cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sorting out the connections between the built environment and health: A conceptual framework for navigating pathways and planning healthy cities

The overarching goal of this article is to make explicit the multiple pathways through which the built environment may potentially affect health and well-being. The loss of close collaboration between urban planning and pulic health professionals that characterized the post-World War II era has limited the design and implementation of effective intervention and policies that might translate into improved health for urban populatons. First, we present a conceptual model that developed out of previous research called Social Determinants of Health and Environmental Health Promotion. Second, we review empirical research from both the urban planning and public health literature regarding the health effects of housing and housing interventions. And third, we wrestle with key challenges in conducting sound scientific research on connections between the built environment and health, namely: (1) the necessity of dealing with the possible health consequences of myriad public and private sector activities; (2) the lack of valid and reliable indicators of the built environment to monitor the health effects of urban planning and policy decisions, especially with regard to land use mix; and (3) the growth of the “megalopolis” or “super urban region” that requires analysis of health effects across state lines and in circumscribed areas within multiple states. We contend that to plan for healthy cities, we need to reinvigorate the historic link between urban planning and public health, and thereby conduct informed science to better guide effective public policy.
Advanced Light Source control system upgrade - Intelligent local controller redesign

As part of the control system upgrade at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) the existing intelligent local controller (ILC) modules are being replaced. These modules provide real-time updates of control setpoints and monitored values. This paper describes the architecture and performance of the ‘ILC Replacement Modules’ which have been developed to take on the duties of the existing modules. The new modules use a 100BaseT network connection to communicate with the ALS Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) and are based on a commercial FPGA evaluation board running a microcontroller-like application. This paper presents results of timing and throughput tests of a prototype module as well as a detailed description of the hardware and software design.
Analysis of the Fully Developed Chute Flow of Granular Materials

Existing constitutive relations and governing equations have been used to solve for fully developed chute flows of granular materials. In particular, the results of Lun et al. (1984) have been employed and the boundary value problem has been formulated with two parameters (the coefficient of restitution between particles, and the chute inclination), and three boundary values at the chute base wall, namely the values of solid fraction, granular temperature, and mean velocity at the wall. The boundary value problem has been numerically solved by the "shooting method." The results show the significant role played by granular conduction in determining the rpofiles of granular temperature, solid fraction, and mean velocity in chute flows. These analytical results are also compared with experimental measurements of velocity fluctuation, solid fraction, and mean velocity made by Ahn et al. (1989), and with the computer simulations by Campbell and Brennen (1985b).
Proximity‐Enabled Protein Crosslinking through Genetically Encoding Haloalkane Unnatural Amino Acids

The selective generation of covalent bonds between and within proteins would provide new avenues for studying protein function and engineering proteins with new properties. New covalent bonds were genetically introduced into proteins by enabling an unnatural amino acid (Uaa) to selectively react with a proximal natural residue. This proximity-enabled bioreactivity was expanded to a series of haloalkane Uaas. Orthogonal tRNA/synthetase pairs were evolved to incorporate these Uaas, which only form a covalent thioether bond with cysteine when positioned in close proximity. By using the Uaa and cysteine, spontaneous covalent bond formation was demonstrated between an affibody and its substrate Z protein, thereby leading to irreversible binding, and within the affibody to increase its thermostability. This strategy of proximity-enabled protein crosslinking (PEPC) may be generally expanded to target different natural amino acids, thus providing diversity and flexibility in covalent bond formation for protein research and protein engineering.
The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments

Common sense recognizes emotion's ability to influence judgments. We argue that affective processes, in addition to generating feeling states, also influence how political cognition is manifested. Drawing on the theory of affective intelligence, we examine the role that anxiety plays in how and when people rely on predispositions and when they rely on contemporaneous information in making political tolerance judgments. We report on two experimental studies to test our arguments. In the first study we find that extrinsic anxiety generates a resistance response among subjects who hold a strong predisposition and a receptive response among those who do not. In the second study we present subjects with explicit “frames” exposing them to a pro- or anti-free speech message. We find that extrinsic anxiety enhances responsiveness to frames while an absence of anxiety diminishes the impact of these frames. Taken together these results show that affective processes shape how people make political judgments.
Two Faces of Shame The Roles of Shame and Guilt in Predicting Recidivism

