cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 – Device Architecture

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basic hardware elements that make up a typical field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It discusses how computation happens in an FPGA—from the blocks that do the computation to the interconnect that shuttles data from one place to another. It focuses on how these building blocks fit together in terms of FPGA architecture. It also discusses the architectures of some commercially available FPGAs. Programmable routing resources are the natural counterparts to the logic resources in an FPGA. Where the logic performs the arithmetic and logical computations, the interconnection fabric takes the results output from logic blocks and routes them as inputs to other logic blocks. By tiling logic blocks together and connecting them through a series of programmable interconnects, an FPGA can implement complex digital circuits. The true nature of spatial computing is realized by spreading the computation across the physical area of an FPGA. Modern commercially available FPGAs provide a rich variety of basic computational building blocks. With much more than simple lookup tables, the task for the FPGA architect is to decide in what proportion to provide these resources and how they should be connected. The task of the hardware designer is then to fully understand the capabilities of the target FPGAs to create designs that exploit their potential.
Abstract 3857: Characterization of immune cell biomarkers in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma

Background: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) are genetically complex sarcomas often showing a relatively higher immune infiltration among sarcomas, and a demonstrated benefit for immunotherapy in a subset of patients. This study characterizes the immune microenvironment of UPS including tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), as well as immune checkpoint (IC) and related biomarkers. Methods: We used FFPE surgical resected UPS from 90 patients (43 primary, 28 recurrence and 19 metastasis) placed in a tissue microarray and stained with immunohistochemistry for the following biomarkers: IC (stimulatory: OX40 & ICOS; inhibitory: PD-L1, LAG3, IDO1, & PD1), TILs (CD3 & CD8), monocytes-macrophages (CD163), Adenosine Pathway (CD73 & CD39), and pSTAT3. We scored TIL and IC biomarkers as positive cell densities, and PD-L1, pSTAT3, CD73 and CD39 as percentage of expression in malignant cells. Clinicopathological data and clinical outcome were available for all patients. Spearman correlation was used to assess the correlation between two biomarkers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to identify the prognostic biomarkers for overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS). Results: In our cohort, PD-L1, pSTAT3, CD73 and CD39 positive expression (cut-off ≥1%) was 19, 73 78 and 68% respectively. These biomarkers were positively correlated with immune infiltrates: CD3 (p=0.013, 0.009, 0.009, Conclusions: In this study, we characterized the immune cell infiltrates and the expression of PD-L1, pSTAT3, CD73 and CD39 in UPS. These biomarkers differentially correlated with clinicopathological characteristics in primary, recurrent and metastatic tumors. Lower TILs and low CD73/PD-L1 expression were associated with inferior survival outcomes. Citation Format: Carmelia M. Barreto, Luisa M. Solis-Soto, Ruth Salazar, Swati Gite, Edwin R. Parra, Barbara Mino, Davis Ingram, Khalida M. Wani, Cheuk H. Leung, Heather Lin, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Alexander Lazar, Wei-Lien Wang. Characterization of immune cell biomarkers in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3857.
The COVID-19 pandemic mental health crisis ahead

