cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential rotation in solar convective dynamo simulations

Abstract We carry out a magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of convective dynamo in the rotating solar convective envelope driven by the solar radiative diffusive heat flux. The simulation is similar to that reported in Fan and Fang (2014) but with further reduced viscosity and magnetic diffusion. The resulting convective dynamo produces a large scale mean field that exhibits similar irregular cyclic behavior and polarity reversals, and self-consistently maintains a solar-like differential rotation. The main driver for the solar-like differential rotation (with faster rotating equator) is a net outward transport of angular momentum away from the rotation axis by the Reynolds stress, and we found that this transport is enhanced with reduced viscosity and magnetic diffusion.
Maternity Roost Selection by Fringed Myotis in Colorado

Abstract. Fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) is a bat species of conservation concern in western North America that may be impacted by increased recreational activity near roost sites, changes in water resource availability caused by increased urban and agricultural water use, and anthropogenic climate change. Our purpose was to describe and model maternity roost use by fringed myotis in Colorado. We compared differences between roosts occupied by maternal fringed myotis and randomly selected potential roosting locations that were not known to be occupied by this species during the maternity period. We evaluated the strength of evidence for competing hypotheses on 2 scales: one that included landscape variables and a second that included roost-site variables. We used logistic regression, Akaike's information criterion, and multimodel inference to investigate maternity roost use by fringed myotis. The model explaining the most variability in our landscape data included grade and aspect, and the model expla...
Predictors of incipient dysfunction of all cardiac chambers after treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma by tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Purpose We aimed to explore the hypothesis that early subclinical cardiac chamber dysfunction secondary to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma could be signaled by abnormal cardiac mechanics demonstrated by velocity vector imaging. Methods Echocardiographic images were acquired from the apical views in 23 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. All patients had baseline and at least a 3-month follow-up echocardiogram after receiving TKI therapy. Subendocardial borders of all the cardiac chambers were traced to obtain volumetric and deformation indices. Results Mean age was 67 ± 9 years with 92% men. The right ventricle peak systolic global longitudinal strain (GLɛ) and strain rate were significantly lower after TKIs (−23.49 ± 5.1 versus −19.81 ± 5.5, p = 0.002 and −1.52 ± 0.52 versus −1.24 ± 0.35 p = 0.02, respectively). LV GLɛ was not statistically different. Volumetric and deformation indices showed a minimal decrease of the right atrium reservoir and conduit functions, and no significant changes of left atrial function. Conclusions The right heart exhibited greater strain changes than the left heart after TKI treatment. The implications of these findings and their potential significance warrant further work. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2016
Legislative Leadership and Intersections of Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the American States

To what extent have marginalized groups attained leadership posts in governmental bodies? Despite a growing body of research on the causes and consequences of women and racial/ethnic minorities’ numerical representation, little attention has been paid to their institutional incorporation and power. We propose that a wide variety of individual and institutional level factors influence the ability of marginalized groups to attain prominent positions. Discrimination and inequality in political institutions are not simple matters and so we develop a set of theoretical expectations about how these complex forces operate in determining which groups will rise to powerful positions, particularly committee chair and party leadership posts. We approach these topics from an intersectional perspective that fully appreciates the multifaceted and interacting nature of identity group affiliations. Our empirical analysis takes advantage of the fertile comparative context of American state legislatures to examine these issues. In it, we apply multilevel modeling techniques to an original dataset that covers a representative sample of 25 lower chambers from 1997 to 2007. The initial results suggest that the institutional mobility of women of color, men of color, and white women is a highly complex process that depends, to varying degrees, on interacting effects of gender, race/ethnicity, partisanship, and seniority – as well as the leadership position.
Physical and Biological Prerequisites for Flight Activity in the Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Adult alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), may exhibit two periods of flight activity during their life cycle. Prediapause flights occur only after newly emerged adults have fed for at least 4 or 5 days, and usually begin in late afternoon or early evening, when air temperatures are above 20°C and light intensity is low or decreasing. These flights are not a direct response to changes in the environment, although unfavorable conditions may accelerate the dispersal process. Postdiapause flights, however, usually occur when weevils do not have an adequate food supply, but still retain sufficient energy reserves for sustained flight activity. Without appropriate tactile or gustatory cues from their host plant, weevils begin to migrate within 24 h. These flights probably occur near midday, because warm temperatures and intense illumination stimulate the greatest flight activity.
Efficacy of 56% aluminum phosphide tablet against Meriones unguiculatus in fields