Psychological research using mostly cross-sectional methods calls into question the presumed function of shame as an inhibitor of immoral or illegal behavior. In a longitudinal study of 476 jail inmates, we assessed shame proneness, guilt proneness, and externalization of blame shortly after incarceration. We interviewed participants (N = 332) 1 year after release into the community, and we accessed official arrest records (N = 446). Guilt proneness negatively and directly predicted reoffense in the 1st year after release; shame proneness did not. Further mediational modeling showed that shame proneness positively predicted recidivism via its robust link to externalization of blame. There remained a direct effect of shame on recidivism: Unimpeded by defensive externalization of blame, shame inhibited recidivism. Items assessing a motivation to hide were primarily responsible for this pattern. Overall, our results suggest that the pain of shame may have two faces-one with destructive potential and the other with constructive potential.
Mathematical modeling for kinematics and dynamics of certain single flexible-link robot arms

A mathematical modeling problem for certain single flexible-link robot arms is investigated. The mathematical model proposed is based on Timoshenko's theory, with suitable initial-terminal and boundary conditions. Formulas for the kinematics (the hub angle, tip position, and deflection) and dynamics (the control torque input of the link) of the robot arm model are derived. Computer simulation results are shown and compared to some existing experimental results, confirming that the modeling of the kinematics and dynamics of the robot arm is both correct and accurate. >
Social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers

Social behaviour in the form of parental care is widespread among insects but the evolutionary histories of these traits are poorly known due to the lack of detailed life history data and reliable phylogenies. Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) provide some of the best studied examples of parental care in insects in which maternal care involving egg guarding occurs frequently. The Membracinae exhibit the entire range of social behaviour found in the treehoppers, ranging from asocial solitary individuals, nymphal or adult aggregations, to highly developed maternal care with parent–offspring communication. Within the subfamily, subsocial behaviour occurs in at least four of the five tribes. The Aconophorini and Hoplophorionini are uniformly subsocial, but the Membracini is a mixture of subsocial and gregarious species. The Hypsoprorini contains both solitary and gregarious species. Accessory secretions are used by many treehoppers to cover egg masses inserted into plant tissue while oviposition on plant surfaces is restricted to a few species. Presumed aposematic colouration of nymphs and teneral adults appears to be restricted to gregarious and subsocial taxa. Ant mutualism is widespread among membracine treehoppers and may play an important role in the evolutionary development of subsocial behaviour. The life history information provides a basis for comparative analyses of maternal care evolution and its correlation with ant mutualism in membracine treehoppers. The results show that there is a strong phylogenetic component to the evolution of maternal care in membracine treehoppers, and provide the first quantitative evidence of correlated evolution of maternal care and ant mutualism in treehoppers. Further research on natural history, particularly of the tropical fauna, will be necessary to better understand the evolution of social behaviour and life history in treehoppers.
Finite-element analysis of the stress distribution around a pressurized crack in a layered elastic medium: implications for the spacing of fluid-driven joints in bedded sedimentary rock

Bedding-perpendicular joints confined to individual beds in interbedded sedimentary rocks commonly exhibit spacings which are proportional to the thickness of the jointed bed, and which vary according to lithology or structural position. The mechanical explanation for this relationship is well understood when the joints are driven by far-field crack-normal tensile stresses, but poorly understood for cracks driven by elevated fluid pressures, where the crack-driving stress is the difference between the crack-normal compression and the fluid pressure in the crack. Through a series of finite-element numerical models, we investigate how various parameters influence the driving-stress distribution around pressurized cracks in layered media, and thereby identify factors influencing the spacing of fluid-driven joints. For the situation we modeled, we observe that: (1) crack-driving stress is reduced in the vicinity of pressurized joints, and that the extent of the stress reduction depends on the contrast in elastic properties between the layers; and (2) crack-driving stress distribution depends on the ambient pore pressure during jointing. These results indicate the spacing of fluid-driven joints should depend on lithology and pore pressure.
DSPcam: A camera sensor system for surveillance networks

Surveillance is emerging as a key application of camera networks. In this paper, we describe our wireless smart camera system called DSPcam designed for real-time surveillance purposes. DSPcam has a Blackfin processor, CMOS image sensor and 802.11 b/g communication module. It also integrates with a standard sensor network node such as Firefly [1], through which IEEE 802.15.4-based communication is available. An open-source image processing library ported to our DSPcam platform allows for the development of many computer vision applications. We use the in-network processing ability of each DSPcam in our system to annotate video streams with meta-data information that succinctly describes key elements of the visual data being transmitted. The meta-data can be used to trigger alerts and for conducting rapid ex post facto searches. The DSPcams use a time-synchronized communication protocol called TSAM [2] that enables transmission of a large number of video flows and dynamic allocation of bandwidth for high-priority video streams. Finally, we also describe the integration of DSPcam with Sensor Andrew, a large-scale sensing network [4] deployed across the campus of Anonymous University.
Social dimensions of melodic identity, cognition, and association

