cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucocorticoid Signaling in the Cell: Expanding Clinical Implications to Complex Human Behavioral and Somatic Disorders

Glucocorticoids contribute to the maintenance of basal and stress-related homeostasis in all higher organisms, and influence a large proportion of the expressed human genome, and their effects spare almost no organs or tissues. Glucocorticoids regulate many functions of the central nervous system, such as arousal, cognition, mood, sleep, the activity and direction of intermediary metabolism, the maintenance of a proper cardiovascular tone, the activity and quality of the immune and inflammatory reaction, including the manifestations of the sickness syndrome, and growth and reproduction. The numerous actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by a set of at least 16 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms forming homo- or hetero-dimers. The GRs consist of multifunctional domain proteins operating as ligand-dependent transcription factors that interact with many other cell signaling systems, including large and small G proteins. The presence of multiple GR monomers and homo- or hetero-dimers expressed in a cell-specific fashion at different quantities with quantitatively and qualitatively different transcriptional activities suggest that the glucocorticoid signaling system is highly stochastic. Glucocorticoids are heavily involved in human pathophysiology and influence life expectancy. Common behavioral and/or somatic complex disorders, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, diabetes type 2, atherosclerosis with its cardiovascular sequelae, and osteoporosis, as well as autoimmune inflammatory and allergic disorders, all appear to have a glucocorticoid-regulated component.
Therapy of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with chronic β-adrenergic blockade

Conventional therapy of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is currently directed at the control of heart failure. However, the morbidity and mortality of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy remains very high despite such interventions. One promising new approach to therapy of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is β-blockade. The potential mechanisms for benefit from β-blockade include protection from catecholamine cardiotoxicity, upregulation of myocardial β-adrenergic receptors, reduction in sudden death, reduction in heart rate, improved ventricular diastolic function, and reduction in afterload. Several reports have suggested that longterm β-blockade may improve hemodynamic function, clinical symptoms, and survival in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. However, data from controlled trials are limited and some reports have been negative. This paper will summarize the rationale for the use of β-blocker therapy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and review the clinical experience with this therapy.
Extensive incorporation of dietary δ-5,11,14 eicosatrienoate into the phosphatidylinositol pool

The acyl composition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) is remarkably resistant to dietary fatty acid modification. To investigate the basis of this selectivity, we have probed fatty acids lacking the usual methylene interrupted double bonds. When mice were fed Δ-5,11,14 20:3 as 3% of total lipid, this fatty acid, lacking the Δ-8 double bond essential for eicosanoid synthesis, replaced a significant quantity of 20:4( n − 6) in PI, but not PC and PE. By altering the acyl composition of PI, novel second messengers may be formed. This fatty acid structure thus provides a unique nutritional tool for investigating the basis of PI acyl specificity, and for determining the metabolic consequences of acyl alteration, in vivo.
Sodium Di-N-Propylacetate (DPA) in the Treatment of Epilepsy:A Review

The literature on clinical and experimental studies of sodium dipropylacetate (DPA), a branched chain carboxylic acid with a unique antiepileptic structure, is critically reviewed. The clinical antiepileptic properties are evaluated by seizure type. DPA appears to be most efficacious in the treatment of absence seizures. The literature also provides evidence for efficacy in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and partial seizures with elementary symptomatology. The clinical pharmacology of DPA has not been thoroughly investigated. Simple, accurate, and reproducible gas-liquid chromatographic methods are available for determining the concentration of DPA in body tissues and fluids. The plasma half-life in humans is 8 to 15 hr. The most frequently observed adverse effects are gastrointestinal disturbances. In patients receiving additional antiepileptic drugs, potentially serious sedative effects have also been noted, which may be due to an interaction between DPA and concurrently administered medications.
Mathematical Problem Solving Among Latina/o Kindergartners: An Analysis of Opportunities to Learn

This study explores opportunities to learn mathematics problem solving for Latina/o students in 3 kindergarten classrooms in the southwest. Mixed methods were used to examine teaching practices that engaged Latina/o students in problem solving and supported their learning. Findings indicate that although students in all 3 classrooms showed growth on pre-/postassessment measures, students in Ms. Arenas's classroom outperformed students in the 2 other classrooms. More time spent on problem solving; exposure to a broader range of problems involving multiplication, division, and multiple steps; and consistent access to students' native language, Spanish, distinguished Ms. Arenas's class.
Diversity in North Pacific shellfish assemblages: the barnacles of Kit’n’Kaboodle Cave, Alaska

