cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SWAT: Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution using Local Context Matching, Bilingual Dictionaries and Machine Translation

We present two systems that select the most appropriate Spanish substitutes for a marked word in an English test sentence. These systems were official entries to the SemEval-2010 Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution task. The first system, Swat-E, finds Spanish substitutions by first finding English substitutions in the English sentence and then translating these substitutions into Spanish using an English-Spanish dictionary. The second system, Swat-S, translates each English sentence into Spanish and then finds the Spanish substitutions in the Spanish sentence. Both systems exceeded the baseline and all other participating systems by a wide margin using one of the two official scoring metrics.
Rock Island Requiem: The Collapse of a Mighty Fine Line

Review of: "Rock Island Requiem: The Collapse of a Mighty Fine Line," by Gregory L. Schneider
Deep submicron device isolation with buried insulator between source/drain polysilicon (BIPS)

A new isolation technology, Buried Insulator between source / drain PolySilicon (BIPS) is described. The BIPS isolation structure consists of refilling CVD oxides in openings between source / drain polysilicon patterns by double photoresist etchback. A defect- and bird's beak-free process can be realized by this isolation. Devices with BIPS isolation are compared with LOCOS isolation for parasitic effects and current drive capability. 0.5 pm isolation is achieved, and the narrow channel effects are almost suppressed with BIPS isolation. The subthreshold characteristics of devices with BIPS isolation give the same slope value as that for conventional devices with LOCOS isolation. The ring oscillator with BIPS isolation exhibits a propagation delay time of 69 ps/gate.
The American Journal of Gastroenterology in 2016: Where Have We Been? Where Are We Going?

The January 2016 issue of the American Journal of Gastroenterology (AJG) coincides with recent changes in the Editorial Board. As the new Editors-in-Chief of the AJG this presents an ideal opportunity to reflect on recent accomplishments by AJG and to outline our plans for the future.
Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Adoptive Parents’ Socialization Approaches to Children’s Minority Statuses

This study examined the narratives of 82 adoptive parents (41 couples: 15 lesbian, 15 gay male, 11 heterosexual) of young children (M age = 5.81 years) with a focus on understanding parents’ socialization practices and strategies surrounding race (among parents of children of color), and family structure (among lesbian or gay [LG] parents). Most parents described an engaged approach to socialization surrounding their children’s racial minority and LG-parent family statuses, employing strategies such as (a) holding parent–child conversations aimed at instilling pride, (b) seeking communities that reflect their child’s identities (more often LG than heterosexual), and (c) educating about racism and heterosexism. Some parents described a cautious approach in which they acknowledged their child’s racial background and LG-parent family status but were cautious about not being overly focused on their differences. A minority of parents (more often heterosexual than LG) described an avoidant approach, whereby the...
Lebenserfahrung und Kollektives Gedächtnis. Die Praxis Der “Oral History.”, Edited by Lutz Niethammer. Frankfurt am Main: Syndikat, 1980. 375 pp. Hardbound, DM 48.

(1981). Lebenserfahrung und Kollektives Gedachtnis. Die Praxis Der “Oral History.”. The Oral History Review: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 140-142.
Nonhematopoietic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Protects Against Cardiac Injury and Enhances Survival in Experimental Polymicrobial Sepsis

Objectives:Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α is significantly down-regulated in circulating leukocytes from children with sepsis. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α null (Ppara-/-) mice have greater mortality than wild-type mice when subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and pun
Effects of sea water on spore germination of a sand-dune-inhabiting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

Gigaspora gigantea is a common arbuscu- lar mycorrhizal fungal species in sand dunes of the mid- and north-Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. where it is associated with dunegrasses and other species that disperse in seawater as vegetative fragments as well as species that disperse by seed or fruit. The ability of spores of G. gigantea to tolerate immersion in sea water would be important if the species relies on sea water as a medium for dispersal to adjacent coastal sites of primary succession. To test the effect of sea water on their germinability, spores of G. gigantea were immersed in sea water for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 and 20 d and then incubated on filter paper moist- ened with deionized water. Germinabilty showed a slight but significant linear decrease with time, de- clining from ca 90% to 61% after 20 d.
Just say no! (and mean it): Meaningful negation as a tool to modify automatic racial attitudes:

The present research compared the effectiveness of meaningful negation—“That’s wrong”—and simple negation—“No”—to alter automatic prejudice. Participants were trained to negate prejudice-consistent or prejudice-inconsistent information, using either simple or meaningful negation, and completed an evaluative priming measure of racial prejudice before and after training. No significant changes in automatic prejudice in the simple negation conditions emerged. In contrast, those trained to negate prejudice-consistent information in a more meaningful way showed a significant decrease in automatic prejudice, whereas those trained to negate prejudice-inconsistent information meaningfully showed a significant increase. Study 2 revealed that these effects were driven by participants high in their motivation to control prejudiced reactions (MCPR), as they demonstrated the greatest changes in automatic prejudice following training. Contrary to research suggesting negation training is an ineffective means to reduce a...
La Economía Social y Solidaria en el contexto de las políticas de austeridad

