cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Indication for Primary Cesarean Delivery at Term: Experience at One U.S. Institution

The rate of cesarean delivery in the United States has increased from 4.5 percent in 1965 (1) to 31.8 percent in 2007 (2). Although much of this rise occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, the cesarean delivery rate has continued to rise by 1 percent per year over the past decade (3). Clinical conditions such as obesity, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and other chronic diseases have been shown to contribute to higher rates of cesarean deliveries, (4–10), in addition to nonclinical factors including patient and provider preferences, insurance type, socioeconomic status, regional differences, legal climate, and increasing maternal age (9–15). Numerous studies have focused on racial and ethnic differences in cesarean delivery rates, demonstrating that black women have the highest rates nationwide (16–19), even after adjustment for level of education, income, insurance status, and regional practice differences (1, 17, 20, 21). Many hypotheses have been suggested to explain the higher cesarean rates in black women including provider-level practices, hospital-level practices, patient-provider communication, patient preferences, and racial or ethnic discrimination (20–24). However, few studies have examined specific medical indications as a means to explain the differential rates in cesarean delivery across race (16). Although the documented medical indication for cesarean delivery is the most readily available source of information about the reason for this surgery, its assignment can be somewhat subjective and dependent on the perspective of the medical provider. Comparison of the indications for cesarean delivery may help to clarify potential patient-level differences and specific provider-level practices that may underlie racial and ethnic differences in cesarean delivery rates Our study attempts to examine differences in indications for cesarean section as a means of further elucidating the relationship between race and ethnicity and primary cesarean delivery risk among primiparous women.
Galactosemia and Amenorrhea in the Adolescent

Hereditary galactosemia is a biochemical genetic disease due to a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) enzyme activity (OMIM 606999). Acute manifestations occur in the neonatal period and are, with rare exceptions, related to lactose ingestion. They include poor feeding and growth, emesis, jaundice, liver disease, bleeding diathesis, anemia, renal tubulopathy, cataracts, encephalopathy and death from E. coli sepsis. Chronic manifestations, which also develop in prospectively treated patients, involve (a) the brain, resulting in delayed language acquisition, speech defects, and learning problems, and (b) the ovary, in the majority of females, producing hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. The serum FSH level is elevated in infancy/early childhood in many, but not all patients with a severe phenotype. There are few reports of patients with classic galactosemia having undergone pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The pathologic findings in the ovary, including a persistence of primordial follicles and streak gonads, have been variable. The etiology of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in galactosemia is unknown. Clinical surveillance includes screening for abnormalities in ovarian function at an early age. Treatment consists of estrogen/progesterone supplementation at the appropriate age. Reduced BMD has been reported. Future research is needed (1) to delineate the mechanisms behind reduced ovarian function in these young women; (2) to determine the timing of the lesion: prenatal, postnatal, and both pre- and postnatal; (3) to determine whether elevated galactose-1-phosphate is both necessary and sufficient to induce primary ovarian insufficiency; and (4) to understand the mechanism(s) behind the reduced BMD seen in children and adolescents with galactosemia.
Visual mislocalization during double-step saccades

Visual objects presented briefly at the time of saccade onset appear compressed toward the saccade target. Compression strength depends on the presentation of a visual saccade target signal and is strongly reduced during the second saccade of a double-step saccade sequence (Zimmermann et al., 2014; 2014). Here, I tested whether perisaccadic compression is linked to saccade planning by contrasting two double-step paradigms. In the same-direction double-step paradigm, subjects were required to perform two rightward 10° saccades successively. At various times around execution of the saccade sequence a probe dot was briefly flashed. Subjects had to localize the position of the probe dot after they had completed both saccades. I found compression of visual space only at the time of the first but not at the time of the second saccade. In the reverse-direction paradigm, subjects performed first a rightward 10° saccade followed by a leftward 10° saccade back to initial fixation. In this paradigm compression was found in similar magnitude during both saccades. Analysis of the saccade parameters did not reveal indications of saccade sequence preplanning in this paradigm. I therefore conclude that saccade planning, rather than saccade execution factors, is involved in perisaccadic compression.
Disturbance interactions can impact resilience mechanisms of forests

