cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extensive use of torpor in 13-lined ground squirrels in the fall prior to cold exposure

Mammalian hibernation is characterized by profound reductions in body temperature (Tb) and metabolic, heart and respiratory rates. These reductions are characteristic of torpor, which is temporally confined to winter. Hibernators including ground squirrels are heterothermic in winter, cycling between multiday periods of torpor with low Tb and brief periods of rewarming. In contrast, ground squirrels remain homeothermic during summer, like non-hibernating mammals. The transition between the homeothermic and heterothermic phases of the circannual rhythm of hibernation is often overlooked in hibernation studies. Here, we examined the use of torpor throughout the fall transition in laboratory-housed 13-lined ground squirrels by recording core body temperature with an implanted data logger. As is typical of laboratory-based hibernation studies, animals were kept in standard housing prior to being moved into a cold, dark room to simulate natural hibernation conditions. Significantly, the vast majority of both male and female ground squirrels expressed torpor in the fall while still housed conventionally and prior to cold exposure. The expression of torpor was not predicted by body weight or age, rather it appears to be preprogrammed in a time-dependent manner that is independent of, yet enhanced by, environmental cues. The timing and duration of these torpor bouts occurring prior to cold exposure were also remarkably sporadic. Thus it is not possible to know with certainty which animals are torpor-naive before cold exposure in the absence of continuous measurement of body temperature. We conclude that fall animals encompass variable points in the transition between summer and winter phases of the circannual cycle of hibernation, thereby confounding studies in which they are used as non-hibernating controls. Conversely, these fall transition animals offer unique opportunities to define the molecular changes that accompany and enable hibernation.
Effect of probenecid on ventricular cerebrospinal fluid methotrexate pharmacokinetics after intralumbar administration in nonhuman primates

Purpose: Intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) achieves high concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following intralumbar administration. However, peak ventricular CSF MTX concentrations are highly variable and are <10% of those achieved with intraventricular dosing. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of intralumbar and intravenous probenecid on ventricular CSF MTX concentrations after intralumbar administration of MTX, and to compare the pharmacokinetics of MTX after intralumbar and intraventricular administration. Methods: Nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta) with permanently implanted catheters in the lateral and fourth ventricles received 0.5 mg intraventricular (lateral ventricle) MTX, or 0.5 mg intralumbar MTX with and without intralumbar or intravenous probenecid. Animals were kept prone for 1 h after MTX administration, and ventricular CSF was sampled up to 48 h from a fourth ventricular Ommaya reservoir. MTX concentrations were measured using the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme inhibition assay. Area under the ventricular CSF MTX concentration-time curve (AUC) was used as a measure of MTX exposure. Results: Peak ventricular CSF MTX concentrations and AUCs were highly variable after intralumbar MTX administration. Ventricular CSF MTX AUCs increased by a mean of 3.2-fold after the addition of intralumbar probenecid. Intravenous administration of probenecid did not result in an increase in ventricular CSF MTX AUCs. Asymptomatic pleocytosis was observed in all animals after intralumbar probenecid administration. Ventricular CSF MTX concentrations and AUCs were less variable after intraventricular administration of MTX. Conclusion: The administration of intralumbar but not intravenous probenecid increases the ventricular CSF MTX exposure after intralumbar MTX administration.
An Annotated List of Protozoan Parasites, Hyperparasites, and Commensals of Decapod Crustacea*

SYNOPSIS. An approximately complete list of the known protozoan associates (exclusive of a few aberrant forms like Amallocystis) of decapods is presented. A few taxonomic changes are suggested. Host, site of infection and geographic location are mentioned. Some comments on pathogenicity are made.
Anti-Racism in U.S. History: The First Two Hundred Years

Introduction Anti-Racism: Denial and Distortion Questioning Racism's Pervasiveness Anti-Racism's Presence: Examples from the Literature Sexual Relations Rejecting Racism by Joint Struggle GREgoire, Banneker, and Jeffersonianism "Inferiority" and Poets, Preachers, and Teachers "Inferiority" and Entrepreneurs, Seamen, and Cowboys From Egypt to Philosophes to Quakers The American and French Revolutions The Republic's Early Years The New Century's Youth Lane Rebels and Black Rebels Abolitionism and Racism Immortals of Literature and Martyrs for Freedom From Liberty Party to Republican Party The Crisis Decade The Civil War and Emancipation Bibliographic Comment Index
Rotating deformations of AdS3×S3, the orbifold CFT and strings in the pp-wave limit

