cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Uniaxial Damage Accumulation Law for Time-Varying Loading Including Creep-Fatigue Interaction

A differential form for damage accumulation is proposed wherein the rate of damage accumulation is equal to a product of two functions. The first depends only on the present damage and the second has the present value of the controlled quantity (stress or strain) and its time rate as its argument. Such an equation leads to the usual linear damage accumulation law and is incapable of modelling sequence effects. A power function form is proposed and integrated for a trapezoidal waveform with unequal tension and compression holdtimes. Using total strains only this equation can model the separate influences of frequency, holdtime, unequal effects of tension and compression holdtime, as well as mean stress (strain) effects. It includes Coffin’s frequency approach as a special case. The equation is shown to correlate low-cycle fatigue data with holdtime of type 304 stainless steel at 1200°F (649°C) and of cast IN 738 at 1600°F (871°C). It is then used to predict the lifetime for other tests for which no experiments have yet been reported.
742-2 Determinants of Survival in Patients Over 80 Years of Age After Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac valve replacement and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) are being applied with increasing frequency in patients (P) 80 years of age and older (≥80). 517 patients patients ≥80 having cardiac surgery at Emory between 1974–93 (CABG = 425 (84%), AVR = 128 (25%), MVR = 21 (4%). CABG + valve = 65 (13%). CABG with LIMA = 77 (18%)) were studied retrospectively to assess results and determine risk factors for short and long term survival. They are compared to 9272 Page 60-69 years and 4874 Page 70–79 years undergoing similar procedures during the same time interval. In comparison to the P 60–69, more P ≥ 80 were female (43% vs 25%, p = 0.0001), had class IV angina (56% vs 39%, p = 0.0001) and had congestive heart failure class IV (4.4% vs 2.7%, p = 0.0001). In-hospital death rates (9.0% vs 3.4%, p = 0.0001) and stroke (4.9% vs 2.5%, p = 0.0001) reflected these adverse clinical resk factors. O-wave infarctions was less frequent, however (1.6% vs 2.5%, p = 0.024). Interestingly, hospital mortality (9.0% vs 6.7%, p = 0.05 was only slightly increased and stroke (4.9% vs 4.6%, p = NS) was not more common in P ≥ 80 than in p 70 = 79 years old. Late survival curves (see figures) are similar for the first 5 years in all clinical subgroups, p = NS. However, after 5 years there is a more rapid decline in P ≥80 than in younger age groups. Download : Download high-res image (70KB) Download : Download full-size image When appropriately applied in selected patients over 80 years, cardiac surgery can be performed with acceptable mortality and excellent 5 year survival.
Special session — Not all problems are created equal: From problem-based learning theory to research on complex problem solving and implications for the engineering classroom

Most of us acknowledge that not all problems are created equal and that different types of problems lead to different learning outcomes for students. For example, it is well-known that undergraduate engineering courses mainly focus on problems that are well-structured with known, correct solutions; yet, real-world practice is more suffused with complex and ill-structured problems. So, it is imperative that engineering students begin the real-world practice of problem solving within the undergraduate curriculum. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a powerful student-centered pedagogy that offers a strong framework upon which to build a curriculum that will allow all students to learn essential, real-world, and globally competitive problem solving skills. This special session is thus designed to not only provide participants with background on PBL theory and the nature of problems, but also to provide them with materials and resources on developing, classifying, and assessing a variety of PBL activities in their courses. It is hoped that this session will enable the facilitators and attendees to generate a collection of peer developed ideas and feedback on understanding the nature of problems and problem solving. The potential impacts of this session could have transformative implications for engineering education and student learning.
Nexus Materials: A Vision Just Beyond the Horizon

In future applications, materials will need to extend beyond that of the bulk response or even simple engineered behavior. This paper attempts to articulate an integrated vision and even push it further to the next realm of materials defined here as Nexus materials, the synergistic connection that weaves it all together. The applications in mind will demand complex functionality such as higher order actuation across surfaces/volumes, distributed conformal sensing, and full-spectrum instantaneous color change. Looking beyond the horizon, the level of complexity needs to be raised to radical state change (not just by a few percent) where the material properties can be grossly changed on command by electrical, magnetic, thermal, optical or chemical control stimuli. While it is desirable to have multiple states, the materials should be situationally functional with the ability to change key properties over time to economically accommodate changing situations- in contrast to current multifunctional materials that are time invariant. The research in nanomaterials holds the promise that one day it will be possible to design and build up materials from the bottom up into ultrahierachial systems like nature. It may be possible to achieve truly intrinsic intelligence with control and supporting elements such as power onsite via energy harvesting. However, the level of integration has to evolve beyond the discrete laminated structures of the 1990's and the discretely integrated composites of the 2000's to continuously integrated materials where the phases are indistinguishable. This doesn't mean no interfaces, but does implies minimizing the parasitic interfaces (typically extrinsic) and maximizing the helpful symbiotic interfaces (typically intrinsic). To achieve this vision, a new wholistic approach will be required that synergistically uses the design space, coupling multiple fields (piezoelectric, magnetostriction, shape memory, etc.). This alternative engineering paradigm will hopefully lead to new classes of material systems - Nexus materials - that make the ultimate, synergistic connection between the past and the future and are just beyond the horizon.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Non-thermal Effects of Microwave Radiation on Birds

