cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of chronic dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists on rotational behavior and dopamine receptor binding

The effects of chronic continuous and intermittent administration of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 or the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole on rotational behavior and dopamine receptor binding were examined in rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Continuous and intermittent SKF 38393 both decreased the rotational response to subsequent challenge with SKF 38393. Intermittent SKF 38393 increased quinpirole rotation, while continuous SKF 38393 had no effect. Continuous administration of quinpirole did not affect rotation elicited by either SKF 38393 or quinpirole. Intermittent quinpirole, however, increased both SKF 38393- and quinpirole-induced rotation. Autoradiographic techniques were used to measure D1 receptor binding in striatum and substantia nigra pars reticulata and D2 receptor binding in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Intermittent SKF 38393 reduced D1 receptor Bmax and increased D1 Kd in the striatum, while both continuous and intermittent treatment with the D1 agonist decreased D1 binding in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Intermittent quinpirole decreased D1 receptor Kd in striatum, and continuous quinpirole reduced D1 binding slightly in substantia nigra pars reticulata. Striatal D2 receptor binding was unaffected by treatment with either SKF 38393 or quinpirole. Intermittent SKF 38393 and continuous quinpirole both reversed the lesioned-induced elevation in D2 binding in the nucleus accumbens, while intermittent quinpirole decreased D2 binding in the accumbens on both the intact and denervated sides. Thus, the effects of chronic treatment with D1 and D2 agonists on behavioral responses to D1 and D2 receptor stimulation differed considerably and were dependent on the treatment regimen employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Does thermoregulatory behavior maximize reproductive fitness of natural isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans

A central premise of physiological ecology is that an animal's preferred body temperature should correspond closely with the temperature maximizing performance and Darwinian fitness. Testing this co-adaptational hypothesis has been problematic for several reasons. First, reproductive fitness is the appropriate measure, but is difficult to measure in most animals. Second, no single fitness measure applies to all demographic situations, complicating interpretations. Here we test the co-adaptation hypothesis by studying an organism (Caenorhabditis elegans) in which both fitness and thermal preference can be reliably measured. We find that natural isolates of C. elegans display a range of mean thermal preferences and also vary in their thermal sensitivities for fitness. Hot-seeking isolates CB4854 and CB4857 prefer temperatures that favor population growth rate (r), whereas the cold-seeking isolate CB4856 prefers temperatures that favor Lifetime Reproductive Success (LRS). Correlations between fitness and thermal preference in natural isolates of C. elegans are driven primarily by isolate-specific differences in thermal preference. If these differences are the result of natural selection, then this suggests that the appropriate measure of fitness for use in evolutionary ecology studies might differ even within species, depending on the unique ecological and evolutionary history of each population.
Data Warehouse Design to Support Customer Relationship Management Analysis

CRM is a strategy that integrates concepts of knowledge management, data mining, and data warehousing in order to support an organizationâ€™s decision-making process to retain long-term and profitable relationships with its customers. This research is part of a long-term study to examine systematically CRM factors that affect design decisions for CRM data warehouses in order to build a taxonomy of CRM analyses and to determine the impact of those analyses on CRM data warehousing design decisions. This article presents the design implications that CRM poses to data warehousing and then proposes a robust multidimensional starter model that supports CRM analyses. Additional research contributions include the introduction of two new measures, percent success ratio and CRM suitability ratio by which CRM models can be evaluated, the identification of and classification of CRM queries, and a preliminary heuristic for designing data warehouses to support CRM analyses.
What Happens When House Members "Run with Congress"? The Electoral Consequences of Institutional Loyalty

This article characterizes the electoral consequences of messages of institutional loyalty and disloyalty sent by incumbent House members to their constituents. We show that, for the contemporary House, there is variation in these messages�not all incumbents in the contemporary House �run for Congress by running against Congress.� Moreover, we show that these messages can, under the right conditions, have significant electoral consequences, even after controlling for party affiliation and district political factors. In addition to demonstrating the electoral relevance of legislators' presentations, our results show an incumbent-level link between constituents' trust in government and their voting behavior�a link created by interaction between constituents' perceptions, legislators' party affiliations, and the messages that legislators send to their constituents.
Electrochemical membrane flue‐gas desulfurization: K2SO4/V2O5 electrolyte

The viability of a new electrolyte was demonstrated in the bench-scale electrochemical removal of SOx from flue-gas streams at high temperatures. At current densities up to 20 A/m2, approximately 99% current efficiciency was achieved when removing 90% of inlet SOx at 480°C. As current densities increased to 100 A/m2, current efficiencies were 64% at 480°C and 73% at 520°C. While species present in this K2SO4/V2O5 molten salt are not well understood, a simple mechanism was used to develop a model to describe the observed removal results. This model was then used to predict preliminary economic viability of this system based on known electrochemical technology.
SU-E-T-551: A Customized Plan Evaluation System for On-Line Adaptive Radiotherapy.