The aim of this paper is to analyze how he Social and Solidarity Economy is perceived in a context of restrictions and economic adjustments imposed by the Financial Assistance Program in Portugal. The approaches on Social and Solidarity Economy are narrowly linked to the public policies developed by the coalition government of PSD-CDS in order to face the social consequences of the financial and economic crisis. In accordance with its goal, this paper proposes a critical analysis focused on a) the Emergency Social Program and its public presentation by the Ministry of Solidarity and Social Security; b) the Government Program elaborated by the 19th Constitutional Government; c) the Common Agreement and Commitment between the Portuguese government and the Social Economy Sector; and d) the hegemonic discourse on entrepreneurship. This analysis shows, on the one hand, how the Social Economy is seen as a palliative for market and state failures and, on the other hand, how the Solidarity Economy is limited by a punishingcorrective view on the informal economy and a dominant discourse focused on the virtues derived from an entrepreneurial attitude. Keywords: Social Economy, Solidarity Economy, Informal Economy, entrepreneurship, austerity.
He thought, she thought: The importance of subjective patterns to understanding team processes

Summary Teams are often described using the mean and variance of their member's characteristics. Recently, research has advanced this paradigm by beginning to explore the importance of patterns of team member perceptions regarding themselves, their teammates, and their teams. We highlight this work and suggest several directions for future research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating modern computing systems into the computer science curriculum at SUNY-Buffalo: a 30-year case study

Parallel computing was introduced into the computer science curriculum at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) in the mid-1980s. Over the past 30 years, modern computing systems have been the focus of efforts in courses at the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior levels, as well as at introductory and advanced graduate levels. This paper reports on the impact of these efforts, including quantitative results and inferences of courses based on modern compute systems versus traditional versions of these courses based on the sequential model of computation.
The LIN28/let-7 Pathway in Cancer

Among all tumor suppressor microRNAs, reduced let-7 expression occurs most frequently in cancer and typically correlates with poor prognosis. Activation of either LIN28A or LIN28B, two highly related RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and proto-oncogenes, is responsible for the global post-transcriptional downregulation of the let-7 microRNA family observed in many cancers. Specifically, LIN28A binds the terminal loop of precursor let-7 and recruits the Terminal Uridylyl Transferase (TUTase) ZCCHC11 that polyuridylates pre-let-7, thereby blocking microRNA biogenesis and tumor suppressor function. For LIN28B, the precise mechanism responsible for let-7 inhibition remains controversial. Functionally, the decrease in let-7 microRNAs leads to overexpression of their oncogenic targets such as MYC, RAS, HMGA2, BLIMP1, among others. Furthermore, mouse models demonstrate that ectopic LIN28 expression is sufficient to drive and/or accelerate tumorigenesis via a let-7 dependent mechanism. In this review, the LIN28/let-7 pathway is discussed, emphasizing its role in tumorigenesis, cancer stem cell biology, metabolomics, metastasis, and resistance to ionizing radiation and several chemotherapies. Also, emerging evidence will be presented suggesting that molecular targeting of this pathway may provide therapeutic benefit in cancer.
Barriers to Medications for Addiction Treatment: How Stigma Kills.

The toll of untreated opioid use disorder is tremendous. In 2015, 33,091 Americans died from a drug overdose involving an opioid. In just one year, the death rate from heroin increased by 21% and f...
Melanoma costs: a dynamic model comparing estimated overall costs of various clinical stages.

