cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origins and outlook of interoceptive exposure

Abstract Background and objectives Interoceptive exposure (IE) is a behavioral intervention that reduces anxiety sensitivity and distress associated with somatic sensations. In this discussion, we describe the history, current applications and additional clinical potential of IE. Method We review the origins of IE and its historical application to panic disorder, as well as the accumulating evidence for transdiagnostic application to other disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias and physical disorders. Then, we discuss ways in which IE could contribute to the treatment of additional disorders. Results IE is well-established in the treatment of panic disorder and increasingly used to target anxiety-provoking physical sensations in other disorders. Research and clinical evidence suggests that anxiety sensitivity is present across a range of disorders, and may actually be one variation on a broader phenomenon of interoceptive sensitivity, or anxiety focused on physical sensations that have been conditioned to unpleasant emotional states. Moreover, somatic symptoms are central to the experience of most emotions and may contribute to avoidant coping, a maintenance factor for disorders of emotion. IE has potential as a transdiagnostic intervention targeting interoceptive sensitivity in disorders such as depression and eating disorders. Nevertheless, IE is underutilized by clinicians in practice. Recent research in inhibitory learning and extinction suggests strategies for maximizing the effectiveness of IE. Limitations This review is not exhaustive in nature, and systematic research on transdiagnostic applications of IE remains scarce. Conclusions IE is a potentially powerful yet understudied transdiagnostic intervention.
Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group.

Atherosclerotic calcification is an organized, regulated process similar to bone formation that occurs only when other aspects of atherosclerosis are also present. Nonhepatic Gla-containing proteins like osteocalcin, which are actively involved in the transport of calcium out of vessel walls, are suspected to have key roles in the pathogenesis of coronary calcification. Osteopontin and its mRNA, known to be involved in bone mineralization, have been identified in calcified atherosclerotic lesions. Calcified human atherosclerotic plaque also contains mRNA for bone morphogenetic protein-2a, a potent factor for osteoblastic differentiation, and cells that are capable of osteoblastic differentiation. These cells may be the ones from which vascular calcifying cells are derived. These and other recent findings indicate that calcification is an active process and not simply a passive precipitation of calcium phosphate crystals, as once thought. Although calcification is found more frequently in advanced lesions, it may also occur in small amounts in earlier lesions that appear in the second and third decades of life. Histopathological investigation has shown that plaques with microscopic evidence of mineralization are larger and associated with larger coronary arteries than are plaques or arteries without calcification. The relation of arterial calcification to the probability of plaque rupture is unknown. Although the amount of coronary calcium correlates with the amount of atherosclerosis in different individuals and to a lesser extent in segments of the coronary tree in the same individuals, it is not known if the quantity of calcification tracks the quantity of atherosclerosis over time in the same individuals. Further research is needed to better elucidate the relation of calcification to the pathogenesis of both atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. In vivo epidemiological evidence and postmortem studies show that the prevalence of coronary calcium deposits in a given decade of life is 10 to 100 times higher than the …
Engine Fault Analysis: Part II---Parameter Estimation Approach

The general fault analysis problem can be divided into two parts: fault detection and diagnosis (location). Fourier series, autocorrelation, and other techniques have been used for fault detection. However, these approaches cannot be utilized for locating the faults. In this paper a methodology is presented to locate faulty cylinder(s). The procedure involves the development of a mathematical model of the engine dynamics. This model takes into consideration the cylinder gas pressure, engine inertia, and load. The resultant torque is computed by using parameter estimation techniques. The parameter estimation technique employed can determine time-varying parameters without prior knowledge of the structure of the parameter. In the problem at hand, this is an important requirement. The resultant torque is the net of the cylinder gas torque and the frictional torque. The model and the estimation procedure have been verified by performing tests on a single-cylinder engine. A discriminant function has been defined to classify the performance of each cylinder. Our results indicate that the amplitude of the resultant torque can be used to identify the faulty cylinder(s). We have verified this approach by tests and studies on a six-cylinder engine. In our experiments we have studied cases involving one or two faulty cylinders.
Effects of A and B series prostaglandins on cAMP, cortisol and aldosterone production by the human adrenal

Abstract PGA1 and PGA2 (10, 100 μg/ml) significantly increased human adrenal cAMP levels and cortisol output but low doses (1 μg/ml) depressed both parameters. Only 1 μg/ml PGA1 significantly increased aldosterone output while higher doses depressed same. The low PGA2 dose (1 μg/ml) depressed aldosterone output. The glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid outputs appear to be inversely modulated by prostaglandins. PGB1 and PGB2 behaved similarly to E type prostaglandins. However, like PGA1, 1 μg/ml of PGB1 or PGB2 significantly increased aldosterone output. Higher doses were ineffective. The present findings reveal an increased complexity of prostaglandin modulation of cyclic nucleotides and steroid output.
Performance of institutionalized juvenile delinquents on the Geist picture interest inventory.