While music researchers are interested in developing tools for automatically culling related melodies and psychologists seek a clearer understanding of how people learn, recognize, and remember melodies, musicological and ethnomusicological studies offer numerous studies of tune families. Tune families cohere, it seems, partly on the basis of cultural agreement. Melodies seem to be similar if people say they are. Are there particular musical characteristics which are favored in the formation and cohesion of family members? Music scholars have been investigating this question for a half century. As their investigations have accrued, respect for complexity of melody and the many ways in which two melodies can be the same or different has increased proportionally.This study examines five tune families and evaluates selected members of each according to a previously proposed cognitive-distance measure. Concordances and cases of musical divergence in the context of claimed relatedness are evaluated in relation...
Deoxyradicinin and 3-epideoxyradicinol production by the sunflower pathogen Alternaria helianthi.

SUMMARY The phytotoxic compound deoxyradicinin, a metabolite of Alternaria helianthi, was isolated from naturally infected leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The production of this toxin in liquid culture together with 3-epideoxyradicinol is discussed. Production of deoxyradicinin by liquid cultures was observed to decrease after successive sub-culture of the fungus on solid medium. All 10 accessions of Helianthus tested were sensitive to deoxyradicinin although some quantitative differences between lines were noted. Evidence is presented for the metabolism of deoxyradicinin by host leaf tissue.
Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: a systematic review.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors for antepartum depressive symptoms that can be assessed in routine obstetric care. We evaluated articles in the English-language literature from 1980 through 2008. Studies were selected if they evaluated the association between antepartum depressive symptoms and ≥1 risk factors. For each risk factor, 2 blinded, independent reviewers evaluated the overall trend of evidence. In total, 57 studies met eligibility criteria. Maternal anxiety, life stress, history of depression, lack of social support, unintended pregnancy, Medicaid insurance, domestic violence, lower income, lower education, smoking, single status, and poor relationship quality were associated with a greater likelihood of antepartum depressive symptoms in bivariate analyses. Life stress, lack of social support, and domestic violence continued to demonstrate a significant association in multivariate analyses. Our results demonstrate several correlates that are consistently related to an increased risk of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
The effects of deuterium oxide on certain microorganisms.

The growth of several strains of E. coli and B. subtilis was inhibited by the presence of D/sub 2/O; the degree of inhibition exhibited by each strain was specific. The addition of 0.5% NaC1 to the D/sub 2/O media decreased the inhibition of growth. A deuterium-resistant mutant was obtained from one strain of E. coll. The incorporation of deuterium induces not only phenotypic but also genotypic changes in microorganisms. The effects induced by deuterium depend, however, on the genotype of the strain. The isotope appears to be mutagenic for some strains and somp loci but not for others. Various types of forward mutations were obtained in some of the bacterial strains tested, and the frequency of backward mutation was increased in two strains exposed to deuterium. Thymine containing deuterium, possibly in its methyl group, is not capable of inducing any detectable changes in a thymine requiring mutant. Cells, grown in D/ sub 2/O media and subsequently washed and irradiated in H/sub 2/Osaline, are more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation than ccntrol cells. (auth)
The Burden of Aging: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding the Shifting Balance of Caregiving and Care Receiving as Cohorts Age

Unless changes occur in the way cohorts age, the future aging of the population will make the burden of caring for older persons an increasingly salient political issue in American society. There is no reason, however, why aging in the future should replicate the pattern of aging that currently exists. A helpful step toward understanding what social changes would reduce the burden that aging cohorts place on society is the development of aging theory. This article develops a theoretical framework that explicates factors determining the level of care given and care received by cohorts moving through different stages of later life. Four proximate determinants of caregiving and three proximate determinants of care receiving are specified. Once the proximate determinants are identified, attention is focused on social changes that could reduce the burden of aging produced by cohorts aging through later life in the future.
Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century

Climate change is likely to alter wildfire regimes, but the magnitude and timing of potential climate-driven changes in regional fire regimes are not well understood. We considered how the occurrence, size, and spatial location of large fires might respond to climate projections in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem (GYE) (Wyoming), a large wildland ecosystem dominated by conifer forests and characterized by infrequent, high-severity fire. We developed a suite of statistical models that related monthly climate data (1972-1999) to the occurrence and size of fires >200 ha in the northern Rocky Mountains; these models were cross-validated and then used with downscaled (~12 km × 12 km) climate projections from three global climate models to predict fire occurrence and area burned in the GYE through 2099. All models predicted substantial increases in fire by midcentury, with fire rotation (the time to burn an area equal to the landscape area) reduced to <30 y from the historical 100-300 y for most of the GYE. Years without large fires were common historically but are expected to become rare as annual area burned and the frequency of regionally synchronous fires increase. Our findings suggest a shift to novel fire-climate-vegetation relationships in Greater Yellowstone by midcentury because fire frequency and extent would be inconsistent with persistence of the current suite of conifer species. The predicted new fire regime would transform the flora, fauna, and ecosystem processes in this landscape and may indicate similar changes for other subalpine forests.
Medical Problems and Bankruptcy Filings

