cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of General Family Functioning in the Quality of the Mother-Daughter Relationship of Female African American Juvenile Offenders.

Little investigative knowledge exists with regard to the roles that adolescent-parent relationships play in the development of female juvenile delinquency among African Americans. In the current investigation, the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Assessment of Interpersonal Relations were employed to examine 76 female African American juvenile offenders' perceptions of their existing family functioning characteristics and the quality of their relationships with their mothers. Results indicated that all of the family functioning constructs measured by the FAD, except communication, were positively related to the quality of the mother-daughter relationship as perceived by the daughter. However, when the perceived quality of the relationship was simultaneously regressed on each of the constructs measured by the FAD, only the simple effect of general family functioning appeared to contribute significantly to the quality of the relationship. Findings are discussed in light of the need to further...
A minimal capacitor cascade synthesis for integrated circuits

Abstract Using a theory of non-reciprocal cascade synthesis based upon removal of even part admittance zeros a synthesis of resistively terminated filters is developed with reference to integrated realizations. The resulting structure is a cascade of capacitor-gyrator sections, with all gyrators grounded, and using a minimum number of capasitors all of which can be chosen equal.
Moderating Effect of Negative Peer Group Climate on the Relation Between Men’s Locus of Control and Aggression Toward Intimate Partners:

The present study sought to examine the interactive effects of an external locus of control and interaction in a negative peer group climate on men's perpetration of physical aggression and infliction of injury toward their female intimate partners. Participants were 206 heterosexual males recruited from the metro-Atlanta community who completed self-report measures of external locus of control, involvement in a negative peer group climate, and physical aggression and infliction of injury against intimate partners during the past 12 months. Negative peer group climate was conceptualized as a peer group that displays behavior which may instigate aggressive norms, attitudes, and behaviors. Results indicated that men with an external locus of control were more likely to perpetrate physical aggression toward and inflict injury on their intimate partners if they reported high, but not low, involvement in a negative peer group climate. These results extend current research suggesting external locus of control as a risk factor for intimate partner aggression by highlighting the impact of negative peer groups. Implications and future intervention research are discussed.
Degradation of ribonucleic acid in dilute solution by ionizing radiation.

So far, no absolute figure has been available for the sensitivity of ribonucleic acid to ionizing radiation in dilute solution. Ginoza and Norman1 were able to show that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA is sensitive to ionizing radiation such that one ionjzatioii within its structure renders it inactive. However, their work was not designed to investigate the action of active radicals formed in water by radiation.
Polysomnography and criteria for the antidepressant response to sleep deprivation

Abstract Background One night of total or partial sleep deprivation (SD) produces a temporary remission in 40–60% of patients with major depression. Yet no attempts to determine the optimum response criterion(a) for the antidepressant response to SD have been published. Methods Twenty-three unmedicated major depression patients received polysomnography (PSG) on an adaptation night; a baseline night; a partial SD (PSD) night (awake after 3 a.m.); and a “recovery” night. Subjects received the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) at standard times during baseline and PSD days and at 8 a.m. after the “recovery” night. Response was defined as percent decrease in the modified HDRS17 (HDRS17Mod) (omitting sleep and weight loss items) from baseline to the minimum following PSD. Using cutoffs of 30%, 35%, 40%, and 50% to dichotomize responders and nonresponders, PSG variables were analyzed for between-group differences. Results All cutoffs differentiated responders' and nonresponders' mood response to PSD despite similar baseline values. Sleep continuity measures most consistently differed between responders and nonresponders on baseline and recovery nights. None of the response cutoffs tested were clearly “best” in terms of detecting the most PSG differences between groups. Limitations More subjects may be needed. Conclusions Given the increasing interest in SD for clinical and research applications, as well as its proposed use for subtyping depression, further study to determine the optimal response criterion(a) for the antidepressant response to SD is warranted. Planned pooling of multisite data on standardized SD protocols could help determine the optimal cutpoint for response.
Surgery for scapula process fractures: good outcome in 26 patients.

Background Generally, scapula process fractures (coracoid and acromion) have been treated nonoperatively with favorable outcome, with the exception of widely displaced fractures. Very little has been published, however, regarding the operative management of such fractures and the literature that is available involves very few patients. Our hypothesis was that operative treatment of displaced acromion and coracoid fractures is a safe and effective treatment that yields favorable surgical results. Methods We reviewed 26 consecutive patients (27 fractures) treated between 1998 and 2007. Operative indications for these process fractures included either a painful nonunion, a concomitant ipsilateral operative scapula fracture, ≥ 1 cm of displacement on X-ray, or a multiple disruption of the superior shoulder suspensory complex. All patients were followed until they were asymptomatic, displayed radiographic fracture union, and had recovered full motion with no pain. Patients and results 21 males and 5 females, mean age 36 (18–67) years, were included in the study. 18 patients had more than one indication for surgery. Of the 27 fractures, there were 13 acromion fractures and 14 coracoid fractures. 1 patient was treated for both a coracoid and an acromion fracture. Fracture patterns for the acromion included 6 acromion base fractures and 7 fractures distal to the base. Coracoid fracture patterns included 11 coracoid base fractures and 3 fractures distal to the base. Mean follow-up was 11 (2–42) months. All fractures united and all patients had recovered full motion with no pain at the time of final follow-up. 3 patients underwent removal of hardware due to irritation from hardware components that were too prominent. There were no other complications. Interpretation While most acromion and coracoid fractures can be treated nonoperatively with satisfactory results, operative management may be indicated for displaced fractures and double lesions of the superior shoulder suspensory complex.
Intracisternal granules in the somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary of the mouse