Background The rapidly increasing incidence of melanoma occurs at the same time as an increase in general healthcare costs, particularly the expenses associated with cancer care. Previous cost estimates in melanoma have not utilized a dynamic model considering the evolution of the disease and have not integrated the multiple costs associated with different aspects of medical interventions and patient-related factors. Futhermore, previous calculations have not been updated to reflect the modern tendencies in healthcare costs. Methods We designed a comprehensive model of expenses in melanoma that considers the dynamic costs generated by the natural progression of the disease, which produces costs associated with treatment, surveillance, loss of income, and terminal care. The complete range of initial clinical (TNM) stages of the disease and initial tumor stages were analyzed in this model and the total healthcare costs for the five years following melanoma presentation at each particular stage were calculated. Results We have observed dramatic incremental total costs associated with progressively higher initial stages of the disease, ranging from a total of $4,648.48 for in situ tumors to $159,808.17 for Stage IV melanoma. By stage, early lesions associate 30-55 percent of their costs for the treatment of the primary tumor, due to a low rate of recurrence (local, regional, or distant), which limits the need for additional interventions. For in situ melanoma, T1a, and T1b, surveillance is an important contributor to the medical costs, accounting for more than 25 percent of the total cost over 5 years. In contrast, late lesions incur a much larger proportion of their associated costs (up to 80-85%) from the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic disease because of the increased propensity of those lesions to disseminate. This cost increases with increasing tumor stage (from $2,442.17 for T1a to $6,678.00 for T4b). The most expensive items in the medical care of patients with melanoma consist of adjuvant treatment with IFN-alpha ($75,955.18), palliative care ($14,500), and administration of chemotherapy ($1,967.10 for a triple combination of agents); there are even higher costs for biochemotherapy, the new tyrosine kinase and antiangiogenic drugs, and hospital treatment of neutropenic fever ($1,535.00 to $1,800.00/day). Conclusions There is a significant cost decrement when melanoma is diagnosed at an earlier stage, with a T4b lesion being approximately 2200 percent more expensive to diagnose and treat than an early in situ melanoma and 1000 percent more expensive than a stage T1a tumor. Although a direct comparison with other cancers would require the use of the same dynamic model, it is apparent that the high costs of melanoma care places it at the top of the most expensive cancers to diagnose, follow, and treat. These high costs for advanced-stage melanoma warrant an increased emphasis on developing effective strategies for its early diagnosis and treatment.
Grandmother and health care professional breastfeeding perspectives provide opportunities for health promotion in an American Indian community.

Abstract Rationale While breastfeeding is well recognized as beneficial, rates of breastfeeding among American Indian women are below average and contribute to health inequities. Culturally specific approaches to breastfeeding research are called for to inform appropriate interventions in American Indian communities. Specifically, a grandmother's role in breastfeeding promotion is of great import particularly in American Indian (AI) groups, although is an understudied topic to date. Objective This research seeks to fill a prominent literature gap by utilizing a grounded theory and community-based research approach to inform breastfeeding practices from the voices of grandmothers and health care professionals in a rural AI community in the United States. Methods A community-based approach guided the research process. Convenience and snowball sampling was used to recruit for semi-structured and follow up member checking interviews with AI grandmothers (n = 27) and health care professionals (n = 7). Qualitative data were transcribed, characterized into meaning units, and coded by a review panel. Data were reconciled for discrepancies among reviewers, organized thematically, and used to generate community-specific breastfeeding constructs. Results Three major themes emerged, each with relevant subthemes: (1) importance of breastfeeding; (2) attachment, bonding, and passing on knowledge; and (3) overburdened health care system. Multiple subthemes represent stressors and impact breastfeeding knowledge, translation, and practice within this community including formula beliefs, historical traumas, societal pressures, mistrust, and substance abuse. Conclusions Interventions designed to raise breastfeeding rates in the study site community would ideally be grounded in tribal resources and involve a collaborative approach that engages the greater community, grandmothers, health care professionals, and scientific partners with varying skills. More research is needed to determine stressors and any potential impact on infant feeding practices among other AI groups. Application of the research approach presented here to other AI communities may be beneficial for understanding opportunities and challenges to breastfeeding practices.
A Computationally Efficient System for High-Performance Multi-Document Summarization

We propose and develop a simple and efficient algorithm for generating extractive multi-document summaries and show that this algorithm exhibits stateof-the-art or near state-of-the-art performance on two Document Understanding Conference datasets and two Text Analysis Conference datasets. Our results show that algorithms using simple features and computationally efficient methods are competitive with much more complex methods for multi-document summarization (MDS). Given these findings, we believe that our summarization algorithm can be used as a baseline in future MDS evaluations. Further, evidence shows that our system is near the upper limit of performance for extractive MDS.
Differential Misclassification of Disease under Partial-Mouth Sampling.