Abstract We construct an exact metric which at short distances is the metric of massless particles in 5+1 spacetime (moving along a diameter of the sphere) and is AdS 3 × S 3 at infinity. We also consider a set of a conical defect spacetimes which are locally AdS 3 × S 3 and have the masses and charges of a special set of chiral primaries of the dual orbifold CFT. We find that excitation energies for a scalar field in the latter geometries agree exactly with the excitations in the corresponding CFT state created by twist operators: redshift in the geometry reproduces ‘long circle’ physics in the CFT. We propose a map of string states in AdS 3 × S 3 × T 4 to states in the orbifold CFT, analogous to the recently discovered map for AdS 5 × S 5 . The vibrations of the string can be pictured as oscillations of a Fermi sea in the CFT.
Economic burden of hypoglycemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Hypoglycemia is an acute complication of diabetes that increases morbidity, mortality and economic costs of diabetes. It presents major clinical problems for the management of Type 2 diabetes as this disease represents the great majority of all diabetes cases. Hypoglycemia makes it difficult for some individuals to achieve good glycemic control, reduces quality of life and increases the burden of diabetes to healthcare systems. Understanding hypoglycemia risk factors can help patients with Type 2 diabetes to correct and avoid hypoglycemia. Recently, an increased risk of hypoglycemia with intensive glycemic control has been identified as an important problem in optimally controlling blood glucose levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
MEASUREMENT OF C3+ DIELECTRONIC RECOMBINATION IN A KNOWN EXTERNAL FIELD

An experiment to measure the dielectronic recombination of ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$ in a known external electric field is described. The measured value differs from results of calculations which do not include the effects of field enhancement, and is larger than but marginally in agreement with predictions of theoretical methods that include the effects of the external field.
Cancer screening adherence: Does physician–patient communication matter?

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to examine the separate contributions of patients and physicians to their communication regarding cancer screening. Methods Research design and subjects : The authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of survey data collected from 63 community-based primary care physicians and 904 of their female patients in Los Angeles. Results Patients who perceived their physicians to be enthusiastic (at any level) in their discussions of mammography or fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) were significantly more likely to report a recent test than patients who reported no discussions. Conclusion Physician discussions of cancer screening are important and effective even when, as in the case of mammography, screening rates are already high, or, as in the case of FOBT, rates have tended to remain low. The value of communication about screening should be taught and promoted to primary care physicians who serve as gatekeepers to screening. Practice implications Those who train physicians in communication skills should take into account our finding that the communication style of physicians (e.g., enthusiasm for screening) was the only patient or physician variable that both influenced screening adherence and that could be taught.
Identification and treatment of prediabetes to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes.

Overt type 2 diabetes is usually preceded by a condition known as prediabetes, which is characterized by impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Both IFG and IGT exhibit elevated glucose levels that are not sufficient to be classified as diabetes but that represent the development of insulin resistance. Achieving glycemic control in patients with prediabetes through lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions can effectively prevent or delay the development of diabetes and its associated complications. The first step, however, is to identify patients at risk. Although patients can be identified with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) screening, a normal FPG does not preclude an elevated OGTT and, therefore, the presence of prediabetes. For patients who progress to type 2 diabetes, intensive therapy aimed at reducing and maintaining glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) levels or =7% should signal the need to initiate or change therapy to achieve glycemic goals.
Differential distribution of Shaker-like and Shab-like K+-channel subunits in goldfish retina and retinal bipolar cells

The distributions of Shaker subfamily Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 and Shab subfamily Kv2.1 subunits of voltage-gated K+ channels were determined in the retina and ON bipolar cells of goldfish by using double-label light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. All labeling to be described was blocked by preabsorption of the primary antibodies with antigen. The retina was labeled throughout with all three antibodies. However, labeling was densest in the inner plexiform layer for Kv1.1, more concentrated in the outer nuclear layer for Kv2.1, and uniform throughout for Kv1.2. All ON mixed rod/cone (mb) and cone (cb) bipolar somata and the proximal portions of their axons and dendrites were labeled for anti-Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv2.1. Labeling of axons rarely extended over the mb axon terminal. Only Kv1.2 antibodies labeled mb bipolar cell dendrites in the outer plexiform layer. No evidence for Kv1.1, 1.2, or 2.1 antibody labeling of OFF bipolar cells was found. Ultrastructurally, Kv1.2-immunoreactivity was associated with the plasma membrane of bipolar cell bodies and with dendrites that make narrow-cleft junctions with cone terminals (ON-type). Kv immunoreactivity was not found associated with presynaptic membranes in the inner plexiform layer and was found only rarely with membranes, postsynaptic to an amacrine cell process. Although both Shaker and Shab subfamilies include delayed rectifiers, their activation properties differ, suggesting differential modulation of K+ conductances in bipolar cells based not only on the presence or absence of rod photoreceptor input but also whether the bipolar cells are of the ON or OFF type.
Bioethics as several kinds of writing.

