cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Touch imprint cytological analysis of sentinel lymph nodes for detecting axillary metastases in patients with breast cancer.

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a procedure that examines the first tumour-draining lymph node. Touch imprint cytology may provide a quick method for intraoperative screening of sentinel lymph nodes for the presence of metastases. Methods: Touch imprint cytological analysis of sentinel lymph nodes was compared prospectively with the findings obtained on routine paraffin sections. Touch imprint slides from 55 patients with breast cancer were prepared during operation from multiple sections of sentinel lymph nodes, stained with haematoxylin and eosin. A cytopathologist blinded to the histological results interpreted the smears. Results: The concordance between touch imprint and paraffin sections of sentinel lymph nodes was 98 per cent (54 of 55). When touch imprint analysis of sentinel lymph nodes was compared with paraffin sectioning of all lymph nodes from the axillary node dissection, the concordance was 95 per cent (52 of 55). The sensitivity and specificity of sentinel lymph node touch imprints in detecting metastases were 82 and 100 per cent respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 93 per cent respectively. Conclusion: Touch imprint cytology is potentially useful for the intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. © 1999 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Capitalized Values of Tobacco Allotments and the Rate of Return to Allotment Owners

THIS study is not meant to be a defense of or an attack upon the tobacco program. It began as an effort to understand the distributive process. The results conflict sharply with the beliefs of those who argue that labor has benefited from the program. Even though owner-operators supply the majority of the labor, it does not follow that opportunity returns to labor are therefore inseparable from returns to other factors. Nor is there any logical reason for a restriction of production to increase the demand for labor; and certainly nothing has been done under the program to reduce the supply of workers. North Carolina has more farmers than any other state, and many of them grow tobacco. The program clearly has helped the State, and some of its land owners, a great deal.' The main results of the study are summarized in Table 1. Independent estimates were obtained for the annual net revenue and the capitalized value of the right to produce a pound of flue-cured tobacco. Average values of these series, converted to constant dollars, were then calculated for approximately three decades, between 1934 and 1962. Net revenues were relatively constant during this period, increasing from 19.2 cents per * Published with the approval of the Director of Research, Agricultural Experiment Station, as Paper No. 265.3 of the journal series. The author is indebted to Richard C. Manning for the regression analysis of allotment values and for many of the ideas. He also wi-s es to thank Dale M. Hoover, Carnett L. Bradford, and J. S. Chappell for valuable suggestions. ' Agricultural economists have made a number of worthwhile studies of the tobacco program. These fall into roughly four categories: (a) explaining political forces and program alternatives; (b) social costs, including aggregate effects on exports; (C) JAMEs A. SEAGRIAVES is professor of economics at North Carolina State University. 320
OLIVIER BAST, Les Allemands en Perse pendant la première guerre mondiale d'après les sources diplomatiques françaises (Paris: Peeters and Institut d'études iraniennes, 1997). Pp. 208.

Although the vicissitudes of the Ottoman Empire during World War I are well known, the fate of Iran during the same period remains relatively unappreciated. Officially neutral in the conflict, Iran in fact found itself overrun and occupied by various foreign powers. Following a 1907 accord with Britain that divided the country into two spheres of influence, Iran by 1911 found much of its northern half practically occupied by Russia. Intent on safeguarding its Indian possessions, Britain, meanwhile, controlled most of the south. With the outbreak of the Great War, these traditional rivals were joined by the Ottomans, who, supported by local tribes and Iranian nationalists loath to see half of the country controlled by Russians, invaded Azerbaijan in early 1915. Finally, there were the Germans, who, supported by an alliance with the Ottomans, infiltrated Iran later in 1915 as part of a grand strategy designed to destabilize the country by inciting its population against the British and eventually to forge a German–Iranian alliance.
Electric-field effect in partially deoxygenated YBCO thin films☆

Abstract We report our studies on the electric-field effect in partially oxygen-depleted YBa 2 Cu 3 O y (YBCO) thin-film test structures fabricated by a laser-writing patterning technique. Our preliminary results indicate substantial, field-induced changes of the sample critical current.
A nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of water exchange reactions and trans to cis isomerization for diaqua and dihydroxobis(oxalato) and bis(malonato)platinum(IV) complexes

