cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Timing of SBRT for Treatment of Oligometastatic Disease: A Single Institution Retrospective Analysis.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) There is mounting evidence that curative-intent stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may improve overall survival (OS) in patients with oligometastatic disease. However, the optimal sequencing and timing of radiation in this setting remains unclear. Delaying SBRT in favor of upfront systemic therapy can reduce tumor burden whilst allowing for the oligometastatic state to declare itself. However, there is also data to suggest that early upfront SBRT may confer a survival benefit. In this study, we explored the optimal timing of SBRT in the setting of oligometastatic disease. MATERIALS/METHODS Patients who were initially diagnosed from 1991-2018 at a single institution and treated with curative intent SBRT to ≤5 extracranial metastatic lesions were included in this study. All primary tumor locations and histologies were included. Chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare clinical and demographic data. Variables associated with improved OS were examined using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS A total of 70 patients treated with curative intent SBRT in the oligometastatic setting were included. The majority of patients had metachronous disease (n = 62). Median follow up time, OS, and progression free survival (PFS) were 27.0 months, 33.9 months, and 8.9 months respectively. Median time from diagnosis to treatment with SBRT was 2.7 months. Patients were categorized as those who received concurrent therapy (upfront systemic therapy and SBRT within 3 months of the date of diagnosis, n = 14), those who received sequential therapy (upfront systemic therapy followed by SBRT outside 3 months of the date of diagnosis, n = 20), or those who received upfront SBRT (n = 36). On univariate analysis, a trend between receipt of upfront systemic therapy and improved survival was observed (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.32-1.09, P = 0.096). Sequential therapy (HR: 2.74, 95% CI: 0.89-8.42, P = 0.079) and upfront SBRT (HR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.14-9.54, P = 0.027) were associated with worse survival compared to concurrent therapy. Higher Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) (HR:0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99, P = 0.018) was associated with improved survival. Older age was associated with worse survival (HR:1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.05, P = 0.020). Multivariate Cox analysis included variables with P < 0.1 and showed that sequential therapy (HR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.01-10.28, P = 0.049) as well as upfront SBRT (HR: 3.28, 95% CI:1.10-9.76, P = 0.033) were associated with worse survival compared to upfront systemic therapy and early SBRT. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that concurrent systemic therapy and SBRT may be associated with better survival compared to upfront SBRT in the oligometastatic setting. Amongst patients who received upfront systemic therapy, those who received early SBRT performed better than those who delayed SBRT. Given the retrospective nature of our work and small sample size more work will be needed to corroborate our findings.
Optimal synthesis of integrated refrigeration systems—I: Mixed-integer programming model

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of synthesizing minimum-cost refrigeration systems that are integrated with heat-recovery networks. An efficient network representation is proposed for embedding multistage cycle configurations that operate over a discrete set of potential temperature levels, and which account for the heat integration of a set of hot and cold process streams. Based on this network representation, the prediction of a lower bound for the utility costs is formulated as a linear programming problem. The synthesis of integrated refrigeration systems that minimize both capital and utility costs is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem. The application of this method is illustrated with a test problem.
Ethnic/racial influences on the physiologic health of cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND Improvements in early detection, treatment, and general supportive care allow more people to survive cancer. Information regarding the long-term health impact of cancer and cancer treatments on these survivors of adult-onset malignancies is gradually accumulating. Although information is limited overall, it is apparent that the cancer experience differs across ethnically/racially diverse populations. METHODS In the current report, the authors characterized and compared health profiles among ethnic/racial groups within a large cohort (n > 6000) of long-term survivors of cancer. In addition, the authors focused on survivors of cervical carcinoma, because they constitute a substantial and relatively homogeneous portion of the overall cohort. RESULTS The authors observed significant differences among African American, Hispanic American, and Caucasian American cancer survivors in terms of age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, family dynamics, education, type of malignancy, and perceived influences of cancer on specific physiologic health problems. Among survivors of cervical carcinoma, there were significant ethnic/racial differences in terms of disease histology as well as the impact of the disease on overall health. CONCLUSIONS The current study reveals significant ethnic/racial differences among cancer survivors and highlights the need for further investigation of the relation between cancer survivorship and ethnicity/race. Cancer 2004;100:156–64. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Patterns in electrolyte and nitrogen balance in the newborn premature infant.

