cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MIXED-LAYER MINERALS AS ONE-DIMENSIONAL CRYSTALS

IF THE INTERACTION ENERGY BETWEEN LAYERS IN A MIXED-LAYER CRYSTAL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE NEAREST NEIGHBORS, AND IF THE EXCESS INTERACTION ENERGY BETWEEN UNLIKE NEIGHBORS IS A CONSTANT OMEGA, THEN THE MIXED-LAYER CRYSTALS CAN BE APPROXIMATED BY THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL ISING MODEL. THE EQUILIBRIUM NUMBER OF NEIGHBOR PAIRS OF ALL THREE KINDS IN A BINARY (TWO TYPES OF LAYERS) SYSTEM CAN BE PREDICTED: (1) IF THE SINGLE PARAMETER OMEGA IS LARGE AND POSITIVE, SEGREGATION INTO DISCRETE CRYSTALS RESULTS, AND (2) IF OMEGA IS LARGE AND NEGATIVE, UNLIKE LAYERS TEND TO ALTERNATE, FORMING A REGULAR 1:1 MIXED-LAYER CRYSTAL FOR EQUAL PROPORTION OF THE TWO LAYERS. INTERMEDIATE VALUES OF OMEGA RESULT IN IRREGULAR MIXED-LAYER CRYSTALS, ONLY IF OMEGA EQUALS ZERO DOES A TRULY RANDOM MIXED-LAYER CRYSTAL ENSUE. THE ISING MODEL PERTAINS TO CRYSTALS OF INFINITE LENGTH. FOR CRYSTALS OF SHORT LENGTHS, THE MATHEMATICAL APPROXIMATION OF INFINITE LENGTH MAY BE INVALID. THE CORRECTION FACTOR HAS BEEN CALCULATED FOR BINARY, 50-50 SYSTEMS, UP TO A TOTAL OF 16 LAYERS. FOR THICKER CRYSTALS THE CORRECTION IS LESS THAN 25 PERCENT. FOR MANY NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, THE STACKING SEQUENCES OF THE LAYERS HAVE BEEN WORKED OUT BY ANALYSING THE X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS AND INTENSITIES. FOR OTHER CRYSTALS, THE PROBABILITIES OF LAYER SUCCESSION HAVE BEEN DETERMINED BY MEANS OF THE MACEWAN METHOD OF DIRECT FOURIER TRANSFORM. USING THESE DATA, THE VALUES OF THE INTERACTION ENERGY AND THE EXCESS CHEMICAL POTENTIALS OF MIXING ARE COMPUTED. THE INTERACTION ENERGIES, EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE, ARE ON THE ORDER OF A FEW HUNDRED CALORIES PER MOLE OF AB NEIGHBOR PAIRS. THEY MAY BE REGARDED AS THE INTERPHASE INTERFACE ENERGIES. TO THE EXTENT THAT THE ISING MODEL IS APPLICABLE, MIXED-LAYER CRYSTALS SHOULD BE REGARDED AS THERMODYNAMICALLY SINGLE PHASES. THIS CONCLUSION BEARS ON THE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM STUDY OF MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES INVOLVING SUCH CRYSTALS. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF MIXED-LAYER MINERALS IN THE DIAGENESIS OF SEDIMENTS AND YOUNG SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SHOULD BE A GOOD EARLY INDICATOR OF THE METAMORPHIC GRADE OF THE ROCK. /AUTHOR/
Mössbauer Study of Co 57 ( Fe 57 ) in Cobaltous Oxide at High Pressure

We report a room-temperature study of the M\"ossbauer effect of divalent ${\mathrm{Co}}^{57}$ (${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$) in cobaltous oxide up to pressures of about 250 kbar. As pressure is applied, the velocity spectrum unfolds from a single line into a hyperfine pattern in a manner consistent with the measured increase of the N\'eel temperature with pressure as reported by D. Bloch. The pressure dependences of the internal magnetic field, electric field gradient, and isomer shift are described.
Ready to Care

The St. Paul classroom was long, narrow and full of high school seniors. Derrick, their student teacher, slouched behind a computer in a front corner. The separation between Derrick and the students was palpable. In the coming moments it became even more apparent. When class began, 7 of the 19 students were sitting in the back rows, separated by up to three empty seats between them and the students in the front rows.
Biosynthesis of starch in Chlorella pyrenoidosa: II. Regulation of ATP: α-d-Glucose 1-phosphate adenyl transferase (ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase) by inorganic phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate

