cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active oxygen species in heterogeneously catalyzed oxidation reactions

Abstract Active oxygen species generation in heterogeneously catalyzed hydrocarbon oxidation reactions have not been fully characterized. There is little consensus as to which the most active or selective species are. However, electron localization at a single oxygen atom—rather than shared over several—is necessary to activate very stable hydrocarbons like methane. This paper presents an overview of oxygen species formed on various catalytic surfaces and their role in hydrocarbon oxidation reactions. Since limitations of analytical methods are a significant bottleneck for understanding and engineering active oxygen species, approaches for characterizing and quantifying active oxygen are discussed. While several methods are effective for describing certain oxygen species, there is no method that comprehensively characterizes all active oxygen species. The most promising approach is oxygen isotope exchange coupled with infrared spectrometry and inline mass spectrometry.
Extremism, Intensity, and Perception in Congressional Voting

Social psychology, since the days of Thurstone, has emphasized the study of attitude distributions on quantitative dimensions. The discipline has, moreover, emphasized the study of individual differences. In particular, social psychologists – and sociologists and political scientists as well – have emphasized that the behavior of extremists differs sharply from that of moderates. Economists, in contrast, have been concerned with the development of mathematical models of choice along a dimension based on the concept, in one dimension, of a single-peaked indirect utility function. At the same time, empirical work by economists has neglected individual differences at the psychological level. In economic models, individuals typically differ only in their ideal points (which may differ because of budget constraints or socioeconomic characteristics) but not in the form of the utility function. In this paper, we use the findings on extremism developed in social psychology to inform a choice model commonly used in econometrices. This is the logit or double exponential model. In fact, as shown by Yellott (1977), the double exponential distribution is the only distribution that satisfies Thurstone case V discriminal processes, equivalent to Luce's choice axiom, for all possible choice experiments. Consequently, the research reported here accomplishes a form of Thurstone scaling that allows for the behavior of extremists to differ from that of moderates.
Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown in Relationship to Alzheimer and Vascular Disease

Objective Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown has been suggested to be an early biomarker in human cognitive impairment. However, the relationship between BBB breakdown and brain pathology, most commonly Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular disease, is still poorly understood. The present study measured human BBB function in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients on 2 molecular scales, specifically BBB's permeability to water and albumin molecules. Methods Fifty-five elderly participants were enrolled, including 33 MCI patients and 22 controls. BBB permeability to water was measured with a new magnetic resonance imaging technique, water extraction with phase contrast arterial spin tagging. BBB permeability to albumin was determined using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin ratio. Cognitive performance was assessed by domain-specific composite scores. AD pathology (including CSF Aβ and ptau) and vascular risk factors were examined. Results Compared to cognitively normal subjects, BBB in MCI patients manifested an increased permeability to small molecules such as water but was no more permeable to large molecules such as albumin. BBB permeability to water was found to be related to AD markers of CSF Aβ and ptau. On the other hand, BBB permeability to albumin was found to be related to vascular risk factors, especially hypercholesterolemia, but was not related to AD pathology. BBB permeability to small molecules, but not to large molecules, was found to be predictive of cognitive function. Interpretation These findings provide early evidence that BBB breakdown is related to both AD and vascular risks, but their effects can be differentiated by spatial scales. BBB permeability to small molecules has a greater impact on cognitive performance. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:227-238.
Effects of different pairing configurations of woodchips and steel chips in dual media treatment systems on nutrient removal and organics and iron leaching

Abstract Nitrogen and phosphorus are two primary nutrients that can promote eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. Recycled steel chips have been proposed to be used in conjunction with woodchips in dual-media treatment systems to remove nutrients from water, but the effects of different pairing configurations of woodchips and steel chips on nutrient removal have not been fully understood. The use of woodchips and steel chips for water treatment can result in leaching of organic carbon and iron. However, little is known about the impact of different media configurations on organics and iron leaching. In this study, laboratory column reactors using woodchips and steel chips (volumetric ratio of 11:1) were constructed based on three pairing configurations: woodchips/steel chips, steel chips/woodchips, and mixture of the two media. The column reactors were operated to evaluate nitrate and phosphate removal efficiencies and organic carbon and iron leaching from different media pairing arrangements. The results showed that the three media pairing configurations achieved similar overall nitrate and phosphate removal efficiencies but resulted in substantially different organic carbon and iron concentrations in reactor effluents. Steel chips, when placed downstream of woodchips reduced reactor organic carbon leaching, whereas woodchips, when placed downstream of steel chips reduced reactor iron leaching. The mixed media reactor was able to effectively control both organic carbon and iron leaching. The results of flow and temperature variation experiments showed that phosphate removal efficiencies by the steel chip filter were much less affected by flow and temperature changes than nitrate removal efficiencies by the woodchip bioreactor.
Bulk wave excitation from finite length SAW transducers including massloading

A analysis of bulk wave generation from finite length transducers on YZ-LiNbO3 is presented. The effect of the metallic electrodes is taken into account using the Finite Element Method. The substrate is modeled using both analytical and numerical means. The simulation results suggest that thick electrodes (gold or aluminum) increase the electrical coupling of a uniform SAW transducer to the shear vertical bulk wave at approximately twice the SAW center frequency. Experimental data in the literature appears to support this assertion.
What Do We Know About G-7 Macro Forecasts?