MICROWAVE radiation produces both thermal and non-thermal effects in biological systems1,2. The thermal effect is manifested as a rise in temperature of the irradiated system and is accompanied by physiological responses depending on the intensity and duration of the field. Non-thermal effects are manifested as changes in cellular metabolism caused by both resonance absorption and induced EMFs and, when neural structures are involved, are often accompanied by a specific behavioural response. An important difference between thermal and non-thermal effects is in the matter of time scale. Chickens exposed to a “slightly thermal” microwave field (20–50 mW/cm2) respond with an escape or avoidance reaction within a few seconds of the onset of radiation3.
Continue drawing back the curtain: educating the community about radiology.

AJR:192, May 2009 physician who requested the study, they are evenly split. Many people do not know who radiologists are or what we do. Many patients are unsure whether there is any difference between radiologists and technologists, and many members of the general public doubt that radiologists are physicians. This lack of knowledge about radiology and radiologists is not restricted to the general public. When told that radiologists are physicians, a large percentage of U.S. congressional staffers also express surprise [5]. The diminishing role of radiologists in medical imaging adds to the dilemma. The U.S. health care system is ordering more and more radiology examinations, and an everlarger percentage of those examinations are being performed and interpreted by nonradiologists. It is estimated that by 2020, the number of practicing radiologists will in crease by 38%. Only cardiology is projected to grow at a faster rate [6]. Yet the past decade saw a dramatic increase in purchases of crosssectional imaging equipment by non radiologists. From 1998 to 2005, non radiol ogists’ share of in-office MRI and CT doubled and tripled, respectively [7]. Of course, this has cost implications. When such physicians own imaging equipment, costs on a per-patient basis may be up to 7.5 times higher [8]. Being unknown to patients, the public, and policymakers is problematic, but what can we do about it? As it turns out, quite a bit. After ordinary citizens and congressional staffers have been educated about the role radiologists play in health care, most agree that radiologists are best qualified to perform and interpret radiologic examinations [4]. Yet in a health care system in which such education does not take place routinely, additional educational efforts are needed. Continue Drawing Back the Curtain: Educating the Community About Radiology
The Chinese Reform Experience: A Critical Assessment

The consensus among economists is that China’s post-1978 market reform policies have produced one of the world’s greatest economic success stories. Some progressives believe that China is now capable of serving as an anchor for a new (non-U.S. dominated) global economy. A few claim that the reform experience demonstrates the workability (and desirability) of market socialism. This article is critical of these views. Its four main conclusions are as follows: first, the reforms have led to the restoration of capitalism, not a new form of market socialism. Second, the gains attributed to the reforms have been seriously overstated. Early successes were largely due to the economic foundation established during the pre-reform Mao era. Moreover, the reform process has begun to undermine this foundation, increasing the country’s dependence on foreign investment, technology, and markets. Third, the reforms have produced an increasingly exploitative growth process, one that generates considerable wealth for a minor...
Dichotic listening, side of brain injury and cerebral dominance

Abstract This study investigated the interaction between the side of a unilateral brain lesion and the class of stimulus used in dichotic presentation. Subjects wre 10 right-brain injured and 10 left-brain injured (aphasic) patients and 10 normal control subjects. Dichotic materials were digits (assumed to be under left hemisphere control), tonal sequences (under right hemisphere control), and clicks which proved to be non-lateralized. Injury to the hemisphere dominant for a given material produced bilateral deficits specific to that material. Superimposed was the “lesion effect” of selectively greater impairment of report from the ear opposite an injured hemisphere.
A comparison of intestinal permeability between humans and three common laboratory animals

