cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ensemble Random Forests Classifier for Detecting Coincidentally Correct Test Cases

The performance of coverage-based fault localization greatly depends on the quality of test cases being executed. These test cases execute some lines of the given program and determine whether the underlying tests are passed or failed. In particular, some test cases may be well-behaved (i.e., passed) while executing faulty statements. These test cases, also known as coincidentally correct test cases, may negatively influence the performance of the spectra-based fault localization and thus be less helpful as a tool for the purpose of automated debugging. In other words, the involvement of these coincidentally correct test cases may introduce noises to the fault localization computation and thus cause in divergence of effectively localizing the location of possible bugs in the given code. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach of ensemble learning combined with a supervised learning algorithm namely, Random Forests (RF) for the purpose of correctly identifying test cases that are mislabeled to be the passing test cases. A cost-effective analysis of flipping the test status or trimming (i.e., eliminating from the computation) the coincidental correct test cases is also reported.
The Real Effects of Geographic Lending Disclosure on Banks

The Community Reinvestment Act requires banks to disclose the geographic distribution of their small business lending, which informs the public about their performance in meeting the credit needs of local communities. We investigate whether such disclosures increase public pressure and thus have real effects on reporting banks. We exploit the 2005 reform that exempted the geographic disclosure requirement and thus allowed banks perceiving high disclosure costs to stop doing so. Using a large sample of exempt banks, we find that after the exemption, non-disclosing banks, relative to those that continue to disclose lending distribution, experience a decrease in non-performing commercial loans but not for other types of loans. The decrease is stronger for banks under more scrutiny by community organizations prior to the exemption. Together, the findings suggest an improvement in loan underwriting quality of non-disclosing banks due to reduced public pressure.
Antecedents of support for social media content moderation and platform regulation: the role of presumed effects on self and others

This study examines support for regulation of and by platforms and provides insights into public perceptions of platform governance. While much of the public discourse surrounding platforms evolves...
A value‐added estimate of higher education quality of US states

States differ substantially in higher education policies. Little is known about the effects of state policies on the performance of public colleges and universities, largely because no clear measures of college quality exist. In this paper, I estimate the average quality of public colleges of US states based on the value‐added to individuals’ early career earnings. I explicitly deal with the problem of self‐selection in both where to go to college and where to work. I find considerable variation in the quality of states’ public college systems. Using this quality measure, I then explore how various aspects of state higher education policy are associated with college outcomes. I find that states with better faculty quality and with more diversity among public colleges tend to have higher value‐added to student earnings.
Use of bone modifying agents in patients with metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer.

68Background: Bone modifying agents (BMAs) do not prevent skeletal related events (SREs) among patients with metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Within this population, BMAs a...
Modeling nonadiabatic dynamics with degenerate electronic states, intersystem crossing, and spin separation: A key goal for chemical physics

We examine the many open questions that arise for nonadiabatic dynamics in the presence of degenerate electronic states, e.g., for singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing where a minimal Hamiltonian must include four states (two of which are always degenerate). In such circumstances, the standard surface hopping approach is not sufficient as the algorithm does not include Berry force. Yet, we hypothesize that such a Berry force may be crucial as far as creating chiral induced spin separation, which is now a burgeoning field of study. Thus, this Perspective highlights the fact that if one can generate a robust and accurate semiclassical approach for the case of degenerate states, one will take a big step forward toward merging chemical physics with spintronics.
Exploring the Dynamics of Week-to-Week Blood Pressure in Nursing Home Residents Before Death.

Background Aging is accompanied by an overall dysregulation of many dynamic physiologic processes including those related to blood pressure (BP). While year-to-year BP variability is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality, no studies have examined this trend with more frequent BP assessments. Our study objective is to take the next step to examine week-to-week BP dynamics - pattern, variability, and complexity - before death. Methods Using a retrospective study design, we assessed BP dynamics in the 6 months before death in long-term nursing home residents between 10/1/2006 and 9/30/2017. Variability was characterized using standard deviation and mean square error after adjusting for diurnal variations. Complexity (i.e., amount of novel information in a trend) was examined using Shannon's entropy (bits). Generalized linear models were used to examine factors associated with overall BP variability. Results We identified 17,953 nursing home residents (98.0% male, 82.5% White, mean age 80.2 years, and mean BP 125.7/68.6 mmHg). Despite a slight trend of decreasing systolic week-to-week BP over time (delta=7.2mmHg), week-to-week complexity did not change in the six months before death (delta=0.02 bits). Average weekly BP variability was stable until the last 3-4 weeks of life, at which point variability increased by 30% for both systolic and diastolic BP. Factors associated with BP variability include average weekly systolic/diastolic BP, days in the nursing home, days in the hospital, and changes to antihypertensive medications. Conclusions Week-to-week BP variability increases substantially in the last month of life, but complexity does not change. Changes in care patterns may drive the increase in BP variability as one approaches death.
Constituting Democracy: Constitutionalism in the Democratic Transition