Research Program on Forecasting (RPF) Working Papers represent preliminary work circulated for comment and discussion. Please contact the author(s) before citing this paper in any publications. The views expressed in RPF Working Papers are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of RPF or George Washington University.
Expression of the type III TGFβ receptor during chick organogenesis

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is a regulator of embryonic development. The role of specific TGFbeta receptors is emerging, and a unique role for the type III TGFbeta receptor (TBRIII) has been suggested. We report the pattern of TBRIII expression in chicken embryos from 2 to 14 days in ovo.
Muon shielding around high-energy electron accelerators. Part II. Experimental investigation

Abstract This paper describes and presents results of an experiment measuring the fluence and absorbed dose delivered by electron accelerator-produced muons penetrating thick iron shields. The experiment was designed to check the theoretical calculations described in the preceding paper. Nuclear track emulsions and scintillation counters were used to measure fluence and 7 LiF was used for the dose measurements. It is shown that the absorbed dose can be calculated from the fluence data by using a restricted stopping power. The results of the measurements indicate that the theoretical calculation accurately predicts the muon fluence and absorbed dose at small angles (
High-order solution for the electromagnetic scattering by inhomogeneous dielectric bodies

[1] A high-order method of moment solution with quadrature-point-based sampling is presented for the solution of the volume electric field integral equation for the scattering of inhomogeneous dielectric bodies. The proposed scheme efficiently allows for the material profile to be inhomogeneous within a curvilinear cell. It is demonstrated that the method leads to exponential convergence in both the radar cross section (RCS) and the volume current density. It is also demonstrated that the method can be more efficient than surface field integral equation formulations for thin-material scattering.
Safety in the operating theatre—a transition to systems-based care

All surgeons want the best, safest care for their patients, but providing this requires the complex coordination of multiple disciplines to ensure that all elements of care are timely, appropriate, and well organized. Quality-improvement initiatives are beginning to lead to improvements in the quality of care and coordination amongst teams in the operating room. As the population ages and patients present with more complex disease pathology, the demands for efficient systematization will increase. Although evidence suggests that postoperative mortality rates are declining, there is substantial room for improvement. Multiple quality metrics are used as surrogates for safe care, but surgical teams--including surgeons, anaesthetists, and nurses--must think beyond these simple interventions if they are to effectively communicate and coordinate in the face of increasing demands.
Dynamics of a flashlamp-pumped rhodamine 6G laser

In this paper a rate-equation model is developed for a single-wavelength dye laser. The model is unique in that it accounts for the fact that triplet-state lifetimes are not necessarily very long, as has been previously assumed. This modification makes it possible to analyze more accurately the behavior of dye lasers that are pumped with pulse energies above threshold. Computer solutions of the rate equations are obtained and an experimental technique is developed to measure amplifier gain, which is then used to estimate populations of molecules at various energy levels. An experimental study of triplet lifetimes in anthracene is included in an Appendix. These results support the experimental values obtained by Stockman for Rhodamine 6G, which are used in our calculations.
Probing the Molecular Structure and Bonding of the Surface of Aqueous Salt Solutions

The surfaces of aqueous solutions of NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI have been examined using vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy. Spectra of these salts in mixtures of HOD/H2O/D2O have been used to provide insight into how simple salts alter the hydrogen bonding structure of water in the surface region. As the anion is changed, the observed interfacial hydrogen bonding also changes, indicating the presence of anions in the interfacial region. The isotopic dilution experiments performed on each solution enable separation of the contributions arising from interfacial water with differing degrees of hydrogen bonding. Frequency shifts in the peaks attributed to tetrahedrally coordinated water molecules within the interfacial region display the structure-making characteristics of F- and the structure-breaking characteristics of Cl-, Br-, and I-. However, water molecules residing in the topmost surface layer show minimal perturbation by the presence of these anions as probed by the characteristics of the donor OH ...
Assay of cholinesterase in an electrode system with an immobilized substrate

Abstract A rapid, simple method for the measurement of cholinesterase based on an immobilized acetylcholine substrate is described. Each assay requires only 3 min and the immobilized substrate can be used for 10 assays with excellent results; the substrate can then be renewed easily and quickly. The precision obtained (2.5 %) is the same as that possible with the soluble substrate system.
Case study: a methodology for plume visualization with application to real-time acquisition and navigation