Three months ago, the author was quoted in a Texas newspaper saying that this pandemic "will also be a public health issue" (Ferman & Tatum, 2020) The loss of human lives will result in more serious mental health crises in patients, their families, communities, and health-care workers, including an increase in posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, pandemic-related psychoses, marital problems, and suicides among health-care and non-health-care workers (Solomon, 2020;Watkins, Rothfeld, Rashbaum, & Rosenthal, 2020) The civil unrest that has recently erupted heralds the public mental health crisis ahead, triggered by COVID-19;the unbearable and longstanding social injustices toward African American communities;and the sharp increase in unemployment that continues to affect everyone but particularly the African American community (Seib, 2020) Thus, now is the time to organize centralized mental health counseling services for citizens, health-care workers, patients, and their families to prevent further financial and human costs, especially in rural areas-before it is too late The future of U S health-care workers and non-health-care workers will be darker if they lose their mental well-being and the will to live (Dean, 2020) We need a truly united, well-coordinated, and committed effort to overcome this serious public health crisis (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Risk factors for urethral stricture following external beam radiotherapy and HDR brachytherapy for prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose A potential late side effect of high-dose-rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is urethral stricture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dosimetric parameters possibly contributing to stricture development, including dose to bladder base and D2cc(Gy) within 10 mm of prostatic urethra (D2cc 10 mm), which has, so far, not been reported in the literature. Methods and Materials Patients developing urethral stricture, and matched controls, were identified from a prospective database of those receiving 46 Gy in 23 fractions of EBRT, followed by a single 15 Gy HDR brachytherapy dose. Patients had locally advanced, high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Brachytherapy treatment planning parameters (planning target volume (PTV) size (cm 3), V110(%) bladder base, D2cc 10mm, number of HDR catheters, number of source dwell positions, and total source dwell time within 10 mm of the prostatic urethra) were analyzed to determine potential risk factors for urethral stricture. Results Seventy-two patients were treated, 22 of whom developed a urethral stricture. Univariate logistic regression performed on the planning parameters identified increased PTV size and D2cc 10 mm, with decreased V110(%) bladder base as risk factors for stricture formation. Conclusions It is suggested that PTV size, V110(%) bladder base, and D2cc 10mm are predictive of urethral stricture formation following EBRT and brachytherapy to the prostate. This study demonstrates the importance of minimizing high dwell times and hot spots close to organs at risk and also the correction of any craniocaudal movement of catheters to avoid potential hot spots in the bulbomembranous urethra where there may be increased dose sensitivity.
Pain Characteristics do not Distinguish Fibromyalgia Patients with Abnormal Skin Biopsy (P5.069)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether pain characteristics can distinguish between fibromyalgia patients who have abnormal skin biopsy and/or SNAP amplitudes. BACKGROUND: Patients (n=165) with fibromyalgia were assessed for differences in pain characteristics as a function of sural/medial plantar SNAP amplitudes and intra-epidermal nerve fiber densities (IENF). DESIGN/METHODS: Fibromyalgia diagnosis was verified by the American College of Rheumatology 2010 Fibromyalgia criteria. All patients underwent standard nerve conduction studies including medial plantar sensory conductions. Each patient completed a Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire as part of their evaluation. RESULTS: The greatest correlation existed between medial plantar SNAP amplitude and IENF density at the calf (rho=0.45; p<0.0001) although correlation also existed between sural amplitude and IENF density at the calf (rho=0.38; p<0.0001). There was no significant correlation between medial plantar or sural SNAP amplitudes and IENF density at the thigh (rho=0.10, p=0.25; rho=0.06, p=0.51). Overall pain characteristics did not distinguish either skin biopsy findings or SNAP amplitudes although some characteristics approached significance. Patients with reduced IENF at the calf had higher total pain scores than patients with normal distal IENF but this difference was not significant. The characteristic descriptions of “sharp” and “splitting” pain were most likely to distinguish these patients while characteristics of “tenderness”, “aching” and “throbbing” were least likely to be distinctive. Heaviness was significantly more often described in patients with reduced IENF at the thigh (p<0.05). Pain characteristics did not distinguish patients with preserved versus reduced SNAP amplitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced IENF in patients who fulfilled the 2010 ACR criteria for FM had pain characteristics that did not clearly distinguish them from patients with normal IENF. Although a correlation existed between IENF density and SNAP amplitudes, pain characteristics did not distinguish those patients with reduced SNAPs. These data suggest that pain is nonspecific in the detection of small fiber neuropathy in fibromyalgia patients. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Lawson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grewal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hackshaw has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mongiovi has nothing to disclose.
Neurochemistry and Pain Processing

Neurochemistry and Pain Processing focused on cell receptors, chemical processing, and central nervous system processing involved in the pain experience. Knowledge of pain processing provides knowledge to control pain at the site of pain transduction.
CSF: Formative Feedback in Autograding

Autograding systems are being increasingly deployed to meet the challenges of teaching programming at scale. Studies show that formative feedback can greatly help novices learn programming. This work extends an autograder, enabling it to provide formative feedback on programming assignment submissions. Our methodology starts with the design of a knowledge map, which is the set of concepts and skills that are necessary to complete an assignment, followed by the design of the assignment and that of a comprehensive test suite for identifying logical errors in the submitted code. Test cases are used to test the student submissions and learn classes of common errors. For each assignment, we train a classifier that automatically categorizes errors in a submission based on the outcome of the test suite. The instructor maps the errors to corresponding concepts and skills and writes hints to help students find their misconceptions and mistakes. We apply this methodology to two assignments in our Introduction to Computer Science course and find that the automatic error categorization has a 90% average accuracy. We report and compare data from two semesters, one semester when hints are given for the two assignments and one when hints are not given. Results show that the percentage of students who successfully complete the assignments after an initial erroneous submission is three times greater when hints are given compared to when hints are not given. However, on average, even when hints are provided, almost half of the students fail to correct their code so that it passes all the test cases. The initial implementation of the framework focuses on the functional correctness of the programs as reflected by the outcome of the test cases. In our future work, we will explore other kinds of feedback and approaches to automatically generate feedback to better serve the educational needs of the students.
A meta-regression of methodological features that predict the effects of medications on the subjective response to alcohol

