cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Correlation between Serial Ultrasound and Diuretic Renography in Children with Severe Unilateral Hydronephrosis.

Purpose: While serial renal ultrasound is often used as an alternative to functional renal imaging in children followed for hydronephrosis, it is unclear whether a lack of hydronephrosis progression safeguards against loss of renal function. In this study we characterize the association between findings on serial renal ultrasound and diuretic renography in children with severe unilateral hydronephrosis.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed imaging among patients younger than 18 years old with a history of severe unilateral hydronephrosis, 2 renal ultrasounds and 2 diuretic renograms. Each pair of renal ultrasounds was interpreted by an independent blinded diagnostic radiologist and compared to a contemporaneous diuretic renogram. Change in hydronephrosis was considered as 1) a change in hydronephrosis grade or 2) any change by radiologist interpretation. A 5% or greater change in split differential function was considered significant. Chi-square and Spearman correlation analyses were performe...
The development of migratory orientation mechanisms.

Recent experimental studies (since ca. 1985) on the ontogeny of orientation mechanisms in migratory birds are reviewed. The processes and interactions are synthesized into a framework that may help identify critical research questions. Birds that grow up in the earth’s magnetic field develop the ability to perform appropriate migratory orientation, even in the absence of any experience with relevant visual cues. In two species, large changes in direction during the course of migration seem to be controlled by an endogenous time program. In one of these, the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), the correct magnetic orientation seems to occur only when the magnetic fields appropriate to the latitudes encountered en route were experienced at the proper seasonal time. The magnetic compass may be modified by visual experience with either the day or night sky. Celestial rotation may be the calibrating reference in this case, as it is in the development of the star compass. Young Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) learn to perform compass orientation at sunset based on polarized skylight. This compass capability seems to be calibrated by magnetic directions. Some problems of experimental design and the interpretation of results from experiments on development are discussed.
Role of body composition and physical activity on permethrin urinary biomarker concentrations while wearing treated military uniforms.

Abstract Wearing of permethrin treated clothing is becoming more prevalent in military and outdoor occupational and recreational settings, as a personal protection measure against vector borne diseases transmitted through arthropods (e.g., malaria, Lyme disease). The goal of the study was to prospectively examine permethrin exposure among new U.S. Army recruits who had just been issued permethrin-treated uniforms over a 10-week military training period and whether individual body composition (percent body fat, %BF) and physical workload (total energy expenditure, TEE) influenced the exposure. Exposure was assessed by quantification in urine of three permethrin metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), and cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Although there was individual variability, urinary concentrations and estimated dose levels decreased over the 10-week period. Mixed models demonstrated that 10% higher %BF was significantly associated with 4.42% higher 3-PBA concentrations and a 10% higher daily TEE was significantly associated with a 10.57% higher 3-PBA concentrations. Additional factors influencing exposure included sex, number of uniform launderings, and wear- time (hours per previous day).
MRI appearance of the anomalous volar radiotriquetral ligament in true Madelung deformity

To characterize the MRI appearance of the anomalous volar radiotriquetral ligament in cases of classic Madelung deformity. With institutional review board approval, a search of the radiology information system was performed to identify cases of potential Madelung deformity using variations of the criteria “Madelung deformity.” Cases of classic Madelung deformity were included based on the following criteria: dorsal subluxation of the ulnar head, volar tilt of the distal radius, increased radial inclination of greater than 25°, triangulation of the carpus, and presence of Vickers ligament defined as an anomalous volar radiolunate ligament. Patients with a history of wrist trauma or severe degenerative change distorting anatomy were excluded. The resulting cases were reviewed to characterize the anomalous radiotriquetral ligament. Eight cases of classic Madelung deformity in 6 patients were identified. All 8 cases were characterized by the presence of an anomalous radiotriquetral ligament, which was more conspicuous than Vickers ligament. None of the excluded pseudo-Madelung deformity cases displayed a Vickers ligament or radiotriquetral ligament. The radiotriquetral ligament is an anomalous ligament that is a constant and distinguishing finding in classic Madelung deformity in this study. Awareness of the radiotriquetral ligament and distinguishing it from Vickers ligament on imaging studies and at surgery may have clinical implications that need to be further investigated.
Infinite sums in totally ordered abelian groups

