cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact Inference for Categorical Data

Commonly used methods for analyzing categorical data rely on asymptotic theory and may be misleading for small data sets. Exact P values and confidence limits are available based on the permutation distributions of appropriate test statistics. Details are given here for a wide range of settings with contingency tables, which may be stratified or involve clustering, including also logistic regression. Various software packages are available. Keywords: contingency table; nonparametric; permutation; stratification; logistic regression; P value; Kruskal–Wallis; Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney; trend; Jonckheere–Terpstra; clustering StatXact
THE QUESTION OF AN AQUEOUS HORMONE FROM THE TESTICLE11

MOTTRAM AND CRAMER (I) appear to have been the first to suggest, on the basis of experimental findings, that the generative tissue of the testis secretes a substance distinct and independent from the hormone presumed to come exclusively from the interstitial cells of Leydig. Support for this notion has come from the investigations of Martins and Rocha (2), Myers and CO-workers (3, 4), McCullagh and Walsh (5), and Vidgoffand associates (6, 7), as well as others. Theseinvestigations have led the above workers to concur in the idea that the germinal epithelium secretes an aqueous hormone (inhibin) that exercises the known inhibitory action of the testicle on the pituitary gland without directly influencing the accessory reproductive glands and, second, that the lipoid hormone contributed by the Leydig cells and controlling the accessory reproductive glands is without effect on the pituitary.
NMR study of mercurial-chloride ion equilibria

Abstract 35Cl NMR is used to determine the chloride coordination number of mercury in compounds of the form RSHgCln. In 1M NaCl at pH 6·5 n is found to be 1 and no further association of chloride ion with mercury is required to explain the NMR data. The equilibrium constant for the reaction RSHgCl + I− = RSHgI + Cl− is estimated to be 4× 104.
Left ventricular volumes determined by two-dimensional echocardiography in a normal adult population

The purpose of this study was to determine normal population volume variables of the left ventricle as determined by different algorithms currently available. Two-dimensional echocardiography was prospectively performed on 52 normal volunteers to determine normal left ventricular volume and ejection fraction as a prerequisite to their clinical application. All echocardiograms were performed using a commercially available two-dimensional phased array sector scanner. Three algorithms were applied to three views in various combinations. Ejection fraction calculations were found to be reliable, reproducible and independent of the algorithm employed. Left ventricular volumes were larger in men than in women (probability [p]
Who Is Buying Bioethics Research

Growing ties to private industry have prompted many to question the impartiality of academic bioethicists who receive financial support from for-profit corporations in exchange for ethics-related services and research. To the extent that corporate sponsors may view bioethics as little more than a way to strengthen public relations or avoid potential controversy, close ties to industry may pose serious threats to professional independence. New sources of support from private industry may also divert bioethicists from pursuing topics of greater social importance, such as the needs of medically underserved communities. To inform ongoing debates about the financing of bioethics and its transparency to those concerned about potential sources of bias, we examined funding disclosures appearing in original research reports in major bioethics journals. Reviewing research published over a 15-year period, we found little evidence that for-profit corporations are influencing bioethics research directly. Instead, we f...
Comprehensive treatment to social order: A Chinese approach against crime

This study systematically examines the strategy of comprehensive treatment to social order employed by the Chinese government since the 1980s. This social project is designed to mobilize and coordinate the efforts of the whole society to fight against crime by using political, legal, economic, administrative, and educational measures. Based on secondary sources, the authors analyze the emergence and emphases of this social project, and compare this new approach with traditional strategies.
Photophosphorylation by isolated chromatophores of the purple sulfur bacteria

Abstract Chromatophores were isolated from the photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium, Chromatium strain D. These particles were capable of a light-dependent esterification of ADP and inorganic phosphate with the resulting formation of ATP. Phosphorylation was stimulated by the supernatant from the ruptured cells. The supernatant contained two stimulatory substances: one a heat-stable factor such as DPNH or succinate, and a second labile protein. No additional cofactors were required.
Of Lion Manes and Human Beards: Some Unusual Effects of the Interaction between Aggression and Sociality.