Abstract ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase from Chlorella pyrenoidosa has been partially purified and its properties have been investigated. The enzyme activity was activated about 20-fold by 3-phosphoglyceric acid, the first product of the photosynthetic reduction cycle. The enzyme appears to be separate and distinct from UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which was not activated by 3-phosphoglycerate. ADP-Glucose and ATP gave sigmoid-shaped rate versus concentration curves in the presence or absence of 3-phosphoglycerate. The V max of pyrophosphorolysis and synthesis of ADP-glucose was increased 7-fold and 18-fold respectively by 3-phosphoglycerate, and the K values of ADP-glucose and ATP were decreased 1.6-fold in the presence of the activator. Inorganic phosphate and ADP were inhibitors of the enzyme. The K i for phosphate and ADP were 2 × 10 −4 m and 2.5 × 10 −3 m , respectively. The inhibition by phosphate can be reversed by high concentrations of the activator, 3-phosphoglycerate. However, only partial reversal of ADP inhibition occurred with high concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate. The significance of 3-phosphoglycerate activation and inhibition by phosphate and ADP in the regulation of starch biosynthesis in Chlorella was discussed.
LATE QUATERNARY EVOLUTION OF A LUNETTE IN THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS: WILSON RIDGE, KANSAS

Lunettes are aeolian dunes that form on the downwind margins of playas. Although common on the Southern High Plains and elsewhere, they are poorly understood. Geomorphic and stratigraphic investigations at Wilson Ridge in the central Great Plains of Kansas reveal a complex late Quaternary history, with episodic deflation of the playa and sedimentation on the lake's southern margin. Ten stratigraphic units are present, five of late Wisconsinan age and five related to Holocene events. Woodfordian deposits consist of silt and fine sand containing crushed gastropods. Late Wisconsinan sedimentation was interrupted when a well-developed soil formed around 17,000 yr B.P., a period of high water in the playa. Pleistocene and Holocene deposits are separated by another well-developed paleosol on the south side of the dune and by an unconformity on the north slope. Although Holocene sediments are texturally similar to older deposits, they lack gastropods, suggesting arid conditions in the playa. Early Holocene insta...
A Facility Goes Underground.

(1980). A Facility goes Underground. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 33-34.
A Hybrid 2-Zone/WAVE Engine Combustion Model for Simulating Combustion Instabilities During Dilute Operation

Internal combustion engines are operated under conditions of high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce NO x emissions and promote enhanced combustion modes such as HCCI. However, high EGR under certain conditions also promotes nonlinear feedback between cycles, leading to the development of combustion instabilities and cyclic variability. We employ a two-zone phenomenological combustion model to simulate the onset of combustion instabilities under highly dilute conditions and to illustrate the impact of these instabilities on emissions and fuel efficiency. The two-zone in-cylinder combustion model is coupled to a WAVE engine-simulation code through a Simulink interface, allowing rapid simulation of several hundred successive engine cycles with many external engine parametric effects included. We demonstrate how this hybrid model can be used to study strategies for adaptive feedback control to reduce cyclic combustion instabilities and, thus, preserve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
Self-consistent modeling of low pressure microwave discharges including non-collisional heating processes

Summary form only given. Low pressure microwave plasma sources used for materials processing generally operate as overdense plasmas with the plasma density greater than the critical density. These sources can be operated with a static magnetic field that provides for ECR heating or without a static magnetic field via ohmic, resonance and other non-ohmic and stochastic heating mechanisms. Even when ECR strength magnetic fields are present these other heating mechanisms that occur in unmagnetized plasmas can be important and may even dominate. This paper examines via a two-dimensional, self-consistent microwave field and plasma model the heating of low pressure, overdense, magnetized and unmagnetized plasma discharges. Low-pressure (collision frequency /spl Lt/ excitation frequency) microwave plasma simulations that model the spatial variation of the microwave heating fields and plasma discharge are difficult to use in the local regions where the plasma frequency is near the excitation frequency. In these regions resonance effects occur and the microwave electric field can become large. Because of the localized nature of the resonance (high microwave field strength) region, stochastic (non-collisional) heating can occur as the electrons are accelerated/heated in this region and/or transverse through this resonance region via their initial momentum. This paper explores the self-consistent modeling of microwave discharges including resonance effects and stochastic heating effects. Further the models are constructed to closely match an experimental system that has been extensively characterized. This experimental system is a 2.45 GHz resonant cavity plasma source that has been studied while running argon discharges at pressures of 4-60 mTorr using Langmuir probes to determine the plasma density and electron temperature and using microwave field probes and optical diagnostic techniques to measure the microwave field strength.
Linkage relationships and chromosome assignment of four esterase loci in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus.

ABSTRACT Although anopheline mosquitoes are important vectors of malaria, their genetic makeup has not yet been extensively investigated. The present studies concentrate on the genetic basis of esterases in Anopheles albimanus . Nine zones of esterase activity have been resolved by gel electrophoresis. Four of these esterases: EST-2, EST-4, EST-6, and EST-8 are present throughout all developmental stages and also possess allelic variation. Mass matings were carried out with homozygous males and females heterozygous for two or more loci. The analyses of progeny from single egg batches revealed that the four esterase systems mentioned above are encoded in separate loci with codominant alleles. Analyses of two-point and three-point crosses have indicated the following linkage relationship: Est-8 — 12% — Est-4 — 22% — Est-2 — 9% — Est-6 . The assignment of this linkage group to chromosome 3 has been accomplished by the use of a Y-2 chromosome translocation.
The influence of the information value provided by prior-cuing treatment on the reactivation of memory in preweanling rats

