cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous long-term intravenous βsympathomimetic tocolysis

This report concerns the clinical course and outcome of 16 patients treated by continuous long-term intravenous β-sympathomimetic tocolysis (≥1 week's intravenous therapy). Half of the patients received such therapy for at least 5 weeks. Intravenous tocolysis was adjusted to decrease uterine activity and maintain a satisfactory pulse and blood pressure. Parenteral tocolysis was continued until there was a successful transition to oral therapy, until fetal maturity, or until maternal/fetal indications for delivery were noted. Data indicate that the cardiovascular and metabolic effects were pronounced mostly during the first 3 to 4 days of therapy and then returned toward pretreatment values. In none of the study patients was the treatment discontinued because of drug-related problems, electrocardiogram changes, chorioamnionitis, or fever. The experience indicates that, in a selected group of patients and under close supervision, continuous longterm intravenous β-sympathomimetic tocolysis may be considered a safe therapeutic modality able to prolong pregnancy with a more desirable outcome.
Epilepsy: Pregnancy in women with epilepsy--risks and management.

The risks of seizures and antiepileptic drug (AED) teratogenicity must be balanced when treating pregnant women with epilepsy. Two recent articles address these risks for newer AEDs. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam carried low risks of malformations, and topiramate exhibited a dose-dependent risk. Levetiracetam controlled seizures more effectively than lamotrigine and topiramate.
Gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions with han-nambu quarks

The use of Han-Nambu quarks enables us to construct an SO(3) gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions which is compatible with the naive quark model. The model is constrained by the requirements that ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ is suppressed and the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{S}$ mass splitting is small. This leads to a relation between the $W$ mass and the Cabibbo angle, which determines the $W$ mass to be near 35 GeV.
Energy and Orientation Dependence of Electron-Irradiation-Induced Damage in Undoped GaSb

Undoped GaSb single crystals were irradiated at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with electrons having energies betwen 0.23 and 1.00 MeV. The incident electron beam was aligned with either the [111] or the [$\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1}$] direction of the sample. The isochronal recovery of the Hall coefficient and the electrical resistivity was measured after each irradiation. The positions and widths of the four major recovery stages were independent of the irradiation energy. The production rates of the defects corresponding to the four stages differed in their energy dependence. Their threshold electron energies were evaluated as 0.34 MeV for stage I, 0.17 MeV for stage II, 0.33 MeV for stage III, and 0.34 MeV for stage IV. Stage-I defect production was higher with the electron beam in the [111] direction than in the [$\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1}$] direction. The reverse was the case for stage-II, -III, and -IV defect production. Stage I is attributed to the recovery of defects created by the displacement of single Sb atoms. The threshold displacement energy for Sb atoms is larger than 7.5 eV but smaller than 13.1 eV. Stage II is interpreted as recovery of defects produced by the displacement of single Ga atoms. The threshold displacement energy for Ga atoms is about 6.2 eV. It is suggested that stages III and IV represent the recovery of defects created by multiple displacement processes starting with the displacement of a Ga atom.
How Can I Help Students with Learning Disabilities in Algebra

Students with learning disabilities in algebra classes face many difficulties. Among them are an inability to apply algorithmic knowledge to novel problems, poor arithmetic skills, and difficulty w...
Design Considerations for Cryogenic Pumping Arrays in Spacecraft -Thruster Interaction Facilities

In general, the simulation of the space environment in ground-based facilities poses many challenges, and the study of propulsion-system-induced effects on spacecraft poses additional challenges to a facility’ s design due to the complex nature of thruster e ows. Low facility background pressures at high mass e ow rates are required to obtain meaningful interaction data. Although thereis some history to draw from for the design of space simulation chambers, thereare very few design philosophies for thruster ‐spacecraft interaction facilities. This study explores some of the more interesting design philosophies for spacecraft ‐thruster interaction facilities and offers general guidelines for future designs.
Modeling char oxidation behavior under Zone II burning conditions at elevated pressures

Abstract For accurate modeling of the coal combustion process at elevated pressures, account must be made for variations in char-particle structure. As pressure is increased, particle swelling increases during the devolatilization of certain bituminous coals, yielding a variety of char-particle structures, from uniform high-density particles to thin-walled non-uniform low-density particles having large internal void volumes. Since under Zone II burning conditions the char conversion rate depends upon the accessibility of the internal surfaces, the char structure plays a key role in determining particle burnout times. In our approach to characterize the impact of char structure on particle burning rates, effectiveness factors appropriate for thin-walled cenospherical particles and thick-walled particles having a few large cavities are defined and related to the effectiveness factor for uniform high-density particles that have no large voids, only a random distribution of pores having a mean pore size in the sub-micron range. For the uniform case, the Thiele modulus approach is used to account for Zone II type burning in which internal burning is limited by the combined effects of pore diffusion and the intrinsic chemical reactivity of the carbonaceous material. In the paper, the impact of having a variety of char structures in a mix of particles burning under Zone II burning conditions is demonstrated.
Lead optimization of 4-acetylamino-2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-pyridylpyrimidines as A2A adenosine receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

