cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Sampling Based Approach to Alleviate Log Replay Testing

Typical software systems in financial firms are message- based server-side systems , the regression testing of which is currently done through a 'log- replay' mechanism. As the production volumes are large and continue to grow rapidly, this approach leads to many problems such as scalability, resource crunch, reconciliation, redundancy, production impact. The approach in this paper continues to use the production log as the basis for regression testing. However, it deviates from the current approach in not using the entire production log but only a subset or sample of it.This approach has been implemented for regression testing of production systems in a major financial firm. The result was that the number of test cases executed converged to a small fraction of the number previously being executed, while still retaining a high degree of confidence in the code- coverage quality of the selected sample.
A simple way of obtaining the reduced Jordan form of a state equation

This paper presents a succinct and entirely elementary method for determining a minimal Jordan form of a given state equation. It is constructive and is based upon the idea of grouping terms appropriately in the partial fraction expansion. The method is highly suited to presentation in classes in linear systems and control theory, offering a good pedagogical introduction to the topic of Jordan equivalent matrices, although it is not suggested as an efficient computational tool.
Microvascular and histogenic responses to implantation of a porous ceramic into bone

A porous ceramic, in the form of small discs, has been implanted into the upper tibiae of adult mongrel dogs in survival experiments. A similar sized disc of a metal (vitallium, titanium, or stainless steel) was also implanted, for comparison, into each tibia. The tissue specimens were studied by microangiography and correlated histology. At the 4-month, and longer, intervals, the specimens were sectioned with the ceramic disc in situ. Injected capillaries were then observed to have penetrated the ceramic. The metals became surrounded by a shell of new-bone, lined by a fibrous membrane of varying thickness. The ceramic implants, on the other hand, appeared to have remained inert within the cancellous area of the tibiae, not surrounded by either a membrane or an osseous shell. Implications of these findings were discussed and further experiments, some of which are in progress, were proposed.
Behavioral studies and the IACUC: challenges and opportunities.

The overarching theme of this issue of the ILAR Journal is the neural control of social behavior. In the introduction, Scott Wersinger observes that animal behavior is diverse both across species and among members of the same species, but that there are common characteristics that defi ne social behaviors. Based on his insights and those of the other articles in this issue, I identify challenges and opportunities that institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs 1 ) face when evaluating animal study protocols that involve the analysis and measurement of animal behavior. Why might behavioral studies pose unique challenges for IACUCs? As explained below, the reasons are as diverse as the behavior itself. But, in addition, behavioral assessment plays a role when the primary goal of the study is not the assessment of behavior; for example, the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research (NRC 2003, 23) discuss behavioral assessment as a tool for determining animal well-being: Animal behavior can be an excellent measure for assessing overall health, indeed, the clinical signs used to diagnose disease in animals are often based on behavior (for example, signs of pain)…. A sound understanding of animal behavior is key for the veterinarian or other professional in assessing animal health.
Influence of Acute Stimuli on Plasma Aldosterone Concentration in Anephric Man and Kidney Allograft Recipients

The response of plasma aldosterone concentration to postural variation, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and angiotensin II was studied in five kidney allograft recipients and compared with the response observed in the same five subjects during the anephric period. Normal subjects acted as intact controls. After 2 hours of normal ambulation, plasma aldosterone levels increased in normal subjects (6.7 ± 1.6 to 22.9 ± 2.7 ng/100 ml plasma), remained unchanged in anephric patients (4.5 ± 1.0 to 5.2 ± 1.1 ng/100 ml plasma), and increased in kidney allograft recipients (6.8 ± 1.5. to 25.6 ± 1.9 ng/100 ml plasma). After ACTH administration, plasma aldosterone levels increased in normal subjects (7.5 ± 1.8 to 24.3 ± 2.5 ng/100 ml plasma), anephric subjects studied immediately after hemodialysis (16.6 ± 1.6 to 30.0 ± 2.6 ng/100 ml plasma), and kidney allograft recipients (5.0 ± 1.6 to 22.3 ± 1.4 ng/100 ml plasma). After angiotensin II infusion, plasma aldosterone levels increased in normal subjects (7.2 ± 1.8 to 42.5 ± 3.6 ng/100 ml plasma), remained unchanged in anephric subjects (8.6 ± 2.1 to 7.4 ± 1.6 ng/100 ml plasma), and increased in kidney allograft recipients (6.3 ± 1.5 to 40.2 ± 3.1 ng/100 ml plasma). In anephric man after prolonged absence of the renal renin-angiotensin system ACTH increased the rate of aldosterone secretion but angiotensin II had little effect. An intact renal renin-angiotensin system was necessary for increased aldosterone secretion in response to postural variation.
REGULATION OF PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE AND TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE IN HEPATOMA CELL CULTURES : III. Comparative Studies in H35, HTC, MH1C1, and RLC Cells

