cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-phonon interaction in the f-band metals La, Ce and Th: Electronic aspects including the spin-orbit interactions

The electron-ion scattering parameter η is calculated for the f-band metals La, Ce and Th using self-consistent muffin-tin potentials. The corrections within the rigid muffin-tin approximation (RMTA) due to spin-orbit coupling derived by John and Hamann are found to increase η by 1% in La and 4% in Th, and by 10% and 33% in the α and γ phases of Ce, respectively. The RMTA expression is reinterpreted to provide an understanding of the low values of η in Ce (0.7 to 1.1 eV/A2) in spite of an extremely large density of states at the Fermi level. Using moments of the measured phonon spectra, the superconducting transition temperature is calculated and compared with experiment. The RMTA appears to overestimate η by approximately 25% in these metals, although spin fluctuations may be contributing to this apparent discrepancy with experiment.
Responding to Walter Brueggemann’s Practice of Prophetic Imagination

This appreciative response to Walter Brueggemann’s Practice of Prophetic Imagination is set within the context of the long and fruitful engagement of Pentecostal scholars with Brueggemann and his work, including his previous visit with the Society for Pentecostal Studies in 1998. This response proceeds to trace the fresh moves in Brueggemann’s new work in terms of how they move beyond his now classic volume, The Prophetic Imagination, first published in 1978. Moore concludes by offering some thoughts from his Pentecostal perspective on the importance of personal testimony coming together with social witness in the practice of prophetic imagination, whether for the prophets of old or for us today.
Viscosity and molecular weight distribution of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene using a high temperature low shear rate rotational viscometer

To obtain accurate measurements of the limiting viscosity number (LVN) or the intrinsic viscosity [η] of solutions of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), a low shear floating-rotor viscometer of the Zimm-Crothers type was constructed to measure viscosities at elevated temperatures (135°C) and near zero shear rate. The zero shear rate measurements for UHMWPE whole polymer and UHMWPE fractionated by hydrodynamic crystallization were compared with viscosity measurements at moderate and high shear rates (up to 2000 s−1) carried out in a capillary viscometer. The limiting viscosity number of UHMWPE decreases, as expected, with shear rate. The higher shear rate data could not be extrapolated to yield the correct zero-shear rate viscosities. Fractionation of UHMWPE gave 10 fractions ranging in LVN from 9 to 50 dL/g. A tentative integral molecular weight distribution for the whole polymer was calculated on the basis of the Mark-Houwink equation, but because it had been previously established only for lower molecular weight polyethylenes, it may not be accurate. A correlation was found between the LVNs for the fractions in the two types of viscometers.
On intrapersonal reciprocity

The existence of conflicts between different sets of genes within the genome is now widely accepted. But where there is conflict, there are also benefits to be gained from cooperation between the contending parties to reduce conflict costs. The potential for reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971) within an individual organism has hitherto attracted little attention but raises the possibility of complex interactions within the self.
Fermion Regge-Pole Model for the Structure of Pion-Nucleon Elastic Scattering in the Backward Hemisphere

The $Y=+1$ fermion resonances that show up strongly in total-cross-section data are classified as Regge recurrences on three straight-line trajectories (namely, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$, ${N}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${N}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$) in a Chew-Frautschi plot. From extrapolations of the trajectories, resonance doublets are predicted in the vicinity of 2200 MeV (with ${J}^{P}={\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}} \mathrm{and} {\frac{9}{2}}^{+}$) and 2630 MeV (with ${J}^{P}=\frac{11}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}} \mathrm{and} \frac{13}{{2}^{+}}$), due to recurrences of the ${N}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ and ${N}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ trajectories at similar mass values. A model is constructed for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ elastic scattering near the backward direction based on interference of the direct-channel resonance amplitude (${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${N}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$) with the amplitude due to fermion Regge exchange (${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$) in the crossed channel. The predictions of the model compare favorably with existing data on the energy dependence of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ differential cross section at 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} center-of-mass scattering angle and the general shape of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ angular distributions near 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The results confirm the consistency of the Regge-recurrence parity assignments with the scattering data. The resonance elasticities used in the calculations are roughly the same as the elasticities determined from total-cross-section data. The model is extended to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ elastic scattering at backward angles. In the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ process, the direct-channel ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ resonance contribution alone saturates the experimental differential cross section in the backward cone at momenta below 4 $\frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c}$. Comparison with the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ backward-scattering data gives additional confirmation for the proposed ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ Regge-recurrence parity assignments. In addition, the model supports the existence of an $I=\frac{3}{2} s$-wave resonance at 1690 MeV. Finally, the polarization is predicted for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ elastic scattering in the backward cone.
Practical Stage Performance Correlations for Centrifugal Compressors

