cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of the glands of the common bile duct

The number of glands at a constant level within the wall of the common bile duct was measured in the foetus, infant, child and adult. The number of glandular acini increases from foetal life to reach a maximum within the 1st year of life. Thereafter it remains remarkably constant. This is in contrast to the lumen and wall of the common bile duct which only reaches adult proportions in adult life. Conversely, the density of acini within the wall of the common bile duct is at a peak in early foetal life and decreases progressively throughout infancy and childhood.
Deconstructing the collaborative impact: article and author characteristics that influence citation count

It is well known that collaborative papers tend to receive more citations than solo-authored papers. Here we try to identify the subtle factors of this collaborative effect by analyzing metadata and citation counts for co-authored papers in the biomedical domain, after accounting for attributes known to be strong predictors of citation count. Article-level metadata were gathered from 98,000 PubMed article records categorized with the term breast neoplasm, a topic offering longevity and relevance across biomedical subdisciplines, and yielding a relatively large sample size. Open access citation data was obtained from PubMed Central (PMC). Author-level attributes were encoded from disambiguated author name data in PubMed and appended as article-level attributes of collaborations. A logistic regression model was built to assess the relative weights of these factors as influences on citation counts. As expected, the journal and language of the paper were the strongest predictors. The significance of the number of authors diminished after accounting for other attributes. Some of the more subtle predictors included the group's highest h-index, which was positively correlated, while the diversity of author h-indices, minimum professional age, and author's total unique collaborators were negatively correlated. These observations indicate that smaller collaborations composed of early superstars -- young, rapidly successful researchers with relatively high and similar h-indices -- may be at least as influential in biomedical research as larger collaborations with different demographics. While minimum h-index was important, the first author's h-index was insignificant, underscoring the importance of the middle authors' publishing history. The gender diversity outcomes suggest that mixed groups may be ideal, and further research in this area is indicated.
The Development of Self-Reported White-Collar Offending

In contrast to street offending/delinquency, no study to date has explored how white-collar offending develops across the life course using self-report data. This paper fills this gap in the litera...
Novel hot-electron bolometer mixers for submillimeter applications: an overview of recent developments

There has been a resurgence of interest in bolometers as heterodyne mixers at submillimeter wavelengths. This is due primarily to two new and innovative concepts which result in bolometers with response times fast enough to allow for intermediate frequencies (IF) of 1 GHz-10 GHz, as well as low mixer noise temperatures. These IFs are high enough for practical spectroscopy applications and thus these bolometers need to be seriously considered as heterodyne sensors. The paper reviews the basics of bolometer mixers. Then an overview is given of the basic operation of the new high speed bolometers, along with a few results which demonstrate the performance. Finally, the role these sensors may be expected to fulfil is discussed.
Clinical Inertia and Outpatient Medical Errors

Abstract : Clinical inertia is defined as lack of treatment intensification in a patient not as evidence-based goals for care. Clinical inertia is a major factor that contributes to inadequate chronic disease care in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemias, depression, coronary heart disease, and other conditions. Recent work suggests that clinical inertia related to the management of diabetes, hypertension, and lipid disorders may contribute to up to 80 percent of heart attacks and strokes. Clinical inertia is, therefore, a leading cause of potentially preventable adverse events, disability, death, and excess medical care costs. This paper addresses three specific objectives: (1) to present a conceptual model of clinical inertia that takes into account recent developments in human factors research, cognitive science, and organizational behavior; (2) to operationally define clinical inertia and propose simple clinical protocols that can be used to identify and map its incidence across populations of patients and physicians; and (3) to propose future research to reduce clinical inertia by specifically targeting the root causes of the problem.
Brugada Syndrome Why Are There Multiple Answers to a Simple Question

In 1986, two young brothers who survived documented cardiac arrests exhibited a specific electrocardiographic pattern providing a link to sudden death. Similar observations in other individuals led to the original description in 1992 of the syndrome consisting of right bundle branch block, ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V3, and sudden death with structurally normal heart—ie, the Brugada syndrome.1 This syndrome has stimulated research in many centers. What before was an electrocardiographic pattern resembling early repolarization has now become a marker for increased risk of sudden death. Fortunately, this observation coincided with an outpouring of molecular research in cardiology and with the success already encountered in identifying the genetic basis of other arrhythmic diseases. Brugada syndrome likely will continue to benefit from the application of genomics. In just 10 years, the disease has become widely recognized, and researchers in multiple disciplines in basic and clinical research have come together to decipher its pathogenesis. See p 3081 The most common presentation is a middle-aged man, with the electrocardiographic blueprint, no structural heart disease, and a documented history of ventricular fibrillation.2 In 1997, Nademanee et al3 linked Brugada syndrome to sudden unexpected death syndrome (SUDS) in Southeast Asia. SUDS has been recognized since the 1980s, when the Centers for Disease Control reported a higher than usual incidence of sudden death in individuals from that geographic area.4 The individuals usually die during their sleep from ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In some countries, SUDS is an important cause of death in young males, second only to car accidents. The electrocardiographic pattern is the same as that seen in Brugada syndrome, indicating that SUDS and Brugada syndrome are similar diseases, if not the same.3 A sex difference in Brugada syndrome is obvious in Southeast Asia, where only males are …
Aggression and increased glutamate in the mPFC during withdrawal from intermittent alcohol in outbred mice

