cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of additive manufacturing in the construction industry – A forward-looking review

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, fabricates components in a layerwise fashion directly from a digital file. Many of the early applications of AM technologies have been in the aerospace, automotive, and healthcare industries. Building on the advances in AM in these industries, there are several experimental applications of AM in the construction sector. Early investigations suggest that use of AM technologies for construction have the potential to decrease labor costs, reduce material waste, and create customized complex geometries that are difficult to achieve using conventional construction techniques. However, these initial investigations do not cover the full range of potential applications for construction or exploit the rapidly maturing AM technologies for a variety of material types. This paper provides an up-to-date review of AM as it relates to the construction industry, identifies the trend of AM processes and materials being used, and discusses related methods of implementing AM and potential advancements in applications of AM. Examples of potential advancements include use of multi-materials (e.g., use of high-performance materials only in areas where they are needed), in-situ repair in locations that are difficult or dangerous for humans to access, disaster relief construction in areas with limited construction workforce and material resources, structural and non-structural elements with optimized topologies, and customized parts of high value. AM's future in the construction industry is promising, but interdisciplinary research is still needed to provide new materials, new processes, faster printing, quality assurance, and data on mechanical properties before AM can realize its full potential in infrastructure construction.
A brief history of myelinated nerve fibers: one hundred and fifty years of controversy

The early controversies over myelinated nerve fibers focused on whether nerves are hollow or not, whether the fatty “marrow” (myelin) is inside the nerve fiber or around it, whether myelin is secreted by the axon or formed by another cell, whether nerve fibers are discrete or part of a syncytial network, whether nodes of Ranvier are present in central myelin or only in peripheral myelin. Since Geren's seminal discovery that peripheral myelin is formed by the Schwann cell plasma membrane wrapped around the axon, the focus has shifted. Myelin is clearly a living cell appendage, and the myelin sheath is dependent upon intercellular interactions not only during its formation, but throughout its lifetime and during pathological processes affecting either the axon or the myelin-forming cell. The myelinated fiber is a functional unit, an exquisite symbiosis, whose ability to perform optimally, in some cases whose very survival, depends on the effects the respective cells exert on one another. How are these interactions mediated? Which structures and functions depend on such interaction and which are independent of it? How do cells of the size and shape of myelin-forming cells cope with their metabolic demands and support their most distal components? What are the mechanisms and mutual consequences of demyelination or axonopathy? Relevant studies have burgeoned with the development of molecular biological and genetic engineering methods, and with improvements in microscopy, in vitro culture and specific immunostaining methods. This introductory essay provides an overview of the structural background and continuing controversies relevant to the articles that follow, which represent a sampling of current work and present new information on the molecular structure, function and pathology of myelin and axoglial interactions.
Effect of stabilizer on fatigue resistance of a polyoxymethylene (acetal) copolymer

Acetal is known for its fatigue resistance, however, it is also susceptible to degradation at high temperatures. Commercial resins therefore contain complex stabilizer systems that, although present in relatively small amounts, provide thermal stability both for processing and subsequent in-service aging. The present study was undertaken to determine how sensitive the fatigue resistance of an acetal copolymer was to changes in stabilizer concentration. Blends containing a series of increasing stabilizer levels were investigated and compared to the commercial material. Fatigue resistance was assessed using accelerated fatigue crack propagation rate measurements for injection molded plaques. Results demonstrate that the fatigue resistance is dependent upon the amount of stabilizer and in fact suggest that a critical level of stabilizer is needed to provide adequate fatigue resistance in the molded part. It is also shown that room temperature aging further aggravates the poor fatigue resistance of samples with low stabilizer levels. Moreover, the results from this study demonstrate that the varying concentrations of heat stabilizer affect even short term mechanical properties such as tensile modulus, strength, and elongation to fail. In addition, fracture toughness tests clearly distinguish the various materials. The short term mechanical tests provide added support that a critical concentration of stabilizer exists.
Systematic Review of Research Evaluating Parent-Mediated Interventions for Young Children with Autism: Years 2013 to 2015

The last decade has witnessed a tremendous increase in rigorous intervention research in autism, particularly studies evaluating parent-mediated interventions. In 2011 and 2014, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) published a pair of systematic literature reviews of studies evaluating the efficacy/effectiveness of behavioral interventions, including parent-mediated approaches. However, these reviews have not adequately incorporated articles published in 2013 and thereafter. Using the same methods and criteria to identify published articles providing adequate evidence as the original AHRQ reports, the current literature review update identified twenty additional studies, published between 2013 and 2015. All studies used controlled group designs to evaluate parent-mediated interventions for young children with autism. The current chapter reviews the results of these 20 studies and discusses whether the available evidence (defined broadly in terms of quality, quantity, and consistency) is sufficient to confidently determine that parent-mediated intervention approaches are effective for increasing children’s language/communication and cognitive abilities, reducing autism symptoms, and supporting the parents’ use of development-enhancing parenting practices.
IL-4 signaling regulates the IL-9 producing mast cells (MMC9) gene expression and function in food-induced anaphylaxis in mice

