cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Missing Voice in Interdisciplinary Communication

The research problem investigated in this article emerged from a year-long ethnographic study of the interdisciplinary process of teams evaluating children for mental retardation/developmental disabilities. The researchers noticed that when a discipline was not present at team meetings, others attempted to speak for it. This article examines the team process and case consequences of such a "missing voice." Data collected through participant observation and videotaping were triangulated with transcripts, written and audiovisual records, and an interview with the missing team member. This process revealed a trail of ambiguous findings and uncertainty on the part of team members of disciplines related to that of the missing member. The "missing" member identified the knowledge, assessment skills, and theoretical perspective she could have contributed if consulted. The findings demonstrate that (a) team members bring differing knowledge and observational perspectives and (b) team deliberations appear to be a function of who is present and what is negotiated.
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a sand bottom epifaunal community of invertebrates in shallow water 1

Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in a community of epifaunal invertebrates on the shallow subtidal sand plain at La Jolla, California, were studied from March 1974 through September 1975. In similar work by Fager in the same location from 1957 to 1963, densities of the principal species were remarkably nonvariant, both in time and space. The more recent work showed both long and short term fluctuations in the ablmdances of many of these species as well as physical and biological spatial heterogeneity. These differences from Fagcr’s results as well as evidence of temporal fluctuations in populations of abundant species on portions of the sand habitat adjoining the primary study areas suggest that the shallow sand community lacks long term numerical stability. The application of stability theory to
Going With the Flow: Adaptation of β-Cell Function to Glucose Fluxes After Bariatric Surgery

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery induces remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D) at higher rates than restrictive bariatric surgeries (1) or intensive medical treatment (2). While weight loss induced by lifestyle interventions or bariatric surgery improves glucose tolerance gradually by enhancing insulin sensitivity (3–5), some of the antidiabetic effect of RYGB is immediate and independent of the amount of weight loss (5–7). The dramatic resolution of diabetes after RYGB is consistent with processes rapidly engaged by the restructured gastrointestinal system to alter postprandial glucose regulation. Individuals with RYGB have larger postprandial glucose excursions, with higher and earlier peaks and lower glucose nadirs, as early as 1 week after surgery (7). In parallel with this change in glycemia, meal ingestion shifts the postprandial insulin response upward and to the left (7), with more rapid insulin secretion over a shorter period. It is not clear to what extent the increased β-cell secretion is a response to greater glycemic stimulus or whether other factors are at play. There is experimental support for greater stimulation by gastrointestinal hormones, especially glucagon-like peptide 1 (8), and neural inputs to the β-cell (9) following RYGB are increased. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, a majority of patients with T2D benefit from RYGB in the short term, and the enhanced insulin response is thought to contribute significantly to this outcome. Interestingly, beneficial effects of surgery on β-cell function are more difficult to ascertain in nondiabetic subjects after RYGB, since many measures of insulin secretion are actually diminished over time as insulin sensitivity improves (10). It is now apparent that RYGB also has a significant impact on glucagon secretion. The notable feature after surgery is …
The Skinny on Big Data in Education: Learning Analytics Simplified.

This paper examines the current state of learning analytics (LA), its stakeholders and the benefits and challenges these stakeholders face. LA is a field of research that involves the gathering, analyzing and reporting of data related to learners and their environments with the purpose of optimizing the learning experience. Stakeholders in LA are students, educators, researchers, institutions, and government agencies. The way in which analytics information flows from students to other stakeholders involves a hierarchy, where all stakeholders are able to provide input and offer recommendations to enrich the learning process for the student. Challenges faced by stakeholders include the movement of traditional analytics to learner-centered analytics, working with datasets across various settings, addressing issues with technology and resolving ethical concerns. Despite these challenges, research points to solutions that will allow LA to transform teaching and learning.
Institutionalization of deinstitutionalization: a cross-national analysis of mental health system reform

Policies generate accountability in that they offer a standard against which government performance can be assessed. A central question of this study is whether ideological imprint left by policy is realized in the time following its adoption. National mental health policy expressly promotes the notion of deinstitutionalization, which mandates that individuals be cared for in the community rather than in institutional environments. We investigate whether mental health policy adoption induced a transformation in the structure of mental health systems, namely psychiatric beds, using panel data on 193 countries between 2001 and 2011. Our striking regression results demonstrate that late-adopters of mental health policy are more likely to reduce psychiatric beds in mental hospitals and other biomedical settings than innovators, whereas they are less likely than non-adopters to reduce psychiatric beds in general hospitals. It can be inferred late adopters are motivated to implement deinstitutionalization for technical efficiency rather than social legitimacy reasons.
Point of care experience with pneumococcal and influenza vaccine documentation among persons aged ≥65 years: High refusal rates and missing information

