cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Approaches to Material Style in Theory and Philosophy

Form and spatial distribution: These are the two most fundamental axes of variation in material culture that archaeologists use. They are essential to describing, classifying, and analyzing the archaeological record. They are the primary data used in identifying, explaining, and interpreting the archaeological record, whether reconstructing or writing the past. Traditionally, formal variation in material culture over space has served to distinguish past social groups, to define their chronological positions, and to reconstruct their behaviors, organization, and ideas at specific points in time.
The Use of Bromodeoxyuridine Incorporation Assays to Assess Corneal Stem Cell Proliferation

Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays have long been used to detect DNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro. The key principle of this method is that BrdU incorporated as a thymidine analog into nuclear DNA represents a label that can be tracked using antibody probes. In this chapter, we describe BrdU incorporation into limbal stem cells. The colorimetric reaction produced by this assay can be detected by immunohistochemistry, and using appropriate controls, it can be used for determination of proliferating properties of restricted progenitor cells derived from the cornea.
Advanced Biofuels: Economic Uncertainties, Policy Options, and Land Use Impacts

Second generation or cellulosic biofuels have potential to become a reliable source of renewable fuel. In this chapter we describe five major uncertainties that currently inhibit the development of these biofuels: (1) future oil prices, (2) feedstock availability and cost, (3) conversion technology efficiency and cost, (4) environmental impacts, and (5) government policy. In each of these areas, there are significant issues that impede development and commercialization of the second generation biofuels industry. However, all of these uncertainties could be managed if society were willing to pay the higher cost of cellulosic biofuels.
Case Study: Parecoxib: A Prodrug of Valdecoxib

Parecoxib, a weakly acidic drug (pKa 4.9), was developed as a COX-2 inhibitor for the management and treatment of acute pain. It was designed to be a water-soluble (> 50 mg/mL in normal saline), parenterally safe prodrug form of valdecoxib, or 4-(5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl) benzenesulfonamide, a diaryl-substituted isoxazole. Valdecoxib is a sparingly water soluble (10 µ/mL), weakly acidic drug with a pKa of 9.8. Valdecoxib is commercially available as Bextra, an oral formulation for the management of acute pain, chronic pain, osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and primary dysmenorrhea.
Cognition of Fundamental Concepts in Geometry

The purposes of this study were: 1) to investigate the effects of Logo Based Instruction (LBI) for the cognition of the four fundamental concepts in geometry, and 2) to explore the possibility of integrating the Logo programming language in the geometry curriculum. The regular classroom teacher taught both the experimental and control groups following the treatment plan designed by the researcher. Interviews of sixteen seventh and eighth graders from each group were audio taped. The results showed that the students in the experimental group had a deeper conceptualization of fundamental concepts in geometry. An ANCOVA test applied to the scores of Interview Sheets, and the t-test applied to the gain in van Hiele levels, were significant in favor of the experimental group. These results are encouraging and support the integration of Logo in the geometry curriculum.
Impact of highway construction on leaf processing in aquatic habitats of eastern Tennessee

Rates of leaf litter processing at eight sites were used in conjunction with other methods to evaluate the impact of highway construction on aquatic habitats. Monthly processing of white oak leaves from four different mesh size bags at unimpacted reference sites indicated that the three larger mesh sizes were useful for comparing sites, as they did not restrict invertebrate colonization and provided similar rates of processing within sites. Small mesh size (0.12 mm) prevented leaf shredding macroinvertebrates from colonizing bags, and caused significantly slower leaf processing in a riffle.
Port-Wine Birthmark and Hemangioma

Port-wine birthmarks (PWB) and infantile hemangiomas (IH) typically present, respectively, at birth to within weeks of birth and represent two of the most common types of vascular anomalies in children. Without treatment, port-wine birthmarks follow an expected evolution of hypertrophic change and bleb development (usually around the third decade of life) with associated physical and psychosocial comorbidities. Conversely, infantile hemangiomas typically follow a process of predictable involution that begins at approximately 1 year of life; despite the overall positive clinical outcome of most infantile hemangiomas, permanent sequelae such as telangiectasia, atrophic wrinkling, and redundant skin with fibro-fatty residua may be observed in up to 50% of patients after “spontaneous resolution,” a consideration that should be included in long-term prognosis and patient expectation discussions. Myriad medical and procedural treatment options exist for both PWB and IH and their associated complications, and patients may seek intervention at any age (i.e., infant to adult). It is therefore incumbent on all dermatologists and plastic surgeons to keep abreast of evolving treatment technologies and therapeutic approaches in order to deliver optimal clinical outcomes. This chapter reviews the published evidence regarding clinical evaluation and efficacy of available procedural interventions for PWB and IH and offers a practical approach based on that data.
Gamifying Instruction and Engaging Students With Breakout EDU