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 56% aluminum phosphide tablet against Meriones unguiculatus,and provide scientific evidence for controlling rodents.Methods Selecting 6 places for having experiments and using aluminum phosphide in stopping up mouseholes and deactivation.Results The rate of eliminating mousehole were 94.93% in rainy season and 94.00% in dry season.The total average rate of eliminating mousehole was 94.37%.Conclusion 56% aluminum phosphide tablet had good effect on killing rodent in fields.It was safe and easy for application in disposing of epidemic area.
Anticipating the Adopted Child: Women's Preadoptive Experiences

A phenomenological pilot study looked into the experiences of 3 women choosing to adopt internationally. The mothers of a total of 7 children from 4 different countries shared the journey leading to adoption: the desire to create a family, the labour of the adoption process, and the experience of bonding with their children. The preadoptive period was a time of preparation, generating the themes of taking control, creating a family, anticipating, celebrating the pictures, honouring the child's origins, investing personally, and bonding. This research validates and adds credibility to the experiences of adoptive mothers, thus contributing critical information to the knowledge base of the nursing professionals who work with these mothers.
Ultrafast Pump—Probe X-Valley Absorption Spectroscopy in GaAs

The X valley plays an important role in hot carrier transport in GaAs [1, 2]. In this paper, we present pump—probe IR absorption measurements to determine the time evolution of electrons in the X 6 valley, the upper limit of the X 6 → Γ 6 scattering time t xΓ the energy separation of the X 6 and X 7 bands at their minima Δ 7–6, and the density of states effective mass of the Xz valley.
Hemorrhagic Complications of Percutaneous Cryoablation for Renal Tumors: Results from a 7-year Prospective Study

Purpose Cryoablation of renal tumors is assumed to have a higher risk of hemorrhagic complications compared to other ablative modalities. Our purpose was to establish the exact risk and to identify hemorrhagic risk factors.
Public and Private Aspects of the Self

To thine own self be true. (William Shakespeare, Hamlet ) What it came down to, stupidly, was a sense of shame. Hot, stupid shame. I did not want people to think badly of me.… I would go to war – I would kill and maybe die – because I was embarrassed not to. (Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried ) The two previous chapters addressed goals underlying behavior. We made several distinctions there, aimed mostly at conceptualizing differences between long-term and short-term goals, abstract and concrete goals. In this chapter we address another kind of distinction. Here we reflect on the fact that some of the goals that lie behind behavior are private and personal. They don't take into account the wishes, desires, or sometimes even the existence of other people. In contrast, other goals explicitly take into account the wishes and desires of other people. This chapter focuses on the divergence between these classes of goals. There are several ways to take other people into account, and that's part of the story as well. ASPECTS OF SELF The themes of this chapter are rooted deeply in psychology – rooted not in the goal construct so much as in the concept of self. James (1890, pp. 292–305), discussing the idea that the self is multifaceted, distinguished between what he called the spiritual self and the social self . The spiritual self is the inner subjective being, the person's dispositions. It's the part of self that welcomes or rejects experiences.
Sobre la relación entre Leptoglossus chilensis (Spinola, 1852) y Leptoglossus concaviusculus Berg, 1892 stat. rest. (Heteroptera: Coreidae), con nuevos datos acerca de su morfología

Resumen Se estudia la relacion entre Leptoglossus chilensis y L. concaviusculus, se concluye que la segunda requiere rango de especie y no subespecie como se le ha tratado hasta ahora. Se entregan figuras de ambas especies incluyendo la genitalia masculina y se describe la ninfa V de L. concaviusculus. Abstract The relationship between Leptoglossus chilensis and L. concaviusculus is studied. It is concluded that L. concaviusculus deserves full species rank. Figures of both species are included with emphasis on male genitalia. The V nymph of L. concaviusculus is described.
Design and implementation of a 7.2kV single stage AC-AC solid state transformer based on current source series resonant converter and 15 kV SiC MOSFET

This paper introduces a 97% efficiency medium voltage (MV) Solid State Transformer (SST) based on two-level single stage (TLSS) topology and 15 kV SiC MOSFETs. Series resonant converter (SRC) is implemented as the main stage and is identified as a current source (CS) SRC for the first time. Equivalent resonant frequency of the proposed CS-SRC is analyzed in both time domain and frequency domain. Resonant frequency calculation equation is derived and can be used to accurately design the resonant tank. Zero voltage switching (ZVS) for 15 kV SiC MOSFET in CS-SRC topology under extremely wide input voltage from 0V to 10 kV is analyzed and designed at a medium frequency (MF) of 40 kHz. Partial discharge for the 15 kV SiC MOSFET's parasitic capacitor are explained and the associated turn on loss equations are derived. Magnetizing inductance Lm and deadtime tdead are further optimized based on the trade-off between the turn on loss and conduction loss of the semiconductor devices. A fully functional and compact SST based on the proposed concept is developed and tested with an input of voltage of 7.2 kVac and from 1 kW to 12 kW. The efficiency is higher than 97% under most load conditions.
Physical activity level and body composition in a multiethnic sample of school children in Hawaii.

