cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Report of Aberrant Vascular Anatomy of the Anterolateral Thigh Flap.

Soft tissue free flaps are used for a variety of head and neck reconstructions. The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has been a versatile tool in head and neck reconstruction since the mainstream use of microvascular anastomosis for free tissue transfer. The ALT flap has a known history of variable vascular anatomy. Most of this variability lies within perforator anatomy and vascular aberrations distal to the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCF). Few vascular aberrancies have been described proximal to the LCF. Here we present a case of report of an ALT whose arterial vascular pedicle was a branch directly off the femoral artery. The case highlights an unusual anatomical variant of the ALT flap, and the importance of a thorough and meticulous dissection.
Recapitulating the frataxin activation mechanism in an engineered bacterial cysteine desulfurase supports the architectural switch model

ABSTRACT Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters have a key role in many biochemical processes and are essential for most life forms. Despite recent mechanistic advances in understanding the Fe-S cluster biosynthetic pathway, critical questions remain unresolved. Although human NFS1 and E. coli IscS share ∼60% sequence identity, NFS1 exhibits low activity and requires activation by the Friedreich’s ataxia protein frataxin (FXN) for in vivo function. Surprisingly, structures of the human complex reveal three distinct quaternary structures with one form exhibiting the same subunit interactions as IscS. An architectural switch model has been proposed in which evolutionarily lost interactions between NFS1 subunits results in the formation of low-activity architectures; FXN binding compensates for these lost interactions and facilitates a subunit rearrangement to activate the complex. Here, we used a structure and evolution-guided approach to identify three conserved residues proposed to weaken interactions between NFS1 subunits and transplanted these amino acids into IscS. Compared to native IscS, the engineered variant had a 4000-fold weaker dimer interface and diminished activity that correlated with the absence of the second catalytic subunit. Remarkably, the addition of the FXN homolog to the engineered variant stimulated the decay of the Cys-quinonoid pyridoxal 5’-phosphate intermediate, shifted IscS from the monomeric to dimeric form, and increased the cysteine desulfurase activity, reproducing results from the human system and supporting the architectural switch model. Overall, these studies indicate a weakening of the homodimeric interface was a key development during the evolution of the eukaryotic system and provide new insights into the role of FXN.
APOE4 is associated with cognitive and pathological heterogeneity in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.

Possession of the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the primary genetic risk factor for the sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While researchers have extensively characterized the impact that APOE e4 (APOE4) has on the susceptibility of AD, far fewer studies have investigated the phenotypic differences of patients with AD who are APOE4 carriers vs. those who are non-carriers. In order to understand these differences, we performed a qualitative systematic literature review of the reported cognitive and pathological differences between APOE4-positive (APOE4+) vs. APOE4-negative (APOE4−) AD patients. The studies performed on this topic to date suggest that APOE4 is not only an important mediator of AD susceptibility, but that it likely confers specific phenotypic heterogeneity in AD presentation, as well. Specifically, APOE4+ AD patients appear to possess more tau accumulation and brain atrophy in the medial temporal lobe, resulting in greater memory impairment, compared to APOE4− AD patients. On the other hand, APOE4− AD patients appear to possess more tau accumulation and brain atrophy in the frontal and parietal lobes, resulting in greater impairment in executive function, visuospatial abilities, and language, compared to APOE4+ AD patients. Although more work is necessary to validate and interrogate these findings, these initial observations of pathological and cognitive heterogeneity between APOE4+ vs. APOE4− AD patients suggest that there is a fundamental divergence in AD manifestation related to APOE genotype, which may have important implications in regard to the therapeutic treatment of these two patient populations.
Coded-Aperture Imaging

In a photographic camera, the camera lens forms an image of the object and the image is detected by the photographic film. In the Anger camera described in Chapter 4, the pinhole aperture or the multihole collimator performs the imaging operation while a detector system consisting of a scintillation crystal and an arrangement of photomultiplier tubes detects the image. The detector system in the Anger camera is very efficient and records almost every X-ray or γ-ray photon that arrives with an energy within the preselected energy window. Unfortunately, the imaging system severely limits the number of photons that arrive. A collimator typically passes only 0.01% of the radiation emitted by the object. Since the statistical quality of the images formed in this way is dependent on the number of photons collected from a single element of the object, one needs to collect as many photons as possible. Patient-dose restrictions limit the number of photons available, while exposure time is limited by temporal-resolution requirements in a dynamic study, by image degradation due to patient motion, by patient fatigue, or by the expense involved in tying up a clinical instrument for extended periods.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound for the Evaluation and Management of Febrile Infants.

