cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploration of process interaction in operating systems: a pipe-fork simulator

This paper examines the use of a simulator to explore process interaction in Unix. The simulator allows instructors to trace through a variety of programs and to show how the processes and pipes are connected. Students can create C language programs and see how changes in their code or changes in process scheduling affect the configuration of the processes and pipes as well as the output of the program. Students can also see the consequences of not protecting critical sections in an executing program. The simulator is flexible enough to allow the creation of process fans, chains and trees as well as unidirectional and bidirectional rings. The program is written in Java and can be run as a standalone application or as an applet from a browser.
Increasing the transfer of simulation technology from R&D into school settings: an approach to evaluation from overarching vision to individual artifact in education

Building and evaluating artifacts specifically for K-12 education, technologists committed to design sciences are needed along with an approach to evaluation increasing the systemic transfer from research and development into school settings. The authors describe THE VIRTUAL LAB scanning electronic microscope simulation, including (a) its development from a design and project management perspective at NASA and (b) the formative evaluation, drawing on a usability study conducted in high school science classrooms by University of Central Florida. The authors offer a four-level assessment that begins with the overarching vision that guided developers. Overtime, a team of evaluators (a) verify (the artifact), (b) check variation (of content), (c) verify (in context), and (d) document value (in the field of education). THE VIRTUAL LAB usability study is offered as a specific example in the evaluation process using both quantitative and qualitative data while responding and contributing to an overarching vision for education.
New Waveguide Structures for Millimeter-Wave and Optical Integrated Circuits

Some new dielectric waveguide structures suitable for millimeter-wave and optical integrated circuits are presented. A method of analyzing wave propagation in these guides is developed by assuming simple field distribution and approximating the various regions of the guides in terms of effective dielectric constants. The mathematical formulation utilized results in simple eigenvalue equations from which the dispersion characteristics of the waveguides are readily obtained. Experimental results are described and the agreement between theory and experiment is shown to be quite good.
Performance of Layers Under Various Cage Regimes

Abstract A HIGH percentage of layer operations are utilizing cages as the method of housing the birds. The advantages and disadvantages of cages as compared to floor methods have been studied by several workers (Hartman, 1953; Johnson and Zindel, 1962; Michalson, 1964; Sicer, 1964; Logan, 1965). Logan (1965) stated that if birds are to be crowded, cages should be used, while floor housing is advantageous for low density operations. Apparently certain strains of egg production type birds are better adapted to laying cage conditions than are others (Gowe, 1956; Francis, 1956). Two major decisions must be made when a cage system is installed: 1) the size of cage to use; and 2) the number of birds to be placed in each cage. Studies reporting the effects of cage size per se have been limited and the results inconclusive. The advantages and disadvantages of using multiple-bird cages have been reviewed previously (Bramhall …
Lack of Detectable Shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Periparturient Dairy Cattle

We examined whether periparturient dairy cattle shed Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts within 12 hr of calving on 3 commercial dairy farms endemic for calfhood cryptosporidiosis. Using a diagnostic method that can detect as few as 1 oocyst per gram of feces, we found no evidence of C. parvum oocysts in 86 fecal samples collected within 12 hr of calving from 43 dairy cows.
Sulindac enhances the killing of cancer cells exposed to oxidative stress.

Background: Sulindac is an FDA-approved non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that affects prostaglandin production by inhibiting cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2. Sulindac has also been of interest for more than decade as a chemopreventive for adenomatous colorectal polyps and colon cancer. Principal Findings: Pretreatment of human colon and lung cancer cells with sulindac enhances killing by an oxidizing agent such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or hydrogen peroxide. This effect does not involve cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. However, under the conditions used, there is a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cancer cells and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that cell death is due to apoptosis, which was confirmed by Tunel assay. In contrast, this enhanced killing was not observed with normal lung or colon cells. Significance: These results indicate that normal and cancer cells handle oxidative stress in different ways and sulindac can enhance this difference. The combination of sulindac and an oxidizing agent could have therapeutic value.
Platelet volume: density relationships in normal and acutely bled dogs.

