cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborative visualization of engineering processes using tabletop augmented reality

3D computer visualization has emerged as an advanced problem-solving tool for engineering education and practice. For example in civil engineering, the integration of 3D/4D CAD models in the construction process helps to minimize the misinterpretation of the spatial, temporal, and logical aspects of construction planning information. Yet despite the advances made in visualization, the lack of collaborative problem-solving abilities leaves outstanding challenges that need to be addressed before 3D visualization can become widely accepted in the classroom and in professional practice. The ability to smoothly and naturally interact in a shared workspace characterizes a collaborative learning process. This paper introduces tabletop Augmented Reality to accommodate the need to collaboratively visualize computer-generated models. A new software program named ARVita is developed to validate this idea, where multiple users wearing Head-Mounted Displays and sitting around a table can all observe and interact with dynamic visual simulations of engineering processes. The applications of collaborative visualization using Augmented Reality are reviewed, the technical implementation is covered, and the program's underlying tracking libraries are presented.
EFFECT OF CONTRACTION ON TENDERNESS OF POULTRY MUSCLE COOKED IN THE PRERIGOR STATE

SUMMARY Effects on tenderness caused by contraction of excised chicken muscles, induced by immediate post-mortem treatments consisting of electrical stimulation, beating, freeze-thawing, end heating, and followed by cooking in the prerigor state were measured. One member of each pair of muscles was held in restraint while exposed to the same conditions. In terms of percentage of original rest length, electrical stimulation reduced muscle length to 59%, and when followed by cooking to 44%; freeze-thawing reduced the length to 42%, and when followed by cooking to 40%; beating to 95%, and when followed by cooking to 52%; cooking alone to 48–53%. With the exception of the beating-heating combination, all contraction-inducing treatments resulted in a reduction of the shear values (force per cross-sectional area) of cooked muscle to about one-half those of uncontracted controls. These results with chicken muscles on intense contraction followed by cooking in the prerigor state agree with recent similar observations on red meat muscles.
Behavior of the firm in a market for heterogeneous labor

Abstract This paper develops a dynamic model of the firm in a labor market where workers and jobs are heterogeneous with respect to skill. The firm's recruitment policy, in a heterogeneous market, consists of both a wage offer and a skill requirement. The explicit derivation of this policy serves to clarify the difference between the long-run and short-run relationship between wages and skills. The short-run shift in this relationship helps to explain the occupational upgrading that occurs in cyclical upswings. The model also highlights the impact of the skill level distribution on the rate of change of firms' wage offers.
An Overview of Organic Charge-Transfer Solids: Insulators, Metals, and the Neutral-Ionic Transition

This presents a simple framework for studying the basic properties of the broad class of organic charge-transfer solids. It is shown that many of the differences in behavior of these materials can ...
Water in porous carbons

Abstract We present an overview of progress in understanding the behavior of water in porous carbons at the molecular level. We survey experimental investigations, semi-empirical approaches, and simulation studies. Experimental work faces a number of challenges: the determination of the distribution of carbon microcrystal sizes, the densities and species of surface groups, the topological nature of the connected pore structure, and pore size distributions. The lack of experimental characterization, together with the uncertainty in the intermolecular potentials involved, has thwarted molecular simulation efforts thus far. A concerted approach that links experimental and simulation efforts appears promising in gaining a better understanding of the behavior of water in porous carbons. Experimental results could aid in the development of realistic carbon models and improve the intermolecular potentials used in the simulation studies. In a complementary fashion, molecular simulation could help improve characterization methods of both the carbon structure and the surface chemistry.
The Stability of Chicken Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 8 Requires Both of Its Transmembrane Domains

Chicken nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8 (NTPDase8) is a cell surface ectonucleotidase with a large extracellular domain (ECD) containing the active site and is anchored to the membrane by two transmembrane domains (TMDs) at the N- and C-termini. Unlike other cell surface NTPDases that have been characterized, the chicken NTPDase8 is not susceptible to substrate inactivation or agents that cause membrane perturbation. To determine if the stability of the enzyme is inherent in its ECD, the cDNA construct of the soluble chicken NTPDase8 was expressed and the protein purified. The ATPase activity of the purified soluble chicken NTPDase8 was less than 15% of that of the purified full-length enzyme. Strikingly, in contrast to the membrane-bound enzyme, the activity of the soluble chicken NTPDase8 decreased with time in a temperature-dependent manner as a result of inactivation by ATP, ADP, and P(i). Truncated mutants in which the ECD is anchored by a single TMD at either the N- or the C-terminus by the native chicken NTPDase TMDs or a TMD from a different NTPDase, human NTPDase2, also displayed a nonlinear time course of ATP hydrolysis. While removal of the N- or C-terminal TMD affected protein expression differently, the truncated mutants were generally similar to the soluble chicken NTPDase8 with respect to ATP, ADP, and P(i) inactivation. Other biochemical characteristics, e.g., ATPase/ADPase ratios, inhibition by azide, and affinity for ATP, were also altered when one or both of the TMDs were removed from the chicken NTPDase8. These results indicate that (1) both TMDs of the chicken NTPDase8 are required to maintain stability of the enzyme and maximal catalytic activity and (2) the conformations of the ectodomain in the soluble enzyme and the truncated mutants differ from that of the full-length chicken NTPDase8.
Risk Factors for Perioperative Death and Stroke After Carotid Endarterectomy Results of the New York Carotid Artery Surgery Study

