cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irradiation-induced stresses in solid semi-infinite and short graphite cylinders subjected to an axisymmetric axial flux gradient

Abstract An analysis is given for a solid semi-infinite or short graphite cylinder subjected to a fast neutron irradiation flux which decays exponentially along the axis of the cylinder. The dimensional changes produced in graphite by fast neutron irradiation are mathematically identical to the dimensional changes produced by a change in temperature. The analysis is for the isotropic elastic case; however, the irradiation shrinkage coefficients may differ in the axial and in-plane directions. A modified Love stress function is used in conjunction with the body force analogy to obtain a solution well away from the ends of the cylinder. The complete solution is obtained by superposing onto this solution the solution for the cylinder with applied end stresses equal to but opposite in sign to the non-zero axial and shear stresses given at the ends by the infinite cylinder analysis. The solution of the end problem is obtained by using the Love stress function in conjunction with the boundary conditions on the curved surface. This procedure yields a complex eigenvalue series solution with arbitrary constants, and the series is truncated in actual application. The arbitrary constants are determined by least squares fitting the boundary conditions on the end surface at many points. It is shown in an example that a satisfactory solution may be obtained using only a few terms of the series.
Effect of pigmentation in particulate formation from fluoropolymer thermodegradation in microgravity

Fires aboard spacecraft have occurred as a result of overheated electrical wires and thermodegradation of their insulation, which is composed of fluoropolymers. The particulate products of polymer thermodegradation are only 20-50 run in diameter and are thought to play a role in "polymer fume fever". Therefore an experimental study of the particulates produced by intense ohmic heating of various fluoropolymer-insulated 20 AWG copper wire (representative of spacecraft materials) was undertaken in normal gravity and in microgravity. The 2.2 s drop facility at NASA LeRC and 1.5 s drop facility at the Colorado School of Mines were used to achieve low gravity conditions. Thermophoretic sampling was used for particulate collection. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used to characterize the smoke particulates. It was found that the color of PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) insulation has an overwhelming effect on the size, shape, morphology and, composition of the particulates. Size distributions and shape analyses using computerized image analysis showed that particle size distributions were also dependent on the pigment of the fluoropolymer insulation. The influence of pigment was observed in experiments under both normal and microgravity. Under microgravity conditions, owing to the lack of natural convective transport of particulates, much more particle aggregation was observed, and the nature of the aggregates was dependent on the color of the insulation.
Mapping in the realm of polyploidy: The wheat model

Wheat is an allopolyploid containing three distinct but genetically related (homoeologous) genomes, A, B and D. Because of polyploid inheritance and large genome size (16×1012 bp), the wheat genome is thought to be intractable to map-based cloning of agronomic and other genes of interest. We propose a targeted geneti mapping strategy that combines linkage and physical mapping and may facilitate map-based cloning. High-density linkage maps are either generated in wheat or in diploid Triticum tauschii, the donor of the D genome to wheat. Molecular marker-based chromosome maps are constructed, using an array of deletion lines in wheat. The conventional genetic linkage maps are aligned with chromosome maps to construct cytogenetic ladder maps (CLMs). The CLMs allow region-specific mapping and convert genetic distances into physical distances. The information from CLMs suggests that many genes in wheat are present in clusters that are highly recombiogenic, small, and may be amenable to cloning by chromosome walking. Therefore, the effective genome size of wheat is relatively small in comparison to the whole genome. The utility of using the smaller genome of rice for mapping and homologous gene cloning is discussed.
Three cone mechanisms in the primate electroretinogram: two with, one without off-center bipolar responses.

Abstract We have used ganzfeld stimulation, selective chromatic adaptation and computer averaging to identify three cone mechanisms in the corneal ERG of the macaque monkey. On a strong yellow background, two cone mechanisms can be distinguished. One has a peak spectral sensitivity near 460 nm with a relatively slow b-wave to light onset and a negative wave at offset. This response is transiently reduced after a yellow background is extinguished. The second has its peak near 560 nm with a quicker b-wave at onset and a positive wave (d-wave) at offset. On a strong blue background, the ERG appears univariant from 400 to 600 nm but not at longer wavelengths (640 nm). An even brighter blue background reduces the ERG to most of the spectrum but has almost no affect on the 640 nm response. Adding an additional red background greatly reduces the 640 nm response without significantly influencing the responses to the rest of the spectrum. By Granit's terminology, the cone ERG appears to be composed of an E-like ERG of short wave cones and an I-like ERG of at least two other cone mechanisms. The difference between E and I ERGs may be due to the absence or presence, respectively, of an off-center bipolar -system. The intravitreal injection of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) supports this hypothesis. APB eliminates the b-wave of all three cone ERGs and the negative off-response of the S cone ERG but increases the positive off-response of the other cone ERGs.
Vibration and Low Frequency Acoustic Analysis of Piecewise-Activated Adaptive Composite Panels

