cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goiter prevention with iodized salt: results of a thirty-year study.

THE State of Michigan, situated as it is in the Great Lakes endemic goiter belt, has offered an opportunity for the study of the disease and the effects on its incidence of iodized salt used as a prophylactic measure. This challenge was accepted by the Michigan State Medical Society and the State Department of Health thirty years ago, and the story of their accomplishments in goiter prophylaxis since that time is comparable to the classic discoveries of preventive medicine in many other fields. A review of their experience clearly shows that endemic goiter is truly one of the most easily preventable of known diseases. Iodine was used incognito in the form of sea weed and sea sponge by the ancient Chinese and Greeks. Roger of Palermo (1) in the year 480 observed that sea sponges were of benefit for goiter, and Paracelsus in the 16th century believed that goiter was due to a deficiency of minerals in the drinking water.
A Case for Alternative Nested Paging Models for Virtualized Systems

Address translation often emerges as a critical performance bottleneck for virtualized systems and has recently been the impetus for hardware paging mechanisms. These mechanisms apply similar translation models for both guest and host address translations. We make an important observation that the model employed to translate from guest physical addresses (GPAs) to host physical addresses (HPAs) is orthogonal to the model used to translate guest virtual addresses (GVAs) to GPAs. Changing this model requires VMM cooperation, but has no implications for guest OS compatibility. As an example, we consider ahashed page table approach for GPA→HPA translation. Nested paging, widely considered the most promising approach, uses unhashed multi-level forward page tables for both GVA→GPA and GPA→HPA translations, resulting in a potential O(n2 ) page walk cost on a TLB miss, for n-level page tables. In contrast, the hashed page table approach results in an expected O(n) cost. Our simulation results show that when a hashed page table is used in the nested level, the performance of the memory system is not worse, and sometimes even better than a nested forward mapped page table due to reduced page walks and cache pressure. This showcases the potential for alternative paging mechanisms.
Adenovirus RIDαβ Complex Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Signaling without Altering TLR4 Cell Surface Expression

The transmembrane heterotrimer complex 10.4K/14.5K, also known as RID (for “receptor internalization and degradation”), is encoded by the adenovirus E3 region, and it down-regulates the cell surface expression of several unrelated receptors. We recently showed that RID expression correlates with down-regulation of the cell surface expression of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 in several human cells. This observation provided the first mechanistic explanation for the inhibition of TNF alpha-induced chemokines by RID. Here we analyze the immunoregulatory activities of RID on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-mediated responses. Although both signaling pathways are strongly inhibited by RID, the chemokines up-regulated by IL-1β stimulation are only marginally inhibited. In addition, RID inhibits signaling induced by LPS without affecting the expression of the LPS receptor Toll-like receptor 4, demonstrating that RID need not target degradation of the receptor to alter signal transduction. Taken together, our data demonstrate the inhibitory effect of RID on two additional cell surface receptor-mediated signaling pathways involved in inflammatory processes. The data suggest that RID has intracellular targets that impair signal transduction and chemokine expression without evidence of receptor down-regulation.
High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Boltzmann Model Equations

High-order Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is applied to the kinetic model equations describing rarefied gas flows. A conservative DG discretization of nonlinear collision relaxation term is formulated for Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook and ellipsoidal statistical models. The numerical solutions using RKDG method of order up to four are obtained for two flow problems: the heat transfer between parallel plates and the normal shock wave. The convergence of RKDG method is compared with the conventional secondorder finite volume method for the heat transfer problem. The normal shock wave solutions obtained using RKDG are compared with the experimental measurements of density and velocity distribution function inside the shock.
Do Online Comments Influence the Public's Attitudes Toward an Organization? Effects of Online Comments Based on Individuals’ Prior Attitudes

The authors investigated the effects of reading different types of online comments about a company on people's attitude change based on individual's prior attitude toward the company. Based on Social Judgment Theory, several hypotheses were tested. The results showed that the effects of online comments interact with individuals' prior attitudes toward a corporation. People with a strong negative attitude toward a corporation were less influenced by other's online comments than people with a neutral attitude in general. However, people with a prior negative attitude were more affected by refutational two-sided comments than one-sided comments. The results suggest that the effects of user generated content should be studied in a holistic manner, not only by investigating the effects of online content itself, but also by examining how others' responses to the content shape or change individuals' attitudes based on their prior attitudes.
Silent Myocardial Ischemia: To Treat or Not to Treat?

