cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Khalimsky topologies are precisely those simply connected topologies on Z n whose connected sets include all 2 n -connected sets but no (3 n - 1)-disconnected sets

We give a proof of the result stated in the title. Here the concepts of 2n- and (3n- 1)- (dis)connected sets are the natural generalizations to Zn of the standard concepts of 4- and 8-(dis)connected sets in 2D digital topology.Suppose we have an n-dimensional scanner that digitizes n-dimensional objects to subsets of Zn. We are interested in topological spaces (Zn, τ) that might allow standard concepts and methods of general topology to be directly and usefully applied to good digitizations produced by the scanner. But our result suggests that if a topological space (Zn, τ) is not a Khalimsky space, then it will not satisfy our requirement.Our proof involves some purely discrete arguments and a fact about simply connected polyhedra that is a well-known consequence of the Simplicial Approximation Theorem, but also uses the following fact (which was one of the main results in an earlier paper (in: R.M. Shortt (Ed.), General Topology and Applications: Proc. 1988 Northeast Conf., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990, pp. 153-164) by the author and Khalimsky): For any T0 topological space in which each point lies in a finite open set and a finite closed set there exists a polyhedron, whose vertices are in 1-1 correspondence with the points of the space, such that the homotopy classes of continuous maps into the topological space from any metric space are in 1-1 correspondence with the homotopy classes of continuous maps from that metric space into the polyhedron.
Geomechanical Modeling of Reservoir Compaction, Surface Subsidence, and Casing Damage at the Belridge Diatomite Field

Geologic, and historical well failure, production, and injection data were analyzed to guide development of three-dimensional geomechanical models of the Belridge diatomite field, California. The central premise of the numerical simulations is that spatial gradients in pore pressure induced by production and injection in a low permeability reservoir may perturb the local stresses and cause subsurface deformation sufficient to result in well failure. Time-dependent reservoir pressure fields that were calculated from three-dimensional black oil reservoir simulations were coupled uni-directionally to three-dimensional non-linear finite element geomechanical simulations. The reservoir models included nearly 100,000 gridblocks (100--200 wells), and covered nearly 20 years of production and injection. The geomechanical models were meshed from structure maps and contained more than 300,000 nodal points. Shear strain localization along weak bedding planes that causes casing dog-legs in the field was accommodated in the model by contact surfaces located immediately above the reservoir and at two locations in the overburden. The geomechanical simulations are validated by comparison of the predicted surface subsidence with field measurements, and by comparison of predicted deformation with observed casing damage. Additionally, simulations performed for two independently developed areas at South Belridge, Sections 33 and 29, corroborate their different well failure histories. The simulations suggest the three types of casing damage observed, and show that although water injection has mitigated surface subsidence, it can, under some circumstances, increase the lateral gradients in effective stress, that in turn can accelerate subsurface horizontal motions. Geomechanical simulation is an important reservoir management tool that can be used to identify optimal operating policies to mitigate casing damage for existing field developments, and applied to incorporate the effect of well failure potential in economic analyses of alternative infilling and development options.
Headache syndromes: problems of definition.

Abstract Major areas of uncertainty remain in the definition of headache syndromes and the relationship of headache to psychological states. The author questions whether migraine and tension headache can be truly differentiated. Data on life histories, necessary for definition of syndromes, are not abundant. Although it is clear that anxiety is in general related to headache, there is a hiatus in our knowledge of how frequently specific stressful events are related to headache in general and to specific types of headache, and our knowledge of the relationship of basic personality structure, life events, and specific headache symptoms. Finally, although there appears to be an intimate relationship between depression and headache, the nature of this connection still remains obscure.
Comments on "A transformation technique for optimal control problems with a state variable inequality constraint"

In this correspondence two optimal control problems with state variable inequality constraints are solved using a quadratic programming technique. These problems were originally solved in the above paper with a proposed technique and a penalty function technique. The results given in this correspondence, along with Jacobson and Lele's results, constitute the beginning of a relative performance data base.
Effect of Differing Intermittent Lighting Regimes on Broiler Feed Conversion

Abstract Results in previous work have shown that feed can be saved by controlling light intensity in growing broilers. Windowless broiler houses have the disadvantage that a large amount of electricity for ventilation is required during the summer months. A paneled sidewall method of producing broilers might have the advantage of a house that could be windowless 9 months and have open sidewalls for 3 months. A panel would offer potential for light infiltration should cracks exist around that panel. Results of this study indicate that total light intensity control is required within the broiler house for the entire 24-hr period to obtain maximum feed savings when broilers are reared under an intermittent lighting program.
Nearest-neighbor distances in microclusters