Understanding the impact of globalization or international processes on the ‘internal’ dynamics that led to South Africa's constitutionalist shift does not however explain how such dominant international or global models are locally incorporated. Amidst the ideological celebration of markets, electoral democracy and justiciable rights – which were the products of the democratic transitions which dominated the last decade of the twentieth century – an open question remained as to the impact and sustainability of this newly globalized constitutionalism. While globalists of all stripes alternately celebrate, acknowledge or deplore the impact of global forces and developments on local or national possibilities, there is little discussion of how global models and norms play out in the local context. Exploring the interaction between global and local within the context of political reconstruction in South Africa, however, provides a way to explore the impact and incorporation of international political culture in a local context. By focusing on the dynamics of the constitution-making process as a particular source of pressures mediating the local incorporation of transnational norms, this chapter identifies the special role that constitutionalism may play in enabling a democratic transition. In exploring this question, this chapter briefly considers what constitution-making options were available to South Africans, or argued for by the contending parties in the transition. Second, the chapter considers the relationship between the substantive aims of the different parties and the constitution-making processes they each advocated, as well as the role of political mobilization in either shaping debates or placing issues on the agenda at the negotiations.
Studies of radiative emission from the simulated shock layer of the Huygens probe

An investigation has been conducted to determine the radiative heating of the Huygens probe. The shock tube facility at Stanford University was used to generate plasma behind strong shocks, which simulates the flow field around the probe. Spectroscopic thchnigues have been used to measure thermophysical quantities of the plasma in the shock tube. A numerical code has been developed using a three temperature model in order to generate one dimensional flow field solutions for comparison with these experimental data. Based on this analysis, the radiative heat transfer at the stagnation point of the prove was approximated.
What is the Proper Perspective for Monetary Policy Optimality

Bennett T. McCallum Carnegie Mellon University and National Bureau of Economic Research Revised June 27, 2005 This paper was prepared for presentation at the Twelfth International Conference of the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, held in Tokyo on May 30-31, 2005. I am grateful to Christian Jensen, Takushi Kurozumi, and Alexander Wolman for helpful discussions.
Particle Physics Implications for CoGeNT, DAMA, and Fermi

Abstract Recent results from the CoGeNT Collaboration (as well as the annual modulation reported by DAMA/LIBRA) point toward dark matter with a light (5–10 GeV) mass and a relatively large elastic scattering cross section with nucleons ( σ ∼ 10 − 40 cm 2 ). In order to possess this cross section, the dark matter must communicate with the Standard Model through mediating particles with small masses and/or large couplings. In this Letter, we explore with a model-independent approach the particle physics scenarios that could potentially accommodate these signals. We also discuss how such models could produce the gamma rays from the Galactic Center observed in the data of the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. We find multiple particle physics scenarios in which each of these signals can be accounted for, and in which the dark matter can be produced thermally in the early Universe with an abundance equal to the measured cosmological density.
Abuse and neglect in childhood: relationship to personality disorder diagnoses.

Background Childhood history of abuse and neglect has been associated with personality disorders and has been observed in subjects with lifetime histories of suicidality and self-injury. Most of these findings have been generated from inpatient clinical samples. Methods This study evaluated self-rated indices of sustained childhood abuse and neglect in an outpatient sample of well-characterized personality disorder subjects (n=182) to determine the relative associations of childhood trauma indices to specific personality disorder diagnoses or clusters and to lifetime history of suicide attempts or gestures. Subjects met criteria for ~2.5 Axis II diagnoses and 24% reported past suicide attempts. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was administered to assess five dimensions of childhood trauma exposure (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). Logistic regression was employed to evaluate salient predictors among the trauma measures for each cluster, personality disorder, and history of attempted suicide and self-harm. All analyses controlled for gender distribution. Results Seventy-eight percent of subjects met dichotomous criteria for some form of childhood trauma; a majority reported emotional abuse and neglect. The dichotomized criterion for global trauma severity was predictive of cluster B, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses. Trauma scores were positively associated with cluster A, negatively with cluster C, but were not significantly associated with cluster B diagnoses. Among the specific diagnoses comprising cluster A, paranoid disorder alone was predicted by sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Within cluster B, only antisocial personality disorder showed significant associations with trauma scores, with specific prediction by sexual and physical abuse. For borderline personality disorder, there were gender interactions for individual predictors, with emotional abuse being the only significant trauma predictor, and only in men. History of suicide gestures was associated with emotional abuse in the entire sample and in women only; self-mutilatory behavior was associated with emotional abuse in men. Conclusion These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are broadly represented among personality disorders, and associated with indices of clinical severity among patients with borderline personality disorder. Childhood sexual and physical abuse are highlighted as predictors of both paranoid and antisocial personality disorders. These results help qualify prior observations of the association of childhood sexual abuse with borderline personality disorder.
29Si and 27Al MASNMR Study of Stratlingite