Rationale Disrupted social behavior, including occasional aggressive outbursts, is characteristic of withdrawal from long-term alcohol (EtOH) use. Heavy EtOH use and exaggerated responses during withdrawal may be treated using glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists.
Optimal Scheduling Strategies in a Multiprocessor System

This paper describes a set of techniques that can be used to optimally schedule a sequence of interrelated computational tasks on a multiprocessor computer system. Using a directed graph model to represent a computational process, two basic problems are solved here. First, given a set of computational tasks and the relationships between them, the tasks are scheduled such that the total execution time is minimized, and the minimum number of processors required to realize this schedule is obtained. The second problem is of a more general nature. Given k processors, the tasks are scheduled such that execution time is again minimized. Consideration is given to tasks of equal and unequal duration, and task preemption is not allowed.
Enhanced Piezoelectric Impedance Approach for Damage Detection With Circuitry Integration

Piezoelectric impedance-based damage detection approach has been recognized to be sensitive to small-sized damage, as the impedance information can be measured at relatively high frequency range. To enhance this approach, recently an innovative scheme is developed by integrating the inductive circuitry serially with the piezoelectric transducer. With the resonant effect due to such inductive circuitry integration, the measurement amplitude is greatly amplified. It has been identified that the change of admittance measurement before and after damage occurrence is increased by an order-of-magnitude, which yields much increased detection sensitivity. In this research, we first attempt to enhance this inductive circuitry scheme by integrating the negative capacitance element. With the peak magnitude of the curve of the admittance change remaining high, the magnitude of the admittance change away from the resonances is greatly increased, which means the amplification effect of the inductive circuitry becomes effective in a wider frequency range. Then we make further improvement by connecting the resistor (used to facilitate the admittance measurement) parallel with the inductor. This results in the amplification of the voltage across the resistor, and thus further increases the signal-to-ratio of admittance measurement. Extensive numerical and experimental studies are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Esthetics built to last: treatment of functional anomalies may need to precede esthetic corrections.

In this case of a 33-year-old male patient seeking a more esthetically pleasing smile, comprehensive restorative treatment planning included recognition of the patient's incisor position and morphology, den- tofacial requirements, and appropriate vertical dimension. The accepted treatment plan consisted of orth- odontic correction of the patient's anterior constriction, followed by placement of eight maxillary veneers and composite augmentation on the mandibular incisors and canines. Keys to achieving a successful outcome included knowledge of smile design, material selection, and preparation techniques. The case demonstrates how functional problems oftentimes must be addressed before esthetic correction can be made.
Accidents of History: Conceptual Frameworks in Paleoarchaeology

A moment’s reflection will show that the various analytical units commonly used by paleolithic archaeologists in western Eurasia (e.g., Aurignacian, Mousterian) are ‘accidents of history,’ created for the most part by French prehistorians between c. 1880 and c. 1940 in order to solve chronological problems in the years before absolute dating methods had become available. Whether or not it makes sense to continue to use them as anything other than a vague and general lingua franca is addressed here, along with the question of what ‘transitions’ between these units might mean or imply about prehistoric human behavior. Since the units themselves are ‘accidents of history,’ the transitions between them might not mean anything at all from the behavioral ecology perspective adopted by some American and European workers. The essay compares and contrasts the conceptual frameworks of culture history (CH) and human behavioral ecology (HBE), focusing on archaeological monitors of human adaptation and how these change, or fail to change, at analytical unit boundaries.
Spatio-spectral characterization of local field potentials in the subthalamic nucleus via multitrack microelectrode recordings

