cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The diagnostic dilemma of pathological appearance and performance enhancing drug use

Appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) use includes the use of a range of pharmacologically distinct substances and concurrent investment in outward appearance or achievement, dietary control, and frequent exercise. A number of existing reviews and conceptual papers have defined pathological forms of APED use within the APED class of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) and using the framework of AAS dependence. We review published data on APED use including human studies of AAS users and identified three defining phenomenological features associated with increased health risk and pathology. These features included (1) polypharmacy or the concurrent use of several pharmacologically distinct substances used to change outward appearance or increase likelihood of personal achievement; (2) significant body image disturbance; (3) rigid practices and preoccupations with diet and exercise. Investigations into the latent structure of APED use suggest these features cluster together in a homogenous group of APED users who have the highest health risk and most psychopathology. These features are discussed in the context of AAS dependence and problems with defining classic tolerance-withdrawal symptoms among APED users. Suggestions for a resolution and outline for future research needed to determine the best system for identifying and diagnosing pathological APED use are discussed.
Why study the evolution of immunity

Investigations of immune recognition in nonmammalian species provide new insights into the evolution of immunity and the inner workings of the mammalian immune system. Very diverse mechanisms are used by different multicellular organisms to recognize and cope with the rapidly evolving microbial world.
Application of computers to circuit design for Univac Larc

The design of circuits for computers has become in recent years a complex undertaking. The problem is two-fold. On one hand optimization of cost and speed is the prime objective. On the other hand, complexity is increased through factors such as component characteristics and life expectancy, manufacturing techniques, and the suppression of noise in very large systems. The complexity makes the use of computers as an aid to design almost imperative; this was the case in the design of circuits for Univac Larc.
Induction of CYP1A1. The AhR / DRE Paradigm Transcription, Receptor Regulation, and Expanding Biological Roles

The CYP1A1 gene encodes microsomal cytochrome P4501A1 that catalyzes the metabolism of many xenobiotics, including the oxygenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Induction of CYP1A1 enhances the metabolism of PAHs, and therefore, represents an adaptive response to chemical exposure in mammalian cells. Mechanistic studies reveal an AhR/DRE paradigm for the induction, which involves activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by an agonist, dimerization of AhR with the Ah recceptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), followed by binding of the AhR/Arnt heterodimer to the dioxin-responsive enhancer (DRE) and transcription of the gene. The AhR mediated transcription is tightly regulated through, at least, two mechanisms: (a) the cytoplasmic AhR interacts with hsp90 and an immunophilin chaperone AIP for proper folding and receptivity, and (b) the agonist-activated, nuclear AhR is degraded through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome mediated protein turnover, such that the transcription by AhR is controlled at a physiologically adequate level. In addition to CYP1A1 induction, AhR mediates a broad range of biological responses to CYP1A1 inducers, typified by the environmental contaminant dioxin, via modulating gene expression. Thus, mechanistic studies of CYP1A1 induction have provided insights into P450 induction, PAH carcinogenesis, dioxin action, AhR function, and receptor-mediated mammalian gene expression.
Monte Carlo simulations using sampling from an approximate potential

A simulation algorithm is proposed in which the potential energy function used in a Monte Carlo simulation is replaced with one that is less expensive to evaluate, coupled with a correction step based on the difference between the two potentials. This can result in a substantial reduction in computational cost. A formal derivation of the appropriate sampling criteria is given, as well as estimates of the possible improvements in code performance. The method is demonstrated on the Lennard-Jones fluid at several state points, where speedups of as much as fourfold are achieved with negligible loss in precision.
Carbohydrate metabolism in flight muscle of the tsetse fly (Glossina) and the blowfly (Sarcophaga).

Abstract 1. 1. Estimations of the glycogen content of blowflies and tsetse flies confirmed earlier observations that only minute amounts of carbohydrates could be detected in the latter, although considerable amounts are present in the former. 2. 2. The activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate breakdown in the supernatant fraction of homogenates of flight muscle of both insects have been determined. In the case of trehalase, phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase, activities were found to be considerably greater in blowfly than in tsetse fly muscle. 3. 3. Considerable trehalase activity was detected in the mitochondrial fraction of blowfly flight muscle, but none was detected in the case of the tsetse. 4. 4. No glucose-6-phosphatase or fructose-1,6-diphosphatase could be detected in either insect. 5. 5. Succinic dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria was found to be similar in the two insects. 6. 6. The findings outlined above are consistent with the hypothesis that the energy required for tsetse flight is derived from different metabolites than in the case of most other Diptera.
The genetics of early telencephalon patterning: some assembly required

The immense range of human behaviours is rooted in the complex neural networks of the cerebrum. The creation of these networks depends on the precise integration of specific neuronal subtypes that are born in different regions of the telencephalon. Here, using the mouse as a model system, we review how these proliferative zones are established. Moreover, we discuss how these regions can be traced back in development to the function of a few key genes, including those that encode fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), sonic hedgehog (SHH), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), forkhead box G1 (FOXG1), paired box 6 (PAX6) and LIM homeobox protein 2 (LHX2), that pattern the early telencephalon.
Amino acid effect on aspirin stability in propylene glycol

