cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression of the Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Population on Pears in Southern Oregon through Mating Disruption with Sex Pheromone

When broadcast applications of the sex pheromone ( E, E )-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol were made over a 2-year period in pear orchards for suppression of Cydia pomonella (L.) in southern Oregon, communication between the sexes, subsequent mating, and reproduction, as indicated by the degree of damage to the fruit, were significantly reduced. When applied three to five times per season to orchards with initially low population levels, the pheromone precluded response of males to pheromone-baited traps for 16 weeks and gave ca. 90% control as compared to the untreated controls. Little or no control was achieved where initial C. pomonella population levels were high.
Mental Retardation and Domestic Violence: An Ecological Approach to Intervention

The public and health and law enforcement professionals have finally become aware of the problem of domestic violence among community-dwelling women with developmental disabilities such as mental retardation. This article presents an ecological approach to analyzing factors that contribute to and maintain such abuse. Service needs of women with developmental disabilities who experience domestic violence as well as assumptions that should underlie treatment are addressed within an ecological framework. Assessment and individual and group intervention are discussed, including the development of a personal safety plan. A case example is provided.
Laboratory assay of clinically effective antiepileptic drugs

Clinically useful antiepileptic drugs were assayed in rats for their ability to modify or prevent electrically or chemically induced seizures. The assays included modification of seizure pattern, ability to elevate normal and experimentally reduced electroshock threshold for minimal seizures, and antagonism to Metrazol. Toxic doses (TD50) and protective doses (PD50) were determined graphically and the protective indices calculated (TD50/PD50).
N-Heterocyclic Carbene−Transition Metal Complexes: Spectroscopic and Crystallographic Analyses of π-Back-bonding Interactions

The ability of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to participate in π-back-bonding interactions was evaluated in a range of transition metal complexes. Rh chloride complexes containing a systematic ser...
Efficacy, safety, and current applications of brimonidine

Background: The use of brimonidine to lower intraocular pressure has been the subject of considerable investigation. Variations of the initially approved drug including agents of a lower concentration (Alphagan® P 0.15 and 0.1%, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) and a fixed-combination mating brimonidine with timolol (Combigan®, Allergan) evolved the marketing and application of this therapy. Objective: We review available evidence regarding the efficacy and side effect profile of brimonidine as well as its role in glaucoma management. Results/conclusion: Brimonidine is an important component of topical glaucoma treatment that is most limited by local ocular intolerance.
Gel-expanded to gel-condensed transition in neurofilament networks revealed by direct force measurements.

Neurofilaments (NF)--the principal cytoskeletal constituent of myelinated axons in vertebrates--consist of three molecular-weight subunit proteins NF-L (low), NF-M (medium) and NF-H (high), assembled to form mature filaments with protruding unstructured C-terminus side arms. Liquid-crystal gel networks of side-arm-mediated neurofilament assemblies have a key role in the mechanical stability of neuronal processes. Disruptions of the neurofilament network, owing to neurofilament over-accumulation or incorrect side-arm interactions, are a hallmark of motor-neuron diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Using synchrotron X-ray scattering, we report on a direct measurement of forces in reconstituted neurofilament gels under osmotic pressure (P). With increasing pressure near physiological salt and average phosphorylation conditions, NF-LMH, comprising the three subunits near in vivo composition, or NF-LH gels, undergo for P > P(c) approximately 10 kPa, an abrupt non-reversible gel-expanded to gel-condensed transition. The transition indicates side-arm-mediated attractions between neurofilaments consistent with an electrostatic model of interpenetrating chains. In contrast, NF-LM gels remain in a collapsed state for P P(c). These findings, which delineate the distinct roles of NF-M and NF-H in regulating neurofilament interactions, shed light on possible mechanisms for disruptions of optimal mechanical network properties.
Abstract B61: Postpartum mammary gland involution drives DCIS progression through collagen and COX-2, identifying a target for intervention

