cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Materialism: The Role of Health-Related Beliefs in the Relationship Between Television Viewing and Life Satisfaction Among College Students

Prior research has typically focused on materialism and the perceptions of general others' affluence to explain the link between television viewing and life satisfaction. This study extends our understanding of such a relationship by demonstrating the mediation of health-related perceptions. Surveys were administered to 274 college students at a large southeastern university, and the data were subjected to path analyses. Results reveal that overall television viewing was associated with viewers' perceptions of others' health risks and of personal health risks; in turn, these perceptions significantly related to life satisfaction. Further, overall television viewing was indirectly associated with perception of self-efficacy in maintaining personal health, which in turn reduced life satisfaction. These results indicate that health-related perceptions help establish the association between television viewing and life satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.
The structure and bonding of lithium clusters

Abstract The electronic structures and binding energies of eight clusters of lithium, namely Li2, Li3 (triangular), Li4 (square), Li4 (tetrahedral), Li8 (simple cubic), Li9 (body-centered cubic), Li13 (cubo-octahedral) and Li13 (icosahedral), have been calculated as a function of the LiLi bond distance by the recently developed Self-Consistent-Field Xα Scattered-Wave Method. Two results are of possible significance to the structure, bonding and surface properties of very small metal particles of the type used in supported metal catalysts. Firstly, there is a gradual increase in binding energy per atom with increasing cluster size. Secondly, the 13-atom cluster with the icosahedral geometry is the most stable of all the clusters considered.
Acoustic Measures of the Voices of Older Singers and Nonsingers

Summary Objectives This study investigated whether there were differences in the acoustic measures of fundamental frequency (Fo), jitter, intensity, and shimmer of older amateur singers and nonsingers and whether there were significant correlations between these acoustic measurements and listener judgments of speaker age. Methods Acoustic measurements were obtained on 60 speaker participants from a sustained vowel production. Study participants included 30 male and female singers and 30 male and female nonsingers between the ages of 65 and 80 years. In addition, 10 speech-language pathology graduate students were recruited as listener participants to estimate the age of speaker participants from recorded vowel sounds. Results The results of this study indicate that participants were perceived as significantly younger than their real ages, and male and female singers were perceived to be significantly younger than male and female nonsingers. Significant differences were found between male and female singers and nonsingers regarding jitter and intensity, with singers displaying significantly less jitter and significantly greater intensity than nonsingers. Perceived age was found to be related to jitter in male singers and nonsingers and female singers. Perceived age was found to be related to intensity in female nonsingers. No statistically significant differences were found between singers and nonsingers regarding Fo or shimmer. No significant correlations were found between perceived age and intensity in male singers, male nonsingers, or female singers. Conclusions Acoustic and auditory-perceptual features of the aging voice appear to be factors associated with participation in amateur singing.
Are the Americas ‘sick with racism’ or is it a problem at the poles? A reply to Christina A. Sue

Abstract Christina A. Sue commented on my 2004 article in Ethnic and Racial Studies on the Latin Americanization of racial stratification in the USA. Almost all her observations hinge on the assumption that racial stratification in Latin American countries is fundamentally structured around ‘two racial poles’. I disagree with her and in my reply do three things. First, I address three major claims or issues in her comment. Second, I point out some methodological limitations of American-centred race analysis in Latin America. Third, I conclude by discussing briefly the Obama phenomenon and suggest this event fits in many ways my Latin Americanization thesis.
Reflections on the Life Histories of Today's LGBQ Postsecondary Students

This qualitative multiple-case study utilized a life history methodology in which written and oral narratives were obtained from six postsecondary students who self-identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or queer (LGBQ). Through the construction of life histories, the researcher endeavored to understand how past experiences and behaviors shaped the participants’ identity and established their sense of resiliency. The researcher's analysis of the data revealed discrepancies between the participants’ stories and commonly cited sexual-identity development models. In addition, some of the participants expressed resistance to sexual categories or labels and suggested that a shift has occurred in the dynamics between gay and straight males. Correlations to past research and possible implications to sexual-identity development theory, forms of masculinity, and perpetuation of LGBQ art, literature, and history are discussed.
Acute demyelinating disease in a chimpanzee three years after inoculation of brain cells from a patient with MS

Brain cells from a patient with classic multiple sclerosis were inoculated intracerebrally into the frontal lobe of a newborn chimpanzee. The animal developed acute quadriplegia three years, two months later and was killed four days after the onset of symptoms. Central nervous system lesions were primarily localized in the spinal cord at root entry zones; these were characterized by demyelination and regeneration of myelin by Schwann cells.
The general host selection behavior of parasitoid Hymenoptera and a comparison of initial strategies utilized by larvaphagous and oophagous species.