Three different models are described of the relationship of bioethics to the press. The first two are familiar: bioethicists often are interviewed by journalists seeking background and short quotes to insert in a story; alternately, bioethicists sometimes themselves act as journalists of a sort, writing op-eds, articles or even longer works designed for wide readership. These models share the notion that bioethicists can provide information and ideas that increase the quality of people's thinking on moral matters. They share also a common difficulty: do the constraints the media impose on bioethical discourse keep bioethicists from deepening public reflection, and if not, how can those constraints be most effectively kept from distorting what bioethicists wish to say? The third model reverses – in part – the presupposition that bioethics bestows moral sophistication on a public naive about ethical issues, holding rather that matters run both ways; bioethicists stand to learn a great deal from their intera...
Measuring seam/crack formation in interconnect metallization

Abstract Low cost processes, in both GaAs and Silicon, often use non-planar interconnect metals. While very efficient in simplifying processes, seam (more commonly called “crack”) formation due to inter-level dielectric topologies can (1) cause significant thinning in the metallization, impacting the reliability and (2) act as process defects that reduces circuit yield. To better understand and monitor crack formation, we used a series of test structures to develop an electrical test allowing crack formation to be characterized. We confirmed our results with cross sections. The methodology presented here is also used to characterize new process steps or processes to verify the new process make cracking worse. In the first application of this method, it highlighted a potential cracking issue, preventing it from propagating into production.
Second-Law Analysis of Boosted HCCI Engines: Modeling Study

AbstractHomogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion has shown the potential to improve gasoline engine efficiency, by integration into future dual-mode spark ignition/HCCI engines. Wi...
Intramolecular Hydroamination of Unbiased and Functionalized Primary Aminoalkenes Catalyzed by a Rhodium Aminophosphine Complex

We report a rhodium catalyst that exhibits high reactivity for the hydroamination of primary aminoalkenes that are unbiased toward cyclization and that possess functional groups incompatible with more electrophilic hydroamination catalysts. The rhodium catalyst contains an unusual diaminophosphine ligand (L1) that binds to rhodium in a κ3-P,O,P mode. The reactions catalyzed by this complex typically proceed at mild temperatures (room temperature to 70 °C) and occur with primary aminoalkenes lacking substituents on the alkyl chain that bias the system toward cyclization, with primary aminoalkenes containing chloride, ester, ether, enolizable ketone, nitrile, and unprotected alcohol functionality, and with primary aminoalkenes containing internal olefins. Mechanistic data imply that these reactions occur with a turnover-limiting step that is different from that of reactions catalyzed by late-transition-metal complexes of Pd, Pt, and Ir. This change in the turnover-limiting step and resulting high activity o...
THE AXIAL ANOMALY IN QCD: A SEMICLASSICAL VIEW

A semiclassical understanding of the anomalies of the axial singlet and nonsinglet currents in massless QCD (coupled to an external adiabatically turned on electromagnetic field) is developed. In particular, it is clarified how these anomalies manifest themselves in the context of spontaneous symmetry breaking. For the nonsinglet current the anomaly manifests itself as a final coherent state of massless pions; for the singlet current it is argued that there is a cancellation between the gluonic and electromagnetic contributions to the anomaly, which is verified explicitly using the 1/N expansion.
A test-bed for secure hierarchical data aggregation in wireless sensor networks

Data aggregation is a technique used to conserve battery power in wireless sensor networks (WSN). When securing such a network, it is important that we minimize the number of computationally expensive security operations without compromising on the security. This paper deals with the test-bed implementation of our end to end secure data aggregation algorithm. Unlike previous algorithms which required separate phases for secure aggregation and integrity verification, ours does not require an additional phase for verification. This saves energy by avoiding additional transmissions and computation overhead on the sensor nodes. We have implemented our secure data aggregation algorithms on mica2 motes.
The Influence of Special District Government on Public Spending and Debt

Growth in special district governments is examined as a reason behind public sector expansion in the United States. A theoretical model is developed of the optimal mix of government suppliers which predicts how special district governments affect the overall provision of government policies. The hypothesis that expansion of special district governments leads to expansion of the public sector is expirically examined over two time periods.
6-substituted-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofurans as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonists in the rat: structure activity relationships

