cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise testing with myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with normal baseline electrocardiograms: Cost savings with a stepwise diagnostic strategy

It has been suggested that in patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram (ECG), exercise radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) does not add significant incremental diagnostic information to exercise ECG. Of 840 consecutive patients referred for physical exercise MPI, 313 (37%) had normal resting ECGs. There were 189 men and 124 women with a mean age of 54±11.9 years. Exercise MPI was performed with either Tl-201 or 99mTc-labeled sestamibi. Overall concordance between exercise ECG result and MPI result was 79% (kappa agreement=.54). One hundred eighty-four patients had normal exercise ECG; 181 (98.4%) of these also had normal exercise MPI. In 271 patients with low (≤20%) to intermediate (21% to 70%) pre-exercise likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD), concordance between normal exercise ECG and normal MPI was 100%. In the high likelihood (≥71%) group 3 (15%) patients with normal exercise ECG had abnormal exercise MPI. Of 129 patients with abnormal exercise ECG, 67 (52%) patients also had abnormal MPI, but 62 (48%) patients had normal MPI. Complete follow-up was obtained in 89% of patients at 9 months. Only 1 hard cardiac event occurred: nonfatal myocardial infarction. Twenty-one (8%) patients had subsequent coronary revascularization or admission with unstable angina. Although both abnormal stress ECG and abnormal exercise MPI were significantly (P<.0001) associated with hard and “soft” events, the association of abnormal exercise MPI was significantly stronger. Because all patients with a low and intermediate likelihood of CAD who had normal exercise ECG also had normal exercise MPI, we propose a stepwise diagnostic testing strategy whereby exercise MPI imaging is performed only in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when the exercise ECG is abnormal. When the exercise ECG is performed first, and exercise MPI is performed only when the exercise ECG is abnormal, substantial (38%) cost savings can be achieved. In patients with a high likelihood of CAD, the exercise ECG may be falsely negative, and exercise MPI is preferred. In patients with normal resting ECGs a stepwise diagnostic strategy can reduce costs of exercise testing without compromising diagnostic yield when pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease is taken into consideration.
Achieving Religious Objectives

WHEN educators seek to discover methods of achieving religious objectives in the educational program, they are likely to agree upon one point only, the necessity of having a program. Beyond this, they tend to be good "protestants" and assert the right of private judgment. Take the word "education." What does it mean? An unabridged dictionary lists six principal definitions-ranging all the way from "the impartation . . . of knowledge" to "the rearing of insects." For some, education means "discipline." For others, it means "exposure." For yet others, it means "transmission." For this writer, it means "function," the process by which the felt and unfelt needs of the bio-psycho-sociospiritual organism are related to the totality of his environment. Then there is the word "religion." Its omnifarious character is well-known. For some, it denotes submission (in matters of faith and morals) to a supernaturally established and historically continuous truthtransporting and life-saving institution. For others, it means acceptance of a particular person revealed in a particular book to a peculiar people. This particular person is regarded as the patent-holder of the sole turnstile which admits one into eternal glory or keeps him forever in outer darkness. For yet others, religion is the ethics of the mores, freed from the taint of supernaturalism. For this writer, it is any and every experience the meaning of which is derived from its relation to the Prime Mover, the source of axiogenesis and axiosoteria. Again, there is the term "objective." What do we seek to accomplish by the academic process? One would think that the answer could be found by consulting the catalogs of colleges and universities. But alas, it is not necessarily so! Examination of a number of catalogs reveals two interesting and perhaps disturbing facts: (1) some institutions do not record their objectives; (2) other institutions record such a variety of objectives that a common denominator is difficult to discern.
Ionized Ca in neonates in relation to gestational age

GESTATIONAL AGE has been shown to be significantly related to serum calcium levels in the neonate? -3 However, most of the studies have been based on measurements of total calcium concentrations in serum. Since ionized Ca is the important physiologic fraction of Ca in blood, its measurement theoretically should be of greater significance than that of total Ca. Methodologic improvements in ion-specific electrodes have allowed better quantitation of ionized Ca in serum. The present study was designed to analyze the relation of gestational age to iCa levels in the serum of neonates.
The Gendered Expressions of Self-Control: Manifestations of Noncriminal Deviance Among Females

The present study explores the relationships between Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) concept of low self-control and two forms of deviance more common among females than males, borderline personality characteristics and eating disorders. Ordinary least squares regression models revealed that self-control was significantly associated with both borderline personality characteristics and eating disorder symptoms among a sample of 161 female undergraduates. The findings of the present study highlight the potential utility in expanding our focus of the effects of low self-control beyond traditional analogous behaviors, especially when attempting to understand female behavior.
Polarization effects and phase equilibria in high‐energy‐density polyvinylidene‐fluoride‐based polymers

