cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing cache capacity through word filtering

With the increasing performance gap between processor and memory, it is essential that caches are utilized efficiently. However, caches are very inefficiently utilized because not all the excess data fetched into the cache, to exploit spatial locality, is accessed. Studies have shown that a prediction accuracy of about 95% can be achieved when predicting the to-be-referenced words in a cache block. In this paper, we use this prediction mechanism to fetch only the to-be-referenced data into the L1 data cache on a cache miss. We then utilize the cache space, thus made available, to store words from multiple cache blocks in a single physical cache block space in the cache, thus increasing the useful words in the cache. We also propose methods to combine this technique with a value-based approach to further increase the cache capacity. Our experiments show that, with our techniques, we achieve about 57% of the L1 data cache miss rate reduction and about 60% of the cache capacity increase observed when using a double sized cache, with only about 25% cache space overhead.
What the Frog's Nose Tells the Frog's Brain

The olfactory system has the challenging task of responding to thousands of structurally dissimilar odors. In the last decade, advances in molecular biology and genomics have made it possible to obtain an understanding of the diversity of olfactory receptors ([Mombaerts, 1999][1]; [Buck, 2000][2]).
Anatomical study on the "perforator-free zone": reconsidering the proximal superior cerebellar artery and basilar artery perforators.

Background The proximal superior cerebellar artery (pSCA) is often considered a perforator-free area. Precise anatomical knowledge of this region clarifies the pathophysiology underlying posterior fossa ischemic syndromes and helps avoid treatment-related complications. Objective To anatomically evaluate perforating branches arising from the pSCA and the upper basilar artery (BA). Methods Forty-four SCAs from 20 cadaveric heads were examined to determine patterns of the pSCA; its morphometry for medial and lateral branches; and frequency, number, diameter, distribution, and vascular territory of perforators arising from the pSCA and rostral BA. Results SCA arose as a single trunk in 36 sides (90%): mean diameter at origin was 1.38 mm; mean length was 14.4 ± 7.9 mm. Ninety-nine pSCA perforator branches were present in 82% of specimens (mean, 2.3 ± 1.6; range, 0-7 perforators/side). Of these, 59% were direct, belonging to the interpeduncular group in 85% of cases; 28% were short circumflex, belonging to lateral and medial pontine group; and 13% were long circumflex, reaching the medullary perforation zone (basal cerebellar group). Median distance to the first perforator was 2.0 mm (range, 0.1-15 mm). There were 132 perforator branches in the last centimeter of the BA. Conclusion The pSCA should not be regarded as a perforator-free area. Although the pSCA territories likely overlap with the posterior cerebral artery, BA, and anterior inferior cerebellar artery, the pSCA segment cannot be surgically manipulated with impunity.
Determination of Picogram Nitroglycerin Plasma Concentrations Using Capillary Gas Chromatography with On-Column Injection

A specific, sensitive, and precise capillary gas chromatographic (GC) assay capable of analyzing picogram concentrations of nitroglycerin in human plasma was developed. The analytical procedure involves a double extraction of 1 mL of plasma with pentane, after the addition of internal standard (1 ng of 2,6-dinitrotoluene), followed by evaporation and reconstitution in 50 μL of heptane. The extract (1 μL) was injected onto a capillary column using the on-column injection technique. The GC oven temperature was programmed from 120°C to 180°C at a rate of 5°C/min. The oven temperature was then programmed to 250°C and was maintained for 10 min. The nitroglycerin and internal standard retention times were 8.6 and 11.4 min, respectively. The position of the end of the capillary column inside the detector is a critical determinant of sensitivity: the column exit must be positioned such that nitroglycerin adsorption to the detector is minimized (i.e., sensitivity maximized). The assay limit of quantitation was 25 pg/mL (CV = 7.6%) using 1 mL of plasma. This GC assay, specific for nitroglycerin in the presence of its metabolites, isosorbide dinitrate, and several other drugs, may be used to quantitate plasma levels obtained after therapeutic nitroglycerin doses.
Inspection of North Sea oil platform: 25 years of equipment development

As with any metal structure, fatigue and corrosion of oil platforms are major concerns that require constant surveillance. Visual inspections can be carried out underwater effectively by divers, but more sophisticated nondestructive test (NDT) methods are sometimes necessary. This paper will trace the development of equipment from simple encapsulated versions of land-used instruments where the main question was whether to train NDT operators as divers or vice versa, to the modern systems operated from remote operated vehicles. Some of the interesting innovations along the way, such as torch-like ultrasonic thickness gauges, and devices for detecting flooded members will be described.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Jupiter's main magnetic field measured by Pioneer 11

The preliminary results of an analysis of quick-look data obtained from a high field magnetometer placed on Pioneer 11 are presented. It is found that within three planetary radii of Jupiter, the planetary magnetic field is too complex to be represented by a simple offset tilted dipole (OTD), as was suggested by Pioneer 10 data, and that higher harmonic multipoles are required. Reconciliation is achieved with earlier independently derived estimates obtained from ground-based observations of radio emissions, since the movement and tilt of the Pioneer 10 model yielded a field configuration and intensity that were inconsistent with those estimates.
Care of patients with acute pulmonary emboli: a clinical review with cardiovascular focus

