cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia

The decision of whether to prescribe a hypnotic should include a consideration of alternative approaches. These consist primarily of counseling or psychotherapy, and of behavioral therapies. It might be well, then, to mention briefly the benefits available from each of these.
Stability analysis of nuclear-coupled thermal hydraulics for a natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor

Abstract Stability analyses of nuclear-coupled thermal hydraulics are carried out for SUPERSTAR – a natural circulation heavy metal (lead-cooled) fast reactor. Attributed to its natural circulation characteristic, flow stability as well as nuclear-coupled thermal hydraulics stability are of some concern. Modal expansion method as an extension for point reactor kinetics is used for neutronics and reduced order model for thermal hydraulic part. These two separate models are coupled through feedback effects. Different scenarios initiated by reactivity and thermal hydraulics conditions are simulated using the coupled models in time domain. It is shown that SUPERSTAR design has considerable stability margin at the nominal operating point. Design becomes less stable as transit time between core exit and core inlet is increased.
Peridynamic stress is a weighted static Virial stress

The peridynamic stress tensor proposed by Lehoucq and Silling (2008) is cumbersome to implement in numerical computations. In this note, we show that the peridynamic stress tensor has the mathematical expression of a weighted static Virial stress derived by Irving and Kirkwood (1950), which offers a simple and clear expression for numerical calculations of peridynamic stress tensor.
Acceptability and feasibility of the online delivery of hatha yoga: A systematic review of the literature.

Abstract Objectives Hatha yoga has dramatically increased in popularity in the United States and a growing body of evidence points to yoga’s ability to successfully manage both physical and mental health conditions. Concurrently, the delivery of telehealth interventions also continues to rise. The online-delivery of yoga lies at this intersection, and to date, no study has systematically reviewed the existing literature of empirical studies involving the online delivery of yoga. Design This study systematically reviews the literature for evidence on the feasibility and acceptability of online yoga interventions and provides a qualitative synthesis. A total of 10 articles which represent eight unique empirical studies were included in the final review. Results Across the eight studies, participants expressed overall satisfaction with an online yoga intervention. Online yoga was found to be feasible, based on attendance and practice rates, and acceptable. Although groups vary in degree of initial engagement. Results also found preliminary evidence that online yoga can help manage symptoms associated with a range of disorders. Conclusions Understanding this innovative approach to delivering yoga interventions will allow future research to include online yoga as a lower-cost, non-invasive intervention for a wide variety of physical and mental health disorders, as well as provide preliminary evidence to support the integration of online yoga interventions into routine clinical care.
Consumer Demand—Theory

The neoclassical theory of consumer behavior is the conceptual basis for the demand analysis framework formulated in this book. In this chapter, general comparative static results using the primal approach are derived in order to account for all factors affecting consumer behavior. The main result is the Fundamental Demand Matrix of Consumer Demand (Barten, 1964), giving comparative static results for Marshallian, Hicksian, and Frischian demand functions for changes in prices, income, and preference shift variables. Comparative static results are derived for both general quasi-concave preferences and strictly concave preferences. The main results are the Slutsky equation and general restrictions of consumer behavior. For Frischian demand functions, specific and general substitution effects are derived. Preference shift variables are shown to be proportional to price effects. Comparative static results are also derived using duality theory, and the theory of inverse demand functions is presented.
Founder-Led Firms and Operational Litigation Risk

This study investigates the relationship between founder-led firms and non-securities (operational) litigation risk. We postulate lower operational litigation risk for founder-led firms than for no...
Older persons' expressed worries during nursing care at home: Do health complexity and nature of nursing care in the visit matter?

Abstract Objective Older persons receiving home care express more cues and concerns compared to other clinical contexts. Increased health condition complexity requires a corresponding increase in nursing competence. The aim of this study was to explore how complexity of older persons’ health and nature of the visit influenced their expressed worries. Methods In this cross-sectional explorative study, we analysed older persons’ expressed worries (n = 508) identified by the Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences (VR-CoDES) in 129 audio-recorded home care visits with older persons (≥65 years), collected in 3 city districts and 1 rural area in Norway. Results Expressed worries of 45 older persons were included in the analysis: 18 had low health complexity, 5 moderate and 22 high health complexity. The nature of the visit affected the number of expressed worries, health complexity did not. Most of the worries were expressed during basic nursing care visits and/or medication administration. Conclusion Findings suggest that home visit type may influence the older persons’ expressed worries. The complexity of the older persons’ health condition seems to have little impact on the expressed worries. Practice implications Knowledge about communication in different complexity of visits is important when planning care for older persons.
Legitimizing private school policy within a political divide: the role of international references

Researchers are increasingly emphasizing the importance of international actors’ influence on defining education policy in different contexts. The article argues that referencing international orga...
The International Criminal Liability of United States Government Lawyers Authorizing Torture

