cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal-spike treatment of ion-induced grain growth: Theory and experimental comparison

Grain growth commonly observed during heavy-ion irradiation of initially fine-grained (\ensuremath{\le}100 \AA{} diameter) thin films is modeled as a thermal-spike phenomenon in which temperature spikes caused by ions and recoils induce atomic jumps across grain boundaries, promoting boundary migration. In elemental and homogeneous alloy systems, in which grain growth is driven solely by the reduction of boundary surface area, the model predicts that the ion-induced grain-boundary mobility is linearly proportional to the quantity, ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{D}}^{2}$/\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{coh}}^{3}$, in which ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{D}}$ is the ion and recoil energy deposited in elastic collisions and \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{coh}}$ is the cohesive energy of the target. The model was evaluated with respect to data from two previously published ion-induced grain-growth experiments on elemental and coevaporated alloy films. The results were consistent with the thermal-spike model. Combining analytical results of the model with the experimental data it was possible to determine the value of the proportionality constant \ensuremath{\beta} relating the cohesive energy to the activation energy Q for grain growth (Q=-\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{coh}}$). The value of \ensuremath{\beta} for the coevaporated and elemental films, respectively, was 0.07 and 0.15, which is less than or about equal to the value previously determined for the thermal-spike treatment of ion beam mixing (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathrm{IM}}$=0.14). The smaller value of \ensuremath{\beta} determined for the coevaporated films is consistent with the idea that atom migration across grain boundaries is easier than migration within the lattice. The thermal-spike treatment was also applied to ion-induced grain growth in multilayer films. The presence of concentration gradients in these systems adds another driving force affecting grain growth. In addition, the influence of the heat of mixing (\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{mix}}$) on atomic mobility and boundary migration was incorporated in the model via a Darken effect.
Peptide Interaction with a Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex-Encoded Molecule: Allosteric Control of the Ternary Complex Stability†

Thermodynamics and kinetics of interaction between a soluble class I MHC heterodimer composed of the H-2K^d heavy chain (H) and human β_2 microglobulin (β_2m) with a dansylated peptide series based on residues 147−155 of influenza virus nucleoprotein sequence were studied by means of real-time fluorescence measurements. Peptide−heterodimer binding is a second-order process with specific rates practically independent of peptide structure (3−5 × 10^6 M^(-1) s^(-1)). The ternary complex assembly involves a rate-limiting step of β_2m association with H to yield an unstable heterodimer (τ ≤ 5 s, 37 °C). Peptide binding provides a positive feedback enhancing H's affinity for β_2m, thus stabilizing the ternary complex. The latter decays by either peptide or β2m dissociation. The first-order rate constants of peptide dissociation ((0.5 × 10^(-2))−(0.4 × 10^(-3)) s^(-1), 37 °C) depend on their structures and are faster than that of β_2m dissociation. The former process decreases the H affinity for β_2m and induces their dissociation. This dissociation, in turn, drastically lowers H affinity for peptide. Thus, these three components produce a system which is stable as a trimer. This behavior is rationalized by the functional requirements of class I molecules: Peptide structure determines the ternary complex's lifetime, and peptide rebinding on the cell surface is rendered unlikely by the limited stability of the empty heterodimers and the very low peptide affinity of the heavy chains.
A variational approach to trajectory planning for persistent monitoring of spatiotemporal fields

This paper considers the problem of planning a trajectory for a sensing robot to best estimate a time-changing scalar field in its environment. We model the field as a linear combination of basis functions with time-varying weights. The robot uses a Kalman-like filter to maintain an estimate of the field, and to compute the error covariance of the estimate. The goal is to find a trajectory for the sensing robot that minimizes a cost metric on the error covariance and the control effort expended by the robot. Pontryagin's Minimum Principle is used to find a set of differential equations that must be satisfied by the optimal trajectory. A numerical solver is used to find a trajectory satisfying these equations to give persistent monitoring trajectories.
The Ship Has Sailed and We Aren't On It: How Catalogers Could Support User Tasks and Why We Won’t

The article begins by describing the possible characteristics of a catalog interface built to leverage a future FRBR bibliographic framework and discussing the viability of a FRBR-ized catalog interface. The author then examines current trends in interface design, which leverage conventional cataloging data structures. This survey of the literature is followed by recommendations for adapting cataloging practices to enhance the efficacy of current interface designs. The author concludes by proposing that catalogers have a choice to make about the direction of functional cataloging initiatives.
Textile Workers and Union Sentiment

