cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance of space-frequency codes for MIMO OFDM systems

Concatenation of space-time (ST) coding with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) has gained much interest recently. In this work, we derive the exact pairwise error probability (PEP) of space-frequency (SF) codes for MIMO OFDM Systems. Based on the exact PEP, we derive the tighter upper and lower bounds for the PEP. For asymptotically high SNRs, the design criteria for SF codes differ significantly from those for ST codes over flat fading channels. In this paper, by drawing an analogy between SF and ST codes, we show that when the number of receive antennas is large, the minimum Euclidean distance among code words dominates the performance of SF codes. Therefore, SF codes can be optimized by using the Euclidean-distance criterion valid for AWGN channels. Simulation results are given to show that the results valid for a number of receive antennas tending to infinity still provide correct indications when the number of antennas is small.
Numerical Types and Inspectional Types: Evaluating Shape Characterization Procedures

Projectile point data are used in testing and evaluating various numerical shape classification procedures. Inspectional point types play the role of a control population while clustering algorithms, attribute section, and standardization techniques are tested. The most effective numerical procedure identified for the classification of projectile point form is a combination of k-means analysis, ratio scale measurements between attributes, and standardization of interval measures to a mean of zero and standard deviation of one.
l-2-Oxalylamino-3-aminopropionic acid, an isomer of Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin

Abstract The first chemical synthesis of l -2-oxalylamino-3-aminopropionic acid, an isomer of the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin, is described. Studies on its biological properties are reported. Experiments with l -3-[14C-oxalyl]amino-2- aminopropionic acid show that the amount of 2-oxalylamino isomer detectable in seed extracts can be accounted for by rearrangement which occurs during isolation.
Ellipsometer measurement of thickness and optical properties of thin absorbing films

Abstract Solutions for the thickness ( d ) and optical properties ( n and k ) of absorbing films overlying substrates of known optical properties may be found using ellipsometry. Themethod presented here uses measurements obtained at different incidence angles. Simultaneous solutions for n , k and d are found using the “exact” Drude equations and iteration techniques implemented on a microcomputer. Examples for a number of films demonstrate correct solutions. The accuracy of solutions is dependent upon specimen configuration and measurement accuracy. Highly accurate solutions may be obtained for films of practical importance using existing ellipsometers. Accuracy of experimental solutions is determined a posteriori given the measurement inaccuracy.
Orientation of Intracoronary Ultrasonography: Looking Beyond the Artery

Abstract Over the past 5 years intravascular ultrasound imaging has achieved many technical advancements both in catheter design and image quality. In addition to improved image quality that provides clear display of the endovascular structure, efficient signal penetration permits the viewing of structures beyond the artery by highlighting the perivascular structures. These perivascular landmarks, which are unique within a particular coronary segment, help provide both axial and spatial orientation during multiple imaging runs throughout a coronary artery. Orientation on the basis of veins and pericardium assists the operator to appreciate the full three-dimensional view of a particular coronary segment. This article describes several of the common perivasular structures that may be viewed from different arteries routinely imaged during coronary procedures. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998;11:13–9)
Treating Asian American Women With Eating Disorders: Multicultural Competency and Empirically Supported Treatment

Disordered eating and body dissatisfaction are occurring among Asian American women, but the vast majority of treatment literature is based on White Western women. Empirically supported treatments are increasingly encouraged for eating disorders, but therapists find little guidance for implementing them in a culturally sensitive manner. This paper reviews eating problems in Asian American women and explores concepts important to cultural competency in therapy. Examples of how cultural adaptations could be made to an empirically supported treatment are illustrated in a case scenario using aspects of C. G. Fairburn's Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders (2008).
On Atmospheric Energy Conversions Between the Zonal Flow and the Eddies