As the International Criminal Court prepares to open an investigation into U.S. detainee abuses in Afghanistan, this article examines the international criminal liability of government lawyers authorizing torture in the “war on terror.” The article discusses the potential liability of the Office of Legal Counsel lawyers who authored and approved the Torture Memos during the Bush Administration. These lawyers may be liable under theories of aiding and abetting and participation in a joint criminal enterprise, pursuant to instructive case law from the U.S. military tribunals at Nuremberg.
Music Piracy Among College Students

This study explores the predictors of music piracy. Do age, gender, class rank, and major, and certain self-reported usage and knowledge factors help explain college students’ engagement in music piracy? Additionally, we seek to learn the impact of ethics, legal and social norms on illegal download intentions. A survey was constructed and completed by over two hundred college students. Data has been collected and analysis has been completed using multiple regression analysis and structured equation modeling (SEM). Findings from multiple regression analysis indicate that demographic factors are not good predictors of music piracy; however, the number of digital music files owned by an individual and the individual’s own level of knowledge about music piracy are significant predictors of the number of illegally downloaded music files possessed by the individual. This study also found through SEM that legal and ethics factors do help explain intentions toward music piracy.
The effects of cultivation depth, areal density, and nutrient level on lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus acutus in outdoor raceway ponds

Lipid accumulation is critical in the production of biodiesel from microalgae. However, little work has been done on the assessment of lipid accumulation during nitrogen stress in large research-scale outdoor raceways during different seasons; most values for lipid accumulation are assumptions based on work completed in laboratory settings or outdoor photobioreactors. This study focused on the use of raceway ponds operated in batch cultivation mode with an area of 30.37 m2 to determine the impacts of nitrate-nitrogen concentration and cultivation depth on the ability of Scenedesmus acutus strain LB 0414 to accumulate lipids. A concentration of less than 60 mg N-NO3 − L−1 was required for removal of nitrogen in the cultivation medium within 8 days to stimulate lipid accumulation and increase lipid productivity. When nitrate concentrations were increased to prevent nitrogen depletion, lipid productivity decreased, which demonstrates that stressing is needed to induce lipid accumulation for increased lipid productivity. Additionally, decreasing cultivation depth below 9 cm, compared to raceways operated at a depth of 20–24 cm, increased lipid productivity by 62 % in December 2014 and 38 % in February 2015. More desirable environmental conditions, mainly increased sunlight and temperature, in February, increased biodiesel productivity for all raceways and account for the decrease in productivity differences. This research highlights increased lipid productivity found by reducing cultivation depth and nitrogen concentrations in outdoor raceways and provides insight into the optimal conditions for large-scale biodiesel production.
Developing Scholarly Teachers Through an SoTL Faculty Fellowship

The increasing interest in incorporating evidenced-based teaching in higher education has created a pronounced need for faculty to learn the theory and practice of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). This article describes a program designed to prepare faculty to (a) draw on existing SoTL studies when designing and implementing evidenced-based teaching methods, (b) design SoTL studies to test the effectiveness of those methods, and (c) integrate their new knowledge of SoTL into the practice of “scholarly teaching.” This program has proven to be a successful model for incorporating evidenced-based teaching into undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses at our university.
Chemical composition of milk.

Summary Data are presented on analytical determinations of 23 milk components in 258 bulk samples. The significance of seasonal and area differences in these components was measured. All components, except proteose-peptone nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, soluble calcium, and insoluble organic phosphorus, show significant variations with season. Statistical evidence of a greater significance in seasonal changes in citric acid, magnesium, and the soluble forms of phosphorus may implicate these in seasonal difficulties encountered in milk processing.
Integrating water quality modeling with ecological risk assessment for nonpoint source pollution control: A conceptual framework

The historical development of water quality protection goals and strategies in the United States is reviewed. This review leads to the identification and discussion of three components (i.e., management mechanism, environmental investigation approaches, and environmental assessment and criteria) for establishing a management framework for nonpoint source pollution control. Water quality modeling and ecological risk assessment are the two most important and promising approaches to the operation of the proposed management framework. A conceptual framework that shows the general integrative relationships between water quality modeling and ecological risk assessment is presented.
Emittance measurement and modeling of the ALS 50 MeV linac to booster line

The Twiss parameters and emittance have been measured for the ALS linac through non-linear /spl chisup 2/ fitting of the measured beam size (fixed location) vs. focal strength of a quadrupole triplet. The obtained values have been used to calculate the expected beam size and dispersion along the linac-to-booster transport line giving good agreement with measurements. The efforts resulted in superior injection into the booster. >
Expansion of Polyreactive B Cells Cross-Reactive to HLA and Self in the Blood of a Patient With Kidney Graft Rejection

