 10,000 r to head of rats was found to induce a progressive increase in protection against maximal electroshock. This apparent anti-convulsant effect reached a maximum by about 48 hours post-irradiation and was then rapidly lost. Most of the animals died by the 7th or 8th day following irradiation. It is of interest that the irradiated animals progressively recover their ability to respond to maximal electroshock after the 48 hour period in spite of their otherwise increasing moribund state. EEG records following irradiation also suggest a similar recovery effect. These findings are interpreted as indicating that there is a progressive recovery of certain central nervous system functions impaired by a lethal dose of X-irradiation.
Goal hierarchies and plan revision.

This paper examined the effects of goal failure on plan revision. We argued that plans can be conceptualized as hierarchies of interrelated goals, such that broad superordinate goals are progressively subdivided into chains of more concrete subgoals. It was further expected that following negative feedback individuals would be biased to revise their goals by resetting those subgoals which were most closely linked to the point where failure occurred. In Study 1, methodological problems prevented an adequate test of the research hypotheses. Unexpectedly, individuals formulated their plans with revision in mind. In particular, planners tended to overset lower-level subgoals such that minor failures would allow them to still achieve their higher-level goals without revision. These findings were replicated in Study 2. Study 3 again examined goal revision. We utilized an experimental design to achieve more control over the task and plan content. As expected, it was found that goal revision was biased by the structure of the goal hierarchy. In particular, individuals tended to focus on the specific subgoal where failure feedback existed. In doing so, they tended to ignore the overall plan and made changes only to a small section of the goal hierarchy.
Surgical care of elderly women with ovarian cancer: a population-based perspective.

Abstract Objective. To characterize the primary surgical care and short-term outcomes for ovarian cancer in women aged 80 years and older compared to women younger than 80 years. Methods. A statewide hospital discharge database was used to identify women undergoing primary surgery for ovarian cancer from 1990 to 2000. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate for significant differences in demographic characteristics and short-term outcomes comparing women aged ≥80 years with those aged Results. A total of 2417 women were identified; women aged ≥80 years comprised 7.0% ( n = 168) of cases. Compared to younger women, those aged ≥80 years were significantly more likely to be admitted under emergent conditions (25.6% vs. 14.9%, P P = 0.001). Ovarian cancer patients aged ≥80 years were significantly more likely to have a longer hospital stay (median 10 days vs. 7 days, P P P = 0.036). For women aged ≥80 years, there was a trend toward a higher risk of peri-operative death among low-volume hospitals (8.8%) compared to high-volume hospitals (3.0%, P = 0.16). Conclusion. Primary surgical care for ovarian cancer in women aged ≥80 years is associated with utilization of significant health care resources and worse short-term outcomes compared to younger women. Additional research is needed to identify opportunities for improving the cost-effectiveness of care in this population.
Thermal shaft effects on load-carrying capacity of a fully coupled, variable-properties cryogenic journal bearing

The purpose of this work was to perform a rather complete analysis for a cryogenic (oxygen) journal bearing. The Reynolds equation required coupling and simultaneous solution with the fluid energy equation. To correctly account for the changes in the fluid viscosity, the fluid energy equation was coupled with the shaft and bearing heat conduction energy equations. The effects of pressure and temperature on the density, viscosity, and load-carrying capacity were further discussed as analysis parameters, with respect to relative eccentricity and the angular velocity. The isothermal fluid case and the adiabatic fluid case represented the limiting boundaries. The discussion was further extrapolated to study the Sommerfeld number dependency on the fluid Nusselt number and its consequence on possible total loss of load-carrying capacity and/or seizure (catastrophic failure).
Mesomorphic Properties of Copolymers Containing Diacetylenic and Siloxane Units in the Flexible Spacers

Abstract Copolymers containing bis-carboxypropyltetramethyl disiloxane, 10,12-docosadiyne-1,22 dioic acid and various mesogenic diols were synthesized and investigated. Particular attention was paid to the system containing the biphenyl mesogen. Interestingly most of the copolymers displayed crystallinity at room temperature in spite of large differences in the structure and length of the repeating unit. In some cases smectic mesophases of higher order were displayed. The copolymer system containing the biphenyl mesogen displays at low compositions of diacetylenic spacer (high compositions of tetramethyldisiloxane spacer) a smectic mesophase of lower order (SA or SC) while at higher compositions of diacetylenic spacer high order smectics (SH) were displayed. No nematic mesophases were found.
Spontaneous resolution of isolated congenital megacystis: The incredible shrinking bladder

Isolated congenital megacystis represents a rare variant of fetal megacystis without other associated anomalies. The etiology is unclear, and various management strategies have been proposed. We report a case of isolated congenital megacystis that resolved over the first year of life with observation alone. Considerations for the evaluation and management of this rare entity are discussed.
Insight into the role of Ca2+-binding protein 5 in vesicle exocytosis.