Abstract 1. 1. Intestinal permeability of humans and three species of experimental animals was assessed by the oral administration of the three non-metabolizible sugars: lactulose, rhamnose and mannitol and collecting all the urine produced in a specified time. 2. 2. The total percentage recovery of the permeability markers was determined by high performance liquid Chromatographic assays of urinary aliquots. 3. 3. The permeability of the human gut to mannitol was substantially greater than that of rats, guinea pigs, or hamsters (18-, 6- and 29-fold increases, respectively). 4. 4. The permeability to lactulose in humans was somewhat less than that found in guinea pigs (P 5. 5. Human rhamnose permeability was substantially greater than that of rats, guinea pigs or hamsters (6-, 2.5-, and 7-fold increases, respectively). 6. 6. The results suggest that the permeability of the human gut to probe molecules is considerably different from that of three common laboratory rodents, but is closest to that of guinea pigs. 7. 7. Possible species differences in the physiological factors which control permeability are discussed.
Estradiol inhibits glucocorticoid receptor expression and induces glucocorticoid resistance in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Abstract Our study has shown that treatment of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with 17-β estradiol (E 2 ) produced significant decreases in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations and GR mRNA levels. E 2 pre-treatment of MCF-7 cells stably transfected with the GR responsive pMTV-CAT reporter (MCF-7–MTV cells), caused significant attenuation of dexamethasone (DEX)-induced chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). In MCF-7 cells transiently transfected with [(GRE) 3 -Luc] reporter plasmid, E 2 pre-treatment significantly suppressed DEX-induced luciferase, which was abolished by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. We examined the effect of chronic E 2 treatment as well as E 2 withdrawal on GR function and abundance. MCF-7–MTV cells were treated with vehicle (control) or E 2 for up to 16 days. A third group received E 2 for 5 days followed by E 2 withdrawal from day 6 to 16. Chronic E 2 treatment almost totally abrogated DEX-induced CAT and reduced GR to very low levels. Interestingly, in the group subjected to E 2 withdrawal, neither the DEX response nor GR abundance recovered and reached control values suggesting that the estrogen mediated suppression is long lasting and could not be easily reversed. The E 2 induced resistance to glucocorticoid action may be of potential clinical significance in a number of settings including breast cancer, neuroendocrine response to stress and osteoporosis and could possibly contribute to the differences in glucocorticoid responsiveness among patients.
Cardiomyocyte grafting for cardiac repair: graft cell death and anti-death strategies.

M. Zhang, D. Methot, V. Poppa, Y. Fujio, K. Walsh and C. E. Murry. Cardiomyocyte Grafting for Cardiac Repair: Graft Cell Death and Anti-Death Strategies. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2001) 33, 907–921. Recent studies indicate that cardiomyocyte grafting forms new myocardium in injured hearts. It is unknown, however, whether physiologically significant amounts of new myocardium can be generated. Pilot experiments showed that death of grafted rat neonatal cardiomyocytes limited formation of new myocardium after acute cryoinjury. Time-course studies showed that, at 30 min after grafting, only 1.8(±0.4)% of graft cells were TUNEL-positive. At 1 day, however, TUNEL indices increased to 32.1(±3.5)% and remained high at 4 days, averaging 9.8(±3.8)%. By 7 days, TUNEL decreased to 1.0(±0.2)%. Electron microscopy revealed that dead cells had features of both irreversible ischemic injury and apoptosis. To test whether ischemia contributed to poor graft survival, grafts were placed into vascularized 2-week-old cardiac granulation tissue or normal myocardium. TUNEL indices were reduced by 53% and 86%, respectively. Adenoviral infection of graft cells with the cytoprotective kinase Akt, or constitutively active Akt, reduced TUNEL indices by 31% and 40%, respectively, compared to β -gal-transfected controls. Neither treatment reached statistical significance compared to untreated controls, however. Heat shock reduced cardiomyocyte death in vitro in response to serum deprivation, glucose depletion, and viral activation of the Fas death pathway. When cardiomyocytes were heat shocked prior to grafting, graft cell death in vivo was reduced by 54% at day 1. Therefore, high levels of cardiomyocyte death occur for at least 4 days after grafting into injured hearts, in large part due to ischemia. Death can be limited by activating the Akt pathway and even more effectively by heat shock prior to transplantation.
Market structure, jobs and productivity : observations from Jamaica

The purpose of this paper is to study the structure of the formal labor market in Jamaica. Emphasis is placed upon the key institutional features of labor markets as they affect income and employment determination, training and labor quality, labor-management conflict, and industrial organization. In particular, a distinction is drawn between those jobs (principally in the informal sector) where easy entry and work sharing are the principal determinants of income-earning opportunities, and those which are protected by formal sector internal labor markets. This distinction is critical for understanding how employment and productivity are affected by economic change, and by institutional forces at the workplace.
Problems and solutions in high-rate multi-channel hybrid photodiode design: the CMS experience

The unique conditions of the CMS experiment (4 Tesla magnetic field, restricted access, high neutron radiation, and 25 ns bunch-crossings) necessitated the development of a new type of high-rate multi-channel hybrid photodiode for the tile/fiber hadronic calorimeter. New complexities arose in the push toward high-rate operation, necessitating design changes in the diode structure and surface treatment. The product is now capable of high-rate operation with low crosstalk and leakage current. Lifetime studies of high voltage behavior, total charge, and irradiation have shown that the tubes will survive the 10 years of CMS running with only a few percent change in gain and manageable leakage current rise.
RFID Tag Reading Effects of Cylindrical Conductive Packages

