cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Line-center stabilized CO 2 lasers as secondary frequency standards: Determination of pressure shifts and other errors

The 4.3 μm CO 2 fluorescence stabilization method is reviewed and a two-channel heterodyne system with a fractional frequency stability of \sigma_{y}(\tau) is described. Frequency reproducibility and causes of frequency shifts and errors in the saturation resonance are discussed. A new technique is employed to eliminate frequency offset errors caused by the nonzero slope of the power versus frequency characteristics of the lasers over the frequency range of the nonlinear resonance dip. Pressure shifts of the standing wave saturated resonance have been measured in the 9 and 10 μm P and R lasing transitions of CO 2 . At low pressures (≤ 100 mTorr) the measured shifts for four different isotopes are all blue, instead of red as predicted by semiclassical theory. Measurements at higher (> 1 Torr) pressures reveal red shifts. Perturber gas data show blue shifts for heavier perturber atoms or molecules, red shifts for He and H 2 .
Ursodeoxycholic acid: from dissolution of gallstones to lipid-lowering agent.

Administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a naturally occurring bile acid, effectively desaturates bile. Currently, this agent is indicated for dissolution of gallstones in selected patients. UDCA has also been evaluated for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis.' In this issue of the Mayo Clinic Proceedings (pages 923 to 929), Balan and associates show how UDCA can have a beneficial effect on the hypercholesterolemia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. The availability of such a noninvasive treatment modality, with a low frequency of potential side effects, improves the treatment armamentarium for both disorders. This report also demonstrates what useful information a carefully designed protocol can provide beyond testing of the major hypothesis of the study. These data are meaningful spin-offs of a clinical trial and exemplify the effective use of databases. The study was primarily designed to test the effect of UDCA on the hepatic structural and functional abnormalities of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hypercholesterolemia is a prominent feature of primary biliary cirrhosis. Any therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis lends itself to assessment for effectiveness in managing serum lipid levels. The major hypothesis tested by the study was whether UDCA has a beneficial effect in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The secondary hypothesis was whether UDCA has a beneficial effect on the hypercholesterolemia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Logically, one would assume that if it were beneficial for the hepatic disease, it would also be beneficial for the lipid abnormalities. Both hypotheses were indeed confirmed. Mechanism of Action.—The issue arises as to the mechanism of action for the lipid-lowering effect of UDCA. The authors describe a series of potential mechanisms for the beneficial effect of UDCA on the hyperlipidemia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis, including effects on hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, absorption of cholesterol, and the bile acid pool. The regression of the liver disease may have decreased the lipid levels; however, the possibility still exists that the UDCA has an effect on the metabolism of lipids and the reduction of lipid levels, unrelated to the hepatic disease.
The reaction of CH3NO2 on O-covered Mo(110): the effect of oxygen on product distribution

Abstract The reactions of CH 3 NO 2 on Mo(1 1 0) containing 0.66 and 0.40 ML of chemisorbed oxygen are studied using temperature programmed reaction (TPR) and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Nitromethane decomposes on the surface with 0.66 ML of O––occupying both twofold and quasi-threefold coordinated sites––below 300 K via dissociation of N–O bonds to form methylimido, CH 3 N(a). The oxygen is deposited on the surface populating terminal sites while the methylimido yields gas-phase HCN, H 2 O, and methyl radical between ∼550 and 800 K. In addition, some methylimido decomposes nonselectively to adsorbed N and C. The reaction on the 0.40 ML surface (containing only twofold coordinated oxygen) also affords HCN, H 2 O, CH 3 , and adsorbed O, N, and C. The product distribution is different when the initial oxygen coverage is 0.4 ML––the amount of HCN and H 2 O is ∼10% greater, the yield of CH 3 is ∼10% less, and the amount of adsorbed C and O is substantially increased. In addition, the desorption temperature of the C–H bond scission products is ∼20 K lower on the 0.4 ML oxygen surface than on the saturated surface. The reactions on the chemisorbed oxygen overlayers are compared to those of CH 3 NO 2 on a thin film oxide of Mo(1 1 0). The observed differences in reactivity as a function of oxygen coverage and as a function of the presence of subsurface oxygen are discussed in terms of surface preparations which favor either C–H bond scission or oxygenate evolution.
Time Dependent Unavailability Analysis of Nuclear Safety Systems

A method is presented to predict the time-dependent system unavailability, which includes consideration of the detailed effects of different periodic testing schemes. The FRANTIC computer code is described; it has been developed to study applications of the approach.
The procedural approach to interactive design graphics