Energy transformations between the zonal mean and the eddies have been computed from observed data for a single winter month, January 1962. The available data were the height fields of the 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 mb surfaces. Our calculations are therefore based on the geostrophic or balanced approximations. The horizontal fields of the streamfunction and the thickness are written as one-dimensional Fourier series, and the energy transformation between the zonal mean and the different longitudinal wave-numbers are evaluated. In order to evaluate the energy transformations in the wave number regime, it is necessary to compute the meridional transports of momentum and heat as a function of the wave number. These results appear therefore as useful by-products of the calculations. The main conclusions which can be made on the basis of the calculations are: 1 The maximum transport of sensible heat occurs in the middle latitudes and at the lower elevations. More than 50% of the transport of sensible heat is carried out by wave numbers 1 to 4, while the next four wave numbers (5 to 8) transport half this amount. 1 The transport of momentum is toward the north south of about 55° N and toward the south north of this latitude. The maximum northward transport of momentum occurs at 35° N at higher elevations, while the maximum southward transport takes place at 65° N also at higher elevations. About 50% of the northward transport of momentum is carried out by wave numbers 1 to 4 and about 30% by the next four wave numbers (5 to 8). 1 The conversion of zonal available potential energy to eddy available potential energy is found to be positive for almost all wave numbers with a single maximum around the wave numbers 2 and 3. 1 The conversion of eddy kinetic energy to zonal kinetic energy is found to be positive when summed over all wave numbers. The conversion is much smaller than the conversion mentioned in 3. The spectrum is very irregular showing positive conversions for the small wave numbers, but negative conversions for some of the larger wave numbers. The conclusions mentioned above are tentative, since they are based on data from a single winter month. Computations for other winter months and for other seasons are being planned. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01386.x
Effect of Growing Season on the Criterion for Wetland Hydrology

A study was conducted to determine effects of using two different methods of approximating the growing season (GS) on the hydrology of lands that satisfy the wetland hydrologic criterion. The two GS considered were the frost-free GS defined by medium dates of 28 °F air temperatures (28F), and a 365-day GS (365D) based on soil temperature. Analyses on 5 hydric soils near Plymouth, NC showed that using the 365D rather than the 28F GS will substantially reduce saturation requirements for wetland hydrology. A site that would have a water table within 30 cm of the surface for a continuous period of 14 days or more in 50 % of the years during a 365D GS would satisfy the same criterion for only 4 % of the years during the 28F GS; it would have water table less than 30 cm deep for a continuous period of only 7 days in 50 % of the years during the 28F GS. Use of the 365D rather than the 28F GS would substantially reduce saturation requirements at the wet end of the wetland hydrology spectrum (12.5 % of GS) which is typically required for wetland restoration in mitigation projects. Research is needed to develop a scientifically rigorous criterion for wetland hydrology.
Iso-intensity absorber configurations for parabolic concentrators

Abstract The non-linear differential equations describing the uniform concentration of sunlight onto absorber surfaces co-axial with the optical axis of both paraboloid and parabolic trough concentrators are solved numerically to determine those absorber configurations having a uniform surface flux distribution. It is found that there are generally two families of such iso-intensity absorber surfaces for each concentrator and hence that a uniform concentration is achievable with any one of many configurations. Computer generated plots for several different iso-intensity absorber shapes of potential application interest are presented and the results compared with derived analytic approximations.
Deriving the beta-constraints for geometric continuity of parametric curves

Parametric splines curves are typically constructed so that the firstn parametric derivatives agree where the curve segments abut. This type of continuity condition has become known asC n orn th orderparametric continuity. It has previously been shown that the use of parametric continuity disallows many parametrizations which generate geometrically smooth curves. We definen th ordergeometric continuity (Gn), develop constraint equations that are necessary and sufficient for geometric continuity of curves, and show that geometric continuity is a relaxed form of parametric continuity.G n continuity provides for the introduction ofn quantities known asshape parameters which can be made available to a designer in a computer aided design environment to modify the shape of curves without moving control vertices. Several applications of the theory are discussed, along with topics of future research.
Rationality of inflation–output forecasts of MMS survey: international evidence

We analyse the individual rationality of inflation and output forecasts from Money Market Survey (MMS) for a group of G7 countries and EU under asymmetric univariate Linlin and Linex loss functions. We also test for joint rationality of inflation–output forecasts using the forecast rationality test under multivariate asymmetric loss functions proposed by Ulu (2013). Our results indicate that rationality is often rejected under symmetric loss, and results improve towards rationality when asymmetric loss functions are assumed. The assumption of multivariate asymmetric loss compared to univariate asymmetric loss provides further evidence towards rationality. We also analyse directional forecast accuracy of the inflation and output forecasts and find that the inflation–output forecasts of MMS are valuable when considered both jointly and separately.
Atrial fibrillation and incident end-stage renal disease: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.

article i nfo Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent risk factor for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among per- sons with chronic kidney disease (CKD), however, the association between AF and incident ESRD has not been examined in the general United States population. Methods:A total of 24,953 participants (mean age 65 ± 9.0 years; 54% women; 40% blacks) from the REasons for Geographic AndRacialDifferencesinStroke(REGARDS)studywere includedinthisanalysis.AFwasidentifiedat baseline (2003-2007) from electrocardiogram data and self-reported history. Incident cases of ESRD were iden- tified through linkage with the United States Renal Data System. Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between AF and incident ESRD. Results: A total of 2,155 (8.6%) participants had AF at baseline. Over a median follow-up of 7.4 years, 295 (1.2%) persons developed ESRD. In a model adjusted for demographics and potential confounders, AF was associated with an increased risk of incident ESRD (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.11). The association between AF and ESRD became non-significant after further adjustment for CKD markers (eGFR b60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/dL) (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.89, 1.73). Conclusion: AF is associated with an increased risk of ESRD in the general United States population and this asso- ciation potentially is explained by underlying CKD.
Chemosterilization of male house flies by fumigation.

