cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precise measurements in digital holographic microscopy by modeling the optical train

In the past few years, the venerable field of holographic microscopy has been revitalized by computational data analysis. It is now possible to fit a generative (forward) model of scattering directly to experimentally obtained holograms of complex microscopic objects. This approach enables precision measurements: it allows the motion of colloidal particles and biological organisms to be tracked with nanometer-scale precision and their optical properties to be inferred particle by particle. In this Perspective, we discuss how the model-based inference approach to holographic microscopy has opened up new applications. We also discuss how it must evolve to meet the needs of emerging applications that demand lower systematic uncertainties and higher precision. In this context, we present some new results on how modeling the optical train of the microscope can enable better measurements of the positions of spherical and nonspherical colloidal particles. Finally, we discuss how machine learning might play a role in future advances. Though we do not exhaustively catalog all the developments in this field, we show a few examples and some new results that spotlight open questions and opportunities.
Opportunities in tensorial data analytics for chemical and biological manufacturing processes

Abstract With the development of technology in data collection and storage, new types of higher order tensorial information streams are available in chemical and biological manufacturing processes, which contain valuable information about the process condition and product quality. However, tensorial data have not been fully utilized yet and the application of tensorial data analytics to manufacturing processes has not been thoroughly investigated. In this article, different types of higher order data in manufacturing processes are described, and their potential usage is addressed. Then some perspectives are provided on the application of tensorial data analytics to manufacturing processes, with an emphasis on multilinear subspace learning problems. In particular, the most representative multilinear subspace learning methods are reviewed. Looking into the future, the potential and research needs for tensorial data analytics are briefly discussed.
The Person: Individual- and Team-Level Factors Contributing to Safe and Successful Surgery

Modern medicine requires individuals from various healthcare backgrounds to work together as a team to integrate their efforts to safely and successfully perform surgery. These team members’ experiences, expectations, and tendencies are inherently unique. In order for surgical teams to work together optimally to achieve successful outcomes, there are a number of relevant individual- and team-level factors that should be considered. This chapter outlines nine significant constructs, five of which are at the individual-level (i.e., orientation, well-being, surgical skills, expertise, and familiarity) and four of which that are at the team-level (i.e., collective efficacy, leadership, communication, and coordination). These constructs are described and subsequently discussed with respect to associated assessment techniques, successful interventions, and relevance to the presented case study. Those interested in enhancing their understanding of individual- and team-level factors at play in the surgical environment may benefit from the information presented in this chapter.
Influence of siblings on adaptive behavior trajectories in autism spectrum disorder.

Siblings play an important role in shaping the developmental trajectories of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Having siblings has been associated with better social communication, non-ver...
A tale of two habitats: whole-watershed comparison of disturbed and undisturbed river systems in northern Michigan (USA), based on adult Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera assemblages and functional feeding group biomass

To test the differences in aquatic insect assemblages between otherwise similar habitats, adult genera of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) were sampled using ultraviolet lights during summer and early autumn at 15 sites each throughout the undisturbed Pine River watershed and the agricultural Charlotte River watershed, both of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (USA). The percentage of intact watershed-scale terrestrial habitat upstream of each sampling site was the best of 32 candidate variables at predicting differences in both EPT taxonomic assemblages and functional feeding group (FFG) biomass. Relative to the Pine, streams of the Charlotte had lower intact habitat, lower genus richness, lower biomass of nearly all individual genera, and lower biomass of all FFGs, with scrapers and shredders decreasing more than filtering collectors. Both watersheds followed general trends of river continuity, although the Pine contained double the relative abundance of shredders than is typically reported. This study demonstrates that watershed-scale habitat disturbance decreases nearly all EPT taxa, regardless of FFG. It also demonstrates the importance of biomass values rather than simple specimen counts when calculating metrics, and the utility of sampling EPT adults with ultraviolet lights relative to sampling benthic specimens.
Lifshitz transition from valence fluctuations in YbAl 3

In mixed-valent Kondo lattice systems, such as YbAl3, interactions between localized and delocalized electrons can lead to fluctuations between two different valence configurations with changing temperature or pressure. The impact of this change on the momentum-space electronic structure is essential for understanding their emergent properties, but has remained enigmatic. Here, by employing a combination of molecular beam epitaxy and in situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy we show that valence fluctuations can lead to dramatic changes in the Fermi surface topology, even resulting in a Lifshitz transition. As the temperature is lowered, a small electron pocket in YbAl3 becomes completely unoccupied while the low-energy ytterbium (Yb) 4f states become increasingly itinerant, acquiring additional spectral weight, longer lifetimes, and well-defined dispersions. Our work presents a unified picture of how local valence fluctuations connect to momentum-space concepts such as band filling and Fermi surface topology in mixed valence systems. How the electronic structure of a mixed-valence system changes with respect to local chemical environment remains elusive. Here, Chatterjee et al. show that valence fluctuations of YbAl3 can lead to dramatic changes in the Fermi surface topology in reciprocal space.
Ex Vivo and In Vivo Assessments of Angiogenesis, Blood Flow and Vasoactive Capability

