cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subordinate Bias Liability

Employment decisions are often made with the input or based on the observations of more than one person. Because multiple people often play a role in an adverse employment decision, complications arise for employment discrimination plaintiffs trying to prove that discriminatory animus played a part in that decision. Can an employee complain when her coworker or direct supervisor is overly critical of her because she is a woman? What if that person provides incorrect information or distorted information about the employee that results in those who do have the authority to fire her terminating her employment? Does she have a claim for sex discrimination? The Supreme Court of the United States sought to answer this and other related questions in Staub v. Proctor Hospital. 1 Prior to the Staub decision, the circuit courts were split about the circumstances under which factfinders could hold an employer liable for the discriminatory animus of subordinate supervisors or coworkers who did not have decision making authority, which is known as the “cat’s paw” theory of liability or “subordinate bias liability.” 2 In particular, Staub addressed subordinate bias liability in the context of bias by a non-decision making supervisor. This article sets out the varying theories that the circuit courts adopted to handle such cases, parsing the differences and ambiguities that resulted. It then looks at the Supreme Court’s attempt to settle these ambiguities in the Staub case and points out where the Court created additional ambiguities. The article also addresses the substance of Staub and finally critiques the Court’s approach. In the end, the Court adopted none of the formulations used by the circuit courts and set a standard that may be difficult for plaintiffs to meet. II. THE CAT’S PAW, SUBORDINATE BIAS LIABILITY, AND THE SPLIT Cat’s paw liability originally got its name from Judge Posner’s decision in the Seventh Circuit case Shager v. Upjohn Co., 3 which involved age discrimination. The “cat’s paw” term comes from the Aesop fable, “The Cat,
223 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS FOR PRODUCTION OF CHOLINERGIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.

Application of acetylcholine (Miochol-E) and gentle rubbing of the atrial surface successfully induced atrial fibrillation (AF) in a number of species. In the 25-30 kg pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), episodes lasted 4 ± 1.3 min. We investigated the use of carbachol, Urecholine, and Prostigmin, chemicals with analogous structures or physiological roles, for their ability to generate similar episodes of AF at a concentration of 1:100. After exposing the atrium through a left thoracotomy and pericardiotomy, gentle trauma without pretreatment with a drug was unsuccessful in mechanically inducing AF. A control exposure with application of 0.25 cc acetylcholine produced AF lasting 5 minutes. A larger amount of carbachol (0.5 cc) had to be placed on the atrium in order to produce comparable episodes of AF. Both Urecholine and Prostigmin were ineffective in producing AF. To verify that the atrium was still capable of AF, another control with acetylcholine was performed, which again resulted in AF. We conclude that the use of carbachol at higher amounts in the pig induced episodes of AF equivalent to episodes produced by acetylcholine. In contrast, the drugs Urecholine and Prostigmin were not capable, in the concentration used, of provoking AF in this model.
Long-Term Followup of Cosmetic Appearance and Genital Function in Boys with Exstrophy: Review of 53 Patients

AbstractLong-term results of genital function and cosmetic appearance were analyzed in 53 patients with bladder exstrophy. Satisfactory cosmetic appearance of the external genitalia, with a straight penis angulated downward in the standing position, was achieved in 55 per cent of the patients. Normal erectile function was preserved in all patients and 61 per cent of the postpubertal patients had experienced satisfactory intercourse. The recent use of formal penile elongation by partial mobilization of the crura of the corpora cavernosa from the pubic rami combined with single-stage or multistage urethroplasty has produced a significant improvement in results. Of the patients 12 are married and 5 have fathered children.
Recording Electrical Activity

To record spontaneous electrical potentials, to monitor transepithelial potentials, and to measure conduction velocity in the column of hydra.
What is a typical optic nerve head

Whereas it is known that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) increases the risk of glaucoma, it is not known why optic nerve heads (ONHs) vary so much in sensitivity to IOP and how this sensitivity depends on the characteristics of the ONH such as tissue mechanical properties and geometry. It is often assumed that ONHs with uncommon or atypical sensitivity to IOP, high sensitivity in normal tension glaucoma or high robustness in ocular hypertension, also have atypical ONH characteristics. Here we address two specific questions quantitatively: Do atypical ONH characteristics necessarily lead to atypical biomechanical responses to elevated IOP? And, do typical biomechanical responses necessarily come from ONHs with typical characteristics. We generated 100,000 ONH numerical models with randomly selected values for the characteristics, all falling within literature ranges of normal ONHs. The models were solved to predict their biomechanical response to an increase in IOP. We classified ONH characteristics and biomechanical responses into typical or atypical using a percentile-based threshold, and calculated the fraction of ONHs for which the answers to the two questions were true and/or false. We then studied the effects of varying the percentile threshold. We found that when we classified the extreme 5% of individual ONH characteristics or responses as atypical, only 28% of ONHs with an atypical characteristic had an atypical response. Further, almost 29% of typical responses came from ONHs with at least one atypical characteristic. Thus, the answer to both questions is no. This answer held irrespective of the threshold for classifying typical or atypical. Our results challenge the assumption that ONHs with atypical sensitivity to IOP must have atypical characteristics. This finding suggests that the traditional approach of identifying risk factors by comparing characteristics between patient groups (e.g. ocular hypertensive vs. primary open angle glaucoma) may not be a sound strategy.
Lymphocyte lineage-specific and developmental stage specific mechanisms suppress cyclin D3 expression in response to DNA double strand breaks

