cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex signal function: developing a framework of testable hypotheses

The basic building blocks of communication are signals, assembled in various sequences and combinations, and used in virtually all inter- and intra-specific interactions. While signal evolution has long been a focus of study, there has been a recent resurgence of interest and research in the complexity of animal displays. Much past research on signal evolution has focused on sensory specialists, or on single signals in isolation, but many animal displays involve complex signaling, or the combination of more than one signal or related component, often serially and overlapping, frequently across multiple sensory modalities. Here, we build a framework of functional hypotheses of complex signal evolution based on content-driven (ultimate) and efficacy-driven (proximate) selection pressures (sensu Guilford and Dawkins 1991). We point out key predictions for various hypotheses and discuss different approaches to uncovering complex signal function. We also differentiate a category of hypotheses based on inter-signal interactions. Throughout our review, we hope to make three points: (1) a complex signal is a functional unit upon which selection can act, (2) both content and efficacy-driven selection pressures must be considered when studying the evolution of complex signaling, and (3) individual signals or components do not necessarily contribute to complex signal function independently, but may interact in a functional way.
Molecular Determinants Of The Store-operated Ca2+ Entry Channel Orai1 Trafficking In Mammalian Cells

Intracellular calcium ion is a universal messenger that plays a critical role in wide range of physiological functions and failure to maintain calcium homeostasis is linked to cellular dysfunctions in several diseases. Store operated calcium entry (SOCE) is a fundamental Ca2+ influx pathway at the cell membrane that is activated in response to intracellular store depletion. The SOCE machinery consists of the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1, and Orai1 a Ca2+ selective channel at the plasma membrane (PM). Despite advancements in our understanding of the regulation of STIM1 and Orai1 very little is known about the biogenesis and trafficking of Orai1 and how that affects SOCE in mammalian cells. Here we describe the trafficking dynamics underlying Orai1subcelluar distribution at steady state and after store depletion. We show that at steady state 40% of total cellular Orai1 localizes to the PM of CHO cells. The other 60% of Orai1 localizes intracellularly. Time lapse imaging shows continuous shuttling of Orai1-positive vesicles between the PM and intracellular compartments. Quantitative measurements of the exocytosis and endocytosis rates at steady state show a rapid recycling rate of the protein between the intracellular pool and the plasma membrane. Following store depletion, ~80% of Orai1 is localized at PM. Interestingly, we localized Orai1 to novel sub-plasma membrane vesicular compartment of unknown molecular composition. To study the domain of Orai1 involved in its trafficking, we generated deletions of the N-(1-90) or C-(257-301)-terminus. Deletion of N-terminus did not change the surface to total distribution of Orai1, while C-terminus deletion significantly altered Orai1 distribution, with majority of Orai1-∆C localizes intracellularly. Similarly, deletion of residues 267-301 and residues 276-301 showed significantly decreased surface/total distribution compared to wild type (WT), but a less pronounced defect than Orai1-∆C. In contrast, 1-285 behaved like WT Orai1 showing that residues 286-301 are not required for Orai1 biogenesis and localization to the cell membrane. In conclusion, our data suggest that Orai1 recycles at high rate between PM and intracellular compartments at steady state and is enriched at PM after store depletion. Our results also suggest that the amino acid region (257-285) of Orai1 C-terminus is essential for its biogenesis and PM targeting.
Security sector reform for human security: The role of international law and transitional justice in shaping more effective policy and practice

In the post-conflict context, the need to (re)build security institutions that are accountable, rights-respecting, and transparent is the subject of resounding rhetorical tribute in both academic and policy discourse. Yet in practice, ambitious goals of instilling respect for such norms and standards have often been sidelined in favour of more expedient ‘train-and-equip’ components of the Security Sector Reform (SSR) process. At the same time, post-conflict initiatives relating to SSR and accountability measures arising out of transitional justice have rarely interacted in theory or in practice. The gaps between SSR policy ideals, on the one hand, and actual SSR practice, on the other — together with the disconnects between SSR and transitional justice initiatives — represent a lost opportunity for the promotion of long-term positive peace. For the most part, though SSR policy ideals strongly resonate with international legal norms, SSR policy and practice have not been heavily driven by a sense of international legal obligation in this regard, nor has SSR programming been seen as a potential means by which states might come to satisfy broader international human rights obligations. In this chapter, I argue that while international legal norms and obligations do not dictate the fine-grain details, they nevertheless help to establish parameters that should guide SSR practice in significant ways going forward, potentially helping to bridge some of the aforementioned gaps. Emerging norms of accountability and the responsibility to protect, for example, together with the importance of guarantees of non-repetition, suggest that the SSR process must become more rights-based and justice-sensitive, predicated on the promotion of both state and human security, both in theory and in practice. At the same time, there is a delicate balance for actors in a process that, historically, has often been heavily funded and, at times, driven by outsiders. International law includes pillars relating to accountability and protection against human rights abuses, but also respect for principles of sovereignty and self-determination. In this regard, well intentioned but heavy-handed agenda setting by international interveners in the security sector is potentially problematic, and the possibility for frictions may be only heightened if international law is imagined to dictate SSR policy in too rigid, technocratic, or detailed a manner. The oft-repeated policy ideal that the SSR process should be ‘locally owned’ could be seen to reflect these international principles, together with the genuine practical limits to what outsiders can do without very strong local political will.
MxB Is Not Responsible for the Blocking of HIV-1 Infection Observed in Alpha Interferon-Treated Cells.

