cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel access of out-of-core dense extendible arrays

Datasets used in scientific and engineering applications are often modeled as dense multi-dimensional arrays. For very large datasets, the corresponding array models are typically stored out-of-core as array files. The array elements are mapped onto linear consecutive locations that correspond to the linear ordering of the multi-dimensional indices. Two conventional mappings used are the row-major order and the column-major order of multi-dimensional arrays. Such conventional mappings of dense array files highly limit the performance of applications and the extendibility of the dataset. Firstly, an array file that is organized in say row-major order causes applications that subsequently access the data in column-major order, to have abysmal performance. Secondly, any subsequent expansion of the array file is limited to only one dimension. Expansions of such out-of-core conventional arrays along arbitrary dimensions, require storage reorganization that can be very expensive. We present a solution for storing out-of-core dense extendible arrays that resolve the two limitations. The method uses a mapping function F*(), together with information maintained in axial vectors, to compute the linear address of an extendible array element when passed its k-dimensional index. We also give the inverse function, F* -1() for deriving the k-dimensional index when given the linear address. We show how the mapping function, in combination with MPI-IO and a parallel file system, allows for the growth of the extendible array without reorganization and no significant performance degradation of applications accessing elements in any desired order. We give methods for reading and writing sub-arrays into and out of parallel applications that run on a cluster of workstations, The axial-vectors are replicated and maintained in each node that accesses sub-array elements.
Encouraging Friendships among Children

(1997). Encouraging Friendships among Children. Childhood Education: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 228-231.
Ectopic pregnancy: Ten common pitfalls in diagnosis

Abstract Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a common, life-threatening complication of pregnancy. Modern technology (ultrasonography and improved pregnancy tesis) should facilifate the diagnosis of EP. However, in a retrospective review of 65 cases of confirmed EP managed over 18 months at an urban teaching hospital, only 37 of 65 patients (57%, Cl 95 = 44%, 69%) received prompt diagnosis and treatment; delays occurred in 28 patients (43%). In 10 of the 27 delayed cases, the diagnosis of EP was not even considered at the time of the first visit. In patients with a delayed diagnosis, morbidity (transfusions, cardiovascular instability, progression of illness) did occur. Diagnostic pitfalls that resulted in delayed care were reviewed, delays most commonly occurred in patients with a benign examination or "atypical" pain. Risk factors for EP were missed (7 patients, 25%), subtle clues to blood loss were often ignored (10 patients, 36%), and passage of tissue was thought to exclude EP (2 patients). Ultrasound was only helpful for half of the diagnoses and was misinterpreted in 27%. A dry or serous culdocentesis occurred frequently. In five patients, a falling or low quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin level was believed to indicate a completed abortion. The authors conclude that almost half of EPs are still missed on the first physician visit; errors and pitfalls in diagnosis are still common in the 1980s.
The influence of mental models and goals on search patterns during web interaction

This article reports on a study that uses a new analysis and display tool to examine the influences of understanding the system and goals on end-user Internet searching. Thirty-one public library users were observed searching the Web and/or a Web-based on-line catalog. The study identified four user categories, distinguished by the number of search approaches employed. These included linking, use of search engines, URL use, on-line catalog searching, and searching within a specific Web-site domain. Results conclude that experience and motivation, elements of situational goals and mental models, work in tandem to determine search approaches, Web sites visited, and sources used. People who sought information for job-related or educational purposes were highly motivated. Thus, they were persistent. Those who had a great deal of Internet experience used an array of tools; while those with immature mental models of the Internet relied more heavily on the Web on-line catalog or off-line sources. People seeking information for recreational or personal use were not highly motivated. Whether experienced or not, they relied on serendipity, linking, and other tasks that were not cognitively overbearing. When searching became too difficult, they abandoned the Internet as an information source.
Association of lower airway inflammation with physiologic findings in young children with cystic fibrosis.

Summary. Background: The relationship between lower airway markers of inflammation and infection with physiologic findings is poorly understood in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The goal of this study was to evaluate the association of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of infection and inflammation, including mediators linked to airway remodeling, to infant lung function values in young children with CF undergoing clinically indicated bronchoscopy. Methods: Plethysmography and the raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RVRTC) technique were performed in 16 sedated infants and young children with CF prior to bronchoscopy. BALF was collected and analyzed for pathogen density, cell count, % neutrophils, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Results: There was a significant direct correlation between functional residual capacity (FRC), the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC) and FRC/TLC with % neutrophils (P < 0.05). Forced expiratory flows were inversely correlated to % neutrophils (P < 0.01). Lung function parameters did not differentiate those with and without lower airway infection; however, pathogen density directly correlated with FRC and inversely correlated with flows (P < 0.05). In a subset of the population, MMP-2 directly correlated with RV/TLC and inversely correlated with flows (P < 0.05) and TGF-b1 directly correlated with FRC (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Results from this study suggest that lower airway inflammation as well as mediators linked to airway remodeling play an active role in pulmonary deterioration in CF infants and young children undergoing clinically indicated bronchoscopy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:503–511.
Simo-transmit systems... A solution to wide area coverage

