cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical correlation and convolution of real 2D inputs and real 2D filters

Frequently in character recognition, there is a need to correlate or convolve purely real 2D inputs and real 2D filters. We propose two optical correlators. The first, basic real-input-real-filter optical correlator, adds x and y mirror images adjacent to the image to generate real and even images. This avoids the need for an offset reference to capture phase. Therefore, we have greater diffraction efficiency and a reduction in filter LCD pixel size. The second, Hilbert transform basic real-input-real-filter optical correlator, uses a Hilbert transform by masking in the filter plane to reduce the number elements in the filter LCD to that of the number of pixels in a filter image. An optical system can generate the mirror images in real time so that both the input LCD and the filter LCD can have only the same number of elements as their respective number of image pixels. We show how a spatial filter can be used to remove the intensity offset produced in the Hilbert transform and restore shift invariance if required. Finally, if desired, some rotation invariance can be achieved by overlapping the mirror images with the basic correlator. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed correlators are discussed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
INTRACELLULAR LOCATION OF THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE AND ITS STATE OF PHOSPHORYLATION

Thymidylate synthase (TS), an enzyme that is essential for DNA synthesis, was found to be associated mainly with the nucleolar region of H35 rat hepatoma cells, as determined both by immunogold electron microscopy and by autoradiography. In the latter case, the location of TS was established through the use of [6-3H]5-fluorodeoxyuridine, which forms a tight ternary complex of TS with 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP) and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate within the cell. However, with H35 cells containing 50–100-fold greater amounts of TS than unmodified H35 cells, the enzyme, although still in the nucleus, was located primarily in the cytoplasm as shown by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. In addition, TS was also present in mitochondrial extracts of both cell lines, as determined by enzyme activity measurements and by ternary complex formation with [32P]FdUMP and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Another unique observation is that the enzyme appears to be a phosphoprotein, similar to that found for other proteins associated with cell division and signal transduction. The significance of these findings relative to the role of TS in cell division remains to be determined, but suggest that this enzyme's contribution to the cell cycle may be more complex than believed previously.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor–1 Preserves Salivary Gland Function After Fractionated Radiation

Purpose Radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer consists of fractionated radiation treatments that cause significant damage to salivary glands leading to chronic salivary gland dysfunction with only limited prevention and treatment options currently available. This study examines the feasibility of IGF-1 in preserving salivary gland function following a fractionated radiation treatment regimen in a pre-clinical model. Methods and Materials Mice were exposed to fractionated radiation, and salivary gland function and histological analyses of structure, apoptosis, and proliferation were evaluated. Results In this study, we report that treatment with fractionated doses of radiation results in a significant level of apoptotic cells in FVB mice after each fraction, which is significantly decreased in transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active mutant of Akt1 (myr-Akt1). Salivary gland function is significantly reduced in FVB mice exposed to fractionated radiation; however, myr-Akt1 transgenic mice maintain salivary function under the same treatment conditions. Injection into FVB mice of recombinant insulin-like growth factor–1 (IGF-1), which activates endogenous Akt, suppressed acute apoptosis and preserved salivary gland function after fractionated doses of radiation 30 to 90 days after treatment. FVB mice exposed to fractionated radiation had significantly lower levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen–positive salivary acinar cells 90 days after treatment, which correlated with a chronic loss of function. In contrast, FVB mice injected with IGF-1 before each radiation treatment exhibited acinar cell proliferation rates similar to those of untreated controls. Conclusion These studies suggest that activation of IGF-1–mediated pathways before head-and-neck radiation could modulate radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction and maintain glandular homeostasis.
Reduced complexity serial interference cancellation for CDMA receivers

A method to significantly reduce the computational complexity of a serial interference cancellation scheme for CDMA receivers, while maintaining the receiver performance, is presented. The reduced complexity is achieved by accelerating the convergence rate of the algorithm with a preconditioning technique.
Optimal design of elastic structures for maximum stiffness

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to establish a general theory of optimal design of elastic structures such that the structure with a given volume would have maximum stiffness. A sufficient condition of optimality is derived from the principle of minimum potential energy. This optimality condition is proven by the variationa! method to be a necessary one under the condition that the optimal structure has certain continuity and differentiability properties. Physical interpretations of the optimality condition are discussed for problems of beams, plates and trusses. An application of the theory is illustrated in a problem of optimal design of a simply supported circular plate under uniform pressure. Detailed description of the numerical procedure for the solution of the plate problem is presented.
Frozen Disorder in a Driven System.

