cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormal laterality in schizophrenics and their parents

Abstract Previous studies found that schizophrenics do not show the normal right ear-left hemisphere perceptual advantage on language-related dichotic tests of lateralized cerebral function. We report evidence of a similar abnormality in non-schizophrenic parents of schizophrenic patients. Perceptual asymmetry was first measured with a dichotic word test which had previously yielded differences between schizophrenics and controls. The parents ( n =18) demonstrated a lower right ear advantage (REA) than controls ( n =10) ( p =0.05), but performed similarly to their schizophrenic offspring ( n =10). The same subjects were given two additional tests. Neutral words were paired with words of a positive emotional valence in one test, and with words of a negative emotional valence in the other. On these two tests, the parents were more similar to the controls than to their offspring with the schizophrenics demonstrating a lower REA than their parents ( p =0.005) on the negative test. These results suggest that schizophrenics and their parents have similar abnormalities in hemispheric activation at baseline only, but when listening to words with negative emotional valence, only the schizophrenics demonstrate a further decrease in left hemispheric activation.
Spawning Habitat Segregation of Sympatric Sockeye and Pink Salmon

Abstract Spatiotemporal distributions and microhabitat use of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and sockeye salmon O. nerka were studied in Lake Creek, southeast Alaska, during three spawning seasons. Sockeye salmon migrated approximately 1 week earlier than pink salmon and spawned 250–350 m upstream from pink salmon. Habitat overlap measured with proportional similarity index monotonically increased with increasing spawner densities. Multidimensional niche spaces measured with water depth, current velocity, and channel gradient at redds were significantly different between pink and sockeye salmon (P < 0.005, Hotelling's T 2-test). However, classification of the redds into individual species was subjected to large error rates; 33% of 70 pink salmon redds and 34% of 125 sockeye salmon redds were misclassified. Competitive interaction between pink and sockeye salmon was not demonstrated.
Evaluation and Medical Management of Erectile Dysfunction

Most men older than 60 years experience some degree of erectile dysfunction (ED). The physiology of erections is complex, with contributions from hormonal, vascular, psychological, neurologic, and cellular components. ED is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors, and this fact plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of ED. In this article, we review the evaluation of ED in terms of history, physical examination, and common laboratory studies. Additionally, we review major considerations when prescribing phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and other medical treatments, including intraurethral alprostadil, penile injection therapy, and testosterone replacement.
Oxidative Stress and DNA Methylation in Prostate Cancer

The protective effects of fruits, vegetables, and other foods on prostate cancer may be due to their antioxidant properties. An imbalance in the oxidative stress/antioxidant status is observed in prostate cancer patients. Genome oxidative damage in prostate cancer patients is associated with higher lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant levels. Oxygen radicals are associated with different steps of carcinogenesis, including structural DNA damage, epigenetic changes, and protein and lipid alterations. Epigenetics affects genetic regulation, cellular differentiation, embryology, aging, cancer, and other diseases. DNA methylation is perhaps the most extensively studied epigenetic modification, which plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin architecture, in association with histone modification and other chromatin-associated proteins. This review will provide a broad overview of the interplay of oxidative stress and DNA methylation, DNA methylation changes in regulation of gene expression, lifestyle changes for prostate cancer prevention, DNA methylation as biomarkers for prostate cancer, methods for detection of methylation, and clinical application of DNA methylation inhibitors for epigenetic therapy.
The systematic value of creatine kinase expression in reptiles

Abstract Isozyme characters of creatine kinase, including the number of genes, the specificity of tissue expression, and the ability to form interlocus and intralocus heterodimers, were reevaluated for their potential for systematics applications among the reptiles. The gene number character has limited application because it is apomorphic only for chelid turtles. The intralocus heterodimer formation character has limited systematic value because of the infrequency of heterozygosity. Likewise, the interlocus heterodimer formation character has limited systematic value because of the infrequency of both Ck-A and Ck-C products being expressed in the same tissue. Differences in patterns of specificity of tissue expression hold the greatest potential for applications in reptilian systematics.
Energy propagation with phase velocity in a waveguide

Transit-time measurements of the leading edge of pulse-modulated microwaves propagating in a waveguide have been performed in time domain. These measurements show that a part of the energy associated with the leading edge of the pulse propagates with a phase velocity exceeding the intrinsic velocity in free space. Calibration techniques and repeated measurements confirm this phenomenon.
Binary convolutional codes for a multiple-access channel (Corresp.)

