cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of electrode separator on performance of a zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery

A zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery was used to evaluate using granular materials with ionic activity as separating materials between electrodes, increasing the separation distance between electrodes, while using separating materials, and reversing the electrolyte flow direction through the flow battery. Results indicate that materials with more ionic activity (ion exchange resins) perform better than materials with limited ionic activity (stainless steel). Among the more ionically active materials, the basic material out-performed the acidic material with an anode-to-cathode flow regime at low current draw. The best performance was obtained using ALL-CRAFT 4K-activated carbon as separation material. The use of an ionically active separation material reduced the difference in cell performance between 2.22 and 5.40 cm of separation by 56%. Although expected to be an important parameter for packed-bed electrode flow battery, the electrolyte flow direction did not produce a discernable difference in performance using the low current draw of these studies.
Tense and temporal interpretation

Abstract The grammatical forms known as tenses establish the time talked about in a sentence, in conjunction with other temporal expressions. Tense expresses a relation between Speech Time and Reference Time; the relation between Situation Time and Reference Time is under-specified for most tenses, though specified as simultaneous for English will . Tense interpretation depends on syntactic and discourse context at the level of the passage. Passages realize one of several Discourse Modes; each mode has distinctive linguistic characteristics. Tense conveys continuity in Narrative, while in Description tense is anaphoric. In Report and all other modes, tense is deictic. Temporal interpretation is determined by interpretive rules that take as input the surface structure of a sentence and the context in which it appears. Rules and interpretations are developed in the framework of Discourse Representation Theory. The information relevant to temporal interpretation is conveyed by features associated with tenses and adverbs by syntactic configuration, and by discourse context.
Location of impacts on composite panels by embedded fiber optic sensors and neural network processing

Location of impacts on an anisotropic polymer matrix composite panel was demonstrated by using a neural network to process the outputs of embedded fiber optic strain sensors. Three extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensors were embedded in a graphite/bismaleimide composite with a unidirectional lay-up. The location of an impact can be calculated directly by triangulation from the difference in arrival times of the impact-generated stress waves at the embedded sensors. A data set of 132 experimental results was generated by impacting the panel at evenly spaced locations, and measuring the time differences. A back-propagation neural network was simulated using commercial software, and the data set was used to train the network. Following training, the network was capable of determining the location of randomly located impacts with an accuracy of a few centimeters. These results were comparable to the accuracy achieved for impact location on an isotropic aluminum plate, indicating that the neural network performance is independent of material anisotropy.
Ni(III)/(IV) bis(dicarbollide) as a fast, noncorrosive redox shuttle for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Nickel bis(dicarbollide) is used as a fast, one-electron outer sphere redox couple in dye-sensitized solar cells. Device performances with this anionic shuttle are investigated with different electrolyte concentrations and additives, using only 0.030 M of the Ni(III) bis(dicarbollide) to efficiently regenerate the ruthenium dye. Atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on the nanoparticulate TiO2 photoanodes is further used to improve device performances, increasing current densities almost 2-fold and attaining power conversion efficiencies ∼10× greater than its metallocene analogue, ferrocene/ferrocenium. Open-circuit voltage decay is used to probe the kinetics of the Ni(III)/(IV) bis(dicarbollide) redox couple, and electron interception is found to be ∼103× slower than ferrocene/ferrocenium, explaining the large discrepancy in open-circuit voltage potentials between these two redox shuttles.
Effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's evoked responses during passive and active attention.

Eighteen hyperactive clinical responders to methylphenidate were taken off medication and tested in two sessions during which they received an acute dose of methylphenidate and placebo in counterbalanced order. Seventeen normal boys of comparable age were tested without drugs. For both samples, evoked potentials were recorded during a Continuous Performance Test. Normal children made fewer errors of commission and omission and displayed faster reaction times than hyperactives tested under placebo. In addition, under active attention, the late positive component (LPC) of placebo-treated hyperactive boys' evoked responses exhibited smaller amplitude than normal controls'. Methylphenidate increased the amplitude of hyperactive patients' LPC and generally ameliorated their performance, especially commission errors and reaction times. The results confirmed previous findings of attentional disturbance in hyperactivity and normalization by methylphenidate of these patients' performance and electrophysiological activity during sustained attention.
Kriging and cross-validation for massive spatial data

Spatial prediction such as kriging involves the inversion of a covariance matrix. When the number of locations is very large as in many studies, inversion of the covariance matrix may not be practical. Covariance tapering, predictive process models, and low rank kriging are some methods for overcoming the large matrix problem, all of which can be regarded as approximations to the underlying stationary process. Therefore, efficient cross-validation is very helpful for spatial prediction with large data to assess how well an approximation works. This work studies the calculation of drop-one prediction and various prediction scores. Estimators are constructed to minimize some prediction scores. One advantage of this approach is that it integrates estimation and cross-validation and does not treat them as two separate procedures. Further simplification of calculation is studied that is based on the infill asymptotic theory. The methods are illustrated through the analysis of a US precipitation dataset. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus: academy perspectives on pharmacy's critical role in treatment, prevention.