Mammalian cells are thought to protect themselves and their host organisms from DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) through universal mechanisms that restrain cellular proliferation until DNA is repaired. The Cyclin D3 protein drives G1-to-S cell cycle progression and is required for proliferation of immature T and B cells and of mature B cells during a T cell-dependent immune response. We demonstrate that mouse thymocytes and pre-B cells, but not mature B cells, repress Cyclin D3 protein levels in response to DSBs. This response requires the ATM protein kinase that is activated by DSBs. Cyclin D3 protein loss in thymocytes coincides with decreased association of Cyclin D3 mRNA with the HuR RNA binding protein that ATM regulates. HuR inactivation reduces basal Cyclin D3 protein levels without affecting Cyclin D3 mRNA levels, indicating that thymocytes repress Cyclin D3 expression via ATM-dependent inhibition of Cyclin D3 mRNA translation. In contrast, ATM-dependent transcriptional repression of the Cyclin D3 gene represses Cyclin D3 protein levels in pre-B cells. Retrovirus-driven Cyclin D3 expression is resistant to transcriptional repression by DSBs; this prevents pre-B cells from suppressing Cyclin D3 protein levels and from inhibiting DNA synthesis to the normal extent following DSBs. Our data indicate that immature B and T cells use lymphocyte lineage- and developmental stage-specific mechanisms to inhibit Cyclin D3 protein levels and thereby help prevent cellular proliferation in response to DSBs. We discuss the relevance of these cellular context-dependent DSB response mechanisms in restraining proliferation, maintaining genomic integrity, and suppressing malignant transformation of lymphocytes.
Hands in medicine: understanding the impact of competency-based education on the formation of medical students' identities in the United States.

PURPOSE There have been critiques that competency training, which defines the roles of a physician by simple, discrete tasks or measurable competencies, can cause students to compartmentalize and focus mainly on being assessed without understanding how the interconnected competencies help shape their role as future physicians. Losing the meaning and interaction of competencies can result in a focus on 'doing the work of a physician' rather than identity formation and 'being a physician.' This study aims to understand how competency-based education impacts the development of a medical student's identity. METHODS Three ceramic models representing three core competencies 'medical knowledge,' 'patient care,' and 'professionalism' were used as sensitizing objects, while medical students reflected on the impact of competency-based education on identity formation. Qualitative analysis was used to identify common themes. RESULTS Students across all four years of medical school related to the 'professionalism' competency domain (50%). They reflected that 'being an empathetic physician' was the most important competency. Overall, students agreed that competency-based education played a significant role in the formation of their identity. Some students reflected on having difficulty in visualizing the interconnectedness between competencies, while others did not. Students reported that the assessment structure deemphasized 'professionalism' as a competency. CONCLUSION Students perceive 'professionalism' as a competency that impacts their identity formation in the social role of 'being a doctor,' albeit a competency they are less likely to be assessed on. High-stakes exams, including the United States Medical Licensing Exam clinical skills exam, promote this perception.
Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx) production and further explored the underlying mechanisms. The MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cinnamon oil against E. coli O157:H7 were 0.025% and 0.05% (vol/vol), respectively. Cinnamon oil significantly reduced Stx2 production and the stx2 mRNA expression that is associated with diminished Vero cell cytotoxicity. Consistently, induction of the Stx-converting phage where the stx2 gene is located, along with the total number of phages, decreased proportionally to cinnamon oil concentration. In line with decreased Stx2 phage induction, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC eliminated RecA, a key mediator of SOS response, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), and poly(A) polymerase (PAP I), which positively regulate Stx-converting phages, contributing to reduced Stx-converting phage induction and Stx production. Furthermore, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC strongly inhibited the qseBC and luxS expression associated with decreased AI-2 production, a universal quorum sensing signaling molecule. However, the expression of oxidative stress response genes oxyR, soxR, and rpoS was increased in response to cinnamon oil at 0.25× or 0.5× MIC, which may contribute to stunted bacterial growth and reduced Stx2 phage induction and Stx2 production due to the inhibitory effect of OxyR on prophage activation. Collectively, cinnamon oil inhibits Stx2 production and Stx2 phage induction in E. coli O157:H7 in multiple ways. IMPORTANCE This study reports the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil on Shiga toxin 2 phage induction and Shiga toxin 2 production. Subinhibitory concentrations (concentrations below the MIC) of cinnamon oil reduced Stx2 production, stx2 mRNA expression, and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Subinhibitory concentrations of cinnamon oil also dramatically reduced both the Stx2 phage and total phage induction in E. coli O157:H7, which may be due to the suppression of RNA polyadenylation enzyme PNPase at 0.25× to 1.0× MIC and the downregulation of bacterial SOS response key regulator RecA and RNA polyadenylation enzyme PAP I at 0.75× or 1.0× MIC. Cinnamon oil at higher levels (0.75× and 1.0× MIC) eliminated quorum sensing and oxidative stress. Therefore, cinnamon oil has potential applications as a therapeutic to control E. coli O157:H7 infection through inhibition of bacterial growth and virulence factors.
Dual-functional lipid-like nanoparticles for delivery of mRNA and MRI contrast agents

