cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Enemy of My Enemy: Gaetano Salvemini, Benito Mussolini and the Politics of the Liberal State, 1910–1914

The murder of Unitary Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti by fascists in June 1924 prompted Gaetano Salvemini to call for the resignation of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and thrust the professor back into the midst of active politics as a leader of Florentine antifascism.1 Arrested and then forced into exile, Salvemini became perhaps Mussolini’s most ardent adversary. But there was a period before his antifascism hardened when the historian concurred with the man who would become il Duce, most notably in their mutual, but divergent opposition to what they separately viewed as the malignant status of both the Socialist Party (PSI) and the Liberal State. In the years before World War I, Salvemini urged fundamental changes in what he saw as a moribund political system and pushed for an alternative to its longtime leader, Giovanni Giolitti, whom he labeled “Il Ministro della Malavita.”2 And while Salvemini promoted his democratic agenda largely (and uncomfortably) within the reformist faction of the PSI, Mussolini held democracy in contempt, opposed reforms as a subversion of the socialist revolution, and began his move to take leadership of the party and to drive it toward a revolutionary agenda.
The five-factor model for leisure management: pedagogies for assessing personality differences in positive youth development programmes

ABSTRACTThe field of leisure management and positive youth development (PYD) programmes has expanded with new research highlighting the practical issues of working with a diverse population of clients seeking recreational experiences. One factor contributing to the diverse population in leisure services is the variety of personality differences among individual participants. Research in personality differences examines variations as outlined by McCrae and Costa [(1991). The NEO personality inventory: Using the five-factor model in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, (4), 367)] in the “Big Five” otherwise known as the five-factor model; extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. This is a conceptual paper which advocates for a pedagogy which uses the five-factor personality model in leisure services for PYD programmes. This paper has three main objectives: first, to provide a brief overview of leisure and PYD literature; second, to address the ro...
Cocaine Enhances DC to T-cell HIV-1 Transmission by Activating DC-SIGN/LARG/LSP1 Complex and Facilitating Infectious Synapse Formation

DC-SIGN is a dendritic cell surface structure which participates in binding and transmission of HIV-1. Here, for the first time we demonstrate that cocaine induces over expression of DC-SIGN and significantly enhances virus transfer from DCs to T-cells by increasing the binding and internalization of HIV-1 in DCs. We found that cocaine activates a DC-SIGN mediated 'signalosome' complex by enhancing its association with LARG and LSP1. Further, LARG was observed to participate in DC-SIGN mediated internalization of HIV-1 in DCs. Intracellular trafficking studies of HIV-1 in cocaine treated DCs revealed increased co-localization of HIV-1 with endosomal or multi vesicular body (MVB) markers such as CD81 and VPS4 and decreased co-localization with the phagolysomal marker LAMP1; this signified altered intracellular trafficking and decreased degradation of HIV-1 in cocaine treated DCs. Furthermore, we found that cocaine induced activation of LARG which in turn activated Rho A and the focal adhesion molecules FAK, Pyk2 and paxillin. This signaling cascade enhanced the formation of an infectious synapse between DCs and T-cells. Our study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of cocaine's contribution to key components in HIV pathogenesis and highlights novel targets for interrupting the virus life cycle in substance using hosts.
Clinicians' Obligations to Use Qualified Medical Interpreters When Caring for Patients with Limited English Proficiency.

Providers’ language services can be made more effective to ensure that patients with limited English proficiency can access services to which they are legally entitled.
“I Knew America Was Not Ready for a Woman to Be President”: Commentary on the Dominant Structural Intersections Organized around the Presidency and Voting Rights

When people show you who they are, believe them the first time.—Maya AngelouAs I reflect on the 2016 presidential election, I cannot stop thinking about social identity, structural intersectionalit...
Physical Education Experiences at Residential Schools for Students who Are Blind: A Phenomenological Inquiry:

IntroductionRecently, researchers have explored the perspectives of those with disabilities to better understand their experiences in physical education. However, little has been done with focusing...
A Macroeconomic Study on the Future of Global Interdependence 1

Abstract This paper presents an advanced computer-aided global macroeconomic modelling on the interdependent world economy. The model divides the world into 62 countries/regions; it has 12,700 equations and 25,000 software steps. Special attention has been given to envisage the future of global interdependence where each national economy is incorporated into an integral part of the world economy through international economic linkages. Based on alternative simulations, the model shows future images of the interdependent world economy through changes in economic growth rates, employment, wages, prices, money supply, interest rates, public finance, trade, private capital movement, official development assistance, international balance of payment and foreign exchange rates, etc., in each country or region. It forecasts that the world economic growth in the 1980s will likely be around 2.9 percent annual rate according to the Baseline projection.
Robust fluorescent labelling of micropipettes for use in fluorescence microscopy: application to the observation of a mosquito borne parasite infection