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common, multidisciplinary disease with substantial associated morbidity, mortality and healthcare expense. In this article we present a succinct review of diagnostic tools, risk stratification and medical therapies for cardiovascular care of patients with acute PE. While pulmonary angiography remains the 'gold standard' for diagnosis, a host of diagnostic modalities, interpreted in the setting of clinical probability, are available for patient assessment, including ECG, chest radiography, D-dimer, lower-extremity venous ultrasound, ventilation-perfusion scans, computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography, and echocardiography, each with associated value. Diagnostic algorithms incorporate multiple tools in order to obtain a more comprehensive evaluation. Therapeutic anticoagulation remains the mainstay of therapy in PE. In massive PE, utilization of thrombolysis is reasonable in the absence of contraindications. Submassive PE, characterized by right ventricular dysfunction as assessed by echocardiography and ECG, is associated with higher mortality. Use of thrombolysis in submassive PE remains controversial. Catheter-directed therapies are emerging as an added approach to acute PE and have the potential to improve outcomes in PE. Use of inferior vena cava filters should be pursued in a select patient population as they serve to reduce recurrent acute PE; however, they are associated with more frequent deep venous thrombosis and provide no mortality benefit. In risk-stratified hemodynamically stable patients, an outpatient management strategy inclusive of therapeutic anticoagulation and careful clinical follow-up may be appropriate.
The case for chick lit in academic libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to prove that chick lit is a legitimate and important area of collection for academic libraries.Design/methodology/approach – This article presents a definition of chick lit with an overview of the origin and significance of the term itself, discusses chick lit's impact on publishing, and its relationship to academia and women's writing.Findings – Chick lit is an important area for libraries to collect in because it is representative of women's writing in the twentieth‐twenty‐first century, and because it is a cultural and economic force in the publishing and entertainment worlds.Practical implications – This article presents guidelines on building a chick lit collection.Originality/value – This article provides a perspective on chick lit lacking in the literature aimed at academic libraries. A search of Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), Library Literature and Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA) reflects the dearth of article...
On two functional equations and their solutions

Abstract The present work aims to determine the solution f : R 2 → R of the equation f ( u x − v y , u y − v x ) = f ( x , y ) + f ( u , v ) + f ( x , y ) f ( u , v ) for all x , y , u , v ∈ R without any regularity assumption. The solution of the functional equation f ( u x + v y , u y − v x ) = f ( x , y ) + f ( u , v ) + f ( x , y ) f ( u , v ) is also determined. The methods of solution of these equations are simple and elementary. These two equations arise in connection with the characterizations of determinant and permanent of two-by-two symmetric matrices, respectively.
The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity

The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity, drafted at the Second World Conference on Research Integrity, which took place in Singapore from July 21 to 24, 2010, is an important step toward prom...
An unusual presentation of a congenital intrahepatic arterioportal fistula in an infant with Down syndrome

Congenital intrahepatic arterioportal fistula is a rare entity that most often presents with symptoms of portal hypertension and malabsorption. We discuss a patient who presented with distributive shock, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, ascites, and a history of severe constipation.
Progression of Postictal to Interictal Psychosis

Summary: Purpose: To describe a case series of patients with both postictal psychosis (PIP) and chronic interictal psychosis (IIP). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 43 patients with PIP from a comprehensive epilepsy center to find evidence of both PIP and IIP in the same patient. Results: Six (13.9%) of the 43 patients met all the criteria for both PIP and IIP. Five of our six patients had multiple documented PIPs before they became chronically psychotic. The range of length of time between PIP and IIP was 7 to 96 months. Postictal and interictal psychotic behavior was similar or identical in five of six cases. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest a progression from PIP to IIP: there is a similarity between the symptoms of the two psychoses, a history of multiple PIPs before the first IIP, and a period of months to years between PIP and IIP onset.
Through-thickness texture variation in cold-rolled AA 5182 aluminum alloy with an initial {001}〈110〉 texture

Through-thickness texture variation in cold-rolled AA 5182 aluminum alloy with an initial {001}〈110〉 texture was investigated by X-ray diffraction. A detailed quantitative analysis of texture volume fractions in several layers was performed. The effect of initial through-thickness texture gradient and roll-gap geometry on the texture evolution during multipass rolling was determined. A pronounced texture variation through the thickness was found in the initial material. The shear deformation produced by the friction between the roll and the sheet contact surface may be neglected in the present experiment with oil as a lubricant. At low strains with the l/h ratio from 0.9 to 2.0, the shear deformation caused by the roll-gap geometry slightly decreased the lattice rotation from the {001}〈110〉 orientation to the C orientation at the intermediate layer, while the roll-gap geometry did not produce a shear strain at large strains with higher values of the l/h ratio. The strong initial r-cube texture at the center layer stimulated the transformation from the r-cube orientation to the C orientation and the formation of the β fiber during rolling.
Beam alignment tests for therapy accelerators

