cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Search in Negotiation Analysis

A negotiator's reservation price or “bottom line” depends directly on the value of the no-agreement alternative to a proposed negotiated agreement. Often, one's no-agreement alternatives are uncertain and finding them requires a costly search, as in the case of a seller who must expend effort, time, and money in finding potential buyers. The value of the search should determine the seller's bottom-line or reservation price in dealings with a prospective buyer. Optimal search and stopping theory suggest useful procedures and heuristics for evaluating one's reservation price in negotiation and for searching among alternatives.
Probabilistic Reasoning In Expert Systems: Theory and Algorithms

This text is a reprint of the seminal 1989 book Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert systems: Theory and Algorithms, which helped serve to create the field we now call Bayesian networks. It introduces the properties of Bayesian networks (called causal networks in the text), discusses algorithms for doing inference in Bayesian networks, covers abductive inference, and provides an introduction to decision analysis. Furthermore, it compares rule-base experts systems to ones based on Bayesian networks, and it introduces the frequentist and Bayesian approaches to probability. Finally, it provides a critique of the maximum entropy formalism. Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems was written from the perspective of a mathematician with the emphasis being on the development of theorems and algorithms. Every effort was made to make the material accessible. There are ample examples throughout the text. This text is important reading for anyone interested in both the fundamentals of Bayesian networks and in the history of how they came to be. It also provides an insightful comparison of the two most prominent approaches to probability.
Analysis of a multiple reflective translucent photocathode.

In order to evaluate methods of enhancing the response of state-of-the-art photocathodes, such as the S-20, we have used a mathematical absorption–diffusion model to study the effects of skewed incidence of light on the quantum efficiency. The phenomenon of increased optical absorption due to multiple reflections of light within the emitting layer–glass substrate combination is treated as a function of the angle of incidence. When the quantum efficiency generated for skewed incidence is compared with the quantum yield generated for normal incidence, a gain of 3.5 is predicted. The gain is greatest for the smallest absorption coefficient–photocathode thickness product.
Fast Hybrid Testing of Controlled Smart Dampers for Nonlinear Structures Under Earthquakes

This paper addresses the reduction of earthquake effects on nonlinear buildings. Three large-scale 200 kN magneto-rheological (MR) fluid dampers were implemented in a three-story nonlinear building to provide protection against severe earthquakes. Clipped-optimal and Lyapunov control algorithms were adapted to control the MR dampers. Numerical and experimental investigations were executed to examine the efficacy of the proposed controllers. The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation fast hybrid testing (FHT) facility at the University of Colorado Boulder was used. Results show that the proposed controllers were successfully applied in real-time FHT simulations and can enhance the response reduction. In addition, a dissipativity analysis is carried out to further understand the performance characteristics of the semi-active control strategy.
A Question of Justice: Equity in Environmental Litigation, 1974-1991

Substantial evidence suggests that minorities and the poor are exposed to disproportionately high levels of environmental risk. While there are numerous possible causes for inequities in the distribution of pollution, some researchers have identified actions of the federal judiciary as one element contributing to bias in environmental protection. Environmental justice advocates have suggested that penalties for violating environmental regulations are systematically lower in poor and minority areas, signaling that pollution is more acceptable in these areas. Using data from all civil cases filed under the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act between 1974 and 1991, I test the proposition that penalties in these cases disadvantage poor and minority areas. The results from this analysis demonstrate that such penalties are not, in fact, smaller in these areas, suggesting that the judicial contributions to inequities in the distribution of environmental risk are negligible.
The pteridophytes of Mauritius (Indian Ocean): ecology and distribution

A survey of the pteridophytes of Mauritius is presented, including a summary of their habitats, ecology, and phytogeographical affinities. Of the 186 infrageneric taxa recorded from the island, 8 are adventive or naturalized, and 27 are presumed rare or extinct. Major ecological groupings are presented and species are listed for both indigenous and secondary plant communities.
Benthic boundary layer processes in coastal environments: An introduction

This special issue ofGeo-Marine Letters “Benthic Boundary Layer Processes in Coastal Environments” includes 20 papers devoted to results of recent near-shore experiments supported by the Coastal Benthic Boundary Layer (CBBL) program. Experiments were conducted in gas-rich muddy sediments of Eckernforde Bay of the Baltic Sea and on relict sandy sediments of the West Florida Sand Sheet. In this introductory paper we present scientific justification for experiments and summarize preliminary results.
Reconnaissance of Mars satellites

Phobos and Deimos photographic reconnaissance feasibility during 1971 orbiter and 1973 Viking missions, studying trajectory
Total synthesis of (-)-salviasperanol.

