cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defect Stability and Electronic Configuration of Off-Stoichiometric Ni-X-In (X = Mn, Fe and Co) Alloys: A First-Principles Study

Ni-Mn-In is a novel type of magnetic shape memory alloy, its shape memory effect has been realized through magnetic field induced reverse martensitic transformation. A variety of point defects would be generated during composition adjustment process, such as antisite defect, vacancy and exchange. The first–principles calculations within the framework of the density functional theory using the Vienna ab initio software package (VASP) have been used in this paper to investigate the defect formation energy and electronic configuration of the off-stoichiometric Ni-X-In (X= Mn, Fe and Co) alloys. The In antisite on the X sublattice (InX) and the Ni antisite on the X sublattice (NiX) have the lowest formation energies in the investigated series. The formation energy of the Ni vacancy is the lowest, while that of the in vacancy is the highest. It is confirmed that the in constituent plays a dominant role for stabilizing the austenitic phase.
Nuclear Energy for a Low-Carbon-Dioxide-Emission Transportation System with Liquid Fuels

The two major energy challenges for the United States are to replace crude oil in our transportation system and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A multilayer strategy to replace oil using nuclear e...
Learning Business and Personal Ethics from Talmudic Stories: The Power of Storytelling

The Talmudic sages used stories as a method to teach ethics and morality. Unlike cases, stories have the ability to arouse passion and teach important lessons. The sages would use biblical figures such as Abraham and Moses and even God, Elijah the prophet, and Satan in their stories to make them memorable.
477. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Multiple AAV Serotype/Mutant Vector Transductions in the Non-Human Primate Brain By Massively Parallel Sequencing

Global therapeutic gene delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) offers a promising approach to treat CNS diseases and preclinical studies using rodents have shown AAV9 as a potential candidate to achieve this goal. However, recent work has highlighted the existence of nonhuman primate (NHP)-rodent differences in AAV vector biology and transduction profiles in the CNS after gene delivery, making imperative a more rigorous evaluation of various AAV serotype and capsid mutant vectors in NHPs. It is of particular importance to understand how each AAV strain (serotype or mutant) is distributed and transduces cells in the brain of a primate species closely related to humans when injected into the bloodstream or cerebrospinal fluids (CSF). Here we report a novel approach to generate three-dimensional (3D) vector transduction heat maps of more than one hundred of AAV strains in the rhesus monkey brain when vectors are delivered via the cisterna magna. In this approach, we integrate the vector transduction data obtained by AAV Barcode-Seq (an Illumina sequencing-based high-throughput vector transduction analysis) into an MRI image. To show proof-of-principle of the method, a barcoded-AAV library containing 145 different AAV strains was directly injected into CSF via the cisterna magna of three rhesus macaques (4×1012 vg/kg) and their brains were subjected to MRI analysis before collection of the organ 6 weeks post-injection. Six mm-thick coronal sections of the brain were made and photographed, and the right half of each section slice was diced into 6 × 7 × 7 mm3 cubes using a matrix, generating more than 100 cubes from a cerebral hemisphere. Total DNA was then extracted from each cube using an automated magnetic particle processor and subjected to AAV Barcode-Seq analysis to determine transduction efficiency of each AAV strain in each cube by multiplexed Illumina sequencing. The coordinates of each cube were determined by aligning the photo images of each coronal section to the corresponding MRI images using an image alignment algorithm. This strategy allowed us to create 3D heat maps showing distribution and transduction of each AAV strain in the entire NHP brain. A preliminary analysis using one of the three monkeys revealed that AAV1 vector spreads globally and transduces all brain regions including the cerebral cortex while the distribution of AAV2 was limited locally. Unexpectedly, we found that many other serotypes and mutants transduced the NHP brain better than AAV9 when delivered into CSF. Thus, imaging of AAV vector distribution and transduction throughout the NHP brain by AAV Barcode-Seq combined with MRI provides a powerful approach to comprehensively study AAV vector-mediated CNS gene delivery in clinically relevant animal models. Our results emphasize the large difference in AAV distribution and transduction efficiency that exists in the brain of higher primates compared to rodent models.
Gender Makes a Difference: Investigating Consumer Purchasing Behavior and Attitudes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility Policies

The balance between profit maximization and corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a strategic issue of considerable importance. A key factor in understanding this relationship is identifying consumer reactions to engaging in CSR. Prior literature suggests a gap between consumers' environmental attitudes and behaviors. This study examines this relationship and finds evidence that gender significantly influences this gap between attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, we find that for female segments of the consumer population, this gap is greatly reduced. We use social identity theory to explain this phenomenon of gender differences as they relate to CSR. Along with providing insight to CSR at the individual level with attitudes and behaviors, our findings also have implications at the firm- level for how organizations choose and strategically signal their CSR strategies toward specific consumer segments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature.

