cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Assimilation for a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model. Part I: Sequential State Estimation

Abstract The assimilation problem for the coupled ocean–atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific is investigated using an advanced sequential estimator, the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The intermediate coupled model used in this study consists of an upper-ocean model and a steady-state atmospheric response to it. Model errors arise from the uncertainty in atmospheric wind stress. Data assimilation is applied in this idealized context to produce a time-continuous, dynamically consistent description of the model's El Nino–Southern Oscillation, based on incomplete and inaccurate observations. This study has two parts: Part I (the present paper) deals with state estimation for the coupled system, assuming that model parameters are correct, while Part II will deal with simultaneous state and parameter estimation. The dynamical structure of forecast errors is estimated sequentially using a linearized Kalman filter and compared with that of an uncoupled ocean model. The coupling produces large changes in the ...
Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen–phosphorus interactions

Nutrient limitation to primary productivity and other biological processes is widespread in terrestrial ecosystems, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most common limiting elements, both individually and in combination. Mechanisms that drive P limitation, and their interactions with the N cycle, have received less attention than mechanisms causing N limitation. We identify and discuss six mechanisms that could drive P limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. The best known of these is depletion-driven limitation, in which accumulated P losses during long-term soil and ecosystem development contribute to what Walker and Syers termed a "terminal steady state" of profound P depletion and limitation. The other mechanisms are soil barriers that prevent access to P; transactional limitation, in which weathering of P-containing minerals does not keep pace with the supply of other resources; low-P parent materials; P sinks; and anthropogenic changes that increase the supply of other resources (often N) relative to P. We distinguish proximate nutrient limitation (which occurs where additions of a nutrient stimulate biological processes, especially productivity) from ultimate nutrient limitation (where additions of a nutrient can transform ecosystems). Of the mechanisms that drive P limitation, we suggest that depletion, soil barriers, and low-P parent material often cause ultimate limitation because they control the ecosystem mass balance of P. Similarly, demand-independent losses and constraints to N fixation can control the ecosystem-level mass balance of N and cause it to be an ultimate limiting nutrient.
Gasstromaktivierung und automatisierte Radiogaschromatographie von Verbindungen mit kurzlebigen Nukliden

Eine Apparatur wird beschrieben, die Untersuchungen von chemischen Effekten nach Kernruckstos mit kurzlebigen Radionukliden (13N, 15O) ermoglicht. In weitgehend automatisierter Weise werden kontinuierliche, radiogaschromatographische Messungen an Verbindungsgemischen durchgefuhrt. Die Mesergebnisse der Radioaktivitatsverteilung werden in drei verschiedenen Arten gleichzeitig festgehalten: Digitaler Ausdruck, Analoges Histogramm und Tally Punch. Die elektronische „Tot“-Zeit der Zahlanlage betragt maximal 40 μsec, wodurch Zahlraten von 105 cpm verlustfrei registriert werden konnen. Die Verwendung aller gebrauchlicher Zahler ist moglich. Strahlenspektroskopie sowie Koinzidenzschaltungen konnen im Baukastenprinzip eingefugt werden. Exakte Halbwertsmessungen von Nukliden mit t1/2>10 sec sind durchfuhrbar. Daruber hinaus ist die beschriebene Mesanlage in idealer Weise geeignet, die Datenaufarbeitung fur alle analytischen Gerate zu vereinfachen, die Ergebnisse in Pulsform produzieren.
Long-term intermittent exposure to sulfuric acid aerosol, ozone, and their combination: alterations in tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance and epithelial secretory cells.

Understanding the effects from long-term exposure to individual ambient air pollutants and mixtures of pollutants is necessary for adequate assessment of health risk. This study examined quantitative and temporal alterations in tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance function and bronchial epithelial secretory cells in rabbits exposed to sulfuric acid (125 γg/m3), ozone (0.1 ppm), and their combination for 2 h/d, 5 d/wk for up to 1 yr; some animals were allowed a 6-month post-exposure period. Clearance times were altered during exposure to sulfuric acid or to the mixture, and became progressively slower following the end of exposures to each of the pollutant atmospheres. There was no indication of any interaction in terms of clearance response between the acid and ozone in the group exposed to the mixture. Histological examination of intrapulmonary conducting airways was performed after 4, 8, or 12 months of exposure, and after the postexposure period. Sulfuric acid resulted in an increase in the number of...
Clustering for the design of SONET rings in interoffice telecommunications

Optical fiber systems play an essential role in today's telecommunications networks. The recently standardized SONET Synchronous Optical Network technology has made rings the preferred architecture for designing survivable networks. The network design problem is very complex in nature, because it involves not only the configuration of rings at the logical level, but also the mapping of this configuration into physical fiber paths. This paper deals with the problem of finding optimal clusters of offices, which can be used as the basis for designing logical rings. A mathematical model of the problem is presented, and a heuristic solution based on the tabu search framework is developed to find optimal or near-optimal solutions.
The occultation of ϵ Gem by Mars as observed from Agassiz Station