This paper explores the financial impact of medical problems, using data from Phase III of the Consumer Bankruptcy Project, a survey of 1,974 individual bankruptcy petitioners conducted during the first quarter of 1999 in eight federal judicial districts. Although the questionnaire covered a variety of topics, this paper focuses on debtors' identification of illness or injury as a reason for filing, medical debts, and health insurance coverage. One out of four debtors, or an estimated 326,441 families in 1999, identified an illness or injury as a reason for filing for bankruptcy. One third of the debtors said that they had substantial medical bills, i.e., that they had incurred $1,000 or more in medical bills not covered by insurance. Combining those identifying medical reasons with those indicating substantial medical debts (an overlapping but not perfectly coextensive group), the financial consequences of medical problems were a factor in the bankruptcy cases of an estimated 596,198 families in 1999. Health insurance coverage was sparse for the group, with one in five debtors reporting that they had no health insurance for any family member. The absence of insurance, however, did not correlate with a debtor's identifying a medical problem. Those who had insurance and those who did not were about equally distributed among those who identified a medical problem and those who did not. The data were re-analyzed by separating the responses of single filing men, single filing women, and joint filing married couples. Households without a male present were nearly twice as likely to file for bankruptcy giving a medical reason or identifying a substantial medical debt as households with a male present. The proportion of debtors providing medical reasons for filing also varied with the debtors' age. Of debtors 65 or older, 47.6 percent listed a medical reason, as compared with 7.5 percent of debtors under 25. Previous studies considering medical problems and bankruptcy in the United States are summarized, although the methods used and results obtained are not directly comparable with the current findings.
Maxwell-Chern-Simons Casimir effect. II. Circular boundary conditions.

In odd-dimensional spaces, gauge invariance permits a Chern-Simons mass term for the gauge fields in addition to the usual Maxwell-Yang-Mills kinetic energy term. We study the Casimir effect in such a (2 + 1)-dimensional Abelian theory. The case of parallel conducting lines was considered by us in a previous paper. Here we discuss the Casimir effect for a circle and examine the effect of finite temperature. The Casimir stress is found to be attractive at both low and high temperatures.
Function of the Dictyostelium discoideum Atg1 Kinase during Autophagy and Development

When starved, the amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum initiate a developmental process that results in the formation of fruiting bodies in which stalks support balls of spores. The nutrients and energy necessary for development are provided by autophagy. Atg1 is a protein kinase that regulates the induction of autophagy in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition to a conserved kinase domain, Dictyostelium Atg1 has a C-terminal region that has significant homology to the Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian Atg1 homologues but not to the budding yeast Atg1. We investigated the function of the kinase and conserved C-terminal domains of D. discoideum Atg1 (DdAtg1) and showed that these domains are essential for autophagy and development. Kinase-negative DdAtg1 acts in a dominant-negative fashion, resulting in a mutant phenotype when expressed in the wild-type cells. Green fluorescent protein-tagged kinase-negative DdAtg1 colocalizes with red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged DdAtg8, a marker of preautophagosomal structures and autophagosomes. The conserved C-terminal region is essential for localization of kinase-negative DdAtg1 to autophagosomes labeled with RFP-tagged Dictyostelium Atg8. The dominant-negative effect of the kinase-defective mutant also depends on the C-terminal domain. In cells expressing dominant-negative DdAtg1, autophagosomes are formed and accumulate but seem not to be functional. By using a temperature-sensitive DdAtg1, we showed that DdAtg1 is required throughout development; development halts when the cells are shifted to the restrictive temperature, but resumes when cells are returned to the permissive temperature.
Reflections on Mentoring: Black Women and the Academy

