cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pohlmeyer reduction and Darboux transformations in Euclidean worldsheet AdS 3

Pohlmeyer reduction has been instrumental both in the program for computing gluon scattering amplitudes at strong coupling, and more recently in the progress towards semiclassical three-point correlators of heavy operators in AdS/CF T . After a detailed review of the method, we combine it with Darboux and Crum transformations in order to obtain a class of string solutions corresponding to an arbitrary number of kinks and breathers of the elliptic sinh-Gordon equation. We also use our construction in order to identify the previously found dressed giant gluon with the single breather solution.
Dimensions of School Climate: Teachers' or Principals' Power Styles and Subjects' Propensities to Be Climate Vigilant as Related to Students' Perceptions of Satisfaction and of Peers' Abusive Behavior

Two studies investigated teachers' and principals' power styles as related to college students' retrospective ratings of satisfaction and peers' abusive behavior. One study also investigated retrospective self-perception as related to students' sensitivity to the occurrence of physical and psychological abuse in the school environment. Among the findings were positive correlations between subjects' perceptions that their typical elementary school teacher used referent, legitimate, or expert power styles and subjects' reported satisfaction with their elementary school experience. Small but statistically significant correlations were found suggesting that principals' power style was weakly associated with ratings of psychological abuse in elementary school and physical abuse in middle school. Also, students who rated themselves as intelligent, sensitive, attractive, and depressive had higher ratings of perceived psychological and physical abuse at school. It was concluded that parameters of leaders' power styles and subjects' vigilance might be useful for understanding school climates. Experimentally designed studies are required.
Role of interfaces in shock-induced plasticity in Cu/Nb nanolaminates

We investigate deformation of pure Cu, pure Nb and 30 nm Cu/30 nm Nb nanolaminates induced by high strain rate shock loading. Abundant dislocation activities are observed in shocked pure Cu and Nb. In addition, a few deformation twins are found in the shocked pure Cu. In contrast, in shocked Cu/Nb nanolaminates, abundant deformation twins are found in the Cu layers, but only dislocations in the Nb layers. High resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the deformation twins in the Cu layers preferentially nucleate from the Cu(112)//Nb(112) interface habit planes rather than the predominant Cu(111)//Nb(110) interface planes. Our comparative study on the shock-induced plastic deformation of the pure metals (Cu and Nb) and the Cu/Nb nanolaminates underscores the critical role of heterogeneous phase interfaces in the dynamic deformation of multilayer materials.
Comparison of Summer and Winter California Central Valley Aerosol Distributions from Lidar and MODIS Measurements

Aerosol distributions from two aircraft lidar campaigns conducted in the California Central Valley are compared in order to identify seasonal variations. Aircraft lidar flights were conducted in June 2003 and February 2008. While the PM2.5 concentration is highest in the winter, the aerosol optical depth measured from MODIS is highest in the summer. A seasonal comparison shows that PM2.5 in the winter can exceed summer PM2.5 by 55%, while summer AOD exceeds winter AOD by 43%. Higher temperatures wildfires in the summer produce elevated aerosol layers that are detected by satellite measurements, but not surface particulate matter monitors. Measurements of the boundary layer height from lidar instruments are necessary to incorporate satellite measurements with air quality measurements.
Insulin sensitivity in pregnancy.

Quantitation of insulin sensitivity (S,) with the insulin suppression test, glucose clamp, or the minimal model method has been achieved in various clinical circumstances. The application of these techniques to pregnancy has been limited. It is important to utilize sensitive and reproducible methods to study S, changes in pregnancy to fully understand the normal and pathological metabolic alterations that occur during gestation. These techniques demonstrate that various factors (obesity, body fat distribution, age, dietary manipulation, and exercise) may affect S, measures. The various pregnancy hormones have differential effects on insulin action. There is consensus among the limited in vivo studies in human pregnancy that late gestation is associated with significantly impaired S, compared with the nonpregnant state. Studies with appropriate matching between control and gestational diabetic subjects have failed to demonstrate a significant difference in S, between groups in the third trimester.
Automatic generation of geometrically parameterized reduced order models for integrated spiral RF-inductors

We describe an approach to generating low-order models of spiral inductors that accurately capture the dependence on both frequency and geometry (width and spacing) parameters. The approach is based on adapting a multiparameter Krylov-subspace based moment matching method to reducing an integral equation for the three dimensional electromagnetic behavior of the spiral inductor. The approach is demonstrated on a typical on-chip rectangular inductor.
Ready, Set, Create: What Instructing People to "Be Creative" Reveals About the Meaning and Mechanisms of Divergent Thinking

