cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping of bovine ovulation rate QTL; an analytical approach for three generation pedigrees.

Summary Interval mapping was conducted for ovulation rate quantitative trait loci (QTL) using data from two related families from the United States Department of Agriculture, US Meat Animal Research Center twinning cattle herd. Both families are extended, three generation pedigrees from which records of sons, daughters and granddaughters were analysed. Both a method of analysis and results from that analysis are reported herein. Results from one of the two families (839802) were previously reported, but reanalysis here including the second, related family (839803) and a revised statistical model lessens support for the previously reported QTL. Results from interval mapping provided evidence for QTL in regions corresponding to those previously suggested for chromosomes 7 (chromosome-wise P < 0.05) and 19 (chromosome-wise P < 0.01) in the 839802 family, although statistical significance was reduced. In contrast to the previous report, evidence for a chromosome 5 QTL in the same family was greatly reduced while support for a QTL on chromosome 10 increased (chromosome-wise P < 0.01). Analysis of data from the related 839803 family failed to replicate evidence of QTL observed on either chromosome 7 or chromosome 19 in the 839802 family.
What can we hope to gain for trypanosomiasis control from molecular studies on tsetse biology

At times of crisis when epidemics rage and begin to take their toll on affected populations, as we have been witnessing with African trypanosomiasis in subSahara, the dichotomy of basic versus applied research deepens. While undoubtedly the treatment of thousands of infected people is the top priority, without continued research and development on the biology of disease agents and on ecological and evolutionary forces impacting these epidemics, little progress can be gained in the long run for the eventual control of these diseases. Here, we argue the need for additional research in one under-investigated area, that is the biology of the tsetse vector. Lacking are studies aimed to understand the genetic and cellular basis of tsetse interactions with trypanosomes as well as the genetic and biochemical basis of its ability to transmit these parasites. We discuss how this knowledge has the potential to contribute to the development of new vector control strategies as well as to improve the efficacy and affordability of the existing control approaches.
Thermal Characteristics of Gas-Filled Fiber Powder Insulation Systems

This investigation was initiated to study gas-filled fiber-powder insulations. It has been experimentally shown that these systems may exhibit a thermal conductivity as low as one-half that of air. Selected gas-filled, fiber-powder systems were measured and the important role that powder particle size plays was demonstrated. The powders which were investigated included carbon black, perlite, flame-prepared silica, and silica-carbon black mixtures.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the Hurwitz and Schur stability of interval matrices

Establishes a set of new sufficient conditions for the Hurwitz and Schur stability of interval matrices. The authors use these results to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the Hurwitz and Schur stability of interval matrices. The authors relate the above results to the existence of quadratic Lyapunov functions for linear time-invariant systems with interval-valued coefficient matrices. Using the above results, the authors develop an algorithm to determine the Hurwitz and the Schur stability properties of interval matrices. The authors demonstrate the applicability of their results by means of two specific examples. >
When timing is everything: Age of first-language acquisition effects on second-language learning

The present paper summarizes three experiments that investigate the effects of age of acquisition on first-language (L1) acquisition in relation to second-language (L2) outcome. The experiments use the unique acquisition situations of childhood deafness and sign language. The key factors controlled across the studies are age of L1 acquisition, the sensory–motor modality of the language, and level of linguistic structure. Findings consistent across the studies show age of L1 acquisition to be a determining factor in the success of both L1 and L2 acquisition. Sensory–motor modality shows no general or specific effects. It is of importance that the effects of age of L1 acquisition on both L1 and L2 outcome are apparent across levels of linguistic structure, namely, syntax, phonology, and the lexicon. The results demonstrate that L1 acquisition bestows not only facility with the linguistic structure of the L1, but also the ability to learn linguistic structure in the L2.
Performance and Characterization of TWIP Steels for Automotive Applications

This article reviews the current state of the art in understanding twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with an emphasis on linking microstructure to mechanical behavior by means of microstructure-aware constitutive models. A materials selection exercise is conducted to substantiate that TWIP steels are more desirable than most other materials for use in structural and safety components of automobiles. Gaps in the knowledge of TWIP steels that are hindering their adoption for automotive applications are identified. This review concludes by suggesting fundamental research needs for promoting the design of TWIP steels with improved properties and performance for structural components in automotive applications.
The New Economic Geography, Now Middle-aged