Background and Purpose— The benefit of carotid endarterectomy is heavily influenced by the risk of perioperative death or stroke. This study developed a multivariable model predicting the risk of death or stroke within 30 days of carotid endarterectomy. Methods— The New York Carotid Artery Surgery (NYCAS) Study is a population-based cohort of 9308 carotid endarterectomies performed on Medicare patients from January 1998 through June 1999 in New York State. Detailed clinical data were abstracted from medical charts to assess sociodemographic, neurological, and comorbidity risk factors. Deaths and strokes within 30 days of surgery were confirmed by physician overreading. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent patient risk factors. Results— The 30-day rate of death or stroke was 2.71% among asymptomatic patients with no history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), 4.06% among asymptomatic ones with a distant history of stroke/TIA, 5.62% among those operated on for carotid TI...
Episodic and Long-Term Sediment Transport Capacity in The Hudson River Estuary

A tidally averaged model of estuarine dynamics is used to estimate sediment transport in the Hudson River estuary over the period 1918 to 2005. In long-term and seasonal means, along-channel gradients in sediment flux depend on the estuarine salinity gradient and along-channel depth profile. Lateral depth variation across the estuary affects the near-bottom baroclinic circulation and consequently the direction of net sediment flux, with generally up-estuary transport in the channel and down-estuary transport on the shoals. Sediment transport capacity in the lower estuary depends largely on river discharge, but is modified by the timing of discharge events with respect to the spring–neap cycle and subtidal fluctuations in sea level. Sediment transport capacity also depends on the duration of high-discharge events relative to the estuarine response time, a factor that varies seasonally with discharge and estuarine length. Sediment fluxes are calculated with the assumption that over long periods, the system approaches morphological equilibrium and sediment accumulation equals sea level rise. The inferred across- and along-channel distributions of sediment erodibility correspond with observations of bed properties. Equilibrium is assumed at long time scales, but at annual to decadal time scales the estuary can develop an excess or deficit of sediment relative to equilibrium. On average, sediment accumulates in the estuary during low- and high-discharge periods and is exported during moderate discharge. During high-discharge periods, maximum export coincides with maximum sediment supply from the watershed, but the nearly cubic discharge dependence of fluvial sediment supply overwhelms the roughly linear increase in estuarine transport capacity. Consequently, sediment accumulates in the estuary during the highest flow conditions. Uncertainty remains in the model, particularly with sediment properties and boundary conditions, but the results clearly indicate variability in the sediment mass balance over long time scales due to discharge events.
Quadrupoles for secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract The use of quadrupole mass filters in the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of surfaces is analysed by means of mass-filter acceptances calculated using phase-space dynamics. The acceptance take account of the fringing fields. The quadrupole is considered alone or coupled with various energy analysers. The instruments are characterized by the target areas and secondary ion angular distributions that are accepted. This enables the selection of the optimum design for a particular SIMS application such as static SIMS with high sensitivity, static SIMS with energy analysis, depth profiling or trace analysis capability.
Pancreatic glucagon administration, feeding, glycemia, and liver glycogen in Rats

Rats were trained to bar press for Noyes pellets. Once trained, subjects were food deprived at 0800, injected with pancreatic glucagon or isotonic saline (0.35 mg/kg BW, intraperitoneally in a volume of 0.1 cc per 300 g BW) at 1100, and then placed in the operant chamber at 1115 or 1415 for a duration of 3 hr. Animals placed immediately in the chamber showed a suppression of food intake accomplished by a lengthening of the interval following the first meal rather than a reduction in the size of that meal. Animals tested 3 hr post-injection showed an enhancement of feeding by increasing the size of the first meal compared to saline-injected subjects, p<0.025. The behavioral effects of glucagon upon feeding depend on the point of the sequence of responses to the hormone during which the animal is studied. Early after glucagon administration, hyperglycemia and increased glucose utilization predominate and feeding was reduced; subsequently, blood glucose may be normal while the liver remains somewhat glycogen depleted and feeding is enhanced.
Optical properties of conjunctiva, sclera, and the ciliary body and their consequences for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation

A number of recent studies have demonstrated the success of Nd:YAG and diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of advanced glaucoma. Wavelength selection, however, has seldom been based on a clear understanding of the optical properties of tissues involved. The optical properties of conjunctiva, sclera, and the ciliary body adjacent to the limbus were investigated to find an optimal wavelength range for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. The absorption and scattering coefficients of these layers were determined in the 300-1200-nm wavelength range by the use of a one-dimensional inverse adding-doubling method. The measured optical properties of conjunctiva, sclera, and the ciliary body provide a basis for a comparative analysis of the laser wavelengths used clinically for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation.
Pyrolysis of proline, leucine, arginine and lysine in aqueous solution

Abstract Arrhenius equations for pyrolysis in 0.01 M solution were: proline, κ = 1.5 × 1012e−42.,400/RT; leucine, κ = 1.7 × 1014e−45,200/RT; arginine, κ = 1.2 × 105e−19,800/RT; lysine, non-linear. Ammonia was produced in all cases. Arginine gave rise to ornithine, proline and an unidentified basic compound in addition. As a continuation of earlier studies on the relationship between the geological and thermal stability of amino acids ( Jones and Vallentyne , 1960; Vallentyne , 1964; Povoledo and Vallentyne , 1964) data are presented on the thermal reaction kinetics of four additional amino acids in 0.01 M aqueous solution. Experimental and analytical conditions were the same as those described previously ( Vallentyne , 1964) i.e. heating in sealed evacuated glass tubes and analysis by automated column chromatography. The kinetic results are shown in Fig. 1, with data on individual amino acids summarized below.
An SU(2) ⊗ SU(2) symmetric higgs-fermion model with staggered fermions

Abstract We have simulated an SU(2) ⊗ SU(2) symmetric Higgs-Fermion model with a four component scalar field coupled with a Yukawa type coupling to two flavours of staggered fermions. The results show two qualitatively different behaviours in the broken phase. One for weak coupling where the fermion masses obey the perturbative tree level relation MF = y , and one for strong coupling where the behaviour agrees with a 1/d expansion.
Presumption for selected cancers and occupation as a firefighter in Manitoba: the rationale for recent Canadian legislation on presumption

Provinces across Canada are suddenly considering or have already passed legislation establishing a rebuttable presumption for compensation for firefighters who develop certain types of cancer. This movement began in Manitoba and was motivated by appreciation of the role of firefighters in public safety. The evidentiary basis for establishing presumption for these cancers was developed in a report prepared in mid-2002 for the Workers. Compensation Board of Manitoba that evaluated the association of specific types of cancer with firefighting: brain, bladder, kidney, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (often referred to as "lymphatic cancer") together with myeloma and leukaemia (often referred to as "haematopoietic cancer"). This paper summarises the report.
Analyticity of single-server queues in light traffic

Recently, several methods have been proposed to approximate performance measures of queueing systems based on their light traffic derivatives, e.g., the MacLaurin expansion, the Pade approximation, and interpolation with heavy traffic limits. The key condition required in all these approximations is that the performance measures be analytic when the arrival rates equal to zero. In this paper, we study theGI/G/1 queue. We show that if the c.d.f. of the interarrival time can be expressed as a MacLaurin series over [0, ∞), then the mean steady-state system time of a job is indeed analytic when the arrival rate to the queue equals to zero. This condition is satisfied by phase-type distributions but not c.d.f.'s without support [0, ∞), such as uniform and shifted exponential distributions. In fact, we show through two examples that the analyticity does not hold for most commonly used distribution functions which do not satisfy this condition.
Polarity effect of electromigration on kinetics of intermetallic compound formation in Pb-free solder V-groove samples

Intermetallic compound (IMC) formation is critical for the reliability of microelectronic interconnections, especially for flip chip solder joints. In this article, we investigate the polarity effect of electromigration on kinetics of IMC formation at the anode and the cathode in solder V-groove samples. We use V-groove solder line samples, with width of 100 μm and length of 500–700 μm, to study interfacial IMC growth between Cu electrodes and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu (in wt %) solder under different current density and temperature settings. The current densities are in the range of 103 to 104A∕cm2 and the temperature settings are 120, 150, and 180 °C. While the same types of IMCs, Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn, form at the solder∕Cu interfaces independent of the passage of electric current, the growth of the IMC layer has been enhanced by electric current at the anode and inhibited at the cathode, in comparison with the no-current case. We present a kinetic model, based on the Cu mass transport in the sample, to explain the gr...
Application of an error statistics estimation method to the PSAS forecast error covariance model