UNLABELLED MxB restricts HIV-1 infection by directly interacting with the HIV-1 core, which is made of viral capsid; however, the contribution of MxB to the HIV-1 restriction observed in alpha interferon (IFN-α)-treated human cells is unknown. To understand this contribution, we used HIV-1 bearing the G208R capsid mutant (HIV-1-G208R), which overcomes the restriction imposed by cells expressing MxB. Here we showed that the reason why MxB does not block HIV-1-G208R is that MxB does not interact with HIV-1 cores bearing the mutation G208R. To understand whether MxB contributes to the HIV-1 restriction imposed by IFN-α-treated human cells, we challenged IFN-α-treated cells with HIV-G208R and found that MxB does not contribute to the restriction imposed by IFN-α-treated cells. To more directly test the contribution of MxB, we challenged IFN-α-treated human cells that are knocked out for the expression of MxB with HIV-1. These experiments suggested that MxB does not contribute to the HIV-1 restriction observed in IFN-α-treated human cells. IMPORTANCE MxB is a restriction factor that blocks HIV-1 infection in human cells. Although it has been postulated that MxB is the factor that blocks HIV-1 infection in IFN-α-treated cells, this is a hard concept to grasp due to the great number of genes that are induced by IFN-α in cells from the immune system. The work presented here elegantly demonstrates that MxB has minimal or no contribution to the ability of IFN-α-treated human cells to block HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, this work suggests the presence of novel restriction factors in IFN-α-treated human cells that block HIV-1 infection.
Using so-called mind-body practices to promote youths' well-being: Reflections on therapeutic outcomes, strategies, and processes

The present article provides commentary on this pioneering special issue covering the usefulness of so-called mind-body practices with youth and in schools. I begin by addressing the way we talk about this approach to practice, describing a few undesirable consequences that can follow from using the mind-body moniker adopted from the world of medicine, and then calling for new verbal framings that are grounded in scientific psychology and education. The remainder of the commentary discusses three critical issues that run throughout the articles in this special issue: specifically, the therapeutic outcomes, strategies, and processes associated with so-called mind-body practices. Ultimately, I conclude that mind-body practices are likely broadly useful for promoting youths' well-being outcomes in schools, that many of these practices appear to share the common therapeutic strategy of mindfulness training, and that increased attention is warranted toward identifying the therapeutic processes that drive these...
Settlement, Society and Cognition: Landscapes in Mind

Clive Gamble is a scholar of the Palaeolithic. Over the last forty years he has provided the archaeological community and the educated public with arguably the most insightful and profound accounts...
The mythology of methodology

The purpose of this paper is to interject an alternate mood and basis for the doing of the philosophy of science. The mood is one of ‘feeling’ and the basis is one of Jungian psychology. The paper argues that there are many bases for the doing of the philosophy of science and that the logic of science is only one of these. To dismiss all applications of psychology out of hand with the charge (or label) of psychologism is as bad and as much a disease as psychologism itself.
Foreign-body type reaction in fat cells.

SummaryA foreign-body type reaction has been observed in fat from rats fed diets containing high levels of saturated fat. The phenomenon and the dietary conditions under which it was produced, are described.
Two Problems of Approach to the Permanent Court of International Justice

In its attempt to forge a lien between the process of pacific settlement outlined in the Covenant of the League of Nations and the judicial process provided for by the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, the Special Assembly of the League of Nations dealing with the Chaco dispute has broken some new ground. The effort made in its report of November 24,1934, was not successful, or not wholly so; but it may have established a precedent which will serve in the future, and for this reason it seems to deserve some special attention.
Demographic profile and nutrient intake assessment of individuals using emergency food programs

