cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing Undergraduate Biology Education: a Critical Role for Disciplinary Societies: Scientific societies have an important role to play in keeping undergraduate education effective and relevant

If you stepped into an undergraduate biology classroom today, what would you want to see? Individual answers will vary, but among the individual voices, a collective voice is rising to define what a 21st-century biology education should look like. Reflected in the National Academy of Science (NAS) reports “BIO 2010” and “A New Biology for the 21st Century,” and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and National Science Foundation (NSF) initiative “Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology,” this collective vision is rooted in an awareness of the modern landscape: we now face unprecedented challenges that grow increasingly more urgent and complex as the world changes rapidly around us. Within this landscape, biology plays a vital role; it holds great promise for helping to solve many of the “grand challenges” we face, such as providing food, health care, and energy while preserving healthy environments and ecosystems, particularly in light of the rapid transformations that have occurred in the discipline in recent history. As the NAS and Vision and Change reports make clear, this modern landscape calls for a more problem-focused, process-oriented, interdisciplinary approach to biology, and today's biology education should reflect this.
Multimodality imaging of the male urethra: trauma, infection, neoplasm, and common surgical repairs

The aim of this article is to describe the indications and proper technique for RUG and MRI, their respective image findings in various disease states, and the common surgical techniques and imaging strategies employed for stricture correction. Because of its length and passage through numerous anatomic structures, the adult male urethra can undergo a wide array of acquired maladies, including traumatic injury, infection, and neoplasm. For the urologist, imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of these conditions, as well as complications such as stricture and fistula formation. While retrograde urethrography (RUG) and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) have traditionally been the cornerstone of urethral imaging, MRI has become a useful adjunct particularly for the staging of suspected urethral neoplasm, visualization of complex posterior urethral fistulas, and problem solving for indeterminate findings at RUG. Familiarity with common urethral pathology, as well as its appearance on conventional urethrography and MRI, is crucial for the radiologist in order to guide the treating urologist in patient management.
Fractures of the femur in children; an analysis of their effect on the subsequent length of both bones of the lower limb.

LTHOUGH many writers, notabIy Blount [_?I, A have said in recent years that lengthening of the leg may foIlow fracture of a child’s femur, this sequel does not seem to be as widely known as it should be to surgeons outside the specialty of orthopedics. As Blount has written, “Treatment of fractures of the femur in chiIdren in the past has been lacking in appreciation of the Iate sequelae. Each patient must be followed unti1 one can be sure that there will be no inequality of leg length. The surgeon who treats such deformities must keep as his goaI the idea1 appearance and function of the extremities when the chiIdren are through growing.” The first modern report of lengthening of the Ieg after fracture was by TruesdelI in I 92 I. Since then many reports have appeared; of particuIar interst are those of Burdick and Siris, Cole, ConweII, McMechan, Bisgard and Mortenson [3,4], Aitken et al. [r,2], BIount et al. [6], Hedberg and Pease. From the work of these men the folIowing concIusions seem to have been estahIished: Lengthening of the Iower limb usually follows fracture of the femur in a child; the lengthening usually is of the order of I cm.; the Iengthening is not affected by the positron or type of fracture; it is greatest according as the amount of callus formed is greatest, and in chiIdren between four and eight vears of age; and the lengthening occurs in the first vear after the fracture and is thereafter fixed. It has also been stated that sometimes the tibia of the injured Ieg, as well as the femur, increases its growth. This increase
The Wandering Heart-Mind: Zhuangzi and Moral Psychology in the Inner Chapters

This essay examines the concept of the wandering heart-mind (youxin 遊心) in the Inner Chapters of the Zhuangzi 莊子. This essay examines the problems caused by a collection of behaviors in the heart-mind: the ability to make distinctions (bian 辨), the tendency to fix distinctions and language (chengxin 成心), and the need to act for the sake of fixed ends (wei 為). Zhuangzi treats these problems with emptying (xu 虛), wandering (you 遊), and mirroring (jing 鏡). These techniques release the heart-mind from fixation (chengxin 成心) and conflict, enabling the heart-mind to respond to conditions without acting for fixed ends (wuwei 無為). Letting the heart-mind wander provides the receptivity and creativity necessary for responding to a complex world of constant change. Letting the heart-mind wander also opens the possibility of an intrinsically beneficial moral psychology, one where the heart-mind not only adapts to but enjoys a world of transformation and uncertainty. This interpretation of the heart-mind has important consequences for psychology, language, and ethics. In terms of psychology this interpretation diagnoses the limitations of knowledge and proposes therapeutic techniques to treat uncertainty and fixation. In terms of language this interpretation reveals different linguistic attitudes in the text, such as usefulness (yong 用) and play (you 遊). In terms of ethics this interpretation provides a basis for Zhuangzi’s ethical vision of nourishing living and free-and-easy wandering.
A study of structural and dielectric properties of Ba2+ doped CH3NH3PbI3 crystals

