cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication of ovulatory state to mates by female pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea

Abstract In monogamous and polyandrous species of primates it has been suggested that reproductive status is concealed rather than communicated. The generally monogamous pygmy marmoset shows few, if any, observable signs of ovulation, but it is still possible that the female's reproductive state is communicated to the male. The sexual behaviour of 10 pairs of captive pygmy marmosets was observed during 30-min tests for 60 consecutive days after pairing. Urine was collected daily from females for the measurement of luteinizing hormone and oestradiol. Sexual behaviour occurred throughout the ovarian cycle of 36–37 days and the conception rate was 83%. Female marmosets did not alter rates of scent-marking across the ovarian cycle, however, male marmosets showed significantly more responses to female anogenital scents and increased rates of mounts, piloerection and staring (courtship behaviour) during their mate's peri-ovulatory period. In addition, female aggression towards the male was observed only during non-ovulatory periods suggesting that an absence of aggressive behaviour may serve as a cue to ovulation. This is the first evidence that the female pygmy marmoset's reproductive state is communicated directly to the male, suggesting that qualitative changes in female olfactory cues or decreased female aggression can affect male sexual behaviour.
Binary Synchronous Communications

Binary synchronous communications, in particular the line-control functions, are described. These functions are independent of the devices transmitting and receiving, the mode of transmission, and the transmission code. A mode known as transparent transmission allows the transmission of data, independent of its bit structure. The various aspects of transmission are discussed, including station control, transmission formating, error detection, and error recovery. In addition, the communication control characters are described in detail.
Alternative approaches to eradicating the malignant clone in chronic myeloid leukemia: tyrosine-kinase inhibitor combinations and beyond

In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase who have achieved complete molecular remission on imatinib therapy, clinical trials from France and Australia have demonstrated that the majority experience prompt molecular relapse of their leukemia upon discontinuation of the drug, showing that long-term monotherapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is not curative in the majority of patients with CML. This has focused attention on strategies to eradicate residual disease in CML that is presumed to arise from malignant Ph+ stem cells, which should result in permanent cure and long-term leukemia-free survival. Here, we review the evidence that targeting CML stem cells will be of clinical benefit and discuss pharmacological and immunological approaches to accomplish this goal. Where possible, we link preclinical studies of CML stem cell biology to emerging results from clinical trials of agents that may target these cells.
Developmental differences determine larval susceptibility to nitric oxide-mediated killing in a murine model of vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni

A persistent paradox in our understanding of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni infection in animals vaccinated with attenuated parasites has been that attrition of challenge parasites occurs during migration through the lungs in vivo, although parasites recovered from the lungs appear to be relatively resistant to cytotoxic effector mechanisms in vitro. We have compared the susceptibilities of different stages of larvae to killing by nitric oxide (NO), which was previously shown to be involved in the larvicidal function of cytokine-activated cytotoxic effector cells. Lung-stage larvae obtained 1 week after infection were not killed in vitro by NO generated either by a chemical NO donor or by activated cells. In contrast, parasites obtained from the portal system of control mice or from the lungs of vaccinated mice 2.5 weeks following challenge infection were killed by NO. As previously shown for mammalian cell targets, the effects of NO in susceptible larval stages may involve enzymes required for aerobic energy metabolism, since similar cytotoxicity was demonstrated by chemical inhibitors of the citric acid cycle or mitochondrial respiration. Taken together with previous observations of enhanced Th1 activity and expression of NO synthase in the lungs of vaccinated mice at 2.5 weeks after challenge infection, these observations elucidate the immune mechanism of vaccine-induced resistance to S. mansoni infection. Moreover, they suggest that conversion to a less metabolically active state may allow pathogens to escape the effects of the important effector molecule NO.
The Social and Cultural Context of Coping with Sickle Cell Disease: III. Stress, Coping Tasks, Family Functioning, and Children’s Adjustment

Conceptions of individual and family coping with sickle cell disease (SCD) must incorporate several disease and sociocultural factors. This article proposes an integrative model and tests the relative contribution of model parameters to the prediction of social, academic, and psychological adjustment of children with SCD. The individual coping and family functioning variables most highly predictive of the child’s psychological outcomes (anxiety, depression, and positive mood) include parental psychological functioning, maturity demands made of the ill child, and the quality of relations with parents and siblings. Academic adjustment was significantly predicted by parental academic expectations and by the child’s rejection of a restrictive sick role. Competent social functioning also was predicted by the extent to which the ill child rejected the role of being sick.
Measurement of Hemostatic Indexes in Conjunction With Transcranial Doppler Sonography in Patients With Ventricular Assist Devices