Purpose: Treatment plan evaluation based on daily images, to determine whether it is necessary to re‐plan the treatment, is an essential element of adaptive radiotherapy. A fully automatic system, incorporating physician preferences and requirements of specific protocols quantified by a series of objective functions, was developed to evaluate treatment plans. Methods: The evaluation system was developed using IDL 6.1 (ITT Visual Information Solutions, Boulder, CO). Based on customized evaluation guidelines, dosimetric parameters, including maximum dose, minimum dose, uniformity dose,dose coverage, conformity index, heterogeneity index, gEUD, and DVH for the targets and OARs are evaluated as series of cost functions which incorporate specific protocol constraints and physician requirements. The evaluation system was applied to IMRT plans of head/neck cancer patients. The Pinnacle Treatment Planning System (research version 9.0) was used to generate verification treatment plan trials, with image datasets, ROI structures, and dose distributions exported to evaluation system. Results: Results show that the evaluation system can complete evaluation of a dose plan within 2∼8 seconds. The system is capable of displaying and comparing dose distributions among different plans. It also demonstrates great flexibility in customizing cost functions based on physician preferences. This system is supported with various user‐friendly options, graphical displays, and feasibly structure in adding new modules. Conclusions: This evaluation system is capable of quantifying specific protocols and preferences of physicians and completing automatic evaluation almost in real‐time. It is an essential a platform for adaptive radiation therapy and also valuable for initial treatment planning. This research is supported by CPRIT Individual Investigator Award RP110329.
The hemodynamic effects of strontium chloride in the intact dog.

SummaryThe hemodynamic effects of SrCl2 given intravenously to intact dogs were studied. Sr2+had a positive inotropic effect on the heart, manifested by a rise in peak dp/dt, peak velocity of contractile element (V ce) and a fall in left ventricular end diastolic pressure. This inotropic effect was not mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors, and was maximal at a serum [Sr] of 5-7 mM. The inotropic effect of Sr2+ was associated with an increase in the duration of contraction, and with little if any change in the time to peak dp/dt, and did not appear to be a simple “Ca2+-like” effect. Sr2+ also caused a rise in peripheral resistance in dogs with pharmacological blockade of both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. These effects appear to be direct actions of the ion on cardiac and arteriolar muscle.
PLP and PMP Radicals: A New Paradigm in Coenzyme B6 Chemistry

Enzymes frequently rely on a broad repertoire of cofactors to perform chemically challenging transformations. The B6 coenzymes, composed of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP), are used by many transaminases, racemases, decarboxylases, and enzymes catalyzing alpha,beta and beta,gamma-eliminations. Despite the variety of reactions catalyzed by B6-dependent enzymes, the mechanism of almost all such enzymes is based on their ability to stabilize high-energy anionic intermediates in their reaction pathways by the pyridinium moiety of PLP/PMP. However, there are two notable exceptions to this model, which are discussed in this article. The first enzyme, lysine 2,3-aminomutase, is a PLP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of L-lysine to L-beta-lysine using a one-electron-based mechanism utilizing a [4Fe-4S] cluster and S-adenosylmethionine. The second enzyme, CDP-6-deoxy-L-threo-D-glycero-4-hexulose-3-dehydrase, is a PMP-dependent enzyme involved in the formation of 3,6-dideoxysugars in bacteria. This enzyme also contains an iron-sulfur cluster and uses a one-electron based mechanism to catalyze removal of a C-3 hydroxy group from a 4-hexulose. In both cases, the participation of free radicals in the reaction pathway has been established, placing these two B6-dependent enzymes in an exclusive class by themselves.
Systemic adenosine given after ischemia protects renal function via A2a adenosine receptor activation

Abstract Ischemia and reperfusion during renal transplant and aortic surgery result in renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. Previously, we showed that preischemic adenosine treatment protects renal function via A 1 adenosine receptor (AR) activation. In contrast, in the cardiac and pulmonary systems, postischemic adenosine has potent anti-inflammatory attributes and is protective against reperfusion injury via activation of A 2a ARs. We questioned whether adenosine given after an ischemic insult protects renal function in rats, and we sought to determine the AR subtype and intracellular second messengers involved. Rats were randomized to a sham operation, 45 minutes of renal ischemia and reperfusion and treatments with systemic adenosine or selective AR agonists and antagonists, or treatments of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) after 45 minutes of renal ischemia but before reperfusion. Forty-five minutes of renal ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion led to severe renal dysfunction as indicated by marked rises in creatinine and histologically evident renal tubular damage. Adenosine treatment after ischemia protected renal function and improved tubular histology. This protection was mediated via A 2a AR activation because the A 2a -selective AR agonist [4-(( N -ethyl-5′-carbamoyadenos-2-yl)-aminoethyl)-phenylpropionic acid (CGS-21680)] mimics adenosine-induced renal protection, and the A 2a -selective AR antagonist [8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC)] blocks adenosine-induced renal protection. A 1 or A 3 AR agonists and antagonists did not mimic and block adenosine-induced renal protection. The signaling intermediates of A 2a AR-mediated renal protection appear to include cAMP because dibutyryl cAMP mimicked adenosine and CGS-21680 mediated renal protection. Rat kidneys can be protected against reperfusion injury via postischemic A 2a AR activation or cAMP. These data suggest that A 2a adenosine agonists may have clinically beneficial implications when renal ischemia is unavoidable. © 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Our University: Ethnicity, Higher Education and the Quest for State Legitimacy in Kenya