Applications of visualization techniques that facilitate comparison of simulation and field datasets of seafloor hydrothermal plumes are demonstrated in order to explore and confirm theories of plume behavior. In comparing these datasets, there is no one-to-one correspondence. We show the comparison by performing quantitative capturing of large scale observable features. The comparisons are needed not only to improve the relevance of the simulations to the field observations, but also to enable real time adjustment of shipboard data collection systems. Our approach for comparing simulation and field datasets is to use skeletonization and centerline representation. Features representing plumes are skeletonized. Skeleton points are used to construct a centerline and to quantify plume properties on planes normal to the centerline. These skeleton points are further used to construct an idealized cone representing a plume isosurface. The difference between the plume feature and the cone is identified as protrusions of turbulent eddies. Comparison of the simulation and field data sets through these abstractions illustrates how these abstractions characterize a plume.
Application of Telemarketing in University Foodservices

Abstract One of the downsides of university foodservice operations is that non-mandated students are less likely to participate in the meal plan program. This paper discusses the development and use of telemarketing as a means of increasing student participation in non-mandated meal plans. Three goals were established for the telemarketing program: Increase revenues; define student participation factors; and generate goodwill. An analysis of revenues and costs attributed to the program showed that telemarketing was an effective means of increasing sales and generating profits.
Selective capacity of components of the aqueous extract of the electric organ to bind curarizing quaternary ammnium derivatives

Abstract 1. 1. Trichloroacetic acid supernatants of aqueous extracts of the electric organ, when purified by acid alcohol precipitation or by column chromatography, show increased capacity for binding quarternary ammonium compounds. 2. 2. This increase in binding capacity is proportional to the concentration of acid mucopolysaccharides in the purified material. 3. 3. The results presented here suggest that the binding of quarternary ammonnium compounds in tissue extracts is mainly due to the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides. 4. 4. In vitro experiments with several types of acid mucopolysaccharides do not lead to the establishment of a specific type of mucopolysaccharide responsible for neuromuscular transmission. Several hypotheses are discussed in an attempt to elucidate the importance of those substances in neuromuscular transmission.
Undifferentiated Sarcomas: What to Do? And Does It Matter? A Surgical Pathology Perspective

Whether or not to label a sarcoma “undifferentiated” depends heavily on available diagnostic resources and available treatment options.Pathologic subclassification of all sarcomas, where possible, ...
A pilot study to assess frequency of carriage and routes of acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus by healthy infants

Healthy infants frequently acquire Staphylococcus aureus colonization; however, the modes of transmission are not well defined. In this study, 8 of 23 (35%) infants cultured at age 2 weeks acquired S aureus carriage, but only 1 infant had a family member with nasal carriage of the same clone, suggesting that sources other than colonized family members may account for a significant proportion of cases.
Developing Freedom: Thomas Jefferson, the State, and Human Capability

Thomas Jefferson is often invoked as an advocate of limited government and a defender of individual rights. This article argues that rights were Jefferson's starting place. Jefferson also believed that American citizens should have opportunities to develop the capabilities necessary to enjoy the full use of their rights. Rather than thinking about Jefferson as progovernment or antigovernment, this article concludes that we must understand the particular kind of government Jefferson desired, the ends he had in mind, and why and how those ends differed from his Federalist predecessors. A better understanding of Jefferson's statecraft not only offers a new perspective on the relationship between government and rights in Jefferson's thought but also how and why Jeffersonians in power used the state to promote individual freedom.
Higher Charlson Comorbidity Index Scores are associated with readmission after orthopaedic surgery.