In atmospheric data assimilation systems, the forecast error covariance model is an important component. However, the parameters required by a forecast error covariance model are difficult to obtain due to the absence of the truth. This study applies an error statistics estimation method to the Physical-space Statistical Analysis System (PSAS) height-wind forecast error covariance model. This method consists of two components: the first component computes the error statistics by using the National Meteorological Center (NMC) method, which is a lagged-forecast difference approach, within the framework of the PSAS height-wind forecast error covariance model; the second obtains a calibration formula to rescale the error standard deviations provided by the NMC method. The calibration is against the error statistics estimated by using a maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) with rawindsonde height observed-minus-forecast residuals. A complete set of formulas for estimating the error statistics and for the calibration is applied to a one-month-long dataset generated by a general circulation model of the Global Model and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA. There is a clear constant relationship between the error statistics estimates of the NMC-method and MLE. The final product provides a full set of 6-hour error statistics required by the PSAS height-wind forecast error covariance model over the globe. The features of these error statistics are examined and discussed.
Raman study of the conformational equilibrium of ethylene glycol in dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract The Raman spectrum of liquid ethylene glycol ( EG ) was investigated as a function of concentration in dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ). Utilizing previous vibrational assignments of the various bands to the gauche and trans conformers, it was observed that the equilibrium appeared to shift almost entirely to the latter form in dilute DMSO solution. This result permitted a quantitative estimate of the fraction of molecules in the trans configuration in EG-DMSO mixtures. Extrapolation of the measurements yielded a calculated value of 0.35 for the fraction of trans conformers in pure ethylene glycol, which was compared with the result obtained from earlier NMR investigations. A qualitative picture of the molecular structure and bonding in pure EG and in EG-DMSO mixtures, consistent with the observed data has been proposed. The Raman spectrum of an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol was also recorded, and compared to the spectrum of the pure glycol. In contrast to the conclusions of earlier workers, no significant shift in the gauche-trans equilibrium was detected.
POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS OF ERROR IN MENTAL TEST THEORY

An axiomatic model for tests of pure speed is developed, leading to the conclusion that such test scores may, under certain circumstances, be regarded as realizations of a Poisson process. This leads to further study of the situation in terms of strong true score theory with the assumption of a Poisson distribution of scores and true score equal to the parameter of the Poisson distribution. Important conclusions are that (1) the Spearman-Brown formula holds in continuous time, (2) the raw moments of the distribution of true scores are obtainable from a knowledge of the factorial moments of observed scores over a population of examinees, and (3) under reasonable assumptions the distribution of observed scores over examinees ought to be negative binomial. An empirical example is given demonstrating the fit of the model to various predictions based on the model. In particular, the Poisson assumption can be tested independently of any assumption about the distribution of true or observed scores over examinees.
Speculations on Population Growth and Economic Development

I. Common problems of backward countries, 19. — II. Birth rates and death rates, 22. — III. Output and employment in agriculture, 24. — IV. Labor and population relocation through private and public investment, 25. — V. Two contrasting investment policies, 27. — VI. Taxes and incentives, 32. — VII. International trade and finance and economic development, 33. — VIII. Concluding summary, 35.
Analysis of hydrogen adsorption and surface binding configuration on tungsten using direct recoil spectrometry

Abstract In this work, we apply low energy ion beam analysis to examine directly how the adsorbed hydrogen concentration and binding configuration on W(1 0 0) depend on temperature. We exposed the tungsten surface to fluxes of both atomic and molecular H and D. We then probed the H isotopes adsorbed along different crystal directions using 1–2 keV Ne+ ions. At saturation coverage, H occupies two-fold bridge sites on W(1 0 0) at 25 °C. The H coverage dramatically changes the behavior of channeled ions, as does reconstruction of the surface W atoms. For the exposure conditions examined here, we find that surface sites remain populated with H until the surface temperature reaches 200 °C. After this point, we observe H rapidly desorbing until only a residual concentration remains at 450 °C. Development of an efficient atomistic model that accurately reproduces the experimental ion energy spectra and azimuthal variation of recoiled H is underway.
Bone metastasis from breast carcinoma with fluid-fluid level.

A 75-year-old woman presented with pain and swelling of the right knee. She had a history of right breast carcinoma treated by radial mastectomy in 1981. Bone metastasis was diagnosed in 1986 at the proximal right humerus and distal right femur, for which external radiation was performed. The patient’s clinical course was uneventful for 7 years until her present admission. The physical examination found a palpable mass in the superior aspect of the right popliteal fossa. The results of all laboratory tests were normal. Bone scintigraphy revealed increased radiotracer uptake at the proximal right humerus and distal femur. Plain radiographs showed a lytic humeral lesion and a ‘‘bubbly’’ metaepiphyseal femoral tumor measuring 6×4×4 cm. The femoral lesion was characterized by internal septated trabeculation with expanded cortex. There was no mineralized matrix (Fig. 1). Earlier radiographs performed at an outside institution were unfortunately not available for comparison. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (Signa, General Electric, 189
Separation of Metarhizium anisopliae strains by temperature dependent germination rates