The risk of infarction and sudden death is considerable in patients with silent ischemia, whether it occurs alone or is interspersed with episodes of angina. The ischemic activity can be modified or even abolished, most effectively with β-blocker and nitrate therapy. But it is not yet clear whether treatment improves outcome, although the limited available data suggest that it does.
Optical characterization of chemistry in shocked nitromethane with time-dependent density functional theory.

We compute the optical properties of the liquid-phase energetic material nitromethane (CH3NO2) for the first 100 ps behind the front of a simulated shock at 6.5 km/s, close to the experimentally ob...
Are Chain Stores Good Citizens

NE OF the main criticisms of chain stores has been that they have been poor citizens of the communities in which they operate. Chain stores are said to be operated by absentee owners who are not interested in the communities that support their stores. "They do not support community enterprises." "The chain's only interest is to make a profit which is spent outside the community where it is earned." "Chain store managers are worked so hard and moved so often that they have neither the time nor the interest to take part in local civic affairs." These have been common accusations. Are they true? We must first define chain stores. In this study we used the Census definition of four or more substantially similar retail stores under one ownership and management. Chains and independents are commonly referred to as "big" stores and "little" stores. Size refers to the size of the individual stores and not to the total sales of particular companies. "Big" stores include department, variety, and some of the larger clothing stores, whereas "little" stores include specialty stores selling such goods as shoes, dresses, hats, hosiery, haberdashery, automobile accessories, and sewing machines. These are sometimes referred to as "one-man" stores, since many are operated by a manager with the assistance of one, two, or three clerks. Drug stores occupy an
Experimental Characterization of an Integrated Flow Control Method with Blowing and DBD Plasma actuator

Flow control is used in many aerodynamic applications that require additional energy/momentum for improved performance. Although flow control methods have been developed over many decades, the research to find t he best method for specific applications is still underway. To name a few, micro-satellite a ttitude control, wind turbine lift enhancement, aircraft landing gear flow control are important applications where conventional flow control methods are challenging. Among the most conventional methods, blowing and Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma actuators have been proven successful in wide aerodynamic applications. Blowing controls proven applicable in wide regime often require high pressure compressed air source and on the other hand plasma actuators are relatively simple and ease in constru ction proved to be an excellent tool in low speed flow control applications. To minimize the ne ed for complicated high-pressure source and to utilize the relatively simple plasma actuato rs, the current paper focused on developing an integrated flow control method by combining blowing and DBD Plasma actuators. The experiments were designed to compare the individual methods with equal strength blowing and plasma actuators and then comparing with the combined method. The momentum addition with the combined method was then compared with blowing only method and observed that the combined method was able to reduce 63% blowing ratio to produce identical effects. The performance of plasma actuators in low pressure was also experimentally observed. Finally, the integrated me thod was applied on NACA 0025 airfoil with blow placed at 25% x/C and plasma actuator at 25.5% x/C locations respectively. Windtunnel tests were performed at freestream velocities of 3 m/s and 4.5 m/s with airfoil angle set at 10 degree. Results indicated 110% incr ease in airfoil near wall velocities for 3m/s when integrated control was applied.
The Constancy of Hatching Power in Hens

Abstract THE hatching quality of the egg of the domestic fowl is of very great economic importance. It is only during the last forty or fifty years, and particularly during the last twenty-five years, that the problem of low hatchability has become a serious one. It is estimated that one and one-half billion eggs are incubated in the United States each year. Many of these eggs are infertile and, therefore, cannot be expected to hatch. The infertile eggs can be detected by candling and removed from the incubator while still good for human consumption so that they are not a total loss. Many of the fertile eggs remaining fail to hatch. Eggs which fail to hatch constitute 30 to 40 percent of all eggs set. Losses from these causes are tremendous each year. The poultryman is faced with the problems of increasing fertility and improving the quality of fertile eggs so . . .
Evaluation on Uncertainty for the Measurement Result of the Power Converter

The paper analyzes the standard uncertainties for the input estimates of the power converter and gives evaluation method on the uncertainty of measurement result by using the power converter 2885?
The relationship of myocardial viability of three coronary arterys dominated areas and the long-term adverse cardiovascular events following the coronary artery bypass graft

