cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of the kinetics of oxidation of cytochrome c by cytochrome c oxidase: Comparison of the reactions of purified and membrane-bound oxidase☆

Abstract Purified cytochrome oxidase was compared to the oxidase on submitochondrial particles with respect to reactions with added soluble cytochrome c. The reactions studied were the spectrophotometric assay of the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c, and the polarographic measurement of the rate of O2 uptake in the presence of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphenyl-enediamine plus ascorbate and cytochrome c. The oxidase activity of the preparations expressed in terms of their concentration of cytochrome aa3 was lower with the purified preparation than with the membrane-bound preparation. Apparent KM values for low concentrations of cytochrome c (0.05 to 0.25 μ m ) derived from plots of v S versus v are similar for the two types of preparation when obtained either by the spectrophotometric or polarographic assays. The apparent KM values for higher concentrations of cytochrome c (0.5 to 5.0 μM) are similar in the spectrophotometric assays but different in the polarographic determinations. At pH 7.8 in buffers with nonbinding ions, the rates of O2 uptake measured polarographically were greater than the rates of O2 uptake calculated from the spectrophotometric measurements of the rates of oxidation of ferrocytochrome c ( L. Smith, H. C. Davies, and M. E., Nava (1979) Biochemistry 18, 3140–3146 ). The O2 uptake observed in the polarographic method in excess of that corresponding to the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c is much greater with the membrane-bound (30-fold) than with the purified oxidase (three- to four-fold difference). This implies a decreased ability of the purified preparation to form a complex with a high turnover rate which can be repeatedly reduced by the N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphenylenediamine plus ascorbate. The extent of cytochrome c which remains oxidized during the aerobic steady state in the presence of the reducing agents is less for the purified than for the particulate preparation, suggesting that the reactive complex of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase is not as readily formed with the purified preparation as with the SMP.
Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture as Teratologic Tools

The purposes of this chapter are to introduce the teratologist to the vast field of cell, tissue, and organ culture and highlight the potential uses of these scientific approaches. Although in the strict sense the study of teratology implies environmental agents, the effect of mutant genes in development is so obviously related that some consideration will be given to the latter area in this discussion. Technical advances in these areas now offer a relatively simple tool for the study and analysis of isolated teratologic events. With the use of special plastics, premixed media, and recent literature descriptions, these techniques no longer have a mystical flavor and are certainly not out of the reach of the laboratory investigator in teratology.
Derivatives of Synthetic Rubber

Abstract By processes of cyclization and chlorination, synthetic elastomers can be converted into derivatives which differ from the parent product in the following respects: 1. Higher specific gravity. 2. Higher softening point. 3. Greater hardness and rigidity. 4. Less flexibility and elongation. 5. Greater chemical resistance. 6. Lower solution-viscosity. 7. Lower moisture-vapor transfer. 8. Lower moisture absorption. 9. Less tackiness. 10. Greater solubility in polar solvents. Thus, many of the desirable features of the commercially important derivatives of natural rubber can be duplicated in synthetic products. It is, furthermore, logical to assume that the field of usefulness of synthetic derivatives will be extended by selection of the proper type of synthetic rubber for cyclization, chlorination, and hydrochlorination to bring out certain desirable characteristics which are not inherent in products made from natural rubber.
PoshRat? Whereto (Self) Publishing?

This essay reviews Cheryce Clayton's Low Rez and other tales from the world of self-publishing.
Dialogue Letter Writing—A Collaborative Technique for Beginning Art Therapists and Their Supervisors

(1990). Dialogue Letter Writing—A Collaborative Technique for Beginning Art Therapists and Their Supervisors. Art Therapy: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 43-50.
Epidemiological characteristics of intestinal infectious diseases in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2006-2011

[Objective]To describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trend of intestinal infectious diseases in Jinshan District of Shanghai,provide the scientific evidence for making prevention and control measures.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiologic method was used to analyze the data of intestinal infectious diseases cases in Jinshan District during 2006-2011,which were reported from the Disease surveillance information system.[Results]5 kinds of 2 241 cases of intestinal infectious disease were reported in Jinshan District during 2006-2011,and the annual incidence rate ranged from 37.63/lakh to 64.02/lakh,which showed a single-peak shape trend.Most of cases were the adults aged 20-49 years old,which accounted for 56.18% of the total cases,and the cases mainly were workers and farmers.The peak season of intestinal infectious diseases were observed during June to October.There were 15 aggregation outbreaks of intestinal infectious disease,which were mainly reported in old-age care institutions,and the peak season was winter and spring.6 outbreaks were confirmed by laboratory detection,which included 4 outbreaks of Norovirus infection,1 of Salmonella infection and 1 of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.[Conclusion]Most of intestinal infectious disease cases in Jinshan District are reported in summer and autumn,and the young adults are the high-risk population.In order to reduce the aggregation outbreaks of intestinal infectious disease,it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of intestinal infectious disease in old-age care institutions and schools.
Determinants of quality in mammography.

