cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Fe3O4@g-C Nanorods for Reversible Adsorption of Molecules and Absorption of Ions

It is an interesting but challenging task to design a facile and scalable procedure for the making of multifunctional materials for energy and environmental applications. Here, we developed a one-pot facile procedure for the preparation of disordered carbon (a-C) coated Fe2O3 nanorods. By heating Fe2O3@a-C nanorods under argon, they were easily converted to graphite carbon (g-C) coated magnetic Fe3O4, or Fe3O4@g-C, nanorods. We demonstrated that the as-prepared magnetic Fe3O4@g-C nanorods could reversibly store molecules, using dye as a model. This suggested that one of the possible applications would be as recyclable and reusable adsorbents for water remediation. At the same time, the magnetic Fe3O4@g-C nanorods are proposed as vehicles for the controlled release of drugs in an aqueous environment and, in particular, for the targeted treatment of infected regions through guided external magnetic forces. The Fe3O4@g-C nanorods were also investigated for their performances in the reversible storage of sodi...
Optimization of bulk HgCdTe growth in a directional solidification furnace by numerical simulation

A numerical model of heat transfer by combined conduction, radiation and convection was developed using the FIDAP finite element code for NASA`s Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF). The prediction of the temperature gradient in an ampoule with HgCdTe is a necessity for the evaluation of whether or not the temperature set points for furnace heaters and the details of cartridge design ensure optimal crystal growth conditions for this material and size of crystal. A prediction of crystal/melt interface shape and the flow patterns in HgCdTe are available using a separate complementary model.
Mucosal surface areas and villous morphology of the small intestine of small mammals: functional interpretations.

Mucosal surface areas of the small intestine were determined for eight species of small mammals ranging over three trophic levels. Greatest mucosal surface area per body weight ratios (SA/B Wt) were found for Blarina brevicauda and Eptesicus fuscus , both strict carnivores. Smallest SA/B Wt ratios were found for Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus ochrogaster , both strict herbivores. Omnivorous forms, Zapus hudsonius , Peromyscus leucopus , Mus musculus , and Peromyscus maniculatus , possessed SA/B Wt ratios of intermediate magnitude, increasing in that order. Linear gradients along the length of the small intestine for the mucosal surface area per serosal area ratio (Ra) and the mucosal surface area per centimeter serosal length ratio (Ma) showed a negative slope for Ra and Ma distinctly less (in absolute terms) for M. pennsylvanicus than for the other species. The negative slopes for Ra and Ma were greatest for E. fuscus . Villous size and shape is described.
The Demand for Green Housing Amenities

Spiking oil prices over the last five years and a heightened awareness of the global warming phenomenon have placed environmentalism and sustainability into the mainstream. Consumers have these con...
Membrane glycoproteins and platelet cytoskeleton in immune complex- induced platelet activation

To clarify the mechanism of platelet activation by immune complexes and the possible involvement of surface glycoproteins (GPs), we studied platelet activation induced by heat-aggregated IgG (HAG). We examined the effects of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against GPIb, GPIIb/IIIa, and the Fc receptor on resting platelets and on platelets stimulated by HAG. HAG increased the cytosolic ionized calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and stimulated protein (P47 and P20) phosphorylation, phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis, serotonin secretion, and platelet aggregation. IV.3, an anti-Fc gamma RII receptor MoAb, inhibited HAG binding to platelets and all subsequent platelet responses. Like IV.3, MoAbs against GPIIb/IIIa (Tab, 10E5, AP-3) or GPIb (AP-1, 6D1) strongly inhibited platelet activation by HAG. However, while anti-GPIIb/IIIa MoAbs inhibited binding of IV.3 and HAG to platelets, anti-GPIb MoAbs had little effect on platelet binding of IV.3 or HAG. These observations suggest a close topographical and functional association of GPIIb/IIIa with Fc gamma RII in the platelet response to HAG. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, also inhibited platelet activation but not HAG or IV.3 binding. Measurement of the fluorescence of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-(NBD)-phallacidin, a specific marker for filamentous actin (F-actin), showed that both cytochalasin B and AP-1 blocked the increase of F-actin induced by HAG. The common effects of anti-GPIb MoAbs and of cytochalasin B suggest that unlike the activity of GPIIb/IIIa, the ability of anti-GPIb to inhibit the activation of platelets by immune complexes is associated with perturbation of the cytoskeleton.
Adsorption Kinetics Dictate Monolayer Self-Assembly for Both Lipid-In and Lipid-Out Approaches to Droplet Interface Bilayer Formation.