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a highly effective treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, precise intraoperative localization of STN remains a procedural challenge. In the present study, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from three tracks during microelectrode recording-based (MER) targeting of STN, in five patients. The raw LFP data were preprocessed in original recording setup and then data quality was compared to data with common average derivation. The depth-frequency maps were generated according to preprocessing results for each patient and spectral characteristics of LFPs were explored at each depth across different tracks and different subjects. Spatio-spectral analysis of LFP was investigated to see whether LFP activity can be used for optimal track selection and STN border identification. Analysis show that monopolar derivation suffer from various artifacts and/or power line noise which makes the interpretation of target localization very difficult in most of the subjects. Unlikely, bipolar derivation helps to recover the neurological signals and investigation of signal characteristics. The frequency-vs-depth maps using a modified Welch periodogram with robust statistics, demonstrated that a median-based spectrum estimation approach eliminates outliers pretty well by preserving band-specific LFP activity. The results indicate that there is a clear oscillatory beta activity around 20 Hz in all subjects. 1/f normalization reveals the high frequency oscillations (HFOs) between 200-to-350 Hz in two subjects. It's noted that the optimal track selection is not consistent with the track having highest beta band oscillations in two out of five subjects. In conclusion, microelectrode-derived LFP recordings may provide an alternative approach to single unit activity (SUA)-based MER, for localizing the target STN borders during DBS surgery. Despite the small number of subjects, the present study adds to existing knowledge about LFP-based pathophysiology of PD and its target-based spectral activities.
Lymphocyte Subsets in Normal Human Lymphoid Tissues

A series of B, T, natural killer (NK) cell, and monocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the localization of lymphocyte subpopulations in frozen tissue sections of human lymph node, spleen, tonsil, and thymus by means of an immunohistochemical technic. In thymus, most cortical thymocytes reacted with Leu 1, Leu 2a, Leu 3a, Leu 4, Lyt 3, OKT3, and OKT6 antibodies. Except for OKT6, Leu 2a, and Leu 3a, these antibodies also reacted with medullary thymocytes. The majority (70-80%) of medullary thymocytes reacted with Leu 3a and a smaller fraction (20-30%) with Leu 2a antibody. The staining pattern of thymic medulla approximates the staining pattern of peripheral T cells. In peripheral lymphoid tissues, the majority of cells in the paracortical region of lymph node and in the periarteriolar sheath of spleen stained with Leu 1, Leu 4, OKT3, and Lyt 3 antibodies. Staining with Leu 3a and Leu 2a identified 60-80% and 20-40% of total T cells, respectively, as defined by Lyt 3 positivity. In addition, a substantial number of Leu 3a+ and Leu 7+ cells were found in the germinal centers of secondary follicles. This finding supports the importance of these subsets of lymphocytes in regulation of the human immune response. Leu 2a+ cells were rare in tissues with prominent follicular hyperplasia, but appeared in considerable number in the red pulp of spleen. In the mantle zone of lymphoid follicles, the majority of lymphocytes were positive for IgM, IgD, and B1. Approximately 60-70% of these cells bore kappa chain and 30-40% lambda chain immunoglobulin. The extracellular substance in germinal centers was positive for B1, IgG, IgM, kappa, and lambda. The majority of germinal center cells appeared to contain no surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. Small mononuclear cells bearing OKM1 marker were abundant in the marginal zone of white pulp and in the red pulp of spleen but, rarely were observed in other portions of lymphoid tissues. OKM1 also reacted with granulocytes. Leu 7+ (NK) cells were rare in the thymus, but frequent in the GC of secondary follicles. The distribution of Leu 7+ cells did not correspond to staining with Lyt 3 and Leu 2a.
Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Young Subjects with Sleep Apnea

Study objectives Regional brain alterations may be involved in the pathogenesis and adverse consequences of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The objectives for the current study were to (1) determine cerebrovascular reactivity in the motor areas that control upper airway musculature in patients with OSA, and (2) determine whether young patients with OSA have decreased cerebrovascular reactivity in response to breath holding. Design Case-control study. Setting Academic center. Participants Twelve subjects with OSA (age 24-42 y; apnea-hypopnea index 17; interquartile range [IQR] 9, 69 per hour) and control subjects (n = 10; age 29-44 y; AHI 2; IQR 1, 3 per hour). Measurements and results Subjects underwent blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) while awake, swallowing, and breath holding. In subjects with OSA, during swallowing, there was less activity in the brainstem than in controls (P = 0.03) that remained reduced after adjusting for cortical motor strip activity (P = 0.036). In OSA subjects, brain regions of increased cerebrovascular reactivity (38; IQR 17, 96 cm(3)) was smaller than that in controls (199; IQR 5, 423 cm(3); P = 0.01). In OSA subjects, brain regions of decreased cerebrovascular reactivity during breath hold was greater (P = 0.01), and the ratio of increased-to-decreased brain regions was lower than that of controls (P = 0.006). Adjustment for cerebral volumes, body mass index, and white matter lesions did not change these results substantively. Conclusions In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), diminished change in brainstem activity during swallowing and reduced cerebrovascular reactivity may contribute to the etiopathogenesis and adverse cerebrovascular consequences, respectively. We speculate that decreased cerebral auto-regulation may be causative of gray matter loss in OSA.
CRT-300.18 Outcomes of Stenting With Covered Stents in Aorto-iliac Lesions to Limit Restenosis