Krugman P. The New Economic Geography, now middle-aged, Regional Studies. This paper claims that the New Economic Geography has now become ‘middle-aged’. On the one hand, the New Economic Geography is said to be of less relevance when describing current developments in advanced economies because it focuses more on tangible causes of the spatial concentration of economic activities, and not so much on intangible sources, such as information spillovers. On the other hand, the paper states that recent developments in developing economies like China are quite in line with the core–periphery model that predicts increasing regional specialization as a result of economic integration. Although both economists and geographers study these spatial processes, no fruitful exchange between the two is expected because of the use of different methodologies. Krugman P. La nouvelle geographie economique atteint l'âge mur, Regional Studies. Cet article pretend que la nouvelle geographie economique atteint ‘l’âge mur'. D'un ...
Modified Technique for Heterotopic Implantation of a Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Conduit

This article describes a modified technique of side-to-side proximal connection of a conduit during heterotopic implantation in the right ventricular outflow tract. It results in a better geometry of the right ventricular outflow and avoids distortion of the valve annulus, especially when the newer generation of straight xenografts are used.
REGIONAL LEGACIES OF LOGGING: DEPARTURE FROM PRESETTLEMENT FOREST CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA

Forests in the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States have been important timber producing resources for more than 100 years. Logging and fire suppression have caused major, but unquantified change in those forests, which includes both the mag- nitude of compositional change and its spatial patterns. Hence, a spatially explicit regional- scale change analysis was conducted using General Land Office Survey records from the late 1800s and the 1990 U.S. Forest Service Inventory and Analysis Survey, for a 3.2 million hectare study area in northeastern Minnesota, USA. These data document altered species abundance, proportional basal area, and spatial distribution patterns. Regionally, the proportionally most abundant species shifted from the presettlement period (spruce, 21%; larch, 15%; and paper birch, 15%) to aspen (30%), spruce (16%), and balsam fir (16%) in 1990. In terms of proportional basal area dominance, white pine declined from 20% to 5%, birch from 16% to 13%, spruce from 14% to 9%, and larch from 12% to 2%, while aspen increased from 8% to 35%. Based on ordination of species abundance and proportional basal area, physiographic zones varying in geology and hydrology were char- acterized by different species composition in the 19th century and experienced largely parallel rather than convergent shifts in community composition since that time. Maps were developed for the regional study area using a 10 3 10 km spatial resolution to document spatial patterns of species proportional basal area. White pine co-dominated (was ranked first or second in proportion of basal area) 45% of the 253 100-km 2 preset- tlement zones, but none of the 1990 zones. Forest zones co-dominated by red pine, jack pine, and larch also largely disappeared. These forests were largely supplanted by aspen co-dominated communities, which accounted for 82% of the 1990 forest zones and represent diminished regional landscape diversity. Although the same 11 species made up the 1990 as well as the 19th century forest, change in their relative abundance and dominance was profound such that 85% of the 253 zones now contain community types (i.e., dominant species pairs) that did not dominate anywhere in the presettlement era.
Towards Enhanced RSSI-Based Distance Measurements and Localization in WSNs

Despite its inherent inaccuracy, RSSI has been used as the standard tool for distance measurements in the majority of range-based localization protocols available in the literature. In this paper, we propose a technique to enhance the accuracy of RSSI-based distance measurements using calibration. Our technique depends on the existence of location-aware anchor nodes that are distributed across the deployment area. Initially and through exchanging messages between anchors, the deployment area is divided into disjoint set of Delaunay triangles. Through the power of received signals, anchors estimate a set of calibration records(CR) and distribute them to sensors in their neighborhood. Each triangle edge connects a pair of anchors and is associated with a single calibration record. Each record contains calibration parameters for sensors in the neighborhood of the record anchors. Based on the power of received messages from different anchors, sensors can determine the calibration record they should use for their RSSI-based distance measurements.
A low-power high-linearity CMOS baseband filter for wideband CDMA applications

In this paper, the design and performance of a CMOS fifth-order low-pass anti-aliasing filter for baseband mobile communication are presented. Based on a differential difference amplifier (DDA), a novel fully-differential Sallen-Key filter is realized. This fifth-order filter operates at a supply voltage of 3 V and has a cutoff frequency of 19 MHz. It provides up to 1 V differential output with 0.03% total harmonic distortion (THD) and dissipates only 4.5 mW. The input IP3 is +39 dBm, and the input-referred noise in the passband is 60 nV//spl radic/(Hz).
Multiagent Learning for Black Box System Reward Functions