Abstract Dissociation of coordinated water from trans -diaquabisoxalatoplatinum(IV) has been proposed as the first step in the formation of one-dimensional mixed valence polymers of oxalato–platinum complexes. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy utilizing 195 Pt and 13 C was used to study hydroxo–aqua protonation states and aqua ligand exchange rates for trans -diaquabisoxalatoplatinum(IV). The 195 Pt NMR chemical shift of trans -[Pt(H 2 O) 2 (Ox) 2 ] reveals deprotonation near pH of approximately 3 for both coordinated waters. The lack of a change in the 195 Pt NMR chemical shift for cis -[Pt(H 2 O) 2 (Ox) 2 ] suggests an apparent p K a of less than 1.0. Deprotonation of coordinated hydroxide occurs above pH of approximately 11 for both cis - and trans -[Pt(H 2 O) 2 (Ox) 2 ]. Analysis of 18 O isotopic shifts in the 195 Pt NMR spectra reveals the exchange of coordinated aqua– and oxalato–oxygens with H 2 18 O from the solvent. In 1 M HClO 4 at 298 K, 18 O exchange of oxalato– and aqua–oxygen ligands occurs with comparable rates of 7.0 (±1.2)×10 −6 s −1 for both cis - and trans -[Pt(H 2 O) 2 (Ox) 2 ]. The activation parameters for H 2 O solvent exchange are Δ H ≠ =115 (±5) kJ mol −1 and Δ S ≠ =42 (±16) J mol −1 K −1 . The dissociation of water from trans -[Pt(H 2 O) 2 (Ox) 2 ] complex is too slow to be involved in the mechanism of forming metal–metal bonded bisoxalatoplatinate-polymers, and a pH dependent Pt(II)–Pt(IV) oxidative mechanism for polymer formation is more likely to occur. While determining exchange rates for trans -[Pt(H 2 O) 2 (Ox) 2 ], we observed a trans to cis isomerization. We used 195 Pt NMR spectroscopy to characterize the isomerization for Pt(IV) complexes with oxalato, malonato, and 2-methylmalonato ligands. In H 2 18 O solvent and a pH of approximately 5, isomerization occurs without the incorporation of H 2 18 O and is consistent with an intramolecular Bailar or Ray–Dutt twist.
Finding, minimizing, and counting weighted subgraphs

For a pattern graph H on k nodes, we consider the problems of finding and counting the number of (not necessarily induced) copies of H in a given large graph G on n nodes, as well as finding minimum weight copies in both node-weighted and edge-weighted graphs. Our results include: The number of copies of an H with an independent set of size s can be computed exactly in O*(2s nk-s+3) time. A minimum weight copy of such an H (with arbitrary real weights on nodes and edges) can be found in O(4s+o(s) nk-s+3) time. (The O* notation omits (k) factors.) These algorithms rely on fast algorithms for computing the permanent of a k x n matrix, over rings and semirings. The number of copies of any H having minimum (or maximum) node-weight (with arbitrary real weights on nodes) can be found in O(nω k/3 + n2k/3+o(1)) time, where ω 0, unless the 3SUM problem on N numbers can be solved in O(N2 - e) time. This suggests that the edge-weighted problem is much harder than its node-weighted version.
The credibility of reluctant testimony

Reluctant testimony is theoretically superior to testimony emanating from a biased source. Some writers suggest that it is also superior to other unbiased testimony. Two experimental studies indicated that reluctant testimony produced higher credibility ratings than biased testimony, but unbiased testimony produced higher credibility ratings than either biased or reluctant testimony.
Price dispersion across US districts of entry

Price dispersion of US imports are investigated across US districts of entry. Markups explain about 31% of price dispersion, while marginal costs of production explain about 69%; effects of trade costs, for which we have actual data, are almost none.
Induction of "Luteinization" in cultures of granulosa cells by chorionic gonadotropins.

Chorionic gonadotropin (CG) obtained from urine of pregnant women (Pregnyl) and a gonadotropin (chorio HCG) obtained from a clonal line of JEG-7 human choriocarcinoma cells were evaluted to demonstrate that CG from these sources can induce morphologic and biosynthetic changes in porcine cells in tissue culture. Porcine granulosa cells were obtained from ovaries of mature animals. Progesterone (P) was measured by competitive protein binding every 48 hours throughout the study period (8-14 days). All P values were normalized to ng/400000 cells using the cell counts determined on the last day of each experiment. 4-6 cultures were examined at each concentration of gonadotropin. Within a 2-6 day interval after treatment with greater than .5 IU gonadotropin/ml medium over 95% of the viable cells showed a transformation. The maximum P response with 5 IU Pregnyl/ml was 140 ng/400000 cells/48 hr a 10-fold increase in P over controls. The chorio HCG was as active. When equal immunologic concentrations were used the ratio of biologic activities was 1 with fiducial limits of .39-1.94. Morphologic and biosynthetic "luteinization" occurred synchronously with a minimum of .5-.8 IU gonadotropin/ml medium. Induction of P synthesis occurred more rapidly and was of greater magnitude with increasing concentrations of both CG preparations.
Phase Shift by Periodic Loading of Waveguide and Its Application to Broad-Band Circular Polarization

