cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the college skiers and snowboarders' choice of a ski destination in Korea: A conjoint study

The present study investigated which choice factors are most valued by Korean college skiers and snowboarders in choosing a domestic ski/snowboard destination. The results of the conjoint analysis with 205 college skiers and snowboarders found that the snow quality, average lift wait time, travel time, cost, and the number of ski trails/slopes, in that order, influenced the choice of a winter sport destination. Findings also indicated group differences in prioritized choice factors between skiers and snowboarders. Cluster analysis was conducted to identify benefit-based market segments and suggested four clusters of skiers/snowboarders based on the similarities in their preferences for the five choice factors: (a) fun and safety, (b) ski variety, (c) cost-conscious, and (d) time-conscious.
The fate of behavior disorders in adolescence.

The development of the concept of “behavior disorder” is re-examined. Clinical material demonstrating this concept is presented and viewed within the framework of adolescent maturation. The adolescent psychic forces are seen as exerting a crystallizing effect on the definition of clinical syndromes as they emerge from childhood. Questions are raised concerning the role of biological energy in the development of personality disorders.
The first oxometalate borophosphate polyanion: hydrothermal synthesis and structure of (H3NCH2CH2NH3)2[Na(VO)10{HO3POB(O)2OPO3H}5]·22.5H2O

Abstract The first example of a molecular cluster of the metal–borophosphate class of compounds has been prepared.
Solar cycle variations of anomalous 4He as deduced by studies of cosmic ray ³He

Voyager 1 and 2 observations have been used to derive the energy spectrum of ‘anomalous’ cosmic ray (ACR) helium using a technique based on the separation of the isotopes of He. Previously reported observations show that the ACR oxygen spectrum underwent a change in shape following the solar magnetic field reversal in 1980; in this paper we present evidence for a corresponding change in the ACR helium spectrum. We find that the energy spectra of ACR helium and oxygen and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) ^4He and ^3He can be reproduced both before and after the field reversal using a simple solar modulation model in which the effects of curvature and gradient drifts are arbitrarily neglected.
IceCube's In-Ice Radio Extension: Status and Results

Abstract In 2006–2010, several radio frequency (RF) detectors and calibration equipment were deployed as part of the IceCube array at depths between 5 and 1400 m in preparation for a future large scale GZK neutrino detector. IceCube's deep holes and well-established data handling system provide a unique opportunity for deep-ice RF detection studies at the South Pole. We will present verification and calibration results as well as a status-review of ongoing analyses such as ice-properties, RF noise and reconstruction algorithms.
Transfer of Chiral Information through Molecular Assembly

Calix[4]arenes substituted with ureas on their upper, wider rims form dimers in solution held together by a seam of 16 hydrogen bonds. The resulting molecular capsules have interiors capable of acc...
Vortex dynamics and defects in simulated flux flow

We present the results of molecular dynamic simulations of a two-dimensional vortex array driven by a uniform current through random pinning centers at zero temperature. We identify two types of flow of the driven array near the depinning threshold. For weak disorder the flux array contains few dislocation and moves via correlated displacements of patches of vortices in a crinkle motion. As the disorder strength increases, we observe a crossover to a spatially inhomogeneous regime of plastic flow, with a very defective vortex array and a channel-like structure of the flowing regions. The two regimes are characterized by qualitatively different spatial distributions of vortex velocities. In the crinkle regime the distribution of vortex velocities near threshold has a single maximum that shifts to larger velocities as the driving force is increased. In the plastic regime the distribution of vortex velocities near threshold has a clear bimodal structure that persists upon time averaging the individual velocities. The bimodal structure of the velocity distribution reflects the coexistence of pinned and flowing regions and is proposed as a quantitative signature of plastic flow. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome which can be an inherited congenital disorder or can develop secondary to malignancy, infection, or autoimmune disease. Secondary HLH due to malignancy occurs most commonly with T or NK-cell lymphoid neoplasms. HLH with B-cell malignancies is less common and HLH has rarely been described in association with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We report three cases of HLH associated with B-ALL and review 17 cases of ALL-associated HLH previously reported in the literature. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:381–383. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relation of left ventricular mass to geometry of the proximal coronary arteries in the dog

