cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rain parameter diagram: Methods and applications

A rain parameter diagram is presented which displays the relationships between all rainfall parameters defined in terms of an exponential drop size distribution. Special emphasis is given to remotely measurable quantities such as radar reflectivity, microwave attenuation, and optical extinction. Although an exponential distribution is used to construct the diagram, it is shown to have general application for arbitrary size distributions and for a wide variety of rainfall-related problems. Some of the problems are: analysis of the sources of error which result from the use of empirical rainfall relations; depiction of the physical differences between different types of rainfall and of the similarity between all empirical relations which apply to the same type of rainfall; and determination of the accuracy with which remote measurements must be made to obtain accurate rain parameters. A set of overlays is shown for four common radar wavelengths and four temperatures which display the relationships between microwave attenuation and the other rainfall parameters. These diagrams can be used to determine rainfall parameters remotely in dual-measurement techniques.
MEASURING SEXIST DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Surveys of 14 African American and 30 White women firefighters support reliability and validity claims for the Sexist Discrimination in the Workplace subscale of the Schedule of Sexist Events, developed by Klonoff and Landrine (1995). The more sexist events at work these women reported in the past year, the lower the perceived valuation of respondents by coworkers and the greater the job stresses associated with token status, with being a pioneering woman and with being treated differently.
Effect of recent economic experiences on consumer dreams, goals and behavior in the United States

Abstract The paper examines the effect of subjective economic experience on consumer behavior in the U.S. The empirical effort uses survey data from a national mail sample. Consumer behavior is seen to reflect two kinds of orientations - a strategic and a tactical one - and the analysis supports the effect of changing economic environment only on tactical orientations, as hypothesized.
Determination of mycophenolic acid in feed materials by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A procedure for the determination of the fungal metabolite mycophenolic acid in feeds is described. The sample is extracted into aqueous methanol and partitioned into dichloromethane. The extract is purified by column chromatography on silica and the analyte measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Recoveries ranged from 70-80% in forages to 85-95% in fortified grain samples, and detection limits are about 0.5 ppm for hay or forage matrices and 0.1 ppm for feed grains.
Racialization in Public and Private: Memories of First Racial Experiences

Research suggests retention of childhood memories into adulthood requires such memories to hold a certain amount of importance. Therefore, initial racial memories likely play a role in one’s racialization process, or formulation of an understanding of race. This study uses data from 49 in-depth interviews with white undergraduate students on memories of their first experiences of race. Data generally fell into the categories of private and public racialization. Private racialization included accounts of events that took place at home, primarily consisting of racist joking, derogatory comments, and family storytelling. Public racialization consisted of events that took place outside the home, most commonly at school. Data also revealed interactions between private and public realms, where accommodations were made in private to control, minimize or restrict interracial contact in public.
Relevance and Speed of Message Delivery Trade-Offs in Augmentative and Alternative Communication

This report is the first in a series of investigations designed to test a theory identifying the effects of conversational trade-offs between selected maxims on public attitudes toward augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system users and their communication. In the current study, the trade-offs between the relevance of a prestored message and its speed of delivery were examined. Participating were 96 sales clerks. Twelve scripted videotaped conversational conditions, involving an AAC customer and a clerk at a checkout counter, were used to manipulate message relevance, speed of message delivery, and participant/AAC user gender. Following each assigned viewing, participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess their attitudes toward the AAC user and his or her communication. Significantly higher mean ratings were found for the conditions involving the slowly delivered relevant messages (both preceded by a conversational floorholder and without a floorholder) when compared to the quickly delivered partly relevant message condition. In addition, the condition involving the slowly delivered relevant message with a floorholder yielded significantly higher mean ratings than that without the floorholder. There was no effect for participant/user gender. Modifications of the theory and technological implications are discussed.
Orthogonality catastrophe and shock waves in a nonequilibrium Fermi gas.

A semiclassical wave packet propagating in a dissipationless Fermi gas inevitably enters a ``gradient catastrophe'' regime, where an initially smooth front develops large gradients and undergoes a dramatic shock-wave phenomenon. The nonlinear effects in electronic transport are due to the curvature of the electronic spectrum at the Fermi surface. They can be probed by a sudden switching of a local potential. In equilibrium, this process produces a large number of particle-hole pairs, a phenomenon closely related to the orthogonality catastrophe. We study a generalization of this phenomenon to the nonequilibrium regime and show how the orthogonality catastrophe cures the gradient catastrophe, by providing a dispersive regularization mechanism.
Ryanodine Induced Block of a Cloned Human Cardiac Potassium Channel