Straetlingite (2CaO{center_dot}Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}{center_dot}SiO{sub 2}{center_dot}8H{sub 2}O) is a complex calcium aluminosilicate hydrate commonly associated with the hydration of slag-containing cements or other cements enriched in alumina. Straetlingite can coexist with the hydrogarnet solid solution [hydrogarnet (3CaO{center_dot}Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}{center_dot}6H{sub 2}O)-katoite (3CaO{center_dot}Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}{center_dot}SiO{sub 2}{center_dot}4H{sub 2}O)] and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). Since straetlingite is present in many blended cements, the knowledge of straetlingite`s characteristic silicate anion structure and how aluminum is accommodated by the structure is important. Phase pure straetlingite samples have been synthesized from oxides in the presence of excess water and from metakaolinite, calcium aluminate cement, CaO, NaOH, and water. the samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and then further examined using {sup 29}Si, with and without cross-polarization (CP), and {sup 27}Al solid-state magic angle nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MASNMR). For the most part, NMR data for these straetlingites corroborate structural information available in the literature. The aluminum atoms are both tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated, and the silicon atoms exist predominantly as Q{sub 2}, Q{sub 2}(1Al), and Q{sub 2}(2Al) species. The presence of alkali affects the structure of straetlingite in subtle ways, significantly reducing the Al{sup IV}/Al{sup VI} ratio.
“Tractorettes” or Partners? Farmers' Views on Women in Kansas Farming Households

In the United States, for various reasons, fewer farm families rely solely on their farming operations for their livelihoods. As the structure of agriculture changes and farm families adjust their livelihood strategies, do the discourses around gender relations in households also change? This article analyzes the portrayal of women's roles in farming households by drawing on interviews with Kansas field crop farmers, primarily regarding their land-use decisions, but also inquiring about their farms and communities. The article addresses the following question: How do farmers' discourses compare to Brandth's (2002a) categorizations of three dominant discourses in the literature on gender in European family farming—the discourse of the family farm, the discourse of masculinization, and the discourse of detraditionalization and diversity? While Brandth finds the discourse of the family farm prevalent in the literature, overall, the discourse apparent from 30 farmer interviews is more characteristic of detraditionalization and diversity. Although men are primarily the principal operators in farming, overall, women were not portrayed simply as helpers. Rather, their roles are depicted as diverse and important to farm operations.
The Contribution of Skills Analysis to Curriculum-Based Measurement in Spelling:

The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of ongoing skills analysis to Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM). Thirty special educators were assigned randomly to treatment groups, including a control condition and different levels of CBM analysis, one of which included graphed performance indicators with skills analysis; one, graphed performance indicators only; and another, graphed performance indicators with ordered lists of student spellings. Teachers who used skills analysis effected, better achievement than controls and than CBM teachers who had no additional analysis. Although the mean achievement of students whose teachers had skills analysis was greater than that of teachers who inspected ordered lists of errors, the difference in achievement was not reliable, and the teachers who inspected errors effected greater growth than controls. Implications for CBM practice are discussed.
A note on the origin of the term “social science”

The previous literature concerning the origin of the term social science has traced the earliest usage of the English phrase to J. S. Mill in 1829 and of the French science sociale to Charles Fourier in 1808. A prior, albeit vague, employment of the term is found in a 1785 letter by John Adams. In addition, an unambiguous usage of social science has been discovered in the 1825 Articles of Agreement of the London Cooperative Society. The label social scientist appears as early as 1875.
Survivable IP topology design with re-use of backup wavelength capacity

In IP-over-WDM networks, wavelength circuits are often protected by dedicated backup circuits. Especially with future deployment of 100G transmission systems, there will be huge under-utilization of backup resources. Network utilization can be boosted by loaning the idle backup circuits to preemptible IP/packet services. In the event of a failure, IP traffic can be pre-empted and wavelength backup can be restored. To reroute the pre-empted IP traffic, the IP topology must remain connected. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the design of survivable IP topology with re-use of backup wavelength capacity. We observe that borrowing idle backup capacity to preemptible IP traffic enables much higher resource utilization, allowing for relevant decrease of network cost, and that we can still ensure combined survivability of the IP and wavelength services by incurring in a very small additional cost.
Performance degradation due to multiprogramming and system overheads in real workloads: case study on a shared memory multiprocessor