AphA–AppM Previous pandemics and emerging infectious disease have pushed pandemic planning to new levels of sophistication and maturity that would not have been imaginable even a few years ago. Although some of the planning assumptions originally developed in this process turned out to be incorrect, without these preparations, the impact of 2009 H1N1 influenza would have already been much worse.
Persistent regional variation in populations of a tidepool fish

Abstract Understanding the factors that drive population dynamics is particularly challenging in systems that are connected via propagule dispersal because the rate of arrival of new individuals is both notoriously unpredictable and potentially critical in determining future dynamics. Furthermore, patterns of propagule recruitment can be fundamentally modified by post-recruitment interactions. We investigated how variation in both the recruitment of juveniles and local community structure affected the demography of an intertidal fish in two oceanographically distinct regions in Oregon. From 2001–2003, we observed persistently higher densities of adult tidepool fish Clinocottus globiceps (Girard) at Cape Foulweather, a stronger-upwelling region compared to Cape Perpetua, a weaker-upwelling region. In 2002, recruitment was roughly two times higher in the Cape Perpetua region. By the following spring, densities of adults were more than three times higher in the Cape Foulweather region, implicating intense post-recruitment mortality in the Cape Perpetua region as the cause of regional differences in adult densities. We manipulated, using a factorial experimental design, the presence and absence of dominant sessile organisms in tidepools at one site in each region in the spring of 2002 and explored whether differences in tidepool communities could be related to regional variation in fish abundance. Fish recruited disproportionately to pools with low cover of mussels in both regions. By the following spring, adults were more abundant in pools with mussels in one region and equally abundant in pools with or without mussels in the other region. Possible explanations for regional differences in C. globiceps populations include regional variation in the cover of intertidal invertebrates, in local biological interactions such as predation, or in coastal bathymetry that may be linked to variation in physical processes controlling recruitment and over-winter survival.
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION USING FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE AND HEREDITARY MODELS TO CHARACTERIZE THE BEHAVIOR OF POLYURETHANE FOAM

Abstract A five-parameter fractional derivative model and a hereditary model are being studied to predict polyurethane foam's uniaxial responses under harmonic excitation. A system identification procedure is developed to estimate the model parameters. The prediction results from both models are presented and compared. Both models provide reasonably good prediction of the observed responses from different input levels at a given compression level.
Survivability analysis of reconfigurable systems

This paper presents a new probabilistic approach to analyze the survivability of a system. We show similarities and differences between survivability and reliability analysis. In a reliability model, we can describe a k-out-of-n:G system (klesn), in which the component system is good only if any k or more components work. The system can also be configured into an initial k-out-of-n:G model with m backup components (0lesmlesn). If the system cannot perform its intended function, the m backup components will be reconfigured with the remaining working components into a new form to sustain system function. We refer to such studies to calculate the system successful probabilities as the survivability analysis. In this paper, we focus on the survivability analysis of a simple piping system. This study could potentially be used to analyze the survivability of power network systems, dependable secure computing systems, military reconfigurable information systems, and other large reconfigurable network systems.
CUMPLIMIENTO E INCUMPLIMIENTO DE RESPONSABILIDAD DEL DEUDOR EN EL CÓDIGO CIVIL: A PROPÓSITO DE LA SENTENCIA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE 7 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2010

El objetivo de este articulo es analizar la sentencia de la Corte Suprema de 7 de septiembre de 2010, rol 1089 - 2009, a proposito del incumplimiento de la obligacion de cuidado que recae sobre el establecimiento educacional respecto de sus estudiantes en virtud del contrato de educacion.
Joseph Johnson: Literary alchemist

(1999). Joseph Johnson: Literary alchemist. European Romantic Review: Vol. 10, No. 1-4, pp. 265-278.
SELF: a transparent security extension for ELF binaries

The ability to analyze and modify binaries is often very useful from a security viewpoint. Security operations one would like to perform on binaries include the ability to extract models of program behavior and insert inline reference monitors. Unfortunately, the existing manner in which binary code is packaged prevents even the simplest of analyses, such as distinguishing code from data, from succeeding 100 percent of the time. In this paper, we propose SELF, a security-enhanced ELF (Executable and Linking Format), which is simply ELF with an extra section added. The extra section contains information about (among other things) the address, size, and alignment requirements of each code and static data item in the program. This information is somewhat similar to traditional debugging information, but contains additional information specifically needed for binary analysis that debugging information lacks. It is also smaller, compatible with optimization, and less likely to facilitate reverse engineering, which we believe makes it practical for use with commercial software products. SELF approach has three key benefits. First, the information for the extra section is easy for compilers to provide, so little work is required on behalf of compiler vendors. Second, the extra section is ignored by default, so SELF binaries will run perfectly on all systems, including ones not interested in leveraging the extra information. Third, the extra section provides sufficient information to perform many security-related operations on the binary code. We believe SELF to be a practical approach, allowing many security analyses to be performed while not requiring major changes to the existing compiler infrastructure. An application example of the utility of SELF to perform address obfuscation (in which the addresses of all code and data items are randomized to defeat memory-error exploits) is presented.
Rules for multi-Regge amplitudes and their discontinuities