The germination rates of 122 isolates from 16 Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae strains were determined over a range of temperatures (2·5–37°C). The germination rates and the germination temperature ranges of these strains differed (P > 0·05). Canonical variate analysis highlighted that the cold-active strains (those with isolates that germinated at 5°) were distinctly different from the other strains. The other strains could be separated into two groups, one in which the strains germinated at 37° (heat-active strains) and another in which the strains germinated at neither 5° nor 37° (meso-thermoactive). This study shows that in the development of Metarhizium myco-insecticides the germination rates and ranges of isolates can be matched to environmental temperatures.
Effects of a Food Source on Red Flour Beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Survival After Exposure on Concrete Treated with Cyfluthrin

The effects of a flour food source on survivorship of red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were determined after beetles were exposed every 2 wk for 16 wk for intervals of 15-120 min on concrete treated with cyfluthrin wettable powder. Knockdown generally increased as exposure interval increased but declined as residues aged. After week 4, survival was usually >60% at all exposure intervals for beetles placed on Hour after they were exposed to the insecticide. Survival decreased as exposure interval increased for beetles not provided with flour, but longer exposure intervals were required to kill 90%of the population as the cyfluthrin residues aged. The flour may have enhanced survival by physically removing the insecticide from the insect cuticle and by providing the beetles with nutritional resources. Results demonstrate the importance of sanitation in mills and food warehouses. Insecticide treatments may be less effective unless good sanitation is practiced.
Catecholamine fiber regeneration across a collagen bioimplant after spinal cord transection.

Abstract A cell-free bovine derived collagen matrix was used to study potential axonal regeneration in transected rat spinal cord. Rats were initially subjected to a 200 g/cm force acceleration injury at T10 and 10 days later, the spinal cord was totally transected at the injury site. Controls had their spinal cord stumps juxtaposed end-to-end following transection. Experimental rats had 3–4 mm of spinal cord tissue trimmed from the proximo-distal stumps. The semi-fluid collagen material was implanted to bridge the proximo-distal ends and after several hours, the collagen graft polymerized to a firm gel. Rats were observed for 90 days. After 90 days, animals were evaluated using somatosensory evoked potentials, local spinal cord blood flow, and Catecholamine histofluorescence in and around the site of transection. Results suggest that the collagen bioimplant can support the development of anastomotic blood vessels with the cord as well as provide a non-hostile environment to regenerating spinal cord axons.
Temperature Control of Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors by Manipulation of Fresh Feed

When reactor capacity is limited by heat removal, an often-recommended control structure is to run with maximum coolant flow and manipulate feed flow rate to control reactor temperature (TR ← F control). This control scheme has the potential to achieve the highest possible production rate; however, if the feed temperature is lower than the reactor temperature, the transfer function between temperature and feed flow rate contains a positive zero, which can degrade dynamic performance. This paper presents a quantitative study of this process, which is an example of the often encountered conflict between steady-state economics and dynamic controllability. The reactor is a jacket-cooled continuous stirred-tank reactor with an irreversible, exothermic, liquid-phase reaction A → B. The effects of feed temperature, design conversion, heat of reaction, heat-transfer coefficient, and design production rate are explored. Results indicate that the TR ← F control structure can only be used in reactors designed for fa...
The impact of death education

Abstract Published outcome research on the impact of death education was reviewed using metaanalytic procedures. Programs have been more successful in changing participants' attitudes on death-related issues (mean effect = 0.67) than their personal feelings about death (mean = 0.18). In terms of affective outcomes, experiential programs that focus on personal feelings about death were significantly more effective than didactic programs not containing such an emphasis. Moreover, half of the latter programs produced negative effects on affective outcomes. Results illustrate the importance of considering types of outcomes and types of programs when assessing the impact of death education. Several recommendations are offered to improve future research.
Guided gesture support in the paper PDA

Ordinary paper offers properties of readability, fluidity, flexibility, cost, and portability that current electronic devices are often hard pressed to match. In fact, a lofty goal for many interactive systems is to be "as easy to use as pencil and paper". However, the static nature of paper does not support a number of capabilities, such as search and hyperlinking that an electronic device can provide. The Paper PDA project explores ways in which hybrid paper electronic interfaces can bring some of the capabilities of the electronic medium to interactions occurring on real paper. Key to this effort is the invention of on-paper interaction techniques which retain the flexibility and fluidity of normal pen and paper, but which are structured enough to allow robust interpretation and processing in the digital world. This paper considers the design of a class of simple printed templates that allow users to make common marks in a fluid fashion, and allow additional gestures to be invented by the users to meet their needs, but at the same time encourages marks that are quite easy to recognize.
Clarinda, Amarilis y la “fruta nueva” del Parnaso peruano∗