Background Febrile infants frequently present to the emergency department (ED) and account for a vulnerable population at significant risk for serious bacterial infection. Appropriate evaluation and management are key to favorable outcomes but can present challenges for providers, especially in EDs where ill children are infrequently seen and pediatric-trained staff may not be available. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is integrated into the care of adults in the ED but is less commonly used for infants. Objective of review We present a review of the current literature and proposed approach to using POCUS for bladder catheterization, lumbar puncture (LP), and vascular access in the resuscitation and evaluation of febrile infants. Discussion Point-of-care ultrasound can be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of febrile infants by facilitating higher success rates of infant bladder catheterization, LP, and intraosseous and intravenous (IV) line placement. Ultrasound has been shown to be a reliable method of evaluating bladder volumes before the catheterization of infants, reducing the number of attempts needed to obtain an adequate urine sample for testing and culture. Point-of-care ultrasound has also been shown to improve the yield of LPs in infants. Ultrasound is a rapid and accurate way of identifying the appropriate location and depth of needle insertion. Point-of-care ultrasound has also been shown to facilitate obtaining IV access in infants as well as confirming the proper placement of intraosseous lines. Conclusions A growing body of evidence suggests that POCUS is a useful adjunct in the initial evaluation and resuscitation of febrile infants. It is the position of both the American Academy or Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, and the authors of this article that emergency physicians should be familiar with the indications and applications of POCUS in children. This technology should be used as an adjunct to improve success rates when performing bladder catheterization, LP, and obtaining intravenous/intraosseous access for infants.
Low photorespiratory capacity is sufficient to block photosynthetic capacity acclimation in high light

The induction of high photosynthetic capacity (i.e., the CO2- and light-saturated maximum photosynthetic rate) in HL is a shared response among many herbaceous dicot plants. The increase in photosynthetic capacity following a shift to growth in high light (HL) was measured across a large panel of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes revealing substantial ecotypic variation in photosynthetic capacity acclimation to HL. Metabolomic data quantified during the HL shift for a strongly acclimating ecotype and a weakly acclimating ecotype identified differences between the ecotypes in primary nitrogen (N) assimilation, photorespiration, and triose-phosphate utilization pathways after the HL shift. Based on these results, rates of N assimilation and photorespiration were measured using metabolic indicators for these pathways across the full ecotype panel. N assimilation and photorespiration rates early in the HL shift were found to positively correlate with the magnitude of induction of photosynthetic capacity later in HL shift. Shifting ecotypes into HL growth conditions under non-photorespiratory conditions was sufficient to convert non-acclimating ecotypes and also photorespiratory mutants into strongly acclimating ecotypes. This work supports a model where high photorespiratory capacity, and thus the ability to maintain high photorespiration rates, prevents a negative photorespiration-dependent signal that blocks the induction of high photosynthetic capacity in HL.
Abstract P868: Clinical Challenges of the ICU Complex Stroke Patient

Ischemic stroke accounts for approximately 85% of all strokes. Reperfusion therapy with intravenous Alteplase and/or endovascular thrombectomy is mainstay of acute stroke management. Approximately ...
A fair shake for the fair-weather fan

After initially pitting partisans against purists, the literature on the ethics of fandom has coalesced around a pluralist position: purists and partisans each have their own merits, and there is n...
Design and baseline results of a coaching intervention for implementation of trans-radial access in percutaneous coronary intervention

Trans-radial artery access (TRA) for cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention has many advantages over trans-femoral artery access (TFA), but implementation has been slow. The steep learning curve, logistical issues, and radiation exposure have been documented as barriers to implementation. Although many cardiac catheterization laboratories have overcome these barriers, we lack evidence on effective implementation strategies. Our objective is to test a team-based coaching intervention that targets the learning curve and other barriers to increase use of TRA. We use a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial to test a coaching intervention in Department of Veterans Affairs cardiac catheterization laboratories. The coaching intervention comprises team-based didactic instruction with live observation at a TRA-proficient lab, followed by a visit from a cardiologist and catheterization laboratory nurse coaching team. Interview and survey data are collected from participants to test and adapt an implementation science framework known as the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework. This study is designed to test the effectiveness of the coaching intervention on TRA implementation, inform changes to the coaching intervention itself, and test and adapt the PARIHS framework in practice. While the benefits of TRA, including increased clinical efficiency, patient comfort, and reduced patient complications, are well understood, the underlying drivers of TRA adoption and sustained practice are not. Findings from this trial can inform future research to facilitate change in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Genetic Algorithms for Accessing Engineering Performance

The performance of engineering activities has significant impacts on the successfulness of implementing industrial construction projects. Improving engineering performance can lead to better project outcomes. Previous studies on engineering performance improvement have either focused on the use of certain techniques or products, or looked at specific engineering processes or areas. There has been a lack of a systematic and analytical approach that improves engineering performance based on the understanding of the relationships between engineering inputs and project outcomes. The paper proposes a generic model, which integrates genetic algorithms with artificial neural networks, for modeling engineering performance measurement and improvement in industrial construction projects. Due to their robust and efficient search ability in complex situations, genetic algorithms are employed to search for solutions to improving engineering performance with the searching criteria, fitness function, being the neural networks that establish the relationships between engineering inputs and project outputs.
The Implications of Export Performance Measurement for the Significance of the Determinants of Export Performance