In this paper, performance degradation specifically due to the multiprogramming (MP) overhead in a parallel execution environment is quantified. In addition, total system overhead is also measured. A methodology, which estimates the MP overhead present in real workloads, is illustrated with real measurements taken on an Alliant FX/80 running Xylem (Cedar's operating system). It is found that MP overhead usually consumes between 10% and 23% of the processing power available to parallel programs. Total system overhead usually consumes between 12% and 30% of the parallel environment processing power, but is found to be as high as 82.1%. The mean MP overhead is determined to be 16% which is well over half the total system overhead executed on the system (the mean system overhead is determined to be 24% of the processing power). It is found that MP overhead, total system overhead, and application completion time are all moderately correlated. Relationships between the characteristics of a workload and the overhead measurements indicate that processor utilization and to a lesser degree paging are moderately correlated with the overhead present in the workload. It is also found that MP overhead is statistically independent of the number of parallel jobs in the system, while total system overhead is not.
Chemodynamic properties of phthalate esters: Partitioning and soil migration

Abstract Phthalate esters (PEs) form a class of organic pollutants whose chemical and physical properties relevant to their environmental transport and distribution are not completely known. Three PEs encompassing a wide range of molecular weights were studied as model compounds. Soil-water partition coefficients and rates of migration through river sand in laboratory column experiments were determined. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) has a low Kp and is fairly mobile, while di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is strongly adsorbed and relatively immobile. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), with an intermediate Kp, has a moderate mobility and exhibits a distinct flow rate dependence related to the mechanism of the adsorption and/or desorption process.
The stimulation of sperm metabolism by a factor associated with eggs and by 8-bromo-guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate.

Abstract A low molecular weight factor which stimulates sea urchin sperm respiration was isolated from sea urchin eggs by ethanol extraction, charcoal adsorption and by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex LH-20, followed by high pressure liquid chromatography. The factor had an estimated molecular weight of 1800 on Bio-Gel P-6 columns and was inactivated by pronase, thermolysin, subtilisin and papain; it was not inactivated by trypsin. The purity of the apparent peptide was not evaluated because of the small amounts of factor currently available. The factor stimulated the oxidation of (1-14C)-labelled fatty acids such as arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic, lauric and octanoic by 3-, 14-, 15-, 12-, 7-, 17- and 6-fold, respectively. The oxidation rates of short-chain (1-14C)-labelled fatty acids (butyric, propionic, acetic) [1-14C]glucose or [1-14C]pyruvate were low or undetectable in the absence or presence of the factor. The factor also caused rapid elevations of both sperm cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations, and these elevations as well as the stimulation of respiration and fatty acid oxidation were independent of extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Of various nucleotides (8-bromo-AMP, 8-bromo-GMP, 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP) tested for effects on sperm respiration and (1-14C)-labelled fatty acid oxidation, only 8-bromo-cyclic GMP stimulated the rates. Based on these data, it can be concluded that a peptide is associated with sea urchin eggs that can stimulate both fatty acid and cyclic nucleotide metabolism of spermatozoa.
A New Low Energy Electron Microscope

Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) has developed into one of the premier techniques for in situ studies of surface dynamical processes, such as epitaxial growth, phase transitions, chemisorption and strain relaxation phenomena. Over the last three years we have designed and constructed a new LEEM instrument, aimed at improved resolution, improved diffraction capabilities and greater ease of operation compared to present instruments.
Hematologic response of monkeys to x-irradiation.

SummaryTotal body x-irradiation of monkeys with 450 r resulted in significant depression of leukocytes as early as second day with maximal effect noted between 10-17 days. Erythrocytes were affected at a later interval with maximum depression at 17-19 days post-irradiation. Recovery of leukocytes and erythrocytes to normal levels was observed between 3-3 1/2 months.We are indebted to Joann Sparks, Marilyn Fisher, and Egon Nossal for technical assistance.
Dual-relationship prohibitions: A concept whose time never should have come

Abstract The concept of dual-relationship prohibitions has limited value in that it creates confusion and leads to unfair results in ethics and licensing actions. It serves little purpose because it does not assist psychologists in analyzing situations. Neither does it provide much help in assisting psychologists in deciding how to act in a particular situation, such that the client's best interest is considered. This article addresses the problems with dual-relationship prohibitions. It also focuses on the constitutional problems of dual-relationship restrictions. Finally, a new standard is offered, that of substantial conflict of interest. In addition, an analytical model is proposed to guide psychologists in making decisions regarding whether a substantial conflict of interest exists where multiple-role relationships are involved. Finally, several suggestions are presented to make the entire process connected with ethics complaints fairer and more constitutionally sound.
Potential methane emission from north-temperate lakes following ice melt

