cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaussian Process Interpolation for Uncertainty Estimation in Image Registration

Intensity-based image registration requires resampling images on a common grid to evaluate the similarity function. The uncertainty of interpolation varies across the image, depending on the location of resampled points relative to the base grid. We propose to perform Bayesian inference with Gaussian processes, where the covariance matrix of the Gaussian process posterior distribution estimates the uncertainty in interpolation. The Gaussian process replaces a single image with a distribution over images that we integrate into a generative model for registration. Marginalization over resampled images leads to a new similarity measure that includes the uncertainty of the interpolation. We demonstrate that our approach increases the registration accuracy and propose an efficient approximation scheme that enables seamless integration with existing registration methods.
Determinants of Female Sterilization in Brazil, 2001-2007

Investigates the determinants of female sterilization in Brazil by adding the time of exposure to the risk of sterilization into survival models.
The Enhanced Double Digest Problem for DNA Physical Mapping

The double digest problem is a common NP-hard approach to constructing physical maps of DNA sequences. This paper presents a new approach called the enhanced double digest problem. Although this new problem is also NP-hard, it can be solved in linear time in certain theoretically interesting cases.
Professing Pro Bono: To Walk the Talk

This article is about how working pro bono is important to the profession as well as helpful in improving the quality of professors' teachings through the experience of pro bono work. There is a greater need for lawyers to engage in pro bono services, particularly for professors. Pro bono work can help professors improve their teaching and pass that on to future lawyers.
Ethnicity-Dependent and -Independent Heterogeneity in Healthy Normal Breast Hierarchy Impacts Tumor Characterization

Recent reports of widespread genetic variation affecting regulation of gene expression raise the possibility of significant inter-individual differences in stem-progenitor-mature cell hierarchy in adult organs. This has not been explored because of paucity of methods to quantitatively assess subpopulation of normal epithelial cells on individual basis. We report the remarkable inter-individual differences in differentiation capabilities as documented by phenotypic heterogeneity in stem-progenitor-mature cell hierarchy of the normal breast. Ethnicity and genetic predisposition are partly responsible for this heterogeneity, evidenced by the finding that CD44+/CD24- and PROCR+/EpCAM- multi-potent stem cells were elevated significantly in African American women compared with Caucasians. ALDEFLUOR+ luminal stem/progenitor cells were lower in BRCA1-mutation carriers compared with cells from healthy donors (p = 0.0014). Moreover, tumor and adjoining-normal breast cells of the same patients showed distinct CD49f+/EpCAM+ progenitor, CD271+/EpCAM- basal, and ALDEFLUOR+ cell profiles. These inter-individual differences in the rate of differentiation in the normal breast may contribute to a substantial proportion of transcriptome, epigenome, and signaling pathway alterations and consequently has the potential to spuriously magnify the extent of documented tumor-specific gene expression. Therefore, comparative analysis of phenotypically defined subpopulations of normal and tumor cells on an individual basis may be required to identify cancer-specific aberrations.
Environmentally Benign Manufacturing and Ecomaterials ; Product Induced Material Flows

In this paper we examine the product induced material flows through the product manufacturing system. Research strategies to reduce materials related environmental loads based upon this examination are suggested.
Explicit inapproximability bounds for the shortest superstring problem

Given a set of strings S = {s1,..., sn}, the Shortest Superstring problem asks for the shortest string s which contains each si as a substring. We consider two measures of success in this problem: the length measure, which is the length of s, and the compression measure, which is the difference between the sum of lengths of the si and the length of s. Both the length and the compression versions of the problem are known to be MAX-SNP-hard. The only explicit approximation ratio lower bounds are by Ott: 1.000057 for the length measure and 1.000089 for the compression measure. Using a natural construction we improve these lower bounds to 1.00082 for the length measure and 1.00093 for the compression measure. Our lower bounds hold even for instances in which the strings are over a binary alphabet and have equal lengths. In fact, we show a somewhat surprising result, that the Shortest Superstring problem (with respect to both measures) is as hard to approximate on instances over a binary alphabet, as it is over any alphabet.
Duality Properties of Linear Impulsive Systems

Reachability and observability properties of linear switched, impulsive, and switched/impulsive systems have received a great deal of attention over the past decade. The purpose of this paper is to rigorously establish a duality between reachability and observability for linear impulsive systems both in direct system-theoretic terms as well as in geometric terms. These connections are established using an appropriately defined adjoint system associated with the original impulsive system. The duality between reachability and observability is then used to leverage recent reachability results in order to tighten the relationship between the set of unobservable states and a certain invariant subspace.
Towards Sensor Database Systems