A rectangular or square waveguide may be loaded periodically by thin capacitive or inductive irises in order to produce phase delay or phase advance, respectively. The amount of phase shift may be calculated with accuracy by making use of available theoretical values of iris susceptance and of transmission line theory. The phase shifting sections maybe designed for low voltage standing-wave ratio (vswr) over a considerable bandwidth. When a square waveguide capable of supporting two fundamental modes is loaded periodically, the irises act inductively for one mode and capacitively for the other, thus introducing a differential phase shift. This differential phase shift may be made equal to 90°, in order to convert linear to circular polarization. Furthermore such a device may be made, by proper choice of parameters, to yield near-circular polarization over a bandwidth of 1.65:1, because the variation in phase delay for one mode and phase advance for the other tend to compensate each other as the frequency is varied. Several of these circular polarizers have been built and tested at X band and the measured results of ellipticity and vswr, as well as broad-band performance check with theoretical values quite closely.
Investigation of the interaction between acidic, basic, neutral, and zwitterionic drugs with poly- L -lactic acid by thermal and analytical methods

This project investigated the interaction between poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and several therapeutic agents. Low percentage crystallinity PLLA (melt-pressed, molded and drawn) was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the crystallinity and thermal properties in a thermal cycling process. Repeatable melting and crystallization events were observed. The thermal properties of a drug-polymer combination using PLLA and an acidic, basic, neutral and zwitterionic material were investigated. A sufficient quantity of the drug must be present in the polymer to be observed thermally. Release of atropine sulfate from a PLLA tablet showed a two-phase process.
Minimum group size and other conservation lessons exemplified by a declining primate population

Examining the dynamics of naturally declining popula- tions can be useful in understanding some of the problems encountered by endangered populations. A study of a declining population of vervet monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops provides a unique opportunity to examine factors associated with minimum social group size, a potentially key variable in population viability analysis. The minimum group size in vervets ranged from three to six individuals, but always with a minimum of two adults. Groups appeared to be stable as long as there were at least two adults, but ceased to exist as independent groups within days of losing their penultimate adult. For species with discrete group structure, population extinc- tion could occur if all individual groups fall below a minimum social group size, even if the overall population is above a 'minimum' size. However, group fusions may minimum population losses. Group fusion in vervets is" rare, and appears to occur only as a behavioural response to minimum group size. We also review evidence of the costs vervets incur through movement into unfamiliar places or groups (analogous to translocation and re- introduction), and the benefits they can receive .from living in proximity to humans.
Juvenile Diversion: Results of a 3-Year Experimental Study:

In a 3-year longitudinal study of first-time juvenile status offenders assigned at random to three treatment groups and a control group, no significant differences were found in recidivism rates among the groups. A total of 398 juveniles in this study were cited for offenses of tobacco or alcohol in a medium-sized metropolitan northwest city. The offenders were assigned at random to four groups: a traditional magistrate court, a traditional youth court diversion program, a new nonjudicial-diversion program, and a control group. None of the groups, including the control group, showed a significant difference in recidivism rates. It was determined from the evaluation of all groups that the diversion program offered the most cost-effective program intervention to provide more services to potentially troubled teens.
Improved rate of convergence in Kohonen neural network

The neighborhood interaction function selection in the Kohonen self-organizing feature map neural network is analyzed for improving the rate of convergence. The definition of the neighborhood interaction function is motivated by anatomical evidence as opposed to what is currently used, which is a uniform neighborhood interaction set. By selecting a neighborhood interaction function with a neighborhood amplitude of interaction which is decreasing in the spatial domain the topological order is always enforced and the rate of self-organization to final equilibrium state is improved. A simulation is carried out to show the convergence rate improvement achieved using a neighborhood interaction function vs. using a neighborhood interaction set. An error measure functional is further defined to compare the two approaches quantitatively. >
Polyclonal Free Light Chain of Ig May Interfere with Interpretation of Monoclonal Free Light Chain κ/λ Ratio

There is controversy about whether a sensitive assay for the serum Ig free light chain (FLC) κ/λ ratio can replace urine immunofixation electrophoresis (UIFE). This report describes two untreated patients in whom monoclonal FLCs were identified in urine despite normal serum FLC κ/λ ratios. Unlike the classical serum electrophoretic patterns in multiple myeloma, both serum samples showed adequate amounts of polyclonal Ig. The most likely explanation is a masking effect by polyclonal FLC on the serum κ/λ ratio when sufficient concentrations of polyclonal FLC exist. These cases illustrate this likely effect and attest to the continued importance of UIFE for initial screening of patients for Bence-Jones protein.
VP6: A Candidate Rotavirus Vaccine

Several nonliving rotavirus vaccine candidates have been evaluated in animal models. Among them is the VP6 protein that comprises the intermediate layer of the rotavirus particle. This protein was expressed as a chimera with maltose binding protein (MBP::VP6) and was administered intranasally to mice. When later challenged with rotavirus, vaccinated mice were nearly 100% protected from fecal shedding of rotavirus, a result strictly dependent on coadministration of an effective adjuvant. Protection was stimulated by only 1 dose of MBP:: VP6, remained fully intact for at least 1 year, was effective in all strains of mice tested, and could also be effectively delivered orally or intrarectally. When VP6 was derived from a human rotavirus, it stimulated protection comparable to that found when derived from the challenge murine EDIM strain. In contrast to live rotavirus vaccines, CD4 + T cells were found to be the only lymphocytes required for protection. If VP6 elicits comparable protection in humans, it would represent a potential second-generation vaccine candidate.
Compounds Related to Juvenile Hormone. VII. Activity of Selected Nitrogen-Containing Terpenoid Compounds on the Yellow Mealworm

