cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1933: Alteration of the protein tyrosine phosphatome in cancer

While the importance of receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in cancer has and continues to be carefully studied there are more than 100 tyrosine phosphatases, either receptor or non receptor, that also play an important role in cancer development. However there has been no comprehensive study of all PTPs or the protein tyrosine phosphatome (PTPome), to identify which have a role in cancer. We as a cancer community are fortunate to have access to a wide array of data types from a number of data sources such as TCGA, where we can determine if the PTPs are mis regulated in more than 20 types of cancers, totaling close to 4,000 samples. We utilized TCGA data for all tumor types with mature data sub setting the data to analyze the PTPome for all data types including expression, methylation, copy number and sequence data where available. Our intention was to use the genomic data to identify PTPs that were important to specific cancers as well as to understand which PTPs play an important role in multiple tumor types. Presently we have studied copy number variations, expression and methylation changes in 20 different tumor types. Thus far, copy number variations, as could be expected were extremely useful to determine the primary mutations in specific tumor types as well as PTPs that are found recurrently in multiple tumor types but not as useful to identify a number of PTPs that are co-altered or altered in the same individual tumors. We were surprised to find that the methylation data was not very useful to identify alterations but could use the methylation data to corroborate other alterations found. Presently we are also using the methylation data to determine if it can be used to identify possible clinical correlations. The expression data has been very useful to identify co-altered PTPs. Interestingly we found several PTPs that are altered together (for example, PTPN6, PTPN7, PTPN18, PTPN22, PTPRC, DUSP2 and DUSP22 with an overall pvalue of 0.02 and much lower if measured between any two PTPs in this list). In addition we have found PTPs that are co-altered in a specific tumor type but possibly more interesting PTPs that are co-altered in a number of tumor types. We are now studying if our results can be used to determine if these PTPs represent multiple specific pathways that are advantageously altered in carcinogenesis.
A Mistaken Attribution to Lady Mary Shepherd

In addition to the 1824 and 1827 books known to have been written by Lady Mary Shepherd, another philosophical treatise, published in 1819, has sometimes been attributed to her. While evidence for this attribution has so far been inconclusive, this paper provides reasons for thinking that Shepherd was not, in fact, the author of this book. New external evidence is provided to show that the author was James Milne, an Edinburgh architect and engineer.
Degradation Behavior of Biobased Epoxy Resins in Mild Acidic Media

The accelerated hydrolytic degradation of biobased epoxy resins, prepared through anhydride curing of epoxidized vanillic acid (EVA, a product of lignin depolymerization) and epoxidized soybean oil...
Predicted Chemotherapy Benefit for Breast Cancer Patients With Germline Pathogenic Variants in Cancer Susceptibility Genes.

Breast cancer patients increasingly undergo genetic testing. To examine chemotherapy indications for germline pathogenic variant (PV) carriers, we linked results of germline testing to Georgia and California Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry records, including 21-gene recurrence score (RS) results, for breast cancer patients diagnosed in 2013-2017. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Patients (N=37 349) had RS results of whom 714 had BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, ATM, PALB2, or Lynch syndrome (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) PVs. For women aged 50 years or older at breast cancer diagnosis, RS often exceeded the chemotherapy benefit threshold (≥26) with BRCA1 (71.7% vs 14.4% with none; P <.001), PALB2 (37.1%; P = .001), and BRCA2 (44.3%; P < .001) PVs. Results were similar for women diagnosed at younger than 50 years of age. PVs in BRCA1, but not BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, CHEK2, or Lynch syndrome genes, were associated with elevated RS on multivariable analysis (P < .001). Results may inform RS testing decisions in breast cancer patients with PVs.
The effect of 4-h versus 6-h time restricted feeding on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.

Background:Time restricted feeding (TRF) involves deliberately restricting the times during which energy is ingested. Preliminary findings suggest that 8–10-h TRF improves sleep. However, the effec...
Geographically weighted regression models of residential property transactions: Walkability and value uplift

Abstract Value uplift refers to the increase in property value attributable to proximate transportation infrastructure. The empirical literature is generally supportive of the argument to capture a fraction of such additional value to operate public transportation systems. Unfortunately, attention to the relative value of different transportation infrastructure besides rail infrastructure is not evident in the literature. The gap in the literature is problematic because an accurate estimate of the total revenue potential from present transportation infrastructure investments is not realistic nor is an accurate estimate of the value uplift potential from future transportation infrastructure investments realistic. In order to fill the gap, adoption of a geographically-weighted approach expands the temporal scale of analysis to more than a decade and the spatial scale of analysis to an entire heavy rail system in order to properly contextualize the value uplift from pedestrian infrastructure and from rail infrastructure. Results advance the state of knowledge on value uplift to show the range of value uplift attributable to walkability in proximity to heavy rail stations. Overall, the results warrant further research to better understand why the estimate of the value uplift attributable to walkability is higher than the estimate in the empirical literature.
Fermions Bound to Monopoles

