cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHROMOPHYTE PLASTID 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES FOUND IN A CLONE LIBRARY FROM ATLANTIC OCEAN SEAWATER

In recent years, the cloning of ribosomal RNA genes from natural plankton communities has provided insight into the biodiversity of marine bacterioplankton. Small eukaryotic phytoplankton, like bacterioplankton, can be difficult to cultivate or identify routinely by morphological characteristics. We used bacteria-specific 16S rRNA primers to amplify genes from picoplankton samples collected on 0.2–μm filters by filtration from a depth of 10 m in the pelagic region over the continental shelf off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Nucleic acid sequencing and probe hybridization revealed that chromophyte plastid genes comprised 25% of the genes in a library of 170 clones. The plastid genes belonged to two groups within the Chromophyta: the Prymnesiophyceae and the Bacillariophyceae. Comparisons revealed substantial diversity among the bacillariophyte gene sequences, but the species from which the genes originated could not be identified because few sequences from cultured bacillariophytes are available. The prymnesiophyte genes could not be identified either, although they were most similar (similarity = 0.94) to plastid genes from the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay and Mohler strain PML92D. These results provide evidence of abundant chromophyte plastid 16S rRNA genes in the water over the continental shelf off Cape Hatteras. The results also suggest that plastid 16S rRNA genes may provide suitable genetic markers for studying phytoplankton biodiversity and biogeography.
Detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 by ethidium monoazide real-time PCR

Aims: The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a novel method that combines ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) staining with real-time PCR for the detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. EMA can penetrate dead cells and bind to intracellular DNA, preventing its amplification via PCR. Methods and Results: Samples were stained with EMA for 5 min, iced for 1 min and exposed to bright visible light for 10 min prior to DNA extraction, to allow EMA binding of the DNA from dead cells. DNA was then extracted and amplified by TaqMan® real-time PCR to detect only viable E. coli O157:H7 cells. The primers and TaqMan® probe used in this study target the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7. An internal amplification control (IAC), consisting of 0·25 pg of plasmid pUC19, was added in each reaction to prevent the occurrence of false-negative results. Results showed a reproducible application of this technique to detect viable cells in both broth culture and ground beef. EMA, at a final concentration of 10 μg ml−1, was demonstrated to effectively bind DNA from 108 CFU ml−1 dead cells, and the optimized method could detect as low as 104 CFU g−1 of viable E. coli O157:H7 cells in ground beef without interference from 108 CFU g−1 of dead cells. Conclusions: EMA real-time PCR with IAC can effectively separate dead cells from viable E. coli O157:H7 and prevent amplification of DNA in the dead cells. Significance and Impact of the Study: The EMA real-time PCR has the potential to be a highly sensitive quantitative detection technique to assess the contamination of viable E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef and other meat or food products.
Controllability conditions and effective controls for nonlinear systems

For nonlinear control systems with control constraints, necessary and sufficient conditions are developed for a feedback control law to transfer the state to a specified target from every initial state at which this is possible. Sufficient conditions are developed, using the Brouwer fixed point theorem, for systems having trajectories that are unique and positively invariant sets that satisfy certain topological conditions.
NONLINEAR WAVES ON 3D HYPERBOLIC SPACE

In this article, global-in-time dispersive estimates and Strichartz estimates are explored for the wave equation on three dimensional hyperbolic space. Due to the negative curvature, extra dispersion is noted, as compared to the Euclidean case, and a wider range of Strichartz estimates is proved. Using these, small data global existence to semilinear wave equations is shown for a range of powers that is broader than that known for Euclidean space.
Single-molecule detection of biomolecules by surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

We report on the applicability of combining surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for high-sensitivity detection of biological molecules. We found that this combination of techniques provides more than 3 orders of signal enhancement compared with SERS and permits monitoring of biological molecules such as deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxyadenosine monophosphate at the single-molecule level. This combined technique also improved detection sensitivity for angiotensin peptide. As this is believed to be the first report of detection of dGMP at the single-molecule level, we suggest that this approach can serve as a new tool for biological studies.
Speckle Reduction In Medical Ultrasound Via Spatial Compounding

In order to design improved spatial compounding ultrasound scanning systems it is necessary to determine the correlation of speckle patterns as a function of aperture translation. We have conducted experiments measuring the speckle correlation as a function of lateral aperture translation for linear phased array pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging systems. Results are presented for variable frequency, range, transducer length, focus error, and reflecting material. Tests were conducted on two commercially available and one research imaging system. The measured rates of correlation coefficient decrease are independent of frequency, reflecting material, and target range when the target is in the focal zone. The experimentally determined correlations are used to derive the optimal spatial separation of images for speckle reduction, and the benefits of spatial compounding for a fixed aperture system discussed.
NFκB affects estrogen receptor expression and activity in breast cancer through multiple mechanisms.