Sumnrary.-Delinquents' scores on Geist scales were compared with norms. The need for adequate vocational plaming for our youth is certainly unquestioned. Of special importance is such planning for the juvenile delinquent. An assessment of interest patterns is crucial to such planning. One problem often encountered is that the juvenile delinquent or adolescent sociopath often has low verbal skills (Wechsler, 1958) which makes it difficult for him to handle highly verbal interest tests. One instrument which requires minimal verbal skills is the Geist Picture Interest Inventory (Geist, 1959). However, normative dara on che use of the Geist Picture Interest Inventory (GPII) with a juvenile delinquent population are not presented in the manual (Geist, 1959). The purpose of this study was to provide normative data on che GPII for an institutionalized juvenile delinquent population and to compare these results with the normative data for mairiand eighth grade Ss. Method.--Over a 2-yr. period 46 institutionalized male juvenile delinquent Ss at Mt. Alverno School for Boys, Cincinnati, Ohio, were administered the GPII as part of the testing program at the school. Ss were enrolled in Grades 5 through 8 at the school and ranged in age from 12-3 to 16-3. Their mean IQ was 90.4 and the scores ranged from 64 to 128. The sample consisted of 43 white and 2 Negro Ss. Ss came from 12 states, including most of the major areas of the United States except the far west, the deep south, and New England. The GPII was administered individually following the standard administration procedure and scored by the senior author. The GPII is composed of 44 items of three pictures each with S choosing one of the three pictures. Under each item a few words are presented, such as: "Which would you rather do for a living?" or "Which man would yo11 rather be?" If there was any difficulty in reading, each item was read to S. If it was found that S could read, he then continued the tesr without further assistance. Re~u1ts.-The means and standard deviations of the normative sample of eighth grade Ss as presented in the manual (N = 85) and of the present sample of juvenile delinquents (N = 45) are presented in Table 1. The differences between the means were tesced using the critical ratio and these results are also shown in Table 1. The delinquent group scored significantly higher on the clerical, mechanical, literary, and social service scales and significantly lower on the persuasive scale. The significantly higher literary score is somewhat interesting considering the lowered verbal skills generally seen in juvenile delinquents and especially since this group oh Ss had a mean IQ of 90.4. Presumably the normative sample had a higher average IQ than the 90.4. Another interesting finding was the higher social service score. Possibly the instin~tionalization where a "helping atmosphere" prevails has had an effect upon their interests. The sig
The Zintl Compound Ca5Al2Sb6 for Low‐Cost Thermoelectric Power Generation

Understanding transport in Zintl compounds is important due to their unusual chemistry, structural complexity, and potential for good thermoelectric performance. Resistivity measurements indicate that undoped Ca_5Al_2Sb_6 is a charge-balanced semiconductor with a bandgap of 0.5 eV, consistent with Zintl–Klemm charge counting rules. Substituting divalent calcium with monovalent sodium leads to the formation of free holes, and a transition from insulating to metallic electronic behavior is observed. Seebeck measurements yield a hole mass of ∼2m_e, consistent with a structure containing both ionic and covalent bonding. The structural complexity of Zintl compounds is implicated in their unusually low thermal conductivity values. Indeed, Ca_5Al_2Sb_6 possesses an extremely low lattice thermal conductivity (0.6 W mK^(−1) at 850 K), which approaches the minimum thermal conductivity limit at high temperature. A single parabolic band model is developed and predicts that Ca_(4.75)Na_(0.25)Al_2Sb_6 possesses a near-optimal carrier concentration for thermoelectric power generation. A maximum zT > 0.6 is obtained at 1000 K.Beyond thermoelectric applications, the semiconductor Ca_5Al_2Sb_6 possesses a 1D covalent structure which should be amenable to interesting magnetic interactions when appropriately doped.
Evidence for a genetic basis for the class A Thy-1− defect

When Thy-1− cell lines derived from different Thy-1+ murine thymic lymphomas are analyzed by complementation analysis, most fall into the “A” complementation class. A possible explanation for this result is that the Class A phenotype is due to a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome. To test this idea, selection for 6-thioguanine resistance was carried out on Thy-1+ hybrid cell lines between complementary Class A and Class C Thy-1− mutant cell lines. In some hybrid clones, there was complete concordance between 6-thioguanine resistance and a change of the phenotype of the hybrid from Thy-1+ to Thy-1−. Detailed study of one of these hybrid clones showed that 6-thioguanine resistance was accompanied by loss of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity and that the Thy-1− phenotype was attributable to loss of the gene complementing the Class A Thy-1− mutation.
Characterization of ultrasound-induced pulmonary capillary hemorrhage in rats

