cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latent variable growth within behavior genetic models.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce one kind of latent-variable structural-equation model for multivariate longitudinal data which includes behavioral genetic components. A generic structural-equation model termedRAM (McArdle, J. J. and McDonald, R. P. (1984).Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol.,37:239–251.) is used to define the univariate twin design, including both covariances and means. This model is extended to multivariate form using a latent-variable growth-curve model recently presented by W. Meredith and J. Tisak [(1984). “Tuckerizing” curves. Psychometric Society Annual Meetings]. The model presented herein further permits hypothesis testing of various biometric models of the sources of these individual differences in latent growth. Aspects of this model are illustrated using the LISREL algorithm [Joreskog, K. G. and Sorbom, D. (1979).Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models, Abt Books, Cambridge, Mass.] and longitudinal twin data on early childhood abilities [Wilson, R. S. (1983).Child Dev. 54:298–316].
The relation between national cultural dimensions and tax evasion

Abstract Although penalties and audits exist, tax evasion is a widespread phenomenon and continues to be a problem for many countries. National culture may contribute to a further understanding of intentional noncompliance across countries. In this study, we investigate the influence of national culture on tax compliance levels across 50 countries. Using Hofstede's (1980) cultural framework as a basis for our hypotheses, we find that a noncompliant country's profile is characterized by high uncertainty avoidance, low individualism, low masculinity, and high power distance. Our results have implications for both research and practice. This is the first study to employ Hofstede's cultural framework as an explanator of international tax compliance diversity and serves as the starting point for the development of an international tax compliance framework. Tax policy implications also are addressed.
Distributed Application Runtime Environment (DARE): A Standards-based Middleware Framework for Science-Gateways

Gateways have been able to provide efficient and simplified access to distributed and high-performance computing resources. Gateways have been shown to support many common and advanced requirements, as well as proving successful as a shared access mode to production cyberinfrastructure such as the TG/XSEDE. There are two primary challenges in the design of effective and broadly-usable gateways: the first revolves around the creation of interfaces that catpure existing and future usage modes so as to support desired scientific investigation. The second challenge and the focus of this paper, is concerned about the requirement to integrate the user-interfaces with computational resources and specialized cyberinfrastructure in an interoperable, extensible and scalable fashion. Currently, there does not exist a commonly usable middleware to that enables seamless integration of different gateways to a range of distributed and high-performance infrastructures. The development of multiple similar gateways that can work over a range of production cyberinfrastructures, usage modes and application requirements is not scalable without a effective and extensible middleware. Some of the challenges that make using production cyberinfrastructure as a collective resource difficult are also responsible for the absence of middleware that enables multiple gateways to utilize the collective capabilities. We introduce the SAGA-based, Distributed Application Runtime Environment (DARE) framework, using which gateways that seamlessly and effectively utilize scalable distributed infrastructure can be built. We discuss the architecture of DARE-based gateways, and show using several different prototypes--DARE-HTHP, DARE-NGS, how gateways can be constructed by utilizing the DARE middleware framework.
A rapid plant digestion method for analysis of ρ and certain cations by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry

Abstract Quick, and reliable tissue testing is important in a soil fertility program to ensure adequate yields for profitability. However, commonly used tissue tests for elements require from 2 to 6 hours for digestion and extraction of samples. A rapid digestion procedure for ? and certain cations that requires only an analytical balance and volumetric glassware was therefore developed to assay plant tissues by inductively‐coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The method is based on the oxidation and solubilization of plant organic matter created by the heat of solution when 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added to concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). This step requires about 30 minutes for 40 samples. No further wet‐digestion is requiredfor sample preparation because the high temperature of the plasma converts all complexes and organics in the digest to elemental forms. For the determination of ? by the colorimetric molybdate‐blue method, an additional heating is required to eliminate unreacted peroxide....
Shear-induced Reynolds stress at the edge of L-mode tokamak plasmas