A closed fumigation system with circulating atmosphere saturated with vapors of tepa, thiotepa (tris (l-aziridinyl) phosphine sulfide), hempa, thiohempa (hexa-methylphosphorothioictriamide), bis (l-aziridinyl)- N methyl-phosphinothioic amide, or bis (l-azilidinyl)- N -methylphosphinothioic amide was used to stetilize male Musca domestica L. Chemical and physical characteristics of the chemosterilant affected the fumigation period required for 50 or 95% sterilization (ST50 and ST95), but the vapor pressure of a sterilant was not directly proportional to its effectiveness. On the other hand, an increase in ambient temperature or in the treatment period invariably increased sterility. The uptake of hempa or thiohempa by treated flies was similar to the injection dose needed for the same degree of sterility, and each compound was metabolized to a different extent during the fumigation period. The closed fumigation system is safe to the operator, and the procedure is rapid and economical both in use of sterilant and in handling of insects. For mass treatments, the equipment could be easily scaled up.
Family pattern of idiopathic hypercalciuria and its subtypes.

AbstractPurpose: We determined the mode of inheritance of idiopathic hypercalciuria and its subtypes.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 40 children with symptomatic idiopathic hypercalciuria and 129 of their first-degree relatives (80 parents and 49 siblings). In hypercalciuric individuals in families with at least 2 affected members the type of idiopathic hypercalciuria was determined by the calcium loading test.Results: Of the 40 affected children 19 (47.5 percent) had 1 or more affected first-degree relatives (23 of 80 parents and 2 of 49 siblings). In all 44 affected members of the 19 hypercalciuric families (19 index cases, 23 parents and 2 siblings) the type of idiopathic hypercalciuria was determined (absorptive in 38 and renal in 6). Study of the pedigree of the 19 families showed that idiopathic hypercalciuria appears to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. With only 1 exception the subtype of disease was specific for members of the same family.Conclusions: Idiopathic hypercalciuria ha...
Spatial Resolution of the R Aquarii Binary System

We report continuum VLA observations at 7 mm that have resolved the stellar components in the R Aqr binary system. R Aqr was simultaneously probed in both a 50 MHz bandpass containing lineless continuum emission associated with the hot companion/accretion disk and a 3.125 MHz bandpass containing the spectral line v = 1, J = 1-0, SiO maser emission associated with the long-period-variable (LPV) envelope. The offset between the two stars is 55 ± 2 mas with a position angle of ~18° ± 2° relative to the LPV, providing the first data point for a subsequent monitoring program to determine precisely the binary orbit that is suspected to be highly elliptical and have a period of ~44 yr. We evaluate these first observations in the context of constraints placed on the orbital geometry of the system and obtain a geometrical distance of ~200 pc to R Aqr. We also report spectral line VLA observations at this same epoch that confirm that the SiO maser spots have a ringlike morphology, as previously reported by other investigators using the VLBA.
Gasification of Coal and Dairy Manure With Air-Steam as Oxidizing Agent

The animal waste from feedlots (called feedlot biomass, FB) and dairy farms (called dairy biomass, DB) can contribute to surface or ground water contamination and air pollution problems with the release of greenhouse gases (CH4 ). In the present study, the feasibility of onsite gasification of DB with an air-steam mixture for production of H2 rich syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO) is considered. The composition of gases produced by DB is predicted using a) mass conservation and b) chemical equilibrium for adiabatic systems where heat produced by partial oxidation is used to strip H2 from steam. Coal is used as standard fuel for comparison of gasification performance of DB with coal. A model is developed to estimate the ideal production of CH4 , H2 , CO, CO2 , N2 and H2 S, and other compounds are assumed to be in trace amounts. The parameters investigated are equivalence ratio (1 to 10), air-steam ratio (0.1 to 1), and reaction temperature (600–1500 K). With the predicted composition of gases, the HHV of gas mixtures and the energy conversion efficiency are estimated. The predicted results show that higher ERs yield to elevated concentrations of CO and CH4 , high HHV mixtures and energy conversion efficiency, and low percentages of H2 and CO2 . On the other hand, lower air-steam ratios produce more H2 , CO2 , and CH4 but less CO under equilibrium or mass conservation methods. The results suggest that it is possible to obtain concentrations of H2 from 0 to 50%, CO from 0 to 45%, and CH4 from 0 to 45% approximately. The current results provide operational parameters for a gasifier fired with DB and a mixture of air and steam as oxidizers. Experiments are currently in progress to determine the actual composition of gases released from gasifier.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Elder Abuse and Neglect in African American Families: Informing Practice Based on Ecological and Cultural Frameworks