Asubfamily of neuronal Ca2+-binding proteins is highly similar to calmodulin (CaBP1–8), and CaBP5 is a member of that subfamily.1–3 CaBP4 function has been well characterized. It is localized at the photoreceptor synaptic terminals and is essential for photoreceptor synaptic function through enhanced activation of Cav1.4 L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and transmitter release.4,5 Mutations in the Cabp4 gene have been shown in patients with autosomal recessive incomplete congenital stationary night blindness and cone-rod synaptic disorder.6–8 In contrast, the specific function of CaBP5 in vivo has not yet been clearly established. In mice, CaBP5 is expressed in rod bipolar cells, in type 5 ON-cone bipolar cells, and in type 3 OFF-cone bipolar cells.3,9,10 In both human and monkey retina, CaBP5 is also expressed in rod bipolar cells and both ON and OFF cone bipolar cells.11 Like CaBP1, CaBP2, and CaBP4, CaBP5 has been observed in cochlear inner hair cells.12 We previously generated and characterized CaBP5 knockout mice to investigate the function of CaBP5 in the retina. No evidence of morphologic changes and no significant differences in the amplitude of the ERG responses were observed in CaBP5 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. However, the sensitivity of retinal ganglion cell light responses was reduced by ∼50% in Cabp5−/− mice, suggestive of a role for CaBP5 in the normal transmission of light signals throughout the retinal circuitry. In transfected HEK293T cells, CaBP5 has a small effect in suppressing calcium-dependent inactivation of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3.12,13 To gain further insight into the function of CaBP5 in the retina, we investigated CaBP5 interaction with other retinal proteins using affinity chromatography and yeast two-hybrid screening of a retina cDNA library. We identified Munc18–1 and myosin VI, which are involved in synaptic vesicle cycling and trafficking. A physiological interaction between these proteins is corroborated by our findings that CaBP5 also stimulates dopamine vesicle exocytosis and neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells.
Infrared spectroscopy of ethylidyne on pt(111)

Abstract We have studied the infrared spectrum of ethylidyne, CCH 3 , chemisorbed on the Pt(111) surface over the temperature range 82 K to 350 K. We observe three infrared active fundamentals: the C-C stretch at 1118 cm −1 the symmetric CH 3 bend at 1339 cm −1 and the symmetric C-H stretch at 2884 cm −1' . The absence of three other fundamentals in our spectra supports a structure in which the molecule has C 3v symmetry on the surface with the C-C axis oriented along the surface normal as had been determined from other studies. Alternatively, if we assume a C 3v geometry, our IR spectra demonstrate the strict validity of the surface dipole selection rules. We also observe a weak band at 2795 cm −1 which we attribute to the first overtone of the asymmetric CH 3 bend at 1410 cm −1 . The intensity of the overtone is enhanced by a Fermi resonance with the symmetric C-H stretch. Each of the three fundamentals has a different FWHM at 300 K. At 82 K the symmetric bend at 1339 cm −1 has an unusually narrow intrinsic width of only 1.4 cm −1 .
Group Differences in Computer Science Aptitude

AbstractA computer science aptitude pretest was given to 183 students enrolled in Introduction to Computer Science at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. The aptitude variables of the pretest included reading comprehension, sequence completion, logical reasoning, algorithmic execution, and alpha-numeric translation. The purpose of the study was to identify group differences in computer science aptitude based on the following factors: age, sex, year in college, hours worked, previous computer experience, estimated high school performance, and estimated current college performance. Significant group differences were found in at least one aptitude variable for the factors age, previous computer experience, estimated high school performance, and estimated current college performance.
Field test of an intelligent stiffener for bridges at the I-35 Walnut Creek bridge

The addition of controllable hardware to structures to mitigate vibration that results from dynamic loads is an emerging area of technological development. The paper describes the results of a research project that was conducted to test a relatively new approach to structural control: an adjustable semi-active hydraulic actuation system that was attached to an in service interstate bridge. The system, which is powered by a 12-volt automative battery, has been tested over a 2- year period. Data indicates that the system reduces truck induced peak stresses by over 50 per cent, and calculations, per NCHRP 299, indicate that the safe life of the structure is increased by approximately 50 yr. The installed cost of the system represents less than 10 per cent of the cost to replace the bridge. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadrature solution for foam flow in porous media