Observations of the April 8, 1976, occultation of Epsilon Gem by Mars made at the Agassiz Station of the Harvard College Observatory have been analyzed to yield temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere for number densities between 10 to the 13th and 10 to the 15th power per cu cm. Pronounced wavelike structure is evident in both immersion and emersion profiles, with a peak-to-peak variation of up to 50 K and a vertical scale of 20 km.
Gradients of adventitious bud formation on excised epicotyl and root sections of citrus

Abstract Epicotyl and root sections from ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) seedlings were cultured in vitro on a Murashige-Tucker medium containing benzylaminopurine (BAP) and varying naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentrations. A gradient of bud-forming potential was observed in both epicotyls and roots. NAA influenced the expression of the gradient with a concentration of 0.02 mg/l enhancing the expression and a concentration of 2 mg/l diminishing it. The presence or absence of the shoot and/or root apices did not influence the bud-forming capacity of cultured sections of epicotyls or roots. However, the presence of cotyledons did increase the bud-forming capacity of epicotyl sections 1 cm from the cotyledonary node. These data support the hypothesis that the bud-forming gradient in ‘Valencia’ epicotyls may be due to the presence of promoting substance(s) emanating from the cotyledons. However, the data do not support this hypothesis for explaining the bud-forming gradient in roots.
Automatic generation of morphological template features

This paper presents a method for generating morphological template features for use in a word verification system. Word verification is a process of matching an image of a word against a list of candidate strings. The verification process assigns a confidence value to each string. The rank of the correct string is one measure of success. A character by character rank may also be obtained. The paper describes experiments using 20 samples in each of 57 character classes to automatically develop 60 template features for the word verification process. The generation process is guided by a measure of orthogonality between the features. Two slightly different versions of the orthogonality measure are compared. The resulting features are then trained on roughly 67 character samples to form the feature/character statistics. Results of the word verification process using the automatically generated features are compared with earlier results using a set of manually generated features. The principal result is that automatically generated template features perform better than the manually generated features.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the membership of Hankel operators in a class of Lorentz ideals

Abstract Recall that the Lorentz ideal C p − is the collection of operators A satisfying the condition ‖ A ‖ p − = ∑ j = 1 ∞ j − ( p − 1 ) / p s j ( A ) ∞ . Consider Hankel operators H f : H 2 ( S ) → L 2 ( S , d σ ) ⊖ H 2 ( S ) , where H 2 ( S ) is the Hardy space on the unit sphere S in C n . In this paper we characterize the membership H f ∈ C p − , 2 n p ∞ .
A Minimum χ2 Method for Equating Tests Under the Graded Response Model

The minimum x2 method for computing equating coefficients for tests with dichotomously scored items was extended to the case of Samejima's graded response items. The minimum X2 method was compared with the test response function method (also referred to as the test characteristic curve method) in which the equating coefficients were obtained by matching the test response functions of the two tests. The minimum X2 method was much less demanding computationally and yielded equating coefficients that differed little from those obtained using the test response function approach. Index terms: equating, graded response model, item response theory, minimum xz method, test response function method.
Critical dynamics, spinodal decomposition, and conservation laws.

A simple acceleration algorithm for Ising systems with conserved magnetization (model B) is presented. The dynamical critical exponent and the domain growth exponent in spinodal decomposition are found to be equal to those observed for model A systems with no conservation law. Our results demonstrate that systems with global conservation laws are in the same dynamical universality class as systems with no conservation laws.
Physicochemical comparison of goat β-lactoglobulin with the bovine varieties

Abstract β-Lactoglobulin was prepared from mixed goat milk and multiple amino acid analyses were carried out. One difference in basic residues was found from the analysis previously reported. Ultracentrifugal, light-scattering, and optical rotatory dispersion experiments showed that the goat protein is quite similar to the bovine β-lactoglobulins in most of its physical properties, but indications were obtained that it is conformationally less stable at low pH values than its bovine analog. Titration experiments indicate that six of the free carboxylic acid (Asp and Glu) residues in monomeric bovine β-lactoglobulin B do not occur in titratable form in the caprid β-lactoglobulin. These experiments also indicate a low pH-induced conformational change to a molecule of slightly greater radius.
Pressure dependence of the Fermi surface of cadmium

We report measurements for the effects of hydrostatic pressure on several cross-sectional areas for the electron and for the hole sheets of the Fermi surface of Cd. Pressure derivatives were obtained at a temperature of 0.4 K using a fluid-He phase-shift technique in which the data are digitally recorded and analyzed. Calculations based on a semiempirical nonlocal pseudopotential band structure due to Stark are compared with the experimental results. The anisotropy observed in the pressure dependence of the electron sheet confirms the negative sign of the [0002] pseudopotential in this model. The pressure derivative of largest magnitude is for the [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}20] cross section of the cap and is given by $\frac{d(\mathrm{ln}S)}{\mathrm{dp}}=\ensuremath{-}(13.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{kbar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Acute vibration reduces Aβ nerve fiber sensitivity and alters gene expression in the ventral tail nerves of rats

