cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleoceanography of the Santa Barbara Basin during the last 8000 years

The varved sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin off southern California, offer a unique opportunity to study the changes in oceanographic conditions of this nearshore area during the last 8000 yr. Quantitative analysis of Radiolaria found in recent surface sediment samples from the eastern North Pacific allows the identification of four “assemblages” which can be related to the physical oceanography of the California Current. Two assemblages are associated with the southerly flowing California Current, one with the main stream of the current (California Current Assemblage) and the other with the offshore flow along northern California (Central Assemblage). The two other assemblages are associated with the subtropical region of the eastern North Pacific (Subtropical Assemblage) and one found mostly off the coast of Baja California (Baja Assemblage). Analysis of the Radiolaria found in the varved sediments of a core from the Santa Barbara Basin give an 8000-yr continuous record of these four assemblages. The California and Baja Assemblages show only minor fluctuations in their importance in the sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin. The California Assemblage, however, shows a steady increase during this time period. Prior to 5400 yr B.P. the Radiolaria were predominately subtropical in character, whereas after 5400 yr B.P. the Central Assemblage becomes more important. Since 5400 yr B.P. most of the changes in the radiolarian fauna consist of fluctuations in the importance of these two assemblages. Past sea-surface temperatures for the month of February were calculated using the transfer function technique of J. Imbrie and N. G. Kipp (1971, In “The Late Cenozore Glacial Ages” L. K. Turekian, Ed.), (Chap. 5, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Conn.). The time series of paleotemperature estimates show major changes in the average February temperature of Santa Barbara Basin waters. The range of estimated temperatures (12°C) exceeds that of the historical observations of February temperatures in the Santa Barbara Basin but does not exceed the observed range for the California Current region. The intervals from 800 to 1800 yr B.P. 3600 to 3800 yr B.P. and 5400 to the end of the record appear to have been generally warmer than today. Comparison of the Holocene record of alpine glacial advances with the radiolarian assemblage and paleotemperature time series shows that the initiations of advances was coincident with a decrease in sea-surface temperatures and an increase in the importance of the Central Assemblage in the Santa Barbara Basin. The terminations of these advances were not marked by any consistent characteristic in the Santa Barbara Basin time series.
Spatial updating Monte Carlo algorithms in particle simulations

Spatial updating is a generalisation of random and sequential updating algorithms for Ising and lattice-gas systems to off-lattice, continuum fluid models. By analogy with a lattice-gas, spatial updating is implemented in the grand canonical ensemble by selecting a point in space and deducing the type of move by examining the local environment around the point. In this work, spatial updating is combined with simulated tempering techniques to determine the phase behaviour of a square-well fluid with an interaction range 1.15σ, where σ is the particle diameter. In the remaining part of this work, spatial updating is extended to very high densities by allowing volume fluctuations. In the resulting ensemble, a prototype of great grand canonical ensemble, fluctuations are unbounded and a constraint or a restriction must be imposed. Each simulation of the constrained great grand canonical ensemble requires a set of weights that are determined iteratively. The main outcome of a single simulation in the constrain...
Post gamma knife headache : A new headache syndrome ?

Gamma knife surgery has become an effective alternative to microsurgery in the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. In a number of patients, a de novo headache syndrome has been produced after gamma knife surgery. A case report is presented of a 62-year-old man who developed a migrainous type headache 15 months after gamma knife surgery. The current neurosurgical literature has very poor documentation of postsurgical headaches. A review of the literature was made to try to identify a stereotypic “post gamma knife headache,” as well as hypothesize about its mechanism of induction.
Demonstrations of diode-pumped and grating-tuned ZnSe:Cr{sup 2+} lasers

Within the last few years, divalent-transition-metal-doped II-VI material class has been proposed as source of new tunable mid-IR lasers. Cr{sup 2+} is a prime laser candidate on account of its high luminescence quantum yield and the expectation that ESA would be absent. The first ZnSe:Cr{sup 2+} laser demonstrations were conducted in an end-pumped geometry with a tightly focused (0.2 mm spot) MgF{sub 2}-Co{sup 2+} laser beam, for a peak pump intensity well over 100 kW/cm{sup 2}, so laser threshold was easily reached. Grating tuning experiments were done by replacing the cavity high-reflector with a diffraction grating. The diode array was removed and pump beam from a MgF{sub 2}:Co{sup 2+} laser was focused onto the crystal using the same cylindrical lens. Output wavelengths were checked with a monochromator. The long-wavelength limit of operation was 2799 nm. Short-wavelength cutoff was 2134 nm; even though the emission cross section remains substantial, self-absorption inhibits laser operation.
Experiments on the biological activities of various fractions of the folic acid antagonist “X-methyl” folic acid

