cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon interaction and architecture change during exhaustive hopping exercise☆

Abstract Background: Previous literature has shown in vivo changes in muscle-tendon interaction during exhaustive stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise. It is unclear whether these changes in muscle-tendon length during exhaustive SSC exercise are associated with changes in mechanical efficiency (ME). The purpose of the study was to investigate whether changes in platarflexor contractile component (CC) length, tendon length, and changes in plantarflexor muscle activity could explain reduction in ME during exhaustive SSC exercise. Methods: Eight males participated in an exhaustive hopping task to fatigue. Mechanical work and energy expenditure were calculated at different time-points during the hopping task. Furthermore, hopping kinetics and kinematics, medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle activity, and in vivo ultrasound of the MG were also collected at different time-points throughout the hopping task. Results: ME did not change during the hopping protocol despite shorter tendon and longer CC lengths as subjects approached exhaustion. Percent decreases in pennation angle and muscle thickness were most strongly correlated to time to exhaustion (r = 0.94, p ⩽ 0.05; r = 0.87, p ⩽ 0.05; respectively). Percent changes in CC length change and pennation angle were strongly correlated to percent decrease in maximal voluntary isometric plantarflexion (MVIP) force (r = −0.71, p ⩽ 0.04; r = 0.70, p ⩽ 0.05; respectively). Braking/push-off EMG ratio increased from initial pre-fatigue values to all other time points showing neuromuscular adaptations to altered muscle lengths. Conclusion: Findings from the current study suggest that changes in CC and tendon lengths occur during repetitive hopping to exhaustion, with the amount change strongly related to time to exhaustion. ME of hopping remained unchanged in the presence of altered CC and tendon lengths.
Ensemble Input of Group III/IV Muscle Afferents to CNS: A Limiting Factor of Central Motor Drive During Endurance Exercise from Normoxia to Moderate Hypoxia.

We recently hypothesized that across the range of normoxia to severe hypoxia the major determinant of central motor drive (CMD) during endurance exercise switches from a predominantly peripheral origin to a hypoxic-sensitive central component of fatigue. We found that peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue (pLMF) is the prevailing factor limiting central motor drive and therefore exercise performance from normoxia to moderate hypoxia (SaO2 > 75 %). In these levels of arterial hypoxemia, the development of pLMF is confined to a certain limit which varies between humans—pLMF does not develop to this limit in more severe hypoxia (SaO2 < 70 %) and exercise is prematurely terminated presumably to protect the brain from insufficient O2 supply. Based on the observations from normoxia to moderate hypoxia, we outlined a model suggesting that group III/IV muscle afferents impose inhibitory influences on the determination of CMD of working humans during high-intensity endurance exercise with the purpose to regulate and restrict the level of exercise-induced pLMF to an “individual critical threshold.” To experimentally test this model, we pharmacologically blocked somatosensory pathways originating in the working limbs during cycling exercise in normoxia. After initial difficulties with a local anesthetic (epidural lidocaine, L3–L4) and associated loss of locomotor muscle strength we switched to an intrathecally applied opioid analgesic (fentanyl, L3–L4). These experiments were the first ever to selectively block locomotor muscle afferents during high-intensity cycling exercise without affecting maximal locomotor muscle strength. In the absence of opioid-mediated neural feedback from the working limbs, CMD was increased and end-exercise pLMF substantially exceeded, for the first time, the individual critical threshold of peripheral fatigue. The outcome of these studies confirm our hypothesis claiming that afferent feedback inhibits CMD and restricts the development of pLMF to an individual critical threshold as observed from normoxia up to moderate hypoxia.
Addiction and the Individual

Alcohol addiction has been referred to in print as a disease since the end of the 18th century.1 By 1956, the American Medical Association (AMA) had endorsed the disease model, and the view has since received public and unequivocal endorsement by numerous influential medical organizations, including the World Health Organization.2 Researchers commonly use a variety of methodologies that rely on the disease model to attempt to understand various aspects of addiction, and several methods that have been used to study addiction suggest that the disease model is a good one. For instance, twin studies and adoption studies have provided evidence that genetics plays some role in addiction. Moreover, molecular biology explains certain phenomena that occur in the brain with repeated exposure to addictive drugs. These findings seem to make sense of the compulsive element that is associated with many cases of addiction, at the very least suggesting that something other than simple choice is involved. Nevertheless, much care must be taken to situate the cart relative to the horse in this research, and to disentangle the many and diverse threads of addiction research, if we are to evaluate the contention that addiction is a disease.
The Application of Computer Models in Marketing Management