Numerous derivatives of isoprenoid amines were prepared and tested for juvenile hormone activity in Tenebrio molitor L. Several of these compounds were found to possess very high juvenilizing activity. The activity of several phenyl carbamates is especially noteworthy.
Race and Genetics: Attempts to Define the Relationship

Many researchers working in the field of human genetics in the United States have been caught between two seemingly competing messages with regard to racial categories and genetic difference. As the human genome was mapped in 2000, Francis Collins, the head of the publicly funded project, together with his privately funded rival, announced that humans were 99.9 percent the same at the level of their genome. That same year, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) began a research program on pharmacogenetics that would exploit the .01 percent of human genetic difference, increasingly understood in racial terms, to advance the field of pharmacy. First, this article addresses Collins’ summary of what he called the ‘vigorous debate’ on the relationship between race and genetics in the open-access special issue of Nature Genetics entitled ‘Genetics for the Human Race’ in 2004. Second, it examines the most vexed (if not always openly stated) issue at stake in the debate: that many geneticists today work with the assumption that human biology differs by race as it is conceived through American census categories. It then presents interviews with researchers in two collaborating US laboratories who collect and organize DNA by American notions of ‘race/ethnicity’ and assume that US race categories of classification largely traduce human biogenetic difference. It concludes that race is a practical and conceptual tool whose utility and function is often taken for granted rather than rigorously assessed and that ‘rational medicine’ cannot precede a rational approach to addressing the nature of racial disparities, difference and inequality in health and society more broadly.
Post-fire recolonization of dominant epiphytic lichen species on Quercus hypoleucoides (Fagaceae).

Following a forest fire (27 500 ha) in 1994, post-fire recolonization ofQuercus hypoeleucoidesby epiphytic lichens was documented as changes in lichen cover, number of small thalli, specific factors that affected reestablishment of lichens, and modes of dispersal. Three sites in the Chiricahua Mountains (Arizona, USA) were chosen according to the severity of fire damage—unburned, moderately burned, and severely burned. From 1994 through 1997, the amount of dead lichen cover significantly increased at the moderately burned site. For the same time period, the amount of live lichen cover significantly increased at the severely burned site. Numbers of new thalli increased significantly at the severely burned site each year but only in the last year (1996‐1997) for the moderately burned site. Bark texture and proximity to trees with lichens were among the most important physical factors for recolonization. The most important means of dispersal for Flavopunctelia praesignis was fragmentation. For Punctelia hypoleucites, the primary means of dispersal was spores. Increases in live lichen cover and numbers of new thalli occur faster in severely burned areas probably due to the loss of lichens on tree trunks, which provides space and a lack of competition.
Battered Women, Children, and the End of Abusive Relationships

Much work has focused on the interpersonal dynamics of violent relationships, but less is known about the specific turning points that prompt women at least to try to end them. Using a feminist standpoint method and phenomenological-based analysis of in-depth interviews with mothers in a domestic violence shelter, this article focuses on the role of children in women’s decisions to leave abusive partners. It discusses arriving at the decision, the logistics involved in leaving and planning for the future, and it presents policy and advocacy-based recommendations that are aimed at addressing the social welfare of women and children.
A Review of the Role of Food and the Food System in the Transmission and Spread of Ebolavirus.

The current outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) centered in West Africa is the largest in history, with nearly ten times more individuals contracting the disease than all previous outbreaks combined. The details of human-to-human and zoonotic ebolavirus transmission have justifiably received the largest share of research attention, and much information exists on these topics. However, although food processing—in the form of slaughtering and preparing wildlife for consumption (referred to as bushmeat)—has been implicated in EVD outbreaks, the full role of food in EVD spread is poorly understood and has been little studied. A literature search was undertaken to assess the current state of knowledge regarding how food can or may transmit ebolaviruses and how the food system contributes to EVD outbreak and spread. The literature reveals surprising preliminary evidence that food and the food system may be more implicated in ebolavirus transmission than expected and that further research is urgently needed.
Growth Rate, Body Composition, Cellular Growth and Enzyme Activities in Lines of TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM Selected for 21-Day Pupa Weight.

