cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avascular necrosis of bone in systemic lupus erythematosus.

A skeletal radiologic survey was performed on 35 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to determine the prevalence of avascular necrosis of bone. Fourteen patients had avascular necrosis of a total of 31 bones. Eight of nine symptomatic sites were in the femoral head or condyles. The most frequently involved area was the femoral condyle, followed in order of frequency by the femoral head, talus, capitulum of the elbow, metatarsals, and the patella. No difference was found in the age of onset of SLE, the duration of prednisone and azathioprine therapy, or the average annual dose of prednisone between patients with and without bone disease. It appears that the development of avascular necrosis of bone may results from interference with the blood supply to the bone due to corticosteriod-induced vascular changes andlor from the vasculitic component of blood vessel alteration in SLE.
Ab initio and RRKM calculations for multichannel rate constants of the C2H3 + O2 reaction

A potential energy surface for the reaction of vinyl radical with molecular oxygen has been studied using the ab initio G2M(RCC, MP2) method. The most favorable reaction pathway leading to the major CHO+CH{sub 2}O products is described. The C{sub 2}H{sub 3}O+O products can be formed by elimination of the oxygen atom from C{sub 2}H{sub 3}OO via TS 23, which is by 7.8 kcal/mol lower in energy than the reactants, but by 6.5 kcal/mol higher than TS 9`. The hydrogen migration in 1` gives rise to another significant product channel: C{sub 2}H{sub 3}+O{sub 2} {yields} 1` {yields} TS 25` {yields} C{sub 2}H{sub 2}+O{sub 2}H, with TS 25` lying below C{sub 2}H{sub 3}+O{sub 2} by 3.5 kcal/mol. Multichannel RRKM calculations have been carried out for the total and individual rate constants for various channels using the G2M(RCC, MP2) energetics and molecular parameters of the intermediates and transition states. The computed low pressure reaction rate constant is in quantitative agreement with experiment. At atmospheric pressure, the title reaction is dominated by the stabilization of vinylperoxy radical C{sub 2}H{sub 3}OO at room temperature. In the 500-900 K temperature range, the CHO+CH{sub 2}O channel has the highest rate constant, and at T >= 900 K,more » C{sub 2}H{sub 3}O+O are the major products. At very high temperatures, the channel producing C{sub 2}H{sub 2} + O{sub 2}H becomes competitive. 15 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.« less
Thinning of a liquid film as a small drop or bubble approaches a fluid–fluid interface

When a small drop or bubble approaches a fluid–fluid interface, a thin liquid film forms between them, drains, until an instability forms and coalescence occurs. A hydrodynamic theory is developed for the first portion of this coalescence process: the drainage of the thin liquid film while it is still sufficiently thick that the effects of London-van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces can be ignored. The time rate of change of the film profile is predicted, given only the drop radius and the required physical properties. Comparisons are offered with the limited experimental data available.
Technical complexity, regionalism, and decision-making: Case processing outcomes in EPA's toxic substances program

Abstract In this article, I explore the effect of the technical complexity of decisions on the nature of the relationship between agents and their political leaders and contextual pressures. I examine this within the regional context of The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) toxic substances enforcement. The results suggest that case characteristics are important in both routine and complex cases. Moreover, responsiveness toward national and regional preferences occurs to some extent in all models. With more technically complex decisions, however, this responsiveness is more pronounced and diversified. This lends support for hypotheses derived from a bounded rationality theory of agency actions.
WHEN MOTHERS MATTER The Effects of Social Class and Family Arrangements on African American and White Women's Perceived Relations with Their Mothers

Previous studies suggest that social class, class background, and social mobility have important consequences for family life. Exploring hypotheses derived from these studies, as well as the literature on intergenerational relations, the authors focus on one key aspect of family relations: adult daughters' ties to their mothers. Analyzing data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the authors explore how employed women's relations with their mothers are shaped by race, social class memberships and backgrounds, and family arrangements. Their results suggest that social class and mobility exert powerful effects on women's sense of their relations with their mothers, especially among Whites. In addition, however, it is shown that mother-daughter ties among African American and White women are also influenced by family arrangements that operate somewhat independently of social class and mobility.
Beneficial effects of intracoronary thrombolysis up to eighteen hours after onset of pain in evolving myocardial infarction

Coronary arterlography and intracoronary streptokinase (STK) infusion were performed on 89 patients with evolving acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Ventricular function was followed in these patients during their hospitalization by gated radionuclide ventriculography. In 35 of these patients thallium imaging was performed on admission and 4 hours after reperfusion. An additional 30 patients with AMI who either met exclusion criteria for the STK protocol or refused study served as a control group. In patients admitted 0 to 6, 6 to 12, or 12 to 18 hours after onset of pain, there was no difference in change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from admisslon to discharge, in percent of patients with total occlusion demonstrating reperfusion, or in percent of patients demonstrating a significant increase in LVEF. The average increase in LVEF from admission to discharge in patients reperfused was 8% (40% ± 14% to 48% ± 13%, p < 0.001). No change in LVEF was demonstrated in the control population or in patients in whom coronary reperfusion was unsuccessful. Reperfusion produced an increase in thallium uptake in the infarct-related myocardium that was accompanied by an improvement in regional function. Fallure of reperfusion produced no change in either thallium uptake or regional function.
Elastostatic Green's function for advanced materials subject to surface loading