Let me start this section with a small historical introduction. In 1974, when the monopole solution by ’t Hooft and Polyakov has been discovered, it was not yet clear whether either Georgi-Glashow or Weinberg-Salam model is the correct description of the electroweak interactions.
Herbal supplements

Herbal dietary supplements are taken by many individuals, often without the knowledge of their clinicians. Herbals have many pharmacologic and medicinal properties but are unregulated with respect to manufacturing purity, safety, and efficacy. Although clinicians often dismiss the utility of herbal therapy, many randomized controlled trials of herbal use in gastrointestinal and liver diseases have been conducted. There is no evidence for benefit from herbal supplements in the treatment of liver disease, but sufficient evidence exists for their use in functional gastrointestinal symptoms to warrant further investigation.
Neuropathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to address our current understanding of the pathophysiology of neurologic injury resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection on the developing nervous system. Recent findings SARS-CoV2 may enter the brain through three potential mechanisms: transsynaptic spread from the olfactory bulb following intranasal exposure, migration across the blood-brain barrier through endothelial cell infection, and migration following disruption of the blood-brain barrier from resulting inflammation. SARS-CoV2 does not appear to directly infect neurons but rather may produce an inflammatory cascade that results in neuronal injury. Additionally, autoantibodies targeting neuronal tissue resulting from the immune response to SARS-CoV2 are present in select patients and may contribute to central nervous system (CNS) injury. Summary These findings suggest that neuronal injury during SARS-CoV2 infection is immune mediated rather than through direct viral invasion. Further multimodal studies evaluating the pathophysiology of neurologic conditions in pediatric patients specifically following SARS-CoV2 infection are needed to improve our understanding of mechanisms driving neurologic injury and to identify potential treatment options.
Reconsidering John Calvin

Randall C. Zachman places Calvin in conversation with theologians such as Pascal, Kierkegaard, Ezra the Scribe, Julian of Norwich and Karl Barth, and attends to themes in Calvin's theology which are often overlooked. Zachman draws out Calvin's use of astronomy and great concern to see ourselves in comparison to the immensity of the universe, acknowledging in wonder and awe our nothingness before God. Throughout, Zachman presents a Calvin who seeks a route out of self-deception to self-knowledge, though Kierkegaard shows that it is love, and not judgment, that most deeply reveals us to ourselves. The book discusses Calvin's understanding of the election of the Jews and their relationship to God, and further reconsiders Calvin's understanding of judgment and how the call to love our neighbour is undermined by the formation of alliances.
Applications of High Resolution Deuterium Magnetic Resonance

High resolution 2H NMR has proved to be a valuable source of information on a variety of systems. Examples of the use of 2H NMR to solve stereochemical problems are discussed. In addition, the use of 2H NMR to elucidate chemical reaction mechanisms and biochemical transformations is presented. Relaxation times of 2H have provided a wealth of information on molecular dynamics, some examples of which are discussed.
Nutrition and Developmental Disabilities

The autistic syndrome has been a frustrating and tragic mystery to both parents and clinicians since it was first identified by Kanner (1943). Much like other topics for research within the now widely accepted medical model of autism/pervasive developmental disabilities (PDD) (Maurer & Damasio, 1982), most research in nutrition can be classified as descriptive or as interventionist. Descriptive studies have attempted to characterize the autistic/PDD population in terms of dietary intake (DeMyer, Ward, & Lintzenich, 1968; Raiten, Massaro, & Zuck-erman, 1984; Raiten & Massaro, 1986; Shearer, Larson, Neuschwander, & Gedney, 1982) or nutritional biochemistry (Lis, McLaughlin, McLaughlin, Lis, & Stubbs, 1976; Raiten et al., 1984; Sankar, 1979). The presumption of these studies has been that any differences in analyzed parameters may be related etiologically or are the consequence of behavioral problems that distinguish these disorders. The studies that employ nutritional interventions— e.g., megavitamins—are based on an assumption that pharmacological doses of essential nutrients will ameliorate an underlying biochemical or metabolic anomaly responsible in part for the clinical manifestations of these disorders.
Contributions of Anthropology to the Study of Adolescence

Adolescence researchers can turn to anthropology to learn the methods of ethnography and cultural comparisons, and they can mine its large database of information on cultures worldwide. But anthropology's single most important contribution is the concept of culture, the mosaic of a group's learned and shared, or at least understood, beliefs, practices, and modes of expression. Although there have been several notable anthropological studies of adolescence in the last decade, in general adolescence has been understudied in the fields of anthropology, and anthropology has been underrepresented in the fields of adolescence research. This article reviews work done by anthropologists that contributes directly to the study of adolescence.
Prostate Cancer Screening: Navigating the Controversy