Abstract The average nearest-neighbor distances of model microclusters, which do not exhibit normal bulk-like packing of the atoms, have been calculated indirectly from the interference function, I(k), assuming that the packing of the microclusters is a normal lattice packing. Physically correct results obtained directly from the radial distribution function (RDF) differ from those calculated from I(k). The RDF nearest-neighbor distances generally exceed the bulk distances while those evaluated from I(k) are less than the bulk values. Recent experimental reports that the nearest-neighbor distances in microclusters, based on measurements of I(k), decrease with decreasing cluster size may thus be incorrect. The error arises from assuming the wrong packing in interpreting the interference function.
Preemployment Physical Testing for Jobs on Drilling Rigs

A project was carried out to develop preemployment tests based on the physical requirements of roughneck jobs on dilling rigs. A job and task analysis based on 17 drilling installations, including land and marine operations, indicated materials handling activities represented a high proportion of the essential tasks. The tasks were classified as one-arm transports, two-arm transports, pushing and pulling. Three tasks, job samples, were selected for a test battery. Specifically, pail carry, bag carry and push tasks make up the test procedures. Language: en
New and interesting calicioid lichens and fungi from eastern North America

Two resinicolous species, Chaenothecopsis dolichocephala and Chaenothecopsis resinicola, are reported as new to North America and Chaenothecopsis nigra and Chaenothecopsis subparoica are reported as new to its eastern half. The questioned occurrence of Calicium adspersum in eastern North America is resolved with the identification of specimens collected in Maryland in 1909, as well as recent specimens from Maine and Tennessee. Mycocalicium fuscipes is reported for the first time since 1872, in New Brunswick; Chaenothecopsis norstictica, a species described from Georgia and Florida, is reported for Maine; Chaenothecopsis edbergii is reported for Nova Scotia and for the first time in the southeastern United States; the ranges of Chaenothecopsis brevipes and Phaeocalicium minutissimum are significantly expanded; and Chaenothecopsis thujae, a misnomer for Chaenothecopsis tsugae, is recommended for delisting from the North American lichen checklist.
Sequential changes in weight of the skeleton and in length of long limb bones of Macaca mulatta

In a collection of 274 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the relative weight of the dry, fat-free skeleton, expressed as a proportion of total body weight, increases significantly throughout the gestational period to approximately 6% with only random variation after birth. The weight of the fetal skeleton increases exponentially with age. In the postnatal period the skeletal weight increases asymptotically to adulthood, which is considered to be 6.5 years of age. Equations for estimating skeletal weight are presented. Of four subdivisions of the skeleton, the skull contributes the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight in the fetal stage with the proportion decreasing to adulthood. The contributions of the other subdivisions, postcranial axial, superior limb, and inferior limb, are nearly equal in the fetal stage, with that of only the inferior limb increasing to adulthood, when it makes up the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight. Until the last third of the gestational period, the humerus is longer than the femur and the radius longer than the tibia. Thereafter, the inferior limbs grow at a faster rate than the superior limbs, resulting in an intermembral index of approximately 95% by birth and less than 90% by adulthood.
Differential Effects of 20-Epi Vitamin D Analogs on the Vitamin D Receptor Homodimer

Vitamin D analogs have received increased attention because of their possible therapeutic benefits in treating osteoporosis and various proliferative disorders. Several analogs were examined for their effects on DNA binding of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) homodimer complex with the murine osteopontin vitamin D response element. All of the tested analogs increased complex binding by recombinant human VDR in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and notable differences in mobility of these complexes were observed. A panel of C-terminal anti-VDR antisera were screened for their ability to interact with analog-bound VDR homodimer complexes or as a heterodimer complex with recombinant human retinoid X receptor α (rhRXRα). Like calcitriol, analog-bound heterodimer complexes were largely resistant to interaction with these antisera; however, striking differences were observed with the various antisera in an analogous homodimer binding experiment. KH1060 and CB1093, analogs with 20-epi conformations, produced homodimer complexes that were 3- to 6-fold more resistant to supershifting with Ab180 compared with the hormone or EB1089. Chymotrypsin digestion in combination with Western blotting using a C-terminal anti-VDR antiserum revealed similar digestion patterns for all ligands. However, KH1060- and CB1093-bound VDR complexes were more resistant to digestion than either calcitriol or EB1089. Finally, the ability of these compounds to yield stable homodimer complexes was assessed by challenging preformed homodimer with the exogenous addition of rhRXRα extracts. Although new heterodimer complexes appeared in a time-dependent fashion, the preformed homodimer complexes exhibited stable binding throughout the time course of the experiment. The results indicate that VDR homodimers are targets of vitamin D analogs with differential effects on C-terminal protein conformation that may partially explain the varied biological responses of these compounds.
Applications Of Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistors To Linear Arrays

a-Si:H TFT technology has been used in large-area linear array applications. Using large-area photolithography, these arrays can be batch produced. Applications to image scanners and electronic printers will be described. Generic processing issues and future development trends will be discussed.
Radiofrequency thermoneurolysis for the treatment of Morton's neuroma.