Although southern textile zvorkers typically are portrayed as anti-union and extremely deferential, there is little empirical evidence to support such an assertion. We present data from 208 textile uvorkers in a southern textile community without any unionized mills. We find that paternalistic class relations are still a factor in wvorker attitudes but that wvorkers also express higher levels of activism and union support than expected. 'The continued presence of paternalism in the textile industry is explained in terms of a peripheral industry within a peripheral region. Variations in union support are related most strongly to length of time at the current mill, gender, and amounts of deference and activism expressed. Nestled in the foothills of north Georgia is an interesting community of 20,000 people which has the distinction of being the world capital of tufted textile production. The 150 mills in the area produce over 60 percent of the carpet in the United States (McGregor and Maxey). Neither the success of the mills nor the size of the workforce has attracted union organizers into the area and the workers have shown no signs of organizing themselves. Management points with pride to the well-adjusted, contented workforce and the spirit of togetherness which characterizes production. These aspects, and others to be described later, aroused our curiosity about the way these workers would perceive unions. Certainly the literature on class consciousness and union attitudes is slanted toward workers who are union members (e.g., Buttel and Flinn; Leggett; Manis and Meltzer, a; Zingraff and Schulman). This community presents the opportunity to study non-unionized workers who appear to be, and are described by management as being, deferential, non-assertive, and uninterested in unions.
Running Can Modify Classroom Behavior

In the last decade, there have been concerted efforts to document the benefits of exercise as a treatment for physical and mental problems. More specifically, running/jogging has recently received support as an effective treatment for children's behavior and learning difficulties. The following article describes a running program that may help increase the attention span and impulse control of learning disabled children. Speculations are made regarding the mixed results of the the author's study and suggestions are given for tighter controls in future research.
Evaluation of p16 immunostaining to predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with Pap results of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance

p16 immunostaining has been examined to detect high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade (CIN2+) in Pap cytology specimens. However, the utility of p16 in predicting CIN2+ in Pap specimens with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasm (ASC-H), is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the utility of p16 immunostaining for predicting CIN2+ in 78 Pap specimens with ASC-US/ASC-H and compared the results in high-risk HPV DNA and the follow-up biopsies. p16 immunostaining was positive in 47% (37/78) of the Pap specimens. Of the 13 Pap specimens with follow-up biopsy results of CIN2+, 7 (54%) were positive for p16. p16 positivity in the Pap specimens was not significantly associated with a CIN2+ biopsy result (P = 0.76). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of p16 immunostaining for predicting CIN2+ were 54%, 52%, 19%, and 85%, respectively. High-risk HPV DNA was detected in 40% (31/78) of the Pap specimens. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of HPV DNA for predicting CIN2+ were 100%, 72%, 42%, and 100%, respectively. High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in six p16-negative specimens with follow-up biopsy results of CIN2+. Our findings suggest that the utility of p16 immunostaining for predicting CIN2+ in Pap specimens with ASC-US/ASC-H is limited. Scant abnormal cells in Pap specimens with ASC-US/ASC-H may have contributed to the low p16 sensitivity. Diagn. Cytopathol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in stealth coating of nanoparticle drug delivery systems

Modifying surfaces of nanoparticles (NPs) with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the so-called PEGylation, is the most commonly used method for reducing premature clearance of NPs from the circulation. However, several reports point out that PEGylation may negatively influence the performance of NPs as a drug carrier. Alternative surface modification strategies, including substitute polymers, conditional removal of PEG, and biomimetic surface modification, may provide solutions for the limitations of PEG.
Converted-wave resolution

Seismic-resolution theory used in survey design applies to P- and S-wave reflection seismology but is not readily applicable to converted waves. We rederived the theory with sufficient generality to include converted waves explicitly. Generalization of the theory requires that the inherent converted-wave properties of mode change and finite scattering angle be accommodated. The significance of amplitude fidelity in modern seismic applications also affects the resolution description. We considered resolution in the context of a single recorded trace (trace resolution) and an image derived from many traces (image resolution). Trace resolution is governed by wavelet width, which results in a minimum bandwidth requirement, depending on scattering angle and local propagation velocities of incident and scattered modes. Image resolution is governed additionally by the migration acceptance angle and results in minimum aperture and sampling requirements. The requirements for converted-wave surveys generally differ...
Prooxidant activity of caffeic acid, dietary non‐flavonoid phenolic acid, on Cu2+‐induced low density lipoprotein oxidation