Abstract The first third of this paper discusses the general host selection behavior of parasitoid Hymenoptera with some modifications of previous interpretations and presentations. This is followed by a section that includes a discussion of a slightly different interpretation of the detectability–reliability paradigm in relation to the role of experience (α-conditioning) and associative learning (β-conditioning) in the host selection process. Also some problems with the definition of koinobionts and idiobionts are briefly discussed. The remainder of the presentation focuses on a comparison of the strategies employed by larvaphagous and oophagous parasitoid Hymenoptera. The focus of the discussion of host location by larvaphagous parasitoids is on those species of parasitoids attacking herbivorous lepidopterous larvae. It is this parasitoid–host group which has received the most intense study over the past decade. The approach presented here first considers the biology of the host, which host stages are attacked, and how the host is utilized by the parasitoid. While the cues utilized by parasitoids attacking herbivorous larvae differ in their detectability and reliability, more recently published data suggest that reliability may be as high for both the highly detectable cues, i.e., synomones, as the less detectable cues, i.e., kairomones. Differences in host selection strategy may be influenced primarily by the developmental stage attacked rather than by the detectability or reliability of the host-associated cues. This difference can be attributed to differences in the utilization of hosts by koinobionts and idiobionts. A similar thesis, that developmental problems faced by egg parasitoids influence how these oophages locate hosts, is presented. One of the main issues for egg parasitoids is having enough time to develop in a short-lived resource. Several strategies are discussed, including both a search strategy and an ambush strategy.
Severity of age-related macular degeneration in 1 eye and the incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration in the fellow eye: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

Importance Previous studies regarding the severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 1 eye and its prognostic implications for the fellow eye have focused on the incidence of neovascular AMD in the fellow eye of participants with neovascular AMD in the other eye. It is unclear to what extent the severity of AMD in 1 eye affects the incidence, progression, and regression of AMD in its fellow eye across the entire range of AMD severity. Objective To investigate the effect of the severity of AMD in 1 eye on the incidence, progression, and regression of AMD in the fellow eye. Design, Setting and Participants The Beaver Dam Eye Study is a longitudinal population-based study of age-related eye diseases conducted in the city and township of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Examinations were performed every 5 years over a 20-year period (from the baseline examination in 1988-1990 to 2008-2010). Study participants (n = 4379) were 43 to 86 years of age at the baseline examination. At baseline and in up to 4 subsequent examinations, retinal photographs were taken. Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence, progression, and regression of AMD (assessed by use of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System on retinal photographs and adjusted for age, sex, and the Y402H polymorphism in the complement factor H gene on chromosome 1q) and mortality. Results More severe AMD in 1 eye was associated with increased incidence of AMD and accelerated progression in its fellow eye (levels 1-2: hazard ratio [HR], 4.90 [95% CI, 4.26-5.63]; levels 2-3: HR, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.42-3.06]; levels 3-4: HR, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.74-3.25]; levels 4-5: HR, 2.46 [95% CI, 1.65-3.66]). Less severe AMD in 1 eye was associated with less progression of AMD in its fellow eye (levels 2-3: HR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.33-0.55]; levels 3-4: HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.34-0.83]). We estimate that 51% of participants who develop any AMD always maintain AMD severity states within 1 step of each other between eyes; 90% of participants stay within 2 steps. Conclusions and Relevance Using multistate models, we show that AMD severity in 1 eye tracks AMD severity in its fellow eye.
Modulation of HOXA10 and other markers of endometrial receptivity by age and human chorionic gonadotropin in an endometrial explant model

Objective To characterize the endometrial response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as influenced by uterine age, using endometrial receptivity markers including HOXA10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and glycodelin in an endometrial explant culture system. Design In vitro molecular biology research. Setting Academic infertility clinic and molecular biology laboratory. Patient(s) Fourteen prospective recipients of egg donation (mean age, 44 ± 8 years). Intervention(s) Subjects received cyclical estrogen (E 2 ) and progesterone (P 4 ) and underwent an endometrial biopsy on day 7 of P 4 . Endometrial biopsy samples were cut into 1-mm 3 pieces and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F-12 with E 2 and P 4 , without (control) or with hCG (400, 4000, and 40,000 mIU/mL) on Millicell-CM inserts for 24 hours. Main Outcome Measure(s) Explant viability was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate relative gene expression via mRNA levels of HOXA10, VEGF, and glycodelin. Result(s) Explant viability was confirmed on IHC by histology and Ki-67 staining, a marker of proliferation. HOXA10, VEGF, and glycodelin gene expression increased at all concentrations of hCG over those of controls. HOXA10 gene expression was inversely correlated with age (−0.08- ± 0.03-fold decrease in gene expression/year of age). Conclusion(s) The endometrial explant culture system is a promising model for the study of endometrial response as it maintains interactions among the stroma, glands, and epithelium. HOXA10, VEGF, and glycodelin all demonstrated increased gene expression in response to increasing hCG concentrations, supporting the role of hCG as a candidate protein for blastocyst-endometrial communication. Statistically significant associations between age and expression of HOXA10 provide novel evidence that uterine age may play a role in endometrial response on a molecular level.
Modeling midwave infrared muzzle flash spectra from unsuppressed and flash-suppressed large caliber munitions