Abstract It is argued that an arbitrarary discontinuity of an arbitrary multi-Regge amplitude factorizes just as does the full amplitude itself. A set of rules is given for writing down the behavior of the full amplitude or any discontinuity as a product of Regge propagators, single-, double-, and triple-Regge vertices and their discontinuities. This result has numerous applications; e.g., in the consistency of the multiperipheral model and the Mueller analysis of inclusive cross sections.
Aerothermochemistry of the terrestrial atmosphere

(1973). Aerothermochemistry of the terrestrial atmosphere. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 3, No. 1-4, pp. 129-152.
RVσ(t): a unifying approach to performance and convergence in online multiagent learning

We present a new multiagent learning algorithm (RVσ(t) that can guarantee both no-regret performance (all games) and policy convergence (some games of arbitrary size). Unlike its predecessor ReDVaLeR, it (1) does not need to distinguish whether its opponents are self-play or otherwise non-stationary, (2) is allowed to know its portion of any equilibrium that, we argue, leads to convergence in some games in addition to no-regret. Although the regret of RVσ(t) is analyzed in continuous time, we show that it grows slower than in other no-regret techniques like GIGA and GIGA-WoLF. We show that RVσ(t) can converge to coordinated behavior in coordination games, while GIGA, GIGA-WoLF may converge to poorly coordinated (mixed) behaviors.
A Social-Emotional Assessment Method for Young Children in Foster and Residential Care: The Attachment-Based Narrative Story-Stem Technique.

Summary Standardized clinical assessments from the point of view of children are rare. A standardized narrative assessment measure, developed to assess children's perceptions of their caregiving environments, the Narrative Story‐Stem Technique (NSST), was used with two fraternal twins, age 8, with histories of severe maltreatment and multiple foster placements. Their responses to the NSST indicate that they perceived their caregiving environments as unstable and unpredictable, though in noticeably different ways. Representations of certain family strengths were also evident. The NSST can provide highly detailed information of great utility for treatment planning and intervention regarding children's perceptions of, and experiences in, their caregiving environments.
Analytical reference materials VIII. Development and certification of a new great lakes sediment reference material for eight trace metals

Abstract The development and certification of a new Great Lakes sediment reference material is described. The new matrix, analytes and concentrations differ from, but complement, those previously reported, thus enhancing diversity of our quality control samples and effectiveness of the overall quality assurance program at NWRI. Using a multi-laboratory and multi-methodology approach, the certified values for total metals (μg g −1 except for Fe in %) were derived to be: 1264 ± 91 Mn, 6.0 ± 0.4 Fe, 15.3 ± 1.7 Co, 52.0 ± 6.1 Ni, 1396 ± 107 Zn, 18.8 ± 1.5 As, 1.15 ± 0.19 Se, and 2.75 ± 0.28 Hg.
Monoclonal and polyclonal serum free light chains and clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Free light chains (FLCs) are the most commonly detected paraproteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We examined the types of FLC abnormalities and prognostic utility of the FLC assay compared with standard prognostic biomarkers in a prospective cohort of 339 patients with newly diagnosed CLL. Three types of FLC abnormalities were identified: monoclonal elevated FLC (elevated κ and/or λ with abnormal FLC ratio), polyclonal elevated FLC (elevated κ and/or λ with normal FLC ratio), and ratio-only FLC abnormality (normal range κ and λ with abnormal FLC ratio). One hundred sixty-five patients (49%) had a FLC abnormality with approximately equal distribution among monoclonal elevation, polyclonal elevation, and ratio-only abnormality. All FLC abnormalities were associated with poor time to first treatment: monoclonal FLC (hazard ratio [HR], 4.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.94-8.48), polyclonal FLC (HR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.24-4.64), ratio-only FLC (HR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.40-4.69). Monoclonal FLC and polyclonal FLC were associated with poor overall survival compared with patients with normal FLC. Results remained significant after adjusting for Rai stage. The FLC assay is a simple, widely available clinical test with similar prognostic utility as routinely used prognostic biomarkers for CLL. Among persons with FLC abnormalities, the type of abnormality affects prognostic significance.
Long-term follow-up of schizophrenics admitted to a general hospital psychiatric ward.