In several important ways the arrival of the computer in the marketing curriculum is somewhat like the introduction of techrology to the practice cf medicine. In both cases some tasks have net been nor will be touched at all by the change. For other tasks, the objectives of the discipline will remain constant but machine-assisted approaches will afford greater efficiency; however, there are a large number of activities that would never occur at all if it were not for the advent of techrology. Until recently, educators have had limited roles as observers and as commentators en the impact of computer technology. Now, as educators, it appears that the increasingly faster pace cf technclogical change dictates that we become involved as direct participants. As might be expected, the challenge cf participating in using leading edge technology affords many opportunities and some dangers. The opportunities exist in the application cf modeling in the teaching of marketing management. Dangers exist in implementing models in the classroom without supplying the analytic tools and cognitive skills necessary to implement their use out-side the classroom.
Tumor mutational load and immune parameters across metastatic renal cell carcinoma risk groups

Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have better overall survival when treated with nivolumab, a cancer immunotherapy that targets the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), rather than everolimus (a chemical inhibitor of mTOR and immunosuppressant). Poor-risk mRCC patients treated with nivolumab seemed to experience the greatest overall survival benefit, compared with patients with favorable or intermediate risk, in an analysis of the CheckMate-025 trial subgroup of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) prognostic risk groups. Here, we explore whether tumor mutational load and RNA expression of specific immune parameters could be segregated by prognostic MSKCC risk strata and explain the survival seen in the poor-risk group. We queried whole-exome transcriptome data in renal cell carcinoma patients (n = 54) included in The Cancer Genome Atlas who ultimately developed metastatic disease or were diagnosed with metastatic disease at presentation and did not receive immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nonsynonymous mutational load did not differ significantly by the MSKCC risk group, nor was the expression of cytolytic genes-granzyme A and perforin-or selected immune checkpoint molecules different across MSKCC risk groups. In conclusion, this analysis revealed that mutational load and expression of markers of an active tumor microenvironment did not correlate with MSKCC risk prognostic classification in mRCC. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(10); 820-2. ©2016 AACR.
Incarcerated Women's Experiences and Beliefs About Psychotropic Medication: An Empirical Study.

Objective:Research has consistently shown that incarcerated women experience mental illness at disproportionate rates and heavily use psychiatric medication. This study examined factors related to incarcerated women’s experiences and beliefs about psychotropic medications.Methods:The researchers conducted a survey with 274 women incarcerated at a medium-security correctional institution in a Mid-Atlantic state. A 35-item questionnaire was created that solicited data on, among other things, experiences with and perceptions of psychotropic medication use and locus of control.Results:Over three-quarters of participants (77%) reported currently taking psychotropic medication, and antidepressants were most common (93%). Of those taking psychotropic medication, more than half (51%) took more than one type. Univariate analyses indicated strong endorsement of questionnaire items related to positive effects of medication and personal agency in decision making about medication use. Current medication use predicted ...
Graft and Patient Survival

Kidney transplantation is agreed upon as the best treatment available for most patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It not only improves quality of life (Am J Kidney Dis 15(3):201–8, 1990; Kidney Int 50(1):235–42, 1996; N Engl J Med 28;312(9):553–9, 1985; Transplantation 54(4):656–60, 1992) of our patients and reduces medical expense (Kidney Int 50(1):235–42, 1996; Semin Nephrol 12(3):284–9, 1992) but also has shown to be a life-prolonging procedure. Multiple studies using renal transplant recipients with dialysis patients have found that patient survival is clearly better with renal transplantation than with dialysis (Kidney Int 21(1):78–83, 1982; Transplantation. 60(12):1389–94, 1995; Nephrol Dial Transplant 12(8):1672–9, 1997; Kidney Int 53(3):767–72, 1998).
Induced Defense: Herbivory on Juvenile vs. Adult Growth Stages of Trees

Plants contain “plant secondary metabolites” (PSMs) that confer resistance against herbivores and pathogens. The largest classes of PSMs are phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids. We distinguish constitutive and induced chemical defenses. The first occur in an entire plant or some of its parts as normal constituents, the latter are formed in response to herbivory or some other trauma to the plant. In some cases mere clipping induces defenses, in others additional factors, such as those in saliva of a herbivore are essential. Some northern trees such as green alder or paper birch respond to browsing by mammals such as snowshoe hares by growing adventitious shoots that are richer in PSMs than older twigs (Bryant 1981). These new shoots represent the juvenile-type growth form, while the older twigs on the tree or shrub are of the adult-type growth form. The fresh shoots with induced PSMs are avoided by hares for 1–3 years. In our area, quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, that is growing back after cutting by beavers is more heavily defended during its first few years of regrowth (Basey et al. 1990).
Comprehensive characterization of non-cellulosic recalcitrant cell wall carbohydrates in unhydrolyzed solids from AFEX-pretreated corn stover.

