cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selection for Flowering Time as a Mechanism to Increase Biomass Yield of Upland Switchgrass

Switchgrass is a perennial C4 grass that is undergoing development as a dedicated biomass feedstock for conversion to bioenergy. Increasing biomass yield is the principal goal of most breeding programs. Delayed flowering time is one of the principal approaches toward achieving increased biomass yield. The objective of this study was to conduct and evaluate up to three cycles of phenotypic selection for altered flowering time in two populations of upland switchgrass, one tetraploid, and one octoploid. Selection was conducted in southern Wisconsin and evaluations were conducted at four locations ranging from 42 to 46° N latitude (USDA hardiness zones 4a to 5b). Realized heritability for anthesis date was high, approximately 0.7 in both populations, with selection responses averaging 5 days cycle−1. Biomass yield was strongly influenced by delayed flowering, averaging + 0.03 to 0.13 Mg ha−1 for each day delay in anthesis date. However, the biomass yield responses to delayed flowering were strongly associated with latitude of the evaluation location, decreasing by 75% as latitude increased from 42 to 46° N. There is likely a threshold latitude, above which the growing season is too short for later flowering to have a significant impact on increasing biomass yield of upland populations. Future increases in biomass yield for USDA hardiness zone 3 may be extremely difficult or impossible, or at least require different strategies.
Design and Challenges of Cloze-Style Reading Comprehension Tasks on Multiparty Dialogue

This paper analyzes challenges in cloze-style reading comprehension on multiparty dialogue and suggests two new tasks for more comprehensive predictions of personal entities in daily conversations. We first demonstrate that there are substantial limitations to the evaluation methods of previous work, namely that randomized assignment of samples to training and test data substantially decreases the complexity of cloze-style reading comprehension. According to our analysis, replacing the random data split with a chronological data split reduces test accuracy on previous single-variable passage completion task from 72\% to 34\%, that leaves much more room to improve. Our proposed tasks extend the previous single-variable passage completion task by replacing more character mentions with variables. Several deep learning models are developed to validate these three tasks. A thorough error analysis is provided to understand the challenges and guide the future direction of this research.
Towards an Interactive Visualization for Dietary Supplement Knowledge Graph

Dietary supplements (DS) are widely used. However, consumers know little about the safety and efficacy of DS. There is a growing interest in accessing health information online; however, online health information, especially information on DSs, is scattered with varying levels of quality. We prototyped a web application, ALOHA, with interactive graph-based visualizations to facilitate users’ browsing of the integrated DIetary Supplement Knowledge base (iDISK) curated from scientific resources, following an iterative user-centered design (UCD) process.
Formation of the Large Nearby Galaxies

Observations of the nearby large galaxies that can be examined in particularly close detail suggest that many have small stellar luminosity fractions in bulges and haloes. Simulations of galaxy formation tend to produce considerably larger fractions of the star particles in model bulges, stellar haloes, and more generally in orbits seriously different from circular. The situation might be improved by a prescription for non-Gaussian initial conditions on the scale of galaxies.
A Machine Learning Approach for Rate Constants. II. Clustering, Training, and Predictions for the O(3P) + HCl → OH + Cl Reaction

Following up on our recent paper, which reported a machine learning approach to train on and predict thermal rate constants over a large temperature range, we present new results by using clustering and new Gaussian process regression on each cluster. Each cluster is defined by the magnitude of the correction to the Eckart transmission coefficient. Instead of the usual protocol of training and testing, which is a challenge for present small database of exact rate constants, training is done on the full data set for each cluster. Testing is done by inputing hundreds of random values of the descriptors (within reasonable bounds). The new training strategy is applied to predict the rate constants of the O(3P) + HCl reaction on the 3A' and 3A″ potential energy surfaces. This reaction was recently focused on as a "stress test" for the ring polymer molecular dynamics method. Finally, this reaction is added to the databases and training is done with this addition. The freely available database and new Python software that evaluates the correction to the Eckart transmission coefficient for any reaction are briefly described.
Development of an Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team for Pressure Injury Management: A Quality Improvement Project.

PURPOSE The purpose of this quality improvement project was to create an interdisciplinary healthcare team for the management of patients with stage 3, stage 4, and unstageable pressure injuries (PIs), improve the communication among the interdisciplinary healthcare team, test the educational level of the nursing staff regarding PI management, and conduct quarterly PI prevalence surveys to decrease the rate of the hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Patients with stage 3, stage 4, and unstageable PIs in medical adult inpatient units of a private tertiary hospital located in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia were included in the study. APPROACH During the project period (February 21, 2017, to May 23, 2017), a healthcare team was formed consisting of a hospitalist, a plastic surgeon, a case manager, a dietitian, a physiotherapist, and wound and home health nurses. The team communication and staff adherence to the care plan were measured through an audit tool. Nurses' educational level was measured by pre- and posttest assessments. In addition, a quarterly PI survey day was conducted twice to monitor the occurrence of HAPIs and to reevaluate nursing staff knowledge of management of HAPIs. OUTCOMES Results showed improvement in communication within the interdisciplinary team regarding care of patients with HAPIs, with 100% staff adherence to the plan of care. In addition, unit-based educational sessions conducted to measure staff knowledge showed a statistically significant increase (P < .000). Although small, the HAPI rate decreased from 5.9% to 5% during this short 3-month study.
Conceptualizing and assessing norm strength in International Relations