Missed opportunities to vaccinate and refusal of vaccine by patients have hindered the achievement of national health care goals. The meaningful use of electronic medical records should improve vaccination rates, but few studies have examined the content of these records. In our vaccine intervention program using an electronic record with physician prompts, paper prompts, and nursing standing orders, we were unable to achieve national vaccine goals, due in large part to missing information and patient refusal.
Near-Cognate Peptidyl-tRNAs Promote +1 Programmed Translational Frameshifting in Yeast

Abstract Translational frameshifting is a ubiquitous, if rare, form of alternative decoding in which ribosomes spontaneously shift reading frames during translation elongation. In studying +1 frameshifting in Ty retrotransposons of the yeast S. cerevisiae , we previously showed that unusual P site tRNAs induce frameshifting. The frameshift-inducing tRNAs we show here are near-cognates for the P site codon. Their abnormal decoding induces frameshifting in either of two ways: weak codon–anticodon pairing allows the tRNA to disengage from the mRNA and slip +1, or an unusual codon–anticodon structure interferes with cognate in-frame decoding allowing out-of-frame decoding in the A site. We draw parallels between this mechanism and a proposed mechanism of frameshift suppression by mutant tRNAs.
Electronic Structure of IrO2: The Role of the Metal d Orbitals

IrO2 is one of the most active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and remains the only known stable OER catalyst in acidic conditions. As a first step in understanding the mechanism for OER we carried out detailed Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies of the electronic structure of IrO2. We compared the electronic states and magnetic properties of IrO2 using several density functionals. We found that DFT with hybrid functionals (B3PW and PBE0) leads to a weak ferromagnetic coupling, although IrO2 has often been reported as nonmagnetic. We also found a magnetic ground state for RuO2, whose electronic structure is similar to that of IrO2. Ru–Ru antiferromagnetic interaction has been observed experimentally in nanoparticle RuO2. Further low temperature measurements are necessary to confirm whether a weak magnetism may occur below 20 K in IrO2. We also found that PBE leads to a better agreement with the experimental XPS spectra, compared with hybrid functionals and PBE+U.
Embryonic viability, lipase deficiency, hypertriglyceridemia and neonatal lethality in a novel LMF1-deficient mouse model

Lipase Maturation Factor 1 (LMF1) is an ER-chaperone involved in the post-translational maturation and catalytic activation of vascular lipases including lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and endothelial lipase (EL). Mutations in LMF1 are associated with lipase deficiency and severe hypertriglyceridemia indicating the critical role of LMF1 in plasma lipid homeostasis. The currently available mouse model of LMF1 deficiency is based on a naturally occurring truncating mutation, combined lipase deficiency (cld), which may represent a hypomorphic allele. Thus, development of LMF1-null mice is needed to explore the phenotypic consequences of complete LMF1 deficiency. In situ hybridization and qPCR analysis in the normal mouse embryo revealed ubiquitous and high-level LMF1 expression. To investigate if LMF1 was required for embryonic viability, a novel mouse model based on a null-allele of LMF1 was generated and characterized. LMF1-/- progeny were born at Mendelian ratios and exhibited combined lipase deficiency, hypertriglyceridemia and neonatal lethality. Our results raise the possibility of a previously unrecognized role for LMF1 in embryonic development, but indicate that LMF1 is dispensable for the viability of mouse embryo. The novel mouse model developed in this study will be useful to investigate the full phenotypic spectrum of LMF1 deficiency.
Lamb's problem at its simplest

This article revisits the classical problem of horizontal and vertical point loads suddenly applied onto the surface of a homogeneous, elastic half-space, and provides a complete set of exact, explicit formulae which are cast in the most compact format and with the simplest possible structure. The formulae given are valid for the full range of Poisson9s ratios from 0 to 0.5, and they treat real and complex poles alike, as a result of which a single set of formulae suffices and also exact formulae for dipoles can be given.
Initial Clinical Evaluation of a New Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Vaccine of Tissue Culture Origin

Currently available Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) vaccines are relatively ineffective in preventing infections in humans and contain considerable amounts of contaminating egg protein. A new formalin-inactivated vaccine was prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the Sheila Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii grown in chick embryo cell tissue culture. The new product has greater protective immunogenicity in rheusus monkeys and guinea pigs than commercial vaccines. Six volunteers without immunologic evidence of prior exposure to RMSF received from one to three inoculations of the vaccine diluted 1:10, and there were two benign local reactions. Titers of antibody (determined by microagglutination and indirect fluorescence techniques) increased in all recipients as did lymphocyte tranformation responses to specific rickettsial antigen. Ten volunteers were immunized twice with vaccine diluted 1:3; there were no local reactions, and immunologic responses were similar to those in the six volunteers in the first group. The proper dosage and immunization schedule for the vaccine must be determined in further studies.
On Local Isotropy of Passive Scalars in Turbulent Shear Flows

