cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and snow from Fairbanks, Alaska

Abstract There has been increasing interest regarding the use of passive air samplers as tools for monitoring organic pollutants in the atmosphere. In this study we report results obtained from passive air samplers that were deployed in both indoor and outdoor environments across the City of Fairbanks, AK, for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during winter 2009. It is demonstrated that the passive air samplers provide reliable data for the gas-phase PAHs. Results for particulate-phase isomers, however, are more variable and thus likely to be less reliable. For instance, the use of passive air samplers in indoor environments does not appear effective for distinguishing between homes with and without wood stoves, largely due to discrepancies associated with measuring particulatephase PAHs. Consequently, it is suggested that the passive air samplers should not be used for assessing indoor exposures to particulate-bound pollutants. Nevertheless, air concentrations obtained from active air samplers indicate that PAHs in air are dominated by the gas-phase isomers, resulting in good agreement between the active and passive air samplers for outdoor air. The average passive indoor air concentrations for ΣPAH20 are observed to be slightly higher than passive outdoor air concentrations, at 55 and 26 ng m-3 respectively. Concentrations in outdoor air for the City of Fairbanks are reported to be an order of magnitude lower during 2009 than during the winter of 1976/77, when they were last reported. Snow data for the PAHs are reported as a complement to the air concentration data, showing similar isomer patterns between air and undisturbed snowpack samples. Snow samples collected from snow dump collection sites are reported to be 25 times greater than nearby undisturbed snow, and are dominated by the particulate-phase PAHs. Recommendations for future monitoring of snowmelt from the snow dump collection sites are suggested.
An alternate approach of modeling the direct tunneling (DT) current through multi-gate stacks in high-κ Devices

In this work, an alternate semi-classical modeling has been numerically simulated to characterize the direct tunneling current through the two-dielectric stacks. In our modeling, a modified WKB approximation is selected in getting a more accurate tunneling probability and it's mainly determined by the kinetic energy on the propagation direction rather than the total energy.
Analysis of (3-phenyl,2-thio)hydantoin amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography: Comparison of three programs with particular reference to the glutamic and aspartic derivatives

Abstract (3-Phenyl,2-thio)hydantoin-amino acids are readily separated and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). Three reversed-phase column procedures were investigated. We found the aspartic and glutamic acid derivatives difficult to separate and quantitate by any of the three until we determined the effects on hplc of several injection solvents and the pH of the elutrient buffers. We found 90% acetic acid or acetonitrile: 90% formic acid (8:2, v:v) satisfactory as injection solvents. Each of the three hplc programs also required pH changes for optimal separation of the aspartic and glutamic acid derivatives from the other (3-phenyl,2-thio)hydantoin-amino acids; none of these had retention times that varied with pH in the ranges investigated. Using the three modified systems, the retention times of 19 commonly found (3-phenyl,2-thio)hydantoin-amino acids were compared. In addition, the N-terminal residues of two model human plasma proteins were chromatographed, fibrinogen and plasminogen. In all of these, the aspartic and glutamic acid derivatives were clearly separable without diminishing resolution of the other amino acids.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice

Nitric oxide (NO) derived from the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) is an inflammatory product implicated both in secondary damage and in recovery from brain injury. To address the role of iNOS in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), we used 2 paradigms in 2 species. In a model of controlled cortical impact (CCI) with secondary hypoxemia, rats were treated with vehicle or with 1 of 2 iNOS inhibitors (aminoguanidine and L-N-iminoethyl-lysine), administered by Alzet pump for 5 days and 1.5 days after injury, respectively. In a model of CCI, knockout mice lacking the iNOS gene (iNOS ‐/‐ ) were compared with wild-type (iNOS +/+ ) mice. Functional outcome (motor and cognitive) during the first 20 days after injury, and histopathology at 21 days, were assessed in both studies. Treatment of rats with either of the iNOS inhibitors after TBI significantly exacerbated deficits in cognitive performance, as assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) and increased neuron loss in vulnerable regions (CA3 and CA1) of hippocampus. Uninjured iNOS +/+ and iNOS ‐/‐ mice performed equally well in both motor and cognitive tasks. However, after TBI, iNOS‐/‐ mice showed markedly worse performance in the MWM task than iNOS +/+ mice. A beneficial role for iNOS in TBI is supported.
Inverting a One-to-One Real Function Is Inherently Sequential

It is well known that the root, as well as the inverse function, of a one-to-one, polynomial-time computable real function fon [0,1] can be computed in polynomial time by binary search, if its inverse function has a polynomial modulus. We show that unless P = LOGSPACE the problem of inverting a one-to-one function cannot be done in log space even if the function f itself is log-space computable and its inverse function has a polynomial modulus.
Tinctorial Efficacy of Dyes in Polyester Fibers

