cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security Patterns As Architectural Solution - Mitigating Cross-Site Scripting Attacks in Web Applications

Security patterns are solutions for a recurring security issues that can be applied to mitigate security weaknesses in a software system. With an increased number of security patterns, the selection of a precise pattern to mitigate a vulnerability may become a challenging for software developers. When an appropriate pattern is identified as a potential solution by a software professional, applying that pattern and its level of integration is purely dependent on the software experts' skill and knowledge. Also, adopting the security pattern at an architectural level may be a time consuming and cumbersome task for software developers. To help the software developers' community by making this pattern implementation to be a relatively easy task, we developed a tool named - SPAAS - Security Patterns As Architectural Solution. This tool would automate the process of implementing the selected security pattern in the software system at an architectural level. Our tool was developed to assess potential vulnerabilities at an architectural level and possible fixes by adopting the selected security patterns. This tool checks the possibility of security patterns that have been already implemented in the system and accurately reports the results. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of our tool by conducting a case study on an open-source medical software, OpenEMR. Our analysis on OpenEMR software using the SPAAS tool pointed out the vulnerable source codes in the system that have been missed by some generic vulnerability assessment tools. Using our tool, we implemented the input validation pattern as a solution to mitigate cross-site scripting attacks. Using our pattern application tool, SPAAS, we analyzed OpenEMR software that has 121819 lines of codes. Our experiment on OpenEMR software that are vulnerable to XSS attacks took 2.03 seconds, and reported the presence of 341 spots of vulnerable codes from a total of 121819 lines of source code. We used our tool to implement intercepting validator pattern on those 341 lines, and we could successfully implement the patterns in 2.28 seconds at an architectural level. Our modified version of OpenEMR with security patterns implementation is presented to its software architect and it would be merged as a security solution in the repository. Without a deep understanding of security patterns, any software professional can implement the security pattern at an architectural level using our proposed tool, SPAAS.
Case Studies of Dyslexia: Young Readers with Rapid Serial Naming Deficits

This study follows three girls with phonological awareness deficits and reading disorder from early identification through the end of their second year of tutoring during the third-grade school year. Tutoring in a university setting included letter-sound training, segmenting and spelling to increase phonological awareness, as well as practice reading both phonetically and narratively controlled text. It was hypothesized that training would provide reading accuracy and prevent a relative deficit in nonsense wad reading. It was also hypothesized that concomitant deficits in rapid serial naming would interfere with remediation of reading rate and this turned out to be the case. An oral reading transcript, used for analysis of reading strategies, is used as evidence that traces of phonological awareness deficits remain.
Life-Course Perspectives and Prisoner Reentry

The goal of this chapter is to argue both that prisoner reentry research may be improved by systematically drawing on life-course perspectives and, conversely, that life-course theoretical perspectives may be improved by systematically investigating reentry. The salience of these arguments stems from the fact that reentry populations in the USA have increased dramatically and thus present a significant policy challenge (Bushway & Apel, 2012; Mears & Mestre, 2012). At the same time, they present an opportunity to understand better the unfolding of offending over time and what leads some individuals to persist in crime and others to desist.
The Responses of Isolated Nerve Fibers in Culture to Applied DC Voltages

The notion that applied gradients of voltage could provide directional information to growing nerve fibers probably began with the studies of Sven Ingvar in 1920. For the next 60 years (for example, Weiss 1934 to Sisken and Smith 1975) this subdiscipline of neuroscience remained controversial, and a clear unambiguous demonstration that extracellular voltages could indeed direct the growth of nerve fibers was not provided in these earlier reports. This was in part due to the technical inability of the times to precisely measure the magnitude or geometry of applied extracellular fields within culture chambers, and a yet immature understanding of substrate interactions with growing nerve fibers. The most thoughtful and accomplished early investigation was performed by Gordon Marsh and Harold Beams at Iowa State University, the year of my birth, in 1946. The first well-controlled modern demonstration of electrical-field responses by neurites growing out of explanted chick dorsal root ganglia was by Lionel Jaffe and Moo-ming Poo in 1979. This report rendered all previous experiments obsolete.
Exploring Mathematics: An Engaging Introduction to Proof

Exploring Mathematics gives students experience with doing mathematics - interrogating mathematical claims, exploring definitions, forming conjectures, attempting proofs, and presenting results - and engages them with examples, exercises, and projects that pique their interest. Written with a minimal number of pre-requisites, this text can be used by college students in their first and second years of study, and by independent readers who want an accessible introduction to theoretical mathematics. Core topics include proof techniques, sets, functions, relations, and cardinality, with selected additional topics that provide many possibilities for further exploration. With a problem-based approach to investigating the material, students develop interesting examples and theorems through numerous exercises and projects. In-text exercises, with complete solutions or robust hints included in an appendix, help students explore and master the topics being presented. The end-of-chapter exercises and projects provide students with opportunities to confirm their understanding of core material, learn new concepts, and develop mathematical creativity.
Taking Stock of Complementary Methods: The Perpetual Quest for Good Research Methods for Educational Leadership and Policy

