cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fractal compression and adaptive sampling: reducing the image acquisition time in scanning probe microscopy

Summary: In typical scanning probe microscope experiment a three-dimensional image of a substrate is obtained. For a given scanning mechanism, the time needed to image an area depends mainly on the number of samples and the size of the image. The imaging speed is further compromised by drifts associated with the substrate and the piezoscanner. It is therefore desirable to improve the imaging speed with limited impact to the effective resolution of the resulting image. By utilizing an adaptive sampling scheme with fractal compression technique, we have demonstrated that the number of the required samples can be significantly reduced with minimal impact to the image quality. SCANNING 30: 463–473, 2008. r 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Young people with intellectual disabilities and mental health needs.

Purpose of reviewThis review focuses on the risk factors for increased mental health problems, and the types of psychopathology and their therapeutic management, in young people with intellectual disabilities.Recent findingsRecent studies indicate that this population presents significantly more emo
Best-estimate versus structured interview-based diagnosis in first-admission psychosis☆

Abstract In a sample of first-admission psychotic patients, best-estimate diagnoses made by psychiatrists at entry to the study (N = 310) and 6 months later (N = 228) were compared with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) algorithm diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity, and agreement (κ) at entry and at 6-month follow-up evaluation were saatisfactory for schizophrenia (sensitivity, .89 and .98; specificity, .96 both times; κ, .96 and .92) and bipolar disorder with psychosis (sensitivity, 1.00 and .94; specificity, .96 both times; κ, .89 and .88), moderate for major depression with psychosis (sensitivity, .90 and .81; specificity, .94 and .95; κ, .75 and .72), but mixed for the organic psychoses (sensitivity, .50 and .23; specificity, 1.00 both times; κ, .66 and .36). Reasons for disagreement included the role of drugs and other organic factors in the etiology of the disorder, and clinical judgment versus the rules of the structured interview. We conclude that the SCID, when administered by closely supervised experienced nonspychiatrist clinicians and incorporating information from other sources, can produce a reliable diagnosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, the best-estimate procedure seems mandatory in studies investigating a broad range of psychoses, where the use of drugs is not an exclusion criterion.
Improved data reduction algorithm for the needle probe method applied to in-situ thermal conductivity measurements of lunar and planetary regoliths

The needle probe method (also known as the' hot wire' or 'line heat source' method) is widely used for in-situ thermal conductivity measurements on soils and marine sediments on the earth. Variants of this method have also been used (or planned) for measuring regolith on the surfaces of extra-terrestrial bodies (e.g., the Moon, Mars, and comets). In the near-vacuum condition on the lunar and planetary surfaces, the measurement method used on the earth cannot be simply duplicated, because thermal conductivity of the regolith can be approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower. In addition, the planetary probes have much greater diameters, due to engineering requirements associated with the robotic deployment on extra-terrestrial bodies. All of these factors contribute to the planetary probes requiring much longer time of measurement, several tens of (if not over a hundred) hours, while a conventional terrestrial needle probe needs only 1 to 2 minutes. The long measurement time complicates the surface operation logistics of the lander. It also negatively affects accuracy of the thermal conductivity measurement, because the cumulative heat loss along the probe is no longer negligible. The present study improves the data reduction algorithm of the needle probe method by shortening the measurement time on planetary surfaces by an order of magnitude. The main difference between the new scheme and the conventional one is that the former uses the exact mathematical solution to the thermal model on which the needle probe measurement theory is based, while the latter uses an approximate solution that is valid only for large times. The present study demonstrates the benefit of the new data reduction technique by applying it to data from a series of needle probe experiments carried out in a vacuum chamber on JSC-1A lunar regolith stimulant. The use of the exact solution has some disadvantage, however, in requiring three additional parameters, but two of them (the diameter and the volumetric heat capacity of the probe) can be measured and the other (the volumetric heat capacity of the regolith/stimulant) may be estimated from the surface geologic observation and temperature measurements. Therefore, overall, the new data reduction scheme would make in-situ thermal conductivity measurement more practical on planetary missions.
Generation of infrared and extreme-ultraviolet radiation in krypton with picosecond irradiation at 193 nm

The nonlinear interaction of neutral krypton atoms with picosecond 193-nm radiation with intensities ≤1013 W/cm2 has been studied. Because of the relatively high intensity of the applied radiation field and the two-photon resonance of the 4p–6p transition, several competing nonlinear processes were observed that result in the generation of coherent radiation. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from the two-photon-resonant level was observed in the IR frequency at ~2 μm. Additionally, a tunable IR wave, in the same frequency range, was generated by stimulated hyper-Raman scattering of the incident laser. The observed self-generated IR waves induced other nonlinear interactions, which resulted in the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the same medium. Tunable XUV frequency was shown to be generated by four-wave sum mixing of the laser and the hyper-Raman wave. Vacuum-ultraviolet frequency was shown to be generated by four-wave oscillation, and other nontunable XUV frequencies resulted from anti-Stokes Raman scattering of the ASE IR waves.
Adherens junctions remain dynamic.