Cardiovascular disease remains a continuing health threat for much of the world’s population. Basic discoveries utilizing cell based assays provide initial insights into signaling pathways and potential molecular targets for developing novel therapeutics. These targets must be validated in more complex vascular cell systems through in vivo models of vascular responses to assess their potential efficacy and specificity. We have focused on developing several models that recapitulate angiogenic responses, vascular cell activity and in vivo blood flow dynamics to provide such clinically relevant data. Our models have been optimized to be technically straightforward for those not experienced in using composite tissue assays and/or animal work in the hope that these approaches will become more accessible to basic scientists. Our focus on small mammals and in particular mice is based on our belief that studying vascular responses in genetically altered animals where target genes are knocked out, knocked in, or conditionally expressed provides powerful insights into the pathogenesis of vascular disease and therapeutic opportunities. Therapeutic strategies developed in mice must also be validated in higher mammals to estimate their potential for treating human disease.
Laser Treatment of Melanomas

Because the studies in our laboratory and the work of other investigators of the effect of color on the absorption of the laser energy, patients with melanomas early in the course of our clinical investigative studies were treated. The initial experiments were done by impacts of the laser of freshly excised deeply pigmented melanoma tissue. In addition, cytological material from ulcerative melanomas was exposed to unfocussed laser beams of low energy laser impact of 0.2–0.5 joules and the selective destruction of the melanoma tumor cells was found.
Hibernating myocardium represents a primary downregulation of regional myocardial oxygen consumption distal to a critical coronary stenosis

This brief review will focus on the hypothesis that hibernating myocardium represents a primary downregulation of regional myocardial oxygen consumption in response to repetitive ischemia distal to a critical coronary stenosis. This not only maintains a balance between resting oxygen delivery and demand, but also permits relative increases in function to occur without producing metabolic evidence of a supply-demand imbalance. A key point is that the presence of both reductions in regional resting flow and oxygen consumption distinguish this adaptation from stunned myocardium (2, 9).
Formation of Artifactual Ammonia in Blood by Action of Alkali Its Signifcance for the Measurement of Blood Ammonia

Data are presented that demonstrate that ammonia is formed in the course of the analysis of blood samples. The formation has been traced to the decomposition of protein by the action of alkali. The pH established during the diffusion process was of critical importance in the measurements. A technic is described by which ammonia is displaced from blood by a sodium borate buffer at a pH that avoids spontaneous production of ammonia from blood protein. The Seligson-Seligson microdiffusion apparatus is used. Instructions are given for the collection of blood samples and the preparation of reagents and standard solutions.
Epidermoid carcinoma arising in a benign cystic teratoma; a report of 15 cases.

Abstract 1. 1. Fifteen cases of epidermoid carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratomas are reported, each accompanied by a short case history and photomicrograph. 2. 2. This complication, reported in about 1 per cent of all benign cystic teratomas, may be found to occur more frequently when these cysts are submitted to careful pathological examination. 3. 3. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 50.6 years, with 71 per cent of the cases diagnosed after the fortieth year. 4. 4. There are no symptoms that are indicative of malignant degeneration until extension has occurred. 5. 5. In these cases the malignancy arose in 8 cysts on the right side, in 6 cases on the left, and in one case the side is unknown. In 2 instances the malignancy arose in one of bilateral cysts. 6. 6. The pathology of the malignancy is briefly discussed and a photomicrograph of a representative area in each case is presented. 7. 7. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for careful pathological examination of each cyst. One must never allow the apparent benignity of a cystic teratoma to cause a false sense of security for the cyst cannot be labeled benign until it is submitted to careful microscopic examination. 8. 8. At the present time the treatment of choice is total removal of the uterus and adnexa in all but the very rare case. 9. 9. In 7 cases either extension of the malignancy or rupture of the cyst was noted. Each of these patients succumbed to the disease in a short length of time. 10. 10. Four patients have survived for 5 or more years—a salvage of 30.8 per cent.
How Does the Solar Wind Power the Magnetosphere During Geo-effective High Speed Streams?