The “be creative effect”—instructing people to “be creative” before a divergent thinking task makes the responses more creative—is one of the oldest findings in creativity science. The present research suggests that this seemingly simple effect has underappreciated implications for the assessment of divergent thinking and for theories of the executive and controlled nature of creative thought. An experiment measured fluid intelligence and gave 2 divergent thinking tasks: people completed one with “be creative” instructions and the other with “be fluent” (generate as many ideas as possible) instructions. The responses were scored for creativity (using subjective scoring) and for fluency (the total number of ideas). Multilevel latent variable models found, not surprisingly, a large effect of task instructions: asking people to be creative yielded better but fewer responses, suggesting a focus on quality over quantity. Notably, the study replicated both sides of the contentious intelligence-and-creativity literature. When people were told to come up with a lot of ideas and creativity was scored as fluency, intelligence weakly predicted creativity. But when people were told to be creative and creativity was scored as subjective ratings, intelligence more strongly predicted creativity. We conclude with implications for the assessment of creativity, for models of the intentional and controlled nature of creative thought, and for the ongoing debate over creativity and intelligence.
Using a High-Level Test Generation Expert System for Testing In-Car Networks

The rising size and complexity of in-car networks call for more advanced and scalable verification solutions. We propose a verification methodology for in-car networks based on a system level test generator tool used for creating massive random biased stimuli, and on coverage and checking monitors. The test generator is an expert system based on an ontology of testing knowledge. A significant challenge is the continuous nature of the stimuli needed to represent the physical environment and the state of the internal components controlled by the vehicle's electronic systems. We report on applying our methodology to an example in-car network simulator.
A Recombinant β-1,3-Glucanosyltransferase Homolog of Coccidioides posadasii Protects Mice against Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioides posadasii is a fungal respiratory pathogen which is responsible for recurrent epidemics of San Joaquin Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) in desert regions of the southwestern United States. Numerous studies have revealed that the cell wall of the parasitic phase of the fungus is a reservoir of immunoreactive macromolecules and a potential source of a vaccine against this mycosis. A 495-bp fragment of a C. posadasii gene which encodes a putative wall-associated, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase was identified by computational analysis of the partially sequenced genome of this pathogen. The translated, full-length gene (GEL1) showed high sequence homology to a reported β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase of Aspergillus fumigatus (70% identity, 90% similarity) and was selected for further study. The GEL1 mRNA of C. posadasii was detected at the highest level during the endosporulation stage of the parasitic cycle, and the mature protein was immunolocalized to the surface of endospores. BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with the bacterium-expressed recombinant protein (rGel1p) to evaluate its protective efficacy against a lethal challenge of C. posadasii by either the intraperitoneal or intranasal route. In both cases, rGel1p-immune mice infected with the pathogen showed a significant reduction in fungal burden and increased survival compared to nonimmune mice. The recombinant β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase is a valuable addition to an arsenal of immunoreactive proteins which could be incorporated into a human vaccine against coccidioidomycosis.
Consumer behavior change at the base of the pyramid: Bridging the gap between for-profit and social responsibility strategies

This longitudinal field experiment compares two different for-profit market entry strategies with a philanthropic strategy in terms of how each influences consumer behavior in base-of-the-pyramid communities. We analyze reactions to a water purification product offered at three price points (moderate discount, deep discount, and free) in rural Malawi. We find that those who paid the deeply discounted price remain more likely to re-obtain and use the product than do those who paid the moderate price or who took it for free. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathokinesiology—The Clinical Implications from a Cardiopulmonary Perspective

Do we really need our own area of science or do we just want it? Do we have it, can we find it or create it, or are we just renaming areas of existing science and study and applying them to our framework? Are we prepared to modify our existing educational structure to reflect clearly this area of science: kinesiology-pathokinesiology from the cellular level to the person level to include all relevant systems? If we adopt the science of pathokinesiology as the basis for physical therapy, will that direct the physical therapists who execute and publish research studies evaluating the effects of positioning, postural drainage, or phase one cardiac rehabilitation programs to study patient populations rather than college student groups? We cardiopulmonary therapists can fit within this pathokinesiological framework if the profession is able to answer many of the questions raised in this discussion. Those answers should illuminate the best fit for the patient without discernable movement dysfunction after coronary bypass graft surgery or the patient with an abcessed right middle lobe of the lungs who has no increase in chest wall mobility after treatment but does demonstrate a decrease in temperature and improved chest roentgenogram findings. The overriding question that I have as a clinician is, does the term pathokinesiology help our professionalism or simply create a new and different framework within which we need to explain physical therapy once more to ourselves, the medical community, our patients, our reimbursers, and the public at large?
School experiences associated with alcohol use among Hispanic youth