Advances in endovascular techniques and devices have improved the outcomes of percutaneous revascularization in what was once considered a primarily surgical disease. The utilization of drug-covered stents (ICAST) appears to yield improved patency rate than the 85% patency rate demonstrated with
Rounding the bases with a secure base

ABSTRACTParental availability and responsiveness were experimentally manipulated to determine the effects on children’s athletic performance. Fifty children (3–12-year-olds) ran as fast as possible around a softball diamond twice: once while parents were available and responsive and once while parents were unavailable and unresponsive (engrossed in mobile phone; order randomized and counterbalanced). Children ran about three seconds faster and were 17% less likely to trip, fall, or false start in the parental available and responsive condition. In addition, during only the available and responsive condition in which parents were instructed to watch their child and respond as they normally would, children ran faster as their parents’ sensitivity increased. Similarly, children ran faster as parents’ harshness decreased.
Calcitonin gene related peptide expression in brain edema induced by endotoxin in rabbits

Objective To study the expression and significance of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in brain edema induced by endotoxin in rabbits Methods In 25 New Zealand white rabbits, 400 μg endotoxin was intraventricully injected. The same volume of normal saline was injected in 5 rabbits as controls. CGRP concentrations were detected by radioimmunoassay in different periods in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue (hippocampus area) The brain water content were measured by dry method Results The plasma, CSF and brain tissue CGRP concentrations after endotoxin injection were significantly higher than those of control group, and those before injection ( P 0 05 or P 0 01) The peak CGRP level occured on 12～ 24 hours after endotoxin injection Brain water levels were also significantly higher ( P 0 05 or P 0 01) and reached to the peak level on 24 hours after injection Conclusion The CGRP expression was increased in brain tissue, CSF and plasma during the inflammation of central nervous system induced by endotoxin Excessive CGRP production and release may worsen the process of brain edema and inflammation
Delayed Bladder Rupture after Augmentation Enterocystoplasty

AbstractDelayed bladder perforation with peritonitis following augmentation enterocystoplasty in children with spina bifida is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. Our experience with 4 such cases is presented. All patients had spina bifida with a neuropathic bladder and they had undergone augmentation enterocystoplasty with a tubular colonic segment of large bowel as part of an undiversion procedure. All patients were being managed with intermittent self-catheterization. The interval from augmentation enterocystoplasty until presentation ranged from 6 months to 3 years. Diagnosis was delayed in all cases, including 3 in which cystogram studies were normal despite findings of extravasation of urine at exploration. In 1 patient generalized sepsis developed with the respiratory distress syndrome and, subsequently, she died.
Active sensing data collection with autonomous mobile robots

With the introduction of autonomous robots that help perform various tasks in our environments, we can opportunistically use them for collecting fine-grain sensor measurements about our surroundings. Use of mobile robots for data collection scales much better than static sensors in terms of number of measurement locations and provide more fine-grain accuracy and reliability than alternate human crowd-sourcing efforts. One of the unique features of mobile robots is the ability to control and direct where and when measurements should be collected. In this paper, we present a system to compute paths for the robot to follow that incorporates the robot's limited expected deployment time, expected measurement value at each location, and a history of when each location was last visited.
Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase Enzyme Activity with a CatalyCEST MRI Biosensor.

Responsive CEST MRI biosensors offer good sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of biomarkers with great potential for clinical translation. We report the application of fosfosal, a phosphorylated form of salicylic acid, for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzyme. We detected conversion of fosfosal to salicylic acid in the presence of the enzyme by CEST MRI. Importantly the technique was able to detect AP enzyme expressed in cells in the presence of other cell components, which improves specificity. Various isoforms of the enzyme showed different Michaelis–Menten kinetics and yet these kinetics studies indicated very efficient catalytic rates. Our results with the fosfosal biosensor encourage further in vivo studies.
Estimated Costs of Sporadic Gastrointestinal Illness Associated with Surface Water Recreation: A Combined Analysis of Data from NEEAR and CHEERS Studies.