Abstract We show two types of solar energy flux that with high probability, couple to the Earth's magnetosphere and cause enhanced magnetospheric fluctuations. 70-80 R E upstream from Earth, Wind observations show significant, sustained power at Pc5 frequencies intrinsic to a high speed stream starting March 29, 2002. The enhanced power is evident in dynamic pressure fluctuations and to a lesser extent in compressional magnetic field fluctuations. This high speed stream is not associated with a large magnetic storm, but strong Pc5 pulsations are observed at geostationary orbit. Geotail observations near the magnetopause show enhanced compressional power at Pc5 frequencies, especially at the nose and on the dawn flank, both in the magnetosheath and the adjacent boundary layer. The observations suggest that more energy may be transferred across the nose than at the flanks during high speed streams. The sustained dynamic pressure fluctuations may be responsible for the sustained geomagnetic pulsations seen at GOES 8 in the noon and midnight sectors, although the midnight sector might have additional sources. GOES 8 observations of dawn pulsations follow the trend of the compressional magnetic field fluctuations, that is higher at first and then reduced. Compressional magnetic field fluctuations may control the level of Pc5 pulsations on the dawn side. Northward IMF along with Geotail observations of magnetopause motion and MHD simulations of vortices along the flanks suggest that a Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability may contribute to transport of the compressional energy into the magnetosphere.
A Compiler Framework for Tiling Imperfectly-Nested Loops

This paper presents an integrated compiler framework for tiling a class of nontrivial imperfectly-nested loops such that cache locality is improved. We develop a new memory cost model to analyze data reuse in terms of both the cache and the TLB, based on which we compute the tile size with or without array duplication. We determine whether to duplicate arrays for tiling by comparing the respective exploited reuse factors. The preliminary results with several benchmark programs show that the transformed programs achieve a speedup of 1.09 to 3.82 over the original programs.
Applying a Universal Design for Learning Framework to Mediate the Language Demands of Mathematics.

This article provides information about the relationship between mathematics, language, and literacy and describes the difficulties faced by students with disabilities with math content based on the language demands of mathematics. We conceptualize mathematics language as a mode of discourse for math learning that can be thought of as receptive (reading and listening) and expressive (speaking and writing). We present the principles of universal design as a means of creating curriculum that is more flexible and accessible for all learners. Thus, universal design for learning serves as a framework for examining the goals, methods, materials, and assessment of instruction to help educators identify potential barriers to learning and develop solutions to mitigate the language demands of mathematics for the wide range of diverse learners in today's classrooms.
Acceptance by Erwinia spp. of R Plasmid R68.45 and Its Ability to Mobilize the Chromosome of Erwinia chrysanthemi

R plasmid R68.45 was transferred in broth matings from Escherichia coli to strains of Erwinia amylovora, E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, E. chrysanthemi, and E. herbicola (Enterobacter agglomerans); the frequency of transfer ranged from 2 x 10(-8) to 5 x 10(-4) per input donor cell depending on the bacterial species. The drug resistance markers tet(+), amp(+), and kan(+) were stable in these Erwinia species. Transconjugants of Erwinia spp., but not of the wild-type parent Erwinia strains, acquired levels of antibiotic resistance (tetracycline, 50 mug/ml; ampicillin, 200 mug/ml; kanamycin 200 mug/ml) similar to those of the donor R68.45-bearing strain of Escherichia coli. Erwinia transconjugants (with one exception of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica) were donors of the antibiotic resistance markers; the frequency of transfer was consistently higher with an E. coli strain than with Erwinia spp. as recipients, and when matings were done on a solid surface (membranes) rather than in liquid. Transfer of chromosomal markers ade(+), gal(+), gtu(+) (utilization of galacturonate), his(+), leu(+), lys(+), thr(+), and trp(+) occurred in crosses between E. chrysanthemi strains harboring R68.45 and appropriate recipient strains; the frequency of transfer ranged from 9.0 x 10(-8) to 2.0 x 10(-6) depending on the selective marker. Analysis of the coinheritance of unselected markers among various classes of recombinants revealed linkage between thr-leu-lys-ade and between trp and his, thus confirming earlier findings with the Hfr-type donor cells. Since R68.45 mobilized an array of chromosomal markers in the wild-type as well as genetically marked strains of E. chrysanthemi, the system, used in conjunction with the existing Hfr strains, should provide a useful tool to study the genetics of plant pathogenicity of this bacterial species. In contrast to E. chrysanthemi, R68.45 did not mobilize chromosomal markers ilv(+), his(+), rbs(+), ser(+), and thr(+) in E. amylovora EA178.
Tools for simulating and analyzing RNA folding kinetics