The sodium, potassium and nitrogen balances of 24 small premature infants during the first 3 weeks of life have been determined. During the first week of life there was a sodium deficit of 6 to 16 meq/kg in clinically well infants. Prior to milk feeding there was a loss of potassium and nitrogen, followed by change to retention once milk feedings were started. See Image in the PDF file Some sick infants showed a similar pattern; others showed a relative salt retention during illness or during moderate increases in sodium intake. Three infants were treated with cortisone during the first week of life. Two retained potassium as well as sodium during that time. Another demonstrated an apparent migration of sodium into the cells while receiving the cortisone. Low and more labile sodium values in serum were noted more often in the ill infants, while higher potassium levels in serum were more frequently encountered in the same infants, although these two phenomena were not necessarily associated. During the second and third weeks of life, all babies studied began to retain sodium irrespective of the degree of immaturity at birth and the positive nitrogen and potassium balance continued. See Image in the PDF file It is conjectured that the sodium diuresis observed during the first week of life may represent a physiologic reduction of the total body water.
Viability, function and myocardial changes of normal and hypertrophied hearts after insertion of one or more rigid tubes to the full length of the left ventricular myocardium.

Abstract Insertion of one or two rigid perforated Tygon or polyethylene tubes throughout the entire length of the left ventricular myocardium was performed in twenty-three dogs. In eight of these, an additional shunt operation was simultaneously or previously performed in order to obtain cardiac hypertrophy. Twenty animals survived, and three died during the second postoperative month. Increase in cardiac output with exercise was well tolerated when one tube was inserted. Blood volumes after insertion of one or two tubes were unchanged. Electrocardiogram changes were similar to those observed in myocardial ischemia. Insertion of the tubes does not produce cardiac hypertrophy nor does it increase cardiac hypertrophy following shunt operations. A connective sheath of 1 to 2 cm. diameter was constantly formed around the tube. This sheath was larger in the areas of perforation and always projected into the lumen of the tube.
A Digital Library of Native American Images

This paper summarizes the organizational and technical issues involved in creating a digital library of Native American images. Initial participants include a museum, an archives, and three university libraries. Using Oracle software, the shared images now constitute a database searchable by subject, date, photographer/artist, tribe, geographic location, and format of the material. Dynamic links are provided to the textual collections which house the physical images. The database resides at: http://libmuse.msu.montana.edu:4000/nad/nad.home.
Composition operators between Bergman and Hardy spaces

We study composition operators between weighted Bergman spaces. Certain growth conditions for generalized Nevanlinna counting functions of the inducing map are shown to be necessary and sufficient for such operators to be bounded or compact. Particular choices for the weights yield results on composition operators between the classical unweighted Bergman and Hardy spaces.
Efficacy of percutaneous cryoablation of renal cell carcinoma in older patients with medical comorbidities: Outcome study in 70 patients

Introduction: The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of cryoablation for incidentally discovered small renal cell carcinomas in older patients with medical comorbidities. Methods: We carried out a retrospective chart analysis of outcomes of 70 patients treated by cryoablation. The inclusion criteria were age >56 years, medical comorbidities (Charlson class I–III), and suitability for cryoablation established by urologists and interventional radiologists. In total, 43 patients were male, 27 female, and the age range was 56 to 89. The lesions measured 1.5 to 4 cm; 29 were high-grade Fuhrman and 41 were low grade. All lesions were treated by 2 10-minute freezing cycles separated by an 8-minute thawing period. One to seven cryoprobes were inserted according to a preoperative, 3D computed tomography (CT)-based plan. Results: Results were assessed on follow-up CTs (at 8–9 months). Of the 70 patients, 68 were treated by cryoablations and surgical salvage procedures; these patients were free of disease for 23 to 72 months (mean 39). One patient experienced recurrence and the other was lost to follow-up. One or two cryoablations rendered 66 patients tumour-free and additional surgery rendered another 2 patients tumour-free. The location and configuration of the lesion affected outcomes. Of the 27 posterior lesions, there was 1 failure; of the postero-lateral lesions, there were 4 failures; of the anterior lesions, there were 5 lesions; finally of the 32 central or deep seated lesions, there were 9 failures. Implants with one and two cryoprobes had a high recurrence rate. Three major complications were managed by minor interventions. The mean hospitalization was 1.3 days and the procedure times were variable. Conclusion: Percutaneous cryoablation is recommended as a minimally invasive nephron-sparing treatment for amenable lesions in older patients with medical comorbidities.
Volviendo a Husserl. Reactualizando el contexto filosófico tradicional del “problema” fenomenológico del otro. La Monadología de Leibniz

“Back to Husserl: Reclaiming the Traditional Philosophical Context ofthe Phenomenological ‘Problem’ of the Other: Leibniz’s Monadology”. The internalmotivation that led Husserl to revise his early view of the pure Ego as empty ofessential content is traced to the end of explicating his reformulation of phenomenologyas the egology of the concrete transcendental Ego. The necessity ofrecasting transcendental phenomenology as a transcendental idealism that followsfrom this reformulation is presented and the appearance of transcendentalsolipsism of this idealism exposed as unfounded. That the ground of this exposureis Husserl’s phenomenological appropriation of Leibniz’s metaphysical insightsinto the problem of accounting for the plurality of monads, and, therefore, not theCartesian problem of the other mind, is presented as the key to reclaiming thetraditional philosophical context of the phenomenological problem of the other.
Access to Disaster Services

