cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Pelleting of Sorghum Stalks: Effects of Pressure and Ultrasonic Power

Cellulosic biofuels can be used to replace traditional liquid transportation fuels. Cellulosic biomass is feedstock in manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels. However, the low density of cellulosic biomass feedstock hinders large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels. Another bottleneck factor in manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels is the low efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass materials resulting in a low sugar yield. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting can increase the density of cellulosic biomass feedstocks via combined effects of mechanical compression and ultrasonic vibration of the tool on the cellulosic biomass. Meanwhile ultrasonic vibration may act as a beneficial pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis, which can possibly increase the efficiency of hydrolysis and obtain a higher sugar yield. The pressure and the ultrasonic power are important parameters in UV-A pelleting. Their effects on pellet quality (density, durability, and stability) and sugar yield (after hydrolysis) are experimentally investigated.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Magnetic resonance volume flow and jet velocity mapping in aortic coarctation

Abstract Objectives. Nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) velocity mapping was used to characterize flow waveforms and to measure volume flow in the ascending and descending thoracic aorta in patients with aortic coarctation and in healthy volunteers. We present the method and discuss the relation between these measurements and aortic narrowing assessed by MRI. Finally, we compare coarctation jet velocity measured by MRI velocity mapping with that obtained from continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. Background. The development of a noninvasive imaging method for morphologic visuslization of aortic coarctation and for measurement of its impact on blood flow is highly desirable in the preoperative and postoperative management of patients. Methods. Magnetic resonance imaging phase-shift velocity mapping was used to measure ascending and descending aortic volume flow in 39 patients with aortic coarctation and in 12 healthy volunteers. Magnetic resonance imaging was also used for anatomic and peak jet velocity measurements. The latter were compared with those available from continuous wave Doppler study in 40% of the patients. Results. Whereas ascending aortic volume flow measurement did not show significant differences between the patient and healthy control groups, volume flow curves in the descending aorta did show significant differences between the two groups. Peak volume flow (mean ± SD) was 10.6 ± 5.3 liters/min in patients and 19.6 ± 4.7 liters/min in control subjects (p Conclusions. We established normal ranges for volume flow in the descending aorta and demonstrated abnormalities in patients with aortic coarctation. These abnormalities are likely to be related to resistance to flow imposed by the coarctation and could represent an additional index for monitoring patients before and after intervention.
Kinetic studies on ammonia and methane oxidation by Nitrosococcus oceanus

The kinetics of ammonia oxidation and the ability of a marine ammonia-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrosococcus oceanus, to metabolize methane were investigated in semicontinuous batch culture. The effects of inhibitors (acetylene and nitrapyrin) and coreactants were determined in order to elucidate the behavior of the ammonia oxygenase enzyme in N. oceanus. Acetylene and nitrapyrin were potent inhibitors and their effects were not mitigated by increased ammonia concentrations. Oxygen concentration had the effect of a mixed-type inhibitor; reduced oxygen inhibited the rate or ammonia oxidation at high substrate concentration but may enhance the rate at low substrate concentrations. Substrate affinity in terms of NH 4 + increased (K m decreased) with increasing pH. Optimal pH was about 8. Methane inhibited ammonia oxidation; the interaction was not simple competitive inhibition and the presence of multiple active sites on the enzyme was indicated by the behaviour of the inhibited treatments. Half-saturation constants for methane (K i=6.6 μM) and ammonia (K m=8.1 μM) were similar. N. oceanus oxidized methanol and methane linearly over time, with CO2 and cell material being produced at approximately equal rates.
Performance degradation of bidirectional triode thyristors due to di/dt stress

Abstract Performance degradation due to di/dt stress in bidirectional triode thyristors (triacs) is described. It is shown that an applied di/dt less than that required for a catastrophic failure can cause permanent damage. The breakdown voltage of the first quadrant can be degraded by a di/dt stress applied to the third quadrant, and the threshold gate trigger current for the first quadrant can be increased by a di/dt stress applied to the same quadrant. These degradations are explained by thermal damage concentrated primarily in the uppermost junctions of the thyristor.
Constraints on ocean volume change since the Archean

Water may be added to Earth's surface by the bombardment of large numbers of small comets, increasing free water on Earth's surface & deepening the oceans. Continental freeboard is tied to the ocean surface, because of the balance between erosion & mountain building. Addition of water will also affect continental thickness & area. I calculate the effect of increasing ocean volume on the balance between continental & oceanic area. One model also includes crustal volume growth. Significant oceanic depths are known to exist during the Archean, because sulphide deposits requiring deep oceans occur in greenstone belts. These observations prohibit the constant addition of large quantities of water (comparable to the present day ocean volume) throughout Earth history, but smaller quantities could be added.
An examination of long-lived asset impairments under SFAS No. 121

