cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Categorization of Discoverable Cyber Attributes for Identity Protection, Privacy, and Analytics

The Internet has become a major source of data that many regard as personally identifiable, and the ease of accessibility may be considered as an invasion of privacy. While there are certainly benign uses of this data, it has also facilitated increases in identity theft and identity fraud. This paper presents classes of cyber identity attributes that can aid in analysis and protection of a person's sensitive data in a complex, changing environment. Our research is motivated by the need to understand and organize identity attributes in such a way as to inform the general public of what Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is available and how it may be better protected. In this paper, we outline and discuss five major categories of identity attributes that are discoverable online. The categories discussed relate to data that is biographic, behavioral, relationship, biometric, and physiological data which are all part of a holistic representational model for identity analytics.
The effect of general counsel prominence on the pricing of audit services

Abstract We investigate the effect of corporate general counsel (GC) ascension to the senior management team on the pricing of audit services. Prior research suggests that the GC position may have a significant influence in setting the tone at the top by promoting corporate integrity, ethics, and serving as a governance and monitoring mechanism, but also recognizes that prominent GCs may face ethical dilemmas, causing them to disregard professional responsibilities to curry the favor of the CEO and other executives. Using audit fees to proxy for audit engagement risk, we find a negative association between GC ascension to top management and audit fees. We investigate the mechanisms behind this relation and find GC ascension is associated with a reduction in both default risk and financial misstatement risk, which supports auditors’ perceived reduction in client business risk and audit risk, respectively.
Education: online on-ramps.

Giving scientists greater access to conceptual and technical tuition through massive open online courses will aid interdisciplinary research, say Hazel Sive and Sanjay Sarma.
Efficacy of a Modified Health Assessment Utilized on Two Genetically Distinct Stocks of Rainbow Trout.

The Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is a salmonid fish that is maintained in aquaculture facilities and used as a source of protein around the world. Veterinarians need accurate, efficient tools and straightforward assessments to evaluate the health status of fish, like Rainbow Trout, that are cultivated on farms. In this study, two genetically distinct broodstock lines of Rainbow Trout originally obtained from two different U.S. states but propagated at Rushing Waters Trout Farm (Palmyra, Wisconsin) were evaluated. Groups originating from both states (State A: n = 20; State B: n = 20) were surveyed with a modified health assessment in a prospective, randomized, single-blind study. The adapted health assessment included external and internal gross evaluations, skin scrapes, gill clips, intestinal scrapes, and calculated indices, including condition factor and the hepatosomatic index. Generally, there were few significant differences in health assessment values between State A and State B fish. When this information was presented to the producer, it was discovered that perceived differences between groups were due to management errors in calculated growth rates. The results of this study add validity to the use of standardized health assessments for evaluating fish within aquaculture.
7 – Temperature and Energy Budgets

Publisher Summary The temperature of an object reflects the net result of all the ways that energy can enter or leave it. The chapter examines these various ways, especially for leaves. One will then be able to predict the temperatures of leaves, as well as more massive plant parts, based on the ambient environmental conditions. One can also appreciate the consequences of certain adaptations of plants to their environment and can identify the experimental data needed for future refinements of our calculations. It should be emphasized at the outset that individual plants as well as environmental conditions vary tremendously. Thus the chapter indicates an approach to the study of plant physiology and physiological ecology rather than provide a compendium of facts suitable for all situations. Nevertheless, certain basic features should become clear. For instance, CO2 uptake during photosynthesis is accompanied by a water efflux through the stomata. This water loss during transpiration cools a leaf. Also, energy influxes are balanced against effluxes by changes in leaf temperature, which affect the amount of radiation emitted by the leaf as well as the heat conducted to the surrounding air. Another generality is that the temperatures of small leaves tend to be closer to those of the air than do the temperatures of large leaves.
Clinical patterns and genomic profiling of recurrent ‘ultra-low risk’ endometrial cancer

Objective Despite good prognosis for patients with low-risk endometrial cancer, a small subset of women with low-grade/low-stage endometrial cancer experience disease recurrence and death. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical features and mutational profiles of recurrent, low-grade, non-myoinvasive, ‘ultra-low risk’ endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas. Methods We retrospectively identified patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IA endometrioid endometrial cancers who underwent primary surgery at our institution, between January 2009 and February 2017, with follow-up of ≥12 months. ‘Ultra-low risk’ was defined as FIGO tumor grade 1, non-myoinvasive, and lacking lymphovascular space invasion. Tumor-normal profiling using massively parallel sequencing targeting 468 genes was performed. Microsatellite instability was assessed using MSIsensor. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein proficiency was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results A total of 486 patients with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers were identified: 14 (2.9%) of 486 patients developed a recurrence. Median follow-up for non-recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 34 (range 12–116) months; for recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 50.5 (range 20–116) months. Patients with recurrent disease were older, had lower body mass index, and were most commonly non-White (p=0.025, p Conclusions Patients diagnosed with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers have an overall excellent prognosis. However, in our study, 2.9% of patients with no identifiable clinical or pathologic risk factors developed recurrence. Further work is warranted to elucidate the mechanism for recurrence in this population.
ACTIVE: A Tool for Integrating Analysis Contracts