An assessment of local isotropy and universality in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows is presented. The emphasis is on the behaviour of passive scalar fields advected by turbulence, but a brief review of the relevant facts is given for the turbulent motion itself. Experiments suggest that local isotropy is not a natural concept for scalars in shear flows, except, perhaps, at such extreme Reynolds numbers that are of no practical relevance on Earth. Yet some type of scaling exists even at moderate Reynolds numbers. The relation between these two observations is a theme of this paper.
Solution theory for complete bilinear systems of equations

For A1,…, Am∈Mp, q(F) and g∈Fm, any system of equations of the form yTAix=gi, i=1,…, m, with y varying over Fp and x over Fq is called bilinear. Given here are some general observations about bilinear systems, a complete solution theory for complete systems (m=pq, A1,…, Am linearly independent) and implications of the complete theory for general (incomplete, m<pq) systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic decomposition of perfluoropolyether lubricants

With the ongoing decrease in magnetic spacing, the chemical durability of the lubricant film on magnetic recording media becomes a major factor in the reliability of the head-disk interface. There are several reports in the literature that have attributed deterioration of lubricant film to catalytic decomposition, and a reaction mechanism has been proposed by Kasai involving chain scission of the lubricant main chain promoted by Lewis acids. In this work, an alternative mechanism is proposed, wherein perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricants are catalytically decomposed via a free radical degradation loop. The catalytic decomposition of Fomblin Zdol in the presence of the Lewis acid Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We show that various types of antioxidants can retard PFPE catalytic decomposition to different degrees, which we attribute to their different roles in breaking the free radical degradation loop. These data provide useful guidance in the development of new lubricants that are resistant to free radical initiated decomposition.
Virus-induced maturation and activation of autoreactive memory B cells

We have examined B cell populations that participate in distinct phases of the immune response to the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin (HA) for their susceptibility to negative selection in mice that express the HA as a neo–self-antigen (HA104 mice). We demonstrated previously that specificity for the neo–self-HA causes a population of immunoglobulin G antibody-secreting cells, which dominate the primary response to virus immunization in BALB/c mice, to be negatively selected in HA104 mice. We find here that in contrast to these primary response B cells, HA-specific memory response B cells developed equivalently in HA104 and nontransgenic (BALB/c) mice. Indeed, there was no indication that HA-specific B cells were negatively selected during memory formation in influenza virus–immunized HA104 mice, even though the neo–self-HA can be recognized by memory B cells. Furthermore, HA-specific autoantibodies were induced in the absence of virus immunization by mating HA104 mice with mice transgenic for a CD4+ HA-specific T cell receptor. These findings indicate that specificity for a self-antigen does not prevent the maturation of autoreactive B cells in the germinal center pathway. Rather, the availability of CD4+ T cell help may play a crucial role in regulating autoantibody responses to the HA in HA104 mice.
Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus facial abscesses: case reports.

sparing in acute sarcoidosis: Results of a double, blind, randomized trial. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 17:60, 2000 67. Fazzi P: Pharmacotherapeutic management of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Med 2:311, 2003 68. Topalov DT, Videnovic JV, Radosavljenic TR: The long term use of methotrexate in patients with chronic disseminated sarcoidosis. Chest 118:245, 2000 69. Baugmann RP, Lynch JP: Difficult treatment issues in sarcoidosis. J Intern Med 253:41, 2003
Accessing sentence participants: The advantage of first mention

We investigate the following finding concerning the order in which participants are men­ tioned in sentences: In a probe recognition task, probe words are responded to cons iderably more rapidly when they are the names of the first- as opposed to the second-mentioned participants. Seven experiments demonstrated that this advantage is not attributable to the tendency in English for first-mentioned participants to be semantic agents; neither is it due to the fact that in many of our experiments, the first-mentioned participants were also the initial words of their stimulus sentences. Furthermore, the advantage is not attenuated when the first- and second-mentioned participants share syntactic sub jecthood, or even when the first-mentioned participants are not the syntactic sub jects. In sum, the effect does not appear to be attributable to linguistic factors. We suggest instead that it is the result of cognitive proc esses: Buil ding a coherent mental representation requires first layin g a faun· dation and then mapping subsequent information onto the developing representation. First· mentioned participants are more accessible because they form the foundations for their sentence.Jevel representations and because it is through them that subsequent information gets mapped onto the developing representatio ns. � 1988 Academic Press. Inc.
Erroneously low or undetectable plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) ribonucleic acid load, determined by polymerase chain reaction, in West African and American patients with non-B subtype HIV-1 infection.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) ribonucleic acid (RNA) inadequately quantitates virus load for some non-B HIV- 1 subtypes because of genetic diversity in the gag region targeted by the PCR primers. Unexpectedly low or undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA findings by PCR were a clue to non-B HIV-1 infections in patients in whom plasma HIV-1 RNA was found to be substantially higher when determined by a branched-chain deoxyribonucleic acid assay.
Lessons Learned in Eight Years of Seismology Outreach in Arizona Schools