We investigate the effects of quenched disorder on the universal properties of a randomly driven Ising lattice gas. The Hamiltonian fixed point of the pure system becomes unstable in the presence of a quenched local bias, giving rise to a new fixed point which controls a novel universality class. We determine the associated scaling forms of correlation and response functions, quoting critical exponents to two-loop order in an expansion around the upper critical dimension ${d}_{c}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5$.
Human and murine FMR-1 : alternative splicing and translational initiation downstream of the CGG–repeat

Fragile X syndrome is associated with massive expansion of a CGG trinucleotjde repeat within the FMR–1 gene and transcriptional silencing of the gene due to abnormal methylation. Partial cDNA sequence of the human FMR–1 has been reported. We report here the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding the murine homologue, fmr–1, which exhibit marked sequence identity with the human gene, including the conservation of the CGG repeat. A conserved ATG downstream of the CGG repeat in human and mouse and an in–frame stop codon in other human 5′ cDNA sequences demarcate the FMR–1 coding region and confine the CGG repeat to the 5′ untranslated region. We also present evidence for alternative splicing of the FMR–1 gene in mouse and human brain and show that one of these splicing events alters the FMR–1 reading frame, predicting isoforms with novel carboxy termini.
Electrophysiological signs of split-second decision-making

When young adults detected auditory stimuli at split-second intervals, different components of the event-related brain potentials showed markedly different speeds of recovery. The P3 component (latency 300 to 350 milliseconds) was fully recovered at intervals of less than 1.0 second, while the N1--P2 components (latencies 100 to 180 milliseconds) were markedly attenuated with stimulus repetition even at longer interstimulus intervals. Thus, the N1--P2 recovers much more slowly than a subject's ability to evaluate signals, whereas the P3 appears to be generated at the same high rates as the decision processes with which it is associated.
Attention-dependent suppression of distracter visual input can be cross-modally cued as indexed by anticipatory parieto–occipital alpha-band oscillations

Recent studies show that in addition to enhancing neural processing for attentionally relevant stimuli, selective attention also operates by suppressing the processing of distracter stimuli. When subjects are pre-cued to selectively deploy attention during voluntary (endogenous) attentional tasks, these mechanisms can be set up in advance of actual stimulus processing. That is, the brain can be placed in a biased attentional state. Two recent cueing studies have provided evidence for the deployment of such biased attentional states [J.J. Foxe, G.V. Simpson, S.P. Ahlfors, Neuroreport 9 (1998) 3929-3933; M.S. Worden, J.J. Foxe, N. Wang, G.V. Simpson, J. Neurosci. 20:RC63 (2000) 1-6]. Specifically, these studies implicated oscillatory activity in the alpha frequency-band (8-14 Hz) as an anticipatory mechanism for suppressing distracter visual stimulation. The current study extends these findings by showing that this alpha-suppressive effect is also invoked by cross-modal cues. Auditory symbolic cues were used in an intermodal attention task, to direct subjects' attention to a subsequent task in either the visual or auditory modality. Cueing attention to the auditory features of the imminent task stimuli resulted in significantly higher parieto-occipital alpha amplitude in the period preceding onset of this stimulus than when attention was cued to the visual features. Topographic mapping suggests that this effect is generated in regions of the inferior parietal cortex, areas that have been repeatedly implicated in the engagement and maintenance of visual attention. Taken together, the results of this series of studies suggest that these parietal regions are capable of integrating sensory cues from multiple sensory modalities in order to program the subsequent deployment of visual attention.
The role of tests in assessing intellectual functioning of children with special needs

This paper discusses the use of tests to assess intellectual functioning of children with specific disabilities commonly referred to today as children with special needs. Such disabilities include mental retardation, orthopedic and muscular impairments, chronic medical disorders, emotional disturbance, visual impairment, hearing and speech difficulties, and neurological dysfunction. These children, along with those having socioeconomic or cultural backgrounds different from the test standardization population, are vulnerable to inappropriate administration and interpretation of standardized tests. Testing usually has led to labeling and classification, with the ensuing course of events determining whether the child's disability becomes a handicap, socially defined. The entire direction of a child's life may change as educational, social, vocational, and other opportunities are shaped-and often restrictedaccordingly. Feuerstein and Bersoff have noted that psychometric testing may create as much as reflect inequality when it deprives a child of educational and other life experiences that develop the knowledge, skills, and values required to mesh with the mainstream of society.1 Hobbs elucidated the far-reaching consequences of classification in The Futures of Children and stressed that classification should emphasize services required, not types of children.2 In 1975, individual programming for every child with special needs was mandated under Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act. Increasingly, tests contribute more to individual program planning than to categorizing. But many users of test data who make important decisions about children's lives, in schools and elsewhere, still view test scores as definitive data.
Lift-off effect compensation for magnetic impedance-based damage detection