Binary convolutional (linear) code pairs are investigated for use on the two-user adder channel. Maximum likelihood decoding is discussed, and a two-user decoding trellis is defined. The L-free distance of a convolutional code pair is defined and shown to be equal to the free distance of the mod-2 sum of the two single-user codes. It follows that the code pair is uniquely decodable if and only if the mod-2 sum code has an inverse, and that the code pair is subject to catastrophic error propagation if and only if the mod-2 sum code is catastrophic. These results also imply that no uniquely decodable binary convolutional (linear) code pairs exist with a rate sum above time sharing.
Infection with paramyxoviruses stimulates synthesis of cellular polypeptides that are also stimulated in cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus or deprived of glucose

Abstract Infection of several types of cultured cells with the paramyxoviruses simian virus 5 and Sendai virus stimulates synthesis of four polypeptides (I-IV) with molecular weights of approximately 99,000, 97,000, 86,000, and 78,000, respectively. That these are host polypeptides encoded in cellular mRNAs has been shown by the inhibition of their synthesis by actinomycin D and by the similarity of the peptide maps of them and of polypeptides with the same electrophoretic mobility from uninfected cells. Peptide mapping as well as identical migration in polyacrylamide gels has also indicated that polypeptides I, II, and IV are the same as plasma membrane polypeptides whose synthesis is enhanced in cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus and in normal cells by glucose deprivation or treatment with 2-deoxyglucose. Polypeptides I and II appear to be the same polypeptides, with the observed differences in migration reflecting the glycosylation of polypeptide I, a relationship previously shown to exist between polypeptides in glucose-deprived and glucose-fed cells. Infection with paramyxoviruses does not significantly increase the transport of glucose by cells, and the maintenance of a high concentration of glucose in the medium does not prevent the enhanced synthesis of these polypeptides. This is in contrast to the situation in transformed cells in which stimulation of synthesis of these polypeptides is secondary to depletion of glucose in the medium due to increased glucose uptake by the cells. Thus, although paramyxovirus infection and transformation by Rous sarcoma virus result in stimulation of the synthesis of the same membrane polypeptides, the mechanism of stimulation differs.
The C-Terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II Functions as a Phosphorylation-Dependent Splicing Activator in a Heterologous Protein

RNA polymerase II, and specifically the C-terminal domain (CTD) of its largest subunit, has been demonstrated to play important roles in capping, splicing, and 3' processing of mRNA precursors. But how the CTD functions in these reactions, especially splicing, is not well understood. To address some of the basic questions concerning CTD function in splicing, we constructed and purified two fusion proteins, a protein in which the CTD is positioned at the C terminus of the splicing factor ASF/SF2 (ASF-CTD) and an RS domain deletion mutant protein (ASFDeltaRS-CTD). Significantly, compared to ASF/SF2, ASF-CTD increased the reaction rate during the early stages of splicing, detected as a 20- to 60-min decrease in splicing lag time depending on the pre-mRNA substrate. The increased splicing rate correlated with enhanced production of prespliceosomal complex A and the early spliceosomal complex B but, interestingly, not the very early ATP-independent complex E. Additional assays indicate that the RS domain and CTD perform distinct functions, as exemplified by our identification of an activity that cooperates only with the CTD. Dephosphorylated ASFDeltaRS-CTD and a glutathione S-transferase-CTD fusion protein were both inactive, suggesting that an RNA-targeting domain and CTD phosphorylation were necessary. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism by which the CTD functions in splicing.
Multi-channel Data Collection for Throughput Maximization in Wireless Sensor Networks

We present the design and implementation of Multi-Channel Collection (MCC) protocol , a high-rate multi-channel time-scheduled protocol for fair, real-time data collection in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). MCC incorporates sophisticated mechanisms for balanced routing tree formation, multiple frequency channel allocation and globally synchronized TDMA scheduling. Through systematic experiments with real WSN hardware (Tmote Sky), we identify the maximum possible throughput for many-to-one (convergecast) data collection as a function of key communication parameters such as packet size, use of acknowledgements, and network topology. Then, we demonstrate that the maximum achievable network throughput can in fact be attained in practice using a carefully designed mix of routing, frequency allocation and time scheduling. Compared to state of the art collection protocols for WSN, we show that MCC offers 33-155% improvement in throughput. We also show how to exploit the time-scheduled nature of this approach for reducing the number of required frequency channels. MCC presents an algorithmic approach for time-frequency scheduling and routing that could be adapted and used in conjunction with relevant emerging standards such as WirelessHART, ISA 100.11a and IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH.
Gray and white matter brain-blood transfer constants by steady-state tissue clearance in cat

Abstract Capillary transfer constants for gray matter have been measured by others from steady-state tissue clearance during ventriculocisternal perfusion. Similar studies in white matter, however, are complicated by the bulk flow of interstitial fluid (ISF). Recently we determined the velocity of bulk flow of ISF under normal conditions. We now report capillary transfer constants in gray and white matter by steady-state tissue clearance in the cat. Adult cats underwent a 2, 3, or 4 h ventriculocisternal perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing [3H]sucrose and either [14C]urea or [14C]ethylene glycol. Diffusion coefficients and velocity of bulk flow were determined from tissue concentrations of the extracellular marker, sucrose. Steady-state tissue concentrations of urea and ethylene glycol were used to calculate transfer of those compounds from the brain to the blood. Urea reached steady-state by the third hour; capillary transfer constants were similar in gray and white matter. Ethylene glycol reached steady-state by the second hour; however, capillary transfer was more rapid in the gray matter than in white.
Modeling and analysis of protein design under resource constraints