BACKGROUND Alcohol administration paradigms have been used for early efficacy testing of novel compounds for alcohol use disorder (AUD). There has been an ongoing debate about sample characteristics and methodological features that affect the likelihood of detecting an early efficacy signal for AUD medications. We conducted a meta-regression to test whether the drinking level of the study sample and the peak breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) in the alcohol administration study predict the efficacy of AUD pharmacotherapies on the subjective responses to alcohol. METHODS We computed the effects of 21 medications on alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation, negative mood, and craving during alcohol administration in 49 studies. RESULTS Meta-regression analyses indicated a significant and positive effect of pre-study drinks per month on alcohol-induced stimulation (β = 0.142, p < 0.0001), such that as drinking increases, the benefit of medication over placebo decreases. There was an effect of drinks per month on negative mood (β = -0.164, p = 0.0248), such that at higher levels of drinks per month, the effects of medications on negative mood are stronger. For sedation, there was an effect of peak BrAC (β = 0.119, p = 0.0002), such that at low levels of peak BrAC, the effects of medication on sedation were null. For craving, there was a peak BrAC × drinks per month interaction such that at low levels of BrAC, a heavier drinking sample is required to detect the effects of medication on craving. Sensitivity analyses comparing naltrexone studies and non-naltrexone studies suggested that naltrexone was less sensitive to drinks per month across subjective response domains. CONCLUSIONS These analyses show that design features are critical in studies that test the effects of medications on the subjective responses to alcohol. By specifying the significance and directionality of these effects, as well as the specific points in BrAC or drinks per month at which medication effects are detectable, the study offers recommendations for design features of alcohol administration studies that aim to inform AUD medication development.
Effects of Conductor Pre-tension on Seismic Performance of ConverterTransformer Bushing

UHV converter transformer is a critical equipment in converter substation, and bushing is an essential component affecting the seismic performance of it. The refined finite element modeling in ABAQUS software and seismic dynamic analysis was carried out on a ±800kV converter transformer bushing system to evaluate the bushing's seismic performance. The influence of the conductor's pre-tension on the dynamic performance and seismic response of bushing was studied. All parts of the model are simulated by the C3D4R solid elements. The simulation process shows that when the conductor's pre-tension is relatively small, the fundamental vibration mode is the vibration of the conductor it self. Increasing the pre-tension can effectively increase the natural vibration frequency. With the increase of pre-tension, the relative displacement of the valve-side conductor decreased by up to 31.9%, and the air-side conductor reached 31.6%. However, the stress in line-side bushing only increased by 5.9%. Based on the FE model analysis, the following conclusion can be drawn: 1) Appropriately increasing the pre-tension of the conductor can significantly reduce the relative displacement response between the conductor and the inner wall of the bushing. 2) Seismic displacement responses at the end of the valve side bushing are relatively large. It should be paid attention to in the engineering design to prevent traction damage or other problems affecting electrical functions.
Chapter 3 – Polymer Processing

This chapter discusses the polymer processing. It also describes the most common polymer processing methods and materials used for the economical production of both complex parts and simple parts. Polymer processing techniques include injection molding, compression molding, transfer molding, extrusion, and extrusion blow molding. These materials fall into two broad classes: thermoplastics and thermosets. Other types of polymer processes include calendering, foam processing, and rotational molding. The Design For Manufacturing (DFM) issues are also discussed as they apply to the production of plastic parts. The chapter concludes with a set of qualitative DFM guidelines for injection molding, compression molding, and transfer molding.
Lessons Learned in Over 31 Years in Agricultural Economics

Thank you. I appreciate those that nominated me and the committee who evaluated and selected me for this award. I understand the public service commitment of serving on committees and especially those that are entirely voluntary. I am thankful for the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, which was initiated back in 1968, by a group of committed agricultural economists to which all of us owe a debt of gratitude. A thank you is extended to my two employers over my career, The University of Georgia and Mississippi State University. As you know, in the South we attach a great deal of importance to place and I have been lucky to have been given multiple opportunities at both of these institutions. I want to thank my family. My wife of 22 years, Jenny, and our two children, Emily and Clay, empower me to work hard and enjoy life expecting the best and being prepared for the worst. My mother and father, Arthur and Charlotte Turner, made me and as Randy Pausch so eloquently stated, ‘‘I hit the parent jackpot’’ (Pausch and Zaslow, 2008). I also want to thank my students, fellow faculty, and bosses who taught me how to be a student, teacher and researcher, and administrator. It is on these lessons learned which I want to concentrate in the next few minutes. The framework of this talk, although not directly related to the discipline of agricultural and applied economics, is heavily influenced by the theories and methods of applied economics. This was especially true when I became an administrator. So what have I learned over the last 31 years in agricultural economics: seven as a student, 17 as a faculty member, and seven as an administrator?
A Decalogue of Principles

(1947). A Decalogue of Principles. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 4-54.
Consumer health on the internet: Reaching specialized audiences at CDC.gov