In large, distributed systems composed of adaptive and interactive components (agents), ensuring the coordination among the agents so that the system achieves certain performance objectives is a challenging proposition. The key difficulty to overcome in such systems is one of credit assignment: How to apportion credit (or blame) to a particular agent based on the performance of the entire system. In this paper, we show how this problem can be solved in general for a large class of reward functions whose analytical form may be unknown (hence "black box" reward). This method combines the salient features of global solutions (e.g. "team games") which are broadly applicable but provide poor solutions in large problems with those of local solutions (e.g. "difference rewards") which learn quickly, but can be computationally burdensome. We introduce two estimates for local rewards for a class of problems where the mapping from the agent actions to system reward functions can be decomposed into a linear combination of nonlinear functions of the agents' actions. We test our method's performance on a distributed marketing problem and an air traffic flow management problem and show a 44% performance improvement over team games and a speedup of order n for difference rewards (for an n agent system).
Control of Constrained Systems Described by Lagrangian DAEs

In this paper, a nonlinear controller design for constrained systems described by Lagrangian differential algebraic equations (DAEs) is presented. The controller design utilizes the structure introduced by the coordinate splitting formulation, a numerical technique used for integration of DAEs. In this structure, the Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraint equations are eliminated, and the equations of motion are transformed into implicit differential equations. Making use of this, a feedback linearizing controller can be chosen for successful motion tracking of the constrained system. Numerical examples demonstrate the controller design can be successfully applied to fully actuated and underactuated systems.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Spectral tunability of the spacer layer in metasurface absorbers (Presentation Recording)

Potential solar energy applications of metamaterial absorbers require spectrally tunable resonance to ensure the overlap with intrinsic absorption profiles of active materials. Although those resonance peaks of metamaterial absorbers can be tuned precisely by lithography-fabricated nanopatterns with different lateral dimensions, they are too expensive for practical large-area applications. In this work, we will report another freedom to tune the spectral position of the super absorbing resonance, i.e. the spacer thickness. The structure was fabricated by evaporating an optically opaque metallic ground plate, a dielectric spacer layer, and a top metallic thin film followed by thermal annealing processes to form discrete nanoparticles. As the spacer thickness increases from 10-90 nm, two distinct shifts of the absorption peak can be observed [i.e. a blue-shift for thinner (10-30 nm) and a red-shift for thicker spacer layers (30-90 nm)]. To understand the physical mechanism, we characterized effective optical constants of top nanopattern layer and loaded them into numerical simulation models. A good agreement with experimental data was only observed in the thick spacer region (i.e. 30-90 nm). The optical behavior for thinner spacers cannot be explained by effective medium theory and interference mechanism. Therefore, a microscopic study has to be performed to reveal strongly coupled modes under metallic nanopatterns, which can be interpreted as separate antennas strongly coupled with the ground plate. Since the resonant position is sensitive to the spacer thickness, a tunable super absorbing metasurface is realizable by introducing spatial tunable materials like stretchable chemical/ biomolecules.
Signed, Sealed, Delivered: Improving Your Messages to the Community

Whether it's an outage, scheduled maintenance or an announcement about a new technology resource, the pressure is on you to create effective and readable messages. Henry David Thoreau once said that he had received no more than one or two letters in his life that were worth the postage. To be sure, most of your communications don't require postage and won't be cherished forever. However, they should be worth the time it takes to read them. University faculty, staff, and students are bombarded with hundreds of messages every day, from multiple sources. They appreciate it when your communications are organized, concise, and understandable. This paper discusses ways to improve written content for emails, blogs, and other communication channels. It concentrates on how to cut the flab from writing and strategies for organizing information. It also covers how to choose the best words for promoting an organization's resources and services.
Tolerance of Sepedon fuscipennis and Dictya sp. Larvae (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) to the Molluscicides Bayer 73 and Sodium Pentachlorophenate

In 2 trials, TLm96 values of 43 and 78 ppm Bayer 73 were recorded for non-fed 1st instar larvae of S. fuscipennis . TLm96 values of 30 and 33 ppm sodium pentachlorophenate were recorded for non-fed S. fuscipennis larvae. Larvae that had been fed prior to testing were far less resistant to both molluscicides. The TLm48 value for non-fed 1st instar larvae of Dictya sp. was 35.5 ppm Bayer 73.
Linear Optical Quantum Memory

In quantum computing a very important problem is that of building a quantum memory. We show that by using new techniques from scalable linear optical quantum computing (LOQC), it is possible to make an all linear-optical quantum memory capable of storing the computational qubit indefinitely. The same approach can be used to make a simple quantum repeater. Recent work by our group has shown how linear optical quantum computing ideas, recently proposed by Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn, and also by Franson and co-workers, can be used to make a scalable quantum repeater [1]. However, this repeater still requires a quantum memory to operate, which apparently requires resources other than those required for linear optical quantum computing. In this presentation, we will explicitly show how to construct a quantum memory using only LOQC resources and employing a simple error correction code for photon loss. The result is a simple, scalable, quantum memory. The device can also be operated as a quantum repeater that is far simpler than our original proposal to implement.
Preparation and Characterization of Ultra-Small Sized Metal and Semiconductor Particles in Sol-Gel Materials