Antibody rejection is often accompanied by nondonor HLA specific antibodies (NDSA) and self-reactive antibodies that develop alongside donor-specific antibodies (DSA). To determine the source of these antibodies, we immortalized 107 B-cell clones from a kidney transplant recipient with humoral rejection. Two of these clones reacted to HLA class I or MICA. Both clones were also reactive to self-antigens and a lysate of a kidney cell line, hence revealing a pattern of polyreactivity. Monoclonality was verified by the identification of a single rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) sequence for each clone. By tracking their unique CDR3 sequence, we found that one such polyreactive clone was highly expanded in the patient blood, representing ~0.2% of circulating B cells. The VH sequence of this clone showed evidence of somatic mutations that were consistent with its memory phenotype and its expansion. Lastly, the reactivity of the expanded polyreactive B-cell clone was found in the patient serum at time of rejection. In conclusion, we provide here proof of principle at the clonal level that human antibodies can cross-react to HLA and self. Our findings strongly suggest that polyreactive antibodies contribute to DSA, NDSA as well as autoantibodies, in transplant recipients.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RICKETTSIAE IV. Folic Acids of Coxiella Burnetii

Mattheis, Martha S. (University of Kansas, Lawrence), M. Silverman, and D. Paretsky. Studies on the physiology of rickettsiae. IV. Folic acids of Coxiella burnetii . J. Bacteriol. 85: 37–41. 1963.—Yolk, yolk sac, and embryo tissues of uninfected eggs, and those infected with Coxiella burnetii , were analyzed for folic acid derivatives by employing diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column chromatography. Infected tissues contained quantitatively less folate, but the elution profiles of both infected and uninfected tissues were identical. Purified C. burnetii contained some types of folate apparently unique to these rickettsiae, and not found in infected tissue. The major folate fraction of C. burnetii was partially characterized by (i) elution position from DEAE columns; (ii) treatment with conjugase; (iii) growth response by Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis R, and Pediococcus cerevisiae ; and (iv) response to oxidation, reduction, and formylation.
Interaction between α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Regulation of Feeding and Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses

Both central α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) have been implicated in feeding and neuroendocrine mechanisms. The anatomical overlap and functional similarities between these two neurotransmitter systems led to the hypothesis that CRH might act as one of the mediators of the central actions of the melanocortin system. By double-labeling in situ hybridization, a subpopulation of CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) were shown to contain the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), concentrated in the ventromedial part of the parvicellular PVN (up to 33%). Intracerebroventricular injection of melanocortin agonist MTII to conscious and freely moving rats induced a rapid induction of CRH gene transcription in the PVN. This effect was accompanied by a rise in plasma corticosterone levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with the maximum response observed 30 min after MTII injection. MTII (0.5 nmol)-induced increase in plasma corticosterone was attenuated by the selective MC4R antagonist HS014 (0.25-1.0 nmol) and nonselective CRH receptor antagonist α-helical-CRH9-41 (0.125-0.5 nmol) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the anorectic effect of MTII was evaluated at 1, 2, and 24 hr after intracerebroventricular injection. Approximately half of the inhibitory effect of MTII (0.5 nmol) on food intake was reversed by pretreatment withα-helical-CRH9-41 at 0.25 and 0.5 nmol doses. Collectively, these results provide evidence that CRH acts as a downstream mediator of melanocortin signaling and contributes to the mechanisms by which the central melanocortin system controls feeding and neuroendocrine responses.
Abstract 15724: Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Early Pro-Atherogenic Changes in Aortic Wall Macrophages in a Murine Model of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background: OSA is a highly prevalent condition throughout the lifespan, and has emerged as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through shifts in the continuum between the pro-inflammatory M1 and the athero-protective M2. We hypothesized that Intermittent Hypoxia (IH) during the sleep period, a model for OSA, will induce shifts towards a pro-atherogenic state in the spectrum of macrophages within the aortic vascular wall. Methods: 8-week old male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to IH for 12-hr/day during the light period or to room air (RA) for 6 weeks and were kept on a regular low-fat chow. Following exposure, full-length aortas were dissected and enzymatically digested. Single cell suspensions were prepared and cells were incubated with antibodies for macrophage markers previously implicated in atherogenesis and metabolic dysregulation - CD11b, F4/80, Ly6c, CD36, and CD64, and analyzed by FACS. Results: Macrophages were defined as CD11b+/F4/80+ cells. Significant increases in the percentage of macrophages emerged in IH-exposed mice (6.4%±0.3 vs. 8%±0.3, p=0.003, n=19-20/group). Furthermore, IH induced shifts in the macrophage population toward an M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. Specifically, IH group showed significantly higher expression of Ly6c, (MFI:522±23 vs. 699±43, p=0.004, n=12/group) and increased the percentage of Ly6c+(hi) cells (9.2% vs. 11.7%, p=0.03). Conversely, tissue-resident marker CD64 expression in the aortic macrophages was down-regulated following IH exposures (MFI:3207±453 vs. 2967±483, p=0.03, n=12/group), while scavenger receptor CD36 expression was increased in the IH-exposed group (MFI:1694±56 vs.2129±209, p=0.005). Conclusion: Intermittent hypoxia during the sleep period leads to early expansion of the macrophage population in the aortic wall in a relatively resistant animal model for development of atherosclerosis, i.e., in the absence of a high-fat diet or of high atherogenic risk predisposing gene knockout. Furthermore IH induces changes in macrophage phenotypes, including a shift towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and recruitment of bone-marrow derived macrophages expressing indicators of metabolic activation.
Short-Term Memory: Mode of Presentation for Alphanumeric Information1