This paper presents an analytical modeling technique which uses the Ritz method, classical laminated plate theory, and finite panel acoustic radiation theory to pre dict the modal and structural acoustic behavior of locally activated shape memory alloy hybrid composite panels. This technique for performing a spatial integral within the Ritz approximation of the laminated plates with nonlinear material properties can also be ap plied to analysis of laminated plates with stiffeners and other spatially nonlinear character istics. The application of interest for this presentation is structural analysis of laminated plates. However, this technique may also be used for analyzing plates with ribs and stiffeners, etc. By minimizing the total energy functional, integrating piece-wise over dis crete homogeneous panel regions characterized as activated and unactivated and summing these integrals over the total panel area; stiffness matrices are found to determine natural frequencies, mode shapes and steady-state dyn...
Evidence for the Lake Chippewa Extreme Low-Water Stage in Lake Michigan

The established geological history of the Great Lakes region recognizes four prominent lake stages in postglacial Lake Michigan. During this time various lacustrine sediment layers (members) were deposited in the Lake Michigan basin creating the Lake Michigan Formation. Each member (Waukegan, Lake Forest, Winnetka, and Sheboygan) is correlated to a different water level stage. The lowest water level ever recorded in Lake Michigan, the Lake Chippewa Stage, occurred during the deposition of either the Lake Forest or Winnetka Members. The occurrence of this low-water stage has not been well documented because of insufficient evidence from deep water sediments. However, in this study fossil invertebrate data of shallow water clams and snails are given. The fossils are presently found in deep water sediments which identify the layer forming the lowest water stage, Lake Chippewa, in Lake Michigan. It appears the Lake Chippewa low-water stage occurred during the deposition of the Winnetka Member. The Winnetka Member contained a high concentration of Pisidium clam shells and ostracod valves. In addition, this member contained characteristically shallow-water snails of the genera Gyraulus, Valvata, Amnicola, and Lymnaea. Previous paleomagnetic studies of the upper Winnetka Member indicate this deposition and the Lake Chippewa low-water stage occurred between 6,370 and 9,700 years ago.
CONGENITAL DEFICIENCY OF FACTOR VII (HYPOCONVERTINEMIA). CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND REPORT OF THREE CASES, WITH EXTENSIVE PEDIGREE STUDY AND EFFECT OF TRANSFUSIONS.

Abstract The evidence for the existence and function of blood coagulation factor VII (stable factor, SPCA, proconvertin) is critically reviewed. As is true of factors V and X, deficiency of factor vii lengthens the prothrombin time. This is usually the first clue to the diagnosis in a patient with a bleeding tendency. The concept that factors V and X act intrinsically (coagulation in a blood vessel or a test tube in the absence of tissue juice) and that factor VII acts extrinsically (after extravasation and, therefore, in contact with tissue juice) requires re-evaluation. In any case, the type of bleeding associated with a deficiency of factor VII is indistinguishable from that related to lack of factors V and X or of the hemophilic factors VIII and IX. All available publications on factor VII deficiency, as well as earlier ones describing+ "hypoprothrombinemia," have been analyzed and categorized according to the likelihood of their representing true deficiencies of factor VII. Only thirty-six cases met our criteria. We have added three cases in this report. These three patients had noted lifelong bleeding tendencies. An eleven year old boy had experienced recurrent hemarthroses of the right knee; a thirteen year old girl had hemorrhaged severely with each menstrual period; a fortyeight year old man had bled after surgical procedures such as dental extractions and hemorrhoidectomy. Study of more than 100 relatives of the boy, both of whose parents were of Norwegian descent, indicated that the heterozygous (carrier) state is associated with a plasma concentration of factor VII of about 50 per cent of normal, and that the heterozygote is equally likely to be male or female. The heterozygote apparently represents two codominant alleles, one normal for the synthesis of factor VII, the other not leading to the production of factor VII. Neither of the terms "dominant" or "recessive" appears to apply to the abnormal allele, except in a clinical sense, since the heterozygotes are not bleeders. One relative, pregnant for five months, had a plasma concentration of factor VII three times normal; she was probably homozygously normal. The homozygous deficiency of factor VII is characterized by a severe bleeding diathesis that resists vitamin K therapy and has so far not been treated effectively by any agent except blood, plasma or plasma fractions. Even this treatment is beneficial for only a limited period. Whole blood was transfused into the adult patient, and 500 ml. of plasma was given to the girl. Within 24 hours, the plasma concentration of factor VII was negligible in each case.
Computed tomography in the pretreatment assessment of carcinoma of the cervix