Until recently, the impairment of long-lived assets and identifiable intangibles was a controversial and unresolved accounting issue. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 121 on long-lived asset impairments provides guidelines in selecting the conditions or circumstances that justify or necessitate a writedown and in measuring, recognizing, and disclosing the amounts of asset impairments. The results indicate that the financial impacts of 935 writedowns reported by 670 companies are quite significant and, in some cases, up to 10 times that of reported earnings. Moreover, the results indicate that industry classification consistently had a significant effect on the dependent variables used as proxies for the financial impacts of asset impairments.
Dynamic tracking of page miss ratio curve for memory management

Memory can be efficiently utilized if the dynamic memory demands of applications can be determined and analyzed at run-time. The page miss ratio curve(MRC), i.e. page miss rate vs. memory size curve, is a good performance-directed metric to serve this purpose. However, dynamically tracking MRC at run time is challenging in systems with virtual memory because not every memory reference passes through the operating system (OS).This paper proposes two methods to dynamically track MRC of applications at run time. The first method is using a hardware MRC monitor that can track MRC at fine time granularity. Our simulation results show that this monitor has negligible performance and energy overheads. The second method is an OS-only implementation that can track MRC at coarse time granularity. Our implementation results on Linux show that it adds only 7--10% overhead.We have also used the dynamic MRC to guide both memory allocation for multiprogramming systems and memory energy management. Our real system experiments on Linux with applications including Apache Web Server show that the MRC-directed memory allocation can speed up the applications' execution/response time by up to a factor of 5.86 and reduce the number of page faults by up to 63.1%. Our execution-driven simulation results with SPEC2000 benchmarks show that the MRC-directed memory energy management can improve the Energy * Delay metric by 27--58% over previously proposed static and dynamic schemes.
Adsorption of thiophene and pyridine on W(1 1 0)

Abstract The adsorption of thiophene and pyridine on W(1 1 0) at 90 K has been studied with thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), Kelvin probe work function measurements, and X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS and UPS). Saturation exposure of the tungsten surface to thiophene causes its work function to decrease by 1.18 eV. XPS, UPS and work function measurements indicate that a significant fraction of the adsorbed thiophene is chemisorbed molecularly at 90 K, but this decomposes upon warming from 90 to 200 K. TDS demonstrates multilayer desorption below 180 K and molecular hydrogen desorption from 220 to 650 K. In the case of pyridine, saturation dosing of W(1 1 0) leads to a work function decrease of 1.90 eV. Physisorbed pyridine desorbs at temperatures less than 190 K, and the chemisorbed layer dissociatively desorbs as molecular hydrogen, peaked at 380 K. The UPS spectrum of monolayer pyridine is similar to that of the multilayer, indicating intact (molecular) adsorption at 90 K which does not decompose until temperatures greater than 190 K. C 1s peak area analysis for monolayer pyridine yields a coverage of (4.5 ± 0.5) × 10 14 molecules/cm 2 . This high coverage is consistent with adsorption of pyridine with the plane of its ring tilted, presumably bonding to the surface via its nitrogen lone pair electrons.
Applying the chronic care model to homeless veterans: effect of a population approach to primary care on utilization and clinical outcomes.

Objectives. We compared a population-tailored approach to primary care for homeless veterans with a usual care approach.Methods. We conducted a retrospective prolective cohort study of homeless veterans enrolled in a population-tailored primary care clinic matched to a historical sample in general internal medicine clinics. Overall, 177 patients were enrolled: 79 in the Homeless-Oriented Primary Care Clinic and 98 in general internal medicine primary care.Results. Homeless-oriented primary care–enrolled patients had greater improvements in hypertension, diabetes, and lipid control, and primary care use was higher during the first 6 months (5.96 visits per person vs 1.63 for general internal medicine) but stabilized to comparable rates during the second 6 months (2.01 vs 1.31, respectively). Emergency department (ED) use was also higher (2.59 vs 1.89 visits), although with 40% lower odds for nonacute ED visits than for the general internal medicine group (95% confidence interval = 0.2, 0.8). Excluding subs...
Writing the Record: The Village Voice and the Birth of Rock Criticism

Beethoven had long since rolled over and Dylan had heralded the news that the times they are a changin’. By 1966 that change was palpable. It was a time of freedom, of experimentation in all areas,...
Realistic band structure models for GaAs/AlAs quantum well diodes

Three models are presented for resonant tunneling diodes (RTD). These models range in complexity from a full quantum kinetic equation based on the Crystal Wigner function approach to a simple phenomenological model based on the drift-diffusion equation. Of these three, the Crystal Wigner function has the capability of properly accounting for complex band structure transport issues within the quantum well region.
Ancient drugs, modern targets.