What constitutes a strong or a weak norm? Scholars often refer to strong or weak, or strengthening or weakening norms, yet there are widespread inconsistencies in terminology and no agreed-upon mea...
Late stages of stellar evolution

Abstract The Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will have the sensitivity, spatial resolution, and frequency resolution to provide new scientific knowledge of evolved stars. Four basic areas of scientific exploration are enhanced by the construction of the SKA: (1) detection and imaging of photospheric radio continuum emission and position correlation with maser distributions, (2) imaging of thermal dust emission around evolved stars and the detailed structures of their circumstellar winds (again, including comparison with maser distributions), (3) study of cm-wavelength molecular line transitions and the circumstellar chemistry around both O-rich and C-rich evolved stars and (4) the possible observation of polarized emission due to the influence of the magnetic fields of AGB stars. Since this short chapter is not meant to be a review article, a comprehensive reference list has not been generated. I have selected just one or perhaps two references for citations where appropriate.
Abstract 13344: Do Heart Failure Patients’ Personal Priorities Influence Their Self-care Maintenance Behaviors?

Introduction: The personal priorities of community dwelling patients with HF may influence their self-care behavior. However, clinicians are unsure of the personal priorities that influence self-ca...
Estados, Municipalidades, e Inmigrantes Latinoamericanos en la Internacionalización del Circuito de la Carne

Basado en un estudio de caso de ua planta empacadora de carne en Lexington, Nebraska, E.E.U.D. este trabajo explora algunos del micro eslabones de la internationalizacion del sector agroalimentario tal como aparece al nivel local. Especificamente se observa el proceso donde, a nivel del estado local, de las municipalidades, diferentes clases sociales se encuentran implicados en procesos que adelantan la globalizacion del sector ganadero. En segundo lugar, el trabajo explora la creciente tendencia en la industria empacadora de carne, para movilizar a nuevos obreros inmigrante (principlamente de Mexico y Centroamerica). En la parte final del trabajo, se consideran algunos de los costos especificos que, comunidades como Lexington, trabajadores latinos, deben pagar como participantes en el crecimienta de estas industrias transnacionalizadas. ? Abstract State, Municipalities and Latino Immigrants in the Internationalization of the Meat Chain Based on a case study of a meatpacking plant in Lexington, Nebraska, this paper explores some of the "micro-linkages" in the internationalization of the agro-food sector which appear al the local level. Specifically it looks at the process whereby local states, municipalities, and different social classes, find themselves involved in processes which further the globalization of the livestock sector. Secondly, the paper explores the growing tendency, within meatpacking, to mobilize new immigrant labor pools (principally from Mexico and Central America). The final part of the paper considers some of the specific costs that communities like Lexington and latino workers must pay as they participale in the growth of these internationalized industries.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Liver Transplantation: Lessons From the First Year of the Pandemic.

Over the last year, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued to spread across the globe, causing significant morbidity and mortality among transplantation candidates and recipients. Patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation and patients with a history of liver transplantation represent vulnerable populations, especially given the high rates of associated medical comorbidities in these groups and their immunosuppressed status. In addition, concerns surrounding COVID-19 risk in this patient population have affected rates of transplantation and general transplantation practices. Here, we explore what we have learned about the impact of COVID-19 on liver transplantation candidates and recipients as well as the many key knowledge gaps that remain.
Nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization promotes robust timing of mitotic events by cyclin B1-Cdk1

Summary Studies applying well-mixed cytosolic extracts found the mitotic network centered on cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) performs robust relaxation oscillations with tunable frequency [1–6]. However, recent work also highlighted the importance of cyclin B1-Cdk1 nuclear translocation in mitotic timing [7, 8]. How nuclear compartmentalization affects the oscillator properties and the accurate ordering of mitotic events, especially in embryos lacking checkpoints, remains elusive. Here we developed a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for analyzing Cdk1 spatiotemporal dynamics in synthetic cells containing nuclei compared to those without. We found cellular compartmentalization significantly impacts clock behaviors. While the amplitude-frequency dependency measured in the homogeneous cytoplasm showed highly tunable frequency for a fixed amplitude, confirming predictions by non-spatial models [4], the frequency remains constant against cyclin variations when nuclei are present, suggesting a possible buffering mechanism of nuclear compartments to ensure robust timing. We also found all cyclin degrades within similar mitotic durations despite variable interphase cyclin expression. This scalable degradation of cyclin may further promote the precise mitotic duration. Simultaneous measurements revealed Cdk1 and cyclin B1 cycle rigorously out of phase, producing a wide orbit on their phase plane, essential for robust oscillations. We further mapped mitotic events on the phase-plane orbits. Unlike cytoplasmic-only cells showing delayed Cdk1 activation, nucleus-containing cells exhibit steady cyclin B1-Cdk1 nuclear accumulation until nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) followed by an abrupt cyclin-independent activation to trigger anaphase. Thus, both biphasic activation and subcellular localization of Cdk1 ensure accurate ordering of substrates.
Research on Ethics and Integrity in Public Administration: Moving Forward, Looking Back