The turbulent flux of momentum?or Reynolds stress?is a mechanism responsible for the generation of sheared flow by turbulence. The structure of the flux-surface-averaged stress is investigated in the edge region of an L-mode tokamak plasma. The stress induced by the perpendicular tilting of ballooning modes is considered. In addition to the tilting by the E???B flow shear, which is a negative viscosity effect, a magnetic-shear-induced Reynolds stress?called -residual stress?arises as a consequence of a residual spatial tilting of ballooning modes by the magnetic shear in a poloidally up?down asymmetric magnetic geometry. A model is derived in the weak flow shear regime under the approximation of circular flux surfaces. The amplitude of this residual stress is of the order of the square of the radial velocity fluctuations in the scrape-off layer (SOL), and in the immediate radial vicinity of the separatrix if an X-point exists. Its amplitude drops rapidly to zero towards the plasma core, thus appearing as a source of transverse rotation at the interface. Its non-linear dependence on the electric shear is discussed in the context of the weak electric shear effect on the poloidal shape of the ballooning envelope. The local -residual stress is non-uniform poloidally and changes sign according to the up/down position of SOL end-plates with respect to the ?B???B direction. The electric- and magnetic-shear-induced stresses are then included in a flux-surface-averaged 1D model of mean flow conservation at the plasma edge, including the SOL volume. In L-mode weak shear regimes, it is shown that changing the plasma geometry from ?B???B away from the divertor to ?B???B towards the divertor approximately doubles the electric shear strength inside the separatrix, as reported in experiments. This shear-induced stress also enters the toroidal momentum balance, where it appears as a significant source of momentum in the immediate vicinity of the separatrix. Balanced by the toroidal viscosity only, it can sustain toroidal flow gradients of the order of a km?s?1?cm?1 at the separatrix, with a sign also dependent on the plasma geometry. These momentum sources arising from symmetry breaking at the boundary of the confined region may explain why low to high mode power thresholds are lower in favourable than unfavourable configurations, and may be important for the issue of optimal plasma shapes with respect to edge intrinsic shear.
Response to budget action

As we are all aware, the President has announced his intention to balance the federal budget for FY ′81 in order to help control inflation. To accomplish this goal, essentially all agencies except the Department of Defense will sustain budget reductions. All of us concur in the need to reduce inflation. However, many of us are concerned with the impact of the proposed cuts on the nation's scientific programs. For example, the National Science Foundation may suffer a $74 million reduction in budget, affecting all areas of basic science. The proposed cut in the NASA budget has been reported to be approximately $219 million. Because the space shuttle is sacrosanct, a large fraction of these cuts, approximately $107 million, will be borne by the Office of Space Science, the office primarily responsible for space missions and related science support in astronomy, planetary science, and solar-terrestrial relationships. Proposed high-quality missions and, if Congress increases the depth of the cut, basic science support may be seriously affected, possibly permanently impairing our nation's ability to remain preeminent in the exploration of space.
Hypothesis: A model for generalised autoimmunity

Abstract A detailed mechanism for the development of generalised autoimmunity is suggested, and the significance of the association between autoimmunity and leukemia is discussed.
A serum inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis associated with hyperglobulinaemia E in a patient with lymphoma, and recurrent skin infection.

SUMMARY A patient with a strong serum inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis, a possible chemotactic factor inactivator and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E is described. The patient had a persistent chronic dermatitis which appeared to develop following radiation of the central nervous system for an unclassified lymphoma. Other abnormalities included a general increase of serum immunoglobulins, impaired lymphocyte response to mitogens, and a high Epstein-Barr antibody titre. This case illustrates that an increased IgE level, previously reported in association with a cellular chemotactic defect, may coexist with serum inhibitors of neutrophil chemotaxis.
Evaluating research, technology and development in Canadian industry: Meeting the challenges of industrial innovation

Canadian firms respond to the challenges and opportunities of global competition by increasing their research productivity and the rate of innovation. The competitive edge for Canadian industry must now be based on a new appreciation of the dynamics of R & D, as well as management practices and strategies which are relevant to the systems which underpin innovation. New R & D and management models are being adopted by firms to cope with the dynamic and complex nature of innovation, the growing importance of transactions and linkages within innovation systems and the range of financial, human, social and environmental factors which now impact on technology assessment and decision-making. Given this new paradigm, evaluation techniques are being created and adopted by Canadian industry which provide them with a greater understanding of the value of their research and enhance the agility of their technology management. But, these developments are not confined to industry. Of equal importance is the convergence of evaluation methods used in both industry and governments to assess research and technology. The methods used by industry are now the techniques employed by governments to assess their own R & D and to formulate industrial S & T policies and strategies.
Slightly massive photon

We study a renormalizable field-theory model of a slightly massive photon compatible with experiment. Such a model can be built only by spontaneous breaking of electromagnetic gauge symmetry which is triggered by a charged Higgs field with a tiny charge ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ in units of the proton charge. A physical-Higgs-boson mass ${m}_{h}$ must obey an inequality ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$${m}_{h}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}20}$ MeV. If ${m}_{h}$ is smaller than 10 keV or so, a mass-independent upper limit is imposed on ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ by astrophysics as ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$${l10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$. Since this Higgs boson is almost decoupled from all known particles, there are very few physical consequences.
Middle School Immigrant Students Developing Mathematical Reasoning in Spanish and English.