The present study constitutes a long-term (5 years) follow-up of a sample of first admission schizophrenic patients from a general hospital psychiatric ward. Post-hospital adjustment was assessed by rate of rehospitalization, symptomatology, socialization, family functioning, and instrumental work performance. To determine the schizophrenics' declines or advances in functioning, we compared (1) their current social, family, and work performance with (2) their premorbid levels in these areas. Five years after their first hospitalizations there was almost no evidence of chronic institutionalization. The sample, however, did show a relatively high level of symptoms in comparison to other samples of discharged schizophrenics administered the same instruments, and 50% of the patients had been rehospitalized at least once. These schizophrenics' levels of socialization, family responsiblity, and instrumental work performance were reasonably high. In comparison to their premorbid (2 years prior to hospitalization) functioning, 45% of the sample were functioning at a higher level and only 15% at a lower level. There was little evidence of the old degeneration of functioning or of chronic institutionalization formerly found among schizophrenic platients, although many experienced symptomatology and temporary relapses.
Assay of inorganic sulfate in biologic fluids by nonsuppressed (single-column) ion chromatography.

Abstract An assay using nonsuppressed (single-column) anion chromatography was developed to determine the concentration of inorganic sulfate in biologic fluids. A conventional HPLC system with an anion-exchange column and conductimetric detector interfaced with an automatic injector and integrator was used. The mobile phase for the chromatography of urine and serum samples is 4 m m potassium hydrogen phthalate, pH 4.5, and potassium iodide is used as the internal standard. For cerebrospinal fluid samples, the mobile phase is modified by addition of 10% of a 4 m m phthalic acid solution. Results of the HPLC assay were found to correlate well (r = 0.991 and 0.999) with those of two commonly used spectrophotometric methods for urine and serum inorganic sulfate determinations. However, the concentrations determined by ion chromatography were 2.5 to 10% lower, possibly due to less assay interference by other substances following chromatographic separation of sulfate. Anion chromatography using a single-column system is a convenient and relatively inexpensive method with sufficient sensitivity for the determination of inorganic sulfate concentrations in urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid.
The role of phosphonates in the hydration of Portland cement

Six phosphonates, comprising the three acids aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and diethylenetriaminepenta-(methylenephosphonic acid) (DTPMP) and their corresponding sodium salts Na5ATMP, Na4HEDP and Na6DTPMP, were added to Portland cement in dosages ranging from 0.03 to 0.09%, at a constant water/cement ratio of 0.35 and their conduction calorimetric behaviour was investigated up to 72 h. The induction period, the time to attain the maximum heat effect and the integral heat developed at different times were determined. All phosphonates increased the induction period, from about 3 h to greater than 72 h, with respect to the reference cement with an induction period of 2 h. The acid phosphonates were more effective retarders than their corresponding salts. At a concentration of 0.05% the induction period extended from 10.1 to 21.1 h with the acids and only from 4.1 to 16.2 h with the salts. DTPMP was the most effective retarder among all the phosphonates, a concentration of 0.05% producing an induction period of 21.1 h and an exothermic inflection at 42.4 h compared with values of 2.2 and 7.9 h, respectively, for the reference. The corresponding salt (Na6DTPMP) was the most efficient of all the salt retarders. At a concentration of 0.05%, the induction period was extended to 16.2 h and the exothermal inflection to 31.4 h. In most instances the degree of extension of the induction period increased with the dosage of retarder. Phosphonates appear to be much more efficient retarders than many other retarders used in concrete practice.
Zebrafish dax1 is required for development of the interrenal organ, the adrenal cortex equivalent.

Mutations in the human nuclear receptor, DAX1, cause X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). We report the isolation and characterization of a DAX1 homolog, dax1, in zebrafish. The dax1 cDNA encodes a protein of 264 amino acids, including the conserved carboxy-terminal ligand binding-like motif; but the amino-terminal region lacks the unusual repeats of the DNA binding-like domain in mammals. Genomic sequence analysis indicates that the dax1 gene structure is conserved also. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed the onset of dax1 expression in the developing hypothalamus at approximately 26 h post fertilization (hpf). Later, at about 28 hpf, a novel expression domain for dax1 appeared in the trunk. This bilateral dax1-expressing structure was located immediately above the yolk sac, between the otic vesicle and the pronephros. Interestingly, weak and transient expression of dax1 was observed in the interrenal glands (adrenal cortical equivalents) at approximately 31 hpf. This gene was also expres...
Thermospheric Density: An Overview of Temporal and Spatial Variations

Neutral density shows complicated temporal and spatial variations driven by external forcing of the thermosphere/ionosphere system, internal dynamics, and thermosphere and ionosphere coupling. Temporal variations include abrupt changes with a time scale of minutes to hours, diurnal variation, multi-day variation, solar-rotational variation, annual/semiannual variation, solar-cycle variation, and long-term trends with a time scale of decades. Spatial variations include latitudinal and longitudinal variations, as well as variation with altitude. Atmospheric drag on satellites varies strongly as a function of thermospheric mass density. Errors in estimating density cause orbit prediction error, and impact satellite operations including accurate catalog maintenance, collision avoidance for manned and unmanned space flight, and re-entry prediction. In this paper, we summarize and discuss these density variations, their magnitudes, and their forcing mechanisms, using neutral density data sets and modeling results. The neutral density data sets include neutral density observed by the accelerometers onboard the Challenging Mini-satellite Payload (CHAMP), neutral density at satellite perigees, and global-mean neutral density derived from thousands of orbiting objects. Modeling results are from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE-GCM), and from the NRLMSISE-00 empirical model.
Design and Performance of an Exposure System for Measuring the Response of Crops to Acid Rain and Gaseous Pollutants in the Field