Poly(l,4-phenylene)-bridged and poly(1,6-hexylene)-bridged silsesquioxanes (PPS and HPS) were prepared by the sol-gel process. The surface areas and pore diameters of these porous xerogels were obtained by BET and BJH methods, respectively. These porous materials were used as a confinement matrix for the growth of small-sized semiconductor and transition metal clusters. Quantum-sized CdS particles in PPS (approximately 58+12 Â) and HPS (91+16 Â) matrices were prepared by first soaking the xerogel in a CdCl2 solution. Following a washing with water, a Na2S solution was then added. EDAX and electron diffraction techniques were used to identify the CdS particles. The particle sizes of CdS in PPS and HPS were determined by both UV measurements and from TEM images. Small-sized Cr clusters were prepared in dried xerogels by an internal doping method. Mixed Cr/CdS phases were also prepared by internal loading of a chromium metal precursor. Following deposition of CdS the xerogel was heated at 120 °C under high vacuum, resulting in formation of intimately mixed phases of Cr metal and CdS. Changes in morphology, in particular the surface area and pore size distribution were noted. A decrease in surface area and an increase in pore size were observed as a result of Cr metal deposition.
SUBSONIC/SUPERSONIC LINEAR UNSTEADY ANALYSIS

Using an expansion in powers of reduced frequency, a linearized unsteady panel formulation is developed which is valid for both subsonic and supersonic Mach numbers. With this formulation a numerical pilot code was developed, using chord plane singularities, to analyze relatively general three-dimensional geometries for a wide range of oscillation frequencies. A constant value of unsteady ACp across each panel eliminates the problem of singularities associated with control points near Mach cones emanating from panel corners, and from singularities associated with panels having sonic edges. computations indicate good agreement with a doublet lattice analysis at subsonic Mach numbers, for a nonplanar oblique wing configuration. and with an exact solution at supersonic speeds for a 60 degree delta wing. exactly in closed form and the technique may be expanded to more general panels of the Pan-Air type. Results from the
Evolutionary genetics and phylogeography of tassel-eared squirrels (Sciurus aberti)

The tassel-eared squirrel ( Sciurus aberti ) is confined to a montane archipelago of mixed conifer forests in the American Southwest. Explanations for its fragmented distribution vary, invoking historical scenarios that stress late-Pleistocene vicariance, dispersal, or some combination thereof. To test among these hypotheses, we examined the phylogeography of S. aberti , as determined by variation in mtDNA restriction sites among 22 populations sampled range-wide. Genetic distance and maximum-parsimony analyses revealed three distinct lineages of mtDNA, which in turn form two major phylogeographic assemblages; eastern (Mexico; New Mexico-Colorado-Utah) and western (Arizona-southwestern New Mexico). Comparisons between the maximum-parsimony tree and an area cladogram of regional mountain ranges showed marked topological discordance, dismissing late-Pleistocene vicariance as a principal phylogeographic factor. Certain mtDNA data support the post-Pleistocene dispersal hypothesis, in which squirrels dispersed northward in conjunction with the rapid range expansion of ponderosa pines ( Pinus ponderosa). However, divergence levels observed between assemblages (1.8%) also suggest a significant, underlying vicariant event responsible for major separation of lineages during the early Pleistocene. Thus, the evolutionary genetics of 5. aberti has been influenced profoundly, and perhaps repeatedly, by climatic change during the Pleistocene.
The effect of supply and demand uncertainties on the optimal production and sales plans for new products

When introducing a new product, firms face a hierarchy of decisions at the strategic and operational levels including capacity sizing, time to market or starting sales, initial inventory required by the product’s release time and production management in response to changes in the demand (hereafter referred to as production-sales policies). The goal of this paper was to show the importance of considering both supply and demand uncertainties in the determination of the production-sales policy which has been overlooked in the existing literature. More specifically, we test two main hypotheses: (1) ignoring supply and demand uncertainties may lead to potentially incorrect decisions; and, (2) the decision could be different if risk is used as the primary performance measure instead of the commonly used expected (mean) profit. We perform extensive experimentation with a Monte Carlo simulation model of the stochastic supply-restricted new product diffusion and use different statistical procedures, namely, the W...
“A War within Our Own Boundaries”: Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and the Rise of the Carceral State

