cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postdepositional mobility of some transition elements, phosphorus, uranium and thorium in deep sea sediments

Abstract Deep sea hemipelagic sediments from the east Pacific show an oxidized upper zone of variable thickness and a reduced zone below. The geochemistry of a core from this region was studied in detail. The Eh of the upper zone is close to + 100 mV, while in the lower zone it reaches about −400 mV. Reducing conditions in the lower section of the core are related to the oxidation of organic matter in the sediment, as indicated by the gradual decrease with depth of the concentration of nitrogen in the upper part of the core. Various elements, such as Mn, Ni, Co, P and La, are enriched in the upper oxidized zone, while Cr, V, U and S are enriched in the lower reduced zone. Postdepositional mobility of the elements in question, mainly by diffusion in the interstitial solutions, can explain their distribution in the core. Redox reactions can account directly for the mobilization of Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, V and U, indirectly for that of P and La. Fe and Cu do not migrate significantly, since they are immobilized as sulfides in the reduced zone. Th appears not to be affected by diagenetical mobility. Some of the consequences of the Postdepositional mobility of elements in deep sea sediments are: 1. (1) The average elemental content of deep sea sediment, generally estimated from measurements of samples from the upper part of the sediment column, may be affected by errors; namely, an overestimation in the case of Mn, Ni, Co, P and La; an underestimation in the case of V, Cr and U. 2. (2) Postdepositional redistribution of U may introduce errors in age determinations of sediments by the Th 230 Th 232 and Th 230 Pa 231 methods. 3. (3) Some geographical variations in the composition of Fe-Mn nodules can be explained by postdepositional mobility of Mn, Ni and Co.
Modifications necessary to use standard dispersion models at high latitudes

Abstract Standard air pollution dispersion models are inappropriate for application at high latitudes. Recent measurements of 10 m mixing heights with 0.5 m s −1 winds in Fairbanks emphasize this inapplicability. It is essential that horizontal and vertical dispersion parameters be specified separately under these conditions. It is also important that the solar radiation input to vertical stability categories at high latitudes be determined on the basis of solar elevation angle, rather than by time after sunrise or before sunset.
Towards Automatically Estimating Porting Effort between Web Service APIs

In this paper, we describe a new methodology for automatically quantifying the relative work required for a programmer to port an application from one web API to another, i.e. "porting effort". Our approach defines a simple language (based on Python) with which API developers specify the semantics of API operations, a tool set that consumes and extracts semantic similarity of API operations from annotations expressed in this language, and a metric that facilitates ranking of porting effort for API operation pairs. We evaluate our approach using both randomly generated and real-world web APIs and show that our metric can correctly categorize the relative difficulty that developers associate with porting an application from one API to another.
Domain formation and elastic long-range interaction in ferroelectric perovskites.

On the basis of a Ginzburg-Landau model for ferroelectric perovskites, we calculate an effective free energy for a polarization field by eliminating elastic fields which are coherently induced by inhomogeneous configurations of polarizations. We obtain elastic long-range interaction between polarization fields on an adiabatic approximation. Computer simulations of a two-dimensional time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) model are performed by taking into account those long-range interactions. Charge-neutral 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} twins and its time evolution in the tetragonal phase are obtained with appropriate parameters of a phenomenological free energy. Resultant domain patterns are in agreement with experimental observations of tetragonal ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ ceramics. It is shown that anisotropic long-range interaction between polarization fields caused by elastic effects plays a major role in determining both the domain morphology and domain growth law in ferroelectric perovskites.
Isolation of human erythrocyte inside-out vesicles alters their molecular architecture

Inside-out (I.O.) vesicles isolated from human erythrocyte ghosts induced to endocytose have been used for biochemical studies to determine localization of molecules within the membrane. It was the purpose of this study to examine such vesicles by freeze-etch electron microscopy to determine the architecture of the peripheral proteins on the protoplasmic surface. Examination of the I.O. vesicles while still in the interior of the ghosts showed that a globular material was randomly distributed on the outer surface (protoplasmic surface of the original plasma membrane) of the I.O. vesicles. The random distribution of the globular material becomes altered, however, if the I.O. vesicles are isolated from the ghosts by shearing and centrifugation. Freeze-etching of these isolated I.O. vesicles revealed that the globular material was now clustered on the protoplasmic surface (PS), as were the intramembranous particles (IMPs) in the extracellular face. Thus, the lateral mobility of the IMPs is dependent upon the distribution of molecules at the protoplasmic surface of the membrane. Moreover, this change in distribution of the globular material at the surface is not due to a partial loss of major membrane proteins, because SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that equal amounts of the major proteins were present in nonisolated vesicles as compared to isolated vesicles. Although isolated I.O. vesicles have been used extensively to demonstrate that glycoproteins span the membrane, these results suggest that one should cautiously interpret data obtained from such isolated vesicles in view of the fact that there is an alteration of the distribution and perhaps configuration of molecules at the PS following isolation of I.O. vesicles.
Analysis and Experimental Verification of a Fault-Tolerant HEV Powertrain