Despite the rapid growth of the elderly African American population in the U.S., elder abuse and neglect in African American families continue to be underdeveloped areas of study. This article presents an ecological and culturally informed framework for the study of elder abuse in African American populations. The model was developed based on Bronfenbrenner's Human Ecological Theory. The model identifies risk factors associated with different systems that have an influence on the lives of African American families. Cultural protective factors also are identified in the model. The model is intended to provide an understanding of elder abuse and neglect in African American families by considering the influence of contextual factors such as the legacy of slavery, social exclusion, and structural segregation and racism. Specific suggestions for practice are proposed according to cultural strengths of African American communities as well as the ecological premises of the model.
Graphical analysis of duality and the Kuhn-Tucker conditions in linear programming

Abstract Careful inspection of the geometry of the primal linear programming problem reveals the Kuhn-Tucker conditions as well as the dual. Many of the well-known special cases in duality are also seen from the geometry, as well as the complementary slackness conditions and shadow prices. The latter at demonstrated to differ from the dual variables in situations involving primal degeneracy. Virtually all the special relationships between linear programming and duality theory can be seen from the geometry of the primal and an elementary application of vector analysis.
Conceptualizing depression and its treatment: comparison of psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches.

Summary.-A comparison of behavioral and more traditional approaches to understanding and modifying depressed behavior is offered. Reports citing the applicability of behavioral techniques to therapy with depressed persons are summarized. A consideration of what behavioral principles might underlie more traditional approaches appears to be a helpful step in defining more productive rreaunent modes for this disorder. While research on the psychological treatment of most behavior disorders has expanded steadily during the past 40 yr., one generic group of such problems, the affective disorders, has been slighted by comparison until very recently. Within both behavioral and more classical traditions of psychotherapy, well designed and executed studies of specified treatment procedures with these disorders are still few and far between. Such neglect is hardly justified by the prevalence of the largest class of affective disorders, depression. Among researchers who have stressed the high incidence of depression in the general population, Dunlop's ( 1965) estimation is representative: this writer estimates that the incidence of depression among non-hospitalized populations is roughly five times that of schizophrenia. In view of the commonness of this form of behavior disorder, the fact that verbal psychotherapy often plays an integral role in treatment plans for depressives even when pharmacological agents are used, and the recent appearance of reports of successful psychological treatment of depression, it is suggested that this problem area be increasingly explored by those interested in the application of principles of behavioral change to human problems. The present paper is intended to summarize and compare approaches to the understanding and treatment of depression which spring from behavioral and dynamic frameworks. It is hoped chat such a comparison will stimulate further application of behavioral techniques to depression and indicate some profitable lines of research in this area. FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES TO ETIOLOGY IN DEPRESSION Ferster ( 1965, 1966) provided an important initial discussion of depressive behavior, in terms of aspects of the environment which might serve to decrease the frequency of response in an organism. Defining depression as a reduced
Global view of optical design space

The optical design space of some simple lenses is investigated systematically. Typical space topographies are visualized with 3-D graphics, where the complete set of available solutions is clearly identified. The space characteristics are then studied and compared through the use of several merit functions with differing degrees of complexity. A two-phase search algorithm, based on global optimization techniques, is proposed here. In the first phase, using a coarse sampling approach, the program finds the favorable regions that correspond to potentially promising configurations. In the second phase, conventional optimization routines are used to find the best solutions in each region. Then an optimum solution is determined according to the application at hand. The proposed algorithm is analyzed and compared to more conventional design approaches. A further refinement of the algorithm excludes from the systematic search some unfavorable configuration regions through the use of a simple expert system. Search times are further reduced through parallel-processing methods. The algorithm provides overall information about a given design space and offers a selection of "best" solutions to choose from. As an example, it is applied to a triplet objective.
Correlation Through Co-operation

Because a language expresses the whole life of a people, a foreign language can be correlated with every school subject. Its success depends upon wholehearted cooperation of all concerned. By showing the close relationship between this study and the pupil's other interests, the teacher can best demonstrate the validity of her subject.)
YBa2Cu3Ox processed with a silver/palladium alloy

YBa2Cu3Ox powders were sintered in sealed Ag and Ag/10% Pd wraps and melted on Ag/10% Pd foils. The melting was performed at 980°C under an O2 pressure of 103 Pa. Although YBa2Cu3Ox was successfully melt-processed, some interdiffusion occurred between it and the AgPd alloy. The superconducting transition temperature was 86–88 K for YBa2Cu3Ox processed with AgPd alloy and 89 K for YBa2Cu3Ox processed with pure Ag.
Utility of letters sent to patients after difficult airway management.

