cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain kinetics of methylphenidate (Ritalin) enantiomers after oral administration.

Methylphenidate (MP) (Ritalin) is widely used for the treatment of atten- tion deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is a chiral drug, marketed as the racemic mixture of d- and l-threo enantiomers. Our previous studies (PET and microdialysis) in humans, baboons, and rats confirm the notion that pharmacological specificity of MP resides predominantly in the d-isomer. A recent report that intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered l-threo-MP displayed potent, dose-dependent inhibition of cocaine- or apomorphine-induced locomotion in rats, raises the question of whether l-threo-MP has a similar effect when given orally. It has been speculated that l-threo-MP is poorly absorbed in humans when it is given orally because of rapid presystemic metabolism. To investigate whether l-threo-MP or its metabolites can be delivered to the brain when it is given orally, and whether l-threo-MP is pharmacologically active. PET and MicroPET studies were carried out in baboons and rats using orally delivered C-11-labeled d- and l-threo-MP ((methyl- 11 C)d-threo-MP and (methyl- 11 C)l-threo-MP). In addition, we assessed the effects of i.p. l-threo-MP on spontaneous and cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity in mice. There was a higher global uptake of carbon-11 in both baboon and rat brain for oral ( 11 C)l-threo-MP than for oral ( 11 C)d-threo-MP. Analysis of the chemical form of radioactivity in rat brain after ( 11 C)d-threo-MP indicated mainly unchanged tracer, whereas with ( 11 C)l-threo-MP, it was mainly a labeled metabolite. The possibility that this labeled metabolite might be ( 11 C)methanol or ( 11 C)CO2, derived from demethylation, was excluded by ex vivo studies in rats. When l-threo-MP was given i.p. to mice at a dose of 3 mg/kg, it neither stimulated locomotor activity nor inhibited the increased locomotor activity due to cocaine administration. These results suggest that, in animal models, l-threo-MP or its metabolite(s) is (are) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and enters the brain after oral administration, but that l-threo-MP may not be pharmacologi- cally active. These results are pertinent to the question of whether l-threo-MP contributes to the behavioral and side effect profile of MP during treatment of ADHD. Synapse 53: 168 -175, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of phenols by flow injection and liquid chromatography with on-line quinine-sensitized photo-oxidation and quenched luminol chemiluminescence detection

Abstract An on-line quinine-sensitized photo-oxidation with quenched chemiluminescence (CL) detection method is developed for phenols using flow injection (FI) and liquid chromatography (LC). This detection method is based on the decrease of light emission from the luminol CL reaction due to the photo-oxidation of phenols that scavenge the photogenerated reactive oxygen species (e.g. singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) and superoxide (O2 −)). On-line photo-oxidation is achieved using a coil photo-reactor made from fluoroethylene–propylene copolymer tubing ( 3048 mm ×0.25 mm i.d.) coiled around a mercury UV lamp. A buffer of pH 7 and a concentration of 350 μM for quinine sulfate are determined optimum for the sensitized photo-oxidation. Using a carrier system flow rate of 60 μl/min, calibration curves taken by FI for 10 phenolic compounds in aqueous solutions showed this decreasing sensitivity order: 4-chlorophenol, phenol, 4-nitrophenol, 3-hydroxy- l -kynurenine, 2-nitrophenol, salicylate, 3-nitrophenol, catechol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol. This detection method using two tandem coil photo-reactors is also applied for the LC separation of phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol on an octadecyl (C18) silica LC column using acetonitrile-H2O (40:60, v/v) as a mobile phase. The quenched CL detection limits (about 1 μM or 20 pmol) for phenol and 4-chlorophenol are comparable to those for UV detection at 254 nm. Some selectivity in the quenched CL detection is evident by no interference in the FI phenol response even when benzaldehyde and phenethanol concentrations are 8 and 15 times that of phenol.
How Big is My Neighborhood? Individual and Contextual Effects on Perceptions of Neighborhood Scale

Neighborhood is a social and geographic concept that plays an increasingly important role in research and practice that address disparities in health and well-being of populations. However, most studies of neighborhoods, as well as community initiatives geared toward neighborhood improvement, make simplifying assumptions about boundaries, often relying on census geography to operationalize the neighborhood units. This study used geographic information system (GIS) tools to gather and analyze neighborhood maps drawn by residents of low-income communities in 10 cities. The median resident map size was approximately 30 percent smaller than the median census tract, but 25 percent of residents viewed their neighborhood as quite small (less than one-fifth of the typical census tract). Multi-level modeling showed significant within context variation in perceived neighborhood scale. Longer term residents with higher education and income and who were more engaged in the neighborhood held more expansive views. But there were also contextual influences with higher density and mixed use areas associated with smaller perceived neighborhoods, and higher collective efficacy associated with larger neighborhood sizes. Artificially imposed neighborhood units may misrepresent resident experience, but GIS tools can be used to craft more authentic neighborhood definitions for research and practice.
Brute Rationality: The criticism from internalism about practical reasons

