cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The induced sector Arabidopsis apical embryonic fate map.

Creation of an embryonic fate map may provide insight into the patterns of cell division and specification contributing to the apical region of the early Arabidopsis embryo. A fate map has been constructed by inducing genetic chimerism during the two-apical-cell stage of embryogenesis to determine if the orientation of the first anticlinal cell division correlates with later developmental axes. Chimeras were also used to map the relative locations of precursors of the cotyledon and leaf primordia. Genetic chimeras were induced in embryos doubly heterozygous for a heat shock regulated Cre recombinase and a constitutively expressed β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene flanked by the loxP binding sites for Cre. Individual cells in the two-apical-cell stage embryo responding to heat shock produce GUS-negative daughter cells. Mature plants grown from seed derived from treated embryos were scored for GUS-negative sector extent in the cotyledons and leaves. The GUS-negative daughters of apical cells had a strong tendency to contribute primarily to one cotyledon or the other and to physically adjacent true leaf margins. This result indicated that patterns of early cell division correlate with later axes of symmetry in the embryo and that these patterns partially limit the fates available for adoption by daughter cells. However, GUS-negative sectors were shared between all regions of the mature plant, suggesting that there is no strict fate restriction imposed on the daughters of the first apical cells.
BPA's Probability Based Clearance Buffers, Part I: General Development

When designing new lines or analyzing existing lines, most utilities add a mechanical clearance buffer to regulatory clearance requirements. This clearance buffer accounts for systematic and random variations in field clearances about a design clearance. This long recognized and expected variation in field clearance is generally treated by utilities with an arbitrary and deterministic clearance buffer. Such treatment was also BPA's common practice until 1979 when a probabilistic approach to the clearance buffer was developed. The probabilistic clearance buffer assigns acceptable assurance levels to meet Code clearances in the field, and is based on statistical predictor models. A General Statistical Clearance Model is developed with various measurements and construction practices influencing the model being discussed. The General Statistical Clearance Model is used to develop probabilistic clearance buffers for the design of new lines, and the analysis of existing lines, which met regulatory clearances in the field at any prescribed assurance level.
Extracting library-based object-oriented applications

In an increasingly popular model of software distribution, software is developed in one computing environment and deployed in other environments by transfer over the internet. Extraction tools perform a static whole-program analysis to determine unused functionality in applications in order to reduce the time required to download applications. We have identified a number of scenarios where extraction tools require information beyond what can be inferred through static analysis: software distributions other than complete applications, the use of reflection, and situations where an application uses separately developed class libraries. This paper explores these issues, and introduces a modular specification language for expressing the information required for extraction. We implemented this language in the context of Jax, an industrial-strength application extractor for Java, and present a small case study in which different extraction scenarios are applied to a commercially available library-based application.
The role of histone H3 phosphorylation (Ser10 and Ser28) in cell growth and cell transformation

Histones are now regarded as integral and dynamic components of the machinery responsible for regulating gene transcription. Many types of cancer and other diseases are associated with translocations or mutations in chromatin-modifying enzymes and regulatory proteins. Much of the work in our laboratory has focused on identifying novel histone H3 kinases and the role of histone H3 phosphorylation in cell proliferation and transformation. We are beginning to unravel the complexities of gene expression mediated by histone H3 phosphorylation, which is induced by a whole host of diverse stimuli. Dissimilar cells respond differentially to distinct stimuli, and induction of gene expression is dependent on the type of stimuli, duration and strength of stimuli, state of the cell and of course, specific cell type. Thus, regulation of histone modifications and resultant gene expression is not just one- or two-dimensional but multidimensional, encompassing a huge array of factors. Significant findings such as the observation that histone H3 phosphorylation (Ser10) is critical for neoplastic cell transformation suggests that histone H3 may be a crucial target for cancer chemotherapy or genetic therapy in the future.
New protein fold revealed by a 1.65 A resolution crystal structure of Francisella tularensis pathogenicity island protein IglC.

Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes the fulminating disease tularemia and is considered to be a potential bioweapon. F. tularensis pathogenicity island proteins play a key role in modulating phagosome biogenesis and subsequent bacterial escape into the cytoplasm of macrophages. The 23 kDa pathogenicity island protein IglC is essential for the survival and proliferation of F. tularensis in macrophages. Seeking to gain some insight into its function, we determined the crystal structure of IglC at 1.65 A resolution. IglC adopts a β-sandwich conformation that exhibits no similarity with any known protein structure.
Controlled atmosphere treatment for control of grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on harvested table grapes.