In East Africa, no other country has witnessed as great a surge in university institutions as Kenya. The intent of this paper is to explore the persistence of the ethnic configurations in the surge of higher education in Kenya, within the context of the country's history. Outlining the major flashpoints in the country's history will be significant in contextualizing the contemporary ethno-configurations of university developments. The thesis of the article is that the current development of universities along tribal (In this article, the terms ethnic and tribe are used interchangeably to denote the feelings of belonging based on identifiable attributes including kinship, commensality, and a common cult.) lines, though rationalized on a desire to meet increased demand and to provide high level manpower has historical antecedents, and is informed by the state's quest for political legitimacy. By tolerating — albeit latently — ethnic patterns to inform university development, the state, which has suffered a legitimacy crisis since independence, opens an avenue to justify its raison d’etre and sustain mass loyalty. Therefore, despite repeated calls to enact policies and strategies that would stem the tide of mushrooming universities along ethnic lines, the state has only demonstrated a minimal political will to act.
Endotracheal lidocaine administration via an esophageal combitube

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that lidocaine is systemically absorbed after administration via a Combitube placed in the esophagus, and that therapeutically significant plasma lidocaine concentrations can be attained using this route with standard endotracheal doses (2.0 mg/kg). During general anesthesia, 27 elective surgical patients received 2.0 mg/kg lidocaine (diluted as necessary with 0.9% saline to a minimum total volume of 10 mL) via a Combitube (study group, n = 13) or an endotracheal tube (control group, n = 14). Venous blood samples were drawn for 3 h after lidocaine administration and plasma concentrations determined by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD). Overall, average lidocaine concentrations were maximal after 5 min, reaching 0.8 ± 0.7 and 1.7 ± 0.7 μg/mL in the Combitube and endotracheal tube groups, respectively. Individual patient peak concentrations averaged 1.0 ± 0.7 and 2.2 ± 1.1 μg/mL in the same two groups, 19 ± 16 and 10 ± 15 min after lidocaine administration, respectively. No patients reported chest discomfort or dyspnea upon awakening, and no other side effects were noted. In support of the hypothesis, administration of lidocaine via an esophageal Combitube results in systemic drug uptake; however, at conventional endotracheal doses, plasma concentrations are subtherapeutic. It remains to be determined whether higher doses of lidocaine administered via an esophageal Combitube will result in therapeutic plasma concentrations.
Large-Scale Uncertain Systems Under Insufficient Decentralized Controllers

Le systeme est compose de N sous-systemes interconnectes incertains. En outre, il y a des incertitudes dans les interconnexions
Reliability of the toxic screen in drug overdose

To determine the reliability of the laboratory in detecting drugs taken by overdosed patients, we evaluated laboratory performance on an unbiased sample of actual clinical specimens. Replicate serum and urine samples from a series of 20 consecutive clinically overdosed patients were sent to three commercial laboratories and one academic research laboratory for identification and quantification of intoxicating agents. All laboratories used the advance analytical techniques of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results suggest that laboratories do not reliably identify drugs in the serum of overdosed patients, partly because of technical limitation, partly because of laboratory error, and possibly because of inadequate specimens. Drugs judged responsible for the overdose were identified in only 50% to 70% of the cases, depending on the laboratory. Reported concentrations sometimes varied over a 10-fold range.
Adverse birth outcomes among Mexican-Americans: are US-born women at greater risk than Mexico-born women?

Objective. We examined adverse birth outcomes among Mexican-Americans to determine the effect of country of maternal birth, a measure of acculturation. Design. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of birth outcomes among 4800 Mexico-born and 4800 US-born Mexican-American women using Washington State birth certificate data from 1989 to 1994. Length of residence at current address was used to help refine our measure of acculturation. Results. US-born women had a slightly increased risk of preterm birth relative to Mexico-born women [relative risk (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.33]. Among Mexico-born women, the risk of preterm birth increased with greater duration of current residence. Conclusions. US-born Mexican-American women had a slightly increased risk of preterm birth despite having more adequate prenatal care, more education, and higher socioeconomic indicators. This may be due to acculturation factors, such as earlier pregnancy, loss of social support systems, and increased s...
Nanowires of oligothiophene-functionalized naphthalene diimides: self assembly, morphology, and all-nanowire bulk heterojunction solar cells