Inefficient carbohydrate conversion has been an unsolved problem for various lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment technologies, including AFEX, dilute acid, and ionic liquid pretreatments. Previous work has shown 22% of total carbohydrates are typically unconverted, remaining as soluble or insoluble oligomers after hydrolysis (72 h) with excess commercial enzyme loading (20 mg enzymes/g biomass). Nearly one third (7 out of 22%) of these total unconverted carbohydrates are present in unhydrolyzed solid (UHS) residues. The presence of these unconverted carbohydrates leads to a considerable sugar yield loss, which negatively impacts the overall economics of the biorefinery. Current commercial enzyme cocktails are not effective to digest specific cross-linkages in plant cell wall glycans, especially some of those present in hemicelluloses and pectins. Thus, obtaining information about the most recalcitrant non-cellulosic glycan cross-linkages becomes a key study to rationally improve commercial enzyme cocktails, by supplementing the required enzyme activities for hydrolyzing those unconverted glycans. In this work, cell wall glycans that could not be enzymatically converted to monomeric sugars from AFEX-pretreated corn stover (CS) were characterized using compositional analysis and glycome profiling tools. The pretreated CS was hydrolyzed using commercial enzyme mixtures comprising cellulase and hemicellulase at 7% glucan loading (~20% solid loading). The carbohydrates present in UHS and liquid hydrolysate were evaluated over a time period of 168 h enzymatic hydrolysis. Cell wall glycan-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used to characterize the type and abundance of non-cellulosic polysaccharides present in UHS over the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid-substituted xylan and pectic-arabinogalactan were found to be the most abundant epitopes recognized by mAbs in UHS and liquid hydrolysate, suggesting that the commercial enzyme cocktails used in this work are unable to effectively target those substituted polysaccharide residues. To our knowledge, this is the first report using glycome profiling as a tool to dynamically monitor recalcitrant cell wall carbohydrates during the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. Glycome profiling of UHS and liquid hydrolysates unveiled some of the glycans that are not cleaved and enriched after enzyme hydrolysis. The major polysaccharides include 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid-substituted xylan and pectic-arabinogalactan, suggesting that enzymes with glucuronidase and arabinofuranosidase activities are required to maximize monomeric sugar yields. This methodology provides a rapid tool to assist in developing new enzyme cocktails, by supplementing the existing cocktails with the required enzyme activities for achieving complete deconstruction of pretreated biomass in the future.
Structural biology: Receptors grease the metabolic wheels

Structural insights into adiponectin receptors provide evidence that these proteins have an inherent enzymatic activity, which gives them the ability to propagate signalling by their ligand, the hormone adiponectin. See Letter p.120 Adiponectin receptors (ADIPORs) are seven-transmembrane proteins that control glucose and lipid metabolism. By unknown molecular mechanisms, they mediate cellular ceramidase activity, which catalyses the hydrolysis of ceramide into sphingosine and a free fatty acid (FFA). In this study, the crystal structure of ADIPOR2 bound to a FFA molecule is presented. Also presented is a revised ADIPOR1 crystal structure, which is shown to be clearly distinct, with no FFA observed. Because both ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 have intrinsic basal ceramidase activity, the authors suggest that these distinct structures may represent different key steps in the enzymatic activity of ADIPORs. However, the observed ceramidase activity is low, and further studies will be required to fully characterize ADIPORs enzymatic parameters and their substrate specificity.
Eucalyptus oil-loaded microcapsules grafted to cotton fabrics for acaricidal effect against Dermatophagoides farinae

The purpose of this study was to develop acaricidal cotton fabrics grafted with eucalyptus oil-loaded microcapsules (EOMCs) produced from green resources. EOMCs showed a broad size distribution between 0.5 and 6.5 μm, and had the average diameter 1.8 μm. EOMCs exhibited nonporous spherical shapes and individually remained on cotton fibres. Through AATCC mortality tests against house dust mites (HDMs) (Dermatophagoides farinae), the treated cotton fabric containing EOMCs resulted in 98.7% mortality. Acaricidal efficiency was due to the large amount of oxygenated monoterpene, 1,8-eucalyptol (75.8%) and hydroxylated monoterpenes such as α-terpineol (3.6%), terpinen-4-ol (0.4%) and linalool (0.3%) found in eucalyptus oil. These compounds are effective in enhancing penetration into HDMs. EOMCs produced from safe and natural sources can serve as a replacement for synthetic acaricides in controlling the population of HDM, leading to positive impacts on the human health and environment.
Congressional Influence on Bureaucracy

The purpose of this article is to investigate congressional influence on bureaucracy in a constitutional system in which powers are separated and shared among several branches of government. Specifically, we explore some implications of judicial review and presidential veto power in a simple model of policy formation. There are two characteristic types of policy formation in the American constitutional system and they exhibit somewhat different logical structures. In what will be called statutory policy-making, there is a preexisting status quo which prevails unless the legislature agrees to implement some alternative. The role played by an administrative agency or a president in this setting is possibly to propose alternatives for legislative consideration and, following congressional action, to implement whatever statutes are enacted. In any case, neither an agency nor the president is able to take an action that directly affects the payoffs of the agents in the model; only the legislature may take such actions. Clearly, in the case of statutory policy-making, which policies can be enacted depends on what the status quo is. Models of this sort have been explored in the work of Niskanen,
Konstruktion der Trag- und Stützkugellager

