cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Investigation of the Linkages among Relationalism, Environmental Uncertainty, and Bureaucratization

Abstract This study empirically examines the relationships among the constructs of environmental uncertainty, bureaucratization, and emergent relationalism in distribution channels. In doing so, two important streams of literature—political economy framework and Macneil’s relational exchange theory—are brought together for the first time. Analyses of data from the pharmaceutical industry’s channels of distribution, using structural equations modeling support an interactive nonrecursive relationship among these factors. Specifically, it is found that (1) environmental uncertainty affects relationalism positively, whereas relationalism affects environmental uncertainty negatively; (2) bureaucratization and relationalism influence each other negatively; and (3) environmental uncertainty and bureaucratization affect each other positively. The results also suggest that relationalism is more powerful in mitigating the perceptions of bureaucratization and environmental uncertainty than the perceptions of bureaucratization and environmental uncertainty are in preventing relationalism. The empirical data for the study were obtained from the pharmaceutical industry’s channels of distribution.
Alteration of in vivo propulsive intestinal motility by antihistaminic drugs.

Summary1. Antihistaminic drugs can affect the rate of in vivo propulsive intestinal motility as measured by observing the time between ingestion of carmine and its appearance in the feces. In comparable small doses Thephorin and Benadryl stimulate intestinal motility. 2. In larger doses, Antistine and Benadryl produce inhibition. This then shows a reversal in effect by Benadryl dependent on size of dose.
Urinary phthalate metabolites and ovarian reserve among women seeking infertility care

Study question Are urinary phthalate metabolites associated with reduced antral follicle growth among women in an infertility setting? Summary answer Higher urinary concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites were associated with significant decreases in antral follicle count (AFC) among women seeking infertility care. What is known already Experimental animal studies show that DEHP accelerates primordial follicle recruitment and inhibits antral follicle growth. Whether phthalates also reduce the growing antral follicle pool in humans remains unknown. Study design, size, duration We examined the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and AFC using prospective data from 215 females recruited between 2004 and 2012 in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) study. Participants/materials, setting, methods We quantified the urinary concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites. We estimated the geometric mean for all urine samples provided prior to unstimulated day 3 AFC assessment for each woman. We evaluated the association of AFC with ∑DEHP (molar sum of four DEHP metabolites) and individual phthalate metabolites using Poisson regression, adjusting for age, BMI and smoking. Main results and the role of chance We observed significant decreases in mean AFC for all higher quartiles of ∑DEHP as compared with the lowest quartile. Compared with women in the first quartile of ∑DEHP, women in the second, third and fourth quartiles had a -24% (95% confidence interval (CI): -32%, -16%), -19% (95% CI: -27%, -9%), and -14% (95% CI: -23%, -5%) decrease in mean AFC. The absolute mean AFC in the first quartile was 14.2 follicles (95% CI: 13.2, 15.2) compared with 10.7 follicles (95% CI: 9.9, 11.6) in the second quartile. We observed similar trends among the four individual DEHP metabolites. There was no consistent change in AFC among the remaining phthalate metabolite concentrations evaluated. Limitations, reasons for caution We demonstrated a negative association between DEHP and a well-established marker of ovarian reserve among a subfertile population. However these findings may not be generalizable to women without fertility concerns, and we cannot rule out co-exposure to other chemicals. Wider implications of the findings Environmental chemicals that inhibit the size of the growing antral follicle pool can impair fertility and reduce fecundity. This study suggests evidence in need of further investigation on the impact of phthalates on the human oocyte and follicular development. Study funding/competing interests Work supported by grants ES009718, ES022955, ES000002, and T32ES007069 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and grant T32 DK007703-16 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). C.M. was supported by a post-doctoral training award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. There are no competing interests to declare.
Ecomorphology and Behavior of Giant Extinct Lemurs from Madagascar

Inferring the behavior of extinct organisms is a formidable task, even under the best of circumstances (Rudwick, 1964; Stern and Susman, 1983; Kay, 1984; Thomason, 1995). Nevertheless, and in spite of inevitable complications and limitations, such inferences remain the ultimate goal of paleobiologists if we are to understand fossils as integrated organisms rather than isolated bones and atomized character states. In this chapter we attempt to breathe life back into the osteological remains of recently extinct (or “subfossil”) prosimian primates from the Quaternary of Madagascar. Subfossil lemurs provide many special opportunities to the optimistic functional morphologist, but they also present their own unusual set of complications and potential frustrations. Approximately one-third of Madagascar’s known primate species were driven to extinction in the late Holocene by the lethal interaction of aridification and human colonization (Burney, 1997; Dewar, 1997; Simons, 1997), including all taxa of large body size (> 9 kg). Two new extinct species from northern Madagascar (Babakotia radofilai and Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion) have been discovered and described in the last decade (Godfrey et al., 1990; Simons et al., 1995), and a third new species from the northwest will be diagnosed soon (Jungers et al., in prep.). Sixteen currently recognized subfossil species of Malagasy primates are represented in museum collections, most by numerous individuals, including a growing tally of specimens with associated craniodental and postcranial elements (e.g., MacPhee et al., 1984; Simons et al., 1992,Simons et al., 1995; Wunderlich et al., 1996). Table I summarizes the current taxonomy of the extinct lemurs. Aspects of morphology suggest that cheirogaleids are more closely related to galagos and lorises than to other Malagasy primates (Szalay and Katz, 1973; Cartmill, 1975; Schwartz and Tattersall, 1985; Yoder, 1992). Molecular results, as well as “total evidence” analyses that combine morphological and molecular data, argue instead that the Malagasy primates are probably monophyletic (Yoder, 1994,Yoder, 1996). Regardless of the placement of the cheirogaleids within strepsirrhines, the precise relationships among the various ancient clades of Malagasy primates remain somewhat fuzzy, even from a biomolecular perspective (Yoder, 1997; Yoderet al., 1999).
The effect of hormone replacement therapy on the symptoms and physiologic parameters of dry eye.