The notion of convergence is absolutely fundamental in the study of calculus. In particular, it enables one to define the sum of certain infinite sets of real numbers as the limit of a sequence of partial sums, thus obtaining so-called convergent series. Convergent series, of course, play an integral role in real analysis (and, more generally, functional analysis) and the theory of differential equations. An interesting textbook problem is to show that there is no canonical way to “sum” uncountably many positive real numbers to obtain a finite (i.e., real) value. Plenty of solutions to this problem, which make strong use of the completeness property of the real line, can be found both online and in textbooks. In this note, we show that there is a more general reason for the nonfiniteness of uncountable sums. In particular, we present a canonical definition of “convergent series”, valid in any totally ordered abelian group, which extends the usual definition encountered in elementary analysis. We prove that there are convergent real series of positive numbers indexed by an arbitrary countable well-ordered set and, moreover, that any convergent series in a totally ordered abelian group indexed by an arbitrary well-ordered set has but countably many nonzero terms.
THE ACTION POTENTIAL

This chapter discusses the treatment of the action potential that follows Hodgkin and Huxley's theory in which the ion exchanges across the membrane form the basis for the generation and propagation of the action potential. It is well established that the membrane has an appreciable capacitance but a negligible inductance, for most purposes; and ions, principally sodium, potassium, and chloride, pass through the membrane, especially when it is electrically active. The chapter presents the numerical solutions for the propagated action potential as a function of time at a given point on the fiber together with the accompanying ionic flows and capacitative current. The action potential does not get degraded as it is conducted along the fiber, and this is clearly important for reliable transmission.
Analysis of polarimetric image by full stokes vector imaging camera for retrieval of target polarization in underwater environment

Polarized image of underwater light field contains rich information of and the targets strongly affected by the water inherent optical properties. We present a comprehensive analysis of the polarimetric images of a manmade underwater target with known polarization properties acquired by a full Stokes vector imaging camera in underwater environment. The effects of the camera’s parameters such as numerical aperture and orientation are evaluated. With the knowledge acquired in the analysis of such a forward polarimetric imaging process, a method for retrieval of the inherent optical properties of the water and the target polarization is explored.
Successful kidney transplantation in a small child with end-stage renal disease due to angiotensin receptor blocker fetopathy and atretic inferior vena cava.

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. This population presents technical challenges particularly in those less than 20 kg due to anomalous anatomy, vascular access issues prior to transplantation, and a generally small size for age. Standard allograft outflow is usually achieved utilizing the iliac veins or IVC. When use of the iliocaval system is not feasible, alternative anastomosis must be considered. Herein, we report a case of a pediatric kidney transplantation where successful allograft outflow was achieved using the SMV when he was found to have an atretic IVC intraoperatively. In this setting, use of the portal system was required to achieve adequate allograft outflow. We created a donor iliac graft for added length to anastomose the renal vein with the SMV. In the setting of IVC occlusion with poor drainage, we utilized a patent vessel with larger caliber for outflow to reduce the risk of high venous pressures, allograft failure, venous rotation, and thrombosis. We conclude that the SMV may serve as an alternative outflow tract in the small pediatric patient and provides the vessel caliber needed to reduce the risks of complications.
Diagnostic des ruptures distales du tendon Biceps brachial : imagerie en résonance magnétique versus échographie

Abstract Introduction The severity of distal biceps tendon (DBT) injuries ranges from partial to complete tears leading to various clinical manifestation. Accuracy of early diagnosis and selection of treatment are critical to long-term recovery outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography (US) are two commonly modalities for pre-operative diagnosis. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of MRI and ultrasonography US in the diagnosis of DBT rupture confirmed by operative findings. Hypothesis MRI and US are equally effective in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Material and methods A total of 31 patients with DBT avulsion and surgical treatment were recruited for this retrospective study. All these patients received both US and MRI examinations prior to surgery. DBT avulsion was classified into partial tear and complete tear. Diagnosis outcomes by MRI and US were analyzed and compared statistically for the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in discriminating partial and complete DBT tears. Results The accuracy of MRI and US was 86.4% and 45.5% in diagnosis of complete DBT rupture, respectively. Accuracy rate of MRI (66.7%) was the same as US in diagnosis of partial tear. Overall accuracy rate of MRI (80.6%) was higher than US (51.6%) in diagnosis all DBT avulsion with an odds ratio of 3.9. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI were 76.0% and 50.0%, while that of ultrasonography were 62.5% and 20.0%. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that MRI is a more accurate imaging modality at correctly identifying the type of DBT tear although US is more cost-effective. Level of evidence III, Cohort study, Diagnosis study.
Estimation of Surface Freshwater Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean Using Satellite-Derived Salinity