Background:The burden of illness can be described by addressing both incidence and illness severity attributable to water recreation. Monetized as cost, attributable disease burden estimates can be...
Family-school partnerships in rural communities: Benefits, exemplars, and future research

Research has established that families significantly influence students’ development, with parental engagement positively predicting academic and social-behavioral adjustment. When families and schools partner in students’ education, positive benefits for the students as well as their families and teachers are realized. Although rural schools are uniquely positioned to foster and benefit from family-school partnerships, limited resources, logistical barriers and lack of familiarity challenge the development of effective partnerships in rural settings. This chapter will examine Teachers and Parents as Partners (TAPP), a structured, indirect intervention that focuses both on promoting students’ social-behavior and academic success and strengthening family-school partnerships. Research on TAPP has documented its positive effects on students’ behavioral, academic and social-emotional functioning across home and school settings; this chapter will outline its efficacy and utility in rural settings. Authors will review results from a four-year randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of TAPP in rural schools and provide suggestions for future research considerations of family-school partnerships in the rural context.
Upper Extremity Injuries in Tennis Players: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management

Upper extremity tennis injuries are most commonly characterized as overuse injuries to the wrist, elbow, and shoulder. The complex anatomy of these structures and their interaction with biomechanical properties of tennis strokes contributes to the diagnostic challenges. A thorough understanding of tennis kinetics, in combination with the current literature surrounding diagnostic and treatment methods, will improve clinical decision-making.
Model Jury Instructions for Reasonable Royalty Patent Damages

Consistent, accurate and understandable jury instructions are critical to the determination of damages in patent cases. In January 2016 the Federal Circuit Bar Association (“FCBA”) amended its popular model jury instructions. Among other things, the 2016 amendments substantially reframed the instructions regarding the calculation of reasonable royalty damages in patent cases, replacing the fifteen “Georgia-Pacific” factors with a streamlined set of three factors emphasizing the value contribution of the patented technology to the overall product and comparable license agreements. This Essay discusses the history and implications of the FCBA instruction change for reasonable royalty damages. It assesses the adherence of the reformulated damages analysis to the Federal Circuit’s rulings regarding damages calculations in Ericsson v. D-Link and other recent case law, and compares the FCBA instruction with corresponding instructions developed by the American Intellectual Property Law Association (“AIPLA”) and the Northern District of California. We also present new empirical data regarding the use and adoption of model jury instructions in cases in which reasonable royalty damages are adjudicated. We find that a wide variety of instructions are used, partially defeating the goals of consistency and efficiency that model instructions seek to achieve. We conclude by recommending that the Federal Circuit endorse a single set of model jury instructions for patent cases, and that it consider the new FCBA instructions for this purpose. We also urge the FCBA and other organizations developing model jury instructions to continue to emphasize the traditional incremental value approach to patent valuation, and to develop additional jury instructions addressing issues raised by standards-essential patents.
Reliability and Validity of a Mobile Device Application for Use in Sports-Related Concussion Balance Assessment

Background Balance assessment is necessary when evaluating athletes after a concussion. We investigated a mobile device application (app) for providing valid, reliable, and objective measures of static balance. Objectives The mobile device app would demonstrate similar test–retest reliability to force platform center of pressure (COP) sway variables and that SWAY scores and force platform COP sway variables would demonstrate good correlation coefficients. Methods Twenty-six healthy adults performed balance stances on a force platform while holding a mobile device equipped with SWAY (Sway Medical LLC) to measure postural sway based on acceleration changes detected by the mobile device's accelerometer. Participants completed four series of three 10-second stances (feet together, tandem, and single leg), twice with eyes open and twice with eyes closed. Test–retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Concurrent validity of SWAY scores and COP sway variables were determined with Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Reliability of SWAY scores was comparable to force platform results for the same test condition (ICC = 0.21–0.57). Validity showed moderate associations between SWAY scores and COP sway variables during tandem stance (r = –0.430 to –0.493). Lower SWAY scores, indicating instability, were associated with greater COP sway. Discussion The SWAY app is a valid and reliable tool when measuring balance of healthy individuals in tandem stance. Further study of clinical populations is needed prior to assessment use. Conclusion The SWAY app has potential for objective clinical and sideline evaluations of concussed athletes, although continued evaluation is needed.
Spin Polarization of Rb and Cs n p P 2 3 2 ( n = 5 , 6) Atoms by Circularly Polarized Photoexcitation of a Transient Diatomic Molecule