Multi-functional nanomaterials possess unique properties, facilitating both therapeutic and diagnostic applications among others. Herein, we developed dual-functional lipid-like nanoparticles for simultaneous delivery of mRNA and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents in order to express functional proteins and provide real-time visualization. TT3-Gd18 LLNs were identified as a lead formulation, which was able to encapsulate 91% of mRNA and 74% of Gd. This formulation showed a comparable or a slightly higher delivery efficiency of mRNA compared to the initial TT3 LLNs. Moreover, a strong MRI signal was observed in the cell pellets treated with TT3-Gd18 LLNs. More importantly, TT3-Gd18 LLNs demonstrated an efficient delivery of mRNA and Gd contrast agents in vivo.
P269 Utility of TMS in presurgical mapping of eloquent cortices in children

Introduction The unique ability of TMS to non-invasively induce evoked responses and virtual lesions combined with improved accuracy afforded by image guidance has spurred its clinical applications. While the utility of presurgical motor and language mapping using TMS has been demonstrated in adults ( Picht, 2013 , Tarapore, 2012 ), its use in pediatric patients is in its infancy ( Narayana, 2015 ). We report here, successful functional mapping of both motor and language cortices using TMS in children. Methods Thirty-nine children (23 M, age range 0.6–18 years) undergoing surgery for brain tumors or refractory epilepsy underwent motor and language mapping using a navigated TMS system (Nexstim 4.3) (see Table 1 for the location of the lesions and type of mapping). The motor mapping (n = 22) included determination of localization and extent of primary motor cortex for hand and mouth. Language areas were localized as patients (n = 26) performed an object-naming paradigm implemented in the Nexspeech module (Nexstim Inc.) using 5 Hz TMS. TMS was applied to lateral temporal and frontal regions in both hemispheres and the observed errors were categorized using previously established criteria ( Picht, 2013 ). Results All patients tolerated TMS and did not experience any serious adverse effects. Motor cortex was successfully mapped in all but one patient. The TMS motor maps aided in determining the surgical approach and extent of resection in all patients (see Fig. 1-top). Language area localization and hemispheric dominance were successfully determined in 22 of the 26 patients. TMS derived language maps were used in conjunction with MEG, fMRI, WADA and cortical stimulation mapping in determining the surgical approach and extent of resection in these patients (see Fig. 1-bottom) ( Babajani-Feremi, 2016 ). Conclusions TMS is a safe and noninvasive means of localizing motor and language functions and recent improvements in accuracy and ease of application of TMS are especially beneficial in pediatric neurosurgery and neurology. We believe that the critical information that TMS provides, coupled with its ease of use, will result in increasing pediatric applications in the near future. Download : Download high-res image (264KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (637KB) Download : Download full-size image
Social Capital Development and For-Profit Post-secondary Education: A Planned Study

As for-profit institutions have experienced dramatic growth, research has lagged due in part to deficiencies in data collection and reporting. Whereas a body of in-depth research on for-profit institutions is lacking, several questions have been asked through the mainstream press, the academic community, and more recently, the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Among the questions raised are serious inquiries into graduation rates, loan default rates, economic returns, and questionable enrollment practices. As governments inquire and researchers delve into these relevant areas, attention must also be directed to the social impacts of for-profit institutions, specifically the influence of education on social capital development.
How tight are your genes? Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the leptin receptor, NPY, and POMC genes.