A small but significant number of simulcast systems now exist and have been operational for some time. While the basic concept is not really new, the applications of it are. System designers were faced with a promising technique which was backed by some promising theory, but very little proven performance. Therefore the first system designs were understandably both cautious and conservative. Through experience gained from these existing systems, larger, higher performance and more sophisticated systems are now being made operational. Caution and care have not been abandoned, but rather are now focused in the now better known and understood problem areas. These areas have been distilled to a point where they can be categorized and predicted with reasonable certainty. Of equal importance some anticipated problems failed to materialize as problems and actually turned out to be blessings in disguise.
The Relationships Among Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion in Schizophrenia: How Much and How Little We Know

This article summarizes a workshop discussion focused on the current state of our understanding of the ways in which cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is related to, influenced by, or even leads to disturbances in areas such as emotion, motivation, and stress, as well as areas in need of further research. A major emphasis in the workshop discussion was the critical importance of motivation and its potential influence on cognitive function and learning in schizophrenia. As such, the members of the workshop suggested a number of questions regarding motivation that need further research, including (1) the definition and measurement of different components of motivation; (2) the relationship between intrinsic motivation and incentive drive and hedonic processing; (3) the integrity of motivational processes, incentive drive, and hedonic processing in schizophrenia; (4) the influence of cognitive deficits on motivational disturbances in schizophrenia; (5) the influence of antipsychotic medication on incentive drive and hedonic processing in schizophrenia; and (6) the relationships among cognitive function, stress, and the processing of aversive stimuli.
Biomarker discovery in mass spectrometry-based urinary proteomics

Urinary proteomics has become one of the most attractive topics in disease biomarker discovery. MS-based proteomic analysis has advanced continuously and emerged as a prominent tool in the field of clinical bioanalysis. However, only few protein biomarkers have made their way to validation and clinical practice. Biomarker discovery is challenged by many clinical and analytical factors including, but not limited to, the complexity of urine and the wide dynamic range of endogenous proteins in the sample. This article highlights promising technologies and strategies in the MS-based biomarker discovery process, including study design, sample preparation, protein quantification, instrumental platforms, and bioinformatics. Different proteomics approaches are discussed, and progresses in maximizing urinary proteome coverage and standardization are emphasized in this review. MS-based urinary proteomics has great potential in the development of noninvasive diagnostic assays in the future, which will require collaborative efforts between analytical scientists, systems biologists, and clinicians.
Does transfusion of aged red blood cells lead to adverse outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia patients undergoing Hematopoietic stem cell Transplantation

203 BL-8040, a CXCR4 antagonist, synergizes with the FLT3 inhibitor AC220 inducing apoptosis and reducing minimal residual disease to prolong survival of AML diseased mice Yaron Pereg, Hanna Wald, Orly Eizenberg, Baruch Bulvik, Sigal Tavor, Katia Beider, Arnon Nagler, Leah Klapper, Amnon Peled, Michal Abraham BioLineRx LTD, Jerusalem, Israel; Biokine Therapeutics Ltd, Ness Ziona, Israel; Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Hematology Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Growth Factor Receptors

Swiss 3T3 cells are enriched in peptide and growth factor receptors. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors are present on Swiss 3T3 cells. The 1186 amino acid EGF receptor is characterized by a 621 amino acid extracellular domain which binds EGF, a 23 amino acid transmembrane domain and a 542 amino acid cytoplasmic domain which has tyrosine kinase activity1. There is strong sequence homology between the EGF receptor and the v-erb-B oncogene product2. Within seconds after the addition of EGF increased transport of amino acids and glucose occurs across the plasma membrane and the intracellular calcium levels increase3. Because the EGF receptor functions as a protein kinase, EGF stimulates the phosphorylation of numerous proteins including numerous tyrosine amino acid residues present on the EGF receptor itself5. Also, the EGF receptor forms dimers and undergoes internalization6. A functional tyrosine kinase is essential for EGF receptor activity and ability to stimulate 3H-thymidine uptake in cells7.
Geometric Effects on the Transient Cooling of Thermoelectric Coolers