Abstract A crude synthetic preparation called crude “X-methyl” folate has previously been shown to function as a folate antagonist for rats and chicks. This product has been shown to contain two folate antagonists: (1) 9-methyl folate, present as 6% by weight of the product and which has low activity as a folate antagonist for Streptococus faecalis , and (2) pyrrofolic acid, a compound present in small amounts (0.04%), but having high anti-folate biological activity for S. faecalis . These experiments deal with the antifolate activity of these two fractions for the rat as measured by their effects on histidine oxidation. Rats were fed a purified diet based on 20% vitamin-free casein and containing 1.0% sulfasuxidine. When this diet was supplemented with a marginal amount of folic acid (0.3 mg per kg diet), the addition of 4 g of crude antagonist decreased histidine oxidation and decreased liver folate levels. The addition of 240 mg of pure 9-methyl folic acid (amount of 9-methyl folic acid in 4 g of crude) produced similar decreases in histidine oxidation and liver folate levels. A concentrate of pyrrofolic acid (equivalent to 4 g of crude) free of 9-methyl folic acid produced no decrease in histidine oxidation and minimal changes in liver folate. This indicates that the folate antagonist activity observed previously with animals is probably due to the 9-methyl folic acid component rather than to the pyrrofolic acid activity.
Whole genome amplification of DNA extracted from hair samples: Potential for use in molecular epidemiologic studies

Abstract Background : Because of concerns regarding the quality and quantity of DNA isolated from human hair, such samples are often overlooked as a source of DNA for molecular epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, there are many potential benefits to using hair: it is easily self-collected; it does not require costly collection kits; it can be mailed for a nominal fee; and the hair specimens can be stored at room temperature. However, the amount of DNA that can be extracted from hair samples is somewhat limited. Therefore, we assessed the feasibility of using whole genome amplification (WGA) on genomic DNA extracted from archived human hairs (stored for 7 to 11 years) to increase the quantity of DNA available for genotyping analysis. Methods : We evaluated two methods of WGA, multiple displacement amplification and the Genomeplex ® method. Both WGA methods were performed on each of 44 DNA samples isolated from archived human hair specimens. The resulting WGA products where then screened for the presence of three single nucleotide polymorphisms. The genotyping results were compared to genotyping data obtained from DNA isolated from mouthwash samples collected from the same individuals. Results : When we focused on DNA extracted from the hair root, we observed excellent agreement between the genotypes determined from both the hair (pre-WGA) samples and Genomeplex ® WGA when compared to their corresponding mouthwash DNA samples (kappa=0.83–0.91 and 0.79–0.92, respectively); whereas the agreement between the MDA samples and mouthwash DNA samples was poor (kappa=0.27–0.51). Conclusions : Our data suggest that, when combined with Genomeplex ® WGA, hair specimens containing the root portion can serve as a reliable and renewable source of DNA.
Continuum approach to self-similarity and scaling in morphological relaxation of a crystal with a facet

The morphological relaxation of axisymmetric crystal surfaces with a single facet below the roughening transition temperature is studied analytically for diffusion-limited sDLd and attachment-detachment-limited sADLd kinetics with inclusion of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier. The slope profile Fsr , td, where r is the polar distance and t is time, is described via a nonlinear, fourth-order partial differential equation sPDEd that accounts for step line-tension energy g1 and step-step repulsive interaction energy g3; for ADL kinetics, an effective surface diffusivity that depends on the step density is included. The PDE is derived directly from the step-flow equations and, alternatively, via a continuum surface free energy. The facet evolution is treated as a free-boundary problem where the interplay between g1 and g3 gives rise to a region of rapid variations of F ,a boundary layer, near the expanding facet. For long times and g3 / g1 , Os1d singular perturbation theory is applied for self-similar shapes close to the facet. For DL kinetics and a class of axisymmetric shapes, sad the boundary-layer width varies as sg3 / g1d 1/3 , sbd a universal ordinary differential equation sODEd is derived for F, and scd a one-parameter family of solutions of the ODE are found; furthermore, for a conical initial shape, sdd distinct solutions of the ODE are identified for different g3 / g1 via effective boundary conditions at the facet edge, sed the profile peak scales as sg3 / g1d ˛1/6 , and sfd the change of the facet radius from its limit as g3 / g1 ! 0 scales as sg3 / g1d 1/3 . For ADL kinetics a boundary layer can still be defined, with thickness that varies as sg3 / g1d 3/8 . Our scaling results are in excellent agreement with kinetic simulations.
The effects of annual fertilization and complete competition control on fascicle morphology of different aged loblolly pine stands