The activities of several 6-substituted-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofurans (CDFs) as partial antagonists of the induction of hepatic microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities in the rat by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were structure-dependent. Treatment of the rats with TCDD (16 nmol/kg), the 6-substituted-1,3,8-triCDFs (50 mumol/kg) and TCDD plus the 6-substituted-1,3,8-triCDFs showed that most of the substituted congeners were either inactive (6-methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, t-butyl) or weak (6-cyclohexyl, nitro) inducers of AHH and EROD activities, whereas TCDD caused an 8.1- and 58-fold induction of these enzyme activities respectively. In the co-administration studies, the 6-methyl, propyl, ethyl, isopropyl and t-butyl analogs partially antagonized the induction of the monooxygenase enzyme activities by TCDD, whereas, the 6-cyclohexyl and 6-nitro-1,3,8-triCDFs exhibited minimal activity as TCDD antagonists. The Ah receptor binding affinities of the 6-substituted compounds were determined in a series of in vitro competitive binding studies using [3H]TCDD as the radioligand. Analysis of the data by Scatchard and Dixon plots showed that the avidities for the Ah receptor by the 6-substituted-1,3,8-triCDFs followed the order 6-methyl greater than 6-t-butyl greater than 6-i-propyl greater than 6-propyl approximately 6-ethyl greater than 6-cyclohexyl greater than 6-nitro-1,3,8-triCDF. In addition there was a good correlation between the in vitro binding avidities and Ki values for these compounds and their in vivo activity as partial antagonists of the induction of AHH and EROD activities by TCDD. The results suggested that the 6-substituted-1,3,8-triCDFs competitively displayed TCDD from the Ah receptor and this interaction may play a role in the mechanism of action of this class of TCDD antagonists.
Viscoelasticity studies for a fibrous collagen material: chrome-free leather

Chrome-free leather such as glutaraldehyde-tanned leather behaves very differently from chrome-tanned leather. Information regarding its viscoelasticity has not been previously reported. Hysteresis and stress relaxation are two essential properties associated with viscoelasticity. We have designed a cyclic tensile test to measure these properties to gain insight into the structural difference between chrome-free and chrome-tanned leather. Observations revealed that chrome-free leather tanned with glutaraldehyde has a higher hysteresis than chrome-tanned leather. Stress relaxation experiments, on the other hand showed chrome-free leather has very similar relaxation curves as chrome-tanned leather. Both leathers demonstrate a rapid decrease in stress for the first few seconds followed by a much slower decay thereafter. The chrome-free leather, however, has a greater initial stress than chrome-tanned leather, indicating a higher stiffness than chrome-tanned leather. Moreover, observations showed the viscoelasticity of leather was affected significantly by its fatliquor content. A decrease of loading energy in a cyclic stress–strain experiment resulted from higher fatliquor content in leather.
Rapid isolation and quantitation of biopterin, neopterin, and their guanine ribotide precursor from biological samples.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive method for isolation and quantitation of pterins from biological material with the aid of high pressure liquid and gas chromatography is described.
Celebrating the ACP Centennial: From the Annals Archive

During the 2015 centennial year of the American College of Physicians, Annals editors will link an article in each issue with an earlier paper from our archives addressing the same disease or clini...
A Thin‐Layer Electrochemical Flow Cell Coupled On‐Line with Electrospray‐Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Biological Redox Reactions

A three electrode thin-layer, flow-by electrode cell was coupled on-line with electrospray-mass spectrometry (i.e., EC/ES-MS) for the study of biological redox reactions. The cell made use of a commercially available 6.0 mm diameter, offset glassy carbon disk working electrode, a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and a working/counter electrode spacing gasket (16 μm), along with a home-built PEEK counter electrode block with a Pt foil (7.0 mm wide) counter electrode (cell volume ca. 1.1 μL). Off-line hydrodynamic voltammetry experiments and electrolytic conversion efficiency measurements using chronocoulometry were used to characterize the performance of the cell. On-line EC/ES-MS conversion efficiency was found consistent with the off-line results and the EC/ES-MS response time was measured as 5.1 s at a flow rate of 30 μL/min and 2.4 s at 62 μL/min. The use of this hybrid system for the study of the products of biologically relevant redox reactions was demonstrated using the oxidation of dopamine in aqueous CH3OH (pH 4.0) as a test case. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments provided evidence to conclude that the structure of the two major dopamine oxidation products observed in the ES mass spectra were 5,6-dihydroxyindoline and 5,6-hydroxyindole. Reaction of oxidized dopamine with the surrogate biogenic nucleophile benzene thiol resulted in the formation of mono-, di-, and tri-benzene thiol addition products. These spectra also indicated that the reaction of oxidized dopamine with benzene thiol was significantly faster than the intermolecular cyclization reaction of this intermediate, which normally produces 5,6-dihydroxyindoline.
Application of filter paper partition chromatography to radioactive tracer studies.

THE filter paper chromatographic procedure developed by Consden, Gordon and Martin1 has proved to be very useful in the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of amino-acid mixtures, and appears to have possibilities for extension to a variety of other compounds2, 3.
Cosmopolitanism and Global Justice

Philosophical attention to problems about global justice is flourishing in a way it has not in any time in memory. This paper considers some reasons for the rise of interest in the subject and reflects on some dilemmas about the meaning of the idea of the cosmopolitan in reasoning about social institutions, concentrating on the two principal dimensions of global justice, the economic and the political.
Thermal and rheological computations for artificially frozen ground construction