Long-term occupational exposure to hand–arm vibration can result in a permanent reduction in tactile sensitivity in exposed fingers and hands. Little is known about how vibration causes this reduction in sensitivity, and currently no testing procedures have been developed to monitor changes in sensory perception during ongoing exposures. We used a rat-tail model of hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) to determine whether changes in sensory nerve function could be detected after acute exposure to vibration. Nerve function was assessed using the current perception threshold (CPT) method. We also determined whether changes in nerve function were associated with changes in gene transcription. Our results demonstrate that the CPT method can be used to assess sensory nerve function repeatedly in rats and can detect transient decreases in the sensitivity of Aβ nerve fibers caused by acute exposure to vibration. This decrease in Aβ fiber sensitivity was associated with a reduction in expression of nitric oxide synthase-1, and a modest increase in calcitonin gene–related peptide transcript levels in tail nerves 24 h after vibration exposure. These transient changes in sensory perception and transcript levels induced by acute vibration exposure may be indicators of more prolonged changes in peripheral nerve physiology. Muscle Nerve, 2007
The Cardiomyopathies—Current Perspectives

This paper is designed to provide a contemporary overview of primary myocardial disease. The cardiomyopathies are dealt with in the light of both pathophysiologic and etiologic classifications. A relatively simple diagnostic approach is based upon these classifications together with the clinical manifestations of the cardiomyopathies. The essential principles of the natural history are summarized, and treatment is dealt with in terms of specific curatives, general pharmacologic measures, and management of factors that modify, aggravate, or contribute to the development of primary myocardial disease.
Federal Language Policy and American Indian Education

The past two-and-a-half decades have witnessed tremendous change in both the content and the context of American Indian education. Content refers to curriculum, pedagogy and the micro processes that occur within Indian classrooms, schools and communities. Context refers to the larger institutional framework in which those processes operate. Change at both levels has resulted from a dynamic interplay between federal language policy on the one hand, and initiatives generated at the level of Indian schools and communities on the other. Integrating an historical analysis of federal language policy with comparative ethnographic data from several well-documented Indian bilingual programs in the southwestern U.S., this paper examines that interplay and its implications for local control over Indian education.
Application of Finite Deformation Theory to the Development of an Orthogonal Cutting Model—Part I: Model Development

An orthogonal cutting model is developed using the finite deformation theory of continuum mechanics. A family of flowlines is proposed to describe the chip flow during orthogonal cutting, and the shape of the flowlines is described in terms of three parameters, one of which is the shear angle. The velocity, Eulerian strain, and Eulerian strain rate distribution along the assumed flowlines are obtained analytically for the orthogonal cutting operation based on this model. The temperature distribution along the flowline is predicted via a finite difference method. Values for the three flowline parameters are selected that minimize the total power associated with primary shear zone deformation and chip-tool interaction using the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell optimization scheme. The model utilizes a general constitutive equation for material behavior, which is a function of strain, strain rate, and temperature. In Part I of this two-part paper, the continuum mechanics-based model for the orthogonal cutting process is established. Experimental assessment and adequacy checking of the model, including determination of the material constitutive equation using a split Hopkinson pressure bar technique, is presented in Part II of the paper.
Instability of infinite nuclear matter in the relativistic Hartree approximation

We demonstrate that within the relativistic Hartree approximation to quantum hadrodynamics, infinite nuclear matter is unstable for some combinations of the vector and scalar meson masses. In this region of instability, the Hartree ground state of nuclear matter is characterized by a periodic spatial variation of the baryon density that may be interpreted as alpha-particle clustering. The standard values of the meson masses are in a region in which uniform nuclear matter is stable; however, for finite nuclei the presence of the nuclear surface can induce small scale oscillations in the nuclear interior that are related to the periodic instability.
Molecular Recognition of NO/NO+ via Multicenter (Charge-Transfer) Binding to Bridged Diarene Donors. Effect of Structure on the Optical Transitions and Complexation Thermodynamics

Bridged diarenes form very strong [1:1] complexes with nitrosonium/nitric oxide in which the NO moiety is optimally sandwiched in the cleft between a pair of cofacial aromatic rings which act as a molecular "Venus flytrap". The spectral features of these associates are generally similar to those for [1:1] and [2:1] nitrosonium complexes with mononuclear alkyl-substituted benzenes, and they are appropriately described within the LCAO molecular-orbital methodology and the Mulliken (charge-transfer) formulation of donor/acceptor electronic transitions. The thermodynamics study indicates that the efficient binding is determined by (i) the close matching of the donor/acceptor redox potentials and (ii) the ability of bridged diarenes for multicentered interactions with a single NO moiety. The best fit of the electronic and structural parameters is provided by a calixarene host that allows the interacting centers to be arranged in a manner similar to those extant in [2:1] nitrosonium complexes with analogous (nonbridged) aromatic donors; this results in its very strong noncovalent binding with nitrosonium/nitric oxide with the formation constant of K(B) approximately 10(8) M(-)(1) and free-energy change of -DeltaG degrees = 45 kJ mol(-)(1). Such strong, selective, and reversible bindings of nitrosonium/nitric oxide by (cofacial) aromatic centers thus provide the basis for the development of efficient NO sensors/absorbents and also suggest their potential relevance to biochemical systems.
Common complaints, difficult diagnosis: multiple myeloma.