Background and Purpose—Clinical thromboembolism (TE) remains an impediment to the chronic application of ventricular assist devices (VADs). Microembolic signals (MES) have been detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) in patients with VADs, although their origin and relation to TE remain undefined. We have investigated the hypothesis that hemostatic alterations are related to MES and that MES are associated with TE in a group of 27 VAD patients. Methods—Indexes of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and cellular activation and aggregation were measured before and during the VAD implantation period in conjunction with TCD. Groups were defined on the basis of presence of MES, degree of MES showering, and incidence of TE. Results—MES were observed in 67 (58%) of 115 of individual postoperative TCD measurements and in 21 (78%) of 27 patients. Of patients with TE, 10 (83%) of 12 had detectable MES compared with 11 (73%) of 15 patients without TE (P=0.66). MES were significantly associated with elevated thrombi...
PAINTINGS, PRESSES AND PERFUME PRODUCTION AT POMPEII

Summary. An unusual type of olive press, operated by wedges being driven into an upright frame, is known from four paintings found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The technological and socio-economic evidence contained in these depictions is presented in detail, together with supporting literary and archaeological information. It is established that the wedge press was essentially a specialised machine employed in the production of very high quality olive oil by or for the perfume industry (for which Campania was famed). The choice of the scene as decoration for wealthy houses indicates a connection between the urban elite and the various activities which comprised perfume manufacture. Furthermore, a number of finds of press beds from Pompeii which have in the past been identified (and reconstructed) as the remains of screw presses, can now be reinterpreted as wedge presses serving the town's perfume industry. The combination of the various categories of evidence (pictorial, literary, archaeological) creates a window on an area of Pompeian economic life which has hitherto been little appreciated.
Column Dropping Procedures for the Generalized Programming Algorithm

Column dropping procedures are provided for the Generalized Programming algorithm. Nonbasic columns may not be dropped, however, from the restricted master at every iteration for all problems. Conditions are provided under which columns may be dropped from the restricted master. An example is provided where the first of these conditions is satisfied at every iteration.
Nucleotide Excision Repair in Bacteria

Nucleotide excision repair removes a wide variety of damages from bacterial genomes through a set of coordinated enzymatic reactions carried out by multiprotein complexes. It is coupled to other cellular processes, notably transcription. Keywords: bacteria; enzymology of DNA repair; damage recognition; UvrABC endonuclease
Heparin decreases activator protein-1 binding to DNA in part by posttranslational modification of Jun B

Heparin is a potent inhibitor of the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. This agent selectively inhibits the transcription of tissue-type plasminogen activator and interstitial collagenase, probably by decreasing the binding of activator protein-1 (AP-1) to phorbol ester-responsive elements in the promoters of these genes. Decreased AP-1 binding is not due to a direct inhibition by heparin, since heparinase digestion of nuclear extracts prepared from heparin-treated smooth muscle cells does not restore AP-1 binding activity. Treatment of cells with heparin suppresses the expression of Jun B, one of the components of AP-1. The major effect of heparin is at the level of posttranslational modification of Jun B. Results from pulse-chase labeling experiments show that the newly synthesized Jun B is rapidly converted to a higher-molecular-weight form and that conversion is suppressed by heparin. Evidence is presented suggesting that the heparin-inhibited event is phosphorylation of Jun B.
Electron transport enhanced molecular dynamics for metals and semi‐metals

In this work we extend classical molecular dynamics by coupling it with an electron transport model known as the two temperature model. This energy balance between free electrons and phonons was first proposed in 1956 by Kaganov et al. but has recently been utilized as a framework for coupling molecular dynamics to a continuum description of electron transport. Using finite element domain decomposition techniques from our previous work as a basis, we develop a coupling scheme that preserves energy and has local control of temperature and energy flux via a Gaussian isokinetic thermostat. Unlike the previous work on this subject, we employ an efficient, implicit time integrator for the fast electron transport which enables larger stable time steps than the explicit schemes commonly used. A number of example simulations are given that validate the method, including Joule heating of a copper nanowire and laser excitation of a suspended carbon nanotube with its ends embedded in a conducting substrate.
Two-step error-prone bypass of the (+)- and (−)-trans-anti-BPDE-N2-dG adducts by human DNA polymerases η and κ

Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) associated with potent carcinogenic activity. Mutagenesis induced by benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts is believed to involve error-prone translesion synthesis opposite the lesion. However, the DNA polymerase involved in this process has not been clearly defined in eukaryotes. Here, we provide biochemical evidence suggesting a role for DNA polymerase eta (Poleta) in mutagenesis induced by benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts in cells. Purified human Poleta predominantly inserted an A opposite a template (+)- and (-)-trans-anti-BPDE-N2-dG, two important DNA adducts of benzo[a]pyrene. Both lesions also dramatically elevated G and T mis-insertion error rates of human Poleta. Error-prone nucleotide insertion by human Poleta was more efficient opposite the (+)-trans-anti-BPDE-N2-dG adduct than opposite the (-)-trans-anti-BPDE-N2-dG. However, translesion synthesis by human Poleta largely stopped opposite the lesion and at one nucleotide downstream of the lesion (+1 extension). The limited extension synthesis of human Poleta from opposite the lesion was strongly affected by the stereochemistry of the trans-anti-BPDE-N2-dG adducts, the nucleotide opposite the lesion, and the sequence context 5' to the lesion. By combining the nucleotide insertion activity of human Poleta and the extension synthesis activity of human Polkappa, effective error-prone lesion bypass was achieved in vitro in response to the (+)- and (-)-trans-anti-BPDE-N2-dG DNA adducts.
Gerrard Winstanley and the Early Quakers

Considerable mystery has long surrounded the antecedents of the Society of Friends. George Fox, an unlettered country lad, has been pictured as having gathered the Society after receiving, through a series of direct revelations, a full-blown message of redemption. Quaker historians have sought to confirm this portrayal by emphasizing that it was “in communion with his deepest self” that he made his “great spiritual discovery,” and that it came to him from no outward source. This explanation seemed rather naive to the more sophisticated mind of Rufus M. Jones, and he set himself to the task of uncovering the actual source from which Fox's religious thinking was derived. His two volumes— Studies in Mystical Religion and Spiritual Reformers in the 16th and 17th Centuries —are sufficient testimony of the thoroughness and scholarship with which he tackled the problem. Nevertheless, after long and careful investigation, he felt obliged to confess that nothing more positive could be affirmed than that the possible influences in Fox's environment, for the most part, “worked upon him in subconscious ways, as an atmosphere and climate of his spirit, rather than a clearly conceived body of truth.” This conclusion was tenable so long as Fox was regarded as the founder of the Quakers. It now seems evident, however, by his own admissions, that he was not the founder but simply joined a sect already in existence. This fact necessitates an attempt to identify the group with which Fox became affiliated.
Transient Non-Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism of Early Pregnancy

It is characterized by chemical and sometimes clinical hyperthyroidism, without evidence of thyroid autoimmunity that resolves spontaneously by 16 weeks gestation without significant obstetrical complications.
Usefulness of piezoelectric earphones in recording the brain stem auditory evoked potentials: a new early deflection.

Abstract Piezoelectric and electromagnetic earphones are compared in the recording of brain stem auditory evoked responses in man. With the piezoelectric phones the stimulus artifact can be essentially eliminated, permitting an early peak I′ to appear at 1.1 msec. Also, other peaks, especially later ones, including one called VIII at 11.0 msec, appeared more consistently with smaller standard deviations of latency.
Automated pressure map segmentation for quantifying phalangeal kinetics during cylindrical gripping

Inverse dynamics models used to investigate musculoskeletal disorders associated with handle gripping require accurate phalangeal kinetics. Cylindrical handles wrapped with pressure film grids have been used in studies of gripping kinetics. We present a method fusing six degree-of-freedom hand kinematics and a kinematic calibration of a cylinder-wrapped pressure film. Phalanges are modeled as conic frusta and projected onto the pressure grid, automatically segmenting the pressure map into regions of interest (ROIs). To demonstrate the method, segmented pressure maps are presented from two subjects with substantially different hand length and body mass, gripping cylinders 50 and 70 mm in diameter. For each ROI, surface-normal force vectors were summed to create a reaction force vector and center of pressure location. Phalangeal force magnitudes for a data sample were similar to that reported in previous studies. To evaluate our method, a surrogate was designed for each handle such that when modeled as a phalanx it would generate a ROI around the cells under its supports; the classification F-score was above 0.95 for both handles. Both the human subject results and the surrogate evaluation suggest that the approach can be used to automatically segment the pressure map for quantifying phalangeal kinetics of the fingers during cylindrical gripping.
Screening of alkali elements in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4

Group-I dopants are known to benefit Cu(In,Ga)Se2. Although the exact mechanism is still debated, Na has been shown to improve a variety of device parameters. Due to the similarities between chalcopyrites and kesterites, it is believed that group-I dopants may have a similar effect on kesterites. However, due to the different defect chemistries of these two materials, the optimum concentration and the way in which the dopants interact with native point defects will not be the same. We will present the results of a high-throughput experiment where we have systematically investigated the effect of Li, Na, K, and Rb from 0 to 2 at% in CZTSSe films. We use a full spectrum photoluminescence (PL) technique to extract the quasi-Fermi level splitting, the magnitude of electrostatic potential fluctuations, and the bandgap as a function of dopant concentration. From this we are able to hypothesize about the changes in the quantity of charged point defects and determine the optimum concentration (if any) of the group-I elements. We find that in specific quantities certain group-I elements can improve the quasi-Fermi level splitting. Devices made on Mo/SLG substrates with select group-I dopants have higher power conversion efficiencies than undoped samples. Consistent with the PL data, the doped samples have higher Voc on average but the efficiency gains primarily stem from improved fill factor.
Renewing Federalism by Reforming Article V: Defects in the Constitutional Amendment Process and a Reform Proposal

