cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continued depression of maximal oxygen consumption and mitochondrial proteomic expression despite successful coronary artery bypass grafting in a swine model of hibernation

Objective Clinical studies indicate incomplete functional recovery of hibernating myocardium after coronary artery bypass grafting. We hypothesized that persistent contractile abnormalities after coronary artery bypass grafting are associated with decreased mitochondrial proteins involving electron transport chain that might limit maximal oxygen consumption. Methods Seven pigs with hibernating myocardium underwent off-pump revascularization with left internal thoracic artery to mid left anterior descending artery. At 4 weeks, left internal thoracic artery anastomosis was patent by multidetector computed tomography. Regional function (transthoracic echocardiography) and blood flow (microspheres) were assessed at rest and during high-dose dobutamine (40 μg/[kg · min]). Expression of electron transport chain proteins was analyzed with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification. Results After revascularization, multidetector computed tomography confirmed severe left anterior descending stenosis and patent left internal thoracic artery graft. Regional function and blood flow normalized at rest; however, function in left anterior descending distribution remained depressed relative to remote regions, and myocardial blood flow in that region did not increase normally when challenged with high-work state. Concomitant with reduced maximal blood flow response in left anterior descending region was more than 40% reduction in electron transport chain proteins essential to adenosine triphosphate production. Conclusions Despite successful revascularization of hibernating myocardium, regional function and blood flow remained depressed during catecholamine stress. Electron transport chain proteins known to be downregulated during adaptive process within hibernating myocardium did not normalize after revascularization. These data demonstrate a potential bioenergetic cause of persistent dysfunction and heart failure within successfully revascularized hibernating myocardium.
Videotaped exposure: A new treatment for obsessive—compulsive disorders

Abstract The impact was examined of videotaped exposure for modifying anxiety-elevating obsessions. We hypothesized that a conditioned emotional response is associated with anxiety-elevating obsessions. Videotaped exposure provided continuous and prolonged exposure to the subject's videotaped verbalization of obsessive thoughts, and was designed to extinguish this emotional response. One patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder received 6 weekly 1-hr videotaped exposure sessions followed by 2 weeks of flooding and response prevention. Most within-session measures of the hypothesized extinction process showed results in the predicted direction. Predicted effects due to extinction on extra-session obsessions and compulsions were also found. The treatment effects were maintained without change 17 months following the last treatment sessions.
Attack scenario recognition through heterogeneous event stream analysis

Stealthy, goal-oriented multistage attacks are difficult to detect since they often consist of specific attack steps that do not cause significant variations in the statistical distributions of data streams. We present an approach for attack scenario detection and recognition that is based on analyzing data streams from multiple heterogeneous sensors. Events captured from these sensors are used to generate high-dimensional state vectors that characterize overall system-wide activity. Monitoring the time series of these state vectors through Principal Component Analysis forms the basis of an anomaly detection technique for real-time scenario detection. Data traffic from a real network that emulates a military intelligence network is used to test and validate this approach. Results indicate that our approach is both effective and has low computational requirements, making it a candidate for practical implementation.
A re-examination of the Japanese money demand function and structural shifts

Abstract This paper studies the stability of the Japanese money demand function and concludes that the standard money demand function is instable. The instability of individual data is attributable to a major breakdown of the model from 1992 onward. Thus, contrary to previous studies, we suggest that the poor performance of the model was initiated by the bursting of the bubble and economic recession in the 1990s. Our findings also imply that a simple relationship between broad money, income, and interest rates characterized by the standard model is insufficient for analyzing the effects of current Japanese monetary policy.
Lower extremity autologous vein bypass for critical limb ischemia is not adversely affected by prior endovascular procedure

Objective It has been reported that a failed endovascular intervention adversely affects results of lower extremity bypass (LEB). We reviewed rates of prior endovascular intervention (PEI) in patients undergoing LEB with autologous vein for critical limb ischemia (CLI) to determine effects on graft patency, limb salvage, and amputation-free survival. Methods Retrospective review was conducted of consecutive autologous vein LEBs performed for CLI between 2005 and 2012 at a tertiary care academic medical center. Results Overall, 314 autologous vein LEBs were performed for CLI, 71% for tissue loss. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II type D or type C lesions were present in 62% and 25%, respectively. The great saphenous vein was used as a conduit in 83%, and the distal target was infrapopliteal in 60%. The 30-day mortality rate was 3.5%. Primary patency rates at 1 year and 5 years were 61% and 45%. Secondary patency rates at 1 year and 5 years were 88% and 64%, with 23% requiring an intervention to maintain patency. The 5-year limb salvage rate was 89%, and the 5-year amputation-free survival was 49%. There were 61 patients (19%) who had undergone a PEI and 253 (81%) who underwent bypass with no prior endovascular intervention (NPEI). There were 19 iliac stents, 29 femoral interventions, 13 popliteal interventions, 9 crural interventions, 9 infrainguinal thrombectomies, and 13 infrainguinal thrombolyses. PEI and NPEI patients had similar demographics and prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors. The 1-year primary patency rate was 62% for NPEI patients vs 59% for PEI patients ( P = .759). The 1-year and 2-year secondary patency rates were 87% and 79% for NPEI patients vs 89% and 78% for PEI patients ( P = .947). The 3-year limb salvage rate was 89% for NPEI patients vs 92% for PEI patients ( P = .445). The 3-year amputation-free survival was 59% for NPEI patients vs 52% for PEI patients ( P = .399). Median follow-up time was 323 days for NPEI patients (interquartile range, 83-918) vs 463 days for PEI patients (interquartile range, 145-946; P = .275). Conclusions Overall operative mortality, patency rates, and limb salvage for autologous vein LEB in CLI patients continue to be excellent in the endovascular era and are not necessarily affected by a prior ipsilateral endovascular procedure. Long-term survival remains poor in CLI patients requiring LEB.
The Properties and Implications of NMDA Spikes in Neocortical Pyramidal Cells