As technology advances at an unprecedented rate and the job market continually evolves, educators are challenged with effectively engaging students and preparing them for success after graduation. ...
Fatigue of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Part I: The effects of powder feedstock, manufacturing, and post-process conditions on the resulting microstructure and defects

Abstract Additive manufacturing provides an appealing means to process titanium alloy parts with new levels of conformability, complexity, and weight reduction. However, due to the heating/cooling rates and heat transfer associated with directed energy source material processing, the as-built AM parts contain unique material and microstructural features. In order to confidently manufacture fatigue critical additive manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V parts, a better understanding of the interrelationships between powder feedstock, AM processes, structure of the processed parts, their resulting mechanical properties, and their performance under realistic loadings is necessary. Part I of this two-part collection focuses on the powder-process-structure relationships and how powder feedstock, manufacturing, and post-processing conditions can affect the microstructure and defect features that ultimately contribute to the fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V parts. The material and physical phenomena inherent to the AM process of Ti-6Al-4V are discussed in detail and related to the phase composition/structure, grain morphology, surface characteristics, defect size/distribution, and post-process treatments available for AM parts. This investigation is the foundation for the structure-performance relationships that will be discussed in detail in Part II.
Impediments to information technology utilization in a developing nation m Africa

1 IVrf/ i an increasing awareness of the rale of information technology (IT) in improving in­ ternal efficiency and conducting business in the emerging global economy, organizations in the developing nations, like their counterparts in the developed countries, are taking a keen interest in IT-based solutions to their problems. Yet they face unique problems that impede their ability to adopt FT. This research identifies these problems in Zimbabwe a developing nation in Southern Africa. The results are based on a two-stage study consisting of interviews with 12 MIS managers, and responses to a questiormaire instrument by 88 middleand upperlevel managers in Zimbabwe. While some of the problems rnentioned are similar to those fac­ ed by the U. S. firms lack of knowledge about the potential of IT on the part of top manage­ ment and resistance to change by users others are somewhat unique to Zimbabwe (or most developing countries). These include: the firm's inability to acquire modem IT (because of the high cost of hardware/software and/or the lack of foreign currency to import this equip­ ment), and the lack of expertise in the areas of systems analysis, system design, information management, and computer training. j
New Insights into the Antimicrobial Properties of Hydrolysates and Peptide Fractions Derived from Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.)

Bioactive peptides derived from chia (Salvia hispanica) seed with antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory activities have been well documented; however, few studies describe the antimicrobial properties of these peptides, which is of great interest not only in the prevention of food-borne diseases but also food spoilage. The aim of this study was to generate chia seed peptides using microwave-assisted hydrolysis with sequential (alcalase + flavourzyme) enzymes (AF-MW), fractionate them into 3–10 and < 3 kDa fractions, and evaluate their potential antimicrobial activity towards Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes. Overall, the peptide fraction < 3 kDa showed higher antimicrobial activity than both chia seed hydrolysate and peptide fraction 3–10 kDa. Furthermore, the < 3 kDa fraction showed remarkable increase in membrane permeability of E. coli (71.49% crystal violet uptake) and L. monocytogenes (80.10% crystal violet uptake). These peptides caused a significant extension in the lag phase, decreases in the maximum growth, and growth rate in the bacteria and promoted multiple indentations (transmembrane tunnels), membrane wrinkling, and pronounced deformations in the integrity of the bacterial cell membranes. Finally, a select group of peptides in the AF-MW < 3 kDa fraction contained 16 sequences with cationic and hydrophobic character, with seven of them sharing the exact same sequence (GDVIAIR) and eight of them having the amino acid K as either N- or C-terminal or both. In conclusion, our results indicate that bioactive peptides obtained from chia seed proteins by microwave and enzymatic hydrolysis could be employed as antimicrobial agents in foods and therapeutic applications.
Review of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 of northeastern South America with an emphasis on Venezuela, Suriname, and Guyana (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae).