Fifty-nine patients with primary or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix were evaluated by computed tomography as part of their presurgical evaluation. The computed tomography staging results were compared with the surgical staging. Computed tomography staging was accurate in 71% (42 of 59), whereas clinical staging was accurate in 66% (39 of 59). In assessing paraaortic nodes by CT, there were 10 true-positive, 20 true-negative, 1 false-positive, and 2 false-negative results (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 95%), for an overall accuracy of 91%. For pelvic nodes, there were 10 true-positive, 11 true-negative, 3 false-positive, and 6 false-negative results (sensitivity, 62.5% specificity, 78%), for an overall accuracy of 70%. Excretory urograms and barium enemas provided no information not obtained by computed tomography and are probably unnecessary if computed tomography is used as a routine staging examination. At present, computed tomography should not replace clinical assessment of extent of the disease. Its chief advantage over clinical staging is its ability to detect metastases beyond the true pelvis.
CYTOGENETIC AND PIGMENT STUDIES OF A BLUE‐GREEN MUTANT FROM P32‐TREATED SEEDS OF THE TOMAT

NINE CHLOROPHYLL mutants of the tomato, eight of which were light green and one, dwarf d, darker green than the normal-green plant when examined visually, were reported by L. Butler et al. (1954). Lesley and Lesley (1956) reported two pale-green mutants. They recently also produced two dark-green mutants, one bearing dark red fruit. Although the chlorophyll contents of pale-green mutants have been studied (Highkin, 1950; Whitaker, 1952; Butler, L., et al., 1954), so far no study has been reported of the chlorophyll content of a dark-green mutant of the tomato. The purpose of this paper is to describe two darkgreen mutants of the tomato and to report on the genetics, chlorophyll content of leaves, and carotenoid content of fruit of one of them.
Long-term oral enoximone therapy in chronic cardiac failure

Sixty-nine patients with chronic heart failure of moderate to advanced severity were treated with oral enoximone (mean dose 1.8 ± 0.5 mg/kg every 6 to 8 hours) for an average of 35 weeks (range 1 to 129). Before long-term therapy in 56 patients, oral enoximone was shown to augment cardiac output by more than 30%. In 13 outpatients enoximone was initiated without hemodynamic monitoring. Within 12 weeks of therapy the majority of surviving patients were improved by at least 1 New York Heart Association functional class. In a subset of 30 patients who were able to perform reproducible treadmill exercise before entry, average maximal O2 uptake increased from 14.9 ml/kg/min at baseline to 17.6 ml/kg/min (p < 0.05) at 2 to 4 weeks and remained increased at 17.4 ml/kg/min (p < 0.05) at 12 weeks. Adverse gastrointestinal effects occurred in 11 patients and were generally mild. The 12 month survival rate was 44%; etiology of death was cardiogenic shock in 17 patients and 10 patients died suddenly while at home. Thus, improvements in symptoms and maximal vO2 were observed in many patients with moderate to severe heart failure during long-term therapy with enoximone. Controlled trials will be needed to establish the safety and efficacy of this promising new drug.
History by history statistical estimators in the BEAM code system.

A history by history method for estimating uncertainties has been implemented in the BEAMnrc and DOSXYznrc codes replacing the method of statistical batches. This method groups scored quantities (e.g., dose) by primary history. When phase-space sources are used, this method groups incident particles according to the primary histories that generated them. This necessitated adding markers (negative energy) to phase-space files to indicate the first particle generated by a new primary history. The new method greatly reduces the uncertainty in the uncertainty estimate. The new method eliminates one dimension (which kept the results for each batch) from all scoring arrays, resulting in memory requirement being decreased by a factor of 2. Correlations between particles in phase-space sources are taken into account. The only correlations with any significant impact on uncertainty are those introduced by particle recycling. Failure to account for these correlations can result in a significant underestimate of the uncertainty. The previous method of accounting for correlations due to recycling by placing all recycled particles in the same batch did work. Neither the new method nor the batch method take into account correlations between incident particles when a phase-space source is restarted so one must avoid restarts.
Downregulation of miR-205 and miR-31 confers resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

Advanced prostate cancers are known to acquire not only invasive capabilities but also significant resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. To understand how microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to prostate cancer resistance to apoptosis, we compared microRNA expression profiles of a benign prostate cancer cell line WPE1-NA22 and a highly malignant WPE1-NB26 cell line (derived from a common lineage). We found that miR-205 and miR-31 are significantly downregulated in WPE1-NB26 cells, as well as in other cell lines representing advanced-stage prostate cancers. Antiapoptotic genes BCL2L2 (encoding Bcl-w) and E2F6 are identified as the targets of miR-205 and miR-31, respectively. By downregulating Bcl-w and E2F6, miR-205 and miR-31 promote chemotherapeutic agents-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. The promoter region of the miR-205 gene was cloned and was found to be hypermethylated in cell lines derived from advanced prostate cancers, contributing to the downregulation of the gene. Treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine induced miR-205 expression, downregulated Bcl-w, and sensitized prostate cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Thus, downregulation of miR-205 and miR-31 has an important role in apoptosis resistance in advanced prostate cancer.
AIR CLASSIFICATION OF DEFATTED, GLANDED COTTONSEED FLOURS TO PRODUCE EDIBLE PROTEIN PRODUCT