Summary The ability to monitor micropipette injections with a high-resolution fluorescent microscope has utility for a variety of applications. Herein, different approaches were tested for creating broad-band fluorescently labelled glass micropipettes including: UV cured glass glues, baked glass enamel containing fluorescent dyes as well as nanodiamonds attached during pipette formation in the microforge. The most robust and simplest approach was to use labelled baked enamel on the exterior of the pipette. This approach was tested using pipettes designed to mimic a mosquito proboscis for the injection of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium spp., into the dermis of a living mouse ear. The pipette (∼30 micron diameter) was easily detected in the microscopy field of view and tolerated multiple insertions through the skin. This simple inexpensive approach to fluorescently labelling micropipettes will aid in the development of procedures under the fluorescent microscope.
Self-Regulated Reconfigurable Voltage/Current-Mode Inductive Power Management

A reconfigurable power management structure for inductive power delivery has been proposed by adaptively employing either resonant voltage or current mode (VM or CM) to improve the inductive power transmission performance against coils’ coupling distance (d), orientation ( $\phi $ ), and load impedance (R L ) variations. At the presence of these variations, unlike conventional VM and CM power managements with poor voltage- and power-conversion efficiencies (VCE and PCE), respectively, the proposed voltage/current-mode inductive power management (VCIPM) chip can achieve high VCE by automatically switching to CM when the receiver (Rx) coil voltage (V R ) is smaller than the required load voltage (V L ), and achieve high PCE by operating in VM when V R > V L . In addition, since VM and CM are only suitable for small and large R L within the range of hundreds of ohms and above, respectively, the VCIPM chip can extend the R L range. The VCIPM chip also eliminates the need for two off-chip capacitors by performing rectification, regulation, and over-voltage protection (OVP) in one step with one off-chip capacitor. In VM, intentional reverse current is employed for both voltage regulation and OVP, while the Rx coil switching frequency (f sw ) is adjusted for voltage regulation in CM. The theory behind the proposed VCIPM structure has been presented and validated by simulations and measurements. A VCIPM prototype chip was fabricated in a 0.35- $\mu \text{m}$ 2P4M standard CMOS process occupying 0.52-mm2 active area. In measurements, the VCIPM chip, operating at 1 MHz, achieved a high VCE of 4.1 V/V for R L of 100 $\text{k}\Omega $ by operating in CM with fsw = 166.6 kHz, and extended d and $\phi $ from 6 to 13.5 cm (125%) and 30° to 75° (150%), respectively, compared to its VM counterpart by adaptively switching from VM to CM.
Lattice dislocation in a photonic weak topological insulator with a synthetic frequency dimension

We propose realization of photonic 3D topological insulator in a 2D microring array with a synthetic dimension along the frequency axis. We show that by modulating only a few rings, we can create a screw dislocation in the 3D topological insulator which supports a protected one-way state localized on the dislocation line.
A comparison of expectations and impressions of ethical characteristics of dentists: Results of a community primary care survey

ABSTRACT Background To better define potential challenges in dental professional ethics, the authors gathered data regarding patients' characterizations of an ideal dentist and compared them with their impressions of dentists in general. Methods The authors invited 500 consecutively seen primary care patients at an academic medical center to participate in the study. Participants completed a 32-item survey assessing key domains of ethical characteristics of health care professionals: trustworthiness, honesty, beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, empathy, compassion, patience, courage, humility and dedication. The authors used the McNemar paired t test to compare respondents' ratings of ideal dentists with their ratings of dentists in general. Results Two hundred eight-five patients returned completed surveys, for a response rate of 57 percent. The authors found statistically significant differences between ideal and perceived characteristics in all but one domain. The area of greatest difference related to the domain of trustworthiness (that is, dentists should not "propose unnecessary treatments just so they can make money"). For this survey item, 98 percent of patients reported that it was very or extremely important, but only 57 percent of respondents moderately or strongly agreed that dentists in general were engaging in this practice ( P Conclusions and Practical Implications These data reveal gaps between patients' expectations of the dental profession and their actual impressions of dentists in general. Addressing these discrepancies may be crucial if dentistry is to continue to enjoy the public's trust.
The Establishment of the Hapsburg Police Ministry (1782–1814)

In the first session of the first Congress under the new Constitution of the United States of America, James Madison announced on 4 May 1789 that he intended to present constitutional amendments to the House of Representatives.1 Far away in central Europe, three months earlier while at war with the Ottoman Empire the German Emperor Joseph II set up a Police Ministry for his Hapsburg Monarchy to help him with his troublesome and rebellious subjects. The proposals of the representative from the state of Virginia resulted in the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified on 15 December 1791. Joseph If s Police Ministry was definitively incorporated into the Hapsburg government at the be-ginning of 1793 to guard the security of Austria at war then with revolutionary France.
Cultural Practices Can Influence Root Development for Better Transplanting Success