Methane, a radiatively active greenhouse gas, is emitted from lakes to the atmosphere throughout the open-water season. However, annual lake CH 4 emissions calculated solely from open-water measurements that exclude the time of spring ice melt may substantially underestimate the lake CH 4 source strength. We estimated potential spring CH 4 emission at the time of ice melt for 19 lakes in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. Lakes ranged in area from 2.7 to 57,300 ha and varied in littoral zone sediment type. Regression analyses indicated that lake area explained 38% of the variance in potential CH 4 emission for relatively undisturbed lakes ; as lake area increases potential CH 4 emission per unit area decreases. Inclusion of a second term accounting for the presence or absence of soft organic-rich littoral-zone sediments explained 83% of the variance in potential spring CH 4 emission. Total estimated spring CH 4 emission for 1993 for all Minnesota lakes north of 45° with areas ≥4 ha was 1.5 x 10 8 mol CH 4 assuming a 1 : 1 ratio of soft littoral sediment to hard littoral sediment lakes. Emission estimates ranged from 5.3x10 7 mol assuming no lakes have soft organic-rich littoral sediments to 4.5 x 10 8 mol assuming all lakes have soft organic-rich littoral sediments. This spring CH 4 pulse may make up as much as 40% of the CH 4 annually emitted to the atmosphere by small lakes.
Patient transfers from medical and surgical settings to psychiatric inpatient wards.

Abstract The transfer of patients from medical/surgical inpatient units to inpatient psychiatric wards is the subject of this paper. Clinical vignettes and available statistics from program evaluation studies provide the basis to examine aspects of transfer such as patient care, systems implications, teaching in the medical setting, and further research.
The influence of food plant dispersion on caterpillar searching success

. 1. Collards (Brassica oleracea L.) grown in clumps were more difficult for unstarved, early instar cabbage white caterpillars (Pieris rapae L.) to find than collards spaced at regular intervals, although total plant densities were identical. 2. Early instar, unstarved larvae are less mobile than later instar larvae (our data) or starved larvae (Jones' 1977 data). 3. Starved larvae and late instar larvae tend to find plants more readily than do unstarved or younger larvae. 4. We contend that larval mobility governs the success of searching caterpillars and their sensitivity to variations in plant dispersion. 5. Our results show that the dispersion of targets can influence searching success even though target density is constant. This means that the degree of clumping in host plants is capable of influencing their availability to herbivores.
Testosterone, estrogen binding protein in sexually mature larvae of Ambystoma tigrinum

Abstract A serum protein (A-TeBG) which binds testosterone (T) and estradiol-17β (E 2 ) with almost equal affinity is present in the serum of sexually mature larval male Ambystoma . Electrophoretic and sucrose density gradient techniques suggest that A-TeBG is a globulin-like protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.3. Scatchard analysis revealed K α values of 2.1 × 10 9 and 1.1 × 10 9 M −1 for testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Unlabeled T or E 2 competed equally well for A-TeBG binding in the presence of either labeled form of the steroids. In contrast, progesterone was less effective in competing with T or E 2 for A-TeBG binding sites. Estriol and cortisol were weak binding competitors.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms Predict Delay to Hospital in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background: Increased delay to hospital presentation with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with poor outcomes. While demographic factors associated with this delay have been well described, scarce data are available on the role of modifiable factors, such as psychosocial disorders, on pre-hospital delay. Patients with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often avoid stressful situations and may delay presenting for care when they experience cardiac symptoms. It is unknown, however, whether PTSD symptoms negatively impact the time to presentation during an ACS. Methods: We assessed the relationship between PTSD symptoms and pre-hospital delay in 241 adults with an ACS in the ongoing Prescription Use, Lifestyle, Stress Evaluation (PULSE) study. Results: Overall, 66% of patients were male; 40% were Hispanic or Latino. The mean age was 61.9611.6 years old. PTSD symptoms were present in 17.8% of patients. Pre-hospital delay was longer for patients with PTSD symptoms compared to those without [geometric mean: 25.8 hours (95% CI 13.8 – 44.8) vs. 10.7 hours (95% CI 8.3 – 13.8)]; P=0.005. After multivariable adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, depression, left ventricular ejection fraction and history of myocardial infarction, the mean pre-hospital delay was 173% (95% CI: 36% –450%) longer for patients with versus without PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: Among patients presenting with an ACS, PTSD symptoms were independently associated with longer prehospital delays. Future studies of pre-hospital delay should examine the mechanisms underlying this association.
Applications of Balance Theory to Faculty Effectiveness: An Assessment.

