cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inter-carrier interference self-cancellation for CI/MC-CDMA system

Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) has been considered as a strong candidate for next generation wireless communication system due to its excellent performance in multi-path fading channel and simple receiver structure. Carrier Interferometry code for MC-CDMA (CI/MC-CDMA) provides better BER performance, less peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and higher design flexibility than conventional MC-CDMA systems employing Hadarmard-Walsh spreading code. However, like all the multi-carrier transmission technologies such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the inter-carrier interference (ICI) produced by the frequency offset between the transmitter and receiver local oscillators or by Doppler frequency shift due to high mobility causes significant bit error rate (BER) performance degradation in CI/MC-CDMA system. In this paper, we apply the ICI self-cancellation scheme previously proposed for OFDM system to orthogonal CI/MC-CDMA system to reduce ICI effect and improve BER performance. Unlike the traditional ICI self-cancellation scheme for OFDM which reduces the ICI at the price of lowing the transmission rate and reducing the bandwidth efficiency, we introduce a second set of orthogonal CI codes to maintain the throughput. Simulations of different leveled modulations over AWGN channel and multi-path fading channel confirmed the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed self-embedded ICI cancellation scheme for CI/MC-CDMA system where significant BER performance gain has been observed when ICI is present.
Combining cosmogenic nuclides and major elements from moraine soil profiles to improve weathering rate estimates

Abstract Previous studies of chemical weathering rates for soil developed on glacial moraines generally assumed little or no physical erosion of the soil surface. In this study, we investigate the influence of physical erosion on soil profile weathering rate calculations. The calculation of chemical weathering rates is based on the assumption that soil profiles represent the integrated amount of weathering since the time of moraine deposition. The weathering rate of a surface subjected to denudation is the sum of the weathering loss from the existing soil profile added to the weathering loss in the material removed by denudation, divided by the deposition age. In this study, the amount of weathered material removed since moraine deposition is calculated using the denudation rate estimated from cosmogenic nuclide data and the deposition age of the moraine. Weathering rates accounting for denudation since moraine deposition are compared to weathering rates based on the assumption of no physical erosion and on the assumption of steady-state denudation for the Type Pinedale moraine (∼ 21 ka) and the Bull Lake-age moraine (∼ 140 ka) in the Fremont Lake Area (Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA). The total weathering rates accounting for denudation are 8.15 ± 1.05 g (oxide) m − 2 y − 1 for the Type Pinedale moraine and 4.78 ± 0.89 g (oxide) m − 2 y − 1 for the Bull Lake-age moraine, which are ∼ 2 to 4 times higher, respectively, than weathering rates based on the assumption of no physical erosion. The weathering rates based on denudation since moraine deposition are comparable or smaller than weathering rates assuming steady-state denudation. We find the assumption of steady-state denudation is not valid in depositional landscapes with young deposition ages or slow denudation rates. The decrease in weathering rates over time between the Type Pinedale and Bull Lake-age soils that is observed in the case of no physical erosion is decreased when the influence of denudation on the total weathering rates is taken into account. Fresh unweathered material with high reactive mineral surface area is continuously provided to the surface layer by denudation diminishing the effect of decreasing weathering rate over time.
Physical and Psychological Correlates of Speaker Recognition

Twenty listeners rated 10 speakers from the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory’s (AFCRL) speaker library, using a 12-item rating form developed from Osgood’s (1957) semantic differential ratin...
Interpersonal Attraction as a Communication Accomplishment: Development of a Measure of Affinity-Seeking Competence.

The five studies described here lay the foundation for investigations of an important constraint under which individuals operate when attempting to engender liking, their affinity‐seeking competence. Several studies were undertaken to develop and validate a self‐report instrument for assessing skills of affinity‐seeking. Results indicate that the Affinity‐Seeking Instrument (ASI), which is comprised of two scales, has internal consistency, a stable factor structure, and concurrent and discriminant validity. These studies also indicate that the instrument measures social tendencies that are observable to others and predictive of positive social outcomes.
Shaping meaning: Women's diaries, journals, and letters—The old and the new

Abstract The aim of this paper is to map some of the terrain of the diary/journal genre, for although personal chronicling is an ‘old’ art, little interest has been shown historically in women's diaries and there have been few conceptual assessments of it. Therefore this paper seeks to ask a series of questions designed to help determine whether there is a discrete genre and to establish some of its characteristics. Approximately one hundred diaries have been read as the basis for the discussion of this form. The reason for such a basic exercise is that so little conceptual material is available. As there is growing interest in women's personal chronicles, it would seem useful to be able to name them and to offer some explanation for them both in terms of the writing — and the reading. The fundamental issues addressed are the ways in which diaries and journals differ from memoirs and the reason for keeping relatively ‘immediate’ records; questions as to why women have written diaries, and why women read them, are also raised, along with the issue of the relationship between the writer and the reader. The many forms of chronicling, including consideration of various purposes (e.g., a travel diary) and various audiences (e.g., private or public), are discussed in an attempt to outline the characteristics of the genre. Finally, the potential educational uses of journals will also be explored.
A Role for Retinoic Acid in Homeostatic Plasticity