Pedal neuroma is a common disorder. The authors undertook a review of 32 feet in 29 patients with a symptomatic neuroma treated between January 2007 and January 2010 to evaluate the effectiveness of radiofrequency thermoneurolysis therapy in alleviating symptoms. Overall relief of symptoms was rated as complete by 24 (83%) patients, with 5 patients experiencing minimal to no relief. Two patients were lost to follow-up after 1 month, 2 patients opted for no further intervention, and 1 patient went to open resection of the neuroma. Average follow-up was 13 months and total recovery time was 2 days. Complications included 1 foot with cellulitis treated by a course of oral antibiotics. The results of this retrospective study indicate radiofrequency thermoneurolysis therapy is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive alternative treatment for symptomatic neuromas of the foot.
"They're Just a Good Time and Move On": Fraternity Men Reflect on Their Hookup Experiences.

Hookups have largely replaced heterosexual dating on campus, but literature suggests men and women may ascribe different motivations and meanings to hookup experiences. This study, utilizing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, makes sense of the responses of three fraternity members reflecting upon their sexual and dating experiences. Four themes emerged: (a) insignificance of hooking up, (b) distinction between hookups and romantic relationships, (c) centrality of alcohol and hooking up in sociability, and (d) different attitudes and consequences of hooking up for men and women. Future directions and implications for practitioners are discussed.
Photolysis of metarhodopsin II. Rates of production of P470 and rhodopsin.

Abstract Metarhodopsin II, produced by irradiation of cattle rhodopsin, is flashed with u.v. light and is found to produce rhodopsin and P470 in the ratio 1 : 3.5. P470 is produced as fast as the light is absorbed while rhodopsin is produced slowly—several msec after the flash. The rate of production of P470 is independent of temperature, but the rate of rhodopsin production has an activation energy of 18 kcal/mole. The ratio, P470 : Rhodopsin, is independent of temperature, suggesting that the relative amounts of these substances are determined by the initial absorption of light by meta II. A new compound, meta II′, is observed. The decay of meta II′ is the thermal (“dark”) reaction in the photoregeneration of rhodopsin. A discussion of the nature of opsin in P470 and photoregenerated rhodopsin is given.
Role of Peer Support on Intragroup Marginalization for Latino Undergraduates

The authors examined 83 Latino undergraduates to determine whether perceived social support of friends mediates the role of intragroup marginalization on acculturative stress and college adjustment. A mediation effect was found for college adjustment but not for acculturative stress. Results highlight the importance of friends for college adjustment. Los autores examinaron 83 estudiantes universitarios Latinos para determinar si el apoyo social percibido de amigos media el papel de la marginalizacion de intragrupo sobre el estres de aculturacion y el ajuste a la universidad. Se encontro un efecto de mediacion para el ajuste a la universidad pero no para el estres de aculturacion. Los resultados subrayan la importancia de los amigos para el ajuste a la universidad.
Information system design as hierarchical tree covering

Hierarchical decomposition is the technique principally advocated for the representation, analysis, and design of information systems and, more generally, any sort of complicated system. Once the tree representation has been obtained the ensuing task is to partition the subsystems somehow and allocate this work to design groups. A new algorithm is given for this partitioning problem. It is based on the diverging branch systems treated by dynamic programming. A numerical example is provided, and the transition to very large trees (systems) is seen to be straightforward.
Gh: A GTP-binding protein with transglutaminase activity and receptor signaling function

The alpha 1-adrenergic receptors activate a phospholipase C enzyme by coupling to members of the large molecular size (approximately 74 to 80 kilodaltons) G alpha h family of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins. Rat liver G alpha h is now shown to be a tissue transglutaminase type II (TGase II). The transglutaminase activity of rat liver TGase II expressed in COS-1 cells was inhibited by the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog guanosine 59-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) or by alpha 1-adrenergic receptor activation. Rat liver TGase II also mediated alpha 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation of phospholipase C activity. Thus, G alpha h represents a new class of GTP-binding proteins that participate in receptor signaling and may be a component of a complex regulatory network in which receptor-stimulated GTP binding switches the function of G alpha h from transglutamination to receptor signaling.
P. Hammerstein and J. R. Stevens: 'Evolution and the Mechanisms of Decision Making'