This paper presents a fault-tolerant powertrain topology for series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEVs). The introduction of a redundant phase-leg that is shared by three converters in a standard SHEV powertrain allows us to maximize the reliability improvement with minimal part-count increase. Therefore, the cost increase is kept to minimum as well. The new topology features fast response in fault detection and isolation, and postfault operation at rated power throughput. Two implementations of the fault-tolerant design are presented in conjunction with elaborated discussion of the operating principles, control schemes, and fault diagnostic methods. The substantially improved reliability over standard SHEV powertrains is demonstrated by analysis of the Markov reliability model. Time-domain simulation based on a Saber model has been conducted and the results have verified the feasibility and performance of the proposed SHEV drive system. A scaled-down laboratory prototype has been built and the experimental results further validate the robust fault detection/isolation scheme and uncompromised postfault performance.
Effects of counsellor interpretations and client reactance on social influence and the working alliance

Abstract These two studies investigated the main and interaction effects of client reactance and counsellor interpretation discrepancy and style on counsellor social influence and the working alliance. Undergraduate students who were divided into high and low reactant pups listened to low, moderate, or high discrepancy interpretations given by counsellors who used a tentative or absolute interpretation. Contrary to the hypotheses, results showed only one interaction effect for reactance, interpretation discrepancy, and interpretation style. Low reactant participants rated the working alliance higher with tentative interpretations while high reactant participants rated it higher with absolute. High reactant participants consistently tended to perceive the counsellor less positively than low reactant participants. There were unexpected gender differences, suggesting that females saw the counselling more positively in the low discrepancy condition while males did in the moderate. The results were not support...
A randomised phase II trial of selumetinib vs selumetinib plus temsirolimus for soft-tissue sarcomas

The MEK inhibitor, selumetinib, suppresses soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) cell proliferation in vitro. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors possess modest activity against STS; however, resistance develops via MAPK pathway feedback activation. The combination of selumetinib and temsirolimus synergistically inhibits STS cell line growth. Therefore, a randomized phase II trial of selumetinib vs selumetinib plus temsirolimus was conducted. Seventy-one adults with advanced STS who received ⩽2 prior chemotherapeutics were randomized to selumetinib 75 mg p.o. bid and allowed to crossover upon progression, or to selumetinib 50 mg p.o. bid plus temsirolimus 20 mg i.v. weekly, with primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS). There was no difference in PFS between the two arms for the overall cohort (median 1.9 vs 2.1 months); an improved median PFS was observed in the combination arm (N=11) over single agent (N=10) in the prespecified leiomyosarcoma stratum (median 3.7 vs 1.8 months; P=0.01). Four-month PFS rate was 50% (95% confidence interval 0.19–0.81) with the combination vs 0% with selumetinib alone in the leiomyosarcoma cohort. Most common grade 3/4 adverse events with the combination were mucositis (29%), lymphopenia (26%), neutropenia and anaemia (20% each). While single-agent selumetinib has no significant activity in STS, the combination may be active for leiomyosarcomas.
Creation of novel polymer materials by processing with inclusion compounds

The processing of polymer materials from their inclusion compounds (ICs) formed with urea (U) and cyclodextrin (CD) hosts is described. Several examples are presented and serve to demonstrate the fabrication of unique polymer-polymer composites and blends, including intimate blends of normally incompatible polymers, and the delivery of additives to polymers by means of embedding polymer- or additive-U and CD- ICs into carrier polymer films and fibers, followed by coalescence of the IC guest, or by coalescence of two polymers or a polymer and an additive from their common CD-IC crystals.
Multi-Antenna Selection Using Space Shift Keying in MIMO Systems

We investigate the MIMO antenna selection using space shift keying (SSK) modulation and amplitude/phase modulation(APM). In the joint SSK and APM, both the constellation of APM and the antenna indexes of SSK convey information. The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system increases the capacity and data rates at the cost of the multiple RF chains, which can be reduced by antenna selection techniques. In this paper, the antenna selection techniques are jointly designed with the SSK-based MIMO systems, and the decoding scheme achieving maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion is explicitly described. The proposed antenna selection criteria pursue the best antenna configuration by utilizing channel state information. The simulations demonstrate significant performance improvements of SSK-based MIMO systems over conventional systems.
Empirical Evaluation of Models Used to Predict Torso Muscle Forces