Abstract A detailed study of the anterior pituitaries of pregnant and lactating mice revealed changes occurring in the ultrastructure of the somatotrophs. The rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae become greatly dilated forming channels that arc continuous with the perivascular space. This occurrence expands the membrane surface available for the release of hormone. Individual granules and cytoplasmic islands containing numerous granules appear in these channels. This suggests an alternative mechanism for granule release which would facilitate a rapid response to increased hormone requirement.
Crystal structures of dipeptides containing the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore.

The crystal structures of three analogues of the potent δ-opioid receptor antagonist H-Dmt-Tic-OH (2‘,6‘-dimethyl-l-tyrosine-l-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate), N,N (CH3)2-Dmt-Tic-OH (1), H-Dmt-Tic-NH-1-adamantane (2), and N,N(CH3)2-Dmt-Tic-NH-1-adamantane (3) were determined by X-ray single-crystal analysis. Crystals of 1 were grown by slow evaporation, while those of 2 and 3 were grown by vapor diffusion. Compounds 1 and 3 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21, and 2 crystallized in the tetragonal space group P43. Common backbone atom superimpositions of structures derived from X-ray diffraction studies resulted in root-mean-square (rms) deviations of 0.2−0.5 A, while all-atom superimpositions gave higher rms deviations from 0.8 to 1.2 A. Intramolecular distances between the aromatic ring centers of Dmt and Tic were 5.1 A in 1, 6.3 A in 2, and 6.5 A in 3. The orientation of the C-terminal substituent 1-adamantane in 2 and 3 was affected by differences in the ψ torsion angles and st...
Antitumor ether lipids: An improved synthesis of ilmofosine and an enantioselective synthesis of an ilmofosine analog

Abstract Efficient routes to racemic Ilmofosine (1) and to the enantiomers of its oxygen analog, 2′-(trimethyl-ammonio)ethyl 3-hexadecycloxy-2-methoxymethylpropanephosphate (2), are described starting from ethyl α-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (3) or 2-methylene-1,3-propanediol (6).
Modulation of life and death by the TNF receptor superfamily.

The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily represents a growing family, with over 20 members having been identified thus far in mammalian cells. These proteins share significant homologies in their extracellular ligand binding domains and intracellular effector (death) domains. These receptors appear to transmit their signals via protein-protein interactions, which convey either a death or survival signal. Isolation and characterization of death domain containing proteins (TRADD, FADD/MORT-1, RIP), TRAF domain containing proteins (TRAF1-6) as well as new members and adaptor proteins such as DAXX have provided new insights to our understanding of signaling mechanisms associated with this family of receptors. While the death signals seem to be associated with the activation of both the caspase and JUN kinase pathways, the survival signals are mediated via the activation of the NF-κB pathway.
Multiscale Modeling of Residual Stress Development in Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Unidirectional Thick Thermoset Composites

The primary objective of this research is to develop a multiscale simulation framework to arrive at more realistic estimates of cure-induced residual stresses in the vicinity of the fiber-matrix interface in thick thermoset composites. The methodology involves simulations at the part level—employing homogenized rendering of the composite using micromechanics approach—within a finite element framework to obtain part-level temperature and degree-of-cure gradients and strains, and imposition of this information as boundary conditions at the mesoscale simulations, employing microstructural representative volume elements (RVE). A simple implementation of the multiscale framework, involving simulations at the part as well as the RVE levels, is demonstrated in the context of a thick, unidirectional continuous-glass-fiber-reinforced thermoset composite. The trends in the mesoscale residual stresses estimated by employing different RVE-level thermal and thermomechanical boundary conditions—displaying different degrees of coupling between the global and part-level simulations—are then examined. Significant differences are observed in the estimates of mesolevel cure-induced residual stress evolution obtained from simulations with a conventional symmetric RVE and those obtained by employing the multiscale approach involving detailed boundary conditions that realistically account for global thermal and mechanical strain histories.
Neurological Aspects of Dyslexia Comment on the Balance Model