Summary. The relationship between platelet volume and platelet density was studied in normal dogs and in dogs subjected to acute blood loss. Frequency distribution histograms of platelet densities were obtained by centrifuging diluted whole blood over a series of 13 silicone solutions varying in specific gravity from 1.007 to 1.065 and determining the percentage of platelets that remained in the supernatants above the silicone after centrifugation for 2 min at 9500 g. Frequency distribution histograms of platelet volumes were obtained using the Model B Coulter Counter with the Coulter Model H particle size analyser. Platelets of normal dogs have a skewed distribution of densities. The mean density is approximately 1.020 but the plateau region on the cumulative distribution of platelet densities is not reached until specific gravity 1.045-1.050. Mean platelet volume increases as density increases. When platelet production was increased following acute blood loss, both mean density and mean volume increased abruptly, but the change in density histograms was more prolonged as well as more striking than change in mean density. Results of serial observations suggest that the large dense platelets produced following acute blood loss represent an aberrant population and that these platelets do not decrease in volume as they age.
Learning Outdoor Color Classification

We present an algorithm for color classification with explicit illuminant estimation and compensation. A Gaussian classifier is trained with color samples from just one training image. Then, using a simple diagonal illumination model, the illuminants in a new scene that contains some of the surface classes seen in the training image are estimated in a maximum likelihood framework using the expectation maximization algorithm. We also show how to impose priors on the illuminants, effectively computing a maximum a posteriori estimation. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of our classification algorithm in the case of outdoor images
Changing the Scripts: Midlife Women’s Sexuality in Contemporary U.S. Film

This article examines the portrayal of midlife women’s sexuality in 13 recent U.S. narrative films. Content analysis of these films suggests that film portrayals of midlife women’s sexuality are relatively muted, with the most positive portrayals found in the broadest comedies. In addition, midlife women’s bodies are more often displayed as objects of humor than as objects of desire, the “female gaze” at the male body is shown only humorously, and midlife women’s sexuality is primarily validated for slim, white, middle-class women in committed romantic relationships with “age-appropriate” partners. Nevertheless, these films suggest that midlife women should have sexual desires, should act on those desires, should experience sexual pleasure, and should not sacrifice their sexual needs for a man’s approval.
Note on Development of Modularity in Simple Cortical Models

The existence of modularity in the organization of nervous systems (e.g. cortical columns and olfactory glomeruli) is well known. We show that localized activity patterns in a layer of cells, collective excitations, can induce the formation of modular structures in the anatomical connections via a Hebbian learning mechanism. The networks are spatially homogeneous before learning, but the spontaneous emergence of localized collective excitations and subsequently modularity in the connection patterns breaks translational symmetry. This spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon is similar to those which drive pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems. We have identified requirements on the patterns of lateral connections and on the gains of internal units which are essential for the development of modularity. These essential requirements will most likely remain operative when more complicated (and biologically realistic) models are considered.
Expected Response Times for Closed-Loop Multivehicle AMHS

We present an analytical approach for estimating the expected time for an automated material handling system (AMHS) to respond to move requests at loading stations in a vehicle-based, unidirectional, closed-loop AMHS. The expected response times are important for estimating the expected work-in-process (WIP) levels at the loading stations for design purposes, and for evaluating the performance of the AMHS as delayed response can impact the production cycle times. The expected response time approximation is validated by comparing the analytical model to the simulation results using a SEMATECH 300 mm hypothetical fab data set. Note to Practitioners - This paper describes an analytic method for estimating the average time for the AMHS to respond to lots ready for movement in a 300 mm wafer fab. The analysis is based on a large-scale model, requires standard solvers, and provides a very fast and reasonably accurate alternative to high-fidelity simulation. It is intended to support the early stage of fab design/redesign, allowing engineers to examine many different options before committing to the time and expense of simulation.
Frequency Response Analysis of Active Disturbance Rejection Based Control System

Active Disturbance Rejection is a relatively new, and quite different, design concept that shows much promise in obtaining consistent response in an industrial control system full of uncertainties. But most of the development and analysis has previously been shown in the time-domain. In this paper, frequency-domain analysis of such a control system is performed to quantify its performance and stability characteristics. The transfer function description of the controller is derived and, together with a highly uncertain linear time-invariant plant, the loop gain frequency response is analyzed. The result shows that the active disturbance rejection based control system possesses a high level of robustness. The bandwidth and stability margins, in particular, are nearly unchanged as the plant parameters vary significantly; so is the sensitivity to input disturbance. Such characteristics makes this control system an appealing solution in dealing with real world control problems where uncertainties abound.
Digital Computer Solution of Electromagnetic Transients in Single-and Multiphase Networks

Electromagnetic transients in arbitrary single- or multiphase networks are solved by a nodal admittance matrix method. The formulation is based on the method of characteristics for distributed parameters and the trapezoidal rule of integration for lumped parameters. Optimally ordered triangular factorization with sparsity techniques is used in the solution. Examples and programming details illustrate the practicality of the method.
The Iuzhinskii Circle: Far‐Right Metaphysics in the Soviet Underground and Its Legacy Today