Interactions between multiple disturbances are of special concern in ecology due to their potential for non-linear behavior and long-lasting legacies on landscape structure and function. If multiple disturbances overcome the ecological resilience of a system, alternate stable states are possible. Increases in the frequency and severity of disturbance events as a result of climate change heighten this concern. This study directly addresses the question of ecosystem resilience in the face of multiple disturbances. We investigated a gradient of disturbance interaction severities between two events in a subalpine forest, a 1997 windstorm (variable severity) and a 2002 wildfire (high-severity). A third disturbance, salvage logging of blowdown (1999–2001) prior to the fire, served as a de facto experimental treatment. Ninety-nine study plots were established across the disturbance gradient, including fire-only areas for a baseline fire response. Modeling indicated that the combination of two severe disturbances created novel conditions which exceeded the resilience mechanisms of the system. Modeled mean fire residence time and temperature (First Order Fire Effects Model, FOFEM), as well as mean distance to potential seed sources, increased as a result of the interaction. Regeneration 8 years post-fire was essentially absent in medium- to high-severity blowdown + fire plots, whereas low-severity blowdown + fire and fire-only areas showed strong regeneration. Blowdown + salvage + fire had significantly higher regeneration than areas of comparable blowdown, suggesting that fuel loading drove the interaction. CART analysis supported this hypothesis. Multiple disturbances have the potential to create surprising situations and reduce the resilience of an ecosystem. Differential recovery as a result of a “novel disturbance” created by compounding events will likely have long lasting legacies across the landscape.
Bilateral Phakic Retinal Detachment

Ninety-nine (11.6%) of 850 phakic retinal detachment patients had bilateral detachments. The incidence of bilaterality was greater in nontraumatic detachments (13.4%) than traumatic detachments (3.8%). Patients were divided into two refractive classes: (1) myopic, containing refractive errors of -2.50 diopters or more, and (2) nonmyopic, containing all other refractive errors. The rate of bilaterality in nontraumatic detachments varied with refractive class and lattice degeneration: nonmyopic without lattice (8.1%), nonmyopic with lattice (14.2%), myopic without lattice (16.3%), and myopic with lattice (24.6%). Mean age in years at onset of the initial detachment varied with refractive class and lattice degeneration: nonmyopic without lattice (59.1), nonmyopic with lattice (55.8), myopic without lattice (49.2), and myopic with lattice (28.2). Lattice degeneration reduced the interval between detachments. Annual risks of fellow eye detachments were calculated for four groups: nonmyopic without lattice (0.12%), nonmyopic with lattice (0.95%), myopic without lattice (1.3%), and myopic with lattice (0.98%).
Eccentric contraction-induced injury of mouse soleus muscle: effect of varying [Ca2+]o

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of varying extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) on eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury. Isolated mouse soleus muscles (n = 64) ...
Dynamic coordination of information management services for processing dynamic web content

Dynamic Web content provides us with time-sensitive and continuously changing data. To glean up-to-date information, users need to regularly browse, collect and analyze this Web content. Without proper tool support this information management task is tedious, time-consuming and error prone, especially when the quantity of the dynamic Web content is large, when many information management services are needed to analyze it, and when underlying services/network are not completely reliable. This paper describes a multi-level, lifecycle (design-time and run-time) coordination mechanism that enables rapid, efficient development and execution of information management applications that are especially useful for processing dynamic Web content. Such a coordination mechanism brings dynamism to coordinating independent, distributed information management services. Dynamic parallelism spawns/merges multiple execution service branches based on available data, and dynamic run-time reconfiguration coordinates service execution to overcome faulty services and bottlenecks. These features enable information management applications to be more efficient in handling content and format changes in Web resources, and enable the applications to be evolved and adapted to process dynamic Web content.
Energy levels of light nuclei A = 16–17

Compilation of energy levels of A = 16 and 17 nuclei, with emphasis on material leading to information about the structure of the A = 16 and 17 systems.
Maintenance of the correct open reading frame by the ribosome

During translation, a string of non‐overlapping triplet codons in messenger RNA is decoded into protein. The ability of a ribosome to decode mRNA without shifting between reading frames is a strict requirement for accurate protein biosynthesis. Despite enormous progress in understanding the mechanism of transfer RNA selection, the mechanism by which the correct reading frame is maintained remains unclear. In this report, evidence is presented that supports the idea that the translational frame is controlled mainly by the stability of codon–anticodon interactions at the P site. The relative instability of such interactions may lead to dissociation of the P‐site tRNA from its codon, and formation of a complex with an overlapping codon, the process known as P‐site tRNA slippage. We propose that this process is central to all known cases of +1 ribosomal frameshifting, including that required for the decoding of the yeast transposable element Ty 3 . An earlier model for the decoding of this element proposed ‘out‐of‐frame’ binding of A‐site tRNA without preceding P‐site tRNA slippage.
Simulation of imaging with sodium iodide crystals and position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes

The imaging characteristics of miniature gamma cameras that consist of a single sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) crystal coupled to a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT) have been studied via Monte Carlo simulations. Images obtained with such cameras with the use of conventional position calculations exhibit considerable distortions, particularly compression. This study demonstrates that the distortions result primarily from nonuniform sensitivities of PSPMTs and secondarily from nonlinear responses of PSPMTs, light-reflection properties resulting from the treatments of crystals, and light-refractive properties of glass interfaces between crystals and photocathodes. Simulation results are compared to images obtained with a prototype miniature gamma camera. >
A Personal Perspective on Marriage, Time, Space, Uncertainty, and the Law