Prognosis of young women9s breast cancer is influenced by reproductive history. Women diagnosed within five years postpartum have worse prognosis than nulliparous women or women diagnosed during pregnancy. We propose that breast involution following pregnancy accounts for the poor prognosis of breast cancers diagnosed postpartum. Our ‘involution hypothesis’ states that the physiologically normal microenvironment of the postpartum involuting gland is tumor promotional; however, testing the involution hypothesis has been limited by lack of pre-clinical models. We developed a mouse xenograft model of PABC that isolates postpartum mammary gland involution as a driving force for breast cancer progression and metastasis. In this model, human breast cancer cells are injected into actively involuting mouse mammary glands and nulliparous controls. Results from this model indicate that tumor cells exposed to the collagen rich involuting mammary microenvironment form larger tumors characterized by abundant fibrillar collagen, high COX-2 expression, and an invasive phenotype. In culture, these tumor cells are invasive in a collagen/COX-2-dependent manner. Importantly, in the involuting mammary gland, inhibition of COX-2 with celecoxib or ibuprofen reduced the collagen fibrillogenesis associated with involution, as well as tumor growth and lung infiltration. These anti-tumor effects were observed without blocking apoptosis of secretory mammary epithelial cells, which is required to remodel the gland to a non-secretory state, and is a requisite for advancing this strategy to clinical trial. The question of whether an NSAID based intervention study could be aimed at recently pregnant women at high risk for breast cancer remains to be determined, but is an extremely desirable objective given that there are more than 6 million pregnancies in the US per year. In summary, these data support further research to determine whether women at high-risk for postpartum breast cancer would benefit from treatment with NSAIDs during postpartum involution. This work was funded by DOD, Komen, and ACS. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B61.
Trace: An on-line beam transport design program

Abstract This paper describes the application of computer graphics in the design of beam transport systems. We introduce a computer program called TRACE which allows the user to design beam transport systems interactively with a computer through a display console, light pen, and teletype. We describe briefly the computer environment and its relation to program TRACE. We conclude with a discussion on the operation of the program through an exemple.
Heats of Transport from the Diffusion Thermoeffect in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Toluene, Chlorobenzene, and Bromobenzene

Measurements of heats of transport in binary liquid mixtures of toluene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene utilizing the diffusion thermoeffect, or Dufour effect, are reported at 298 and 308 K. The corresponding heat‐mass Onsager coefficients are also reported, from which thermal diffusion ratios have been calculated based on Onsager reciprocity. The resultant binary thermal diffusion ratios have been correlated as a function of composition in an attempt to study the relationship between values in binary and ternary mixtures. It was found that the single independent binary values can be used to estimate the two independent thermal diffusion ratios previously reported in toluene+chlorobenzene+bromobenzene ternary mixtures.
Evolution or Revolution on the Battlefield? The Army of the Sambre and Meuse in 1794

This article assesses the transformation of warfare during the French Revolution as it relates to the battlefield. It uses as a case study the Army of the Sambre and Meuse during the 1794 conquest of Belgium. In particular, it explores the army’s performance in four battles fought during the year: First Fleurus, Second Fleurus, the Ourthe, and the Roer. Of the four, only Second Fleurus has received detailed scholarly examination to date. To sustain the revolutionary view of military change, the evidence must demonstrate the dominance of French innovations at the tactical and operational levels. In contrast, this article reveals the primacy of evolutionary changes on the battlefield. Overall, French military practices did not radically depart from Old Regime developments, nor did they clearly signal the unmitigated rise of French combat effectiveness.
Multiarray sensors for pesticides and toxic metals

Different sensing systems suitable for the determination of pesticides, metals and chlorinated organic compounds are described. The systems are based on the use of conjugated polymers and biological components that are sensitive to compounds commonly used as pesticides, chlorinated phenoxy herbicides or industrial chemicals. Biological molecules were immobilized on various carriers and were integrated in multiarray formats or in automated flow-through systems. This work describes the synthesis and characterization of polymers, biological conjugates and metabolites for the detection of a range of toxic chemicals, including chlorinated phenols, s- triazine herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals. The characteristic features of the different formats are given including a new promising approach for heavy metal detection using o-hydroxypyridylazo metal-protein conjugates.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nitroblue tetrazolium test in neonates.

THE NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM test was introduced by Parks et al 1 in 1968 as an aid in the diagnosis of acute bacterial infection. Its use is based on the observation that neutrophil reduction of NBT to an intracellular formazan precipitate is increased under conditions of bacterial infection. The test has had limited use in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis because of spuriously high values found in normal infants. ~ Barker and Farnes 3 observed that falsely high and widely varied NBT values were obtained in adults if high concentrations of heparin were used. Using a micromethod, they further showed that limiting heparin concentration to 1 unit /ml gave normal NBT values of less than 5% in adults and older children. ~ We hypothesized that if the heparin concentration in the NBT solution were similarly controlled, normal values may be defined in newborn subjects, making the test available for future clinical testing in such situations as neonatal sepsis.
Share prices and pension funding: An empirical test of the joint effect of pension insurance and the pension tax shield

This article examines the joint significance of the tax benefits of pension funding and the value of government sponsored pension insurance in determining the efficacy of corporate pension funding. When the pension tax shield benefits are dominant, additional funding may enhance shareholder wealth. However, additional funding is observed to have negative effects on equity prices when the value of pension insurance is dominant relative to the value of the pension tax shield. When neither the tax or insurance effects are dominant, marginal adjustments in pension funding apparently will not alter corporate share prices.
Men Without Children