The potency, or fitness, of a protein-based drug can be enhanced by changing the sequence of its underlying protein. We present a novel stochastic model for the sequence–fitness relation, and estimate its four parameters from industrial data. Using this model, we formulate and analyze two variants of the protein design problem. In the single-period design problem, the designer needs to decide under capacity constraints which set of sequences to screen in order to maximize the expected fitness of the best sequence in the set. In the more general two-period design problem, the designer can afford two screening rounds and needs to allocate resources optimally across the two periods to maximize the same objective function. Analytical and simulation results allow us to assess the utility of the proposed design strategies for various parameter regimes.
Lithium dosage guide for prepubertal children: a preliminary report.

A lithium dosage schedule is proposed to yield a serum lithium level within the presumed therapeutic range (0.6–1.2 mEq/L). Careful clinical observation, lithium level monitoring, and dosage adjustment based on clinical response are necessary to minimize untoward effects. When clinically indicated, dosage changes can be made easily in conjunction with use of this schedule.
PUVA-induced pigmented macules: A case involving palmoplantar skin*

A patient with palmoplantar psoriasis received a local treatment regimen of psoralens with long-wave ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA). After approximately 12 months of ireatment, she developed hyperpigmented macules on her palms and soles. A biopsy showed changes consistent with PUVA-induced pigmented macules, as well as pronounced pigmentary incontinence. No cytologic atypia was noted. PUVA-induced pigmented macules should now be included in the differential diagnosis of palmoplantar hyperpigmented macules.
Long-period seismology on Europa: 2. Predicted seismic response

[1] Previous studies have documented the potential for using relatively short-period body waves and intermediate-period surface waves to explore the structure and tectonics of Europa. We show that long-period measurements (0.001 to 0.1 Hz) may have large amplitudes of displacement (millimeters to centimeters) and are potentially measurable from orbit without requiring a lander. To accurately model the long-period response of Europa, we use normal modes calculated from physically self-consistent models of Europa's structure developed in part 1 (Cammarano et al., 2007). On the basis of the geometry of observed faults, we estimate that faulting events of magnitude 5 or larger may occur regularly. Synthetic seismograms show that long-period displacement measurements with millimeter accuracy could detect current tectonic activity and determine the thickness of Europa's ice shell, and confirm the presence of a subsurface ocean. Determination of deeper structure with seismic measurements, however, is more challenging in the presence of a global liquid ocean, which acts to decouple deeper seismic energy from the surface.
Rheologic properties of sinonasal mucus in patients with chronic sinusitis.

BACKGROUND Mucociliary clearance is impaired in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Clearance of sinonasal secretions is influenced by its rheological properties. The purpose of this study was to describe the rheological properties of sinonasal mucus in patients with CRS and correlate them with disease severity. METHODS Twenty-three adult subjects with CRS underwent collection of sinonasal secretions. Samples were analyzed using the AR2000 cone and plate rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) to determine the dynamic viscosity and elasticity. These properties were used to calculate mucus clearance indices. All patients completed the Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20). Recent sinus computed tomography (CT) scans were electronically reviewed and scored according to the Lund-McKay staging system. RESULTS The mean dynamic elasticity and viscosity of sinus mucus at 1 Hz were 78.24 +/- 103.4 Pa and 22.09 +/- 29.62 Pa, respectively. The mean elasticity and viscosity values at 10 Hz were 118.9 +/- 155.5 Pa and 32.36 +/- 45.58 Pa, respectively. Three indices of disease severity (SNOT-20 score, Lund-McKay score, and nasal polyps) correlated with increased mucus viscoelasticity and/or worsened mucociliary clearance indices (MCIs). CONCLUSION This study establishes the range of rheological properties of sinonasal mucus in patients with CRS and suggests an association between disease severity and MCIs.
A smoothed analysis approach to ℓ 1 optimization in compressed sensing

Recently, [5, 9] theoretically analyzed the success of a polynomial l 1 -optimization algorithm in solving an under-determined system of linear equations. In a large dimensional and statistical context [5, 9] proved that if the number of equations (measurements in the compressed sensing terminology) in the system is proportional to the length of the unknown vector then there is a sparsity (number of non-zero elements of the unknown vector) also proportional to the length of the unknown vector such that l 1 -optimization succeeds in solving the system. In this paper, we consider an alternative performance analysis of l 1 -optimization and demonstrate that linear sparsity is recoverable for a large class of almost deterministic measurement matrices.
Manipulation of magnetic particles by patterned arrays of magnetic spin-valve traps