The Balance Model rests on a long history of research that suggests that different subtypes of dyslexia exist. Based on the notion that there are two subtypes of dyslexia, Bakker has articulated a developmental neuropsychological model whereby a procedure known as hemisphere-specific stimulation may be beneficial in treatment. This article reviews Bakker's model and provides a critical examination as to why validating research has not been conducted. While Bakker's Balance Model may hold promise for scientific inquiry, validation of treatment effects are needed prior to employing these procedures in clinical practice. Further, important conceptual issues remain to be addressed.
A Multistep Organocatalysis Experiment for the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory: An Enantioselective Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by Methyl Prolinamide

In recent years, there has been an explosion of research concerning the area of organocatalysis. A multistep capstone laboratory project that combines traditional reactions frequently found in organic laboratory curriculums with this new field of research is described. In this experiment, the students synthesize a prolinamide-based organocatalyst that is then used to perform an enantioselective aldol reaction between acetone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of the reaction is determined by chiral HPLC and polarimetry. Students obtained ee values ranging from 46 to 59%. This experiment is designed to be adaptable and can be performed with minimal equipment (glassware, IR, and polarimeter). It also provides flexibility to the instructor, due to the wide range of topics that may be emphasized in the experience.
γ-interferon, retinoic acid, and cytosine arabinoside induce neuroblastoma differentiation by different mechanisms

1. The effects of gamma-interferon (γ-IFN), retinoic acid (RA), and cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) on the growth, morphology, and phenotype of the human neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines, LAN-1 and GI-ME-N, have been extensively tested. 2. RA,γ-IFN, and ARA-C induced a dose-dependent morphological differentiation and growth inhibition, without affecting cell viability. Cells exposed to 10−6M RA or 1000 U/mlγ-IFN significantly decreased their growth rate within the first 24 and 48 hr of culture, respectively. Cells became smaller and polygonal and sprouted long cellular processes with varicosites along their courses. In contrast, ARA-C-differentiated cells were larger and flattened, with few elongated dendritic processes. 3. Analysis of membrane and cytoskeletal markers by immunofluorescence and Western blot showed several changes in NB-specific antigen expression after 5 days of treatment with all inducing agents. Analysis of labeled phosphatidylinositol metabolites from prelabeled cells showed, within 1 min of treatment with RA, a rapid decrease in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and of 1,2-diacylglicerol levels. No changes in inositol phospholipid metabolism were observed inγ-IFN- or ARA-C-treated cells. 4. We conclude that RA-induced decrease in phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis is not likely to be a consequence of the acquisition of a different phenotype, as its changes precede the acquisition of neuronal markers. In addition,γ-IFN and ARA-C, both inducing a mature phenotype, did not affect PI hydrolysis. 5. Decreased PI hydrolysis seems to be sufficient, although not necessary, to commit NB cells to neuronal differentiation. Analysis of molecular mechanisms associated with NB cell differentiation may be helpful to clarify the potential of various biological agents in affecting the development of the neural cell.
An improved damage identification method using tunable piezoelectric transducer circuitry

The objective of this paper is to advance the state-of-art of frequency-shift-based damage identification method using tunable piezoelectric transducer circuitry. More specifically, we aim at improving the current methodology [1] by developing a more accurate and efficient approach. The basic principle of this new approach is to include the high order terms in the eigensolution perturbation formulation, and use an iterative procedure in conjunction with a constrained optimization scheme. In addition, guidelines on how to tune the inductance in the circuit to best capture the damage features are proposed based on a detailed analysis of eigenvalue loci veering and variation of eigenvalue changes with respect to the changing inductance. Results show that more information of the structural damage features can be included in the vector of eigenvalue changes and sensitivity matrices if we tune the inductance inside the eigenvalue veering ranges. Numerical results on identifying single and multiple damages in a cantilever beam example are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the improved method for structural damage identification.
Diagnosis of pulmonary toxoplasmosis by bronchoalveolar lavage in cardiac transplant recipients

We report two cases of fatal, clinically unsuspected disseminated toxoplasmosis that developed following orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites, pseudocysts, and cysts were best visualized on hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa-stained cytospin preparations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Post-mortem examination in both cases revealed disseminated toxoplasmosis with extensive involvement of the lungs and heart. The patients, who were seronegative for antibody to T. gondii prior to transplantation, received organs from donors whose serology status was unknown. Demonstration of anti-toxoplasma antibodies post-transplantation occurred in both cases. Bronchoalveolar lavage may be useful in diagnosis of pulmonary toxoplasmosis. Clinicians, pathologists, and cytopathologists must consider T. gondii in the differential diagnosis of pneumonia in the immunocompromised patient, especially cardiac transplant patients.
Three-dimensional oscillations in a jet at high Reynolds numbers