Routine pulmonary ultrasound for diagnosis of disease or injury relies on interpretation of image features, such as comet-tail artifacts, which can also be indicative of the poorly understood phenomenon of ultrasound-induced pulmonary capillary hemorrhage (PCH). Evans blue extraction and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were evaluated for assessment of PCH induced by ultrasound scanning. Rats anesthetized with ketamine with or without xylazine received sham or scanning for 5 min with a 7.6 MHz linear array. Evans blue extraction and BAL albumin measurements failed to demonstrate significant increases for scanning, even though the induction of comet-tail artifacts was significant. BAL cell counts had an insignificant increase relative to shams at a near-threshold mechanical index (MI) of 0.52 (P=0.07), but a highly significant increase at MI=0.9 (P=0.001). The possibility of xylazine-induced elevated albumin was tested, but no significant decrease was found for sham or scanned rats with ketamine-only anesthesia. Interestingly, without xylazine, the widths of comet-tail artifacts in the ultrasound images were significantly smaller (P=0.001) and cell counts in BAL fluid also were reduced (P=0.014). The BAL cell-count method provides a valuable additional means of PCH quantification.
Building theories of economic process

Economics concerns phenomena on the interface between materials and processes in the physical world and strategic actions in cognitive, legal, and cultural realms. A very limited set of questions about the existence of rationally optimal allocations of goods has been asked within the mathematical framework of economic general equilibrium theory. Independently, diverse ad hoc models of particular economic systems have been built in operations research, macroeconomics, and most recently in the growing field of econophysics. Adequate attention has not been given, up to recently, to frameworks for integrative modeling of economic process, comparable in generality to the mathematics of equilibrium theory but capable of reproducing the dynamics and contingency structure of physical and strategic transformations, and the institutions that serve them. We sketch a possible form for such a general modeling framework, with particular attention to the control relation of the financial sector to the underlying productive economy. We emphasize the importance of the structure of physical processes to economic phenomena, particularly symmetries associated with scaling and the continuous or discrete passage of time. Finally, as an example of the kind of problem such a framework seems necessary to understand, we discuss the famous Fisher equation for the velocity of money and its implications for the use of money supply as a control over trade. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Fathers’ time investments in children: do sons get more?

This paper uses the 2003 American Time Use Survey to examine the effects of child gender on paternal time with children in married two-parent families. The results show that fathers of boys invest more time in children than those with only daughters and reduce their leisure time without children to do so. Boys get more of this time than girls in all-girl families and compared to their own sisters. Girls with brothers receive more of fathers’ time than girls with only sisters, but this is primarily in television watching, so whether this advantages them is open to question.
Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change: 2013:

In 2000 a panel of the U.S. National Research Council in a report with the same title suggested, among other things, that a “substantial disparity remains” between the observed warming rates of the surface and troposphere. Also, in 2000, the climate models showed more warming of the tropical atmosphere than was observed. Many papers have been written since then. We discuss the most recent papers on this subject and using the latest data show that the differences remain unresolved.
Electromigration of Al-Si Alloy Films

The electromigration characteristics of Al/Si alloys are presented. Below about 210°C the failure mode is an open circuit generated by grain boundary electromigration of Al in Al with an activation energy of 0.54 eV. At higher temperatures the failure mechanism transfers to the electromigration of Si in Al through dislocations with an activation energy of 0.89 eV. The failure is either a shunted junction at (-) ohmic contacts to the metal or an increase in resistance at (+) ohmic contacts.
Using smartphones to sense, assess, and improve well-being

The people-aware computing group at Cornell has been developing techniques to cheaply, accurately, and continuously collect data on daily human behavior, social interactions, and context. This data is subsequently leveraged to provide targeted, personalized and effective feedback to promote better mental and physical health in individuals. In this talk I will give an overview of our work on turning sensor-enabled mobile phones into well-being monitors and instruments for administering real-time/real-place interventions.
Duration of Voriconazole Exposure: An Independent Risk Factor for Skin Cancer After Lung Transplantation