The droplet interface bilayer (DIB)—a method to assemble planar lipid bilayer membranes between lipid-coated aqueous droplets—has gained popularity among researchers in many fields. Well-packed lipid monolayer on aqueous droplet–oil interfaces is a prerequisite for successfully assembling DIBs. Such monolayers can be achieved by two different techniques: “lipid-in”, in which phospholipids in the form of liposomes are placed in water, and “lipid-out”, in which phospholipids are placed in oil as inverse micelles. While both approaches are capable of monolayer assembly needed for bilayer formation, droplet pairs assembled with these two techniques require significantly different incubation periods and exhibit different success rates for bilayer formation. In this study, we combine experimental interfacial tension measurements with molecular dynamics simulations of phospholipids (DPhPC and DOPC) assembled from water and oil origins to understand the differences in kinetics of monolayer formation. With the res...
One-Cell Analysis as a Technique for True Single-Cell Analysis of Organelles in Breast Tumor and Adjacent Normal Tissue to Profile Fatty Acid Composition of Triglyceride Species

Breast cancer develops in an adipose rich environment of normal adipocytes that are known to aid in tumor progression through an unknown method of lipid transfer from normal cells to tumor cells. Much research is built around lipid analysis of breast tumor and adjacent normal tissues to identify variations in the lipidome to gain an understanding of the role lipids play in progressing cancer. Ideally, single-cell analysis methods coupled to mass spectrometry that retain spatial information are best suited for this endeavor. However, many single-cell analysis methods are not capable of subcellular analysis of intact lipids while maintaining spatial information. One-Cell analysis is a true single-cell technique with the precision to extract single organelles from intact tissues while not interfering or disrupting adjacent cells. This method is used to extract and analyze single organelles from individual cells using nanomanipulation coupled to nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Presented here is a demonstration of the analysis of single lipid bodies from two different sets of breast tumor and normal adjacent tissues to elucidate the fatty acid composition of triglycerides using One-Cell analysis coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. As a result, thirteen fatty acid species unique to the tumor tissues were identified, five in one set of tissues and eight in the other set.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Carbadox Residues in Animal Feed

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining residues of carbadox in the 0.01-10 ppm range in swine feed is described. Carbadox is extracted from ground feed with 25% acidified methanol-CHCl3, removed from emulsion-forming coextractables via an alumina column, separated from highly colored pigments by acid-base liquid-liquid partitioning, and finally isolated from interferences on a second alumina column. Isocratic reverse phase LC at 305 nm is used for quantitation. The average overall recovery at the 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm spike levels was 83.0% with a standard deviation of 2.04% and a coefficient of variation of 2.46%.
Crystallization Kinetics of SiO2 at High Pressures

The unusual enhancement of certain kinetic phenomena at high pressure in some Silicates has long been a source of interest. Shaw [1] noted a decrease in the viscosity of obsidian glass with pressure, though he attributed it to experimental uncertainties. Kushiro et al. [2,3] found that such a decrease clearly occurs in several Silicate melts. Uhlmann, Hays, and Turnbull [4] observed a large increase in the rate of crystallization of silica glass at high pressure. They showed that the increase scaled with the amount of water present and this might even account for the entire effect.
SU-F-J-56: The Connection Between Cherenkov Light Emission and Radiation Absorbed Dose in Proton Irradiated Phantoms

Purpose: Range verification in proton therapy is of great importance. Cherenkov light follows the photon and electron energy deposition in water phantom. The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection between Cherenkov light generation and radiation absorbed dose in a water phantom irradiated with proton beams. Methods: Monte Carlo simulation was performed by employing FLUKA Monte Carlo code to stochastically simulate radiation transport, ionizing radiation dose deposition, and Cherenkov radiation in water phantoms. The simulations were performed for proton beams with energies in the range 50–600 MeV to cover a wide range of proton energies. Results: The mechanism of Cherenkov light production depends on the initial energy of protons. For proton energy with 50–400 MeV energy that is below the threshold (∼483 MeV in water) for Cherenkov light production directly from incident protons, Cherenkov light is produced mainly from the secondary electrons liberated as a result of columbic interactions with the incident protons. For proton beams with energy above 500 MeV, in the initial depth that incident protons have higher energy than the Cherenkov light production threshold, the light has higher intensity. As the slowing down process results in lower energy protons in larger depths in the water phantom, there is a knee point in the Cherenkov light curve vs. depth due to switching the Cherenkov light production mechanism from primary protons to secondary electrons. At the end of the depth dose curve the Cherenkov light intensity does not follow the dose peak because of the lack of high energy protons to produce Cherenkov light either directly or through secondary electrons. Conclusion: In contrast to photon and electron beams, Cherenkov light generation induced by proton beams does not follow the proton energy deposition specially close to the end of the proton range near the Bragg peak.
Watershed and Landscape Scale Actions for Mitigating Impacts on Urban Salmonids