BACKGROUND: The primary purpose of this study was to determine if recent alcohol use and binge drinking was associated with school experiences among Hispanic youth. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The NSDUH was administered to Hispanic youth (N = 3457) in the privacy of their own homes. The school experience score was dichotomized into negative and positive school experiences. RESULTS: A total of 13.8% of Hispanic youth reported recent alcohol use, and 8.0% reported that they had engaged in binge drinking. Hispanic youth who reported having negative school experiences were at increased odds for reporting recent alcohol use and binge drinking compared to counterparts with positive school experiences. Specifically, Hispanic students who were at highest risk for reporting recent alcohol use and binge drinking were in the age group 14 to 15 years, and the age group 16 to 17 years who reported having negative school experiences. CONCLUSIONS: These findings on school experiences should be considered when developing and implementing school-based prevention programs targeting Hispanic youth. Language: en
Atomic cooling via AC Stark shift

We theoretically investigate atomic cooling using a spatially varying AC Stark shift to compensate for the changing Doppler shift of an unchirped cooling beam. An integrated approach using waveguide-based atom photonics is ideal to achieve the required spatial tailoring of the AC Stark beam intensity. We present two examples of the design procedure to cool sodium atoms in hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides over tens of centimeters resulting in final velocities comparable to a Zeeman slower. The methods presented here are applicable to other experimental arrangements and atomic species.
Structural insights into a yeast prion illuminate nucleation and strain diversity

Self-perpetuating changes in the conformations of amyloidogenic proteins play vital roles in normal biology and disease. Despite intense research, the architecture and conformational conversion of amyloids remain poorly understood. Amyloid conformers of Sup35 are the molecular embodiment of the yeast prion known as [PSI], which produces heritable changes in phenotype through self-perpetuating changes in protein folding. Here we determine the nature of Sup35's cooperatively folded amyloid core, and use this information to investigate central questions in prion biology. Specific segments of the amyloid core form intermolecular contacts in a 'Head-to-Head', 'Tail-to-Tail' fashion, but the 'Central Core' is sequestered through intramolecular contacts. The Head acquires productive interactions first, and these nucleate assembly. Variations in the length of the amyloid core and the nature of intermolecular interfaces form the structural basis of distinct prion 'strains', which produce variant phenotypes in vivo. These findings resolve several problems in yeast prion biology and have broad implications for other amyloids.
Grain boundary motion arising from the gradient flow of the Aviles–Giga functional

Abstract This paper considers the singular limit of the equation Θ t = − ϵ Δ 2 Θ + ϵ − 1 ∇ ⋅ ( [ | ∇ Θ | 2 − 1 ] ∇ Θ ) . Grain boundaries (limiting discontinuities in ∇ Θ ) form networks that coarsen over time. A matched asymptotic analysis is used to derive a free boundary problem consisting of curve motion coupled along hyperbolic characteristics and junction conditions. An intermediate boundary layer near extrema junctions is discovered, along with the relevant nonlocal junction conditions. The limiting dynamics can be viewed in the context of a gradient flow of the sharp interface energy on an attracting manifold. Dynamic scaling of the long-time coarsening process can be explained by dimensional analysis of the reduced problem.
Speech Analysis in a Model of the Central Auditory System

Recently, there is a significant increase in research interest in the area of biologically inspired systems, which, in the context of speech communications, attempt to learn from human's auditory perception and cognition capabilities so as to derive the knowledge and benefits currently unavailable in practice. One particular pursuit is to understand why the human auditory system generally performs with much more robustness than an engineering system, say a state-of-the-art automatic speech recognizer. In this study, we adopt a computational model of the mammalian central auditory system and develop a methodology to analyze and interpret its behavior for an enhanced understanding of its end product, which is a data-redundant, dimension-expanded representation of neural firing rates in the primary auditory cortex (A1). Our first approach is to reinterpret the well-known Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) in the context of the auditory model. We then present a framework for interpreting the cortical response as a place-coding of speech information, and identify some key advantages of the model's dimension expansion. The framework consists of a model of ldquosourcerdquo-invariance that predicts how speech information is encoded in a class-dependent manner, and a model of ldquoenvironmentrdquo-invariance that predicts the noise-robustness of class-dependent signal-respondent neurons. The validity of these ideas are experimentally assessed under existing recognition framework by selecting features that demonstrate their effects and applying them in a conventional phoneme classification task. The results are quantitatively and qualitatively discussed, and our insights inspire future research on category-dependent features and speech classification using the auditory model.
An electromagnetic fast shutter system for debris mitigation on Z

Summary form only given, as follows. We have developed an electromagnetic driven fast shutter for purposes of debris mitigation on Z. This shutter was developed to prevent debris generated by the z-pinch implosion from damaging an x-ray imaging system used with the Z backlighter systems. The shutter uses a capacitor-driven pulsed electromagnet to accelerate an aluminum tube across the 24-mm diameter line of sight, completely closing the line of sight 185 microseconds after the z-pinch implosion. After the shutter crosses the line of sight, a tapered high-strength steel catcher slows the shutter to a stop and locks the shutter in a position covering the line of sight. The design, operation, and limitations of the shutter system are described. Concepts for faster, more efficient electromagnetic shutter systems are also discussed.
Injection drug use is associated with suicide attempts but not ideation or plans in a sample of adolescents with depressive symptoms