Abstract A novel platform for microfluidic manipulation of magnetic particles is discussed. The particles are confined by an array of magnetic spin valves with bistable ferromagnetic “ON” and antiferromagnetic “OFF” net magnetization states. The switchable fringing fields near the spin-valve traps can be used to selectively confine or release particles for transport or sorting. Spin-valve traps may be potentially used as magnetic molecular tweezers or adapted to a low-power magnetic random access memory (MRAM) switching architecture for massively parallel particle sorting applications.
Concentration polarization in SAPO-34 membranes at high pressures

Abstract Separation of CO 2 /CH 4 mixtures through tubular SAPO-34 membranes with high permeances was strongly affected by concentration polarization at feed pressures above about 1 MPa. The faster-permeating CO 2 was depleted near the membrane surface because it could not diffuse fast enough from the bulk phase. Concentration polarization increased as pressure increased at constant feed rates because fluxes through the membranes increased, gas diffusivities decreased, and the velocity across the membrane decreased because gas densities increased. The CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity, at 298 K and a feed pressure of 5.8 MPa, increased by about 160% and the CO 2 flux increased by about 80% when Teflon spacers were inserted inside the membrane tube and the feed flow rate was increased by a factor of three. The spacers and the increased feed rate increased the gas velocity and decreased the diffusion distance from the bulk phase to the membrane surface, and thus they decreased the polarization boundary layer. The spacers did not affect separations at low pressures, where gas velocities and diffusivities were higher and fluxes were lower.
Determination of clozapine and its two major metabolites in human serum by liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection

Abstract A new, simple, reverse phase, and highly reproducible HPLC-UV method that has all the comprehensive features of good column, mobile phase, internal standard and extraction has been developed for the assay of clozapine (CLZ), norclozapine (NCLZ) and clozapine-N-oxide (CLZNO) in human serum. The method is very easy to adapt, overcomes the problems of earlier methods and is very economical. Amoxapine is the internal standard. All three analytes are extracted from alkaline serum using ethyl acetate and the absolute extraction efficiency is ∼95%. The UV detector is set at 230 nm. The mobile phase is a mixture of phosphate buffer (0.05M, pH 2.7), acetonitrile and methanol (62:20:18 v/v) and contains 2.5 mL triethylamine per liter of solution. The detection limit of the method is 2 ng/mL for CLZ and NCLZ and 4 ng/mL for CLZNO. The mean CV for the method is 5%.
Issues in paediatric triage

Abstract Recognising the unwell child at triage is a difficult process. Vital signs, particularly in paediatrics, can be an unreliable basis for making a triage decision. Common signs obtained at triage include temperature, heart and respiratory rates, oxygen saturations and blood pressure but the only vital signs that may be considered necessary are the heart and respiratory rates. Triage nurses need to increase utilisation of their excellent observational skills in order to enhance the process of triage. Initial assessment of the child presenting to emergency is via an ‘across the room' assessment. 8 This, arguably, is the single, most important observational tool that is utilised for children. With experience, it quickly becomes obvious whether the child has a problem with airway, breathing or circulation and whether intervention is necessary. Taking the child's temperature, blood pressure or measuring pulse oximetry are useful adjuncts but given the time and nature of triage, unnecessary. The benefit of taking vital signs at triage can be questioned based on well-documented evidence.
Automated digital mapping of geological colour descriptions

Sediment colour data are delivered by geologists as Munsell codes (Rock Color Chart) and linguistic descriptions. Using new software suitable for very large data sets, the two types can be brought into conformance and mapped together digitally. The native codes are extracted. For linguistic descriptions chromatic terms are identified with Munsell codes, then mixed in a temporary transform of psychometrically linear CIE colour space. Adjustments are made for dark/light and pale/strong modifiers. The output Munsell codes are statistically validated and mapped using special GIS legends to render them in true colour. The output displays provide a new view of marine sediment facies, comparable to remotely sensed colour imagery.
Frog Skin Opioid Peptides: A Case for Environmental Mimicry

Naturally occurring environmental substances often mimic endogenous substances found in mammals and are capable of interacting with specific proteins, such as receptors, with a high degree of fidelity and selectivity. Narcotic alkaloids and amphibian skin secretions, introduced into human society through close association with plants and animals through folk medicine and religious divination practices, were incorporated into the armamentarium of the early pharmacopoeia. These skin secretions contain a myriad of potent bioactive substances, including alkaloids, biogenic amines, peptides, enzymes, mucus, and toxins (noxious compounds notwithstanding); each class exhibits a broad range of characteristic properties. One specific group of peptides, the opioids, containing the dermorphins (dermal morphinelike substances) and the deltorphins (delta-selective opioids), display remarkable analgesic properties and include an amino acid with the rare (in a mammalian context) D-enantiomer in lieu of the normal L-isomer. Synthesis of numerous stereospecific analogues and conformational analyses of these peptides provided essential insights into the tertiary composition and microenvironment of the receptor "pocket" and the optimal interactions between receptor and ligand that trigger a biological response; new advances in the synthesis and receptor-binding properties of the deltorphins are discussed in detail. These receptor-specific opioid peptides act as more than mimics of endogenous opioids: their high selectivity for either the mu or delta receptor makes them formidable environmentally derived agents in the search for new antagonists for treating opiate addiction and in the treatment of a wide variety of human disorders.
Endoscopic assessment and management of early esophageal adenocarcinoma