Abstract The effects of ryanodine in a cloned human cardiac potassium channel (hKv1.5) expressed in a stable mouse L cell line was studied using whole cell voltage clamp technique. Ryanodine in a dose dependent manner (10−7−10−5 M) reduced the peak current as well as the current at the end of a 250 ms pulse. Dose response data fitted to a Hill equation yielded IC50 of 1.2 μ m . The degree of block was not voltage dependent. Peak current was reduced from 43.6 ± 12.5% at 10−5 m to 11.3 ± 4.8% at 10−7 m ryanodine. Ryanodine reduced the tail current amplitude without changing the time course relative to the control. The inhibition was only partially reversible at concentrations below 10−6 m .
Use of intermittent, intravenous cyclophosphamide for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Study Objective : To determine the safety and efficacy of intravenous cyclophosphamide for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Design : Nonrandomized, open-labeled study of efficacy in symptomatic patients. Setting : Patients were treated as outpatients in a referral clinic. Patients : All patients had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with symptoms of dyspnea on exertion. Patients had either worsening disease or contraindication to corticosteroids. Intervention : Thirty-three patients were treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide every two weeks. Initial dosage was 500 mg, and the dose was escalated provided the total white blood cell count remained greater than 3,000 cells per cubic millimeter. The maximum dose administered was 1,000 to 1,800 mg of cyclophosphamide. Corticosteroid therapy was tapered as tolerated by the patient. Measurements and Results : Patients were treated for at least six months or until death. For the 33 patients, 18-month probability of survival was >50 percent. For those patients surviving six months, there was a significant rise in the vital capacity (from 1.6±.61 L [mean±SD] to 1.8±.52 L, p Conclusions : Intermittent, intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy was associated with improved pulmonary function and reduced corticosteroid dosage in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who survived at least six months after institution of therapy.
A study-centric database model for organizing multimodality images and metadata in animal imaging research facilities

Research images and findings reports generated during imaging-based small animal imaging experiments are typically kept by imaging facilities on workstations or by investigators on burned DVD's. There usually lacks structure and organization to these data content, and are limited to directory and file names to help users find their data files. A study-centric database design is a fundamental step towards imaging systems integration and also a research data grid infrastructure for multi-institution collaborations and translational research. This paper will present a novel relational database model to maintain experimental metadata for studies, raw imaging files, post-processed images, and quantitative findings, all generated during most imaging-based animal-model studies. The integration of experimental metadata into a single database can alleviate current investigative dependency on hand-written records for current and previous experimental data. Furthermore, imaging workstations and systems that are integrated with this database can be streamlined in their data workflow with automated query services. This novel database model is being implemented in a molecular imaging data grid for evaluation with animal-model imaging studies provided from the Molecular Imaging Center at USC.
Generation effect with an incidental memorization procedure

Abstract The generation effect—the higher level of recall for words that have been generated than for words that have been merely read—has been interpreted as an artifact of generate words being rehearsed more than read words. If this interpretation is correct, no generation effect should occur in the absence of rehearsal. The research reported here was designed to test this prediction. Subjects were told that they were to remember pictorial material over the course of a distractor task that involved reading and generating words. In reality, it was their memory for the words that was of interest, and this was measured in a surprise recall test. Not only was a generation effect found, but the effect was unusually large. A second experiment confirmed that the effect is enhanced under conditions of incidental memorization. Apparently, the generation effect is not an artifact of differential rehearsal.
General Elements in Character

(1935). General Elements in Character. Research Quarterly. American Physical Education Association: Vol. 6, University of Iowa Studies in Physical Education No. 2, pp. 99-109.
Impact of Surface-Modified Nanoparticles on Glass Transition Temperature and Elastic Modulus of Polymer Thin Films