The previous chapter argued for the existence of a class of practical reasons – purely justificatory practical reasons – that have no power to make actions rationally required. It also suggested that altruistic reasons form a significant part of this class. The strategy of that chapter was to point out that a wide range of moral views grant, either explicitly or implicitly, the existence of moral considerations that function in the same way. That is, they grant the existence of considerations, the presence of which can change an otherwise immoral action into a morally permissible one, and yet that do not seem to be the sort of considerations that must weigh, in a positive way, in the motivational economy of a virtuous person. On the strength of some examples, and of further points of analogy between morality and practical rationality, it was then suggested that practical rationality also includes considerations that play a similar normative role. But if practical rationality does include reasons that function in this purely justificatory way, then it seems that there could be actions, favored by such reasons, that even a rational agent might not be motivated to perform – and this could be true even when the agent knows that there are no countervailing reasons.
Studying the Evolution of Software Systems Using Change Clusters

In this paper, we present an approach that examines the evolution of code stored in source control repositories. The technique identifies Change Clusters, which can help managers to classify different code change activities as either a software maintenance or a new development. Furthermore, identifying the variations in Change Clusters over time exposes trends in the development of a software system. We present a case study that uses a sequence of Change Clusters to track the evolution of the PostgreSQL software project. Our case study demonstrates that our technique reveals interesting patterns about the progress of code development within each release of PostgreSQL. We show that the increase in the number of clusters not only identifies the areas where development has occurred, but also reflects the amount of structural change in code. We also compare how the Change Clusters vary over time in order to make generalizations about the focus of development.
Critical rehabilitation of the patient with spinal cord injury.

Most healthcare practitioners have worked with patients with spinal cord injury at some point in their career, for some it is a specialty. The critical care area usually only has patient with spinal cord injury for a brief time before they are transferred. More recently, there are longer intensive care unit stays due to multiple trauma and lack of insurance. Nurses must be cognizant of indications, contraindications, and best practice interventions to contribute positively to patient’s long-term outcomes. As part of the multispecialty team, nurses can be pivotal in preventing secondary complications, especially pressure ulcers. Rehabilitation team members can be consulted early to provide expertise in managing this complex diagnostic group. Key words: early referral, occupational therapy, positioning, pressure relief, spinal cord injury
Music in America 1860–1918: Essays, Reviews, and Remarks on Critical Issues.

In Music in America, 1860–1918 , compiler and editor Bill Faucett presents a rich collection of first-hand historical reviews, accounts, and articles on both well-known topics, including the search for an American musical identity, and neglected aspects of American music, such as copyright issues during this era. While the volume offers no ground-breaking interpretations of the material (and Faucett does not claim such an interpretive intention), the primary significance of the compilation is the assembly of carefully chosen and valuable textual excerpts that draw attention to the role written representations had in the formation of America’s musical identity, rather than to musical works themselves.
CHAPTER 22 – Metabolic Homeostasis

This chapter demonstrates how energy is stored and released by tissues and how homeostasis is maintained. Various organs serve as reservoirs or sites for synthesis of the metabolites required for homeostasis, and at all levels homeostasis is regulated by the endocrine system. Fluxes of metabolites through biochemical pathways are regulated by stoichiometric need, allosteric control of enzyme activity, modification of regulatory enzymes, and changes in their rate of enzyme synthesis or degradation. Human beings possess considerable metabolic versatility for the utilization of major fuel classes, such as carbohydrate, lipid, and protein to maintain energy requirements. If carbohydrates or proteins are ingested in excess of the amounts necessary to maintain optimal supplies of glycogen in tissues or protein, the excess is converted to fat. The body tends to conserve its protein reserves and to draw on fat reserves, preferentially in time of energy demand. The metabolic activity of each organ in the body depends on its specific functions and on the energy required to perform those functions. The amount of energy needed can be determined from the amount of ATP generated, because most of the oxygen is used by mitochondria to produce ATP. During heavy muscular work, oxygen consumption by the body may increase 5–10-fold with a corresponding 10–25-fold increase in oxygen consumption by the skeletal muscle. The large change in oxygen consumption by muscle tissue is accompanied by large changes in fuel utilization and in production of metabolites while overall homeostasis is maintained.
Oncologic surveillance in bladder cancer following radical cystectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Purpose The existing guidance on bladder cancer surveillance following radical cystectomy is limited and variable. Additionally, the effect of surveillance on mortality is debatable. Herein, we perform a systematic review to evaluate the characteristics of alternative oncologic surveillance protocols and determine the association of detection of asymptomatic vs. symptomatic recurrences on mortality. Methods An electronic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases was performed from 1970 to 2015. In all, 3 reviewers independently assessed the 1,729 candidate studies for eligibility and abstracted data based on an a priori established protocol. Outcomes were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Results We identified 7 studies for inclusion that were uncontrolled and thereby represented a body of evidence at high risk of bias; 5 studies developed surveillance protocols using a methodology similar to that of established guidelines. The majority proposed a pathologic stage-stratified approach, but ended surveillance for all patients at 5 years. Detection of asymptomatic recurrences was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in mortality (relative risk = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.58–1.04). This effect became statistically significant when upper and lower urinary tract recurrences were included in the analyses (relative risk = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.59–0.79). Conclusions Only sparse evidence supports alternative oncologic surveillance protocols for bladder cancer following radical cystectomy. The majority of existing protocols proposed similar strategies to those recommended by published guidelines. Detecting asymptomatic recurrences may lead to a reduction in overall mortality, which could provide a rationale for surveillance.
DNA synthesis in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells: comparison of results in cells containing folate binding factor to replicating cells without binder.