Tinctorial efficacy of a dye, at any given concentration, is defined as the perceptual color intensity per unit dye concentration (g/m²) in the fabric. Color intensity is expressed by the Kubelka-Munk ΔK/S values calculated from reflectances measured as lightness-darkness with a green tristimulus filter. A plot of ΔK/S versus dye con centration in the fabric is linear on logarithmic scales and yields two parameters that describe the tinctorial efficacy of the dyeing process. The tinctorial efficacy of dyes in polyester fabric is shown to depend on dyeing conditions. Padding with an aqueous dye dispersion containing a migration inhibitor produces a higher tinctorial efficacy than padding with a solution of the dye in a volatile solvent. The tinctorial efficacy depends also on the dye fixation conditions and increases in the following order: heating in tetrachloroethylene vapor at 160°C for 120 seconds << immersion in an aqueous surfactant solution at 130°C for 60 minutes ≤ heating in air at 213°C for 90 seconds. A lower tinctorial efficacy of dyes in continuous solvent dyeing in tetrachloroethylene is related to microscopically uneven dye distribution in fibers. The tinctorial efficacy increases when a fabric, padded with a dye solution and dried, is immersed in a hot aqueous surfactant solution to redistribute the dye before it diffuses into the fibers.
The challenge of revenue sharing with bundled pricing: An application to music

Bundling can increase revenue and profits relative to selling products on a standalone basis, and this is an especially attractive strategy for zero-marginal-cost information products. Despite the clear benefits of bundling, it has one major problem: bundling produces revenue that is not readily attributable to particular pieces of intellectual property, creating a revenue division problem. The Shapley value provides a well-motivated solution to this problem, and we use unique survey data to create measures of bundle value and, in turn, to estimate Shapley values for each of 50 bundle elements. We then evaluate feasible revenue sharing schemes, including equal sharing, proportional sharing, and the modified Shapley value of Ginsburgh and Zang (2003, 2004). We first document that the Shapley value is highly incentive compatible (all bundle elements fare better inside the bundle than they do outside on a standalone basis). We then evaluate the feasible schemes according to both their incentive compatibility and their similarity with the Shapley value. We find, not surprisingly, that the feasible schemes are less incentive compatible than the Shapley value. Among the feasible schemes, the GZ scheme performs best while equal sharing performs worst.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLACK GRAM (Phaseolus mungo L.) SEEDS: AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND SUBUNIT CONSTITUTION OF FRACTIONS OF THE PROTEINS

The protein fractions, albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins, of black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) seeds were characterized for their amino acid compositions, isoelectric points, and subunit constitutions Globulins which formed 81% of the solubilized proteins were devoid of sulfur containing amino acids. Sulfur containing amino acids and threonine were deficient in total proteins of the seeds with 27.6 and 78.8 as their respective amino acid scores. Chemical scores of albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin fractions were 64, 0, 56 and 70.7 respectively. The predicted biological values in human nutrition varied from 0 for globulins to 110 for glutelins and it was 14.9 for total proteins in the seeds. Dissolution of globulins was minimum in a pH range, 5.3-5.9. Isoelectric focusing in a dissociating medium indicated that the majority of globulin subunits were acidic. Globulins, however, had two basic subunits with isoelectric points at 8.42 and 8.65. Two dimensional slab gel electrophoresis, with a phenol-acetic acid-mercaptoethanol-urea (PAMU) system in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) system in the second dimension suggested that the mobilities of proteins in PAMU and SDS systems were based on the related parameters.
Against the "Ordinary Summing" Test for Convergence

One popular test for distinguishing linked and convergent argument structures is Robert Yanal's Ordinary Summing Test. Douglas Walton, in his comprehensive survey of possible candidates for the linked/convergent distinction, advocates a particular version of Yanal's test. In a recent article, Alexander Tyaglo proposes to generalize and verifY Yanal's algorithm for convergent arguments, the basis for Yanal's Ordinary Summing Test. In this paper I will argue that Yanal's ordinary summing equation does not demarcate convergence and so his Ordinary Summing Test fails. Hence, despite Walton's recommendation or Tyaglo's generalization, the Ordinary Summing Test should not be used for distinguishing linked argument structures from convergent argument structures.
Affinities in Privacy Attitudes: A Psychological Approach to Unifying Informational and Decisional Privacy

Many scholars have questioned whether there is an inherent connection between decisional privacy issues such as abortion and information privacy issues such as the protection of consumer data. This article presents an empirical survey that examines the extent to which public attitudes about a wide range of privacy issues are actually interrelated. The data show consistent relationships between views on decisional and informational privacy across many domains. Further, views toward many of these privacy issues appear to stem from common ideological and psychological commitments, such as beliefs about submission to authority, social conformity, and the value of personal secrets. These factors explain nearly half the variance in information privacy attitudes and nearly twenty percent of the variance in decision privacy attitudes. This pattern suggests that there is an internal coherence to privacy attitudes and, therefore, that it may be worth reframing existing privacy doctrines around these unifying principles.
Will the Current Economic Crisis Fuel a Return to Racial Policies that Deny Homeownership Opportunity and Wealth to African Americans