Although the dietary importance of barnacles is recognized in Europe and elsewhere around the world, indigenous use of barnacles on the Pacific coast of North America has not been well-documented. On the Northwest Coast, most shell middens located along estuaries are dominated by clams (such as Saxidomus, Protothaca, etc.), while those on the outer coast are dominated by mussels (Mytilus californianus). At Kit’n’Kaboodle Cave in southeast Alaska, the acorn barnacle Semibalanus cariosus is unusually abundant over a 3500-year period, but is replaced by mussels over time. These results are placed within a larger geographic context to more closely examine patterns of barnacle use by First Nations of the Pacific Northwest.
Reactions and Worries

In this brief response to Harry Wolcott's paper, we provide a few reactions to what he has said rather than a systematic analysis of it. Almost every word in our response evokes other words that might be written, and we are frustrated by this; but isn't that always the case when something important is being discussed? So bear with us. We start with a truncated discussion of uniformity versus diversity and move quickly to the transmission and acquisition of culture, to propriospect, and to some consideration of instrumental competence. Throughout, we take a cultural, at times psychocultural, position rather than a psychological one.
Immunohistochemical localization of the prostaglandin E subtype-1 receptor in cytokine-stimulated and unstimulated amnion cells.

Abstract Objective: To visualize histochemically the prostaglandin EP1 receptor in human amnion cells and to study the effect of inflammatory cytokines, which are known to stimulate the EP1 receptor, on localization. Methods: Immortalized amnion cells, grown on standard microscope slides and either nonstimulated (control) or stimulated by incubation in culture medium containing interleukin-1β (25 ng/mL), interleukin-4 (50 ng/mL), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (25 ng/mL), were incubated with rabbit anti-human EP1 antibody and stained by a two-step indirect immunoperoxidase strepavidin-biotin method using horseradish peroxidase and 3,3′ diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. The localization was done on ten different flasks of cells. Duplicate slides for each cytokine concentration were prepared. Negative controls for each reagent, prior blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin or 1% milk, or pretreatment with preimmune rabbit immunoglobulin G were run simultaneously. Slides were viewed by standard light microscopy with and without counterstaining with hematoxylin. Results: Amnion cells incubated in medium alone showed receptor localization throughout the cytoplasmic region of the cell membrane. The localization was nonuniform; a discrete unipolar region of perinuclear nonlocalization was observed. Staining occurred in widely dispersed nests. Cytokine stimulation resulted in increased intensity of staining and an increase in the size of the positive nests; however, it did not affect the discrete unipolar perinuclear region of nonlocalization. Conclusion: Histochemical localization of the human EP1 receptor confirms a cytoplasmic identity and probable plasma membrane localization. Stimulation by inflammatory cytokines increases staining by recruitment of new amnion cells and appears to increase receptor density per cell.
No more pens: what the 2009 Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturer's Association code changes really mean

In 2002, new guidelines for interactions with the pharmaceutical industry and physicians were published as an official code of conduct. Adherence to the guidelines was voluntary, and there were no provisions for discipline to companies who did not subscribe to the code or who subscribed but did not comply. Many of the code standards are routinely violated, sometimes egregiously, with many violations on easy display at national professional meetings. In response to further problems and complaints, tougher code standards—now famous for the specific ban on logo pens and coffee cups—were adopted in 2009. Subscription to the new code is voluntary, and there are no provisions for discipline or punishment for those companies who chose not to subscribe or who may violate its standards.
Effectiveness of lowering blood pressure to prevent stroke versus to prevent coronary events.

The concept of the J-curve effect has been around for a long time and is a subject of contention among various investigators. The J-curve effect describes an inverse relation between low blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular complications. Because the coronary arteries are perfused during diastole, this effect is seen mostly with low diastolic BP in the range of 70 to 80 mm Hg, depending on preexisting coronary artery disease, hypertension, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Although national and international guidelines recommend aggressive BP control to
A wet-lung technique for obtaining silastic rubber casts of the respiratory airways.

A technique for obtaining accurate casts of the bronchial tree and alveolar region is presented and several of the uncertainties involved in bronchial tree casting are discussed. Tompsett's basic casting technique is modified to use silicone rubber; supportive trays and a shape-preserving gelatine injection are eliminated by suspending the lungs in a water bath. Fresh or frozen lungs may be used and prior fixation is not necessary. No elaborate apparatus, beyond usual laboratory items, is required. The slow, low pressure injection of rubber into the bronchial tree minimizes overdistension due to high translumenal pressures. The resulting cast is flexible and durable. Linear shrinkage is minimal with resulting volumetric errors of less than 2%. If desired, one may simultaneously inject the pulmonary arterial and venous systems with colored rubber, yielding a cast of greater educational utility.
Methanol adsorption and decomposition on (1 times 1)Pt(110) and (2 times 1)Pt(110): Identification of the active site for carbon-oxygen bond scission during alcohol decomposition on platinum