One of the most exciting moments after installing a new seismic station in a high school classroom is recording an earthquake. Students leave their desks; teachers stop midsentence, as if the classroom beneath their feet were shaking! Earthquakes are a fascinating, powerful, and uncontrollable force that capture the attention of people young and old and naturally lend themselves to engaging students in the classroom. Focusing on earthquakes in schools creates unique opportunities for seismologists to share their knowledge, tools, and excitement for the study of the Earth and to become involved in kindergarten through high school (K-12, ages 5-18) education. However, the steps from conducting seismology research in a university laboratory to using seismology as a teacher in a K-12 classroom are not always clear or easy to take. After nearly a decade of promoting educational seismology, the seismology community has made critical advances in identifying what is effective and what is needed for success (USESN, 2001). Much credit must be given to the pioneers in educational seismology and programs such as PEPP (Princeton Earth Physics Project) and PSN (Public Seismic Network) which first wrestled with these challenges. Their efforts sparked interest within the seismological community, so that today a classroom teacher has many options and opportunities for incorporating seismic data into the daily instruction. While the tools and educational resources available have improved substantially, challenges still remain. Two philosophical branches of educational seismology are emerging that offer similar learning opportunities with somewhat different goals. One branch uses higher quality instrumentation and sophisticated networking software for automated data gathering and archiving. The seismometer can serve the dual purposes of education and extending local or regional research seismic networks. The other branch focuses on simpler instrumentation with opportunities for greater interactivity and classroom experimentation. This branch has a secondary purpose of …
Determinantal Formulae and Optimization

In this chapter we discuss the role played by the Schur parameters in connection with the computation of the determinants of the positive completions of a positive partial matrix subjacent to a chordal graph. The problem of finding the completion with maximum determinant is also addressed as a generalization of the maximum entropy principle presented in Chapter 5. The behavior of the maximum determinant solution with respect to the operation of compression of matrices is analyzed in the last section.
Residue-Specific Chemical Modification of Proteins

Over the past 50 years a variety of reagents have been found that covalently modify specific amino acid residues within proteins. Such compounds can be useful analytical tools for assessing the distribution of a particular amino acid type between the interior and surface of a folded protein molecule. The rationale for this type of analysis goes as follows. If there exist buried and surface exposed populations of a certain amino acid type within a protein, then treatment with a covalent modifying reagent under native conditions will only result in modification of the surface exposed residues. Those residues within the hydrophobic interior of the protein will not make contact with the modifying reagent, and will thus be protected from covalent modification. Comparison of the number of modification events per molecule of protein in the folded and unfolded (denatured) states can thus be used to describe the distribution of that amino acid type within the protein. This type of information is important in mapping out the surface topography of native proteins, and for assessing changes in surface exposure under different solution conditions, after effecting a conformational transition of a protein, or during stability studies.
LOCAL GRID REFINEMENT FOR AN IMMERSED BOUNDARY RANS SOLVER

A RANS solver based on the Immersed Boundary technique is extended to handle locally refined grids in order to increase the resolution close to the boundaries for high Reynolds number simulations. A novel data management architecture is introduced to take advantage of the quasi-structured nature of the grids and to obtain fully implicit, fast and robust solutions when several levels of refinement are introduced. The mesh refinement is fully anisotropic, and can handle n-to-one cell connectivity. It is generated in a fully automatic way by coarsening a fine structured grid. A conjugate gradient-based algorithm is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and validation cases include a twoand a three-dimensional problem.
Nursing care of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of children with osteopetrosis

Objective:To discuss the nursing care of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of children with osteopetrosis.Methods:6 cases of children with osteopetrosis were taken effective nursing care during the operation of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to have the successful stem cell transplantation.Considering the osteopetrosis characteristics,adverse reactions should be observed after transplantation and appearance of complications should be reduced.Strict quarantine measures were implemented to prevent the puncture site infection and oral infection and reasonable feeding were guided to achieve the main objective of anemia correction and infection prevention.Results:The children with osteopetrosis were successfully taken shematopoietic stem cell transplantation,aGVHD and other serious complications did not occur after transplantation.Conclusion:Strengthen the nursing care during anemia correction and infection prevention hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and postoperation can minimize the incidence of complications after transplantation and help the children with rehabilitation and prognosis improvement.
Analysis on monitoring results of individual dosage of external irradiation among radiation workers in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2010-2013