This chapter synthesizes the presentations of complementary methods by authors in this volume by discussing how their work helps answer three questions: (1) What methods can answer causal questions of what works, why, and under what conditions?; (2) How can methods accommodate the epistemological foundations of realist, interpretive, and critical knowledge paradigms?; and (3) How can research methods be used to generate knowledge that might address underlying patterns of privilege and power in education, rather than implicitly or explicitly supporting the status quo? The chapter concludes with comments about using methodological tools from the academic disciplines, structured causal analysis with qualitative data, critical quantitative analysis, and methods such as design research and improvement science that explore not only the present but also the future.
Autophagy maintains tumour growth through circulating arginine

Autophagy captures intracellular components and delivers them to lysosomes, where they are degraded and recycled to sustain metabolism and to enable survival during starvation1-5. Acute, whole-body deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg7 in adult mice causes a systemic metabolic defect that manifests as starvation intolerance and gradual loss of white adipose tissue, liver glycogen and muscle mass1. Cancer cells also benefit from autophagy. Deletion of essential autophagy genes impairs the metabolism, proliferation, survival and malignancy of spontaneous tumours in models of autochthonous cancer6,7. Acute, systemic deletion of Atg7 or acute, systemic expression of a dominant-negative ATG4b in mice induces greater regression of KRAS-driven cancers than does tumour-specific autophagy deletion, which suggests that host autophagy promotes tumour growth1,8. Here we show that host-specific deletion of Atg7 impairs the growth of multiple allografted tumours, although not all tumour lines were sensitive to host autophagy status. Loss of autophagy in the host was associated with a reduction in circulating arginine, and the sensitive tumour cell lines were arginine auxotrophs owing to the lack of expression of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase 1. Serum proteomic analysis identified the arginine-degrading enzyme arginase I (ARG1) in the circulation of Atg7-deficient hosts, and in vivo arginine metabolic tracing demonstrated that serum arginine was degraded to ornithine. ARG1 is predominantly expressed in the liver and can be released from hepatocytes into the circulation. Liver-specific deletion of Atg7 produced circulating ARG1, and reduced both serum arginine and tumour growth. Deletion of Atg5 in the host similarly regulated [corrected] circulating arginine and suppressed tumorigenesis, which demonstrates that this phenotype is specific to autophagy function rather than to deletion of Atg7. Dietary supplementation of Atg7-deficient hosts with arginine partially restored levels of circulating arginine and tumour growth. Thus, defective autophagy in the host leads to the release of ARG1 from the liver and the degradation of circulating arginine, which is essential for tumour growth; this identifies a metabolic vulnerability of cancer.
The Uncommon Academic: Former Graduate Student’s Perspectives of the Great Educator Dr. Joseph F. Hair Jr.

Most people can quickly point to the one or two individuals who were most helpful in their career. The competitive nature of higher education, teamwork, and collegial academic partnerships are not only helpful but vital for a successful career. Because of reciprocal nature of these collegial partnerships, we seldom hear about individuals who have selflessly contributed to the advancement of many while still managing to remain relevant in an ever-changing industry.
Step on it

We know exercise is good for us. But how much do we need? Anthropologist Herman Pontzer has the answer
Comparing the effects of performing and recalling acts of kindness

Research suggests that both performing prosocial behaviors (i.e. acts of kindness towards others) and simply recalling them can increase well-being. Do performing and recalling prosocial behaviors ...
Automated high-frequency observations of physical activity using computer vision

Purpose To test the validity of the Ecological Video Identification of Physical Activity (EVIP) computer vision algorithms for automated video-based ecological assessment of physical activity in settings such as parks and schoolyards. Methods Twenty-seven hours of video were collected from stationary overhead video cameras across 22 visits in nine sites capturing organized activities. Each person in the setting wore an accelerometer, and each second was classified as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or sedentary/light activity. Data with 57,987 s were used to train and test computer vision algorithms for estimating the total number of people in the video and number of people active (in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) each second. In the testing data set (38,658 s), video-based System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) observations were conducted every 5 min (130 observations). Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and mean absolute errors (MAE) assessed agreement between (1) EVIP and ground truth (people counts+accelerometry) and (2) SOPARC observation and ground truth. Site and scene-level correlates of error were investigated. Results Agreement between EVIP and ground truth was high for number of people in the scene (CCC = 0.88; MAE = 2.70) and moderate for number of people active (CCC = 0.55; MAE = 2.57). The EVIP error was uncorrelated with camera placement, presence of obstructions or shadows, and setting type. For both number in scene and number active, EVIP outperformed SOPARC observations in estimating ground truth values (CCC were larger by 0.11–0.12 and MAE smaller by 41%–48%). Conclusions Computer vision algorithms are promising for automated assessment of setting-based physical activity. Such tools would require less manpower than human observation, produce more and potentially more accurate data, and allow for ongoing monitoring and feedback to inform interventions.
Low Temperature Duration and Adult Rearing Regimes Affect Eclosion of Rhagoletis indifferens (Tephritidae: Diptera).

Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, is a quarantine pest of sweet cherries in the Pacific Northwest of the United States that overwinters as diapausing pupae. Eclosion responses of R. indifferens puparia to different low temperature durations and postdiapause conditions affect the pest status of the fly. Here, we determined the effects of holding R. indifferens puparia at 3°C for 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wk on adult eclosion times and rates at two simulated temperate and two simulated tropical climate treatments over 40 wk. When puparia were chilled 0, 1, or 2 wk, adult eclosion across the four climate treatments displayed a bimodal distribution with low eclosion at 3 wk and high eclosion at 23–35 wk. When puparia were chilled ≤ 10 wk, there was a weaker bimodal distribution. However, when puparia were chilled 15–30 wk, eclosion was more synchronous and occurred at 5–7 wk across the four postchill climate treatments. Eclosion was greater at a postdiapause temperature of 26°C than 23°C. Timing to 50% eclosion was faster at longer photoperiod (16:8 L:D) than shorter (12:12 L:D). The bimodality of eclosion in respect to the duration of low temperature exposure may be indicative of univoltine insect species with obligate diapause that may span over two seasons.
Nonlinear Filters for Tracking Chaos in Neurobiological Time Series

A nonlinear digital filtering approach to tracking the nonstationary dynamical behavior of neurobiological time series is described and evaluated. Nonlinear digital filters were designed with the objective of achieving high resolution tracking of the changing properties of complex nonstationary time series. Three simple nonlinear autoregressive models; the logistic, quadratic, and cubic models, were chosen because they each exhibit a rich variety of behavior including simple periodic, complex periodic, and chaotic behavior depending upon the value of a critical model parameter (the bifurcation parameter). The sensitivity of the time series to the value of the critical bifurcation parameter in each model is shown in the bifurcation diagrams Figs, la, lb, and lc.
An Evolutionary Analysis of Health

Most people are interested in achieving or sustaining health. Unfortunately, there are few topics that have been more subject to confusion and contradiction than that of human health. We believe that an evolutionary perspective can make a signal contribution to clarifying the foundations of health, including the prospects for its successful maintenance. Here we provide an outline of how health is defined, the historical progression in the improvement of health, and proposals for remedies that derive from evolutionary research. In the process we will address the critical need for new approaches towards treating chronic diseases, noting the apparent lack of progress made by pharmaceutical research and development. Our evolutionary strategy for improving health is rooted in aging research, including insights into the impact and limitations of altering diet and dietary supplementation.
Using Types and Modes

In this chapter we look at the key notion of type and its generalization mode. We show that every AXIOM object has a type that determines what you can do with the object. In particular, we explain how to use types to call specific functions from particular parts of the library and how types and modes can be used to create new objects from old. We also look at Record and Union types and the special type Any. Finally, we give you an idea of how AXIOM manipulates types and modes internally to resolve ambiguities.
Anaphylaxis after injecting a hemostatic agent containing gelatin into vertebral bone under pressure-a warning

Case series. The use of topical hemostatic agents is common in spinal deformity surgery. While beneficial, emerging case data shows gelatin-containing agents causing intra-operative complications. We present two patients who developed anaphylaxis after injection of these gelatin-containing hemostatic agents into the vertebral body using manual pressure. In the literature, while anaphylactic reactions associated with the use of animal-derived gelatin has been implicated; the risk of injecting these products into the closed vascular cavity of the vertebral body with subsequent embolization into systemic circulation bears emphasis. This report is to meant to make the surgical team aware of the risks of injecting hemostatic agents using manual pressure into the vertebral body and to highlight a plausible mechanism for the phenomenon. Two children with spinal deformity undergoing posterior spinal fusion procedures with the use of gelatin-containing hemostatic agents injected into the vertebral body through the pedicle are described. Both patients had gelatin-containing hemostatic agent solution injected under manual pressure through the vertebral pedicle to prevent excessive bleeding. Anaphylaxis occurred soon thereafter, resulting in emergent cessation of the surgery and initiation of medical resuscitation. In both cases, tryptase levels obtained just after the event were elevated. Patients with an allergy to or prior history of exposure to zoologic products undergoing spine surgery may be at risk of anaphylaxis if the gelatin-containing hemostatic agent is injected under manual pressure into the closed space of the vertebral body. This allows rapid entry into the venous circulation. We recommend that the surgeon perform a thorough history of a patient's allergies and use extreme caution when injecting these topical hemostatic products into the vertebral body. IV.
Finite control volume and scalability effects in velocimetry for application to aeroacoustics