The temporal and spatial distribution of sea surface salinity (SSS) is not well known in the Arctic region, and only recent satellite-derived measurements and models have allowed for potential enhancement, though their accuracy remains uncertain. We use NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and the European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) to investigate the variability of SSS in the Arctic from 2015 to 2017, as well as to calculate surface advective freshwater fluxes. These data sets are compared with Argo and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Ocean Reanalysis version 4 (ORAS) to assess the ability of satellites in detecting freshwater fluxes. Salinity and surface freshwater fluxes are estimated for the Bering Strait and Barents Sea Opening (BSO). In this study, we have compared the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) SMAP salinity to the remote sensing system’s (RSS) SMAP salinity product, as well as the The Centre Aval de Traitement des donneees SMOS salinity product. There is disagreement between the reanalysis product and satellites on the mean and variability of surface freshwater fluxes in the BSO; however, the meridional fluxes of the satellites and reanalysis product were significantly correlated within the Bering Strait. This shows the capability of using satellites to measure surface freshwater fluxes in this pathway. However, the discrepancies between satellite-derived SSS and fluxes in other regions of the Arctic Ocean emphasizes the need to increase in situ monitoring to help validate satellites in the higher latitudes.
Generalized Decrease in Bone Density

Diseases that cause generalized decreased bone density include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, and hyperparathyroidism. Osteoporosis is characterized by systemic decreased bone mineral density, caused by either age or low hormone. Osteomalacia is poor mineralization of osteoid matrix in adults, while rickets is poor mineralization of osteoid matrix in children; both entities have characteristic appearances on radiograph. Parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption by stimulating osteoclastic activity, leading to characteristic radiographic appearances.
Secondary Transition-Metal Dopants for Enhanced Electrochemical O2 Formation and Desorption on Fe-Doped β-NiOOH

Previously we outlined possible doping strategies to improve the aqueous electrocatalytic oxygen evolving activity of iron-doped nickel oxyhydroxide (Ni1–xFexOOH). The strategies are based on two c...
Voicing the system: How formerly fostered adults make meaning of the U.S. foster care system:

The U.S. foster care system aims to provide care to children who are unable to live safely with their families of origin. Yet, fostered youth endure negative experiences before, during, and after f...
Physical Activity and Insulin Resistance in 6,500 NHANES Adults: The Role of Abdominal Obesity

This cross-sectional investigation studied differences in insulin resistance across levels of physical activity in 6,500 US adults who were randomly selected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Another important objective was to determine the influence of abdominal obesity on the physical activity and insulin resistance relationship. MET-minutes were utilized to quantify total activity based on participation in 48 different physical activities. Two strategies were employed to categorize levels of physical activity: one was based on relative MET-minutes (quartiles), and the other approach was based on the US physical activity guidelines. Insulin resistance was indexed using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Abdominal obesity was indexed using waist circumference. Effect modification was tested by dividing waist circumferences into sex-specific quartiles and then evaluating the relationship between physical activity and HOMA-IR within each quartile separately. Results showed that relative physical activity level was associated with HOMA-IR after controlling for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates (F = 11.5, and F = 6.0, , respectively). Adjusting for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates also resulted in significant relationships between guideline-based activity and HOMA-IR (F = 8.0, and F = 4.9, , respectively). However, statistically controlling for differences in waist circumference with the other covariates nullified the relationship between total physical activity and HOMA-IR. Effect modification testing showed that when the sample was delimited to adults with abdominal obesity (Quartile 4), relative (F = 5.6, ) and guideline-based physical activity (F = 3.7, ) and HOMA-IR were significantly associated. Physical activity and HOMA-IR were not related within the other three quartiles. In conclusion, it appears that differences in physical activity may play a meaningful role in insulin resistance in those with abdominal obesity, but total activity does not seem to account for differences in insulin resistance among US adults with smaller waists.
Neurovascular Coupling (NVC) in Newborns based on regional cerebral tissue oxygenation and amplitude EEG

Quantitative amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) tracings implemented using different algorithms demonstrated heterogeneity in results, but this variability had limited impact on the determination of neurovascular coupling (NVC) in newborns with encephalopathy and showed to be insignificant.
3.1 – Thermal Cycloadditions

The past 15–20 years have witnessed a tremendous growth in the number and type of reactions which are applicable to the synthesis of five-membered rings. The underlying reasons for the growth, and for the continued activity one finds in this area of research, have been elegantly described by others and will not be recounted here.1 The material which follows focuses primarily upon the use of derivatives of a very reactive diradical, trimethylenemethane (TMM), to construct carbocyclic systems through use of the 1,3-diyl trapping reaction, and upon the use of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to synthesize both carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring systems. The latter field is, of course, very rich, intricate and extensive. The present treatment provides only a brief overview of it and, unfortunately, many elegant pieces of work have not been discussed.
Themes of Stressors, Emotional Fatigue, and Communication Challenges Found in Mobile Care Discussion Sessions With Patients Requiring Lifelong Home Parenteral Nutrition Infusions.