This essay is concerned with the impact on society of the fact that an increasing number of men in the United States neither marry nor live with children. The author notes that between 1986 and 1993 the fraction of men 25 to 34 who are householders living with children declined from 66% to 40%. He makes the case that the increase in social pathology as evidenced by rising crime rates declining marriage rates increases in births outside marriage and increasing drug abuse may not be due to economic factors such as the rise in welfare payments or the decline in job opportunities alone. Rather he suggests that social changes such as the decline in the popularity of marriage are primarily responsible for these adverse effects. He argues that welfare is a response to poverty not its cause and that societys response to the disintegrating family should be to try to replace the income that has disappeared rather than trying to reduce the level of welfare.
Distributive Justice among Hong Kong Chinese College Students.

Abstract A naturalistic study of distributive justice judgment was made of Hong Kong Chinese college students (N = 112) who were asked to form small groups to work on two projects after the completion of which they filled out a questionnaire concerning the cohesiveness of the group, the contribution of each group member, and the fairness of giving the same grade to each group member. It was hypothesized that the perceived fairness of giving each group member the same grade would be positively related to group cohesiveness. It also was expected that the more the participants took into account considerations unrelated to contribution, such as the personality of the low contributors, their relationship with them, and the low contributors' previous contribution and work attitude, the more they would endorse an equality allocation rule. The results confirmed these hypotheses.
Early Archaic in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Scattered finds of Dalton, Quad, Plainview, and Scottsbluff projectile points in the Yazoo Basin of west-central Mississippi affirm the presence of an early Archaic occupation in at least that region of the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. These finds are associated with present surfaces in the alluvial flood plain which are geologic relicts formed prior to the final stages of the post-Pleistocene filling of the valley.
Mutagenic SOS repair of site-specific psoralen damage in plasmid pBR322.

Abstract The mutagenic repair of psoralen damage was examined by transforming Escherichia coli with psoralen-treated pBR322. Plasmid DNA randomly reacted with psoralen was repaired only when the E. coli was uvrA + and recA + , and only when the cells were pre-irradiated with far-ultraviolet light. The rec A dependence and requirement for pre-irradiation are characteristics of SOS repair. Psoralens were placed specifically near the Bam HI site, in the tetracycline-resistance gene of pBR322, using a sulfhydryl-containing psoralen derivative. Repair of this damage also required pre-irradiation of the host cells. This repair was accompanied by a 4% frequency of mutagenesis to a tetraeycline-sensitive phenotype. Sequence analysis of these mutant plasmids revealed that 75% had mutations within the targeted region, while 25% had no sequence changes within 100 bases of the Bam HI site. In up to five independent isolates only one kind of mutation was observed at each site, suggesting that mutagenic SOS repair is influenced by DNA structure at the site of the psoralen. Most mutations were transitions, primarily G-C to A-T changes. Some transitions occurred at sites where psoralen crosslinks could not have formed, and these may have arisen from the repair of psoralen monoadducts.
Seasonal abundance of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on Crambe abyssinica

Little information is available on seasonal abundance of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in the northern Great Plains. This study was conducted in Fargo, ND, in 1993, 1994, and 1995 to examine the seasonal population changes of P. xylostella in the crop host, crambe, Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fries, and the weed host, field pennycress, Thlaspi arvense L. The abundance of adults was measured using pheromone traps and by flushing them from vegetation. The 1st peak in adult density was observed in the weed host and the subsequent peaks in the crop were recorded at ≍300 DD (base 7.5°C) intervals. In 1993, these peak flights occurred in early to mid-June and July; in 1994 in early to mid-June, mid-July, and mid- to late August; and in 1995 at end of June, mid-July, early to mid-August, and early September. The sex ratio based on larval collections was ≍1:1. There was a strong relationship between the egg density and visual counts of Rushed adults. From the comparison of phenology of the crop host and P. xylostella , the 1st-generation larvae may be injurious if the crop is planted early and no weeds are available to ovipositing females near the crop. The larvae present in the 2nd half of July may potentially injure the ripening crop.
Ratios of biliary glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to glutathione (GSH): a potential index to screen drug-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats and mice