Abstract Proximal epicardial coronary artery luminal diameters were measured from silicone casts formed in situ in freshly excised hearts under a constant pressure of 100 mm Hg. Twenty-five coronary arteries from 15 normal dogs and 22 coronary arteries in 13 dogs with either chronic pressure or volume overload hypertrophy were studied. Mean left ventricular (LV) body weight ratios were 4.75 ± 1.01 g/kg in the normal dogs, 8.4 ± 1.7 g/kg in the pressure-overload dogs, and 6.2 ± 0.6 g/kg in the volume-overload dogs. The cross-sectional area of the left circumflex (LC) coronary artery was determined at 11 branch sites. The ratio of the area of the branches to the area of the parent vessel was 1.095 ± 0.105, indicating that the cross-sectional area after a branch point increased. A poor correlation existed between LV mass and coronary artery diameter in both normal and hypertrophy groups for the LC (r = 0.44), the left anterior descending (LAD) (r = 0.63), and the combined LC and LAD (r = 0.52). The mean cross-sectional area of the combined LC and LAD was 0.12 cm2 in the normal group and 0.15 cm2 in the hypertrophy group; this increase was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). When the mean cross-sectional area of the combined vessels was adjusted for heart weight, there was a decrease in the cross-sectional area/100 g of myocardium in the hypertrophy group compared with the control group. These data demonstrate that coronary artery luminal diameter in the dog does not increase commensurately with the increase in mass associated with myocardial hypertrophy.
Control of feedback in computer-assisted instruction

Although considerable research has been conducted on both learner control and feedback, very little research has addressed the effect of giving learners control over the feedback that they receive. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of learner control over feedback in a CAI lesson. Subjects used one of four CAI programs which provided either program control or learner control over verification or elaboration feedback. Results indicated that subjects who received elaboration feedback during instruction performed better than students who received verification feedback. Type of control did not have a significant influence on performance. However, when subjects selected feedback for items answered incorrectly during instruction, subjects under learner control/elaboration performed better on the posttest than subjects under learner control/verification. Implications for the design of CAI are discussed.
Functional Roles of the α Isoforms of the Na,K‐ATPase

The Na,K-ATPase is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, and each subunit consists of multiple isoforms. In the case of alpha, four isoforms, alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4 are present in mammalian cells. The distribution of these isoforms is tissue- and developmental-specific, suggesting that they may play specific roles, either during development or coupled to specific physiological processes. In order to understand the functional properties of each of these isoforms, we are using gene targeting, where animals are produced lacking either one copy or both copies of the corresponding gene or have a modified gene. To date, we have produced animals lacking the alpha1 and alpha2 isoform genes. Animals lacking both copies of the alpha1 isoform gene are not viable, while animals lacking both copies of the alpha2 isoform gene make it to birth, but are either born dead or die very soon after. In the case of animals lacking one copy of the alpha1 or alpha2 isoform gene, the animals survive and appear healthy. Heart and EDL muscle from animals lacking one copy of the alpha2 isoform exhibit an increase in force of contraction, while there is reduced force of contraction in both muscles from animals lacking one copy of the alpha1 isoform gene. These studies indicate that the alpha1 and alpha2 isoforms carry out different physiological roles. The alpha2 isoform appears to be involved in regulating Ca(2+) transients involved in muscle contraction, while the alpha1 isoform probably plays a more generalized role. While we have not yet knocked out the alpha3 or alpha4 isoform genes, studies to date indicate that the alpha4 isoform is necessary to maintain sperm motility. It is thus possible that the alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4 isoforms are involved in specialized functions of various tissues, helping to explain their tissue- and developmental-specific regulation.
The endogenous-neurotic continuum in depression: Rater independence and factor distributions

A NUMBER of recent studies have used the technique of factor analysis to explore the nosology of depression. Although at least one study has been negative’ most reports have demonstrated a factor corresponding to the endogenous-neurotic continuum as a consistent source of variance in ratings. 2-g These studies strongly suggest that the contrast between two polar types, such as endogenous or psychotic depression at one extreme and reactive or neurotic depression at the other, forms an important systematic element in the heterogeneity of depressed patients. Two important problems nevertheless remain-halo effects in ratings and separation between groups of individuals. The first problem concerns the rating of variables. In many of the studies, especially those depending on retrospective information from case histories, ratings are open to criticism on grounds of unreliability and possible bias. Systematic bias may lead to halo effects which can result in the emergence of a spurious factor. A recent review referred to the possibility that the factors reported in these studies could in this way reflect rater perceptions rather than real patient differences. lo The concept of endogenous depression implies a relationship between three areas-a specific symptom picture, stable premorbid personality, and absence of life stress. 5 The latter two areas are difficult to rate. In most studies, they depend on simple dichotomous judgments, based on limited information and usually made by the same rater whose preconceptions may also carry over into symptom ratings. Few studies have used self report scales or other standard rating scales to measure personality. There has also been a tendency to ignore the complexity of precipitating stress, which may be difficult to separate from events following the onset of illness, and which frequently seems present but of insufficient magnitude to be more than a partial explanation
Spatial distribution of electrically induced high frequency vibration on basilar membrane

