cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IASPEI Workshop: Seismic Modeling of Laterally Varying Structures

During the past 10 years, significant progress has been made in the methods of collection and analysis of seismic reflection and refraction data. This progress has led to the development of new models for the structure and composition of the earth's crust, based on sophisticated analysis of numerous profiles in many areas of geologic importance. The third triannual meeting of the IASPEI (International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior) Commission of Controlled Source Seismology was convened in Park City, Utah, on August 11–17, 1980, to bring together seismologists and geologists to explore and assess the progress of controlled source techniques (controlled sources include explosions, air guns, and Vibroseis-type sources), and to evaluate its significance in terms of current models of the seismic velocity structure and composition of the crust and upper mantle. Particular attention was paid to the progress and problems in the modeling of two- and three-dimensional structures.
TURBULENT FLOW IN STIRRED TANKS: SCALE-UP COMPUTATIONS FOR VESSEL HYDRODYNAMICS

A numeric model for turbulent flow was used to compute the flow patterns in Rushton turbine agitated vessels. The cases considered cover two orders of magnitude for the three different scaling criteria of constant impeller Reynolds number, power input per unit mass, and impeller tip speed. The constant power input scale-up criteria maintains the turbulence levels throughout the vessel during scale-up. The circulation times, however, increase with vessel size for this scaling criteria. The other scaling criteria of constant impeller tip speed and impeller Reyonds number lead to decreasing turbulence levels in the tank along with further increases in circulation times.
Multi-target multi-platform sensor registration in geodetic coordinates

This paper describes a sensor registration methodology in a multi-unit and multi-target environment. Algorithms are presented for estimating multi-unit platform alignment biases in latitude, longitude and north angle. The main focus here is filtering and integration of sensor data from multiple units at distinct locations to produce accurate geodetic position estimates of these targets or threats. Analyses performed to assess target position error have shown this to be an effective method of obtaining a reliable geodetic position estimate in the environment of multi-unit radar tracking. Integrated target geodetic positions can be established via this method to support target designation and engagement in the multi-unit environments.
Ownership by Management and Control Groups in the Large Corporation

I. Scope of the study and nature of the data, 367.—II. The extent of management ownership, 372.— Ownership by directors and operating executives, 376.—III. Ownership of the remaining voting stock, 379.— IV. Analysis of outside holdings separately, 383.— Problems of intercorporate ownership, 385.— V. Analysis of holdings by management and outside groups combined, 388.— VI. Proportion of all stock outstanding held by control groups, 390.— VII. Summary and conclusions, 396.
Miniaturized, biopsy-implantable chemical sensor with wireless, magnetic resonance readout

Biopsy is an important diagnostic tool for a broad range of conditions. Cancer diagnoses, for example, are confirmed using tissue explanted with biopsy. Here we demonstrate a miniaturized wireless sensor that can be implanted during a biopsy procedure and return chemical information from within the body. Power and readout are wireless via weak magnetic resonant coupling to an external reader. The sensor is filled with responsive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) contrast agents for chemical sensitivity, and on-board circuitry constrains the NMR measurement to the contents. This sensor enables longitudinal monitoring of the same location, and its simple readout mechanism is ideal for applications not requiring the spatial information available through imaging techniques. We demonstrated the operation of this sensor by measuring two metabolic markers, both in vitro and in vivo: pH in flowing fluid for over 25 days and in a xenograft tumor model in mice, and oxygen in flowing gas and in a rat hind-limb constriction experiment. The results suggest that this in vivo sensing platform is generalizable to other available NMR contrast agents. These sensors have potential for use in biomedicine, environmental monitoring and quality control applications.
Correlation properties of free period partial derivatives and their relation to the resolution of gross earth data

Abstract The least-squares approach to the problem of inversion of a set of observed free oscillation periods leads to a system of normal equations. A solution of this system becomes nonunique if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is equal to or approaches zero. The occurrence of such a condition is investigated by analysing matrices of auto-correlation and cross-correlation between the partial derivatives of free oscillation periods. This approach is closely related to the Dirichlet kernel method described by Backus and Gilbert (1968). A simultaneous solution for density and shear velocity is nonunique if presently available data are used because of the high correlations between the shear velocity partial derivatives and the density partial derivatives in the upper mantle (negative correlations) as well as in the lower mantle (positive correlations). The nonuniqueness in the lower mantle could be avoided if the data for higher torsional modes were included. If a solution for one parameter is attempted assuming that the distribution of the other one is known, then the density solutions are nonunique for the top 100 km of the mantle. The density solutions are also nonunique in the depth range 3700-6371 km if only fundamental mode data are used. Nonuniqueness for the inner core occurs even when the data for the first two overtones are included. Interpretations of shear velocity distribution are highly nonunique in the first 300 km of the mantle. There are high correlations between the density partials or shear velocity partials for the last 1000 km of the mantle and partials with respect to changes in the core radius. This permits compensation of a change in the core radius by redistribution of densities or shear velocities in the lower mantle such that the free oscillation periods remain unchanged within the limits of the measurement error.
The Impact of Ethnic Diversity on the Ladies Professional Golf Association: A Case Study of Anheuser-Busch and its Sponsorship Objectives and Strategies