An analysis is made of the three-dimensional periodic oscillations in a jet at high Reynolds numbers. It is shown that there are two physically significant solutions: one is a symmetric and the other an antisymmetric function of the lateral coordinate; both involve a Lommel function. In the case of the symmetric solution, the maximum amplitude of the vertical velocity occurs near the inflection points of the velocity profile of the jet, whereas in the case of the antisymmetric solution, it occurs near the center as well as the inflection points of the jet. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb01439.x
Effect of Seriously Restricted Growth Upon Lactation

Summary One mate from each of nine pairs of identical-twin dairy heifers was reared on normal feed, including alfalfa-grass hay ad lib. and concentrates up to one year. The other pair-mates were fed only hay, and from 4 to 24 months their consumption was restricted to 66% of the normal TDN. This feed restriction kept the body weights of the underfed heifers about 25% below normal. Breeding difficulty and loss due to difficult parturitions caused removal of three pairs. The six remaining pairs were fed alike after first parturition for comparisons through three lactations. The average daily TDN intake of these six pairs from 4 to 24 months was 7.8 lb for the normals and 5.2 lb for the subnormals. They weighed 743 and 582 lb, respectively, at first parturition. During the first lactation an average of 13.4 and 12.8 lb TDN was consumed daily by the normals and subnormals, respectively. Their respective first-lactation yields of FCM were 4,745 and 4,117 lb. During the first lactation the subnormal twins increased in body weight from 78 to 95% of the normals. In the second and third lactations the pair-mates produced nearly alike, showing no harmful effect on lactation of subnormal growth after the first lactation. The normal cows remained slightly larger in body size than their restricted-growth mates through to mature size.
Spin magnetic effect on the polarization of the electron-atom impact radiation.

Spin magnetic effect on polarization of electron- atom impact radiation at threshold energy, calculating various transitions for helium atom
FACTORS AFFECTING THE YIELD OF SPECIFIC ENZYME IN CULTURES OF THE BACILLUS DECOMPOSING THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS

All improved method is described for the preparation, concentration, and purification of a bacterial enzyme capable of decomposing the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus. The cultural conditions for the growth of the specific microorganism must be such that the capsular polysaccharide is completely decomposed before any appreciable amount of free enzyme is released into the medium. This reduces to a minimum the decomposition of the specific substrate by the free enzyme. As a result, a larger part of the specific substance remains as a source of energy for the growing microorganism and less enzyme is lost through inactivation during the course of decomposition of the specific substrate. A marked stimulation of growth and of enzyme production occurs when small amounts of yeast extract are added to the medium and when the cultures are incubated under conditions of increased aeration. Special emphasis is placed upon the fact that, thus far, appreciable amounts of the specific enzyme have been obtained only when the capsular polysaccharide itself, or the aldobionic acid derived from it, was present in the culture medium.
Expression of ARNT, ARNT2, HIF1α, HIF2α and Ah receptor mRNAs in the developing mouse

The basic helix-loop-helix-PAS (bHLH-PAS) protein ARNT is a dimeric partner of the Ah receptor (AHR) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha(HIF1 alpha). These dimers mediate biological responses to xenobiotic exposure and low oxygen tension. The recent cloning of ARNT and HIF1(homologues (ARNT2 and HIF2 alpha) indicates that at least six distinct bHLH-PAS heterodimeric combinations can occur in response to a number of environmental stimuli. In an effort to understand the biological relevance of this combinatorial complexity, we characterized their relative expression at a number of developmental time points by parallel in situ hybridization of adjacent tissue sections. Our results reveal that in general there is limited redundancy in the expression of these six transcription factors and that each of these bHLH-PAS members displays a unique pattern of developmental expression emerging as early as embryonic day 9.5.
Credentialing for laparoscopic bowel operation: there is no substitute for knowing the outcomes.

Background Case volume and training have been considered as reasonable surrogates for competency that can be used as a basis to grant privileges for performing laparoscopic operations. To determine the validity of this practice, we assessed the relationship of surgical volume and training to provider-related complications after laparoscopic bowel resection. Study Design All patients undergoing open or laparoscopic resection at a university hospital from July 2003 to June 2006 were entered into a prospectively maintained database. Complications were recorded by a specially trained nurse practitioner and adjudicated monthly by a team of gastrointestinal surgeons. Surgeon case volume, training, and operative indication were assessed for their ability to predict technical complications after laparoscopic resection using a logistic regression model. Results Six hundred twenty-four bowel resections were performed during the study period, of which 112 were performed laparoscopically. Of the four study surgeons, the percentage of laparoscopic versus open cases ranged from 8% to 56%. Individual surgeon complication rates varied from 9% to 47%. Surgical volume and training had no notable relationship to incidence of complications (19% high volume/fellowship training versus 10% low volume/no fellowship, p=0.25). An inflammatory indication was a strong predictor of technical complications on univariate (p = 0.02) and multivariate (p = 0.01) analysis. Conclusions Surgeon case volume and training had no relationship to the complication rate after laparoscopic bowel operation. Case selection is a critical confounding variable because surgeons vary so greatly in their indications for using laparoscopic technique. Although documentation of training is appropriately considered in granting privileges, actually tracking outcomes is likely the only reliable way to assess competency.
Cement Evaluation - Past, Present, and Future