Die Zahl der Kugeln, die in ein Laufringsystem hineingeht, ergibt sich, wenn s die Entfernung der Mittelpunkte zweier Kugeln und D m der Kugelmittenkreisdurchmesser ist, aus der Gleichung $$ \sin \frac{{180}} {n} = \frac{{\frac{s} {2}}} {{\frac{{{D_m}}} {2}}} = \frac{s} {{{D_m}}}\quad (siehe\;Fig.\;39). $$
A Concise Review of the Conflicting Roles of Dopamine-1 versus Dopamine-2 Receptors in Wound Healing

Catecholamines play an important regulatory role in cutaneous wound healing. The exact role of dopamine in human epidermis has yet to be fully elucidated. Current published evidence describes its differential effects on two separate families of G protein coupled receptors: D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors. Dopamine may enhance angiogenesis and wound healing through its action on dopamine D1 receptors, while impairing wound healing when activating D2 receptors. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of dopamine in wound healing and describes potential mechanisms behind its action on D1 versus D2-like receptors in the skin.
Modulation of small intestinal nitric oxide synthase by gum arabic.

>> Preceding studies have revealed that gum arabic (GA), a natural proteoglycan (� 250,000 Da), has proabsorptive properties—as shown by increased sodium and water absorption—in normal rats, and especially in two animal models of diarrhea. Because nitric oxide (NO) metabolism is linked to gastrointestinal physiology, the goals of this study were to determine whether GA modulated NO and to determine intestinal function in vivo when NO production was enhanced by L-arginine (Arg), added at either 1 or 20 mM. Mechanistically, the goal was also to determine whether GA was a NO scavenger and a small intestinal NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Using a glucose– electrolyte solution in rat jejunal perfusions we found that GA at 610 lM (2.5 g/l) decreased nitrite and nitrate formation, tending to normalize water, sodium, and glucose absorption when modified by Arg addition. In vitro tests, with oxyhemoglobin as a marker, showed that GA at � 5 lM scavenged NO. For GA effects on NOS, small intestinal homogenate supernatants (10,000 g) from frozen tissues of either adult or 2-day-old rats were incubated for 1 hour at 378C in the presence of 2 mM Arg and increasing GA concentrations (0–100 lM). GA produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of NOS, reaching approximately 31% inhibition with 5 lM GA and up to 51% with 50 lM GA. GA at 100 lM produced no further inhibition. The data indicate that GA, in addition to its ability to remove NO diffused into the intestinal lumen, may also partially inhibit intestinal NOS and thus modulate intestinal absorption through these mechanisms. Use of GA as a food additive may help in restoring or improving small intestinal function in conditions where functional damage has occurred. Exp Biol Med 229:895–901, 2004
Local and Nonparametric Regression

Although we have already worked in the regression framework for an entire chapter, we thought it would be useful to review once more the general setup of a regression problem, together with the notation used to formalize it. This will give us a chance to stress the main differences between the parametric point of view of Chap. 4 and the nonparametric approach of this chapter.
Evaluating the Feasibility of Single-Rotor Topologies in Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machines for Automotive Traction Applications

This paper discusses the feasibility of different hybrid excitation synchronous machines (HESMs) for automotive traction applications. A comparison is made between different single-rotor topologies, which utilize combinations of permanent magnet excitation and wound-field excitation. The electromagnetic performance is evaluated using two-dimensional finite element analysis of different rotor topologies in machines with the same stator and rotor dimensions. The comparison considers the torque capability, flux-control capability, open circuit and loaded voltage characteristics and air-gap harmonics of the selected rotor topologies. Furthermore, the performances of the hybrid-rotor topologies are compared to those of an interior PM synchronous machine (IPMSM) and a pure wound-field synchronous machine (WFSM).
Reduction of Pressure Gradient and Turbulence Using Vortex Generators in Prosthetic Heart Valves