Between January 2001 and November 2009, players of Asian descent won nearly 30% of the 287 LPGA-sanctioned tournaments held during the period. By contrast, only 15 years ago (in 1995), an Asian player won only one of the 37 LPGA tournaments held that year (Ladies Professional Golf Association [LPGA], 2009). Clearly, a new generation of golfers has significantly increased the ethnic diversity of the LPGA and its tournament winners. This study investigated whether and how ethnic diversity in the LPGA has influenced the objectives and strategies of LPGA sponsorship decisions for the Anheuser-Busch Company (A-B). This research included 11 semi-structured interviews and two observations at A-B events as a participant. Multiple sources of evidence were collected and analyzed through categorical or “thematic” analysis: interview transcripts, field notes, A-B business documents, and physical artifacts. “Selling more beer,” “opportunity,” and “the best competition available” emerged as key themes in my findings. The increasing ethnic diversity of the LPGA through the ascendance of Asian players clearly impacted A-B and its sponsorship objectives and strategies. Contrary to what some have feared about language or cultural barriers as detriments to LPGA sponsorship, A-B expertly utilized the LPGA’s growing diversity for its own competitive advantage through market-driven and awareness-driven goals in its sponsorship decisions. Thoroughly answering these questions might seem to require visiting and studying all past and present LPGA sponsors, but directly querying sponsors would likely prove ineffective. The sensitive and controversy-prone act of commenting on players’ linguistic and cultural aptitudes, as opposed to their playing skills, would likely preclude getting genuine answers. Instead, this study opted to more deeply probe LPGA sponsor A-B as an exemplar to examine how the company views and copes with what may seem like a detrimental by-product of the globalization of women’s professional golf.
Characteristics of inclusions in the dispersed phase of liquid-liquid suspensions

The classical emulsion is made up of drops of one liquid dispersed in a containing liquid. Under certain circumstances, however, some of the containing phase may form drops within the drops of the dispersed liquid, giving rise to a structure known as a double-multiple emulsion. This study was an investigation of the hydrodynamic formation of these structures. Double-multiple emulsions were produced by using both transient and steady state liquid injection, with a cylindrical jet configuration. Analysis of the spray was by means of high-speed photography. The distribution of the large drops and that of the included drops were both found to be represented satisfactorily by a log-normal probability function. A simplified model based on the use of nozzle parameters satisfactorily correlated percent included area and volume as a function of Reynolds number and Weber number. Large dispersed phase drops contained proportionally many more inclusions than did the smaller sizes. The mechanism of inclusion formation was found to involve the drawing out of a ligament or sheet from the flowing jet, followed by the recoalescence of the free end of this ligament or sheet with the main jet body, entraining in the process a portion of the containing phase. Thus, the inclusions predate the formation of the drops of the dispersed phase from the jet disruption.
Instrumental Loyalty and the Recycling of Expertise

In an ideal world, when experimental physicists are considering which experiment to do next they would ask themselves the question, “What is the best physics experiment that can be done?” In the real world the question often asked is, “What is the best physics experiment that I can do with an already existing apparatus, or with a minor modification of that apparatus?” This is not to say that physicists never construct a new apparatus to perform an experiment, they often do.1 Rather, it is the recognition that physicists have areas of knowledge and of expertise and that there is a certain cognitive and economic efficiency in using an already existing apparatus. In such a case the experimenters already have substantial knowledge about how the apparatus works and what the experimental difficulties might be. They will be aware of backgrounds that might mask or mimic the effect to be measured, and of possible systematic effects. They will also know the theory of the phenomena involved in the experiments. One might call this the recycling of expertise. The economic efficiency is obvious. Instrumental loyalty is less expensive. It is usually cheaper to use or modify an existing apparatus than to build a new one.2 This is another aspect of the context of pursuit, the further investigation of a hypothesis or an experimental result (Franklin 1993b). In the episode discussed below the use of similar experimental apparatuses allowed the further investigation of a general subject area.3
Responsibility in Clinical Ethics Consultation