Esophageal carcinoma affects more than 450000 people worldwide and the incidence is rapidly increasing. In the United States and Europe, esophageal adenocarcinoma has superseded esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in its incidence. Esophageal cancer has a high mortality rates secondary to the late presentation of most patients at advanced stages. Endoscopic screening is recommended for patients with multiple risk factors for cancer in Barrett's esophagus. These risk factors include chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernia, advanced age, male sex, white race, cigarette smoking, and obesity. The annual risk of esophageal cancer is approximately 0.25% for patients without dysplasia and 6% for patients with high-grade dysplasia. Twenty percent of all esophageal adenocarcinoma in the United States is early stage with disease confined to the mucosa or submucosa. The significant morbidity and mortality of esophagectomy make endoscopic treatment an attractive option. The American Gastroenterological Association recommends endoscopic eradication therapy for patients with high-grade dysplasia. Endoscopic modalities for treatment of early esophageal adenocarcinoma include endoscopic resection techniques and endoscopic ablative techniques such as radiofrequency ablation, photodynamic therapy and cryoablation. Endoscopic therapy should be precluded to patients with no evidence of lymphovascular invasion. Local tumor recurrence is low after endoscopic therapy and is predicted by poor differentiation of tumor, positive lymph node and submucosal invasion. Surgical resection should be offered to patients with deep submucosal invasion.
Y2K all over again: How groupthink permeates IS and compromises security

Abstract Despite increased concerns about security, most government, private, and public information systems remain vulnerable to terrorist and hacker attacks. To examine this potentially catastrophic problem, we study another infamous, expensive failing in information systems: the year 2000 (Y2K) problem. We argue that many of the same drivers of the Y2K problem now impede the security of information systems, and identify groupthink as a root cause of the continuing inability of organizations and IS (information systems) teams to learn from past mistakes in managing information systems. We also identify measures to help organizational team leaders and members prevent future IS-related threats.
Invariant imbedding and the simplest problem in the calculus of variations

Many discussions in modern physics, technology, and operations research lead to the minimization of an integral. Frequently such problems are reduced to the solving of Euler differential equations subject to boundary conditions. Even with modern computers this is not an entirely routine affair. The aim of this paper is to transform the minimization problem directly into an initial-value problem for which analog and digital computers are admirably suited. In effect, a new conceptual approach to the calculus of variations is provided, with no reference made to Euler equations, the fundamental lemma, Bellman's principle, or the maximum principle of Pontryagin. It is shown that a function w = w(y), a ⩽ y ⩽ T, w(a) = c, w(T) = free, which minimizes the integral I, I = ∫aT F(y, w, dwdy) dy, satisfies a certain Cauchy problem.
SIRTF instrument concepts

ABSTRACT This paper describes the current design concepts for the three scientific instruments which are under definition study for NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). These instruments, the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS), and the Multiband Imaging Photometer for SIRTF (MIPS), will provide imaging and spectroscopy from2.5 to 200 jim. Over much of this range their performance will be limited only by natural astrophysical backgrounds in the solar system, and by diffraction. Changes in the instrument complement from the former Titan launched, Earth orbiting SIRTF concept to the present Atlas launched, solar orbiting concept are discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) will be the first cryogenic infrared space observatory to take full advantageof the extraordinary advances in infrared detector technology over the past decade. Young1 describes these advances in this volume. SIRTF will use an 85 cm diameter telescope cooled with liquid helium for a minimum of three years to addressastrophysical questions such as the origin of planets, stars, and galaxies, asdiscussed by Werner and Osmolovsky2. The
High performance printed organic transistors using a novel scanned thermal annealing technology

Abstract Printed organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are a key component for the realization of low-cost, flexible electronics applications such as printed RFID tags or flexible displays. In recent years, great advances have been made in developing higher performance organic semiconductors. Many of these new materials show strongly process-dependent performance characteristics. The development of novel processing techniques is thus a key step towards utilizing the full potential of these semiconductor materials. Here we demonstrate a novel directional crystallization technique using a scanned thermal gradient to significantly improve the performance of printed OTFTs. A heat source is translated relative to the sample to induce the crystallization of the semiconductor. This scanned annealing creates a moving thermal gradient and thus develops a moving solvent evaporation gradient. Compared with uniform annealing on a hotplate grain size increases markedly and shows a clear directionality due to the separation of grain nucleation and growth. With this technique, mobility is boosted by about one order of magnitude. Mobilities close to 2 cm2/V s can be achieved. Off-state performance is likewise improved as evidenced by a 3× improvement in subthreshold swing.
Energy and electron orbitals in adenosine phosphates

Abstract The results of molecular orbital calculations on phosphate compounds of biochemical interest are presented. The energy storage of phosphate polymerization is found to be due in part to the rearrangement of the phosphate radical, and the term “high energy rearrangement” is suggested as a description of the storage of energy in ATP. An explanation of the site of hydrolysis in ATP in terms of electron shifts is offered, and biochemical implications of the charge on phosphorus are discussed.
Three-dimensional instability of elliptical flow.