It has recently been found that some RNA functions are determined by the actual folding kinetics and not just the RNA's nucleotide sequence or its native structure. We present new computational tools for simulating and analyzing RNA folding kinetic metrics such as population kinetics, folding rates, and the folding of particular subsequences. Our method first builds an approximate representation (called a map) of the RNA's folding energy landscape, and then uses specialized analysis techniques to extract folding kinetics from the map. We provide a new sampling strategy called Probabilistic Boltzmann Sampling (PBS) that enables us to approximate the folding landscape with much smaller maps, typically by several orders of magnitude. We also describe a new analysis technique, Map-based Monte Carlo (MMC) simulation, to stochastically extract folding pathways from the map. We demonstrate that our technique can be applied to large RNA (e.g., 200+ nucleotides), where representing the full landscape is infeasible, and that our tools provide results comparable to other simulation methods that work on complete energy landscapes. We present results showing that our approach computes the same relative functional rates as seen in experiments for the relative plasmid replication rates of ColE1 RNAII and its mutants, and for the relative gene expression rates of MS2 phage RNA and its mutants.
A New Species of Rhagodera Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) from San Clemente Island, California

Abstract Rhagodera costaefragmenta Krinsky, new species, from San Clemente Island, California is described. It is only the second insular species of Rhagodera Dejean known. It resembles Rhagodera tuberculata Mannerheim but is distinguished from that species by its interrupted elytral costae. A revised key to the species of Rhagodera found north of Mexico is provided.
Size classes of flow-transverse bedforms in a subtidal environment, Nantucket Shoals, North American Atlantic shelf

The distribution and character of small-scale and mesoscale bedforms on the surface of a large tide-built sand ridge have been observed. Sand waves, class 1 and class 2 megaripples, and ripples are abundant. A histogram of bedform spacing is strongly bimodal, indicating that megaripples and sand waves comprise discrete populations. Ripples probably also comprise a discrete population, but the limit of resolution of the side-scan sonar system arbitrarily truncates the distribution; hence a third mode cannot be observed.
Financial "Repression" and Financial "Liberalization" in the Third World: A Contribution to the Critique of Neoclassical Development Theory:

Neoclassical economists suggest that the promotion of economic development requires deregulation of the financial sector, especially removal of the interest rate ceilings commonly enacted by the state in Third World countries. But this view ignores the relations between financial development, financial policy, and the development of the capitalist mode of production. Financially "repressive" interest rate policies are rooted in the attempts of Third World states to alter the international division of labor, and in the patronage relations which develop as a result of the absence of a strong domestic industrial bourgeoisie. The inability of actual experiments in financial "liberalization" to promote economic development reflects the limitations of externally oriented accumulation in the context of the unequal international division of labor.
Induction of a heparin-stimulated serine proteinase in sex accessory gland tumors of the Lobund-Wistar rat.

Abstract Induction of new proteinase activities that may process growth factors, modify cell surface receptors, cleave extracellular matrix proteins, etc. is considered fundamental in carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to characterize a novel proteinase activity induced in sex accessory gland cancers (about 70% in seminal vesicles) of adult male Lobund-Wistar rats by a single injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU; 25 mg/kg) followed by implanted testosterone propionate (45 mg in silastic tubing every 2 months) treatment for 10–14 months. A 28 kDa proteinase activity was detected in tumor extracts using SDS-gelatin gel zymography with incubations done without CaCl 2 . Its activity was stimulated 15 fold by heparin (optimal activity 1.5–3.0 μg/lane) added to the tissue extract-SDS sample buffer prior to electrophoresis. No 28 kDa heparin-stimulated proteinase (H-SP) was found in the dorsal, lateral and anterior (coagulating gland) prostate lobes or seminal vesicles of untreated adult rats, but there was a 26–30 kDa Ca 2 + -independent proteinase activity in the ventral prostate that showed limited heparin stimulation. The 28 kDa H-SP was completely inhibited by 1.0 mM 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride (AESBF) indicating that it was a serine-type proteinase. Other types of proteinase inhibitors were without effect, including serine proteinase inhibitors benzamidine, tranexamic acid and e-aminocaproic acid. Proteinase activities of about 28 kDa were found with casein, fibrinogen or carboxymethylated transferrin as substrate, however, these activities were not stimulated by heparin. Similar levels of activities of the 28 kDa H-SP were found in primary tumors and their metastases, but little/no activity was detected in serum, even from rats with large tumor volume and metastases. These data demonstrate overexpression of a heparin-stimulated 28 kDa serine proteinase in the primary tumors of sex accessory gland cancers and their metastases. This proteinase either does not leak into or is inactivated in the blood. The role of this proteinase remains to be determined, but its possible interaction with extracellular glycosaminoglycans could focus its proteolytic activity in the tumor microenvironment and affect tumor growth.
Response to “Comments on ‘TDR Laboratory Calibration in Travel Time, Bulk Electrical Conductivity, and Effective Frequency’”

We thank [Huisman and Vereecken (2006)][1] for their close reading of our paper and their suggestions for improving measurements of the soil bulk electrical conductivity, σa, using time domain reflectometry (TDR) waveforms. In our original paper ([Evett et al., 2005][2]), we suggested that the TDR
Expression of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in the developing and adult mouse kidney