The field of bio- or medical ethics continues to show serious distress, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding. Not that such news will, I dare say, cause many tremors in the landscape of medicine or health care. What with the upheavals brought on by the open shift to commercializing health care—and the threats to the autonomy long enjoyed by many health professionals, physicians in particular, now experiencing the real anguish implicit to functioning as gatekeepers (Pellegrino ED, J Contemp Health Law Policy 2:23–45, 1986)—there has been quite enough to preoccupy physicians, researchers and others in health care’s increasingly embattled demesne.
Reticuloendotheliosis Complicated by Xanthomatous Biliary Cirrhosis: Report of a Case

Summary A report is presented of the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings in a 4-year-old boy who was considered to have reticuloendotheliosis complicated by xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis. Notable features were the presence of lytic lesions in the skull, transient diabetes insipidus, obstructive jaundice, cutaneous xanthomas, and high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
A fluorogenic aryl fluorosulfate for intraorganellar transthyretin imaging in living cells and in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Fluorogenic probes, due to their often greater spatial and temporal sensitivity in comparison to permanently fluorescent small molecules, represent powerful tools to study protein localization and function in the context of living systems. Herein, we report fluorogenic probe 4, a 1,3,4-oxadiazole designed to bind selectively to transthyretin (TTR). Probe 4 comprises a fluorosulfate group not previously used in an environment-sensitive fluorophore. The fluorosulfate functional group does not react covalently with TTR on the time scale required for cellular imaging, but does red shift the emission maximum of probe 4 in comparison to its nonfluorosulfated analogue. We demonstrate that probe 4 is dark in aqueous buffers, whereas the TTR·4 complex exhibits a fluorescence emission maximum at 481 nm. The addition of probe 4 to living HEK293T cells allows efficient binding to and imaging of exogenous TTR within intracellular organelles, including the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, live C...
Spatial domain characterization of abrupt rotating stall initiation in an axial flow compressor

NOMENCLATURE The detection of rotating stall precursors has become a focus of current research because of the desirability of implementing a control scheme well before a compressor enters a stall condition. To identify spatially coherent pressure waves which would serve as precursors to the development of an instability in the Purdue Axial Flow Research Compressor, sensitive electret microphones were uniformly distributed around the circumference of the compressor. Fourier analysis of simultaneously sampled data from these microphone arrays was employed to identify the development of dominant spatial modes in the pressure field in the compressor. The transition to stall was observed to be an abrupt process, with the eruption of a stall cell on rotor blades corresponding to a strong rise in the spatial mode magnitude. However, a weak, circumferentially distorted pressure wave was detected which began adjusting to the ultimate phase propagation velocity of the finite stall pattern from within 5 to 26 revolutions prior to a significant rise in the mode magnitude and the indication of a stall cell on the rotor blade. Comparison of the first and second harmonics of this signal indicate that this disturbance is represented in the spatial domain by an impulsive-type waveform, and thus likely represents a small, propagating flow separation. * AFRAFT Trainee, Member AIAA ** AFRAPT Trainee, Member AIAA *** Professor, Associate Fellow AlAA f, Frequency measured by a single transducer N Number of transducers in spatial array n Modenumber t Time Vp Phase angular velocity a Modephaseangle
Analysis of Twisting Vibration Eigenfrequencies of Rotary Sucher-rod String

On the basis of the analysis of the twisting vibration of rotary sucher-rod string, a formula of calculating every harmonic vibration eigenfrequency is presented. The calculated result of a instance shows that, when the setting depth of a pump is in the range of 700~1800m, five lower harmonic twisting vibration eigenfrequencies of a single-diameter or two-diameter sucher-rod string are in 26~608 r/min, in which the working rotary speed range (65~350r/min) of screw pump producing systems is completely included. This is different from the case of suck rod pump producing systems. Therefore, when the working rotary speed of a screw pump producing system is selected, not only are the base frequency but also the higher harmonic eigenfrequencies of the sucker-rod string considered. The higher harmonic eigenfrequencies of a two-diameter sucker-rod string can be approximately substituted with those of a correspondence single-diameter sucker-rod string because the difference between the former and the latter is only 2.1%~5.2%. The data in the paper can be used for guiding the matching of sucker rod combination with rotary speed of a screw pump producing system.
Posttreatment FDG PET/CT in predicting survival of patients with ovarian carcinoma