Temperature stability studies were conducted on 0.36 M (6.5% W/V) aspirin solutions including either 0.02 M L-methionine or 0.02 M histidine in propylene glycol. Aspirin was determined spectrophoto-fluorometrically as salicylic acid content at 412 nm. A 0.36 M aspirin in polyethylene glycol 400 solution was studied concurrently. Aspirin degradation rate constants, k, obtained from semilogarithmic plots of percent drug remaining versus time at 30-70 +/- 0.5 degrees were used for preparing Arrhenius plots. Good correlation was seen between predicted aspirin stability and experimental k25 degrees values. L-Methionine and histidine markedly reduced aspirin stability.
Autoinhibition of Escherichia coli Rep monomer helicase activity by its 2B subdomain.

DNA helicases catalyze separation of double-helical DNA into its complementary single strands, a process essential for DNA replication, recombination, and repair. The Escherichia coli Rep protein, a superfamily 1 DNA helicase, functions in DNA replication restart and is required for replication of several bacteriophages. Monomers of Rep do not display helicase activity in vitro; in fact, DNA unwinding requires Rep dimerization. Here we show that removal of the 2B subdomain of Rep to form RepΔ2B activates monomer helicase activity, albeit with limited processivity. Although both full length Rep and RepΔ2B monomers can translocate with 3′ to 5′ directionality along single-stranded DNA, the 2B subdomain inhibits the helicase activity of full length Rep. This suggests an autoregulatory mechanism for Rep helicase, which may apply to other nonhexameric helicases, whereby helicase activity is regulated by the rotational conformational state of the 2B subdomain; formation of a Rep dimer may relieve autoinhibition by altering the 2B subdomain orientation.
The Influence of Oxygen in the Ultrahigh Vacuum Range on Electrical Properties of CdS

Abstract : Undoped CdS single crystals are kept in a vacuo of p < 10 to the -9th power torr. Adsorption of different gases (O2, H, CO2) was allowed by backfilling the system up to a pressure in the 0.00001 torr range through a sensitive leak valve; crystal conductance is monitored simultaneously. Changes of the photocurrent up to 0.000003 amperes and sensitivity to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen as small as 10 to the -10th power torr are reported for different temperatures. Gases are desorbed by a time linear increase of temperature from 80K to 600;K. The desorption is monitored with a mass spectrometer locked in the investigated mass number. Simultaneous changes of electrical properties are studied using TSC curves. Consequent desorption show, in general, more than one desorption peak, indicating multisite adsorption. (Author)
Type I Interferon Contributes to Noncanonical Inflammasome Activation, Mediates Immunopathology, and Impairs Protective Immunity during Fatal Infection with Lipopolysaccharide-Negative Ehrlichiae

Ehrlichia species are intracellular bacteria that cause fatal ehrlichiosis, mimicking toxic shock syndrome in humans and mice. Virulent ehrlichiae induce inflammasome activation leading to caspase-1 cleavage and IL-18 secretion, which contribute to development of fatal ehrlichiosis. We show that fatal infection triggers expression of inflammasome components, activates caspase-1 and caspase-11, and induces host-cell death and secretion of IL-1β, IL-1α, and type I interferon (IFN-I). Wild-type and Casp1 −/− mice were highly susceptible to fatal ehrlichiosis, had overwhelming infection, and developed extensive tissue injury. Nlrp3 −/− mice effectively cleared ehrlichiae, but displayed acute mortality and developed liver injury similar to wild-type mice. By contrast, Ifnar1 −/− mice were highly resistant to fatal disease and had lower bacterial burden, attenuated pathology, and prolonged survival. Ifnar1 −/− mice also had improved protective immune responses mediated by IFN-γ and CD4 + Th1 and natural killer T cells, with lower IL-10 secretion by T cells. Importantly, heightened resistance of Ifnar1 −/− mice correlated with improved autophagosome processing, and attenuated noncanonical inflammasome activation indicated by decreased activation of caspase-11 and decreased IL-1β, compared with other groups. Our findings demonstrate that IFN-I signaling promotes host susceptibility to fatal ehrlichiosis, because it mediates ehrlichia-induced immunopathology and supports bacterial replication, perhaps via activation of noncanonical inflammasomes, reduced autophagy, and suppression of protective CD4 + T cells and natural killer T-cell responses against ehrlichiae.
The Effects of Inhalation of Organic Chemical Air Contaminants on Murine Lung Host Defenses