Magnetic transducers have been applied in impedance-based damage detection recently. Owing to the magneto-mechanical coupling characteristics between a magnetic transducer and the underneath metallic structure, a magnetic transducer can excite the host structure by means of the Lorenz force, and its electrical impedance is directly related to the host structure’s mechanical impedance. Therefore, the change of electrical impedance before and after damage occurrence can be used as damage indicator. Since there is no direct contact between the magnetic transducer and the host structure, it appears that the magnetic transducer has advantage in online health monitoring of many structures with complex geometries and boundaries. However, one key issue is that the coupling between the magnetic transducer and the host structure is strongly influenced by the lift-off distance (i.e. the distance from the transducer to the host structure) which changes as the structure is inevitably subject to oscillation/movement due to environment disturbance. In this research, we propose a new approach of transformed impedance that can explicitly take the lift-off distance change into consideration to facilitate efficient and robust decision making. This algorithm takes advantage of the lift-off distance embedded in the impedance measurement, and is capable of removing the lift-off variation without explicitly measuring the lift-off variation. Numerical simulations and experimental validations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness.
Experimental Study of Effects of Forebody Geometry on High Angle-of-Attack Stability

A series of low-speed wind-tunnel tests on a generic airplane model with a cylindrical fuselage are made to investigate the effects of forebody shape and fineness ratio, and fuselage/wing proximity on static and dynamic lateral/directional stability. During the stability investigation ten forebodies were tested including three different cross-sectional shapes with fineness ratios of 2,3, and 4. In addition, the wing was tested at two longitudinal positions to provide a substantial variation in forebody/wing proximity. Conventional force tests were conducted to determine static stability characteristics, and single-degree-of-freedom free-to-roll tests were conducted to study the wing rock characteristics of the model with the various forebodies. Flow visualization data were obtained to aid in the analysis of the complex flow phenomena involved. The results show that the forebody cross-sectional shape and fineness ratio and forebody/wing proximity can strongly affect both static and dynamic (roll) stability at high angles of attack. These characteristics result from the impact of these factors on forebody vortex development, the behavior of the vortices in sideslip, and their interaction with the wing flowfield.
De la enfermedad multivaso compleja a la salud cardiovascular

El desarrollo de los stents farmacoactivos ha generado grandes expectativas sobre las posibilidades de la intervencion coronaria percutanea en la revascularizacion de los pacientes con enfermedad de tres vasos o del tronco comun. Sin embargo, los resultados recientes del estudio clinico SYNTAX demuestran que la cirugia de revascularizacion se asocia a tasas inferiores de reestenosis y reduce la incidencia de episodios cardiovasculares mayores cuando se la compara con los stents farmacoactivos. Este estudio utiliza un indice que cuantifica la gravedad de la coronariopatia a partir de una serie de criterios anatomicos de complejidad de la lesion (score SYNTAX). Los resultados del estudio indican que cuanto mas alto es este indice (es decir, lesiones mas complejas), mayores son las ventajas de la cirugia. Otros trabajos recientes (PROSPECT, FAME) han estudiado mediante imagen la historia natural del sindrome coronario agudo o el papel que tienen los parametros funcionales en la identificacion de las placas vulnerables que pueden dar lugar a complicaciones en el seguimiento. El conjunto de las evidencias obtenidas demuestra que el abordaje de la enfermedad compleja debe tener en cuenta criterios anatomicos y estructurales de las lesiones, asi como parametros funcionales, y que las tecnicas de imagen altamente resolutivas son esenciales para establecer el perfil de riesgo individual y el beneficio potencial del tratamiento. En el caso de los pacientes diabeticos con enfermedad multivaso, los resultados del estudio FREEDOM (actualmente en marcha) pueden ser decisivos para integrar estos conocimientos y definir el manejo optimo de este grupo de pacientes en riesgo
Impact of image guidance on complications during osteoplastic frontal sinus surgery

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the impact of image-guidance technology on intraoperative complications during frontal sinus obliteration surgery. Study design and setting Retrospective case control. Twenty-four patients underwent frontal sinus obliteration with image-guidance technology (n = 15) or conventional instrumentation (n = 9) between 1992 and 2003. The image-guidance system was used to delineate the frontal sinus perimeter and direct cuts through the frontal bone. Results Intraoperative complications occurred in none of the patients in the image-guidance group and in 3 patients in the control group (P = 0.042). Adverse events included dural tear with CSF leak in 2 patients and exposure of orbital fat in 1 patient. The incidence of postoperative complications was similar between groups (P = 0.326). No patients required revision surgery. Mean follow-up was 5.2 years. Conclusions The use of surgical navigation during frontal sinus obliteration appears to improve intraoperative safety. Significance This is the first report to document a reduction in the rate of intraoperative complications when image guidance is utilized for frontal sinus surgery.
REVIEW OF THE EFFECT OF FIXATION ON COMPLICATION RATE IN THE BASE WEDGE OSTEOTOMY