On presente une theorie pour l'instabilite non visqueux d'une onde courte tridimensionnelle de l'ecoulement elliptique bidimensionnel simple
The role of IVIg in the treatment of patients with stiff person syndrome and other neurological diseases associated with anti-GAD antibodies.

High-titre anti-GAD antibodies are characteristically seen in patients with stiff person syndrome (SPS). Other CNS disorders, rarely associated with high anti-GAD antibody titres, include: a) SPS-plus, a syndrome characterised by SPS and cerebellar ataxia; b) Batten’s disease; and c) rare patients with epilepsy and idiopathic cerebellar ataxia. Currently, high-titre anti- GAD antibodies serve only as markers of an autoimmune process within the CNS because their pathogenic role in the afore-mentioned disorders has not been established. In SPS, there is evidence of autoimmune pathogenesis based on: the association of the disease with other autoimmune disorders or autoantibodies; immunogenetic background; presence of oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF with increased intrathecal anti-GAD antibody synthesis and response to immunotherapies. SPS is the only GAD-positive CNS disease where a controlled study with immunotherapy has been conducted. Sixteen anti-GAD antibody-positive patients were randomised to receive IVIg or placebo for 3 months. After a washout, they crossed to the alternative therapy for another three months. Efficacy was based on the difference in scores of the distribution of stiffness index and heightened sensitivity (spasms) from baseline to the second and third month of the infusions. Direct treatment and carry-over effect were compared for both groups. The stiffness scores in the IVIg-randomised patients declined significantly from month 1 through 4, but rebounded when they crossed to placebo. In contrast, the scores in the placebo-randomised group remained constant from month 1–4 but dropped significantly after crossing to IVIg. Eleven patients who received IVIg became able to walk unassisted, stopped falling and assumed household or work duties. The duration of benefit varied from 6–12 weeks or up to a year. The anti-GAD65 antibody titres declined after IVIg, but not after placebo. Based on a controlled study, IVIg is a safe and effective therapy for SPS in patients unresponsive to other agents. Whether IVIg has a role in the other GAD-positive patients with neurological disease, or in SPS patients without GAD antibodies, remains unknown.
Transcriptional regulation of CYP19 gene (aromatase) expression in adipose stromal cells in primary culture

Estrogen biosynthesis in adipose tissue increases with age and obesity, and has been implicated in the development of endometrial cancer and breast cancer. In normal human adipose tissue, expression of the CYP19 gene which encodes aromatase P450, the enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis, is regulated by a distal promoter, namely promoter I.4. Stimulation of expression in adipose stromal cells by members of the type 1 cytokine family, i.e. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M (OSM), is mediated via a Jak-STAT3 signaling pathway and a GAS element upstream of promoter I.4. In contrast, aromatase expression in breast adipose tissue proximal to tumor is increased three- to four-fold to the utilization of another promoter, namely promoter II, proximal to the translation initiation site. In the present report, we show that prostaglandin (PG) E2 is the most potent factor which stimulates aromatase expression via cyclic AMP and promoter II. PGE2 acts via EP1 and EP2 receptor subtypes to stimulate both the PKC and PKA pathways. The combined stimulation of both of these pathways results in the maximal expression of promoter II-specific CYP19 transcripts. Because PGE2 is a major secretory product both of breast tumor epithelial cells and fibroblasts, as well as of macrophages infiltrating the tumor site, then this could be the mechanism whereby estrogen biosynthesis is stimulated in breast sites adjacent to a tumor, leading in turn to increased growth and development of the tumor itself.
Discrimination training and reversal in groups of honey bees

Worker bees were given the opportunity to forage for sugar syrup placed at the end of a runway attached to their hive. After stable foraging activity had developed, the collection of syrup was made contingent upon the correct response to a simultaneous color discrimination problem. Bees that foraged regularly learned the discrimination within several hours. Correct performance fell to a low level immediately following stimulus reversal, then improved rapidly.
Patterns of analgesic use in trauma patients in the ED.