We have recently described an IL-9 producing mucosal mast cell population (MMC9s) that drives intestinal mastocytosis and food-induced anaphylaxis. The cytokine signaling pathways involved in the regulation of MMC9 function in food allergic reactions are currently not well understood. Employing a murine model of food-induced anaphylaxis and WT, gain-of-function Il4Ra F709 mice, and Il4Rα −/− mice we revealed an important role for IL-4 signaling in the enhancement of MMC9 frequency and this positively correlated with elevated serum levels of MCPT-1, CD4 + TH2 cells, intestinal mastocytosis and increased susceptibility to food-induced anaphylaxis. Employing an adoptive transfer model of food allergy, we show direct IL-4 signaling is required for increased levels of MMC9 and development of food-induced anaphylaxis. RNA-seq analysis of purified WT, Il4Ra F709 and Il4Rα −/− MMC9s identified that IL-4-signaling pathway differentially regulates 238 genes that were identified to be associated with inflammatory responses and cytokine signaling processes by GO network analyses. Functional analysis revealed that IL-4 upregulates IL-9 and not IL-13 production in MMC9s. These results suggest that IL-4 signaling directly regulates MMC9 gene expression and function and onset of food-induced anaphylaxis. These studies suggest that targeting MMC9s through IL-4 signaling blockade maybe therapeutically beneficial for prevention and treatment of food allergy.
Fueling Ketone Metabolism Quenches Salt-Induced Hypertension.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which diet and exercise regulate disease has the potential to help identify new treatments. In their recent study, Chakraborty et al. (Cell Reports 2018;25:677–689) discovered that supplementation with a metabolic precursor produced β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), counteracting the pathological effects of high-salt diet-induced hypertension, suggesting a new treatment modality.
Variety Is the Spice of Late Life: Social Integration and Daily Activity

Objectives Social integration (involvement with a diverse array of social ties) has been linked to positive outcomes including better physical health. Research has not investigated whether encounters with diverse social ties enhance individuals' daily behaviors. The objectives of this study were to assess whether social ties connect individuals to more diverse daily behaviors, physical activity, and nonsedentary time as well as more positive mood. Method Older adults (aged 65+, n = 313) provided information about their 10 closest social ties. Then they completed ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys every 3 hr for 5-6 days where they reported on social encounters and behaviors. They also wore Actical accelerometers to objectively measure physical activity. Results Multilevel models revealed that encounters with a greater variety of social ties was associated with engaging in a greater variety of behaviors, more objectively measured physical activity, and a smaller proportion of time spent sedentary. Encounters with weak ties/peripheral social ties accounted for this increased activity (compared to being alone or with close friends or family). Moreover, involvement with diverse ties or diverse behaviors was associated with better mood. Discussion Findings are discussed in terms of social engagement theory, network diversity, and the benefits of weak ties.
Experiences of trauma, discrimination, microaggressions, and minority stress among trauma-exposed LGBT veterans: Unexpected findings and unresolved service gaps.

Objective LGBT veterans experience high rates of trauma, discrimination, and minority stress. However, guidelines for case conceptualization and treatment remain limited. The aim of the current study was to examine the experiences of trauma and other high impact experiences among LGBT veterans to inform case conceptualization and treatment. Method We recruited 47 LGBT veterans with a history of exposure to LGBT-related Criterion A trauma and performed semistructured interviews about their experiences in trauma treatment, barriers to engagement, and treatment needs and preferences. We used thematic analysis of qualitative codes guided by inductive and deductive approaches to characterize the variety of trauma and high impact experiences reported. Results LGBT veterans disclosed a range of clinically relevant stressors, including Criterion A traumatic events, minority stress, and microaggression experiences, including interpersonal and institutional discrimination perpetrated by fellow service members/veterans, citizens, therapy group members, and health care providers. Conclusion These data provide a unique account of LGBT veteran's identity-related trauma and concomitant interpersonal and institutional discrimination, microaggression experiences, minority stress, and traumatic stress symptoms. Findings highlight existing service gaps regarding evidence-based treatments for the sequalae of trauma, discrimination, microaggressions, and minority stress. In addition, we noted past and present issues in military and health care settings that may lead to or exacerbate trauma-related distress and discourage treatment seeking among LGBT veterans. We provide suggestions for clinical work with LGBT veterans and encourage ongoing research and development to eliminate remaining service gaps. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Term neonate with necrotizing enterocolitis and prothrombin mutation

The pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in term neonates is unknown. A 37-week-old coagulopathic newborn with NEC was taken to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy and was found to have intermittent areas of necrosis from the cecum through the transverse colon. Right hemicolectomy was performed with end ileostomy. Genetic testing at 9 months of age revealed a prothrombin G20210A mutation. Hypercoagulation workup should be considered for term neonates found to have NEC without a clear etiology.
Update on complications and their management during transradial cardiac catheterization

Introduction: Transradial artery access (TRA) was introduced in 1989 and has been universally used as an alternative approach to the traditional transfemoral access (TFA). Complications of TRA incl...
Investigation of Surface Curvature Effects on Unseparated Fin Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions

The effect of three-dimensional (3-D) relief from surface curvature on a shock/boundary-layer interaction (SBLI) is investigated by mounting a sharp fin on a cylindrical surface. The test article c...
Three Approaches for Personalization with Applications to Federated Learning.

The standard objective in machine learning is to train a single model for all users. However, in many learning scenarios, such as cloud computing and federated learning, it is possible to learn a personalized model per user. In this work, we present a systematic learning-theoretic study of personalization. We propose and analyze three approaches: user clustering, data interpolation, and model interpolation. For all three approaches, we provide learning-theoretic guarantees and efficient algorithms for which we also demonstrate the performance empirically. All of our algorithms are model-agnostic and work for any hypothesis class.
A Monolithically Integrated Racetrack Colliding-Pulse Mode-Locked Laser With Pulse-Picking Modulator

We present a novel photonic integrated circuit (PIC) that monolithically integrates a racetrack colliding-pulse mode-locked laser with a pulse-picking electro-absorption modulator and a semiconductor optical amplifier on Indium Phosphide. We present detailed characterization of this PIC that includes optical pulse characterization, phase noise and long term stability under passive and hybrid mode-locking conditions. Allan deviation measurements made on the optical pulse train from the PIC show a fractional frequency instability of $8\times 10 ^{-11}$ at 1 second and follow a 1/ $\tau $ trend. We also demonstrate repetition rate reduction from ~10 GHz to ~500 MHz with an extinction ratio of ~14.65 dB using an on-chip pulse-picking electro-absorption modulator.
Technology Support for Autistic People: A survey

Autism is a common neurological disorder. Autistic people always suffer from various health issues, which include anxiety, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, sleep disturbances, sensory processing problems, seizures, hyperactivity and phobias. As a consequence, functional independence and quality of life of autistic people are inevitably affected. The aim of this paper is to study the need and fundamentals of health monitoring using recent technologies. We have tried to summarize some of these key technologies like wearable sensors, communication protocols, data management issues and machine learning algorithms useful for monitoring autistic people. Monitoring health parameters of autistic people will be useful to parents, doctors and care takers, which will in turn improve quality of life of autistic child.
Age at initiation of screening mammography by family history of breast cancer in the breast cancer surveillance consortium

Women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer (FHBC) are sometimes advised to initiate screening mammography when they are 10 years younger than the age at which their youngest relative was diagnosed, despite a lack of unambiguous evidence that this is an effective strategy. It is unknown how often this results in women initiating screening earlier (< 40 years) than screening guidelines recommend for average-risk women. We examined screening initiation age by FHBC and age at diagnosis of the youngest relative using data collected by the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium on 74,838 first screening mammograms performed between 1996 and 2016. Of the 74,838 women included in the study, nearly 9% reported a FHBC. Approximately 16.8% of women who initiated mammography before 40 years reported a FHBC. More women with a FHBC than without initiated screening < 40 years (48% vs. 23%, respectively). Among women with a FHBC who initiated screening < 40 years, 65% were 10 years younger than the age at which their relative was diagnosed. Women with a first-degree relative diagnosed with breast cancer were more likely to start screening before 40 years than women reporting no FHBC, especially if their relative was diagnosed before 50 years.
Antibiotic prescribing patterns for acute respiratory infections in a free clinic network: a pooled cross-sectional study

In the United States, overprescribing of antibiotics for viral respiratory infections and antimicrobial resistance continue to be public health concerns. To date, no literature has focused on antibiotic prescribing patterns from free clinics. To address this gap, we used patient-level data from a student-run free clinic network of four primary care clinics to assess factors associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for viral respiratory infections. Treatment plans were deemed inappropriate if any type of antibiotic was prescribed. We used unpaired t tests and chi-square tests to assess for differences in receiving an inappropriate antibiotic prescription by patient-level factors (i.e. age, race/ethnicity, sex, educational attainment, preferred language, insurance status). Of 298 visits, 22.5% did not meet treatment guidelines. No patient-level factors studied were associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. Our findings suggest other factors, beyond those at the patient level, may be drivers of variation in antibiotic prescribing in free clinics.
The bibliometric properties of article readership information: Research Articles