Abstract Consumer empowerment through authoritative health information is a positive force in today's health care environment. As the nation's lead agency for protecting the health and safety of people, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has as part of its mission the responsibility of providing credible information to enhance health decisions. CDC health communications are provided through many venues, and particularly its Web site. This article identifies CDC consumer health sites, giving particular attention to two new initiatives, the CDC Kids Page and CDC en Espaol, which have been developed for specialized consumer health audiences.
Role of Surface Fimbriae (Fibrils) in the Adsorption of Actinomyces Species to Saliva-Treated Hydroxyapatite Surfaces

Abstract We studied the adsorption, morphological, and serological characteristics of selected Actinomyces and related species. Evaluation of uranyl acetate-stained cells by electron microscopy revealed wide variations among strains in the frequency of surface fimbriae. These variations did not always correlate with the percent adsorption to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite of the various Actinomyces strains. However, two strains of Rothia dentocariosa possessing no surface fimbriae and five strains of A. israelii possessing very few surface fimbriae exhibited feeble adsorption to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite. Although the calculated number of adsorption sites on saliva-treated hydroxypatite did not vary widely among the strains tested, significant differences were observed in the affinities calculated for some species or serotypes. The mean affinities for strains of A. viscosus serotype 2 and A. naeslundii serotype 3 were similar, and these strains adsorbed well to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite. The mean adsorption and affinity for the A. naeslundii strain serotype 1 and all strains of A. israelii tested were significantly less than those determined for the A. viscosus serotype 2 or A. naeslundii serotype 3 strains. Adsorption inhibition activity of antiserum to strain T14V, previously shown to be solely related to antibodies in immune serum directed against the VA1 fimbria (fibril) antigen, was removed by preadsorption of the antiserum with most A. viscosus and A. naelundii strains, but not with A. israelii strains. This suggests some cross-reactivity among strains of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii but not A. israelii. Adsorption to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite of all A. viscosus and A. naeslundii strains tested was strongly inhibited by fimbriae isolated from A. viscosus strain T14V. Collectively, these data suggest that the adsorption of certain A. viscosus and A. naeslundii strains is mediated by surface fimbriae, many of which appear serologically cross-reactive with strain T14V fimbriae.
Finite-precision intrinsic randomness and source resolvability

Random number generators are important devices in randomized algorithms, Monte-Carlo methods, and in simulation studies of random systems. A random number generator is usually modeled as a random source emitting independent, equally likely random bits. In practice, the random source one has at hand can deviate from this idealized model, and the random number generator operates by applying a deterministic mapping on the output of the (nonideal) random source. The deterministic mapping is chosen so that the resulting process approximates, in some sense, a sequence of independent, equally likely random bits. A prime measure of the intrinsic randomness of a given source X is the maximal rate at which random bits can be extracted from X by suitably mapping its output. This maximal rate depends on the statistics of the source X and on the sense of approximation. We study the problem of finite-precision random bit generation, where the accuracy measure is the variational distance. The relevant information theory is addressed.
Beam-steerable flat-panel reflector antenna

Many space applications require a high-gain antenna that can be easily deployable in space. Currently, the most common high-gain antenna for space-borne applications is an umbrella-type reflector antenna that can be folded while being lifted into Earth orbit. We propose a different type of high-gain antenna for easy space deployment. The proposed antenna is similar to reflector antennas except the curved main reflector is replaced by a flat reconfigurable surface for easy packing and deployment in space. A number of waveguides are placed on the flat surface so that the effective surface impedances at the waveguide openings are configured to give a focused beam. The length of each waveguide is adjusted so that, after the incident wave is reflected from the back conducting plate, the reflected wave has a phase at the open waveguide end such that the beam is focused in the predetermined direction. In other words, the law of reflection does not apply at the reconfigured surface. Also, beam steering can be achieved by adjusting the waveguide heights. Since the height of each waveguide is always less than a half of a wavelength, all the waveguide plates are relatively short. If the waveguide heights are controlled by an electronic means, an electronically beam-steerable antenna results.
Nursing Priorities, Actions, and Regrets for Ethical Situations in Clinical Practice