Background The purpose of this article is to examine themes and topics that emerged from 35 discussion sessions with teens and young adults requiring long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) intravenous infusions. The goal was to gain a more detailed understanding of participants' challenges and successes of living with HPN. Methods These patients were invited to attend 3 discussion group sessions facilitated by health professionals. A secure iPad Mini was selected as the mobile tablet device for hosting these encrypted audio-visual group discussions. Content analysis, a standard research data-sorting technique, was used to summarize the anonymous data. Words, phrases, and topics in patients' discussions were coded and grouped together with similar concepts and subsequently categorized into themes. Results Themes in these discussions were related to patients' daily, complex management of HPN. These "themes" included having multiple repetitive illness-related stressors and how those stressors were managed; managing emotions; communication challenges with professionals, family, friends, and using social media; and lastly, the least frequent but no less important theme discussed was how HPN effects their daily lives. Conclusion Teens and young adults living with lifelong HPN face a variety of unique psychological, physical, and emotional stressors and may benefit from numerous methods for managing these challenges.
Molecular tail chemistry controls thermal transport in fullerene films

We report on the thermal conductivities of alkyl- and indene-group functionalized fullerene derivative thin films as measured via time domain thermoreflectance and steady state thermoreflectance. The thermal conductivities vary from $0.064\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$ W ${\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for [6,6]-phenyl ${\mathrm{C}}_{61}$-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to $0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017$ W ${\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for indene-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ bisadduct at room temperature and do not exhibit significant temperature dependence from 300 to 375 K. In comparison to the thermal conductivity of PCBM, increasing the length of the alkyl chain, as in the case of [6,6]-phenyl ${\mathrm{C}}_{61}$-butyric acid butyl ester, and [6,6]-phenyl ${\mathrm{C}}_{61}$-butyric acid octyl ester leads to higher thermal conductivities. Likewise, increasing the number of alkyl chains attached to the fullerenes as in the case of bisadduct PCBM leads to a higher thermal conductivity compared to that of PCBM. We present atomistic insights into the role of chemical functionalization on the overall heat transfer in these fullerene derivatives by conducting molecular dynamics simulations and lattice dynamics calculations. The thermal conductivities predicted via our atomistic simulations qualitatively agree with the experimental trends for our fullerene derivatives. Lattice dynamics calculations reveal that one of the main factors dictating the ultralow thermal conductivities in fullerene derivatives is the large reduction in modal diffusivities in the molecular crystals as calculated from the Allen-Feldman model, thus providing an explanation for their largely reduced thermal conductivities as compared to that of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ crystals. The low diffusivities result from high degrees of localization of Einstein-like vibrations in fullerene derivatives due to the molecular side chains, providing the ability to dial-in the properties of these low thermal conductivity solids via molecular engineering.
Accurate Estimation of Refractive Indices of Organic Microparticles in Dual-Beam Optical Trap

The Refractive Index (RI) is an important parameter of characterizing optical properties of particles. In a dual-beam optical trap, two counter-propagating laser beams are used to trap micro-particles suspended in an aqueous medium. When a ray of light passes from one medium of lower RI (e.g. aqueous suspension medium) to another medium of higher RI (e.g. suspended particle), its momentum changes which exerts a proportional trapping force on the surface of the particle. Thus, accurate knowledge of RI of the particles and the surrounding medium is needed to determine the behavior of particles in an optical trap. The RI of micro-sized beads can be experimentally measured using traditional optical methods such as absorption microscopy. We developed an alternative theoretical method to estimate the RI of trapped particles based on non-contact optical trapping experimental outcomes. In our study, a theoretical model was formulated based on the experimentally measured minimum trapping powers for polystyrene and polyethylene beads using a dual-beam optical setup. The tendencies of trapping power-RI curves predicted by our model agreed very well with those measured experimentally. Our technique provides an alternative approach to determining the RI of a certain micro-size particle regardless of its size or density. Our method is especially advantageous over traditional methods to determine RI of biological particles which exhibit significant variations based on physiological and environmental conditions.
Cooking Facilities and Food Procurement Skills Reduce Food Insecurity Among College Students: A Pilot Study

Compared to the U.S. population, food insecurity may be more prevalent among university students. Using a cross-sectional survey of 338 undergraduate students, this study assessed how various food ...
Spontaneous fractional Chern insulators in transition metal dichalcogenide moiré superlattices

The authors show that the fractional Chern insulator phase can be stabilized in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide moir\'e materials.
Exposure to p,p′-DDE enhances differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a model of sub-optimal differentiation