Mentoring is generally defined as a relationship involving guiding, nurturing, and teaching (both formally and informally) between individuals with differing degrees of experience (Adams 1998; Colwell 1998; Rowley 1999). The mentoring process, in and outside the walls of academia, is often cited as a key ingredient in the development of a successful career. However, for many Black women in academia their ability to benefit from mentoring relationships is particularly limited. As part of my involvement in the APSA Mentoring Task Force, I am exploring the concept of mentoring among Black women. I focus on Black women for several reasons. First, I am a member of this group and have a particular interest in exploring the nuances of mentoring. My identification with this group has made me privy to a number of discussions on mentoring, both positive and negative. Second, Black women represent 1.21% of the 4,126 tenure track professors, of which only nine are full professors (Kelly 2002, 22). The large majority of African Americans in the profession are concentrated among the ranks of associate (18 out of 1,230) and assistant professors (20 out of 1,038). The limited number Black women in the profession can result in a condition in which potential mentors are unavailable to junior scholars, or there are few opportunities to establish relationships. My purpose is not to focus on the problems of Black women in academia, instead it is to bring attention to a major issue, mentoring, which can enhance or limit the success of this group in the discipline. In this article, I interview five Black women at various stages in their careers. The interviewees include an undergraduate student, a graduate student (ABD), an assistant professor, an associate professor, and a retired professor. The goal of this article is to reveal the special demands of mentoring on this small minority in the discipline. However, much of the information revealed is useful for anyone interested in the mentoring process.
Facility-level energy and greenhouse gas life-cycle assessment of the global nickel industry

Abstract Nickel is an integral material to our modern, high-performance technological society. With increasing emphasis being put on energy efficiency and global climate change, it is important for companies to understand in detail the energy use and greenhouse gas implications of their business. The present analysis is a facility-level life-cycle assessment of these twin impacts covering the entire global nickel industry. Cradle-to-gate results (including extraction, production, and fabrication) are presented here for selected nickel and nickel alloy products, including upstream energy required for fuel production. Stainless steel is one of the most highly recycled metals in the world. In order to assess the energy and carbon implications of secondary material use, recycling scenarios for three grades of stainless steel (AISI 304, 409, and 430) were considered. Using the current scenario as a baseline, maximum use of scrap (within technical limits) and all-virgin production results varied widely. Smelting/Class II refining was the most energy intensive step of production, accounting for 50–90% of total primary energy use. Transport contributed 2–11% of the total, depending on the nickel product considered. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the results are highly dependent on the energy requirements for upstream fuel production, which apply to all steps of the assessment. These results will help the nickel industry navigate energy and climate change concerns in the coming years.
Approximation of Scattered Data for Meteorological Applications

In meteorology the process of approximating a (usually) multidimensional function (or field) from estimates (with error) of its value at some points is called objective analysis. The problem occurs in a number of contexts, but perhaps the most common is the following. At a given time, some measurements of meteorological variables are taken at points which are scattered in space. Usually there is also some variation in time, but in this paper I will ignore that, as well as the fact that when measurements are taken by weather balloon the latitude and longitude vary somewhat with the height because the balloon drifts. Previously computed values from a Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model are also available, usually on a grid. The problem is to use the data to determine as accurately as possible the values of the meteorological variables at the grid points. Rephrased, the problem is that of determining from both observations and prediction the state of the atmosphere at the given time. The values derived from the objective analysis, called the analyzed values, are then used as initial values for the next NWP prediction cycle, but in an application of lesser importance may be used to construct weather maps such as appear in the daily newspaper.
Shot Noise at 2D Hopping

We have used modern supercomputer facilities to carry out extensive Monte Carlo simulations of 2D hopping at ultimately random distribution of localized sites in both space and energy, for negligible Coulomb interaction. The emphasis was made on the power spectrum SI (ω) and low-frequency intensity of current noise, but average dc current I, as well as r.m.s. hop lengths (both bare, 〈r〉, and current-weighted 〈rI〉) were calculated as well. Keeping the same statistical parameters, all results were averaged over a large number of samples, each with a random distribution of localized sites over the sample area and energy axis. The average characteristics of hopping transport have been found to be different in three regimes, all of which are visible in Figure 1 showing the nonlinear conductivity σ as a function of the electric field E for several values of temperature T .
The IRS's Compliance Regime: Taxpayers Caught in the Net

This article discusses the intersection of tax and poverty law. Its focus is the earned income tax credit ("EITC"), now the most important federal program in terms of lifting America's children out of poverty and an important component of welfare reform. It reveals how the Internal Revenue Service's administration of the EITC creates system-wide challenges for our nation's lower-income taxpayers. This article integrates the substance and procedure of the EITC, and argues that the IRS compliance regime places the rights of lower-income taxpayers at risk. While there has been significant academic and governmental attention to noncompliance among taxpayers claiming the EITC, the failure to identify the risks that the existing administration of the laws places on eligible taxpayers weakens the overall effectiveness of the EITC and has pernicious effects on the working poor taxpayers intended to benefit from the EITC.
Bazedoxifene and Conjugated Equine Estrogen: A Combination Product for the Management of Vasomotor Symptoms and Osteoporosis Prevention Associated with Menopause