Performance in a memory-span task using eight-letter sequences was explored as a function of presentation rate (.5, .75, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 sec/item) and presentation mode (visual, auditory, simultaneous visual and auditory, and mixed visual and auditory). Results indicate that performance in the mixed mode was inferior to the other three modes, but the other modes did not differ from each other. As presentation rate decreased, performance improved. These results are consistent with current theories of memory and indicate that the mode in which alphanumeric information is displayed is unimportant provided the modes are not mixed.
Does diagnosis make a difference? Comparing hospice care satisfaction in matched cohorts of heart failure and cancer caregivers

Abstract Background: Half of heart failure patients will die within five years of diagnosis, making them an ideal population for hospice to reach. Yet hospice originated in oncology, and problems have been noted with the enrollment of heart failure patients. Whether caregiver satisfaction, a key quality measure in hospice, differs between heart failure and cancer caregivers is unknown. Objective: We aimed to determine whether diagnosis makes a difference in satisfaction with hospice care in matched cohorts of heart failure caregivers and cancer caregivers. Methods: This was a national cohort study, using caregiver responses to the Family Evaluation of Hospice Care (FEHC) survey. Heart failure and cancer caregivers were matched via propensity scoring. The relationship between diagnosis and caregiver satisfaction was examined across the domains of symptom management, emotional support, caregiver teaching, coordination of care, and global satisfaction, both before and after matching via logistic regression. ...
Chapter 71 Stupor and coma: metabolic encephalopathies

Publisher Summary The electroencephalography (EEG) affords the clinician an objective measure of cerebral dysfunction and suggests whether cortical, subcortical, or arousal mechanisms are involved in cerebral dysfunction. Some EEG patterns can be particularly suggestive of specific causes for encephalopathy or coma. In conjunction with other tests, EEG can also provide important information on the prognosis in encephalopathy and coma. One area of interest is the use of EEG for the evaluation of toxic/metabolic encephalopathies. EEG may be sensitive to a range of these disorders and may even reflect some specific toxic/metabolic dysfunctions. As a general rule, there is a progressive slowing of the dominant EEG frequencies and decreasing reactivity to external stimuli as the metabolic disturbance increases. With increasing hypoglycemia, there is a progressive slowing of the dominant EEG frequency, diffusely, bilaterally. In profound coma from hyperinsulinism, the EEG may show profuse spike activity and focal seizures.
Topographical imaging of macroporous microcarriers using laser scanning confocal microscopy

Abstract Macroporous microcarriers are used for the high density cultivation of mammalian cells. The large pores in the interior of these beads provide space for cell growth. However, it has been observed that the cell distribution in the interior of microcarriers is often uneven. In some cases, the pores appear to be unoccupied. Questions thus arise as to whether all pores are open to the bead surface, and whether the pores allow cell entry and proliferation. To examine the accessibility and geometrical features of the pores, laser scanning confocal microscope was used to optically section fluorescein isothiocyanate stained microcarriers. Three dimensional images were reconstructed by combining the sections for examination of the openness as well as the connectivity of the pores. By employing image processing software, the solid structure of the beads was removed from reconstructed three dimensional images to allow for direct visualization of the pores. A wide variety of geometries was observed; some pores were interconnected while others were segregated from each other. It was observed that while many pores were open to the surface through sufficiently large channels for cell entrance, a large number of pores was also either closed to the exterior or accessed the surface only through constricted channels which might impede cell entry. This confocal microscopic technique for direct evaluation of pore structure of macroporous beads is noninvasive and requires minimal sample preparation. It can easily be adapted for in situ observation of cell behavior as well as find application for structural assessment for various biomaterials.
Sleep structure following status epilepticus