Abstract The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. Recently, exposure to environmental contaminants, especially organochlorines such as p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), has been implicated as a possible causative factor in the increasing obesity epidemic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of DDE to alter adipogenesis in a model of sub-optimal differentiation. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate in the presence of DDE (0.01–100 μM) using a sub-optimal differentiation cocktail. Eight days after the initiation of differentiation, adipogenesis was assessed through neutral lipid staining, triglyceride accumulation, and expression of markers of terminal differentiation. Exposure to DDE induced a concentration dependent increase in intracellular neutral lipid accumulation as determined by Oil Red O staining and triglyceride assay. Alterations in lipid accumulation were accompanied by upregulation of genetic markers of differentiation. DDE (10 μM) enhanced expression of fatty acid binding protein 4 and Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c at the 2.5 and 20 μM concentrations. DDE (2.5, 10, and 20 μM) induced upregulation of leptin and fatty acid synthase, as compared to sub-optimal vehicle control (0.05% ethanol). Our results indicate that DDE is capable of enhancing adipogenesis and intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells through upregulation of molecular targets responsible for lipid storage.
Role of Cyclic AMP in the Secretory Process

The three previous chapters have been devoted to an analysis of the role of calcium in the secretory mechanism, and in order not to obscure the picture which was developed a concerted attempt was made to avoid considering the role of another proposed mediator of the secretory process, adenosine cyclic 3´5´-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). This cyclic nucleotide was isolated by Rall et al. (1957) from liver homogenates in the late 1950s during an investigation into the hyperglycemic action of epinephrine. They observed in this cell-free system that cyclic AMP, like epinephrine, is capable of activating liver phosphorylase, and this finding led to the important discovery that the glycogenolytic effect of epinephrine is mediated by cyclic AMP.
Transformations in the Complex Plane

The most promising way of extending the engineering applications of field theory is to develop new coordinate systems. Section I listed the eleven systems whose coordinate surfaces are of the first or second degree. Klein [12] and Bocher [4] extended this list to include a class of fourth-degree surfaces known as cyclides [13]. All possible systems of this class are treated by Bocher. They include the eleven coordinates of Section I, as well as more complicated coordinates; but all are either simply separable or R-separable (Section IV).
Fast, Greedy Model Minimization for Unsupervised Tagging

Model minimization has been shown to work well for the task of unsupervised part-of-speech tagging with a dictionary. In (Ravi and Knight, 2009), the authors invoke an integer programming (IP) solver to do model minimization. However, solving this problem exactly using an integer programming formulation is intractable for practical purposes. We propose a novel two-stage greedy approximation scheme to replace the IP. Our method runs fast, while yielding highly accurate tagging results. We also compare our method against standard EM training, and show that we consistently obtain better tagging accuracies on test data of varying sizes for English and Italian.
Molecular Systematics and Evolution

Studies that rely on genetic and molecular information to address evolutionary questions fall roughly into two different categories: the reconstruction of the evolutionary relationships of organisms (including the times of divergence of groups or lineages), and the formation and emergence of morphological novelties that distinguish or characterize different organisms. The former endeavor is sometimes referred to as molecular systematics, and when it is applied to primates and especially the relatedness of humans and apes, “molecular anthropology.” The debate over the regularity of molecular change, resulting in a molecular clock, lies within the realm of molecular systematics, and especially that of molecular anthropology. In the past decade, in particular, the primary focus of molecular systematists has been DNA sequences, both nuclear and mitochondrial. Throughout, the assumption has been that the degree of similarity reflects the degree of evolutionary relatedness, because differences accrue once lineages have diverged from a common ancestor. The popularity of molecular systematics in recent years is also predicated on the notion of “a law of large numbers,” that is, the thousands of bases that produce DNA sequences. The question is whether these assumptions are sustainable. The rather newly defined discipline of evolution and development, or “evo-devo” as it has been nicknamed, is less involved in the interpretation of molecular data for purposes of reconstructing evolutionary relationships than it is in trying to identify molecular elements—whether they be transcription factors or other kinds or classes of proteins, as well as “genes” themselves—that are relevant to, or participate in, the processes of development of structure and form. Here, what is important is not a particular RNA, DNA, or amino acid sequence, but the signal transduction pathways or sequences of communication between different molecules in the regulation of development and the origin of structure. Sometimes, hypotheses of when and at what level within groups of organisms specific features emerged are generated as a result of overlaying this information on a presumed theory of relationships of the organisms under consideration. It appears that insights from developmental genetics will prove to be more useful than sequence data alone for systematic and phylogenetic inquiry. This entry will attempt to summarize the main aspects of these fields of inquiry, including their underlying assumptions, and suggest possible avenues for future research that might bring these disciplines together in light of new ways of thinking about evolution. Keywords: African Apes; Anthropoidea; Clade; Derived Feature; Hominids; Hominoids; Homology; Large-bodied Hominoids; Lesser (Small-bodied) Hominoids; Monophyletic Group; Outgroup; Phylogeny Reconstruction; Primitive Feature; Primitive Retention; Sister Taxon; Systematics; Taxic; Taxon (Plural: Taxa)
Duality in the cohomology of crystalline local systems