Symptoms of dry eye frequently occur in women and become more frequent as they age.1-8 Human and animal data show the lacrimal gland requires sex hormone support for normal function. 9-12 While testosterone appears to be the most important of these hormones, estrogen may play a role, and estrogen receptors have been identified in the lacrimal gland. 13 Many women experience dry eye as they enter menopause, and a previous study reported women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had fewer symptoms of dry eye, compared to those who were not. 14 We studied a group of women to determine whether those taking HRT had fewer symptoms or improved physiologic parameters associated with dry eye.
THOMAS HARDY'S “THE MOCK WIFE,” MAUMBURY, AND THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE

In a 1908 review article for the Times of London, Thomas Hardy commented on the previous months of excavation of the Neolithic earthwork amphitheater in Dorchester, known as the Maumbury Ring(s). Hardy had returned to Dorchester from London in 1883, and the town is most famously fictionalized in the 1886 novel The Mayor of Casterbridge. Hardy's description identifies the defining moment in the Ring's history as the execution there in 1706 of the nineteen year-old Mary Channing for allegedly having poisoned her husband. Quoting extensively from a contemporary report of Channing's trial and execution, Hardy asserts that he could find little in the statements of the case to support Channing's execution. His opinion is rather that this was a high spirited young woman forced by her parents to marry a man she did not love, whose weak indulgence of his new wife merely served to contribute to the sense of her being a woman of “careless character” that would see her wrongly condemned.
Tribological Performance of Silver Nanoparticle–Enhanced Polyethylene Glycol Lubricants

ABSTRACTThis article introduces a new type of nanoparticle additive for tribological purposes. A nanolubricant was synthesized and studied that consists of metallic silver nanoparticles suspended in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Silver nanoparticles were prepared directly in liquid PEG by introducing aqueous silver nitrate and subsequent reduction by PEG. The nanolubricant exhibits excellent stability due to poly(vinyl pyrollidone) used as the coating agent. Thorough tribological analysis was performed on the nanolubricant, including rheology, friction, wear, and Stribeck curve analysis. Results show that the nanoparticle additives are capable of reducing both friction and wear at low concentrations. Stribeck curve analysis also revealed that the particles are effective in reducing friction in both the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes. The possible friction and wear reduction mechanism of silver nanoparticles is also discussed in the current work.
Referring men to seek help: The influence of gender role conflict and stigma.

Why do men tend to underutilize mental health services? One reason may be that men are less frequently referred to seek such services. Indeed, male friends and family members may be particularly unlikely to refer men to seek mental health services, as it means going against the traditional male gender role proscription of talking to other men about emotional issues. This study is the first to explore how men’s experiences of gender role conflict may be associated with an increased endorsement of stigmatization around mental health concerns and, subsequently, a decreased willingness to refer friends and family members experiencing a mental health concern to seek help. Results based on structural equation modeling with data from 216 male collegians indicated that men who endorsed greater restricted emotionality were less willing to refer friends and family members experiencing a mental health concern to seek treatment. In turn, men who endorsed greater Restricted affectionate behavior between men also endorsed greater stigma, which then led to a decreased willingness to refer friends and family members to seek help.
Surgical Outcomes of Medial Versus Lateral Multiligament-Injured, Dislocated Knees