Some chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells contain a factor with binding determinants for folic acid (PGA), dihydrofolic acid (FH2) and methotrexate (MTX). To determine whether this factor may have some effect on DNA synthesis and the pharmacologic activity of the folate antagonists, the effect of deoxyuridine (dU), PGA, FH2, and MTX, on the incorporation of 3H-dU and 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) into DNA was compared in short-term cultures of CML cells containing a high and low concentration of binder and in bone marrow cells with no binder. The following observations were made in CML cells with high binder: greater inhibition of 3H-dU incorporation into DNA by 102 pmoles of stable dU; lesser or no stimulation of 3H-dU incorporation into DNA by FH2 and PGA; inhibition rather than stimulation of 3H-TdR incorporation into DNA by FH2, PGA, and MTX; and reversal of these effects when this CML patient was given oral PGA and unsaturated binder concentration in the cells decreased. These findings suggest that the presence of a high concentration of unsaturated folate binder in replicating cells can affect the capacity for de novo DNA synthesis, probably by binding FH2. In addition, because of binding determinants for MTX, the pharmacolgic activity of this drug can also be altered.
Bacterial ecology in the small intestine

A modified intubation method allowed collection of samples of human small intestinal contents with no contamination from other intestinal sites and with no exposure to air. Use of the method has disclosed strains resembling Haemophilus as among the most abundant bacteria in the small intestine of some subjects. Stimulation by bile and rapid growth under conditions simulating the natural habitat suggest that it is well adapted to upper intestinal conditions.
Host Plant Preference of Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Populations Infesting Green Onion in Hawaii

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard was the only agromyzid leafminer species reared from foliage of green onion, Allium cepa L. var.‘ aggregatum ’, collected at two commercial farms in the Waianae area of Oahu, HI. Mean weekly densities of live leafminers reached levels > 13 larvae per leaf with mean seasonal densities of total mines as high as 20.6. In laboratory-conducted host plant-preference (choice and no-choice) tests, adult female L. sativae colonized from the Waianae and Hawaii Kai areas of Oahu exhibited significantly greater host feeding and ovipositional preferences for foliage of ‘Henderson’ bush lima bean, Phaseoluslimensis var. limenanus L. H. Bailey, compared to ‘multiplier’ onion. In no-choice tests, Waianae L. sativae reared on onion and bush lima bean deposited significantly more eggs in onion compared with bean-reared Hawaii Kai L. sativae . However, when given a choice between onion and bean, preferences of bean-reared Waianae L. sativae were not significantly different from Hawaii Kai L. sativae . Onion-reared L. sativae preferred onion significantly more than bean-reared L. sativae when provided a choice of the two host plants. Green onion has not been reported previously as a common host of L. sativae . Based on differences in feeding and ovipositional preferences of Waianae L. sativae compared with Hawaii Kai L. sativae, it was concluded that Waianae populations of L. sativae had broadened their host range to include green onion. Factors conducive to host plant expansion of L. sativae populations in the Waianae area of Oahu are discussed.
Selection, Planning, and Convenience in Lithic Procurement

Thanks to Anne Dowd for organizing this symposium, and all who contributed papers for participating. I am sorry that George Odell was not present to share his vast experience in this field; we all will very much miss his work and insights documented in Anne Dowd's comprehensive review of his teaching, research, and publications. His ideas about lithics are summarized in the two companion articles published in the Journal of Archaeological Research (Odell, 2000, 2001), and in his book, Lithic Analysis (Odell, 2004). Odell argued that to understand even the simplest cases of toolstone procurement and distribution requires the consideration of many variables including where toolstone occurs and how it was procured. In this article I take the opportunity to address some of these issues in terms of selection, planning, and convenience.
Achalasia of the oesophagus: management by videoendoscopic surgery