Abstract The function of manes in lions has been a topic of scientific interest since Darwin (1871) suggested that it provides protection in intraspecific fights. Recent experimental studies on wild lions have emphasized the role of female selection, but analyses of specific attack behaviors and targets, and the social consequences of manelessness for lions living in very hot climates suggest that male manes may indeed mitigate the outcomes of intraspecific male attack and thus serve a permissive function for multimale + female groups, facilitating protection of prides against takeovers and infanticide by nomadic males. Humans also have unusual structural protections for the head, face and neck, areas that are especially accessible during intraspecies attack, and highly vulnerable to damage. One of these, the beard, consists of coarse hairs that grow indefinitely, but only for males, and only during and following puberty; suggesting that it, like the lion’s mane, may serve as protection in intraspecies male fights. Such structural protections may reflect a specific combination of lethal weaponry and social lifestyle, particularly when these are developed so rapidly that they are not accompanied by the evolution of complex attack-inhibiting social behaviors.
Neurogenesis and cell death in olfactory epithelium

The olfactory epithelium (OE) of the mammal is uniquely suited as a model system for studying how neurogenesis and cell death interact to regulate neuron number during development and regeneration. To identify factors regulating neurogenesis and neuronal death in the OE, and to determine the mechanisms by which these factors act, investigators studied OE using two major experimental paradigms: tissue culture of OE; and ablation of the olfactory bulb or severing the olfactory nerve in adult animals, procedures that induce cell death and a subsequent surge of neurogenesis in the OE in vivo. These studies characterized the cellular stages in the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) lineage, leading to the realization that at least three distinct stages of proliferating neuronal precursor cells are employed in generating ORNs. The identification of a number of factors that act to regulate proliferation and survival of ORNs and their precursors suggests that these multiple developmental stages may serve as control points at which cell number is regulated by extrinsic factors. In vivo surgical studies, which have shown that all cell types in the neuronal lineage of the OE undergo apoptotic cell death, support this idea. These studies, and the possible coregulation of neuronal birth and apoptosis in the OE, are discussed.
Low levels of ionic mercury modulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation in lymphocytes.

The ability of ionic mercury to induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse spleen cells and in the mouse WEHI-231 B-cell lymphoma was investigated. We have confirmed previous studies which showed that exposure to high levels (several hundred μM) of mercury lead to very large increases in the level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in these cell systems. However we have also demonstrated that low levels (in the order of 0.1 to 1.0 μM) of mercury also significantly upregulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Mercury induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation is inhibited by the mercury chelator penicillamine and by pretreating treating target cells with the sulfhydryl blocking reagent N-hydroxymaleimide. These results suggest that exposure to low levels of mercury could potentially interfere with lymphocyte signal transduction and so offer a possible explanation as to how mercury exposure could lead to immune cellular dysfunction. On a molecular level, the results suggest that the site(s) of action with respect to mercury dependent induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is likely a free disulfide group or groups located on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
Cell autonomous requirement of endocardial Smad4 during atrioventricular cushion development in mouse embryos

Atrioventricular (AV) cushions are the precursors of AV septum and valves. In this study, we examined roles of Smad4 during AV cushion development using a conditional gene inactivation approach. We found that endothelial/endocardial inactivation of Smad4 led to the hypocellular AV cushion defect and that both reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis contributed to the defect. Expression of multiple genes critical for cushion development was down-regulated in mutant embryos. In collagen gel assays, the number of mesenchymal cells formed is significantly reduced in mutant AV explants compared to that in control explants, suggesting that the reduction of cushion mesenchyme formation in mutants is unlikely secondary to their gross vasculature abnormalities. Using a previously developed immortal endocardial cell line, we showed that Smad4 is required for BMP signaling- stimulated upregulation of Tbx20 and Gata4. Therefore, our data collectively support the cell-autonomous requirement of endocardial Smad4 in regulating AV cushion development.
Wigner quasi-distributions for arbitrary operators

Abstract We present methods for constructing quasi-distributions for two arbitrary operators. Among the methods are the characteristic function, the local autocorrelation, windowing, and unitary transformation approaches. We also consider the first conditional moment of the distribution and interpret it as a local value.
Perceived reality and the cultivation hypothesis

The relationship specified by the cultivation hypothesis was elaborated by using a concept of perceived reality that included the dimensions of Magic Window, Instruction, and Identity. As in previous studies, the cultivation effect was nonsignificant after controls for demographics were introduced. However, the cultivation effect was found in certain subgroups of subjects partitioned according to their level of perceived reality.
Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in blueberries as affected by genotype and growing season

Blueberry fruits from five commercial cultivars and 13 breeding selections grown at the same locations over two growing seasons were analysed for total phenolics (TPH), total anthocyanins (ACY), total hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA), total flavonols (FLA), fruit weight and oxygen radical-absorbing capacity (ORAC). Variation in ORAC, TPH, ACY, HCA, FLA and fruit weight among genotypes was much greater than that observed between growing seasons, indicating that genetics plays a more important role than growing season in influencing ORAC and phenolic content in blueberries. Significant main effects for growing season and genotype × growing season observed for ORAC, ACY, HCA and fruit weight demonstrate that environmental growing conditions can impact levels of phenolics and ORAC in blueberries and that certain genotypes vary in their capacity to synthesise phenolics under different growing conditions. In general, genotypes with smaller berries had higher ORAC values and levels of TPH, ACY, HCA and FLA than large-berried genotypes. Over both growing seasons, ORAC correlated highly with TPH, ACY, HCA and FLA, while fruit weight correlated inversely with all phenolics measured. Our results indicate that blueberry genotypes should be screened over multiple growing seasons in order to identify antioxidant- and phenolic-rich germplasm. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Data, information, knowledge: The emerging field of health informatics