The constitutional amendment procedure of Article V is defective because the national convention amendment method does not work. Because no amendment can be enacted without Congress’s approval, limitations on the federal government that Congress opposes are virtually impossible to pass. This defect may have prevented the enactment of several constitutional amendments that would have constrained Congress, such as amendments establishing a balanced budget limitation, a line-item veto, or congressional term limits. The increasingly nationalist character of our constitutional charter may not be the result of modern values or circumstances, but an artifact of a distorted amendment procedure. Article V should be reformed to allow two-thirds of the state legislatures to propose a constitutional amendment which would then be ratified or rejected by the states, acting through state conventions or state ballot measures. Such a return of power to the states would militate against our overly centralized government by helping to restore the federalist character of our Constitution. Moreover, a strategy exists that would allow this reform to be enacted.
Can a Social Vision be Compelling Without Being Oppressive? On PAT-Net's Potential for Diverting the Public Administration Mainstream

This paper argues that the ascendancy of neo-conservative social vision in the United States stems in significant part from the failure of its critics to lay out a compelling alternative. It suggests that efforts to avoid the totalizing trap of the metanarrative have led the critics of modernity, including many in the Public Administration Theory Network, to focus on partial and piecemeal social alternatives rather than on broader vision. It argues, however, that the oppressive consequences of modernist notions of progress follow not from their comprehensiveness, but from the ethnocentric character of their universalist claims. It uses the “I have a dream” speech of Martin Luther King Jr. to demonstrate how a vision of enhanced social practices can be both great and compelling and yet avoid the dangers of the metanarrative. It suggests a crucial role for anti-modernist theorists of public service in articulating such a vision.
A Different Musical Perspective: Improving Outcomes in Music through Habilitation, Education, and Training for Children with Cochlear Implants

The musical outcomes for children with cochlear implants (CIs) who have been consistently involved in musical habilitation, education, and training programs, from a young age, may be presenting a new musical perspective. This article aims to provide strategies that professionals may use to improve musical perception for children with CIs in clinical and educational settings. The habilitation and education programs discussed are based on extensive clinical experience and assessments of over a hundred children and teenagers with CIs. Stages of musical development for children with CIs, from beginners to more advanced levels, are described for several key musical areas: (1) vocalization that leads to singing, (2) listening, and (3) general musicality. Practical activities for developing singing, listening, and general musicality are described. Music-based habilitation, education, and training methods may enable children with CIs to participate more fully in all aspects of musical experience.
GeMSAEC: a new analytic tool for clinical chemistry total serum protein with the biuret reaction.

A method is described for determining total serum protein using a new, rapid microanalytic system in which quantification depends upon the color developed during the first few seconds of the biuret reaction. The method is in excellent agreement with the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen analysis for determining serum protein.
Dosage mortality studies on laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae of the hickory shuckworm.

Dosage-mortality lines were established for azinphosmethyl, diazinon, malathion, methyl parathion, and monocrotophos against field-collected and laboratory-reared larvae of Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch). Effectiveness of the test compounds from most to least toxic when topically applied to field-collected larvae with LD50 values expressed as μg of insecticide per g of larval weight were: methyl parathion 6.55 μg/g, azinphosmethyl 6.95 μg/g, monocrotophos 27.46 μg/g, malathion 65.02 μg/g, and diazinon 162.29 μg/g. The relative rank and LD50 values against laboratory-reared larvae were: azinphosmethyl 8.55 μg/g, methyl parathion 17.74 μg/g, monocrotophos 44.30 μg/g, malathion 122.94 μg/g, and diazinon 132.54 μg/g.
Respiratory viral diseases. Diagnosis and management in practice.

The identification of more than 100 viruses within, the last 10 years has made imperative an etiologic rather than anatomic approach to the diagnosis of the diseases caused by these organisms.The principal newer viral respiratory diseases are discussed from the viewpoint of describing the causative agents and the symptomatology of clinical entities involved, and indicating the diagnosis and preferred treatment.
Bias Point Shift in the TMR Sensor Under the Media Field

The read sensor bias point plays an important role in the presence of media field as the aspect ratio of the sensor is scaled down. The change in the bias point also affects the asymmetry of the read sensor. The bias point shift is studied experimentally in a spin stand by measuring the change in tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) resistance in the presence of the media field. The change in the TMR resistance depends on the direction of the media field and the rotation of the free-layer magnetization with respect to the media field. The bias point shift and the associated change in asymmetry in the presence of the media field are calculated from the TMR resistance, and a test based on the bias point shift is proposed to screen the unstable read sensors.
Surgical Treatment and Outcomes