Let k be a perfect field of a positive characteristic p, K-the fraction field of the ring of Witt vectors W(k) Let X be a smooth and proper scheme over W(k). We present a candidate for a cohomology theory with coefficients in crystalline local systems: p -adic etale local systems on X_K characterized by associating to them so called Fontaine-crystals on the crystalline site of the special fiber Xk. We show that this cohomology satysfies a duality theorem.
Use of colonoscopy for polyp surveillance in Medicare beneficiaries

BACKGROUND: Professional society guidelines recommend follow-up colonoscopy for patients with resected colonic adenomas. However, adherence to guideline recommendations in routine clinical practice has not been well characterized. METHODS: The authors used a population-based sample of Medicare beneficiaries to identify all patients aged ≥70 years who had a claim for colonoscopy with polypectomy or hot biopsy during the period from 2001 to 2004. Medicare claims through 2009 identified colonoscopy within the following 5 years as well as fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, and barium enema. RESULTS: In total, 12,771 patients were included. At 5 years, 45.7% of patients underwent another colonoscopy, and 32.3% of procedures included a polypectomy. The rates of fecal occult blood testing, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and barium enema at 5 years were 54%, 3.8%, and 2.9%, respectively. There was a marked decrease in repeat colonoscopy at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years with more recent years of index procedures. Other predictors of undergoing repeat colonoscopy were younger age, African American race, and a colonoscopy before the index examination. There was no association with physician specialty. The decreasing use of colonoscopy with time was maintained in a multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of elderly Medicare beneficiaries, there was under use of follow-up colonoscopy at 5 years after polypectomy, and <50% of patients received a repeat examination. In particular, the use of this procedure decreased over the 4-year study period. Coupled with other data indicating the overuse of follow-up colonoscopy in patients without polyps, there appeared to be significant discordance between guidelines and actual practice. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pediatric Muscular Disorders Recent Advances and Clinical Applications

This review describes various quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques that can be used to objectively analyze the composition (T2 relaxation time mapping, Dixon imaging, and diffusion-weighted imaging), architecture (diffusion tensor imaging), mechanical properties (magnetic resonance elastography), and function (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) of normal and pathologic skeletal muscle in the pediatric population.
Security vulnerabilities of connected vehicle streams and their impact on cooperative driving

Autonomous vehicles capable of navigating unpredictable real-world environments with little human feedback are a reality today. Such systems rely heavily on onboard sensors such as cameras, radar/LIDAR, and GPS as well as capabilities such as 3G/4G connectivity and V2V/V2I communication to make real-time maneuvering decisions. Autonomous vehicle control imposes very strict requirements on the security of the communication channels used by the vehicle to exchange information as well as the control logic that performs complex driving tasks such as adapting vehicle velocity or changing lanes. This study presents a first look at the effects of security attacks on the communication channel as well as sensor tampering of a connected vehicle stream equipped to achieve CACC. Our simulation results show that an insider attack can cause significant instability in the CACC vehicle stream. We also illustrate how different countermeasures, such as downgrading to ACC mode, could potentially be used to improve the security and safety of the connected vehicle streams.
Debating the 1960s: Liberal, Conservative, and Radical Perspectives – By Michael W. Flamm and David Steigerwald

There are several ways to teach history. Two of the most proven are through the use of original documents and the comparison of various historical viewpoints. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers has pr...
Transcription Factor Pathways and Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout life. Mutations in numerous transcription factors have been identified in patients and families with some of the most common forms of cardiac malformations and arrhythmias. This review discusses transcription factor pathways known to be important for normal heart development and how abnormalities in these pathways have been linked to morphological and functional forms of congenital heart defects. A comprehensive, current list of known transcription factor mutations associated with congenital heart disease is provided, but the review focuses primarily on three key transcription factors, Nkx2-5, GATA4, and Tbx5, and their known biochemical and genetic partners. By understanding the interaction partners, transcriptional targets, and upstream activators of these core cardiac transcription factors, additional information about normal heart formation and further insight into genes and pathways affected in congenital heart disease should result.
Single-molecule vibrational spectroscopy and microscopy: CO on Cu(001) and Cu(110)

Single-molecule vibrations of four isotopes of CO on Cu(001) and Cu(110) at 8 K have been measured by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM-IETS). While the low energy hindered rotation exhibits strong intensity, the C-O stretch approaches the present detection limit of STM-IETS. By performing vibrational microscopy, the spatial distribution of the hindered rotation intensity is found to be more localized than the topographic depression in constant current images.
Arthroscopic treatment of mild to moderate deformity after slipped capital femoral epiphysis: intra-operative findings and functional outcomes.