This article reviews and assesses research on ethics and integrity in public administration published in two peer reviewed journals—the Public Administration Review and Public Integrity—for the ten...
Mixed (electronic and ionic) conductive solid polymer matrix, 1. Synthesis and properties of poly(2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octaoxapentacosyl methacrylate)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine)

Poly(2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octaoxapentacosyl methacrylate)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) semicomb polymers were synthesized using anionic living polymerization techniques. The polymers are white, powdery materials and were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel-permeation chromatography. The polymers display monomodal molecular weight distributions which are relatively narrow. The block copolymers show microphase separation as indicated by the presence of two glass transition temperatures (Tg), a soft (oxyethylene) phase Tg is observed between −60°C and −45°C and a hard (4-vinylpyridine) phase Tg is observed between 135°C and 150°C. The soft oxyethylene phase has been doped with LiClO4 to obtain ionic conductors with electrical conductivities around 5 · 10−6 S · cm−1 at 25°C and the hard 4-vinylpyridine phase has been complexed with 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-1,4-quinodimethane (TCNQ, 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidenedimalonitrile) to obtain electronic conductivities around 10−6 S · cm−1 at 25°C. The mixed (electronic and ionic) conductivities are intermediate between the ionic and electronic conductivities. Higher electronic conductivities (≈ 10−5 S · cm−1 at 30°C) are obtained for the polycation TCNQ−/TCNQ0 complexes.
Temperature influence in developing tadpoles. III. Influence of temperature on some kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of partially purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from spring and fall eggs and tadpoles of Rana pipiens.

1. 1. Some kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were studied in partially purified G6PDH preparations from spring and fall Rana pipiens eggs and tadpoles raised at 10 and 20 °C. 2. 2. Results suggest that the spring groups of G6PDH are metabolically more responsive because the energies of activation as determined from the initial velocity contants of G6PDH are lower than the corresponding fall groups of G6PDH. 3. 3. Thermodynamic considerations suggest that the fall tadpole enzyme preparations may be more efficient than the spring tadpole enzyme preparations because of an increased molecular flexibility. 4. 4. It appears that development during the fall season may be more stressful than development during the spring season. There would be need for both an increase in yield and thermodynamic efficiency in animals preparing to survive the stress of the cold winter environment.
Generation of linear recursive sequences from irreducible polynomials over GF(Q)

Linear recursive sequences generated from irreducible polynomials over GF(q), q=P/sup m/, a prime power, are investigated. These sequences are expressed as vector linear recursive sequences whose component sequences may be obtained directly from an irreducible polynomial over GF(p). The relationship between these components is investigated. A method of generating the primitive and nonprimitive irreducible polynomials is also discussed. >
Biogenesis and cytotoxicity of APOL1 renal risk variant proteins in hepatocytes and hepatoma cells.

Two APOL1 gene variants, which likely evolved to protect individuals from African sleeping sickness, are strongly associated with nondiabetic kidney disease in individuals with recent African ancestry. Consistent with its role in trypanosome killing, the pro-death APOL1 protein is toxic to most cells, but its mechanism of cell death is poorly understood and little is known regarding its intracellular trafficking and secretion. Because the liver appears to be the main source of circulating APOL1, we examined its secretory behavior and mechanism of toxicity in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes. APOL1 is poorly secreted in vitro, even in the presence of chemical chaper­ones; however, it is efficiently secreted in wild-type transgenic mice, suggesting that APOL1 secretion has specialized requirements that cultured cells fail to support. In hepatoma cells, inducible expression of APOL1 and its risk variants promoted cell death, with the G1 variant displaying the highest degree of toxicity. To explore the basis for APOL1-mediated cell toxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, pyroptosis, autophagy, and apoptosis were examined. Our results suggest that autophagy represents the predominant mechanism of APOL1-mediated cell death. Overall, these results increase our understanding of the basic biology and trafficking behavior of circulating APOL1 from the liver.
Sexually dimorphic expression and estradiol mediated up-regulation of a sex-linked ribosomal gene, RPS6, in the zebra finch brain