Digital libraries such as the NASA Astrophysics Data System (Kurtz et al., 2005) permit the easy accumulation of a new type of bibliometric measure, the number of electronic accesses (“reads”) of individual articles. We explore various aspects of this new measure. We examine the obsolescence function as measured by actual reads and show that it can be well fit by the sum of four exponentials with very different time constants. We compare the obsolescence function as measured by readership with the obsolescence function as measured by citations. We find that the citation function is proportional to the sum of two of the components of the readership function. This proves that the normative theory of citation is true in the mean. We further examine in detail the similarities and differences among the citation rate, the readership rate, and the total citations for individual articles, and discuss some of the causes. Using the number of reads as a bibliometric measure for individuals, we introduce the read–cite diagram to provide a two-dimensional view of an individual's scientific productivity. We develop a simple model to account for an individual's reads and cites and use it to show that the position of a person in the read–cite diagram is a function of age, innate productivity, and work history. We show the age biases of both reads and cites and develop two new bibliometric measures which have substantially less age bias than citations: SumProd, a weighted sum of total citations and the readership rate, intended to show the total productivity of an individual; and Read10, the readership rate for articles published in the last 10 years, intended to show an individual's current productivity. We also discuss the effect of normalization (dividing by the number of authors on a paper) on these statistics. We apply SumProd and Read10 using new, nonparametric techniques to compare the quality of different astronomical research organizations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Roles of E. coli DNA polymerases IV and V in lesion-targeted and untargeted SOS mutagenesis

The expression of the Escherichia coli DNA polymerases pol V (UmuD′2C complex)1,2 and pol IV (DinB)3 increases in response to DNA damage4. The induction of pol V is accompanied by a substantial increase in mutations targeted at DNA template lesions in a process called SOS-induced error-prone repair4. Here we show that the common DNA template lesions, TT (6–4) photoproducts, TT cis–syn photodimers and abasic sites, are efficiently bypassed within 30 seconds by pol V in the presence of activated RecA protein (RecA*), single-stranded binding protein (SSB) and pol III's processivity β,γ-complex. There is no detectable bypass by either pol IV or pol III on this time scale. A mutagenic ‘signature’ for pol V is its incorporation of guanine opposite the 3′-thymine of a TT (6–4) photoproduct, in agreement with mutational spectra. In contrast, pol III and pol IV incorporate adenine almost exclusively. When copying undamaged DNA, pol V exhibits low fidelity with error rates of around 10-3 to 10-4, with pol IV being 5- to 10-fold more accurate. The effects of RecA protein on pol V, and β,γ-complex on pol IV, cause a 15,000- and 3,000-fold increase in DNA synthesis efficiency, respectively. However, both polymerases exhibit low processivity, adding 6 to 8 nucleotides before dissociating. Lesion bypass by pol V does not require β,γ-complex in the presence of non-hydrolysable ATPγS, indicating that an intact RecA filament may be required for translesion synthesis.
Visualization of the retinal microvasculature by targeted dye delivery

Although fluorescein angiography has proven to be an important tool in the diagnosis and management of retinal vascular diseases, it is subject to certain limitations, namely the presence of the choroidal background, which usually precludes a detailed examination of the retinal microvasculature. Moreover, the inability to repeat the bolus reduces the chance of obtaining high-quality photographs of early phases, and does not allow for a complete binocular examination or for testing the response to induced physiologic changes. We have developed a method of targeted dye delivery that consists of encapsulating the dye in lipid vesicles, injecting them intravenously, and causing them to release their contents locally when a short heat pulse is induced in a retinal artery by a laser. This method was applied in the rhesus monkey in order to visualize the retinal microvasculature. A well-defined bolus and absence of background fluorescence permitted both following of the dye front through the vasculature and clear imaging of the capillary network over the whole posterior pole. The bolus delivery could be repeated as many as 100 times in 45 min without significant loss of contrast. The comparison of these results with conventional fluorescein angiography illustrated the advantage of the new method. The examination of the safety of the delivery system indicates that there is no major obstacle to the eventual application to humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1459-1465, 1990 Visualization of the retinal vasculature by fluorescein angiography is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of retinal vascular disease. One of the major drawbacks of the method is the presence of the choroidal background, which usually precludes a detailed examination of the retinal microvasculature. Since many vascular diseases manifest themselves in the form of capillary abnormalities such as closure, drop-out, or microaneurysms, this disadvantage imposes significant clinical limitations. Furthermore, because fluorescein angiography usually is limited to a single injection, high-quality photographs of early phases as well as complete information on both eyes in the same day are more difficult to obtain. Finally,
A Home for Every Child: The Washington Children's Home Society in the Progressive Era by Patricia Susan Hart