Protecting or improving the condition of aquatic ecosystems within urban and rural-residential developments will help ensure that developed lands contribute to the persistence and recovery of wild salmonid populations across broader spatial scales. The purpose of this chapter is to review actions that can be taken to reduce impacts and facilitate rehabilitation of salmonid habitat and watershed conditions, with a focus on policies in the State of Oregon and practices that apply throughout the Pacific Northwest region. As described more fully in Chaps. 2 and 3, the State of Oregon established the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds in 1997, with the mission to “restore the watersheds of Oregon and to recover the fish and wildlife populations of those watersheds to productive and sustainable levels in a manner that provides substantial ecological, cultural and economic benefits” (Oregon Revised Statute 541.898(2)(a)). Although state-level efforts such as the Oregon Plan chart out a very worthy goal, unless proactive measures are taken to avoid or mitigate the effects of current and future development, it will be difficult to reverse or slow the impairment of aquatic habitat quality and function as the human population and economy continue to increase in the Pacific Northwest.
Eulerian‐based virtual visual sensors to measure dynamic displacements of structures

Summary Vibration measurements provide useful information about a structural system's dynamic characteristics and are used in many fields of science and engineering. Here, we present an alternative noncontact approach to measure dynamic displacements of structural systems using digital videos. The concept is that intensity measured at a pixel with a fixed (or Eulerian) coordinate in a digital video can be regarded as a virtual visual sensor. The pixels in the vicinity of the boundary of a vibrating structural element contain useful frequency information, which we have been able to demonstrate in earlier studies. Our ultimate goal, however, is to be able to compute dynamic displacements, i.e., actual displacement amplitudes in the time domain. In order to achieve that, we introduce the use of simple black-and-white targets that are mounted on locations of interest on the structure. By using these targets, intensity can be directly related to displacement, turning a video camera into a simple, computationally inexpensive, and accurate displacement sensor with notably low signal-to-noise ratio. We show that subpixel accuracy with levels comparable to computationally expensive block matching algorithms can be achieved using the proposed targets. Our methodology can be used for laboratory experiments, on real structures, and additionally, we see educational opportunities in K-12 classroom. In this paper, we introduce the concept and theory of the proposed methodology, present and discuss a laboratory experiment to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed black-and-white targets, and discuss the results from a field test of an in-service bridge.
Celluloid Documents: migrant women in Black Audio Film Collective’s Handsworth Songs and Twilight City, and Sankofa Film and Video Collective’s Dreaming Rivers

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses representations of immigrant West Indian women in the films Handsworth Songs, Twilight City, and Dreaming Rivers by the black British film collectives Black Audio Film Collective and Sankofa, respectively. Black Audio and Sankofa emerged in the mid-1980s as activists and innovators in the fields of video and film arts. Formed by male and female filmmakers of African, Afro-Caribbean, and South Asian descent, they were born out of the struggles waged by black Britons in the 1980s to shape a new cultural politics and a new politics of representation. An important stage in the ongoing struggle to gain acknowledgement of diversity within “the black British experience,” and to gain control over representations of that diversity, was that of breaking the historic silence of black British women of Caribbean origins. As a result of the new cultural politics, and for the first time, black women artists gained the means to give voice to their experience and their concerns through the med...
Post-extraction algal residue in beef steer finishing diets: I. Nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics☆

Abstract In Part I of a two-part study, an experiment was conducted to determine effects of post-extraction algal residue (PEAR) inclusion on nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. Eighteen Angus × Hereford steers (initial body weight = 549 ± 38.8 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments for the last 35 days prior to harvest: PEAR added to the ration at 1.0 kg organic matter (OM)/day (PEAR), or 1.0 kg OM/day glucose infused ruminally (GR) or abomasally (GA). The basal diet consisted of a standard finishing ration with additional roughage provided in the diet to prevent sudden changes in intake as a result of infusion treatments. Greater dry matter intake (DMI) was observed for PEAR (13.0 kg/d) than GR (10.3 kg/d; P
Managing Unspoken Assumptions in Online Education

Informatics educational programs are increasingly being offered in a distance learning mode and are often taught by informatics educators who have taught in traditional settings, but are less experienced with online education. There are resources for developing online curricula, but these resources rarely address the tacit and unspoken assumptions that students and teachers bring to online educational programs. This chapter is designed to help the online educator become more aware of these unspoken assumptions and to develop strategies for making assumptions explicit, managing student expectations and preventing common problems that occur in distance learning programs. The concept of transactional distance is discussed as a theoretical framework for understanding and managing student and faculty expectations around the flexible class hours in asynchronous learning environments, the challenges of transferring teaching strategies from the face-to-face classroom, and the issues raised specifically by students and faculty expectations of the technology.
Analysis of labor supply by skill and spatial location in NIAD: a functional economic area of Iowa

ion, but it may be an abstraction which does not properly reflect the real world, A model which gives "reasonable" approximations of the real world can be useful for certain purposes. The objective is not to have a perfect model explaining all of the intricacies of the real world, but to have a useful, workable model. Some simulation problems require specially built models and imagin­ ative computational techniques. The NIAD labor market can be adapted to correspond to the transportation model. Transportation models are a sub­ set of linear programs and have characteristics which pexmit efficient solutions C9, 20, 51), The usefulness of the transportation model in this problem is a function of the model's characteristics and assumptions.
International Medical Graduates: Role of Mentoring