The complications of elevation and shortening in the oblique closing base wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal fixated with either a single AO screw or two 0.062 Kirschner wires were compared. Thirty-three consecutive oblique closing base wedge osteotomies of the first metatarsal bone are evaluated. With the exception of fixation, which is examined as an independent variable, the patients are managed identically with respect to osteotomy technique and postoperative care. The Reese osteotomy guide is used to normalize osteotomy configuration. The authors found no difference in elevation or shortening when comparing an AO screw with 0.062 Kirschner wire fixation. When other variables are controlled, fixation type does not lead to a statistical difference in elevation or shortening.
Distributed pore‐size model for sulfation of limestone

A model is proposed to study the reaction between a porous solid and a reactant gas resulting in solid and gaseous products. The model describes the reacting solid as a sphere made up of a distribution of randomly oriented open pores. The evolution of the pore-size distribution is followed by use of a population balance, using a combination of the independent variables of time and location first presented by Dudukovic (1976). The macroscopic properties of the solid are obtained by integrating over the pore size distribution. The results of the population balance are used with a mass balance on the reacting gas to obtain rate and conversion data. The results of the model are compared to experimental data obtained for the sulfation of limestone (Ulerich et al., 1977). Both rate vs. conversion as well as conversion vs. time plots are presented, which serve as a more strenuous test of the model than either type of plot alone.
Copyright law and information policy planning: Public rights of use in the 1990s and beyond

Abstract Copyright law is one of the many policy forces shaping the utilization of information resources. American copyright law has undergone many changes with profound consequences, particularly for educational and scholarly uses of existing copyrighted works. This article summarizes recent developments in the law, with a focus on their consequences for users at American colleges, universities, and libraries. The purpose of this study is to highlight the principal implications of an evolving copyright law and especially to assist librarians, administrators, and other policy makers. They must address these issues and devise standards of practice that avoid legal challenges but that also optimize the use of available resources. The article concludes with guidance for future concerns and planning.
Photostability of Anthraquinone and Azo Dyes in N‐Ethylacetamide (Nylon Model)

Measurements of the quantum yields of photodegradation of anthraquinone and azo dyes in N-ethylacetamide (nylon model) and triplet sensitisation of dye fading showed that the photochemical reactions are initiated by an upper excited n-π* triplet state. The primary photochemical reaction with both anthraquinone and azo dyes involves hydrogen abstraction from the amide so/vent. In some cases oxygen retards dye fading by reoxidation of the reduced structures. In other cases oxygen accelerates the photochemical reaction via free-radical initiated oxidation reactions. The quantum yields of dye fading are strongly wavelength dependent. On exposure to a simulated sunlight spectrum photodegradation is mostly caused by radiation in the region 300–400 nm. While unsubstituted anthraquinone is very photoreactive, amino-substituted anthraquinones are much more photostable in N-ethylacetam/de. Photostability of mono- and di-substituted anthraquinone derivatives increases with the electron-donating power of substituent groups. Azo dyes with increased conjugation such as diazo and naphthazo structures are more photostable than simple azobenzene derivatives. Certain electron-withdrawing substituents, which do not affect dye colour, improve the ‘oxidative’ photostability of both anthraquinone and azo dyes. A cobalt premetallised azo dye (C.I. Acid Red 182) is very photostable in N-ethylacetamide, showing the effect of metal chelates on photostability. The low values of quantum yields for the dye solutions are comparable with those of acid and disperse dyes in nylon films, indicating that N-ethylacetamide is a suitable nylon model for mechanistic studies of dye fading.
Soybean Growth and Development Response to Rotation Sequence and Tillage System

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] benefits in yield when rotated with corn (Zea mays L.), but the mechanism of the rotation effect is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine effects of cropping sequence and tillage on soybean growth and plant development. A 2-yr field study was conducted using conventional tillage and no-tillage systems in seven different corn and soybean rotation sequences. At physiological maturity, plots of first-year soybean after 5 yr of consecutive corn and the annually rotated soybean averaged 8% higher soil moisture content and 17% more dry matter per plant than the remaining five rotation sequences. Conventional tillage averaged 6% higher soil moisture content and 5% greater leaf area index than the no-tillage system. In 2000, leaf area index was 29% higher for the first-year soybean after 5-yr corn and the annually rotated soybean than the remaining five rotation sequences. No differences in leaf area index were observed among the different rotation sequences in 2001. Soybean plants were 6% taller in first-year soybean after 5-yr corn, second-year soyssean, and annually rotated soybean than the remaining four rotation sequences. The no-tillage system averaged 6% more dry matter plant per plant and 7% taller plants than the conventional tillage system. These findings support the hypothesis that growth and alterations in plant development occur when soybean is grown in different rotation sequences and tillage systems. These alterations may reflect the plant response to the corn-soybean rotation effect on soybean growth and development, but the underlying mechanism of the effect remains unknown.
Ethics and Risk Management in Administrative Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