Background The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) originally was developed to predict mortality within 1 year of hospital admission in patients without trauma. As it includes factors associated with medical and surgical complexities, it also may be useful as a predictive tool for hospital readmission after orthopaedic surgery, but to our knowledge, this has not been studied.
Immunocytochemical localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid plasma membrane transporters in the tiger salamander retina.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plasma membrane transporters (GATs) play an important role in regulating GABA neurotransmission in the nervous system. The distribution of two GATs, GAT 1 and GAT 3, in salamander retina was investigated by using affinity-purified polyclonal antisera directed to the predicted C-terminals of rat GAT 1 and rat GAT 3. GAT 1-immunoreactivity (-IR) was found in type IB and IIB orthotopic bipolar cells (BCs) located in the distal and middle of the inner nuclear layer (INL), respectively; in type IIA and IA amacrine cells (ACs) located in the middle and proximal INL, respectively; and in interplexiform cells and cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). No detectable staining was found in horizontal cells (HCs) or in structures resembling Muller cells. GAT 1-immunoreactive fibers were present in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) in three bands corresponding to the three bands previously reported to be GABA-IR. GAT 3 antibodies labeled fewer cells and cell types than GAT 1 antibodies. GAT 3-IR was localized to type IIA and IA ACs and cells in the GCL, but not to BCs, HCs, or Muller cell-like structures. There was weak labeling of the OPL and stronger labeling of the IPL, with three distinct bands at the same depth as observed with GAT 1-IR. Double-labeling showed that the majority of GAT 1-IR BCs (88%), ACs (88%), and cells in the GCL (78%) colocalized with GABA-IR. The present study provides the first direct evidence of the expression of two GAT subtypes in neurons of nonmammalian retinas. These transporters could regulate GABA neurotransmission by reuptake and termination of GABA's action and, perhaps, by GABA release mechanisms. The presence of GAT 1-IR/GABA-IR bipolar cells further supports our earlier observations that a subgroup of orthotopic bipolar cells are likely to be GABAergic. J. Comp. Neurol. 389:117–126, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Time delay in wave packet tunneling

The time that a transmitted particle interacts with a tunneling barrier can be analyzed by letting the particle interact with a physical clock mechanism during tunneling. Alternatively, much of the literature follows wave packets through barriers, comparing the peak, or centroid, of the transmitted packet to that of the incident packet. Earlier assertions that there is no physical causative relation between incident peaks, or centroids, and their transmitted equivalents, are reinforced by analysis of a simple example in which the transmitted packet arises primarily from the front end of the incident packet.
The SWAN Song: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation’s Recurring Themes

Reproductive health can be a reflection of overall health. It follows that abnormalities of reproductive milestones may be a manifestation of unhealthy aging. Since 1994, the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) has assessed how menopause and the process of that transition may affect future health. Themes have emerged from SWAN associating patterns of hormones and symptoms with metabolic status.The nature of these relationships vary as women traverse the menopause and ovarian hormone production ceases. This review describes these cross-cutting themes and their possible meaning for the health of the mid-life woman.
Polymorphism under apostatic and aposematic selection

Selection for warning colouration in well-defended species should lead to a single colour form in each local population, but some species are locally polymorphic for aposematic colour forms. Single-locus two-allele models of frequency-dependent selection indicate that combined apostatic and aposematic selection may maintain stable polymorphism for one, two or three aposematic forms, provided that at least one form is subject to net apostatic selection. Frequency-independent selective differences between colour forms broaden the possibilities for aposematic polymorphism but lead to monomorphism if too large. Concurrent apostatic and aposematic selection may explain polymorphism for warning colouration in a number of jumping or moderately unpalatable insects.
Disruption of family rituals as a mediator of the relationship between parental drinking and adult adjustment in offspring

This study investigated whether disruption of family-of-origin rituals and routines would mediate the relationship between family history of parental problem drinking (FH+, FH-) and two outcomes in adult offspring: adult children of alcoholics (ACOA) personality attributes and drinking problems. The self-reports of 143 students and 129 outpatients indicated that disruption of family routines and rituals mediated the relationship between family history status and both ACOA traits and problem drinking. These results suggest that the mediating effect of family-of-origin rituals and daily routines may explain some of the heterogeneity in adult outcomes of offspring from FH+ families, in both student and clinical samples.
Work functions and surface double layer potentials of monovalent metals from a network model

Abstract The model described in this paper uses an electronic wave function which is defined to be nonzero only along the lines connecting first nearest neighbors in the metallic lattice. The electrons are assumed to move freely along the lines between nearest neighbors. No electron-electron or electron-nucleus force is included in the model calculations (except for forces arising from the Pauli exclusion principle). The work function is defined as the amount of energy required to move an electron from a point slightly inside the crystal to a point slightly outside. The contribution of the electronic double layer is included in the calculation of the work function as well as the dependence of the double layer potential on the surface geometry. Surface states, where the electron is localized in the neighborhood of the face of the crystal, are found to have energies sufficiently above the Fermi level to eliminate the possibility that they make any contribution to the double layer potential for the case of the (100) crystal plane. Consequently, surface states have been ignored in all the calculations. The surface double layer is assumed to be caused by the presence of a finite potential barrier at the surface of the crystal. Bulk electronic wave functions can penetrate this barrier and decay exponentially outside the crystal. The only parameters required by the model are the nearest neighbor distance for the lattice and the height of the potential barrier at the surface. The former quantity is fixed by the lattice structure (body centered cubic for the alkali metals) and by the density, while the latter quantity can be adjusted to give the best agreement between the model calculations and experiment. For the alkali metals, lithium through sodium, the best value of the barrier height is about 50% of the sum of the ionization potential energy, the heat of vaporization, and the calculated Fermi level for the corresponding metal. In addition, the value of the double layer potential for sodium agrees very well with a more sophisticated calculation by Bardeen and is reasonably close to the experimental measurement.
A MODEL OF THE MATURITY PROFILE OF THE BALANCE SHEET (1)