A flexible system for interactive mechanical design can be easily built using ideas from Psychology and Automata theory. The language DL is such a system. It demonstrates that mechanical devices and shapes can be communicated by a simple universal language in contrast to a conventional menu-oriented approach. Rather than involving the user in conversation with some kind of three-dimensional model, the shape is described in terms of related two-dimensional projections, an idea explicated by Piaget. Though a simple system, DL's universality gives it abilities found only in large, complex systems, such as 3-d, translation, rotation, scaling, symmetry, construction lines, multiple views, definable modules, grids and arrays, relative coordinate systems, relational constraint obedience, selective display, selective modification, and pseudo motion.
Galectin 9 is the sugar-regulated urate transporter/channel UAT

UAT, also designated galectin 9, is a multifunctional protein that can function as a urate channel/transporter, a regulator of thymocyte-epithelial cell interactions, a tumor antigen, an eosinophil chemotactic factor, and a mediator of apoptosis. We review the evidence that UAT is a transmembrane protein that transports urate, describe our molecular model for this protein, and discuss the evidence from epitope tag and lipid bilayer studies that support this model of the transporter. The properties of recombinant UAT are compared with those of urate transport into membrane vesicles derived from proximal tubule cells in rat kidney cortex. In addition, we review channel functions predicted by our molecular model that resulted in the novel finding that the urate channel activity is regulated by sugars and adenosine. Finally, the presence and possible functions of at least 4 isoforms of UAT and a closely related gene hUAT2 are discussed.
Preoperative Factors Associated With Adverse Outcome After Tricuspid Valve Replacement

Background—Preoperative factors associated with increased mortality and worse outcome after tricuspid valve replacement in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation are poorly understood. Methods and Results—We retrospectively analyzed 189 patients (37% men; age, 67.5±11.3 years) who underwent tricuspid valve replacement for severe tricuspid regurgitation. Operative mortality rate was 10%, and was associated with intra-aortic balloon pump (odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 5.6; P<0.0001) or the presence of severe symptoms (New York Heart Association class IV relative to classes II and/or III) at the time of surgery (1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.8; P=0.02). At the end of follow-up (29.3±27.1 months), 70 patients (37%) died, 6 (3%) needed tricuspid reoperation, and 41 (21.7%) were readmitted for heart failure. Seventy-eight patients (41.3%) were free from cardiovascular events (death, tricuspid reoperation, or heart failure admissions). The only echocardiographic parameter indep...
Consistency of felons' written and oral responses for scoring the Environmental Deprivation Scale.

Summary.-32 male parolees and probationers were administered the questionnaire form of the Environmenral Deprivation Scale followed by the standard oral interview for the purpose of comparing written responses with oral responses usudy necessary to score the scale. Pearson correlations were .89 between written and oral responses ~nd .97 for rater-rater agreement for scoring the questionnaire form. These results \iIgyesr that a reliable score for the scale can be obtained from an antisocial popular1011 \~lrhout the extensive training and time required to administer behavioral interviews. Therefore, substituting group testing in place of one-on-one interviews may broaden the utility of the scale. An effective classification system is important for the management and successful treatment of offenders. In his national survey, Clements (1986) emphasized the use of "objective" assessment instruments in both prison and community settings. Assessment of risk, i.e., probabhty of committing another crime, and assessment of needs, i.e., personal adjustments to lessen that possibhty, are equally important. ksk is important initially in decisions concerning placement on parole or probation, whereas assessment of needs is important for counselors attempting to aid the offender in adjustments. Van Voorhis (1994) confirmed that adequate assessment of needs correlates significantly with successful treatment. Assessment of offenders, especially for possible relapse, has often been based on person&ty factors and behavioral history, for example, Megargee's (1977) MMPI Typology system stresses personality factors, and Quay's (1984) Adult Internal Management System measures behavioral history. Two promising instruments that assess both the risk and the needs of offenders are the Level of Supervision Inventory, developed and used in the Province of Ontario (Andrews, 1982), and the Environmental Deprivation Scale (Jenktns, 1973). Both approaches require interviews and suggest that an offender's adjustments are individual and more complex than merely not committing crime. These approaches are similar to some extent but differ in per
A Generalized Mixed Kinematic-Isotropic Hardening Plastic Model Coupled With Anisotropic Damage for Sheet Metal Forming

The paper presents a generalized mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening plastic model coupled with anisotropic damage for sheet metal forming. A nonlinear anisotropic kinematic hardening is developed. For the predication of limit strains at localized necking in stamping under complex strain history, the model and its associated damage criterion for localized necking are established and implemented into LS-DYNA3D by compiling it as a user subroutine. The finite element simulation of LS-DYNA3D based on the present model is carried out. The location of localized necking for sheet metal forming has been successfully identified.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The effect of proximity on landmark use in Clark's nutcrackers.

