cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple recursive estimation method for linear regression models with AR(p) disturbances

An exact transformation that reduces the AR(p) process into white noise is well known in statistics, see Fuller (1976). However, practitioners still use and econometric textbooks still recommend the Cochrane-Orcutt procedure for p>2, see Greene (1990). This paper derives an alternative exact transformation for the AR(p) process which is computationally simple. Based on this transformation, a GLS estimator is proposed, requiring only least squares regressions and recursive computations. This is illustrated for the AR(3) case.
Complete Blood Substitution During Profound Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest in Dogs

This study compared the effects of 3 hours of cardiac arrest performed at 2 different levels of profound hypothermia in totally exsanguinated, blood substituted dogs. Dogs (N=10) were anesthetized and esophageal temperature was lowered to 24° at which time exsanguination began. Once exsanguination was complete and the heart had arrested, continuous whole body perfusion of an oxygenated blood substitute solution was performed for 3 hours. Core temperature during this period remained below 10°C and reached nadirs of 1.3°C in Group I (N=5) versus 7.3°C in Group II (N=5). Once the dog was allowed to rewarm to 10°C replacement of the perfusate with blood was begun. All dogs survived the procedure but 2 dogs from each group died by 4 days following the experiment. The remaining 6 dogs were observed for between 10 and 85 days. The group perfused with blood substitute at the warmer nadir had a faster recovery of motor behavior and showed smaller changes from normal in several biochemical and hematological paramet...
Onthophagus gazella : Effect on Survival of Horn Flies in the Laboratory

When varying numbers of pairs of an Afro-Asian dung beetle, Onthophagus gazella (F.), were exposed to varying quantities of bovine manure containing eggs or larvae of Haematobia irritans (L.) in the laboratory, control of emerging fly adults ranged from 0 to 98.4 percent. Slightly greater control was achieved when the beetles were placed on manure that contained eggs than when they were placed on manure that initially contained larvae. Adult horn flies that survived the activity of beetles were smaller than control flies.
Botulinum toxin for conditions of the female pelvis

Botulinum toxin has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of urinary incontinence associated with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. However, it has also been used off-label for a multitude of other conditions in the female pelvis, including urological, gynecological, and colorectal. This article reviews the most recent data regarding its efficacy and safety, and administration techniques for those conditions. A literature review of the most relevant reports published between 1985 and 2012. Urinary incontinence related to neurogenic detrusor overactivity is currently the only approved indication in the female pelvis. Other supported off-label uses include: idiopathic detrusor overactivity, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction, anal fissure, anismus, and functional anal pain. Botulinum toxin may effectively and safely be used in many conditions of the female pelvis. More high quality research is needed to better clarify its role in the therapeutic algorithm for those indications.
Robust Bayesian methods for monitoring clinical trials.

Bayesian methods for the analysis of clinical trials data have received increasing attention recently as they offer an approach for dealing with difficult problems that arise in practice. A major criticism of the Bayesian approach, however, has focused on the need to specify a single, often subjective, prior distribution for the parameters of interest. In an attempt to address this critism, we describe methods for assessing the robustness of the posterior distribution to the specification of the prior. The robust Bayesian approach to data analysis replaces the prior distribution with a class of prior distributions and investigations and investigates how the inferences might change as the prior varies over this class. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the application of robust Bayesian methods to the analysis of clinical trials data. Using two examples of clinical trials taken from the literature, we illustrate how to use these methods to help a data monitoring committee decide whether or not to stop a trial early.
Seedling Survival from Locally and Commercially Obtained Seeds on Two Semiarid Sites

Local populations of plants are likely to be better adapted to a site than populations from elsewhere. Thus, local seeds should yield higher survival in restoration attempts than commercial seed stocks. We compared seedling survival from locally and commercially obtained seeds of seven species, Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass), Elymus elymoides (squirrel-tail), Pascopyrum smithii (western wheatgrass), Stipa hymenoides (Indian ricegrass), Stipa comata (needle-and-thread), Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rubber rabbit-brush) and Ephedra nevadensis (Mormon tea) over three years on two sites in Utah (Dugway and Tintic) that were dominated by the introduced annual Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass). At the Dugway site we included burned and unburned seedbed treatments. For all species at Dugway, seedling survival to the first summer was higher on burned plots where B. tectorum densities were greatly reduced. First-year seedling survival was 20-30% for most species on the Dugway burned plots and at Tintic. At the drier Dugway site, only S. hymenoides and Ephedra had substantial third-year survival. Elymus and Pascopyrum survived to the third year only at the moister Tintic site. Survival to the third year was less than 3% for all species except S. comata (6% survival), and densities were low (0.2-1.0 plants/m 2 ). However, third-year plants were well established and the grasses flowered. Pseudoroegneria and Ephedra at Dugway (on burned plots) and S. comata and Elymus at Tintic had higher first-year survival or higher survival based on survival curves from local than from commercial seeds. However, final survival was never significantly higher, although such a trend was suggested. Seed dormancy traits could also provide advantages to local populations, and we observed differences in dormancy between local and commercial S. comata and S. hymenoides seeds that may be an example.
Multi-fractal property of perchlorate reductase gene sequences and DNA photonics application to UV fluorescence detection on Mars-like surfaces