The achiral enynone shown cyclized to produce a tricyclic dienone that was converted in six steps to (−)-salviasperanol.
Comparisons of different ensemble schemes for glider data assimilation on West Florida Shelf

Abstract An Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) system is built to assimilate underwater profiling glider observations into a West Florida Shelf (WFS) coastal ocean model. The Floating Temporal Window (FTW) technique is incorporated into the EnOI scheme to generate and update associated ensemble members, which are directly extracted from the model output states from previous output cycles. The model performance is validated against independent observations from moorings located near the glider tracks. The EnKF, traditional EnOI and the FTW-EnOI schemes are compared in terms of error covariance evolution and model performance at mooring locations. It is found that all three assimilation schemes provide significant (2–3 times) better fit to the mooring data compared with the free model run. Although the EnKF scheme produces the best results, the FTW-EnOI should be considered as an alternative method given the low computational cost and the flow-dependent information embedded in the algorithm.
The influence of technology and demand factors on firm size and industrial structure in the DRAM market — 1973–1988

Abstract The focus of this research is on the impact of the diffusion of innovations in integrated circuit technology on the market structure of that industry and the implications of firm strategy for both further innovation and market structure change. The study examines the effects of sustained product innovation over a fifteen-year-period in the DRAM segment of the integrated circuit industry. Assessments are made on first mover advantages, shape of the diffusion curve, and resource needs in a market characterized by an increasingly complex technology. Comparisons are made along the dimensions of number of firms in the market, continuity of the firms and market concentration.
Diel Activity Patterns of the Squash Bug Egg Parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

Mated, 1-d-old female Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead) exhibit a diel pattern of activity and rest. Daily activity (e.g., oviposition, walking, grooming, flying, feeding) is greatest during morning hours (0815-1215 hours CST). Two forms of resting behavior occur. “Motionless” is a temporary state occurring mostly during afternoon hours. The more pronounced resting phase, “tucking,” occurs in aggregated individuals of both sexes and is a form of rest previously undescribed in the parasitic Hymenoptera. The period of tucking persists from before lights go off to about 1 h after the lights go on. In individual wasps, activity resumes abruptly at about 0830 hours; by 0930 hours, all adults become active. Observations of a field population show a similar pattern of diel activity. The significance of these data for biological control programs is discussed.
Continuum theory of micromorphic electromagnetic thermoelastic solids

A continuum theory is introduced for micromorphic thermoelastic solids subject to electromagnetic interactions. Frame-independent, linear constitutive equations, satisfying thermodynamic restrictions are constructed. Constitutive equations display several new phenomena arising from microstructural interactions. Field equations are given. The theory presented here is important to studying high frequency, short wave-length modes of microstructural solids.
A maximum shear stress theory of plastic failure of fiber-reinforced materials

Abstract A theory of plastic behavior of fiber-reinforced composite materials is presented. The theory allows for several failure modes of the composite material, including plastic failure of the matrix material alone and the combined ductile failure of the fibers and the matrix. The latter mode may be readily modified to allow for brittle behavior of the fiber material. Yield criteria are developed for deciding when the material may flow plastically and also the particular mode under which failure occurs. The plastic strain rates associated with each of the failure modes are specified. In view of technological applications, special attention is given to the case of plane biaxial stress of a thin composite sheet. The failure criteria in this case reduce to the usual Tresca criterion in the limiting case of an isotropic material, and to the well known results of A. K elly and G.J. D avies (1965) in the case of uniaxial stress. These results are well substantiated by experimental evidence.
Teaching software engineering with global understanding

This paper reports the experiences and lessons learned of teaching a global course on software engineering to students in Africa and United States. The paper describes the course content, distributed software development project, the global teaching environment, assessment criteria, and results. Following the summary of the experiences and lessons learned from teaching the global course, we also discuss how to improve the teaching effectiveness of future global courses.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray investigation of bovine liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase☆

Abstract Aldehyde dehydrogenase from bovine liver mitochondria has been crystallized using the sitting drop method of vapor diffusion at 22 °C. The crystals formed from solutions containing, 40 m m -sodium citrate, 1 m m -NAD+ and 21% to 24% polyethylene glycol 3400 (pH 5·3 to 5·5). X-ray diffraction data collected from these crystals indicate that the crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121 with cell dimensions of a = 153·7 A , b = 159·37 A and c = 101·45 A . The crystals diffract to at least 2·9 A and a tetramer may comprise the asymmetric unit.
Fatal acute congestive heart failure in a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis and cocaine use