The effects of caffeic acid (CA) and chlorogenic acid (CHA), an ester of caffeic acid with quinic acid, were studied on isolated human Cu2+-induced low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in initiation and propagation phases by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), detecting conjugated diene and investigating the electrophoretic mobility change of LDL. Both non-flavonoids exhibited prooxidant and antioxidant activities depending on the LDL oxidation phases. CA and CHA (0.1 microM or more) enhanced LDL oxidation in the propagation phase. In agreement with previous findings, 0.5 microM CA and CHA inhibited LDL oxidation in the initiation phase. When 0.5 microM CA was added at 0 min, the duration of inhibition was about 60 min. Yet, after >9 min incubation with Cu2+, 0.5 microM CA accelerated LDL oxidation. The acceleration ratios were modified depending on the oxidation process and the concentration of added CA in the propagation phase. The maximum acceleration ratio was about 5 on addition of 2-5 microM CA, attained after 40 min incubation with Cu2+. Even in the propagation phase, an elevated concentration of CA inhibited oxidation; after 20 min incubation with Cu2+, CA at >3 microM functioned as an inhibitor. Further studies must be performed in order to clarify the counteracting deleterious prooxidant conditions of these widespread natural dietary compounds.
CLONAL VARIATION IN PHOTOTAXIS AND SETTLEMENT BEHAVIORS OF HINCKSIA IRREGULARIS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) SPORES1

Hincksia irregularis (Kutzing) Amsler isolates from North Carolina were used to assess clonal variations in spore swimming behavior and settlement responses within a population. These behaviors were also compared with those previously reported from a Florida panhandle clone to assess differences between geographically distinct populations. Minor variation between morphologies, reproductive responses, and settlement intervals were observed between all clones. Spores from all North Carolina clones exhibited positive phototaxis, but there was significant variation in the lower threshold irradiances that could elicit the behavior. In contrast, spores from the previously studied Florida panhandle clone exhibited negative phototaxis. Hincksia irregularis spore settlement responses to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces were consistent for all clones currently and previously tested. Interactive effects of light and charge on settlement were evident in spores from North Carolina isolates, but these effects differed from the Florida panhandle isolate. Settlement preference and swimming behavior differences may have a considerable effect on an individual's ecological fitness and placement within the marine environment. However, the perceived relevance of these differences needs to be validated further in light of previously reported genetic, physiological, and behavioral variations observed in other algal clones that have called into question traditional assessments of individuality.
A nonlinear structural concept for drag-reducing compliant walls

Two mechanisms of drag reduction for flow over flat plates were investigated. The first mechanism employs Bushnell's hypothesis that compliant walls produce drag reduction by interfering with the formation of the turbulent spots in a turbulent boundary layer. It is shown that the amplitudes and frequencies of compliant wall motions for drag reduction might be achieved by using slightly curved walls and the resulting large amplitude motions of snap buckling. A simple structural model of an arch is used in the analysis, and an asymptotic method is developed. The required wall motions can be obtained by using materials like mylar. In addition, the delay of transition from laminar to turbulent flow by driven walls was studied for Poiseuille channel flow. The walls are driven by a periodic traveling wave. A significant increase in the transitional Reynolds number is obtained by appropriately prescribing the wavelength and phase velocity of the wall motion. Previously developed asymptotic methods are used in the analysis. Previously announced in STAR as N83-11061
Youth Socialization and Civic Participation: The Role of Secondary Schools in Promoting Community Service in Southern California

The purpose of this research was to illuminate high schools' roles in encouraging volunteer community service. The authors sought to answer four questions: (a) What is the extent and distribution of secondary schools that sponsor or provide volunteer service programs, (b) how do secondary schools promote or support volunteering among students, (c) what is the rationale for offering community service, and (d) what is the conceptual relationship between school auspices and community service offerings? The findings generally support the expected differences between public and private schools; for example, private religious schools are most likely to mandate service experiences for their students. However, the differences between private religious and nonsectarian schools need further elaboration. To the extent that civic participation is based on social interdependence and a sense of community responsibility or ownership, high school community service remains problematic as a means to socializing students in...
Education and Gender Egalitarianism: The Case of China

This study examined Chinese attitudes toward womens careers marriage rights sexual freedom and the importance of having sons using a 1991 national sample of individuals and community-level data and through a series of nested multilevel models. Education influences gender attitudes in multiple ways at both the micro- and macrolevels. Better-educated individuals hold more egalitarian gender attitudes and this positive effect of individual education is larger for women than for men indicating a strong empowerment effect for women. Egalitarian gender attitudes trickle down through education as individuals in communities with high education are socialized toward more egalitarian attitudes. Community education has a larger effect toward the egalitarian direction on the attitude toward the importance of having sons than on the attitude toward womens marriage rights indicating that change in the latter attitude occurred earlier and has now spread via education. These findings show that education is a vehicle of socialization that is used by both the domestic power elite (the Communist Party). and the Western culture. (authors)
A total throughput transient spectrometer for gamma-ray bursters