Expression of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in the developing and adult mouse kidney. Background Experimental analysis of gene function is increasingly being accomplished using mouse models. Glomerular malformations occur in mice in which the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B-chain gene or the PDGF receptor β -subunit gene have been deleted. To understand potential PDGF signaling pathways in the kidney, we determined the expression pattern of PDGF ligand and receptor genes in mouse kidney during development and in the mature adult kidney. Methods We used in situ hybridization to map the expression of transcripts encoding the PDGF ligands (A-chain and B-chain) and PDGF receptors (PDGFR α and PDGFR β ) in the developing and mature kidney of the mouse. Results PDGF A-chain transcripts are expressed by epithelial cells (especially in what appear to be the loop of Henle) and possibly in vascular smooth muscle cells. Its receptor, PDGFR α , is expressed by interstitial cells. PDGF B-chain transcripts are most highly expressed by vascular endothelial cells of developing and adult kidney and minimally by visceral epithelia of immature glomeruli. PDGFR β transcripts are expressed by fetal blastemal cells, interstitial cells, mesangial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells and by adult mesangial and interstitial cells. PDGFR α and PDGFR β expression is especially prominent in lipid-laden interstitial cells in the adult kidney. Conclusions These patterns of expression are similar, but not identical, to those observed in rat and human and suggest that paracrine interactions mediated by the PDGF/PDGF receptor system may coordinate the development of the tubular, vascular, and interstitial components during kidney development and disease.
In vitro immunization against autologous glioblastoma cells coupled to adjuvant peptide

A glioblastoma patient was immunized in vitro against autologous tumor cells. Tumor cell immunogens coupled to adjuvant peptide induced direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity, which was measured with a short-term 51chromium release assay. Plain tumor cells were non-antigenic. Cytotoxicity was largely eliminated by erythrocyte-sedimentation of effectors. These results suggest the feasibility of immunizing glioblastoma patients against autologous tumor-associated antigens.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Syndemic Conditions Among Young Gay, Bisexual, and Other MSM: The P18 Cohort Study

The persistence of disparities in STI/HIV risk among a new generation of emerging adult gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (YMSM) warrant holistic frameworks and new methodologies for investigating the behaviors related to STI/HIV in this group. In order to better understand the continued existence of these disparities in STI/HIV risk among YMSM, the present study evaluated the presence and persistence of syndemic conditions among YMSM by examining the co-occurrence of alcohol and drug use, unprotected sexual behavior, and mental health burden over time. Four waves of data, collected over the first 18 months of a 7 wave, 36-month prospective cohort study of YMSM (n=600) were used to examine the extent to which measurement models of drug use, unprotected sexual behavior, and mental health burden remained consistent across time using latent class modeling. Health challenges persisted across time as these YMSM emerged into young adulthood and the measurement models for the latent constructs of drug use and unprotected sexual behavior were essentially consistent across time whereas models for mental health burden varied over time. In addition to confirming the the robustness of our measurement models which capture a more holistic understandings of the health conditions of drug use, unprotected sex, and mental health burden, these findings underscore the ongoing health challenges YMSM face as they mature into young adulthood. These ongoing health challenges, which have been understood as forming a syndemic, persist over time, and add further evidence to support ongoing and vigilant comprehensive health programming for sexual minority men that move beyond a sole focus on HIV.
Irreconcilable Differences? Realism and Idealism in Cold War Korean-American Relations

Anti-Americanism never should have emerged as a major force in South Korea. After all, Washington was responsible for the creation of the Republic of Korea in August 1948 and provided major support against North Korea during and after the Korean War. After 9/11, however, American failure to balance means and ends in the pursuit of realistic goals caused anti-Americanism to reach a crescendo because it revived with a new ferocity at least four historical factors: (1) American disregard for Korea and Korean incomprehension of American priorities; (2) American support for Korean military dictatorship; (3) United States military presence in Korea and refusal to deal with incidents of military misconduct in ways that appeared just to Koreans; and (4) American racism. Koreans, however, also do not understand that their nation is not the center of American priorities and expect more from the relationship than Americans are likely to provide. This article traces the development of these factors through the postwar period and the impact of Bush administration unilateralism.
Coupled-channels effects for inelastic scattering of 15 MeV polarized deuterons from Ti and Sm isotopes

Abstract Cross sections and analyzing powers have been measured for elastic and inelastic scattering of 15 MeV deuterons from 148'Sm and 152Sm. These data, as well as previous data for the 48, 50 Ti ( d , d' ) reaction have been analyzed in the coupled-channels approximation. Data for 48Ti and 152Sm are better described by the rotational model than by the vibrational model but the quality of the fits is not sufficiently good to establish ( d , d' ) reactions as a sensitive method of discriminating between these two models.
Clients' Expectations About Counseling and Perceptions of the Working Alliance