In two experiments, the influence of exposure to a CS− on the acquisition and retention of a conditioned odor aversion was examined. Preweanling rats were given exposure to the CS− either prior to (CS−/CS+) or following (CS + /CS−) the pairing of a second odor (the CS+) with footshock. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that subjects in both of the treatment conditions acquired aversions of comparable strength to the odor paired with footshock and that retention of the odor aversion was not affected by order of stimulus presentation during conditioning. Experiment 2 indicated, however, that the effectiveness of pretest exposure to various elements of the conditioning episode in reactivation of the memory for conditioningwas dependent on the order of stimulus presentation during conditioning. This differential effectiveness of the various reactivation treatments is discussed in terms of their relationship to the associative “status” of the stimuli present during conditioning and in terms of the information provided to the animal by the reactivation treatment.
Approach to query-by-texture in image database systems

This paper presents an approach to texture-based image retrieval which determines image similarity on the basis of the matching of fractal codes. Image fractal codes are generated via a fractal image compression technique that has been recently proposed as an effective image compression method. Each image is represented by a set of self-transformations through which an approximation of the original image can be reconstructed. These self-transformations, which are unique to each image and are semantically rich, are termed fractal codes. An image data model is proposed which constructs each image as a hierarchical structure. Each image is decomposed into block-based segments which are then assembled by a hierarchy on the basis of inclusion relationships. Each segment is then fractally encoded. The fractal codes of an iconic image are used as texture key and are matched with the fractal codes of images in a database by applying searching and matching algorithms to the hierarchies of the database images to locate the segments which best match the fractal codes of the iconic image. Retrievals of both exact and inexact matching of images are supported.
Difference methods for solving convection-diffusion equations

Abstract Difference methods for solving the convection-diffusion equation are discussed. The superiority of Allen's approximation over central or upwind differences for one-dimensional problems is confirmed, the superiority being greatest when the boundary layer is very thin. Higher order methods give improved accuracy with negligible increase in cost. A new iterative scheme is proposed for the two-dimensional problem, which requires orders of magnitude fewer arithmetic operations than existing procedures currently available in the literature.
300 mW operation of a surface-emitting phase-locked array of diode lasers

The focused-ion-beam micromachining of an output coupler and a 45° turning mirror to form a surface-emitting, 10-element, phase-locked array of diode lasers is described. 330 mW optical power was emitted at the turning mirror in pulsed operation.
Progress on a 2-MV injector for a scaled HIF accelerator experiment

A sixteen beam injector to supply 500mA per beam of C/sup +/ ions, which was initially designed and partially constructed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, is under further development at LBL. We report on development work involving single and multiple carbon arc sources. These sources are useful because they can easily supply the 25 mA/cm/sup 2/ needed for the device. They are pulsed sources which do not cause unacceptable background gas loads in the column. We present emittance and reproducibility data. Acceleration is by a high gradient column using a succession of aperture lenses to focus the beam. The electrodes are arranged with holes for parallel beams inside 28 inch alumina insulators. Data on beam propagation and electron trapping in the column is presented. The acceleration potential is provided by a Marx bank with inductive grading along the structure. The resulting 34 ..mu..sec rise time pulse allows the accelerating potential to equilibrate along the column before the current is injected. Acceleration occurs during a 1 ..mu..sec window at the peak of the pulse, kn which the voltage is flat within 0.1%. 8 refs., 7 figs.
Barriers to portfolio investments in emerging stock markets

The authors examine to what extent features of the international tax system and indicators of transaction costs affect the required rates of return on emerging stock markets. They show that the capital gains withholding tax levied on foreign portfolio investors increases required pre-tax rates of return. As countries generally do not index their capital gains taxes, it follows that inflation increases the capital gains tax base, as well as the required rate of return on equity. Dividend withholding taxes instead appear not to increase the required pre-tax equity returns significantly. The differing results for capital gains and dividend taxes reflect the fact that foreign investors generally can receive domestic tax credits only for foreign withholding taxes paid on dividends. The return on equity is part of the issuing firm's cost of capital. So, capital gains withholding taxes imposed on nonresidents increase the cost of capital for domestic firms and discourage physical investment. Private investment levels have tended to be low in developing countries in the 1980's. The cost of equity finance in developing countries has gained in importance in the last decade, as these countries' access to international lending capital has been limited during most of the decade. What do these findings imply for the design of tax policy in relation to foreign portfolio investment in developing countries? The existence of foreign tax credits for dividend taxes paid suggest that a country should tax capital gains more lightly than repatriated dividends - as do Greece, Pakistan, Portugal, and Venezuela. Each of these countries has positive-dividend withholding taxes but no capital gains taxes imposed on non-residents. Colombia and India do the exact opposite: they tax capital gains far more heavily than dividends. Despite what appears optimal, the trend in developing countries is toward lower dividend withholding taxes, with little change in the average level of capital gains taxation. It appears desirable for developing countries to index their capital gains taxes to prevent them from being higher than anticipated.
THE FUTURE OF CRIME IN RURAL AMERICA