Abstract Study objective To determine whether postoperative "difficult airway" letters, which inform a patient that he has a difficult airway, are an effective way to communicate with patients and future caregivers. Design Patient telephone survey. Setting Tertiary referral and postgraduate teaching hospital. Patients 113 (of a total of 142) patients who were mailed a postoperative "difficult airway" letter during the time period 2000–2002, and who agreed to participate in the survey. Interventions and measurements The patients who participated in the study were asked a series of questions regarding their difficult airway history, including whether or not their primary care provider was aware of their condition, whether or not the patient had obtained a MedicAlert® bracelet or necklace as recommended, whether or not they had undergone subsequent surgery, and if so had they conveyed their difficult airway history to their surgeon or anesthesiologist. Main results Of the 142 patients who were sent letters, 113 agreed to participate. Of those who did not, two patients who were contacted refused to participate. Twenty-three patients could not be contacted following several attempts, and four patients had died. Twenty-eight patients (20%) stated they could not remember receiving a letter. Forty-six (41%) stated that they had informed their primary care provider about their difficult airway. Twenty-two of 24 patients (92%) who had undergone subsequent surgery indicated they had informed their anesthesiologist about their airway. Twenty-six patients (23%) had registered with the MedicAlert Foundation. As a result of the survey, 44 patients requested more information about their airway and MedicAlert®. Conclusions The majority of patients who were sent a "difficult airway" letter did not obtain a MedicAlert® bracelet, although frequently recommended. However, most of the patients who subsequently had surgery informed their anesthesiologist or surgeon of their airway history. "Difficult airway" letters may have significant utility even if patients do not obtain identifying jewelry.
Multiple-criteria robust interactive decision analysis (MCRID) for optimizing public policies

Abstract Important public policy decisions are often very complex, involving many factors, large uncertainties, and multiple conflicting objectives. Decision analysis, which is a formal framework for dealing with such issues, has been applied to a variety of public-sector problems over the last two decades. A limitation of using decision analysis is the often onerous assessment burden it places on the decision maker (DM). We have developed a novel interactive procedure and Decision Support System (DSS) for performing decision analysis on the personal computer, called robust interactive decision analysis (RID), which avoids the difficult problems of precisely assessing a DM's utility and state probability functions associated with traditional decision treee analysis. The RID method permits a DM to voluntarily and interactively express strong (viz, sure) binary preferences for actions, partial decision functions, and full decision functions, and only imprecise probability and utility function assessments. The inputs are used with various dominance operators via a mathematical programming framework to prune the state probability, utility, and decision space until there is convergence on a relatively small subset of efficient strategies or an optimal choice strategy. Conceptually, the operation of the RID method can be regarded as a state-pruning system and its computer implementation as a DSS. In this paper, we extended the RID concept and DSS to deal with multiple-criteria decisions, obviating the need to precisely and completely assess attribute weights (tradeoffs), consequences, and/or value/utility functions. The approach, which we call multiple-criteria robust interactive decision analysis, MCRID, is developed, illustrated, and shown to be effective in eliminating many inefficient alternatives. However, since the aggregate utility of each alternative is interval-valued, it then becomes difficult to intuitively choose an optimal alternative from among the remaining efficient ones since the intervals are not defined by any specific probability distributions. We have tentatively shown that aggregate utility intervals ultimately converge toward a normal density function, and can be so approximated with relatively few attributes. Hence, stochastic dominance is employed to further filter out alternatives. An interactive goal programming (GP) technique is then developed to assist the DM in choosing an optimal alternative.
Adolescent gender differences in mattering and wellness.

Abstract Mattering to others has been associated with psychosocial well-being and overall wellness. The relationship of perceived interpersonal and general mattering to overall wellness was studied with a sample of 462 high school students (229 males and 233 females). The two measures of perceived mattering (the Mattering to Others Questionnaire and the General Mattering Scale) were significantly but modestly interrelated ( r =.29). Both scales were significantly correlated with overall scores on the Wellness Evaluation of Life Style—Teenage form. Females perceived they matter to their families, and in general, more than do males, and mattering significantly predicted wellness for females.
A somatic marker perspective of immoral and corrupt behavior.