Abstract We examined the relations between clients' expectations about counseling and their ratings of working alliance dimensions. Thirty-seven clients seeking individual counseling at university-based counseling facilities completed the Expectations About Counseling-Brief form (EAC-B) prior to their first counseling session and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) after their third session. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that clients' expectations for personal commitment were positively related to their WAI ratings for agreement on tasks and agreement on goals. Expectations for counselor expertise were inversely related to client WAI ratings for agreement on tasks. No significant relations were found for expectations for facilitative conditions or for WAI bond ratings. Implications for counseling and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Replicability of electromyographic recordinds of the masseter muscle during mastication

Abstract This study evaluates the reliability of a method to duplicate the location of surface electrodes for recording the electromyographic activity of masseter muscles during mastication and quantifying the activity by a micro-computer system. A plastic framework consisting of a bite fork and electrode positioners was used to place the electrodes by relating the positioners to an occlusal index and keeping this relationship constant at subsequent sittings. EMG recordings were repeated on two different days for each of 10 subjects while they performed standardized masticatory performance tests with peanuts and carrots. The muscle activity recorded with hardware integrators was an average of 26.7% of the computerized software integrations but measures derived from the two methods of integration were highly correlated ( r = 0.965) and yielded similar results. Significant correlations were found between test sessions for each measure of masticatory performance and integrated EMG activity for ipsilateral and contralateral muscles. For each subject, no significant differences were found between sessions for any masticatory performance or EMG variable. The results indicate that reliable inter session EMG recordings during mastication can be made by using the template for positioning of the electrodes. In addition, the microcomputer data acquisition system provides results comparable to those obtained with conventional hardware integrators, with the added benefit of providing information on each individual stroke and its various components.
Bias, spin, and misreporting: time for full access to trial protocols and results.

An-Wen Chan discusses the implications of a new study inPLoS Medicine that suggests that the randomized trial literature is skewed towards reporting favorable results.
A novel inhaled organic nitrate that affects pulmonary vascular tone in a piglet model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance after birth leading to right-to-left shunting and systemic arterial hypoxemia. Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is effective in reducing the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, but it has potential toxicities, especially in an oxygen-rich environment. A number of other NO-based molecules have been given by inhalation, but their structure-function relationships have not been established. Recent studies have raised the idea that toxic and beneficial properties can be separated. We synthesized a novel organic nitrate [ethyl nitrate (ENO2)], tested it in vitro, and administered it to hypoxic piglets. ENO2 lowered pulmonary artery pressure and raised the Po2 in arterial blood but did not alter systemic vascular resistance or methemoglobin levels. In addition, we tested the effect of ENO2 in the presence of the thiol glutathione, both in vivo and in vitro, and found its action to be enhanced. Although ENO2 is less potent than inhaled NO on a dose-equivalency basis, pretreatment of hypoxic animals with glutathione, which may be depleted in injured lungs, led to a markedly enhanced effect (largely mitigating the difference in potency). These results suggest that ENO2 may hold promise as a safe alternative to NO, particularly in hypoxemic conditions characterized by thiol depletion.
Nanocoating individual cohesive boron nitride particles in a fluidized bed by ALD

Experiments are conducted with alumina (Al2O3) deposition on a wide size range of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) platelet-like particles. Successful deposition of alumina films on these particles, with film thickness controllable at the Angstrom level, is observed based upon TEM imaging, ICP-AES, particle size distributions, and surface area analysis. While fluidizing, fine BN particles aggregate in the bed. The aggregates are the entities fluidizing, not the primary particles. However, individual particles are coated using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), not aggregates. Since ALD is a surface chemistry phenomenon, the films grow uniformly on every primary particle. BN particles are small platelets with different functional groups on the basal planes and edge planes. A small exposure to reagents [2.5×106 Langmuir (L) per reagent per cycle], will only coat the edge planes of uncoated BN particles. A larger dose of 1×108 L will coat the entire uncoated BN particle (edge and basal planes). After 10 ALD cycles of the 1×108 L dose, the exposures can be reduced to 1×106 L as the film is then growing on alumina and not BN. Peel strength data indicate that adhesion between the coated particles and a cured epoxy in a filled composite is ∼25% stronger than that of uncoated particles and the epoxy. The overall thermal conductivity drops ∼17% for an identical filler loading as expected due to the additional thermal resistance added by the film. However, the viscosity of an epoxy resin loaded with coated BN is as much as five times lower than that of the resin loaded with the same amount of uncoated BN. These results indicate that the loading of Al2O3 nanocoated BN particles in an epoxy matrix can be substantially increased relative to that of uncoated particles. The thermal conductivity of the more highly filled composite will be increased without adversely impacting filled resin viscosity or the peel strength of the cured material. This is the first reported study indicating that cohesive primary particles that fluidize as aggregates in a fluidized bed can be individually coated with a nano-thick ceramic film using ALD.
R2-IBEA: R2 indicator based evolutionary algorithm for multiobjective optimization