Estrogen receptor (ER) and NFκB are two widely expressed, pleiotropic transcription factors that have been shown to interact and affect one another’s activity. While the ability of ER to repress NFκB activity has been extensively studied and is thought to underlie the anti-inflammatory activity of estrogens, how NFκB signaling affects ER activity is less clear. This is a particularly important question in breast cancer since activation of NFκB in ER positive tumors is associated with failure of endocrine and chemotherapies. In this review, we provide an update on the multiple mechanisms by which NFκB can influence ER activity, including down-regulation of ER expression, enhanced ER recruitment to DNA, and increased transcriptional activity of both liganded and unliganded ER. Additionally, a novel example of NFκB potentiation of ER-dependent gene repression is reviewed. Together, these mechanisms can alter response to endocrine therapies and may underlie the poor outcome for women with ER positive tumors that have active NFκB signaling.
Torsional Oscillation, Meridional Flows, and Vorticity Inferred in the Upper Convection Zone of the Sun by Time-Distance Helioseismology

By applying time-distance helioseismology measurements and inversions to Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) dynamics campaign data, we obtain synoptic maps of subsurface plasma-flow fields at a depth of 0-12 Mm for seven solar Carrington rotations, covering the years 1996-2002, from solar-activity minimum to maximum. Vorticity distribution and both zonal and meridional flows are derived from such synoptic flow maps, which contain an enormous amount of information about solar dynamics. The results for the zonal flows agree well with previous results. The meridional flows of an order of 20 m s-1 are found to remain poleward during the whole period of observations. In addition to the poleward meridional flows observed at the solar minimum, extra meridional circulation cells of flow converging toward the activity belts are found in both hemispheres, which may imply plasma downdrafts in the activity belts. These converging flow cells migrate toward the solar equator together with the activity belts as the solar cycle evolves. The vorticity distributions are largely linear with latitude, and the deviations from the vorticity caused by the mean differential rotation are presented. Patterns of large-scale flows are investigated for a large active region at different depths. Converging flows toward the center of the active region are found near the solar surface, and divergent flows in this large active region are found to be rooted much deeper than similar flows observed in individual sunspots. We conclude that the extremely rich and complicated dynamics of the upper convection zone reveal remarkable organization on the large scale, which can be correlated with the magnetic activity zones.
Unusual presentation of multiple giant cell reparative granulomas of the mandible

Summary Introduction Giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) of the mandible is a common benign entity that presents as a single interosseous lesion. It can vary from an asymptomatic slow growing mass to a locally destructive aggressive lesion. Pathological findings of the mandible associated with cherubism and hyperparathyroidism can mimic that of GCRG. However, these diseases demonstrate multiple mandibular lesions as opposed to a single lesion seen in GCRG. We describe a case report of a 9-year-old female with multiple mandibular lesions pathologically positive for GCRG who has no familial history of cherubism or any evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Methods / Results This is a chart review case presentation of a 9-year-old patient who initially presented to the clinic after sustaining trauma to the left side of her face and developed persistant swelling and pain. Imaging showed multiple cystic lesions of the mandiblular rami bilaterally. She underwent curettage and excisional biopsies of these lesions with bone graft. The pathology is consistent with giant cell reparative granuloma. Conclusion This is an unusual presentation of a patient with multiple giant cell reparative granulomas of the mandible. Although this is usually associated with cherubism or hyperparathyroidism, our patient has neither of these diseases.
Molecular Graphics: From Science to Art

The evolution of molecular graphics is briefly discussed. The utility of simplified representations of complex molecular assemblies is illustrated with several examples from the authors' previously published works.
Technical aspects of the estimation of triiodothyronine in human serum: Evidence of conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine during assay

Abstract The method of Sterling et al. for measuring triiodothyronine in human serum has been modified to provide greater sensitivity. The changes in technique include greater separation of triiodothyronine from thyroxine during paper chromatography, quantitation of triiodothyronine using a more dilute binding-protein solution, and the use of modifications which minimize the artifacts due to unknown substances in the chromatography paper. Complete recovery is obtained of known quantities of triiodothyronine added to human serum in amounts of 0.7 to 4.7 ng/ml. Mean triiodothyronine concentrations in human serum using this method are 1.8 ± 0.4 (SD) in normals, 6.7 ± 3.3 (SD) in untreated hyperthyroid subjects, and 0.66 ± 0.39 (SD) in hypothyroid patients. These values are 18 to 30% lower than those previously reported. We have examined the influence of thyroxine on the determination of triiodothyronine using both labeled and unlabeled hormone. The results suggest that about 0.3 to 0.4% of the total thyroxine present in serum is deiodinated to triiodothyronine. This appears to occur during the paper chromatographic step. Because of these observations, it would appear that the modified method, while quite satisfactory for clinical purposes, does not as yet provide the sensitivity and precision required for studies of triiodothyronine kinetics.
MHC-dependent survival of naïve T cells? A complicated answer to a simple question.