Hepatotoxicity of drug candidates is one of the major concerns in drug screening in early drug discovery. Detection of hepatic oxidative stress can be an early indicator of hepatotoxicity and benefits drug selection. The glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) pair, as one of the major intracellular redox regulating couples, plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress that is caused by imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants. The quantitative determination of the GSSG/GSH ratios and the concentrations of GSH and GSSG have been used to indicate oxidative stress in cells and tissues. In this study, we tested the possibility of using the biliary GSSG/GSH ratios as a biomarker to reflect hepatic oxidative stress and drug toxicity. Four compounds that are known to alter GSH and GSSG levels were tested in this study. Diquat (diquat dibromide monohydrate) and acetaminophen were administered to rats. Paraquat and tert-butyl hydroperoxide were administered to mice to induce changes of biliary GSH and GSSG. The biliary GSH and GSSG were quantified using calibration curves prepared with artificial bile to account for any bile matrix effect in the LC–MS analysis and to avoid the interference of endogenous GSH and GSSG. With four examples (in rats and mice) of drug-induced changes in the kinetics of the biliary GSSG/GSH ratios, this study showed the potential for developing an exposure response index based on biliary GSSG/GSH ratios for predicting hepatic oxidative stress.
Pullback attractors of non-autonomous stochastic degenerate parabolic equations on unbounded domains

Abstract This paper is concerned with pullback attractors of the stochastic p-Laplace equation defined on the entire space R n . We first establish the asymptotic compactness of the equation in L 2 ( R n ) and then prove the existence and uniqueness of non-autonomous random attractors. This attractor is pathwise periodic if the non-autonomous deterministic forcing is time periodic. The difficulty of non-compactness of Sobolev embeddings on R n is overcome by the uniform smallness of solutions outside a bounded domain.
Filament geometry and the activation of inisect flight muscles

HIGH wingbeat frequencies are required for flight in many insects, and have led to striking specialisations1. The thorax and wings form a resonant system whose oscillation is sustained by alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles. The action of these flight muscles is to produce only a small-amplitude deformation of the thorax, mechanically amplified into wing movements. The muscles are diverse in arrangement1 and ultrastructure2. In several insect orders, they are of a characteristic ‘fibrillar’ type whose very regular architecture is well known3. As recognised largely through the work of Pringle4, certain properties of fibrillar muscle permit more rapid wing-beats because the oscillation does not depend on pacemaking neural input: the muscles receive only slow and irregular stimulation, and the contraction of each is triggered, after a delay, directly by the stretch applied to it while its antagonist shortens. Studies of isolated glycerol- extracted fibrillar muscle fibres show that unusual properties underlying this sensitivity to stretch are intrinsic to the contractile apparatus itself5. ATPase levels and tension are low in calcium-activated fibres at rest length, but are increased by slight extension (0.1–5%). The muscles exhibit both actin-linked and myosin-linked regulation typical of many invertebrate muscles6, and the additional regulatory effects of mechanical conditions are not understood. Stretch has been presumed to modify cross-bridge attachment by some unknown effect on the myosin filamenats4 (possibly transmitted through structures which connect them to the Z-line in certain insect muscles7). I suggest here that many aspects of stretch–activation in fibrillar muscles may be explained by the particular geometry of their myosin and actin filaments.
On the trade-offs between risk pooling and logistics costs in a multi-plant network with commonality

This paper examines the benefits and costs of two alternative manufacturing network configurations in the presence of component commonality. We evaluate the trade-off between the decreased logistics costs and loss of risk-pooling benefits in plant networks which spread component manufacturing over each plant (product network) as compared to those that consolidate component manufacturing in a single plant (process network). We examine for conditions that mean that a product network would be chosen instead of a process network and vice-versa. We find that the risk-pooling benefit obtained by consolidating common subassembly production is reduced when the cost of acquiring common component capacity is sufficiently high or low. A post-optimality sensitivity analysis for the process network provides insights into subtle substitution effects, which are a direct outcome of cost mix differentials and network structure and complementarity effects, which are induced by the considered sequential assembly system. Our...
Further evidence for the role of supraspinatus in quadrupedal monkeys

Differences in the degree of projection of the greater tubercle above the level of the humeral head in primate proximal humeri have been associated with differing leverage requirements for supraspinatus during arboreal vs. terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion. Since most workers have assumed that supraspinatus acts as a humeral protractor, interpretations of the variation in greater tubercle height have focused on the need for powerful vs. rapid humeral protraction during the swing phase of quadrupedal locomotion. However, in an EMG study on the activity patterns of supraspinatus in the vervet monkey, Larson and Stern (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 79:369-377, 1989) reported that although supraspinatus is active during arm elevations against gravity, it is silent during the swing phase of quadrupedal locomotion, and instead acts as a joint stabilizer during support phase. They suggested that the pattern of activity for supraspinatus observed in the vervet was common for all quadrupedal primates, and that differences in greater tubercle projection could be related to the degree of mobility of the shoulder. In the current study, we present additional EMG data on a baboon and three macaques supporting the suggestions offered by Larson and Stern (1989).
Manufacture and finishing of lightweight silicon carbide mirrors

