cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time–temperature superposition of large‐strain shear properties of the ethylene–propylene copolymer system

The principle of time temperature superposition for some mechanical properties of polymers is well known, particularly where strains are on the order of 1% or less. For large strains the simple data transformation techniques are not useful, probably because of morphological changes in the polymer. Morphological changes have the effect of changing the mechanical properties, thus necessitating a shift on the verticle axis as well as horizontal axis where mechanical properties are plotted on the ordinate and strain rate, e.g., is plotted on the abscissa. By the Rouse and Zimm theories of flexible chain polymer molecules a relationship is shown between a verticle shift and a horizontal shift, thereby making it unnecessary to determine the exact nature of morphological changes in the polymer when strained. Six polymers were strained to the fracture point and the shear modulus and fracture strength data were used to demonstrate the technique of simultaneous verticle and horizontal transformation of data.
A simplified mathematical model of tumor growth

Abstract A one-dimensional model of tumor tissue growth is presented in which the source of mitotic inhibitor is nonuniformly distributed within the tissue (in contrast to many earlier models). As a result, stable and unstable regimes of growth become significantly modified from the uniform-source case, indicating that the model, schematic though it is, is very sensitive to the type of source term assumed, and this has implications for experimental and theoretical comparisons in more realistic geometries.
Barolo and Barbaresco: the King and Queen of Italian wine

The Introduction explains the plan ‘ … guide wine lovers through the daunting array of labels, crus and vineyards, village by village … (providing) detailed producer profiles of those estates makin...
Photoinduced oligomerization of aqueous pyruvic acid.

The 320 nm-band photodecarboxylation of aqueous pyruvic acid (PA), a representative of the α-oxocarboxylic acids widely found in the atmospheric aerosol, yields 2,3-dimethyltartaric (A) and 2-(3-oxobutan-2-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropanoic (B) acids, rather than 3-hydroxy-2-oxobutanone as previously reported. A and B are identified by liquid chromatography with UV and ESI-MS detection, complemented by collisionally induced dissociation and 2H and 13C isotope labeling experiments. The multifunctional ether B gives rise to characteristic δ ∼ 80 ppm 13C NMR resonances. Product quantum yields are proportional to [PA](a + [PA])-1 in the range [PA] = 5−100 mM. CO2(g) release rates are halved, while A and B are suppressed by the addition of >1.5 mM TEMPO. A and B are only partially quenched in air-saturated solutions. These observations are shown to be consistent with an oligomerization process initiated by a bimolecular reaction between 3PA* and PA producing ketyl, CH3Ċ(OH)C(O)OH, and acetyl, CH3C(O)·, radicals, rather...
Endometriosis involving the mucosa of the intestinal tract: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases.

Endometriosis involving the mucosa of the intestinal tract: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases
Comparison of metabolic oscillations from mouse pancreatic beta cells and islets.

Rhythmic insulin secretion from pancreatic islets is the culmination of many processes both intrinsic and extrinsic to the beta cell. We wished to examine and compare endogenous metabolic oscillations in islets and isolated single beta cells that underlie secretion. Fluorescence patterns of rhodamine 123, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΩm), were analyzed for period and amplitude of oscillations using two methods: CLUSTER7 and fast Fourier transform (FFT). The period of ΔΩm oscillations was greater in islets (271±21 s, n=34) compared to dispersed beta cells (180±10 s, n=54) by FFT analysis (p<0.0005). CLUSTER7 confirmed differences in period and also detected oscillatory amplitude differences between beta cells (12.0±0.8) and islets (7.1±2.3% of baseline fluorescence, p<0.0001). Depolarizing responses to the mitochondrial poison NaN3 were reduced in beta cells (35±4%) vs islets (58±9%), and hyperpolarizing responses to the calcium channel blocker nifedipine were enhanced in beta cells (15±4%) vs islets (8±1%), suggesting that mitochondria in dispersed beta cells were less energized than those in intact islets (p<0.005), possibly due to elevated intracellular calcium. These findings suggest that individual beta cells possess the proper machinery to generate metabolic oscillations. Differences in oscillatory period, ΔΩm, and nifedipine response suggest that incorporation into islets provides beta cells with additional modulatory influences.
Function inlining versus function cloning

Function inlining is a powerful high level optimization which eliminates call cost and increases the chances of other optimizations taking effect due to the breaking down of the call boundaries. Goal-directed function cloning on the other hand strives to create specialized copies of functions to aid interprocedural optimizations. Both of these program transformations create additional code. In the traditional optimizers the problem of choosing which functions to inline is modelled as a 0--1 knapsack problem with a given budget. Function cloning is also treated likewise. However, the usual modelling considers these two as separate knapsack problems with their own respective budgets for code growth. This creates problems as independent budgets can give rise to excessive cloning or inlining and throttling opportunities for one or the other. To circumvent this problem we propose to formulate the inlining and cloning site selection problem as a unified multiple-choice knapsack problem. Multiple-choice knapsack is a well-studied problem in the domain of linear programming. In this paper we would look into a greedy algorithm to solve such knapsack problems and its application to the problem at hand.
Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf, petiole, and stem explants of Golden Pothos.

