cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conscientious Refusal and a Doctors's Right to Quit

Patients sometimes request procedures their doctors find morally objectionable. Do doctors have a right of conscientious refusal? I argue that conscientious refusal is justified only if the doctor's refusal does not make the patient worse off than she would have been had she gone to another doctor in the first place. From this approach I derive conclusions about the duty to refer and facilitate transfer, whether doctors may provide 'moral counseling,' whether doctors are obligated to provide objectionable procedures when no other doctor is available, why the moral consensus among doctors seems relevant even though it does not determine whether something is morally acceptable, and whether doctors should stay out of fields whose standard procedures they find morally unacceptable.
Effects of strong disorder on recombination in a crystalline semiconductor alloy

Abstract By changing the composition, the Urbach width of the conduction band tail in Pb 1− x Sr x S may be varied continuously from less than 25 meV to over 200 meV. This makes Pb 1− x Sr x S an excellent model system for the study of disorder. Transient photoconductivity at low temperature initially decays as t − α with α = T / T 0 , consistent with multiple trapping in an exponential density of states. This is the first observation of multiple trapping in a crystalline semiconductor. At late times the decay is temperature independent and may reflect the fractal nature of the localized band tail states.
Monthly Anchovy Catches Forecasting Using Wavelet Polynomial Autoregression

In this paper, a multivariate polynomial (MP) model combined with wavelet analysis is proposed to improve the accuracy and parsimony of 1-month ahead forecasting of monthly anchovy catches in northern Chile. The proposed forecasting model is based on the decomposition the raw data set into low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components by using stationary wavelet transform. In wavelet domain, the LF component and HF component are predicted with a linear autoregressive model and multiscale polynomial autoregressive model; respectively. We find that the proposed forecasting method achieves $99\%$ of the explained variance with reduced parsimony and high accuracy. Besides, the proposed forecaster proves to be more accurate and performs better than the multilayer perceptron neural network model.
Islam and Toleration: Studying the Ottoman Imperial Model

This article explores the relationship between religion and politics in the context of the recent debates on Islam and religious fundamentalism. I argue that too much attention is paid to the theological issues of Islam, and that we should rather focus on the historical conditions that tend to produce religious tolerance or intolerance. I use the Ottoman Empire as an example of a polity that succeeded in maintaining religious and ethnic toleration for the tremendous diversity it encountered within its frontiers. I analyze the specific relationship between the Ottoman state and Islam, the subordination of religion to the state, the dual role of religion as an institution and a system of beliefs as well as the intricacies of the millet system. I conclude that the particular relationship that was forged between religion and politics during the first four centuries of the empire promoted religious openness and toleration.
CNTF is up‐regulated in astrocytes during spinal cord remyelination and stimulates FGF‐2 production

FGF-2 is a potent mitogen and survival factor for oligodendrocyte progenitors in vitro, and it is induced in astrocytes in conjunction with successful remyelination during recovery from murine hepatitis virus (MHV) induced spinal cord demyelination. However, the factor(s) responsible for inducing FGF-2 after demyelination in astrocytes are unknown. Here we used in vivo and in vitro paradigms to assess whether ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) could be responsible for FGF-2 induction during remyelination. In mice recovering from MHV-induced demyelination, increased CNTF expression coincided with spinal cord remyelination. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CNTF protein was present within astrocytes surrounding and within remyelinating lesions. After directly injecting CNTF into the spinal cord, FGF-2 mRNA increased in spinal cord astrocytes. Furthermore, CNTF induced FGF-2 mRNA over 2.5 fold in cultured mouse spinal cord astrocytes as determined by kinetic RT–PCR analysis. Although IL-1β has been implicated in FGF-2 production, IL-1β mRNA was not detected during remyelination, nor did IL-1β induce FGF-2 mRNA from mouse spinal cord astrocytes in vitro. Altogether, these results strongly implicate CNTF as an upstream positive regulator of FGF-2 production in astrocytes during early remyelination. Acknowledgements: Supported by NMSS Award #RG 3837 (SWL) and NS 33316 (RCA).
Raman scattering in Li C 6 . Further evidence for a rigid-band-model interpretation

The Raman scattering spectrum of Li${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$ is compared with data obtained for Rb${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$. We discuss how the different features observed in the spectra can be understood in terms of a rigid-band model.
Assessment of chemical toxicity using mammalian mitochondrial electron transport particles