A mentor is someone who imparts wisdom to and shares knowledge with a less experienced person. Traditionally, the mentorship relationship has been seen as both dyadic and hierarchical. It is dyadic because it is a relationship between two people, the mentor and mentee, without the inclusion of other people. It is hierarchical because the mentor is usually several years older and serves as a role model, teacher, advisor, and sponsor for the younger mentee.
Inverse uncertainty quantification using the modular Bayesian approach based on Gaussian Process, Part 2: Application to TRACE

Abstract Inverse Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is a process to quantify the uncertainties in random input parameters while achieving consistency between code simulations and physical observations. In this paper, we performed inverse UQ using an improved modular Bayesian approach based on Gaussian Process (GP) for TRACE physical model parameters using the BWR Full-size Fine-Mesh Bundle Tests (BFBT) benchmark steady-state void fraction data. The model discrepancy is described with a GP emulator. Numerical tests have demonstrated that such treatment of model discrepancy can avoid over-fitting. Furthermore, we constructed a fast-running and accurate GP emulator to replace TRACE full model during Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. The computational cost was demonstrated to be reduced by several orders of magnitude. A sequential approach was also developed for efficient test source allocation (TSA) for inverse UQ and validation. This sequential TSA methodology first selects experimental tests for validation that has a full coverage of the test domain to avoid extrapolation of model discrepancy term when evaluated at input setting of tests for inverse UQ. Then it selects tests that tend to reside in the unfilled zones of the test domain for inverse UQ, so that one can extract the most information for posterior probability distributions of calibration parameters using only a relatively small number of tests. This research addresses the “lack of input uncertainty information” issue for TRACE physical input parameters, which was usually ignored or described using expert opinion or user self-assessment in previous work. The resulting posterior probability distributions of TRACE parameters can be used in future uncertainty, sensitivity and validation studies of TRACE code for nuclear reactor system design and safety analysis.
Neuropeptides and Regulation of Water Intake

Peptides play an important role as peripheral and central signals that promote maintenance of body fluid homeostasis. Many of these peptides are involved in the physiological and behavioral responses generating thirst, especially in response to extracellular dehydration (hypovolemia). This article discusses the influence of peptides on intake of water and saline solutions with a focus on peptides that act on or are synthesized within the brain.
Improved outcomes for women undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention: A report from the national heart, lung, and blood institute dynamic registry

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to determine whether women undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain at increased risk in comparison with men and whether the outcomes in women have improved. Background Previous studies have shown that women treated with coronary angioplasty have a higher incidence of procedural morbidity and mortality than men. Methods Gender differences in wave 1 of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Dynamic registry were evaluated. Baseline characteristics and outcomes in women in the Dynamic registry were compared with those in women in the 1985–1986 and 1993–1994 NHLBI Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) registries. Results Women were older with a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, congestive heart failure, unstable angina and single vessel disease in comparison with men. Although procedural success and in-hospital death (2.2% vs. 1.3%), myocardial infarction (MI) (2.3% vs. 3.0%) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) (1.3% vs. 1.4%) were similar in women and men, respectively, one-year mortality (6.5% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.02) and combined end point of death/MI/CABG (18.3% vs. 14.4%, p = 0.03) were higher in women than in men. After controlling for other factors, gender was not a significant predictor of death or death plus MI at one year. Despite a higher risk profile in women in the Dynamic registry in comparison with women in the 1985–1986 NHLBI PTCA registry, in-hospital death/MI/CABG was lower (6.0% vs. 11.6%, p Conclusions Despite persistent high-risk characteristics in women, gender differences in outcomes in patients undergoing contemporary PCI have decreased, and outcomes in women have improved.
THE YOSIDA-HEWITT DECOMPOSITION AS AN ERGODIC THEOREM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Yosida–Hewiit decomposition as an ergodic theorem. Using a variation of the Caratheodory method, it can be shown that the scalar case and Banach space-valued case considered by Uhl can be viewed as a functional analytic ergodic theorem. The chapter presents some conditions that exist in a case when (Y, ∥ . ∥) is a Banach space, T is a commutative semigroup of idempotent linear operators on Y, and for every element y in Y, the set 0(y) = weak closure of {t(y) : t ∈ T}.
Effects of pre-existing hearing loss on proposed ANSI S12.13 outcomes for characterizing hearing conservation program effectiveness: follow-up investigation.