Abstract Objectives : To determine the effect of status epilepticus (SE) on sleep. Background : SE has a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. The study of sleep structure following SE may have implications for recovery in these patients. Methods : Twenty-four hour polysomnography was recorded in a 52-year-old patient following generalized convulsive SE not complicated by other medical or neurologic conditions. Another patient with no known history of seizures was recorded under similar conditions. Results : The first day following SE was associated with markedly abnormal sleep structure, consisting largely of stage 1 with minimal slow wave or REM sleep. Over 4 days, slow wave and REM returned to normal values and no rebound was seen. The control patient demonstrated normal sleep parameters for their age, demonstrating that sleep disruption was not due to recording conditions alone. Conclusions : This case demonstrates that sleep structure is markedly abnormal following generalized convulsive SE. As sleep may serve a restorative function, improving sleep postictally may hasten or improve recovery. Larger studies will be required to determine whether this is a common finding in such patients, and whether outcome is associated with improved sleep quality.
Strange mesonic transition form factor

The strange-quark vector current {rho}-to-{pi} meson transition form factor is computed at one-loop order using strange meson intermediate states. A comparison is made with a {phi}-meson dominance model estimate. They find that one-loop contributions are comparable in magnitude to those predicted by {phi}-meson dominance. It is possible that the one-loop contribution can make the matrix element as large as those of the electromagnetic current mediating vector meson radiative decays. However, due to the quadratic dependence of the one-loop results on the hadronic form factor cut-off mass, a large uncertainty in the estimate of the loops is unavoidable. These results indicate that non-nucleonic strange quarks could contribute appreciably in moderate-{vert_bar}Q{sup 2}{vert_bar} parity-violating electron-nucleus scattering measurements aimed at probing the strange-quark content of the nucleon.
Scientific, legal, and ethical challenges of end-of-life organ procurement in emergency medicine

Abstract Aim We review (1) scientific evidence questioning the validity of declaring death and procuring organs in heart-beating (i.e., neurological standard of death) and non-heart-beating (i.e., circulatory–respiratory standard of death) donation; (2) consequences of collaborative programs realigning hospital policies to maximize access of procurement coordinators to critically and terminally ill patients as potential donors on arrival in emergency departments; and (3) ethical and legal ramifications of current practices of organ procurement on patients and their families. Data sources Relevant publications in peer-reviewed journals and government websites. Results Scientific evidence undermines the biological criteria of death that underpin the definition of death in heart-beating (i.e., neurological standard) and non-heart-beating (i.e., circulatory–respiratory standard) donation. Philosophical reinterpretation of the neurological and circulatory–respiratory standards in the death statute, to avoid the appearance of organ procurement as an active life-ending intervention, lacks public and medical consensus. Collaborative programs bundle procurement coordinators together with hospital staff for a team-huddle and implement a quality improvement tool for a Rapid Assessment of Hospital Procurement Barriers in Donation. Procurement coordinators have access to critically ill patients during the course of medical treatment with no donation consent and with family or surrogates unaware of their roles. How these programs affect the medical care of these patients has not been studied. Conclusions Policies enforcing end-of-life organ procurement can have unintended consequences: (1) erosion of care in the patient's best interests, (2) lack of transparency, and (3) ethical and legal ramifications of flawed standards of declaring death.
Interference effects in resonance raman spectroscopy

Abstract We show that resonance Raman excitation profiles are not generally expected to superimpose on the profile of the absorption spectrum. The discrepancy is due to interference between transition amplitudes of preresonant and more nearly resonant states. Two cases are outlined: in the first the amplitudes have similar magnitudes, and in the second they are quite different. Examples discussed include hemeproteins, visual pigments and resonant scattering from triplet states of molecules. A main point is that qualitative aspects of these interferences may be used to assign states and vibrations. Some new experiments are reported for ferrocytochrome-c scattering.
997 GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSIONS (GT) INCREASE SURVIVAL IN NEONATES WITH SEPSIS AND NEUTROPHIL DEPLETION

The mortality of septic infants approaches 80% if they exhibit neutropenia and depletion of the marrow neutrophil storage pool (% PMN + bands + metas/1000 marrow cells) (J. Peds., 1981). We postulated that GT might decrease mortality in these infants and tested this hypothesis in an animal model and clinical study. Eight newborn dogs were inoculated intratracheally with Staph aureus, developed neutropenia and died (490 ± 280 neut/mm3 vs 8,390 ± 490 in controls, x ± S.E. p 9% survived. Only one of 9 with an NSP of <6% survived. Then, neonates with sepsis, neutropenia and an NSP of <6% were randomly assigned to receive or not receive GT. Of 5 infants who did not receive GT, one survived. All 4 who received 0.2-1.0 × 109 neutrophils/kg survived (p <.05). No significant change in PaO2 (↑2 ± 2 torr), PaCO2 (↑1.5 ± 2 torr), pH (↓0.01 ± 0.01 units), or blood pressure (↑2 ± 2 mmHg) occurred with GT. All urine cultures were negative for CMV. These data support the concept that GT may be practical and effective in septic, neutrophil depleted neonates.
Enhancement of procainamide-induced rate-dependent conduction slowing by elevated myocardial extracellular potassium concentration in vivo