This article is written for physicians and other health-care providers who refer women for mammography. Mammography is performed frequently on healthy women who are seeking to stay healthy (screening mammography) or on patients with a breast problem, such as a palpable lump (diagnostic mammography). Poor quality mammography can result in adverse consequences for the examinee. It is the premise of this article that the determinants of the quality of mammography begin when a woman is scheduled for her examination and do not end until tracking, monitoring, and follow-up protocols are completed. Quality assurance is defined as all of the activities performed to ensure a quality mammography; quality control is defined more narrowly and focuses on the technical components of the examination. The American College of Radiology’s Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) has vastly improved film interpretation, description of findings, reporting of results, management recommendations, patient tracking and monitoring, and the statistical analysis of the effectiveness of mammography.
The Risk-Adjusted Performance of Asset Flippers

Using data from the housing market of Los Angeles County, we show that experienced asset flippers earn sizable abnormal performance with respect to both investments in the U.S. stock market and in a passive mutual fund tracking a representative U.S. REIT index. Abnormal performance is positive even after adjusting returns for a conservative estimate of the additional compensation for the specific risks of local real estate investment activities. Experienced flippers outperform their inexperienced competitors when trading comparable houses over the same time frame, but face decreasing returns to the scale of their asset portfolios.
When life becomes art: A librarian’s experience acting the part

In fall 2014, I was approached by a theater/dance undergraduate student who wanted to put on a play in the Fine Arts Library (FAL) at the University of Texas (UT)-Austin. Because we had done a variety of performing arts programming in our magnificent space, I was inclined to say yes. She had written and was directing a play that took place in a library. Being the liaison to the Art and Art History Department, I thought it prudent to bring the theater/dance librarian into the discussion.
Ocean-atmosphere interactions as drivers of mid-to-late Holocene rapid climate changes: Evidence from high-resolution stalagmite records at DeSoto Caverns, Southeast USA

Abstract Oxygen and carbon isotope time-series derived from an actively growing aragonitic stalagmite in DeSoto Caverns exhibit with unusual clarity rapid hydroclimate changes in the mid-to-late Holocene. Data consist of 1884 δ 18 O and δ 13 C determinations whose chronology is anchored on 35 230 Th/ 234 U absolute dates in the interval 6.0–1.1 cal ka BP. Exceptional 18 O and 13 C-enrichments centered at 4.8 ± 0.14 cal ka BP likely represent the imprints of a severe drought. Isotope cycles from 4.7 to 1.3 cal ka BP, exhibit a dominant periodicity of 68 ± 4 yrs. A gradual cooling trend of ∼0.6 °C/10 3 yrs is attributed to a declining seasonal contrast in insolation. The synchronicity of the mega-drought in the Southeast US with the (1) termination of the African Humid Period; (ii) abrupt reduction of the North Atlantic Deep Water production, and (iii) rapid sea-ice expansion in the polar regions of both Hemispheres testifies to the global extent and rapidity of the “5 ka” event and points to the North Atlantic Deep Water variability as the likely controlling factor. The multidecadal cycles are consistent with alternating dry and wet summers occurring during a long-term switch in the seasonal rainfall amount dominance from winter to summer. The periodic summer droughts in the Southeast US support climate models that predict profound hydroclimate changes in the late Holocene governed by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The relatively short and rapid hydroclimate phase transitions documented in this study introduce a complication in the correlation of late Holocene drought events that had significant societal impacts.
Carrier reutilization in a coherent optical network

This research presents a novel approach to improving power consumption in a coherent optical network. The rationale of this paper is to examine a method of reutilizing an optical carrier wave at the receiving end of a transport system. This method provides a means to save energy associated with the creation of the carrier wave for the purpose of data transmission at the distant end. In this embodiment, an amplitude shift key modulated signal with homodyne coherent detection is considered. Factors such as comparative power losses and bit-error rates are examined.
Explaining Murder in Maine: Three Case Studies

Research suggests that popular depictions of crime and criminals are influenced by a dominant ideology that explains crime in terms of the individual failings of criminals, while ignoring social contributions to crime rates. The research reported here, based on an ethnographic content analysis of newspaper depictions of 108 murderers, identifies and describes three case studies of criminal homicide which challenge the dominant ideology by highlighting social contributions to crime. These cases suggest that an alternative ideology which explains crime with reference to institutional processes and collective responsibility may be identified in newspaper accounts of murder in Maine.
Anthropometry in Workspace Design