Abstract In the past few years, there has been exponential growth in our knowledge of genes that control food intake and metabolism. Most of this research has demonstrated either an increased or decreased expression of these “obesity genes” in response to changes in nutritional status. Ultimately, these changes reflect modifications in the rate of gene transcription, mRNA stability, translation initiation, or posttranslational processing. Few laboratories have examined specifically which of these molecular mechanisms are responsible for obesity gene regulation, and thus, the field is wide open for exploration. In addition, it is possible that some forms of human obesity may be caused by inherited mutations in transcription factors or other regulatory molecules rather than base pair mutations in the obesity genes themselves. This article focuses on the regulation of the leptin receptor, NPY, and POMC genes, and explores what is known about the regulation of these obesity genes in response to food intake or changes in body fat stores. Connections between regulation of these genes and some inherited forms of human obesity are made.
Classroom Conversations in the Study of Race and the Disruption of Social and Educational Inequalities: A Review of Research

This review of research examines classroom conversations about race with a theoretical framing oriented to understanding how such conversations may disrupt social and educational inequalities. The ...
Selecting the Appropriate Type of Measurement Control Chart

According to Section 5.9 of ISO/IEC 17025:2005 [1], laboratories shall have quality control procedures for monitoring the validity of tests and calibrations. The resulting data shall be recorded in...
Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents

Bariatric surgery is an effective therapy for weight loss in adolescents and children with obesity. There are unique preoperative considerations related to patient selection, multidisciplinary evaluation and assessment, and consent. Current surgical approaches include sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding, and newer procedures not yet commonly in use. Multiple issues related to perioperative care are discussed, including care pathways, medications, common postoperative complications, and follow-up. Outcomes in adolescents have been encouraging, supporting bariatric surgery as a safe and effective therapy for the appropriate patient.
Conventional, Battery-Powered, and Other Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Sustainability Assessment

The substantial impacts of transportation on environment, society, and economy strongly urge the incorporation of sustainability into transportation planning. Major developments that enhance transportation sustainability include alternative fuels, electric drive and other novel technologies for vehicle propulsion. This chapter presents a sustainability framework that enables the assessment of transportation vehicle characteristics. Identified indicators are grouped into five sustainability dimensions (environment, technology, energy, economy, and users). The method joins life cycle impacts and a set of quantified indicators to assess the sustainability performance of seven popular light-duty vehicles and two types of transit buses. The hybrid diesel electric bus received the highest sustainability index and the internal combustion engine vehicle the lowest. Fuel cell and hybrid electric vehicles were found to have the highest sustainability index among all passenger vehicles. The sustainability performance of some new technologies currently suffers from limitations in engine and battery performance, comfort and convenience, and availability of charging stations.
Correlates of disclosure of sexual violence among Kenyan youth.

Abstract Introduction Sexual violence (SV) against children is a global health and human rights issue that can have short and long-term consequences for health and wellbeing. Disclosing SV increases the likelihood that children can access health and protective services and receive psychosocial support. Research in high-income countries has found that child SV survivors are more likely to disclose when they are girls/women, experience fewer SV events, and experience SV perpetrated by a stranger. No studies have examined correlates of SV disclosure in Kenya. Objective The objective of this research was to assess the correlates of disclosing SV among Kenyan youth ages 13–24 who reported an SV experience before age 18. Methods In 2010, the Kenya Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Division of Violence Prevention, the UNICEF Kenya Country Office, and the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) conducted a national survey of violence against children. These data were used to conduct weighted logistic regression analyses to determine which factors were correlated with reporting SV disclosure. Results Among the 27.8% of girls/women and 14.5% of boys/men who reported SV before age 18, 44.6% of girls/women and 28.2% of boys/men reported to have disclosed the experience. In weighted logistic regression analysis, the odds of disclosure were lower among survivors who were boys/men and among survivors who reported more SV events, and higher when any perpetrator was a family member. Conclusion More context-specific research on SV disclosure among young people is needed globally.
The impact of dissolved fluorine on bubble nucleation in hydrous rhyolite melts

Abstract Surface tension of hydrous rhyolitic melt is high enough that large degrees of supersaturation are needed to homogeneously nucleate H2O bubbles during eruptive magma ascent. This study examines whether dissolved fluorine lowers surface tension of hydrous rhyolite, and thus lowers the supersaturation required for bubble nucleation. Fluorine was targeted because it, like H2O, changes melt properties and is highly soluble, unlike all other common magmatic volatiles. Rhyolite melts were saturated at Ps = 245 MPa with H2O fluid that contained F, generating rhyolite with 6.7 ± 0.4 wt.% H2O and 1.1–1.3 wt.% F. When these melts were decompressed rapidly to Pf = 149–202 MPa and quenched after 60 s, bubbles nucleated at supersaturations of ΔP = Ps − Pf ≥52 MPa, and reached bubble number densities of NB = 1012–13 m−3 at ΔP = 78–101 MPa. In comparison, rhyolite saturated with 6.34 ± 0.09 wt.% H2O, but only 0.25 wt.% F, did not nucleate bubbles until ΔP ≥ 100–116 MPa, and even then, at significantly lower NB (
On the Calculation of Potentials from Densities