Abstract Language is the means through which mathematics is learned and mathematical reasoning is developed and expressed. Students' development of mathematical knowledge is dependent upon their codevelopment of language competencies. This study sought to understand the intersection of language acquisition and mathematical reasoning in a multigrade, dual-language mathematics classroom. The focal research question was: In what ways do immigrant middle-school students use L1 and L2 to communicate and to reason mathematically? The students who participated were first- and second-generation immigrants from Mexico. Data included (1) ethnographic field notes, (2), videotape and audiotape of small-group work, (3) interviews with the bilingual mathematics teacher, and (4) student work. Findings suggest that (1) nonroutine mathematical problem posing is useful for eliciting productive talk and encouraging reasoning; and (2) when given the opportunity, ELLs are likely to draw productively upon their linguistic reso...
Functional characterization of CFI-400945, a Polo-like kinase 4 inhibitor, as a potential anticancer agent.

PLK4 was identified as a promising therapeutic target through a systematic approach that combined RNAi screening with gene expression analysis in human breast cancers and cell lines. A drug discovery program culminated in CFI-400945, a potent and selective PLK4 inhibitor. Cancer cells treated with CFI-400945 exhibit effects consistent with PLK4 kinase inhibition, including dysregulated centriole duplication, mitotic defects, and cell death. Oral administration of CFI-400945 to mice bearing human cancer xenografts results in the significant inhibition of tumor growth at doses that are well tolerated. Increased antitumor activity in vivo was observed in PTEN-deficient compared to PTEN wild-type cancer xenografts. Our findings provide a rationale for the clinical evaluation of CFI-400945 in patients with solid tumors, in particular those deficient in PTEN.
Titan's atomic nitrogen torus - Inferred properties and consequences for the Saturnian aurora

A population of warm, approximately keV N(-) ions furnishing the greater part of the mass and energy input to the Titan magnetosphere, at a power level of 2 x 10 to the 11th W, is generated by ionization of Titan's nitrogen torus by both solar EUV photons and magnetospheric electron impact. Magnetospheric electrons also accelerate pickup ions to keV energies by means of lower hybrid emissions, on a time scale comparable to the plasma residence time. It is presently suggested that the aurora is excited by ion and electron precipitation from the outer magnetosphere; the energetics in question can be accounted for entirely on the basis of the titanogenic plasma supply proper to a corotation-dominated magnetosphere.
Mass spectrometric detection of protein, lipid and heme components of cytochrome c oxidase from R. sphaeroides and the stabilization of non-covalent complexes from the enzyme

The cytochrome c oxidase enzyme from the Rhodobacter sphaeroides bacteria exists as a complex of four peptide subunits, two hemes, and a variety of lipids and metal ions held together by non-covalent forces. While the native enzyme functions as an associated unit, this complex usually dissociates during MALDI- TOF analysis. Through the use of matrix additives such as sucrose, the complete complex and partial complexes can be stabilized in the MALDI-TOF experiment. The dissociation of the complex allows for the detection of the components of the enzyme. The direct detection of associated lipids from an aqueous solution of the intact enzyme may eliminate the need for enzyme disruption and lipid extraction. The partial dissociation of multisubunit enzymes in such experiments may allow for the determination of subunit-subunit and subunit-lipid interactions
Adaptive Digital Satellite Transmission Ground Terminal Design Considerations

Abstract This paper develops the concepts and the design considerations for an all digital adaptive satellite communication system, which provides military users, both analog and digital, access to a hard limiting repeater satellite in synchronous orbit. The information to be transmitted is processed digitally and an efficient modulation technique is utilized for the transmission process. To achieve this, the analog inputs are digitized and multiplexed with the digital inputs, which may have diverse rates as well as be relatively asynchronous with respect to each other. Generating a serial bit stream from the parallel inputs enables the adaptive system to readily employ independent and/or burst error control technique, code division multiple access technique, spread spectrum modulation technique, coherent demodulation with synchronous bit detection, and adapting of the bit duration.
Time-dependent multiwavelength single-frame chemical imaging spectroscopy of laser plumes using a dimension-reduction fiber optic array

ABSTRACT A single-frame approach to chemical imaging with high spectroscopic resolution is described that makes use of a second generation dimension-reduction fiber-optic array. Laser-induced plume images are focused onto a 17 x 32 rectangular array of square close-packed 25 p.m cross-sectionalfl2 optical fibers that are drawn into a 544 x 1 distal arraywith serpentine ordering. The 544 x 1 side of the array is imaged with an fl2 spectrograph equipped with a holographicgrating and a gated intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera for spectral analysis. Software is used to extract thespatial/spectral information contained in the ICCD images and deconvolute them into wavelength-specific univariatereconstructed images or position-specific spectra that span an 86 nm wavelength space.Keywords: fiber-optics, chemical imaging, spectroscopic imaging, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) 1. INTRODUCTION The proper spectroscopic interpretation of numerous industrial, medicinal, and biological samples requires an in-
With Their Help: How community members construct a congruent Third Space in an urban kindergarten classroom