Purpose To compare clinical and functional outcomes of surgically treated medial and lateral knee dislocations. Methods A retrospective review of the medical records of patients who presented with knee dislocations was conducted. We identified patients who underwent surgical treatment of KDIII-M (anterior cruciate ligament/posterior cruciate ligament/medial collateral ligament) or KDIII-L (anterior cruciate ligament/posterior cruciate ligament/lateral collateral ligament) knee dislocation as documented by the Schenck classification. Minimum 2-year follow-up with Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) outcome scores was required for inclusion. Postoperative range of motion, ligamentous examination, and conversion to total knee arthroplasty were also collected. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical models with P Results A total of 56 patients met the inclusion criteria, 24 with the KDIII-M injury pattern (43%) and 32 with the KDIII-L injury pattern (57%), with a mean age of 34 years (range, 16 to 62 years) and a mean follow-up of 6.5 years (range, 2 to 20 years). Patients undergoing medial repairs had worse outcomes for both the Lysholm score ( P = .008) and IKDC score ( P = .003). In addition, female sex was linked to worse outcomes (Lysholm score, 58.8 ± 21.5 v 77.8 ± 21.1, P v 75.2 ± 20.2, P P = .81; IKDC score, P = .77). No difference in laxity testing was found between the 2 groups. Conclusions In patients undergoing multiligament knee reconstruction, our data suggest that those who undergo medial repair for knee dislocations are not as likely to achieve positive results as those who undergo reconstruction or lateral reconstruction/repair, regardless of the status of the peroneal nerve. In addition, medial reconstruction had comparable outcomes to those in patients treated with lateral reconstruction/repair. Lastly, female patients showed less favorable clinical outcomes than male patients. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Radiographic Studies of Angoumois Grain Moth Development in Wheat, Corn, and Sorghum Kernels

Daily X-ray radiographs were made of 73 wheat, 44 Corn, and 66 sorghum kernels to study (with little or no disturbance to the insects) development and behavior of larvae and pupae of Angoumois grain moth, Silolroga cercalella (Olivier), inside the kernels. Lengths of later stadia were generally ascertained, because time of molting to the penultimate and last instars usually could be determined. The ranges and means of the periods from hatching to penultimate instar were 8-33 days and 14.9 days in wheat, 9-28 and 13.9 days in corn, and 7-31 and 12.9 days in sorghum; the penultimate larval period was 1-10 and 5.3 days in wheat, 3-7 and 4.7 in corn, and 3-7 and 4.5 in sorghum; the penultimate larval period (including prepupa) 6-12 and 8.3 days in wheat, 6-10 and 7.9 in corn, and 5-8 and 6.4 in sorghum; pupal period 8-11 and 9.6 days in wheat, 7-10 and 8.9 in corn, and 7-10 and 9.3 in sorghum. Ranges and means of the total larval-pupal periods were 29-63 and 37.9 days in wheat, 28-52 and 35.3 in corn, and 25-54 and 33.0 in sorghum. Insects with longer developmental periods spent disproportionately more time as earlier instars than the insects with shorter developmental periods.
Impact of detector geometry for compressive fan beam snapshot coherent scatter imaging

Previous realizations of coded-aperture X-ray diffraction tomography (XRDT) techniques based on pencil beams image one line through an object via a single measurement but require raster scanning the object in multiple dimensions. Fan beam approaches are able to image the spatial extent of the object while retaining the ability to do material identification. Building on these approaches we present our system concept and geometry of combining a fan beam with energy sensitive/photon counting detectors and a coded aperture to capture both spatial and spectral information about an object at each voxel. Using our system we image slices via snapshot measurements for four different detector configurations and compare their results.
The experimental observations on hearing damage caused by chronic fluorosis in rats

Objective To study the ultrastructural characteristics of the fluorosis rat cochlea and explore the possible mechanism of hearing damage caused by chronic fluorosis. Methods Using distortion product otoacoustic emissions(DPOAE)and scanning electron microscopy the changes of auditory function and cochlear ultrastructure in 60 rats, which were divided into one control and two experimental (low- and high- dose fluoride) groups, were investigated. Results A decreased amplitude of DPOAE was detected at the 8 kHz frequency in the two experimental groups cornpared to the control group (P 0.05), while there were no significant differences at other freqencies. Cochear hair cells of the control group were aligned regularly. Both inner and outer hair cells in the two experimental groups all suffered lesions to a various extent, and severer in the outer hair cells, presenting with stereocilia fusion or disarray. Lesions of the outer and inner hair cells in the high- dose fluoride group were more serious than those in the low- dose one, and sometimes developed ball- like lesions, cuticular plate ruptures and finally hair cell loss. Conclusion Cochlear hair cell damage caused by chronic fluorosis associated with high- frequency sensorineural hearing loss may be the major pathogenesis of fluorosis in the auditory system. The degree of the hearing loss is parallel to the level of fluorosis.
The review on fault diagnosis of control system

The theory of fault diagnosis is summarized. Firstly, the b ackground of the problem and development survey of fault diagnosis are reviewed. Then, several different approaches to the problems are analyzed. And applicati on of neural network to fault diagnosis is introduced. Finally, further research directions of fault diagnosis are pointed out.
Immunohistochemical localization of H-K-ATPase α2c-subunit in rabbit kidney