National medical societies are diverse in their recommendations for prostate cancer screening. Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen level continue to be the accepted practice, with transrectal ultrasound—guided biopsy recommended for patients with abnormal findings. Although there has been a dramatic increase in the rate of prostate cancer detection, prostate cancer mortality has decreased only marginally. The benefit of screening hinges upon the efficacy of prevention and treatment for which there currently exist few options. An ideal screening test for prostate cancer would have both high sensitivity and specificity and also be indicative of prognosis. The ability to differentiate between latent, low-risk and more clinically significant, high-risk prostate cancer represents an enormous factor in the risks and benefits of digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen level testing, and biopsy as screening modalities.
Symmetrically disubstituted ferrocenes : IV. The preparation and spectral studies of some [3]ferrocenophanes

Abstract A series of 1,3-dithia[3]ferrocenophanes of C, Si, Ge, and Sn have been prepared from ferrocene-1,1′-dithiol. The fluxional behaviour and limiting conformations of these molecules together with the related molecules 1,2,3-trithial[3]ferrocenophane and 1,2,3-trithia[3]cobalticiniumophane hexafluorophosphate have been elucidated by variable temperature proton magnetic resonance.
Systematic Review of the Parachute Ankle Brace: Injury Risk Reduction and Cost Effectiveness

Introduction Military parachuting has been shown to result in injuries. This investigation systematically reviewed studies examining the influence of the parachute ankle brace (PAB) on injuries during military parachuting and performed a cost-effectiveness analysis. Evidence acquisition Parachute ankle brace studies were obtained from seven databases, personal contacts, and other sources. Investigations were reviewed if they contained original, quantitative information on PAB use and injuries during parachuting. Meta-analysis was performed using a general variance-based meta-analysis method that calculated summary risk ratios (SRR) and 95% CIs. Evidence synthesis Five studies met the review criteria. Compared with PAB users, PAB non-users had a higher risk of ankle injuries (SRR=2.1, 95% CI=1.8–2.5); ankle sprains (SRR=2.1, 95% CI=1.4–3.1); ankle fractures (SRR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1–2.9); and all parachuting injuries combined (SRR=1.2, 95% CI=1.1–1.4). The PAB had little effect on lower body injuries exclusive of the ankle (SRR [no PAB/PAB]=0.9, 95% CI=0.7–1.2). Cost-effectiveness analysis estimated that, for every dollar expended on the PAB, a savings of about $7 to $9 could be achieved in medical and personnel costs. Conclusions The PAB reduces ankle injuries by about half and is a cost effective device that should be worn during military airborne operations to reduce injury risk.
1,2‐Bis(tert‐butyl)‐3‐diaziridinone

[19656-74-7] C9H18N2O (MW 170.26) InChI = 1S/C9H18N2O/c1-8(2,3)10-7(12)11(10)9(4,5)6/h1-6H3 InChIKey = WCHLJTGWJIJZMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (ring enlargement reactions; diamination of terminal olefins or conjugated dienes and trienes; conversion of esters to hydantoins) Physical Data: colorless liquid, mp 0–1 °C.1 Solubility: soluble in benzene, THF, DME, CHCl3, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR: 1932, 1876, 1861 cm−1; 1H NMR (benzene-d6): δ 1.06 (s, 18H); 13C NMR (benzene-d6) δ 159.4, 59.3, 27.2.2 Preparative Methods: treatment of N,N′-di-tert-butyl-N-chlorourea with potassium in pentane or potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butyl alcohol;1, 3 reaction of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane with tert-butyl isocyanide;4 reaction of 1,3-di-tert-butylurea with tert-butyl hypochlorite and potassium tert-butoxide.2 Purification: isolated by distillation (bp 25 °C at 0.3 mmHg3 or 56 °C at 4 mmHg2). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: thermally stable, unstable under reductive conditions and in the presence of acids.3
Statistical modelling of ecosystem structure

In this paper, we provide an example demonstrating a means of modelling the interaction of species in an ecosystem which will enable us to determine long term growth trends of the various species. In most cases, the type of interaction between species in an ecosystem is unknown. Therefore it is useful to use a mathematical structure which makes almost no assumptions as to the form of this interaction. We use a topological semigroup to model the behavior interaction. To do this, it will be shown how to define the multiplicative structure of the semigroup. Also, it will be demonstrated how to use kernel density estimation to predict these interactions.
Surgeon-Performed Ultrasound in the Critical Care Setting: Its Use as an Extension of the Physical Examination to Detect Pleural Effusion