a b s t r a c t Controlled atmosphere (CA) treatments with ultralow oxygen (ULO) alone and in combinations with 50% carbon dioxide were studied to control grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) on harvested table grapes. Two ultralow oxygen levels, 30 and <0.01 L L−1, were tested in both ULO and ULO + 50% CO2 treatments. The ULO treatments with the lower oxygen level were more effective than the ULO treatments at the higher oxygen level. The ULO + 50% CO2 treatments were more effective than the ULO treatments. Grape mealybug eggs were significantly more tolerant of ULO and ULO + CO2 treatments than nymphs and adults. A 14 day ULO treatment with 30 L L −1 O2 at 2 ◦ C did not achieve 100% mortalities of any life stage. In the presence of 50% CO2, the 14 d treatment achieved complete mortality of all life stages of the grape mealybug. A 3 d ULO treatment with <0.01 L L −1
Can Nervous Nelly negotiate? How anxiety causes negotiators to make low first offers, exit early, and earn less profit

Negotiations trigger anxiety. Across four studies, we demonstrate that anxiety is harmful to negotiator performance. In our experiments, we induced either anxiety or neutral feelings and studied behavior in negotiation and continuous shrinking-pie tasks. Compared to negotiators experiencing neutral feel- ings, negotiators who feel anxious expect lower outcomes, make lower first offers, respond more quickly to offers, exit bargaining situations earlier, and ultimately obtain worse outcomes. The relationship between anxiety and negotiator behavior is moderated by negotiator self-efficacy; high self-efficacy mit- igates the harmful effects of anxiety.
DV Based Positioning in Ad Hoc Networks

Many ad hoc network protocols and applications assume the knowledge of geographic location of nodes. The absolute position of each networked node is an assumed fact by most sensor networks which can then present the sensed information on a geographical map. Finding position without the aid of GPS in each node of an ad hoc network is important in cases where GPS is either not accessible, or not practical to use due to power, form factor or line of sight conditions. Position would also enable routing in sufficiently isotropic large networks, without the use of large routing tables. We are proposing APS --- a localized, distributed, hop by hop positioning algorithm, that works as an extension of both distance vector routing and GPS positioning in order to provide approximate position for all nodes in a network where only a limited fraction of nodes have self positioning capability.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in US Male Physicians: A Prospective Study

High levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) have been associated with decreased risks of cardiovascular disease. The authors analyzed DHEAS in plasma collected at baseline among 169 participants in the Physicians' Health Study who subsequently had a myocardial infarction and 169 matched controls. The mean prediagnostic plasma DHEAS levels between cases (p = 0.33) (mean, 3.54 mumol/liter; standard deviation, 2.30) and controls (mean, 3.61 mumol/liter; standard deviation, 2.16) did not differ significantly. The relative risk was 1.04 (95 percent confidence interval 0.42-2.60) comparing extreme quintiles after adjustment for several coronary risk factors. In conclusion, these findings do not support the hypothesis that elevated plasma DHEAS is associated with a decreased risk of coronary disease in men, but a small to moderate association cannot be excluded.
Recommendations for Improving the Design, Conduct, and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Overall decisions on the clinical use of new antimicrobials depend on the validity and reliability of the evidence from appropriately designed, conducted, and analyzed clinical trials. Because pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of infectious disease-related death, appropriate design of trials in hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia are an important public health issue. Several issues with the current design of trials in hospital-acquired pneumonia and/or ventilator-associated pneumonia potentially bias their results and raise questions about their validity. These issues are magnified in the context of noninferiority trials, in which bias can make interventions appear more similar, giving false-positive results of safety and effectiveness. The goal of this article is to provide a scientific basis for improving the validity, reliability, and efficiency of clinical trials in hospital-acquired pneumonia and/or ventilator-associated pneumonia to provide better information for decision making for patients, clinicians, regulators, and other stakeholders.
After Enron and Worldcom: The Government, AICPA, and FASB Responses

This paper examines the responses of the government, the AICPA, and the FASB after the Enron and WorldCom accounting scandals. The major failures of these companies center on their creative accounting and bad corporate governance. The Congress responded to these issues with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The SEC responded with a variety of measures to restore confidence in the accounting profession; expand the role of management; improve disclosures and financial reporting; improve the performance of audit committees; and enhance enforcement tools. The Auditing Standards Board of the AICPA responded by issuing SAS No. 99, which provides auditors with additional guidance for detecting material fraud. The FASB has been slower to respond due to its lengthier due process rules. The paper discusses whether those responses would have been enough to prevent the Enron and WorldCom financial disasters, and whether they are ample now to prevent corporate failures in the future.
Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