The water scavenger beetle genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 is reviewed in northeastern South America using an integrative approach that combines adult morphology and molecular data from the gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). Eighteen new species are described: Chasmogenus acuminatussp. nov. (Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname), C. ampliussp. nov. (Venezuela), C. berbicensissp. nov. (Guyana), C. brownsbergensissp. nov. (Suriname), C. castaneussp. nov. (Venezuela), C. clavijoisp. nov. (Venezuela), C. cuspifersp. nov. (Venezuela), C. flavomarginatussp. nov. (Venezuela), C. gatosp. nov. (Venezuela), C. guianensissp. nov. (Suriname, Guyana), C. ignotussp. nov. (Brazil), C. ligulatussp. nov. (Suriname), C. lineatussp. nov. (Venezuela), C. pandussp. nov. (Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname), C. schmitssp. nov. (Suriname), C. sinnamarensissp. nov. (French Guiana), C. tafelbergensissp. nov. (Suriname), and C. undulatussp. nov. (Guyana). We found genetic support for an additional new species in Guyana which is currently only known from females that we refer to as Chasmogenus sp. C. We examined the holotypes of the four species previously known from the region, and found that C. occidentalis Garcia syn. nov. and C. yukparum Garcia syn. nov. are conspecific with C. bariorum Garcia, 2000 and are synonymized with that species, which is here redescribed. We redescribe C. australis Garcia and expand the range of this species to include northern Brazil, Guyana, and French Guiana. All species are aquatic, with most being associated with forested streams and forest pools. Of the 21 species, more than half (11) are only known from a single locality indicating the genus may have many more micro-endemic species yet to be discovered in the region. Characters of the male genitalia are essential for confirming the identity of some species, consequently it is not always possible to make positive identifications of unassociated female specimens based on morphology alone. Habitus images are provided as well as a revised key to the genus for northeastern South America.
Sequential and parallel algorithms for all-pair k-mismatch maximal common substrings

Abstract Identifying long pairwise maximal common substrings among a large set of sequences is a frequently used construct in computational biology, with applications in DNA sequence clustering and assembly. Due to errors made by sequencers, algorithms that can accommodate a small number of differences are of particular interest. Formally, let D be a collection of n sequences of total length N , ϕ be a length threshold, and k be a mismatch threshold. The goal is to identify and report all k -mismatch maximal common substrings of length at least ϕ over all pairs of strings in D . Heuristics based on seed-and-extend style filtering techniques are often employed in such applications. However, such methods cannot provide any provably efficient run time guarantees. To this end, we present a sequential algorithm with an expected run time of O ( N log k N + occ ) , where occ is the output size. We then present a distributed memory parallel algorithm with an expected run time of O N p log N + occ log k N using O log k + 1 N expected rounds of global communications, under some realistic assumptions, where p is the number of processors. Finally, we demonstrate the performance and scalability of our algorithms using experiments on large high throughput sequencing data.
Assessing the effect of regularization on the molecular properties predicted by SCAN and self-interaction corrected SCAN meta-GGA

Recent regularization of the SCAN meta-GGA functional (rSCAN) has simplified the numerical complexities of the SCAN functional, alleviating SCAN's stringent demand on the numerical integration grids to some extent. The regularization of rSCAN, however, results in the breaking of some constraints such as the uniform electron gas limit, the slowly varying density limit, and coordinate scaling of the iso-orbital indicator. Here, we assess the effects of regularization on the electronic, structural, vibrational, and magnetic properties of molecules by comparing the SCAN and rSCAN predictions. The properties studied include atomic energies, atomization energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities, barrier heights, infrared intensities, dissociation and reaction energies, spin moments of molecular magnets, and isomer ordering of water clusters. Our results show that rSCAN requires less dense numerical grids and gives very similar results to those of SCAN for all properties examined with the exception of atomization energies, which are worsened in rSCAN. We also examine the performance of self-interaction-corrected (SIC) rSCAN with respect to SIC-SCAN using the Perdew–Zunger (PZ) SIC method. The PZSIC method uses orbital densities to compute one-electron self-interaction errors and places an even more stringent demand on numerical grids. Our results show that SIC-rSCAN gives marginally better performance than SIC-SCAN for almost all properties studied in this work with numerical grids that are on average half or less as dense as that needed for SIC-SCAN.
Menhaden, the Inedible Fish that Most Everyone Eats

Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus are an abundant member of the family Clupeidae. This fish is essential to the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay and coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean, providing the trophic link between plankton and the menhaden’s predators. These predators include the important sportfish striped bass (Morone saxatilis), other game fish, various piscivorous birds, and dolphins. Native Americans and early European colonists harvested the fish on a small scale to manure agricultural fields and feed pigs and chickens. New Englanders brought the menhaden reduction industry to the Chesapeake Bay in the 1870s. This led to the creation of the largest fishery on the East Coast of the US. The inedible menhaden were harvested en masse and processed to yield the commodities of fish meal and fish oil. In the early twentieth Century, fossil fuels took market share from both products, artificial N-fertilizer replacing fish meal, and kerosene replacing menhaden oil. The fish meal and oil became staples for the newly developed industry of concentrated animal feeding operations for chickens and pigs. The late twentieth and early twentyfirst centuries saw another shift in use of these products. Most of the fish meal and some of the oil went as feed to the lucrative and rapidly expanding global animal aquaculture industry. Most of the fish oil went to the new market of dietary supplements for the prevention of heart disease. Despite new evidence questioning the efficacy of fish oil for this medicinal application, the market remains strong. Mid-twentieth Century advances in mechanized harvesting of menhaden contributed to overharvesting that reduced the population well below historical levels. Political pressure from the industry and its allies restrains management measures. Sport fishers and conservationists advocate for reduced fishing pressure. The menhaden reduction industry provides important economic opportunities to a rural region and African American workers. A shift away from the animal product centered standard American diet may reduce the importance of this industry, returning menhaden to its prominent role in the natural food chain of the Chesapeake Bay.
Cluster randomized trial of an antibiotic time-out led by a team-based pharmacist