Abstract Time-resolved infrared spectra of firings from a 152 mm howitzer were acquired over an 1800–6000 cm −1 spectral range using a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The instrument collected primarily at 32 cm −1 spectral and 100 Hz temporal resolutions. Munitions included unsuppressed and chemically flash suppressed propellants. Secondary combustion occurred with unsuppressed propellants resulting in flash emissions lasting ∼100 ms and dominated by H 2 O and CO 2 spectral structure. Non-combusting plume emissions were one-tenth as intense and approached background levels within 20–40 ms. A low-dimensional phenomenological model was used to reduce the data to temperatures, soot absorbances, and column densities of H 2 O, CO 2 , CH 4 , and CO. The combusting plumes exhibit peak temperatures of ∼1400 K, areas of greater than 32 m 2 , low soot emissivity of ∼0.04, with nearly all the CO converted to CO 2 . The non-combusting plumes exhibit lower temperatures of ∼1000 K, areas of ∼5 m 2 , soot emissivity of greater than 0.38 and CO as the primary product. Maximum fit residual relative to peak intensity are 14% and 8.9% for combusting and non-combusting plumes, respectively. The model was generalized to account for turbulence-induced variations in the muzzle plumes. Distributions of temperature and concentration in 1–2 spatial regions demonstrate a reduction in maximum residuals by 40%. A two-region model of combusting plumes provides a plausible interpretation as a ∼1550 K, optically thick plume core and ∼2550 K, thin, surface-layer flame-front. Temperature rate of change was used to characterize timescales and energy release for plume emissions. Heat of combustion was estimated to be ∼5 MJ/kg.
Combined-modality treatment for isolated recurrences of breast carcinoma: update on 30 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and assessment of prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND In three prospective, single-arm studies, the authors previously showed an improved outcome for anthracycline-naive patients with isolated sites of recurrent breast carcinoma (BC) who were treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy after local therapy (surgery and/or radiotherapy). In the current report, the initial results are presented from a Phase II trial of docetaxel (100 mg/m2 every 21 days for 6 cycles) given after local therapy for recurrent BC (Stage IV BC with no evidence of clinically measurable disease) in patients who received prior adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy, and the authors provide an update of the 3 previous studies. An analysis of prognostic factors for these patients also is presented. METHODS Eligibility criteria for all studies included histologic proof of recurrent BC that had been resected and/or irradiated with curative intent. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate survival analyses were performed to test for associations between patient characteristics and outcome (log-rank test). Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the multivariable correlations between patient characteristics and outcome. RESULTS The median follow-up for the docetaxel-based trial (n = 26 patients) was 45 months. Early outcomes for this study are promising. The median disease-free survival (DFS) was 44 months, and the 3-year DFS and overall survival (OS) rates were 58% and 87%, respectively. In the 3 doxorubicin-based studies, the median follow-up was 121.5 months for all living patients, and the estimated 20-year DFS and OS rates were both 26%. On multivariable analysis of patients from all 4 studies, the only significant prognostic factor for DFS and OS (P = 0.0006) was the number of involved axillary lymph nodes at initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS A proportion of patients with isolated BC recurrences achieved prolonged DFS with combined-modality treatment. Patients who receive anthracycline-based chemotherapy at primary diagnosis may benefit from local treatment followed by docetaxel-based chemotherapy for isolated recurrences. The only significant independent prognostic factor was the number of involved axillary lymph nodes at initial diagnosis. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Leveraging informal lending mechanisms to facilitate technology transfer and microenterprise in developing countries

Abstract This article discusses how Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs or merry-go-rounds) can concurrently overcome four challenges faced by small enterprises in developing communities: access to financial capital, technology transfer, vertical and lateral knowledge transfer, and reliable market linkages. Based on primary data from Kenya, three models of partnership between ROSCAs and diverse external organizations are presented and compared against each other. These approaches are designed to help ROSCA groups engage in small enterprises, while creating business opportunities for agricultural technology manufacturers and the formal banking industry. The ultimate purpose of such collaborations is to improve rural livelihoods, strengthen food value chains, and foster food security.
Rapid and precise monitor of reticle haze

. The most commonly reported effect of haze is a gradual loss in transmission of the reticle that results in a need to increase the exposure-dose in order to maintain properly sized features. Since haze formation is non-uniform across the reticle, transmission loss results in an increase in the Across Chip Linewidth Variation (ACLV) that is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the manufacturing process window
Making Spaces to Learn

An essay review ofWhat the Best College Teachers Do(Bain, Ken. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004)
Suggested Connections Between Risk Factors of Intracranial Aneurysms: A Review