A modified air-classification technique for producing a low-gossypol, edible cottonseed product from defatted glanded cottonseed flour was investigated. Several milling methods, including fixed hammer disintegating, pin milling, and air-gun pulverizing, were used to prepare flour from defatted flakes. The milled flours were evaluated for particle size distribution prior to air classification. The yields and the proximate composition of the final fractions indicated that both are affected by the method of milling. With a fixed-hammer disintegrator, a low gossypol edible product was produced. The other milling methods ruptured excessive amounts of pigment glands or did not sufficiently comminute the defatted material. The edible fraction yield can be increased if heat is used to lower the free gossypol content of the final product. Heat converted free gossypol into bound gossypol, therefore total gossypol was unchanged.
Renal artery anomalies in patients with horseshoe or ectopic kidneys: the challenge of aortic reconstruction

Renal fusion or ectopia can present formidable challenges during aortic surgery. To evaluate morbidity and define optimal management, the clinical histories of 20 patients with renal fusion or ectopia who underwent 21 aortic procedures at the authors' institution over a 37-year period were reviewed. Indications for surgery included aortic aneurysm in 16 patients (infrarenal in 15 and thoracoabdominal in one) and aortoiliac occlusive disease in five (with renovascular hypertension in two). The abnormal kidney was detected before surgery in 13 patients (65%) by excretory urography, arteriography, computed tomography, or ultrasonography. Arteriography revealed multiple and/or anomalous renal arteries in nine of 12 patients studied. At surgery, 15 patients (75%) were found to have multiple or anomalous renal arteries. Six required renal revascularization (reimplantation four, endarterectomy one, aortorenal bypass one). The renal symphysis was divided in two patients. There were no operative deaths. Six major complications included bleeding requiring reoperation, renal failure requiring short-term dialysis, pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia and thrombophlebitis. Preoperative aortography is recommended in patients with renal fusion or ectopia because of the high incidence of associated renal artery anomalies. The surgeon must be prepared to preserve or revascularize these anomalous renal arteries. Division of the renal symphysis is rarely required. Although perioperative morbidity is raised, aortic reconstruction in patients with renal fusion or ectopia can be safely performed without increased mortality.
Phospholipase A activity of extracellular products from Bacteroides melaninogenicus on epithelium tissue cultures

Seven-day-old cultures of epithelial outgrowths from hamster cheek pouch were incubated with 3H-arachidonic acid for 24 hours and then subjected for 60 and 90 minutes to partially purified preparations of phospholipase A obtained from a strain of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus and from a strain of the subspecies intermedius, both isolated from periodontal pockets. In the cultures incubated with enzyme there was a significant release of radiolabel into the medium. A lipid analysis of the tissue cultures indicated that incubation with the enzymes produced a loss of the cells' phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and a concomitant release of free fatty acids. These results describe for the first time a possible mechanism for epithelial cell injury mediated by an extracellular product of bacteria from the periodontal environment with phospholipase A activity.
A Problem List for Clinical Work

AbstractThe Screening List for Psychosocial Problems (SLP) is a self-rating scale of problems and symptoms for clinical work in psychiatry. Although the SLP contains an extensive list of problems, scanning of the patient responses allows the clinician to determine rapidly which psychological or social problems or psychiatric symptoms the patients finds most troublesome. The SLP is subsequently conducive to a more efficient clinical interview, allowing the clinician to focus on the issues the patient reports as the most distressing. Since the SLP consists of validated scales, it can also be used for conventional psychological measurements. The individual scales are sensitive to change and they can be used as measures of change with treatment.
Study of electronic structure and dynamics of interacting free radicals influenced by water.

We present a study of electronic structure, stability, and dynamics of interaction and recombination of free radicals such as HO2 and OH influenced by water. As simple model calculations, we performed ab initio and density functional calculations for the interaction of HO2 and OH in the presence of water cluster. Results indicate that a significant interaction, overcoming the repulsive Columbic barrier, occurs at a separation distance between the radicals of 5.7A. This confirms early predictions of the minimum size of molecular dianions stable in the gas phase. It is well known that atomic dianions are unstable in the gas phase but molecular dianions are stable when the size of the molecule is larger than 5.7A. Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations with Car–Parrinello scheme show that the reaction is very fast and occurs on a time scale of about 1.5ps. The difference in stability and dynamics of the interacting free radicals on singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces is also discussed.
PEMC sensor's mass change sensitivity is 20 pg/Hz under liquid immersion

Abstract To enhance the mass change sensitivity of the resonating piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors, we reduced its length and eliminated one layer of its composite structure. As a result the mass sensitivity of the second flexural mode increased by two orders of magnitude (from 10 −9 to 10 −11 g/Hz) and the resonant frequency increased by more than 5 kHz. We demonstrate the effects of modification by detecting a model pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS) at 700 cells/mL. The resonant frequency change of the second mode at concentrations of 700, 7 × 10 3 , 7 × 10 5 , 7 × 10 6 , 7 × 10 7 , and 7 × 10 9 cells/mL resulted in, respectively, 3.1 ± 0.5, 11.6 ± 1, 15.7 ± 1, 25.7 ± 0.15, 28.5 ± 2, and 40.5 ± 3 ng ( n = 3 for all) of pathogen attachment. A kinetic model for the binding is proposed and verified. The observed binding rate constant was found to be in the range of 0.051–0.166 min −1 . The significance of the results we report is that the modified PEMC sensors have high mass sensitivity that pathogens can be detected at very low concentration under liquid immersion conditions.
Curvelet-Based Texture Classification of Tissues in Computed Tomography