This paper explores an unknown page of Russia's intellectual history, the trajectory of the Iuzhinskii or Golovin Circle. This underground circle was a key actor of the Moscow Boheme and shaped the underground intellectual life from the 1960s to the 1980s. The circle considered that replying to the Soviet regime was to be found not in a rival political ideology, but in metaphysics and search for another level or reality. This esoteric quest contributed to the discovery of Western far right ideological precepts and their introduction in the Soviet and then Russian environments. This group seeks to move beyond classical discourse on Russia's unique and specific path by counterbalancing (but not denying) it with broader references borrowed from what is called esoteric Fascism. In three decades, the Iuzhinskii Circle evolved from Mamleev's understanding of an alternate metaphysics to Golovin's discovery of a provocative counterpolitics, to Dugin's revisiting of Nazi mysticism.
Differential Immune Induction with Subcutaneous versus Oral Administration of a Diabetogenic Insulin Peptide in the NOD Mouse

The B chain insulin peptide 9 to 23 (B:9-23) is a dominant T cell epitope of the NOD mouse. Given in oral form with multiple different vehicles, it did not alter expression of insulin autoantibodies in contrast to subcutaneous administration.
Tragic Dilemmas and the Priority of the Moral

My purpose in this paper is to argue that we are not vulnerableto inescapable wrongdoing occasioned by tragic dilemmas. I directmy argument to those who are most inclined to accept tragicdilemmas: those of broadly Nietzschean inclination who reject``modern moral philosophy'' in favor of the ethical ideas of theclassical Greeks. Two important features of their project are todeny the usefulness of the ``moral/nonmoral distinction,'' and todeny that what are usually classified as moral reasons always oreven characteristically ``trump'' nonmoral reasons in anadmirable agent's deliberations.I show critics of modern moral philosophy such as BernardWilliams that their acceptance of tragic dilemmas underminestheir project of denying the moral/nonmoral distinction and thepriority of moral reasons. The possibility of tragic dilemmasrequires an account of practical deliberation in which moralreasons appear as already in-force obligations, with blame andguilt ready to be invoked, while nonmoral reasons appear as merereasons. This makes moral reasons importantly different fromnonmoral reasons in how they achieve their deliberative weight,and also makes them characteristically weightier. Thus,accommodating tragic dilemmas reinforces the moral/nonmoraldistinction and the priority of moral reasons, the very thingsthese critics want to deny. By accepting the possibility oftragic dilemmas, these critics are undermining their own project.The standard normative theories are dead set against tragicdilemmas, and the critics of modern moral philosophy shouldreject tragic dilemmas for the good of their project. Thus we allshould reject tragic dilemmas.
Enhancing the Storage Capacity of Supercapacitors Using PVA/CNT Nanocomposite Electrolytes

The ability to achieve high surface areas with nanomaterials brought several advancements in energy storage devices and their applications in different industries. Supercapacitors, a new generation of energy storage devises, have quick charge and discharge abilities, and hold as much energy as batteries and other chemical storage devices. The present study focuses on the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) inclusions in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrolytes for the improved capacitance values, which may affect the lifetime, charge holding, and charging and discharging rates of the graphene nanoflake-based supercapacitors. In this research, various supercapacitors were constructed using the reduced graphene oxide nanoflakes, PVA and PVA incorporated with CNTs, and the best candidates were selected for the future considerations. The test results showed that the CNT concentrations of 0.1–1.0wt% in PVA enhanced the capacitance (charge holding capacity) and reduced the internal resistance of the electrolytes significantly. This study may open up new possibilities for the supercapacitors and other energy storage devices currently under developments.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Federal Interpleader Act and Conflict of Laws in Garnishment

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, an Illinois corporation, has a claim against Sanders, a citizen and resident of Texas. It contemplates an action at law to reduce this claim to judgment. Before bringing suit it makes an investigation to find out whether or not Sanders has any property on which it could levy an attachment or execution to satisfy a judgment. It finds that he has no tangible propertysuch as cattle, land, automobiles, etc.-subject to attachment or execution. It does discover, however, that the Garnishee Company, a corporation organized under the laws of Connecticut and lawfully transacting business in Illinois as well as in Connecticut, owes Sanders a simple contract debt. Sanders may have a valuable asset in this chose in action against the Garnishee Company. By assignment he could dispose of it for value. In short it is "property." In the absence of some prohibition imposed by some competent law some method should exist whereby Armour Fertilizer Works could compel the application of the proceeds of Sanders' claim against the Garnishee Company to the satisfaction of any judgment that Armour Fertilizer Works might recover against him. By legal process Armour Fertilizer Works should be able to collect directly the amount the Garnishee Company is adjudged to owe Sanders and apply such collection in partial or total satisfaction of the amount he is adjudged to owe Armour Fertilizer Works. Conceivably the law might permit Armour Fertilizer Works to bring an action against Sanders in Texas, perhaps the only state in which a personal judgment could be recovered against him. Contemporaneously with the institution of this action, on the petition of Armour Fertilizer Works filed in Connecticut or Illinois against the Garnishee Company, the latter would be enjoined from paying its debt to Sanders pending the outcome of the Texas action. If Armour Fertilizer Works recovered judgment against Sanders in the Texas action, the Texas court would order such judgment satisfied out of the proceeds of the debt that the court in the Connecticut or Illinois suit might adjudge the Garnishee Company to owe
Resisting Dictatorship: People power and insurgency in the Philippine transition