This paper contains some peak-performance criteria, based predominantly upon test data, which account for the effects of almost all of the significant design variables on the practical over-all performance of carefully designed centrifugal-compressor stages (having vaneless diffusers, well-matched return channels or volutes, and no inlet prerotation). This information is expected to allow a designer to take advantage of the best possible performance history of the past in creating successful “low-cost” centrifugal-stage designs for any application. Utilization of the basic material described in this paper is qualified by the presentation of performance correlations for the stages of two different centrifugal refrigeration compressors, each of which was operated with air and with its design refrigerant vapor. In this portion of the study, it is demonstrated that successful correlations of centrifugal compressor-stage performance can be accomplished, even though the test and design vapors produce considerably diverse conditions of rotational Mach number and specific-heat ratio. These correlations include not only the peak-performance parameters, but the basic shapes of the characteristic curves as well.Copyright © 1960 by ASME
Extending dynamic range using ND filtering patterns on an 8-bit sensor

Show that capturing more information from an HDR scene using an ND filter pattern on a 1280 x 1024 pixel 8 bit monochromatic CCD sensor is feasible and compelling. Simulation is performed on appropriate HDR imagery using Matlab. An example HDR scene is selected consisting of a lit hallway with a doorway into a darkened room. The output consists of fused images with a simple digital cut and paste approach. A decision of continuing the masked sensor effort is made based on evaluation of the output scenes. The next steps would be further simulation as well as obtaining evaluation hardware.
Validity of two-dimensional model for variable-density hydrodynamic circulation

Abstract A three-dimensional model of tempetatures and currents has been formulated to assist in the analysis and interpretation of the dynamics of strtified lakes. In this model, nonlinear eddy coefficients for viscosity and conductives are included. A two-dimensional model (one vertical and one horizintal coordinates) which includes coriolis forces, has also been formulated. Specific examples have been calculated using both models to show the general characteristics of thermocline formation, maintenance and decay. In order to understand the effect of various parameters, as well as the influence of basin geometry, extensive numerical experimentation has first been performed using the two-dimensional model. Based on this experience, three-dimensional calculations were performed for a simple geometry, square, constant depth basin. It is shown that the two-dimensional model can effectively simulate the dynamics of stratified flows for a large range of conditions at a much lower computational expense. Calculations for an irregular geometry approximating that of the Central Basin of Lake Erie are also presented and compared with two-dimensional calculations over cross-sections of the basin. Thermocline depth and hypolimnion temperatures are shown to be dependent on heat flux, wind stresses and the basin geometry.
Centroid — moment tensor solutions for July-September 2000

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor (CMT) solutions are presented for 308 earthquakes that occurred during the third quarter of 2000. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward [Acoustical Imaging, Vol. 19, Plenum Press, New York, 1992, p. 785]. A model of anelastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom [Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 86 (1996) 144] is used to predict the decay of the wave forms.
Therapeutic, Prophylactic, Untoward, and Contraceptive Effects of Combined Oral Contraceptives: Catholic Teaching, Natural Law, and the Principle of Double Effect When Deciding to Prescribe and Use

Combined oral contraceptives (COC) have been demonstrated to have significant benefits for the treatment and prevention of disease. These medications also are associated with untoward health effects, and they may be directly contraceptive. Prescribers and users must compare and weigh the intended beneficial health effects against foreseeable but unintended possible adverse effects in their decisions to prescribe and use. Additionally, those who intend to abide by Catholic teachings must consider prohibitions against contraception. Ethical judgments concerning both health benefits and contraception are approached in this essay through an overview of the therapeutic, prophylactic, untoward, and contraceptive effects of COC and discussion of magisterial and traditional Catholic teachings from natural law. Discerning through the principle of double effect, proportionate reason, and evidence gathered from the sciences, medical and moral conclusions are drawn that we believe to be fully compliant with good medi...
On the theory of the gamma-ray transmission, dual-distance principle of determining thickness

Abstract Equations are developed for nondestructively determining the thickness of a slab of material of arbitrary composition and density. The equations for determining the accuracy of the principle, the optimum distance between detector positions, and the required source intensities are also developed. For the particular case of measuring the thickness of reinforced concrete pavement a 1.32 millicurie source of 0.662 MeV gamma rays or a 0.782 millicurie source of 1.33 MeV gamma rays is required. This is to obtain a measurements standard deviation of 0.125 in when a 9-in thickness is measured with a 1-in radius by 2-in thick sodium iodide crystal and when 1-min counting times are employed.
Sensory neurotoxicology : use of the olfactory system in the assessment of toxicity

Although many compounds are purported to cause olfactory dysfunction, little experimental research has been done in this area. The nasal epithelium, being one of the first "wet tissues" to come into contact with airborne compounds, should be a good indicator of toxic insult. The same general procedures used to measure visual or auditory function can be applied to the olfactory system, although olfactory stimuli are much more difficult to generate and control. Cadmium exposure, which is frequently cited as causing olfactory dysfunction in humans, did not produce anosmia (loss of smell) in rats, even though there was a large increase in cadmium levels in their olfactory bulbs. Rats exposed to methyl bromide showed a severe disruption in olfactory function as well as in morphology and neurochemical indices. However, functional recovery occurred even in the presence of continuing morphological and neurochemical evidence of damage. A nonsensory function of the olfactory system, transneuronal transport via the primary sensory neurons, may represent a mechanism of entry into the central nervous system for compounds that are normally excluded by the blood-brain barrier.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Orthostatic Hypotension and Supine-Standing Blood Pressure Changes in Two Korean Populations