Sensor networks are being widely deployed for measurement, detection and surveillance applications. In these new applications, users issue long-running queries over a combination of stored data and sensor data. Most existing applications rely on a centralized system for collecting sensor data. These systems lack flexibility because data is extracted in a predefined way; also, they do not scale to a large number of devices because large volumes of raw data are transferred regardless of the queries that are submitted. In our new concept of sensor database system, queries dictate which data is extracted from the sensors. In this paper, we define the concept of sensor databases mixing stored data represented as relations and sensor data represented as time series. Each long-running query formulated over a sensor database defines a persistent view, which is maintained during a given time interval. We also describe the design and implementation of the COUGAR sensor database system.
RHYTHM, TEMPO, AND HISTORICAL TIME: EXPERIENCING TEMPORALITY IN THE NEOLIBERAL AGE

AbstractReversing common assumptions about the unidirectional flow of theoretical insight from social anthropology to archaeology, the author takes the evidential constraints on the latter as a source of methodological rigour in establishing the meanings of antiquities and their modern imitations in the lives of residents of historic sites. In particular, he focuses on varieties of temporalities that, while they may all be available to all societies, are filtered through differing cultural assumptions and unequal access to resources. Drawing on earlier work he has done on artisanal production and historic conservation in Greece, Italy, and Thailand, he suggests that official ideologies may constrain the public presentation of collective identities that nevertheless draw on other, concealed symbolic resources for their sense of distinctiveness within national frameworks. He notes that the now globally dominant neoliberal ideology, with its commoditization of history, both poses a massive obstruction to the...
A virtual instrument bus using network programming

This paper provides an overview of a virtual instrument bus created at the University of Maine Orono. Software to support automated tests has become difficult to maintain as the number of test boards and test instruments grows. A variety of test instruments such as logic analyzers, signal generators, and data caches connect and communicate to workstations using a General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB). This paper describes two software packages. The first is a "virtual instrument bus" that makes a large number of GPIB buses on separate networked computers appear to be on a single bus. The second is an object-oriented instrument library. The library is designed to support a variety of instruments using a common framework in an easily maintained software package. The virtual instrument library is developed using remote procedure calls (RPC). All workstations supporting an instrument bus run a background program called a Bus Server that handles bus communications and provides an interface to the computer network. Communication to the various Bus Servers is handled by the Virtual Bus Library. This interface makes the physical configuration of the instrument buses transparent to the software developer. The virtual bus software provides easy code reuse for quick program generation used for automated testing, at the same time making all instruments appear to be located on one single bus.
R&D Spillovers in Agriculture: Results from a Trade Model

The objective of this study is to analyze technical change and the role of research and development (R&D) spillovers in this process for the U.S. agricultural sector. This study is composed of both a theoretical and an empirical analysis. In the theoretical analysis, a quality innovation model is used in which the R&D sector is the source of technological progress and is composed of a public and a private sector. The public R&D sector can serve either as a substitute to the private R&D sector or as a complement to it. Free trade is included in the next step of the analysis as a mechanism through which R&D spillovers are realized, along with increased market size for domestic R&D firms and increased competition from foreign R&D firms. Two different trade scenarios are utilized: a North-North and a North-South, as the United States has trade relations with both developed and developing countries. In the empirical analysis, the propositions of the model are tested for U.S. agricultural sector data. I find that R&D spillovers have a significant and positive effect on technical change as well as private R&D spending. The results indicate that the public R&D sector's complementary role outweighs its substitutability to the private R&D sector, as it is found to have a significantly positive effect on private R&D spending.
Planar and poly-arc lombardi drawings

In Lombardi drawings of graphs, edges are represented as circular arcs, and the edges incident on vertices have perfect angular resolution. However, not every graph has a Lombardi drawing, and not every planar graph has a planar Lombardi drawing. We introduce k-Lombardi drawings, in which each edge may be drawn with k circular arcs, noting that every graph has a smooth 2-Lombardi drawing. We show that every planar graph has a smooth planar 3-Lombardi drawing and further investigate topics connecting planarity and Lombardi drawings.
Are America’s Inner Cities Competitive? Evidence From the 2000s

In the years since Michael Porter’s research about the potential competitiveness of inner cities, there has been growing evidence of a residential resurgence in urban neighborhoods. Yet there is le...
Calculation of entailed rank constraints in partially non-linear and cyclic models

The Trek Separation Theorem (Sullivant et al. 2010) states necessary and sufficient conditions for a linear directed acyclic graphical model to entail for all possible values of its linear coefficients that the rank of various sub-matrices of the covariance matrix is less than or equal to n, for any given n. In this paper, I extend the Trek Separation Theorem in two ways: I prove that the same necessary and sufficient conditions apply even when the generating model is partially non-linear and contains some cycles. This justifies application of constraint-based causal search algorithms to data generated by a wider class of causal models that may contain non-linear and cyclic relations among the latent variables.
Mining Normal and Intrusive Activity Patterns for Computer Intrusion Detection