Stress in transplanted nursery stock is caused primarily by the drastic reduction of the root system. Unsatisfactory soil conditions at the planting site reduces root regeneration and prolongs the ...
Impact of Threshold Voltage Instability on Static and Switching Performance of GaN Devices with p-GaN Gate

The p-GaN gate technology has been adopted to realize enhancement-mode GaN devices. However, the blocking voltage can cause the threshold voltage to drift in p-GaN devices In this paper, the impact of the threshold voltage instability on the static and switching performance of the p-GaN device is studied. Specifically, a V th measurement circuit is first designed which is able to characterize the threshold voltage after applying a minimum high voltage pulse of 2 μs. From the experimental result, an increase of more than 0.7 V in V th is observed within several μs after blocking the high voltage. The static characteristics of the same device are compared before and after blocking the high voltage, and a reduced knee point in the output characteristic is observed at a low gate-to-source voltage. Due to the static characteristic variation, the switching performance of the device is also changed after stressed with the high drain-to-source voltage. Specifically, from the double pulse test result at 400 V/25 A with R g =20 Ω, more than 20% increase of turn-on loss is recognized after blocking the high voltage for 30 minutes. The turn on loss difference is minimized when the gate resistance value is reduced to 0 Ω. For the turn-off loss, the impact of V th ’s shift is negligible. Detailed analysis is also provided to explain the experimental result. It is concluded that higher gate drive voltage and lower gate resistance helps to minimize the threshold voltage instability’s effect on the device’s performance.
1988 Evolution of competitive ability

Abstract The expansive elaboration of r- and K-selection by MacArthur and Wilson (1967) predicted that, at high population densities, competitive ability would be at a premium and under strong natural selection for improvement. This prediction was tested experimentally by Mueller (1988a) by keeping replicated populations of Drosophila melanogaster at high and low population sizes. After 128 generations of evolution at these extreme densities, the populations adapted to high densities had competition coefficients that were 58% greater than the populations kept at low density. This finding was consistent with basic models of density-dependent natural selection.
The application of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Chinese version in differentiation of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Objective To assess the use of the Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD).Methods A total of 62 patients with AD and 54 patients with VD were recruited for this study.All subjects were subject to examination using MoCA to collect information in terms of their visuospatial/executive function,attention,language,abstraction delayed recall and orientation.The demographic data of the subjects was also were collected and analyzed.Results It was shown that there were statistically significant differences between the AD and VD patients with regard to their scores of visuospatial / executive,attention,delayed recall (P ＜ 0.05).The rate of diagnostic coincidence was 100％ in AD patients using MoCA Chinese version,and 98.15％ in VD patients,with a statistically significant difference between the two groups.There was high correlation in all items of MoCA between the two evaluators (ICC:0.911 ～1.000).Conclusion Montreal Cognitive Assessment Chinese version can be used for the diagnosis of AD and VD,and the scale can help differentiate AD and VD. Key words: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Alzheimer's disease; Vascular dementia
Conceptions of Equity in Common Core Policy Messages in a Metropolitan District

This study examines how a large metropolitan district presented the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) to its teachers, how secondary literacy teachers took up those messages, and the conceptions o...
Improving Investment Suggestions for Peer-to-Peer Lending via Integrating Credit Scoring into Profit Scoring

In the peer-to-peer (P2P) lending market, lenders lend the money to the borrowers through a virtual platform and earn the possible profit generated by the interest rate. From the perspective of lenders, they want to maximize the profit while minimizing the risk. Therefore, many studies have used machine learning algorithms to help the lenders identify the "best" loans for making investments. The studies have mainly focused on two categories to guide the lenders' investments: one aims at minimizing the risk of investment (i.e., the credit scoring perspective) while the other aims at maximizing the profit (i.e., the profit scoring perspective). However, they have all focused on one category only and there is seldom research trying to integrate the two categories together. Motivated by this, we propose a two-stage framework that incorporates the credit information into a profit scoring modeling. We conducted the empirical experiment on a real-world P2P lending data from the US P2P market and used the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (lightGBM) algorithm in the two-stage framework. Results show that the proposed two-stage method could identify more profitable loans and thereby provide better investment guidance to the investors compared to the existing one-stage profit scoring alone approach. Therefore, the proposed framework serves as an innovative perspective for making investment decisions in P2P lending.
A Reviews of: “Alcohol Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults: Epidemiology, Neurobiology, Prevention and Treatment”: Springer, 2006, 456 pages, ISBN: 978-0-387-29215-1 (paperback), $49.95

Alcohol is an integral part of today's youth culture and may devastate all domains of functioning of our adolescents and young adults. The fact that one-third of high school seniors have ridden in ...
Can Infused Publicness Enhance Public Value Creation? Examining the Impact of Government Funding on the Performance of Social Enterprises in South Korea:

Numerous countries employ social enterprise as an alternative way of addressing social, economic, and environmental problems, with this new approach steadily gaining strength over the last two deca...
Factors that Determine Income of Porang Farming on Community Forest Land

Porang is an under utilized plant which is a source of glucomannan which is widely used in medicine industry, food and beverage, cosmetics, adhesive/glue and others. The demand for dry chips or chips for export in one year reaches 10,000 tons, while Indonesia can only meet about 4,000 tons, so it still lacks about 6,000 tons. The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of income of porang farm on community forest land. The population in this study was the porang farmers in the community forest area of ​​Pandansari Village, Ngantang District, which is 93 people. The sample in this study amounted to 40 farmers determined using Simple Random Sampling method. The method of analysis used is descriptive quantitative and multiple linear regression. The result of the research shows that the income of porang farming is IDR. 48,271,125/ha/year. The determinants of the income of porang farming are the number of family members, the area of ​​arable land and the labor cost.
Beyond undocumented: Differences in the mental health of Latinx undocumented college students

Undocumented college students face several threats to their well-being and mental health. Different social locations, including whether students have Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival (DACA) status, students’ gender, and family factors may shape students’ ability to be well. How these factors work together to shape mental health outcomes among undocumented Latinx college students is not well understood. This study examines several factors (demographic, familial, immigration, and socioeconomic factors) associated with anxiety scores of undocumented Latinx college students who participated in the UndocuScholars Project national online survey in 2014. We observe three notable findings: (1) DACA recipients report heightened levels of anxiety, (2) women with DACA status report higher levels of anxiety compared to non-DACAmented undocumented college students and men with DACA, and (3) students whose families motivate them report lower levels of anxiety. Latinx undocumented college students are not a monolith; demographic, family, and socioeconomic factors matter.
T2-DAG: a powerful test for differentially expressed gene pathways via graph-informed structural equation modeling.

MOTIVATION A major task in genetic studies is to identify genes related to human diseases and traits to understand functional characteristics of genetic mutations and enhance patient diagnosis. Compared to marginal analyses of individual genes, identification of gene pathways, i.e., a set of genes with known interactions that collectively contribute to specific biological functions, can provide more biologically meaningful results. Such gene pathway analysis can be formulated into a high-dimensional two-sample testing problem. Given the typically limited sample size of gene expression datasets, most existing two-sample tests tend to have compromised powers because they ignore or only inefficiently incorporate the auxiliary pathway information on gene interactions. RESULTS We propose T2-DAG, a Hotelling's T 2-type test for detecting differentially expressed gene pathways, which efficiently leverages the auxiliary pathway information on gene interactions from existing pathway databases through a linear structural equation model. We further establish its asymptotic distribution under pertinent assumptions. Simulation studies under various scenarios show that T2-DAG outperforms several representative existing methods with well-controlled type-I error rates and substantially improved powers, even with incomplete or inaccurate pathway information or unadjusted confounding effects. We also illustrate the performance of T2-DAG in an application to detect differentially expressed KEGG pathways between different stages of lung cancer. AVAILABILITY The R package T2DAG is available on Github at https://github.com/Jin93/T2DAG. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cultivating Community-Engaged Faculty: The Institution’s Role In Individual Journeys

Campus-community partnerships are increasingly recognized as important parts of curricula and have become central to the missions of many colleges. Yet campus-community partnerships don’t just happen. They require planning, passion and many types of institutional support. This paper examines how six faculty members from three disciplines at one liberal arts institution found their way into the world of campus-community partnership. Their individual stories reveal the importance of an institutional environment that allowed individual faculty of diverse backgrounds and interests to pursue unique pathways to partnership work. The stories also highlight a common process of exploration, testing and discovery that brought faculty members into the partnership world. A key finding is that the institution played a critical role in providing motivating experiences, support and recognition that allowed individual faculty to find their own personal pathways to partnership work. The institution created a space that was specific enough to reflect the college’s mission, yet flexible and welcoming enough to allow faculty and students of all disciplines to pursue their individual interests. Without such a space, it is unlikely that many of the faculty in the study would have undertaken work developing community partnerships.
Regional Economic Voting: COMPARATIVE CROSS-REGIONAL ANALYSIS

The purpose of this chapter is twofold. In the first half of the chapter, I introduce the method of analysis that I use to assess the empirical support for the models and hypotheses presented in the previous chapter. Although no specific component of the analysis represents a new analytic technique or statistical tool, the manner in which they are combined here – and applied to the substantive questions at hand – is novel, and thus warrants a systematic explication of the method. In this vein, the second half of the chapter considers in greater detail the advantages and disadvantages of the method of analysis. The aims of the method are fourfold. First, it is intended to facilitate a comparative analysis of the effect of economic conditions on election results across multiple cases; in other words, it is explicitly designed for comparative study. Second, the method of comparison is intended to be as transparent and easily replicable as possible; faced with the same data and statistical results, others should be able to come to similar conclusions about the relative empirical support for different hypotheses, or at the very least understand exactly why I have drawn the conclusions that I did. Third, the method is explicitly designed to treat seriously issues of comparability of data, an especially important issue in new democracies.
Six Emerging Directions in Sculptured-Thin-Film Research