Abstract The empirical research on the determinants of export performance has produced fragmented and conflicting results. Differences in how export performance has been conceptualized and operationalized are believed to explain some of the discrepancies found in the literature. To investigate this hypothesis, based on a survey of Brazilian exporters of manufactured goods, a set of thirteen independent variables (firm and export market characteristics) was regressed against six different dependent variables (financial and non-financial measures of export performance), all widely cited in the literature. The results reveal that different combinations of a few of the independent variables can significantly explain substantial portions of the variance of particular measures of export performance. In addition, comparison of the several regression models obtained confirms that the use of different measures of export performance as dependent variables may account, at least in part, for the disagreements between...
‘SOFT’ VERSUS ‘HARD’ NEWS ON MICROBLOGGING NETWORKS

This article examines the variability of produsage (the hybridization of production and consumption) within popular social media by introducing semantic network analysis of information communication on Twitter. Utilizing user data (n[2,254,806]), the study examines the dynamics of produsage (a) as a function of user activity and (b) whether produsage levels vary based on either ‘soft’ or ‘hard’ news information. The findings extend upon past socio-ethnographic studies of social media produsage and demonstrate that produsage is significantly low for low-activity users (the majority) but increases dramatically with user activity becoming the dominant communication modality for users with 5,000–25,000 status messages. The volume of soft news information is over double that of hard news information, while produsage networks vary only slightly based on the type of content distributed with ‘hard’ news information tending toward production bias and ‘soft’ news information toward consumption bias.
Vitamin A and Carotenoids During Pregnancy and Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Health Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency during pregnancy is common in low-income countries and a growing number of intervention trials have examined the effects of supplementation during pregnancy on maternal, perinatal and infant health outcomes. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify trials isolating the effects of VA or carotenoid supplementation during pregnancy on maternal, fetal, neonatal and early infant health outcomes. Meta-analysis was used to pool effect estimates for outcomes with more than one comparable study. We used GRADE criteria to assess the quality of individual studies and the level of evidence available for each outcome. We identified 23 eligible trials of which 17 had suitable quality for inclusion in meta-analyses. VA or beta-carotene (βC) supplementation during pregnancy did not have a significant overall effect on birthweight indicators, preterm birth, stillbirth, miscarriage or fetal loss. Among HIV-positive women, supplementation was protective against low birthweight (<2.5 kg) [risk ratio (RR) = 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64, 0.99]], but no significant effects on preterm delivery or small-for-gestational age were observed. Pooled analysis of the results of three large randomised trials found no effects of VA supplementation on neonatal/infant mortality, or pregnancy-related maternal mortality (random-effects RR = 0.86 [0.60, 1.24]) although high heterogeneity was observed in the maternal mortality estimate (I(2) = 74%, P = 0.02). VA supplementation during pregnancy was found to improve haemoglobin levels and reduce anaemia risk (<11.0 g/dL) during pregnancy (random-effects RR = 0.81 [0.69, 0.94]), also with high heterogeneity (I(2) = 52%, P = 0.04). We found no effect of VA/βC supplementation on mother-to-child HIV transmission in pooled analysis, although some evidence suggests that it may increase transmission. There is little consistent evidence of benefit of maternal supplementation with VA or βC during pregnancy on maternal or infant mortality. While there may be beneficial effects for certain outcomes, there may also be potential for harm through increased HIV transmission in some populations.
Fashion in the Expanded Field

This article unpacks two designer-curated fashion exhibitions in order to examine the unconventional ways in which fashion can be “brought to life” in the gallery. The House of Viktor & Rolf and Valentino a Roma share a radical departure from the strict historicism of traditional fashion exhibitions as well as the ahistoricism of the Vreeland-esque three-dimensional fashion spread. Rather than attempt to imbue their garments with today’s aesthetic in order to make them relevant, these exhibits utilize elaborate built environments to situate their subjects within a far distant and unspecified history, and to create an immersive viewer experience.
Feeding encapsulated ground full-fat soybeans to increase polyunsaturated fat concentrations and effects on flavor volatiles in fresh lamb