Individuals who engage in corrupt and immoral behavior are in some ways similar to individuals with psychopathy. Normal people refrain from engaging in such behaviors because they tie together the moral value of society and the risk of punishment when they violate social rules. What is it, then, that allows these immoral individuals to behave in this manner, and in some situations even to prosper? When there is a dysfunction of somatic markers, specific disadvantageous impairments in decision-making arise, as in moral judgment, but, paradoxically, under some circumstances, the damage can cause the patient to make optimal financial investment decisions. Interestingly, individuals with psychopathy, a personality disorder, share many of the same behavioral characteristics seen in VMPFC and amygdala lesion patients, suggesting that defective somatic markers may serve as a neural framework for explaining immoral and corrupt behaviors. While these sociopathic behaviors of sometimes famous and powerful individua...
Sustainability of Concrete Construction

Sustainability is important to the well-being of our planet, continued growth of a society, and human development. Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. However, the production of portland cement, an essential constituent of concrete, leads to the release of significant amounts of CO2, a greenhouse gas GHG; production of one ton of portland cement produces about one ton of CO2 and other GHGs. The environmental issues associated with GHGs, in addition to natural resources issues, will play a leading role in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry during this century. For example, as the supply of good-quality limestone to produce cement decreases, producing adequate amounts of portland cement for construction will become more difficult. There is a possibility that when there is no more good-quality limestone in, say, a geographical region, and thus no portland cement, all the employment associated with the concrete industry, as well as new construction projects, will be terminated. Because of limited natural resources, concern over GHGs, or, both, cement production is being curtailed, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with the population increase, in some regions of the world. It is therefore necessary to look for sustainable solutions for future concrete construction. A sustainable concrete structure is constructed to ensure that the total environmental impact during its life cycle, including its use, will be minimal. Sustainable concrete should have a very low inherent energy requirement, be produced with little waste, be made from some of the most plentiful resources on earth, produce durable structures, have a very high thermal mass, and be made with recycled materials. Sustainable constructions have a small impact on the environment. They use "green" materials, which have low energy costs, high durability, low maintenance requirements, and contain a large proportion of recycled or recyclable materials. Green materials also use less energy and resources and can lead to high-performance cements and concrete. Concrete must keep evolving to satisfy the increasing demands of all its users. Designing for sustainability means accounting for the short-term and long-term environmental consequences in the design.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION: PROBLEMS AND POLICIES

This paper explores recent developments in African civil aviation in the context of the movement toward domestic deregulation and international liberalisation of air transport markets. Traffic increases, international funding and support of safety initiatives, airline privatisation, and liberal bilateral agreements have all combined to produce potential new growth and development in African civil aviation which has historically lagged far behind that of the rest of the world. Efforts should now focus on preferential measures to ensure competitive access for developing national carriers, increased efforts to strengthen multilateral cooperation in the region, and national policies to create related and supporting industries.
Aortic Origin of the Right Pulmonary Artery Surgical Repair Without a Graft

Surgical repair of an anomalous right pulmonary artery arising from the ascending aorta is rare. Angiocardiography is the procedure of choice in establishing the diagnosis. Surgical correction of the defect is mandatory; otherwise most of these children die in refractory heart failure. The present paper reports the first successful anatomic repair without a graft in a 2-month-old baby. Five months after operation the boy is asymptomatic and demonstrating normal growth and development.
Comparison of Different LMP Calculations in Power Market Simulation

The ongoing de-regulation of the U.S. electric power industry is to build open-access, non-discriminative and competitive electricity markets. In 2002 the federal energy regulatory commission (FERC) proposed Standard Market Design (SMD), in which the key is the locational marginal pricing (LMP) methodology to determine the energy price and to manage the network congestion. LMP has been adopted by or is under implementation at a number of ISO's such as PJM, NYISO, ISO-New England, etc. This paper presents an iterative DC optimal power flow (DCOPF) algorithm to calculate LMP. Iteration is needed in a linearized DC network because the loss factor is dependent on generation dispatch, while generation dispatch is affected by loss factor as well. The results from DCOPF are compared with ACOPF algorithm at different loading levels and transmission line resistances. It is interesting to observe that the LMP results from two models are close for most of the loading levels, but may be significantly different in a few scenarios when the error in the linearized DC model causes the change of marginal units. It is also interesting to observe the increasing trend of the difference between two models when line resistance grows.
Levels of biogenic amines and peptides in individual corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Quantitative levels of octopamine, serotonin, and dopamine were measured from brain and corpus cardiacum in individual male and female Helicoverpa zea, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. By increasing the proportion of organic modifiers in the mobile phase we were also able to quantify two peptides, adipokinetic hormone and hypertrehalosemic hormone. Levels of amines in both tissues were similar in males and females, but with greater quantities in the brain than the corpus cardiacum. In contrast, the two hormones were found predominantly in the corpus cardiacum, with the level of adipokinetic hormone three times greater than that of the hypertrehalosemic hormone, a finding in agreement with other studies. The described methodology demonstrates the power of HPLC with electrochemical detection for analysis of amines and peptides found in small quantities within the nervous tissue of individual insects.
A breath of fresh air