4-Acetylamino-2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-pyrimidines bearing substituted pyridyl groups as C-6 substituents were prepared as selective adenosine hA2A receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The 5-methoxy-3-pyridyl derivative 6g (hA2A Ki 2.3 nM, hA1 Ki 190 nM) was orally active at 3 mg/kg in a rat HIC model but exposure was poor in nonrodent species, presumably due to poor aqueous solubility. Follow-on compound 16a (hA2A Ki 0.83 nM, hA1 Ki 130 nM), bearing a 6-(morpholin-4-yl)-2-pyridyl substituent at C-6, had improved solubility and was orally efficacious (3 mg/kg, HIC) but showed time-dependent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition, possibly related to morpholine ring metabolism. Compound 16j (hA2A Ki 0.44 nM, hA1 Ki 80 nM), bearing a 6-(4-methoxypiperidin-1-yl)-2-pyridyl substituent at C-6, was sparingly soluble but had good oral exposure in rodent and nonrodent species, had no cytochrome P450 or human ether-a-go-go related gene channel issues, and was orally efficacious at 1 mg/kg in ...
Efficient estimation for the proportional hazards model with interval censoring

The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the proportional hazards model with "case 1" interval censored data is studied. It is shown that the MLE for the regression parameter is asymptotically normal with $\sqrt{n}$ convergence rate and achieves the information bound, even though the MLE for the baseline cumulative hazard function only converges at $n^{1/3}$ rate. Estimation of the asymptotic variance matrix for the MLE of the regression parameter is also considered. To prove our main results, we also establish a general theorem showing that the MLE of the finite-dimensional parameter in a class of semiparametric models is asymptotically efficient even though the MLE of the infinite-dimensional parameter converges at a rate slower than $\sqrt{n}$. The results are illustrated by applying them to a data set from a tumorigenicity study.
Binuclear complexes containing a dimetallated olefin. The crystal and molecular structures of [Ir2(CO)2(C6H5)(CNC(CH3)3)(μ-RC

Abstract X-ray structure analysis of the complexes [Ir 2 (CO) 2 (C 6 H 5 )(CNC(CH 3 ) 3 ) (RC 2 R)((C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 P(C 6 H 5 ) 2
Developmental and transcriptional consequences of mutations in Drosophila TAF(II)60.

In vitro, the TAFII60 component of the TFIID complex contributes to RNA polymerase II transcription initiation by serving as a coactivator that interacts with specific activator proteins and possibly as a promoter selectivity factor that interacts with the downstream promoter element. In vivo roles for TAFII60 in metazoan transcription are not as clear. Here we have investigated the developmental and transcriptional requirements for TAFII60 by analyzing four independent Drosophila melanogaster TAFII60 mutants. Loss-of-function mutations in Drosophila TAFII60 result in lethality, indicating that TAFII60 provides a nonredundant function in vivo. Molecular analysis of TAFII60 alleles revealed that essential TAFII60 functions are provided by two evolutionarily conserved regions located in the N-terminal half of the protein. TAFII60 is required at all stages of Drosophila development, in both germ cells and somatic cells. Expression of TAFII60 from a transgene rescued the lethality of TAFII60 mutants and exposed requirements for TAFII60 during imaginal development, spermatogenesis, and oogenesis. Phenotypes of rescued TAFII60 mutant flies implicate TAFII60 in transcriptional mechanisms that regulate cell growth and cell fate specification and suggest that TAFII60 is a limiting component of the machinery that regulates the transcription of dosage-sensitive genes. Finally, TAFII60 plays roles in developmental regulation of gene expression that are distinct from those of other TAFII proteins.
Reliability of a Novel Format for the Selection Interview.

Since the evidence has shown that the usual selection interview is unreliable, an alternate strategy was developed called the Q by Q Interview. The Q by Q format requires the interviewer to make a series of selection decisions instead of the usual procedure of waiting until the end of the interview to make a global rating. In 3 selection problems the Q by Q Interview resulted in high interrater reliability and in 3 other selection situations, reliability was low. An analysis of the raters' decision making indicated that when applicant responses were similar, there was range restriction which produced spuriously low reliability coefficients.
Effects of Receipt of Guideline-Recommended Care on Onset of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Progression