Purpose: To review the presenting signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma, its pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options. Data sources: A literature review of research articles and publications by oncology experts who specialize in multiple myeloma, supplemented by a case study. Conclusions: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the geriatric population, with the average age at diagnosis between 65 and 68 years. As the population of those over age 65 is predicted to double by the year 2050, the incidence of myeloma is expected to increase. Nurse practitioners (NPs) must become familiar with the signs, symptoms, and complications of myeloma for patients to be diagnosed and referred to specialists in a timely manner. Implications for practice: Patients with multiple myeloma often present with vague, common symptoms such as back pain, bony pain, fatigue, and anemia. These symptoms may be treated as separate medical conditions if NPs fail to include multiple myeloma in their differential diagnosis. If NPs are educated on this malignancy, they will have the expertise to look for other signs of the disease such as hypercalcemia, pathological fractures, osteopenia, or renal failure. Without early recognition of multiple myeloma and referrals to oncology specialists, patients are left with a delayed diagnosis and poor symptom control.
Navigating the JGIM Special Issue on Medical Education

We are pleased to bring you the Journal of General Internal Medicine 2008 Education Issue. Over the past several months we have had the privilege of reviewing 133 submitted manuscripts in order to select these 41 for publication. This has challenged us to reflect on improving and standardizing our approach to education manuscripts. In this issue, Reed et al.1 report on the methodological quality of the submitted manuscripts, and Cook et al.2 provide much needed guidance for the future. We hope this special issue will engage the JGIM readership and members of the education community in discourse and in this way advance our collective notion of quality in medical education scholarship. In this overview, we briefly summarize the themes explored in the 41 articles and 4 editorials that we, along with the many peer reviewers who participated, selected. Working on this issue has led us to ask many interesting questions about the state of medical education research and scholarship.
Incompatibility of Fischer−Tropsch Diesel with Petroleum and Soybean Biodiesel Blends

The Department of Defense is the largest consumer of middle distillate fuels. It has been recommended that alternative fuel sources be considered as replacements or blending stocks for middle distillate ground transportation and marine fuels. Therefore, the search for suitable replacements or blending stocks is earnestly continuing. Renewable agricultural crops such as soybeans and others are now in the forefront. Nonrenewable synthetic fuels such as those produced by Fischer−Tropsch, FT, synthesis from coal and natural gas have been suggested. It is probable that several of these substitutes would be simultaneously blended into a middle distillate petroleum based diesel fuel. Care must be employed when blending fuels so that fuel specifications and storage stability are not decreased. This paper compares the storage stability of a three-part mixture consisting of Fischer−Tropsch diesel, a petroleum diesel, and a 5% and 10% soy biodiesel under ambient conditions.
Are There any Questions? One Teacher's View of Students and their Questions in a Fourth-Grade Classroom.

Abstract While many teachers agree that the questions students ask are valuable, researchers have found that student questions are notably absent from most classrooms. We know almost nothing about the exceptions to this—classrooms where teachers manage to elicit and use student questions effectively in instruction. One fourth grade teacher, known for her use of student questions, was selected for this study. Classroom observations and interviews were used to gather data; qualitative methods were utilized to analyze the teacher interviews and the interactions surrounding 260 questions students asked during observations. This paper highlights the teacher’s stance toward her students and their questions. 1) The teacher viewed her students as learners who asked questions to increase their understanding. 2) The teacher viewed the assumptions revealed by student questions, as ‘steps’ to the curriculum. 3) The teacher viewed her students’ questions through the lens of potential ; that is, she responded to questions based on how they might promote the understanding of her students.
Surveying Philosophers: a Response to Kuntz & Kuntz

Experimental philosophers have recently questioned the use of intuitions as evidence in philosophical methods. Kuntz and Kuntz (Review of Philosophy and Psychology 4:643–665, 2011) conduct an experiment suggesting that these critiques fail to be properly motivated because they fail to capture philosophers’ preferred conceptions of intuition-use. In this response, it is argued that while there are a series of worries about the design of this study, the data generated by Kuntz and Kuntz support, rather than undermine, the motivation for the experimentalist critiques of intuition they aim to criticize.
Pineal canaliculi: demonstration, twenty-four-hour rhythmicity and experimental modification.