T protocol is intended to assist pathologists in providing clinically useful and relevant information as a result of the examination of surgical specimens. Use of this protocol is intended to be entirely voluntary. If equally valid protocols or similar documents are applicable, the pathologist is, of course, free to follow those authorities. Indeed, the ultimate judgment regarding the propriety of any specific procedure must be made by the physician in light of the individual circumstances presented by a specific patient or specimen. It should be understood that adherence to this protocol will not guarantee a successful result. Nevertheless, pathologists are urged to familiarize themselves with this document. Should a physician choose to deviate from the protocol owing to the circumstances of a particular patient or specimen, the physician is advised to make a contemporaneous written notation of the reason for the procedure followed. The College recognizes that this document may be used by hospitals, attorneys, managed care organizations, insurance carriers, and other payers. However, the document was developed solely as a tool to assist pathologists in the diagnostic process by providing information that reflects the state of relevant medical knowledge at the time the protocol was first published. It was not developed for credentialing, litigation, or reimbursement purposes. The College cautions that any uses of the protocol for these purposes involve considerations that are beyond the scope of this document.
Using multiple ontologies to integrate complex biological data: Research Articles

The strength of the rat as a model organism lies in its utility in pharmacology, biochemistry and physiology research. Data resulting from such studies is difficult to represent in databases and the creation of user-friendly data mining tools has proved difficult. The Rat Genome Database has developed a comprehensive ontology-based data structure and annotation system to integrate physiological data along with environmental and experimental factors, as well as genetic and genomic information. RGD uses multiple ontologies to integrate complex biological information from the molecular level to the whole organism, and to develop data mining and presentation tools. This approach allows RGD to indicate not only the phenotypes seen in a strain but also the specific values under each diet and atmospheric condition, as well as gender differences. Harnessing the power of ontologies in this way allows the user to gather and filter data in a customized fashion, so that a researcher can retrieve all phenotype readings for which a high hypoxia is a factor. Utilizing the same data structure for expression data, pathways and biological processes, RGD will provide a comprehensive research platform which allows users to investigate the conditions under which biological processes are altered and to elucidate the mechanisms of disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ego psychology object relations theory of the structure and treatment of pathologic narcissism. An overview.

This article summarizes the author’s contributions to the psychoanalytic understanding of narcissistic personality disorders and their application to a theory of psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic techniques for the treatment of these patients. The treatment is described as primarily focused on the analysis of the pathologic grandiose self in the transference. The early stages of this transference analysis are differentiated from later stages in the treatment, when the gradual dissolution of the pathologic grandiose self brings to the surface the underlying, dissociated, primitive object relations reflecting unconscious conflicts. The final stage of the treatment is described as approaching the characteristics of the treatment of neurotic patients. Finally, expressive or exploratory psychotherapy and supportive psychotherapy for narcissistic patients are described as psychoanalytically derived alternative treatment methods, and their respective indications and techniques are briefly summarized.
Force and Deformation Measurement on Low Aspect Ratio Membrane Airfoils

This paper investigates the effects of pre-strain and cell aspect ratio on free trailing edge, aspect ratio two, membrane wings at low Reynolds number (Re ~ 50,000). At these conditions, the membrane visually vibrates. Of particular interest is the comparison of the membrane wing aerodynamic performance to rigid models fabricated in the shape of the time-averaged membrane deformation. Three pre-strain levels, 1%, 2% and 4%, were applied to flat membranous wings with one, two and three cells. Force and deformation measurements were performed in a low speed wind tunnel. From digital image correlation results, the rigid, time-averaged deformation wings were fabricated using three-dimensional printing. The aerodynamic loads for the printed wings were acquired at the same test conditions as membranous wings to extract the dynamic and static benefits of flexibility. In general, the membrane wings outperformed the printed wings at both pre-stall and stall conditions. Nomenclature AR = Aspect ratio AOA or  = Angle of attack b' = Membrane cell span c = Length of chord c' = Membrane cell chord CL = Lift coefficient CL,α = Lift curve slope CD = Drag coefficient CD,o = Minimum drag coefficient CM = Pitching moment coefficient f = Frequency L/D = Lift-to-drag ratio q = Dynamic pressure Re = Reynolds number t = Membrane thickness  = Dimensionless aeroelastic parameter 1 Graduate Research Assistant, AIAA Student Member 2 Undergraduate Research Assistant 3 Associate Professor, AIAA Associate Fellow 4 Graduate Research Assistant, AIAA Student Member 5 Associate Professor, AIAA Associate Fellow 6 Professor, AIAA Member 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 07 10 January 2013, Grapevine (Dallas/Ft. Worth Region), Texas AIAA 2013-0682 Copyright © 2013 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Performance of full size metallic and RSI thermal protection systems in a Mach 7 environment