This paper gives a brief review of the Green's function method for solution of the general three-dimensional Boussinesq problem for advanced materials that are highly anisotropic. The Boussinesq problem refers to calculation of stress and/or strain fields in semi-infinite solids, subject to surface loading by solving the equations of elastostatic equilibrium. Analytical and semi-analytical expressions are derived for the elastostatic Green's functions based upon the delta-function representation developed earlier. The Green's function provides a computationally efficient method for solving the anisotropic Boussinesq problem. The Green's function should be useful for modeling physical systems of topical interest such as nanostructures in semiconductors, interpretation of nanoindentation measurements, and application to the boundary-element method of stress analysis of advanced materials. Numerical results for displacement and stress fields are presented for carbon-fiber composites having general orthotropic, tetrahedral, and hexagonal symmetries, and single-crystal silicon having cubic symmetry.
Microaggressions and Female Athletes

Using a combination of scholarly literature and media reports, this paper classifies instances of subtle bias, or microaggressions, toward female athletes in the United States. We identify three common microaggression themes against these athletes based on Sue’s (2010) taxonomy: assumption of inferiority, objectification, and restrictive gender roles. We apply each of these themes to explore the ways in which female athletes in the U.S. experience pervasive and subtle gender-based biases. Women are assumed to be inferior athletes and therefore receive media coverage that is dismissive of their abilities, if they receive coverage at all. The media also focus primarily on the appearance of female athletes regardless of their athletic successes, and are quick to recoil at women who do not fit into the traditional feminine mold. We examine how these microaggressions are associated with deleterious biological, cognitive, and behavioral consequences among athletes. We also explore the effect of these microaggressions on the self-image and physical fitness of female non-athletes. Finally, potential avenues for future research are discussed.
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, efflux, and sarcolemmal damage in Ca2+-overloaded cultured rat cardiomyocytes

3⁄4 of total net uptake) as identified by kinetic analysis and verified by use of mitochondrial inhibition. Mitochondrial Ca 21 uptake was followed by a rapid Ca 21 efflux (,1 mmol · kg dry wt 21 · min 21 ) that can be best explained by efflux via Ca 21 -dependent nonspecific pores. Cell ATP concentration was stable during mitochondrial Ca21 uptake and decreased in parallel with Ca 21 efflux. In addition, sarcolemmal damage was not related to the increase in mitochondrial Ca 21 concentration per se, but rather connected with the extent of Ca 21 efflux from the mitochondria. A decrease in the rate of this Ca 21 efflux, indicating also a
Comparison of Three Optical Methods for Measuring Model Deformation

The objective of this paper is to compare the current state-of-the-art of the following three optical techniques under study by NASA for measuring model deformation in wind tunnels: (1) video photogrammetry, (2) projection moire'' interferometry, and (3) the commercially available Optotrak\TM system. An objective comparison of these three techniques should enable the selection of the best technique for a particular test undertaken at various NASA facilities. As might be expected no none technique is best for all applications. The techniques are also not necessarily mutually exclusive and in some cases can be complementary to one another.
Transgenic expression of the coxsackie/adenovirus receptor enables adenoviral-mediated gene delivery in naïve T cells

The inability to easily and efficiently introduce genes into primary T cells has hampered the investigation of the pathways controlling T cell fate. To enable adenoviral-mediated gene transfer into normal naive T cells, transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the coxsackie/adenovirus receptor (CAR) in their T cell compartment were constructed. Whereas naive T cells are resistant to adenoviral infection, Tg expression of CAR on T cells greatly facilitates adenoviral-mediated gene expression ex vivo, in vivo, and in differentiated T helper cells. Thus we have developed a technology for efficient gene delivery to naive T cells. By using adenoviral vectors encoding specific inhibitors, we show that G1 cyclin-dependent kinase, NF-κB, and caspase activities are required for the proliferation of primary T cells. In addition, by expressing Bcl-xL protein at a level that closely approximates mitogen-induced levels, we demonstrate that Bcl-xL expression is sufficient to account for mitogen-mediated survival of primary T cells. Thus, adenoviral-mediated gene delivery to CAR Tg T cells should be useful for the analysis of many genes controlling T cell fate.
Effects of Tea Consumption on Nutrition and Health