Draft ANSI S12 .13 1991 Standard Evaluating the Effectiveness of Hearing Conservation Programs presents statistical protocols purportedly sensitive to temporary threshold shift (TTS) in occupational hearing conservation program (HCP) audiometric databases. Because it is well established that less TTS is found in humans with hearing loss than in those with essentially normal hearing, one might predict baseline hearing level to be a confounding variable in interpreting ANSI S12 .13 outcomes, with better-hearing industrial populations tending to demonstrate greater year-to-year audiometric variability than poorer-hearing groups . However, in a large industrial sample from the public domain audiometric database, poorerhearing groups systematically demonstrated greater audiometric threshold variability than better-hearing groups, and ANSI S12 .13 outcome magnitudes were highly positively correlated to baseline hearing levels. These findings generally do not support notions that ANSI S12 .13 outcomes clearly provide indirect measures of TTS . HCP managers should exercise extreme caution in interpreting ANSI S12 .13 outcomes to rate overall program performance. In particular, HCP managers should not rely upon these outcomes for decisions regarding hearing protection policies without careful consideration of pre-existing hearing loss in the populations involved.
LONG-TERM USE OF ORAL BETA-BLOCKER IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WHO UNDERWENT PRIMARY CORONARY INTERVENTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Long-term use of oral beta-blocker(BB) was known to have a potential benefit in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, all the trials were done predating the era of reperfusion. Last 2 decades, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to decrease the
The Effect of Psychological Perspectives on Stigmatic Thinking Regarding Mental Disorders [University of Wisconsin River Falls]

This study examined how an individual’s psychological perspective affects stigmatic thinking regarding mental disorders. Several research studies have examined how different explanations for mental disorders contribute to stigmatic thinking. For example, research done by Lebowitz et.al (2013) found that biochemical and genetic attributions for depression were associated with prognostic pessimism. Another study done by Lebowitz & Ahn (2014), found that mental health clinicians who held a biological perspective reported less empathy towards those who experience depression than did those that held psychosocial perspectives. Up until now, researchers have only differentiated between broad biological and psychological perspectives. This study went beyond previous research by breaking down both the biological and psychological perspectives into narrower theoretical explanations; and by attempting to assess the individual theoretical perspectives of each participant. The goal of this study was to determine whether different psychological perspectives of mental disorders related to stigmatic thinking.
The Golden Age of Phenomenology: A t the New School for Social Research, 1954 – 1973

This chapter focuses on the spreading of Husserlian Phenomenology to the United States by the community of scholars who taught and studied at the New School for Social Research from 1954 through 1973. The protagonists of this phase, Thomas Dorion Cairns (1901–1973), American-born, Alfred Schutz (1899–1959), and Aron Gurwitsch (1901–1973), critically and creatively followed the mature Edmund Husserl even if in different ways and years. Their link is represented by the fact that they were part of the department of Philosophy of the New School for Social Research to create the first group of scholars in Husserlian Phenomenology in the country. The Husserlian Phenomenology that they brought to the New School has subsequently spread through the Anglophone world.
Integration of Atomistic Simulation with Experiment Using Time−Temperature Superposition for a Cross‐Linked Epoxy Network

Quantitative comparison of atomistic simulations with experiment for glass-forming materials is made difficult by the vast mismatch between computationally and experimentally accessible timescales. Recently, we presented results for an epoxy network showing that the computation of specific volume vs. temperature as a function of cooling rate in conjunction with the time–temperature superposition principle (TTSP) enables direct quantitative comparison of simulation with experiment. Here, we follow-up and present results for the translational dynamics of the same material over a temperature range from the rubbery to the glassy state. Using TTSP, we obtain results for translational dynamics out to 109 s in TTSP reduced time – a macroscopic timescale. Further, we show that the mean squared displacement (MSD) trends of the network atoms can be collapsed onto a master curve at a reference temperature. The computational master curve is compared with the experimental master curve of the creep compliance for the same network using literature data. We find that the temporal features of the two data sets can be quantitatively compared providing an integrated view relating molecular level dynamics to the macroscopic thermophysical measurement. The time-shift factors needed for the superposition also show excellent agreement with experiment further establishing the veracity of the approach.
Proposed Plasma Ammonia Reference Intervals in a Reference Group of Hospitalized Term and Preterm Neonates.