ABSTRACT This study uses geographic and network analysis, and regression techniques, to examine access to services for vulnerable populations in disaster, and offer potential interventions to improve access. The population for this study is 67 organizations providing disaster social services in a U.S. metropolitan area, and an additional 25 organizations which are willing to provide these services but do not have a formal disaster relief function. The findings from this study indicate a lack of relief services for vulnerable populations, including African-Americans, people over 75 years old, and female-headed households with young children. During a disaster, a type of social injustice results from (a) the vulnerability of these populations to disaster, (b) the higher vulnerability to disaster of the areas in which these populations reside, (c) the smaller number of organizations serving these areas, (d) the lower capacities and network interaction of these local organizations, and (e) the formidable geog...
Fluorometric Determination of Zinc in Biologic Fluids

The 8-quinolinol complexes of zinc at pH 8.0 (in universal buffer) are stabilized by gum arabic and demonstrate a marked fluorescence at 517 mµ when excited at 375 mµ. Under these conditions only zinc—not magnesium or calcium at physiologic concentrations—can be determined in plasma and urine. Adult plasma has 94 ± 7 µg. zinc per 100 ml. while the plasma of children contains 108 ± 15g./100 ml.
Enantioselective Ullmann Ether Couplings: Syntheses of (−)-Myricatomentogenin, (−)-Jugcathanin, (+)-Galeon, and (+)-Pterocarine

The first enantioselective Ullmann cross-coupling reactions to prepare diaryl ethers are reported. The reactions were used to prepare the diarylether heptanoid natural products (−)-myricatomentogenin, (−)-jugcathanin, (+)-galeon, and (+)-pterocarine.
Joule heating induced by vortex motion in a type-II superconductor

We present experiments that determine the temperature increase in a type-II superconductor due to Joule heating induced by vortex motion. The effect of Joule heating is detected by comparing the response of the vortex lattice to fixed amplitude current steps of short (10 \ensuremath{\mu}s) and long (4 s) duration, where the Joule heating is negligible and saturates, respectively. The thermometry is based on the temperature dependence of the voltage response of the vortex lattice to a driving current. By monitoring the temperature increase in ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ samples adhered on a sapphire substrate with GE varnish we obtain the effective heat transfer coefficient between the sample and the bath and show that the heating is primarily due to the power dissipated by the vortex motion.
Maturational changes in cerebral function in infants determined by 18FDG positron emission tomography

2-Deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography performed in human infants during development revealed progressive changes in local cerebral glucose utilization. In infants 5 weeks of age and younger, glucose utilization was highest in the sensorimotor cortex, thalamus, midbrain-brainstem, and cerebellar vermis. By 3 months, glucose metabolic activity had increased in the parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices and the basal ganglia, with subsequent increases in frontal and various association regions occurring by 8 months. These functional changes measured with positron emission tomography are in agreement with behavioral, neurophysiological, and anatomical alterations known to occur during infant development.
New techniques for the grafting of cultured human epidermal cells onto athymic animals

Cultures of human epidermal cells may be used to generate epidermis on athymic recipients. We describe two novel techniques for grafting such cultures. Both techniques permit the generation of typical human epidermis within 7 d. Both techniques result in less graft contraction than conventional grafting, and there is no difficulty in distinguishing the human epidermis generated by the graft from the epidermis of the recipient animal. Starting with a single human biopsy, epidermis may be generated on a great many experimental animals; such grafts should therefore provide uniform material for investigation of the properties of human epidermis.
Biocidal properties of metal oxidenanoparticles and their halogenadducts

Nanosized metal oxide halogen adducts possess high surface reactivities due to their unique surface morphologies. These adducts have been used as reactive materials against vegetative cells, such as Escherichia coli as well as bacterial endospores, including Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis (Δ Sterne strain). Here we report high biocidal activities against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and endospores. The procedure consists of a membrane method. Transmission electron micrographs are used to compare nanoparticle-treated and untreated cells and spores. It is proposed that the abrasive character of the particles, the oxidative power of the halogens/interhalogens, and the electrostatic attraction between the metal oxides and the biological material are responsible for high biocidal activities. While some activity was demonstrated, bacterial endospores were more resistant to nanoparticle treatment than the vegetative bacteria.
The menstrual pattern in thyroid disease.