The discovery of perchlorate on Mars raises the possibility of the existence of perchlorate reduction microbes on that planet. The perchlorate reductase gene sequence fractal dimensions of two Dechloromonas species were compared with five other sequences in the microbial dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase family. A nucleotide sequence can be expressed as a numerical sequence where each nucleotide is assigned its proton number. The resulting numerical sequence can be investigated for its fractal dimension in terms of evolution and chemical properties for comparative studies. Analysis of the fractal dimensions for the DMSO reductase family supports phylogenetic analyses that show that the perchlorate reductase gene sequences are members of the same family. A sub-family with roughly the same nucleotide length emerges having the property that the gene fractal dimension is negatively correlated with the Shannon di-nucleotide entropy (R 2 ~ 0.95, N =5). The gene sequence fractal dimension is found to be positively correlated with the neighbor joining distances reported in a published protein phylogeny tree (R 2 ~ 0.92, N = 5). The multi-fractal property associated with these genes shows that perchlorate reductase has lower dimensionality as compared to the relatively higher dimensionality DNA-break repair genes Rec-A and Rad-A observed in the Dechloromonas aromatica and Deinococcus radiodurans genomes. The studied perchlorate gene sequences show a higher Shannon di-nucleotide entropy (~3.97 bits) relative to Dechloromonas aromatica DNA repair sequences (~3.87 bits Rec-A, ~3.92 bits Rad-A), suggesting that there are fewer constraints on nucleotide variety in the perchorlate sequences . These observations thus allow for the existence of perchlorate reducing microbes on Mars now or in the past. Timeresolved UV fluorescence study near the emission bands of nucleotide sequences could be used for bio-detection on Mars-like surfaces and the results may further constrain the proposed conjectures.
Operational sex ratio affects nest tending and aggression in male flagfish Jordanella floridae Goode & Bean

Operational sex ratio (OSR, the ratio of sexually active males to fertilizable females at a given time and location) affected male behaviour in the flagfish Jordanella floridae. When OSR was male biased, males spent (1) more time at their nests and (2) more time fanning prior to receiving eggs. Pre-mating fanning has previously been correlated with male mating success and is hypothesized to be used in female choice in this population. Thus, these results suggest that on average, male flagfish invest more time in behaviour associated with female choice when there are relatively more male competitors. The OSR also affected the frequency of male aggression, and specifically male aggression towards females was more frequent at female-biased OSR treatments. The observed patterns were dependent upon the direction of OSR bias (i.e. unbiased, male biased and female biased), and in some cases the intensity of the OSR bias affected the patterns of behaviour. These findings suggest that experimentally detecting effects of OSR is sensitive to the specific OSR values considered, and highlight the importance of considering a range of OSR values in future studies.
The Effects of Oxygen Enrichment of Combustion Air for Spark-Ignition Engines Using a Thermodynamic Cycle Simulation

A thermodynamic cycle simulation was used to examine the effects of oxygen enriched combustion air on engine performance for a range of operating conditions and for different sized engines. The use of oxygen enriched combustion air will have a direct effect on the combustion process and on the overall engine thermodynamics. For example, for cases with higher inlet oxygen concentration (and hence less nitrogen dilution), for the same operating conditions, the combustion gas temperatures and engine cylinder heat losses will be higher. In addition, the engine using oxygen enriched combustion air will be smaller than an engine using normal air for the same power output. The major objective of this study was to quantify these expectations for a range of operating conditions. One special feature of a portion of the current study is the constant engine power output by decreasing engine size as the oxygen concentration increased in the combustion air. Results include detail thermodynamic results of temperatures, pressures and properties as functions of the oxygen concentration of the combustion air. Results also include engine performance parameters such as power, torque, fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, and exhaust temperatures. For one comparison, engine performance and fuel consumption were obtained for an equivalence ratio of 1.0, MBT spark timing, and 2500 rpm. For oxygen enriched combustion air with 32% oxygen, equal power output was obtained with 73% of the displaced volume (all else the same). For the higher oxygen case, the brake fuel consumption increased about 11% primarily due to higher heat losses and higher exhaust gas energy which were a consequence of the higher gas temperatures. For the MBT spark timing case, the nitric oxide emissions increased by about 11% as the oxygen concentration increases from 21% to 25%.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Optimum Angles for a Mueller Matrix Polarimeter