There is no doubt that the study of decision making is one of the central problems of contemporary natural and social science. However, despite the importance of this problem and the effort that has gone into resolving it, there is still much that is not well understood about how and why humans (and other animals) make the decisions that they do. Hammerstein and Stevens’s new collection of essays is set to change this: by putting together new work by some of the key researchers in the area, it marks a significant advance in the state of this debate. In what follows, I first lay out the key aspects of the structure and content of the book in Sect. 2. After that, in Sect. 3, I remark on one positive and one negative feature of the general setup of the collection. I conclude in Sect. 4.
Mining data from mobile devices: a survey of smart sensing and analytics

Mobile connected devices, and smartphones in particular, are rapidly emerging as a dominant computing and sensing platform. This poses several unique opportunities for data collection and analysis, as well as new challenges. In this tutorial, we survey the state-of-the-art in terms of mining data from mobile devices across different application areas such as ads, healthcare, geosocial, public policy, etc. Our tutorial has three parts. In part one, we summarize data collection in terms of various sensing modalities. In part two, we present cross-cutting challenges such as real-time analysis, security, and we outline cross cutting methods for mobile data mining such as network inference, streaming algorithms, etc. In the last part, we specifically overview emerging and fast-growing application areas, such as noted above. Concluding, we briefly highlight the opportunities for joint design of new data collection techniques and analysis methods, suggesting additional directions for future research.
Anti-fibrin antibody binding in valvular vegetations and kidney lesions during experimental endocarditis

In Streptococcus sanguinis (sanguis) induced experimental endocarditis, we sought evidence that the development of aortic valvular vegetation depends on the availability of fibrin. Endocarditis was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by catheter placement into the left ventricle and inoculation of the bacteria. Fibrin was localized in the developing vegetation with 99mTechnetium (Tc)-labeled anti-fibrin antibody one or three days later. When rabbit anti-fibrin antibody was given intravenously on day 1, the mass of aortic valvular vegetation was significantly reduced at day 3; infusion of non-specific rabbit IgG showed no effect. The 99mTc-labeled anti-fibrin antibody also labeled kidneys that showed macroscopic subcapsular hemorrhage. To learn if the deposition of fibrin in the kidneys was a consequence of endocarditis required a comparison of farm-bred and specific pathogen-free rabbits before and after the induction of endocarditis. Before induction, the kidneys of farm-bred rabbits were labeled, but specific pathogen-free rabbits were free of labeling and signs of macroscopic hemorrhage. After 3 days of endocarditis, kidneys of 10 of 14 specific pathogen-free rabbits labeled with 99mTc-labeled anti-fibrin antibody and showed hemorrhage. Kidney lesions were suggested to be a frequent sequellae of S. sanguinis infective endocarditis. For the first time, fibrin was shown to be required for the continued development of aortic valvular vegetations.
The development of radar homing missiles

Introduction S World War II, guided missiles have played an increasingly important role in warfare. Earlier papers in this series' reviewed the development of the inertial guidance systems that made possible the accurate delivery of long-range ballistic (and other) missiles for which the target is a known set of Earth coordinates. These systems are not suitable for guidance of missiles against unpredictable targets such as maneuvering aircraft, which requires an ability to sense the target location in real time and respond to rapid changes. To accomplish this, modern air defense missiles use homing guidance, in which an on-board sensor provides the target data on which the guidance is based. Because of the continually improving quality of target information as the missile closes in, homing guidance provides an accuracy that is unmatched by any other form qf missile guidance. This paper is not a comprehensive history of its subject. Rather, it is a summary of the author's first-hand experience, covering the development of continuous wave (CW) radar homing guided missiles, which were pioneered at Raytheon Company. They form an impressive subset of all homing missiles, .with nearly 100,000 airand surface-launched versions produced to date and deployed in some two dozen countries worldwide. Derivatives of these designs form the backbone of the U.S. Navy's ship-based defenses and similar designs are extensively used by the Soviet Union. In reviewing the history, technical descriptions of problems encountered and solutions developed will be given for the three key areas of sensor, navigation, and flight control.
How to predict recurrent shoulder dystocia.

Objective: Our aim was to determine the rate and risk factors for recurrent shoulder dystocia. Study Design: A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with shoulder dystocia was performed by searching a computerized database from January 1, 1993, to June 30, 1999 for the following information: (1) vaginal deliveries, either spontaneous or operative, (2) shoulder dystocia, (3) birth weight, (4) duration of second stage of labor, (5) parity, and (6) gestational diabetes. Statistical analyses included χ2 and t test. Results: There were 39,681 vaginal deliveries with 602 (1.5%) complicated by shoulder dystocia. Sixty-six patients underwent a subsequent vaginal delivery, and 11 (16.7%) experienced another shoulder dystocia. The odds ratio for a recurrent shoulder dystocia was 10.98 (P < .000001). Nine of the 11 patients with recurrent shoulder dystocia compared with 28 of 55 without a recurence were nulliparous women in their index pregnancy (P < .001). The mean fetal weights were 3885 g in the recurrent dystocia group and 3702 g in the group without recurrence (P < .03). Gestational age, operative delivery, and gestational diabetes were similar in the two groups. Conclusion: Factors that appear to increase the recurrence risk of shoulder dystocia include fetal weight and maternal parity. Prior shoulder dystocia is the single greatest predictive factor. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1427-30.)
Microfluidic devices with tunable microtopographies