The purposes of this study are to evaluate the prognostic value of posttreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT in predicting the survival of patients with ovarian carcinoma and to determine incremental value of combining posttreatment PET/CT with traditional prognostic factors in a multivariate model. This was an IRB-approved retrospective study. From July 2001 to July 2011, 48 patients who completed initial therapy for ovarian carcinoma with concurrent 3- to 9-month initial posttreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT and serum CA-125 were identified from the radiology database. Prognostic value of posttreatment PET/CT, CA-125, age, race, and tumor stage were determined from Cox proportional hazard model using univariate and multivariate analyses. Time-dependent receiver operator curves were also calculated at various follow-up intervals. In a univariate model, overall survival (OS) was associated with PET/CT (hazard ratio = 4.18; 95 % CI 1.49–11.70) and CA-125 (hazard ratio = 11.09; 95 % CI 4.27–28.79). When the effects of posttreatment PET/CT and CA-125 were combined in the multivariate analysis, hazard ratio for PET/CT increased to 4.84 (95 % CI 1.59–14.73, p = 0.005) and hazard ratio for CA-125 increased to 14.43 (95 % CI 4.65–44.84, p < 0.001). In the subset of patients with negative CA-125, posttreatment PET/CT had a hazard ratio of 2.98 (95 % CI 0.86–10.37), supporting the role of posttreatment PET/CT in risk stratification of patients with negative CA-125. Time-dependent receiver operator curves showed that the combination of PET/CT and CA-125 improved prognostic accuracy compared to PET/CT or CA-125 alone at 12-, 24-, 30-, and 36-month follow-up. Posttreatment PET/CT can predict the survival of patients with ovarian carcinoma. The addition of posttreatment PET/CT to the CA-125 serum biomarker has an incremental value in improving prognostic accuracy, particularly in the subset of patients with negative CA-125.
Plasmonic Sensing of Heat Transport at Solid–Liquid Interfaces

We report experimental studies of interfacial heat transport for a system of Au nanodisks supported on fused silica substrates, coated by hydrophilic and hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers, and immersed in water–ethanol mixtures and solutions of a nonionic surfactant, hexyl-β-d-glucoside in water. The Au nanodisks are abruptly heated by a sub-picosecond optical pulse; time-resolved changes in the temperature of the Au nanodisk and the liquid near the nanodisk/liquid interface are monitored by measurements of transient changes in optical transmission. The interface thermal conductance G of nanodisks coated with a hydrophilic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of sodium 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate varies over the range 90 < G < 190 MW m–2 K–1 as the composition of the liquid mixture is changed from pure ethanol to pure water. With increasing hexyl-β-d-glucoside concentration in water, the interface thermal conductance of hydrophilic nanodisks decreases from 190 MW m–2 K–1 to 130 MW m–2 K–1 as the concentra...
Parental Involvement in the Reform of Mathematics Education.

HIGH SCHOOLS across the nation have been, and are, engaged in efforts to implement the recommendations in the three Standards documents of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989,1991,1995). These efforts con tinue in the context of a larger educational-reform movement that spans all content areas (Fullan 1991; U.S. DOE 1994a). Many of the more recent reform documents, which point the direction for this move ment, call for increases in parental involvement and the promotion of partnerships between schools and communities (National Parent-Teacher Associ ation 1994; U.S. DOE 1994a, 1994b). These aims are apparent in the U.S. DOE's national goals for the year 2000 (U.S. DOE 1994a):
Expanding a common metric for depression reporting: linking two scales to PROMIS® depression.

Depression is a significant mental health concern. There are numerous depression questionnaires, several of which can be scored onto the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Depression metric. This study expands the unified metric by linking depression subscales from the Adult Self-Report (ASR) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) to it. An online sample of 2009 men who have sex with men (MSM) was recruited. Item factor analysis was used to evaluate the dimensionality of the aggregated measures and confirm the statistical assumptions for linking. Then, linking was conducted using equipercentile and item response theory (IRT) methods. Equipercentile linking considered varying degrees of post-smoothing. IRT-based linking used fixed-anchor calibration and separate calibration with Stocking-Lord linking constants. All three scales were broadly unidimensional. This MSM sample had slightly higher average depression scores than the general population (mean = 54.4, SD = 9.6). Both linking methods provided robust, largely comparable results. Subgroup invariance held for age, race, and HIV status. Given the broad comparability across methods, the crosswalk between raw sum scores and the unified T-score metric used fixed-anchor IRT-based methods. PROMIS provides a unified, interpretable metric for depression reporting. The results of this study allow the depression subscales from the ASR and BSI to be rescored onto the unified metric with reasonable caution. This will benefit epidemiological projects aggregating data across various measures or time points.
Phase coexistence and pinning of charge density waves by interfaces in chromium

We study the temperature dependence of the charge density wave (CDW) in a chromium thin film using x-ray diffraction. We exploit the interference between the CDW satellite peaks and Laue oscillations to determine the amplitude, the phase, and the period of the CDW. We find discrete half-integer periods of CDW in the film and switching of the number of periods by one upon cooling/heating with a thermal hysteresis of 20 K. The transition between different CDW periods occurs over a temperature range of 30 K, slightly larger than the width of the thermal hysteresis. A comparison with simulations shows that the phase transition occurs as a variation of the volume fraction of two distinct phases with well-defined periodicities. The phase of the CDW is constant for all temperatures, and we attribute it to strong pinning of the CDW by the mismatch-induced strain at the film-substrate interface.
Contact Electrification of Individual Dielectric Microparticles Measured by Optical Tweezers in Air.