We report the selective population of Rb or Cs $np$ ${^{2}P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ ($n=5$, 6; $F=4$, 5) hyperfine states by the photodissociation of a transient, alkali-rare gas diatomic molecule. Circularly polarized (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) on the ${D}_{2}$ line of Rb or Cs (780.0 and 852.1 nm, respectively) is generated when Rb-Xe or Cs-Xe ground state collision pairs are photoexcited by a ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{+}$-polarized optical field having a wavelength within the ${D}_{2}$ blue satellite continuum, associated with the $B{^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{+}\ensuremath{\leftarrow}X{^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ ($\text{free}\ensuremath{\leftarrow}\text{free}$) transition of the diatomic molecule. The degree of spin polarization of Cs ($6p$ $^{2}{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$), specifically, is found to be dependent on the interatomic distance ($R$) at which the excited complex is born, a result attributed to the structure of the $B{^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ state. For Cs-Xe atomic pairs, tuning the wavelength of the optical field from 843 to 848 nm varies the degree of circular polarization of the ASE from 63% to almost unity because of the perturbation, in the $5\ensuremath{\le}R\ensuremath{\le}6\text{ }\text{ }\AA{}$ interval, of the ${^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ potential by a $d\ensuremath{\sigma}$ molecular orbital associated with a higher $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ electronic state. Monitoring only the Cs $6p$ $^{2}{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ spin polarization reveals a previously unobserved interaction of CsXe ($B{^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$) with the lowest vibrational levels of a $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ state derived from Cs $(5d)+\mathrm{Xe}$. By inserting a molecular intermediate into the alkali atom excitation mechanism, these experiments realize electronic spin polarization through populating no more than two $np$ ${^{2}P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ hyperfine states, and demonstrate a sensitive spectroscopic probe of $R$-dependent state-state interactions and their impact on interatomic potentials.
The interpretative structural model of influencing factors of the new-type town distribution system

An Interpretative Structural Model (ISM) of influencing factors of the new-type town distribution system is proposed in this paper. The weight of each influencing factor in the ISM is obtained by extended Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The main influencing factors are analyzed. It provides reference for the development and construction of China's new-type town distribution system. First, the influencing factor set of new-type town distribution system is put forward and the interaction relation between each two factors is analyzed to form the Reachable Matrix. According to the Reachable Matrix, the ISM of influencing factors of the new-type town distribution system is constructed. In order to directly show the impact of each factor on the new-type town distribution system, an extended AHP method to calculate the weight of each factor is proposed in this paper. Finally, the analysis of two examples verifies the practicability and adaptability of the proposed method.
Die Adaptation der intranodalen Leitungszeit an gleitende auf- und absteigende Frequenzbelastung (AV-Treppe) vor und nach Blockade des autonomen Nervensystems

Es wurde untersucht, in welcher Form sich die Impulsleitung durch den menschlichen AV-Knoten an artefizielle atriale Stimulation adaptiert, wenn man die Stimulationsfrequenz gleitend, d.h. ohne die Stimulation bei Ubergang auf die nachste Frequenz zu unterbrechen, zunachst erhoht und dann in identischen Frequenzsprungen kontinuierlich erniedrigt. Zusatzlich sollte geklart werden, wie die Blockade beider Komponenten des autonomen Nervensystems den Adaptationsmodus beeinflust.
Increased C-Reactive Protein in Healthy Controls.

Our laboratory was contacted by a research coordinator involved in a study of inflammatory markers in obese individuals with co-morbidities. The study included a control cohort of obese, but otherwise healthy, volunteers. Four of 10 healthy volunteers in the control group had increased serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (reference interval: <10 mg/L; non-high sensitivity; Table 1). The research coordinator called …
Germline but not somatic de novo mutations are common in human congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Objectives Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a developmental defect of the diaphragm that causes high newborn morbidity and mortality. CDH is considered to be a multifactorial disease, with strong evidence implicating genetic factors. Although recent studies suggest the biological role of deleterious germline de novo variants, the effect of gene variants specific to the diaphragm remains unclear, and few single genes have been definitively implicated in human disease. Methods We performed genome sequencing on 16 individuals with CDH and their unaffected parents, including 10 diaphragmatic samples. Results We did not detect damaging somatic mutations in diaphragms, but identified germline heterozygous de novo functional mutations of 14 genes in nine patients. Although the majority of these genes are not known to be associated with CDH, one patient with CDH and cardiac anomalies harbored a frameshift mutation in NR2F2 (aka COUP-TFII), generating a premature truncation of the protein. This patient also carried a missense variant predicted to be damaging in XIRP2 (aka Myomaxin), a transcriptional target of MEF2A. Both NR2F2 and MEF2A map to chromosome 15q26, where recurring de novo deletions and unbalanced translocations have been observed in CDH. Conclusions Somatic variants are not common in CDH. To our knowledge, this is the second case of a germline de novo frameshift mutation in NR2F2 in CDH. Since NR2F2 null mice exhibit a diaphragmatic defect, and XIRP2 is implicated in cardiac development, our data suggest the role of these two variants in the etiology of CDH, and possibly cardiac anomalies.
Prognosis of hepatic failure with the albumin-bilirubin model for hepatocellular carcinoma after stereotactic body radiotherapy with and without transplant.