One of the four principal categories of cell-cell junctions that hold together and shape distinct tissues and organs in vertebrates, adherens junctions (AJs) form cell-cell contacts that connect transmembrane proteins with cytoskeletal actin filaments to provide architectural strength, aid in morphogenesis, and help to maintain proper tissue homeostasis. The classical organization of AJs, consisting of transmembrane cadherins and cytoplasmically attached β-catenins and α-catenins assembled together into a multiprotein complex, was once thought obligatory to craft a robust and stable connection to actin-based cytoskeletal elements, but this architecture has since been challenged and questioned to exist. In a stimulating paper published in a recent issue of BMC Biology, Millan et al. provide convincing evidence that in confluent vascular endothelial cells a novel dynamic vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin-based AJ type exists that interacts with and physically connects prominent bundles of tension-mediating actin filaments, stress fibers, between neighboring cells. Stress fibers were known previously to link to integrin-based focal adhesion complexes but not to cell-cell adhesion mediating AJs. These new findings, together with previous results support the concept that different AJ subtypes, sharing the same transmembrane cadherin types, can assemble in various configurations to either increase barrier function and promote physical cell-cell adhesion, or to lessen cell-cell adhesion and promote cell separation and migration.
Capsule commentary on Waldura et al., Teleconsultation improves primary care clinicians' confidence about caring for HIV.

The study by Waldura et al. used an electronic survey to examine primary care clinicians’ self-perceived confidence and self-reported clinical practice patterns after using the University of San Francisco-based National Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Telephone Consultative Service (HIV Warmline).1 The HIV Warmline provides clinicians with no-cost, real-time telephone consultations with experts in HIV medicine. Over the two-year study period, the authors found that among the primary care clinicians (physicians and mid-level practitioners), most reported the HIV Warmline to be quicker, more applicable to their clinical management issues, and more trustworthy as compared with other HIV information sources. The majority reported that using the teleconsultation service increased their confidence in managing HIV patients, changed their HIV management, and decreased the likelihood of referral to an HIV specialist. This study provides an initial assessment of the potential clinical impact of the HIV Warmline, an innovative adjunct to clinical care. However, the study is ultimately limited in its scope, as its outcomes are subjective provider-reported measures. Patient-level data was not collected, so we do not know the range of complexity of the cases discussed on the Warmline. Although clinicians who used the Warmline reported more confidence and that they were less likely to refer their patients, it is unknown whether these self-perceived changes actually translated to lower rates of referral to specialists and, more importantly, whether they positively affected patient quality of care and clinical outcomes. Waldura et al.’s study is timely, as teleconsultation is becoming increasingly utilized to address disparities in access to specialty care.2–4 With regards to HIV care, the emergence of teleconsultation is occurring in the context of expanded HIV testing, an HIV care provider shortage and a paradigm shift in HIV care—from specialty care-based to primary care-based.5 Other existing teleconsultation models have had success in providing clinical support to primary care clinicians in settings with limited access to specialists,2–4 and have positively impacted clinical outcomes.4 While the HIV Warmline offers a promising approach to strengthening clinical support for HIV primary care clinicians in resource-constrained settings, data on its actual impact on patient quality of care and clinical outcomes is needed.
A Review of “The Fix, by Michael Massing, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1998. $25.00, 336 pages. ISBN 0-684-80960-5”

(2000). A Review of “The Fix, by Michael Massing, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1998. $25.00, 336 pages. ISBN 0-684-80960-5”. Substance Use & Misuse: Vol. 35, No. 11, pp. 1613-1615.
X-ray line shift as a high-density diagnostic for laser-imploded plasmas

The frequency shift of x-ray spectral lines has been theoretically studied for possible application as a density diagnostic in high-compression laser-fusion experiments. Neon was found to have line-shift characteristics ideal for near-term experiments and could be used as a diagnostic seed material for the fuel. At densities above \ensuremath{\sim}4 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the shift of neon Lyman $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ was found to be roughly proportional to density ($\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}{n}_{e}$ eV). The calculations were done by solving the Schr\"odinger equation for energy levels, in a self-consistent potential determined by the nonlinear Poisson equation for electrons and neighboring ions. The computer simulation of a possible laser-compression experiment was used to calculate the line spectrum that might be seen in the laboratory and to illustrate how the shift could be used to estimate density. Unfortunately, this diagnostic was found to be applicable only when the average charge of target materials was less than about 6; i.e., it is applicable to plastic microballoons but not to glass. When higher-$Z$ material is present, then the amount of background radiation and line attenuation reduce neon Lyman $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to the level of noise and preclude an accurate measure of the frequency shift. Alternatively, given other diagnostics for density, such experiments could be used to test the theory of line shifts and to examine the physics of ions in a high-density plasma.
Line intensities of Co2 in the 2.0 micron region