Cement evaluation began with the calculation of cement tops. This calculation assumed gauge holes and no channeling of the cement through the mud. Calipers were not available at that time. In the mid-1930's, the use of temperature surveys to determine the top of cement (TOC) was documented in technical journals. Properly run temperature surveys can identify the TOC, but distribution of cement-e.g., vertical isolation through zones of interest-is difficult to ascertain. Radioactive tracer surveys were run in the late 1930's to determine cement tops. Carnotite was mixed in the lead slurry and cement tops were determined with a gamma ray log. Tracer surveys had the same limitations as temperature logs but were not time-sensitive. This paper reports on methods that have been and are currently being used for cement evaluation including temperature logs, radioactive traces, and cement bond tools.
Charging it up: global analysis of protein phosphorylation

Protein phosphorylation affects most, if not all, cellular activities in eukaryotes and is essential for cell proliferation and development. An estimated 30% of cellular proteins are phosphorylated, representing the phosphoproteome, and phosphorylation can alter a protein's function, activity, localization and stability. Recent studies for large-scale identification of phosphosites using mass spectrometry are revealing the components of the phosphoproteome. The development of new tools, such as kinase assays using modified kinases or protein microarrays, enables rapid kinase substrate identification. The dynamics of specific phosphorylation events can now be monitored using mass spectrometry, single-cell analysis of flow cytometry, or fluorescent reporters. Together, these techniques are beginning to elucidate cellular processes and pathways regulated by phosphorylation, in addition to global regulatory networks.
Mosaicking of global planetary image datasets: 2. Modeling of wind streak thicknesses observed in Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) daytime and nighttime infrared data

[1] Large-scale, seamless global mosaics, such as the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) mosaics, can be used to assess regional- and local-scale relative thermophysical properties, morphology, geology, and other compositional investigations. In this paper we use the THEMIS global mosaics as reconnaissance tools to assess the relative thermophysical properties of materials and target a specific location to examine with a quantitative thermal model. This example highlights the utility of these new data sets through an investigation of the thermophysical properties of wind streaks near the Syrtis Major and Uranius Mons regions. In this study, we quantitatively model depositional wind streak thicknesses near Syrtis Major for a thermophysically homogeneous substrate and a top layer consistent with air fall dust. Using this two layer thermal model, we calculate that wind streaks near Syrtis Major are likely 30–200 μm thick, depending on the top layer thermal inertia. Given predicted dust deposition and removal rates, we calculate that these wind streaks likely formed in <200 Mars years and represent some of the youngest aeolian features on Mars. The regional wind patterns identified using the THEMIS daytime and nighttime temperature mosaics were related to General Circulation Model data to constrain the season and time-of-day that best match the observed wind directions. The THEMIS global mosaics provide excellent context for integrating data from other instruments and provide the basis for interpreting many physical, mineralogical, and morphologic aspects of Mars.
Osmotic adjustment and the inhibition of leaf, root, stem and silk growth at low water potentials in maize

The expansion growth of plant organs is inhibited at low water potentials (Ψ w), but the inhibition has not been compared in different organs of the same plant. Therefore, we determined elongation rates of the roots, stems, leaves, and styles (silks) of maize (Zea mays L.) as soil water was depleted. The Ψ w was measured in the region of cell expansion of each organ. The complicating effects of transpiration were avoided by making measurements at the end of the dark period when the air had been saturated with water vapor for 10 h and transpiration was less than 1% of the rate in the light. Growth was inhibited as the Ψ w in the region of cell expansion decreased in each organ. The Ψ w required to stop growth was-0.50,-0.75, and-1.00 MPa, in this order, in the stem, silks, and leaves. However, the roots grew at these Ψ w and ceased only when Ψ w was lower than-1.4 MPa. The osmotic potential decreased in each region of cell expansion and, in leaves, roots and stems, the decrease was sufficient to maintain turgor fully. In the silks, the decrease was less and turgor fell. In the mature tissue, the Ψ w of the stem, leaves and roots was similar to that of the soil when adequate water was supplied. This indicated that an equilibrium existed between these tissues, the vascular system, and the soil. At the same time, the Ψ w was lower in the expanding regions than in the mature tissues, indicating that there was a Ψ w disequilibrium between the growing tissue and the vascular system. The disequilibrium was interpreted as a Ψ w gradient for supplying water to the enlarging cells. When water was withheld, this gradient disappeared in the leaf because Ψ w decreased more in the xylem than in the soil, indicating that a high flow resistance had developed in the xylem. In the roots, the gradient did not decrease because vascular Ψ w changed about the same amount as the soil Ψ w. Therefore, the gradient in Ψ w favored water uptake by roots but not leaves at low Ψ w. The data show that expansion growth responds to low Ψ w differently in different growing regions of the plant. Because growth depends on the maintenance of turgor for extending the cell walls and the presence of Ψ w gradients for supplying water to the expanding cells, several factors could have been responsible for these differences. The decrease of turgor in the silks and the loss of the Ψ w gradient in the leaves probably contributed to the high sensitivity of these organs. In the leaves, the gradient loss was so complete that it would have prevented growth regardless of other changes. In the roots, the maintenance of turgor and Ψ w gradients probably allowed growth to continue. This difference in turgor and gradient maintenance could contribute to the increase in root/shoot ratios generally observed in water-limited conditions.
A static water surface sampler to measure bioaerosol deposition and characterize microbial community diversity