Objective To determine whether persons in a community setting diagnosed with diabetes who received recommended patterns of care experience improved vision outcomes over a 3-year time period. Design Retrospective, longitudinal, cohort analysis. Participants Persons diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), with no prior diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR; n=5989) from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (1992–2004). Persons diagnosed with DM were followed up to 3 years. Intervention Propensity score matching was used to compare vision outcomes between persons who received guideline-recommended care and those who did not. Receipt of recommended levels of care was defined as receiving each of the following services 0.75 times annually on average: physician examination, ophthalmologist or optometrist examination, hemoglobin A1c level, lipid levels, and urinalysis. Main Outcome Measures Outcome measures were indicators of DR disease progression: no diagnosed DR to diagnosed background DR, proliferative DR, macular edema, proliferative DR complications, and use of a low-vision aid or blindness. Results Persons with diagnosed diabetes receiving guideline-recommended care experienced earlier onset of background DR (average treatment effects on the treated [ATT] at 3 years, 0.118; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.005 to 0.240). There were no differences between those receiving recommended care and others in time to onset of proliferative DR, macular edema, or proliferative DR complications. However, persons who received care consistent with recommendations experienced much lower rates of onset of low vision/blindness than did others (ATT at 3 years, −0.109; 95% CI, −0.189 to −0.030). Conclusions Low vision/blindness was substantially reduced over a 3-year period among persons diagnosed with DM who received recommended levels of care. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Surface motion of active rock glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA: inventory and a case study using InSAR

Abstract. Despite the abundance of rock glaciers in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA, few efforts have been made to measure their surface flow. Here we use the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to compile a benchmark inventory describing the kinematic state of 59 active rock glaciers in this region. In the late summer of 2007, these rock glaciers moved at speeds that range from 14 cm yr−1 to 87 cm yr−1, with a regional mean value of 53 cm yr−1. Our inventory reveals a spatial difference: rock glaciers in the southern Sierra Nevada moved faster than the ones in the central Sierra Nevada. In addition to the regional mapping, we also conduct a case study to measure the surface flow of the Mount Gibbs rock glacier in fine spatial and temporal detail. The InSAR measurements over this target reveal (1) that the spatial pattern of flow is correlated with surface geomorphic features and (2) a significant seasonal variation of flow speed whose peak value was 48 cm yr−1in the fall of 2007, more than twice the minimum value observed in the spring of 2008. The seasonal variation lagged air temperatures by three months. Our finding on the seasonal variation of surface speed reinforces the importance of a long time series with high temporal sampling rates to detect possible long-term changes of rock glacier kinematics in a warming climate.
MFMOS Capacitor with Pb5Ge3O11 Thin Film for One Transistor Ferroelectric Memory Applications

A ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11 thin film with a low dielectric constant is proposed for application in one transistor ferroelectric memories. A strong depolarization voltage on the ferroelectric capacitor with MIFSFET structures diminishes the remanent polarization significantly and, therefore, the low dielectric constant becomes very important to widen the memory window. A memory window of 3V was estimated for the MFMOS memory structure with 2000A ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11 and a 100A gate oxide. In the second part of this paper, Pb5Ge3O11 films deposited on Ir/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates, by using MOCVD system, was demonstrated. Germanium ethoxide, Ge(OC2H5)4, and lead bis-tetramethylheptadione, Pb(thd)2, were used as the MOCVD precursors. The film composition, phase formation, microstructure and ferroelectric properties are reported. Thec-axis oriented Pb5Ge3O11 thin films prepared by MOCVD and RTP post-annealing showed a square ferroelectric hysteresis loop withPr of 2.83 μC/cm2 andEC of 49 kV/cm. A low leakage current of 7.5 × 10−7 A/cm2 at 100 kV/cm and low dielectric constant of 41 were also demonstrated.
Skin homograft survival in thymectomized mice.

SummaryThe effect of thymectomy performed in mice either at birth or at 30 days of age on survival time of homologous skin grafts was studied. The results demonstrate that in certain donor-host strain combinations isogenic at the H-2 locus such as DBA/2 with (Balb/C X DBA/2)F1 and Z(C3H) with Ce, previous thymectomy of the host resulted in prolonged survival of the skin homografts. However, in other strain combinations differing at the H-2 locus such as Z(C3H) with (A X Z)F1 hybrid, thymectomy of the recipient resulted in a slight and perhaps unsignificant prolongation of skin homograft survival.
Prosody and its application to forensic linguistics

This article describes three studies in prosody and their potential application to the field of forensic linguistics. It begins with a brief introduction to prosody. It then proceeds to describe Miglio, Gries, & Harris (2014), a comparison of prosodic coding of new information by bilingual Spanish-English speakers and monolingual Spanish speakers. A description of Harris & Gries (2011) follows. This study compares the vowel duration variability of bilingual Spanish-English speakers and monolingual Spanish speakers, and touches upon corpus-based frequency effects and differences in linguistic aptitude between the two speaker groups. Finally, a portion of anongoing study is described (Harris in preparation) . This section describes the use of prosodic variables and ensemble methods (or methods that use multiple learning algorithms) to classify languages, even in the case of impoverished data. All three experiments have implications and applications to the field of forensic linguistics, which are touched upon in each respective section and discussed in a more in-depth manner in the final section of this article. Furthermore, the applications of these methods to forensic linguistics are discussed in light of best practices for forensic linguistics, as outlined in Chaski (2013).
Moral Theory and Justification