Aim: The effect of misclassification of a cluster-level dichotomous outcome (disease) due to partial-cluster sampling on its association with a dichotomous exposure is investigated. Methods: Disease (e.g., chronic periodontitis) is deemed to exist in a cluster (e.g., full mouth) when a condition of interest (e.g., pocket depth or clinical attachment loss exceeding an established threshold) is present in number and pattern across observations (e.g., tooth sites) in the cluster according to a specific criterion. When a subset of observations within each cluster is selected (i.e., partial-mouth sampling), specificity of disease is 100% (in the absence of site-level measurement error), whereas sensitivity is imperfect and generally unknown. Using conditional probability arguments, we investigate disease misclassification under partial-cluster sampling and its impact on the estimated disease-exposure association when the exposure is cluster level and measured without error. Results: When the probability of disease varies by exposure status, outcome misclassification at the cluster level is differential under partial-cluster sampling and depends on 1) the partial recording protocol, including the number of observations sampled and the particular sites selected in a cluster; 2) the joint probability structure of the condition within clusters; and 3) the criterion for disease. A numeric example demonstrates that disease-exposure odds ratios under partial-cluster random sampling can be biased in either direction (toward or away from the null) relative to gold-standard odds ratios under full-cluster sampling. Conclusions: In general, misclassification of disease is differential under partial-cluster sampling. In particular, sensitivity and negative predictive values depend on exposure status, which leads to biased inference. Knowledge transfer statement: Partial-mouth sampling causes disease misclassification probabilities, including sensitivity, to vary by exposure groups when disease prevalence differs between groups. As a result, disease-exposure associations may be under- or overestimated by standard analysis procedures for periodontal data relative to full-mouth estimates. Procedures that address bias are needed for partial-recording protocols.
Two Diffraction Formulations

This chapter establishes and verifies the Fourier equivalence of the arccos and Lommel diffraction formulations as an approximate Fourier transform pair. This relationship is important because it serves as the mathematical foundation for a proposed frequency-domain formalism of spatially averaged diffraction corrections for ultrasonic piston transducers. Although the development is cast in terms of ultrasonic propagation, the results are applicable to any physical problem involving scalar diffraction from a circular aperture. Some of the material in this chapter first appeared in References [23] and [25], and it is reprinted here with permission.
Conclusion: Integration and Synthesis

The complex overlaps and distinctions between mood disorders and borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been increasingly clarified through debate, research, and clinical innovation. This book reviews the current literature on the complex relationships between these realms of psychiatric illness, leading to five general conclusions. First, depression and BPD are clinically and biologically distinguishable, yet highly comorbid, suggesting shared underlying liabilities which increase risk for comorbidity and prolonged course of illness. Second, bipolar disorder and BPD phenotypically overlap, leading to problems of misdiagnosis, but are far less frequently comorbid, suggesting more disparate etiologies. Third, depression, bipolar disorder, and BPD all involve the interaction between temperamental or trait-like features and acute episodic symptoms or state-like features. Fourth, in young patients, the overlap in symptoms, precursors, and risk factors shared among mood disorders and BPD challenges clinicians in making accurate early diagnosis, suggesting clinical interventions should be staged to reduce the tendency towards premature diagnostic certainty and poorly scaled interventions. Fifth, while psychopharmacologic treatment is primary for depression and bipolar disorder and adjunctive for BPD, psychotherapeutic approaches are primary for BPD and adjunctive for depression and bipolar disorder. The integration of findings suggests that depressive, bipolar, and borderline personality disorders are distinguishable but commonly co-occur, so proper diagnosis can facilitate more complex, comprehensive, and effective treatment for both the acute symptoms and chronic vulnerabilities underlying these diagnostic categories.
An Examination of the Relationship between Maternal Depression and Barriers to Child Mental Health Services.

Abstract Objective Maternal depression is a common, chronic set of disorders associated with significant burden to caregivers, children and families. Some evidence suggests that depression is associated with perceptions of barriers to child mental health treatment and premature termination from services. However, this relationship has not yet been examined among a predominantly low-income sample, which is at disproportionately high risk of depression, child mental health problems, and treatment drop out. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between caregiver depression and perceived barriers to treatment. Methods Three hundred twenty (n = 320) children between the ages of 7 to 11 and their caregivers were assigned to either the 4 Rs and 2Ss for Strengthening Families, which is a multiple family group intervention, or services as usual (SAU) consisting of typical outpatient mental health services. Caregiver depression was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scale; perceived barriers to treatment were assessed via the Kazdin Barriers to Treatment Scale. Results Clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms at baseline were significantly associated with greater scores in all four barriers to treatment subscales (stressors and obstacles competing with treatment, treatment demands and issues, perceived relevance, relationship with therapist) at post-test. Conclusions Addressing maternal mental health, and attending to stressors that impede poverty-impacted families from child services is critical for the health and functioning of caregivers, and to ensure that children with mental health problems receive treatment.
Noninvasive and Nondestructive Detection of Cowpea Bruchid within Cowpea Seeds with a Hand-Held Raman Spectrometer