Abstract Beam spot displacement, collimator asymmetry, and movement of either collimator or gantry rotational axis can cause misalignment of the X ray beam from a therapy accelerator. A test method, sensitive to all the above problems, consists of double-exposing a film, located at the isocenter, for two gantry positions, 180° apart. Opposite halves of the field are blocked for each exposure. A lateral shift of one half with respect to the other indicates the presence of one of the problems mentioned above. Additional tests are described, each of which is sensitive to only one of the problems and capable of quantifying the error.
Relationships Among Green's Theorem, Helmholtz' Theorem, and Integral Equation Methods of Solving the Forward EGG Problem

Recent attempts to solve the forward problem of electrocardiography using approximation methods have proceeded from two distinct theoretical derivations, the Gelernter-Swihart procedure based on a Helmholtz Theorem approach and that of Barr et al. based on Green's Theorem. The Green's Theorem approach has not yet been satisfactorily placed on a physical basis, nor has it been interpreted in terms of what is acknowledged to be the most general formulation of time-invariant fields, Helmholtz's Theorem.
Organ-specific silencing of duplicated genes in a newly synthesized cotton allotetraploid

Most eukaryotes have undergone genome doubling at least once during their evolutionary history. Hybridization followed by genome doubling (allopolyploidization) is a prominent mode of speciation in plants, leading to phenotypic novelty and changes in genome structure and gene expression. Molecular events that take place immediately after polyploid formation can be studied using newly synthesized allopolyploids. Here we studied the extent of gene silencing in a newly created and genomically stable allotetraploid cotton, of genotype AAGG, using an AFLP-cDNA display screen. Over 2000 transcripts were screened and ∼5% of the duplicated genes in the allotetraploid were inferred to have been silenced or downregulated. Sequencing of 24 AFLP-cDNA fragments revealed genes with a variety of functions. Analysis by RT-PCR showed silencing or a strong expression bias toward one copy for 9 of 13 genes examined. Comparisons of expression patterns among eight organs in the allopolyploid showed that silencing and preferential expression are organ specific. Examination of silencing patterns in two other synthetic polyploids, of genotype AADD, showed that the same gene can be silenced independently in different genotypes. These results provide a detailed portrayal of gene silencing events that can occur following allopolyploidization and suggest epigenetic causal factors.
Adaptive myoelectric pattern recognition toward improved multifunctional prosthesis control

The non-stationary property of electromyography (EMG) signals in real life settings usually hinders the clinical application of the myoelectric pattern recognition for prosthesis control. The classical EMG pattern recognition approach consists of two separate steps: training and testing, without considering the changes between training and testing data induced by electrode shift, fatigue, impedance changes and psychological factors, and often results in performance degradation. The aim of this study was to develop an adaptive myoelectric pattern recognition system, aiming to retrain the classifier online with the testing data without supervision, providing a self-correction mechanism for suppressing misclassifications. This paper presents an adaptive unsupervised classifier based on support vector machine (SVM) to improve the classification performance. Experimental data from 15 healthy subjects were used to evaluate performance. Preliminary study on intra-session and inter-session EMG data was conducted to verify the performance of the unsupervised adaptive SVM classifier. The unsupervised adaptive SVM classifier outperformed the conventional SVM by 3.3% and 8.0% for the combination of time-domain and autoregressive features in the intra-session and inter-session tests, respectively. The proposed approach is capable of incorporating the useful information in testing data to the classification model by taking into account the overtime changes in the testing data with respect to the training data to retrain the original classifier, therefore providing a self-correction mechanism for suppressing misclassifications.
Continuation and optimization of the Born expansion in nonrelativistic quantum theory

Abstract Methods of von Neumann, Lanczos, and others, are applied to the non-relativistic scattering problem. It is shown that if the Born series is modified suitably, it will converge for almost any strength of interaction. Further, if suitable linear combinations of the modified Born approximations are used in the usual iteration process, the rate of convergence can be improved. The methods also apply to systems of integral equations which describe scattering of a particle from a complex system.
A demands-resources model of work pressure in IT student task groups

This paper presents an initial test of the group task demands-resources (GTD-R) model of group task performance among IT students. We theorize that demands and resources in group work influence formation of perceived group work pressure (GWP) and that heightened levels of GWP inhibit group task performance. A prior study identified 11 factors relating to the task, group, individual, or environment as source factors to GWP. We extended this research by creating and validating scales for each source factor within an integrated GWP instrument. We then applied the instrument in an initial test of the GTD-R model. Results show the GTD-R model provides good predictions of GWP and group task performance. In addition we find GWP, task complexity, and time pressure factors to be higher in IT tasks vs. non-IT tasks described by our student participants. The findings extend demands-resources research from its prior focus on job burnout and exhaustion in individual tasks to incorporate less-intense pressure levels and group task contexts.
The hydrolysis of l-phenylalanine mustard (melphalan)