Abstract A instrument concept for a high throughput, high time and energy resolution gamma-ray detector is presented. Based on an array of 12 high purity germanium detectors, it is capable of obtaining data of unprecedented sensitivity on the energy spectra of gamma-ray bursts, including, for the first time, polarization measurements. It is presently envisioned as an investigation for a platform which can accommodate massive experiments with large amounts of telemetry, for example, a space station.
Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection : Duplication of open technique

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has been used to stage germ cell testicular cancer. Since its initial description, this minimally invasive procedure has evolved into a therapeutic operation that adheres to established strict oncologic principles. A modified template dissection that fully duplicates the open technique is now routinely performed at our institution. We describe and show in the accompanying video segments a laparoscopic modified template dissection.
Should Hypersexual Disorder be Classified as an Addiction

Hypersexual behavior has been documented within clinical and research settings over the past decade. Despite recent research on hypersexuality and its associated features, many questions remain how best to define and classify hypersexual behavior. Proposed diagnostic criteria for Hypersexual Disorder (HD) have been proposed for the DSM-5 and a preliminary field trial has lent some support to the reliability and validity of the HD diagnosis. However, debate exists with respect to the extent to which the disorder might be categorized as a non-substance or behavioral addiction. In this article, we will discuss this debate in the context of data citing similarities and differences between hypersexual disorder, drug addictions, and pathological gambling. The authors of this paper conclude that despite many similarities between the features of hypersexual behavior and substance-related disorders, the research on HD at this time is in its infancy and much remains to be learned before definitively characterizing HD as an addiction at this time.
Perceived Government Waste and Government Structure: an Empirical Examination of Competing Explanations

This article specifies two alternative models of how government structures affect Abstract waste—the reform government movement's underlying model and the simplest version of a transactions-cost model. Key differences in the underlying assumptions of these two models are highlighted. Employing these models, estimates of the effects of government structures on perceived government waste are empirically extracted net of systematic individual specific perceptions that might be correlated with community-related perceptions. Empirical results suggest that the transactions-cost model better explains how government structures affect citizen satisfaction with local government's performance than does the reform model. The methodology developed to accomplish these tests promises to be useful in other applications.
800 Years of vegetation change, fire and human settlement in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA.

A combination of pollen and sedimentary charcoal stratigraphies are used in conjunction with historical records to determine the relationships between climate, vegetation change and changing distur...
Atomistic deconstruction of clear performance advantages of a monolithically patterned wide-narrow-wide all-graphene FET

Experiments show that wide GNRs are all metallic while ultra thin ribbons ( 2 (k=16) as a high-k top-gate dielectric and SiO 2 (k=3.9) as the substrate dielectric with grounded substrate contact.
Design and analysis of fuzzy morphological algorithms for image processing

A general paradigm for lifting binary morphological algorithms to fuzzy algorithms is employed to construct fuzzy versions of classical binary morphological operations. The lifting procedure is based upon an epistemological interpretation of both image and filter fuzzification. Algorithms are designed via the paradigm for various fuzzifications and their performances are analyzed to provide insight into the kind of liftings that produce suitable results. Algorithms are discussed for three image processing tasks: shape detection, edge detection, and clutter removal. Detailed analyses are given for the effect of noise and its mitigation owing to fuzzy approaches. It is demonstrated how the fuzzy hit-or-miss transform can be used in conjunction with a decision procedure to achieve word recognition.
Experiencing Technical Work: A Comparison of Male and Female Engineers

Analysis of questionnaire data from 51 matched male/female pairs of engineers shows that even though these pairs are in very similar positions and share similar orientations to the role of work in their lives, the women have a more ambivalent attitude toward technical expertise. The reasons seem not to lie in complications stemming from women's multiple roles, but relate, rather, to the singular, more "masculine" way that technical work is defined. In managerial roles, in contrast, where criteria of effective performance are more difficult to specify, women seem to be engaged in new models which are associated with less ambivalence. Such diversity, it is argued, is useful for all employees, male and female.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide–Linked Hypercalcemia in a Melanoma Patient Treated With Ipilimumab: Hormone Source and Clinical and Metabolic Correlates

A patient diagnosed with metastatic melanoma developed the paraneoplastic syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and cachexia after receiving ipilumumab. The cause of the hypercalcemia was thought to be secondary to parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) as plasma levels were found to be elevated. The patient underwent two tumor biopsies: at diagnosis (when calcium levels were normal) and upon development of hypercalcemia and cachexia. PTHrP expression was higher in melanoma cells when hypercalcemia had occurred than prior to its onset. Metabolic characterization of melanoma cells revealed that, with development of hypercalcemia, there was high expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), which is the main importer of lactate and ketone bodies into cells. MCT1 is associated with high mitochondrial metabolism. Beta-galactosidase (β-GAL), a marker of senescence, had reduced expression in melanoma cells upon development of hypercalcemia compared to pre-hypercalcemia. In conclusion, PTHrP expression in melanoma is associated with cachexia, increased cancer cell lactate and ketone body import, high mitochondrial metabolism, and reduced senescence. Further studies are required to determine if PTHrP regulates cachexia, lactate and ketone body import, mitochondrial metabolism, and senescence in cancer cells.
Lateral Inhibition in the Vertebrate Retina: The Case of the Missing Neurotransmitter