An understanding of the effects of doping in lead perovskites may allow for improved solar cell performance or reduction in toxicity of the materials used. Ba2+ doped CH3NH3PbI3 (CH3NH3Pb1−xBaxI3 with x = 1%, 5% and 10%) are successfully synthesized by cooling down a concentrated aqueous solution containing HI, CH3NH2 and metal acetates and their properties are investigated using x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and impedance spectroscopy (IS). No new structures are formed upon doping with Ba2+ ions, however the lattice expands. The IS measurements show a strong increase in the conductivity and dielectric constants of the doped crystals. The conductivity arises mainly from vacancy mediated iodide ion (I−) migration and the increase in ionic conductivity with dopants is ascribed to increased defect formation due to lattice distortion. In addition, the bulk dielectric constant increases with increasing Ba2+ dopant. The increase in the dielectric constant is consistent with ordering of CH3NH3 dipoles resulting from distortions of the Ba sites in the lattice. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constants is attributed to thermal effects on the orientation of CH3NH3 molecules.
Trends in types of protein in US adolescents and children: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010

Background It is unclear if the intakes of different types of protein have changed over time. Objective We delineated trends in types of protein (beef, pork, lamb or goat, chicken, turkey, fish, dairy, eggs, legumes, and nuts and seeds) in US children (2-<12 years) and adolescents (12–19 years) from 1999 to 2010. Methods We used 6 repeated cross-sectional surveys (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010, n≥1,665 for children; n≥1,156 for adolescents) to test for linear trends in the intake of types of protein (grams per kilogram of body weight) among children and adolescents, and according to sociodemographic groups and participation in food assistance programs. Results Among children, pork intake (0.76 to 0.51 g/kg) decreased, but chicken (0.98 to 1.28 g/kg), all poultry (1.18 to 1.55 g/kg), egg (0.63 to 0.69 g/kg), and legume (0.35 to 0.54 g/kg) intake increased (all P<0.05). Among adolescents, beef intake decreased (0.92 to 0.67 g/kg) whereas chicken (0.59 to 0.74 g/kg) and all poultry (0.72 to 0.86 g/kg) intake increased from 1999 to 2010 (all P<0.01). Participants of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) increased the intake of chicken and dairy (all P<0.05) over time whereas no significant trend was observed for income-eligible non-participants. Fish intake did not change in any age group, and recommended types of protein (poultry, fish, nuts and seeds) declined among children of lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions Intake of recommended types of protein increased among children, adolescents and WIC participants. However, subgroup analyses suggest socioeconomic disparities.
Principal Components Analysis of the Old and the New: The SAT vs. the CSUC English Placement Test.

Scores from the Scholastic Aptitude Test and a new test of reading and writing, the California State University and Colleges English Placement Test, were examined to determine if unique properties ...
Navigating the Universe of Z3 Theory Solvers

Modular combination of theory solvers is an integral theme in engineering modern SMT solvers. The CDCL(T) architecture provides an overall setting for how theory solvers may cooperate around a SAT solver based on conflict driven clause learning. The Nelson-Oppen framework provides the interface contracts between theory solvers for disjoint signatures. This paper provides an update on theories integrated in Z3. We briefly review principles of theory integration in CDCL(T) and then examine the theory solvers available in Z3, with special emphasis on two recent solvers: a new solver for arithmetic and a pluggable user solver that allows callbacks to invoke propagations and detect conflicts.
Continuous Polony Gels for Tissue Mapping with High Resolution and RNA Capture Efficiency

Current technologies for acquiring spatial transcript information from tissue sections rely on either RNA probes or spatial barcodes. The former methods require a priori knowledge for probeset formulation; the latter have yet to achieve single cell resolution and/or transcript capture efficiencies approaching dissociative, single-cell methods. Here, we describe a novel spatial transcriptome assay called polony (or DNA cluster)-indexed library-sequencing (PIXEL-seq). It improves upon other spatial barcoding methods by employing "continuous" polony oligos arrayed across a customized gel surface. In terms of assay performance, PIXEL-seq attains [≤] 1 {micro}m resolution and captures >1,000 unique molecular identifiers/10x10 {micro}m2. In other words, this global, naive platform achieves subcellular spatial transcriptome mapping while maintaining high transcript capture efficiencies.
10122 Development of an In Vitro in Vivo Correlation of Itraconazole Spray-Dried Dispersion Tablets