This article examines ethics (the philosophic study of "doing the right thing") and risk management (the practice that seeks to manage the likelihood of "doing the wrong thing") and the relationship between them in the context of administrative child and adolescent psychiatry. Issues that affect child and adolescent psychiatrists who manage staff and business units and clinical practitioners who treat and manage individual patients are addressed. Malpractice, budgeting, credentialing, boundaries, assessment, documentation, treatment, research, dangerousness, and confidentiality are among the topics reviewed.
Unconventional irreversible structural changes in a high-voltage Li–Mn-rich oxide for lithium-ion battery cathodes

Making all-electric vehicles (EVs) commonplace in transportation applications will require affordable high-power and high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The quest for suitable cathode materials to meet this end has currently plateaued with the discovery of high-voltage (≥4.7 V vs. Li+), high capacity (~250 mAh/g) lithium–manganese-rich (LMR) layered composite oxides. In spite of the promise of LMR oxides in high-energy-density LIBs, an irreversible structural change has been identified in this work that is governed by the formation of a ‘permanent’ spin-glass type magnetically frustrated phase indicating a dominant AB2O4 (A = Li, B = Mn) type spinel after a short-term lithium deintercalation (charging) and intercalation (discharging) process. Furthermore, reduction of transition metal (Mn) ions from the 4+ state (pristine LMR) to 3+ (cycled LMR), which alters the intercalation redox chemistry and suggests the presence of ‘unfilled’ lithium vacancies and/or oxygen vacancies in the lattice after cycling, has presented a major stumbling block. Finally, these situations result in both loss of capacity and fading of the voltage profile, and these combined effects significantly reduce the high energy density over even short-term cycling.
Seasonal variation in biochemical indicators of physiological status in Euphausia superba from Port Foster, Deception Island, Antarctica

Seasonal changes in biochemical indicators of physiological status were analyzed in abdominal muscle of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, collectedfrom Port Foster, Deception Island , an active volcano locatedin the ShetlandIslandchain west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Krill were collectedwith a 10 m 2 MOCNESS trawl during four cruises (November 1999, February, May, November 2000). RNA:DNA mirroredthe chlorophyll a concentration, with the highest values found during seasons of abundant phytoplankton. Activities of the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase (CS) were significantly higher in male krill when comparedto females of similar size, indicating that their burst andaerobic swimming performance may be higher than females throughout the year. RNA:DNA ratio andenzyme activities were highly elevatedin summer as comparedto the earliest spring sampling period. Krill showed significant seasonal changes in LDH activity, with lowest values in spring andhighest values in summer (females) or autumn (males). Krill showedsignificant seasonal changes in CS activity with highest values in summer. Protein and% water variedsignificantly among seasons for both males and females. Lower CS activity and RNA:DNA ratio suggest krill exhibit reduced metabolism during the winter when phytoplankton production is reduced, perhaps enhancing survival. Lower enzyme activities in female krill in early spring suggest they may achieve greater metabolic suppression during overwintering. r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ambient particulate matter and respiratory and cardiovascular illness in adults: particle-borne transition metals and the heart-lung axis(,).

Epidemiological studies have consistently shown associations of exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with severe health effects, including mortality and hospitalization, in adults. From the standpoints of both relative risk and attributable risk, the public health burden of ambient PM exposure is potentially greatest in elderly adults with underlying cardiopulmonary illness. Recent experimental data suggest that PM-borne transition metals have toxicity that could be mechanistically relevant to PM-related epidemiological findings. These data may prove to be especially relevant in elderly adults with cardiopulmonary illness. At the same time, important uncertainties remain in the epidemiological and experimental databases, such that the true degree of correspondence between the two is not yet known. In our opinion, this combination of emerging experimental–epidemiological coherence and remaining uncertainty imparts high priority to further research into the health effects of PM-borne transition metals. This research should not be confined to the respiratory system. Rather, it should examine the entire heart–lung axis and should probably consider other body systems (e.g. the vascular system) as well. In this research, close interdisciplinary communication should be sustained and experimental and epidemiological approaches should be coordinated to the maximum feasible extent.
An Evaluation of Community Development Programs in Illinois