This paper is written to examine the potential effect of the market collapse on our nation’s homeownership policies.
Adenosine mediates hypoxic release of arginine vasopressin in fetal sheep

The effects of adenosine on plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations were determined in chronically catheterized fetal sheep (> 0.8 term). Infusion of adenosine [0.35 +/- 0.01 (SE) mg.min-1.kg-1] into the inferior vena cava of six fetuses caused a transient fall in arterial PO2 (by approximately 3 Torr), a slight reduction in arterial pH, and a 5- to 6-mmHg decrease in diastolic pressure without significantly affecting systolic or mean arterial values. A lower rate of infusion (0.19 +/- 0.01 mg.min-1 x kg-1) in five fetuses had virtually no effect on arterial blood gases, pH, or arterial pressures. Both the low- and high-dose adenosine infusions significantly increased fetal plasma AVP concentrations (1.7 +/- 0.2 to 25 +/- 7 pg/ml and 1.6 +/- 0.1 to 54 +/- 8 pg/ml, respectively). Intravenous infusion of papaverine lowered fetal diastolic and mean arterial pressures by approximately 8 mmHg but had no significant effect on plasma levels of AVP. During an hour of isocapnic hypoxia (arterial PO2 12-13 Torr), fetal plasma AVP levels increased from 1.7 +/- 0.2 to 40 +/- 6 pg/ml. Intra-arterial infusion of the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline significantly blunted the hypoxia-induced rise in plasma AVP concentrations to a maximum mean level of 11 +/- 6 pg/ml. These results indicate that 1) adenosine causes a dose-dependent increase in plasma AVP concentrations and 2) a hypoxia-induced rise in fetal adenosine levels triggers vasopressin release.
Numerical Modeling of Fragmentation Characteristics of Explosive Fragmentation Munitions

Numerical simulations of explosive fragmentation munitions presented in this work integrate three-dimensional axisymmetric hydrocode analyses with analytical fragmentation modeling. The developed analytical fragmentation model is based on the Mott’s theory of break-up of cylindrical “ring-bombs” (Mott, 1947), in which the average length of fragments is a function of the radius and velocity of the ring at the moment of break-up, and the mechanical properties of the metal. The fundamental assumption of the model is that the fragmentation occurs instantly throughout the entire body of the shell. Adopting Mott’s critical fracture strain concept (Mott, 1947), the moment of the shell break-up is identified in terms of the high explosive detonation products volume expansions, V/V0 . The assumed fragmentation time determined from the high-speed photographic data of Pearson (1990) had been approximately three volume expansions, the fragmentation being defined as the instant at which the detonation products first appear as they emanate from the fractures in the shell. The newly developed computational technique is applied to both the natural and preformed explosive fragmentation munitions problems. Considering relative simplicity of the model, the accuracy of the prediction of fragment spray experimental data is rather remarkable.© 2002 ASME
MilliNewton Thrust Stand Calibration Using Electrostatic Fins

The emergence of electrical and chemical micro-propulsion systems as a viable option for small satellite control has made it necessary to develop the capability to accurately measure thrust between 0.1 mN and 1 mN. Although various calibration techniques have been used for this thrust range, they can be prone to uncertainty due to friction, hysteresis, and other factors associated with thermal and mechanical influences. To reduce these effects, this study presents a calibration method in which an electrostatic voltage is used to charge a set of fins to generate a small, controlled force through the principle of electrostatic attraction. A theoretical framework is presented and computer modeling is done to demonstrate the fin’s predictable behavior through a range of applied potentials and separation distance. The results of the models are compared to experiments in which the force exerted by the fins is equilibrated by calibrated weights in a mass-balance system, resulting in a force-voltage calibration curve. The theory and computer modeling correctly predict the trend seen in the experimental results, but since the theory and modeling do not account for physical imperfections and other non-ideal conditions, the experimental results differ by, at worst, 13%. The calibration method introduced yields confident results for force levels between 0.029 mN and 0.794 mN with a resolution of 0.01 mN or better.
The three partners of metamorphic petrology