Objective:To explore the relationship between myocardial viability of three coronary arterys dominated areas and long-term cardiovascular adverse events.Method:Clinical data were selected from the coronary-heart-disease patients with CABG and the isotopic SPECT test of myocardial viability prior to the operation in the Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital,the Chinese Academy of Medical Science from 1999-01-01-2005-12-31(in accordance with the date of surgery).Total 709 patients were included in this study after removing the dead patients in the hospital.Regular follow-up in patients was performed following operation.Investigate the nuclear medicine documents of the patients above,make the semiquantitative scores of myocardial perfusion and metabolism(survival) prior to operation by the 17-segment method of ventricle,and further obtain the quantified results,based on which calculation was carried out for the perfusion and survival in three coronary arterys dominated areas.In combination with other potential risk factors,through the COX multi-factor analysis of the statistical methods to explore the relationship between the myocardial perfusion and survival in three coronary arterys dominated areas and the long-term cardiac adverse events(cardiogenic death,readmission,and the combined end events) selected in advance.Result:The mean duration of follow-up was(3.43±2.42) years.The COX multivariate analysis indicated that the myocardial viability in LAD and LCX dominated areas are independent protective factors of long-term cardiac death and re-admission;the myocardial viability in LCX dominated areas is also the independent protective factor of composite MACE.Conclusion:Through the myocardial viability index of the nuclear medicine,in combination with other related factors,it was found that the myocardial viability in LAD and LCX dominated areas were the important independent related factors influencing the long-term prognosis.With respect to the patients with myocardial infarction in the anterior wall,pay more attentions to the revascularization of anterior descending branch,and meanwhile should also to the circumflex branch,which has an important significance for the long-term prognosis.
Women and state socialism: failed promises and radical changes revisited

Imagine all history written as if all people, even women, mattered. Until a couple of decades ago, that was at most an aspiration for those of us working on East European history. Since then, however, and especially with the fall of Communism, feminist scholars have made significant inroads toward achieving this goal. This review essay reflects on the contributions made by five such studies that focus on different aspects of women's lives under state socialism in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Poland, and Romania. In one way or another, each author asks similar questions about the relationship between the Communist ideological emphasis on gender equality as a core moral value, on the one hand, and the policies and actions of these regimes with regard to women, on the other hand. Moreover, all studies focus on how women themselves participated in articulating, reacting to, and in some cases successfully challenging these policies. In short, they present us with excellent examples of how pertinent gender analysis is for understanding the most essential aspects of the history of Communism in Eastern Europe: how this authoritarian regime transformed individual identity and social relations.
Alpers' syndrome presenting with seizures and multiple stroke-like episodes in a 17-year-old male

Alpers' syndrome is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with liver disease that usually presents in the first few years of life. Only rarely have patients presented later in life with delayed onset of Alpers' syndrome. Herein we present a case of a 17-year-old male with a progressive 8-month course of severe headaches, multiple stroke-like episodes with visual deficits, and seizures that concluded with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Neuropathological findings were characteristic for Alpers' syndrome: neurodegeneration and astrogliosis of the occipital cortices including the striate cortices, similar but less advanced changes in the parietal cortices, right Ammons horn sclerosis, degeneration of the posterior columns, and mild cerebellar Purkinje e cell loss. Examination of the liver revealed extensive centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis. Skeletal muscle did not contain ragged red fibers, nor were there mitochondrial DNA point mutations characteristic for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS).
The Skeletal Phenotype of the Male Athlete

Publisher Summary Bone adaptation to mechanical loading is well characterized by Wolff's law, which instructs one's understanding of the skeleton in animals and humans. This law states there is a close relationship between mechanical loading and bone strength. There is now substantial experimental evidence in young and older mammals that bone mineral density (BMD) increases in response to loading, thereby validating this tenet. Modern day athletics represent a special case because training stresses both skeletal and soft tissue. Athletes train with high-intensity and often during the time of peak bone accrual, i.e. late adolescence/early adulthood. Studies provide evidence that this loading can enhance areal bone mass at several skeletal sites. However, the literature is also replete with studies of the female athlete triad (amenorrhea, energy deficit, osteoporosis). The male athlete is not excluded from bone loss and fractures with excessive physical training. This chapter discusses the hormonal, nutritional and genetic determinants of bone mass in the male athlete and the relationship of these factors to peak bone acquisition.
Resolving Chromatin Bridges With SIMs, SUMOs and PICH.

One of the greatest challenges to maintaining genome integrity is the equal segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis. This process requires the assembly and coordination of over 200 proteins...
Mitigation of inhibition effect of acid gases in flue gas using trona buffer for autotrophic growth of Nannochloris sp

Abstract In this study, trona buffer was used to mitigate the previously reported inhibition effect of CO 2 , SO 2 , NO, and HCl gases in combustion flue gases for the growth of Nannochloris sp. Culture medium with trona buffer after absorbing CO 2 (g) contains high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration that can help maximize the growth and alleviate the inhibition effect as long as the pH of the medium is controlled at an optimum pH (pH ∼7–8) window for the growth of Nannochloris sp. A supply of high purity CO 2 (g) did not inhibit the growth. The acid gaseous constituents including SO 2 , NO, and HCl gases did not significantly reduce the growth as compared to the results previously reported. This study suggests that trona buffer can be effectively used for microalgae cultivation as biological CO 2 remediation when it is considered being integrated into a coal-fired power plant after wet flue gas desulfurization system.
Progression of multilevel metallization beyond 0.35 micron technology