Somatic embryos directly formed at cut edges or on the surface of leaf explants, around cut ends or along side surfaces of petiole and stem explants of ‘Golden Pothos’ [Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunt.] on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) or N-phenyl-N′-1, 2, 3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ) with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and a medium called MK containing MS salts with Kao’s vitamins, supplemented with 2.0 mg/l TDZ and 0.2 mg/l NAA. Somatic embryos were also produced on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l kinetin (KN) and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from leaf and petiole explants, MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l CPPU and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D from petiole and stem explants, and 2.0 mg/l TDZ and 0.2 mg/l or 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D from stem explants. In addition, somatic embryos occurred from stem explants on Chu’s N6 medium containing 2.0 mg/l CPPU and 0.2 mg/l NAA. Somatic embryos matured and grew into multiple buds, shoots, or even plantlets after 2–3 months on the initial culture medium. Germination was optimal on MS medium containing either 2 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.2 mg/l NAA or 2 mg/l zeatin and 0.2 mg/l NAA. Shoots elongated better and roots developed well on MS medium with no growth regulators. Approximately 30–100 plantlets were regenerated from each explant. The regenerated plants grew vigorously after transplanting to a soil-less container substrate in a shaded greenhouse.
The magnesium–GTP interaction in microtubule assembly

Microtubule-associated-protein-dependent assembly of tubulin with GDP in the exchangeable site (tubulin-GDP) can occur with minimal free Mg2+ (<3 μM). This reaction is totally inhibited by EDTA and by GTP concentrations over 2 mM and stimulated by MgCl2. Quantitative aspects of this stimulation are affected by both the Mg2+ and GTP concentrations, but no relationship exists between reaction rates and relative amounts of different magnesium and GTP species. GTP binding to tubulin-GDP, while maximally stimulated 2–3-fold by exogenous MgCl2, was inhibited less than 50% by EDTA, and the amount of GTP bound increased as its concentration rose to levels that inhibited polymerization. Studies on the binding of Mg2+ to tubulin-GDP in the presence and absence of GTP showed that the increase in the amount of tubulin-associated Mg2+ was substoichiometric to the amount of GTP bound (maximum stoichiometry of additional Mg2+ to GTP bound, 0.7). Upon polymerization the increased Mg2+ content of tubulin was reduced, indicating its loss during GTP hydrolysis. Mg2+ thus plays a critical role in assembly distinct from its enhancement of GTP binding to the exchangeable site. If magnesium is present in trace amounts, this role must either be catalytic during polymerization or limited to nucleation.
Multigenerational Exposure to Dietary Nonylphenol has No Severe Effects on Spatial Learning in Female Rats

Abstract Nonylphenol is a common intermediate in the production of many consumer compounds and reportedly acts as an estrogen mimic. Because estrogen affects the spatial learning and memory in rats, the effects of nonylphenol exposure on the performance of female rats in the Morris water maze were investigated. Here, Sprague–Dawley rats (F0) consumed soy-free diets containing 0, 25, 200 or 750 ppm nonylphenol (≈0, 2, 16 or 60 mg/kg per day) beginning on postnatal day (PND) 42 and continuing for two generations (F1 and F2) with breeding occurring within treatments. Females to be behaviorally tested (n=7–8 per treatment per generation) were ovariectomized at adulthood and assessed for spatial learning and memory between PND 125–150 (young adult age). Each rat was tested for four consecutive days (three trials per day) in the Morris water maze with the platform in a fixed location. One week later, each subject was primed with estrogen and progesterone and assessed on a single day (three trials). The F1 rats continued on the same diets until PND 380–395 (middle aged) when they were re-tested as above (four consecutive days followed 1 week later with hormonal priming and a single test day). Latency to find the platform, path length and swim speed were averaged over the three trials per day and analyzed using repeated measures analyses of variance. There were no consistent effects of dietary nonylphenol exposure and no interactions of nonylphenol exposure on any measure of performance in either generation at the young age nor at the middle age in the F1 generation. When tested at the young adult age, however, hormone priming resulted in latencies and path lengths that were significantly shorter than in those exhibited during the unprimed test days, and there was no such effect when tested at middle age. Middle aged rats exhibited better performance than the same animals tested at a young age, likely as a result of familiarity and practice with the test paradigm. These data suggest that multigenerational dietary nonylphenol exposure does not cause gross alterations in Morris water maze performance in young adult or middle aged ovariectomized female rats.
Dietary Lutein/Zeaxanthin Decreases Ultraviolet B-Induced Epidermal Hyperproliferation and Acute Inflammation in Hairless Mice

Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids found in green leafy vegetables with interesting antioxidant properties. They are present in high concentrations in the fovea centralis of the human retina and their role in the prevention of age-related macula degeneration has been reported. We have investigated the effect of orally administered lutein and zeaxanthin in the cutaneous response to ultraviolet B irradiation. Female hairless SKh-1 mice receiving 0.4% and 0.04% lutein plus zeaxanthin-enriched diet for 2 wk were exposed to single doses of ultraviolet B radiation. Skin biopsies were taken at 24 and 48 h after irradiation and analyzed for the presence of apoptotic cells, proliferating cells, and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results show a clear ultraviolet-induced dose-dependent inflammatory response. Orally administered 0.4% lutein and zeaxanthin decreased significantly the edematous cutaneous response (p<0.01) as determined by the reduction of the UVB-induced increase of ear bifold thickening. Additionally, dietary carotenoids were efficient in reducing the ultraviolet B-induced increases in the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (p<0.05), bromodeoxyuridine (p<0.05), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling-positive cells (p<0.01). These data demonstrate that oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin diminishes the effects of ultraviolet B irradiation by reducing acute inflammatory responses and ultraviolet-induced hyperproliferative rebound.
Perceptual ambiguity and the short wavelength sensitive visual pathway

Visual illusions and ambiguous figures are difficult to perceive when presented in a manner which stimulates only chromatic pathways. This perceptual limitation could indicate that these pathways are unable to mediate form perception, or it may reflect the relative visibility of the stimulus, regardless of the pathway utilized. To examine this issue, an ambiguous figure (illusory Necker cube) was presented to the short wavelength sensitive (S) cone pathway which is thought to convey only chromatic signals. Although few observers could recognize the cube when presented in isolation to S cones, the same reduction in recognition was found when the cube was detected by achromatic pathways at a level of visibility comparable to that conveyed by S cones. Our results indicate that for this object recognition task, visibility of the stimulus is the relevant variable, rather than the particular pathway traversed. Prior experience was also found to be important determinant of object recognition.
Chemical, histochemical, and histopathological studies on corals, Porites spp., parasitized by tremato de metacercariae

Abstract The occurrence of the metacercaria of Plagioporus sp. encysted in two species of corals, Porites compressa and P. lobata, from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, is reported. This parasite is covered with a bilayered metacercarial cyst the chemical compositions of which have been ascertained by histochemistry. Both of these cyst walls are believed to be secreted by the parasite. In addition, the cytochemical properties of the metacercaria and the adjacent host cells are reported. Histo- and cytopathological alterations in the epidermis and gastrodermis of the coral hosts were studied and such changes have been interpreted to have resulted from mechanical pressure exerted by the parasite. Because gross observations had revealed the presence of elevated nodules at the sites where the metacercariae occurred, chemical analysis was conducted to ascertain whether this larval trematode had induced hypercalcification in the hosts. However, calcium determinations of Decal in which pieces of parasitized coral tissue had been decalcified revealed that hypercalcification had not occurred. Examination of the cellular reactions in both species of Porites revealed that if the gastrodermis had been ruptured, partial encapsulation of the parasite occurs. The reaction cells include free cells of the mesoglea that become fused, accidentally trapped cnidoblasts and nutritive-muscular cells, and gastrodermal interstitial cells. Despite the partial encapsulation, the encysted metacercariae did not appear to be injured.
Mergers and acquisitions in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide the latest information on mergers and acquisition (M&A) activities in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh from 2000 to 2009. Design/methodology/approach – Using data available from Thomson Financial Service's Worldwide Mergers and Acquisitions database, the paper analyzed M&A transactions listed in the database that were announced between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009, in which the target firm or acquirer was located in India, Pakistan or Bangladesh. Findings – M&A in India is a lot more active than that in Pakistan or Bangladesh. One unique feature of Pakistani M&A market is that it has a high ratio (more than 80 percent) for Pakistani firms buying non-Pakistani companies. In Bangladesh, non-Bangladeshi firms acquiring Bangladeshi companies accounted for more than 90 percent of all large M&A value. Originality/value – The paper provides the latest information on M&A activities in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh from 2000 to 2009. Some similarities and d...
A Correctness Model for Pipelined Multiprocessors

What does it mean for an instruction pipeline to be correct? We recently completed the specification and verification of a pipelined microprocessor called UINTA. Our proof makes no simplifying assumptions about data and control hazards. This paper presents the specification, describes the verification, and discusses the effect of pipelining on the correctness model. The most significant effect on the pipeline is that data and temporal abstractions in the correctness model are not orthogonal as they are in non-pipelined implementations.
Out of the Quark-Gluon Quagmire emerge hard signals at RHIC

Abstract There are exciting new results using hard scattering as a probe of the dense matter formed in nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). From these initial results a view emerges of significant energy loss in a very dense medium, where partons and their fragmentation products are quenched such that only products of scatterings near the surface of the nuclear overlap can escape. The remaining partons are “swallowed up” in the quagmire of quarks and gluons that form the dense system.
Chaos, complexity and community management of fisheries: an appraisal