To take advantage of unique and enhanced properties for nanoparticle-filled materials, the nanoparticles must be welldispersed.1,2 Surface modification of the particles with matrixcompatible ligands is one of the most effective strategies to improvepolymer-nanoparticlecompatibilityandensuredispersion.3-5 Because of the large surface area per volume of the nanoparticle, the ligands play a significant role in determining the properties of the nanoparticle. Although the role of the ligand is more defined when it establishes high strength bonds with the surrounding matrix,6-10 its role in material properties is less clear when enthalpic interactions are neglected, leaving entropy as a significant factor.9,10 To provide insight into the physical mechanisms that control material properties in polymer nanocomposites, we have designed a model material system to simultaneously disperse nanoparticles and emphasize entropic effects. Here, we report the impact of this design on the elastic modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer nanocomposites. We focus on the impact of nanoparticle weight fraction and develop relationships to decouple the roles of inorganic particles and ligand molecules in defining nanocomposite properties. A nanocomposite of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles, 3.5 nm in diameter, blended into a polystyrene (PS) matrix (MW ) 131K g/mol, PDI ) 1.02, Polymer Source Inc.) served as the model material. To attain well-dispersed nanoparticles within the polystyrene matrix, short polystyrene ligands (MW ) 1000 g/mol) were used to functionalize the nanoparticle surfaces. In addition to aiding nanoparticle dispersion, the enthalpic interaction and entanglement between nanoparticles and polymer matrix are minimized due to the surface-grafted PS chains. Detailed information about the PS-CdSe nanoparticle synthesis and dispersion within a PS matrix is given in previous publications.11,12 Solutions of nanoparticles and PS in toluene were prepared, with varying nanoparticle weight percentage, to facilitate the casting of nanocomposite films. To measure the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite thin films, we used SIEBIMM (strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements).13 In short, this technique involves floating a thin polymer film onto a thick, cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate (Dow Corning Sylgard 184, weight ratio of prepolymer to cross-linker is 1:20; cured at 70 °C for 2 h). After drying the film/PDMS bilayer for 24 h, the bilayer is strained uniaxially in a custombuilt, automated strain stage. Because of the large difference in modulus between the nanocomposite film and PDMS substrate, a net compressive stress develops orthogonal to the tensile direction and buckles the nanocomposite thin film. By measuring the buckling wavelength (λ), the modulus of the polymer film (Ep) can be obtained:
Prostaglandins and the immune response.

Abstract The experimental evidence amply demonstrates that exogenous Pg is capable of inhibiting most immunological functions. The physiological role of Pgs in immune cell regulation, however, remains unresolved. This uncertainty arises from the fact that although Pgs are normally found in tissues in nanogram quantities or less, many experiments which demonstrate Pg mediated immune cell inhibition usually employ quantities at least one thousand- fold larger. In such experiments, the results, obviously reflect pharmacological rather than physiological effects. In view of the literature reviewed here, the following statements summarize the evidence which implicate Pg in a physiological role: 1. A. Pgs inhibit immune cell responsiveness. 2. B. Immune and non-immune cells secrete Pgs in response to various stimuli. 3. C. Immune cells possess receptors for Pgs. 4. D. Indomethacin enhances immune function in tumor-bearing and antigen-challenged mice. The recent indications that Pgs may mediate their effects through the cyclic endoperoxides and non-prostanoate metabolites may prove to be an important challenge to the many proposed roles of Pgs. At this time, no definitive evidence exists that compounds other than the classical Pgs are active in immune cell inhibition.
Tiling Large Rectangles

1. A. Ayoub, Triangles with the same centroid, this MAGAZINE 71 (1998), 221-224. 2. H. S. M. Coxeter, Introduction to Geometry, John Wiley, New York, 1961. 3. L. Hahn, Complex Numbers and Geometry, The Mathematical Association of America, Washington DC, 1994. 4. R. A. Johnson, Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1960. 5. L. Khan, Problem 846, Solution by W. Pierce, Pi Mu Epsilon Journal 10 (1995), 243-246. 6. W. Mueller, Centers of triangles of fixed center: Adventures in undergraduate mathematics, this MAGAZINE 70 (1997), 252-254. 7. E. Routh, A Treatise on Analytical Statics with Numerous Examples, Vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1986. 8. H. Steinhaus, Mathematical Snapshots, Oxford University Press, 1983. 9. T. Zerger, Problem 1524, Solution by R. Young, this MAGAZINE 71 (1998), 226-227.
Does the arousal system contribute to near death experience

The neurophysiologic basis of near death experience (NDE) is unknown. Clinical observations suggest that REM state intrusion contributes to NDE. Support for the hypothesis follows five lines of evidence: REM intrusion during wakefulness is a frequent normal occurrence, REM intrusion underlies other clinical conditions, NDE elements can be explained by REM intrusion, cardiorespiratory afferents evoke REM intrusion, and persons with an NDE may have an arousal system predisposing to REM intrusion. To investigate a predisposition to REM intrusion, the life-time prevalence of REM intrusion was studied in 55 NDE subjects and compared with that in age/gender-matched control subjects. Sleep paralysis as well as sleep-related visual and auditory hallucinations were substantially more common in subjects with an NDE. These findings anticipate that under circumstances of peril, an NDE is more likely in those with previous REM intrusion. REM intrusion could promote subjective aspects of NDE and often associated syncope. Suppression of an activated locus ceruleus could be central to an arousal system predisposed to REM intrusion and NDE.
Timing of Lower Extremity Frontal Plane Motion Differs Between Female and Male Athletes During a Landing Task