Growth rate, body composition, cell number, cell size, and the activity of four dehydrogenase enzymes were studied from 10 to 25 days of age in one control (1C) and three lines (3, 9, 10) of Tribolium castaneum that had been subjected to long term selection for large 21-day pupae weight.—Selected lines were two- to three-fold larger in size than the control line throughout development. No major differences in percent of protein were detected among the lines but at any particular age, the selected lines were found to have a higher fat content than the control line. The differences in fat content were closely correlated with development such that all the lines reached very similar levels of percent of fat just prior to pupation. Water content showed an inverse relation to percent of fat.—Selection was observed to have caused major changes in the cellular response to growth. The selected lines had an average of from 17% to 48% larger cells (measured as protein/DNA) and were found to have from 37 to 62% more cells (measured as total DNA) than the control line at all ages from 10 to 19 days of age. In addition, the selected lines had a higher RNA content at all ages studied and higher RNA:DNA ratios at the young ages. In contrast the enzyme activities of ICDH and LDH were 60% lower. The results are interpreted as indicating that a more efficient metabolic machinery had evolved in the rapidly growing selected lines.
Learning Social Interaction from the Wizard: A Proposal

In this paper, we conjecture that LfD can be used to develop robot behavior capable of interacting socially with humans, in scenarios such as a sharing the use of a playful and educational app. These demonstrations, we argue, should be provided within a Wizard-of-Oz paradigm. Thus, we refer to LfD for social human-robot interaction as learning from the wizard (LfW). We describe the corresponding algorithmic and experimental framework and explore challenges in designing LfW systems. Finally, we describe two ongoing projects involving LfD for human-robot interaction, along with a robotic platform and cognitive architecture that are common between the two projects.
Arousal: The Disoriented, Stuporous, Agitated or Somnolent Patient

Arousal refers to the maintenance of an appropriate level of cerebral activity to successfully complete the task in which one is engaged. Arousal occurs on a continuum from hypoarousal to hyperarousal and may fluctuate quickly. Appropriate arousal is a necessary prerequisite for consciousness. Arousal is anatomically mediated through the ascending reticular activating system (RAS), which has projections arising from the medulla and pons, projecting to the midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus (see Chap. 3 for more details). Stimulation of the RAS is essential for maintaining consciousness at a basic neurophysiologic level. Hyperarousal produces states of agitation. States of arousal vary from coma to normal and are typically classified or categorized clinically as below. Table 5.1 presents categorical classification of arousal, response to attempts to influence arousal and course of arousal with varying stimulation.
The Origin and Development of Neural Crest-Derived Melanocytes

Melanocytes are specified from pluripotent neural crest cells that delaminate from the developing neural tube and overlying ectoderm early in development. As a subset of these neural crest cells migrate along the dorsal-lateral path, they begin to differentiate into melanocyte precursors (called melanoblasts). While the melanoblasts continue to differentiate, the population expands through proliferation and prosurvival processes. Melanoblasts eventually migrate through the dermis, into the epidermis, and, in mice and humans, into hair follicles, in which they produce melanin. Several classes of proteins, including transcription factors, extracellular ligands, transmembrane receptors, and intracellular signaling molecules regulate these processes. The genes that are currently implicated in melanocyte development and their relationship with each other will be discussed in this chapter.
Fossil actinomycete in Eocene-Oligocene Dominican amber

Actinomycetes are Gram-positive prokaryotes that tend to form branching and fragmenting filaments, which in some groups form a sizable mycelium. They make up a large and important part of modern terrestrial microfloras but are not known extensively as fossils, although they have a long fossil history. Actinomycete-like fossils appear several times in the Precambrian: in the middle Precambrian Gowganda Formation of Ontario (Jackson, 1967), in the 2.0 Ga Gunflint Chert of Ontario (Lanier, 1987), and possibly in a lichen-like symbiosis in the 2.8 Ga Witwatersrand rocks of South Africa (Hallbauer and Van Warmelo, 1974), among others. Direct fossil evidence of actinomycetes is very rare in the Phanerozoic, and some “fossil” actinomycetes may be later contaminants (Knoll, 1977; Smoot and Taylor, 1983). Hyphae identified as actinomycetes are known from rod-like bodies identified as nematodes inside a decaying scorpion from the lower Carboniferous of Scotland (Stoermer, 1964), and from the interior of fern phloem cells from the Pennsylvanian (Smoot and Taylor, 1983). Unmineralized Actinomyces-like cells are known from calcite in bituminous lake-bed sediments from the early Cretaceous of Nevada (Bradley, 1963), and similar, poorly preserved fossils of a form called Actinomycites have been reported from the Jurassic of Scotland (Ellis, 1915). Actinorhizal nodules, formed by actinomycetes symbiotic with plant roots, have been described from the late Pleistocene (Baker and Miller, 1980).
Affecting in Discourse: Communicating uncertainly and communicating uncertainty