(1995). Clarinda, Amarilis y la “fruta nueva” del Parnaso peruano. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 181-196.
Faculty Choice of a Pension Plan: Defined Benefit versus Defined Contribution

Worker preferences between defined-benefit and defined-contribution pension plans are estimated using a sample of faculty members at North Carolina State University. Newly hired faculty must decide between the state retirement plan (a final pay, defined-benefit plan) and one of three defined-contribution plans (TIAA/CREF, VALIC, Lincoln National). This analysis allows the authors to estimate the choice of a pension plan holding constant the place of employment. The study uses both university employment records and a faculty survey to examine the factors that determine the choice of a pension.
Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch

The biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch (BPD-DS) is a less commonly performed but very effective bariatric procedure that has been in existence for more than 20 years. It is particularly effective for the resolution of diabetes and is associated with the highest weight loss among other bariatric operations. Typically, the BPD-DS is not associated with postgastrectomy symptoms, such as dumping and marginal ulceration. Because of its complexity, it has usually been performed by laparotomy in the past; but, more recently, minimally invasive techniques are being used with acceptable risk.
Validity and reliability of the communication and symbolic behavior scales developmental profile with very young children.

Three studies were conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the three measures of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS DP): (1) a one-page parent-...
Recombinant Production of Crab Antimicrobial Protein Scygonadin Expressed as Thioredoxin and SUMO Fusions in Escherichia coli

Scygonadin is an antimicrobial protein isolated from the mud crab, Scylla serrate. The mature protein comprises 102 amino acids and has a theoretical molecular weight of 11,272 Da. The protein’s specific expression pattern strongly suggests that it plays a role in reproductive immunity. In this study, I developed a protocol for producing recombinant scygonadin in Escherichia coli. The target protein was expressed as both thioredoxin and SUMO fusions, and released by TEV and SUMO protease-mediated cleavages, respectively. In either case, the liberated scygonadin was separated from its carrier using a HisTrap HP column. From thioredoxin and SUMO fusion constructs, 32.7 and 29.2 mg target protein per liter of culture was obtained, respectively. The described protocol provides an effective means for producing scygonadin in relatively large quantities, which facilities its further characterization.
Microstructure-based laser-driven free-electron laser

We propose an all-dielectric laser-driven undulator. This undulator consists of laser-driven deflection structures where the deflection force from the laser is phase-synchronous with the electron beam. This allows for an undulator period that is much greater than the laser wavelength. Due to the possibility of high peak electric fields from ultra-short pulse lasers on dielectric materials, the proposed undulator is expected to produce phase-synchronous GV/m deflection fields on a relativistic electron bunch and therefore lead to a very compact free-electron-based radiation device.
Abstract 3089: Regulation of GFI proteins by Notch intracellular domains

Growth factor independence (GFI)-1 and its homolog, GFI1B, are transcriptional regulators that play critical roles during hematopoiesis. GFI family proteins are characterized by near-invariant SNAG and zinc finger domains that direct transcriptional repression and DNA-binding, respectively. A linker region with limited homology and unknown function separates the conserved SNAG and zinc-finger regions. GFI proteins display distinct expression patterns within the myelo-erythroid compartment and make similarly distinct contributions to cell fate specification. GFI1 expression is necessary for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and is required for granulocytic differentiation beyond the promyelocyte stage. Enforced expression of GFI1 promotes IL-2-independent growth of hematopoietic progenitors and inhibits apoptosis. Mutations in GFI1 lead to a severe congenital neutropenia syndrome that carries an increased risk of myeloid leukemia development. GFI1B expression predominates in erythroid and megakaryocytic precursors and is required for terminal differentiation along both lineages. Moreover, elevated GFI1B expression occurs preferentially in erythroid and megakaryoblastic leukemias, and contributes to the malignant phenotype by supporting growth and preventing apoptosis. Given their complementary roles as growth and survival factors, yet distinct contributions to lineage allocation in hematopoiesis, it is essential to define how GFI family proteins are integrated into the signaling machinery governing cell fate specification. We show that both GFI1 and GFI1B interact with intracellular domains of Notch receptors. Enforced expression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1-ICD) impairs GFI-mediated transcriptional repression. Using deletion mutagenesis, we have mapped the regions required for the N1-ICD–GFI1 interaction. Both the ankyrin repeat and transactivation domains of N1-ICD contribute binding surfaces for GFI1. In reciprocal mapping experiments, we show that N1-ICD binding to GFI1 requires a 128-amino acid motif in the divergent linker region near the zinc finger repeat elements. This region contains a high probability consensus sumoylation element that is absolutely conserved in mammalian species but not present in GFI1B. These data suggest that Notch activation may directly impact transcriptional targets regulated by GFI family proteins and expand the potential sphere of influence for Notch in hematopoietic development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3089. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3089
Exploring Spin-Transfer-Torque Devices for Logic Applications