This research assessed the potential of increasing PUFA concentrations and the effect on flavor volatiles in red meat by feeding ground, full-fat soybean supplemented in casein complex. Supplements consisted of untreated ground, full-fat soybean (CO) or ground, full-fat soybeans treated with acetaldehyde (AC) or diacetyl (DA) to form gels. On a DM basis, the control (CO), AC, and DA supplements contained 48.6, 50.0, and 49.1% CP and 17.3, 17.3, and 17.4% fat, respectively. Weaned feeder lambs (n = 18) were divided into three treatment groups with two pens of three lambs per group. One of three supplements (200 g of DM) plus 1 kg DM of a ground corn basal diet and 0.36 kg DM of grass hay was fed daily to each of six lambs in a group for 9 wk. Samples of the intramuscular (LM), intermuscular, subcutaneous, and kidney fat were obtained from each lamb carcass for determination of total lipid contents and fatty acid profiles. Flavor volatiles of broiled LM were also analyzed. Total fat content of the LM was 3.7, 4.6, and 2.6% for lambs consuming diets supplemented with CO, AC, and DA, respectively. Compared with lambs fed the untreated supplement (CO), lambs supplemented with AC or DA had 1) higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of linoleic (4.80 vs. 6.37 or 6.80%) and linolenic (0.28 vs. 0.43 or 0.45%) acids in the LM nonpolar lipids; 2) a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of linoleic acid (22.1 vs. 27.1 or 25.6%), but a lower (P < 0.05) concentration of oleic acid (17.2 vs. 13.0 or 13.1%), in the LM polar lipids; 3) a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of linoleic acid (3.77 vs. 6.13 or 6.06%) in subcutaneous fat; and 4) higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of linoleic (4.46 vs. 7.65 or 7.13%), linolenic (0.50 vs. 0.85 or 0.80%), and stearic (24.9 vs. 27.2 or 26.9%) acids, but a lower (P < 0.05) concentration of oleic acid (39.1 vs. 35.4 or 36.3%), in kidney fat. In broiled LM chops, 21 volatiles were identified, including seven alkanals, seven 2-alkenals, two 2,4-alkadienals, and five other compounds, but most differences in the volatile concentrations among lambs fed the different supplements did not correspond to concentration differences in their precursor fatty acids. Results indicated that compared with the untreated supplement (CO), AC and DA supplements protected linoleic (C 18:2n6) and linolenic (C18:3n3) acids in soybean oil from degradation in the rumen of the lambs, resulting in increased deposition in the muscle and adipose tissues of lamb.
Ceruloplasmin and 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in pregnancy.

Abstract Measurements of whole blood serotonin, serum ceruloplasmin, and urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid during pregnancy, at the time of delivery, in the immediate postpartum period, and in the newborn are reported. The results suggest that though blood 5-HT levels increase during pregnancy there is not a corresponding increase in urinary output of 5-hydroxyindoles. The possible relationship of these findings to the increased serum ceruloplasmin levels during pregnancy is discussed in the light of what is known about the metabolism of 5-HT and the biochemistry of ceruloplasmin. The necessity for further studies is emphasized.
NORBERT WIENER AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL ENGINEERING

So wrote Norbert Wiener in 1949, in an obituary of G. H. Hardy. Here we shall describe how one particular concrete problem in Wiener’s own work solving the Wiener-Hopf equations encountered in astrophysics - led him, and then a vast host of followers, to chart out several new areas of investigation, and to develop a very significant body of knowledge, which can well go by the name Mathematical Engineering. In the era of the PC, the Internet and the World Wide Web, few of us can be unaware that mathematical engineering has come to play a major role in the world around us. And with this has come an increasing recognition of the seminal role of Norbert Wiener’s ideas and influence in these developments.
Characterization of the signal transduction pathways and cis-acting DNA sequence responsible for the transcriptional induction during growth and development of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase gene in Dictyostelium discoideum.

The lysosomal alpha-mannosidase gene in Dictyostelium discoideum is representative of a small group of genes that are expressed under two different conditions: 1) immediately upon removal of the bacterial food source from exponentially growing cells at 5 x 10(5) cells/ml. In this report we show that transcription of the alpha-mannosidase gene induced by starvation did not require protein synthesis in axenic wild-type strains, whereas protein synthesis was required for the transcriptional induction observed in response to PSF. Northern blot analysis was also done using mRNA from G alpha 1 and G alpha 2 gene disruption mutants. These genes encode subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins found at the cell surface in growing cells and cells early in development. The pattern of alpha-mannosidase gene expression was normal in these mutants as well as in mutants unable to produce the secreted glycoprotein conditioned medium factor or the cAMP receptor-1 protein. These genes have been shown to regulate the expression of many genes during early development. Promoter analysis studies identified a 145-base pair sequence element containing a TTG box which was required for alpha-mannosidase transcriptional induction under both starvation conditions and in response to PSF. The TTG box identified is an important regulatory element in the promoter of another prestarvation response gene, the discoidin I gamma gene. A ts mutant was found to misregulate the expression of both discoidin I and alpha-mannosidase expression at restrictive temperatures. Taken together these results suggest that the prestarvation response genes may be coordinately regulated possibly through the TTG box.
Grief and Trauma in Children and Adolescents