Insect damage to crops is a serious issue, in particular when the pest dwells within its host. The cowpea bruchid ( Callosobruchus maculatus) is an herbivore of legumes including beans and peas. The bruchid lays its eggs on the seeds themselves; after hatching, the larvae burrow into and develop inside the seed, complicating detection and treatment. Left unchecked, two insects could destroy up to 50% of 1 ton of harvest cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata) after several months of storage. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using a hand-held Raman spectrometer to detect the pest during its development within intact cowpeas. Our results show that Raman spectroscopy can detect chemical signatures of bruchid larvae as well as their excrements inside the intact seeds. Additionally, using chemometric methods, we distinguished between healthy and infested seeds as well as among seeds hosting developmentally early or late-stage larvae with high accuracy. This study demonstrates Raman spectroscopy's efficacy in not only detection of pathogens and pests present on the surface of plant leaves and the grain but also inside the seeds. This Raman-based method may prove useful as a rapid means of screening crops for internal pests.
Flexibility in Representational Systems

Abstract There has been a persisting controversy in the literature on visual information processing and mental imagery as to whether the internal representation of spatial information is most appropriately characterized as analog or as discrete and propositional in nature. It is argued that this controversy has been misdirected, and while succeeding in producing a rich body of experimental results, has failed to produce definitive theoretical conclusions. The view advanced in this paper is that the diversity and flexibility of systems for representing visual information should be explored vigorously, rather than attempting to isolate invariant properties of such systems. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the nature of the representation of spatial information is highly sensitive to (a) changes in information-processing demands, (b) ability-related individual differences, and (c) levels of expertise in problem-solving skills.
Resilient PMU Network Design in the Face of GPS Spoofing Attacks

GPS spoofing attack on a PMU network and its impact on synchrophasor availability (SA) are investigated. SA is defined as the fraction of time on average the time–synchronized phasors of a bus are correctly available for close to real–time applications such as control or monitoring. It is explored how different factors and strategies, such as attack holding time, coordinated attacks, or capabilities of detecting correct data, can affect the SA. In addition, a PMU placement problem is formulated and solved for establishing a new attack–tolerant PMU network or upgrading an existing PMU network using the concept of bus–centric synchrophasor availability (SA) assessment. The established PMU network is required to satisfy a specified SA requirement for each bus in the face of GPS spoofing attacks and communication interruptions. If it is feasible, the newly designed PMU network guarantees the required average performance level of the PMU network. The IEEE 68–bus system is used as a case study to show the effectiveness of the attack–tolerant PMU placement.
A prospective trial of elemental enteral feeding in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia (PANCAX-1).

726Background: Unintentional weight loss affecting > 85% of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients contributes to low therapeutic tolerance, reduced quality of life, and overall mortality. Optimal treatme...
Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology: Building Research Infrastructure, Supporting Young Researchers, and Fostering Collaboration

The Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology strives to improve our understanding of extracellular matrix at molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal levels to generate new knowledge about pathophysiology, normal development, and regenerative medicine. The primary goals of the Center are to i) support junior investigators, ii) enhance the productivity of established scientists, iii) facilitate collaboration between both junior and established researchers, and iv) build biomedical research infrastructure that will support research relevant to cell-matrix interactions in disease progression, tissue repair and regeneration, and v) provide access to instrumentation and technical support. A Pilot Project program provides funding to investigators who propose applying their expertise to matrix biology questions. Support from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences at the National Institutes of Health that established the Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Matrix Biology has significantly enhanced the infrastructure and the capabilities of researchers at Boise State University, leading to new approaches that address disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. New multidisciplinary collaborations have been formed with investigators who may not have previously considered how their biomedical research programs addressed fundamental and applied questions involving the extracellular matrix. Collaborations with the broader matrix biology community are encouraged.
Ihde’s Revolutions: From Paris to Science, Rock, and Radical Architecture

This paper traces the development of Ihde’s revolutionary phenomenology from his early foray into sound as an issue for popular media and his experience of intellectual revolution in Paris in 1968 to his interrogation of the privilege of visuality in scientific praxis and his examination of rock music as a therapeutic alternative to mono-sensual vision. The early material reveals Ihde’s ethical instincts in assessing popular culture and his understanding of revolution. The assessments of science and rock uncover his frustration at the preclusion of ethics by objectivity and the possibility of epistemic immersion in the lifeworld through hearing. After analysis of over half a century of Ihde’s phenomenology, it is argued that Ihde’s revolutionary search for full- or multi-sense epistemology is a call to displace the hegemony of the sciences in defining ontology and epistemology in the contemporary lifeworld. The chapter concludes with the radical architecture of Arakawa and Madeline Gins, in whose “crisis ethics” Ihde found instantiation of just the kind of conceptual revolution in epistemology he had been seeking for so long.
II – ELECTRONIC MOBILITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mobility. For an electron to pass from one molecule to another the orbitals, the donating and the accepting one, must touch, overlap. If there is no overlap, that is, if there is a zone between them in which the probability of finding an electron is zero, then the electron is unable to move over. For this to happen, the molecules must be brought and held together by conventional forces, like van der Waals attractions, charges, or dipole attractions. But even if held together, the molecules may need time to find the exact steric relations that allow orbital overlap. This makes charge transfer reaction often very slow. Once the overlap is established, it will tend to bring the molecules into a relative position in which the overlap is maximal and holds them there. Flat aromatics may establish the demanded proximity easily, while specific structural relations may be required in other instances, making the interaction very specific.
Results on the Rate-Equivocation Region of the Degraded Signal-Dependent Noise Wiretap Channel