Sex-linked genes are considered to be a major contributor to neural sex differences in zebra finches. While several candidates have been identified, additional ones are continuously being discovered. Here we report on a novel Z-linked ribosomal gene (rpS6) that is enhanced in the male brain as compared to the female's throughout life. In both sexes, expression of rpS6 is highest at P3 and P8 (just before the onset of morphologically detectable sex differences), decreases around P15, and then remains decreased through adulthood. Analysis of rpS6 mRNA revealed widespread distribution throughout the brain. However, within song regions HVC and RA, mRNA containing cells were greater in males as compared to females. Hormones are also involved in the development of neural dimorphisms, so we additionally investigated whether rpS6 might interact with estradiol (E2 ). An up-regulation of rpS6 gene was observed in both sexes following treatment with E2 and the effect was approximately twice as large in males as compared with females. These data suggest that rpS6 may be involved in sexual differentiation of the zebra finch brain, and that the effect is facilitated by E2 .
Superoxide Enhances Ca2+ Entry Through L-Type Channels in the Renal Afferent Arteriole

Reactive oxygen species regulate cardiovascular and renal function in health and disease. Superoxide participates in acute calcium signaling in afferent arterioles and renal vasoconstriction produced by angiotensin II, endothelin, thromboxane, and pressure-induced myogenic tone. Known mechanisms by which superoxide acts include quenching of nitric oxide and increased ADP ribosyl cyclase/ryanodine-mediated calcium mobilization. The effect(s) of superoxide on other calcium signaling pathways in the renal microcirculation is poorly understood. The present experiments examined the acute effect of superoxide generated by paraquat on calcium entry pathways in isolated rat afferent arterioles. The peak increase in cytosolic calcium concentration caused by KCl (40 mmol/L) was 99±14 nmol/L. The response to this membrane depolarization was mediated exclusively by L-type channels because it was abolished by nifedipine but was unaffected by the T-type channel blocker mibefradil. Paraquat increased superoxide production (dihydroethidium fluorescence), tripled the peak response to KCl to 314±68 nmol/L (P<0.001) and doubled the plateau response. These effects were abolished by tempol and nitroblue tetrazolium, but not by catalase, confirming actions of superoxide and not of hydrogen peroxide. Unaffected by paraquat and superoxide was calcium entry through store-operated calcium channels activated by thapsigargin-induced calcium depletion of sarcoplasmic reticular stores. Also unresponsive to paraquat was ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Our results provide new evidence that superoxide enhances calcium entry through L-type channels activated by membrane depolarization in rat cortical afferent arterioles, without affecting calcium entry through store-operated entry or ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium mobilization.
Evidence of triplet ethylene produced from photodissociation of ethylene sulfide

Tunable synchrotron radiation has been used to probe the dissociation dynamics of ethylene sulfide, providing selective determination of the translational energy distributions of both excited (1D) and ground-state (3P) sulfur atoms, with momentum-matching to the ethylene cofragments. The results suggest the presence of a channel giving S(3P) in conjunction with triplet ethylene C2H4 (3B1u), and allow for the first experimental measure of the energy of the latter species near the equilibrium geometry, in which the two methylene groups occupy perpendicular planes.
Residual gas homogeneity measurements

AbstractPlanar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of a dopant added to the fuel, which was well mixed with the intake air upstream of the engine, was used to investigate inhomogeneities that arise from the incomplete mixing of the intake charge with the residual gas left in the cylinder from the previous cycle. The residual gas fraction was independently measured using a fast-acting solenoid valve and a cylinder dumping technique. The experiments were performed on a four-stroke homogeneous-charge spark-ignition engine operating at light load. The PLIF data were shot-noise-limited, permitting filtering to reduce some noise artefacts; and to further reduce system-induced biases associated with pulse-to-pulse laser variations the data were ray-mean-normalized, i.e. normalized by the mean of the data along the laser propagation direction. The filtered results had excellent noise characteristics, with a signal-to-noise ratio in excess of 50:1, and allowed the low levels of mixture unmixedness to be identified. ...
The Lucas-Pratt primality tree

In 1876, E. Lucas showed that a quick proof of primality for a prime p could be attained through the prime factorization of p - 1 and a primitive root for p. V. Pratt's proof that PRIMES is in NP, done via Lucas's theorem, showed that a certificate of primality for a prime p could be obtained in O(log 2 p) modular multiplications with integers at most p. We show that for all constants C ∈ R, the number of modular multiplications necessary to obtain this certificate is greater than Clog p for a set of primes p with relative asymptotic density 1.
Impact of storage prior to cryopreservation on plasma membrane function and fertility of boar sperm