Abstract Objective Based on the interpersonal theory of suicide, pain habituation that occurs with injection substance use may raise risk for a suicide attempt. The current study tested whether injection substance use, relative to painless routes of substance administration, was related to greater risk for suicide attempts. We also assessed whether this risk was specific to suicide attempts and not suicidal ideation or suicide plans. Methods Data on 2095 substance-using adolescents aged 12–17 who endorsed clinically significant depression symptoms and answered questions on suicidal thoughts and behavior were drawn from the 2004–2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a nationally representative household survey. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between injection substance use and suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. Results Injection substance use was associated with suicide attempts (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.75–5.23) but not ideation or plans. These findings were not accounted for by sex, age, race/ethnicity, family income, abuse and dependence symptoms, and depression symptoms. Among ideators, injection substance use was associated with suicide attempts (OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.58–5.06), but not plans. Among suicide planners, injection substance use was associated with suicide attempts (OR = 5.16, 95% CI = 1.88–14.17). Conclusion Consistent with the interpersonal theory of suicide, adolescent injection drug use was associated with specific risk for suicide attempts but not ideation or planning. Hence, consideration of the manner in which adolescents use substances is important in evaluating suicide risk in this population.
CERAMIC HISTORY, CERAMIC CHANGE, AND ARCHITECTURAL SEQUENCE AT ACANMUL, CAMPECHE: A LOCAL CHRONICLE AND ITS REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS

Acanmul is a medium-size center located at the north end of the Bay of Campeche about 25 km northeast of the city of Campeche. Between 1999 and 2005, three independent sets of investigations and major architectural consolidation were carried out at the center by archaeologists from the Universidad Autonoma de Campeche (UAC), the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH), Centro Regional de Campeche, and UAC in collaboration with San Diego State University. These efforts produced a wealth of new information on the archaeology of the central Campeche coast, including new insights into the emergence and evolution of the northern slateware tradition and the architectural history of the central coast from Preclassic through Postclassic times. New data concerning changing relationships through time of the central coast Maya to both the interior central and southern lowlands and to the northern plains also were documented, as was the mid ninth century sacking of the center. This article synthesizes the findings of the three separate institutional efforts at Acanmul and offers a number of new cultural historical scenarios and hypotheses based on them.
EFFECT OF DIETARY COPPER LEVEL AND HIGH SULFATE WATER ON COPPER METABOLISM AND GROWTH IN CATTLE

High levels of supplemental inorganic Cu depress intake and increase hepatic Cu stores in the presence of high SO4 water. High SO4 water decreases liver and rumen soluble Cu concentrations.
Comparison of Model Predictions and Field Data: The Case of Top of the Line Corrosion

Top of the line corrosion (TLC) is a specific type of corrosion that occurs due to internal water condensation in wet gas lines. It is a serious concern for the oil and gas industry and has been th...
Effects of Cyclic Hexapeptide Analog of Somatostatin on Pancreatic Secretion in Dogs

The effects of a cyclic hexapeptide analog of somatostatin, [cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe)] (cyclo-SS), administered intravenously (iv) or instilled into the duodenum (id) on the pancreatic response to endogenous (meal and duodenal acidification) and exogenous (secretin, CCK) stimulants were compared in five dogs with esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic fistulae. Cyclo-SS given iv in graded doses against a constant background stimulation with secretin caused a similar and dose-dependent inhibition of pancreatic HCO3 and protein secretion being about twice as potent as somatostatin-14 (SS-14). Cyclo-SS, whether applied topically to the duodenal mucosa in a dose of 1 microgram/kg or given iv at a dose of 0.5 microgram/kg-hr, resulted in a similar inhibition of pancreatic secretion induced by feeding a meat meal, sham-feeding, duodenal acidification, or infusion of secretin or CCK. The inhibition of pancreatic secretion by cyclo-SS was due in part to direct inhibitory action on the exocrine pancreas as well as to the suppression of the release of secretin, insulin, and pancreatic polypeptide. It is concluded that cyclo-SS is a more potent inhibitor of pancreatic secretion than SS-14 and that it is active when administered both parenterally and intraduodenally.
High prevalence of nausea in children with pain-associated functional gastrointestinal disorders: are Rome criteria applicable?