Editor's Summary The area of health informatics applies information science methods to analyze and understand health care information, to progress from raw data to knowledge, for improved problem solving, decision-making and care delivery. With the field still relatively young and subspecialties already branching off, the terminology and scope continue to evolve. The fundamental model is shifting from treatment of an illness to wellness and disease prevention and viewing an individual's daily life in the broad context of factors that influence health. As the field takes shape, professional education is typically originating in health education for the informatician or in information science and technology for the health informaticist, with complementary coursework to expand understanding of and competency in the interdisciplinary field. The rapid growth and high demand for health informatics is stimulating an expansion of educational opportunities with degrees at all levels both in the United States and at international institutions. Conferences, professional publications and online resources on the topic multiply, serving those interested in making health informatics a career.
Economy of representation and reversal shift behavior

Two experiments sought to investigate the influence the number of words in a representational response has upon the speed of reversal learning. In Exp. I an attempt was made to control the length of the representational response by varying the number of words (2, 4, 8, or 20) in each of the two sorting categories. The expectation was that the representational response for S s sorting related (R) words, instances from the same natural-language conceptual category, would consist of one word (e.g., clothing ) regardless of the number of items in the category. In contrast the size of the representational response for S s sorting categories of unrelated (U) words was expected to be proportional to the number of words in each category. Although the results indicated that a reversal shift was executed more rapidly with R-as compared to U-words, no significant interaction effect was obtained between the relatedness of words and the number of items in each sorting category. In Exp. II the sorting categories consisted of the same number (20) of words but different numbers (1, 2, 5, and 10) of concepts. The expectation was that the size of the representational response would be proportional to the number of concepts within each sorting category. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the more economical a representational response is, the more effective that response will be in mediating reversal learning.
Reduced-activation bainitic and martensitic steels for nuclear fusion applications

Abstract Reduced-activation steels were developed to enhance safety and reduce adverse environmental effects of future fusion power plants. Martensitic and bainitic steels were developed during the 1985–1990 timeframe, and the feasibility of their use for fusion was investigated in an international collaboration from 1994 to present. Work continues to improve the steels and understand the effect of neutron irradiation on them.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Inkjet Assisted Spray Cooling

Increases in microprocessor power density along with an accompanying spatial variation in power density has been well documented in recent years. These combined factors pose a severe challenge for the provisioning of cooling resources at the microprocessor level. The use of thermal inkjet technology to precisely supply coolant onto the surface of a microprocessor has the potential to address this problem in a chip-scale form factor. By providing coolant when and where it is needed on the surface of a chip or package, very high critical heat fluxes can be obtained in an energy efficient manner in a minimum of physical space. In this paper, the unique heat transfer characteristics of inkjet assisted spray cooling of a heated surface are investigated. Sprays of water are used to cool heated surfaces ranging from 281mm2 to 35mm2 . Several experiments are conducted at different nozzle-to-surface distances to measure critical heat flux (CHF) at different flow rates and firing frequencies. The impact of volumetric flux variation on CHF is studied. CHF data, measured over broad range of operating conditions is correlated to volumetric flux and liquid properties. Flow visualization studies are also conducted to understand the vapor-liquid interaction at the heater surface and the intermediate region. Jet breakup length studies are carried out to understand the propagation of Rayleigh instabilities in the spray jets and, subsequent, formation of liquid drops. CHF data combined with fluid flow studies have been used to optimize the nozzle-to-surface clearance. Results obtained from these experiments are invaluable for the design of micro scale spray cooling devices for chips.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Dysfunctional thinking is activated by stressful life events.

This study tests the hypothesis that dysfunctional thinking is activated by stressful life events for those who are vulnerable to depression. Asymptomatic individuals who are vulnerable to depression were predicted to report disproportionately high levels of dysfunctional thinking following stressful life events as compared with those who are less vulnerable to depression. As predicted, reports of negative thinking increased as stressful life events increased for those with a history of depression (n = 14) but not for those who had never been depressed (n = 197). These findings support the cognitive theory of depression, which proposes that dysfunctional beliefs remain latent until activated by stressful life events.
Invited Review: Selection on Net Merit to Improve Lifetime Profit