Integration of synaptic input in dendritic trees is a nonlinear process in which excitatory input may elicit spikes localized within the branch receiving input. In addition to membrane current-driven events, a type of dendritic spike has recently been described that instead depends on NMDA receptor current. These NMDA spikes enable superlinear integration among inputs targeted close together on a single branch. Here a compartment model of a layer 5 pyramidal cell was used to examine the mechanisms underlying NMDA spikes and to test properties not directly accessible experimentally. The results indicate the following: initiation of an NMDA spike in a tertiary dendrite in 1 mm [Mg2+] requires an NMDA conductance density equivalent to 6–8 nS within a 25-μm-long dendritic subsegment; dendritic membrane currents are not required for NMDA spike production; and targeted dendritic (but not somatic) inhibitory input is exquisitely suited to veto an NMDA spike if it arrives within a 30 ms window in time. Finally, an analysis of the spatial density of NMDA conductance required for NMDA spike production implies that, at least up to the age (postnatal day 35) that these events have been observed, most of the excitatory synaptic conductance arriving at pyramidal cells is NMDA mediated.
Habituation and dishabituation of rats’ exploration of a novel environment

The habituation of locomotor activity across repeated exposures to a novel maze was studied in a series of experiments using rats as subjects. Habituation, defined as a decrease in ambulation, was greater on a second trial occurring 5 min after a first trial than on one occurring 60 min after. This short-term decrement occurred only when the same maze was used on both trials, and could be dishabituated by intertriai detention in another novel environment. On a delayed test trial, habituation was, in one case, somewhat greater following initial spaced trials, and in another condition, comparable following both massed and spaced trials. The longer term habituation was maze specific, but was not affected by the presence of a dishabituator following either or both of the first two trials. The results were discussed in terms of theories of “priming” and encoding variability.
Optimum pitching axes in flapping wing propulsion

The locomotion of many birds, insects, marine mammals and fish with lunate tails is characterized by a heaving and pitching motion of a high aspect ratio wing or fin. The time dependent fluid forces, moment of force and rate of work done by the propulsive appendages can be estimated using two-dimensional unsteady aerodynamic theories. For a prescribed motion, the moment and power are further analyzed to find the axes for which the mean square moment is minimum, the mean power to maintain the moment is zero, the mean square power to maintain moment is minimum, and the mean square power to maintain lift equals the mean square power. In this way, several new axes of physiological significance are identified, and their positions are found to depend on the beat frequency and the wing loading. This choice of pitching axis may enhance performance and control of rapid maneuvers and thus enable the organism to more adeptly cope with turbulent environmental conditions, to avoid danger or to more easily capture food. Several observations and measurements on wings in nature support the results of this analysis.
10Be ages of late Pleistocene deglaciation and Neoglaciation in the north-central Brooks Range, Arctic Alaska

We present a chronology of late Pleistocene deglaciation and Neoglaciation for two valleys in the north-central Brooks Range, Alaska, using cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating. The two valleys show evidence of ice retreat from the northern range front before ∼16–15 ka, and into individual cirques by ∼14 ka. There is no evidence for a standstill or re-advance during the Lateglacial period, indicating that a glacier advance during the Younger Dryas, if any, was less extensive than during the Neoglaciation. The maximum glacier expansion during the Neoglacial is delimited by moraines in two cirques separated by about 200 km and dated to 4.6 ± 0.5 and 2.7 ± 0.2 cal ka BP. Both moraine ages agree with previously published lichen-inferred ages, and confirm that glaciers in the Brooks Range experienced multiple advances of similar magnitude throughout the late Holocene. The similar extent of glaciers during the middle Holocene and the Little Ice Age may imply that the effect of decreasing summer insolation was surpassed by increasing aridity to limit glacier growth as Neoglaciation progressed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural studies of spherical viruses.