Commentary to:Triptolide: An inhibitor of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) in cancer cellsRamani Soundararajan, Ria Sayat, George S. Robertson and Paola Marignani
Application of Cold Plasma to Improve Properties of Phenolic-Bonded Aspen Fiberboard

ABSTRACT Aspen fibers were plasma activated to enhance bonding between the particles and the adhesive for wood composites. The activation of materials was carried out by environmental-friendly dry plasma processing. After argon, oxygen or ammonia plasma treatments, the aspen fibers were analyzed by ESCA and FTIR. The fibers were used for designing fiberboards. Mechanical (MOR and MOE) and water swelling tests were conducted to evaluate the properties of aspen fiberboards. The results showed that ammonia and oxygen-plasma treatments of virgin and extracted aspen fiber samples have been the most successfully for surface modification and improving the strength of the fiberboards.
Background and purpose of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease

Through the Health Research Extension Act of 1985, the US Congress authorized the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to award one or more grants to develop a registry for the collection of epidemiologic data concerning the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to train personnel for the collection of such data. In response to a Request for Applications, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) was funded in 1986. Of the seven programs to receive awards under this congressional mandate, CERAD was the only program with a specific focus on …
Errors in Radio-Frequency Quadrupole Structures

Performance degradation caused by certain radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) machine errors was studied using an efficient 3-D particle tracing simulation code for a high-brightness example. Matched beams, for which no emittance growth occurs, exist for periodic structures and were used as input beams for particle tracing in the presence of errors. We considered both slowly varying and fast (random) errors that destroy periodicity. Random dipole errors cause emittance growth because of the mismatches they introduce and also result in a motion of the beam centroid that causes a reduction in acceptance. Because of the way RFQs are manufactured, the random error amplitudes can be kept below harmful levels. More important are the slow errors, which are harmful because they reduce acceptance even though they maintain a match (up to the point of particle loss). Slow dipole errors steer the beam toward the wall, and voltage deficiencies cause instabilities in the longitudinal direction resulting in particles not being accelerated to full energy.
Emerging Adults at Work and at Play: Leisure, Work Engagement, and Career Indecision

To expand the understanding of how leisure and recreational activities can inform career indecision, this research examined the relationship between career indecision, work engagement, and leisure ...
A novel approach for ultra-sensitive molecular detection — Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy in an electrospray stream

Abstract A novel approach for ultra-sensitive molecular detection achieving a detection limit of 2.02 × 10 − 15 M, corresponding to 55 rhodamine 6G molecules within the probe volume, was obtained by minimizing the light scattering barriers between the probe volume and the detection equipment. The spectroscopic system consists of an electrospray stream for sample introduction, an argon ion laser for molecular excitation, a lock-in amplifier for beam modulation, a 10X magnification objective for emission collection, a spectral filter for emission selection, and a cooled photo-voltaic device for photon detection.
QC Validator, Version 2.0. James Westgard. Ogunquit, ME: Westgard Quality Corporation, 1996. $995.00. ISBN 0-886958-05-X. Available through AACC Customer Service (800-892-1400 or 202-857-0717).

QC Validator 2.0 (Westgard Quality Corp., Ogunquit, ME) is a Windows application that facilitates rational selection of quality-control (QC) rules. The user provides the performance characteristics of the analytical system (imprecision, inaccuracy, etc.) and the analytical or clinical goal (total allowable error). The program displays performance characteristics—in the form of OPSpecs charts, critical error graphs, and power function graphs—for various sets of QC rules. Optionally, the program also automatically chooses a set of control rules on the basis of user-defined selection criteria. Users should be aware that the performance characteristics reflect the particular manner in which the …
Estimating the attenuation due to combined atmospheric effects on modern Earth-space paths

With the emergence of new satellite-communications systems operating in the Ka band, the role of atmospheric effects on propagation paths has gained increased significance. The impairing factors of rain have always been considered when designing links at above 10 GHz. However, water vapor, clouds, and oxygen, which were previously considered "secondary affects", are now appearing to play a statistically significant part in the overall degradation of signal strength. A method for statistically combining all attenuators to provide a composite attenuation is now presented.
Immunosuppression and Resultant Viral Persistence by Specific Viral Targeting of Dendritic Cells

Among cells of the immune system, CD11c+ and DEC-205+ splenic dendritic cells primarily express the cellular receptor (α-dystroglycan [α-DG]) for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). By selection, strains and variants of LCMV that bind α-DG with high affinity are associated with virus replication in the white pulp, show preferential replication in a majority of CD11c+ and DEC-205+ cells, cause immunosuppression, and establish a persistent infection. In contrast, viral strains and variants that bind with low affinity to α-DG are associated with viral replication in the red pulp, display minimal replication in CD11c+ and DEC-205+ cells, and generate a robust anti-LCMV cytotoxic T lymphocyte response that clears the virus infection. Differences in binding affinities can be mapped to a single amino acid change in the viral glycoprotein 1 ligand that binds to α-DG. These findings indicate that receptor–virus interaction on dendritic cells in vivo can be an essential step in the initiation of virus-induced immunosuppression and viral persistence.
Circuit and EM modeling of wideband high power VHF-UHF combiners