We report the solution-phase self-assembly of nanowires of a series of six oligothiophene-functionalized naphthalene diimides (NDI-nTH and NDI-nT) and their use as electron acceptors in all-nanowire bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. The dimensions and detailed morphology of the nanowires varied greatly with molecular structure of the NDI molecules and the solution concentration and solvent composition. Nanowires of NDI-3TH have typical dimensions of 80–250 nm in width, 2–10 μm in length, and 14.2–15.3 nm in thickness. Significant red-shift and enhancement of optical absorption in the low energy region (>600 nm) were observed in the nanowire suspension compared with solution and thin film, suggesting an increased supramolecular order in the nanowires. All-nanowire bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated using NDI-3TH nanowires as electron acceptor and poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanowires as donor had a power conversion efficiency of 1.15%. External quantum efficiency of the photovoltaic cells showed that the n-type organic semiconductor nanowires contributed significantly to light harvesting. Our results represent the first demonstration of all-nanowire organic solar cells and show that non-fullerene n-type organic semiconductor nanowires can be effectively incorporated into bulk heterojunction solar cells.
Gene discovery and the genetic basis of calcium consumption

This review makes the case that gene discovery is a worthwhile approach to the study of ingestive behavior in general and to calcium appetite in particular. A description of the methods used to discover genes is provided for non-geneticists. Areas covered include the characterization of an appropriate phenotype, the choice of suitable mouse strains, the generation of a hybrid cross, interval mapping, congenic strain production, and candidate gene analysis. The approach is illustrated with an example involving mice of the C57BL/6J and PWK/PhJ strains, which differ in avidity for calcium solutions. The variation between the strains can be attributed to at least seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs). One of these QTLs is most likely accounted for by Tas1r3, which is a gene involved in the detection of sweet and umami tastes. The discovery of a novel function for a gene with no previously known role in calcium consumption illustrates the power of gene discovery methods to uncover novel mechanisms.
Circuits for voltage tuning the parameters of Chua's circuit: Experimental application for musical signal generation

Abstract It is well known that Chua's circuit can exhibit numerous bifurcation phenomena and attractors by tuning one or more circuit parameters. These properties can be used to synthesize sounds with complex frequency spectra for musical purposes. Investigations of Chua's circuit for sound synthesis and music composition have produced specifications for tuning multiple circuit parameters to obtain specific classes of sounds. This paper presents a multiple control of Chua's circuit in which each parameter of the circuit can be varied by an external control voltage. The design of the subcircuits and the experimental results are shown. Programmable computer software was designed to provide fast multiple-parameter control of the analog Chua's circuit for use in music composition and live performance. The basic circuit discussed in this paper appeared in a series of live music performances at Expo '93, Seoul, Korea.
Indeterminable international normalized ratio with concurrent use of warfarin and gatifloxacin.

For many years, fluoroquinolones have been known to interact with warfarin. Increased International Normalized Ratios (INRs) have been reported 2–16 days after a fluoroquinolone (i.e., ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin) was started in patients taking warfarin.[1][1] Potential mechanisms of this
Turnover of endogenous, microinjected, and sequestered protein in Xenopus oocytes☆

Abstract Pulse-labeled oocyte proteins were found to have a maximum average half-life of 73 h. In general, larger peptides underwent degradation at a faster rate than smaller peptides. In this respect, oocytes are similar to most other cells. Microinjected 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) was degraded over a 40 h period with a half-life of 20–30 h, regardless of the method of protein labeling, culture medium employed, size of oocyte microinjected, or hormonal history of the oocyte. The last two results, if applicable to oocyte proteins in general, imply that protein catabolism is constant throughout the later stages of oogenesis and that growth is primarily regulated by a stimulation of anabolism. Individual proteins microinjected into oocytes undergo rates of degradation consistent with turnover rates obtained in other systems. Sequestered 125I-labeled BSA is only partially (40%) degraded, which indicates that, unlike microinjected 125I-labeled BSA, it has access to a cytoplasmic compartment (yolk platelets?) within which it is relatively stable.
Self-Employment, Work-Family Conflict and Work-Family Synergy: Antecedents and Consequences

This paper examines self-employment in relation to work-family conflict, work-family synergy, autonomy, work pressure, mental health, physical health, and satisfaction indices. The analysis uses da...
The Role of Calcium Channel Blockers in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders

Summary Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) inhibit the influx of calcium ions into excitable cells through long-acting (L-) channels. Four classes of CCBs have been synthesised, all with greater activity in hyperactive than in normal cells in diverse systems. Although more generally used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, CCBs have been shown to be effective in a number of psychiatric disorders. Verapamil, the most widely studied of the CCBs, has been found to be superior to placebo and equivalent to lithium in the treatment of mania. However, most trials have been small and no multi centre studies have been performed. CCBs may prevent antidepressant-induced mania and reduce the frequency of rapid cycling in bipolar disorder, and they may have applications in panic disorder. The antidepressant properties of CCBs remain to be clearly demonstrated. CCBs generally are well tolerated, but still experimental, alternatives to lithium and anticonvulsants in the treatment of bipolar mood disorders.
Religious Involvement and Domestic Violence Among U.S. Couples