Using first-principles calculations, the phase diagrams of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers under an applied electric field are studied and phase transitions between their nonpolar α and polar β phases are discussed. The results show that the degree of copolymerization is a crucial parameter controlling the structural phase transition. In particular, for tetrafluoroethylene (TeFE) concentration above 12%, PVDF–TeFE is stabilized in the β phase, whereas the α phase is stable for lower concentrations. As larger electric fields are applied, domains with smaller concentrations (\leq 12%) undergo a transition from the α to the β phase until a breakdown field of ~600 MV m−1 is reached. These structural phase transitions can be exploited for efficient storage of electrical energy.
Detecting non-allelic homologous recombination from high-throughput sequencing data

Non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) is a common mechanism for generating genome rearrangements and is implicated in numerous genetic disorders, but its detection in high-throughput sequencing data poses a serious challenge. We present a probabilistic model of NAHR and demonstrate its ability to find NAHR in low-coverage sequencing data from 44 individuals. We identify NAHR-mediated deletions or duplications in 109 of 324 potential NAHR loci in at least one of the individuals. These calls segregate by ancestry, are more common in closely spaced repeats, often result in duplicated genes or pseudogenes, and affect highly studied genes such as GBA and CYP2E1.
Eye movements, evoked responses and visual perception: Some speculations

Abstract In a number of studies dealing with the activity of the visual system it has been found that the duration of 250–300 msec appears to be critical in some manner. It is suggested that these findings (from studies dealing with fixation durations during visual search, evoked cortical potential patterns, and the temporal limitations in the visual perception of sequential events) may be related to certain aspects of the processing and assimilation of visual information.
The Development of COBOL and RPG Instructional Modules to Audit Computerized Accounting Systems.

The concepts from instructional design, theory of instruction and the systems approach were used to develop COBOL and RPG instructional modules. These modules are designed to present COBOL and RPG programming knowledge to accounting students for the audit of computerized accounting systems. The steps in the modules are definition of terminal performance objective, required content with regard to knowledge and skills, learning experiences, instructional methods and evaluation of the learning results. The modules represent a training tool that includes terminal objectives, curricular content and instructional strategies for the programming languages involved.
Biomedical wellness by tai chi and sports

Tai-chi chuan is popular worldwide especially in China. People practice tai-chi chuan daily with faith believing that they will be rewarded with health and varieties of other rewords. The Tai Chi Chuan Theory by Master Chang and the Tai Chi Chuan Theory by Master Wang are translated to be the baseline of the tai-chi chuan. The theory described in these two papers clearly shows that the tai-chi power source is the combination of the two antigravity forces distinction by each foot. The ying, yang and hollowed, solid discussed in the papers are the properties and body relationship of the two antigravity forces. The antigravity forces presented inside of body are as air to the balloon termed chi. However chi could be generated by any muscle pressing; only the antigravity forces from feet are called nature chi that has the maximum strength of the person. When a person is soft, as an infant the nature chi will fulfill entire body with no time and effort. The sequence forms were designed for deploying the nature chi in speed and power. The combination of chi and tai-chi form make tai chi chuan supreme than other kinds of martial art. In the training process chi massages whole body many time for a sequence form practice that stimulate all organs and could lead to cure body diseases, lose weight, postpone aging process, and remove the aging symptoms. For the people practicing in the park daily with proper guidance they will fulfill their wishes. Tai chi exercise could also apply to other sports as in dancing and golfing they are discussed at the end of the paper.
Regulación del flujo sanguíneo uterino: II. Funciones de estrógeno y receptores estrogénicos α/β en acciones genómicas y no-genómicas del endotelio uterino

Pregnancy is marked by changes and cardiovascular adaptations that are important for the maintenance and growth of the placenta and fetus. During this period, the uterine vascular adaptations manifest changes that can be classified as short or long term and they related to adaptations for vasodilation, angiogenic or remodeling. Estrogen and the classical estrogen receptors (ERs), ER-α and ER-β, have been shown to be partially responsible for facilitating this dramatic increase in uterine blood flow needed during pregnancy. This literature review discusses the basis for structural diversity and functional selectivity of ERs by estrogen, the role of ERs on the genomic and non-genomic effects in endothelial cells of uterine arteries (UAEC). These themes integrate scientific knowledge about the molecular regulation of UAEC to maintain the physiological increase in uteroplacental perfusion observed during normal pregnancy.
The effect of diethylstilbestrol on the rate of osseous repair, bone integrity, and plasma calcium in the adult avian.