Abstract A static water surface sampler was developed to quantify bioaerosol deposition rates without the need of culturing prior to enumeration. Measured bioaerosol deposition fluxes upwind and downwind of an activated sludge aeration basin ranged from 7.7 × 10 6 to 1.4 × 10 7 # / m 2 h . Upwind bioaerosol fluxes were approximately 1.5 times smaller than downwind fluxes. The mean atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations measured simultaneously with an open-face filter sampler ranged between 1.3 × 10 5 and 1.4 × 10 5 # / m 3 upwind and downwind of the aeration basin respectively. The deposition velocities derived from the simultaneous measurements (1.5 and 3.2 cm/s upwind and downwind respectively) were similar to those found for trace elements using similar techniques. Results from amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis confirm that the bacterial composition of the downwind samples contained DNA fragments consistent with the wastewater, while these fragments do not appear in upwind samples. The sampler will accommodate the inclusion of state-of-the-art biomolecular tools and allow for the generation of quantitative data needed for fate and transport models.
Abnormal Mitral Valve Anatomy in d-Transposition of the Great Arteries: Anatomic Characterization and Surgical Outcomes

Mitral valve anomalies can occur with S,D,D-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). Their influence on surgical technique and outcome after an arterial switch operation (ASO) has not been well described. Patients with d-TGA who underwent ASO from February 1990 to January 2011 were identified. Echocardiograms, operative reports, hospital course, and latest follow-up evaluation were reviewed. A total of 218 infants underwent ASO at a median age of 15.8 days. Survival was 95 % during a mean follow-up period of 60 months. Nine patients (4 %) were found to have similar mitral valve anomalies including anterior malalignment conoventricular septal defect, anterior displacement of the mitral valve toward the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), malpositioning of the posteromedial papillary muscle, unusual rotation of the mitral valve leaflets orienting the commissure toward the anterior ventricular septum, and redundant mitral valve tissue extending into the LVOT. Coarctation was more frequent in this subgroup (33 vs. 10 %; p = 0.05). Preoperative echocardiography consistently indicated suspicion of a cleft mitral valve with chordal attachments to the ventricular septum causing potential LVOT obstruction. Operative inspection did not identify a cleft or anomalous attachments in any patient, and no valvuloplasty or chordal manipulation was performed. The average hospital length of stay were similar (30.7 vs. 25.3 days; p = 0.54). One patient died late due to progressive LVOT obstruction, and one required heart transplantation. No patient had significant mitral valve regurgitation. We conclude that mitral valve anomalies associated with d-TGA are rare but present with consistent anatomic features and higher risk of coarctation. Unusual mitral valve apparatus positioning and chordal redundancy can suggest the need for valvuloplasty and chordal resection preoperatively, but this is rarely needed.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PEA TENDRILS—X. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LIGHT ACTIVATION EFFECT ON CONTACT COILING AS A BLUE LIGHT TRIGGER*

— Tendrils of the Alaska pea lose their capacity to coil in response to a mechanical stimulus between 24 and 48 h after being placed in the dark. Light is thereafter necessary for the motor response to proceed once the mechanical stimulus has becn sensed by dark-adapted tendrils. An action spectrum for this light activation effect showed that the most effective region of the visible spectrum was a narrow band in the blue region. Tendrils excised from their petiole and leaflets coiled more than any other preparation used. A linear relationship was found between the duration of post-stimulated white light treatment and the amount of coiling.
Influence of Physical Activity and Nutrition on Obesity-Related Immune Function