BACKGROUND Plasma ammonia is commonly measured in the diagnostic evaluation of hospitalized newborns, but reference values are not well defined. METHODS We prospectively enrolled newborns admitted to the level III/IV neonatal intensive care unit and level II intermediate special care nursery from January 2017 to January 2018. Infants with inborn errors of metabolism or liver disease were excluded. Plasma ammonia concentrations were measured once within the first week of life and evaluated by sex, gestational age, timing of the draw, blood collection method, and type of nutrition. Reference intervals were calculated. RESULTS 127 neonates were included; one third (34%) were term infants born at ≥37 weeks gestation, and two thirds (66%) were born preterm at <37 weeks gestation. Median plasma ammonia concentrations were 32 μmol/L (range <10 to 86 μmol/L). Median ammonia concentrations were higher among preterm compared to term infants (35 vs. 28 μmol/L, p = 0.0119), and term female compared to term male infants (34 vs. 26 μmol/L, p = 0.0228). There was no difference in median ammonia concentrations between female and male preterm infants, based on gestational age within the preterm group, timing of the blood draw, presence of hyperbilirubinemia, blood collection method, or type of nutritional intake. CONCLUSIONS Plasma ammonia concentrations among newborns are higher than the expected adult concentrations and may vary by gestational age and sex. Blood collection method, type of nutrition, hyperbilirubinemia, and timing of the draw do not impact concentrations. We propose a reference limit of ≤82 μmol/L for newborns less than one week of age.
Cryogenic system design for the electron-ion collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Any upgrade of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to an electron-ion collider (EIC) will involve large scale upgrades to the existing cryogenic infrastructure. The challenges to such a project at Brookhaven are unique because of the existing central cryogenic plant. The central plant is oversized for current RHIC operations and can handle the EIC's heat loads comfortably. However, a lot of equipment will require 2 K cooling for which extra local cryogenic systems are needed. Any new systems will have to be designed to work in tandem with the existing RHIC cryogenic system. This places further constraints on the design of the system, with respect to the cryodistribution system. This study discusses the various baseline configurations for each local cryogenic system for the EIC upgrade.
Assessing quantitation in SPECT/CT torso imaging using anthropomorphic phantoms

1825 Objectives With the growing availability of single photon emission computed tomography coupled to computed tomography (SPECT/CT) there is an increase interest in absolute quantitative SPECT/CT imaging. We previously studied the longitudinal stability of SPECT/CT to support quantitative imaging using simple phantoms. This study investigates quantitative accuracy of tracer uptake in torso studies using an anthropomorphic phantom. Typically, metrics obtained from SPECT/CT images are calculated using thresholding and volume segmentations. We use calculated conversion factors (cnts/pixel to cnts/uCi) from a 20cm cylinder phantom to investigate quantitative accuracy. Methods An anthropomorphic phantom was imaged on a SPECT/CT system. Two activity distributions were studied using 99mTc: a liver to background ratio of approximately 3:1 and a warm background-cold liver. A previously calculated conversion factor of counts/uCi was applied to the measured counts from user-defined volumes of interest to obtain the activity concentration. This was compared to the known activity concentration. Results Reconstructed images using vendor provided iterative algorithm with collimator detector response modeling consistently overestimated the activity concentration in all cases. The greatest discrepancy was the warm background-cold liver, average percent error of 13%. The smallest average percent error was in the liver, 6.5%. Images reconstructed with standard OSEM fared better in both the warm backgrounds, average percent error less than 5% and an average percent error less than 3% in the liver. Conclusions Results falling under an average 10% or 13% error are promising. However, the data suggest possible bias issues in current reconstruction algorithms. We speculate improved scatter corrections may reduce biases noted. The data was consistent with previous measurements of our longitudinal stability study. This similarity suggests stability over different measurements/studies with the majority of the bias dependent on phantom region. Research Support SimSET, NIH grant CA042593
Sacubitril-valsartan improves conduit vessel function and functional capacity and reduces inflammation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

We observed an approximately twofold improvement in conduit vessel function (brachial artery FMD), increased functional capacity (6MWT distance), and a reduction in inflammation (TNF-α and IL-18) f...
Composition, Succession, and Source Tracking of Microbial Communities throughout the Traditional Production of a Farmstead Cheese.