The research presented in this article is aimed at the development of an automated imaging system for classification of tissues in medical images obtained from Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The article focuses on using curvelet-based multi-resolution texture analysis. The approach consists of two steps: automatic extraction of the most discriminative texture features of regions of interest and creation of a classifier that automatically identifies the various tissues. The discriminating power of several curvelet-based texture descriptors are investigated. Tests indicate that Energy, Entropy, Mean and Standard Deviation signatures are the most effective descriptors for curvelets, yielding accuracy rates in the 97 - 98% range. A comparison with a similar algorithm based on wavelet and ridgelet texture descriptors clearly shows that using curvelet-based texture features significantly improves the classification of normal tissues in CT scans.
An X-linked Gene Encodes a Major Human Sperm Fibrous Sheath Protein, hAKAP82 GENOMIC ORGANIZATION, PROTEIN KINASE A-RII BINDING, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRECURSOR IN THE SPERM TAIL

Abstract Mammalian sperm motility is regulated by a cascade of cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation events mediated by protein kinase A. A-kinaseanchor proteins (AKAPs) direct protein kinase A activity by tethering the enzyme near its physiological substrates. We have characterized a major human sperm fibrous sheath AKAP, hAKAP82, and its precursor, pro-hAKAP82, the homologues of the mouse fibrous sheath proteins mAKAP82 and pro-mAKAP82. The cDNA sequence of pro-hAKAP82 was highly homologous to the mouse sequence, and the functional domains of the pro-hAKAP82 protein, the protein kinase A binding, and the pro-hAKAP82/hAKAP82 cleavage sites were identical to those of the mouse protein. The genomic organization of mousepro-AKAP82 was determined. Alternative splicing occurred in both the mouse and human pro-AKAP82 genes that resulted in at least two distinct transcripts and possibly two different proteins. Compared with pro-mAKAP82, considerably less pro-hAKAP82 was processed to hAKAP82 in human sperm. Although pro-mAKAP82 localizes only to the proximal portion of the principal piece of the flagellum, pro-hAKAP82 localized to the entire length of the principal piece. The pro-hAKAP82 gene mapped to human chromosome Xp11.2, indicating that defects in this gene are maternally inherited. These studies suggest several roles for hAKAP82 in sperm motility, including the regulation of signal transduction pathways.
Workflow Planning on a Grid

Workflows are used in scientific, engineering, industrial, legal, and business applications to process many kinds of data, such as genomes, supply chains, and mailing lists. Workflows that involve thousands to millions of files and up to terabytes of data are a challenge that grid computing is tackling. Another challenge is how to automate the specification of large workflows to avoid human error - AI planning techniques can help. In this paper, we sketch how we're addressing these problems with the prototype workflow planning system we're developing at the University of Arkansas
Tomographic radar imaging of rotating structures

A high PRF rate single frequency instrumentation radar is used to generate two-dimensional images of rotating structures such as helicopter blades and hubs. The technique utilizes a tomographic backprojection reconstruction algorithm where Doppler spectra generate cross-range one-dimensional profiles of the rotating structure. A simplified computer generated scattering model is developed to show proof-of-concept and aid in developing the reconstruction algorithm.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the Frontier of Science: An American Rhetoric of Exploration and Exploitation, Leah Ceccarelli

Rhetoricians and compositionists of all persuasions—and rhetoricians of science in particular—have much to celebrate with the publication of Leah Ceccarelli’s On the Frontier of Science: An America...
Cleaner Fuel Through Nitrogen Inserting

Development of an aircraft fuel tank nitrogen system to suppress fire and explosion has been underway for several years. As work progressed it was learned that such a system could also reduce contamination in the fuels. Reduction of contamination will reduce fuel system component malfunctioning, improve aircraft performance, and possibly eliminate the need for fuel additives and exotic fuels.Copyright © 1971 by ASME
Alternative nonsurgical strategies to treatcomplex orthodontic problems

Patients whose vertical discrepancies are best corrected with both orthodonticsand surgery can be placed into two distinct categories. The first category is the group of patients who have short posterior facial heights in conjunction with excessive anterior facial heights. The second category is the group of patients who have the opposite problem, ie, excessive posterior facial heights and decreased anterior facial heights. Both of these types of malocclusions can best be treated with a combination of orthodontics and surgery. Alternative treatment for these "outer limits" patients require a thorough differential diagnosis, selection of appropriate force systems, and an understanding that nonsurgical treatment will result in compromises. Although these compromises must be accepted these patients can expect treatment results that are esthetically pleasing, highly acceptable for the teeth and supporting tissues, functional, and reasonably stable if a careful differential diagnosis is followed with treatment that uses precise space management with sequential directional force application.
Insertion of Hsp70 into Membranes is Mediated by Negative-Charged Phospholipids and Modulated by the Fluidity of the Bilayer