Abstract We reported that the electrically evoked basilar membrane (BM) vibration at frequencies above the best frequency (BF) showed a lowest BM velocity magnitude, called a “dip”, in the velocity–frequency spectra, indicating a cancellation. In the present study, we measured the high frequency BM motion as functions of the longitudinal and radial locations. Measurements were taken at three longitudinal locations in the first turn and the hook region: 14.9, 15.8 and 16.8 mm from the apex, corresponding to the BFs of 17, 21.3 and 28.0 kHz calculated from Greenwood [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2592], and at different radial locations across the width of the BM. It was found that the dip frequency (DF) varied with the longitudinal and radial locations. In the longitudinal direction, the average value of the DF was 49.6, 55.6 and 72.8 kHz, respectively. Thus, the longitudinal distribution of the high frequency BM vibration was correlated with the BF. In the radial direction, there was consistent variation of the response spectrum such that the dip was mainly evident in the pectinate zone of the BM. These results imply that the high frequency BM motion is related to mechanical properties of the cochlear partition, including the outer hair cells (OHCs) themselves. Data also indicate different vibration modes across the width of the organ of Corti.
Uptake of systemically administered human anticerebellar antibody by rat Purkinje cells following blood-brain barrier disruption

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration accompanying gynecological or breast malignancies is frequently associated with an autoantibody response, termed “type I” or “anti-Yo” directed against cytoplasmic antigens of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The role of this antibody response in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is unknown; however, it is also not known whether anti-Purkinje cell antibodies from the systemic circulation bind to target Purkinje cell antigens under the conditions of brain inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption, which are frequently present at the onset of cerebellar symptoms. Inbred Lewis rats received intraperitoneal injections of type I or normal IgG in the setting of blood-brain barrier disruption induced by adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and were killed after 24, 48, and 96h. Brains of these animals were studied histologically for evidence of EAE and immunohistochemically for binding of human or endogenous rat IgG to target neurons. Rat IgG was detected around vessels and in Purkinje cells of all animals studied. Human IgG was detected around vessels of all animals. In animals examined 96 h after receiving type I human IgG, human IgG was identified within processes of Purkinje cells and within occasional Purkinje cell bodies. Uptake of type I IgG by other cell types was not observed, and neuronal uptake of IgG was not seen in brains of animals receiving normal human IgG. Our data demonstrate that circulating type I IgG is internalized by cerebellar Purkinje cells in the setting of blood-brain barrier disruption and suggest a mechanism by which an antibody response directed against cytoplasmic antigens of Purkinje cells may reach target antigens at the onset of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
Toward a more step-economical and scalable synthesis of spongistatin 1 to facilitate cancer drug development efforts

An efficient, step-economical, and scalable synthesis of a diene-bearing AB spiroketal fragment of spongistatin 1, and a demonstration of its efficient coupling to an aldehyde derived from silylformylation of a homopropargyl alcohol to produce the entire complex C(13)–C(17) linker region are described. The scalability of the synthesis of the AB spiroketal fragment was demonstrated by the preparation of 34.5 grams by one chemist in ∼60 workdays, and more than 40 grams overall. With this material in hand and having established a method for its efficient coupling to the CD fragment, we have set the stage for the rapid synthesis and evaluation of a series of analogs of the CD spiroketal.
Wind Field Characterization from the Trajectories of Small Balloons

AbstractThis paper reports the development and application of a new wind sensing system, ValidWind. ValidWind consists of small, helium-filled tracer balloons and an instrument that tracks them with high spatial resolution by means of an eye-safe lidar rangefinder and records 3D balloon position as a function of time. Lightweight retroreflectors attached to the balloons enhance the optical range. Balloon tracking is automatic. The data products include horizontal wind speed, wind direction, and vertical shear as functions of time and geolocation. Vertical wind speeds can be inferred from variations of the balloons’ rate of rise given the balance between buoyancy and aerodynamic drag. Applications of ValidWind include characterization of katabatic and ridge-top wind fields and monitoring of windborne aerosol transport. The capability of ValidWind balloons to provide useful profiles of the wind from the ground up to an altitude of 2 km AGL is presented and analyzed.
Complete proof systems for algebraic simply-typed terms

We show that reasoning by case analysis (on whether subprograms diverge or converge) is complete for proving PCF observational congruences of algebraic terms. The latter are applicative combinations of first-order variables and a constant O denoting a diverging program of base type. A restricted version of the logic is complete for proving equality of algebraic terms in the full continuous type hierarchy (equivalently, observational congruence in PCF with parallel conditional). We show that the provability in the latter logic is in co-NP. We also give complete equational proof systems for a subclass of algebraic terms; provability in these systems is in linear time.
Molecular targets in the treatment of anxiety