Abstract The objective was to describe patterns of analgesic use for trauma patients treated in our emergency department (ED). We reviewed analgesic use in consecutive patients meeting American College of Surgeons (ACS) Trauma Center Guidelines. A comprehensive database was abstracted from this institution's Trauma Registry and medical records of each patient. A total of 38% (95% CI: 31-46%) of patients received analgesics. Time to administration of first dose of analgesia was 109 minutes (95% CI: 85-133). Women, patients with long bone and pelvic fractures, and those with a longer ED stay were most likely to receive analgesics. Patients with head trauma and those admitted to the intensive care unit were least likely to receive analgesics. Morphine was the most frequent analgesic used with an average total dose of 14 milligrams. A majority of patients meeting ACS Trauma Center Guidelines did not receive analgesics in the ED. (Am J Emerg Med 2002;20:298-302. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)
Trapping of noble gases in proton‐irradiated silicate smokes

We have measured Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe in Si2O3 'smokes' that were condensed on Al substrates, vapor-deposited with various mixtures of CH4, NH3, H2O3 and noble gases at 10 K and subsequently irradiated with 1 MeV protons to simulate conditions during grain mantle formation in interstellar clouds. Neither Ne nor Ar is retained by the samples upon warming to room temperature, but Xe is very efficiently trapped and retained. Kr is somewhat less effectively retained, typically depleted by factors of about 10-20 relative to Xe. Isotopic fractionation favoring the heavy isotopes of Xe and Kr of about 5-10-percent/amu is observed. Correlations between the specific chemistry of the vapor deposition and heavy noble gas retention are most likely the result of competition by the various species for irradiation-produced trapping sites. The concentration of Xe retained by some of these smokes exceeds that observed in phase Q of meteorites and, like phase Q, they do not seem to be carriers of the light noble gases.
Crystal and molecular structure of dimethanolbis(salicylaldehydato)cobalt(II), C16H18CoO6

The structure of dimethanolbis(salicylaldehydato)cobalt(II) has been determined by three-dimensional X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/c,a = 5.099(7),b = 19.446(9),c = 8.889(7) A, β = 111.85(10) °, andZ = 2. The structure consists of discrete centro-symmetric molecules of C16H18CoO6 in which the oxygen atoms form a distorted octahedron about the cobalt atom, with cobalt-oxygen distances of 2.010(4), 2.076(4) A (salicylaldehyde) and 2.115(4) A (methanol). The molecules are linked together along thea-axis by intermolecular hydrogen bonds from the hydrogen atoms of the methanol groups to phenolic oxygen atoms of neighboring molecules. The final conventionalR-factor for 1232 observed reflections is 0.058.
Control of Selectivity in the Hydromethylation of Olefins via Ligand Modification in Scandocene Catalysts

The ansa complex Me2Si(C5Me4)2ScMe (2) was isolated in 45% yield from the reaction of Me2Si(C5Me4)2ScCH2CH(CH2CH3)2 (1) with methane. The rate of the C−H bond activation of methane by 2 was found to be 2 orders of magnitude greater than that by Cp*2ScMe. Compound 2 is a catalyst for the addition of methane across the double bond of secondary terminal olefins.
The HMG-box protein Lilliputian is required for Runt-dependent activation of the pair-rule gene fushi–tarazu

Abstract lilliputian ( lilli ), the sole Drosophila member of the FMR2/AF4 (Fragile X Mental Retardation/Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) family of transcription factors, is widely expressed with roles in segmentation, cellularization, and gastrulation during early embryogenesis with additional distinct roles at later stages of embryonic and postembryonic development. We identified lilli in a genetic screen based on the suppression of a lethal phenotype that is associated with ectopic expression of the transcription factor encoded by the segmentation gene runt in the blastoderm embryo. In contrast to other factors identified by this screen, lilli appears to have no role in mediating either the establishment or maintenance of engrailed ( en ) repression by Runt. Instead, we find that Lilli plays a critical role in the Runt-dependent activation of the pair-rule segmentation gene fushi–tarazu ( ftz ). The requirement for lilli is distinct from and temporally precedes the Runt-dependent activation of ftz that is mediated by the orphan nuclear receptor protein Ftz-F1 . We further describe a role for lilli in the activation of Sex-lethal ( Sxl ), an early target of Runt in the sex determination pathway. However, lilli is not required for all targets that are activated by Runt and appears to have no role in activation of sloppy paired ( slp1 ). Based on these results we suggest that Lilli plays an architectural role in facilitating transcriptional activation that depends both on the target gene and the developmental context.
Two distinct forms of active transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein)

Mammalian cells express two distinct forms of transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) that are apparently the products of alternative splicing of the CREB gene transcript. The two proteins differ by a 14-amino acid serine-rich insertion present in one of the CREB isoforms. We show that both CREB isoforms are expressed in many cell types and mammalian species. Both encode proteins that bind specifically to a cAMP response element in vitro. As expected for proteins of this class, the CREB proteins bind DNA as dimers. Both proteins impart cAMP-regulated transcriptional activity to a heterologous DNA-binding domain, showing that cAMP directly modulates the transcriptional stimulatory activity of CREB. The presence of multiple CREB isoforms with identical DNA-binding specificities but differences in the presumed regulatory domain raises the possibility that CREB proteins may be able to integrate distinct regulatory signals at the level of gene transcription.
Can owners afford humanitarian donations in agbiotech - The case of genetically engineered eggplant in India