The four optimum rotation angles for a Mueller matrix polarimeter consisting of a quarter wave plate in conjunction with a linear polarizer, are found. This is done by using the determinant and condition numbers of the system measurement matrix as objective functions in a minimization procedure. The four angles so found result in the polarimeter's estimate of the incident Stokes vector to have a minimum sensitivity with respect to fluctuations in the detected flux and errors in the angular position of the optical components constituting the polarimeter. Four optimal angles are presented. These four angles also retain a simplicity of form for the measurement matrix.
Zeeman coherence in single quantum dots

Abstract Using coherent nonlinear laser spectroscopy, we show spectral features that indicate contributions from an optically induced nonradiative quantum coherence between the two excitonic states of the Zeeman doublet in a single gallium arsenide quantum dot. The decay rate of this coherence is comparable to the radiative coherence decay rate of the individual excitonic states. The experiments are explained using a theory based on a simple model taking into consideration the exciton–exciton Coulomb interaction.
Spawning frequency, growth and mortality of Mytilus edulis larvae, exposed to copper and diesel oil

Abstract Mature Mytilus edulis were exposed to copper (concentration range 1–40 μg l ) and microencapsulated diesel oil (concentration range 200–5,000 μg l ) for 30 days and induced to spawn. EC 50 values for spawning frequency were approximately 2 μg l for copper and 800 μg l for diesel oil. Larvae (size 150 μm) from uncontaminated mussels were exposed to copper (concentration range 0.5–10 μg l ) and microencapsulated diesel oil (concentration range 5–500 μg l ) for 10 days. EC 50 values for growth were found at 5–6 μg l for copper and 25–30 μg l for diesel oil. For copper this is about the same value as found for juvenile mussels, while diesel oil is at least one order of magnitude more toxic for larvae than for juveniles. LC 50 values for larvae exposed to copper and diesel oil were about 10 μg l and 30–35 μg l , respectively. Microencapsulation of diesel oil gives a test medium which contains both water soluble and water nonsoluble fractions. Ingestion of the particulate fraction seems to increase the toxic effect.
ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF THE NONLINEAR TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF YBA2CU3O6.95 IN THE MEISSNER STATE

The angular dependence of the nonlinear transverse magnetic moment of untwinned high-quality single crystals of YBa{sub 2}Cu {sub 3}O{sub 6.95} has been studied at a temperature of 2.5thinspthinspK using a low frequency ac technique. The absence of any signature at angular period 2{pi}/4 is analyzed in light of the numerical predictions of such a signal for a pure d{sub x{sup 2}{minus}y{sup 2}} order parameter with line nodes. Implications of this null result for the existence of a nonzero gap at all angles on the Fermi surface are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The effect of temperature on the development time and brood size of diaptomus pallidus herrick

Diaptomus pallidus individuals were raised in the laboratory at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C) and fed an alfalfa and trout-food diet ad libitum. Data were taken on the development times of the egg, naupliar, and each copepodid stage and the brood sizes of field animals acclimated to the test conditions.
Missed Opportunities: Young Adults with Hypertension and Lifestyle Counseling in Clinical Practice

In this issue of JGIM, Johnson et al. used manual extraction of electronic health record data to examine the occurrence of lifestyle education in young adults (age 18–39 years) with incident hypertension in a large academic multidisciplinary group practice. They assessed all clinical staff encounter notes and patients’ after-visit instructions in order to identify lifestyle education, broadly defined as any mention of general lifestyle terms (e.g., “heart-healthy changes,” “lifestyle changes”); education on exercise, alcohol use, stress management, DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, low salt/sodium, weight reduction, or tobacco cessation; notation of educational handouts and/or websites provided, or patient refusal of education. Even using a broad definition of lifestyle counseling, they found a limited occurrence of counseling, with only 55% of young adults with incident hypertension having documentation of lifestyle education within one year of diagnosis.1
Molecular weight and behavior of lipovitellin in urea solutions

Abstract Lipovitellin in 4 M urea has a molecular weight of 2.0 ± 0.2 · 10 5 , which is half that observed in 1 M NaCl. The two sub-units present in urea are undistinguisable on the basis of their ultracentrifugal properties. β-Lipovitellin dissociates at lower urea concentrations than α-lipovitellin. Although lipovitellin is denatured by urea and suffers a loss of lipid in this solvent, its dissociation is partly reversible on reducing the concentration of urea.
Hospitality and tourism marketing: recent developments in research and future directions

Abstract This study reviews marketing research published in selected hospitality and tourism journals for the period of 2002–2003. The review includes summaries of research topics, industry applications, and methods of study design and data analyses. Significant topical research trends are identified and discussed to raise issues for future research. Included also are the industry-specific current trends and issues that dictate immediate research attention. The gaps between hospitality and tourism marketing research and industry's research needs are addressed to encourage additional research on neglected topics. The study concludes with general suggestions for future hospitality and tourism marketing research.
Dam safety and nonstructural damage reduction measures