As CMOS nears the end of the projected scaling roadmap, significant effort has been devoted to the search for new materials and devices that can realize memory and logic. Spintronics, which uses the spin of electrons to represent and manipulate information, is one of the promising directions for the post-CMOS era. While the potential of spintronic memories is relatively well known, realizing logic remains an open and critical challenge. All spin logic (ASL) is a recently proposed logic style that realizes Boolean logic using spin-transfer-torque devices based on the principle of nonlocal spin torque. ASL has advantages such as density, nonvolatility, and low operating voltage. However, it also suffers from drawbacks such as low speed and static power dissipation. Recent work has shown that, in the context of simple arithmetic circuits (adders and multipliers), the efficiency of ASL can be greatly improved using techniques that utilize its unique characteristics. An evaluation of ASL across a broad range of circuits, considering the known optimization techniques, is an important next step in determining its viability. In this paper, we propose a systematic methodology for the synthesis of ASL circuits. Our methodology performs various optimizations that benefit ASL, such as intracycle power gating, stacking of ASL nanomagnets, and fine-grained logic pipelining. We utilize the proposed methodology to evaluate the suitability of ASL implementations for a wide range of benchmarks, viz., random combinational and sequential logic, digital signal processing circuits, and the Leon SPARC3 general-purpose processor. Based on our evaluation, we identify: 1) the large current requirement of nanomagnets at fast switching speeds; 2) the static power dissipation in the all-metallic devices; and 3) the short spin flip length in interconnects as key bottlenecks that limit the competitiveness of ASL. We further evaluate the impact of various potential improvements in device parameters on the efficiency of ASL.
Structure and expression of a gene encoding human calcitonin and calcitonin gene related peptide

Messenger RNAs for calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) have been detected in a human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line. DNA sequences of their cloned cDNAs, and genomic restriction mapping, indicate that both mRNAs probably originate from a single gene; the separate mRNAs are derived by alternative processing. The calcitonin gene is expressed in 10 of 10 examined culture lines of human lung cancer; most of these lines express a higher ratio of CGRP to CT specific mRNA than does the medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line.
Improving efficiencies and patient safety in healthcare through human factors and ergonomics

Efficiencies and patient safety can be improved through modeling of healthcare systems with consideration of human factors and ergonomics. With focus on predicting individual and system performance, safety and satisfaction can be considered from various perspectives including the clinician, patient, pharmacist and healthcare organization. The basis for predictions are models and hypotheses developed from scientific principles, methods and technology implementation strategies demonstrated, observed and reported through research. This paper provides a brief review and reappraisal of recent articles and book chapters to give some insights into how efficiencies and patient safety can be improved through human factors and ergonomics. Current needs and potential future research are also outlined. Web-resources from the World Health Care Congress, Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality, Institute for Healthcare Improvement, National Institutes of Health, the Veterans Administration, Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering (RCHE) and the Institutional Review Board at Purdue, and recent special broadcasts from C-SPAN and PBS support and motivate further research. In considering the new research, it is proposed that a great deal more focus is needed on the process, methods and structuring of research studies, than on the implementations of a particular healthcare practice, technology or model. Students at cross-disciplinary research centers like RCHE at Purdue University are focusing on developing their ability to evaluate research based on the selected course readings and a "List of 10 ways" to look at a research paper systematically for critical analysis. With foundations in human factors and ergonomics it is expected that new potential healthcare systems engineering related research projects can be considered and developed through the semester projects and built upon as extensions that may lead to theses and dissertations. Recent project examples will be discussed. Research issues will be outlined along various health systems issues as follows: Modeling Systems and Economic Aspects, Healthcare Information Technologies, Electronic Prescribing and Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems, Cognitive Aspects and Human---Computer Interaction, Healthcare Work Analysis & Design, International and Cultural Issues, Human Factors, Ergonomics and Patient Safety, Technology Adoption, Data Collection and Analysis.
Exploiting horizontal and vertical concurrency via the HPSm microprocessor

HPSm is a single-chip microarchitecture designed and implemented at the University of California to achieve high performance. The approach is to exploit both vertical and horizontal concurrency in the microarchitecture. Experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of HPSm as compared to a popular single-chip microarchitecture, the Berkeley RISC/SPUR. Evaluations have been done with both control intensive and floating point intensive benchmarks. For both types of benchmarks, we show that the HPSm microarchitecture achieves significant speedup over the RISC/SPUR microarchitecture implemented with the same fabrication technology.
Hypoxic Regulation of Id-1 and Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Are Aberrant in Neuroblastoma