The effect of diethylstilbestrol on healing experimental osseous defects in adult roosters was studied by means of I-125 photon absorptiometry. Although the two dose levels utilized in this study both resulted in elevated plasma calcium and lipid levels and significantly increased the mineral and organic fractions of femoral bone, diethylstillbestrol treatment over a six-week period had no effect on the rate or magnitude of mineralization in the repairing osseous defect.
CLONAL INTEGRATION AND THE EXPANSION OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS

The recent expansion of the reed Phragmites australis in western Atlantic salt marshes has become a conservation concern. Historically, Phragmites was restricted to the terrestrial border of marshes, but now it aggressively invades lower elevations. To explore factors influencing this expansion, we examined (1) the effects of physical factors and competitive interactions on the performance of Phragmites and (2) the role of clonal integration on the ability of Phragmites to invade low marsh habitats. We transplanted Phragmites into vegetation along an elevation gradient, with and with- out neighboring plants. Phragmites died when transplanted to the lowest marsh zone but survived and expanded in higher marsh zones. This suggests that the low oxygen availability characteristic of waterlogged soils limits Phragmites growth in the low marsh. Neighboring vegetation reduced Phragmites growth in all zones, and severing Phragmites rhizomes invading the low marsh reduced the survivorship and photosynthetic rate of ramets. These results suggest that Phragmites may invade low marsh habitats by initially es- tablishing itself in the high marsh and then expanding into lower, less favorable habitats using clonal integration. This has important implications for understanding the changing dynamics of New England salt marsh plant communities and developing management strat- egies for the control of Phragmites.
Transcriptional activity and chromatin structural changes in a temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK cells blocked in early G1.

Abstract AF8, a temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK 21 13 cells, has been shown to arrest at the non-permissive temperature in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. When AF8 cells are released from density-dependent arrest of growth by trypsinization and replating at lower density, 60–80% of the cells enter DNA synthesis and divide at the permissive temperature (33 °C), while only 20% enter DNA synthesis at the non-permissive temperature (39.5 °C). The temperature-sensitive block has been localized 4 to 8 h before the onset of DNA synthesis which begins at 12 h after stimulation. Two biochemical events of the prereplicative phase have been temporally related to this temperature-sensitive block. RNA synthesis as measured in isolated nuclei increases initially at both temperatures, then levels off and declines to control levels at 39.5 °C while continuing to increase at 33 °C. Parallel changes are found in circular dichroism spectra and ethidium bromide binding capacity of isolated chromatin. The results suggest that these biochemical changes are involved in the regulation of the prereplicative phase and the subsequent entrance of cells into DNA synthesis.
A 3D 1H, 15N, and 13C NOESY Correlating Experiment

In this communication, we describe a 3D NMR experiment that disperses NOE cross peacks in three dimensions 15 N, 13 C, and 1 H. The experiment is similar to the time-shared 15 N, 13 C-separated NOESY in that concerted 15 N and 13 C evolution is used.
Alterations in β-carotene and vitamin e status in rats fed β-carotene and excess vitamin A

Abstract The effects of feeding various levels of vitamin A with and without various levels of β-carotene on vitamin E and β-carotene status and hepatic biodegradation capacity were examined. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats, 10/group, were fed ad libitum for 8 wk diets containing vitamin A and β-carotene in a 3×3 factorial experimental design. Vitamin A palmitate was given at the National Research Council's recommended requirement level of 4,000 IU/kg of diet (control), 10 times the requirement (vitamin A1) and 100 times the requirement (vitamin A2). Each of these groups was given β-carotene at either 0,48 (BC1) or 480 mg/kg (BC2) of diet. Liver vitamin A levels increased dramatically and were 100-fold higher in vitamin A2 groups than in the control group. Retinyl esters increased in the liver; retinyl stearate increased as a result of β-carotene treatments. Liver β-carotene levels were significantly reduced in vitamin A1-BC2 and vitamin A2-BC2 groups compared to the control-BC2 group. In the vitamin A2-BC2 group, plasma vitamin E was reduced 77% compared to the control group; hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and its isozyme, benzephetamine demethylase, were significantly lower; and the specific activity of glutathione S-transferase was increased. These findings suggest that vitamin E status can be altered by ingesting excessive vitamin A or β-carotene and that vitamin A and β-carotene changed the biodegradation and detoxification capacity of the liver in rats.
Flexible types: robust type inference for first-class polymorphism

We present HML, a type inference system that supports full first-class polymorphism where few annotations are needed: only function parameters with a polymorphic type need to be annotated. HML is a simplification of MLF where only flexibly quantified types are used. This makes the types easier to work with from a programmers perspective, and simplifies the implementation of the type inference algorithm. Still, HML retains much of the expressiveness of MLF, it is robust with respect to small program transformations, and has a simple specification of the type rules with an effective type inference algorithm that infers principal types. A small reference implementation with many examples is available at: http://research.microsoft.com/users/daan/pubs.html.
Estimating cardiovascular disease risk and the metabolic syndrome: a Framingham view.