Achalasia of the oesophagus is a neuromuscular disorder which leads to oesophageal dilatation in the absence of a mechanical obstruction. Dilatation appears to be related to the inability of the oesophagus to generate adequate propulsive waves and sufficient relaxation in response to swallowing. The disease affects men more often than women, and its peak incidence is between 30 and 60 years. The cause is not known, but it is thought to be related to a degenerative or infectious process which causes the destruction of the ganglion cells of Auerbach’s myenteric plexus and a hypertrophy of the circular muscle of the distal oesophagus. In areas where trypanosomiasis is endemic, such as Brazil, oesophageal dilatation similar to achalasia is seen in patients affected by Chagas’ disease.
Analysis of infections in leukemia children when going on with chemotherapy

[Objective] To explore the risk factors associated with infections in leukemia children with chemotherapy. [Methods] An retrospective investigation was made on 640 leukemia children of Pediatrics Department of Xiang Ya Hospital from 1998 to 2003. The investigation included the date, the locus, the duration of fever, the pathogens, the phrase of chemotherapy, the count of leucocyte and the use of antibiotic drugs. [Results] Among the 640 patients, there were 272 patients got infections during chemotherapy. All of the children were liable to be gotten infections than those of ANLL; the most common infectious location was respiratory tract; the most frequent pathogen was gram-negative bacteria, and infections often occurred in the remisson stage of therapy. The low leucocyte cells were related to the high rate of infection and the long time of fever..At the same time, prophylactic using antibiotic had relation to the high rate of infections. [Conclusions] Infection may be one of the main complications of children leukemia during chemotherapy, especially in the stage of remisson. We should pay more attention to the children who are of granulocytopenia. It is advisable to use antibiotics prudently.
Using What We Have: Optimizing Sediment Management in Mississippi River Delta Restoration to Improve the Economic Viability of the Nation

Management practices on the Mississippi River have reduced the amount of sediment in the river by approximately half. Some have questioned whether the current sediment load in the river is sufficient for restoration of the delta. The Mississippi River does not now, nor has it ever supplied enough sediment to continuously sustain the entire Mississippi Delta coastline. Nevertheless, the available sediment supply is still huge, and so we must use this valuable resource efficiently and effectively.
Variability in the coupling between sea surface temperature and wind stress in the global coastal ocean

Abstract Mesoscale ocean-atmosphere interaction between sea surface temperature (SST) and wind stress throughout the global coastal ocean was investigated using 7 years of satellite observations. Coupling coefficients between crosswind SST gradients and wind stress curl and between downwind SST gradients and wind stress divergence were used to quantify spatial and temporal variability in the strength of the interaction. The use of a consistent data set and standardized methods allow for direct comparisons between coupling coefficients in the different coastal regions. The analysis reveals that strong coupling is observed in many mid-latitude regions throughout the world, especially in regions with strong fronts like Eastern and Western Boundary Currents. Most upwelling regions in Eastern Boundary Currents are characterized by strong seasonal variability in the strength of the coupling, which generally peaks during summer in mid latitudes and during winter at low latitudes. Seasonal variability in coastal regions along Western Boundary Currents is comparatively smaller. Intraseasonal variability is especially important in regions of strong eddy activity (e.g., Western Boundary Currents), being particularly relevant for the coupling between crosswind SST gradients and wind stress curl. Results from the analysis can be used to guide modeling studies, since it allows for the a priori identification of regions in which regional models need to properly represent the ocean-atmosphere interaction to accurately represent local variability.
Evidence of Linguistic Intergroup Bias in U.S. Print News Coverage of Immigration

This study content analyzed all print newspaper articles addressing U.S. immigration from Mexico appearing in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas during a 1-year period for presence of linguistic intergroup bias. Across all four states, negative statements outnumbered positive statements; this negativity bias was more pronounced for out-group than in-group statements in all states except California. Consistent with the linguistic intergroup bias, positive in-group and negative out-group statements were encoded using more abstract language than negative in-group and positive out-group statements.
Economic Considerations and Attitudes toward Migrant Workers