Beneficial health effects of tea have been demonstrated in animal experiments and some human studies. The two most extensively investigated diseases are cancer and heart disease. Although mechanisms of protective activity of tea against these diseases have been proposed, there are inconsistencies in the relationship between tea consumption and the risk of these diseases in humans. The bioavailability of active components is beginning to be understood, but further research is required to determine whether the results from animal studies are applicable to humans. Also discussed are the possible effects of tea in increasing thermogenesis and bone density as well as decreasing risk of cataracts and arthritis. The potential health benefits of tea consumption warrant further investigation.
An Empirical Study of ELF and VLF Shield Cans

An empirical ELF and VLF study of 1/16- and 1/32-inch thick shield cans (stainless steel, aluminum, copper, Polyform, annealed Hipernom, and annealed and unannealed coldrolled steel, mumetal, and Co-Netic) was performed to investigate shielding effectiveness versus frequency characteristics with emphasis on the effects of machining (notches, slots, holes, and louvers), dropping, annealing, and welding. The erratic nature of many of the shielding functions is explained by the resonance theory of shielding, and the shielding characteristics of certain shield cans are compared. The paper also presents a brief introduction duction to the automated testing system used during this study to obtain the numerous shielding effectiveness versus frequency curves that were required.
Implementation of Analytical Planning Systems

Decision makers in large organizations are faced with numerous alternative allocations of investment funds, financing possibilities and governmental and financial restrictions. Sophisticated strategic planning systems can enhance management's decision efficiency by assisting in the selection and implementation of optimal policies. This paper describes one such system with emphasis on the design concept and the planning procedure in its particular organizational setting. For demonstration purposes, the example of implementation experience in acquisition analysis is presented.
Reading Coaches and the Relationship Between Policy and Practice

Many educational policy initiatives use instructional coaching to accomplish their goals. Yet we know little about the role of reading coaches in mediating the relationship between policy and teachers’ classroom practice. In this article, we investigate the role of reading coaches in mediating the relationship between Reading First policy and teachers’ classroom practice. We conducted an in-depth, longitudinal case study of one urban elementary school in Massachusetts, starting the year before the onset of Reading First and continuing through the first year of its implementation. In our analysis, we focus on seven first- and second-grade teachers, two coaches, and two school administrators. We argue that, although reading coaches were only one of multiple sources from which teachers learned about Reading First policy, teachers were much more likely to make substantial changes in their classroom practice when they learned about the policy message from a coach than from other sources. Coaches influenced teachers by helping them to learn new approaches and to integrate them into their classroom. But, they also did so by pressuring teachers, shaping how they saw and understood Reading First, and by counseling them on which aspects of the policy to focus on and which aspects to ignore. Thus, we present a vision of coaching that goes much beyond its educational roles, to highlight the political roles of the coach as well. We close by drawing implications for research on coaching, policy implementation, and practice.
The reciprocal relationship between adiponectin and LOX-1 in the regulation of endothelial dysfunction in ApoE knockout mice.

We hypothesized that the reciprocal association between adiponectin and lectin-like oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) receptor (LOX)-1 contributes to the regulation of aortic endothelial dysfunction in atheros...
Stability of individual differences in cellular immune responses to two different laboratory tasks.

To explore the stability of immune reactivity across laboratory tasks, we correlated enumerative and functional lymphocyte responses to a speech task and a mental arithmetic task, delivered on the same occasion of testing in 31 healthy undergraduates. Both tasks were associated with an increase in peripheral CD8+ and CD56+ cell populations, and a decrease in proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and ratio of CD4:CD8 cells. Intertask correlations were significant for the magnitude of change in proliferative responses at two different concentrations of PHA, r = 0.76, p < .0001 and r = 0.46, p < .05, and in numbers of circulating CD56+ cells, r = 0.46, p < .005. Concomitant heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses also correlated significantly over the two experimental tasks (heart rate: r = 0.52 and systolic blood pressure: r = 0.58. ps < .0005). These data provide initial evidence that interindividual variability of some cellular immune responses is moderately reproducible across different stimulus conditions, providing further evidence that it may denote a stable individual difference.
Seasonal dispersion of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) summering off British Columbia and the US Pacific Northwest evaluated via satellite archival tagging

Fisheries for eastern Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) occur over a 9-month season that is closed in winter to protect spawners. The industry has requested season extension, but conventional tag data suggest that 67% of Canada’s fishable biomass may comprise Alaskan spawning stock vulnerable to out-of-area interception. Seventy-eight halibut were tagged during summer in Canada and the US Pacific Northwest (USPNW) with archival tags programmed to report via satellite on 1 February, 15 February, and 1 March. Fifty-seven tags (44 Canadian and 13 USPNW) escaped recapture and reported on or near their scheduled reporting dates. Only 7% out-of-area dispersion was observed for Canadian-tagged halibut; light-based geolocations suggested that an additional 4% may have emigrated prior to February and then returned. Halibut that emigrated were located north of their tagging location. From the USPNW, 46% dispersion was observed. Eighty-nine percent of the tagged halibut displayed depth profiles consistent wi...
Parathyroid hormone enhances glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas preparation.