Abstract In this technological age we are surrounded by artifacts and environments which can greatly influence our personal and communal health, safety, effectiveness and well-being. For most of us the majority of our lives are spent in buildings and environments which have been designed and constructed to accommodate us. Without ignoring the impact of the domestic setting, the industrial workplace has the potential to be more hostile to us because of the nature of the very operation and processes being carried out. Within this context it is important that workspace - the area within which we are required to carry out our work - is designed to promote our health and well-being without detriment to our effectiveness. Anthropometry has been defined as the science of measurement of body size (NASA, 1978). The application of anthropometry is an essential element in the process of designing the workspace to fit the worker. The physical size of a population can be determined by measuring body lengths, breadths and girths, and the data derived can be used to design workplaces, equipment and products which match people's dimensions. In this way the workspace (which includes the equipment, tools, furniture etc) can be fitted to the man or woman's physical dimensions and functional capabilities.
Older adults' associative memory is modified by manner of presentation at encoding and retrieval

Relative to young adults, older adults typically exhibit a reduced ability to accurately remember associations between stimuli. Prior research has assumed that this age-related memory impairment affects different types of associations similarly. However, research in young adults has suggested that item-item and item-context associations are supported by different underlying neural mechanisms that could be unequally affected by aging. This experiment compared memory across association types in younger and older adults by presenting the same types of stimuli as either item-item or item-context pairs. Manner of presentation during retrieval was also manipulated so that pairs were presented in a manner that was either congruent or incongruent with their presentation during encoding. Older adults showed a particular benefit of encoding-retrieval congruency for item-context associations, supporting the idea that the associative deficit may be reduced by unitization at encoding and reinstatement of this prior stimulus configuration at retrieval. (PsycINFO Database Record
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OBESITY-HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION PHENOTYPE USING A MULTIMODAL IMAGING APPROACH

Obesity is a common phenotype of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction with distinct physiologic characteristics that have been insufficiently described. We stratified 162 subjects with HFpEF into obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2) subgroups. Cardiac, arterial and body
Intimacy among Friends and Lovers

The essays in this volume concern themselves with an aspect of human relationships that is on the one hand fascinating to us all and at the same time quite elusive and mysterious. Intimacy is one of those notions that we live with every day and yet are hard pressed to define, even as social scientists. Everyone you might ask “knows” what intimacy is. Yet what is clear in a common-sense way can seem downright confounding when an attempt is made to be more precise and to get a deeper or fuller understanding of what the concept means with respect to a particular relationship or to the personalities of a couple involved with each other in an intimate way.
Improved Multiscale Model of Heat Exchange at the Apex of Carbon Nanotube Fiber Cathodes

A multiscale model of field emission (FE) from carbon nanotube fibers (CNFs) is developed which includes a detailed treatment of the heat exchange mechanisms in the array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) located at the tip of the fiber. The model takes into account Joule heating within the fiber, radiative cooling at the fiber apex, and the transition from Nottingham heating to Henderson cooling in the CNTs in the array at the apex of the fiber as the external electric field is increased. The model uses numerical calculations of the current emitted from each CNT and the energy exchange at their tips. The model predicts the fraction of CNTs being destroyed as a function of the applied external electric field. For the surviving CNTs, the model also predicts the fraction of CNTs either undergoing Henderson cooling or Nottingham heating for both the up and down sweeps of the applied external electrical field. This investigation sheds new light on the FE properties on CNFs.
Observations of conjugated ring current auroras at subauroral latitudes

Abstract We report three ring current aurora events that are conjugated in the two hemispheres observed by satellite and ground imagers on May 16, 2005, August 26, 2018 and September 5, 2005. The ring current auroras appeared as auroral spots or arcs in the day, dusk or night side. These events confirm that the particle sources are in the equatorial ring current ions and pitch angle diffusion of the ions lead to the ion precipitation in the both hemisphere on the same field lines, thus the auroras are conjugated.
Sustaining Institutional Ethos and Integrity: Management in a Postmodern Moment

A local hospital runs a campaign for being a place of “caring and healing”. In conversation with a consultant for that hospital, one hears contradictory insights. Employees feel underpaid in a hospital strapped for money, unable to supply the latest equipment. The advertising misrepresents the “real” story that guides the hospital. Public information has managerial and employee consequences. Cynicism, fueled by disconnection between public mission and organizational reality, decreases managerial effectiveness and endangers institutional integrity and ethos. Health care institutions need communication that promotes organizational health, lessening the possibility of organizational cynicism.
Imaging Diagnosis of Biceps Tendon and Rotator Interval Pathology

One of the most complex regions of anatomy of the upper extremity is the rotator interval located in the anterior-superior aspect of the shoulder. Its functionality and integrity are critical for the stability and biomechanical leverage of the long head of the biceps tendon as it traverses this space. Furthermore, the rotator interval supports the forces promoting proper functioning of the glenohumeral joint, which accounts for the primary motion of the upper extremity. Pathology of the rotator interval can be challenging to diagnose both on imaging studies and arthroscopically because of its small structures, anatomic variants, and orientation of these various parts within a confined space. We discuss the normal and pathologic appearances of this region in conjunction with the appropriate anatomy and functionality of such as well as the latest treatment options.
Practice-Level Adoption of Conservative Management for Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE:We describe the longitudinal adoption of conservative management (ie, the absence of treatment) for prostate cancer among urology group practices in the United States and identify group pra...
Serial Assessment of Magnetically Levitated Centrifugal-Flow LVAD Pump Position and Inflow Angle on Chest Radiograph and Effects on Adverse Events