Large-scale rural-to-urban labor migration in China has drawn much of academic attention. Existing studies have documented a deep socioeconomic divide between urbanites and migrants. However, to date little research has been done to understand public attitudes toward migrant workers. Leveraging an original public opinion survey, I find that urbanites in general do not particularly welcome migrant workers. Moreover, when respondents are stimulated to think about economic consequences of migrant inflows, considerations of migrants' impact on local labor market and public finance are powerful shapers of urbanites' attitudes toward internal migration. These results illustrate that material considerations may not be prominent among the general population, but they are real and important in public opinion formulation toward migrants. This paper is among the first to study the determinants of public attitudes toward migrant workers in China. The findings have important implications for the ongoing reform of the household registration system and public goods provision in China.
Culture and the Self (Implications for Psychological Theory): Cultural Concerns

The self encompasses the individual's understanding and experience of their psychological functioning. This essay presents a theoretical argument for why the self needs to be viewed as culturally grounded and draws implications of this cultural grounding for psychological theory. The argument is made that self processes depend on individuals' active interpretations of experience, with these interpretations affected, in part, by the meaning systems and practices emphasized in local cultural communities. Examples are forwarded to illustrate how this cultural grounding of self gives rise to cultural variation in the endpoints of child development as well as in the form of basic psychological processes, such as cognition, self-esteem, emotion, and motivation. Challenges are also identified for future research, including those of developing approaches to culture that have greater ethnographic validity and are more dynamic as well as of increasing the degree to which the constructs adopted in psychological inquiry are culturally informative. The conclusion is drawn that work on culture and the self has succeeded in forwarding new process explanations of psychological phenomena and is enhancing the cultural inclusiveness of the discipline, through broadening existing psychological constructs and theories and through identifying alternative normative standards for human psychological functioning.
Fetal left-sided cardiac structural dimensions in left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia – association with severity and impact on postnatal outcomes

Objectives Fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) demonstrate varying degrees of left heart hypoplasia. Our study assesses the relationship between fetal left-sided cardiac structural dimensions, lung size, percentage liver herniation, lung-to-head ratio, postnatal left-sided cardiac structural dimensions, and postnatal outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of fetuses with left-sided CDH who had prenatal echocardiographic, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging examinations at our institution between January 2007 and March 2015. Postnatal outcomes assessed include use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and death. Results Fifty-two fetuses with isolated left-sided CDH were included. Multivariate logistic regression models indicated that smaller fetal aortic valve z-score was associated with postnatal use of iNO (p = 0.03). Fetal mitral valve z-score correlated with lung-to-head ratio (p = 0.04), postnatal mitral valve z-score correlated with percent liver herniation (p = 0.03), and postnatal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension z-score correlated with liver herniation <20% (p = 0.04). Conclusion We identified associations between smaller fetal left-sided cardiac structural dimensions and classic CDH indices. Smaller aortic valve z-score was associated with iNO use; however, left heart dimensions showed no association with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or mortality. Further study into the impact of left-sided hypoplasia on outcomes in CDH is worthy of evaluation in a larger, prospective study. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solubilization and Stability of Mitomycin C Solutions Prepared for Intravesical Administration

Mitomycin C (MMC) is an antitumor agent that is often administered intravesically to treat bladder cancer. Pharmacologically optimized studies have suggested varying methods to optimize delivery, with drug concentration and solution volume being the main drivers. However, these MMC concentrations (e.g. 2.0 mg/mL) supersede its solubility threshold, raising major concerns of inferior drug delivery. In this study, we seek to confirm that the pharmacologically optimized MMC concentrations are achievable in clinical practice through careful modifications of the solution preparation methods. MMC admixtures (1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL) were prepared in normal saline using conventional and alternative compounding methods. Conventional methodology resulted in poorly soluble solutions, with many visible particulates and crystallates. However, special compounding methods, which included incubation of solutions at 50 °C for 50 min followed by storage at 37 °C, were sufficient to solubilize drug. Chemical degradation of MMC solutions was determined over 6 h using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytics, while physical stability was tested in parallel. Immediately following the 50 min incubation, both MMC solutions exhibited approximately 5–7% drug degradation. Based on the measured concentrations and linear regression of degradation plots, additional storage of these solutions at 37 °C for 5 h retained chemical stability criterion (< 10% overall drug loss). No physical changes were observed in any solutions at any test time points. We recommend that the described alternative preparation methods may improve intravesicular delivery of MMC in this urological setting, and advise that clinicians employing these changes should closely monitor patients for MMC toxicities and pharmacodynamics (change in clinical outcomes) that result from the potential enhancement of MMC exposure in the bladder.
High-Throughput Screening To Identify Potent and Specific Inhibitors of Microbial Sulfate Reduction.