With advancements in imaging technology, laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques, management of common bile duct stone has changed drastically in recent years. This has made the treatment of this condition safer and more efficient. Many options are now available to manage this condition, and any particular modality for treatment should be chosen carefully based on the patient related factors, institutional protocol, available expertise, resources, and cost-effectiveness.
Evaluating the potential impact of targeted vaccination strategies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks in the healthcare setting

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are two coronaviruses with demonstrated potential to generate significant nosocomial outbreaks. In particular, MERS continues to pose a significant threat in the Middle East since 2012. Currently, no licensed vaccine or drug treatment is available to treat patients infected with either coronavirus. However, there are some MERS vaccines in the preclinical stage of development. We sought to evaluate the potential impact of targeted vaccination strategies for mitigating SARS and MERS outbreaks in healthcare settings using simple mathematical models and detailed historic transmission trees describing the progression of past nosocomial outbreaks of SARS and MERS. Our findings suggest that vaccination strategies targeting patients and healthcare workers, which have been disproportionately affected during past outbreaks, and assuming two vaccination coverage levels at 50 and 75% have the potential to avert nearly 50% or more of MERS or SARS cases. Our modeling results informed by historic outbreak data for SARS and MERS suggest that vaccination strategies targeting patients could be an effective measure to mitigate and prevent outbreaks in the healthcare setting.
Changes of Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Children with Methylmalonic Academia

Objective To investigate the characteristics and clinic value of median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials(MN-SEP) in children with methylmalonic academia(MMA) through analyzing the data of 28 MMA children′s MN-SEP.Methods From 1999 to 2007,28 MMA children who had 21 male and 7 female were diagnosed in the hospital by urine organic acids analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Their MN-SEP were recorded with Nicolet myoelectricity evoked potentials otentiometer.Results All of the 28 Children had remarkedly increased urine methylmalonic acid.Twenty-three of them had the onset before 1 year old and one at toddler age,with mental retardation.The others had psycho-motor degeneration at preschool age or late school age.All of them had abnormal findings in head CT or MRI:enlarged cortical sulci,ventriculomegaly,low density areas around the cerebral ventricals.Twenty-four had abnormal findings of MN-SEP.The abnormality detection rate of MN-SEP was 85.7%.The main abnormal parameters in MN-SEP were latency prolongation in wave N9(2/28,7.1%),inter-peak latency prolongation in N9-N13(14/28,50%),N13-N20(19/28,67.9%),disappearance of wave N20(1/28,3.6%).Conclusion The detection of MN-SEP in MMA reveals the abnormality of conductive function in nervous system and is a useful method in clinic.
Special Considerations for the Gastroenterologist

As rates of obesity rise, the incidence of common bile duct stones (CBDS) is expected to increase. As such, current knowledge of the management of these stones and their subsequent complications is vital for any gastroenterologist. Endoscopic treatment is now standard for management of CBDS. In some special circumstances, surgical management or a combined endoscopic and surgical approach may be necessary. We highlight the key issues within specific clinical scenarios which may alter management. We discuss the approach to patients with post-surgical anatomy, acute cholangitis, acute gallstone-mediated pancreatitis and patients with inherited or acquired coagulation disorders. The specific techniques of different surgical and endoscopic procedures will be covered in different chapters of the book.
Measuring the self-care practice of children and adolescents: instrument development.

Purpose To develop an instrument to measure the self-care practice of children and adolescents. Subjects 471 students, age 9-18, in 4th-12th grade. Methods This methodological study involved item development and testing the instrument for reliability, readability, and construct validity. Findings Study findings for the 35-item Child and Adolescent Self-Care Practice Questionnaire included a coefficient alpha of .83 and moderate correlations with two self-care agency instruments. Factors corresponding to the self-care requisites in Orem's model were identified using a LISREL confirmatory factor analysis approach. Conclusions & implications for nursing The Child and Adolescent Self-Care Practice Questionnaire can be used in further research to determine how children and adolescents perform as self-care agents. Activities are identified and measured, intervention strategies to improve behaviors can be planned.
Analysis of USP epinephrine injections for potency, impurities, degradation products, and d-enantiomer by liquid chromatography, using ultraviolet and electrochemical detectors