Although the cathecholamine systems have long been the focus of drug therapy in anxiety and depression, the development of novel drugs specifically aimed at new targets within these traditional neurotransmitter systems and at targets outside of these systems is now propelling the field of drug development in anxiety. A greater understanding of regional brain networks implicated in stress, anxiety, and anxious behaviors has provided localized targets for anxiolytics. Within the serotonin and norepinephrine systems, increased understanding of postsynaptic receptor regulation with chronic treatment and cross-system effects of drug therapy have been critical in furthering our understanding of effective pharmacological interventions. Receptors within the glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and neuropeptide systems provide a rich diversity of drug targets, both in localization and function. While acknowledging significant clinical and biological differences between the various anxiety disorders, an important aspect of modern neurobiological research is to look for similarities among these disorders, given that they are highly comorbid with each other and often respond to the same spectrum of treatments. Here we review current views on both traditional and new molecular targets in the treatment of anxiety, realizing that the ultimate challenge in effective anxiolytic drug development may be achieving specificity in brain regions important in generating and sustaining anxiety.
A postmarketing surveillance program to monitor Ultram (tramadol hydrochloride) abuse in the United States.

Tramadol HCl, marketed as Ultram in the USA, was introduced as a non-scheduled drug in April 1995 based on the assumption that the risk of abuse was sufficiently low to warrant a non-scheduled status. However, approval was contingent upon the development of an innovative proactive surveillance program, to be overseen by an independent steering committee, which would detect unexpectedly high levels of abuse. The postmarketing surveillance program consisted of systematic collection and scientific evaluation of reports of suspected abuse in high-risk populations surveyed through an extensive key informant network of drug abuse specialists and all spontaneous reports of abuse received through the FDA MedWatch system. Methods to estimate the number of patients prescribed tramadol were also developed. Monthly rates of abuse were calculated as an index of the risk-benefit ratio (i.e., abuse cases per 100,000 patients prescribed the drug). The data for the 3 years since the drug was introduced show that the reported rate of abuse has been low. Although a period of experimentation seemed to occur in the first 18 months after its introduction--which reached a peak rate of approximately two cases per 100,000 patients exposed--during the 2 year period prior to June 1998, the reported rate of abuse has significantly (P = 0.011) declined, reaching levels of less than one case per 100,000 patients in the last 18 months. The overwhelming majority of abuse cases (97%) have been found to occur among individuals with a history of substance abuse and the abuse has been confined to isolated pockets around the country-notably none of which have significant populations of street drug abusers. Thus, the data support the decision not to schedule tramadol and, furthermore, suggest that a proactive post-marketing surveillance program can be successfully developed to effectively monitor abuse of new medications.
Homo- and Heterogeneous Mercury Oxidation in a Bench-Scale Flame-Based Flow Reactor

An experimental study of hetero- and homogeneous mercury oxidation chemistry was conducted in a bench-scale flame-based flow reactor with a residence time of 2.9 s. Homogeneous mercury oxidation levels increased with an increasing HCl concentration, with oxidation increasing to 29% at HCl concentrations of 555 parts per million by volume (ppmv). The presence of SO2 alone also led to Hg oxidation, with approximately 20% oxidation observed at SO2 concentrations ranging from 100 to 900 ppmv. When both HCl and SO2 were present, mercury oxidation was enhanced in the presence of SO2 when the concentration of HCl was 200 ppmv and inhibited when concentration of HCl was 555 ppmv. To examine heterogeneous effects, iron oxide or montmorillonite particles were injected into the post-flame gases of the system. Mercury oxidation by HCl was enhanced at high iron oxide particle concentrations (>100 mα-Fe2O32/m3 of flue gas) compared to the homogeneous system. When iron oxide particles were injected in the presence of 10...
Recent advances in ribbon-to-ribbon crystal growth

Abstract The ribbon-to-ribbon (RTR) crystal growth method is a promising approach for producing silicon sheet suitable for fabrication into photovoltaic cells. In this method, a polycrystalline silicon ribbon is first grown on a temporary substrate by chemical vapor deposition, and separated from it during cooling. A narrow molten zone is established across the ribbon, as it moves, by a pair of scanned laser beams. Large-grained silicon ribbon is crystallized from the molten zone, even at high growth rates. The area growth rate using a single swept laser (i.e. throughput) can be increased beyond the limit imposed by a single (wide) ribbon by multiple growth of wide ribbons. Ribbons grown at high rates can exhibit an unusual dendritic structure. By controlling the temperature profile across the width of the molten zone, the dendrites can be grown in a uniform array. Examination of the microstructure of a controlled dendritic ribbon reveals the most damaging defects to be in narrow areas between dendrites. Thus, a controlled dendritic structure could improve the overall photovoltaic efficiency of RTR ribbon.
A simple purification procedure for adenovirus type 12 T and tumor antigens and some of their properties