In this paper, the expected return-variance of return hypothesis of investment behavior is applied to the problem ot the wealth-holder's choice of the maturity distributions of his assets and liabilities. It is assumed that the only asset forms available to the wealth-holder are bonds homogeneous in all respects except: the dates on which they promise with certainty to pay their face values plus interest in a single lump sum. Bonds are assumed to be available from a continuous spectrm of maturities in infinitely divisible denominations. The wealth-holder is assuined, in addition, to make risky forecasts of the future level of interest rates. Under these assumptions, the wealth-holder's networth is a random variable with given mean and variance. Expected net-worth and its variance are shown to be functions of a set of moments describing the distributions by maturity date of the wealth-holder assets and liabilities, i. e., the wealth-holder views the maturity distributions of his assets and liabilities as statistical frequency functions capable of being described by a set of statistical moments. These moments are then treated as the wealth-holder's decision variables to be adjusted to maximize a utility function over expected net-worth and its variance. Optima 1 values of these moments then describe the optimal maturity profile of the wealth-holder's balance sheet.
The influence of direct and indirect semantic contexts on binocular-rivalry resolution

Sixteen Ss were asked to identify an unknown word as the E gradually increased the illumination behind it. Unknown to the S, there were two words superimposed stereoscopically (e.g., BAT/BAG) so that binocular rivalry (BR) was established between the last two letters. If the BR stimuli were accompanied by a direct semantic context (e.g., T), the Ss reported the related alternative significantly more often than the other. Indirect semantic contexts (e.g., BALL) had no effect on BR resolution. Most of the Ss reported that they did not see the BR letters as clearly as the other material on the card, even after resolution had occurred, and all Ss failed to realize that there were two alternatives until the luminance from the surface of the card had increased to at least 0.5 fc. These results, in conjunction with other information available on the neuropsychology of stereopsis and BR, suggest that direct semantic contexts produce perceptual biases by facilitating the suppression of one alternative by the other. Indirect contexts probably produce response bias and little, if any, perceptual suppression.
Comparison of incoming dental school patients with and without disabilities

A survey of incoming dental school patients compared 64 adult patients (DECOD) and 73 patients without disability (ND), regarding past dental experience, current needs, and basis for selecting the school's clinics. The responses indicated that, for DECOD patients, clinic selection was based largely on Medicaid acceptance, staff experience, and inability of other dentists to manage their disability; for ND patients, selection was based on lower fee structure. Both groups expressed high treatment need, but the rate was lower for DECOD than for ND patients. More DECOD patients reported severe dental anxiety and adverse effects of dental problems on general health. Chart records revealed that clinical findings exceeded perceived need for both DECOD and ND patients. While both groups had high periodontal disease rates (91%), DECOD patients had significantly poorer oral hygiene and less restorative need than ND patients. The findings suggest differences between persons with disabilities and other patient groups in difficulty of access to dental services in the community, reasons for entering the dental school system, and in presenting treatment need and/or treatment planning.
Sedimentation and significance of theNuia-bearing units in the Lower Middle Ordovician Antelope Valley Limestone (AVL): In central Nevada, USA

In central Nevada, theNuia pack- and grainstone lithofacies constitute the lower cliffs of the Lower Middle Ordovician Antelope Valley Limestone (AVL). In these pack- and grainstone units,Nuia, a problematic alga, is the primary kind of particle. TheNuia pack- and grainstone lithofacies occur in the lower intervals of the AVL and are interpreted to represent the algal subtidal shoal bars. We believe that these shoals may have formed in a N-S extending, nearly flat shelf margin where theNuia subtidal shoal bars left behind a progressively shoaling, restricted-deep middle shelf.
Optimum filtering in the presence of dominant 1/f noise

Abstract Optimum step response waveshapes for filtering in high resolution opto-feedback X-ray spectrometer systems in which 1/f noise is dominant are calculated. The resulting cusps are shown to reduce the electronic noise line width of very good spectrometer systems by approximately 10% at long peaking times. Implementation of such filters by transversal or by time variant methods is discussed and, as an example, it is shown theoretically that for a system with 90.5 eV fwhm electronic noise as filtered with a 7th order pseudo-Gaussian waveshape at τ0 = 35 μs, the corresponding noise line widths for the optimal cusp and for a particular time variant filter would be 82.5 and 75 eV fwhm respectively.
Chest Compression Force of Trained and Untrained CPR Rescuers

The objective of this study was to measure the force exerted by 83 trained CPR rescuers and 104 untrained adult laypersons (college students and staff). A bathroom scale was used to measure the force exerted by these subjects with their hands on the bathroom scale in the CPR position. The weight range for both groups was the same. Of the trained rescuers, 60% pressed with more than 125 lbs, whereas only 37% of the laypersons pressed with more than 125 lbs. In view of the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines (2000) to depress the chest 1.5 to 2 inches, which requires 100–125 lbs, it would appear that most laypersons do not exert enough force for effective CPR.
Dissociated vertical divergence: perceptual correlates of the human dorsal light reflex.