ABSTRACT IMPACT: As the number of poorly water-soluble drugs in development increases, our research will expand on the science behind improving drug solubility and absorption and ensuring that promising poorly-water solubility drugs do not fail drug development. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Spray-dried dispersion (SDD) tablet formulation is an approach to increase oral drug solubility and absorption. Methods to predict SDD performance in humans are poorly developed. We aim to develop an in vivo in vitro correlation (IVIVC) between in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption of itraconazole SDD tablets. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This research project involves tablet manufacturing, in vitro dissolution experiments, and a clinical study. We manufactured fast-, medium-, and slow-release SDD tablets containing amorphous solid dispersion of itraconazole (100 mg) and different grades of the polymer hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS). Tablets differed in slug pressure, tablet compression force, and formulation composition. Dissolution studies were performed using the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) type II apparatus. The clinical study is an ongoing randomized, cross-over, open-label, fasted, single-dose trial in healthy participants (n=12). An IVIVC will be created by comparing the rank order of drug in vitro dissolution with in vivo absorption. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Tablet manufacturing was successful, and the tablets displayed the same dissolution rate ranking order as anticipated. Fast-release tablets showed the highest percentage of drug dissolved by 10 min (74%) compared to medium- (62%) and slow-release (1.2%) tablets. Percentage drug dissolved differs by at least 10% at all time points among the different release-rate tablets. The clinical study is currently ongoing, and we expect that the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles differ among the different tablets. We predict that the rank order of tablet absorption in humans will agree with the order of drug dissolved observed in the dissolution experiments. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Spray-dried dispersions are a formulation method to try to improve drug solubility and oral drug absorption. This research will elucidate manufacturing parameters that can impact tablet performance and expand on the ability of in vitro dissolution to predict human PK and streamline drug development of poorly soluble drug candidates.
Narrowing antibiotic spectrum of activity for trauma-associated pneumonia through the use of a disease-specific antibiogram

Background Organism susceptibilities for trauma-associated pneumonia (TAP) differ from those in other patient populations, including the critically ill. The purpose of this study was to identify common organisms and their susceptibilities in the respiratory isolates of trauma patients diagnosed with pneumonia within the first 7 days of hospital admission, and to create a TAP-specific disease-state antibiogram to guide empiric antibiotic therapy in this patient population. Methods This study was a retrospective review of adult trauma patients with pneumonia admitted between September 1, 2015 and August 31, 2018. Patients included were diagnosed with and treated for pneumonia, with respiratory cultures drawn within the first 7 hospital-days; both culture-positive and culture-negative patients were included. Subgroup antibiograms were made for diagnosis made on days 1–3, 4–5, and 6–7. Results There were 131 patients included with a median age of 45; 85% were male, and 31% were illicit drug users. Most patients (63%) had ventilator-associated pneumonia, and most respiratory samples (77%) were obtained via bronchoalveolar lavage. Cultures were positive in 109 patients and negative in 22. There were 144 total isolates; 54% were Gram-negative bacteria. The most common Gram-negative pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae (16%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (15%). The most common Gram-positive pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus; methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) constituted 8% of all isolates. With culture-negative patients counted as susceptible, ceftriaxone monotherapy and ceftriaxone+vancomycin susceptibilities were 85% and 94%, respectively. Susceptibilities to cefazolin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, and levofloxacin were 49%, 69%, 91%, 90%, and 92%, respectively. Illicit drug use and day of pneumonia diagnosis did not appreciably affect antibiotic susceptibilities. Conclusions For TAP diagnosed within the first 7 days of hospital admission, ceftriaxone monotherapy is adequate as empiric therapy, including in ventilated patients. The addition of vancomycin can be considered in patients with MRSA risk factors or who are critically ill. Level of evidence Level III, prognostic and epidemiological.
Access to Higher Education in Chile: A Literature Review

Massive student protests started in 2006 as a result of several issues that the previous administrations had not tackled Students marched to protest against high tuition and enrollments costs, low education quality and limited employment opportunities. High school students protests in 2006 and university student protests in 2011 impacted policy debates that leaned toward free education in order to reduce social segmentation (World Politics Review, 2017). In this scenario, it becomes important to identify the most important issues around educational policy in Chile and evaluate how the system has evolved in the last decades. In this paper I survey the literature to better understand how has access to higher education evolved in Chile and how the different policy decisions around it have shaped tertiary education to what it is now.
Effects of metabolic syndrome on erectile dysfunction

Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to maintain an erection that allows for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Metabolic syndrome, a constellation of symptoms that increase a patient’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease, have been correlated with ED. In fact, ED is considered to be an important indicator that a patient may be at risk for a cardiovascular event within 5 years of ED onset. Metabolic syndrome is multifactorial in nature; therefore its effects on erectile function are also likely multifactorial. In this chapter, we discuss the literature on the relationship of metabolic syndrome and its components with erectile function, and whether interventions aimed at treating the components of metabolic syndrome may improve erectile function.
Responses of physicians to an objective safety and quality knowledge test: a cross-sectional study.