Background: Critically ill surgical patients are often difficult to assess for complications because of their altered sensorium, multiple monitoring devices, and immobility. Surgeon-performed ultrasound may enhance the physical examination of these patients and provide for an early detection of select complications. We hypothesized that a focused thoracic ultrasound examination could reliably detect a pleural effusion and the results could be used in the decision matrix for patient care. Methods: Serial focused thoracic ultrasound examinations were performed by a surgeon and a medical student on critically ill patients. The medical student learned select facets of the physical examination and then demonstrated how ultrasound imaging could enhance these findings. Ultrasound images were recorded on hard copy and videotape, with the results available to the surgical intensive care unit and surgery teams. The images were reviewed and compared with the chest radiograph readings. Results: Forty-seven patients underwent 140 ultrasound examinations. There were 85 true-negative, 46 true-positive, 9 false-negative, and zero false-positive examination results, yielding an 83.6% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 94% accuracy. Of the 46 true-positive results, thoracentesis was performed or a thoracostomy tube was placed in 5 patients. Nine false-negative ultrasound examinations occurred in six patients, five of whom had their effusions detected on computed tomographic scans. Conclusion: A focused thoracic ultrasound examination reliably detects pleural effusions in critically ill patients, and the results can be used successfully in the decision matrix for patient care.
The detection and correction of snow water equivalent pressure sensor errors

Snow water equivalent (SWE) sensors can experience errors when the base of the snow cover is at the melting temperature, the snow can support shear stresses (assumed to occur at densities greater than 200 kg m -3 ), and the rate of snowmelt on the sensor is different than on the surrounding ground. Either undermeasurement or overmeasurement errors may occur at critical times when the snow cover transitions from winter to spring conditions and at the start of periods of rapid snowmelt. Parameters to determine the onset of SWE sensor undermeasurement errors are defined by a negative rate of change for SWE, a negative rate of change for snow density, and an increasing snow depth. For the onset of overmeasurement errors, the rate of change for SWE will be positive while snow depth decreases and the snow density rate of change exceeds a defined positive threshold. When the snow temperature and density error conditions and the three under- or over-measurement error-indicator parameters are satisfied at the same time, an SWE sensor error has started. Real-time correction of the errors is done by multiplying the average snow cover density, set at the start of the error, with the snow depth. Once the error event ends, when the corrected SWE and SWE sensor data intersect, SWE is again determined from SWE sensor measurements. SWE sensor errors were accurately detected and corrected for five different sensors located in maritime and intermountain climatic zones when high-quality SWE sensor, snow or air temperature, and snow depth measurements were available. Implementation of the error detection and correction method requires simultaneous measurements of SWE, snow depth, and snow temperature near the ground. Improved error correction can be achieved by incorporating precipitation data and estimates of snow density due to retained rain or snow melt.
Impact of brief cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia on health care utilization and costs.

Study Objectives:To examine health care utilization (HCU) and costs following brief cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia (bCBTi).Methods:Reviewed medical records of 84 outpatients [mean age ...
Dislocation strain energy in the Al2SiO5 polymorphs

Molar elastic strain energy arising from dislocations in andalusite and sillimanite were calculated using equations derived from a non-core, linear elasticity model. For perfect (unit) c screw dislocations in these polymorphs, minimum dislocation densities of about 1010/cm2 are necessary to significantly perturb the andalusite=sillimanite equilibrium boundary in P-T space. Compared to unit c dislocations, smaller energy perturbations arise from dissociated c screw dislocations, which are commonly observed in kyanite and sillimanite. A low computed value of stacking fault energy (∼30 ergs/cm2) in these polymorphs is compatible with the large separations of dissociated dislocations in these phases. Dislocation densities in naturally occurring Al2SiO5 polymorphs are typically <108/cm2. Assuming that these densities are representative of those existing during metamorphism, as is supported by the lack of microtextures indicative of strong recovery, it is concluded that molar strain energies corresponding to observed dislocation densities (<108/cm2) result in insignificant perturbation of P-T phase equilibrium boundaries of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs.
Micelles in Separations: Practical and Theoretical Review

(1985). Micelles in Separations: Practical and Theoretical Review. Separation and Purification Methods: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 213-304.
Meeting Healthy People 2000 Nutrition Title: Objectives Through A Nutrition Education Seminar For Elementary School Teachers

Abstract Healthy People 2000 and the Strategic Plan for Nutrition Education: Promoting Healthy Habits for our Children both place high priority on nutrition education to be provided through a comprehensive school health curriculum grades K-8. To provide accurate nutrition education in the classroom, teachers must have a means of acquiring nutrition knowledge. The purpose of this study, funded by Missouri Nutrition Education and Training Program (NET), was to determine the effectiveness of a two week seminar which provided accurate, factual nutrition education to elementary school teachers. The seminar met for a total of 30 hours of class contact. It was offered as a graduate level course in order to provide up to date nutrition information and professional development credit for the elementary teachers. The 15 participants completed a nutrition knowledge pre and posttest. Pilot tests determined the instrument internal validity was .65. Test content validity was established by a panel of experts. The mean years of teaching experience was 15 with a range of 3 to 24 years. Teachers taught an average of 8 hours of foods and nutrition education each year with 77% taught within the health education curriculum. Fifty percent of the elementary teachers had never had any formal nutrition education instruction. The pre and post seminar measurement of nutrition knowledge indicated a significant difference(p
Durability and leaching analysis of a cementitious material composed of high volume coal combustion byproducts