Background Dissociated vertical divergence (DVD) has been attributed to a human dorsal light reflex that emerges when single binocular vision is precluded in infancy. If this is the case, then DVD should be associated with a subjective sensation of tilt. Methods Prospective examination of 9 patients with DVD and 9 control subjects to determine whether monocular occlusion and alternate occlusion induces a subjective sensation of visual tilt or body tilt. Results Alternate occlusion disclosed a tilt in the subjective visual vertical in 8 of the 9 patients with DVD and in none of 9 control subjects. On occlusion of the fixating eye, a vertical pencil positioned in the sagittal plane was perceived as instantaneously tilted, with its upper pole tipped toward the side of the covered eye. This visual tilt was quickly followed by a perceived rotation back to vertical, which coincided with the dorsally directed drift of the covered eye. Conclusion In patients with DVD, monocular occlusion is associated with a subjective visual tilt that is annulled by a cyclovertical divergence movement of the eyes. This observation supports the notion that DVD is a human dorsal light reflex, which functions to restore vertical visual orientation when unequal binocular visual input evokes a subjective sensation of visual tilt.
Cloning and expression of full length mouse utrophin: the differential association of utrophin and dystrophin with AChR clusters

We have cloned and sequenced mouse utrophin cDNA, and successfully expressed full length utrophin (400 kDa) in both muscle and non-muscle cells. The expression of recombinant utrophin is compared with that of its homologue, dystrophin (427 kDa). We demonstrate that recombinant utrophin is targeted into agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters, while recombinant dystrophin is evenly distributed along cell membranes in cultured Sol 8 muscle cells. This observation suggests that utrophin and dystrophin may interact with different cytoskeletal proteins. The C-terminal domains are found to be responsible for the association of utrophin with AChR clusters.
An immunohistochemical and fine-structural analysis of peptidergic hypothalamic neurosecretory axon regeneration into the leptomeninges of the rat.

Abstract Regeneration of severed hypothalamic peptidergic neurosecretory axons into the ventral pia-arachnoid was observed in rats at the light microscopic and fine-structural levels. A temporal increase occurred in the number of neurophysin-positive axons regenerating into the leptomeninges for distances up to 3.3 mm by 40 days post-lesioning. A consistent pattern of parallel, meshed and clustered axons, occuring either singly or in bundles, was present within the connective tissue, while plexus and bundles were observed in association with leptomeningeal blood vessels. Axons were characterized by preterminal and terminal dilatations. Neurosecretory granulated vesicles occurred throughout axons. The presence of microvesicles at contact points with basal lamina suggests the possibility of hormone release. Most axons were arranged as fascicles associated closely with basal lamina-bounded support cells whose thin lamellar processes wrapped single axons or fascicles of axons. We conclude, therefore, that cellular and intercellular leptomeningeal microenvironments support and sustain the growth and regeneration of transected neurosecretory axons.
Teotihuacan regional population administration in eastern Morelos.

Abstract The Teotihuacan state expanded throughout Central Mexico around A.D. 200 creating a large sustaining hinterland for the support of its large urban centre. Teotihuacan influence is very str...
The decomposition theorem for functions satisfying the law of large numbers

LetB be a Banach space with the Radon-Nikodym property and (S, ϕ, μ) a probability space. Then anf: S→B satisfies the strong law of large numbers if and only if there exists a Bochner integrable functionf1 and a Pettis integrable functionf2,f2‖f2‖=0 in the Glivenko-Cantelli norm, such thatf=f1+f2. The composition is unique.
Chemical Discovery as Belief Revision

In this paper we describe STAHLp, a system that constructs componential models of chemical substances. STAHLp is a descendant of Zytkow and Simon's (1986) STAHL system, and both use chemical reactions and known componential models in order to construct new chemical models. However, STAHLp employs a more unified and effective strategy for recovering from erroneous inferences, based partly on de Kleer's (1984) assumption-based method of belief revision. This involves recording the underlying source beliefs or premises which lead to each inferred reaction or model. Where Zytkow and Simon's system required multiple methods for detecting errors and recovering from them, STAHLp uses a more powerful representation and additional rules which allow a unified method for error detection and recovery. When given the same initial data, the new system constructs the same historically correct models as STAHL, but it has other capabilities as well. In particular, STAHLp can modify data it has been given if this is necessary to achieve consistent models, and then proceed to construct new models based on the revised data.
Negative BOLD-fMRI Signals in Large Cerebral Veins:

Reductions in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals below baseline levels have been observed under several conditions as negative activation in task-activation studies or anticorrelation in resting-state experiments. Converging evidence suggests that negative BOLD signals (NBSs) can generally be explained by local reductions in neural activity. Here, we report on NBSs that accompany hemodynamic changes in regions devoid of neural tissue. The NBSs were investigated with high-resolution studies of the visual cortex (VC) at 7 T. Task-activation studies were performed to localize a task-positive area in the VC. During rest, robust negative correlation with the task-positive region was observed in focal regions near the ventricles and dispersed throughout the VC. Both positive and NBSs were dependent on behavioral condition. Comparison with high-resolution structural images showed that negatively correlated regions overlapped with larger pial and ependymal veins near sulcal and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Results from multiecho fMRI showed that NBSs were consistent with increases in local blood volume. These findings confirm theoretical predictions that tie neural activity to blood volume increases, which tend to counteract positive fMRI signal changes associated with increased blood oxygenation. This effect may be more salient in high-resolution studies, in which positive and NBS may be more often spatially distinct.
A vector potential for a partly penetrating well and flux in an approximate method of images

A vector potential is formulated for three-dimensional steady groundwater flow within a framework that is consistent with the Lagrange stream function for twodimensional flow. Analytical expressions are developed for vector potentials of a point–sink and a line–sink (of both finite and infinite length). A previously unpublished vector potential for a partly penetrating well in a horizontal confined aquifer is obtained using the method of images, where an infinite series of image line–sinks is approximated using a finite number of images and two semi–infinite elements. Singularities and discontinuities within these vector potentials are interpreted as producing a virtual discharge connecting vortex lines into continuous loops over infinity. The vector potential is used to accurately and efficiently compute the net flux through surfaces containing singularities in the specific discharge. This net flux quantifies errors in the elevation of streamlines associated with a finite number of images, and provides a measure to ensure a relatively seamless link between local three–dimensional flow and farfield two–dimensional flow.
Cyclic Behavior of Hybrid Columns Made of Ultra High Performance Concrete and Fiber Reinforced Polymers

The unique features of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in damage tolerance, energy absorption, and deformability were combined with the superior performance of concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes (CFFTs) to develop a novel hybrid system of FRP tube and UHPC, and the cyclic behavior of this system evaluated. Four specimens were tested. Two were steel-reinforced: one with conventional concrete (RC), and the other (RUHPC) with UHPC within twice the plastic hinge length and conventional concrete for the remainder of the column length. The other two had FRP tubes: one filled with conventional concrete (CFFT), and the other (UHPCFFT) filled with UHPC within twice the plastic hinge length and conventional concrete for the remainder of the column length. Each column was tested as a cantilever under a constant axial load and reverse cyclic lateral loads applied incrementally in displacement control. Each of the tubed specimens without any internal reinforcement achieved the same flexural strength and ductility as its steel-reinforced counterpart. Specimen UHPCFFT showed significantly higher flexural strength and initial stiffness, lower residual drift, and relatively similar energy dissipation as compared with Specimen RC. The proposed hybrid system can be optimized for strength and ductility as a viable alternative to the conventional RC column.
Alternative Measures of Perceived Locus of Control

A 30-item questionnaire comprised of Rotter's I-E scale (minus 6 filler items), 6 independent questions derived from the I-E scale, and 1 independent question was administered to 93 college students. Common factor analysis assessed the dimensionality of the I-E scale, and 4 factors were identified. The relationship between the measures of locus of control was assessed, yielding evidence that the single-item measure is a valid alternative brief measure of locus of control.
Representations of the Duffin-Kemmer Algebras

All irreducible representations of the generalized Duffin-Kemmer algebra are constructed by a fusion-theoretical method. This is shown to yield a very convenient form for the representations in terms of which detailed properties are readily investigated. In particular the occurrence of twin representations is shown to be not only analogous to, but indeed a consequence of, the corresponding phenomenon for spinor algebras.
Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation and living related donor renal transplantation in patients with diabetes: is there a difference in survival?