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is defined by a 20-mm Hg difference of systolic blood pressure (dtSBP) and/or a 10-mm Hg difference of diastolic blood pressure (dtDBP) between supine and standing, and OH is associated with a failure of the cardiovascular reflex to maintain blood pressure on standing from a supine position. To understand the underlying genetic factors for OH traits (OH, dtSBP, and dtDBP), genome-wide association studies (GWASs) using 333,651 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were conducted separately for two population-based cohorts, Ansung (n = 3,173) and Ansan (n = 3,255). We identified 8 SNPs (5 SNPs for dtSBP and 3 SNPs for dtDBP) that were repeatedly associated in both the Ansung and Ansan cohorts and had p-values of ＜1 × 10 -5 in the meta-analysis. Unfortunately, the SNPs of the OH case control GWAS did not pass our p-value criteria. Four of 8 SNPs were located in the intergenic region of chromosome 2, and the nearest gene (CTNNA2) was located at 1 Mb of distance. CTNNA2 is a linker between cadherin adhesion receptors and the actin cytoskeleton and is essential for stabilizing dendritic spines in rodent hippocampal neurons. Although there is no report about the function in blood pressure regulation, hippocampal neurons interact primarily with the autonomic nervous system and might be related to OH. The remaining SNPs, rs7098785 of dtSBP trait and rs6892553, rs16887217, and rs4959677 of dtDBP trait were located in the PIK3AP1 intron, ACTBL2-3’ flanking, STAR intron, and intergenic region, respectively, but there was no clear functional link to blood pressure regulation.
IBM and U.S. Universities???An Evolving Partnership

Both universities and industry have much to gain from closer relationships based on their natural interdependence. IBM's direct support for U.S. higher education includes, for example, investments in younger faculty and graduate students, in leading academic departments, and in selected initiatives to respond to critical needs to strengthen American education and research in science and engineering. Many of the company's most important relationships with, and support for, universities, however, arise through collaborative research activities on specific problems of common interest. So long as academic freedom and goals are respected, collaborative research is an especially promising area which can bring industry's technical and applications strength into academia, and the creativity of the university environment into industry.
AAV vectors : is clinical success on the horizon?

Potential applications and impact of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a gene transfer vector have expanded rapidly in the last decade. Recent advances in the production of high-titer purified rAAV vector stocks have made the transition to human clinical trials a reality in the last moments of the millenium. Production improvements will be complemented in the coming years with understanding of and innovations in the targeting and packaging of rAAV, the design of transgene cassettes, and the host immune response to the vectors. These expected areas of progress are discussed, with special attention to clinical applications for which rAAV vectors may help close the gap towards successful gene therapy.
Postulation of leaf rust resistance genes in selected soft red winter wheats

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina Eriks., is a major disease nearly wherever wheat (Triticum spp.) is grown in the USA. Soft red winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars with varying degrees of leaf rust resistance are grown in the southern USA. The objective of this study was to characterize the seedling leaf rust resistance present in a group of 35 soft red winter wheat cultivars and 17 breeding lines. Leaf rust infection types (ITs) produced on the cultivars and lines by 16 P. triticina isolates were compared with the ITs produced on a standard set of 'Thatcher' near-isogenic lines that differed for single leaf rust resistance genes. Seedling resistance genes Lrl, Lr2a, Lr9, LrlO, Lr11, Lr18, and Lr26 were postulated to be present in the soft red winter wheat cultivars and lines. Adult plant leaf rust resistance for the cultivars and lines was assessed in Held plots at two locations in North Carolina in 2000. Wheat cultivars postulated or genetically determined to have the adult plant resistance genes Lr12 and Lr34 had effective leaf rust resistance in the field plots. The soft red winter wheat cultivars and lines that had seedling resistance genes Lr2a, Lr9, and Lr26 combined with adult pent resistance were highly resistant to leaf rust. Cultivars and breeding lines that had seedling resistance genes Lrl, Lr10, Lr11, and Lr18 combined with adult plant resistance had moderate to low levels of leaf rust resistance.
Effects of Distance on Vocal Intensity

The vocal response of speakers to change of distance from a listener is in dispute. Warren (1968) found that speakers obeyed the inverse square law when compensating for distance changes; that is, they decreased their vocal intensity by 6 dB when distance was halved. However, speakers in a study of Johnson, Pick, Siegel, Cicciarelli, and Garber (1981) changed their vocal intensity by much less than 6 dB. This study was an attempt to reconcile the conflicting results and to gain better understanding of what people know implicitly about the effects of distance on intensity. Speakers in the present study significantly changed their vocal intensity to compensate for changes in distance, but by a maximum of 2.46 dB. Possible reasons for the different results are discussed.
Demonology and science during the scientific revolution.