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of methanol are examined on (1 × 1)Pt(110) and (2 × 1)Pt(110). It was found that (1 × 1)Pt(110) and (2 × 1)Pt(110) behave very differently even though they have a very similar surface structure. When methanol decomposes on (2 × 1)Pt(110) only CO and H 2 are formed. However, when methanol decomposes on (1 × 1)Pt(110) the CO bonds break at low temperature to yield water, methane, hydrogen, and adsorbed carbon. Yet, all of the steps, kinks, and atoms of special coordination present on (1 × 1)Pt(110) are also present on (2 × 1)Pt(110). These results imply that the active site for CO bond scission in methanol consists of an ensemble of many atoms rather than a step, kink, or atom of special coordination.
Biological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sulfur Mustard Analogue-Induced Toxicity in JB6 and HaCaT Cells: Possible Role of Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated/Ataxia Telangiectasia-Rad3-Related Cell Cycle Checkpoint Pathway

Effective medical treatment and preventive measures for chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD)-caused incapacitating skin toxicity are lacking, owing to limited knowledge of its mechanism of action. The proliferating basal epidermal cells are primary major sites of attack during HD-caused skin injury. Therefore, employing mouse JB6 and human HaCaT epidermal cells, here we investigated the molecular mechanism of HD analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES)-induced skin cytotoxicity. As compared to control, up to 1 mM CEES treatment of these cells for 2, 4 and 24 h, caused dose-dependent decreases in cell viability and proliferation as measured by DNA synthesis, together with S and G2-M phase arrest in cell cycle progression. Mechanistic studies showed phosphorylation of DNA damage sensors and checkpoint kinases, ATM at ser1981 and ATR at ser428 within 30 min of CEES exposure, and modulation of S and G2-M phase-associated cell cycle regulatory proteins which are downstream targets of ATM and ATR kinases. Hoechst-propidium iodide (PI) staining demonstrated that CEES-induced cell death was both necrotic and apoptotic in nature and latter was induced at 4 and 24 h of CEES treatment in HaCaT and JB6 cells, respectively. An increase in caspase-3 activity and both caspase-3 and PARP cleavage coinciding with CEES-caused apoptosis in both cell lines suggested the involvement of caspase pathway. Together, our findings suggest a DNA damaging effect of CEES that activates ATM/ATR-cell cycle checkpoint signaling as well as caspase-PARP pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis/necrosis in both JB6 and HaCaT cells. The identified molecular targets, quantitative biomarkers and epidermal cell models in this study, have the potential and usefulness in rapid development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against HD-induced skin toxicity.
Nuclear learning and U.S.–Soviet security regimes

The concepts of regimes and learning have been developed in the Liberal theory of international relations, but their application has been mostly in the area of international political economy. U.S.–Soviet relations are generally explained solely in terms of Realist theory. The dichotomy is unfortunate because both strands of theory have something to contribute. Although the injunctions of an overall regime do not govern the U.S.–Soviet security relationship, it is possible to identify the injunctions and constraining effects of regimes in subissues of the security relationship. In five areas of the nuclear relationship (destructive power, control problems, proliferation, arms race stability, and deterrent force structure), it is possible to identify different degrees of learning and to see how such learning affects and is affected by the development of regimes. Looking at the U.S.–Soviet security relationship in terms of learning and regimes raises new questions and opens a research agenda which helps us to think more broadly about the processes of political change in this area.
Street Storm Water Conveyance Capacity

The street hydraulic capacity to convey storm water is dictated by the street gutter geometry and hydraulic characteristics. With the consideration of traffic safety, the street hydraulic conveyance capacity (SHCC) is also subject to a reduction defined by the water velocity and flow depth in the street gutter. In this study, the street hydraulic equation is rearranged to demonstrate that the water velocity and depth product in a gutter flow can serve as a safety criterion for determining the allowable SHCC. The velocity and water depth product and discharge reduction methods were examined and revised to establish the consistency in predictions. The revised design procedures developed in this study replace the current iterative process with a direct estimation of the allowable SHCC when a safety criterion is specified.
Bond graph modeling and computer simulation of automotive torque converters

Abstract A derivation of a set of four first-order nonlinear differential equations describing torque converter dynamics is given, along with the corresponding bond graph representation. The bond graph consists of an inertia-field and modulated gyrators which couple mechanical and hydraulic ports. A dualization of this structure replaces the original I-field by an IC-field, and all modulated gyrators by their partial duals—the modulated transformers. Further bond graph manipulations lead to torque converter—equivalent mechanical structures. The paper concludes with examples of static torque converter model validation and complete, dynamic model usage in the design of shift quality controllers for discrete ratio electronic transmissions.
Nonuniform neutron-rich matter and coherent neutrino scattering