Intrusion detection has become an important part of assuring the computer security. It borrows various algorithms from statistics, machine learning, etc. We introduce in this paper a supervised clustering and classification algorithm (CCAS) and its application in learning patterns of normal and intrusive activities and detecting suspicious activity records. This algorithm utilizes a heuristic in grid-based clustering. Several post-processing techniques including data redistribution, supervised grouping of clusters, and removal of outliers, are used to enhance the scalability and robustness. This algorithm is applied to a large set of computer audit data for intrusion detection. We describe the analysis method in using this data set. The results show that CCAS makes significant improvement in performance with regard to detection ability and robustness.
Polar Hexagonal Tungsten Oxide (HTO) Materials: (1) Synthesis, Characterization, Functional Properties, and Structure−Property Relationships in A2(MoO3)3(SeO3) (A = Rb+ and Tl+) and (2) Classification, Structural Distortions, and Second-Harmonic Generating Properties of Known Polar HTOs

Two new polar noncentrosymmetric (NCS) oxides, Rb2(MoO3)3(SeO3) and Tl2(MoO3)3(SeO3), have been synthesized and characterized. The materials exhibit the layered hexagonal tungsten oxide (HTO) structural topology—Class 2, i.e., the MoO6 layers are “capped” on one side by the SeO3 polyhedra. The Rb+ and Tl+ cations are found between the layers. The Mo6+ and Se4+ cations are present in asymmetric coordination environments that are attributable to second-order Jahn−Teller (SOJT) effects. In addition to structural characterization, the materials were characterized by second-harmonic generation (SHG), piezoelectric, and polarization measurements. SHG measurements using 1064-nm radiation revealed doubling efficiencies of 300 and 400 × α-SiO2 for the Rb- and Tl-phases, respectively. Piezoelectric experiments revealed d33 values of ∼9−13 pm/V. Polarization measurements indicate that the materials are not ferroelectric, i.e., the polarization is not “switchable”. The materials are pyroelectric, with total pyroelect...
Duty drawbacks, competitiveness, and growth - are duty drawbacks worth the hassle?

Many countries use duty drawbacks on exports, yet they have been given little attention in the literature and there is no consensus whether countries should embrace or abandon them. The author asserts that the answer depends on a countrys development priorities and economic conditions. An increase in the drawback has a positive impact on export competitiveness and employment, but could lead to exports with low domestic value added. The welfare effects of duty drawback reform are ambiguous. An increase in the drawback is more likely to be welfare improving if the economy is small with high input tariffs, low initial drawback, low administrative costs, and leakages in the tariff collection system. In China duty drawback removal after meeting WTO commitments will deepen domestic supply chains and improve welfare, but will hurt Chinas economic efficiency, export competitiveness, and real factor incomes. Further liberalization could mitigate these negative effects.
Deriving Efficient SQL Sequences via Read-Aheads

Modern information system architectures place applications in an application server and persistent objects in a relational database. In this setting, we consider the problem of improving application throughput; our proposed solution uses data prefetching (read-aheads) to minimize the total data-access time of an application, in a manner that affects neither the application code nor the backend DBMS. Our methodology is based on analyzing and automatically merging SQL queries to produce query sequences with low total response time, in ways that exploit the application’s data-access patterns. The proposed approach is independent of the application domain and can be viewed as a component of container managed persistence that can be implemented in middleware.
Conformality, Particle Phenomenology and the Cosmological Constant

Conformality is the idea that at TeV scales enrichment of the standard model particle spectrum leads to conformal invariance at a fixed point of the renormalization group. Some aspects of conformality in particle phenomenology and cosmology are discussed.
Motion-Alert: automatic anomaly detection in massive moving objects

With recent advances in sensory and mobile computing technology, enormous amounts of data about moving objects are being collected. With such data, it becomes possible to automatically identify suspicious behavior in object movements. Anomaly detection in massive sets of moving objects has many important applications, especially in surveillance, law enforcement, and homeland security. Due to the sheer volume of spatiotemporal and non-spatial data (such as weather and object type) associated with moving objects, it is challenging to develop a method that can efficiently and effectively detect anomalies in complex scenarios. The problem is further complicated by the fact that anomalies may occur at various levels of abstraction and be associated with different time and location granularities. In this paper, we analyze the problem of anomaly detection in moving objects and propose an efficient and scalable classification method, Motion-Alert, which proceeds with the following three steps. Object movement features, called motifs, are extracted from the object paths. Each path consists of a sequence of motif expressions, associated with the values related to time and location. To discover anomalies in object movements, motif-based generalization is performed that clusters similar object movement fragments and generalizes the movements based on the associated motifs. With motif-based generalization, objects are put into a multi-level feature space and are classified by a classifier that can handle high-dimensional feature spaces. We implemented the above method as one of the core components in our moving-object anomaly detection system, motion-alert. Our experiments show that the system is more accurate than traditional classification techniques.
Psychotherapy with Older Adults