Structural studies of tomato bushy stunt virus and Sindbis virus are discussed in terms of the information they provide about specificity and control in virus and membrane assembly.
Stalin over Wisconsin: The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950

During the first half of this century, Allis-Chalmers was Wisconsin's largest employer. The firm hired a variety of workers, including the native-born, immigrants, the skilled, the unskilled, and eventually women and a small number of blacks. Stephen Meyer presents a history of the Allis-Chalmers workers, and of the growth and destruction of the militant, left-wing union they built. The story of these workers and their union serves as a microcosm of the history of American labor in the twentieth century. Meyer describes how skilled workers, fearful of mechanization, worked to develop a robust union in the 1930s. He details the battle for unionization among the more militant CIO, the conservative AFL, Communists, and Allis-Chalmers management officials. Meyer tells us about several of the key players in this battle--Harold Story, the Allis-Chalmers vice president and chief labor strategist, and Harold Christoffel, the electrical worker who became the powerful first president of the union. Meyer also analyzes the technical and social transition from batch to mass production, the social and cultural world of the ordinary workers at the workplace, and the factional struggles on the shop floor and picket line. He concludes by examining the CIO's entry into Wisconsin politics, the subsequent campaign against union leftists, the rise of Joseph McCarthy, the consolidation of Walter Reuther's position as UAW president, and the passage of the Taft-Hartley law.
The Production of Threose as a Degradation Product from L-Ascorbic Acid

Abstract In order to examine the nature of in. vivo Maillard reactions that involve L-ascorbate and proteins, rates of formation of threose from L-ascorbic acid (1), dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (2), and 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid (3) were measured in the presence and absence of oxygen at pH 7.0 (phosphate buffer) and at 37 °C. Threose is produced in measurable quantities from L-ascorbate only in the presence of oxygen. Compounds 2 and 3 both give rise to threose in both the presence and absence of oxygen. Compound 3 gives threose at a faster rate and in higher amounts than 1 or 2, suggesting that it is the primary source of threose in this reaction. Incubations of dehydro-L-ascorbate with Na -acetyl-L-lysine in the presence of cyanoborohydride gave Na -acetyl-Ne -(1-deoxy-L-threitol-l-yl)-L-lysine which was chemically synthesized (from threose and N'-acetyl-L-lysine) and unequivocally characterized. The data suggest that the Maillard reaction observed when L-ascorbic acid is incubated with protein may well ari...
Fifty consecutive hemispherectomies: outcomes, evolution of technique, complications, and lessons learned.

Background Techniques for achieving hemispheric disconnection in patients with epilepsy continue to evolve. Objective To review the outcomes of the first 50 hemispherectomy surgeries performed by a single surgeon with an emphasis on outcomes, complications, and how these results led to changes in practice. Methods The first 50 hemispherectomy cases performed by the lead author were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patient demographics, surgical details, clinical outcomes, and complications were critically reviewed. Results From 2004 to 2012, 50 patients underwent hemispherectomy surgery (mean follow-up time, 3.5 years). Modified lateral hemispherotomy became the preferred technique and was performed on 44 patients. Forty patients (80%) achieved complete seizure freedom (Engel I). Presurgical and postsurgical neuropsychological evaluations demonstrated cognitive stability. Two cases were performed for palliation only. Previous hemispherectomy surgery was associated with worsened seizure outcome (2 of 6 seizure free; P .005). The use of Avitene was associated with a higher incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus (56% vs 18%; P = .03). In modified lateral hemispherotomy patients without the use of Avitene, the incidence of hydrocephalus was 13%. Complications included infection (n = 3), incomplete disconnection requiring reoperation (n = 1), reversible ischemic neurological deficit (n = 1), and craniosynostosis (n = 1). There were no (unanticipated) permanent neurological deficits or deaths. Minor technique modifications were made in response to specific complications. Conclusion The modified lateral hemispherotomy is effective and safe for both initial and revision hemispherectomy surgery. Avitene use appears to result in a greater incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus.
Improving the Safety of Immunotherapy

We present a 42-year-old woman who experienced a systemic reaction (SR) after a subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) injection. Her physician must make a decision, along with the patient, on how to proceed. We consider the medical evidence pertinent to specific risk factors for SRs to SCIT, including asthma control, concomitant medications and new medical diagnoses, the influence of pollen season, adjustments for large local reactions, initial testing results, type of buildup protocol, and administration and dosing errors. We next discuss the potential risk-mitigating actions that the patient and provider should consider and the available evidence that supports various approaches, including cessation of SCIT, decreasing allergen dose or altering the timing of injections, initiating or changing the medical pretreatment regimen, and changing to sublingual immunotherapy, and also the role for anaphylaxis preparedness. Finally, we highlight the key knowledge gaps identified in this review and provide management recommendations for this 42-year-old woman.
A newly identified regulator is required for virulence and toxin production in Pseudomonas syringae