Background: Female athletes are at a greater risk for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries than male athletes. Gender differences in frontal plane kinematics (hip adduction, knee valgus, and ankle eversion) and temporal relationships that make up the components of dynamic knee valgus may explain this discrepancy.Hypothesis: The authors hypothesized that women would reach peak frontal plane kinematic values earlier during landing compared with their male counterparts.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Hip, knee, and ankle 3-dimensional kinematics were measured using high-speed motion capture in 10 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female athletes and 10 male practice squad athletes during a drop-jump landing. Independent t tests were used to analyze each dependent variable to identify differences between genders.Results: Maximum hip adduction, knee valgus, and ankle eversion occurred earlier in women than in men (mean differences 33.7% of stance [95% CI, 20.2%-47...
Open-window BH process for the fabrication of integrated photonic devices

With the development of photonic devices technology, optical communication networks require highly integrated photonic devices. The key problems in integrated devices are how to integrate these active devices and passive devices together and achieve the low loss and high performance. In this paper, we are talking about a new processing technology to the integrated device which shows a great potential in the application of integrated devices. The basic idea is to use semi-insulating material as the buried heterostructure and cladding material at the same time, then open a hole on the active region to define and confine the current flow. We did lots of experiments to prove this method, and the results showed the feasibility. This new method can have wide applications not only on the issues of the integrated devices. It can be used in very narrow waveguide devices and other applications.
Aspergillus nidulans polarity mutant swoA is complemented by protein O-mannosyltransferase pmtA.

Previously swoA was identified in Aspergillus nidulans as a single locus, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant aberrant in polarity maintenance. swoA was complemented by transformation with a plasmid genomic library. The sequence of the complementing gene was identical to a previously submitted GenBank sequence for pmtA, a protein O-mannosyltransferase. The pmtA/swoA-2 gene hybridized to three cosmids that are located on chromosome V and the swoA mutation was mitotically mapped to chromosome V. PMTs are endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins responsible for the first step of O-glycosylation. Structural predictions suggest that PmtA contains seven membrane spans similar to PMTs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other organisms. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PmtA is most closely related to the S. cerevisiae sub-family of PMTs containing Pmt2, Pmt3 and Pmt6. The mutant pmtA/swoA-2 locus contained a lesion that changed Y662 to a stop codon, eliminating the final membrane spanning domain and interrupting a domain essential for function in other PMTs.
Embryotoxicity of Norlestrin, a combined synthetic oral contraceptive, in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Thirty timed-mated pregnant rhesus monkeys received Norlestrin (Norethindrone acetate, 2.5 mg, and ethinyl estradiol, 0.05 g per tablet, Parke-Davis) orally at four different dose levels. The dose levels were 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/day/monkey and the doses were administered during early (days 21-35), late (days 33-46), and throughout (days 21-46) organogenesis, except for the 50-mg-dose-group animals, which were treated only during early organogenesis (days 21-35). All except the animals in the 60-mg-dose group were allowed to go to term (165 days gestation). Pregnancy for the animals in the 50-mg-dose group was terminated by cesarean section on day 50 of gestation and the fetuses were fixed, serially sectioned, and examined histologically. No teratogenicity was observed. However, the prenatal mortality rate (38.5%) was higher for the Norlestrin-treated animals than in the control colony (21%). Eight animals aborted between days 40 and 78 of gestation and two other cases resulted in stillbirths at 139 and 165 days of gestation. There was a higher incidence of abortion (44.4%) in the 25-mg-dose group. Norlestrin treatment during early organogenesis also resulted in a higher abortion rate (37.5%) compared to treatment during late organogenesis (22.2%) abortions). No morphological abnormalities were found in infants observed at birth or in juvenile monkeys which died of natural causes or in those that were sacrificed over a period of two years. No histopathology was observed in the 50-day-old fetuses examined by serial section. Examination of endogenous maternal serum estrogen and progesterone levels in Norlestrin-treated monkeys (25 mg/day, days 21-35) suggested that placental steroidogenesis was not affected; however, the lower levels of estrogen in maternal serum suggested that the ovarian steroidogenesis was affected. Although the precise pathogenesis of this selective embryolethality is not known, several observations in this study suggest a direct generalized embryotoxic effect. Thus, this study for the first time has demonstrated that, while Norlestrin may be embryolethal at 100 times the human contraceptive dose equivalent (25 mg/day) in the rhesus monkey, nevertheless it does not affect the offspring which survive the exposure.
In situ hybridization for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) external domain transcripts in prostatic adenocarcinoma.