A dietary assessment of food pantry and soup kitchen users was conducted. A demographic and socioeconomic profile of participants was developed. One hundred ninety-one persons completed 30- to 40-minute interviews while in line to receive food assistance. Dietary status was determined from 24-hour recall data. Intakes of calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, protein, vitamin A, and vitamin C were compared with the 1980 RDAs for age and sex. A dietary adequacy score was developed to evaluate nutrient quality by calculation of a nutrient density ratio (total intake for a nutrient divided by the RDA). A value of one was considered the norm. A score of 0.67 or less was considered an inadequate nutrient intake. Sixty-eight percent of the sample demonstrated some degree of inadequate nutrient intake. Nutrients that tended to be the lowest were calcium (76% inadequate), vitamin C (74% inadequate), and thiamin (74% inadequate). Inadequate nutrient intake was significantly associated with a lack of cooking facilities, lower monthly incomes, and lesser amounts of money spent on food. Comparison of food pantry users with soup kitchen participants indicated calcium was a problem nutrient for both groups.
Sensing Iron: Reciprocal Regulation of Hepcidin mRNA by Soluble and Cell-Associated Hemojuvelin.

Human genetic studies identified HJV (also called HFE2 ) as the major cause for juvenile hemochromatosis (JH). Patients with HJV hemochromatosis have low urinary levels of hepcidin, the principal iron-regulatory hormone secreted by the liver. We attempted to establish the specific roles of HJV in iron metabolism, especially its relationship with hepcidin. Translation of the genomic sequence indicated a C-terminal GPI anchor for the protein product of HJV , hemojuvelin. This suggested that hemojuvelin may have either a soluble or a cell-associated form. In human hepatoma cell line Hep3B, knockdown of cellular HJV by siRNA decreased hepcidin expression, independently of the IL-6 pathway. Intriguingly, the addition of recombinant soluble hemojuvelin (rs-hemojuvelin) also suppressed hepcidin expression in primary human hepatocytes, in a log-linear dose-dependent manner, suggesting competition between soluble and cell-associated forms of hemojuvelin. Soluble hemojuvelin was found in human sera at concentrations similar to those required to suppress hepcidin mRNA in vitro . In cells engineered to express hemojuvelin, soluble hemojuvelin release was progressively inhibited by increasing iron or holotransferrin concentrations. Our study suggests that soluble and cell-associated hemojuvelin reciprocally regulate hepcidin mRNA levels, and that hemojuvelin may serve as a molecular messenger for iron homeostasis. Even in hepatocytes stimulated with IL-6, we observed strong suppression of hepcidin mRNA by rs-hemojuvelin. If rs-hemojuvelin or its active fragments also suppress hepcidin production in vivo , they could be used to alleviate anemia of inflammation.
SPECT and EEG in Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

Five right-handed children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) were studied with EEG and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) before and after 6 months of corticosteroid therapy at the Universities of Estadual de Campinas and Sao Paulo, Brasil.
Circulation: cardiovascular interventions: keeping pace with progress.

Welcome to the first issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions , the fourth of 6 new journals to join the AHA family. The AHA Scientific Publishing Committee made the decision to expand the AHA journals because it recognized that to fulfill its mission to widely and effectively disseminate scientific information, it should more effectively address the needs of the subspecialty areas in cardiology. Interventional cardiology, perhaps more than other fields of cardiology, has realized tremendous growth. For my younger colleagues, it is hard to remember the time before coronary angioplasty. Early pioneers like Charles Dotter, Melvin Judkins, and Eberhardt Zeitler introduced the concept of peripheral angioplasty in the 1960s, but it was not until Andreas Gruentzig developed a unique inelastic balloon catheter that permitted access to small and tortuous coronary vessels that coronary angioplasty become a reality. His genius was not only that he dared to perform the first coronary angioplasty in September of 1977 (only 31 years ago) but that he carefully and thoughtfully guided the early development of the procedure with the power …
Reproduction of a Three-Component (DPPC/DOPC/Cholesterol) Phase Diagram using Coarse Grained Molecular Dynamics

The plasma membrane consists primarily of a mixture of lipids and proteins, responsible for creating a homeostatic environment inside the cell. The plasma membrane is also responsible for mediating cell-cell communication; specifically, membrane proteins send and receive signals across the plasma membrane. However, in some cases the membrane proteins require lipids to create a locally optimized environment to create functional groupings. Lipids may facilitate protein localization by forming phases of differing lateral organization, which proteins are likely to segregate into based on overall lipid dynamics. These phases occur mainly as liquid-disordered (Ld) or liquid-ordered (Lo); the Ld phase is composed of mainly unsaturated lipids, while the Lo phase is composed of mainly saturated lipids and cholesterol. Membranes can exist as a single fluid phase or coexistence of phases under the right compositions and conditions. It is established that phase separation can occur in certain models but the ordering progression of the single fluid phase and whether or not a threshold event occurs between the Ld and Lo phases is still largely unidentified. In this study we performed coarse-grained MARTINI molecular dynamic simulations on a ternary system, consisting of a saturated lipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), an unsaturated lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), and cholesterol (CHOL). A primary goal of the study was to observe how well the MARTINI forcefield could reproduce these ternary phase diagrams. As such, no changes were made to the MARTINI forcefield, and no biases were imposed on the system. The MARTINI forcefield performed remarkably well, replicating all of the single fluid phases and most of the phase separated systems. This work were performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, Release LLNL-ABS-704312.
Assessment of fresh breast tissue specimens with confocal strip-mosaicking microscopy in an emulated pathology setting (Conference Presentation)