Background: Obesity, particularly in Native Hawaiians, is an important health risk. A possible contributing factor to obesity is reduced physical activity levels.Aim: This study investigates the re...
Spectacles Behind the Eyes

It has been said of Sir Arthur Eddington, whose philosophy of science included many Kantian a priori considerations, that he had been very nearsighted all his life. At a late age he was fitted for spectacles and for the first time began really to take in the visual data. The implications of this uncharitable gossip are of course that the a priori elements of Eddington’s philosophy were primarily the result of myopia and only secondarily the result of methodological and scientific considerations.
Empathy: Is it the Missing Independent Dispositional Variable in the Study of Innovative Behavior?

One psychological variable has not been studied in relation to innovativeness. That is empathic skill or social acuity. This study tested a sample of 763 female respondents for ownership of products warranted by the respondents as innovations. Scores on social acuity and opinion leadership were also collected and related to scores on ownership of products warranted by respondents as innovative as well as to those which respondents found noninnovative. Social acuity scores produced higher percentages of significant relationships to innovative product ownership scores and to both innovative and noninnovative product perception scores than did opinion leadership scores.
From Expert to Collaborator

Abstract The cultural competency of mental-health professionals is crucial to the provision of necessary and appropriate services to an increasingly multicultural clientele. In a clinical setting, supervisors and supervisees must form a partnership to pursue cultural competency. Through working together, they can use their cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills to benefit the diverse clientele. In this article, the authors share their experiences from teaching a 2-day workshop about cultural competency for supervisors. The goal of the workshop is to enhance supervisors' knowledge and critical thinking, increase their awareness and sensitivity, and further their skill development in pursuit of this partnership with supervisees.
A feature-based scene matcher

A method is presented for matching two scene descriptions, each of which consists of a set of measured feature vectors with estimated uncertainties. The two scenes differ by a transformation that depends on a few unknown parameters. The method performs a search by sequentially matching features of one scene to those of the other scene, solving for the transformation parameters by means of a generalized least-squares adjustment, computing the probabilities of these matches by means of Bayes theorem, and using these probabilities to prune the search. An example is given using scene descriptions of the Martian surface in which the features are rocks approximated by ellipsoids.
Consequences of Size-Selective Harvesting as an Evolutionary Game

We model the evolution of prey body size in response to size-selective harvesting by humans. The manager ( = humans) selects a harvest rate and a threshold size of harvest (below which no smaller prey are harvested) so as to maximize yield. In response to the manager’s harvesting regime, the adult size of the prey evolves to an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Over a wide range of parameter values, the prey’s ESS is only influenced by the manager’s harvest rate and is independent of the manager’s threshold size of harvest. Increasing the harvest rate selects for smaller adult prey. We contrast the harvest regime of an ecologically enlightened manager (one who only considers the ecological consequences of harvesting on the prey stock) with that of an evolutionarily enlightened manager who considers the consequences of harvesting on the prey’s ESS adult size. The ecologically enlightened manager maintains a higher harvest rate and consequently selects for smaller adults. The evolutionarily enlightened manager uses an evolutionarily stable optimal harvest strategy (ESOHS, sensu Law and Grey 1989) that sacrifices increased yield in ecological time to maintain a larger adult prey size and higher yield in evolutionary time.
Prediction of Residual Nodal Disease at Completion Dissection Following Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Melanoma.

While recent trial data have demonstrated no survival benefit to immediate completion lymph node dissection (CLND) for positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) disease in melanoma, prediction of non-SLN disease may help risk-stratify patients for more intensive observation of the nodal basin. A retrospective cohort of patients with positive SLN biopsy (SLNB) who underwent CLND was identified (1996–2016). A risk score for likelihood of CLND-positive disease was developed based on factors associated with presence of CLND metastases identified on logistic regression. Survival outcomes were analyzed. Among 312 patients with positive SLN, 192 underwent CLND and had complete pathologic data for evaluation. The median age of the study cohort was 53 years [interquartile range (IQR) 43–66 years], and 112 (58%) were male. Thirty-one (16%) had non-SLN metastatic disease on CLND. The four factors independently associated with CLND positivity and thus included in the risk score were Breslow thickness ≥ 3 mm [odds ratio (OR) 2.56, p = 0.047], presence of primary tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (OR 0.33, p = 0.013), ≥ 2/3 positive-to-total SLN ratio (OR 4.35, p = 0.003), and combined subcapsular and parenchymal metastatic SLN location or metastatic deposit ≥ 1 mm (OR 4.45, p = 0.013). The four-point risk score predicted CLND positivity well with area under the curve of 0.82 (0.80–0.85). Increasing risk score was independently associated with increasingly worse melanoma-specific survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.54, p = 0.001]. Likelihood of residual nodal disease after positive SLNB and survival can be predicted from primary tumor and SLN characteristics. High-risk patients may warrant more intensive surveillance of the nodal basin to reduce risk of loss of regional control.
Negotiating new racism: ‘It’s not racist or sexist. It’s just the way it is’:

Comic books are being adapted into film and television series, encouraging underrepresented voices to become more prominent in comic book culture. White men continue to dominate the culture as crea...
Dental pH Opti-Wand (DpOW): measuring oral acidity to guide enamel preservation

Undetected caries can lead to painful cavities and surgical restorations. Lack of proper detection tools makes caries prevention dependent on dentist’s expertise and presents obstacles in oral health monitoring. To overcome this problem, we have developed a new approach to predict early stages of enamel demineralization caused by oral bacteria. These bacteria metabolize sugars in our food and produce organic acids that lead to cavities. Measuring the acidity level can help predict early stages of tooth decay. pH paper or pH electrodes can be used to monitor acidity, but neither are able to track pH levels in all dental locations. Our device, DpOW, is a noncontact optics-based pH device that uses changes in the spectral fluorescence of FDA allowed fluorescein dye to measure acidity levels in difficult to access dental locations such as occlusal fissures. A prototype has been tested over a wide pH range (7.12 to 3.89) and shown to track the change in pH with 0.94 correlation coefficient.
Radio forensics could unmask nearby off-axis gamma-ray bursts

The multi-messenger observation of gamma-ray burst (GRB)\,170817A from the nearby binary neutron-star merger GW170817 demonstrated that low-energy $\gamma$-ray emission can be observed at relatively large angles from GRB jet axes. If such structured emission is typical, then the currently known sample of short GRBs with no distance measurements may contain multiple nearby off-axis events whose delayed afterglows could have gone undetected. These nearby neutron star mergers may produce telltale radio flares peaking years after the prompt GRB emission that could still be observable. Here, we show that several short GRBs observed by the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the Neil Gehrels \textit{Swift} satellite, with no identified afterglow and no distance measurement, could potentially be associated with radio flares detectable by sensitive cm-wavelength radio facilities such as the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We also examine optical follow-up observations that have been carried out for these events, and find that a nearby GW170817-like kilonova is ruled out for only a third of them.
A Repeated Measures Pilot Comparison of Trajectories of Fluctuating Endogenous Hormones in Young Women with Traumatic Brain Injury, Healthy Controls.

Objective. To compare baseline and 72-hour hormone levels in women with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and controls. Setting. Hospital emergency department. Participants. 21 women ages 18-35 with TBI and 21 controls. Design. Repeated measures. Main Measures. Serum samples at baseline and 72 hours; immunoassays for estradiol (E2), progesterone (PRO), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and cortisol (CORT); and health history. Results. Women with TBI had lower E2 ( ) and higher CORT ( ) levels over time. Lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GSC) and OCs were associated with lower FSH (GCS ; OCs ) and higher CORT (GCS ; OCs ). Conclusion. Acute TBI may suppress E2 and increase CORT in young women. OCs appeared to independently affect CORT and FSH responses. Future work is needed with a larger sample to characterize TBI effects on women’s endogenous hormone response to injury and OC use’s effects on post-TBI stress response and gonadal function, as well as secondary injury.
Characterization of Biodegradable Microsphere-Hydrogel Ocular Drug Delivery System for Controlled and Extended Release of Ranibizumab.