ABSTRACT This article provides a brief description of the dam failure history of the United States, The evolution of U.S. Bureau of Reclamation practice on dam safety has gradually changed from structural to nonstructural measures. A systematic analysis of factors influencing loss of life resulting from dam failure is made in this article. Nonstructural measures such as the preparation of inundation mapping, the use of a dam failure warning system, and the development of an emergency preparedness program can significantly reduce the loss of life in the event of a dam failure.
Far Infrared Measurements on Single Crystals, Films and Bulk Sintered High Temperature Superconductors

We report measurements of the reflectivity of bulk samples, films and single crystals of high Tc materials. The data are fitted with the Mattis-Bardeen theory to obtain gap values. For sintered samples we find 2Δ/kTc = 2.6, while for YBa2Cu3O7-y films and single crystals 2Δ/kTc = 6.4 and 7.7 respectively.
Additive Manufacturing of IN100 Superalloy Through Scanning Laser Epitaxy for Turbine Engine Hot-Section Component Repair: Process Development, Modeling, Microstructural Characterization, and Process Control

This article describes additive manufacturing (AM) of IN100, a high gamma-prime nickel-based superalloy, through scanning laser epitaxy (SLE), aimed at the creation of thick deposits onto like-chemistry substrates for enabling repair of turbine engine hot-section components. SLE is a metal powder bed-based laser AM technology developed for nickel-base superalloys with equiaxed, directionally solidified, and single-crystal microstructural morphologies. Here, we combine process modeling, statistical design-of-experiments (DoE), and microstructural characterization to demonstrate fully metallurgically bonded, crack-free and dense deposits exceeding 1000 μm of SLE-processed IN100 powder onto IN100 cast substrates produced in a single pass. A combined thermal-fluid flow-solidification model of the SLE process compliments DoE-based process development. A customized quantitative metallography technique analyzes digital cross-sectional micrographs and extracts various microstructural parameters, enabling process model validation and process parameter optimization. Microindentation measurements show an increase in the hardness by 10 pct in the deposit region compared to the cast substrate due to microstructural refinement. The results illustrate one of the very few successes reported for the crack-free deposition of IN100, a notoriously “non-weldable” hot-section alloy, thus establishing the potential of SLE as an AM method suitable for hot-section component repair and for future new-make components in high gamma-prime containing crack-prone nickel-based superalloys.
Positive cyclic systems of linear differential equations

0 < m < p,(t) < M = Nm < +m for i = 1, 2 ,..., n. (1’) A study of third-order, uniformly positive cyclic systems of linear differential equations was made in [I], with special reference to oscillation and order-ofgrowth theorems. In the present paper, we show that many of the conclusions hold, in modified form, for arbitrary n-but that the cases of even n and odd n are essentially different, and the case n = 4 has quite special properties. For any n, the coordinate planes xi = 0 separate x-space into 2” open orthants, each of which has a well-defined signature (sgn x1 ,..., sgn x,). Thus, the positive orthant 9’ has the signature (+,..., +), the negative orthant -9 has the signature (-,..., -), and when n is even, the alternating orthant 22 has the signature (+, ,..., +, -).
A comparative study of glitch-free true single-phase clocked D flip-flop circuits at low supply voltage

Abstract This paper investigates the characteristics and performances of several true single-phase clocked (TSPC) D flip-flops (D-FFs) at low supply voltage. We propose a new glitch-free D-FF for low-voltage operation. Since the dynamic power consumption in CMOS is proportional to V dd 2 , decreasing the supply voltage yields a large reduction in power consumption. The main design objectives for these circuits are glitch-free operation and low power consumption at low supply voltage. The proposed D-FF circuit has been compared with previously known circuits and has been shown to provide superior performance. All circuits in this paper have been simulated using HSPICE with a 0.4-μm CMOS technology at a 2-V supply voltage. An analysis of a serial pipeline multiplier design establishes the superiority of the proposed circuit in that application.
Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode

The Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) (also known as the North Atlantic Oscillation) is shown to exert a strong influence on wintertime climate, not only over the Euro-Atlantic half of the hemisphere as documented in previous studies, but over the Pacific half as well. It affects not only the mean conditions, but also the day-to-day variability, modulating the intensity of mid-latitude storms and the frequency of occurrence of high-latitude blocking and cold air outbreaks throughout the hemisphere. The recent trend in the NAM toward its high-index polarity with stronger subpolar westerlies has tended to reduce the severity of winter weather over most middle- and high-latitude Northern Hemisphere continental regions.
Calculation of hyperfine field and quadrupole splitting in ferriprotoporphyrin IX chloride (Hemin)

Extended Huckel wavefunctions for iron (III) porphyrin chloride have been used in the calculation of the hyperfine field and quadrupole splitting at iron in hemin. The approximate treatment makes use in part of unrestricted Hartee-Fock results for atomic iron, and leads to good agreement with experiment.
Review of available instruments and methods for assessing quality of life in anti-anginal trials