Through the use of narrative enquiry, this paper tells the story of how a kindergarten teacher in an all-girls' school incorporates family and community members' involvement to the construction of the congruent Third Space present in the classroom, and the ways the girls respond to this involvement, thereby providing a successful model for other schools in marginalized communities. In this study, the author sought to understand how this teacher and the community members' in this classroom create a congruent Third Space. This research enquiry includes the systematic use of the methodology portraiture with analysis of critical events. The portraits are titled: Mutual Desire for the Girls to Succeed and Community Members' Involvement. This paper moves Third Space theory towards praxis through concrete examples in an urban, kindergarten classroom.
A recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine expressing a model tumour antigen protects mice against lethal tumour cell challenge and causes regression of established tumours

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular organism that has the unusual ability to live in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is thus a good vector for targeting protein antigens to the cellular arm of the immune response. Here we use a model system, consisting of colon and renal carcinomas that express the influenza virus nucleoprotein and a recombinant L. monocytogenes that secretes this antigen, to test the potential of this organism as a cancer immunotherapeutic agent. We show that this recombinant organism can not only protect mice against lethal challenge with tumour cells that express the antigen, but can also cause regression of established macroscopic tumours in an antigen-specific T-cell-dependent manner.
Preparing Competent Clinicians: Curricular Applications Based on the Sexual Addiction Counseling Competencies

Given the prevalence of sexual addiction, as well as the co-morbidity of this disorder with other client concerns, it is imperative that current and future clinicians be adequately prepared to assist clients with multiple needs. Unfortunately, there remains a significant gap in the professional preparation of clinicians who work with sexually addicted clients. Based upon the competencies first identified by Hagedorn (2009a) necessary to accurately intervene, assess, and treat these clients, the current study suggests a curriculum that can be utilized to prepare future clinicians. Implications for training, practice, and future research are offered.
The dynamics of transient Ostwald ripening

Examines numerically the time-dependent behaviour of a two-phase system undergoing transient Ostwald ripening. The evolution of selected initial particle-radius-distribution (PRD) functions was followed to over three orders of magnitude in time. Although steady-state coarsening behaviour was never fully achieved, the existence of the Lifshitz-Slyozov (LS) attractor PRD and scaling laws for r and NV was essentially confirmed for all the initial PRDS studied in systems with a zero volume fraction of coarsening phase. The transition path to steady-state coarsening was highly dependent upon the initial PRD. Phase-plane plots illustrated this dependence and showed the large basin of attraction for the LS PRD. In addition, changes in the initial form of a given PRD within a fixed class of PRDS were found to affect strongly the transient coarsening rate. The results showed that the system evolved to its steady-state form more rapidly at non-zero volume fraction than at zero volume fraction. Finally, the authors present a comparison of our calculations with other experimental and theoretical studies of transient coarsening behaviour.
Why VIIRS data are superior to DMSP for mapping nighttime lights

For more than forty years the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) has been the only satellite system collecting global low-light imaging data. A series of twenty-four DMSP satellites have collected low-light imaging data. The design of the OLS has not changed significantly since satellite F-4 flew in the late 1970’s and OLS data have relatively coarse spatial resolution, limited dynamic range, and lack in-flight calibration. In 2011 NASA and NOAA launched the Suomi National Polar Partnership (SNPP) satellite carrying the first Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument. The VIIRS collects low light imaging data and has several improvements over the OLS’ capabilities. In this paper we contrast the nighttime low light imaging collection capabilities of these two systems and compare their data products.
A physiologic and biochemical profile of clinically rejected lungs on a normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion platform.

Abstract Background Although ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is increasingly being used to evaluate and manipulate potential donor lungs before lung transplantation (LTx), data on the biochemistry of lungs during EVLP are limited. In this study, we examined the physiology and biochemistry of human lungs on an EVLP circuit. Methods We recovered unallocated double lungs in standard fashion and split them into single lungs. All lungs received a nebulized arginase inhibitor, 2- S -amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH), at either the onset ( n = 6) or after 3 h ( n = 8) of EVLP. Serial biochemical analysis included levels of arginase, endogenous nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and reactive oxygen species. We considered lungs transplantable if they sustained a PaO 2 :FiO 2 ≥ 350 in addition to stable pulmonary function during EVLP. Results We recovered a total of 14 single lungs. We deemed three single lungs from different donors to be transplantable after EVLP. These lungs had superior oxygenation, lower carbon dioxide, and more stable pulmonary artery pressures. Transplantable lungs had higher baseline levels of eNOS and higher final levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate than non-transplantable lungs. Early ABH administration was associated with a transient increase in dynamic compliance. Conclusions In this biochemical characterization of lungs deemed unsuitable for LTx, early levels of eNOS and late levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate appear to be associated with improved allograft function during EVLP. In addition, nebulized ABH is associated with a significant increase in dynamic compliance. These data suggest that biochemical markers during EVLP may predict acceptable allograft function, and that this platform can be used to biochemically manipulate donor lungs before LTx.
Effects of momentary changes in arousal on discriminative autonomic classical conditioning.