Sculptured thin films (STFs) are assemblies of shaped, parallel, identical nanowires generally grown by vapor deposition techniques on substrates. Their optical applications have advanced significantly during the last decade, and several new directions have begun to emerge in the past two years. These include: (a) STF light emitters; (b) STFs with optical gain; (c) electrically controlled STFs; (d) deposition of polymeric STFs by replamineform, multibeam lithographic, and mixed vapor deposition techniques; (e) growth of bioscaffolds on STFs; and (f) STFs with transverse architectures.
CHARA GLOBULARIS THUILLIER (= C. VRAGILIS DESVAUX): BREEDING PATTERNS WITHIN A COSMOPOLITAN COMPLEX

A complex of freshwater plants known collectively as Chara globularis exists through most temperate to subarctic regions of the world. This study focuses on the extent of reproductive isolation existing between various populations that differ with respect to geographical separation and external morphological features. Widespread isolation was encountered ranging from progeny of reduced vigor, through nongerminative oospores, to the complete absence of gametic exchange. There is no evidence to support the view that charophytes are ever truly cosmopolitan in the sense that local populations throughout the world are even potentially interfertile. Most “spccics” or even microspecies appear to consist of complexes of partially to completely genetically isolated local populations.
Xunzi and Zhu Xi

Mou Zongsan 牟宗三 ironically once wrote that Zhu Xi 朱熹 could be considered Xunzi's 荀子 philosophical revenge on Mengzi 孟子. Mou implied that when you retreat from Zhu's staunch rhetorical support of Mengzi philosophy, what you discover are all kinds of significant analogies between the philosophical lexicon as well as deeper structural affinities between Xunzi and Zhu Xi. We discover, ironically, that there is a great deal of merit in Mou's offhanded suggestion of the comparison of two of the greatest Confucian masters.
An e-channel development framework for hybrid e-retailers

Due to the profound impact of e-commerce on organizations, e-channel development emerged as one of the most important challenges that managers face. Unfortunately, studies indicate that managers in most large companies are still unclear about an e-commerce strategy, and tend to lack adequate e-commerce development expertise. Poorly planned and developed e-commerce channels add little value to organizations. Furthermore, these poorly developed e-channels may even have negative impact on their organizations by confusing and disappointing customers who value a seamless cross-channel experience. To develop an e-channel that delivers higher utility to customers and generates sustainable long-term profits, managers need to analyze how an e-commerce channel affects the performance of existing channels and develop a companywide e-channel development program.Based on a number of e-commerce case studies, we developed an e-channel development framework that consists of five step-by-step phases: (1) strategic analysis; (2) e-channel planning; (3) e-channel system design; (4) e-channel system development; and (5) performance evaluation and refinement. This framework helps managers evaluate the impact of e-commerce channels on organizational performance and determine the most appropriate channel design and integration mechanisms for the achievement of business strategies. This paper also discusses impact of e-channel structures on organizational performance.
Testing the endogeneity of tariff policy in the U.S.

Abstract Endogenous tariff theory suggests tariffs are created in response to self-interested political pressure. Using a VARMA model covering the period 1890–1970 in the U.S., we show that macroeconomic variables which proxy political pressure Granger-cause the tariff.
The Ethics of International Research with Abandoned Children

The aim of human subjects research is to create generalizable knowledge that benefits future patients. Consequently, it risks sacrificing the interests of research participants for the greater good of society. Ethics guidelines exist to minimize this risk. Over the last decade, international biomedical research in the context of substantial healthcare inequalities has focused discussion on four ethical issues: (i) standards of care; (ii) informed consent; (iii) ancillary care obligations; and (iv) posttrial benefits (see table, right). It is appropriate to consider these issues relative to the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) study (1), a randomized trial of the effects of moving institutionalized young children to foster care. Table Four main ethical issues in international research
Rough Sets and Concept Lattices

A Concept lattice is a special kind of lattice, the explicit representation of which can be viewed as a semantic network with special properties. Concept lattices have been applied to Machine Learning as well as to the uncovering of the underlying structure in discrete-valued data. They also embody the cladistic approach to classification. This paper describes how the use of a concept lattice as representation model is related to the rough set approach to data analysis and how operations of rough set theory can be implemented using a concept lattice.
A catalogue of simplicial arrangements in the real projective plane