(1992). Grief and Trauma in Children and Adolescents. Bereavement Care: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 2-10.
Modification of the Composition and Structure of the Yeast Cell Wall by Culture in the Presence of Sulfur Amino Acids

Growth of Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a medium supplemented with sulfur amino acids led to synthesis and accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine, accompanied by a reduction in the cell yield, an increased sensitivity of the cell wall to snail gut enzymes (Helix pomatia), as judged by spheroplast formation, and by a modification of the chemical composition of both the intact cells and their isolated walls. Walls of supplemented cultures of C. utilis were three times as sensitive to enzymatic digestion as walls from nonsupplemented cultures. In contrast to C. utilis, walls isolated from supplemented cultures of S. cerevisiae were digested slightly more rapidly by the purified snail extract than those from nonsupplemented cultures. Chemical modifications of the cell wall are interpreted to explain the ease with which cells from sulfur amino acid-supplemented cultures are converted to spheroplasts.
Richard P. Haynes: Animal welfare: Competing conceptions and their ethical implication: Springer, London and New York, 2008, 162 pp, ISBN 978-1-4020-8618-2

This valuable book serves two equally important purposes: it provides an intellectual history of the idea of ‘‘animal welfare’’ and it also presents an ethical analysis of the uses and misuses of the term. The book’s two aims cannot be fully separated, since the ethical analysis is fully grounded in historical information. The author, philosopher Richard Haynes, conceived the book out of his experience on a committee that oversees the care of non-human animals at his home institution. Seeking to understand and justify his frequent disagreement with the uses of animals approved by the committee, Haynes carefully reviews a wide array of philosophies that justify various uses of non-human animals. Haynes focuses on the concept of welfare, which is most often employed by those seeking to justify uses of animals rejected by more radical positions, including those characterized by claims about animal rights or animal liberation. The concept of welfare is often associated with what Haynes calls reformism, which seeks to minimize discomfort while still justifying the human use of non-human species, especially in laboratory and agricultural settings. In contrast, ethical theories that focus on notions of rights or liberation often aim to eliminate many of these uses. The term animal welfare first emerged in the early 1900s and has developed and diversified in subsequent applications, notably the 1985 Animal Welfare Act in the U.S. The two main fronts on which the concept of welfare has been applied to non-human animals are in scientific laboratories and the food industry. In both cases, scientific data and arguments are used in varied ways by a host of diverse, often competing groups. Among the most influential and vocal advocates of a welfarist approach are scientists who study and use animals. Scientific interpretations of animal welfare, Haynes argues, rest on assertions of expert authority combined with self-interested pragmatism. Like other reformists, welfarists often advocate for less than optimal care for nonhuman animals. The arguments for such compromises rest on problematic claims, notably the assertion that death is not a harm for animals that lack a concept of their own death (xiv). Haynes does a fine job of showing the moral and intellectual inconsistencies in this and other welfarist moral claims, which too often rest more on self-interest than philosophical or scientific rigor. He argues that animal users frequently frame ‘‘welfare’’ in such a way that preferred uses—from vivisection to slaughter—are by definition acceptable. One common argument, for example, is that because animals bred for a particular use ‘‘owe their lives to their breeders,’’ the breeders have the right to manipulate or end the animals’ lives for their own uses. As Haynes points out (following Sapontzis 1988 and Rollin 1981), the fact that parents ‘‘breed’’ children does not give
Recurrent peritonitis in a patient on dialysis and prophylactic vancomycin

resistant S aureus laboratory mutant and in several coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates. Between January and June, 1997, the patient received 30 g of intraperitoneal vancomycin. In spite of this extensive exposure, the same S epidermidis strain with resistance to vancomycin was recovered from each of the dialysate samples after 3 weeks of vancomycin prophylaxis, demonstrating that the vancomycin prophylaxis did not produce bacteriological cure. In fact, the episodes of recurrent S epidermidis peritonitis stopped only after removal of the dialysis catheter. It is ominous that the dialysis-catheter site was contaminated by two different bacterial species each carrying a distinct vancomycin-resistance mechanism. Heterogeneous cultures of meticillin-resistant S epidermidis represent potential reservoirs of staphylococci with vancomycin MIC values above therapeutically achievable levels. The ease with which selection of these subpopulations occurred in the laboratory suggests that they may also emerge in patients patients by echocardiography. Preliminary results (follow-up 1 month to 1 year) indicate recovery of sinus rhythm in all cases, with a normal sinoatrial node response to gentle exercise and no requirement for permanent pacing. Because atrial fibrillation is a prominent cause of thromboembolism and significantly reduces cardiac performance, we are evaluating this surgically simple and effective method of restoring sinus rhythm as an adjunct to routine mitral valve surgery in a prospective randomised controlled trial.
Dietary Habits, Poverty, and Chronic Kidney Disease in an Urban Population