Objective To evaluate whether prescribed benzodiazepines affect one's risk of suicide. Data sources A PubMed search of English-language publications from database inception until October 11, 2016, was conducted using the terms benzodiazepine and suicide. References and related articles were also searched to yield additional publications. Study selection/data extraction Studies were included if they addressed the relationship between suicidal behavior and the prescribed use of either specific benzodiazepines or benzodiazepines as a class. A total of 17 studies were included in this review. Results The majority of studies found that benzodiazepines were associated with increased suicide risk. This finding was consistent across various populations and different types of research, including a placebo-controlled crossover trial, a laboratory model of suicidal behavior, case-control studies regarding completed suicides on inpatient units, and large naturalistic studies. Conclusions Benzodiazepines appear to cause an overall increase in the risk of attempting or completing suicide. Possible mechanisms of prosuicidal effects may include increases in impulsivity or aggression, rebound or withdrawal symptoms, and toxicity in overdose.
BURDEN OF 30-DAY READMISSIONS IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND HEART FAILURE IN THE UNITED STATES: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Background: In patients (pts) ≥ 65y admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart failure (HF), 30d readmissions account for substantial Medicare resource use. Few data are available for early post-discharge healthcare utilization after AMI/HF in pts < 65y. Methods: In the US
Estrogen receptor coregulator binding modulators (ERXs) effectively target estrogen receptor positive human breast cancers

Around 70% of breast cancers in women need one or both of the female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) to grow. To treat these 'hormone-dependent' cancers, patients receive drugs that either block the production of estrogen or directly target a receptor protein that senses estrogen in the cancer cells. Unfortunately, many breast cancers develop resistance to these drugs. This resistance is often caused by genetic mutations that alter the estrogen receptor; for example, the receptor may develop the ability to interact with other proteins in the cell known as coregulators to promote tumor growth. Developing new drugs that prevent estrogen receptors from interacting with coregulators may provide more options for treating hormone-dependent breast cancers. Here, Raj et al. developed a new small molecule named ERX-11 that is able to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells that are sensitive to existing drugs as well as cells that have become drug-resistant. For the experiments, hormone-dependent breast cancer cells from humans were transplanted into mice. This procedure usually causes the mice to develop tumors, but giving the mice ERX-11 by mouth stopped estrogen receptors from interacting with coregulators and blocked the growth of tumors. Furthermore, ERX-11 does not appear to have any toxic effects on the mice, indicating that it may also be safe for humans. The findings of Raj et al. suggest that ERX-11 is a promising new drug candidate for treating some breast cancers. The next steps are to examine the effects of ERX-11 on mice and other animals in more detail before deciding whether this molecule is suitable for clinical trials. In the longer term, molecules similar to ERX-11 could also be developed into drugs to treat other types of cancer that are also caused by abnormal interactions of coregulator proteins.
Linking household surveys and health facility assessments to estimate intervention coverage for the Lives Saved Tool ( LiST )

Calls have been made for improved measurement of coverage for maternal, newborn and child health interventions. Recently, methods linking household and health facility surveys have been used to improve estimation of intervention coverage. However, linking methods rely the availability of household and health facility surveys which are temporally matched. Because nationally representative health facility assessments are not yet routinely conducted in many low and middle income countries, estimates of intervention coverage based on linking methods can be produced for only a subset of countries. Estimates of intervention coverage are a critical input for modelling the health impact of intervention scale-up in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). The purpose of this study was to develop a data-driven approach to estimate coverage for a subset of antenatal care interventions modeled in LiST. Using a five-step process, estimates of population level coverage for syphilis detection and treatment, case management of diabetes, malaria infection, hypertensive disorders, and pre-eclampsia, were computed by linking household and health facility surveys. Based on data characterizing antenatal care and estimates of coverage derived from the linking approach, predictive models for intervention coverage were developed. Updated estimates of coverage based on the predictive models were compared, first with current default proxies, then with estimates based on the linking approach. Model fit and accuracy were assessed using three measures: the coefficient of determination, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the root mean square error (RMSE). The ability to predict intervention coverage was fairly accurate across all interventions considered. Predictive models accounted for 20–63% of the variance in intervention coverages, and correlation coefficients ranged from 0.5 to 0.83. The predictive model used to estimate coverage of management of pre-eclampsia performed relatively better (RMSE = 0.11) than the model estimating coverage of diabetes case management (RMSE = 0.19). The new approach to estimate coverage represents an improvement over current default proxies in LiST. As the availability of reliable coverage data improves, impact estimates generated by LiST will improve. This study underscores the need for continued efforts to improve coverage measurement, while bringing to the fore the importance of health facility assessments as complementary data sources.
Nucleation of dislocation loops by cracks in crystals

It is shown by observations of etch-pits that dislocation loops are nucleated ahead of slowly moving cleavage cracks in LiF crystals. The loops are nucleated in dislocation-free regions of crystals. Loops larger than ~ 5 μ diam are stable at room temperature, but collapse at 400°C. The loops expand and contract under applied stresses.
Small economic losses lower total compensation for victims of emotional losses