Study of the evolution of the Earth’s crust advanced greatly in the last half-century through the dynamic collaboration of three equally contributing partners: field observations, together with microanalysis of mineral assemblages, experimental petrology, and stability calculations based on systematically measured and compiled thermodynamic properties of minerals. In addition to providing the initial inspiration for experimental and theoretical studies of petrogenesis, quantitative field observations have had an important feedback relationship with the indoor approaches. It has been demonstrated that physico-chemical properties of mineral systems can, in favorable circumstances, be inferred from purely geologic criteria, and, in some cases, field criteria have been used to challenge the validity of existing experimental or thermodynamic data, leading to reinvestigations and revisions. The “geo-experimental” method may be particularly useful to infer phase equilibrium relations among minerals where experimental reactions are prohibitively slow at geologically reasonable temperatures or where fluid fluxing of mineral reactions is necessarily limited, as in investigations concerning the low-H2O-activity deep-crustal rocks, the granulites. Geo-experimental phase equilibrium diagrams, constructed largely from quantitative petrographic observations, have been successful in deducing polymorphism, order-disorder, and solid solution properties of such mineral systems as the aluminum silicate minerals, feldspars, epidote minerals, scapolites, and cordierite. The last minerals are particularly important in that they may retain a record of volatile components of an intergranular mineralizing fluid. Knowledge of the important effects of mixed volatile fluids has been inhibited by lack of experimental data on devolatilization, ion exchange, redox, sulfidation, and fluid-complexing reactions of the volatile-bearing minerals biotite, amphibole, apatite, scapolite, cordierite, carbonates, and sulfides with the major minerals of rocks of the deeper interior. A concerted approach among the experimental, thermodynamic, and petrographic disciplines is necessary to make progress on the still poorly understood role of volatiles in shaping the crust. The relatively young science of fluid inclusion analysis will have an increasingly important role in the interdisciplinary effort to interpret the evolution of the continental crust and its underpinnings.
Analysis of Second-round HIV/AIDS Related Behavior Surveillance Survey Among Drug Use Population in Xinjiang

ObjectiveTo find out the status of HIV/AIDS related knowledge awareness and high-risk behaviors of drug users in Xinjiang to provide basis for making effective intervention measures and evaluating the impact of existing interventions.MethodsDrug users in 4 prefectures(Urumqi,Ili,Changji and Aksu) with relatively severe drug use situation were selected as the subject of the survey,and sample size for each prefecture was defined according to the needle-sharing rate in the first-round behavior surveillance survey(BSS).The sample size was then distributed to the selected districts /cities/counties of each prefecture on the basis of proportion of drug use population.Data was collected through anonymous face-to-face questionnaire survey.ResultsTotally 786 drug users were covered by the survey and 70.9% of them was injecting drug user(IDU).The IDU's needle-sharing rate in the last drug use act and during the last 6 months were(28.9%) and 37.16% respectively,and significant(differences) were shown in different prefecture and different ethnic group (P0.05).The needle-sharing rate during the last 6 months was lower than that in the first-round BSS(P0.05).The condom use rate of drug users in the last sex act and the sex act during the last 6 months with their spouses/regular sex partners was 19.2% and 25.51% respectively,and significant differences were shown in different ethnic groups(P0.05).HIV/AIDS related attitude and knowledge awareness were significantly improved(P0.05) compared with 2001.ConclusionsThe impact of interventions conducted among drug use population has come into view with the improvement of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and the decrease of needle-sharing rate compared with 2001.Since the condom use rate of drug users in the sex act with their spouses/regular sex partners was extremely low,there is a high risk of HIV transmission from high-risk population to general population.Drug related harm reduction and condom promotion are the two key measures to be continuously taken toward drug use population.
The Breeding of a New Rice Variety Changbai 12

Total DNA of Barnyard millet was transformed into a rice variety Qijinfeng via pollen tube path way. A great deal of variation was found among the progeny. Changbai 12 was selected from those variations. The results show that Changbai 12 is of high yield, good quality, and multi resistance. It is fit to plant in Jilin province.
Molecular mechanisms regulating formation, trafficking and processing of annular gap junctions

Internalization of gap junction plaques results in the formation of annular gap junction vesicles. The factors that regulate the coordinated internalization of the gap junction plaques to form annular gap junction vesicles, and the subsequent events involved in annular gap junction processing have only relatively recently been investigated in detail. However it is becoming clear that while annular gap junction vesicles have been demonstrated to be degraded by autophagosomal and endo-lysosomal pathways, they undergo a number of additional processing events. Here, we characterize the morphology of the annular gap junction vesicle and review the current knowledge of the processes involved in their formation, fission, fusion, and degradation. In addition, we address the possibility for connexin protein recycling back to the plasma membrane to contribute to gap junction formation and intercellular communication. Information on gap junction plaque removal from the plasma membrane and the subsequent processing of annular gap junction vesicles is critical to our understanding of cell-cell communication as it relates to events regulating development, cell homeostasis, unstable proliferation of cancer cells, wound healing, changes in the ischemic heart, and many other physiological and pathological cellular phenomena.
Home study course: Fall 2003.