Over the five summers of Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency, the nation witnessed more than 250 incidents of urban civil disorder. The violence—termed riots by policy makers, journalists, and the public—swept American cities and resulted in the deaths of more than two hundred black Americans, thirteen thousand injured civilians and officers, and the destruction of billions of dollars worth of property. Beginning with the killing of an unarmed black fifteen-year-old boy by New York City police that sparked the Harlem riot in July 1964, the uprisings constituted a prolonged and sporadic conflict involving more than one hundred thousand black participants and law enforcement officials. By the close of the 1960s these uprisings—sparked not by white hostility to integration like earlier race riots but by the presence of exploitative and exclusionary institutions in black neighborhoods—constituted the greatest period of domestic bloodshed the nation had witnessed since the Civil War.1 Unprecedented in its fury and frequency, this disorder radically reshaped the direction of Johnson’s Great Society programs, resulting ultimately in a merger of antipoverty programs with anticrime programs that laid the groundwork for contemporary mass incarceration. The links that the fire of urban discord forged between the fighting of crime and the fighting of urban inequality were established as early as 1965, in the three pieces of legislation that represented the Johnson administration’s legislative response to the civil rights movement. In March of that year, the administration presented to Congress the
Effectiveness Evaluation of Measles Supplementary Immunization Activity in Gaoxin District of Chengdu

Objective To analyze the effectiveness of measles attenuated live vaccine(MV) supplementary immunization activities(SIA) in Gaoxin district of Chengdu.Methods MV SIAs reports in 2008 and the measles epidemiology data in 2007-2009 of Gaoxin district were collected.The reports and data were statistically analyzed.Results Totally 32 525 targeted children were vaccinated MV,and the reported rate,estimated coverage rate,awareness rate and unvaccinated rate were 96.17%,97.61%,99.64% and 3.87% respectively.The reasons of unvaccinated were main in illness,refuse of vaccinate from parents,history of allergies,or fear of vaccination reaction.The incidence rate decreased to 0.69/105 in 2009.The differences of incidence rate between 2007 and 2008,and between 2008 and 2009 were both statistically significant(P 0.01).Conclusion Significant achievement has been made on measles control and prevention by measles SIA,and the incidence rate of measles declined dramatically.
Function and Selection

This chapter focuses on the selected effects theory of function. According to this view, a function of a trait is whatever it was selected for by natural selection or some natural process of selection. I show how the theory plausibly accounts for the explanatory and normative aspects of function. First, if a function of a trait is whatever it was selected for by natural selection, then when one attributes a function to a trait one provides a causal explanation for why the trait currently exists. Second, since the function of a trait is determined by its history rather than current performance, it is easy to see how a trait can have a function that it cannot perform (“dysfunction”). I sketch the somewhat complex historical background of this theory. The theory was actually developed by biologists throughout the twentieth century, and in the 1970s philosophers began to explore it systematically. I survey the major criticisms of the theory and show why they are not compelling. Critics say that it does not really account for the explanatory and normative features of function; that it is inconsistent with the way biologists actually use the term; that there are (real or imaginary) counterexamples; and that it is committed to adaptationism. I close by presenting a new version of the theory, the generalized selected effects theory, which shows how brain structures (such as synapses) can acquire new functions during an individual’s lifetime through a process that is analogous in some ways to natural selection itself.
Alteration to Dopaminergic Synapses Following Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS), in Vitro and in Vivo

Our understanding of the contribution exposure to environmental toxicants has on neurological disease continues to evolve. Of these, Parkinson's disease (PD) has been shown to have a strong environmental component to its etiopathogenesis. However, work is still needed to identify and characterize environmental chemicals that could alter the expression and function of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Of particular interest is the neurotoxicological effect of perfluorinated compounds, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which has been demonstrated to alter aspects of dopamine signaling. Using in vitro approaches, we have elaborated these initial findings to demonstrate the neurotoxicity of PFOS to the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line and dopaminergic primary cultured neurons. Using an in vivo model, we did not observe a deficit to dopaminergic terminals in the striatum of mice exposed to 10 mg/kg PFOS for 14 days. However, subsequent exposure to the selective dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) significantly reduced the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and resulted in an even greater reduction in DAT expression in animals previously exposed to PFOS. These findings suggest that PFOS is neurotoxic to the nigrostriatal dopamine circuit and this neurotoxicity could prime the dopamine terminal to more extensive damage following additional toxicological insults.
Designing GIS learning materials for K–12 teachers

Although previous studies have proven the usefulness and effectiveness of geographic information system (GIS) use in the K–12 classroom, the rate of teacher adoption remains low. The identified major barrier to its use is a lack of teachers’ background and experience. To solve this limitation, many organisations have provided GIS-related teacher training using various GIS learning materials. However, most materials have been developed without much consideration for the ‘users’ of these materials. This article introduces a user-centred design (UCD) approach to design and develop GIS learning materials in collaboration with a group of teachers to assist teachers in learning about and implementing GIS effectively in their classrooms. To illustrate this approach, the author presents a case study that involves developing GIS learning materials for middle school social studies teachers in Colorado, USA. As a result, the majority of teachers reported that UCD-based materials were easy to learn and follow.
Reading with a Crayon: Pre-Conventional Marginalia as Reader Response in Early Childhood.