Prolonged changes in neuronal activity trigger compensatory modifications in synaptic function to restore firing rates to normal levels. In this issue of Neuron , Aoto et al. demonstrate that synthesis of retinoic acid offsets chronic network inactivity by increasing synaptic strength through upregulation of GluR1 receptors.
The chevreul color system

Chevreul wished to represent in his color system every modification of color, including not only the modifications we observe from pigment mixtures but also those modifications in color that we observe in nature. The latter include the various gradations of light and shade on the surface color of objects which light enables us to perceive. A review and clarification of his color system reveals a logical correlation between these phenomena and the various scales in his color system. Studying these scales and understanding the concepts they represent can be very helpful to painters who wish to represent in their paintings objects in space and light in a naturalistic manner.
Thyroid Hormone Inhibits Growth and Stimulates Terminal Differentiation of Epiphyseal Growth Plate Chondrocytes

As a continuation of our studies on mineralization in epiphyseal growth plate (GP) chondrocyte cultures, the effects of tri-iodothyronine (T 3 ) in both β-glycerophosphate-containing, serum-free (HL-1) and '3-glycerophosphate-free, serum-containing medium (DATP5) were studied. The GP cells responded to T 3 in a serum-, stage-, and dosage-dependent manner. Added at graded levels (0.1-10.0 nM) to preconfluent cultures (from day 7) in both HL-1 and DATP5, T 3 caused progressive decreases in protein, collagen, and DNA synthesis but increased mineral deposition. In postconfluent cultures, these effects of T 3 were generally muted. In preconfluent cultures, proteoglycan (PG) levels were not significantly affected in DATP5, although in HL-1 they were decreased by ∼50%. In postconfluent cultures, T 3 increased PG levels in DATP5 but had no effect in HL-1. In HL-1, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was progressively increased by 200-500% in both pre- and postconfluent cultures. In DATP5 in preconfluent cultures, T 3 initially stimulated but later suppressed ALP; in postconfluent cultures, T 3 also transiently increased ALP but did not suppress activity upon longer exposure. The inhibitory effects of T 3 on protein, PG, and DNA levels of GP chondrocytes suggest that in vivo its effects on bone growth must occur primarily after cellular proliferation. Apparently by binding to the 50 kDa thyroxine-binding globulin, which cannot penetrate the PG barrier, accessibility of T 3 to GP chondrocytes is limited until the time of vascular penetration when its stimulatory effects on ALP and mineral deposition become critical for continued bone development.
Boundary element analysis of inelastic axisymmetric problems with large strains and rotations

Abstract The subject of this paper is a boundary element method (BEM) formulation and numerical implementation for inelastic axisymmetric problems in the presence of small elastic strains but large inelastic strains and rotations. A rate formulation with an elastic-viscoplastic material model, together with an updated Lagrangian description of the problem, is used in this paper. Careful attention is paid here to the analytical and numerical treatment of the complicated and sensitive kernels that arise in these integral equations for axisymmetric problems. A BEM computer program has been developed for the solution of general large strain-large rotation inelastic axisymmetric boundary/initial value problems. Numerical results for some sample problems are obtained from the BEM computer program and these results are compared against direct solutions.
Deficiency of the transcription factor c-fos increases lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage interleukin 12 production☆☆☆

Background: Interleukin 12 (IL-12) p70 is a heterodimeric protein (p35, p40 subunits) that promotes T-helper TH1-type cytokine response. In critically ill patients, after severe trauma or sepsis, IL-12 production is markedly impaired. We tested the hypothesis that deficiency of the transcription factor c-fos will increase macrophage IL-12 production. Methods: We harvested adherent peritoneal macrophages harvested from wild-type (WT), heterozygous c-fos knockout (Hetero KO), or homozygous c-fos knockout (Homo KO) mice and investigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-12 p70 protein synthesis (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), IL-12 p35 and IL-12 p40 messenger RNA accumulation (mRNA) (by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction), and the transcription rate (by nuclear runoff). Results: (1) LPS treatment compared with vehicle increases c-fos mRNA accumulation 5-fold and AP-1 DNA protein binding (electrophoretic mobility shift assay), which precedes either IL-12 p35 or IL-12 p40 mRNA accumulation. (2) LPS induces a significant increase in IL-12 p70 protein, IL-12 p40 mRNA, and the transcription rate in the Homo KO group compared with either the Hetero KO or WT groups. (3) Compared with vehicle control, we demonstrate that interferon gamma priming increases LPS-stimulated macrophage IL-12 p70 protein in the Hetero KO or WT groups to the level of the Homo KO group but has no significant effect on the Homo KO group. Conclusions: These data suggest that deficiency of the transcription factor c-fos increases LPS-induced macrophage IL-12 production, possibly by simulating the effect of interferon gamma priming. (Surgery 1999;126:239-47.)
The Gospel of Freedom, or Another Gospel? Augustinian Reflections on Empire and American Foreign Policy