Confocal microscopy is in clinical use to diagnose skin cancers in the United States and in Europe. Potentially, this technology may provide bed-side pathology in breast cancer surgery during tumor removal. Initial studies have described major findings of invasive breast cancers as seen on fluorescence confocal microscopy. In many of these studies the region of interest (ROI) used in the analysis was user-selected and small (typically 15 square-mm). Although these important findings open exploration into rapid pathology, further development and implementation in a surgical setting will require examination of large specimens in a blinded fashion that will address the needs of typical surgical settings. In post surgery pathology viewing, pathologists inspect the entire pathology section with a low (2X) magnification objective lens initially and then zoomed in to ROIs with higher magnification lenses (10X to 40X) magnifications to further investigate suspected regions. In this study we explore the possibility of implementation in a typical surgical setting with a new microscope, termed confocal strip-mosaicking microscope (CSM microscope), which images an area of 400 square-mm (2 cm x 2 cm) of tissue with cellular level resolution in 10 minutes. CSM images of 34 human breast tissue specimens from 18 patients were blindly analyzed by a board-certified pathologist and correlated with the corresponding standard fixed histopathology. Invasive tumors and benign tissue were clearly identified in CSM images. Thirty specimens were concordant for images-to-histopathology correlation while four were discordant. Preliminary results from on-going work to molecularly target tumor margin will also be presented.
Attitude Estimation and Control for the Timed Spacecraft

Abstract Control of the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft incorporates a three-axis stabilized Earth-pointing operational mode, and a Sun-pointing safe mode. In addition, operational mode requirements demand the use of star trackers and an estimation algorithm. This paper presents the attitude control and estimation algorithms used on TIMED, as well as offering performance results. The use of an automatic code generator is discussed with regard to the generation of flight software for these algorithms
Differential SLC1A2 Promoter Methylation in Bipolar Disorder With or Without Addiction

While downregulation of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), the main transporter removing glutamate from the synapse, has been recognized in bipolar disorder (BD), the underlying mechanisms of downregulation have not been elucidated. BD is influenced by environmental factors, which may, via epigenetic modulation of gene expression, differentially affect illness presentation. This study thus focused on epigenetic DNA methylation regulation of SLC1A2, encoding for EAAT2, in BD with variable environmental influences of addiction. High resolution melting PCR (HRM-PCR) and thymine-adenine (TA) cloning with sequence analysis were conducted to examine methylation of the promoter region of the SLC1A2. DNA was isolated from blood samples drawn from BD patients (n=150) with or without addiction to alcohol, nicotine, or food , defined as binge eating, and matched controls (n=32). In comparison to controls, the SLC1A2 promoter region was hypermethylated in BD without addiction but was hypomethylated in BD with addiction. After adjusting for age and sex, the association of methylation levels with nicotine addiction (p=0.0009) and BE (p=0.0002) remained significant. Consistent with HRM-PCR, direct sequencing revealed increased methylation in CpG site 6 in BD, but decreased methylation in 4 CpG sites (3, 6, 48, 156) in BD with alcohol and nicotine addictions. These results suggest that individual point methylation within the SLC1A2 promoter region may be modified by exogenous addiction and may have a potential for developing clinically valuable epigenetic biomarkers for BD diagnosis and monitoring.
Supporting girls’ and boys’ engagement in math and science learning: A mixed methods study

This study uses a mixed method sequential exploratory design to examine motivational and contextual influences on boys’ and girls’ engagement in math and science, paying particular attention to similarities and differences in the patterns by gender. First, interviews were conducted with 38 middle and high school students who varied in their level of math and science engagement about their perceptions of the motivational and contextual factors influencing their level of engagement. Both boys and girls discussed how their engagement was higher in classrooms with more student-centered instructional practices and in classrooms with highly engaged peers. Girls were more likely to discuss teacher support and personally relevant instruction as being important to their engagement in math and science. In contrast, boys reported being more engaged in math and science when they were interested in pursuing a STEM-related career. From these interviews, we identified factors that students described as important to their engagement and tested whether these factors were statistically significant in a socioeconomic and racially diverse sample of 3,833 middle and high school students. Specifically, we tested the associations between adolescents’ motivational beliefs (e.g., utility value, attainment value, and expectancy beliefs), social support from teachers and peers, and student-centered and relevant instructional practices with engagement (e.g., cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social) in math and science, paying particular attention to main effects and gender as a moderator. In the majority of the models, the motivational and contextual factors were significantly related to engagement and had comparable effects for girls and boys. We documented a few significant interactions by gender that tended to mirror the patterns found in the qualitative interviews. Implications of these findings for developing interventions to increase girls’ participation in math and science are discussed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 9999:XX–XX, 2017
Quantitative trait loci for cell wall composition traits measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in the model C4 perennial grass Panicum hallii