Microfluidic devices are critical components of many biomedical and bioanalytical instruments and allow for probing chemical and physical phenomena at the micron scale. Most current microfluidic devices, however, have the inherent functional limitation that the cross-sectional channel geometry, which determines the fluid flow patterns, is essentially constant at any given point in the channel. We present microfluidic channels that contain topographical features whose size can be tuned by the user in real time. We demonstrate that the topographical changes can be used to alter the laminar flow patterns in microfluidic mixers and to physically trap small fluid volumes.
Thermally stimulated discharge current studies on the effect of thermal treatment on the strength of polycarbonate

It is well known that polycarbonate annealed at 80–130°C undergoes gradual changes in mechanical properties. Annealing below Tg (ca. 150°C) results in a decrease in impact resistance and an increase in strength. Polycarbonate has three single relaxation processes and some distributed relaxation processes in the temperature range between 100 and 250°K (the β transition region). The effect of thermal pretreatment on the relaxation has been investigated by the thermally stimulated discharge current technique. Partial heating, peak cleaning, and theoretical fitting have also been performed and the activation parameters associated with the relaxation processes have also been calculated to assist in the analysis of the relationship between effects of annealing and structural motions in polycarbonate.
Alternating streaming current measurements

Abstract The streaming currents which result when a sinusoidally alternating fluid flow is forced through a cylindrical capillary allow the rapid and reproducible measurement of electrokinetic phenomena. An apparatus for measuring the currents can be constructed easily and inexpensively. The zeta potential of any material which can be formed as a capillary or can be produced as a homogeneous coating on a supporting capillary can be measured by this technique. The use of this apparatus does require that the system be calibrated using a capillary whose zeta potential has been determined by an absolute method.
Skin as an Active Metabolizing Barrier I: Theoretical Analysis of Topical Bioavailability

A model and explicit equations were developed to be used in the experimental design and data evaluation of situations where simultaneous metabolism and transport of drugs occur in the skin. By treating the skin as a two-ply laminate composed of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis, which contains most of the catabolic enzymes that might render a drug inactive by metabolism, equations were developed permitting the in vitro assessment of factors that may affect topical bioavailability in vivo. Two situations were investigated. In the first, the drug was placed on the dermis side of the diffusion cell and did not penetrate the stratum corneum. In the second, the drug, placed on the epidermis side, penetrated the stratum corneum and then passed through the metabolizing epidermis. Expressions for determining the metabolic
Attorneys as caregivers during divorce.

In a survey of the emotional and practical problems presented by divorce clients, 74 attorneys reported spending one-fifth of their time in such cases dealing with clients' extralegal problems. While most attorneys reported feeling generally effective in this caregiving role, an overwhelming majority would welcome mental health consultation. Types of extralegal problems and of attorney responses are analyzed, and implications for further collaboration in both practice and research are discussed.
Elderly vs. younger problem drinker 'treatment' and recovery experiences.

To address the question of whether or not elderly problem drinkers experience any treatment contact discrimination or recovery rate disadvantages, the programme utilization and recovery rate experiences of a representative sample of older and younger persons arrested for drinking and driving (OWI) in Iowa were compared. Subjects were interviewed by phone or mail shortly after their OWI arrest and then again approximately 12 months later. Younger persons (18-54 years old) were compared with elderly persons (55 and over and 65 and over). The elderly subjects were also dichotomized as early onset (at least one problem drinking indicator occurred prior to age 55) or late onset (all problem drinking indicators occurred at age 55 or later). The elderly were as likely as, or more likely than, their younger counterparts to make a treatment contact, to remain in treatment and to recover. Language: en
Design and optimization of artificial cultivation units for algae production

Abstract This paper focuses on finding the optimum design of artificial cultivation units for biomass production depending on geographical location and kind of algal species selected for growth. Here, the optimum is defined as the design that yields the lowest net present sink for the lifetime of the cultivation unit. Models are developed for tubular, column, and flat plate photobioreactors by considering diurnal pattern of sunlight and temperature fluctuations. As part of the case study, algae growth is modeled for 10 years in each cultivation unit using two species and four locations, resulting in twenty-four optimization problems. Each optimization model is implemented in GAMS 23.6.5 and the solution is obtained using CONOPT (version 3.14W) solver. The results indicate that algae species with higher oil content requires smaller reactor volume to produce the desired amount of biomass. The results also reveal that the geographical location with higher incident solar irradiance may not necessarily be the optimal location for algae culturing because higher irradiance may lead to cell damage, and hence, lower growth rates. Among the options considered in the case study, the design of tubular photobioreactor for culturing Phaeodactylum tricornutum at Hyderabad, India yields the minimum net present sink.
Inductor Geometry With Improved Energy Density