We communicate uncertainly, and we communicate uncertainty. This essay argues the ambiguous and indeterminate aspects of everyday talk to be crucial to our felt sense of communication. To make this claim, I bring together an affect- and phenomenology-influenced orientation with close analysis of conversational discourse. Hence, this essay also offers one way in which affect theory can be entangled with language and discourse. Analysis of conversational episodes from fieldwork with teenage music listeners yields three key processes: (i) Patronage describes the experiential ‘distance’ between the ‘I’ and my own utterance or gesture, reflecting the intersubjective and improvised nature of conversation. (ii) Zones of indistinction describe transient pockets of ambiguity, which provide a sense of safety as I navigate uncertain waters conversation. (iii) These affective and reactive journeys through everyday conversation constitute the work of position-taking, through which emerges my style of being in the world, my subjectivity.
Unexpected prevalence of parasite 18S rDNA sequences in winter among Antarctic marine protists

Parasites are not typically considered to be important components of polar marine ecosystems. It was therefore surprising when 18S rDNA surveys of protists in the West Antarctic Peninsula in winter revealed high abundances of parasite sequences. Parasite sequences made up, on average, over half (52%) of sequence reads in samples from deep water in winter. Winter surface water and sediment samples contained relatively fewer, but still strikingly high, parasite sequence reads (13 and 9%, respectively), while surface water samples in summer contained fewer parasite sequences (1.8%). A total of 1028 distinct parasite Operational Taxonomic Units were observed in winter, with the largest abundances and diversities within Syndiniales groups I and II, including Amoebophrya. Less abundant parasite sequence groups included Apicomplexa, Blastodinium, Chytriodinium, Cryptocaryon, Paradinium, Perkinsidae, Pirsonia and Ichthyophonae. Parasite sequence distributions suggested interactions with known hosts, such as diatom parasites which were mainly in the sediments, where resting spores of Chaetoceros spp. diatoms were abundant. Syndiniales sequences were correlated with radiolarian sequences, suggesting parasite–host interactions. The abundant proportions of parasite sequences indicate a potentially important role for parasites in the Antarctic marine ecosystem, with implications for plankton population dynamics, the role of the microbial loop, carbon flows and ecosystem responses to ongoing anthropogenic climate change.
Can Transparency Hurt Investors in Over-The-Counter Markets?

This paper examines the efficacy of post-trade transparency regulations like TRACE in over-the-counter (OTC) markets. It is a widely held belief that greater transparency in the trading process benefits investors by reducing opportunities for their exploitation, but I show that this need not be the case. Using a multi-period auction based model of trading, I demonstrate that potential counterparties may delay their trades when there is transparency because they can monitor transaction prices and learn more, before participating. This leads to liquidity dry-ups and increased execution risks for investors with immediate trading needs. My model offers an alternative explanation for many of the pronounced adverse characteristics of OTC markets in recent times --- like diminished liquidity --- usually attributed to the exodus of dealers from the market. I also propose alternative market designs that can ameliorate some of the negative effects.
Product rating prediction using trust relationships in social networks

Traditional recommender systems assume that all users are independent and identically distributed, and ignores the social interactions and connections between users. These issues hinder the recommender systems from providing more personalized recommendations to the users. In this paper, we propose a social trust model and use the probabilistic matrix factorization method to estimate users taste by incorporating user-item rating matrix. The effect of users friends tastes is modeled using a trust model which is defined based on importance (i.e., centrality) and similarity between users. Similarity is modeled using Vector Space Similarity (VSS) algorithm and centrality is quantified using two different centrality measures (degree and eigen-vector centrality). To validate the proposed method, rating estimation is performed on the Epinions dataset. Experiments show that our method provides better prediction when using trust relationship based on centrality and similarity values rather than using the binary values. The contributions of centrality and similarity in the trust values vary with different measures of centrality.
Taxes and Security Design: A Public Finance Rationale for Tax Differentiated Corporate Securities

This paper provides a link that integrates public finance and corporate finance. We analyze a world in which costly tax avoidance or evasion could occur. The class of solutions considered here involve changes in the tax system that economize on the deadweight costs of avoiding taxes and monitoring potential evaders. Our results show that if corporate reported income could be partitioned into differentially taxed components, the value maximizing firm would choose to report taxable income more truthfully and pays higher aggregate taxes. A prime example is the partition between nondeductible equity distribution and deductible debt interest. The paper provides a security design rationale for the tax deductibility of interest expense.
The relationship between coping strategies, quality of life, and mood in patients with incurable cancer.