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was adapted for the determination of epinephrine and related impurities in intravenous and cardiac injections; ultraviolet (UV) and electrochemical detectors (EC) were used in series. Epinephrine was determined and related impurities, i.e., adrenalone, epinephrine sulfonic acid, and norepinephrine, were detected directly in a small portion of the injection solution. Diastereoisomers of the epinephrine enantiomers were prepared by derivatization and determined by LC with a UV detector. The recovery of epinephrine added to epinephrine injection was 100%. The recovery of d-enantiomer from a d, l mixture was 100%. Impurities at levels less than 1% were easily detected. The LC method with UV detection is faster and more convenient than the USP XX method. In addition, impurities can be detected in the same portion of sample. The procedure is stability-indicating.
Consultation with the specialist: Snoring

Snoring is the audible consequence of the pharyngeal airway collapsing when one inspires. Snoring can disrupt sleep, cause a variety of important but nonspecific symptoms, and suggest the presence of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which can lead to cor pulmonale and sudden death. Therefore, the review of systems for a child at any age should include questions regarding snoring and breathing during sleep. Most normal children snore at one time or another, and many, particularly those who have nasal allergies, snore almost nightly. Pediatricians should be able to identify which snoring children do not require treatment or referral, which are candidates for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, and which should be referred for polysomnography (sleep study) or more specialized evaluation. Physiologic Sources of the Problem Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea do not represent structural upper airway narrowing alone, but rather an imbalance between the degree of airway narrowing and the ability of the respiratory centers in the brainstem to use the muscles of the pharynx and tongue to maintain airway patency. For each child who has tonsillar hypertrophy and who snores, there are many who have larger tonsils who do not snore because they use their pharyngeal muscles to keep the airway open during sleep.
Fabrication of LiNbO3-As2S3 waveguides for beam steering applications

A hybrid annealed proton exchange (APE) waveguide with a vertically integrated arsenic trisulfide (As2S3) waveguide on a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate is used to create an optical phased array (OPA) that allows for the non-mechanical steering of 1550 nm light on an integrated optic platform. The high electro-optic coefficient of the x-cut y-propagating LiNbO3 (r33 = 30.8 pm/V) is utilized by electrode structures fabricated on the LiNbO3 substrate to create a low-power, lowloss beam steering with high-speed bandwidths, capable of 10 GHz and larger as demonstrated by commercial LiNbO3 modulators. The As2S3 waveguide is introduced because of its high refractive index, which leads to a highly confined optical mode. Design and fabrication are presented for a large full width steering angle of 34°, representing an order of magnitude improvement over low-confinement, diffused LiNbO3 waveguides and two orders of magnitude improvement over other reported LiNbO3 OPAs.
Abstract A2-53: Integrative systems analyses reveal addiction of HER2+ breast cancers to ERAD for survival

ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancers are associated with poor prognosis; and resistance to HER2-targeted therapy is one of the significant clinical challenges. Trastuzumab and lapatinib are two agents that target the HER2 protein in the clinic and constitute the standard of care for HER2+ breast cancers (BCs). However, the clinical benefits of HER2-targeted therapies are limited due to significant de novo (>60%) and acquired resistance (~100%) to these agents during prolonged phases of treatment. No treatment options exist for metastatic HER2+ BCs that have progressed on HER2-targeted therapy. Therefore, targeting of non-oncogenic vulnerabilities is a promising therapeutic approach in tumors that are resistant to oncogene-targeted therapy. Using an evolutionary selection criterion, we computationally interrogated targetable non-oncogenic vulnerabilities in ERBB2/HER2+ breast cancers, which suffer from a high rate of de novo and acquired resistance to HER2-targeted therapy. We found that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway is induced in HER2+ breast cancers, partly due to adaptive genomic rearrangements, to counter ER stress caused by increased proteotoxic burden due to heightened HER2/mTOR activity. Genetic and pharmacologic targeting of ERAD lead to irrecoverable ER stress and selectively killed HER2+ breast cancer cells, including those that are resistant to conventional therapy. Cell death due to ERAD inhibition was executed by the IRE1α/JNK pathway, which was suppressed in HER2+ breast cancers due to the activation of JNK phosphatases. Accordingly, inhibiting ERAD in combination with JNK phosphatases synergized in killing HER2+, but not HER2-, breast cancer cells. Our study supports exploiting oncogenic proteotoxicity as a novel therapeutic approach for therapy-refractory breast cancers, and presents an integrated strategy to identify non-oncogenic vulnerabilities in cancers. Citation Format: Navneet Singh, Rashika Joshi, Kakajan Komurov. Integrative systems analyses reveal addiction of HER2+ breast cancers to ERAD for survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr A2-53.
How Students Communicate Mathematical Ideas: An Examination of Multimodal Writing Using Digital Technologies