Below, the linear response of the potential associated with a change in the density is derived for the case of non-interacting Fermions in one dimension. The result is used in iterative calculations to find the potential for a few simple densities.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: Integration of Adaptive Responses to Stress

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide best known for its essential role in activating the endocrine (pituitary–adrenal) arm of the stress response. The fact that CRF can also act centrally to elicit stresslike autonomic and behavioral responses has fostered the notion that this peptide system serves a broader role in integrating multiple modes of stress adaptation, a proposal that has guided much contemporary work in stress neurobiology. An interconnected set of brain cell groups, termed the central autonomic system (CAS), includes sensitive sites of stress-related CRF action. Yet even with the recent expansion of the known universe of CRF-related signaling molecules to include three additional ligands (the urocortins), two membrane-anchored receptors (CRFRs), and a separate binding protein, pivotal CAS components are lacking in demonstrable expression of relevant ligand-containing inputs, CRFRs, or both. Understanding the bases for stress-related CRF signaling in the CAS has implications for clarifying basic mechanisms of stress adaptation and for defining targets for therapeutic intervention in the gamut of systemic and affective disorders that may be precipitated or exacerbated by chronic stress exposure.
“So We Only Have One We Share with More, and Then They Have Way More and They Share with Less”: Mathematics and Spatial Justice

This chapter investigates student learning in the context of a module about a city’s two-tiered financial system of banks and alternative financial institutions (i.e., pawnshops), held in ten sessions in a high school advisory class led by a mathematics teacher. The module exemplifies teaching mathematics for spatial justice, by extending teaching mathematics for social justice (Gutstein, 2006) with the idea that place matters (Gruenewald, 2003) and that justice has a geography (Soja, 2010). In this module, students use the concepts of percent to mathematize the costs of loans, and they analyze intensive variables to investigate spatial data about the density of these categories of institutions across their city. Spatial data is presented with GIS maps, layerable with demographic data and locations of financial institutions. The spatial distribution of the financial institutions reflects the inequalities of the spatial patterns in the city’s social demographics. Contextualized in the disparity of interest rates across these financial institutions, the spatial pattern not only reflects but reinforces those social inequalities. This chapter presents findings from one round of piloting and pursues the question: How did the module’s spatial justice orientation support the development of conceptual understanding of percent and ratio? Analysis focuses on growth with respect to mathematical understanding of percent and learning in class sessions organized around the use of ratios to understand the distribution. Findings include student adoption of strategies indicative of conceptual understandings of percent and development of critical opinions about their city’s two-tiered personal lending system.
Interpersonal positive reframing in the daily lives of couples coping with breast cancer.

Objectives: This study examined word use as an indicator of interpersonal positive reframing in daily conversations of couples coping with breast cancer and as a predictor of stress.Design: The Ele...
Abstract 546: GJA1-20k Protects the Heart From Ischemic Injury by Inducing Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Metabolic Quiescence

Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a cell-cell communication gap junction protein that is encoded by the GJA1 gene and is expressed in all organ systems. It was recently found that the GJA1 mRNA undergoes alter...
Multivariate ‘AND-gate’ substrate probes as enhanced contrast agents for fluorescence-guided surgery

Abstract The greatest challenges for surgical management of cancer are precisely locating lesions and clearly defining the margins between tumors and normal tissues. This is confounded by the characteristics of the tissue where the tumor is located as well as its propensity to form irregular boundaries with healthy tissues. To address these issues, molecularly targeted optical contrast agents have been developed to define margins in real-time during surgery1,2. However, selectivity of a contrast agent is often limited by expression of a target enzyme or receptor in both tumor and healthy tissues. Here we introduce a concept of multivariate ‘AND-gate’ optical imaging probes that require sequential processing by multiple tumor-specific enzymes to produce a fluorescent signal. This results in dramatically improved specificity as well as overall enhanced sensitivity. This general approach has the potential to be broadly applied to selectively target complex patterns of enzyme activities in diverse disease tissues for detection, treatment and therapy response monitoring.
G6PD Deficiency and Priapism: Is There a Link Between the Two Entities?