Cardiovascular complications from cocaine use have been recognized in increasing frequency in recent years. We report the case of a young man with a history of intranasal cocaine use presenting with acute congestive heart failure who, on postmortem examination, was found to have idiopathic hemochromatosis. It is speculated that cocaine played a synergistic role in depressing myocardial function in a heart which had already been compromised by the diffuse iron deposition associated with hemochromatosis.
Insecticide resistance of greenhouse whitefly (Hom., Aleyrodidae) and fitness on plant hosts relative to the San Joaquin Valley (California) cotton agroecosystem

The relationship between insecticide resistance and fitness parameters in greenhouse whitefly was assessed by examining longevity and fecundity in seven organophosphate-resistant and susceptible colonies on six plant hosts representing common cultivated plants and weeds in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), Calif., cotton system. All colonies had higher fecundity and longevity on common bean (cultivar Sal) and cheeseweed than on cotton cultivars, whereas on tree tobacco longevity and fecundity were lowest. Within cotton cultivars, Pima S-6 was a better host than Acala SJ-2 and L-3940. There was no indication of host races in greenhouse whitefly as suggested by the lack of significant colony by host interactions. Longevity was equivalent in organophosphate-susceptible and resistant colonies. Fecundity in the resistant colonies was higher than in the susceptible colonies. Thus, there was no obvious fitness disadvantage associated with resistance to insecticides in greenhouse whitefly. Implications of cultivated and weed hosts with respect to resistance amplification and resistance management for greenhouse whitefly in the SJV cotton system are discussed. Zusammenfassung Zur Insektizidresistenz der Weisen Fliege, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hom., Aleyrodidae) und Fitnes auf verschiedenen Pflanzenwirten am Beispiel des Baumwoll-Agrookosystems im San Joaquin Valley, Kalifornien Die Beziehung zwischen Insektizidresistenz und verschiedenen Fitnesparametern der Weisen Fliege wurde anhand der Ermittlung von Fekunditat und Lebensdauer bei 7 Organophosphat-resistenten und empfindlichen Kolonien auf 6 Pflanzenwirten, die die Kultur- und Unkrautpflanzen in einem Baumwollokosystem im San Joaquin Valley (SJV) in Kalifornien reprasentieren, untersucht. Alle Kolonien wiesen auf Phaseolus vulgaris und Malva parviflora eine hohere Fekunditat und Lebensdauer als auf Baumwolle auf, wohingegen diese Werte auf Nicotiana glauca am niedrigsten waren. Unter den verschiedenen Baumwollsorten erwies sich Pima S-6 als der gunstigere Wirt im Vergleich zu Acala SJ-2 und L-3940. Bei den Weisen Fliegen zeigte sich kein Hinweis auf eine Rassenbildung. Die Lebensdauer der Organophosphat-empfindlichen Kolonien entsprach jener der resistenten Kolonien. Die Fekunditat war in resistenten Kolonien hoher als in empfindlichen. Es konnte kein offensichtlicher Fitnesnachteil, der mit der Insektizidresistenz gekoppelt ware, nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung der Pflanzenwirte im Zusammenhang mit einer Ausweitung der Resistenzzuchten bei der Weisen Fliege im SJV Baumwollokosystem wird diskutiert.
High-quality diamonds from an acetylene mechanism