Abstract In this study, a new silica–alumina-based cementitious material largely composed of coal combustion byproducts (CCPs) was investigated. This new cementitious material shows good mechanical performance, the substitution of a part of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by CCPs leads to similar middle age strengths. Systematic tests showed that substituting OPC for CCPs at a content of approximately 40% was an optimal choice with respect to the mechanical performance. The strength change of this silica–alumina-based material in acid solutions was approximately half that of cement. And the series of durability tests shows the Ha5 with 40% CCPs has good resistance to chloride penetration, alkali-silica reaction, freezing thaw cycles and carbonation. Besides that, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure tests provided elemental leaching analysis for 9 Be– 238 U, which demonstrated that this silica–alumina-based cementitious material is environmentally acceptable according to EPA standards, even though it consumes a significant amount of industrial waste as raw material.
Transgenic invertebrate models of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans strains have been engineered to express human proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These model systems include transgenic animals expressing beta-amyloid peptide (Alzheimer's disease), polyglutamine repeat proteins (Huntington's disease, Spinocerebellar ataxia), and alpha-synuclein (Parkinson's disease). In most of these invertebrate models, some aspects of the human diseases are reproduced. Although expression of all these proteins in transgenic mice has been instructive, the invertebrate models offer experimental advantages (e.g. forward genetic screens) that can potentially address some of the outstanding questions regarding the cellular processes underlying these diseases. This review considers what has been learned from these invertebrate models, and speculates what further insight may be gained from them.
Changes in aqueous humor dynamics with age and glaucoma.

Changes in aqueous humor dynamics with age and in glaucoma have been studied for several decades. More recently, techniques have been developed which confirm earlier studies showing that outflow facility decreases with age and in glaucoma and add the newer finding that uveoscleral outflow also decreases. Morphologic studies in aging and glaucoma eyes have shown an increase in accumulation of extracellular material in both the trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle and a loss of trabecular meshwork cells, which contribute to this reduction in outflow and result in an increase in intraocular pressure. A reduction in hyaluronic acid and increases in fibronectin and thrombospondin contribute to the change in the extracellular environment. Imbalances in responses to age-related stresses such as oxidative damage to long-lived molecules, protein cross-linking and loss of elasticity could trigger excess production of factors such as transforming growth factor β, interleukin-1 and CD44S that could stimulate pathways leading to increases in fibronectin, transformation of trabecular meshwork cells to a myoepithelial state and decrease the breakdown in extracellular matrix material, allowing excess to accumulate. Ultimately trabecular outflow and uveoscleral outflow are reduced and intraocular pressure becomes elevated, adding more stress and perpetuating the pathological condition. Future research to identify additional factors and clarify their roles in these processes could lead to alternative therapies for age and glaucoma related changes in the eye.
The role of complement activation in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which dyslipidemia, inflammation, and the immune system play an important pathogenetic role. A role in atherogenesis was demonstrated for monocyte/macrophages, complement system, and T-lymphocytes. Complement activation and C5b-9 deposition occurs both in human and experimental atherosclerosis. Complement C6 deficiency has a protective effect on diet-induced atherosclerosis, indicating that C5b-9 assembly is required for the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. The maturation of atherosclerotic lesions beyond the foam cell stage was shown to be strongly dependent on an intact complement system. C5b-9 may be responsible for cell lysis, and sublytic assembly of C5b-9 induces smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial cell (EC) activation and proliferation. All these data suggest that activation of the complement system plays an important role in atherogenesis.
Mechanism of allergy to components of commercial bovine thyrotropin

Abstract This report describes a systemic immediate-type allergic reaction to commercial thyrotropin in a patient with hypothyroidism and chronic candidiasis. Immunologic studies of the patient's serum revealed precipitating antibodies against bovine albumin and gamma globulin, and the thyrotropin preparation was found to be contaminated with these proteins. Skin testing with purified bovine albumin and commercial thyrotropin produced wheal-and-flare reactions indicating the presence of reaginic antibodies but did not evoke Arthus or delayed-type responses. The patient's serum contained elevated concentrations of thyrotropin consistent with the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism, but it did not inhibit the biologic activities of human or bovine thyrotropins. Although antibodies against bovine proteins are often found in human serum, they are only rarely associated with disease. In our patient a systemic allergic reaction was apparently the result of the interaction between anti-albumin antibodies and the albumin contaminating the TSH. The studies of the effects of the patient's serum on the biologic activities of bovine or human thyrotropins did not provide evidence for an anti-TSH that could be implicated in the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism.
The adverse effects of an in vivo inflammatory challenge on the vitamin E status of rats is accentuated by fish oil feeding