[Objective]To understand the individual dose level of external irradiation among radiation workers in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2010-2013. [Methods]The thermoluminescence dosimetry was used to monitor the individual dose level of external irradiation among radiation workers in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 2010-2013. [Results]From 2010 to 2013,a total of 1 159 radiation workers were monitored. It was shown that the collective dose equivalent was 0. 882 man·Sv in 4 years,and the annual per capita effective dose was 0. 761 m Sv / a. There were 95. 43% of monitored radiation workers whose annual dose was less than2 m Sv,and no one was observed that the annual dose was more than 20 m Sv. Among different types of work,the collective dose equivalent of workers engaged in X-ray industrial detection and X-ray medical diagnosis was 0. 538 man·Sv and 0. 290 man·Sv respectively,while the annual per capita effective dose was 0. 813 m Sv / a and 0. 751 m Sv / a respectively,and these two groups made an important contribution to the collective dose. [Conclusion]The individual dose level of external irradiation among radiation workers in Jinshan District stays at a relatively low level in recent years,which is obviously lower than the annual dose of national standard limit. However,it is necessary to further strengthen the supervision in the industrial detection enterprises.
Effect of mechanical shot peening on fatigue property of X80 pipe steel

In order to identify the effect of mechanical shot peening on fatigue property of X80 pipe steel, the pneumatic type shot peening machine is used to treat the X80 pipe steel sample, and residual stress distribution on both sides of the holes of single-linkage central hole sample before and after mechanical shot peening is tested. Then, the effect of mechanical shot peening time on the fatigue life of X80 pipe steel is discussed, and the fatigue fracture morphology of single-leakage central hole sample before and after mechanical shot peening is analyzed. The test results show that high magnitude compressive residual stresses are distributed on the surface of X80 pipe steel, which reduce the growth rate of fatigue crack significantly, and the fatigue life has improved obviously. Through scanning the fatigue fracture, fatigue crack source of the sample without shot peening is found at the corners of the upper surface of the hole wall, and the crack source of the sample within mechanical shot peening is gradually shifted into the strengthening layer. In the stable extension area of fatigue crack, fatigue banding spacing decreases with the increase of mechanical shot peening time. It shows that mechanical shot peening effectively reduces the fatigue crack growth rate of pipe steel and the fatigue property of X80 pipe steel is improved.
Diabetes during Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Objective Our objective was to review the literature in relationship to diabetes in pregnancy in low and middle income countries. Study Design We reviewed the English language literature related to diabetes and obesity during pregnancy in low and middle income countries published over the last 20 years. Results The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is an estimated 8% with approximately 380 million adults with this condition worldwide. Ninety percent of diabetes in adults occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). However, diabetes is highly correlated with obesity and the highest diabetes rates occur in countries with the highest obesity rates. Hyperglycemia complicates 17% of pregnancies, including women with diagnosed and undiagnosed types 1 and 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In many LMIC, as pregnancy becomes more common in wealthier, older, and more obese women, pregnancies complicated by pregestational diabetes and GDM will increase. Approximately half of women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy are undiagnosed. Even with diagnosis, because of the numerous tests and criteria for abnormal glucose levels used worldwide, the prevalence of hyperglycemia in pregnancy can only be approximated. Moving forward, a single set of tests and diagnostic criteria is recommended. Although the risk factors and pregnancy outcomes for pregestational diabetes and GDM are similar in LMIC to wealthier countries, they appear to occur more commonly, and with worse outcomes because of poor access to care. In the poorest areas, inadequate antenatal and general medical care increase the difficulty in managing diabetes and its complications for women and newborns. Conclusion As obesity among women increases, diabetes in pregnancy is becoming increasingly common in LMIC. Because of lack of resources and trained personnel, and other priorities related to reducing maternal, fetal, and neonatal mortality, diagnosing and providing care to women with diabetes in pregnancy is not high on the priority lists in many LMIC.
Use of Reporter Genes to Study Promoters of the Androgen Receptor

As a transcriptional regulator, the androgen receptor (AR) regulates the expression of many genes that are essential for male sexual differentiation, including the development of both normal prostate and prostate cancer. The AR acts by binding to regulatory DNA sequences found on the promoters of regulated genes. The study of AR activity on such responsive promoters is greatly facilitated by the use of the reporter gene assay, which provides a quantitative and reproducible method for studying the activity of such promoters. Among the several reporter genes that can be used, the genes encoding luciferase (Luc) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) have been used most widely and successfully by researchers interested in AR-regulated promoters. Such studies have led to the identification and characterization of DNA regulatory elements mediating AR activity on responsive promoters and to an improved understanding of how AR regulates the transcription process. Described in this chapter is a method by which to generate and utilize Luc and CAT reporter gene plasmids driven by the promoter of a novel androgen-regulated gene, ETV1.
Business as Usual: The 1880s and 1890s