Parenchymal perfusions of rat pineal glands with India ink solutions reveal an extravascular and intercellular system of continuous microscopic channels containing ink perfusate. This system has two, apparently interconnecting, components: pericapillary sleeves or networks, and intralobular canaliculi 0.2–0.4 μ in diameter and enmeshing the pinealocytes individually. Perfusion of the canaliculi was reduced or inhibited by either partial dehydration or exposure to hypertonic solutions, and was blocked when the perfusate contained either CaCl2 or trypsin. Hyaluronidase was without effect. The extent to which the canaliculi could be perfused followed a 24-hour-rhythm with a peak (mean maximal canalicular perfusion distance = 95 μ) near the end of the daily environmental light phase, and a trough (mean maximal canalicular perfusion distance = 13 μ) during the dark phase. This rhythm resembles that in rat pineal content of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Dark-phase perfusion distances equivalent to those of the light-phase were obtained when 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 × 10−3 M) was present in the perfusate. In similar circumstances norepinephrine, heparin and melatonin were without effect. It is suggested that this system of canaliculi may be significant for transport activities between pinealocytes and capillaries and that its circadian and local patency may be regulated in part by release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by the pinealocytes, and in part by calcium ions.
Self-timed interface of the input/output subsystem of the IBM eServer z900

The self-timed interface (STI), used in several generations of IBM's most powerful servers, has evolved to provide a greater I/O subsystem bandwidth than ever before. The STI of the IBM eServer z900 is capable of transferring data between the processor complex and the I/O subsystem at a rate of up to 1 GB/s compared with the 333MB/s rate of the IBM S/390® G3/G4- and G5/G6-class large servers-an improvement of up to a factor of 3. Additionally, in the eServer z900, STI links suitable for transferring data at a rate of 1 GB/s are used for the third iteration of the integrated cluster bus (ICB-3), thus providing direct links to other eServer z900s. Also, the role of the STI has increased in the eServer z900, becoming the interface used on the I/O subsystem backplane. The majority of the STI logic (both physical and logical layers) has remained essentially unchanged, with advances resulting from the use of improved cables and connectors, and from the introduction of a multilevel, pre-distortion differential off-chip "super-driver."
The effects of l-, d-, and parahydroxy-amphetamine on locomotor activity and wall climbing in rats of different ages.

Abstract In the first experiment, 15, 17, 21, 36, 90, and 275-day-old rats were injected with either physiological saline, 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0, or 16.0 mg/kg of l-amphetamine. In Experiment 2, rats of these ages were injected with saline or comparable doses of d-amphetamine. Starting immediately after the injection, photo-cell crossings and wall climbing were recorded during 15-min intervals for a total of 4 hours. In general, photo-cell crossings in 15-day-old rats were increased more by low doses than higher doses. In 17 and 21-day-old rats, the peak in the dose response curve gradually shifted toward higher doses, until, at 36 days of age, low doses produced no significant change in photo-crossings and the highest doses produced the maximum increase. In the two oldest ages, the dose-response curves for photo-crossings were the typical inverted U function. In adults, d-amphetamine had a more potent action on photo-cell crossings than l-amphetamine. However, in other ages, l-amphetamine appeared to be slightly more potent than d-amphetamine or there were no potency differences between the two isomers. Low doses of both d- and l-amphetamine increased wall climbing in the three youngest ages but higher doses were without effect. In 36-day-old rats, wall climbing was slightly increased by 4.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine but no dose of either isomer altered wall climbing in adults. Since amphetamine appears to produce behavioral changes by acting on catecholamines, the age-dependent behavioral effects of amphetamine may be due to maturation of central nervous system catecholaminergic neurons. However, involvement of other neurotransmitter systems can not be excluded. In Experiment 3, parahydroxy-amphetamine (1.0, 4.0, and 16.0 mg/kg) did not significantly alter photo-cell crossings or wall climbing in 15, 17, 21, 36, or 90-day-old rats. Because parahydroxy-amphetamine has only peripheral effects, it appears likely that central actions are responsible for the age-dependent behavioral effects of l- and d-amphetamine.
Prometbazine hydrochloride and neonatal bilirubin concentrations

R E F E R E N C E S 1. Crissey, J. T.: Pityriasis rosea, Pedlar. Clin. North America 801: 1956. 2. Miller, T. IL: Pityriasis rosea--3 cases in 1 family, Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 44: 66, 1941. 3 Lord, L. W.: Pityriasis rosea, Arch Dermat. & Syph. 26: 981, 1932. 4. Wile, U.: Experimental transmission of pityriasis rosea, Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 16: 185, 1927. 5. Salin, R. W., et al.: The treatment of pityriasis rosea with convalescent plasma, gamma globulin, and pooled plasma, A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. 76: 659, 1957.
Skill acquisition and the LISP tutor.