Design of wideband high power VHF-UHF combiners requires developing accurate equivalent circuit models. These high power combining structures generally use nonplanar lines and ferrite cores to enhance their power handling capabilities. For optimum and accurate design, part of these equivalent models should be based on full wave EM analysis. In this article, we present such detailed analysis and give examples for wideband isolating and nonisolating power combiners, along with a novel flux canceling circuitry that has been developed to potentially improve the intermodulation distortion performance of these power combiners. Good agreement between measured and simulated results has been successfully demonstrated for both designs with over 30–450 MHz bandwidth and less than half decibel insertion loss. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.
An advisor for web services security policies

We identify common security vulnerabilities found during security reviews of web services with policy-driven security. We describe the design of an advisor for web services security configurations, the first tool both to identify such vulnerabilities automatically and to offer redial advice. We report on its implentation as a plugin for Microsoft Web Services Enhancents (WSE).
The Intellectual Bias of Virtue Ethics

The difference between virtues and skills has a long history in ethics. This history is confused, frustrating and, I will argue, generally harmful to human flourishing in the West. It engendered a form of elitism which for centuries systematically excluded certain groups of people from being models of human virtue. I will argue in this paper that the central problem is a conflation of the skillvirtue distinction with differences in lifestyles. Originating in the class structure of the Athenian polis, this confusion continues today and is a major drawback of current virtue theory. Aristotle distinguishes techne or craft-knowledge from phronesis (1140a-1140b25).1 Techne is concerned with production. The end is given and the problem is how to produce it. Phronesis or practical wisdom deliberates about ends themselves with human flourishing as the goal. Crafts or skills can be used in a virtuous or vicious way and their use is contingent on the degree of phronesis the agent brings to the act. Thus excellent bricklaying can be done for ends which are destructive to human flourishing (concentration camp) or conducive to it (university building). Excellence in bricklaying is to be very good in a skill; excellence in practical wisdom is human excellence or virtue. Aristotle concludes, 'Clearly, then, phronesis is a virtue, not (a form of) craft knowledge.' (1140b25). This basic distinction is echoed by modern virtue theorists. Wallace puts it this way. Skills concerned with production may or may not be worth having for an individual.2 For example, excellence in debating requires a certain skill; debating can be done more or less well. But it may not be a skill everyone wants or needs. On the other hand, we do not call a trait a virtue unless we think it is worth having as a human being. Wallace argues that the best explanation for this difference is that virtues (such as courage) are human excellences whereas skills (like debating) are not. As Wallace notes, both skills and virtues may require difficult and complex learning. 1 All quotations from Aristotle are taken from Nicomachean Ethics, trans. T. Irwin (Indianapolis, In: Hackett, 1985). 2 J. Wallace, Virtues and Vices (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 43-44.
A roundoff method for improving position accuracy of parallel manipulators

Actual position and orientation reached by multi-DOF mechanisms are discrete locations within their workspace. Although roundoff error is inevitable for individual controlled joints, their combined effect on the resulting positioning accuracy can be reduced during roundoff processes. This paper shows that the traditional roundoff does not always give the best position accuracy, and presents a Jacobian based roundoff procedure for determining the round down or up of each controlled joint in parallel manipulators. This roundoff scheme is demonstrated with a 3-DOF planar parallel manipulator. The proposed procedure provides a way to improve position accuracy without change in hardware. It can therefore be used as an alternative to (or, in addition to) the use of better encoder for better accuracy.
Glomerular Targets of Heliothis subflexa Male Olfactory Receptor Neurons Housed within Long Trichoid Sensilla

We used single-sensillum recordings to characterize male Heliothis subflexa antennal olfactory receptor neuron physiology in response to compounds related to their sex pheromone. The recordings were then followed by cobalt staining in order to trace the neurons’ axons to their glomerular destinations in the antennal lobe. Receptor neurons responding to the major pheromone component, ( Z )-11-hexadecenal, in the first type of sensillum, type-A, projected axons to the cumulus of the macroglomerular complex (MGC). In approximately 40% of the type-A sensilla, a colocalized receptor neuron was stained that projected consistently to the posterior complex 1 (PCx1), a specific glomerulus in an 8-glomerulus complex that we call the Posterior Complex (PCx). We found that receptor neurons residing in type-B sensilla and responding to a secondary pheromone component, ( Z )-9hexadecenal, send their axons to the dorsal medial glomerulus of the MGC. As in the type-A sensilla, we found a cocompartmentalized neuron within type-B sensilla that sends its axon to a different glomerulus of the PCx4. One neuron in type-C sensilla tuned to a third pheromone component, ( Z )-11-hexadecenol, and a colocalized neuron responding to ( Z )-11-hexadecenyl acetate projected their axons to the anteromedial and ventromedial glomeruli of the MGC, respectively.
Molecular properties of local anesthetics as predictors of affinity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