The pattern evident in the 1870s, of little change in the way British travellers imagined Germany despite its wars and unification, continued right down to the turn of the twentieth century. There were subtle changes in the way British authors wrote about their experiences in the new Reich, but these had more to do with the opening up of more areas to explore. The invention of newer leisure activities — such as cycling or ‘tramping’ — or the extension of pastimes such as yachting and sailing to regions of Germany where these had not hitherto been popular, also contributed to minor changes in the themes of travel writing. As the new century approached, moreover, it is true that the ‘change of British official policy did not find any repercussions in travel writings’, but where mention is made of the growth of Anglo-German competition in the commercial or naval arenas, this results in ‘only stirring a few contradicting ripples here and there’.1 British tourists continued to visit Germany in large numbers, often for the same reasons which had attracted previous generations of travellers, and unperturbed by any perceived antagonism between their respective nations or governments. Importantly, sales of the various travellers’ hand-books to Germany remained strong in this period, and it is true to say that ’the Baedeker was simply not considered in reference to Anglo-German antagonism’.2
Photocatalytic Activity and Fluorescence of Gold/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Formed by Dithiol Linking

Monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with average diameters of 2–4 nm have been covalently attached to zinc oxide nanorods using dithiol ligands. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy show that ozone treatment or annealing at 300 or 450 °C increases the average diameter of the AuNPs to 6, 8, and 14 (±1) nm, respectively, and decomposes the organic layers to various degrees. These treatments locate the AuNPs closer to the nanorods. Heating and subsequent ozone exposure changes the color of the as-prepared nanocomposite powder from blue to purple due to oxidation of the outer layer of the AuNPs, and heating to 300 °C changes it to pink due to oxygen desorption. ZnO nanorods have a bimodal photoluminescence spectrum that consists of an ultraviolet excitonic peak and a visible, surface defect-related peak. Ozone treatment and annealing of the nanocomposite decreases the intensities of both peaks due to quenching by the AuNPs, but the visible peak is affected less. The photocatalytic efficiency ...
“One tweet to make so much noise”: Connected celebrity activism in the case of Marlee Matlin

Celebrity activism, online celebrity, and online activism are all growing areas of research, but have received relatively little integration. This article argues that connected celebrity activism deploys social media to forge a variety of connections, enabling activist values to pervade a celebrity persona, reinforcing perceptions of authenticity and recirculating those values to disparate audiences. In the case of Deaf American actor Marlee Matlin, media reform activism serves as a unifying feature, expressed via technologically-facilitated connections between her acting, activist, and online activities, creating a cohesive star text that is seemingly authentic in respect to both Deaf and celebrity identities without being stereotypical. Such centrality and unification via connected celebrity activism stands in contrast to more traditional celebrity activism, and draws upon the specific dynamics of digital media, online activism, and contemporary celebrity culture.
THEORY OF AND EXPERIMENTS ON QUANTUM 1/f NOISE

The 1/f noise spectrum of solid state devices is expressed in terms of device parameters such as current, carrier lifetime and Hooge parameter. The Hooge parameter is calculated for collision 1/f noise and Umklapp 1/f noise. The first gives Hooge parameters that are one to several orders of magnitude too small. The expression for Umklapp 1/f noise contains an exponential involving the Debye temperature of the material; this yields often agreement, even for the well-defined temperature dependence. Experiments on Si-JFETs and p-channel silicon MOSFETs imply the validity of the Umklapp theory and preliminary data verify the temperature dependence. The collector current of transistors shows no Umklapp 1/f noise whereas the base current seems to show it. Long Hg 1-x Cd x Te n + -p diodes seem to show more than Umklapp 1/f noise. At present there is no evidence for injection-extraction and generation-recombination noise, even in the collector current of transistors.
Improved Error Bounds for Tree Representations of Metric Spaces

Estimating optimal phylogenetic trees or hierarchical clustering trees from metric data is an important problem in evolutionary biology and data analysis. Intuitively, the goodness-of-fit of a metric space to a tree depends on its inherent treeness, as well as other metric properties such as intrinsic dimension. Existing algorithms for embedding metric spaces into tree metrics provide distortion bounds depending on cardinality. Because cardinality is a simple property of any set, we argue that such bounds do not fully capture the rich structure endowed by the metric. We consider an embedding of a metric space into a tree proposed by Gromov. By proving a stability result, we obtain an improved additive distortion bound depending only on the hyperbolicity and doubling dimension of the metric. We observe that Gromov's method is dual to the well-known single linkage hierarchical clustering (SLHC) method. By means of this duality, we are able to transport our results to the setting of SLHC, where such additive distortion bounds were previously unknown.
Regenerative life support technology challenges for the Space Exploration Initiative