In the last fifteen years, scholars examining the history of child welfare and child protection in the United States have produced a number of carefully researched studies that have brought childre...
Isolation of the SO4-4-GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2Manα-specific Receptor from Rat Liver

Abstract Glycoproteins, such as the glycoprotein hormone lutropin (LH), bear oligosaccharides terminating with the sequence SO4-4GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2Manα (S4GGnM) and are rapidly removed from the circulation by a receptor present in hepatic endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Rapid removal from the circulation is essential for attaining maximal hormone activity in vivo. We have isolated a protein from rat liver which has the properties expected for the S4GGnM-specific receptor (S4GGnM-R). The S4GGnM-R is closely related to the macrophage mannose receptor (Man-R) both antigenically and structurally. At least 12 peptides prepared from the S4GGnM-R have amino acid sequences that are identical to those of the Man-R. Nonetheless, the ligand binding properties of the S4GGnM-R and the Man-R differ in a number of respects. The S4GGnM-R binds to immobilized LH but not to immobilized mannose, whereas the Man-R binds to immobilized mannose but not to immobilized LH. When analyzed using a binding assay that precipitates receptor ligand complexes with polyethylene glycol, the S4GGnM-R is able to bind S4GGnM-bovine serum albumin (S4GGnM-BSA) conjugates whereas the Man-R is not. In contrast both the S4GGnM-R and the Man-R are able to bind Man-BSA. Monosaccharides that inhibit binding of Man-BSA by the Man-R enhance binding by the S4GGnM-R. Oligosaccharides terminating with S4GGnM and those terminating with Man are bound at independent sites on the S4GGnM-R. The S4GGnM-R present in hepatic endothelial cells may account for clearance of glycoproteins bearing oligosaccharides terminating with S4GGnM and glycoproteins bearing oligosaccharides terminating with either mannose, fucose, orN-acetylglucosamine.
GENETIC DISSECTION OF CLONALLY INHERITED GENOMES OF POECILIOPSIS. I. LINKAGE ANALYSIS AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF DELETERIOUS GENE LOADS

Theoretical considerations suggest that a high load of deleterious mutations should accumulate in asexual genomes. An ideal system for testing this hypothesis occurs in the hybrid all-female fish Poeciliopsis monacha-lucida . The hybrid genotype is retained between generations by an oogenetic process that transmits only a nonrecombinant haploid monacha genome to their ova. The hybrid genotype is re-established in nature by fertilization of these monacha eggs with sperm from a sexual species, P. lucida . The unique reproductive mechanism of these hybrids allows the genetic dissection of the clonal monacha genome by forced matings with males of P. monacha . The resultant F1 hybrids and their backcross progeny were examined to determine the amount and kinds of genetic changes that might have occurred in two clonal monacha genomes.—Using six allozyme markers, four similar linkage groups were identified in each clonal genome. Segregation and assortment at these loci revealed no apparent differences between monacha genomes from sexually and clonally reproducing species. Mortality of F1 and backcross progeny revealed differences between the two clonal genomes, suggesting that deleterious genes may accumulate in genomes sheltered from recombination.
Aromatic Compound Degradation in Water Using a Combination of Sonolysis and Ozonolysis

The combination of sonolysis and ozonolysis as an advanced oxidation process was investigated to gain insight into factors affecting enhancement of the combined system. Sonolysis, ozonolysis, and a combination of the two were used to facilitate the degradation of three known organic contaminants, nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), in water. Experiments were performed at frequencies of 20 and 500 kHz. At 20 kHz, there appeared to be an enhancement due to sonolytic ozonation, while at 500 kHz, an apparent retardation was seen. The catalytic effects of NB, 4-NP, and 4-CP degradation at 20 kHz increased with decreasing kO3 of the compounds, whereas retardation at 500 kHz was correlated with increasing kO3. The correlation of apparent rate enhancement at 20 kHz and retardation at 500 kHz with kO3 is consistent with a pathway involving the thermolytic destruction of ozone to form atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen then reacts with water vapor in cavitation bubbles, yielding gas-phase ...
Digital photography: a farewell to "cheese"

Although professional photographers have long been using digital acquisition, storage, and manipulation technology, it has been too costly for most personal use. But recent technological improvements have changed all that, and perhaps more important, the Web represents a large test market, willing and able to tolerate, at least initially, lower-quality digital images. The first channel for converting photos into digital form was Eastman Kodak's Photo CD system, introduced in 1992. Photo CD lets users develop film onto a computer-readable compact disk instead of paper. Each photo is encoded at five separate quality levels, from low-resolution thumbnail to high-resolution poster, enabling each CD to hold up to 100 photos. Since Photo CD's arrival, other technologies for translating from atoms to bits and vice versa have appeared. Photospecialized scanners will scan negatives, prints, or slides, producing digital images that photo-quality printers then can print. While the quality of digital development still can't match paper-based developing, ink-jet color printers are rapidly improving in quality and dropping in price. For example, Epson offers the Stylus Photo, sporting near-photo-quality images at 720 dots per inch and selling for just under $400, while Hewlett-Packard offers the comparable Photosmart printer.
Inclusive production of soft pions