Abstract Wilson et al suggest that fishery systems are complex and may be characterized by chaotic nonlinear dynamics. They conclude that constraints on how, when, and where fish are caught (‘parametric’ management approaches), effected at the local level, should be implemented in favor of direct controls. Here, I evaluate these arguments and conclude that (a) there is currently little evidence to support the conclusion that fish populations are chaotic (b) any focus on policy tools is not meaningful in the absence of clearly stated and reasonable policy objectives (c) monitoring and control of removals from exploited systems must be an integral part of any management program and (d) any evaluation of data requirements under parametric management must consider validation of its performance and the possibility of changes in the parameters of the system over time.
Mobile node localization using cooperation and static beacons

Location-based services are one of the demanding applications on mobile devices that account for significant battery usage. In this paper, we evaluate the potential average savings over using approaches such as GPS for localization that can be achieved by (i) using local low-energy mobile node cooperation and/or (ii) additional local infrastructure (fixed) beacon nodes that broadcast their position. Using a random walk simulation approach, we find that significant savings could be attainable; we determine above 20% for 50 nodes in a 100×100 area in the presence of beacons and 18% without. We additionally note that the simulated nodes are able to determine their location fairly accurately within the simulated area. We finally observe that random background refreshes (such as those triggered by other applications) have only little impact on the potential for savings.
Esophageal epithelial cells acquire functional characteristics of activated myofibroblasts after undergoing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Background and Aims Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory disease that leads to esophageal fibrosis and stricture. We have recently shown that in EoE, esophageal epithelial cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), characterized by gain of mesenchymal markers and loss of epithelial gene expression. Whether epithelial cells exposed to profibrotic cytokines can also acquire the functional characteristics of activated myofibroblasts, including migration, contraction, and extracellular matrix deposition, is relevant to our understanding and treatment of EoE-associated fibrogenesis. In the current study, we characterize cell migration, contraction, and collagen production by esophageal epithelial cells that have undergone cytokine-induced EMT in vitro.
Patterns of Variation in a Collection of Timothy Accessions

Cultivated timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is an important grass for hay production in temperate North America. It is under utilized in management-intensive rotational grazing systems because of its poor persistence when frequently defoliated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the USDA-NPGS collection of timothy accessions for agronomic traits, including persistence under frequent defoliation. Unlike previous reports for infrequent harvest systems, diploid and tetraploid species of Phleum were similar in forage yield to hexaploid P. pratense, suggesting their potential value in livestock agriculture. Cultivated accessions tended to have fewer, but larger leaves; longer and narrower panicles with a greater number of smaller seeds; lower survival under frequent defoliation; and higher forage yield than natural accessions. A considerable amount of phenotypic variation among accessions was explained by geographic source of the accessions. Twenty-one unique phenotypic clusters were formed to account for 50% of the phenotypic variability among accessions, providing the basis for development of a core collection for P. pratense. Clusters were highly differentiated on the basis of geographic origin of the accessions, underscoring the potential importance of the relationship between phenotype and geography in hexaploid timothy.
Improved gate matrix layout

A two-stage approach to gate matrix layout is described. The approach consists of: the determination of an optimal gate sequence and an assignment of nets to rows such that the nets are realizable. The gate sequence algorithm is based on T. Asano's approximate search (1981). Modifications are made to it to take into account constraints of transistor sizing, serial subcircuit conflicts, input/output (I/O) gates, and I/O nets. The zone-net assignment algorithm assigns nets to a minimum number of rows determined by the gate sequence and provides a means to resolve vertical conflicts in the layout. Power connections are implemented using the power nets and possible added power rows. Results of examples show that the approach can achieve a considerable improvement compared to earlier algorithms, while satisfying additional constraints. >
The Ddc1-Mec3-Rad17 Sliding Clamp Regulates Histone-Histone Chaperone Interactions and DNA Replication-coupled Nucleosome Assembly in Budding Yeast

The maintenance of genome integrity is regulated in part by chromatin structure and factors involved in the DNA damage response pathway. Nucleosome assembly is a highly regulated process that restores chromatin structure after DNA replication, DNA repair, and gene transcription. During S phase the histone chaperones Asf1, CAF-1, and Rtt106 coordinate to deposit newly synthesized histones H3-H4 onto replicated DNA in budding yeast. Here we describe synthetic genetic interactions between RTT106 and the DDC1-MEC3-RAD17 (9-1-1) complex, a sliding clamp functioning in the S phase DNA damage and replication checkpoint response, upon treatment with DNA damaging agents. The DNA damage sensitivity of rad17Δ rtt106Δ cells depends on the function of Rtt106 in nucleosome assembly. Epistasis analysis reveals that 9-1-1 complex components interact with multiple DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly factors, including Rtt106, CAF-1, and lysine residues of H3-H4. Furthermore, rad17Δ cells exhibit defects in the deposition of newly synthesized H3-H4 onto replicated DNA. Finally, deletion of RAD17 results in increased association of Asf1 with checkpoint kinase Rad53, which may lead to the observed reduction in Asf1-H3 interaction in rad17Δ mutant cells. In addition, we observed that the interaction between histone H3-H4 with histone chaperone CAF-1 or Rtt106 increases in cells lacking Rad17. These results support the idea that the 9-1-1 checkpoint protein regulates DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly in part through regulating histone-histone chaperone interactions.
Pronominalization: A device for unifying sentences in memory