Abstract : In this paper we present ACTIVE, a tool and framework to semantically integrate independently-developed analysis plugins in OSATE, a tool for modeling systems in the Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL). In the paper we analyze the problems that occur when independently-developed analysis plugins are executed on an AADL model and how these problems can lead to invalid analysis results. We show how our framework model plugin interactions in a formal way in order to enable automatic verification. These interactions are captured in an analysis contract that describes inputs, outputs, assumptions, and guarantees. The input and outputs in the contract allow us to determine the correct order in which plugins must execute. The assumptions and guarantees, on the other hand, capture the conditions that must be valid to execute a plugin and the one that are expected to be valid afterwards. The ACTIVE framework allows the inclusion of any generic verification tool (e.g. model checkers) to verify these conditions. To coordinate all these activities uses two components: the ACTIVE EXECUTER and the ACTIVE VERIFIER. The ACTIVE EXECUTER executes the plugins in the required order calling the ACTIVE VERIFIER every time assumption and guarantees need to be verified. The ACTIVE VERIFIER, in turn identifies and executes the verification tool that needs to be invoked based on the target formula. Together, they ensure that the plugins are always executed in the correct order and under the correct conditions guaranteeing a sound verification process. To the best of our knowledge ACTIVE is the first extensible framework able to integrate independently-developed analysis plugins guaranteeing their correct interaction and execution.
National Survey of Burnout and Distress Among Cardiothoracic Surgery Trainees.

Background Burnout has been linked to poor job satisfaction and increased medical errors, and is prevalent among health care professionals. We sought to characterize burnout and distress among US cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) trainees. Methods A 19-question survey was sent to CTS trainees in collaboration with the Thoracic Surgery Residents Association. We queried sociodemographic variables, balance/quality of life, and indicators of depression and regret. We included questions along the emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results The survey was sent to 531 CTS trainees across 76 institutions and there were 108 responses (20.3%). More than 50% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with balance in their professional life and more than 40% screened positively for signs of depression. More than 25% of respondents (n = 28) would not complete CTS training again, given a choice. More than half met criteria for burnout on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales. The CTS residents with children were more likely to express regret toward pursuing CTS training. A greater proportion of women than men reported poor levels of balance/quality of life during training as measured by missed health appointments, negative impact on relationships, and self-perception. Similarly, those in the final 3 years of training were more likely to report poor levels of balance/quality of life. Conclusions High rates of burnout, regret, and depression are present among US CTS trainees. Efforts to promote trainee well-being and implement interventions that support those at high risk for burnout are warranted, to benefit trainees as well as the patients they serve.
Abstract WP467: Challenging the National and Regional Targets and Achieving Door-to-Needle in 25 Minutes or Less at a Comprehensive Stroke Center

Background: The American Heart/ American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) established national 60 and 45-minute alteplase treatment targets ensure timely administration of alteplase in patients with ac...
The impact of iron-biofortified bean adoption on bean productivity, consumption, purchases and sales.

Abstract Staple food crops tend to be low in micronutrients; therefore, individuals whose diets rely heavily on them can suffer from micronutrient deficiency. Biofortification addresses this issue through the breeding of staple crops that are micronutrient-dense and high yielding. One such crop is iron-biofortified beans. Ten iron-biofortified bean varieties were released between 2010 and 2012 in Rwanda, a country with high rates of bean production and consumption, to address iron deficiency. This study evaluates the effect of the most widely adopted of these varieties, RWR2245, on household yield, land cultivated under beans, bean consumption, purchases, and sales. Because the adoption decision could be endogenous, we use a control function approach to quantify the impacts of adoption. RWR2245 provides a yield gain of 20%-49% over traditional bush bean varieties. In our preferred model specification, we find that over a 12-month period, growing RWR2245 for at least one out of two annual growing seasons increases the length of time beans are consumed from own production by 0.64 months (19–20 days), reduces the length of time beans are purchased for consumption by 0.73 months (22–23 days), and increases the probability of selling beans by 12%. Adoption can thus improve household nutrition via two channels: primarily by increasing iron intake via substituting biofortified harvested beans for less nutrient-dense beans from the market, and additionally by increasing household income that can be spent on nutritious foods through the reduction in bean purchases and increased likelihood of selling beans. Moreover, the sale of iron-biofortified beans implies the availability of iron-dense food in markets, also benefiting households that purchase beans. These findings are promising for the continued adoption of iron-biofortified beans in Rwanda and elsewhere and provide evidence that biofortified crops are an effective investment for nutrition, food security, and poverty reduction.
Almost-Zero Duality Gaps in Model-Free Resource Allocation for Wireless Systems