Purpose: Nurses in all clinical settings encounter ethical issues that frequently lead to moral distress. This critical incident study explored nurses' descriptions of ethically difficult situations to identify priorities, action responses, and regrets. Methods: Employing the critical incident technique, researchers developed a questionnaire that collected information on ethically difficult situations, nurse actions, and situational outcomes. Data on nursing priorities and actions were analyzed and categorized using a constant comparison technique. Findings: Addressing patient autonomy and quality of life were ethical priorities in the majority of cases. In many cases, nurses analyzed ethics from a diffuse perspective and only considered one dimension of the ethics conflict. However, some nurses were specific in their ethical analysis and proactive in their action choices. Nurses also identified 12 ethics-specific nurse activities, five ways of being, three ways of knowing, and two ways of deliberating. In 21 cases, nurses chose not to pursue their concerns beyond providing standard care. Several nurses expressed significant regret in their narration; most regretted unnecessary pain and suffering, and some claimed they did not do enough for the patient. Conclusions: Not enough specific, evidence-based ethics actions have been developed. Stronger and more proactive nursing voices with early ethics interventions would make valuable contributions to quality of care for patients, especially at the end of life. Clinical Relevance: Ever-expanding treatment options raise ethical issues and challenge nurses to be effective patient advocates. Evidence-based nursing interventions that promptly identify and address moral conflict will benefit patients, their families, and the entire healthcare team by mitigating potential moral distress and disengagement.
The addiction cycle to narcotics in the rat and its relation to catecholamines.

Abstract Tolerance to and physical dependence on several narcotic analgesics were demonstrated in the rat. Daily doses of morphine at 30 and 120 mg kg and levorphanol at 6 and 15 mg kg given in divided doses three times daily were capable of producing tolerance to the analgesic actions. With these treatment regimens withdrawal, by substituting saline for the drug or by using nalorphine, induced severe withdrawal signs characterized by weight loss, marked diarrhea, piloerection, irritability, muscle rigidity and anorexia. In our opinion, the weight loss was the best index of withdrawal; it was dose-dependent and could be quantified. Weight loss was not the result of anorexia. With the above treatments, no deviation from the normal growth curve of the rats was observed. Adrenal hypertrophy with chronic administration of morphine was not demonstrated. Tolerance to methadone was difficult to achieve and none was observed with chronic thebaine treatment. The severity of withdrawal from levorphanol was as great as or greater than that seen after withdrawal from chronic morphine treatment. While an Increase in whole brain norepinephrine (NE) was observed during chronic morphine treatment, no such increase was detected with the chronic administration of levorphanol or methadone, nor was a dose-dependent relationship established. The higher chronic levels of morphine and levorphanol resulted in no higher brain NE concentration. Withdrawal of the animal from morphine reduced brain NE levels to control values. No evidence was obtained indicating that the increased NE levels observed during chronic morphine treatment resulted from an increase in NE synthesis. Morphine enhanced the urinary excretion of catecholamines even during chronic treatment. During withdrawal after chronic drug treatment, larger amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine were excreted, epinephrine being the primary free amine excreted. The excretion after withdrawal was dose-dependent. No relationship exists between any phase of the addiction cycle and the levels of brain NE. The increase in brain NE after morphine is peculiar to this drug and is not a characteristic of the drug class.
Red herring: A rare cause of small bowel obstruction

This is a case report of a 73-year-old man with a small bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated paracaecal hernia. His large right inguinal hernia, initially suspected as a potential source of obstruction, turned out to be a red herring. Congenital internal hernias are a very rare cause of bowel obstruction. In this report we review the literature and embryology behind these uncommon occurrences.
RT-PCR FOR CYTOKINE MRNA EXPRESSION BY AIRWAY CELLS FROM TERM INFANTS WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE. 1920

RT-PCR FOR CYTOKINE MRNA EXPRESSION BY AIRWAY CELLS FROM TERM INFANTS WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE. 1920
Calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaEDTA) toxicity—Effect of lysosomal stabilizers and labilizers on CaEDTA-induced collagen degradation in the rat

Abstract Degradation of collagen accompanies the progression of CaEDTA toxicity in the rat. After the parenteral administration of CaEDTA (6 m-moles/kg/24 hr, constant i.v. infusion for 48 hr), the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline is markedly increased. Radioisotope studies indicated that the source of this enhanced urinary hydroxyproline is the degradation of both mature and immature collagen. The present study was concerned with the effect of known lysosomal stabilizers and labilizers on CaEDTA-induced collagen breakdown. Massive doses of cortisol (50 mg/kg/8 hr, i.m.), as well as other anti-inflammatory agents believed to stabilize lysosomal membranes, were administered together with CaEDTA to rats. The concurrent administration of cortisol partially antagonized the degradative action of CaEDTA as evidenced by a significant reduction in urinary hydroxyproline excretion. Radioisotope labeling experiments traced this reduction in urinary hydroxyproline to inhibition of CaEDTA-induced degradation of mature (insoluble) collagen. In contrast, the concurrent administration of CaEDTA and vitamin A palmitate (250,000 I.U./kg/12 hr, s.c.), a lysosomal labilizer, produced a synergistic increase in urinary hydroxyproline excretion which was the result of increased breakdown of newly formed (soluble, immature) collagen. These results suggest that lysosomal mechanisms play a role in the degradation of collagen produced by CaEDTA.
Coupled alkali feldspar dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation in batch systems – 2: New experiments with supercritical CO2 and implications for carbon sequestration