The requirement for lightweight mirrors for spaceborne application has often been met through the use of beryllium or low-expansion glass-like materials. The current availability of silicon carbide substrates and the development of suitable manufacturing and finishing process, however, provide an alternative material for such uses. This paper describes the manufacture of a series of lightweight silicon carbide scan mirrors intended for satellite installation. The finishing procedures employed and the test results obtained while establishing surface accuracies on the order of one millionth of an inch are presented and discussed.
Measured activation cross sections below 10 MeV for the 51V(n, p)51Ti and 51V(n, α)48Sc reactions

Abstract The activation method is used to measure cross sections for the 51 V(n, p) 51 Ti reaction from E n = 2.856 to 9.267 MeV and for the 51 V(n, α) 48 Sc reaction from 5.515 to 9.567 MeV. Both measurements utilize ENDF/B-V evaluated neutron-induced fission cross sections of 238 U as a standard. The experimental results from this work are compared with corresponding ENDF/B-V evaluated cross sections for V and substantial differences are evident. The most significant difference is a tendency for the measured values to exceed evaluated ones by as much as 50% in the vicinity of 8 MeV.
Néel-VBS transition in three-dimensional SU( N ) antiferromagnets

We present results for the phase diagram of an SU($N$) generalization of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a bipartite three-dimensional anisotropic cubic (tetragonal) lattice as a function of $N$ and the lattice anisotropy $\ensuremath{\gamma}$. In the ``isotropic'' $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1$ cubic limit, we find a transition from N\'eel to valence bond solid (VBS) between $N=9$ and $N=10$. We follow the N\'eel-VBS transition to the limiting cases of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ (weakly coupled layers) and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ (weakly coupled chains). Throughout the phase diagram we find a direct first-order transition from N\'eel at small $N$ to VBS at large $N$. In the three-dimensional models studied here, we find no evidence for either an intervening spin-liquid ``photon'' phase or a continuous transition, even close to the limit $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ where the isolated layers undergo continuous N\'eel-VBS transitions.
Laboratory simulation of the structure of disturbed zones around bodies in space

Description of laboratory studies of certain aspects of the spacecraft/space plasma interaction regarding, in particular, the near and intermediate wake regions. The plasma wind tunnel facilities and the diagnostic techniques employed in these tests are described. Results are obtained which concern the variation of the normalized ion flux with normalized distance along the wake axis downstream from a conducting spherical body, the variation of the normalized width of the disturbed region with normalized distance downstream from the body center, and the location of the point of maximum ion current enhancement as a function of body potential.
Repair of Inferior Sternal Cleft Using Bilateral Sternal Bar Turnover Flaps in a Patient with Pentalogy of Cantrell

We report a case of sternal reconstruction using bilateral sternal bar turnover flaps in a 4-year-old boy with an inferior sternal cleft, as part of Cantrell's pentad. When the patient was 10 months old, he underwent sternal reconstruction using a resorbable poly-L-lactic-polyglycolic acid plate in the first stage when there was insufficient autogenous tissue to provide a reliable reconstruction. Bilateral sternal bar turnover was performed in the second stage at 4 years of age. This operative technique is described in this report. This novel technique provides a robust, dynamic, and reliable reconstruction for inferior sternal defects.
Electron dosimetry of irregular fields on the Clinac 18.

Abstract A technique has been devised for obtaining irregularly shaped fields for electron beam therapy on a Clinac 18 Linear Accelerator. This technique utilizes low melting point alloy cutouts (“Ostalloy”, manufactured by Arconium Corporation of America, Providence, RI 02909, U.S.A., containing 50% bismuth, 26.7% lead, 13.3% tin and 10% cadmium), which fit inside the standard Varian cones. Studies have shown that this method of field shaping does not adversely affect either the field flatness or the percent depth dose distributions. The dosimetry for these irregular fields has been investigated extensively. It has been found that the equivalent area technique generally used in X-ray treatments can be utilized reasonably well to predict the dose for shaped electron fields. Clinical experience with this system over the past year indicates that the setup for initial simulation and subsequent treatments is straightforward, and the time required minimal.
Benefits of Vascular Normalization Are Dose and Time Dependent—Letter