Regenerative life support systems have been identified as one of the critical enabling technologies for future human exploration of space. This discipline encompasses processes and subsystems which regenerate the air, water, solid waste, and food streams typical of human habitation so as to minimize the mass and volume of stored consumables which must accompany the humans on a mission. A number of key technology challenges within this broad discipline are described, ranging from the development of new physical, chemical, and biological processes for regenerating the air, water, solid waste, and food streams to the development of improved techniques for monitoring and controlling microbial and trace constituent contamination. A continuing challenge overarching the development of these new technologies is the need to minimize the mass, volume, and electrical power consumption of the flight hardware. More important for long duration exploration missions, however, is the development of highly reliable, long-lived, self- sufficient systems which absolutely minimize the logistics resupply and operational maintenance requirements of the life support system and which ensure human safety through their robust, reliable operating characteristics.
Upregulation of Inflammatory Mediators In End-Stage Renal Disease as Measured Via Biochip Array Technology

Abstract Abstract 5186 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a complex syndrome in which systemic vascular pathophysiologic changes contribute to adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular manifestations. Cardiovascular disease alone is present in over 60% of patients with ESRD and contributes heavily to mortality among this population. Given that inflammatory and hemostatic aberrations contribute to the overall pathogenesis of the syndrome, the purpose of this study is to profile several inflammatory mediators in order to better understand their role in the underlying mechanism of vascular changes in ESRD. Plasma samples from 49 patients with ESRD were collected prior to maintenance hemodialysis sessions. A group of 56 normal individuals, both male and female, was included as control. Cerebral Array II chips were used in the Randox® system to simultaneously measure Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I (TNFRI), D-Dimer (DD), Thrombomodulin (TM), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The Randox® Evidence Investigator™ is a new biochip array technology that utilizes multiple discrete test regions of immobilized antibody to simultaneously quantify multiple markers from a single patient plasma sample based on the light signal generated from each test region. The data was statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test (two-tailed with Gaussian approximation). As compared to the normal individual, all of the markers studied showed an upregulation in patients with ESRD. Most notably, TNFRI showed a 19.8 fold increase in patients with ESRD (mean 7.8 ± 2.8 ng/ml, range 0.8 to 13.7) compared to the control (mean 0.4 ± 0.2, range 0.1 to 1.0). TM was increased 5.2 fold (mean 6.5 ± 2.6, range 0.7 to 14.1) compared to control (mean 1.2 ± 0.4, range 0.6 to 2.3). Also, NGAL showed a 4.6 fold increase (mean 1390 ± 257, range 406 to 1729), compared to control (mean 299 ± 99, range 115 to 603), and CRP a 4.2 fold increase (mean 5.7 ± 4.2 ug/ml, range 0.6 to 13.2) compared to control (mean 1.4 ± 1.7, range 0.2 to 11.4). DD and NSE were also increased 3.0 and 1.8 fold respectively. These studies show that some newer markers such as TNFRI, NGAL and NSE are upregulated in ESRD. The marked increase in TM is highly suggestive of endothelial damage. Similarly, the increase in TNFRI supports a state of increased cellular damage. The elevations in NGAL and CRP imply a state of increased inflammation and indicate a polypathologic process, which may predispose ESRD patients to both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular thromboembolic events. Finally, this study further validates the role of endothelial damage and endogenous thrombotic processes in ESRD as evidenced by the increased levels of TM and DD. However, the clinical significance of these markers still needs to be further explored. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Bringing the 21st-Century Governance Paradigm to Public Affairs Education: Reimagining How We Teach What We Teach

Effective governance in the 21st-century demands a different set of competencies than prior generations, with greater emphasis on collaborative leadership, global intercultural competence, and the ...
Symptoms of Apathy Independently Predict Incident Frailty and Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE Although depressive symptoms are widely recognized as a predictor of functional decline among older adults, little is known about the predictive utility of apathy in this population. We prospectively examined apathy symptoms as predictors of incident slow gait, frailty, and disability among non-demented, community-dwelling older adults. METHODS We examined 2 independent prospective cohort studies-the LonGenity study (N = 625, 53% women, mean age = 75.2 years) and the Central Control of Mobility in Aging (CCMA) study (N = 312, 57% women, mean age = 76.4 years). Individuals were recruited from 2008 to 2014. Apathy was assessed using 3 items from the Geriatric Depression Scale. Slow gait was defined as 1 standard deviation or more below age- and sex-adjusted mean values, frailty was defined using the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria, and disability was assessed with a well-validated disability scale. RESULTS The prevalence of apathy was 20% in the LonGenity cohort and 26% in the CCMA cohort. The presence of apathy at baseline, independent of depressive symptoms (besides apathy), increased the risk of developing incident slow gait (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.36-3.24; P = .001), frailty (HR = 2.86; 95% CI, 1.96-4.16; P < .001), and disability (HR = 3.43; 95% CI, 1.73-6.79; P < .001) in the pooled sample. These associations remained significant when accounting for demographics, medical illnesses, and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Apathy is associated with increased risk of developing slow gait, frailty, and disability, independent of other established risk factors, in non-demented older adults. Apathy should be screened for as a potentially preventable cause of functional decline in clinical psychiatric settings.
A perspective on renewable bioenergy from photosynthetic algae as feedstock for biofuels and bioproducts