The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic abnormalities with insulin resistance as its central feature, owes interest in its causes and outcomes to the obesity and diabetes epidemic that has been sweeping across North America since the 1990s [1]. The diagnostic criteria developed by the Adult Treatment Program III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the World Health Organization have led to a large number of articles that have investigated the prevalence and outcomes related to insulin resistance [2]. Five diagnostic criteria have been identified by the ATP III version of the metabolic syndrome (Table 1), and the presence of any three of these factors is considered sufficient for diagnosis. Each of the metabolic syndrome criteria is related to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD); taken together, the components lead to even greater risk of vascular disease outcomes. In 1998 to 1994, age-adjusted estimates from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, or NHANES III, showed that approximately 24% of adult Americans had three or more of the five metabolic syndrome criteria [3]. Similar data were obtained from the Framingham Heart Study experience, a middle-class white population sample with most participants in the 50- to 60-year age range [4–6]. Key determinants of greater prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in each group were age and obesity. This article focuses on the origins of estimating vascular disease risk in persons with the metabolic syndrome, viewing the condition as intermediate between normal CVD risk factor levels and those who develop outcomes such as CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Analytical solutions for thermal stresses in buried channel waveguides

Thermal stresses are important factors in determining the birefringence of optical waveguides. Analytical solutions are developed to estimate the thermal stresses in the core of a buried rectangular channel waveguide. The closed-form solutions for various situations are obtained. The results show that the thermal expansion mismatch between the upper cladding and substrate plays significant role in determining the anisotropy of the thermal stresses in the core. The analytical solutions developed in this paper are consistent with finite element simulations and experimental results.
Proteolytic activity is altered in brain tissue of rats upon chronic exposure to ozone

Tissue from pons medulla of rats exposed in vivo to various levels of ozone was assayed for calpain and cathepsin D activity. Chronic exposure to ozone increased calpain activity, which was 35% to 46% higher in the homogenates of animals exposed to 1.0 ppm ozone than in those of animals exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone or of controls. An increase in activity of 26% was also observed in the soluble supernatant. The increase in activity did not seem to be caused by ozone effects on calpastatin. Addition of 32 mM carnitine to the incubation mixture increased total activity 3-4 fold, making the differences in activity proportionately smaller. Cathepsin D activity was little altered. Changes in calpain activity and in the generation of free oxygen radicals have been implicated in the aging process, long-term exposure to ozone may magnify changes. Ozone exposure may cause changes in brain protein metabolism.
Fuzzy closed and fuzzy perfect mappings

Abstract It is shown that a fuzzy continuous map f is fuzzy perfect iff f × i z is fuzzy closed for every fuzzy topological space Z .
Properties of the Optokinetic Motor Fibres in the Rock Lobster: Build-Up, Flipback, Afterdischarge and Memory, Shown by Their Firing Patterns

The properties of sets of motor fibres responding to both clockwise and anticlockwise rotation have been studied in the oculomotor nerve of the rock lobster. There are probably three, but perhaps four, units in each set. None of these fibres has statocyst input, but there is weak input onto the tonic fibres from the antennal joints such that the eye turns in the direction toward which the antenna points. Many preparations show bilateral visual input onto all fibres but the degree of coupling between the eyes is very variable, and at times can be nearly totally absent. Depending on the speed of rotation the fibres show a gradual build-up in frequency, during rotation in the preferred direction, interrupted by flipbacks. During the fast stage of the resulting nystagmic movements all agonistic fibres can be completely inhibited and all antagonistic ones can be activated, usually for a period of about 0.5 sec. Fibre activity is demonstrated which appears to underlie an ‘optokinetic memory’ of contrasting target position in the visual field. It consists of (a) very prolonged after-discharges for a stationary striped pattern (b) resumption of discharges at an appropriate frequency after dark periods up to 2 min, and (c) adjustment of such frequencies to changes in stripe position during the dark period. The fibres show habituation to repeated stripe movement but the response can be dishabituated by passive rotation of the animal. The largest visual responses were obtained to intermediate speeds of stripe rotation (about 2°/sec).
The risk of child and adolescent overweight is related to types of food consumed