New spectrophotometric bioassay procedures have been developed for evaluating chemical toxicity, using electron transport particles isolated from bovine heart mitochondria, based on the ability of many toxic chemicals to interfere with the integrated function of electron transport enzymes. The sensitivity of the mitochondrial assays is compared to published sensitivities of otherin vivo andin vitro toxicity testing methods. Regression analysis of logarithmically transformed toxicity values for 42 chemicals, including 8 pesticides, 5 drugs, 6 metals, 8 alcohols, 5 respiratory inhibitors, 4 phenols, and 2 phthalates, indicates excellent correlation between the sensitivity of the new assays and the sensitivity of mammalian cytotoxicity studies (r2 =0.86). Data from aquatic exposure toxicity tests conducted in fish are also highly correlated with the mitochondrial assay results (r2=0.79). However, correlation of data from these methods with median lethal dose studies conducted in rats is not as good because of the inability ofin vitro and aquatic exposure analyses to account for the gastrointestinal absorption, hepatic metabolism, and excretion processes which modify toxic responses following oral administration.
Mitotic abnormalities produced by juglone in ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

SummaryThe cytological effects of 16 quinone compounds were tested on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo. Of these only juglone (5-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone) produced mitotic abnormalities. An ac...
Cultural Sharing and Cultural Theory: Some Findings of a Five‐Society Study

The results of this study of the sharing of elements of culture concerned with family life among nuclear family members indicate that members of family statuses share no more with one another than they do with members of their society in general. The highest levels of sharing are found not within statuses but within families. In some family relationships it was found that high levels of sharing develop over time rather than being brought to the relationships from their outset, but this does not seem to be true of all family relationships. Differences in levels of sharing between families in the same society were found to be greater than differences between different societies. The status-centered model of cultural sharing as currently formulated appears a weak basis for a broader cultural theory because of its failure to account for important elements in cultural distribution not attributable to status membership alone, [cultural differences, culture, family, status, theory]
The First Baby Chick Show

Abstract The first annual K. S. A. C. Baby Chick and Egg Show was held on April 14, 15, 16 and 17, 1926 at the Kansas State Agricultural College. Mature poultry has had its show ring competition in this country ever since as early as 1820 ; egg shows have been held some 18 years, but in so far as history shows this was the first time day old chicks were ever assembled for judging competition. PURPOSE The purpose of this baby chick show was three-fold. Chief of these was to bring to the realization of the hatchery operators that there are baby chicks and baby chicks. Kansas has a growing accredited hatchery association which means an increase in the quality of the parent stock furnishing eggs for these hatcheries. There are hatcheries, however, that have not affiliated with this association and probably represent those persons that do not believe very . . .
Enhancement of recall using multiple environmental contexts during learning

Distributing the presentation of sublists of words into multiple learning rooms produced better free recall scores than a single learning room condition for subjects who were given a comprehensive recall test in a new environment. No such effects occurred on recognition or list differentiation tests in Experiment 2, implying a retrieval explanation rather than one relying upon learning or list differentiation effects. Experiment 3 found that the contextual dependence of recall li.e., recall tested in a learning context is better than recall tested in a new context was nullified by using multiple learning rooms, rather than a single room for input. The data are consistent with an explanation that states that the multiple learning rooms become associated with the different sublists during learning and subsequently act as memory landmarks that guide the course of retrieval.
Utilization of Trained Volunteers in a Food and Nutrition Education Program

Master Food Preserver is a Cooperative Extension program that uses a team of professionals and volunteers to teach safe food-handling techniques. A study of the Master Food Preserver program was conducted in the Pacific Northwest to investigate the factors that are essential for satisfactory incorporation of volun teers into a food and nutrition education program. Survey results showed that Master Food Preserver volunteers wanted to be trained in both application and theory. Preferred teaching methods were demonstration, lecture, and group dis cussion. The level of fulfillment that volunteers expressed and the number of hours served as a volunteer were significantly related to loyal attitudes toward the sponsoring agency. Volunteers said that having opportunities to help others, to receive reliable up-to-date information, and to improve their skills were strong motivational factors for their continued service. In one year, the 372 volunteers who served in Washington State returned service valued at $60,000 more than the cost of their training.
Purification and Characteristics of Aspartate Transcarbamylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens

Aspartate transcarbamylase from a Pseudomonas fluorescens has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 360,000. It is composed of 2 apparently identical subunits with molecular weights of 180,000. Activity can be recovered from the enzyme denatured with mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate when the dodecyl sulfate is dialyzed away. The renatured enzyme has the molecular weight of the native enzyme. Carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity is lost continuously during purification, so that it is unlikely that this bacterium possesses a carbamyl phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamylase complex such as is found in Neurospora and yeast. The kinetic and regulatory properties of aspartate transcarbamylase from P. fluorescens were also studied. The substrate saturation curves in the absence and presence of all inhibitors tested are hyperbolic. With limiting carbamyl phosphate, all trinucleotides tested, and CDP, pyrophosphate, and orthophosphate inhibit competitively at micromolar concentrations. When carbamyl phosphate is saturating a second binding site for the nucleotides is evident, but pyrophosphate and orthophosphate no longer inhibit. At millimolar concentrations, the nucleotides are noncompetitive inhibitors with aspartate. The function of this regulatory site cannot be separated from the catalytic site by mild heat treatment.
Simple Selective Sodium Ion Electrode Measure of Sodium in Cheese