Arjaans and colleagues reported that treatment with the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab hampers antibody uptake in an ectopic xenograft model of human ovarian cancer in mice ([1][1]). They found that bevacizumab decreased vessel number and increased pericyte coverage and concluded that treatment-
MSN2 and MSN4 Link Calorie Restriction and TOR to Sirtuin-Mediated Lifespan Extension in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Calorie restriction (CR) robustly extends the lifespan of numerous species. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CR has been proposed to extend lifespan by boosting the activity of sirtuin deacetylases, thereby suppressing the formation of toxic repetitive ribosomal DNA (rDNA) circles. An alternative theory is that CR works by suppressing the TOR (target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, which extends lifespan via mechanisms that are unknown but thought to be independent of sirtuins. Here we show that TOR inhibition extends lifespan by the same mechanism as CR: by increasing Sir2p activity and stabilizing the rDNA locus. Further, we show that rDNA stabilization and lifespan extension by both CR and TOR signaling is due to the relocalization of the transcription factors Msn2p and Msn4p from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they increase expression of the nicotinamidase gene PNC1. These findings suggest that TOR and sirtuins may be part of the same longevity pathway in higher organisms, and that they may promote genomic stability during aging.
Caney and Related Problems of Southern Oklahoma: ABSTRACT

Lithologic monotony and peculiarity of rarely encountered marine faunas are characteristic of the Caney shale facies of Oklahoma. Detailed study of the goniatites and the conodonts (by far the most common among its fossils), provide important paleontologic control for stratigraphic division of the Caney group, which is based on detailed field work and on the recognition of lithologically different kinds of shale within the Caney "shale." The lowest formation of the Caney group is the Ahlosa, recognized in the northern Arbuckle Mountains by its hard, but not siliceous, platy shale, and rarely encountered diminutive brachiopods of Salem (Spergen) age. Most widespread and most familiar to fossil collectors is the next formation, the Delaware Creek, with locally abundant goniatites of distinct late Visean (P2) aspect. The third formation is known in the Ardmore basin as the Goddard shale, and contains the characteristic lower Namurian (E and E2) goniatites and some latest Chester (Kinkaid) conodonts. Recent field evidence indicates that here belong the subsurface Goodwin sandstones, and the bryozoan-brachipod-molluscan-bearing sandstones exposed north of Milo, where several species of Archimedes have been encountered. The lower two-thirds of the Springer are not represented by any sediments in the northern End_Page 428------------------------------ Arbuckle Mountains, but the upper third is represented by shales and a thin sandstone of the Rhoda Creek formation. The succeeding Union Valley formation is correlative with the Primrose formation of the Ardmore basin, an equivalent of the Hale of Arkansas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 429------------
Structure of Somatomedin-Binding Protein: Alkaline pH-Induced Dissociation of an Acid-Stable, 60,000 Molecular Weight Complex into Smaller Components

The association of somatomedin (Sm) peptides with their specific serum binding proteins (SmPBs) and the preservation of SmBP integrity are both pH dependent. Acid extracts of human plasma Cohn fraction IV-4 chromatographed at pH 5.0 after incubation with [125I]iodoinsulin-like growth factor I yield predominantly a 60,000 molecular weight complex of specifically bound radiolabeled peptide. Alkaline exposure (pH 8.0) of either the initial acid extract of Cohn fraction IV-4 or the isolated 60,000 molecular weight chromatographic peak shifts the recovery of bound [125I]iodoinsulin-like growth factor I on rechromatography to two smaller complexes of approximately 46,000 and 30,000 molecular weight. These results support the existence of two or more forms of human plasma SmBP that may possess a common 30,000 molecular weight component.
World Musics in the General Music Classroom: Lessons in Sharing, Listening, and Reflecting

As you read this October issue of General Music Today (GMT) you have said goodbye to summer and embarked on another school year journey. Just as the trees are making the transition from summer to fall, so too are music teachers throughout the world. The trees are basking in the glory of leaves full of color and branches ripe with abundant fruit ready to harvest and gather in baskets, while music teachers—after attending concerts, completing professional development activities, creating new lessons, and learning new songs—are ready to harvest those new activities and take their “musical baskets” into classrooms with enthusiastic learners. This issue of GMT is designed to promote and refocus our thoughts and teaching strategies regarding world musics. “The term ‘world musics’ is a broad umbrella covering all musical genres and practices from all cultures” (Burton, 2002, p. 164). Addressing world musics or “multicultural learning” is not a new concept for music educators or for this journal. Keith Thompson, past GMT editor, expressed his belief that “music can capture the essence of a culture” (Thompson, 1992, p. 2). He noted that teachers were moving beyond the idea of multicultural music as merely involving stereotypical costumes and singing a melody in a foreign language, but rather encompassed becoming multicultural in their thinking. Why should we promote world music in our classrooms? Bennett Reimer (1994) provides the following rationale:
All in the family?: The incompatibility and reconciliation of family demography and family history

The author uses an article by Steven Ruggles on aspects of family demography to examine two broad questions. One concerns the relatively small overlap between demography and family history. The other addresses the potential that demography has to offer family historians. She concludes that the conceptual differences between family history and family demography limit the applicability of demographic methods for the study of family history. (ANNOTATION)
Autologous blood transfusion in trauma