Gerontology for Psychotherapists The Contextual, Cohort-Based, Maturity/Specific Challenge Model Adaptations of Psychotherapy for Older Adults Building Rapport with the Older Client Transference and Countertransference with Older Clients Guidelines for Assessment in the Context of the Practice of Psychotherapy Grief Work with Older Adults Chronic Illness in Later Life Life Review in Psychotherapy with Older Adults Concluding Thoughts on Psychotherapy with Older Adults
Monte Carlo Methods in Genetic Analysis

Many genetic analyses require computation of probabilities and likelihoods of pedigree data. With more and more genetic marker data deriving from new DNA technologies becoming available to researchers, exact computations are often formidable with standard statistical methods and computational algorithms. The desire to utilize as much available data as possible, coupled with complexities of realistic genetic models, push traditional approaches to their limits. These methods encounter severe methodological and computational challenges, even with the aid of advanced computing technology. Monte Carlo methods are therefore increasingly being explored as practical techniques for estimating these probabilities and likelihoods. This paper reviews the basic elements of the Markov chain Monte Carlo method and the method of sequential imputation, with an emphasis upon their applicability to genetic analysis. Three areas of applications are presented to demonstrate the versatility of Markov chain Monte Carlo for different types of genetic problems. A multilocus linkage analysis example is also presented to illustrate the sequential imputation method. Finally, important statistical issues of Markov chain Monte Carlo and sequential imputation, some of which are unique to genetic data, are discussed, and current solutions are outlined.
Vectorially Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Processes across Water-in-Oil Interfaces of Microemulsions

Artificial photosynthetic devices are potential fuel sources. The basic idea in the design of such devices is a photosensitized electron-transfer that yields chemical species capable of reducing and oxidizing water to hydrogen and oxygen. A fundamental difficulty in effecting this transfer is the thermodynamically favored back reactions of the intermediary redox species. An interfacial model composed of a water-in-oil microemulsion is suggested to provide the separation of these redox species, thereby preventing back-reactions. This model is designed to accomplish the photodecomposition of water in two separate water-in-oil microemulsions coupled by a redox reaction. Phase-transfer of one of the redox products from the water-in-oil interface to the continuous organic phase is the principle by which separation is achieved. Two systems, namely the oxidation and reduction sites of the general model, have been constructed. One system includes the photosensitized oxidation of a donor, EDTA, solubilized in the “water pool”.
Out of the Shadows: Requiring Strategic Management Disclosure

198 I. INTRODUCTION 198 II. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW 203 A. Strategic Management Process 204 1. Formulation Stage 204 2. Implementation Stage 205 3. Evaluation and Revision Stage 206 B. Benefits of Strategic Management 207 III. DISCLOSURES OF STRATEGY AND RISK 210 A. Disclosure Mandates Relating to Strategy and Risk 211 1. (Non)-Mandated Disclosure of Strategy 211 2. Mandated Disclosure of Risk 219 a. Management’s Discussion and Analysis 219 b. Market Risk and Market-Sensitive Instruments 222 c. Risk Factors 224 3. Rationale for Disparate Risk and Strategy Disclosures 225 B. Mandated Disclosure as to Management Processes 227 1. (Non)-Mandated Disclosure of Strategic Management Process 227 2. Mandated Disclosure of Risk Management Process 228 a. Enron and Risk Management Requirements 229 b. Financial Crisis and Risk Management Requirements ...... 234 IV. SPURRING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT THROUGH SECURITIES LAWS ... 237 A. Concerns with Lopsided Disclosure of Risk and Strategic Management 237 * Assistant Professor, Marquette University Law School. I would like to thank Ed Fallone, Kali Murray, Michael O’Hear, and David Orozco for their invaluable input on this article. In addition, I would like to thank participants of the 2012 Midwest Law and Economics Association Annual Meeting for their input. I would also like to thank Jeff Benson, Ryan Kehl, Michael Koutnik, Emily Krambs, Francisco (Paco) Quiroz, and Drew Walgreen for their excellent research assistance in connection with this and related articles. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their love and support throughout the research and writing process. GROSSMAN_to_printer.docx (DO NOT DELETE) 7/20/14 8:39 PM 198 WEST VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 116 B. Disclosing Strategic Management: A Proposal 246 V. CONCLUSION 254
DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the available chemical free energy directly into electrical energy, without going through heat exchange process. Of all different types of fuel cells, the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising power sources for stand-alone utility and electric vehicle applications. Platinum (Pt) Catalyst is used for both fuel and air electrodes in PEMFCs. However, carbon monoxide (CO) contamination of H{sub 2} greatly affects electro catalysts used at the anode of PEMFCs and decreases cell performance. The irreversible poisoning of the anode can occur even in CO concentrations as low as few parts per million (ppm). In this work, we have synthesized several novel elctrocatalysts (Pt/C, Pt/Ru/C, Pt/Mo/C, Pt/Ir and Pt/Ru/Mo) for PEMFCs. These catalysts have been tested for CO tolerance in the H{sub 2}/air fuel cell, using CO concentrations in the H{sub 2} fuel that varies from 10 to 100 ppm. The performance of the electrodes was evaluated by determining the cell potential against current density. The effects of catalyst composition and electrode film preparation method on the performance of PEM fuel cell were also studied. It was found that at 70 C and 3.5 atm pressure at the cathode, Pt-alloy catalyst (10 wt% Pt/Ru/C, 20 wt% Pt/Mo/C) were more CO tolerant than the 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst alone. It was also observed that spraying method was better than the brushing technique for the preparation of electrode film.
Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria by Ozone, With and Without Sonication