Abstract A selective sodium ion electrode method for measuring sodium in cheese was evaluated for accuracy, repeatability, and sensitivity. Sodium in blue, Camembert, Cheddar, processed Cheddar, Parmesan, Mozzarella, salt-free Gouda, and Swiss cheeses in duplicate was measured by ion analyzer with a selective sodium ion electrode. In preparation of samples 1 g of cheese was blended in an ionic strength adjustment buffer and filtered through cheese cloth to remove foam. Sodium was measured directly on the filtrate by the selective sodium ion electrode. Cheeses ranged from .05 to 1.72% sodium by a reference atomic absorption method. Correlation of the sodium ion electrode method with atomic absorption was .99. Comparative results of the two methods differed by an average of .06 ± .04% sodium. Reproducibility was evaluated on 10 replicates for each cheese. Standard deviations were ≤.02% sodium for all cheeses, and coefficients of variation ranged from .006 for blue cheese to .024 for Parmesan and Camembert. Sensitivity of the sodium ion electrode method, as determined by standard additions of .5 mg to 2.5 mg sodium, was excellent for all cheeses. The sodium ion electrode method may offer industry laboratories a practical alternative to present methods for measuring sodium in cheese.
An efficient parallel scheduling algorithm

Most static scheduling algorithms that schedule parallel programs represented by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are sequential. This paper discusses the essential issues on parallelization of static scheduling algorithms. An efficient parallel scheduling algorithm, the HPMCP algorithm, is proposed. It produces high-quality scheduling and is much faster than existing algorithms.
An examination of child temperament as a predictor of parental post-operative analgesic administration.

Abstract Background/Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine children's temperament as a predictor of post-operative analgesics administered by parents after controlling for post-operative pain severity, surgery severity, and parental misconceptions regarding pain medication for children. Methods Participants included 286 Spanish- and English-speaking parents of children ages 1–18 (IQR: 3–8) undergoing outpatient elective surgery. Parents completed measures of baseline temperament, parental medication attitudes, and demographics preceding their child's surgery and recorded pain intensity and doses of analgesics administered (nonopioid and opioid) on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. Results Pearson product–moment correlations revealed that emotionality was significantly associated with acetaminophen, ibuprofen and hydrocodone and shyness was significantly associated with acetaminophen and hydrocodone. Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed emotionality as a significant independent predictor of acetaminophen, ibuprofen and hydrocodone administered ( F (4, 72)=2.82, F (4, 73)=1.53, F (4, 58)=8.75, respectively). Conclusion Dimensions of children's temperament, specifically emotionality, predict analgesic administration by parents following surgery even after controlling for confounding variables. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions targeting management of children's pain in the home setting and suggest that both proximal (e.g., pain severity) and distal (e.g., child temperament) factors may be necessary intervention components.
Masking of the Aggregation Pheromone in Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk

The pheromone mask released by female Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. after the male stridulates stops aggregation of beetles in flight, but not arrestment of males, in an interaction of chemically and sonically induced behavior. This masking is viewed as a mechanism for survival through the regulation of attack and as a critical part of premating behavior.
On finding optimal registrations in presence of overlapping registration areas

Personal Communication Services (PCS) standards such as IS-41 and GSM use a location management scheme which is based on registration areas (RA). Overlapping of registration areas has been proposed to reduce the overhead of location updates in such systems (4]. Overlapping RAs form regions in which a mobile has a choice in selecting which RA to register to. The choice of current RA has implication on the number of registrations a mobile may require in the future. In this paper we investigate the problem of finding the best (or optimal) registration for a user in a cellular PCS environment with overlapping Registration Areas (RAs). We study two versions of the problem: (i) the deterministic version, where the entire trajectory of the mobile is known a-priori, and (ii) the stochastic version, where the trajectory of the mobile is not known a-priori but the system has the knowledge of mobility pattern of the mobile. The mobility pattern is modeled as a stochastic random walk across regions. In the deterministic case the method presented computes an optimal solution to the registration problem. In the stochastic case we present a method which determines the registration which minimizes the expected number of registrations by looking ahead at the probable paths which may be traversed by the mobile in future. The paper also proposes a preemptive and a non-preemptive version of the stochastic method which incur different numbers of hard and soft registration operations.
THE STANFORD-BINET, FOURTH EDITION: A SMALL STUDY OF CONCURRENT VALIDITY