We investigate optimal resource management in wireless systems, directly in the model-free setting. Starting with a generic resource allocation task formulated as a variational program with nonconvex stochastic constraints, we leverage classical results on Gaussian smoothing to formulate a finite dimensional, smoothed problem surrogate, effectively solvable in a model-free fashion, without the need of a baseline system model. Further assuming a near-universal policy parameterization, we present explicit upper and lower bounds on the gap between the optimal value of the original variational problem, and the dual optimal value of the smoothed surrogate. In fact, we show that this duality gap depends linearly on smoothing and near-universality parameters, and therefore, it can be made arbitrarily small at will. Our results effectively quantify the effects of both policy parameterization and smoothing on approximating both the value and optimal solution of the original variational program via surrogate dualization, and provide explicit near-optimality guarantees in the model-free regime. We also provide empirical illustration via indicative numerical simulations.
Cinematic Reproduction as Multimodal Composition in First-Year Composition

This case study introduces an assignment from a large midwestern university FYC program, which emphasizes analytical writing by introducing students to a series of increasingly layered texts, including film. This has many advantages: teaching multi-perspective, evidence-based visual and textual analysis. For students to see textual constructedness the author required they remake film scenes using their cellphones, employing and then articulating their use of generic conventions. This article details the original assignment and tracks its evolution due to students’ innovations. One group’s project, a scene from The Shining , highlights multimodal recreation’s capacity to help students re-envision and more fully analyze cinematic elements, adding depth and specificity to students’ analytical writing.
Saving Brick-and-Mortar Retail: Effects of Consumer-Engaged “Retail-tainment” on Consumers’ Store Perceptions and Store Loyalty

With increasing interests in experiential retail, several fashion brands create a consumer-engaged "retail-tainment" offering entertainment activities and events in the brick-and-mortar retail space that consumers can partake in. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of consumer-engaged "retail-tainment" on consumer's store perceptions (e.g., perceived store value, store innovativeness, store entertainment, store distinctiveness) and store loyalty in the context of a fashion retail store. The moderating effect of market mavenism was also assessed. Data were collected from undergraduates (n= 210) enrolled at Eastern University in the U.S. Structural equation modeling revealed that the retailer's offering of consumer-engaged "retail-tainment" had an impact on consumer's perception of store value, innovativeness, entertainment, and distinctiveness. Perceived store innovativeness, entertainment, and distinctiveness all had positive effects on store loyalty but not store value. There was a significant moderating effect of market mavenism on the relationship between store perceptions and store loyalty.
Short Selling and Trading Abuses on NASDAQ

We examine the potential for short-selling trading abuses unique to Nasdaq during a period when there was no up-tick rule and no effective prohibitions against "naked" short selling. We find that (1) short sellers earned significant abnormal returns on Nasdaq securities, but these were smaller than on NYSE/AMEX securities; (2) they did not destabilize markets by selling into falling markets and exacerbating price drops; and (3) Nasdaq short sellers may be more susceptible than NYSE/AMEX shorts to "short squeezes". Our results cast doubt on the appropriateness of recent regulatory reforms established for Nasdaq and public concern over Nasdaq short-selling abuses.
Abstract PL03-03: Inherited susceptibility to cancer: From family reunions to the front line of precision healthcare

Cancer genomics has shed much light on tumorigenesis, leading to improved diagnoses and treatments. The marriage of Big Data and genetics research has produced groundbreaking, epidemiologic studies of large swaths of the world9s population showing the links between cancer(s) and inherited risk. This work has led to breakthroughs in our understanding of pathogenic mutations, such as in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes—strong predictors of breast and ovarian cancer risk and possibly the strongest known predictors of aggressive prostate cancer risk. Inherited and sporadic forms of cancer often share common mutational events, with implications for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention. Our work and that of others demonstrate the significant burden of early onset ER negative breast cancer as well as high rates of pathogenic BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 mutations among young women diagnosed with breast cancer. Our more recent work on the BRCA1 pseudogene identifies a novel mechanism of innate immunity driven by a host pseudogene RNA that inhibits innate immune defense mechanisms and anti-tumor responses through regulation of antiviral gene expression. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have also identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) associated with increased breast cancer risk, including SNP rs13074711 identified from GWAS in women of African Ancestry with breast cancer, which regulates TNFSF10/TRAIL expression in ER negative breastcancer cells. Germline genetics influence somatic mutations and the evolutionary trajectory and life history of individual cancer genomes in diverse populations. Deeper understanding of the nature of this influence will allow us to explore innovative interventions to accelerate progress in precision health care and promote health equity. Citation Format: Olufunmilayo I. Olopade. Inherited susceptibility to cancer: From family reunions to the front line of precision healthcare [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr PL03-03.
Epidermotropic metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil: A case report with molecular confirmation.