Abstract Design considerations for frozen retaining structures are summarized including geology and groundwater conditions; ground deformations due to freezing; the strength and deformation of the frozen earth retaining structures; the thermal assumption and methods of computation; and the refrigeration system. Brief case histories of typical construction projects that illustrate the use of mechanical refrigeration and liquid nitrogen for freezing are presented. Emphasis is placed on the constitutive equation for creep deformation of frozen earth structures and the thermal calculations for predicting times to freeze a structure as well as estimating the energy and power required for different stages of freezing.
The Bright Ages Survey. II. Evolution of Luminosity, Dust Extinction, and Star Formation from z = 0.5 to z = 2.5*

The Bright Ages Survey is a K-band-selected redshift survey over six separate fields with UBVRIzJHK imaging covering a total of 75.6 arcmin(2) and reaching K = 20-20.5. Two fields have deep HST imaging, while all are centered on possible overdensities in the z similar to 2 range. Here we report photometric redshifts and spectroscopy for this sample, which has been described in Paper I. We find 18 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts of z > 1:5. The derived rest-frame R-band luminosity functions show strong evolution out to z = 2. The luminosity function at z = 2 shows more bright galaxies than at any other epoch, even the extrapolated z = 3 luminosity function from Shapley et al. However, the R-band integrated luminosity density remains roughly constant from to z = 0:5 to z = 2. Evolved galaxies (E, S0, Sa) show a decreasing contribution to the total R-band luminosity density with redshift. The dust extinction in our K-selected sample is moderately larger [median z = 2 E(B - V) 0:30] than that found in Lyman break galaxies, although not enough to make a significant impact on the total light or star formation found at high redshift. We measure the extinction-corrected star formation rate density at z 2, finding ρ_(SFR)(z = 1.5-2.5)= 0.093 M_⊙ yr^(-1) Mpc^(-3), consistent with a relatively flat instantaneous star formation rate from z = 1-4.
β-oxidation of the coenzyme A esters of vaccenic, elaidic, and petroselaidic acids by rat heart mitochondria

Rates of β-oxidation of the coenzyme A esters of vaccenic, elaidic, and petroselaidic acids as well as their respectivecis isomers by rat heart mitochondria were measured and compared. At all concentrations studied, vaccenoyl-CoA was oxidized more rapidly than elaidoyl-CoA, but more slowly than oleoyl-CoA except at high substrate concentrations. Alltrans octadecenoyl-CoA esters were oxidized at a slower rate than their respectivecis or saturated isomers. Oxidation rates decreased as the double bond approached the carboxyl-end.
Notes on the behavioural ecology of the Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens

The Magnificent Frigatebird population breeding on Man-o-War Cay, Belize in 1980 laid their single eggs between mid-December and early April, and had a mean hatching date of mid- to late April. There were no differences between the sexes in the percent of time spent incubating eggs or brooding small chicks (males 48%, females 52%). However, males were not observed to feed larger (75–100 d) chicks. All 81 feedings of juvenile (approximately 1 year old) frigatebirds observed during 126 hr of observations were by females, and the majority of these feedings occurred at midday (46%) when approximately equal numbers of females and juveniles frequented the study area. Our data confirm Diamond's (1972, 1973) reports of unequal roles in chick rearing and post-fledging care between male and female F. magnificens, and support the hypothesis that males and successful females may breed at one- and two-year intervals, respectively.
Mr. Yamamoto and Japanese Americans in New Jersey during World War II

While preparing to teach a survey course in United States history at Rutgers University, I came across a 1944 article on the treatment of aJapanese American agricultural worker in a small New Jersey town during World War II. "Mr. Yamamoto: A NewJersey Town Runs Him Out," by Faith Fair (reprinted below), which includes a photograph of a smiling George Yamamoto, describes the uproar that engulfed Great Meadows, New Jersey, when a local farmer arranged with the War Relocation Authority (wRA), the federal agency that supervised internedJapanese Americans, to hire Yamamoto. Townspeople held meetings to protest the coming of "Jap" laborers, mixing rumors of rape by Japanese Americans with discussion of how cheaply Japanese American workers could produce celery and other crops. Meanwhile, vigilantes burned down one of the farm owner's sheds. In short, the article gives a poignant and frightening picture of racism against Japanese Americans during the war, and one that brought the issue of Japanese American removal and internment home to my New Jersey students in a way that readings or lectures about West Coast events would not. The article served as a springboard for discussion not only of the internment and of racism but also of the government's attempts to relocate Japanese Americans to communities away from the Pacific coast and the obstacles that such efforts encountered. It also provided a way to introduce a more complicated picture of the wRA than can usually be offered in a brief overview of the internment. The WRA was an agency that not only repressed but also assimilated and perhaps even protected Japanese Americans against more extreme nativist elements (the point was debated by my students). But the article on Yamamoto allowed discussion to go even further. I asked students to analyze the point of view of the author (whose possibly pseudonymous name itself hints at a stance), including the extent to which she criticized or glossed over the internment policy. I asked what impression the photograph was designed to induce in readers, and the significance of such coverage in Lzfe, an influential magazine.
Application of multivariate Gaussian detection theory to known non-Gaussian probability density functions