Procainamide, a type 1A antiarrhythmic drug, blocks sodium channels and reduces the maximum rate of rise of the cardiac action potential (Vmax) in a rate-dependent fashion. In vitro, the magnitude of this rate-dependent reduction in Vmax is greater in tissue that is partially depolarized at rest than in tissue with a normal resting potential. Reductions in Vmax produced by drugs that block sodium channels are also directly related to the reductions in longitudinal conduction velocity of action potential propagation in papillary muscle preparations. We therefore sought to determine whether the rate-dependent conduction slowing induced by procainamide in the intact canine heart is enhanced in myocardial tissue abnormally depolarized by an elevated myocardial extracellular potassium concentration, [K+]o. QRS duration and epicardial activation times were measured as indexes of myocardial conduction. QRS duration and epicardial activation times were measured at control (4.0 mM) and at intermediate (6.5 mM) and high (9.2 mM) myocardial [K+]o in the presence or absence of a clinically relevant procainamide concentration (12.2 +/- 2.6 g/ml) at the longest obtainable interstimulus interval of 440 msec and at 330, 280, and 250 msec. Intermediate and high myocardial [K+]o alone induced rate-dependent conduction slowing as the frequency of stimulation increased (cycle length 440 msec to 330, 280, and 250 msec). In the presence of procainamide, rate-dependent conduction slowing was observed at all levels of myocardial [K+]o, and the amount of rate-dependent change in conduction time increased as the myocardial [K+]o was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Investigation of the structure of polio- and human rhinovirions through the use of selective chemical reactivity.

Abstract The configurations of poliovirus and human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV-2) virions and subviral particles were investigated by measuring the relative accessibility of the four virion polypeptides (VP1-4) to the labeling reagents [ 3 H]acetic anhydride, 125 I, and [ 14 C]iodoacetamide. The reaction of [ 3 H]acetic anhydride with the intact virions of poliovirus or HRV-2 revealed that in both cases VP1 was labeled to a greater extent than the smaller polypeptides, VP2 and VP3. The smallest polypeptide, VP4, was not labeled at all, suggesting that it may be internal and may not contribute directly to the surface properties of native virions. Treatment of poliovirus at 47° or HRV-2 at pH 5 produces slower sedimenting A-particles which lack VP4 and resemble the particles produced during the early interaction of virus with host cells. The occurrence of a configurational change in the formation of A-particles was suggested by the observation that A-particles exhibited increased relative susceptibility to labeling of VP2 with [ 3 H]acetic anhydride. Virions which had been disrupted by treatment with dodecyl sulfate at 100° were labeled with [ 3 H]acetic anhydride approximately uniformly in all polypeptides including VP4. The labeling patterns of the polypeptides of poliovirions, A-particles, and disrupted virus with 125 I were qualitatively similar to those obtained with [ 3 H]acetic anhydride. In contrast, VP1 in HRV-2 virions was relatively protected from labeling with 125 I and became accessible only in A-particles or disrupted virions. With both viruses, again, VP4 was not labeled with 125 I in intact virions but was labeled after virus disruption. Very little [ 14 C]iodoacetamide was incorporated into native virions, although in a few experiments VP2 was labeled in HRV-2. Only the capsid polypeptides VP1, VP2, and VP3 were labeled with [ 14 C]iodoacetamide following disruption with SDS, indicating that neither the poliovirus VP4 nor the HRV-2 VP4 contain free SH groups.
Strombolian and effusive activity as precursors to phreatomagmatism: eruptive sequence at maars of the Pinacate volcanic field, Sonora, Mexico

The Pinacate volcanic field, Sonora, Mexico, contains 400 cinder cones and eight maars. It is noteworthy that most of the maar-forming, phreatomagmatic eruptions were immediately preceded by effusive and Strombolian activity rather than occurring when magma first approached the surface. The Strombolian activity may have facilitated access of groundwater to the conduits in this arid region. The field evidence suggests that phreatomagmatism is inhibited unless the magma flux is low relative to the rate of water supply and unless the top of the magma column has subsided, probably below the water table. The latter condition is difficult to prove in the absence of direct observation, and alternative hypotheses involving disturbance of the conduit system are considered. The spatial distribution of maars in the Pinacate and the lithology of their associated tuffaceous ejecta both may reflect the course of an ancient river channel whose permeable gravels were pierced by the magmatic conduits.
School phobia: A critical analysis of the separation anxiety theory and an alternative conceptualization

A review of the literature on school phobia reveals that the predominant view concerning its etiology is the separation anxiety theory. This theory is critically anlayzed on three major grounds: (a) methodological problems of the research; (b) its lack of generalizability concerning pathological mother-child relationships; and (c) its lack of emphasis on possible external, etiological variables. A case is made for reexamination of school phobia, in light of recent research highlighting the potential role of environmental variables, thereby taking it out of the realm of neurotic behaviors. An alternative conceptualization is offered that views school refusal as a normal avoidance reaction to an unpleasant, unsatisfying, or even hostile environment. It is suggested that we shift our research attention to the school environment and personnel in terms of their contribution to the etiology and maintenance of school refusal behaviors.
Total and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation by liver homogenates from autopsied Reye's and control subjects.