The goal of this study was to determine how increased nutrient availability affects foliage morphology of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) without introducing the confounding influence of light availability. Morphology of fascicles from the terminal leader (radius, length, specific needle area, density, and needles per fascicle) and terminal leader traits (length, foliated length, total leaf area, and total fascicles) were measured for different aged (ranged from 5-year-old to 12-year-old) loblolly pine stands growing on the Piedmont and lower Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. A factorial combination of annual fertilization and complete interspecific competition control was applied as stand level treatments. Competition control and stand age generally did not affect fascicle morphology. In contrast, annual fertilization significantly increased fascicle length (5%), needles per fascicle (4%), and total leaf area of the terminal (18%), while decreasing specific needle area (4%). Fertilization also increased terminal leader growth (5%) and total number of fascicles (6%). Therefore, loblolly pine foliage morphology does have plasticity to respond to increased nutrient availability. However, the magnitude of these morphological changes is small compared to changes in total canopy leaf area.
Work in progress — Design and delivery of the graduate course on electronic systems integration

This paper discusses the approach to improve the preparation of graduate students in Electrical Engineering for projects in the electronics industry by introducing the graduate course: Electronic Systems Design and Integration. The course emphasizes the understanding and skills necessary for students to achieve competencies at the system and sub-system level of electronic project design, test, and validation. Basic and advanced electronic circuits are studied and modeled in terms of their input-output characteristics. In this course, the circuit simulation software, the printed circuit board design software, printed circuit board maker and its related software are introduced to students. Students are required to complete several subsystem level and system level projects by employing the above software and hardware to design, build, test, and validate the final products. Through this procedure, students learn the required software and hardware for the electronic systems design and become familiar with the process to manufacture printed circuit board based electronic circuits. The purpose of offering this course is to (a) enable graduate students to apply what they learn in electronics courses during undergraduate studies to design complex circuits for electronic systems integration, and (b) to prepare students for electronic systems design and integration projects in industry.
Brain monoamines and amino acids in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: a preliminary study of subcortical regions.

To the Editor. — We have measured levels of monoamines, monoamine metabolites, amino acids, and neurotransmitter-related enzymes in subcortical regions of postmortem tissue obtained from brains of four individuals who had Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS). Although the study was limited by the small number of available brains and other concomitants of postmortem analyses, several suggestive differences were seen between the brains of subjects with TS and those of the control group. Most intriguing in terms of possible pathophysiologic significance were the observation of generally lower values of serotonin and its related compounds in the TS group, and the lower TS group means of glutamate in the three major projection areas of the subthalamic nucleus (STN): the medial globus pallidus (MGP), lateral globus pallidus (LGP), and substantia nigra reticulata (SNR). Subjects and Methods.— The brains of four subjects who were diagnosed before death as having TS were obtained. One
Stability of Diblock Copolymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposite Thin Films

The stability of thin film nanocomposites on silicon substrates, formed from mixtures of a symmetric diblock copolymer blended with layered silicate nanocomposites, was investigated using a combination of optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Two cases examined are polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) blended with montmorillonite, modified with stoichiometric amounts of alkylammonium surfactant chains, OLS(S), and PS-b-PMMA blended with montmorillonite, modified with excess alkylammonium, OLS(E). While the phase behavior of the OLS(S)/copolymer is similar to that observed in bulk studies, that of the OLS(E)/copolymer system is different. We show that an exchange occurs between surfactant molecules in the OLS(E) system with copolymer chains and that the surfactant molecules form a separate layer on the substrate, resulting in a destabilization of the film.
Expert systems fight poverty.

The article examines how appropriate information and communications technology can help save lives when combined with community involvement. Topics include a discussion on how Information technology empowers complex group processes, the breakthroughs happening in low income settings, and the author's experience of seeing how community health workers (CHWs) in Africa use mobile telephones to coordinate teams of midwives, ambulance drivers, and receiving hospitals to assist pregnant women.
Factors that Predict the Integration of Technology for Instruction by Community College Adjunct Faculty

Community colleges have responded to the increased use of technology for instruction by providing support and professional development opportunities for faculty. However, differences in perceptions, expectations, and opportunities exist between full-time faculty at community colleges and their adjunct colleagues when it comes to adopting technology into instruction. Because adjunct faculty represent 68.5% of faculty teaching at community colleges (U.S. Department of Education, 2007), it is imperative to understand their intentions to integrate technology into instruction. This study adopted the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) as a theoretical framework to survey 130 community college adjunct faculty member's intentions to participate in technology integration. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the data collected. Results showed that DTPB was useful in explaining much of the variance in the intention to integrate technology into teaching by community college adjunct faculty. Re...
Effects of expected global climate change on marine faunas