Lateral inhibition at the first synapse in the retina is important for visual perception, enhancing image contrast, color discrimination, and light adaptation. Despite decades of research, the feedback signal from horizontal cells to photoreceptors that generates lateral inhibition remains uncertain. GABA, protons, or an ephaptic mechanism have all been suggested as the primary mediator of feedback. However, the complexity of the reciprocal cone to horizontal cell synapse has left the identity of the feedback signal an unsolved mystery.
Quantum entanglement at ambient conditions in a macroscopic solid-state spin ensemble

Entanglement is a key resource for quantum computers, quantum-communication networks, and high-precision sensors. Macroscopic spin ensembles have been historically important in the development of quantum algorithms for these prospective technologies and remain strong candidates for implementing them today. This strength derives from their long-lived quantum coherence, strong signal, and ability to couple collectively to external degrees of freedom. Nonetheless, preparing ensembles of genuinely entangled spin states has required high magnetic fields and cryogenic temperatures or photochemical reactions. We demonstrate that entanglement can be realized in solid-state spin ensembles at ambient conditions. We use hybrid registers comprising of electron-nuclear spin pairs that are localized at color-center defects in a commercial SiC wafer. We optically initialize 10(3) identical registers in a 40-μm(3) volume (with [Formula: see text] fidelity) and deterministically prepare them into the maximally entangled Bell states (with 0.88 ± 0.07 fidelity). To verify entanglement, we develop a register-specific quantum-state tomography protocol. The entanglement of a macroscopic solid-state spin ensemble at ambient conditions represents an important step toward practical quantum technology.
Research on Evaluation Ethics: Reflections and an Agenda

Research on evaluation ethics has grown over the past two and a half decades, enabling practitioners to view with greater precision the ethical terrain they will encounter in their work. This chapter presents an overview of the relevant literature and offers suggestions for making ethics research more useful for evaluation practice.
Some Structural Characteristics of the Venezuelan Milk Industry

The few commercial dairy processors in Venezuela are of substantial size and highly integrated. Fluid milk companies divide sales territories, and there is no government legislation to regulate such monopoly practices. In general there is no advertising and little service to producers or consumers. Farmers get 75 percent of the moderate consumer price, and the quality of most products is good. The assets per dollar of sales average 11 times as high as in Wisconsin; profits per dollar of assets are 50 percent above the Wisconsin average. Government furnishes few public services and tries to improve industry performance with a number of detailed decrees. The bottled milk industry has developed rapidly but policy changes are needed to induce further evolution of the dairy industry.
A Fully Parameterizable Implementation of Autonomous Take-off and Landing for a Fixed Wing UAV

The take-off and landing of an unmanned aerial vehicle is often the most critical and accident prone portion of its mission. This potential hazard coupled with the time and resources necessary to train a remote UAV pilot makes it desirable to have autonomous take-off and landing capabilities for UAVs. However, a robust, reliable, and accurate autonomous take-off and landing capability for fixed-wing aircraft is not an available feature in many low-cost UAV flight control systems. This paper describes the design of an autonomous take-off and landing algorithm implemented on an existing low-cost flight control system for a small fixed wing UAV. This paper also describes the autonomous takeoff and landing algorithm development and gives validation results from hardware in the loop simulation.
Three decades of treatment of esophageal squamous carcinoma at the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Seven hundred one patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus who were treated between 1950 and 1979 were retrospectively studied. The percentage of male patients decreased over the three decades (80% to 69%); the proportion of cigarette and alcohol abusers doubled. The esophageal carcinoma was located as follows: upper third, 24.7%; middle third, 52.8%, and lower third, 22.5%. There was disparity in clinical, surgical, and pathologic staging. More than two thirds of the patients thought to have stage II lesions preoperatively proved to have stage III lesions on pathologic examination; nearly one half of patients thought to have stage II disease intraoperatively were found to have pathologic stage III lesions. This “upgrading” of stage was chiefly a result of histologic recognition of nodal metastasis or extension of carcinoma into surrounding tissues. Operation was performed in 411 cases (58.6%) and resection was performed in 261 (37.2% overall). The postoperative death rate after resection fell from 30.5% in the 1950s to 10.4% in the 1970s, with respiratory complications the predominant cause of death. Analyses were based on treatment directed at the carcinoma itself: radiotherapy, 340 cases (48.5%); resection, 176 cases (25.1%); resection plus radiotherapy, 85 cases (12.1%); no definitive treatment, 100 cases (14.3%). Overall survival for the 701 patients was 13% at 2 years and 6% at 5 years (mean survival, 16.4 months); this did not differ by decade. Survival clearly differed by treatment (p = 0.001); resection plus radiotherapy provided the best survival (35% at 2 years; 20% at 5 years; mean of 32.5 months) followed by resection (18% at 2 years; 7% at 5 years; mean of 17.5 months), radiotherapy (9% at 2 years; 3% at 5 years; mean of 12.7 months), and no treatment (0% at 2 years; 0% at 5 years; mean of 2.5 months). Survival in patients who did not have resection did not differ by decade but survival in patients with resections improved in the last two decades. Patients with pathologic stage II lesions had greatly improved survival (54% at 2 years; 25% at 5 years; mean of 42.7 months) compared with patients with stage III disease (12% at 2 years; 6% at 5 years; (mean of 15.1 months) (p = 0.001).
The adaptor protein insulin receptor substrate 2 inhibits alternative macrophage activation and allergic lung inflammation

Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is an adaptor protein that becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, which results in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. IL-4 and IL-13 contribute to allergic lung inflammation. To examine the role of IRS2 in allergic disease, we evaluated the responses of IRS2-deficient (IRS2(-/-)) mice. Unexpectedly, loss of IRS2 resulted in a substantial increase in the expression of a subset of genes associated with the generation of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in response to IL-4 or IL-13 in vitro. AAMs secrete factors that enhance allergic responses and promote airway remodeling. Moreover, compared to IRS2(+/+) mice, IRS2(+/-) and IRS2(-/-) mice developed enhanced pulmonary inflammation, accumulated eosinophils and AAMs, and exhibited airway and vascular remodeling upon allergen stimulation, responses that partially depended on macrophage-intrinsic IRS2 signaling. Both in unstimulated and IL-4-stimulated macrophages, lack of IRS2 enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal S6 protein. Thus, we identified a critical inhibitory loop downstream of IRS2, demonstrating an unanticipated and previously unrecognized role for IRS2 in suppressing allergic lung inflammation and remodeling.
Hesiod's Metanastic Poetics

The received wisdom about Hesiod's poetics is simple: he is no Homer. His poetry is supposedly rough, awkward, unsophisticated, repetitive, disjointed, a second-best versifier's striving after effect. Too often the rhetoric even of those who respect Hesiodic poetry damns it with faint praise. Readers of the Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics—to take just one easily available reference that students might consult—learn that Hesiod's ‘didactic epics’ were meant forthe peasant of Boeotia rather than the Ionian aristocrat, being concerned with the morality and beliefs of the small farmer toughly confronting a life of ceaseless labor and few rewards. While they cannot be compared to Homer's works in scope or genius, they often display much poetic power.
The Transcendent Teacher-Learner Relationship1

As children’s challenges and needs climb at an alarming rate, teachers are called to a new pedagogy, called to move beyond the barriers of the past. Moreover, to meet the needs of all learners effectively, teachers must relate to children in new ways that transcend the obstacles that have long stood in the way of meaningful learning.
Chromium VI - Induced developmental toxicity of placenta is mediated through spatiotemporal dysregulation of cell survival and apoptotic proteins.

Abstract Environmental contamination with hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a growing problem both in the U.S and developing countries. CrVI is a heavy-metal endocrine disruptor; women working in Cr industries exhibit an increased incidence of premature abortion and infertility. The current study was designed to understand the mechanism of CrVI toxicity on placental cell survival/death pathways. Pregnant mothers were treated with or without CrVI (50 ppm K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) through drinking water from gestational day (GD) 9.5–14.5, and placentas were analyzed on GD 18.5. Results indicated that CrVI increased apoptosis of trophoblasts, vascular endothelium of the metrial glands and yolk sac epithelium through caspase-3 and p53-dependent pathways. CrVI increased apoptosis in labyrinth and basal zones in a caspase-3-independent manner via AIF, and through an ATM-p53-NOXA-PUMA-p27 network. CrVI downregulated cell survival proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and XIAP in the placenta. CrVI disrupts placental histoarchitecture and increases cell death by spatiotemporal modulation of apoptotic signaling.
Compact monostatic/bistatic UWB radar for wall characterization