Many descriptions of the 1986 Philippine anti-Marcos rebellion emphasize the largely mistaken notion that an unorganized force (more moral than political, in the Indonesian sense) swept the dictator from office. This impression, however, neglects how organized political struggle against the regime maneuvered to set up this transition. In that process, each side strove to polarize Philippine society in ways that would leave its opponent isolated and vulnerable to direct violence: authorities looked to isolate the NDF by co-opting moderates away from potentially broad revolutionary alliances, while the left sought to recruit among the political center by demonstrating the limits of state-sponsored reform and the wisdom of the revolutionary alternative. Still, the regime did not end in violent revolution, nor did authorities launch a military counterstrike against anti-dictatorship protests. Non-violent protests supporting military defectors and fortified by domestic and international pressures did Marcos in, and he left office without a bloodbath. Here, then, we find a puzzle: with the regime and its most organized and apparently powerful opponents both angling for social polarization and one another's violent dispatch, what explains the peaceful transition in which neither prospered? The answer lies in how cycles of reform and repression under Marcos nurtured open and semi-legal anti-dictatorship organizations. Marcos continued to try dividing moderate and elite dissidents from those who adopted armed underground struggle, though the boundary between these camps constantly shifted, often as moderates radicalized following regime repression.
A Large Scale Mixing Model for a Quiescent Chamber Direct Injection Diesel

The methodology for predicting the transient mixing rate is presented for a direct injection, quiescent chamber diesel. The mixing process is modeled as a zero-dimensional, large-scale phenomena which accounts for injection rate, cylinder geometry, and engine operating condition. As a demonstration, two different injection schemes were investigated for engine speeds of 1,600, 2,100, and 2,600 rpm. In the first case, the air-fuel ratio was fixed while the injection rate was allowed to vary, but for the second case, the injection duration was fixed and the air-fuel ratio was allowed to vary. For the former case, the resulting mixing rate was also compared with the experimentally determined fuel burning rate. These two quantities appeared to be correlated in some manner for the various engine speeds under investigation.
Genetic variation associated with preterm birth in African-American women.

Background Preterm birth is considered a multifactorial condition; however, emerging evidence suggests that genetic variation among individuals may have an important role. Prior studies have suggested that single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with genes related to the immune system, and particularly the maternal inflammatory response, may be associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery. Objective The objective of the study was to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with spontaneous preterm birth Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial that evaluated periodontal disease and preterm birth. Women were enrolled between 6 and 20 weeks' gestation at 3 prenatal care clinics between 2004 and 2007. Maternal DNA samples were collected and analyzed using a custom 1536 single-nucleotide polymorphismgenotyping array designed to assess genes involved in inflammation. Women were included in this study if they self-identified as African American. We excluded women with a multiple gestation or an indicated preterm delivery. We performed allele- and genotype-based analyses to evaluate the association between spontaneous preterm birth and tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We used a logistic regression to adjust for prior preterm birth in our genotype-based analysis. In a subgroup analysis, we compared women who delivered at Results Of the 833 African-American women in the study with genotype data, 77 women (9.2%) had a spontaneous preterm birth, whereas 756 women delivered at term. In an allele-based analysis, 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to the genes for protein kinase C-α ( PRKCA ) were associated with increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth FLT1 ) was associated with spontaneous preterm birth PRKCA genes and spontaneous premature delivery. Additionally, single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to matrix metalloproteinase-2 ( MMP2 ), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 ( TIMP2 ), and interleukin 16 ( IL16 ) genes were associated with spontaneous preterm birth MMP2 , matrix metalloproteinase-1 ( MMP1 ), and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor antisense RNA 1 ( LIFR-AS1 ) genes were associated with higher rates of preterm birth Conclusion We identified tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to 7 genes that are critical to inflammation, extracellular remodeling, and cell signaling that were associated with spontaneous preterm birth in African-American women. Specifically, we found a strong association with the PRKCA gene. Genetic variation in these regions of the genome may be important in the pathogenesis of preterm birth. Our results should be considered in the design of future genomic studies in prematurity.
Factors Affecting Representation in State Legislatures