Metastasis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to skin is uncommon and portends a poor prognosis. Clinical history and histopathology are key to discerning between metastatic disease versus de novo SCC of the skin. We describe a case of an HPV+ tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma in a 77-year-old male, with metastasis to the neck skin. This case is unique due to prominent in-situ epidermal involvement on skin biopsy specimen, complicating the distinction between primary and secondary disease. The nature of the lesion was resolved using next generation sequencing of both the primary oropharyngeal SCC and skin lesion biopsy specimens. Both tumors demonstrated identical ATR D1639G somatic mutations, while the skin lesion contained an additional POLE F1366L mutation. Clonal evolution of metastatic lesions is a well-described phenomenon; comparing the genetic profiles of primary and metastatic specimens can be useful in evaluating the tumor origin as well as identifying targetable genetic aberrations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Emergent ureteric stent vs percutaneous nephrostomy for obstructive urolithiasis with sepsis: patterns of use and outcomes from a 15-year experience

Objectives To characterize the use of emergent JJ ureteric stent placement and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) for patients with obstructive urolithiasis with sepsis, and to determine whether outcomes differ between the two treatment methods. Patients and Methods A total of 130 patients with obstructive urolithiasis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria were identified retrospectively from a single health system database from 1995 to 2011. Primary outcomes included stone-related and clinical variables which predicted the use of each treatment method. Secondary outcomes included the length of hospital stay, risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and surgical approach used for definitive stone management. Results The overall rate of failed procedures was 2.3% (3/130), with one in-hospital death (0.8%). Patients treated with PCN had larger stones (10 vs 7 mm, P = 0.031), and were more acutely ill (acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation [APACHE] II scores of 15 vs 11, P = 0.036) than those treated with JJ stent placement. Patients treated with PCN were more likely to require ICU admission (odds ratio: 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–8.41, P = 0.016), and demonstrated longer length of hospital stay (β: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.20–0.74, P = 0.001), even when adjusting for age, APACHE II score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. After resolution of sepsis, patients treated with PCN were more likely to be treated definitively with a percutaneous approach, while patients treated with JJ stent placement were more likely to be treated ureteroscopically. Conclusions Both JJ stent placement and PCN drainage appear effective. Patients with larger stones and who are more acutely ill are more likely to be treated with PCN. Additional randomized clinical trials of adequate power are warranted to define the optimum management of these often complex cases.
Metastasectomy for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common sarcoma of the intestinal tract. Improvements in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of GIST have resulted in novel treatment strategies combining surgery with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Metastasectomy in carefully selected patients who have stable or responsive disease on imatinib should be considered in the multidisciplinary setting. We review existing data on surgical cytoreduction in metastatic GIST while on targeted therapy and compare outcomes with either treatment alone.
Maternal blood and cerebrospinal fluid estimation following the administration of chloral hydrate during the puerperium

Abstract Twenty-five unselected puerperal patients were included in this study. The cerebrospinal fluid was obtained by lumbar puncture on the third postpartum day; blood was also obtained from the patient at the same time. The medication was administered in rectal suppositories, 1.2 Gm. Specimens were taken at intervals from 30 minutes following administration of the suppository to 10 hours and 30 minutes. The amounts of chloral hydrate and trichloroacetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid were small. Urochloralic acid passes into the cerebrospinal fluid in substantial quantities. Exceptionally large quantities of urochloralic acid were demonstrated in Patients 3 and 6. These patients were suffering from severe pre-eclampsia with evidence of liver damage. The concentration of trichloroethanol in the cerebrospinal fluid is variable, but in general is less than that of either chloral hydrate or trichloroacetic acid.
Equilibrium strain-energy analysis of coherently strained core- shell nanowires

In order to continue the performance enhancement of Si-based semiconductor devices, the number of devices on a chip as well as the performance of those devices must continue to improve. One method for improving device functionality is the incorporation of strained Si–Ge heterostructures. While such heterostructures have been the focus of much research in planar Si processing, only recently has the fabrication of such heterostructures in nanoscale semiconductors been addressed. In particular, the fabrication of a Si–Ge radial nanowire heterostructure requires a consideration of the epitaxial stability of the shell on the underlying core nanowire. This work develops a model for the strain state of a radial nanowire heterostructure, focusing on the particular example of Si–Ge. The behavior of the radial nanowire heterostructure is compared to that of a planar heterostructure, and we find that much higher strains can be achieved in the nanowire geometry.
Increased intramural expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 after balloon injury: A potential progenitor of restenosis