Objective: Antibiotic time-outs (ATOs) have been advocated to improve antibiotic use without dedicated stewardship resources, but their utility is poorly defined. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of an ATO led by a team-based pharmacist. Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial. Setting: Six medicine teams at an academic medical facility. Patients: Inpatients who received antibiotics and were cared for by a medicine team. Intervention: In phase A (2 months) pharmacist-led ATOs were implemented on 3 medicine teams (ATO-A) while 3 teams maintained usual care (UC-A). In phase B (2 months), ATOs were continued in the ATO group (ATO-B) and ATOs were initiated in the UC group (UC ATO-B). We targeted 2 ATO points: early (<72 hours after antibiotics were initiated) and late (after the early period but ≤5 days after antibiotic initiation). Results: In total, 290 ATOs were documented (181 early, 87 late, and 22 subsequent) among 538 admissions. The most common ATO recommendations were narrow therapy (148 of 290), no change (124 of 290), and change to oral (30 of 290). ATO initiation was lower in the UC ATO-B group than in either ATO group (21.8% UC ATO-B vs 69.2% ATO-A and -B). Overall antibiotic use was not different between the groups (P = .51), although intravenous (IV) levofloxacin use decreased in the UC group after ATO implementation (49 DOT/1,000 PD vs 20 DOT/1,000 PD; P = .022). The ratio of oral (PO) to intravenous (IV) DOT was lower in the UC group than in any of the ATO groups (P = .032). We detected no differences in mortality, length of stay, readmission, C. difficile infection, or antibiotic adverse events. Conclusions: Implementation of a pharmacist-led ATO was feasible and well accepted but did not change overall antibiotic use. An ATO may promote increased use of oral antibiotics, but more effective strategies for self-stewardship are needed.
Magnetorotational Instability in Liquid Metal Couette Flow

Despite the importance of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) as a fundamental mechanism for angular momentum transport in magnetized accretion disks, it has yet to be demonstrated in the laboratory. A liquid sodium alpha-omega dynamo experiment at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology provides an ideal environment to study the MRI in a rotating metal annulus (Couette flow). A local stability analysis is performed as a function of shear, magnetic field strength, magnetic Reynolds number, and turbulent Prandtl number. The later takes into account the minimum turbulence induced by the formation of an Ekman layer against the rigidly rotating end walls of a cylindrical vessel. Stability conditions are presented and unstable conditions for the sodium experiment are compared with another proposed MRI experiment with liquid gallium. Due to the relatively large magnetic Reynolds number achievable in the sodium experiment, it should be possible to observe the excitation of the MRI for a wide range of wavenumbers and further to observe the transition to the turbulent state.
Strategic Commitment Under Complementary Sourcing

Complementary sourcing, where an end product depends on both a supplier's and a manufacturer's engineering and production efforts, is ubiquitous in modern supply chains. A unique feature of complementary sourcing is that efforts by one party enhance the marginal value of the other party's efforts. The complementary sourcing relationship thus has a positive spillover effect that improves product attributes and market demand. While this positive spillover effect can benefit both parties, it paradoxically induces a first-mover disadvantage (Gal-Or 1985) such that neither party is willing to exert efforts ex ante. We show, however, that a powerful manufacturer can be better off as a first mover when compared with an alternative setting where both parties exert efforts simultaneously. The reason is that, although their efforts are complementary, the purchase price is not. The latter factor creates a hold up problem where it is not effective for the manufacturer to act as a second mover. In such cases, a manufacturer can motivate a supplier to exert efforts more effectively by jointly committing to a certain effort level and purchase price in advance. When a manufacturer adopts such advanced commitment strategy, the committed price is always higher than what would have been committed if the manufacturer commits to purchase price only. As such, a supplier can also be better off, creating a win-win sourcing outcome. Market risk and resource constraints, however, can reverse and reduce the benefits to manufacturers and suppliers, respectively.
Aligning the interests of newsvendors and forecasters through blockchain-based smart contracts and proper scoring rules