This letter studies the rate-equivocation region of a degraded signal-dependent noise wiretap channel (SDGN-WC), where the noise is Gaussian. This signal-dependent noise occurs in optical wireless communication (OWC) settings based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD). In this setup, the transmitted signals are nonnegative and are restricted by an average optical power constraint. We consider the rate-equivocation region of the degraded SDGN-WC and through solving a convex optimization problem, we establish that the support set of the optimal distributions must be countably infinite. Our result implies that when the transmitted optical signals are restricted by an average optical power: 1) the secrecy capacity is achieved by a distribution which has a countably infinite support set; 2) the channel capacity (the case with no secrecy constraints) is also achieved by a distribution having a countably infinite support set.
CRAFFT: High Resolution FFT Accelerator In Spintronic Computational RAM

High resolution Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is important for various applications while increased memory access and parallelism requirement limits the traditional hardware. In this work, we explore acceleration opportunities for high resolution FFTs in spintronic computational RAM (CRAM) which supports true in-memory processing semantics. We experiment with Spin-Torque-Transfer (STT) and Spin-Hall-Effect (SHE) based CRAMs in implementing CRAFFT, a high resolution FFT accelerator in memory. For one million point fixed-point FFT, we demonstrate that CRAFFT can provide up to 2.57× speedup and 673× energy reduction. We also provide a proof-of-concept extension to floating-point FFT.
Disjoint Chorded Cycles in Graphs with High Ore-Degree

In 1963, Corradi and Hajnal proved that for all k ≥ 1, every graph with at least 3k vertices and minimum degree at least 2k has k vertex-disjoint chorded cycles. In 2010, Chiba, Fujita, Gao, and Li proved that for all k ≥ 1, every graph with |G|≥ 4k and minimum Ore-degree at least 6k − 1 contains k (vertex-)disjoint chorded cycles. In 2016, Molla, Santana, and Yeager refined this to characterize all graphs with at least 4k vertices and minimum Ore-degree at least 6k − 2 that do not have k disjoint chorded cycles. We further strengthen this to characterize the graphs with Ore-degree at least 6k − 3 that do not have k disjoint chorded cycles.
The place of Digital Nativity and Digital Immigration on Internet Accessibility and Usage by Students and Lecturers of Tertiary Institutions of Learning in Delta State, Nigeria

There is a scholarly divide on the propriety of the notion of digital nativity and digital immigration. In contrast, one side of the range postulates that digital nativity and digital migration influence adoption of digital technologies, the other side contends that the concept is instead an unsubstantiated over-generalization. This study interrogates the role of digital nativity and digital immigration play in Internet usage by students and lecturers of tertiary institutions of learning in Delta State, Nigeria. We adopted the Technology Acceptance Model, which explains factors that motivate people to accept and use a particular technology. We used a questionnaire to gather data from 1,200 respondents and analyze the data using descriptive and inferential statistics. We found the students and lecturers had sufficient Internet access, and there is no significant differential in their access to the Internet. However, there is a substantial difference in their frequency of using the Internet as the students tended to use the Internet more frequently than the lecturers do. Also, there are significant differences in the pattern of students' and lecturers' Internet usage. We recommend that lecturers and students should increase their accessibility to the Internet, and lecturers should increase their frequency of Internet usage. Received: 8 November 2020 / Accepted: 12 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
COMPETITION AND COOPERATION ON PREDATION: BIFURCATION THEORY OF MUTUALISM

In this paper, we investigate two predator–prey models which take into consideration hunting cooperation (i.e., mutualism) between two different predators and within one predator species, respectiv...
Treatment of Small Vestibular Schwannomas

Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign neoplasms that arise from the Schwann cells enveloping the vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve. These tumors typically exhibit indolent growth and commonly cause audiovestibular dysfunction. If allowed to grow large enough, VS can cause brainstem compression and become fatal. Treatment options include observation with serial imaging, radiotherapy, and microsurgical resection. This review will summarize the literature regarding treatment outcomes for patients with small VS. Advances in diagnostic imaging have allowed for earlier and more frequent detection of small VS. Management of small VS remains controversial and is influenced by physician preference. Recent studies have summarized outcomes in small VS in conservative, radiosurgery, and microsurgery cohorts. Additional data on quality of life, volumetry, and morphometry allow for more informed decision-making in the treatment of small VS. In this article, we review contemporary literature describing outcomes of each treatment modality, with emphasis on tumor control, facial nerve function, hearing preservation, and quality of life.
From State Repression to Fear of non-state Actors: Examining Emerging Threats of Journalism Practice in Ethiopia

Non-state media journalists in Ethiopia traditionally faced safety threats emanating from state-sponsored attacks and punitive legal frameworks. Recently, however, state hostility is being replaced...
A thematic analysis to examine the feasibility of EHR-based clinical decision support for implementing Choosing Wisely® guidelines.