The differentiation and survival of developing alpha beta thymocytes depends on effective T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling upon recognition of self peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule ligands. Although this concept is uniformly accepted with regard to immature thymocytes, there are conflicting reports as to whether or not MHC recognition is required for survival of mature peripheral naive T cells. In this review, we assess these reports critically and conclude that in many cases, the differences observed in CD4(+) T-cell recovery between MHC-expressing and MHC-deficient animals can be attributed to proliferation occurring only in the MHC-expressing lymphopenic animals studied in these models systems, rather than to effects of MHC recognition on cell viability per se. Still other reports involve experimental manipulations that may have affected the intrathymic development of the T cells such that they receive a "poor" selecting signal, fail to fully mature, and thus behave more like thymocytes in their survival characteristics (i.e., show MHC dependence). With respect to CD8(+) T cells, we discuss data suggesting that some clones are more dependent upon the presence of MHC class I for survival than others. We propose that some CD8(+) T cells even in a wild-type host may behave like the manipulated CD4(+) T cells just described, and fail to mature completely with respect to their survival requirements. Although the proportion of CD8(+) cells in this MHC-dependent state is not known, the corresponding fraction among CD4(+) T cells seems to be rather small. Overall, our analysis of the available data suggests that most or all mature CD4(+) (and perhaps also many CD8(+)) T lymphocytes do not depend on self-recognition for their viability in the periphery.
Radiosynthesis of [11C]BBAC and [11C]BBPC as potential PET tracers for orexin2 receptors.

Radiosynthesis of [N-methyl-11C](S)-N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1-(2-((1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide ([11C]BBAC or [11C]3) and [N-methyl-11C] (S)-N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1-(3-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide ([11C]BBPC or [11C]-4), two potential PET tracers for orexin2 receptors are described. Syntheses of non-radioactive standards 3, 4 and corresponding desmethyl precursors 1, 2 were achieved from common intermediate (S)-2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)ethanone. Methylation using [11C]CH3OTf in the presence of base in acetone afforded [11C]3 and [11C]4 in 30 ± 5% yield (EOS) with >99 % radiochemical purities with a specific activity ranged from 2.5 ± 0.5 Ci/μmol (EOB). The log P of [11C]3 and [11C]4 were determined as 3.4 and 2.8, respectively. The total synthesis time was 30 min from EOB. However, PET scans performed in a rhesus monkey did not show tracer retention or appropriate brain uptake. Hence [11C]3 and [11C]4 cannot be used as PET tracers for imaging orexin2 receptors.
Photophysical properties of a synthetic, carbonyl-containing (N = 6+CO) carotenoid analogue

Abstract Retinyl-1 is a synthetic carotenoid analogue belonging to the retinal analogues family. It has six conjugated carbon–carbon double bonds with a carbonyl group conjugated to the π-electron system. Presence of the carbonyl group in vicinity of the conjugated carbon–carbon backbone leads to unique excited state properties that are extremely sensitive to solvent polarity and temperature. The simplicity of the synthesis of Retinyl-1 and ease of attachment to synthetic tetrapyrrole chromophores make Retinyl-1 attractive for use in artificial photosynthetic systems.
Desensitization, behavior rehearsal, then reality: A preliminary report on a new procedure

A combination of systematic desensitization and group role playing (behavior rehearsal) is presented as applied to a young male veteran with a severe anxiety reaction who responded poorly to conventional, insight-oriented group and individual psychotherapy. Unusual resistance to role playing as preparation to meet difficult encounters at home was eliminated by progressive relaxation training and working through a hierarchy of fantasy scenes. It was then possible to bridge a wide gap between imaginative anxiety-arousing interpersonal situations and real life encounters by the reinforcement furnished in a role-playing group. This combination of two mutually reinforcing therapeutic methods may prove effective in situations where either treatment modality employed alone fails.
Highlights of unsteady pressure tests on a 14 percent supercritical airfoil at high Reynolds number, transonic condition

Steady and unsteady pressures were measured on a 2-D supercritical airfoil in the Langley Research Center 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel at Reynolds numbers from 6 x 1,000,000 to 35 x 1,000,000. The airfoil was oscillated in pitch at amplitudes from plus or minus .25 degrees to plus or minus 1.0 degrees at frequencies from 5 Hz to 60 Hz. The special requirements of testing an unsteady pressure model in a pressurized cryogenic tunnel are discussed. Selected steady measured data are presented and are compared with GRUMFOIL calculations at Reynolds number of 6 x 1,000,000 and 30 x 1,000,000. Experimental unsteady results at Reynolds numbers of 6 x 1,000,000 and 30 x 1,000,000 are examined for Reynolds number effects. Measured unsteady results at two mean angles of attack at a Reynolds number of 30 x 1,000,000 are also examined.
Examining the concept of gender role ideology : Women in traditional Jewish worship