We examined whether PTH could increase glucagon secretion in an in vitro system, the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Since the response of the A cell has been shown to be modulated by antecedent exposure to elevated concentrations of glucose, bovine PTH (Beckman 1–34) was superimposed upon 15-min infusions of glucose followed by arginine or upon infusions of arginine alone. In the presence of PTH (44 ng/ml) and when the ambient calcium concentration was 9.0 mg/dl, arginine (168 mg/dl)-induced glucagon secretion was augmented. This occurred regardless of whether arginine was preceded by glucose (150 mg/dl). The glucagonotropic effect of PTH was absent in the presence of a low ambient calcium concentration (3.0 mg/ dl). PTH failed to affect glucose-induced glucagon suppression. (Endocrinology 116: 2469–2472, 1985)
Solvent effect on membrane transport: Membrane potential and conductance in liquid membrane with mobile ion carrier

Abstract The membrane potential and conductance of a liquid membrane, with dicetylphosphoric acid as a mobile carrier, were measured as functions of the pH of the outside solution, containing HCl and KCl, while maintaining constant electrolyte concentrations of the inside solution. The effects of membrane solvents with different carbon numbers (l-hexanol, l-octanol, and l-decanol) were investigated. The transference numbers of each ion were estimated and the overall conductance was resolved into ionic conductances of H+ and K+. Approximate expressions for the membrane potential and conductance were derived by solving the Nernst-Planck equations, taking into account the Donnan potentials at the membrane/solution interface. For a highly charged liquid membrane, the membrane potential was found to be almost equal to the difference between the Donnan potentials at the two membrane/water interfaces; the contribution from the diffusion potential across the membrane was negligibly small. By curve-fitting of the experimental data on the membrane potential and conductance, the mobility of the carrier, Us, in the membrane was estimated. Also the equilibrium constants were obtained for the association reaction between K+ and the carrier, KK, and for the association reaction between H+ and the carrier, KH. The mobility of the carrier US was shown to be close to the mobility of K+. The association constants, KK and KH, increased by a factor of about 10 as the solvent carbon number increased by two. The selectivity of the membrane for H+ over K+, expressed by K H b H K K b K (where b is the partition coefficient of ionic species between the membrane and aqueous phases), increased with the increase in the carbon number.
Identification of Upper Airway Anatomic Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We used sophisticated volumetric analysis techniques with magnetic resonance imaging in a case–control design to study the upper airway soft tissue structures in 48 control subjects (apnea–hypopnea index, 2.0 ± 1.6 events/hour) and 48 patients with sleep apnea (apnea–hypopnea index, 43.8 ± 25.4 events/hour). Our design used exact matching on sex and ethnicity, frequency matching on age, and statistical control for craniofacial size and visceral neck fat. The data support our a priori hypotheses that the volume of the soft tissue structures surrounding the upper airway is enlarged in patients with sleep apnea and that this enlargement is a significant risk factor for sleep apnea. After covariate adjustments the volume of the lateral pharyngeal walls (p < 0.0001), tongue (p < 0.0001), and total soft tissue (p < 0.0001) was significantly larger in subjects with sleep apnea than in normal subjects. These data also demonstrated, after covariate adjustments, significantly increased risk of sleep apnea the large...
Unitary covariant equations for the baryon and pseudoscalar meson mass tensors

A unitary covariant theory for the masses of baryons and pseudoscalar mesons is presented in this paper. The conventional grouptheoretic notion ofexact unitary symmetry is generalized to meanexact unitary covariance for all equations in the theory. Indeed, an exact unitary covariant theory is possible despite the mass differences between the baryons and between the pseudoscalar mesons. It is shown that the particle masses, each accurate to within a few MeV, follow from a simple system of algebraic, unitary covariant equations.
Towards Sustainability in Portable Computing through Cloud Computing and Cognitive Radios

It is imperative to consider the concept of sustainable portable computing as the role of such devices increases our lives. With the emergence of the cloud computing paradigm, there will be an increased reliance on wireless communication from portable computing devices to more powerful centralized servers. This paradigm shift to `thin-clients' presents an opportunity to make portable computing more sustainable by shifting more functionality to centralized servers. Reduced functionality needed on these devices could mean a slower rate of hardware replacement. This could significantly cut the electronic waste that is currently attributed to the frequent replacements of these devices. One of the challenges in such a paradigm shift to thin portable clients through reduced local computation would be the additional burden imposed on the wireless communication technologies used. Wireless communication technologies must be improved to handle the additional burden that will be imposed. Any proposed wireless technology must also be energy-efficient to maximize the operating life time of these battery operated, energy-constrained devices. Software approaches to achieve energy-efficient operation are preferable as they reduce the dumping of existing hardware due to upgrades or replacements, and help reduce electronic waste. This paper discusses these challenges and describes one way to move forward towards sustainable portable computing by considering application scenarios based on cloud computing and communication through software-defined cognitive radios.
Transmission of Babesia caballi by Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae) is restricted to one generation in the absence of alimentary reinfection on a susceptible equine host.