An evaluation of the impact of 29 community development programs in Southern Illinois shows that they probably did have an effect on the services available in the target communities, but their effect on participation is only partial. Using a probability sample of 29 program and 32 nonprogram communities, this study tests the hypothesis that community development programs have an effect upon "process" and "content" variables at the community level. The process variables used are voting participation and the number of candidates running for local elections. The content variables are four cumulative, unidimensional scales of the institutional structure of the communities. The study is longitudinal, covering approximately twenty years from 1950 to 1970. Scalogram Analysis (Guttman Scaling) is used to create the scales and multiple regression techniques are used to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that community development programs are correlated with improvements in elite participation and in the scale of rural services, noneconomic services, and health services. The community development programs evaluated in this study all grew out of the Community Development Department at Southern Illinois University. This department has been active in the Southern Illinois region since the early 1950s, and consequently the time period covered is approximately 1950 to 1970. During this time, the Community Development Department engaged in community development programs in more than 100 communities in the region. Although community development has various meanings, the type applied in Southern Illinois during this period is well known and was wide spread. It is the "locality development model" of Rothman (1970) and the "self-study" style of community development of S. T. Bruyn (1963). It is the style of community development popularized in the 1950s by such scholars as Richard Poston (1953) Irwin T. Sanders (1953) and Roland Warren (1956). It was applied during the 1950s at the national level in a number of underdeveloped countries with great fanfare, notably in the Philippines and India. It strongly emphasized such themes as self-help, determination of felt needs, and citizen involvement and commitment. In the United States, these projects typically entailed the formation of community wide steering committees, the execution of one or several needs surveys, usually by community people themselves, and the formation of numerous study and action committees to deal with various aspects of community life-e.g. housing, health and health services, or education. These projects lasted from six months to two years or more, with great emphasis on citizen participation in committees, task forces and town meetings. Usually outside consulting was provided by a nearby university, although the initiative and most of the resources for the projects normally came from the community itself. OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND THE DETERMINATION OF SUCCESS
Fabrication, structure and properties of quasi-carbon fibres

Partially carbonized fibres, termed quasi-carbon fibres (QCF), with good thermal stability and acceptable mechanical properties were developed from a polyacrylonitrile-based precursor. Heat treatment temperature (HTT), in the 400–950 °C range, played a major role in determining the thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of the QCF. The thermal stability of the QCF was increased by increasing the HTT. An appreciable amount of the graphite-like structure in QCF began to develop at ca. 650 °C. The Young modulus magnitudes of QCF scaled almost linearly with the pyrolysis temperature. In contrast, the QCF exhibited a decreasing trend in both tensile strength and failure strain up to a HTT of 650 °C, above which both the tensile strength and failure strain of the QCF increased with the HTT. Electrical resistivity values of the QCF covered a very wide range from 107to 10−2 Ω cm. QCF showed semiconducting behaviours with activation energies falling between 0.690 and 0.0052 eV when the pyrolysis temperature was in the 400–850 °C range.
The Significance of an ‘Orientation Postulate’

Until the 1930s, the ‘orientation postulate’ was a popular means of rationalizing bookkeeping practice. This was during a period when the balance sheet was the focal point of reporting and inductive theory formulation was popular in accounting. However, after the 1930s, the balance sheet was no longer the focus of financial reporting. By the 1960s accountants sought a deductive mode of theory formulation and the ‘orientation postulates’ were abandoned. Evidence adduced suggests that an ‘orientation postulates'can be useful in addressing income statement as well as balance sheet issues, and is also useful in diminishing chaos and promoting logical and cohesive theory formulation. If a discipline has a common orientation, then less ad hoc principle formulation is likely to occur.
Countercurrent gas-liquid flow in parallel vertical tubes

Abstract The subject of this paper is the flow between an upper reservoir, containing a liquid, and a lower reservoir, containing a gas, interconnected by parallel vertical tubes. The characteristics of the combined system are predicted from a knowledge of the behavior of flow in individual tubes. Numerous modes of possible operation are described analytically and demonstrated experimentally. The effects of system geometry, changes in gas supply characteristics, operating procedure and two-phase flow regimes on the transitions between modes and system stability are presented. Predictions are made for the limiting case of a large number of identical parallel channels.
Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons occur in both the distal and proximal turtle retina