An analysis of student learning with the LISP tutor indicates that while LISP is complex, learning it is simple. The key to factoring out the complexity of LISP is to monitor the learning of the 500 productions in the LISP tutor which describe the programming skill. The learning of these productions follows the power-law learning curve typical of skill acquisition. There is transfer from other programming experience to the extent that this programming experience involves the same productions. Subjects appear to differ only on the general dimensions of how well they acquire the productions and how well they retain the productions. Instructional manipulations such as remediation, content of feedback, and timing of feedback are effective to the extent they give students more practice programming, and explain to students why correct solutions work.
Homovanillic acid and monoamine oxidase in sons of substance-abusing fathers: relationship to conduct disorder.

Objective: Children of substance-abusing (SA) fathers have been found to have increased rates of conduct disorder (CD). Substance abuse and antisocial behavior have been linked to alterations in dopaminergic regulation and to monoamine oxidase (MAO) in adults. This study assessed the relationship between homovanillic acid (HVA), the metabolite of dopamine (DA), and MAO, the enzyme facilitating the conversion of DA to HVA, with CD in boys of SA and non-SA fathers. Method: Male youths (N = 65), between the ages of 6 and 15 years, admitted to a residential setting because of behavior problems, were studied through peripheral blood samples and structured interviews. Results: The findings indicated that MAO activity was significantly higher in boys of SA fathers with CD than (1) in boys of non-SA fathers with CD and (2) in boys of SA fathers without CD. HVA levels did not differ significantly among the groups. Conclusions: In the context of previous studies, the findings support the concept of dopaminergic dys...
Modulus of Rubblized Portland Cement Concrete from Surface Wave Testing

Several Interstate portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement sections in New Jersey are being rubblized by multihead breaker equipment; the rubblized concrete is later compacted by several passes of vibratory Z-grid and rubber-wheel static rollers. To evaluate the modulus of the rubblized PCC and to compare it to the modulus of a typical dense graded aggregate base material, nondestructive evaluation using surface waves, implemented in a portable seismic property analyzer, was conducted. The elastic modulus is evaluated from the average velocity of surface waves, from the shortest measurable wavelength (about 2 in.) to one equal to an approximate thickness of the rubblized concrete (about 10 in.). In addition to the average velocity (modulus), the variation of the surface wave (phase) velocity with wavelength can be related to the variation of modulus with depth. The modulus obtained from seismic testing is a low-strain modulus, and appropriate corrections (reductions) should be provided to describe it as a resilient modulus. The modulus variation is largely constrained between 550 and 2,800 MPa (80 and 400 ksi), with an average modulus between 1,100 and 1,400 MPa (160 and 200 ksi). Significant modulus variation is attributed to the rubblization process, which provides the highest crushing of concrete near the surface; near the bottom, rubblized concrete appears more like fractured rock and can form an uneven interface between the two zones. In general, the modulus of rubblized PCC is higher than the modulus of a typical granular base.
Brackish Water in Unsaturated Confining Beds at a Texas Lignite Minea

A surface lignite mine in Texas was studied to identify the origin of the brackish water, containing up to 8000 mg TDS/l, which occurred near the outcrop of argillaceous sediments. Data on the hydrogeology of the area and the chemical composition of rainwater and groundwater are presented and discussed, and it is concluded that the brackish water probably originated as Eocene sea water. The effects of dilution and ion exchange on this water are estimated, and changes to the system caused by mining operations are discussed. Such argillaceous deposits underlying surface mines might act as natural barriers of low permeability which should restrict movement of water from reclaimed land into nearby aquifers, and thus minimise the effect of mining on groundwater quality.
Structural dynamics of the ribosome

Protein synthesis is inherently a dynamic process, requiring both small-scale and large-scale movements of tRNA and mRNA. It has long been suspected that these movements might be coupled to conformational changes in the ribosome, and in its RNA moieties in particular. Recently, the nature of ribosome structural dynamics has begun to emerge from a combination of approaches, most notably cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography, and FRET. Ribosome movement occurs both on a grand scale, as in the intersubunit rotational movements that are coupled to tRNA-mRNA translocation, and in intricate localized rearrangements such as those that accompany codon-anticodon recognition and peptide bond formation. In spite of much progress, our understanding of the mechanics of translation is now beset with countless new questions, reflecting the vast molecular architecture of the ribosome itself.
Computational Modeling of Lamination of Tape Casted Ceramics With a Fugitive Phase

The complex geometries required for new and novel ceramic parts require new fabrication methods such as the fugitive phase approach. This paper examines the lamination step of fugitive phase approach ceramic fabrication process. The lamination step integrates the fugitive phase with the green ceramic material. The pressing used along with the geometric layout of the fugitive phase during the lamination step creates an uneven pressure distribution in the green ceramic. This pressure distribution causes density gradients and warping in the final ceramic part. A preliminary computational model of the lamination process is modeled and the resulting stress, strain energy, and deformed shape are examined.
The behavior of phospholipid-glucose complexes at hexane/aqueous interfaces