The “constant-flux” concept is leveraged to achieve high magnetic-energy density, leading to inductor geometries with height significantly lower than that of conventional products. Techniques to shape the core and to distribute the winding turns to shape a desirable field profile are described for the two basic classes of magnetic geometries: those with the winding enclosed by the core and those with the core enclosed by the winding. A relatively constant flux distribution is advantageous not only from the density standpoint, but also from the thermal standpoint via the reduction of hot spots, and from the reliability standpoint via the suppression of flux crowding. In this journal paper on a constant-flux inductor (CFI) with enclosed winding, the foci are operating principle, dc analysis, and basic design procedure. Prototype cores and windings were routed from powder-iron disks and copper sheets, respectively. The design of CFI was validated by the assembled inductor prototype.
Simulating ventilation distribution in heterogenous lung injury using a binary tree data structure

To determine the impact of mechanical heterogeneity on the distribution of regional flows and pressures in the injured lung, we developed an anatomic model of the canine lung comprised of an asymmetric branching airway network, which can be stored as binary tree data structure. The entire tree can be traversed using a recursive flow divider algorithm, allowing for efficient computation of acinar flow and pressure distributions in a mechanically heterogeneous lung. These distributions were found to be highly dependent on ventilation frequency and the heterogeneity of tissue elastances, reflecting the preferential distribution of ventilation to areas of lower regional impedance.
Wildlife Habitat Management on the Northern Prairie Landscape

The northern prairie landscape has changed dramatically within the past century as a result of settlement by Europeans. Natural ecosystems have been disrupted and wildlife populations greatly altered. Natural resource agencies control only limited areas within the landscape, which they cannot manage independently of privately owned lands. Wildlife managers need first to set quantifiable objectives, based on the survival, reproduction, and distribution of wildlife. Second, they need to build public support and partnerships for meeting those objectives. Finally, they need to evaluate progress not only with respect to attitudes of the public and partners but, more importantly, of the wildlife response. This paper describes some useful tools for managing information at all phases of this process. We follow by discussing management options at a landscape level. Examples are given that involve agency lands as well as private lands, managed for biological resources and diversity as well as economic sustainability.
Donations to the VBF.

AS president of the Veterinary Benevolent Fund (VBF), the charity that cares for veterinary professionals, may I thank all those members of the Veterinary Defence Society (VDS) who gave …
Effect of Hypophysectomy on the Radioactive Phosphorus Uptake of Chick Adrenals

Abstract THE rate of incorporation of radioactive phosphorus (32 P) into the target organs of young chickens serves as an end-point in the bioassay procedures for thyrotropic, gonadotropic and adrenocorticotropic hormones (Greenspan et al., 1956; Breneman et al., 1965; Connell, 1965; Bukovsan, 1967). The tropic hormones stimulate an increased incorporation of radioactivity per unit weight of their specific target organ. Since 32 P uptake is stimulated by tropic hormone, the pituitary target organs of hypophysectomized chickens would be expected to incorporate less radioactivity due to lower levels of endogenous tropic hormones. Surprisingly, investigations of the 32 P uptake by these organs did not show a decreased incorporation of the isotope following hypophysectomy of young cockerels (King, 1965). Instead, the adrenals and thyroids of hypophysectomized chickens incorporated at least twice as much radioactivity per mg of tissue during a 48-hour period following isotope administration, while the 32 P uptake by the gonads was the same or…
Collaboration in Multicultural Therapy: Establishing a Strong Therapeutic Alliance Across Cultural Lines

Achieving effectiveness of psychotherapy across a diversity of patients continues to be a foremost concern, and the therapy alliance remains a critical component of such favorable outcome across theoretical orientations and treatment formats. This article offers concrete guidance grounded in empirical research on therapist behaviors and treatment features to enhance collaboration in multicultural therapy. This is followed by a multicultural case study of a patient presenting with several co-morbid disorders to exemplify the application of these guidelines over the course of therapy.
Physiological Mechanisms Involved in Transmitting Flavors and Odors to Milk. I. Contribution of Eructated Gases to Milk Flavor