Purpose To identify intra-articular pathology during arthroscopic osteochondroplasty for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)–related femoroacetabular impingement and determine functional outcomes after treatment. Methods Nine hips in 9 patients (6 male and 3 female patients; mean age, 17.5 years; age range, 13.5 to 26.9 years) underwent hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement after in situ pinning of the SCFE. Medical records, radiographs, and intraoperative images were reviewed to determine the severity of disease and damage to the hip joints. For all patients, we obtained the modified Harris Hip Score and Hip Outcome Score (HOS) preoperatively and at a minimum of 12 months postoperatively, as well as a Likert scale of perceived change in physical activity. Results All 9 treated patients had some degree of labral or acetabular cartilage injury at the time of arthroscopy, which was a mean of 58.6 months (range, 18 to 169 months) after in situ pinning. The alpha angle improved from 75° preoperatively to 46° postoperatively ( P P = .005). Similarly, the mean HOS activities–of–daily living scale improved from 70.2 to 93.3 ( P = .010), and the HOS sports scale improved from 53.4 to 88.9 ( P = .004). Most patients reported significant improvement on a physical-activity Likert scale, with 4 reporting much improved, 3 reporting improved, and 1 reporting slightly improved physical activity. One patient reported an unchanged activity level. No patients reported a worse activity level after surgery. Conclusions Post-SCFE cartilage and/or labral damage develops in patients with symptomatic mild to moderate SCFE deformity, and arthroscopic treatment improved functional outcomes in a small cohort of patients at short-term follow-up. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Reduction of the misinformation effect by arousal induced after learning

Misinformation introduced after events have already occurred causes errors in later retrieval. Based on literature showing that arousal induced after learning enhances delayed retrieval, we investigated whether post-learning arousal can reduce the misinformation effect. 251 participants viewed four short film clips, each followed by a retention test, which for some participants included misinformation. Afterward, participants viewed another film clip that was either arousing or neutral. One week later, the arousal group recognized significantly more veridical details and endorsed significantly fewer misinformation items than the neutral group. The findings suggest that arousal induced after learning reduced source confusion, allowing participants to better retrieve accurate details and to better reject misinformation.
Marked Intraindividual Variability in Antiretroviral Concentrations May Limit the Utility of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

BACKGROUND Effective therapeutic drug monitoring for antiretrovirals requires a better understanding of intraindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. METHODS We determined concentrations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors for 10 patients with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels who had been receiving stable regimens for > or = 11 months. Plasma samples were collected at the same time of day 3 times per week for up to 4 months. Patients were instructed to take their antiretrovirals at the same time every day. Plasma protease and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Pharmacokinetic variability was expressed as intraindividual percentage coefficient of variation (ICV), which was calculated as the patient's standard deviation divided by the mean drug concentration for that patient. RESULTS ICV was determined for 6 drugs for 10 patients, for a total of 17 different patient-drug combinations, using 600 total samples. ICV was unexpectedly high for most patients who were receiving protease inhibitors (ICVs for individual patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir were 24%, 33%, 51%, and 92%; for patients taking nelfinavir/M8 metabolite, they were 30%/44% and 39%/54%; for patients taking ritonavir, they were 34% and 43%; for patients taking saquinavir, they were 52% and 55%). ICVs for patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors were lower (for patients receiving efavirenz, they were 7%, 13%, 29%, and 51%; for a patient receiving nevirapine, it was 25%). The median ICV for all patients receiving protease inhibitors (n = 12) was 43.5%, and for all patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (n = 5), the median ICV was 25%. CONCLUSIONS Intraindividual variability in concentrations of antiretrovirals was surprisingly high in virologically suppressed patients. Possible contributors include food effects, concomitant use of prescription and herbal medications, assay variability, or medication timing, which was assessed by self-report. High intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability may limit the utility of single measurements in therapeutic drug monitoring for some antiretroviral agents.
Neural pathogenesis of experimental scrapie after intraocular inoculation of hamsters

Hamsters were inoculated intravitreally with the scrapie agent. All animals developed scrapie and retinal degeneration typical of scrapie. The retinal degeneration was greater in the inoculated eyes than in the uninoculated eyes. Replication of the scrapie agent was rapid in the inoculated eye. Infectivity then spread slowly down the ipsilateral optic nerve to the brain. The replication in the brain paralleled that in the retina of the uninoculated eye. The results support a neural spread of scrapie.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 1,1,1-TRIS(AMINOMETHYL)ETHANE-N, N',N''-TRIACETIC ACID AND A STUDY OF THE STABILITY AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL OF ITS METAL COMPLEXES