Bazedoxifene (BZA), a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has been combined with conjugated equine estrogen (CE) to create a tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC) for the management of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and the prevention of osteoporosis (OP) associated with menopause. Both of these outcomes of menopause contribute to significant negative effects on quality of life and increases in utilization of health care resources and dollars. Current treatment modalities for VMS and OP include estrogen therapy that requires the use of progestin in women who have a uterus to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and resultant cancer. However, progestin use results in nuisance bleeding as well as a further increased risk of breast cancer when combined with estrogen. And while SERMs can be used to prevent OP, their use alone has been shown to increase hot flashes. The combination of BZA and CE does not require progestin treatment with CE as the BZA component acts as an antagonist on endometrial tissue. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of BZA/CE in 2013 was based on a series of five phase 3 studies known as the Selective estrogens, Menopause And Response to Therapy (SMART) trials. These trials, in their entirety, evaluated the impact of BZA/CE on VMS frequency and severity, bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, vaginal symptoms, lipid profiles, sleep, quality of life, breast density, and endometrial safety. The approved dose of BZA/CE is 20 mg BZA and 0.45 mg CE. Although this TSEC manages VMS while opposing breast and endometrial proliferation, preventing bone resorption, and improving lipid profiles, long-term experience with BZA/CE is currently lacking.
Teaching Missing Data Methodology to Undergraduates Using a Group-Based Project Within a Six-Week Summer Program

ABSTRACTMissing data mechanisms, methods of handling missing data, and the potential impact of missing data on study results are usually not taught until graduate school. However, the appropriate handling of missing data is fundamental to biomedical research and should be introduced earlier on in a student's education. The Summer Institute for Training in Biostatistics (SIBS) provides practical experience to motivate trainees to pursue graduate training and biomedical research. Since 2010, SIBS Pittsburgh has demonstrated the feasibility of introducing missing data concepts to trainees in a small-group project-based setting that involves both simulation and data analysis. After learning about missing data mechanisms and statistical techniques, trainees apply what they have learned to a NIDDK/NIH-funded Hepatitis C treatment study, to examine how various hypothesized missing data patterns can affect results. A simulation is also used to examine the bias and precision of these methods under each missing dat...
13 C NMR Studies of Molecular Conformations and Interactions in the Curved Surfactant Monolayers of Aerosol OT Water-in-Oil Microemulsions

Carbon-13 NMR data for Aerosol OT reversed micelles and water-in-oil microemulsions are used to elucidate hydrocarbon chain dynamics and rotational isomerism. Evidence is presented that benzene and carbon tetrachloride penetrate the surfactant interphase to a greater extent than cyclohexane.
Prostate Edema Characterization Using Image Registration and PCA

The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for detailed characterization of edema-induced geometric variation of prostate in permanent prostate brachytherapy. The variation of prostate gland was sampled by 6~8 serial CT scans within a 6-week period from pre-implantation up to 42 days post implantation. The detailed prostate variation was first captured by deformable image registration, augmented with a weighting strategy to deal with the non-matching of image outside prostate. The registration results were then analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to quantify the isotropy of prostates and edema-induced changes. The preliminary application of this method to one patient has unveiled dynamic and highly anisotropic prostate variations during edema formation and resolution.
Transcultural Literary Interpretation: Theoretical Reflections with Examples from the Works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Johann Wolfgang Goethe

The present contribution explores the topic of literary interpretation from a transcultural perspective. We employ two dramas by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (Die Juden and Nathan der Weise) and one by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (Iphigenie auf Tauris) as models for the investigation of intercultural and transcultural readings of literary texts. We first consider the epistemologies of Johann Martin Chladenius and Johann Gottfried Herder in order to distinguish between intercultural and transcultural studies. As a field of inquiry, transcultural literary studies does not employ one particular approach or advocate one specific method since it seeks to create new knowledge by opening up literary texts. For the first time, the article differentiates clearly between intercultural and transcultural studies and offers a clearer definition of transcultural spheres or spaces than has been advanced before. The critique of Karl-Josef Kuschel’s reading of Lessing’s Nathan der Weise opens up the literary-dramatic text to new possibilities. The field does not focus on what cultures do with human beings but with what different human beings do with culture. In sum, the transcultural dimensions of literary texts foster transcultural mentalities. They also have the potential to identify shared experiences and to develop common understandings while respecting the authenticity of difference.
INTERNET RESOURCES: Gateways to social work/welfare on the net: Practice wisdom to go