Purpose We analyzed the position of a fully magnetically levitated centrifugal-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) on serial radiographs to assess positional change and possible correlation with adverse events. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 59 LVAD recipients who had serial chest radiographs at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months after implantation between November 2014 and June 2018. We measured pump angle, pump-spine distance, and pump-diaphragm depth (figure) and investigated their relationship to a composite outcome of heart failure readmission, low flow alarms, or inflow/outflow occlusion requiring surgical repositioning through recurrent event survival modeling. Results There were 26 patients who experienced the composite outcome; in these patients, the median 1 month pump angle was 66.2 degrees (IQR 54.5-78.0) as compared to 59.0 degrees (IQR 47.0-65.0) in the 33 patients who did not have adverse events (p = 0.04). Pump depth and pump-spine distance at 1 month were not associated with the composite outcome. Between 1 month and 6 months, the absolute pump-spine distance changed by 10.00 mm (p Conclusion Larger pump angles are associated with the composite outcome of heart failure readmission, low flow alarm, or inflow/outflow obstruction. At 6 months, the absolute values of pump-spine distance change and pump-diaphragm depth change are significant. Movement in pump depth is weakly associated with the composite outcome.
High Submuscular IPP Reservoir Placement: The "Five-Step" Technique.

Abstract Background High submuscular (HSM) placement of inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) reservoirs is a promising new FDA approved alternative to traditional space of Retzius reservoir placement. In 2011, we began placing all reservoirs in a HSM position at our tertiary center. In 2014, we proposed a refined, “Five-Step” HSM reservoir placement technique (FST) to prevent deep pelvic complications. Objectives To describe our HSM technique and report on our extended experience. Material Our refined FST was developed to optimize outcomes and includes the following steps: (1) Position and Access; (2) Develop Lower HSM Pocket; (3) Develop Upper HSM Pocket; (4) Reservoir Delivery (Fill and Fine-Tune); (5) Confirm and Connect. Data was retrospectively collected on patients undergoing reservoir placement by FST between January 2014 and June 2019. A survey analyzing subjective outcomes and patient satisfaction was performed among 100 randomly selected patients. Results We placed 297 consecutive HSM IPP reservoirs via FST during this time period. Three patients (1.0%) required surgical revision (all for herniation). No deep pelvic (vascular, bladder, bowel) complications were reported. Of the 100 patients that were randomly surveyed, 86% of patients reported no palpability of the reservoir, and 95% of patients reported satisfaction with the procedure and would recommend the procedure to a friend. Conclusion The FST for HSM reservoir placement is a simple and safe procedure with good outcomes and excellent patient satisfaction. This technique appears to effectively eliminate the risks of deep pelvic complications.
Scaling down channel dimensions in organic and polymer thin-film transistors: charge transport and device design considerations

Scaling down channel dimensions of organic and polymer semiconductor based thin-film transistors to submicron and nanoscale dimensions presents several challenges. Successful scaling will enable vastly improved device performance and hence the prospects are certainly very enticing. One of the biggest challenges is in making suitably good doped source and drain regions to facilitate relatively low-resistance contacts. A more thorough understanding of velocity saturation mechanisms and charge transport at high electric fields is also necessary. We describe charge transport in oxide and polymer TFTs with an emphasis on scaling. We show that for some TFTs, scaling of the channel width facilitates scaling down of channel length and a nanostripe or nanogroove array channel geometry has advantages. Finally, we describe hybrid TFTs – with multiple materials that are better suited to scaling down. The future prospects of scaled down TFTs are discussed.
The torus operator in holography

We consider the non-local operator $$ \mathcal{T} $$ defined in 2-dimensional CFTs by the path integral over a torus with two punctures. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we study the spectrum and ground state of this operator in holographic such CFTs in the limit of large central charge c. In one region of moduli space, we argue that the operator retains a finite gap and has a ground state that differs from the CFT vacuum only by order one corrections. In this region the torus operator is much like the cylinder operator. But in another region of moduli space we find a puzzle. Although our $$ \mathcal{T} $$ is of the manifestly positive form A†A, studying the most tractable phases of Tr( $$ \mathcal{T} $$ n ) suggests that $$ \mathcal{T} $$ has negative eigenvalues. It seems clear that additional phases must become relevant at large n, perhaps leading to novel behavior associated with a radically different ground state or a much higher density of states. By studying the action of two such torus operators on the CFT ground state, we also provide evidence that, even at large n, the relevant bulk saddles have t = 0 surfaces with small genus.
Toward a More Accurate 3D Atlas of C. elegans Neurons