We measure charging of single dielectric microparticles after interaction with a glass substrate using optical tweezers to control the particle, measure its charge with a sensitivity of a few electrons, and precisely contact the particle with the substrate. Polystyrene (PS) microparticles adhered to the substrate can be selected based on size, shape, or optical properties and repeatedly loaded into the optical trap using a piezoelectric (PZT) transducer. Separation from the substrate leads to charge transfer through contact electrification. The charge on the trapped microparticles is measured from the response of the particle motion to a step excitation of a uniform electric field. The particle is then placed onto a target location of the substrate in a controlled manner. Thus, the triboelectric charging profile of the selected PS microparticle can be measured and controlled through repeated cycles of trap loading followed by charge measurement. Reversible optical trap loading and manipulation of the sele...
Fyn kinase regulates translation in mammalian mitochondria.

Abstract Background Mitochondrial translation machinery solely exists for the synthesis of 13 mitochondrially-encoded subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes in mammals. Therefore, it plays a critical role in mitochondrial energy production. However, regulation of the mitochondrial translation machinery is still poorly understood. In comprehensive proteomics studies with normal and diseased tissues and cell lines, we and others have found the majority of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) to be phosphorylated. Neither the kinases for these phosphorylation events nor their specific roles in mitochondrial translation are known. Methods Mitochondrial kinases are responsible for phosphorylation of MRPs enriched from bovine mitoplasts by strong cation-exchange chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics analyses of kinase rich fractions. Phosphorylation of recombinant MRPs and 55S ribosomes was assessed by in vitro phosphorylation assays using the kinase-rich fractions. The effect of identified kinase on OXPHOS and mitochondrial translation was assessed by various cell biological and immunoblotting approaches. Results Here, we provide the first evidence for the association of Fyn kinase, a Src family kinase, with mitochondrial translation components and its involvement in phosphorylation of 55S ribosomal proteins in vitro . Modulation of Fyn expression in human cell lines has provided a link between mitochondrial translation and energy metabolism, which was evident by the changes in 13 mitochondrially encoded subunits of OXPHOS complexes. Conclusions and general significance Our findings suggest that Fyn kinase is part of a complex mechanism that regulates protein synthesis and OXPHOS possibly by tyrosine phosphorylation of translation components in mammalian mitochondria.
Energy consumption of data driven traffic simulations

Dynamic Data-Driven Application Systems (DDDAS) implemented on mobile devices must conserve energy to maximize battery life. For example, applications for online traffic prediction require use of real-time data streams that drive distributed simulations. These systems involve embedding computations in mobile computing platforms that establish the state of the system being monitored and collectively predict future system states. Understanding where energy consumption takes place in such systems is vital to optimize its use. Results of an empirical investigation are described that measure energy consumption of aspects such as data streaming, data aggregation, and traffic simulation computations using different modeling approaches to assess their contribution to overall energy consumption.
The Costs and Benefits of Party Switching in Mexico

Are party switchers successful at furthering their careers? Most research on party switching focuses on the decision to switch and with which party to affiliate. Less attention is paid to the costs and benefits of switching parties. Moreover, previous research examining the electoral success of party switchers has often ignored how costs vary between the candidate selection process and the general election. This study addresses this gap in the literature by using original data on the careers of Mexican federal deputies to examine the costs and benefits of switching parties at the candidate selection stage and during general elections. The results suggest that party switchers are more successful at winning ballot access than nonswitchers but are less likely to win office. These results help explain why ambitious politicians would switch parties, given the known risks of changing party affiliation.
Automated feature extraction for retinal vascular biometry in zebrafish using OCT angiography

Zebrafish have been identified as an ideal model for angiogenesis because of anatomical and functional similarities with other vertebrates. The scale and complexity of zebrafish assays are limited by the need to manually treat and serially screen animals, and recent technological advances have focused on automation and improving throughput. Here, we use optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A) to perform noninvasive, in vivo imaging of retinal vasculature in zebrafish. OCT-A summed voxel projections were low pass filtered and skeletonized to create an en face vascular map prior to connectivity analysis. Vascular segmentation was referenced to the optic nerve head (ONH), which was identified by automatically segmenting the retinal pigment epithelium boundary on the OCT structural volume. The first vessel branch generation was identified as skeleton segments with branch points closest to the ONH, and subsequent generations were found iteratively by expanding the search space outwards from the ONH. Biometric parameters, including length, curvature, and branch angle of each vessel segment were calculated and grouped by branch generation. Despite manual handling and alignment of each animal over multiple time points, we observe distinct qualitative patterns that enable unique identification of each eye from individual animals. We believe this OCT-based retinal biometry method can be applied for automated animal identification and handling in high-throughput organism-level pharmacological assays and genetic screens. In addition, these extracted features may enable high-resolution quantification of longitudinal vascular changes as a method for studying zebrafish models of retinal neovascularization and vascular remodeling.
Between film, video, and the digital