Summary Two cows with ruminal and tracheal fistulas were used in a series of experiments to determine the depth of penetration of eructated gases into the lungs and the effects of these gases on the flavor of milk. They were also used in experiments designed to compare the lungs to the rumen in effectiveness as absorptive-routes for substances causing off-flavors in milk. Substances causing off-flavors in milk were detectable in the milk much sooner when given by the lung route than when given by the digestive tract route. For example, detectable off-flavors appeared within 15min after substances were introduced into the lungs, whereas when substances were introduced into the rumen it required at least 30min. It was necessary to incubate macerated onions with rumen ingesta before off-flavors were detected by organoleptic methods in the milk when the lung route method of administration was used. Introduction of macerated onions into the rumen gave rise to a strong off-flavor. The off-flavor appeared sooner when the eructated gases were permitted to enter the lungs than when they were blocked from entering the lungs. Eructated gases also were found to play a role in the transmission of ethyl and amyl acetates from the rumen to the milk.
The relationship between continuity and patient satisfaction: a systematic review

Background Continuity between doctors and patients likely affects patient satisfaction. Objective To assess the current evidence on the relationship between continuity and patient satisfaction. Methods Systematic review of studies of adults in general, family, or internal medicine practices with ongoing, direct, face-to-face contact with their physician. Measures of the relationship between continuity and patient satisfaction were examined. Results A MEDLINE search covering 1984-2007 and a Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature search covering 1981-2007 identified 263 relevant studies and 12 studies met inclusion criteria. There were 12 different continuity measures and 9 different satisfaction measures. Conclusions Continuity has a variable effect on patient satisfaction.
A physiological increase in insulin suppresses muscle‐specific ubiquitin ligase gene activation in fetal sheep with sustained hypoglycemia

Decreased glucose transfer to the fetus is characteristic of pregnancies complicated by maternal under nutrition and placental insufficiency. Chronic experimental restriction of glucose transfer to the sheep fetus for the final 40% of gestation with a maternal insulin infusion (HG fetuses) results in fetal hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and decreased rates of fetal growth and protein accretion compared to controls (CON). Lower rates of fetal protein accretion are due to increased fetal protein breakdown and not decreased protein synthesis. However, the specific skeletal muscle pathways responsible for increased protein breakdown have not been determined. Nor has it been determined if low fetal glucose or insulin concentrations are more important for regulating these skeletal muscle protein breakdown pathways. We tested whether chronic restriction of glucose transfer to the fetus increased the ubiquitin–proteosome pathway or autophagy-lysosome pathway in fetal sheep skeletal muscle and found no evidence for an increase in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. However, HG fetuses had increase mRNA expression of MaFBx1 (twofold, P < 0.01) and a trend for increased mRNA expression of MuRF1 (P = 0.08) compared to CON. A subset of chronically hypoglycemic fetuses received an isoglycemic insulin infusion for the final 7 days of the maternal insulin infusion (HG + INS fetuses) and had MaFBx1 and MuRF1 mRNA concentrations similar to CON fetuses. These results demonstrate that fetuses exposed to sustained hypoglycemia have decreased protein accretion due to activation of the skeletal muscle ubiquitin–proteosome pathway and that a fetal hyperinsulinemic clamp can suppress this pathway even in the context of continued hypoglycemia.
The molecular environment of intracellular sodium: 23Na NMR relaxation

The comprehensive approach described in the accompanying paper is illustrated here with the 23Na signal of a concentrated solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in saline and the intracellular (Nai) 23Na resonance of a dense suspension of Na(+)-loaded yeast cells. We use frequency shift reagents to discriminate the latter from the extracellular resonance. We find that the Nai signal corresponds to that of an effective single population of Na+ ions exhibiting a single type c spectrum. This is true despite the fact that the yeast protoplasm is too large and too compartmentalized for a given Na+ ion to sample its entirety on the relevant NMR timescale. Our results show clearly that, in addition to the decay of transverse magnetization, the recovery of longitudinal magnetization is biexponential. This is required for a type c spectrum but has not often been detected. The temperature dependence of the relaxation rate constants of the Nai resonance is not consistent with either a simple Debye process or a discrete exchange mechanism connecting two sites in the fast limit. We have fitted the data using an asymmetric continuous distribution of correlation times for the fluctuations of electric field gradients sensed by the Nai nuclei. The analogous distribution function for the Na+ in a 44% (w/w) BSA solution is quite similar to that of the Nai at the same temperature. This suggests that while the macromolecular environment of the Nai ions is quite congested, it is also isotropic on quite a small spatial scale. Also, one can use the correlation time distribution function, obtained from fitting the relaxation data, to calculate a relaxometry curve. This is useful because experimental 23Na relaxometry is difficult. The calculated curve may be a reasonable model for the mostly extracellular 23Na resonance encountered in vivo.
Solar activity – past, present, future