During 1982-1984, experiments regarding the nature of crop responses to combinations of acid rain and gaseous pollutant treatments were conducted. Open-top field chambers were used in conjunction with an automatic rain exclusion-simulant distribution system to expose crops to controlled levels of gaseous pollutants and rain acidity in a field setting. Rain exclusion was achieved by automatically moving covers over the experimental plots at the onset of a rain event. The simulant distribution system was automatically activated after 0.25 mm of rain was collected in a recording rain gauge located adjacent to the experimental plots. Rain simulants were dispensed through nozzles until the amount deposited within the plot equaled that deposited by the natural rain outside the plot. The system was capable of dispensing rain simulants with three levels of acidity to ambient air plots and to charcoalfiltered and nonfiltered-air chambered plots. The ability to automatically dispense rain simulants during, and in e...
Peculiarities of operation characteristics of high-power InGaAsP/GaAs 0.8 /spl mu/m laser diodes

The InGaAsP high power laser emitting at 808 nm with /spl eta//sub d/=1.1 W/A, J/sub th/=200 A/cm/sup 2/, and T/sub o/=155/spl deg/C have been grown by LP-MOCVD. Far field divergence of 27/spl deg/, output power of 3 W in the pulse-regime, 1.5 W in the quasi-CW-regime and 1 W in the CW-mode per uncoated facet have been obtained for 1 mm long diodes.
Invalidity of local thermodynamic equilibrium for electrons in the solar transition region. I - Fokker-Planck results

An effective numerical method for solving boundary value problems for the Landau Fokker-Planck equation is developed and applied to calculating the electron velocity distribution function in model solar transition regions. Numerical results illustrating the speed, pitch angle, and spatial dependence of the distribution function are presented. From these it is concluded that the widely invoked assumption that in weakly inhomogeneous collisional plasma the angle-averaged distribution function remains close to local Maxwellian distribution is incorrect. Instead, the distribution function forms an anisotropic, high-velocity tail in the lower temperature regions due to the diffusion of fast electrons antiparallel to the temperature gradient. Roughly speaking, this effect is of quantitative significance for spectroscopic work and heat conduction provided lambda(d ln T/dx)/sub max/ > or approx. =10/sup -3/, where lambda = (kT)/sup 2//..pi..e/sup 4/n ln ..lambda.. is an effective mean free path for thermal electrons.
The Disaggregation of Aggregate Manpower Plans

Aggregate manpower plans can be made operational only if they are translatable into shorter range assignments of personnel to specific work groups, operations, and products or services. This paper describes a combined heuristic programming and simulation algorithm amenable to this process of decomposition. Due to the complexity of the problem and the multiplicity of objectives, optimization techniques are only of academic interest. The algorithm is adapted to a particular environment, namely the construction of tour assignments in a post office. A “tour assignment” specifies simultaneously the exact timing days and hours of the work week shift or tour as well as the particular job assignment for each employee in the workforce. After describing the problem structure, the algorithm's logic is explained along with the interactive nature of the man-machine approach. Several options can be exercised to combine the power of a computer model with the judgment of the decision maker. The application of this methodology is illustrated with representative data, showing how the search and decision process can be conducted.
The Effect of Study Abroad on Grammatical Accuracy of Indonesian Students’ Oral and Written Performance

This correlational study investigates the effect of study abroad of two exchange students (SA) from Indonesia in public schools in the United States on their grammatical accuracy as compared to the oral and written performance of two first year college students through formal instruction (FI) in Indonesia never experiencing living in L2 environment. Speech samples were elicited through interview via-Skype, while writing samples were obtained through writing task. The result of this study shows that in oral and written performance, SA participants used more accurate grammar than FI participants. However, SA participants were more accurate in using the three tenses in writing (90%) than in speaking (87%), while FI participants showed different result, i.e. their grammatical accuracy of speaking (78%) was higher than that of writing (76%). Studi korelasional ini meneliti efek studi di luar negeri untuk dua siswa Indonesia program pertukaran (SA) di sekolah negeri Amerika Serikat dalam hal ketepatan gramatikal yang dibandingkan dengan ketrampilan lesan dan tulis mahasiswa tahun pertama melalui instruksi formal (FI) di Indonesia yang belum pernah tinggal di lingkungan bahasa kedua. Sampel ketrampilan lesan dikumpulkan lewat wawancara via Skype, sedangkan sampel ketrampilan tulis diperoleh melalui tugas mengarang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam ketrampilan lesan dan tulis, akurasi gramatikal peserta SA lebih tinggi daripada peserta FI. Namun demikian, peserta SA lebih akurat dalam menggunakan tiga kala dalam mengarang (90%) daripada penggunaan kala dalam berbicara (87%), sementara peserta FI menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda, yaitu akurasi gramatikal berbicara (78%) lebih tinggi daripada akurasi gramatikal mengarang (76%).
Becoming a Vampire Without Being Bitten: The Narrative Collective-Assimilation Hypothesis