This article reports the findings of a study designed to examine the influence of multimodal writing on the communication of mathematical ideas. Elementary school students (ages 8-13) were required to write mathematics notes using two digital writing technologies, a personal digital notepad and a social mathematics blog, in the context of a formal intervention. Fortytwo students participated, across three schools. The study showed that when students wrote notes that could be assessed for correctness, their answers were predominately right, indicating that mathematical sense-making was taking place. It also showed that the digital notepad and blog were used differently and that the type of technology influences the writing content. Moreover, students’ mathematical writing were understandable by their peers and students collaboratively explored solutions. Younger students were more likely to draw pictures to represent their ideas than older students. These findings show that writing can help students acquire mathematical understanding, and suggest that multimodal writing may help them surmount difficulties often associated with learning math. Although this research demonstrated that writing can help teachers gain an awareness of their students’ mathematical understanding, it also revealed that writing environments need to be monitored and students require close guidance to bring about systematic improvement.
New understanding of rhizosphere processes enabled by advances in molecular and spatially resolved techniques

Abstract Understanding the role played by microorganisms within soil systems is challenged by the unique intersection of physics, chemistry, mineralogy and biology in fostering habitat for soil microbial communities. To address these challenges will require observations across multiple spatial and temporal scales to capture the dynamics and emergent behavior from complex and interdependent processes. The heterogeneity and complexity of the rhizosphere require advanced techniques that press the simultaneous frontiers of spatial resolution, analyte sensitivity and specificity, reproducibility, large dynamic range, and high throughput. Fortunately many exciting technical advancements are now available to inform and guide the development of new hypotheses. The aim of this Special issue is to provide a holistic view of the rhizosphere in the perspective of modern molecular biology methodologies that enabled a highly-focused, detailed view on the processes in the rhizosphere, including numerous, strong and complex interactions between plant roots, soil constituents and microorganisms. We discuss the current rhizosphere research challenges and knowledge gaps, as well as perspectives and approaches using newly available state-of-the-art toolboxes. These new approaches and methodologies allow the study of rhizosphere processes and properties, and rhizosphere as a central component of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
Vascular Complications in Renal Transplantation

Numerous technical vascular complications may occur during and following renal transplant that may impact graft survival and patient morbidity, but renal arterial thrombosis is perhaps the most devastating, as it is often difficult to identify vascular occlusion in sufficient time to prevent infarction and loss of the allograft. This chapter will focus on arterial thrombosis because the subject is extremely pertinent to the field of regenerative medicine and the attempts to fabricate organoids for transplant purposes.
Design Crowdsourcing: The Impact on New Product Performance of Sourcing Design Solutions from the “Crowd”

AbstractThe authors examine an increasingly popular open innovation practice, “design crowdsourcing,” wherein firms seek external inputs in the form of functional design solutions for new product development from the “crowd.” They investigate conditions under which managers crowdsource design and determine whether such decisions subsequently boost product sales. The empirical analysis is guided by qualitative insights gathered from executive interviews. The authors use a novel data set from a pioneering crowdsourcing firm and find that three concept design characteristics—perceived usability, reliability, and technical complexity—are associated with the decision to crowdsource design. They use an instrumental variable method accounting for the endogenous nature of crowdsourcing decisions to understand when such a decision affects downstream sales. The authors find that design crowdsourcing is positively related to unit sales and that this effect is moderated by the idea quality of the initial product conc...
A response surface analysis of expected and received support for smoking cessation: Expectancy violations predict greater relapse.

Abstract People attempting to stop smoking cigarettes (quitters) hold expectations about the extent to which their partner will provide helpful support during a quit attempt. However, these expectations may not align with their perceptions of the helpfulness of the support they receive. We examine expected and received helpful support during a quit attempt. We hypothesized that receiving less helpful support than expected (i.e., creating an expectancy violation) would be associated with the greatest return to smoking. Sixty-two quitters completed a 21-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. They reported expected support at baseline and support receipt and smoking during the EMA phase. At follow-up, they completed an expelled breath carbon monoxide test. Analyses using polynomial generalized linear models with response surface analysis indicated that smoking outcomes depended on the joint influence of expected and received helpful support. As hypothesized, when quitters expected more helpful support than they received, they were more likely to smoke in the first 24 h and the last seven days of the EMA, and they provided higher carbon monoxide readings at follow-up. These results are consistent with an expectancy violation explanation: quitters are more likely to smoke when they perceive their partner has failed to provide support that is as helpful as expected. Given the importance of support for smoking cessation, many researchers have attempted to experimentally increase provision of support. The current findings suggest that partner support interventions might backfire if the quitter is led to expect more helpful support than the partner is able to provide.
Fusing a Reversed and Informal Learning Scheme and Space: Student Perceptions of Active Learning in Physical Chemistry.