In spinal anesthesia, the effects of local anesthetics (LAs) are not completely explained by sodium channel inhibition. Other targets include neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). LA affinities for the Torpedo californica nAChR were measured by inhibition of [3H]TCP binding and correlated with molecular volume, surface area, molecular weight, and log of the octanol-water partition coefficients (P and D). To understand the molecular determinants important for interaction with the nAChR, ester and amide LAs were compared separately. Also, correlations with the aromatic/linker half and the hydrophilic half of the LA molecules were considered individually. The IC50s of the ester LAs correlated better with the molecular volume, surface area, molecular weight, and log P of the aromatic/linker half of the molecules; whereas the IC50s for amide LAs correlated better with the four parameters based on the hydrophilic half. These correlations were used to predict the IC50 of various LAs (including several not studied here) and to compare these values with the published values. The predicted values of IC50 correlated well with the published results both for neuronal and for electroplaque-desensitized nAChR, suggesting that the results can be generalized to include neuronal nAChRs. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conflicting professional values in medical education.

Ten years ago there was little talk about adding “professionalism” to the medical curriculum. Educators seemed to believe that professionalism was like the studs of a building—the occupants assume them to be present, supporting and defining the space in which they live or work, but no one talks much about them. Similarly, educators assumed that professional values would just “happen,” as trainees spent years working with mentors and role models, as had presumably been the case in the past. To continue the metaphor, when educators did discuss ethics and values, they tended to focus more on external building codes than on the nature of construction materials. Building codes are designed to ensure the public's safety by establishing procedures and standards. Likewise, the “new” bioethics of autonomy and informed consent that entered the medical curriculum in the 1970s and 1980s was oriented primarily toward protecting human rights (e.g., protecting patients from clinicians and clinicians from patients) by codification (e.g., who should decide and under what circumstances). In fact, educators explicitly warned students against acting on their personal or professional values in a misguided way—that is, in the absence of adequate ethical constraints, a type of behavior that came to be labeled, pejoratively, as paternalism.
Radial foil experiments on cobra with imposed external B-field

Previous investigations of exploding radial foils have shown the formation of an axial plasma jet with velocities ∼100km/s in the early stages of the foil explosion. In this case a thin load foil is pressed at an outer annulus held at ground, and contacted in the center by a small straight pin cathode (∼1mm in diameter) driven by the IMA COBRA accelerator. The field near the jet was measured using miniature B-dot probes at 3T. Present experiments focus on the jet development when an externally produced static B-field is applied. Configurations of interest include: B-field in parallel with the jet direction, and B-field applied in the direction transverse to the jet.
Same-sex Marriage in Canada and the United States: The Role of Political and Legal Culture

The US and Canada have taken significantly different paths to the legalization of same-sex marriage. Canada legalized it in 2005, while the US, despite progress, has yet to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide. Recently, scholars have emphasized the primary role played by institutions in explaining policy differences between Canada and the US. This approach rejects political culture as an explanatory variable. Using the issue of same-sex marriage, this article demonstrates how political and legal culture, along with institutions, best explains policy divergence between the two countries.
Evaluating the Quality of Competency Assessment in Pharmacy: A Framework for Workplace Learning

Demonstration of achieved competencies is critical in the pharmacy workplace. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the competency assessment program for pharmacy residents at an academic medical center. The competency assessment program (CAP) survey is a validated, 48-item instrument that evaluates the quality of an assessment program based on 12 criteria, each measured by four questions on a scale of 0 to 100. The CAP was completed by residents (n = 23) and preceptors (n = 28) from the pharmacy residency program between 2010 and 2013. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, and non-parametric tests. Educational Consequences was the only quality criteria falling below the standard for "good quality." Participants that completed residency training elsewhere rated the Comparability (0.04) and Meaningfulness (0.01) of the assessment program higher than those that completed residency at the academic medical center. There were no significant differences between resident and preceptor scores. Overall, the quality of the assessment program was rated highly by residents and preceptors. The process described here provides a useful framework for understanding the quality of workplace learning assessments in pharmacy practice.
The Critical Stress for Transmission of a Dislocation Across an Interface: Results From Peierls and Embedded Atom Models

A continuum Peierls model of a screw dislocation being pushed through an interface and an atomistic EAM study of dislocation transmission across a [0 0 1] Al-Ni interface suggest that core spreading into the interface and misfit dislocations in the interface are both potent effects that can significantly increase barrier strength of interfaces.
Thymol suppression of protein synthesis in influenza virus-infected and uninfected chick embryo fibroblast cells.