We study two classes of passive UHF RFID tag antennas: bowties and slots, on conductive cylinders. We find better performance can be achieved when the tag is cross-polarized with the main axis of cylindrical containers. The performance degradation under co-polarization can be attributed to the reduction of radiation efficiency and the detuning of antenna impedance due to the stronger scattering interference from the metallic package. Our results serve as a general guideline to determine the right tag orientation for reliable readability.
Proenkephalin A derivatives in lacrimal gland : occurrence and regulation of lacrimal function

The derivatives of proenkephalin A were measured in acid extracts of rat lacrimal glands by specific radioimmunoassay. Glands from adult male rats contained all four derivatives of the opiate precursor. The content in the gland of proenkephalin A-derived peptides Met5-enkephalin, Leu5-enkephalin, Met5-enkephalin Arg6-Phe7 and Met5-enkephalin Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 indicates tissue specific processing with an enhancement of the heptapeptide. The effect of enkephalins on the activity of adenylate cyclase in lacrimal membranes was measured and compared with the effect of the synthetic enkephalin analogue D-ala2-methionine enkephalinamide (DALA) that inhibits both lacrimal protein secretion and lacrimal adenylate cyclase. In the presence of the peptidase inhibitors thiorphan and bestatin, the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by Met5-enk, Leu5-enk, Met5-enk Arg6-Phe7 and DALA were identical. Maximum inhibition was approximately 35% at a dose of 50 microM enkephalin. Addition of the octapeptide, Met5-enk Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 resulted in decreased adenylate cyclase activity; however, the effect was not statistically significant. Activation of delta opioid receptors by the endogenous enkephalins is indicated by the reversal of adenylate cyclase inhibition in the presence of the delta-receptor antagonist ICI 174864. The data support the physiological significance of in vitro inhibition of lacrimal secretion by DALA and indicate a possible role for endogenous enkephalins in lacrimal function.
Functional Change and Bank Strategy in German Corporate Governance

Abstract This paper analyses changes in the German corporate governance system in the 1990s, using a functional perspective that separates the functions of governance from the institutions that perform these functions. Financial globalization, harmonized legislation within the European Union, and domestic pressures have triggered a move away from the postwar German system of bank-based governance, and towards more market-oriented processes. The paper shows that these forces have resulted in heightening transparency, more active capital markets, and a greatly reduced role of banks in the governance process. However, Germany's 2002 boycott of EU takeover legislation has created a void in the current governance system: because bank intervention and the market for corporate control are substitutes, a reduced role of a banks and protective takeover legislation mean that one important governance function is currently underserved.
X-ray structures of Na-GST-1 and Na-GST-2 two glutathione s-transferase from the human hookworm Necator americanus

Human hookworm infection is a major cause of anemia and malnutrition of adults and children in the developing world. As part of on-going efforts to control hookworm infection, The Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative has identified candidate vaccine antigens from the infective L3 larval stages and adult stages of the parasite. Adult stage antigens include the cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs). Nematode GSTs facilitate the inactivation and degradation of a variety of electrophilic substrates (drugs) via the nucleophilic addition of reduced glutathione. Parasite GSTs also play significant roles in multi-drug resistance and the modulation of host-immune defense mechanisms. The crystal structures of Na-GST-1 and Na-GST-2, two major GSTs from Necator americanus the main human hookworm parasite, have been solved at the resolution limits of 2.4 A and 1.9 A respectively. The structure of Na-GST-1 was refined to R-factor 18.9% (R-free 28.3%) while that of Na-GST-2 was refined to R-factor 17.1% (R-free 21.7%). Glutathione usurped during the fermentation process in bound in the glutathione binding site (G-site) of each monomer of Na-GST-2. Na-GST-1 is uncomplexed and its G-site is abrogated by Gln 50. These first structures of human hookworm parasite GSTs could aid the design of novel hookworm drugs. The 3-dimensional structures of Na-GST-1 and Na-GST-2 show two views of human hookworm GSTs. While the GST-complex structure of Na-GST-2 reveals a typical GST G-site that of Na-GST-1 suggests that there is some conformational flexibility required in order to bind the substrate GST. In addition, the overall binding cavities for both are larger, more open, as well as more accessible to diverse ligands than those of GSTs from organisms that have other major detoxifying mechanisms. The results from this study could aid in the design of novel drugs and vaccine antigens.
Low interchannel crosstalk wavelength routing switch based on bulk acousto-optic tunable filters

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel bulk acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) based wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical routing switch free-space architecture that is designed to greatly suppress leakage noise via both spatial and electronic noise blocking techniques. Such a WDM switch, to the best of the author's knowledge, has not been proposed uses bulk-optics.
Empire and its discontents

It would be difficult not to notice the recent profusion of books, as well as articles in scholarly journals, newsweeklies and newspapers, that proclaim, celebrate, lament and/or critique a putativ...
Ethnic variation in return to baseline values of patient-reported outcomes in older prostate cancer patients