The selective perturbation of complex microbial ecosystems to predictably influence outcomes in engineered and industrial environments remains a grand challenge for geomicrobiology. In some industrial ecosystems, such as oil reservoirs, sulfate reducing microorganisms (SRM) produce hydrogen sulfide which is toxic, explosive, and corrosive. Despite the economic cost of sulfidogenesis, there has been minimal exploration of the chemical space of possible inhibitory compounds, and very little work has quantitatively assessed the selectivity of putative souring treatments. We have developed a high-throughput screening strategy to identify potent and selective inhibitors of SRM, quantitatively ranked the selectivity and potency of hundreds of compounds and identified previously unrecognized SRM selective inhibitors and synergistic interactions between inhibitors. Zinc pyrithione is the most potent inhibitor of sulfidogenesis that we identified, and is several orders of magnitude more potent than commonly used i...
Myocardial Imaging with Thallium-201

Since myocardial imaging was first described in 1962,1 many isotopes of rubidium, cesium, nitrogen, potassium, iodine-labeled fatty acids, and others have been utilized as myocardial imaging agents. Their physical and biological characteristics, however, are not well suited to allow myocardial imaging to be done clinically on a routine basis. The ideal agent would be an isotope with a high photon flux with energies that are easily imaged on a gamma camera and with a physical half-life that will permit distribution and a reasonable shelf life of the product, low radiation exposure, and a high myocardial-to-background uptake ratio. Obviously, this agent should also reflect myocardial blood flow accurately.
Efficient genome-wide association in biobanks using topic modeling identifies multiple novel disease loci.

Biobanks and national registries represent a powerful tool for genomic discovery, but rely on diagnostic codes that can be unreliable and fail to capture relationships between related diagnoses. We developed an efficient means of conducting genome-wide association studies using combinations of diagnostic codes from electronic health records for 10,845 participants in a biobanking program at two large academic medical centers. Specifically, we applied latent Dirichilet allocation to fit 50 disease topics based on diagnostic codes, then conducted a genome-wide common-variant association for each topic. In sensitivity analysis, these results were contrasted with those obtained from traditional single-diagnosis phenome-wide association analysis, as well as those in which only a subset of diagnostic codes were included per topic. In meta-analysis across three biobank cohorts, we identified 23 disease-associated loci with p < 1e-15, including previously associated autoimmune disease loci. In all cases, observed significant associations were of greater magnitude than single phenome-wide diagnostic codes, and incorporation of less strongly loading diagnostic codes enhanced association. This strategy provides a more efficient means of identifying phenome-wide associations in biobanks with coded clinical data.
Hepatitis B Vaccination, Screening, and Linkage to Care: Best Practice Advice From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Hepatitis B vaccination, screening, and linkage to care can reduce the burden of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. However, recommendations vary among organizations, and implementation has been ...
Self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions in nascent technology entrepreneurs: a temporal construal theory approach

Technology entrepreneurship requires advanced scientific and technological knowledge. Given the different nature of techno-entrepreneurship, there is a lack of cognitive research to explore this phenomenon. This paper focuses on filling this gap by differentiating entrepreneurial intentions amongst self-declared high-tech and non-high-tech nascent entrepreneurs. We present a quantitative study analysing 1045 undergraduate business and engineering students from three countries (Mexico, Spain, and the USA). The results provide evidence that technological entrepreneurs have the highest intentions to start a business. Further, our findings show that the cultural context and university major significantly influence entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, exploring our data for the temporal construal effect, we provide evidence that previous entrepreneurial experience exerts an effect on short term entrepreneurial intentions and not on long term intentions. These findings are a potential key consideration for educators and scholars that aim at identify and develop nascent technology entrepreneurs within student populations.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy in primary hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and future directions.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a form of radiation therapy that has been used in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over the past decade. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of SBRT in primary HCC, a literature search was conducted to identify original research articles published from January 2000 through January 2018 in PubMed on SBRT in HCC. All relevant studies published from 2004 to 2018 were included. Prospective studies demonstrated 2-year local control (LC) rates ranging from 64–95% and overall survival (OS) rates ranging from 34% (2-year) to 65% (3-year). Retrospective studies demonstrated 2-year LC rates of 44–90% and 2-year OS rates of 24–67%. Reported toxicities in primary HCC patients vary but SBRT appears to be relatively well tolerated. Studies comparing SBRT to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are few, but they suggest SBRT may be more effective than RFA in specific primary HCC populations. Additionally, SBRT appears to increase the efficacy of both transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and sorafenib in selected primary HCC populations.
Novel Formulation and Resolution of Job-Shop Scheduling Problems