The Internet is an ideal environment for students to observe practicing social workers, while keeping abreast of current developments in social policy and practice. This guide aims to briefly introduce some excellent gateways to social work information on the net, while providing links to social work organizations, e-journals, and education/employment resources
Constructing Map Operations Using the Fundamental Map Operations

A powerful aspect of the Map Framework is that the power operations are able to be composed to form complex operations over maps. In this chapter, we identify common map operations from the literature, and then derive them in the context of the Map Framework.
Imágenes melancólicas. El cine de las revoluciones vencidas

En este articulo se explora aquello que Antoine de Baecque llamo la historia-camara, es decir, “una forma cinematografica de la historia”. Observaremos lo que el cine nos desvela, mas alla de los datos duros y las fuentes verificables de la historiografia, acerca del fin de la esperanza comunista, a partir de peliculas que considero barometros de la conciencia de izquierda, como reveladores de sus dilemas y sus cambios.
Theorem proving with structured theories

Motivated by the problem of query answering over multiple structured commonsense theories, we exploit graph-based techniques to improve the efficiency of theorem proving for structured theories. Theories are organized into subtheories that are minimally connected by the literals they share. We presentmessage-passing algorithms that reason over these theories using consequence finding, specializing our algorithms for the case of first-order resolution, and for batch and concurrent theorem proving. We provide an algorithm that restricts the interaction between subtheories by exploiting the polarity of literals. We attempt to minimize the reasoning within each individual partition by exploiting existing algorithms for focused incremental and general consequence finding. Finally, we propose an algorithm that compiles each subtheory into one in a reduced sublanguage. We have proven the soundness and completeness of all of these algorithms.
Search for Strong Solids

This chapter focuses on search for strong solids. The problem is to develop economic material in which plasticity is small enough to permit high strength but large enough to damp any sudden crack growth. For most structural needs, satisfactory materials have been available for a long time but, especially for flight and space structures, still stronger usable materials have been sought in recent years. A problem in hardening by ultra-fine dispersions is to ensure a thermally stable system. One attempt to overcome this problem, intensively studied in recent years, utilizes the composite principle. Particles or fibers are embedded in a matrix but they may be large enough to have a stable structure; also they may be prepared separately from the matrix and embedded subsequently; the dispersion need not depend on sensitive chemical reactions. The chapter also discusses the need for study of materials beyond conventional temperature and stress ranges, a study best exploited by combining experiment with a well-developed theory.
Lipoxygenation of Mitochondrial Membranes by Reticulocyte Lipoxygenase

There is considerable interest in the lipoxygenation of mitochondrial membranes because of the inhibitory influence this process can have on mitochondrial activities such as oxidative phosphorylation (Vladimirov et al., 1980). In addition, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation has been associated with several important pathological conditions. These include hypoxia and postischemic reperfusion (Hillered and Ernster, 1983), aging (Nohl et al., 1978), and the cytotoxicity of many chemicals as well as UV or ionizing radiation (Vladimirov et ai., 1980).
Collision of Control Sets

Control sets describe the limit behavior of control systems. When they collide, the system behavior undergoes a qualitative change. It is shown that at a collision of an invariant control set C with another control set D there exists a ∂C-control set in the intersection of C and the closure of D.
Hobbes’s Theory of Space

Philosophy in the seventeenth century is often, and with reason, characterized as a collection of grand systems devoted to an all-encompassing account of the world and its workings.
In Pediatric Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Lipoprotein(a) Is More Predictive than LDL-C for Early Onset of Cardiovascular Disease in Family Members

Background Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] ≥ 50 mg/dL predict atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in adults with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), but their role for children with FH is less clear. Objective This study examined the relationship between elevated Lp(a) and LDL-C levels in a pediatric population with FH and onset of ASCVD in family members. Methods Retrospective review of pediatric patients with FH identified LDL-C, Lp(a), and family history of ASCVD. Logistic regression modeling evaluated the association between the child's Lp(a) and peak LDL-C level with earliest age of ASCVD onset in their family. Results One hundred twenty-nine children from 109 families were identified. Children from families with early-onset ASCVD were 3 times more likely to have high Lp(a) than those with a family history of late-onset ASCVD (OR: 3.77, 95% CI: 1.16–12.25, P = .027) but were not more likely to have highly elevated peak LDL-C (≥190 mg/dL) (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.11–1.80, P = .26). Conclusion Children with FH and family history of early-onset ASCVD were more likely to have Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL than children with FH and family history of late-onset ASCVD. Family history of early-onset ASCVD was more predictive of a child's Lp(a) level than of a child's peak LDL-C. Measurement of Lp(a) in children with FH may better characterize their cardiovascular risk, particularly when knowledge of family history is limited. Lp(a) testing may also identify children with FH that could benefit from more aggressive management to reduce ASCVD risk.
A Case for Greater Risk Tolerance in Internet Use by Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Comment on Chalghoumi et al.