Abstract The chemical stability of l -phenylalanine mustard (melphalan) was studied in aqueous solution using an HPLC procedure. The kinetics of degradation was investigated as a function of pH (1–13), ionic strength (0.12–1.0 M), temperature (25–50°C) and chloride concentration (0–0.5 M). In addition, the kinetics of the production of chloride ions arising from the degradation of melphalan was studied using an ion-specific electrode. No evidence of specific acid/base or general acid/base catalysis was found and the results were explained in terms of the conversion of melphalan to hydroxymelphalan occurring via a unimolecular, rate-determining reaction in which the drug is converted to an ethyleneimmonium ion. The effect of pH on stability was explained in terms of the degree of protonation of the various ionic species of melphalan (MH2+3, MH+2, MH and M−) present in solution and their abilities to take on an additional positive charge and form the corresponding ethyleneimmonium ions (MH3+3, MH2+2, MH+ M). The kinetically determined pKa for the tertiary amine of melphalan was found to be 1.42. The pKas for the carboxylate and amino functional groups were found to be 2.75 and 9.17, respectively, which compare well with the corresponding literature values of 2.59 and 9.25 for the respective groups of phenylalanine.
Mechanism of trigonal influence on ureter during bladder filling and voiding. An experimental study in dogs.

Abstract The role of the trigone and the mechanisms involved in its influence on the ureteral activity during bladder filling and voiding were investigated in 5 groups of adult mongrel dogs. The study included an evaluation of the influence of nontrigonal factors. Stimulation of the trigone with electric current and induced voiding was performed and the activity in the ureters in which linear vents were created proximal to the ureterovesical junction was monitored. Trigonal electromyography supplemented the studies. The results indicated that nontrigonal intravesical factors additionally operated on the ureter. The mechanism of the trigonal influence on the ureter was twofold. It produced maximal response at the ureterotrigonal junction causing obstruction at the terminal segment of the intravesical ureter. Second, the trigonal activity propagated proximally into the adjacent ureter, which thereby exhibited a direct smooth muscle response. Electromyographic studies of the trigone revealed increased spike activity even during nonvoiding stage of passive bladder filling.
Page Kidney: Hypertension Secondary to Extra-Renal Compression

Page kidney refers to the development of secondary hypertension due to compression of the kidney by an external source, most commonly a subcapsular hematoma. Compression of the renal parenchyma res...
Supplying a single location from heterogeneous sources

Abstract This paper studies how items with different characteristics, and being demanded at different rates from a finite number of supply points, should be transported to a common destination. The items may differ in size and value, and the origins may differ in their spatial distribution, the kind of items they produce and the production rate. Depending on the application context, the common destination can represent a warehouse, a factory, a military base, a break-bulk terminal, a port or another kind of transportation terminal. Different kinds of items may call for separate transportation treatment if, for example, the items have sharply different inventory carrying costs or their origins are not equally scattered. On the other hand, if their characteristics are not very different, they may be transported together more cheaply because of existing economies of scale. In fact, in most applications it should be optimal to use only a few transportation systems because the economies of scale are quite strong. The paper essentially shows that origins can be ranked according to a simple criterion, and that if two origins are served together, the ones ranked in between should be served with them. A simple method for determining the optimal number of transportation systems and the sources served by each is developed. The technique is illustrated with a numerical example. The results of the paper are developed assuming that supply points do not cluster together by type and that the density of suppliers is slowly varying. In any practical application in which these assumptions are not reasonable approximations, the results of this paper should not be applied too literally. Nevertheless, they can still be used as guidelines in the search for an optimum supply strategy.
Phase II clinical evaluation of lomustine chemotherapy for feline vaccine-associated sarcoma.

Treatment of feline vaccine-associated sarcoma (VAS) is challenging, in part due to the high likelihood of tumour recurrence despite aggressive local therapy. Lomustine is potentially an attractive agent to add to the current treatment armamentarium. In this de-escalating phase I/II prospective trial, 28 cats with measurable VAS were treated at target dosages of 38–60 mg m−2 every 3 weeks until disease progression. The overall response rate was 25%, with a median progression-free survival and median duration of response of 60.5 and 82.5 days, respectively. Haematologic toxicity, specifically cumulative neutropenia, was significant, and dose reductions and treatment delays were common. Although these data support further investigation of lomustine for the treatment of VAS, safe, multidosing protocols must first be determined.
Studies on the stability of the clinical electro-oculogram.