Amplitudes for inclusive production of pions at zero four-momentum ine^+−e^−, hadron-hadron, and lepton-hadron collisions are computed using traditional soft pion techniques. However, the extrapolation to physical momenta appears to be problematical. Tests involving difference cross sections at relatively low energies are suggested.
Sterol-induced dislocation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from membranes of permeabilized cells

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of global disability and death worldwide. The prevalence of heart disease is quite high in the Unites States and similar trends are becoming apparent in various Middle Eastern and Gulf region countries such as Qatar. It has been suggested that within 10 years, atherosclerosis and its complications, mainly coronary heart disease, will become the leading cause of death and loss of productive life years worldwide. The statin therapy is one of the most effective strategies for lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein, thereby preventing atherosclerosis and reducing the incidence of heart attacks. The statin group of drugs, which include Zocor, Lipitor, and Crestor, competitively inhibit the activity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized enzyme HMG CoA reductase. The reductase catalyzes the reduction of HMG CoA to mevalonate, a rate-determining step in the synthesis of cholesterol as well as essential nonsterol isoprenoids such as dolichol, heme, and the farnesyl and geranylgeranyl groups that are found attached to many cellular proteins. Despite the successful application in curbing cholesterol levels, statin therapy is limited because they disrupt feedback regulation of reductase causing the enzyme to accumulate to high levels. One mechanism for feedback regulation of reductase involves sterol-induced ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the enzyme from ER membranes. Thus, a complete understanding of molecular mechanisms for reductase degradation will provide targets for novel cholesterol lowering drugs that will aid statins or be a better alternative to prevent atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. An unresolved aspect of HMG CoA reductase degradation is how the enzyme is removed from ER membranes through a reaction called dislocation and degraded in the cytosol. To answer this, we reconstituted the cytosolic dislocation of reductase in a cell-free system. Characterization of this system revealed that dislocation of reductase from membranes required the in vitro additions of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol, the nonsterol isoprenoid geranylgeraniol, an energy source, and rat liver cytosol. We were also able to show that dislocation of reductase in the cell-free system was stimulated by two compounds, Apomine and SR-12813 that mimic sterols in stimulating reductase degradation in intact cells. This finding illustrates the utility of our cell-free system in the identification of new drugs that directly stimulate degradation of reductase. Moreover, establishment of the cell-free system positions us to identify proteins in rat liver cytosol required for reductase degradation. Modulating expression of these newly identified proteins may augment reductase dislocation and subsequent degradation, rendering them new therapeutic targets for coronary heart disease.
William Menninger and American psychoanalysis, 1946-48.

In the aftermath of World War II, a struggle ensued over the direction of American psychoanalysis. Led by William Menninger, who reluctantly assumed the presidency of the American Psychoanalytic Association in 1946, a cohort of American-born psychoanalysts sought to make their profession more responsive to other medical practitioners and the general public. Insisting that divisive theoretical debates should be relegated to the past, these psychoanalysts promoted a medicalized, Americanized and popularized version of psychoanalysis that deliberately blurred the distinction between psychiatry and psychoanalysis. They were opposed by a group of more orthodox psychoanalysts, including many emigres, who viewed their efforts as undermining psychoanalysis from within.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae COQ6 Gene Encodes a Mitochondrial Flavin-dependent Monooxygenase Required for Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis

Coenzyme Q (Q) is a lipid that functions as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in eukaryotes. There are eight complementation groups of Q-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants, designated coq1–coq8. Here we have isolated the COQ6 gene by functional complementation and, in contrast to a previous report, find it is not an essential gene. coq6 mutants are unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources and do not synthesize Q but instead accumulate the Q biosynthetic intermediate 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The Coq6 polypeptide is imported into the mitochondria in a membrane potential-dependent manner. Coq6p is a peripheral membrane protein that localizes to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Based on sequence homology to known proteins, we suggest that COQ6 encodes a flavin-dependent monooxygenase required for one or more steps in Q biosynthesis.
Commentary: Social experimentation at its best: the Cash and Counseling demonstration and its implications.

The Cash and Counseling demonstration was the most significant long-term care policy experiment undertaken in more than a decade. It is an archetypal example of the ability of research to play an important role in public policy (Kemper 2003). It has altered thinking about the effects of consumer-directed care and led a number of states to incorporate consumer-directed care in their home care programs (Mahoney et al. 2007). The funders who conceived and paid for it, the national program office that ran it, the states that were willing to be laboratories to test it, and the research team that evaluated it all should be commended for their achievement. This paper assesses the demonstration's strengths and weaknesses and explores its implications for social experimentation and policy.
Fabrication of the mandibular implant-supported fixed restoration using CAD/CAM technology: a clinical report.