This comment argues for increased tolerance of privacy risks in the Internet activity of adults with intellectual disabilities. Excessive caution about such risks denies those individuals not only ...
Moving Up! Or Down? Mathematics Anxiety in the Transition From Elementary School to Junior High:

Mathematics anxiety negatively impacts cognitive processing, performance, expectations, motivation, and future choices. However, research has not examined patterns in students’ mathematics anxiety ...
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity of human liver: is there an altered form in Reye's syndrome?

Letter to the Editor: Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Activity of Human Liver: Is There an Altered Form in Reye's Syndrome?
Long Term NBTI Relaxation Under AC and DC Biased Stress and Recovery

Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) remains one of the leading degradation mechanisms in CMOS devices. Long term NBTI recovery at low-power use conditions following a stress at a higher voltage, high-performance mode, is reported. A new phenomenological NBTI model is proposed, incorporating both stress and recovery at the two modes of operation. We show that the recovery rate under bias is linearly proportional to the difference between the stress and biased relaxation voltages. We further reveal that, unlike the zero-bias recovery case, devices under low-voltage bias relaxation are expected to re-degrade at longer times, which may be beyond the typical 10-year lifetime. A method for forecasting the re-degradation time is proposed. Finally, we show that for combinations of AC/DC stress and relaxation, the latter bias conditions dictate the final NBTI shift.
A fluorescent reporter assay of differential gene expression response to insulin in hepatocytes.

Insulin regulates multiple hepatic metabolic pathways in a seemingly heterogeneous manner. To understand this heterogeneity, we hypothesized that different subpopulations of hepatocytes have differ...
Climate Change and Utah Ski Resorts: Impacts, Perceptions, and Adaptation Strategies

Climate change is a threat to ski resorts, the ski industry, and mountain communities that rely on ski tourism. Ski resorts may be able to mitigate some of the social and economic impacts caused by climate change with proactive adaptation strategies. Using historical weather data, future climate projections, and interviews with ski resort managers in Utah (United States), this research investigates the effects of climate change on ski resorts across the state. We examine temperature change at all resorts within the state from 1980–2018 and climate projections from 2021–2100 under different climate change scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5). We also report on semistructured interviews with resort managers to provide insights into how resort leadership perceives the impacts of climate change, is implementing adaptation strategies, and is addressing barriers to adaptation. Many resorts in Utah are warming faster than global averages, and minimum temperatures are rising faster than maximum temperatures. By the end of the century, winter (December–March) minimum daily temperatures in Utah could warm an additional 6.0°C under the RCP 8.5 scenario near northern Utah resorts and 6.6°C near southern Utah resorts. Resort managers are concerned about shorter season lengths, shifting ski seasons, less snow cover, and poorer snow quality. Many resorts are already adapting, with the most common adaptations being snowmaking and diversifying outdoor recreation offerings (particularly during the summer and shoulder seasons). Barriers to adaptation reported by managers include financial costs, adequate water availability for snowmaking, and uncertainty about climate change projections. Climate change is already impacting Utah ski resorts, but adaptation practices can reduce the negative impacts to some degree at most resorts.
Bus Admittance Matrix Estimation Using Phasor Measurements

The Bus Admittance Matrix, Y bus , of a power system is used to perform various calculations in power system operations. The calculations include load flow analysis and state estimation of power system. Currently, the Y bus is calculated using the offline models of power system elements derived during their design. The off-line models can be erroneous because of the mistakes in calculations due to human error. If such an error occurs, it will be hard to detect. Additionally, the parameters of power system elements can vary depending on the system and atmospheric conditions. These variations are not reflected in the off-line models which are seldom updated to accommodate parameter variations. Using erroneous or not updated offline models of the components may result in an inaccurate Y bus of a power system. To avoid these shortcomings of the current offline approach, a measurement-based approach is proposed for the estimation of the bus admittance matrix. Such an approach is preferable since it is adaptive to network changes and is less prone to error. In the proposed method, least-squares estimation is applied on the phasor measurements to approximate the bus admittance matrix of a power system. This technique is applied to an IEEE-14 bus system and the convergence of the algorithm is discussed.