Background Poverty is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States and worldwide. Poor dietary habits may contribute to this disparity. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting and Participants A total of 2,058 community-dwelling adults aged 30 to 64 years residing in Baltimore City, Maryland. Predictors Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH scoring based on 9 target nutrients (total fat, saturated fat, protein, fiber, cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium); adherence defined as score ≥4.5 of maximum possible score of 9. Poverty (self-reported household income Outcomes and Measurements CKD defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate Results Among 2,058 participants (mean age 48 years; 57% black; 44% male; 42% with poverty), median DASH score was low, 1.5 (interquartile range, 1-2.5). Only 5.4% were adherent. Poverty, male sex, black race, and smoking were more prevalent among the lower DASH score tertiles, whereas higher education and regular health care were more prevalent among the highest DASH score tertile (P Conclusions Poor dietary habits are strongly associated with CKD among the urban poor and may represent a target for interventions aimed at reducing disparities in CKD.
IV. High energy neutrinos underground: status of the Case-Wits-Irvine experiment and future prospect

It is part of the folklore of cosmic ray physics dating back to the 1940’s that if one could only go deeply enough underground with a suitably large detector, it would be possible to detect neutrinos in the cosmic radiation. I say ‘folklore’ because no estimates of flux were available, the variation of cosmic ray intensity with depth was known to very shallow depths indeed (a few hundred metres of rock), detection techniques were relatively insensitive and nothing was known about interaction cross-sections, let alone the existence of muon neutrinos. The intervening two decades have witnessed developments and discoveries in all these directions so that it became possible to calculate the spectra of high energy (> 1 GeV) neutrinos resulting from the interaction of cosmic ray primaries with the Earth’s atmosphere and to begin speculation regarding high energy extra terrestrial sources. Measure­ments at high energy machines made it possible to put a lower bound on the interaction of neutrinos in the supra machine range. The discovery of the muon neutrino revealed the existence of a product with long range, the muon, which results from the interaction of muon type neutrinos with nuclei. This feature of the neutrino interaction, the muon associated neutrino, is central to all cosmic ray detection schemes. The electron-neutrino interaction observed long ago by the Los Alamos group is relatively ineffective because of the short range of the product electron. The great strides made in the field of particle detection with the development of efficient and relatively inexpensive large area scintillation detectors showed that finite count rates, ca . 10/y, could be expected from detectors measuring ca . 102 m2 in area. Finally, the measurements of the intensity of cosmic rays with depth-pursued most effectively by the groups working at the Kolar Gold Fields in India-showed that neutrino interactions could be sought in existing deep mines without too much trouble from cosmic ray muons which succeeded in penetrating from the surface of the Earth to the detector. The motivation for seeking to measure and understand the high energy neutrino flux from our atmosphere and beyond is twofold: (1) This source, though weak and not under our control, is of much higher energy than available, or is likely to become available, in the laboratory for some time to come. It is generally recognized that energy is a prime factor in probing the structure of the weak interaction. (2) A curiosity regarding the existence and nature of sources of extraterrestrial neutrinos. A more mundane but perfectly valid reason for studying atmospheric neutrinos is a desire to ‘tidy up’ the record of cosmic ray components as they are produced and interact in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Evaluation of a Non-invasive Method to Detect Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-DNA in Stool Samples of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Pilot Study

A severe flare of colitis in patients with IBD treated with immunosuppressive therapy may be complicated by an underlying CMV infection. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect CMV DNA in stool samples of IBD patients. Twenty-one patients with a severe flare of IBD, incompletely responding or refractory to either steroids or immunosuppressive agents, were included in the study. Nineteen patients completed the study according to the protocol undergoing an endoscopy with biopsies and collection of stool samples. Biopsy and stool samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for CMV DNA using real-time PCR. Thirty-two percent (6/19) of the patients had detectable CMV DNA in colonic biopsies and in five (83%) of those patients CMV DNA was detected in the stool. Thirteen patients had negative findings for CMV DNA in biopsy and stool samples. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the PCR-based stool test for detection of CMV DNA compared to PCR-based detection of CMV in mucosal biopsies were 83, 93, and 90%, respectively. The pilot study suggests a high accuracy of this non-invasive testing method to detect CMV DNA in stool samples as compared to mucosal biopsies. This approach may offer a non-endoscopic testing modality for underlying CMV infection in patients with a severe flare of IBD, which could also be applied more broadly to determine the prevalence of CMV infections in patients with IBD.
Vulvar Paget's Disease: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 19 Cases