Abstract To determine whether the accumulation of liver triglyceride in Reye's syndrome could be due to a block in β-oxidation of the fatty acids, the ability of Reye's and control liver homogenates from samples obtained at autopsy to oxidize fatty acids was examined. Total fatty acid oxidation as measured by oxidation of [1-14C]oleoyl CoA, which mostly represents mitochondrial activity, was comparable between the groups. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation was, likewise, similar despite the reported increase in the numbers and sizes of these organelles. This disparity could not be explained by an artifactual dilution of product by accumulated endogenous substrate. Inference is made that active peroxisomal β-oxidation may contribute to the increased short chain fatty CoA content of liver which was reported earlier.
Fast charging method for wireless and mobile devices using double-pulse charge technique

Battery charging technology is extremely important in todays' mobile and wireless industry. Battery can affect size, dimension, cost and the usage of many consumer electronic devices. The process of battery charging must be reliable, safe and fast. There have been many different techniques to implement and ensure faster charging and longevity of battery life. There are recent initiatives to design more robust methods and systems. In this paper, a new method is described to improve speed performance of Pulse-Charge Systems (PCS). There are two phases of periodic-charging in pulse-charge systems; one phase is for charging and the other phase is for resting. In normal conditions, the charging phase uses the maximum current, which can adversely affect the reliability of a particular battery if applied constantly without resting period. In this paper, it is shown that small amount of charge can be used in the idle phase to reduce the long charging time without pushing reliability limits of the batteries.
KitFox: Multiphysics Libraries for Integrated Power, Thermal, and Reliability Simulations of Multicore Microarchitecture

With continued technology scaling and increased power and thermal densities, processor operation and performance are increasingly dominated by physical phenomena. Microarchitectural approaches to mitigate these effects must be based on a profound understanding of how the physics is manifested in microarchitectural executions and system-level properties, such as performance, energy efficiency, or lifetime reliability. This requires a modeling and simulation environment that incorporates multiple physical phenomena and their concurrent interactions with microarchitecture. In this paper, we introduce an integrated power, thermal, and reliability modeling framework, KitFox. The goal of KitFox framework is to facilitate research explorations at the intersection of applications, microarchitectures, and various physical phenomena, including energy, power, thermal, cooling, and reliability. The KitFox framework implements a standard interface to bridge multiple physical models, where individual models are encapsulated into libraries and are interchangeable. This paper describes the design methodology of the library framework that orchestrates various implementations of physical models and standardized interface to cycle-level microarchitecture simulators. Several use cases are presented to demonstrate the range of modeling capabilities of KitFox.
The james ewing lecture. The relationship between tumor mass and resistance to chemotherapy. Implications for surgical adjuvant treatment of cancer

Tumor mass negatively influences the outcome of surgery and radiotherapy by its influence on invasiveness and the propensity to metastasize before local treatment is applied. Tumor mass negatively affects the outcome of cancer chemotherapy in a manner quite different from the way in which it does surgery or radiotherapy. Cancer chemotherapy fails because cells develop resistance to anticancer drugs. Conceptually, there are two types of resistance both of which are mass related: temporary resistance (due to pharmacologic sanctuaries or altered cell kinetics) or permanent resistance (mutant lines developing specific and permanent resistance to one or more cancer drugs). Based on somatic mutation theory, it now appears that resistant mutants arise spontaneously early in the natural history of cancers, and the likelihood of a resistant line developing appears closely related to cell number, such that one or more resistant lines are likely present before most human malignancies become clinically evident. The development of permanent resistance more precisely accounts for the invariable inverse relationship between cell number and curability by drugs and the greater effectiveness of combination chemotherapy over single agents. New information on common pathways of drug resistance appear exploitable using tools available today or on the horizon. Treatment of bacterial infections, particularly tuberculosis, now truly appears to be a paradigm for cancer chemotherapy.
Variable ECG findings associated with pulmonary embolism

An elderly man with a recent diagnosis of invasive rectal adenocarcinoma was admitted to the hospital because of a lower gastrointestinal bleeding and low haemoglobin. During the hospitalisation he complained of chest pain. ECG showed new onset ST-segment elevation in leads III, aVF and in the precordial leads V1–V4. Shortly thereafter, he became hypotensive and coded. Despite resuscitation he passed away. Autopsy revealed massive pulmonary emboli with near complete obstruction of the involved branches of the pulmonary arteries. Coronary arteries were free of significant coronary artery disease and multiple sections of the myocardium showed the absence of myocardial infarction.
Matrix and Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy of Chloro-p-nitrophenylcarbene and Related Species