The genes lemA (which we here redesignate gacS) and gacA encode members of a widely conserved two-component regulatory system. In Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a, gacS and gacA are required for lesion formation on bean, as well as for the production of protease and the toxin syringomycin. A gene, designated salA, was discovered that restored syringomycin production to a gacS mutant when present on a multiple-copy plasmid. Disruption of chromosomal salA resulted in loss of syringomycin production and lesion formation in laboratory assays. Sequence analysis of salA suggests that it encodes a protein with a DNA-binding motif but without other significant similarity to proteins in current databases. Chromosomal reporter fusions revealed that gacS and gacA positively regulate salA, that salA upregulates its own expression and that salA positively regulates the expression of a syringomycin biosynthetic gene, syrB. Loss of syringomycin production does not account for the salA mutant's attenuated pathogenicity, as a syrB mutant was found to retain full virulence. The salA gene did not similarly suppress the protease deficient phenotype of gacS mutants, nor were salA mutants affected for protease production. A gacS/gacA-dependent homoserine lactone activity as detected by bioassay was also unaffected by the disruption of salA. Thus, salA appears to encode a novel regulator that activates the expression of at least two separate genetic subsets of the gacS/gacA regulon, one pathway leading to syringomycin production and the other resulting in plant disease.
Slow muscle fibers in the tensor tympani muscle of the guinea pig.

The tensor tympani muscle of the adult guinea pig was studied by light and electron microscopy. Extrafusal muscle fibers with centrally located nuclei were found. On the basis of morphological criteria, they were considered to be slow muscle fibers and others, with typical peripheral nuclei, twitch muscle fibers.
Band Structure, Spin Splitting, and Spin-Wave Effective Mass in Nickel

We have applied a modified form of the combined interpolation (tight-binding plus pseudopotential) method to the calculation of energy bands in ferromagnetic nickel. A procedure has been developed to enable calculation of the reciprocal spin-wave effective mass in a multiband system in the $t$-matrix approximation. This has been used in conjunction with the calculated band structure. Matrix elements of the electron interaction are treated as parameters. A by-product of the calculation is an estimate, also in the $t$-matrix approximation, of the energy difference between majority and minority spin states in the highest $d$ band. Moderately good results for the spin-wave effective mass are obtained for reasonable values of the electron interaction parameters; however, a discrepancy is found in regard to the spin splitting, which appears to be too large.
An Exploratory Study of Expert Group Leadership

This article presents the results of a grounded theory exploration that described expert group leaders' experiences and perceptions during the process of leading groups in terms of influence of experience, preexisting knowledge and attitudes, and in-the-moment leadership process. The discussion presents implications for practice, counselor education, supervision, and research.
AFMAG—AIRBORNE AND GROUND

The existence of natural magnetic fields in the audio and subaudio frequency range has been known for some time. The primary source of energy for these fields is usually considered to be distant and local thunderstorms. Because of this origin, the fields are quasi‐random with both amplitudes and directions changing drastically over short periods of time. Hence, use of these fields in geophysical prospecting has been extremely limited. A new development, AFMAG, however, essentially eliminates the time variance in recording these fields without any sacrifice of the intelligence of their space variance. Since the space variance can be correlated with geologic features, AFMAG provides a new method of exploration with particular application to prospecting for conductive mineral deposits. Instrumentation of the AFMAG method currently is available for both ground and airborne operation; the tilt of the plane of polarization of the natural magnetic fields is recorded simultaneously at two frequencies. Examples dr...
Allocation of Capital in the Insurance Industry

ABSTRACT: This article discusses and critiques the methods that have been proposed for allocating capital in financial institutions, with an emphasis on applications in the insurance industry. The author discusses the rationale for allocating capital by line of business and explains how capital allocation can be used to maximize firm value. The implications for capital allocation of regulatory risk-based capital and the capital asset pricing model are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of using value-at-risk and insolvency put option criteria in capital allocation are analyzed. Finally, recently proposed methods of marginal capital allocation are evaluated. One conclusion is that using the insolvency put option is superior to value-at-risk for allocating capital but that both methods fail to account for diversification across lines in the multi-line firm. The primary conclusion is that marginal capital allocation methodologies based on option-pricing models that recognize the effects of diversification are the best approach for allocating capital in the financial industry.
Chemical Agent Remote Sensing

In this paper we would like to summarize the United States Army Chemical, Research, Development and Engineering Center (CRDEC) development of an advanced laser standoff (remote) chemical detection system for multiple use in the modern battlefield. We will first discuss the overall program including its goals, purpose, objectives and capabilities. Next we will review the basic detection principles on which this program is based. This includes Differential Absorption Lidar (called DIAL), Differential Scattered Lidar (called DISC), Topographic Reflection for surface detection and Range Resolution for DIAL and DISC. The third and fourth areas of the paper will be a brief discussion of the existing breadboard Lidar system and its field test goals and accomplishments. To conclude we will say a few words about our future program direction.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 on leaf litter production and chemistry in trembling aspen and paper birch communities