American foreign policy is often extolled in terms of exporting "freedom" to the rest of the world— extending God's gift to humanity (according to President Bush's Second Inaugural). But just what notion of "freedom" undergirds this project? According to the National Security Strategy, the freedom being globalized is a negative, non-teleological notion of freedom that primarily underwrites the expansion of free markets. But such a liberal, non-teleological notion of freedom is just the notion of freedom that is rejected by the orthodox (Augustinian) theological tradition. So the theological invocations that cloak this foreign policy can only be, technically, heretical. This paper takes Augustine's theology as a mode of cultural criticism, offering a contemporary rendition of Augustine's critique of empire in The City of God by interrogating the discourse of freedom associated with the Bush Doctrine as well as a critique of Hardt and Negri's alternative as it is laid out in Empire and Multitude.
A quantitative study of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced alkylation of Vicia faba DNA☆

Abstract In an earlier cytological study of the effect of the alkylating chemical ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) on root tip chromosomes of Vicia faba , it was inferred that the localization of breaks along the chromosomes resulted from the affinity of EMS for guanine-rich areas. Here we report the results of a qualitative and quantitative investigation of the alkylation products formed by the in vitro treatment of Vicia faba root tip DNA with EMS. Reaction mixtures containing isolated Vicia faba DNA (44 mg and 22 mg) were combined with buffered solutions of EMS (0.5 M and 0.5 M respectively) and were incubated 18 h at 37°. After ethanol precipitation of the DNA, both the supernatant and the acid hydrolyzed DNA pellet were assayed and the percent of alkylation was determined. Investigation of the alkylation products by ascending paper chromatography indicated EMS is specific for guanine and that 7-ethylguanine was the only detectable product. Therefore, the effect of in vitro EMS alkylation of Vicia faba DNA is predominantly a guanine ethylation as predicted by current concepts of the molecular mechanisms of action of alkylating agents. On a mole per mole basis, about 46% of the total guanine present in the DNA reacted with EMS to produce 7-ethylguanine. One-third of the total 7-ethylguanine produced was found to have been released from the DNA by depurination. It was suggested that these depurinations would be responsible for base deletions, transitions and/or transversions in an in vivo system while the remaining 7-ethylguanines would be responsible for mispairing with thymine instead of cytosine.
Excited-state kinetics of azoalkanes some further studies with azoethane, azo-n-propane, and azoisopropane

The photochemistry of azo-n-propane is investigated at 366 nm up to 1 atm pressure, and over a range of temperature from 50 to 190°C. Some additional experiments with azoethane at room temperature and azoisopropane at 180 and 190°C are also reported. From a consideration of the pressure dependence of the quantum yields for photodissociation a generalized mechanism is proposed which accounts for the known experimental observations in acyclic azoalkane photochemistry. These observations include the extensive photoisomerization data which were previously obtained for azoisopropane. In the mechanistic scheme dissociation at low pressures is believed to occur mainly from S and T, the vibrationally excited and randomized first excited singlet and triplet states. At high pressures and low temperatures (≤100°C) the major dissociation channel is probably a nonrandom S1 state. In direct or singlet sensitized photolysis isomerization occurs predominatly at high pressure and is postulated to occur by internal conversion from S, the thermalized singlet, to the ground state. During the process partitioning to the cis or trans isomer is equally probable. In triplet sensitized photolysis isomerization occurs via intersystem crossing from T1to the ground state. At elevated temperatures (>150°C) dissociation from S, which has a significant activation energy, can compete with return to the ground state.
Re: "Talonavicular joint arthrodesis for the treatment of pes planus valgus in older children and adolescents with cerebral palsy"

Dear Editor, I read with interest the article titled Talonavicular joint arthrodesis for the treatment of pes planus valgus in older children and adolescents with cerebral palsy, by C. A. Turriago et al., published in the June 2009 issue of the Journal of Children’s Orthopaedics (pp. 179–183). I think they have made an important contribution to the existing literature regarding the management of severe planovalgus foot in children with cerebral palsy. However, I would like to request some clarifications from the authors: In the abstract and the introduction section, they comment that the purpose of the article is to report on their experience with talonavicular joint arthrodesis for the treatment of severe valgus foot deformities. However, they have failed to define what “severe” means in their article. I would appreciate it if they could clarify their definition of a severe planovalgus foot. In the clinical evaluation part of the results section they do not comment about whether their patients had brace intolerance. If so, did that improve after surgical correction of the planovalgus foot deformity? In our experience, most patients will have brace intolerance, and this improves after surgical correction of the planovalgus foot deformity. They report that ankle valgus was diagnosed postoperatively in six patients. It was not clear whether it was detected by clinical examination or on AP radiographs of the ankle. In relation to the radiographic evaluation section: other studies in relation to planovalgus foot deformity in children with cerebral palsy have used the talonavicular coverage angle to assess the amount of forefoot abduction in the planovalgus foot. The authors have not reported on this angle. Did the authors use a standardized measurement technique, as described by Davids et al. [1], to measure their radiographs? In the gait parameters part of the results section, the authors comment that no significant changes were seen in the gait parameters. However, they have only reported on the temporospatial gait parameters. They have not provided any kinetic or kinematic data. Dynamic pedobarography has been reported as being an economical and objective tool to evaluate the outcome of surgeries to correct foot deformities [2, 3]. Do the authors use this in their evaluation protocol? How did they make the decision to fuse only the talonavicular joint? What about the naviculocuneiform and the medial cunio-first metatarsal joint? I would appreciate a response from the authors. Thanking you, Yours sincerely, Dr. Mohan V. Belthur, MD
Discrete Dynamical Modeling