Those elected to legislative office "represent" the public in various ways. Previous studies indicate that legislators often engage in a wide assortment of tasks from introducing and voting on proposed bills, to monitoring agencies, and securing funding for local projects. In addition they perform various constituency-related services focused on helping citizens. This paper is about the tasks undertaken by legislators in U.S. states -- what work do they perform as representatives and more importantly, what affects how they perform these various roles? In essence, what explains differences in representation? An analysis of survey responses of legislators serving in 16 states provides answers to this central question. A variety of explanatory factors and conditions are examined. Institutional characteristics such as legislative professionalism and term limits are tested along with a variety of district-level variables such as the information environment, electoral conditions, and population characteristics. Legislators' attitudes and perceptions are also used as explanatory factors. The major finding to emerge is that representational behavior is highly influenced by context. Legislators who share similar personal characteristics and attitudes often exhibit very different types of representative behaviors depending on the prevailing conditions in their states and districts.
Hybrid fs/ps CARS for Sooting and Particle-laden Flames

We report the application of ultrafast rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) for temperature and relative oxygen concentration measurements in the plume emanating from a burning aluminized ammonium perchlorate propellant strand. Combustion of these metal-based propellants is a particularly hostile environment for laserbased diagnostics, with intense background luminosity, scattering and beam obstruction from hot metal particles that can be as large as several hundred microns in diameter. CARS spectra that were previously obtained using nanosecond pulsed lasers in an aluminumparticle- seeded flame are examined and are determined to be severely impacted by nonresonant background, presumably as a result of the plasma formed by particulateenhanced laser-induced breakdown. Introduction of fs/ps laser pulses enables CARS detection at reduced pulse energies, decreasing the likelihood of breakdown, while simultaneously providing time-gated elimination of any nonresonant background interference. Temperature probability densities and temperature/oxygen correlations were constructed from ensembles of several thousand single-laser-shot measurements from the fs/ps rotational CARS measurement volume positioned within 3 mm or less of the burning propellant surface. Preliminary results in canonical flames are presented using a hybrid fs/ps vibrational CARS system to demonstrate our progress towards acquiring vibrational CARS measurements for more accurate temperatures in the very high temperature propellant burns.
Playing on the shores of an imperial pedagogy

I discuss three of my courses. Cuba and Haiti presents three revolutions within integrated and dynamic histories that obliterate the space between inside and outside. Music of the African Diaspora treats students’ reactions to African-derived music as openings in their aesthetic and political sensibility. Seeing War of the Worlds asks why some viewers position themselves as pilots of human-eradicating machines while others experience themselves as targets of destruction. These courses suggest the pedagogical resources available even on imperial shores.
Understandings of anti-semitism in Russia: an analysis of the politics of anti-Jewish attitudes

L'A. fait ici une critique des resultats de la recherche menee par Robert J. Brym et Andrei Degtyarev intitulee « Anti-semitism in Moscow : Results of an October 1992 Survey » qui concluait sur : « La preuve ainsi suggere que de larges categories de la population moscovite tiennent des positions totalitaires, xenophobes, intolerantes sur des questions sociales et, bien sur, antisemites. Etant donne la frequence des attitudes antisemites dans la ville, les 150 000 Juifs de Moscou et les 300 000 autres en Russie ont raison d'etre inquiets. ». De par la nature inquietante des resultats de cette recherche, l'A. se propose de les reexaminer, pour conclure qu'il serait peu avise de se rapporter aux evaluations, analyses et conclusions de cette etude. Les resultats propres a l'A. sont presentes dans une note de recherche publiee dans le meme numero
Age-related change in fast adaptation mechanisms measured with the scotopic full-field ERG

To quantify the response dynamics of fast adaptation mechanisms of the scotopic ERG in younger and older adults using full-field m-sequence flash stimulation. Scotopic ERGs were measured for a series of flashes separated by 65 ms over a range of 260 ms in 16 younger (20–26, 22.2 ± 2.1; range mean ±1 SD) and 16 older (65–85, 71.2 ± 7) observers without retinal pathology. A short-wavelength (λ peak = 442 nm) LED was used for scotopic stimulation, and the flashes ranged from 0.0001 to 0.01 cd s m−2. The complete binary kernel series was derived from the responses to the m-sequence flash stimulation, and the first- and second-order kernel responses were analyzed. The first-order kernel represented the response to a single, isolated flash, while the second-order kernels reflected the adapted flash responses that followed a single flash by one or more base intervals. B-wave amplitudes of the adapted flash responses were measured and plotted as a function of interstimulus interval to describe the recovery of the scotopic ERG. A linear function was fitted to the linear portion of the recovery curve, and the slope of the line was used to estimate the rate of fast adaptation recovery. The amplitudes of the isolated flash responses and rates of scotopic fast adaptation recovery were compared between the younger and older participants using a two-way ANOVA. The isolated flash responses and rates of recovery were found to be significantly lower in the older adults. However, there was no difference between the two age groups in response amplitude or recovery rate after correcting for age-related changes in the density of the ocular media. These results demonstrated that the rate of scotopic fast adaptation recovery of normal younger and older adults is similar when stimuli are equated for retinal illuminance.
Pre-Mississippian tectonic affinity across the Canada Basin–Arctic margins of Alaska and Canada