The mandibular implant-supported fixed restoration is an appropriate treatment choice for patients with inadequate bone volume in the posterior mandible. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology has broadened the scope and application for this treatment option. A milled titanium bar retaining individual all-ceramic zirconium oxide crowns, with composite resin replicating gingival tissues, is recommended as an acceptable variation for this type of prosthesis. An alternative method for fabricating a mandibular implant-supported fixed restoration using CAD/CAM technology is described. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;102:271-278)
Heat-transfer characteristics in viscous gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid systems

Local heat-transfer measurements are performed using a special heat-transfer probe in gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid systems with viscous Newtonian liquids as the continuous phase. Effects of viscosity on bubble-liquid and bubble-liquid-solid interactions affecting local heat transfer are studied through heat-transfer experiments with simultaneous flow visualization in a simplified system involving single bubbles or a chain of gas bubbles moving in viscous liquids and liquid-solid systems. Effects of viscosity on bubble wake and local heat transfer are examined with reference to heat transfer in freely-bubbling beds (bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds). The kinematic viscosity of the fluid greatly influences the nature of flow in the wake which affects local heat transfer in the bed. The local heat transfer decreases with the viscosity due to the rapid decay in the circulation strength of the bubble wake caused by increased viscous dissipation of vorticity. Local heat transfer due to cyclic/periodic injection of bubbles is significantly enhanced due to increased bubble-wake interactions which rapidly accelerate bubbles and increase average bubble rise velocity. Heat transfer in simplified liquid and liquid-solid systems with single- and chain-bubble injections characterizes the local heat-transfer performance of freely-bubbling beds (bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds). A mechanistic model developed accounts for the heat-transfer behavior in bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds with viscous liquids.
On Harrison's substring testing technique

This note comments on a technique by Malcolm Harrison [1] that tests whether a given string of characters, S1, is a substring of another string of characters, S2. This technique first transforms S2 into the set consisting of all the smaller fixed size substrings of length k and then hashes each of these segments into the m positions of a computer “word”; the bit corresponding to a position in this word is turned on if at least one segment is hashed onto it; else it is zero. The test is based on the observation that the same procedure applied to an arbitrary substring of the first string will not turn on any new bits. In the following we shall assume that S1 and S2 are decomposed into l1 and l2 segments respectively.
Advancing Social Work with Older Adults

The rapid growth in the older population of the United States and the related increasing needs for services and healthcare providers reveal a crisis confronting U.S. society and the profession of social work. This article highlights the strategic investments of the John A. Hartford Foundation and its geriatric social work education initiatives to address the crisis. The transformative impact of the foundation is seen in the capacity of the social work profession to sustain the initiatives.
Sensory hind-limb representation in Sml cortex of the cat. A unit analysis

Abstract A unit analysis was made of mechanoreception in the hind limb area of the cat primary somatosensory cortex, SmI. A sample of 588 units was studied in this area. Eighty per cent of the units were influenced by light mechanical peripheral stimulation of the contralateral hind limb; the remainder were not influenced by any form of mechanical stimulation. No ipsilateral representation was found. Most excitable units were situated in the middle cortical layers. All were characterized by static lemniscal properties, i.e., short latency, and also place as well as modality specificity. These units were distributed with a somatotopic organization. Excitable units which could be defined in terms of adaptive property and adequate stimulus were classified as hair, touch, tap, pressure or joint. The representation of slowly-adapting joint receptors was slight, and there was no evidence for the representation of muscle stretch receptors or Golgi tendon organs. The submodalities which were represented were topographically distributed in caudomedial to rostrolateral gradients of epidermal and subepidermal receptors. This distribution appears to be correlated with the cortical architecture.
Changes in elicited behavior as a function of experience with stimulation and available goal objects

Behavior elicited from the lateral hypothalamus of rats became stronger as a function of experience with stimulation and available goal objects, and changes in latency and duration were the most sensitive measures of this response emergence. The strength of an elicited behavior was not diminished by a period of time-off from stimulation, indicating that the changes were relatively permanent; and the performance of an already established behavior remained stable during the emergence of a new behavior. Animals with extensive deprivation experience also displayed response emergence. These findings are consistent with the argument that learning variables influence the development of elicited behavior. However, experience with the stimulation apparently was not the primary determinant of response dominance in situations where different goal objects were made available simultaneously.
A phase-field model for evolving microstructures with strong elastic inhomogeneity