Objectives The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of nausea in pediatric patients with pain-associated functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), examine the effect on social and school functioning, and examine the applicability of pediatric Rome III criteria. Methods A total of 221 pediatric patients (6-18 years of age) with chronic abdominal pain prospectively completed a demographic, history, and gastrointestinal symptom questionnaire adapted from the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms (QPGS). The 6-item, revised Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment Score tool was used to assess the effect of symptoms on school, home, and social disability. Rome III criteria were applied to all subjects. Results A total of 183 patients with pain and nausea for a minimum of 2 months were identified. Ninety-six patients were studied after excluding those with vomiting and/or organic disease. Among these, 53% had nausea at least 2 times per week and 28% experienced daily nausea. Frequency of nausea was significantly correlated with poor school and social functioning, and uniquely predicted social disability beyond pain. Although 87% met adult Rome criteria for functional dyspepsia, only 29% met corresponding pediatric Rome criteria. Additionally, 22% met the criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-diarrhea, 13% for IBS-constipation, 13% for abdominal migraine, and 31% were classified as having functional abdominal pain. Pediatric IBS-diarrhea and IBS-constipation overlapped in 5% of patients. Conclusions Nausea is a prevalent symptom in patients with pain-associated FGIDs and correlates with poor school and social functioning. There is substantial overlap among FGIDs in children with nausea.
The Cubic and Biquadratic Equations Vieta's Transformation in the Complex Plane

(1930). The Cubic and Biquadratic Equations Vieta's Transformation in the Complex Plane. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 515-521.
Excretion of Nicotinic Acid in Pellagra.

SummaryThe observations reported here indicate that the urinary excretion of nicotinic acid in pellagra is not significantly different from that of the normal.
Alteration in tissue and serum concentrations of TSH, iodide, T4 and T3 induced by various dietary iodide levels.

SummaryIsotopic equilibrium and radioimmunoassay methods were used to evaluate the effects of increases in iodide intake on tissue and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones. Within the range of iodide levels used total iodine in peripheral tissues and serum increase directly with iodide intake but this change is mainly due to an increase in inorganic iodide. It is concluded that increases in tissue thyroid hormone concentrations occur within a relatively narrow range of iodide intake and maximal concentration occurs at an iodide intake of 3-10 μg/day.
Imaging the Active Faults of the Central New Madrid Seismic Zone Using Panda Array Data

More than 700 earthquakes have been located in the central New Madrid seismic zone during a two-year deployment of the PANDA array. Magnitudes range from < 0.0 to the mblg 4.6 Risco, Missouri earthquake of 4 May 1991. The entire data set is digital, three-component and on-scale. These data were inverted to obtain a new shallow crustal velocity model of the upper Mississippi embayment for both P- and S-waves. Initially, inversion convergence was hindered by extreme velocity contrasts between the soft, low-velocity surficial alluvial sediments and the underlying Paleozoic carbonate and clastic high-velocity rock. However, constraints from extensive well log data for the embayment, secondary phases ( Sp and Ps ), and abundant, high-quality shear-wave data have yielded a relatively robust inversion. This in turn has led to a hypocentral data set of unprecedented quality for the central New Madrid seismic zone. Contrary to previous studies that utilized more restricted data, the PANDA data clearly delineate planar concentrations of hypocenters that compel an interpretation as active faults. Our results corroborate the vertical (strike-slip) faulting of the the southwest (axial), north-northeast, and western arms and define two new dipping planes in the central segment. The seismicity of the left-step zone between the NE-trending vertical segments is concentrated about a plane that dips at ∼31°SW; a separate zone to the SE of the axial zone defines a plane that dips at ∼48°SW. The reason for this difference in dip, possibly defining segmentation of an active fault, is not dear. When these planes are projected up dip, they intersect the surface along the eastern boundary of the Lake County uplift (LCU) and the western portion of Reelfoot Lake. If these SW-dipping planes are thrust faults, then the LCU would be on the upthrown hanging wall and Reelfoot Lake on the downthrown footwall. If in turn these inferred thrust faults were involved in the 1811–12 and/or pre-1811 large earthquakes, they provide an internally consistent explanation for (1) the existence and location of the LCU, (2) the wide-to-the-north, narrow-to-the-south shape of the LCU, and (3) the subsidence and/or impoundment of Reelfoot Lake.
Pediatric liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma is the most common pediatric liver tumor and is usually diagnosed before five years of age. Treatment consists of a combination of chemotherapy and surgery, with the goal being attainment of complete local control by surgical resection and eradication of any extrahepatic disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is utilized and is often beneficial in rendering tumors resectable; however, prolonged chemotherapy administration attempting to render tumors resectable by conventional resection should be avoided. For patients whose tumors are too extensive to be conventionally resected, liver transplantation can be curative and remains the treatment of choice for eligible patients otherwise incurable by conventional resection.
What Do Readers’ Mental Models Represent? Understanding Audience Processing of Narratives by Analyzing Mental Models Drawn by Fiction Readers in India