Blood damage and platelet activation are inherent problems with present day bi-leaflet mechanical heart valve designs. Passive flow control through different arrangements of vortex generators (VG) as means of improving pressure gradients and reducing turbulence are investigated. Rectangular VG arrays were mounted on the downstream surfaces of a 23 mm 3D printed mechanical valve. The effect of VGs on the resulting flow structures were assessed under pulsatile physiological flow conditions where high resolution particle image velocimetry measurement was performed. The co-rotating VGs showed lower Reynolds shear stresses and improved pressure gradients (PG) compared with the counter-rotating ones and the no-VG control one (that showed higher turbulence). RSS was found 38.13 ± 0.89, 12.95 ± 0.32, 15.75 ± 0.71, 24.54 ± 0.84 and 16.33 ± 0.58 Pa for the control, co-rotating VGs, 8 counter-rotating VGs, 4 far-spaced VGs and 4 closely-spaced VGs, respectively. PG of 10.45 ± 0.94 mmHg was obtained with co-rotating VGs and the difference was significant compared with the other configurations (control 14.88 ± 0.4 mmHg; 8 counter-rotating VGs 13.76 ± 0.51 mmHg; 4 far-spaced VGs 13.84 ± 0.09 mmHg; and 4 closely-spaced VGs 15.37 ± 0.16 mmHg). Co-rotating VGs for this application induce a more delayed flow separation and a more homogenized and streamlined transition of flow compared with the counter-rotating VGs. Passive flow control techniques deployed on BHMVs is potentially beneficial as significant control of flow at small length scales without inducing large-scale design modifications of the valve.
Possible Roles of Enzymes in Development of a Fuel Cell Power Source for the Cardiac Pacemaker

Many types of “permanent” pacemaker devices and techniques have evolved since successful clinical application was first reported (Senning, 1959; Chardack et al.,1960; Zoll et al.,1961). These efforts have had an enormous impact upon the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias; however, they also have brought a host of new problems for the management of patients receiving pacers (Grendahl et al.,1969; Goldstein et al., 1970; Barold, 1973). Among the problems is that of providing a suitable power source for long-term trouble-free pacemaker function. This chapter will be devoted largely to discussion of one type of device potentially capable of solving this problem, namely, the biofuel or, more specifically, bioautofuel cell. Particular emphasis will be given to the role that enzyme catalysts might play. The term “bioautofuel cell” refers to a biofuel cell which can be implanted in the host and which then relies on the host for the delivery of fuel and the removal of wastes. Such an implantable fuel cell may incorporate enzymes to catalyze one or more of the reactions or to produce the fuel. A general introduction to cardiac pacing and a brief description of alternate power sources is included to place the enzyme-containing systems in perspective.
The strong admissibility of finite Moufang loops

Abstract A loop L is strongly admissible if there exists a bijection ϕ : L → L for which the mappings g ↦ g ϕ ( g ) and g ↦ g ( g ϕ ( g ) ) are both bijections. We derive some results on the strong admissibility of finite nonassociative Moufang loops, constructed from groups using the Chein constructions.
A Comparison of Visual- and Movement-Based Grammar Interventions for School-Age Children With Language Impairment

Purpose The impact of visual- and movement-specific intervention techniques for developing grammatical morphemes in the spoken language of two 6-year-old female children with language impairment wa...
The Co-Recessive Inheritance Model: A Paradigm for Fanconi Anemia and Other Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes.

One of us (WCL) has previously proposed a mathematical model, Co-Recessive Inheritance, for inherited diseases associated with DNA repair deficiencies (Lambert WC, Lambert MW: Mutat. Res., 1985;145:227–234; Lambert WC: Keynote Address, 21st Anniversary Celebration, MRC Cell Mutation Unit, University of Sussex, UK. Mutat. Res., 1992;273:179–102). The model is also applicable to diseases associated with defective cell cycle modulation following specific types of DNA damage, such as Fanconi Anemia, with or without additional defects in DNA repair. The model proposes that in some complementation groups of these diseases defective alleles at more than one locus are required for the disease phenotype to be expressed. It follows from the model (A readily understandable derivation will be presented.) that the carrier frequencies of the genes involved are very much higher than would be predicted based on classical population genetics. This may impact on recent observations of higher than expected co-inheritance of defective alleles of Fanconi Anemia and Bloom Syndrome genes along with BRCA genes in certain populations (e.g., Koren-Michowitz, M, et al.: Am. J. Hematol., 2005;78:203–206), and provides an explanation for the lower than expected incidence of cancer in these individuals. It also provides an explanation for finding biallelic defects in the same DNA repair genes in more than one complementation group of Fanconi Anemia (Howlett NG, et al.: Science, 2002;297:606–609). The Co-Recessive Model predicts that other findings of this nature are to be expected, and provides some guidelines that may be helpful in the process of gene discovery in Fanconi Anemia. Among the more important of these are 1) that the search for defective genes in each complementation group should not cease when one such gene is found, even if one or more patients in the group is homozygous or compound heterozygous for defective alleles of that gene, and 2) that carrier frequencies for some Fanconi Anemia genes may be much higher than would otherwise be anticipated, with a significant proportion of the normal population being carriers. If the latter hypothesis is correct, it follows that the relevance of these rare diseases and their associated genes to disease, including bone marrow failure, in the general population is dramatically greater than has been generally believed.
Miscellaneous Diffuse Pulmonary Diseases

This chapter describes a broad spectrum of diffuse pulmonary disease, including sarcoidosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, ANCA-associated granulomatous vasculitis, scleroderma, cystic fibrosis, drug toxicity, radiation-induced lung disease, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), and amyloidosis.
A Synergistic Approach to Data-Driven Response Planning.