SummaryThymol in a concentration ot 0.66 m M (100 μg/ml) during a 15-min exposure suppressed incorporation of leucine into protein in chick embryo fibroblast cells uninfected and infected with influenza A/ PR/8/34 by 73 and 80% respectively. Lesser concentrations of thymol showed progressively less effect. Formation of high molecular weight protein, probably cellular in origin, was less suppressed than that of lower molecular weight proteins in both infected and uninfected cell preparations.Periodic sampling during simultaneous pulsing with [3H]leucine and exposure to 0.33 mM thymol, showed that leucine penetrated thymol-treated, infected, and uninfected cells, to about the same extent as cells not exposed to thymol, indicating an intra-cellular site of effect of suppression of leucine incorporation rather than a membrane effect.Influenza virus-infected cells incorporated into protein only 57% of the amount of leucine incorporated by uninfected CEF.Mr. Philip M. Cordell gave valuable assistance in this st...
Pressure-Dependent Reversible Increase in Tc for the Ferrimagnetic 2-D MnII(TCNE)I(OH2) and 3-D MnII(TCNE)3/2(I3)1/2·zTHF Organic-Based Magnets

The pressure dependence of the magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic MnII(TCNE)I(OH2) up to 14.05 kbar and MnII(TCNE)3/2(I3)1/2·zTHF up to 14.32 kbar were studied. For MnII(TCNE)I(OH2), two distinct pressure regions separated at ∼1 kbar were evident in both the temperature and the field-dependent magnetic measurements. No increase of the magnetic properties was observed in the low-pressure region, while significant increases to the magnetic ordering temperature, Tc, bifurcation temperature, Tb, coercive field, Hcr, and remnant magnetization, Mr, were evident in the high-pressure region. The Tc, Tb, Hcr, Mr, and M(5 T) reversibly increased from ambient pressure values of 169 K, 169 K, 690 Oe, 620 emuOe/mol, and 13 800 emuOe/mol to 257 K, 261 K, 1460 Oe, 2300 emuOe/mol, and 17 100 emuOe/mol at 14.05 kbar, respectively. For MnII(TCNE)3/2(I3)1/2·zTHF, the Tc and Tb were nearly coincident and increased linearly from 173 and 173 K, respectively, at ambient pressure to 273 and 272 K, respectively, at 14.32 kbar. ...
Estimates with Errors and Errors with Estimates: Using the R 'ACS' Package for Analysis of American Community Survey Data

Over the past decade, the U.S. Census Bureau has implemented the American Community Survey as a replacement for its traditional decennial "long-form" survey. Starting in 2011, ACS data was made available at the census tract and block group level for the entire nation, representing geographies small enough to be useful to local planners; in the future these estimates will be updated on a yearly basis, providing much more current data than was ever available in the past. Although the ACS represents a bold strategy with great promise for planners working at the neighborhood scale, it will require them to become comfortable with statistical techniques and concerns that they have traditionally been able to avoid.To help with this challenge the author has been working with local-level planners to determine the most common problems associated with using ACS data, and has implemented these functions as a package in the R statistical programming language. The effort is still a work-in-progress, with some tweaks remaining on the "punch-list" (to say nothing of the additional features on the "wish list"), but the basic framework is in place. The package defines a new "acs" class object (containing estimates, standard errors, and metadata for tables from the ACS), with methods to deal appropriately with common tasks (e.g., creating and combining subgroups or geographies, automatic fetching of data via the Census API, mathematical operations on estimates, tests of significance, plots of confidence intervals, etc.).
Toward a dialogical church: Asian bishops and Asian Catholic women:

This article focuses on an emerging ecclesiology in the Roman Catholic Church in Asia, as presented by its Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conference (FABC). The central theological reflection of the ...
Viewpoint: The Neglected Art of Bounding Analysis

Are the answers provided by today's detailed risk analyses reasonable? Is valued insight being overlooked as a result of analysts' focus on the intimate details of environmental problems? If so, what can we do about this?
TH-CD-207B-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING): Development of High Brightness Multiple-Pixel X-Ray Source Using Oxide Coated Cathodes

Purpose: To develop and characterize a high brightness multiple-pixel thermionic emission x-ray (MPTEX) source. Methods: Multiple-pixel x-ray sources allow for designs of novel x-ray imaging techniques, such as fixed gantry CT, digital tomosynthesis, tetrahedron beam computed tomography, etc. We are developing a high-brightness multiple-pixel thermionic emission x-ray (MPTEX) source based on oxide coated cathodes. Oxide cathode is chosen as the electron source due to its high emission current density and low operating temperature. A MPTEX prototype has been developed which may contain up to 41 micro-rectangular oxide cathodes in 4 mm pixel spacing. Electronics hardware was developed for source control and switching. The cathode emission current was evaluated and x-ray measurements were performed to estimate the focal spot size. Results: The oxide cathodes were able to produce ∼110 mA cathode current in pulse mode which corresponds to an emission current density of 0.55 A/cm2. The maximum kVp of the MPTEX prototype currently is limited to 100 kV due to the rating of high voltage feedthrough. Preliminary x-ray measurements estimated the focal spot size as 1.5 × 1.3 mm2. Conclusion: A MPTEX source was developed with thermionic oxide coated cathodes and preliminary source characterization was successfully performed. The MPTEX source is able to produce an array of high brightness x-ray beams with a fast switching speed.
Invasion, alienation, and imperialist nostalgia: Overcoming the necrophilous nature of neoliberal schools