A statistical parametric multispectral sensor performance model was developed by ERIM to support mine field detection studies, multispectral sensor design/performance trade-off studies, and target detection algorithm development. The model assumes target detection algorithms and their performance models which are based on data assumed to obey multivariate Gaussian probability distribution functions (PDFs). The applicability of these algorithms and performance models can be generalized to data having non-Gaussian PDFs through the use of transforms which convert non-Gaussian data to Gaussian (or near-Gaussian) data. An example of one such transform is the Box-Cox power law transform. In practice, such a transform can be applied to non-Gaussian data prior to the introduction of a detection algorithm that is formally based on the assumption of multivariate Gaussian data. This paper presents an extension of these techniques to the case where the joint multivariate probability density function of the non-Gaussian input data is known, and where the joint estimate of the multivariate Gaussian statistics, under the Box-Cox transform, is desired. The jointly estimated multivariate Gaussian statistics can then be used to predict the performance of a target detection algorithm which has an associated Gaussian performance model.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Contextual connections within puns: effects on perceived humor and memory.

Abstract The supposition that perceived humor or cleverness would be enhanced by adding separate content to the alternative meanings of a pun was explored, using Tom Swifties as the research vehicle. Because detecting a punning word relationship might induce arousal, requiring more effort and attentional resources for processing than noting a contextual connection, memory strength for adverbs was also examined using a recognition procedure. Five studies were conducted in which college students were asked to judge 24 Swifties (content counterbalanced across participants) in which presence of pun and context were manipulated. The punning relationship was primarily responsible for perceived humor and cleverness. Presence of a pun also enhanced memory strength (d') as long as the familiarization task focused on humor and cleverness. Coherent context enhanced perceived cleverness inconsistently. It was suggested that a coherent contextual connection may make a greater contribution in more lengthy forms of pun-...
Personality and Political Socialization

T O DEVELOP A THEORY about any particular problem area (theory defin,ed as a set of interrelated hypotheses), one must examine the basic concepts which are toi be employed in the an,alysis, give definitions, to these concepts (preferably definitiions which are operational) and think out the relationships that these concepts are to have with one another. The result of this typie of analysis is called a "conceptual scheme," and it is from this type of scheme that hypotheses are generated and the process of theory-building begins. When the literature in the p.roblem area of political socialization is exam,ined from this perspective,' it is, not surprising to find that one of the major deficiencies with which the political scientist has tol deal is the lack of a theory by which to guide research and provide a basis for cumulative knowledge. The reasoin for this lack of theo,ry is simply that as yet there has been very little systematic attempt to do the prior conceptualizing necessary to, the development of a theory. It is the purpose of this paper to make a tentative step toward the de,velopment of just such a conceptual scheme in the area of political socialization.
Nanoparticle-Sorbed Phosphate: Iron and Phosphate Bioavailability Studies with Spinacia oleracea and Selenastrum capricornutum

In this study, nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles have been used for phosphate recovery from aqueous solutions. The bioavailability of the phosphate sorbed onto NZVI particles was determined using spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) grown in hydroponic solutions. Simultaneous bioavailability of iron (from NZVI) was also determined. Spent NZVI particles (after phosphate adsorption) were added to the algae and spinach growth media as the only source of phosphate and iron. Phosphate sorbed by NZVI was bioavailable to both algae and spinach. The concentration of algae increased by 6.7 times when the only source of phosphate was spent NZVI as compared to algae grown in standard all nutrient media (including phosphate). Again, removing phosphate from the growth media decreased the algae concentration ∼3 fold when compared to algae grown in all-nutrient media. In the spinach study, plant biomass increased in the presence of spent NZVI (where nanoparticles were the only source of phosphate) by 2.2−4 times more than the plant treated with the all-nutrient solution. Results also indicated 21, 11, and 7 times more iron content in the roots, leaves, and stems of the spinach treated with spent NZVI, respectively, as compared to the controls.
Superresolution Fluorescence Imaging of Mitochondrial Nucleoids Reveals Their Spatial Range, Limits, and Membrane Interaction†