Collection of patient-centred health status is a method for quantifying patient outcome in the context of clinical trials for the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Traditional clinical trial end-points, such as morbidity and mortality, fail to adequately measure the health-related outcomes of disease states for which death is a rare occurrence. Health-related quality of life (QOL) and functional status surveys allow measurement of the general, and/or disease-specific, health-related limitations experienced by patients. Measures of patient preference, in turn, quantify the effects these health-related limitations have on the overall value patients ascribe to their current health state. Together, these outcomes measures may provide a more accurate appraisal of the benefit conferred by treatment. Currently, selection of the appropriate outcomes measures and methodological approaches for a clinical trial is complicated by the lack of consensus on a single quality of life measure for use with patients with (CAD). This article outlines the use of QOL measures in anti-anginal trials done to date and summarises the approaches currently available for assessing QOL, including the differences between psychometric and preference-based techniques, and general and disease-specific health measures. In conclusion, a framework is provided for selecting the appropriate instruments and methodology in the context of the clinical trial.
Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. VI. Forces developing in direct-filling materials during hardening.

The strength of the adhesive bond between o direct-filling and the cavity walls of a tooth must exceed 49 kg./cm. 2 (700 psi), which is a conservative estimate of the tensile stress that develops during the hardening of such material. The corresponding stress for a silicate cement would be about 35 kg./cm. 2 (500 psi).
Acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography using vibro- acoustography

High-resolution elasticity mapping of tissue biomechanical properties is crucial in early detection of many diseases. We report a method of acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) based on the methods of vibroacoustography, which uses a dual-ring ultrasonic transducer in order to excite a highly localized 3-D field. The single element transducer introduced previously in our ARF imaging has low depth resolution because the ARF is difficult to discriminate along the entire ultrasound propagation path. The novel dual-ring approach takes advantage of two overlapping acoustic fields and a few-hundred-Hertz difference in the signal frequencies of the two unmodulated confocal ring transducers in order to confine the acoustic stress field within a smaller volume. This frequency difference is the resulting “beating” frequency of the system. The frequency modulation of the transducers has been validated by comparing the dual ring ARF-OCE measurement to that of the single ring using a homogeneous silicone phantom. We have compared and analyzed the phantom resonance frequency to show the feasibility of our approach. We also show phantom images of the ARF-OCE based vibro-acoustography method and map out its acoustic stress region. We concluded that the dual-ring transducer is able to better localize the excitation to a smaller region to induce a focused force, which allows for highly selective excitation of small regions. The beat-frequency elastography method has great potential to achieve high-resolution elastography for ophthalmology and cardiovascular applications.
The Piezoelectric Constant of Zinc-Sulfide

The piezoelectric constant of zinc-sulfide has been calculated in two ways. First, by regarding it as a purely ionic crystal and considering that all of the atoms are equally effective in producing the moment, and second, by regarding it as a purely covalent crystal and considering only the nearest neighbors. In the former case, the result agrees completely with that obtained by Born and Bormann.The moment produced in an homogeneous elastic deformation is considered to be $\mathrm{ze}\ensuremath{\Delta}r$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}r$ is the variation of the distance between the sulfur and zinc atoms on deformation and $\mathrm{ze}$ is the charge on the ions. We first find the moments due to all the sulfur atoms at a given distance from a zinc atom in the crystal. Resolving these along the axes and summing, we get the piezoelectric equations of the crystal. Next, the moments due to various sets of sulfur atoms are summed so as to obtain a quickly converging result, and from this the piezoelectric constant can be obtained. The piezoelectric constant for a purely covalent crystal (formal charge on Zn atom 2-, and on S atom 2+) is found to be 5.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ and that for a purely ionic crystal (formal charge on Zn 2+ and on S atom 2-) -15.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$. Since the observed value of the piezoelectric constant (-4.20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$) lies between these two extremes, it is seen that the crystal has 67 percent ionic character and a formal charge of 0.68 unit on zinc and -0.68 unit on sulfur.
Inherited Accessory Nail of the Fifth Toe Cured by Surgical Matricectomy

BACKGROUND. The inherited accessory nail of the fifth toe is a common condition in the Chinese population. OBJECTIVE. The objective was to demonstrate three lesions in two cases of inherited accessory nail of the fifth toe successfully treated with surgical matricectomy. METHODS. Under local anesthesia and use of tourniquet, the proximal nail fold was incised and the matrix of the accessory nail was exposed and then excised by scalpel surgery. The skin defect left after removal of the lesion was repaired with a rotation flap. RESULTS.Histopathologic examination of the surgical specimens revealed that the matrices of the accessory nails were completely extirpated. No recurrence was found 2 years after operation. CONCLUSION. The inherited accessory nail of the fifth toe was cured by surgical matricectomy.
Molecular genetics of drug resistance in Plasmodium faiciparum malaria