A compact Ultra Wideband (UWB) radar systems for wall characterization has been developed. The developed system is portable and can be easily reconfigured for mono-static and bi-static operation. The system was integrated utilizing low cost off-the-shelf components and has been successfully tested in collaboration with Villanova University.
Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts and Associated Lesions

The clinical manifestations and associated brain anomalies of intracranial arachnoid cysts are reported in 30 children treated at the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei.
T2 A/D converters for wireless communication in nanometer CMOS

Summary form only given.Topics covered with CMOS quick scaling down, more and more components are integrated into a SOC chip. The economic incentive is strong in pursuing single-chip, CMOS integration of wireless communication transceivers. Spearheaded by the proliferation of digital processing techniques, the mainstream CMOS technology has recently evolved into the nanometer regime. Albeit the majority of digital circuits benefits from small device dimensions and low supply voltages, the design of high dynamic-range A/D interface circuits for wireless applications has become increasingly difficult in scaled technologies. In this tutorial, fundamentals of A/D converters for wireless communication are reviewed, followed by a presentation on challenges and techniques of the design of these converters in nanometer CMOS.
Il Colore della Nazione

Gaia Giuliani begins this very fascinating book with one question: ‘Is racism, which is grudgingly recognized in Italy, an invisible social phenomenon?’ [‘E il razzismo, che si nomina malvolentieri...
Accuracy Assessment of Aircraft Transponder–Based Devices for Measuring Airport Operations

Accurate counts of aircraft operations at unmonitored or partially monitored general aviation airports are difficult to achieve, but they are important because of their effect on the allocation of federal and state airport improvement funds. Impediments to correctly counting aircraft operations include inaccuracies related to the acoustic counters that are commonly used to collect data and errors in the statistical procedures that extrapolate the sample data into meaningful counts. In response to these impediments, the authors developed a measurement technique that uses data from aircraft transponders to determine the occurrence of aircraft operations at these airports. To validate the accuracy of this technique, operations counts calculated from its use at a general aviation airport in the state of Indiana were compared with those obtained from the FAA’s Air Traffic Activity Data System database, which contains official operations data reported by airports with towers. This comparison, which was conducte...
Chlamydia spp. development is differentially altered by treatment with the LpxC inhibitor LPC-011

Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect a broad range of mammalian hosts. Members of related genera are pathogens of a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. Despite the diversity of Chlamydia, all species contain an outer membrane lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that is comprised of a genus-conserved, and genus-defining, trisaccharide 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid Kdo region. Recent studies with lipopolysaccharide inhibitors demonstrate that LOS is important for the C. trachomatis developmental cycle during RB- > EB differentiation. Here, we explore the effects of one of these inhibitors, LPC-011, on the developmental cycle of five chlamydial species. Sensitivity to the drug varied in some of the species and was conserved between others. We observed that inhibition of LOS biosynthesis in some chlamydial species induced formation of aberrant reticulate bodies, while in other species, no change was observed to the reticulate body. However, loss of LOS production prevented completion of the chlamydial reproductive cycle in all species tested. In previous studies we found that C. trachomatis and C. caviae infection enhances MHC class I antigen presentation of a model self-peptide. We find that treatment with LPC-011 prevents enhanced host-peptide presentation induced by infection with all chlamydial-species tested. The data demonstrate that LOS synthesis is necessary for production of infectious progeny and inhibition of LOS synthesis induces aberrancy in certain chlamydial species, which has important implications for the use of LOS synthesis inhibitors as potential antibiotics.
Active Teaching to Manage Course Difficulty and Learning Motivation.

Given the recent reported common occurrence of mediocre or substandard academic performance by students in colleges and universities, it has become essential to identify pedagogical factors that mi...
Rotational Vertebral Artery Dissection Secondary to Anomalous Entrance into Transverse Foramen.

Background Rotational vertebral artery occlusion is a rare syndrome characterized by vertebrobasilar insufficiency secondary to position-dependent occlusion of the vertebral artery. Most cases reported in the literature have been attributed to osteophytic compression, either from the occipital condyle or within the transverse foramen. However, vertebral artery dissection secondary to motion in the setting of anomalous anatomy has not been reported. Case Description To the authors' knowledge, rotational vertebral artery occlusion and dissection secondary to anomalous entrance into the transverse foramen have never been reported. The authors describe the case of a 42-year-old male who presented with multiple posterior circulation transient ischemic attacks. Standard digital subtraction cerebral angiography demonstrated a non−flow-limiting right vertebral artery dissection, while dynamic digital subtraction cerebral angiography was remarkable for right vertebral artery stenosis that worsened with neck rotation. Computed tomography angiography of the neck revealed an anomalous course of the right vertebral artery, which entered the transverse foramen at C4 with preforaminal compression by the anterior tubercle of the C5 transverse process. The patient had no further symptomatic events after decompression of the vertebral artery by resecting the anterior C5 tubercle. Conclusions In the setting of codominant vertebral circulation and unilateral bony compression, the authors propose that neck rotation led to vertebral artery trauma, causing dissection complicated by thromboembolism. This is a novel and unusual entity that is different from Bowhunter's syndrome.
MatClassRSA: A Matlab toolbox for M/EEG classification and visualization of proximity matrices