To date most studies of construct and concurrent validity of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, have employed an established measure of ability as the criterion. Here achievement, assessed by the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, was the criterion for establishing concurrent validity. The sample consisted of a naturally occurring group of 21 children referred for learning difficulties. The results provided partial support for the theoretical model of the Stanford-Binet IV. Intercorrelations among individual Stanford-Binet IV and achievement subtest scores were examined to generate explanatory hypotheses for those predictions which were not empirically supported. Finally, correlations between the WISC-R and the achievement measures were compared with those between the Stanford-Binet IV and the achievement measures. Examination shows that the correlations of the Stanford-Binet IV with achievement are as strong as and sometimes stronger than those between the WISC-R and achievement.
Conjugate base of a cyclic hydrazine: Formation and energetics of N-diaziridyl anion

N-Diaziridyl anion (1), the conjugate base of a simple hydrazine, has been generated in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS) by reduction of the nitrogen‐nitrogen double bond in diazirine. The acidity of its conjugate acid (390 6 3 kcal mol 21 ) and the electron affinity of its corresponding radical (0.50 6 0.10 eV) were measured. These data are combined in a thermodynamic cycle to afford the N‐H bond strength in trans-diaziridine (2 ,8 86 4 kcal mol 21 ). This value represents one of the few such bond energies reported for a hydrazine. High-level ab initio complete basis set-quadratic configuration interaction/atomic pair natural orbital (CBS-QCI/APNO) calculations on 1 and the parent hydrazyl anion (NH2NH 2 ) are presented. These results provide strong confirming evidence for Berkowitz’s recent determination of the N‐H bond strength in hydrazine. (Int J Mass Spectrom 185/186/187 (1999) 179 ‐187) © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
Probabilistic Image-Based Rendering with Gaussian Mixture Model

One major challenge in traditional image-based rendering is 3D scene reconstruction by estimating accurate dense depth map, which suffers from the ambiguities in textureless or periodically textured regions. Alternatively, statistical methods may be used to estimate a most likely color for each pixel for photorealistic rendering from multiple views of the same scene. Such statistical methods normally require a relatively large number of input images to achieve reasonable quality for the synthesized image, if the estimation is purely nonparametric. In this paper, based on some reasonable assumptions on the configuration of the multiple views, we propose to use a two-component Gaussian mixture model for the appearance of a given pixel in all the views so that both the problem of occlusion and the problem of noise can be considered simultaneously. Then we use the Expectation-Maximization algorithm to estimate the model parameters. The virtual pixel is given as a maximum likelihood estimate for one of the mixture components. Experiments shows that reasonable performance can be obtained even with only a few input images.
A liver function test suitable for tropical practice.

Abstract 1. (1) The use of the iodine test for abnormal serum proteins is demonstrated. 2. (2) A false positive reaction appears to be unlikely. 3. (3) The majority of patients with liver failure, congestive cardiac failure, liver abscess and diabetes, showed positive reactions. 4. (4) It is considered that this is a ` liver function' test which can be used in areas where no other liver function tests are available.
Large Deviations, Some Generalities

Let X be a Polish space with Borel field B. We will say that the function I: X → [0, ∞] is a rate function if i) I ≢ ∞, ii) I is lower semi-continuous, iii) for any L ≥ 0, {x: I(x) ≤ l} is compact.
Autoreactivity and allelic inclusion in a B cell nuclear transfer mouse

Lymphocytes typically express only one functional antigen receptor, a restriction contributed to by allelic exclusion. Here we have analyzed B lymphocyte development in offspring of a mouse generated by nuclear transfer using a single donor B lymphocyte. In this mouse, all immunoglobulin alleles were inherited as found in the donor lymphocyte. This donor cell had two rearranged immunoglobulin light chain alleles, both directing the synthesis of light chains that could form functional antigen receptors, one of which was autoreactive. Progeny mice carrying this immunoglobulin light chain allele produced mature B cells, some of which continued to express the autoreactive receptor but required another rearrangement to rescue them from negative selection. Such receptor editing failed to destroy expression of one original light chain allele, thereby recreating dual receptor expression on these surviving B cells. We suggest that autoreactive antibodies in serum of mice and humans are due in part to such 'passenger' receptors.
Dynamic Input Decisions in Econometric Production Models