Relative to an intermediate arousal level, effects of stimulus-controlled increases and decreases in arousal were examined during discriminative autonomic conditioning. After matching subjects to psychophysiologically-indexed arousal criteria, three experimental and two control groups of 14 persons each were formed. Experimental groups received both high arousal training consisting of aversive conditioning with a discrete stimulus and low arousal training involving paired presentations of muscle biofeedback relaxation and a different cue. Formation of stimulus controlled arousal responses was assessed using heart rate, muscle, and electrodermal criteria. During discriminative conditioning, one experimental group received all conditioned stimuli compounded with high arousal cues, while another group received conditioned stimuli/low arousal cue compounds. The third experimental group received conditioned stimuli/neutral cue compounds. Electrodermal and digital pulse volume conditioning data indicated significantly greater conditioning associated with neutral cue manipulations. High arousal cue compounds resulted in conditioning superior to that displayed by low arousal cue compounds. Control groups data suggested that results were not due to simple transfer or physical cue properties alone.
The effect of short-term exposure to three chemicals on the blood chemistry of the pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)

Injections of 3 ml/kg CCl4 caused significant elevations in the serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD-L). Serum lipids and total protein were significantly lower, while serum glucose was significantly greater. Serum protein electrophoresis showed disassociation of albumin. Seawater species appear more tolerant of nitrite intoxication than freshwater species. Concentrations of fenthion as high as 30% of the 48-h LC50 did not inhibit serum cholinesterase or alter serum chemistry.
PMML and UIMA based frameworks for deploying analytic applications and services

It is convenient to divide data into structured data, semi-structured data and unstructured data. By structured data, we mean data that is organized into fields or attributes. Examples include database records. Semi-structured data has attributes but does not have the regularity of structured data. Data defined by HTML or XML tags are examples of semi-structured data. Unstructured data lacks attributes or fields and includes text data, signals, images, video, audio or similar data. Of course, data may be a combination of one or more of these types. For example, the content of a message can be unstructured text and the metadata semi-structured XML tags.
Complete Spherical Harmonics Solution of the Boltzmann Equation for Neutron Transport in Homogeneous Media with Cylindrical Geometry

It is shown that the treatment of the transport equation in cylindrical geometry does not involve essentially more tedious calculations than the treatment in plane geometry. A complete solution is given for homogeneous media including the complementary solutions. Every partial solution contains in its expansion of spherical harmonics some functions of a parameter with appropriate coefficients. It will be shown that these functions are Legendre polynomials and Legendre functions of the second kind as in the case of plane geometry for the "main" solution, and derivatives of these functions for the "complementary" solutions. They are solutions of the recursion relations for the expansion and yield a further recursion relation for the coefficients. Tables of these coefficients are given up to the eleventh spherical harmonic approximation and a general formula is derived for them. Two examples are worked out, a first based upon the supposition of a linearly anisotropic scattering law, and a second in which two higher terms of anistropy are added to this law. (auth)
The Effect of Testosterone on the Synthesis of Mouse Kidney Mitochondrial and Microsomal Proteins in Vivo and in Vitro1

Castration of 8–week—old male mice resulted in a decrease in kidney wt to a plateau level about 65–70% of normal within 14 days. This wt loss was accompanied by decreases in the rate of incorporation of radioactive amino acids in vivo into mitochondrial and microsomal proteins as well as a decrease in the rate of incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein by isolated mitochondria in vitro. Rates of incorporation both in vivo and in vitro reached minimal values (60–65% of normal) approximately 8 days after castration and appeared to recover spontaneously, reaching normal or near normal levels by the 3rd week following castration. The rate of degradation of mitochondrial and microsomal proteins isolated from liver and kidney was determined by measuring the rate of disappearance of L—arginine—guanidino–14C radioactivity from the protein of the two fractions. The small changes found in the protein half lives of the two fractions in either organ following castration suggested that the decrease in ki...
An instructionally acceptable cost effective approach to a general introductory course

This paper describes one approach to answering the need for an introductory computer science course which will appeal to a university-wide audience. Kansas State University as many other institutions was faces with such a chllenge when financial constraints became more rigid. A large influx of students entered the Computer Science program, and many other units within the University recognized the need for some preparation for their students in Computer Science. Over a period of three years the course discussed was developed with large lectures and small laboratories. It is a cost-effective solution that caters to the needs of various disciplines.
Automating Elementary Number-Theoretic Proofs Using Gröbner Bases