Transfusion of autologous blood, recovered from the surgical field, has been widely accepted for use in elective cases with significant blood loss. The use of these techniques in the setting of exsanguinating traumatic haemorrhage has been limited, however, by a number of confounding issues. These include: (a) the potential for increased infectious complications resulting from the reinfusion of blood from a contaminated field; (b) the risk of exacerbating a consumptive coagulopathy; (c) a potential increased risk of multiple organ failure syndrome due to the infusion of cytokines and activated inflammatory mediators; (d) the practicality and logistics of this approach in the moribund patient; and (e) the cost-effectiveness of this technology. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature addressing these issues and better define the role for autologous transfusion in the trauma population.
Independence of protamine titration and platelet level in certain hemorrhagic diseases.

Summary1. The platelet concentration influences the sensitivity of bloods and plasmas to the effect of added heparin. The anticoagulant potency of heparin is also enhanced by prothrombin deficiency. The potentiated effect of heparin in thrombocytopenic bloods may be due to reduced thromboplastin (cephalin) activity.2. The protamine titration may be increased when the platelet count is normal and it may be normal in the presence of thrombocytopenia. It is influenced by heparin, heparinoid substances, prothrombin deficiency, hemophilia, and possibly other factors.3. Increased protamine titrations may occur in bleeding patients who have no other apparent clotting defects, including the whole blood clotting time. Many of these patients cease bleeding when given intravenous toluidine blue. The protamine titration under these conditions can be returned to or toward normal regardless of the platelet level.
Executive Functions After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children

There is growing recognition that executive function, the superordinate, managerial capacity for directing more modular abilities, is frequently impaired by traumatic brain injury in children and mediates the neurobehavioral sequelae exhibited by these patients. This review encompasses the definition of specific executive functions, age-related changes in executive functions in typically developing children, and the effects of traumatic brain injury on executive functions. The neural substrate for executive functions is described, including relevant functional brain imaging studies that have implicated mediation by prefrontal and parietal cortex and their circuitry. The vulnerability of the neural substrate for executive function to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury is discussed, including focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury. Domains of executive functions covered in this review include the basic processes of working memory and inhibition and more complex processes such as decision making. Other domains of executive function, including motivation, self-regulation, and social cognition are discussed in terms of research methodology, clinical assessment, and findings in children with traumatic brain injury. Proposed approaches to the rehabilitation of executive functions are presented.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the Night Watchman State: A Comment on Strine & Walker

Delaware Supreme Court Chief Justice Leo Strine and Nicholas Walter have recently published an article arguing that the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Citizens United v. FEC undermines a school of thought they call “conservative corporate law theory.” They argue that conservative corporate law theory justifies shareholder primacy on grounds that government regulation is a superior constraint on the externalities caused by corporate conduct than social responsibility norms. Because Citizens United purportedly has unleashed a torrent of corporate political campaign contributions intended to undermine regulations, they argue that the decision undermines the viability of conservative corporate law theory. As a result, they contend, Citizens United “logically supports the proposition that a corporation’s governing board must be free to think like any other citizen and put a value on things like the quality of the environment, the elimination of poverty, the alleviation of suffering among the ill, and other values that animate actual human beings.”This essay argues that Strine and Walker’s analysis is flawed in three major respects. First, “conservative corporate law theory” is a misnomer. They apply the term to such a wide range of thinkers as to make it virtually meaningless. More important, scholars who range across the political spectrum embrace shareholder primacy. Second, Strine and Walker likely overstate the extent to which Citizens United will result in significant erosion of the regulatory environment that constrains corporate conduct. Finally, the role of government regulation in controlling corporate conduct is just one of many arguments in favor of shareholder primacy. Many of those arguments would be valid even in a night watchman state in which corporate conduct is subject only to the constraints of property rights, contracts, and tort law. As such, even if Strine and Walker were right about the effect of Citizens United on the regulatory state, conservative corporate law theory would continue to favor shareholder primacy over corporate social responsibility.
Nutrient dynamics in an alpine headwater stream: use of continuous water quality sensors to examine responses to wildfire and precipitation events