The ability to scale the field of view for velocimetry methods is particularly attractive for aeroacoustics studies, where turbulence contributions in long-lived, low wavenumber structures account for the most important sources of radiated noise. Thanks to its core operating principles, Doppler global velocimetry (DGV) offers interesting opportunities for large-scale flow measurements. As is well known, a larger field-of-view (FOV) in the measurement will change the spatial resolution, meaning that each measurement is integrated across a larger control volume. This finite size will affect the velocity and turbulence measurements, as well as the observable wavenumbers in the measurement. The present study confirms the viability of DGV for studying low wavenumbers while examining the influence on higher wavenumbers of the less coherent turbulent structures also present in high-speed flows. In the flows examined by the current work, mean velocity bias error due to integration over the measurement region was shown to be small, less than 0.005%, for control volume heights up to 4 mm. Although significant energy attenuation occurs for high wavenumbers, the low wavenumber turbulent structures which dominate far-field noise are found to be unaffected by the size of the control volume required for large measurement of both laboratory- and full-scale supersonic jet flows. The results indicate a large-scale velocimetry system such as DGV can be a valuable tool for researchers to study aeroacoustics in high-speed flows.
Diversity and Inclusion on General Surgery, Integrated Thoracic Surgery, and Integrated Vascular Surgery Residency Program Websites.

Background Increasing diversity in medicine is receiving more attention, yet underrepresented in medicine (UiM) surgeons remain a small fraction of all surgeons. Whether surgical training programs attempt to attract UiM applicants to their programs, and therefore their specialties, through program website information is unclear. Objective To analyze the scope of diversity and inclusion (D&I) related information on US allopathic and osteopathic general surgery, integrated thoracic surgery, and integrated vascular surgery residency program websites. Methods Residency programs were identified through the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) in July 2020. We searched surgical program websites and collected data on the presence or absence of variables labeled "diversity & inclusion" or "underrepresented in medicine." Variables found on program websites as well as sites linked to the program website were included. We excluded programs identified in ERAS as fellowship training programs. Programs without webpages were also excluded. Results We identified 425 residency programs and excluded 22 from data analysis. Only 75 of the 403 included programs (18.6%) contained D&I-related information. The presence of individual variables was also low, ranging from 4.5% for opportunities related to early exposure to the specialty to 11.1% for a written or video statement of commitment to D&I. Conclusions In 2020, as recruitment and interviews moved entirely online, few US allopathic and osteopathic general surgery, integrated thoracic surgery, and integrated vascular surgery residency programs provided D&I-related information for residency applicants on their program websites.
Design and development of advanced biosensing systems for the rapid detection of antibiotics

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is affecting both public and animal health, worldwide. To circumvent this and prevent antibiotics from entering ...
The Possibilities for Responsive Party Government

Professor Kang raises two fundamental worries about the associational path to party reform in The Problem of Irresponsible Party Government, his response to my essay, Networking the Party: First Amendment Rights and the Pursuit of Responsive Party Government. First, he doubts the feasibility of reestablishing thick relational parties given social, techno­logical, and cultural changes since the 1970s. Second, he questions the choice to focus on refashioning First Amendment doctrine, cautioning that the judiciary, as an institution, is fundamentally incompetent to spearhead successful party reform. Thus, despite finding my diagnosis of the ills of contemporary American parties and my indictment of responsible party government and its hold over First Amendment doctrine "almost undeniable," Professor Kang expresses significant uncertainty about both the realism of the target and the proposed means for achieving it. Indeed, the future of American democracy is uncertain. Its revitalization will require a broad reform agenda, an appreciation for incremental progress, and perseverance in the face of partial failures. The claim in Networking the Party was never that associational-party reform would be either easy or a panacea. Instead, the essay's primary claim is that such a reform agenda will need to address the state of our political parties and that an associational-party path to reform is significantly more promising than the current menu of policy prescrip­tions, which remain grounded in responsible party government. As I wrote: "By comparison [to responsible party government], the associational-party path is theoretically optimal as a guide to structuring First Amendment doctrine and as a measure for regulatory reforms­--even as it does not guarantee a cure to all our democratic ills." In his response, Professor Kang has essentially challenged me to explain why the associational path is not only theoretically optimal but also practically possible, and I take up that challenge in the friendly spirit in which it has been offered. Parts I-III of this Reply make a prima facie case for the possibility of twenty-first-century associational parties. Indeed, the 2018 midterm elections suggest that associational-party building is not only feasible but already underway. In part, this is because recent advances in technology afford party leaders and grassroots activists significant new opportunities to rebuild political parties in an associational vein. Part IV of the Reply explicates the decision to focus on First Amendment law and the judiciary, rather than legislation and Congress, as starting points for reform. Part V clarifies how the doctrinal proposal offered in Networking the Party meaningfully differs from proposals that the Supreme Court has rejected in the past.
Tunable Mode Control Through Myriad-Mode Fibers