Presupposing a basic incompatibility between science and superstition, many authors have focused on the irrationality of the demonological conceptions associated with the European witchhunts. However, during the periods of the Renaissance and the scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, supernatural forces were seen as a legitimate aspect of natural science by even the most advanced and most famous scientists (i.e., Copernicus, Kepler, Boyle, and Newton). In addition, some of the reports and investigations of presumed demonological activity were produced by men of science and met the standards of the “new philosophy.” It is concluded that it is possible to distinguish demonology from the science of that period only with the benefit of hindsight and the adoption of “Whig” criteria.
A General, Enantioselective Synthesis of Protected Morpholines and Piperazines

A short, high yielding protocol has been developed for the enantioselective and general synthesis of C2-functionalized, benzyl protected morpholines and orthogonally N,N′-protected piperazines from a common intermediate.
Fixing Families: Parents, Power, and the Child Welfare System - by Jennifer A. Reich

Fixing Families: Parents, Power, and the Child Welfare System. Jennifer A. Reich. New York: Routledge. 2005. 368 pp. ISBN 0-41594727-8. $26.95. (paper) In Fixing Families: Parents, Power, and the Child Welfare System, Jennifer A. Reich vividly portrays inner workings of the child welfare system and offers important insights about the exercise of state power. Characterized as an ethnography of child welfare in one California county, and using data from "ride-alongs" with child welfare investigators and caseworkers, court observations, parent interviews, court documents, and informal interviews with child welfare workers and attorneys, the book accomplishes Reich's stated goal: It illustrates how child welfare practitioners communicate and reinforce dominant expectations of gender, race, and class, and how state agents, through interaction with family members, determine "who can be a family and who cannot" (p. 22). Reich's observations inspire the thesis that child welfare decisions, such as whether a child will be removed from a parent, returned to parent, or made eligible for adoption, depend largely on a parent's capacity to "perform deference," which, in turn, hinges on a parent's race, gender, and marital status. Reich artfully and meticulously illustrates that in an underresourced child welfare environment-with such important goals as child safety and family autonomy at stake-the tipping factor in difficult child welfare decisions is often a parent's willingness and ability to demonstrate in both behavior and attitude mat she (occasionally, he) accepts the state's interpretation of events and complies with its remedies. Although the book succeeds in illuminating subtle uses of power, it also provides examples in which the imperative to cooperate is not hidden but is an explicitly stated influence on child welfare decisions. The book illustrates the role of parental deference at different "critical moments" of a child welfare case: during maltreatment investigations, as parents participate in mandated services, and when judges make decisions about family reunification and parental rights. During an investigation, for example, Reich observes a caseworker explicitly telling a parent that "one factor in whether her kids [would be] removed was how cooperative" the parent seemed, to which the parent responds, "If I don't cooperate with you then you're gonna take my children? That's messed up" (p. 95 - 96). Reich nicely illuminates the role of race in child welfare decisions and practices. For example, when a Black middle-class mother accused of child maltreatment invites her police officer partner, also Black, to sit in on an investigatory interview with the White local sheriff, the police officer informs the mother of some of her legal rights. In response to the unwelcome intervention, the sheriff, unaware of the police officer's profession, confronts him, "You seem to know so much about the law. How many times have you been arrested?" (p. …
The potential dependence of surface plasmon-enhanced second-harmonic generation at thin film silver electrodes

Abstract The intensity of second-harmonic light generated from plasmon surface polaritons at thin film silver electrodes in contact with an aqueous electrolyte exhibits a strong dependence on electrode potential for a variety of electrochemical systems. The surface plasmons enhance the electromagnetic field at the surface, thereby greatly increasing the second-harmonic intensity at the interface. We have measured the potential dependence of surface plasmon-enhanced second-harmonic generation at a silver electrode for aqueous solutions of sodium perchlorate, sodium thiocyanate, urea (a strong adsorbate), and for a buffered solution of lead acetate in the underpotential deposition region where a monolayer of lead is deposited onto the silver. The results can be interpreted by a simple theory relating the second-harmonic signal to the static electric field at the surface; to first order this field is proportional to the excess charge density on the metal.
Resuscitation of minimal SO(10) grand unification.