INTRODUCTION CLINICIANS have long recognized that diseases of the thyroid gland in the premenopausal female often are associated with abnormalities of menses. Most texts on the subject describe amenorrhea in patients with thyrotoxicosis, and menorrhagia in patients with myxedema. W. O. Thompson (1) and Lerman (2) emphasized how little is actually known of the relationship of the thyroid and menstruation. It is not clear whether the menstrual dysfunctions occur because of abnormalities of the pituitary, of the end organs involved, or of utilization of the various hormones peripherally. The observations reported here were obtained in order to describe and define further the menstrual abnormalities of thyroid disease. METHODS Premenopausal female patients attending the Thyroid Clinic of the Massachusetts General Hospital over a twelve-month period, who showed definite clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism or of myxedema, were included in this study. Thyroid status was established by the usual p...
Field-scale preferential transport of water and chloride tracer by depression-focused recharge.

A tracer study was initiated in November 1993 to investigate depression-focused recharge and to monitor solute movement through the vadose zone into the shallow ground water in southeastern North Dakota. Granular potassium chloride (KCl) was surface-applied to two areas overlying subsurface drains and to one area instrumented with soil solution samplers, ground water monitoring wells, time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, and temperature probes. One of the subsurface drain tracer plots was located on level ground while the other two sites were in small topographic depressions. Formation of ground water mounds beneath the depressions indicated that these areas are recharge sites. The applied Cl - tracer was found to move rapidly to the shallow ground water under the depressional areas after infiltration of spring snowmelt in 1994. Excessive rainfall events were also responsible for focused recharge and the rapid transport of the applied Cl - tracer. Water flow through partially frozen soil at the bottom of the depressions during thaw enhanced preferential movement of the tracer.
Theoretical foundations of Die-to-Model inspection.

Advanced immersion lithography is enabled by a combination of optimized off-axis illumination, highly complex design patterns, and photo-mask technologies with several transmission and phase levels. The pattern on the mask, for 45nm half pitch and below, shows little resemblance to the target printed pattern, which is revealed only when illuminated with the correct aerial exposure conditions. The main pattern is modified or surrounded by OPC and SRAF features which are comparatively much smaller. The small size and irregularity of these features present a challenge to mask inspection process, both due to their size and the mask manufacturing process sensitivity. While most masks are inspected using a die-to-die scheme, single-die masks use an alternative detection scheme based on comparing the mask image to mask design data. In high-resolution inspection tools, the resolution must be sufficient to resolve the sub-resolution features, and compare them to the mask design. In aerial inspection tools, which have optics that mimic the illumination and collection exposure conditions over the mask as in a scanner, the inspection image depicts the mask at the scanner resolution. As a consequence, in the aerial image, as in the scanner, sub-resolution features are not resolved and do not develop. Therefore, a conventional comparison to a database is not possible. Here, we present a single die detection scheme that takes a new approach - an optical model is calculated from the mask design information, based on an optical modeling of the inspection optics response. The result is an aerial model image, which predicts the aerial image created by the inspection tool, and may be directly compared to the real image captured by the inspection machine. We describe herein the theoretical foundation of the Die-to-Model scheme, and the practical computational implementation. As a consequence of the high quality modeling, the detection scheme employed for single die inspection performance is identical to the die-to-die scheme,. This new die to model scheme, implemented on the Aera2 aerial mask inspection tool is successfully implemented in 4x memory and 32nm generation logic mask production at leading mask shops.
Variations in Wounding by Relationship Intimacy in Homicide Cases

There are numerous examples in the homicide literature of a presumed connection between the victim–offender relationship and the manner, extent, and body location of wounds inflicted in homicides. The current study examined variations in wounding patterns according to the intimacy of the victim–offender relationship in a sample of urban homicides to explore the investigative utility of this information in an average homicide event. The findings demonstrated that victims who had a current or former intimate relationship with their offender were more likely to receive wounds to the face and be injured with a weapon from the scene compared with all other relationship groups, whereas injury to the head and use of manual violence were more likely among intimates and family/friends compared with acquaintances or strangers. However, the groups did not significantly differ in terms of the overall amount of wounds inflicted. Implications of the findings and suggested areas of future research are discussed.
Globalizing Bombay Cinema

This article examines the changing relations between Bombay cinema and the Indian state in a global context. In 1998, the Indian state recognized film as an industry. This dramatic shift in state policy occurred during the same period as two other noteworthy developments. First, the Bombay film industry produced and successfully distributed what the Indian state and the audiences approvingly referred to as ‘family films’. Second, Indian diasporic communities emerged as valued audiences in Bombay's box-office figures and as desired investors in the Indian state's political, economic, and cultural plans. By examining this historical conjuncture, I seek to show how processes of globalization contribute to the (re)production of Hindi commercial cinema, the Indian state and family.
A new record of climate variability in the Gulf of Mexico for the last millennium