Multimode fibers are attractive for imaging, communication, computation, and energy delivery. Unfortunately, intermodal and polarization coupling precludes direct control of the delivered mode composition. We present a technique to tailor the mode composition at the output of a multimode fiber with thousands of modes, which we refer to as myriad-mode fiber, using its experimentally measured transmission matrix. While precise mode control has been demonstrated in typical multimode fibers with up to 210 modes, the method proposed here is particularly useful for high mode number fibers, such as when the number of modes is comparable to the number of modes of the wavefront shaping spatial light modulator. To illustrate the technique, we select different subsets of modes to create focal spots at the output of a fiber with 7140 modes. Importantly, we define efficiency and fidelity metrics to evaluate the mode control and demonstrate the relationship between efficiency, fidelity, and the spatial location of the spots across the distal fiber cross-section.
Raising a Politically Engaged Generation: When Parental Influence Matters Most:

At what ages are young people most open to political influence? We test the “formative years” model that underscores the importance of childhood experiences for political development against the “i...
Immunohistochemical Localization of Netrin-1 in the Embryonic Chick Nervous System

Netrin-1 has profound in vitro effects on the growth properties of vertebrate embryonic axons. In addition, netrin-1 mRNA is found in the floor plate of the embryonic nervous system, an intermediate target of many axons, including commissural axons that are affected by netrin-1 in vitro . Moreover, genetic studies of netrin-1 homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila implicate these proteins in commissure formation. We raised polyclonal antisera that recognize chick netrin-1 in fixed tissue sections. The antisera were used to immunohistochemically map netrin-1 in the embryonic spinal cord, brain, and retina. The relationship between netrin-1 localization and the growth of pioneering axons suggests roles for netrin-1 in the regulation of circumferential, commissural, and longitudinal axon growth in the spinal cord and brain. The data also suggest that the primary or sole effect of netrin-1 on pioneering spinal cord commissural axons is haptotactic. Furthermore, the pattern of netrin-1 localization raises the possibility that this protein helps mediate neuronal migration in the spinal cord, brain, and retina.
Gappy TotalReCaller for RNASeq Base-Calling and Mapping

Understanding complex mammalian biology depends crucially on our ability to define a precise map of all the transcripts encoded in a genome, and to measure their relative abundances. A promising assay depends on RNASeq approaches, which builds on next generation sequencing pipelines capable of interrogating cDNAs extracted from a cell. The underlying pipeline starts with base-calling, collect the sequence reads and interpret the raw-read in terms of transcripts that are grouped with respect to different splice-variant isoforms of a messenger RNA. We address a very basic problem involved in all of these pipeline, namely accurate Bayesian base-calling, which could combine the analog intensity data with suitable underlying priors on base-composition in the transcripts. In the context of sequencing genomic DNA, a powerful approach for base-calling has been developed in the TotalReCaller pipeline. For these purposes, it uses a suitable reference whole-genome sequence in a compressed self-indexed format to derive its priors. However, TotalReCaller faces many new challenges in the transcriptomic domain, especially since we still lack a fully annotated library of all possible transcripts, and hence a sufficiently good prior. There are many possible solutions, similar to the ones developed for TotalReCaller, in applications addressing de novo sequencing and assembly, where partial contigs or string-graphs could be used to boot-strap the Bayesian priors on base-composition. A similar approach would be applicable here too, partial assembly of transcripts can be used to characterize the splicing junctions or organize them in incom- patibility graphs and then used as priors for TotalReCaller. The key algorithmic techniques for this purpose have been addressed in a forthcoming paper on Stringomics. Here, we address a related but fundamental problem, by assuming that we only have a reference genome, with certain intervals marked as candidate regions for ORF (Open Reading Frames), but not necessarily complete annotations regarding the 5 or 3 termini of a gene or its exon-intron structure. The algorithms we describe find the most accurate base-calls of a cDNA with the best possible segmentation, all mapped to the genome appropriately.
A cracked beam or plate transversely loaded by a stamp

In this paper the problem of an infinite elastic beam or a plate containing a crack is considered. The medium is loaded transversely through a stamp which may be rigid or elastic. The problem is a coupled crack-contact problem which cannot be solved by treating the crack and contact problems separately and by using a superposition technique. First the Green's functions for the general case are obtained. Then the integral equations for a cracked infinite strip loaded by a frictionless stamp are obtained. With the question of fracture in mind, the primary interest in the paper has been in calculating the stress intensity factors. The results are given for a rigid flat stamp with sharp edges and for an elastic curved stamp. The effect of friction at the supports on the stress intensity factors is also studied and a numerical example is given.
The link between sensation seeking and aggression: a meta-analytic review