The potential health hazards of exposure to threshold limit value (TLV) concentrations of acetaldehyde, acrolein, propylene oxide, chloroform, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, allyl chloride, methylene chloride, ethylene trichloride, perchloroethylene, benzene, phenol, monochlorobenzene, and benzyl chloride, compounds which may be present in the ambient or work room atmosphere were investigated. The effects of single and multiple 3-hr inhalation exposures were evaluated in mice by monitoring changes in their susceptibility to experimentally induced streptococcus aerosol infection and pulmonary bactericidal activity to inhaled Klebsiella pneumoniae. When significant changes in these parameters were found, further exposures were performed at reduced vapor concentrations until the no-measurable-effect level was reached. Multiple exposures on 5 consecutive days were then performed at this concentration. Significant increases in susceptibility to respiratory streptococcus infection were observed after single 3-hr exposure to TLV concentrations of methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and ethylene trichloride. For methylene chloride and perchloroethylene, these exposure conditions also resulted in significantly decreased pulmonary bactericidal activity.
Genotype-specific optimization of plant regeneration from somatic embryos of soybean

Abstract Proliferative embryogenic suspension cultures were established from immature cotyledon explants of Hartz ‘H7190’, a cultivar adapted to growing conditions in the southern USA. Germination frequency of somatic embryos of H7190 was low relative to that of PI 417138, a genotype known to have a high germination capacity. Of those H7190 somatic embryos that germinated, the quality of germinants was poor and no plants were recovered. To optimise germination and plant recovery of H7190 somatic embryos, the effect of relative humidity during desiccation treatment was tested. Desiccation in an atmosphere of 85% relative humidity resulted in higher germination frequencies and higher quality germinants than those in other treatments. The optimal desiccation treatment for somatic embryos of H7190 did not improve germination of somatic embryos of PI 417138, ‘Peking’ or ‘Century’, indicating that no current protocol is optimal for plant recovery from all soybean genotypes.
Atrial Fibrillation After Open Heart Surgery: How Safe Is Early Conversion Without Anticoagulation?

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication after cardiothoracic surgery, not only associated with an increased length of hospital stay but also predisposing patients to thromboembolic complications and stroke. Current guidelines advocate a therapeutic approach for postoperative AF that is fairly similar to the recommendations given for nonsurgical patients who develop AF. With respect to anticoagulation, heparin or oral anticoagulation is generally considered appropriate when the arrhythmia persists >48 hours. The authors present the case of a patient developing sudden-onset, highly symptomatic AF 9 days after open-heart surgery, requiring pharmacologic treatment with amiodarone and metoprolol. Despite an early conversion to sinus rhythm, the patient subsequently developed a stroke, which echocardiographically was attributed to a highly mobile thrombus in the left atrial appendage. Surprisingly, good left atrial mechanical activity was observed. This raises the question of whether the early restoration of sinus rhythm without anticoagulation is safe in a postoperative setting.
Evaluation of a Parent Education and Support Program for Families at Risk of Physical Child Abuse

The effectiveness of a community-based parent education and support program in ameliorating risk factors associated with physical child abuse was tested. Data were collected on 34 families at three...
Ice-binding mechanism of winter flounder antifreeze proteins

We have studied the winter flounder antifreeze protein (AFP) and two of its mutants using molecular dynamics simulation techniques. The simulations were performed under four conditions: in the gas phase, solvated by water, adsorbed on the ice (2021) crystal plane in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. This study provided details of the ice-binding pattern of the winter flounder AFP. Simulation results indicated that the Asp, Asn, and Thr residues in the AFP are important in ice binding and that Asn and Thr as a group bind cooperatively to the ice surface. These ice-binding residues can be collected into four distinct ice-binding regions: Asp-1/Thr-2/Asp-5, Thr-13/Asn-16, Thr-24/Asn-27, and Thr-35/Arg-37. These four regions are 11 residues apart and the repeat distance between them matches the ice lattice constant along the (1102) direction. This match is crucial to ensure that all four groups can interact with the ice surface simultaneously, thereby, enhancing ice binding. These Asx (x = p or n)/Thr regions each form 5–6 hydrogen bonds with the ice surface: Asn forms about three hydrogen bonds with ice molecules located in the step region while Thr forms one to two hydrogen bonds with the ice molecules in the ridge of the (2021) crystal plane. Both the distance between Thr and Asn and the ordering of the two residues are crucial for effective ice binding. The proper sequence is necessary to generate a binding surface that is compatible with the ice surface topology, thus providing a perfect "host/guest" interaction that simultaneously satisfies both hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. The results also show the relation among binding energy, the number of hydrogen bonds, and the activity. The activity is correlated to the binding energy, and in the case of the mutants we have studied the number of hydrogen bonds. The greater the number of the hydrogen bonds the greater the antifreeze activity. The roles van der Waals interactions and the hydrophobic effect play in ice binding are also highlighted. For the latter it is demonstrated that the surface of ice has a clathratelike structure which favors the partitioning of hydrophobic groups to the surface of ice. It is suggested that mutations that involve the deletion of hydrophobic residues (e.g., the Leu residues) will provide insight into the role the hydrophobic effect plays in partitioning these peptides to the surface of ice.
Expenditures and receipts in state and local government finances: Reply