This study develops an econometric methodology for estimating dynamic production models with sequential intermediate input decisions. Two problems arise in the study of intermediate inputs: intermediate input decisions may be endogenous to final output, and intermediate inputs are likely to be correlated with each other and other variables, making identification and estimation difficult. The econometric model measures the productivity of intermediate inputs, taking into account the farmer's sequential input decisions and input productivity differences during the growing season. A multistage Cobb-Douglas model of wheat response to irrigation water is used to illustrate the proposed methods.
Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Emotion dysregulation is not a formal criterion for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, parents and clinicians have long noted the importance of emotional problems in individuals with ASD (e.g. tantrums and “meltdowns”). In this study, 21 high-functioning children and adolescents with ASD and 22 age and gender group-matched typically developing (TD) controls completed a Reactivity and Regulation Situation Task. This task assesses emotional reactivity and spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies (problem solving, cognitive reappraisal, avoidance, distraction, venting, suppression, and relaxation) in the context of age-appropriate ambiguous and potentially threatening negative scenarios. After the concept of cognitive reappraisal was explained, the scenarios were presented again to participants, and they were prompted to use this strategy. Results indicated that individuals with ASD exhibited the same level of reactivity to negative stimuli as TD participants. Furthermore, youth with ASD had a different emotion regulation profile than TD individuals, characterized by a less frequent use of cognitive reappraisal and more frequent use of suppression. When prompted to use cognitive reappraisal, participants with ASD were less able to implement reappraisal, but benefitted from this strategy when they were able to generate a reappraisal. Findings from this study suggest that cognitive reappraisal strategies may be useful to children and adolescents with ASD. Therefore, the development of treatment programs that focus on enhancing the use of adaptive forms of emotion regulation might decrease emotional problems and optimize long-term outcomes in youth with ASD. Autism Res 2015, 8: 9–18. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photolithographic Synthesis of High-Density DNA and RNA Arrays on Flexible, Transparent, and Easily Subdivided Plastic Substrates

The photolithographic fabrication of high-density DNA and RNA arrays on flexible and transparent plastic substrates is reported. The substrates are thin sheets of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) coated with cross-linked polymer multilayers that present hydroxyl groups suitable for conventional phosphoramidite-based nucleic acid synthesis. We demonstrate that by modifying array synthesis procedures to accommodate the physical and chemical properties of these materials, it is possible to synthesize plastic-backed oligonucleotide arrays with feature sizes as small as 14 μm × 14 μm and feature densities in excess of 125 000/cm(2), similar to specifications attainable using rigid substrates such as glass or glassy carbon. These plastic-backed arrays are tolerant to a wide range of hybridization temperatures, and improved synthetic procedures are described that enable the fabrication of arrays with sequences up to 50 nucleotides in length. These arrays hybridize with S/N ratios comparable to those fabricated on otherwise identical arrays prepared on glass or glassy carbon. This platform supports the enzymatic synthesis of RNA arrays and proof-of-concept experiments are presented showing that the arrays can be readily subdivided into smaller arrays (or "millichips") using common laboratory-scale laser cutting tools. These results expand the utility of oligonucleotide arrays fabricated on plastic substrates and open the door to new applications for these important bioanalytical tools.
The Relationship Between Income and the Uninsured

The relationship between income and health insurance coverage is strong. In general, an individual's likelihood of having health insurance coverage increases with income. According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the March 1999 Current Population Survey (CPS), 25.2 percent of individuals in households with income of less than $25,000 were uninsured in 1998, compared with 8.3 percent of individuals in households with income of $75,000 or more. Unfortunately, this finding masks two important facts relating to the definition of "household composition" and "household income." First, in the CPS, a household may be comprised of unrelated individuals, such as college roommates, and each household may contain one or more families, including people who are unlikely to be covered by one another for health insurance. Using their total income, then, would inflate the amount of money available for each person to purchase health insurance. In light of this, family income would give a more precise estimate of income that a person has available for this purchase. Second, examination of household or family income ignores the fact that many families include more than one worker. Persons in a family with two workers each earning $38,000 may be less likely to be insured than a single person earning $75,000. This paper examines uninsured adults by income in greater detail than has been presented in the past and dispels the myth that all uninsured workers in families with $50,000 or more in income are truly high-income individuals. The PDF for the above title, published in the March 2000 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another March 2000 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "Health Insurance Coverage and the Near Elderly, 1998."
Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is Preferentially Associated With the Risk of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Events.