To investigate the association between the risk of overweight and the consumption of food groups in children and adolescents. We studied 1764 healthy children and adolescents (age 6-19y) attending 16 Seventh-Day Adventist schools and 13 public schools using a 106-item non-quantitative food frequency questionnaire from the late 1980 Child-Adolescent Blood Pressure Study. Logistic regression models were used to compute the risk of overweight according to consumption of grains, nuts, vegetables, fruits, meats/fish/eggs, dairy, and, low nutrient-dense foods (LNDF). The frequency of consumption of grains, nuts, vegetables and LNDF were inversely related to the risk of being overweight and dairy increased the risk. Specifically, the odds ratio (95% CI) for children in the highest quartile or tertile of consumption compared with the lowest quartile or tertile were as follows: grains 0.59(0.41-0.83); nuts 0.60(0.43-0.85); vegetables 0.67(0.48-0.94); LNDF 0.43(0.29-0.63); and, dairy 1.36(0.97, 1.92). The regular intake of specific plant foods may prevent overweight among children and adolescents.
Mycophenolate mofetil treatment of severe renal disease in pediatric onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To report the first clinical experience with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, CellCept) in: children with lupus nephritis. METHODS: Eleven children with various forms of lupus nephritis were treated with oral MMF at a mean dose of 22 mg/kg/day (range 17-42) for a mean of 9.8 months (range 3-17). All children received concomitant prednisone and 7/11 were taking concomitant hydroxychloroquine. Indications for MMF included treatment refractory nephritis despite high dose oral or IV prednisone, azathioprine, and/or cyclophosphamide. Treatment outcome was monitored through assessment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, renal function, and serologic markers such as complement and anti dsDNA antibodies. RESULTS: While renal function normalized in 4/4 patients with membranous glomerulonephritis, little effect was observed in children with proliferative glomerulonephritis. Ten children experienced a marked reduction in SLEDAI score. Anti-dsDNA antibody and serum complement levels improved or remained stable in 80% of the children. Concomitant prednisone was decreased in 6/11 patients (55%) without deterioration of renal function. Adverse events, observed in 8 patients (73%), were not dose dependent, and included infections, leukopenia, nausea, pruritus, headache, and fatigue. CONCLUSION: MMF may represent a valuable alternative to traditional cytotoxic agents for children with class V lupus nephritis, but was less effective in attenuating disease progression in class IV glomerulonephritis. MMF had a steroid sparing effect and appeared to be effective in controlling serologic disease activity in pediatric onset SLE. Adverse events such as infections may limit its use and remain a concern.
Brain-behavior relationships in the experience and regulation of negative emotion in healthy children: Implications for risk for childhood depression

Structural and functional alterations in a variety of brain regions have been associated with depression and risk for depression across the life span. A majority of these regions are associated with emotion reactivity and/or regulation. However, it is generally unclear what mechanistic role these alterations play in the etiology of depression. A first step toward understanding this is to characterize the relationships between variation in brain structure/function and individual differences in depression severity and related processes, particularly emotion regulation. To this end, the current study examines how brain structure and function predict concurrent and longitudinal measures of depression symptomology and emotion regulation skills in psychiatrically healthy school-age children (N ¼ 60). Specifically, we found that smaller hippocampus volumes and greater responses to sad faces in emotion reactivity regions predict increased depressive symptoms at the time of scan, whereas larger amygdala volumes, smaller insula volumes, and greater responses in emotion reactivity regions predict decreased emotion regulation skills. In addition, larger insula volumes predict improvements in emotion regulation skills even after accounting for emotion regulation at the time of scan. Understanding brain–behavior relationships in psychiatrically healthy samples, especially early in development, will help inform normative developmental trajectories and neural alterations in depression and other affective pathology.
Transparent, elastomeric and tough hydrogels from poly(ethylene glycol) and silicate nanoparticles

The structures and mechanical properties of both physically and covalently cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels made from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and silicate nanoparticles (Laponite RD) are investigated. Injectable nanocomposite precursor solutions can be covalently cross-linked via photopolymerization. The resulting hydrogels are transparent and have interconnected pores, high elongation and toughness. These properties depend on the hydrogel composition, polymer–nanoparticle interactions and degree of cross-linking (both physical and covalent). Covalent cross-linking of polymer chains leads to the formation of an elastic network, whereas physical cross-linking between nanoparticles and polymer chains induces viscoelastic properties. At high deformations covalent bonds may be broken but physical bonds rebuild and to some extent self-heal the overall network structure. Addition of silicate also enhances the bioactivity and adhesiveness of the hydrogel as these materials stick to soft tissue as well as to hard surfaces. In addition, MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast cells readily adhere and spread on nanocomposite hydrogel surfaces. Collectively, the combinations of properties such as elasticity, stiffness, interconnected network, adhesiveness to surfaces and bio-adhesion to cells provide inspiration and opportunities to engineer mechanically strong and elastic tissue matrixes for orthopedic, craniofacial and dental applications.
CFD APPLIED TO SEPARATION OF SLAM-ER FROM THE S-3B