ABSTRACT While most people live in urban areas, most places in America are still rural. It has been argued that differences between rural and urban areas are important because they can inform both the theories and the methods we use to understand crime and justice. However, both the size of rural America and the nature of rural life has been changing. Urban sprawl, improvements in transportation and communications technology, the move toward a global economy, and changes in the nature of work, have brought changes to many parts of rural America. This study examines how rural crime is likely to be affected by these broader changes in American society.
Double Excitation of Helium by Electronic Impact

The cross section for electron impact excitation of He to the doubly excited (2p)/sup 2/ /sup 3/P/sub 3/ state was calculated. This state is the lowest lying, doubly excited state that is stable to autoionization. The differential cross sectlon results indicate that the scattered beam has an intensity maximunm at right angles to the incident beam. The total cross section shows the fairly sharp peak and rapid decay with increased electron energy characteristic of exchange reactions. The transition cross section is compared with others. (D.C.W.)
MEK Mediates v-Src-induced Disruption of the Actin Cytoskeleton via Inactivation of the Rho-ROCK-LIM Kinase Pathway

Cellular transformation by v-Src is believed to be caused by aberrant activation of signaling pathways that are normally regulated by cellular Src. Using normal rat kidney cells expressing a temperature-sensitive mutant of v-Src, we examined the role of the Raf/MEK/ERK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, and Rho pathways in morphological transformation and cytoskeletal changes induced by v-Src. Activation of v-Src elicited a loss of actin stress fibers and focal contacts. A decrease in the phosphorylation level of cofilin was detected upon v-Src activation, which is indicative of attenuated Rho function. Inhibition of MEK using U0126 prevented v-Src-induced disruption of the cytoskeleton as well as dephosphorylation of cofilin, whereas treatment with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor had no protective effect. In normal rat kidney cells stably transformed by v-Src, we found that the chronic activation of MEK induces down-regulation of ROCK expression, thereby uncoupling Rho from stress fiber formation. Taken together, these results establish MEK as an effector of v-Src-induced cytoskeleton disruption, participating in v-Src-induced antagonism of the cellular function of Rho.
Gender, gender identity, rape myth acceptance, and time of initial resistance on the perception of acquaintance rape blame and avoidability

This study, including female (n = 355) and male (n = 179) college students, investigated the role of gender, gender role identity, rape myth acceptance, and time of initial resistance in assigning blame to the victim, perpetrator, situation and chance following an acquaintance rape, and perceived degree of avoidability of the assault. Approximately 94% of the participants were White. Men and women low in rape myth acceptance attributed significantly less blame to the victim and situation, more blame to the perpetrator, and were less likely to believe the assault could have been avoided. When time of initial resistance occurred early in the encounter, men and women attributed significantly less blame to the victim and situation, more blame to the perpetrator, and were less likely to believe the sexual assault could have been avoided.
Management of ocular torsion and diplopia after macular translocation for age-related macular degeneration: prospective clinical study

Abstract Purpose To report the results of a prospective clinical series to evaluate the management of both torsion and diplopia in a large group of patients after full macular translocation (FMT) and extraocular muscle surgery. Design Prospective interventional case series. Methods Information gathered included demographic, visual acuity, ocular motility, torsion by Maddox rod, ocular history, and symptoms of visual disturbance. Surgery on two, three, or four extraocular muscles was performed based on the magnitude of torsion measured after FMT surgery. Results Fifty-three patients were included for both objective and subjective outcomes and were evaluated after FMT, both before (preoperative) and after (postoperative) extraocular muscle surgery. Preoperative torsion for two- (n = 6), three- (n = 8), and four-muscle (n = 39) surgery groups was 21.2 ± 4.6, 30.0 ± 6.3, and 40.5 ± 8.7 degrees, respectively. At 6 months, postoperative residual torsion was significantly reduced in each group (to 3.4 ± 3.2, 5.6 ± 5.5, and 4.5 ± 6.8 degrees, respectively, for two-, three-, and four-muscle groups). Muscle surgery reduced mean hypertropia from 17 ± 6 prism diopters preoperative to 4 ± 10 prism diopters postoperative ( P P Conclusions Extraocular muscle surgery is effective at relieving the variable amounts of torsion produced by FMT when graded to match preoperative torsion. The majority of patients were free of disabling tilt and diplopia after extraocular muscle surgery.
Gestural activity recognition for canine-human communication

Despite close collaboration existing between humans and working dogs, there are few options for reliable two-way communication between them. The main goal of the FIDO project is to explore and develop wearable technologies to support this communication [5]. In this manuscript, we describe work in progress regarding the use of intentional, motion-based dog gestures as a mechanism of communication. In particular, we are interested in gestures that can be identified with the use of inertial measurement sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes.
The obligate role of protein kinase C in mediating clinically accessible cardiac preconditioning