A fundamental objective in molecular biology is to understand how DNA is organized in concert with various proteins, RNA, and biological membranes. Mitochondria maintain and express their own DNA (mtDNA), which is arranged within structures called nucleoids. Their functions, dimensions, composition, and precise locations relative to other mitochondrial structures are poorly defined. Superresolution fluorescence microscopy techniques that exceed the previous limits of imaging within the small and highly compartmentalized mitochondria have been recently developed. We have improved and employed both two- and three-dimensional applications of photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM and iPALM, respectively) to visualize the core dimensions and relative locations of mitochondrial nucleoids at an unprecedented resolution. PALM reveals that nucleoids differ greatly in size and shape. Three-dimensional volumetric analysis indicates that, on average, the mtDNA within ellipsoidal nucleoids is extraordinarily condensed. Two-color PALM shows that the freely diffusible mitochondrial matrix protein is largely excluded from the nucleoid. In contrast, nucleoids are closely associated with the inner membrane and often appear to be wrapped around cristae or crista-like inner membrane invaginations. Determinations revealing high packing density, separation from the matrix, and tight association with the inner membrane underscore the role of mechanisms that regulate access to mtDNA and that remain largely unknown.
Service design and technical/professional communication

While service-oriented businesses have been around for a long time, service design as a discipline of design has emerged recently. This paper situates technical and professional communication in the area of service design. A brief history of service design is presented, and a framework for understanding communication as an integral part of service is proposed. The paper suggests that service design provides a new perspective for understanding technical and professional communication.
A new model of the erase process in single layer direct overwrite magneto-optical recording media

The effects of angular momentum compensation on domain wall motion are considered. Particular attention is paid to the dynamic parameters of the wall in response to effects brought about by the approach to the angular momentum compensation temperature. When the wall gets close to the angular momentum compensation point, the net angular momentum is effectively lowered, thus causing the mobility of the wall to increase markedly. This unusual behavior is believed to be responsible for the erase process in single-layer direct-overwrite magnetooptical recording media. >
Global Schema as an Inversed View of Local Schemas for Integration

Integration of distributed heterogeneous data sources has been and will continue to be a challenge for data-centric tasks at organizations that rely on such data sources. A common approach to this problem is to create a global view of these data sources and use the global view as the single representation of the data. In this paper, we present a schema integration method to extract the schematic information from the local schemas to create the global view. This method focuses on resolving some structural and semantic discrepancies among the local schemas.
Ubiquitin conjugation to Gag is essential for ESCRT-mediated HIV-1 budding

HIV-1 relies on the host ESCRTs for release from cells. HIV-1 Gag engages ESCRTs by directly binding TSG101 or Alix. ESCRTs also sort ubiquitinated membrane proteins through endosomes to facilitate their lysosomal degradation. The ability of ESCRTs to recognize and process ubiquitinated proteins suggests that ESCRT-dependent viral release may also be controlled by ubiquitination. Although both Gag and ESCRTs undergo some level of ubiquitination, definitive demonstration that ubiquitin is required for viral release is lacking. Here we suppress ubiquitination at viral budding sites by fusing the catalytic domain of the Herpes Simplex UL36 deubiquitinating enzyme (DUb) onto TSG101, Alix, or Gag. Expressing DUb-TSG101 suppressed Alix-independent HIV-1 release and viral particles remained tethered to the cell surface. DUb-TSG101 had no effect on budding of MoMLV or EIAV, two retroviruses that rely on the ESCRT machinery for exit. Alix-dependent virus release such as EIAV’s, and HIV-1 lacking access to TSG101, was instead dramatically blocked by co-expressing DUb-Alix. Finally, Gag-DUb was unable to support virus release and dominantly interfered with release of wild type HIV-1. Fusion of UL36 did not effect interactions with Alix, TSG101, or Gag and all of the inhibitory effects of UL36 fusion were abolished when its catalytic activity was ablated. Accordingly, Alix, TSG101 and Gag fused to inactive UL36 functionally replaced their unfused counterparts. Interestingly, coexpression of the Nedd4-2s ubiquitin ligase suppressed the ability of DUb-TSG101 to inhibit HIV-1 release while also restoring detectable Gag ubiquitination at the membrane. Similarly, incorporation of Gag-Ub fusion proteins into virions lifted DUb-ESCRT inhibitory effect. In contrast, Nedd4-2s did not suppress the inhibition mediated by Gag-DUb despite restoring robust ubiquitination of TSG101/ESCRT-I at virus budding sites. These studies demonstrate a necessary and natural role for ubiquitin in ESCRT-dependent viral release and indicate a critical role for ubiquitination of Gag rather than ubiquitination of ESCRTs themselves.
Microprocessor Based Beam Loss Monitor System for the AGS

An array of 120 long radiation monitors (LRM) have been installed around the AGS. Each monitor is an extended coaxial ion chamber, 5 meters long, made from hollow core coaxial transmission cable pressured with argon. The LRM's are each connected to a low current preamplifier and voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC). The digital output of each channel is fed to a 16 bit counter chip which bridges the bus of an 8085 microprocessor. This circuit is connected to the AGS PDP-10 for data taking or may function as a stand-alone unit. Various operating modes can be selected for data readout. System design and operating performance are described.
Online impersonation in securities scams