Abstract This article explores an important yet understudied topic – the lay public’s opinion of fair compensation for victims of emotional losses (emotional suffering). Four experiments, covering diverse contexts, find an anomalous phenomenon: laypeople would award less compensation to someone incurring an emotional loss if the person also incurs a small economic loss than if the person incurs little or no economic loss. We explain the effect using a reasonable-anchor account: if the victim incurs little or no economic loss, people will base their assessment of total compensation on what they consider the emotional loss is worth; if the victim also incurs a non-trivial economic loss, people will anchor their assessment on the economic loss, and if the economic loss is small, the compensation will also be small. In other words, the presence of an economic loss “crowds out” the emotional loss in assessment of total compensation. This research enriches our knowledge about how laypeople make compensation decisions for emotional losses, and when they use economic losses as anchors.
Correction to: Jean-Phillipe, S., Richards, J., Gwinn, K., & Beyl, C. “Urban Youth Perceptions of Agriculture.” Journal of Youth Development, 12(3) 2017.

There was a mistake in the spelling of the first author’s last name. Jean-Phillipe should be spelled JeanPhilippe. The original article can be found via the DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2017.497
Outcome of everolimus based therapy in hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer patients after progression on palbociclib combination.

1064Background: BOLERO 2 trial showed improved progression free survival (PFS) with everolimus (EV) + exemestane combination over exemestane alone in hormone receptor positive, HER2 non-amplified m...
New Antimicrobial agents for Methicillin-resistant 'Staphylococcus Aureus'

Abstract In bacterial and fungal infections, optimal outcomes are obtained through the timely provision of adequate antimicrobial coverage in an initial anti-infective treatment regimen. However, selecting appropriate antimicrobial regimens to treat infections in the intensive care unit is challenging because of the expansion of antibiotic resistance. Multidrug anti-infective regimens are typically needed to adequately cover common important pathogens in ICUs. Here, we describe novel antibacterial agents in the late stages of clinical development that show potential for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. These include the fifth-generation cephalosporins, ceftaroline and ceftobiprole; the glycopeptides, dalbavancin, oritavancin, and telavancin; and iclaprim.
Modeling Toxicological Multivariate Mortality Data: a Bayesian Perspective

We propose a Bayesian method for the modeling and analysis of toxicological mortality data from large families observed over discrete time periods. The discrete mortality rate for a family of subjects at a given time depends on the time and the common toxic level experienced by the family and the observed value of any other relevant covariate present at that time. Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique is used to find posterior estimates of the model parameters and mortality rates and other several quantities of interest. Further, Bayesian methods are used for several plausible model comparisons. An illustrative example involving the mortality data for several families of fishes in presence of water hardening and added toxic NaScN at different concentration levels is analyzed using our proposed Bayesian methodologies.
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Arrays: A Final Summary of Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project Work (1975–1986)

The Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), has conducted research on a wide range of photovoltaic (PV) module technologies for over 11 years. Progress will be summarized over this period for silicon (Si) feedstock refinement, sheet substrate formation, cost reduction, high-efficiency solar cell and process sequence development, engineering sciences, and module testing.
Chapter 7 – Applications

Transform-domain processing of signals has been successfully used for several decades in many engineering fields spanning the application areas from communications to oil exploration. The most popular block transform has been the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), which found a variety of applications because of its performance and low cost of implementation, i.e., fast Fourier transform (FFT). More recently, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) has become the industry standard for still frame image and video compression applications, e.g., JPEG, H.261, H.263, and MPEG compression algorithms. The subband transform with its multiresolution feature has also been forwarded as an alternative to the DCT for low bit rate image and video coding. In addition to these conventional applications of transform-domain signal processing, there has been a rapidly growing activity in new application areas—namely, spread spectrum communication, discrete multitone (DMT) modulation, low probability of intercept (LPI) communication, radar signal processing, biomedical signal processing, and many others. The chapter demonstrates the way the fundamental concepts of linear transforms can lead to meaningful applications in representable areas, including subband coding, interference excision in spread spectrum communications, discrete multitone modulation, and orthogonal code division multiple access (CDMA) user codes.
THE UNCANNY AND PATHOLOGICAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF APARTHEID’S INCARCERATION IN BESSIE HEAD’S WHEN RAIN CLOUDS GATHER

As a South African author, Bessie Head has chosen to write in the tradition of social realism. Drawing her artistic inspiration from the social circumstances surrounding her own life, she addresses the central issue which prevails in South Africa—the question of power and oppression. The thrust of this essay is to demonstrate that power and its mismanagement is a fundamental concept in Head’s works. Using the sociological orientation of Raymond Williams, the paper will examine the use or abuse of power at the level of social relationships applicable to the apartheid South African context. Keywords: Uncanny, Pathological, Apartheid, Incarceration
Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook

So-called “fake news” has renewed concerns about the prevalence and effects of misinformation in political campaigns. Given the potential for widespread dissemination of this material, we examine the individual-level characteristics associated with sharing false articles during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign. To do so, we uniquely link an original survey with respondents’ sharing activity as recorded in Facebook profile data. First and foremost, we find that sharing this content was a relatively rare activity. Conservatives were more likely to share articles from fake news domains, which in 2016 were largely pro-Trump in orientation, than liberals or moderates. We also find a strong age effect, which persists after controlling for partisanship and ideology: On average, users over 65 shared nearly seven times as many articles from fake news domains as the youngest age group.
Choroid Plexus Tumors

While choroid plexus tumors represent less than 1% of CNS tumors overall, they are responsible for a much greater proportion of CNS tumors in the early years of life. Of 170 newborn brain tumors (reported from twelve institutions), 12% were choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) (1). CPPs preferentially involve the lateral ventricles in children, while the fourth ventricle is most often involved in adults. CPPs have occasionally arisen within the third ventricle (2). Presentation as a cerebellopontine angle tumor is also unusual. In the latter location, CPPs may either arise from the choroid plexus emanating from the foramen of Lushka, extend out from other locations within the fourth ventricle, or represent leptomeningeal dissemination (3). Bilaterality is distinctly unusual, may result in congenital hydrocephalus, has been reported in infants with duplication of chromosome 9p, and is also referred to as hyperplasia or villous hypertrophy of the choroid plexus (4). CPPs usually present with headaches, most often secondary to increased intracranial pressure as a result of excessive CSF production by the overgrown choroid plexus epithelium. Retention of this functional capacity is accompanied by retention of most of the morphologic characteristics of normal choroid plexus epithelium. While the usual cytologic and architectural features of low-grade papillary tumors (overgrowth, crowding, nuclear hyperchromasia and pleomorphism) may or may not be apparent, a fairly reliable feature of CPPs is loss of the normal hobnail appearance of nonneoplastic choroid plexus epithelium (Figs. 18-1 and 18-2). CPPs may, on occasion, demonstrate epithelial variations including tubule formation (5), oncocytic change, and pigmentation (6). Stromal lamellar calcification may frequently be seen within CPPs and may be so heavy as to interfere with tissue sectioning (7).
Characterizations of Convex Quadrics in Terms of Plane Quadric Sections, Midsurfaces, and Shadow-Boundaries

It is well known that the middle points of any family of parallel chords of a real quadric surface Q in the Euclidean space R n belong to a hyperplane, and that a similar property holds for the shadow-boundaries of Q. In this article we review the existing results and add some new ones which characterize convex quadrics among convex hypersurfaces in R n , possibly unbounded, in terms of plane quadric sections, hyperplanarity of their midsurfaces and shadow-boundaries.
Forward Photodynamics of the Noncanonical Red/Green NpR3784 Cyanobacteriochrome from Nostoc punctiforme

Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) make up a diverse family of cyanobacterial photoreceptors distantly related to the phytochrome photoreceptors of land plants. At least two lineages of CBCRs have reacquired red-absorbing dark states similar to the phytochrome Pr resting state but are coupled to green-absorbing light-adapted states rather than the canonical far-red-absorbing light-adapted state. One such lineage includes the canonical red/green (R/G) CBCRs that includes AnPixJg2 (UniProtKB Q8YXY7 ) and NpR6012g4 (UniProtKB B2IU14 ) that have been extensively characterized. Here we examine the forward Pr photodynamics of NpR3784 (UniProtKB B2J457 ), a representative member of the second R/G CBCR subfamily. Using broadband transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy, we characterize both primary (100 fs to 10 ns) and secondary (10 ns to 1 ms) forward (Pr → Pg) photodynamics and compare the results to temperature-jump cryokinetics measurements. Our studies show that primary isomerization dynamics occur on an ∼10 ps timescale, yet remarkably, the red-shifted primary Lumi-Rf photoproduct found in all photoactive canonical R/G CBCRs examined to date is extremely short-lived in NpR3784. These results demonstrate that differences in reaction pathways reflect the evolutionary history of R/G CBCRs despite the convergent evolution of their photocycle end products.
Varied treatment response in young children with autism: A relative comparison of structured and naturalistic behavioral approaches:

Heterogeneity of treatment response is common in children with autism spectrum disorder. Thus, many providers vary the intervention used based on child characteristics and learning domain. An impro...
Transforming the Grid's Architecture: Enterprise Control, the Energy Internet of Things, and Heterofunctional Graph Theory

The electric power grid was developed on an implicit architectural assumption of centralized dispatchable generation serving all of customers' passive distributed loads irrespective of the operating costs required to do so.
Small-amplitude superimposed horizontal motion of a load supported symmetrically by rubber springs:

The undamped small-amplitude superimposed horizontal motion of a load supported symmetrically between identical isotropic hyperelastic springs, each subjected to an initial finite uniaxial static s...
Rates and predictors of co-occurring autism spectrum disorder in boys with fragile X syndrome:

Background and aimsMales with fragile X syndrome display many behavioral features of autism spectrum disorder. Despite this overlap, our understanding of autism spectrum disorder symptoms and sever...
Exploring the Relationship between Student and Teacher/Proxy-Respondent Scores on the Self-Determination Inventory.