Memory representations (interword probe recall probabilities) were examined for sentences whose propositions were or were not related by pronominal reference. Sentences were compared that had similar syntactic structures (Experiment 1) or similar semantic structures (Experiment 2). In both types, pronominal reference resulted in completely integrated memory representations. Substitution of another noun (Experiment 1) or repeating the same noun (Experiment 2) resulted in incomplete integration. Integration is defined as an equal likelihood of recall for lexical items in the same versus other underlying sentence propositions. Pronominal reference is proposed to function as a flag to mark portions of linguistic input that can be stored as a single memory unit.
Stability of Vitamins A and C in Fortified Yogurt

Abstract Plain and raspberry flavored low fat yogurt samples were fortified with various commercial forms of vitamins A and C under actual production conditions. Immediately after processing, yogurt samples were kept at 3°C for 6 wk and were analyzed biweekly for pH, titratable acidity, and vitamins A and C. Data revealed that both vitamins decreased gradually in fortified yogurt with vitamin c decreasing at a higher rate than vitamin A. However, a fortification level of 10,000 IU of vitamin A and 300mg of vitamin C per 227g container of plain or flavored yogurt provided at least 100% of the US recommended daily allowance of both vitamins after 6 wk storage at 3°C. This level of fortification did not significantly change pH, titratable acidity, or sensory characteristics of yogurt samples.
Experimental Seismic Performance of a Hybrid Sliding–Rocking Bridge for Various Specimen Configurations and Seismic Loading Conditions

AbstractThis paper presents the major findings of a shake table testing program on a large-scale (1:2.39) novel segmental concrete single-span bridge specimen. Emphasis is given on various specimen configurations and seismic loading conditions. The bridge specimen, termed hybrid sliding–rocking bridge, incorporated a box-girder superstructure with rocking joints and internal unbonded posttensioning (PT), and two single-column piers with internal unbonded PT. The pier columns included end rocking joints and intermediate sliding joints along the column height. Various configurations of the bridge specimen were considered with respect to the seismic mass and the superstructure-to-substructure connectivity. These configurations were subjected to far-field (F-F) and near-fault (N-F) ground motion ensembles scaled to various seismic hazard intensities. Asynchronous support excitation was also considered. The testing program included approximately 145 seismic tests. The dynamic response of the specimen was found...
Sickle red blood cells stimulate endothelial cell production of eicosanoids and diacylglycerol.

The effects of sickle red cell-endothelial cell interaction on endothelial cell arachidonic acid (AA) mobilization, eicosanoid release, and diacylglycerol (DAG) production were evaluated by using bovine aortic endothelial cells. We have shown that coincubation of washed red blood cells (RBCs) from patients with sickle cell disease with endothelial cells stimulate AA release (90% increase as compared with buffer controls, n=8, p < 0.002). Released AA was mobilized from membrane phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine and was converted to eicosanoids via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in increased amounts in the presence of sickle erythrocytes. The production of prostacyclin and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) were increased by 78% (p < 0.01) and 103% (p < 0.025), respectively, as shown by both chromatographic and immunoassay procedures. Sickle erythrocytes also stimulated the hydrolysis of endothelial cell phosphoinositides, including phosphatidylinositol-mono-phosphate (p < 0.03) and phosphatidylinositol-bis-phosphate (p < 0.006). This response was accompanied by a significant increase in the production of DAG (50% increase as compared with buffer control, n=8, p < 0.025). In contrast, coincubation of washed erythrocytes from normal healthy donors with endothelial cells had no significant effect on endothelial cell phospholipid turnover. When the sickle RBC-induced biochemical changes in endothelial cells were contrasted with those observed with normal RBCs, the ability of sickle RBCs to induce AA mobilization and the production of mono-HETEs and DAG was markedly increased (p=0.05 to p < 0.025). Because 15-HETE is a pro-adhesinogenic eicosanoid and DAG is an endogenous activator of protein kinase C, an enzyme involved in modulating cell surface adhesive properties, both 15-HETE and DAG could potentially play a role in the vascular pathophysiology of sickle cell disease.
Direct assay of vitamins B1, B2, and B6 in hospitalized patients: relationship to level of intake.