Substantial empirical evidence supports low resting heart rate (HR) as the best replicated psychophysiological correlate of aggression [Ortiz and Raine, 2004]; however, researchers continue to debate the explanatory mechanisms of the phenomenon. Sensation seeking has been proposed as a possible outcome of low resting HR that may lead to aggressive tendencies but findings have been inconsistent in terms of showing a relationship between sensation seeking and aggression. A meta-analysis was conducted on 43 independent effect sizes, from studies with a total of 32,217 participants, to test the hypothesis that sensation seeking would be positively related to aggression across studies. A significant overall effect size was found (d = .1935, P<.001), supporting the hypothesis. Moderator analyses revealed that the relationship differed based on participant and methodological characteristics, such as participant age and the nature of the aggression measurement; however, these conclusions are limited by the uneven number of studies in many of the moderator classes. Overall, the findings provide support for higher levels of aggression in high sensation seekers and have theoretical implications for arousal theory. Further research on the links between arousal, sensation seeking and aggression can inform clinicians about potential interventions.
The “Rout of Monsters” in Cornus

In his entertainment A Mask Presented at Ludlow-Castle, 1634, Milton describes the followers of the “foul inchanter” Comus, son of Circe by Bacchus, as a “rout of Monsters” who have been transformed, by a metamorphosis of their heads, Into som brutish form of Woolf, or Bear, Or Ounce, or Tiger, Hog, or bearded Goat, All other parts remaining as they were.
Brain tumor specifies intermediate progenitor cell identity by attenuating β-catenin/Armadillo activity

During asymmetric stem cell division, both the daughter stem cell and the presumptive intermediate progenitor cell inherit cytoplasm from their parental stem cell. Thus, proper specification of intermediate progenitor cell identity requires an efficient mechanism to rapidly extinguish the activity of self-renewal factors, but the mechanisms remain unknown in most stem cell lineages. During asymmetric division of a type II neural stem cell (neuroblast) in the Drosophila larval brain, the Brain tumor (Brat) protein segregates unequally into the immature intermediate neural progenitor (INP), where it specifies INP identity by attenuating the function of the self-renewal factor Klumpfuss (Klu), but the mechanisms are not understood. Here, we report that Brat specifies INP identity through its N-terminal B-boxes via a novel mechanism that is independent of asymmetric protein segregation. Brat-mediated specification of INP identity is critically dependent on the function of the Wnt destruction complex, which attenuates the activity of β-catenin/Armadillo (Arm) in immature INPs. Aberrantly increasing Arm activity in immature INPs further exacerbates the defects in the specification of INP identity and enhances the supernumerary neuroblast mutant phenotype in brat mutant brains. By contrast, reducing Arm activity in immature INPs suppresses supernumerary neuroblast formation in brat mutant brains. Finally, reducing Arm activity also strongly suppresses supernumerary neuroblasts induced by overexpression of klu. Thus, the Brat-dependent mechanism extinguishes the function of the self-renewal factor Klu in the presumptive intermediate progenitor cell by attenuating Arm activity, balancing stem cell maintenance and progenitor cell specification.
Characterization of recombinant GABAA receptors produced in transfected cells from murine α1, β1, and γ2 subunit cDNAs

In order to explore the structural basis of GABAA receptor function, we have expressed murine alpha 1, beta 1, and gamma 2 subunit cDNAs by transient transfection of human 293 cells. Expression of GABAA receptors was measured by ligand binding assay and by electrophysiological analysis. As in other species, expression of the alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits produced a receptor that was insensitive to modulation by benzodiazepines as measured by electrophysiological analysis; however, a small number of flunitrazepam binding sites were detectable. The coexpression of the gamma 2 subunit was found to be essential for this modulation, and also resulted in a dramatic (14-fold) increase in the number of binding sites for flunitrazepam. On the coexpression of all 3 subunit cDNAs, a receptor was produced that exhibited a similar number of binding sites for flunitrazepam and muscimol.
Observations of Type 1 Seyfert galaxies with the HEAO-1 scanning modulation collimator

Precise positions of four X-ray sources associated with Type 1 Seyfert galaxies are reported which were measured with the HEAO 1 scanning modulation collimator. The Seyferts are confirmed as the X-ray emitters in each case. The sources (and corresponding galaxies) studied include 2A 0551+466 (NGC 4151), 2A 1207+397 (MCG 8-11-11), 2A 1914-589 (ESO 141-G55), and A 1021+198 (NGC 3227). It is found that the X-ray source is located in the nucleus or the nuclear region for NGC 4151 and that the galaxy is unresolved by the present instrument in the other cases.
Collective assessment of arguments in an online intelligent argumentation system for collaborative decision support