384Background: The Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) model is a validated prognostic assessment of cirrhosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), stratifying patients to grades 1(ALBI-1), 2(ALBI-2), or 3(ALBI...
Predicting the counter-intuitive stress relaxation behavior of glass forming materials

Abstract The ability to relax a macroscopically applied stress is often associated with molecular mobility, or the possibility for a molecule to move outside the confines of its current position, within the material of which the stress is applied. Here, a viscoelastic constitutive analysis is used to investigate the counter-intuitive experimental observation of “mobility decrease with increased deformation through yield” [1] for a glass forming polymer during stress relaxation while under compressive and tensile loading conditions. The behavior of an epoxy thermoset is examined using an extensively validated, thermorheologically simple, material “clock” model, the Simplified Potential Energy Clock (SPEC) model.[2] This methodology allows for a comparison between the linear viscoelastic (LVE) limit and the true non-linear viscoelastic (NLVE) representation and enables exploration of a wide range of conditions that are not practical to investigate experimentally. The model predicts the behavior previously described as “mobility decrease with increased deformation” in the LVE limit and at low strain rates for NLVE. Only when loading rates are sufficient to decrease the material shift factor by multiple orders of magnitude is the anticipated deformation induced mobility or “mobility increase with increased deformation” observed. While the model has not been “trained” for these behaviors, it also predicts that the normalized stress relaxation response is indistinguishable amongst strain levels in the “post-yield” region, as has been experimentally reported. At long time, which has not been examined experimentally, the model predicts that even the normalized relaxation curves that exhibit “mobility increase with increased deformation” “cross back over” and return to the LVE ordering. These findings demonstrate the ability of rheologically simple models to represent the counter-intuitive experimentally measured material response and present predictions at long time scales that could be tested experimentally.
A 13 C isotope labeling method for the measurement of lignin metabolic flux in Arabidopsis stems

Metabolic fluxes represent the functional phenotypes of biochemical pathways and are essential to reveal the distribution of precursors among metabolic networks. Although analysis of metabolic fluxes, facilitated by stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry detection, has been applied in the studies of plant metabolism, we lack experimental measurements for carbon flux towards lignin, one of the most abundant polymers in nature. We developed a feeding strategy of excised Arabidopsis stems with 13C labeled phenylalanine (Phe) for the analysis of lignin biosynthetic flux. We optimized the feeding methods and found the stems continued to grow and lignify. Consistent with lignification profiles along the stems, higher levels of phenylpropanoids and activities of lignin biosynthetic enzymes were detected in the base of the stem. In the feeding experiments, 13C labeled Phe was quickly accumulated and used for the synthesis of phenylpropanoid intermediates and lignin. The intermediates displayed two different patterns of labeling kinetics during the feeding period. Analysis of lignin showed rapid incorporation of label into all three subunits in the polymers. Our feeding results demonstrate the effectiveness of the stem feeding system and suggest a potential application for the investigations of other aspects in plant metabolism. The supply of exogenous Phe leading to a higher lignin deposition rate indicates the availability of Phe is a determining factor for lignification rates.
When a nonadherent patient needs your care.

Argues that non-adherence on a patient's part does not erase physician responsibility and examines how best to provide care for a non-adherent patient. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Molecular Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Isolates From a Single Finisher Building for Determination of Horizontal Transmission of Resistance Genes

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium Phage Type DT104 contains a region where five major antibiotic genes are located, which has been named Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) (Boyd, et al, 2002) and bound by Class I integrons which have been shown to aid in transferring genes horizontally. Antibiotic resistance profiles, Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were used to determine if these genes are present in the serovars.
Two-Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites: A New Platform for Optoelectronic Applications

2D perovskites are recently attracting a significant amount of attention, mainly due to their improved stability compared with their 3D counterpart, e.g., the archetypical MAPbI3 . Interestingly, the first studies on 2D perovskites can be dated back to the 1980s. The most popular 2D perovskites have a general formula of (RNH3 )2 MAn -1 Mn X3 n +1 , where n represents the number of metal halide octahedrons between the insulating organic cation layers. The optoelectronic properties of 2D perovskites, e.g., band gap, are highly dependent on the thickness of the inorganic layers (i.e., the value of n). Herein, 2D perovskites are arbitrarily divided into three classes, strict 2D (n = 1), quasi-2D (n = 2-5), and quasi-3D (n > 5), and research progress is summarized following this classification. The majority of existing 2D perovskites only employ very simple organic cations (e.g., butyl ammonium or phenylethyl ammonium), which merely function as the supporting layer/insulating barrier to achieve the 2D structure. Thus, a particularly important research question is: can functional organic cations be designed for these 2D perovskites, where these functional organic cations would play an important role in dictating the optoelectronic properties of these organic-inorganic hybrid materials, leading to unique device performance or applications?
Operational Perspectives on Extended Producer Responsibility