New and reprocessed seismic reflection data on the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic margins of the Canada Basin, together with geologic constraints from exploration wells and outcrops, reveal structural and stratigraphic relationships in pre-Mississippian rocks that constrain models of Canada Basin opening. Lithostratigraphic age and acoustic character indicate that the Devonian and older passive-margin to foreland-basin succession in the Canadian M’Clure Strait is also found on the central Alaska margin. This succession also displays similar structural geometry and relief as well as deformational age on both margins. Moreover, Middle Devonian to Early Mississippian tectonic vergence—north directed on the central Alaska margin and east directed in the Canadian M’Clure Strait—indicates a common direction of tectonic transport if the two margins were conjugate. All of these observations demonstrate that pre-Mississippian rocks of the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic margins share a common tectonic history of uplift and exhumation and that the two margins were conjugates prior to opening of the Canada Basin.
Closed treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures.

Summary A method of closed treatment of ruptures of the Achilles tendon is advocated. This system provides for a period of casting for ten weeks, eight of which are with the foot immobilized in gravity equinus. The use of a long leg cast for the first six weeks is justified to allow relaxation of the gastrocnemius muscle. Clinical evaluation and experience in treating eight patients reveal a consistently good result with a minimum of complications. The inherent risks of anesthesia and surgery are avoided. The postoperative problems associated with surgery on the Achilles tendon are not present.
Chapter 3 – 3D Bioprinting Techniques

3D bioprinting technologies enable the digital fabrication of living constructs encapsulating cells, biomolecules, and biological moieties in spatially patterned structures. Several 3D bioprinting techniques have been developed over the last decade utilizing ink-jet printheads, applied pressure, laser-induced, acoustic wave, and solenoid valve based methods to deposit cells onto substrates. The ability to digitally direct and deliver cells has opened up applications in the fabrication of tissue models for studying disease pathophysiology, as complex multicellular constructs to perform drug screening and as constructs to model cancer growth. Compared to traditional techniques, the single biggest advantage of 3D bioprinting is the ability to digitally define the tissue construct of interest and reproduce the physical 3D structure through automated techniques and at resolutions not possible through any conventional photolithography techniques.
Maternal Preferences for Vitamin D Supplementation in Breastfed Infants

Daily vitamin D supplementation is recommended for breastfed infants, but alternative methods include enriching breast milk with vitamin D through maternal supplementation or intermittent high-dose vitamin D. We determined maternal preferences for vitamin D supplementation in 140 mothers with exclusively breastfed infants, and 44 who used both breast and formula milk. Only 101 (55%) supplemented their infants with vitamin D. One hundred sixty (88%) preferred supplementing themselves rather than their infants, and 102 (57%) preferred daily to monthly supplementation. Safety was most important in choosing a method of supplementation. Taking maternal preferences into consideration may improve adequate intakes of vitamin D in breastfed infants.
Are informed policies in place to promote safe and usable EHRs? A cross-industry comparison

Objective Despite federal policies put in place by the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) to promote safe and usable electronic health record (EHR) products, the usability of EHRs continues to frustrate providers and have patient safety implications. This study sought to compare government policies on usability and safety, and methods of examining compliance to those policies, across 3 federal agencies: the ONC and EHRs, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and avionics, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and medical devices. Our goal was to identify whether differences in policies exist and, if they do exist, how policies and enforcement mechanisms from other industries might be applied to optimize EHR usability. Method We performed a qualitative study using publicly available governing documents to examine similarities and differences in usability and safety policies across agencies. Results The policy review and analysis revealed several consistencies within each agency's usability policies. Critical differences emerged in the usability standards and policy enforcement mechanisms utilized by the 3 agencies. The FAA and FDA look at evidence of usability processes and are more prescriptive when it comes to testing final products as compared to the ONC, which relies on attestation and is less prescriptive. Discussion A comparison of usability policies across industries illustrates key differences between the ONC and other federal agencies. These differences could be contributing to the usability challenges associated with EHRs. Conclusion Our analysis highlights important areas of usability and safety policy from other industries that can better inform ONC policies on EHRs.
Towards Better Understanding of Software Quality Evolution through Commit-Impact Analysis