Child-produced marginalia, annotations written or drawn in the margins of a text by a young reader, have been stigmatized as devaluing the book on which it was created and often dismissed as “graffiti.” Recent historical studies of marginalia created by older children, those who have mastered conventional writing and drawing, have challenged this notion by looking at extratextual annotations as a means to understanding children’s diverse uses of books as both intellectual and physical objects. However, pre-conventional scribbles on books by very young children have not been explored as artifacts of emergent literacy practices or reader response. Yet, scholarship in the fields of literacy education, art education, early childhood education and theories of place suggest that children can develop expectations for books in the first few years of life and that their earliest drawing experiences show evidence of intentionality. This reader response study draws from video data of three-year-old Elijah and his eighteen-month-old sister, Hannah, to explore the production, of pre-conventional marginalia in early childhood. The findings of this study suggest that toddlers and preschool-aged children can understand books as distinct and pleasurable artifacts in their immediate environments, that the marks they make in their picturebooks are evidence of reader response, that the act of drawing enables them to engage in a fictional landscape, and that pre-conventional marginalia can provide us with insight into very young children’s earliest aesthetic responses to texts.
THE ESTUARINE INTERACTION OF NUTRIENTS, ORGANICS, AND METALS: A CASE STUDY IN THE DELAWARE ESTUARY

Abstract: In the estuarine environment, biogeochemical processes alter concentrations of soluble nutrients, organic matter, and trace metals. Some constituents show geochemical reactivity and are filtered out by “flocculation” type reactions; these may be considered as a geochemical “filter”. Other constituents show biochemical reactivity and are filtered out by organismic processes; these may be considered as a biochemical “filter”. Through use of data from the Delaware Estuary, the geochemical filter is illustrated as it affects humic acids, phosphate, and iron; the biochemical filter as it affects ammonium, phosphate, silicate, and urea. Contrasting examples are presented for the transition elements copper and nickel which show little filtration, despite the potential for bioreactivity. Cadmium and phosphate are used to illustrate a combined biogeochemical filter.
Wind Turbine Interference Mitigation Using a Waveform Diversity Radar

Interference from the proliferation of wind turbines is becoming a problem for ground-based medium-to-high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) pulsed–Doppler air surveillance radars. This paper demonstrates that randomizing some parameters of the transmit waveform from pulse to pulse, a filter can be designed to suppress both the wind turbine interference and the ground clutter. Furthermore, a single coherent processing interval (CPI) is sufficient to make an unambiguous range measurement. Therefore, multiple CPIs are not needed for range disambiguation, as in the staggered PRFs techniques. First, we consider a waveform with fixed PRF but diverse (random) initial phase applied to each transmit pulse. Second, we consider a waveform with diverse (random) PRF. The theoretical results are validated through simulations and analysis of experimental data. Clutter-plus-interference suppression and range disambiguation in a single CPI may be attractive to the Federal Aviation Administration and coastal radars.
The perceived psychological distance of climate change impacts and its influence on support for adaptation policy

Abstract Factors influencing support for climate mitigation policy in the United States are well researched, however, research regarding individuals’ support for climate adaptation policy is relatively sparse. This study explores how an individual’s perception of climate change impacts may influence their support for adaptation actions. Results of a survey of the U.S. public (n = 653) indicates that individuals who believe climate change impacts are unlikely to happen or will primarily affect other people in other places are less likely to be concerned about climate change impacts and less likely to support climate adaptation. However, an individual’s support for climate change adaptation measures is not influenced by their perception of when climate change impacts will occur even when taking into account concern for climate impacts. Critical for policy-makers, a belief that climate adaptation measures will not be effective attenuates the relationship between psychological distance, concern for climate change impacts, and adaptation policy measures. Our results indicate that to effectively communicate about climate change, policy-makers should emphasize that: (i) climate change impacts are occurring, (ii) that their constituents are being affected now, or will be in the future, and (iii) communicate that adaptation measures can be effective in addressing risks associated with climate change impacts.
Transport of macromolecules in malnourished animals: II. Intravenous clearance after antigen absorption