Background Cardiac preconditioning is an adaptation of cardiomyocytes that promotes tolerance to a subsequent ischemic insult. Adenosine receptor signaling is proposed as a mediator of preconditioning, but its mechanism of protection remains unknown. We hypothesized that protection against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury could be conferred in a rat ventricle by adenosine-mediated protein kinase C (PKC) activation and that adenosine-mediated cardioprotection could be extended to human ventricular muscle. Methods. Isolated rat and human ventricular muscle (VM) strips were subjected to 30 minutes of hypoxia and 60 minutes of reoxygenation (H/R control). The VM was pretreated with 125 μmol/L adenosine, an adenosine antagonist ((p-Sulfophenyl) theophylline [SPT] 50 μmol/L) and adenosine (adenosine + SPT), or with a PKC inhibitor (chelerythrine, 10 μmol/L) and adenosine (adenosine + chelerythrine) before H/R. Developed force (DF) and tissue creatine kinase (CK) activity were assessed at end reoxygenation. Human trabeculae were obtained from diseased explanted hearts at cardiac transplantation and were also subjected to H/R injury. Human VM was pretreated with adenosine (125 μmol/L) before H/R injury. Results are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. Results. In the rat, adenosine pretreatment conferred protection of DF against H/R injury (adenosine, 62%±6%; H/R control, 27%±2%, p Conclusions. Adenosine, a clinically accessible agonist, induces protection against H/R injury through a PKC-mediated mechanism in the rat ventricle. Further, the protection conferred by adenosine against H/R extends to the human ventricle.
Osteoclastogenic activity and RANKL expression are inhibited in osteoblastic cells expressing constitutively active Gα12 or constitutively active RhoA

Gα12–RhoA signaling is a parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated pathway that mediates effects in bone and may influence genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis. To further elucidate effects of the pathway in osteoblasts, UMR-106 osteoblastic cells were stably transfected with constitutively active (ca) Gα12 or caRhoA or dominant negative (dn) RhoA and co-cultured with RAW 264.7 cells to determine effects on hormone-stimulated osteoclastogenesis. Whereas PTH and calcitriol-stimulated osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures with UMR-106 cells expressing pcDNA or dominant negative RhoA, the osteoclastogenic effects of PTH and calcitriol were significantly attenuated when the UMR-106 cells expressed either caRhoA or caGα12. These inhibitory effects were partially reversed by the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632. None of the constructs affected osteoclastogenesis in untreated co-cultures, and the constructs did not inhibit the osteoclastogenic responses to receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). To investigate the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of caGα12 and caRhoA, expression of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM) in response to PTH or calcitriol was examined in the UMR-106 cells. In the cells expressing pcDNA or dnRhoA, PTH and calcitriol increased RANKL mRNA and decreased OPG mRNA, whereas these effects were absent in the cells expressing caGα12 or caRhoA. Basal expression of RANKL and OPG was unaffected by the constructs. The results suggest that Gα12–RhoA signaling can inhibit hormone-stimulated osteoclastogenesis by effects on expression of RANKL and OPG. Since PTH can stimulate the Gα12–RhoA pathway, the current findings could represent a homeostatic mechanism for regulating osteoclastogenic action. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1531–1536, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coupled elastic–plastic damage model for a porous aggregate with an incompressible matrix displaying tension–compression asymmetry

Abstract A significant strength differential effect (different behavior in tension versus compression) is observed at the polycrystal level, if either twinning or non-Schmid type slip are contributors to plastic deformation at the single crystal level. Despite recent progress in modeling the asymmetry in yielding, a description of damage by void growth in such materials remains a challenge. In this paper, an elastic–plastic damage model with yielding described by a plastic potential that depends on all invariants of the stress deviator is used. Single-element tests illustrate the salient features of the model. Simulation results of sheet-metal blanking show that if the compressive strength of the matrix is lower than its tensile strength, void growth and damage expansion is restricted.
Reversibility of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced in breast cancer cells by activation of urokinase receptor-dependent cell-signaling

Hypoxia induces expression of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) and activates uPAR-dependent cell signaling in cancer cells. This process promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). uPAR overexpression in cancer cells also promotes EMT. In this study, we tested whether uPAR may be targeted to reverse cancer cell EMT. When MDA-MB 468 breast cancer cells were cultured in 1% O2, uPAR expression increased, as anticipated. Cell-cell junctions were disrupted, vimentin expression increased, and E-cadherin was lost from cell surfaces, indicating EMT. Transferring these cells back to 21% O2 decreased uPAR expression and reversed the signs of EMT. In uPAR-overexpressing MDA-MB 468 cells, EMT was reversed by silencing expression of endogenously produced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which is necessary for uPAR-dependent cell signaling, or by targeting uPAR-activated cell signaling factors, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src family kinases, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells express high levels of uPA and uPAR and demonstrate mesenchymal cell morphology under normoxic culture conditions (21% O2). Silencing uPA expression in MDA-MB-231 cells decreased expression of vimentin and Snail, and induced changes in morphology characteristic of epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that uPAR-initiated cell signaling may be targeted to reverse EMT in cancer.
Widespread rearrangement of 3D chromatin organization underlies polycomb-mediated stress-induced silencing.