To investigate the impact of dietary fish oil on tissue α-tocopherol concentration following an acute inflammatory challenge, weanling Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed diets containing 20% lard or menhaden fish oil, Dietary α-tocopherol was equalized across treatment groups (60 mg/kg). After 5 weeks, rats were injected intraperitoneally with one of two sterile inflammatory agents (i.e., glycogen or thioglycollate broth) or received no injection (control). Vitamin E (i.e., α-tocopherol) concentration was measured by reverse-phase HPLC for plasma, liver and immune cells isolated from the blood, lungs, spleen, and peritoneum. Aliquots of peripheral blood and peritoneal immune cells were analyzed for H2O2 production by flow cytometry. We found that fish oil-fed rats had lower baseline plasma (P < 0.0001) and liver (P < 0.005) α-tocopherol concentrations than lard-fed rats. The differences in plasma and hepatic α-tocopherol concentration between rats fed fish oil and those fed lard were increased following inflammatory challenge. In general, fish oil did not reduce immune cell α-tocopherol, with one notable exception. Peripheral blood immune cells from glycogen-challenged fish oil-fed rats had 45% less α-tocopherol than lard-fed counterparts (P < 0.05). The effect of diet on in vitro immune cell H2O2 production was modest, with the only significant difference occurring in peritoneal cells isolated from thioglycollate-challenged rats. In those animals, fish oil feeding led to an increased capacity to produce H2O2 in response to PMA stimulation. In summary, dietary fish oil adversely affects vitamin E status of rats and an in vivo inflammatory challenge accentuated this effect.
The Ecology of an Ecological Study: Comments on Marple's “Technological Innovation and Organizational Survival”

In the use of historical data for sociological analysis there is always the danger of misinterpretation or interpretation out of context. This may be a particular problem when familiarity with the subject that is being researched is limited. "Technological Innovation and Organization Survival: A Population Ecology Study of Nineteenth-Century American Railroads" by David Marple (1982) suffers from this problem. Generally, the article is theoretically and methodologically sound. However, the author's knowledge of the empirical subject of the research-the growth and development of American railroads-has some important limitations. This leads to questionable assumptions, interpretations, and generalizations. To begin, there are problems in the operationalization of the dependent variable, survivorship status. Marple states that survival or nonsurvival in this study is not measured in terms of the death or extinction of a productive unit but, rather, whether or not the unit was merged into another unit. He quotes Aldrich (1979: 199): "depending on the circumstances, a merger or take-over might represent 'failure' from the perspective of the acquired firm." This may be true, but as Aldrich (1979:199) states, one needs to look at the circumstances or historical context of the particular phenomenon that is being researched. If the history of railroads is examined, especially the period in Marple's investigation, two primary reasons for merger or consolidation are apparent. The first reason is that the merger will bring additional monetary returns for the owners or stockholders. To increase profit, a common strategy for railroads is merger or consolidation which may have direct results, such as tapping new markets, or indirect results, such as gaining a competitive advantage over other lines by controlling key routes. All major railroads in the United States were developed from many smaller lines through the process of merger and consolidation (Taylor and Neu, 1956). Certainly, a profitable, solvent railroad merged into another for the purpose of increasing profits for the owners or shareholders would not represent a failure from the perspective of the acquired firm. Merger or consolidation may also occur when a railroad files bankruptcy and is subsequently acquired by a solvent railroad. This is a situation of true failure from the perspective of the acquired firm. However, what is the specific condition that constitutes the failure? Is it the merger with another railroad or is it the fact that the railroad went through bankruptcy, receivership to the creditors, and finally reorganization under new ownership? Obviously it is the latter, but this creates a problem for Marple's investigation. Many railroads of that period, including small railroads such as the Maryland and Pennsylvania (Hilton. 1963), large ones such
Phonon dispersion treatment for the heat capacities of vitreous and crystalline phases

Abstract Based upon the Barker and Martin treatment developed for the analysis of vitreous phases, an analysis of both polycrystalline and crystalline phases of various complexity is described. Primarily, cryogenic heat-capacity measurements and spectroscopic vibrational analysis are involved. Some history of the development of the phonon dispersion equations is incorporated. The applicability of the phonon velocity dispersion to polycrystalline and single-crystal copper are used as convenient examples to illustrate the application of the theory. They emphasize the complications occasioned by anisotropies in single crystals even in polycrystalline aggregates, where they are only partially obscured by the macroscopic isotropy of aggregates. Copper does involve the treatment of the electronic terms and demonstrates a competence of critical relevance to other types of crystalline and vitreous materials.
The Vapour Density of Sodium

THERE is plenty of evidence in the literature to the effect that the vapour of sodium is monatomic. Robitsch (Ann. Physik, 38, 1027; 1912) determined the velocity of sound in the vapour at the boiling point and calculated the ratio of specific heats to be 1.68, and Taylor (Phys. Rev., 28, 576; 1926) found no evidence of molecules at pressures of 10−2 mm. Other evidence, which need not be considered here, tends to corroborate this opinion.
Configuration mixing effects on molecular dipole transition moments