The tropical horse tick, Dermacentor nitens, is a natural vector of Babesia caballi in the Americas. B. caballi, one of the etiologic agents of equine piroplasmosis, occurs widely throughout the world, but the United States and a few other countries are considered to be free of infection. B. caballi is transovarially transmitted by the one-host tick D. nitens; we tested the hypothesis that B. caballi can persist in multiple generations of D. nitens in the absence of opportunity to reacquire infection from a susceptible equine host. Partially engorged female D. nitens were collected from a B. caballi-infected horse in Puerto Rico and allowed to reattach and feed on an uninfected horse, successfully transmitting the infection. Three subsequent generations of ticks were reared on calves (nonsusceptible hosts for B. caballi), testing for B. caballi infection in each generation by feeding a sample of the larvae on naive horses. The first generation of D. nitens reared on a nonsusceptible host transmitted B. caballi, whereas the second and third failed to transmit to naive horses, showing that D. nitens infection with B. caballi was restricted to one generation in the absence of alimentary reinfection. These results imply that, in the event of the introduction of this pathogen into areas of the continental United States where D. nitens occurs, the tick could become a short-term reservoir of B. caballi, making control of introduced infections more complex.
Simulations of the North American Monsoon System. Part I: Model Analysis of the 1993 Monsoon Season

Abstract The North American monsoon system is known to produce significant summertime precipitation on the west coast of Mexico and the southwestern United States, with some areas receiving greater than 50% of their yearly rainfall between the months of July and September. The onset of the monsoon is attributed to a shift in the large-scale upper-level anticyclonic flow over the central United States, and the associated increases in moisture flux and resulting precipitation are tied to the low-level jets from the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Mexico. Individual monsoon surge events vary in intensity, as does the magnitude of the diurnal cycle of the low-level jets and precipitation. Numerical modeling and forecasting of these interacting large-and mesoscale monsoon features is often difficult in terms of accurately recreating the varying flow regimes aloft and near the surface and over both the flat and steep terrain that are encompassed within the monsoon region of influence. The Regional Atmospheri...
Multiple RNA Interaction with Sub-optimal Solutions

The interaction of two RNA molecules involves a complex interplay between folding and binding that warranted recent developments in RNA-RNA interaction algorithms. However, biological mechanisms in which more than two RNAs take part in an interaction exist. It is reasonable to believe that interactions involving multiple RNAs are generally more complex to be treated pairwise. In addition, given a pool of RNAs, it is not trivial to predict which RNAs are interacting without sufficient biological knowledge. Therefore, structures resulting from multiple RNA interactions often cannot be predicted by the existing algorithms.
Activation and interaction of CD44 and hyaluronan in immunological systems.

Adhesive interactions between receptors on vascular endothelial cells (EC) and circulating leukocytes are pivotal in regulating leukocyte extravasation. Although primary adhesion of lymphocytes to EC has been primarily attributed to the selectin family of receptors, CD44 can also mediate this function when activated to bind its ligand hyaluronan (HA). Triggering through the T cell receptor induces activated CD44 and CD44-dependent primary adhesion in both human and mouse lymphocytes, and the interaction can mediate the extravasation of activated T cells into an inflamed site. Lymphocytes capable of CD44/HA-dependent primary adhesion are found in peripheral blood of some rheumatologic patients, and their presence is associated with concurrent symptomatic or active disease. Thus, circulating T cells bearing activated CD44 may represent a pathogenically important subpopulation of activated cells that is elevated under conditions of chronic inflammation. Together, these data add to the selectin and immunoglobulin gene families a new receptor/ ligand pair and further our understanding of their potential physiological role; i.e., antigen-specific T cell activation together with local vascular inflammation permits the CD44/HA interaction and subsequent T cell extravasation.
Spanning Trees and Communication Primitives on Hypercubes

We will present optimal or nearly optimal algorithms for four communication problems on hypercubes: (i) one-to-all broadcasting, (ii) one-to-all personalized communication (iii) all-to-all broadcasting, and (iv) all-to-all personalized communication. Specifically, spanning trees such as binomial trees, rotated binomial trees, edge-disjoint spanning trees and balanced trees will be defined and their properties be analyzed. Then, algorithms based on these spanning trees will be described. Also, some recent implementation on the Intel iPSC/2 and iPSC/860 will be included. At the end, we will also give a brief survey on many recent related results by us and others.
Which Measures of School Quality Does the Housing Market Value? Spatial and Non-Spatial Evidence