Abstract Genetic selection has made dairy cows more profit-able producers of milk. Genetic evaluations began with 2 traits measured on a few cows but now include many traits measured on millions of cows. Selection indexes from USDA included yield traits beginning in 1971, productive life and somatic cell score beginning in 1994, conformation traits in 2000, and cow fertility and calving ease in 2003. This latest revision of net merit should result in 2% more progress, worth $5 million/yr nationally, with improved cow health and fitness, but slightly less progress for yield. Fertility and longevity evaluations have similar reliability because cows can have several fertility records, each with lower heritability, compared with one longevity record with higher heritability. Lifetime profit can be estimated more accurately if less heritable traits are evaluated and included instead of ignored. Milk volume has a positive value for fluid use, but a negative value for cheese production. Thus, multiple selection indexes are needed for different markets and production systems. Breeding programs should estimate future rather than current costs and prices. Many other nations have derived selection indexes similar to US net merit.
Recent results on pion-pion interactions obtained from pion production experiments

Abstract The theoretical methods used to extract ππ phase shifts from inelastic πN scattering experiments are presented in detail. A critical review of the major analyses which study ππ interactions in the ϱ region is given. The specific points on which the various methods differ, as well as the theoretical assumptions which are common to all, are presented. Finally, an attempt is made to extract from all experiments a consistent set of S-wave phase shifts in the region 600 MeV to 1000 MeV.
Managerial equity ownership and bank performance: entrenchment or size effects?

Abstract Managerial stock ownership is inversely related to accounting profits and market values for commercial banks. However, high managerial stock ownership is only typical for small banks. Inferior performance by closely-held banks may simply reflect diseconomies of small scale operation.
Influence of the adsorption of organic compounds on submonoleyer stripping voltammetry of metals at solid electrodes

The effect of the adsorption of foreign organic compounds on the stripping voltammetry of metal adatoms deposited in submonolayer amounts at solid electrodes has been analyzed. It is shown that, for irreversible metal deposition processes, the adatom deposition current and, at a constant deposition time, the deposition charge are sensitive to the presence of the adsorbed foreign species on the electrode surface. Equations describing the dependence of the metal adatom deposition charge and the stripping peak current on the deposition potential, deposition time, concentration, and lateral exchange interactions between metal adatoms and adsorbed molecules have been derived. In the case of negligible exchange interactions, the peak current for adatom probe desorption decreases linearly with the surface coverage by foreign adsorbate. Direct evaluation of the kind and strength of exchange interactions is possible because the expression derived for the metal adatom desorption peak potential was used. It was found that the shift of the peak potential to more positive potentials is due to the lateral attraction exchange interactions, while the shift to more negative potentials was caused by the exchange repulsion interactions. No shift in the peak potential occurred in the absence of exchange interactions irrespective of the adatom surface coverage after the deposition step.
Identification of an uncoupling mutation affecting the b subunit of F1F0 ATP synthase in Escherichia coli

Abstract A specific b subunit arginine, b Arg-36 in Escherichia coli , displays evolutionary conservation among bacterial F 1 F 0 ATP synthases. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate a collection of mutations affecting b Arg-36 . The phenotype differed depending upon the substitution, and the b Arg-36→Glu and b Arg-36→Ile substitutions virtually abolished enzyme function. Although the total amounts of F 1 F 0 ATP synthase present in the membranes prepared from mutant strains were reduced, the primary effect of the b Arg-36 substitutions was on the activities of the intact enzyme complexes. The most interesting result was that the b Arg-36→Glu substitution results in the uncoupling of a functional F 0 from F 1 ATP hydrolysis activity.
The PKD protein qilin undergoes intraflagellar transport.

Cilia play diverse roles in motility and sensory reception, and defects in their formation and function underlie cilia-related human diseases [1]. One such disease is polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a heritable nephropathy associated with defects in the formation and function of sensory (also known as primary) cilia within renal tubules of the kidney [2]. Because the assembly and maintenance of these sensory cilia depends upon the intraflagellar transport (IFT) of axoneme and ciliary membrane components, such as polycystins [3], defective IFT is one of the factors that can contribute to PKD.
TOLERABLE VARIATION IN ITEM PARAMETER ESTIMATES FOR LINEAR AND ADAPTIVE COMPUTER‐BASED TESTING

Item parameter estimates vary for a variety of reasons, including estimation error, characteristics of the examinee samples, and context effects (e.g., item location effects, section location effects, etc.). Although we expect variation based on theory, there is reason to believe that observed variation in item parameter estimates exceeds what theory would predict. This study examined both items that were administered linearly in a fixed order each time that they were used and items that had appeared in different adaptive testing item pools. The study looked at both the magnitude of variation in the item parameter estimates and the impact of this variation in the estimation of test-taker scores. The results showed that the linearly administered items exhibited remarkably small variation in parameter estimates over repeated calibrations. Similar findings with adaptively administered items in another high stakes testing program were also found when initial adaptively based item parameter estimates were compared with estimates from repeated use. The results of this study also indicated that context effects played a more significant role in adaptive item parameters when the comparisons were made to the parameters that were initially obtained from linear paper-and-pencil testing.
Exploring neutrino oscillations with superbeams