Objective The Home Study Course is intended for the practicing colposcopist or practitioner who is seeking to develop or enhance his or her colposcopic skills. The goal of the course is to present colposcopic cases that are unusual or instructive in terms of appearance, presentation, or management or that demonstrate new and important knowledge in the area of colposcopy or pathology. Participants may benefit from reading and studying the material or from testing their knowledge by answering the questions. Accme accreditation The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to sponsor continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCCP designates this continuing medical education activity for 1 credit hour in Category I of the Physician's Recognition Award of the American Medical Association. Credit is available for those who choose to apply. The Home Study Course is planned and produced in accordance with the ACCME's Essential Areas and Elements.
New Hormones in the Therapeutic Arsenal of Chronic Renal Failure: Growth Hormone and Erythropoietin

The advent of recombinant DNA technology has had a significant impact on the practice of medicine. Nowhere has the impact been felt more than in the population of children with chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. The provision of recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant human erythropoietin therapy has improved the quality of life of these children in a manner matched only by cyclosporine in the past decade. This article discusses the basic concepts behind the development of growth retardation and anemia in association with chronic renal failure and the roles played by recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in the treatment of these problems.
Ventilatory Management in Critical Neurologic Illness

Evolution and refinement of airway and ventilatory management has taken place in neurologic critical care. Applications for ventilatory management have been extended to virtually all acute life- threatening illnesses found in neurologic critical care units today. This article focuses on the airway and ventilatory management of patients with acute raised intracranial pressure, cervical spine injuries, and neuromuscular ventilatory failure.
Induction of the human sperm acrosome reaction by human oocytes.

The acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa incubated in the presence or absence of vested human oocytes was investigated. All gametes were obtained from human in vitro fertilization (IVF) cases. Spermatozoa were collected after incubation in insemination medium only and following removal of the oocytes from insemination medium during the IVF procedure. After 16 hours of incubation 18.5% of the spermatozoa in insemination medium alone were acrosome-reacted compared to 31.5% for spermatozoa incubated in medium containing oocytes. The acrosome reaction of spermatozoa incubated with fertilized or unfertilized oocytes was also investigated. The percentage of acrosome reaction did not differ ( P > 0.05) between the two groups (29.7% in the fertilized cases versus 30.7% in the unfertilized cases). Completion of oocyte nuclear maturation did not affect the proportion of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa observed with unfertilized eggs. A similar ( P > 0.05) percentage of acrosome reacted spermatozoa were observed regardless of whether the unfertilized oocytes had (29%) or had not (35%) reached metaphase II. These findings indicate the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa is enhanced in the presence of vested human oocytes. Furthermore, there is no apparent correlation between the percentage of the population of spermatozoa that acrosome react in the medium and the potential of an oocyte for fertilization.
Meeting an Expanding Educational Role for Ambulatory Care Services

The mid-1980s have been marked by a growing shift in the locus of health care delivery: from the in-patient setting to ambulatory care programs. As a result of cost containment strategies—exemplified by the diagnosis related group method for hospital reimbursement—the ambulatory care network has assumed responsibility for many patients with advanced or complicated diseases. This increased responsibility is in addition to preventive services, health maintenance, and routine care of acute and chronic conditions. This shift not only requires expansion of the current system for delivery of primary care services, but will also increase the role that organized ambulatory care programs will have to play in the education of health professionals. On the basis of a ten-year experience in utilizing two county funded neighborhood health centers for primary care training of family practice residents and medical students, undergraduate and postgraduate medical education programs are discussed in terms of the changes they impose on ambulatory care program organization (e.g., staffing, space, patient assignment and consent), proposed financing, and agreements with educational institutions. The increased administrative burden of training programs is offset by benefits which include staff satisfaction, enhanced quality of care, and an increase in the pool of appropriately trained physicians.
Soybean Mineral Composition and Glyphosate Use

Abstract Glyphosate has become the most widely used herbicide in soybeans, primarily because of its use in transgenic, glyphosate-resistant (GR) cultivars of this crop. There have been claims that glyphosate reduces the levels of certain minerals, especially Mn, in GR crops. The published literature related to this topic is conflicting. Most of the greenhouse studies that have reported reductions in minerals that form divalent cations with glyphosate have examined only the foliage of glyphosate-treated, GR soybean. The only greenhouse study that analyzed mature seed from such plants found no effects on the content of the 14 minerals analyzed. Most of the field studies have found no effects of glyphosate on mineral content of the foliage of GR soybean. Only two studies have examined the mineral content of mature seeds from treated plants in field, and no effects were found. More studies of this important question are needed, using a range of GR cultivars on different soils and in different climates in order to resolve this question.
Dynamics of Muscle Maturation

A painless, non-invasive technique for measuring the effects of age on the relaxation of calf muscle in 22 healthy children is reported from the Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Physiology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh.
Onset Times in Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectra to Measure Ultrafast Non-Adiabatic Dynamics in Small Molecular Systems

Using signal onset times, time-resolved photoelectron kinetic energy spectra from a two VUV photon pump-probe scheme allow for the tracking of ultrafast (<10 fs) non-adiabatic dynamics of valence excited molecules.
A III-V field effect transistor (FET) with hafnium oxide gate dielectric for the detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization

Field-portable DNA biosensors have the potential to greatly improve diagnosis of disease, forensic DNA analysis, food safety monitoring, and biowarfare detection. These sensors detect hybridization of complementary strands of DNA, one immobilized onto the sensor substrate and the other free in solution. Most DNA sensors suffer from lack of portability or the inability to process large numbers of samples in parallel. Field effect transistor (FET) based DNA sensors, which detect hybridization by sensing negative charges on target DNA through the field effect, have the potential for both high throughput and portable detection [1].
Hyperoxia-Induced Proliferative Retinopathy: Early Interruption of Retinal Vascular Development with Severe and Irreversible Neurovascular Disruption

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity in premature infants, occurring as a result of arrested lung development combined with multiple postnatal insults. Infants with BPD exposed to supplemental oxygen are at risk of retinopathy of prematurity as well. Thus, we studied the effects of hyperoxia on the retinal vasculature in a murine model of BPD. The retinal phenotype of this model, which we termed hyperoxia-induced proliferative retinopathy (HIPR), shows severe disruption of retinal vasculature and loss of vascular patterning, disorganized intra-retinal angiogenesis, inflammation and retinal detachment. Neonatal mice were subjected to 75% oxygen exposure from postnatal day (P)0 to P14 to model BPD, then allowed to recover in room air for 1 (P15), 7 (P21), or 14 days (P28). We quantified retinal thickness, protein levels of HIF-1α, NOX2, and VEGF, and examined the cellular locations of these proteins by immunohistochemistry. We examined the retinal blood vessel integrity and inflammatory markers, including macrophages (F4/80) and lymphocytes (CD45R). Compared to controls, normal retinal vascular development was severely disrupted and replaced by a disorganized sheet of intra-retinal angiogenesis in the HIPR mice. At all time-points, HIPR showed persistent hyaloidal vasculature and a significantly thinner central retina compared to controls. HIF-1α protein levels were increased at P15, while VEGF levels continued to increase until P21. Intra-retinal fibrinogen was observed at P21 followed by sub-retinal deposition in at P28. Inflammatory lymphocytes and macrophages were observed at P21 and P28, respectively. This model presents a severe phenotype of disrupted retinal vascular development, intra-retinal angiogenesis inflammation and retinal detachment.
Introduction: Visualizing Genetics for Public Readers

Chapter 1 argues that current literature on science visualization focuses on two stakeholders—scientists and science educators/students—but overlooks the publics. This oversight is especially problematic in the communication of genetics, a discipline that has significant impact on publics’ welfare and quality of life. The chapter advocates a fluid approach to popular science communication, one that departs from both the deficit and the critical approaches. It asserts that popular science genetics images both deliver formal knowledge and function as social–cultural artifacts. To analyze these images, the book draws upon information design and social semiotics theories. These two theories reveal, on the one hand, images’ apparent appearance and affordance in information delivery and, on the other hand, their implied messages, emotions, and value stances.
Cube texture in copper

Copper single crystals of initial (358) [523] orientation, after being cold rolled to 98 pct reduction in thickness, were observed to retain essentially their original orientation. The operating mechanism previously suggested1 for this component of deformation texture in face-centered-cubic metals during recrystallization was experimentally observed to be valid to a certain extent.
Feeling inadequate: Residents' stress and learning at primary care clinics in the United States.

Background: Educators hope that residents’ experiences in primary care continuity clinics will influence more trainees to enter primary care careers. Unfortunately, evidence shows that outpatient p...
Age-related changes in the peripheral retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.

Purpose This pilot cross-sectional study aimed to determine age-related changes of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in retinal periphery by swept-source optical coherence tomography-based analysis. Methods Forty eyes of 40 healthy subjects were studied in three age groups, group 1 (20-40 years, n=15), group 2 (41-60 years, n=14), and group 3 (≥61 years, n=11). Wide-angle swept-source optical coherence tomography scans, including the optic disc and macula, were montaged with the nasal peripheral optical coherence tomography images acquired with a contralateral gaze. The peripapillary and peripheral RNFL thickness values were obtained for nasal and temporal sides. The ratio of peripheral-to-peripapillary RNFL thickness was also calculated for these sectors. Results We detected a significantly thinner RNFL in older than younger subjects at a distance of 6 mm from the optic disc on nasal and temporal sides (P<0.001). An age-related reduction in peripheral-to-peripapillary RNFL thickness ratios (P<0.001 and P<0.02 for nasal and temporal sides, respectively) was also detected. Conclusion The age-related decline should be taken into consideration when determining the glaucoma-related alterations in peripheral RNFL thickness. Continued analysis in patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma should help determine whether RNFL in the periphery with lower nerve tissue reserve might be more susceptible to injury, whether injury to the peripheral RNFL might be easier to detect, and/or whether analysis of the peripheral RNFL thickness could improve clinical diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma.
“Who Knows Me the Best and Can Encourage Me the Most?”: Matching and Early Relationship Development in Youth-Initiated Mentoring Relationships with System-Involved Youth:

Youth-initiated mentoring (YIM), in which youth select adults from within their communities to serve as mentors in relationships that are formalized through mentoring programs, has the potential to...
Moving contact-line mobility measured