Objective To determine whether there is an association between duration of voriconazole therapy and number of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) after lung transplantation. Design A telephone-based survey and chart review were performed for all living patients who received a lung transplant at Emory University from 1993 to 2009. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Lung transplant recipients. Main Outcome Measured Number of NMSC after lung transplantation. Results Sixty of 91 (65.9%) subjects were exposed to voriconazole for at least 3 months (11.2 ± 8.7 months, range 3–58 months) after lung transplantation, of whom 16 developed NMSC, with a mean of 38 months to first NMSC. Of 31 patients not exposed to voriconazole, 12 developed NMSC, with a mean of 52 months to first NMSC . By univariate analysis, time since transplant (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.514), age (r = 0.101), and high lifetime sun exposure (r = 0.211) were correlated with number of skin cancers after transplantation. Skin types V and VI were protective (r = −0.353). In multivariate regression, time since transplantation (0.061 per month), age (0.151 per year), skin type I or II (4.939), and months of exposure to voriconazole (0.149) were found to be independent risk factors for number of skin cancers after lung transplantation. Conclusion Duration of voriconazole exposure correlates with number of NMSC after lung transplantation. All patients exposed to voriconazole should be educated about their increased risk of skin cancer and should have regular dermatologic follow-up for skin cancer screening. Physicians caring for lung-transplant recipients should consider alternatives to voriconazole in patients at risk for skin cancer.
TOWARD AN EFFICIENT PARALLEL IN TIME METHOD FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A new method for the parallelization of numerical methods for partial differential equations (PDEs) in the temporal direction is presented. The method is iterative with each iteration consisting of deferred correction sweeps performed alternately on fine and coarse space-time discretizations. The coarse grid problems are formulated using a space-time analog of the full approximation scheme popular in multigrid methods for nonlinear equations. The current approach is intended to provide an additional avenue for parallelization for PDE simulations that are already saturated in the spatial dimensions. Numerical results and timings on PDEs in one, two, and three space dimensions demonstrate the potential for the approach to provide efficient parallelization in the temporal direction.
A National Picture of Part-Time Community College Faculty: Changing Trends in Demographics and Employment Characteristics.

This chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the demographic, employment, and attitudinal similarities and differences found among part- and full-time faculty at community colleges.
Tidal Breathing Analysis

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain why tidal breathing mechanics differ between infants and adults. 2. Describe the results of compensatory mechanisms used in infancy. 3. Explain the value of the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time and how it can be performed. 4. Link the direction of movement of the rib cage and abdominal wall on a Konno-Mead plot with the cause of muscle failure. 5. Explain why respiratory inductance plethysmography values do not correlate well with those obtained with a pneumotachograph. Tidal breathing refers to inhalation and exhalation during restful breathing. The range of tidal breathing is determined both by the depth of inspiration and by the end point of passive exhalation at functional residual capacity (FRC), the point at which the outward elastic recoil of the rib cage (RC) is balanced by the inward elastic recoil of the lungs (Fig. 1). Although tidal breathing often is maintained within a relatively narrow range in a quietly breathing person who does not have lung disease, lung disease not only can change the normal character of breathing, but it can create change within a series of breaths. Therefore, for patients who have respiratory disease, it would be helpful to identify these alterations and follow their change during therapy. The breathing pattern should be altered as little as possible during measurement. Before discussing the methods of studying tidal breathing, understanding the mechanics of tidal breathing is important. Figure 1. Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume in respiration at which the outward elastic recoil of the rib cage is balanced by the inward elastic recoil of the lungs. ### Tidal Thoracic Motion Volume excursion during tidal breathing is initiated and primarily determined by downward diaphragmatic motion, which creates the negative intrathoracic pressure that drives inspiration. There also is a series of other …
The impact of electronic reverse auctions on purchase price reduction and governance structure: an empirical investigation

The availability of various electronic services (e-services) has changed the buying experience for many purchasing professionals. An increasingly popular e-service, the electronic reverse auction has generated substantial interest due to its purported ability to provide lower purchase prices to buying firms even though it has the potential to negatively impact the buyer–supplier relationships. Due to the emerging nature of the reverse auction process, empirical research in the aforementioned areas is relatively sparse. The purpose of this research is to address these gaps in the academic literature. A survey of 142 purchasing professionals employed in diverse industries in the USA revealed that the electronic reverse auction use was significantly related to the purchase price reductions for the buying firm when purchasing standardised direct materials and MRO, but not for customised direct materials. The data also suggests that the buying firms develop different types of governance structure (short-term or relational) with the suppliers depending on the purchase category.
Derivative absorption spectroscopy from 5—300 K of bacteriochlorophyll a-protein from Prosthecochloris aestuarii