Occasionally, boar semen must be shipped to another location for cryopreservation. We increased the initial holding time for the cooling of extended semen at 15 degrees C from 3 to 24 h to determine the effects on sperm characteristics and fertility. Thirty-one gilts and sows were inseminated once with subsequently cryopreserved and thawed semen. Increasing the holding time from 3 to 24 h had no significant effect on pregnancy rate 23 days after AI with frozen-thawed semen (64.5%) but decreased (P<0.05) embryo number from 15 to 9 and recovered embryos as fraction of CL from 73 to 47%. While the longer holding time at 15 degrees C did decrease potential litter size, the loss incurred was not too great to preclude the incorporation of a longer holding time into the cryopreservation protocol. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that processing and freeze-thawing of boar semen would induce phospholipid scrambling in the plasma membrane similar to that evoked by incubation in bicarbonate-containing media. Merocyanine staining after incubation in the presence and absence of bicarbonate indicated that changes in plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling of processed and cryopreserved sperm differed from those in fresh semen undergoing bicarbonate-induced capacitation. The level of Annexin-V binding in boar spermatozoa increased from 1.6% in live spermatozoa in fresh semen to 18.7% in cryopreserved sperm. Apoptosis is unlikely to operate in mature spermatozoa. Apoptotic morphology in ejaculated spermatozoa is probably a result of incomplete deletion of apoptotic spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. Increased Annexin-V binding in thawed spermatozoa probably results from plasma membrane damage incurred during freezing and thawing.
Training to Enhance Adult Memory (TEAM): an investigation of the effectiveness of a memory training program with older adults.

Objective: Prior research examining the effectiveness of memory enhancement programs targeting both objective and subjective memory has yielded results with varying degrees of success. The current investigation aimed to contribute to the present body of memory training literature through the evaluation of an in-home memory enhancement program for older adults. Method: Fifty-three community-dwelling older adults were assigned to either a memory enhancement condition or a minimal social support condition. Results: Those in the memory enhancement condition had significant improvement in remembering names with faces and not misplacing household objects. Additionally, those in the memory enhancement condition also reported being more content with their memory, having fewer lapses in memory, greater use of mnemonic strategies, and were less bothered by memory complaints. Regression analyses indicated that neither levels of positive nor negative affect were predictive of participants’ objective and subjective me...
Extracorporeal perfusion of dog and monkey brain during circulatory arrest

Abstract Cerebral viability (as evidenced by the persistence of EEG activity) has been maintained in situ for many hours by utilizing simplified extracorporeal (pump-oxygenator) perfusion systems to provide cephalo-cerebral circulation, in cardiac-arrested canine and monkey preparations. Additional studies using unicarotid mechanical perfusion and EEG monitoring demonstrated the limitations at present characterizing the pumping elements utilized in isolated cerebral perfusion.
Computer-aided interpretation of ICU portable chest images: automated detection of endotracheal tubes

In intensive care units (ICU), endotracheal (ET) tubes are inserted to assist patients who may have difficulty breathing. A malpositioned ET tube could lead to a collapsed lung, which is life threatening. The purpose of this study is to develop a new method that automatically detects the positioning of ET tubes on portable chest X-ray images. The method determines a region of interest (ROI) in the image and processes the raw image to provide edge enhancement for further analysis. The search of ET tubes is performed within the ROI. The ROI is determined based upon the analysis of the positions of the detected lung area and the spine in the image. Two feature images are generated: a Haar-like image and an edge image. The Haar-like image is generated by applying a Haar-like template to the raw ROI or the enhanced version of the raw ROI. The edge image is generated by applying a direction-specific edge detector. Both templates are designed to represent the characteristics of the ET tubes. Thresholds are applied to the Haar-like image and the edge image to detect initial tube candidates. Region growing, combined with curve fitting of the initial detected candidates, is performed to detect the entire ET tube. The region growing or "tube growing" is guided by the fitted curve of the initial candidates. Merging of the detected tubes after tube growing is performed to combine the detected broken tubes. Tubes within a predefined space can be merged if they meet a set of criteria. Features, such as width, length of the detected tubes, tube positions relative to the lung and spine, and the statistics from the analysis of the detected tube lines, are extracted to remove the false-positive detections in the images. The method is trained and evaluated on two different databases. Preliminary results show that computer-aided detection of tubes in portable chest X-ray images is promising. It is expected that automated detection of ET tubes could lead to timely detection of malpositioned tubes, thus improve overall patient care.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Using Different Sizes of Constructed Wetlands in Recirculating Catfish Pond Production

Abstract Results of experiments using constructed wetlands at the Mississippi State University-Coastal Aquaculture Unit (MSU-CAU) were used to evaluate the investment and operation costs of integrating different sizes of constructed wetlands in recirculating catfish pond production. In order to create the commercial pond-wetland systems used in this analysis, each wetland was placed adjacent to each of the ponds used in catfish production. Hypothetical recirculating catfish production systems consisting of six 3.24-ha ponds and six 0.489-, 0.809- or 1.134-ha constructed wetlands were evaluated. Higher investment and operating costs were required for catfish production systems with larger constructed wetlands.
Monte Carlo simulations of counterion accumulation near helical DNA

Abstract For a model of DNA having a helical charge distribution, the number of adjacent counterions is calculated from the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations at various salt concentrations. These results are compared with corresponding MC simulations for an axial polyion charge distribution and with the predictions of other polyelectrolyte theories.
Phonocardiographic differentiation of vibratory (functional) murmurs from those of valvular insufficiency: further observations and application to the diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease.