Background Air pollution is associated with greater cardiovascular event risk, but the types of events and specific persons at risk remain unknown. This analysis evaluates effects of short‐term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution with risk of acute coronary syndrome events, including ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, non–ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and non–ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Methods and Results Acute coronary syndrome events treated at Intermountain Healthcare hospitals in urban areas of Utah's Wasatch Front were collected between September 1993 and May 2014 (N=16 314). A time‐stratified case‐crossover design was performed matching fine particulate matter air pollution exposure at the time of each event with referent periods when the event did not occur. Patients served as their own controls, and odds ratios were estimated using nonthreshold and threshold conditional logistic regression models. In patients with angiographic coronary artery disease, odds ratios for a 10‐μg/m3 increase in concurrent‐day fine particulate matter air pollution >25 μg/m³ were 1.06 (95% CI 1.02–1.11) for all acute coronary syndrome, 1.15 (95% CI 1.03–1.29) for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, 1.02 (95% CI 0.97–1.08) for non–ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, 1.09 (95% CI 1.02–1.17) for unstable angina, and 1.05 (95% CI 1.00–1.10) for non–ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome events. Excess risk from fine particulate matter air pollution exposure was not observed in patients without angiographic coronary artery disease. Conclusions Elevated fine particulate matter air pollution exposures contribute to triggering acute coronary events, especially ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, in those with existing seriously diseased coronary arteries but not in those with nondiseased coronary arteries.
Accounting for multinationals: the Sierra Leone Development Corporation

This paper deals with the behaviour of the accounting profession involving multinationals corporations. The Africans were overwhelmed by foreign firms exploiting their labour and raw materials. The minority-elite in power do not intervene to stop such practices. Although Africa is rich in any kind of raw materials, their economic exploitations fail to benefit the populations.
Interpreting Freeform Equation Solving

Learners’ step-by-step solutions can offer insight into their misunderstandings. Because of the difficulty of automatically interpreting freeform solutions, educational technologies often structure problem solving into particular patterns. Hypothesizing that structured interfaces may frustrate some learners, we conducted an experiment comparing two interfaces for solving equations: one requires users to enter steps in an efficient sequence and insists each step be mathematically correct before the user can continue, and the other allows users to enter any steps they would like. We find that practicing equation solving in either interface was associated with improved scores on a multiple choice assessment, but that users who had the freedom to make mistakes were more satisfied with the interface. In order to make inferences from these more freeform data, we develop a Bayesian inverse planning algorithm for diagnosing algebra understanding that interprets individual equation solving steps and places no restrictions on the ordering or correctness of steps. This algorithms draws inferences and exhibits similar confidence based on data from either interface. Our work shows that inverse planning can interpret freeform problem solving, and suggests the need to further investigate how structured interfaces affect learners’ motivation and engagement.
Sound symbolic and grammatical frameworks: a typology of ideophones in Asian and African languages

In this article it is demonstrated that two conceptual frameworks dominate the study of ideophones: the sound symbolic and the grammatical class. The sound symbolic approach (predominant in Asia) is used to analyze ideophones with predictable correlations between their phonological shapes and the meanings denoted. The grammatical class framework (Africa) is relevant for Southern Bantu where ideophones form a lexical class most of whom show no correlation between their phonological features and the meanings denoted. Further, we argue that although Southern Bantu ideophones have been studied for a century, the results are inconclusive because of a fundamental flaw in Doke's methodology which subsequent researchers adopted uncritically. In the article Samarin's proposal is advocated which suggests that phonological, syntactic, morphological and semantic properties be considered in determining a grammatical category. Kulemeka demonstrates this for Chichewa. A similar approach is needed for Bantu ideophones to...
The Efficacy of ABA for Individuals with Autism Across the Lifespan

The use of applied behavior analysis (ABA) across the lifespan for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) evolves as young children mature to adolescents and then to adults. In childhood, instruction of comprehensive skill repertoires in combined treatment packages (e.g., early intensive behavioral intervention) in conjunction with instruction of individual functional skills related to communication, social skill interactions, and adaptive behavior create a comprehensive program. As children mature to adolescents and adults, instruction focuses more on individual functional skills related to adaptive behavior (e.g., vocational, personal/domestic, community, and leisure). Both combined treatment packages and individual functional skill instruction for children and adolescents rely upon the research-supported operant principles and procedures of ABA. Thus, ABA can be considered an efficacious treatment option for individuals with ASD across the lifespan if used with fidelity to the application of ABA principles.
Computer-assisted identification of bacteria.

A computer program was developed to assist in the identification of dextrose-fermenting gram-negative rods isolated from clinical specimens. The program accepts as input the results of any size subgroup of the 38 tests most frequently used to identify these organisms. It then uses a Baysean formula to select the most likely identification. The program lists all test results that are against this diagnosis, as well as any additional tests that would assist in further differentiating the unknown. In clinical trials, the program correctly identified the unknown isolated in more than 99% of the cases.
Frequency Dependence of Ultrasound Neurostimulation in the Mouse Brain.