Chapter 1: Introduction to dynamic modeling 1. Modeling drugs in the bloodstream 2. Terminology 3. Equilibrium values 4. Dynamic economic applications 5. Applications of dynamics using spreadsheets Chapter 2: First order dynamical systems 1. Solutions to linear dynamical systems with applications 2. Solutions to an affine dynamical system 3. An introduction to genetics 4. Solution to affine dynamical systems with applications 5. Applications to finance Chapter 3: Introduction to probability 1. The multiplication to probability 2. Introduction to probability 3. Multistage tasks 4. An introduction to Markov chains Chapter 4: Nonhomogeneous dynamical systems 1. Exponential terms 2. Exponential terms, a special case 3. Fractal geometry 4. Polynomial terms 5. Polynomial terms, a special case Chapter 5: Higher order linear dynamical systems 183 1. An introduction to second order linear equations 2. Multiple roots 3. The gambler's ruin 4. Sex-linked genes 5. Stability for second order affine equations 6. Modeling a vibrating string 7. Second order nonhomogeneous equations 8. Gambler's ruin revisited 9. A model of a national economy 10. Dynamical systems with order greater than two 11. Solutions involving trigonometric functions Chapter 6: Introduction to nonlinear dynamical systems 1. A model of population growth 2. Using linearization to study stability 3. Harvesting strategies 4. More linearization Chapter 7: Vectors and matrices 1. Introduction to vectors and matrices 2. Rules of linear algebra 3. Gauss-Jordan elimination 4. Determinants 5. Inverse matrices Chapter 8: Dynamical systems of several equations 1. Introduction to dynamical systems of several equations 2. Characteristic values 3. First order dynamical systems of several equations 4. Regular Markov chains 5. Absorbing Markov chains 6. Applications of absorbing Markov chains 7. Long term behavior of solutions 8. The heat equation 9. Bibliography
Shaft fracture immobilization without plaster

Abstract The chief advantages of this method are the ability to impact the fracture before the bolts are tightened, and the fact that the fixation ∗ is so rigid that plaster immobilization is not necessary. Experiments on the cadaver and in the operating room prove the immobilization so rigid that manipulation of the extremities fails to disrupt the fracture reduction and impaction. Because of this, plaster of Paris need not be used. The joints above and below the fracture site are left free for active motion.
Use of melengestrol acetate in feed for contraception in herds of captive ungulates

Herds of blackbuck antelope (Antilopa cervicapra) and barasingha (Cervus duvauceli), axis (Cervus axis), sambar (Cervus unicolor), and Formosan sika (Cervus nippon taiwanaus) deer at the Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo (WCS/BZ) were fed melengestrol acetate (MGA) at a concentration of 0.000154% in pelleted feed for various periods of times during 1991–2001. The target dose per animal of MGA was 1–2 mg per day. Contraceptive rates during treatment were 100% for blackbuck antelope and barasingha, sambar, and sika deer, and approximately 93% for axis deer. There were no observed adverse effects from MGA treatment on gestation. Post-treatment reproductive rates were lower than pretreatment rates. Zoo Biol 22:455–463, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Summary 1.Erythroplasia of Queyrat is a premalignant disease. Its histology and behaviour are identical to Bowen's disease of skin. 2.A case is reported in which the diagnosis was established by biopsy and which was treated by excision and repair with a free skin graft. 3.Histological progression of the disease over a period of five years was demonstrated.
Anoikis, extracellular matrix, and apoptosis factors in isolated cell transplantation

Abstract Background: Isolated cell transplantation (ICT) of pancreatic islets (PI), nerve tissue, hepatocytes, and other cells is an exciting new concept of transplantation. PI transplantation can be successful in reversing diabetes but, unlike whole pancreas, grafts have a unique and unexplained high failure rate, with over 60% loss by 3 to 6 months. We established that PI of rhesus monkeys have a high rate of death within 48 hours of isolation as a result of apoptosis, as measured with the Annexin V assay (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif). In contrast, PI incompletely separated from the extracellular matrix (ECM) remained viable for prolonged periods in culture and performed superiorly in perifusion assays (insulin secretion of 4.6 ± 0.8 times basal secretion). Methods: We studied the ability of the anti-AP Bcl-2 molecule, known to block anoikis (a mechanism of AP due to cell-ECM separation), to prevent apoptosis of isolated PI. Results: PI transduced with an adenovirus-Bcl-2 gene complex showed a high viability and a low AP rate in culture versus control rhesus PI. Conclusion: In summary, PI protected from AP by a surrounding ECM mantle or by Adenovirol Vector (AdV) transduction of the Bcl-2 gene showed superior viability without AP in vitro and in vivo evidence of a preserved insulin secretion response to glucose. (Surgery 1999;126:299-304)
Regional hyperthermia: new standard for soft-tissue sarcomas?