As our civilization depends increasingly on space-borne assets and on a delicate and vulnerable earth-bound infrastructure, solar activity and its potential impact becomes of increasing importance and relevance. In his famous paper on the Maunder Minimum, Eddy (1976) introduced the notion that the Sun is a variable star on long time scales. After the recent decade of vigorous research based on cosmic ray and sunspot data as well as on geomagnetic activity, an emerging consensus reconstruction of solar wind magnetic field strength has been forged for the last century. The consensus reconstruction shows reasonable agreement among the various reconstructions of solar wind magnetic field the past ~ 170 years. New magnetic indices open further possibilities for the exploitation of historic data. The solar wind is a direct result of solar magnetic activity providing an important link to the effects on the Earth’s environment. Reassessment of the sunspot series (no Modern Grand Maximum) and new reconstructions of Total Solar Irradiance also contribute to our improved knowledge (or at least best guess) of the environment of the Earth System, with obvious implications for management of space-based technological assets or, perhaps, even climate. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Sun is entering a period of low activity, perhaps even a Grand Minimum. Average space weather might be “milder” with decreased solar activity, but the extreme events that dominate technological effects are not expected to disappear. Prediction of solar activity has a poor track record, but the progression of the current Cycle 24 is in accordance with its behavior predicted from the evolution of the solar polar fields, so perhaps there is hope.
An 8.2 J phase-conjugate solid-state laser coherently combining eight parallel amplifiers

We describe a phase-conjugate master oscillator-power amplifier configuration in which as many as eight parallel flashlamp-pumped Cr:Nd:GSGG amplifiers and four parallel CD*A frequency doubling crystals were coherently combined. Operating at a pulse repetition frequency of 1.25 Hz, we demonstrated an output energy of 8.2 J at 1 /spl mu/m and 4.4 J at 530 nm for a 54% frequency-doubling efficiency. This effort represents the highest reported output energy achieved using coherent coupling via phase conjugation. In subsequent experiments at a pulse repetition frequency of 5 Hz, we produced /spl sim/22 W of 1.06 /spl mu/m average power with a beam quality that was /spl sim/2.5 times diffraction-limited. The observed far-field intensity profile indicates that we achieved effective and consistent compensation of optical-path length differences among the multiple parallel amplifiers and frequency-doubling crystals. >
A Reduced Complexity Algorithm for Minimizing N-Detect Tests

We give a new recursive rounding linear programming (LP) solution to the problem of N-detect test minimization. This is a polynomial-time solution that closely approximates the exact but NP-hard integer linear programming (ILP) solution. In ILP, a test is represented by a [0,1] integer variable and the sum of those variables is minimized. Constraints ensure that each fault has at least N tests with non-zero variables. Traditionally, the problem has been transformed to less complex LP by treating the variables as real numbers, regarded as probabilities with which they can be rounded off to 0 or 1. This is known as the randomized rounding method. In the new method, the LP is recursively used, each time rounding the largest variable to 1 and reducing the size of the LP. The method is found to converge to a solution in just a few LP runs and the result is usually better than that of randomized rounding. Experimental results include ISCAS85 benchmarks and a set of multiplier circuits. N-detect tests for N = 1, 5 and 15 are considered. Also, a 10-vector single-detect sequence for c6288 is given
War, Revolution, and the Growth of the Coercive State

Modern states are powerful, resilient institutions, the most durable of which have established and consolidated their rule through conquest, revolution, and war. Successful involvement in violent conflict leads to the development of militarized and police states and reinforces elite political cultures that favor the use of coercion in future disputes. If warfare has unfavorable outcomes, elites will prefer noncoercive strategies in the future. From these and other propositions are derived models of the processes by which garrison states emerge and persist in autocracies and democracies. States with high material capabilities are more likely to become garrison states than weaker states, which tend to avoid international conflict and to rely on accommodation in internal conflicts. States with low political capabilities are susceptible to revolutionary overthrow and the establishment of revolutionary garrison states. The role of diversion of domestic conflicts to the external environment also is considered. ...
Using Instrumental Variables to Account for Selection Effects in Research on First-Year Programs

The widespread popularity of programs for first-year students is due, in large part, to studies showing that participation in first-year programs is significantly related to students’ academic success. Because students choose to participate in first-year programs, self-selection effects prevent researchers from making causal claims about the outcomes of those programs. The present research examined the effects on first-semester grades of students participating in themed learning communities at a research university in the Midwest. Results indicated that membership in themed learning communities was positively associated with higher grade point averages, even after controlling for entering ability, application date, gender, and first-generation/low-income status. However, when instrumental variables were introduced to account for self-selection, the effects of themed learning communities on grades were not statistically significant. The results have implications for campus leaders and assessment practitioners who are working to develop methods for understanding the effects of programs designed to enhance the undergraduate educational experiences on their campuses.