The notion of reflective equilibrium . . . is a notion characteristic of the study of principles which govern actions shaped by self -examination. Moral philosophy is Socratic: we may want to change our present considered judgments once their regulative principles are brought to light. And we may want to do this even though these principles are a perfect fit. A knowledge of these principles may suggest further reflections that lead us to revise our judgments. This feature is not peculiar though to moral philosophy . . . For example, while we may not expect a substantial revision of our sense of correct grammar in view of a linguistic theory the principles of which seem especially natural to us, such a change is not inconceivable, and no doubt our sense of grammaticalness may be affected to some degree anyway by this knowledge. But there is a contrast, say, with physics. To take an extreme case, if we have an accurate account of the motions of the heavenly bodies that we do not find appealing, we cannot alter these motions to conform to a more attractive theory. It is simply good fortune that the principles of celestial mechanics have their intellectual beauty (T.J. 48-9).
Automatic construction of a hypernym-labeled noun hierarchy from text

Previous work has shown that automatic methods can be used in building semantic lexicons. This work goes a step further by automatically creating not just clusters of related words, but a hierarchy of nouns and their hypernyms, akin to the hand-built hierarchy in WordNet.
Langley Medal awarded

Robert Thomas Jones, senior scientist at the Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif., was awarded the distinguished Langley Medal by the Smithsonian Institution for his ‘extensive contributions in theoretical aerodynamics, particularly with regard to development of the swept wing, supersonic area rule and, more recently, the oblique wing.’ Jones is an internationally acclaimed expert on aerodynamics, optics, and biomechanics as well as an applied mathematician, astronomer, inventor, author, and violin maker. The Langley award has been given to just 16 recipients since it was established 73 years ago. Past recipients include Wilbur and Orville Wright, Charles Lindbergh, and Richard Byrd. Named for Samuel Pierpont Langley, aeronautical pioneer and third secretary of the Smithsonian, the medal honors ‘especially meritorious investigations in the field of aerospace science.’
Narratives, Virtual Environments and Identity Semiotics: an exploration of pre-service teachers' cognitions

The current study explored text-based and animated narrative vignette (ANV) social simulations to specifically examine pre-service teachers' social cognitions and personal identities. The personal and social identity and narratives of a sample of eight randomly selected elementary pre- service teachers were examined in depth out of 44 pre-service teachers. Content analyses revealed that ANV social simulations provide a psycho-educational outlet to engage in reflective cognitive processes that can engage pre-service teachers in expressions of joy and healing related to positive and traumatic events from their childhood school-related experiences. This article discusses how ANVs can provide a way of learning about personal and social identity through a critical examination of self using ANV social simulations as reflections of past school experiences. Everyone has a story to tell. For any moment in our lives we can tell a story. Some experiences are more meaningful than others and have a significant impact and profound effect on our lives. It is within these moments that we examine the narratives of 44 pre-service teachers' reflections of their school experiences. In this article we provide an overview of codes and themes that were generated from the experiences of pre-service teachers. Eight pre-service teachers' stories were explored to provide a thick description of their lives. Specifically, we focus and describe insights into the minds of eight pre-service teachers by presenting lived experiences through text and still images through animated narrative vignette (ANV) social simulations.
Bullying in a networked era: a literature review

This research update presents an aggregation and summary of recent academic literature on youth bullying. The purpose of this document is to “translate” scholarly research for a concerned public audience, which may include but is not limited to parents, caregivers, educators, and practitioners. This translation highlights recent findings and developments in the literature and makes them accessible to the informed but non-expert reader. The document’s two guiding questions are “What is bullying?” (Section I) and “What can be done about bullying?” (Section II). Section I begins with a brief overview of key definitions and related research conversations and then addresses bullying’s prevalence, the types of individuals involved in bullying, the characteristics of individuals involved and the consequences of their involvement, and community-level dynamics related to bullying. Section II covers four areas where action has been taken to address problems associated with bullying – school policy, curricula, school climate, and parents – and ends on a note about approaches that mix or cut across these areas. The purpose is to render lessons learned from research and assessment accessible to those interested in deepening or expanding their knowledge of bullying-related issues.
Frame selection in parsing