Public health practitioners face challenging, potentially high-consequence, problems that require computational support. Available computational tools may not adequately fit these problems, thus forcing practitioners to rely on qualitative estimates when making critical decisions. Scientists at the Center for Computational Epidemiology and Response Analysis and practitioners from the Texas Department of State Health Services (TXDSHS) have established a participatory development cycle where public health practitioners work closely with academia to foster the development of data-driven solutions for specific public health problems and to translate these solutions to practice. Tools developed through this cycle have been deployed at TXDSHS offices where they have been used to refine and enhance the region’s medical countermeasure distribution and dispensing capabilities. Consequently, TXDSHS practitioners planning for a 49-county region in North Texas have achieved a 29% reduction in the number of points of dispensing required to complete dispensing to the region within time limitations. Further, an entire receiving, staging, and storing site has been removed from regional plans, thus freeing limited resources (eg, personnel, security, and infrastructure) for other uses. In 2018, planners from Southeast Texas began using these tools to plan for a multi-county, full-scale exercise which was scheduled to be conducted in October 2019.
Future Trends in Marriage and Family

The Census Bureau defines a family as a group of two or more people who reside together and are related by birth, marriage, or adoption (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey Subject Definitions 2019). Since the 1950s marriage and family structure in the United States has undergone a significant transformation. This transformation includes a decline in marriage, a rise in new forms of family, and an expansion of what constitutes a “family” for the general population. The historical conception of family as being the “traditional” nuclear family consisting of a mother and father and their children continues to erode. Future trends in marriage and family suggest the continued decline in the rate of marriage and expansion of new forms of family. I review trends in marriage and family utilizing U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census and Current Population Survey data from 1950 through 2018, discuss the expanding view of “family” using Pew Research Center Changing American Family data (2011), and close with a discussion of the future forms of families.
Calbindin expression in adult vestibular epithelia

The mammalian vestibular epithelia exhibit a remarkably stereotyped organization featuring cellular characteristics under planar cell polarity (PCP) control. PCP mechanisms are responsible for the organization of hair cell morphologic polarization vectors, and are thought to be responsible for the postsynaptic expression of the calcium-binding protein calretinin that defines the utricular striola and cristae central zone. However, recent analyses revealed that subtle differences in the topographic expression of oncomodulin, another calcium-binding protein, reflects heterogeneous factors driving the subtle variations in expression. Calbindin represents a third calcium-binding protein that has been previously described to be expressed in both hair cells and afferent calyces in proximity to the utricular striola and crista central zone. The objective of the present investigation was to determine calbindin’s topographic pattern of expression to further elucidate the extent to which PCP mechanisms might exert control over the organization of vestibular neuroepithelia. The findings revealed that calbindin exhibited an expression pattern strikingly similar to oncomodulin. However, within calyces of the central zone calbindin was colocalized with calretinin. These results indicate that organizational features of vestibular epithelia are governed by a suite of factors that include PCP mechanisms as well others yet to be defined.
Black Lives Matter in Teaching Mathematics for Social Justice.

Prior to becoming a mathematics educator, I was a teacher in Prince George’s County, Maryland. Because of the success I experienced with culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP), it became part of my research agenda along with teaching mathematics for social justice (TMfSJ). Databases like 23andme and Ancestry can be used as a context for CRP and TMfSJ. Data related to education, occupation, military service, and voting records can be accessed online. Our ancestors’ experiences can shape our identity and serve as powerful tools for contextualizing mathematics. The stories and counterstories of African Americans can be problematized to show Black lives matter.
Evaluation of Chest Radiographs of Children with Newly Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic yield of baseline chest radiographs (CXRs) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Study design We reviewed the CXR findings at diagnosis for 990 patients aged 1-18 years with ALL treated during the Total XV and XVI studies at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and evaluated the associations of these findings with clinical characteristics and initial management. Results Common findings were peribronchial/perihilar thickening (n = 187 [19.0%]), pulmonary opacity/infiltrate (n = 159 [16.1%]), pleural effusion/thickening (n = 109 [11.1%]), mediastinal mass (n = 107 [10.9%]), and cardiomegaly (n = 68 [6.9%]). Portable CXRs provided results comparable with those obtained with 2-view films. Forty of 107 patients with a mediastinal mass (37.4%) had tracheal deviation/compression. Mediastinal mass, pleural effusion/thickening, and tracheal deviation/compression were more often associated with T-cell ALL than with B-cell ALL (P Conclusions The CXR can detect various intrathoracic lesions and is helpful in planning initial management.
From management to stewardship: A comparative case study of waste governance in New York City and Seoul metropolitan city