This paper provides a critical examination of the potential role of balance theory and student liking (affect) of instructors as tools for marketing professors in assisting student learning. The nature of balance theory and evidence of the learning impact of affect toward instructors are discussed. An empirical test of the theory is provided, and implications based on this assessment are presented. Further, suggestions are provided for marketing professors seeking affect among students. The analysis suggests that the theory and efforts to build student liking have potential contributions to understanding and enhancing the learning process.
A comparative study of n-heptane, methyl decanoate, and dimethyl ether combustion characteristics under homogeneous-charge compression–ignition engine conditions

Abstract Combustion characteristics of n-heptane, a surrogate for hydrocarbon diesel, methyl decanoate, a surrogate for biodiesel, and dimethyl ether, a fuel that can be derived from bio-feedstocks, are investigated with a homogeneous constant-pressure reactor model and a homogeneous-charge compression–ignition engine thermodynamic simulation model, with focus on two variables: ignition delay and NO formation, under conditions of varying oxygen concentration. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior is observed for the three fuels. Reducing oxygen concentration increases ignition delay for all fuels. The results and conclusions with the two models differ because it is necessary to vary initial conditions in the engine model to optimize combustion phasing and maximize indicated efficiency.
Biochemical screening for aneuploidy in ovum donor pregnancies.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the screening efficacy for aneuploidy detection in ovum donor pregnancies with the use of either the age of the ovum donor or the ovum recipient. Study Design: Second-trimester biochemical screening for aneuploidy with α-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, and human chorionic gonadotropin was performed on maternal serum samples that were submitted prospectively from singleton ovum donor pregnancies. The calculation of aneuploidy risks were performed separately with the age of the ovum donor or the ovum recipient. Risks of >1 in 295 and >1 in 100 were used as cutoff values for the identification of screen-positive pregnancies for Down syndrome and trisomy 18, respectively. Results: Samples from 93 ovum donor pregnancies were identified. The mean ages of the ovum donors and recipients were 27 years (range 20-38.5 years) and 43.6 years (range, 25.9-54.3 years), respectively. When the age of the ovum donor was used in the determination of aneuploidy risk, there were 9 screenpositive pregnancies (9.7%), whereas the use of the age of the ovum recipient resulted in 76 screen-positive pregnancies (82%). With the use of the McNemar test for paired observations, the proportion of screenpositive pregnancies with the age of the ovum donor (9.7%) compared with the age of the ovum recipient (82%) was statistically significant ( P Conclusion: In ovum donor pregnancy aneuploidy risk calculations, the use of the age of the ovum donor instead of the ovum recipient reduces the false-positive rate and improves screening efficacy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1222-5.)
Reproductive behavior of the sergeant major, Abudefduf saxatilis, within a closed system aquarium

The reproductive and social biology of the sergeant major,Abudefduf saxatilis, was studied for six months in ‘The Living Seas’ aquarium (the largest aquarium ever constructed). The purpose of the study was to discern possible behavioral differences between captive and wild breeding populations of this species. A total of 350 h of observation were obtained using closed circuit SCUBA, open circuit SCUBA, and remote operated vehicles. Slight differences were observed in the behavior of individuals in the sample population and those seen in wild populations. These differences may be due to the effects of a controlled closed system on the biology of these fishes.
Characterization of a novel monoclonal anti-myelin basic protein antibody: use in immunoblotting and immunohistochemical studies.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the myelin basic protein (MBP) were produced in CAF 1 (BALB/c × A/J) mice immunized with intact bovine MBP. A number of MAbs were obtained, one of which was characterized in detail with respect to its isotype, antigenic determinant on the MBP, the spectrum of antigens with which it reacted in mouse brain, and its immunohistochemical staining characteristics. This monoclonal, GB-1 (an IgG 1 ), recognized an epitope within residues 30–51 of bovine MBP. It also reacted with a family of MBP-related proteins present in brain homogenates of mice from 7–35 days. Immunohistochemically, GB-1 stained myelinated fibers and oligodendrocytes in the rodent CNS. A second monoclonal (GB-2, an IgM) was partially characterized. It reacted with intact MBP when it was immobilized to plastic or nitrocellulose, but it was not found to be useful for immunoblots or immunohistochemistry.
New Prospect of Successors to ArF Water-Immersion Lithography

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: New Prospect of Successors to ArF Water-Immersion Lithography” for JM3 Vol. 9 Issue 02
The Molecular and Neuroanatomical Basis for Estrogen Effects in the Central Nervous System