Abstract We consider a newsvendor setting where the newsvendor elicits a demand forecast from an expert to determine the optimal inventory level for a product. Since the interests of both parties might not be aligned, we propose a proper scoring rule to elicit the expert's forecast that is tailored to the decision problem the newsvendor faces. Under the proposed scoring rule, both the newsvendor's expected profit and the expert's expected payment increase as the expert exerts a higher effort when gathering information to formulate a forecast. Trust issues arise in this setting because the ex post payment the expert receives is contingent on the accuracy of the reported forecast, which in turn depends on a future realized outcome that might be only available to the newsvendor. We show that coding the proposed proper scoring rule as a blockchain-based smart contract allows the newsvendor to signal trustworthiness while, at the same time, inducing the expert to devote more effort in information gathering. Following the design science research framework, we conclude the paper by suggesting a design and a fully functional prototype of a blockchain-based smart contract that implements the proposed tailored proper scoring rule.
DNA-mediated hierarchical organization of gold nanoprisms into 3D aggregates and their application in surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Colloidal crystallization using DNA provides a robust method for fabricating highly programmable nanoparticle superstructures with collective plasmonic properties. Here, we report on the DNA-guided fabrication of 3D plasmonic aggregates from polydisperse gold nanoprisms. We first construct 1D crystals via DNA-induced and shape-directed face-to-face assembly of anisotropic gold nanoprisms. Using the near-Tm thermal annealing approach that promotes long-range DNA-induced interaction and ordering, we then assemble 1D nanoprism crystals into a 3D nanoprism aggregate that exhibits a polycrystalline morphology with nanoscale ordering and microscale dimensions. The presence of closely packed nanoprism arrays over a large area gives rise to strong near-field plasmonic coupling and generates a high density of plasmonic hot spots within the 3D nanoprism aggregates that exhibit excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering performance. The plasmonic 3D nanoprism aggregates demonstrate significant SERS enhancement (<106), and low detection limits (10−9M) with good sample-to-sample reproducibility (CV ∼ only 5.6%) for SERS analysis of the probe molecule, methylene blue. These findings highlight the potential of 3D anisotropic nanoparticle aggregates as functional plasmonic nanoarchitectures that could find applications in sensing, photonics, optoelectronics and lasing.
Cerebral malaria pathogenesis: what can we learn from microarray analysis?

Cerebral malaria (CM) attributable to Plasmodium falciparum infection is estimated to affect 575,000 children in sub-Saharan Africa every year1 and is among the deadliest forms of malaria, with an average estimated mortality rate of 18.6%.2 Although extensive studies have been conducted in murine models of CM and in human populations with CM, the pathogenesis of CM is still incompletely understood. Studies to date suggest that CM is attributable to a combination of local brain tissue damage from microvascular ischemia and hypoxia and more global brain injury caused by the host immune response to the parasite.3 A deficiency of most murine and human CM studies is that assessment has been restricted to specific predefined factors hypothesized to be of importance. These studies address specific hypotheses but cannot provide a systemic evaluation of the potential factors in the pathogenesis of CM. Systems biology, in particular the decoding of the human and murine genome, development of microarray analysis, and application of more sophisticated computational technology to assess the results of this analysis, has moved us ahead in our understanding of numerous diseases. In an elegant and carefully designed series of experiments in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Lovegrove and colleagues4 use microarray analysis of whole brain tissue gene expression in CM-susceptible and CM-resistant mice to define potential pathways involved in murine CM pathogenesis. Their microarray analysis and confirmatory quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry studies demonstrate that interferon (IFN)-regulated processes and neuronal apoptosis appear to be important in murine CM pathogenesis. These findings, particularly the findings about neuronal apoptosis, are novel and add significantly to our understanding of murine CM pathogenesis. Although there are important differences between murine CM models and human CM, these findings may also provide clues about human CM pathogenesis and, in particular, suggest potential mechanisms for the long-term cognitive sequelae that occur in children with CM.5,6
Two-dimensional hydrodynamic characteristics of a bluff symmetrical fairing section

An experimental wind-tunnel investigation has been conducted to determine the aero/hydrodynamic characteristics of bluff symmetrical sections with high thickness/chord ratios. The sections are used as fairings for circular cylindrical members, such as towing cables and offshore drilling rig riser pipes, which are deeply immersed in the ocean environment so that they are cavitation free. The fairings serve to reduce drag and lateral vibrations due to vortex shedding. The section tested had a 40% thickness/chord ratio and was designed for a Stratford pressure recovery. Measurements included the two-dimensional drag coefficient, chordwise neutral stability point, yaw torque about the pivot center, and boundary-layer transition and separation location.
HYDROCORTISONE AND/OR DESICCATED THYROID IN PHYSIOLOGIC DOSAGE. XV. THYROID THERAPY, SERUM CPK, AND OTHER INDICES IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY.