Vulvar Paget's disease (VPD) is the most common type of extramammary Paget's disease; however, the frequency of dermal invasion and its clinical significance are unclear, as are the frequency and relationship of an associated regional internal cancer. Thus, we studied the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 19 patients with VPD. Patients ranged in age from 56 to 86 years (median 65). VPD was entirely intraepithelial (IE-VPD) in 13 patients. Three patients developed IE-VPD recurrence and one developed deeply invasive and metastatic VPD at 10.8 years. Five patients had invasive Paget's disease (INV-VPD) characterized by clinically occult microscopic foci of superficial dermal invasion, ranging in depth from 0.3 to 0.9 mm. All five patients were alive without disease after 12 months to 17 years (median 66 months). A regional internal cancer (CA ASSOC-VPD) occurred in one patient whose VPD was preceded by a deeply invasive grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder 9 months earlier. Immunophenotypes of 16 cases with IE-VPD or INV-VPD were CK7+/CK20-/GCDFP15+ in 14 cases and CK7+/CK20+/GCDFP15+ in two cases, with concordant immunophenotypes of the intraepithelial and invasive components in all cases studied. The patient with CA ASSOC-VPD had a CK7+/CK20+/GCDFP15- immunophenotype in the invasive TCC of the urinary bladder and the VPD. We conclude that the predominant form of VPD begins as a primary cutaneous intraepithelial neoplasm that is universally CK7+/GCDFP15+. Foci of unsuspected synchronous dermal invasion by Paget's cells can be expected in almost one third of cases. Subsequent progression into an invasive carcinoma occurs less often. Foci of "minimally invasive" carcinoma (<1 mm) probably do not adversely affect prognosis, whereas deeply invasive carcinoma behaves as a fully malignant adenocarcinoma. The rarer form of VPD appears to result from secondary intraepithelial spread from an associated regional internal carcinoma. The finding of Paget's cells that are CK20+/GCDFP15- suggests the presence of a regional internal carcinoma with a corresponding immunophenotype.
Periaqueductal gray matter projection to vagal preganglionic neurons and the nucleus tractus solitarius

The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) has been implicated in a variety of different functions, including autonomic regulation. Chemical stimulation of the lateral PAG produces hypertension and tachycardia while activation of the ventrolateral PAG produces the opposite effect. While these effects are the result of alterations in sympathetic activity, little is known about whether the PAG can modulate vagal functions as well. The anterograde axonal tracing method using the plant lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was used to determine whether both of the lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns project to vagal preganglionic neurons and/or to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Highly restricted PHA-L injections were made in all four PAG columns throughout their rostrocaudal extent in rats. Labeled fibers were visualized by immunohistochemistry and studied in relationship with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostained parasympathetic preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV) and nucleus ambiguous (NA). The lateral PAG projects to the lateral DMV and to the caudal part of the external NA. The ventrolateral PAG innervates the same regions and also projects to the rostral part of the external NA -- a site that contains cardiac parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Both the lateral and ventrolateral PAG project to the NTS in a similar fashion innervating the medial, ventrolateral and commissural subnuclei. In summary, the lateral and ventrolateral PAG have similar patterns of innervation of the NTS and DMV, but their projection to the NA is different: the rostral external NA receives innervation only from the ventrolateral PAG and the lateral PAG innervates the caudal part.
Geodetic orientations of complete k-partite graphs

Abstract Ore defined a graph to be geodetic if and only if there is a unique shortest path between two points, and posed the problem of characterizing such graphs. Here this problem is studied in the context of oriented graphs and such geodetic orientations are characterized first for complete graphs (geodetic tournaments), then for complete bipartite and complete tripartite graphs, and finally for complete k -partite graphs.
'Brand X' Versus the Recommended Product

Richard Gould has built a substantial literature treating the subject of archaeological method with an emphasis on ethnoarchaeology. His writings have been received with mixed feelings by the field and have recently sparked an interesting “debate.” Much of Gould's criticism of the recent literature stems from his misunderstanding of that material. In similar fashion, I suspect that much misdirection in the current “debate” stems from Gould's naivete regarding his own philosophy. Therefore, I have attempted an analysis of Gould's works that will, I hope, clarify his position as well as the character of the points he raises that are in need of debate.
Multicenter Evaluation of the New Vitek 2 Yeast Susceptibility Test Using New CLSI Clinical Breakpoints for Fluconazole

A fully automated antifungal susceptibility test system recently updated to reflect the new species-specific clinical breakpoints (CBPs) of fluconazole for Candida (Vitek 2 AF03 yeast susceptibility test; bioMerieux, Inc., Durham, NC) was compared in three different laboratories with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference broth microdilution (BMD) method by testing 2 quality control strains, 10 reproducibility strains (4 Candida species and 6 Cryptococcus neoformans strains), and 746 isolates of Candida species (702 isolates, 13 species) and 44 isolates of C. neoformans against fluconazole. Excellent essential agreement (EA) (within 2 dilutions) between the reference and Vitek 2 MICs was observed for fluconazole and Candida species (94.0%). The EA was lower for fluconazole and C. neoformans at 86.4%. The mean times to a result with the Vitek 2 test were 9.1 h for Candida species and 12.1 h for C. neoformans. Categorical agreement (CA) between the two methods was assessed by using the new species-specific CBPs. For less common species without fluconazole CBPs, the epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) were used to differentiate wild-type (WT; MIC, ≤ECV) from non-WT (MIC, >ECV) strains. The CAs between the two methods were 92.0% for Candida species (0.3% very major errors [VME] and 2.6% major errors [ME]) and 84.1% for C. neoformans (4.5% VME and 11.4% ME). The updated Vitek 2 AF03 IUO yeast susceptibility system is comparable to the CLSI BMD reference method for testing the susceptibility of clinically important yeasts to fluconazole when using the new (lower) CBPs and ECVs.
Addendum: Frequency dependence of the phonon reflection coefficients at an interface between silicon and solid hydrogen