The ability of N6, O2'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) to regulate a number of metabolic events in four lines of cultured rat hepatomas has been examined. Although dexamethasone induces tyrosine transaminase in all four lines, DBcAMP induces this enzyme normally only in H35 cells. A slight increase in transaminase activity was seen with MH1C1 cells and HTC cells, but no effect was detectable in RLC cells. In contrast, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity is increased by both agents in H35 and MH1C1 cells, but neither had any effect in HTC or RLC cells. DBcAMP caused a rapid inhibition of the growth rate and DNA synthesis and an increase in protein content in both H35 and MH1C1 cells but not in HTC or RLC cells. The effect of DBcAMP on DNA synthesis in MH1C1 cells could be reversed by deoxycytidine as is also the case with H35 cells. The resistance of HTC and RLC cells to DBcAMP was not due to reduced uptake or deacylation as judged by studies with [3H]DBcAMP. The cyclic nucleotide appears to enter the cells by passive diffusion as the intracellular concentration approaches that in the medium within 30–60 min. Possible explanations for the differential responses observed are discussed.
The Israeli Millet System: Examining Legal Pluralism through Lenses of Nation-Building and Human Rights

Israel still maintains a highly pluralistic personal status system (millet) that it inherited from the Ottoman Empire. Under this archaic system, religious courts of fourteen ethno-religious communities, staffed with their very own judges who apply religious and customary laws of their own communities, are granted exclusive jurisdiction over matters of marriage and divorce and concurrent jurisdiction with the civil courts in regard to issues of maintenance and succession. Millet-like systems had been historically employed by imperial powers to segregate and categorize their colonial subjects into racial, ethno-religious and tribal groupings, exclude the subaltern groups from the spoils of power, and deny them the terms of equal membership in the political community. In many regards, the retention of this archaic system by such a modern and democratic polity as the Israeli state was quite paradoxical, given that from the very moment of its inception, the Jewish state has pledged itself to guarantee its citizens’ freedom of religion and conscience, and to ensure complete equality of its all inhabitants irrespective of religion, race, or gender. In this respect, there are two central puzzles guiding the analysis below: One, why Israel, as a highly centralized and democratic polity, has maintained such a fragmented system of law and courts which accentuates religious, ethnic and gender-based inequalities. Two, how such a polycentric application of law and justice affects individuals’ fundamental rights and freedoms, and what tactics and strategies people employ to cope with the limitations imposed upon their rights by communal institutions.
Real‐Time Revision of Order Quantities with Capacity Constraint: A Single Period Model

Manufacturing firms would like to maximize customer satisfaction by providing them with what they need when they need it. This, however, would mean continual variations in production quantities, and component orders from suppliers. A flexible manufacturing system can help alleviate costs related to modification of production quantities. The capacity of such a system, however, has to be limited because of high investment cost. Further, unless there is a long-term relationship, suppliers may levy a high surcharge for last minute changes in order size. We model a hybrid control policy comprising an advance (pre-production) order size agreed upon with suppliers, and a provision for real-time order revision at a given rate of surcharge. We show that a rank-order of products can be used for real-time revisions, and that a strong buyer-supplier relationship that keeps these surcharges low can actually help increase profits for both parties. We study issues such as compatibility between JIT and flexibility, and the impact of market conditions on overall profitability.
Medusahead Management in Sagebrush–Steppe Rangelands: Prevention, Control, and Revegetation

M edusahead ( Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski) ( Fig. 1 ) is an aggressive exotic annual grass native to the Mediterranean region of Eurasia that is changing the ecology and productivity of western rangelands. Since the collection of the first known North American herbarium specimen of medusahead in 1887 near Roseburg, Oregon, 1 the exotic annual grass has invaded millions of acres in the Pacific Northwest, California, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado. On pub- lic lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, 3.3 million acres of rangeland are classified as monotypic stands of cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.) and/or medusa- head, nearly 14 million acres are infested with one or both grasses, and over 62 million acres are at risk of invasion by the exotic annual grasses. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i1_j ohnson
Using NANDA, NIC, and NOC (NNN) Language for Clinical Reasoning With the Outcome-Present State-Test (OPT) Model

PURPOSE. To analyze the degree to which standardized nursing language was used by baccalaureate nursing students completing Outcome-Present State-Test (OPT) model worksheets in a clinical practicum. METHODS. A scoring instrument was developed and 100 worksheets were retrospectively analyzed. FINDINGS. NANDA nursing diagnoses were correctly stated in 92% of the OPT models. Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) outcomes were explicitly stated in 22%, and implied in 72%. Interventions matched appropriate Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) activities in 61%. CONCLUSIONS. NANDA, NIC, and NOC (NNN) language was used inconsistently by students in this sample. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE. If NNN language is to advance nursing knowledge, its promotion, representation in curriculum development, and active use is necessary. Educational research is needed on the facilitators and barriers to NNN language use.
Relationships between avian diversity, neighborhood age, income, and environmental characteristics of an urban landscape

Maintaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes has become a top conservation priority. We examined variation in bird communities across a diverse array of urban and suburban neighborhoods in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan region. Rather than taking the usual approach of focusing solely on natural features of the urban landscape, we investigated how urban bird communities were related to neighborhood age and income, as well as environmental characteristics. We found that median housing age was strongly related to avian species richness, with newer neighborhoods supporting more species. Housing age was an important correlate of abundance for several species as well as abundance of exotic, migratory, and non-migratory species groups. Per capita income was inversely related to richness of native bird species and positively related to exotic richness. Total richness was higher in urban sites with undeveloped patches and heterogeneous land cover types; moreover, richness decreased with increasing distance from natural areas greater than 1 km 2 . Our findings suggest that bird richness is enhanced both by small patches of natural land within the urban matrix and by close proximity to large natural preserves. Furthermore, these results suggest that investigating a combination of abiotic and environmental features of the built landscape, rather than focusing solely on environmental features, may provide a more complete understanding of the factors influencing avian diversity in human-dominated landscapes.
Asymmetric dihydroxylation of acrolein acetals: synthesis of stable equivalents of Enantiopure glyceraldehyde and glycidaldehyde

Abstract Asymmetric dihydroxylation (ADH) of acrolein acetals afforded optically active glyceraldehyde equivalents. Enantiopure 3-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-1,5-dihydro-3H-2,4-benzodioxepine 3, a protected glyceraldehyde, was obtained from the corresponding acrolein acetal 2 by ADH and subsequent recrystallization. Enantiopure 3-(1,2-epoxyethyl)-1,5-dihydro-3H-2,4-benzodioxepine 5, a protected glycidaldehyde, was produced in two steps from 3.
Hepatocellular transplantation for experimental ischemic acute liver failure in dogs

Abstract Recovery from acute liver failure is possible if metabolic support can be provided during the period of exogenous liver regeneration. The ability of transplanted dispersed autologous hepatocytes to alter the course of experimental ischemic acute liver failure in dogs was tested. Liver failure was induced by occlusion of blood flow in the proximal portal vein and hepatic artery(s) 48 hr after creation of a side to side portacaval shunt and immediately after a left lateral hepatic lobectomy. Dogs in Group 1 had ischemic injury with no treatment. Dogs in Group II received intrasplenic autotransplants of hepatocytes (26 ± 4x × 108 intact cells) after the ischemic period. Cells for transplantation were prepared from the excised lobe during the period of liver ischemia. Dogs in Group III received intrasplenic transplants of autologous hepatocytes (26 = 3 × 108 intact cells) after liver ischemia and after ligation of the main splenic artery. Serum bilirubin, serum glutamic oxalocetic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were measured before and serially after ischemia, and showed that the degree of liver injury in all three groups was similar, although survival in Group III was better. Only 20% of nontransplanted animals (Group I) survived 10 days. Liver histology in animals that died showed hemorrhagic necrosis situation around the terminal hepatic central veins. Transplantation did not improve survival in dogs with arterialized spleens and histological examination of dogs that died showed pulmonary infarcts and additional liver injury from embolization of hepatocytes. In contrast, 70% of the animals undergoing splenic artery ligation before intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes were alive at 10 days. Ligation of the splenic artery reduced the tendency for hepatocytes to escape into the splenic vein and the spleen remained viable due to collateral circulation. On histological examination, hepatocytes were readily identified in the splenic parenchyma at 24 hr. 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation. In conclusion, intrasplenic hepatocytes provide sufficient metabolic support for dogs to recover from otherwise lethal ischemically induced, acute liver failure.
Reflection on Organization Theory: Connecting General System Theory to Open Systems Theory

In this reflection, this paper seeks to highlight the interconnectedness of Bertalanfyy's (1950) General System Theory to Open Systems Theory (Fu & Kirk, 199). In doing this, I define and explain the General System Theory conceptualized by Ludwig von Bertalanfyy in the 1950s and its interconnectedness to Fu and Kirk's (1999) model of open systems. In addition, I illustrate and explain Bertalanfyy's General System Theory (Hatch, 2006) in connection to Fu and Kirk (1999) of Open Systems theory. Relative to interconnectedness between these theories, I explicate the integration and practical application of these systems to the multicultural education model in the pedagogy of culturally and linguistically diverse children in public schools in the United States.
The triple bottom line: bringing a sustainability framework to prioritize climate change investments for infrastructure planning

Climate change is an increasing concern of agencies, governments, and communities around the world. It poses potential adverse impacts to civil infrastructure, with consequences that include increased financial resources, economic impacts, social impacts, and planning issues. This paper aims to enhance and broaden the discussion on sustainability and the importance of the consideration of social, environmental, and technical aspects in relation to infrastructure planning. Particularly under climate change, these considerations allow for more holistic, effective, and long-term benefits to communities and economies. This paper introduces the triple bottom line (TBL) approach to sustainability as a framework for holistic infrastructure planning under the uncertainty of climate change. The economic pillar will focus on the impacts of climate change on road infrastructure and the cost–benefit of potential adaptation options; environmental considerations include quantifying the potential increase in GHG emissions from increased roadworks required by climate change damages; and the social pillar will be quantified using an index based upon the SoVI method. Each of these ‘pillars’ of sustainability will be analyzed individually and mapped using geographic information systems (GIS). Finally, a ‘holistic’ approach will be discussed, where these individual layers are combined using GIS to display the information. A case study focused on the Sacramento Region of California is used as a proof-of-concept for how the triple bottom line framework introduced here can be utilized to provide actionable, more equitable decision-making for investment in critical infrastructure adaptation policy.
Comparison of measured multi-decadal rainfall variability with farmers’ perceptions of and responses to seasonal changes in western Uganda

Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are not only dealing with decreased production from land degradation, but are also impacted heavily by climate variability. Farmers perceive decreased rainfall or shortened rainy seasons throughout SSA; however, the link between perceptions and climate variability is complex, especially in areas with increasing land degradation. Moreover, little is known about climate variability and farmers’ perceptions in central equatorial Africa. The purpose of this study is to quantify interannual rainfall variability from 1983 to 2014 in western Uganda and to relate the rainfall variability and associated changes in soil moisture to perceptions and coping strategies of local farmers. Surveys of 308 farming households and 14 group interviews were conducted near Kibale National Park, and daily satellite-based rainfall data for the region were extracted from the African Rainfall Climatology version 2 database. Results indicate a decrease in the long rains by approximately 3 weeks throughout much of the region; thus, soil-water deficits have intensified. Farmers perceived later onsets of both the short rains and long rains, while also reporting decreasing soil fertility and crop yields. Therefore, farmers’ perceptions of rainfall variability in the Kibale region may reflect more the decrease in soil fertility than the shortened rainy seasons and decreased soil moisture. Expanding croplands has been the farmers’ most prevalent coping strategy to decreased yields; however, nearly all the unfarmed land in western Uganda is now in protected areas. Consequently, western Uganda is facing a crisis at the nexus of population growth, land use change, and climate change.
Dampness and mould in schools and respiratory symptoms.

Indoor dampness is associated with respiratory symptoms in studies of homes and their occupants in many nations.1 Specific office building populations have allowed study of incident diagnoses such as building-related asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in relation to damp indoor environments, with incidence density of such diagnoses increased as much as sevenfold after occupancy of a damp office building compared with the prior period during adulthood.2 ,3 Study of large numbers of persons in one building or school is more efficient than studies of occupants of many dwellings and allows increased precision in exposure classification for individuals. Within a single or small number of damp buildings, both measured microbial markers and observational grading of moisture indices are associated with a risk of building-related respiratory symptoms and diagnoses among occupants.4–7 However, effective regulation in most countries requires demonstration of consistent relationships between environmental measurements and health risk across many buildings, and such evidence is lacking to date. The body of work underway in the HITEA study8 …
Influence of Leading Edge Fillet and Nonaxisymmetric Contoured Endwall on Turbine NGV Exit Flow Structure and Interactions With the Rim Seal Flow

Three different ways are employed in the present paper to reduce the secondary flow related total pressure loss. These are nonaxisymmetric endwall contouring, leading edge (LE) fillet, and the combination of these two approaches. Experimental investigation and computational simulations are applied for the performance assessments. The experiments are carried out in the Axial Flow Turbine Research Facility (AFTRF) having a diameter of 91.66cm. The NGV exit flow structure was examined under the influence of a 29 bladed high pressure turbine rotor assembly operating at 1300 rpm. For the experimental measurement comparison, a reference Flat Insert endwall is installed in the nozzle guide vane (NGV) passage. It has a constant thickness with a cylindrical surface and is manufactured by a stereolithography (SLA) method. Four different LE fillets are designed, and they are attached to both cylindrical Flat Insert and the contoured endwall. Total pressure measurements are taken at rotor inlet plane with Kiel probe. The probe traversing is completed with one vane pitch and from 8% to 38% span. For one of the designs, area averaged loss is reduced by 15.06%. The simulation estimated this reduction as 7.11%. Computational evaluation is performed with the rotating domain and the rim seal flow between the NGV and the rotor blades. The most effective design reduced the mass averaged loss by 1.28% over the whole passage at the NGV exit.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Rapid Construction of a Benzo-Fused Indoxamycin Core Enabled by Site-Selective C−H Functionalizations

Methods for functionalizing carbon-hydrogen bonds are featured in a new synthesis of the tricyclic core architecture that characterizes the indoxamycin family of secondary metabolites. A unique collaboration between three laboratories has engendered a design for synthesis featuring two sequential C-H functionalization reactions, namely a diastereoselective dirhodium carbene insertion followed by an ester-directed oxidative Heck cyclization, to rapidly assemble the congested tricyclic core of the indoxamycins. This project exemplifies how multi-laboratory collaborations can foster conceptually novel approaches to challenging problems in chemical synthesis.
The Etiology of Values