Chromosomes of metazoan organisms are partitioned in the interphase nucleus into discrete topologically associating domains (TADs). Borders between TADs are formed in regions containing active genes and clusters of architectural protein binding sites. The transcription of most genes is repressed after temperature stress in Drosophila. Here we show that temperature stress induces relocalization of architectural proteins from TAD borders to inside TADs, and this is accompanied by a dramatic rearrangement in the 3D organization of the nucleus. TAD border strength declines, allowing for an increase in long-distance inter-TAD interactions. Similar but quantitatively weaker effects are observed upon inhibition of transcription or depletion of individual architectural proteins. Heat shock-induced inter-TAD interactions result in increased contacts among enhancers and promoters of silenced genes, which recruit Pc and form Pc bodies in the nucleolus. These results suggest that the TAD organization of metazoan genomes is plastic and can be reconfigured quickly.
Inhibitory effect of cholesteryl γ-aminobutyrate on evoked activity in rat hippocampal slices

Abstract Cholesteryl γ-aminobutyrate (C-G) readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and has properties that suggest that it may be a potential γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mimetic compound. The effect of this compound on the orthodromically-evoked discharge of hippocampal pyramidal cells was investigated using slices of rat hippocampus maintained in vitro. The compound produced dose-dependent inhibition of the discharge of pyramidal cells. The magnitude of the inhibitory effect was somewhat less than that produced by a similar dose of GABA, but the duration of the inhibition was prolonged by about 10-fold over that produced by GABA. The inhibition produced by cholesteryl γ-aminobutyrate was blocked by the addition of picrotoxin to the incubation medium, and by replacement of chloride with isethionate. In addition, pretreatment of slices with the irreversible esterase inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, attenuated the effects of cholesteryl γ-aminobutyrate, but not that of GABA. These results suggest that cholesteryl γ-aminobutyrate has GABA-like actions in the CNS, and that its activity is largely dependent upon enzymatic release of GABA from the compound by esterases present in the tissue.
Characterization of Vickers, Berkovich, Spherical and Cube Cornered Diamond Indenters by Nanoindentation and SFM

Indentation at the nanometer scale using a Berkovich indenter is a widely used technique for measuring mechanical properties of materials. Other indenter geometries may find application in assessing elastic contact, the mechanism of fiber push-out in composites or fracture toughness. This study undertakes a comparison between the various indenter types, explores their suitability for acquiring elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness data, and discusses some limitations and cautions based on the data obtained with a Nanoindenter® and a Topometrix® scanning force microprobe.
Mixture-based MAP estimator for image segmentation

One method for image segmentation involves fitting a mixture model to features extracted form an image, then using this statistical model to segment the image according to the posterior probabilities associated with each component. This procedure has the disadvantage that it can produce a noisy and disconnected segmentation. Using the posterior probabilities from the mixture, a Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) estimator can be produced which smooths the segmentation. This in turn can be used to improve the original mixture estimates via the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for mixture models. This has the dual benefit of incorporating spatial information into the estimation of the mixture parameters, as well as producing improved segmentation. The algorithm is described, and applied to synthetic and real images. The result on the synthetic images show both improved segmentation and improved estimation of the mixture parameters.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of projective identification: An object-relations approach to marital treatment

Projective identification is an important construct to both analytic and family therapy practice approaches. It is an especially useful concept in marital therapy, and can be used as the foundation for assessment and intervention. This paper provides an overview of projective identification and an illustration of its use in marital treatment.
Odd fish abandon mixed-species groups when threatened

In a field experiment, two juvenile size classes of striped parrotfish (Scarus iserti), stoplight light parrotfish (Sparisoma viride), and ocean surgeonfish (Acanthurus bahianus) were threatened by a model of a common predator (the trumpetfish, Aulostomus maculatus) while alone and in mixedspecies groups of 3–100 members. Striped parrotfish, which usually consitute the majority of a group, used the groups for protection. Stopight parrotfish, present in very low numbers, hid in the coral. Individuals of both species left a group sooner if it had fewer conspecifics. Small surgeonfish sought protection in groups, while larger individuals too big to be consumed by the trumpetfish, swam away alone. These results may be explained by differences in the protection derived from mixed-species groups, and particularly, by the high predation risk suffered by odd individuals.
Dexamethasone treatment of a canine, but not human, tumour cell line increases chemoresistance independent of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-related protein expression

Glucocorticoids are often used in veterinary cancer patients because of their anti-inflammatory actions, appetite-stimulating effects, ability to decrease nausea and vomiting associated with some chemotherapy agents, and, in some instances, for their cytotoxic actions on susceptible tumour cells. Veterinary oncologists may not consider the possibility that the use of glucocorticoids may adversely affect response to chemotherapy. There is evidence that glucocorticoids can up-regulate the expression of multidrug resistance genes in some tissues. Whether or not glucocorticoid-induced expression of multidrug resistance proteins occurs in tumour cells is not presently known. The purpose of this study was to determine if dexamethasone induces P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1) in tumour cell lines. A canine osteosarcoma cell line (OS2.4) and a human myeloid leukaemia cell line 60 (HL60) were treated in culture with dexamethasone. The presence of a glucocorticoid receptor was confirmed in both cell lines by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Western blots for P-gp and MRP1 expression were performed on vehicle-treated and dexamethasone-treated cells. Sensitivity towards several chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum), doxorubicin, methotrexate and vincristine) was determined by 3-(4,5-dimthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. While dexamethasone treatment of OS2.4 cells increased the resistance to cisplatin and methotrexate, an increase in P-gp or MRP1 expression was not observed. Dexamethasone-treated HL60 cells did not develop chemoresistance and did not show increased expression of P-gp or MRP1.
Global and local influences on the chemical composition of snowfall at Dye 3, Greenland: the record between 10 ka B.P. and 40 ka B.P.