Abstract Absorption spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll a- protein from Prosthecochloris aestuarii were measured at temperatures from 2.9 to 300 K. Fourth and eight derivatives of the spectra were calculated from the digital data. From an analysis of 34 scans taken from 750 to 850 nm at 5 K, and 130 scans taken from 822 to 838 nm, we find evidence for nine peaks, six of which are probably 0-0 excitonic and three probably higher vibronic features. The major peaks are resolved in the derivative spectra to 300 K, and all shift with temperature by less than 1 nm compared to their 5 K positions, except for the 825 nm peak which shifts about 2 nm. The most prominent fourth derivative peak at 300 K shifts from 812.9 nm in the standard buffer solution to 814.1 nm in the cryogenic solution in which our low temperature measurements were made. We conclude that the conformation of the protein at 5 K is essentially the same as at 300 K.
College Students' Perceptions of Occupational Attributes Based on Formality of Business Attire:

The objectives of the study were to (a) identify the dimensions of occupational attributes associated with three levels of formality of business attire worn by male and female workers, (b) examine the differences of the perceived occupational attributes associated with formality of business attire, and (c) assess differences between business and nonbusiness students' perceived occupational attributes of the aforementioned business attire. Statistical analyses of data from 230 women and 88 men showed that there were two dimensions of occupational attributes related to business attire, sociable and powerful appearance. Scores on perceived occupational attributes for formal attire of both men and women were consistently higher than those of semiformal or informal attire. Scores on the perceived occupational attributes of business students were consistently lower than those of nonbusiness students, implying business students' higher expectation of formality of appearance in a business setting. The over-all re...
The effects of size and urbanism on structure among Illinois police departments

The present research evaluates the hypothesis that dimensions of police organizational structure germane to police reformers may be affected by the dynamics of organizational size and urbanism, thus constraining the ability of reformers to invoke desired structural changes. Using data gathered from police departments in Illinois, we examined the impact of urbanism and size on four dimensions of agency structure of interest to advocates of police reform: concentration, height or segmentation, civilianization, and supervisory ratio. Size revealed both linear and nonlinear influences on two dimensions of structure. This finding suggests that research on factors affecting organizational structure, typically conducted in large departments, may not generalize to smaller agencies. The authors concluded that the influence of size, though affecting dimensions of organizational structure, was generally too modest to substantially constrain structural variation.
Education and Family in Conflict

In recent years, the demands of high-quality education have become a source of problems in South Korea, forming a new type of separated family. When the parents send their children to foreign countries for advanced education, the fathers, the wives, and children are separated for a significantly long period of time. Usually, the fathers, called Seagull Dads (Kim, 2008), are in charge of financial support and considered suffering the most. As a result, the opportunity of the advance education for children transforms into a crisis for the entire family.
Application of the dynamic SIMS technique to the study of silicone release coatings

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling has been used to determine elemental compositions of cured silicone release coatings as well as the location of controlled release additives (CRAs) in the cured polymer matrix. The two CRAs examined were found to be uniformly distributed throughout the matrix with no apparent increase at either the air or adhesive interface. As CRAs are required for tight release, this suggests that a minimum concentration at the surface is necessary but this concentration is not greater than that found in the bulk
p53 expression in low grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: correlation with interobserver agreement and disease progression

p53 expression in low grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: correlation with interobserver agreement and disease progression
Transforming XML documents as schemas evolve

Database systems often use XML schema to describe the format of valid XML documents. Usually, this format is determined when the system is designed. Sometimes, in an already functioning system, a need arises to change the XML schemas. In such a situation, the system has to transform the old XML documents so that they conform to the new format and that as little information as possible is lost in the process. This process is called schema evolution.We have implemented an XML schema transformation toolkit within IBM Master Data Management Server (MDM). MDM uses XML documents to describe products that an enterprise may be offering to its clients. In this work we focus on evolving schemas rather than on integrating separate or heterogeneous data sources. Our solution includes an extendible schema matching algorithm that was designed with evolving XML schemas in mind and takes advantage of hierarchical structure of XML. It also includes a data transformation and migration method appropriate for environments where migration is performed in an abstraction layer above the DBMS. Finally, we describe a novel way of extending an XSLT editor with an XSLT visualization feature to allow the user's input and evaluation of the transformation.
Problems and Prospects in North American Borderlands History

Scholars of North American borders have raised fundamental questions about the relationship between the discipline of history and the nation-state. Integrating the histories of the U.S.-Canadian and U.S.-Mexican borders while paying more attention to the limits of national power will allow them to write accounts of modern state-making that address questions important to all historians of the modern world.
Electron microscopic observations on the morphogenesis of the albino rat lung, with special reference to pulmonary epithelial cells.