The integrity and reusability of three flight-weight metallic and RSI thermal protection systems, designed for the Shuttle entry environment, have been demonstrated. Each model successfully survived over 23 entry thermal cycles without serious degradation. The metallic systems were more tolerant of the hostile environment and provided a higher degree of reusability than did the RSI. Thermal expansion slip joints of the metallic TPS successfully prevented hot gas ingress to the substructure. The RSI demonstrated high damage tolerance and field repairs increased its reusability. Heat-transfer tests to further assess RSI gap heating indicate that stacked tile orientations may impose a penalty on tile thickness. Parameters influencing RSI impingement heating were determined, and the heating data were correlated.
Hand Test Personality Correlates of Aging in Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults

To investigate the relation of aging and personality in the institutionalized mentally retarded the projective Hand Test was administered to 103 mentally retarded adults, ranging in age from 18 to 73 yr. (M age = 40.10 yr., SD = 15.80), residing in a midwestern facility for mentally retarded persons. Partial correlation coefficients, with Stanford-Binet IQ as the controlled variable, were computed between age and the 23 Hand Test scoring variables. Results indicated the personality characteristics of aging mentally retarded persons appeared to mirror those for "normal" adults. Implications of results were discussed.
Relationship between the status of severe hand-foot-mouth disease infection and the development of children

Objective To analyze the relationship between severe hand-foot-mouth disease infection and the development of children.Methods Using cluster random sampling methods,the 42 infants aged 0-72 months with severe hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in observation group and 83 outpatients in control group in Baoan District of Shenzhen city in 2010-2012 were surveyed and the relationship between severe HFMD infection and the development of the children affected was analyzed based on WHO child growth standards(2007 Edition).Results No significant differences in height was observed in standardized percentile level of height for age in two group no statistics differences(t=-0.58,P=0.56),but statistically significant differences in weight for age of standardized percentile level of the group were noticed(t=-3.23,P=0.00);The proportion of low weight infants in the two groups showed statistical differences(χ2=4.07,P=0.04).No significant differences were observed in slow growth(χ2=1.08,P=0.30) and marasmus(χ2=1.04,P=0.75) was found.Conclusions Severe hand-foot-mouth disease associated with the nutritional status of children,for the prevention and treatment of severe handfoot-mouth disease may be able to start from a nutrition perspective.
Research on External Network Dynamic Equivalent of Power System

In order to improve the accuracy of dynamic equivalent used for large interconnected power system transient stability calculation,a hybrid equivalent model is established based on trajectory sensitivity method with injection correction power in the boundary of conventional EPRI E'equivalent. First equating the external network divided according to known coherent group,with control objective of minimum error between the boundary node voltage of the equivalent model and the measured value of prototype system,a boundarypower compensation is obtained based on the voltage trajectory sensitivity method to minimize error between the equivalent and measured. In PSCAD / EMTDC simulation,a mixed external network equivalent model is established based on New England test system and set the three-phase short-circuit fault. The simulation results show that the accuracy of generation power angle and voltage fluctuations in the response curve has significantly improved using a modified EPRI E' mixed equivalent model.
Is Early Reperfusion a Good Thing? Optimal Timing of CABG Surgery Postacute Myocardial Infarction.

OBJECTIVES The optimal timing of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a topic of debate. The present study was designed to evaluate patients undergoing CABG both early ( 5 days) after AMI in the era of percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS The medical records at our institution from 2008 through 2012 were reviewed. A total of 128 patients underwent CABG after AMI during this time period and fulfilled criteria for the study. Death, stroke, renal failure, need for intraaortic balloon pump, postoperative ventilator days, and length of stay were examined. RESULTS Patients undergoing early CABG had an increased need for an intraaortic balloon pump. There were no other correlations that we could discern between early and late CABG. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate no statistical difference in mortality or in the factors of morbidity studied between either early or late CABG after AMI.
Opening the envelope : The continuing legacy of maj. gen. Harry G. Armstrong, USAF, MC (Ret.)

From 1929-1957, Harry Armstrong, M.D., rose from first lieutenant in the U.S. Army to the rank of major general in the U.S. Air Force. He founded the aeromedical research laboratory at Wright Field, Dayton, OH, founded the Central Medical Establishment, England, became command flight surgeon, U.S. 8th Air Force, England, and founded the Department of Space Medicine (1947), Randolph Field, TX, and served as Surgeon General, USAF (1949-54). Armstrong worked throughout his career on the most advanced aeromedical problems and personally directed breakthrough programs for which he received the highest national and international awards. Applying Armstrong-like projections, one can forecast faster, larger aircraft for the coming decades as well as 21st century habitations on the moon and Mars.
Microbial Indicators for Monitoring Pollution and Bioremediation