The author, an invited speaker at the Symposium on "Modernizing Marriage Through E-Marriage," held at the Michigan State University College of Law on November 11-12, 2010, reflects on his own and his husband's personal experiences with the odyssey of legal recognition of, and legal attacks upon, equal marriage rights for gay and lesbian couples.
Student behavior & retention in web-based & web-enhanced classes

A study at California State University at Northridge reported that students in a virtual classroom scored 20% higher than students in a traditional classroom. A similar, but non-randomized, study was conducted at Texas A&M University Corpus Christi (Jones, 1999). It was unable to reproduce the results of Schutte, and raised some issues of retention of students in web-based classes. This paper examines the retention issue in web-based classes. The main finding is that although working students prefer to enroll in web-based they are at increased risk of not completing a web-based course. Recommendations are made for improving student retention.
Anatomy of a University Sponsored Successful Hybrid Solar and Wind Based Renewable Energy Project in Rural Ethiopia

The paper chronicles the process which led to the success of a renewable energy project based on a hybrid solar and wind power system. The project is based in Farsi Senkele rural community in Ambo, Ethiopia. The initial fact-finding mission conducted by the university, including its dealings with local governmental and nongovernmental organizations as well as local universities and colleges are highlighted with emphasis on the encountered challenges. Details of the proposed technical design of the renewable power source for pumping water from a shallow well is presented. The logistical considerations, including the signing of required memorandum of understanding (MOU) with a local organization, the acquisition of private funding and material support and equipment transportation and other aspects are described. The benefits brought to the students who participated in the realization of the project are also emphasized. The project is promoted as an ideal model for the prospect of sustained university sponsored projects in developing countries.
Information Theoretic Analysis of Pulmonary Stretch Receptor Spike Trains

Primary afferent neurons transduce physical, continuous stimuli into discrete spike trains. Investigators have long been interested in interpreting the meaning of the number or pattern of action po...
Abstract 514: Integrins dependent regulation of endothelial cell migration and tube formation by α6(IV)NC1

Peptides or short protein domains derived from extracellular matrix were shown to possess anti-tumor properties. One such molecule, α6(IV)NC1 was derived from the carboxy terminal non-collagenous domain fragment of α6 chain, type (IV) collagen and was found to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth but the mechanism by which it inhibits the growth of solid tumors has not been reported yet. In the present study we demonstrate that the biological functions of α6(IV)NC1 are attributed to its binding to different integrins. In addition, we also demonstrate that α6(IV)NC1 binds to α3β1and α5β1 integrins and competes with the cells binding to α1β1 integrins on type IV collagen, and / with α5β1 integrins on fibronectin and inhibits migration and tube formation of human vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. We further evaluated the role of α3β1 and α5β1 integrins in tube formation and regulation of cell migration by α6(IV)NC1. While both the integrins (α3β1 and α5β1) are required for the inhibition of tube formation by α6(IV)NC1 in human vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, only α3β1 integrin was found to regulate lymphatic endothelial cells migration. In addition we also demonstrate that α6(IV)NC1 inhibits tumor growth, tumor lymphatic angiogenesis and circulating endothelial cells in-vivo. These in-vitro and in-vivo findings identify that α3β1 and α5β1 integrins are critical for α6(IV)NC1 mediated inhibition of angiogenic and lymph angiogenic signaling and inhibition of tumor progression. Collectively, our findings first time demonstrate that α6(IV)NC1 is a potent therapeutic candidate for targeting tumor angiogenesis and tumor lymphatic angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 514.
A Negative Feedback Loop between PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs and HECATE Proteins Fine-Tunes Photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis

The phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs), a small group of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, repress photomorphogenesis both in the dark and light. Light signals perceived by the phytochrome family of photoreceptors induce rapid degradation of PIFs to promote photomorphogenesis. Here, we show that HECATE (HEC) proteins, another small group of HLH proteins, antagonistically regulate PIFs to promote photomorphogenesis. HEC1 and HEC2 heterodimerize with PIF family members. PIF1, HEC1, and HEC2 genes are spatially and temporally coexpressed, and HEC2 is localized in the nucleus. hec1, hec2, and hec3 single mutants and the hec1 hec2 double mutant showed hyposensitivity to light-induced seed germination and accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids, hallmark processes oppositely regulated by PIF1. HEC2 inhibits PIF1 target gene expression by directly heterodimerizing with PIF1 and preventing DNA binding and transcriptional activation activity of PIF1. Conversely, PIFs directly activate the expression of HEC1 and HEC2 in the dark, and light reduces the expression of these HECs possibly by degrading PIFs. HEC2 is partially degraded in the dark through the ubiquitin/26S-proteasome pathway and is stabilized by light. HEC2 overexpression also reduces the light-induced degradation of PIF1. Taken together, these data suggest that PIFs and HECs constitute a negative feedback loop to fine-tune photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Food Safety: Recommendations for Determining Doneness in Consumer Egg Dish Recipes and Measurement of Endpoint Temperatures When Recipes Are Followed