Objective To identify important barriers and facilitators relating to the feasibility of implementing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) as clinical decision support (CDS). Materials and methods We conducted a qualitative, thematic analysis of interviews from seven interviews with dyads (one clinical expert and one systems analyst) who discussed the feasibility of implementing 10 Choosing Wisely® guidelines at their institutions. We conducted a content analysis to extract salient themes describing facilitators, challenges, and other feasibility considerations regarding implementing CPGs as CDS. Results We identified five themes: concern about data quality impacts implementation planning; the availability of data in a computable format is a primary factor for implementation feasibility; customized strategies are needed to mitigate uncertainty and ambiguity when translating CPGs to an electronic health record-based tool; misalignment of expected CDS with pre-existing clinical workflows impact implementation; and individual level factors of end-users must be considered when selecting and implementing CDS tools. Discussion The themes reveal several considerations for CPG as CDS implementations regarding data quality, knowledge representation, and sociotechnical issues. Guideline authors should be aware that using CDS to implement CPGs is becoming increasingly popular and should consider providing clear guidelines to aid implementation. The complex nature of CPG as CDS implementation necessitates a unified effort to overcome these challenges. Conclusion Our analysis highlights the importance of cooperation and co-development of standards, strategies, and infrastructure to address the difficulties of implementing CPGs as CDS. The complex interactions between the concepts revealed in the interviews necessitates the need that such work should not be conducted in silos. We also implore that implementers disseminate their experiences.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Cerebral oximetry uses transcranial near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to evaluate changes in cerebral oxygenation noninvasively and continuously. Its operation relies on two basic principles. First, near-infrared light has the capacity to penetrate human tissue, including bone. Second, in these tissues, hemoglobin is the predominant absorbing substance (i.e., chromophore) in the near-infrared range [1]. The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin alters its infrared absorption spectrum. As a result, the concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin may be determined by measurement of light absorption at two or more wavelengths. Determination of the absolute concentrations is based on the familiar Lambert–Beer equation and requires the knowledge of the optical path length within the tissue sample volume. Claims regarding the accuracy of time-of-flight and phase-shift technology estimates of path length remain controversial due to the confounding variations in the thickness of skull and cerebrospinal fluid layer, which influence the partial path length of light in the brain, as do blood volume and tissue water content. Despite the continuing uncertainty associated with absolute measurements, a recent study found close agreement between brain oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) and NIRS estimates of brain stimulation-induced change in deoxyhemoglobin dynamics [2]. In the absence of independent direct measures of path length and cerebral chromophore concentration as well as the influence of skull thickness on photon migration, the putative “absolute” concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin produced by some cerebral oximeters should be viewed as unvalidated estimates [3].
Behavior of nonaqueous phase liquids in fractured porous media under two-phase flow conditions.

After dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) travel downward through the subsurface, they typically come to rest on fractured bedrock or tight clay layers, which become additional pathways for DNAPL migration. DNAPLs trapped in fractures are continuous sources of groundwater contamination. To decide whether they can be left in place to dissolve or volatilize, or must be removed with active treatment, the movement of DNAPLs in fractured media must be understood at a fundamental level. This work presents numerical simulations of the movements of DNAPLs in naturally fractured media under two‐phase flow conditions. The flow is modeled using a multiphase network flow model, used to develop predictive capabilities for DNAPL flow in fractures. Capillary pressure–saturation–relative permeability curves are developed for two‐phase flow in fractures. Comparisons are made between the behavior in crystalline, almost impermeable rocks (e.g. granite) and more permeable rocks like sandstone, to understand the effects of the rock matrix on the displacement of the DNAPLs in the fracture. For capillary‐dominated flow, displacements occur as a sequence of jumps, as the invading phase overcomes the capillary pressure at downgradient apertures. Preferential channels for the displacement of nonaqueous phase are formed due to high fracture aperture in some regions.
Brain and body hyperthermia associated with heroin self-administration in rats.