Clark's nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana, store thousands of pine seeds during the autumn and retrieve them throughout the winter. It has been shown that these birds are able to use visual cues to relocate hidden food in the laboratory. In this set of experiments, we trained three groups of Clark's nutcrackers to find a hidden food goal that was placed in the same spatial location relative to the testing room. During training, the location of two local cues in relation to the goal differed between the three groups. Group 1 learned the task with the cues closest to the goal, group 2 with the cues further from the goal, and group 3 with the cues furthest from the goal. To test whether the proximity of these two local cues to the goal affected how spatial information was used, we manipulated local and global information in a series of experiments. Results indicated that local cues were more important sources of spatial information for group 1, whereas global cues seemed to be used more by birds in groups 2 and 3. These findings suggest that the proximity of visual cues lead to overshadowing of other sources of spatial information surrounding the goal.
THE COMPTON-GETTING EFFECT OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES WITH AN ANISOTROPIC PITCH-ANGLE DISTRIBUTION: AN APPLICATION TO VOYAGER 1 RESULTS AT 85 AU

This paper provides a theoretical simulation of anisotropy measurements by the Low-Energy Charged Particle (LECP) experiment on Voyager. The model starts with an anisotropic pitch-angle distribution function in the solar wind plasma reference frame. It includes the effects of both Compton-Getting anisotropy and a perpendicular diffusion anisotropy that possibly exists in the upstream region of the termination shock. The calculation is directly applied to the measurements during the late 2002 particle event seen by Voyager 1. It is shown that the data cannot rule out either the model with zero solar wind speed or the one with a finite speed on a qualitative basis. The determination of solar wind speed using the Compton-Getting effect is complicated by the presence of a large pitch-angle distribution anisotropy and a possible diffusion anisotropy. In most high-energy channels of the LECP instrument, because the pitch-angle distribution anisotropy is so large, a small uncertainty in the magnetic field direction can produce very different solar wind speeds ranging from 0 to >400 km s-1. In fact, if the magnetic field is chosen to be in the Parker spiral direction, which is consistent with the magnetometer measurement on Voyager 1, the derived solar wind speed is still close to the supersonic value. Given the uncertainty of the magnetic field direction, only the two lowest energy channels of the LECP instrument can give a definitive result for the solar wind speed. However, these channels contain very high levels of background from their response to isotropic cosmic rays. An uncertainty of just a few percent in the background level can entirely hamper the estimate of solar wind speed.
CORRELATING NEUROBEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE WITH BIOMARKERS OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDE EXPOSURE

There is compelling evidence that adverse neurobehavioral effects are associated with occupational organophosphorous pesticide (OP) exposure in humans. Behavioral studies of pesticide applicators, greenhouse workers, agricultural workers and farm residents exposed repeatedly over months or years to low levels of OPs reveal a relatively consistent pattern of neurobehavioral deficits. However, only two studies have demonstrated a link between neurobehavioral performance and current biomarkers of OP exposure including blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity and urinary levels of OP metabolites. A variety of reasons may explain why so few studies have reported such correlations, including differing individual and group exposure histories, differing methodologies for assessing behavior and exposure, and lack of a reliable index of exposure. Alternatively, these data may suggest that current biomarkers (ChE, urine metabolites) are neither predictive nor diagnostic of the neurobehavioral effects of chronic OP pesticide exposures. This review focuses on the evidence that neurobehavioral performance deficits are associated with occupational OP pesticide exposure and concludes that research needs to return to the basics and rigorously test the relationships between neurobehavioral performance and both current (ChE and urine metabolites) and novel (e.g., inflammation and oxidative stress) biomarkers using human and animal models. The results of such studies are critically important because OP pesticides are widely and extensively used throughout the world, including situations where exposure controls and personal protective equipment are not routinely used.
Self-consistent treatment of spin-orbit coupling in solids using relativistic fully separable ab initio pseudopotentials

We describe the implementation of total angular momentum dependent pseudopotentials in a plane wave formulation of density functional theory. Our approach thus goes beyond the scalar-relativistic approximation usually made in ab initio pseudopotential calculations and explicitly includes spin-orbit coupling. We outline the necessary extensions and compare the results to available all-electron calculations and experimental data.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of primary osteosarcoma of the thyroid: report of a case and review of the literature

Primary osteosarcoma of the thyroid is an extremely rare tumor, with only 27 well-documented cases reported in the literature, including only one in the cytology literature. We describe here an additional case with fine-needle aspiration biopsy findings. A 60-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of progressive midline neck swelling. CT and ultrasound demonstrated a large thyroid mass with tracheal compression. Fine-needle aspiration biopsies were performed and showed pleomorphic spindle and epithelioid neoplastic cells, multinucleated giant cells, and scant metachromatic extracellular matrix material. Cell block sections contained minute tissue fragments with neoplastic spindle cells. Immunohistochemical stains showed the tumor cells to be positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratins, TTF-1, calcitonin, synatophysin, chromogranin, and S-100 protein, suggesting a sarcoma; however, the differential diagnosis also included anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Tissue biopsy revealed a high-grade spindle cell neoplasm with osteoid production, consistent with osteosarcoma of the thyroid. The patient developed a large pulmonary embolus and superior vena cava syndrome and no further surgical intervention was performed. She died 5 weeks after the initial diagnosis. Upon retrospective review, the cytologic features resemble osteosarcoma in other areas. Although cytologic features on fine-needle aspiration biopsy may suggest a diagnosis of this rare entity, definitive diagnosis should be deferred to histologic examination.
Comparison of optomechanical and focal plane array methods for enhanced temporal resolution