A small but growing literature focuses on the links between religion and family violence. Several recent studies report that regular religious attendance is inversely related to abuse among both men and women. After outlining a series of theoretical arguments regarding possible direct and indirect links between religious involvement and domestic violence, we analyze these relationships using data from Wave 1 of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH-1). Among the key findings: (1) regular religious attendance is inversely associated with the perpetration of domestic violence; (2) among men, this protective effect is evident only among weekly attenders, whereas among women, the protective effect also surfaces among monthly attenders; (3) although the estimated net effects of religious attendance are generally somewhat larger in models of self-reports of domestic violence, this link also remains strong and statistically significant in models of partner reports of violence; and (4) moreover, the inverse association between religious attendance and abuse persists even with statistical controls for measures of (a) social integration and social support, (b) alcohol and substance abuse, and (c) low self-esteem and depression. We conclude by discussing a number of implications of these findings, and by identifying several promising directions for future research.
National Trends in Emergency Department Use, Care Patterns, and Quality of Care of Older Adults in the United States

Objectives To describe trends in use of emergency departments (EDs) of older adults, reasons for visits, resource use, and quality of care. Design Analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Setting U.S. emergency departments from 2001 to 2009. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older visiting U.S. EDs. Measurements Emergency departments (ED) visits by patients aged 65 and older were identified, and demographic, clinical, and resource use characteristics and outcomes were assessed. Results From 2001 to 2009, annual visits increased from 15.9 to 19.8 million, a 24.5% increase. Numbers of outpatients grew less than hospital admissions (20.2% vs 33.1%); intensive care unit admissions increased 131.3%. Reasons for visits were unchanged during the study; the top complaints were chest pain, dyspnea, and abdominal pain. Resource intensity grew dramatically: computed tomography 167.0%, urinalyses 87.1%, cardiac monitoring 79.3%, intravenous fluid administration 59.8%, blood tests 44.1%, electrocardiogram use 43.4%, procedures 38.3%, and radiographic imaging 36.4%. From 2005 to 2009, magnetic resonance imaging use grew 84.6%. The proportion receiving a potentially inappropriate medication decreased from 9.6% in 2001 to 4.9% in 2009, whereas the proportion seen in the ED, discharged, and subsequently readmitted to the hospital rose from 2.0% to 4.2%. Conclusion Older adults accounted for 156 million ED visits in the United States from 2001 to 2009, with steady increases in visits and resource use across the study period. Hospital admissions grew faster than outpatient visits. If changes in primary care do not affect these trends, facilities will need to plan to accommodate increasingly greater demands for ED and hospital services.
Occult and Frequent Transmission of Atherosclerotic Coronary Disease With Cardiac Transplantation Insights From Intravascular Ultrasound

Background Transplant coronary artery disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after cardiac transplantation. However, limited data exist regarding the potential contribution of coronary atherosclerosis in the donor heart to cardiac-allograft vasculopathy. Methods and Results We performed quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound imaging in 50 of 62 consecutive heart-transplant recipients (40 men, 10 women, mean age, 53±9 years) 4.6±2.6 weeks after transplantation. The donor population consisted of 30 men and 20 women (mean age, 32±12 years). Ultrasound imaging visualized all three coronary arteries in 22 patients, two coronary arteries in 23, and one coronary artery in 5. Ultrasound imaging detected coronary atherosclerosis (intimal thickness ≥0.5 mm) in 28 patients (56%). However, the angiography was abnormal in only 13 patients (26%). The sensitivity and specificity of coronary angiography were 43% and 95%, respectively. With ultrasound, the average atherosclerotic plaqu...
The cortical microtubule array: from dynamics to organization.

Cortical microtubules (CMTs) are essential for normal plant morphogenesis because they affect the axes of cell elongation and predict the placement of cell division planes. The function of the CMTs is intimately linked to their organizational state, which is subject to spatial and temporal
Chronic anxiety and social adjustment