The question of the important precursors for the formation of diamond film at low pressures is of considerable interest, both for scientific and for practical reasons [1-6]. Mass balance considerations have narrowed the possibilities down to methyl radicals or acetylene molecules for all but the most powerful energy sources [7, 8]. Acetylene as a precursor was first proposed by Frenklach and Spear [9], and methyl radicals were proposed by Mania et at. [10]. The difficulty of answering this question experimentally is that most diamond synthesis systems entail very high temperatures, which encourage scrambling of chemical species. The present experiments were done in a quartz flowtube, described previously [11]. The advantage of a flowtube is that the region of formation of hydrogen atoms is physically separated from the organic molecules needed for diamond synthesis, making it possible to set up a simple, well-characterized chemical system. In our earlier 6 h experiments, methane added to the flowtube gave numerous high-quality diamonds but acetylene gave only a small number of poorquality diamonds [12]. However, if methane is run for 1 h followed by acetylene for 5 h, high-quality diamonds are seen, comparable in number with the methane case. The data for four experiments are shown in Fig. 1, in which both the nucleation rate (as measured by the number of diamonds per 100/zm 2) and the average diamond diameter are shown as functions of distance from the point of addition. Fig. 2 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs for the four experiments at a position 0.8 cm downstream of the organic injector. In all cases the total pressure was 400 Pa, the flow was 150 SCCM (standard cm 3 min -I) of a 90% argon, 10% hydrogen mixture, and the run time was 6 h. The temperature was 800 °C and the flow speed 29 m s -1 . Thus, 6 cm corresponds to a time of 2.1 ms after injection. The substrates were diamond-polished (100) silicon. Fig. 2a is for 0.5 SCCM 12C-acetylene, Fig. 2b for 1.0 SCCM 13C-methane, Fig. 2c for 1.0 SCCM ~3C-methane for 1 h followed by 0.5 SCCM of 12C-acetylene for 5 hours and Fig. 2d for 1.0 SCCM 13C-methane mixed with 0.5 SCCM 12C-acetylene. The figures show that very little diamond was formed from acetylene alone, but that pretreatment with methane produced a growth from acetylene that was comparable with that from methane, with a nucleation pattern similar to that of methane. Raman spectroscopy showed that the acetylene films were of quality comparable with that of methane
Cyber Dumpster Diving: Creating New Software Systems for Less

This is the first article we're fortunate to have from the SATURN 2012 conference. This issue highlights a compelling story of crisis, larceny, and, of course, Fortran-the first programming language I learned, which I did by teaching it to undergrad engineering students. Because I never saw those engineers after they left my class, it's heartening to see that others like them learned some good lessons and developed useful insights. I'm sure you will enjoy reading this architectural tale.
Sexual pigmentation and parental risk‐taking in yellow warblers Setophaga petechia

Adult-directed predation risk imposes important behavioral constraints on parents and might thus alter relationships between costly sexual ornaments and parental performance. For instance, under low predation risk, highly ornamented individuals might display better parental performance than others, as predicted by ‘good parent’ models of sexual selection. However, under high risk of predation, highly ornamented individuals might abandon parental effort if conspicuous to predators, or if social partners are more willing to take parental risks when paired with highly ornamented mates. We experimentally elevated perceived adult-directed predation risk near nests to explore how carotenoid- and phaeomelanin-based pigmentation in both sexes relate to parental risk-taking for offspring in the yellow warbler Setophaga petechia. Compared to other males, males with more intense carotenoid-based pigmentation maintained higher levels of paternal effort under predation risk at highly concealed nests, but reduced nestling provisioning rate more at exposed nests. Further, when faced with predation risk, females with more phaeomelanin-based pigmentation reduced nestling provisioning rate less than other females, regardless of nest concealment. Females displayed higher parental effort across treatments when paired to males with more colorful carotenoid pigmentation. However, birds did not reduce parental effort under risk less when paired to a highly ornamented mate, suggesting that predation risk did not accentuate differential allocation. Males did not take fewer parental risks than females. Results indicate that nest concealment modifies parental risk-taking by males with colorful carotenoid-based pigmentation, and suggest that female melanin-based pigmentation may indicate boldness and greater a propensity to take parental risks.
Ultrasonic measurements of breast viscoelasticity

In vivo measurements of the viscoelasticproperties of breast tissue are described. Ultrasonic echo frames were recorded from volunteers at 5 fps while applying a uniaxial compressive force ( 1 – 20 N ) within a 1 s ramp time and holding the force constant for up to 200 s . A time series of strain images was formed from the echo data, spatially averaged viscouscreep curves were computed, and viscoelastic strain parameters were estimated by fitting creep curves to a second-order Voigt model. The useful strain bandwidth from this quasi-static ramp stimulus was 10 − 2 ⩽ ω ⩽ 10 0 rad ∕ s ( 0.0016 – 0.16 Hz ) . The stress-strain curves for normal glandular tissues are linear when the surface force applied is between 2 and 5 N . In this range, the creep response was characteristic of biphasic viscoelastic polymers, settling to a constant strain (arrheodictic) after 100 s . The average model-based retardance time constants for the viscoelastic response were 3.2 ± 0.8 and 42.0 ± 28 s . Also, the viscoelastic strain amplitude was approximately equal to that of the elastic strain. Above 5 N of applied force, however, the response of glandular tissue became increasingly nonlinear and rheodictic, i.e., tissuecreep never reached a plateau. Contrasting in vivo breast measurements with those in gelatin hydrogels, preliminary ideas regarding the mechanisms for viscoelasticcontrast are emerging.
Up against the edge: invasive species as testbeds for basic questions about evolution in heterogeneous environments