The Self-Determination Inventory (SDI) is a suite of tools developed to measure self-determination. The SDI: Student Report was recently validated for adolescents aged 13 to 22 with and without dis...
Campus Free Speech in Polarised Times

Tensions around open expression at universities in the United States and around the world arise mainly from two sources. Campus members increasingly call to restrict hurtful and hate-based speech, ...
Detection of CFRP-concrete interfacial debonding using active microwave thermography

Abstract Active microwave thermography (AMT), a thermographic technique that utilizes a microwave-based thermal excitation, is proposed as an efficient technique for non-contact, real-time inspection of embedded flaws. This study examines the use of AMT to detect interfacial debonding of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)-concrete interface. CFRP-concrete interfacial damage is caused by external mechanical loading and monitored under AMT. CFRP strips bonded to concrete prisms are tested in direct shear to initiate debonding. AMT is used to monitor the CFRP surface thermal profile in an attempt to detect and monitor interfacial damage. Correlations between the mechanical response (namely, applied load vs. composite displacement relative to the substrate, i.e., slip) and AMT results (namely, temporal CFRP thermal response) are found. High thermal contrast, TC , defined as the CFRP surface thermal response caused by loading, is observed where interfacial debonding initiates and propagates along the bonded length. An increase in the TC slope occurs when a load drop occurs, which indicates local debonding occurrence or mobilization. At different load levels, the interfacial slip and surface temperature distributions along the bonded length show similar trends. These correlations indicate that initiation and propagation of CFRP-concrete interfacial damage can be monitored by the AMT technique.
The Ultraviolet Spectrum of the Ultracompact X-Ray Binary 4U 1626-67

We have obtained Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph low-resolution ultraviolet spectra of the X-ray pulsar 4U 1626-67 (=KZ TrA); 4U 1626-67 is unusual even among X-ray pulsars because of its ultrashort binary period (P = 41.4 minutes) and remarkably low mass function (≤1.3 × 10-6 M⊙). The far-UV spectrum was exposed for a total of 32 ks and has sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to reveal numerous broad emission and prominent narrower absorption lines. Most of the absorption lines are consistent in strength with a purely interstellar origin. However, there is evidence that both C I and C IV require additional absorbing gas local to the system. In emission, the usual prominent lines of N V and He II are absent, while both O IV and O V are relatively strong. We further identify a rarely seen feature at ~1660 A as the O III] multiplet. Our ultraviolet spectra therefore provide independent support for the recent suggestion that the mass donor is the chemically fractionated core of either a CONe or ONeMg white dwarf; this was put forward to explain the results of Chandra high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. The velocity profiles of the ultraviolet lines are in all cases broad and/or flat topped or perhaps even double peaked for the highest ionization cases of O; in either case, the ultraviolet line profiles are in broad agreement with the Doppler pairs found in the X-ray spectra. Both the X-ray and far-UV lines are plausibly formed in (or in an corona just above) a Keplerian accretion disk; the combination of ultraviolet and X-ray spectral data may provide a rich data set for follow-on detailed models of the disk dynamics and ionization structure in this highly unusual low-mass X-ray pulsar system.
Mechanistic diffusion model for slow dynamic behavior in materials

Abstract Infrastructure materials, such as rocks and concrete, exhibit an array of intricate and interrelated dynamic mechanical behaviors that act across a broad range of size scales. Modeling these dynamic behaviors is important for understanding safe design, application, and maintenance practices. One particular and fascinating nonlinear dynamic mechanic response - slow dynamics - is characterized by a self-recovering hysteretic stress-strain relationship. Here we formulate a mechanistic model for slow dynamics, which we call a mechanistic diffusion model (MDM), based on coupled mechanical and diffusional processes. Diffusion-driven moisture migration nearby the minuscule regions surrounding granular contact points within a cracked solid serves as the physical foundation of the model. Diffusion physics explains fast conditioning rates, as moisture is vaporized, and relatively slow recovery process rates, as the moisture condenses back to equilibrium conditions. The MDM provides physically-based justification for environment and strain activated observations noted in previous slow dynamic experiments. The MDM is verified against new experimental data of internal humidity and mechanical softening observed in a porous solid during dynamic excitation. The MDM model predicts, and the accompanying experiment successfully exhibits, internal humidity changes with slow dynamic nonlinearity of the test material. The MDM model identifies a physical mechanism of transient nonlinearity and provides a framework to interpret the significance of observed slow dynamic nonlinear behaviors.
Heroic women of the black freedom struggle review essay