The process of determining safe separation flight envelopes for release of the SLAM-ER missile from the S-3B platform is presented. Extensive use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was employed in lieu of wind tunnel testing. CFD solutions for the aircraft/store mutual interference flowfield were placed into a database for use by Six-Degree of Freedom (6-DOF) trajectory simulation software. Simulated trajectories were used to predict the minimum miss distance between the SLAM-ER and S-3B. The flight test program allowed for comparison of actual trajectories with predictions. Because the CFD/6-DOF trajectories correlated well with flight test results, two of the five planned flight test points were eliminated.
Inferring dynamic architecture of cellular networks using time series of gene expression, protein and metabolite data

Motivation: High-throughput technologies have facilitated the acquisition of large genomics and proteomics datasets. However, these data provide snapshots of cellular behavior, rather than help us reveal causal relations. Here, we propose how these technologies can be utilized to infer the topology and strengths of connections among genes, proteins and metabolites by monitoring time-dependent responses of cellular networks to experimental interventions. Results: We demonstrate that all connections leading to a given network node, e.g. to a particular gene, can be deduced from responses to perturbations none of which directly influences that node, e.g. using strains with knock-outs to other genes. To infer all interactions from stationary data, each node should be perturbed separately or in combination with other nodes. Monitoring time series provides richer information and does not require perturbations to all nodes. Overall, the methods we propose are capable of deducing and quantifying functional interactions within and across cellular gene, signaling and metabolic networks. Supplementary Information: Supplementary material is available at http://www.dbi.tju.edu/bioinformatics2004.pdf
The Influence of Zinc Status on the Levels of Metallothionein in Isolated Perfused Rat Liver

The levels of cadmium and zinc metallothionein in isolated perfused livers of zinc depleted and repleted rats were investigated. Rats (160-200 g or 90-120 g) were fed either a zinc-deficient or zinc-supple mented diet for 62 or 42 days. The 90 to 120 g rats were repleted with 30 ppm Zn2+in the drinking water for 1, 4 and 10 days after 35 days of deple tion, and another group after depletion for 21 days was repleted for 15 days on a 21% casein diet. At appropriate times livers were cannulated, removed and perfused Â± 25 /Â?g Cd2* as CdClL., for 2 hours through the portal vein in a perfusion apparatus. Zinc depletion resulted in significant decreases in growth rate (1.4 versus 5.7 g/day) and liver weights. Reple tion with Zn for 10 days increased the weight gain to 7.1 g/day. Depletion decreased the incorporation of Zn and Cd into metallothionein by 57 to 60%, while repletion for 1, 4 and 10 days increased the incorporation to nearly 500% of control levels. But, as repletion progressed, zinc in metallo thionein fell to normal levels after 15 days. Cadmium in metallothionein did not decrease between 1 and 10 days of repletion. Zinc deficiency also reduced the zinc content of the liver by 44%, which increased to normal levels after 10 days of repletion. These data support the conclusion that zinc status can influence the incorporation of cadmium and zinc into metal lothionein. J. Nutr. 109: 1825-1835, 1979.
Dairy Industrialization in the First Place: Urbanization, Immigration, and Political Economy in Los Angeles County, 1920–1970*

Rural sociologists are currently debating the pace and extent of industrialization in the dairy sector of the United States. We offer the perspective of historical sociology to this debate, arguing that time and place significantly determine the outcomes of processes such as industrialization. We present an historically-grounded explanation for the rise of industrial dairying, which first occurred in Los Angeles County. Beginning with the immigration of Dutch dairy farmers to Los Angeles (L.A.) in the 1920s, a contingent and sequential process-embedded within the local/California political economy-of exploding population growth, rapid urbanization, and skyrocketing land prices led to repeated geographical relocations and expansions of large-scale dairies during the next three decades. We conclude that agricultural industrialization is not inevitable but instead is the result of contingent factors (cultural and political-economic) as well as the particular sequencing of events and processes. In thus historicizing the industrialization debate, we seek limited, rather than universal, generalizations. An old world colony uses big business methods to build a modern dairy industry that may eventually be copied all over the world.
Application of sound motion pictures to research in clinical psychology

DURINCG the past eight years the Instructional Film Research Program at The Pennsylvania State University has sponsored over 60 studies which have involved the use of films in various aspects of psychological research (1). About 15 of these studies have related to the teaching of perceptual motor skills by means of films. Nearly 20 studies have dealt with conceptual learning. Other studies have been concerned with the use of films for restructuring individuals' attitudes. It would appear that films have some important advantages for use as stimulus materials in psychological research, and that these have been exploited only to a small degree. Among the possible advantages offered by films as instruments for research are the following:
Connections, partnerships, opportunities, and programs to enhance success for military students