The purpose of this article is to review studies of aneurysm risk factors and the suggested hypotheses that connect the different risk factors and the underlying mechanisms governing the aneurysm natural history. The result of this work suggests that at the center of aneurysm evolution there is a cycle of wall degeneration and weakening in response to changing hemodynamic loading and biomechanic stress. This progressive wall degradation drives the geometrical evolution of the aneurysm until it stabilizes or ruptures. Risk factors such as location, genetics, smoking, co-morbidities, and hypertension seem to affect different components of this cycle. However, details of these interactions or their relative importance are still not clearly understood.
Development of infant social isolate monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in their isolation environments

This study was designed to more clearly define thetreatment of early social isolation. Four newborn infant rhesus monkeys, (Macaca mulatta) were raised in social isolation and their behavioral developmentduring their sojourn in isolation was compared to the behavioral development of four controls which were reared by mothers. The controls were matched with the isolates for age and sex and both groups were studied for 30 weeks. The following conclusions resulted from this study: 1. Infant rhesus monkeys raised in laboratory cages do not display facial expressions very frequently, whether they are isolate-reared or alone with a mother. A search of the literature indicated that facial expressions do not occur frequently early in life even when peers are provided. 2. Isolates spent more time looking at human observers, at the nonsocial environment, and at themselves than did controls while controls looked a their mothers or slept. 3. Isolates showed more walking and more manual exploration of the cage and of themselves than did controls but controls did more cage climbing and jumping, and the latter was often oriented toward the mother. The isolates moved more slowly and awkwardly than did the controls. 4. Isolates did not make as extensive use of towels in their cages as we had expected. Controls were in contact with their mothers much more frequently than isolates were in contact with their towels. 5. Abnormal movements such as rocking, self-grasping, and autoeroticism, appeared in the isolates before the end of thefirst month. Thus, the first month of life is evidently extremely crucial for the development of abnormal behavior. Though many abnormal movements first appear during the first month, each individual isolate apparently does not settle down to his own favorite type of weirdness until well after seven months of age.
A Stress Gradient Theory of Rock Fracture In Drilling

It seems likely that improvements in drilling mechanics will result from an understanding of the stress and strain fields in the rock. Along with this an understanding of rock fracture under the appropriate conditions is required. The stress fields in drilling are characterized by high spatial gradients of stress, and the stress gradients are known to interact with rock fracture properties. The present investigation is concerned with quantifying the stress gradient effect on fracture. Laboratory tests were performed on a variety of specimen configurations for three brittle rocks. A very strong effect of stress gradient was found, indicating an apparent elevation of fracture strength with increasing stress gradient. A correlation was shown with a critically stressed distance concept. 15 references, 10 figures, 4 tables.
Microbiote et lymphocytes T - Les meilleurs ennemis

Les cellules de notre corps coexistent en permanence avec une flore microbienne extremement dense et variee. Ce microbiote colonise des la naissance la surface de notre peau et de la plupart de nos muqueuses, en particulier la muqueuse intestinale. Chez un sujet sain, la flore microbienne du tube digestif, compte un nombre de bacteries equivalent a au moins 10 fois le nombre de ses propres cellules [1]. Ces bacteries, qualifiees de commensales, forment un ecosysteme complexe avec lequel se sont etablies, au cours de l’evolution, des relations mutualistes progressant du commensalisme a une veritable symbiose. En effet, bien que les bacteries du microbiote intestinal utilisent a leur profit les ressources disponibles chez leur hote, elles exercent aussi des effets physiologiques benefiques pour celui-ci. Notamment, elles apportent des activites enzymatiques non codees par le genome de leur hote qui sont cruciales pour extraire l’energie provenant de son alimentation et modifient son metabolisme [2]. Le microbiote intestinal favorise egalement la maturation de l’intestin et celle du systeme immunitaire intestinal [2].
Structure of the Reovirus Membrane-Penetration Protein, μ1, in a Complex with Its Protector Protein, σ3

Cell entry by nonenveloped animal viruses requires membrane penetration without membrane fusion. The reovirus penetration agent is the outer-capsid protein, μ1. The structure of μ1, complexed with its “protector” protein, σ3, and the fit of this μ13σ33 heterohexameric complex into the cryoEM image of an intact virion, reveal molecular events essential for viral penetration. Autolytic cleavage divides μ1 into myristoylated μ1N and μ1C. A long hydrophobic pocket can receive the myristoyl group. Dissociation of μ1N, linked to a major conformational change of the entire μ1 trimer, must precede myristoyl-group insertion into the cellular membrane. A myristoyl switch, coupling exposure of the fatty acid chain, autolytic cleavage of μ1N, and long-range molecular rearrangement of μ1C, thus appears to be part of the penetration mechanism.
Measuring service quality at yale university’s libraries

This article examines a new approach to measuring service quality, one that produces findings useful for local planning and decision making. It also differentiates between service quality and satisfaction and points the direction for further research.
A Review of CAM Internet Resources in Spanish