Contact-line mobility characterizes how fast a liquid can wet or unwet a solid support by relating the contact angle to the contact-line speed . The contact angle changes dynamically with contact-line speeds during rapid movement of liquid across a solid. Speeds beyond the region of stick–slip are the focus of this experimental paper. For these speeds, liquid inertia and surface tension compete while damping is weak. The mobility parameter is defined empirically as the proportionality, when it exists, between and , . We discover that exists and measure it. The experimental approach is to drive the contact line of a sessile drop by a plane-normal oscillation of the drop’s support. Contact angles, displacements and speeds of the contact line are measured. To unmask the mobility away from stick–slip, the diagram of against , the traditional diagram, is remapped to a new diagram by rescaling with displacement. This new diagram reveals a regime where is proportional to and the slope yields the mobility . The experimental approach reported introduces the cyclically dynamic contact angle goniometer. The concept and method of the goniometer are illustrated with data mappings for water on a low-hysteresis non-wetting substrate.
Perioperative Immunotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer and Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, a significant proportion of patients are ineligible for cisplatin owing to renal impairment or other medical comorbidities. The introduction of anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD1/PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors has redefined the therapeutic landscape for platinum-resistant urothelial cancers; their clinical efficacy and favorable toxicity render these agents attractive therapeutic options either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents in earlier disease states, including muscle-invasive disease. We review potential perioperative immunotherapy strategies, ongoing clinical trials and areas of unmet needs, including upper tract disease and non-urothelial cancers.
Charge Separation at Mixed-Dimensional Single and Multilayer MoS2/Silicon Nanowire Heterojunctions

Layered two-dimensional (2-D) semiconductors can be combined with other low-dimensional semiconductors to form nonplanar mixed-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions whose charge transport behavior is influenced by the heterojunction geometry, providing a new degree of freedom to engineer device functions. Toward that end, we investigated the photoresponse of Si nanowire/MoS2 heterojunction diodes with scanning photocurrent microscopy and time-resolved photocurrent measurements. Comparison of n-Si/MoS2 isotype heterojunctions with p-Si/MoS2 heterojunction diodes under varying biases shows that the depletion region in the p–n heterojunction promotes exciton dissociation and carrier collection. We measure an instrument-limited response time of 1 μs, which is 10 times faster than the previously reported response times for planar Si/MoS2 devices, highlighting the advantages of the 1-D/2-D heterojunction. Finite element simulations of device models provide a detailed understanding of how the electrost...
The Transformation of Regime and Gender Inequality in Turkey

The common perception in the West was that, with the AKP, Turkey had finally overcome the enduring Islamist versus secularist societal split, and it was believed that ‘New Turkey’ of the Muslim democratic AKP could be a role model for the Arab World. However, history has proved correct the alternative narrative by Turkey’s secular elite that the AKP or Erdogan ’s hidden agenda is to replace Kemalist ideology with an authoritarian Islamic one. This chapter provides a brief account of this radical transformation, focusing on the welfare regime and education system.
Validation of a Decision Support System for Use in Drug Development: Pharmacokinetic Data

Purpose. Single dose pharmacokinetic data from several individuals can be used to predict the fraction of the population that is expected to be within a therapeutic range. Without having some measure of its reliability, however, that prediction is only likely to marginally influence critical drug development decision making. The system (Forecaster) described generates an approximate prediction interval that contains the original prediction and where, for example, the probability is approximately 85% that a similar prediction from a new set of data will also be within the range. The goal is to validate that the system functions as designed.
Light/Darkness and the Phenomenon of Creation in Victor Hugo

In this paper we will show that the interpretation, which has long held the field, of an epic poem written by Victor Hugo lacks coherence; we will suggest a new paradigm and analyze the poem from this new vantage point.
Structure of Approximately Finite Dimensional Factors

In this chapter, we will describe the structure of approximately finite dimensional, abbreviated AFD, factors in each type. A factor of type I is always approximately finite dimensional and its structure is well understood so far as the entire algebra is concerned, which are classified by their dimension, i.e. a factor of type I n , 1 ≤ n ≤ ∞, is isomorphic to the algebra M n (C) of n × n-matrices for n < ∞ and to L(l2) for n = ∞. However, in the non type I case, we do not have such a complete classification of general factors yet; in each type, type II1, II∞, and IIIλ, 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1, there are continuously many non-isomorphic separable factors. Among them, we have best control over AFD factors. We knew already that AFD factors of type II1 are all mutually isomorphic and isomorphic to the infinite tensor product R 0 of factors of type I2 relative to normalized traces; the same is true for AFD factors of type II∞ which are isomorphic to \({R_{0,1}} = {R_0}\bar \otimes B\) with B a factor of type I∞. We will see in §1 that all AFD factors of type IIIλ for each fixed λ with 0 < λ < 1 are isomorphic to the infinite tensor product R λ of factors M n of type I2 relative to a special sequence {ω λ n } of states on M n where ω λ n on M n is given by: $$\omega _{\lambda }^{n}\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{x}_{{11}}}} & {{{x}_{{12}}}} \\ {{{x}_{{21}}}} & {{{x}_{{22}}}} \\ \end{array} } \right) = \frac{{{{\lambda }^{{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{x}_{{11}}} + {{\lambda }^{{ - \frac{1}{2}}}}{{x}_{{22}}}}}{{{{\lambda }^{{\frac{1}{2}}}} + {{\lambda }^{{ - \frac{1}{2}}}}}}.$$
Buoyancy effects on large-scale motions in convective atmospheric boundary layers: implications for modulation of near-wall processes