It is worth repeating that causality testing is a very complex task. The diversity of views on interpreting the definition of causality and on the methods for testing causality highlight this issue. In our study, we cite an excellent article which provides a detailed critique of various problems associated with causality tests (see Conway, et al., 1984). It would appear that Chowdhury's comment draws very strong conclusions and fails to consider some of the complex theoretical issues regarding causality tests as well as important data problems pertaining to state and local governments. Moreover, we find it somewhat curious that, given the strong similarities in our two studies, Chowdhury prefers to dwell on the mechanics of an alternative technique rather than concentrate on the fact that his alternative technique yields supporting results to our 1987 paper on the tax-spend hypothesis.
Library anxiety: Characteristics of ‘at-risk’ college students

Library anxiety is a psychological barrier to academic success among college students. This study of 493 university students examined factors which predict library anxiety. A setwise multiple regression analysis revealed that eight variables (age, sex, year of study, native language, grade point average, employment status, frequency of library visits, and reason for using the library) contributed significantly to the prediction of library anxiety. Analysis of variance, which included trend analysis, revealed that freshmen reported the highest level of library anxiety, and that this level declined linearly as a function of year of study. Based on these findings, both librarians and teaching faculty should be aware of the characteristics of high-anxious students, and increase the availability of anxiety-reducing interventions for students.
The vitrophage in ocular trauma. Report of 15 cases.

Fifteen patients underwent a pars plana approach vitrectomy and membranectomy after acute and chronic injury. In all cases the lens fragments, hemorrhage, and secondary membranes were removed restoring clarity to the ocular media. In two cases the final visual acuity was limited by pre-existing retinal injury. The advantages of pars plana approach are the small incision and minimal ocular manipulation during surgery. In the presence of retinal injury, diathermy during the procedure or photocoagulation within 24 hours is also indicated.
COBOL tables: A proposed standard of presentation

In presentation of multidimensional arrays, a common convention for presentation is the row major format. Unfortunately, the presentation of COBOL tables follows no conventional format. A survey of presentations in current texts demonstrates this lack of uniform presentation. The lack of uniformity adds complexity to classroom presentation and also is magnified due to little carry over of concepts learned when dealing with arrays. A presentation of arrays and tables is discussed along with a proposed standard for presentation of tables in COBOL.
Strength of frozen silt as a function of ice content and dry unit weight

ABSTRACT Sayles, F.H. and Carbee, D.L., 1981. Strength of frozen silt as a function of ice content and dry unit weight. Eng. Geol., 18: 55-66. A total of 45 unconfined compression tests were conducted on frozen specimens of remolded, saturated Fairbanks silt at dry unit weights ranging from 993 to 1490 kg/m 3 with total water contents ranging from 0.28 to 0.58. The rate of strain was 0.005 s -1 . Using the criterion that the ice matrix in the soil fractures at the first point of significant yield shown in the stress—strain curve, which occurs at less than 0.01 strain in this study, the “ice matrix strength” is shown to be nearly proportional to the volumetric ice content of the soil for these tests. The strength at 0.2 strain appears to be nearly independent of the dry unit weight and water content of the soil.
Obesity, Morbid Obesity and their Related Medical Comorbidities are Associated with Increased Complications and Revision Rates after Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

article i nfo Recent studies have demonstrated clinical success in expanding the indications for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) to patients with increased body mass index (BMI). This study utilized national databases to identify 15,770 unique patients who underwent UKA between 2005 and 2011. 18.7% of patients undergoing a UKA were obese or morbidly obese. Univariate analysis demonstrated that obesity and morbid obesity were as- sociated with significantly higher complication rates within 90 days postoperatively compared to non-obese patients. The overall short-term revision rate in obese and morbidly obese patients undergoing UKA was almost twice as high as the revision rate in non-obese patients. Obese and morbidly obese patients being considered for UKA should be counseled preoperatively regarding their increased risk of postoperative complications and revi- sion surgery.
Precursors of the copper-zinc oxide methanol synthesis catalysts