The environmental deposition of chemical pollutants requires surveillance strategies to detect and warn of potentially detrimental and hazardous exposure events and to define endpoint remediation metrics when contaminated sites are destined for cleanup. Although analytical chemical methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry offer exquisite sensitivity and specificity when called upon to identify and quantify chemical constituents in a variety of environmental matrices, their associated complexity and expense fail to complement the oftentimes rapid, on-line needs of environmental monitoring and bioremediation process monitoring and control. However, whole cell living microorganisms have found a unique niche in doing so and have been applied under numerous environmental regimens to monitor for and bioindicate the presence of deleterious chemical pollutants via their ability to express measurable signals in response to target chemical exposures. The design and performance of these engineered bioreporter organisms will be discussed in this chapter to provide an overview of their application potential and advanced biomonitoring competencies.
Biofilms Versus Activated Sludge: Considerations in Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Removal from Wastewater

The increasing application of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles [Me(O)NPs] in consumer products has led to a growth in concentration of these nanoparticles in wastewater as emerging contaminants. This may pose a threat to ecological communities (e.g., biological nutrient removal units) within treatment plants and those subject to wastewater effluents. Here, the toxicity, fate, and process implications of Me(O)NPs within wastewater treatment, specifically during activated sludge processing and biofilm systems are reviewed and compared. Research showed activated sludge achieves high removal rate of Me(O)NPs by the formation of aggregates through adsorption. However, recent literature reveals evidence that inhibition is likely for nutrient removal capabilities such as nitrification. Biofilm systems were much less studied, but show potential to resist Me(O)NP inhibition and achieve removal through possible retention by sorption. Implicating factors during bacteria-Me(O)NP interactions such as aggregation, s...
The Escherichia coli UV endonuclease (correndonuclease II).

An endonuclease from Escherichia coli which acts specifically upon UV-irradiated DNA (correndonuclease II) and is absent from the uvrA and uvrB mutants has been isolated and partially characterized. The enzyme is present in normal amounts in the uvrC mutant. It elutes from phosphocellulose at about 0.25 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) and passes through dialysis tubing. The enzyme binds tightly to UV-irradiated DNA but does not bind to unirradiated DNA. The enzyme incises irradiated DNA to the 5′ side of a pyrimidine dimer and leaves a 5′-phosphoryl terminus which can be resealed with polynucleotide ligase. The K m of the enzyme is about 1.5 X 10-8 M dimers. Endonucleolytic activity of the enzyme is inhibited by caffeine with a K I of about 10mM.
Serving the Responders Growth

This chapter discusses one of the greatest responsibilities of the emergency services leader, the growth of their followers. It’s ground in a willingness to want to see followers change and grow, so that one day, they can also assume leadership roles. The servant leader serves the needs of their followers in a way that positively impacts their mental, physical, and emotional health. These three areas work together. The successful leader realizes that neither stands alone. The healthy follower becomes less vulnerable, realizing posttraumatic growth. The emergency services leader that commits to the growth of their followers does so with an understanding that such growth reduces vulnerabilities associated with traumatic experiences and protects them from burnout.
Left Main Revascularization: Reality Versus the Real World

In the 1970s and 1980s, the mortality in medically treated patients with unprotected left main (ULM) coronary artery disease was ≈30% at 1 year and ≈50% at 5 years.1,2 That era also witnessed the completion of 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) versus medical therapy, still the only such studies performed to date, which demonstrated (in a grand total of 150 randomized patients) that CABG reduced 5-year mortality from 36.5% to 16.0% ( P =0.004), with mean survival increased by ≈1.7 years per patient.1 These results were subsequently confirmed in the nonrandomized Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry in 1484 patients,2 as well as in other observational studies. CABG, thereafter, rightly became established as the unquestioned standard of care for treatment of ULM disease, a recommendation that persists in today’s societal guidelines from both the United States and Europe, and in the US Appropriate Use Criteria.3–5 See Article by Park et al ULM stenoses are located proximally in the coronary tree and are typically short in length, and have therefore, represented an attractive target for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) ever because the development of balloon angioplasty by Andreas Gruntzig,6 whose third patient had a severe ULM lesion. The procedural unpredictability of balloon angioplasty, however, coupled with frequent restenosis resulted in an unacceptably high rate of early and late mortality after ULM treatment,7 including Gruntzig6 patient, who died suddenly 4 months after the procedure. Bare metal stents (BMS) largely solved the acute procedural issues of recoil and dissection, and dual antiplatelet therapy reduced acute and late thrombotic complications, although restenosis rates remained excessive. Drug-eluting stents (DES) further reduced angiographic and clinical restenosis by 50% to 70% compared with BMS (depending on lesion complexity), prompting the …
Embrace OMICS approaches for robust biocatalyst development