Risk factors associated with low back pain (LBP) have been identified by previous epidemiological research. Among these factors, the type and amount of loading required by a work task exhibit a direct relationship with the occurrence of LBP. Based on these findings, biomechanists have attempted to model the behavior of the lumbar region of the spine, with the objective of determining the distribution of loads on the different tissues of the region, especially in the muscles surrounding the lumbar spine. Knowledge of the loads in these tissues would allow for subsequent contrast against estimated tissue tolerance levels. The prediction of muscle forces is of particular importance given their large estimated magnitudes and contribution to spine loads. Two different approaches have historically been taken to predict muscle forces. The first relies on electromyography (EMG), while the second attempts to predict muscle responses using mathematical models. Three such predictive models are compared here: optimiz...
On inserting questions before or after segments of text

Abstract It has been concluded in all major reviews of adjunct question research that a group given questions after related text segments (postquestions) yields greater recall than a group given questions before related text segments (prequestions) or one not given any questions at all. However, closer examination of the earlier research and an analysis of recent research reveals that for certain types of verbatim questions and for certain high level questions, postquestions produce recall equivalent to or less than prequestions. Moreover, in many studies wherein postquestions exceed prequestions, the postquestion group equals the reading-only control group in recall of nonquestioned (incidental) material. Hence, despite frequent pronouncements to the contrary, no firm recommendation can be made regarding the optimal placement of adjunct questions in text material.
Analysis of capillary-induced rewetting in circular channels with internal grooves

This investigation provides a theoretical description of the mechanisms that govern the rewetting of the surfaces, and presents an experimentally verified method by which the location of the rewetting front in the evaporator section of high capacity heat pipes can be determined as a function of the applied heat flux. The rewetting velocity was found to be a function of thermal properties of the liquid nd the channel, the input heat flux, the radii of the groove and the channel, and the location of the liquid front
Heat‐induced modulation of lamin B content in two different cell lines

Previous work in our laboratory indicates that the nuclear matrix protein lamin B is a "prompt" heat shock protein, which increases significantly when human U-1 melanoma and HeLa cells are exposed to 45.5 degrees C for 5-40 min. Using Western blotting, we found that the lamin B content in U-1 and HeLa cells increased to a greater extent during post-heat incubation at 37 degrees C than during the heat dose itself. When HeLa cells were heated at 45.5 degrees C for 30 min, and then incubated at 37 degrees C for up to 7 h, lamin B content was increased significantly (1.69-fold maximum increase at 3 h) compared to unincubated heated cells. Also, thermotolerant HeLa cells showed a greater increase (up to 1.72-fold) in lamin B content during subsequent heating compared to nontolerant cells. The increase in lamin B content in thermotolerant cells, or when heated cells were incubated at 37 degrees C, was also observed in U-1 cells. HeLa cells heated in the presence of glycerol (a heat protector) showed a 1.21-1.72-fold increase in lamin B content compared to cells heated for 10-30 min without glycerol. In contrast, lamin B content decreased 1.23-1.85-fold when cells were heated for 10-30 min in the presence of procaine (a heat sensitizer) compared to cells heated without procaine. These data suggest that lamin B may play an important role in the heat shock response, and that modulation of lamin B content by heat sensitizers or protectors may play a role in regulation of heat sensitivity.
Nucleation of diamond films on surfaces using carbon clusters

A unique method for nucleating diamondfilms on surfaces using C clusters is described. The process substitutes the need for diamond polish pretreatment of substrates prior to diamondfilm growth, as currently practiced in low‐pressure (<1 atm) chemical vapor deposition methods. As an example, the use of C clusters C60 and C70 as nucleating layers on single‐crystal Si surfaces is presented. It is shown that a thin layer (approximately 1000 A) of pure carbon C70 is sufficient for the nucleation and growth of fine grain polycrystallinediamondfilms. The enhancement of nucleation by the C70 layer is nearly ten orders of magnitude over an untreated Si surface. It also follows that C clusters can be used as a one‐step lithographic template for growingdiamond on selected regions of the substrate. In addition, insight into the mechanism for diamondnucleation from C clusters is given.
Culture and spirituality: A review of literature

This paper reports on a content analysis of social science literature that addresses spirituality and culture. More than fifty articles were reviewed for their fit in the social work curriculum. Most entries reviewed fit into the curricular areas of practice or human behavior in the social environment. This paper will serve as a resource for social work faculty as they include content on spirituality as an aspect of diversity according the CSWE's current Curriculum Policy statement.
Motivation to Participate of Divers with and without Disabilities