For a con man to convince a target to part with his or her money, he first must gain the target's trust. In cyberspace, securities scammers gain the trust of unwitting investors through a variety of means. Perhaps the most insidious of these involves a form of online impersonation in which the perpetrator uses the Internet's technical capabilities to create bogus online content that mimics information from trusted sources. The author briefly explores the use of various impersonation techniques by persons charged in US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement actions alleging market manipulation and fraud.
Trace Element Concentrations in Commercially Available Solutions

The use of trace-elements in intravenous hyperalimentation solutions has been recommended for long-term therapy. Very little information is available concerning the presence of these nutrients as contaminants in commercially available solutions. In view of this, the concentrations of copper and zinc were measured in twenty solutions by atomic absorption. The results indicate that the amounts present may be significant in certain solutions.
Cutting-edge practice model: An integrated model within a large academic medical center

At the University of Tennessee Medical Center, we enhanced the level of pharmacy services for all patients by integrating pharmacist activities to reduce unnecessary communication handoffs. This was achieved by incorporating pharmacist specialists into the pharmacy teams covering patient care
Neoformed growth responses to dormant pruning in mature and immature pistachio trees grown on different rootstocks

SummaryThe relationship between pruning and the production of neoformed growth in ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees on different rootstocks was investigated to determine if the increased neoformed growth common in trees on more vigourous rootstocks was related solely to rootstock vigour, or was an artifact of pruning practices. While some neoformed growth was inherent in mature trees, pruning increased the amount produced on each tree regardless of rootstock or crop load. However, regardless of pruning severity, the least vigourous rootstock never produced as much neoformed growth as the two more vigourous rootstocks. Pruning cuts made into 2-year-old wood were the most stimulatory, while pruning cuts into 1-year-old wood resulted in growth similar to unpruned controls. The data presented indicate that the invigorating response to pruning in young trees is highly localised, and that pruning can be varied depending on the stage of tree development and the desired growth response. Overall, the dat...
Interaction of shear and normal stresses in multiaxial fatigue damage analysis

Due to the abundance of engineering components subjected to complex multiaxial loading histories, being able to accurately estimate fatigue damage under multiaxial stress states is a fundamental step in many fatigue life analyses. In this respect, the Fatemi-Socie (FS) critical plane damage parameter has been shown to provide excellent fatigue life correlations for a variety of materials and loading conditions. In this parameter shear strain amplitude has a primary influence on fatigue damage and the maximum normal stress on the maximum shear plane has a secondary, but important, influence. In this parameter, the maximum normal stress is normalized by the material yield strength in order to preserve the unitless feature of strain. However, in examining some literature data it was found that in certain situations the FS parameter can result in better fatigue life predictions if the maximum normal stress is normalized by shear stress range instead. These data include uniaxial loadings with large tensile mean stress, and some non-proportional axial-torsion load paths with different normal-shear stress interactions. This modification to the FS parameter was investigated by using fatigue data from literature for 7075-T651 aluminum alloy, as well as additional data from 2024-T3 aluminum alloy fatigue tests performed in this study.
Students, Faculty, and Staff's Willingness to Pay for Emergency Texting

ABSTRACTAlthough emergency texting benefits callers' safety during violent situations and campus shooters, the service had not been popularized at a public university. To introduce emergency texting, this study proposed to identify the economic benefits of emergency texting and used the contingent valuation method which estimates students, faculty, and staff's willingness to pay for emergency texting. Despite the small sampling size, the total values of the three groups' willingness to pay were $7,736 per year, larger than the lowest implementation costs of text-to-911. The estimation of the overall university population's total values may be expected to be greater than the results.
Management of air embolism in blunt and penetrating thoracic trauma

The charts of 61 patients treated from 1970 through 1981 were reviewed to determine the clinical outcome after treatment of air embolism from blunt (15 patients) and penetrating (21 gunshot and 25 stabbing) thoracic injuries. The diagnosis of air embolism was confirmed by the presence of air in the coronary arteries (57%), air aspirated from the heart (30%) or major artery (10%), or Doppler findings (3%). All patients were in shock or cardiac arrest, and in 36% of these patients there were early signs of hemoptysis or unexpected arrest after intubation and positive-pressure ventilation. Successful management included (1) early thoracotomy for diagnosis as well as for specific treatment, (2) hilar cross-clamping for control of bronchovenous communication, (3) maintenance of perfusion pressures with fluids, vasopressors, or aortic cross-clamping, and (4) prompt correction of the embolic source, usually a lung resection. The overall survival rate was 44%, which correlated with the mechanism of injury, with associated nonthoracic injuries, and with the occurrence of arrest in a controlled setting. We conclude that (1) air embolism can insidiously occur even in blunt trauma; (2) suspicion should be high with hemoptysis or unexpected arrest; and (3) successful treatment includes immediate thoracotomy for diagnosis, resuscitation, and prompt control of the bronchovenous communication.