Le statut des femmes dans le judaisme est ardemment debattu depuis une vingtaine d'annees. Il existe des differences considerables dans la participation des femmes aux offices religieux. Tandis que, dans le mouvement de Reforme, femmes et hommes participent aux offices de maniere egale, les femmes affrontent des limites plus grandes dans les formes plus traditionnelles du judaisme. Cet article est centre sur une ideologie particuliere du role des sexes, soutient l'idee d'un role grandissant des femmes dans le culte d'une synagogue 'traditionnelle'. Il propose des graphiques qui mesurent cette ideologie, et un modele de 'LISREL' pour expliquer le concept.
Mass spectrometry at low and high mass

The introduction of novel methods as well as expanding applications to diverse areas highlight truly impressive progress in mass spectrometry. These developments are illustrated here by two seemingly different areas of research: new methods designed for the determination of isotopic enrichment and novel ionization methods; and mass analyzers which have enabled the precise determination of the molecular weight of proteins and large oligonucleotides.
Ionic strength and composition affect the mobility of surface-modified Fe0 nanoparticles in water-saturated sand columns.

The surfaces of nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) used for groundwater remediation must be modified to be mobile in the subsurface for emplacement. Adsorbed polymers and surfactants can electrostatically, sterically, or electrosterically stabilize nanoparticle suspensions in water, but their efficacy will depend on groundwater ionic strength and cation type as well as physical and chemical heterogeneities of the aquifer material. Here, the effect of ionic strength and cation type on the mobility of bare, polymer-, and surfactant-modified NZVI is evaluated in water-saturated sand columns at low particle concentrations where filtration theory is applicable. NZVI surface modifiers include a high molecular weight (MW) (125 kg/mol) poly(methacrylic acid)-b-(methyl methacrylate)-b-(styrene sulfonate) triblock copolymer (PMAA-PMMA-PSS), polyaspartate which is a low MW (2−3 kg/mol) biopolymer, and the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS, MW = 348.5 g/mol). Bare NZVI with an apparent ζ-potential of −3...
The effect of constant vs. varied encoding and massed vs. distributed presentations on recall of paired associates.

The variables of coding (constant vs. varied) and spacing (massed vs. distributed) were factorially combined in an independent-groups design. Sixteen nominal pairs were presented twice, with the two presentations being either massed or distributed. A given nominal pair (e.g., AR-LE) was accompanied either by the same word-pair code on both presentations (e.g.,arm-leg) or by a different code on each presentation (e.g.,arm-leg; arrive-leave). On a subsequent recall test, the nominal stimulus only was shown. Better recall of the nominal response was found after constant coding and after distributed presentations, and there was no interaction between the spacing and coding variables. The results (a) support none of the current proposed explanations for the distributed practice effect, and (b) suggest that the critical factor in determining the probability of response recall is the strength of the strongest potential route to the response, not the number of different routes. This research was supported by a grant from the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin.
Demonstration by Simulation: The Philosophical Significance of Experiment in Helmholtz's Theory of Perception

Understanding Helmholtz's philosophy of science requires attention to his experimental practice. I sketch out such a project by showing how experiment shapes his theory of perception in three ways. One, the theory emerged out of empirical and experimental research. Two, the concept of experiment fills a critical conceptual gap in his theory of perception. Experiment functions not merely as a scientific technique, but also as a general epistemological strategy. Three, Helmholtz's experimental practice provides essential clues to the interpretation of his theory of perception. A case study from experimental investigation of hearing shows how he designed such studies in accordance with the epistemological commitments of the theory of perception. Yet, while the theory was important to his experiments, the soundness of the experimental strategy was epistemically independent of those commitments. Secondly, the case study illustrates how Helmholtz consistently held that causal inferences underwrite reference to ...
Semantic data placement for power management in archival storage

Power is the greatest lifetime cost in an archival system, and, as decreasing costs make disks more attractive than tapes, spinning disks account for the majority of power drawn. To reduce this cost, we propose reducing the number of times disks have to spin up by grouping together files such that a typical spin-up handles several file accesses. For a typical system, we show that if only 30% of total accesses occur while disks are still spinning, we can conserve 12% of the power cost. We classify files according to directory structure and see access hit rates of up to 66% for a power savings of up to 52% of the power cost of spinning up for every read in easily-separable workloads.
Edge effect on elastic-plastic rolling/sliding contacts

The contact problem for an elastic-plastic quarter space with arbitrary loading is analyzed. A point load iteration method is used that allows an arbitrary surface profile of the indentor to be prescribed as a displacement boundary condition with an unknown relative approach between the indentor and quarter space and a contact area that extends to the edge of the quarter space. The direct analysis method is used as an efficient algorithm to estimate the steady state residual and cyclic quantities for a quarter space. The present paper is primarily concerned with edge effects. As the relative distance between the loading center and the edge becomes closer, the elastic contact pressure will deviate from the Hertzian distribution. The present method calculates the steady state residual stresses and equivalent plastic strain ranges and allows assessment of performance by parametric studies in realistic three-dimensional problems which would be otherwise prohibitively lengthy.
Tiny RNA: Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?