Many consumers do not follow recommended food safety practices for cooking egg dishes, such as pies, quiches, and casseroles, potentially leading to foodborne illnesses such as Salmonellosis. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends cooking egg mixtures until the center reaches 71 °C (160 °F). The objectives of this study were to determine what endpoint temperature information consumers receive from egg dish recipes, and if recipes would lead to safe temperatures when followed. Egg dish recipes (n = 226) from 65 websites, 50 cookbooks, and nine magazine titles (multiple issues of each) were analyzed. Time was the most frequently used indicator, given in 92% of the recipes, with 15% using only time. Other indicators included: set (89), browned (76), clean toothpick/knife (60), puffed (27), and jiggled (13). Only two recipes indicated final endpoint temperatures. Three recipes (a pie, a quiche, and an egg casserole) were chosen and prepared in triplicate to see if they would reach recommended temperatures. The pie and quiche were still liquid at 71 °C, and were well over the recommended temperature when cooked according to instructions, but the egg casserole was not consistently above 71 °C, when the recipe instructions indicated it was done and the center was light brown and “jiggled” This research indicates that consumers are not receiving information on endpoint temperatures in egg recipes, but the likelihood of foodborne illness is low since most dishes probably be cooked past the recommended temperature before the consumer considers them done unless there are many inclusions that may absorb liquid and reduce the appearance of liquid in the dish.
Cranial Nerve Palsies, Surgery

Cranial nerves are responsible for functions that are very important for everyday life. These functions include the special senses of sight, smell, taste, and hearing; facial sensation and movement; eye movement; tongue, pharyngeal, and laryngeal movement; balance; and parasympathetic input to processes throughout the body. Originating from or returning to the brainstem, the cranial nerves must pass around the brain and through the skull to their targets. Hence, a wide variety of lesions can interfere with their functions. When these lesions must be resected, optimal surgical access is essential to maximize visibility and to minimize brain retraction, factors that are important for improving outcomes.
The politics of contract allocation in the World Bank

Scholarship on informal politics in multilateral aid organizations investigates all stages of the allocation process - from project identification to aid disbursement and project evaluation. Yet, one area remains almost entirely overlooked in the literature - allocation of aid-financed contracts. This article aims to address the shortcoming of the existing research and develops a theory of contract allocation in a prominent multilateral aid organization – the World Bank. The theoretical argument explores the relationship between formal procurement arrangements and recipients’ control over contract allocation, and the role of this relationship in explaining patterns of contract allocation. My empirical analyses using data on the World Bank’s contracts provide evidence of recipients’ ability to allocate contracts in favor of domestic companies, as well as bilateral aid donors.
Real Estate Investments, Product Market Competition and Stock Returns

By limiting operating flexibility, real estate investments are found to increase firm risk, thus expected returns. This study introduces product market competition as a critical determinant of the relation between real estate investments and stock returns. As part of capacity strategies, these investments are generally associated with increased market power and lower cash flow volatility in oligopolistic industries. I present a simple model of oligopolistic competition showing a negative relation between real estate holdings and firm beta, and empirically confirm this prediction. Controlling for product market competition enhances identification of the endogenous relation between real estate investments and stock returns.
Study of ferroelastic behavior and microstructure in polycrystalline LaCoO3 using Transmission Electron Microscopy

LaCoO 3 is a ferroelastic perovskite-type oxide. It has been shown to undergo creep at room temperature. LaCoO 3 responds to stress by changing its domain structure, resulting in formation of spontaneous strain. The microstructure of a sample of polycrystalline LaCoO 3 with history of stress was investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was compared to an unstrained sample to determine what changes are produced. TEM analysis has shown an increase in defect density as well as the appearance of atomic scale ordering. The causes of the observed ordering and their relation to ferroelastic behavior are explored.
Oral Aripiprazole as Maintenance Treatment in Adolescent Schizophrenia: Results From a 52-Week, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Withdrawal Study