O of the key barriers for economic biofuel production is the development and deployment of robust biocatalysts with high productivities and yields. Rapid technology progress in omics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) changes the paradigm and strategies for biocatalyst development making the understanding of the biocatalysts at a global level feasible. Using Zymomonas mobilis as a model system, the talk will discuss efforts to better understand biomass pretreatment hydrolysate inhibitor tolerance mechanisms using omics approaches, and insights we have obtained from these studies. Specifically, transposon-based mutagenesis approach was applied to select mutants with enhanced tolerance to pretreated corn stover hydrolysate. NGS-based genome resequencing was further applied to investigate the genetic differences among strains developed through mutagenesis and lab-directed adaptive evolution. We also use transcriptomics of chip-based high-density microarray and NGS-based strand specific RNA-Seq (ssRNA-Seq) to study the stress responses of Z. mobilis to the major inhibitors of furfural and acetate. Additionally, we will discuss the technical challenges we experienced when applying these NGS-based techniques for biocatalyst development and potential solutions to address them. Shihui Yang, J Food Process Technol 2013, 4:10 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.S1.015
Evaluation of effectiveness of survivorship programmes: how to measure success?

Summary Although the number of cancer survivors has increased substantially in the past two decades, the evidence base regarding the effectiveness of cancer survivorship programmes is inadequate. Survivorship programmes tend to evaluate their effectiveness by assessing changes in patient-reported outcomes, symptoms and health status, knowledge, and receipt of cancer surveillance in programme participants. However, more comprehensive and high-quality evaluations of survivorship programmes are needed, including assessments using a broader set of measures. These expanded evaluations can include assessments of programme structure; long-term outcomes, such as survival, quality-adjusted life-years, and functional status; receipt of social support, nutritional, rehabilitative, and fertility preservation services; programme value, including costs and avoidance of inappropriate resource utilisation; and ability of programmes to increase access to needed survivorship care services and health equity. In this Series paper, we provide examples of assessment measures for currently used survivorship programmes, discuss the rationale for and potential benefits of expanded types of evaluation measures, and identify how these measures correspond to several evaluation frameworks. We conclude that use of a common, expanded set of measures to facilitate broad comparisons across survivorship programmes and thorough and systematic evaluations will help to identify the optimal programmes for individual survivors, improve outcomes, and prove the value of survivorship care.
Fighting for Desired Versions of a Future Self: How Young Women Negotiated STEM-Related Identities in the Discursive Landscape of Educational Opportunity

In this article, we investigate how the national imperative to increase opportunities for young women of color in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and to broaden their parti...
Rendering wrought aluminium alloys castable by means of minimum composition adjustments

Wrought alloys have low fluidity and are prone to hot tearing, which make them difficult to cast. The presence of eutectic-forming elements in the alloy composition lessens these effects. For this ...
The evolution of the vectorcardiogram and electrocardiogram of the normal infant. I. The normal newborn.

Abstract 1. 1. Vectorcardiograms and electrocardiograms were obtained in fifty normal newborn infants. 2. 2. Typically, the vectorcardiographic findings were similar to those found in cases of pathologic right ventricular hypertrophy in older children and adults with two possible exceptions: (1) T sE loops were almost always concordant with the QRS sE loops in all planes in the normal newborn; and (2) the QRS sE loop was usually inscribed in a clock-wise direction in the sagittal plane in the normal newborn. 3. 3. Variations from the typical vectorcardiographic findings were seen including: (1) QRS sE loops oriented predominantly to the left in some, superiorly in others and posteriorly in still another group; (2) counterclockwise direction of inscription of the QRS sE loop in the frontal and horizontal planes. 4. 4. In general, the electrocardiograms showed varying degrees of right axis deviation and evidence of “right ventricular preponderance” in the precordial leads. 5. 5. Deviations from typical electrocardiographic findings were also encountered including: (1) precordial lead patterns suggestive of “left ventricular preponderance”; and (2) T wave changes heretofore described as indicative of pathologic ventricular hypertrophy. These included upright T waves in right precordial leads of infants more than one day old and inverted T waves in left precordial leads of the same age group. 6. 6. Arrhythmias were present as follows: five infants with ventricular premature systoles, one with nodal premature systoles, one with atrial premature systoles and one with a wandering pacemaker. 7. 7. Because of the wide range of normal, conservatism is urged in the interpretation of the vectorcardiogram and electrocardiogram of the newborn infant.
Science, Language, and Families: Constructing a Model of Steps to College Through Language-Rich Science Inquiry