Nonuniform neutron-rich matter present in both core-collapse supernovae and neutron-star crusts is described in terms of a semiclassical model that reproduces nuclear-matter properties and includes long-range Coulomb interactions. The neutron-neutron correlation function and the corresponding static structure factor are calculated from molecular dynamics simulations involving 40 000 to 100 000 nucleons. The static structure factor describes coherent neutrino scattering which is expected to dominate the neutrino opacity. At low momentum transfers the static structure factor is found to be small because of ion screening. In contrast, at intermediate momentum transfers the static structure factor displays a large peak due to coherent scattering from all the neutrons in a cluster. This peak moves to higher momentum transfers and decreases in amplitude as the density increases. A large static structure factor at zero momentum transfer, indicative of large density fluctuations during a first-order phase transition, may increase the neutrino opacity. However, no evidence of such an increase has been found. Therefore, it is unlikely that the system undergoes a simple first-order phase transition. Further, to compare our results to more conventional approaches, a cluster algorithm is introduced to determine the composition of the clusters in our simulations. Neutrino opacities are then calculated within a single heavy nucleus approximation as is done in most current supernova simulations. It is found that corrections to the single heavy nucleus approximation first appear at a density of the order of ${10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{g}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and increase rapidly with increasing density. Thus neutrino opacities are overestimated in the single heavy nucleus approximation relative to the complete molecular dynamics simulations.
INSUIN DEPENDENT DIABETES IN WERNER'S SYNDROME-? A NEW VARIANT

Werner's syndrome, or adult progeria, is characterized by short stature, a trcphic changes in skin and muscle, sclero-dermatous lesions, chronic leg ulcers, secondary hypogonadism, premature atherosclerosis, cataracts, insulin independent diabetes (I.I.D.) and an autosonal recessive inheritance. A black boy, C.M., presented at 15 years with diabetic ketoacidosis (blood sugar 848mg/dl, CO2 6 mEq/l and 4+ acetonuria). At 17 years, he was small (4'C”, 68 lbs.), looked aged, with generalized stiffness, thin taut hyperpigmented skin, a chronic leg ulcer and an insulin requirement of 50 U of NPH daily. Serum T4 was 6.3μg/dl and growth hormone responses were nomal. He had antibodies to double stranded RNA(poly A-U, 1:64) but none to DNA. His lymphocytes were cytotoxic to cultured insulinoma target cells. He had 3 adult female siblings; one with insulin dependent diabetes(I.D.D.), had presented in diabetic ketoacidosis at 19 years. At 27 years, this sister was short(4'10”), looked aged, had similar skin lesions, joint problems and premature menopause. The remaining 2 sisters were unaffected(5'7”, 5'10”). Mother, had I.D.D. with skin and joint problems, died at 48 years of a stroke. Of her 7 siblings, 2 had I.I.D., while 2 others died of strokes at 42 and 52 years. These cases have clinical similarities with Werner's syndrome, however, I.D.D., early presentation, and probable autosomal dominance as supported by histo-compatibility antigen typing, are novel features.
Factors associated with visual loss in patients with advanced glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve head.

We evaluated factors associated with decreased or stable visual function in 72 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and complete cupping of the optic disk who were followed up five years or more. We found a significantly lower mean (15.4 ± 2.7 mm Hg) and peak (24.5 ± 6.9 mm Hg) intraocular pressure in those patients whose vision remained stable vs those whose vision decreased (21.3 ± 3.2 and 39.2 ± 11.0 mm Hg, respectively) ( t -test, P
Electronic document management system analysis report and system plan for the Environmental Restoration Program

Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. (LMES) has established and maintains Document Management Centers (DMCs) to support Environmental Restoration Program (ER) activities undertaken at three Oak Ridge facilities: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge K-25 Site, Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant; and two sister sites: Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Portsmouth, Ohio, and Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Paducah, Kentucky. The role of the DMCs is to receive, store, retrieve, and properly dispose of records. In an effort to make the DMCs run more efficiently and to more proactively manage the records` life cycles from cradle to grave, ER has decided to investigate ways in which Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) technologies can be used to redefine the DMCs and their related processes. Specific goals of this study are tightening control over the ER documents, establishing and enforcing record creation and retention procedures, speeding up access to information, and increasing the accessibility of information. A working pilot of the solution is desired within the next six months. Based on a series of interviews conducted with personnel from each of the DMCs, key management, and individuals representing related projects, it is recommended that ER utilize document management, full-text retrieval, and workflow technologies to improve and automate records management for the ER program. A phased approach to solution implementation is suggested starting with the deployment of an automated storage and retrieval system at Portsmouth. This should be followed with a roll out of the system to the other DMCs, the deployment of a workflow-enabled authoring system at Portsmouth, and a subsequent roll out of this authoring system to the other sites.
Automated Geometric Correction of Landsat MSS L1G Imagery