An efficient phase-field model is proposed to study the coherent microstructure evolution in elasti- cally anisotropic systems with significant elastic modulus inhomogeneity. It combines an iterative approach for obtaining the elastic displacement fields and a semi-implicit Fourier-spectral method for solving the time- dependent Cahn-Hilliard equation. Each iteration in our iterative numerical simulation has a one-to-one correspondence to a given order of approximation in Khachatuyran's perturbation method. A unique feature of this approach is its ability to control the accuracy by choosing the appropriate order of approximation. We examine shape dependence of isolated particles as well as the morphological dependence of a phase- separated multi-particle system on the degree of elastic inhomogeneity in elastically anisotropic systems. It is shown that although prior calculations using first-order approximations correctly predicted the qualitative dependence of a two-phase morphology on elastic inhomogeneity, the local stress distributions and thus the driving force for microstructure evolution such as coarsening were in serious error quantitatively for systems with strong elastic inhomogeneity.  2001 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of the relaxation modules from the response to a constant rate of strain followed by a constant strain

The stress response σ(t) to a constant rate of strain e during the period 0 t*, F(t) is first obtained from σ(t) and F(t − t*) by using a derived equation similar to that presented by Meissner. Thereafter, F(t) is transformed into E(t). For illustration, E(t) for a rubbery solid is evaluated over some 2.5 decades of time from its response to a strain rate of 0.25 min−1 for 0.40 min and thereafter to the attained strain of 0.10 for 5.4 min.
Altered iron metabolism in children with human immunodeficiency virus disease.

Background: Despite the high prevalence of altered iron metabolism in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, these alterations have not been well studied. Procedures: Twenty-six children with HIV disease underwent laboratory evaluation to determine the presence of anemia, and to classify the anemia as iron-deficiency anemia or anemia of chronic disease. Results: Half of the children had an alteration in iron metabolism: 6 were iron deficient, 4 had hyperferritinemia, and 3 demonstrated hyperferritinemia with iron deficiency. Conclusions: These data indicate that alterations in iron metabolism are common even in the HAART era and warrant further study to identify individuals at risk for these alterations.
Poly(Desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine Carbonate Ethyl Ester) Studied by XPS

Pseudo-poly(amino acids) are synthetic biodegradable polymers made from natural metabolites. The use of natural metabolites for the synthesis of biomedical materials originated from the concern about the possible toxicity of the degradation products of biodegradable materials. Here we present the surface characterization of poly(desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine carbonate ethyl ester), a polymer made from tyrosine (an amino acid) and desaminotyrosine (a natural metabolite occurring in plants). X-ray photoemission spectra of poly(desamino-tyrosyl-tyrosine carbonate ethyl ester) are presented. Low resolution spectra (survey scan), and high resolution spectra (C ls, N 1s, and O ls regions) were collected with a Surface Science Instruments SSX-lOO spectrometer. The composition of this polymer by XPS was in good agreement with the stoichiometry of its repeating unit. This can be seen by examining the experimental O/C and N/C ratios, 0.274 and 0.054, respectively, with the expected values of 0.286 and 0.048. This agreem...
Early diagenesis of chloropigment biomarkers in the lower Mississippi River and Louisiana shelf: implications for carbon cycling in a river-dominated margin

Sediment core samples were collected from two sites in the lower Mississippi River, an oxic shelf site and a hypoxic shelf site (in September 1998 and July 1999), and from a cross-shelf transect (in April 2000), to examine the differential effects of redox and sedimentation rate on carbon decay dynamics in a river-dominated margin. Downcore distribution of pigments, bulk organic carbon and nitrogen, and radioactive isotopes (210Pb, 7Be) were used to evaluate the decomposition and preservation of pigments and bulk organic carbon. The distinctly different sedimentary regimes and dynamic nature of the LA shelf limit the application of diagenetic models. Sedimentation processes in the lower Mississippi River and oxic shelf sites were significantly impacted by the river discharge. In areas with low sedimentation, the depth of the surface mixed layer fluctuated with seasonal variation of weather forcing. It was observed that pigment decay rate constants in the mixed layer (7.52 year−1 for chlorophyll-a) were greater than those in the accumulation layer (0.14–0.22 year−1 for chlorophyll-a) by 1–2 orders of magnitude. This suggests that enhanced decomposition of reactive organic carbon occurred in the mixed layer at locations with low sedimentation rates—due to higher decay rates. Conversely, at locations with high sedimentation rates (>10 cm year−1), the reactive carbon pool was rapidly buried below the mixed layer. The surface mixed layer likely worked as a biogeochemical reactor receiving high inputs of phytodetritus, supported by an active microbial community. We propose that despite the frequency of occurrence of bottom water hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf, sedimentation rate and lability of organic matter are more important in controlling the preservation of organic carbon.