Electron microscopic observations of developing albino rat lung provide further evidence for the endodermal origin of the type I and II pulmonary epithelial cells, and for the mesodermal origin of the interstitial pulmonary cells. Cytoplasmic glycogen increased in the fetal endodermal cells from day 16 to the twentieth day of gestation. Further development revealed a decrease of this substance in the differentiating pulmonary epithelial cells, and a concurrent increase in the mesodermal interstitial pulmonary cells, these being cells formerly characterized by their high lipid content. A continuous basement membrane delineated the mesodermal and endodermal components of the developing rat lung from day 16 to the third postnatal day. Tight junctions between adjacent endodermal epithelial cells were present throughout this same gestational period. Lamellar bodies, which are characteristic of the type II pulmonary epithelial cell, may be found simultaneously with large quantities of cytoplasmic glycogen. This feature is considered characteristic of fetal endodermal components. A definite continuum of ultrastructural changes may be traced from the endodermal, columnar epithelial cells to the definitive type I and II pulmonary epithelial cells. Comparable observations for the mesodermal components reveal a progression leading to mature interstitial pulmonary cells.
How are words stored in memory? Beyond phones and phonemes

Abstract A series of arguments is presented showing that words are not stored in memory in a way that resembles the abstract, phonological code used by alphabetical orthographies or by linguistic analysis. Words are stored in a very concrete, detailed auditory code that includes nonlinguistic information including speaker's voice properties and other details. Thus, memory for language resembles an exemplar memory and abstract descriptions (using letter-like units and speaker-invariant features) are probably computed on the fly whenever needed. One consequence of this hypothesis is that the study of phonology should be the study of generalizations across the speech of a community and that such a description will employ units (segments, syllable types, prosodic patterns, etc.) that are not necessarily employed as units in speakers’ memory for language. That is, the psychological units of language are not useful for description of linguistic generalizations and linguistic generalizations across a community are not useful for storing the language for speaker use.
X-ray or γ-ray leukemogenesis at Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Abstract Because of the uncertainty in dosimetry at the Japanese cities, I have recalculated the probability of x-ray or γ-ray leukemogenesis using the revised doses given by the Livermore group. The theory is of the two hit type. The first hit damages DNA repair capability of base damage. The second hit causes derepression of a two repressor system. Inactivation of the first repressor permits synthesis of the second which will repress the expression of the leukocyte maturation gene. In comparing the observed data, I convert data expressed as mortality per year to leukemia incidence. I also supply evidence of the lack of the importance of chromosomal aberration and consider CML, AML, and ALL data lumped together. Agreement between theory and observation is good.
Television and protest in East Germany's revolution, 1989–1990: A mixed-methods analysis

This article uses a mixed-methods approach to analyze the relationship between television and protest during East Germany's revolution. The content of television newscasts, both West German and East German, is analyzed together with protest event data. There are two key findings. First, West German coverage of protests is associated with an increase in protest in the first phase of the revolution. This finding emerges from time series analysis. Second, West German and East German television coverage were interacting, with the latter reacting to the former. This finding emerges from both quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Ensuring Independent Auditors: Increasing the Saliency of the Professional Identity

We conceptualize threats to auditor independence as conflicts of social identity rather than interest and hypothesize that the greater the saliency of the professional identity among auditors, the more likely the auditor will engage in independent decision-making. Furthermore, we assert that saliency of non-professional identities and weakness of the professional image threaten independence. We hypothesize that a return to the traditional will relate positively to the saliency of the professional identity among auditors and ultimately, to independent decision-making. Actions for re-establishing the external image of the profession are drawn from historical references to the traditional image.
Automated vision-based quality control for electro-optical module manufacturing

The paper describes an inspection system architecture for electro-optical module inspection. The manufacturing of electro-optical modules involves assembly of electronic component and optical component mounts on a printed circuit board. The system consists of a controls layer and a machine vision layer. The controls layer manages seven axis positioning system. The machine vision layer performs automated inspection of the module at component level as well as at joint level. There are three operation modes of the system. Use-friendly graphic interfaces have been developed for system operation. The system can be programmed off-line for positioning information. Once the coordinates for various inspection locations are programmed the system automatically learns fuzzy classification prototypes. The prototypes are then utilized for module inspection. A module scanning algorithm has been developed that can detect and identify electronics or optical missing components. Fuzzy average square weighted Euclidean distance classifier has been used for missing component classification. Results are reported to demonstrate the missing component algorithm.
Effect of mixed cultures on antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Careful studies of the antibiotic susceptibilities of mixtures of bacteria likely to be encountered in clinical cultures have shown that the results obtained are completely unreliable. Mixtures of resistant and sensitive species appeared either as “resistant” or “sensitive” depending upon the organisms and the drug. A number of sensitive species gave reactions interpreted as resistant when tested in combination. Since reactions of bacterial mixtures are completely unpredictable, the authors emphasize that antibiotic susceptibility testing be limited to pure cultures.
Inhibitors of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) synthesis: effect on other metabolic processes