Abstract In order to evaluate the extent of CO2–water–rock interactions in geological formations for C sequestration, three batch experiments were conducted on alkali feldspars–CO2–brine interactions at 150–200 °C and 300 bars. The elevated temperatures were necessary to accelerate the reactions to facilitate attainable laboratory measurements. Temporal evolution of fluid chemistry was monitored by major element analysis of in situ fluid samples. SEM, TEM and XRD analysis of reaction products showed extensive dissolution features (etch pits, channels, kinks and steps) on feldspars and precipitation of secondary minerals (boehmite, kaolinite, muscovite and paragonite) on feldspar surfaces. Therefore, these experiments have generated both solution chemistry and secondary mineral identity. The experimental results show that partial equilibrium was not attained between secondary minerals and aqueous solutions for the feldspar hydrolysis batch systems. Evidence came from both solution chemistry (supersaturation of the secondary minerals during the entire experimental duration) and metastable co-existence of secondary minerals. The slow precipitation of secondary minerals results in a negative feedback in the dissolution–precipitation loop, reducing the overall feldspar dissolution rates by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the experimental data indicate the form of rate laws greatly influence the steady state rates under which feldspar dissolution took place. Negligence of both the mitigating effects of secondary mineral precipitation and the sigmoidal shape of rate–ΔGr relationship can overestimate the extent of feldspar dissolution during CO2 storage. Finally, the literature on feldspar dissolution in CO2-charged systems has been reviewed. The data available are insufficient and new experiments are urgently needed to establish a database on feldspar dissolution mechanism, rates and rate laws, as well as secondary mineral information at CO2 storage conditions.
The effects of sequential administration of 17β-estradiol on the synthesis and secretion of specific proteins in the immature rat uterus☆☆☆

We report here results of a study of the effect of sequential administration of 1 microgram 17 beta-estradiol in vivo on the incorporation of L-[35S]methionine into specific proteins in vitro in the immature rat uterus. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of labeled secreted uterine proteins and cellular proteins extracted from the luminal epithelial and from the stroma plus myometrial uterine fractions revealed that estradiol preferentially stimulated the synthesis of 110 K, 74 K and 66 K secreted proteins, 180 K and 110 K epithelial proteins and a 175 K stroma-myometrial protein among others, while it decreased the relative rate of synthesis of a 32.5 K secreted protein and a 70 K stroma-myometrial protein. The 110 K protein, a secreted luminal epithelial protein whose labeling in vitro dramatically increased greater than 60-fold per mg endometrial DNA after in vivo estrogen stimulation, may be a useful marker for studying estrogen action in the luminal epithelium of the immature rat uterus. Comparison of the secreted proteins labeled at 28 h (4 h after a second injection) and at 54 h (6 h after a third injection) revealed that estradiol effected a sequential change in the pattern of synthesis of secreted uterine proteins in vitro. Comparison of the number and magnitude of changes in the synthesis of specific proteins in the luminal epithelium and the stroma plus myometrium revealed that protein synthesis in the luminal epithelium is clearly more responsive to estradiol and readily distinguishable from the responsiveness of the stroma plus myometrium.
What criteria should be used for the diagnosis of delirium

DSM-IV made several revisions to the diagnostic criteria for delirium. This paper reviews the empirical data that supported these revisions. More research is needed to evaluate the usefulness of the new criteria and to further define subtypes of delirium.
Extraction of cohesive-zone laws from elastic far-fields of a cohesive crack tip: a field projection method

A solution method of an inverse problem is developed to extract cohesive-zone laws from elastic far-fields surrounding a crack-tip cohesive zone. The solution method is named the “field projection method (FPM).” In the process of developing the method a general form of cohesive-crack-tip fields is obtained and used for eigenfunction expansions of the plane elastic field in a complex variable representation. The closing tractions and the separation-gradients at the cohesive zone are expressed in terms of orthogonal polynomial series expansions of the general-form complex functions. The series expansion forms a set of cohesive-crack-tip eigenfunctions, which is complete and orthogonal in the sense of the interaction J-integral in the far field as well as at the cohesive-zone faces. The coefficients of the eigenfunctions in the J-orthogonal representation are extracted directly, using interaction J-integrals in the far field between the physical field of interest and auxiliary probing fields. The path-independence of the interaction J-integral enables us to identify the cohesive-zone variables, i.e. tractions and separations, and thus the cohesive-zone constitutive laws uniquely from the far-field data. A set of numerical algorithms is developed for the inversion method and the results from numerical experiments suggest that the proposed algorithms are well suited for extracting cohesive-zone laws from the far-field data. The set includes methods to find the position and size of a cohesive zone. Further included are discussions on error analysis and stability of the inversion scheme.
HEMOLYSIS FOLLOWING INFUSIONS OF FAT EMULSIONS.