Our concern is less with values than with value concepts. It is best to disengage ourselves at the outset from all efforts or inclinations to look for or to try to identify mysterious substantial entities in our subject matter. Certainly one can speak meaningfully in terms of value, values, and a sense of value, and as commonly employed these terms do not mislead anyone nor will they be avoided here. Confusion and illusion arise only in the efforts of those who undertake to say what value is, as if there were a what we needed to be enlightened about. We are not confused about values in our appraisals of whatever we encounter in daily life. It is the philosophers who are prone to confusion. One must pose a different approach in which interest centers on the subject that is being appraised and on the appropriate verbal means for characterizing the subject. Philosophers have been tempted to run quickly over this matter of “mere words” or to ignore it altogether and focus attention on the “reality” underneath, the “nature of value” or its “existential status.” Neither the outcome of the latter type of investigation nor even the need or point of it will commonly be intelligible to the users of appraisive or value words. The point of our approach is that an investigation of value language is needed because it is significantly different from what we may provisionally call descriptive language. We need to focus attention on this difference, on the way appraisive language is used, on the situation in which we use it, and perhaps on the state of mind of persons using it, which there is reason to believe may be significantly different from what prevails in descrptive contexts. We can carry matters a step further and describe our effort as one of trying to find out, not so much what appraisive words mean — since in an appropriate sense, we already know — but how they mean.
GvHD and Engraftment after Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation. A Comparison of 3 Immunomagnetic Selection Procedures.

Profound depletion of T and B cells is a fundamental prerequisite for haploidentical transplantation. Here, we compare hematopoietic engraftment and occurrence of GvHD after two different positive selection procedures (with anti-CD34 coated or anti-CD133 coated beads) and after a direct depletion procedure with CD3/CD19 coated microbeads in children with leukemias (ALL, AML, CML) and lymphomas. Median purity of stem cells was comparable after CD34+ selection and CD133+ selection, whereas stem cells were only slightly enriched after CD3+/CD19+ depletion (97.5%, 93.4% and 1.02%). Indirect depletion of T cells was better after CD34+ selection than after CD133+ selection (4.1log vs. 3.75log, p 6 /kg), dendritic cells and monocytes (median number: 120 x10 6 /kg). Recovery of stem cells was similar in all three methods (77.3%, 80.6%, and 70% respectively). Primary engraftment occurred in 85% (44/52) of patients with CD34+ selected stem cells and in 78% (11/14) of patients with CD133+ selected cells. After reconditioning, sustained engraftment was achieved in 98% and 100%. All patients (10/10) with CD3+/CD19+ depleted grafts had primary engraftment. Recovery of platelets was rapid especially in patients with CD133+ selected grafts (median time to reach independence from substitution = 14.5 days). GvHD grade II occurred in 6%, 7% and 25%, respectively. Only one patient had severe GvHD grade III-IV (CD34+).Conclusions: CD34+ selection and CD133+ selection resulted in similar engraftment and GvHD rates. CD3+/CD19+ depletion resulted in better engraftment but produced slightly more GvHD. Thus, the methods may be individually used according to the patient’s requirements.
Strong Women in Fairy Tales Existed Long Before Frozen

Fairy tales represent one of the richest genres to teach. The stories are short, students tend to enjoy the material, and a wealth of resources exists in the public domain. These stories can be used to teach narrative comparison, literary diversity, tale transmission, and the influence of popular culture.1 Yet, as we teach and discuss fairy tales, instructors must take care to avoid indoctrinating students in common misconceptions of the genre.
Multi-key FHE from LWE, Revisited

Traditional fully homomorphic encryption FHE schemes only allow computation on data encrypted under a single key. Lopez-Alt, Tromer, and Vaikuntanathan STOC 2012 proposed the notion of multi-key FHE, which allows homomorphic computation on ciphertexts encrypted under different keys, and also gave a construction based on a somewhat nonstandard assumption related to NTRU. More recently, Clear and McGoldrick CRYPTO 2015, followed by Mukherjee and Wichs EUROCRYPT 2016, proposed a multi-key FHE that builds upon the LWE-based FHE of Gentry, Sahai, and Waters CRYPTO 2013. However, unlike the original construction of Lopez-Alt et al., these later LWE-based schemes have the somewhat undesirable property of being "single-hop for keys:" all relevant keys must be known at the start of the homomorphic computation, and the output cannot be usefully combined with ciphertexts encrypted under other keys unless an expensive "bootstrapping" step is performed. In this work we construct two multi-key FHE schemes, based on LWE assumptions, which are multi-hop for keys: the output of a homomorphic computation on ciphertexts encrypted under a set of keys can be used in further homomorphic computation involving additional keys, and so on. Moreover, incorporating ciphertexts associated with new keys is a relatively efficient "native" operation akini¾?to homomorphic multiplication, and does not require bootstrapping in contrast with all other LWE-based solutions. Our systems also have smaller ciphertexts than the previous LWE-based ones; in fact, ciphertexts in our second construction are simply GSW ciphertexts with no auxiliary data.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 attachment and persistence within root biofilm of common treatment wetlands plants