Abstract Objectives. This study was performed to determine whether altered gene expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) occurs within the arterial wall after experimentally induced balloon injury. Background. PAI-1, known to inhibit fibrinolysis in the circulation and to be present within atherosclerotic vessels, may influence proteolysis in the arterial wall and neointimal formation after angioplasty. Methods. In rabbit carotid arteries subjected to balloon injury, both PAI-1 gene and protein expression were assayed sequentially with the use of Northern blotting, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies. Results. In uninjured, normal vessels PAI-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was not detectable by Northern blotting or in situ hybridization. However, injury was followed within 3 h by increases in PAI-1 mRNA (3.2 kb) of 5.9-fold compared with that in contralateral control carotid arteries (Northern blots). PAI-1 mRNA was detectable by in situ hybridization early after injury first in adventitia; after 24 h it was particularly prominent in the media. From 1 to 4 weeks after injury it was consistently detectable and was localized in neointimal vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells at a time when neointimal thickening was marked. Cells of both types exhibited PAI-1 protein detected immunohistochemically. In vessels maintained in organ culture after balloon injury in vivo, sustained increases in PAI-1 activity appeared in conditioned media as well. Conclusions. Our results indicate that balloon injury simulating angioplasty in patients induces intramural expression of PAI-1 in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. The decreased cell surface fibrinolytic activity likely to result from the increased PAI-1 expression may initiate or exacerbate mural thrombosis. Accordingly, excessive stimulation with clot-associated mitogens may stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, which, coupled with increased accumulation of extracellular matrix attributable to decreased plasmin-mediated degradation, may contribute to restenosis.
Cycles of juvenile hormone esterase activity during the juvenile hormone-driven cycles of oxygen consumption in pupal diapause of flesh flies

During diapause O2 consumption in fly pupae is a cyclic event (4-day periodicity at 25 degrees C) driven by cycles of juvenile hormone activity. Levels of juvenile hormone esterase activity change systematically during the cycle, with highest activity observed at the nadir of the O2 consumption cycle.
Size measurement of plutonium particles from internal sputtering into air

During the past century, the results of spontaneous translocation of radioactivity in air, biological media and groundwater have been reported. Here, we report the first measurements of the size characteristics in air of the particles participating in this translocation phenomenon. For the plutonium material powering radioisotope thermal generators, we find two narrow, well-separated fractions, one corresponding to particles below a nanometer and one at or below 10 nm. These results are interpreted as a gas-phase nucleation phenomenon arising from internal sputtering. They suggest fruitful directions for further research with immediate implications for accounting for the effects of radiological terrorism, for identifying new signatures for nuclear materials of possible use in antiterrorism and other covert nuclear materials operations, for radioactive and mixed materials storage handling, for reactor safety and source term modeling and for other materials processes.
Spectral and dynamical properties of random models with nonlocal and singular interactions

We give a spectral and dynamical description of certain models of random Schrodinger operators on L2(ℝd) for which a modified version of the fractional moment method of Aizenman and Molchanov [3] can be applied. One family of models includes Schrodinger operators with random nonlocal interactions constructed from multidimensional wavelet bases. The second family includes Schrodinger operators with random singular interactions randomly located on sublattices of ℤd, for d = 1, 2, 3. We prove that these models are amenable to Aizenman-Molchanov-type analysis of the Green's function, thereby eliminating the use of multiscale analysis. The basic technical result is an estimate on the expectation of fractional moments of the Green's function. Among our results, we prove a Wegner estimate, Holder continuity of the integrated density of states, and spectral and Hilbert-Schmidt dynamical localization at negative energies. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceptability and sensory analysis of pork summer sausage from pigs administered porcine somatotropin.

Summer sausages were formulated to contain 20% fat from the following raw meat sources: (1) pork and beef blend, (2) 100% pork from control pigs, and (3) 100% pork from pigs administered 4 mg/ day porcine somatotropin (pSt). Sausages were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and by 1192 consumers. Summer sausage from the pSt-treated pigs and the pork/beef blend was firmer and more chewy than that made from 100% control pork. The beef/pork blend sausage was darker, more red and less yellow when compared with sausage made with 100% pork. Sausage from pSt-treated pigs received greater acceptability scores and was preferred by 62% of consumers when compared with sausage from control pigs.
CONCENTRIC HYALIN INTRANEURONAL INCLUSIONS OF LEWY TYPE IN THE BRAINS OF ELDERLY PERSONS (50 INCIDENTAL CASES): RELATIONSHIP TO PARKINSONISM