Abstract The coprecipitated hydroxycarbonate precursor of the methanol synthesis and shift reaction catalyst based on 30 at.% copper and 70 at.% zinc oxide, which was previously reported to be a mixture of hydrozincite Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 and rosasite (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2 (R. G. Herman, K. Klier, G. W. Simmons, B. P. Finn, J. B. Bulko, and T. P. Kobylinski, J. Catal. 56, 407, 1979) or a single-phase hydrozincite (G. Petrini, F. Montino, A. Bossi, and G. Gaybassi, in “Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Preparation of Catalysis III” (G. Poncelet, P. Grange, and P. A. Jacobs, Eds.), Vol. 16, p. 735. Elsevier, The Netherlands, 1983), is herein shown to be a single-phase aurichalcite (Cu0.3Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6. The orthorhombic B2212 aurichalcite is crystallograpically distinct from the monoclinic C 2 m hydrozincite, although these two compounds have the same ratio of metal ions to carbonate and hydroxyl anions. Both aurichalcite and hydrozincite are chemically and structurally distinct from the monoclinic P2 1 a rosasite. The earlier erroneous assignments are attributed to the structural similarity of the three hydroxycarbonates in question. An energy-dispersive characteristic X-ray emission analysis of individual particles in the scanning transmission electron microscope reveals a uniform distribution of copper and zinc at the analytical concentration Cu Zn = 30 70 . Precursors with less than 30% copper consist of mixtures of aurichalcite and hydrozincite.
Teratogenicity of valproic acid: In vivo and in vitro investigations

The in vivo teratogenic potential of valproic acid was evaluated in the CD-1 mouse. Dose selection was based on the estimated lethality curve and several doses were evaluated. Treatment during early organogenesis (Days 8–10) produced a dose related increase in congenital abnormalities which was accompanied by a decrease in fetal weight, Rib and vertebral abnormalities together with exencephaly were the most common defects. Greater embryo mortality was apparent following teatment during late organogenesis (Days 11–13), but the surviving fetuses were less sensitive to the dysmorphogenic effects and cleft palate was now the most common defect, Early neurula stage mouse (Day 9) and rat (Day 10) embryos were cultured in the presence of valproic acid (0.6–1.8 mM) for 48 hr. There was significant reduction in growth which was accompanied by a variety of dysmorphogenic effects. Irregular segmentation of somites together with incomplete and irregular fusion of brain folds were most evident. These were observed at concentrations of valproic acid where no adverse effects on the yolk sac circulatory system were apparent. These in vitro effects appear to be comparable to the in vivo observations and suggest a direct teratogenic action of valproic acid on the developing rodent embryo.
Antecedents and consequences of traditional and virtual IT professionals' satisfaction with employment arrangements

As virtual work becomes more common among information technology (IT) professionals, it is important to understand the differences between traditional and virtual employment arrangements. Based on an examination of literature on psychological contracts and work arrangements and interviews with virtual IT workers and IT HR managers, six dimensions of employment arrangements -- length, depth, discretion, career development opportunities, compensation level, and risk -- are identified to illuminate these differences. How well employers meet IT professionals' preferences for the valued outcomes represented by these dimensions, i.e., IT professionals' satisfaction with their employment arrangements (or employment arrangement fit), is the central construct in the conceptual model elaborated here. A methodology for empirically investigating this conceptual model is outlined.
Surface electronic structure of NiO: Defect states, O 2 and H 2 O interactions

The electronic structure of surface defects on NiO(100) and their interaction with ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O have been studied on single crystals cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum by using ultraviolet and x-ray photoemission and Auger spectroscopies, as well as low-energy-electron diffraction. Defects created by inert ion bombardment of the NiO(100) surface are associated with anion vacancies. These result in ${F}_{s}$ centers when isolated, and in the formation of a 1.5-eV-wide surface conduction band as the defect density increases. The satellites, which appear at approximately 7 eV from each of the Ni photoemission peaks in NiO, decrease in amplitude as the density of anion vacancies increases. This result is in agreement with the identification of these satellites as resulting from unscreened emission. Oxygen does not interact with the perfect surface, but for small exposures it chemisorbs dissociatively at defect sites, rapidly depopulating the band-gap states associated with the defects. This phase of adsorption is essentially complete after 10 L of exposure (1 L = 1 langmuir\ensuremath{\equiv}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ Torr sec). A second phase having a small sticking coefficient continues to adsorb up to ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exposures of ${10}^{9}$ L. The photoemission spectra of this second phase differ distinctly from those of both lattice oxygen and molecular ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, and we tentatively identify this phase as ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. This assignment is compatible with previous interpretations of intermediate phases of oxygen adsorption on metals at low temperatures and with electron-energy-loss data from other oxides. ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O adsorption on NiO takes place only in the presence of nonlattice oxygen. The resultant adsorption is dissociative, leading to the formation of ${\mathrm{OH}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ radicals on the surface.
The Brookhaven Reactor Experiment Control Facility - A Distributed Function Computer Network

A computer network for real-time data acquisition, monitoring and control of a series of experiments at the Brookhaven High Flux Beam Reactor has been developed and has been set into routine operation. This Reactor Experiment Control Facility presently services nine neutron spectrometers and one x-ray diffractometer. Several additional experiment connections are in progress. The architecture of the facility is based on a distributed function network concept as introduced and defined elsewhere. This paper is a statement of implementation and results.
Elastic Scattering at Resonance from Bound Nuclei