Selected organisms with public health significance were placed in a reaction chamber for treatment by ozonation, by ozonation and sonication, by sonication, or by sonication during oxygenation. Vesicular stomatitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, GDVII virus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhimurium, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Shigella flexneri were inactivated by treatment with ozone. When microorganisms were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline, they were inactivated rapidly by treatment with ozone. However, microorganisms suspended in secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant required longer contact times with ozone for complete inactivation. Simultaneous treatments by ozonation and sonication reduced the contact time for complete inactivation of microorganisms in secondary effluent. Treatment by sonication alone or sonication and oxygenation did not inactivate microorganisms. Therefore, the simultaneous treatment of microorganisms in secondary effluent with ozone and sonication resulted in a synergistic effect.
Optimizing SOC Test Resources Using Dual Sequences

In this paper, we propose a new data structure called dual sequences to represent SOC test schedules. Dual sequences are used together with a simulated annealing based procedure to optimize the SOC test application time and tester resources. The problems we consider are generation of optimal test schedules for SOCs and minimizing tester memory and test channels. Results of experiments conducted on ITC’02 benchmark SOCs show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A state estimation and malicious attack game in multi-sensor dynamic systems

In this paper, the problem of false information attack on and the Kalman filter's defense of state estimation in dynamic multi-sensor systems is investigated from a game theoretic perspective. The relationship between the Kalman filter and the adversary can be regarded as a two-person zero-sum game. Under which condition both sides of the game will reach the Nash equilibrium is investigated in the paper. The multisensor Kalman filter system and the adversary are supposed to be rational players. The Kalman filter and the adversary have to choose their respective subsets of sensors to perform system state estimation and false information injection. It is shown how both sides pick their strategies in order to gain more and lose less. The optimal solutions are achieved by solving the minimax problem. Numerical results are also provided in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the derived optimal strategies.
THE POSITIVE UTILITY OF THE COMMUTE: MODELING IDEAL COMMUTE TIME AND RELATIVE DESIRED COMMUTE AMOUNT

Two measures of commute time preferences – Ideal Commute Time and Relative Desired Commute amount (a variable indicating the desire to commute "much less" to "much more" than currently) – are modeled, using tobit and ordered probit, respectively. Ideal Commute Time was found to be positively related to Actual Commute Time and to a liking and utility for commuting, and negatively related to commute frequency and to a family/community-oriented lifestyle. Relative Desired Commute, on the other hand, was negatively related to amounts of actual commute and work-related travel, but positively related to travel liking and a measure of commute benefit. Overall, commute time is not unequivocally a source of disutility to be minimized, but rather offers some benefits (such as a transition between home and work). Most people have a non-zero optimum commute time, which can be violated in either direction – i.e. it is possible (although comparatively rare, occurring for only 7% of the sample) to commute too little. On the other hand, a large proportion of people (52% of the sample) are commuting longer than they would like, and hence would presumably be receptive to reducing (although usually not eliminating) that commute.
An Atomic Model for Neutral and Singly Ionized Uranium

A model for the atomic levels above ground state in neutral, U(0), and singly ionized, U(+), uranium is described based on identified atomic transitions. Some 168 states in U(0) and 95 in U(+) are found. A total of 1581 atomic transitions are used to complete this process. Also discussed are the atomic inverse lifetimes and line widths for the radiative transitions as well as the electron collisional cross sections.
Simultaneous embedding with two bends per edge in polynomial area