Prior to the advent of milk pasteurization and the use of defined-strain starter cultures, the production and ripening of cheese relied on the introduction and growth of adventitious microbes from the environment. This study characterized microbial community structures throughout a traditional farmstead cheese production continuum and evaluated the role of the environment in microbial transfer. In total, 118 samples (e.g., raw milk, cheese, and environmental surfaces) were collected from milk harvesting through cheese ripening. Microbial communities were characterized based on amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer genes using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results indicated that the environment in each processing room harbored unique microbial ecosystems and consistently contributed microbes to milk, curd, and cheese. The diverse microbial composition of milk was initially attributed to milker hands and cow teats and then changed substantially following overnight ripening in a wooden vat to one dominated by lactic acid bacteria, including Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc, as well as fungi such as Exophiala, Kluyveromyces, and Candida. Additional microbial contributions were attributed to processing tools, but the composition of the cheese paste remained relatively stable over 60 days of ripening. In contrast, rind communities that were largely influenced by direct contact with bamboo aging mats showed a distinct succession pattern compared to the interior sections. Overall, these findings highlight the critical role of traditional tools and practices in shaping the microbial composition of cheese and broaden our understanding of processing environments as important sources of microbes in food. IMPORTANCE Throughout the 20th century, especially in the United States, sanitation practices, pasteurization of milk, and the use of commercial defined-strain starter cultures have enhanced the safety and consistency of cheese. However, these practices can reduce cheese microbial diversity. The rapid growth of the artisanal cheese industry in the United States has renewed interest in recapturing the diversity of dairy products and the microbes involved in their production. Here, we demonstrate the essential role of the environment, including the use of wooden tools and cheesemaking equipment, as sources of dominant microbes that shape the fermentation and ripening processes of a traditional farmstead cheese produced without the addition of starter cultures or direct inoculation of any other bacteria or fungi. These data enrich our understanding of the microbial interactions between products and the environment and identify taxa that contribute to the microbial diversity of cheese and cheese production.
Spatiotemporal Clustering of Urban Networks: Real Case Scenario in London

The problem of modeling traffic in urban areas is especially relevant because of the urgent need for managing congestion in big cities. In recent years, the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) has been proposed as a macroscopic description of urban traffic. The MFD has been proved useful in the design of control strategies. However, the MFD cannot be properly defined if congestion across the city is heterogeneously distributed and if its characteristics change with time. This situation is common in large cities, and a method for identifying homogeneous areas in space and time is needed. This paper proposes a spatiotemporal clustering method with which to detect homogeneous areas over the network and over time. In each of these areas, an MFD can be defined. In particular, a segmentation method is proposed that can divide the time intervals into segments optimizing the clustering results within each of them. The algorithm is applied to data collected in the city of London, where a control system called SC...
Socio-demographic Factors Associated with Men’s Attitudes Toward Wife Beating in Ethiopia

Violence against women, especially intimate physical violence, is widely recognized as a public health and a human rights issue. However, most studies on this subject have focused on women’s reports. This chapter examines men’s attitudes toward wife beating using the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey, and compares never-married and currently married men’s responses to a five-scenario question for which men believe that wife beating would be justified. The results from bivariate analysis show that married men were more likely than never-married men to agree with the statements that wife beating is justified if the “wife goes out without telling her husband,” “neglects the children,” “argues with husband,” “refuses to have sex with the husband,” and “burns food.” However, these differences were statistically significant in logistic regression models only for refusal to have sex with the husband and burning food, for which married men appeared less likely to agree with wife beating than never-married men. Important regional differences are found with residents of Addis Ababa being the least likely to agree with wife beating followed by those in the Oromia region, whereas Somali and S.N.N.P. residents were significantly more likely to agree with wife beating statements. The effects of other socio-demographic variables are also discussed, including the policy implications and predictions for men’s attitudinal change in Ethiopia.
PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF MILLIGRAM AMOUNTS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS FROM BABY HAMSTER KIDNEY CELL CULTURES.

A stable line of baby hamster kidney cells for use in the production of, and subsequent purification of, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was grown in large quantities on the cylindrical surfaces of 2-liter Baxter bottles. The bottles, in round wire cages, were rotated on a three-tiered roller mill. The cells retained their rapid growth characteristics and susceptibility to FMDV in a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer-containing medium which was especially formulated for large-scale work. This medium, without being changed, sustained cell growth for 6 to 7 days to yield confluent layers containing 500 to 750 million cells per bottle. In small-scale virus-growth experiments, harvested fluids contained about 10 3.8 to 10 8.8 plaque-forming units (PFU) per ml. This corresponded to a yield of 30 to 50 PFU per cell. In production runs with 190 cultures, the infectious fluids usually contained 10 7.9 to 10 9.2 PFU per ml, and the mass of essentially pure virus obtained therefrom ranged from 7 to 17 mg concomitant with cumulative infectivity recoveries of about 20%. Images
Stimulation of steroid secretion by antimicrotubular agents.