Research examining immune function during obesity suggests that excessive adiposity is linked to impaired immune responses leading to pathology. The deleterious effects of obesity on immunity have been associated with the systemic proinflammatory profile generated by the secretory molecules derived from adipose cells. These include inflammatory peptides, such as TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6. Consequently, obesity is now characterized as a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, a condition considerably linked to the development of comorbidity. Given the critical role of adipose tissue in the inflammatory process, especially in obese individuals, it becomes an important clinical objective to identify lifestyle factors that may affect the obesity-immune system relationship. For instance, stress, physical activity, and nutrition have each shown to be a significant lifestyle factor influencing the inflammatory profile associated with the state of obesity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to comprehensively evaluate the impact of lifestyle factors, in particular psychological stress, physical activity, and nutrition, on obesity-related immune function with specific focus on inflammation.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF “HORSE SENSE” IN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Author's summary.— It is a question whether “horse sense,” as discussed in a recent article by F. E. Hawkins, will lead all teachers along the same paths. Some of the suggestions made there and certain classroom procedures at direct variance with them may be said by different persons to be based upon good sense. While the present confusion lasts among the theorists and experts, we shall be compelled to solve many of our own problems, but the solutions will tend to vary with each teacher and almost with each student.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SEX HORMONES TO INFECTION : I. THE EFFECT OF THE ESTROGENIC AND GONADOTROPIC HORMONES ON VACCINIA AND THE SPREADING FACTOR.

The essential findings of these experiments may be summarized as follows: The estrogenic hormone after being given for 1 week slows up the spread of India ink but allows it to reach and exceed a normal spread after 24 hours. After injections of the estrogenic hormone for 3 weeks the spread of India ink is much less than in the control animals. The resistance of the rabbit to vaccinia is increased if the rabbit has been castrated and then given the estrogenic hormone for a period of 3 weeks before being vaccinated. At the present time nothing can be said about the action of the gonadotropic hormone on India ink, as the experiments did not agree.
Measuring Missile Reliability In Prelaunch Environments

This paper examines some of the problems involved in measuring missile reliability during its prelaunch phase. This is an important problem for three reasons: 1) a missile typically is exposed to many kinds of operating environments over long periods of time before it is launched; 2) a missile's reliability history in its prelaunch operating environments is an index of its in-flight reliability; and 3) the major cost of a missile weapon system derives from the consequences of its prelaunch reliability behavior. Most of the emphasis to date in reliability measurement efforts has been focused, on the inflight environment, to the near-exclusion of the important prelaunch environment. Attempts to infer prelaunch reliability on the basis of data collected for other purposes, such as supply transactions, have shown that this is not an adequate substitute for direct measurements. This document provides an approach to the problem specifically oriented to the collection and analysis of reliability data. Reliability measurement requirements stem directly from the basic definition of reliability: the probability that an aggregate will successfully perform a specified task in a specified environment over a specified period of time. Several of the most important prelaunch operating environments are: turn-on (-off), checkouts, countdowns, operating alert, standby alert, handling, transportation, periodic maintenance and storage.
Overview of the LiMB database

The rapidly increasing number of databases relevant to molecular biology has given rise to a need for a coordinated effort to identify, characterize, and link them. The LiMB database, which contains information about molecular biology and related databases, is a step in that direction. It serves molecular biologists seeking data sets containing information relevant to their research, and is also intended to anticipate the needs of database designers and managers building software links for related data sets. We present an abbreviated version of the database here; the full database is available free of charge as described below.
Alternating bidirectional tachycardia

Abstract A case is reported of alternating bidirectional tachycardia in which the beneficial effect of the Valsalva maneuver and oral potassium chloride was demonstrated.
Intracisternal microtubules and flagellar hairs of Gonyostomum semen (Ehrenb.) Diesing

Cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum in the chloromonadophycean alga Gonyostomum semen contain 16 nm diameter microtubular structures which are morphologically identical to the flagellar hairs on the surface of the anterior flagellum of this organism. These intracisternal microtubules are thought to be an intracellular stage in the formation of flagellar hairs, as has been postulated to be the case in a number of other heterokont algae.
The role of information in the emission of observing responses and partial reinforcement acquisition phenomena

Abstract When a stimulus signals the availability of reward the information transmitted by it is assumed to enhance the reinforcing value of the stimulus. And when a stimulus signals nonreward its transmitted information is assumed to be punishing. Qualitative and quantitative derivations from these principles account for the emission of observing responses and some associated data not explained by other hypotheses. These principles are also shown to account for the fact that animals trained on partial reinforcement in the straight runway may run faster than those trained on consistent reinforcement ( Goodrich, 1959 ).
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation into Fresh Water

Wireless communications from air to fresh water are studied here. Our analysis relies on plane wave propagation mod-els. Specifically, the transmission loss and propagation loss of RF waves penetrating into fresh water are calculated for various propagation depths. Even though RF wireless communications are not well suited for seawater due to its high attenuation, our paper illustrates that RF communications from air to fresh water are possible. Finally, this work de-rives the optimum frequencies, which provide minimum attenuation and maximum propagation depth, for RF commu-nications from air to fresh water.
The Reassembly of the Body from Parts: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Death, Resurrection, and Cannibalism