High-performance liquid chromatography assays for vitamins B1 by erythrocyte thiamine pyrophosphate, B2 by plasma and urinary riboflavin, and B6 by plasma pyridoxal phosphate and urinary pyridoxic acid were used to evaluate the B vitamin status of hospitalized patients. Over an intake range of up to 3.4 mg of thiamine per day and up to 4.1 mg of riboflavin per day, erythrocyte thiamine pyrophosphate and urine and plasma riboflavin increased proportionately with intake. There was no relationship between B6 intake and blood levels. Rather, a constant blood level was maintained with an intake range of 0.5 to 4 mg/d, and urinary pyridoxic acid showed a linear increase proportionate to intake. There were extremely variable blood and urine concentrations of B vitamins noted in our patient population. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 17:315-316, 1993)
Measuring architectural vulnerability factors

The continuous exponential growth in transistors per chip as described by Moore's law has spurred tremendous progress in the functionality and performance of semiconductor devices, particularly microprocessors. At the same time, each succeeding technology generation has introduced new obstacles to maintaining this growth rate. Transient faults caused by single-event upsets have emerged as a key challenge likely to gain significantly more importance in the next few design generations. Techniques for dealing with these faults exist, but they come at a cost. Designers need accurate soft-error estimates early in the design cycle to weigh the benefits of error protection techniques against their costs. This article presents a method for generating these estimates.
Alterations in oxygen consumption by bluegills exposed to sublethal treatment with copper

Oxygen consumption rates were determined for juvenile bluegills subjected to various concentrations of copper. Respiratory response were strongly correlated with copper concentrations up to the 96-h tlm value of 2.4 mg 1-1 of copper. Higher concentrations produced greater responses although the results were more erratic. The concentration that caused no alteration in the rate of oxygen consumption was found to be 0.1 mg 1-1 of copper. It is suggested that this measure provides a fast and sensitive tool to help establish water quality criteria.
Isoniazid-induced alteration of CSF neurotransmitter amino acids in Huntington's disease

Abstract During a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial of isoniazid (plus pyridoxine) in Huntington's disease (HD), amino acids and related amino compounds were measured in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma utilizing a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography ion-exchange/fluorometric assay method. Results showed that isoniazid (plus pyridoxine) significantly elevated the mean ( ±S.E.M. ) levels of γ-aminobutyric acid, aspartate, homocarnosine, ornithine, histidine, α-aminobutyric acid, isoleucine, leucine and alanine in CSF and the levels of β-alanine in both CSF and plasma. These alterations can be traced to inhibition of decar☐ylation and transamination reactions requiring the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate and may be related to the observed equivocal clinical response in the HD patients. The differential influence of isoniazid on plasma and CSF amino acid profiles suggests that alterations of CNS amino acid metabolism may be reflected in CSF, and that isoniazid-induced alterations of amino acid metabolism in the CNS differ from those in the periphery.
Ecology and distribution of deep-sea meiobenthos off North Carolina

Abstract Observations on the ecology and distribution of meiofauna occurring on the outer continental shelf and continental slope at depths from 50 to 2500 m in the region where the Blake Plateau cuts across the North Carolina slope are reported. Total numbers of meiofauna ranged from 151/100 cm 3 of sediment at 400 m to 1196/100 cm 3 of sediment at 250 m. Sediments of the upper region (50–500 m) consisted of medium-sized calcareous sands with relatively low organic carbon contents, while the deeper sediments (600–2500 m) consisted of sandy silts and silts with organic carbon contents 6–10 times that of the shallower sediments. Two basic faunas appear to be present in the areas investigated; a shallow-water fauna extending from 50 to 500 m and a deep-water fauna from 800 to 2500 m. The shallow-water fauna consists of nematodes (the dominant taxon) and relatively large numbers of harpactacoid copepods, ostracods, benthic foraminifera, polychaetes, gastrotrichs and several other groups, while below 500 m only nematodes and foraminifera are present in large numbers, the latter being especially abundant between 800 and 2000 m. A major change in the meiofauna occurs on the Blake Plateau between the depths of approximately 400–500 m and 600–750 m where the composition of the sediment changes from sand to silty sand. From 50 m to 400–500 m gastrotrichs, turbellaria, tardigrades, kinorhynchs, halicarids, hydrozoans, gnathostomulids, lamellibranchs and cumaceans are commonly encountered; these groups are absent below 500 m. In addition, there are significant reductions in the numbers of harpactacoids, ostracods, nemerteans and polychaetes below 500 m. Examination of the nematode population also show faunal differences between the shallower sediments (50–500 m) and the deeper sediments (600–2500 m). High indices of affinity exist among the faunas between 50 and 500 m and among the faunas between 800 and 2500 m; the fauna at 600–750 m represents a transition between these two regions, but it is more closely related to the deep-water fauna. Changes in the distribution of both the total meiofuna and also the nematodes are highly correlated with changes in sediments composition and bottom water temperatures. It is suggested that changes in grain size and accompanying changes in sources of nutrition, which are the results of Gulf Stream and other current activity, are the dominant environmental factors influencing the meiofauna of the area.
Synthesis and synthetic utility of 1-acyl-2-alkyl-4-trimethylstannyl-1,2-dihydropyridines