The electro-oculogram is variable as a clinical test, but the recording technique has not been standardized, and differences in the protocols for adaptation and stimulation among laboratories may contribute to the variability. To analyze some of these factors, we performed more than 100 electro-oculograms on a single subject under different conditions. Both the Arden ratio and the ratio of light peak amplitude to a stable dark-adapted baseline were independent of pupillary dilation but linearly related to retinal illumination measured in trolands. Between 3.0 and 4.0 log trolands, the values began to level off, but they were difficult to interpret because of subject discomfort above 3.5 log trolands. The Arden ratios were influenced by preadaptation light levels and were roughly 20% higher above 90 cd/m2 than below 45 cd/m2. There was a circadian rhythm in dark trough, baseline and light peak values, but the composite Arden ratio and light peak/baseline ratio showed little circadian effect. The light peak/baseline ratios were slightly more stable than the Arden ratios; the variability (defined as [standard deviation × 100]/mean) was 6.6% and 12.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that stimulus intensities for clinical electro-oculographic testing should be between 3.0 and 3.5 log trolands; pupil dilation is optional. This translates into light levels of 141–447 cd/m2 for a 3-mm pupil and 20–63 cd/m2 for an 8-mm pupil. The reduction in variability and independence from preadaptation achieved by using the light peak/baseline ratio instead of the Arden ratio must be weighed against the time required to achieve a stable dark baseline.
Functionalism and type physicalism

Critique de la theorie fonctionnaliste de la relation entre esprit et cops de D. Lewis. L'A. montre que la theorie type/type de l'identite (les types d'etats mentaux sont identiques a des types d'evenements physiques) est incompatible avec la conception fonctionnaliste qui assimile les etats mentaux a leurs roles fonctionnels dans un systeme.
Bromoenol Lactone Inhibits Magnesium-dependent Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase and Blocks Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis in Mouse P388D1 Macrophages

Bromoenol lactone (BEL) has previously been identified as a potent, irreversible, mechanism-based phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor that possesses greater than 1000-fold selectivity for inhibition of Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) versus the Ca2+-dependent ones. Thus, this compound has been used as a selective tool for studies aimed at elucidating the role of iPLA2 in certain cellular functions. Herein we report that BEL also inhibits cellular phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP) activity in intact P388D1 macrophages with an IC50 of about 8 microM, which is very similar to that previously found for inhibition of iPLA2 under the same experimental conditions. This results in the blockage of the incorporation of exogenous arachidonate and palmitate into diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Thus, inhibition of PAP by BEL blocks triacylglycerol biosynthesis in P388D1 cells due to decreased diacylglycerol availability. Because two forms of PAP activity exist in mammalian cells, differential assays were performed to identify which of these forms was inhibited by BEL. The results of these experiments revealed that BEL selectively inhibits the cytosolic, Mg2+-dependent enzyme. No apparent effect of BEL on the membrane-bound Mg2+-independent PAP form could be detected. Collectively, the results reported herein establish that BEL inhibits two cellular phospholipases, namely iPLA2 and Mg2+-dependent PAP, with similar potency. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of BEL on Mg2+-dependent PAP might explain several cellular functions previously attributed to iPLA2.
An absorbance-based fiber-optic sensor for CO2(aq) measurement in porewaters of sea floor sediments

Abstract We present results of the construction, testing and calibration of a sensor designed for in situ measurement of CO 2(aq) concentrations in porewaters of sea floor sediments. The sensor relies on pH-dependent absorbance changes of a dye-containing solution enclosed within a gas-permeable membrane. It is rugged enough to withstand insertion several centimeters in sediments without damage, and small enough to make measurements separated spatially by ≤ 2 mm. Response time at 20 °C is a few minutes. Calibration results imply that the sensor is capable of resolving differences in CO 2(aq) concentration of ± 8%, or about 2–3 × 10 −6 M, and is stable over time scales of several hours. Preliminary results from two sea floor locations in the equatorial Atlantic of depths 3300 and 4700 m are qualitatively consistent with simultaneous, adjacent pH electrode measurements. Sensor performance could be improved by adding a system for in situ reagent delivery, and by monitoring a non-absorbing wavelength in the dye absorbance spectrum to decrease dependence on the dye concentration of the internal solution.
A high efficiency WCDMA power amplifier with Pulsed Load Modulation (PLM)

A GaAs pHEMT power amplifier module designed for Pulsed Load Modulation (PLM) technique on Envelope Delta Sigma Modulation (EDSM) transmitter architecture is developed in this work. The dynamic impedance behavior origin from PLM technique provides efficiency enhancement and linear power modulation simultaneously. Comparing with conventional Class B mode power amplification, efficiency profile versus power back-off level is significantly improved. The system linearity for complex modulation signals is obtained through pulse based coding schemes and filtering in EDSM architecture. In this paper, a 1.87GHz PLM power amplifier module is fabricated and tested. The testing results show a maximum of 59.5% drain efficiency and maximum 29dBm output power including 0.8dB output filter loss for constant envelope signal. Comparing to conventional Class-B mode operation, the PLM technique offered improved power efficiency by 57.4% at 6dB power back-off and 76.9% at 10dB power back-off. The PLM amplifier module has been tested by WCDMA signal with 10.8dB peak to average power Ratio (PAR). At the output power of 26.3dBm, the amplifier has achieved 43% power added efficiency (PAE) and 39dBc ACLR at 5MHz offset without using any additional linearization techniques. If the filter loss is removed from the efficiency calculation, the actual achieved PAE by the PA is above 50%.
On the Origin of Tektites