We propose the narrative collective-assimilation hypothesis--that experiencing a narrative leads one to psychologically become a part of the collective described within the narrative. In a test of this hypothesis, participants read passages from either a book about wizards (from the Harry Potter series) or a book about vampires (from the Twilight series). Both implicit and explicit measures revealed that participants who read about wizards psychologically became wizards, whereas those who read about vampires psychologically became vampires. The results also suggested that narrative collective assimilation is psychologically meaningful and relates to the basic human need for connection. Specifically, the tendency to fulfill belongingness needs through group affiliation moderated the extent to which narrative collective assimilation occurred, and narrative collective assimilation led to increases in life satisfaction and positive mood, two primary outcomes of belonging. The implications for the importance of narratives, the need to belong to groups, and social surrogacy are discussed.
Radiosensitivity of single and double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA prepared from calf thymus was used. Doublestranded DNA was convented to single-stranded. It was concluded that if DNA in the dividing cells undergoes a double-- single transition before its replication, it may have an important radiobiological implication with respect to radiosensitivity of different stages of the cells. (P.C.H.)
Target-aided compression of SAR imagery for transmission over noisy wireless channels

In this paper, we present a target-aided, error-resilient system for coding synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, whereby regions of interest and background information are coded independently of each other. A multiresolution constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) detection scheme is utilized to discriminate between target regions and natural clutter. Based upon the detected target regions, we apply less compression to targets, and more compression to background data. This methodology preserves relevant features of targets for further analysis, and preserves the background only to the extent of providing contextual information. The resilience to channel errors is obtained without the use of channel coding or error concealment techniques. The robust nature of the coder eliminates the appearance of impulsive channel-error-induced artifacts in the decoded imagery, while increasing the security level of the encoded bit stream. The proposed coder is evaluated in terms of target detection performance on the decoded SAR image for a wide variety of channel conditions and encoding bit rates. The resulting system dramatically reduces the bandwidth requirements of the digital SAR imagery, and is shown to provide outstanding performance in adverse channel conditions.
Examining the Relationship Between L2 Listening Research, Pedagogical Theory, and Practice1

ABSTRACT A survey of language instructors was conducted to examine the relationship between L2 listening research, pedagogical theory, and practice. Descriptive and qualitative analyses of the responses suggest that there are gaps between L2 listening pedagogical theory and practice, and between L2 listening research and practice. Several suggestions for closing the gap between L2 listening research and practice are then proposed.
L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion maintains performance during a competitive basketball game.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of L-alanyl-L-glutamine (AG) ingestion on basketball performance, including jump power, reaction time, shooting accuracy and fatigue. Methods: Ten women (21.2 ± 1.6 years; height: 177.8 ± 8.7 cm; body mass: 73.5 ± 8.0 kg), all scholarship NCAA Division I basketball players, volunteered for this study. Subjects participated in four trials, each consisting of a 40min basketball game with controlled time-outs for rehydration. During the first trial (DHY) subjects were not allowed to rehydrate, and the total weight lost during the contest was used to determine fluid replenishment during the subsequent three trials. During one trial subjects consumed only water (W), while during the other two trials subjects consumed the AG supplement mixed in water using either a low dose (1 g per 500 ml) (AG1) or high dose (2 g per 500 ml) (AG2) concentration. All data assessed prior to and following each game were converted into a Δ score (Post results - Pre results). All performance data were then analyzed using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: During DHY subjects lost 1.72 ± 0.42 kg (2.3%) of their body mass. No differences in fluid intake (1.55 ± 0.43 L) were seen between rehydration trials. A 12.5% (p = 0.016) difference in basketball shooting performance was noted between DHY and AG1 and an 11.1% (p = 0.029) difference was seen between AG1 and W. Visual reaction time was significantly greater following AG1 (p = 0.014) compared to DHY. Differences (p = 0.045) in fatigue, as determined by player loads, were seen only between AG2 and DHY. No differences were seen in peak or mean vertical jump power during any trial. Conclusion: Rehydration with AG appears to maintain basketball skill performance and visual reaction time to a greater extent than water only.
The Effect of Primary Divisiveness in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections

This study examines the relationship between primary divisiveness and general election results in gubernatorial and senatorial elections. Previous work in this area has been unable to substantiate this relationship. However, these inconclusive results may be due in part to conceptual and methodological shortcomings. We attempt to avoid such pitfalls in an effort to test the divisive primary hypothesis more effectively. Our study, which analyzes separately gubernatorial and senatorial elections, reveals that a divisive primary adversely affects a party's chance for general election victory. Curiously, the analysis also demonstrates that divisive primaries disadvantage senatorial candidates more than gubernatorial candidates, and Democratics more than Republicans.
Experiences in Testing of a Large-Scale, Liquid-Fueled, Air-Breathing, Pulse Detonation Engine

A large-scale pulse detonation engine utilizing air and kerosene was constructed to demonstrate its practical implementation. Testing this ground demonstrator revealed successes and areas requiring improvement in the design, fabrication, installation and actual testing of a large PDE. Many of the challenges of translating smaller, single shot experiments have been overcome in this implementation of a 4 inch diameter detonation engine. This paper will discuss the experiences in testing the engine as a whole, and also on some of these subsystems involved. Full testing has not been completed, but successful operation provides a positive outlook for further innovation and modification.
Probabilistic Deterministic Infinite Automata

We propose a novel Bayesian nonparametric approach to learning with probabilistic deterministic finite automata (PDFA). We define and develop a sampler for a PDFA with an infinite number of states which we call the probabilistic deterministic infinite automata (PDIA). Posterior predictive inference in this model, given a finite training sequence, can be interpreted as averaging over multiple PDFAs of varying structure, where each PDFA is biased towards having few states. We suggest that our method for averaging over PDFAs is a novel approach to predictive distribution smoothing. We test PDIA inference both on PDFA structure learning and on both natural language and DNA data prediction tasks. The results suggest that the PDIA presents an attractive compromise between the computational cost of hidden Markov models and the storage requirements of hierarchically smoothed Markov models.
Le fonctionnement synaptique évalué par l’imagerie fonctionnelle du cerveau dans la maladie d’Alzheimer

In vivo imaging of regional brain glucose metabolism or blood flow (which is coupled to glucose metabolism) can elucidate regional brain synaptic activity, which is supported by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In Alzheimer disease, postmortem evidence indicates that synaptic loss correlates with dementia severity, and that oxidative phosphorylation in individual neurons declines in relation to the severity of synaptic dysfunction and the intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles. Brain imaging in asymptomatic and diagnosed Alzheimer disease patients confirms and extends this scenario. Resting state brain glucose metabolism falls with dementia severity, particularly in brain association areas. However, the brain can be almost normally activated in the early stages of disease, although not during moderate-severe dementia. Thus, in vivo imaging during graded parametric stimulation can be used to evaluate synaptic efficacy, and the ability of therapeutic intervention to ameliorate synaptic dysfunction, in pre-symptomatic and diagnosed Alzheimer disease patients.
A comparison of the torsional stiffness of the lumbar spine in flexion and extension.

Abstract Objective The main mechanism of injury to the spine is torsion especially when coupled with compression. In this study, the in vitro torsional stiffness of the lumbar spine segments is compared in flexion and extension positions by cyclic and failure testing. Methods Fifteen lumbar spines were sectioned from fresh cadavers into 15 L2/3 and 15 L45 motion segments. Each vertebral segment was then potted superiorly and inferiorly in polymethylmethacrylate, effectively creating a bone-disk-bone construct. The potted spinal segments were mounted in a mechanical testing system, preloaded in compression to 300 N, and axially rotated to 3° in both directions at a load rate of 1°/s. This was done over 3 cycles for each motion segment in the flexion and extension positions. Each specimen was then tested to torsional failure in either flexion or extension. Stiffness, torque, and energy were determined from cyclic and failure testing. Results The results showed that in all cases of cyclic testing, the higher segment extension resulted in higher torsional stiffness. In relative extension, the lumbar specimens were stiffer, generated higher torque values, and generally absorbed more energy than the relative flexion condition. There were no differences found in loading direction or failure testing. Conclusions Increasing the effective torsional stiffness of the lumbar spine in extension could provide a protective mechanism against interverbral disk injury. Restoration of segmental extension through increasing the lumbar lordosis may decrease the strain and reinjury of the joints, which can help reduce the extent of pain in the lumbar spine.
The Broad Applicability of Memory Bias and Its Coexistence with the Planning Fallacy: Reply to Griffin and Buehler (2005).