Abstract The behavior of dipole transition matrix elements between adiabatic eigenstates of diatomic molecules is explored in the region of large configuration mixing. It is demonstrated that the matrix element has a lorentzian shape as a function of internuclear distance. The effect of this shape on the spectrum of LiH is investigated. The strong enhancement of the dipole transition moment in the interaction region is suggested as a source for nonthermal population distributions and laser radiation in alkali diatomics and hydrides.
Alternate bounds on the resolvability constraints of spatial smoothing

Bounds for the number of subarrays required by the spatial smoothing technique for direction finding are discussed. It is proved that for a source matrix of rank r, q directions can be resolved with M>or=q-r subarrays. It is also shown that when the source matrix is similar to a block-diagonal matrix through a permutation matrix, this bound can be further reduced to the largest rank deficiency presented by the diagonal blocks: M>or=(n/sub i/-r/sub i/) where n/sub i/ and r/sub i/ are, respectively, the dimension and the rank of the ith diagonal block. Another bound for M is derived, which relates to the number of nonzero components in the eigenvectors of the source covariance matrix. >
The preparation of some block copolymers

The reactivity of the double bonds in p-divinylbenzene toward anionic reagents is much greater than is the residual double bond in the divinylbenzene unit incorporated in a polymer chain. Thus it is possible to add to a “living” polymer a few divinylbenzene units before appreciable crosslinking occurs. Each of these units will have a vinyl group conjugated with a phenyl ring and will be comparable in reactivity to styrene. If the reaction is stopped at this point by the addition of methanol, the molecular weight of the product is essentially that of the original living polymer. These polymers may then be copolymerized through these active double bonds with any monomer with which styrene may be copolymerized, to form block or graft-like copolymers. The copolymerizations may be effected by any of the methods applicable to styrene, i.e., free radical, cationic, or anionic. Such copolymerizations have been attempted with methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, butadiene, isobutene, and propene, usually successfully.
Synthesis and Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Elastomers

Abstract Low and high molecular weight cis-l,4-poly(isoprene), 1,4-poly-(butadiene), and 1,2-poly(butadiene) were epoxidized using a tungsten-based redox phase transfer catalyst and hydrogen peroxide. The epoxidation reaction was studied with respect to the influence of the structure on the rate and extent of epoxidation. A study of the photoinduced cationic crosslinking of these oligomers and polymers was carried out in the presence of UV light. Specialized photoinitiators consisting of diaryliodonium salts bearing long alkoxy chains attached to the aromatic rings were prepared and used in these studies. The effects of the structure of the epoxidized elastomer, its level of epoxidation, and the concentration and type of photoinitiator on the rate and extent of crosslinking polymerization were studied.
Torque Measurements in Spin-Up Flow of Ferrofluids

Measurements of magnetic-field-induced torque in applied uniform rotating magnetic fields are presented and compared to theoretical analyses for water- and oil-based ferrofluids. These experiments measure the viscous torque on the inner wall of a stationary hollow polycarbonate spindle that is completely filled with ferrofluid and attached to a viscometer functioning as a torque meter. The spindle remains stationary and is centered inside a three-phase AC 2-pole motor stator winding, creating uniform time-varying rotating magnetic fields. The viscous torque is measured as a function of magnetic field amplitude, frequency, and direction of rotation. These measurements demonstrate that ferrofluid flow and torque are present even in the absence of free surfaces and agree with a recently derived analysis of the torque during spin-up flow of ferrofluids.
Gamma-Ray Bursts from Superconducting Cosmic Strings at Large Redshifts

The relation between cusp events and gamma-rays bursts is investigated. The optical depth of the universe to X-rays and gamma-rays of various energies is calculated and discussed. The cosmological evolution of cosmic strings is examined, and the energetics and time-scales related to the cusp phenomena are estimated. It is noted that it is possible to have energy bursts with a duration of a few seconds or less from cusps at z = 1000; the maximum amount of energy associated with such an event is limited to 10 to the 7th ergs/sq cm.
OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS BY HEMIN

A model system for cytochrome P-450 comprised of hemin, thiosalicylic acid, and solvent (acetone and water), oxidized cyclohemne and n-hexane at pH 2.7. Oxidation of cyclohexane yielded more cyclohexanol than cyclohexanone under mild reaction conditions, whereas the oxidation of n-hexane generated more 3- and 2-hexanones than 3- and 2-hemnols. Oxygen was a limiting factor in the reaction, and increased oxygen pressures increased the ratio of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol formed. Lag time for product formation decreased in a linear fashion with an increase in temperature. In addition, cyclohexanone decreased relative to cyclohexanol as the temperature was increased. Antioxidants increased the lag time for product formation, but had little effect on the final quantity or ratios of the oxidative products generated. 1,3 Diphenylisobenzafiran had no effect on the lag time, whereas Tiron and catechol increased the lag time. In contrast to aliphatic thiols, aromatic thiols were capable of driving the oxidative reaction. The model hemin system was approximately 6% as active as natural cytochrome P-450. Hemin immobilized on glass beads effectively catalyzed the oxidation of cyclohexane.
Flexibility of myosin attachment to surfaces influences F-actin motion