Stream water quality can change substantively during diurnal cycles, discrete flow events, and seasonal time scales. In this study, we assessed event responses in surface water nutrient concentrations and biogeochemical parameters through the deployment of continuous water quality sensors from March to October 2011 in the East Fork Jemez River, located in northern New Mexico, USA. Events included two pre-fire non-monsoonal precipitation events in April, four post-fire precipitation events in August and September (associated with monsoonal thunderstorms), and two post-fire non-monsoonal precipitation events in October. The six post-fire events occurred after the Las Conchas wildfire burned a significant portion of the contributing watershed (36%) beginning in June 2011. Surface water nitrate (NO3N) concentrations increased by an average of 50% after pre-fire and post-fire non-monsoonal precipitation events and were associated with small increases in turbidity (up to 15 NTU). Beginning 1 month after the start of the large regional wildfire, monsoonal precipitation events resulted in large multi-day increases in dissolved NO3N (6 × background levels), dissolved phosphate (100 × background levels), specific conductance (5 × background levels), and turbidity (>100 × background levels). These periods also corresponded with substantial sags in dissolved oxygen (<4 mg l−1) and pH (<6.5). The short duration and rapid rates of change during many of these flow events, particularly following wildfire, highlight the importance of continuous water quality monitoring to quantify the timing and magnitude of event responses in streams and to examine large water quality excursions linked to catchment disturbance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between a Developing Mesoscale Convective System and Its Environment. Part I: Observational Analysis

This paper is the first in a two part series in which the interactions between a growing mesoscale convective system (MCS) and its surrounding environment are investigated. The system studied here developed in northeastern Colorado on 19 July 1993 and propagated into Kansas as a long-lived nocturnal MCS. High-resolution dual-Doppler and surface mesonet data collected from this system are discussed in Part I, while the results of a numerical simulation are discussed in Part II. The observations show that organized mesoscale surface pressure and flow features appeared very early in the lifetime of this system, long before the development of any trailing stratiform precipitation. Most of the stratiform anvil advected ahead of the convective line in the strong upper-tropospheric westerlies. In accordance with this, most of the mid- and upper-tropospheric storm-relative flow behind the line remained westerly, or rear-to-front. Despite the westerlies, the strongest flow perturbations with respect to the ambient winds developed to the rear of the line. The structure of these perturbations was similar to the upper-tropospheric front-to-rear and midtropospheric rear-to-front flows typically found in more mature leading-line/trailing-stratiform systems. The presence of these perturbations on the upwind side of the convective line indicates that gravity wave propagation was primarily responsible for their development.
Economic Impact Of Railroad Line Abandonment On Regional And Urban Areas: A Case Study

This case study focuses on the economic and legal issues affecting a region or community as a result of potential railroad line abandonment. Railroad line abandonment, where rail service is being discontinued over a rail line or segment of a line, is becoming an increasing common practice in the United States. The loss to an affected community or a region can have significant economic and social consequences, especially when the rail line to be abandoned represents one of the principal modes of transportation into and out of the affected area. This can limit future growth and the marketing of an area to potential entrants. This case study analyzes the specific steps required by the railroad and interested parties in the rail line abandonment process as well as alternative arrangements to abandonment. It concludes by analyzing the economic issues related to alternative uses of railroad right-of-way, including its use as a rail trail. This case study offers students the opportunity to analyze the various economic and legal issues involved and develop alternative plans from both the perspective of the railroad as well as the affected community or region.
LANGUAGE, CATEGORIZATION, AND CONVENTION

Linguistic meaning is a convention. This article investigates how such conventions can arise for color categories in populations of simulated "agents". The method uses concepts from evolutionary game theory: A language game where agents assign names to color patches and is played repeatedly by members of a population. The evolutionary dynamics employed make minimal assumptions about agents' perceptions and learning processes. Through various simulations it is shown that under different kinds of reasonable conditions involving outcomes of individual games, the evolutionary dynamics push populations to stationary equilibria, which can be interpreted as achieving shared population meaning systems. Optimal population agreement for meaning is characterized through a mathematical formula, and the simulations presented reveal that for a wide variety of situations, optimality is achieved.
Inactivation of low pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus following pasteurization in liquid egg products

Four million cases (38,623 metric tons) of liquid egg products are exported from the U.S. annually. The presence of low pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (LPNAI) within a country has resulted in restrictions on trade of egg products. Because liquid egg products are normally pasteurized, this study was performed to see if the standard Salmonella pasteurization parameters used as a food safety measure would be effective at inactivating 5 log10 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50/ml) of LPNAI A/chicken/New York/13142/94 (H7N2) (LPNAI/NY/94) and another common poultry vaccine virus, lentogenic Newcastle disease virus A/chicken/United States/B1/1948 (lNDV/B1/48) in four egg products. Survival curves were generated to determine D and z values, and the log reduction due to the lethality process. The thermal inactivation of LPNAI/NY/94 and lNDV/B1/48 in sugared (10%), fortified, plain, and salted egg yolk (10%) resulted in D60–63.3 values of less than 1 min, and z ranging from 5.4 to 21.7 °C. The log reduction due to the lethality processes ranged from 5.2D to 48D. The data demonstrated that LPNAI virus and lNDV would not survive the standard Salmonella pasteurization processes for liquid egg products.