As the Hispanic presence in the United States continues to grow and age, it is important to know what Internet resources provide information on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Spanish. This review will focus on several valuable online resources and will suggest that a handful of government-, university-, and hospital-sponsored web sites provide credible, accessible information on complementary and alternative medicine for Spanish-speaking consumers and for librarians serving the health information needs of this growing demographic.
Tuning piezoelectric fields in InGaN/GaN quantum wells

Summary form only given. .We provide evidence of the effect that a continuously varying piezoelectric field has on the emission of InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs). To isolate the effect of the piezoelectric field we performed CW and time dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements in InGaN/GaN QWs with different Si doping in the barrier as a function of hydrostatic pressure.
A Model System for Gene Transfer in Conifers: European Larch and Agrobacterium

Newly developing forest biotechnologies offer numerous opportunities for rapid and efficient gene transfer. However, conifers remain generally recalcitrant to these techniques, primarily because systems have not yet been developed for recovering whole transformed plants. There are four main components of an effective Aqrobacterium-mediated gene transfer system. First, desirable genes and their promoters must be incorporated within the borders of the plasmid transfer DNA. Second, a suitable Aqrobacterium vector system must be established for delivery of the plasmid into the host. Third, suitable marker genes must be available to allow for in vitro selection of transformed cells, tissues, or organs. Fourth, techniques for regeneration of whole plants are necessary. We have made substantial progress towards these requirements with Aqrobacterium-mediated transfer for European larch (Larix decidua). We have shown several strains of A. tumefaciens and rhizogenes to be virulent to young Larix in vitro. Host tissues were transformed by a binary plasmid vector bearing genetic loci for synthesis of neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT) which conveys resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. Calli generated either from hairy roots (A. rhizogenes pARC 8) or hypertrophic inoculated hypocotyls (A. tumefaciens pWB101) survived and grew on media supplemented with kanamycin to levels of 30 and 300 mg/1, respectively. These levels of tolerance to kanamycin are consistent with those reported for selection purposes with agronomic species transformed using these vectors. Adventitious shoots of putative larch transformants were isolated after modified leaf disc incubation with A. tumefaciens or after hypocotyl inoculation with A. rhizogenes. These shoots are being grown for verification of transformation via Southern blotting. We believe our larch transformation system will serve as a valuable model system for gene transfer in other coniferous species.
β spectrinPRAGUE : a truncated β spectrin producing spectrin deficiency, defective spectrin heterodimer self-association and a phenotype of spherocytic elliptocytosis

Spherocytic elliptocytosis is a phenotypic hybrid between hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) characterized by the presence of spheroovalocytes and spherocytes which exhibit increased osmotic fragility, indicating a deficiency of surface area. Both the spherocytic red cell morphology and the increased osmotic fragility distinguish this clinical entity from common HE. In contrast to common HE, the molecular basis of spherocytic elliptocytosis is unknown. Here we describe two members of a family who both have the characteristic features of spherocytic HE. We show that the underlying defect involves a G to C transversion at the -1 position of the acceptor splice site upstream of exon X of beta spectrin leading to skipping of exon X from the mutant beta spectrin mRNA allele. The mutant mRNA is present in reticulocytes in similar amounts as the normal mRNA. Pulse-labelling of erythroblasts prepared from peripheral blood in a two-phase liquid-culture system reveals a decreased synthesis of the truncated beta spectrin, a finding which is likely to underlie the moderately severe spectrin deficiency in the two patients. In addition, this mutant spectrin, similar to the previously reported spectrins, is defective in spectrin heterodimer self-association. The spectrin deficiency, which represents a common finding in the majority of patients with HS, together with weakened spectrin heterodimer self-association, as found in the majority of patients with common HE, provides a molecular explanation for the phenotype of spherocytic elliptocytosis in this kindred and, most likely, in other patients carrying similar beta spectrin mutations.
Pulmonary Atresia with Dextroposition of the Aorta and Ventricular Septal Defect in Three Arabian Foals

Three Arabian male foals were presented with cyanosis, heart murmur, and exercise intolerance. Results of clinical evaluation suggested a tentative diagnosis of ventricular septal defect in conjunction with malformations of the great arteries. Each foal had a poor prognosis and was killed at the owners' requests. At necropsy, the malformed hearts of the three foals were virtually identical, Each heart had a large defect in the upper interventricular septum. The aorta originated from the hypertrophied right ventricle and partially overrode the ventricular septal defect. The aortic ostium was guarded by three semilunar valvules. The position of the valvules and the ostia of the coronary arteries was abnormal. The pulmonary arteries arose from the persistent ductus arteriosus. The pulmonary trunk was reduced to a thin, fibrous cord extending from a short and narrow persistent ductus arteriosus to the level of the semilunar valve, where it fused with the wall of the aorta. No communication of the atretic pulmonary trunk with the cavity of the right ventricle was seen. Equine cardiac malformations, especially those associated with the great arteries of the heart, are relatively rare (4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 19, 21, 321. Heart malformations similar to those described here have been reported in a Shetland pony 1351 and in a pinto foal (34). We describe the necropsy findings in three Arabian male foals with brief case histories, and discuss the teratogenesis of the malformations. The results of
A multi-channel photonic transceiver