Greenland ice core records were among the fi rst to reveal evidence of dramatic climate swings during the last glacial ([Taylor et al., 1993][1]). By comparison, Holocene climate as recorded in Greenland ice appears to have been relatively stable. However, as new paleoclimate records have emerged
The Impact of Respiratory Viral Infection on Wheezing Illnesses and Asthma Exacerbations

The etiology and morbidity associated with asthma are thought to stem from both genetic factors and potentially modifiable environmental factors, such as viral infections. Although it is unclear whether respiratory viral infections cause asthma, observational studies have demonstrated a high rate of asthma in children with a history of severe viral lower respiratory tract infections during infancy, and viruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations among both children and adults. This article discusses the pathogens associated with virus-induced wheezing illnesses during infancy and early childhood, the association of bronchiolitis during infancy with an increased risk of childhood asthma, and the association of respiratory viruses with asthma exacerbations in older children and adults.
Tourism and gambling content analysis

Abstract A newspaper content analysis of tourism and gambling in Deadwood, South Dakota (USA) provides information on the issues portrayed to the general public about gaming. In five years, 712 articles written in three local newspapers portrayed five general categories of information: economics, regulatory concerns, initial questions on gaming, logistics and planning needed, and negatives toward gaming. Trends in newspaper accounts show gaming is a vital player in tourism and the economic growth of the community. However, gaming is continually questioned as the answer for economic development. Social issues and negative issues of gaming tend to become more prevalent after gaming has been initiated in a small community.
Worry moderates the relation between negative affectivity and affect-related substance use in adolescent males: a prospective study of maladaptive emotional self-regulation☆

Abstract High negative affectivity has been frequently associated with adolescent substance use; presumably as the individual relies upon alcohol or other drug use to disrupt negative emotional states. Worry has been posited to serve a similar function, acting as a repetitive verbal–linguistic coping activity that disrupts unpleasant emotional processing. This study tested the hypothesis that worry might displace affect-related substance use as a maladaptive means of dealing with high negative affectivity. Two hundred fifty-seven adolescent male participants, along with their parents and teachers, completed measures of participants’ negative affectivity, worry, fearfulness, and substance use at two time points separated by approximately 4 years. Results supported the stated hypothesis; while low worriers were characterized by a significant positive relation between negative affectivity and affect-related substance use, no such relation was observed in high worriers. Although worry and fearfulness were moderately related, neither was directly related to substance use, suggesting that worry does not simply represent a fearful inhibition to use drugs. These findings suggest that worrying may take the place of substance use as a means of coping with unpleasant feelings in some adolescents.
Tumor cell dormancy induced by p38SAPK and ER-stress signaling: an adaptive advantage for metastatic cells?

The mechanisms that determine whether a tumor cell that has disseminated to a secondary site will resume growth immediately, die or enter a state of dormancy are poorly understood. Although tumor dormancy represents a common clinical finding, studying the mechanisms behind this stage of tumor progression has been challenging. Furthermore, it is thought that dormant tumor cells are refractory to chemotherapy due to their lack of proliferation. However, whether this is the only reason for their chemo-resistance remains to be proven. In this review we summarize recent findings that provide a mechanistic explanation about how stress signaling through the p38SAPK pathway and ER-stress signaling may coordinate the induction of growth arrest and drug-resistance in a model of squamous carcinoma dormancy. We further discuss how dormant tumor cells may enter this stage to adapt to strenuous conditions that do not favor immediate growth after dissemination. Finally, we propose that this response may recapitulate an ...
Approach to the Management of Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) and portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) are important causes of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. These gastric mucosal lesions are mostly diagnosed on upper endoscopy and can be distinguished based on their appearance or location in the stomach. In some situations, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, a diffuse pattern and involvement of gastric mucosa are seen with both GAVE and severe PHG. The diagnosis in such cases is hard to determine on visual inspection, and thus, biopsy and histologic evaluation can be used to help differentiate GAVE from PHG.
Characterization of a recombinant human calicivirus capsid protein expressed in mammalian cells

The capsid protein of the Hawaii strain of human calicivirus was expressed in the transient MVA/bacteriophage T7 polymerase hybrid expression system in order to examine its processing in mammalian cells. Selected amino acid modifications (an insertion, deletion, and substitution) at the predicted amino terminus of the capsid protein as well as the presence or absence of the ORF3 gene were examined for their effect on capsid expression. The protein was expressed efficiently in cell lines derived from three different species, with most of the expressed protein remaining localized within the cells. There was no evidence for N-linked glycosylation or myristylation of the 57 kDa capsid protein. Hawaii virus-like particles (HV VLPs), efficiently produced in the baculovirus expression system, were not observed in this expression system under the conditions in this study.
Low-field FMR studies of magnetic confinement effects in patterned ferromagnetic thin films