We examined prostatic adenocarcinomas from 19 formalin fixed radical prostatectomy specimens for EGFR by in situ hybridization employing a 24 base synthetic biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to the 5' end of EGFR mRNA. All slides were examined by light microscopy using a 25 × objective. Each field was given three values: 1) Gleason grade (1-5), 2) Nuclear grade [small ( 10 μ)], and 3) EGFR staining intensity score (0, absent; 1, weak; 2 +, moderate to strong). A total 851 25 × fields of prostatic adenocarcinoma were studied. All cancers demonstrated at least some degree of cytoplasmic EGFR message. The EGFR intensity score correlated best with tumor nuclear size. No correlation with Gleason grade was observed. Cytoplasmic staining was also identified in the basal cell layer of benign glands, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, stromal nodules, transitional epithelium, periurethral glands, and ganglion cells. Competitive hybridization experiments using an unlabeled EGFR probe showed markedly diminished hybridization signal, while in situ hybridization with a biotin-labeled EGFR sense probe was negative. Immunohistochemistry on 13 of the tumors with 2 monoclonal antibodies against EGFR showed staining in only 1/13 and 10/13 tumors. EGFR expression appears to be most prominent in tumors of high nuclear grade. Further studies will be necessary to explore this growth factor as a prognostic variable in this tumor. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The ball generated property in operator spaces

The Ball Generated Property (BGP) was introduced by Corson and Lindenstrauss and subsequently analysed in detail by Godefroy and Kalton. In this work, the (BGP) is studied in spaces of operators. It is shown that (BGP) is stable under c0 and lp-sums for 1 < p < ∞ and a characterization is provided for C(K, X)-spaces with (BGP). A similar characterization is obtained for L(X, C(K))-spaces. (BGP) is shown to be stable under injective tensor products.
Binding and Diffusion of Al Adatoms and Dimers on the Si(100)-2 × 1 Reconstructed Surface: A Hybrid QM/MM Embedded Cluster Study

When group III metals are deposited onto the Si(100)-2 × 1 reconstructed surface they are observed to self-assemble into chains of atoms that are one atom high by one atom wide. To better understan...
Effect of torsion on heat transfer in the curved annular sector duct

The effect of torsion on convective heat transfer in a curved annular sector duct with a finite pitch is numerically studied. Seven parameters are identified as major variables describing the flow pattern. The results indicate that torsion will rotate the temperature contours to one side and distort their symmetry. Increasing the Prandtl number will significantly enhance the effect of torsion on the temperature distribution. The torsion effect may also be considerably enhanced by increasing the curvature, the axial pressure gradient, and decreasing the radius ratio. Furthermore, the predicted results are compared with the experimental data and excellent agreement is achieved.
Clinical profile of experience with 130 consecutive cases of impotent men.

Abstract A review of the evaluation and treatment of 130 consecutive patients seen in a multidisciplinary impotency evaluation center is presented.
Dysphagia in Lynch Syndrome

Question: A 35-year-old man with Lynch syndrome presented for evaluation of progressive solid food dysphagia of 2 months’ duration. Lynch syndrome was confirmed by MSH2 mutation testing and family history of young-onset colon cancer. Annual screening colonoscopies since age 25 were normal. Upper endoscopy revealed a 1.5-cm, pedunculated polyp in the proximal esophagus just below the cricopharyngeus (Figure A). Endoscopic ultrasonography of the lesion showed it was confined to the mucosal layer without periesophageal lymphadenopathy. Computed tomography revealed an intraluminal mass at the cervical esophagus without local extension. The polyp was then removed completely using standard polypectomy techniques (Figures B and C). What is the diagnosis? Look on page 1167 for the answer and see the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
COMPUTATIONAL AEROACOUSTICS EXAMPLES SHOWING THE FAILURE OF THE ACOUSTIC ANALOGY THEORY TO IDENTIFY THE CORRECT NOISE SOURCES

Lighthill's Acoustic Analogy has been the dominant theory of aeroacoustics, especially jet aeroacoustics for almost fifty years. As yet, except for the u8 scaling law, which was derived by dimensional analysis, jet noise prediction based on the Acoustic Analogy approach has not been particularly successful. This paper examines some of the weaknesses and ambiguities in the formulation of the Acoustic Analogy theories. It is concluded that if the analogy is carried out completely, in the sense that the full wave propagation terms are retained in the propagation part of the equations of the analogy, then the theory offers no sensible noise source terms. To demonstrate that the Acoustic Analogy can fail to identify the correct noise sources, four examples are considered. They include an initial value problem, a boundary problem, the problem of weak solution and the problem of sound generation by instability waves in jets and mixing layers. These examples show clearly how, in each case, the Acoustic Analogy theory identifies the wrong noise source. Indeed, the Acoustic Analogy could provide, if not careful, misleading interpretation of the physics of sound generation. This paper is dedicated to Professor David G. Crighton, outstanding applied mathematician, world famous acoustician and a much respected friend.
Feeding feedlot steers fish oil alters the fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissue.