We consider the medium- and long-baseline oscillation physics capabilities of intense muon-neutrino and muon-antineutrino beams produced using future upgraded megawatt-scale high-energy proton beams. In particular we consider the potential of these conventional neutrino ``superbeams'' for observing ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ oscillations, determining the hierarchy of neutrino mass eigenstates, and measuring $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the lepton sector. The physics capabilities of superbeams are explored as a function of the beam energy, baseline, and the detector parameters (fiducial mass, background rates, and systematic uncertainties on the backgrounds). The trade-offs between very large detectors with poor background rejection and smaller detectors with excellent background rejection are illustrated. We find that, with an aggressive set of detector parameters, it may be possible to observe ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ oscillations with a superbeam provided that the amplitude parameter ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}2{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ is larger than a few $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}.$ If ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}2{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ is of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ or larger, then the neutrino mass hierarchy can be determined in long-baseline experiments, and if in addition the large mixing angle MSW solution describes the solar neutrino deficit, then there is a small region of parameter space within which maximal $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the lepton sector would be observable (with a significance of a few standard deviations) in a low-energy medium-baseline experiment. We illustrate our results by explicitly considering massive water Cherenkov and liquid argon detectors at superbeams with neutrino energies ranging from 1 GeV to 15 GeV, and baselines ranging from 295 km to 9300 km. Finally, we compare the oscillation physics prospects at superbeams with the corresponding prospects at neutrino factories. The sensitivity at a neutrino factory to $\mathrm{CP}$ violation and the neutrino mass hierarchy extends to values of the amplitude parameter ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}2{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ that are one to two orders of magnitude lower than at a superbeam.
Comparative Study of Two Methods for Driving Electrodynamic Zero-Net Mass-Flux Actuators

CaC = acoustic compliance of cavity CaD = acoustic compliance of diaphragm G = gyrator constant LeCoil = electrical coil inductance MaD = acoustic mass of diaphragm MaN = acoustic mass of neck MaRad = acoustic radiation mass QC = volumetric flow velocity of cavity compression and expansion QD = total volumetric flow velocity generated by diaphragm QN = volumetric flow velocity through neck RaD = acoustic resistance of diaphragm RaNnl = nonlinear acoustic resistance associatedwith discharge from neck ReCoil = electrical resistance of coil Vac = input voltage source amplitude ZaD = total diaphragm acoustic impedance ZaFl = total acoustic impedance of acoustic/fluidic domain ZaN = total acoustic impedance of neck ZeCoil = electrical impedance of coil ZeFl = total reflected electrical impedance of acoustic/fluidic domain (G∕ZaFl) ZeTot = total electrical impedance of actuator (ZeCoil ZeFl)
A primer of Darwinian medicine

I have always been interested in how different disciplinary fields are merged and, since Williams and Nesse's landmark article that introduced us to evolutionary medicine [1], I have followed the field with rapt attention. Recently, I teamed up with a physician, Barbara Natterson-Horowitz, and co-founded UCLA's evolutionary medicine program. I spend a lot more time than I ever had before with physicians, and believe I am getting a boots-on-ground education in how one cultivates interdisciplinary discourse, as well as how one develops a pipeline to generate genuinely interdisciplinary advances.
Influence of D-net (EUROPEAN GSM-standard) cellular telephones on implanted pacemakers in children.

ELSHERSHARI, H., ET AL.: Influence of D-Net (EUROPEAN GSM-Standard) Cellular Telephones on Implanted Pacemakers in Children. This study was designed to evaluate possible interactions between digital cellular telephones and implanted pacemakers in children. The study comprised 95 patients (53 males and 42 females) with a mean age of 11.5 ′ 4.6 years (range 1-22 years). The average time from pacemaker implantation was 2.5 years (range 1 month-12 years). Fourteen (15%) devices were dual chamber and the remaining were single chamber pacemakers. The following companies manufactured the pacemakers tested: Medtronic (n = 42), Telectronics (n = 9), Vitatron (n = 16), Pacesetter (n = 19), CPI (n = 8), and Biotronik (n = 1). All the patients were tested in the supine position during continuous ECG monitoring. After completion of the routine pacemaker check, the effects of the European Global system for mobile communication (GSM) was tested using two cellular telephone models (Ericsson GA 628 and Siemens S 25, 2-W power). For this purpose, atrial and ventricular sensitivity settings were programmed to the most sensitive values, and the tests were carried out in the unipolar and bipolar sensing modes. The evaluation was performed during ringing, switching on/off, and conversation phase with the cellular telephone positioned over the pulse generator and around the pacemaker pocket. A malfunction of the pacemaker was not observed in any patient. Only 1 (1%) of 95 patients showed a brief oversensing problem during calls with the cellular telephone. In this case, an AAIR pacemaker was implanted transvenously in a subcutaneous pocket and the sensing defect occurred only with the unipolar sensing mode and was not reproducible. Once the source of interference was removed, no sensing defect was detected and the patient remained asymptomatic. No symptoms were experienced in this study. The authors believe that pacemaker dependent patients with nonprotected pulse generators manufactured at the beginning of 1990s may be tested by their physicians for possible interferences before they use a digital cellular telephone.
Simultaneous Control of Voltage and Power Factor