Abstract Pathogen retention and subsequent release within the rhizosphere of wastewater treatment wetlands may be a concern for human health. To address this concern, the enteric pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 with a DsRed plasmid insertion was used as a model pathogenic organism in an open-air chemostat reactor with constant flow of simulated wastewater. Colonization and persistence of the organism was tracked on roots of two obligate wetland plant species, Carex utriculata and Schoenoplectus acutus , originally grown in pilot scale wetland reactors. Teflon nylon string, clean and with existing indigenous biofilm, was used as an inert surface control. Epifluorescence microscopy and qPCR were used to verify E. coli O157:H7 abundance for up to 1 week. Initial attachment was seen on all surfaces, with colonization decreasing through 1 week. qPCR showed preferential association of the pathogen with roots over the nylon. There was a significant difference between plant type; S. acutus showed significantly higher numbers compared to C. utriculata . E. coli O157:H7 binding and persistence on root surfaces may be a means of survival in treatment wetlands.
Innovations and the Road Ahead

This is an exciting chapter that discusses the shiny new products and tools addressing SQL on Hadoop that are evolving in the market. It discusses the new concept of hybrid transaction/analytical processing (HTAP), which addresses consolidation of online transaction processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP) platforms. This chapter considers these at a high level and from an architecture perspective. These products are in a state of evolution and rapid change and must to be tested further in actual production systems.
Reverse Engineering Eighth Century C.E. Window Glass Processing at Sardis, Turkey

From the early eighth century CE Byzantine shops next to the Synagogue and Bath-Gymnasium Complex at Sardis, Turkey, were excavated from 1958 to 1969 more than 50 pounds, or about 350 panes of transparent flat glass sheets interpreted as window glass. Examination using optical microscopy showed little variation in size, shape, thickness, edge shape, tool marks, bubble and cord elongation and alignment. Microstructural and compositional variation of weathered surfaces and unweathered cross sections were studied using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM-EDS). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to determine glass transition temperature range. Three traditional window-forming methods have been described in the glass technology literature: crown, plate and cylinder. The Sardis glass is most similar to criteria expected for cylinder glass, but significant differences were documented. Consistently patterned characteristics evidence a developed technological practice. Replicative tests were conducted using various forming sequences. Wooden and ceramic two-piece molds were made to overblow one or both ends, and hot glass threads were used to thermal shock the cylinder ends and to make a vertical crack that allowed opening during a reheating and slumping operation. These reconstructed methods fit the observed microstructural and macrostructural characteristics of the glass sheets. Analysis of glass manufacturing methods in antiquity contribute to the historical knowledge of craft practices and to the interpretation of industrial debris excavated at markets and industrial workshops.
Arrhythmia Surgery for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Patients with repaired or unrepaired congenital heart anomalies are at increased risk for arrhythmia development throughout their lives, often paralleling the need for reoperations for hemodynamic residua. The ability to incorporate arrhythmia surgery into reoperations can result in improvement in functional class and decreased need for antiarrhythmic medications. Every reoperation for congenital heart disease can be viewed as an opportunity to assess the electrical and arrhythmia substrates and to intervene to improve the arrhythmias and the hemodynamic condition of the patient. The authors review and summarize the operative techniques for arrhythmia surgery that are based on the arrhythmia mechanisms.
Dye and electric coupling between carotid nerve terminals and glomus cells.

Synaptic blockers are rather ineffective in blocking the carotid nerve discharge elicited by “natural” stimuli such as hypoxia, hypercapnia or acidity. At the same time, these drugs are quite effective in eliminating the effects produced by exogenous applications of excitatory transmitters. It is likely that the release of multiple transmitters by the natural stimuli prevents a single synaptic blocker from being effective. However, we propose an additional mechanism for this failure: electric coupling between carotid nerve terminals and glomus cells via gap junctions.
A Novel Low-Cost Ultrasound-Guided Pericardiocentesis Simulation Model: Demonstration of Feasibility

Pericardiocentesis is a rare life-saving procedure for patients with cardiac tamponade. Due to the infrequency of this procedure, simulation models are often used for training. Commercial models are generally expensive. Proposed homemade models offer a lower-cost alternative but can be labor and time intensive. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of a limited use, low-cost ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis model as a training tool for emergency physicians. Our model proved to be a practical, easily implemented, and acceptable model for training emergency physicians, including residents and students, in ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis.
Bismuth as a New Chloride-Storage Electrode Enabling the Construction of a Practical High Capacity Desalination Battery.

Materials that can selectively store Na and Cl ions in the bulk of their structures and release these ions with good cycle stability can enable the construction of a high capacity, rechargeable desalination cell for use in seawater desalination. In this study, the ability of a nanocrystalline Bi foam electrode to serve as an efficient and high capacity Cl-storage electrode using its conversion to BiOCl was investigated. When Bi as a Cl-storage electrode was coupled with NaTi2(PO4)3 as a Na-storage electrode, a new type of rechargeable desalination cell, which is charged during desalination and discharged during salination, was constructed. The resulting Bi-NaTi2(PO4)3 cell was tested under various salination and desalination conditions to investigate advantages and potential limitations of using Bi as a Cl-storage electrode. Slow Cl– release kinetics of BiOCl in neutral conditions and an imbalance in Cl and Na storage (i.e., Cl storage requires three electrons/Cl, while Na storage requires one electron/Na...
Differences in electrophoretic migration of mouse 7Sgamma2n and 7Sgamma2b globulins.