Yogi Berra is often credited with having opined that 'prediction is very difficult, especially about the future'. There is no discipline for which this statement holds with more force than invasion biology, where it has been historically very challenging to predict the fate of introduced species (Williamson 2006). Some species after introduction quickly go extinct. Other relatively similar species may persist, but with little spread from their initial beachheads. Yet others can become aggressive invaders, with devastating consequences for native communities and ecosystems. This lack of predictability may of course sometimes reflect a simple lack of knowledge, both about key features of a species' basic biology, and about the environmental and community milieu in which invasion occurs (Williamson 2006). However, unpredictability may also arise from a fundamental fact about populations of living organisms - they almost always contain genetic variation, and so are not fixed entities responding to an environmental template, but instead labile in how they cope with the environment, over many spatial and temporal scales. Chance vicissitudes in the origination, maintenance and spatial organization of genetic variation could play a large role in generating the observed unpredictability in the fates of introduced species. The degree to which a particular introduced species becomes 'invasive'- to the extent of coming to the attention of worried land managers, governmental officials and the public - may reflect in part its capacity for adaptive evolution across a wide range of environmental conditions.
Isolation and identification of polychlorinated styrenes in Great Lakes fish

Octachlorostyrene was prepared by two independent synthetic routes, and GC retention time data as well as a mass spectrum of the standard were obtained. A comparison of these data with those observed for a component in fish from Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, and the lower Detroit River indicates that octachlorostyrene is present in fish residues from these sources. In addition, mass spectral data indicated the presence of several hepta and hexachlorostyrene isomers in these fish. Further studies should be concerned with quantification of OCS and evaluation of possible sources of these compounds, such as impurities in products produced by exhaustive chlorination or as by-products in the electrolytic production of chlorine.
Stack zooming for multi-focus interaction in time-series data visualization

Information visualization shows tremendous potential for helping both expert and casual users alike make sense of temporal data, but current time series visualization tools provide poor support for comparing several foci in a temporal dataset while retaining context and distance awareness. We introduce a method for supporting this kind of multi-focus interaction that we call stack zooming. The approach is based on the user interactively building hierarchies of 1D strips stacked on top of each other, where each subsequent stack represents a higher zoom level, and sibling strips represent branches in the visual exploration. Correlation graphics show the relation between stacks and strips of different levels, providing context and distance awareness among the focus points. The zoom hierarchies can also be used as graphical histories and for communicating insights to stakeholders. We also discuss how visual spaces that support stack zooming can be extended with annotation and local statistics computations that fit the hierarchical stacking metaphor.
A strong interactive link between sensory discriminations and intelligence

Early psychologists, including Galton, Cattell, and Spearman, proposed that intelligence and simple sensory discriminations are constrained by common neural processes, predicting a close link between them. However, strong supporting evidence for this hypothesis remains elusive. Although people with higher intelligence quotients (IQs) are quicker at processing sensory stimuli, these broadly replicated findings explain a relatively modest proportion of variance in IQ. Processing speed alone is, arguably, a poor match for the information processing demands on the neural system. Our brains operate on overwhelming amounts of information, and thus their efficiency is fundamentally constrained by an ability to suppress irrelevant information. Here, we show that individual variability in a simple visual discrimination task that reflects both processing speed and perceptual suppression strongly correlates with IQ. High-IQ individuals, although quick at perceiving small moving objects, exhibit disproportionately large impairments in perceiving motion as stimulus size increases. These findings link intelligence with low-level sensory suppression of large moving patterns--background-like stimuli that are ecologically less relevant. We conjecture that the ability to suppress irrelevant and rapidly process relevant information fundamentally constrains both sensory discriminations and intelligence, providing an information-processing basis for the observed link.
Effect of aging on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man