A method of maintaining constant voltage at the load center of a transmission system, utilizing load ratio control equipment in combination with fixed capacitors, is described in this paper. This method combines the desirable performance characteristics of both the synchronous condenser and load ratio control methods, and in some cases results in appreciable savings in overall system losses.
Incentive schedules, productivity, and satisfaction in work groups: A laboratory study☆

Abstract A factorial laboratory study examined the effects of individual incentives and group incentives. The subjects were 144 college students who worked in three-person groups on a card-sorting task. Both individual and group incentives significantly increased task performance. The experimental condition which contained both an individual and group incentive resulted in the highest level of performance, but also resulted in perceptions of the pay system as being unfair. Personal pay satisfaction was not affected by any pay condition. Results also were not in accord with predictions of equity theory concerning both performances and satisfaction. It was concluded that current conceptions of pay inequity may have to be modified to include a distinction between personal pay satisfaction and the perceived fairness of a pay system.
A new method for determination of elastolytic activity using [14C] labeled elastin and its application to leukocytic elastase

Abstract A new, highly sensitive and specific assay for elastolytic activity is described which employs insoluble elastin randomly labeled with [ 14 C]. The substrate was prepared by labeling amino groups of the protein in vitro with [ 14 C] methyl groups by reductive alkylation. The substrate was used to quantitate elastolytic activity from human leukocytes and to compare leukocytic elastase with pancreatic elastase. Purified human leukocytic elastase was approximately one-fourth as active as pancreatic elastase. Similar difference between leukocytic elastase and pancreatic elastase activities was found when the enzymes were tested against succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine-p-nitroanilide, but not when t-BOC-L-alanine-p-nitrophenyl ester was used.
Sensitivity of Josephson-effect millimeter-wave radiometer

The noise temperature and the minimum detectable temperature of a Josephson junction in video detection of microwave and millimeter-wave radiation has been calculated. We use the well-known method based on a Fokker-Planck equation. The noise temperature can be very close to ambient temperature. Because its predetection bandwidth is very wide, a Josephson-effect radio telescope receiver can have a minimum detectable temperature better than that of a traveling-wave maser.
An Approach to Work-up of Dysmorphic Patients: Clinical, Cytogenetic, and Molecular Aspects.

In view of recent advancement in the field of medical genetics, one approach to work-up a dysmorphic patient is to focus on how to study the patient clinically, cytogenetically, and molecularly. A clear understanding about major and minor anomalies, classification and terminologies of errors of morphogenesis, history taking, physical examination, laboratory studies including molecular cytogenetic techniques, genomic imprinting, uniparental disomy, and mosaicism is essential. Several clinical cases from my own experience are provided to illustrate my approach to work-up of dysmorphic patients. Case 1 was a newborn with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) and a de novo dup (1) (pter→q25::q12→qter). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) unequivocally identified the duplicated region. Case 2 was a stillborn who had frontonasal dysplasia, arrhinencephaly, and other MCA with 46, XX, -7, +der(7), t(2;7) (q31;q36)mat. Her MCA were due to combined effect of trisomy 2q and monosomy 7q. This case helped to define the physical mapping of the critical region for a mild form of holoprosencephaly to 7q36. Case 3 had a classic de Lange phenotype with genital abnormality and sex reversal (46, XX male). Presence of SRY suggests X-Y interchange during paternal meiosis I. Case 4 was a female with primary amenorrhea, short stature, and 45, X/46, X, idic(Y)/47, X, idic(Y), idic(Y). This case demonstrates the need for molecular analyses to confirm the cytogenetic interpretations and allowed the refinement of the breakpoint in the isodicentric Y and karyotype/phenotype correlations. Case 5 & 6 were half sibs with ambiguous genitalia, minor somatic abnormalities, and dup (X) (p21.2→p22.11)mat. Limited extent of the Xp duplication in these cases allows assignment of the X-linked sex-reversal (SRVX) locus to Xp21.2→p22.11.
The effect of skill training on functional abilities of nursing home residents with dementia