Sixteen steers (441 ± 31.7 kg initial body weight) consumed two high concentrate diets with either 0 or 3% fish oil to determine the impact of fish oil, an omega-3 fatty acid source, on the fatty acid composition of beef carcasses. Collected tissue samples included the Longissimus thoracis from the 6th to 7th rib section, ground 10th to 12th rib, liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue adjacent to the 12th rib, intramuscular adipose tissue in the 6th to 7th rib sections, perirenal adipose tissue, and brisket adipose tissue. Including fish oil in the diet increased most of the saturated fatty acids (P < 0.01) and proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.06), and decreased (P < 0.01) proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids. Dietary fish oil increased (P < 0.01) levels of omega-3 fatty acids in sampled tissues, resulting in lower (P < 0.01) omega-6:omega-3 ratios. The weight percentages of C20:5 and C22:6 in tissue may provide the recommended daily allowance for humans. Fish oil may have a role in beef niche marketing if there are no deleterious effects on consumer satisfaction.
Defining and interpreting intraspecific molecular variation.

Abstract Defining the extent and character of intraspecific genetic variation provides important information about gene function and organismal history. Powerful tests may be applied to sequenced alleles in order to critically examine whether natural selection is responsible for limiting or elevating intraspecific polymorphism in particular genes. Unconventional patterns of sequence variation and unusual allelic frequency distributions can be used to test whether genes encoding parasite antigens are being diversified by immune selection. The strikingly limited genetic variation in the falciparum malaria genome, and in human chromosomes encoding resistance to severe malaria, date the emergence of this disease to within the last few thousand years, illustrating the power of population genetic analysis to elucidate the history of host–parasite interactions. Coupling phylogenetic and geographic information and analyzing the rate of diversification in intraspecific gene trees provides new and rich sources of information on microbial evolution and epidemiology.
The Forlani map of North America

L'A. decrit la carte geographique de Forlani (P.) representant l'Amerique du Nord du XVI e siecle, et etudie les etapes et l'histoire de son impression
Predictors and moderators of agreement between clinical and research diagnoses for children and adolescents.

Objective Diagnoses play an important role in treatment planning and monitoring, but extensive research has shown low agreement between clinician-generated diagnoses and those from structured diagnostic interviews. However, most prior studies of agreement have not used research diagnoses based on gold standard methods, and researchers need to identify characteristics of diagnostically challenging clients. This study examined agreement between youth diagnoses generated through the research-based LEAD (Longitudinal, Expert, and All Data) standard to clinician diagnoses. Method Participants were 391 families seeking outpatient community mental health services for youths ages 6-18 (39.1% female, 88.2% African American). Youths and parents completed research interviews and clinic diagnoses were extracted from clinic records. LEAD diagnoses synthesized results of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime (KSADS-PL) and the youth's developmental, family, and psychiatric history. Results Agreement between the LEAD and chart diagnoses was low, not exceeding "poor" agreement for most diagnostic categories (κs = .10-.46, median = .37). Disagreement was largely driven by missed diagnoses, although clinicians also did assign extra diagnoses for some clients. Fewer diagnostic errors occurred when the youth's clinical picture was more clear (e.g., high or low symptom severity, lower comorbidity), when the youth was older, when the family was higher functioning, and when the parent had more depression. However, youth and family characteristics explained very little of the variability in diagnostic errors. Conclusions RESULTS support the need to investigate strategies to improve clinician diagnostic accuracy.
Hyperplastic changes in the rat distal tubular epithelial cells following in utero exposure to methylmercury

Abstract Female Sprague—Dawley rats were injected with 1.0 mg methylmercury chloride on the eighth day of pregnancy. Tissues from the renal cortex of the offsprings were sampled for electron microscopy. Besides degenerative changes in the proximal convoluted tubules, hyperplastic changes were observed in the distal convoluted tubules. Increased mitotic index was found in many distal tubular epithelial cells. Hyperplastic thickening of these tubular linings was also observed. Such hyperplastic changes may be suggestive of premalignant changes.
High Energy Photons from Proton-Nucleon Collisions

High energy photons (up to 200 Mev) are emitted by various cyclotron targets when these are bombarded by protons with energies greater than 180 Mev. Spectral distributions, angular distributions, and yields are given for various proton energies and targets. Various possible origins are discussed in the light of the experimental observations.
Impact of wife's employment on service expenditures

Data from the 1986 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used to examine the relationship between wife's employment and spending on services that are expected to be sensitive to the value of time. Tobit regression analysis indicated that wife's employment status was influential in explaining expenditure on food away from home, child care and total services only. Other independent variables, such as income, education and age. were more influential in explaining expenditure than was wife's employment status.
When trade-offs interact: balance of terror enforces dominance discovery trade-off in a local ant assemblage