The overarching argument Kim is working toward is an understanding of the “reconfigurations of an artistic medium and its specificity in the context of post-media conditions that enable hybridizati...
Trichomonas vaginalis Infections

T. vaginalis, first thought to be a commensal, then a nuisance sexually transmitted infection (STI), is now gaining more recognition as an important contributor to reproductive morbidity and has been associated with HIV acquisition and transmission. T. vaginalis increases recruitment of CD4 cells in vaginal epithelium, disrupts epithelial barrier integrity, and alters vaginal microbiota, increasing risk for HIV transmission. Many persons with T. vaginalis are asymptomatic. Women who have symptoms typically have a vaginal discharge that is frothy, malodorous and yellow-green, as well as dysuria, itching, and/or vulvar irritation. Men who have symptoms exhibit urethritis. While T. vaginalis is not a reportable disease in the United States (US), some risk factors have been identified including increasing age, African American race, incarceration, and HIV infection. HIV-infected women have higher prevalence and recurrence rates of T. vaginalis compared to HIV-uninfected women, thus HIV-infected women should be screened regularly and those who test positive should be rescreened 3 months after treatment. Treatment recommendations are different for HIV-infected women; while the 2 g single dose metronidazole (MTZ) is recommended for HIV-uninfected women, the 7-day multi-dose of 500 mg twice daily is recommended for HIV-infected women. Differences in treatment response may be due to the high rate of comorbidity with bacterial vaginosis (BV), interactions between MTZ and anti-retroviral therapy or other hosts factors. T. vaginalis is generally susceptible to MTZ. HIV-infected persons with T. vaginalis are more likely to shed HIV in genital fluids and treatment of T. vaginalis reduces this HIV shedding, thus T. vaginalis control among HIV-infected persons is also of public health significance.
SOLIDIFICATION MICROSTRUCTURE AND MICROSEGREGATION OF LASER-GLAZED Ni-Al-Ta AND Ni-Al-Cr DENDRITIC MONOCRYSTALS

The solidification microstructure and microsegregation were studied in a series of laser beads deposited on Ni-13. lat%Al-5. lat%Ta and Ni-2lat%Al-8at%Cr dendritic monocrystals. The limiting growth conditions within the bead were experimentally determined. The volume fraction intercellular nonequilibrium γ ′ phase was smaller in the laser bead than in material solidified at normal cooling rates. The solution kinetics of this phase are very fast, because the microstructure is very fine. Banding was attributed to the periodic overflow of liquid at the trailing edge of the liquid pool. Microhardness was higher near the bottom of the bead, because of the corresponding higher cooling rate and finer γ ′ precipitation.
Religion and moral self-image: The contributions of prosocial behavior, socially desirable responding, and personality

Abstract Often, the high moral self-image held by religious people is viewed with skepticism. Three studies examined the contributions of socially desirable responding (SDR), personality traits, prosocial behavior, and individual differences in prosocial tendencies to the association between religiosity and moral self-image. In Studies 1 and 2 (N's = 346, 507), personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness) and individual differences in empathy/prosociality were the strongest explanatory variables for religiosity's association with moral self-image measures; SDR and prosocial behavior contributed more weakly to this association. In Study 3 (N = 180), the effect of a bogus pipeline manipulation on moral self-image was moderated by religiosity. Among the highly religious, moral self-image remained high even in the bogus pipeline condition. These studies show that the association between religiosity and moral self-image is most strongly explained by personality traits and individual differences in prosociality/empathy, rather than a desirability response bias.
How Do You Know Activities Make a Difference

Abstract Accountability in activity services has led to a need for activity professionals to interpret and use research to inform practice. Until recently it has been common for activities with older adults to be selected based on consensus rather than evidence. The current demand for evidence-based practice brings an opportunity for activity professionals to translate research into practice through administrative funding support and interdisciplinary collaboration. This paper provides an overview of research and evaluation concepts and strategies to guide activity professionals toward answering their practice questions.
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma — Recent Advances and Current Challenges

Therapeutic trials in the early and mid- 1970s led to a number of important questions in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung. This paper will attempt to examine those questions in light of the outcome of subsequent studies, and to consider some concepts that are the subject of current trials.
Residual Stress Development in Ceramics