This study explores which measures of public school quality the housing market values. Both a traditional hedonic house price estimation and a hedonic corrected for spatial autocorrelation are used. Proficiency tests, expenditure per pupil and the pupil/teacher ratio are consistently capitalized into housing prices. Teacher salary and student attendance rates are also valued, but these results are sensitive to the estimation technique employed. Value-added measures, the graduation rate, teacher experience levels and teacher education levels are not consistently positively related to housing prices, so researchers should probably avoid using them as public education quality measures.
A Global Enterprise (in Courting the Yankees)

The New York Yankees may be, with apologies to the Atlanta Braves, "America's Team." But from Babe Ruth's barnstorming tour of Cuba in 1920 through the recruitment of current stars such as Hideki Matsui, the baseball team has operated internationally. Along the way, it has encountered various legal obstacles. This chapter details the Yankees' involvement in a wide variety of international legal issues both serious and frivolous, ranging from the fabled defection of Orlando Hernandez from Cuba to the criminal and civil litigation that embroiled Dave Winfield in Canada after he beaned a seagull.
Inferring parental genomic ancestries using pooled semi-Markov processes.

Motivation: A basic problem of broad public and scientific interest is to use the DNA of an individual to infer the genomic ancestries of the parents. In particular, we are often interested in the fraction of each parent’s genome that comes from specific ancestries (e.g. European, African, Native American, etc). This has many applications ranging from understanding the inheritance of ancestry-related risks and traits to quantifying human assortative mating patterns. Results: We model the problem of parental genomic ancestry inference as a pooled semi-Markov process. We develop a general mathematical framework for pooled semi-Markov processes and construct efficient inference algorithms for these models. Applying our inference algorithm to genotype data from 231 Mexican trios and 258 Puerto Rican trios where we have the true genomic ancestry of each parent, we demonstrate that our method accurately infers parameters of the semi-Markov processes and parents’ genomic ancestries. We additionally validated the method on simulations. Our model of pooled semi-Markov process and inference algorithms may be of independent interest in other settings in genomics and machine learning. Contact: jazo@microsoft.com
The Characteristics of Sedimentary Facies at Penglai Town Formation of Upper Jurassic in Western Sichuan Foreland Basin

The Penglai town formation of Upper Jurassic in Western Sichuan foreland basin is regarded as mainly deposited in the environment of alluvial fan, meandering river, delta and lake by analyzing lithologic characters, rock association and sedimentary rhythm. The middle fan and fan apex of the alluvial fan are developed well, and the lower part of alluvial fan is undeveloped.Meandering river develops channel and flood plain.Delta develops delta plain, delta front and prodelta. The lacustrine facies develops shore-lacustrine deposit and semi-deep lacustrine deposit, and the deep lacustrine deposit is undeveloped in the studying area. At the basin fringe area of the frontal of Longmenshan, the alluvial fan facies are developed. Various alluvial fans form a alluvial fan group by connecting or superimposing. The fan microfacies and fan apex microfacies appear in turn, and the gravels variation from coarse to fine, moving to fluvial sandstone facies. To the east, the river enter lacus sedimentary area, and the deltaic deposit is formed at the entrance of the lacus. According to the facial development situation of alluvial fan-meandering river-delta-lacus,the depositional model of Penglai town formation in this area is constructed.
2) Perturbations of WZW Model

We study su(2)k WZW model perturbed by a multiplet of primary fields. The theory has a rich variety of particles. Presence of nontrivial decay processes is a peculiarity of the model. We prove integrability by explicit construction of quantum conserved currents. The scattering theory is briefly discussed.
Rat hepatic DNA damage induced by 1,2,3-trichloropropane.

1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) is used as an industrial solvent and as an intermediate in pesticide and polysulfide rubber manufacturing. It is structurally similar to other halogenated alkanes with known carcinogenic potential (1,2- dibromoethane and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane). Preliminary evidence from a chronic bioassay study conducted by the National Toxicology Program indicates that TCP administration results in an increased incidence of tumors in both male and female F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (Mahmood et al.,1988).
Brain injury management: quo vadis?