Abstract 1-Acyl-2-alkyl-1,2-dihydropyridines were prepared from 4-trimethylstannylpyridine and Grignard reagents. This methodology was utilized in the synthesis of N-methyl-2-azatricyclo[5.3.1.0]undecane.
Evolutionary Rate Variation at Multiple Levels of Biological Organization in Plant Mitochondrial DNA

We examined patterns of mitochondrial polymorphism and divergence in the angiosperm genus Silene and found substantial variation in evolutionary rates among species and among lineages within species. Moreover, we found corresponding differences in the amount of polymorphism within species. We argue that, along with our earlier findings of rate variation among genes, these patterns of rate heterogeneity at multiple phylogenetic scales are most likely explained by differences in underlying mutation rates. In contrast, no rate variation was detected in nuclear or chloroplast loci. We conclude that mutation rate heterogeneity is a characteristic of plant mitochondrial sequence evolution at multiple biological scales and may be a crucial determinant of how much polymorphism is maintained within species. These dramatic patterns of variation raise intriguing questions about the mechanisms driving and maintaining mutation rate heterogeneity in plant mitochondrial genomes. Additionally, they should alter our interpretation of many common phylogenetic and population genetic analyses.
Performance of Dyslexic Children on Speech Perception Tests.

Abstract Several researchers who have compared the performance of dyslexic and normal-reading children on a variety of different tasks have suggested that dyslexic children may have subtle deficits in the phonemic analysis of spoken as well as written language. Thus it is of interest to know how children who have extraordinary difficulty learning to read can perform explicity auditory-phonetic tasks. Seventeen dyslexic children (10 years of age) and a group of 17 controls were administered tests of identification and discrimination of synthesized voiced stop consonants differing in place of articulation. These were tests of the type used to study categorical perception in adults, adapted for use with young children. Significant differences between dyslexics and controls were found in both kinds of tasks; the pattern of identification and discrimination differences suggests an inconsistency in the dyslexics' phonetic classification of auditory cues. A significant relationship was found between reading level and speech discrimination.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a retrospective study of CT findings

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic features of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder (NECB) on CT and to review the literature regarding carcinogenesis, treatment, and prognosis. The presenting CT of patients with pathology-proven NECB were retrospectively reviewed for features including size and appearance of the bladder mass, the presence of hydronephrosis, bladder wall thickening, invasion of perivesical fat, lymph nodes, and distant metastasis. Follow-up imaging and the medical record were reviewed to determine patient treatment and overall survival. Sixteen patients (13 males, 3 females) were diagnosed with NECB with a mean age of 75.5 years (range 48–90). The characteristic CT appearance was a large polypoid bladder mass (average size 4.9 cm). Extension into the perivesical fat, adjacent organ involvement, and distant metastases were common. NECB is an aggressive primary neoplasm of the bladder that presents on CT as a large bladder mass with local extension into the perivesical fat, involvement of adjacent organs, and metastasis.
Lifetime of the S3 state of CS2 measured by femtosecond ultraviolet multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

Abstract The lifetime of the S3 state of CS2 at 205 nm has been directly measured using femtosecond ultraviolet 1 + 1 multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. Excitation pulses in the deep UV are produced by third harmonic generation of amplified CPM pulses. The lifetime of the S3 (or A ) state at 205 nm is measured to be 600 ± 100 fs. This is compared to previous indirect lifetime measurements for this state.
Economic History and Economic Policy

“The lessons of history” were widely invoked in 2008/09 as analysts and policymakers sought to make sense of the global financial crisis. Specifically, analogies with the early stages of the Great Depression of the 1930s were widely drawn. Building on work in cognitive science and literature on foreign policy making, this article seeks to account for the influence of this particular historical analogy and asks how it shaped both perceptions and the economic policy response. It asks how historical scholarship might be better organized to inform the process of economic policymaking. It concludes with some reflections on how research in economic history will be reshaped by the crisis.
Effect of Undernutrition During the Perinatal Period on Caries Development in the Rat

The manipulation of diets, foster mothers, and progeny has made it possible to study and differentiate the effect of undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation on body growth, incisor and molar weight, and dental caries in rats. Rats undernourished during lactation were retarded in their growth and development and had high caries scores. These effects were not observed when the nutritional stress was imposed during gestation.
Snap-through of arches and buckled beams under unilateral displacement control

Abstract Arches and beams buckled upward are analyzed. The structure is pushed downward from above at a specific location along the span until snap-through occurs and the structure jumps to an inverted equilibrium shape. Each beam or arch is modeled as an inextensible elastica. Critical displacements are computed for buckled beams with both ends pinned, both ends clamped, or one end clamped and the other end pinned. Circular arches with pinned ends are also investigated. The ends are immovable. The critical displacement is obtained directly from a theoretical equilibrium shape of the initial unloaded structure. Numerical results are presented for four height-to-span ratios of the initial structure, showing the critical displacement for any application point along the span. At the onset of snap-through, the imposed displacement is at or below the horizontal chord connecting the ends.
An inflation-hedging portfolio selection model