Terror of the dismemberment, disintegration, and decay of the body after death has been represented in ritual, myth, legend, art, and religious belief throughout the ages. So too has the wished-for triumph over these inevitable processes. Commonly, bodily experience after death is represented mentally in cannibalistic ideas of eating and being eaten, which are then countered by the wishful undoing of cannibalistic destruction through its reversal: swallowing as regurgitation, dismemberment as rememberment, disintegration as reassembly. Luca Signorelli's fresco The Resurrection of the Flesh is part of his celebrated group of decorations (1499-1504) of the Cappella Nuova in the cathedral at Orvieto. The doctrinal, iconographic, social, and political contexts of this admired and influential work are explored in order to illustrate how and why this painting represents our greatest fears, along with our triumph over them, as well as our most destructive urges and their reparative counterparts. The photographer Sally Mann has explored these same themes. In What Remains (2003), a series of pictures with accompanying text, Mann documents her exhumation and reassembly of the body of her beloved pet greyhound. Two clinical examples illustrate some ways these concerns (cannibalism and reassembly) may make their appearance in psychoanalytic work.
THE EFFECTS OF DENATURANT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE CIRCULAR DICHROIC SPECTRUM OF OVINE LUTROPIN‐α

Circular dichroic (CD) spectra of the glycoprotein hormone subunit, lutropin-alpha, have been obtained under denaturing conditions (6 M guanidinium chloride, GdmCl) with the disulfides intact, reduced, and reduced and S-carboxymethylated. Above 260 nm, these spectra are similar (although not identical), showing that the disulfide chromophores do not contribute appreciably to the near ultraviolet CD spectrum under denaturing conditions. However, these spectra differ considerably from that of native lutropin-alpha over this spectral region demonstrating that the tertiary structure of lutropin-alpha has a major influence on the near ultraviolet CD spectrum. The magnitude of the 232.5 nm positive CD extremum of lutropin-alpha was found to increase with increasing GdmCl concentration and with decreasing temperature. Between 5 degrees C and 45 degrees C, the ellipticity [theta] at 232.5 nm changed in a linear fashion with temperature; at other wavelengths the thermal changes in [theta] were quite small. [theta] at 232.5 nm increased by about 80% over a 3 M GdmCl range; in contrast, [theta] at 216 nm (indicative of beta-structure) exhibited maximal changes over a 0.5 M GdmCl range. These results indicate some conformational flexibility in lutropin-alpha. The positive 232.5 nm CD extremum has been assigned to one or more tyrosyls which are influenced by an intact disulfide. The latter was demonstrated by showing that reduced and S-carboxymethylated lutropin-alpha failed to exhibit the positive extremum.
Quantification of the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect for CRT color monitors

The perceptual amplification of color, otherwise known as the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect, has been experimentally characterized for a common CRT computer monitor and the highly saturated, and pure, colors Red (255,0,0), Green (0,255,0), Blue(0,0,255), Cyan(0,255,255), Magenta(255,0,0) and Yellow(255,255,0). Twenty-four human observers conducted direct brightness adjustment, on a CRT monitor, of the original colors to match the brightness perception of corresponding equal luminance gray images. Experiments were conducted in complete darkness to eliminate the desaturating effect of flare light. Results are presented in both the monitor R, G, B color space and the 1976 CIELAB color space.
Nodal-mediated epigenesis requires dynamin-mediated endocytosis.

Nodal proteins are diffusible morphogens that drive pattern formation via short-range feedback activation coupled to long-range Lefty-mediated inhibition. In the sea urchin embryo, specification of the secondary (oral-aboral) axis occurs via zygotic expression of nodal, which is localized to the prospective oral ectoderm at early blastula stage. In mid-blastula stage embryos treated with low micromolar nickel or zinc, nodal expression expands progressively beyond the confines of this localized domain to encompass the entire equatorial circumference of the embryo, producing radialized embryos lacking an oral-aboral axis. RNAseq analysis of embryos treated with nickel, zinc, or cadmium (which does not radialize embryos) showed that several genes involved in endocytosis were similarly perturbed by nickel and zinc but not cadmium. Inhibiting dynamin, a GTPase required for receptor-mediated endocytosis, phenocopies the effects of nickel and zinc, suggesting that dynamin-mediated endocytosis is required as a sink to limit the range of Nodal signaling. Developmental Dynamics 240:704–711, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Calculating apparent equilibrium constants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions at pH 7

Abstract Apparent equilibrium constants K ′ of biochemical reactions at pH 7 and standard apparent reduction potentials of half reactions at pH 7 can be calculated using a table of standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation Δ f G ′ 0 at pH 7. A table is provided for 136 reactants at 25°C, pH 7, and ionic strengths of 0, 0.10, and 0.25 M. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the table.