The Ikoku and Ramey foam flow model is modified to account for the real gas behavior encountered in petroleum reservoirs, a practical and accurate quadrature solution is obtained for four types of boundary conditions, and a sensitivity analysis with respect to the power-law fluid parameter is carried out. It is shown that the quadrature method conveniently handles all the boundary conditions and the highly nonlinear foam flow equation.
Accounting for the Error due to Unresolved Scales in Ensemble Data Assimilation: A Comparison of Different Approaches

Insufficient model resolution is one source of model error in numerical weather predictions. Methods for parameterizing this error in ensemble data assimilations are explored here. Experiments were conducted with a two-layer primitive equation model, where the assumed true state was a T127 forecast simulation. Ensemble data assimilations were performed with the same model at T31 resolution, assimilating imperfect observations drawn from the T127 forecast. By design, the magnitude of errors due to model truncation was much larger than the error growth due to initial condition uncertainty, making this a stringent test of the ability of an ensemble-based data assimilation to deal with model error. Two general methods, “covariance inflation” and “additive error,” were considered for parameterizing the model error at the resolved scales (T31 and larger) due to interaction with the unresolved scales (T32 to T127). Covariance inflation expanded the background forecast members’ deviations about the ensemble mean, while additive error added specially structured noise to each ensemble member forecast before the update step. The method of parameterizing this model error had a substantial effect on the accuracy of the ensemble data assimilation. Covariance inflation produced ensembles with analysis errors that were no lower than the analysis errors from three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) assimilation, and for the method to avoid filter divergence, the assimilations had to be periodically reseeded. Covariance inflation uniformly expanded the model spread; however, the actual growth of model errors depended on the dynamics, growing proportionally more in the midlatitudes. The inappropriately uniform inflation progressively degradated the capacity of the ensemble to span the actual forecast error. The most accurate model-error parameterization was an additive model-error parameterization, which reduced the error difference between 3D-Var and a near-perfect assimilation system by 40%. In the lowest-error simulations, additive errors were parameterized using samples of model error from a time series of differences between T63 and T31 forecasts. Scaled samples of differences between model forecast states separated by 24 h were also tested as additive error parameterizations, as well as scaled samples of the T31 model state’s anomaly from the T31 model climatology. The latter two methods produced analyses that were progressively less accurate. The decrease in accuracy was likely due to their inappropriately long spatial correlation length scales.
mGlu5 receptor deletion reduces relapse to food-seeking and prevents the anti-relapse effects of mGlu5 receptor blockade in mice.

Abstract Aims Convergent data suggest that there is a hyperglutamatergic state that arises during relapse to drug seeking. Blockade of mGlu5 receptors provides one approach to dampening glutamate tone. However, the role of mGlu5 receptors in relapse to food seeking behavior has not been explored extensively and has not been scrutinized using receptor null mice. Main methods Wild-type (WT) and mGlu5 receptor knockout (KO) mice were compared under the acquisition of a discriminated operant response maintained by food, during extinction of the response, and during the reinstatement of the response by food and food-associated stimuli. The impact of the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MTEP was investigated. Key findings Acquisition and extinction were not markedly different in WT and KO mice. MTEP decreased response reinstatement in WT mice. This behavioral effect of MTEP was not present in the KO mice, demonstrating the dependence of the effect of MTEP on mGlu5 receptors. As with the effect of MTEP in WT mice, receptor deletion reduced response reinstatement in KO mice. Significance This is the first report to evaluate the reinstatement of food-seeking in mGlu5 receptor KO mice. The data reported here add to those in the literature that support a role for mGlu5 receptors in the control of this relapse effect. The data also reinforce the potential utility of mGlu5 receptor antagonists in relapse prevention to food-seeking behaviors.
Microcirculatory responses in the bat wing to glucagon with and without barbiturate anesthesia.