Multispectral scanners (MSS) onboard Landsat satellites 1-5 provide the earliest record of Earth observation data. Currently available Landsat MSS data products are processed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) using the Level 1 Product Generation System (LPGS) to either L1T or L1G level of correction. MSS images processed to L1T have higher geometric accuracy since the images are precisely geo-referenced and orthorectified. The L1G MSS image product is available in cases when the elevation data and ground control information necessary to perform L1T correction are not available. The use of L1G MSS products for multitemporal change analysis necessitates accurate geometric correction of these images. This letter presents an automated method for accurate geo-referencing and orthorectification of L1G MSS images. The method is used to geometrically correct L1G MSS images acquired over South Dakota and the Himalayas, two areas representing vastly different landscapes. The performance of the method is evaluated quantitatively, and an average geometric accuracy of 0.47 pixel at MSS resolution is achieved. While the applicability of this method is demonstrated here using selected L1G MSS images, it has potential for accurate geometric correction of the entire archive of Landsat L1G MSS images.
Amino acid analysis of spider dragline silk using 1H NMR

The amino acid composition of Nephila clavipes dragline silk fiber was determined by conducting ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments on acid-hydrolyzed material. N. clavipes dragline silk was found to consist of 43.0±0.6% Gly, 29.3±0.2% Ala, 9.1±0.1% Glx, 4.0±0.1% Leu, 3.3±0.1% Tyr, 3.4±0.2% Ser, 2.7±0.1% Pro, 2.1±0.1% Arg, 1.07±0.05% Asx, 0.96±0.05% Val, 0.48±0.03% Thr, 0.35±0.03% Phe, and 0.28±0.03% Ile. Compared with standard chromatography-based amino acid analysis (AAA), the chemical resolution of NMR allows for an amino acid solution to be characterized without separation and is shown to provide considerably higher precision. This allows for more accurate statistics on the variability of amino acids in spider dragline silk. In general, this ¹H NMR AAA technique is applicable to a large range of proteins and peptides for precise composition characterization, especially when the precise content of a minor component is critical and relatively large amounts of sample are available (microgram to milligram quantities).
Small-angle neutron scattering study of fatigue induced cavities in nickel

Abstract A small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) study has been performed to determine the size distribution of grain boundary cavities developed in nickel by high-temperature fatigue deformation. Strong intensity distribution by domain boundaries is suppressed by a saturating magnetic field. The size distribution of fatigue-induced cavities is calculated from the net scattering cross section obtained by a difference technique. High-voltage electron microscopy observations confirm the presence of grain boundary cavities, but the cavity size observed is larger than that determined by SANS. Cavity formation in nickel is very sensitive to the fatigue test temperature. For a given equivalent set of fatigue test conditions at 0.5 Tm, nickel appears to be more susceptible to grain boundary cavitation than copper.
Evidence-Based Practice Mentors: Taking Information Literacy to the Units in a Teaching Hospital

This article describes Evidence-Based Mentors, an integrated strategy with librarian participation, aimed to motivate and assist nurses in the search and use of literature and evidence-based information for nursing practice in a teaching hospital. The librarian's role goes beyond searching the literature to involvement in teaching critical appraisal of information. It details the evidence-based process, including the use of the PICO model, the categorization of resources, and the synthesizing that lead to the change of nursing practices that impact on outcomes directly related to patient recovery, organizational effectiveness, and nursing competency.
The same configuration of Ty elements promotes different types and frequencies of rearrangements in different yeast strains.

We examined Ty-mediated genomic rearrangements in three related mitotically dividing haploid yeast strains having the same configuration of Ty elements in the CYC1-sup4 interval of chromosome X. Surprisingly, quite different types and frequencies of rearrangements were found in the three strains. In one strain we found only Ty-mediated deletions, which occurred with a frequency of about 1×10-6. Another strain yielded similar deletions, but approximately one-third of these were accompanied by adjacent Ty-mediated inversions. A third strain was found to have an extremely high rate of inversion/reinversion between two of the three Ty elements. This rate was conservatively estimated to be 1.4±0.2×10-2 per cell per generation, which is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously reported values for Ty-mediated rearrangements. These data provide evidence that local regions of the genome can, in some cases, be much more fluid than had been previously believed.
Electrovectorcardiographic changes after proximal right coronary artery venous bypass graft and distal gas endarterectomy.