Chloro-p-nitrophenyldiazirine (2) was deposited in an argon matrix. Photolysis (350 nm) releases chloro-pnitrophenylcarbene (1) as a persistent species. The IR and UV-vis spectra of carbene 1 were obtained, and the IR spectrum was adequately simulated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The carbene has an intense IR vibration at 1206 cm -1 involving the carbene carbon and aromatic ring carbon. This band was observed by TRIR spectroscopy upon laser flash photolysis (355 nm) of 2 in heptane at ambient temperature. The presence of benzene did not influence the frequency of this vibration. The carbene lifetime as measured by TRIR spectroscopy (400 ns) is consistent with previous LFP studies utilizing UV-vis detection. Upon LFP of 2 in CCl4 or CF2ClCFCl2 the photogenerated carbene abstracts chlorine atom from solvent to form R,R-dichloro-p-nitrobenzyl radical with a TRIR band at 1316 cm -1 . Upon LFP of 2 in acetonitrile, acetone, methyl acetate, pyridine, and tetrahydrofuran ylide species were produced. The ylides had similar TRIR spectra with bands at 1584, 1504, and 1312 cm -1 .
The International and Domestic Sources of Bipartisanship in U.S. Foreign Policy

Foreign policy scholars have long emphasized bipartisanship in foreign policymaking, particularly in the context of presidential appointments to the foreign policy bureaucracy, emphasizing the role of international crises and national security in affecting bipartisanship. In spite of their enduring nature, few systematic analyses of these claims exist. This study addresses these gaps using new data on appointees to the foreign policy bureaucracy. The results challenge the conventional wisdoms emerging from the foreign policy literature regarding the importance of factors like war, instead pointing to the importance of domestic political factors in affecting bipartisanship in appointments to the foreign policy bureaucracy.
SECONDARY PHOTOMETRIC STANDARDS IN SELECTED NORTHERN DWARF NOVA FIELDS

We have compiled a list of secondary photometric standards for 88 northern dwarf nova fields. An average of 6 stars per field were calibrated through broadband BVR filters. The secondary standards range in brightness from V ~ 11 to V ~ 17, have a B-V color range of ~0.1 to ~2.2 and lie within ~3' of the dwarf nova. Typical 1-alpha errors are ± ~0.05 mag.
Mechanisms of Activation and Suppression in Rat Nb 2 Lymphoma Cells: A Model for Interactions between Prolactin and the Immune System

Rat Nb 2 lymphoma cells have been widely used to bioassay human growth hormone and many species of prolactin. Because their morphologic characterization suggests a T-cell lineage, Nb 2 cells were examined for their response to the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and phytohemagglutinin P. As expected, a dose-response to rat prolactin was observed; however, attempts to induce proliferation using the conventional T-cell mitogens failed at concentrations normally stimulatory for rat primary lymphocytes. Moreover, when Nb 2 cells were simultaneously incubated with lectin plus a suboptimal concentration of prolactin, a dose-dependent suppression of the stimulatory effects of prolactin was observed with phytohemagglutinin P and pokeweed mitogen, although not with concanavalin A. Culture medium of prolactin-stimulated Nb 2 cells also contained a factor which inhibited normal rat lymphocyte activation by concanavalin A. The factor did not block induction of the IL-2 receptor and proliferation of IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cells could be restored by exogenous IL-2. Because Nb 2 cells evolved from a lactogen-dependent lymph node tumor, these results may have implications for further understanding the role of pituitary hormones, particularly prolactin, in the immune response to hormone-dependent tumor progression.
The neighborhood context of relative position, trust, and self-rated health

The relative position hypothesis proposes that an individual's relative position in a community or population influences their health because (1) unfavorable comparisons lead those with a lower position to experience negative emotions that cause stress and detrimentally impact health and well-being, and (2) individuals with different statuses are less likely to develop trust and cohesion with one another. These processes are important for individual health and also because their results may detract from community level social resources. Surprisingly little work has investigated this hypothesis within small units of analysis such as neighborhoods. In this research, logistic regression analyses were conducted on data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey to test the relative position hypothesis as it applies to distrust of neighbors and fair or poor self-rated health, and whether the relationship varies across neighborhood income inequality. Results indicate that relative position significantly predicts distrust, such that those with higher local position are more likely to distrust their comparatively lower income neighbors. Relative position was not significantly associated with self-rated health, but lack of trust of neighbors was significantly and positively associated with below average self-rated health. The effect of relative position did not vary across neighborhood income inequality for either outcome. Implications for theories of income inequality and health are discussed.
FLT3: the root of the problem

Comment on Pollard et al, page [2764][1] Most AML patients with FLT3/ITD mutations have poor outcomes. This article by Pollard and colleagues suggests that the explanation, not surprisingly, may be found at the root of the problem, the leukemia stem cell. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is organized