There has been substantial technical progress in developing algae-based bioenergy in recent years and a large part of industry and academic research and deployment projects have pivoted away from a pure biofuels strategy. This letter summarizes the findings of a recently completed, comprehensive report, that represents a collaborative effort of at least 20 co-authors, where we analyzed the prospects for using microalgae and macroalgae as feedstocks for biofuels and bioenergy production. The scope of this report includes a discussion of international activities advancing bioenergy and non-energy bioproducts from algae, progress on the use of macroalgae (both cast and cultivated seaweeds) for biogas applications, distinct biochemical and thermochemical conversion pathways, multi-product biorefining opportunities, as well as a thorough review of process economics and sustainability considerations. It is envisioned that a higher value algal biomass-based bioproducts industry will provide the additional revenue needed to reduce the net cost of producing algae-based biofuels. As such, a biorefinery approach that generates multiple high-value products from algae will be essential to fully valorize algal biomass and enable economically viable coproduction of bioenergy. To accelerate the implementation of algae-based production, minimizing energy, water, nutrients and land use footprints of integrated algae-based operations needs to be a primary objective of larger scale demonstrations and future research and development.
Spectres of Pan-Islam: Methodological Nationalism and British Imperial Policy after the First World War

In the aftermath of the First World War, British officials were forced to contend with a threat that seemed to undermine their empire from India to Egypt. The anti-colonial revolts that spread acro...
Open field, panel length discrimination by homing pigeons (Columba livia)

Abstract Pigeons were trained to find a food reward in a square environmental space where two opposing walls had longer panels attached to them, and the other two opposing walls had shorter panels attached to them. Magnitude discrimination theory would lead to the prediction that there would be asymmetrical discriminative performance between experimental groups; rewarded associations with longer panels were expected to yield better correct choice performance than to shorter panels. Interestingly, pigeons trained with food rewards abutting the long panels did not outperform pigeons trained with food rewards abutting the short panels, although discrimination performance in both groups at the end of training was modest. Reversal training following the initial discrimination training provided the strongest evidence of successful initial learning, and more importantly, that there was no difference in learning performance between the two groups. The difference in the performance of pigeons compared to previous studies in rats is most easily explained by the different experimental procedures employed, most notably the use of appetitive (pigeons-food reward) compared to aversive (rats-escape in a water maze) motivation. Alternatively, the data support the hypothesis that in similar training environments pigeons, compared to rats, are more likely to combine panels of different lengths into a more holistic geometric representation of space.
Congenital Thoracic Venous Anomalies

Congenital abnormalities of the major mediastinal venous structures occur in less than 2 % of people who have no other abnormalities (Buirski et al., Clin Radiol 37(2):131–138, 1986; Sungur et al., Heart 93:1292, 2007; Kalke et al., Am J Cardiol 20:91–101, 1967;Snellen and Dekker, Am Heart J 66:184–196, 1963; Pennes and Ellis, Radiology 159:23–24, 1986; Demos et al., Am J Roentgenol 182:1139–1150, 2004). Although many congenital anomalies have been described, three occur with sufficient frequency that they will be encountered in routine clinical practice: azygos or hemiazygos continuation of an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC), persistence of a left superior vena cava (SVC) with and without a coexisting right SVC, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR). Although they may occur in adults who have no other abnormalities, these three abnormalities also may be associated with a wide variety of vascular anomalies and cardiac defects (Buirski et al., Clin Radiol 37(2):131–138, 1986; Sungur et al., Heart 93:1292, 2007; Kalke et al., Am J Cardiol 20:91–101, 1967;Snellen and Dekker, Am Heart J 66:184–196, 1963; Pennes and Ellis, Radiology 159:23–24, 1986; Demos et al., Am J Roentgenol 182:1139–1150, 2004). Classifications of systemic and pulmonary venous anomalies are shown in Tables 26.1 and 26.2.