Biofuels derived from lignocellulosic plant material are an important component of current renewable energy strategies. Improvement efforts in biofuel feedstock crops have been primarily focused on increasing biomass yield with less consideration for tissue quality or composition. Four primary components found in the plant cell wall contribute to the overall quality of plant tissue and conversion characteristics, cellulose and hemicellulose polysaccharides are the primary targets for fuel conversion, while lignin and ash provide structure and defense. We explore the genetic architecture of tissue characteristics using a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approach in Panicum hallii, a model lignocellulosic grass system. Diversity in the mapping population was generated by crossing xeric and mesic varietals, comparative to northern upland and southern lowland ecotypes in switchgrass. We use near-infrared spectroscopy with a primary analytical method to create a P. hallii specific calibration model to quickly quantify cell wall components. Ash, lignin, glucan, and xylan comprise 68% of total dry biomass in P. hallii: comparable to other feedstocks. We identified 14 QTL and one epistatic interaction across these four cell wall traits and found almost half of the QTL to localize to a single linkage group. Panicum hallii serves as the genomic model for its close relative and emerging biofuel crop, switchgrass (P. virgatum). We used high throughput phenotyping to map genomic regions that impact natural variation in leaf tissue composition. Understanding the genetic architecture of tissue traits in a tractable model grass system will lead to a better understanding of cell wall structure as well as provide genomic resources for bioenergy crop breeding programs.
Microbiota–drug interactions: Impact on metabolism and efficacy of therapeutics

The microbiome not only represents a vital modifier of health and disease, but is a clinically important drug target. Therefore, study of the impact of the human microbiome on drug metabolism, toxicity and efficacy is urgently needed. This review focuses on gut and vaginal microbiomes, and the effect of those microbiomes or components thereof on the pharmacokinetics of specific chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapies, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs. In some cases, the presence of specific bacterial species within the microbiome can alter the metabolism of certain drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents and antiviral drugs. These microbiota-drug interactions are identified mostly through studies using germ-free or microbiome-depleted animal models, or by the administration of specific bacterial isolates. The biotransformation of drugs can cause drug-related toxicities; however, biotransformation also provides a mechanism by which drug developers could exploit host microbiota to create more site-specific drugs. Within this review we consider the importance of the route of drug administration and interactions with microbiota at various mucosal sites. Notably, we discuss the potential utility of bacterial therapeutics in altering the microbiome to enhance therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes in a personalized fashion. Based on the data to date, there is a clinically important relationship between microbiota and drug metabolism throughout the lifespan; therefore, profiling of the human microbiome will be essential in order to understand the mechanisms by which these microbiota-drug interactions occur and the degree to which this complex interplay affects drug efficacy.
Error statistics of bias-naïve filtering in the presence of bias

In the field of sensing, a typically unavoidable nuisance is the inherent bias of a sensor due to imperfections in timing, calibration, and other sources. The errors incurred by the bias ripple through higher-level processes such as tracking and sensor fusion, causing varying effects to each operation. In many different applications, such as track-to-track correlation, the overall effect of the biases on state estimation is modeled as a constant, translational shift in the position dimension of the track states. This assumption can be appropriate when the required precision of the track states is not stringent. However, in general, sensor bias can not only affect position estimates but also positional derivatives, i.e., velocity, acceleration, in a manner that can change dramatically depending on sensor-target geometry; for situations where high state estimation accuracy is required, these consequences become apparent and need to be handled. The contribution from measurement bias to state estimation error depends on many different aspects, e.g., measurement uncertainty, dynamic model uncertainty, sensor-target geometry. The focus of this work is the quantification of the relative significance of measurement error and measurement bias in the resultant state estimation error. In short, using the results in this work, it is straightforward to: (i) determine regimes where measurement bias becomes a predominant factor, (ii) bound the impact of the sensor bias on the outputted tracking information, (iii) analyze the dependence of the tracking error on sensor-target geometry, all of which can be of great impact when designing a tracking system architecture.
Moving Addiction Care to the Mainstream — Improving the Quality of Buprenorphine Treatment

Moving Addiction Care to the Mainstream If treatment for opioid use disorder were moved to mainstream health care, more patients might recover. Buprenorphine currently presents the greatest opportunity for expanding treatment into the general medical system.
Staging gallbladder cancer with lymphadenectomy: the practical application of new AHPBA and AJCC guidelines.