AbstractThe authors present a materialist analysis of the effects of neoliberalism in education. Specifically, they contend that neoliberalism is a form of cultural invasion that begets necrophilia. Neoliberalism is necrophilous in promoting a cultural desire to fix fluid systems and processes. Such desire manufactures both individuals known and culturally felt experiences of alienation which are, it is argued, symptomatic of an imperialist nostalgia that permeates educational policy and practice. The authors point to ‘unschooling in schools’ as a mechanism for resisting the necrophilous tendencies of contemporary formations of education.
Cardiovascular Evaluation and Treatment of the Endurance Athlete

Endurance athletes have been the focus of scientific investigation for more than a century. Advances in our understanding of cardiac adaptations to endurance exercise have largely paralleled advances in diagnostic technology. In the present era, the electrical, structural, and functional cardiac adaptations that accompany long-term endurance training have been comprehensively characterized. With record-setting number of endurance event finishers, it has never been more critical for care providers to possess the fundamental skills required for the care of the active endurance athlete. This chapter is written to provide the clinician with a basic foundation of knowledge in principal areas of patient care most relevant to the endurance athlete.
Understanding Ebola in West Africa: Applying Human Ecology Theory

This paper applies human ecology theory to the context of the Ebola virus in order to improve our understanding and implementation of public health standards in West Africa. Human ecology theory rests on the premise that humans interact with their environment to create an ecosystem. Put another way, humans and the environment are interdependent. Such interdependence is driven by two sets of rules: (1) physical and biological laws of nature (i.e., survival) and (2) human-derived rules (i.e., social norms, education, nurturing relationships, etc.). An important conclusion of this analysis is that, thanks to adequate understanding of the physical environment, context, and culture of West Africa, doctors and community leaders have helped people better resist the Ebola epidemic. For example, in Nigeria, successful strategies were employed to disseminate the proper information about Ebola (i.e., context messages were framed to fit the context of the receiver, thereby making the chances of survival higher).
Coordination of Winegrape Supply Chains in Emerging Markets

This study investigates factors influencing coordination of winegrape procurement in emerging wine regions in Michigan, Missouri, and New York. Wineries in these emerging regions face different vertical coordination challenges than in well-established regions, which may affect procurement choices. Results corroborate prior findings that quality considerations and the need to safeguard investments in specialized assets, respectively, increase usage of more formal coordination mechanisms like written contracts and vertical integration or ownership. Consistent with prior findings of studies of wineries in established wine regions, we find that perceived difficulty in measuring grape quality attributes leads to tighter coordination; a point previously undocumented for emerging regions. [EconLit citation: Q130]
ECG‐derived Cheyne‐Stokes respiration and periodic breathing in healthy and hospitalized populations

Background Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) has been investigated primarily in outpatients with heart failure. In this study we compare CSR and periodic breathing (PB) between healthy and cardiac groups. Methods We compared CSR and PB, measured during 24 hr of continuous 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) Holter recording, in a group of 90 hospitalized patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to a group of 100 healthy ambulatory participants. We also examined CSR and PB in the 90 patients presenting with ACS symptoms, divided into a group of 39 (43%) with confirmed ACS, and 51 (57%) with a cardiac diagnosis but non-ACS. SuperECG software was used to derive respiration and then calculate CSR and PB episodes from the ECG Holter data. Regression analyses were used to analyze the data. We hypothesized SuperECG software would differentiate between the groups by detecting less CSR and PB in the healthy group than the group of patients presenting to the emergency department with ACS symptoms. Results Hospitalized patients with suspected ACS had 7.3 times more CSR episodes and 1.6 times more PB episodes than healthy ambulatory participants. Patients with confirmed ACS had 6.0 times more CSR episodes and 1.3 times more PB episodes than cardiac non-ACS patients. Conclusion Continuous 12-lead ECG derived CSR and PB appear to differentiate between healthy participants and hospitalized patients.
Experimental characterization of thermal conductance across the separator-shell interface in dry cylindrical lithium ion batteries

Although Lithium ion batteries offer numerous advantages (e.g. energy density, efficiency, etc.) over other types of batteries, recent accidents involving consumer electronics have necessitated a deeper understanding of the thermal behavior of these batteries. Thermal transport across the multilayer stacks that form prismatic and spiral-wound batteries generally hinders heat removal from the system. In cylindrical batteries, most commonly found in laptops, electric vehicles and power banks, heat must conduct to the metallic shell through many layers of the anode-separator-cathode structure, which is of low effective thermal conductivity. This work presents thermal conductance and thermal conductivity measurements of dry 18650 cells using infrared microscopy. Two-dimensional temperature maps are captured and are averaged in the direction normal to the heat flow for analysis of the one-dimensional temperature profiles. Interfacial temperature jumps indicate thermal resistances and can be separated from the thermal gradients due to conduction within a single material. We measure both cross-plane thermal conductivity of the battery stack and interfacial thermal conductance. Interfacial thermal conductance and the thermal conductivity in active batteries is expected to be higher, due to the presence of a liquid electrolyte. This work demonstrates that the low cross plane thermal conductivity of the plastic separator material is one of the limiting factors in heat dissipation.
Size optimization of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for 1MW grid connected PV array