Ultrasound neuromodulation holds promise as a non-invasive technique for neuromodulation of the central nervous system. However, much remains to be determined about how the technique can be transformed into a useful technology, including the effect of ultrasound frequency. Previous studies have demonstrated neuromodulation in vivo using frequencies <1 MHz, with a trend toward improved efficacy with lower frequency. However, using higher frequencies could offer improved ultrasound spatial resolution. We investigate the ultrasound neuromodulation effects in mice at various frequencies both below and above 1 MHz. We find that frequencies up to 2.9 MHz can still be effective for generating motor responses, but we also confirm that as frequency increases, sonications require significantly more intensity to achieve equivalent efficacy. We argue that our results provide evidence that favors either a particle displacement or a cavitation-based mechanism for the phenomenon of ultrasound neuromodulation.
Content and retention evaluation of an audiovisual patient-education program on bronchodilators

A study was conducted to: (1) evaluate the effect of a slide-tape program on patients' short-term and long-term knowledge about their bronchodilator medications; and (2) determine it any differences exist in learning or retention patterns for different content areas of drug information. The knowledge of 30 patients was measured using a randomized sequence of three comparable 15-question tests. The first test was given before the slide-tape program was presented, the second test within 24 hours, and the last test one to six months (mean = 2.8 months) later. Scores attained on the first posttest were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than pretest scores. Learning differences among drug-information-content areas were not evidenced on the first posttest. No significant difference was demonstrated between scores on pretest and last posttest (p = 0.100). However, retention patterns among content areas were found to differ significantly (p less than 0.05). Carefully designed audiovisual programs can impart drug information to patients. Medication counseling should be repeated at appropriate opportunities because patients lose drug knowledge over time.
Governing Western Mineral Resources: The Emergence of Collaboration

Collaborative decision making about the environmental consequences of mineral development is an important policy-making tool for federal and state policy makers, local officials, environmental advocates and citizens. This article addresses the role of collaboration and consensus building in mining and energy mineral development. Consensus building about mineral development strategies and negotiation of mitigation and reclamation actions have been used effectively to address mining's social, economic and environmental impacts. In the context of an evolving national energy policy, the article discusses the implications of mining history, traditions, law, and regulatory innovations that can be used to shape consensus about mining policy and mining's negative impacts. The article identifies the ways that collaborative planning and consensus building are rooted in the history of mining and mineral development and concludes with recommendations to improve collaborative decision making in mining and energy minerals development in the Western United States.
Sarcomas of the Retroperitoneum and Genitourinary Tract

A total of 62 patients with retroperitoneal or genitourinary sarcoma was treated at our institutions during the last 46 years. Of the patients 51 were followed for at least 5 years or until they died (median followup 11 years); 5 patients were lost to followup. The most common site was the retroperitoneum. Liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma were the most common tumors (74 per cent). Tumors were completely resected in 42 patients (68 per cent) and incompletely resected in 11, while a biopsy only was performed in 9. Some patients also received adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. There were no long-term survivors among patients with unresectable tumors. Over-all 3 and 5-year survival rates were 68 and 39 per cent, respectively. The histological type of the tumor appeared to have prognostic significance. The highest 5-year survivals were for liposarcoma (70 per cent), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (33 per cent) and leiomyosarcoma (13 per cent). The mean survival for patients after adjuvant radiation therapy or chemotherapy was similar to that after a radical operation alone. The primary cause of treatment failure was local recurrence (45 per cent of the patients), which was detected within 3 years of complete resection in most cases (82 per cent). Complete extirpation that provided adequate margins free of tumor was the most effective initial treatment and provided the best chance for cure.
Effects of an interdependent group contingency on engagement in physical education

We examined whether a group contingency increased engagement during elementary school physical education sessions. The intervention employed procedures (explicit instruction, goal setting, and reinforcement) drawn from the first tier of classwide function-related intervention teams (CW-FIT; Wills et al., 2009). Results showed salutary increases in engagement that corresponded with the teacher's implementation.
The Design and Use of Educative Curricular Supports for Text-Based Discussions in Science:

There are a number of challenges associated with using text in science to promote general literacy skills and advance conceptual understanding. This article identifies the principles that informed ...
Adrenoceptor-Mediated Elevation of Ambient GABA Levels Activates Presynaptic GABAB Receptors in Rat Sensorimotor Cortex

Bennett, Ben D., John R. Huguenard, and David A. Prince. Adrenoceptor-mediated elevation of ambient GABA levels activates presynaptic GABAB receptors in rat sensorimotor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 78...
Constitutive modelling of plastic deformation and damage in anisotropic high-purity titanium and validation using ex-situ and in-situ tomography data