BACKGROUND. Ethnic variation in patient-reported outcomes such as health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and satisfaction with care are understudied areas in the management of elderly prostate cancer (PCa) patients. METHODS. In this prospective cohort study, between the years 2002 and 2004, the authors recruited 214 older (≥65 years) men with newly diagnosed PCa from an urban academic hospital and a Veterans Administration hospital. Participants completed generic (SF-36), prostate-specific (UCLA-PCI) HRQoL, and satisfaction with care (CSQ-8) surveys at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12-months follow-up. Clinically significant difference was used to compute return to baseline. The authors compared time to return to baseline HRQoL after controlling for confounding variables by using ANOVA and log-linear models. Survival curves were used to compare time to return to baseline across ethnicity. RESULTS. Regression analysis revealed that age and marital status, not ethnicity, were independent predictors of radical prostatectomy, rather than radiation treatment. African Americans reported lower HRQoL scores at diagnosis and required a longer time to return to baseline. Log-linear analysis indicated that African-American ethnicity was associated with lower 12-month scores for role physical (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; standard error [SE], 0.40), role emotional (OR, 0.37; SE, 0.43), bodily pain (OR, 0.74; SE, 0.10), urinary function (OR, 0.90; SE, 0.11), and urinary bother (OR, 0.72; SE, 0.17). Both groups reported comparably high levels of satisfaction with care. CONCLUSIONS. African-American elderly exhibited poorer outcomes and required a longer time to return to baseline HRQoL. These differences highlight the need for discussion with patients and families prior to treatment about expectations and the need for support services post-treatment. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Antidepressant Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Social Perception of the Prevalence of Depression: Application of the Availability Heuristic

This study examined the effect of antidepressant direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) on perceived prevalence of depression. A survey of Midwestern residents showed that those with high recall for antidepressant DTCA tended to estimate the prevalence of depression higher than those with low ad recall. However, with a source-priming cue before their estimation, the significant association was eliminated. Results indicate that people use antidepressant DTCA as a basis for their judgment of the prevalence of depression in normal situations where the veracity of information is not highlighted.
A Sensitive Myelin-Sheath Stain Particularly Useful for Small Mammals and Neonatal Cats

Staining of myelinated fibers including the delicate myelin sheaths of infantile animals is as follows: perfuse the anesthetized animal with a pH 7.4 posphate-buffered fixative, either 10% formalin, 6% gluteraldehyde or a mixture containing 3% gluteraldehyde and 2% acrolein. Dissect out the brain or spinal cord and continue fixation for at least 24 hr. Cut larger brains to 1 cm in at least one dimension. Wash in running tap water 2-3 hr and soak in 2.5% potassium dichromate in 1% acetic acid (the primary mordant) for 3-5 days in darkness. Wash at least 12 hr in running tap water. Dehydrate and embed in celloidin and store in 80% ethanol. Section at 25-60 μ into 80% ethanol. Wash 1-2 min in distilled water and then immerse in 1-2% ferric alum at 50 C for at least 1 hr (the secondary mordant). Wash in tap water and stain at least 1 hr at 50-60 C in 0.5% unripened hematoxylin in 1% acetic acid. Wash well in tap water and differentiate in a mixture containing 0.5% ferrityanide, 0.5% borax and 0.5% Na2CO3; 2 c...
Capturing dynamic memory reference behavior with adaptive cache topology

Memory references exhibit locality and are therefore not uniformly distributed across the sets of a cache. This skew reduces the effectiveness of a cache because it results in the caching of a considerable number of less-recently-used lines which are less likely to be re-referenced before they are replaced. In this paper, we describe a technique that dynamically identifies these less-recently-used lines and effectively utilizes the cache frames they occupy to more accurately approximate the global least-recently-used replacement policy while maintaining the fast access time of a direct-mapped cache. We also explore the idea of using these underutilized cache frames to reduce cache misses through data prefetching. In the proposed design, the possible locations that a line can reside in is not predetermined. Instead, the cache is dynamically partitioned into groups of cache lines. Because both the total number of groups and the individual group associativity adapt to the dynamic reference pattern, we call this design the adaptive group-associative cache. Performance evaluation using trace-driven simulations of the TPC-C benchmark and selected programs from the SPEC95 benchmark suite shows that the group-associative cache is able to achieve a hit ratio that is consistently better than that of a 4-way set-associative cache. For some of the workloads, the hit ratio approaches that of a fully-associative cache.
Management of the postoperative Fontan patient