Abstract Anxiety disorders have a favorable long-term prognosis. In a review of literature, Greer1 found that half of the examined cases had a satisfactory outcome. More recently, Noyes et al.2 reported that 68% of patients who had originally been seen in medical clinics and were diagnosed “anxiety neurosis,” either recovered or were only mildly impaired 6 years later. Less known are factors that are responsible or are related to improvement. Noyes et al.2 found poor outcome related to higher age, longer duration of their illness, and membership in lower socio-economic class. Rickels.3 who studied effects of anxiolytic drugs on anxiety disorders, reported better results in patients with high initial symptomatology, low obsessive-compulsiveness, and fewer interpersonala and depressive components. He also reported a positive relationship between high socio-economic status and outcome. In unselected “neurotic” outpatients, many of them suffering from anxiety disorders, favorable outcome was associated with positive personality assets,4 high levels of stress at the onset of illness,4 high initial severity ratings,3 and with positive ratings of the quality of social life at the time of the follow-up.5 Mann et al.5 proposed a triaxial assessment and classification of nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders, in which symptoms, personality, and social states, are evaluated independently. Following their suggestions, we examined changes in a group of chronically anxious patients as they occurred 6–37 months after the initial evaluation.
Neuroscience and Conscious Causation: Has Neuroscience Shown that We Cannot Control Our Own Actions?

Neuroscience has begun to elucidate the mechanisms of volition, decision-making, and action. Some have taken the progress neuroscience has made in these areas to indicate that we are not free to choose our actions (e.g., Harris 2012). The notion that we can consciously initiate our behavior is a crucial tenet in the concept of free will, and closely linked to how most individuals view themselves as persons. There is thus reason to inquire if the aforementioned inference drawn by some might be too hasty. While there is much evidence appearing to indicate that consciousness does not influence behavior—including evidence indicating that neural activity precedes a decision by several seconds, neural activity predicts what action an individual will perform, and that individuals infer when they decided to act after an action was performed—this evidence seems to suffer methodological issues. Additionally, there are empirically supported interpretations of the aforementioned data consistent with the idea that individuals can consciously control their actions. This paper therefore concludes that neuroscience does not currently substantiate the idea that we cannot consciously initiate or control our actions.
TASC - Crime report visualization for investigative analysis: A case study

The growing number of textual reports poses a great challenge for investigative analysis. However, text visualization has the potential to address this problem by automating the analysis of text reports, thus reducing workloads and providing new insights for crime analysts. We are developing a crime report visualization system for such investigative analysis. Our system leverages natural language processing and visualization techniques to enhance decision support. To measure its usefulness, we conducted a case study to compare the use of our system with a traditional paper-based approach to identify crime reports discussing the same crime. The crime analyst discovered 4 out of 5 crime reports correctly among 40 reports using either the paper-based or system-based approach. However, less time was spent on the tasks using our system compared to the paper-based approach. Our interface and visualization components such as the highlighting function were rated positively by the crime analyst.
Discrete maximum principle for finite-difference operators

with XI:R2--.R continuous functions together with their partial derivatives Xij= =coXi/coxj, i , j= 1, 2. The functions ei:]to, + oo[-~R, to>_. o% are such as to guarantee the existence of solutions of any initial problem for (1). The solutions of (1) are said to be convergent if for each pair of solutions of (1), (xl , x2) and (Yl, Y2), which are defined on a neighborhood of the point + o0, we have xi( t ) -y i ( t ) -*O when t ~ + 0% i = 1, 2. We easily see that there exists at the most one periodic (or almost periodic) solution for a system whose solutions are convergent. The main result of this note is the following criterion of convergence:
Tractography reveals diffuse white matter abnormalities in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1

Cerebral involvement in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1) is well-established but not well characterized. This study applied new Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) tractography to characterize white matter disturbance in adults with DM1. Forty-five participants with DM1 and 44 control participants had MRIs on a Siemens 3T TIM Trio scanner. Data were processed with TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA) and 7 tracts were evaluated. Bilateral disturbances in white matter integrity were seen in all tracts in participants with DM1 compared to controls. There were no right-left hemisphere differences. The resulting DTI metrics were correlated with cognitive functioning, particularly working memory and processing speed. Motor speed was not significantly correlated with white matter microstructural integrity and, thus, was not the core explanation for the working memory and processing speed findings. White matter integrity was correlated with important clinical variables including the muscular impairment rating scale (MIRS). CTG repeat length was moderately associated with white matter status in corticospinal tract and cingulum. Sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) was moderately associated with white matter status in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and cingulum. Overall, the results add to an emerging literature showing widespread white matter disturbances in both early-onset and adult-onset DM1. Results suggest that further investigation of white matter pathology is warranted in DM1 and that non-invasive measures such as DTI have a potentially important clinical value in characterizing the status of individuals with DM1.
Institutionalized Evaluation and Intergovernmental Relations: The Case of Coastal Zone Management

The enactment of national environmental management programs was prompted, in large part, by the perceived failure of state and local government officials to deal adequately with pollution control and resource management problems. Paradoxically, the implementation of several important environmental management programs relies heavily on these same state and local officials. Congress has sought to resolve this paradox by requiring federal evaluation of state and local environmental planning and management activities. Many of these evaluations are little more than routine fiscal audits. However one agency, the Office of Coastal Zone Management, has sought to develop a systematic evaluation process focusing on all aspects of state coastal zone programs. These evaluative efforts have led to intergovernmental tensions, most notably with regard to the purposes and methods of evaluation, the appropriate roles offederal and state officials, and the resources available for evaluation. In spite of these tensions, there is broad agreement about the value of the evaluation process and its potential applicability in other contexts.
Electron-impact excitation cross sections of neon