8 divers with disabilities and 8 able-bodied divers completed a survey regarding motivation to participate in SCUBA. Analysis showed that the two groups participated in SCUBA mainly for how it made them feel emotionally. Groups had comparable rankings of the three most and least important reasons for participation.
How I do it: CT pulmonary angiography.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the techniques to improve motion artifacts, vascular enhancement, flow artifacts, body habitus image noise, vascular opacification in parenchymal lung disease, streak artifacts, and the indeterminate CT pulmonary angiogram. In addition, this article will illustrate the diagnostic criteria of acute and chronic pulmonary emboli.CONCLUSION. Pulmonary embolism is the third most common acute cardiovascular disease, after myocardial infarction and stroke, and it leads to thousands of deaths each year because it often goes undetected. For the more than 25 years that the direct signs of pulmonary embolism have been available to the radiologist on CT, this noninvasive technique has produced a paradigm shift that has raised the standard of care for patients with this disease.
Nobel Lecture: Electronic structure of matter-wave functions and density functionals

In the intervening more than six decades enormous progress has been made in finding approximate solutions of Schrodinger's wave equation for systems with several electrons, decisively aided by modern electronic com- puters. The outstanding contributions of my Nobel Prize co-winner John Pople are in this area. The main objec- tive of the present account is to explicate DFT, which is an alternative approach to the theory of electronic struc- ture, in which the electron density distribution n(r), rather than the many-electron wave function, plays a central role. I felt that it would be useful to do this in a comparative context; hence the wording ''Wave Func- tions and Density Functionals'' in the title. In my view DFT makes two kinds of contribution to the science of multiparticle quantum systems, including problems of electronic structure of molecules and of condensed matter. The first is in the area of fundamental understanding. Theoretical chemists and physicists, following the path of the Schrodinger equation, have become accustomed to think in terms of a truncated Hilbert space of single-
Factors Influencing texture retention of salt-free, acidified, red bell peppers during storage.

Red bell peppers were stored in a salt-free, acidified cover solution with sulfite as a microbial preservative. The texture retention of stored peppers was evaluated as a function of pH, acid, calc...
Drought negatively affects communities on a foundation tree: growth rings predict diversity

Understanding how communities respond to extreme climatic events is important for predicting the impact of climate change on biodiversity. The plant vigor and stress hypotheses provide a theoretical framework for understanding how arthropods respond to stress, but are rarely tested at the community level. Following a record drought, we compared the communities of arthropods on pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) that exhibited a gradient in physical traits related to environmental stress (e.g., growth rate, branch dieback, and needle retention). Six patterns emerged that show how one of the predicted outcomes of climate change in the southwestern USA (i.e., increased drought severity) alters the communities of a foundation tree species. In accordance with the plant vigor hypothesis, increasing tree stress was correlated with an eight to tenfold decline in arthropod species richness and abundance. Trees that were more similar in their level of stress had more similar arthropod communities. Both foliage quantity and quality contributed to arthropod community structure. Individual species and feeding groups differed in their responses to plant stress, but most were negatively affected. Arthropod richness (r 2 = 0.48) and abundance (r 2 = 0.48) on individual trees were positively correlated with the tree’s radial growth during drought. This relationship suggests that tree ring analysis may be used as a predictor of arthropod diversity, which is similar to findings with ectomycorrhizal fungi. A contrast of our findings on arthropod abundance with published data on colonization by mutualistic fungi on the same trees demonstrates that at low stress these two communities respond differently, but at high stress both are negatively affected. These results suggest that the effect of extreme climatic events such as drought on foundation tree species are likely to decrease multi-trophic diversity and shift arthropod community composition, which in turn could cascade to affect other associated taxa.
Estrous cycle irregularities in overfed rats

Abstract Hypothalamic and genetic obesities in rodents are usually associated with reproductive impairments, but the underlying etiology of the latter is not clear because of concomitant metabolic abnormalities in these animal models. In the present study metabolically intact rats were used and obesity was developed by offering the rats a cafeteria-type diet. Purina chow-fed animals were used as control. Cafeteria feeding was associated with hyperphagia and an increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, in association with long estrous cycles ( p p
The Extratropical 40-Day Oscillation in the UCLA General Circulation Model. Part I: Atmospheric Angular Momentum