The first true revolution in multilevel metal technology occurred in the transition from 1.O /spl mu/m to 0.8 /spl mu/m design rules. That reduction brought about two new and revolutionary innovations, namely W filled straight wall contacts and vias and chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). As these processes evolved to fit the requirements of 0.5 and 0.35 /spl mu/m rules, the search for increased performance is driving a new revolution as linewidths shrink below 0.35 /spl mu/m. This technology leap encompasses both materials and process technologies. For 0.25 /spl mu/m and extending into the 0.18 /spl mu/m generation, two new materials: low dielectric constant polymers and Cu metallization promise to play a major role in performance enhancement albeit at the cost of significantly more complex integration. In addition to new materials, the additional levels and increased interconnect density in conjunction with finer metal pitches, will also greatly challenge lithographic and etch capabilities. This paper addresses issues and approaches in integrating a 0.25 /spl mu/m multilevel metallization process module from the point of view of both new materials and new process technologies. >
Shiftwork Is Not Associated with Increased Risk of NAFLD: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

There is increased focus on the metabolic impact of shiftwork, especially given the significant number of employees who work nighttime or rotating shifts. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the association between shiftwork and the risk of NAFLD. We used aggregated data from the 2005–2006, 2007–2008, and 2009–2010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We defined NAFLD by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (males: AST > 40 or ALT > 37; females: AST > 31 or ALT > 31) in the absence of excessive alcohol use and viral hepatitis. We defined shiftworkers as participants who self-reported currently working regular night shifts or rotating shifts. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multivariable logistic regression. Overall, 8159 participants aged 20–79 years reported working at a job or business using the NHANES Occupation Questionnaire and were included in the analysis. Of these, 11.1% were classified as shiftworkers. Compared to non-shiftworkers, shiftworkers were younger, were less likely to be non-Hispanic White, and have health insurance or health care. The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 15.7%. NAFLD occurred more frequently in shiftworkers (17.0%) than non-shiftworkers (15.5%). However, in the overall multivariable analysis, shiftwork was not associated with the risk of NAFLD (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.87–1.43). The findings from this NHANES-based cross-sectional study do not support an association between shiftwork and increased risk of NAFLD.
Reducing the energy of a large hybrid cache

Energy is quickly becoming an inevitable challenge to using a large die-stacking DRAM cache. Emerging STT-RAM technology can efficiently reduce the static energy of large cache. However, STT-RAM which has high write energy and latency is not suitable to completely substitute for on-die DRAM cache. We observe that there are a large number of redundant bits written in the row buffer and futile bits written back to STT-RAM cells, which do not actually change the cells' value but still cost write energy. We utilize this opportunity to reduce energy by removing the unnecessary bit-writes to the STT-RAM cache. In this paper, we design a large hybrid cache architecture with a DRAM region and STT-RAM region. Selective Write Back to Row Buffer and Selective Write Back to Cell Array optimizations are proposed to reduce high write energy of STT-RAM region by comparing write data and existing data in advance. Also, we propose Reuse Distance Oriented Data Movement to reduce write operations in STT-RAM region. The results show our hybrid cache can achieve up to a 28.3% energy reduction and 6.7% performance improvement.
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Wearable Technology Physical Activity Intervention With Telephone Counseling for Mid-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Background: As adults age, their physical activity decreases and sedentary behavior increases, leading to increased risk of negative health outcomes. Wearable electronic activity monitors have shown promise for delivering effective behavior change techniques. However, little is known about the feasibility and acceptability of non-Fitbit wearables (Fitbit, Inc, San Francisco, California) combined with telephone counseling among adults aged more than 55 years. Objective: The purpose of our study was to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and effect on physical activity of an intervention combining a wearable physical activity monitor, tablet device, and telephone counseling among adults aged 55-79 years. Methods: Adults (N=40, aged 55-79 years, body mass index=25-35, <60 min of activity per week) were randomized to receive a 12-week intervention or to a wait list control. Intervention participants received a Jawbone Up24 monitor, a tablet with the Jawbone Up app installed, and brief weekly telephone counseling. Participants set daily and weekly step goals and used the monitor’s idle alert to notify them when they were sedentary for more than 1 h. Interventionists provided brief counseling once per week by telephone. Feasibility was measured using observation and study records, and acceptability was measured by self-report using validated items. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured using ActivPAL monitors following standard protocols. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, and fitness was measured using a 6-min walk test. Results: Participants were 61.48 years old (SD 5.60), 85% (34/40) female, 65% (26/40) white. Average activity monitor wear time was 81.85 (SD 3.73) of 90 days. Of the 20 Up24 monitors, 5 were reported broken and 1 lost. No related adverse events were reported. Acceptability items were rated at least 4 on a scale of 1-5. Effect sizes for most outcomes were small, including stepping time per day (d=0.35), steps per day (d=0.26), sitting time per day (d=0.21), body fat (d=0.17), and weight (d=0.33). Conclusions: The intervention was feasible and acceptable in this population. Effect sizes were similar to the sizes found using other wearable electronic activity monitors, indicating that when combined with telephone counseling, wearable activity monitors are a potentially effective tool for increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01869348; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01869348 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6odlIolqy) [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017;5(3):e28]
Electronic Spectroscopy of UO2Cl2 Isolated in Solid Ar