Recent scholarship on the civil rights movement has worked to reframe the view of Black women’s roles in the movement. This new scholarship has pushed for moving beyond the view of Black women as t...
In-Situ Stability Of Soil-Aggregate Road Materials

Investigation to determine factors influencing stability of surface and subgrade materials of typical soil-aggregate roads in central Illinois, consisted of study of in-service roads at 10 selected sites in DeWitt County; results are in firm agreement with well recognized fact that stability of surface course of coarsegraded aggregate type is to great extent controlled by its composition or particle size distribution.
Two different device physics principles for operating MoS2 transistor biosensors with femtomolar-level detection limits

We experimentally identify two different physics principles for operating MoS2 transistor biosensors, which depend on antibody functionalization locations. If antibodies are functionalized on an insulating layer coated on a MoS2 transistor, antibody-antigen binding events mainly modify the transistor threshold voltage, which can be explained by the conventional capacitor model. If antibodies are directly grafted on the MoS2 transistor channel, the binding events mainly modulate the ON-state transconductance of the transistor, which is attributed to the antigen-induced disordered potential in the MoS2 channel. This work advances the device physics for simplifying the transistor biosensor structures targeting for femtomolar-level quantification of biomolecules.
Animal models in gerontology research.

Animal models have paved the way for the vast majority of advances in biomedical research. Studies on aged animals are essential for understanding the processes inherent in normal aging and the progression of age‐related diseases. Animal models are used to identify physiological changes with age, to identify the genetic basis of normal aging and age‐associated disease and degeneration, and to test potential therapeutic interventions. This chapter will focus on rodent models and will summarize important considerations for the use of animals in aging research in general and in modeling geriatric epilepsy.
Nuclear spin of rhodium

Rhodium according to aston, consists of a single isotope of mass 103. Fermi has observed the presence of two periods of artificial radio-active decay for this element; on irradiation with slow neutrons, rhodium emits b-rays of two periods with half-lives 44 secs., and 3.9 mins. Suspecting that the double period might arise from as undiscovered additional isotope, Sampson and Bleakney have recently submitted the element to a mass spectrographic study with a new ion source.
Comments on E. G. West and R. J. Staaf

In critiquing the effects of public employee unions, West and Staaf’s paper goes far beyond the concerns of the Supreme Court in the Abood case, the case which provides the point of departure for their paper. Along with many other observers, I agree with their view that public employee unions possess extensive powers that may be used against the public interest. Indeed, it has been said with justification that the public employee unions are the ‘new political machines’ in this country, the successors to the old ethnic and patronage-based political machines.
CONCENTRATIONS OF ACTIVE ISONIAZID IN SERUM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS TREATED WITH ISONIAZID

Microbiologic assay for antimicrobially active isoniazid was performed on the serum of 57 children with tuberculosis. Comparisons were made with similar assays of serum from 344 adult tuberculous patients. Regardless of the basis for calculating equivalent dosage, the relative proportion of children and adults who were rapid inactivators of isoniazid was roughly the same. Six hours after administration of isoniazid the concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were equal to or greater than those of the serum. The value of determining the concentrations of isoniazid in serum for individualization of dosage in children was discussed.
Linear Models and Matrix Least Squares in Clinical Chemistry

Clinical chemists are often required to fit mathematical models to experimental data. In some studies, the individual model parameters and their uncertainties are of primary importance; for example, the initial reaction rate (slope with respect to time) of a kinetic method of analysis (1). In other studies, the graph of the whole model (and the associated uncertainty) is of interest—e.g., a calibration curve relating measured values of response to a property of a material (2). In still other studies, statistical measures of how well the model fits the data are desired; the correlation coefficient obtained in methods comparison studies is an example (3).
Single switch dual output converter dynamic behavior and operating range

The dynamic behavior and the operating range of a single-switch dual-output DC-DC converter is presented. The circuit is developed for automotive applications requiring regulated 12 V and 5 V supplies from a 24 V battery. The converter provides two independently regulated DC outputs from a single DC voltage source using one power semiconductor switch. Two discrete closed-loop feedback paths regulate the output voltages. One output voltage, supplied from a low-pass filter, is regulated by adjusting the duty cycle, while the other output, supplied from a higher-frequency bandpass filter, is controlled by the switching frequency. The converter is implemented using a 16-b Intel 8096 microcontroller communicating to external switching elements and control logic. >
Abduction in annotated logic programming

The author investigates techniques to make the logic programming paradigm more expressive for knowledge representation, while simultaneously retaining the computational advantages of efficiency and simplicity. He extends the annotated language of K. Thirunarayan and K. Kifer (1989) in various directions to obtain an enriched representation language. In particular, rule bodies are permitted to be a conjunction of literals, and the rules to be recursive. A class of annotated logic programs called the stratified programs is identified which can be given a unique supported minimal Herbrand model as their meaning. Abductive reasoning is integrated into this annotated logic framework. The notion of an explanation is formalized, and when an explanation can be regarded as acceptable is specified. >
System aspect: system/360 model 92