It has been claimed that the minimal (nonsupersymmetric) SO(10) grand unified theory, with a single breaking scale [ital M][sub [ital U]], is ruled out by the measurements of the standard-model gauge couplings at the [ital Z][sup 0] mass, and by the nonobservation of proton decay. We argue here that, if the threshold effects are taken into account, that theory is still quite satisfactory. We present an example in which the masses of all superheavy particles differ from [ital M][sub [ital U]] by at most a factor of 10. Our picture of SO(10) breaking requires the rate of proton decay to be close to the present experimental limit.
Molecular cloning, characterization, and sexually dimorphic expression of five major sex differentiation-related genes in a Scorpaeniform fish, sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)

Regardless of how sex is determined, the gonadal genes expressed downstream that regulate sex differentiation are relatively conserved among vertebrates. The goal of this study was to clone and characterize five key sex differentiation-related genes in a Scorpaeniform fish, sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Complete mRNA sequences of foxl2, cyp19a1a, dmrt1, sox9a and amh were cloned, sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. The sablefish mRNA sequences exhibited the characteristic domains of each gene. The deduced amino sequences were highly conserved in some cases, such as Foxl2, whereas others, such as Amh, exhibited lower homology to corresponding sequences in other vertebrates. Using quantitative PCRs developed for each gene, we found that foxl2 and cyp19a1a mRNA levels were significantly elevated in juvenile sablefish ovaries compared to testes, whereas dmrt1, sox9a and amh mRNA levels were significantly elevated in testes relative to ovaries. These patterns were upheld in our tissue distribution analyses of adult fish, but overall four of the genes, foxl2, cyp19a1a, dmrt1 and amh, were robust markers of sex in sablefish. This study provides important molecular tools for ongoing work related to sex control in sablefish and exploration of the earliest period of molecular sex differentiation and its regulation.
A comparison of 2 drilling techniques on the femoral tunnel for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Purpose This cadaveric study was undertaken to characterize the femoral tunnel geometry resulting from commonly used drilling techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods We randomized 10 matched-pair cadaveric knees (20 knees) into 2 groups with right and left matched pairs from each cadaver. Of the knees, 10 underwent transtibial femoral tunnel drilling from a far-medial starting point on the tibia (group 1) and 10 had the femoral tunnel drilled from a medial arthroscopic portal (group 2). The dimensions and size of the apertures, the volume and length of the tunnels, and the distance of the tunnels from the posterior wall and articular surface were measured by computed tomography. Results The mean femoral tunnel length was 29.7 mm in group 1 and 15.7 mm in group 2. The mean volume for each tunnel was 2,401 mm 3 in group 1 and 2,071 mm 3 in group 2. The intra-articular aperture area was 94.6 mm 2 in group 1 and 98.6 mm 2 in group 2. In group 2 the intra-articular shape was more elliptical than in group 1, with the long axis averaging 13.5 ± 1.3 mm ( P = .004) and short axis averaging 9.7 ± 1.0 mm ( P = .002); in group 2 the long axis averaged 12.5 ± 1.7 and short axis averaged 10.3 ± 0.7 ( P = .002). Group 2 was closer to the posterior wall and articular surface (6.9 ± 0.6 mm and 9.4 ± 0.6 mm, respectively) than group 1 (10.8 ± 1.0 mm and 11.8 ± 1.9 mm, respectively). Conclusions We determined the length and volume of the femoral tunnel to be shorter and smaller, respectively, with a medial arthroscopic portal. In addition, the aperture shape was more of an ellipse with a medial arthroscopic portal. The medial arthroscopic portal also created a femoral tunnel that was closer to the posterior wall and articular surface of the femur. Clinical Relevance Improved characterization of osseous tunnels with 3-dimensional figures will allow for improved matching of graft and incorporation.
Iron deficiency in lead poisoning.

The anemia of lead poisoning is multifactorial. Of 44 hematologically evaluated children with class III or IV lead intoxication, 50 per cent were anemic and 39 per cent were iron deficient. Iron deficiency may play an important role in the anemia of lead poisoning. Early diagnosis and correction of nutritional deficiencies may decrease the metabolic toxicity of lead poisoning.
Sanctions, Uncertainty, and Leader Tenure

When do states impose sanctions on their rivals? We develop a formal model of domestic power consolidation, threats, escalation, and imposition of sanctions. With complete information, the target regime's consolidation of power determines the result—leaders with stable control can weather sanctions and thus deter their imposition, while vulnerable leaders concede the issue. However, when an imposer is uncertain of a foreign leader's consolidation, vulnerable types have incentive to bluff strength. Foreign powers sometimes respond by imposing sanctions, even though the parties would have resolved the crisis earlier with complete information. We then hypothesize that opponents of newer leaders—particularly in autocracies—are more likely to suffer from this information problem. Employing the Threat and Imposition of Sanctions (TIES) data set and carefully addressing selection problems common to the sanctions literature, we show that sanctioners are indeed more likely to follow through on threats against such leaders.
Collagen fractionation: Separation of native types I, II and III by differential prectipitation

Abstract Collagen types I, II and III can be purified in their native state from heterogeneous collagen solutions by fractional precipitation at neutral pH using ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride and ethanol as precipitants. This method of collagen separation is useful as a preparative procedure and should also serve as an analytical tool for identification of unknown radioactively labeled collagens.
a Comparison of Reaction Force Suppression to Displacement Suppression for Vibration Control in a Flexible Structure