Abstract Serial electrocardiograms and vectorcardiograms were obtained from 10 consecutive patients who underwent combined proximal right aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft implantation and distal right coronary gas endarterectomy. Nine of these subjects manifested postoperative electrovectorcardiographic changes of acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Only 1 of 13 other patients who were subjected to right bypass graft implantation without gas endarterectomy had similar findings. All 9 patients who were subjected to gas endarterectomy and who manifested postoperative patterns of infarction had a clinically uncomplicated postoperative course and were discharged on the 10th to 12th postoperative day. It is concluded that postoperative electrovectorcardiographic evidence of acute inferior wall infarction is prevalent in patients subjected to combined proximal right aortocoronary bypass graft implantation and distal right coronary gas endarterectomy. These changes may be based on physical consequences of the gas endarterectomy.
Exploring the Impact of Trade and Investment on Income Inequality A Cross-national Sectoral Analysis of the Developed Countries

This article explores the relationship between international integration and domestic inequality in the developed countries in the mid-1980s and early 1990s. The analysis examines two major modes of integration, trade and direct investment, disaggregating each by economic sector and distinguishing between imports and exports, and inbound and outbound flows and stocks. In measuring income inequality, extensive use is made of micro-data sets that have recently become available through the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), which provides much more detailed and comparable data on income inequality than has heretofore been the case. In particular, LIS data can be aggregated at the level of economic sector, and permit the comparison of pre- and post-government income. The study finds few significant relationships between either trade or investment and sectoral income distribution. The overall conclusion is that economic globalization is not a critically important factor in explaining recent trends in income inequa...
New contributions to the effective surface energy of cleavage

Abstract We propose two new contributions to the effective surface energy of cleavage, those of ligaments and ledges. Although these undergo plastic deformation and thus contribute to fracture surface plasticity, this is not plastic energy dissipation in the classic sense. Much of the plastic work occurs after the crack has passed and the true effect on the crack extension force is an elastic one based upon how the restraining force lowers the crack-tip stress intensity. Another way of looking at this is that such an elastic restraining force increases the effective stress intensity or surface energy for continued crack extension. It is suggested that such a mechanism may have similar implications to composites, two-phase microstructures and stress-corrosion cracking occurring in “cleavage” modes.
iMASH: interactive mobile application session handoff

Mobile computing research has often focused on untethering an in-use computing device, rather than enabling the mobility of the computation task itself. This paper presents an architecture, implementation, and experimental evidence that together validate a new continuous computing concept, application session handoff. The iMASH architecture leverages previous work on proxies, content adaptation, and client awareness to provide a unique, middleware-enable capability for continuous computing. Implementation in both socket- and RPC-based environments shows that very fast, secure session handoff of non-trivial client/server applications across heterogeneous client devices and network is feasible: experiments on a number of applications yielded handoff latencies ranging from 0.5s to 2s.
Rates and predictors of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy is of concern because of the potential seriousness of visual loss and the medicolegal consequences of failure to detect toxicity. However, there have been limited demographic data on which to base recommendations for screening. We have studied the largest unselected series of patients to date to evaluate the risk of toxicity and the relevance of purported risk factors. Methods We studied 3,995 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus who had used HCQ, including 1,538 current users. We screened for self-reported toxicity, and followed up on positive cases with detailed interviews and specialist confirmation. We categorized cases as “definite or probable” if there was bull's eye maculopathy or visual field loss. Results Of the lifetime users of HCQ, 6.5% discontinued therapy because of an eye problem, including 1.8% who reported HCQ retinal problems. However, definite or probable toxicity was documented in only 0.65% (95% confidence interval 0.31–0.93). The risk of toxicity was low in the initial 7 years of exposure, and was approximately 5 times greater after 7 years of usage (or 1,000 gm total exposure). Toxicity was unrelated to age, weight, or daily dosage. Eye examinations were obtained annually by 50.5% and every 6 months by 40.4% of patients. Conclusion HCQ toxicity remains uncommon, but increases markedly with the duration of therapy and exceeds 1% after 5–7 years. Toxicity was unassociated with age, daily dosage, or weight. These findings will aid the reformulation of screening guidelines.
Statistical texture synthesis of mammographic images with super-blob lumpy backgrounds.