This paper studies the optimum (most economical) scaling of a battery and supercapacitor hybrid storage for 1 MW photovoltaic (PV) arrays for a one hour dispatching period for an entire day. The optimization is based on the time constant of a low pass filter (LPF) that is used to allocate the power between a battery and a supercapacitor (SC). This paper also presents the price comparison between lead-acid and li-ion battery frameworks. Extensive simulations were conducted for thorough analysis of various hybrid energy storage system (HESS) combinations. According to the results, HESS outperforms battery or SC-only operation.
Silvaco-based electrothermal simulation of 10 kV 4H-SiC PI-N diode under pulsed condition

The application of silicon carbide technology in p-i-n diode has facilitated the development of p-i-n rectifiers up to several kV blocking voltage with a much thinner drift region thickness as compared to its silicon counterpart. This research focuses on the 2D electrothermal simulation of a 10 kV 4H-SiC p-i-n diode model developed using Silvaco ATLAS software. The p-i-n diode structure was designed for 100 A/cm2 forward current density with a cell pitch of 16 μm and an active area of 10 μm2 Physics-based models were included to account for low-field mobility, carrier-carrier scattering, carrier generation-recombination, avalanche breakdown, and lattice heating. The device model was simulated under steady state and transient conditions. Pulsed simulation of the p-i-n diode was carried out using an RLC ring down circuit to generate a 5 μs wide pulse with peak current densities up to 5000 A/cm2. The reverse recovery characteristics of the diode was analyzed for a forward current density of 100 A/cm2 and varying turn-OFF dJ/dt to assess the limitation on usable switching frequency. Lattice temperature profile of the p-i-n diode was generated by including heat generation models during transient simulation to identify thermal hot spot formation and areas of possible failure during pulsed operation.
Compliance and Resistance: Showing Future Teachers How to Navigate Curriculum

Teacher educators needing to meet requirements of state licensing bodies and accrediting organizations are in a position similar to that of K-12 teachers: they must adhere to externally imposed sta...
Occult Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Review.

Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (OCI), first described in 2004, is defined as the presence of HCV RNA in hepatocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells without detectable HCV RNA in the serum. Here, we aimed to review the epidemiology, diagnostic methods, clinical implications and potential management recommendations currently described in the literature, as well as the future directions for investigation of this entity. PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched with combination of the following keywords: “occult”, “hepatitis C virus”, and “occult HCV infection”. There are data to support OCI as a potential culprit in cryptogenic liver disease. There are also consistent data demonstrating the existence of OCI in specific populations, such as dialysis, human immunodeficiency virus-infected and hepatitis B virus-infected patients, and also in the general population. While the gold standard for diagnosis is liver biopsy, examination of peripheral blood mononuclear cells may be a reliable, safer alternative method of diagnosis. Occult HCV infection is likely associated with liver fibrosis and progression of liver disease. Additional studies are required to determine the infectivity of OCI patients, as well as clarify the natural course and specific clinical implications of OCI. Lastly, studies are needed to determine whether treatment of OCI leads to decreased morbidity and/or mortality.
Matter, Space and Logic

Physics has a warp and a woof, like a fabric stretched across many levels of abstraction and woven out two millenia long. Across the fabric is a pattern persistent over the entire length in which the levels tend to group themselves into three levels of increasing abstraction: theories of matter and mechanics, theories of space and geometry, and theories of logic. Running along the woof is a second pattern, a sequence of discovery pursued first at the most concrete level and then retraced at deeper levels. In this evolutionary process, the theory first passes from its earliest, most ‘rigid’, form into a different but still rigid form (fracture), and then into a non-rigid or ‘flexible’ theory with a continuum of freedom (flow). This process of fracture and flow of physical theories has attacked the deepest levels, those concerned with the logic of the physical world, only in this century and has yet to run its course there. Its working out at these levels is a principal motif of the present and of the immediate future of physics.
THROUGH DARKEST QUENCH WITH ANALYSER AND CAMERA

Abstract A Beckman liquid scintillation spectrometer and a Packard multichannel analyser have been used to study the processes of color and chemical quenching of tritium and radiocarbon spectra. By reversed integration (highest to lowest channel) it is possible to obtain the lower boundary channel for the highest 5, 10 or 20% of the absolute activity. This channel number is linearly related to counting efficiency for 3 H, 4 C and 137 Cs in both color and chemically quenched solutions. Slopes are similar, but not identical, for 3 H and 14 C in color quench and widely different in chemical quench. Some characteristics of conventional discriminator circuits are described and their effects on conventional counting procedures are indicated.