needed. Any attempt to extrapolate the data to a typical group of soft,tissue sarcomas should be avoided. Issels and colleagues' series was heavily weighted towards retroperitoneal sarcomas, where local recurrence is the primary reason for treatment failure, and local progression is a major cause of death. 2 None of the series referenced by Issels and colleagues contains such a preponderance of retroperitoneal tumours. The main local adjuvant treatment for soft,tissue sarcomas is radiation, which often cannot be administered to large retroperitoneal tumours, particularly postoperatively. The high local recurrence rate seen even in patients with extremity sarcomas might be due to the fact that radiation was given only to patients with R1 or R2 resections, while it would be standard practice for the tumours included in this study, at least in North America. The risk reduction from the addition of hyperthermia to radiation was less than 02, and was not statistically significant. Owing to the extremely high number of local recurrences in this series, the data on disease,free survival are superfluous, and could mislead those who would apply the data to other series where disease,free survival is highly influenced by freedom from metastasis. The authors present a survival analysis of patients who had sarcomas and received the induction therapy prescribed by the protocol unless they progressed before. That analysis shows different results from the intention,to,treat analysis presented in the body of the manuscript. I applaud this inclusion: it matters whether the patient had the disease under study and what treatment was given rather than what treatment was planned. Should this not be the standard for all analyses rather than the statistically correct but clinically misleading approach of intention,to,treat? So, should hyperthermia become the new standard in treating soft,tissue sarcomas? Not yet. The authors provide compelling evidence that it should be considered carefully as a potential advance in the management of retroperitoneal sarcomas, at least for those where local failure is crucial to survival; but patients with atypical lipomatous tumours (ALT; also known as well differentiated liposarcomas), where
An Asymmetric Model for the Nucleosome: A Binding Site for Linker Histones Inside the DNA Gyres

Histone-DNA contacts within a nucleosome influence the function of trans-acting factors and the molecular machines required to activate the transcription process. The internal architecture of a positioned nucleosome has now been probed with the use of photoactivatable cross-linking reagents to determine the placement of histones along the DNA molecule. A model for the nucleosome is proposed in which the winged-helix domain of the linker histone is asymmetrically located inside the gyres of DNA that also wrap around the core histones. This domain extends the path of the protein superhelix to one side of the core particle.
Inspiration and intellect: Significant learning in musical forms and analysis

Fink's integrated course design provides a way to put hopeful theory into the reality of practice. The author describes how this model helped him use more active learning experiences that not only deepened students' understanding of musical forms but also enabled students to creatively play with those forms.
Functional Outcomes After Lower Extremity Revascularization in Nursing Home Residents: A National Cohort Study

Importance Lower extremity revascularization often seeks to allow patients with peripheral arterial disease to maintain the ability to walk, a key aspect of functional independence. Surgical outcomes in patients with high levels of functional dependence are poorly understood. Objective To determine functional status trajectories, changes in ambulatory status, and survival after lower extremity revascularization in nursing home residents. Design Using full Medicare claims data for 2005 to 2009, we identified nursing home residents who underwent lower extremity revascularization. With the Minimum Data Set for Nursing Homes activities of daily living summary score, we examined changes in their ambulatory and functional status after surgery. We identified patient and surgery characteristics associated with a composite measure of clinical and functional failure—death or nonambulatory status 1 year after surgery. Setting All nursing homes in the United States participating in Medicare or Medicaid. Participants Nursing home residents who underwent lower extremity revascularization. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional status, ambulatory status, and death. Results During the study period, 10 784 long-term nursing home residents underwent lower extremity revascularization. Prior to surgery, 75% of the residents were not walking; 40% had experienced functional decline. One year after surgery, 51% of patients had died, 28% were nonambulatory, and 32% had sustained functional decline. Among 1672 residents who were ambulatory before surgery, 63% had died or were nonambulatory at 1 year; among 7188 who were nonambulatory, 89% had died or were nonambulatory. After multivariate adjustment, factors independently associated with death or nonambulatory status were 80 years or older (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.16-1.40), cognitive impairment (AHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.18-1.29), congestive heart failure (AHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.22), renal failure (AHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14), emergent surgery (AHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23-1.35), nonambulatory status before surgery (AHR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.78-1.99), and decline in activities of daily living before surgery (AHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.18-1.28). Conclusions and Relevance Of nursing home residents in the United States who undergo lower extremity revascularization, few are alive and ambulatory 1 year after surgery. Most who were still alive had gained little, if any, function.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for local solvability of nonsolvable partial differential equations