We present a uniform algorithm for proving automatically a fairly wide class of elementary facts connected with integer divisibility. The assertions that can be handled are those with a limited quantifier structure involving addition, multiplication and certain number-theoretic predicates such as `divisible by', `congruent' and `coprime'; one notable example in this class is the Chinese Remainder Theorem (for a specific number of moduli). The method is based on a reduction to ideal membership assertions that are then solved using Grobner bases. As well as illustrating the usefulness of the procedure on examples, and considering some extensions, we prove a limited form of completeness for properties that hold in all rings.
Measurement and analysis of distribution coefficients in Fe-Ni alloys containing S and/or P. I - K sub Ni and K sub P

Fe-Ni alloys containing S and/or P were grown by a plane front solidification technique. The compositions of each element of these alloys were measured along the growth direction with an electron probe microanalyzer and were plotted as a function of fraction solidified. The distribution coefficient for each solute element was determined by an analytical procedure from the composition data as a function of fraction solidified. The distribution coefficient of Ni varies from 0.9 to 1.30. The distribution coefficient of P varies from 0.10 to 0.20 in a S-free Fe-Ni-P alloy, and from 0.25 to 5.80 in S-containing Fe-Ni-P alloys. This significant variation in the distribution coefficient of P in Fe-Ni-S-P alloys is attributed to the interactions occurring between S and P in the liquid during solidification. The distribution coefficient of Ni increases with the S and P contents of the liquid while the distribution coefficient of P increases with the S content and decreases with the P content of the liquid. Mathematical expressions have been formulated to relate the distribution coefficients of Ni and P to the S and P contents in the liquid.
Growing a Nontraditional Accounting Firm: Warren and Associates

This case presents the history of a small CPA firm that is a value‐added reseller (VAR) providing IT consulting services to mid‐sized and small business clients. Since this firm does not provide audit, compilation and review, or tax services, it provides a view of a CPA firm that is different from the traditional audit and tax organization. The main question posed is determining the best growth strategy for this CPA firm. To answer this question, you must research and evaluate consulting opportunities related to Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act, as well as several of the recently developed AICPA services such as WebTrust, SysTrust™, and ElderCare. The research that you do will provide a deeper understanding of the role of accountants as consultants. The case affords an excellent opportunity to stimulate class discussion or presentations about the nature of CPA services beyond audit and tax services.
The Selection of "Fluent" Samples in Research on Stuttering

The characteristics of stutterers' fluency has been the object of much research in recent years, but it is not always clear what the term "fluency" refers to in this research. This paper reviews the concept of fluency and considers the ways in which it has been employed in research on stuttering. The methods that have been used to identify fluent intervals in stutterers' speech are reviewed along with their reliability and validity. It is concluded that there is an urgent need to clarify the referent for fluency in such studies, and to develop procedures for measuring and quantifying fluency. Additional avenues for research are also discussed.
Association and prediction of neonatal acidemia

Objective The objective of this study was to estimate the predictive ability of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) patterns immediately prior to delivery for acidemia at term birth. Study Design This was a 4-year retrospective cohort study of 5388 consecutive singleton, nonanomalous gestations of 37 weeks or longer. The primary exposure was the EFM pattern in the 30 minutes preceding delivery. EFM patterns were prospectively interpreted using Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) nomenclature as well as non-NICHD measurements of decelerations. The primary outcome was umbilical cord arterial pH of 7.10 or less. Results Four NICHD-defined EFM features within the 30 minutes prior to birth demonstrated the greatest association with acidemia: repetitive prolonged decelerations (area under the curve [AUC] 0.81), baseline tachycardia (AUC 0.80), repetitive variable decelerations (AUC 0.79), and repetitive late decelerations (0.78) after adjusting for nulliparity, fever, prolonged first stage, and obesity. A non-NICHD measure, total deceleration area, demonstrated superior predictive ability for acidemia (AUC 0.83, P = .04). Conclusion A non-NICHD measure of deceleration frequency and severity in the second stage performed superior to 4 NICHD EFM features for predicting fetal acidemia.
Surgical Considerations of Nasal Discharge

Surgery of the nasal cavity may be exposed primarily via a dorsal or ventral approach. Surgical treatment of lesions of the nasal cavity usually is limited to benign lesions or in combination with adjunctive therapy such as radiation therapy. Caution must be exercised with a dorsal approach to the nasal cavity to avoid complications of inadvertent penetration of the brain case. Gentle tissue handling and careful closure of the mucoperiosteum must be exercised following a ventral approach to minimize the risk of oronasal fistula formation.
A density result for some imaginary quadratic fields with infinite Hilbert 2-class field towers

This paper shows that a positive proportion of the imaginary quadratic fields with 2-class rank equal to 3 have 4-class rank equal to zero and infinite Hilbert 2-class field towers.
Techniques de l'information et de la communication, qualifications et productivité