Determining cell identity in volumetric images of tagged neuronal nuclei is an ongoing challenge in contemporary neuroscience. Frequently, cell identity is determined by aligning and matching tags to an "atlas" of labeled neuronal positions and other identifying characteristics. Previous analyses of such C. elegans datasets have been hampered by the limited accuracy of such atlases, especially for neurons present in the ventral nerve cord, and also by time-consuming manual elements of the alignment process. We present a novel automated alignment method for sparse and incomplete point clouds of the sort resulting from typical C. elegans fluorescence microscopy datasets. This method involves a tunable learning parameter and a kernel that enforces biologically realistic deformation. We also present a pipeline for creating alignment atlases from datasets of the recently developed NeuroPAL transgene. In combination, these advances allow us to label neurons in volumetric images with confidence much higher than previous methods. We release, to the best of our knowledge, the most complete C. elegans 3D positional neuron atlas, encapsulating positional variability derived from 7 animals, for the purposes of cell-type identity prediction for myriad applications (e.g., imaging neuronal activity, gene expression, and cell-fate).
Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in older infants and young children in China who are naive to pneumococcal vaccination: Results of a phase 4 open-label trial.

Abstract Background This postlicensure study was conducted to assess immunogenicity and safety of PCV7 catch-up regimens in previously unvaccinated older infants and young children in China. Methods Healthy children 121 days to Results Prevaccination serotype-specific GMCs were generally low in subjects 90% of subjects had IgG ≥ 0.35 μg/mL for each PCV serotype. At 12-month follow-up, IgG GMCs ranged from 0.65 to 5.19, and all remained above prevaccination IgG GMC; >70% of subjects had IgG ≥ 0.35 μg/mL. Older children generally had the most robust immune response both at 1 month postvaccination and during 12-month follow-up. PCV7 was well tolerated. Pyrexia, which was mild to moderate in severity, was the most common AE. Two subjects reported SAEs ( n = 4), and there was 1 study withdrawal; none of these were considered treatment related. Conclusion In China, PCV7 catch-up vaccinations given to older infants and young children naive to pneumococcal vaccines resulted in a robust immune response to all serotypes; this response persisted after 1 year. PCV7 was well tolerated in Chinese infants and children.
Moving Medical Education and Sexuality Education Forward

Despite well-documented sexual health disparities, medical school training in human sexuality remains limited. Our intents with this paper are to deconstruct the successes and challenges in including sexuality education in medical education and to pose critical questions for moving medical education and sexuality education forward. We offer future systematic level strategies for consideration, including the role of health policy in addressing this problem in training. It is imperative that all physicians are well equipped to address sexual health with patients in order to help eliminate sexual health disparities. Finding solutions to bridge the patient realities with the medical training realities is one step in creating sexually healthy societies.
Unconfined Aquifer Seepage by Capillary Flow Theory

A numerical scheme is presented to analyze a two-dimensional unconfined aquifer of rectangular cross-section to determine the fall of the water table, the water content and the rate of outflow into an adjoining water body which fully penetrates the aquifer. The capillary or unsaturated flow above the water table is considered through the use of Richards' equation. It was found that the problem can be solved by an alternating explicit-implicit finite difference scheme. It has the advantage of being efficient and of being suitable even when the fully saturated flow zone is very small. The unknown position of the seepage surface and the unknown boundary between the saturated and the unsaturated zone constitute a very critical aspect of the calculations.
Deep Learning of Semantic Word Representations to Implement a Content-Based Recommender for the RecSys Challenge’14

In this paper, we will discuss a recommender system that exploits the semantics regularities captured by a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) in text documents. Many information retrieval systems treat words as binary vectors under the classic bag-of-words model; however there is not a notion of semantic similarity between words when describing a document in the resulting feature space. Recent advances in neural networks have shown that continuous word vectors can be learned as a probability distribution over the words of a document [3, 4]. Surprisingly, researchers have found that algebraic operations on this new representation captures semantic regularities in language [5]. For example, \(Intel + Pentium - Google\) results in word vectors associated to \(\{Search, Android, Phones\}\).
Meteor Shower Sets Off Scientific Storm

ASTRONOMYBOSTON-- On 14 November, Earth will start plowing through a fresh stream of particles that boiled off the surface of comet Tempel-Tuttle and were left behind during its first visit to the solar system in 33 years. The U.S. Air Force and Canadian astronomers will be gathering real-time data in the Gobi desert of Mongolia and the Australian outback in order to alert satellite operators to the potential for disruption or damage if the debris is heavy; NASA says the concerns are overblown. But the fact is the comet's exact trajectory is hard to pinpoint, and the gravity of other planets can pull the debris stream away from an intercept with Earth; a slight perturbation can therefore mean the difference between a few dozen and thousands of meteors an hour.
Error Estimation for Discontinuous Galerkin Solutions of Two-Dimensional Hyperbolic Problems