Summary 1 Trade-offs underpin local species coexistence. Trade-offs between interference and exploitative competitive ability provie a mechanism for explaining species coexistence within guilds that exploit overlapping resources. 2 Omnivorous, leaf litter ants exploit a shared food base and occur in species-rich assemblages. In these assemblages, species that excel at usurping food items from other species are poor at finding food items first. In assemblages where some members are attacked by phorid fly parasitoids, host species face an additional trade-off between defending themselves against parasitic attack and maximizing their competitive abilities. Host species thus face two trade-offs that interact via the trait-mediated indirect interaction generated by phorid defence behaviour. 3 In this study we test for the existence of these trade-offs and evaluate the predictions of a model for how they interact in an assemblage of woodland ants in which two behaviourally dominant members are attacked by phorid fly parasitoids as they attempt to harvest food resources. 4 The major findings are that unparasitized species in the assemblage follow a dominance–discovery trade-off curve. When not subject to attack by phorid flies, host species violate that trade-off by finding resources too quickly for their level of behavioural dominance. In contrast, when attacked by their phorid parasitoids, the host species dominance drops such that they fall into the assemblage trade-off. 5 These results match the predictions of the balance of terror model, which derives the optimal host response to parasitism, indicating that the host species balance the competing fitness costs of reduced competitive dominance and loss of workers to parasitism. This result supports the view that understanding the structure of ecological communities requires incorporating the indirect effects created by trait plasticity.
Stress and isolation from close ties in later life.

Research on the relationship between life stress and social support suggests that older adults frequently cope with difficult times by turning to significant others for assistance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate an alternative view which suggests that particular kinds of stressful experiences (i.e., financial strain and the fear of crime) may actually promote greater isolation from others. The data reveal that chronic strain tends to promote distrust of others, and that distrust in turn leads to greater isolation from network members. However, the results further reveal that not all stressors are involved in this process. In particular, recent deaths are not related significantly to distrust or to social isolation. Finally, the data indicate that the process leading to less contact with others is more likely to involve older adults in lower social status positions. The impact of social isolation on depressive symptoms is also examined.
Protease digestion indicates that endogenous presenilin 1 is present in at least two physical forms.

Abstract The membrane-bound protein complex γ-secretase is an intramembranous protease whose substrates are a number of type I transmembrane proteins including the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). A presenilin molecule is thought to be the catalytic unit of γ-secretase and either of two presenilin homologues, PS1 or PS2, can play this role. Mutations in the presenilins, apparently leading to aberrant processing of APP, have been genetically linked to early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. To look for possible molecular heterogeneity in presenilin/γ-secretase we examined the ability of proteinase K (PK) to digest endogenously expressed presenilins in intact endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. We demonstrate the existence of two physically different forms of γ-secretase-associated PS1, one that is relatively PK-sensitive and one that is significantly more PK-resistant. A similarly PK-resistant form of PS2 was not observed. We speculate that the structural heterogeneity we observe may underlie, at least in part, previous observations indicating the physical and functional heterogeneity of γ-secretase. In particular, our results suggest that there are significant differences between γ-secretase complexes incorporating PS1 and PS2. This difference may underlie the more dominant role of PS1 in the generation of β-amyloid peptides and in familial Alzheimer’s disease.
Cell-mediated Immune Response in vitro

Studies of the mechanism of cell-mediated immune responses have been hampered by the lack of in vitro systems. While the inhibition of macrophage migration model had advanced our understanding of delayed hypersensitivity reacions, the technique is complex and cumbersome. We have recently developed a simple test ofr measuring cell-mediated immune responses which depends on the aggregation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in suspension cultures. PEC from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity aggregate when the cells are cultured with the appropritate antigen. Diphtheria toxoid, PPD, egg albumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin have been used in this system. Aggregation appears at 6 h and reaches a maximum at 24–25 h which is comparable to the time course of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reacions. This in vitro model also correlates with another cell-mediated response, allograft rejection. PEC from strain 13 guinea pigs previously grafted with skin from strain 2 animals aggregate in the presense of strain 2 cells. Aggregation does not occur with mixtures of PEC from guinea pigs of the same strain or different strains without prior grafting. Peripheral blood leukocytes, spleen cells or lymph mode cells from sensitized animals cultured with antigen synthesize a factor which causes aggregation of PEC from nonsensitive guinea pigs. The aggregating cells are macrophages, and the titer of macrophage aggregation factor (MAF) is determined by serial dilution. Macrophage aggregation in vitro provides a simple semiquantitative test fro cell-mediated immune reacions and permits further analysis of the mechanism involved.
Identification and molecular characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus homolog of the human cytomegalovirus UL100 gene