ConclusionThe 7Sγ2a and 7Sγ2b globulins of mice differ in their electrophoretic migration. The 7Sγ2a globulin was seen to be slower electrophoretically than 7Sγ2b globulin in the four inbred strains of mice examined and 7Sγ2a globulin free of 7Sγ2b globulin could be obtained by Pevikon-block electrophoresis. Antiserums prepared in rabbits and sheep by inoculation with whole mouse serum frequently contain antibody specific for the 7Sγ2a and 7Sγ2b globulins as well as the 7Sγ1 globulin, and these specificities can be detected on routine immunoelectrophoresis.
Fractal assembly of micrometre-scale DNA origami arrays with arbitrary patterns.

Self-assembled DNA nanostructures enable nanometre-precise patterning that can be used to create programmable molecular machines and arrays of functional materials. DNA origami is particularly versatile in this context because each DNA strand in the origami nanostructure occupies a unique position and can serve as a uniquely addressable pixel. However, the scale of such structures has been limited to about 0.05 square micrometres, hindering applications that demand a larger layout and integration with more conventional patterning methods. Hierarchical multistage assembly of simple sets of tiles can in principle overcome this limitation, but so far has not been sufficiently robust to enable successful implementation of larger structures using DNA origami tiles. Here we show that by using simple local assembly rules that are modified and applied recursively throughout a hierarchical, multistage assembly process, a small and constant set of unique DNA strands can be used to create DNA origami arrays of increasing size and with arbitrary patterns. We illustrate this method, which we term ‘fractal assembly’, by producing DNA origami arrays with sizes of up to 0.5 square micrometres and with up to 8,704 pixels, allowing us to render images such as the Mona Lisa and a rooster. We find that self-assembly of the tiles into arrays is unaffected by changes in surface patterns on the tiles, and that the yield of the fractal assembly process corresponds to about 0.95^(m − 1) for arrays containing m tiles. When used in conjunction with a software tool that we developed that converts an arbitrary pattern into DNA sequences and experimental protocols, our assembly method is readily accessible and will facilitate the construction of sophisticated materials and devices with sizes similar to that of a bacterium using DNA nanostructures.
Visual Sonority Modulates Infants' Attraction to Sign Language.

The infant brain may be predisposed to identify perceptually salient cues that are common to both signed and spoken languages. Recent theory based on spoken languages has advanced sonority as one o...
Asymmetric Cu-Catalyzed 1,4-Dearomatization of Pyridines and Pyridazines without Preactivation of the Heterocycle or Nucleophile.

We show that a chiral copper hydride (CuH) complex catalyzes C–C bond-forming dearomatization of pyridines and pyridazines at room temperature. The catalytic reaction operates directly on free heterocycles and generates the nucleophiles in situ, eliminating the need for stoichiometric preactivation of either reaction partner; further, it is one of very few methods available for the enantioselective 1,4-dearomatization of heteroarenes. Combining the dearomatization with facile derivatization steps enables one-pot syntheses of enantioenriched pyridines and piperidines.
Five Target Cities

This chapter chronicles the brief history of each of the five Iranian target cities that received partial funding from the World Bank for upgrading their informal settlements. While geographically distinct, each city represents unique climatic, historic, cultural, ethnic, and spatial/morphological characteristics. For example, with its glorious history dating back to Shah Abbas’s period, Bandar Abbas is a major port city with a booming import-based economy and a hot and humid climate. Sanandaj, on the other hand, does not have a long history, but is home to the Kurds with a predominantly Sunni population and a cold climate. Zahedan is a border city with a significant Afghan refugee population and a hot and arid city with its seasonal dust storms. As its second largest city until the 1960s, Tabriz is one of Iran’s industrial hubs, and finally, Kermanshah represents a modest city located west of the country. Aside from their ethnic, historic, climatic, or cultural denominations, a common denominator among these five cities is how they deal with their looming informal settlements’ problems.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women with Endometriosis (P2.098)