Anthropogenically induced global climate change is likely to have a major impact on marine ecosystems, affecting both biodiversity and productivity. These changes will, in turn, have a large impact on humankind's interactions with the sea. By examining the effects of past climate changes on the ocean, as well as by determining how shifts in physical parameters of the ocean may affect physiology, biochemistry and community interactions, scientists are beginning to explore the possible effects of global climate change on marine biota.
Mutual coupling between electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antennas

The mutual coupling between two electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antennas was experimentally investigated. Results are given for both radiating edge (E-plane) coupling and nonradiating edge (H-plane) coupling and for wideband as well as high gain regions.
The accuracy with which adults who do not stutter predict stuttering-related communication attitudes.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which adults who do not stutter can predict communication-related attitudes of adults who do stutter. 40 participants (mean age of 22.5 years) evaluated speech samples from an adult with mild stuttering and an adult with severe stuttering via audio-only ( n = 20) or audio-visual ( n = 20) modes to predict how the adults had responded on the S24 scale of communication attitudes. Participants correctly predicted which speaker had the more favorable S24 score, and the predicted scores were significantly different between the severity conditions. Across the four subgroups, predicted S24 scores differed from actual scores by 4–9 points. Predicted values were greater than the actual values for 3 of 4 subgroups, but still relatively positive in relation to the S24 norm sample. Stimulus presentation mode interacted with stuttering severity to affect prediction accuracy. The participants predicted the speakers’ negative self-attributions more accurately than their positive self-attributions. Findings suggest that adults who do not stutter estimate the communication-related attitudes of specific adults who stutter in a manner that is generally accurate, though, in some conditions, somewhat less favorable than the speaker's actual ratings. At a group level, adults who do not stutter demonstrate the ability to discern minimal versus average levels of attitudinal impact for speakers who stutter. The participants’ complex prediction patterns are discussed in relation to stereotype accuracy and classic views of negative stereotyping. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to (a) summarize main findings on research related to listeners’ attitudes toward people who stutter, (b) describe the extent to which people who do not stutter can predict the communication attitudes of people who do stutter; and (c) discuss how findings from the present study relate to previous findings on stereotypes about people who stutter.
Creep analysis of rotating solid disks with variable thickness and temperature

Abstract A creep analysis for stress distributions in rotating solid disks of variable thickness and variable temperature is presented. This analysis is based on the theory of the Tresca criterion and the associated flow rule. The chief advantage of this analysis for stress distribution is that the complicated problem of disk design in gas turbines and jet engines can be solved with great simplicity by the closed form. The results obtained for the disk design will be on the conservative side. In this paper, the exponential function creep law at steady-state conditions will be employed. The profile of the meridian section of the disk is assumed to be of the hyperbolic form, and the temperature variation and the creep-rate distribution are assumed to be power functions of the radius of the disk. Some examples will be worked out for calculating the theoretical stress distributions in variable thickness and variable temperature disks. Stress distributions in uniform-thickness and variable-temperature disks will also be given for the purpose of comparison.
Bridge to recovery for postcardiotomy failure : Is there still a role for centrifugal pumps?

Abstract Background . Early implantation of centrifugal devices in patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock may provide a bridge to recovery and allow subsequent long-term survival. Methods . Since January 1989, 62 patients were supported with centrifugal pumps because of failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass. Indications were postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) (n = 60), bridge to cardiac retransplantation (n = 1), and right ventricular failure (n = 1). Patients' ages ranged from 23 to 78 years; 40 were men (65%), and 22 were women (35%). Twenty-two patients (35%) had a left ventricular assist device; 9 patients (15%) had a right ventricular assist device; and 31 patients (50%) had a biventricular assist device. Length of support ranged from 1 day to 19 days. Results . Forty-two patients (68%) were weaned successfully; 27 patients survived to discharge (44%). Complications included bleeding (n = 41, 66%), renal failure (n = 28, 45%), and respiratory failure (n = 26, 42%). Currently, 23 patients survived 10 or more years (n = 1), 6 to 10 years (n = 7), 1 to 5 years (n = 10), and less than 1 year (n = 5). Conclusions . Centrifugal pumps are available, easy to use, and relatively inexpensive. Our experience justifies their continued use as a bridge to recovery for patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock, despite the availability and increasing use of more expensive devices.
Linear inequalities for density matrices: IV Factorizations

Abstract Diagonal linear inequalities for variable- N ensembles were reported by McRae in his thesis involving up to seven orbitals simultaneously. Many of these were reported in a simple factored form. Starting with inequalities involving six orbitals there were several which could not be factored. Here we report a general method for writing any inequality of this type as a linear combination of average values of squares of operators.
The structure and performance of an open-domain question answering system