Abstract Wisconsin Age ice from Dye 3, Greenland, shows a number ofδ18O level changes which indicate the occurrence of rapid climate transitions. In order to study the effect of climate change on geochemical fluxes we have selected several of these transitions for chemical analysis. At each transition we have measured chloride, nitrate and sulfate concentrations with 5 cm depth resolution. All three anionic species show significant variations which correlate with the measuredδ18O shifts. In general, periods of highδ18O (warm periods) have lower anion concentrations than adjacent periods of lowδ18O (cold periods). However, the relative concentration shifts are not the same for all species, indicating that the concentration variations cannot be caused only by changes in snow accumulation rate acting on a constant anion flux. In addition to these rapid concentration changes, over the last 40 ka slower, secular variations in baseline concentrations also occurred. Baseline chloride and sulfate concentrations reached maxima near time of maximum ice volume. Baseline nitrate, on the other hand, remained relatively constant until near the end of the glaciation when its concentration rose. If a constant sulfate flux is assumed, the measured sulfate concentrations imply a dependence of snow accumulation rate onδ18O for the Wisconsin which is similar to that presently observed in Greenland. The sulfate concentrations would then suggest that Wisconsin snowfall rates were, at times, as much as eight times lower than today.
Diagnosing appendicitis with CT and ultrasound using prospective patient stratification by body mass index

Purpose: To determine the accuracy of CT and ultrasonography (US) in diagnosing appendicitis in adults stratified to either modality on the basis of body mass index (BMI), a measure of body habitus. Methods: Seventy-two adults with suspected appendicitis and demonstrating atypical clinical features were prospectively stratified to either appendiceal CT or US based on BMI. Patients with BMI < 30 underwent US and with BMI ≥ 30 underwent CT. Outcomes were determined by surgery, the medical record, and clinical follow-up after 3 months. Results: Of the 72 patients enrolled, 30 (24 women and 6 men) underwent CT and 42 (35 women and 7 men) underwent US. The average BMI was 34 ± 4 among patients who had CT and 24 ± 3 among patients who had US. Of the patients who had CT scans, 4 had positive scans for appendicitis and all of these were proven at surgery to have appendicitis. The remaining 26 patients had negative CT scans for appendicitis. Twenty-two of these were subsequently proven either by surgery or clinical follow-up not to have appendicitis, while 4 were lost to follow-up. This corresponds to a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 100 %. Twelve ultrasound examinations were positive for appendicitis. Nine of these patients had appendicitis proven at surgery, 1 had a perforated Meckel's diverticulum, and 2 did not have appendicitis after clinical follow-up. Twenty-seven patients had negative ultrasound exams for appendicitis. However, 6 of these had appendicitis proven at surgery, 17 did not have appendicitis, and 4 were lost to follow-up. Three patients had ultrasound exams that were equivocal for appendicitis; of these, 1 had appendicitis and 2 did not. For US, this corresponds to a sensitivity of 60 %, specificity of 85 %, PPV of 75 %, and NPV of 74 %. Conclusion: This study suggests that CT is an accurate method of evaluating adults with suspected appendicitis who have BMI ≥ 30. Stratifying patients with BMI < 30 to US did not reproduce the results already reported in the literature.
Efficacy of rehabilitative therapy in regional musculoskeletal conditions

This chapter reviews the best evidence for the rehabilitation of regional musculoskeletal conditions. Evidence-based efficacy of different modalities for treatment of musculoskeletal pain is presented, and the value of the patient's active participation in the rehabilitation programme is emphasized. The following modalities are commonly included in the holistic approach to patient-centred care and are reviewed: exercise therapy, thermotherapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and alternative therapies such as acupuncture, massage and yoga. A review of cognitive-behavioural strategies in pain management to prevent or treat fear-avoidance behaviour is also presented. Furthermore, the application of biomechanics in treating and preventing musculoskeletal disorders is illustrated. Moreover, the evidence for pain self-management to improve symptoms, health status and decrease the utilization of health care resources and cost is outlined. Finally, an overview will be presented, concerning the application of the evidence for treatment modalities to patient care, with focus on patient-centred, holistic treatment in a supportive setting. The following key questions/issues are addressed. What are the relevant therapeutic modalities for musculoskeletal pain disorders? What is the evidence of efficacy of these modalities in regional musculoskeletal conditions? What is the importance of understanding biomechanics? What is the importance of understanding fear-avoidance beliefs? What is the evidence for 'alternative' therapies such as acupuncture, massage or yoga? What is the evidence for 'pain self-management?' How does one apply the evidence for rehabilitation in regional musculoskeletal conditions into clinical practice?
Noninvasive documentation of Prinzmetal's angina.