Abstract The purpose of the Fontan operation is to effectively normalize the circulation pathway in patients with a single ventricle. Pulmonary blood flow is established by a direct systemic venous connection to the pulmonary artery without an interposed ventricular chamber; the single ventricle provides systemic blood flow. The modern Fontan procedure consists of a direct superior vena cava to pulmonary artery anastomosis with the inferior vena cava blood reaching the pulmonary artery by means of an internal tunnel through the right atrium or an extra cardiac conduit from the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery. The Fontan operation is performed in patients from late infancy to adulthood, and is now one of the most common surgical procedures for congenital heart disease over the age of two years. Excellent palliation, and increased life expectancy is expected for most patients. However, over time, complications may occur and they require careful diagnostic evaluation and specific management. Some manifestations may appear in patients with any form of single ventricle, whereas others are specifically related to the morphology of the original single ventricle anatomy. Potential late complications include: obstruction in the systemic venous pathway, competitive pulmonary collateral blood flow, significant A–V valvar insufficiency, bulboventricular foramen obstruction, ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmia, protein losing enteropathy, and thromboembolism. This monograph addresses the clinical and laboratory assessment of patients who have had a Fontan operation, and discusses the various complications and management options.
Questioning our perceptions of the elderly: Some thoughts for the dentist

T oo often, the elderly are depicted as stumbling, senile old fools-objects of derision.“’ It’s now official. The 65-year-old milestone, which for almost 50 years arbitrarily marked the beginning of retirement, senior citizenship, and the golden years, will be extended to 66 and eventually 67 years of age by the year 2027. While references were made to the realities that men and especially women increasingly are living far beyond their mid-60s, deliberations by the U.S. Congress primarily focused on the fiscal need to reorder the Social Security Trust Fund.’
PREDATOR- AND COMPETITOR-INDUCED PLASTICITY: HOW CHANGES IN FORAGING MORPHOLOGY AFFECT PHENOTYPIC TRADE-OFFS

Studies of phenotypic plasticity frequently demonstrate functional trade-offs between alternative phenotypes by documenting environment-specific costs and benefits. However, the functional mechanisms underlying these trade-offs are often unknown. For example, predator-induced traits typically provide superior predator resistance but slower growth, while competitor-induced traits provide better growth but inferior predator resistance. While the mechanisms underlying predator resistance have been identified, the mechanisms underlying differential growth have remained elusive. To determine whether competitor and predator environments affect individual growth by induced changes in foraging morphology, we raised wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) under a factorial combination of competitors and predators and assessed changes in mouthparts that might affect growth. In general, competitors induced relatively larger oral discs, wider beaks, and longer tooth rows, while predators induced relatively smaller oral discs, narrower beaks, and shorter tooth rows. These effects were interactive; the largest competitor-induced responses occurred under high predator density and the largest predator-induced responses occurred under low competition. Further, one of the tooth rows that commonly appeared under low predation risk was frequently absent under high predation risk. These discoveries suggest that predator and competitor environments can have profound effects on prey foraging structures and that these effects set up growth trade-offs between phenotypes that favor the evolution of phenotypically plastic responses.
The Missing Key: Institutions, Networks, and the Project of Neoclassical Sociology*

The diversity of contemporary “capitalisms” underscores the need to supplant the amorphous concept of structure with more precise concepts, particularly institutions and networks. All institutions ...
Defects and Failure Modes in PZT Films for a MEMS Microengine

Piezoelectric films for a MEMS microengine have been deposited using solution deposition routines onto platinized silicon wafers. These films are used as membranes above a bulk micromachined cavity. A dynamic bulge tester and interferometer were used to characterize the deformation of the films when pressurized. The mechanical strain at failure, as well as the fatigue behavior, have been characterized. Membranes between 300 and 500 nm thick have been shown to sustain mechanical fatigue damage over approximately 10 million cycles at strains of 30% of the monotonic failure strain. Defects in the films due to growth and thermal stresses during processing, and their role in membrane failure, are identified. Crack growth is demonstrated in these films by compliance measurements during fatigue testing, and interfacial failure is identified between the PZT and Pt layers.
Measurement of individual cell migration parameters for human tissue cells

We present an approach for determining in vitro the means and distributions of a set of phenomenological parameters, including cell speed and persistence time, which can be used to evaluate the effect of isotropic variations in the extracellular environment on the motility of human tissue cells. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy and semi-automated image analysis, we tracked the paths traveled by slow-moving, isolated human vascular smooth muscle cells over 48 hours on surfaces of petri dishes coated with 10 μg/mL of the adhesive extracellular matrix proteins type IV collagen, fibronectin or laminin. By applying a persistent random walk model to experimental data for mean-squared displacement as a function of time for these cells, we rigorously distinguished individual cells with different motile characteristics not obvious based on qualitative comparisons between the structures of individual cell paths. We also positively identified the presence of immotile cells. Based on the behavior of 34 to 77 cells on each substrate, we found mean cell speeds and persistence times on the order of 10 micron/h and 3 hours, respectively, on all three ECM substrates, while the fraction of motile cells varied from 65% on laminin to 78% on collagen. On all three surfaces experimental number distributions of speed and persistence time could be described by normal and exponential waiting time distributions, respectively. Our approach provides a framework for addressing questions concerning the mechanistic relationship between cellular and environmental properties and cell motility.
Programmable Intermittent Pneumatic Compression as a Component of Therapy for Breast Cancer Treatment- Related Truncal and Arm Lymphedema