The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the effects of skill training, a traditional stimulation approach, and regular care (control group) on the ability to perform the basic activities of daily living of nursing home residents with dementia. Sixty-three subjects were randomly selected and randomly assigned to the three groups. Ability to perform the basic activities of daily living (ADLs) and progress toward meeting individually set ADL-related goals were measured. Significant differences were found in two of the three measures used. In general, the greatest improvement was found in the skill training group, modest improvement in the simulation group, and decline in the control group.
Combination Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Continuing Education Article

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disorder of the small pulmonary arteries characterized by progressive fibrotic and proliferative changes that result in an increased pulmonary vascular resistance. It is a progressive and debilitating disease that leads to right ventricular dysfunction, impairment in activity tolerance and eventually right-sided heart failure, and premature death. The treatment goals for PAH include improvement in symptoms, improvement in functional class and exercise class, decreased morbidity, and preventing mortality. Combination therapy in the treatment of PAH is an emerging therapeutic option. Combining therapies with differing mechanisms of action will maximize therapeutic benefits such as symptom control and increased rate of survival. The updated 2007 American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines recommend combination therapy in functional classes III and IV if there is no improvement with current therapy or if there is deterioration in class. PAH monotherapy has been shown to improve symptoms, but the patients' hemodynamic parameters may not be normalized, leading to further pulmonary vascular remodeling. Combination therapy offers an additional option for those patients who are unable to stabilize on monotherapy.
Design optimization of glass-embedded capacitive-type water sensors

Capacitors consisting of oppositely charged inductor bars sandwiched between two parallel plates of glass are well suited for applications requiring the detection of water. The sensitivity to water on the glass surface is a complication function of both the geometry and dielectric properties of the sensor and its environment. A closed-form analytical model suitable for use in the optimization of such sensors is presented. The model is successfully applied to the design optimization of an example and is verified using a finite-different model and test results. >
Fluid substitution and shear-wave velocity prediction including dispersion effects: A case study, NW Shelf, Australia

SUMMARY We present a fluid substitution case study in which the acoustic parameters (P- and S-wave velocities and density) are corrected for invasion and dispersion effects. The corrections are necessary since well log measurements are done in a borehole and at sonic frequencies. Shear-wave velocity is predicted using a method that depends on (1) empirical relationships between P- and S-wave velocities and (2) first order applicability of the Biot-Gassmann theory to real rocks. We apply these concepts to a dataset from the NW Shelf of Australia. The results of fluid substitution from partial to 100% water-saturated lithologies compare favorably to the available core data. The predicted S-wave velocity values are compared to dipole logs and exhibit an average absolute error of 5%. Dispersion correction was only required in low gassaturated shaly sands; whereas, clean sands required no dispersion correction.
Role of miRNA and cancer stem cells in chemoresistance and pancreatic cancer treatment

, limiting the chance for com-plete excision of these tumors. Furthermore, prolonged treatment with chemotherapyresultsinmultidrugresistance.Inrecentyears,scientistsandphysicianshaveexpandedsignificant efforts to explain the underlying mechanism of chemoresistance forimproving both duration of survival and quality of life. The highly complex natureof drug resistance renders current single agent or multiple drug combinations ineffec-tive, leading to poor patient survival making pancreatic cancer one of the deadliestmalignancies. To date, a variety of distinct and disparate molecular mechanismshave been suggested including the role of ATP binding cassette (ABC)-transporters,increased DNA repair and dysregulation of the apoptotic machinery, enhanced cyto-plasmic inactivation of drug metabolites and overexpression of oncogenes or down-regulation of tumor suppressor genes. Despite these advances, our understanding ofchemoresistance in pancreatic cancer is fragmentary and incomplete. Recent studiesin our lab and by other groups
THE EFFECT OF CLOTHING ON THE GROWTH OF VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS

VLBW infants are frequently nursed naked in incubators. A plastic shield or clothing will reduce insensible water loss (IWL) radiant heat loss and caloric expenditure. We studied 6 VLBW infants (680-1300g, gestation 28-31 wks) with and without clothes to assess the effect on growth. To enter the study, infants had to have regained their birth weight and be thriving. They were nursed in servocontrolled incubators, relative humidity 25-401 and abdominal skin temperature was maintained at 36.5°C. Infants were studied for one week naked (diapers only) and one week clothed (shirts, socks, caps), the order being randomized using a balanced latin square design and each serving as his own control. Caloric intake per kg body weight was constant for each study period. Mean weight gain over one week when clothed was 157±28g (SD) versus 97±44g (SD) when naked (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in length, head circumference or skinfold thickness measured at 15 and 60 seconds using Harpenden calipers. (The Δ skinfold thickness at 15-60 seconds reflects subcutaneous interstitial water and that at 60 seconds subcutaneous fat.) These data suggest that clothing VLBW infants reduces caloric expenditure and has a significant effect on their weight gain. This gain probably represents an increase in tissue mass and not water retention.
Influence of Rice and Purified Diets upon Cardiac Behavior of Thiamine Deficient Rats