BACKGROUND Patients with incurable cancer face many physical and emotional stressors, yet little is known about their coping strategies or the relationship between their coping strategies, quality of life (QOL), and mood. METHODS As part of a randomized trial of palliative care, this study assessed baseline QOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General), mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and coping (Brief COPE) in patients within 8 weeks of a diagnosis of incurable lung or gastrointestinal cancer and before randomization. To examine associations between coping strategies, QOL, and mood, we used linear regression, adjusting for patients' age, sex, marital status, and cancer type. RESULTS There were 350 participants (mean age, 64.9 years), and the majority were male (54.0%), were married (70.0%), and had lung cancer (54.6%). Most reported high utilization of emotional support coping (77.0%), whereas fewer reported high utilization of acceptance (44.8%), self-blame (37.9%), and denial (28.2%). Emotional support (QOL: β = 2.65, P < .01; depression: β = –0.56, P = .02) and acceptance (QOL: β = 1.55, P < .01; depression: β = –0.37, P = .01; anxiety: β = –0.34, P = .02) correlated with better QOL and mood. Denial (QOL: β = –1.97, P < .01; depression: β = 0.36, P = .01; anxiety: β = 0.61, P < .01) and self-blame (QOL: β = –2.31, P < .01; depression: β = 0.58, P < .01; anxiety: β = 0.66, P < .01) correlated with worse QOL and mood. CONCLUSIONS Patients with newly diagnosed, incurable cancer use a variety of coping strategies. The use of emotional support and acceptance coping strategies correlated with better QOL and mood, whereas the use of denial and self-blame negatively correlated with these outcomes. Interventions to improve patients' QOL and mood should seek to cultivate the use of adaptive coping strategies. Cancer 2016;122:2110–6. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A Preliminary Study of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive- compulsive Disorder

Objective: To explore the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction in OCD. Methods: Wechsler Memory Scale(WMS), Number cancellation test(NCT), wisconsin card sorting test(WCST) were used to assessed Memory, attention, executive function of OCD patients. Results: OCD patients did significantly worse than normal controls on 1- 100, long- term memory, figure recall, regeneration,association, touch, story, reciting number, and memory quotient (MQ) of WMS. There were no significant differences between two groups on 100- 1, accumulation, recognize and immediate- term memory of WMS. Total score and accurate cancellation scores on the first, third、fourth, fifth cancellation task and error rate on the first, fouth cancellation task of Number cancellation test (NCT) and total corrects, total errors, perseverative errors and random errors of WCST in OCD patients were significant worse than that in normal controls. Conclusion: The performance of OCD patients was significantly worse than normal controls in long- term memory、short- term memory、MQ、attention、 executive function. Immediate- term memory was not impaired in OCD patients.
Physician predictions of length of stay of patients admitted with heart failure

Physicians' ability to predict length of stay is understudied, particularly for patients with heart failure (HF) admissions. The objective of this prospective, observational cohort study was to measure the accuracy of inpatient physicians' predictions of length of stay at the time of admission of patients admitted to an academic tertiary care hospital with HF and to determine whether level of experience improves accuracy. The patients included 165 adults consecutively admitted with heart failure, about whom 415 predictions were made within 24 hours of admission. Mean and median lengths of stay were 10.9 and 8 days, respectively. The mean difference between predicted and actual length of stay was statistically significant for all groups: interns, -5.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: -8.2 to -3.6, P < 0.0001); residents, -4.3 days (95% CI: -6.0 to -2.7, P = 0.0001); attending cardiologists, -3.5 days (95% CI: -5.1 to -2.0, P < 0.0001). There were no differences in accuracy by level of experience (P = 0.61). Physicians, regardless of experience, underestimate length of stay of patients admitted with HF. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:642-645. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Relative importance of vision and olfaction for detection of estrus by bulls.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the relative importance of olfaction and visual observation of heifer mounting behavior to the detection of estrus by bulls. An observation pen was designed to allow the evaluation of the preference of five sexually experienced bulls under three sets of stimuli. The observation pen was 4 m x 17 m with a smaller enclosure (2 m x 4 m) at each end that housed either a pair of heifers in diestrus (D), a pair of heifers in estrus that were allowed to mount one another (EM), or a pair of heifers in estrus that were separated by an aluminum panel to prevent mounting behavior (E). The preference of bulls was determined between EM heifers compared to D heifers, EM heifers compared to E heifers, and E heifers compared to D heifers. Each bull was individually allowed 5 min inside the observation pen to demonstrate its preference. Preference was defined as the total time that bulls spent within 2.5 m of either pair of heifers. Each bull was subjected to 10 observation periods of each set of stimuli during a 4-mo period. Bulls preferred to be near EM heifers compared with either E or D heifers (P less than .05). However, the bulls demonstrated no preference (P greater than .05) for E heifers compared with D heifers. These data indicate that when physical contact is denied, bulls use visual observation of female homosexual behavior as the primary indicator of estrus and that olfaction alone provides insufficient stimuli for bulls to indicate preference toward heifers in estrus compared with heifers in diestrus.
Accuracy and Conditioning in the Inversion of the Heat Equation