In this chapter, we propose a new framework for collaborative science education with English language learners based on bringing together three educational components: (a) engaging students, parents, and teachers together in bilingual science learning and preparation for college; (b) authentic science practice; and (c) academic language development to support language-rich science inquiry. We describe the model and how we applied it during a bilingual project for Latino/a middle school students and their families that focused on preparedness in science as a point of entry to higher education. Our work with this model evolved over 2 years of leading inquiry-based science workshops in university laboratory settings where students, their parents, and their teachers all engaged bilingually in science learning together. We present findings that focus on changes in the workshop participants’ ideas about science, academic success, and higher education. We suggest that further work with this and related models of collaborative science learning could provide positive examples of successful academic engagement with Latino/a students and families.
A self-forming dual-phase membrane for high-temperature electrochemical CO2 capture

We report here a dual-phase mixed CO32−- and e−-conducting CO2 capture membrane self-formed at high temperatures from NiO and molten carbonate. The levels of flux density and selectivity demonstrated by this membrane were better than those of the conventional “size-sieving” inorganic and “dissolution–diffusion” organic counterparts. These features of the membrane we made, combined with its resistance to sintering, low cost, and ease of fabrication, make its use a promising CO2 capture technology.
Second tympanostomy tube placement in children with recurrent acute otitis media.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine the rate and predictors of electing for a second bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement (BMT) in children with recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM). Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Charts of 600 children who underwent BMT for RAOM between 2012 and 2014 were reviewed. Results The overall rate of a second BMT was 15.2% (91/600) and occurred a median of 1.58 years after the initial BMT. The most common indication was continued RAOM with extruded tubes. There was a higher rate of second BMT in patients of younger age (1.06 vs. 1.32 years old, P < .001) and those with a positive family history of RAOM/BMT in a first-degree relative (odds ratio [OR]: 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-2.73, P = .041). Identification of middle ear fluid intraoperatively (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.22-3.26, P = .005) but not preoperatively (OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 0.98-3.57, P = .051) was associated with higher rates of second BMT. Children with bilateral intraoperative fluid (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.42-3.58, P < .001) or fluid both preoperatively and intraoperatively (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.40-3.61, P = .001) had greater higher risk of requiring second BMT. In this series, the finding of blocked tubes or tube otorrhea at the first postoperative visit were not predictive of an increased risk of second BMT. Conclusions Children who underwent BMT for RAOM were more likely to undergo second BMT if they were of younger age, had a family history of RAOM/BMT, or were found to have middle ear fluid intraoperatively. The overall second BMT rate for children with RAOM is lower than in studies examining all BMT indications. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Redemptive Atavism in Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We

This chapter illustrates how, in the face of pervasive cultural uniformity, Zamyatin presents the re-emergence of individuality, creativity, and personal morality through the sexual passion between a conflicted loyalist and a sensual firebrand. Building on London’s criticism of both fin de siecle utopianism and organized religion, We satirizes the intersection of evangelism and colonialism, primarily through inversions of biblical themes and imagery, including an exultation of the satanic hero. Additional issues considered in this chapter include the author’s problematic but thoughtful portrayal of women and the novel’s tense juxtaposition of modernity and primitivism.
Radiosurgery alone is associated with favorable outcomes for brain metastases from small-cell lung cancer.

Introduction Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is the standard approach for brain metastases (BM) arising in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), but the neurocognitive toxicities of WBRT are well documented. For this reason, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone is the preferred modality for limited BM in most histologies, but in SCLC there are few data exploring this approach. Methods We queried the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for patients with SCLC with BM at diagnosis and stratified by upfront SRS compared with upfront WBRT ± SRS. We utilized multivariate Cox regression and propensity score matching (PSM) to determine the impact on overall survival (OS) of each approach. Results 5952 eligible patients (WBRT: 5752; SRS: 200) were identified from 2010 to 2014 with a median follow-up of 40.0 months. Upfront SRS was associated with superior OS (median 10.8 vs 7.1 months, HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55-0.75, p Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest dataset of patients treated with SRS alone for SCLC. The observation of favorable OS with SRS alone in this contemporary dataset suggests that SRS alone may be appropriate for some patients with SCLC. Prospective investigations of SRS in SCLC are warranted.
Intra-Operative Inspired Fraction of Oxygen and the Risk of Surgical Site Infections in Patients with Type 1 Surgical Incisions.