Abstract Background Current guidelines recommend harvesting a total lymph node count (TLNC) ≥6 from portal lymphadenectomy in ≥pT1b gallbladder cancers (GBC) for accurate staging and prognostication. This study aimed to determine nodal yields from portal lymphadenectomy and identify measures to maximize TLNC. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all ≥pT1b GBC which underwent resection with curative intent including portal lymphadenectomy at our specialized HPB center from 2007 to 2017. We compared outcomes of TLNC Results Of 92 patients, 20% had a TLNC ≥ 6 (IQR 7–11) and 9% had no nodes found on pathology. Malignant lymphadenopathy was twice as common in TLNC ≥ 6 as TLNC Conclusion At our center, prior to current guidelines, a TLNC≥6 was not met in 80% undergoing portal lymphadenectomy for ≥ pT1b GBC. To increase nodal yield, future guidelines should consider including additional lymph node stations and incorporation of frozen section analysis.
Applied Behavior Analysis and Related Treatments

This chapter discusses applied behavior analysis (ABA) and describes how it has been at the forefront of successful outcomes in ASD treatment for several decades. Although not a magic cure, ABA has been shown to be one of the most successful evidence-based treatments for autism. This chapter also explores additional treatments that have been developed based on the practices and theory of ABA and how such therapies have become truly interdisciplinary in nature.
Experiments with Representation in Neural Networks: Object Motion, Speech, and Arithmetic

Simple network models for object motion, perception of spoken syllables, and learning of simple arithmetic are discussed. Many of the same data representation techniques can be used for all three of these highly dissimilar tasks.
Comparison of the predictions of Langevin Dynamics-based diffusion charging collision kernel models with canonical experiments

Abstract Based on the prior work of Chahl and Gopalakrishnan (2019) to infer particle-ion collision time distributions using a Langevin Dynamics (LD) approach, we develop a model for the non-dimensional particle-ion diffusion charging collision kernel β i or H that is applicable for 0 ≤ Ψ E ≤ 60 , 0 ≤ Ψ I Ψ E ≤ 1 , K n D ≤ 2000 (defined in the main text). The developed model for β i for attractive Coulomb and image potential interactions, along with the model for β i for repulsive Coulomb and image potential interactions from Gopalakrishnan, Thajudeen, Ouyang, and Hogan (2013b), is tested against published diffusion charging experimental data. Current state of the art charging models, Fuchs (1963) and Wiedensohler (1988) regression for bipolar charging, are also evaluated and discussed. Comparisons reveal that the LD-based model accurately describes unipolar fractions for 10 – 100 n m particles measured in air (Adachi, Kousaka, & Okuyama, 1985), nitrogen and argon but not in helium (Adachi, Okuyama, Kousaka, Kozuru, & Pui, 1987). Fuchs model and the LD-based model yield similar predictions in the experimental conditions considered, except in helium. In the case of bipolar charging, the LD-based model captures the experimental trends quantitatively (within ± 20 % ) across the entire size range of 4 – 40 n m producing superior agreement than Wiedensohler's regression. The latter systematically underpredicts charge fraction below ~ 20 n m in air (by up to 40%) for the data presented in Adachi et al. (1985). Comparison with the data of Gopalakrishnan, McMurry, and Hogan (2015), obtained in UHP air along with measurements of the entire ion mass-mobility distribution, shows excellent agreement with the predictions of the LD-based model. This demonstrates the capability to accommodate arbitrary ion populations in any background gas, when such data is available. Wiedensohler's regression, derived for bipolar charging in air using average ion mass-mobility, also describes the data reasonably well in the conditions examined. However, both models failed to capture the fraction of singly and doubly charged particles in carbon dioxide warranting further investigation.
Distributed Unknown Input Observers for Fault Detection and Isolation

This paper considers observer based fault detection and isolation in a distributed setting with agents under consensus dynamics. The distributed fault detection and isolation problem is introduced along with system models to represent nominal and faulty conditions. It is shown that the positive unknown input observer (PUIO) effectively estimates the fault signal in an agent and that it can be used for residual generation and fault isolation. The conditions under which fault isolation is achievable are derived as a function of the distributed topology of the agents in the network. An LMI is derived that can be used to conveniently obtain the residual generator gains. The distributed PUIO design approach is illustrated with an example.
Ionoelastomer junctions between polymer networks of fixed anions and cations

Soft ionic conductors have enabled stretchable and transparent devices, but liquids in such devices tend to leak and evaporate. In this study, we demonstrate diodes and transistors using liquid-free ionoelastomers, in which either anions or cations are fixed to an elastomer network and the other ionic species are mobile. The junction of the two ionoelastomers of opposite polarity yields an ionic double layer, which is capable of rectifying and switching ionic currents without electrochemical reactions. The entropically driven depletion of mobile ions creates a junction of tough adhesion, and the stretchability of the junction enables electromechanical transduction.
Upright and Honorable: People Use Space to Understand Honor, Affecting Choice and Perception.