Purpose To characterize a biodegradable microsphere-hydrogel drug delivery system (DDS) for controlled and extended release of ranibizumab. Methods The degradable microsphere-hydrogel DDSs were fabricated by suspending ranibizumab-loaded or blank poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres within a poly(ethylene glycol)-co-(L-lactic-acid) diacrylate/N-isopropylacrylamide (PEG-PLLA-DA/NIPAAm) hydrogel. The thermal responsive behavior of various DDS formulations was characterized in terms of volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) and swelling ratios changes from 22°C to 42°C. The mechanical properties were characterized using rheological methods. Degradability of hydrogels were also examined via wet weight loss. Finally, Iodine-125 was used to radiolabel ranibizumab for characterization of encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release. Results All DDS formulations investigated were injectable through a 28-gauge needle at room temperature. The VPTT increased with increase of cross-linker concentration. The swelling ratios decreased as temperature increased and were not influenced by presence of microspheres. Rheology data confirmed that increase of cross-linker concentration and microsphere loading made DDS stiffer. Increase of degradable cross-linker concentration facilitated hydrogel in vitro degradation. Controlled release of ranibizumab were achieved for investigated DDS formulations for 6 months; and increased degradable cross-linker concentration produced faster and more complete release. Conclusions The biodegradable DDSs are suitable for sustained release of ranibizumab. Considering ease of injection, degradability and release of ranibizumab, DDS with 3 mM cross-linker concentration and less than 20 mg/mL microsphere loadings is more favorable for future application. Translational relevance The investigated DDS is promising for controlled and extended release of anti-VEGF therapeutics to achieve better treatment regimen in ocular neovascularizations.
Exploration of the DSM-5’s Autism Spectrum Disorder Severity Level Specifier and Prediction of Autism Severity

ABSTRACTWith the publication of DSM-5, clinical assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has begun to follow a new dimensional framework which includes new severity specifiers. Little research ...
Answering Unanswerable Questions in the Clinical Laboratory with Data Warehouses.

Laboratorians face many “unanswerable” questions in their daily work. What caused a false-positive test in this patient, when all the known interferences have been ruled out? How can I identify mislabeled specimens in the laboratory, when all I have are the specimens themselves? Does this patient really need that test? None of these questions is truly unanswerable, of course; rather, the hapless laboratorian must hazard a guess for each question, based on limited time and information, then move on to the next question. With more data and analysis, perhaps a more satisfying answer would have been possible. The more fundamental question, though, is why don't we have easy access to that data? In many situations, we are tantalizingly close. In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Hughey and Colby present the results of a study aimed at identifying previously unknown sources of cross-reactivity in urine drug screening immunoassays (1). By leveraging their own institution's electronic health record (EHR)2 system, they obtained 698651 individual assay results from 40741 patients and linked them to medication exposures documented in each patient's chart. Using logistic regression on 2201 assay–ingredient pairs, they were able to identify several new sources of cross-reactivity, which were validated experimentally. These results provide immediately actionable information for future testing, both to help decipher false-positive drug screen results and to add additional medications to a list of potential cross-reacting substances. Such large retrospective observational studies, involving thousands of patients scattered across an institution, could not be possible without access to and effective use of EHR data. Unfortunately, because the primary purpose of EHRs is to facilitate individual patients' care, the means to answer broader questions that affect many patients or groups of patients may be elusive to clinical providers and laboratorians alike. When randomized controlled trials and other well-designed studies …
Basic Set Theory and Combinatorics

This chapter treats two interrelated topics in discrete mathematics: elementary Set Theory (set notation; subsets, partitions, and power sets; and unions, intersections, set differences, and Cartesian products) and the theory of Combinatorics (sequential counting, permutations, and combinations). Strong connections to Propositional Logic (Chapter 1) are demonstrated, and applications are made to binomial expansion, discrete probability, and everyday counting. The material on Set Theory also provides the theoretical foundation for topics later in the text on infinite sets (Chapter 5), functions (Chapter 6), and relations (Chapters 6 and 7).
Rolling coal: The greenhouse gas emissions of coal rail transport for electricity generation

Abstract This study analyzes datasets from the Energy Information Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey to build a detailed picture of the CO2-eq emissions generated by coal rail transportation over the past decade. We use a GIS-based network analysis to illustrate how coal transportation routes and shipments have changed since 2008. Coal basins are characterized by type and emission intensities, and the scale of transportation emissions are compared to power plant operational emissions. The results show that rail transportation distances range from 0 km to over 3500 km. Transportation emissions can be as high as 35% of a power plant’s operational emissions – a number significantly higher than previous literature estimates. Additionally, implementation of post-combustion Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) at existing plants may further increase transportation emissions. We conclude by recommending using at least regionalized distance factors rather than US-wide averages to more accurately account for transportation emissions within life cycle assessments and carbon footprints of coal power.
Effects of wing pitch kinematics on both aerodynamic and olfactory functions in an upwind surge

Flapping wings of insects serve for both generating aerodynamic forces and enhancing olfactory sensitivities when navigating on the odor-rich planet. Despite the extensive investigations of the aer...
User-driven Analysis of Longitudinal Health Data with Hidden Markov Models for Clinical Insights.