A number of recent studies have demonstrated the existence of so-called large- and very-large-scale motions (LSM, VLSM) that occur in the logarithmic region of inertia-dominated wall-bounded turbulent flows. These regions exhibit significant streamwise coherence, and have been shown to modulate the amplitude and frequency of small-scale inner-layer fluctuations in smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers. In contrast, the extent to which analogous modulation occurs in inertia-dominated flows subjected to convective thermal stratification (low Richardson number) and Coriolis forcing (low Rossby number), has not been considered. And yet, these parameter values encompass a wide range of important environmental flows. In this article, we present evidence of amplitude modulation (AM) phenomena in the unstably stratified (i.e. convective) atmospheric boundary layer, and link changes in AM to changes in the topology of coherent structures with increasing instability. We perform a suite of large eddy simulations spanning weakly ( increases, LSMs in the streamwise velocity field transition from long, linear updrafts (or horizontal convective rolls) to open cellular patterns, analogous to turbulent Rayleigh–Benard convection. These changes in the instantaneous velocity field are accompanied by a shift in the outer peak in the streamwise and vertical velocity spectra to smaller dimensionless wavelengths until the energy is concentrated at a single peak. The decoupling procedure proposed by Mathis et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 628, 2009a, pp. 311–337) is used to investigate the extent to which amplitude modulation of small-scale turbulence occurs due to large-scale streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations. As the spatial attributes of flow structures change from streamwise to vertically dominated, modulation by the large-scale streamwise velocity decreases monotonically. However, the modulating influence of the large-scale vertical velocity remains significant across the stability range considered. We report, finally, that amplitude modulation correlations are insensitive to the computational mesh resolution for flows forced by shear, buoyancy and Coriolis accelerations.
Extern Programs Promote Confidence and Reduce Anxiety With Clinical Decision Making in Nursing Students.

BACKGROUND Clinical decision making (CDM), expected of professional nurses, affects patient outcomes but is arduous for nursing students to learn. Psychological barriers (low self-confidence [SC] and high anxiety with CDM) have an impact on its achievement. Externship programs help mitigate these barriers. PURPOSE The aim was to examine the impact of summer employment (nurse extern [NE], nursing assistant, and non-health care employed) on students' confidence and anxiety with CDM. METHODS The study used a quasi-experimental before-and-after design using the Nursing Anxiety and Self-Confidence with Clinical Decision Making scale. Associate and baccalaureate degree students (N = 134) from 2 nursing and 2 extern programs were included. RESULTS The NEs reported significantly increased SC (F = 14.02, P < .001) and reduced anxiety (F = 8.64, P < .001). Nonsignificant improvements were noted in other groups. CONCLUSIONS Externships appear to enhance students' SC and lessen their anxiety with CDM.
Sexual Revictimization in College Women: Mediational Analyses Testing Hypothesized Mechanisms for Sexual Coercion and Sexual Assault

A precollege history of sexual victimization predicts revictimization during college, making it important to understand the mechanisms underlying the victimization-to-revictimization pathway. The s...
Changes in urinary metabolome related to body fat involve intermediates of choline processing by gut microbiota.

Abstract Countering the obesity pandemic will require better understanding of disease mechanisms and development of new diagnostic methods. Small molecule metabolites excreted in urine can be important biomarkers of disease progression and treatment. However, with multiple pathways involved, it has been challenging to identify key pathway(s) that closely follow disease features such as body fat. We employed a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model of obesity with the goal of determining changes in urinary metabolite profile related to body fat using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Several urinary metabolites with significantly lower levels in HFD compared to control mice have been identified. Specifically, major changes were found in metabolites from tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, amino acid, nicotinamide, and choline metabolism including 2-hydroxydlutarate, cis-aconitate, trans-aconitate, alanine, creatine, trigonelline, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine. However, levels of only two metabolites, namely dimethylamine and trimethylamine, showed significant reverse correlation with total body fat. These metabolites derive from choline processing by gut microbiota and may be prospective biomarkers indicative of accumulation of body fat in obesity.
Intrinsically smooth discretisation of Connolly's solvent-excluded molecular surface

The switching/Gaussia (SWIG) algorithm for intrinsically smooth discretisation of the van der Waals cavity surface, for use in implicit solvation modelling, is extended here to the case of the solv...