Abstract It has been demonstrated that increased quantities of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and/or its large molecular weight breakdown products are present in the serum of malnourished rats after its instillation into the duodenum. However, it has not been established whether this increased circulating BSA is related to enhanced intestinal permeability due to changes in the mucosal barrier or to other factors associated with malnutrition such as impaired intravenous clearance of the protein after it has crossed the mucosal barrier. To determine if altered clearance of intravascular antigens occurred. 125 I-BSA was injected intravenously into 4 malnourished and 4 control rats and total serum radioactivity measured both before and after precipitation with TCA at intervals for 4 hours. Uptake and degradation of 125 I-BSA by the liver were also measured. Both total and TCA precipitable serum radioactivity did not differ significantly between study groups at any of the times tested. Furthermore, the rate of BSA uptake by the liver was nearly identical for both groups although the malnourished degraded it to a slightly lesser extent than the controls. These findings appear to eliminate the possibility that delayed intravascular clearance accounts for increased serum levels of antigen in malnourished animals and supports the hypothesis of increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules in malnutrition.
Super-resolution structured illumination in optically thick specimens without fluorescent tagging.

This research extends the work of Hoffman et al. to provide both sectioning and super-resolution using random patterns within thick specimens. Two methods of processing structured illumination in reflectance have been developed without the need for a priori knowledge of either the optical system or the modulation patterns. We explore the use of two deconvolution algorithms that assume either Gaussian or sparse priors. This paper will show that while both methods accomplish their intended objective, the sparse priors method provides superior resolution and contrast against all tested targets, providing anywhere from ∼1.6× to ∼2× resolution enhancement. The methods developed here can reasonably be implemented to work without a priori knowledge about the patterns or point spread function. Further, all experiments are run using an incoherent light source, unknown random modulation patterns, and without the use of fluorescent tagging. These additional modifications are challenging, but the generalization of these methods makes them prime candidates for clinical application, providing super-resolved noninvasive sectioning in vivo.
Leveraging the power of experiential learning to achieve higher-order proficiencies

ABSTRACTAlthough experiential learning approaches, such as service-learning, have been shown to increase student motivation and academic achievement, faculty concerns about the costs of developing and implementing such courses have limited their adoption within economics. One cost that can be eliminated is the opportunity cost typically associated with “required” reflection exercises that are often perceived as taking time away from economic instruction. This article contributes to the existing literature by introducing a reflection mechanism based on programmatically appropriate project-management reports. This approach not only links experience and course content, essential elements of service-learning best-practice, but also facilitates the successful management of a complex project, thereby contributing to the development of higher-order proficiencies.
The bad end of the bargain?: Revisiting the relationship between collective bargaining agreements and student achievement

Abstract This paper revisits the relationship between teacher collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) and student achievement. Using a district-level dataset of California teacher CBAs that includes measures of overall and subarea contract strength linked to district-level panel data, we build on prior work by controlling for unobserved fixed and time-varying confounders. This study demonstrates that naive pooled OLS estimates of student achievement on overall CBA strength are larger and more negative than lagged achievement and within-district estimates, signifying a negative bias in the naive levels models. When controlling for time invariant and time-varying unobservables, the relationship between CBA strength and student achievement is persistently negative and small, or null, but never significantly positive. This relationship extends to specific CBA subareas and to subgroups of students. These findings have important implications for new reforms designed to weaken teacher collective bargaining rights.
X-Linked Determinants

One of the most fundamental discoveries in mammalian genetics stems from the pigment patterns of female mice heterozygous for an X-linked coat-color determinant. Thus, the single-active-X hypothesis was originally suggested to explain the variegated or banded coat-color patterns of such females (Lyon, 1961; L. Russell, 1961). It was proposed that in the early embryo one X-chromosome, chosen at random, was inactivated in each mammalian somatic cell and that the affected chromosome remained inactive. Thus, in the adult all the cells descended from any particular embryonic cell after the time of decision constituted a clone characterized by the presence of the same active X-chromosome (with the exception of the germ cells in which both X-chromosomes remained active). The wild type colored patches of the coat of heterozygous females were therefore attributed to the activity of cells in which the X-chromosome bearing the mutant allele had been inactivated, whereas the mutant colored patches were attributed to cells in which the X-chromosome carrying the gene for wild type color was inert (Figure 8-1). This inactivation hypothesis, which is now accepted as dogma (see Lyon, 1970, 1971, 1972a, 1974),1 is of particular interest because, like the allophenic patterns described in the previous chapter, it too can result in a situation in which melanocytes and/or hair follicle cells are derived from clonal-initiator cells bearing different markers.
Sensory-Discriminative Capacities of Nociceptive Pathways and Their Modulation by Behavior

Considerable progress has been made on the characterization of neural pathways participating in the sensory component of pain sensations. The sensory component of pain refers to the quality as well as the location, intensity, and temporal aspects of noxious or tissue-damaging stimuli. Recent advances include knowledge about the coding of pain signals and how these signals can be modified by control systems originating at other brain sites.
Regulatory burden and salary for pharmacy technicians in the United States.