The problem of frame selection in parsing is discussed, with the focus on the selection of a frame for texts which contain highly ambiguous or vague words. An approach to frame selection is presented which involves the use of a small number of general inference rules, in conjunction with a hierarchically-organized conceptual memory. This is in contrast to various other methods, which rely either on disambiguation rules stored in the dictionary definitions of ambiguous words, or on previously-activated frames to guide the selection of new frames. The selection of frames for vague or ambiguous words using these previous methods is shown to be problematic. The method presented here does not suffer from these same problems because of the hierarchical organization of memory and the general inference rules used.
Sensor Placement for Detecting Propagative Sources in Populated Environments

We consider the placement of sensors to detect propagative sources where the sensing area of each sensor is anisotropic and arbitrarily-shaped due to the terrain and meteorological conditions. The propagation and detection times are non-negligible due to the propagation of source effects through space at a slow speed. We formulate the problem as placing the minimum number of sensors to ensure a detection time T and the coverage utility C. Both the sensing areas of sensors and the utility function U(ldr) are chosen to capture the environmental factors and the population distribution. We show this problem to be NP-hard, and present heuristic algorithms for 1-coverage and fc-coverage by adopting exiting methods. We evaluate the proposed algorithms in the realistic setting of Port of Memphis where the objective is to protect the population against chemical leaks or attacks. We utilize the SCIPUFF dispersion model to determine the sensing areas by accounting for the terrain and meteorological conditions, and use the real-life population distribution as the utility function. Based on empirical study, we make several important observations.
Bioconcentration of [14C]butyl benzyl phthalate in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

A short-term study was conducted to measure the bioconcentration factors for intact butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) in whole fish, fillet (edible tissues), and viscera (non-edible) tissues of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). A group of 24 fish was exposed for 3.27 d to [14C] BBP in a dynamic system. Intact BBP was quantified by chromatographic analyses for each tissue fraction. Significant metabolism of BBP was observed in the fish, with intact BBP representing less than 3% of the total radioactivity in each type of tissue. Measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for intact BBP (normalized to 6% lipid) were 9.4 (whole fish), 8.7 (viscera), and 1.7 (fillet). These BCFs were considerably lower than previously published BCF values, which were based on total radioactive residues in whole fish.
FINANCING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE: KNOWNS, UNKNOWNS, AND A WAY FORWARD

Improved urban infrastructure is widely believed to be essential in facilitating economic growth and in improving the lives of urban dwellers, both in developed and in developing countries. This paper focuses on several dimensions of urban infrastructure finance: finance for major infrastructure improvements in major economic centers, finance for expansion of basic municipal services in secondary cities and towns, and intergovernmental systems for financing investments with impacts beyond jurisdictional limits. It reviews what is “known” about current practices in these areas, using international evidence and case studies and summarizing international best practices. It also indicates areas in which knowledge gaps remain. Despite these “unknowns,” there are avenues by which our understanding of infrastructure schemes can be enhanced, and some suggestions for a research agenda on financing urban infrastructure are offered in the concluding section.
Microwave Electrothermal Thruster Chamber Temperature Measurements and Performance Calculations

The microwave electrothermal thruster (MET) uses microwave frequency energy to create and sustain a resonant cavity plasma to heat a propellant. A 2.45-GHz aluminum cylindrical thruster with converging copper-alloy nozzles was used for this study. A spectroscopic system was used to collect light emitted through a window in the plasma chamber. A Schumann-Runge oxygen-emission model was developed assuming an anharmonically vibrating, nonrigid rotating oxygen molecule. The commercially available LIFBASE software was used to model the ionized molecular nitrogen first negative system emission from the nitrogen plasmas. Experimental data were compared to the temperature-dependent models using least-squared difference summation schemes. Oxygen rotational temperatures of 2000 K and ionized nitrogen rotational temperatures of 5500 K were measured. These measurements were nearly constant for all chamber pressures and investigated absorbed specific powers. CEA2 code equilibrium thermochemical calculations show the relationship among enthalpy addition, temperature, and specific impulse for realistic operating conditions. Nitrogen was found to be an excellent choice as a propellant or propellant component, whereas oxygen was found to be a poor choice because of the temperatures achieved for the respective gases in the MET chamber.
Boundaries of Responsibility: Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and the Pennsylvania Riot Damage Law, 1834–1880

Pennsylvania stands in the forefront of a great many trends in American history, not all of which brought honor to the commonwealth. In the 1830s and ’40s, and again in 1877, Pennsylvania experienced rioting to an unrivaled extent in varying combinations of cause, frequency, violence, damages, and death. Beginning in 1834, Philadelphia would experience an ongoing series of riots for more than ten years, punctuated by the horrific burning of Pennsylvania Hall in 1838 and culminating in the massive nativist outburst beginning in May 1844 at the Nanny Goat Market. In the railroad strikes of 1877, Pennsylvania led the nation once again. Although the strikes and related violence began in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Cumberland, Maryland, and Baltimore, those outbursts were soon overshadowed by violence and death in Pennsylvania, most notably in Pittsburgh, but also in Reading, Easton, and Scranton.
Computational methods and processing strategies for estimating earth's gravity field