The rabbit kidney possesses mRNA for the H-K-ATPase alpha(1)-subunit (HKalpha(1)) and two splice variants of the H-K-ATPase alpha(2)-subunit (HKalpha(2)). The purpose of this study was to determine the specific distribution of one of these, the H-K-ATPase alpha(2c)-subunit isoform (HKalpha(2c)), in rabbit kidney by immunohistochemistry. Chicken polyclonal antibodies against a peptide based on the NH(2) terminus of HKalpha(2c) were used to detect HKalpha(2c) immunoreactivity in tissue sections. Immunohistochemical localization of HKalpha(2c) revealed intense apical immunoreactivity in a subpopulation of cells in the connecting segment, cortical collecting duct, and outer medullary collecting duct in both the outer and inner stripe. An additional population of cells exhibited a thin apical band of immunolabel. Immunohistochemical colocalization of HKalpha(2c) with carbonic anhydrase II, the Cl(-)/HCO exchanger AE1, and HKalpha(1) indicated that both type A and type B intercalated cells possessed intense apical HKalpha(2c) immunoreactivity, whereas principal cells and connecting segment cells had only a thin apical band of HKalpha(2c). Labeled cells were evident through the middle third of the inner medullary collecting duct in the majority of animals. Immunolabel was also present in papillary surface epithelial cells, cells in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (cTAL), and the macula densa. Thus in the rabbit kidney, apical HKalpha(2c) is present and may contribute to acid secretion or potassium uptake throughout the connecting segment and collecting duct in both type A and type B intercalated cells, principal cells, and connecting segment cells, as well as in cells in papillary surface epithelium, cTAL, and macula densa.
Eliciting and Representing Biology Knowledge with Conceptual Graph Structures

This chapter describes recent work on methods for studying the organization and use of knowledge by making knowledge structures explicit in graph form. In the procedures, we use question probes and other complementary methods to elicit knowledge from novices and/or experts. The information is then represented in network form using conceptual graph structures. Graphing knowledge using this syntax allows one to do a number of things, including, identify student misconceptions or gaps in knowledge structures, predict student problem solving performance, allow students to graphically depict their own problem solving structures, and edit expert graphs for instructional design purposes.
The Igbo Exodus: Biafran Propaganda and the Memory of the 1966 Massacres

When Biafra declared its independence in 1967, the new nation was framed as an expression of collective and multi-ethnic disgust with a Nigerian state that could no longer protect its citizens. Within a year, however, Biafra as a nation became synonymous with the Igbo people and remains so to this day. Biafran propaganda used the 1966 pogroms, and the internal displacement that followed, to galvanize the Igbo into believing that the only way to ensure Igbo survival is through Biafran survival. This paper traces the collective memory of the massacres against the Igbo in the wake of the July 1966 coup in Nigeria and focuses on how, beginning in 1968, Biafran propaganda used the memory of the massacres in the shift of its propaganda aim from that of national unity of a multi-ethnic Biafra to that of Igbo survival and genocide. It was thus the collective memory of the massacres and exodus that followed, coupled with the political necessity of wartime propaganda that created a collective memory of Biafra as solely an Igbo nationalist project.
Alcohol-related changes in the intestinal microbiome influence neutrophil infiltration, inflammation and steatosis in early alcoholic hepatitis in mice.

Background Alcohol-induced intestinal dysbiosis disrupts homeostatic gut-liver axis function and is essential in the development of alcoholic liver disease. Here, we investigate changes in enteric microbiome composition in a model of early alcoholic steatohepatitis and dissect the pathogenic role of intestinal microbes in alcohol-induced liver pathology. Materials and methods Wild type mice received a 10-day diet that was either 5% alcohol-containing or an isocaloric control diet plus a single binge. 16S rDNA sequencing defined the bacterial communities in the cecum of alcohol- and pair-fed animals. Some mice were treated with an antibiotic cocktail prior to and throughout alcohol feeding. Liver neutrophils, cytokines and steatosis were evaluated. Results Acute-on-chronic alcohol administration induced shifts in various bacterial phyla in the cecum, including increased Actinobacteria and a reduction in Verrucomicrobia driven entirely by a reduction in the genus Akkermansia. Antibiotic treatment reduced the gut bacterial load and circulating bacterial wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that bacterial load suppression prevented alcohol-related increases in the number of myeloperoxidase- (MPO) positive infiltrating neutrophils in the liver. Expression of liver mRNA tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfα), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (Cxcl1) and circulating protein monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were also reduced in antibiotic-treated alcohol-fed mice. Alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis measured by Oil-Red O staining was significantly reduced in antibiotic treated mice. Genes regulating lipid production and storage were also altered by alcohol and antibiotic treatment. Interestingly, antibiotic treatment did not protect from alcohol-induced increases in serum aminotransferases (ALT/AST). Conclusions Our data indicate that acute-on-chronic alcohol feeding alters the microflora at multiple taxonomic levels and identifies loss of Akkermansia as an early marker of alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis. We conclude that gut microbes influence liver inflammation, neutrophil infiltration and liver steatosis following alcohol consumption and these data further emphasize the role of the gut-liver axis in early alcoholic liver disease.
Reducing rectal injury in men receiving prostate cancer radiation therapy: Current perspectives