Abstract Background Education, training, and certification requirements for pharmacy technicians are determined by individual state boards of pharmacy resulting in heterogeneity in the entry-level requirements to practice in the United States (US). Objective To determine an association between state-level registration/licensure requirements and salary for pharmacy technicians. Methods All 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) were categorized into two groups, high regulation (HR) or low regulation (LR). Salaries were compared using the 2016 hourly salary published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). To adjust for cost of living, an index was created using median hourly salary and hourly wage needed to afford a two-bedroom rental for each state obtained from the National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC) 2016 Out of Reach Report. Average median salary and the average salary-housing index (SHI) were compared using a student t-test. Results The sample included 23 H R states and 28 L R states. Salary differences were not significant despite regulatory requirements (LR: $14.74±$1.57; HR: $15.60±$1.80; p-value: 0.065). There was also no difference in SHI scores (LR: 0.83 ± 0.15; HR: 0.88 ± 0.19; p-value: 0.21). Conclusion Despite increased regulatory burden in the HR states, income levels are not significantly higher.
Design, Modelling, and Control Strategies of a Three Degrees-of-Freedom VR Spherical Motor Part II: Dynamic Modeling and Control

This paper presents the dynamic modeling and the control strategy of an interesting three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) variable-reluctance (VR) spherical motor which presents some attractive possibilities by combining pitch, roll, and yaw motion in a single joint. Both the forward dynamics which determine the motion as a result of activating the electromagnetic coils and the inverse model which determines the coil excitations required to generate the desired torque are derived. The model represents the first detailed study on the inverse dynamics, and yet, permits a spectrum of design configurations to be analyzed. The solution to the forward dynamics of the spherical motor is unique but the inverse model may have multiple solutions and therefore an optimal choice is required. The multiple-coil excitations allows an optimal control vector to be chosen to minimize a specific cost function. This characteristic significantly differs from that of a popular three-consecutive-rotational-joint wrist based on the traditional single-axis motor or spherical motors of other types, which are typically characterized by having an unique solution to both the forward and inverse dynamics. The control strategy of a VR spherical motor consists of two parts; namely, the control of the rotor dynamic in terms of the actuating torque, and the determination of the optimal inputs for the required torque. An optimal choice is determined from an unconstrained optimization problem. The implementation issues in determining the optimal control input vector in real-time are also addressed.
The Elevation of Victims' Rights in Washington State: Constitutional Status

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Law and Society Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Legal History, Theory and Process Commons, Legislation Commons, Organizations Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, Remedies Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons
High resolution and high field diffusion MRI in the visual system of primates (P3.086)

Objective: Establishing a primate multiscale genetic brain network linking key microstructural brain components to social behavior remains an elusive goal. Background: Diffusion MRI, which quantifies the magnitude and anisotropy of water diffusion in brain tissues, offers unparalleled opportunity to link the macroconnectome (resolution of ~0.5mm) to histological-based microconnectome at synaptic resolution. Design/Methods: We tested the hypothesis that the simplest (and most clinically-used) reconstruction technique (known as diffusion tensor imaging, DTI) will yield similar brain connectivity patterns in the visual system (from optic chiasm to visual cortex) compared to more sophisticated and accurate reconstruction methods including diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), q-ball imaging (QBI), and generalized q-sampling imaging. We obtained high resolution diffusion MRI data on ex vivo brain from Macaca fascicularis: MRI 7T, resolution 0.5 mm isotropic, 515 diffusion volumes up to b-value (aka diffusion sensitivity) of 40,000 s/mm 2 with scan time ~100 hrs. Results: Tractography results show that despite the limited ability of DTI to resolve crossing fibers at the optic chiasm, DTI-based tracts mapped to the known projections of layers in lateral geniculate nucleus and to the primary visual cortex. The other reconstructions were superior in localized regions for resolving crossing regions. Conclusions: In conclusion, despite its simplifying assumptions, DTI-based fiber tractography can be used to generate accurate brain connectivity maps that conform to established neuroanatomical features in the visual system. Study Supported by: NIH/NIMH R01MH100635 NIH/NICHD R01HD067731
Mark C. Taylor

Mary C. Taylor is best known for his landmark work, Erring, which brought postmodern theory and radical theology into dialogue. Throughout his lifetime he has written on a wide range of topics, from architecture to Las Vegas. This chapter presents his work briefly from a critical perspective.