Abstract Human adenovirus (Ad) type 12 T and tumor antigens are present predominantly in the isolated nuclear fraction of Ad12-infected KB cells and Ad12-transformed hamster embryo cells, respectively. Hydroxylapatite chromatography of nuclear extracts provide 200- to 400-fold purification of T and tumor antigens. Sucrose gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated three and four antigenic components in purified T and tumor antigen preparations, respectively; it is not known whether these represent different forms of the same protein or different viral-coded proteins. Purified preparations of T and tumor antigen (1) do not stimulate DNA synthesis in contact-inhibited mouse 3T3 cells, (2) do not possess thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, RNase, or DNase activities, and (3) do not alter thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, and “DNA synthesizing enzyme” system activities in cell-free extracts or RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei.
Implementing a network improvement action plan

Firewall failures and the recent onslaught of computer viruses and worms, such as Klez, loveletter, SoBig, and BadBoy, increased network traffic and ever-growing network abuse, propelled security awareness at Northwest Missouri State University to a higher level and increased the need for finding and implementing effective solutions. Northwest's Information Systems Department was able to build awareness of computer security issues, decrease network abuse, institute significant enhancements to the network and better ensure network reliability, through the implementation of a multiple step network action plan. This plan included the adoption of new policies and procedures, new student staff positions and equipment upgrades.
Water privatisation in France and Germany: The importance of local interest groups

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of water privatisation and argues that the choice to privatise water utilities is often a local government issue, thereby challenging the literature that considers privatisation on a solely national-level basis. The factors impacting on local water privatisation are introduced, and a hypothesis including conditions likely to lead to or hinder local water privatisation is presented. It is the economic and political strength of local municipalities, combined with the voice of opposition groups, unions, and NGOs, that determine the outcomes of privatisation processes. Paradoxically, the strong central state in France encourages privatisation because it implies politically and financially weak municipalities and interest groups. The weaker central state in Germany has resulted in stronger municipalities and civil society, and the retention of water largely within the public realm.
Behind The Courtyard Door: The Dally Life of Tribes Women in Northern Morocco

Behind the Courtyard Door: The Dally Life of Tribeswomen in Northern Morocco. Ursula Kingsmill Hart. Ipswich, MA: Ipswich Press, 1994. 166 pp., illustrations, maps, photographs.
Monopsony Power in the Market for Teachers: Why Teachers Should Support Market-Based Education Reform

Employers can exploit individuals with high moving costs when local labor markets are not competitive. Along with nurses and university faculty, teachers are sometimes in such a disadvantageous situation. Teachers’ price elasticity of supply may be quite low in many regions, and their geographic mobility may be low when they are their household's second wage earner. Their occupational mobility is often low because of the scarcity of alternate employers within commuting distance. Nearly 96 percent of Texas' teachers work in tax-financed school districts, and many regions have only one district. An econometric model developed from school district data from 48 South Texas and 48 North Texas counties supports the hypothesis that teachers are paid less in less competitive labor markets. In Texas, teachers’ salaries are not determined by collective bargaining between district officials and teacher unions. That relatively unique feature of Texas makes it especially well-suited to the task of disentangling monopsony effects from other labor market forces.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors: intermediates between triiodothyronine and steroid hormone receptors

Abstract Comparison of the biochemical properties of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor with receptors for classical steroid hormones and for triiodothyronine suggests that these diverse biological regulators are more closely linked than previously thought. A general model is presented to describe the subcellular location of unoccupied and occupied receptors for both the steroid and triiodothyronine hormone.
Interactions between carotid sinus mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex loops

Our experiments were designed to evaluate the combined influence of the mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor control loops on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Both carotid sinus areas were isolated by a complete blind sac preparation in chloralose anesthetized dogs in which a flow probe had been implanted previously on the ascending aorta. The following variables were continuously monitored: central aortic pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, vascular resistance of a hind limb, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and oxygen consumption. While one sinus was submitted to step changes of pressure, the opposite sinus was kept at constant mean pressure. In addition, one sinus was perfused with either oxygenated of deoxygenated blood at constant flow rate. These studies show a definite interaction between the control loops initiated by the carotid sinus mechanoreceptors and those initiated by the chemoreceptors. The influence of the chemoreceptors is most marked in the peripheral beds, where it shifts the whole response curve of the mechanoreceptor control loop upward. This response accounts for most of the upward shift of the pressure response curve. On the other hand, the mechanoreceptor loop affects the ventilation, but this effect is range dependent, being most marked for the low pressure perfusion of the carotid sinus.
Effects of argon atoms on the self-absorption and the intensity of hg 2537-a radiation in hg + ar discharges.