The properties of tektites as yet afford little direct evidence of the source of their material and process of formation, but their forms strongly suggest that they arrive through the high atmosphere at small cosmic speeds. Their ages indicate a frequency of production of tektite-fields of lo6 to lo7 years and this would be consistent with some rare catastrophic event such as cometary encounter or a large meteoritic impact. Immediate formation of tektites by such processes seems not to be possible, but for encounter with a cometary dust-cloud an accretion-stream could result and tektites form secondarily within this. Similarly, a sufficiently large meteorite impacting the Earth could result in the ejection of material far beyond the atmosphere, and this material condensed into fine particles moving in elliptic orbits surrounding the Earth could form an accretion-stream depositing tektites in the antipodal regions of the planet. This last hypothesis seems the most hopeful if a terrestrial origin of the material proves essential, since it would also meet the requirement of final entry of the tektites through the high atmosphere.
Probability models for clutter in natural images

We propose a framework for modeling clutter in natural images. Assuming that: 1) images are made up of 2D (projected) views of 3D (real) objects and 2) certain simplifying conditions hold, we derive an analytical density for natural images. This expression is shown to match well with the observed densities (histograms). In addition to deriving multidimensional densities, several extensions are also proposed.
Direct spincasting of polystyrene thin films onto poly(methyl methacrylate)

The low vapor pressure solvent 1-chloropentane was used to directly spin- cast polystyrene (PS) films onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with smooth surfaces and sharp interfaces. Interface roughness after removal of the PS layer with cyclohexane was determined with scanning force microscopy to be <1 nm. Dynamic secondary mass spectroscopy revealed an interfacial width below the resolution limit of � 10 nm. Large area bilayers with smooth surfaces could be created. In addition, direct spincasting with 1-chloropentane allows the production of thin PS films (<15 nm) and films of low molecular weight (<5 kDa) PS, all of which would be impossible to produce for this important model system by the traditional water- transfer method. 1-chloropentane was confirmed to be a sufficiently selective solvent for PS by measuring the Flory-Huggins v parameters of 1-chloropentane with PS and PMMA, respectively, with inverse gas chromatography. In the search for a suita- ble selective solvent, the authors have also examined the role of vapor pressure in spin casting smooth films over a wider molecular weight (4.3-190 kDa) and thickness range (� 5-500 nm) than previously reported. Only solvents with low vapor pressure produced high quality PS films. Methylcyclohexene can also be used to produce excellent, directly cast PS/PMMA bilayers, but with a smaller molecular weight and thickness window compared with 1-chloropentane. V C 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym
Ferromagnetic transition in dilute Pd-Fe alloys.

We present low-field magnetization and specific-heat data for Pd 1-x Fe x alloys, with x ranging from 0.08 to 0.6 at.% Fe. Both types of measurements were done on the same samples. The samples are more homogeneous than those used in previous investigations. We find that in contrast to previous suggestions, all samples undergo sharp ferromagnetic transitions with T c ranging from 0.4 K for the 0.08-at.% Fe alloy to 18.0 K for the 0.6-at.% Fe alloy. The specific-heat anomalies associated ruith the transitions have the form of a cusp very close to T c as determined from the magnetization
Electrostatic Spraying of Potassium Sorbate for the Reduction of Yeast and Molds on Cakes

Electrostatic spraying (ES) was tested as a means of improving shelf life of cupcakes. A 5% potassium sorbate solution was sprayed, with and without electrostatic charging, onto yellow cupcakes for 1–3 s. Image analyses showed that electrostatic charging increased the uniformity of coverage, with 62–78% area coverage with charging and 36–41% without. Samples were also held at 25C and either 75 or 85% relative humidity (RH). At 75% RH, visible mold appeared after 10 days for control and after 11 days for cakes sprayed with sorbate. At 85% RH, fungal growth appeared after 3 days for control, 4 days for cakes with sorbate spray and 5 days for those with ES sorbate. In all cases, ES delayed the onset of mold and subsequent growth as compared with uncharged sprays. ES also provided a small decrease in the rate of firmness development during storage. Practical Applications Substantial quantities of breads, cakes and other baked goods suffer a loss of quality or must be discarded because of contamination by yeast and molds. While some ingredient and processing technologies exist to extend the shelf life of baked goods, there is much room for improvement. This research examines the use of electrostatic charging to improve adhesion and coverage of antimicrobial sprays. The results indicate that electrostatic charging of potassium sorbate solutions improves overall surface coverage, slows the onset of microbial growth and limits subsequent growth compared with conventionally applied sprays.
A Simulation-Based Approach to Decision Support for Robot-Human Team Configuration

Missions that involve tasks such as search-and-rescue or reconnaissance have traditionally involved humans, perhaps with the assistance of one or more robots. The robots, or unmanned systems, are typically teleoperated - operated by remote control to inspect a suspicious object, for example. With the advent of newer and less expensive forms of autonomy and one-on-one communication, the robots are becoming more capable of acting as peers, rather than tools, alongside the humans. As the diversity of mixed human-robot teams is increased, so is the complexity of trying to decide on questions regarding configuration: what robots should be used, how many, and how many humans should be employed in the teaming process? We propose a decision support approach that builds a large number of discrete event simulations, with dynamic queuing models partially induced from CAD layout specifications in an urban environment. This work describes a detailed design with an implementation plan for the decision support.
Adding Prediction Risk to the Theory of Reward Learning