The simultaneous embedding problem is, given two planar graphs G1=(V,E1) and G2=(V,E2), to find planar embeddings ϕ(G1) and ϕ(G2) such that each vertex v∈V is mapped to the same point in ϕ(G1) and in ϕ(G2). This article presents a linear-time algorithm for the simultaneous embedding problem such that edges are drawn as polygonal chains with at most two bends and all vertices and all bends of the edges are placed on a grid of polynomial size. An extension of this problem with so-called fixed edges is also considered A further linear-time algorithm of this article solves the following problem: Given a planar graph G and a set of distinct points, find a planar embedding for G that maps each vertex to one of the given points. The solution presented also uses at most two bends per edge and a grid whose size is polynomial in the size of the grid that includes all given points. An example shows two bends per edge to be optimal
Economic impact of influenza: The individual's perspective

The estimated average economic cost of influenza in the United States exceeds $1 billion each year, and the actual cost is more likely on the order of $3 to $5 billion per year. Benefit-cost models generally indicate that the benefits of influenza immunization for persons aged 65 and over outweigh the cost (when one excludes the cost of medical care in the additional years of healthy life gained by immunization). The low acceptance of influenza immunization suggests that individuals do not see the benefit-cost equation in the same way that policymakers do. This article presents a benefit-cost equation from an individual's perspective. The model demonstrates that pre-season immunization is cost-effective when the cost of a case of influenza, were it to occur, would be very high--as it is in persons under active medical care for heart or lung disease, for example. Immunization is also cost-effective for persons with a high income and a low cost of immunization--such as physicians themselves. The model further demonstrates that in the face of an actual epidemic, one can justify greater expenditures on protection against influenza, including immunization plus chemoprophylaxis or early chemotherapy. Finally, analysis of the model suggests the need for improved, less expensive systems for protecting individuals against influenza.
Antipsychotic‐induced weight gain in first‐episode psychosis patients: a meta‐analysis of differential effects of antipsychotic medications

Aim The first-episode psychosis (FEP) represents a critical period to prevent cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity decades later. Antipsychotic (AP)-induced weight gain is one modifiable factor in this period. The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of AP-induced weight and body mass index (BMI) change in FEP. Methods A comprehensive literature search identified 28 articles that reported data on AP-specific weight or BMI change in FEP. We conducted a meta-analysis of short- and long-term mean weight and BMI differences between placebo and AP medications. We also performed subgroup and meta-regression analysis to examine weight, BMI outcomes and their relationship with location (Asian vs. Western), sponsorship and baseline weight and BMIs. Results Compared to placebo, AP-caused mean weight gain was 3.22 kg and 1.4 points BMI in the short-term, and 5.30 kg and 1.86 points BMI in the long term. Clinically significant weight gain risk increased about twofold with AP use. Weight gain was associated with duration of AP use. AP medications were associated with more weight gain in Western samples as opposed to Asian samples. Most AP medications were associated with significant body weight gain and BMI increase in FEP patients, except for ziprasidone. Olanzapine and clozapine caused the highest weight gain compared to placebo. Conclusion Except for ziprasidone, most AP medications were associated with body weight gain and BMI increase in FEP patients. Early and continuing effects of various AP medications on weight gain and BMI increase should be taken into consideration by clinicians.
A new relativistic orthogonal states quantum key distribution protocol

We introduce a new relativistic orthogonal states quantum key distribution protocol which leverages the properties of both quantum mechanics and special relativity to securely encode multiple bits onto the spatio-temporal modes of a single photon. If the protocol is implemented using a single photon source, it can have a key generation rate faster than the repetition rate of the source, enabling faster secure communication than is possible with existing protocols. Further, we provide a proof that the protocol is secure and give a method of implementing the protocol using line-of-sight and fiber optic channels.
On Robustness of Hybrid Digital/Analog Source-Channel Coding With Bandwidth Mismatch

For transmission of memoryless Gaussian sources over channels with additive white Gaussian noise, the tradeoff between the distortion when the channel quality is good versus bad is investigated under the constraint that the distortion is optimal when the channel has the targeted median quality. The problem was proposed by Tian and Shamai, who subsequently proved remarkable achievability results for bandwidth expansion ratios $\kappa $ , which are integers or unit fractions, i.e., $\kappa =2,3,4,\ldots $ or $\kappa =1/2,1/3,1/4,\ldots $ Their result is extended here to all $\kappa \geq 2$ and $\kappa \leq 1/2$ by generalizing the hybrid digital/analog (HDA) scheme of Wilson et al. to the case of bandwidth mismatch. Finally, novel schemes are proposed for $1/2\leq \kappa and $1 achieving nontrivial tradeoffs outperforming all known schemes. These latter schemes rely on another extension of the HDA scheme by Wilson et al. , namely, the relaxation of the independence of source and channel input sequences.
‘Positive’ Gentrification, Social Control and the ‘Right to the City’ in Mixed-Income Communities: Uses and Expectations of Space and Place