This paper presents the architecture, operation and results obtained with the LASSO Question Answering system developed in the Natural Language Processing Laboratory at SMU. To find answers, the system relies on a combination of syntactic and semantic techniques. The search for the answer is based on a novel form of indexing called paragraph indexing. A score of 55.5% for short answers and 64.5% for long answers was achieved at the TREC-8 competition.
Aerosol Routes to Perovskite Phase Mixed Metal Oxides

Sub-micron sized metal oxide particles were formed via aerosol decomposition using single-source mixed metal-organic precursors specifically designed to decompose at low temperatures. The advantage of these single-source precursors over mixtures of individual precursors is that each particle contains a fixed stoichiometry and molecular level homogeneity. Furthermore, the loss of volatile intermediates (such as PbO) may be avoided. Aerosol processing routes can produce uniform sub-micron sized powder that can be sintered at low temperatures for various thin film and membrane applications. The single-source precursors were prepared in pyridine by reaction of divalent metal α-hydroxycarboxylates of general empirical formula А(О2ССМе2OН)2 (where A = Pb, Ca, Sr, Ba; Me = methyl) with metal alkoxides (for example, Ti(0-i-Pr)4) with the elimination of two equivalents of alcohol. These species were then hydrolyzed in solution and yellow powders were isolated by removal of the pyridine solvent in vacuo. These powders were dissolved in water and used to prepare mixed metal oxide powders via spray pyrolysis. Phase-pure submicron-sized particles of PbTiO3 and ВаТiO3 were produced at temperatures of 600–900 °C. The particles were hollow, ranged in size from 0.1 to 1 μm and consisted of 30-50 nm crystallites.
Oxidation, accumulation, and turnover of citrate in normal and diabetic rats.

SummaryWe compared the rate of accumulation, oxidation and turnover of citrate in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats, in order to explain the elevations of citric acid reported in diabetic states. Citrate utilization was blocked by intraperitoneal injections of sodium trans-aconitate (a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme aconitase); the rate of accumulation of citrate was found significantly lower in the diabetic rats. This suggested a decreased synthesis of citrate in vivo, and correlated with earlier findings of decreased in vitro citrate synthesis by diabetic rat tissues. Normal and diabetic rats were injected intraperitoneally with 6-14C citrate, and expired 14CO2 was collected at definite time periods to determine the rate of oxidation of injected citrate. In other groups of rats, the plasma citrate specific radioactivity and turnover were calculated following intravenous injection of 6-14C citrate. No significant difference was found in the oxidation or turnover rate of plasma citrate between normal ...
Solving the job shop scheduling problem with tabu search

In the job shop scheduling problem we desire to minimize the makespan where a set of machines perform technologically ordered operations unique to each member of a set of jobs. Each operation has a fixed time duration, no machine can perform more than one operation at a time, and preemption is not allowed. In this paper, an effective tabu search approach to the job shop scheduling problem is presented. The procedure starts from the best solution rendered by a set of 14 heuristic dispatching solutions. It then makes use of the classical disjunctive network representation of the problem and iteratively moves to another feasible solution by reversing the order of two adjacent critical path operations performed by the same machine. The concepts of historical generators and search restart are used in conjunction with a contiguous spectrum of short term memory values to enhance the overall exploration strategy. Computational results are presented and areas for future investigation are suggested.
Numerical analysis of kinetic rate constants derived from stochastic computer simulation

A numerical approach has been developed to determine the individual rate constants (k{sub f{minus}s} and k{sub s{minus}f}), as well as the equilibrium constant from the ratio of the rate constants (k{sub f{minus}s}/k{sub s{minus}f}), by using stochastic simulation. This approach is illustrated for simulations of the absorption (partition) process between homogeneous fluid and surface phases under diffusion-limited conditions. A pair of regression methods is derived from the chemical system with the initial distribution of molecules entirely in either the fluid or surface phase. These two methods are complementary in determining the rate constants for distribution coefficients that are lower or higher than unity, respectively. A standard exponential (two-parameter) regression equation is compared with a biexponential (four-parameter) equation, which provides for inherent correction of numerical error. The effects of the number of molecules, as well as the time increment and range, are examined in detail. This provides guidance to optimize the computational parameters of the simulation. The proposed approach has been successfully applied for distribution coefficients ranging from 0.01 to 100.0, yielding individual rate constants k{sub f{minus}s} and k{sub s{minus}f} with {+-}0.,84% and {+-}0.57% average relative standard deviation, and the ratio of the rate constants with {+-}1.04% average relative standard deviation andmore » {+-}1.14% average relative error.« less
Types and frequencies of sequencing errors in methyl-filtered and high c0t maize genome survey sequences.