A study was made of the feasibility of increasing the efficiency of fluorescent lamps at high powers by increasing the Hg 237-A resonance radiation through a reduction of self-absorption. Specifically, we attempted to reduce the Hg 2537-A self-absorption by introducing a higher pressure of a foreign gas (argon) to alter the Hg 2537-A absorption line shape and width by collision broadening. The intensity of the Hg 2537-A line in Hg + Ar discharges was measured as an independent function of mercury pressure (0.7 mTorr to 27 mTorr), argon pressure (5 Torr to 400 Torr), and dc input power (5.5 W to 97 W). A detailed theoretical analysis indicates that there are four ways that additional argon reduces the Hg 2537-A self-absorption: (1) The Hg 2537-A line gets broader simply because the additional argon atoms increase the Hg–Ar collision frequency; (2) adding argon causes the gas temperature to rise and this drives the Hg–Ar collision frequency still higher; (3) the rise in gas temperature also causes an increase in the Hg 2537-A doppler width; (4) the additional argon changes the Hg 2537-A line shape from doppler dominated to a collision dominated profile. The experiments demonstrate, however, that no gain is achieved in the Hg 2537-A intensity with the addition of extra argon in spite of the beneficial effect on the self-absorption escape rate. This advantage is apparently offset by the argon’s reduction of the electron energy which leads to fewer mercury atoms excited to the Hg 63P1 state.
Modeling Taxi Trip Demand by Time of Day in New York City

Identifying the factors that influence taxi demand is very important for understanding where and when people use taxis. A large set of GPS data from New York City taxis is used along with demographic, socioeconomic, and employment data to identify the factors that drive taxi demand. A technique was developed to measure and map transit accessibility on the basis of transit access time (TAT) to understand the relationship between taxi use and transit service. The taxi data were categorized by pickups and drop-offs at different times of day. A multiple linear regression model was estimated for each hour of the day to model pickups and another to model drop-offs. Six important explanatory variables that influence taxi trips were identified: population, education, age, income, TAT, and employment. The influence of these factors on taxi pickups and drop-offs changed at different times of the day. The number of jobs in each industry sector was an indication of the types of economic activities occurring at a loca...
Measuring environmental phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals in breast milk using automated on-line column-switching–high performance liquid chromatography–isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract Breast milk is one possible route of exposure to environmental chemicals, including phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals for breast-fed infants. We developed a highly sensitive method of analyzing breast milk for triclocarban (3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide) and eight phenolic compounds: bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), ortho-phenylphenol (OPP), 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2-hydroxy-4-metoxybenzophenone (BP-3). The method includes adding a solution containing a stable isotope of each chemical, enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated chemicals in the milk, and on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. It can also be used to measure the free (unconjugated) species by omitting the enzymatic deconjugation step. The method, validated using pooled breast milk samples, has inter-day coefficient of variations ranging from 4.8 to 18.9% for most analytes, and spiked recoveries generally about 100%. Detection limits for most analytes are below 1 ng/mL in 100 μL of breast milk. We tested the usefulness of the method by measuring concentrations of these nine compounds in 20 breast milk samples. BPA, OPP, and BP-3 were detected in more than 60% of the samples tested. The free species of these compounds appear to be most prevalent in milk.
Citizens or Objects: A Case Study in News Coverage of Poverty

There exists in the minds of American newspaper journalists a group called the “general audience,” and it is this group that journalists believe they serve by covering the news. The general audience ostensibly includes all citizens — the assumption being that all citizens are politically equal and are, therefore, served by a common understanding of the news created by a standardized reporting and writing process. But the needs of poor and working class are largely left out of the news because journalists see the utility of journalism in middle class terms and treat the poor as objects of reporting rather than as citizens. This essay explores the case of the Springfield News-Leader, a daily newspaper in the Gannett chain, serving Springfield, Missouri — a small city in the southwest corner of the state — for the purpose of discovering what opportunities exist as a part of normal news coverage to serve the poor and working class.
STANDARDS OF PRACTICE AND CARE IN FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT Legal, Professional, and Principles-Based Considerations

The specialization of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has incorporated important advances during the last two decades. As scientific advances, specialized tools, and relevant ethical guidelines have become core elements of FMHA, however, the question of how to regulate poor practice has assumed increasing importance. One such means of regulation that has been rarely applied to FMHA thus far is malpractice litigation using a clearly defined standard of care. This article focuses on the relationship between standard of practice and standard of care in FMHA. The authors discuss the current absence of a standard of care in FMHA, describing the historical, regulatory, and legal influences that have helped to shape the current state of practice in this specialty area and their relevance to operationalizing a standard of care. The authors address the various sources of authority that the law might consider in defining a standard of care and specify circumstances under which legal regulation using a standard of care would be more useful than would ethical/ professional regulation using a standard of practice. Finally, the authors describe the advantages of developing a clearer standard of practice in FMHA, which can then inform the operationalization of a standard of care.
Negative inferential style, emotional clarity, and life stress: integrating vulnerabilities to depression in adolescence.