We have analyzed the dependence of actin filament sliding movement on the mode of myosin attachment to surfaces. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to three distinct sites were used to tether myosin to nitrocellulose-coated glass. One antibody reacts with an epitope on the regulatory light chain (LC2) located at the head-rod junction. The other two react with sites in the rod domain, one in the S2 region near the S2-LMM hinge, and the other at the C terminus of the myosin rod. This method of attachment provides a means of controlling the flexibility and density of myosin on the surface. Fast skeletal muscle myosin monomers were bound to the surfaces through the specific interaction with these mAbs, and the sliding movement of fluorescently labeled actin filaments was analyzed by video microscopy. Each of these antibodies produced stable myosin-coated surfaces that supported uniform motion of actin over the course of several hours. Attachment of myosin through the anti-S2 and anti-LMM mAbs yielded significantly higher velocities (10 microns/s at 30 degrees C) than attachment through anti-LC2 (4–5 microns/s at 30 degrees C). For each antibody, we observed a characteristic value of the myosin density for the onset of F-actin motion and a second critical density for velocity saturation. The specific mode of attachment influences the velocity of actin filaments and the characteristic surface density needed to support movement.
Rectal diverticulosis: A case report and review of the literature

The occurrence of rectal diverticulosis is rare. We report the incidental finding of a large rectal diverticulum in a patient receiving an air-contrast barium enema. The presence of uncomplicated rectal diverticulosis is probably of little clinical significance. However, there can be associated complications such as inflammation and perforation, and potential confusion with rectal carcinoma.
Material quality improvements of ultra-broadband gain materials grown by selective-area-growth techniques

Bulk InGaAs, InGaAsP and multi-quantum-well (MQW) gain materials were grown with selective-area-growth (SAG) techniques using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. A systematic study of wavelength shift, thickness enhancement, and photoluminescence (PL) intensity as a function of oxide and opening widths was performed. From the results, we found that the material degradation is independent of the width of the oxide opening and only depends on the ratio of oxide width and opening width. From the growth thickness enhancement and the wavelength shift studies, we have also found that the wavelength shift in the MQW materials is near 50% contributed from the quantum size effect and 50% from the material composition changes. With the composition change in bulk materials, the amount of compressive strain was calculated. By using a right amount of strain compensation we have improved the long wavelength material quality and achieved high PL gain materials with a very wide wavelength shift.
The relationship between performance indicators for academic research and funding: Developing a measure of return on investment in science

Public universities reflect the aspirations a state or society has for its young people and for itself. In this study our interest has been to examine the level of public funding for universities and its relation to quality. In order to do this we collected funding data for a sample American universities. Additionally, we collected data on the production of science by faculty at the institutions in our American sample. The results indicated a strong relation between investment in higher education and quality. We then developed a measure of return on investment in research which combined these measures of funding and research production. We conclude by examining the nature of the relationship between funding and research quality at public universities.
Clindamycin and Colitis: A Review

Many studies have shown that clindamycin may cause pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially fatal complication. At present, prevention of this complication depends on (1) prescription of the drug only for specific severe infections, (2) early investigation and discontinuation of clindamycin if diarrhea ensues, and (3) vigorous supportive therapy.
Determination of Integrins on Cells by Cell Adhesion to Antibodies

An assay for the determination of relative concentrations of integrins on clonal cultured cells is described. Unpurified monoclonal antibodies to integrin subunits, present in ascites or hybridoma culture media, are immobilized on a plastic surface via goat antibodies to mouse IgG. Cell attachment to the integrin-coated substrate is quantitated after fixation and staining of the cells. The assay is specific and very sensitive; only cells with the relevant integrins attach to antibody-coated substrates and concentrations of antibody as low as 1-10 ng/ml are sufficient. Titrations of the antibodies on the solid phase allow the estimation of the relative amounts of integrins on different cell types. The results with this assay correlate well with results obtained by flow cytometry.
Nerve growth factor and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in organ cultures of rat superior cervical ganglia.

— Superior cervical ganglia from young rats were cultured in the absence of serum. The effect of nerve growth factor on the level of tyrosine hydroxylase was studied. In the absence of nerve growth factor the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase fell by more than 50% within 48 h. In the presence of nerve growth factor the total and specific activities were maintained and even increased in the same period. Both the 2.5 S and the 7 S forms of nerve growth factor were effective. Oxidized nerve growth factor had no effect except when present in very high concentration. Purified antibody to nerve growth factor was inhibitory. Insulin had only a slight effect in this system, but dibutyryl CAMP elevated tyrosine hydroxylase activity substantially. Propranolol inhibited the action of nerve growth factor but its action appeared to be nonspecific and unrelated to its action on the β-adrenergic receptor. Changes in the activity of dihydropteridine reductase paralleled those seen in tyrosine hydroxylase.