3-Aminobenzamide and benzamide, purported to be specific inhibitors of the synthesis of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose), were used to elucidate possible functions of this biopolymer. These compounds, at frequently used experimental concentrations, not only inhibited the action of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) synthetase but also affected cell viability, glucose metabolism, and DNA synthesis. Thus, the usefulness of 3-aminobenzamide and benzamide may be severely restricted by the difficulty of finding a dose small enough to inhibit the synthetase without producing additional metabolic effects.
THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY APPROACH: FROM CONVENTIONAL TO ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

Abstract The paper outlines the work of a State Government Agency, the California Energy Commission, which is now completing its major analytical task—forecasting California's future energy demand five, ten and twenty years hence and formulating an optimal state strategy for energy production and conservation. The method used in earlier demand forecasts was simply to extrapolate the trend of past years. These forecasts, prepared mainly by the utilities, lead to alarmingly high figures. By contrast, the approach of the Commission was to study, in depth, the evolution of the demand of each category of end users. Supplemented by a realistic assessment of the impact of various conservation measures and by extensive discussions with different groups of concerned citizens, the Commission's approach produced much lower and quite manageable estimates of future energy demand. In devising an energy supply strategy, the Commission postulated a mix of conventional and alternative energy technologies of proven practicability and diverse lead times. Providing such latitude in the choice of energy options increases the flexibility of the state's strategy to cope with possible unforeseen developments. At this point, the Commission feels that the time is ripe to shift the emphasis of its work from the analysis to the implementation stage.
Degradation mechanisms of n-dodecane with sulfur and nitrogen dopants during thermal stressing

Thermal stability problems are expected to become severe in the future due to the anticipated use of broadened specification and alternative fuels, and to increased demands on aircraft performance. Consequently, a fundamental thermal stability study was undertaken, wherein model fuels, n-dodecane and n-dodecane plus dopants, were stressed on a modified Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester facility between 200-400°C. The resulting samples were fractionated to concentrate the soluble products and then analyzed to identify and quantify the stable reaction intermediate and product species. The soluble products consisted mainly of n-alkanes and 1-alkenes, aldehydes, tetrahydrofuran derivatives, dodecanol and dodecanone isomers, C24 alkane isomers and dodecylhydroperoxide (ROOH) decomposition products. The relative amounts and shifts in the distribution of these species with dopant addition led to inferences about the reaction mechanisms. Dopant addition showed that the major soluble products were always the same, with and without dopants, but their distributions varied considerably. 3,4-dimercaptotoluene and dibutysulfide dopants individually added to n-dodecane interfere with the hydrocarbon oxidation chain at the alkylperoxy radical and the alkylhydroperoxide link, respectively. 2,5-dimethylpyrrole dopant, on the other hand, introduces cooxidation reactions involving dopant and oxygen, and consequently inhibits ROOH formation. Pyridine, pyrrole and dibenzothiophene individually added to n-dodecane showed few significant effects.
Distributed, scalable routing based on link-state vectors

A new family of routing algorithms for the distributed maintenance of routing information in large networks and internets is introduced. This family is called link vector algorithms (LVA), and is based on the selective diffusion of link-state information based on the distributed computation of preferred paths, rather than on the flooding of complete link-state information based on the distributed computation of preferred paths, rather than on the flooding of complete link-state information to all routers. According to LVA, each router maintains a subset of the topology that corresponds to the links used by its neighbor routers in their preferred paths to known destinations. Based on that subset of topology information, the router derives its own preferred paths and communicates the corresponding link-state information to its neighbors. An update message contains a vector of updates; each such update specifies a link and its parameters. LVAs can be used for different types of routing. The correctness of LVA is verified for arbitrary types of routing when correct and deterministic algorithms are used to select preferred paths at each router. LVA is shown to have smaller complexity than link-state and distance-vector algorithms, and to have better average performance than the ideal topology-broadcast algorithm and the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm.
Estimation of Multiple Contrasts Using T-distributions

Abstract Various methods based on Student t variates have been suggested and used for obtaining simultaneous confidence intervals for several means, or for several contrasts among means. Determination of an overall confidence level for such intervals involves evaluating the probability mass of a multivariate t distribution over a hypercube centered at the origin, with sides paralleling the coordinate planes, or obtaining bounds for this probability mass. Since such distributions involve many nuisance parameters, an impossible number of tables would be necessary in order to make exact confidence intervals. In the virtual absence of tables, approximations and bounds become important. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the adequacy of certain suggested approximations [2], [5], [8] by computing the exact distributions for some particular cases. These exact distributions have been compared with approximations. This paper is concerned with two-sided confidence intervals, rather than one-side...
Student drinking-related problems in an urban campus: implications for research and prevention.