Negative inferential style and deficits in emotional clarity have been identified as vulnerability factors for depression in adolescence, particularly when individuals experience high levels of life stress. However, previous research has not integrated these characteristics when evaluating vulnerability to depression. In the present study, a racially diverse community sample of 256 early adolescents (ages 12 and 13) completed a baseline visit and a follow-up visit 9 months later. Inferential style, emotional clarity, and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline, and intervening life events and depressive symptoms were assessed at follow-up. Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that there was a significant three-way interaction between adolescents' weakest-link negative inferential style, emotional clarity, and intervening life stress predicting depressive symptoms at follow-up, controlling for initial depressive symptoms. Adolescents with low emotional clarity and high negative inferential style...
Influence of a floor on sound transmission into an aircraft fuselage model

A simplified cylindrical model of an aircraft fuselage is used to study experimentally the effect of an internal floor on low-frequency sound transmission into aircraft cabins. A geometrically scaled lattice floor support and floor skin are designed based on selected characteristics of a business aircraft. The pressure amplitude at various interior locations is presented along with a modal decomposition of the associated shell response. Results indicate that the main effect of the floor on interior pressure levels is due to a modification of the interior acoustic mode shape and not due to the structural modification of the fuselage model caused by the lattice floor support. Thus, the model provides a simplified procedure for studying the influence of various structural modifications as well as other important effects.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE REACTIONS OF ULEX EUROPEUS EXTRACTS.

Ulex europeus anti-H reacts best at low temperatures, is insensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol treatment, and possesses some molecules which combine irreversibly with the H antigen although most reverse readily. Probit assays revealed qualitative variations among human adult H antigens, positively correlated with the ABO phenotype, and characteristic of each of them. A hypothesis is advanced that relates these qualitative differences to steric influences of the various A and B determinants on the H receptor detected with Ulex.
Crossing and Dwelling: A Theory of Religion

Thomas A. Tweed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. ix and 278 pp., illus., notes, and index. $24.95 hardbound (ISBN 0-674-01944-x). Geographic tropes abound in the figurative analyses ...
Twice Hurt: How Newspaper Coverage May Reduce Empathy and Engender Blame for Female Victims of Crime

In a content analysis of 148 newspaper articles we examined whether victims of violent crime (excluding sex crimes) are treated differently according to their gender. Articles taken from 4 newspapers showed that accounts of violent crime personalize male victims more than female victims: more personal information was included about male victims, and males were significantly more likely to be referred to by name rather than by a noun (“the victi”) or pronoun. In a second study we investigated whether such treatment could affect both empathy for the victim and victim blame. Participants read an account of a murder that manipulated victim gender, degree of personal information, and the manner in which the victim was described. Empathy for the victim was increased across victim gender by both inclusion of personal information and referring to the victim by name. Victim blame was also reduced by the inclusion of personal information. Implications of how the news media may subtly reduce empathy and engender blame for female victims are discussed.
Textbook affordability: the library's role

Purpose – The purpose of this column is to examine the matter of college textbook affordability and the library's role in the discussion.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a literature review and commentary on this topic that has been addressed by professionals, researchers and practitioners.Findings – There are a number of issues to address when approaching the continuing impact of textbook affordability on students and it appears that there will be little finality on the horizon for some time. There must continue to be thoughtful and productive discussion on this topic among stakeholders in their efforts to reach a satisfactory resolution.Originality/value – The value in addressing this issue is to acknowledge the library's position as a stakeholder in the exchange of ideas on textbook affordability.
Evidence of the St. Clair-Detroit River System as a dispersal corridor and nursery habitat for transient larval burbot

Burbot Lota lota are distributed across the Laurentian Great Lakes where they occupy a top piscivore role. The St. Clair-Detroit River System is known to provide a migration corridor as well as spawning and nursery habitat for many indigenous fishes of economic and ecological significance. However, knowledge is scant of the early life history of burbot and the importance of this system in their dispersal, survival, and recruitment. In order to assess the role of the St. Clair-Detroit River System to burbot ecology, we collected larval burbot during ichthyoplankton surveys in this system from 2010 to 2013 as part of a habitat restoration monitoring program. More and larger burbot larvae were found in the St. Clair River than in the lower Detroit River, although this may be due to differences in sampling methods between the two rivers. Consistent with existing studies, larval burbot exhibited ontogenesis with a distinct transition from a pelagic zooplankton-based diet to a benthic macroinvertebrate-based diet. Our results demonstrate that the St. Clair-Detroit Rivers provide food resources, required habitat, and a migration conduit between the upper and lower Great Lakes, but the contribution of these fish to the lower lakes requires further examination.
On the equivalence point for ammonium (de)protonation during its transport through the AmtB channel.