Public policies supporting market-oriented strategies to develop mixed-income communities have become ascendant in the United States and a number of other countries around the world. Although framed as addressing both market goals of revitalization and social goals of poverty deconcentration and inclusion, these efforts at positive gentrification also generate a set of fundamental tensionsbetween integration and exclusion, use value and exchange value, appropriation and control, poverty and developmentthat play out in particular, concrete ways on the ground. Drawing on social control theory and the right to the city framework of Henri LeFebvre, this paper interrogates these tensions as they become manifest in three mixed-income communities being developed to replace public housing complexes in Chicago, focusing particularly on responses to competing expectations regarding the use of space and appropriate normative behavior, and to the negotiation of these expectations in the context of arguments about safety, order, what constitutes public space, and the nature and extent of rights to use that space in daily life.
Measuring Governance and Service Delivery in Safety Net Programs

This paper develops a framework to assess organizational performance in the delivery of social safety nets. Specifically, it provides guidance to task teams and program managers for identifying indicators of governance and service quality in targeted cash transfer programs. The paper identifies governance issues along the results chain of service delivery and suggests policy and performance indicators for assessing program inputs, human resources, financing and resource management; and program activities, operational procedures, Management Information Systems (MIS) and control. It also suggests indicators of organizational performance and the quality of outputs, including demand-side accountability mechanisms.
A non-numeric approach to multi-criteria/multi-expert aggregation based on approximate reasoning

We describe a technique that can be used for the fusion of multiple sources of information as well as for the evaluation and selection of alternatives under multi-criteria. Three important properties contribute to the uniqueness of the technique introduced. The first is the ability to do all necessary operations and aggregations with information that is of a nonnumeric linguistic nature. This facility greatly reduces the burden on the providers of information, the experts. A second characterizing feature is the ability assign, again linguistically, differing importance to the criteria or in the case of information fusion to the individual sources of information. A third significant feature of the approach is its ability to be used as method to find a consensus of the opinion of multiple experts on the issue of concern. The techniques used in this approach are base on ideas developed from the theory of approximate reasoning. We illustrate the approach with a problem of project selection.
The moduli of flat PU(p, p)-structures with large Toledo invariants

For a compact Riemann surface X of genus \(g > 1, {\rm Hom}(\pi_1(X),{\rm PU}(p,q))/{\rm PU}(p,q)\) is the moduli space of flat \({\rm PU}(p,q)\)-connections on X. There are two invariants, the Chern class c and the Toledo invariant \(\tau\) associated with each element in the moduli. The Toledo invariant is bounded in the range \(-2min(p,q)(g-1) \le \tau \le 2min(p,q)(g-1)\). This paper shows that the component, associated with a fixed \(\tau > 2(max(p,q)-1)(g-1)\) (resp. \(\tau < -2(max(p,q)-1)(g-1)\)) and a fixed Chern class c, is connected (The restriction on \(\tau\) implies p=q).
Practical adaptive oblivious transfer from simple assumptions

In an adaptive oblivious transfer (OT) protocol, a sender commits to a database of messages and then repeatedly interacts with a receiver in such a way that the receiver obtains one message per interaction of his choice (and nothing more) while the sender learns nothing about any of the choices. Recently, there has been significant effort to design practical adaptive OT schemes and to use these protocols as a building block for larger database applications. To be well suited for these applications, the underlying OT protocol should: (1) support an efficient initialization phase where one commitment can support an arbitrary number of receivers who are guaranteed of having the same view of the database, (2) execute transfers in time independent of the size of the database, and (3) satisfy a strong notion of security under a simple assumption in the standard model. We present the first adaptive OT protocol simultaneously satisfying these requirements. The sole complexity assumption required is that given (g, ga, gb, gc,Q), where g generates a bilinear group of prime order p and a, b, c are selected randomly from Zp, it is hard to decide if Q = gabc. All prior protocols in the standard model either do not meet our efficiency requirements or require dynamic "q-based" assumptions. Our construction makes an important change to the established "assisted decryption" technique for designing adaptive OT. As in prior works, the sender commits to a database of n messages by publishing an encryption of each message and a signature on each encryption. Then, each transfer phase can be executed in time independent of n as the receiver blinds one of the encryptions and proves knowledge of the blinding factors and a signature on this encryption, after which the sender helps the receiver decrypt the chosen ciphertext. One of the main obstacles to designing an adaptive OT scheme from a simple assumption is realizing a suitable signature for this purpose (i.e., enabling signatures on group elements in a manner that later allows for efficient proofs.) We make the observation that a secure signature scheme is not necessary for this paradigm, provided that signatures can only be forged in certain ways.
On Lagrangian tangent sweeps and Lagrangian outer billiards