Objective: Assess effects of botulinum toxin for chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis. Background: Pelvic pain often persists despite optimal surgical/hormonal management in women with endometriosis, often associated with pelvic floor spasm. We report the outcome of onabotulinumtoxinA (onaBoNTA) injection into pelvic floor muscles in women with endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain (endo-CPP). Design/Methods: Women in an ongoing placebo-controlled trial of onaBoNTA for endo-CPP were offered an open toxin injection at any time between one-month to one-year following the masked, randomized study injection. We assessed change in spasm, pain, and disability in those choosing open injection. With conscious sedation and topical anesthetic, 100units onaBoNTA (25units/cc) was injected transvaginally into areas of pelvic floor muscle spasm under EMG guidance. Spasm was assessed by pelvic exam. Pain, disability, and pain medication use were assessed by patient diaries, visual analog scale (VAS), and validated questionnaires before and after injection. Results: Ten of 13 women in the randomized trial requested open toxin injection and were followed for >3 months post-injection. At baseline, 8/10 had spasm in at least 4/6 assessed pelvic muscles and intense pain (median VAS 6.5 of 10; range: 2–8). On exam at least 1-month post-injection, spasm was absent/less widespread (≤3 muscles) in all (p=0.0001). 8/10 rated their pain as absent/mild (median VAS 1.5; range: 0–5; p=0.0001); 5/10 reduced their pain medication usage. Disability assessed by Oswestry Disability Questionnaire decreased in 3 of 5 women with at least moderate disability pre-injection. At study evaluation 6–11-months post-injection, 3 of 10 reported return of pain and requested additional injection. Adverse events were mild and transient. Conclusions: Pelvic floor spasm appears to be a major contributor to pain in some women with endo-CPP. In this open study, injection of onaBoNTA reduced pain, spasm, and disability for up to 11 months. Utility of botulinum toxin for endo-CPP merits evaluation in controlled clinical trials. Study Supported by: The NIH Intramural Research Program. Disclosure: Dr. Karp has received research support from Allergan, Merz. Dr. Tandon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sinaii has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stratton has nothing to disclose.
Asexuality: Sexual Health Does Not Require Sex

The working definition of sexual health published in this issue of Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity promises to advance theory, research, practice, and training. The definition implicitly assumes ...
Glocalizing Artifact, Agency and Activity An Argument for the Practical Relevance of Economic Injustice and Transformation in the Science Education of Mexican Newcomers

Hear me? Here, me! As a multicultural teacher educator and scholar who does engaged ethnographic work with Mexican newcomer students and families, these lines of Martinez’ poem speak deeply to me. They invite me to understand anew that issues of representation, of having one’s voice heard (Hear me?), are intricately linked to issues of recognition, of being seen, not as how others would perceive one to be, but as one is. To close the gap between perception and reality, Martinez calls for a coming-closer that leads to the discovery of the real self (Here, me!). This movement from an abstracted, distant, way-of-knowing, which Martinez interrogates with his use of a question mark, towards one which is more concretized and immediate, is, as Martinez signals with his use of the exclamation point, imperative. Trying to re-present the roles and resources of Mexican newcomers so that science educators and researchers can re-cognize who these learners are and what they bring to the classroom constitutes the heart of my work. This work has involved acercandome/bringing myself closer to these students, their families, and communities, both in the US and Mexico. Whereas I would never claim to be getting to the reality or the what-is of Mexican (im)migrant experience and subjectivity, my work is responding to the invitation-to-learn that this population’s increasing presence in U.S. schools not only extends but demands.
Introduction to Yeast and Fungal Prions

Prions are infectious proteins, not requiring an accompanying nucleic acid for the transmission to a new individual. In 1994, we found that the long-known cytoplasmic genes [URE3] and [PSI+] were actually prions of Ure2p and Sup35p, respectively. These, and a variety of yeast and fungal prions found since then are based on self-propagating amyloids, but one prion based on a protease that self-activates shows that not all infectious proteins need be amyloids. The importance of chaperones in prion propagation, the involvement of many other cellular systems, and development of anti-prion measures—some potentially active against mammalian prions, have enriched the prion field. The in-register parallel architecture of yeast prion amyloids can explain how a single protein can faithfully propagate any of several structurally different prion variants/strains. Discovery of an array of new prions, and interesting new variants of old prions continues to expand our understanding of this phenomenon.
Can Aspirin Minimize Stroke Risk and New Lesion Formation in Multiple Sclerosis

Even with increasing data implicating the venous side of the vascular tree of the brain in MS, no diagnostic or treatment protocol has addressed the risk of acute stroke in MS and no systematic study has documented the incidence or prevalence of acute stroke in MS patients. Approximately 795,000 strokes occur in the U.S. each year - every 40 seconds, someone has a stroke and every 4 minutes, a person dies from a stroke. However, no large, prospective, multi-center study has investigated acute stroke incidence in MS patients either in the U.S. or internationally, leaving a gap in our understanding of the association between stroke and MS. Additionally, data on acute stroke in MS as determined by age, gender or ethnicity are unknown. To compound this further, the diagnosis and definition of acute stroke in MS remains poorly understood. A survey of published literature shows a few anecdotal reports of acute stroke occurring among MS patients, but most studies do not address the fundamental association between acute stroke and MS. Symptoms of acute stroke and MS can overlap and the lack of clear clinical/radiological criteria that alert the patient or clinician to the development of acute stroke in an MS patient compound the dilemma, even leading to the administration of IV altelpase in cases that are later diagnosed as either MS or having an 'MS flare'. Clinical trials that use aspirin in multiple sclerosis are urgently needed.