Transient thermoelectric cooling effect has been known since 1960s. Most of the previous studies focus on the minimum temperature achievable for free standing thermoelectric elements. Practical thermoelectric coolers have a passive mass load, which affect the minimum temperature achievable. This is particularly true for thermoelectric micro coolers because the object to be cooled is comparable to the micro coolers in size. In this paper, we present the performance analysis of the integrated system made of the cooling object and thermoelectric element, and establish the criterion for the utilization of transient cooling effect based on the analysis of the time constants. Effects of thermoelectric element shape on the transient thermoelectric cooling effect are also studied.
Microhardness anisotropy on the (010) cleavage plane of single crystals of Bi2S3 and Sb2S3

Knoop microhardnesses were measured on the (0 1 0) cleavage planes of Bi2S3 and Sb2S3 single crystals for orientations from the [0 0 1] to the [1 0 0]. The [0 0 1] hardnesses were nearly twice the level of the [1 0 0] values, about 150-75 kg mm−2. The experimental microhardness profile was consistent with the calculated effective resolved shear stress (ERSS) diagram for the (0 1 0) [0 0 1] primary slip system. The magnitude of the hardness appears to be related to the crystal structure, particularly the metal-sulphur chains parallel to the [0 0 1], the crystal growth direction.
Tracking Multiple People Online and in Real Time

We cast the problem of tracking several people as a graph partitioning problem that takes the form of an NP-hard binary integer program. We propose a tractable, approximate, online solution through the combination of a multi-stage cascade and a sliding temporal window. Our experiments demonstrate significant accuracy improvement over the state of the art and real-time post-detection performance.
Strabismus surgery: specifics for success.

(1977). Strabismus Surgery: Specifics for Success. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 142-150.
Pericles' Responsibility for the Samian Revolt and the Peloponnesian War

The fiercest challenge yet both to Pericles' leadership and to the unity of the Delian League arose in 441 from a dispute with the island city-state of Samos, one of the few alliance members still fielding a strong navy of its own. The Samians and their neighbors on the mainland in the city-state of Miletus, also a league member, had reached an impasse in a heated conflict to take over some nearby territory. The Athenians instructed their arguing allies to go to arbitration, but Samos refused. Pericles probably proposed the decision made by Athens as leader of the Delian League to respond very forcibly by installing a new, and democratic, government on Samos; in supporting this policy unfavorable to the elite of Samos, Pericles was perhaps recalling the treachery of those Samian commanders fifty years earlier who had made a deal with the Persian king Darius to save their city-state from what they feared would be devastation and therefore deserted the Ionian alliance in the heat of the Battle of Lade. A fine of 80 talents was imposed, and 100 citizens were taken away as diplomatic hostages to an Athenian stronghold on the island of Lemnos. In keeping with his conspicuous incorruptibility, Pericles refused a king's ransom in bribes offered him by a group of rich antidemocratic Samians and the Persian governor to ease the conditions. The next year, the dispute blew up into a crisis that restored the Persians to the status of an active threat to the member states of the Delian League when the Samian rebels allied with the Persian governor in western Anatolia. Now flush with money supplied by the Persian king's governor, they hired mercenaries and violently overthrew the newly installed democracy allied with Athens. The anti-Athenian Samians also freed the hostages and captured some Athenian citizens. These fellow Greeks they turned over to their Persian backer. The city-state of Byzantium then joined the rebellious Samians in rebelling against the league. To meet this serious crisis to the league's unity and to the safety of his fellow citizens who were being held as hostages, Pericles was tasked with commanding a force of warships from Athens supported by the fleets of Chios and Lesbos.
Hemoprotozoan Infections of Domestic Animals: Trypanosomiasis, Babesiosis, Theileriosis, and Anaplasmosis

Arthropod-transmitted hemoparasitic diseases, caused by Trypanosoma, Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma, occur throughout the world but are frequently of greatest importance in the tropics and subtropics, where conditions are favorable to the maintenance of vector populations. Vector control and chemotherapy are the primary defenses against these disease agents. Vaccines that prevent these infections have yet to be developed. The attenuated or live vaccines described for anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and theileriosis often depend on specific therapy to reduce the severity of infection while allowing the development of a premunizing immunity (Kuttler, 1979; Todorovic, 1974; Radley, 1981). Chemotherapy, chemoimmunization, and chemoprophylaxis thus comtinue to play an important role in hemoparasitic disease management and prevention. Even so, chemotherapy is not without problems; drug-resistant microorganisms arise, drug residues in tissues of food animals may be detected and prompt removal of the drug from its approved status, and the cost of drugs may be too high for use by poor farmers. The expense and difficulty in developing new replacement compounds for those no longer used for one reason or another are also a serious problem in the world today.
An altered chloroplast ribosomal protein in ery -M1 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