The UL100 gene of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been shown to encode an envelope glycoprotein that might play an important role in HCMV infection. Using the HCMV UL100 gene as a probe in low stringency hybridization studies, we were able to identify the putative UL100 homologous gene of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), strain Smith. The MCMV gene was sequenced and localized to the left end of the EcoRI fragment H on the MCMV physical map. This genomic location is similar to that found for the HCMV UL100 gene. The MCMV UL100 mRNA is 1.6 kb in size and is expressed exclusively in the late stages of infection. The 5' and 3' boundaries of the transcript were determined. The open reading frame (ORF) of the UL100 gene could encode a protein of 371 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 42 kDa. Computer analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of this gene predicted the presence of eight transmembrane domains and four N-linked glycosylation sites in the protein. Sequence comparison revealed that this putative protein shares similarity with the predicted UL100 homologs of several other herpesviruses, and is most similar to the HCMV UL100 protein (47% identity).
How Does HIV Cause Depletion of CD4 Lymphocytes? A Mechanism Involving Virus Signaling Through its Cellular Receptors

HIV infection causes an acquired immunodeficiency, principally because of depletion of CD4 lymphocytes. The mechanism by which the virus depletes these cells, however, is not clearly understood. Since the virus predominantly infects CD4 lymphocytes in vivo, some have assumed that HIV replication directly kills the infected cells or that the anti-HIV immune response destroys them. However, a large number of studies do not support this concept. Rather, the data strongly indicate that CD4 lymphocyte depletion is by an indirect mechanism. Several theories on various direct and indirect mechanisms are reviewed. The most plausible mechanism, which is backed by in vivo data, involves the consequences of HIV contact with resting CD4 lymphocytes, which cannot support virus replication. HIV binding to, and signaling through, CD4 and chemokine receptor molecules on resting CD4 lymphocytes and other cell types [which extensively occurs as the rare, productively infected cells (ie: infected cells producing virus) migrate among other cells through the lymphoid tissues back into the blood] induces upregulation of L-selectin and Fas. When these resting, HIV-signaled CD4 cells return to the blood, they home very rapidly back to peripheral lymph nodes and axial bone marrow, and their disappearance from the blood is likely due to their leaving the circulatory system. Approximately one-half of these cells that have been induced by HIV to home to lymph nodes are subsequently induced into apoptosis during the process of trans-endothelial migration when secondary signals are received through various homing receptors. These cells are not making HIV, which would explain the observation that CD4 cells not making HIV are the predominant cells dying in the lymph nodes of HIV+ subjects. These studies indicate that the principal mechanism of CD4 T-cell depletion by HIV is due to its use of CD4 as its primary receptor and the signaling induced through this receptor on nonpermissive (resting) T-lymphocytes. This unique mechanism of viral pathogenesis, if correct, leads to the possibility that HIV might not cause depletion of CD4 lymphocytes if it used some other receptor to infect CD4 lymphocytes.
Density Functionals for Inorganometallic and Organometallic Chemistry

We present a database of 21 bond dissociation energies for breaking metal−ligand bonds. The molecules in the metal−ligand bond energy database are AgH, CoH, CoO+, CoOH+, CrCH3+, CuOH2+, FeH, Fe(CO)5, FeO, FeS, LiCl, LiO, MgO, MnCH3+, NiCH2+, Ni(CO)4, RhC, VCO+, VO, and VS. We have also created databases of metal−ligand bond lengths and atomic ionization potentials. The molecules used for bond lengths are AgH, BeO, CoH, CoO+, FeH, FeO, FeS, LiCl, LiO, MgO, RhC, VO, and VS and the ionization potentials are for the following atoms: C, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, O, and V. The data were chosen based on their diversity and expected reliability, and they are used along with three previously developed databases (transition metal dimer bond energies and bond lengths and main-group molecular atomization energies) for assessing the accuracy of several kinds of density functionals. In particular, we report tests for 42 previously defined functionals: 2 local spin density approximation (LSDA) functionals, 14 generalized gradie...
Dysfunction of Heterotrimeric Kinesin-2 in Rod Photoreceptor Cells and the Role of Opsin Mislocalization in Rapid Cell Death

Loss of kinesin-2 function causes rapid death of rod photoreceptors. The cell death is dependent on the expression of opsin, which first accumulates along the route to the outer segment, but not on...
Thriving in the New: Implication of Exploration on Organizational Longevity:

This study investigates the longevity implication of exploration. An analysis of 1980-1999 data from the hard disk drive industry suggests that exploitation to the exclusion of exploration generally undermines firms’ long-term viability. However, this general pattern does not guarantee the long-term benefit of each individual exploration attempt. Depending on how long an exploration process overlaps an exploitation process, the longevity implication of exploration varies: If the temporal overlap is too long or too short, a firm tends to lose its longevity; however, if the temporal overlap remains at a moderate level, a firm can extend its longevity.