Dose escalation is now the standard of care for the treatment of prostate cancer with radiation therapy. However, the rectum tends to be the dose-limiting structure when treating prostate cancer, given its close proximity. Early and late toxicities can occur when the rectum receives large doses of radiation therapy. New technologies allow for prevention of these toxicities. In this review, we examine the evidence that supports various dose constraints employed to prevent these rectal injuries from occurring. We also examine the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy and how this compares to older radiation therapy techniques that allow for further sparing of the rectum during a radiation therapy course. We then review the literature on endorectal balloons and the effects of their daily use throughout a radiation therapy course. Tissue spacers are now being investigated in greater detail; these devices are injected into the rectoprostatic fascia to physically increase the distance between the prostate and the anterior rectal wall. Last, we review the use of systemic drugs, specifically statin medications and antihypertensives, as well as their impact on rectal toxicity.
Coherence and dynamics of a high-β metallo-dielectric nanolasers

Metal-clad nanolasers with high spontaneous emission factors (β) represent a class of ultra-compact light emitters with applications in fiber-optic communications, hybrid and all optical computing, imaging and sensing. In-depth studies on both the coherence and dynamical properties of these emitters are necessary before practical applications can be realized. However, the coherence characterization of a high-β nanolaser using the conventional measurement of output light intensity versus input pump intensity (L-L curve) is inherently difficult due to the diminishing kink in the measurement curve. We conducted the second order intensity correlation measurement, or g2(τ) - a more definitive method to confirm coherence - on a high-β metallo-dielectric nanolaser under nanosecond optical pulse pumping. Our result indicates that full coherence is achieved at three times the threshold conventionally defined by the kink in the L-L curve. Additionally, we observed that the g2(τ) peak width shrinks below and broadens above threshold. Rate-equation analyses reveal that the above-threshold broadening is due to the delayed threshold phenomenon, providing the first observation of dynamical hysteresis in a nanolaser. We propose that this dynamical phenomenon can be exploited to determine the lasing regimes of a unity-β nanolaser, whose threshold is inherently ambiguous and difficult to observe.
The Virtue of Patience, Spirituality, and Suffering: Integrating Lessons From Positive Psychology, Psychology of Religion, and Christian Theology

Based on insights from the psychology of religion, positive psychology, personality psychology, and theology, a theoretical model relating the virtue of patience to religion and spirituality is proposed. Patience is conceptualized as a hybrid personality construct related to effective emotion regula
Overlooked and Underestimated: The OD Scholar Practitioner in Leadership and Change

In this paper, we look at recent literature in management studies that puts forth widely divergent views on contemporary theories of leadership and change. We also look at critiques of the rational...
Droperidol suppresses spontaneous electrical activity in neurons cultured from ventral midbrain: Implications for neuroleptanesthesia

Abstract Droperidol is used in anesthesia as an antiemetic and as a component in neuroleptanalgesia. Its mechanism of action is thought to involve dopamine receptor blockade in the brain. The electrophysiological consequences associated with this action however, have not been elucidated. In this study we demonstrate a dose-dependent electrophysiological response to droperidol in central nervous system (CNS) neurons that express dopamine receptors that is absent in CNS neurons that do not express dopamine receptors. Primary dissociated cell (PDC) cultures were prepared from embryonal tissue dissected from ventral mesencephalon (VM) and spinal cord (SC). VM neurons were used to investigate the electrophysiological action of droperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, since these cultures contain neurons having dopamine receptors on their surface. SC neurons were used as a control as they do not express dopamine receptors. Some dopamine receptors are on dopaminergic neurons and therefore are called autoreceptors, while others are on nondopaminergic neurons, such as GABA producing (GABAergic) neurons. All neurons in both PDC cultures were spontaneously active. The percentage of neurons which spontaneously generated action potentials was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by droperidol (1 nM–10 μM) only in PDC cultures of VM. Exposure to droperidol had no effect on neurons from PDC cultures of SC which lack dopamine receptors. Our results suggest that droperidol modulates the electrophysiological properties of VM neurons with dopamine receptors possibly through facilitation of inhibitory interneurons. The reduced activity of VM neurons might contribute to the antiemetic and/or anesthetic activity of droperidol, since the concentrations of droperidol used in this study are at clinically relevant concentrations.
Atrial fibrillation after major thoracic surgery: new insights into underlying mechanisms.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication in patients undergoing major thoracic surgery ([1–3][1]). It is most frequently observed acutely after valve surgery and/or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), but it can also manifest after lung and heart transplantation procedures ([1–
A Geographical Perspective on the Biotic Homogenization Process: Implications from the Macroecology of North American Birds

The major concern regarding the current trend towards biotic simplicity is that it is occurring with unprecedented rapidity across the entire globe. Geographic ranges of many species are collapsing (Lomolino and Channel 1995, 1998; Channel and Lomolino 1999a), while species that are favored by ecological conditions associated with modern human-dominated ecosystems are expanding rapidly (see Bright 1996 and references therein). Invading species often establish viable populations in extremely disturbed conditions and persist by continual colonization of newly disturbed area (Bright 1996, Williams and Meffe 1999), and in some cases by altering ecosystem processes such as fire frequency to favor their persistence (e.g., Cronk and Fuller 1995). Often vigorous colonizers in early succession in their native ecosystems, invasive species put most of their energy into reproduction, are generally less well adapted to specific environments, and tend to be able to tolerate a wide variety of conditions (Williams and Meffe 1999).
On Clustering Graph Streams.