An arrangement is the complex generated in the real projective plane by a finite family of straight lines that do not form a pencil. The faces of an arrangement are the connected components of the complement of the union of lines. An arrangement is simplicial if all its faces are simplices (triangles). The present paper updates the only previous catalogue of simplicial arrangements, published almost 40 years ago, and presented in a very condensed form. The simplicial arrangements often provide optimal solutions for various problems. A problem that seems very hard is to decide whether the collection presented here is a complete listing of simplicial arrangements.
The Asymptotic Lower Bound on the Diagonal Ramsey Numbers: A Closer Look

The classical diagonal Ramsey number R(k, k) is defined, as usual, to be the smallest integer n such that any two-coloring of the edges of the complete graph Kn on n vertices yields a monochromatic k-clique. It is well-known that R(3, 3) = 6 and R(4, 4) = 18; the values of R(k, k) for k ⩾ 5, are, however, unknown. The Lovasz local lemma has been used to provide the best-known asymptotic lower bound on R(k, k), namely \(\frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{e}k2^{k/2} (1 + ))(k \to \infty )\). In other words, if one randomly two-colors the edges of Kn, then P(X 0 = 0) > 0 if $$n \leqslant \frac{{\sqrt {2} }}{e}k{{2}^{{k/2}}}(1 + o(1)), $$ where X0 denotes the number of monochromatic k-cliques. We use univariate and process versions of the Stein-Chen technique to show that much more is true under condition (♣): in particular, we prove (i) that the distribution of X0 can be approximated by that of a Poisson random variable, and that (ii) with Xj representing the number of k-cliques with exactly j edges of one color, the joint distribution of (X0, X1,..., Xb) can be approximated by a multidimensional Poisson vector with independent components provided that b = o(k/log k).
Disentangling association patterns in fission–fusion societies using African buffalo as an example

A description of the social network of a population aids us in understanding dispersal, the spread of disease, and genetic structure in that population. Many animal populations can be classified as fission–fusion societies, whereby groups form and separate over time. Examples discussed in the literature include ungulates, primates and cetaceans (Lott & Minta 1983; Whitehead et al. 1991; Henzi et al. 1997; Christal et al. 1998; Chilvers & Corkeron 2002). In this study, we use a heuristic simulation model to illustrate potential problems in applying traditional techniques of association analysis to fission– fusion societies and propose a new index of association: the fission decision index (FDI). We compare the conclusions resulting from traditional methods with those of the FDI using data from African buffalo, Syncerus caffer, in the Kruger National Park. The traditional approach suggested that the buffalo population was spatially and temporally structured into four different ‘herds’ with adult males only peripherally associated with mixed herds. Our FDI method indicated that association decisions of adult males appeared random, but those of other sex and age categories were nonrandom, particularly when we included the fission events associated with adult males. Furthermore, the amount of time that individuals spent together was only weakly correlated with their propensity to remain together during fission events. We conclude
Use of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with α-Tocopherol in Poultry Feeds

The ability of α-tocopherol to prevent the degradation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and linolenic acid (ALA) at elevated temperature was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. DHA is known to promote nervous system function and health, however, DHA and other highly unsaturated fatty compounds are readily oxidized with loss of bioactivity. Mixtures of DHA or ALA and α-tocopherol were incubated at 70 °C. Samples of these mixtures were analyzed by gas chromatography. After 72 hours at 70 °C mixtures with 0.25 mg α-tocopherol/mg retained 79.6% of the initial amount of DHA and 94.2% of the ALA. When α-tocopherol was present at 2.5 mg/mg the amount of DHA decreased to 62.5% and ALA decreased to 87.4%. Control samples that did not contain α-tocopherol retained 43% DHA and 52.6% ALA. These results indicate that α-tocopherol can limit the degradation of these polyunsaturated fatty acids at elevated temperature. However, the greatest protective effect was not obtained with the highest level of α-tocopherol. This relationship needs to be considered when formulating feeds where elevated process temperatures are likely to occur.
Correlation of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor-induced luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release from infancy to 19 years with the changing pattern of gonadotropin secretion in agonadal patients: relation to the restraint of puberty.

Basal and LRF-stimulated plasma LH and FSH levels were assessed in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in 37 subjects, aged 6 months to 19 yr, with gonadal dysgenesis or other forms of functional agonadism. In both groups of patients under 5 yr of age, mean basal and LRF-induced gonadotropin levels were significantly increased over normal levels. In patients with gonadal dysgenesis between 5–11 yr of age, the mean basal concentrations of FSH and LH and the mean LRFevoked gonadotropin responses were significantly less than the mean values for agonadal children <5 yr of age and, with the exception of mean basal LH, exceeded levels for normal prepubertal children. However, in some patients between 5–11 yr of age, both the basal concentrations of serum gonadotropins and the LH and FSH responses to LRF were comparable to results in normal prepubertal children. Hence, in this age group, the basal concentrations of LH and FSH and the response to LRF in agonadal patients may not provide definitive evidence o...
The New IDEA: Changes, Concerns, and Questions