Abstract Approximately equimolecular complexes of C14-glucose with phospholipids were prepared by exposing dried films ol the sugar to hexane solutions of either a commercial vegetable “lecithin” or totalphospholipid extracts of human red blood cells, and loss of the radioactivity and of phosphorus from these preparations into an aqueous saline phase was followed during sustained vigorous mixing of the two phases. The irreversible glucose movement appeared throughout to be first-order for the sugar, but its rate constant was governed strictly by the level of the phospholipid component. Within the first few minutes the phoaphatides appeared to approach an equilibrium distribution, moving preferentially into the water phase at very low levels but reaching a saturation point at levels suggestive of critical micellar concentrations; accompanying this movement was a glucose migration in rather close approximation to the original proportions of the two ingredients in the complex. Subsequently, the sugar continued to move more slowly into the aqueous phase, dissociating from the phosphatides at a rate varying inversely with the phosphatide concentration. The characteristics observed are shown to be compatible with the premise that sugar release into the water occurs only upon the occupation of the interfacial layer by phospholipid formerly associated with the glucose in the hexatie, with the following stipulations regarding the phospholipid fluxes: (a) no significant distinction is made between glucose-complexed and uncomplexed units arriving at the interface; (b) flux from hexane bulk phase to interface is limited by the capacity of the interface (as if requiring collision at an unoccupied spot), whereas that from aqueous bulk phase to interface is not thus restricted; (c) detachment from interface to move back into hexane is relatively difficult; and (d) fluxes between interface and aqueous compartment are so rapid as not to contribute significantly to defining the overall rates.
Mechanical Versus Biological Stability of Immediate and Delayed Implant Placement Using Resonance Frequency Analysis

Purpose The purpose was to objectively measure the stability of immediately placed implants compared with implants placed at healed sites using implant stability quotient (ISQ) values obtained by resonance frequency analysis. Materials and Methods Data were collected from 137 Nobel Replace Tapered Groovy Implants placed in 85 patients 19 to 93 years old. All implants were placed by the same surgeon from May 2007 to October 2011. Forty-one implants were placed immediately after extraction with MasterGraft bone grafting material and 96 were placed in healed sites with no grafting material. ISQ values obtained by the Osstell ISQ System were recorded at the time of implant placement and at a subsequent follow-up appointment (T2). T2 was split into 2- to 3-month and 4- to 6-month groups depending on when their follow-up ISQ values were obtained. Data were analyzed using simple linear regression. Results Implants placed in healed sites had higher average ISQ values at implant placement compared with immediately placed implants; however, mean ISQ values in the 2 immediate implant groups exceeded the ISQ threshold of 65. Immediately placed implants in the 2- to 3-month and 4- to 6-month groups had average ISQ values of 65.60 and 68.65, respectively, whereas implants placed in healed sites had averages of 76.73 (2- to 3-month group) and 71.23 (4- to 6-month group). These differences were statistically significant (P Conclusion Although mean ISQ values of immediately placed implants are lower than those of delayed implants at implant placement and follow-up appointments, immediate implant mean ISQ values consistently remain higher than the clinically successful ISQ threshold of 65 throughout the osseointegration process. These results support the immediate placement of implants in extraction sockets under favorable conditions.
The effect of quantification standards used in real-time CMV PCR assays on guidelines for initiation of therapy in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients.

The effect of quantification standards used in real-time CMV PCR assays on guidelines for initiation of therapy in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients
Birthing and Parenting a Premature Infant in a Cultural Context

The purpose of this longitudinal qualitative descriptive study was to explore American Indian mothers’ perceptions of parenting their premature infants over their first year of life in the context of their culture, including the birth and hospitalization experience. A convenience sample of 17 American Indian mothers and their premature infants were recruited from either a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or pediatric clinic in the southeast. Semistructured interviews were conducted at two time points. Through content analytic methods, three broad categories were revealed: descriptions of having a premature infant in the NICU, descriptions of parenting a premature infant, and the influence of Lumbee culture on parenting a premature infant. Certain aspects of American Indian culture appear to be important in having a premature infant in the NICU and in parenting a premature infant. We recommend that health care providers deliver culturally appropriate care that fully supports American Indian mothers and ...
STUDIES OF THE BUTANOL-EXTRACTABLE IODINE TECHNIQUE BY THE CERIC OXIDATION METHOD.