Effect of aging on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man. The influence of aging on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was evaluated by comparing young (20 to 30 yr) with elderly (62 to 70 yr) healthy subjects. Despite comparable body sodium-fluid balance in the two age groups, serum renin concentration, plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations were lower in the elderly. The age-related decreases in circulating renin and aldosterone concentrations were slight while subjects were supine and receiving normal sodium intake; when upright and during sodium depletion, they were more pronounced. Inverse renin-blood pressure interrelations were noted during two of four study conditions involving normal sodium intake or mild sodium depletion (r = -0.44 and -0.47, respectively), but not during progressive sodium depletion. Plasma renin levels were decreased in the elderly regardless of the presence or absence of an inverse relationship with blood pressure. Aldosterone and Cortisol responses to corticotropin infusion were unaltered in the elderly. It is concluded that aging may cause a decrease in circulating renin, with parallel lowering of plasma aldosterone concentrations.
The catalytic oxidation of propylene: I. Evidence for surface initiated homogeneous reactions

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of propylene over bismuth molybdate was studied in a flow reactor at atmospheric pressure and at 425 °C. Several reactor designs were utilized in an effort to define more clearly the nature and the importance of homogeneous reactions which may be occurring in the postcatalytic volume. Evidence is presented for a surface initiated homogeneous reaction which results in an enhanced conversion of propylene and the formation of propylene oxide. Allyl peroxide or allyl hydroperoxide species, formed on the surface, are suggested as possible initiators for this homogeneous reaction. A modified reaction mechanism is proposed which incorporates the surface initiated homogeneous reaction, as well as a surface reaction of the allyl peroxide or allyl hydroperoxide species. Four additional oxide catalysts, copper-molybdenum, iron-molybdenum, manganesemolybdenum, and zinc, are offered as other examples on which the surface initiated homogeneous reaction occurs.
That community becomes you? An examination of community differences in self-objectification and related variables.

ABSTRACT The authors surveyed women from 2 communities: Anchorage, Alaska (N = 51), an urban area, and Haines, Alaska (N = 41), an isolated rural community. Participants from Haines scored lower on measures of self-objectification, internalization of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, participation in beauty enhancement behaviors, and perceived normative beauty enhancement behaviors. Women from Haines also engaged in more empowering exercise (i.e., yoga and outdoor exercise). Internalization of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance mediated the relation between perceived normative beauty enhancement behaviors and self-objectification for women living in both communities. The current study suggests that communities may present opportunities to engage in activities that influence one's predisposition to self-objectify. The nonexperimental nature of this study, however, prevents the definitive establishment of the direction of causality between variables.
Mechanical behavior and microstructural development in phosphate modified high alumina cement

Abstract High alumina cement was modified by phosphate-based reactants and the variations in mechanical properties were investigated. The flexural strength is greatly improved by addition of various sodium-based inorganic polymers and calcium phosphate. The short-term flexural strengths of samples containing 20 wt.% of these constituents can reach over 40 MPa, while that of corresponding pure cement cured under the same conditions is approximately 14 MPa. After ten months of curing, the strengths of the modified samples continue to be more than twice as high as that of pure cement. The mechanism responsible for strength increase in this material was studied by X-ray diffraction and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Experimental results indicate that these phosphate-based compounds do not form crystalline hydration products but provide structural integrity to high alumina cement by decreasing the porosity.
Meth)Acrylate Vinyl Ester Hybrid Polymerizations

In this study vinyl ester monomers were synthesized by an amine catalyzed Michael addition reaction between a multifunctional thiol and the acrylate double bond of vinyl acrylate. The copolymerization behavior of both methacrylate/vinyl ester and acrylate/vinyl ester systems was studied with near-infrared spectroscopy. In acrylate/vinyl ester systems, the acrylate groups polymerize faster than the vinyl ester groups resulting in an overall conversion of 80% for acrylate double bonds in the acrylate/vinyl ester system relative to only 50% in the bulk acrylate system. In the methacrylate/vinyl ester systems, the difference in reactivity is even more pronounced resulting in two distinguishable polymerization regimes, one dominated by methacrylate polymerization and a second dominated by vinyl ester polymerization. A faster polymerization rate and higher overall conversion of the methacrylate double bonds is thus achieved relative to polymerization of the pure methacrylate system. The methacrylate conversion in the methacrylate/vinyl ester system is near 100% compared to only ~60% in the pure methacrylate system. Utilizing hydrophilic vinyl ester and hydrophobic methacrylate monomers, polymerization-induced phase separation is observed. The phase separated domain size is on the order of ~1 μm under the polymerization conditions. The phase separated domains become larger and more distinct with slower polymerization and correspondingly increased time for diffusion.
Stromal fibroblasts influence human mammary epithelial cell morphogenesis