A study on plastic deformation and damage in titanium was conducted. The X-ray tomography data reveal that damage distribution and evolution in titanium is markedly different than for a FCC material. Theoretically, it is shown that only by modelling both the anisotropy and the tension-compression asymmetry in plastic behaviour it is possible to realistically predict titanium behaviour. For a smooth specimen under uniaxial tension, the model predicts that damage initiates at the centre of the specimen, and is diffuse; the level of damage close to failure being very low. In contrast, for a notched specimen under the same loading it is predicted that damage initiates at the outer surface of the specimen, and grows towards the centre of the specimen, which corroborates with XCMT data.
Multiple beam ptychography for large field of view imaging

We present an extension of ptychography coherent diffractive imaging that enables simultaneous imaging of several areas of an extended sample using multiple, spatially separated interfering beams. We show that this technique will increase the throughput of an imaging system by a factor that is equal to the number of beams used. This allows for the acquisition of large field of view images with near diffraction-limited resolution without an increase in data acquisition. This represents a significant step towards large field of view, high resolution imaging in the EUV and x-ray energy regimes.
Aberrant p53 Signaling Pathways in RPL11 Mutant Zebrafish

Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA) is a congenital syndrome characterized by decreased production of red blood cells and developmental abnormalities. This syndrome is caused by mutations in ribosomal genes (RPs), most frequently in RPS19, RPL11, and RPL5. Previously, we created RPS19 deficient zebrafish using morpholinos and demonstrated that p53 family members mediate the effects of RPS19 deficiency on development and hematopoiesis through upregulation of p53-related proteins. In this study, we found that RPL11 mutations, similar to RPS19 deficiency, leads to dysregulation of p53, its related family members, and downstream signaling pathways in zebrafish. Expression of both total p53 and Δ113Np53 is strongly upregulated in mutants with more modest upregulation of ΔNp63. The p53 protein also induced p21 and G1 cyclin expression, which resulted in cell cycle arrest. The pro-apoptotic genes, puma and bax, were also upregulated. We observed that the expression of several genes involved in hematopoiesis was altered, for example, globin gene expression was decreased. The ΔNp63 protein, which increases expression of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and is upregulated in >70% of DBA patients, was also upregulated in RPL11 zebrafish mutants. Interestingly, we also observed increased expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc in RPL11 mutants. Increased expression of proto-oncogenes may contribute to the mechanisms of transcriptional activation by p53 family members in response to ribosomal protein deficiency. Furthermore, aberrant expression of oncogenes could provide a possible mechanism for the increased risk of malignancies in DBA patients. We propose that the zebrafish is a model system to study developmental and hematologic defects in addition to signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of DBA.
Spin mediated enhanced negative magnetoresistance in Ni 80 Fe 20 and p-silicon bilayer

Abstract In this work, we present an experimental study of spin mediated enhanced negative magnetoresistance in Ni 80 Fe 20 (50 nm)/p-Si (350 nm) bilayer. The resistance measurement shows a reduction of ~2.5% for the bilayer specimen as compared to 1.3% for Ni 80 Fe 20 (50 nm) on oxide specimen for an out-of-plane applied magnetic field of 3 T. In the Ni 80 Fe 20 -only film, the negative magnetoresistance behavior is attributed to anisotropic magnetoresistance. We propose that spin polarization due to spin-Hall effect is the underlying cause of the enhanced negative magnetoresistance observed in the bilayer. Silicon has weak spin orbit coupling so spin Hall magnetoresistance measurement is not feasible. We use V 2ω and V 3ω measurement as a function of magnetic field and angular rotation of magnetic field in direction normal to electric current to elucidate the spin-Hall effect. The angular rotation of magnetic field shows a sinusoidal behavior for both V 2ω and V 3ω , which is attributed to the spin phonon interactions resulting from the spin-Hall effect mediated spin polarization. We propose that the spin polarization leads to a decrease in hole-phonon scattering resulting in enhanced negative magnetoresistance.
Abnormal Optimal Trajectory Planning of Multi-Body Systems in the Presence of Holonomic and Nonholonomic Constraints

In optimal control problems, the Hamiltonian function is given by the weighted sum of the integrand of the cost function and the dynamic equation. The coefficient multiplying the integrand of the cost function is either zero or one; and if this coefficient is zero, then the optimal control problem is known as abnormal; otherwise it is normal. This paper provides a characterization of the abnormal optimal control problem for multi-body mechanical systems, subject to external forces and moments, and holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. This study does not only account for first-order necessary conditions, such as Pontryagin’s principle, but also for higher-order conditions, which allow the analysis of singular optimal controls.
The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World, by T.V. Paul: (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), ISBN 978-0-19-932223-7, xii + 253 pp., US$27.95, hdbk.

South Asia is often characterised as a region defined by enmity between its two largest states, India and Pakistan. T.V. Paul tackles the origins of the Indo-Pakistani rivalry from the perspective ...