Laser-induced fluorescence spectra have been recorded for uranyl chloride isolated in a solid Ar matrix. Pulsed excitation was examined using a XeCl excimer laser (308 nm) and a dye laser operating in the 19 500−27 500 cm−1 range. Several absorption and emission band systems were observed. The emission spectra were characterized by a nearly harmonic vibrational progression with a frequency of 840 cm−1 starting at 20 323 cm−1. The electronic absorption spectra were dominated by five harmonic vibrational progressions with frequencies of approximately 710 cm−1. Comparisons with theoretical calculations indicate that all of the transitions observed were associated with the UO2+2 subunit. They involved the promotion of an electron from a bonding orbital to the metal-centered 5fδ and 5fϕ orbitals. Band origins and vibrational constants for five excited states were obtained. Fluorescence was observed from the lowest-energy excited state alone, regardless of the excitation wavelength. The decay curve was found to...
Leadership Reflections: Leadership Skills for Knowledge Management

ABSTRACTKnowledge management is a process that infuses knowledge and decision making across an organization. It not only encourages decision making based on data but also fosters communication among personnel for informed practices and processes. The social connections within an organization facilitate the formal structure and encourage personnel to share expertise, insights, and past experiences to inform decision making. Such a highly interactive organization requires leadership that supports and encourages knowledge management practices. A successful knowledge management organization depends on certain leadership characteristics in order to foster interactions that contribute to the processes. A variety of characteristics and patterns will offer leaders understanding on how to lead within a knowledge management library.
Cocaine Self-Administration and Time-dependent Decreases in Prelimbic Activity

Cocaine self-administration causes dephosphorylation of proteins in prelimbic (PL) cortex that mediate excitation-transcription coupling, suggesting that cocaine causes decreased activity in PL neurons. Thus, we used in vivo single-unit extracellular recordings in awake, behaving rats to measure activity in PL neurons before, during, and after cocaine self-administration on the first and last session day (range 12-14 days). On the last day, cocaine suppressed 52% of recorded neurons in the PL cortex when compared to a 20 min baseline, significantly more than the 23% of neurons suppressed on the first day of cocaine. There was no change in the percentage of neurons that were excited on the first vs. the last day of self-administration (14% vs. 13%, respectively). To determine whether the tonic inhibitory shift was induced by the behavior or by the drug itself, rats received a final session in which cocaine availability was delayed for the first 30 min or in which cocaine was administered non-contingently in the absence of levers or cues in a subset of rats. These manipulations indicated that cocaine was both necessary and sufficient to induce a downshift in PL neuronal activity. However, this activity decrease was not observed in rats that received only non-contingent cocaine for 12-14 days, indicating that contingency during self-administration training contributes to the cocaine-induced tonic downshift in PL activity. These data suggest that the session-by-session decrease in PL neuronal activity induced by cocaine is a reflection of learned drug-seeking behavior and, hence, reducing this inhibition may lessen cocaine addiction.
Applications and Strategies for Use of Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis

The development of polyacrylamide gel matrices has resulted in the widespread use of electrophoresis for the characterization and purification of proteins. To date, most investigators employing these methods have used one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), either reducing or nonreducing, because these methods are reasonably simple and reproducible. Although these methods are adequate to answer some specific questions, the methods are limited and the results obtained are frequently overinterpreted. It is therefore critical to appreciate the strengths and limitations of each method.
Learning static object segmentation from motion segmentation