SummaryThe response of the subcutaneous small arteries (35-45 μ) and veins (70-100 μ) to glucagon, with and without barbiturate anesthesia, was quantitated by direct observations in the bat wing. No statistically significant venular response was observed in either the awake or anesthetized bat. An apparent, but not significant, increase in arterial diameter to 108 ± 10% (p > .05) of control values was observed 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of glucagon (130 mg/kg) without barbiturate anesthesia. With thiopental (20 mg/kg) pretreatment, the small arteries significantly dilated to 100 ± 2.5% (p < .02) at 10 min after glucagon with a return to control values within 30 min. No changes in arterial diameters were observed with glucagon after pretreatment with a higher dose (50 mg/kg) of either pentobarbital or thiopental. It is concluded that glucagon could produce significant reductions in peripheral resistance if other organ systems respond in a manner which is similar to subcutaneous tissue.The autho...
Hyperendemic Malaria in a Thai Village: Dependence of Year-Round Transmission on Focal and Seasonally Circumscribed Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Habitats

In a longitudinal study of hyperendemic malaria in a village in eastern Thailand (from October 1985 to November 1987), man-biting anopheline mosquitoes were collected for 16 man-nights per month in 22 of 26 mo. Mosquitoes were separated according to collection sites (inner, central, more populated; outer, peripheral, more forested), biting period, and parity, and then they were tested for sporozoite antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Abundance of Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison was greater in outer than inner village sites, with bimodal peaks in the postmonsoon (October-November) and early rainy (April or May) seasons. Parity rates at both sites were high in postmonsoon seasons (means about 67%), low in cool dry (December-January, less than 56%) and monsoon (June-September, less than 60%) seasons, and variable in other seasons. Of 1,861 An. dirus collected, 16 (0.9%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum (PF) and nine (0.4%) for P. vivax (PV), whereas of 386 An. minimus, one (0.3%) and three (0.8%) were PF- and PV-positive, respectively. Entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were higher in outer (means PF = 0.91, PV = 0.34) than inner village sites (means = 0.01 for PF and PV). The EIR of PF appeared bimodal, high in postmonsoon (October-November) and early rainy (April or May) seasons, low in monsoon seasons, and variable in other seasons. The vectorial capacity of An. dirus was higher than that of An. minimus, indicating that the two species were primary and secondary vectors, respectively. Human malaria prevalence data indicated that transmission depended greatly on the higher year-round vector abundance in outer than in inner village sites.
Language evolution: A brief guide for linguists

Abstract For the benefit of linguists new to the field of language evolution, the author sets out the issues that need to be distinguished in any research on it. He offers a guided tour of contemporary approaches, including the work of linguists (Bickerton, Carstairs-McCarthy, Chomsky, Hurford, Jackendoff, Pinker, Wray), animal behaviour experts (Dunbar, Hauser, Premack, Savage-Rumbaugh), neurophysiologists (Arbib, Calvin), psychologists (Corballis, Donald), archaeologists (Davidson), and computer modellers (Batali, Kirby, Steels). He criticises the expectation that recent discoveries such as ‘mirror neurons’ and the FOXP2 gene will provide easy answers. He emphasises the extremely interdisciplinary nature of this field, and also the importance of involvement in it by linguists, after more than a century of neglect.
A Microstructural Data Driven Multiscale Model for the Enzymatic Degradation and Remodeling of Collagen Networks

Collagen proteases actively participate in remodeling soft tissues. Recent work has demonstrated that metalloproteinases (MMP) and bacterial collagenases (BC) exhibit strain-dependent degradation kinetics [2]. Ascertaining how such nanoscale degradation shapes collagenous tissues at the macroscale is vital to our understanding of collagen management within tissues. As a first step towards this goal, we have developed a multiscale model for the enzymatic degradation and remodeling of collagen networks. Such a model will be useful in understanding the etiology of diseases related to collagen management (such as arthritis and fibrotic disorders), in simulating soft tissue development, and in helping engineer improved biomimetic tissues.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of pH on the Gelation Time of Hexylene-Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes

The effect of pH on the gelation time of hexylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes was determined with the sol−gel polymerization of 1,6-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane (1) in methanol. Gel times formed a crude bell curve plotted against pH with the longest gel times of 660 h near pH 5. This represents the first systematic study of the effects of pH on the gelation of polysilsesquioxanes.
Mortality of Male Melon Flies and Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies Treated with Aerial Sprays of Lure and Naled Formulated with a Monoglyceride or Siliceous Extender

In tests conducted on large plots of several square kilometers on the Island of Hawaii in 1965-66, aerial foliar applications of specific male lures, mixed with naled as toxicant and either Myverol® or CAB-O-SIL® as extenders, showed promise for use in male annihilation programs against the melon fly, Dacus Cucurbitae Coquillett, and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). When cue-lure containing either of the extenders was applied at rate of 1.2-1.4 kg/km2 (6.7-8 Ib/mile2) of formulatioin in flight lines 152 m (500 ft) apart, catches of male melon flies in plastic traps were reduced 99% for 9 days after treatment. Medlure containing either of the extenders applied at the rates of 2.8-3.8 kg/km2 (16-22 lb/mile2) in lines only 76 m (250 ft) apart gave short-lived (less than I week) reductions of 92-94% of the male Mediterranean fruit fly.
Removal of refractory organics by aeration. IV. Solvent sublation of chlorinated organics and nitrophenols