describes the emerging link between small-RNA-mediatedheterochromatin formation and the enigmatic epigeneticphenomenon of paramutation. Future research willaddress the environmental sensitivity of transposon con-trolbysmallRNAs,andtheextenttowhichthisinﬂuencesgene expression in a way that can reprogram plant de-velopment and physiological state in an adaptive manner.Although the ﬁeld of ncRNAs has come a long way in ashorttime,thereremainmanyunansweredquestionsevenin the comparatively well-studied area of small RNAs, asdiscussedbyGaryRuvkuninaPerspectiveEssayfollowingthis editorial. One such question is the general validity ofthe ARGONAUTE and PIWI protein structures, whichform the basis of our current mechanistic models. Thesestructures are derived from information gained fromorganisms such as archae and bacteria, which are notknowntohaveRNAsilencing.Ruvkunpresentsargumentsthat these proteins might instead function in DNA clea-vageinthesespecies,emphasizingtheneedtoobtainmorerelevant structures. Looking towards the future, Ruvkunsuggests that it is still uncertain that current technologiesare really sampling the entire spectrum of small RNAmolecules in the cell, as emphasized by the discovery ofpiRNAs. Technologies that are insensitive to speciﬁc bio-chemical modiﬁcations and approaches based on associ-ations with putative RNA-processing proteins are likely toreveal new undiscovered classes of RNAs for which func-tions will need to be ascribed. Ruvkun points out thatresearch in plants and Caenorhabditis worms has beenatthefrontierofthencRNAﬁeld,andthereiseveryreasontobelieve thatthiswillcontinueinto thefuture astheﬁeldkeeps up its rapid expansion.We hope that you enjoy reading these articles as muchas we have.The Guest Editors
Production-planning horizon, production smoothing, and convexity of the cost functions

Abstract One of the productions planning models economists have used for the past four decades is the production-smoothing model. The model's conclusion is simple: if cost functions are convex, under certain conditions, firm's production plans may show smaller variability than the firm's sales. This is a result of the first-order condition for cost minimization over the production-planning horizon. In a 1986 paper Blinder raised doubts regarding the ability of the production-smoothing model to explain the observed data. Some researchers (e.g. Ramey, Journal of Political Economy 99(2) (1991) 306) explained the inconsistency between the theory and the data by providing evidence that the cost functions are non-convex. In this paper, I point out that the shapes of the cost functions depend on the length of the time horizon under consideration. It is possible that while short-run cost functions are upward sloping, long-run cost functions may be downward sloping. Because the planning horizon for firms facing seasonal demand has been shown to be one seasonal cycle, the short-run cost function, whose shape determines the firm's production plan over the horizon, need to be estimated using single planning horizon data, i.e., a single seasonal cycle. Researchers who use long time series data are, in effect estimating long-run cost functions, the slopes of which may be non-positive. I show, further, that convexity of the production cost function is neither necessary nor sufficient condition for production smoothing to be an optimal plan.
Diffraction of evanescent x-rays: Results from a dynamical theory.

Evanescent x-rays can be made to diffract from periodic structures parallel to a surface or interface. A dynamical theory of diffraction yields several novel predictions which may be experimentally important. First, x-ray standing-wave fields are generated and can be controlled. This suggests a new technique for unambiguous determination of surface structure. Secondly, evanescent x-ray wave fields may be produced in the incident medium as well as the substrate. Finally, the rocking curve of the diffracted beam is narrow and asymmetric.
Communication Behaviors, Innovation, and the Maverick Leader

The purpose of this study was to examine the communication and leadership behaviors of mavericks as they relate to innovation in the organization. We sought to answer the following questions: (1) C...
THE SEXUAL DOUBLE STANDARD AND ADOLESCENT PEER ACCEPTANCE

The belief that women and men are held to different standards of sexual conduct is pervasive in contemporary American society. According to the sexual double standard, boys and men are rewarded and praised for heterosexual sexual contacts, whereas girls and women are derogated and stigmatized for similar behaviors. Although widely held by the general public, research findings on the sexual double standard remain equivocal, with qualitative studies and early attitudinal surveys generally finding evidence of the double standard and more recent experimental vignette designs often failing to find similar results. In this study, we extend prior research by directly measuring the social status of sexually permissive youth. We use data collected from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to relate adolescents' self-reported numbers of sexual partners to a network measure of peer acceptance. Results suggest that the association between lifetime sexual partnerships and peer status varies significant...
Seasonal Abundance and Population Structure of Chinavia hilaris and Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Georgia Farmscapes Containing Corn, Cotton, Peanut, and Soybean