Variations in atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) are examined in a three-year simulation of the large-scale atmosphere with perpetual January forcing. The simulation is performed with a version of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) general circulation model that contains no tropical Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). In addition, the results of three shorter experiments with no topography are analyzed. The three-year standard topography run contains no significant intraseasonal AAM periodicity in the tropics, consistent with the lack of the MJO, but produces a robust, 42-day AAM oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics. The model tropics undergoes a barotropic, zonally symmetric oscillation, driven by an exchange of mass with the NH extratropics. No intraseasonal periodicity is found in the average tropical latent heating field, indicating that the model oscillation is dynamically rather than thermodynamically driven. The no-mountain runs fail to produce an intraseasonal AAM oscillation, consistent with a topographic origin for the NH extratropical oscillation in the standard model. The spatial patterns of the oscillation in the 500-mb height field, and the relationship of the extratropical oscillation to intraseasonal variations in the tropics, will be discussed in Part 2 of this study.
Determination of Phylogenetic Relationships of Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Flexibacter psychrophilus), Flavobacterium columnare (Flexibacter columnaris), and Flexibacter maritimus by Sequence Analysis of 16S Ribosomal RNA Genes Amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstract The nearly complete small subunit 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence amplified by polymerase chain reaction was determined for Flavobacterium psychrophilum (formerly Flexibacter psychrophilus) by using automated nucleotide sequencing. The sequence was found to be 1,465 base pairs (bp) in length, a size consistent with previously determined sequences for 14 other bacterial species from various taxa, including the yellow-pigmented bacteria. Sequence signatures confirmed that this organism was a member of the bacterial division Bacteroides–Flavobacterium. Parsimonious and additive phylogenetic trees were constructed with homology, and pairwise evolutionary distances were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships. Data show that F. psychrophilum, F. columnare, and Flexibacter maritimus are closely related, have a common descent, and represent a distinct group within the division Bacteroides–Flavobacterium. This group also included other organisms from the genera Flavobacterium and Cytophaga. Fu...
Thermophysical Properties of Biporous Heat Pipe Evaporators

Thirty biporous slugs with 3 different cluster diameters and 5 different particle diameters (15 combinations with 2 repetitions) and 12 monoporous slugs with 6 different particle diameters were sintered from spherical copper powder, and thermophysical properties were measured. The neck size ratio for all the particles was approximately 0.4. The porosity of monoporous samples was found to be independent of particle diameter and was equal to 0.28, and the porosity of biporous samples was found to be independent of cluster and particle diameters, and was equal to 0.64. The liquid permeability and maximum capillary pressure of small pores were found to be a linear function of the particle diameter. Similarly, vapor permeability was found to be a linear function of the cluster diameter The thermal conductivity of monoporous samples was measured to be 142 ±3 WImK at 42±2°C, and it was independent of particle diameter The thermal conductivity of biporous samples was found to be a function of cluster to particle diameter ratio.
In vivo photoacoustic time-of-flight velocity measurement of single cells and nanoparticles.

Optical techniques for in vivo measurement of blood flow velocity are not quite applicable for determination of velocity of individual cells or nanoparticles. Here, we describe a photoacoustic time-of-flight method to measure the velocity of individual absorbing objects by using single and multiple laser beams. Its capability was demonstrated in vitro on blood vessel phantom and in vivo on an animal (mouse) model for estimating velocity of gold nanorods, melanin nanoparticles, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and circulating tumor cells in the broad range of flow velocity from 0.1 mm/s to 14 cm/s. Object velocity can be used to identify single cells circulating at different velocities or cell aggregates and to determine a cell’s location in a vessel cross-section.
Conditional handedness: Handedness changes in multiple personality disordered subject reflect shift in hemispheric dominance

Abstract This study investigates whether the host personality (Pe) and the primary alterpersonality (Pa) of a woman with multiple personality disorder are controlled by the left and right hemispheres, respectively. Results support the hypothesis. Behavioral and preference measures indicate that Pe is strongly right handed and Pa is left handed. Verbal and musical dichotic tests show significantly greater accuracy for stimuli presented to the left ear for Pa and to the right ear for Pe. It is concluded that shifts in hemisphericity involve redistribution of attentional resources and callosal suppression. “Conditional handedness” is proposed as a handedness subtype, characterizing persons who alternate personalities and consistently display alternate hand preferences linked to specific personality characteristics.
Photochemical exchange reactions of thymine, uracil and their nucleosides with selected amino acids

The photoinduced exchange reactions of thymine with lysine at basic pH, using 254 nm light, have been studied. Three products have been isolated, namely, 6-amino-2-(1-thyminyl)hexanoic acid (Ia), 2-amino-6-(1-thyminyl)hexanoic acid (IIa) and 1-amino-5-(1-thyminyl)pentane (IIIa). Compound IIIa was shown to be a secondary product, produced by photochemical decarboxylation of Ia. Photochemical reaction of thymine with glycine and alanine at basic pH led, respectively, to formation of 2-(1-thyminyl)acetic acid (Ic) and 2-(1-thyminyl)propionic acid (Id). Compounds Ic and Id underwent photolysis to produce the decarboxylated secondary products 1-methylthymine and 1-ethylthymine, respectively. Thymidine reacts photochemically with glycine and alanine to produce the same products. Irradiation of DNA in the presence of lysine at basic pH led to the formation of the same products formed in the thymine-lysine system, namely Ia, IIa and IIIa. Uracil was found to undergo analogous photochemical exchange reactions with lysine to form 6-amino-2-(1-uracilyl) hexanoic acid (Ib), and 2-amino-6-(1-uracilyl)hexanoic acid (IIb). Compound Ib was found to undergo photodecarboxylation to form 1-amino-5-(1-uracilyl)pentane (IIIb), analogous to the secondary photoreaction of Ia. Photoreaction of uracil with 1,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) likewise led to formation of IIIb.
Warrantless Search in the Law Enforcement Workplace: Court Interpretation of Employer Practices and Employee Privacy Rights Under the Ortega Doctrine