Soit P un operateur aux derivees partielles sur R N . On etudie l'existence de solutions locales de l'equation Pu=f pour f∈c ∞ (R N ) donnee
Long-term glycemic control influences the onset of limited joint mobility in type 1 diabetes

Abstract Background: Limited joint mobility (LJM) in childhood insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes is associated with a substantially increased risk of microvascular complications. Cross-sectional studies have not demonstrated a relationship between LJM and metabolic control. This study was designed to determine whether glycemic control, as measured by glycohemoglobin (hgbA1C) levels from the onset of diabetes, is associated with the occurrence of LJM. Method: Probands (n = 18) had hgbA1C values and recorded observation of joint function from soon after onset of their diabetes. Controls (n = 40) were matched to probands for gender and age at diagnosis and had follow-up beyond the age at which the proband was found to have LJM. Results: The odds ratio for occurrence of LJM for the mean hgbA1C from diabetes onset was 1.46, 95% confidence limits 1.07 to 2.00. Thus, for every unit increase in average hgbA1C, there was approximately a 46% increase in the risk of LJM. When hgbA1C was dichotomized, the OR for hgbA1C of more than 8% was 2.55, and the OR was 4.54 if the hgbA1C was greater than 12%. Age at diagnosis and duration of diabetes were not independent prognostic factors for LJM. Conclusion: Glycemic control from onset of diabetes is strongly associated with occurrence of LJM. (J Pediatr 1998;132:944-7.)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, but not p70/p85 ribosomal S6 protein kinase, is required for the regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression by insulin: dissociation of signaling pathways for insulin and phorbol ester regulation of PEPCK gene expression

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Glucagon (via the second messenger cAMP) and glucocorticoids stimulate the transcription of the PEPCK gene, whereas insulin and phorbol esters inhibit, in a dominant fashion, these effects. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, prevents the stimulation of glycogen synthesis, glucose transport, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and p70/p85 ribosomal S6 protein kinase by insulin. We now show that wortmannin can also block the inhibition of glucocorticoid- and cAMP-stimulated PEPCK gene expression by insulin. PEPCK-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion gene experiments demonstrate that wortmannin blocks an activity that is required for insulin signaling to elements within the PEPCK promoter. Phorbol esters mimic the action of insulin on the regulation of PEPCK gene expression, but wortmannin does not block the effect of these agents. Thus, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is required for the regulation of PEPCK gene expression by insulin, but not by phorbol esters. The immunosuppressant rapamycin, a potent inhibitor of insulin or phorbol ester stimulation of p70/p85 ribosomal S6 protein kinase, has no significant effect on the regulation of PEPCK gene expression by insulin or phorbol esters. Thus, p70/p85 ribosomal S6 protein kinase does not have a role in signaling to the PEPCK promoter by insulin or phorbol esters.
Whither Educational Technology

The first educational technology was writing, and like every subsequent educational technology, it had its critics. Plato, most famously, denounced the medium for its inability to recreate the give and take of spoken discourse. Writing is analogous to painting, he has Socrates argue in The Phaedrus (a text that, fittingly, depicts an intimate conversation between teacher and student).1 "The painters' products stand before us as though they were alive, but if you question them, they maintain the most majestic silence. It is the same with written words; they seem to talk to you as though they were intelligent, but if you ask them anything about what they say, from a desire to be instructed, they go on telling you just the same thing forever" (1961, p. 521). In short, Plato holds that the technology of writing has the power to destroy the dialogic relationship that ought to occur between teacher and student. As he sees it, the medium in which we communicate determines the quality of our interactions. But this is a deeply flawed view, as many contemporary scholars have argued. Rather, the social impact of technology depends on how it is designed and used. Writing can lend itself to ongoing dialogues between teachers and students, and speech can easily become onesided. However, while Plato may have made an unfair generalization about writing, his critique still had merit in at least one respect: it's worth keeping in mind that whenever a new educational technology is introduced, we ought to be wary lest reformers configure it in a way that closes off the process of intellectual exchange. There is something about dialogue, and the active involvement of the teacher, that is fundamental to the educational process and that must be woven into the design of any new instructional tool.
Deconstructing cytisine: The syntheses of (+/-)-cyfusine and (+/-)-cyclopropylcyfusine, fused ring analogs of cytisine.