We developed an intelligent argumentation system for collaborative decision support which allows stakeholders to exchange arguments, captures their rationale, and assesses aggregate thoughts on solution alternatives [1, 21]. In this article we propose and evaluate a method for computing aggregate thoughts of arguments on individual arguments, which represents individual thoughts, in an argumentation tree and further classifying arguments based on relationships between its aggregate thoughts and individual thoughts. A novel approach is developed to derive collective determination of an argument based on total support and attack that an argument receives in the argumentation tree. The collective determination value and the strength of an argument are used to analyze the relationship between aggregate thought and individual thought of arguments and cluster the arguments. The decision maker will be able to review clusters of arguments with opposing collective thoughts and supporting collective thoughts versus their individual thoughts. We have carried out an experiment to evaluate the proposed method, and the experimental results show that the proposed method is effective.
Eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the superior colliculi of alert, behaving monkeys evoked allor-nothing saccades whose amplitude and direction were independent of stimulus parameters and depth within the colliculus. They were also independent of initial eye position and were thus not goal-directed. Across the colliculus, the saccades were small (1°) rostrally, large (50°) caudally with up components medially, down components laterally. A map of amplitude and direction was constructed which agrees with the retinotectal projection and reveals a simple spatial coding in the tectum for ocular orienting reflexes. Temporal interaction with double stimulation was also investigated.
A microfabricated phantom for diffusion tensor imaging

A microfabricated phantom with application in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is presented. Using lithography technique, we have the capability of creating microchannels in the same scale as actual neural fibers (few to tens of microns in diameter). The method is flexible in generating different geometrical patterns. Neural bundles were simulated by designing a large number of microchannels, running parallel to each other. PDMS, the casting material, is not diffusible to water. This applies the restriction to the diffusion of water molecules in different directions. The dimensions of the channels can be calculated based on the desired fractional anisotropy (FA) ratios. Many unresolved issues in studying and improving diffusion tensor imaging can be carefully investigated by implementing an artificial model of neural bundles with well-known geometrical parameters. Problems affiliated with the crossing fibers in 'tractography' are among these issues. Since the topology of the tracts is known, whenever the full characterization of water motion is desired, the elements of the diffusion tensor can be calculated to be compared to the measured values. Optimization of the pulse sequences and calibration of the gradients in DTI are among other application of such phantom. The phantom is made of PDMS, a silicon based, MRI compatible material. Once the mold is generated, creating new phantoms is easy, quick and inexpensive and requires no special equipment.
LGB Identity and Eudaimonic Well Being in Midlife

Eudaimonic well being refers to personal growth and having purpose and meaning in life. High levels of eudaimonic well being facilitate a positive life experience. The National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) data was used to test a model predicting eudaimonic well being as a function of sexual identity. Reporting a lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) identity was associated with lower eudaimonic well-being scores. Results also indicated that perceived daily discrimination, being female, and having less education were associated with lower eudaimonic well being; racial/ethnic minority status was associated with increased eudaimonic well being. These results are discussed in light of recent scholarship on understanding and promoting the well-being of sexual minority individuals.
Heterogeneity of Glucocorticoid Binders: A Unique and a Classical Dexamethasone-Binding Site in Bovine Tissues

Bovine tissues are known to possess high affinity [3H]dexamethasone-binding sites. However, we found the properties of these sites to be unusual in that triamcinolone acetonide could only compete for a fraction of the [3H]dexamethasone binding. The dilemma was resolved when it became clear that multiple binding sites were present in bovine tissues. One site resembed the classical glucocorticoid (type II) receptor in rat kidney and other organs. Its characteristics in adrenally intact bovine thymus include an apparent Kd at 0 C for [3H]triamcinolone acetonide of 3 nM, a maximum number of binding sites of 210 fmol/mg protein, heat lability, and the usual sequence of steroid specificities: triamcinolone acetonide > dexamethasone > cortisol > corticosterone > progesterone > 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. The second site manifested several novel properties. This binder has an apparent Kd at 0 C for [3H]dexamethasone of 14 nM, ad a maximum number of binding sites of 600 fmol/mg protein, was stable to heating at 37.C ...
Ectodermal Tumors of the Skin