This study extends the narrative-processing literature by examining mental models constructed by individuals who have read the same narrative. Sixteen adults from Chandigarh (India) read a fictional story in Hindi, drew a picture of the story, and participated in an in-depth interview. Findings showed that human characters from the story featured in a majority of these drawings and that the strength of character involvement impacted the character’s size, detailing, and placement in readers’ mental model drawings. Readers also constructed abstract and symbolic mental models. This study corroborates research indicating that readers empathize with multiple narrative characters and that character involvement crosses generations and genders.
Patellar Articular Overlap on MRI Is a Simple Alternative to Conventional Measurements of Patellar Height

Background:Patella alta describes an abnormally high-riding patella in relationship to the femur and has been shown to correlate with patellofemoral pain, instability, chondromalacia, and arthrosis...
Rewriting Empathy in Freud

Theodor Lipps had a direct influence on Sigmund Freud. Nevertheless, Freud’s use and mention of “empathy” is complicated by James Strachey’s mistranslation of the term. Freud’s method was an empathic one, and the dispute is not that Freud did not use or value empathy. Freud applies empathy in his clinical practice, even when he does not use the word [Einfuhlung]. Freud’s mention (and use) of “empathy” is noted in education, clinical psychoanalytic technique, narrative art, as well as interhuman understanding writ large. Two reasons explain why Freud limited mentions of the word “empathy”: (1) Freud did not want to be regarded as a follower of Lipps; (2) Freud’s definition of introspection remained unrelated to empathy, and introspection is the royal road to empathy. Although Freud never uses empathy in the sense of Lipps’ “projective aesthetic empathy,” Freud’s use of empathy is aesthetically relevant because humor, art appreciation, and empathy are transformations in the psyche.
Heteroclinic dynamics in photonic cognitive motif network

We propose a photonic cognitive motif network. The oscillating nodes of such motifs are represented by the activity of semiconductor lasers and the performance of cognitive functions is determined by competitive interaction of lasers' phases, intensity and carrier inversion rates.
Mark Tushnet's Thurgood Marshall and the Rule of Law

This essay, written for a symposium issue of the Quinnipiac Law Review on the work of Mark Tushnet, takes up Tushnet's writings on Thurgood Marshall. Tushnet's body of scholarship on Marshall includes two books, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961, and Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961-1991; an edited collection: Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences; and many articles and essays. Tushnet follows Marshall from his early career as a civil rights lawyer through his service on the United States Supreme Court, focusing more than other biographers on Thurgood Marshall as a lawyer, and paying particular attention to Marshall's conception of the rule of law.The essay explores Marshall's understanding of the rule of law, bringing in the example of Marshall's confrontation with Kenya's first president, Jomo Kenyatta, in 1963, and the tension between Marshall's embrace of Kenya's new leaders, with whom he worked on Kenya's independence constitution, and his concern about their failure to protect the rights of Kenya's Asian minority. In this episode, the rule of law appears as more than fairness and consistent application of legal principles, but also as a form of politics. This ties Marshall's work in Africa in with the conception of law in Tushnet's broader body of work.
Finding Pure Sub-Models for Improved Differentiation of Bi-Factor and Second-Order Models.

Several studies have indicated that bifactor models fit a broad range of psychometric data better than alternative multidimensional models such as second-order models (e.g., Carnivez, 2016; Gignac, 2016; Rodriguez, Reise, & Haviland, 2016). Murray and Johnson (2013) and Gignac (2016) argued that this phenomenon is partially due to unmodeled complexities (e.g., unmodeled cross-factor loadings) that induce a bias in standard statistical measures that favors bifactor models over second-order models. We extend the Murray and Johnson simulation studies to show how the ability to distinguish second-order and bifactor models diminishes as the amount of unmodeled complexity increases. By using theorems about rank constraints on the covariance matrix to find submodels of measurement models that have less unmodeled complexity, we are able to reduce the statistical bias in favor of bifactor models; this allows researchers to reliably distinguish between bifactor and second-order models.
Costs to Community Mental Health Agencies to Sustain an Evidence-Based Practice

Objective:Dissemination of evidence-based practices (EBPs) has become a priority in children’s mental health services. Although implementation approaches and initiatives are proliferating, little is known about sustainment of EBPs, but evidence suggests that most EBPs are not sustained for more than a few years. Cost is the most frequently cited barrier to sustainment, yet very little is known about these costs. This study provides a method for quantifying incremental costs of an EBP compared with usual care and preliminary data on the costs in staff time, lost revenue, and other expenses of sustaining an EBP (trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy [TF-CBT]) in community mental health settings.Methods:Fourteen community mental health agencies (CMHAs) completed a measure developed for this study to collect administrative data on implementation costs to sustain TF-CBT. Survey items captured activities that were related specifically to TF-CBT and that would not otherwise be conducted for usual care, suc...
Discriminating relational and perceptual judgments: Evidence from human toddlers