ABSTRACT Stink bugs are economically important pests that damage a wide range of crops in the southeastern United States. Stink bug feeding on developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ) bolls may result in reduced yield and loss of fiber quality; similarly, feeding on developing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pods can reduce yield and seed quality. During 2009 and 2010, the seasonal abundance and reproductive biology of Chinavia hilaris (Say) and Nezara viridula (L.) were investigated in replicated 1.62–2.83-ha farmscapes containing equal proportions of corn (Zea mays L.), cotton, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and soybean. Crops were sampled weekly by using whole plant examinations in corn and sweep net sampling in cotton, peanut, and soybean. In 2010 only, adults were dissected to rate their reproductive development, and nymphs were classified to instar. No C. hilaris adults or nymphs ever were observed in corn; however, nymphs were observed in cotton and soybean during late September with peak abundan...
A four generation study of familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia: diagnosis in the presence of an acquired excess of thyroxine-binding globulin

We have studied the largest kindred with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) thus far reported, comprising thirty-three blood relations in four generations and three of their spouses. Our objective was to complement previous evidence concerning the precise mode of inheritance of FDH and to detect any other features of the disorder that had not yet been noted. Among the thirty three, there were thirteen patients with FDH, eight males and five females, in all of whom the abnormality appeared to be fully expressed. Within the kindred, no affected female has borne a female child, but transmission from female to male, male to male, and male to female has been observed. Among the offspring of individuals with FDH, the overall observed frequency of FDH in three filial generations was 12/22, or 54.5 per cent, yielding a computed penetrance ratio of 1.09. Four of the patients with FDH had been investigated for hyperthyroidism, and two of them had mistakenly been treated. Of particular interest were two women with FDH who were receiving oral contraceptives and whose serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations were increased. The results of their thyroid function tests differed from those of patients with FDH whose TBG concentrations were normal and mainly suggested the presence of only a high TBG state. The diagnosis of FDH in these two patients was obscured, and probably would not have been made were it not for the present investigation, which led to the electrophoretic demonstration of increased binding of T4 by serum albumin. From these data we conclude that: (1) FDH should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroxinemia; (2) the coexistence of FDH with an acquired high TBG or significant thyroid malfunction may confound the diagnosis of the former; and (3) as others have indicated, FDH is transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance, and at least in this family, with complete penetrance.
The Use of Metaraminol in the Evaluation of Mitral Insufficiency

This paper presents a simple technique which is useful in evaluating the degree of mitral insufficiency. The pulmonary capillary peak V pressures before and after the intravenous injection of 1 mg of metaraminol were studied by right and left heart catheterization in 61 patients. The presence of an increase in the V-wave over 10 mm Hg indicated mitral insufficiency in all patients if a cardiomyopathy was excluded. If the left atrium is enlarged, a small degree of insufficiency is likely to be missed, but when the insufficiency is marked, the size of the atrium and its increased compliance is not so likely to attenuate the peaked V-wave. The absence of a rise, however, may be seen in patients with all combinations of insufficiency and left atrial enlargement.
Description of a microcomputer-automated impact fatigue system

Abstract A description of a microcomputer-automated impact fatigue system is given. The system allows impact fatigue tests of up to 10 000 cycles using energies from 0·5 to 5J. The equipment is fully instrumented to measure, calculate and store complete load, displacement and energy information. Three types of data presentation are illustrated, conventional impact energy/cycles to failure plots, fracture mechanics type Delta K/da/dn plots and J intergral-crack growth (J-R) curves. The J integral curves have an unusual shape which is related to the energy absorbed by damage around the crack and which may be of some relevance to measurements of toughening mechanisms in polymers.
Sequential Staging in Bronchogenic Carcinoma

The results of staging in 115 patients with primary lung carcinoma are presented. All patients underwent a sequential process of evaluation including the following: initial staging (IS), consisting of physical examination, chest roentgenograms, and standard clinical laboratory tests; clinical staging (CS), consisting of liver-spleen scan, bone scan, computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain, and a total-body gallium citrate scan; and final staging (FS), consisting of histological verification (biopsy) of lymph node, or in most cases, sites of distant organ metastases suspected by IS and/or CS findings. Twentyone (18 percent) patients were IS III MI ; however, following clinical staging, the number of patients with metastatic disease was increased to 50 (43 percent). The value and significance of IS, besides being the first step in the sequential staging procedure, is its high accuracy for determining stage III MI* Clinical staging significantly changed the IS result in patients with other than III MI disease; 39 (25 percent) patients advanced to CS III MI and 9 (8 percent) to both CS II or III M0 . No patient had less extensive disease than suspected from IS. The gallium citrate 67 Ga scan was the most rewarding CS test showing uptake in 96 percent of the primary tumors. Following CS procedures, three patients were advanced by FS to III MI , and five had less disease than suspected and were switched from CS II to FS I. This study shows that clinical staging significantly improves the accuracy of determining the extent of disease over initial staging in those patients who do not have obvious clinical evidence of metastases. Final staging results compare satisfactorily with clinical staging results. Careful clinical staging allows for accurate identification of the extent of disease which has both prognostic and therapeutic consequences.
Adding Social Structure to Diffusion Models An Event History Framework