In the papers by Dr. Amdahl and Dr. Chen an extremely powerful CPU was described. I would like to illustrate on some problems just how powerful it is, in order to better pinpoint its actual performance. With a CPU of this sort, we had a few problems in the actual design: to be able to get problems or applications in and out of the CPU, and to put the processor into an environment where it is useful.
Teenagers and sexual risk taking: The best of times and the worst of times

Trends in sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among adolescents must be interpreted cautiously due to the variability of data quality among sources. Prevalence estimates vary with the source of data. The trends seem to indicate increasing risky sexual behaviors. Gonorrhea trends are the most stable. During 1975-89 the number of gonorrhea cases reported to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declined from about 1 million to 750000 and from 200000 adolescents to 175000 adolescents. During the 1980s adolescent rates increased among males and females compared to other age groups. Gonorrhea cases and rates increased among Blacks during 1981-89 and were 10 times higher than for Whites. These differences are attributable to less successful media prevention messages in Black communities less attention in clinics due to work overload shifts to chlamydia and syphilis control and the influence of illicit drugs among a core population. When sexual activity is taken into account STD rates among adolescents are even higher. Syphilis cases declined among White males increased among Black heterosexual males and increased among minority teenaged women. Older age groups are at greater risk from syphilis but genital sores place women at greater risk of HIV infections and congenital syphilis. The incidence of chlamydia infections among adolescents is greater than gonorrhea infections. Trends are difficult to estimate due to the lack of a reporting requirement among all states. Visits due to viral STDs such as genital herpes and genital wart infections increased among adolescents from 50000 to 300000 during 1966-89. The long period of onset of HIV symptoms places 20% of all cases of AIDS within the ages of 20-29 years which means adolescent exposure. In a study in New York City about 1 in 140 adolescent women giving birth was HIV infected. Although condom use is reported to be more consistent over time recent use is under 50% of sexually active teenagers. Crack use among teenagers is associated with a high risk sexual behavior and a higher prevalence of STDs. Compliance with antibiotic medication and media influences are other factors affecting rates.
Radial excitations of hadronic bags

We investigate the spectrum of radial excitations of the bag model. Breathing excitations of the surface of the bag couple to the radially excited states of quarks in the bag, resulting in a spectrum of states which interpolates between the energy levels of the fixed-cavity approximation. We discuss this effect in detail for a bag containing bosons. We apply our results to fermionic systems and find that the radial excitations of baryons contain an NP11(1410) Roper-resonance candidate as a natural consequence of the effects of breathing modes.
Cysteamine-induced depletion of central somatostatin-like immunoactivity: effects on behavior, learning, memory and brain neurochemistry.

The effects of a wide range of doses of systemically administered cysteamine were studied on locomotor behavior, passive avoidance memory, cortical and cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin-like immunoactivity and cortical levels of dopamine and norepinephrine. High doses of cysteamine (200 and 250 mg/kg s.c.) led to sustained locomotor activation. Doses of 150 mg/kg and above resulted in head and neck tremor and increased defecation. When cysteamine was administered immediately following the acquisition of a passive avoidance response, doses of 50 mg/kg and above resulted in significant attenuation of passive avoidance retention test performance. Cysteamine in doses of 50 mg/kg and above depleted cortical somatostatin-like immunoactivity by approximately 50%. The depletion of cortical somatostatin-like immunoactivity was accompanied by a rapid rise in somatostatin-like immunoactivity in cerebrospinal fluid. In addition to the depletion of somatostatin-like immunoactivity, high doses of cysteamine (150 mg/kg and above) produced changes in cortical levels of norepinephrine and dopamine, reminiscent of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibition. The results of this series of experiments suggest that somatostatin, in addition to its effects on hormonal regulation, may play an important role in behavior and passive avoidance learning and memory. It is possible that the amnesia produced by cysteamine may have been due to the release of somatostatin into CSF from tissue stores, rather than somatostatin depletion per se. It is also possible that the catecholaminergic effects of high doses of cysteamine contribute to the behavioral deficits observed.
Blindsight in Hindsight

Philosophers concerned with issues of mind have been turning to the neurosciences, especially neuropsychology, for empirical guidance. While I endorse this emphasis, I find that one important neuropsychological phenomenon, blindsight appears to have been misused by some prominent philosophers. In this paper, I examine this alleged misuse by spelling out the accounts of blindsight given by Daniel Dennett and Ned Block. I attempt to show that both Dennett and Block have ignored many complications surrounding blindsight including subjects' reports of visual sensations. This neglect has serious ramifications for their respective models of human consciousness which I also try to explicate. Further, by misrepresenting blindsight, these accounts serve to hamper scientific and philosophical understanding of the phenomenon and of consciousness. I conclude by sketching a model of blindsight that acknowledges these neglected details.
Surface stabilized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials with high-rate capability and long cycle life for lithium ion batteries