Temporal aliasing is a problem common to all video imaging systems. Infrared video systems are particularly susceptible because of the relatively low (30 Hz) RS-170 frame rate. We have developed two systems which compensate for the effects of aliasing, and allow above-frame- rate events to be imaged. An optomechanically based system utilizes an unmodified commercial imager (Inframetrics IR 600) and allows images of repetitive thermal events at frequencies up to 4 kHz to be acquired. It acquires data selectively using a line-by-line scheme which compares the motion of the camera's horizontal scanning mirror to a reference signal correlated to the event of interest. The resulting images have an effective integration time of 125 microseconds. The focal plane array system is based on a 160 X 244 PtSi detector operating at the standard 30 Hz frame rate. Frame integration time is variable to a minimum of 100 microseconds. Data can be acquired synchronously with respect to an external reference signal derived from the target. The systems will be compared, and relative merits of each will be discussed.
The Cost of Quality

Can patient-centeredness and quality measures coexist? As we strive to protect our patients, do we also dehumanize them?
Implicit Nonpolar Solvent Models

We have systematically analyzed a new nonpolar solvent model that separates nonpolar solvation free energy into repulsive and attractive components. Our analysis shows that either molecular surfaces or volumes can be used to correlate with repulsive free energies of tested molecules in explicit solvent with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. In addition, the attractive free energies in explicit solvent can also be reproduced with the new model with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999. Given each component optimized, the new nonpolar solvent model is found to reproduce monomer nonpolar solvation free energies in explicit solvent very well. However, the overall accuracy of the nonpolar solvation free energies is lower than that of each component. In the more challenging dimer test cases, the agreement of the new model with explicit solvent is less impressive. Nevertheless, it is found that the new model works reasonably well for reproducing the relative nonpolar free energy landscapes near the global minimum of the dimer complexes.
Disinfection of clinical thermometers.

The antibacterial efficiency of each of several iodine solutions and different concentrations of ethyl alcohol and of isopropyl alcohol has been determined in connection with their use in the cold disinfection of clinical thermometers. Iodine tincture and iodine solution N. F. were found to be more effective than either of the alcohols for the quick disinfection of clinical thermometers infected with many of the commonly found bacteria.
A hands-on practical approach to teaching engineering design

A hands-on practical approach to teaching design in engineering courses is presented. This approach is based on the philosophy that students learn the fundamental laws and their applications to design most effectively through design practices which result in demonstrated success. Through such practice, they learn that success in engineering requires understanding the fundamentals and attention to details, they learn the science/art of the iterative design process, and they gain a great deal of self confidence. >
feG-COOH blunts eosinophilic airway inflammation in a feline model of allergic asthma.

This study investigated if feG-COOH would decrease allergen-induced airway inflammation. Seven adult cats sensitised to Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) to induce an asthmatic phenotype. Cats were randomized to receive either feG-COOH (1 mg/kg, PO) or placebo (saline 1 ml, PO) immediately prior to BGA aerosol challenge in a cross-over design. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and airway inflammatory response assessed via inflammatory cell number and type; IL-4, IFN-γ and nitric oxide metabolite concentrations. A paired t test was used to compare parameters with a P < 0.05 considered significant. The BALF eosinophil percentage was significantly lower in asthmatic cats treated with feG compared with placebo (placebo, 35.3 ± 12.2%; feG, 22.4 ± 8.6%; P = 0.002). Treatment with feG did not result in a significant change in any other parameter measured. These data indicate that a single dose of feG-COOH partially attenuates eosinophilic airway inflammation in experimental feline asthma.
SNAC: the social networks and archival context project

This demonstration will show the prototype access and search system for the Social Networks and Archival Context project. The system is built on a database of merged Encoded Archival Context - Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC-CPF) records derived from Encoded Archival Description (EAD) records held by the Library of Congress, the California Digital Library, the Northwest Digital Archives, and Virginia Heritage, combined with information from name authority files from the Library of Congress, OCLC Research, and the Getty Vocabulary Program. The database merges information from each instance of an individual name in these resources, along with variant names, biographical notes and their topical descriptions. The prototype interface makes this information searchable while retaining links to the various data sources, other resources (such as books by or about a person) and to other individuals, families and organizations associated with that name.
ALIMENTARY EXPOSURE OF A BREAST—FED NEONATE TO SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