Certain processes by virtue of the nature of the reaction interface produce zero order kinetics. Numbered among these processes is evaporation. Instances of this kind of phenomena can be cited from the cosmetic and pharmacy industries. This phenomenon can be studied using thermal analysis. However, a general model for rising temperature, solid state kinetics can be used, which is much simpler than other advocated methods. The model is based on the existence of a reaction interface and the assumption that over a small range of temperatures (say 2°C) the interface area remains constant. The logical deductions from such a model are detailed in the present study.
Sliding Block Decoding of Convolutional Codes

It is shown that a convolutional code can be decoded with a sliding-block decoder, a time-invariant nonlinear digital filter with finite memory and delay. If the memory and delay are small, then the sliding-block decoder can be implemented as a table lookup procedure in ROM, resulting in a low cost, high speed, and high reliability decoder.
Free torsional vibration characteristics of compound planetary gear sets

A family of torsional dynamic models of compound gear sets is developed to predict the free vibration characteristics under different kinematic configurations resulting in different speed ratios. The compound gear sets considered consist of two planes of single- or double-planet gear sets connected by a straight long planet. All of the planets are mounted on a single carrier. The system matrices are derived for each power flow configuration separately and natural frequencies and the mode shapes are solved using the corresponding eigenvalue problem. Based on the predictions, the natural modes are classified into three groups: a rigid body mode, asymmetric planet modes and axi-symmetric overall modes. Smaller sub-system models are also proposed to predict each group of modes separately.
The blow-off mechanism of a bluff-body stabilized laminar premixed flame

Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate the dynamics leading to blow-off of a laminar premixed flame stabilized on a confined bluff-body using high fidelity numerical simulations. We used unsteady, fully resolved, two-dimensional simulations with detailed chemical kinetics and species transport for methane–air combustion. The flame–wall interaction between the hot reactants and the heat conducting bluff-body was accurately captured by incorporating the conjugate heat exchange between them. Simulations showed a shear-layer stabilized flame just downstream of the bluff-body, with a recirculation zone formed by the products of combustion. The flame was negatively stretched along its entire length, primarily dominated by the normal component of the strain. Blow-off was approached by decreasing the mixture equivalence ratio, at a fixed Reynolds number, of the incoming flow. A flame is stable (does not undergo blow-off) when (1) flame displacement speed is equal to the flow speed and (2) the gradient of the flame displacement speed normal to its surface is higher than the gradient of the flow speed along the same direction. As the equivalence ratio is reduced, the difference between the former and the latter shrinks until the dynamic stability condition (2) is violated, leading to blow-off. Blow-off initiates at a location where this is first violated along the flame. Our results showed that this location was far downstream from the flame anchoring zone, near the end of the recirculation zone. Blow-off started by flame pinching separating the flame into an upstream moving (carried within the recirculation zone) and a downstream convecting (detached from the recirculation zone) flame piece. Within the range of operating conditions investigated, the conjugate heat exchange with the bluff-body had no impact on the flame blow-off.
Space and Terrestrial Photovoltaics: Synergy and Diversity

A historical view of the research and development in photovoltaics from the perspective of both the terrestrial and the space communities is presented from the early days through the '70s and '80s and the '90s and beyond. The synergy of both communities in the beginning and once again in the present and hopefully future are highlighted, with examples of the important features in each program. The space community which was impressed by the light-weight and reliability of photovoltaics drove much of the early development. Even up to today, nearly every satellites and other scientific space probe that has been launched has included some solar power. However, since the cost of these power systems were only a small fraction of the satellite and launch cost, the use of much of this technology for the terrestrial marketplace was not feasible. It was clear that the focus of the terrestrial community would be best served by reducing costs. This would include addressing a variety of manufacturing issues and raising the rate of production. Success in these programs and a resulting globalization of effort resulted in major strides in the reduction of PV module costs and increased production. Although, the space community derived benefit from some of these advancements, its focus was on pushing the envelope with regard to cell efficiency. The gap between theoretical efficiencies and experimental efficiencies for silicon, gallium arsenide and indium phosphide became almost non-existent. Recent work by both communities have focused on the development thin film cells of amorphous silicon, CuInSe2 and CdTe. These cells hold the promise of lower costs for the terrestrial community as well as possible flexible substrates, better radiation resistance, and higher specific power for the space community. It is predicted that future trends in both communities will be directed toward advances through the application of nanotechnology. A picture is emerging in which the space and terrestrial solar cell communities shall once again share many common goals and, in fact, companies may manufacture both space and terrestrial solar cells in III-V materials and thin film materials. Basic photovoltaics research including these current trends in nanotechnology provides a valuable service for both worlds in that fundamental understanding of cell processes is still vitally important, particularly with new materials or new cell structures. It is entirely possible that one day we might have one solar array design that will meet the criteria for success in both space and on the Earth or perhaps the Moon or Mars.
1243 DEFICIENT BARORECEPTORS IN INFANTS WITH HMD