Objective To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of aripiprazole, a dopamine D 2 receptor partial agonist, as maintenance treatment in adolescent outpatients with schizophrenia. Method This was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal design trial. Participants 13 to 17 years of age with a diagnosis of schizophrenia ( DSM-IV-TR ) were first cross-titrated from their other oral antipsychotic(s) (4–6 weeks), then stabilized (7–21 weeks) on oral aripiprazole 10 to 30 mg/d, and finally randomized 2:1 to continuation of oral aripiprazole or to placebo in a double-blind maintenance phase (≤52 weeks). The primary endpoint was time from randomization to exacerbation of psychotic symptoms/impending relapse. Safety and tolerability were assessed. Results Of 201 enrolled participants, 146 were randomized to aripiprazole (n = 98) or placebo (n = 48) in the double-blind maintenance phase. Treatment with aripiprazole was associated with a significantly longer time to exacerbation of psychotic symptoms/impending relapse compared with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.46 [95% CI = 0.24–0.88]; p = .016). Aripiprazole was associated with lower rates of serious treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) versus placebo (3.1% versus 12.5%; p = .059) and severe TEAEs (2.0% versus 10.4%; p = .039). The rate of discontinuation due to TEAEs was lower with aripiprazole versus placebo (20.4% versus 39.6%, p = .014; number-needed-to-harm = 5.1). The incidences of extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and somnolence were similar or lower with aripiprazole than with placebo, and no TEAEs related to elevated serum prolactin were reported. Based on Tanner staging, 27.6% of participants treated with aripiprazole and 16.7% of those who received placebo progressed one or two stages from baseline. Conclusion Aripiprazole was observed to be safe and effective for the maintenance treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia. Clinical trial registration information: Efficacy and Safety Study of Oral Aripiprazole in Adolescents With Schizophrenia; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT01149655.
Multicriteria Stochastic Shortest Path Problem for Electric Vehicles

This paper formulates the reliable routing of electric vehicles in stochastic networks as a multicriteria shortest path problem with travel time and charging cost components. The reliability term is defined as the probability of finishing the trip without running out of charge. The arc travel times are represented as stochastic variables, and arc energy consumption is modeled as a linear function of arc length and arc travel time. The traveler aims to minimize the generalized cost, formulated as a linear function of travel time and charging cost, subject to a minimum reliability threshold, representing the level of risk a traveler is willing to take in favor of routes with lower cost. We propose a solution algorithm based on generalized dynamic programming and show that the optimal solution may include cycles that visit at least one charging station. The properties of the proposed multicriteria shortest path problem are mathematically proved. The simulation results on randomly-generated networks show that cyclic paths are very rare, and that the generalized cost of travel is a monotone increasing function of minimum reliability threshold.
Multi-level Responses to Multi-level Vulnerabilities: Creating an Enabling Environment for HIV Prevention for Girls in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique

In sub-Saharan Africa, girls are several times more likely to be infected with HIV than are boys of the same age and young people aged 15–24 years represent more than half of all new infections. An extensive literature review augmented by formative research conducted in Botswana, Malawi and Mozambique reveals that although individual sexual behaviors heighten risk, a complex interaction of structural factors outside of girls’ control is fueling the epidemic. Guided by the understanding that individuals are influenced by a system of socio-cultural relationships – families, social networks, communities and nations – the Go Girls! (GG) Program incorporated a social ecological approach to prevent HIV. Eight multifaceted interventions were designed and implemented to simultaneously reach communities, leaders, teachers, parents/guardians and young people themselves. This chapter highlights evidence that, despite a short implementation period of 10 months or less, positive effects were extended to girls when adults in their communities worked together to create a more enabling environment for their health, well-being and HIV prevention.
The Importance of Negotiating Good Contracts (谈判优质合同的重要性) (Gute Verträge brauchen gute Verhandlungsteams)

English Abstract: Complex contracts between governments and foreign investors, covering large-scale projects, define the long-term relationship between the parties. Negotiating such contracts is difficult under any circumstances, yet emerging markets negotiating with foreign investors often face an asymmetry of resources. This Perspective discusses how this asymmetry can be reduced through negotiations support. Chinese Abstract: 政府与外国投资者之间的复杂合同，涵盖了特别是自然资源、农业和基础设施等行业的大型项目，确定了双方之间的长期关系。因此，就未来几年内利益和责任的分配问题进行谈判对制定合同十分重要。 German Abstract: Komplizierte Vertrage zwischen auslandischen Investoren und Gastlandern betreffend Grossprojekte legen die langfristigen Beziehungen zwischen beiden Partnern fest. Die Verhandlung solcher Vertrage ist immer schwierig. Entwicklungslander haben oft nicht die menschlichen und finanziellen Ressourcen, um solche Verhandlungen fur sich selbst erfolgreich zu fuhren. Dieser Artikel diskutiert, wie diese Asymmetrie durch Verhandlungsunterstutzung -- und, konkret, durch CONNEX -- reduziert werden kann.
The Clothing and Woollen Cloth Factories Following the First World War