A unified biochemical and genetic study has led to the location of the gene for erythromycin resistance in 4 mutants of Chalamydomonas reinhardi and the identification of the chloroplast ribosomal protein altered in these strains. Tetrad analyses of crosses involving the Mendelian mutants ery-M1a, ery-M1b, ery-M1c, and ery-M1d indicate that they are closely-linked alleles which map to nuclear linkage group XI. The proteins of the 52s subunits of wild-type and the 4 ery-M1 mutants were compared by one-and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein LC6 from wild-type differs in net charge at pH 5 from the homologous component found in each of the mutants. The LC6 in ery-M1b is also 30% smaller in molecular weight than the wild-type protein. The variety of altered forms of LC6 observed and the allelic nature of the genetic determinants strongly support the view that the nuclear locus for erythromycin resistance of the ery-M1 group is the structural gene for the chloroplast ribosomal protein LC6.
Are Gender Perceptions of Computing Changing over Time

Computing has long been considered a male domain. If this perception is pervasive, then this situation can be detrimental to the success of women in the workplace because computing is integral to success in most jobs. Recently however, women are using computers and the Internet at an increasing rate, which brings into question whether or not computing remains “male.” This cross-sectional study compares college students in 1995 and 2002 to examine changes in attitudes toward, and usage of computers. Results show that gender gaps in usage and attitudes present in 1995 are lessening, or disappearing altogether, in 2002.
Free-surface gravity currents propagating in an open channel containing a porous layer at the free surface

Large eddy simulation (LES) is used to study the evolution and structure of a lock-exchange, Boussinesq gravity current forming in a channel partially blocked by a porous layer. This configuration is used to understand how the characteristics of a surface layer containing floating vegetation affects the generation of thermally driven convective water exchange in a long shallow channel. The porous layer, which represents the roots of the floating vegetation, contains a staggered array of rigid square cylinders of edge length with solid volume fraction . The cylinders extend over a depth below the free surface, where is the channel depth. The surface current of lighter fluid splits into two layers, one propagating slowly inside the porous layer and the other flowing beneath the porous layer. The main geometrical parameters of the porous layer, and , have a large effect on the dynamics and structure of the surface current and the temporal variation of the front position. For cases with sufficiently large values of and , the front within the porous layer approaches the triangular shape observed for low Reynolds number lock-exchange currents propagating in a channel containing cylinders over its whole volume ( ), and the surface current transitions to a drag-dominated regime in which the front velocity is proportional to , where is the time since the current is initiated. For sufficiently high values of , the velocity of the fluid inside the porous layer is close to zero at all locations except for those situated close to the lock gate and for some distance behind the front. Close to the front, lighter fluid from below penetrates into the porous layer due to unstable stratification at the bottom of the porous layer. Simulation results are also used to assess how and the Reynolds number affect the rate at which the heavier fluid situated initially inside the porous layer is removed by the advancing surface current and the main mixing mechanisms. Based on the estimated time scales for flushing the porous (root) layer, we show that flushing can significantly enhance the overall rate of nutrient removal by the floating vegetation by maintaining a higher concentration of nutrients within the root layer.
Consistent distribution of air voids and asphalt and random orientation of aggregates by flipping specimens during gyratory compaction process

Abstract The current Superpave mix design determines the optimum asphalt content that would produce asphalt specimens with total air voids of 4.0% without considering their sizes and distribution within the specimens. In addition, the current Superpave gyratory compaction equipment may produce inconsistent specimens with higher air voids on the top layer than the middle and bottom layers of the specimen. To produce more consistent gyratory specimens, a new approach of compacting both ends of the specimen, rather than the one side, is presented. Based on the automated image analysis of twenty-four specimens, the difference in air voids between top and bottom layers decreased when specimens were compacted on both ends. In addition, the standard deviations of both air voids and asphalt contents throughout the specimen decreased when the specimens were compacted on both ends. Therefore, it can be concluded that the air voids and asphalt contents were more uniformly distributed throughout the specimen when the gyratory specimens were compacted on both ends. Based on the angles between major axes of aggregates and horizontal plane, the aggregates were more randomly oriented when compacted on the both ends.
Abstract 128: Serum Anti-MAA Antibody Titers are Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction and MMP-9