Abstract Due to dense populations and consumerist dynamics, megacities generate a large volume of waste, which has resulted in pressure to develop effective waste management systems. Unlike other environmental issues, previous studies on waste management tend to deal with waste management as a mere public service, overlooking many other actors who are involved in, and responsible for, its life cycle. This study highlights a concept of environmental stewardship referring to actions taken by public entities, private sector, civic organizations, and individual citizens to use and treat resources responsibly. Taking a heuristic approach that uses theory to direct case examination, we conducted a comparative case study through a review of academic literature and policy reports, in order to examine the municipal waste practices of New York City (NYC) and Seoul to explore the relevance of the phenomenon of environmental stewardship in municipal waste governance. The study found that both cities have gradually included various actors in their waste governance and in their move towards environmental stewardship, but that they differ in terms of the extent to which each steward engages and in each city's waste outcomes–i.e., significant civic roles of both in promoting recycling and public awareness, yet unlike Seoul in NYC, minimal public roles and central roles of private sector in waste collection and treatment. Having similar wastes generated, recycling rate in Seoul was over twice that of NYC. This study expands our purview of waste management by integrating the concept of environmental stewardship, which provides a holistic understanding for interventions.
Therapeutic Updates for Relapsed and Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B-cell malignancy representing approximately one in ten lymphomas diagnosed in the United States annually. The majority of patients with HL can be cured with chemotherapy; however, 5-10% will have refractory disease to front-line therapy and 10-30% will relapse. For those with relapsed or refractory (r/r) HL, salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is standard of care, but half of patients will subsequently have disease progression. Relapse following ASCT has been associated with exceedingly poor prognosis with a median survival of only 26 months. However, in recent years, novel agents including brentuximab vedotin (BV) and programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1, nivolumab and pembrolizumab) have been shown to extend overall survival in r/r HL. With the success of novel agents in relapsed disease after ASCT, these therapies are beginning to show clinically meaningful response rates prior to ASCT. Finally, a new investigation in r/r HL continues to produce promising treatment options even after ASCT including CD30 directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances of BV and anti-PD-1 therapy prior to ASCT, novel approaches in r/r HL after ASCT, and review active clinical trials.
Recent progress in the detection of emerging contaminants PFASs.

Abstract As an emerging contaminant, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) make up a large group of persistent anthropogenic chemicals, which are difficult to degrade in the environment. Notwithstanding their wide range of applications in consumer products and industrial processes, PFASs have been detected in the environment as well as in human body. Due to their potential adverse human health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set the combined concentration of PFOA and PFOS in drinking water at 70 ng/L or 70 ppt (parts per trillion) as a lifetime health advisory level. Current standard detection methods for PFASs heavily rely on chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry. Although these methods provide accurate, specific, and sensitive measurements, their applications are greatly limited in advanced analytical laboratories because it necessitates expensive instrumentations, professional operators, complicated sample pretreatment, and considerable analysis time. Therefore, other detection methods beyond chromatographic based techniques, such as optical and electrochemical techniques, have also been extensively explored for simple, accessible, inexpensive, rapid, and sensitive detection of PFASs, particularly PFOA and PFOS. The purpose of this review is to provide recent progress in alternative detection platforms relying on non-MS based techniques for PFASs analysis. Starting with a brief introduction about the importance of monitoring PFASs, recent advances in various PFASs detection methods are grouped and discussed based on the difference of signals, with an emphasis on the working principles of different techniques, the sensing mechanism, and the sensing performance. The review is closed with the conclusion and discussion of future trends.
Improving the performance of Ge2Sb2Te5 materials via nickel doping: Towards RF-compatible phase-change devices

High-speed electrical switching of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) remains a challenging task due to the large impedance mismatch between the low-conductivity amorphous state and the high-conductivity crystalline state. In this letter, we demonstrate an effective doping scheme using nickel to reduce the resistivity contrast between the amorphous and crystalline states by nearly three orders of magnitude. Most importantly, our results show that doping produces the desired electrical performance without adversely affecting the film's optical properties. The nickel doping level is approximately 2% and the lattice structure remains nearly unchanged when compared with undoped-GST. The refractive indices in amorphous and crystalline states were obtained using ellipsometry which echoes the results of X-ray diffraction. The material's thermal transport properties are measured using time-domain thermoreflectance, showing no change upon doping. The advantages of this doping system will open up opportunities for designing electrically reconfigurable high speed optical elements in the near-infrared spectrum.High-speed electrical switching of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) remains a challenging task due to the large impedance mismatch between the low-conductivity amorphous state and the high-conductivity crystalline state. In this letter, we demonstrate an effective doping scheme using nickel to reduce the resistivity contrast between the amorphous and crystalline states by nearly three orders of magnitude. Most importantly, our results show that doping produces the desired electrical performance without adversely affecting the film's optical properties. The nickel doping level is approximately 2% and the lattice structure remains nearly unchanged when compared with undoped-GST. The refractive indices in amorphous and crystalline states were obtained using ellipsometry which echoes the results of X-ray diffraction. The material's thermal transport properties are measured using time-domain thermoreflectance, showing no change upon doping. The advantages of this doping system will open up opportunities for designing electrica...
Peace, love, music, health care, and irony at the 1969 Woodstock Music Festival