A goal of clinical researchers is to understand the progression of a disease through a set of biomarkers. Researchers often conduct observational studies, where they collect numerous samples from selected subjects throughout multiple years. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) can be applied to discover latent states and their transition probabilities over time. However, it is challenging for clinical researchers to interpret the outcomes and to gain insights about the disease. Thus, this demo introduces an interactive visualization system called DPVis, which was designed to help researchers to interactively explore HMM outcomes. The demo provides guidelines of how to implement the clinician-in-the-loop approach for analyzing longitudinal, observational health data with visual analytics.
How else can we define Information Flow in Neural Circuits

Recently, we developed a systematic framework for defining and inferring flows of information about a specific message in neural circuits [2], [3]. We defined a computational model of a neural circuit consisting of computational nodes and transmissions being sent between these nodes over time. We then gave a formal definition of information flow pertaining to a specific message, which was capable of identifying paths along which information flowed in such a system. However, this definition also had some non-intuitive properties, such as the existence of "orphans"—nodes from which information flowed out, even though no information flowed in. In part, these non-intuitive properties arose because we restricted our attention to measures that were functions of transmissions at a single time instant, and measures that were observational rather than counterfactual. In this paper, we consider alternative definitions, including one that is a function of transmissions at multiple time instants, one that is counterfactual, and a new observational definition. We show that a definition of information flow based on counterfactual causal influence (CCI) guarantees the existence of information paths while also having no orphans. We also prove that no observational definition of information flow that satisfies the information path property can match CCI in every instance. Furthermore, each of the definitions we examine (including CCI) is shown to have examples in which the information flow can take a non-intuitive path. Nevertheless, we believe our framework remains more amenable to drawing clear interpretations than classical tools used in neuroscience, such as Granger Causality.The full version of this paper is available online [1].
Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Absenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Methods We measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved. Results In total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P Conclusion Among employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.
Preservation, Provenance, Piracy: (Re)Framing Indigenous Art:

This essay is a critical familial biography that addresses the ongoing commodification and exploitation of Indigenous art through my mother’s private collection of original Ojibwe paintings. I expl...
Images from Science 3: A True Celebration of Contemporary and Extraordinary Images of Science

On October 12, 2002, the first Images from Science (IFS) exhibition opened in the William Harris Gallery at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). Professor Michael Peres and Professor Emeritus Andrew Davidhazy created the project with the intent of promoting a wider appreciation of scientific photography by showcasing beautiful, data-rich - but rarely seen - images drawn from oceanography, geology, biology, engineering, medicine, and physics in the traveling exhibition. The organizers of IFS 3 hoped to identify 75 examples of images that revealed science in new and unique ways. Similar to past IFS projects, they used the internet as the primary voice for promotion. Different than IFS 1 and 2, this exhibition features moving images, animations, and medical illustrations, as well as photographs. An international panel of seven experts from around the world selected 81 images. Creating an international exhibition on a tight budget created some unique challenges. The success of the exhibition required constant innovation and problem solving. Organizers: Michael Peres, Norm Barker, Ted Kinsman, Bob Rose, and Chris Jackson Selected cover images: Structure of the Renal Corpuscle, 2018© Joe Samson, All Rights ReservedDasyatis sabina, Atlantic Stingray, 2018© Michael Chaise Gilbert, All Rights Reserved The full exhibit can be seen on line: https://images.cad.rit.edu/gallery2019.html
Axillary Primary and Breast Cancer Management

Axillary primary breast cancer, also known as occult primary breast cancer, is a rare entity representing less than 1% of all breast cancers. The surgical management of the axilla in breast cancer has changed significantly, with implications for the management of axillary primary breast cancer. Much of the data is limited by era, small cohorts, or large retrospective database studies. The purpose of this review is to reinforce the diagnostic work up of occult breast cancer, review updated management strategies of the axilla and breast, and summarize changes and updates in practice management and outcomes. Pathologic confirmation of breast primary disease and MRI are critical for the diagnostic work up of axillary primary breast cancer. A recent axillary primary specific meta-analyses and several National Cancer Database studies (NCDB) have reinforced that mastectomy versus breast conservation with whole breast radiation has equivalent outcomes. Surgical axillary management is under evolution, with multiple large trials reporting the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to downstage the node-positive axilla and decrease the morbidity of axillary lymph node dissection by allowing accurate sentinel node biopsy. Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant radiation therapy is increasingly used, although no prospective data exists specifically in occult primary breast cancer. Appropriate diagnostic work up includes MRI to identify possible primary breast lesions in all patients with metastatic axillary disease and negative exam, mammography, and ultrasound. Axillary primary breast cancer should be treated with contemporary management strategies as other anatomic stage II breast cancers. Appropriate management strategies based on recent trial data suggest the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to downstage the axilla and allow for less morbid axillary surgery. Outcomes are equivalent with mastectomy or whole breast radiation.
Energy transduction by reversible electron bifurcation