Job-shop scheduling is an important problem in planning and operation of manufacturing systems. For such difficult problems to be solved daily within short amounts of time, the only practical goal is to obtain near-optimal solutions with quantifiable quality fast. Recent developments of powerful Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) methods such as branch-and-cut provide an opportunity for a fresh perspective at new effective MILP formulation and resolution of the problem. Moreover, formulation tightening is critically important since if constraints directly delineate the convex hull of an MILP problem, it can be solved by linear programming without combinatorial difficulties. To achieve the above goal, three major contributions of this letter are: 1) to efficiently formulate the problem in an MILP form; 2) to develop a novel systematic formulation tightening approach for the first time; and 3) to establish a decomposition and coordination method with exponential reduction of complexity and accelerated convergence to efficiently solve the problem. Testing results show that our formulation tightening is effective in terms of computational efficiency and solution quality. With decomposition, time-consuming branching is no longer needed when solving subproblems, and coordination is effective. For dynamic job-shop scheduling problems, schedule can be regenerated fast based on previous scheduling results. This work opens up new directions for more exploration to efficiently solve MILP problems.
Comparative PET imaging of D2/D3 receptors in the rodent spinal cord with [18F]fallypride and [11C]fallypride

1193 Objectives Our goal was to evaluate and compare the imaging capability of dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the rat spinal cord using PET ligands 18F-falllypride and 11C-fallypride. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in all studies. For in vivo studies two different animals received a 150-min 18F-fallypride scan and a 90-min 11C-Fallypride scan using a Siemens Inveon dedicated PET scanner. The spinal cord and the brain were then harvested, flash-frozen and imaged ex vivo for 30-min. Further, the spine was then sectioned and analyzed in vitro using a Cyclone Phosphor Imager. Binding of radiotracer in the spinal cord (SC) was calculated relative to binding in the striatum (STR). Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn over the STR, cerebellum and two areas of the SC (lower and upper). For in vivo analysis Logan plots with cerebellum as a reference was used to evaluate binding potentials (BP). Tissue ratios were used for ex vivo analysis. Results In Vitro studies showed 18F-fallypride binding of 77.4% in the upper spinal cord and 89.8% in the lower spinal cord. In Vivo analysis yielded BP values of 4.2 (upper and lower SC) and 17.8 for the STR. For 11C-fallypride the values were 8.63 in the STR and 0.6 in the SC. Relative to striatum, ex vivo studies showed 18F-fallypride binding of 1.21% in the lower spinal cord, 1.15% in the upper spinal cord, and 1.07% for the total spinal cord. 11C Fallypride showed binding of 9.00% in the lower SC, 8.96% in the upper SC, and 9.24% for the total spinal cord. Conclusions Our micro PET studies showed quantifiable 18F-Fallypride and 11F-Fallypride binding in the spinal cord in vivo. Increased uptake was observed near sites of the various plexuses (lumbar/cervical). The binding pattern correlates well with lower extremity nerves and may suggest a possible use of D2/D3 receptor to study the restless leg syndrome. 11C-fallypride also showed reduced bone uptake compared to the 18F-fallypride. Research Support NIH R01 EB00611
Diagnosis and Treatment of Intra-abdominal Abscess in Critically Ill Patients

Intra-abdominal abscess remains a challenging clinical problem. Patients are frequently critically ill with major organ system failure. An aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach is mandated. Application of newer imaging techniques should allow a better than 90 per cent accuracy of abscess localization. Clearer definition of the abscess cavity by ultrasound or computerized tomography facilitates planning of surgical drainage route preoperatively. Ultrasound and computerized tomography have also allowed directed percutaneous aspiration of intra-abdominal fluid collections for diagnosis. In selected patients, percutaneous drainage has the proven capability to completely resolve a large percentage of intra-abdominal abscesses. Final application of this technique awaits further study.
Current Understanding of the Role of Randall’s Plaque

The mechanisms by which urinary calculi develop in humans are not entirely understood. In the 1930s, Randall described white plaques on the papillae of cadaveric kidneys from patients with calculi and postulated that this was the site of stone formation in all stone formers. His theory was not well received and for many years was abandoned. It is now known that in certain subsets of stone formers (idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers), stone formation does occur by overgrowth on Randall’s plaque. However, many other types of stone formers do not demonstrate evidence of classic Randall’s plaque and must therefore possess a different mechanism for stone formation. Careful endoscopic assessment and renal tissue biopsies from unique stone-forming patients (i.e., those with cystinuria, primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and primary hyperoxaluria) has revealed evidence of crystalline plugging within dilated ducts of Bellini with associated inflammation and cell injury. These findings are not identified in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers and lead one to believe that alternate pathways to the development of nephrolithiasis must be at play. In this chapter we review the composition and anatomic location of Randall’s plaque as well as describe the stone-plaque interface and mechanism of stone overgrowth. Additionally, we review the specific endoscopic and histologic abnormalities in stone-forming patients with cystinuria, brushite stone disease, gastric bypass, ileostomy, primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and primary hyperoxaluria and propose potential mechanisms for stone formation.
Actualizing an Ethic of Care in the (Mathematics) Classroom