This paper proposes and evaluates an evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm (EMOA) that eliminates dominance ranking in selection and performs indicator-based selection with the R2 indicator. Although it is known that the R2 indicator possesses desirable properties to quantify the goodness of a solution or a solution set, few attempts have been made until recently to investigate indicator-based EMOAs with the R2 indicator. The proposed EMOA, called R2-IBEA, is designed to obtain a diverse set of Pareto-approximated solutions by correcting an inherent bias in the R2 indicator. (The R2 indicator has a stronger bias to the center of the Pareto front than to its edges.) Experimental results demonstrate that R2IBEA outperforms existing indicator-based, decomposition-based and dominance ranking based EMOAs in the optimality and diversity of solutions. R2-IBEA successfully produces diverse individuals that are distributed weIl in the objective space. It is also empirically verified that R2-IBEA scales weIl from two-dimensional to five-dimensional problems.
Backward interference by tones or noise in pitch perception as a function of practice

In a first experiment, the identification of brief tonal stimuli was unaffected by subsequent presentation of white noise. However, subsequent pure tones, whether central to the stimulus frequencies or remote from them, caused substantial declines in correct identification. Apparent backward masking seems therefore to follow rather than to precede some degree of categorization of the masking stimulus. A second experiment shows that even these effects are temporary. Early masking effects are heavily modified by practice, and are not therefore permanent features of sensory processing. Neither experiment provides support for preperceptual theory.
Determining negotiating ranges for EDI-induced transaction and float cost reductions

Abstract Electronic data interchange (EDI) mechanisms reduce transaction times, increase operational efficiency, and forge supply-chain links that tie customers and suppliers together. EDI is part of a business strategy that affects return on assets by concentrating on reductions in working capital investments. One element of EDI is the ability to negotiate and share the benefits of transaction and float cost efficiencies resulting from the implementation of automated payment systems. This paper provides a series of formulas designed to calculate the effective negotiating range to share transaction and float cost reductions between customer and supplier.
Harmonic analysis of tides and tidal currents in South San Francisco Bay, California

Abstract Water level observations from tide stations and current observations from current-meter moorings in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay), California have been harmonically analysed. At each tide station, 13 harmonic constituents have been computed by a least-squares regression without inference. Tides in South Bay are typically mixed; there is a phase lag of approximately 1 h and an amplification of 1·5 from north to south for a mean semi-diurnal tide. Because most of the current-meter records are between 14 and 29 days, only the five most important harmonics have been solved for east-west and north-south velocity components. The eccentricity of tidal-current ellipse is generally very small, which indicates that the tidal current in South Bay is strongly bidirectional. The analyses further show that the principal direction and the magnitude of tidal current are well correlated with the basin bathymetry. Patterns of Eulerian residual circulation deduced from the current-meter data show an anticlockwise gyre to the west and a clockwise gyre to the east of the main channel in the summer months due to the prevailing westerly wind. Opposite trends have been observed during winter when the wind was variable.
Studies of Acyl Nitrene Insertions. A Stereocontrolled Route toward Lankacidin Antibiotics

Photochemically generated acyl nitrenes undergo facile addition to 4,5-dihydrofurans 20 and 24b to yield the novel 2-ethoxyoxazolines 21 and 25. The regiocontrolled CC insertion has provided for introduction of the sterically hindered C-3 amido appendage of the lankacidins 1−4 with high stereoselectivity. High chemoselectivity for the CC insertion pathway was demonstrated upon production of the acyl nitrene intermediate from azide 33b. Intramolecular competition for allylic C3−H insertion versus CC addition yielded exclusive formation of seven-membered N-acyl aziridines 34a,b. The latent aldehydic functionality of oxazolines such as 21 and 25 is exposed upon a brief hydrolysis, permitting further chemical elaboration. Wittig condensation of the lactol from 25 has led to the synthesis of the lactone fragment 5, containing all of the necessary stereochemistry and functionality for incorporation into the lankacidin antibiotics. The acyl nitrene insertion into 4,5-dihydrofurans affords a route toward unusual ...
Tuberculosis and infection control measures.