Abstract The antimicrotubular agents colchicine, vinblastine, and podophyllotoxin have been found to stimulate steroid production by Y-1 adrenal tumor cells in culture. The amount of steroid secreted under the influence of these agents is comparable to the amount produced during maximal adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation. The steroid end products, 20α-dihydroprogesterone and 11β-hydroxy-20α-dihydroprogesterone, are identical after both kinds of stimulation. ACTH stimulation and vinblastine stimulation are not additive. As with ACTH, stimulation by vinblastine occurs between the cholesterol and Δ4-pregnenolone steps, and it is inhibited by aminoglutethimide and cycloheximide. It does not, however, involve activation of the adenylate cyclase system. The time course of stimulation differs from ACTH—the antimicrotubular agents stimulate after a 6- to 9-hour lag period which is absent with ACTH. D2O, an agent which stabilizes microtubules, inhibits stimulation of steroid by vinblastine, ACTH, or cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Steroid secretion by Leydig tumor cells in culture is also stimulated by vinblastine, but to a lesser extent than by cAMP. This stimulation exhibits a lag period and is inhibited by D2O. We propose that the antimicrotubular agents facilitate access of cholesterol to the mitochondrion and that this may also be the mechanism of hormonally-stimulated steroid secretion.
Understanding students' responses to university‐led charity campaigns: a study of a Haitian earthquake relief campaign

The primary focus of this paper is to understand determinants of behavioral intentions of individuals towards a university-led charitable campaign. We build a comprehensive model of determinants of behavioral intentions of students towards a university-led charitable campaign at an individual level. This study identified perceived importance of the cause, social value, and recognition as determinants of behavioral intentions. The results indicated that to increase donations, charitable campaigns should stress the importance of the cause to potential donors and publicly recognize volunteers and donors. Implications and recommendations such as leveraging the university's internal channels of communication to reinforce the importance of the cause are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A class of Neyman-Pearson and Bayes learning algorithms for neural classification

Summary form only given. We focus our attention on neural networks whose objective is hypothesis testing. The term hypothesis testing refers to a very broad class of problems, including classification, detection and pattern recognition. There is not much doubt about the way we can measure the performance of a classifier or detector. When the prior probabilities are known, we use the probability of error. When no priors are given, and the hypothesis testing problem is binary, we express the performance in terms of the power and false alarm probabilities. Unfortunately, the existing learning algorithms do not seem to have a lot in common with these performance criteria. We develop two new classes of learning algorithms, specially designed for hypothesis testing and applied to feed forward binary-output neural networks. The first class of algorithms provides optimization in the Neyman-Pearson sense. The second class deals with the probability of error or arbitrarily defined cost functions, and optimizes the network in the Bayesian sense. >
Cytoplasmic assembly and nuclear accumulation of mature small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles.

Abstract The assembly pathway of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles in the cytoplasm of L929 mouse fibroblasts was analyzed by observing the nuclear accumulation of snRNP proteins. Immunoprecipitations of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions after a pulse label and chase indicate that the snRNP D, E, F, and G proteins assemble first, followed by the small nuclear RNA (snRNA), then the snRNP B protein and, in the case of the U1 snRNP, the A and C proteins. The snRNP B' protein is not detected in the L929 cells. The U1-specific A and C proteins can enter the nucleus in the absence of snRNP assembly, suggesting that these proteins exchange on the mature nuclear snRNP particles. Two-dimensional electrophoresis using nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis identifies the A, B, B", C, D, E, F, and G proteins in a distribution similar to that reported previously by immunoprecipitation (Sauterer, R. A., and Zieve, G. W. (1989) J. Biol. Chem., submitted for publication). The D protein appears in multiple isoelectric variants in the cytoplasm and shifts toward more basic variants during maturation. Kinetic experiments analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis indicate a quantitative maturation of the cytoplasmic B protein into nuclear particles. Quantitative densitometry of immunoprecipitated stable nuclear snRNPs labeled with [35S] methionine corrected for the published methionine content of the A, B, C, D, and E proteins indicates that the mature nuclear U1 snRNP probably contains four copies of D, two copies each of B, C, and A, and one copy of E.
Finding missing proofs with automated reasoning

This article features long-sought proofs with intriguing properties (such as the absence of double negation and the avoidance of lemmas that appeared to be indispensable), and it features the automated methods for finding them. The theorems of concern are taken from various areas of logic that include two-valued sentential (or propositional) calculus and infinite-valued sentential calculus. Many of the proofs (in effect) answer questions that had remained open for decades, questions focusing on axiomatic proofs. The approaches we take are of added interest in that all rely heavily on the use of a single program that offers logical reasoning, William McCune's automated reasoning program OTTER. The nature of the successes and approaches suggests that this program offers researchers a valuable automated assistant. This article has three main components. First, in view of the interdisciplinary nature of the audience, we discuss the means for using the program in question (OTTER), which flags, parameters, and lists have which effects, and how the proofs it finds are easily read. Second, because of the variety of proofs that we have found and their significance, we discuss them in a manner that permits comparison with the literature. Among those proofs, we offer a proof shorter than that given by Meredith and Prior in their treatment of Łukasiewicz's shortest single axiom for the implicational fragment of two-valued sentential calculus, and we offer a proof for the Łukasiewicz 23-letter single axiom for the full calculus. Third, with the intent of producing a fruitful dialogue, we pose questions concerning the properties of proofs and, even more pressing, invite questions similar to those this article answers.