The focus of this study was to observe and characterize the behavior of certain types of errors present in the gravity field model estimation process, as they relate to fields created from the recently launched Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). The instruments and configuration of the GRACE satellites are different from any other previously flown gravity mission, so the impact that these error sources have on the GRACE gravity solutions is not fully understood. The high resolution gravity perturbations detectable by GRACE also mean that many of these errors can only be fully explored through the use of high spherical harmonic degree and order solutions. When this study first began, a software estimation tool did not exist that was capable of handling the extremely large problem sizes that the GRACE mission can create. To address this issue, a parallel application called the Advanced Equation Solver for Parallel Systems (AESoP) was developed that was designed to accommodate the computational requirements of GRACE. An outline of the functionality and methodologies employed by AESoP is provided, as well as detailed descriptions of the parallel algorithms created as part of its development. Using this new software tool, several types of errors inherent to the GRACE gravity field estimation process were analyzed. Investigations into the errors of omission and commission were performed using both real and simulated GRACE data. Additional studies into the combination of the CPS and inter-satellite ranging measurements were also conducted in an attempt to maximize the contribution of each data type as well as to improve processing efficiency. The results of these studies outline several processing strategies by which many of the error sources investigated can be significantly reduced while simultaneously decreasing the processing time and disk storage requirements by roughly 75% for an average GRACE solution.
Estuarine classification and response to nitrogen loading: Insights from simple ecological models

Abstract Estuaries exhibit a large range in their responses to nitrogen loadings determined in part by characteristics of the driver, such as magnitude and frequency, but also by such intrinsic characteristics as physical/chemical factors (e.g., depth, volume, hypsometry, salinity, turbidity) and biological factors (e.g., nature of ecological communities, trophic interactions). To address the richness of estuarine response to driver variables, the aim ultimately is to establish a simple estuarine classification scheme, beginning with a river-dominated subset of estuarine systems and focusing on the role of water residence time in the estuary. Residence time (or flushing time) is related to other drivers (streamflow, nutrient, and sediment loads) and drives much of the biological response of estuaries because of flushing effects on plankton, temperature, nutrients, and light. Toward this goal, nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton (NPZ) models have been used to examine a range of subjects including effects of nutrient limitation and zooplankton predation on phytoplankton dynamics and fish predation. This class of model can admit a wide range of behavior, including multiple steady-states and oscillatory behavior. The NPZ equations include terms for nutrient recycling, phytoplankton settling, benthic regeneration, and zooplankton mortality. Analysis of the equations suggests that both the nature of nitrogen loading (i.e., whether it is correlated with discharge or independent of it) and residence time are critical in determining the steady-state response of the system.
Crisis at America's teaching hospitals.

Abstract [Baxt WG. Crisis at America's teaching hospitals. Ann Emerg Med. August 2000;36:145-148.]
Vulnerability to Social Stress: Coping as a Mediator or Moderator of Sociotropy and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression

Although stressful events clearly play an important role in the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety, individuals are not equally sensitive to stress. Attempts to explain differences in adjustment have focused both on the coping strategies employed in response to stress, and on personality-related vulnerabilities to specific stressors. However, little is known about the interplay between coping and personality traits such as sociotropy, which is associated with increased sensitivity to negative social events. Measures of sociotropy and symptoms of depression and anxiety were obtained in a sample of undergraduates, along with reports of coping with interpersonal stress. Regressions controlling for recent stressful events indicated that coping does not directly mediate the relationship between sociotropy and distress, but does moderate the relationship. Both primary and secondary control engagement coping buffer the link between sociotropy and anxiety/depression, whereas disengagement coping augments the relationship. Implications for social cognitive models of vulnerability to stress are highlighted.
Continuous-Review Tracking Policies for Dynamic Control of Stochastic Networks

This paper is concerned with dynamic control of stochastic processing networks. Specifically, it follows the so called “heavy traffic approach,” where a Brownian approximating model is formulated, an associated Brownian optimal control problem is solved, the solution of which is then used to define an implementable policy for the original system. A major challenge is the step of policy translation from the Brownian to the discrete network. This paper addresses this problem by defining a general and easily implementable family of continuous-review tracking policies. Each such policy has the following structure: at each point in time t, the controller observes the current vector of queue lengths q and chooses (i) a target position z(q) of where the system should be at some point in the near future, say at time t+l, and (ii) an allocation vector v(q) that describes how to split the server's processing capacity amongst job classes in order to steer the state from q to z(q). Implementation of such policies involves the enforcement of small safety stocks. In the context of the “heavy traffic” approach, the solution of the approximating Brownian control problem is used in selecting the target state z(q). The proposed tracking policy is shown to be asymptotically optimal in the heavy traffic limiting regime, where the Brownian model approximation becomes valid, for multiclass queueing networks that admit orthant Brownian optimal controls; this is a form of pathwise, or greedy, optimality. Several extensions are discussed.
Convectively Generated Internal Gravity Waves in the Lower Atmosphere of Venus. Part I: No Wind Shear