Vibrations in structures can lead to a number of problems, not the least of which can be fatigue failures from excessive long term cyclic stresses. Passive techniques for vibration control, though sometimes limited in their capabilities, have been the primary method used in the past to attenuate vibrations. Recently active techniques have been developed to provide vibration control performance beyond that provided by their passive counterparts. Most often, the focus of active control methods has been to suppress displacements, and little attention has been given to their effect on structural loads. This paper presents an analytical and experimental study in which two optimal vibration control methods, displacement control and reaction force control, are compared in their effect on displacements and reaction forces in a flexible structure. It is shown that each control method is effective in meeting its specific control objective, and that the two control approaches have greatly different effects on the reaction forces in the system. Depending on the disturbance frequency to be suppressed, the displacement control method in some cases can drastically increase the reaction forces.
Gas chromatographic detection of leaks in microelectronic packages

Abstract A method employing gas chromatography for detecting leaks in hermetically-sealed microelectronic packages is described. After inoculation with sulphur hexafluoride, the package is placed in an evacuated environment. The gases exuding from the package are collected in a cold trap and then analyzed by gas chromatography. A silica gel column is used to separate the sulphur hexafluoride from other gases. Although developed for gross leaks, modifications of the method will permit detection of any size leak.
Effects of the electronic Nigerian money fraud on the brand equity of Nigeria and Africa

Using the Internet to carry out their schemes, fraudsters now have access to the consumers of the world as well as the potential to destroy the image of an entire country. One particular type of Internet fraud, known as the Nigerian money fraud, has become associated with that nation, damaging the brand equity of the country and its region, Africa. The purpose of this article is to discuss the impact that the electronic version of the Nigerian money fraud may have had on the brand equity of Nigeria and Africa and what steps can be taken to diminish these negative effects.
Impact-induced devolatilization and hydrogen isotopic fractionation of serpentine: Implications for planetary accretion

Impact-induced devolatilization of porous serpentine was investigated using two independent experimental methods, the gas recovery and the solid recovery method, each yielding nearly identical results. For shock pressures near incipient devolatilization, the hydrogen isotopic composition of the evolved H2O is very close to that of the starting material. For shock pressures at which up to 12 percent impact-induced devolatilization occurs, the bulk evolved gas is significantly lower in deuterium than the starting material. There is also significant reduction of H2O to H2 in gases recovered at these higher shock pressures, probably caused by reaction of evolved H2O with the metal gas recovery fixture. Gaseous H2O-H2 isotopic fractionation suggests high temperature isotopic equilibrium between the gaseous species, indicating initiation of devolatilization at sites of greater than average energy deposition. Bulk gas-residual solid isotopic fractionations indicate nonequilibrium, kinetic control of gas-solid isotopic ratios. Impact-induced hydrogen isotopic fractionation of hydrous silicates during accretion can strongly affect the long-term planetary isotopic ratios of planetary bodies, leaving the interiors enriched in deuterium. Depending on the model used for extrapolation of the isotopic fractionation to devolatilization fractions greater than those investigated experimentally can result from this process.
Residually reducible representations of algebras over local Artinian rings

In this paper we generalize a result of Urban on the structure of residually reducible representations on local Artinian rings from the case that the semi-simplification of the residual representation splits into 2 absolutely irreducible representations to the case where it splits into m ≥ 2 absolutely irreducible representations.
The IGF/IGFBP system in relation to macroscopic bone architecture in pediatric renal transplant patients

The post-transplant bone disease of the peripheral skeleton in pediatric renal transplant recipients is characterized by an inadequately thin bone cortex in relation to muscular force. A major hormonal modulator of periosteal growth is the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/IGF binding protein (IGFBP) system. We therefore hypothesized that the reduced cortical thickness in these patients may be due to functional IGF deficiency. To test this hypothesis, we investigated 55 patients (mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 86.3 ± 30.0 ml/min/1.73 m2) in a cross-sectional study. Parameters of macroscopic bone architecture and forearm muscle size were analyzed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and serum IGF/IGFBP system components were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. The mean (± standard deviation) standardized serum IGF-I (0.20 ± 1.16 score) level was normal, while the mean IGF-II (1.16 ± 0.11 score) level was significantly elevated. Serum IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 levels were not altered, whereas the IGFBP-3 (1.34 ± 0.15 score) level was significantly increased. The serum IGFBP-4 level was slightly elevated (by 11%), the IGFBP-6 level was markedly (2.3-fold) elevated, while the IGFBP-5 level was comparable to that of the control. The respective age-adjusted cortical thickness at both the proximal (r = 0.407, P < 0.005) and distal (r = 0.383, P < 0.01) forearm was positively correlated with the standardized serum IGF-I level. In conclusion, the serum IGF/IGFBP system in pediatric renal transplant recipients is characterized by an increase in the levels of the inhibitory IGFBPs, IGFBP-3, -4 and -6, resulting in a functional IGF deficiency. The positive correlation of IGF-I with cortical thickness underlines the importance of this hormonal system in the modeling of bone, particularly periosteal growth.
Toxicity following methoxyflurane anesthesia. II. Fluoride concentrations in nephrotoxicity.