Abstract Electron bifurcation is a biological energy conversion process that oxidizes a two-electron donor at medium potential, coupled to the reduction of a high- and a low-potential acceptor species. This process is often fully reversible (can occur close to Δ G ≈ 0 ), allowing the creation of strong reductants with minimal free energy cost, using compounds with higher reduction potentials. For many years, the internal workings of electron bifurcating enzymes were poorly understood, especially regarding how short-circuit reactions are prevented. Recently, a conserved energy landscape was proposed to naturally insulate against short-circuit reactions, enabling efficient and reversible electron bifurcation (the reversible EB scheme). We review the physical principles that underpin the EB scheme, describe how the reversible EB scheme is distinct from previous views, and outline questions that remain open.
Stakeholder Perspectives on Limiting Residency Applications and Interviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Purpose Application inflation in the current residency application process leads to congestion, inefficiency, and perceptions of inequity. The authors aimed to assess the interest of key stakeholders on the topic of capping applications and interviews, and their perceptions regarding equity of the process. Methods An anonymous survey was electronically distributed in March 2021 to Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) residency applicants, clerkship directors, program directors, and student affairs deans after the submission of the rank order list for the 2021 application cycle and prior to the release of final Match results. Participants answered questions regarding the perceived equity of the current process (no limits on applications submitted or interviews completed) compared with limiting the number of applications and interviews students could submit or complete. Respondents supporting caps reported the number they considered a reasonable cap for applications and interviews. Associations between the profiles of applicants and program directors and their interest in application and interview caps were explored using chi-squared tests for non-parametric statistics and t-tests for normally distributed interval data. The University of Michigan determined the study exempt from IRB review. Results The overall response rate was 36.0% (1167/3243), including 34.0% of applicants (879/2579), 50.3% of program directors (143/284), 41.8% of clerkship directors (94/225) and 32.9% of student affairs deans (51/155). All groups reported application caps for either all applicants or the most competitive applicants to be more equitable than the current process, and suggested a median application cap ranging from 25 (clerkship directors and program directors) to 40 (applicants). All groups also believed interview caps to be more equitable than the current process, and suggested a median interview cap ranging from 12 (clerkship directors) to 15 (applicants, program directors, and student affairs deans). Conclusions Stakeholders in the OBGYN application process consider caps to applications and interviews a promising means to improve equity in the Match.
Genealogies of the Dalit political: The transformation of Achhut from ‘Untouched’ to ‘Untouchable’ in early twentieth-century north India

The essay documents the unprecedented transformation of the term Achhut in the Hindi literature from an adjective describing a quality ‘untouched, [and] pure’ to a noun referring to an untouchable person or caste and characterising them as impure. Using Hindustani and other language dictionaries of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, prominent Hindi-language journals of the period, such as the Nagari Pracharini Patrika and Sarasvati, and the Adi-Hindu Mahasabha political and literary activism, I will trace the history and politics of the Dalit movement in the early twentieth century that may have created a new meaning of this category. In particular, I investigate the role that the Adi-Hindu Mahasabha movement, through its publication and politics, may have played a key role in proactively constituting a new meaning of the term Achhut. I also highlight the role of Nirgun Bhakti traditions, their locations in Dalit mohallas, as crucial to the articulation of the Dalit political in North India.
Gehirn und Seele

Diese poetische und lebhafte Auserung SherringtonS bildet ein gluckliches Eroffnungsthema fur meinen Diskurs, der so sehr von seinem mutigen, aber erfolglosen Kampf, das Geheimnis des Menschen zu losen, abhangt (Man on his Nature, Sherrington, 1940). Das Wort „erfolglos“ ist nicht als Kritik aufzufassen. AIle, die wir es auf uns nehmen, mit diesem schwersten aIler Probleme zu ringen, konnen nicht erwarten, bei einem Unternehmen Erfolg zu haben, das sich allen Philosophen und Wissenschaftlern von Aristoteles bis heute entzogen hat. Es sind allerdings bemerkenswerte Fortschritte in der Erforschung dieses riesigen und verbluffenden Problems gemacht worden. Durch unsere schnell groser werdenden Kenntnisse in der Wissenschaft, besonders der Biologie und Gehirnforschung, konnen wir voraussagen, das die Probleme „gesehen werden konnen“.
Pandinus imperator scorpion venom blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in nerve fibers