The levels of selected xenobiotics (cadmium, lead, mercury, total-DDT, total-HCH, HCB, PCBs, nitrates and nitrites) were determined by ASA (toxic metals), GLC (organohalides) or colorimetry (N-compounds) in 3/4 postpartum day colostrum of 49 normal mothers. The detectable levels of Cd, Pb and Hg were found in 55.1%, 93,9% and in 100,0%, respectively. The neonatal daily intakes of t-DOT and PCBs exceeded the admissable dally intake value (ADI) of WHO in 61.2% and 22.4%, respectively. Milk nitrate levels were relatively low and averaged 2.5% of the corresponding ADI value. However, the quantifiable nitrite contents were measured in 32.7% of samples. Despite of legal restrictions in their usage, the contamination with organohalides persists in human milk at a level that may result in neonatal alimentary exposure exceeding the recommended ADIs of WHO. Hence, there is a pressing need for perinatologists to have current data on breastmilk contamination by these chemicals.
Sysadmins and the need for verification information

Traditional usability measures may not be sufficient for some specialized users, such as system administrators. Because of their broad range of responsibilities for highly complex and risky business environments, these users also need tools that are powerful, informative, and credible. To do their work, system administrators need the ability to verify the work they have done. That verification comes from accurate and available information that we refer to as information credibility. This exploratory research aims to address the relationship between task complexity, task risk, and verification information seeking in GUI tools used by system administrators. Potential antecedents of information verification are identified and a model is proposed that addresses how aspects of the task and environment affect the need for verification. Findings suggest that task complexity is a significant indicator of the need for verification information. Armed with this knowledge, practitioners can anticipate the needs of system administrators and design GUI tools with information credibility in mind.
Pharmacognostical Studies of Four American Arnicas

Reported are the results of studies of four additional American Arnicas: Arnica Chamissonis Less. subsp. genuina Maguire, Arnica Chamissonis foliosa (Nuttall) Maguire, Arnica mollis Hooker var. genuina Maguire, and Arnica longifolia D. C. Eaton subsp. genuina Maguire. The gross anatomical and histological characteristics of the flower heads and their parts and pollen are described and illustrated. Observations are also reported on the plants from which the authentic flower heads were obtained.
Augmenting Electricity Output of Ellipticals through Behavioral Change

Electricity needs have increased dramatically in the United States over the last 40 years, and in Kentucky, most of these needs have been met through burning coal, contributing to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in amounts never-before-seen in human history. Initiatives for using more sustainable energy are being adopted by institutions and specific departments across the nation. Fitness centers are no exception. One initiative that can be beneficial in terms of clean energy as well as outreach involves encouraging patrons of fitness centers to use exercise machines that create electricity, harnessing the energy produced during their workouts. However, high start-up costs associated with these programs make their success highly dependent on a reasonable payback period. The study de scribed in this article analyzed user behavior at the University of Kentucky (Lexington) Johnson Recreation Center from June 2011 through May 2013. The goal was to identify factors contributing to differences in electricity outputs in an effort to understand workout behavior and to make a more reasonable payback period for such programs. During the study, a promotional campaign, Burn to Earn, encouraged the usage of 16 Precor elliptical machines retrofitted with ReRev technology, which enables kinetic energy to be converted into electricity. Results indicate that the Burn to Earn program was successful in increasing usage of the Precor elliptical machines, mostly by users choosing to use these machines instead of other exercise equipment that had not been retrofitted. An increase in usage would trans late into more energy converted and saved and thus a more reasonable payback period for the initial investment in the machines.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of estradiol-linked genotoxicants as anti-cancer agents

A series of bifunctional compounds was prepared consisting of 17beta estradiol linked to a DNA damaging N,N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)aniline. The objective of our studies was to determine the characteristics of the linker that permitted both reaction with DNA and binding of the resultant covalent adducts to the estrogen receptor. Linker characteristics were pivotal determinants underlying the ability of the compounds to kill selectively breast cancer cells that express the estrogen receptor.
Climate connections between the hemisphere revealed by deep sea sediment core/ice core correlations

Abstract Correlation of Southern Ocean deep sea sediment core records with ice core records of polar climate delineates with unprecedented detail the relationship between high latitude climate and the ocean's thermohaline circulation over the last 80,000 years. Our observations suggest that, while North Atlantic Deep Water variability manifests itself clearly in Southern Ocean nutrient proxy records over periods as short as 500 yr, this deep water variability did not promote a direct link between climate variability in the high latitudes of the two hemispheres on millennial timescales. In particular, the proxy records indicate that, on average, northern hemisphere climate fluctuations lagged those of the southern hemisphere by 1500 yr.
Role of Mini- And Microplate Fixation in Fractures of the Midface and Mandible