Abstract The line intensities of the three δ-δ bands of CO 2 and their associated Π-Π hot bands in the 2.0 υ region have been measured using a combination of long optical paths and low sample pressures with high resolution (0.035 cm -1 ). These intensities yield total band strengths of 0.200, 0.969, 0.288, 0.0017, 0.062 and 0.028 cm -2 atm -1 at 296 K for the 04 0 1-00 0 0, 12 0 1-00 0 0, 20 0 1-00 0 , 05 1 1-01 1 0, 13 1 1-01 1 0 and 21 1 1-01 1 0 bands, respectively. The rotationless dipole moment matrix element and the German-Wallis coefficients are also determined for each band.
Clues, Flow Channels, and Cognitive States: An Exploratory Study of Customer Experiences with e-Brokerage Services

he service literature is replete with claims on the importance of experience design to operational efficiency and customer loyalty, yet it is unclear when, where, and how flow experience is formulated in service systems. Drawing upon relevant research in flow theory and consumer behavior, this study empirically tests a proposed framework and relevant hypotheses with the survey responses collected from 707 online investors. In support of the model and most of the hypotheses it suggests, the empirical results suggest the important antecedents and consequence of flow channel in e-brokerage services and confirms the viability of the extended dual-layer experience construct to investigate customer experiences. The findings indicate that service designers should closely examine the intended service offerings and customize corresponding service/product features to maximize customers’ flow experience.
Pyrite oxidation inhibition in coal waste by PO4 and H2O2pH-buffered pretreatment

ABSTRACT Pyrite is coal waste is initially oxidized by atmospheric O2, releasing acidity and Fe2+. At pH around 3, Fe2+ is rapidly oxidized by T. ferrooxidans to Fe3+ which oxidizes pyrite at a much faster rate than O2. Commonly, the approach used to prevent pyrite oxidation in the field involves the use of limestone. This approach, however, has a short span of effectiveness. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that pyrite oxidation inhibition (in the absence or presence of coal waste) may take place when a pyritic sample is pre-treated with a solution of H2O2plus sodium acetate (NaAQ) with or without phosphate (PO4 buffered at pH around 5. This objective was tested by pre-treating pyrite (with or without coal waste) with the above pretreatment solution in a chromatographic column with a 1 cm i.d. and a flow rate of 0.5 ml min−1. When the pretreatment solution reached pyrite surfaces, H2O2 oxidized the surface portion of pyrite and released Fe3+ so that FePO4 or Fe-OOH precipitated and formed a...
Type I Interferons: Beneficial in Th1 and Detrimental in Th17 Autoimmunity

In relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), type I interferon (IFN) is considered immuno-modulatory, and recombinant forms of IFN-β are the most prescribed treatment for this disease. However, within the RRMS population, 30–50% of MS patients are nonresponsive to this treatment, and it consistently worsens neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a disease once considered to be a form of RRMS. In contrast to RRMS, type I IFNs have been shown to have properties that drive the inflammatory pathologies in many other autoimmune diseases. These diseases include Sjogren's syndrome, system lupus erythematosus (SLE), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis. Historically, autoimmune diseases were thought to be driven by a TH1 response to auto-antigens. However, since the discovery of the TH17 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), it is now generally thought that TH17 plays an important role in MS and all other autoimmune diseases. In this article, we will discuss recent clinical and basic research advances in the field of autoimmunity and argue that IFN-β and other type I IFNs are immuno-modulatory in diseases driven predominantly by TH1 but in contrast are inflammatory in diseases that have a predominant Th17 response.
Effect of Pd Additions on the Invariant Reactions in the Ag-CuOx System

Palladium was added as a ternary component to a series of copper oxide-silver alloys in an effort to increase the use temperature of these materials for potential ceramic brazing applications. Phase equilibria at low palladium and copper oxide concentrations in the Pd−CuOx−Ag system were determined experimentally using differential scanning calorimetry, microstructural analysis, and x-ray diffraction. Small additions of palladium were generally found to increase the temperature of the eutectic reaction present in the pseudobinary system but have little effect on a higher temperature monotectic reaction. However once enough palladium was added (≈5 mol%) to increase the new eutectic temperature to that of the original pseudobinary monotectic reaction, the pseu doternary monotectic temperature correspondingly began to move upward as well. The addition of palladium also forced the eutectic point to slightly lower silver concentrations, again causing a convergence with the former monotectic line.
Integration of rocket turbine design and analysis through computer graphics

An interactive approach with engineering computer graphics is used to integrate the design and analysis processes of a rocket engine turbine into a progressive and iterative design procedure. The processes are interconnected through pre- and postprocessors. The graphics are used to generate the blade profiles, their stacking, finite element generation, and analysis presentation through color graphics. Steps of the design process discussed include pitch-line design, axisymmetric hub-to-tip meridional design, and quasi-three-dimensional analysis. The viscous two- and three-dimensional analysis codes are executed after acceptable designs are achieved and estimates of initial losses are confirmed.
Hemodynamic responses of the caudal artery to toxic tall fescue in beef heifers.

Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to compare blood flow characteristics in the caudal artery of heifers fed diets with endophyte (Neotypho-dium coenophialum) infected (E+) or noninfected (E-) tall fescue seed. Eighteen crossbred (Angus x Brangus) heifers were assigned to 6 pens and were fed chopped alfalfa hay for 5 d and chopped alfalfa hay plus a concentrate that contained E- tall fescue seed for 9 d during an adjustment period. An 11-d experimental period followed, with animals in 3 pens fed chopped alfalfa hay plus a concentrate with E+ seed and those in the other 3 pens fed chopped hay plus concentrate with E- seed. Color Doppler ultrasound measurements (caudal artery area, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, mean velocity, heart rate, stroke volume, and flow rate) and serum prolactin were monitored during the adjustment (baseline measures) and during the experimental period. Three baseline measures were collected on d 3, 5, and 6 during the adjustment period for comparison to post E+ seed exposure. Statistical analyses compared the proportionate differences between baseline and response at 4, 28, 52, 76, 100, 172, and 268 h from initial feeding of E+ seed. Serum prolactin concentrations on both diets were lower (P 0.10) to the baseline for 172 and 268 h measures. Blood flow in E+ heifers was consistently lower than the baseline from 4 (P 0.10) from baseline measures during the experimental period. Results indicated that onset of toxicosis was within 4 h of cattle exposure to E+ tall fescue and is related to vasoconstriction and reduction in heart rate.
Excision of pulmonary metastasis of colorectal cancer

Metastasis of colorectal cancer to the lung is a frequent occurrence. Resection of pulmonary metastasis provides the only effective treatment. The initial detection of disease is usually with a chest radiograph. A CAT scan determines the number of lesions, resectability and other metastatic disease. Candidates for surgical excision are those patients with completely resectable singular, multiple, and bilateral metastasis, and those with metachronous liver lesions excised for cure. Exposure of unilateral disease is via a thoracotomy and of bilateral disease via a sternotomy. Metastatic lesions are removed by wedge resection with conservation of lung tissue. Postoperative recovery is usually rapid with low morbidity and mortality. Long-term success for these resections remains controversial.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as Policy and Strategy for Social Work Action in Child Welfare in the United States

The United States and Somalia are the only two countries in the world that have not ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Opposition in the United States stems from the CRC's demand for a cultural change in how a society cares for children and a political hesitancy to become involved in binding international agreements. An earlier analysis for understanding the CRC is reviewed and replaced with one that uses a policy analysis model. This new model provides a basis for uniform child welfare policy and strategy throughout the nation. Although NASW has been supportive, it has not actively studied the consequences of implementation of the CRC, nor has it incorporated the CRC into its policy statements as a fundamental tenet. This article recommends that the NASW use the CRC as a basis for all child welfare policy statements and reference the CRS in future articles on child welfare issues. It also urges social workers to become politically active on behalf of the CRC to achieve ratification. Finally, it recommends a national committee to not only coordinate efforts toward ratification, but also oversee implementation of the CRC once it is ratified.
Numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for intermediate-energy collisions of antiprotons with hydrogen.

We study the behavior of ionization in intermediate-energy collisions of antiprotons with atomic hydrogen by direct solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation represented on a three-dimensional Cartesian lattice. Total cross sections for these processes are computed over the collision energy range of 0.2 to 500 keV from knowledge of the asymptotic state probabilities as a function of impact parameter. The computed ionization cross sections are in good agreement with results from recent experiments conducted at CERN [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4627 (1995)]. In the energy range from 0.2 to 30 keV, for which measurements are not available, our calculations are in qualitative agreement with other results based on classical-trajectory and coupled-channel methods, confirming the predicted significant difference from the analog proton-impact ionization process. This contrast with proton-hydrogen collisions is also explored qualitatively by employing a model two-dimensional space in which lattice solutions are less computationally intensive. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Is impaired hepatic arterial buffer response a risk factor for biliary anastomotic stricture in liver transplant recipients