The universal response to stress is mediated by the expression of heat shock proteins (hsp), which are involved in repair and recovery from the insult. In addition, their presence provides protection from subsequent insults, which has been coined stress tolerance. The cytoprotective role of hsp has been associated with their chaperone function within the cytosol. However, hsp were recently found outside cells where they acted as signaling molecules directed at activating the immune system to avoid the propagation of the insult. Hsp70, the major inducible form of the hsp family, does not contain any consensus secretory signal that predicts its secretion via the ER-Golgi pathway. Therefore, it is likely that the export of Hsp70 to the extracellular environment is mediated by the propose that Hsp70 is exported by a novel mechanism initiated by the translocation of the protein into the plasma membrane and is released associated with vesicles called export or extracellular vesicles (ECV). To test this hypothesis, we developed a liposome insertion assay using pure recombinant Hsp70. We found that Hsp70 insertion into lipid membranes was spontaneous and specific for negatively charged lipids, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol. In contrast, positive or neutral lipids did not support membrane insertion. We also found that less fluid lipid environments highly favored membrane insertion, which resembles in vivo observations indicating the presence of Hsp70 in lipid rafts of cells. In summary, our observations support the hypothesis that membrane insertion is the first stage of secretion of Hsp70 into the extracellular environment in the form of vesicles. We speculate that hsp70-ECV may result in a robust activation of the immune system that is part of the systemic response to stress.Supported by NIH R01 GM098455.
Mitochondrial polymorphisms in rat genetic models of hypertension

Hypertension is a complex trait that has been studied extensively for genetic contributions of the nuclear genome. We examined mitochondrial genomes of the hypertensive strains: the Dahl Salt-Sensitive (S) rat, the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), and the Albino Surgery (AS) rat, and the relatively normotensive strains: the Dahl Salt-Resistant (R) rat, the Milan Normotensive Strain (MNS), and the Lewis rat (LEW). These strains were used previously for linkage analysis for blood pressure (BP) in our laboratory. The results provide evidence to suggest that variations in the mitochondrial genome do not account for observed differences in blood pressure between the S and R rats. However, variants were detected among the mitochondrial genomes of the various hypertensive strains, S, SHR, and AS, and also among the normotensive strains R, MNS, and LEW. A total of 115, 114, 106, 106, and 16 variations in mtDNA were observed between the comparisons S versus LEW, S versus MNS, S versus SHR, S versus AS, and SHR versus AS, respectively. Among the 13 genes coding for proteins of the electron transport chain, 8 genes had nonsynonymous variations between S, LEW, MNS, SHR, and AS. The lack of any sequence variants between the mitochondrial genomes of S and R rats provides conclusive evidence that divergence in blood pressure between these two inbred strains is exclusively programmed through their nuclear genomes. The variations detected among the various hypertensive strains provides the basis to construct conplastic strains and further evaluate the effects of these variants on hypertension and associated phenotypes.
An economic efficiency analysis of deconcentrating poverty populations

Abstract This paper presents a comparative static analysis using a conceptual model of the social benefits and costs associated with alternative spatial distributions of the poor. This analysis demonstrates that the necessary and sufficient conditions for justifying deconcentration of the poor on the grounds of increasing net social benefits are much more stringent than is commonly believed, fundamentally involving particular sorts of non-linear relationships between neighborhood poverty rates and the propensity of neighboring individuals to engage in problem behaviors and to earn less. The paper then conducts a meta-analysis of the limited empirical evidence available. The weight of the evidence implies that net social benefits would be improved if neighborhoods with greater than about 15% poverty rates were replaced with (an appropriately larger number) of neighborhoods having less than 15% poverty rates. However, net social benefits would be smaller if neighborhoods with greater than about 40% poverty rates were replaced with (an appropriately larger number) of neighborhoods having between about 15–40% poverty rates.
Student and Faculty Perceptions of Teacher Characteristics.