We have examined the effects of venom from the scorpion Pandinus imperator on the membrane currents of voltage-clamped frog myelinated nerve fibers using the Vaseline-gap method. Crude venom, applied externally in concentrations from 50 to 500 micrograms/ml, selectively blocked the voltage-gated potassium currents without affecting nodal sodium currents or resting conductances. Block of potassium channels by Pandinus venom was highly dependent on the membrane voltage, being greater at negative potentials than at positive potentials. The blocking effects of Pandinus venom were irreversible on the time scale of our experiments; however, even high concentrations of venom failed to block potassium currents completely at positive potentials. These results suggest that Pandinus venom contains a component(s) that interacts specifically and strongly with a subpopulation of axonal potassium channels.
Gone to Texas: phylogeography of two Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species along the southeastern coastal plain of North America

Ants are widely recognized as ecologically important members of many low- to mid-latitude ecosystems. Surprisingly, there is very little phylogeographical information on ants at regional scales. We examine here the phylogeography of two partially sympatric species of Trachymyrmex (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and Trachymyrmex turrifex) ants in southeastern North America. We test the hypothesis that all Trachymyrmex species found in the USA expanded into North America from refugial populations located in northern Mexico as the post-Pleistocene climate warmed. Phylogeographical theory predicts that these northward-expanding species should exhibit higher genetic diversity in regions closer to Mexico and less diversity in more northern regions. We also examine, in the widely distributed T. septentrionalis, the hypothesis of vicariance that occurred at the formation of the Mississippi Embayment. Phylogeographical patterns indicate that T. septentrionalis has an eastern origin because diversity was highest east of the Mississippi, whereas T. turrifex probably has a Mexican origin because it lacked mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation throughout its range and is currently absent from eastern North America. Both species are characterized by reduced haplotypic variation in the western coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico (Texas and Louisiana), which may indicate recent expansion and/or bottlenecks associated with increased aridity and drought in these western regions. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 114, 689–698.
Transcription factors as modulators of stress responsivity

Abstract: Exposure to stress can lead to both adaptive and maladaptive changes that control neuronal function and behavior. The mechanisms underlying these adaptive changes include regulation of synaptic transmission, intracellular signal transduction, gene expression, and even structural alterations. Because acute and chronic exposure to stress can lead to long-term changes in neuronal function, special emphasis has been placed on regulation of transcription factors and patterns of gene expression that could underlie these changes. In this chapter, the basic mechanisms that regulate transcription factors and gene expression, including cis - and trans -acting factors, are discussed. The influence of stress on three major classes of transcription factors, activating transcription factor (ATF) (e.g., the cAMP response elementbinding protein or CREB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) (e.g., c-Fos and c-Jun), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is examined. Characterization of the transcription factors and target genes underlying the actions of stress will provide critical information for understanding stress-related neurobiological disorders and ultimately better treatment interventions.
A Tree of Fireflies, a Flock of Boson Clouds

Sync The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. Steven Strogatz. Theia (Hyperion), New York, 2003. 348 pp. $24.95, C$36.95. ISBN 0-7868-6844-9. Allen Lane (Penguin), London. 352 pp. £14.99. ISBN 0-7139-9621-8. Weaving together stories of the science and the researchers who have created it, Strogatz draws on complexity theory to discusses the emergence of order in such phenomena as orbits, firefly flashing, traffic patterns, sleep cycles, brain waves, and heart beats.
The indirect effect of social support on post-trauma psychopathology via self-compassion

Abstract Following a traumatic event, external resources such as social support facilitate recovery. The mechanism underlying this relation is not well understood, however. Self-compassion is a positive coping strategy that has been negatively related to post-trauma psychopathology in prior work. It was hypothesized that the external resource of social support increased the internal resource of self-compassion, which resulted in decreased psychopathology. The current study tested the hypothesis that the association between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and depression symptoms had an indirect pathway via self-compassion. Using a community sample of individuals exposed to potentially traumatic events, social support was positively related to self-compassion. Self-compassion was negatively related to PTSD, GAD, and depression symptoms. Self-compassion mediated the relation between social support and PTSD, GAD, and depression symptoms. These results suggest that social support may reduce symptoms of PTSD, GAD, and depression through increased self-compassion in those who experienced a trauma.
Extra-, Inter-, and Intracellular Mineralization in Invertebrates and Algae

Biomineralization occurs extra-, inter- or intracellularly. Almost all structures of extracellular formation are secretory products of multicellular epithelial tissues. Intracellular mineralization is most commonly seen within vacuoles and vesicles. Many of the structures formed intracellularly eventually become extracellular entities, and two methods are known for the intra-extracellular transition. Intercellular mineralization is not common.