This paper presents a novel photonic transceiver architecture for digital array applications. The architecture utilizes optical remoting for minimal hardware impact at the antenna and phase encoding for improved linearity. The individual elements are addressed through wavelength division multiplexing and photonic downconversion is used to increase the linearity of the photonic receiver. The architecture is evaluated through a 10 GHz, two-element experimental prototype system. The phase stability of the system is evaluated by measuring the relative phase drift between the two elements at the outputs of the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter exhibits low phase error, on the order of 10 millidegrees, while the receiver shows a phase error of approximately 1 degree over a time scale of 2 ms at uncontrolled laboratory temperatures.
Transfer of Erythromycin Resistance from Poultry to Human Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus aureus

The transfer of ermA and ermC genes, the two most common resistance determinants of erythromycin resistance, was studied with Luria-Bertani broth in the absence of additional Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) ions. Fifteen human and five poultry isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were resistant to erythromycin but carried different genetic markers for erythromycin resistance, were used for conjugation. Since both the donors (Amp(s)-Tet(r)) and recipients (Amp(r)-Tet(s)) were resistant to erythromycin, the transconjugants were initially picked up as ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant colonies. The resistance transfer mechanisms of the chromosomally located erythromycin rRNA methylase gene ermA and the plasmid-borne ermC gene were monitored by a multiplex PCR and gene-specific internal probing assay. Four groups of transconjugants, based upon the transfer of the ermA and/or ermC gene, were distinguished from each other by the use of this method. Selective antibiotic screening revealed only one type of transconjugant that was resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. A high frequency of transfer (4.5 x 10(-3)) was observed in all of the 23 transconjugants obtained, and the direction of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance marker transfer was determined to be from poultry to clinical isolates. The transfers of the ermA and ermC genes were via transposition and transformation, respectively.
The elastodynamic Green's tensor in an anisotropic half-space

SUMMARY We study the effect of the free surface on waves from buried sources in an elastic half-space with azimuthal isotropy. The exact Green's tensor is obtained in the form of a Hankel transform over the horizontal wavenumber. The integrals are then evaluated at the far-field by means of the stationary phase approximation. An alternative representation of the Green's tensor is offered in the form of a hybrid multipole expansion valid also in the near-field. The variation of the reflection coefficients as a function of the image source angle is presented for various earth models and it is shown that the effect of the anisotropy at the source is more important than its effect on the reflected waves from the free surface.
Suprathermal electron generation in fast ignition relevant short-pulse laser plasma interactions

The characteristics of relativistic electrons generated in short-pulse laser plasma interactions are important for evaluating the success of the fast ignition concept. The important parameters include the spectrum, laser to electron conversion efficiency, and divergence angle of the electrons at the interface. Simulation results using 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) techniques in fast ignition geometries show coupling >60% into hot electrons with a characteristic slope temperature slightly greater than the ponderomotive potential of the laser. Electrons were divergent into a wide 3-4 sr cone angle.
Risk and survival of cutaneous melanoma diagnosed subsequent to a previous cancer.

Objective To understand the risk of cutaneous melanoma (CM) following a previous cancer. Design Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988-2007), we compared a cohort of patients diagnosed as having CM as a first cancer with a cohort of patients diagnosed as having CM following a previous cancer. Participants We included 70 819 patients with CM as a first primary cancer and 6353 patients with CM following a previous cancer. Main Outcome Measures We calculated the relative risk (RR) for development of primary CM following a previous cancer and used Cox modeling to examine survival characteristics of the 2 cohorts. Results Patients younger than 45 years at first cancer diagnosis had significantly higher risk of CM following cutaneous melanoma (RR, 11.89; 95% CI, 10.83-13.03), other nonepithelial skin cancer (RR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.13-5.79), Kaposi sarcoma (RR, 3.26; 95% CI 1.41-6.42), female breast cancer (RR, 1.38; (1.11-1.70), and lymphoma (RR, 1.79; (95% CI, 1.30-2.41). Patients 45 years or older at first cancer diagnosis had significantly higher risk of CM following cutaneous melanoma (RR, 8.36; 95% CI, 7.93-8.81), other nonepithelial skin cancer (RR, 2.00; 95% CI 1.35-2.86), ocular melanoma (RR, 5.34; 95% CI 3.42-7.94), female breast cancer (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21), prostate cancer (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13), thyroid cancer (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06-1.82), lymphoma (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16-1.55), and leukemia (RR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.49-2.13). Characteristics associated with better survival in both cohorts included female sex, age younger than 45 years at melanoma diagnosis, being married, being white vs black, decreasing Breslow depth, lack of tumor ulceration, no nodal involvement, and absence of metastases. Conclusion Given that cutaneous melanoma is the most common second primary cancer in patients with a first CM (a risk that remains elevated for over 15 years), our results suggest the need for continued skin surveillance in melanoma survivors.
Estimating the Mean Number of Renewals By Simulation