This paper suggests an investment strategy which allows an investor to specify the desired return on investment to be equal to the expected rate of inflation plus a certain premium rate, and then helps the investor select those stocks which will provide the greatest chance of meeting that specified investment goal.
Beam-foil measurements of mean lives in B iv and B v below 450 Å

Mean lives of eight terms in B iv and three in B v have been measured using the techniques of beam-foil spectroscopy. The terms in B iv and the measured mean lives are (in picoseconds): 1s2p1P0, <5; 1s4d1D, 117 ± 16; 1s3d1D, 63 ± 3; 1s3s1S, 393 ± 4; 1s4d3D, 131 ± 8; 1s3p3P0, 222 ± 4; 1s3d3D, 59 ± 3; 1s3s3S, 474 ± 28. These results and those for B v are compared with theory and previous experimental results.
The ESR spectrum of arsenic tetrafluoride

The ESR spectrum of AsF_4, generated by γ-radiolysis of a solid solution of AsF_3 in SF_6, is reported. The 75As hyperfine interaction is 1576 G, and the two kinds of ^(19)F nuclei have interactions of 49 G (equatorial) and 238 G (apical). These data are compared with those from the well-known PF_4 radical.
The effect of reserpine, syrosingopine, and guanethidine on the retention of discriminated escape reversal: Peripherally administered catecholamines cannot reverse the reserpine amnesia in this situation

In a series of experiments, the effects of reserpine, syrosingopine, and guanethidine on retention of a discriminated escape reversal training were investigated in mice. The peripherally and centrally acting reserpine produced amnesia while the primarily peripherally acting compounds, syrosingopine or guanethidine, did not produce amnesia even when given in high dosages or when training was given with low footshock. Unlike in the passive avoidance situation, peripherally administered norepinephrine or dopamine was not able to attenuate the reserpine-induced amnesia. The results were discussed in terms of the role of biogenic amines in memory formation.
DDT-reductive dechlorination catalyzed by cobalt phthalocyanine, 2,3- and 3,4-tetrapyridoporphyrazine complexes in non-aqueous media

Neutral cobalt(II) phthalocyanine and 2,3- and 3,4-tetrapyridoporphyrazine complexes were examined in pyridine, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide to evaluate their catalytic properties in the reductive dechlorination of 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT). Cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential bulk electrolysis and thin-layer UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry of each compound in the presence of DDT indicated that both the singly and doubly reduced species, [Co(I)]- and [Co(I)]2-, can catalyze the dechlorination of DDT through the formation of, and a photoinduced or electrochemically induced cleavage of, the Co-C bond in the organometallic intermediates. GC-MS analysis revealed that DDT was converted to 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2, 2-dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (p,p'-DDMU), upon dechlorination. The catalytic performance of the three cobalt complexes depends upon the reactive nature of each compound, the solvent, the reaction time and the equivalence of DDT. In addition, either DDD or DDE can be catalytically dechlorinated to generate DDMU, possibly through a similar mechanism.
Incidence of Postoperative Deep Venous Thrombosis Is Higher among Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Patients as Compared with General Surgery Patients

Background Unlike general surgery patients, most of vascular and cardiac surgery patients receive therapeutic anticoagulation during operations. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) among cardiac and vascular surgery patients, compared with general surgery. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all patients who underwent surgical procedures from 2005 to 2010. Patients who developed DVT within 30 days of an operation were identified. The incidence of DVT was compared among vascular, general, and cardiac surgery patients. Risk factors for developing postoperative DVT were identified and compared among these patients. Results Of total 2,669,772 patients underwent surgical operations in the period between 2005 and 2010. Of all the patients, 18,670 patients (0.69%) developed DVT. The incidence of DVT among different surgical specialties was cardiac surgery (2%), vascular surgery (0.99%), and general surgery (0.66%). The odds ratio for developing DVT was 1.5 for vascular surgery patients and 3 for cardiac surgery patients, when compared with general surgery patients (P < 0.001). The odds ratio for developing DVT after cardiac surgery was 2, when compared with vascular surgery (P < 0.001). Conclusions The incidence of DVT is higher among vascular and cardiac surgery patients as compared with that of general surgery patients. Intraoperative anticoagulation does not prevent the occurrence of DVT in the postoperative period. These patients should receive DVT prophylaxis in the perioperative period, similar to other surgical patients according to evidence-based guidelines.
CONTROL OF FUSION IN FUSION SYSTEMS

Let P be a p-group and a fusion system on P. The aim of this paper is to give necessary and sufficient conditions on a subgroup Q of P for the normalizer to be itself. This generalizes a result of Gilotti and Serena on finite groups. As an application we find some classes of resistant p-groups, which are p-groups P such that the normalizer is equal to , for any fusion system on P.