To determine the direct electron-impact excitation cross sections with the optical method, one must measure all transitions out of a level, as well as the cascade into the level of interest from higher-lying energy levels. Considered here are the ten levels of the ${2p}^{5}3p$ configuration of neon, whose emissions to lower levels fall within a range of 540--810 nm. This allows an investigation via a monochromator-photomultiplier tube system. Cascades into these levels from ${2p}^{5}4s$ and ${2p}^{5}3d,$ however, emit radiation in the 740--1720-nm range, part of which is outside the limit of photomultiplier detection. We employ a Fourier-transform spectrometer to examine the near-infrared lines. We report direct electron excitation cross sections for the ten ${2p}^{5}3p$ levels for electron energies up to 200 eV. In addition, we provide apparent excitation functions for the ${2p}^{5}4s$ and ${2p}^{5}3d$ levels. We have also observed a dependence of the optical emission cross sections on pressure, and describe this effect within the framework of the resonance radiation reabsorption model.
Models for multi‐item continuous review inventory policies subject to constraints

Models are formulated for determining continuous review (Q, r) policies for a multiitem inventory subject to constraints. The objective function is the minimization of total time-weighted shortages. The constraints apply to inventory investment and reorder workload. The formulations are thus independent of the normal ordering, holding, and shortage costs. Two models are presented, each representing a convex programming problem. Lagrangian techniques are employed with the first, simplified model in which only the reorder points are optimized. In the second model both the reorder points and the reorder quantities are optimized utilizing penalty function methods. An example problem is solved for each model. The final section deals with the implementation of these models in very large inventory systems.
Gaining Insights Into the Relationship of Obesity, Weight Loss, and Psoriasis

Dermatologists now recognize that patients with psoriasis have an associated increased risk for and prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and vascular disease. However, changes in management of patients with psoriasis have lagged behind advances in knowledge. Specifically, the complex relationship between psoriasis and obesity has become a focus of study. Patients with a higher body mass index (BMI) have an increased risk for new-onset psoriasis, and the higher the BMI (obesity), the higher the Psoriasis Area Severity Index at disease onset.1 In some patients, obesity follows the onset of psoriasis,2 possibly because of the particular inflammatory cytokine milieu. In this issue, Jensen et al3 identify the benefits of a low-energy diet in patients with psoriasis, with a trend toward reduced disease severity and significant improvement in quality of life. These findings may help us embrace a more comprehensive approach to patients with psoriasis.
The excited electronic states of all-trans-1,3,5-hexatriene

Abstract Extensive configuration interaction calculations based on ab initio wavefunctions including diffuse basis functions are reported for all- trans -1,3,5-hexatriene. Using these results we have assigned the one-photon spectra of Gavin and Rice and the electron-impact spectra of Kuppermann, and we have confirmed the assignment of the two-photon spectra of El-Sayed. The valence 2 1 A g state is found to lie above the strongly allowed valence 1 1 B u state.
Avian urinary precipitates: their physical analysis, and their differential inclusion of cations (Ca, Mg) and anions (Cl)

Abstract 1. 1. Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis indicate that free uric acid and monobasic urate salts do not constitute significant proportions of avian urinary precipitates. 2. 2. Divalent cations are incorporated into avian urine precipitates at high concentrations, and from 17 to 32% of urinary calcium and magnesium are precipitated. 3. 3. The anion, chloride, is essentially absent from urine precipitates. 4. 4. We conclude that cations are precipitated because they interact with negatively charged urate colloids and flocculate them.
Early impacts of cotton and peanut cropping systems on selected soil chemical, physical, microbiological and biochemical properties

This study investigated the impacts of cropping systems of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.; Ct) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.; Pt) on a Brownfield fine sandy soil (Loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Arenic Aridic Paleustalfs) in west Texas, United States. Samples (0–12 cm) were taken 2 and 3 years after establishment of the plots from PtPtPt, CtCtPt and PtCtCt in March, June and September 2002, and in March 2003. Soil total N and aggregate stability were generally not different among the cropping systems. The pH of the soils was >8.0. Continuous peanut increased soil organic C, microbial biomass C (Cmic) and the activities of β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase and arylsulfatase compared to the peanut-cotton rotations. The arylsulfatase activity of the fumigated field-moist soil and that resulting from the difference of the fumigated minus non-fumigated soil were greater in PtPtPt, but arylsulfatase activity of non-fumigated soil was unaffected by the cropping systems. Soil Cmic showed a different seasonal variation to enzyme activities during the study. Enzyme activities:microbial biomass ratios indicated that the microbial biomass may not have produced significant amounts of enzymes or that newly released enzymes did not become stabilized in the soil (i.e., due to its low clay and organic matter contents). Fungal (18:2ω6c and 18:1ω9c) and bacterial (15:0, a15:0, and a17:0) FAMEs were higher in PtPtPt than in CtCtPt or PtCtCt cropping systems. Our results suggest that the quality or quantity of residues returned to the soil under a peanut and cotton rotation did not impact the properties of this sandy soil after the first 3 years of this study.
Understanding the Effect of Hydrogen Surface Passivation and Etching on the Shape of Silicon Nanocrystals