Objective For physicians to practice safe high quality medicine they must have sufficient safety and quality knowledge. Although a great deal is known about the safety and quality perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of physicians, little is known about their safety and quality knowledge. This study tested the objective safety and quality knowledge of practicing US primary care physicians. Design Cross-sectional objective test of safety and quality knowledge. Setting Primary care physicians practicing in the USA. Participants Study consisted of 518 US practicing primary care physicians who answered an email invitation. Fifty-four percent were family medicine and 46% were internal medicine physicians.The response rate was 66%. Intervention The physicians took a 24-question multiple-choice test over the internet. Outcome The outcome was the percent correct. Results The average number of correct answers was 11.4 (SD, 2.69), 48% correct. Three common clinical vignettes questions were answered correctly by 45% of the physicians. Five common radiation exposures questions were answered correctly by 40% of the physicians. Seven common healthcare quality and safety questions were answered correctly by 43% of the physicians. Seven Donabedian’s model of structure, process and outcome measure questions were answered correctly by 67% of the physicians. Two Institute of Medicine’s definitions of quality and safety questions were answered correctly by 19.5% of the physicians. Conclusion Forty-eight per cent of the physicians’ answers to the objective safety and quality questions were correct. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of the objective safety and quality knowledge of practicing US primary care physicians.
Fetomaternal production and transfer of progesterone and uridine in sheep.

Abstract Catheters were placed in maternal and fetal vessels in sheep at advanced gestational ages. Blood samples were taken to determine concentrations of progesterone and uridine, with gauging of the fetal condition by measuring pH and blood pressure. Tritium and 14 C-labeled progesterone and uridine were infused at a constant rate into fetal and maternal circulations to determine metabolic clearance rates and rates of production and fetomaternal transfer of these compounds. It was found that only 70 per cent of the labeled progesterone infused into an umbilical vein reached the fetal inferior vena cava. Since the fetal hepatic extraction of progesterone was estimated to be about 0.70, it was calculated that approximately 60 per cent of the fetal placental flow was shunted through the ductus venosus. Progesterone was found to be secreted by the placenta to the maternal circulation and only minimally to the fetus, although significant amounts of progesterone are transferred from mother to fetus. Large amounts of uridine were found to be released into fetal and maternal circulations and to be rapidly metabolized. Therefore, the low levels of circulating uridine do not reflect the potential importance of the nucleosides as precursors of nucleic acids. Concentrations in blood and metabolic clearance rates of both progesterone and uridine were found to be affected by the condition of the fetus.
Outer membrane protein patterns mark clones of Escherichia coli O2 and O78 strains that cause avian septicemia.

Major outer membrane proteins were isolated from 36 Escherichia coli strains representing six common clones of the O2 and O78 serogroups implicated in avian colisepticemia. Clonal relationships among isolates were inferred from an analysis of polymorphism at 20 enzyme-encoding loci detected by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. For isolates of these clones, there was a high concordance (greater than 90%) between identity in multilocus genotype and major outer membrane protein patterns. The results indicate that major outer membrane protein patterns discriminate among the genetically different clonal groups that constitute the heterogeneous O2 and O78 serogroups associated with avian disease. Images
Tired of Weeping: Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea‐Bissau

Tired of Weeping: Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea-Bissau. Jonina Einarsdottir. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. 236 pp.
Development of Emotion Regulation in Children of Bipolar Parents: Treatment Implications

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 187–190, 2010] Muralidharan, Yoo, Ritschel, Simeonova, and Craighead (2010) propose that iatrogenic family environment and socioemotional cue processing deficits may interact to confer risk in offspring of adults with bipolar disorder (BD), the group at highest risk for developing early-onset BD. In this commentary, I review the relevant family environment and neurocognitive literature, then link the vulnerability areas noted in these bodies of literature to evidence-based interventions for youth with or at risk for BD.
Health care: Economic impact of caring for geriatric patients

National health care expenditures constitute a continuously expanding component of the US economy. Health care resources are distributed unequally among the population, and geriatric patients are disproportionately represented. Characterizing this group of individuals that accounts for the largest percentage of US health spending may facilitate the introduction of targeted interventions in key high-impact areas. Changing demographics, an increasing incidence of chronic disease and progressive disability, rapid technological advances, and systemic market failures in the health care sector combine to drive cost. A multidisciplinary approach will become increasingly necessary to balance the delicate relationship between our constrained supply and increasing demand.
Microprocessor control of a PWM inverter induction motor drive

The practical implementation of a microprocessor control system for an induction motor drive is described. A three-phase transistor inverter feeds a 2 hp induction motor with a pulsewidth modulated voltage waveform having no harmonic component of lower order than the seventeenth. The motor operates in a controlled-slip mode and both constant torque and constant horsepower strategies are implemented.
SU‐FF‐T‐57: A COIN‐Based Comprehensive Specification Index for IMRT Treatment Plans