We analyze the discretization errors of discontinuous Galerkin solutions of steady two-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws on unstructured meshes. We show that the leading term of the error on each element is a linear combination of orthogonal polynomials of degrees p and p+1. We further show that there is a strong superconvergence property at the outflow edge(s) of each element where the average discretization error converges as O(h 2p+1) compared to a global rate of O(h p+1). Our analyses apply to both linear and nonlinear conservation laws with smooth solutions. We show how to use our theory to construct efficient and asymptotically exact a posteriori discretization error estimates and we apply these to some examples.
Edge-Preserving Laplacian Pyramid

The Laplacian pyramid recursively splits an image into local averages and local differences using a fixed Gaussian interpolation function. We propose a spatially variant interpolation function that is adaptive to curvilinear edges in the image. Unlike the signal-based multiscale analysis where a step edge is multiply represented at all scales, our perception-based multiscale analysis preserves the edge at a single scale as much as possible. We demonstrate that our average pyramid retains boundaries and shading at lower spatial and tonal resolutions, whereas our difference pyramid refines edge locations and intensity details with a remarkably sparse code, delivering an image synopsis that is uncompromising between faithfulness and effectiveness.
Plasma Measurements Across the Bow Shock and in the Magnetosheath

The existence of a standing bow shock wave at which the incoming flow of supersonic solar wind is deflected around the geomagnetic cavity has become well established. Plasma and magnetic field properties near the bow shock and in the magneto-sheath, the region of altered flow between the shock and the nearly impenetrable boundary of the geomagnetic field (the magnetopause), have been observed by instruments on numerous satellites and space probes (see reviews by Ness, 1967, and Wolfe and Intriligator, 1969). Both the spatial configuration and the plasma flow pattern of the magnetosheath are found to be in basic agreement with hydrodynamic models of hypersonic flow around an obstacle (see the review by Spreiter and Alksne, 1969).
Notice on the Ocurrence of Supernumerary Teeth in the Two-toad Sloths Choloepus didactylus and C. hoffmanni

Supernumerary teeth occur in nearly all modern mammalian orders, although no previous cases have been published for extant pilosans. We report here three specimens of the sloth genus Choloepus, two C. hoffmanni and one C. didactylus, exhibiting super- numerary teeth. All duplicated teeth are maxillary, and all but one on the right side. One C. hoffmanni bears an additional left tooth, suggesting duplication is neither species nor toothrow-side specific. Sloth teeth erupt as simple rounded cones and the different "cusp" patterns characteristic of each extant and extinct genus arise from wear and the differential spacing of upper versus lower dentitions. RESUMEN: Noticias sobre la ocurrencia de dientes supernumerarios en perezosos de dos dedos, Choloepus didactylus y C. hoffmanni. Si bien casi todos los ordenes de mamiferos modernos presentan dientes supernumerarios, no se habian publicado casos entre pilosos vivientes. En este estudio se documentan dientes supernumerarios en tres individuos del genero de perezosos Choloepus: dos C. hoffmani y un C. didactylus. Todos los dientes duplicados se encuentran en el maxilar derecho. Uno de los dos C. hoffmani presenta, ademas, un diente duplicado del lado izquierdo, lo que sugiere que la duplicacion no es especifica a nivel de taxon o lateralidad. Los dientes de los perezosos erupcionan como conos simples redondeados y, por lo tanto, la variedad de patrones cuspidales caracteristicos de cada genero se produce por el desgaste y el desplazamiento en el espacio de las denticiones superior e inferior.
MEK inhibition is selectively toxic to the genetically defined poor prognosis subset of multiple myeloma overexpressing the c-maf oncogene

LB-197 Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells characterized by varied oncogenic events. One initiating oncogene is c-maf, a transcription factor that is translocated in 10% of cases, but is transcriptionally upregulated in nearly half of myelomas. The necessity of c-maf in myelomas overexpressing c-maf has been established, but the mechanism of its transcriptional upregulation remains unknown. We discovered that transcriptional upregulation of c-maf occurs more frequently in cases harboring the MMSET/FGFR3 translocation. Both the MAF and the MMSET molecular subgroups have been associated with poor prognosis. We hypothesize that c-maf overexpression is a site for molecular targeting therapeutically. Analysis of c-maf overexpressors indicates c-maf is regulated by MAPK signaling downstream of the MEK-ERK pathway. The c-maf locus contains a region in the promotor and one in the intron that are highly conserved across 17 species, thus suggesting the location of important regulatory elements. MEK inhibition decreased histone acetylation in both regions, and downregulated c-maf mRNA. ERK activation is known to modulate AP-1 transcription factors; we found that the DNA-binding ability of both c-fos and c-jun to the AP-1 consensus sequence was diminished upon MEK inhibition. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, c-fos was bound to the c-maf promoter in myeloma cells and MEK inhibition decreased this interaction. Re-introduction of c-maf cDNA under an exogenous promoter rescued myeloma cell lines from death induced by MEK inhibition. These genetic and functional data demonstrate that the MEK-ERK pathway regulates c-maf transcription. Our findings provide molecular rationale for clinical studies focused at MAPK interruption in this unique poor-prognostic subset of multiple myeloma overexpressing c-maf.
Perceived Harm of Secondhand Electronic Cigarette Vapors and Policy Support to Restrict Public Vaping: Results From a National Survey of US Adults