he goal of tuberculosis (TB) control is to prevent transmission of TB rom infected to uninfected persons and to prevent progression from atent TB infection (LTBI) to active infection among people who have ontracted Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The essential steps to control the spread of TB relies on the vigilance of hysicians to recognize and treat LTBI and active TB, as well as the mplementation of effective infection control strategies. This became vident in the late 1980s with the resurgence in cases of TB attributed to everal events including the deterioration of the infrastructure of tuberulosis control programs, the increase in urban homelessness, intravenous rug abuse, and most notably the AIDS epidemic. Since 1992, effective nterventions have led to a steady and dramatic decline in TB in all patient opulations, except for those who are foreign born. Prevention of the pread of TB is of primary importance in health care settings, nursing omes, and other facilities including homeless shelters, prisons, and chools. ode of Spread
Foster parent perceptions of competency: Implications for foster parent training☆

Abstract Studies have examined factors that impact successful placements in foster care. Absent from this body of research, however, are factors that promote foster parent competence. The purpose of this study was to assess perceived competency of foster parents, subsequent to pre-service training, in tasks of foster parenting across 12 domains of foster parenting as recommended by previous research. The sample consisted of 20 foster parents who had completed foster parent training within the past five years. Although foster parents in this study rated themselves as competent in primary domains of foster parenting, there were mixed results as to their satisfaction and acceptance of demands of foster parenting in relation to foster family adjustment and working with a complex care system. Implications for therapeutic interventions are discussed.
Supporting Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students in the Schools

Deafness represents an educational disability that is fundamentally tied to a student’s sense of cultural and linguistic identity. In addition to contributing to educational planning and programming for deaf-and-hard of hearing (D/HH) students, school psychologists have the responsibility to foster and affirm identity development among this population. This article provides information on the unique cultural and linguistic characteristics of D/HH students and offers guidance on how best to promote their academic and social success.
Improved isotopic abundance measurements for high resolution fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra via time-domain data extraction

The simultaneous high resolution and accurate mass measurements possible with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry coupled with the gentle ionization of electrospray hold attractions for protein, peptide, and oligonucleotide characterization, including multistage-mass spectrometry measurements for assignment of fragment masses and greater confidence in structural measurements. The detection of cyclotron motion over extended periods of time (in some cases for several minutes) allows higher resolution and mass accuracy. Generally, signal duration has been considered to be limited primarily by background pressure, with ion-neutral collisions leading to the reduction and dephasing of cyclotron motion, causing signal loss. However, recent theoretical work has shown that the ion cloud stability that is a prerequisite for high performance measurements is highly dependent on the electric field generated by the ion cloud, thus giving rise to a minimum number of charges or ions required for extended time-domain signals. The effects of ion population on ion cloud stability and signal duration, and the subsequent effects on resolution and measured isotopic abundances are reported. Individual time-domain signals for bovine insulin isotopic peaks were extracted to allow a comparison of the damping rates for each of these ion clouds and the measured time-domain amplitude maxima are shown to provide a better match with the theoretically predicted isotopic abundances for insulin. These results show that different damping rates of ions of very similar mass, but different ion cloud population sizes, can have dramatic effects on the observed isotopic patterns. Additionally, more accurate, high resolution spectra can be produced by correcting for the effects of the different damping rates that are observed for different ion population sizes.
Indoor air quality in rooms with cooled ceilings.: Mixing ventilation or rather displacement ventilation?

Abstract Experimental investigations and practical experiences in Europe have proved that hydronic cooled ceilings are able to remove high cooling loads without impairing thermal comfort. As hydronic cooled ceilings cannot remove latent loads and pollutants, e.g., CO2, VOCs, odors, additional ventilation has to be applied. Often, displacement ventilation is used, which is able to provide lower pollutant levels in the occupation zone than mixing flow systems, if the occupants are causing most of the pollution. Unfortunately, the advantage of the displacement flow, in respect to the air quality, can vanish when cooled ceilings are used to remove the major part of the sensible cooling load. For these applications, a combination of a cooled ceiling with a mixing ventilation system might be more appropriate. This paper presents the results of an investigation examining the distribution of tracer gas in a test chamber which is equipped with a radiant cooled ceiling. There is both a displacement flow system and a mixing flow system available, so that the concentrations of the tracer gas within the occupation zone characterizing the air quality can be compared directly and evaluated under similar conditions. The vertical air temperature rise is taken into consideration as well, as it influences the displacement flow and is an important issue for assessing thermal comfort. The results show the interaction of the portion of the cooling load being removed by the supply air, the air quality in the occupied zone and the vertical air temperature rise. The figures and tables presented show which of the two supply air systems investigated have advantages over the other.
Reorganization of neuronal connections following CNS trauma: principles and experimental paradigms.

ABSTRACT The present review summarizes how the nervous system responds to trauma. The goal is to provide an introduction to the problems, techniques, experimental paradigms, current issues, and fut...