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to formulate a single index that can be used to specify the relative merit of an IMRT treatment plan for prostate carcinoma. The index includes components for conformity, tolerance, and uniformity and also serves to analytically determine the optimum normalization required for unbiased plan comparison. Method and Materials: COIN = C1*C2*C3 has been used to evaluate HDR and EBRT plans. C1 and C2 are planning target volume and normal tissue conformity metrics. C3 accounts for the irradiation of critical structures. An ASTRO prostate patient CT and contour data set were used as a case study. Nominal 76 Gy plans were calculated on a commercial system and DVHs exported to a PC using an in-house program. All IMRT plans were calculated with the same dose-volume constraints and then normalized to give the maximum COIN value. C3critical is calculated for the specific rectal tolerance dose of 65Gy. The COIN integral is a measure of dose inhomogeneity. A term C4 = [1- COINintegral(1.02) / COINintegral(1.00)] is introduced to account for two percent relative hot spots. The Comprehensive Specification Index CSI = C1*C2*C3critical*C4 is the proposed figure of merit. Results: All CSI values were calculated relative to 100 for the 9-field plan. Respective CSI values for a static 4-field, ideal fluence 5 and two 7-field IMRT plans were 44.5, 97.1, 99.6, and 91.8. After conversion to deliverable step-and-shoot segments with 0.5 and 1.0 cm MLCs, CSI value for the 9-field plan was reduced to 75.7 and 53.1. Conclusion: An index CSI was formulated and used to specify the relative merit of analytically normalized prostate IMRT plans. CSI is a sensitive figure of merit capable of distinguishing plans with various field arrangements and able to quantify the effect of converting ideal IMRT fluence to deliverable segments.
Interaction between vibronic coupling and spin—orbit coupling in pyrazine

Abstract The intensity distribution in progressions of the b 1g mode observed in phosphorescence and phosphorescence-excitation spectra of pyrazine is interpreted in terms of a model involving vibronic coupling in both singlet and triplet manifolds mediated by spin—orbit coupling.
Memory and identity: inter-generational narratives of violence among refugees in Serbia

This article examines the role of the inter-generational memory of the Second World War (WWII) in identity formation and political mobilization. An existing explanation in the ethnic-conflict literature is that strategic political leaders play a crucial role in constructing and mobilizing ethnic identities. However, based on 114 open-ended interviews with individuals born in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia, conducted in Serbia during 2008–2011, nearly a third of the respondents make spontaneous references to WWII in their statements, usually drawing parallels between the cycle of violence in the 1990s and that in the 1940s. The question this article asks, then, is why some respondents make references to WWII spontaneously while others do not. It is argued that inter-generational narratives of past cycles of violence also constitute a process of identity formation, in addition to, or apart from, other processes of identity formation. The respondents mention WWII violence in the context of the 1...
Imaging of acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain: differential diagnoses beyond appendicitis

Evaluation of acute right lower quadrant pain remains a common and challenging clinical scenario for emergency medicine physicians due to frequent nonspecific signs, symptoms, and physical examination findings. Therefore, imaging has evolved to play a pivotal role in the emergency setting. While appendicitis is a common cause for acute pain, there are numerous other important differential considerations with which the radiologist must be aware. The purpose of this review is to list an anatomy-based, encompassing differential diagnosis in addition to acute appendicitis for right lower quadrant pain; demonstrate the key imaging findings of numerous differential considerations; and describe helpful imaging and clinical features useful in narrowing the differential diagnosis.
Components of the response to pain and variables influencing the response in three groups of facial pain patients.

Abstract The present investigation sought to: (I) determine the attitudes and behaviors in response to facial pain, and (II) identify possible variables which influenced the pain response in 170 patients who sought care at a facial pain clinic. A questionnaire was administered to all patients on their first clinic visit that elicited information about personal background, sociocultural attitudes, sociomedical orientation, level of psychological distress, symptom and treatment history, and previous attitudes and behavioral responses to their pain. Clinical and radiographie examinations were then performed on all individuals. Factor analysis of patients' replies to the 35-item questionnaire about pain attitudes and behaviors revealed two underlying components of their response to facial pain. The first concerned the degree of emotional expressiveness and careseeking activity that characterized the pain response. According to the items which loaded heavily on this factor, a highly emotional response was composed of crying, moaning, complaining, describing the pain sensation as ‘burning,’ being unable to precisely locate the pain, being concerned about the pain's origin, having difficulty eating, and seeking care soon after first feeling the pain and frequently thereafter. The second component of the pain response was a disturbed ability to function and perform usual activities. When in pain, patients could not work properly, could not enjoy themselves and preferred to be alone. The total patient population was then divided on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms into 3 diagnostic groups: myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) (N = 68), ‘organic’ (patients with organic deficits of the temporomandibular joints, such as arthritis, or with typical facial neuralgias (N = 61), and an intermediate group, ‘MPDS-organic’ (patients with signs and symptoms of both MPDS and synovitis of the temporomandibular joints (N = 41). No patients were found with combined symptoms of MPDS and primary neuralgia. Using multiple regression, the patients' perceived severity or intensity of their pain and level of psychological distress were found to be the most important variables influencing both pain response components, emotional expressiveness and interference in functioning caused by pain. This was true regardless of diagnostic group. The more severe the pain and the more distressed the patient, the more emotional were the patients' responses to it and the greater was its impact on the ability to function. These relationships existed when controlling for personal background, sociocultural attitudes, sociomedical orientation, symptom and treatment history variables, and the clinical findings measured in this study. Our results support the findings of other studies of the response to pain, suggesting that patients' reported responses to pain symptoms: (1) reflect the psychological state of the presenter; and (2) are useful measures of severity or intensity of discomfort caused by pain.
Rapid melt grown germanium gate photoMOSFET on a silicon waveguide