Abstract Resistance to dihydro folate reductase inhibitors and resistance to chloroquine have been mapped to single genetic loci in Plasmodium falciparum . Specific point mutations in the dihydro folate reductase gene confer different degrees of resistance to two dihydro folate inhibitors, cycloguonil and pyrimethamine, depending on the positions of the mutations and the residues involved. The chloroquine resistance locus has been mapped to a 400 kilobase (kb) segment of chromosome 7 in a P. falciparum cross. Identification and chorocterization of genes within this segment should lead to an understanding of the rapid drug efflux mechanism responsible for chloroquine resistance.
Biological cryosection preparation and practical ion yield evaluation for ion microscopic analysis.

SUMMARY A mounting method utilizing an indium substrate is described for preparing freeze-dried cryosections of biological tissue for ion microscopic analysis. Using this procedure, a qualitative comparison between cryosection, conventional chemical, and freeze-substitution specimen preparations is made with rat liver tissue. Practical ion yield variations in cryosections are found to be minimal (± 13% relative standard deviation) in tissue-containing areas of rat liver and small intestine.
Cholesterol in the retina: the best is yet to come

Historically understudied, cholesterol in the retina is receiving more attention now because of genetic studies showing that several cholesterol-related genes are risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and because of eye pathology studies showing high cholesterol content of drusen, aging Bruch's membrane, and newly found subretinal lesions. The challenge before us is determining how the cholesterol-AMD link is realized. Meeting this challenge will require an excellent understanding these genes' roles in retinal physiology and how chorioretinal cholesterol is maintained. In the first half of this review, we will succinctly summarize physico-chemical properties of cholesterol, its distribution in the human body, general principles of maintenance and metabolism, and differences in cholesterol handling in human and mouse that impact on experimental approaches. This information will provide a backdrop to the second part of the review focusing on unique aspects of chorioretinal cholesterol homeostasis, aging in Bruch's membrane, cholesterol in AMD lesions, a model for lesion biogenesis, a model for macular vulnerability based on vascular biology, and alignment of AMD-related genes and pathobiology using cholesterol and an atherosclerosis-like progression as unifying features. We conclude with recommendations for the most important research steps we can take towards delineating the cholesterol-AMD link.
Children and elders sharing stories: lessons from two online oral history projects

Oral history projects provide a way for students to learn history by engaging with elders sharing stories relevant to their experience. However, these kinds of projects require a large amount of effort to undertake. We believe computing technology can help. Here, we examine the role of existing technology in allowing kids and elders to share historical stories. We present the results of two pilot studies. Lessons learned for CSCL system design and classroom implementation are presented, along with future directions.
The significant structure theory on the sound velocity and internal pressure of liquids

Abstract The validity of the model for the significant structure theory is tested by application of the theory to the sound velocity and internal pressure of liquids. The calculated results are in very good agreement with experimental values.
Tailoring retrieval to support case-based teaching

This paper describes how a computer program can support learning by retrieving and presenting relevant stories drawn from a video case base. Although this is an information retrieval problem, it is not a problem that fits comfortably within the classical IR model (Salton & McGill, 1983) because in the classical model the computer system is too passive. The standard model of IR assumes that the user will take the initiative to formulate retrieval requests, but a teaching system must be able to initiate retrieval and formulate retrieval requests automatically. We describe a system, called SPIEL, that performs this type of retrieval, and discuss theoretical challenges addressed in implementing such a system. These challenges include the development of a representation language for indexing the system's video library, and the development of set of retrieval strategies and recognition knowledge that allow the system to locate educationally relevant stories.
OCTOSPORIELLA COLORADOENSIS GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEW TETRASPORALEAN GREEN ALGA FROM TWO COLORADO MOUNTAIN LAKES1

A new green alga, Octosporiella coloradoensis, belonging to the order Tetrasporales, family Tetrasporaceae, is described from Colorado mountain lakes. Colonies are planktonic or attached, the latter often forming loosely aggregated colonial complexes, thus creating an irregularly shaped complex. Individual colonies are spherical and consist of eight subcolonies, with each subcolony having spherically arranged octads of cells. Each vegetative cell bears two pseudoflagella that extend well beyond the colonial sheaths. Cell division is by eleutheroschisis and may be synchronous or asynchronous. Daughter colony formation is apparently coenobic, with each cell in the octad forming new subcolonies of eight cells each. Zoospore formation may precede daughter colony formation but the flagella remain rigid and non-motile. Large akinetes form in response to nutrient depletion. These germinate to produce eight aplanospores which divide to reconstitute a typical colony of Octosporiella. Sexual reproduction was not observed.
Model-Based Failure Detection and Isolation of Automotive Powertrain Systems