In this paper, we will examine the problem of clustering massive graph streams. Graph clustering poses significant challenges because of the complex structures which may be present in the underlying data. The massive size of the underlying graph makes explicit structural enumeration very difficult. Consequently, most techniques for clustering multi-dimensional data are difficult to generalize to the case of massive graphs. Recently, methods have been proposed for clustering graph data, though these methods are designed for static data, and are not applicable to the case of graph streams. Furthermore, these techniques are especially not effective for the case of massive graphs, since a huge number of distinct edges may need to be tracked simultaneously. This results in storage and computational challenges during the clustering process. In order to deal with the natural problems arising from the use of massive disk-resident graphs, we will propose a technique for creating hash-compressed micro-clusters from graph streams. The compressed micro-clusters are designed by using a hash-based compression of the edges onto a smaller domain space. We will provide theoretical results which show that the hash-based compression continues to maintain bounded accuracy in terms of distance computations. We will provide experimental results which illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the underlying method.
Aging and Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Brain atrophy accelerates at the age of 60 in healthy individuals (HI) and at disease onset in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Whether there is an exacerbating effect of aging superimposed on MS-related brain atrophy is unknown. We estimated the aging effect on lateral ventricular volume (LVV) and whole brain volume (WBV) changes in MS patients. METHODS 1,982 MS patients (mean follow-up: 4.8 years) and 351 HI (mean follow-up: of 3.1 years), aged from 20 to 79 years old (yo), were collected retrospectively. Percent LVV change (PLVVC) and percent brain volume change (PBVC) on 1.5T and 3T MRI scanners (median of 3.9 scans per subject) were calculated. These were determined between all-time points and subjects were divided in six-decade age groups. MRI differences between age groups were calculated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS Compared to HI, at first MRI, MS patients had significantly increased LVV in the age groups: 30-39 yo, 40-49 yo, 50-59 yo, 60-69 yo (all P < .0001), and 70-79 yo (P = .029), and decreased WBV in the age groups: 20-29 yo (P = .024), 30-39 yo (P = .031), 40-49 yo, and 50-59 yo (all P < .0001). Annualized PLVVC was significantly different between the age groups 20-59 and 60-79 yo in MS patients (P = .005) and HI (P < .0001), as was for PBVC in MS patients (P = .001), but not for HI (P = .521). There was a significant aging interaction effect in the annualized PLVVC (P = .001) between HI and MS patients, which was not observed for the annualized PBVC (P = .380). CONCLUSIONS Development of brain atrophy manifests progressively in MS patients, and occurs with a different pattern, as compared to aging HI. PLVVC increased across age in HI as compared to MS, while PBVC decreased across ages in both HI and MS.
The Emerging Gait Dysfunction Phenotype in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

ObjectiveSeverity of motor symptoms in Parkinsons disease (PD), and rate of change of these symptoms, suggests the existence of disease subgroups. One important PD subgroup is defined by postural instability and gait dysfunction (PIGD), which is associated with disability, lower quality of life, and cognitive deterioration. In this study, we evaluate what clinical factors at baseline are associated with early development of postural instability in PD.nnMethodsData was downloaded from the Parkinsons Progressive Markers Initiative (PPMI). Several clinical features predict development of postural instability. We provisionally term the associated phenotype the emerging gait disorder (eGD) phenotype. We evaluate validity of the phenotype in two held-out populations.nnResultsIndividuals with the proposed eGD phenotype have a significantly higher risk of developing postural instability in both validation sets (p < 0.00001 in both sets). The proposed eGD phenotype occurred before development of postural instability (HY stage [≥] 3) in 289 of 301 paired comparisons (Fischer Exact Test, p < 0.000001), with a median progression time from development of eGD phenotype to postural instability of 972 days. Individuals with the proposed eGD phenotype at baseline had more rapid cognitive decline as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (p = 0.002) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (Total Recall, p = 0.008).nnInterpretationWe describe a clinical phenotype, detectable at baseline in a subset of individuals with PD, that is associated with accelerated development of postural instability. Within the sample, development of the eGD phenotype reliably precedes development of disability, and is a harbinger of more rapid cognitive progression.
Older marijuana users in substance abuse treatment: Treatment settings for marijuana-only versus polysubstance use admissions.