The Maize Genome Sequencing Consortium has deposited into GenBank more than 850,000 maize (Zea mays) genome survey sequences (GSSs) generated via two gene enrichment strategies, methylation filtration and high-C0t (HC) fractionation. These GSSs are a valuable resource for generating genome assemblies and the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms and nearly identical paralogs. Based on the rate of mismatches between 183 GSSs (105 methylation filtration + 78 HC) and 10 control genes, the rate of sequencing errors in these GSSs is 2.3 × 10−3. As expected many of these errors were derived from insufficient vector trimming and base-calling errors. Surprisingly, however, some errors were due to cloning artifacts. These G•C to A•T transitions are restricted to HC clones; over 40% of HC clones contain at least one such artifact. Because it is not possible to distinguish the cloning artifacts from biologically relevant polymorphisms, HC sequences should be used with caution for the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms or paramorphisms. The average rate of sequencing errors was reduced 6-fold (to 3.6 × 10−4) by applying more stringent trimming parameters. This trimming resulted in the loss of only 11% of the bases (15,469/144,968). Due to redundancy among GSSs this more stringent trimming reduced coverage of promoters, exons, and introns by only 0%, 1%, and 4%, respectively. Hence, at the cost of a very modest loss of gene coverage, the quality of these maize GSSs can approach Bermuda standards, even prior to assembly.
Near-wall modeling of an isothermal vertical wall using one-dimensional turbulence

Abstract One-dimensional turbulence (ODT) modeling approaches are considered for describing the heat transfer from a vertical isothermal wall. In this approach, near wall gas-phase conduction processes are treated exactly while the effect of turbulent mixing is accounted for using triplet mapping stirring events. A new buoyancy generation production term is proposed, based on the vorticity transport scaling arguments, to account for the generation of large scale eddy mixing events. Both temporal and spatial implementations of ODT are explored and compared to the experimental data of Tsuji and Nagano. Comparisons of velocity, temperature, and Nusselt number show overall excellent agreement of simulation results to experimental data and to established inner and outer scaling laws for buoyancy driven boundary layers.
A Regulatory Solution to Better Promote the Educational Values and Economic Sustainability of Intercollegiate Athletics

Currently there are several pending antitrust suits challenging NCAA rules restricting the economic benefits intercollegiate athletes may receive for their sports participation. Although remedying the inherent problems of commercialized college sports (primarily Division I football and men’s basketball) is a laudable objective, a free market solution mandated by antitrust law may have unintended adverse consequences. Judicial invalidation of these rules may inhibit universities from providing many athletes with a college education they would not otherwise receive, by eliminating or reducing the value of scholarships for many players whose economic value is less than the cost of an education. A wholly "free market" for player talent will also severely limit universities’ ability to provide academic and athletic opportunities to thousands of women and men participating in nonrevenue sports, which are funded by surplus revenues from football and men’s basketball. Rather than professionalizing college sports through antitrust litigation or unionization, we propose an open and transparent system of federal regulation combined with antitrust immunity for reforms voluntarily adopted by the NCAA. To better promote the educational values and economic sustainability of intercollegiate athletics, our proposed Congressional intercollegiate athletics reform legislation would have three mandatory requirements: 1) at least a 4-year athletic scholarship with limited university termination rights; 2) medical care or health insurance for all sports-related injuries and scholarship extensions for injuries; and 3) elimination of the NCAA requirement that Division I universities operate at least 14 intercollegiate sports. It would create an independent commission to propose non-binding intercollegiate athletics regulations. NCAA and athletic conference conduct that complies with these regulations would receive antitrust immunity.
Novel miniaturized antennas for RFID-enabled sensors

This article demonstrates how inkjet-printing of antennas/matching networks on low-cost paper-based materials can tackle all four challenges enabling the easy implementation of ubiquitous RFID and WSN networks by reviewing major milestones achieved in this area by this research group. It starts by discussing why paper should be used as a substrate for UHF/wireless inlays, followed by the dielectric characterization of paper using a microstrip ring resonator method. This paper then shows show how we can use conductive inkjet-printing technology for the fast fabrication of RF/wireless circuits, provides a design guideline for an inkjet-printed broadband antenna for UHF RFID tags which can be used globally, and eventually shows the capability of integrating sensors with RFID tags stressing how this functionality could revolutionize data fusion and real-time environmental cognition.
Two-filter formulae for discrete-time non-linear bayesian smoothing

Two-filler formulae for the Bayes solution of the fixed-interval discrete-time nonlinear smoothing problem are obtained. The smoothed a posteriori density is computed under the assumptions of a general Markov signal observed through a general memoryless noisy channel. The case where there is feedback from the observation to the signal is also considered. The derived algorithms complement a two-pass algorithm obtained under somewhat more restrictive assumptions by Askar and Derin (1981). Known smoothing results for the linear gaussian case are interpreted in the light of the general bayesian results
Radiological and orthopedic abnormalities in Satoyoshi syndrome