Developers intend to improve the quality of the software as it evolves. However, as software becomes larger and more complex, those intended actions may lead to unintended consequences. Analyzing change in software quality among different releases overlooks fine-grained changes that each commit introduces. We believe that studying software quality before and after each commit (commit-impact analysis) can reveal a wealth of information about how the software evolves and how each change impacts its quality. In this paper, we explore whether each commit has an impact on the source code, investigate the compilability of each impactful commit, examine how source code changes affect software quality metrics, and study the effectiveness of using a certain metric as software quality indicator. We analyze a total of 19,580 commits from 38 Apache Java software systems to better understand how change occurs, why, and by who.
Disposable waste, lands and bodies under Canada’s gendered nuclear colonialism

ABSTRACTNuclear colonialism, or the exploitation of Indigenous lands and peoples to sustain the nuclear fuel cycle from uranium mining and refining to nuclear energy and weapons production and the ...
Root Ball Shaving Improves Root Systems on Seven Tree Species in Containers

Abstract Established forest trees planted from small containers are less stable at the point where roots fork, bend or branch as a result of deflection by container wall, but less is known about the post-transplant impact of root deflections resulting from growing trees in large containers. We either root pruned by shaving off the periphery of the #3 container root ball as it was planted into the #15 container or did not root prune on 5 tropical and 2 temperate tree species. Shaving did not affect trunk caliper or tree height on the seven species tested under the conditions of this study. Shaving removed the entire outer and bottom 2.5 cm (1 in) of the root ball and reduced or eliminated culls on five of seven species. The largest diameter roots on trees in #15 containers that were not root pruned when shifted from #3 containers were kinked, descended down the container wall, or circled at the position of the #3 container. These root defects were largely missing on trees with root balls that were shaved o...
The Relation of Research on Readiness to Research/Practice of Transitions

In the United States, transition has historically been seen as the bridge children cross when leaving home and entering formal schooling. Research prior to the 1990s studied transition by reporting and evaluating curriculum or program practices. Transitions were an individual event, experienced by a child and parents at the beginning of kindergarten. Individual schools or districts might design activities like an open house with the lyrical name of Kindergarten Roundup, but little was done systemically to conceptualise or theorise transitions. Instead, US early educators focused on readiness, a concept representing a child’s ability to benefit from schooling. The ensuing discussions often led to a skill-focused discourse about whether children were ready or not ready for kindergarten. Using critical constructionism, this chapter investigates these different focuses on children starting school.
A Straightforward Author Profiling Approach in MapReduce

Most natural language processing tasks deal with large amounts of data, which takes a lot of time to process. For better results, a larger dataset and a good set of features are very helpful. But larger volumes of text and high dimensionality of features will mean slower performance. Thus, natural language processing and distributed computing are a good match. In the PAN 2013 competition, the test runtimes for author profiling range from several minutes to several days. Most author profiling systems available now are either inaccurate or slow or both. Our system, written entirely in MapReduce, employs nearly 3 million features and still manages to finish the task in a fraction of time than state-of-the-art systems and with better accuracy. Our system demonstrates that when we deal with a huge amount of data and/or a large number of features, using distributed systems makes perfect sense.
Phenazines and Bacterial Biofilms

Most bacteria in the environment exist in biofilms—structured, surface-attached multicellular communities that are enmeshed in a self-produced polysaccharide matrix. Biofilms allow bacteria to participate is social interactions, survive under harsh conditions and successfully resist antimicrobials, invasion by competitors, predation, and destruction by components of the immune system. Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. are prolific biofilm formers and some members of the genus have become model organisms for the study of biofilm biology. Several economically important groups of pseudomonads produce phenazines, pigmented, redox-active metabolites that have long been recognized for their broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. The current chapter focuses on the emerging close link between phenazine production and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas spp., and on the important role of phenazines in biofilms associated with human infectious diseases and highly competitive environmental niches such as soil and the plant rhizosphere.
A New Species of Scaroidana (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) from Colombia

A new species of Scaroidana is described from Colombia. A key to the species of this genus is also given.
Recent Cases: Intestacy, Wills, Probate, and Trusts

This article discusses judicial developments (mid-2018 to mid-2019) relating to the Texas law of intestacy, wills, estate administration, trusts, and other estate planning matters. The discussion of each case concludes with a moral, i.e., the important lesson to be learned from the case. By recognizing situations that have led to time consuming and costly appeals in the past, probate judges can reduce the likelihood of appeals and their success and estate planners can reduce the likelihood of the same situations arising with their clients.
The Intersections Between Critical Pedagogy and Public Pedagogy: Hong Kong Students and the Umbrella Movement