Abstract Investigations of the major procedural steps in a micro-BEI technique by the ceric oxidation method have been conducted. These studies have shown ( a ) essentially complete thyroxine recovery from serum is accomplished by two 8–10 vol butanol extractions, ( b ) two equal-volume Blau's reagent washes accomplish essentially complete iodide and tyrosine removal from the butanol extract, ( c ) oxidative splitting of 3,5- and 3′,5′-thyroxine iodide by ceric ion under the present conditions is rapid and complete, ( d ) chloride ion accentuates the catalytic effect of iodide in the decolorization (reduction) of ceric ion by arsenite without itself exerting a catalytic effect, and (e) coefficient of variation of the method over the range of 5 to 15 μg% BEI is about 5 to 8%. The present method, although subject to inhibition by serum and reagents, gives consistent results and offers precision equivalent to PBI techniques with the advantages of simplicity, specificity, and speed. The entire procedure requires only six to seven hours.
Comparison of iodixanol and ioxaglate for adult aortography and renal/visceral angiography: A phase III clinical trial

Rationale and Objectives. We investigated whether iodixanol offers improved safety or tolerance compared with ioxaglate and evaluated whether iodixanol-enhanced radiographs are diagnostically comparable or superior to those produced with ioxaglate. Iodixanol is a new isosmotic hexa-iodinated nonionic contrast agent being evaluated for intravascular use. Methods. Fifty-four adult patients undergoing renal or visceral angiography, aortography, or both were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, two-center study in which iodixanol and ioxaglate were compared. Subjects were monitored for adverse events, injection-associated discomfort, and changes in laboratory parameters and vital signs. Efficacy was measured by the overall quality of angiographic enhancement. Results. No serious adverse events occurred during this trial. Mild-to-moderate adverse events were more common in patients receiving ioxaglate ( p = .041). Injection-associated pain was reported by three patients receiving ioxaglate and none receiving iodixanol ( p = .093). Clinical laboratory and vital-sign data showed no differences between groups, and there was no difference in the overall quality of angiographic visualization ( p = .711). Conclusion. Iodixanol resulted in improved safety and patient tolerability while providing images of equivalent diagnostic efficacy compared with ioxaglate.
Sodium fluoride ion-pairs in seawater

Abstract Laboratory investigations were conducted on the formation of NaF° ion-pairs at the ionic strength of seawater using specific ion electrodes. Sodium and fluoride ion electrodes produced results which are consistent with the ion-pairing model for these ionic interactions. The stoichiometric association constant for NaF°, K ∗ NaF , was determined at 15, 25, and 35°C. It was assumed that K ∗ NaF was a function of temperature, pressure, and ionic strength but not of solution composition. The value for K ∗ NaF at 25°C and I = 0.7 m is 0.045 ± 0.006. K ∗ NaF increased with decreasing temperature. This result was used to recompute values of K ∗ MgF and K ∗ CaF accounting for the presence of NaF° ion-pairs. The value for K ∗ NaF indicates that 1.1% of the fluoride in seawater is ion-paired with sodium at 25°C and 35‰ salinity. This fraction increases to approximately 2% at the lower temperatures found in the deep ocean. The percentage of free fluoride in natural seawater was measured at 15, 25, and 35°C to verify the speciation calculated from equilibrium constants.
Is It Really Just a Social Construction?: The Contribution of the Physical Environment to Sense of Place

Although sense of place definitions nominally include the physical environment, much research has emphasized the social construction of sense of place and neglect the potentially important contributions of the physical environment to place meanings and attachment. This article presents research that tests several models that integrate (1) characteristics of the environment, (2) human uses of the environment, (3) constructed meanings, and (4) place attachment and satisfaction. The research utilized a mail survey of 1,000 property owners in a lake-rich region (the Northern Highlands Lake District of Northern Wisconsin). Structural equation modeling revealed that the best fit model integrating environmental variables with sense of place was a meaning-mediated model that considered certain landscape attributes (i.e., level of shoreline development) as predictive of certain meanings related to attachment and satisfaction. This research demonstrates that landscape attributes matter a great deal to constructed m...
Implementing declarative overlays

Overlay networks are used today in a variety of distributed systems ranging from file-sharing and storage systems to communication infrastructures. However, designing, building and adapting these overlays to the intended application and the target environment is a difficult and time consuming process.To ease the development and the deployment of such overlay networks we have implemented P2, a system that uses a declarative logic language to express overlay networks in a highly compact and reusable form. P2 can express a Narada-style mesh network in 16 rules, and the Chord structured overlay in only 47 rules. P2 directly parses and executes such specifications using a dataflow architecture to construct and maintain overlay networks. We describe the P2 approach, how our implementation works, and show by experiment its promising trade-off point between specification complexity and performance.
Noise reduction in communication channels

THE DEVELOPMENT of communication theory has led to the introduction of concepts such as integration, correlation, matched filtering, “comb” filtering, probability of detection, etc. Much confusion centers about their significance because of functional equivalence and because of inadequately defined purposes in their use. Thus, it may be overlooked that integration and correlation are equivalent operations, or that matched filtering or comb filtering are techniques of integration. The purpose in using these concepts can be understood properly only within frameworks of suitable criteria of performance. For example, it is frequently assumed that the end object of a filtering technique is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, whereas it is actually a means to an end. This end is to increase the information rate over a communication channel or to increase the probability of detection of a search radar, etc.