At the 2005 CNS meeting, this paper was part of a session devoted to current management strategies and neurosurgical treatment algorithms derived from both clinical experience and evidence-based medicine. The overall theme of the meeting was “Quo Vadis?,” or “Where are you going?,” a theme that emphasized future developments in neurosurgery. This chapter will integrate the specific session’s focus on current management strategies with the meeting’s overall theme of where neurosurgery is going. THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES It is worthwhile to remember three basic principles before embarking on a discussion of current and future therapies (Table 33.1). These principles reflect lessons learned from long and painful experience and also inform future work in this area.
The Evolution of the Vomeronasal System

The vomeronasal system is a chemical sensing system present in most tetrapods. It is especially sensitive to nonvolatile biological chemicals. The system consists of a peripherally located vomeronasal organ, an accessory olfactory bulb, and target structures in the telencephalon to which the accessory olfactory bulb projects. The system is involved in the detection of prey chemicals and conspecific odors involved in aggregation and reproductive behavior. The vomeronasal organ is not present as a separate structure in fishes, but makes its first appearance in amphibians, including some aquatic species.
Benzoquinone Oxidation of the [ ae -B 20 H 17 NH 3 ] 3- and [ ae -B 20 H 17 OH] 4- Ions

The high boron content, water solubility, and rich derivative chemistry of polyhedral closo-borane anions make them attractive boron carriers for BNCT. The derivative chemistry of the polyhedral [trans-B20H18]2- anion1 has been under investigation for the development of water-soluble boron-containing drugs for encapsulation within liposomes.2 Several alkoxyl and ammonio derivatives have been produced by the reductive substitution of [trans-B20H18]2- with the appropriate nucleophile.2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Subsequent ferric ion oxidation of the hydroxyl and alkoxyl substituted anions has been reported to produce several new species.4,7 The oxidation of reduced eicosaborate species represents a highly valuable synthetic method for the synthesis of new twenty-boron derivatives.
In-line metrology of nanoscale features in semiconductor manufacturing systems

Abstract Quality control and defect monitoring are of great importance to the semiconductor industry. This article presents a system to enable inspection of nanoscale features in-line with nanomanufacturing processes. The ultimate goal of this research is to integrate this metrology system into current semiconductor manufacturing processes to enable true in-line wafer inspection and quality control. In the system presented in this paper, AFMs that have been shrunk down on to a single MEMS chip are used to scan the surface of a sample. A flexure-based mechanism allows the MEMS-based AFM to be positioned over a millimeter range of motion, with nanometer level precision when properly actuated. The performance of the system in areas such as positioning repeatability, AFM stability and measurement resolution are evaluated in this study. Owing to the small size of single-chip AFM (1 million times smaller than a conventional AFM instrument), it is a good candidate for multipoint detection. Overall, the system presented in this paper significantly shortens inspection time and dramatically decreases the setup time required for an AFM to load, approach, and measure a sample making in-line inspection of nanoscale features in semiconductor manufacturing systems feasible.
Neurofibromatosis and the MRI

The MRI was abnormal in seven of ten children with clinically proved neurofibromatosis reported from the Department of Radiology, the Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, and the Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine.
Further observations on the changing nature of national agricultural policy decision processes, 1946-1995

Nearly twenty years ago James Bonnen described the evolving nature of na? tional agricultural policy decision processes.1 Politics is ever changing, how? ever, and two subsequent transformations in the decision process make it necessary to revisit his observations about the 1945-76 era and update them to the present. The first of these transformations has been a major expansion in the range and scope of the issues that constitute agricultural policy. Farm bills have become far more complex and detailed, and more issues that affect agriculture are now acted upon in legislation or regulations other than farm bills. The second transformation involves the internal rules of Congress, which has become a more open and less hierarchical gov? erning body. Committees and subcommittees no longer control the pol? icy agenda. Greater influence is now exercised by party leaders and by
Multiple Reaction Pathways in Shocked 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Crystal

Detonation processes probed with atomistic details have remained elusive due to highly complex reactions in heterogeneous shock structures. Here, we provide atomistic details of the initial reaction pathways during shock-induced decomposition of 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) crystal using large reactive molecular dynamics simulations based on reactive force fields. Simulation results reveal the existence of three competing intermolecular pathways for the formation of N2. We also observe the formation of large nitrogen- and oxygen-rich carbon aggregates, which delays the release of final reaction products.
The Unexpected Effects of the Combination of Antibiotics and Immunity

β-lactam antibiotics and immune enzymes, including lysozyme, kill bacteria by rupturing the cell wall. Curiously, their combination can select for viable, wall-less bacteria. Kawai and colleagues describe the molecular details regarding the emergence of these forms, illustrating a novel and potentially clinically relevant mechanism by which bacteria escape killing by antibiotics.
High-dimensional scientific data exploration via cinema

Large-scale scientific simulations and experiments generate enormous volumes of data. Data analytics may become a bottleneck to scientific discovery without scalable tools for interactive exploration. Cinema was developed as a way to overcome hurdles by providing an exploratory, image database approach for analyzing large scientific data sets. In the following, we present several new methods for Cinema: 1) a structured data model that lends itself to querying and database support, 2) support for arbitrary data products beyond images, and 3) parameter exploration through high-dimensional visualization. These changes enrich the types of exporatory visualizations and discoveries that are naturally supported by Cinema-style analyses, further enabling data-driven science.
Database Development and End-User Searching:: Exxon Research and Engineering Company

Exxon Research and Engineering Company's experience in providing a complete storage and retrieval system, manual and online, for a group of Exxon engineers is detailed. The two-phase project for providing direct end-user acces to propietary information involved a collection audit, a user survey, document collection microfilming and organization, database construction, and end-user training in the use of indexes and online interactive searching. Key factors for the sucess of this project were an information intermediary assigned to the engineering division, the availability of flexible information systems, and the direct invovlement of engineers and engineering management.
The Absence of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibits Retinal Capillary Degeneration in Diabetic Mice.