The significance of the intracytoplasmic hyalin neuronal inclusions first described by Lewy over fifty years ago is discussed on the basis of an analysis of 50 autopsy cases in which Lewy bodies were an incidental finding. Lewy bodies were not found in any person younger than 62 in this series. The distribution of the inclusions was similar to that in 21 cases of idiopathic parkinsonism, and in half the cases there was similar although less severe, nerve-cell loss in the substantia nigra. Twenty-two per cent of the incidental cases eventually proved to have had some mild clinical symptomatology that might indicate parkinsonism. It is suggested that Lewy bodies are related to a specific abnormality of nerve-cell metabolism, affecting the neuromelanin-containing nerve cells in particular, and related to idiopathic parkinsonism rather than to age alone. Incidental cases may represent mild, early and preclinical cases of parkinsonism.
Human Touch Effectively and Safely Reduces Pain in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit

Abstract This was a feasibility pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of the nonpharmacologic pain management technique of gentle human touch (GHT) in reducing pain response to heel stick in premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Eleven premature infants ranging from 27 to 34 weeks' gestational age, in a level III NICU in a teaching hospital, were recruited and randomized to order of treatment in this repeated-measures crossover-design experiment. Containment with GHT during heel stick was compared with traditional nursery care (side lying and “nested” in an incubator). Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and cry were measured continuously beginning at baseline and continuing through heel warming, heel stick, and recovery following the heel stick. Infants who did not receive GHT had decreased respiration, increased heart rate, and increased cry time during the heel stick. In contrast, infants who received GHT did not have decreased respirations, elevated heart rates, or increased cry time during the heel stick. No significant differences were noted in oxygen saturation in either group. GHT is a simple nonpharmacologic therapy that can be used by nurses and families to reduce pain of heel stick in premature infants in the NICU.
Categorization of Commercial Orange Juices Based on Flavor Characteristics

: Research on chemical aspects of orange juice has shown that orange juice can be differentiated and categorized by chemical qualities, but no published data on categorizing orange juice based on sensory characteristics were found. In this study, flavor descriptions of 23 orange juices, representing a variety of products, were described. Multivariate statistical methods were used to provide an overview of the relationships among products and flavor attributes. The results from cluster analysis showed that orange juices that were processed similarly had similar main flavor characteristics and were categorized together. However, other variations in manufacturing formulations, such as brand and/or “style,” also affect sensory characteristics of orange juice products.
Palladium Porphyrin Containing Zirconium Phosphonate Langmuir−Blodgett Films

The substituted tetraphenylporphyrins palladium 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2‘,3‘,5‘,6‘-tetrafluorophenyl-4‘-octadecyloxyphosphonic acid)porphyrin (16) and palladium 5,10,15-tris(2‘,6‘-dichlorophenyl)-20-(2‘,3‘,5‘,6‘-tetrafluorophenyl-4‘-octadecyloxyphosphonic acid)porphyrin (17) have been studied as Langmuir monolayers and as zirconium phosphonate Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films. Using a three-step deposition technique, symmetric and alternating zirconium phosphonate bilayers and multilayers were prepared. In these films, the porphyrin constituent resides in the hydrophobic region of the monolayer and the phosphonate substituents bind zirconium ions in the hydrophilic part. Films of the pure porphyrins and of mixtures with octadecylphosphonic acid (OPA) were prepared. Langmuir monolayers were characterized with pressure vs area isotherms and reflectance UV−vis spectroscopy. LB films were studied with transmittance UV−vis and X-ray diffraction. Control over chromophore interaction was achieved by chemical modificati...
The sleep/wake habits of patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea

Study objective To determine the sleep/wake habits of patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea (ie , respiratory event index [REI] ≥5). Design Case series with prospective data collection to determine the relationship among sleepiness, REI, and sleep/wake habits. Patients were grouped according to their multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) results (≥5 and >5) and REI (mild REI ≥20; moderate REI >20 but ≥60; and severe REI >60). Setting An American Sleep Disorders Association-accredited sleep laboratory. Patients Three hundred ninety (325 male, 65 female) consecutive patients seen between June 1993 and January 1995 for evaluation of sleep apnea. This included a sleep, medical, and psychiatric evaluation followed by a physical examination. Sleep histories and sleep/wake habits were recorded by a physician trained in sleep medicine. Polysomnographic evaluation consisted of a nocturnal clinical polysomnogram (CPSG) and an MSLT on the following day. Of 390 patients, 268 completed polysomnographic evaluation (CPSG and MSLT). Measurements and results Sleepy (MSLT ≥5) patients with mild (REI ≤20) and moderate apnea (REI >20 ≤60) reported spending significantly less time in bed than sleepy patients with severe apnea (REI >60). Those with severe apnea (REI >60) reported napping significantly more and experienced a more severe disruption of their routine daily activities because of sleepiness when compared with mild and moderate OSA patients. Conclusions These data suggest that sleep habits have an important modulatory effect on the level of sleepiness and this effect is lost as the severity of sleep-disordered breathing increases.
Subsistence production, autonomy and development