The usual Debye-Waller factor, $〈\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}i({\mathrm{k}}_{f}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{k}}_{0})\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{r}]〉$, which when multiplying the fixed-scatterer amplitude gives the nonresonant elastic-scattering amplitude from a bound scatterer, is generally applicable only for fast collisions, i.e., if the "collision time," $\ensuremath{\hbar}(\frac{d}{\mathrm{dE}})$ (scattering phase shift), is much less than a characteristic vibration time, ${{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, of the bound scatterer about its mean position. In the opposite extreme case, where the "collision time" is very long compared to ${{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (slow collisions), there is negligible correlation between the positions of absorption and subsequence re-emission (for an atom bound in a crystal), and the "Debye-Waller" factor becomes $〈\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}i{\mathrm{k}}_{f}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{r})〉〈\mathrm{exp}(i{\mathrm{k}}_{0}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{r})〉$. If the scatterers' surroundings exhibit cubic symmetry, the extremes as well as all intermediate cases give the same factor for 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} scattering angle. In the case of medium collisions, collision time \ensuremath{\approx} vibration time, the elastic scattering amplitude becomes sensitive to the detailed vibrational spectrum of the bound scatterer. For nonresonant scattering the collision times are of the order of transit times (x ray across the atom for Thomson scattering, neutron across the nucleus for neutron potential scattering) and are thus fast collisions.The inverse characteristic vibration times of atoms in crystals are of the order of their Debye$\ensuremath{\Theta}$ and are a few hundredths of an ev. Slow neutron nuclear resonance widths vary from a few hundredths to a few tenths ev; therefore slow neutron collisions are medium to fast. Gamma-ray resonances for ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}l100$ kev (M\"ossbauer), on the other hand, have widths less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ev, and therefore correspond to slow collisions.A slight generalization of a formula due to Lamb gives the resonant scattering, and our discussion of the formula is largely a straightforward extension of those of Lamb and Singwi and Sj\"olander in their discussion of resonance absorption. The total absorption cross section and, in most cases of interest, the inelastic scattering cross section may be obtained from the elastic scattering amplitude.
Scale Dependence of Radar-Rainfall Rates—An Assessment Based on Raindrop Spectra

Abstract Scale differences may introduce a bias when comparing, merging, or assimilating rainfall measurements because the dynamic range of values representing the underlying physical process strongly depends on the resolution of the data. The present study addresses this issue from the perspective of how well coarser-resolution radar-rainfall observations may be used for evaluation of hydrologic point processes occurring at the land surface, such as rainfall erosion, infiltration, ponding, and runoff. Conceptual and quantitative analyses reveal that scale differences may yield substantial biases. Even for perfect measurements, the overall bias is composed of two contributing factors: one related to a reduction of dynamic range of rain rates and the other related to a dependence of the relationship between observed radar reflectivity factor and retrieved rainfall rate on the scale of observation. The effects of scale differences are evaluated empirically from a perspective of averaging in time based on ra...
Two charged particles in a two-dimensional well

Numerical solutions are obtained for the time-independent Schrodinger equation for a system of two particles of the same charge, repelled by the Coulomb force and confined to a two-dimensional infinite well. The eigenfunctions are expanded in a basis set of product delta functions; the Coulomb potential's singularity is thereby removed. We discuss our findings regarding correlated behavior in the lowest energy states of a well of width and length 3 bohr and the ordering of symmetric and antisymmetric states. Presented are conditional-probability densities in which Coulomb and Fermi holes are featured. The method is useful for treating other two-particle interactions in two dimensions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Heat Shock Protein 27 Protects against Aminolevulinic Acid-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells

This study utilized two breast cancer cell lines differing only in their expression of heat shock protein 27 (hsp27). The DB46 cell line was engineered to express high constitutive levels of hsp27, while the DC4 cell line expresses normal low levels of hsp27. The cells were incubated in 1 mM aminolevlinic acid (ALA) 4 hr prior to light exposures (635 nm) ranging from 1 to 20 J/cm2. Both cell lines displayed a dose response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) as assayed by clonogenic survival. LD50s of 2.68 and 1.27 J/cm2 were observed for DB46 and DC4 cells respectively. ALA-PDT-induced resistance to both apoptosis and necrosis in the DB46 cell line was found from TUNEL assays and fluorescence microscopy studies using propidium iodide and Hoechst staining.
Teaching the Literature Review: A Practical Approach for College Instructors

Instructors across the disciplines require their students to write literature reviews. Although numerous sources describe the literature review process, instructors and students face difficulty when approaching the structure of a literature review. This paper presents a straightforward, efficient approach for teaching students how to write a literature review. Developed over the course of three years at a university writing center, this lesson received substantial support from students across the disciplines. This paper reflects on one group of students’ experiences while writing literature reviews in a political science course, showing that students demonstrated a sense of confidence and direction after the lesson. University professors, writing center staff, and content-discipline instructors in higher education classrooms can alleviate their students’ anxiety about literature reviews by using this lesson in their classrooms.
Appropriate strategies for determining the photoconversion efficiency of water photoelectrolysis cells : A review with examples using titania nanotube array photoanodes