The quantity of NEFA liberated in the bloodstream after fatty infusions is not sufficient to produce hemolysis. The NEFA concentrations in the spleen after fat infusions could produce hemolysis locally without elevation of circulating NEFA levels. Emulsifying agents may be implicated in the anemia. Phospholipids are hemolytic in saline, but are sufficiently bound by the proteins of plasma to become relatively inactive. Surface-active substances which bind to plasma proteins are the least hemolytic in vitro. Since the nonionic detergents are not bound by plasma proteins, they remain hemolytic in the presence of plasma even in low concentrations. The plasma-binding properties of lecithin, which mollify its hemolytic properties, cause the emulsion to cream in the presence of plasma proteins.
Absolute kinetics of phenylchlorocarbene CH insertion reactions

Abstract Absolute rate constants, activation parameters, a kinetic isotope effect, and hybrid density functional theory computational results are presented for various CH insertion reactions of PhCCl.
A case study of reading instruction in a Philippine classroom

In this article, we describe the reading practices in a public and high-achieving 6th grade English classroom in the Philippines. By utilizing a four resources model, we discuss the different roles that students assume in this classroom. Students in this class are mainly code breakers and text users and have limited opportunities to assume the other two roles of the four resources model. This case study provides a different view of reading, specifically a view of a culture of reading wherein higher status is given to oral reading performance rather than comprehension. We describe the way a high-achieving 6th grade Philippine classroom perceives reading. Through this article, we would like to contribute to the research literature on Philippine education and increase our knowledge of reading practices as they are conceived and practised in this particular classroom.
Cubic Equation of State and Local Composition Mixing Rules: Correlations and Predictions. Application to the Solubility of Solids in Supercritical Solvents

A family of new mixing rules for the cubic equation of state through a synthesis between the classical van der Waals mixing rule and the local composition concept is proposed. The binary interaction parameter in the van der Waals mixing rule, which is devoid of physical meaning, is thus replaced with a more physically meaningful parameter. The new mixing rules were used to correlate the dependence on pressure of the solubilities of a number of solid substances, including penicillins, in supercritical fluids. Because the new mixing rules contain physically meaningful parameters, dependent on the energies of the binary intermolecular interactions, the calculations of those energies can allow one to predict the solubilities of solids in supercritical fluids. Such predictions were made for the solubility of solid CCl4 in the supercritical CF4. The required binary intermolecular energies were computed with the help of quantum mechanical ab initio calculations, and a good agreement between the predicted and exp...
The relationship between fast food and obesity

Public debate regarding the role of government in lowering obesity often focuses on the fact that rising obesity prevalence is evident in all states. This article focuses on the hypothesized link between obesity and fast food employment by examining data on all states over 2001–2009 and controlling for other factors that may influence obesity prevalence. Our examination indicates no support for the view that fast food is a significant causal factor behind the substantial weight gain exhibited by the US population.
Stifle Joint Anatomy and Surgical Approaches in the Dog

This article reviewed the pertinent anatomy and surgical approaches of the canine stifle joint. Anatomically correct approaches to this joint provide for relatively atraumatic entry into the joint, while providing adequate exposure to complete the intra-articular parts of the surgical procedure. Atraumatic surgical exposures provide for less postoperative pain and a better outcome to any surgical procedure.
Wetting Agent Influence on Water Infiltration into Hydrophobic Sand: I. Rewettability

Soil water repellency causes non-uniform water infiltration at slow flow rates, which leads to localized dry spot (LDS) on golf course putting greens. Wetting agents are the primary tool used to reduce soil water repellency on golf courses. Field experiments evaluating the efficacy of wetting agents often result in inconsistent conclusions due to variable environmental conditions, management intensity, and level of hydrophobicity. This study used octadecylamine treated sand, which exhibits stable and consistent water repellency, to test the influence of six commercially available wetting agents on water infiltration and sand rewettability. Replicated and repeated experiments were conducted using an infiltration tube system with a 4.4-cm ponding depth (hₒ). Results showed that Cascade Plus, Tournament-Ready, and Hydro-Wet solutions exhibited significantly faster infiltration with steady flow rates at 35 mm min⁻¹ or more, followed by Revolution and LescoFlo Ultra with a 25 mm min⁻¹ steady flow rate. All treatments enhanced infiltration, but rewettability varied among tested wetting agents following drying cycles at 55°C until treated sand columns reached a constant weight. After three dry–wet cycles, LescoFlo Ultra treated sand exhibited the best rewettability with a steady flow rate at 34 mm min⁻¹. In contrast, treatment with Surfside 37 resulted in limited rewettability; water did not infiltrate after the second dry–wet cycle. Results suggest that there are significant differences in infiltration and rewettability among the wetting agents tested in this study. It is advised that specific management needs deserve consideration before selecting the appropriate wetting agent.
Retroviral restriction by APOBEC proteins