Abstract The administration of desiccated thyroid in dosages increasing to 16 grains per day to 4 patients with muscular dystrophy reduced abnormally high levels of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) to normal. This therapy was also accompanied by a decrease in the urine creatine and creatinine. These dosages of desiccated thyroid appeared to be relatively innocuous, judging from clinical indices and laboratory observations during the 8 months of therapy. However, certain changes associated with spontaneous or induced excesses of thyroid hormones such as tachycardia and systolic hypertension were noted. In 2 of the patients an increase in hand strength may have occurred, judging from serial contractions of a rubber bulb attached to a recording ergometer. However, it is more likely that this represented increased aptitude in manipulating the bulb rather than increased strength. This conclusion is supported by the fact that muscle strength as reflected by a single contraction of an individual hand or as estimated by a physical therapist did not increase in any of the patients. The improvement in the performance on the recording ergometer occurred when the daily dosage of thyroid reached 5 or 7 to 13 grains. The subsequent loss of a part of this increment or even a deterioration of muscle strength may have resulted from thyrotoxic myopathy or progress of the disease as the daily intake of desiccated thyroid was raised to 16 grains.
Life Before Congress: Using Pre-Congressional Experience to Assess Competing Explanations for the Modern House Career

Scholars have extensively debated the causes of rising careerism inside the U.S. House. The pre-congressional political experiences of House members have received less attention, with existing studies finding little change in these experiences over time. Using new data, I show a striking increase in the share of pre-congressional years spent in public office – a mark of professionalization. This increase rivals the well-documented rise in careerism inside the House. To explain increases in pre-congressional professionalization, I consider four explanations for why members came to serve longer careers inside the House. Using matching analysis to control for changes in the characteristics of new members, I find that electoral system reforms were a major cause of pre-congressional professionalization. House members from states implementing the Australian ballot had approximately twice as much experience as those from non-reform settings. Members from states implementing the Australian ballot and nominating primary show even larger increases. These findings suggest that reform’s effects on political professionalization were more pervasive than is generally realized.
Obesity: historical development of scientific and cultural ideas

The concept that obesity is a risk to health was clearly identified in the works of Hippocrates and frequently over the ensuing centuries. Obesity was originally discussed as part of more general texts. Scholarly theses on this subject began to appear in the late 16th century with the first monographs published in the 18th century. The value of dietary restriction, increasing exercise and reducing the amount of sleep were identified early in medical history dating at least from the time of Hippocrates. These concepts were often framed in a manner which implied a 'moral' weakness on the part of the overweight individual. The most spectacular dietary success was published by a layman in 1863 and was the forerunner to many subsequent diet books. Cases of massive obesity were identified in stone age carvings and have been described frequently since the time of Galen and the Roman Empire. More specific types of obesity began to be identified in the 19th century. Following the identification of the cell as the basic building block of animals and plants, fat cells were described and the possibility that obesity was due to too many fat cells was suggested. After the introduction of the calorimeter by Lavoisier, the suggestion that obesity might represent a metabolic derangement has been suggested and tested. Standards for measuring body weight appeared in the 19th century. The possibility that familial factors might also be involved was clearly identified in the 18th and 19th century. In conclusion, most of the concepts which are currently the basis for research in the field of obesity had their origin in the 19th century and often earlier.
Visualizing infection spread: dual-color fluorescent reporting of virus-host interactions.

Although the molecular mechanisms by which host cells defend themselves against viral infection have been studied in great depth, and countermeasures viruses employ to suppress such defensive responses have been widely documented, relatively little attention has been devoted toward elucidating how such interactions between virus and host are resolved over multiple rounds of infection. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and validation of a dual-color fluorescent reporter system to study how viral infections spread through a host cell monolayer and how the cellular innate immune system mounts an antiviral response. We employed recombinant, red fluorescent protein expressing mutants of a prototypical RNA virus, vesicular stomatitis virus to enable identification and tracking of infected cells. Further, we generated stable reporter cells that use green fluorescent protein to report on the expression of IFIT2, an interferon stimulated gene involved in the interference of viral protein translation, and a marker of antiviral defense activation. The presence of the fluorescent protein reporters had minimal effects on the normal behavior of the cells or viruses. Moreover, expression of the virus and cell reporters correlated with the kinetics of viral replication and activation of an anti-viral response, respectively. This two-color system enabled us to track and quantify in live cells how viral replication and activation of host defensive responses play out over multiple rounds of infection. Initial study of propagating infections demonstrated that antiviral activation over multiple rounds was critical for slowing and ultimately halting the spread of infection. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1200–1209. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Agreements in American Family Law