This thesis describes the SANE (Segmentation According to Natural Examples) algorithm for learning to segment objects in static images from video data. SANE uses background subtraction to find the segmentation of moving objects in videos. This provides object segmentation information for each video frame. The collection of frames and segmentations forms a training set that SANE uses to learn the image and shape properties that correspond to the observed motion boundaries. Then, when presented with new static images, the model infers segmentations similar to the observed motion segmentations. SANE is a general method for learning environment-specific segmentation models. Because it is self-supervised, it can adapt to a new environment and new objects with relative ease. Comparisons of its output to a leading image segmentation algorithm demonstrate that motion-defined object segmentation is a distinct problem from traditional image segmentation. The model outperforms a trained local boundary detector because it leverages the shape information it learned from the training data. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
ON THE KINETICS OF THE LOCKING OF A SCREW DISLOCATION DUE TO REORDERING OF AN INTERSTITIAL SOLUTE IN A BCC METAL

Some recent studies of the kinetics of the return of the yield point, due to the reordering of interstitial atoms in a BCC metal, have yielded relaxation times significantly smaller than the corresponding Snoek relaxation times. Calculations of the kinetics of the locking of a screw dislocation in a BCC metal have been made. These show that for distances from the dislocation less than A/kT reordering can occur significantly faster than predicted by Snoek kinetics. An Evans and Douthwaite calculation of the curve giving the force, required to pull a screw dislocation from an equilibrium atmosphere, versus the distance was also made. This gave a maximum force at approximately 0.5A/kT. These results suggest that the observed magnitude of the reordering yield point is due largely to the reordering of the interstitial atoms very close to the dislocation.
The Pathology of the Uremic Bone Lesion

Renal osteodystrophy is a generic term that encompasses the array of biochemical and morphological derangements of bone that attend renal insufficiency. The insights gained into the genesis and, particularly, the natural history of this family of disorders are a reflection of the greater longevity of the uremic patient and, hence, the opportunity for skeletal dysfunctions to become clinically manifest.
Materials and Design Selection to Improve High Current Density Performance in PEMFC

Performance at high current density is dominated by transport losses from resistance to oxygen and proton transport. The materials selection and their properties can have a significant impact on the transport resistance. In this study, the impact of catalyst carbon support microstructure and its properties impacting performance at high current density is studied in detail. Platinum-cobalt alloy catalysts supported on different carbon supports were analyzed for pore size distribution characteristics. Catalyst layer electrochemical diagnostics such as oxygen limiting current and H2/N2 impedance tests were conducted to measure local oxygen transport resistance and bulk proton transport resistance. For the first time, the local-oxygen transport and the bulk-proton transport resistances in the catalyst layer are directly correlated to the micropore and macropore properties of the carbon support.
The Buddy System-Crisis Management at the University of Georgia:

A crisis on campus generally means pulling together a complex institutional support network to deal with a tangle of academic and personal issues. In the case of the University of Georgia it may me...
Dedicated Education Units: A Unique Evaluation.

Background Traditional models of clinical nursing education do not deliver the most effective learning experiences to undergraduate nursing students. An innovative way to clinically prepare nursing students is the use of dedicated education units (DEUs). This model utilizes staff nurses to provide supervision and hands-on teaching to students. Objective The purpose of this project was to evaluate an evidence-based change from a traditional model of clinical instruction to a DEU. Methods DEUs were implemented on three adult medical–surgical units. Two unpaired identical pre-DEU and post-DEU questionnaires were used to evaluate the practice change in both nursing students and staff nurse mentors. Results A total of 41 students and 22 nurses participated in the project. Students reported feeling comfortable, engaged, and satisfied in their clinical experiences on the DEU. Nurses' responses revealed the DEU to be a rewarding experience and found satisfaction in their role. Conclusions The paradigm shift from traditional to DEU models has enhanced the quality of learning experiences for students and improved the professional environment for nurses at large academic medical institutions located in central Ohio. Implications for Nursing Implications for future inquiry include standardizing educational training/orientation programs for DEU staff nurse mentors.
Morphometric analysis of proximal end of the tibia

Background Total knee arthroplasty and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are frequently done procedures for the treatment of various forms of arthritis and knee injuries. The knee prosthesis, which is used for these procedures, requires adequate sizing specific to the population. Morphometric parameters of upper end of the tibia can be used to guide treatment and monitor outcome of total knee replacement surgeries. Information regarding morphometry of upper end of the tibia is important as it provides reliable method of assessing knee deformity. This article assesses different morphometric parameters of condylar and intercondylar surface of the tibia and to compile the results, analyze, and formulate a baseline data for future studies with relevance to Indian population. Materials and Methods The study group comprised of 60 adult human dry and processed tibia of both sides which are grossly normal and complete, obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences. Morphometric measurements of the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar area of tibia were recorded with vernier calipers with a least count of 0.01 mm. The dimensions were summarized as mean ± standard deviation. A p -value of Result Mediolateral and anteroposterior length were 66.33 and 42.52 mm, respectively. Conclusion Anatomical profile of tibial condyle for Indians is smaller, hence highlighting the need for sizing of prosthesis specific to the population in question.
Resonance Raman techniques for complex biological systems