The concentrations of inorganic fluoride and nonvolatile organic fluoride were measured in a patient with nephrotoxic effects following methoxyflurane anesthesia. Concentrations of both were markedly elevated compared to two patients who received methoxyflurane without subsequent nephrotoxic effects. Indirect evidence suggests that the inorganic fluoride concentration was sufficient to account for the nephrotoxic effects. The prolonged elevation of inorganic fluoride observed can be explained on the basis of the breakdown of the nonvolatile organic fluoride to inorganic fluoride and the poor renal clearance of both types.
Permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier via mucosal engrafting: implications for drug delivery to the brain.

Utilization of neuropharmaceuticals for central nervous system(CNS) disease is highly limited due to the blood-brain barrier(BBB) which restricts molecules larger than 500Da from reaching the CNS. The development of a reliable method to bypass the BBB would represent an enormous advance in neuropharmacology enabling the use of many potential disease modifying therapies. Previous attempts such as transcranial catheter implantation have proven to be temporary and associated with multiple complications. Here we describe a novel method of creating a semipermeable window in the BBB using purely autologous tissues to allow for high molecular weight(HMW) drug delivery to the CNS. This approach is inspired by recent advances in human endoscopic transnasal skull base surgical techniques and involves engrafting semipermeable nasal mucosa within a surgical defect in the BBB. The mucosal graft thereby creates a permanent transmucosal conduit for drugs to access the CNS. The main objective of this study was to develop a murine model of this technique and use it to evaluate transmucosal permeability for the purpose of direct drug delivery to the brain. Using this model we demonstrate that mucosal grafts allow for the transport of molecules up to 500 kDa directly to the brain in both a time and molecular weight dependent fashion. Markers up to 40 kDa were found within the striatum suggesting a potential role for this technique in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. This proof of principle study demonstrates that mucosal engrafting represents the first permanent and stable method of bypassing the BBB thereby providing a pathway for HMW therapeutics directly into the CNS.
Paternalism and Utilitarianism in Research with Human Participants

In this article I defend a rule utilitarian approach to paternalistic policies in research with human participants. Some rules that restrict individual autonomy can be justified on the grounds that they help to maximize the overall balance of benefits over risks in research. The consequences that should be considered when formulating policy include not only likely impacts on research participants, but also impacts on investigators, institutions, sponsors, and the scientific community. The public reaction to adverse events in research (such as significant injury to participants or death) is a crucial concern that must be taken into account when assessing the consequences of different policy options, because public backlash can lead to outcomes that have a negative impact on science, such as cuts in funding, overly restrictive regulation and oversight, and reduced willingness of individuals to participate in research. I argue that concern about the public reaction to adverse events justifies some restrictions on the risks that competent, adult volunteers can face in research that offers them no significant benefits. The paternalism defended here is not pure, because it involves restrictions on the rights of investigators in order to protect participants. It also has a mixed rationale, because individual autonomy may be restricted not only to protect participants from harm but also to protect other stakeholders. Utility is not the sole justification for paternalistic research policies, since other considerations, such as justice and respect for individual rights/autonomy, must also be taken into account.
Extravascular lung water following resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in swine: comparison between Ringers' lactate and normal saline

Pulmonary edema is a common consequence of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. The type and amount of fluid used in resuscitation may be important determinants of the amount of edema formed. Ringers' lactate (RL) and normal saline (NS) remain common resuscitative fluids. These experiments were designed to measure the extravascular lung water (EVLW) after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock with RL vs NS, to determine whether the fluid type results in differences in the amount of EVLW, and to determine whether there exists a threshold amount of fluid that results in the development of edema.
The Nature and Implications of Shifting Patterns of Practice in Physical Disabilities Occupational Therapy

This paper reviews the findings of previous studies of practice patterns in physical disabilities and presents related findings from a national SUNey of physical disability therapists. Implications of the studies to date are described and discussed with specific reference to the growing debate over legitimate techniques and boundaries in physical disabilities practice.
Carbonyl-metal fragment insertion into eight-vertex [closo-1-CB7H8]-. Facile synthesis of ten-vertex metalladicarbollide complexes [2,2,2-(CO)3-1-OH-closo-2,1,10-MC2B7H8]n-{M = Fe, Ru (n= 0), Mn, Re (n= 1)}.