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) is an established treatment for end-stage renal disease resulting from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The only consistently successful means of restoring normal glucose homeostasis in patients who cannot produce insulin, it has been performed in more than 8,800 patients worldwide. 1 Diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease currently have three treatment options. First, they can be maintained on supplemental insulin and dialysis. However, with 5-year survival rates of 21%, this is not a favorable approach. 2 Second, they can receive a renal transplant and continue to administer exogenous insulin for glucose control. With 5-year survival rates approaching 70% for diabetic recipients of cadaveric renal transplants and 85% for diabetic recipients of living related (LRD) transplants, patient survival is good with this option. 2,3 Third, both IDDM and end-stage renal disease can be eliminated by SPK. With 5-year survival rates approaching 85%, it is also an excellent option in selected patients. 1 Although it was hypothesized that good glucose control might decrease the long-term complications of IDDM, this was not conclusively demonstrated until 1993, when the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial study showed that tight glucose control significantly decreased nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. 4 This benefit was achieved at a cost, however: the tightly controlled patients suffered a two- to threefold increase in episodes of severe hypoglycemia. Pancreas transplantation, which reestablishes normal glucose homeostasis, is therefore an optimal treatment for IDDM. However, SPK is also not without costs. Not only is it more expensive than kidney transplantation, but it also imposes greater surgical and immunologic risks. 5–7 Also, by requiring transplantation of the associated cadaveric kidney, it can potentially preempt the use of an LRD kidney. Thus, it is important to determine whether SPK is more beneficial than, or at least as good as, kidney transplantation alone. Most patients at our center have the option of choosing a cadaveric renal transplant, an LRD (or a living unrelated donor transplant), or an SPK. Those at increased surgical risk, however, are offered only cadaveric renal transplantation. In this study, we compared the outcomes of LRD and SPK. To provide additional clinical perspective, we also analyzed the outcome of cadaveric renal transplantation in diabetic patients.
Multi-resolution disambiguation of term occurrences

We describe a system for extracting mentions of terms such as company and product names, in a large and noisy corpus of documents, such as the World Wide Web. Since natural language terms are highly ambiguous, a significant challenge in this task is disambiguating which occurrences of each term are truly related to the right meaning, and which are not. We describe our approach for disambiguation, and show that it achieves very high accuracy with only limited training. This serves as a necessary first step for applications that strive to do analytics on term mentions.
The germ layer origin of mouse vaginal epithelium restricts its responsiveness to mesenchymal inductors: uterine induction

The epithelium of the mammalian vagina arises from two distinct germ layers, endoderm from the urogenital sinus and mesoderm from the lower fused Mullerian ducts. While previously it has been reported that neonatal vaginal epithelium can be induced to differentiate as uterus, which normally develops from the middle portion of the Mullerian ducts, it has not been determined whether this ability is shared by both mesoderm- and endoderm-derived vaginal epithelia. To test if germ layer origin influences the ability of vaginal epithelium to undergo uterine differentiation, we have isolated sinus-derived and Mullerian-derived vaginal epithelia from newborn mice, combined them with uterine mesenchyme, and grown them for 4 weeks in female mice. Mesoderm-derived Mullerian vaginal epithelium in combination with uterine mesenchyme formed the simple columnar epithelium typical of uterus. Similar results were obtained with neonatal cervical epithelium, another mesodermal Mullerian duct derivative. On the other hand, sinus vaginal epithelium combined with uterine mesenchyme formed small cysts lined by a stratified squamous vaginal-like epithelium. This epithelium never showed evidence of cycling between the cornified and mucified states as is typically seen in vaginal epithelium combined with vaginal stroma. These results indicate that the ability of epithelium to form uterus is limited to mesoderm-derived epithelia and suggest that endoderm-derived sinus vaginal epithelium cannot undergo the typical differentiative modifications in response to the hormonal fluctuations of the estrous cycle when associated with uterine stroma.
PLANNING THROUGH THE EXCHANGE OF RIGHTS UNDER PERFORMANCE ZONING

This article sets out an approach to land-use planning involving the exchange of rights under performance zoning - the setting of performance standards in land use such as the protection of property owners from adverse impacts resulting from the use of nearby land. Performance zoning offers high levels of flexibility to landowners to pursue different uses of their property within the limits of agreed standards and reduces the role of bureaucratic and political processes in the implementation of planning regulations.
Large deviations for Gibbs random fields

A large deviation principle for Gibbs random fields on Zd is proven and a corresponding large deviations proof of the Gibbs variational formula is given. A generalization of the Lanford theory of large deviations is also obtained.
Phlorizin hydrolase: A β-glucosidase of hamster intestinal brush border membrane

Abstract A β-glucosidase activity catalyzing phlorizin hydrolysis to phloretin and glucose is present in the microvillus membrane of hamster intestinal brush border. The pH optimum, K m and the effects of Tris, galactono- and gluconolactones, sulfhydryl reagents and heavy metals were studied. This β-glucosidase is distinct from the other brush border glycosidases documented in the literature. The presence of this enzyme serves to rationalize the divergent observations that cellular entry of low concentrations of mucosally added phlorizin has not been detected although high concentrations have been reported to inhibit intracellular metabolism.