We revisit three important assumptions about extended producer responsibility (EPR) that originate from academia, policy, or practice: (1) A central objective of EPR should be to induce product designs for the environment; (2) collective EPR implementations mute incentives to design for the environment; and (3) more stringent EPR policy parameters will generate better environmental outcomes. We discuss the potential shortcomings of these assumptions from an operations perspective and their implications for academic and policy research.
Heimat as Communist Utopia or Leerstelle: Yoko Tawada’s Naked Eye

Kleist Prize recipient Yoko Tawada’s work is often interpreted in terms of cultural and linguistic difference. This article offers a different, materialist reading of her 2004 novel Das nackte Auge...
Separate and combined influences of heat and hypobaric hypoxia on self-paced aerobic exercise performance.

This is the first known study to examine the combined effects of heat and hypobaric hypoxia on short-duration self-paced cycling time trial performance. Regardless of environmental condition, subje...
Sovereign Debt Restructurings in Grenada: Causes, Processes, Outcomes, and Lessons Learned

This paper documents the two debt restructurings that Grenada undertook in 2004-06 and 2013-15.Both restructurings emerged as a consequence of weak fiscal and debt situations, whichbecame unsustainable soon after external shocks hit the island economy. The two restructurings provided liquidity relief, with the second one involving a principal haircut. However, the first restructuring was not able to secure long-term debt sustainability. Grenada's restructuring experience shows the importance of (1) establishing appropriate debt restructuring objectives; (2) committing to policy reforms and maintaining ownership of the restructuring goals; and (3) engaging closely and having clear communications with creditors.
The Impact of Massive Weight Loss on Psychological Comorbidities: A Large, Retrospective Database Review

The obese population has a higher incidence of mood disorders compared to individuals with normal body mass index (BMI). A better understanding of the unique psychosocial challenges faced by this patient population will allow physicians to better optimize patient psychosocial support systems perioperatively, as well as help the patient to maintain appropriate expectations. A large, retrospective database of 1135 patients with greater than 50 pounds of weight loss was reviewed. Data were analyzed using a multinomial regression model to determine the influence of psychosocial factors on the incidence of depression and anxiety. Prior to massive weight loss, patients reported an overall incidence of depression and anxiety of 42.5% and 26.3%, respectively. Following massive weight loss, the incidence of depression decreased to 32.3% and the incidence of anxiety decreased to 22.0%. Patients with spousal support and with positive self-image were more likely to experience resolution of depression. Patients with positive self-image were likely to experience resolution of anxiety. Resolution of medical comorbidities correlated with a decrease in the rate of depression. Depression and anxiety are prevalent in the massive weight loss patient population undergoing body contouring surgery. Support systems are a vital resource for patients with psychological comorbidities undergoing massive weight loss. Patients who have a positive self-image of themselves are more likely to experience resolution of psychological comorbidities. Physicians should consider recommending support groups and/or counseling in patients who have poor support and negative self-image. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Dangerous Liaisons: Gammaherpesvirus Subversion of the Immunoglobulin Repertoire

A common biologic property of the gammaherpesviruses Epstein–Barr Virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus is their use of B lymphocytes as a reservoir of latency in healthy individuals that can undergo oncogenic transformation later in life. Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) employ an impressive arsenal of proteins and non-coding RNAs to reprogram lymphocytes for proliferative expansion. Within lymphoid tissues, the germinal center (GC) reaction is a hub of B cell proliferation and death. The goal of a GC is to generate and then select for a pool of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes that will provide a protective humoral adaptive immune response. B cells infected with GHVs are detected in GCs and bear the hallmark signatures of the mutagenic processes of somatic hypermutation and isotype class switching of the Ig genes. However, data also supports extrafollicular B cells as a reservoir engaged by GHVs. Next-generation sequencing technologies provide unprecedented detail of the Ig sequence that informs the natural history of infection at the single cell level. Here, we review recent reports from human and murine GHV systems that identify striking differences in the immunoglobulin repertoire of infected B cells compared to their uninfected counterparts. Implications for virus biology, GHV-associated cancers, and host immune dysfunction will be discussed.
Rheology of Entangled Polyelectrolyte Solutions

Polyelectrolyte solution dynamics have been carefully studied experimentally and theoretically for unentangled solutions and thought to be reasonably well understood. While theoretical models have ...