Satoyoshi syndrome is a rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive, painful intermittent muscle spasms, severe skeletal abnormalities mimicking a skeletal dysplasia, malabsorption, alopecia, and amenorrhea. We further report on a 20 1/2-year-old Caucasian woman with characteristic manifestations of the syndrome. Since the establishment of the diagnosis 1 year ago, she has been treated with prednisone with good response. However, treatment of the multiple deformities and fractures has been difficult and challenging. The early recognition and treatment of this disorder is of utmost importance, as the skeletal deformities and fractures seem to be secondary to the muscular spasms, as suggested by Satoyoshi.
Toward a successful multinational crop plant genome initiative

Plant genome research is needed as the foundation for an entirely new level of efficiency and success in the application of genetics and breeding to crop plants and products from crop plants. Genetic improvements in crop plants beyond current capabilities are needed to meet the growing world demand not only for more food, but also a greater diversity of food, higher-quality food, and safer food, produced on less land, while conserving soil, water, and genetic resources. Plant biology research, which is poised for dramatic advances, also depends fundamentally on plant genome research. The current Arabidopsis Genome Project has proved of immediate value to plant biology research, but a much greater effort is needed to ensure the full benefits of plant biology and especially plant genome research to agriculture. International cooperation is critical, both because genome projects are too large for any one country and the information forthcoming is of benefit to the world and not just the countries that do the work. Recent research on grass genomes has revealed that, because of extensive senteny and colinearity within linkage groups that make up the chromosomes, new information on the genome of one grass can be used to understand the genomes and predict the location of genes on chromosomes of the other grasses. Genome research applied to grasses as a group thereby can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding for improvement of each member of this group, which includes wheat, corn, and rice, the world’s three most important sources of food.
Pharmacologic erection with intracavernosal injection for men with sexual dysfunction following irradiation: a preliminary report.

Impotence is a possible consequence of treatment of pituitary adenomas and prostatic carcinomas. Following pituitary irradiation, the effect has been attributed to decreased gonadotrophins, while a variety of mechanisms, primarily vascular and neurogenic, have been proposed to explain the impotence following irradiation of prostatic carcinomas. Men with impotence of any etiology have been entered on a program to evaluate prospectively the efficacy of intracavernosal injection of vasoactive compounds in producing a satisfactory erection with pharmacologic means. Ten of these men had developed impotence following therapy for pituitary adenomas (2) or prostatic carcinomas (8). Test doses of 0.1 to 0.5 ml of a phentolamine (1 mg/ml) and papaverine (30 mg/ml) mixture were used; the dose was titrated to produce an erection deemed sufficient for vaginal penetration. All patients achieved a satisfactory response (i.e., tumescence and rigidity) lasting 10 minutes to 3 hours. Seven patients have continued in the pharmacologic erection program, with six patients functioning normally, and the remaining patient noting decreased tumescence after 18 months of treatment, but adequate erections are maintained with supplemental penile ring. Two patients have discontinued intracavernosal injections due to inconvenience, and one patient was lost to follow-up. Recent substitution of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has produced similar results and has replaced the phentolamine-papaverine combination. These preliminary results indicate that pharmacologic erection can be achieved in patients with impotence related to the treatment of pituitary and prostatic neoplasms and represents a reasonable alternative to implanted penile prostheses.
Simulated annealing based classification

Attribute based classification has been one of the most active areas of machine learning research over the past decade. We view the problem of hypotheses formation for classification as a search problem. Whereas previous research acquiring classification knowledge have used a deterministic bias for forming generalizations, we use a more random bias for taking inductive leaps. We re-formulate the supervised classification problem as a function optimization problem, the goal of which is to search for a hypotheses that minimizes the number of incorrect classifications of training instances. We use a simulated annealing based classifier (SAC) to optimize the hypotheses used for classification. The particular variation of simulated annealing algorithm that we have used is known as Very Fast Simulated Re-annealing (VFSR). We use a batch-incremental mode of learning to compare SAC with a genetic algorithm based classifier, GABIL, and a traditional incremental machine learning algorithm, ID5R. By using a set of artificial target concepts, we show that SAC performs better on more complex target concepts. >
The luminous directional reflectance of snow

By means of a specially constructed portable goniophotometer the directional reflectance of numerous surfaces of snow was measured during the winter of 1951–1952. While some samples reflected more nearly diffusely than others, all showed much specular reflection at high angles of incidence. An approximate theory of the specular reflection is given and its results compared with experiment. The experimental fact that the angle of maximum reflectance is greater than the angle of incidence is explained by the theory.
An Atmospheric Pressure, Fluidized Bed Combustion System Burning High-Chlorine Coals in the Convection Section