With increasing life expectancy during the 20th century, women are likely to live a substantial part of their lives in a state of estrogen deficiency. Hot flushes are for many women the most dramatic and noticeable consequence of loss of ovarian hormones. Loss of bone calcium and osteoporosis, developing much more gradually, is another consequence that has led many women to take estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) at the menopause. Likewise, the loss of protection of the coronary arteries, leading postmenopausal women to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, is another result of estrogen deficiency that has reinforced the value of ERT. Yet, it is only quite recently that medical science has recognized that the brain is one of the organs of the body that suffers from the loss of this circulating hormone. This has happened despite studies over more than 30 yr indicating that estrogens target the brain of experimental animals (for summary, see Ref. 1). However, most of the animal studies have focused on estrogen actions on the hypothalamus affecting ovulation and reproductive behavior, and only recently has it become apparent that estrogens exert many actions outside of the reproductive function, including actions on brain areas that are important for learning and memory, emotions and affective state, as well as motor coordination and pain sensitivity. Indeed, some women experience at surgical or natural menopause difficulties in remembering names and other information important for daily life as well as deficits in fine motor coordination and reaction times and feelings of depression and anxiety (2). These effects reflect the actions of estrogens on a large number of brain areas outside of the hypothalamus. The problem in these brain regions has been to recognize the receptors and mechanisms by which estrogens produce their effects. This brief review will focus on two aspects: first, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which estrogens produce their diverse effects on the brain; and second, the brain regions and cell types in which estrogens produce their effects, emphasizing new knowledge regarding estrogen actions outside of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Finally, a brief discussion will summarize the potential clinical applications of this information, particularly in relation to cognitive function and dementia.
GENDER VARIATION IN A RED MAPLE POPULATION (ACER RUBRUM; ACERACEAE): A SEVEN-YEAR STUDY OF A “POLYGAMODIOECIOUS” SPECIES

Red maple trees have been described as having a complex breeding system, categorized as "polygamodioecious." However, the seven-year, quantitative investigation of 79 trees presented here shows that the breeding system is relatively simple, using the gender equations of Lloyd (1980). Out of the entire maple population, 55 individuals are constant males while 4 individuals are inconstant males that on occasion produce some female inflorescences. Twelve individuals are constant females and 6 individuals are inconstant females that on occasion produce some male inflorescences. Only 2 of the plants have a functional gender which fluctuates dramatically in successive years between maleness and femaleness. It might be predicted that maple plants may specialize in one gender at a small size and switch over to produce both pollen and ovules at a larger size. However, these data show that plants of inconstant gender are not larger than plants of constant gender. Further, the inconstant plants actually appear to have a lower mean fitness than plants of constant gender. These results suggest that inconstancy in red maple gender does not increase fitness and may be an example of an imperfectly developed canalization process.
Meaning or Sound? The Effects of Brand Name Fluency on Brand Recall and Willingness to Buy

This research argues that both meaning fluency (conceptual fluency) and sound fluency (perceptual fluency) of a brand name affect brand evaluations. Specifically, this research investigates the effects of brand name meaning and sound fluency through an application of information processing fluency theory. The results provide insight into previously unexplained findings in the brand management literature. Two experiments demonstrate that perceptually more fluent brand names lead to higher brand recall, for perceptually less fluent brands names, high conceptual fluency leads to higher brand recall and in cases of low consumer involvement, high perceptual fluency leads to higher willingness to buy.
Chaos on Europa

The characteristics of chaos regions on Europa suggest they may be sites of melt-through from below. They are wide ranging in size, location, and age. The largest are hundreds of kilometers across. Most are similar to Conamara with a matrix reminiscent of frozen slush and often rafts of preexisting crust. Edges are of two types: ramps, perhaps the tapering of crustal thickness to zero, or cliffs, where rafts appear to have broken clear from the shore. The small features called lenticulae generally appear to be small chaoses with textured matrix and occasional rafts, and many domes may be small chaoses raised by isostatic compensation following refreezing of the crust. The extent of chaoses often appears to be limited by ridge systems with the coastline parallel and set back by a distance comparable to the width of the ridge system. Preexisting ridges often survive as causeways or chains of rafts. Boundaries of chaoses are apparently not controlled by preexisting cracks, consistent with formation by a thermal, rather than mechanical, process. Ridges may thicken the crust such that melt-through is more likely (but not always) between ridge systems. Subsequent cracks and ridges form across preexisting chaoses, ranging from fresh cases with few cracks or ridges across them (with paths somewhat jagged as they meander among rafts) to heavily dissected examples. Isolated tilted raft-like blocks surrounded by densely ridged terrain may be relics of former chaotic terrain. Thus two fundamental resurfacing processes have alternated over Europa's geological history: melt-through (at various places and times) forming chaos terrain, and tectonic cracking and dilation building densely ridged and banded terrain. Mapping of chaos features based on morphology at 200 m shows that they correlate, albeit imperfectly, with dark regions in global (2-km resolution) mosaics (except dark regions due to ridge margins or craters). Extrapolating from our mapping of the 5% of Europa covered by appropriate images, at least 18% of the surface of Europa is fresh appearing chaos, an additional 4% is slightly modified chaos, and much more older chaotic terrain has been overprinted by tectonic structures. Considerable area has been available globally to accommodate the expansion of crust that occurs along extensional ridges and bands. Chaos ubiquity suggests that europan geology has been dominated by the effects of having liquid water under a very thin ice shell, with chaos regions being widespread indicators of occasional zero shell thickness.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of pancreatic somatostatinoma: The importance of immunohistochemistry for the cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine neoplasms