In the United States, individuals now have significant power through agreement or other choices to alter domestic rights and obligations. This article explores which family-related agreements are (or should be) enforceable by the state, focusing on a small subset of private ordering topics in American family law, while emphasizing their sharply different treatment: premarital and marital agreements, co-parenting agreements, and open adoption agreements. The article speculates on the differing responses both courts and commentators bring to private ordering in these areas. Perhaps thinking about private ordering in family law, or private ordering generally, turns on one’s view regarding the doctrines of law being altered by the agreement. If one views them as default rules, meant merely to save transaction costs, one is likely to be permissive about agreements that alter them. If one views them as reflecting strong public policies, much will depend on what one thinks about the policies. Additional bases for different views on agreements in family law are different ideas about the third-party effects (externalities) of such agreements. One might also, in some cases, focus on the process of agreement formation rather than the finished product. For example, some have argued that the process of negotiating premarital and marital agreements encourages a sort of adversarial or zero-sum approach to marriage that could undermine the marriages to which they relate.Overall, one might reasonably describe family law’s treatment of private ordering as inconsistent, incoherent, and frequently counterproductive. On the other hand, similar complaints could likely be brought against any area of law that has dealt with as much legal and social change as family law has in recent decades.
Integrating perception and cognition for AGI

Current perceptual algorithms are error-prone and require the use of additional ad hoc heuristic methods that detect and recover from these errors. In this paper we explore how existing architectural mechanisms in a high-level cognitive architecture like ACT-R can be used instead of such ad hoc measures. In particular, we describe how implicit learning that results from ACT-R's architectural features of partial matching and blending can be used to recover from errors in object identification, tracking and action prediction. We demonstrate its effectiveness by building a model that can identify and track objects as well as predict their actions in a simple checkpoint scenario.
New frontiers of state constitutional law : dual enforcement of norms

New Frontiers of State Constitutional Law: Dual Enforcement of Norms, edited by James A. Gardner and Jim Rossi, projects a new vision for state constitutional law through a collection of essays that reflect a shift in legal thinking about the relationship between national and subnational systems of constitutional law. This work charts a new course that gives voice to a recent, rising chorus of dissent among scholars and judges, namely that national and subnational systems of constitutional law cannot be adequately understood in isolation from one another. To the contrary, they are linked in a web of jurisprudential, social, and pragmatic connections structured by the American system of federalism. Here, multiple layers of constitutional law function together in a complex, interdependent process in which constitutional norms are developed, articulated, and enforced. The essays illuminate the role that state constitutions must play in any theory of federalism, and exemplify a fresh approach to state constitutionalism by discussing a range of issues, including recent debates regarding state constitutional protections for same-sex marriage. The entire work embraces the struggle between state and national power for dominance in American law and places both on equal ground. It contends that constitutional meaning in a federal system is never static and that it evolves over time. In addition to covering methods of judicial review, it discusses the handling of constitutional claims by courts at the state and national level and closely examines the way that courts and constitutions protect individual rights in a federal system.
Tropical North Atlantic subsurface warming events as a fingerprint for AMOC variability during Marine Isotope Stage 3

The role of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as the driver of Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) variability that characterized Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) has long been hypothesized. Although there is ample proxy evidence suggesting that DO events were robust features of glacial climate, there is little data supporting a link with AMOC. Recently, modeling studies and subsurface temperature reconstructions have suggested that subsurface warming across the tropical North Atlantic can be used to fingerprint a weakened AMOC during the deglacial because a reduction in the strength of the western boundary current allows warm salinity maximum water of the subtropical gyre to enter the deep tropics. To determine if AMOC variability played a role during the DO cycles of MIS 3, we present new, high-resolution Mg/Ca and δ18O records spanning 24–52 kyr from the near-surface dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber and the lower thermocline dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia truncatulinoides in Southern Caribbean core VM12-107 (11.33°N, 66.63°W, 1079 m depth). Our subsurface Mg/Ca record reveals abrupt increases in Mg/Ca ratios (the largest equal to a 4°C warming) during the interstadial-stadial transition of most DO events during this period. This change is consistent with reconstructions of subsurface warming events associated with cold events across the deglacial using the same core. Additionally, our data support the conclusion reached by a recently published study from the Florida Straits that AMOC did not undergo significant reductions during Heinrich events 2 and 3. This record presents some of the first high-resolution marine sediment derived evidence for variable AMOC during MIS 3.
EUV actinic brightfield mask microscopy for predicting printed defect images

Improving our collective understanding of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photomask defects and the imaging properties of available defect imaging tools is essential for improving EUV mask defectivity, defect repair and mitigation, and for high-level strategic decision-making. In this work, we perform a qualitative comparison of twenty-five defects imaged with mask scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EUV actinic mask imaging, and wafer SEM imaging. All but two of the defect locations were first identified by non-actinic mask blank inspection, prior to patterning. The others were identified as repeating defects on the wafer. We find that actinic defect imaging is predictive of the wafer prints, with small-scale features clearly replicated. While some mask defect SEM images match the wafer prints, others print with a larger outline indicating the presence of sub-surface disruptions hidden from the SEM’s view. Fourteen other defects were subjected to an aerial image phase measurement method called Fourier Ptychography (FP). Although phase shifts were observed in the larger defects, the smaller defects in the dataset showed no significant phase shifting. We attribute this discrepancy to non-actinic mask blank inspection’s limited ability to detect small phase defects under normal operating conditions.
Plato re-read too late: Citation and Platonism in Apuleius' Apologia