Le Fort defined the classic weak points of facial fractures. Fractures of the midface and mandible are believed to require management with standard rigid fixation. Recent work has allowed mini- and microplating of multiple fracture fragments into more manageable larger segments for reduction and subsequent plating with rigid fixation to peripheral buttresses. The technique and indications for use are outlined.
Modeling of multilayered C-block actuators

A new class of bimorph actuators, called C-block actuators for their curved shape, have recently been proposed to provide improved performance characteristics over conventional straight bimorph actuators. Existing mathematical models of these actuators are based on classical curved beam theory which neglects transverse shear effects. An improved mathematical model for C-block actuators of arbitrary thickness is developed. The first order shear deformation based theory model accounts for through-the-thickness transverse shear stresses in thick piezoelectric C-block actuators. The results obtained from the first order shear deformation theory are validated with results from finite element analysis, available experimental data and an exact elasticity solution. The developed theory is used to predict the performance of multilayered C-block actuators of various configurations to demonstrate the importance of shear effects.
Psychosocial adjustment, coping, and quality of life in persons with venous ulcers and a history of intravenous drug use.

Abstract Objective/purpose: Psychosocial adjustment, coping, and quality of life for persons with a venous ulcer and a history of intravenous drug use were examined. Design: A cross-sectional design was used. Setting and subjects: Data were collected in an urban outpatient clinic. All eligible persons were asked to participate. Thirty-two patients agreed to participate, providing an 89% response rate. The mean age of participants was 44.6 years (SD = 4.3); 91% were African American, and 72% were male. Instruments: Subjects responded to questions about their health and substance abuse history and completed the Quality of Life With a Leg Ulcer Questionnaire, Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS), Ways of Coping Instrument, and Pain Questionnaire. Leg ulcer tracings were measured with the SigmaScan computer program. Methods: Questionnaires were read to participants. Leg ulcers were traced at their borders onto plastic. Results: Wound area correlated significantly with the domestic environment ( r = .43) and the psychosocial distress ( r = .38) scores of the PAIS. Wound area was negatively correlated to Quality of Life With a Leg Ulcer Questionnaire score ( r = -.52). Pain interference was significantly related to the self-controlling coping score ( r = .40), domestic environment score of the PAIS ( r = .51), and Quality of Life With a Leg Ulcer Questionnaire score ( r = -.65). Cox and Wermuth's multiple regression modeling approach was used to summarize the study's variables. Conclusions: A larger wound area was associated with greater illness-induced difficulties in the home environment, greater psychological distress, and poor quality of life. Pain interference was associated with a greater effort to regulate one's feelings and actions, difficulties in the home, and poor quality of life. (J WOCN 2000;27:227–39)
U937 Cells Overexpressing bcl-xl Are Resistant to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Induced Apoptosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Replication

Many viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), induce apoptosis and are affected by cellular expression of antiapoptotic genes. We sought to examine the effect of antiapoptotic gene expression on HIV replication by transfecting the promyelomonocytic cell line U937 with the bcl-xl gene to obtain clones of U937 cells that overexpressed bcl-xl (designated U937bcl-xl), a negative control U937 clone transfected with vector alone (designated U937neo) and a clone overexpressing bcl-2 (designated U937bcl-2). After infection with HIV-1, U937neo cells underwent apoptosis four times as frequently as the U937bcl-xl cells. Furthermore, U937bcl-xl cells produced 5-fold less HIV-1 protein than U937neo, whereas U937bcl-2 produced at least 2-fold more p24 than the U937neo control. Transient coexpression of bcl-2 or bcl-xl decreased HIV production and transcription from the HIV LTR. To define the mechanism by which bcl-xl, but not bcl-2, inhibits HIV expression, we examined bcl-2 and bcl-xl expression after HIV infection and CD4 cross-linking. Although HIV-1 infection or cross-linking CD4 led to a decrease in expression of bcl-2, it had no effect on bcl-xl expression. These results provide a mechanism for the resistance of U937bcl-xl transfectants, but not U937bcl-2 transfectants, to HIV-1 replication in monocytic cells in vitro. Therapies that up-regulate bcl-xl expression potentially provide a novel means to decrease the destructiveness of HIV-1.
Surface-confined monomers on electrode surfaces. 11. Electrochemical and infrared spectroscopic characteristics of aniline-terminated alkanethiol monolayers on Au electrochemically treated in nonaqueous media

The stability and electrochemical properties in nonaqueous media of self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers containing an alkoxyaniline tail group tethered to a gold surface via a hexyl or heptyl chain were investigated. It was previously found that upon electrochemical oxidation in 1 M H2SO4, 2-(6-mercaptohexan-1-oxy)aniline (AnC6SH) and 2-(7-mercaptoheptan-1-oxy)aniline (AnC7SH) monolayers on Au give rise to surface-confined dimeric and oligomeric/polymeric anilines as well as surface-confined hydrolyzed aniline dimer. In the study at hand, AnC6SH/Au and AnC7SH/Au were electrochemically oxidized in 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN to discourage the formation of surface-confined hydrolyzed aniline dimer. The resulting voltammetry was compared to that observed for monolayers oxidized in 1 M H2SO4 and that of dimeric model compounds in 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN. Reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical data reveal that upon oxidation in a nonaqueous electrolyte both AnC6SH/Au and AnC7SH/Au yield head-to-ta...
Technology Collaboratives for Simultaneous Renewal in Teacher Education.