Intravenous heroin self-administration in trained rats was accompanied by robust brain hyperthermia (+2.0–2.5°C); parallel changes were found in the dorsal and ventral striatum, mediodorsal thalamus, and deep temporal muscle. Temperature began to increase at variable latency after a signal of drug availability, increased reliably (∼0.4°C) before the first lever press for heroin, increased further (∼1.2°C) after the first heroin injection, and rose more slowly after the second and third injections to stabilize at an elevated plateau (39–40°C) for the remainder of the session. Brain and body temperature declined slowly when drug self-administration was terminated; naloxone precipitated a much more rapid decrease to baseline levels. Changes in temperature were similar across repeated daily sessions, except for the increase associated with the first self-administration of each session, which had progressively shorter latency and greater acceleration. Despite consistent biphasic fluctuations in movement activity associated with heroin self-administrations (gradual increase preceding the lever press, followed by an abrupt hypodynamia after drug infusion), mean brain temperature was very stable at an elevated plateau. Only mean muscle temperature showed evidence of biphasic fluctuations (±0.2°C) that were time locked to and correlated with lever pressing and associated movements. Drug- and behavior-related changes in brain temperature thus appear to reflect some form of neuronal activation, and, because temperature is a factor capable of affecting numerous neural functions, it may be an important variable in the control of behavior by drugs of abuse.
Durkheim revisited: "Why do women kill themselves?".

Durkheim divided suicide into four social types; egoistic, anomic, fatalistic, and altruistic assigning the first two to modern, western society while relegating the last two to pre-industrial social orders. However, contemporary studies of female suicidal behavior and depression show that such women exhibit personality characteristics of low self-esteem, passivity, dependence and living vicariously for others which correspond to the behavioral indices of impersonalism, submissiveness, passivity, and obedience that produce the lack of individuation characteristic of Durkheim's altruistic/fatalistic suicide categories. On this basis, the author suggests that altruistic/fatalistic suicide may even in the modern world be relevant to the explanation of female suicidal behavior, a hypothesis which, if true, would support the contention that "men and women inhibit different social worlds."
SU-E-T-557: Monte Carlo Modeling of Philips RT-250 Orthovoltage Unit for Beam Spectrum Modulation

Purpose: To develop and validate a Monte Carlo (MC) model of a Phillips RT-250 orthovoltage unit to test various beam spectrum modulation strategies for in vitro/vivo studies. A model of this type would enable the production of unconventional beams from a typical orthovoltage unit for novel therapeutic applications such as gold nanoparticle-aided radiotherapy. Methods: The MCNP5 code system was used to create a MC model of the head of RT-250 and a 30 × 30 × 30 cm{sup 3} water phantom. For the x-ray machine head, the current model includes the vacuum region, beryllium window, collimators, inherent filters and exterior steel housing. For increased computational efficiency, the primary x-ray spectrum from the target was calculated from a well-validated analytical software package. Calculated percentage-depth-dose (PDD) values and photon spectra were validated against experimental data from film and Compton-scatter spectrum measurements. Results: The model was validated for three common settings of the machine namely, 250 kVp (0.25 mm Cu), 125 kVp (2 mm Al), and 75 kVp (2 mm Al). The MC results for the PDD curves were compared with film measurements and showed good agreement for all depths with a maximum difference of 4 % around dmax and under 2.5 %more » for all other depths. The primary photon spectra were also measured and compared with the MC results showing reasonable agreement between the two, validating the input spectra and the final spectra as predicted by the current MC model. Conclusion: The current MC model accurately predicted the dosimetric and spectral characteristics of each beam from the RT-250 orthovoltage unit, demonstrating its applicability and reliability for beam spectrum modulation tasks. It accomplished this without the need to model the bremsstrahlung xray production from the target, while significantly improved on computational efficiency by at least two orders of magnitude. Supported by DOD/PCRP grant W81XWH-12-1-0198.« less
Development of the insulating foam model for the study of electric field distribution for the application of Gas Insulated Transmission Line

Gas Insulated Transmission Lines (GIL) is a high power transmission technology developed for the energy transfer from remote locations to the load centers. It uses SF 6 or a mixture of SF 6 and N{in2] as an insulator. Because of the high global warming potential of SF 6 and unavoidable gas leakages throughout the length of the line, there is a need to find substitute for SF 6 . Considering the excellent high voltage insulating properties and lightweight structure, the foam insulating material can be a possible solution for the above mentioned problem. The following paper describes the steps involved in the development of the simulation model for the insulating foam for the application in GIL in order to analyze electric field distribution. This is demonstrated by modeling a small section of syntactic foam in COMSOL Multiphysics software along with AutoCAD and Microsoft Excel. The base electric field for the simulations is maintained at 4.39 kV/mm which is the maximum field in 400 kV GIL. The deviation of the electric field distribution from the base electric field is determined for a cubical model with side 1 mm. The effect of metal particles on electric field distribution is also observed as a part of study.