The source of residual stresses, i. e., those stresses that persist in the absence of externally applied loads and body forces, cannot be different in ceramics than they are in other classes of material. They arise either from non-uniform irreversible stress relaxation or from non-uniformities in thermoelastic or compositionelastic* properties within the specimen. Not surprisingly, residual stresses in ceramics can be extremely beneficial, detrimental, or somewhere in between.
Gender Bias: An Undesirable Challenge in Health Professions and Health Care

Gender bias has a variety of definitions based upon the frame of reference, but basically is considered as prejudice based on gender or unfair differences in how women and men are regarded considering their gender and/or biological sex. Gender bias, based on traditional stereotypical impressions of sex and gender, be it implicit, unintentional, unconscious, or even conscious and intentional, or called by other terms such as sexism, has consequences for the health, healthcare, and careers of both women and men.
An Introduction to Student Misconceptions and Errors in Physics and Mathematics

For the past few decades, the focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education has grown, with many countries seeking to increase the number of students who pursue further study and careers in STEM. It is thus important to identify which science and mathematics concepts are problematic for students to determine what changes may be needed in the school curricula to improve the teaching and learning of these key subjects throughout elementary, middle, and secondary school. The research in this book investigates patterns of student misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings across education systems, grade levels, gender, and time using 20 years of data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and TIMSS Advanced assessments (1995–2015). Students’ level of understanding of selected physics and mathematics topics (gravity and linear equations) were assessed using data from the TIMSS assessments at grades four and eight, and the TIMSS Advanced assessments of students in their final year of secondary school taking advanced coursework in physics and mathematics. Diagnostic item-level performance data were used to trace student misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings related to these topics across grade levels. The patterns in misconceptions may inform instruction by identifying specific gaps or deficiencies in the curricula across grade levels.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Decannulation

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation as performed by the following approaches: open and percutaneous. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in the technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: positioning, removal of cannulae, and ligation of vessels if open technique.
Comparison of Nutrient Composition, Quality, and Sensory Differences among Dorper, Domestic Commercial Crossbred and Australian Commercial Crossbred Lamb Meat

ObjectivesThe Dorper sheep breed is gaining popularity in the U.S. because of the general perception that Dorper breed produces lamb meat with greater tenderness, milder flavor, and greater consumer preference in comparison to the wool sheep breeds. However, limited research has been conducted to characterize the genetic effects on lamb meat quality and comparative information on the Dorper sheep breed. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the nutritional, quality, and sensory attributes among Dorper sheep breed, domestic commercial crossbred (DCC) and Australian crossbred lamb meat.Materials and MethodsA total of 60 untrimmed lamb saddles (NAMP #231) from 3 treatments (Dorper, n = 20; DCC, n = 20; and Australian, n = 20) were purchased from commercial packing plants and warehouses. Lamb saddles from all treatments were aged in cooler (2°C) according to their production dates to achieve an aging time between 29 and 32 d. All aged saddles were frozen (–20°C) until sample preparation. On the sample preparation day, each saddle was cut on a bandsaw to 2.54 cm chops, deboned and trimmed to 0.30 cm subcutaneous fat. The chops were used to measure pH, objective color (L*, a*, and b*), objective tenderness [Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF)], cook loss (differences in weight between raw and cooked samples) and nutrient analysis (moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and calories). A consumer panel of 120 untrained participants was used to evaluate tenderness, flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptance using a 9-point hedonic scale (1 = Dislike extremely and 9 = Like extremely). A trained panel with 6 trained panelists was used to evaluate flavor intensity, tenderness, and off-flavor intensity using an unstructured line scale anchored at both ends (0 = absence or low intensity of specified attribute, 100 = extreme intensity of specified flavor attribute).ResultsThe DCC lamb meat had lower (P 0.05) in flavor acceptability compared to DCC and Dorper lamb meat. Untrained panelists preferred (P 0.05) were found for L*, a*, b*, cook loss, moisture, fat, ash, calories, juiciness and flavor intensity among the treatments.ConclusionThese results indicated that there are apparent meat quality differences among the 3 lamb meat sources. Overall, consumers preferred DCC lamb meat compared to Dorper and Australian lamb meat. However, factors such as specific genetic makeups, age, and diets were not accounted in this research. Additional research with a more controlled environment is needed to shed light on the true palatability traits of Dorper lamb meat.
Application on vitamin D in children with infectious diseases

Children’s infectious diseases seriously endanger children’s health and are the most important cause of morbidity and death in children under 5 years of age. In recent years, studies have found that in addition to maintaining the steady state of calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D can also affect the occurrence and development of infectious diseases in children. This article reviews the prevention and treatment of vitamin D levels in children with common infectious diseases. Key words: Vitamin D; Children; Infectious diseases
Ethyl N,N′‐bis­(3,4,5‐trimethoxy­phen­yl)phospho­rodiamidate