Honor is abstract. We predict that people make sense of honor metaphorically as an up–right position in space and that endorsing honor values makes this metaphor more accessible. Supporting our pre...
Risk factors for skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer undergoing treatment with zoledronate

Skeletal-related events (SREs) are significant contributors to the morbidity and mortality in patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer. Thus, bone-modifying agents (BMAs) are recommended in this population. However, the baseline risk factors of SREs in patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer receiving BMAs are not well understood. We analyzed the patient-level data from a controlled arm of a clinical trial comparing denosumab with zoledronate in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer (ClinicalTrial.gov ID: NCT00321464) available at Project Data Sphere, a broad-access research platform that collects and curates patient-level data from completed, phase III cancer trials. The primary endpoint was the first SRE after the inclusion to the trial. The time to the first on study SRE was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model based on patients’ baseline characteristics including age, race, ECOG performance status (PS), histology and immunohistochemistry of breast cancer, and urine and serum laboratory data. Among 756 patients in the zoledronate arm of the trial, we excluded 64 patients with a documented history of osteopenia or osteoporosis. The median age of the patients was 56 years old, the median follow-up was 553 days, and 249 patients (36%) had SREs. The univariate analysis showed that black or African American heritage, ECOG PS > 0, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity, high urine N-telopeptide cross-links / creatinine ratio (NTx/Cre), and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are significant baseline risk factors for SREs. Patients with the characteristics of ECOG PS > 0, HER2 positivity, and elevated ALP also showed a significantly higher hazard ratio of SREs in multivariate analysis. We determined risk factors for SREs in patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer.
Characterization of autoantibodies, immunophenotype and autoimmune disease in a prospective cohort of patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia.

Abstract Objective Characterize autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases in a prospective cohort of patients with Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia (ICL) a rare immunodeficiency characterized by an absolute CD4+ T count of Methods Single-Center prospective study of 67 patients conducted over an 11-year period. Rheumatologic evaluation and measurement of autoantibodies were systematically conducted, and flow cytometry of immune cell subsets was performed in a subset of patients. Results 54% of referred patients had clinical evidence of autoimmunity, with 34% having at least one autoimmune disease, most commonly autoimmune thyroid disease. 19%, had autoantibodies or incomplete features of autoimmune disease. Patients with autoimmune disease had more elevated serum immunoglobulins, and more effector memory T cells than those without autoimmunity. Conclusions Evidence of autoimmunity, including autoimmune diseases, is more prevalent in ICL than the general population, and should be considered part of this syndrome.
The Emotion Deception Model: A Review of Deception in Negotiation and the Role of Emotion in Deception

Deception is pervasive in negotiations. Negotiations are characterized by information asymmetries, and negotiators often have both opportunities and incentives to mislead their counterparts. Effective negotiators need to contend with the risk of being deceived, effectively respond when they identify deception, and manage the temptation to use deception themselves. In our review of deception research, we integrate emotion research. Emotions are both an antecedent and a consequence of deception, and we introduce the emotion deception model (EDM) to represent these relationships. Our model broadens our understanding of deception in negotiations and accounts for the important role of emotions in the deception decision process.
Hyperkinetic Movements in Children: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment

The Psychiatric Consultation Service at Massachusetts General Hospital sees medical and surgical inpatients with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and conditions. During their twice-weekly rounds, Dr Stern and other members of the Consultation Service discuss diagnosis and management of hospitalized patients with complex medical or surgical problems who also demonstrate psychiatric symptoms or conditions. These discussions have given rise to rounds reports that will prove useful for clinicians practicing at the interface of medicine and psychiatry.
Relation between Johnson noise and heating power in a two-terminal conductor

We consider the Johnson noise of a two-dimensional, two-terminal electrical conductor for which the electron system obeys the Wiedemann-Franz law. We derive two simple and generic relations between the Johnson noise temperature and the heat flux into the electron system. First, we consider the case where the electron system is heated by Joule heating from a DC current, and we show that there is a universal proportionality coefficient between the Joule power and the increase in Johnson noise temperature. Second, we consider the case where heat flows into the sample from an external source, and we derive a simple relation between the Johnson noise temperature and the heat flux across the boundary of the sample.
Women's Response Performance in Sexually Risky Situations: Associations With Disinhibited Sex-Related Alcohol Expectancies.