Introduction Atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the leading cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (MAA) modified proteins have recently been implicated in this process by their ability to initiate inflammatory responses. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is increased following AMI and has been associated with the disease due to its ability to degrade the fibrotic cap that forms on some plaques. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between MMP-9 and anti-MAA antibody isotypes in patients experiencing acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Serum samples from AMI patients (n=10) were collected and tested for the presence of anti-MAA antibody isotypes, peak CK, peak troponin, and MMP-9 levels. Samples were collected at the time of AMI, 24 and 48 hours post event. Data was correlated to determine relationships with antibody isotypes directed against MAA protein antigens. Results MMP-9 increased significantly from the initial presentation at 24 hours post-AMI (p=0.006) and 48 hours post-AMI (p= 0.044). Anti-MAA IgM decreased significantly (p= 0.021) between initial and 24 hours post AMI. A similar significant decrease was observed for anti-MAA IgG (p= 0.006). Anti-MAA IgA levels did not change significantly post-AMI. Significant correlations were demonstrated between peak CK and anti-MAA IgG 24 hours post AMI (r= -0.819, p= 0.013), between peak troponin and anti-MAA IgG 24 hours post AMI (r= -0.860, p= 0.006) and between MMP-9 levels 24 hours post AMI and anti-MAA IgM levels 24 hours post MI ( r= 0.0712, p=0.021). Conclusions The negative correlation of anti-MAA IgG to cardiac enzymes is suggestive that myocardial infarction and tissue necrosis results in the release of the MAA antigen from infarcted myocardium and clearance of anti-MAA antibodies. Additionally, anti-MAA IgM and MMP-9 are positively correlated with each other 24 hours post-AMI, suggesting that anti-MAA IgM titers may correlate to the severity of the AMI and thus CAD. Implications Anti-MAA antibodies might serve as important biomarkers of impending atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent AMI and warrants further investigation in a larger cohort of patients.
The Impact of Kangaroo Care on Premature Infant Weight Gain.

Abstract Background Preterm births occur among 11.4% of all live infant births. Without steady weight gain, premature infants may experience lengthy hospitalizations, neurodevelopmental deficits and hospital readmissions, which can increase the financial burden on the health care system and their families. The total U.S. health-related costs linked to preterm infant deliveries are estimated at $4.33 billion. Kangaroo care is a feasible practice that can improve preterm infant weight gain. However, this intervention is utilized less often throughout the U.S. due to numerous barriers including a lack of consistent protocols, inadequate knowledge, and decreased level of confidence in demonstrating the proper kangarooing technique. An integrative review was conducted to evaluate the impact of kangaroo care on premature infant weight gain in order to educate nurses about its efficacy among preterm infants. Data Sources A literature search was conducted using CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Reviews, ClinicalKey and Google Scholar. Large volume searches were restricted using appropriate filters and limiters. Conclusions Most of the evaluated studies determined that weight gain was greater among the kangarooing premature infants. Kangaroo care is a low-tech low-cost modality that can facilitate improved preterm infant weight gain even in low-resource settings. Despite its current efficacy, kangaroo care is not widely utilized due to several barriers including an absence of standardized protocols and a lack of knowledge about its benefits. Kangaroo care can become a widespread formalized practice after nurses and parents learn about the technique and its numerous benefits for premature infants, including its association with improved weight gain.
Long-term outcomes of lower extremity graft preservation using antibiotic beads in patients with early deep wound infections after major arterial reconstructions

Abstract Objective Bypass graft preservation with wound sterilization using serial antibiotic bead exchange has been described in patients presenting with deep wound infections after extremity bypass. The long-term benefits of this approach remain poorly understood. We examined whether graft preservation and wound sterilization with antibiotic beads affect amputation rates and patient survival. Methods Patients who underwent operations for aortoiliac or infrainguinal aneurysmal or occlusive arterial disease were retrospectively analyzed. The Infection group included those with patent vascular grafts who developed Szilagyi class II or III deep wound infections within 90 days of index reconstruction and had no evidence of anastomotic or arterial bleeding. All patients in the infection group were managed with graft preservation using serial antibiotic bead exchange every 3 to 5 days until wound cultures became negative. This group was compared with a contemporary group of controls who underwent similar interventions but did not develop wound infections postoperatively. The primary outcome was amputation-free survival, defined as survival without major amputation. Secondary outcomes included major amputations and the occurrence of anastomotic pseudoaneurysms necessitating repair. Inverse propensity score weighting was used for risk adjustment between the groups. Results Over an 8-year period, we treated 701 patients (infection, 68; controls, 633). Compared with controls, patients in the infection group had a higher body mass index (mean, 28.5 vs 26.3, P = .002) and more prosthetic conduits placed during the index reconstruction. Amputation-free survival for the infection vs the control group was 78 vs 76% at 2 years, 61 vs 66% at 4 years, and 51 vs 57% at 6 years postoperatively (log-rank test, P = .516). Freedom from major amputation for the infection vs the control group was 82 vs 86% at 2 years, 80 vs 82% at 4 years, and 80 vs 76% at 6 years postoperatively (log-rank test, P = .568). In the risk-adjusted model, the presence of treated infection did not affect amputation-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.82; P = .440) or major amputation (hazard ratio, 1.02; P = .949). Anastomotic pseudoaneurysms occurred only in the Infection group (4.4%; P = .001), and were treated with interposition grafts without complications. Conclusions Bypass graft preservation with wound sterilization using serial antibiotic bead exchange is associated with excellent limb salvage and survival rates, similar to those of noninfected wounds. With the use of this preservation strategy, close follow-up for timely detection of anastomotic pseudoaneurysms is recommended.
GPU-accelerated Cellular Automata based Finite-Difference Model for Seismic Wave Propagation with OpenCL