Resonance Raman offers a significant increase in Raman signal levels. We show how this can be used to select a specific molecule within a complex biosystem to study, in our case to determine if hemoglobin survives in ancient fossils. Key to this ability is the fact that the vibration must be on the same molecule as the absorption. Further, we show that the Raman fingerprint, or changes to it, can provide further selectivity or identify changes in that molecule based upon the particular sample. In our case, we find that the iron in the hemoglobin has oxidized into FeOOH, but still attached to both its porphyrin-like heme group and the protein network that gives the hemoglobin absorption. Very narrow Raman resonances are found in molecules with symmetry-forbidden, phonon-allowed absorptions. We show several in biologically relevant materials including that methylated-DNA (m-DNA) can be distinguished from non-methylated (n-DNA) with nano-bowtie- and resonance-enhanced Raman spectra. These efiects are retained when plasmon resonances are used to enhance a local region of the sample, but find that the overall signal from a uniformly distributed specimen is not increased significantly by the enhancement of a small region, so is not recommended unless the sample can be concentrated into that region.
2.335-MeV ISOBARIC ANALOG RESONANCE IN $sup 51$V + p AND THE EXCITED STATES OF $sup 51$Cr STUDIED VIA THE (p,n) AND (p,n$gamma$) REACTIONS.

The 2.335-MeV isobaric analog resonance in $^{51}\mathrm{V}(p,n)^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$ and $^{51}\mathrm{V}(p,p)^{51}\mathrm{V}$ was studied experimentally. Detailed analysis was not possible because of the complexity of the excitation function in this energy region. $^{51}\mathrm{V}(p,n)^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$ angular distributions at 4.013- and 5.016-MeV bombarding energies were analyzed via statistical-model formalism. 12 states in $^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$ were observed up to an excitation energy of 2.39 MeV. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from the transitions (777\ensuremath{\rightarrow}749 keV) and (749 keV \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ground state) have been observed and their angular distributions determined to be isotropic. Angular distributions of the 1165-, 1480-, and 2001-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays leading to the ground state of $^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$ have been measured at proton bombarding energies of 4.0 and 4.4 MeV. Spins of ${\frac{9}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\frac{11}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are assigned to the 1165- and the 1480-keV levels, respectively, in agreement with other investigators. The angular distribution for the 2001-keV level is isotropic indicating a spin of $\frac{7}{2}$ or less. Higher excited states in $^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$ were observed through the ($p,n$) reaction at 2256, 2313, and 2380 keV. The ($p,n$) yield coupled with the failure to observe the ground-state transition from the 2256-keV level in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra indicates that the spin of this level is greater than $\frac{13}{2}$.
Teaching and learning with children: Impact of reciprocal peer learning with a social robot on children’s learning and emotive engagement

Abstract Pedagogical agents are typically designed to take on a single role: either as a tutor who guides and instructs the student, or as a tutee that learns from the student to reinforce what he/she knows. While both agent-role paradigms have been shown to promote student learning, we hypothesize that there will be heightened benefit with respect to students’ learning and emotional engagement if the agent engages children in a more peer-like way — adaptively switching between tutor/tutee roles. In this work, we present a novel active role-switching (ARS) policy trained using reinforcement learning, in which the agent is rewarded for adapting its tutor or tutee behavior to the child’s knowledge mastery level. To investigate how the three different child–agent interaction paradigms (tutee, tutor, and peer agents) impact children’s learning and affective engagement, we designed a randomized controlled between-subject experiment. Fifty-nine children aged 5–7 years old from a local public school participated in a collaborative word-learning activity with one of the three agent-role paradigms. Our analysis revealed that children’s vocabulary acquisition benefited from the robot tutor’s instruction and knowledge demonstration, whereas children exhibited slightly greater affect on their faces when the robot behaves as a tutee of the child. This synergistic effect between tutor and tutee roles suggests why our adaptive peer-like agent brought the most benefit to children’s vocabulary learning and affective engagement, as compared to an agent that interacts only as a tutor or tutee for the child. This work sheds light on how fixed role (tutor/tutee) and adaptive role (peer) agents support children’s cognitive and emotional needs as they play and learn. It also contributes to an important new dimension of designing educational agents — actively adapting roles based on the student’s engagement and learning needs.
Timing Performance of Organic Scintillators for Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy

Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) is a diagnostic method used mostly in material science to investigate solid-state materials’ microstructure by measuring the positron lifetime in the material. Typical analog electronics-based PALS experiment is complicated to set up. We report the development of a PALS experimental setup which encompasses organic scintillators and fast digitizers. We interpolated the digital waveform to recover the pulse shape and implemented a constant-fraction discrimination (CFD) timing algorithm to calculate the pulse arrival time. We compared the time resolution performance of three different organic scintillator pairs: BC418, EJ276, and EJ309. We achieved an excellent time resolution of 194.5 1.2 ps using BC418 scintillators, which allows for discrimination ±between different positron lifetime components. We used the optimized experimental setup and used it to determine the lifetimes of positron in two quartz samples. The measured positron lifetimes in quartz are 157 ± 1 ps, 285 ± 1 ps and 1.115± 1 ns, which compares well with the positron annihilation lifetime that characterizes quartz. The system will be used to investigate the nature and density of defects in scintillation crystals.
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE BY PEROXIDASE LABELED ANTIBODY METHOD

A monospecific antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), purified from rat pheochromocytoma, was raised in rabbits. This antibody was used to study the subcellular distribution of TH in rat adrenal medulla.
Royce White, DeMar DeRozan and Media Framing of Mental Health in the NBA:

This study analyzed media framing of two players from the National Basketball Association (NBA), Royce White and DeMar DeRozan, who both publicly addressed their mental health concerns within the l...
Salvage systemic therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma: an unmet clinical need

Metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) remains a fatal malignancy, despite the recent addition of immune check point inhibitors (ICIs), an FGFR inhibitor and an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) to the ...
Diffusion Weighted Imaging in Unilateral Adrenal Infarction: A Case of Colicky Right Upper Quadrant Pain in a Pregnant Female.

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) non-contrast sequence that can indicate tissue ischemia or infarction. Adrenal infarct may present similarly to biliary or gallbladder pathologies, and the differential diagnosis during emergency work-up can be narrowed utilizing DWI sequences. In this paper, we describe the usefulness of DWI for urgent diagnosis in a case of non-hemorrhagic adrenal infarct of a pregnant female presenting with right upper quadrant pain. Although uncommon, adrenal infarct may occur in patients with hypercoagulability and localizing pain that is unexplained by other imaging modalities. We outline the imaging features of DWI in evaluating adrenal infarct as a safe and time effective application for patients with contraindications to imaging with ionizing radiation.
Thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides, sulfonylureas, and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Background & aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Effects of second-line oral antidiabetic medications on incident HCC risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus remain unclear. This study evaluated associations between sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and incident HCC risk. Methods We systematically reviewed all studies on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they documented: (1) exposure to oral antidiabetic medication classes; (2) HCC incidence; (3) relative risks/odds ratios (OR) for HCC incidence. Eight eligible observational studies were identified. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to calculate pooled adjusted ORs (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Thiazolidinedione use (7 studies, 280,567 participants, 19,242 HCC cases) was associated with reduced HCC risk (aOR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.86–0.97, I2 = 43%), including among Asian subjects (aOR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.83–0.97), but not Western subjects (aOR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.87–1.04). Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor use (3 studies, 56,791 participants, 11,069 HCC cases) was associated with increased HCC incidence (aOR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.02–1.14, I2 = 21%). Sulfonylurea use (8 studies, 281,180 participants, 19,466 HCC cases) was associated with increased HCC risk in studies including patients with established liver disease (aOR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02–1.11, I2 = 75%). Meglitinide use (4 studies, 58,237 participants, 11,310 HCC cases) was not associated with HCC incidence (aOR = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.89–1.60, I2 = 72%). Conclusions Thiazolidinedione use was associated with reduced HCC incidence in Asian individuals with diabetes. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor or sulfonylurea use was associated with modestly increased HCC risk; future research should determine whether those agents should be avoided in patients with chronic liver disease.
Trinity, Creed and Confusion: The Salters’ Hall Debate of 1719: edited by Stephen Copson, Oxford, Centre for Baptist Studies in Oxford Publications Volume 20, 2020, 166 p., £18.00 (paperback, via Amazon), ISBN 979-8-643443-42-1

Did you ever hear about the Baptists who had a falling out with other Dissenters, and even themselves? Well, you have now, thanks to Stephen Copson et al. This collection of essays, drawn together ...