The ability to represent same-different relations is an important condition for abstract thought. However, there is mixed evidence for when this ability develops, both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. Apparent success in relational reasoning may be evidence for genuine conceptual understanding or may be the result of low-level, perceptual strategies. We introduce a method to discriminate these possibilities by pitting two conditions that are perceptually matched but conceptually different: in a "fused" condition, same and different objects are joined, creating single objects that have the same perceptual features as the two object pairs in the "relational" condition. However, the "fused" objects do not provide evidence for the relation 'same.' Using this method with human toddlers in a causal relational reasoning task provides evidence for genuine conceptual understanding. This novel technique offers a simple manipulation that may be applied to a variety of existing match-to-sample procedures used to assess same-different reasoning to include in future research with non-human animals across species, as well as human infants.
Automated Interpretation of PCA-Based Process Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis Using Signed Digraphs

Abstract Principal component analysis (PCA) has emerged as a useful tool for process monitoring and fault diagnosis. The general approach requires the user to identify the root cause by interpreting the measured variable contributions to the residual and/or principal components. This could be tedious and often impossible for a large process. It also hinders the automation of high level supervisory tasks like choice of corrective actions and their associated costs. In this paper, the interpretation of the PCA-based contributions is automated using signed directed graphs (SDGs). The implementation of the PCA-SDG based fault diagnosis algorithm is done using Gensym's expert system shell G2. Its application is illustrated on the Amoco Model IV Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU).
Creating a Tax Space for Social Enterprise

While still relatively few in number compared to traditional nonprofit and for-profit organizations, the rise of social enterprises represents a possible disruption of not only existing models of doing business but also areas of law that in many respects have seen little fundamental change for decades. One such area is domestic tax law, where social enterprises currently find themselves subject to the rules of for-profit activities and entities. Here, both scholars and policymakers are beginning to ask whether it is either necessary or desirable to modify existing tax provisions to better accommodate social enterprise: that is, whether to create a distinct tax space for social enterprise. This chapter considers some of the initial answers to this question and places them within a larger, tax theory framework in order to advance consideration of this emerging issue. As preliminary matters, I first consider how best to define the term “social enterprise” for purposes of addressing this issue and then describe some of the existing and proposed tax law provisions specifically relating to social enterprises. I dedicate the remainder of the chapter to exploring whether a high-level, theoretical consideration of possible tax provisions focused on such enterprises provides any insight into what provisions may be worth pursuing. Relying primarily on a tax subsidy approach, I conclude that while tax law could be used to incentivize investment in, commitment by, or selection of legal form by social enterprises, limited data and uncertain prospects for designing specific tax provisions that would be likely to achieve the desired goals caution against significant changes at the federal level at this time. Instead, I recommend pursuing experimentation at the state and local level with such provisions to help determine how best to achieve these goals through tax law.
CAPILLARY WAVES AND INTERFACIAL STRUCTURE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the capillary waves and interfacial structure. A planar interface separating two bulk fluid phases at equilibrium with one another has been considered. At the macroscopic level, the interfacial zone is so narrow that it can be viewed as a membrane of zero thickness under tension. At the molecular level, densities and compositions vary continuously from their values in one bulk phase to their values in the other bulk phase. Thermal fluctuations drive capillary waves or two-dimensional deformations of the planar interface out of the interfacial plane. The result is that the interfacial zone becomes more diffuse. Because of residual coherence even in randomly driven capillary waves, the density at one point in the interfacial zone is correlated with the density at another point in the interfacial zone. Such density-density or pair correlations exist even in bulk or homogeneous fluid phases, but in that case they are short-ranged.
Age‐Specific Associations Between Violence Exposure and Past 30‐Day Marijuana and Alcohol Use

Using data from a cohort study of students at risk for high school dropout, we examined associations between violence exposure and past 30-day alcohol and marijuana use. We used varying-coefficient regression with person-level fixed effects to estimate how those associations changed within-person across ages approximately 14-23. Generally, violence perpetration was most strongly associated with substance use, within-person. Substance use became increasingly associated with both observed violence and violence perpetration during early/middle adolescence; this increase continued longer into development (age 18+) for alcohol use. Across most of the age range studied here, violence victimization was minimally associated with within-person changes in substance use. Results indicate age-specific associations between violence exposure and alcohol and other drug use, which may be useful for informing prevention strategies.
Identifying labile DOM components in a coastal ocean through depleted bacterial transcripts and chemical signals