Proper determination of light to chemical energy conversion efficiency of a photoelectrochemical cell is critical in evaluating its performance. Since the demonstration of photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor electrodes, many strategies have been suggested and employed for the determination of photoconversion efficiency. We review these approaches as well as factors limiting ideal case efficiencies. Cell efficiency values are found to vary considerably depending upon the errors involved in the basic assumptions and measurement procedures. With researchers using different expressions for efficiency calculation, the values can be inconsistent and a direct comparison meaningless; we demonstrate this with the help of photocurrent data obtained from a photoelectrolysis cell employing titania nanotube array photoanodes. We find, and demonstrate, that realistic solar photoconversion efficiencies can be estimated with the help of incident photon to electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) values and solar irradiance data using the expression: ratio of the net power output to the power supplied by the incident light, where the net power output is the difference between the maximum electrical power available from the hydrogen produced and the power supplied by an external source. The power from the external source is determined by taking product of the photocurrent and the potential difference between the working and counter electrodes.
The Role of SDH Assembly Factor 2 and YgfY in Flavinylation of Succinate Dehydrogenase Flavoprotein

A mutation of the mitochondrial protein SDH assembly factor 2 (AF2) has been linked to hereditary paraganglioma in humans (Hao et al.(2009), Science 325,1139-42). These authors showed that AF2 is required for flavinylation of the succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein (SDHA) in human cells or yeast, and that yeast SDHA heterogenously expressed in E. coli is flavinated only if yeast AF2 is coexpressed. We have extended these observations to the human protein: hSDHA is flavinated in E. coli only if coexpressed with human AF2. Flavinylation does not occur when purified recombinant hSDHA and AF2 are mixed with FAD in the presence or absence of succinate, fumarate, and MgATP, so some other factor provided by E. coli is required. We will report results fractionating E. coli cell lysate to determine the factors required and elucidate the role of AF2 in flavinylation. The E. coli protein YgfY is a distant homolog of mitochondrial AF2, and E. coli has SDH, the flavoprotein of which is very similar to that of mitochondrial SDH. We show here that a strain of E. coli with YgfY deleted is unable to grow with succinate as carbon source or to accumulate flavinylated SDH flavoprotein in its membranes. These observations are consistent with but do not prove a role for YgfY in maturation of SDH flavoprotein.
Toxic polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in Sheboygan River (USA) sediments

In the US polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were produced in mixtures (Aroclors) of the 209 different PCB congeners. The Aroclors differ not only in the congeners contained in the mixture, but also in the weight percent of the congeners. Until recently almost all environmental and biological samples were analyzed for PCBs by matching the chromatographic pattern to the pattern of pure Aroclors and results were reported as an Aroclor or mixture of Aroclors. However, with the refinement of high resolution capillary gas chromatographic techniques, it is now possible to identify and quantify individual PCB congeners in environmental samples. The purpose here is to present results of analyses of river sediments for these toxic PCB congeners using a multidimensional chromatography technique.
Effect of Viscoelasticity on Thermalmechanical Stress in Polymers

Polymers are being widely used in microelectronic packages and viscoelasticity is one of the important characteristics of polymers. In practice, most package stress studies arbitrarily neglect the polymer viscoelasticity and use elastic models although viscoelastic constitutive relation is different from commonly used elastic-plastic behavior due to the fact that the characterization of viscoelasticity is complex and time-consuming. With this in mind, special response of thermal-mismatch stress induced by temperature excursion within polymers are expected to be very different than the linear elastic response, and better knowledge for thermomechanical stress behavior in polymers needs to be developed. In this paper, a bi-material plate consisting of a polymer film on an elastic substrate was used to demonstrate the significance of polymer viscoelasticity. The constitutive relation for a linear viscoelastic thermorheologically simple material (TSM) was adopted for the polymer layer. The effect of polymer viscoelasticity on stress evolution under different temperature profiles has been investigated.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Reputation and rational deterrence theory

(1997). Reputation and rational deterrence theory. Security Studies: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 100-113.
Comparison of Observed 10-m Wind Speeds to Those Based on Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory Using IHOP_2002 Aircraft and Surface Data

Abstract Comparisons of 10-m above ground level (AGL) wind speeds from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models to point observations consistently show that model daytime wind speeds are slow compared to observations, even after improving model physics and going to smaller grid spacing. Previous authors have attributed the discrepancy to differences between the areas represented by model and observations, and the small surface roughness upstream of wind vanes compared with the corresponding model grid value. Using daytime fair-weather data from the May–June 2002 International H2O Experiment (IHOP_2002), the effect of wind-vane exposure is explored by comparing observed 10-m winds from nine surface-flux towers in well-exposed locations to modeled 10-m winds found by applying Monin–Obukhov (MO) similarity for unstable conditions to flight-track-averaged data collected by the University of Wyoming King Air over flat to rolling terrain with occasional trees and buildings. In the calculations, King Air winds ...
Psycho-logics. 2. The structure of "unimpaired" human behavior.