The inability to grow normal or premalignant human mammary epithelial cells as in vivo explants has thwarted research biologists for the past 30 years (1–4). Although human breast cancer cells can be passaged in vivo as a xenograft or in vitro as cell cultures, this capability does not extend to normal or premalignant human mammary cells, with a few rare exceptions (5). Previous studies have shown that normal and premalignant human mammary epithelial cells can be maintained as a xenograft, but expansive growth has been extremely rare (1–4). The future of preventing the onset and progression of breast cancer lies in elucidating the biology of premalignant development. This cannot be accomplished without appropriate in vivo models and the methodology to establish such models. Although rodent models are extremely valuable for understanding the salient biological and molecular changes critical for premalignant and malignant development, the best models still cannot replicate entirely the human situation. There are several reasons for this problem, but one of the most important is the fundamental difference in the microenvironment between the commonly used models, i.e., rodent and human. The mouse and rat mammary glands comprise primarily an adipose stroma with epithelial parenchyma; the human gland is composed of a fibrous–adipose …
Association of Paget's disease of bone with calcific aortic valve disease

To test the hypothesis that Paget's disease of bone is associated with a greater incidence of calcific aortic valve disease, a computer-generated list was obtained of all autopsy subjects from the Johns Hopkins Hospital in whom Paget's disease was diagnosed (n = 92). The severity of Paget's disease and cardiac valvular lesions was graded on a scale of 0 to 3, with 3 as the most severe. Two control cases were obtained for each case of Paget's disease. Each was the case either immediately before or after the Paget's case, and was matched for age, race, sex, and extent of autopsy. The incidences of moderate (10.9 percent) and severe (5.4 percent) calcific aortic valve disease were both fourfold greater than in the control group (chi-square analysis, p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Additionally, the frequency of advancing grades of calcific aortic valve disease was greater in more advanced stages of Paget's disease. In fact, there was a dose-response effect of Paget's disease upon calcific aortic valve disease (trend analysis for proportion, p less than 0.01). These data therefore support the hypothesis that Paget's disease is associated with calcific aortic valve disease in a dose-response manner.
Molecular and functional characterization of the first tick CAP2b (periviscerokinin) receptor from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

Abstract The cDNA of the receptor for CAP 2b /periviscerokinin (PVK) neuropeptides, designated Rhimi-CAP 2b -R , was cloned from synganglia of tick Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) microplus. This receptor is the ortholog of the insect CAP 2b /PVK receptor, as concluded from analyses of the predicted protein sequence, phylogenetics and functional expression. Expression analyses of synganglion, salivary gland, Malpighian tubule, and ovary revealed Rhimi-CAP 2b -R transcripts. The expression in mammalian cells of the open reading frame of Rhimi-CAP 2b -R cDNA fused with a hemagglutinin tag at the receptor N-terminus was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In a calcium bioluminescence assay the recombinant receptor was activated by the tick Ixodes scapularis CAP 2b /PVK and a PVK analog with EC 50s of 64 nM and 249 nM, respectively. Tick pyrokinins were not active. This is the first report on the functional characterization of the CAP 2b /PVK receptor from any tick species which will now permit the discovery of the physiological roles of these neuropeptides in ticks, as neurohormones, neuromodulators and/or neurotransmitters.
Typhus Fever: Report of an Epidemic in New York City in 1847

An epidemic of typhus fever in New York City in 1847 that was associated with massive immigrations from Ireland is described by review of the records of 138 cases admitted to The New York Hospital during a seven-week period. Medical understanding of epidemic diseases, of typhus, and of therapeutics is examined. Most patients (80%) acquired the disease during passage, but 20% of the cases resulted from secondary spread in New York. The illness was characterized by high fever, headache, myalgias, and loss of appetite. Complications, most commonly central nervous system dysfunction and secondary bacterial infections, occurred in 29% of the cases. The mortality rate was 11%. Therapy was directed at cleansing the bowel and diaphoresis. Bleeding was not employed. In spite of mistaken concepts about epidemic diseases, measures were employed that controlled spread of the disease. Diseases that, since the development of modern microbiology, have been termed infectious were not clearly understood in 1847. The microbial etiology of febrile illnesses was unknown, and mechanisms by which these diseases were dis. seminated were mysterious. Louis Pasteur had not yet begun studies that led to the discovery of the microbial basis of fermentation. The pathogenic role of bacteria in anthrax was not conclusively demonstrated by Koch until 1876, and Rickettsia prowazeki was not identified as the etiological agent of typhus until the studies of daRocha-Lima were published in 1916. The clinical and pathological distinction between typhus and typhoid fever was still not fully appreciated by a large segment of the medical community despite Gerhard's description of the pathological findings of typhus during the Philadelphia epidemic
The 14C(α, α')14C and 13C(d, p)14C reactions