We demonstrate the first monocrystalline germanium gate photoMOSFET integrated with silicon photonic waveguides and grating coupler. We measure a responsivity of 1.2 A/W at 1550nm with a 2×4 μm2 germanium gate.
Molecular genetic mapping of QTL associated with flour water absorption and farinograph related traits in bread wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour functionality during the dough development and baking processes is an important quality attribute considered by the baking industry. A flour with high water absorption during mixing means more water and less flour is needed, compared to a flour with less water absorption. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing water absorption and dough rheological properties of hard red spring wheat. QTL were mapped on a genetic linkage map that comprised 531 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and diversity array technology (DArT) marker loci. Composite interval mapping with 139 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was used to identify QTL within and across two field environments. Six QTL on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 4B, 4D, and 5A were detected for farinograph water absorption. These QTL also confirmed earlier studies that flour water absorption is a function of protein content, starch damage, and gluten strength. In this study, dough rheological properties such as dough development time, dough stability, mixing tolerance index, and time to breakdown were influenced by the high-molecular weight glutenin genes Glu-B1 and Glu-D1.
Update in utility of secondary node dissection for papillary thyroid cancer.

Background: Detection of recurrent/persistent thyroid cancer has improved significantly in the past decade. Disease is detected earlier in recently treated patients and localized in patients long out from initial treatment. This update reviews recent literature regarding the utility of secondary node dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Outcomes include disease-free status measured biochemically and clinically. Results: The utility of secondary node dissection as measured by clinically detectable disease exceeds 70% for all series and 90% for most. The utility as measured biochemically is more modest, with rates of biochemical cure ranging from 27–81% depending upon strictness of definition and patient selection. In predominately radioiodine scan-negative patients, using the strictest definition of biochemical cure, undetectable stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) of less than 0.5 ng/ml, a rate of 27% is reported. Biochemical cure rates are reportedly 30–51% for stimulated Tg of less than 2 ng/ml and 56–...
First Light of the Near-Infrared Narrow-Band Tunable Birefringent Filter at Big Bear Solar Observatory

We discuss a near-infrared (NIR) narrow-band tunable birefringent filter system newly developed by the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). This is one of the first narrow-bandpass NIR filter systems working at 1.56 μm which is used for the observation of the deepest solar photosphere. Four stages of calcite were used to obtain a bandpass of 2.5 A along with a free spectral range (FSR) of 40 A. Some unique techniques were implemented in the design, including liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs) to tune the bandpass in a range of ±100 A, a wide field configuration to provide up to 2° incident angle, and oil-free structure to make it more compact and handy. After performing calibration and characteristic evaluation at the Evans Facility of the National Solar Observatory at Sacramento Peak (NSO/SP), a series of high-resolution filtergrams and imaging polarimetry observations were carried out with the Dunn Solar Telescope of NSO/SP and the 65-cm telescope of BBSO, in conjunction with the high-order adaptive optics system and the Fabry–Perot Interferometer (FPI). In this paper, we describe the optical design and discuss the calibration method. Preliminary observations show that it is capable of serving as either a stand-alone narrow-band filter for NIR filtergram observations or an order-sorting filter of a FPI applied to NIR two-dimensional imaging spectro-polarimetry.
Validity of 1D free electron laser sideband models

Abstract Analytic 1D models have been used to estimate sideband growth in a free electron laser (FEL) with a constant-amplitude primary wave [1,2]. A simple 2D sideband model is used here to show that the 1D approximation is valid only when the beam radius rb is large compared with [2k 8 min (ω 0 , d φ 0 d z )] −1 2 , where ks and φ0 are the wave number and phase of the primary wave and ω0 is the maximum synchrotron wave number of trapped electrons. For smaller rb values, sideband growth rates are reduced below 1D predictions, and both the growth rate scaling with beam density and the primary-wave amplitude are altered.
Evaluation of Sulfa Drugs against Recombinant Pneumocystis carinii Dihydropteroate Synthetase and In vivo