An estimator, based on a simulation, is given for the expected number of events by time t of a renewal process. The estimator is obtained by combining the techniques of control variates and conditional expectation.
Estimation of three‐phase flow functions in porous media

Several important processes involve the flow of three immiscible fluids through porous media, such as the flow of oil, water and gas in petroleum reservoirs, or water, non-aqueous-phase liquid and air in underground aquifers. Multiphase flow functions (relative permeability and capillary pressure) are important to simulate the flow in such systems. Unfortunately, there are few, if any, reliable estimates of these flow properties from laboratory experiments. One of the main reasons for this is the use of unsupported simplifications in the procedures for determining property estimates from measured data. The authors present a method for simultaneous estimation of three-phase relative permeability and capillary pressure functions from laboratory experiments. The method is not limited by restrictions in the experimental design or assumptions regarding the saturation dependence or shape of the functions to be estimated. The method is demonstrated with simulated experiments. It is shown that with a suitable experimental design, regions of the functions represented by the measured data can be determined accurately.
Effects of Hydrogen Ion Implantation on Structural Properties of Silver Implantation in ZnO Crystals

In this work, we study the effects of implanted hydrogen ions on defect formation and impurity redistribution in ZnO crystals implanted with silver ions. Hydrogen was first implanted at room temperature in ZnO with energy of 30 keV to a dose of 2 × 10 16 /cm 2 . The ZnO samples with and without prior H implantation were implanted with Ag ions at four different energies, 30, 75, 150, and 350 keV, to doses 3.3×10 13 , 4.2×10 13 , 8.3×10 13 and 3.4×10 14 /cm 2 , respectively, resulting in a uniform concentration profile of Ag from the surface to depth ~ 150 nm. These samples were annealed at temperatures 850-1050°C for 30 minutes in an oxygen gas flow. The distribution of Ag atoms, either aligned or nonaligned along the crystalline directions, were measured by Rutherford backscattering (RBS) combined with ion channeling. Following Ag ion implantation, the damage level in the ZnO lattice, measured along the crystalline direction is higher in the sample without H ion implantation than the sample with H. Lattice damage was found to recover faster in the sample without H implantation than the sample with H, e.g., for Zn signals, the normalized RBS yield ! min for the without H-implanted sample dropped from 27.5% following Ag implantation to 4.3% after annealing at 1050 ˚C, whereas the Zn ! min value for the sample with H implant decreased from 17.6% following Ag implantation to 5.3% after annealing at 1050 ˚C. On the other hand, the ! min values for the Ag dopants before annealing in the H-implanted sample are the same in the sample without H. Post-Ag-implantation annealing resulted in much higher ! min values for Ag in the sample with H implant. For the as-implanted samples, 26.6% of the implanted Ag atoms are on substitutional sites in the sample with H, as compared to 30.3% of the implanted Ag being on the substitutional sites in the sample without H. After annealing at 1050 ˚C, the fraction of substitutional Ag is 73.7% in the H-implanted sample, in contrast to the fraction of 61.6% for substitutional Ag in the sample without H implant. Similar to other oxide crystals, H ion implantation and thermal annealing can result in the formation of nanocavities in the ZnO lattice. We discuss these findings in the context of the effects of nanocavities on formation and annihilation of point defects as well as on impurity diffusion and trapping in ZnO crystals.
Capability development return on investment for the NASA aeronautics program

As part of a multi-agency effort to improve America's air transportation system, NASA has undertaken a study to develop and demonstrate a systematic method for selecting capability investments based on their projected return on investment.
An expectation-based account of subject islands and parasitism

Subject phrases impose particularly strong constraints on extraction. Most research assumes a syntactic account (e.g. Kayne 1983, Chomsky 1986, Rizzi 1990, Lasnik & Saito 1992, Takahashi 1994, Uriagereka 1999), but there are also pragmatic accounts (Erteschik-Shir & Lappin 1979; Van Valin 1986, 1995; Erteschik-Shir 2006, 2007) as well as performance-based approaches (Kluender 2004). In this work I argue that none of these accounts captures the full range of empirical facts, and show that subject and adjunct phrases (phrasal or clausal, finite or otherwise) are by no means impermeable to non-parasitic extraction of nominal, prepositional and adverbial phrases. The present empirical reassessment indicates that the phenomena involving subject and adjunct islands defies the formulation of a general grammatical account. Drawing from insights by Engdahl (1983) and Kluender (2004), I argue that subject island effects have a functional explanation. Independently motivated pragmatic and processing limitations cause subject-internal gaps to be heavily dispreferred, and therefore, extremely infrequent. In turn, this has led to heuristic parsing expectations that preempt subject-internal gaps and therefore speed up processing by pruning the search space of filler–gap dependencies. Such expectations cause processing problems when violated, unless they are dampened by prosodic and pragmatic cues that boost the construction of the correct parse. This account predicts subject islands and their (non-)parasitic exceptions.
Non-Reversibility of Vinyl Chloride Carcinogenesis in Rodents