Abstract Li4P2O7-stabilized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was prepared by solid-state synthesis. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transition electron microscopy, which showed a coating layer ( 3 ¯ m; its estimated crystallite size was 527 nm. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7 possessed better rate capability and cycling capability. The introduced Li4P2O7 coating layer acted as a solid electrolyte or artificial SEI layer: by separating the active material from the electrolyte, the coating layer prevented the Ni2+/Ni3+ or Ni3+/Ni4+ redox couple from decomposing the electrolyte. Stress/strain from the Ni2+⇌Ni3⇌Ni4+ spinel phase change caused fractures and pulverization of the cycled stoichiometric LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 crystal surface, especially noticeable for this well-developed micro-sized crystal. The ordered stoichiometric LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 had more side reactions, led to a quick fading of the material's capacity. Both the Li4P2O7 coating layer and the disordered Fd 3 ¯ m space group LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 structure bring benefit to the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7 performance. Thus, the introduced Li4P2O7 coating layer can build an effective solid electrolyte or artificial SEI layer to protect the interface between LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and electrolyte.
Heat transfer—a review of 1984 literature

Synthese bibliographique et bibliographie des publications mondiales sur le transfert de chaleur en 1984
Neonatal seizures: diagnosis and treatment.

Neonatal seizures are a frequent problem encountered in neonatal nurseries, but their significance is controversial. Some investigators regard newborn seizures as simply epiphenomena and reflective of brain injury, whereas others note associated metabolic and physiologic aberrations suggesting that seizures per se are injurious to the central nervous system. The proper approach to the treatment of neonatal seizures depends on the etiology because treatment differs if seizures are of metabolic, toxic, or structural origin. Most studies reporting the efficacy of anticonvulsant agents neither define the seizure characteristics being treated nor use electroencephalographic documentation of seizure activity. The choice of anticonvulsants has been based on tradition rather than on the proven superiority of one agent over another. Although several anticonvulsants are available, phenobarbital remains the drug most frequently chosen as the initial agent in treatment. The important pharmacologic considerations of a...
Treatment outcome evaluation methodology in smoking cessation: strengths and key issues

Abstract Dramatic improvements in both treatment evaluation and outcome have occurred in smoking cessation over the past 20 years. Key strengths include the use of multicomponent intervention strategies, objective outcome criteria, and relatively sophisticated research designs. Problems still remain, however, in establishing common definitions of success (or even of treatment participation), in describing treatment methodology, and in both defining and reducing subject attrition. Inadequate sample sizes have traditionally plagued studies in the smoking cessation field. Yet progress is being made in all of these areas. Prospects for further improvements in methodological sophistication and treatment outcome appear to be excellent.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BINUCLEAR TANTALUM HYDRIDE COMPLEXES

Abstract Reduction of the quadruply-bridged (2Cl, 2H) tantalum(IV) dimer, Ta2Cl6 (PMe3)4H2 (2) with sodium amalgam in glyme or THF at 0°C provides deep green Ta2Cl4(PMe3)4H2 (3) in 70% yield. Dimer 3 has a D2d Ta2Cl4(PMe3)4 substructure which closely resembles that of the quadruply metal-metal-bonded dimer W2Cl4(PMe3)4. The hydride ligands of 3 are located on a diagonal plane, bridging the two tantalum atoms and the Ta-Ta separation is 2.545(1) A. 3 reacts cleanly with Cl2, HCl and H2 in diethyl ether to provide the quadruply-bridged dimers 2, Ta2Cl5(PMe3)4H3 (4), and Ta2Cl4(PMe3)4H4 (5), respectively, in high yield. Dimer 5 can also be prepared in high yield via thermolysis of the tantalum(IV) hydride TaCl2H2(PMe3)4 (6) in refluxing methylcyclohexane. The X-ray structure of 5 shows that the (μ-H)4 group is staggered by 45° with respect to the eclipsed pyramidal TaCl2(PMe3)2 end groups. The molecular symmetry of 5 is D2d and the Ta-Ta separation is 2.511(2)A. Multiple-scattering Xα calculations on the model compounds Ta2Cl4(PH3)4H2 and Ta2Cl4(PH3)4 are used to elucidate the ground-state electronic structures of 3 and 5, and to probe the question of (μ-H)x rotation about the metal-metal bonds in these complexes. Crystal data (at 160°C) are as follows: for 3, monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 18.371(5) A, b = 9.520(3) A, c = 18.942(6) A, β = 125.36(2)°, V = 2701.8 A3, Z = 4,dcalc. = 1.991 g cm−3; for 5, tetragonal space group P4/nbm, a = b = 12.579(2) A, c = 10.205(2) A, V = 1614.7 A3, Z = 2, dcalc. = 1.670 g cm−3.
SELLING TIME: SITUATED TRANSACTIONS IN A NONINSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT*

Salespeople are well known for their artful constructions of strategies. They use these strategies to encase the sales transaction and assume that their success is somehow dependent on presentation...