This study evaluated the effects of sexual victimization history, alcohol-related problems, psychological distress, and disinhibited sex-related alcohol expectancies on the effectiveness of women’s...
Optimal personalized treatment selection with multivariate outcome measures in a multiple treatment case

In this work we propose a novel method for individualized treatment selection when there are correlated multiple treatment responses. For the K treatment (K≥2) scenario, we compare quantities that ...
Recruitment and Retention of Native American Flight Technology Students

While Central Washington University (CWU) is located in close proximity to 2 counties with significant Native American (NA) populations, NA students account for only a small percentage of the total number of students enrolled in the CWU Flight Technology program. The aim of this study is to identify strategies to improve recruitment and retention of NA students in the CWU Flight Technology program. These include: recruitment at the middle school level, involvement with the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Program, offering summer bridge programs, providing opportunities for involvement of families and tribal members, and mentorship assistance through the NA Student Association.
Fingerprint inclusions. Ultrastructural demonstration of muscle fiber type specificity.

Abstract Fingerprint inclusions were identified in the skeletal muscle of a child with severe hypotonia. The mean Z-line and M-line widths from each of 19 muscle fibers containing the fingerprint inclusions were calculated. The mean Z-line widths were 85–99 nm, and the mean M-line widths were 75–101 nm. According to our present system of fiber typing, all of these fibers would be classified as Type I. The possible pathogenesis and fiber type specificity of the fingerprint inclusion is discussed.
Privacy and Regulatory Innovation: Moving Beyond Voluntary Codes

According to its many critics, privacy self-regulation is a failure. It suffers from an overall lack of transparency, weak or incomplete realization of the Fair Information Practice Principles, inadequate incentives to ensure wide-scale industry participation, and ineffective compliance and enforcement mechanisms. Rather than attacking or defending self-regulation, this Article explores co-regulatory approaches in which government plays a role in setting requirements for industry guidelines and imposing sanctions for non-compliance. It examines innovative policy tools such as regulatory covenants and develops a normative framework for evaluating self-regulatory mechanisms. It then considers four case studies, including a voluntary code governing online behavioral advertising practices, a government-negotiated program enabling data flows between Europe and the U.S., a statutory safe harbor program designed to protect children’s privacy, and a variety of privacy covenants. This Article argues that while statutory safe harbors have many strengths and privacy covenants offer the promise of achieving even better results, both would benefit from being redesigned. Finally, it offers specific policy recommendations: (1) to the FTC on how it might begin to use the covenanting approach to experiment with innovative technologies and address hard problems such as online behavioral advertising; and (2) to Congress on how best to structure new safe harbor programs as an essential component of omnibus consumer privacy legislation. All of these approaches to regulatory innovation move beyond purely voluntary codes in favor of co-regulatory solutions.
Formal program verification and computability theory

Whereas early researchers in computability theory described effective computability in terms of such models as Turing machines, Markov algorithms, and register machines, a recent trend has been to use simple programming languages as computability models. A parallel development to this programming approach to computability theory is the current interest in systematic and scientific development and proof of programs. This paper investigates the feasibility of using formal proofs of programs in computability theory. After describing a framework for formal verification of programs written in a simple theoretical programming language, we discuss the proofs of several typical programs used in computability theory.
Vitrification of nuclear waste with low heat generation

Abstract Analyses of thermal processes in the glass melter and storage container are given for vitrification of defense waste.
An ndt method using piezoelectric polymer transducers and computerized vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract The normal mode vibrational spectrum of a particular object contains a wealth of information about the mechanical integrity of the object. The non-destructive evaluation of objects by observation of their vibrational spectra is facilitated by the combination of recently developed low mass, high compliance piezoelectric polymer transducers; a synchronized method for exciting the sample; and a small minicomputer capable of making digital Fourier transforms which convert the complicated, oscillatory, decaying signal from the transducer into the intensities and frequencies of normal modes.
Optimal timing of revascularization: transmural versus nontransmural acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Background . Higher mortality for emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is well established. Whether it applies to both transmural and nontransmural AMI is unclear. This information may have different therapeutic implications for each cohort of patients. Methods . A retrospective multicenter analysis of 44,365 patients who underwent CABG after myocardial infarction between 1993 and 1996 by 179 surgeons at 32 hospitals in New York State was performed. Results . Overall hospital mortality for all patients with or without AMI was 2.5% versus 3.1% for patients who underwent CABG with history of myocardial infarction. Hospital mortality decreased with increasing time interval between CABG and AMI; 11.8%, 9.5%, and 2.8% ( p Conclusions . Early operation after transmural AMI has a significantly higher risk, and surgeons should be prepared to provide aggressive cardiac support including left ventricular assist devices in this ailing population. Waiting in some may be warranted.