The First World War placed enormous strains on the production of the Australian Army’s uniforms by the government-owned Clothing Factory, in terms of both quantity and timeliness of supply. Ironically, by the end of the First World War in 1918, the Clothing Factory found itself with a serious oversupply of Army uniforms in stock. Another government-owned business, the Woollen Cloth Factory in Geelong, having produced woollen blankets and other woollen fabrics, such as horse blankets, found itself in the same predicament. There had been a sudden slump in the demand for war-related products. Fortunately, the Clothing Factory had diversified into other markets: it also produced uniforms for the Australian postal services, railways and Victorian tramways, and was able to switch over to these products. Moreover, returned soldiers were each provided with a civilian suit of high-quality wool tweed, keeping both factories in business in the short term. The Returned Soldiers & Sailors Imperial League of Australia took it upon itself to trade the Factories’ wool tweed suits, Army greatcoats and woollen blankets to those in need, returning a profit both to itself and to the factories.
CHAPTER 39 – Inflammation

Inflammation is characterized by a multitude of interactions between leukocytes, endothelial cells, and platelets. Irrespective of its etiology, Inflammation causes endothelial activation. Activated endothelial cells express cell adhesion molecules such as P- and E-selectin, which mediate leukocyte rolling, the first step in the adhesion cascade leading to leukocyte extravasation.1,2 Rolling leukocytes become activated by chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted), also presented by the endothelium. Subsequently, leukocytes, through their integrins, bind firmly to other endothelial adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Following firm adhesion, leukocytes migrate across the endothelial barrier. The process of diapedesis (transmigration) involves various adhesion receptors expressed on both leukocytes and endothelial cells, such as platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1, Chapter 11), CD99, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, as well as junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-A, -B, and -C (reviewed in 3).
Measuring Adherence to Medical Treatments in Childhood Chronic Illness: Considering Multiple Methods and Sources of Information

Adherence to medical treatment is a significant problem for children and adolescents with chronic conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. The consequences of nonadherence can be serious, contributing to increased symptoms, unnecessary hospitalizations, and declines in physical functioning. The quality of data obtained from clinical trials can also be affected by poor adherence, leading to erroneous conclusions concerning the efficacy of drug treatments and the dosages that are needed to achieve those effects. Adherence problems in both clinical research and practice also lead to substantially higher health care costs. In order to further our understanding of the barriers that lead to poor adherence and identify strategies that are effective in addressing them, we need to develop reliable and valid measures of adherence behaviors. Using cystic fibrosis as a model of a serious, chronic disease that requires a difficult and time-consuming medical regimen, three different types of adherence measures are considered: self-report questionnaires, daily diary reports, and electronic monitors. The specific advantages and disadvantages of each type of measurement are reviewed, and specific recommendations are made for future research.
10.1 Perspectives on Coastal Geomorphology: Introduction

Coastal geomorphology studies the interactions of marine, atmospheric, geologic, and anthropogenic systems. It is an especially important sub-discipline because coastal systems tend to be dynamic, whereas the concentrations of human populations in coastal zones expect the environment to be static. The volume is organized around three themes. The first theme is nearshore processes, including those associated with waves and sediment transport. The second theme is morphodynamic systems, and it includes reviews of beaches, nearshore bars, tidal inlets and lagoons, barrier systems, gravel systems, and beach–dune systems. The third theme is coastal environment, which includes chapters on rock coasts, estuaries, coral systems, mangrove environments, developed coasts, and the evolution of coastal landforms.
Community Use of the College Reading and Study Center

(1972). Community Use of the College Reading and Study Center. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 5, Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Reading: Putting All the Cards on the Table, pp. 103-108.
Automatic multi-frequency rotating-probe eddy- current data analysis

An automatic scheme for analyzing multi-frequency rotating-probe eddy-current data is proposed herein. This system integrates signal/image-processing algorithm with pat­ tern recognition methods for accomplishing the objectives. The eddy-current signals are acquired from several kinds of frequency multiplexed eddy-current rotating-probes. The problem involves the detection of the flaw signals, classifying the defect format and sizing/characterizing the defect profile. The preprocessing steps include conversion of one-dimensional data to obtain a two-dimensional image, removing background noise, suppressing structure-masking signals, and calibration. Optimal thresholding of cali­ brated signal based on probability of detection (POD) concepts are discussed in detail. Feature extraction and signal classification steps are then implemented to discriminate signals produced by defects or non-defects, axial or circumferential defects, tight or vol­ umetric defects. Finally, wavelet basis function neural networks are used for estimating defect profile. Further analysis of the statistical properties of potential defect signals is needed to discriminate between different kinds of defects. A model for characterizing the am­ plitude and phase probability distributions is developed. The squared amplitudes and phases of the potential defect signals are modeled as independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables following gamma and von Mises distributions, respectively. A maximum likelihood (ML) method is employed for estimating the amplitude and phase distribution parameters from measurements corrupted by additive complex white Gaus­ sian noise. Newton-Raphson iteration is utilized to compute the ML estimates of the
Extended Abstract: Cooperation Without Association