Realistic anatomical images are useful for assessment and improvement of medical image quality. The use of synthesized images has the advantage of providing the user with a large number of independent samples, in a controlled environment. We propose a method to generate medical textures that are fully defined by a set of adjustable parameters and a random number generator, and which statistical properties are analytically tractable. This method, called the “clustered lumpy background”, is a generalization of the original lumpy background described by Rolland and Barrett (1992). A detailed application of the method in the case of mammography is presented. It is shown that the synthesized images are visually very similar and that their first and second order statistics can be considered as being equivalent.
Hydroxy fatty acid synthesis and lipid gene expression during seed development in Lesquerella fendleri

Abstract Lesquerella fendleri is a developing oilseed crop in the U.S. The seed oil of L. fendleri is rich in lesquerolic acid (14-hydroxy-eicos-cis-11-enoic acid: 20:1OH), a hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) with potential uses in industrial materials. Although the synthesis pathway of HFA is extensively studied, the regulatory mechanism underlying synthesis and accumulation of 20:1OH is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the fatty acid composition and lipid gene expression pattern in developing seeds of L. fendleri, from 7 days after pollination (DAP) to desiccation (49 DAP). The results showed that accumulation of 20:1OH started at 21 DAP, increased quickly between 21 and 35 DAP and reached a plateau, about 50–55% of total lipids, at 35–49 DAP. In addition, two other HFAs, ricinoleic (12-hydroxy-octadec-cis-9-enoic acid: 18:1OH) and auricolic (14-hydroxy-eicos-cis-11,17-enoic acid: 20:2OH) acids were present at low levels during various stages of seed development. Ricinoleic acid could be detected as early as 14 DAP whereas 20:2OH began to accumulate at 21 DAP or later. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we quantified the transcript level of three lipid genes, LFAH12 (bifunctional oleate 12-hydroxylase:desaturase), LfKCS3 (3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase) and LfFen1 (oleate 12-desaturase). While all of these genes displayed a bell-shaped expression pattern with a peak at 35 DAP and a sharp decline at 42–49 DAP, they had different expression levels during early seed development and maximum inductions. Based on the defined time course of seed development, the relationship between gene expression and HFA accumulation is discussed.
A wedge fracture toughness test for intermediate toughness materials: Application to brazed joints

Abstract A fracture toughness test for intermediate toughness materials is developed. The test configuration is a wedge-driven double cantilever beam, with design guided by analytical solutions for the energy release rate and compliance. Actual toughness measurements require finite element methods. To promote crack stability, a pre-cracking fixture is employed. The method is illustrated for a brazed joint. Measurements of the fracture resistance used both fractographic and compliance methods to ascertain crack length. The ensuing fracture resistance, Γ R ≈ 1 kJ m −2 , is significantly greater than that for the intermetallic constituents. Approximately half of the toughening is attributed to plastic stretch of the ductile phase within the eutectic. The remainder is attributed to dissipation within a plastic zone that forms in the primary γ -Ni regions. A rationale for improving toughness is presented.
Sex and proteinuria of mice.

SummaryA protein with chemical characteristics of a nucleoprotein was found to be excreted in large amounts by male mice of various ages and strains. Female mice excrete much less protein, frequently none at all. A table is appended.For the castration of animals and the examination of sections, I am much indebted to Dr. William Cramer.
An automated de-striping algorithm for Ocean Colour Monitor imagery

Ocean Colour Monitor, OCM, is a push broom sensor design with 3740 detectors across scan for each of its eight channels. Along track striping caused by poorly characterised detector to detector calibration results in derived ocean colour products that are hardly usable. Because OCM is turned on only for purchased orbits, the coefficients needed to correct each cross scan detector are not constant for all orbits. An algorithm has been developed to remove the effects of striping which is based on the information contained in each image. The algorithm performance depends only on the quantity of contiguous pixels over the water for each detector. Along scan detectors that have sufficient water pixels within the image to derive statistically significant correction coefficients are corrected with a fixed vector of scale factors. This paper outlines the automated de-striping algorithm (ADM), shows the results of ADM, quantifies the improvement to the images achieved and describes the limitations of the method.
Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery with an Interarterial Course: Understanding Current Management Strategies in Children and Young Adults

Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva with an interarterial course (AAOCA) is a rare congenital anomaly that is the second leading cardiovascular cause of sudden death in children and adolescents. Management practices with respect to this lesion vary among clinicians. We surveyed practitioners’ opinions on treatment and management strategies for patients with AAOCA. A 17-question “Patient Management Questionnaire” was sent to all Congenital Heart Surgeons’ Society (CHSS) members (n = 90), who were asked to respond and to distribute the questionnaire to pediatric cardiologists and nurse practitioners at their institutions. Questions addressed patient presentation, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic intervention, complications to therapy, follow-up visits, and type and frequency of follow-up testing. Descriptive statistics were used for analyses. We received 113 responses. Almost all respondents agree that ischemia at presentation or with provocative testing warrants surgical repair, whereas the majority believes that any patient with symptoms but no evidence of ischemia should have surgery. Approximately one-half and one-third of the respondents manage patients who are awaiting surgery or not having surgery by completely restricting exercise or not allowing competitive athletics, respectively. In asymptomatic patients, patient age determines timing of surgical repair but almost one-quarter did not believe that an asymptomatic child should undergo surgery. Among patients managed medically, there were six sudden deaths; there were two deaths in those who had surgical repair. There is marked heterogeneity in physician opinions regarding AAOCA treatment and management. A multicenter registry would facilitate the development of evidence-based treatment and management guidelines for children and young adults with AAOCA.
Mechanical Properties of Diamond and Diamond-Like Films