Background Blood flow to the liver is partly maintained by the hepatic arterial buffer response (HABR), which is an intrinsic autoregulatory mechanism. Temporary clamping of the portal vein (PV) results in augmentation in hepatic artery flow (augHAF). Portal hyperperfusion impairs HAF due to the HABR in liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the HABR on biliary anastomotic stricture (BAS). Methods In 234 cadaveric whole LTs, PV flow (PVF), basal HAF, and augHAF were measured intra-operatively after allograft implantation. All recipients with a vascular complication were excluded. Buffer capacity (BC) was calculated as (augHAF – basal HAF)/PVF to quantify the HABR. Recipients were divided into 2 groups based on their BC: low BC ( Results Of the 234 recipients, 23 (9.8%) had early BAS (≤60 days after LT) and 18 (7.7%) had late BAS (>60 days after LT). The incidence of late BAS and bile leakage was similar between the groups; however, the incidence of early BAS in the low BC group was greater than that in the high BC group (15% vs 5.1%; P = .0168). In the multivariate analysis, low BC (P = .0325) and bile leakage (P = .0002) were found to be independent risk factors affecting early BAS. Conclusion Recipients with low BC who may have impaired HABR are at greater risk of early BAS after LT. Intraoperative measurements of blood flow help predict the risk of BAS.
The 50th Midwinter Conference of Immunologists at Asilomar.

For 50 years, immunologists have been meeting each winter in California to discuss new findings and theories in immunology. A recurring theme this year was the continuous conversation between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. To mark the 50th anniversary of this meeting, some of the speakers took a look back half a century to see how far immunologists have come.
Liquid Crystal Sensor Microchip

In this paper, integration of liquid crystal (LC) capacitive chemical and biological sensor with the CMOS interface circuit has been investigated. The LC microchip provides better sensitivity compared to discrete interfacing and array of sensors can be fabricated to reduce false positives. For high sensitivity detection, the excitation signal voltage and frequency have been examined and sensor capacitance plots are provided. Two on-chip interdigitated capacitors provide differential sensor measurement to cancel common environmental parasitic effects. The LC sensor interface circuit includes a low noise charge amplifier, synchronous demodulator, low pass filter and a sigma-delta A/D converter. The preamplifier noise has been minimized using a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The preamplifier has 15 aF resolution with 1 kHz bandwidth, while the microchip has 14-bit resolution using AMI 0.5 μm technology.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Factors Associated With School Bullying in Japan and the United States

Researchers in both Japan and in the United States have documented that bullying is a common and potentially damaging form of violence among children. The authors’ review highlights distinct cross-cultural patterns of personal, family, peer, and school characteristics that predict gender differences in bullying and victimization. Cross-cultural patterns confirm that bullying has detrimental and long-lasting effects on both the bullies and their victims. School-based prevention/intervention programs have had mixed success, mainly because some of the risk factors associated with bullying and victimization are beyond the scope of these programs. Bullying and victimization are sometimes associated with psychological disorders and a history of family violence. In these cases, therapeutic intervention is required. Family therapists and other mental health professionals need to be aware of cultural variations in bullying and work collaboratively with schools and families to develop effective treatment plans.
Equations of kinetic and available potential energy evolution in wave-number frequency space

The equations of kinetic and available potential energy for the analysis of the growth and decay of atmospheric waves in wave-number-frequency space are derived. The effects of linear and nonlinear interactions of waves in the velocity and temperature fields, the conversions between the available potential and kinetic energies, and the Reynolds and molecular stresses on wave growth and decay are discussed.
Summation and inhibition by ultrarapid train pacing in the human ventricle.

Trains of ultrarapid stimuli that begin late in the refractory period have been reported both to produce early single captures to terminate tachyarrhythmias and to inhibit the response to subsequent threshold stimuli. To determine which characteristics of trains facilitate capture and which enhance inhibition, we compared the right ventricular strength interval relationship for single extrastimuli (S2) with that for 100 Hz trains with a duration of 100 msec in 29 patients. Pulse frequency was varied in 12 patients (50, 100, and 200 Hz) and train duration (50, 100, and 150 msec) was varied in 11 patients; the effect of procainamide (10.1 +/- 2.3 micrograms/ml) was assessed in 10 patients. Relative to S2, 100 Hz trains with a duration of 100 msec prolonged the effective refractory period (ERP) at low current strength (inhibition), but shortened the ERP at high-current strength (summation): at 0.5 mA, the train ERP was 47 +/- 6 (SEM) msec longer than the S2 ERP (p less than .001); at 16 mA it was 12 +/- 1 msec shorter (p less than .001). Trains prolonged the functional refractory period (FRP) slightly at low currents (13 +/- 3 msec, p = .001 at .05 mA), but did not shorten FRP significantly at high currents (2 +/- 2 msec, p = NS at 16 mA) because of increased stimulus-response latency. Inhibition increased with increasing pulse frequency (p less than .001), increasing train duration (p less than .001), and procainamide (p less than .01). Summation increased with increasing pulse frequency (p less than .001), but not increasing train duration or procainamide, suggesting that inhibition and summation depend on different electrophysiologic mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SAR image formation processing using planar subarrays