Purpose Loss of retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes through apoptosis is an early event in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Inflammatory pathways play a role in early DR, yet the biochemical mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an inflammatory cytokine-inducible enzyme, on retinal endothelial apoptosis and capillary degeneration in the diabetic retina. Methods IDO was detected in human and mouse retinas by immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels were measured by ELISA. IDO levels were measured in human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HREC) cultured in the presence of IFN-γ ± 25 mM D-glucose. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using CM-H2DCFDA dye and apoptosis was measured by cleaved caspase-3. The role of IDO in DR was determined in IDO knockout (IDO-/-) mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Results The IDO and IFN-γ levels were higher in human diabetic retinas with retinopathy relative to nondiabetic retinas. Immunohistochemical data showed that IDO is present in capillary endothelial cells. IFN-γ upregulated the IDO and ROS levels in HREC. The blockade of either IDO or kynurenine monooxygenase led to inhibition of ROS in HREC. Apoptosis through this pathway was inhibited by an ROS scavenger, TEMPOL. Capillary degeneration was significantly reduced in diabetic IDO-/- mice compared to diabetic wild-type mice. Conclusions The results suggest that the kynurenine pathway plays an important role in the inflammatory damage in the diabetic retina and could be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of DR.
The impact of oil sands on the environment and health

Abstract Oil sands (e.g., tar sands oil, crude bitumen), unlike crude oil, is a comparatively “dirty” fuel. From an environmental perspective, there is ample evidence that pipeline spills, leaks, and ruptures releasing diluted bitumen can have serious implications for the surrounding land and water. From a health perspective, there is growing evidence to show that exposure to diluted bitumen in the short-term can cause mild to serious adverse events. The potential long-term adverse health effects is not clear. Approval of construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, designed to carry diluted bitumen from Alberta, Canada through the mid-section of the United States, increases the urgency to understand better the potential harms of exposure to this product.
Interactions between pectic fragments and extracellular components from the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.

Abstract Extracellular components of the α and β races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and citrus pectic fragments had synergistic effects on the accumulation of phenolics and phytoalexins in cotyledons of bean, Phaseolus vulgaris . Treatment of the cultivar Dark Red Kidney with crude, partially purified and purified elicitor preparations isolated from an incompatible α race of the fungus and pectic fragments resulted in strong synergism for the production of soluble phenolics, phytoalexins and condensed phenolics. However, crude α race elicitor and pectic fragments had little additive effect on the accumulation of mRNAs for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS), enzymes involved in the early stages of phenolic and phytoalexin biosynthesis. A purified carbohydrate-rich elicitor, a galactoglucomannan, isolated from the incompatible α race, displayed complex patterns of synergism with pectic fragments for the accumulation of phenolics and phytoalexins on Dark Red Kidney. Synergism and additive effects on compatible cultivars between preparations from α and β races, which alone had little elicitor activity, and pectic fragments were observed for accumulations of mRNAs and phenolics. These data suggest that several fungal components interact with pectic fragments to stimulate the accumulation of defence related products in bean.
Secure Trust Metadata Management for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

A trust management framework is useful to ensure proper functioning of a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Trust metadata created by individual nodes, based on their observation of the behavior of other nodes in their vicinity, is required to be accessible to a trust authority (TA) (e.g., the network administrator) for prompt decision making (e.g., revoking malicious nodes). In this work, for security and scalability reasons, we propose a secure semantics-aware trust metadata management scheme to partition and store an information network of trust metadata of nodes in a MANET. That is, trust metadata is securely propagated to and stored at certain geographic locations inside the network itself, based on its semantics. The TA can send queries of various types in the network to obtain the trust metadata of its interest. This scheme is robust to several security attacks that attempt to disrupt the availability of trust metadata in the network. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme provides desirable security and functionality properties with low query overhead.
Das Training der persönlichen Gestaltung der therapeutischen Beziehung

» Mich personlich einzubringen widerstrebte meinem Verstandnis von der therapeutischen Beziehung. Ich hatte Bedenken dabei, mit einem Patienten etwas Personliches zu teilen. Ich hatte das Gefuhl, dass es eine bestimmte Grenze gibt, die ein Therapeut nicht uberschreiten darf, damit Psychotherapie eff ektiv ist. DPG, Klinischer Psychologe in Ausbildung (2004)«