Models based on Cellular Automata (CA) paradigm are inherently adaptable to distributed computing and provide opportunity to reach high efficiency when they are implemented on GPUs. Previous efforts have been devoted to accelerate seismic earthquake analysis applications on models based on the centered-difference finite difference (CDFD) paradigm. In this paper, these two paradigms are tested on CPU and GPU processors in the study of earthquake wave propagation. The preliminary results of performance evaluations are presented and discussed.
Beyond Persons and Situations: An Interactionist Approach to Understanding Implicit Bias

The dominant view in the public and scientific discourse about implicit bias has shifted remarkably in the last few years. Counter to earlier views that identified expressions of implicit bias in a...
Confidentiality creep and opportunistic privacy

We have entered an era where increasing amounts of secret and proprietary information, known by few, impede the public’s interest in an open democratic society. Within the past several years, there has been a growing recognition that confidentiality, privacy and secrecy can have significant impact on the public’s ability to know what private industry, and increasingly government, is doing. From the chemical formulas in hydraulic fracturing to algorithms in autonomous cars, the demands of confidentiality, privacy and secrecy has prevented the public from receiving critical information, held by both governments and the private sector, needed to understand how private behavior impacts the public. This Article identifies and analyzes two recent information control developments and their basic parameters and challenges: untethered, unsupported and unanalyzed claims of information “confidentiality” (termed “confidentiality creep”) and amorphous privacy claims (termed “opportunistic privacy”) in the development and civilian deployment of driverless cars, social media information diffusion, and other code-based technologies. By focusing on Facebook’s public response to Russian influence campaigns in the 2016 US Presidential election and Google’s and Uber’s willingness to share information publicly about autonomous car technology, confidentiality creep and opportunistic privacy are brought into sharp relief.
Diagnosis and Ultrasound-Guided Repair of an Iliac Artery Dissection

IntroductionAlthough contrast arteriography (CA) has historically been considered the gold standard for imaging of the lower extremity arteries, it has known limitations and complications. Duplex u...
Evaluation of a new 18F-labeled NGR peptide for PET imaging of CD13 receptor expression in lung cancer

1150 Objectives: Non-invasive imaging of CD13 receptor in living subjects allows valuable applications in the clinic for both CD13-targeted diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we radiolabeled a new NGR peptide with 18F using aluminum-fluoride (Al18F) method. The resulting PET probe (18F-NGR2) was subsequently subject to in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Methods: The dimeric peptide (NGR2) was assembled from the NGR-containing monomer peptide by click chemistry. The NGR2 peptide was then conjugated with NOTA chelator and followed by one-step F-18 radiolabeling using Al18F method. The final product (18F-NGR2) was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The tumor imaging feasibility of 18F-NGR2 was evaluated in CD13-positive A549 tumor mouse xenografts by static PET imaging. The whole-body biodistribution of 18F-NGR2 was also conducted in A549 tumor-bearing mice. Results: The labeling precursor (NOTA-NGR2) was readily synthesized in one step from the monomeric NGR peptide by click chemistry with a yield of 75%. The total synthesis time for 18F-NGR2, including HPLC purification, was about 1 h. The decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 35.8 ± 3.4% (n = 6), and the radiochemical purity of 18F-NGR2 was > 97%. 18F-NGR2 is stable in PBS and mouse serum for 2 h. The uptake of 18F-NGR2 in A549 lung cancer cells (non-blocking group) is significantly higher than that in blocking group. For PET imaging, 18F-NGR2 showed favorable in vivo performance in terms of good tumor uptake in nude mice with A549 tumor xenografts, producing high tumor-to-muscle imaging contrast ratio (2.98 ± 0.53) at 0.5 h post-injection. 18F-NGR2 excreted predominantly through the renal route with most radioactivity in nontarget tissues cleared at 2 h after iv injection. The CD13-specific tumor accumulation of 18F-NGR2 was accomplished by a blocking study with unlabeled NGR peptide. The biodistribution results were consistent with the quantitative analysis of microPET imaging. Conclusions: A new 18F-labeled dimeric NGR peptide has been successfully developed for PET imaging of CD13 receptor expression in a lung cancer mouse model. Facile preparation of 18F-NGR2, high CD13 specificity and favorable excretion profile of 18F-NGR2 in mouse tumor xenografts warrant further investigations, which may provide a non-invasive method to quantitatively localize and characterize CD13 expression in lung cancer.
1.13 – Absorbed Radiation Dose Assessment from Radionuclides