Abstract A novel fused tricyclic analog (11) of cytisine has been prepared (coined ‘cyfusine’) and determined to have high affinity at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A [3 + 2] cycloaddition protocol permitted entry into a 3,4-differentially difunctionalized dihydropyrrole (7). The penultimate cyclization was accomplished using the modified Van Tamelen conditions developed in our earlier synthesis of (±)-cytisine. Sequential ring-forming reactions ([3 + 2] cycloaddition/cyclopropanation/pyridone cyclization) gives a unique cyclopropyl analog (16) possessing a skeleton isoatomic with that of cytisine.
Reply to C. Parker et al

We would agree with the authors that postoperative radiotherapy increases late complications but were surprised that in Moinpour et al’s assessment of quality of life data from S8794 that, with prolonged follow-up, global quality of life was superior in men receiving adjuvant radiation. While the explanation is not completely clear, the doubling of the rate of hormone therapy in the observation only arm provides one compelling rationale. We applaud the authors, the Medical Research Council, and the National Cancer Institute of Canada in initiating the Radiotherapy and Androgen Deprivation in Combination after Local Surgery trial which will help focus therapy on those patients most likely to benefit.
HISTORIOGRAPHY AND ENLIGHTENMENT: A VIEW OF THEIR HISTORY

This essay is written on the following premises and argues for them. “Enlightenment” is a word or signifier, and not a single or unifiable phenomenon which it consistently signifies. There is no single or unifiable phenomenon describable as “the Enlightenment,” but it is the definite article rather than the noun which is to be avoided. In studying the intellectual history of the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth, we encounter a variety of statements made, and assumptions proposed, to which the term “Enlightenment” may usefully be applied, but the meanings of the term shift as we apply it. The things are connected, but not continuous; they cannot be reduced to a single narrative; and we find ourselves using the word “Enlightenment” in a family of ways and talking about a family of phenomena, resembling and related to one another in a variety of ways that permit of various generalizations about them. We are not, however, committed to a single root meaning of the word “Enlightenment,” and we do not need to reduce the phenomena of which we treat to a single process or entity to be termed “the” Enlightenment. It is a reification that we wish to avoid, but the structure of our language is such that this is difficult, and we will find ourselves talking of “the French” or “the Scottish,” “the Newtonian” or the “the Arminian” Enlightenments, and hoping that by employing qualifying adjectives we may constantly remind ourselves that the keyword “Enlightenment” is ours to use and should not master us.
Inhibition of the lymphopenic effect of cortisol by puromycin injection in mice.

SummaryIn acute experiments, administration of puromycin to adrenalectomized or intact mice inhibited the lymphopenic action of cortisol, whereas injection of 6-dimethylaminopurine, a puromycin analogue, did not prevent this response to cortisol. It is suggested that protein synthesis is an essential preliminary or accompanying process for the manifestation of the lymphopenic activity of glucocorticoids.
Phylogeny inLabiatae s. l., inferred from cpDNA sequences

Sequences ofrbcL andndhF were analysed independently and in combination to resolve phylogenetic relationships inLabiatae s. l. Monophyly ofLabiatae s. l was supported by all three analyses.Congea tomentosa (Symphoremataceae) is nested withinLabiatae s. l. in therbcL analysis, but emerges as the sister group ofLabiatae s. l. in thendhF and combined analyses. Four noteworthy clades ofLabiate s. l. also are supported by all analyses corresponding to subfamiliesNepetoideae, Lamioideae, Pogostemonoideae andScutellarioideae. Monophyly of subfamiliesChloanthoideae andViticoideae is not supported. A clade comprisingTeucrioideae plusAjuga is supported byndhF and the combined analysis.
A Concise and Modular Synthesis of Pyranicin

A modular, 13-step synthesis of the tetrahydropyran-containing annonaceous acetogenin pyranicin is reported. Key features are the use of an Achmatowicz oxidation-Kishi reduction sequence for the assembly of a pyranone from a furan and the application of Fu's alkyl-alkyl Suzuki coupling for subunit union.
Unusual origin of the omohyoid muscle.

An unusual origin of the right omohyoid muscle was found during cadaveric dissection. The muscle originated from the transverse process of C6 and inserted into the scapula. No other muscular anomalies of the neck were found. Although many anomalies of the omohyoid muscle have been described, a proximal attachment to the cervical spine is apparently quite rare. Knowledge of the many anomalies that can potentially occur in the cervical region is necessary in routine surgical intervention of this area. We believe this to be the first reported instance of the superior belly of the “omo” hyoid originating from the cervical region as we have described. Clin. Anat. 17:578–582, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-surgical complete heart block associated with aortic stenosis: The importance of correct diagnosis

Abstract Three cases of definitely established aortic stenosis associated with nonsurgical, acquired complete heart block seen at the University of Virginia Hospital are presented. Emphasis is placed on the difficulty in diagnosing aortic stenosis in the presence of complete heart block, and upon the importance of establishing this diagnosis in deciding upon the most appropriate therapeutic approach in each clinical situation. The single patient who died was found to have diffuse myocardial fibrosis in the region of the A-V node and bundle of His rather than extension of calcium from the heavily calcified aortic valve as the probable explanation for complete heart block.
IV. The Division Chief as a Developer of Research Programs in a Pediatric Division