Hydrogen-bond inter­actions in the title compound, C20H29N2O8P, generate infinite ribbons consisting of alternating centrosymmetric R22(8) and R22(16) rings. Within the ribbons, the P=O bonds are anti­parallel, making the crystal structure non-polar.
Measuring Beliefs About Teaching for Creativity

Background/ContextBeliefs about teaching for creativity is a newer area of empirical investigation in education.PurposeThe purpose of the quantitative study was to measure teachers’ domain-specific...
Public Surveillance Through Private Eyes: The Case of the EARN IT Act and the Fourth Amendment

A critical question (under the original or the amended statute) is whether the EARN IT Act deputizes Interactive Computer Service Providers (ICSPs) as outsourced private surveillance agents, such as to lay the groundwork for a springing Fourth Amendment violation. In that vein, this article proceeds in the following manner. First, it provides a brief explanation of Section 230 and the EARN IT Act. It then discusses the Fourth Amendment implications of the Act: 1) whether either iteration of the Act deputizes ICSP surveillance; 2) if it does, to what extent do individuals retain a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the content they post on ICSPs?; and 3) finally, are the actions “encouraged” by the EARN IT Act otherwise reasonable under the “special needs” exception to the Fourth Amendment?
Experimental and theoretical biomass char diameter variation during gasification

Abstract This investigation explores theoretical and experimental trends in biomass char diameter during gasification by collecting essentially continuous particle size data as a function of time for several fuels under many conditions. A theoretical model describes these variations for an arbitrary char-forming particle over its entire reaction history. The model involves dimensionless exponential parameters that accommodate sintering to swelling. The parameter values do not depend on time or char conversion and provide effective means of describing char diameter. New experimental data from biomass chars illustrate the diameter dependence on burnout under mostly kinetically controlled reaction conditions for a wide variety of initial ash contents, particle sizes, and reaction conditions. The data include continuous measurements of char shape during char conversion from 0 to 99+% compared to a mostly fundamental model describing size change with burnout. The model captures the qualitative and most of the quantitative variation in the data.
U.S. Social Justice Spaces and Global Justice: Integrating International Students for the Engagement of All.

This qualitative study explores the extent to which international students integrate when they encounter social justice discussions inside or outside a U.S. class environment. Focusing on diversity courses at a west coast university, the study investigates international students’ learning experiences as well as their contributions to these U.S. educational spaces when drawing from their perspectives and experiences from communities around the world. Because international students are both agents and objects of bias, the study hypothesizes that more integration leads to more engagement and better outcomes for both international and domestic participants. By interviewing and surveying students from varied national and social backgrounds, the study seeks to understand outcomes for a diverse group of both international and domestic students. The study’s findings will advance policy, pedagogy, and practice conversations around internationalization, social justice education, and global citizenship education at institutions of higher education in the U.S.
Hospital Mortality and Cost following Coronary Artery Bypass Procedures

Assessment of risk for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has focussed on the effect of various preoperative factors on long-term and short-term (in-hospital) mortality.1 Its application has been primarily to the selection of patients for surgery, either from a global, public health perspective or from a clinical, patient perspective. Globally, risk assessment has been used to maximize the overall effectiveness of CABG surgery by identifying those patients most likely to benefit from its use. Clinically, risk assessment has been used to guide treatment decisions about whether to perform surgery in an individual patient.
General Fibre Bundles

A fibre bundle is a bundle with an additional structure derived from the action of a topological group on the fibres. In the next chapter the notions of fibre bundle and vector bundle are related. As with vector bundles, a fibre bundle has so much structure that there is a homotopy classification theorem for fibre bundles.
Laparoscopic Orchiopexy Requiring Vascular Division: A Randomized Study Comparing the Primary and Two-Stage Approaches.

Abstract Background: Intraabdominal testes that lack sufficient vessel length to perform an orchiopexy require division of the testicular vessels. Historically, the vessels are divided at the initial operation, and the orchiopexy is then performed as a two-stage procedure with the assumption for the development of neovascularization along the vas deferens during the interim. Recent reports suggest the orchiopexy may be performed primarily at the time of vessel division. However, these strategies have not been prospectively compared. Therefore, we conducted a randomized pilot trial to examine the role for a larger comparative study. Patients and Methods: After Internal Review Board approval, all patients undergoing laparoscopic orchiopexy for a nonpalpable testis were considered for enrollment. This study was designed as a pilot study to evaluate testicular survival at 6 months of follow-up. After consent was obtained, computer randomization was used to determine a primary or two-stage orchiopexy. All proc...