Failure detection and isolation issues of engine speed, torque converter turbine speed, and wheel speed sensors commonly used in automotive powertrain controllers are presented in this paper. Due to the highly nonlinear nature of powertrain dynamics, constant gain extended Kalman filters are designed for use as detection filters. Then, a failure detection and isolation algorithm utilizing functionally redundant sensors is developed and applied to the powertrain problem. The developed algorithm is inherently robust to unmodeled dynamics and process noise and is effective in detecting and isolating failures of the powertrain sensors.
Space-time scheduling of instruction-level parallelism on a raw machine

Increasing demand for both greater parallelism and faster clocks dictate that future generation architectures will need to decentralize their resources and eliminate primitives that require single cycle global communication. A Raw microprocessor distributes all of its resources, including instruction streams, register files, memory ports, and ALUs, over a pipelined two-dimensional mesh interconnect, and exposes them fully to the compiler. Because communication in Raw machines is distributed, compiling for instruction-level parallelism (ILP) requires both spatial instruction partitioning as well as traditional temporal instruction scheduling. In addition, the compiler must explicitly manage all communication through the interconnect, including the global synchronization required at branch points. This paper describes RAWCC, the compiler we have developed for compiling general-purpose sequential programs to the distributed Raw architecture. We present performance results that demonstrate that although Raw machines provide no mechanisms for global communication the Raw compiler can schedule to achieve speedups that scale with the number of available functional units.
Electrophysiologic Evidence for Spinal Pathways for Cardiac Reflexes Initiated by Small Somatic Afferent Fibers

Spinal Pathways for Somatocardiac Reflexes. Small, somatic afferent fibers, among which mediate painful responses, have important influences on the functions of the heart and vasculature by reflexly controlling autonomic nervous system activity. These reflexes are largely conducted by ascending spinal pathways to the brainstem. The spinal pathways mediating somatosympathetic reflexes are reviewed and compared to those involved in somatovagal reflexes controlling the heart. In seven chloralose anesthetized cats, single unit activity was recorded from cardiac vagal preganglionic fibers. Supramaximal, electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve inhibited the excitatory influences from electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve. From spinal lesion studies, these inhibitory influences are conducted through ascending, bilateral, spinal pathways in the dorsolateral sulcus area near the dorsal root entry zone. Following these lesions, peroneal nerve stimulation produces vagoexcitatory responses. Thus, similar to reflex effects on sympathetic activity to the heart and vasculature, somatic afferents can excite or inhibit vagal control of the heart, although the directional changes are the reciprocal to those of the sympathetic responses. These somatoautonomic reflex responses involve pathways that ascend in the dorsolateral funiculus and sulcus areas of the cat spinal cord.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF SEGREGATION-DISTORTER SYSTEMS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The problems of the Segregation-Distorter system are approached and unified in terms of an orthodox quantitative genetic system. It is shown that the SD system involves positive and negative modifier genes of varying strengths, that there is no major Stabiliser gene, and that the Activator gene is not unique. It is further argued that the SD phenomenon is mainly male limited, with "female effects" being of small magnitude.
Deregulation of inflammatory response in the diabetic condition is associated with increased ischemic brain injury

Although elicited inflammation contributes to tissue injury, a certain level of inflammation is necessary for subsequent tissue repair/remodeling. Diabetes, a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, is a predisposing risk factor for stroke. The condition is associated with delayed wound healing, presumably due to disrupted inflammatory responses. With inclusion of the diabetic condition in an experimental animal model of stroke, this study investigates whether the condition alters inflammatory response and influences stroke-induced brain injury. C57BL/6 mice were fed a diabetic diet (DD) for 8 weeks to induce an experimental diabetic condition or a normal diet (ND) for the same duration. Gene expression of inflammatory factors including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), CCR2, and CD36 was assessed in the peripheral immune cells and brains of normal and diabetic mice before and after focal cerebral ischemia. The expression of these factors was also determined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated cultured normal and diabetic macrophages. Ischemic outcome was assessed in these mice at 3 days post-ischemia. DD intervention in mice resulted in obesity and elevated insulin and glucose level in the blood. The peritoneal immune cells from the diabetic mice showed higher MCP-1 mRNA levels before and after stroke. Compared to normal mice, diabetic mice showed reduced MCP-1, IL-6, and CCR2 gene expression in the brain at 6 h post-ischemia. LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses were also reduced in the diabetic macrophages. The diabetic mice showed larger infarct size and percent swelling. These results showed that diabetic conditions deregulate acute inflammatory response and that the condition is associated with increased stroke-induced injury. The study suggests that interventions aimed at restoring appropriate inflammatory response in peripheral immune cells/macrophages may be beneficial in reducing stroke-induced brain injury in subjects with chronic inflammatory conditions.
Striational antibodies in a paraneoplastic context.