Insertion of {M(CO)4} fragments (M = Fe, Ru, Mn, Re) into the eight-vertex monocarborane anion [closo-1-CB7H8]− affords ten-vertex metal–dicarbollide complexes.
Conductivity kinks in the transport of ultradilute two-dimensional GaAs hole systems in zero field

High-purity two-dimensional hole systems of dilute charge concentrations are realized in GaAs field-effect transistors. For fixed charge densities below $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, transport measurement reveals a conductivity ($\ensuremath{\sigma}$) kink while sweeping temperature across some characteristic value ${T}_{c}$, where the derivative $d\ensuremath{\sigma}/\mathit{dT}$ exhibits a discontinuous step. Moreover, ${T}_{c}$ has a piecewise density dependence separated approximately by the critical density of the apparent metal-to-insulator transition.
Customer premise antenna design for LMDS applications

This paper focuses on the design of customer premise equipment (CPE) antennas for Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS). An overview of LMDS systems and applications is presented as an introduction followed by specific requirements of a CPE antenna. These requirements include electrical performance issues, such as FCC and ETSI regulations, aesthetic values of the antenna, as well as mechanical and environmental considerations. Potential solutions are given, with specifics including cost issues, performance limitations, and high volume production issues. Specific design considerations are presented for a slotted array, single reflector, and dual reflector antennas.
Fluid-Inclusion Evidence for an Upper-Mantle Origin for Green Clinopyroxenes in Late Cenozoic Basanites from the Nógrád-Gömör Volcanic Field, Northern Hungary/Southern Slovakia

Green clinopyroxenes with elevated Fe and Na contents coexist with “normal” clinopyroxene phenocrysts in alkali basalts from the Nograd-Gomor Volcanic Field (NGVF) of northern Hungary and southern Slovakia. The coexistence of these clinopyroxenes with incompatible compositions in the same sample is often used as evidence for mixing between a mafic and a more evolved melt. However, results of fluid-inclusion, textural, and geochemical studies of samples from Tertiary basanites from the NGVF suggest that the majority of the green clinopyroxenes could not have formed from magma mixing but, rather, are products of lithospheric processes such as metasomatism or dynamic melt flow. Two distinct types of green clinopyroxenes have been identified. Group 1 green clinopyroxenes are Al rich and contain CO2 inclusions; Group 2 green clinopyroxenes are Al poor and lack CO2 inclusions. On the basis of analysis of CO2 inclusions, the Group 1 clinopyroxenes, observed as xenocrysts and major constituents of clinopyroxenite...
Methadone Maintenance in the Small Community Drug Abuse Clinic

Innovative treatment techniques such as self-regulation of methadone dosage and client knowledge of dosage are not widely accepted by small community methadone maintenance programs. Take-home medication is more generally utilized. This study compares a traditional program approach with a nontraditional approach utilizing self-regulation, client knowledge of dosage, take-home medication, and a nonpunitive staff attitude in a small methadone clinic. Clients were attracted to the nontraditional program at a higher rate and stayed in treatment longer. The nontraditional approach was associated with higher client productivity in work and school. Clients attracted to the nontraditional program used drugs more frequently during treatment.
Two species of type C viral core polyprotein on AKR mouse leukemia cells.

Two species of glycosylated type C viral core polyprotein were identified on the surface of AKR spontaneous leukemia cells. One of these cell surface polyproteins was shown by immunoprecipitation to have antigenic determinants of murine leukemia virus p30, p15, p12, and p10; the other had murine leukemia virus p30, p15, and p12, but not p10, determinants. Both species were also expressed on thymocytes from 6-month-old, preleukemic AKR mice. Images
The coordination of cell growth and division — intentional or Incidental?

During balanced growth of cells in culture all extensive properties of the culture — e.g. cell number, total mass, total DNA content — increase exponentially at the same specific growth rate. Therefore, in some average sense, each component of a cell must double between birth and division. For DNA there exists an elaborate mechanism to ensure precise replication of the genetic material and accurate partitioning of identical copies of the genome to the two daughter cells. Do cells possess another mechanism that intentionally relates the timing of cell division to overall increase in cell size, or is the coordination of growth and division an incidental consequence of size-independent rules for progress through the cell cycle?.
Conditional hypoalgesia is attenuated by naltrexone applied to the periaqueductal gray

The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) is an important component in a brainstem system involved in the endogenous modulation of nociception and defensive behavior. The present study was conducted to determine if opioid receptors within the vPAG contribute to the hypoalgesia seen in rats during presentation of a Pavlovian CS for footshock. Independent groups of animals received microinjections of either 5.0 micrograms naltrexone HCl or vehicle into the vPAG prior to being placed in an observation chamber in which shock had been delivered 24 h earlier. Nociceptive reactivity was measured with the formalin test. Naltrexone treatment attenuated conditional hypoalgesia but did not affect formalin-induced behavior in non-shocked rats. Naltrexone had no effect on the amount of defensive freezing behavior observed during the test session. These results indicate that conditional hypoalgesia as measured by the formalin test involves the activation of documented brainstem antinociceptive systems.