Abstract Structural characterization of the bacterial channel, AmtB, provides a glimpse of how members of its family might control the protonated state of permeant ammonium to allow for its selective passage across the membrane. In a recent study, we employed a combination of simulation techniques that suggested ammonium is deprotonated and reprotonated near dehydrative phenylalanine landmarks (F107 and F31, respectively) during its passage from the periplasm to the cytoplasm. At these landmarks, ammonium is forced to maintain a critical number (∼3) of hydrogen bonds, suggesting that the channel controls ammonium (de)protonation by controlling its coordination/hydration. In the work presented here, a free energy-based analysis of ammonium hydration in dilute aqueous solution indicates, explicitly, that at biological pH, the transition from ammonium ( NH 4 + ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) occurs when these species are constrained to donate three hydrogen bonds or less. This result demonstrates the viability of the proposal that AmtB indirectly controls ammonium (de)protonation by directly controlling its hydration.
Androgen effects on Sertoli cells.

Mature male rats, gamma-irradiated in utero, were hypophysectomized. In an effort to maintain the seminiferous epithelium, some animals were treated with exogenous androgen while in other animals the seminiferous epithelium was allowed to regress without hormonal treatment. These Sertoli cell-enriched (SCE) males were evaluated for 7 weeks following hypophysectomy. In SCE males the average initial weight of each testis was 300 mg which declined to 110 mg at 7 weeks post-hypophysectomy. Concomitantly, seminiferous tubule diameter decreased from 130 microns to approximately 89 microns. Numerous cells were detached from the lamina propria and were observed in the centre of the tubule. Two layers of Sertoli cell nuclei were frequently observed in the regressed seminiferous tubules. Many of these nuclei appeared to be less differentiated, i.e. the nuclei were smaller with smaller nucleoli and more heterochromatin. In contrast, hypophysectomized animals treated with testosterone propionate during the last 5 weeks of the 7 week observational period, retained a tissue weight of about 270 mg/testis (a 5-10% decline in weight compared with normal untreated controls). Also, these animals had seminiferous tubule diameters of 132 microns. Finally, the Sertoli cells which comprised primarily a single layer inside the seminiferous tubules had larger nuclei with finely granulated chromatin and large nucleoli. Protein changes in SCE testes, (+/-) androgen, following hypophysectomy were analysed using polyacrylamide gels containing SDS. Prominent changes in the protein profile as separated by molecular weight were observed and were attributable to androgen stimulation. These changes were probably occurring in Sertoli cells since the Sertoli cell represents about 70% of the total cell population in the gamma-irradiated model. It is concluded that testosterone is responsible for major changes in mature Sertoli cells, although potential contributions of other cell types such as myoid cells and Leydig cells are considered.
Validating a predictive model for presence of additional disease in the non-sentinel lymph nodes of a woman with sentinel node positive breast cancer.

Axillary dissection was performed for the staging of the axilla in essentially all women with breast cancer from the time of Halsted to the late 1990s. At that time, sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy was introduced and subsequently validated, and it proved to be a reliable, accurate method of staging the axilla with little associated morbidity. The purpose of SLN biopsy was to identify the approximately two-thirds of women with no disease in the axilla and to spare them the additional surgical procedure of axillary dissection. However, with the advent of SLN biopsy, a new conundrum has arisen. Although macrometastases in the SLN are often detected intraopera
Identification of Stressors and Coping Strategies of ESL/Bilingual, Special Education, and Regular Education Teachers.

The present study investigated the type of stressors that ESL/bilingual teachers encounter and the kind of strategies that they use to cope with them. Twenty-four matched triads of ESL/bilingual, regular education, and special education teachers (N = 72) from a Midwestern state completed a questionnaire about stress and coping. Counter to our hypotheses, the ESL/bilingual teachers and regular education teachers reported similar frequencies and stress levels in preparing students for problems outside their class. However, ESL/bilingual teachers perceived preparation of students for problems outside their class to be more stressful than preparation for problems within their class, whereas regular education teachers found the two types of problems equally stressful. As hypothesized, ESL/bilingual teachers were more likely than regular education teachers to cope with stressors by sharing them with others. Also, special education and ESL/bilingual teachers tended to share similar views toward classroom stressors and coping, whereas regular education teachers tended to have somewhat different views.