Abstract Objective: Researchers who study the etiology of college drinking typically employ measures of alcohol-use behaviors as outcomes; however, relatively little is known about the properties of alcohol-related problems (AP). This study aims to develop a single continuous measure of AP. Participants: The sample included 531 undergraduate college students who were surveyed in March 2007. Methods: The Rasch model was employed for dichotomous variables to analyze the measurement properties of 17 AP items. Results: Although issues with respect to differentiation at low levels of problem severity were identified, based on most strategies, the Rasch-based scale was shown to be a valid and reliable measure of AP among college students. Conclusions: Although there may be some need for slight modification and adjustment in the future, the AP scale developed here can potentially serve as a useful measure for etiological and prevention research.
Money demand behavior of Korean households and corporations in a flow-of-funds financial model

Over the last 20 years, the Korean financial environment has changed drastically, and it continues to change. Three broad categories of empirical facts are responsible for the fundamental transformation in the financial environment. The first is the phenomenal growth in the organized capital market (especially nonbank financial institutions, or NBFI), which was launched by government initiative in the 1970s. This initiative partially deregulated interest rates and authorized the creation of new financial institutions, leading in turn to significantly higher real returns and the creation of new financial instruments. This suggests that interest rates in the regulated capital market better reflect financial market conditions. 1 Such changes have had profound effects on, for example, the transmission channel between monetary policy and money demand behavior. The second fact is the development of new categories of financial assets and new means of payment such as credit cards, checking accounts, and automatic transfer systems. This change in the financial environment has brought about a generalized substitution phenomenon among the various financial assets. Finally, the two aforementioned circumstances have contributed to the growth trends of the various monetary aggregates, namely, Ml, M2, and M3, which have shown diverse patterns since the latter part of the 1970s. For example, Ml growth has shown marked volatility but with a recent downward trend, while M3 has shown stable and steady growth. Moreover, households and corporations have exhibited different patterns of behavior in their demands for monetary aggregates. The predictability of money demand behavior is essential in making sound monetary policy. The purpose of this article is to derive and compare first the money demand behavior of households and corporations and, second, the effects of changes in monetary instruments on money demand behavior. The adopted approach is to set
EFFECT OF A CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE NEUTRON BETA DECAY RATE AND ITS ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS.

RECENT advances in the production of large magnetic fields in the laboratory1,2 have generated interest in the effect of intense magnetic fields on various phenomena3,4. The largest field that can be produced in the laboratory1,2 at present is about 106 G, which is considerably lower than the quantum critical field value5 of Hc = m2c3/eV = 4.4 × 1013 G; but the “cosmic laboratory” may be a source of much stronger fields and it has been suggested6 that magnetic fields as large as 1014−1016 G may exist in neutron stars. Hoyle7 has cited the possibility of a large primordial magnetic field, and Brownell and Callaway8 speculate that neutron stars and the dense early universe may be ferromagnetic. One of us (R. F. O.) has examined9 various effects of a large magnetic field and has indicated an effect of magnetic fields which has been often ignored in astrophysical investigations, namely, that the rates of all elementary particle processes will be affected. Pursuing this idea, we examine here the effect of a magnetic field on the β decay rate of a neutron. This is a fundamental process in many astrophysical phenomena and in particular it is very important10 in a problem of current interest, that is, the production of He in the “big-bang” expansion of the universe11. In addition, our calculations should be applicable to other elementary particle processes. We present here only the main ideas ; the calculation details will be published elsewhere12.
A 3.4 GHz to 4.3 GHz frequency-reconfigurable class E power amplifier with an integrated CMOS-MEMS LC balun

A monolithically integrated differential class E power amplifier capable of dynamically switching between 3.4 GHz and 4.3 GHz operation has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 µm BiCMOS process; this power amplifier also includes an integrated CMOS-MEMS variable capacitor enabled LC balun for differential to single-ended conversion. The power amplifier achieves a maximum output power of 19.1 dBm and a maximum power added efficiency of 15.1% with a supply voltage of 3.3 V.
Propagation of ion acoustic waves along cylindrical plasma columns.

A theoretical analysis shows the boundary effects on ion acoustic waves propagating along the magnetic field to be unimportant if the ion Larmor radius is much smaller than the plasma radius. Results are supported by experiments.
Quantification of the ecobehavioral impact of a soundfield loudspeaker system in elementary classrooms.

Although it is widely accepted that an increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is preferable for young classroom learners, there is a paucity of data that illustrate the direct effect of enhanced aud...