Most diffusion models make the implausible assumption that diffusion is unstructured by relationships within the population of interest. This article proposes methods for incorporating a priori notions about social structure into analysis. Diffusion is modeled within an event history framework where the individual's rate of adoption is a function of prior adoptions by related actors. Two diffusion models are suggested: an epidemic model where adoption rates vary with the number of prior adoptions, and a salience model where adoption rates vary with time since the last event. This approach is illustrated in an examination of the decolonization of British and French colonies. Diffusion is shown to occur within regions rather than within empires or the world system as a whole.
Cessation of DNA synthesis in retinal ganglion cells correlated with the time of specification of their central connections

Summary A series ofXenopus larvae (stages 26–45) either were given a single injection of thymidine-3H and killed after an interval of 1–24 hours, or were given several injections at intervals extending over a period of 1–10 days. Autoradiographs were made of serial sections through the eyes. Injections at stages 26–28 resulted in uniform labeling of 100% of the nuclei of the optic vesicle within 12 hours. If injections were commenced at stage 29, less than 20% of the ganglion cells, more than 80% of nuclei of the inner nuclear layer, and 100% of receptor nuclei were labeled. All the ganglion cells, except at the periphery, remained unlabeled if thymidine-3H was injected at stage 30. The results show that before stage 29 the optic vesicle is composed of cells which all replicate DNA, and whose cycle lasts about 12 hours. At stage 29 a mantle layer of neuroblasts, which have ceased DNA synthesis, is formed external to the cells which continue DNA synthesis. These neuroblasts differentiate into ganglion cells, for if cumulative labeling is commenced at stage 29 and continued until the retina is clearly differentiated, only the ganglion cells remain unlabeled in many cases. Therefore, at stage 29, within less than 10 hours, DNA replication ceases in all the neuroblasts which later differentiate into ganglion cells, with the exception of a small percentage at the periphery of the retina. Although no causal relationship has been shown, there appears to be a correlation between the cessation of DNA synthesis in ganglion cell neuroblasts at stages 28–29, and the specification of the central connections of the ganglion cells at stages 29–31.
Near IR Nonlinear Optics of an Organic Supermolecule

Two-photon accessed excited state absorption is shown to be an important mechanism in the near-IR nonlinear response of an organic supermolecule. This mechanism also provides an enhanced nonlinear absorption in an optical waveguide configuration.
characterization of the low temperature ash component of coals using multiple atmosphere DTA, TG, and DTG techniques

Abstract This paper will discuss sample handling and special analytical techniques leading to DTA, TG, and DTG pattern recognition in mineral mixtures and low temperature ash components of several coals from eastern Kentucky (USA) and southwestern Illinois (USA). The concepts of both atmospheric interaction, mineral-mineral Interaction and their effect on the final thermal analysis pattern will be addressed.
Electronic Books: How Digital Devices and Supplementary New Technologies are Changing the Face of the Publishing Industry

This paper explores the topic of electronic books (e-books) and the effect that these digital devices and other new technologies has on the publishing industry. Contemporary society often claims that the publishing industry is dying and that the innovation of the e-book will eventually sentence the printed book to death. But this study will show that such is not the case. While it is true that the world is undergoing a digital revolution, publishers today have not been left in the dust, because these firms have embraced electronic publishing (e-publishing). The invention of e-books opens a world of opportunities and since the e-book market is still in its growth stage, there is much work left to be done. As with any new venture, the industry faces certain challenges, such as piracy, but with tools like encryption, digital asset management (DAM), digital rights management (DRM), and digital object identifiers (DOI), publishers are well on the way to a solution. While it is safe to say that the digital revolution has forever changed the face of publishing, e-books could actually revitalize the industry. No one knows what the future of e-publishing will hold, but developments affect publishing houses, authors, and consumers alike. And while the ultimate fate of the printed book is yet unknown, for now, it is here to stay.
Relativistic symmetries in nuclei and hadrons

Abstract Relativistic symmetries of the Dirac Hamiltonian had been discovered many years ago but only recently have these symmetries been recognized empirically in nuclear and hadronic spectroscopy. The empirical data supporting spin symmetry in hadron spectroscopy and pseudospin symmetry in nuclear spectroscopy are reviewed. Realistic relativistic mean field calculations of nuclei and QCD sum rules are reviewed and shown to support approximate pseudospin symmetry. These revelations suggest a more fundamental rationale for pseudospin symmetry motivating an investigation for pseudospin conservation in the nucleon–nucleon interaction. Open questions regarding hadron spin symmetry and nuclear pseudospin symmetry are discussed.
Variability in attractiveness of male field crickets (Orthoptera: Cryllidae) to females