The units for absorbed dose in a particular organ from a given quantity of injected radionuclide are energy per mass (joules per kilogram). The absorbed energy is the product of the total number of radionuclide disintegrations in an organ, the energy per disintegration, and the fraction of that energy that is absorbed in the organ. The dose is this product divided by the mass of the organ. The number of disintegrations is calculated from the concentration of the radionuclide in the organ and the physical and biological half-life. The energy per disintegration is determined from the tabulated physical data, and the absorbed energy is the fraction of the emissions that stay in the organ as determined from the radiation type and geometry of the distribution and organ. For any situation, a dose can be calculated from the tabulated data and the results of biological experiments on the distribution of a radionuclide or chemical containing the radionuclide. To simplify the calculations, the method for calculating the radiation dose per organ has been formalized as the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema. The schema uses the base formula: DA0=∫AtdtA0=τS where D/A0 is the absorbed dose per injected activity A0, and ∫ A(t)dt/A0 is the integral of the accumulated activity per injected dose whose units will be time; thus, τ is the residence time. A(t) is determined by animal studies of the amount of activity different organs receive after injection of the radiotracer. The term S represents all the physical factors including the absorbed fractions from radiation in the specific organ as well as the amount of radiation that organ receives from other organs that have accumulated the radionuclide. Tables of S-values were generated from Monte Carlo calculations using known organ geometries from infants to adults including pregnant woman. The conversion from the physical units of joules per mass (Gray) to contemporary terms of Sievert, equivalent dose, and effective dose is employed to account for the biological consequences of the different forms of radiation and for the different health detriment risk probabilities for different tissues or organs. Dose calculation methods using physical principles as well as the MIRD schema that has been enabled by commercial software are presented in this chapter.
Traits of Volunteer Water Monitoring Programs that Influence Natural Resource Management and Policy Impacts

As citizens take on expanded roles in gathering and reporting environmental data, their potential impact may relate to organizational traits. This study sought to understand the relationship throug...
Global plant-symbiont organization and emergence of biogeochemical cycles resolved by evolution-based trait modelling.

One of the most distinct but unresolved global patterns is the apparent variation in plant–symbiont nutrient strategies across biomes. This pattern is central to our understanding of plant–soil–nutrient feedbacks in the land biosphere, which, in turn, are essential for our ability to predict the future dynamics of the Earth system. Here, we present an evolution-based trait-modelling approach for resolving (1) the organization of plant–symbiont relationships across biomes worldwide and (2) the emergent consequences for plant community composition and land biogeochemical cycles. Using game theory, we allow plants to use different belowground strategies to acquire nutrients and compete within local plant–soil–nutrient cycles in boreal, temperate and tropical biomes. The evolutionarily stable strategies that emerge from this analysis allow us to predict the distribution of belowground symbioses worldwide, the sequence and timing of plant succession, the bistability of ecto- versus arbuscular mycorrhizae in temperate and tropical forests, and major differences in the land carbon and nutrient cycles across biomes. Our findings imply that belowground symbioses have been central to the evolutionary assembly of plant communities and plant–nutrient feedbacks at the scale of land biomes. We conclude that complex global patterns emerge from local between-organism interactions in the context of Darwinian natural selection and evolution, and that the underlying dynamics can be mechanistically probed by our low-dimensional modelling approach. Developing a modelling approach based on evolutionary game theory, the authors are able to successfully predict global patterns in belowground plant–symbiont distributions across biomes, as well as major patterns in nutrient cycling, succession and stability.
High frequency of shared clonotypes in human B cell receptor repertoires

The human genome contains approximately 20 thousand protein-coding genes1, but the size of the collection of antigen receptors of the adaptive immune system that is generated by the recombination of gene segments with non-templated junctional additions (on B cells) is unknown—although it is certainly orders of magnitude larger. It has not been established whether individuals possess unique (or private) repertoires or substantial components of shared (or public) repertoires. Here we sequence recombined and expressed B cell receptor genes in several individuals to determine the size of their B cell receptor repertoires, and the extent to which these are shared between individuals. Our experiments revealed that the circulating repertoire of each individual contained between 9 and 17 million B cell clonotypes. The three individuals that we studied shared many clonotypes, including between 1 and 6% of B cell heavy-chain clonotypes shared between two subjects (0.3% of clonotypes shared by all three) and 20 to 34% of λ or κ light chains shared between two subjects (16 or 22% of λ or κ light chains, respectively, were shared by all three). Some of the B cell clonotypes had thousands of clones, or somatic variants, within the clonotype lineage. Although some of these shared lineages might be driven by exposure to common antigens, previous exposure to foreign antigens was not the only force that shaped the shared repertoires, as we also identified shared clonotypes in umbilical cord blood samples and all adult repertoires. The unexpectedly high prevalence of shared clonotypes in B cell repertoires, and identification of the sequences of these shared clonotypes, should enable better understanding of the role of B cell immune repertoires in health and disease. Many clonotypes in human B cell repertoires are shared, including between adult and umbilical cord blood repertoires, which indicates that this similarity is not driven only by exposure to common antigens.
Savings and Investment, from the Price Mechanism to the Multiplier