Abstract The characteristic difference between heart-sound tracings of murmurs of valvular insufficiency and those of the normally occurring vibratory cardiac murmurs of children can be observed with instruments manufactured by both the Sanborn Company and Cambridge Instrument Company, Inc. The uniform wave form of constant frequency characteristic of the vibratory murmur is seen even in phonocardiographic tracings taken at points distant from that of the point of maximal intensity of that murmur. Twenty-eight patients with heart murmurs have been catalogued in whom phonocardiographic evidence of a vibratory murmur has suggested or confirmed a clinical decision that the murmur in question was not indicative of heart disease. Case histories typical of these clinical situations have been presented.
Outcome of Acute Graft Rejection Associated with Hemodynamic Compromise in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients

We sought to analyze the outcome of hemodynamically significant acute graft rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients from a single-center experience. Acute graft rejection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality for patients who undergo orthotopic heart transplantation and has been associated with the severity of the rejection episode. A retrospective review of all children experiencing a hemodynamically significant rejection episode after orthotopic heart transplantation was performed. Fifty-three patients with 54 grafts had 70 rejection episodes requiring intravenous inotropic support. Forty-one percent of these patients required high-dose inotropic support, with the remaining 59% of patients requiring less inotropic support. Overall graft survival to hospital discharge was 41% for patients in the high-dose group compared to 94% in the low-dose group. Six-month graft survival in patients who required high-dose inotropes remained at 41% compared to 44% in the low-dose group. Hemodynamically significant acute graft rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients is a devastating problem with poor short- and long-term outcomes. Survival to hospital discharge is dismal in patients who require high-dose inotropic support. In contrast, survival to discharge is quite good in patients who require only low-dose inotropic support; however, six-month graft survival in this group is low secondary to a high incidence of graft failure related to worsening or aggressive transplant coronary artery disease.
Changing Concepts of Aphasia

In the nineteenth century, the mosaic theory of cortical function led to assumptions of sensory, motor, and conduction aphasias, and other pure disorders (agraphia, alexia, anomia, acalculia, and various agnosias and apraxias) considered to result from discrete lesions of circumscribed areas of the brain. This doctrine scarcely survived World War I, but apparently imprinted itself on the infant science of psychology. With increasing attention to objective measurement of aphasia (1, 7), there has been growing recognition of the fallacy of attempts to isolate pure disorders, and concern with the general nature of aphasic deficit. Recent work (2, 3, 4) has explored both the general deficit and complicating conditions frequently present. In spite of findings reported over large series of patients, psychological and neurological textbooks solemnly repeat old classification fictions to new generations of students. On the other hand, when the writers recently reported observed regularities in aphasic language behavior and called attention to general dimensions of impairment (4, 5, 6), some readers inferred we considered all aphasic Ss alike, and advocated measuring only severity of language deficit! Neither a mosaic nor a unidimensional theory is adequate. Current thinking argues that a general reduction of language in all modalities is always present in aphasia. However, if visual processes are involved, patients have more difficulty reading and writing than equally aphasic patients without visual involvement. If motor or sensorimotor processes are involved, patients have more difficulty speaking. Paramount is the idea that perceprual and motor disturbances may accompany aphasia, but are not identical with it. In addition the evidence (4) is increasingly clear that observed patterns of impairment, including all these dimensions, have diagnostic, prognostic, and clinical significance.
Synthesis of Aromatic Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Dianilines for Use in High-Temperature Polyimides

A series of novel aromatic Polyhedral Oligomeric SilSesquioxane (POSS) dianiline molecules has been synthesized for use in the preparation of high temperature aromatic polyimides. A general synthetic strategy was devised to improve the structure, yield, and utility of POSS dianilines over those currently available. Peripheral aromatic functionality was specifically incorporated in order to improve thermal properties and to increase compatibility with aromatic polymers. Silyloxy and/or aromatic functional groups were used to link the aniline groups to the POSS cage in order to ensure that this linkage was not a thermal weak point. Additionally, the stereochemistry of the aniline functionality has been varied to produce both meta- and para- isomers. The new dianiline monomers can be used to produce high molecular weight polyimide polymers. These dianilines have been incorporated both as pendants to the polymer backbone, and in a “bead-on-a-string” fashion by insertion into the polymer main-chain. In addition to producing POSS polyimides with superior thermal stability, these new monomers will allow full characterization and comparison of POSS-polyimides with differing structures in order to delineate the structure-property relationships of POSS and polymer architectures.
Feasibility of a navigated registration technique in FAI surgery

Introduction Arthroscopic femoral osteoplasties might be technically demanding, might cause prolonged operative times and restrict the intraoperative overview. An automated navigated matching process of preoperative CT-data and intraoperative fluoroscopy should allow for noninvasive registration for FAI-surgery.
Pyrosequencing reveals restricted patterns of CD8+ T cell escape-associated compensatory mutations in simian immunodeficiency virus.