Explaining how cooperation arises and is maintained remains an incompletely solved problem. It is of great import and continues to attract attention and generate research results. It is known that cooperation may be sustained when agents are in continued association. In this paper, we explore certain conditions under which a surprising amount of cooperation may be maintained in the absence of all but minimal association. In particular, we show that the strategy of win-stay; lose-shift, if played by a significant number of agents, will robustly and stably produce high levels of cooperation in a population under the replicator dynamics. A shorter version of this paper was presented at the April 2014 workshop on Norms, Agents, and Games, at Kings College London.
Critical Linkages in the Baldrige Award Criteria: Research Models and Educational Challenges

In this article, a causal model that describes the key linkages in the Baldrige Award criteria for performance excellence framework is proposed. This model provides significant research opportunities for further theoretical modeling and empirical testin..
Social interaction and economic institution

This dissertation explores inequality and longer work hours and the relationship to various businesses and their ability to obtain low-interest loans. The first chapter provides insight into the relationship of how a desire to emulate the standard of consumption established by the wealthy has lead to inequality and longer working hours. The second chapter discusses the Veblen effect by revealing a relationship between the earnings inequalities of men and the labor supply decisions of their wives. The emulation effect is different from other explanations about other potential effects, such as the "rat-race" model. The third chapter provides a cost/benefit analysis of relationship banking. Using the NSSBF dataset, it is shown that young and small firms in a concentrated banking market display lower debt-to-asset ratios and less institutional debt, while they are offered lower interest rates. (JSD)
High-grade malignant pancreatic neoplasm with sarcomatoid features

Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form that occur at diverse locations in the body such as upper respiratory tract, upper and lower digestive tracts, genitourinary tract, breast and thyroid glands. However, its occurrence in pancreas has been rarely reported. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of pancreas (SCP) is a high-grade epithelial malignancy composed predominantly of spindle cells often having features suggestive of epithelial derivation without features indicative of a specific line of mesenchymal differentiation. Its pathogenesis has not been elucidated. Microscopically, SCP comprises mostly anaplastic cells and is strikingly sarcoma-like in appearance. Confirmation of this disease is often based on the pathological diagnosis. We report a case that was incidentally found after a CT was done for worsening chronic back pain and the patient was found to have a pancreatic mass and a liver lesion. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided liver biopsy revealed high grade malignant pancreatic neoplasm with sarcomatoid features. Further CT chest revealed bilateral lung nodules and PET scan revealed prominent bony metastases within vertebral bodies at L1, L2, and L3. The patient refused definitive treatment and succumbed to illness within 3 months.
Shifting Teacher Cultural Awareness and Teaching through Study Abroad Experiences

Preservice teacher study abroad experiences and its influence on cultural awareness and teaching is explored in this paper. Participants in this study include preservice teachers from a large teacher education program. Teacher reflections and one-on-one semi-structured interview data were gathered, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes. The preservice teacher responses show generally an overall positive study abroad experience. Through their study abroad experiences, the preservice teachers learned about a different culture, different customs and a different language. They also learned about how a different country’s school system works. One of the implications of this study is that we recommend that colleges’ of education as well as other colleges to develop a robust funding mechanism that include scholarships that will defray the cost of studying abroad, especially for underrepresented students. The finding and results from this study can be used as way to internationalize campuses. Indeed, preservice students in our data noted that they enjoyed their experience and gained cultural competence skills that will enhance their preservice teaching experiences.
The Sustainable Development Goals Confront the Infrastructure of Measurement

This brief article comments on the special issue on SDGs ‐ Knowledge and Politics in Setting and Measuring the SDGs. Acknowledging that the articles in the issue show how reliance on indicators changes the way development is conceived, Merry asks why is it so difficult to produce better indicators. If they are too narrow, why not simply produce more? She argues that conceiving of measurement as an infrastructure provides important insight into these questions.
Optical tracking of kidney stones: preliminary studies