Among the varied functions of clinical departments in a medical center, one of the most important is biomedical, behavioral, and other types of health-related research. The research productivity of a division within a clinical department depends on several factors, but paramount is the sense among faculty members that research endeavors are worthy of pursuit. While basic science and applied clinical research can be conducted by industry or basic science departments, the constant exposure to patients and their disorders provides a unique relevancy to the investigator within a clinical department. To develop a research program, an organized approach is a prerequisite. RECRUITING AND RESEARCH FUNDING To develop a research program, the appropriate recruit is essential. Requirements for the development of a successful program include ideas, money, time, space, and mentors. An individual's curriculum vitae and performance can serve as a guide, but there is no litmus test to know whether a
Urbanisation and the genealogy of freedom in Marx and Tocqueville

From 1789 to 1870, continental Europe’s largest city was also its privileged site of attempts at radical political and social transformations. For the great nineteenth century theorists of revolution, Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx, the connection between great cities and radical political movements demanded theoretical elucidation. Elucidation means not only explaining the connection, but also assessing the prospects for human freedom in urban conditions. Yet for neither theorist does it suffice to define liberty and then to ask whether it can flourish in ‘a permanent localization, relatively large and dense, of socially heterogeneous individuals’, to follow Louis Wirth’s definition of the city.’ In this paper I show how Tocqueville’s and Marx’s opposite assessments of the relationship of city and freedom are inseparable from their different understandings of the genealogy of freedom itself. For Marx, bourgeois freedom and finally human emancipation necessarily mature and gain content in an urban environment. For Tocqueville, the conditions that he calls ‘free’ are rooted in a non-urban society, where the population is dispersed and where deliberation in internally homogeneous groups is the hallmark of public order. Marx and Engels first provide a theoretical framework for explaining the urban site of revolutionary action in 2%e German Ideology. A key assertion of their materialist method is that, with the growth of population and technological advances, societies divide labor ever more finely, in order better to meet their subsistence needs. As labor is divided, individuals with different functions are separated and set against each other. The crucial step in the division of labor is the separation of intellectual and material activity.* When this occurs, the evolution of productive processes finally takes on a distinctive geographical dynamic. ‘The greatest division of material and mental labor is the separation of town and country’.) Two features of modern cities make them especially representative of ‘mental’ labor. First, it is in cities that capital, as distinct from landed property, comes into being. In the accumulation of instruments of production under control of the master in the guilds or the accumulation of money in the first financial institutions, a distinction between those who think, direct, or control and those who toil is already clearer than on the land. Second, the movement of population off the land and into towns favors mental labor insofar as towns demand administration, police, taxes. ‘Politics in general’ becomes the activity of a substantial number of men who are not directly part of the productive
Subpial vacuolar myelopathy after intrathecal ketamine: report of a case

Previous studies of intrathecal ketamine use in humans have documented the clinical effects of its administration without reference to local central nervous system (CNS) toxicity (Reich and Silvay, 1989). Although several post-mortem studies in small groups of rabbits, monkeys, and baboons have largely shown no significant CNS damage after intrathecal ketamine use, a study in rats reported vacuolation of dorsal root ganglia (Ahuja, 1983). We report post-mortem CNS histopathological changes of subpial spinal cord vacuolation in a terminally ill cancer patient who received continuous infusion intrathecal ketamine at a rate of 5 mg/day for a duration of 3 weeks.
Photonic crystal nanobeam cavities and their applications

Wavelength-scale and high-Q photonic crystal nanobeam resonators, made in Si, III–Vs, and Si 3 N 4 , and their applications in reconfigurable photonics, optoelectronics, biochemical sensing and quantum information processing are presented.
Racial healthcare disparities: A social psychological analysis

Around the world, members of racial/ethnic minority groups typically experience poorer health than members of racial/ethnic majority groups. The core premise of this chapter is that thoughts, feelings, and behaviours related to race and ethnicity play a critical role in healthcare disparities. Social psychological theories of the origins and consequences of these thoughts, feelings, and behaviours offer critical insights into the processes responsible for these disparities and suggest interventions to address them. We present a multilevel model that explains how societal, intrapersonal, and interpersonal factors can influence ethnic/racial health disparities. We focus our literature review, including our own research, and conceptual analysis at the intrapersonal (the race-related thoughts and feelings of minority patients and non-minority physicians) and interpersonal levels (intergroup processes that affect medical interactions between minority patients and non-minority physicians). At both levels of ana...
Electrochemical Monitoring of Proton Transfer across Liquid/Liquid Interfaces on the Surface of Graphite Electrodes

Equilibrium partitioning of HClO_4 between aqueous solutions and benzonitrile (BN) or nitrobenzene (NB) was measured and used to evaluate the pKa of the acid in the two organic solvents. The potential drop across the BN/H_2O interface was evaluated from the known potential drop across the NB/H_2O interface and the voltammetrically measured formal potential of a ferrocenium/ferrocene redox couple confined within thin layers of the two organic solvents. The voltammetric reduction of tetrachloro-1, 4-benzoquinone in thin layers of BN was used to monitor changes in the concentration of protons in the layer during proton-consuming faradaic reactions. The rate of proton transfer from the aqueous to the nonaqueous phase across the BN/H_2O interface was shown to be adequate to sustain proton-consuming reactions at the electrode/BN interface.