Myron Gittell’s 2009 book, Woodstock ’69: Three Days of Peace, Music, and Medical Care, is a compelling treatise referencing health care at Woodstock. Gittell’s work partially informs this article ...
Rape on the Washington Southern: The Tragic Case of Hines v. Garrett

The judicial treatment of the tragic multiple rape of Julia Garrett, in wartime Virginia, offers interesting insights into a fascinating period in the jurisprudence of the Near-South. The economic emancipation of women and of blacks, the rapid urbanization of a heretofore rural area and the behavior of a government regulator were all backdrops for a battle royale over the meaning of "proximate cause."
Reverse Psychology in Trust-Aware Human-Robot Interaction

To facilitate effective human-robot interaction (HRI), trust-aware HRI has been proposed, wherein the robotic agent explicitly considers the human's trust during its planning and decision making. The success of trust-aware HRI depends on the specification of a trust dynamics model and a trust-behavior model. In this study, we proposed one novel trust-behavior model, namely the reverse psychology model, and compared it against the commonly used disuse model. We examined how the two models affect the robot's optimal policy and the human-robot team performance. Results indicate that the robot will deliberately “manipulate” the human's trust under the reverse psychology model. To correct this “manipulative” behavior, we proposed a trust-seeking reward function that facilitates trust establishment without significantly sacrificing the team performance.
Does Cross-Race Contact Improve Cross-Race Face Perception? A Meta-Analysis of the Cross-Race Deficit and Contact:

Contact with racial outgroups is thought to reduce the cross-race recognition deficit (CRD), the tendency for people to recognize same-race (i.e., ingroup) faces more accurately than cross-race (i....
An Encoder-Decoder Approach to Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition with Multi-head Attention and Stacked Decoder

Encoder-decoder framework with attention mechanism has become a mainstream solution to handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) since “watch, attend and parse (WAP)" approach was proposed in 2017, where a convolutional neural network is used as encoder and a gated recurrent unit with attention is used in decoder. Inspired by the recent success of Transformer in many applications, in this paper, we adopt the design of multi-head attention and stacked decoder in Transformer to improve the decoder part of the WAP framework for HMER. Experimental results on CROHME tasks show that multi-head attention can boost the expression recognition rate (ExpRate) of WAP from 54.32%/58.05% to 56.76%/59.72% and stacked decoder can further improve ExpRate to 57.72%/61.38% on CROHME 2016/2019 test sets.
Novel Transplant and Post-Transplant Options in ALL

Introduction Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains the only established curative approach for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including intermediate-cytogenetic/molecular-risk leukemias not achieving or maintaining measurable residual disease (MRD)-negative complete remission. The path to allo-HCT has become broader in the past decade, as donor identification has been enabled for the vast majority of allo-HCT candidates through the increasing use of alternative donors, including mismatched unrelated donors, haploidentical donors, and umbilical cord blood. The near-universal availability of donors now demands consideration of allo-HCT for all patients, but questions remain about optimal transplant and post-transplant strategies to maintain long-term disease-free survival with minimal toxicity.
On the Realism of Complementarity Conditions in Rigid Body Collisions

When nominally rigid bodies collide, impulse-momentum equations do not contain enough information to predict the outcome of the collision. The missing information is supplied by constitutive relations called impact laws. Since all bodies deform in impacts, 'rigid bodies' are taken as models for sufficiently stiff bodies. A popular modeling approach for simultaneous multiple impacts of 'rigid' bodies uses complementarity conditions at the velocity level. In the frictionless case, to which we restrict our attention, the complementarity conditions are that at each contact location, which is modeled using normal restitution e and which has a pre-collision normal relative approach velocity ViN, the normal contact impulse PN and the post-collision normal relative separation velocity VfN satisfy PN ≥ 0, VfN − eViN ≥ 0, and PN(VfN − eViN) = 0. The physical realism of the complementarity assumptions is investigated by studying a simple but arbitrarily stiff system theoretically for different deformation distribution regimes; a related experiment is also described. Unlike the case of noncollisional dynamics where the complementarity conditions at the acceleration level usually hold true, it is found that the complementarity conditions at the velocity level have no fundamental physical basis for collisions of even extremely stiff objects. Examples of two other well known systems are also given, where the complementarity conditions are clearly violated. These conditions should therefore be viewed as constitutive assumptions which, though algorithmically convenient, are often physically inaccurate.
Innovations in the Classroom

(1987). Innovations in the Classroom. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 60, The Play of Words: Issues in Writing, pp. 323-325.