We have performed broad-band (10 MHz–20 GHz) and tuned cavity (9.7 GHz) ferromagnetic resonance measurements on permalloy thin films patterned with square lattices of circular, square and diamond-shaped antidots of various sizes and separations. We observe remarkably reproducible mode structures in the low-frequency, hysteretic regime in which various domain wall patterns and unsaturated magnetization textures exist and are strongly affected by the geometry of the antidot lattice. The field, frequency and angular dependences of the observed modes (some of which have not been previously observed) are generally in good agreement with our micromagnetic simulations.
Neurocognitive outcomes following pediatric brain injury: A developmental approach

Abstract Developmental neuropsychologists postulate that “immaturity” of the cerebral cortex should no longer be perceived as a protective factor. They argue that injury to the young brain may affect new learning by disrupting the skills in the midst of being acquired and skills that are yet to be developed. Cognitive deficits or weaknesses that are not detectable in the acute phase following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) may emerge over development as more complex skills are needed, thereby creating a developmental lag between children who sustained a pediatric TBI and typical age peers. This literature review was conducted to evaluate the developmental perspective on neurocognitive recovery/development following a TBI. Overall, the described findings support a developmental view and suggest that predictions of prognosis should be based on the child's remaining ability to learn.
Oscillations in the acousto-electric proximity coupling to a 2D electron gas

Abstract We report the first results on proximity coupling of surface acoustic waves to a two dimensional electron gas. A GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs heterojunction was placed in close proximity to the surface of a piezoelectric substrate on which a surface acoustic wave was propagated. Oscillations in the attenuation of the surface wave, corresponding to the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in σxx, were observed as a function of applied magnetic field. Break down of the σxx = 0 state is seen at moderate power levels for the SAW. This is interpreted as either large current effects or due to spatial modulation of the Landau levels.
Metabolic heterogeneity in cancer

Metabolic reprogramming has long been viewed as an important component of malignant transformation. Recent years have defined a large number of mechanisms by which oncogene-directed perturbations of signal transduction regulate intermediary metabolism, and conversely, by which metabolites themselves influence gene expression and other dimensions of systems biology. However, there is still little agreement as to the breadth of metabolic programs that can support cancer cell growth, and more importantly, about which of the myriad metabolic activities observed in culture models of cancer cell proliferation are relevant to the survival and growth of tumors in vivo. I will discuss approaches to address these two challenges. First, I will discuss ongoing efforts to link functional metabolic pathway choices with oncogenotypes using systematic analysis of large panels of cancer cell lines. Second, I will describe efforts to probe metabolism in living tumors from humans and mice, using a combination of stable isotope tracing and other methods.
Genetic Engineering of Nicotiana tabacum for Reduced Nornicotine Content

Nornicotine is an undesirable secondary alkaloid in cultivated tobacco, because it serves as a precursor to N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), a tobacco-specific nitrosamine with suspected carcinogenic properties. Nornicotine is produced through the oxidative N-demethylation of nicotine by a nicotine N-demethylase enzyme during the senescence and curing of tobacco leaves. While the nornicotine content of most commercial burley tobacco is low, a process termed "conversion" can bestow considerably increased nornicotine levels in a portion of the plants within the population. Previously, we isolated a nicotine N-demethylase gene, designated CYP82E4, and demonstrated that RNAi-induced silencing of CYP82E4 and its close homologues is an effective means for suppressing nicotine to nornicotine conversion. In this study, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to confirm the central role of CYP82E4 in nicotine N-demethylation by demonstrating that the transcript accumulation of CYP82E4 is enhanced as much as 80-fold in converter vs nonconverter tobacco. We also show the design of an optimized RNAi construct (82E4Ri298) that suppressed nicotine to nornicotine conversion from 98% to as low as 0.8% in a strong converter tobacco line, a rate of nornicotine production that is about 3.6-fold lower than typically detected in commercial varieties. Southern blot analysis showed that a single copy of the RNAi transgene was as effective in suppressing nornicotine accumulation as multiple copies. Greenhouse-grown transgenic plants transformed with the RNAi construct were morphologically indistinguishable from the empty vector or wild-type controls. These results demonstrate that the genetic transformation of tobacco with the 82E4Ri298 construct is an effective strategy for reducing nornicotine and ultimately NNN levels in tobacco.
Interactive and reactive dynamic control

We provide an interface for controlling humanoid characters under physical simulation. This interface permits a user to control the character at a variety of different semantic levels. The character can be instructed at a high level, such as by issuing a walk command, or at a low level, such as by specifying poses with interactive keyframe selection. In addition, the character can perform autonomously in that it possesses a variety of reactive skills that can be performed when needed. Our work brings together interactive control with reactive control under physical simulation as a major step towards a larger system for an intelligent, controllable and interactive character.
Design and rationale for Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring and Case Management to Control Hypertension (HyperLink): A cluster randomized trial

Background Patients with high blood pressure (BP) visit a physician an average of 4 times or more per year in the U.S., yet BP is controlled in fewer than half. Practical, robust and sustainable models are needed to improve BP in patients with uncontrolled hypertension.
Effects of barbiturates on GABA system: comparison to alcohol and benzodiazepines.