Pancreatic somatostatinoma is a rare pancreatic endocrine neoplasm representing as little as 1% of pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs). The histologic features of this tumor are like those of other PENs, except that it commonly forms acinar structures and often has cells with abundant, granular cytoplasm. We have recently encountered two of these neoplasms sampled by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA). We discuss the cytologic and immunohistochemical findings of these two cases and the cytologic similarities these neoplasms share with pancreatic acinar-cell carcinoma (PACC). We review the cytologic features of PEN and PACC and discuss the importance of cell block immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasia sampled by EUS-guided FNA.
Photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and nitrogen use efficiency in native and invasive tree ferns in Hawaii

Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, nitrogen use efficiency, and related leaf traits of native Hawaiian tree ferns in the genus Cibotium were compared with those of the invasive Australian tree fern Sphaeropteris cooperi in an attempt to explain the higher growth rates of S. cooperi in Hawaii. Comparisons were made between mature sporophytes growing in the sun (gap or forest edge) and in shady understories at four sites at three different elevations. The invasive tree fern had 12–13 cm greater height increase per year and approximately 5 times larger total leaf surface area per plant compared to the native tree ferns. The maximum rates of photosynthesis of S. cooperi in the sun and shade were significantly higher than those of the native Cibotium spp (for example, 11.2 and 7.1 µmol m–2 s–1, and 5.8 and 3.6 µmol m–2 s–1 respectively for the invasive and natives at low elevation). The instantaneous photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of the invasive tree fern was significantly higher than that of the native tree ferns, but when integrated over the life span of the frond the differences were not significant. The fronds of the invasive tree fern species had a significantly shorter life span than the native tree ferns (approximately 6 months and 12 months, respectively), and significantly higher nitrogen content per unit leaf mass. The native tree ferns growing in both sun and shade exhibited greater photoinhibition than the invasive tree fern after being experimentally subjected to high light levels. The native tree ferns recovered only 78% of their dark-acclimated quantum yield (Fv/Fm), while the invasive tree fern recovered 90% and 86% of its dark-acclimated Fv/Fm when growing in sun and shade, respectively. Overall, the invasive tree fern appears to be more efficient at capturing and utilizing light than the native Cibotium species, particularly in high-light environments such as those associated with high levels of disturbance.
A general extremum principle for optimization problems

THE FAMOUS Pontryagin [l] maximum principle has initiated a new trend in the optimization theory. Shortly after Dubovitskij and Milyutin [2] made an attempt to give a unified general approach to optimization problems by using an intersection property of convex cones. Later Halkin and Neustadt [3] proved a very general maximum principle. Recently Gahler [4] generalized the Dubovitskij-Milyutin principle. In doing so he confronted considerable restrictions concerning the involved topological vector spaces. However, the application of convex cones is of limited use as far as practical optimization problems are concerned. The main difficulty seems to be caused by the presence of equality constraints. In this respect, Lusternik’s [S] theorem on existence of tangent directions in Banach space is rather a major step in the right direction and also permits further generalizations. The Halkin-Neustadt principle seems to be limited in scope because it depends on Brouwer’s fixed point theorem. This paper presents a very general extremum principle which is closely related to [6]. The main feature of this principle is that it has two forms (see [6]). The primary form is rather constructive and can be used to find approximate solutions of the general optimization problem. In fact, in some special cases it reduces to the well-known method of feasible directions. The dual form leads to the Euler-Lagrange equation which is well known in classical cases. Another advantage of the principle is that it includes and extends all the most important necessary conditions for optimization problems.
Pediatric abdominal CT angiography

Advancing multidetector technology offers opportunities for improved vascular assessment in children. Much of what is available deals with thoracic and central nervous system applications, with very little written about abdominal applications. That said, many of the technical aspects are similar to computed tomography (CT) angiography in these regions and are worthy of reviewing, in addition to those unique considerations for abdominal CT angiography (CTA) in children. Familiarity with appropriate abdominal CTA for pediatric multidetector array CT will provide the same opportunities as CTA in other regions.