CD8+ T cells play a major role in the containment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. CD8+ T cell-driven variations in conserved regions under functional constraints result in diminished viral replicative capacity. While compensatory mutations outside an epitope can restore replicative capacity, the kinetics with which they arise remains unknown. Additionally, certain patterns of linked mutations associated with CD8+ T cell epitope escape in these highly conserved regions may lead to variable levels of viral fitness. Here, we used pyrosequencing to investigate the kinetics and patterns of mutations surrounding the Mamu-A1*00101-bound Gag181-189CM9 CD8+ T cell epitope. We obtained more than 400 reads for each sequencing time point, allowing us to confidently detect the emergence of viral variants bearing escape mutations with frequencies as low as 1% of the circulating virus. With this level of detail, we demonstrate that compensatory mutations generally arise concomitantly with Gag181-189CM9 escape mutations. We observed distinct patterns of linked flanking mutations, most of which were found downstream of Gag181-189CM9. Our data indicate that, whereas Gag181-189CM9 escape is much more complex that previously appreciated, it occurs in a coordinated fashion, with very specific patterns of flanking mutations required for immune evasion. This is the first detailed report of the ontogeny of compensatory mutations that allow CD8+ T cell epitope escape in infected individuals.
Effects of serial CS presentation on shuttlebox avoidance responding

Abstract Shuttlebox avoidance responding in rats was examined as a function of various CS conditions. In Experiment I the CS condition consisted of a single stimulus (S 1 ), a two-component compound (S 1 S 2 ), a two-component serial ( S 1 S 2 ) in which the first stimulus (S 1 ) terminated at the midpoint of the CS-US interval and the onset of the second stimulus (S 2 ) immediately followed the terimination of S 1 , or a two-component serial compound ( S 1 S 1 S 2 ) which consisted of a single stimulus (S 1 ) for the first half of the CS-US interval and of two stimuli (S 1 plus S 2 ) for the latter half of the CS-US interval. The serial conditions ( S 1 S 2 , S 1 S 1 S 2 ) reliably produced more avoidance responses than the nonserial CS conditions (S 1 , S 1 S 2 ). No reliable differences on this index were observed between the nonserial conditions (S 1 vs S 1 S 2 ) or between the serial conditions ( S 1 S 2 vs S 1 S 1 S 2 ). The modal response latency of the nonserial conditions was approximately 2.5 sec, measured from CS onset and the modal response latency in the serial groups was 10.5 sec, or 2.5 sec after the onset of the second stimulus in the chain. Experiments II and III provided data which indicated that increased avoidance responding obtained with serial CS presentations was not due to the increased number of stimulus onsets and terminations for these groups or to the shorter CS durations resulting from the division of the serial conditions into two distinctive segments. Various theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
TIME-REVERSAL INVARIANCE AND BETA-GAMMA ANGULAR CORRELATION. II

The angular correlation function between beta and gamma rays from oriented nuclei is given for use in testing the invariance property of the beta interactions under time reversal. The formulas are derived in the cases where the beta decay is an allowed or first forbidden transition and thc gamma ray has a mixure of arbitrary multipelarities. A general form for the BETA -- gamma / sub 1/-- gamma /sub 2/ angular correlation in triple cascade transitions of unoriented nuclei is also shown. It does not give clear-cut information on the invariance property of beta interactions under time reversal. The correlation functions where gamma rays are replaced by alpha particles are discussed in the above two cases. The beta-alpha directional correlation from oriented nuclei may be useful in testing the invariance property of beta interactions under time reversal. (auth)
A unidirectional carrier effect

Abstract A surprising unidirectional carrier effect has been observed in the antibody response to myoglobin-ferritin conjugate. This conjugate serves as a hapten-carrier complex for myoglobin-specific T cells to help ferritin-specific B cells make anti-ferritin antibodies, but it does not function for ferritin-specific T cells to help myoglobin-specific B cells to make anti-myoglobin. Therefore, myoglobin-ferritin does not bypass the Ir gene defect of low responders to myoglobin. In contrast, myoglobin-fowl γ-globulin does induce anti-myoglobin antibodies in low responder mice and thus bypasses the Ir gene defect. Both complexes are covalently coupled. Since the myoglobin-ferritin conjugate serves for myoglobin-specific T cells to help myoglobin-specific B cells, the myoglobin in the conjugate is not altered in a way that would prevent recognition by myoglobin-specific B cells. Similarly, the conjugate serves for ferritin-specific helper T cells to help ferritin-specific B cells, so it can be recognized functionally by ferritin-specific T helper cells. Explanations such as unidirectional induction of or sensitivity to bystander help, or T-cell suppression, have been excluded. While the explanation for this unexpected observation is not yet certain, several possibilities are discussed to explain this novel phenomenon, which is believed to be the first example of such a unidirectional carrier effect between two proteins.
A comparison of cloud models (EM wavescattering)