Abstract Background: Whether the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) influences the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) is controversial. The World Health Organization and the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists offer conflicting recommendations. In this study, we evaluate simultaneously three different definitions of FIO2 exposure and the risk of SSI in a large surgical population. Patients and Methods: Patients with clean (type 1) surgical incisions who developed superficial and deep organ/space SSI within 30 days after surgery from January 2003 through December 2012 in five surgical specialties were matched to specialty-specific controls. Fraction of inspired oxygen exposure was defined as (1) nadir FIO2, (2) percentage of operative time with FIO2 greater than 50%, and (3) cumulative hyperoxia exposure, calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) of FIO2 by time for the duration in which FIO2 greater than 50%. Stratified univariable and multivariable logistic regression models tested a...
Recognizing Common Infectious Diseases of Small Ruminants

Caseous lymphadenitis, paratuberculosis, ovine progressive pneumonia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, soremouth, infectious keratoconjunctivitis and foot rot are important infectious diseases of small ruminants. Although diagnosis is often based on clinical signs alone, laboratory testing to detect subclinically infected animals and culling or segregation are required for control or eradication of the more chronic diseases.
The Institutional Logic of Preventive Criminal Enforcement

Criminal justice plays a major role in regulating undesirable conduct. As part of that role, the system relies on deterrence, incapacitation, and the shaping of social norms and preferences in an effort to prevent conduct considered harmful. But that preventive role is routinely misunderstood. This paper rethinks preventive enforcement by training attention on the relationship between criminal law and the institutional realities affecting risk regulation in environmental, health, and national security regulation. First, while not denying a host of problems with the expansive reach of criminal enforcement, the article describes how the structure of criminal enforcement does not draw particularly stable or convincing lines excluding risk regulation from its domain. Distinctions between administrative regulation and criminal enforcement therefore blur on the issue of whether preventing harm and regulating risks are crucial goals, but remain important with respect to matters such as type of sanction available (a commonly appreciated distinction) and type of agency used for enforcement (a less-commonly appreciated distinction). Second, the analysis trains attention on preventive enforcement in a world where social regulation faces a variety of institutional constraints and where multiple political dynamics drive expansive criminal liability. In such a world, a coercive and costly darker side of criminal justice coexists with the socially-valuable institutional characteristics of law enforcement organizations. As examples from food and drug regulation, environmental policy, and national security demonstrate, the mix of unique sanctions and procedural constraints associated with criminal enforcement have distinct institutional effects on public agencies. Specifically, the criminal justice system is capable of fostering a measure of autonomy that often eludes conventional regulatory agencies, provides incentives for investigative competence, and creates contextual effects in the choice of sanctioning regime, allowing politicians to signal the national state's competence to a potentially skeptical public. This perspective does not necessarily legitimize all preventive criminal enforcement. Instead, three major implications follow from the analysis. (1) Policymakers should rethink the unfavorable comparisons of law enforcement to intelligence agencies in the national security context. (2) Society should recognize that circumscribing preventive criminal liability has subtle and underappreciated costs for regulatory policy. (3) Scholars should better appreciate the interdependence between legal mandates and the evolution of organizations. By ignoring or minimizing the importance of criminal enforcement's distinctive institutional structure, however, scholars and policymakers have often misconceived the central role of criminal enforcement agencies in advanced industrialized states, providing policy prescriptions that are at best incomplete and at worse perverse and highly problematic.
Effects of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Stress on Growth and Carbon Allocation in Plants

Of the gaseous air pollutants that impact the United States, ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) probably have the greatest potential for damage to vegetation. A large base of information on the phytotoxicity of these gases has accumulated over the last 30–40 years. Since a thorough discussion of all aspects of this research is not possible, this review will emphasize certain aspects of the effects of O3 and SO2 on growth and carbon allocation (e.g., photosynthesis, partitioning and metabolism). Even within this area, there is much information, so that a certain amount of selectivity was necessary and a number of excellent works were not included. A number of books and reviews are available on the topic of toxicity of O3 and SO2 to vegetation.1–11
Antithrombin supplementation did not impact the incidence of pegylated asparaginase-induced venous thromboembolism in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Pegylated asparaginase (PEG-Asp), a key component in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is associated with coagulopathy and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). PEG-...
Introduction to Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's “The Equal and the Different”

Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's text, “The Equal and the Different,” was written circa 1975 at the request of the Brazilian artist Carlos Vergara, who had recently completed a series of photographs de...
Item Response Theory and Its Application to Measurement in Behavioral Medicine

Although classical test theory (CTT) has defined the standard of questionnaire development for several decades, an increasing number of standardized tests are now developed using item response theory (IRT) as an alternative to CTT. Unlike CTT, the examinee’s true score is not test dependent, and the item parameters are not sample dependent, therefore the parallel test assumption is not necessary in IRT. IRT also includes indices to discern the strength and weakness of each item in a test. For example, we can distinguish good and bad items in terms of how much information an item provides about examinees’ trait levels. Further, IRT provides solutions for many practical testing problems such as equating different test forms and examining measurement bias. IRT models can be appropriately applied to many measures in behavioral medicine, such as measures of psychopathology, moods, behavioral dispositions, and situational evaluations. Therefore, application of IRT models and associated methods can solve many practical problems in behavioral medicine.