Abstract Objective Growing numbers of older adult marijuana users make understanding the marijuana-related treatment needs and treatment-related characteristics of this age group increasingly important. In this study, we examined four types of marijuana-involved admissions (marijuana as the only substance; marijuana as the primary substance with other secondary/tertiary substances; marijuana as the secondary substance; and marijuana as the tertiary substance) by treatment setting. Methods Data came from the 2012–2017 Treatment Episode Data Set-Admissions (TEDS-A), which includes 851,652 admissions by those aged 55+. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, we focused on the 120,286 marijuana-involved admissions to test the hypothesis that polysubstance use would be associated with a higher likelihood of using detoxification and rehabilitation settings than ambulatory/outpatient settings. Results Of all marijuana-involved admissions, 7.5% were marijuana-only, 12.7% were marijuana-primary, 58.4% were marijuana-secondary, and 21.4% were marijuana-tertiary admissions. Compared to marijuana-only admissions, admissions involving other substances were associated with a higher likelihood of detoxification and rehabilitation than ambulatory/outpatient treatment (e.g., RRR = 5.79, 95% CI = 5.08–6.61 for detoxification and RRR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.89–3.52 for rehabilitation among marijuana-tertiary admissions). Referral source, first age of marijuana use, race/ethnicity, and homelessness were significant covariates. Conclusions Given increasing numbers of older-adult marijuana users, healthcare providers should screen older adults for marijuana and other substance use, and substance abuse treatment programs should become more responsive to older adults' needs.
Fake News Research: Theories, Detection Strategies, and Open Problems

Fake news has become a global phenomenon due its explosive growth, particularly on social media. The goal of this tutorial is to (1) clearly introduce the concept and characteristics of fake news and how it can be formally differentiated from other similar concepts such as mis-/dis-information, satire news, rumors, among others, which helps deepen the understanding of fake news; (2) provide a comprehensive review of fundamental theories across disciplines and illustrate how they can be used to conduct interdisciplinary fake news research, facilitating a concerted effort of experts in computer and information science, political science, journalism, social science, psychology and economics. Such concerted efforts can result in highly efficient and explainable fake news detection; (3) systematically present fake news detection strategies from four perspectives (i.e., knowledge, style, propagation, and credibility) and the ways that each perspective utilizes techniques developed in data/graph mining, machine learning, natural language processing, and information retrieval; and (4) detail open issues within current fake news studies to reveal great potential research opportunities, hoping to attract researchers within a broader area to work on fake news detection and further facilitate its development. The tutorial aims to promote a fair, healthy and safe online information and news dissemination ecosystem, hoping to attract more researchers, engineers and students with various interests to fake news research. Few prerequisite are required for KDD participants to attend.
Accurate and transferable multitask prediction of chemical properties with an atoms-in-molecules neural network.

Atomic and molecular properties could be evaluated from the fundamental Schrodinger’s equation and therefore represent different modalities of the same quantum phenomena. Here, we present AIMNet, a modular and chemically inspired deep neural network potential. We used AIMNet with multitarget training to learn multiple modalities of the state of the atom in a molecular system. The resulting model shows on several benchmark datasets state-of-the-art accuracy, comparable to the results of orders of magnitude more expensive DFT methods. It can simultaneously predict several atomic and molecular properties without an increase in the computational cost. With AIMNet, we show a new dimension of transferability: the ability to learn new targets using multimodal information from previous training. The model can learn implicit solvation energy (SMD method) using only a fraction of the original training data and an archive median absolute deviation error of 1.1 kcal/mol compared to experimental solvation free energies in the MNSol database.
Dynamic Frequency Shift

The sections in this article are introduction, semiclassical theory of spin relaxation, the dynamic frequency shift, dynamic frequency shifts for some simple spin systems, dynamic frequency shifts for quadrupolar nuclei, and summary. Keywords: dynamic frequency shift; adiabatic linewidth parameter; quadrupolar relaxation; dipole–dipole relaxation; Kramers–Kronig relationship; second order perturbation theory
A Choice Model for Multiple Goal Pursuit

Consumers often try to achieve multiple goals when purchasing products and services, where choices are sought that maximize utility and other objectives such as social desirability or risk minimization. If the choice outcomes are associated with high level of uncertainty at the time of purchase, for example, consumers might worry that the actual outcomes might be different from their expectations and they want to avoid this when making a purchase. We propose a general model of multiple goal pursuit and apply it to a utility maximization and regret minimization problem. Pareto optimal sets are an outcome of multiple goal optimization problems where there exists multiple alternatives that are non-dominated. We investigate the use of epsilon-constraint methods in a discrete choice setting, and show that our proposed model fits the data better, provides improved predictions and offers a tractable solution to multiple goal optimization for discrete choices.
Nef-specific T lymphocyte responses in Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype C/B' and subtype B' in-fectors