Sulfa drugs are potent and important anti-pneumocystis agents, but have a high incidence of adverse effects in AIDS patients. Although 15,000 sulfa drugs have been synthesized and dozens have been used in people, relatively few have been tested against P. carinii. In order to determine whether there are sulfa drugs which are better antipneumocystis agents than sulfamethoxazole and dapsone, we have been testing sulfa drugs in vitro, against recombinant P. carinii dihydropteroate synthetase, and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Immunosuppression of latently infected rats, isolation of organisms, and enzyme and uptake assays were performed as previously described ( I ) . Rats were administered drug continuously via their drinking water for the full 6 weeks of immunosuppression. Exact doses were calculated by measuring daily water consumption. After 6 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, organisms were harvested, and the total number of cysts isolated from the lungs of each rat determined. Mice were treated either prophylactically or therapeutically as previously described (2). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Of the 44 sulfa drugs studied initially, 8 had ICSO's between 13 and 4 0 p M : sulfamethoxypyridazole, sulfathiazole, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfathiourea, sulfadimethoxine, sulfisoxazole, and sulfaquinoxaline. In general, we found that sulfonamides (Fig. 1) were more potent than sulfones. The compounds with greatest potency tended to have heterocyclic substituents on the N1 position (R1). Substituents on the p-amino group (R2) ablated activity (I).
Fast Scanning Synchronous Luminescence Spectrometer Based on Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters

A new luminescence spectrometer based on quartz-collinear acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) and capable of synchronous scanning is described. An acousto-optic tunable filter is an electronically tunable optical bandpass filter. Unlike a tunable grating monochromator, an AOTF has no moving mechanical parts, and an AOTF can be tuned to any wavelength within its operating range in microseconds. These characteristics, combined with the small size of these devices, make AOTFs an important new alternative to conventional monochromators, especially for portable instrumentation. The relevant performance of the AOTFs (efficiency, bandwidth, rejection, etc.) is compared with that of typical small-grating monochromator.
Addition of lipid to total parenteral nutrition prevents hepatic steatosis in rats by lowering the portal venous insulin/glucagon ratio

Hepatic steatosis in rats is associated with an infusion of excessive carbohydrate calories. Previous work from this laboratory suggested that this is associated with an elevated portal insulin/glucagon molar ratio (I/G) and is reversed by parenteral glucagon administration. Although hepatic steatosis is not related to essential fatty acid deficiency, addition of lipid to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been reported as being protective against the development of hepatic steatosis. Therefore, we propose that lipid may exert its salutary effect via an alteration of the I/G ratio. To test this hypothesis, adult rats (seven per group) received internal jugular catheters: group 1, saline (3 mL/h) plus chow ad libitum; group 2, 25% dextrose base TPN; group 3, 17% dextrose base TPN + 2.5% lipid; group 4, 25% dextrose base TPN + 2.5% lipid. At 7 days, portal and peripheral venous blood was drawn for insulin and glucagon radioimmunoassay and liver function tests; livers were removed for histology and lipid content determination. Panlobular vacuolization, on histology, and lipid content were excessive in group 2, and the portal I/G was increased because of elevated portal insulin. In contrast, portal venous insulin and I/G did not increase, and hepatic steatosis was absent in groups 3 and 4. The results suggest that the addition of lipid to TPN in rats decreases the portal insulin level and lowers the portal I/G, and thereby prevents hepatic steatosis.
Improving access control for browsers using dynamic scoping

Web is playing a more and more important role in our daily life. Large volume of personal and business communications are taking place via Web everyday. Due to its importance and its vulnerabilities from the early design, the Web has become a preferred target of attacks. After discussing the causes and effects of vulnerabilities, we then present that the current access control system of the web is the root cause for these problems. As a part of the efforts to develop a fine-grained access control system in a Web application, we focus on the dynamic scoping for browser based access control. Instead of using static scope to isolate the client code from the trusted web application, dynamic scoping is utilized to identify different patties in a Web page. Such an improvement will allow the client and trusted web application share common libraries, while still get executed at different trust levels.
Physical processes and landforms on beaches in short fetch environments in estuaries, small lakes and reservoirs: A review