Human activities are increasing the concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and tropospheric ozone ([O3]), potentially leading to changes in the quantity and chemical quality of leaf litter inputs to forest soils. Because the quality and quantity of labile and recalcitrant carbon (C) compounds influence forest productivity through changes in soil organic matter content, characterizing changes in leaf litter in response to environmental change is critical to understanding the effects of global change on forests. We assessed the independent and combined effects of elevated [CO2] and elevated [O3] on foliar litter production and chemistry in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and birch-(Betula papyrifera Marsh.) aspen communities at the Aspen free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in Rhinelander, WI. Litter was analyzed for concentrations of C, nitrogen (N), soluble sugars, lipids, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and C-based defensive compounds (soluble phenolics and condensed tannins). Concentrations of these chemical compounds in naturally senesced litter were similar in aspen and birch-aspen communities among treatments, except for N, the C:N ratio and lipids. Elevated [CO2] significantly increased C:N (+8.7%), lowered mean litter N concentration (-10.7%) but had no effect on the concentrations of soluble sugars, soluble phenolics and condensed tannins. Elevated [CO2] significantly increased litter biomass production (+33.3%), resulting in significant increases in fluxes of N, soluble sugars, soluble phenolics and condensed tannins to the soil. Elevated [O3] significantly increased litter concentrations of soluble sugars (+78.1%), soluble phenolics (+53.1%) and condensed tannins (+77.2%). There were no significant effects of elevated [CO2] or elevated [O3] on the concentrations of individual C structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). Elevated [CO2] significantly increased cellulose (+37.4%) input to soil, whereas elevated [O3] significantly reduced hemicellulose and lignin inputs to soil (-22.3 and -31.5%, respectively). The small changes in litter chemistry in response to elevated [CO2] and tropospheric [O3] that we observed, combined with changes in litter biomass production, could significantly alter the inputs of N, soluble sugars, condensed tannins, soluble phenolics, cellulose and lignin to forest soils in the future.
Small diameter, actively deflectable, flexible ureteropyeloscopy

AbstractPurpose: We studied and developed ureteroscopic technique and instrumentation beyond our initial experience with small diameter, actively deflectable, flexible ureteropyeloscopy.Materials and Methods: Flexible ureteropyeloscopy was performed at 2 university centers in 492 consecutive patients. Endoscope designs and development were based on strict specifications, including 8F or less tip diameter, 3.6F or greater working channel, 2-way active tip deflection and secondary deflection for lower pole intrarenal access. Flexible ureteroscopes manufactured by 5 companies were studied through various prototypic steps and surgical technique. Complementary accessories were developed for specific treatments, including endoscopic lithotripsy, management of urothelial lesions, treatment of upper urinary tract obstruction (that is strictures) and percutaneous access with ureteroscopic assistance in select complex cases.Results: A total of 584 procedures were performed with the small diameter, actively deflecta...
An Interpretive Study of Students' Use of Scientific Reasoning during a Collaborative Report Writing Intervention in Ninth Grade General Science.

Laboratory report writing should promote learners' ability to reason scientifically from data to conclusions, especially if opportunities for collaborative discussion are provided, yet few studies have examined the use of writing as a tool for the development of scientific reasoning skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate scientific reasoning skills used by students in a naturalistic collaborative writing context and changes in students' reasoning discourse over time. During the fall and winter of 1992-1993, three ninth grade general science classes taught by one teacher participated in a collaborative writing intervention. The students wrote ten collaborative laboratory reports over the course of the intervention. Report guidelines were designed by the teacher and the researcher to assist students with their writing. An interpretive research design was used to study the conversations of three target student pairs in depth. Eleven distinct, yet integrated scientific reasoning skills used to support report composition emerged from the data. The emergent scientific reasoning skills reflected the socially constructed nature of reasoning for collaborative writing. Patterns in the data revealed that all target students used reasoning skills in similar ways to: (a) assess prior models of scientific phenomena; (b) generate new models for scientific phenomena; (c) extend models to new situations; and (d) support other forms of reasoning. One of the target pairs improved their reasoning discourse over time by discussing conceptual meanings more fully and bringing specific information into their conversations. The other two target pairs did not change their reasoning discourse systematically throughout the intervention. The findings of this study suggest that an understanding of socially constructed scientific reasoning skills is important for designing meaningful collaborative activities and assessments in science. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self-concepts of prison inmates