Introduction There is ongoing debate over banning electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use (vaping) in public places. Many people perceive secondhand e-cigarette vapors (SHV) to be relatively harmless, which may affect their support for policies to restrict vaping in public places. Given that awareness of secondhand cigarette smoke risks predicts public support for clean air policies, we hypothesized that greater perceived harm of SHV to personal health would be associated with stronger support for vaping restrictions. Methods Data from 1449 US adults in a national online panel was collected from October to December 2013. Using multiple regressions, we predict a three-item scale of support for e-cigarette restricting policies in restaurants, bars/casinos/clubs, and parks using a two-item scale measuring concern and perceptions of harm to personal health from breathing SHV. Analyses adjusted for demographic covariates, smoking status and e-cigarette use, and were weighted to represent the US adult population. Results Overall, respondents considered SHV exposure to be moderately harmful to their health and tended to favor restricting vaping in public places. Perceived harm of SHV to personal health was associated with support for vaping restrictions in public spaces (unstandardized regression coefficient, B = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.20). Current smokers (vs. nonsmokers), those who ever tried e-cigarettes (vs. never), those who directly observed others vaping, and those with some college education (vs. high school or less) demonstrated less support for such policies. Implications This study shows that support for banning vaping in public spaces in the United States is positively associated with perceived health harms of SHV exposure. The findings suggest that continued monitoring of public perception of SHV harm and the accuracy of e-cigarette marketing claims about reduced harm would be needed to guide clean air policy decisions. With the emergence of new scientific evidence of the potential effects of SHV exposure, these results will serve as an important baseline of public perceptions and opinion during a time when such evidence was particularly limited.
Improved early morbidity and mortality after Fontan operation: The mayo clinic experience, 1987 to 1992

Objectives. This study sought to evaluate changes in early morbidity and mortality as well as predictors of outcome in our most recent 339 patients undergoing modified Fontan operations. Background. The Fontan operation is the preferred definitive palliation for patients with functional single ventricles. Previously reported early mortality rates after Fontan operation have been substantial. Methods. Records of 339 consecutive patients who had a Fontan operation at the Mayo Clinic between 1987 and 1992 (recent cohort) were reviewed. This cohort was compared with the previous 500 patients who had Fontan operations performed between 1973 and 1986 (early cohort). Results. Recently, overall early mortality after Fontan has decreased significantly compared with that for the early cohort (from 16% to 9%, p = 0.002). This decline occurred despite increased anatomic complexity of patients. Short-term posthospital survival has also improved significantly in recent patients. One-year survival improved to 88% from 79%, and 5-year survival to 81% from 73% (p = 0.006). Patients with common atrioventricular valves and those who took daily preoperative diuretic medication or had either postoperative renal failure or elevated postbypass right atrial pressure were at increased risk for early mortality. Young age was not found to be a risk factor for early mortality. Early mortality for patients with heterotaxia decreased dramatically: recent 30-day mortality was 15% compared with 41% in the early heterotaxy cohort. Conclusions. Many factors may have contributed to decreased early mortality after Fontan. Improved patient selection, younger age at time of operation, refinements in surgical techniques and postoperative management may all have had important roles. Proposed technical modifications of the Fontan operation must be evaluated in light of these improved results.
Electronic spectral properties of the two-dimensional infinite-U Hubbard model

A strong-coupling series expansion for the Green's function and the extremely correlated Fermi liquid (ECFL) theory are used to calculate the moments of the electronic spectral functions of the infinite-$U$ Hubbard model. Results from these two complementary methods agree very well at both low densities, where the ECFL solution is the most accurate, and at high to intermediate temperatures, where the series converge. We find that a modified first moment, which underestimates the contributions from the occupied states and is accessible in the series through the time-dependent Green's function, best describes the peak location of the spectral function in the strongly correlated regime. This is examined by the ECFL results at low temperatures, where it is shown that the spectral function is largely skewed towards the occupied states.
Effects of Phonological Decoding Training on Children's Word Recognition of CVC, CV, and VC Structures

The effects of training in letter-sound correspondences and phonemic decoding (segmenting and blending skills) on three kindergartners' word recognition abilities were examined using a single-subje...
Secretion stress and antifungal resistance: An Achilles' heel of Aspergillus fumigatus?