Central nervous system depressants, e.g. barbiturates, alcohol and benzodiazepines, have a wide spectrum of activity in humans and animals. Evidence accumulated suggests that some of the pharmacological actions exerted by these agents may be mediated through GABA system by mimicking GABAergic transmission. This proceeding briefly summarizes the evidence presented in our previous review (Yu S and Ho Ik: Alcohol 7: 261, 1990) as to how the GABA system plays a part in the barbiturate actions and the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on barbiturates. The comparisons of the effects of alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines at different steps of GABA synapse are also discussed. Furthermore, the results which have been reported in the literature are inconsistent. This may be due to differences in (a) animal models used; (b) brain regions used; (c) protocols (dose, duration, form and route of administration, etc.) used in treating animals and/or (d) techniques (pharmacological, biochemical, physiological, etc.) used.
Transition to thermodynamic equilibrium through rearrangements of metastable structures on spinodal breakdown of binary polymer mixtures

Abstract The kinetics of the spinodal breakdown of a binary mixture of polymers is considered on the basis of an non-linear diffusion equation. The structure of the steady solutions of the equation is studied. The free energy of the system calculated in the solutions is a non-rising function of time. Numerical modelling has established that the passage to complete equilibrium proceeds as a sequence of fast rearrangements of the structures of the concentrations alternating with intervals of sharp slowing of the process. The free energy of the system is practically unchanged at the stages of kinetic stabilization.
Salivary gland pathology in HIV patients

Abstract HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIV-SGD) typically presents with xerostomia and/or swelling of the major salivary glands. It encompasses multitude of conditions like lymphoepithelial lesions, cysts involving the salivary gland tissue and/or intraglandular lymph nodes, Sjogren's syndrome-like conditions, diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS), and other reported lesions of the major salivary glands. HIV-related changes of the salivary glands are mostly identified based on the clinical findings and usually do not produce highly specific histomorphologic alterations. The histologic features associated with HIV-SGD are non-specific and similar to other inflammatory conditions of the salivary glands such as chronic sclerosing sialadenitis. Though this article is not all inclusive our aim is to highlight SG lesions or conditions that are directly related to or are caused by HIV infection and correlate both the clinical and salient histologic features. This chapter reviews the terminology, prevalence, symptoms, clinical features, diagnostic procedures, histopathology and the etiopathogenesis of HIV-SGD. We hope to provide ample insight into HIV-related salivary gland disease for physicians, dentists and clinicians in medical, dental and specifically otolaryngologic practice.
Galactoglycerolipid metabolism under stress: a time for remodeling

Galactoglycerolipids are the predominant lipid building blocks of chloroplast membranes and are essential for plant growth. Plant chloroplasts harbor a constitutive set of UDP-Gal-dependent lipid galactosyltransferases that are responsible for the bulk of galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis. A set of paralogs is induced in response to phosphate deprivation, which leads to the remodeling of extraplastidic membranes with a partial replacement of phosphoglycerolipid by digalactosyldiacylglycerol. A third type of galactoglycerolipid biosynthetic enzyme, a UDP-Gal-independent galactoglycerolipid galactosyltransferase, was recently shown to be involved in freezing tolerance. Here, we look at how understanding of the regulation of galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis in chloroplasts by these multiple enzyme sets is rapidly evolving and discuss the increasingly recognized role of lipid remodeling in response to diverse abiotic stresses.
Oxidation of halogenated benzaldehydes at aurized gold anodes

Abstract The oxidation of seven chloro- and bromobenzaldehydes was studied in 1.0 M aqueous NaOH with 10% tert-butanol cosolvent. Gold rotating disk electro
Variables Related To Contacting/Not Contacting Counseling Services Recommended By School Psychologists.