Some time ago, while working as a psychologist in a federal penitentiary, I had an experience that strangely embarrassed me. I tried to take advan tage of some of the less professionally related opportunities for being with inmates, and one such opportunity was attending religious services. Within the ritual were passages that asked for the Lord's protection from "evil" and "wrongdoers." There were also pleas that the "nonrighteous be brought asun der." My embarrassment was based on my conception of "evil" and "evil doers." Whom, I wondered, does one think of in these terms but the very men who occupied the institution in which I was sitting? (This penitentiary, by the way, housed recidivists and men who had committed very serious crimes.) If my conception of "evil" was a generally accepted one, I wondered how these men could read the prayer book passages with no apparent signs of dis comfort, anxiety, or embarrassment. Accordingly, I decided to examine self-concepts among prison inmates. My study consisted of asking an appropriately selected sample of men several questions: Did they believe they were bad people? Did they believe they
The Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory CO Survey of the Outer Galaxy

Images from the FCRAO CO Survey of the Outer Galaxy and a description of the calibration and processing of the data are presented. The survey is comprised of 1,696,80012CO J = 1-0 spectra sampled every 50'' between Galactic longitudes 10249 and 14154 and latitudes -303 and 541. The VLSR ranges from -153 to +40 km s-1 sampled every 0.81 km s-1 with a velocity resolution of 0.98 km s-1. The survey provides the highest spatial dynamic range imaging of the molecular interstellar medium ever obtained. We describe the observing procedure and characterize the random and systematic noise of the survey. The images reveal a wide diversity of spatial structure within the molecular interstellar medium. We identify several voids with angular extents of 2°-5° in diameter that may result from the cumulative interactions of ultraviolet radiation fields and stellar winds from newborn massive stars with ambient interstellar gas. It is demonstrated that a significant fraction of the integrated intensity summed over the survey field originates from regions with low peak antenna temperature and low column density assuming a conversion between integrated CO emission and molecular hydrogen column density. Assuming kinematic distances to the observed emission, we derive the radial profile of mass surface density and the variations of the z midplane and scale height of the molecular gas distribution with galactocentric radius.
The impact of protein quality on stable nitrogen isotope ratio discrimination and assimilated diet estimation.

Accurately predicting isotopic discrimination is central to estimating assimilated diets of wild animals when using stable isotopes. Current mixing models assume that the stable N isotope ratio (δ15N) discrimination (∆15N) for each food in a mixed diet is constant and independent of other foods being consumed. Thus, the discrimination value for the mixed diet is the combined, weighted average for each food when consumed as the sole diet. However, if protein quality is a major determinant of ∆15N, discrimination values for mixed diets may be higher or lower than the weighted average and will reflect the protein quality of the entire diet and not that of the individual foods. This potential difference occurs because the protein quality of a mixed diet depends on whether, and to what extent, the profiles and amounts of essential amino acids in the individual foods are complementary or non-complementary to each other in meeting the animal’s requirement. We tested these ideas by determining the ∆15N of several common foods (corn, wheat, alfalfa, soybean, and fish meal) with known amino acid profiles when fed singly and in combination to laboratory rats. Discrimination values for the mixed diets often differed from the weighted averages for the individual foods and depended on the degree of complementation. ∆15N for mixed diets ranged from 1.1‰ lower than the weighted average for foods with complementary amino acid profiles to 0.4‰ higher for foods with non-complementary amino acid profiles. These differences led to underestimates as high as 44% and overestimates as high as 36% of the relative proportions of fish meal and soybean meal N, respectively, in the assimilated mixed diets. We conclude that using isotopes to estimate assimilated diets is more complex than often appreciated and will require developing more biologically based, time-sensitive models.
Flow and Heat Transfer in Laminar Boundary Layers with Swirl

Superimposed free vortex swirl effect on flow and heat transfer in three dimensional axisymmetric laminar boundary layer
Investigating Probabilistic Intuitions

Summary This article explores the intuitions of secondary education majors regarding probability. This is accomplished by administering a two-question instrument to 113 participants. Their responses to these questions, and more importantly the explanations they provide for these answers, are analysed. The conclusions drawn may be informative to teachers of probability and statistics as they attempt to remediate common probabilistic misconceptions and devise more effective teaching strategies.
Dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR signaling pathways decreases human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor metastatic progression.