Abstract This paper is the first of a two-part study that investigates internal gravity wave generation by convection in the lower atmosphere of Venus. A two-dimensional, nonlinear, fully compressible model of a perfect gas is employed. The calculations consider the lower atmosphere from 12- to 60-km altitude, thereby including two convection regions: the lower atmosphere convection layer from roughly 18- to 30-km altitude and the cloud-level convection layer from roughly 48- to 55-km altitude. The gravity waves of interest are located in the stable layer between these two convection regions. Part I of this study considers gravity wave generation and propagation in the absence of mean wind shear. In the absence of mean wind shear, internal gravity waves are primarily generated by cloud-level convection. Horizontal wavelengths (∼10–15 km) are similar to dominant horizontal scales in the cloud-level penetrative region, and intrinsic horizontal phase speeds are comparable to cloud-level downdraft velocities....
Novel techniques of laser acceleration: from structures to plasmas

Compact accelerators of the future will require enormous accelerating gradients that can only be generated using high power laser beams. Two novel techniques of laser particle acceleration are discussed. The first scheme is based on a solid-state accelerating structure powered by a short pulse CO2 laser. The planar structure consists of two SiC films, separated by a vacuum gap, grown on Si wafers. Particle acceleration takes place inside the gap by a surface electromagnetic wave excited at the vacuum/SiC interface. Laser coupling is accomplished through the properly designed Si grating. This structure can be inexpensively manufactured using standard microfabrication techniques and can support accelerating fields well in excess of 1 GeV m K1 without breakdown. The second scheme utilizes a laser beatwave to excite a high-amplitude plasma wave, which accelerates relativistic particles. The novel aspect of this technique is that it takes advantage of the nonlinear bi-stability of the relativistic plasma wave to drive it close to the wavebreaking.
Plasma inverse transition acceleration

It can be proved fundamentally from the reciprocity theorem with which the electromagnetism is endowed that corresponding to each spontaneous process of radiation by a charged particle there is an inverse process which defines a unique acceleration mechanism, from Cherenkov radiation to inverse Cherenkov acceleration (ICA), from Smith-Purcell radiation to inverse Smith-Purcell acceleration (ISPA), and from undulator radiation to inverse undulator acceleration (IUA). There is no exception. Yet, for nearly 30 years after each of the aforementioned inverse processes has been clarified for laser acceleration, inverse transition acceleration (ITA), despite speculation, has remained the least understood, and above all, no practical implementation of ITA has been found, until now.
Perchlorate consumption, iodine status, and thyroid function

Perchlorate inhibits the uptake of iodide into the thyroid gland, thereby possibly affecting the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Pregnant women and their fetuses and newborns have the greatest potential for risk of adverse health effects following exposure to perchlorate. Perchlorate is present in some foods and in drinking water in certain areas of the United States. Based on the available information, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is not recommending that consumers of any age alter their diet or eating habits due to perchlorate exposure. If one eats a healthy diet that is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, taking iodine supplements is not necessary for protection against health effects associated with perchlorate at the levels present in water and foods.
The Robust Control of Robot Manipulators

A new scheme is presented for the accurate tracking control of robot manipulators. Based on the more general suction control methodology, the scheme addresses the following problem: Given the extent of parametric uncertainty (such as imprecisions or inertias, geometry, loads) and the frequency range of unmodeled dynamics (such as unmodeled structural modes, neglected time delays), design a nonlinear feedback controller to achieve optimal tracking performance, in a suitable sense. The methodology is compared with standard algorithms such as the computed torque method and is shown to combine in practice improved performance with simpler and more tractable controller designs.
PATHOGENESIS OF THE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS OF NZB/W MICE

The development of glomerulonephritis in NZB/W mice is closely related to the formation of antinuclear, particularly anti-DNA, antibodies. The developing inflammatory glomerular lesions are characterized by the deposition of gammaG- and beta(1C)-globulins plus DNA and possibly other nuclear antigens, presumably as complexes, in a granular to lumpy pattern along the capillary walls and in the mesangia. Elution studies revealed the gammaG-globulin in the glomeruli to be largely gammaG(2A)-type antibody to soluble nuclear antigens. Enhancement of the antinuclear antibody response by active immunization of young NZB/W mice with DNA-methylated BSA hastens the development and increases the severity of the glomerulonephritis. Similarly, injections of soluble DNA into NZB/W mice with circulating anti-DNA antibodies but with as yet little nephritis causes rapid progression of nephritis.
Design of a binary neural network for security classification in power system operation