SUMMARY An analysis of economic and social changes in a village in the highlands of Papua New Guinea from 1976 to 1981 illustrates the impact of economic boom and bust cycles on peasant production patterns, the relationship and potential conflict between subsistence and commodity production can be understood only in light of fluctuations in the degree of rural commercial involvement over time. The impact of the commercial economy on the diet is complex, having both positive and negative aspects linked to boom and bust cycles. The nature of peasant response to boom and bust cycles is influenced by the degree of local autonomy. Maintaining local autonomy and a viable subsistence system provides a crucial buffer insulating peasants from economic downturns.
Thermal problem solution using a surrogate model clustering technique

The thermal problem defined for the validation challenge workshop involves a simple one-dimensional slab geometry with a defined heat flux at the front face, adiabatic conditions at the rear face, and a provided baseline predictive simulation model to be used to simulate the time-dependent heatup of the slab. This paper will discuss a clustering methodology using a surrogate heat transfer algorithm that allows propagation of the uncertainties in the model parameters using a very limited series of full simulations. This clustering methodology can be used when the predictive model to be run is very expensive, and only a few simulation runs are possible. A series of time-dependent statistical comparisons designed to validate the model against experimental data provided in the problem formulation will also be presented, and limitations of the approach discussed. The purpose of this paper is to represent methods of propagation of uncertainty with limited computer runs, validation with uncertain data, and decision-making under uncertainty. The final results of the analysis indicate that the there is approximately 95% confidence that the regulatory criteria under consideration would be failed given the high level of physical data provided.
A differential scanning calorimetry study of some tris(oxalato)metal(III) complexes

Abstract The enthalpy and kinetic parameters of the solid-state deaquation reaction of K3[Cr(C2O4)3]·3H2O were determined from DSC measurements. A sealed-tube DSC technique was employed to determine the enthalpies and to study the kinetics of the solid-state oxidation—reduction reactions of K3[Co(C2O4)3]·3H2O and K3[Mn(C2O4)3]·3H2O.
Raman Spectra of the Liquid Crystal Homologous Series of the Alkoxyazoxybenzenes

Abstract -A study of the Raman spectra of the alkoxyazoxybenzenes has revealed new bands which change markedly in all phases. Evidence is presented that indicates the existence of different alkoxy tail conformations between all observed phases. A tentative assignment of a band associated with an accordion mode is made. The possible effects of these results on mesophase stability are discussed.
Experimental Measures of Affine and Nonaffine Deformation in Granular Shear

Through 2D granular Couette flow experiments, we probe failure and deformation of disordered solids under shear. Shear produces a mean azimuthal flow, smooth affine deformations, and irreversible so-called nonaffine particle displacements. We find that these processes are all of comparable magnitude and depend on the local shear rate. We compute the parameter of Falk and Langer characterizing nonaffine motion, Dmin2, and find that it is reasonably well described in terms of collections of single particles making locally nearly isotropic random steps, delta ri. Distributions for single particle nonaffine displacements, delta ri, satisfy P1(delta ri) proportional, variantexp[-|delta ri/Delta r|alpha] (alpha < or approximately 2).
Redesigning work for gender equity and work–personal life integration

This paper describes a series of intervention projects in the conditions and design of work geared to increasing gender equity in organizations and the ability of employees to integrate their working lives with their personal lives. It shows that approaching work with a work–family lens tends to lead to changes in the temporal conditions of work, in what has come to be known as flexibility in the workplace. With a gender lens, more nuanced aspects of the institutions governing the workplace come into sight allowing the possibility of greater actual change in the way that work is designed and accomplished, thus leading to a better fit between the current workforce and the workplace. Although such intervention projects are being done in multiple countries, the discussion is most relevant to the USA, with its limited – almost non-existent – national support for the reconciliation of work and family needs.
Active modal damping of the pinhole/occulter facility

Abstract A model for the dynamics and control of the flexible pinhole/occulter facility is developed and discussed. The flexible modes and eigenvectors were obtained using NASTRAN analysis and a state variable description was used in the model. A controller was designed that actively adds damping to the flexible modes. Impulse responses for the system are calculated and presented.
Studies of Ru(001) electrodes in aqueous electrolytes containing silver ions and methane: LEED, HREELS, Auger spectroscopy and electrochemistry