A mesure que les entreprises des Etats-Unis ont accru leur recours aux techniques de l'information, la demande de travailleurs qualifies dans ces techniques a augmente. L'auteur exploite des donnees relatives a la periode 1995-1997 sur les proportions de travailleurs qualifies et non qualifies dans l'effectif des 500 entreprises des Etats-Unis qui ont le plus recours aux techniques de l'information. Il s'attache, au moyen d'une fonction de Cobb Douglas, a evaluer les effets sur la production des investissements dans les qualifications en techniques de l'information. Il conclut a une association entre recours aux techniques de l'information, demande de main-d'oeuvre qualifiee dans ces techniques et accroissement de la productivite.
Except-Africa: Postscript to a special section on development narratives

Abstract Two development narratives about Africa cry out for rectification. One is the “Except-Africa” narrative talked about when the techno-managerial elites conclude, “Development works…except in Africa.” The other is the elites' neo-Mathusian Doomsday Scenario for countries in Except-Africa. Both development narratives are factually incorrect and do an extremely poor job of stabilizing decision making in heterogeneous and changing African settings. Counternarratives are needed and some are suggested.
Stagnation flow towards a shrinking sheet

Abstract The stagnation flow towards a shrinking sheet is studied. A similarity transform reduces the Navier–Stokes equations to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations which are then integrated numerically. Both two-dimensional and axisymmetric stagnation flows are considered. It is found that solutions do not exist for larger shrinking rates and may be non-unique in the two-dimensional case. The non-alignment of the stagnation flow and the shrinking sheet complicates the flow structure. Convective heat transfer decreases with the shrinking rate due to an increase in boundary layer thickness.
Induction of normal cardiovascular development in the vitamin A-deprived quail embryo by natural retinoids.

Abstract The biological activity of various natural retinoids and the time "window" when vitamin A activity is required for normal cardiovascular development were examined in vitamin A-deprived Japanese quail embryos. The administration of 1 μg of retinol at the beginning of incubation resuited in normal cardiovascular development in 97% of embryos; retinoic acid was toxic at this dose level. Treatment of embryos with 0.1 μg of all-trans-retinol or 13-cis-retinoic acid at the beginning of incubation resulted in normal cardiovascular development in 47 and 12% of embryos, respectively; administration of these retinoids at other time points attenuated the percentage of embryos with normal cardiovascular development. Didehydroretinol, 0.1 μg, and 9-cis-retinoic acid, 0.1 μg, were inactive at all time points examined; 9-cis-retinoic acid did not enhance the biological activity of all-trans-retinoic acid. All-trans-retinoic acid, 0.1 μg, administered during 22-28 hr of incubation induced normal cardiovascular development in 20-34% of embryos; biological activity was optimal when it was administered at 24 hr. All retinoids tested were inactive in establishing normal cardiovascular development when administered at 36 hr of incubation or later. The studies suggest that all-trans-retinoic acid is the biologically active form of vitamin A required for normal cardiovascular development in the avian embryo. There is a critical time point within the first 22-28 hr of quail embryogenesis when all-trans-retinoic acid initiates events that lead to normal cardiovascular development.
From children's hands to adults' ears: gesture's role in the learning process.

Children can express thoughts in gesture that they do not express in speech—they produce gesture– speech mismatches. Moreover, children who produce mismatches on a given task are particularly ready to learn that task. Gesture, then, is a tool that researchers can use to predict who will profit from instruction. But is gesture also useful to adults who must decide how to instruct a particular child? We asked 8 adults to instruct 38 third- and fourth-grade children individually in a math problem. We found that the adults offered more variable instruction to children who produced mismatches than to children who produced no mismatches—more different types of instructional strategies and more instructions that contained two different strategies, one in speech and the other in gesture. The children thus appeared to be shaping their own learning environments just by moving their hands. Gesture not only reflects a child’s understanding but can play a role in eliciting input that could shape that understanding. As such, it may be part of the mechanism of cognitive change. When children explain their answers to a problem, they convey their thoughts not only in speech but also in the gestures that accompany that speech (e.g., Alibali, 1999; Church & GoldinMeadow, 1986; Goldin-Meadow, in press; Perry, Church, & Goldin-Meadow, 1988). Adults, too, when explaining problems to a child, convey information about those problems in both speech and gesture (Flevares & Perry, 2001; Goldin-Meadow, Kim, & Singer, 1999). Our goal here is to demonstrate that gesture may play a crucial, although typically unacknowledged, role in the learning process. Different children come to a learning situation with different levels of understanding. In principle, an adult could interact with each child in a way that is tailored to that child’s level of understanding—in Vygotsky’s (1978) terms, the adult could provide input that is appropriate to each child’s zone of proximal development. A child’s zone of proximal development contains abilities that the child has not yet mastered but is actively working on— abilities that are ripe for change. But how is an adult to know which skills a given child is working on? For the zone of proximal development to play a role in developmental change (and be more than just a descriptive metaphor), children must be able to give off reliable cues to their cognitive state and do so in everyday social interactions. Moreover, adults must be able to interpret and respond to those cues.
Beyond the adiabatic approximation: The impact of thresholds on the hadronic spectrum