This paper rereads Apuleius' Apologia through its Platonic readings. I claim that the recent focus on the 'literarisation' of the speech based in the speaker's learned use of literary citations needs to be contextualised within the Apuleian corpus as a whole and that one way of doing this is to emphasise the role of Platonic citation in the speech. I argue that Apuleius' strategy of literary citation as juridical defence in the first half of the speech (4-65) undergoes a process of 'Platonisation' that relies upon the direct quotation of Plato's Greek. I show how this 'Platonisation' chimes with two related themes in Apuleius' brand of Platonism that is manifest across his multifarious corpus: firstly, the role of the philosopher's biography as a heuristic device for encouraging an induction into philosophy and, secondly, the uniting of Platonic philosophical theory with Apuleius' particular literary (dramatic and rhetorical) concerns. From this basis, I show that in the second half of the speech (66-103), in spite of the absence of literary and Platonic citation, the general ideas of citation and Platonism developed in the first half are still very much at work in the contested place of Apuleius' wife Pudentilla's Greek letter as evidence for both the prosecution and the defence. While the citation of the letter by both sides raises some troubling questions for the role of literary citation in the first half of the speech, it operates as a powerful argument for the dissemination of Apuleius' Platonic message beyond the event of the trial.
How Segregated are Middle-Class African Americans?

The prevailing opinion in the sociological literature is that middle-class blacks are almost as segregated from whites as are poor blacks. We re-examine this view, using a multivariate, locational-attainment approach in place of a segregation-index one. Controlling for a variety of socioeconomic characteristics, we find that middleincome, suburban African Americans live in neighborhoods with many more whites than do poor, inner-city blacks. But their neighborhoods are not the same as those of whites having the same socioeconomic characteristics; and, in particular, middle-class blacks tend to live with white neighbors who are less affluent than they are. While, in a significant sense, they are less segregated than poor blacks, race still powerfully shapes their residential options. I don't believe that people would object to Lena Home [as a neighbor]. I don't think they would object to Harry Belafonte. I think they're afraid of poverty, and they associate welfare and low income, whether you're Italian, Greek, Irish, or upstate Clinton County. —Former New York Governor Mario Cuomo speaking of segregation in Yonkers
WE‐C‐134‐01: The Art of the Image: The Identification and Remediation of Image Artifacts in Projection Radiography

When it comes to diagnostic image quality, the radiologist may the ultimate arbiter of quality for the purposes of deciding whether an image meets diagnostic criteria, but in the clinical environment the medical physicist is the primary expert on imaging science and technology and as such serves an important role as “image detective” when it comes to identifying the root causes of image artifacts that can mimic or mask diagnostic features in medical images. In this course examples of common and interesting artifacts linked to various imaging system components in general radiography and mammography clinical imaging systems will be reviewed. These will include but are not limited to, artifacts associated with screen‐film, digital imaging receptors, and artifacts introduced by image processing. Appropriate solutions to proactively or re‐actively address image artifacts will be discussed.Note: At the end of the session an “Image Clinic” will be held wherein attendees can bring their “problem” images for diagnosis by the experts. Learning Objectives: 1. Have a renewed appreciation for the variety of causes and presentation of imaging artifacts in general radiography and mammography. 2. Learn techniques to assist in the investigation, remediation and prevention of imaging artifacts. 3. Discover online educational resources to continue their education on image artifact presentation and remediation.
A terabit single-hop TDMA network with the spectrum-domain modulation

In this paper, we propose a single-hop TDMA optical network with throughput of several Tb/s. This high throughput is achieved by combining spectrum encoding and fast demultiplexing. Fast packet switching is accomplished by using a rapidly tunable delay line. The frequency domain DPSK modulation is adopted, which provides 3 dB improvement over FD-OOK. Finally, we discuss a scalable protocol that can be employed in a network with a large number of channels and users.
Effect of effervescent buffered aspirin on prostaglandin synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts.

Abstract Cultured human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with 14 C-arachidonic acid (AA) at 370C for 2 hours. The metabolites formed were extracted from the cellfree medium in methanol, separated and identified by thin layer chromatography, using two solvent systems that allowed resolution of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. The predominant cyclooxygenase products were PGE2 and 6-keto-PGFl 1 PGA 2 , PG F2α , PGD 2 , 15-keto-PGE 2 , TXB 2 were also detected in smaller amounts. No detectable radioactivity corresponding to lipoxygenase products 5-HETE, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE was found. Incubation of fibroblasts with effervescent buffered aspirin (EBA) (.02%, .04%, .O6%), or sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and aspirin, individually, (in concentrations equivalent to those present in EBA) resulted in stimulation of synthesis of PGs except PGE 2 which was inhibited by EBA and aspirin.