Abstract A method is developed for predicting the behavior of hydrophobic organic compounds (non-polar or slightly polar compounds of low solubility in water) in solvent sublation apparatus. The method is checked against experimental data obtained on o - and p -dichlorobenzene, Aroclor 1254 (a PCB), lindane, and endrin. The removal of 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol by solvent sublation with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is reported.
A HEURISTIC FOR SOLVING THE REDUNDANCY ALLOCATION PROBLEM FOR MULTI-STATE SERIES–PARALLEL SYSTEMS

Abstract The redundancy allocation problem is formulated with the objective of minimizing design cost, when the system exhibits a multi-state reliability behavior, given system-level performance constraints. When the multi-state nature of the system is considered, traditional solution methodologies are no longer valid. This study considers a multi-state series-parallel system (MSPS) with capacitated binary components that can provide different multi-state system performance levels. The different demand levels, which must be supplied during the system-operating period, result in the multi-state nature of the system. The new solution methodology offers several distinct benefits compared to traditional formulations of the MSPS redundancy allocation problem. For some systems, recognizing that different component versions yield different system performance is critical so that the overall system reliability estimation and associated design models the true system reliability behavior more realistically. The MSPS design problem, solved in this study, has been previously analyzed using genetic algorithms (GAs) and the universal generating function. The specific problem being addressed is one where there are multiple component choices, but once a component selection is made, only the same component type can be used to provide redundancy. This is the first time that the MSPS design problem has been addressed without using GAs. The heuristic offers more efficient and straightforward analyses. Solutions to three different problem types are obtained illustrating the simplicity and ease of application of the heuristic without compromising the intended optimization needs.
High-resolution EEG: applications in medicine and cognitive science

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the primary means of studying neocortical dynamic function in the millisecond time scales at which information is processed. However, the information content of conventional EEG is severely limited by its poor spatial resolution (approximately 6 cm). With high resolution EEG, spatial resolution can be improved by a factor of three or more (approximately 2 cm). Two categories of methods have been used to obtain high resolution EEG: surface Laplacian (i.e., 'current source density') and cortical imaging (i.e., 'spatial deconvolution'). While these methods have somewhat different theoretical bases, each essentially involves an estimate of cortical surface potential. Computer simulations involving widely distributed sources are used to demonstrate the apparent accuracy of various approaches.
Theory of double parasitic loop counterpoise antenna radiation patterns

Concepts of ray optics and the results of Sommerfeld's half-plane diffraction theory are applied to obtain theoretical expressions for the elevation plane radiation field produced by double parasitic loop counterpoise antennas. Theoretical results are compared with results obtained from model measurements. Within the range of approximation the agreement between theory and experiment has been found to be satisfactory. A method of designing the antenna for special application to air traffic control systems is also discussed briefly.
Unsteady lift and sound produced by an airfoil in a turbulent boundary layer

Abstract An analysis is made of the unsteady lift exerted on a stationary rigid body immersed in an incompressible, plane-wall turbulent boundary layer. The lift is expressed as a surface integral over the body involving theupwash velocity induced by the “free” vorticity Ω (found by taking explicit account of the interaction of the body with the flow and excluding the bound vorticity) and a harmonic function X2that depends only on the shape of the body. The upwash velocity is the free-field velocity given in terms of Ω by the Biot–Savart formula, augmented by the velocity field of a conventional distribution of image vortices in the wall. The function X2can be interpreted as the velocity potential of flow past the body, produced by motion of the wall at unit speed towards the body. Detailed predictions are made of the lift on a slender airfoil placed in the outer region of the boundary-layer. When the airfoil chord is large compared to the boundary-layer thickness, vortex shedding into the wake causes the magnitude of the net upwash velocity near the trailing edge to be small. The main contributions to the surface integral are then from the nose region, where the upwash velocity may be estimated independently of the fluctuations near the trailing edge. Analytical results for a thin plate airfoil of chord 2a at distance h from the wall show that the lift increases as a/h increases; it is ultimately independent of a and scales with the ratio of h to the hydrodynamic wavelength. Application is made to determine the sound generated by the airfoil in a weakly compressible boundary layer flow over a finite elastic plate.