The heat-pulse method has been used to investigate the frequency dependence of the reflection coefficients of phonons incident on an interface between a silicon crystal and solidified hydrogen. The reflection coefficients are found to increase with decreasing pulse temperature (and hence decreasing phonon frequency). For longitudinal phonons the reflection coefficient agrees with the acoustic-mismatch theory at a pulse temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}2 K. for transverse phonons the reflection coefficient approaches the theoretical value at the lowest pulse temperature investigated, 1.5 K.
Clinical trials for pathogen reduction in transfusion medicine: A review

Despite the implementation of highly sensitive methods for the detection of pathogens in donor blood products, the risk of transmission of infectious disease to transfusion recipients remains. Of greatest concern, and accounting for most of the risk, are newly-emerging pathogens for which screening assays do not yet exist or well-known pathogens for which testing regimens are not routinely employed. Furthermore, passive donor screening programs are unlikely to capture all potentially infective donors. A promising strategy to overcome these limitations is the proactive incapacitation of pathogens residing in donor units. Several unique pathogen reduction/inactivation (PR/PI) platforms have been developed and implemented in clinical settings. The aims of this article are to review: (1) the basic methodology underlying PR/PI platforms, (2) the potential toxicities associated with PR/PI treatment of blood products, and (3) the data and outcomes from clinical trials involving currently available PR/PI platforms.
Extending the generality of the odor hypothesis: double-alternation responding in the wood rat (Neotoma floridana osagensis)

In an attempt to extend the generality of the odor hypothesis, two studies using wood rats (Neotoma floridana osagensis) as subjects were conducted. Experiment 1 demonstrated that this species was capable of establishing appropriate odor-based double-alternation patterning in the straight runway. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that albino rats were capable of using odor cues exuded by wood rats, and vice versa.
Potential role of major histocompatibility complex class II peptides in regulatory tolerance to vascularized grafts.

The inactivation of persisting T lymphocytes reactive to self- and non-self-antigens is a major arm of operational immune tolerance in mammals. Silencing of such T cells proceeds mostly by means of suppression, a process that is mediated by regulatory T-cell subsets and especially by CD4 + CD25 high regulatory T cells (Treg). Although Treg activation and ensuing suppressive activity appear to be major histocompatibility complex class II dependent, the fine specificity of Treg T-cell receptors has not yet been elucidated. Recent data from the author's laboratory on a class II gene therapy induction of tolerance to allogeneic kidney grafts suggest that class II peptides are involved as generic signals for Treg activation. A brief compilation of results that would support this hypothesis is discussed in the present article.
CHANGES IN PLASTID AND MITOCHONDRION CONTENT DURING MATURATION OF GENERATIVE CELLS OF SOLANUM (SOLANACEAE)

A study was made of the number of plastids and mitochondria present in generative cells of Solanum immediately after microspore mitosis, and the fate of these organelles during development of the pollen was determined. Changes were followed via electron microscopy of anthers of S. chacoense and S. tuberosum Group Phureja X S. chacoense. In earliest stages the generative cells were oval and had one surface along the intine and other surfaces in contact with the vegetative cell. As the pollen matured the generative cells elongated, became spindle-shaped, and were completely engulfed in the vegetative cells. At the earliest stages studied, both mitochondria and plastids were present in the generative cell. Plastids of the generative cell were, in contrast to those of the vegetative cells, fewer, smaller, and lacking in starch. Through the maturation stages the content of these organelles in the vegetative cells remained unchanged. While the generative cells retained mitochondria until anthesis, their plastids disappeared completely during maturation. This selective loss during generative cell maturation could lead to transmission of those characteristics encoded in plastid DNA through the pistillate parent only. The mechanism could explain earlier genetic evidence that plastid characters of Solanum were transmitted uniparentally. WHILE THE GENERATIVE cells of some species of plants have both plastids and mitochondria, those of a majority of species seem to lack plastids. Among those that retain these organelles in generative cells, many have a low number of both plastids and mitochondria. The distinction between a species having or not having each type of organelle in the generative cell is an important one from an evolutionary point of view. The offspring of a species that