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is called the house keeping enzyme essential for all cells survival. G6PD deficiency is best studied for its role in hemolysis as this enzyme is the only source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in red blood cells (RBCs) and is the cells defense against reactive oxygen species. We present one of the rare complications of G6PD deficiency in this case where all other causes of priapism were ruled out. J Med Cases. 2019;10(9):271-273 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3355
Formation of exoplanetary satellites by pull-down capture

The large size and wide orbit of the recently announced exomoon candidate Kepler-1625b-i are hard to explain within traditional theories of satellite formation. We show that these properties can be reproduced if the satellite began as a circumstellar co-orbital body with the original core of the giant planet Kepler-1625b. This body was then drawn down into a circumplanetary orbit during the rapid accretion of the giant planet gaseous envelope, a process termed "pull-down capture." Our numerical integrations demonstrate the stability of the original configuration and the capture process. In this model, the exomoon Kepler-1625b-i is the protocore of a giant planet that never accreted a substantial gas envelope. Different initial conditions can give rise to capture into other co-orbital configurations, motivating the search for Trojan-like companions to this and other giant planets.
Making Democracy Great Again…or Not: Alexis de Tocqueville on Why Greatness in Democratic Society Requires Justice

With the phrase, “Make America Great Again,” the topic of greatness has reentered our political discourse. But what role, if any, should greatness play in a democratic society? Conventionally under...
Regulatory signatures of drought response in stress resilient Sorghum bicolor

The effects of drought stress can be devastating to crop production worldwide. A grand challenge facing agriculture is development of crop varieties with improved drought resilience through breeding or biotechnology. To accelerate this, a mechanistic understanding is needed of the regulatory networks underlying drought response in crop genomes and the genetic elements that modulate them. Here, we explore the regulatory landscape of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in response to controlled-environment drought stress. Sorghum is a C4 cereal crop with innate drought resilience. To define molecular signatures of drought response, we mapped genome-wide chromatin accessibility using an Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin by sequencing and analyzed parallel transcriptional profiles in drought-stressed sorghum shoot and root tissues. Drought-responsive changes in accessibility were largely in proximal promoters of differentially expressed genes and also in distal regions. Data were integrated to infer gene network connections and cis-regulatory modules underlying drought response and the transcription factors that control them. Inspection of pan-genomic data and phenotyping across sorghum diversity revealed variation in genomic signatures that associated with water use efficiency. Our analyses provide drought-inducible regulatory modules in sorghum that can be leveraged for fine-tuning responses to stress, mining for advantageous alleles, and translating across species.
Generalizations and Alternatives of Classical Algebraic Structures to NeutroAlgebraic Structures and AntiAlgebraic Structures

In this paper we present the development from paradoxism to neutrosophy, which gave birth to neutrosophic set and logic and especially to NeutroAlgebraic Structures (or NeutroAlgebras) and AntiAlgebraic Structures (or AntiAlgebras) that are generalizations and alternatives of the classical algebraic structures.
Obesity increases hepatic glycine dehydrogenase and aminomethyltransferase expression while dietary glycine supplementation reduces white adipose tissue in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

Obesity is associated with altered glycine metabolism in humans. This study investigated the mechanisms regulating glycine metabolism in obese rats. Eight-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF; a type-II diabetic animal model) received either 1% glycine or 1.19% l-alanine (isonitrogenous control) in drinking water for 6 weeks. An additional group of lean Zucker rats also received 1.19% l-alanine as a lean control. Glycine concentrations in serum and liver were markedly lower in obese versus lean rats. Enteral glycine supplementation restored both serum and hepatic glycine levels, while reducing mesenteric and internal white fat mass compared with alanine-treated ZDF rats. Blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations did not differ between the control and glycine-supplemented ZDF rats (P > 0.10). Both mRNA and protein expression of aminomethyltransferase (AMT) and glycine dehydrogenase, decarboxylating (GLDC) were increased in the livers of obese versus lean rats (P < 0.05). In contrast, glycine cleavage system H (GCSH) hepatic mRNA expression was downregulated in obese versus lean rats, although there was no change in protein expression. These findings indicate that reduced quantities of glycine observed in obese subjects likely results from an upregulation of the hepatic glycine cleavage system and that dietary glycine supplementation potentially reduces obesity in ZDF rats.
Cancer and Cardiovascular Risk in Women With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Carrying a Common IGF1R Variant.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor variant rs2016347 on the risk for breast and nonbreast cancers and cardiovascular disease in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort study included all parous women in the UK Biobank with prior rs2016347 genotyping (N=204,155), with enrollment taking place from March 2006 to July 2010. History of HDP was self-reported, and outcomes included breast and all nonbreast cancers, hospital diagnoses of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and direct blood pressure measurements. Results Women with previous HDP had a higher risk for future hypertension and cardiovascular diagnoses, increased blood pressures, and lower risk for breast cancer compared with women without HDP, consistent with prior studies. Hazard ratios for all nonbreast cancers were unchanged. However, when taking genotype into account, HDP-positive women carrying at least 1 thymine (T) allele of rs2016347 had a lower risk for nonbreast cancer (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.92; P=.02) and lower systolic blood pressure (−2.08±0.98 mm Hg; P=.03) compared with women with the guanine/guanine (GG) genotype with positive evidence of interaction (HDP:T allele) for both outcomes; P=.04 and P=.03, respectively. Conclusion Women who experience HDP and carry a T allele of rs2016347 have 41% lower risk for developing nonbreast cancer and a lower systolic blood pressure of 2.08 mm Hg when compared with those with the GG genotype, suggesting a possible role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 axis for both cardiovascular and cancer risk in women with HDP.
Analogy Models for Neural Word Inflection