People chronically underestimate how long tasks will take. In their original article, the present authors (M. M. Roy, N. J. S. Christenfeld, & C. R. M. McKenzie, suggested a simple, broadly applicable explanation: Biased predictions result from biased memories. In their comment article, D. Griffin and R. Buehler suggested that in many domains in which this memory-bias account appears to out-predict their own account, theirs actually makes no prediction at all. However, the present authors did not suggest that only 1 theory is right but that theirs is consistent with data that prior theories, including their own, cannot explain. Ignoring memories of past tasks is not a complete explanation for the phenomenon if the memories people could consult are themselves biased. Nonetheless, underestimating future task duration is almost certainly multiply determined, and thus our account and theirs can coexist.
Transnational Migration and the Nationalization of Ethnic Identity among Japanese Brazilian Return Migrants

By examining the ethnic experiences of Japanese Brazilian return migrants in Japan, this paper explores how the dislocations of migration can produce a form of deterritorialized nationalism in which national loyalties are articulated outside the territorial boundaries of the nation-state. The Japanese Brazilians respond to their ethnic exclusion in Japan, as well as their negative experiences with Japanese cultural behavior and discrimination, by discarding their previously stronger Japanese identity and affirming their Brazilian cultural distinctiveness through contextually redefining their ethnic behavior. The resulting resurgence of Brazilian national sentiment becomes an ethnic counteridentity that is asserted in opposition to what is perceived negatively as Japanese. This indicates that transnational movements of people which cross national boundaries do not necessarily subvert the hegemonic dominance of the nation-state over individual consciousness.
Electrical Breakdown in a Cold Cathode Vacuum Diode

A 50-ns pulse generator is used to obtain time-correlated current-voltage relationships in the prebreakdown region for a long vacuum gap with cold planar electrodes. Analysis of data indicates several sequential stages occur. These stages include an initial quiet stage of voltage increase without interelectrode current, a microdischarge stage, a field emission stage, a space-charge controlled stage, and a final low-impedance stage where the current becomes sustaining. Electrical breakdown of the gap is considered in terms of a positive ion front moving from the anode.
Oyster δ15N as a Bioindicator of Potential Wastewater and Poultry Farming Impacts and Degraded Water Quality in a Subestuary of Chesapeake Bay

Fertig, B.; Carruthers, T.J.B., and Dennison, W.C., 2014. Oyster d 15 N as a bioindicator of potential wastewater and poultry farming impacts and degraded water quality in a subestuary of Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Coastal Research, 30(5), 881–892. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Anthropogenic nitrogen contributes to water quality degradation, but it is difficult to distinguish sources once they are mixed in coastal ecosystems. Natural abundances of stable nitrogen isotopes (d 15 N) were measured in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissues (muscle, gills, and mantle) during summer 2006 to summer 2008 to identify nitrogen sources in Monie Bay (a subestuary of Chesapeake Bay) receiving freshwater inputs from three tributary creeks. The creeks (estimated flushing times: 3.5, 5.7, and 37.2 d) vary in size and potential nitrogen sources: septic systems and poultry operations (Monie Creek), crop fertilizer (Little Monie Creek), and wetlands, forest, or both (Little Creek). Grand mean oyster tissue d 15 N values (11.8 6 0.4% in muscle, 10.4 6 0.4% in gills, and 10.5 6 0.3% in mantle) indicated a mixture of human and animal sources. Potential nitrogen loss from denitrification (15.1–24.5%) likely did not substantially modify isotopic values, and d 15 N values were greater than would be expected from atmospheric sources, refuting these alternative explanations. Though dilute, spatial patterns supported the inference that human waste, poultry waste, or both entered Monie Bay from its watershed and the adjacent Wicomico River watershed (via mixing). Calculated nitrogen generation from poultry manure in the watershed (containing 2.5 3 10 3 people) was 2.9 3 10 4 to 1.0 3 10 6 kg of total nitrogen (TN) per year (equivalent to 6.8 3 10 3 –2.3 3 10 5 people), whereas throughout Delmarva Peninsula (containing 1.2 3 10 6 people) it was 3.9 3 10 6 to 1.3 3 10 8 kg TN y � 1 (equivalent to 9.0 3 10 5 –3.1 3 10 8 people). Conservatively estimated (based on 0.038 kg chicken � 1 y � 1 ), poultry in the Monie Bay watershed generated an amount of nitrogen equivalent to that generated by 263% of the human population. Throughout Delmarva Peninsula, poultry generated an amount of nitrogen equivalent to that generated by 76% of the human population. Estuaries commonly receive nutrients from both inside and outside their watersheds, and oyster d 15 N values elucidated this process locally.
Binary variable multiple-model multiple imputation to address missing data mechanism uncertainty: Application to a smoking cessation trial

The true missing data mechanism is never known in practice. We present a method for generating multiple imputations for binary variables, which formally incorporates missing data mechanism uncertainty. Imputations are generated from a distribution of imputation models rather than a single model, with the distribution reflecting subjective notions of missing data mechanism uncertainty. Parameter estimates and standard errors are obtained using rules for nested multiple imputation. Using simulation, we investigate the impact of missing data mechanism uncertainty on post-imputation inferences and show that incorporating this uncertainty can increase the coverage of parameter estimates. We apply our method to a longitudinal smoking cessation trial where nonignorably missing data were a concern. Our method provides a simple approach for formalizing subjective notions regarding nonresponse and can be implemented using existing imputation software.