Henry George often argued in macroeconomic terms, though he did not develop a macroeconomic theory. In this chapter we present a model that is consistent with Marshall’s ‘supply and demand’, but applies to aggregate supply and demand. The model is based on a conventional short-period production function, which shows the outputs associated with various levels of both fixed plant and equipment employment. As the economy employs craft technology, returns diminish to additional employment. Then, wages support consumption, Kalecki-fashion investment generates realized profits, and the level of employment is found when we know the real wage and level of investment (at the point where the C + I line is tangent to the production function, so the real wage equals the marginal product). This system can be developed into a simple growth model, based on the “Golden Rule” that the rate of profit equals the rate of growth, replacing the misguided Solow model.
“Because We Love Wrong”: Citizenship and Labour in Alena Hairston’s The Logan Topographies

This chapter situates Alena Hairston’s The Logan Topographies (2007)—a book about Black coal mining communities that uses Logan, WV as a metonymy for wider cultural patterns—within a debate over the gendered distinction between labour and work identified by Hannah Arendt and expanded upon by M. NourbeSe Philip. Hairston’s book demonstrates the unjust pattern by which activities such as water-gathering, giving birth, and tending house, are cast as unproductive “labor” by patriarchal norms, in contrast to the way “work” is defined by material production; at the same time, men engage in brawling, liquor-drinking, and sexual promiscuity in ways that damage domestic space. More than simply documenting the unequal hierarchy within a Black community itself unjustly positioned within majority white American culture, Hairston offers one model for a transformation of the situation of women vis-a-vis labour and work: a creative reimagining of membership and citizenship in terms of “afference”; that is, a definition of love as reciprocity and dare. This chapter draws on Charles T. Lee’s notion of “ingenious citizenship” to suggest that The Logan Topographies is less a writing of place than a transformation of the ways place can be viewed, a movement from exclusive belonging to mutual responsibility.
Hierarchical modeling of a groundwater remediation capture system

Summary In this paper, we present a real-world demonstration of a generalized hierarchical approach for modeling complex groundwater systems, the hierarchical patch dynamics paradigm (HPDP). In particular, we illustrate how the HPDP approach enables flexible and efficient simulation of a complex contaminant capture system at one of the largest groundwater pump-and-treat remediation operations in Michigan. The groundwater flow system at the site exhibits a multi-scale pattern that is difficult to simulate using standard modeling tools because of the complex interaction between ambient hydrologic stresses and on-site remediation operations. The hierarchical modeling system was calibrated to water level measurements collected from 208 monitoring wells located both on-site and in its immediate proximity and flux measurements from 6 trenches on-site. Systematic hierarchical simulations, including forward and reverse particle tracking as well as integrated water budget analyses, were performed to study the on-going remediation. The hierarchical modeling results show that some contamination leaked off-site because of small-scale inefficiencies in the design of the remediation system. Thus, the HPDP approach provides an opportunity to analyze complex hydrological field environments in a pragmatic, time-efficient manner.
Connectivity Maintenance in Mobile Networks

This work studies connectivity maintenance of mobile networks. A mobile network of interest consists of two types of nodes, pre-deployed (client) and intermediate nodes. Upon initial deployment of client nodes in a field, multiple stationary intermediate nodes are placed strategically to establish robust network connectivity. We study scenarios in which an initially connected network consisting of pre-deployed and intermediate nodes is exposed to mobility of the former. Two types of node mobility scenarios are investigated. The first scenario analyzes the bounds of mobility when pre-deployed nodes move at small scales. The bounds of node mobility preserving connectivity are derived through analysis and verified by simulations. The second scenario considers the movement of pre-deployed nodes beyond the bounds of the first scenario thereby breaking connected links and partitioning the connected network. This scenario then considers relocating the existing intermediate nodes in order to reestablish connectivity. A general formulation is proposed in the form of an optimization problem. We prove that the general formulation of the problem is NP-hard. Next, we turn our attention to a practical scenario in which the location of nodes is made available using GPS signals. We solve the problem of practical scenario in polynomial time and analyze the complexity of our solution. We also present comprehensive performance evaluation results of our proposed algorithm.