Turtle retinas were processed immunocytochemically and histochemically to detect the presence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). We observed cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the proximal retina, as expected, and in the distal retina as well. ChAT immunoreactivity in the distal retina was observed within the axons and pedicles of numerous cone photoreceptors, suggesting that a population of turtle cone photoreceptors uses ACh as a neurotransmitter. Type L2 horizontal cells were immunoreactive for GAD, and their dendrites invaginated into cone pedicles. AChE histochemistry revealed processes within the outer plexiform layer which formed a loosely organized lattice. In the proximal retina, labeling for ChAT and GAD was similar to that reported by previous investigators. Processes from ChAT-labeled amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer formed a stratum within the distal inner plexiform layer (IPL) (at 16-21% relative IPL depth), and processes from ChAT-labeled amacrines in the ganglion cell layer formed a proximal ChAT stratum (at 55-58% relative IPL depth). In addition, six AChE-labeled bands and five GAD-labeled bands were observed within the IPL of stained retinas. Therefore, we determined that the two broadest AChE-labeled bands and the two broadest GAD-labeled bands overlapped the two labeled ChAT strata. The evidence for cholinergic and GABAergic processes in both the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer, combined with electrophysiological evidence from other investigators, raises the possibility that distal retinal neurons may be involved in the encoding of directional information.
Species differences in the rate of disappearance of fenfluramine and its effects on brain serotonin neurons

Abstract A single injection of fenfluramine, the m -trifluoromethyl- N -ethyl derivative of amphetamine, produces long-term decreases in brain levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptophan hydroxylase activity (TPH), and the synaptosomal uptake of [ 3 H]-5-HT in rats. In order to test the extent to which similar effects occur in mice, rats and mice were injected with various doses of fenfluramine and killed 2 weeks later for the determination of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in one half of the brain, 5-HT uptake in the hippocampus from the other half, and TPH in the remaining tissue. A dose of 20 mg/kg produced marked reductions in 5-HT and 5-HIAA in rats, while in mice significant reductions in both of these parameters were observed only after 80 mg/kg. TPH was diminished after 60 mg/kg in rats but not after any dose up to 80 mg/kg in mice. A 58 percent reduction in 5-HT uptake occurred after 40 mg/kg in rats and 80 mg/kg in mice. Complete recovery was evident by 2 months after the administration of fenfluramine to mice when, as indicated by previous reports, marked effects are still present in rats. These results demonstrate that mice are substantially less sensitive than rats to the long-term effects of fenfluramine on central 5-HT systems. In addition, the half-lives of fenfluramine and its active metabolite, norfenfluramine. were much shorter in mice than in rats. Thus, the rates of disappearance of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine are correlated with, and perhaps determine, the extent to which the administration of fenfluramine produces longterm, neurotoxic effects on central 5-HT mechanisms in rats and mice.
Evaluation of automated friend grouping in online social networks

Managing friendship relationships is challenging due to the growing number of people in online social networks (OSNs). While grouping friends sometimes mitigates this challenge, the burden of manual grouping still prevents OSNs users to create groups widely for privacy control, selective sharing and filtering. In this paper, we present an automated friend grouping tool which utilizes three different clustering algorithms to create groups from Facebook friendship networks. By conducting 18 semi-structured interviews, we investigated the advantages and disadvantages of automated friend grouping in OSNs.
Engaging in Personal Business on the Job: Extending the Presenteeism Construct.

Presenteeism describes the situation when workers are on the job but, because of illness, injury, or other conditions, they are not functioning at peak levels. Although much of the research on presenteeism appears in the medical literature, we argue that presenteeism also occurs when employees go to work but spend a portion of the workday engaging in personal business while on the job, such as e-mailing friends, paying personal bills, or making personal appointments. Results of a Web-based survey of 115 individuals suggest that employees spend approximately one hour and twenty minutes in a typical workday engaged in personal activities, costing their employers an average $8,875 each year in lost productivity per employee. Results suggest that engagement in personal business on the job is not related to self-reported measures of performance, efficiency, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, or intentions to stay, only to procrastination. Implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed.
Relation of neurological findings on decoupling of brain activity from limb movement to Piagetian ideas on the origin of thought

Abstract Neurological research has demonstrated that brain activity in animals originally dedicated to the production and regulation of physical activity can be decoupled from that physical activity. Furthermore, animals can use the brain activity in this new condition to achieve particular results such as moving a cursor on a screen. These findings are here related to the idea that the origin of thought lies in action, an idea central to Piagetian theory. Seen in this context, these findings open a new avenue for empirical exploration of Piagetian ideas on the origin of thought.
Induction of phosphorus removal in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal bacterial population

Abstract Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) resulting from prefermentation of influent glucose were used to cultivate a bacterial population capable of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in two identical anerobic/aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). An identical SBR receiving starch, which did not readily preferment, established only marginal EBPR. The Starch SBR population did not respond in batch tests to any of the substrates studied. In batch tests for the glucose SBR populations the two to five carbon VFAs, except propionic acid, induced greater inorganic phosphate (Pi) removal. Succinic acid also improved removals. Branched VFAs were superior to their linear isomers. Isovaleric acid improved Pi removal the most consistently, and at lower molar concentrations than any other VFA. The C2 and C5 alcohols did not have a significant effect on Pi removal, and neither did formate or methanol. The C3 and C4 alcohols did result in relatively small but consistent improvements in removals. Glucose, as well as amino acid rich synthetic wastewater, were both extremely detrimental to Pi removal. Fructose and starch did not have the same detrimental effect as glucose.
Applications of the Connection Machine to Computer Vision