Abstract A study was conducted analyzing 132 referrals made by school psychologists to families for counseling outside of the school setting. Thirty-three variables were explored as having possible relationships with the outcome of the referral recommendation. Findings of this study were discussed in light of previous research, implications for practice were detailed, and study limitations noted.
Su(H)-Mediated Repression Positions Gene Boundaries along the Dorsal-Ventral Axis of Drosophila Embryos

In Drosophila embryos, a nuclear gradient of the Dorsal (Dl) transcription factor directs differential gene expression along the dorsoventral (DV) axis, translating it into distinct domains that specify future mesodermal, neural, and ectodermal territories. However, the mechanisms used to differentially position gene expression boundaries along this axis are not fully understood. Here, using a combination of approaches, including mutant phenotype analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that the transcription factor Suppressor of Hairless, Su(H), helps define dorsal boundaries for many genes expressed along the DV axis. Synthetic reporter constructs also provide molecular evidence that Su(H) binding sites support repression and act to counterbalance activation through Dl and the ubiquitous activator Zelda. Our study highlights a role for broadly expressed repressors, like Su(H), and organization of transcription factor binding sites within cis-regulatory modules as important elements controlling spatial domains of gene expression to facilitate flexible positioning of boundaries across the entire DV axis.
Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for combustion diagnostics

The types of spectroscopic and collisional measurements that are needed to develop laser-induced fluorescence as a diagnostic technique are discussed, with emphasis placed on combustion measurements. The spectroscopic measurements under collision-free conditions include production of radicals, excitation scan studies, lifetime measurements, and fluorescence scans. The collisional studies discussed here are quenching, energy transfer, and polarization phenomena. The results of recent laboratory experiments are presented.
UDP ACTIVATES A MUCOSAL-RESTRICTED RECEPTOR ON HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT IS DISTINCT FROM THE P2Y2 RECEPTOR

The presence of the P2Y2 (P2U-purinergic) receptor on the apical surface of airway tissue raises the possibility that aerosolized UTP might be used therapeutically to induce Cl− secretion in individuals with cystic fibrosis. However, the duration of the effects of UTP may be limited by enzymatic degradation. We therefore have analyzed the metabolism of UTP and its metabolite UDP on polarized human nasal epithelium (HNE), and have compared the pharmacological activities of these two uridine nucleotides. HPLC analysis of medium bathing the mucosal surface of HNE cells revealed the presence of an ecto-nucleotidase(s) that hydrolyzed [3H]UTP and [3H]UDP with t½ values (at 1 μM nucleotide) of 14 and 27 min, respectively. An ecto-nucleoside diphosphokinase activity also was observed, which promoted conversion of [3H]UDP into [3H]UTP in the presence of ATP. The effects of UDP on [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation, intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i), and Cl− secretory rates (ICl−) were quantitated in HNE cells in the presence of hexokinase and glucose to ensure that no UTP (or ATP) contaminated UDP solutions during the assays. Although UDP does not activate the human P2Y2 receptor, mucosal addition of UDP promoted [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation with an EC50 of 190 nM. Mucosal addition of UTP stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation with an EC50 of 280 nM. The maximal effects of mucosal UDP on [3H]inositol phosphate, [Ca2+]i, and ICl− responses were approximately one-half of those observed with mucosal UTP. Serosal application of UTP promoted a 50% greater [3H]inositol phosphate and calcium response than did mucosal application of UTP. In contrast, UDP had no effect when added to the serosal medium. Repetitive mucosal applications of UDP to HNE cells resulted in a progressive loss, i.e., desensitization, of the [Ca2+]i and ICl− response to UDP, whereas the corresponding responses to UTP remained unchanged. Our results provide evidence for the existence of a UDP receptor on HNE cells that is pharmacologically distinct from the P2Y2 receptor. The relative stability of UDP on the airway surface and the apparent predominant mucosal expression of this putative UDP receptor make it a potential target for cystic fibrosis treatment.
Pulsed X-ray emission of NP 0532 in March 1968.

Pulsed X ray emission associated with pulsar NP 0532 in Crab Nebula measured by six element detector on Aerobee 150 rocket
CULTURE AND EXPATRIATE FAILURE: AN ATTRIBUTTONAL EXPLICATION

The high failure rate for expatriate leaders is well documented. One major cause of these failures has been identified as the incongruencies in the perceptions of expatriate leaders and the host members that they manage. This article describes theory and research which suggests that a potential explanation for at least some of these perceptual incongruencies is that they are a result of culturally‐based attributional biases interacting with self‐serving and actor‐observer attributional biases. Although not all of the interactions of these biases result in incongruent perceptions, some interactions appear to be particularly prone to result in incongruent perceptions such as when leaders from highly individualistic and low context cultures interact with members from highly collectivistic and high context cultures. Suggestions for research and interventions designed to reduce incongruent attributions between leaders and members are discussed.
An experimental technique for studying 180° scattering

Abstract Using the associated particle method and a thin reaction target an experimental technique was developed for studying 180° scattering. This technique can be used to obtain the scattering cross section for neutrons and charged particles at extreme backward angles (165° to 180° to −165°). This technique was tested by measuring the elastic scattering cross section of 3.65 MeV neutrons from Pb at 180°.