Introduction The epidermis contains a basal-cell layer overlaid by squamous cells, and this in turn is covered with varying amounts of keratin. Beneath is the corium composed of connective tissue in which are embedded the skin appendages including the sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles. Neoplasms of the epidermis tend to form squamous cells and keratin and therefore are referred to as squamous-cell tumors or as keratoses. They are usually found upon the surface of the skin. Tumors of the skin appendages, derived from the basal cells of the epidermis destined to form appendages often retain their basal-cell characteristics and are referred to as basal-cell tumors. They may be found on the surface or beneath the epidermis. Since the structures of both the epidermis (squamous cells and keratin) and the appendages within the corium are derived from the same basal-cell layers of the skin, it is convenient to divide neoplasms of the skin into epidermal tumors (squamous-cell lesions) and appendage tumors (basal-cell lesions). The term acanthoma is sometimes used for epidermal cancer and corium carcinoma or rodent ulcer for appendage cancer. At the major orifices of the body (such as the mouth and anus) epidermal covering is modified to form the mucous membranes which are continuous with the modified entodermal coverings of similar structure. Epidermal and appendage tumors, therefore, may also occur in the mucosa of the eye, lips, oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and esophagus, and on the mucous surfaces of the anus, vagina, penis, urethra, etc., although some of these structures are derived from the entoderm. Similar tumors may also occur on the mucous linings of the bladder, uterine cervix, ureter, and renal pelvis, although some of these mucous membranes are of mesodermal origin. Inclusions of epidermal tissue below the surface (both epidermoid cysts and remnants of the branchial clefts) may also provide a nidus for such growths. The basic histologic varieties of epidermal and appendage-cell tumors have, therefore, an exceedingly wide distribution in the human body. Malignant lesions of this type taken as a group constitute one of the most frequent forms of cancer in man. Subvarieties of epidermal carcinoma in which keratin formation is absent are sometimes referred to as transitional, cuboidal, or mixed-cell cancer. While most common on the mucous surfaces, such structures also occur in rapidly growing and undifferentiated carcinomas of the epidermis (so-called Grades III and IV). Non-keratinizing epidermal cancer overlying lymphoid tissue, as in the tonsil, was named by Regaud of France, in 1921, lympho-epithelioma. In more slowly developing cancer the malignant squamous cells may be found entirely within the epidermis, a form of cancer described in the nipple by Paget (1876) in England, and in the skin by Bowen (1912), in America.
Technical Note---Personalized Dynamic Pricing of Limited Inventories

Prior work has investigated time-and inventory-level-dependent pricing of limited inventories with finite selling horizons. We consider a third dimension---in addition to time and inventory level---that the firms can use in setting their prices: the information that the firm has at the individual customer level. An arriving customer provides a signal to the firm, which is an imperfect indicator of the customer's willingness to pay, and the firm makes a personalized price offer depending on the signal, inventory level, and time. We consider two different models: full personalization and partial personalization. In the full personalization model, the firm charges any price it wishes given the customer signal, while in the partial personalization model, the firm can charge one of two prices. We find that a mere correlation between the signals and customers' willingness to pay is not sufficient to ensure intuitive relationships between the signal and the optimal prices. We determine a stronger condition, which leads to several structural properties, including the monotonicity of the optimal price with respect to the signal in the full personalization model. For the partial personalization model, we show that the optimal pricing policy is of threshold-type and that the threshold is monotonic in the inventory level and time.
Parliamentary Executive-Legislative Relations and the Implications of Cabinet Stability: "Ballast" and "Energy" in Macroeconomic Policy

OR NEARLY nine decades there has been a common assumption among Anglo-American students of comparative government that the frequent collapse of incumbent cabinet governments undermines the policy-making capacity of public authority. This viewpoint has been echoed recently by Dodd (1976) and Powell (1981) who have cautioned that cabinet instability and/or the emergence of minority governments may undermine executive authority and policy-making momentum. Others, such as Schmidt (1983) and Harmel and Robertson (1986) have built upon this tradition, offering preliminary evidence that the frequent demise of the incumbent cabinet government may weaken public confidence in democracy and the institutions of parliamentary systems. Yet, the student looking for more systematic empirical analysis of the linkage between cabinet stability and the effect on policy output will be hard-pressed to locate an adequate sample (Dodd 1984). The present analysis is conceived as a first step toward a more systematic analysis of the direct linkages between cabinet durability or instability and public policy. Nonetheless, the findings here do buttress the general contours of the theoretical framework of the presumed association. In so doing, these findings underscore the importance of pursuing the task of building the concept of cabinet durability into broader analyses of decision-making and the role of public authority in contemporary parliamentary democracies.
The generation of insulin-like growth factor-1--sensitive cells by growth hormone action

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a mitogenic polypeptide, is usually considered the sole effector by means of which growth hormone increases tissue mass. However, growth hormone, but not IGF-1, directly promotes the differentiation of cultured preadipocytes to adipocytes. Adipocytes newly differentiated from precursor cells in response to growth hormone were shown to be much more sensitive to the mitogenic effect of IGF-1 than the precursor cells. The result of IGF-1 action is therefore a selective multiplication of young differentiated cells (cloned expansion). This supports the concept of a dual effector system in which the preferred target cells of IGF-1 action are created by the direct action of growth hormone.