This article analyzes the simple Rescorla-Wagner learning rule from the vantage point of least squares learning theory. In particular, it suggests how measures of risk, such as prediction risk, can be used to adjust the learning constant in reinforcement learning. It argues that prediction risk is most effectively incorporated by scaling the prediction errors. This way, the learning rate needs adjusting only when the covariance between optimal predictions and past (scaled) prediction errors changes. Evidence is discussed that suggests that the dopaminergic system in the (human and nonhuman) primate brain encodes prediction risk, and that prediction errors are indeed scaled with prediction risk (adaptive encoding).
The Engineering of Craniofacial Tissues in the Laboratory: A Review of Biomaterials for Scaffolds and Implant Coatings

Tissue engineering is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field that focuses on the interactions between cells, growth factors, and scaffolds to produce replacement tissue and organs. Recent developments in tissue engineering technology include refinements in isolation and differentiation of progenitor cells, 3-D printing technology to produce scaffolds, new biomaterials for scaffolds, and growth factor delivery systems. The purpose of this article is to review advances in biomaterials, scaffolds, and implant coatings for craniomaxillofacial (bone) tissue engineering.
A path sensitization approach to area reduction

We study the problem of choosing gate implementations to reduce circuit area while retaining the circuit performance. To incorporate timing analysis into area reduction, we propose to utilize the information provided by a sensitization criterion in computing the slacks of the gates. Not all sensitization criteria can be adopted in our approach. Some conditions were imposed to define a class of sensitization criteria which can guarantee that the circuit performance will be preserved. A greedy area reduction heuristic is proposed, and then an improved version of the Brand-Iyengar and the static sensitization criteria are plugged into the heuristic to obtain results for comparison (D. Brand, V. Iyengar, 1986). >
Reconstructing the House in Anthropology

About the House: Levi-Strauss and Beyond. Janet Carsten and Stephen Hugh-Jones African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place and Gender. Labelle Prussin, with Amina Adan, Peter A. Andrews, Arlene Fullerton, Anders Grum, and Uta Holter
A mathematical model of the urine concentrating mechanism in the rat renal medulla. II. Functional implications of three-dimensional architecture

In a companion study [Layton AT. A mathematical model of the urine concentrating mechanism in the rat renal medulla. I. Formulation and base-case results. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. (First publish...
Double-Loop Learning, Teaching, and Research

A new genre of case methodology is described that can be used to help participants diagnose and increase their competence in helping themselves and others to become more effective leaders, learners...
Safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for the treatment of adolescent tobacco addiction.

Objectives. To determine the safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for adolescents who want to quit smoking. Design. Double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, 3-arm trial with a nicotine patch (21 mg), nicotine gum (2 and 4 mg), or a placebo patch and gum; all participants received cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Setting. Inner-city, outpatient clinic on the East Coast. Subjects. Thirteen- to 17-year-old adolescents who smoked ≥10 cigarettes per day (CPD), scored ≥5 on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence, and were motivated to quit smoking. Intervention. Twelve weeks of nicotine patch or gum therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy, with a follow-up visit at 6 months (3 months after the end of treatment). Main Outcome Measures. Safety assessed on the basis of adverse event reports for all 3 groups, prolonged abstinence, assessed through self-report and verified with exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels of ≤6 ppm, in intent-to-treat analyses, and smoking reduction (CPD and thiocyanate concentrations) among trial completers. Results. A total of 120 participants were randomized (72% white, 70% female; age: 15.2 ± 1.33 years; smoking: 18.8 ± 8.56 CPD; Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence score: 7.04 ± 1.29) from 1999 to 2003. Participants started smoking at 11.2 ± 1.98 years of age and had been smoking daily for 2.66 ± 1.56 years; 75% had at least 1 current psychiatric diagnosis. Mean compliance across groups was higher for the patch (mean: 78.4–82.8%) than for the gum (mean: 38.5–50.7%). Both the patch and gum were well tolerated, and adverse events were similar to those reported in adult trials. Changes in mean saliva cotinine concentrations throughout treatment were not statistically significant. Intent-to-treat analyses of all randomized participants showed CO-confirmed prolonged abstinence rates of 18% for the active-patch group, 6.5% for the active-gum group, and 2.5% for the placebo group; the difference between the active-patch and placebo arms was statistically significant. There was no significant effect of patch versus gum or gum versus placebo on cessation outcomes. Abstinence rates at the 3-month follow-up assessment were sustained but were not significantly associated with treatment group. Mean smoking rates, but not CO or thiocyanate concentrations, decreased significantly in all 3 arms but not as a function of treatment group. Conclusions. Nicotine patch therapy combined with cognitive-behavioral intervention was effective, compared with placebo, for treatment of tobacco dependence among adolescent smokers. Decreases in the numbers of cigarettes smoked appeared to be offset by compensatory smoking. Additional study of nicotine gum, with enhanced instructional support, is needed to assess its efficacy among adolescent smokers.
Free Fatty Acid Uptake in Humans With CD36 Deficiency