Laser lithotripsy depends in part on fragmenting stones to sufficiently small size for spontaneous passage or extracting all large residual stone fragments to provide high stone free success rates, so a second repeat procedure is unnecessary. This preliminary study describes initial development of an optical system and software capable of tracking and labeling kidney stones. Machine learning and image processing techniques were implemented to track, label, and size, on a relative scale, stone fragments. Thresholds were placed on minimum stone fragment size (based on pixel sizes). For system validation, a series of still images from the laboratory setup and previously recorded clinical lithotripsy procedures were analyzed. A laboratory test was also conducted with homogenous background and video to determine number of true positives, false positives, and false negatives. In still images, 8/8 (100%) stones in the laboratory setup and 4/4 (100%) stones in clinical lithotripsy videos were correctly identified. A separate laboratory study correctly identified all five stones in each frame across a total of 110 video frames (550/550) (100%) with a total of 49/550 false positives (9%) and 0/550 (0%) false negatives, at a maximum frame rate of 50 Hz. This preliminary stone tracking study correctly identified stone fragments in laboratory frames for still and motion video and during still images from clinical lithotripsy procedures and experimental settings. Further development of software and optical tracking system is planned.
Social behavior of rhesus monkeys chronically exposed to moderate amounts of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Summary The actions of delta-9-THC (2.4 mg/kg) on the social behavior of rhesus and fascicularis macaque monkeys were studied following daily oral administration for periods up to several years. With the treatment schedule and dosage employed, sedative effects (reduced social interaction, relaxed postures, reduced general activity, ptosis) predominated for the first 2-3 months; a few animals intermittently exhibited a form of behavioral activation with increased pacing and other repetitive stereotyped behavioral patterns. With the treatment schedule held constant, tolerance to these behavioral effects was apparent thereafter. As these acute effects diminished, irritability and aggressiveness in treated animals increased significantly, this behavioral change was apparently not a withdrawal effect. At this stage, previously lower-ranked animals began to rise in the dominance hierarchy; overt aggression increased in treated animals and submissive behavior increased in non-treated cagemates. Under high stress condition (adjustment to new social groupings), previously lower-ranked THC-treated animals initiated overt fighting episodes leading to elevated stress hormone levels in undrugged cagemates and injuries. These observations indicated that repeated exposure to moderate amounts of THC over long periods resulted in a biologically serious impairment in the ability to exhibit appropriately adaptive behavior. This impairment apparently represented a shift in baseline behavioral characteristics rather than the effects of acute intoxication or withdrawal.
Advancing Implementation Science Measurement

The quality of implementation science and the efficiency of implementation practice are undermined by several measurement issues. First, few measures have evidence of fundamental psychometric properties, making it difficult to have confidence in study findings. Second, to accumulate knowledge, we need measures that can be used across studies; yet, the majority of measures are setting-, population-, or intervention-specific and are used only once. Third, there are no minimal reporting standards for measures, which contribute to the lack of psychometric evidence. Finally, only recently have measure developers begun to address pragmatic qualities of measures. This chapter will address each issue and make recommendations for how to address them in the service of advancing implementation science.
Platelets worsen tuberculosis disease progression: Specific mechanism TBD

Platelets contribute to the progression of tuberculosis by impairing the oxidative burst of alveolar macrophages via an unknown mechanism.
What Is Global History

As Professor Sebastian Conrad illustrates early in his introduction of this volume, global history is more than just the history of the world or the history of everything. While his work, What is G...
Digital Behavioral Phenotyping Detects Atypical Pattern of Facial Expression in Toddlers with Autism.

Commonly used screening tools for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) generally rely on subjective caregiver questionnaires. While behavioral observation is more objective, it is also expensive, time-consuming, and requires significant expertise to perform. As such, there remains a critical need to develop feasible, scalable, and reliable tools that can characterize ASD risk behaviors. This study assessed the utility of a tablet-based behavioral assessment for eliciting and detecting one type of risk behavior, namely, patterns of facial expression, in 104 toddlers (ASD N = 22) and evaluated whether such patterns differentiated toddlers with and without ASD. The assessment consisted of the child sitting on his/her caregiver's lap and watching brief movies shown on a smart tablet while the embedded camera recorded the child's facial expressions. Computer vision analysis (CVA) automatically detected and tracked facial landmarks, which were used to estimate head position and facial expressions (Positive, Neutral, All Other). Using CVA, specific points throughout the movies were identified that reliably differentiate between children with and without ASD based on their patterns of facial movement and expressions (area under the curves for individual movies ranging from 0.62 to 0.73). During these instances, children with ASD more frequently displayed Neutral expressions compared to children without ASD, who had more All Other expressions. The frequency of All Other expressions was driven by non-ASD children more often displaying raised eyebrows and an open mouth, characteristic of engagement/interest. Preliminary results suggest computational coding of facial movements and expressions via a tablet-based assessment can detect differences in affective expression, one of the early, core features of ASD. LAY SUMMARY: This study tested the use of a tablet in the behavioral assessment of young children with autism. Children watched a series of developmentally appropriate movies and their facial expressions were recorded using the camera embedded in the tablet. Results suggest that computational assessments of facial expressions may be useful in early detection of symptoms of autism.