The authors present a method for designing a neural network (NN) for potential application in real-time system security analysis. Specifically, the authors formulate the contingency classification problem as a pattern recognition problem and then design a NN to classify the system states (i.e., normal, alert and emergency). A two-layered NN with a fully-connected asynchronous binary model for each layer is developed. An optimization technique, which calculates the weights and thresholds of the NN, is used to maximize the probability of classifying the correct state. This procedure is illustrated through a 17-bus example system for which the post-contingency voltage drop limits are considered. >
Albanian thikë 'knife'

In the volume of essays Languages and Areas: Studies presented to George V. Bobrinskoy (Chicago 1967) 66--9, I struggled to find cognates and an Inda-European background for the obviously inherited Albanian thike, which is the ordinary word for a knife. I was exploring, without finding anything anything conclusive, the possibili­ ties of Indo-Iranian. It seemed to me then, and it still does, that lndo-Iranian assures us of an etymon *kika. 'sand, ravel'; I preferred then, in consideration of ś it a - = Lat. catus etc., to trace this to *k ǝ -k ā ., a zero-grade of *k ō - (= *k'eH -), rather than to * ki-k ā . I further discussed the problems and limitations of the Albanian vocalism and of a suffix in -k-.
Projecting stand tables: a comparison of the Weibull diameter distribution method, a percentile-based projection method, and a basal area growth projection method.

Trois modeles de projection de rendement differents dans leur structure mais permettant tous de faire des projections par classes de diametre ont ete compares, afin de determiner, le systeme le plus precis pour Pinus taeda. Pour la plupart des criteres consideres, le modele qui utilise l'algorithme de projection de la surface terriere, independamment de la distance, donne les meilleurs resultats
The incidence of scoliosis in the state of Delaware; a study of 50,000 minifilms of the chest made during a survey for tuberculosis.

THE INCIDENCE OF SCOLIOSIS IN THE STATE OF DELAWARE: A Study of 50,000 Minifilms of the Chest Made During a Survey for Tuberculosis A. Shands;Harry Eisberg; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
Studies of Plasma Etching of High Temperature Superconducting Thin Films

The fabrication of devices in high-temperature superconducting ceramics will require the development of suitable techniques for patterning thin films of these materials. We report the plasma etching of Y-Ba-Cu-oxide thin films using techniques adapted from the semiconductor industry. The etching reactor consists of a dc hollow cathode discharge using a chlorine/helium mixture as the working gas. The Y-Ba-Cu-oxide films are deposited on alumina substrates using ion-beam sputtering. We have investigated the etching of these films over a broad range of gas pressures, substrate temperatures, and input powers, using both as-deposited and oxygen annealed films. Substrates were held at ground potential to minimize ion bombardment during etching in order to separate the chemical aspects of the etching process from ion-bombardment effects. The etch rate of these films was found to be highly dependent on the substrate temperature, the system pressure, and on whether the films are annealed. Annealed films etch nearly an order of magnitude more slowly than unannealed films. The film stoichiometry, measured using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), varies greatly with temperature. The copper in the films is removed at the lowest temperature, followed by barium and then yttrium.
Effect of dimensionality and spin-orbit coupling on charge-density-wave transition in 2H-TaSe 2

A first-principles investigation of the charge-density-wave (CDW) instability in bulk and single-layer 2H-TaSe${}_{2}$ is presented, focusing on the origin of the CDW instability, the role of the interlayer interactions, and the effect of spin-orbit coupling. While interlayer interactions and spin-orbit coupling have a nontrivial effect on the electronic structure and Fermi surface, the CDW instability is predicted to remain robust, with little or no change in the ordering wave vector. This is in contrast to the closely related 2H-NbSe${}_{2}$ material, where the CDW wave vector depends on dimensionality. The results are analyzed in terms of the interplay between the momentum dependence of the electron-phonon coupling and that of the electronic response function.
Diagnosis and Treatment of the Extraesophageal Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include cough, laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), and asthma. Both GERD and its extraesophageal manifestations are prevalent in clinical practice. In population-based studies, 19.8% of North Americans complain of typical symptoms of GERD (heartburn and regurgitation) at least weekly [1, 2]. Also in the late 1990s, GERD accounted for $9.3–$12.1 billion in direct annual healthcare costs in the United States, higher than any other digestive disease. As a result, acid-suppressive agents were the leading pharmaceutical expenditure in the United States. The prevalence of GERD in the primary care setting becomes even more evident when one considers that, in the United States, 4.6 million office encounters annually are primarily for GERD, while 9.1 million encounters include GERD in the top three diagnoses for the encounter. GERD is also the most frequently first-listed gastrointestinal diagnosis in ambulatory care visits [1, 2].
The First Repair of Cor Triatriatum

This article describes the first patient treated surgically for cor triatriatum, and also describes preoperative testing, operative findings, and procedures, as well as follow-up.