In the paper [2] an exponentially accurate scheme was developed to recover the initial temperature distribution in an infinite or semi-infinite rod. As is well known in this inverse heat conduction problem as well as others [1,2,4,6], these problems are ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard. Hence, even in the case when the problem has a unique solution, a numerical scheme for the inverse problem is a notoriously more difficult problem than is the numerical solution of the forward problem. As is often the case in the numerical treatment of such problems, the ill-posedness is manifest in the conditioning of the matrix problem defining the approximate inverse problem. The last statement is in contrast to the procedure outLined in [2] wherein the conditioning of the discrete inverse problem was shown to be bounded by exp(l/4) (see (3.30) below). This excellent conditioning was obtained at the expense of changing the sampling time with increasing number of spatial sensors. Specifically as the number of spatial sensors is increased, the time at which the temperature is sampled is decreased. This in turn implied that the method, for high order accuracy, required sampled temperatures after small durations.
2010 Federal Tax Update

This update explains several developments in the substantive federal income, estate and gift tax laws affecting individual taxpayers and small businesses. It contains summaries of significant cases, rulings, regulations, legislation and other matters from August, 2009, through September, 2010. This update generally does not discuss developments in the areas of qualified plans or the taxation of business entities (except to a very limited extent).
A Novel Coarse-Grained Model to Study Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of Disordered Proteins

Recent studies have led to the discovery of droplets composed of disordered protein chains in a separate liquid-like phase. Such assemblies have been found to be relevant to physiological function as membraneless compartments in living cells including the nucleolus and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules as well as many organelles in prokaryotic cells (1). The thermodynamic driving force for this phase separation, however, is still not well characterized. Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) is an RNA binding protein that naturally forms these droplets as RNP granules which aid with DNA repair. The low complexity domain, FUS LC is a fully disordered domain and has been observed to form these droplets on its own in vitro (2). Mutations of FUS can result in transformation of these assemblies into poorly soluble aggregates involved in the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia (3). As the spatiotemporal scales involved in the phase separation of proteins cannot be resolved using fully detailed all-atom models, we develop a simple Cα;-based coarse-grained model that treats each amino acid in the chain as a single interaction site. The model is parameterized to treat each of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids differently in order to capture sequence-specific effects. Development of the proposed model involves top-down comparisons with experimental data available from the recent literature as well as comparisons with atomistic simulations of a single chain. We then use this model to characterize the droplet formation for FUS LC including the proposed transition from liquid-like to solid-like aggregates. We are also able to capture known trends in FUS LC phase separation as a function of salt concentration and disease-related mutations. This model should aid in the molecular understanding of phase behavior of disordered proteins thus aiding in development of therapeutic strategies.1.Brangwynne, C. P.; Eckmann, C. R.; Courson, D. S.; Rybarska, A.; Hoege, C.; Gharakhani, J.; Julicher, F.; Hyman, A. A. Science 2009, 324, 1729-17322.Burke, K. A.; Janke, A. M.; Rhine, C. L.; Fawzi, N. L. Molecular Cell 2015, 60, 231-2413.Patel, A.; Lee H. O.; Jawerth, L.; Dechsel, D.; Hyman, A. A.; Alberti, S. and othersCell 2015, 162, 1066-1077
Abstract 1142: Novel target discovery for glioblastoma using chemical biology fingerprinting

The most common adult brain tumor is Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), an extremely aggressive cancer with only scant treatment options. Even with standard of care most patients present with a recurrence and the median survival is only circa 15 months. The need, therefore, for new therapeutic targets and treatment options is pressing. Here we describe here a multipronged approach to identifying said targets. We present an established methodology for the isolation and culture of patient derived GBM samples that retain the “stem-like” fraction thought to underlie resistance and recurrence. Furthermore we show genomically that these samples represent specific subtypes of the disease yet still form distinct groups in unbiased clustering analysis. Thus we have multiple representative patient derived cultures that are suitable for our drug discovery and chemical biology analyses. Using a process we term Chemical Biology Fingerprinting (CBF) we utilize small focused, and clinically relevant, chemical collections in order to identify patterns of chemovulnerabilities across multiple samples. This allows an unbiased yet cancer relevant sub-stratification and the identification of agents, and therefore targets, which may be relevant for GBM patient subtypes. Indeed our use of the highly annotated NCI CTD2 Informer Set of chemicals allows ready drug-to-target mapping and facilitates data sharing across the CTD2 network. Moreover, already defined subgroups can be clustered to find agents, or groups of agents, that show selective activity against traditional classifications (e.g. proneural, mesenchymal etc.). Finally our strategy is permissive for the identification of “exceptional responders”. That is, individual patient samples that respond to a specific drug whilst most samples are refractory. In sum we demonstrate generation of patient derived models and identify specific, and novel, drugs that may be relevant for specific GBM subtypes. Supported by NIH U01CA168397 Citation Format: Darren Finlay, Pedro Aza-Blanc, Harshil Dhruv, Alexey Eroshkin, Craig Hauser, Jeff Kiefer, Seungchan Kim, Tao Long, Robert G. Oshima, Sen Peng, Gil Speyer, Michael Berens, Kristiina Vuori. Novel target discovery for glioblastoma using chemical biology fingerprinting [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1142. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1142