The Technology Collaboratives (TechCo) for Simultaneous Renewal in Teacher Education project, based in John Goodlad’s theory of simultaneous renewal (1994), is described. The project is a systemic approach to using technology to help facilitate renewal in both teacher education and K-12 schools. Project features include cohort groups of students with laptop computers, faculty development programs, teacher development programs for collaborating schools, and curriculum development in both teacher education and K-6 partner schools. Evaluation for the project uses a descriptive approach that includes a model developed for the project to better evaluate the systemic change goals of the project. Evaluation results suggest changing attitudes and capabilities of preservice teachers, major course changes from faculty, plus the strength of the mentoring model for faculty and teacher development. The project is beginning to demonstrate simultaneous renewal of teacher education and four K-6 schools.
Positron annihilation in helium- and krypton-decorated microvoids in fcc metals.

The electronic structure and positron annihilation characteristics (lifetime and angular correlation between annihilation quanta) in microvoids containing 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 13 vacancies in fcc Cu and Al have been calculated using the density-functional formalism and local-density approximation. The positron lifetimes and binding energies are shown to increase with the void size, saturating when voids become big. The positron lifetimes are found to drop sharply when these voids are decorated with rare-gas atoms such as He and Kr. The angular correlation curves are found to broaden when vacancies are decorated with rare-gas atoms with a concomitant decrease in the peak counting rate. The results are compared with recent experiments on He-irradiated Al and Kr-irradiated Cu. Comparison between theoretical and experimental positron lifetimes sheds light on the morphology of defects trapping the positrons. The technological significance of the present study is also pointed out.
Refraction and reflection of ultrasonic surface waves by thin-gold-film layers on lithium-niobate substrates

Acoustic-surface-wave phenomena similar to optical refraction and total internal reflection have been observed in thin metal prisms deposited on y cut lithium niobate. In addition, scattering of the surface waves has been observed both at the boundaries and interior of the gold-film prisms. The observed total internal reflection and refraction angles were found to agree with theoretical predictions.
Phenomenological in situ-tem gas exposure studies of palladium particles on MgO at room temperature

It has been found that very small vapor-deposited catalytically active metal particles in the 1-2 nm size range on metal oxide substrates can undergo significant changes when they are exposed to gases such as oxygen or air, or even when allowed to 'anneal' at room temperature (RT) under vacuum conditions. The present investigation is concerned with continued in-situ gas exposures of as-deposited, 1 to 2 nm size palladium particles on MgO to air, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, CO, and water vapor at RT. It is found that the low-pressure exposure to various gases at RT can significantly affect small palladium particles supported on MgO surfaces. Exposure to oxygen for 3 min at 0.0002 m bar produces a considerable amount of coalescence, flattening of the particles, and some distinct crystallographic particle shapes.
Genomic instability in multiple myeloma: Evidence for jumping segmental duplications of chromosome arm 1q

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder characterized by complex karyotypes and chromosome 1 instability at the cytogenetic level. Chromosome 1 instability generally involves partial duplications, whole-arm translocations, or jumping translocations of 1q, identified by G-banding. To characterize this instability further, we performed spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes for satII/III (1q12), BCL9 (1q21), and IL6R (1q21) on the karyotypes of 44 patients with known 1q aberrations. In eight patients, segmental duplication of 1q12-21 and adjacent bands occurred on nonhomologous chromosomes. In five cases, the 1q first jumped to a nonhomologous chromosome, after which the 1q12-21 segment again duplicated itself 1-3 times. In three other cases, segmental duplications occurred after the 1q first jumped to a nonhomologous chromosome, where the proximal adjacent nonhomologous chromosome segment was duplicated prior to the 1q jumping or inserting itself into a new location. These cases demonstrate that satII/III DNA sequences are not only associated not only with the duplication of adjacent distal chromosome segments after translocation, but are also associated with the duplication and jumping/insertion of proximal nonhomologous chromosome segments. We have designated this type of instability as a jumping segmental duplication.
CS relationships in shales hosting manganese ores from Mexico, China, and Newfoundland: Implications for depositional environment and mineralization