Summary Both faculty and students are interested in faculty becoming better teachers. But do both students and faculty have the same perceptions of teacher characteristics? The present study attempted to answer this question by having 15 faculty members and 22 undergraduate students perform similarity judgments between each possible pair of 14 teacher types. An individual differences multidimensional scaling analysis and a post hoc analysis indicated that faculty and students had the same perceptions of teacher characteristics.
Evaluation of human–agent user interfaces in multi-agent systems

Abstract A multi-agent system (MAS) is a computational system in which two or more intelligent agents work together to perform a set of tasks. MAS's have had a significant impact in a wide range of applications. However, little attention has been paid to the design of human–agent user interfaces. Our research was conducted primarily to further explore interaction between humans and intelligent agents, as well as attempt to solidify foundational concepts for intelligent multi-agent system interface design. Based on the foundation of the commercialized PC game Unreal Tournament 2003, a framework was developed that utilized fundamental interface design principles as well as newly designed guidelines. Three user interfaces were designed for an experiment conducted with 25 participants. Their performances were evaluated via effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction, and workload metrics. Through the testing of scenario tasks, an in-depth study was conducted on the collaboration between the human user and intelligent agents within a system. Finally, the paper summarized a set of design principles and guidelines developed through the study, which could easily be applicable to the design of future user interfaces for multi-agent systems. Relevance to industry A deeper understanding of the manner by which the appropriate information is provided to the user interacting with multi-agent systems in the correct form at the right time should have a broad impact on the future development of intelligent multi-agent system interfaces.
Acid-base responses to changes in CO2 in two pacific crabs: The coconut crab, Birgus latro, and a mangrove crab, Cardisoma carnifex

The blood pH was depressed in the terrestrial coconut crab, Birgus latro, by about 0.3 units when the animals were forced to breathe 3% CO2 in air. This hypercapnic acidosis was compensated over 24 hours by a 15.4 mM · L−1 increase in blood bicarbonate, but little amelioration of the pH depression was achieved (less than 0.15 units). The increased base excess could not arise from ion exchange with water, and did not apparently involve antennal gland excretion either. The distribution of injected DMO changed in a way that indicated that the intracellular compartment was supplying about half of the observed base excess. In an amphibious, or bimodally breathing crab, Cardisoma carnifex, a reduction of the normal blood P by forced water breathing led to an opposite hypocapnic alkalosis, the blood P dropping from 10.6 to 7.0 torr. This led to a progressive metabolic acidosis, which maintained the blood pH within 0.1 unit of control (air-breathing) values. The distribution of injected DMO in C. carnifex did not indicate any participation of the intracellular bicarbonate pool in the adjustment to the hypocapnia. It appears that only in the fully terrestrial crabs, deprived of an aquatic medium enabling ionic exchange processes, are other mechanisms for acid-base regulation brought into play.
Application of rapid-scanning, stopped-flow spectroscopy to the characterization of intermediates formed in the reactions of l- and d-tryptophan and β-mercaptoethanol with Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase

The reactions of the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase with D- and L-Trp and the presteady-state reaction of L-Ser and beta-mercaptoethanol under different premixing conditions have been investigated by rapid-scanning stopped-flow (RSSF) UV-visible spectroscopy. The reaction of alpha 2 beta 2 with L-Ser and beta-mercaptoethanol occurs in 3 detectable relaxations with rates similar to the 3 relaxations seen in the partial reaction with L-Ser and in the reaction with L-Ser and indole. The presteady-state phase of the reaction of beta-mercaptoethanol with the alpha-aminoacrylate intermediate is characterized by 2 relaxations. The RSSF spectra for this reaction show that the spectral changes that take place in these 2 phases are essentially identical. The L-Trp reaction is biphasic, and the spectral changes occurring in each phase of the reaction also are identical. The 2 new spectral bands formed (lambda max congruent to 420 nm and congruent to 476 nm) are assigned as the L-Trp external aldimine (Schiff's base) and L-Trp quinonoid intermediates, respectively. The reaction of D-Trp also is biphasic. Analysis of first and second derivatives of the RSSF spectral changes give evidence for the formation of spectral bands with lambda max of approximately 423 nm, approximately 450 nm, and approximately 478 nm. The positions and shapes of these bands suggest a D-Trp external aldimine structure (423 nm) and a quinonoidal species (450 and 478 nm). However, product studies do not support this latter assignment. The behavior of the D- and L-Trp reactions and the reaction of beta-mercaptoethanol with the alpha-aminoacrylate strongly indicate the pre-existence of 2 slowly equilibrating forms of the internal aldimine and of the alpha-aminoacrylate.
Experimental consequences of predicted charge rigidity of superconductors

Abstract The theory of hole superconductivity predicts that in superconductors the charged superfluid is about a million times more rigid than the normal electron fluid. We point out that this physics should give rise to large changes in the bulk and surface plasmon dispersion relations of metals entering the superconducting state, that have not yet been experimentally detected and would be in stark contradiction with the expected behavior within conventional BCS-London theory. We also propose that this explains the puzzling experimental observations of Avramenko et al. [1] on electron sound propagation in superconductors and the puzzling experiments of de Heer et al. [2] detecting large electric dipole moments in small metal clusters, as well as the Tao effect [3] on aggregation of superconducting microparticles in an electric field. Associated with the enhanced charge rigidity is a large increase in the electric screening length of superconductors at low temperatures that has not yet been experimentally detected. The physical origin of the enhanced charge rigidity and its relation to other aspects of the theory of hole superconductivity is discussed.
Development and validation of the first liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for simultaneous quantification of multiple antiretrovirals in meconium.