Chapter 5, by Christian W. Chun, features a classroom lesson in an introductory English course with first-year university Hong Kong students that addresses the cultural dynamics of famous images and advertisements while analyzing the discourses in visual representations. It examines how the students mediated these discourses. The chapter then addresses how many students showed their own critical discourses in action a few months after the lesson through their involvement in the “Umbrella Movement” in September 2014. The chapter’s examination of the intersections between critical pedagogy highlighting language and discourse in society and subsequent protest movements aims to contribute toward an understanding of how such pedagogical approaches and public pedagogy enactments can mutually inform and enrich each other, with implications for English language teaching classrooms the world over.
Assessing vulnerability and threat from housing development to Conservation Opportunity Areas in State Wildlife Action Plans across the United States

Abstract Targeting conservation actions efficiently requires information on vulnerability of and threats to conservation targets, but such information is rarely included in conservation plans. In the U.S., recently updated State Wildlife Action Plans identify Conservation Opportunity Areas (COAs) selected by each state as priority areas for future action to conserve wildlife and habitats. The question is how threatened these COAs are by habitat loss and degradation, major threats to wildlife in the U.S. that are often caused by housing development. We compiled spatial data on COAs across the conterminous U.S. We estimated COA vulnerability using current land protection status and COA threat using projected housing growth derived from U.S. census data. COAs comprise 1–46% of each region. Across regions, 28–82% of the area within COAs is vulnerable to future housing development, and 5–55% and 7–23% of that vulnerable COA area is threatened by projected dense housing and rapid housing growth, respectively. COA vulnerability is greatest in the East. Threat from dense housing and rapid housing growth is highest in the Northeast and Pacific Southwest, respectively. Results highlight that many areas identified as important for reducing wildlife listings under the U.S. Endangered Species Act may need further protection to fulfill their conservation goals because they are both vulnerable to and threatened by future housing development. Our analyses can help practitioners target local government outreach, land protection efforts, and landscape-scale mitigation programs to decrease future COA loss from housing development, and could be expanded to address additional COA threats (e.g., wildfire, invasive species).
Playground Politics: How the Bullying Framework Can Be Applied to Multiple Forms of Violence

This chapter provides an overview of the bullying dynamic and explains how other forms of violence (i.e., sibling violence, child maltreatment, teen dating violence, domestic violence, college hazing, workplace bullying, elder maltreatment, discrimination, and violence within and between larger organizations) can be understood through the framework of bullying. An in-depth discussion of the definition of bullying is provided, including a new and innovative definition. The complexities of the definition, including power imbalance and repetition, are discussed. An overview of different forms of bullying (e.g., physical, verbal, relational, electronic) and national and international prevalence rates is included.
Vote Secrecy With Diverse Voters

Why would incumbent politicians adopt the secret ballot when doing so weakens the advantages of incumbency? Why is the secret ballot considered a democratizing reform in some settings, whereas in o...
Dynamic Modeling of Solar PV Systems for Distribution System Stability Analysis

This paper presents a fundamental-frequency model of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic system (PV) suitable for distribution system stability analysis in the phasor domain. Compared to using an electromagnetic model, the proposed model offers a faster solution time, and thus can be employed for large-scale distribution system stability analysis. The proposed model represents an end-to-end configuration of a PV system, including dynamics of PV module, inverter, current controllers, and smart inverter features, adhering to IEEE 1547 standards for distributed energy resources interconnection.
Electron Localization and Transport in SnO2/TiO2 Mesoporous Thin Films: Evidence for a SnO2/SnxTi1-xO2/TiO2 Structure.

A study of SnO2/TiO2 core/shell films was undertaken to investigate the influences of shell thickness and post deposition sintering on electron localization and transport properties. Electrochemica...
Rural-Urban Differences in Breast Reconstruction Utilization Following Oncologic Resection.

BACKGROUND Breast reconstruction (BR) is the reconstructive surgical technique that focuses on restoring normal form and function to the breast following oncologic resection. The goal of this study was to determine if BR disparities exist among rural female patients in Kentucky. METHODS A retrospective (2006-2015), population-based cohort study was conducted on breast cancer patients (stages I-III) treated with mastectomy with or without BR. We used 2013 Beale codes to stratify patients according to geographic status. Chi-square tests were used to examine the association of BR along the rural-urban continuum. A multivariate logistic regression model controlling for patient, disease, and treatment factors was used to predict BR. The likelihood of BR was reported in odds ratios (OR) using a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Overall, 10,032 patients met study criteria. Of those, 2,159 (21.5%) underwent BR. The rate of BR among urban, near-metro, and rural patients was 31.1%, 20.4%, and 13.4%, respectively (P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed that women from near metro (OR 0.54, CI: 0.47-0.61; P < .001) and rural areas (OR 0.36, CI: 0.31-0.41; P < .001) were less likely to undergo BR than women from urban areas. CONCLUSION Although BR benefits are well documented, women from rural Kentucky undergo BR at lower rates and are less likely to receive BR than their urban counterparts. Efforts should seek to promote equitable access to BR for all patients, including those from rural areas.