Five different cloud models are compared over a broad frequency range. They are the model of K.L. Gunn and T.W. East (1954), the model of H.J. Liebe et al. (1989), D.H. Staelin's (1966) model, S. Slobin's (1982) model, and the model of E.E. Altshuler and R. Marr (1989). A short tutorial review of the theoretical basis and limitations of each cloud model is included. It is shown that the models all tend to agree at frequencies below 40 GHz, and for light to medium cloud conditions; however, above 10 GHz and for heavy to very heavy clouds, the models diverge. >
The Bogus Pipeline and Stereotypes Toward Blacks

Summary Two bogus pipeline conditions and a control condition were employed to assess the stereotypes toward blacks held by 120 white male and female college students. One of the bogus pipeline conditions employed standard instructions, while the second included additional instructions designed to minimize possible social undesirability biases. Univariate analyses of 22 trait ascriptions revealed only three effects of bogus pipeline measurement and failed to replicate the results obtained by Sigall and Page. Factor analyses of these ratings revealed three predominant stereotypes that are consistent with past studies: a “1930s” view of blacks as ignorant and dirty, a “Sambo” stereotype of blacks as musical and happy-go-lucky, and a “modish” stereotype of blacks as honest and intelligent. Unlike the Sigall and Page findings, no effects of the bogus pipeline were obtained on the first factor, but effects of the pipeline were obtained on the second factor. The results suggest that the bogus pipeline may minim...
Cold equation of state in a strong magnetic field - Effects of inverse beta-decay

The influence of a high magnetic field (B is greater than 10 exp 12 G) on the degenerate matter equation of state appropriate to a neutron star is studied. The regime dominated by relativistic electrons up to the neutron drip density is highlighted. The equilibrium matter composition and equation of state, allowing for inverse beta-decay. Two different equilibrium models are determined: an ideal neutron-proton-electron (npe) gas and the more realistic model of Baym, Pethick, and Sutherland (1971) consisting of a Coulomb lattice of heavy nuclei embedded in an electron gas. For a sufficiently high field strength, the magnetic field has an appreciable effect, changing the adiabatic index of the matter and the nuclear transition densities. The influence of a strong field on some simple nonequilibrium processes, including beta-decay and inverse beta-decay (electron capture) is also considered. The effects produced by the magnetic field are mainly due to the changes in the transverse electron quantum orbits and the allowed electron phase space induced by the field.
Studies of differential and total photoionization cross sections of molecular nitrogen

The photoionization of molecular nitrogen has been studied using a frozen-core Hartree-Fock final-state wave function with a correlated intitial-state wave function. The final-state wave function was obtained using the iterative Schwinger variational method. The effects of initial-state correlation were studied by comparing cross sections obtained using a configuration-interaction-type initial-state wave function with those obtained using a Hartree-Fock initial-state wave function. In this paper we compare our accurate single-center expansion results with other theoretical results. We find that earlier single-center cross sections were not well converged with respect to their expansion parameters. The results of the continuum multiple-scattering method and the Stieltjes-Tchebycheff moment-theory approach are found to be in qualitative but not quantitative agreement with the present results. We also compare our computed total cross sections as well as integrated target angular distributions with experimental results for photoionization leading to the $X^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$, $A^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$, and $B^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$ states of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$. We find generally good agreement, which is improved by the inclusion of initial-state correlation effects, especially in the resonant photoionization channel leading to the $X^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ state of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$. We also report integrated detector angular distributions for these three channels.
Leaf drop affects herbivory in oaks

Leaf phenology is important to herbivores, but the timing and extent of leaf drop has not played an important role in our understanding of herbivore interactions with deciduous plants. Using phylogenetic general least squares regression, we compared the phenology of leaves of 55 oak species in a common garden with the abundance of leaf miners on those trees. Mine abundance was highest on trees with an intermediate leaf retention index, i.e. trees that lost most, but not all, of their leaves for 2–3 months. The leaves of more evergreen species were more heavily sclerotized, and sclerotized leaves accumulated fewer mines in the summer. Leaves of more deciduous species also accumulated fewer mines in the summer, and this was consistent with the idea that trees reduce overwintering herbivores by shedding leaves. Trees with a later leaf set and slower leaf maturation accumulated fewer herbivores. We propose that both leaf drop and early leaf phenology strongly affect herbivore abundance and select for differences in plant defense. Leaf drop may allow trees to dispose of their herbivores so that the herbivores must recolonize in spring, but trees with the longest leaf retention also have the greatest direct defenses against herbivores.