A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of 16 antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and 4 metabolites in meconium was developed and validated. Quantification of 6 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 2 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 7 protease inhibitors, and 1 integrase inhibitor was achieved in 0.25 g of meconium. Specimen preparation included methanol homogenization and solid-phase extraction. Separate positive and negative polarity multiple reaction monitoring mode injections were required to achieve sufficient sensitivity. Linearity ranged from 10 to 75 ng/g up to 2500 ng/g for most analytes and 100–500 ng/g up to 25 000 ng/g for some; all correlation coefficients were ≥0.99. Extraction efficiencies from meconium were 32.8–119.5% with analytical recovery of 80.3–108.3% and total imprecision of 2.2–11.0% for all quantitative analytes. Two analytes with analytical recovery (70.0–138.5%) falling outside the 80–120% criteria range were considered semiquantitative. Mat...
A three-dimensional geographic and storm surge data integration system for evacuation planning

The rise of offshore water caused by the high winds of a low pressure weather system, or storm surge, is a hurricane's greatest threat to human life. As weather forecasters struggle to enable coastal residents to make timely evacuation decisions, the need arises for more visually compelling and interactive storm surge visualization tools. This paper presents an interactive and three-dimensional storm surge visualization system. It integrates road, topographic, and building data to construct accurate three-dimensional models of major cities in the State of Florida. Storm surge data are then used to construct a three-dimensional ocean positioned over the terrain models. Ambient details such as wind, vegetation, ocean waves, and traffic are animated based on up-to-date wind and storm surge data. Videos of the storm surge visualizations are recorded and made available to coastal residents through a web-interface. The three-dimensional visualization of geographic and storm surge data provides a more visually compelling representation of the potential effects of storm surge than traditional two-dimensional models and is more capable to enable coastal residents to make potentially life-saving evacuation decisions.
Agonistic intimacy and moral aspiration in popular Hinduism: A study in the political theology of the neighbor

In what ways do potentially hostile neighboring groups find a place in each other's moral aspirations? I analyze the arrival of a “new” god, the oral-epic deity Tejaji, in the villages of Shahbad (Rajasthan, India) and the modes of relatedness this divine migration expresses between neighboring castes and tribes. How do we conceptualize relations between neighbors? I set out the idea of “agonistic intimacy” as a way of engaging the copresence of conflict and cohabitation. Placing Tejaji in relation to longer-term currents of Hinduism, I examine the conflicts, neighborly relations, and shared moral aspirations that animate this form of religious life. I locate spiritual–moral aspirations not necessarily in “otherworldliness” but as a political theology of the neighbor, conceiving of the neighbor as human and nonhuman (as deity, spirit, and animal), in ways that widen the definition of “the political” and of “theos.”
Partial regularity of energy minimizing harmonic maps into a complete manifold

In this paper, we study energy minimizing harmonic maps into a complete Riemannian manifold. We prove that the singular set of such a map has Hausdorff dimension at mostn−2, wheren is the dimension of the domain. We will also give an example of an energy minimizing map from surface to surface that has a singular point. Thus then−2 dimension estimate is optimal, in contrast to then−3 dimension estimate of Schoen-Uhlenbeck [SU] for compact targets.
Advanced fellowship training is associated with improved lymph node retrieval in colon cancer resections.

Background Examination of at least 12 lymph nodes has been established as the standard of care for adequate staging of colon cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether surgeon fellowship training, patient body mass index (BMI), and surgical approach (open versus laparoscopic) are important factors associated with lymph node retrieval at an NCI/NCCN-designated center. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer from 1994 to 2009. Patients who underwent right, left, and sigmoid colectomy by open or laparoscopic approaches were included. Lymph node retrieval and risk factors for inadequate nodal retrieval ( Results A total of 371 patients were included. Lymph node retrieval was found to be significantly increased when surgeons had fellowship training compared with no advanced training (19.9 ± 10.6 versus 14.8 ± 10.6, P = 0.0007). Lymph node retrieval was found to be significantly decreased in obese patients (BMI ≥ 30) compared with non-obese patients (17.3 ± 10.0 versus 19.9 ± 11.5, P = 0.05). There was no significant difference between open and laparoscopic approaches. On multivariate analysis, lack of fellowship training, surgery performed prior to establishment of NCI guidelines for lymph node retrieval, and small tumor size were independent predictors of inadequate lymph node retrieval. Conclusion Advanced fellowship training of surgeons appears to be associated with higher lymph node retrieval and decreased risk of performing inadequate nodal retrieval. Small tumor size and surgery performed prior to establishment of the 12 lymph node benchmark were also associated with inadequate nodal retrieval.
Schizophrenia: evidence for the major gene hypothesis.

A reanalysis of extensive data collected by Kallman (1938, 1946), shows that a major gene hypothesis satisfactorily accounts for the genetic component in schizophrenia; the results are consistent with the biochemical evidence to date. It is therefore unnecessary to postulate a polygenic theory for schizophrenia.