This chapter describes how initiatives developed at the University of West Florida provide services for students who are on active duty around the world, as well as those stationed at bases in the region. Descriptions of programs and recommendations are also presented.
Responding to Diversity in the Urban Student Population

Education is but one part of the total context of social, economic, and polit ical influences on young people. Because the system has failed to educate a sizable number of urban youngsters, this writer says, the fun damental structures of schooling may require a significant transformation.
Optimal scheduling of demand response events using options valuation methods

Several demand response (DR) programs, such as critical peak pricing (CPP), stipulate that electric utilities may schedule events only a limited number of times per year. Utilities must therefore use these events judiciously in order to maximize their benefits from the DR program. Traditionally, they have used rather simple decision rules to schedule such events (e.g., when temperature exceeds a certain threshold). In this paper, we present an option value approach for determining when to invoke these events. This approach calculates a dynamic threshold value, which represents the option value of deferring the use of one the events for use at any future point in the planning horizon (typically a year or cooling season). This threshold enables utilities to make the decision on whether or not to call an event based on the expected current benefits versus potential future benefits. This paper presents an example based on an actual DR program, which uses a simple, temperature based threshold, and compares it with our option based approach. Our approach can also be applied to any other criteria besides temperature such as reserve margins and generation cost.
Mutations Resulting in Resistance to Polyene Antibiotics Decrease Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channel Activity in Paramecium

SummaryIn this report, the isolation of Paramecium tetraurelia mutants resistant to the polyene antibiotics amphotericin B and filipin are described. These antibiotics are known to specifically interact with membrane sterols to produce a cytotoxic effect. Four mutants resistant to amphotericin B and two mutants resistant to filipin have been isolated. In each case, an individual mutant shows resistance to both amphotericin B and filipin. Genetic analysis indicates that all 6 mutations map to the same complementation group and are not allelic to any of the 3 pawn mutations or to either of the two “barium shy” mutations. The behavioral analysis suggests that these mutations cause an alteration of normal ion channel function. Direct electrophysiological analysis of one mutant indicates mutations to polyene antibiotic resistance cause a specific decrease in voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel activity.
A New Test of Inflation.

We discuss a new test of inflation from the harmonic pattern of peaks in the cosmic microwave background radiation angular power spectrum. By characterizing the features of alternate models and revealing signatures essentially unique to inflation, we show that inflation could be validated by the next generation of experiments.
A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors.

The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and tolerance are both widely used measures of the degree of multi-collinearity of the ith independent variable with the other independent variables in a regression model. Unfortunately, several rules of thumb – most commonly the rule of 10 – associated with VIF are regarded by many practitioners as a sign of severe or serious multi-collinearity (this rule appears in both scholarly articles and advanced statistical textbooks). When VIF reaches these threshold values researchers often attempt to reduce the collinearity by eliminating one or more variables from their analysis; using Ridge Regression to analyze their data; or combining two or more independent variables into a single index. These techniques for curing problems associated with multi-collinearity can create problems more serious than those they solve. Because of this, we examine these rules of thumb and find that threshold values of the VIF (and tolerance) need to be evaluated in the context of several other factors that influence the variance of regression coefficients. Values of the VIF of 10, 20, 40, or even higher do not, by themselves, discount the results of regression analyses, call for the elimination of one or more independent variables from the analysis, suggest the use of ridge regression, or require combining of independent variable into a single index.
Sex differences in physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in adolescence

Summary Females begin to demonstrate greater negative affective responses to stress than males in adolescence. This may reflect the concurrent emergence of underlying differences in physiological response systems, including corticolimbic circuitries, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPAA), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This review examines when sex differences in physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress emerge and the directionality of these differences over development. Indeed, the literature indicates that sex differences emerge during adolescence and persist into adulthood for all three physiological response systems. However, the directionality of the differences varies by system. The emerging corticolimbic reactivity literature suggests greater female reactivity, particularly in limbic regions densely innervated by gonadal hormone receptors. In contrast, males generally show higher levels of HPAA and ANS reactivity. We argue that the contrasting directionality of corticolimbic and peripheral physiological responses may reflect specific effects of gonadal hormones on distinct systems and also sex differences in evolved behavioral responses that demand different levels of peripheral physiological activation. Studies that examine both subjective reports of negative affect and physiological responses indicate that beginning in adolescence, females respond to acute stressors with more intense negative affect than males despite their comparatively lower peripheral physiological responses. This dissociation is not clearly explained by sex differences in the strength of the relationship between physiological and subjective responses. We suggest that females’ greater subjective responsivity may instead arise from a greater activity in brain regions that translate stress responses to subjective awareness in adolescence. Future research directions include investigations of the role of pubertal hormones in physiological reactivity across all systems, examining the relationship of corticolimbic reactivity and negative affect, and sex differences in emotion regulation processes.
Neural Network Model Selection Using Asymptotic Jackknife Estimator and Cross-Validation Method