Transition from recumbent to erect position results in a fall in limb blood flow in the dependent extremity, increase in local vascular resistance, and tachycardia (baroreceptor response). A 45° head-up tilt was used to elicit this response in 13 healthy premature infants ranging in weight from 780-2340 gm; 14 mildly distressed infants with HMD who had normal arterial blood gases in less than 60% O2; and 13 severely ill infants who had an arterial pH below 7.25 and required over 60% O2. All were studied between 1 and 3 days of age. Non-distressed infants had a fall in blood flow in the dependent extremity of 41±53% of resting value when tilted to a 45° head-up position. Moderately sick HMD infants demonstrated a rise of 96±190% of resting values;severely sick infants demonstrated a rise of 129±167%. Only 2/27 sick infants demonstrated a normal fall in limb blood flow. Five sick infants who failed to decrease limb blood flow during tilt had peripheral vascular resistances at rest of up to 3 times upper limits of normal. A significant tachycardia was not seen in either sick or well infants. These findings suggest that (1) a complete baroreceptor response is not present in pre-term infants;(2) healthy pre-term infants can alter peripheral vascular tone, while this ability is often lost in infants with HMD; (3) some apparently “unresponsive” infants have already significant increases in vascular resistance in response to their illness and are incapable of further compensations in response to tilt.
Catecholamine Sensitive Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia: Intraoperative Mapping and Ahlation of a Free‐Wall Focus

WILBER, D.J., et al.: Calecholamine Sensitive Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia: Intraoperative Mapping and Ablation of a Free-Wall Focus A patient with catecholamine-sensitive right ventricular ouiflow tract tachycardia refractory to pharmacological therapy underwent intraoperative mapping and cryoablation. Epicardial and endocardial mapping demonstrated earliest ventricular activation in the free-wall of the outflow tract, and cryoablation of the area resulted in surgical cure. No histologic abnormalities at the site of tachycardia origin were detected. Catecholamine sensitivity does not appear to result from a diffuse myocardial process, and permanent ablation of the tachycardia in this group of patients with a regional procedure is feasible,
Liposomal encapsulated anthracyclines: new therapeutic horizons.

After two decades of work in liposomal formulations for clinical use, two preparations containing doxorubicin (Doxil, ALZA, Pablo Alto, CA; and Evacet [TLC D-99], The Liposome Company, Princeton, NJ), and one containing daunorubicin (DaunoXome; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA) have been undergoing widespread clinical study. Results have lived up to the promise that liposomal encapsulation may lead to toxicity attenuation, while retaining or even enhancing the efficacy of the parent anthracyclines. The eventual role of these agents in clinical practice is being defined in a number of studies that are reviewed herein. Already, approved indications have been achieved for doxorubicin against Kaposi’s sarcoma and ovarian cancers, and for daunorubicin against Kaposi’s sarcoma. The three compounds vary widely in their pharmacology, and these differences may contribute to their preferential localization into certain tumors. Additional indications for these liposomal encapsulated anthracyclines are likely to be established in the ensuing years.
Understanding Sustainability Through Reverse Engineering

Keeping engineering students' educations up to date with the demands and needs -of the engineering industry is challenging, given the limitations on credit hours, topics, and time imposed upon undergraduate engineering curricula. Critical topics such as global warming, climate change, green practices and sustainable engineering solutions are central to recent changes to regulations and policies impacting the practice of engineering. Engineering education accreditation programs, such as the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), are increasing emphasis educating students to "understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context" [1]. Thus, it has become important to identify additional routes for exposing engineering students to sustainability principles for materials selection and engineering design. An undergraduate course that is part of the University of Florida (UF) Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) program employs a particular approach for introducing sustainability principles to engineering students.