Lymphedema is a chronic condition often requiring lifelong treatment to avoid worsening of extremity and trunk swelling with concomitant complications. The physiological basis for truncal treatment, although clinically recognized, until recently, was not well documented. Herein, we expand on earlier work by reporting on clinical outcomes, therapist observations, and subjective impressions of five patients with truncal lymphedema whose in-home self-treatment includes the Flexitouch ® system (FT) pneumatic device. Patients received in-clinic complete decongestive therapy and in-home self-care including FT. Results, determined after 2 months of treatment, showed reductions in trunk and arm swelling, fibrotic tissue softening, pain reduction, and improved range of motion and flexibility. Patients reported that FT was easy and comfortable to use and enhanced in-home compliance. Results suggest that limb and trunk lymphedema can be effectively treated in the home with an advanced programmable pneumatic device with truncal coverage, such as the FT system.
Compiler and runtime techniques for software transactional memory optimization

Software transactional memory (STM) systems are an attractive environment to evaluate optimistic concurrency. We describe our experience of supporting and optimizing an STM system at both the managed runtime and compiler levels. We describe the design policies of our STM system and the statistics collected by the runtime to identify performance bottlenecks and guide tuning decisions. We present an initial work on supporting automatic instrumentation of the STM primitives for C-C++ and Java programs in the IBM XL compiler and J9 Java virtual machine. We evaluate and discuss the performance of several transactional programs running on our system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Media Management

The article focuses on the influence that social media is having on the corporate landscape. It offers a view of recent activity in corporate social media management hiring and contrasts it to the webmaster hiring during the mid-1990s. The hiring activity reflects the growth in time people are spending online – socially. It also describes how social media management influences brand awareness and brand reputation. It explains the core business competencies of strategy development; business analytics; creativity; and collaboration. The article cites the level of hiring as a call for academic course offerings in corporate social media management.
Specifying the core network supporting episodic simulation and episodic memory by activation likelihood estimation.

It has been suggested that the simulation of hypothetical episodes and the recollection of past episodes are supported by fundamentally the same set of brain regions. The present article specifies this core network via Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE). Specifically, a first meta-analysis revealed joint engagement of expected core-network regions during episodic memory and episodic simulation. These include parts of the medial surface, the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex within the medial temporal lobes, and the temporal and inferior posterior parietal cortices on the lateral surface. Both capacities also jointly recruited additional regions such as parts of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. All of these core regions overlapped with the default network. Moreover, it has further been suggested that episodic simulation may require a stronger engagement of some of the core network's nodes as well as the recruitment of additional brain regions supporting control functions. A second ALE meta-analysis indeed identified such regions that were consistently more strongly engaged during episodic simulation than episodic memory. These comprised the core-network clusters located in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior inferior parietal lobe and other structures distributed broadly across the default and fronto-parietal control networks. Together, the analyses determine the set of brain regions that allow us to experience past and hypothetical episodes, thus providing an important foundation for studying the regions’ specialized contributions and interactions.
A new tool in the medical bag shows promise.

In this issue of the Journal, Farjah and colleagues 1 present a novel study combining 2 molecular diagnostic technologies: molecular imaging and serum molecular testing. Their group proposes that a combination of fludeoxyglucose F 18 (INN fludeoxyglucose [18F]; FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) with a serum biomarker for vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is better than FDG PET alone in predicting metastatic lung cancer in hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. At this time, molecular imaging with FDG PET remains the primary screening device for metastatic disease to the lymph nodes, and this test remains the cornerstone of every thoracicsurgeon’spreoperativeevaluation.Thisstudyrelies on the principle that tumors have accelerated rates of glucose metabolism, leading to increased cellular uptake of the radiotracer FDG. Every surgeon knows the limitations of PET, however, including lack of sensitivity for subcentimeter lymph nodes and the absence of specific information about FDG-avid lesions. In this deserted scene, Farjah and colleagues 1 propose a
Pacing during reperfusion elevates regional myocardial oxygen consumption

Reperfusion after 2 h of coronary artery occlusion has been shown to result in depressed coronary blood flow to the reperfused region and elevated regional myocardial extraction. This suggests that reperfused myocardium, even after 4 h of reperfusion, possesses limited flow and O2 consumption reserves. We studied the capacity of reperfused myocardium to elevate regional blood flow and regional O2 consumption in response to sustained increased O2 demand, produced by atrial pacing. Two groups of anesthetized open-chest dogs were subjected to 2 h of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion. One group was subjected to atrial pacing (40% increase in heart rate) during the entire 4-h reperfusion period. Regional O2 saturation was measured by microspectrophotometry in samples of reperfused and nonoccluded subepicardium and subendocardium, which were taken at the end of the reperfusion period. In the paced group, regional blood flow (radiolabeled microspheres) to reperfused myocardium was significantly higher than to corresponding regions of unpaced hearts (110 +/- 22 vs. 40 +/- 9 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1 in the subendocardium). In the control group, O2 extraction of reperfused subendocardium was significantly higher than that measured in the corresponding nonoccluded region (11.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.6 ml O2/100 ml). Pacing did not elevate O2 extraction of reperfused myocardium (8.7 +/- 0.6 vs. 8.3 +/- 0.7 ml O2/100 ml). Myocardial O2 consumption was significantly elevated in all regions of the paced heart. It is concluded that reperfused myocardium possesses significant unutilized O2 supply and consumption reserves.
Prognostic implication of changes on FDG PET/CT following early hormonal treatment in castrate-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer

344 Objectives To assess the association of changes on FDG PET/CT following early hormonal treatment with time to hormonal treatment failure (THTF) in men with known castrate-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer (mCSPC). Methods 32 men with known mCSPC underwent FDG PET/CT scans before and 4 mo after start of new hormonal therapy. Patients were followed prospectively for primary endpoint of THTF, defined as treatment change to chemotherapy, or death, if that occurred first - using the landmark method with the date of the 4-mo PET as the landmark. The 4-mo and the change between the 4-mo and baseline number of lesions, SUVmax of the most active lesion (MAX), sum of SUVmax (SUM) and average of SUVmax (AVG) of all lesions, after subtracting scan-specific liver SUVavg, and occurrence of new lesions were included in the univariate Cox regression analysis for association to outcome. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated with these variables split at median value, with the lower than median group taken as reference. THTF-free probabilities were calculated based on Kaplan-Meier plots. Results Median THTF from date of the 4-mo scan was 25 mo (85% CI: 9-38 mo) and the 24-mo THTF-free probability was 0.51+/-0.09 (n=32). At 4-mo, ranges for number of lesions, MAX, SUM, and AVG were 0-14, 0-6, 0-31, 0-3.3, respectively. No HRs for change between the 4-mo and baseline parameters was statistically significant. However, the HRs for 4-mo parameters were statistically significant; number of lesions (2.5, 95% CI: 1.01-6.4, p=0.049), occurrence of new lesions (4.0, 95% CI: 1.6-9.9, p=0.005), SUM (3.0; 95% CI: 1.2-7.8, p=0.019), MAX (3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.8, p=0.019), and AVG (2.5, 95% CI: 1.01-6.4, p=0.048). Conclusions While early (within 4 mo) hormonal treatment changes on FDG PET/CT may not predict the time to hormonal treatment failure, but the PET-derived parameters at 4-mo are predictive of outcome. Research Support NIH/NCI grants R01-CA111613 (PI: Jadvar) and P30-CA014089.
Fractures of the Humerus

The treatment of humeral fractures in ruminants remains a challenge to the large animal surgeon. Often the recommendation is to euthanize the animaL This article reviews four different treatment techniques: stall confinement, intramedullary pinning, interlocking nails, and plate fixation. Clinical cases are drawn from both the literature and personal experience to demonstrate the potential application of each treatment modality.
Studies of fasted, water-deprived intact and adrenalectomized dogs injected with glucocorticoids.

SummaryAdrenalectomized dogs deprived of food for 48 and water for 24 hours respond to injections of prednisolone by as marked an increase in plasma volume as observed in similarly fasted intact dogs. Desoxycorticosterone when given simultaneously with the glucocorticoid does not potentiate the plasma volume-raising action of the latter. Massive doses of prednisolone (315 mg) induced striking elevation of the plasma volume of dogs fasted 72 hours and deprived of water for 48 hours, despite excretion of 740 ml of fluid as urine. Blood sugar and plasma Na also increased but the hemoglobin and hematocrit fell sharply. Fasted but non-injected adrenalectomized dogs reacted quite differently. They exhibited drastic decline in plasma volume and blood sugar whereas hemoconcentration increased. The fluid mobilized to increase the plasma volume apparently was shifted from the intracellular compartment under influence of the hormone which is somehow concerned with active transfer of sodium and water across cellular ...
Individual Placement and Support: An Evidence-Based Approach to Supported Employment

Employment is the highest priority for many people with severe mental illness and it is a central aspect of recovery. Over the past two decades, the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model of supported employment has emerged as the prominent evidence-based approach to vocational rehabilitation. This comprehensive monograph synthesizes the research and experience on IPS supported employment: historical context, core principles, effectiveness, long-term outcomes, non-vocational outcomes, cost-effectiveness, generalizability, fidelity, implementation, policy, and future research. In tracing the evolution of IPS, readers are equipped with an elegant example of the transition from needs assessment, to model development, to testing, and to dissemination.
Language in the African Diaspora: The Case of Samaná English

The focus of the previous chapter on conflicting claims of Anglicist and creolist scholars as to what best accounts for how African American language differs from other varieties of American language is balanced by a contrasting focus in this chapter on approaches to the history of African American language that emphasize what it has in common with other language varieties to which it is thought to be genetically related.