One of the earliest areas of employee Fourth Amendment privacy juris prudence in the law enforcement workplace was employer warrantless search. In O'Connor v. Ortega (1987), the United States Supreme Court clarified the doctrine permitting public employers to conduct warrantless searches in the workplace. Using federal and state case law, this paper ana lyzes lower court interpretation and application of the Ortega doctrine re garding employer warrantless search in the law-enforcement workplace. The paper examines current lower court doctrine and discusses allowable warrantless search practices by law enforcement employers. This study concludes that lower courts, relying on a "balancing of competing inter ests" test between government and individual privacy, have found employer warrantless noncriminal searches permissible because of a diminished employee "expectation of privacy" in the public workplace. Further, in supplanting traditional Fourth Amendment warrant and probable-cause requirements with a rea...
Use of NOE difference spectra to determine configurations and conformations of imidate esters

A new method for determining conformations and configurations of imidate esters was developed based on NOE difference spectra in CDCI3. As a test of the method, methyl N-methylacetimidate was determined to exist in the E configuration, ap conformation, in agreement with assignments by homoallylic coupling and dipole moment data. Methyl N-tert-butylformimidate, for which existing methods were not suitable, was also determined to exist as E-ap. Two methyl benzimidates were investigated, the N-methyl derivative 2, which was E-ap, and the N-tert-butyl derivative 6, which exhibited an unusually easy E/Z isomerization at room temperature (Tc = 24°C). At -58 °C, resolved spectra showed the E/Z isomers of 6 in a 40:60 ratio. From NOE data (E)-6 was determined to exist mostly as the ap conformer and (Z)-6 as the sp conformer. These results, in agreement with chemical shift data, can be interpreted in terms of the unusual steric requirements of the tert-butyl group.
Modeling void growth in polycrystalline materials

Abstract Most structural materials are polycrystalline aggregates whose constituent crystals are irregular in shape, have anisotropic mechanical properties and contain a variety of defects, resulting in very complicated damage evolution. Failure models of these materials remain empirically calibrated due to the lack of a thorough understanding of the controlling processes at the scale of the materials’ heterogeneity, i.e. the mesoscale. This paper describes a novel formulation for a quantitative, microstructure-sensitive three-dimensional mesoscale prediction of ductile damage of polycrystalline materials, in the important void growth phase of the process. Specifically, we have extended a formulation based on fast Fourier transforms to compute growth of intergranular voids in porous polycrystalline materials. In this way, two widely used micromechanical formulations, i.e. polycrystal plasticity and dilatational plasticity, have been efficiently combined, with crystals and voids represented explicitly, to predict porosity evolution. The proposed void growth algorithm is first validated by comparison with corresponding finite-element unit cell results. Next, in order to isolate the influence of microstructure on void growth, the extended formulation is applied to a face-centered cubic polycrystal with uniform texture and intergranular cavities, and to a porous material with homogenous isotropic matrix and identical initial porosity distribution. These simulations allow us to assess the effect of the matrix’s polycrystallinity on porosity evolution. Microstructural effects, such as the influence of the Taylor factor of the crystalline ligaments linking interacting voids, were predicted and qualitatively confirmed by post-shocked microstrostructural characterization of polycrystalline copper.
Improving App Privacy: Nudging App Developers to Protect User Privacy

Smartphone app developers make many privacy-related decisions on what data to collect about users and how that data is used. Based on interviews and a survey of app developers, the authors identify several hurdles preventing app developers from improved privacy behaviors. These include the difficulties of reading and writing privacy policies as well as privacy not being their primary task. The authors suggest some nudges that would help app developers improve user privacy as well as public policy focus on incentivizing all players in the app development ecosystem to help developers implement better privacy behaviors.
Soluble, semi-crystalline PEEK analogs based on 3,5-difluorobenzophenone: Synthesis and characterization

Abstract The solubility and thermal properties of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) have been modified by utilizing various ratios of the traditional electrophilic component, 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone, 1 , utilized to synthesize PEEK and a comonomer, 3,5-difluorobenzophenone, 2 , which is simply a geometric isomer of 1 . The resulting polymers (“ m -PEEK”) have the same chemical composition as PEEK, allowing for accurate structure–property relationships to be determined. The thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ratio of monomer 1 to monomer 2 had a dramatic influence on the thermal properties and solubility characteristics of PEEK. At higher ratios, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20, the materials were semi-crystalline and their solubility was very limited in solvents such as N -methyl-pyrrolidinone (NMP) while at lower ratios, 75:25 and 50:50, the PEEK derivatives were completely amorphous and soluble in NMP. TGA analysis indicated excellent thermal stability as most of the materials displayed 5% weight loss temperatures ( T d-5% ) greater than 450 °C.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport in an artery – A simplified analytical solution