The new amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act became effective in July 2005 and contained a number of important changes to the current law. Some of the major changes regarding highly qualified teachers, alignment with the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, eligibility, the Individualized Education Program process, and procedural safeguards will be discussed, because those areas have an immediate impact on school personnel as well as on eligible children and their families.
Geographic Research in Water Resources:A Vibrant Research Agenda for the Next 20 Years

The objective of this issue of The Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education on a “Vibrant Research Agenda for the Next 20 Years for Water Resources Research” has been to ask the contributing authors to stretch their imaginations, eschew a mere recitation of what they have done in their notable careers, and instead deeply consider what may make for a compelling future in water resources research. In bringing together these diverse and highly respected authors, each with a distinct set of methods and theoretical orientation, this volume has spanned many subareas of investigation. The gestalt effect of these relatively brief but insightful pieces should make this volume ideal for seminar discussion. Finally, we hope that we have succeeded in our attempt to capitalize on the momentum built over the past two Annual Meetings of the Association of American Geographers, at which we have arranged four future-tense panels, and that this work is a service to the academic community. Although there is great diversity in the content offered by the contributors, at least seven major threads run through multiple authors. The areas that the authors keyed-in on across their subdisciplines are: 1) Technology, especially cyberinfrastructure; 2) Data synthesis across disciplines; 3) The role or non-role of history in future analysis; 4) Vulnerability; 5) Regional analysis; 6) Mitigation, and 7) Governance and environmental justice. Below I expand on the omnipresent issues of technology and data to synthesize some salient points from this special volume, and make an attempt to chart a potentially fruitful course forward that expands on some of the author’s ideas regarding the need for regional research. Technology and Data
Host Immune Responses to the Intracellular Bacteria Brucella : Does the Bacteria Instruct the Host to Facilitate Chronic Infection?

Brucella spp. are intracellular gram-negative bacteria that include a number of virulent species that cause chronic infections in a variety of mammalian hosts. Human infections are proportional to the level of disease in domestic animals because humans are infected zoonotically after contact with infected animals or their products. The chronicity of infection results from the ability of some brucellae to survive reactive oxygen intermediate and nitric oxide killing in host phagocytes, following which they activate bacterial genes in response to the acidic phagosome environment, prevent phagolysosomal fusion by remodeling the intracellular compartment, and subsequently replicate intracellularly. The crucial component of immunity that results in survival of the host and thus maintenance of this chronic infective state is interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Production of IFN-gamma results from the ability of brucella components, including lipid A, to interact with Toll-like receptors for the production of IL-12 and TNF-alpha, although the regulatory cytokine IL-10 is also produced and decreases control of the infection. Although CD4 and CD8 T cells are clearly involved in the production of IFN-gamma, and CD8 T cells may be cytotoxic, a role for NK cells and cytotoxicity in protective immunity to brucellosis has not been substantiated experimentally. Moreover, antibodies have been shown to have a limited role in passive transfer studies.
Drought duration and frequency in the U.S. Corn Belt during the last millennium (AD 992-2004)

Abstract Drought is among the most costly natural hazards affecting the United States, averaging $6 to $8 billion annually in damages, primarily in crop losses. Mitigating the impacts of drought through planning and preparedness has the potential to save billions of dollars. We used a new long tree-ring chronology developed from the central U.S. to reconstruct annual drought and characterize past drought duration, frequency, and cycles in the U.S. Corn Belt region during the last millennium. This is the first paleoclimate reconstruction achieved with subfossil oak wood in the U.S. and increases the current dendroclimatic record in the central U.S. agricultural region by over 500 years. A tree ring-width drought response function was calibrated and verified against monthly instrumental Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index (PHDI) during the summer season (JJA). Separate reconstructions tailored to emphasize high-frequency and low-frequency variations indicate that drought conditions over the period of instrumental records (since 1895) do not exhibit the full range of variability, severity, or duration of droughts during the last millennium. For example, three years in the last millennium were drier than 1934, a classic Dust-Bowl year and the driest year of the instrumental period. Thirteen decadal to multidecadal droughts (i.e., ≥10 years) occurred during the last millennium – the longest lasting sixty-one years and centered on the late twelfth century. Reconstructions exhibited quasi-periodicity at bidecadal and century-scale periods. Significant rhythms in drought were identified near 20-yr and 128-yr periods. The tree-ring drought reconstruction shows promise in providing new information about long-term climate variability in the agricultural regions that could potentially span multimillennia. We postulate that tree-ring chronologies (i.e., tree growth), thus far under-utilized in agricultural applications, have the potential to match contributions of instrumental climate data.
Existence of quasi-periodic orbits for twist homeomorphisms of the annulus