Analogy is assumed to be the cognitive mechanism speakers resort to in order to inflect an unknown form of a lexeme based on knowledge of other words in a language. In this process, an analogy is formed between word forms within an inflectional paradigm but also across paradigms. As neural network models for inflection are typically trained only on lemma-target form pairs, we propose three new ways to provide neural models with additional source forms to strengthen analogy-formation, and compare our methods to other approaches in the literature. We show that the proposed methods of providing a Transformer sequence-to-sequence model with additional analogy sources in the input are consistently effective, and improve upon recent state-of-the-art results on 46 languages, particularly in low-resource settings. We also propose a method to combine the analogy-motivated approach with data hallucination or augmentation. We find that the two approaches are complementary to each other and combining the two approaches is especially helpful when the training data is extremely limited.
A mixed model approach to measurement error in semiparametric regression

An essential assumption in traditional regression techniques is that predictors are measured without errors. Failing to take into account measurement error in predictors may result in severely biased inferences. Correcting measurement-error bias is an extremely difficult problem when estimating a regression function nonparametrically. We propose an approach to deal with measurement errors in predictors when modelling flexible regression functions. This approach depends on directly modelling the mean and the variance of the response variable after integrating out the true unobserved predictors in a penalized splines model. We demonstrate through simulation studies that our approach provides satisfactory prediction accuracy largely outperforming previously suggested local polynomial estimators even when the model is incorrectly specified and is competitive with the Bayesian estimator.
Racialized geographies of housing financialization

Financial violence is racial violence: geographies of housing financialization spatialize hierarchies of death-dealing racial difference. However, research concerned with housing financialization r...
Complement Inhibition for Geographic Atrophy: A Tempting Target with Mixed Results

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. One of the strongest genetic risk factors for AMD is a complement factor H (CFH) gene polymorphism characterized by a tyrosine-histidine change at amino acid position 402 (Y402H). The magnitude of this association between the Y402H variant and AMD is among the strongest that has been identified for any complex, multifactorial human disease. This strong association has motivated researchers to investigate a potential link between various elements of the complement pathway and AMD pathogenesis. Given the possible contribution of complement dysregulation to AMD, complement inhibition has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for slowing geographic atrophy (GA). Randomized clinical trials thus far have yielded mixed results. In this article, we provide the historical context for complement inhibition as a strategy for treating GA, discuss potential advantages and disadvantages of complement inhibition, and highlight the questions that must be addressed before complement inhibition can take center stage as a therapy for AMD.
Paroxysmal dyskinesia

This group of disorders is characterized by periodic sudden events of involuntary movement. The clinical range of these involuntary movements is wide including tonic spasms, choreiform and athetoid movements and sustained dystonic postures. Confusion with reflex forms of epilepsy has been common in the past, but in general, paroxysmal dyskinesias are not associated with alterations in consciousness or epileptiform activity on electroencephalogram. The underlying basis of the paroxysmal dyskinesia is under active investigation as is their relationship to epilepsy and other paroxysmal disorders [1,2, Class III; 3].
A Sociology of Globalization

Sassen identifies two sets of processes that make up globalization: the first and more commonly studied set of processes is global institutions, from the World Trade Organization to the War Crime Tribunals; the second and less frequently explored set of processes occur at the national and local level, including state monetary policy, small-scale activism that has an explicit or implicit global agenda, and local politics. Emphasizing the interplay between global and local phenomena, Sassen insightfully examines new forms and conditions such as global cities, transnational communities, and commodity chains. This unique approach to globalization offers new interpretive and analytic tools to understand the complexity of global interdependence. Sociology of Globalization is part of the Contemporary Societies series.
Book review: Bohmian mechanics and quantum theory: an appraisal