In the adiabatic approximation, most of the effects of quark-antiquark loops on spectroscopy can be absorbed into a static interquark potential. The author develops a formalism which can be used to treat the residual nonadiabatic effects associated with the presence of nearby hadronic thresholds for heavy quarks. He then defines a potential which includes additional high energy corrections to the adiabatic limit which would be present for finite quark masses. This improved potential allows a systematic low energy expansion of the impact of thresholds on hadronic spectra.
Transient Heating, Gasification, and Oxidation of an Energetic Liquid Fuel

Abstract An analytical and computational study of the gasification and oxidation of an energetic liquid fuel droplet is presented. Single-step, finite-rate, Arrhenius reaction rate expressions are used for exothermic liquid-phase decomposition and gas-phase oxidation. The liquid fuel is assumed to decompose to a gaseous product at a fixed number of bubble sites per unit mass (specified a priori ) within the droplet. Decomposed gas escapes the droplet surface by: (1) decomposition (gasification) of the droplet surface, (2) decomposition at the surface of bubbles that connect with the droplet surface, and (3) escape of gas inside bubbles due to droplet surface regression. The transient, two-phase, governing equations are solved numerically for various values of the nondimensional reaction rate coefficients (for both decomposition and oxidation), heats of decomposition and oxidation, number of bubbles per unit mass ( N / m ), and ambient temperature and pressure. After an ignition delay period, the flame radius is predicted to increase nearly linearly with time until the droplet is gasified. After this time (η d ,∗ ), the flame radius decreases with time. The variation of flame radius with time differs from classical droplet burning due to the exothermic decomposition process that determines the gasification rate and influences the heat flux at the droplet surface. Simplified scaling previously derived for the droplet lifetime also correlates the effect of decomposition parameters on the flame behavior. Gas-phase oxidation does not appreciably affect the droplet lifetime, for the selected base case values of the above parameters, because droplet heating is controlled primarily by the liquid-phase decomposition. As the decomposition rate is reduced (e.g., by reducing N / m ), the time scale for heat conduction from the flame to the droplet becomes comparable to that of liquid decomposition, and hence gas-phase oxidation significantly reduces η d . For the base case, liquid-phase decomposition increases the flame temperature by approximately 6%.
Limits of provable security from standard assumptions

We show that the security of some well-known cryptographic protocols, primitives and assumptions (e.g., the Schnorr identification scheme, commitments secure under adaptive selective-decommitment, the 'one-more' discrete logarithm assumption) cannot be based on any standard assumption using a Turing (i.e., black-box) reduction. These results follow from a general result showing that Turing reductions cannot be used to prove security of constant-round sequentially witness-hiding special-sound protocols for unique witness relations, based on standard assumptions; we emphasize that this result holds even if the protocol makes non-black-box use of the underlying assumption.
Complex Choristoma of the Eyelid Containing Ectopic Cilia and Lacriomal Gland

Abstract A 2-year-old girl was born with an aggregate of ectopic cilia in the right upper eyelid that intermittently produced tears. During elective excision, the cilia were found to be clustered tightly with prominent bulb-like follicles. A separate lobe of lacrimal gland tissue was adjacent to the roots of the cilia just posterior to the orbital septum with no direct communication with the lacrimal gland. Histopathologically, the lesion contained multiple large hair follicles in the dermis with accompanying adnexal structures. Large ectopic lobules of lacrimal gland tissue also were present. Postoperatively, the child had a good cosmetic result and has remained asymptomatic over an 18-month follow-up period. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an eyelid choristoma containing ectopic cilia and lacrimal gland. Ectopic cilia alone is a very rare anomaly of the }lashes, with only nine cases reported in the literature.
Identification and Anomaly Detection for PLC Controlled Automatic Tool Changer Using Timed Petri Net

In this paper, a new method is proposed for incremental identification of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) controlled tool changing process using available binary event logs obtained from the PLC. The identified discrete event model identified takes the form of a modified Timed Petri Net (TPN). A real time anomaly detection system is then constructed by synchronizing the identified TPN model with the actual tool changing process through the event sequence. Any discrepancies between the model and actual system are recognized as anomalies. The test results show that the diagnostic system automatically constructed using the newly proposed procedure is able to detect anomalies, such as incorrect timing and illegal event sequence. The same procedure has been successfully applied to monitor other PLC controlled automation processes.Copyright © 2007 by ASME