Abstract Potent catalysis by Ru electrodes has been reported by various workers. Reported here are studies of chemisorption, surface vibrational spectroscope and electrochemical reactivity at Ru(001) single-crystal electrode surfaces. Electrochemical oxidation of methane on these Ru electrode surfaces in aqueous electrolytes was investigated. The influence of surface oxide and electrodeposited silver on methane oxidation were explored. Immersion of Ru(001) into pure water at open circuit forms a layer of adsorbed hydrous oxides with an ordered (2 × 2) structure as measured by Auger spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Anodization of Ru(001) in 1 M HClO 4 produces a disordered Ru O/OH film consisting of several atomic layers. The high resolution energy electron loss spectrum of this O/OH layer exhibits RuO and OH stretching bands, and the layer is not removed by subsequent electrolysis at negative potentials. Various submonolayer and multiple-layer amounts of silver were electrodeposited on Ru(001). A continuous film is formed, based upon attenuation of the substrate Auger signal. The silver layer lacks long-range order, as judged by LEED. Under the present conditions, namely Ru(001) single-crystal surfaces with or without the O/OH and/or silver layers in aqueous electrolytes, the faradaic current due to oxidation of methane is generally less than 1 μA cm −2 . Experiments were performed with Ru(001) surfaces brought to an atomically clean ordered state by Ar + ion bombardment and annealing in UHV. Immersion of Ru(001) into water at open circuit formed a submonolayer of oxide/hydroxide with an ordered (2 × 2) structure and HREELS vibrational bands attributable to RuO and OH libration and traces of adsorbed CO. Cyclic voltammetry of Ru(001) in aqueous KF and HClO 4 electrolytes illustrated the substantial irreversibility of oxide formation—reduction and the near reversibility of hydrogen adsorption—desorption. Electrochemical oxidation of CH 4 in 10 mM KF electrolyte at pH 3 produced an increase in current density equal to 1 μA cm −2 at potentials between − 0.1 and 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Electrodeposition of Ag onto the bare Ru(001) surface did not alter the current density for CH 4 oxidation significantly. Electrochemical oxidation of the Ru(001) surface to form a (1 × 1) oxide/hydroxide layer decreased the activity of the surface for anodic oxidation of CH 4 in aqueous KF electrolyte. Electrodeposition of a fractional monolayer or multilayer of Ag onto the electrochemically pre-oxidized surface did not detectably influence the rate of CH 4 electrochemical oxidation. The clearly demonstrated catalytic activity of metal-doped Ru oxide electrodes [1–4] is all the more intriguing in the light of the present results which suggest that the observed catalytic behavior is not due primarily to the metallic Ru surface, layers of adsorbed oxide on Ru or electrodeposited metallic Ag.
The capillary syndrome in viral infections: treatment with citrus flavonoids.

The capillary syndrome is present in many viral infections and is involved in the inflammatory processes.
Preferential enrichment of chemistry at polymer surfaces

The preferential enrichment of specific chemical groups that occur at the surface of three classes of polymers was studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). The material variables included bulk chemical composition, degree of crystallinity, and crosslinking. It was found that XPS is capable of detecting PET cyclic oligomers that were forced to the surface during crystallization. A new PET surface texture was observed by SEM on PET surfaces from which the oligomer crystals were extracted. A crystalline 1 : 1 alternating copolymer of ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene presented a preferential arrangement of ethylene segments closer to the surface relative to the chlorotrifluoroethylene groups. A small amount of contamination strongly affected that surface composition. In linear segmented polyurethanes, enrichment of the surfaces with soft segments occurred. However, this segregation seemed inhibited by crosslinking.
Respect and nonviolence among recently sedentary Paliyan foragers

Contrairement aux previsions, les collecteurs paliyan en Inde du Sud restent relativement non-violents quand ils deviennent sedentaires. L'A. passe tout d'abord en revue quinze facteurs qui sont censes avoir un rapport avec certains aspects des conflits entre collecteurs. Il examine ensuite les croyances et les pratiques des Paliyan par rapport au respect de l'individu, aux tactiques pour eviter le manque de respect et les facons de traiter le manque de respect. Il compare ensuite les conflits et les moyens de les contenir dans un groupe forestier et dans un village paliyan sedentarise depuis environ cent cinquante ans. La frequence des conflits par habitant chez les Paliyan sedentaires est legerement plus basse ; leurs conflits sont plus intenses mais ils sont rarement serieux. Finalement, les materiaux concernant les Paliyan sont examines en faisant reference aux quinze facteurs de cause, dont six contribuent a expliquer la non-violence. Le succes avec lequel les Paliyan maintiennent la paix peut etre attribue en partie a la fois a la multiplicite de leurs sauvegardes et a l'empechement d'un feedback positif. A long terme, cependant, les modifications du traitement des enfants laissent prevoir des changements.