The Id proteins play an important role in proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Many tumors are hypoxic, but it is unknown if expression of Id proteins is regulated in hypoxic cells. Here we show that Id-1 is down-regulated in multiple primary, immortalized, and neoplastic hypoxic cell lines, and the transcriptional repressor ATF-3 is both necessary and sufficient for this hypoxia-induced repression of Id-1. Hypoxic up-regulation of ATF-3 is due in part to activation of the unfolded protein response, a cellular stress response. Remarkably, we observe that the unfolded protein response is de-regulated in all neuroblastoma cell lines tested. Indeed, in the absence of ATF-3 the hypoxia-induced transcription factor HIF-1 up-regulates Id-1 in hypoxic neuroblastoma cells. Hypoxic neuroblastoma cells diminish expression of some neuronal differentiation markers, and forced expression of ATF-3 in hypoxic neuroblastoma cells represses Id-1 and prevents the loss of these markers. The divergent regulation of Id proteins in distinct hypoxic cells may explain some of the varied effects hypoxia has on cellular differentiation and proliferation.
Use of size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of the activation of prothrombin☆☆☆

Abstract Prothrombin is a single-chain protein ( M r 72,000) which can be converted to the two-chain coagulation enzyme thrombin ( M r 37,000) by a protein present in the venom of Echis carinatus . During the course of this reaction, several intermediates and products are produced. We have found that size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography is a useful method for identifying the various intermediates as well as for determining the rates at which they are produced. The intermediates were identified by comparison with either authentic proteins or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of duplicate samples. The separation of prothrombin, thrombin, and the other products was accomplished in less than 18 min using a TSK Type SW 3000 column equilibrated with 0.1 m Tris buffer, pH 7.2, containing 0.15 m NaCl. Estimates of the molecular weights of the products determined from calibration curves did not necessarily agree with actual values. Meizothrombin, the two-chain active form of prothrombin, has a longer elution time than prothrombin, although both molecules have the same molecular weight. Ca(II) increased the elution time of prothrombin and Fragment 1. The rate of disappearance of prothrombin as determined by peak-height analysis agreed with the rate of formation of active enzyme as determined by active site titration. Thus, high-performance liquid chromatography is a rapid analytical tool for the study of the proteolytic modification of proteins.
UHP Magma Paragenesis, Garnet Peridotite, and Garnet Clinopyroxenite: An Example from the Dominican Republic

Spinel-bearing garnet peridotite and corundum-bearing variants in the Cuaba Gneiss of the Cretaceous Rio San Juan Complex show evidence for ultrahigh pressure (UHP) partial melting and magmatic fractionation (orthocumulate textures). The paragenesis involves the following sequence of assemblages (plus inferred melt) with declining T: (1) Grt + Ol + Spl + Cpx + Liq (partial melt assemblage); (2) Grt + Spl + Cpx + Liq (cumulate Cpx with interstitial Grt); (3) Grt + Spl + Crn + Cpx + Liq (pegmatite, Cpx with interstitial Grt and late Crn). Comparison with 3 GPa liquidus relationships in CMAS (Milholland and Presnall, 1998) and extrapolation to pressures above which sapphirine is not possible (> 3.4 GPa at ~1570°C) show that assemblage (1) is consistent with the equilibrium Spl + Cpx = Ol + Grt + Liq. Liquid fractionated from this assemblage crystallized in equilibrium with Grt + Cpx + Spl (2). Further fractionation resulted in the crystallization of Crn according to the equilibrium, Cpx + Grt + Crn = Spl + L...
Glutenin protein changes during breadmaking of four spring wheats : Fractionation by multistacking SDS gel electrophoresis and quantification with high-resolution densitometry

ABSTRACT A multistacking SDS-PAGE procedure coupled with high-resolution densitometry was used to fractionate, characterize, and quantify unreduced glutenin proteins at various stages of the breadmaking process of four wheat cultivars differing in functional characteristics. Unreduced protein aggregates of the highest molecular weight (4% origin) showed an initial decrease after mixing and a subsequent increase during fermentation. Proteins retained at the 6% origin remained unchanged while protein aggregates retained at 8 and 10% origins decreased during breadmaking. Proteins retained at the 12 and 14% origins tend to increase during bread-making. At all multistacking gel origins, subunits 2* and 5 (wheat cultivar Len) increased initially after mixing and then remained constant. Glutenin subunits 2*, 5, and 7 of cultivar Marshall exhibited the same pattern of change during breadmaking in all the protein aggregate groups (4–14%). Their proportion initially decreased (after mixing) and then increased in la...