A highly regular and computationally efficient SAR image formation processor architecture has been developed for wide-area ground surveillance systems. The architecture is based on the repetitive use of a very simple small FFT kernel (instead of a large 2D FFT) providing a variable resolution capability. The first stage of the planar subarray processor (PSAP) forms coarse images and constructs polar formatted, pseudo spotlight SARs. The second stage evaluates the requisite 2D transforms in a multiple- stage block FFT, providing variable resolution images. The fold- FFT is paramount to the computational efficiency of the approach.
WHY DO LARGE U.S. BANKS OUTPERFORM THEIR EUROPEAN COUNTERPARTS

This paper examines the strategies and financial ratios of the largest U.S. and European banks. Why are bank profitability ratios in the U.S. and U.K. vastly superior to those in Germany and Switzerland? Is this related to accounting, tax, economic, or regulatory differences, uses of funds, or management quality?
Data base administration in accounting information systems

This research will explain the innovations in gathering and communicating data, outside the traditional role of the accounting function, which are required to adequately fulfill the information needs of all levels of management. Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) and their respective administration offer a good basis for collecting and utilizing available data, to aid the decision-making process at all levels of management.At the functional level, managers are concerned with the use of historic data. Using a DBMS, these managers will be able to obtain specific, updated summary information from the database as needed.Data Base Management, as part of an overall management information system, offers vast opportunities for more effective decision-making, installing the system that's best for your type of information, means whether or not you'll he getting appropriate data.
Emerging Empowerment: Conflict Resolution Intervention and Preschool Teachers' Reports of Conflict Behavior.

Research Findings: The interview responses of 4 teachers who participated in a community-based intervention for violence prevention were examined to understand the impact of the intervention on teacher development. Transcripts of teacher interviews before and after the intervention were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Themes of empowerment emerged in teachers' discussions of children's peer conflict. Two follow-up chi-square analyses were conducted to establish quantitative support for changes in teacher empowerment in this community. Changes in teachers' differential use of positive and negative emotion statements and volitional cognitive statements in interviews before and after the intervention were examined. Practice or Policy: Findings supportive of changes in teacher empowerment included teachers' increased use of language suggestive of choice (e.g., want) and decreased use of language suggestive of obligation (e.g., need) and negative emotion (e.g., angry, sad) following th...
Beyond Personally Responsible: A Study of Teacher Conceptualizations of Citizenship Education.

This mixed methods study explores secondary teacher conceptualizations of citizenship education in one Midwestern state in the USA. First, the authors situate the study within the teacher belief an...
Vesicular stomatitis virus and sindbis virus glycoprotein transport to the cell surface is inhibited by ionophores.

Abstract The effect of two cationic ionophores, monensin and A23187, on the replication of Sindbis and vesicular stomatitis virus in cultures of BHK and chicken embryo fibroblast cells has been studied. Treating these cells with the ionophores at 10−6, M 2 hr prior to infection at high multiplicities of infection did not affect viral protein synthesis but severely inhibited release of viral particles into the media. Glycoproteins of these viruses were synthesized in normal amounts but they did not appear on the surface of infected cells. Proteolytic cleavage of Sindbis virus glycoprotein PE2 to E2 was inhibited in ionophore-treated cells, although fatty acid attachment to PE2 proceeded normally. Fatty acid attachment to VSV G protein and the posttranslational removal of mannose residues from G oligosaccharides occurred in the drug-treated cells. These data indicate that these ionophores block the movement of viral glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface membrane where budding and release of these two viruses occur.
Differential synthesis of bacteriophage-specific proteins in MS2-infected Escherichia coli treated with actinomycin.

Abstract Escherichia coli pretreated with EDTA and actinomycin remained susceptible to infection with MS2, although the efficiency of infection and burst size were reduced markedly at high concentrations of actinomycin. At an optimum concentration of actinomycin the synthesis of protein and RNA was largely dependent on bacteriophage infection. Phage-specific protein synthesis was followed by measuring incorporation into protein of histidine, an amino acid not present in the phage coat protein, and arginine or lysine, which are present in the coat protein. The maximal rate of histidine incorporation into the proteins of the infected cell was reached about six minutes earlier than the maximal rate of arginine incorporation, and histidine incorporation levelled off sooner. The total number of coat protein molecules made during the replicative cycle exceeded the number of histidine residues incorporated by a factor of three to five. Protein synthesis was shown to be dependent on the formation of RNA by measuring amino acid incorporation into protein under a variety of conditions where little or no viral RNA was made. Under every such condition the incorporation of both histidine and arginine (or lysine) was inhibited. It is concluded that the protein synthesis observed occurs on newly formed RNA templates, and that the translation of different cistrons of progeny RNA is regulated with regard to time and rate.
Have the results of randomized clinical trials of pacing altered the practice of cardiac pacing

Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard for the evaluation of new therapies. However, in the early years of pacing, the observational benefits were so great and the lifesaving benefits to patients so readily obvious that randomized trials were not necessary to prove benefit. As the technology has matured, advances have become more evolutionary than revolutionary, and observational analyses are unable to provide convincing evidence of small-to-moderate benefits. Thus, randomized trials of sufficient sample size are necessary to reliably assess the small-to-moderate effects of advances such as dual-chamber pacing, rate modulation, and mode switching. It is only during the last decade, however, that the evidence base for pacing with regard to randomized trials has begun to emerge. It is unclear whether the emerging results of these clinical trials have affected the clinical practice of pacing.
Stability Following Combined Maxillary and Mandibular Osteotomies Treated with Rigid Internal Fixation.

Skeletal stability was examined in 16 patients following combined maxillary and mandibular osteojomies using rigid internal fixation. Postoperative changes (T2 to T3) were generally
Visualizing and quantifying natural selection

Modern methods of analysis are enabling researchers to study natural selection at a new level of detail. Multivariate statistical techniques can Identify specific targets of selection and provide parameter estimates that fit into equations for evolutionary change. A more Intuitive understanding of the form of selection can be provided through graphical representation of selection surfaces. Combinations of quantitative and visual analyses are providing researchers with new insights into the details of natural selection in the wild.
Detection of unknown signals in unknown, non-stationary noise

This work considers the problem of low-latency detection of unknown signals that appear intermittently in noise having unknown and perhaps non-stationary statistics. We show how to realize a detector having a guaranteed probability of false alarm with best in-class probability of detection and lowest complexity. The detector adaptation is based on a state-machine driven feedback path that selectively extracts the noise statistics required for setting a test threshold. Performance and complexity comparisons are made between the new detector, existing detectors in its class, and the ideal (clairvoyant) detector.
Polyphase deformation in Sierra del Cuervo, Chihuahua, Mexico: Evidence for Ancestral Rocky Mountain tectonics in the Ouachita foreland of northern Mexico

Sierra del Cuervo is a north-northwest–trending mountain range ∼30 km northeast of Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, Mexico. Rocks exposed in the sierra range from late Precambrian to Quaternary. It has long been recognized that Sierra del Cuervo contains one of the most lithologically different Paleozoic outcrops in Chihuahua, and the recent discovery of Precambrian rocks in the south-central part of the range distinguishes Sierra del Cuervo as one of only two known Precambrian outcrops in the state. Mapping and structural analysis in the south-central part of Sierra del Cuervo reveal that at least five major periods of deformation, ranging from Precambrian to late Tertiary, are represented. The most dramatic structures are a series of thrust faults and associated folds. Thrusting involved both Precambrian basement and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, with tectonic transport toward the east-southeast. Stratigraphic relationships in Sierra del Cuervo restrict the age of this deformation only to post-Early Permian and pre-Cretaceous, but regional considerations suggest that it occurred during the middle Permian. The origin of these late Paleozoic structures has previously been related to the westward extension of the Ouachita frontal zone; however, their orientation is oblique to the postulated trace of the frontal zone and suggests a much more complex relationship with the Ouachita system. Paleocurrents and compositional variations in sandstones of the Rara Formation indicate the presence of a basement-involved uplift in west-central Chihuahua during the Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian. This apparent unroofing of a western basement-cored block, followed by east-southeast–directed thrusting, is inconsistent with the tectonic style of the Ouachita frontal zone and suggests that the late Paleozoic structures in Sierra del Cuervo are related to Ancestral Rocky Mountain deformation. Additional evidence for this southern extension of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains is found in other parts of northern and central Chihuahua and indicates that most of the region was in the Ouachita foreland during the late Paleozoic.
Stress hormones: Their interaction and regulation.

Stress stimulates several adaptive hormonal responses. Prominent among these responses are the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, and adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary. A number of complex interactions are involved in the regulation of these hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla and catecholamines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary. In addition, other hormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin stimulate while the corticosteroids and somatostatin inhibit adrenocorticotropin secretion. Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
Ubiquitination in Postsynaptic Function and Plasticity

Neurons are highly specialized cells whose connectivity at synapses subserves rapid information transfer in the brain. Proper information processing, learning, and memory storage in the brain requires continuous remodeling of synaptic networks. Such remodeling includes synapse formation, elimination, synaptic protein turnover, and changes in synaptic transmission. An emergent mechanism for regulating synapse function is posttranslational modification through the ubiquitin pathway at the postsynaptic membrane. Here, we discuss recent findings implicating ubiquitination and protein degradation in postsynaptic function and plasticity. We describe postsynaptic ubiquitination pathways and their role in brain development, neuronal physiology, and brain disorders.
Payment Cost Minimization Auction for Deregulated Electricity Markets With Transmission Capacity Constraints