Understanding which compounds comprising the complex and dynamic marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool are important in supporting heterotrophic bacterial production remains a major challenge. We eliminated sources of labile phytoplankton products, advected terrestrial material and photodegradation products to coastal microbial communities by enclosing water samples in situ for 24 h in the dark. Bacterial genes for which expression decreased between the beginning and end of the incubation and chemical formulae that were depleted over this same time frame were used as indicators of bioavailable compounds, an approach that avoids augmenting or modifying the natural DOM pool. Transport- and metabolism-related genes whose relative expression decreased implicated osmolytes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, sugars and organic sulfur compounds as candidate bioreactive molecules. FT-ICR MS analysis of depleted molecular formulae implicated functional groups ~ 30-40 Da in size cleaved from semi-polar components of DOM as bioreactive components. Both gene expression and FT-ICR MS analyses indicated higher lability of compounds with sulfur and nitrogen heteroatoms. Untargeted methodologies able to integrate biological and chemical perspectives can be effective strategies for characterizing the labile microbial metabolites participating in carbon flux.
An epitope on the transferrin receptor preferentially exposed during tumor progression in human lymphoma is close to the ligand binding site

We have previously reported an anti-transferrin receptor antibody, Trump, which was originally selected for its ability to discriminate low- and high-grade lymphomas. This feature was distinct from the other anti-transferrin receptor antibodies such as OKT9. In the present study, further immunochemical analysis was performed to define the nature of the antigenic site recognized by the Trump antibody. Trump was found to block the binding of transferrin both to solubilized and to surface transferrin receptors; conversely, transferrin could block the binding of Trump only to surface transferrin receptors. Therefore, the epitope recognized by Trump is near but not identical to the transferrin binding site. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin induced both the OKT9 epitope and the Trump epitope, but 12-phorbol 13 myristate acetate induced only the OKT9 epitope. Growth of some cell lines was inhibited by Trump but not by OKT9. No structural difference was found between transferrin receptor molecules reactive with Trump and those reactive with OKT9. In support of these results, Trump was able to immunoprecipitate transferrin receptor molecules solubilized from low-grade follicular lymphoma cells even though it did not bind to the receptors exposed on the surface of these cells. These findings imply that low-grade lymphoma cells differ from high-grade lymphoma cells not in the structures of their transferrin receptors but in their exposure of the molecule on the cell surface.
Explaining performance determinants: A knowledge based view of international new ventures

Abstract From the standpoint of the knowledge-based view (KBV), the attainment and deployment of relevant knowledge is essential to firm performance. Nevertheless, there is little empirical evidence supporting KBV explanations of international new ventures' (INVs') export venture performance. This paper examines a KBV framework of INVs' export venture performance to assess the role of knowledge-based resources within the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) performance paradigm. The results show that EO is a common antecedent to knowledge-based resources, marketing capabilities, and export venture performance. Knowledge-based resources impact marketing capabilities, which, in turn, influence export venture performance. The findings show that EO interacts with knowledge-based resources to shape marketing capabilities. The implication for managers is that INVs require EO to develop knowledge-based resources that are sufficient to perform effectively and efficiently and to adapt to the environments in which these firms find themselves.
Some Ecological Aspects of Migrants and Residents

The ecology, and particularly the life history ecology, of migrancy and residency in birds has received surprisingly little attention. For some species, such as those migrating into harsh, arctic environments, the brief summer flush of productivity and the intolerable conditions at other times of year offer an obvious explanation superficially requiring little further study. For other species early work, by biologists resident in the temperate zone, asked merely how temperate zone species fitted into the tropical communities in which they wintered before returning to take their “proper” place in their breeding season community. Latterly this discussion has widened to entertain the notion that migrants breeding in the temperate zone may be species of tropical origin only temporarily visiting these breeding grounds (see review in Morse 1980). The importance of reproduction and survival rates and of migration costs in the evolution of migration has also received greater attention recently (Ketterson and Nolan 1976, 1983; Fretwell 1972, 1985; Greenberg 1980; O’Connor 1981, 1985).
Modulating influences of hormones and catecholamines on memory storage processes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the modulating influences of hormones and catecholamines on memory storage processes. Most of the studies of memory storage modulation have used treatments, such as electrical stimulation of the brain, convulsant drugs, or antibiotics, which have non-specific, widespread, and poorly understood influences on brain function. Such findings suggest that memory storage is influenced perhaps by any alteration in brain function. However, there is extensive recent evidence indicating that some treatments that have profound influences on neural activity have no modulating influences on memory storage. On the other hand, memory storage can be modulated by treatments that produce no gross alterations in brain functioning. The findings of recent studies from several laboratories suggest that it resembles like coming closer to achieving an understanding of the modulating influences of posttraining treatments on memory storage processes. Also investigation of the influences of alterations in central catecholamines and hormones should continue to provide important clues to the processes involved in memory storage.