Abstract A discussion of the factors influencing hardness and elastic modulus measurements of thin films and hard materials is given with emphasis on DLC and diamond. Hardness values ranging from 5 to 15 GPa and elastic (Young's) modulus of 40 to 130 GPa were found for DLC films deposited by a variety of techniques. Both hardness and modulus values for CVD diamond films were similar to those measured on the (100) plane of a natural Type IIa diamond.
Positive Effects of Talking About the Negative: Family Narratives of Negative Experiences and Preadolescents' Perceived Competence

Family narratives about the past are an important context for the socialization of emotion, but relations between expression of negative emotion and children's emerging competence are conflicting. In this study, 24 middle-class two-parent families narrated a shared negative experience together and we examined the process (initiations and collaborations) and function (the expression and explanation of emotions) of co-constructed narratives in relation to preadolescents' perceived competencies and self-esteem. Family narratives in which specific emotions were expressed and explained in a collaborative fashion, especially negative emotion, were positively related to preadolescents' reported competencies and self-esteem, whereas family narratives that expressed general positive emotion were negatively related to preadolescents' perceived competencies. Implications of family narratives about emotional events, specifically the ways in which families discuss emotion, in relation to preadolescents' self-development are discussed.
BONE INFARCTION, OR OSTEOMYELITIS IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE: BONE AND BONE MARROW SCAN FINDINGS

BONE INFARCTION, OR OSTEOMYELITIS IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE: BONE AND BONE MARROW SCAN FINDINGS
Galileo energetic particles detector measurements of hot ions in the neutral sheet region of Jupiter's magnetodisk

Hot ions discriminated by mass, look direction, and energy have been detected by the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) on the Galileo spacecraft in the Jovian magnetosphere. Using techniques adapted from analysis of Voyager ion measurements, EPD data have been fitted to a three-species convected K distribution function using a nonlinear least squares technique. The ion species were assumed to be sulfur, oxygen, and protons of arbitrary charge. The bulk flow speed of ions in the neutral sheet region of Jupiter's magnetodisk deduced from the model was found to increase slightly with increasing radial distance from Jupiter within a 20-60 R J region near local midnight. The resulting flow speed of -0.5 times the rigid corotation speed beyond 30 R J is similar to that found from analysis of Voyager measurements. The behavior of protons, sulfur, and oxygen is consistent with adiabatic cooling (T/B = constant) with increasing radial distance in the region analyzed. The distribution functions are similar to those derived from Voyager measurements, with sulfur contributing the largest component of the total hot ion pressure.
Les affiches electorales. Paris gayly chooses a council

Professor Brooks, who reported the London County Council election in the June Review, here reveals the French temperament at elections.
gamma -ray lines as a probe for a cold-dark-matter halo.

Annihilations of cold dark matter via the reaction $\ensuremath{\chi}\overline{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in the halo of our Galaxy produce monoenergetic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. The detection by satellite-borne detectors of a $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray line originating from the galactic halo would be a clear signature of particle dark matter, and could probe particles (such as photinos) that are difficult to detect by ground-based experiments. We show that the signal may be lost in the noise if there is a closure density of dark matter.
APPROPRIATE AND INAPPROPRIATE IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS

Previously described risk factors (RF) serve as reference for recommending implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients for sudden cardiac death (SCD) prevention. In consecutive HCM patients with ICD placement, we sought to study the incidence &
Lipoprotein-mediated distribution of N-aspartyl chlorin-E6 in the mouse.

— The localization of many photosensitizing agents has been attributed to distribution of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-bound drug as a function of the relative numbers of LDL receptors in different tissues. While the chlorin derivative NPe6 is a potent photosensitizing agent in the mouse, it binds mainly to mouse plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) and albumin, with only 1% bound to LDL. This pattern suggests only a minor role for the LDL-receptor pathway with regard to N-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) biodistribution. Moreover, patterns of accumulation of radioactive NPe6, LDL and HDL in murine tissues are consistent with the suggestion that distribution of NPe6 to different tissues cannot be explained on the basis of an LDL-mediated mechanism.