SummaryCardiac damage was produced in rats by a severe chronic thiamine deficiency. Rats fed a natural polished rice diet and/or a purified diet with thiamine added to approximate that naturally present in rice had less severe physiologic and pathologic changes than rats fed a thiamine free purified diet. The results of this experiment indicate that the protection shown by the rice diet and a purified diet with thiamine approximately equal to that of the rice diet was due to the trace of thiamine and not to some unknown substance or property in rice.
Reproductive Isolation among Certain Spider Mites of the Tetranychus Telarius Complex, with Preliminary Systematic Notes

Sixteen geographical strains from Europe and North America were used in testing degrees of relationships among the various components of the species complex. Matings were made between the various green strains, between green and red, and between the several red strains. Results indicate lack of conspecificity between the European Tetranychus telarius (L.) and the American T. bimaculatus Harvey. In Europe, the red members of the complex include at least one British and one Continental species, and the same is true of the green ones. Pending a study of the synonymy, the European red forms are left under T. cinnabarinus (Boisd.), the green ones under T. telarius. On the North American continent, T. bimaculatus is divided into an eastern onymotypic subspecies and a new Pacific Coast subspecies, T. b. occidentalis. The so-called “red phase” is found to include two previously described species, T. multisetis McG. (California) and T. lobosus Boudr. (Louisiana and Texas), as well as two new species, T. marylandicus (Maryland) and T. australis (Texas to Mississippi). The aedeagus of each species is figured.
Equivalent blastocyst rates after freezing murine embryos in Cryo Bio System high security or standard Instruments-Medicine-Veterinarian straws

Abstract Objective To validate the Cryo Bio System (CBS) straw in our current cryopreservation system before using it in clinical practice. Design A prospective comparison of blastocyst development rates in 278 murine embryos after refreezing and thawing at the two-cell stage against the standard Instruments-Medicine-Veterinarian (IMV) straw used in our cryopreservation program. Setting Private IVF laboratory. Patient(s) No human subjects or material was used in this study. Intervention(s) Frozen two-cell murine embryos were thawed and randomized into three treatments [1] refreezing in the CBS straws, [2] refreezing in IMV 0.25-mL straws, and [3] control embryos remaining in culture without refreezing. Embryos were refrozen using identical cryoprotectants and identical programmed controlled-rate freezers. After cryopreservation, straws were held in liquid nitrogen for a brief period before thawing and continued culture. Main outcome measure(s) Postthaw murine blastocyst development rate. Result(s) When the manufacturer's filling and loading protocol was used for the CBS straw there was no significant difference in the blastocyst development rate between CBS (75.0%) and IMV (76.4%) straws. Conclusion(s) The CBS straw may be a viable and potentially safer alternative for cryopreservation of human embryos, particularly for patients with known infections.
The effects of yttrium or gadolinium on the superconducting transition temperature of niobium

Abstract It was found that on quickly cooling from the liquid state during casting, enough Y or Gd was trapped in solid solution in niobium to change the physical properties of the niobium. In particular, the superconducting transition temperature, T c , of Nb was sensitive to small amounts of Y or Gd in solid solution. Yttrium in solid solution raised the T c of Nb, whilst Gd lowered it. On annealing the cast specimens at temperatures up to 1500°C, the Y or Gd precipitates out of solution and the physical properties of niobium revert to those of pure niobium. In addition to the transition temperature ( T c ), the superconducting critical field, ( H c 2 ), the normal state electrical resistivity (ρ), the X-ray lattice parameter ( α o ), and optical and electron microscopy, were used to study the Nb-Y and Nb-Gd alloys.
Production of acute pulmonary edema by ammonium salts.

Summary(1) Ammunium salts in toxic doses produced an acute pulmonary edema in the rat, guinea pig and cat. The cat was more refractory to this effect than the rat and guinea pig. The rabbit did not appear to be susceptible to ammonium lung edema. (2) While a number of routes of administration of ammonium chloride were found effective for the production of acute pulmonary edema, the gavage route (0.09-0.15 g per 100 g of body weight) was most dependable for the guinea pig, and the intraperitoneal route (0.04 g per 100 g of body weight) for the rat. (3) The ammonium ion was found to be the agent responsible for the lung edema. Many ammonium salts produced this effect. Acidosis was ruled out as the primary factor, because acidosis produced in other ways did not result in lung edema. (4) The syndrome of ammonium intoxication consisted chiefly of dyspnea. muscle fasciculations and convulsions, terminating in an early acute pulmunary edema. (5) Gross changes at autopsy were limited to the thoracic cavity. They ...