Two theorems and a lemma are presented about the use of jackknife estimator and the cross-validation method for model selection. Theorem 1 gives the asymptotic form for the jackknife estimator. Combined with the model selection criterion, this asymptotic form can be used to obtain the fit of a model. The model selection criterion we used is the negative of the average predictive likehood, the choice of which is based on the idea of the cross-validation method. Lemma 1 provides a formula for further exploration of the asymptotics of the model selection criterion. Theorem 2 gives an asymptotic form of the model selection criterion for the regression case, when the parameters optimization criterion has a penalty term. Theorem 2 also proves the asymptotic equivalence of Moody's model selection criterion (Moody, 1992) and the cross-validation method, when the distance measure between response y and regression function takes the form of a squared difference.
The Late 1990s Financial Crisis in Ecuador: Institutional Weaknesses, Fiscal Rigidities, and Financial Dollarization at Work

This paper stresses three factors that amplified the 1990s financial crisis in Ecuador, namely institutional weaknesses, rigidities in public finances, and high financial dollarization. Institutional factors restricted the government`s ability to respond in a timely manner and efficiently enough to prevent the escalation of the banking crisis and spurred the adoption of suboptimal policy decisions. Public finance rigidities limited the government`s capacity to correct existing imbalances and the deteriorating fiscal stance associated with the costs of the financial crisis. Financial dollarization increasingly reduced the effectiveness of financial safety nets, fostered foreign currency demand, and accelerated a currency crisis, thereby further worsening the solvency of banks. These three factors reinforced each other, exacerbating costs as the economy went through a triple banking, currency, and fiscal crisis.
Ultralow frequency Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of single living cells and microparticles using a hot rubidium vapor filter.

We report on ultralow frequency Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of single living cells and microsized particles in an aqueous medium with a frequency shift down to 10 cm−1 by the combination of a hot rubidium (Rb) vapor filter, a confocal pinhole, and optical trapping. A single frequency-stabilized diode laser beam at 780.2 nm is used to optically trap and excite a single living cell or microparticle, and the Rayleigh scattering light from the particle is effectively blocked with a Rb vapor cell and a confocal pinhole. Ultralow frequency Raman spectra of the trapped cells or microparticles in both Stokes and anti-Stokes regions are then measured with a single-stage CCD spectrograph.
Exploiting web search engines to search structured databases

Web search engines often federate many user queries to relevant structured databases. For example, a product related query might be federated to a product database containing their descriptions and specifications. The relevant structured data items are then returned to the user along with web search results. However, each structured database is searched in isolation. Hence, the search often produces empty or incomplete results as the database may not contain the required information to answer the query. In this paper, we propose a novel integrated search architecture. We establish and exploit the relationships between web search results and the items in structured databases to identify the relevant structured data items for a much wider range of queries.Our architecture leverages existing search engine components to implement this functionality at very low overhead. We demonstrate the quality and efficiency of our techniques through an extensive experimental study.
Attachment to the Ordinary Landscape

The phrase “attachment to the ordinary landscape” seems simple and straightforward, if vague and inclusive. Nevertheless, each of the three critical terms deserves attention. Attachment I define as an affective relationship between people and the landscape that goes beyond cognition, preference, or judgment. Ordinary means routine, experienced in everyday life. This excludes “special” landscapes, those that contrast with routine experience, landscapes such as shrines and wilderness. Landscape I use in a broad, naive sense, as a setting for human experience and activity. In scale, it might be described as “larger than a household but smaller than one of earth’s biogeograph-ical regions.” It includes some of the spatial topics of other chapters in this book, such as possessions, childhood places, community, home, and home gardens.
Reaching for squarks and gauginos at a 100 TeV p − p collider

We analyze the prospect of extending the reach for squarks and gauginos via associated production at a $\sqrt{s}=100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ proton-proton collider, given $3\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{ab}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ integrated luminosity. Depending on the gluino mass, the discovery reach for squarks in associated production with a gluino can be up to 37 TeV for compressed spectra (small gluino-lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) mass splitting), and up to 32 TeV for noncompressed spectra. The discovery reach for Winos can be up to between 3.5 and 6 TeV depending on squark masses and Wino decay kinematics. Binos of up to 1.7 TeV could similarly be discovered. Squark-gaugino associated production could prove to be the discovery mode for supersymmetry at a 100 TeV collider in a large region of parameter space.
The Commercial and the Public “Public Spheres”: Two Types of Political Talk-Radio and Their Constructed Publics

This article describes radio programs that include one-on-one interactions between a host and caller about current affairs. The description reveals 2 formats: talk-back and phone-in. Talk-backs are...