A review of the data obtained from various studies on carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride (VC) in rodents, particularly on the effect of dose, age, duration of exposure and potential reversibility of lesions, revealed that vinyl chloride-induced carcinogenicity in rodents was dose and time related; no recovery occurred in mice even after only 1 month of VC exposures or in rats after 6-month exposures. In addition, younger animals (2 months old) were more susceptible to VC-induced carcinogenicity than animals held for 6 or 12 months prior to exposure. Initial 6 or 12 month exposures were adequate to detect the carcinogenic potential of VC. The above information was used as a basis for discussion on design of carcinogenicity studies. Possibility of determining the carcinogenic potential of a compound in a shorter period than the traditional 2 year studies in rodents was discussed in consideration with appropriate doses, species, age and exposure duration. Although this approach may be applicable to a strong carcinogen, it was not considered practicable in case of weak or unknown carcinogens.
Selective Activation of Antigen-Experienced T Cells by Anti-CD3 Constrained on Nanoparticles

Activation of T cells through the TCR is mediated by the TCR-CD3 signaling complex. Cross linking of this complex with Abs directed against CD3 leads to potent activation of T cells. However, such activation is not Ag-specific. We exploited the observation that the TCR-CD3 complex is clustered on T cells that have been activated by Ag by using anti-CD3 nanoparticles to selectively activate Ag-experienced mouse T cells. We find that constraining anti-CD3 on the surface of a nanoparticle markedly and selectively enhances proliferation and cytokine production of Ag-experienced T cells but does not activate naive T cells. This effect was recapitulated in heterogeneous cultures containing mixtures of Ag-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells and bystander T cells. Furthermore, in vivo anti-CD3-coated nanoparticles increased the expansion of Ag-specific T cells following vaccination. Overall, these findings indicate that anti-CD3-coated nanoparticles could be use to enhance the efficacy of vaccines and immunotherapy. The results also suggest constraining a ligand on the surface of a nanoparticle might as general strategy for selectively targeting clustered receptors.
A Good‐Will Suggestion to Professors of English

Author's Summary— The future of effective, satisfying teaching of English is becoming more and more clouded by foreign language neglect. The professors of English do not appear vividly enough aware of this fact. They alone can and should bring unremitting pressure to bear in the proper quarters to avert the danger.
Inhibitors of the ras oncogene as therapeutic targets

Advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways and genetic mutations that control tumor cell proliferation and metastasis present an opportunity to develop novel, mechanism-based therapeutic strategies. Ras mutations are the most frequently activated oncogenes in human tumors, with over 30% expressing ras mutations. Molecular dissection of the signaling pathway and the mechanisms of ras anchorage, post-translational modification, and downstream effector signaling of ras now under intensive investigation will help us to design additional methods for ras-directed therapy in an effort to reach an optimal treatment for human tumors that will most likely comprise a combination of modalities targeted at the different underlying genetic defects. The successes and limitations of ras-targeted therapies must be viewed in light of the increasing understanding of the complexity of the ras-signaling pathway. Only now are we beginning to discover the many functions of this integrated pathway, such as the differences between the actions of various ras isoforms that may affect our choice of therapeutic approach. Many of these Ras therapeutic targets have shown success in preclinical studies, and some have shown efficacy in clinical trials with minimal toxicities. Compounds that block ras-transforming activity without affecting normal ras function seem more attractive for the future development of ras-targeted therapy. FTIs may partially fulfill such requirements. Based on their specific, novel, and mechanism-based action; minimal toxicity; and encouraging responses in clinical trials, the development of Ras therapeutic targets as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be pursued.
2D marine controlled-source electromagnetic modeling: Part 1 — An adaptive finite-element algorithm

In Part 1 of this work, we develop an adaptive finite-element algorithm for forward modeling of the frequency-domain, marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) response of a 2D conductivity structure that is excited by a horizontal electric dipole source. After transforming the governing equations for the secondary electromagnetic fields into the wavenumber domain, the coupled system of two partial differential equations for the strike-parallel electric and magnetic fields is approximated using the finite-element method. The model domain is discretized using an unstructured triangular element grid that readily accommodates arbitrarily complex structures. A numerical solution of the system of linear equations is obtained using the quasi-minimal residual (QMR) method, which requiresmuch less storagethan full matrix inversion methods. We implement an automatedadaptive grid refinement algorithm in which the finite-element solution is computed iteratively on successively refined grids. Grid refinement is...