One of the significant challenges in the use of nanocrystals, is the control of crystal shape when grown from the gas-phase. Recently, the Kortshagen group has succeeded in generating cubic Si nanocrystals in a nonequilibrium plasma. In this paper we consider the energetics of various shaped Si nanocrystals, and the role that hydrogen surface termination plays. We consider cube, truncated octahedron, icosahedron, and spherical shapes for both bare and hydrogen coated silicon nanocrystals for sizes between 2 and 10 nm. From our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, show that for bare Si crystals, icosahedron crystals are the most energetically stable, and cubic the least. On the other hand, when hydrogenated, the cubic structure comes about because 1) the cubic structure is energetically favored when hydrogen terminated and 2) the plasma that operates with hydrogen also provides a steady source of hydrogen atoms for etching.
Reopening the Loophole? Beneficial Ownership Under Section 13(D) of the 1934 Securities Act after Rosenberg V. XM Ventures

The Williams Act of 1968 amended the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 in order to provide the public with greater notice of those acquiring ownership of a corporation's equity securities which could signal a change in corporate control. Prior to the amendment, shareholders owning less than 10 percent of a corporation's equity securities did not have to publicly disclose their interests. This resulted in shareholders colluding with each other to effect changes in corporate governance unbeknownst to potential investors and the public. The Williams Act amended section 13(d) of the 1934 Securities Act so that those entering into a group, in order to pool their shares, would be deemed to become the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of every other member of the group's shares at the time they agreed to form the group and act in concert. The group then would be required to file a Schedule 13D with the Securities and Exchange Commission thereby providing greater transparency. The Third Circuit held in Rosenberg v. XM Ventures that beneficial ownership at the time the group is formed is an essential element of constituting a group under section 13(d). The Court stated that it was "Congress' intent that an individual must be a beneficial owner of an issuer's securities prior to becoming a member of a section 13(d) group." In other words, in order to constitute a section 13(d) group, the shares must be beneficially owned by the members of the group at the time they enter into an agreement to act in concert (beneficial ownership is defined as who has the actual ability to vote the shares, or the power to dispose of a block of securities, not who is the owner of record). This article argues that one of the implications of the holding in Rosenberg is that there is now a potential loophole in the law in which shareholders may again collude with one another to effect stealth changes in corporate control. At the time the group enters into an agreement to further a common objective, so long as the members are not beneficial owners of more than 5 percent of the corporation's equity securities, they do not have to publicly file with the SEC. Subsequently, the group could then acquire beneficial ownership in the corporation's equity securities, still not be required to file under 13(d) and act to effect a corporate takeover.
Climate change and the control of energy flow in the southeastern Bering Sea

Abstract We examine how coupling between physical and biological processes influences the production and transfer of energy to upper trophic-level species in the southeastern Bering Sea. We review time series that illustrate changes in the marine climate of the southeastern Bering Sea since the mid-1970s, particularly variability in the persistence of sea ice and the timing of its retreat. Time series (1995 – 2001) from a biophysical mooring in the middle domain of the southeastern shelf support the hypothesis that retreat of the winter sea ice before mid-March (or the failure of ice to be advected into a region) results in an open water bloom in May or June in relatively warm water (≥3°C). Conversely, when ice retreat is delayed until mid-March or later, an ice-associated bloom occurs in cold (≤0°C) water in early spring. These variations are important because the growth and production of zooplankton and the growth and survival of larval and juvenile fish are sensitive to water temperature. The Oscillating Control Hypothesis (OCH) recently proposed by Hunt et al. (2002) , predicts that control of the abundance of forage fish, and in the case of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), recruitment of large piscivorous fish, will switch from bottom-up limitation in extended periods with late ice retreat to top-down in warmer periods when ice retreat occurs before mid-March. In support of this hypothesis, we review recent data from the southeastern Bering Sea that show 2- to 13-fold changes in copepod abundance with changes in spring water temperatures of 3 to 5°C. We also provide indirect evidence that the abundance of adult pollock on the eastern Bering Sea shelf negatively affects the abundance forage fishes (including juvenile pollock) available to top predators. Although there is evidence that pollock year-class strength is positively related to temperature, we lack the time series of pollock populations in extended periods (8 – 10 years) of cold-water blooms necessary to test the OCH.