Abstract In this paper we discuss applications of the Connection Machine to various robot vision problems.In particular we investigate backpropagation used for terrain typing and as part of a model -basedcomputer vision system. Mapping the backpropagation algorithm onto the fine grain architectureof the CM -2 is sketched. We discuss the interplay between data -level and control -level parallelismin model -based vision systems. 1. Introduction The availability of the Connection Machine (CM -2) has sparked a flurry of recent research activity, aimed primarily at problems with a high degree of data -level parallelism such as one finds in computer vision and neural networks [1],[2]. The fine- grained parallelism (64K 1 -bit processors,64K of RAM per processor) available on the CM -2 makes it possible to implement sophisticatedneural network algorithms within a realistic parallel programming environment. It is clear that the limits of this technology must be mapped out by University and Industry researchers working
Sudden Extramedullary T-Lymphoblastic Blast Crisis in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia : A Nonrandom Event Associated With Imatinib?

Imatinib has dramatically altered the natural history of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), with the majority of patients now experiencing long-term remission and improved survival. However, in addition to the well-described phenomenon of resistance to imatinib, typically due to point mutations, uncommon consequences (eg, the development of Philadelphia chromosome–negative clones) may infrequently occur. We report 2 cases of sudden BCR/ABL1 + blast crisis in patients with CML who had achieved complete hematologic remission with imatinib therapy but were obligated to discontinue therapy owing to pancytopenia. These sudden blast crises were unusual at 3 levels: first, they were of precursor T lymphoblastic lineage; second, they had a primary extranodal presentation without overt bone marrow involvement; and third, they developed after recent cessation of imatinib. These observations suggest that the occurrence of 2 such rare cases in a single institution within a 1-year time frame may reflect another unusual consequence of imatinib therapy.
A comparative study of cell cycle mediator protein expression patterns in anaplastic and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an extremely aggressive and rapidly fatal neoplasm. The aim of this study was to identify a limited cell cycle associated protein expression pattern unique to ATC and to correlate that pattern with clinical outcome. This represents one of the largest tissue micro-array projects comparing the cell cycle protein expression data of ATC to other well-differentiated tumors in the literature. Tissue microarrays were created from 21 patients with ATC and an age and gender matched cohort of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclin D1, cyclin E, p53, p21, p16, aurora kinase A, opioid growth factor (OGF), OGF-receptor, thyroglobulin and Ki-67 was evaluated in a semi-quantitative fashion. Differences in protein expression between the cohorts were evaluated using chi-square tests with Bonferroni adjustments. Survival time and presence of metastasis at presentation were collected. The ATC cohort showed a statistically ...
An Effective Hamiltonian Molecular Orbital-Valence Bond (MOVB) Approach for Chemical Reactions Applied to the Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of Hydrosulfide Ion and Chloromethane.

An effective Hamiltonian mixed molecular orbital and valence bond (EH-MOVB) method is described to obtain an accurate potential energy surface for chemical reactions. Building upon previous results on the construction of diabatic and adiabatic potential surfaces using ab initio MOVB theory, we introduce a diabatic-coupling scaling factor to uniformly scale the ab initio off-diagonal matrix element H12 such that the computed energy of reaction from the EH-MOVB method is in agreement with the target value. The scaling factor is very close to unity, resulting in minimal alteration of the potential energy surface of the original MOVB model. Furthermore, the relative energy between the reactant and product diabatic states in the EH-MOVB method can be improved to match the experimental energy of reaction. A key ingredient in the EH-MOVB theory is that the off-diagonal matrix elements are functions of all degrees of freedom of the system and the overlap matrix is explicitly evaluated. The EH-MOVB method has been applied to the nucleophilic substitution reaction between hydrosulfide and chloromethane to illustrate the methodology and the results were matched to reproduce the results from ab initio valence bond self-consistent valence bond (VBSCF) calculations. The diabatic coupling (the off-diagonal matrix element in the generalized secular equation) has small variations along the minimum energy reaction path in the EH-MOVB model, whereas it shows a maximum value at the transition state and has nearly zero values in the regions of the ion-dipole complexes from VBSCF calculations. The difference in the diabatic coupling stabilization is attributed to the large overlap integral in the computationally efficient MOVB method.