Abstract At this point, we have provisionally demonstrated the self-consistency of our axiomatic system. We started by stating our undefined terms, and our premises; we set up our logical machinery, we turned this logical machinery one complete revolution, and got our premises back. Further, by analyzing in detail just what our hypothetical organism learned from his encounter with the Ames trapezoidal window, we have provided a representation of ‘sane’ behavior which can be directly compared with the perceivable structure of human experience. The next step will be extend this system so as to show the structure of the integrated social relations between human organisms. Then we shall explore the structure of ‘impaired’ subsets of Cs (‘unsane behavior’). Finally, we shall explore the mechanisms whereby a human organism can learn how to ‘complete’ his hitherto ‘impaired’ subsets of Cs.
High field faraday rotation of some Zn(VI) compounds

Abstract Verdet coefficients at about 6.5 K were determined as a function of wavelength for single-crystal phases of ZnO, ZnSe and ZnS. The coefficients for all the materials studied here exhibit no magnetic field dependence below 100 T. ZnO and ZnS were investigated to fields substantially above 100 T. For ZnS, the Verdet coefficients were found to decrease at higher fields. A similar behavior did not occur for ZnO at fields to 180 T.
Quaternary stratigraphic usage in North America: A brief survey

A survey of North American Quaternary workers shows that a majority of those polled believe the distinction between the geologic-climate stratigraphic term “Wisconsin Glaciation” and the chrono-stratigraphic term “Wisconsinan Stage” is important in North America. More than two-thirds of the respondents indicated that they favor use of local or regional geographic terms for the last glaciation outside of central and eastern North America. A majority also advocated informal use of local or regional names for subdivisional stratigraphic units. Almost three-fourths of the respondents suggested that the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary be placed at 10,000 14 C yr B.P. Most feel that the pre-Wisconsin glacial stage terminology should be retained, but in a revised, well-dated stratigraphic system.
Individual and systemic/structural bias in child welfare decision making: Implications for children and families of color

Abstract The factors contributing to observed racial disproportionality and disparity in the child welfare system have been the subject of national discourse for decades. This qualitative study used focus groups to engage child welfare and collaborating system decision makers, community partners, and families in a subjective interpretive analysis of racial disproportionality and disparity that had been demonstrated by a previous quantitative analysis of Oregon's child welfare system. Thematic analysis yielded eleven themes from the participant focus groups, four of which clustered around individual and structural/systemic bias and are examined in this paper: visibility bias; cultural bias and insensitivity; personal influences on determination of minimally adequate care; and foster and adoptive parent recruitment and licensing practices. Participants offered recommendations to improve outcomes for children and families of color in light of these observations: increase awareness of bias, create checks and balances in decision-making, contract with and hire culturally and racially diverse professionals, and increase funding for training.
Severity and response of chest pain during thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: A useful indicator of myocardial salvage and infarct size☆

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine non-invasively whether chest pain severity is predictive of the amount of myocardium at risk and whether the response of pain during thrombolysis is associated with myocardial salvage during acute myocardial infarction. Background. The perception of chest pain and response to reperfusion therapy during acute myocardial infarction may provide important information for treatment benefit. Previous studies have been limited by the inability to measure myocardium at risk and myocardial salvage. Methods. Sixty-two patients with acute myocardial infarction received an injection of technetium-99m sestamibi before thrombolysis and again at hospital discharge. Tomographic imaging was performed 1 to 6 h later. Myocardium at risk, infarct size and absolute myocardial salvage were derived from these images using previously described techniques and were expressed as a percent of the left ventricle. Salvage index was calculated by dividing myocardial salvage by the myocardium at risk. Chest pain severity was graded before thrombolysis as none, mild, moderate or severe. Chest pain response during thrombolytic therapy was graded as none, partial or completely resolved. Results. There was no association between chest pain severity and myocardium at risk, but there was a weak trend toward greater myocardial salvage and salvage index (p = 0.09 and p = 0.12, respectively) for patients with more severe symptoms. Patients without chest pain at the start of thrombolysis still demonstrated significant salvage (11 ± 11% of the left ventricle, p = 0.009). There was a significant association between chest pain response to therapy and both myocardial salvage (p = 0.03) and salvage index (p = 0.01). By multivariate analysis, chest pain severity and response of chest pain during thrombolysis were significant independent predictors of myocardial salvage, salvage index and infarct size. Thrombolysis was most effective in the 20 patients (32%) with moderate or severe chest pain and complete resolution of symptoms during thrombolysis (salvage of 79% to 89% of the area at risk). In the remaining 32 patients with chest pain, salvage of the area at risk was only 32%. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the assessment of chest pain before and after thrombolytic therapy is a readily available, useful indicator of the efficacy of the therapy.