Animal models have demonstrated that CD36 facilitates cell membrane free fatty acid (FFA) transport, but its role in human metabolism is not well understood. We measured heart, liver, adipose (three depots), and muscle (truncal postural and thigh locomotive) FFA uptake using [11C]palmitate positron emission tomography (PET) scans in a family of five carrying the Pro90Ser CD36 mutation (2 homozygotes had no CD36) and matched control volunteers. PET scans were done under conditions of suppressed and slightly increased palmitate concentrations. During suppressed palmitate conditions, muscle and adipose palmitate uptake were markedly reduced in homozygotes but not heterozygotes for the Pro90Ser CD36 mutation, whereas when palmitate concentration was slightly increased, uptake in muscle and adipose did not differ between control subjects and homozygous family members. Hepatic FFA uptake was similar in all participants regardless of palmitate concentrations, whereas myocardial FFA uptake was diminished in the Pro90Ser homozygotes during both suppressed and increased palmitate conditions. We conclude that CD36 1) facilitates FFA transport into muscle and adipose tissue in humans when extracellular concentrations are reduced but not when they are modestly elevated, 2) is not rate limiting for hepatic FFA uptake, and 3) is needed for normal cardiac FFA uptake over a range of FFA concentrations from low to slightly elevated.
Melanocytes Derived from Patients with Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome Types 1, 2, and 3 Have Distinct Defects in Cargo Trafficking

Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder in which mutations in one of several genes interrupts biogenesis of melanosomes, platelet dense bodies, and lysosomes. Affected patients have oculocutaneous albinism, a bleeding diathesis, and sometimes develop granulomatous colitis or pulmonary fibrosis. In order to assess the role of HPS genes in melanosome biogenesis, melanocytes cultured from patients with HPS subtypes 1, 2, or 3 were assessed for the localization of various melanocyte proteins. Tyrosinase, Tyrp1, and Dct/Tyrp2 were atypically and distinctly expressed in HPS-1 and HPS-3 melanocytes, whereas only tyrosinase showed an atypical distribution in HPS-2 melanocytes. The HPS1 and AP3B1 (i.e., HPS-2) gene products showed no expression in HPS-1 and HPS-2 melanocytes, respectively, whereas HPS-3 melanocytes exhibited normal expression for both proteins. In normal human melanocytes, the HPS1 protein was expressed as an approximately 80 kDa molecule with both granular and reticular intracellular profiles. In HPS-1, lysosome associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), and LAMP3 were localized to abnormal large granules; in HPS-2, all LAMPs exhibited a normal granular expression; and in HPS-3, LAMP1, and LAMP3 exhibited a distinct less granular and more floccular pattern. In contrast, the expressions of Rab 27, transferrin, and cKit were unaffected in all three HPS genotypes. These data demonstrate that the three initially identified subtypes of human HPS exhibit distinct defects in the trafficking of various melanocyte-specific proteins.
APC controls asymmetric Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cardiomyocyte proliferation gradient in the heart.

Abstract Aims Cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation increases from the inner trabecular to outer compact myocardium in fetal hearts. We determined if canonical Wnt signaling has directional and graded activity to maintain this CM proliferation gradient. Moreover, we investigated whether perturbation of Wnt signaling intensity could modulate CM proliferative activity. Methods and results With confocal microscopy and image analysis we found that the Wnt effector, β-catenin, formed a signaling gradient which positively correlated with CM proliferative activity across ventricular walls of wild type (WT) embryos at embryonic day (E) 13.5 and 17.5. Negative Wnt regulators, adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), had a reverse distribution pattern. The activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling by deletion of Apc in CMs led to ventricular hyperplasia with no adverse effects on fetal survival or CM differentiation. In contrast, cardiac deletion of β-catenin resulted in ventricular hypoplasia and fetal demise by E14.5. We further revealed differential distribution and regulation of three cyclin Ds in fetal hearts. Cyclin D1 was mainly expressed in endothelial cells. Although both cyclin D2 and D3 were present in CMs, only cyclin D2 was regulated by Wnt signaling perturbation: downregulation by β-catenin deletion and upregulation by Apc knockout. Conclusion Canonical Wnt signaling is asymmetrical and graded across ventricular walls and positively regulates CM proliferation via cyclin D2.
Green on Buildings: The Effects of Municipal Policy on Green Building Designations in America's Central Cities

This study quantitatively examines the effect of municipal policies on commercial green office building designations. Many states and cities have adopted green building requirements and incentives ...
A Military Strike Against Racism

This short article celebrates the 50th anniversary of President Harry Truman's executive order authorizing the desegregation of America's armed forces. Discussed is the disparity between the levels of diversity in the military versus levels in corporations and universities. Also discussed is the role of the Tuskegee Airmen in the fight against racial segregation in the U.S. military.