Abstract Organic carbon and sulfide sulfur contents of host rocks and ore bodies selected from three manganese deposits were tested and plots of carbon against sulfur of the type proposed by Berner were used to distinguish depositional environments. Molango, in east-central Mexico, is the largest of the three deposits examined. The ore bed of the Molango manganese deposit, east-central Mexico is the basal unit of the Chipoco Facies (Taman Fm., Kimmeridgian) and is underlain by laminated black shales of the “Santiago” Formation (Oxfordian). Black shales of the “Santigo” Formation are high in organic carbon (0.88–2.43%) and sulfide sulfur (2.45–9.27%). SC plots suggest an euxinic marine environment. The manganese ore bed consists of very finely laminated Mn-carbonate, shows a poor correlation between organic carbon and sulfide sulfur, and has a low content of sulfide sulfur. The upper part of the Chipoco Facies consists of organic-rich limestones and interbedded black shales. Both lithologies have a positive correlation between organic carbon and sulfide sulfur and may have been euxinic, although less so than the “Santiago”. Taojiang, a manganese deposit of south China, occurs in the Middle Ordovician Modaoxi Formation, and is smaller than the Molango deposit, but is still minable. The ore body consists of well crystallized rhodochrosite and Mn calcite and is hosted by interbedded black and gray shales below the ore body and gray mudstone above the ore body. The direct hanging wall and foot wall are Mn limestones. Black shales contain high organic carbon (0.58–4.3%) and sulfide sulfur (0.13–3.96%). Gray shale and gray mudstone contain low organic carbon and sulfide sulfur. Rhodochrosite ores and Mn limestone have low organic carbon and sulfide sulfur contents. The plots of carbon against sulfur show that the host rocks below the ore body are euxinic marine products, whereas the gray mudstone above the ore body is normal marine. The Manual's River prospect is a thin but widespread bed of manganese in eastern Newfoundland, Canada. A manganese carbonate bed is the basal unit of the Middle Cambrian Chamberlain's Brook Formation and consists of very fine-grained rhodochrosite. Host rocks consist of sideritic gray shale, gray shale, and black shale above the ore body and green shale and gray shale below the ore body. Both the ore body and host rocks contain very low organic carbon (0.21–2.19%) and sulfide sulfur (0.02–1.84%), which indicates nomal marine conditions. Comparison of the three manganese occurrences suggests that a thicker development of euxinic strata before the onset of manganese deposition leads to a thicker manganese ore body. If no euxinic conditions were present, only sub-economic manganese enrichments occur.
A research model for studying the gender/power aspects of human-computer communication

A new research model was developed for examining the gender and power conceptualizations affecting human-computer communications. University students worked on an Apple II computer on which the linguistic output was stereotyped male or female. Potency attributions of the computer were rated on a semantic differential scale. A test of the research model indicated significant differences in potency ratings. There was an interaction between gender-stereotyped linguistic output, user's sex, and user's computer experience ( F (1, 19)=5·10, P
Complete genome of the onion pathogen Enterobacter cloacae EcWSU1

Previous studies have shown that the members of the Enterobacter cloacae complex are difficult to differentiate with biochemical tests and in phylogenetic studies using multilocus sequence analysis, strains of the same species separate into numerous clusters. There are only a few complete E. cloacae genome sequences and very little knowledge about the mechanism of pathogenesis of E. cloacae on plants and humans. Enterobacter cloacae EcWSU1 causes Enterobacter bulb decay in stored onions (Allium cepa). The EcWSU1 genome consists of a 4,734,438 bp chromosome and a mega-plasmid of 63,653 bp. The chromosome has 4,632 protein coding regions, 83 tRNA sequences, and 8 rRNA operons.
Fiber projections from rostral basal forebrain structures in the cat.

Abstract Rostral basal forebrain structures, such as preoptic and rhinencephalic regions, are known to receive direct projections from the orbital cortex, and thus may participate in descending influences on brain stem and spinal structures. Projections from these preoptic and rhinencephalic sites were traced in the present study by means of the Nauta method. The medial forebrain bundle was followed from the olfactory tubercle to the mamillary body, and from the preoptic area to the subthalamus, the central gray matter of rostral midbrain and the midbrain tegmentum. Projections to the amygdaloid complex were chiefly confined to the anterior amygdaloid region. Three projection pathways to the thalamus were observed. The first coursed in the stria medullaris via the inferior thalamic peduncle to terminate in nuclei reticularis, ventralis anterior, anterior ventralis, anterior dorsalis, parataenialis, medialis dorsalis, and habenularis lateralis. The second pathway entered the internal medullary lamina via the inferior thalamic peduncle to distribute in nucleus medialis dorsalis and in the intralaminar nuclei. The third pathway to the thalamus ascended through medial hypothalamic areas to distribute fibers to nucleus ventralis medialis and the midline nuclei. Ascending fibers from the preoptic area were traced to the olfactory tubercle and the septal region. Based on these findings, possible modulating influences exerted by the orbital cortex through the medial forebrain bundle on thalamocortical and brain stem-hippocampal systems might be envisioned.
Depression and the Immune System

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