この論文で用いる方法は, Percivalが数値的に準周期軌道を見つけるのに使った方法 [3,4]に 密接に関係している. Percivalは自分の方法で存在定理を証明しなかった. 定理を述べるには,円環自身よりもその普遍被覆Aで仕事する方が都合がよい. A = {(x, y) ∈ R : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}とする. T : A → Aを平行移動 T (x, y) = (x + 1, y)とする. f はAの面積保 存, 方向保存, かつ境界成分保存の同相写像であって, fT = Tfを満たすとする. 加えて, y > z なら f(x, y)1 > f(x, z)1と仮定する. ここで p = (x, y) ∈ Aのとき p1 = x と約束する. これが 「ねじれ条件」である. fi = fR × i, i = 0, 1と置く. B = {(x, x′) ∈ R : f0(x) ≤ x′ ≤ f1(x)}とする. ねじれ条件 より, 各 (x, x′) ∈ Bに対して唯一の y = g(x, x′) ∈ [0, 1]および y′ = g′(x, x′) ∈ [0, 1]があって, f(x, y) = (x′, y′)を満たす. 関数 gおよび g′はB上の連続関数である. 任意の同相写像 h : R → Rで h(x+ 1) = h(x) + 1を満たすものに対して
Invitation to transcendence: The book of revelation

The author of Revelation, acting as a rhetorical change‐agent, created an experience of transcendence for his readers during the course of the book by discerning in history a divine plan and showing the proper place of his readers in that plan. His invitation to experience transcendence strategically compensated for an apparent gap in the early Christian worldview.
Functional polymer–clay nanotube composites with sustained release of chemical agents

Abstract Natural halloysite clay nanotubes are described as inorganic reinforcing materials for polymers. Loading these tubes’ 15-nm diameter lumens with chemical agents, including bioactive molecules (self-healing, anticorrosion, antimicrobial agents, proteins, DNA, drugs, etc.), and doping them into polymers allows a controlled sustained release, providing these nanocomposites with new smart properties. Typically, addition of 5% halloysite synergistically increases polymer strength on 30–70%, enhances composite adhesivity and adds new functions due to triggered release of needed chemicals. Halloysite is biocompatible “green” material and its simple processing combined with low cost make it a perspective additive for polymeric biocomposites. Comparison of halloysite with other tubule clay – imogolite – is given; these tubes have smaller diameter and much lower loading capacity for macromolecules.
Training effects and working memory contributions to skill acquisition in a complex coordination task

Componential and contextual procedures were used to train separate groups in a coordination task that involved dynamic spatial and verbal information. Mean differences analyses indicated performance improved as a result of training, was localized in the more difficult items, and equivalent across groups. However, further analyses provided evidence of differential working memory contributions across groups. Thus, different training procedures fostered equivalent performance levels based on different resource requirements, an important consideration in tasks performed under attentional load. Likely, this difference was related to the functional consistency of information in the training procedures. The broader implications of this study include the importance of detailed task analyses to determine consistent task elements before training programs are enacted and the importance of combining mean and individual differences analyses in studies of human cognition.
Association of childhood high body mass index and sleep disordered breathing with perioperative laryngospasm.

Abstract Background Childhood high body mass index (BMI) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) are increasingly prevalent and both are associated with perioperative respiratory complications. Laryngospasm is one of the more serious respiratory complications with potentially devastating consequences. It is presently unclear whether high BMI and incident SDB in children significantly amplifies the risks of perioperative laryngospasm. This study examined the hypothesis that compared to controls; children with high BMI and SDB at the time of surgery have higher rates of perioperative laryngospasm. Methods Children (6–18 yr) who underwent elective, non-cardiac operations at a tertiary care center were the subjects of this cross-sectional study. Rates of perioperative laryngospasm were compared between normal controls and children who were overweight/obese and had clinical history of SDB at the time of surgery. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of perioperative laryngospasm (dependent variable) using high BMI/SDB as the primary predictor variable. Results Among 642 children, those who were overweight/obese and had incident SDB (N = 197) were younger, and had higher indexes of central adiposity. Children with high BMI and SDB had 3.8 times higher unadjusted odds of developing intraoperative laryngospasm (OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 2.1–6.9, p Conclusion High BMI and incident SDB in children is associated with increased rates of perioperative laryngospasm. The mechanism(s) underlying this propensity to laryngospasm deserve further elucidation.
Implementing optimal taxes using tradable share permits

Abstract This paper presents a simple system for efficient regulation under asymmetric information. Each firm's income is controlled by a tax that depends on the firm's own output and on a parameter construed as a share permit. These “shares of total expected output” lower a firm's tax burden and are acquired in a competitive market. By employing this scheme, the planner only requires knowledge of marginal damage to induce the first-best outcome. Relative to a traditional cap-and-trade approach the system increases expected social welfare.
Free-volume analysis of solvent self-diffusion in polymer solutions

Abstract The free-volume theory of transport is used to analyze the concentration dependence of the solvent self-diffusion coefficient for two polystyrene-solvent systems. The agreement between predictions of free-volume theory and the experimental data is good.