Abstract In experiments using sets of 12 individually caged male field crickets ( Gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus ) suspended above pitfall traps in an outdoor enclosure, each male attracted zero-nine females over a 4-day period in which 48–60 females were released. Male age was significantly positively correlated with the number of females attracted in both species, whereas male body size, time spent calling and level of infestation with gregarines (protozoan gut parasites) were unrelated to male attractiveness. Older male G. pennsylvanicus (at least 15 days past adult moult) also attracted significantly more females than did younger males (7–9 days after adult, moult) when pitfall traps and cages were set in the field, allowing naturally occurring females to fall into the traps. Because males were kept from contacting each other in the experiments examining correlates of attractiveness, females appeared to be actually choosing older males, rather than indirectly relying on the results of male-male competition.
Immunoglobulin Isotype Expression of Normal Pre-B Cells as Determined by Immunofluorescence

We have undertaken an immunofluorescent analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains expressed by pre-B cells from normal human fetal and adult bone marrow using purified mouse monoclonal and goat antibodies to human immunoglobulin isotypes. Our results indicate that (i) the great majority of normal pre-B cells in both fetuses and adults expresses intracytoplasmic mu chains only, (ii) immunoglobulin light-chain synthesis may be initiated during a late stage in pre-B-cell development, and (iii) heavy-chain isotype switching at the pre-B-cell stage may not occur during normal B-cell development.
Lipopolysaccharide is a cofactor for malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adduct-mediated cytokine/chemokine release by rat sinusoidal liver endothelial and Kupffer cells.

Background: The nonparenchymal cells of the liver have been suggested to play a significant role in the inflammatory processes observed in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease. Our laboratories have shown that malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA)-modified proteins can induce immune responses, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and antigen processing and presentation by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs). Another molecule that has been shown to induce similar types of responses in Kupffer cells (KCs) is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because these materials induce similar responses, it was the purpose of this study to investigate the relationship between LPS and MAA-modified proteins in the development of proinflammatory responses by SECs and KCs. Methods: For these studies, SECs and KCs were isolated from chow-fed, pair-fed, and ethanol-fed rats. Cells were stimulated with media alone, bovine serum albumin (Alb), or MAA-modified Alb (MAA-Alb) in the presence or absence of LPS 1 ng/ml, and the supernatants were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tumor necrosis factor α, macrophage chemotactic protein 1, and macrophage inhibitory protein. Results: All three cytokines/chemokines were 3 to 5 times higher when SECs or KCs were stimulated by MAA-Alb in the presence of LPS, in contrast to cells stimulated with Alb or media in the presence of LPS. Chronic ethanol consumption (6 weeks) had variable effects on the secretion of these cytokines/chemokines but in general did not alter the increased secretion in response to MAA-Alb in the presence of LPS. Conclusions: These studies strongly suggest that the sensitization of SECs and KCs by LPS plays a significant role in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease, and the subsequent activation by MAA-modified proteins may be a mechanism by which proinflammatory processes are initiated.
Boundary Surface Testing Via Differential Interferometric Measurements Of Interface Waves

Optical differential interferometry, initially developed to characterize planar recording media surfaces and subsequently used to detect continuous and pulsed ultrasonic elastic waves, has recently been applied to the measurement of the interface properties of bonded transparent solids. Acousto-optic interaction between dual laser probe beams and periodic particle displacement fields induced by acoustic waves on the boundary permits the qualitative identification of surface conditions at the interface. In this paper, the theory and operation of the real-time interferometric measurement system, an analysis of the acousto-optic interaction, and surface testing results for bonded glass specimens are presented.
Uptake and translocation of 2-aminoisobutyric acid bySchizophyllum commune

Abstract The nonnative amino acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), is transported into homokaryotic mycelia of Schizophyllum commune . However, because it is neither incorporated into protein nor further metabolized by the fungal cells, it may be used as a marker for the free amino acid pool. Colonies grown or maintained under nitrogen-limiting conditions show enhanced uptake and higher concentrations of AIB in the mycelium than controls. Based on growth inhibition and uptake kinetic experiments, the enhanced uptake appears to be the result of decreased competition for a common uptake channel with l -asparagine normally found in the medium. Colonies containing radiolabeled AIB show translocation of the label to growing hyphal apices when they are transferred to unlabeled nitrogen-deficient media. Chases on nitrogen-rich media do not result in translocation of the label. In contrast to colonies chased on nitrogen-rich media, nitrogen deprivation does not lead to release of significant amounts of AIB into the medium by older cells. This supports an intramycelial pathway for translocation of pool amino acids.