As a mathematics educator, I have encountered numerous challenges in school teaching. These have ranged from a lack of collegiality among adults in a school community, a lack of resources, and flawed leadership structures, to a rigid focus on testing, not for the sake of student growth, but rather for school evaluative and ranking purposes.
Existence Theory of Swirling Flow

We will consider the stochastic Navier–Stokes equation for the swirling flow(1.23), see Sect.1.4, in the next three sections. Similar results hold for the stochastic Navier–Stokes equation(1.65) describing fully developed turbulence. However, to emphasize that (1.23) and (1.65) are not the same equations we will set the coefficients c k to c k =h k in (1.23) below. The h k s can then be large but decay with increasing k. In this section we will first explain the probabilistic setting and prove some a priori estimates.
A CURIOUS CASE OF CARDIAC SYNCOPE: LET'S PAUSE AND TAKE A LOOK

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is a craniofacial syndrome with paroxysms of stabbing pain along the glossopharyngeal nerve. Rarely in 2% of the cases, reflexive autonomic outflow to the vagus nerve causes life-threatening arrhythmias and syncope, called vago-glossopharyngeal neuralgia(VGPN). A 66
LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY, WHO ARE WE NOW? LEADER-FOLLOWER RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIETAL-POLITICAL DIVISIONS.

This paper aims to explore severe societal–political divisions and interferences with democratic processes and human rights issues in many locations around the world, including in the United States, and examines the role of leader–follower relationships related to such developments. The term “large group” describes hundreds, thousands or millions of people— most of whom will never see or even know about each other as individuals, but who share many of the same sentiments. This paper first describes how a child becomes a member of a large-group and how adults sometimes develop a second type of large-group identity. Looking at such phenomena provides the background data needed to examine the spread of the metaphorical question, “Who are we now?” worldwide, as well as to examine the evolution of present-day authoritarian regimes, extreme right-wing politics and rhetoric, wall-building, and societal–political divisions.
Statin-Associated Bilateral Foot Myopathy.

Objective:To report a case of statin-induced bilateral foot myopathy that resulted from 2 different statins. Case Summary: A 44-year-old Caucasian male with a history of ventricular fibrillation ca...
Narcissus and Selfhood: The Lay of Narcissus

This chapter treats narcissism and selfhood in the Lay of Narcissus (c. 1160). Analyzing the prophecy given to Narcissus (that he will live to old age provided he does not see himself), the chapter examines the link between seeing a reflection and the truth that such a reflection is the “self.” Dane, in love with Narcissus, provides an exploration of desire’s visual properties as inside (personalized longing) and outside (a force that overtakes) the human subject. An analysis of Narcissus’s encounter with his reflection provides a discussion of his exclamation “je me plaing” (I lament myself), marking his selfhood as wounded by unfulfillable desires. The chapter concludes by examining how vision cannot lead to truth and how love is an undeniable imperative for human subjects.
Reaction pathways and optoelectronic characterization of single-phase Ag2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles

Sputtered thin films of Ag2ZnSnS4 (AZTS) have shown promising semiconducting properties in spite of the films containing SnS2, SnSx, or ZnS as impurity phases. In this study, reaction pathways were identified to produce single-phase AZTS nanoparticles as precursors for forming dense, single-phase films. The morphology, composition, and phase evolution during nanoparticle formation in an oleylamine-based solvothermal reaction process were determined using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and transmission and scanning transmission electron microscope (TEM/STEM). The reaction pathways for AZTS nanoparticles were found to be different from Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles in oleylamine, which may explain the difficulty in creating (Ag, Cu)2ZnSnS4 solid solutions in the nanoparticle synthesis. The single-phase AZTS nanoparticle films have a band gap (2.16 eV) slightly higher than sputtered films, and photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements demonstrated a current of 0.1 mA/cm2 in K2SO4 solution even as porous nanoparticle films, suggesting the potential of this material in solar energy conversion when converted into a dense film.
Post-Degree Completion Plan of Chinese and Korean Graduate Students in STEM

Despite the increasing trend of international students’ mobility, the growing number of graduate students is returning to their home countries. This phenomenon raises concerns as the majority of international students major in the STEM fields, which heavily tied to countries’ economic innovation and global competitiveness. Thus, this research studies factors contributing to Chinese and Korean graduate students in the STEM fields’ return/stay decision after completing their studies. Two specific groups are selected due to their large population, both in the STEM and the international population. The mixed methodological approaches will be utilized to study the patterns of their decision-making choices with an in-depth understanding of their narratives. This study will contribute to explore the unique ways and strategies these international students use to negotiate and navigate the path even with the structural difficulties and barriers in the neoliberal university.