A powerful mechanism of vertebrate innate immunity has been discovered in the past year, in which APOBEC proteins inhibit retroviruses by deaminating cytosine residues in nascent retroviral cDNA. To thwart this cellular defence, HIV encodes Vif, a small protein that mediates APOBEC degradation. Therefore, the balance between APOBECs and Vif might be a crucial determinant of the outcome of retroviral infection. Vertebrates have up to 11 different APOBEC proteins, with primates having the most. APOBEC proteins include AID, a probable DNA mutator that is responsible for immunoglobulin-gene diversification, and APOBEC1, an RNA editor with antiretroviral activities. This APOBEC abundance might help to tip the balance in favour of cellular defences.
The Effects of Handling on Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a commonplace problem of infants who are bom with a birth weight under 1,500 grams and who require mechanical ventilation. The immature nervous system of these infants is easily overwhelmed by sensory overload in the intensive care nursery. The purpose of this research was to: (a) quantify the physiologic distress signals (PDS) exhibited by the infant with BPD during handling procedures and (b) compare these findings to a group of healthy preterm infants from birth through hospital discharge. The subjects were 32 preterm infants, 9 of whom had BPD. From 28 to 38 weeks postconceptual age the infants with BPD demonstrated significantly more tachycardia, tachypnea and bradycardia when being handled as well as other subtle physiologic distress signals. They were significantly older when selected PDS disappeared. These findings have implications for planning care for infants with BPD.
Optimal project compression with due‐dated events

The paper proposes an algorithm for the determination of the solution of the activities to be shortened and the amount by which they are to be shortened in order to minimize the total cost of project completion. This cost involves a linear penalty for tardienss of a set of key events and a linear cost of activity compression from its normal duration. The procedure is a generalization of the work of Fulkerson.
Households, Houses, Neighborhoods and Corporate Villages: Modeling the Early Bronze Age as a House Society

In the ongoing investigation of southern Levantine Early Bronze Age (EBA) walled settlements, archaeologists are uncovering a diversity of expression of life in walled communities that challenges the normative boundaries of traditional models of urbanism, secondary state formation, chiefdoms and the nature and role of ritual and elite institutions. Building on Philip's (2001) discussion of EBA walled settlements as dynamic corporate villages, this paper employs the anthropological model of house societies as a framework for discussing the social, economic and political networks within corporate villages. Drawing on excavated data from residential, non-residential and mortuary contexts at several EBA sites, I explore the economic, social and political relationships between residential and non-residential realms in terms of social differentiation and civic governance within these communities. I argue that we enhance our understanding of EBA society by viewing the data through the lens of the house society model, originally developed by Levi-Strauss (1982).
Lipid mobilization and food intake in experimentally obese mice bearing transplanted tumors.

SummaryA transplanted stomach tumor (CBA 2663) caused a striking decrease in total body lipid content and suppression of food intake while growing in GTG-obese and genetically “yellow obese” mice. Nonobese mice bearing the same tumor showed a comparable percentage of lipid depletion, but food intake decreased only as the host became moribund. The rate of lipid depletion was greater in the GTG-obese compared to nonobese hosts on a per gram tumor weight basis. Lipid depletion proceeded at a faster rate in GTG-obese (CBA × C57Bl)F1 hybrids bearing the CBA tumor compared to a sarcoma (C57B114) both having the same growth rate. Food intake was also rapidly depressed in the F1 hybrids bearing the CBA tumor, but not in those with the C57Bl sarcoma. It is suggested that the CBA tumor has some unique biological characteristics, which facilitates mobilization of body lipid stores which in turn influences food intake.
Innovation diffusion and technology acceptance: The case of PKI technology

Abstract This paper proposed a model for security technology adoption and implementation through the examination of factors affecting adoption and implementation of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology. In the early 1990s, PKI was widely believed to be the panacea for solving a number of security issues that would open the door for business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce. However, history has demonstrated a lack of broad-based adoption of PKI by organizations, although the use of digital certificates has become fairly prevalent. Why has implementation of the PKI technology been so narrow? What are the factors that mediate security technology adoption and implementation? Technology use, diffusion and adoption literature provide a conceptual framework and theoretical motivation for examining the case of PKI. Additional insight is provided by the examination of the experience of a few organizations that have, to some degree, implemented PKI technology, supplemented by a review of published information on other organizational PKI experiences. The combination of theoretical and practical considerations yield a security implementation model that we believe sheds light on the factors affecting PKI implementation and shows promise for examination of security technology adoption in general. We believe that the model and the research that supports it has important implications for both academics and practitioners in gaining a better understanding of the process for adoption of security technologies by public and private organizations.