Objectives Patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have limited therapeutic options. Everolimus (RAD001), an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, has been shown to increase progression-free survival, but not overall survival, indicating a need to identify additional therapeutic targets. Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 by RAD001 may induce upstream AKT upregulation. We hypothesized that dual inhibition of AKT along with mTOR will overcome the limited activity of RAD001 alone. Methods The BON cell line has been used as a model to study pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell biology. Western blots and cell growth assays were performed with mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (50 nM), mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD0325901 (50 nM), PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 (25 μM), or vehicle control. Nude mice were treated daily for 6 weeks with RAD001 (oral gavage) and with LY29400 (subcutaneous) 1 week after intrasplenic injection of BON cells. Results Cellular proliferation was most attenuated with the combination therapy of LY29400 and RAD001. Similarly, the volume of liver metastasis was lowest in the group treated with both LY29400 (100 mg/kg per week, subcutaneous) and RAD001 (2.5 mg/kg per day) compared with that in the vehicle group (P = 0.04). Conclusion The combination therapy of LY29400 and RAD001 decreased the cell growth in vitro and progression of liver metastasis in vivo compared with vehicle or with single-drug therapy.
Probing the mechanisms underlying modulation of quinidine sensitivity to cardiac IKs block by protein kinase A‐mediated IKs phosphorylation

Background and purpose: Cardiac IKs is enhanced by protein kinase A (PKA) stimulation. And PKA-stimulated IKs is about threefold less sensitive to quinidine block than basal current. In this study, we further tested two competing hypotheses: IKs phosphorylation either (i) modulates access of blocking drugs to a binding site; or (ii) destabilizes the drug–channel interaction. Experimental approach: To distinguish between these hypotheses, we studied quinidine block of IKs channels in which three PKA site residues of the α-subunit KCNQ1 were mutated with a bulky negative charged aspartic acid (D). To study alleviation of IKs block by quinidine, we compared activating current at +60 mV, either with or without 5 s hyperpolarizing prepulses to −120 mV. Key results: Without PKA stimulation, quinidine (100 µM) blocked wild-type current to a similar extent with and without the prepulse (93 ± 2% of pre-drug current at +60 mV vs. 95 ± 1%). With PKA-stimulated wild-type channels, however, there was less block with the hyperpolarization to −120 mV: at +60 mV, block was 71 ± 2% (−prepulse) versus 58 ± 3% (+prepulse). Individual D-mutations and the triple-D mutant were resistant to quinidine block similar to that seen with PKA-stimulated wild-type IKs. Conclusions and implications: We conclude that phosphorylation-induced insertion of bulky negative charges alleviates quinidine block and that PKA-induced stimulation, by conferring negative charges to the channels, blunts IKs block as the interaction between the channels and blockers becomes destabilized. These effects would be of clinical significance in providing protective mechanisms against pro-arrhythmias caused by drug-induced inhibition of IKs and IKr.
Regulation of atrial myocardial cellular volume during exposure to isosmotic high potassium or hyposmotic media.

Abstract The density of atrial myocardial interstitial collagen and atrial cell volume regulation were studied under conditions in which cell membranes and ion pumps could not prevent swelling. Rat and guinea-pig atrial sections were incubated in modified Krebs-Henseleit solutions in which either potassium was substituted for sodium ion for ion, or sodium chloride was reduced. Atrial collagen was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Atrial water, 3 H-inulin and 3 H-mannitol spaces, potassium, sodium, chloride and protein contents, and resting transmembrane potentials were measured. Data were compared with ventricular myocardium and previously studied renal cortex. Atrial collagen was considerably sparser than ventricular collagen. Atrial swelling in potassium substituted media was three times greater than ventricular swelling, but only about half of renal cortical swelling. In dilute media, atrial swelling was greater than ventricular swelling, but, in contrast to renal cortex, atria failed to achieve osmotic equilibrium without substantial losses of ions in the most dilute medium. These findings suggest a significant role for myocardial collagen in limiting cell swelling when mechanisms which normally regulate cell volume are unable to prevent swelling.
Interacting Lagrangian for massive spin-two field.

As is well known, Kaluza-Klein compactification of five-dimensional gravity gives a four-dimensional theory of a tower of massive spin-2 fields interacting with background gravitational, electromagnetic, and scalar fields. Working to lowest order in the massive fields, one can obtain a Lagrangian for a single massive spin-2 field interacting with gravitational and other background fields which is consistent up to terms of higher order in the massive spin-2 field. This consistency depends on massive spin-2 gauge invariances which are valid up to terms of higher order in the massive field. We explicitly exhibit the four-dimensional Lagrangian and its gauge transformations. This analysis parallels a similar analysis in string theory carried out elsewhere.
The Relative Biopotency of Fermentation Beta-Carotene, Crystalline Beta-Carotene and Vitamin A for Poultry

Abstract IN 1957, research workers at the U. S. Department of Agriculture Northern Utilization Research and Development Division developed a procedure for producing beta-carotene (Hesseltine and Anderson, 1957; Anderson et al., 1958), by a fermentation process involving the mating of opposite types of the heterothallic mold, Blackeslea trispora. Beta-carotene is used as a source of vitamin A activity for poultry and thus the relative biopotency of this fermentation beta-carotene becomes of economic importance. It is possible that this fermentation product may have an economic advantage in comparison with other sources of vitamin A. The following studies were designed and conducted to determine the relative biopotency of this newly-developed, beta-carotene product for growing broiler-type chicks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment 1: This experiment was designed to determine a suitable depletion period for the chicks fed the vitamin A deficient diet and to compare three levels of dietary vitamin A activity for the following…
Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism

Holger Albrecht (Ed.), Gainesville, University of Florida Press, 2010, 252 pp. In Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism, Holger Albrecht draws togethe...
The Electromagnetic Environment of an Automobile Electronic System

The objective of this paper is to report measured results of electric fields investigated inside the automobile. This investigation is important to the electronic design engineer before he starts the design of the different electronic systems needed to operate the automobile. By knowing the electromagnetic environment inside the automobile, the electronic engineer is given the opportunity to estimate and predict the various effects of electromagnetic disturbances on the automotive electronic systems. In our experiments, the work performed to study the electromagnetic environmental conditions was carried out on a typical midsize automobile with a high-power frequency-modulation (FM) transmitter installed inside the vehicle. Different antenna locations were used to radiate the electromagnetic waves that were studied. Data obtained from the experimental results are presented and discussed.
Forest fragmentation: another perspective.

In his recent (and very favorable) review of our edited book, Tropical Forest Remnants[1xLeigh, E.G Jr. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1997; 12: 414Abstract | Full Text PDFSee all References][1], Egbert Leigh raised some issues of general interest to those who study the ecology of fragmented habitats. I would like to respond to two of these points, and propose a differing view.First, I question Leigh's contention that, because of formidable taxonomic constraints, fragmentation researchers should focus on less-diverse, seasonal forests, rather than those of super-diverse regions like the Amazon, as is being attempted in the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP). The Amazon, in my view, is simply too extensive and important to ignore. Moreover, while it is true that the identification of over a thousand tree species in the BDFFP study area has been a massive challenge, there has been much progress in recent years. Important work on forest dynamics[2xFerreira, L.V and Laurance, W.F. Conserv. Biol. 1997; 11: 797–801Crossref | Scopus (115)See all References, 3xSee all References], biomass[4xLaurance, W.F et al. Science. 1997; 278: 1117–1118Crossref | Scopus (376)See all References][4], regeneration[5xSee all References, 6xSee all References], and phytosociology[7xSee all References][7]in our fragmented landscape has recently appeared, or will soon appear, in major journals.Second, Leigh suggests that the study of ecological interactions and distortions, revolving around plant communities, is needed to provide a `unified, coherent understanding of the effects of forest fragmentation.' Such interactions could occur, for example, if certain pollinators or seed-dispersers declined in fragments, thereby leading to the eventual collapse of their dependent plant species, which then might cause a cascade of ecological changes affecting yet other species.While this sounds useful and scientifically appealing, in practice there have been surprisingly few demonstrations of the importance of such higher-order interactions in fragmented habitats, especially given the prominent role that symbioses are known to play in tropical forests[8xSee all References][8]. Indeed, one of the chapters in our book, in which Australian investigators invested several years in a failed attempt to detect the effects of loss of a keystone seed-disperser (the cassowary) on its dependent tree species, concluded that the study of such interactions was fraught with risk, and often prone to failure[9xSee all References][9]. Given the inherent complexities and nonlinear behavior of many ecological interactions, I suggest that the nature, direction and magnitude of higher-order effects in fragmented habitats will often be extremely difficult to predict. Hence, while the study of higher-order interactions is likely to remain a useful arrow in the fragmentologist's quiver, we are far from ready to view it as a general paradigm for predicting the ecological consequences of fragmentation.
Monitoring equilibrium changes in RNA structure by 'peroxidative' and 'oxidative' hydroxyl radical footprinting.

RNA molecules play an essential role in biology. In addition to transmitting genetic information, RNA can fold into unique tertiary structures fulfilling a specific biologic role as regulator, binder or catalyst. Information about tertiary contact formation is essential to understand the function of RNA molecules. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are unique probes of the structure of nucleic acids due to their high reactivity and small size.1 When used as a footprinting probe, hydroxyl radicals map the solvent accessible surface of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA1 and RNA2 with as fine as single nucleotide resolution. Hydroxyl radical footprinting can be used to identify the nucleotides within an intermolecular contact surface, e.g. in DNA-protein1 and RNA-protein complexes. Equilibrium3 and kinetic4 transitions can be determined by conducting hydroxyl radical footprinting as a function of a solution variable or time, respectively. A key feature of footprinting is that limited exposure to the probe (e.g., 'single-hit kinetics') results in the uniform sampling of each nucleotide of the polymer.5 In this video article, we use the P4-P6 domain of the Tetrahymena ribozyme to illustrate RNA sample preparation and the determination of a Mg(II)-mediated folding isotherms. We describe the use of the well known hydroxyl radical footprinting protocol that requires H2O2 (we call this the 'peroxidative' protocol) and a valuable, but not widely known, alternative that uses naturally dissolved O2 (we call this the 'oxidative' protocol). An overview of the data reduction, transformation and analysis procedures is presented.