Abstract The possibility of fireside corrosion in power plant boiler components is always a major concern when the fuels include high-sulfur and high-chlorine coals (or refuse waste). Sulfur and ch...
Critical Perspectives on Ageing: New Challenges for Gerontology

Critical gerontology may be seen as evolving along two paths simultaneously, one embracing a broad political economy of ageing framework, and the second emerging from a humanistic orientation. This paper will present and highlight the special contributions of each of these pathways to the understanding of ageing and growing old. Emergent feminist perspectives on ageing, and ‘culturally relevant ways of thinking’ about ageing and diversity will then be presented as complementing and extending critical gerontology. The concept of empowerment will be seen as linking all four of these conceptual approaches, and case studies and examples will be used to illustrate the relevance of these alternative perspectives for better understanding and addressing the problems and challenges facing gerontology in the years ahead.
Numerical dispersion in the finite element method

The numerical dispersion in the finite element (FE) method due to the spatial discretisation of the scalar Helmholtz equation is investigated. It is widely understood that a plane wave will propagate along a uniform FE mesh; however, it propagates at the wrong velocity yielding a progressive phase error in the FE solution. This phase dispersion is particularly troublesome for electrically large problems, since it is cumulative and builds up to larger and larger values the farther the wave propagates. In many types of problems, the phase dispersion is the largest source of error. The phase dispersion can be reduced by either increasing the node density of the mesh or by increasing the order of the elements. The magnitude of this error must be known in order to make an informed decision on the appropriate node density and order of element to use. The phase dispersion is studied for first- through fourth-order, one-dimensional elements as a function of the node density. The phase dispersion is shown to decrease rapidly with the increasing order of the elements. The one-dimensional results are indicative of what to expect in the two- and three-dimensional cases.
Upstream Stimulatory Factor Regulates Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Gene Expression: the U2ΔE4 Splice Variant Abrogates E-Box Activity

The tissue-specific expression of major histocompatibility complex class I genes is determined by a series of upstream regulatory elements, many of which remain ill defined. We now report that a distal E-box element, located between bp -309 and -314 upstream of transcription initiation, acts as a cell type-specific enhancer of class I promoter activity. The class I E box is very active in a neuroblastoma cell line, CHP-126, but is relatively inactive in the HeLa epithelial cell line. The basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper proteins upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) and USF2 were shown to specifically recognize the class I E box, resulting in the activation of the downstream promoter. Fine mapping of USF1 and USF2 amino-terminal functional domains revealed differences in their abilities to activate the class I E box. Whereas USF1 contained only an extended activation domain, USF2 contained both an activation domain and a negative regulatory region. Surprisingly, the naturally occurring splice variant of USF2 lacking the exon 4 domain, U2DeltaE4, acted as a dominant-negative regulator of USF-mediated activation of the class I promoter. This latter activity is in sharp contrast to the known ability of U2DeltaE4 to activate the adenovirus major late promoter. Class I E-box function is correlated with the relative amount of U2DeltaE4 in a cell, leading to the proposal that U2DeltaE4 modulates class I E-box activity and may represent one mechanism to fine-tune class I expression in various tissues.
Semiconductor mode‐locked lasers integrated with electroabsorption optical modulators

The basic configuration and characteristics of an actively mode-locked semiconductor laser integrated with an electroabsorption optical modulator are described theoretically and experimentally. With regard to 1.55-µm 40-GHz semiconductor mode-locked lasers integrated with distributed Bragg reflectors with different bandwidths, the results of numerical analysis and experimental evaluations are described. By means of increasing the bandwidth of the distributed Bragg reflector, the optical spectrum is expanded and short pulses with a pulse width of 1.6 ps after linear compression by anomalous dispersion are generated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(9): 1–9, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20193
Molecular diagnostics: Molecular Med Tri-Con 2013.

The 20th annual Molecular Med Tri-Con conference, sponsored by Cambridge Health Institute (MA, USA), consisted of over 250 presentations within five parallel ‘channels’: ‘Diagnostics, Therapeutics, Clinical, Informatics and Cancer’, along with five preliminary symposia, 15 short courses, a plenary keynote session entitled ‘Personalized Oncology – Fulfilling the Promise for Today’s Patients’ and a keynote panel entitled, ‘Emerging Technologies and Industry Perspectives’. Over 3000 individuals from academia, clinical laboratories and industry were in attendance. This article will focus on the Keynote Session of ‘Molecular Diagnostics’ track within the Diagnostics Channel.