MatClassRSA is a Matlab toolbox that performs M/EEG classification and produces various visualizations of the resulting confusion matrices. This toolbox is aimed toward cognitive neuroscience researchers who wish to apply classification-style analyses to repeated trials of data. The functionalities of the toolbox fall into three categories: (1) M/EEG classification, (2) computation of Representational Dissimilarity Matrices (RDMs) from confusion or other proximity matrices, and (3) clustering and tree visualizations of RDMs. MatClassRSA combines out-of-the-box functionality with a variety of customization options. Usage of the toolbox requires only a high-level understanding of machine learning and the ability to call Matlab functions from scripts.
Reflection on action plans: Considering systems alignment in the results of an arts-based professional learning intensive for classroom teachers

Drama-based pedagogy is a collection of active and dramatic teaching strategies for generalist classroom teachers that can be applied to all areas of teaching and learning. This qualitative study e...
Pre-service K-8 Teachers’ Professional Noticing and Strategy Evaluation Skills: An Exploratory Study

This study sheds light on three teaching competencies: Pre-service teachers’ (PSTs’) professional noticing of student mathematical reasoning and strategies, their ability to assess the validity of student reasoning and strategies, and to select student strategy for class discussion. Our results reveal that PSTs with strong awareness of mathematically significant aspects of student reasoning and strategies (focused noticing) were better positioned to assess the validity of student reasoning and strategies. PSTs with higher strategy evaluation skills were more likely to choose the strategy to engage class in justification or to advance students’ conceptual understanding compared to PSTs with low strategy evaluation skills.
Effect of astigmatism on visual acuity after multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lens implantation.

Purpose To determine whether there is a difference in how much residual astigmatism impacts uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) after multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Setting Database study. Design Retrospective data review. Methods An online toric IOL back-calculator allows users to input preoperative toric planning information and postoperative IOL orientation and refractive results. These data are used to determine the optimal orientation of the IOL to minimize residual refractive astigmatism. Aggregate data were extracted from this calculator to investigate factors associated with UDVA and relative magnitudes of residual astigmatic refractive error up to 2.5 diopters (D) after implantation of toric IOLs. Results Of 1919 pertinent records (455 multifocal toric IOLs and 1464 monofocal toric IOLs), a statistically significant difference by refractive cylinder category (P Conclusion Residual astigmatism after toric IOL implantation impacts visual acuity similarly in patients who had multifocal and monofocal toric IOL implantation.
Lab-scale structural insulated panels with lignin-incorporated rigid polyurethane foams as core

Abstract Lab-scale structural insulated panels (SIPs), using lignin-incorporated rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams as the thermal insulation core, were fabricated and characterized. The RPU foams incorporating surface-modified lignin were sandwiched between two oriented strand board (OSB) sheets to produce lignin-incorporated SIPs with nominal dimensions of 350 × 350 × 46 mm3. In comparison to the reference RPU foam without lignin, the lignin-incorporated RPU foams exhibited progressively higher thermal stabilities coinciding with lignin amount, but similar thermal conductivity (˜24.5 mW·m−1 K−1) and water absorption (˜0.018 g/cm3). The bonding, shear, and flexural strength of lignin-incorporated SIPs were 150–210 kPa, 110–150 kPa, and 3–4 MPa, respectively, which were similar to that of reference (no lignin control) SIP. Lignin-incorporated RPU foams and SIPs with 5%–15% lignin addition amount exhibit better performance than the reference RPU foam and SIP. We attribute overall enhancements in thermal and mechanical properties of the lignin-incorporated RPU foams, and the corresponding SIPs, to the surface-modified lignin, serving as a reactive crosslinker with ample chemical interaction to polyisocyanates during the formation of RPU foams.
Family and Consumer Sciences Graduate Research Productivity in 2014

Requests to collect the titles of theses and dissertations completed in 2014 were sent to representatives of 140 universities and colleges with family and consumer science programs in April 2015. Representatives from 44 universities responded, reporting a total of 533 theses and dissertations. Of those titles, 356 were for theses and 177 were for dissertations. The greatest number of titles reported for theses was in Nutrition and Dietetics and for dissertations was in Marriage and Family Therapy. An additional 842 master's students completed nonthesis options reported by 22 of the participating universities.