Introduction The clinical significance of striational antibodies (StrAbs) detected in the course of paraneoplastic antibody testing is unknown. Methods We compared all 203 striational antibody (StrAb)-seropositive patients identified (2004–2005) during evaluation for paraneoplastic antibodies with age- and sex-matched seronegative controls. Results Thymoma and myasthenia gravis (MG) were significantly more common among cases (P<0.0001). Cancers more rarely detected after StrAb detection were adenocarcinoma in 5 patients and sarcoma in 3 patients. All patients who had a cancer identified after StrAb testing had a titer of ≥1:7680 or a coexisting muscle AChR-binding antibody. Autoimmune disorders more commonly observed among cases (with any StrAb value) included: hypothyroidism; rheumatoid arthritis; and pernicious anemia (all P<0.05). Conclusions StrAbs may serve as a diagnostic clue for an autoimmune diagnosis. There is a low likelihood of oncological significance in patients with StrAb titers <1:7680 without coexisting paraneoplastic Abs. Muscle Nerve, 2013
The mechanism of emergenesis

Since each individual produced by the sexual process contains a unique set of genes, very exceptional combinations of genes are unlikely to appear twice even within the same family. E. O. Wilson (1978) The intraclass correlations of monozygotic twins who were separated in infancy and reared apart (MZA twins) provide estimates of trait heritability, and the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart [MISTRA: Bouchard et al. (1990), The sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota study of twins reared apart, Science 250, 223–228] has demonstrated that MZA pairs are as similar in most respects as MZ pairs reared together. Some polygenic traits—e.g. stature, IQ, harm avoidance, negative emotionality, interest in sports—are polygenic-additive, so pairs of relatives resemble one another on the given trait in proportion to their genetic similarity. But the existence and the intensity of other important psychological traits seem to be emergent properties of gene configurations (or configurations of independent and partially genetic traits) that interact multiplicatively rather than additively. Monozygotic (MZ) twins may be strongly correlated on such emergenic traits, while the similarity of dizygotic (DZ) twins, sibs or parent–offspring pairs may be much less than half that of MZ pairs. Some emergenic traits, although strongly genetic, do not appear to run in families. MISTRA has provided at least two examples of traits for which MZA twins are strongly correlated, and DZA pairs correlate near zero, while DZ pairs reared together (DZTs) are about half as similar as MZTs. These findings suggest that even more traits may be emergenic than those already identified. Studies of adoptees reared together (who are perhaps more common than twins reared apart) may help to identify traits that are emergenic, but that also are influenced by a common rearing environment.
Photoinitiated cationic polymerization by triarylselenonium salts

Triarylselenonium salts with complex metal halide anions such as BF, AsF, and SbF have been prepared and have been shown to be efficient photoinitiators of cationic polymerization. The photolysis rates of these compounds were studied and their quantum yields of photolysis were reported. Use of specific triarylselenonium salts in the polymerizations of cyclohexene oxide, epichlorohydrin, and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether are described.
Electrochemical and X-ray scattering study of well defined RuO2 single crystal surfaces

Abstract Electrochemical and synchrotron surface-X-ray scattering measurements were performed on two low index faces, (110) and (100), of RuO 2 single crystal electrodes in a variety of solutions. The two crystal faces displayed uniquely different cyclic voltammograms and the structural changes associated with cyclic voltammograms were investigated with synchrotron surface-X-ray scattering measurements. In sulfuric acid solution, the cyclic voltammogram of the (100) surface exhibits a reduction signature near the hydrogen evolution potential. The reduction feature was found to be associated with an expansion of the top ruthenium layer approximately along the (110) direction. The same reduction feature was seen much less clearly at the (110) surface. However, the associated displacement of ruthenium atoms is very similar to that of the (100) surface, leading to the conclusion that the oxygen bonds on the surface are elongated by a chemical reaction of the oxygen atoms with hydronium molecules in solution. In NaOH solution, the cyclic voltammogram of the (110) surface indicates two clearly identifiable oxidation features near the oxygen evolution potential. We find that the oxidation features are associated with the clearly identifiable surface-structure changes and these structure models are presented. The structure models and corresponding charge-transfer amounts were consistent with the pH-dependent cyclic voltammograms and the super-nernstian behavior measured by adding phosphoric acid to the solution.
Resilience among Urban Adolescent Mothers Living with Violence Listening to Their Stories

Using a risk and resilience approach grounded in a multicultural feminist perspective, this qualitative study explores 10 urban adolescent mothers' experiences with multiple forms of violence, the relationships between violence and school, and their resilience, all within the context of welfare reforms. The findings suggest lives rife with simultaneous, often severe violence, the impacts of witnessing parental violence, linkages between family and partner violence, and cumulative violence exposure as a barrier to positive school outcomes. Several young women emerge as resilient, with five distinct factors conceptualized as contributing to resilience. In conclusion, the implications for welfare policies and programs are discussed.