An analytical solution is presented for a robust four-layer porous model for the description of the LDL transport in the arterial wall coupled with the transport in the lumen. The endothelium, intima, internal elastic lamina (IEL) and media are all treated as homogenous porous media and modeled using volume-averaged porous media transport equations. The analytical solution is derived based on consideration of primary transport in the lateral direction. The analytical results are found consistent with the numerical data for different physiological conditions. It is clear that the analytical solution offers a good estimation of the LDL transport in a straight geometry.
Phytotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

There are numerous plant extracts that have been used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. While some extracts show promise, their efficacy has not been adequately proven in long-term, double-blind placebo-controlled trials monitored by an outside agency.
Making requests: illustrations of how right-hemisphere brain damage can affect discourse production.

Abstract This article examines several factors that influence the production of requests for behavior. Using a role-play methodology, we elicited request productions from well-recovered patients with right-hemisphere brain damage (RHD) and from non brain-damaged control participants. The stimulus items represented variation both on interpersonal factors based on characteristics of the people in the interaction and on situational factors based on what was being requested. A large corpus of responses was elicited from each patient. Responses were coded for request directness, amount of explanatory material over and above the request proper (a relatively demanding method for manipulating the tone of a request), and use of “please” (a relatively simple device for signaling a request). Case-by-case analysis of the patients' performances revealed some common areas of abnormality and also some idiosyncratic features. Some patients produced less explanatory supportive material than control participants, and they tended not to vary the amount of explanatory material as a function of the request scenario. Of interest is that some of the same patients overused “please,” and varied their use of this simple device as a function of request scenarios. The discourse strategies observed were likely due to deficits both in pragmatic awareness and in planning utterances. One implication of these results concerns an apt description of the abnormal discourse of RHD patients. The relative lack of supportive explanatory material in their requests may result in patients' seeming rude or inappropriate.
Ablation of bull prostate using novel bipolar radiofrequency ablation probe.

Purpose: We describe the use of a novel bipolar radiofrequency (RF) system for the destruction of prostate tissue in an ex vivo model. Materials and Methods: A bipolar RF delivery system (Trod Medi...
Seemings: still dispositions to believe

According to phenomenal conservatism, seemings can provide prima facie justification for beliefs. In order to fully assess phenomenal conservatism, it is important to understand the nature of seemings. Two views are that (SG) seemings are a sui generis propositional attitude, and that (D2B) seemings are nothing over and above dispositions to believe. Proponents of (SG) reject (D2B) in large part by providing four distinct objections against (D2B). First, seemings have a distinctive phenomenology, but dispositions to believe do not. Second, seemings can provide a non-trivial explanation for dispositions to believe, which wouldn’t be possible if seemings were dispositions to believe. Third, there are some dispositions to believe that are not seemings. Fourth, there are instances of seemings which are not dispositions to believe. I consider and reject each of these objections. The first and third objections rely on a misunderstanding of (D2B). The second objection fails because there are contexts in which an appeal to a previously unknown identity can provide an interesting explanation. The fourth objection overlooks the possibility of finkish and masked dispositions, phenomena which are widely accepted in the dispositions literature. I conclude that (D2B) escapes these common objections unscathed.
iSAX: indexing and mining terabyte sized time series

Current research in indexing and mining time series data has produced many interesting algorithms and representations. However, the algorithms and the size of data considered have generally not been representative of the increasingly massive datasets encountered in science, engineering, and business domains. In this work, we show how a novel multi-resolution symbolic representation can be used to index datasets which are several orders of magnitude larger than anything else considered in the literature. Our approach allows both fast exact search and ultra fast approximate search. We show how to exploit the combination of both types of search as sub-routines in data mining algorithms, allowing for the exact mining of truly massive real world datasets, containing millions of time series.
Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and U.S. Imperialism

In her paper, "Twain's novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and U.S. Imperialism," Jennifer A. O'Neill argues that while it Twain's text is commonly viewed as an attack on monarchy and the Catholic church, one of the book's primary focuses is U.S. imperialism. In the scholarship of Twain's text some have acknowledged the text as a discussion of colonialism, most tend to see it as an exaltation of "civilizing" efforts rather than the scalding indictment it was clearly intended to be. Indeed, Twain embraced U.S. colonial efforts in the Pacific early in his life but by the time he wrote his novel, he was opposed to U.S. expansionist efforts. O'Neill argues that Twain's later public speeches and letters indicate dissatisfaction with colonial efforts. In O'Neill's analysis, a careful reading of the novel and other pertinent sources show that this work has not been received in the manner Twain intended. Jennifer A. O'Neill, "Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and U.S. Imperialism" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 9.3 (2007):
Cognitive demands during quiet standing elicit truncal tremor in two frequency bands: differential relations to tissue integrity of corticospinal tracts and cortical targets.