Abstract This review is intended to identify differences between beaches in short-fetch environments and beaches on exposed coasts, while also distinguishing between the different subcategories of fetch-limited beaches. Subcategories are discussed largely in terms of estuaries, lakes and reservoirs. The term fetch-limited refers to basins that are small enough that distance rather than wind duration is always a limitation to wave generation. Attention is focused on basins where fetch distances are − 1 are common in some estuaries and can be > 7 m yr − 1 . Rates of up to 1.5 m yr − 1 can occur in small lakes and reservoirs. Shore parallel protection structures are common and have greater survivability in low-energy environments than high-energy environments; they are cheaper to build; and they have been implemented more frequently to control erosion. Their effect has been to reduce the extent of beach in small water bodies. Beach nourishment projects have been fewer than on exposed shores and the quantities smaller. Many nourishment projects have been implemented for amenity value and have been placed in locations where waves have not been able to create an equilibrium landform. The biggest difference in process controls between estuaries and lakes and reservoirs is in the mechanism for water level change. Tides and surges from external basins are important on estuarine beaches, whereas rainfall, runoff, groundwater flow, evapotranspiration and control by dams are more important in reservoirs and lakes. Future sea level rise will threaten beach environments in estuaries where shore parallel walls will prevent onshore migration of landforms and habitats and will change the number and locations of beaches in unarmored areas. Dam removal will pose a threat to the existence of reservoirs and dammed lakes. Water levels are more dependent on human actions in lakes and reservoirs, so changes can be minimal or increased to a greater extent than in estuaries. Lesser stability and predictability of beaches will complicate future management efforts.
Multiplicative Noise and Non-Gaussianity: A Paradigm for Atmospheric Regimes?

Abstract Atmospheric circulation statistics are not strictly Gaussian. Small bumps and other deviations from Gaussian probability distributions are often interpreted as implying the existence of distinct and persistent nonlinear circulation regimes associated with higher-than-average levels of predictability. In this paper it is shown that such deviations from Gaussianity can, however, also result from linear stochastically perturbed dynamics with multiplicative noise statistics. Such systems can be associated with much lower levels of predictability. Multiplicative noise is often identified with state-dependent variations of stochastic feedbacks from unresolved system components, and may be treated as stochastic perturbations of system parameters. It is shown that including such perturbations in the damping of large-scale linear Rossby waves can lead to deviations from Gaussianity very similar to those observed in the joint probability distribution of the first two principal components (PCs) of weekly av...
Surface deformation in a crustal setting with a long surfaced non-uniformity

Abstract Many heterogeneous zones in the crust which lie at the surface can be approximated geometrically as long horizontal cylinders of half elliptical cross-section with depth. For example, these include alluvially filled valleys and formerly active fault zones. A two-dimensional elastic model giving the quasi-static surface deformation for this class of crustal rigidity profiles is developed. The applied stress is assumed to be a remotely applied uniform shear. Calculations using this model show local strain and deformation excursions from expected data assuming the conventional uniform rigidity half-space model. The magnitude of these anomalies can be quite large depending on the values of the heterogeneous zone's compliance and dimensions. The anomalies were found to be local since the horizontal extent of their pertubation field was at most only a few times the depth of the heterogeneity.
Crosslinking kinetics and network formation in organic coatings containing hexamethoxymethylmelamine

We have developed a kinetic model of the crosslinking reaction of hydroxy-functional acrylic copolymers with fully alkylated melamines. This model accurately describes the extent of the crosslinking reaction as a function of cure time and melamine concentration in coating films. Using this model, we have determined the effects of acid catalyst concentration and strength and the effects of cure temperature on the rate constant of the crosslinking reaction. The rate constant is proportional to the catalyst concentration and to the square root of the acid constant of the catalyst. The temperature dependence of the rate constant follows an Arrhenius rate law with an activation energy of 12.5 kcal/mol independent of catalyst type. Amine salts of p-toluenesulfonic acid have been compared with p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalysts in these coatings at different bake temperatures. These kinetic results have been used in a network structure model to calculate the cure response of these coatings as a function of formulation variables.
The crystal and molecular structure of phenothiazine‐10‐propionitrile. The effect of crystal packing on the dihedral angle of phenothiazine heterocycles

Phenothiazine-10-propionitrile, C12H8SNC2H4CN, crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 5.785(1)A, b = 15.427(3)A, c = 14.497(4)A, β = 92.50(1)°, Z = 4, Dmeas = 1.29(1) g cm3 and Dcalc = 1.28 g cm3 at 23°. Three dimensional X-ray data were collected with a manual diffractometer using MoKα (λ 0.71069A) radiation and by multiple film Weissenberg techniques using CuKα (λ 1.5418A) radiation. The structure was determined by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined with 519 observed reflections by full matrix least-squares methods to an R of 0.077. The dihedral angle between the two planes of the o-phenylene rings is 135.4(3)°. In the folded heterocyclic ring the C-S-C angle is 97.8(7)° and the average CS bond is 1.76(1)A. A comparison of this structure to that of phenothiazine-10-propionic acid shows the two chemically similar molecules have the same dihedral angles in spite of completely different solid state packing patterns.