Objective To analyze character of Nef-specific T lymphocyte responses in Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype C/B' and subtype B' infectors and to identify the common immunodominant re-gions recognized by these infectors. Methods Fifty-nine HIV-1 recombinant subtype C/B' infectors and 27 subtype B' infectors were tested by IFN-γ enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay using HIV-1 C/B' Nef overlapping peptides. Results Nef-specific T-cell responses of IFN-γ secretion were identified in 44 (74.58%) out of 59 HIV-1 recombinant subtype C/B' infectors. Ten peptides, EVA7081.1,5, 6, 7,43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49 were mainly recognized. Amino acid position was from Nef63 to 115 and 117 to 139. Twenty of 27 (74.07%) HIV-1 subtype B' infectors recognized peptides. EVA7081.1,2, 43 and 49 were mainly recognized. Amino acid position was from Nef 63 to 77 and 87 to 119. There was no correlation be-tween the Nef-specific IFN-production of HIV-1-specific T cells responses and viral load or CD4 T cell count in both subtype infectors. Conclusion The immunodominant regions, from Nef63 to 77 and 87 to 115 were recognized by both Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype C/B' infectors and subtype B' infectors. These re-gions could be used in design of vaccine. Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ; Nef; Specific T cell response; ELISPOT;
Isotropic Trialitarian Algebraic Groups

Abstract By modifying a construction from Knus et al. , we construct all isotropic algebraic groups of type 3 D 4 and 6 D 4 over an arbitrary field of characteristic ≠ 2. We also provide a nice isomorphism criterion for such groups. The results of this paper extend the main results of Allison (using entirely different methods) to fields of nonzero characteristic and algebraic groups.
Variants in the Infinitary Unification Wonderland

So far, results about variants, the finite variant property (FVP), and variant unification have been developed for equational theories \(E \cup B\) where B is a set of axioms having a finitary unification algorithm, and the equations E, oriented as rewrite rules \(\vec {E}\), are convergent modulo B. The extension to the case when B has an infinitary unification algorithm, for example because of non-commutative symbols having associative axioms, seems undeveloped. This paper takes a first step in developing such an extension. In particular, the relationships between the FVP and the boundedness properties, the identification of conditions on \(E \cup B\) ensuring FVP, and the effective computation of variants and variant unifiers are explored in detail. The extension from the finitary to the infinitary case includes both surprises and opportunities.
AAC apps for aphasia: a pilot study on the role of intuition and learning.

To characterize the untrained performance of people with aphasia (PWA) in finding symbols (single words) on two symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication applications (AAC apps).Nine ...
Elite agraria y Estado: influencia de los intereses de los terratenientes en el aparato estatal (1840-1860)

This article carries out a qualitative analysis of the relationship between the agrarian elite and the Chilean State in the mid-19th century, examining how the approaches of this sector influence the State. The study is outlined from the consequences of the first wheat cycle (1849-1855), a process that directly affects the interests of the landowners. For this reason, we use as our main source the first two journals of the National Agricultural Society, an institution that is characterized by bringing together an important number of the national oligarchy. Thus, we can see that agrarian elite understands the State as an institution whose main objective is to protect and promote the agriculture of large landowners; while the State, there are positive responses to the pressures and needs of the agricultural sector, especially during the period of prosperity caused by the gold rush in California and Australia.
Probing External Brønsted Acid Sites in Large Pore Zeolites with Infrared Spectroscopy of Adsorbed 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylpyridine

The current work describes the development of a semiquantitative test to measure the density of Bronsted acid sites on the external surface of large pore zeolites. The method uses 2,4,6-tri-tert-bu...
SpaceA: Sparse Matrix Vector Multiplication on Processing-in-Memory Accelerator

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV) is an important primitive across a wide range of application domains such as scientific computing and graph analytics. Due to its intrinsic memory-bound characteristics, the performance of SpMV on throughput-oriented architectures such as GPU is bounded by the limited bandwidth between processors and memory. Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures, made feasible by advances in 3D stacking, provide new opportunities to utilize ultra-high bandwidth by integrating compute-logic into memory.In this paper, we develop an SpMV accelerator, named as SpaceA, based on PIM architectures. SpaceA integrates compute logic near memory banks to exploit bank-level bandwidth. SpaceA contains both hardware and data-mapping design features to alleviate irregular memory access patterns which hinder full utilization of high memory bandwidth. In terms of hardware design features, SpaceA consists of two unique features: (1) it utilizes the capability of outstanding memory requests to hide the memory access latency to data located in non-local memory banks; (2) it integrates Content Addressable Memory (CAM) at the bank level to exploit data reuse of the input vectors. In addition, we develop a mapping scheme that partitions the sparse matrix into different memory banks, to maximize the data locality of the input vector and to achieve workload balance among processing elements (PEs) near each bank. Overall, SpaceA together with the proposed mapping method achieves 13.54x speedup and 87.49% energy saving on average over the GPU baseline on SpMV computation. In addition to SpMV primitives, we conduct a case study on graph analytics to demonstrate the benefits of SpaceA for applications built on SpMV. Compared to Tesseract and GraphP, state-of-the-art graph accelerators, SpaceA obtains better performance due to its higher effective bandwidth provided by near-bank integration.