A 57 year old woman with substernal nonexertional chest pain and angiographically patent coronary arteries was evaluated with two dimensional echocardiography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy after provocation of pain with methacholine. Simultaneous with the development of angina pectoris, the electrocardiogram demonstrated S-T segment elevation in leads II, III and aVF, followed by atrioventricular block. The echocardiogram revealed akinesia of the previously normally contracting left ventricular posterior wall during pain followed by hyperkinesia after the administration of nitroglycerin. Perfusion imaging suggested reversible inferior wall hypoperfusion. Thus, these studies provided noninvasive documentation of segmental left ventricular dysfunction and hypoperfusion during variant angina.
Currency and credit markets

Abstract In this paper, we focus on two aspects of the relationship between exchange rates and interest rates, which have not been widely discussed. First, the extent to which the forward premia/discount in one market can be used to predict the speculative return in the other. Second, the extent to which unanticipated changes in the speculative returns are correlated across markets so that positions in one market can be hedged using positions in the other. Our results demonstrate that these two linkages are also important factors behind the time variation in speculative risk premia.
Induced Polarization in Electromagnetic Inductive SCHEMES

Using homogeneous full-space and half-space models, we show that induced-polarization properties of the medium influence the inductive coupling between two circuits. It is suggested that existing methods to interpret electromagnetic sounding data should be viewed with caution if the electro-chemical dispersion is not taken into account.
Neither Military Nor Police: Facing Heterodox Security Challengers and Filling the Security Gap in Democratic Latin America

Latin America is confronted with heterodox security challenges that lie in the gap between common crime at one end and guerrilla insurgents at the other. States wishing to respond can neither rely on traditional police nor military forces because these forces cannot strike the necessary balance between force protection and citizen protection, lethality and restraint, command and discretion, and enemy and citizen images. Paradoxically, reformers want to democratize the police and relegate the military to external defense only—an effort that only widens the security gap and leaves citizens more vulnerable. It may take a hybrid security force—independent of either the police or armed forces—to strike the proper balance.
Tamoxifen in the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Abstract Tamoxifen, an antiestrogen, is a competitive inhibitor of estradiol, blocking its effects on the target organs. During the 10 years it has been used in the United States it has become pref...
RANS Analyses of Turbofan Nozzles with Wedge Deflectors for Noise Reduction

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to evaluate a promising concept for reducing the noise at take-off of dual-stream, turbofan nozzles. The concept, offset stream technology, reduces the jet noise observed on the ground by diverting (offsetting) the majority of the fan flow below the core flow, thickening this layer between the high velocity core flow and the ground observers. In this study a wedge placed in the internal fan stream is used as the diverter. Wind, a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) code, was used to analyze the flowfield of the exhaust plume and to calculate nozzle performance. Results showed that the wedge effectively diverts the fan flow and the turbulent kinetic energy on the observer side of the nozzle is reduced. The reduction in turbulent kinetic energy should correspond to a reduction in noise. The blockage due to the wedge reduces the fan massflow proportional to its blockage and the overall thrust is consequently reduced. The CFD predictions are in very good agreement with experimental data. This noise reduction concept shows promise for reduced jet noise at a small reduction in thrust. It has been demonstrated that RANS CFD can be used to optimize this concept.
Endometriosis in the Lumbar Plexus Mimicking a Nerve Sheath Tumor.

Endometriosis consists of ectopic endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. It is typically benign; however, in some cases, it may cause neurological symptoms if involving the central or peripheral nervous system. We present in this report a 46-year-old Caucasian female with lumbar pain progressively worsening for the last 3 years in her left hip and buttock with radicular symptoms radiating to her left anterior thigh with MR imaging showed an enhancing mass in the L4 neural foramen, interpreted as a nerve sheath tumor. At operation the nerve showed extrinsic and intrinsic abnormality, proven to be endometriosis. Postoperatively, the patient reported relief from her radiculopathy. We review the previous cases, discuss the pathogenesis and additional characteristics that highlight that intraspinal endometriosis, although rare, and must be considered as a potential cause of lumbar pain in women. Surgical resection is recommended in cases having severe or worsening neurologic symptoms or signs of cauda equina syndrome but care must be taken to avoid injuring the nerve. Adjunctive treatment may be used in cases of residual or recurrent lesions. doi:10.4021/wjon413w
Identification of a splice variant of the rat and human mineralocorticoid receptor genes

The sequence of a splice variant of the rat mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene is presented. A cDNA clone corresponding to rat MR was isolated from a rat brain cDNA library. Sequence analysis of the region corresponding to the DNA binding domain revealed the presence of a 12 base pair (bp) insertion. Analysis of mRNA from several rat tissues suggests that the variant is less abundant than the wild type in most tissues. The insertion variant is also a product of the human MR gene, the identical splice variant was also observed in human white blood cell mRNA. Unlike other splice variants reported for the MR, this variant alters the encoded protein by the addition of four amino acid residues in the DNA binding domain. The altered protein may influence the affinity of the MR for mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid response elements.