Deregulated electricity markets in the U.S. currently use an auction mechanism that minimizes total supply bid costs to select bids and their levels. Payments are then settled based on market-clearing prices. Under this setup, the consumer payments could be significantly higher than the minimized bid costs obtained from auctions. This gives rise to ldquopayment cost minimization,rdquo an alternative auction mechanism that minimizes consumer payments. We previously presented an augmented Lagrangian and surrogate optimization framework to solve payment cost minimization problems without considering transmission. This paper extends that approach to incorporate transmission capacity constraints. The consideration of transmission constraints complicates the problem by entailing power flow and introducing locational marginal prices (LMPs). DC power flow is used for simplicity and LMPs are defined by ldquoeconomic dispatchrdquo for the selected supply bids. To characterize LMPs that appear in the payment cost objective function, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions of economic dispatch are established and embedded as constraints. The reformulated problem is difficult in view of the complex role of LMPs and the violation of constraint qualifications caused by the complementarity constraints of KKT conditions. Our key idea is to extend the surrogate optimization framework and use a regularization technique. Specific methods to satisfy the ldquosurrogate optimization conditionrdquo in the presence of transmission capacity constraints are highlighted. Numerical testing results of small examples and the IEEE Reliability Test System with randomly generated supply bids demonstrate the quality, effectiveness, and scalability of the method.
When is Administrative Efficiency Associated With Charitable Donations

Whether accounting measures of administrative efficiency affect donations is an important issue for nonprofit managers. Prior research is inconclusive. Some studies find a significant negative relation, whereas others find no significant relation. The authors investigate a variety of reasons for the prior divergent results. The evidence is consistent with donors reducing contributions to organizations reporting higher administrative expense ratios when the ratios are presumably most relevant and reliable. The authors suggest that certain prior studies failed to find significant associations largely because their samples contained many organizations for which the administrative ratios were unreliable or not helpful for donor needs. Model specification issues also affect prior studies but are less critical than sample composition. When the authors replicate prior studies on samples containing established, donation-dependent organizations with nontrivial amounts of fund-raising and administrative expenses, t...
Chemical Etching of Silicon (100) by Hydrogen

The reactive etching of silicon (100) by hydrogen was studied in the temperature range 1325–1600 K. Rectangular etch pits formed from inverted pyramids were predominant, although more complex shapes revealing (111) planes were noted. The observed etch rates were found to lie near the thermodynamic limit, of one accepts the most positive reported enthalpy of formation of silylene. An activation energy of 314 ± 42 kj/mol for the etching reaction was determined from the rates at 1325–1550 K. At temperatures >1550 K, the etch rated decreased with increasing temperature, indicating a possible transfer of material from the silicon carbide-coated reaction chamber.
Gender, smoking, glutathione-S-transferase variants and bladder cancer incidence: a population-based study.

Abstract Objective . Male gender, tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to arylamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary risk factors for bladder cancer. Emerging, and consistent data indicate that risk may be modified by polymorphisms in carcinogen metabolism genes, including those involving the glutathione- S -transferases. Recent work further suggests that susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of tobacco on the bladder may differ among men and women. Method . We investigated the gender specific risk of bladder cancer associated with glutathione- S -transferase M1 ( GSTM1 ) and T1 ( GSTT1 ) polymorphisms in a population-based case-control study of 354 bladder cancer cases and 542 controls. Results . We found an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with GSTM1 null genotype among women (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–3.0), but not men (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.7–1.3). Among women, the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an elevated bladder cancer risk only among smokers (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1–4.5 in ever smokers versus OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.3–2.5 in never smokers). There was no apparent association between bladder cancer and the GSTT1 null polymorphism in either men or women, and we did not detect evidence of any GSTT1–smoking or GSTT1–GSTM1 gene–gene interaction. Conclusion . Our data suggest that a subset of women may be particularly susceptible to tobacco-induced bladder cancer.
Eye-Movement Rhythmicity and Reading Comprehension

The purpose of these two studies was to examine the rhythmical patterns displayed by subjects with and without reading disabilities while they were reading (Study 1), and to vary rhythmicity through priming and observe the effects on parsing ability using eye-movement and comprehension measures (Study 2). Rhythmicity during silent reading was operationalized by tnanscribing eye-movement measures into pitch, rhythm, and rests. In Study 1, 17 subjects with reading disabilities and 15 control subjects (M age = 15, male = 60%) parsed 20 flawed and control sentences. In Study 2, 35 control subjects (M age = 21, male = 43%) parsed 9 phrases from familiar songs under one of three rhythm-priming conditions. Results (Study 1) indicated significant differences in rhythm patterns. Subjects with reading disabilities exhibited rhythm variability, unpredictability, and lethargic tempos. In Study 2, significant differences across priming conditions were found, with primed subjects exhibiting improved parsing and compreh...