Are humanitarian donations in agbiotech economically feasible for the donor? We address this question by conducting an ex ante analysis of genetically engineered (GE) eggplant in India. Our analysis indicates that it is economically viable for a firm to donate the technology for poor farmers' use by restricting use to open pollinated varieties while selling hybrid verities. By extension, this means of segmenting markets would likely apply in cases where different levels of production technologies are used based on access to market, irrigation, and credit, at least for perishable crops.
Chalcogenoarene semiconductors: new ideas from old materials

There are certain aspects of the electronic and packing behavior of planar aromatic molecules containing exocyclic chalcogen atoms (i.e., sulfur, selenium, tellurium) which need considerable re-enlightenment. This class of semiconductors was once regarded as next-generation π-donors for applications in charge-transfer complexes. With the advent of new device technologies such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and organic transistors, the interest in charge-transfer complexes eventually tapered off. However, significant progress in the use of this class of materials in modern organic devices has been reported over the last five years. In this article, we review the exocyclic arenes with chalcogen atoms in peri-positions, summarize synthetic routes to these compounds and take a close look at their basic properties. Particular emphasis is placed upon their packing arrangements and the effect of exocyclic chalcogen atoms on the crystal packing motifs. Selected example applications from this class of materials in different fields will be highlighted. As a final note, we provide a prediction for their use in mainstream applications such as energy and fundamental charge transport/generation.
Oral terbutaline in the outpatient management of preterm labor.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to prove our hypothesis that once preterm uterine contractions and/or labor is controlled with intravenous tocolysis, oral terbutaline, as a maintenance drug, does not prolong pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Before discharge, 184 patients between 24 and 35 completed weeks' gestation were prospectively randomized to continued bed rest either with or without oral terbutaline. Assignment was made with stratification into four groups: group 1, those patients with a Bishop score ≥ 5 with oral turbutaline (n = 50); group 2, those with a Bishop score ≥ 5 without oral terbutaline (n = 53); group 3, those with a Bishop score <5 with oral terbutaline (n = 41); group 4, those with a Bishop score <5 without oral terbutaline (n = 40). Oral terbutaline was discontinued at 37 completed weeks. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in the number of readmissions, the number of unscheduled hospital visits, and the neonatal outcomes among the four groups. The gestational age at delivery and percent of deliveries at ≥ 37 weeks were not significantly different when group 1 was compared with group 2 and group 3 was compared with group 4. CONCLUSION: Oral terbutaline maintenance does not improve pregnancy outcome in patients who have had initial successful intravenous tocolysis.
A novel method for the isolation of bacterial quinones and its application to appraise the ubiquinone composition of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

A method was developed for the isolation of bacterial isoprenoid quinones. This method gave good yields and was superior to two standard methods that were also tested, because the cell membrane isolation and methanol extraction steps could be eliminated. The ubiquinone composition of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was analyzed; only ubiquinone-8 was detected and its identification was resolved by thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry.
Fibroblast growth factor receptors from liver vary in three structural domains

Changes in heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor gene expression and receptor phenotype occur during liver regeneration and in hepatoma cells. The nucleotide sequence of complementary DNA predicts that three amino-terminal domain motifs, two juxtamembrane motifs, and two intracellular carboxyl-terminal domain motifs combine to form a minimum of 6 and potentially 12 homologous polypeptides that constitute the growth factor receptor family in a single human liver cell population. Amino-terminal variants consisted of two transmembrane molecules that contained three and two immunoglobulin-like disulfide loops, as well as a potential intracellular form of the receptor. The two intracellular juxtamembrane motifs differed in a potential serine-threonine kinase phosphorylation site. One carboxyl-terminal motif was a putative tyrosine kinase that contained potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The second carboxyl-terminal motif was probably not a tyrosine kinase and did not exhibit the same candidate carboxyl-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation sites.
Critical Infrastructure and Control Systems Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach

This paper describes a recently completed curriculum sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security, Control System Security Program designed to address the managerial, technical, economic, and public policy challenges of creating resilient and secure control systems. The course, Critical Infrastructure and Control Systems Security Curriculum, was authored by a multi- university collaborative team and is available to any interested institutions or individuals without charge. The curriculum is intended to complement and extend traditional courses offering to instruct students on best practices by actively engaging with the larger barriers that prevent firms and governments from creating and implementing policies that support resilient and robust critical infrastructures. The course primarily focuses on control systems security but also is applicable to the challenges faced by a variety of different critical infrastructures. The curriculum examines the intersection between private action, public policies, and the design and deployment of particular technologies. The course is interdisciplinary in orientation and is designed to be taught to a mixed audience of students drawn from the fields of engineering, management, and economics. The paper will describe the outline of the course and its rationale.