Physical chemistry students often have negative perceptions and low expectations for success in physical chemistry, attitudes that likely affect their performance in the course. Despite the results of several studies indicating increased positive perception of physical chemistry when active learning strategies are used, a recent survey of faculty in the U.S. revealed the continued prevalence of instructor-centered approaches in physical chemistry. In order to reveal a deeper understanding of student experiences in an active learning physical chemistry course, we present a phenomenological study of students’ perceptions of physical chemistry when the course is completely redesigned using active learning strategies. Using the flipped classroom, an active learning space, cooperative learning, and alternative assessments, we emphasized fundamental concepts and encouraged students to take responsibility for their learning. Based on open-ended surveys and interviews with students, we found that students struggled with the transition, but had some significant positive perceptions of the approach. This is in agreement with previous studies of physical chemistry courses in which cooperative learning was the focus. As part of a larger study of the effectiveness of this course redesign, we show how students perceive the effectiveness of these strategies and how they react to them. In addition, we discuss the implications of these findings for the active learning physical chemistry classroom.
Optical Detection with YBCO Thin Films

Soon after the discovery of the ceramic oxide superconductors with transition temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (HTTS materials) several research groups started to investigate the photoresponse of these materials (e.g. refs.1–4). As shown by Richards et. al.5, HTTS materials are very good candidates for bolometers at wavelengths above 20 μm where there is not much competition from conventional detectors. Besides bolometric applications HTTS materials may also form fast switches or detectors. Several groups reported rather fast response times1,2,4 which are often limited by the measurement circuit rather than the device itself. After having demonstrated optical detection with polycrystalline bulk materials6 we report here on experiments with highly oriented (non-granular) YBCO thin films. Both bolometric and non-bolometric components of the electrical response were found.
Development of an unbiased, semi-automated approach for classifying plasma cell immunophenotype following multicolor flow cytometry of bone marrow aspirates.

Background Despite increased usage of multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) to assess diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic efficacy (minimal residual disease, MRD) in plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs), standardization of methodology and data analysis is suboptimal. We investigated the utility of using the mean and median fluorescence intensities (FI) obtained from MFC to objectively describe parameters that distinguish plasma cell (PC) phenotypes. Methods In this retrospective study, flow cytometry results from bone marrow aspirate specimens from 570 patients referred to the Myeloma Institute at UAMS were evaluated. Mean and median FI data were obtained from 8-color MFC of non-neoplastic, malignant, and mixed PC populations using antibodies to CD38, CD138, CD19, CD20, CD27, CD45, CD56, and CD81. Results Of 570 cases, 252 cases showed only non-neoplastic PCs, 168 showed only malignant PCs, and 150 showed mixed PC populations. Statistical analysis of median FI data for each CD marker showed no difference in expression intensity on non-neoplastic and malignant PCs, between pure and mixed PC populations. ROC analysis of the median FI of CD expression in non-neoplastic and malignant PCs was used to develop an algorithm to convert quantitative FI values to qualitative assessments including "negative," "positive," "dim," and "heterogeneous" expression. Conclusions FI data derived from 8-color MFC can be used to define marker expression on PCs. Translation of FI data from Infinicyt software to an Excel worksheet streamlines workflow and eliminates transcriptional errors when generating flow reports. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Investigating the usefulness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescent residential care.

Objective: This study investigated the usefulness of the trauma intervention, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), for adolescents in residential treatment. Method: The study emplo...
Engineering redox-balanced ethanol production in the cellulolytic and extremely thermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii

Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is an extremely thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium with great potential for consolidated bioprocessing of renewable plant biomass. Since it does not natively produce ethanol, metabolic engineering is required to create strains with this capability. Previous efforts involved the heterologous expression of the gene encoding a bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenase, AdhE, which uses NADH as the electron donor to reduce acetyl-CoA to ethanol. Acetyl-CoA produced from sugar oxidation also generates reduced ferredoxin but there is no known pathway for the transfer of electrons from reduced ferredoxin to NAD in C. bescii. Herein, we engineered a strain of C. bescii using a more stable genetic background than previously reported and heterologously-expressed adhE from Clostridium thermocellum (which grows optimally (Topt) at 60 °C) with and without co-expression of the membrane-bound Rnf complex from Thermoanaerobacter sp. X514 (Topt 60 °C). Rnf is an energy-conserving, reduced ferredoxin NAD oxidoreductase encoded by six genes (rnfCDGEAB). It was produced in a catalytically active form in C. bescii that utilized the largest DNA construct to be expressed in this organism. The new genetic lineage containing AdhE resulted in increased ethanol production compared to previous reports. Ethanol production was further enhanced by the presence of Rnf, which also resulted in decreased production of pyruvate, acetoin and an uncharacterized compound as unwanted side-products. Using crystalline cellulose as the growth substrate for the Rnf-containing strain, 75 mM (3.5 g/L) ethanol was produced at 60 °C, which is 5-fold higher than that reported previously. This underlines the importance of redox balancing and paves the way for achieving even higher ethanol titers in C. bescii.