Book ReviewBohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal.James Cushing, Arthur Fine and Sheldon Goldstein (Eds.)Gregg Jaeger Boston University, Dept. of Elect. and Comp. Eng. Photonics Center,8 St. Mary’s St, Boston, MA 02215This collection “Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory” gives us the broadestperspective yet on this important realist alternative to standard quantum theory. Thebook treats the history, philosophical ramiﬁcations and consistency of theories arisingfrom Bohm’s original model and their relations to other alternative theories. Signiﬁcantly,it also contains applications of these theories to practical situations, such as scatteringtheory - a sign of the ﬁeld’s increasing maturity.Most importantly among its contributions to physics and the philosophy of physics,Bohmian mechanics provides an existence proof in support of the hidden-variable approachto explaining quantum phenomena: it is a causal mechanics observationally equivalent tostandard nonrelativistic quantum theory. As with the study of the foundations of quantumtheory generally, Bohmian mechanics is undergoing a renaissance. During those long yearsof neglect between the appearance of the EPR argument in 1935 and the emergence ofvarious theories of microphysics, Bohmiam mechanics and Everett’s relative state theoryemerged as little-regarded testimonies that alternatives to standard quantum theory wereindeed conceivable. In these latertimes, we have this excitingvolume of contemporary workon Bohmian mechanics. Though the editors have included among the contributors severalcontemporary advocates of the approach, suﬃcient sceptical analysis is also provided toput optimistic claims in proper perspective.The simplest way to view the introduction in 1952 of Bohm’s theory is as a direct re-sponse to the acausality that Bohr and Pauli, amongst others, saw as essential to quantumphenomena. After all, these workers saw acausality unmistakably manifest in the appar-ent impossibility of understanding quantum phenomena with theories attributing deﬁnitetrajectories in space-time. Bohm’s move was to take as fundamental the contrary, thatphysical systems, beginning with single particles, have deﬁnite positions at all times andthat their initial positions at a given time determine their future behavior, in accordancewith Newton’s equation of motion. This required mainly the addition of a “quantum po-tential” to those potentials ordinarily present. The result was a complete theory of motionfor microscopic systems whose statistics accord with the predictions of standard quantummechanics. In a broader sense, Bohm’s theory can be seen as a materialist response to themystic character of the standard theory, most clearly exhibited in its dependence on thespecial status of the observer of quantum phenomena.The paper by Millard Baublitz and Abner Shimony gives order to the conceptualtug-of-war now surrounding Bohmian mechanics, distinguishing two components withinBohm’s initial theory: the “causal view” and the “guidance view.” These contributors1
Ecological constraints on the evolution of plasticity in plants

Signal detection and response are fundamental to all aspects of phenotypic plasticity. This paper proposes a novel mechanism that may act as a general limit to the evolution of plasticity, based on how selection on signal detection and response is likely to interact with gene flow in a spatially autocorrelated environment. The factors promoting the evolution of plasticity are re- viewed, highlighting the crucial role of information acquisition and developmental lags, and of selection in spatially and temporally structured habitats. Classic studies of the evolution of plasticity include those on shade avoidance, on morphological plasticity in clonal plants, and on selection in spatially structured model populations. Comparative studies indicate that, among clonal plants, extensive plasticity in growth form is favored in patchy environments, as expected. However, among woody lineages from Madagascar, plasticity in photosynthetic pathway (CAM vs. C3) appears to confer competitive success in areas of intermediate drought stress, rather than allowing individually plastic species to expand their ranges, as has often been argued. The extent of phenotypic plasticity cannot only determine species distributions, it can also affect the sign and magnitude of interactions between species. There appears to be some relationship between developmental plasticity and evolutionary lability: traits that show relatively few transitions within and among plant lineages (e.g., zygomorphy vs. actinomorphy, phyllotaxis, fleshy vs. capsular fruits) usually show no plas- ticity within individual plants; traits that show extensive plasticity within individuals or species (e.g., leaf size, flower number, plant height) generally also show extensive variation within and across lineages. Transaction and cybernetic costs, as well as long-lived leaves or roots, can limit the tempo of adaptive developmental responses, and create a hierarchy of responses at different temporal scales. Traits whose variation entails few transaction costs (e.g., stomatal conductance) are more likely to be shifted more frequently than those with higher costs of variation (e.g., leaf cross-sectional anatomy). The envelope of responses at the physiological and developmental time scales appears to be an important determinant of adaptive performance. However, adaptive plasticity can limit its own range of effectiveness as a consequence of energetic and competitive constraints, as seen in the allometry and zonation of emergent vs. floating aquatic plants. Plants' inherently low rate of energy capture (and, hence, developmental response and growth) and the high energetic costs of a central nervous system (CNS), may explain why they lack a brain and integrate environmental signals with a slow, hormone-based set of feedback loops rather than with a fast CNS. Finally, environmental spatial autocorrelations - especially those involving factors that determine optimal phenotype - can combine with gene flow and selection for reliance on the locally most informative signals to produce a fundamental limit on the extent of adaptive plasticity.