The ability to stand quietly is disturbed by degradation of cerebellar systems. Given the complexity of sensorimotor integration invoked to maintain upright posture, the integrity of supratentorial brain structures may also contribute to quiet standing and consequently be vulnerable to interference from cognitive challenges. As cerebellar system disruption is a common concomitant of alcoholism, we examined 46 alcoholics and 43 controls with a force platform to derive physiological indices of quiet standing during cognitive (solving simple, mental arithmetic problems) and visual (eyes closed) challenges. Also tested were relations between tremor velocity and regional gray matter and white matter tissue quality measured with the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metric of mean diffusivity (MD), indexing disorganized microstructure. Spectral analysis of sway revealed greater tremor in alcoholic men than alcoholic women or controls. Cognitive dual-tasking elicited excessive tremor in two frequency bands, each related to DTI signs of degradation in separate brain systems: tremor velocity at a low power (2-5 Hz/0-2 Hz) correlated with higher MD in the cerebellar hemispheres and superior cingulate bundles, whereas tremor velocity at a higher power (5-7 Hz) correlated with higher MD in the motor cortex and internal capsule. These brain sites may represent "tremorgenic networks" that when disturbed by disease and exacerbated by cognitive dual-tasking contribute to postural instability, putting affected individuals at heightened risk for falling.
Effects of photosynthetic inhibitors and light-dark regimes on the replication of cyanophage SM-2

The effects of photosynthetic inhibitors and light-dark regimes on the replication of cyanophage SM-2 in its host cyanobacteria (Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 563 and Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1, Synechococcus NRC-1 UTEX 1937) have been investigated. Photoassimilation of CO2 by infected cells was enhanced and remained elevated until late in the infection cycle. Photosynthetic inhibitors and the removal of light suppressed viral replication. SM-2, like other cyanophage of unicellular cyanobacteria, is highly dependent on host photosynthetic metabolism for the energy required in replication.
Dynamic System Synthesis With a Bond Graph Approach: Part I—Synthesis of One-Port Impedances

This is the first part of a two-part paper developing a procedure for impedance synthesis and dynamic system conceptual design using a bond graph approach. The first part examines impedance synthesis with bond graphs and develops some useful properties of impedance related to bond graph structure. The second part of the paper uses the impedance synthesis approach as a tool in conceptual design for generating dynamic system solutions meeting frequency domain input-output specifications. In Part I, impedance and transfer functions are directly formulated from bond graphs. An invertible procedure is developed in order to allow for synthesis. Frequency domain properties of bond graphs are developed that will aid in impedance synthesis and the synthesis of bond graph structures from impedance specifications is formulated with a view toward conceptual design
OVERCOMING SOFTWARE SPECIALIZATION

In these heady days of spreadsheet programs, word processors, and database management software, we are confronted with a simple problem of software specialization: how to get that nice 10‐column chart of next year's book budget from the Lotus 1–2–3 program into the budget report being written on Microsoft Word?
Meteorological simulations of boundary-layer structure during the 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study.

Meteorological simulations centered around the border cities of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez have been performed during an ozone episode that occurred on August 13, 1996 during the 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study field campaign. Simulations were performed using the HOTMAC boundary-layer meteorological model using a 1, 2, 4 and 8-km horizontal grid size nested mesh system. Investigation of the vertical structure and evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer for the August 12-14 time period is emphasized in this paper due to its suspected importance in precipitating the ozone episode [Sci Total Environ (2001)]. This period was characterized by a slowly-evolving high pressure system over the region, a persistent upper-level jet at 2500-3500 m above ground level (agl), deep daytime mixed layer heights of 3500 m depth and unusually deep nighttime stable layers extending up to 2500 m above the ground. The fact that the boundary-layer growth stalled on the morning of August 13 relative to that on August 12 has been suggested as a possible reason for the ozone episode on the 13th. In addition, relatively weak surface-level winds were measured on August 13. Using both model results and experimental data we hypothesize explanations for the slower mixed-layer growth on the morning of the 13th and the stronger surface-level winds found on the 12th and 14th.
“If You Build It, They May Not Come”: Lessons from a Funded Project

Objective: This study attempts to uncover barriers to participation in a marital enrichment program that had been expected to be attractive to eligible couples. Method: Work products associated wit...