Given a Lagrangian submanifold in linear symplectic space, its tangent sweep is the union of its (affine) tangent spaces, and its tangent cluster is the result of parallel translating these spaces so that the foot point of each tangent space becomes the origin. This defines a multivalued map from the tangent sweep to the tangent cluster, and we show that this map is a local symplectomorphism (a well known fact, in dimension two). We define and study the outer billiard correspondence associated with a Lagrangian submanifold. Two points are in this correspondence if they belong to the same tangent space and are symmetric with respect to its foot pointe. We show that this outer billiard correspondence is symplectic and establish the existence of its periodic orbits. This generalizes the well studied outer billiard map in dimension two.
Solar Energetic Particles: Sampling Coronal Abundances

In the large solar energetic particle (SEP) events, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) drive shock waves out through the corona that accelerate elements of the ambient material to MeV energies in a fairly democratic, temperature-independent manner. These events provide the most complete source of information on element abundances in the corona. Relative abundances of 22 elements from H through Zn display the well-known dependence on the first ionization potential (FIP) that distinguishes coronal and photospheric material. For most elements, the main abundance variations depend upon the gyrofrequency, and hence on the charge-to-mass ratio, Q/A, of the ion. Abundance variations in the dominant species, H and He, are not Q/A dependent, presumably because of non-linear wave-particle interactions of H and He during acceleration. Impulsive flares provide a different sample of material that confirms the Ne:Mg:Si and He/C abundances in the corona.
THE MASS AND SPIN OF THE MESONS, BARYONS, AND LEPTONS

The rest masses of the stable mesons and baryons and the rest masses of their antiparticles, as well as the rest masses of the mu (+,-) and tau (+,-) leptons can be explained, within 1% accuracy, with the standing wave model, which uses only photons, neutrinos, charge and the weak nuclear force. And we can explain the spin of the stable mesons and baryons and the spin of the mu (+,-) and tau (+,-) leptons without any additional assumption. We can also determine the rest masses of the electron-, mu- and tau-neutrinos.
Where Are the Babies? Labor Market Conditions and Fertility in Europe

Cross-country differences in both the age at first birth and fertility are substantial in Europe. This paper uses distinct fluctuations in unemployment rates across European countries during the 1980s and the 1990s combined with broad differences in their labor market arrangements to analyze the associations between fertility timing and the changing economic environment with close to 50,000 women from 13 European countries. First, it employs time-varying measures of aggregate market conditions in each woman’s country as covariates and second, it adds micro-measures of each woman’s labor market history to the models. High and persistent unemployment in a country is associated with delays in childbearing (and second births). The association is robust to diverse measures of unemployment and to controls for family-friendly policies. Besides moderate unemployment, a large public employment sector (which provides security and benefits) is coupled with faster transitions to all births. Women with temporary contracts, mostly in Southern Europe, are the least likely to give birth to a second child.
ANALYTICAL SPECTROSCOPY WITH INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMAS – PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Inductively coupled Ar plasmas are simple and efficient devices for transforming liquid and solid aerosols, vapors, and gases at atmospheric pressure into free atoms, excited atoms, ions, and molecular fragments. Once these species are produced, they can provide the analyst with a wealth of information through their emission, fluorescence, absorption, and mass spectra. In this lecture, the physical and spectroscopic properties will be reviewed followed by an update of their applications in emission, fluorescence, and mass spectroscopy. Specific topics to be highlighted in this update are: ICP mass spectroscopy; isotopic abundance measurements via ICP atomic-emission spectroscopy; and a new ICP wavelength atlas. The closing portion of the lecture will be concerned with future projections on the various forms of ICP spectroscopy.
Computational Models of Neural Representations in the Human Brain

For many centuries scientists have wondered how the human brain represents thoughts in terms of the underlying biology of neural activity. Philosophers, linguists, cognitive scientists and others have proposed theories, for example suggesting that the brain organizes conceptual information in hierarchies of concepts, or that it instead represents different concepts in different local regions of the cortex.
Symplectic structures and volume elements in the function space for the cubic Schrödinger equation

We consider various trace formulas for the cubic Schrodinger equa- tion in the space of infinitely smooth functions subject to periodic boundary conditions. The formulas relate conventional integrals of motion to the periods of some Abelian differentials (holomorphic one-forms) on the spectral curve. We show that the periods of Abelian differentials are global coordinates on the moduli space of spectral curves. The exterior derivatives of the holomorphic one-forms are the basic and higher symplectic structures on the phase space. We write ex- plicitly these symplectic structures in QP coordinates. We compute the ratio of two symplectic volume elements in the infinite genus limit.
Server-supported signatures

Non-repudiation is one of the most important security services. In this paper we present a novel non-repudiation technique, called Server-Supported Signatures, S3. It is based on one-way hash functions and traditional digital signatures. One of its highlights is that for ordinary users the use of asymmetric cryptography is limited to signature verification. S3 is efficient in terms of computational, communication and storage costs. It also offers a degree of security comparable to existing techniques based on asymmetric cryptography.