The ability of Aspergillus fumigatus to establish and maintain an infection requires a continuous supply of nutrients to fuel energy production and growth. Like other filamentous fungi, A. fumigatus acquires nutrients by absorption, a mode of nutrition that depends upon the secretion of extracellular hydrolases to degrade the complex organic polymers in host tissues into reduced forms of carbon and nitrogen. If the folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is exceeded during periods of high secretory activity, a signaling pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to relieve the stress on the ER. Current evidence indicates that A. fumigatus relies upon this pathway to sustain the high rate of protease secretion needed to grow optimally in mammalian tissue. In addition, the UPR strengthens the ability of the secretory system to deliver cell wall and membrane components to the hyphal apex, which promotes the invasive growth of the expanding hyphae and protects the fungus from damage caused by antifungal drugs. The important contribution of UPR-dependent functions to the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis and antifungal susceptibility suggests that components of this pathway could be promising new targets for antifungal therapy.
Nosocomial herpes simplex virus infection associated with oral endotracheal intubation

Abstract Background: To determine by culture the frequency of herpes simplex virus reactivation complicating oral endotracheal intubation. Additionally, clinical appearance and recognition of patient infection by attendant health care workers were studied. Last, evidence of any occupational acquisition of herpes simplex virus infection was sought. Methods: In a prospective, non-randomized study, three serial viral cultures were taken of oro-facial or mucosal sites on the day of oral endotracheal intubation and in the subsequent 3rd and 5th or 7th days from 51 consecutive adults undergoing oral endotracheal intubation in a suburban community hospital. Clinical variables including appearances of lesions and therapeutic interventions were noted during serial assessments by study authors. Employee health records were reviewed for evidence of health care worker occupational herpes simplex virus infection associated with these cases. Results: Of 51 patients, 4 were culture positive on the day of oral endotracheal intubation. Of the remaining 47 patients, serial cultures during the first week post intubation revealed herpes simplex virus in 25 (53.2%) patients. Of cohort variables studied, a history of prior oral herpes simplex virus was significantly associated with a subsequent positive viral culture for herpes simplex virus (relative risk, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.48 to 3.56). Typical or atypical lesions were visible in only 52% of the herpes simplex virus culture-positive cases. No occupational transmission of herpes simplex virus was detected. Tape-securing practices appeared to contribute to the morbidity of herpes simplex virus eruptions. Conclusions: Nosocomial reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection complicated oral endotracheal intubation in our patient population in approximately one half of the patients who were intubated for more than 48 hours during the first week after the procedure. Clinically, the infection was recognizable in only one half of the virus culture-positive cases. Increased awareness of this infection is needed by health care workers, patients, and families. More information is needed on optimal therapy and prevention.
Scattering and Transmission Functions of Radiation by Finite Atmospheres with Reflecting Surfaces

In the present paper, with the aid of invariance principles in connection with the scattering matrix, we get the exact solution of diffuse reflection and transmission problems by finite inhomogeneous, anisotropically scattering atmospheres bounded by reflecting sufaces. On making use of the reflection and transmission integral operators, we show how to obtain the non-linear integro-differential equations for these operators, which do not depend on the initial condition. Then, we have a system of the required integro-differential equations for the scattering and transmission functions. The obtained result is new, so far as we know. Finally, using the scattering matrix, we reduce the diffuse reflection and transmission problems for planetary atmospheres with reflecting surfaces to the standard diffuse reflection and transmission problems.
Structural lithic units in external orogenic zones

Abstract Changes in types of thrust fault structures are typical of external orogenic zones, and are inferred here to be related to thickness and facies changes in stratigraphie sequences. Obvious deformation style changes occur from external to intermediate thrust sheets. Similar changes in style are observed, and most easily interpreted, along-strike within individual thrust sheets. To correlate stratigraphic and structural changes, stratigraphic sections are divided into structural lithic units. The subdivisions are based on the dominant deformation styles vertically in individual cross-sections. The major variables in determining deformation style are controlling stratigraphic members within individual stratigraphic/structural units, and the stacking sequence of lithologie types into different structural units. In many areas, the critical taper of one major dominant member regionally controls where structural style changes will occur. Areal change in either internal composition or in stacking sequence causes lateral change in deformation style. Lithological changes in structural units are coincident with changes in frontal thrust ramp positions (connected by major lateral ramps), and with changes in thrust zone geometries (imbricate thrusts in one area versus a duplex zone along strike). They are also associated with changes in thrust shapes, from listric to stepped, and changes from fault-bend-fold to fault-propagation-fold structures. Controlling members may be either strong or weak. Fold dominated regions and thrust faulted regions without major shales or evaporites are usually controlled by strong controlling members. Weak controlling members are major evaporite horizons, or thick shales. A thorough understanding of stratigraphic facies realms therefore may allow predictions of types and changes in structural styles. It can also be very useful in the interpretation of less well-exposed thrust terranes.