Abstract A potentially sexadentate amino acid 1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane-N, N',N''-triacetic acid (TAMETA) was prepared by reacting its precursor amine 1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane (tame) with bromoacetic acid. The new amino acid TAMETA was characterized by elemental analysis, ir and nmr spectroscopy. Also, its Co(III) complex was prepared, isolated as a red solid, and characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. In order to compare TAMETA with work reported previously on a related amino acid cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane-N, N',N''-triacetic acid (TACHTA), equilibrium studies in aqueous solution with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), and electronic solution spectra with Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) were performed. The details of the preparation of the solid [Co(III)-(TACHTA)] complex which had not been reported in the earlier paper on TACHTA complexes is included here.
Cellulitis, Headache, and Fever following Tick Bites

A 53-year-old male resident of rural Kentucky presented to his primary care physician with a 2-day history of severe headache and fever to 104°F. Symptoms had developed 5 days following his removal of numerous ticks from his lower extremities. One tick was embedded and may not have been completely
Pathologic stage III endometrial carcinoma. Prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence

Background. This review was done to assess the outcomes and patterns of recurrence in a group of patients with Stage III endometrial carcinoma that might help guide adjuvant therapy. Methods. A retrospective review was performed of 105 patients treated from 1970-1990 at three institutions. All patients underwent abdominal hysterectomy, with 60 having pathologic node assessment and 45 having cytologic examination of peritoneal washings. A single extrauterine site was involved in 75% of patients; 20% and 5% had two and three sites involved, respectively. All patients received postoperative external beam irradiation to the pelvis or pelvis and paraaortic regions for pathologically positive paraaortic nodes
Alerting effects of short-wavelength (blue) and long-wavelength (red) lights in the afternoon

Light has an acute effect on neuroendocrine responses, performance, and alertness. Most studies to date have linked the alerting effects of light to its ability to suppress melatonin, which is maximally sensitive to short-wavelength light. Recent studies, however, have shown alerting effects of white or narrowband short-wavelength lights during daytime, when melatonin levels are low. While the use of light at night to promote alertness is well understood, it is important to develop an understanding of how light impacts alertness during the daytime, especially during the post-lunch hours. The aim of the current study was to investigate how 48-minute exposures to short-wavelength (blue) light (40 lux, 18.9 microWatts/cm(2) λ(max) = 470 nanometers [nm]) or long-wavelength (red) light (40 lux, 18.9 microWatts/cm(2) λ(max) = 630 nm) close to the post-lunch dip hours affect electroencephalogram measures in participants with regular sleep schedules. Power in the alpha, alpha theta, and theta ranges was significantly lower (p 0.05). The present results extend those performed during the nighttime, and demonstrate that light can be used to increase alertness in the afternoon, close to the post-lunch dip hours. These results also suggest that acute melatonin suppression is not needed to elicit an alerting effect in humans.
Nonlinear model identification of waste water decomposition processes in a hybrid plasma torch

The aim of this paper is to present a method for the estimation of the nonlinear model of the organic waste water plasma decomposition. In the first part of the paper, the models of the plasma arc generation, available in the literature are presented. The subsequent parts of the paper emphasize on the methodology, the model of the waste water plasma generator, the laboratory experiment organization and the experimental results. The experiment - designed for real-time control - proved that, under given conditions, the on-line identification of the process is possible with general purpose apparatus.
Modification of glutathione content in platelet concentrates by the use of acivicin.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular glutathione declines progressively in platelet concentrates stored for transfusion, but little is known about the nature of this process. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Acivicin, an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, was used to determine the fate of glutathione lost from platelets during storage. Glutathione, cysteinylglycine, cysteine, and their disulfides were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: In control and acivicin-treated platelet concentrates, intracellular glutathione declined progressively during 7 days' storage, with half-disappearance times of 2.12 ± 0.22 and 2.13 ± 0.23 days, respectively. No glutathione accumulated accumulated in the medium of control concentrates. In concentrates treated with acivicin, glutathione accumulated in plasma to a level equal to 150 percent of that present in platelets and plasma on Day 1 of storage, which suggested a net synthesis of glutathione during storage. The sum of glutathione, cysteinylglycine, and cysteine in plasma was not different in control and acivicin-treated concentrates; however, plasma from control concentrates contained significantly higher amounts of cysteinylglycine and cysteine. Treatment of concentrates with acivicin had a small favorable effect on plasma lactate dehydrogenase, beta-thromboglobulin, and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase during storage. CONCLUSION: The loss of glutathione from platelets during their storage as concentrates for transfusion is due to its egress into the suspending medium and catabolism by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.