Abstract The isoscalar transition rates and neutron-stripping probabilities to states of 14 C have been measured using the 35 MeV 14 C(α, α') 14 C and 17.7 MeV 13 C(d, p) 14 C reactions. States showing great charge asymmetries in pion scattering at 8.32 MeV (2 + ) and 11.7 MeV (4 − ) were examined in detail. Isoscalar transition rates B (02) were determined to be 168, 96 and 74 fm 4 for the 7.01, 8.32 and 10.45 MeV 2 + states, with identical single-neutron spectroscopic factors of 0.065, from the (d, p) data, for the lowest two states.
Whole life history studies of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) following embryonic exposure to benzo [a] pyrene

Abstract Previously we observed that a single embryonic exposure of salmonid embryos to benzo[a]pyrene was capable of inducing subtle behavioral changes following hatching. This study determines whether coho salmon which had survived an identical benzo[a]pyrene exposure were capable of successfully competing with their normal counterparts under natural conditions. Initially, we examined the uptake and retention of benzo[a]pyrene as well as the ability of this compound to compromise normal metabolic activity. Subsequently, hatchery reared coho salmon, which return to their site of birth when sexually mature, were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene at one of two stages of embryonic development. These fish, as well as appropriate controls, were individually tagged prior to release for seaward migration. As fish returned from sea, length, weight, sex, and pathology were compared among the groups.
ROUTINE ROENTGENOGRAM OF THE CHEST IN CHILDREN WITH CANCER HOSPITALIZED FOR FEVER AND CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUTROPENIA: IS IT REALLY NECESSARY? 929

ROUTINE ROENTGENOGRAM OF THE CHEST IN CHILDREN WITH CANCER HOSPITALIZED FOR FEVER AND CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUTROPENIA: IS IT REALLY NECESSARY? 929
Energy-Efficient Real-Time Data Compression in Wireless Sensor Networks

-Wireless sensor networks possess significant limitations in storage, bandwidth, and power. Additionally, real-time sensor networks cannot tolerate high latency. While some good compression algorithms exist specific to sensor networks, in this paper we present an energy-efficient method with high compression ratio that reduces latency, storage and bandwidth usage further in comparison with some other recently proposed algorithms. Our Huffman style compression scheme exploits temporal locality and delta compression to provide better bandwidth utilization in the network, thus reducing latency for real time applications. Our performance evaluations show comparable compression ratios and energy savings with a significant decrease in latency compared to some other existing approaches.
Race, Colorblindness, and Continental Philosophy

The “colorblind” society is often offered as a worthy ideal for individual interaction as well as public policy. The ethos of liberal democracy would seem indeed to demand that we comport ourselves in a manner completely indifferent to race (and class, and gender, and so on). But is this ideal of colorblindness capable of fulfillment? And whether it is or not, is it truly a worthy political goal? In order to address these questions, one must first explore the nature of “race” itself. Is it ultimately real, or merely an illusion? What kind of reality, if any, does it have, and what are the practical (moral and political) consequences of its ontological status? This paper will explore the issue of colorblindness, focusing particularly on recent developments dealing with this topic in Continental philosophy. Beginning with the question of racial ontology, I will argue that race has a social reality that makes the practice of colorblindness, at least for the time being, politically untenable, and it may remain suspect even as a long-term goal.
Theories and algorithms on single-detour routing for untangling twisted bus

Previous works on PCB bus routing assume matched pin ordering on both sides. But in practice, the pin ordering might be mismatched and the nets become twisted. In this article, we propose a preprocessing step to untangle such twisted nets. We also introduce a practical routing style, which we call single-detour routing, to simplify the untangling problem. We then present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of single-detour routing solutions. Furthermore, we present a dynamic-programming-based algorithm to solve the single-detour untangling problem with consideration of wire capacity between adjacent pins. Our algorithm produces an optimal single-detour routing solution that rematches the pin ordering. By integrating our algorithm into the bus router in a previous length-matching router, we show that many routing problems that cannot be solved previously can now be solved with insignificant increase in runtime.
Adsorption of Amelogenin onto Self-Assembled and Fluoroapatite Surfaces

The interactions of proteins at surfaces are of great importance to biomineralizaton processes and to the development and function of biomaterials. Amelogenin is a unique biomineralization protein because it self-assembles to form supramolecular structures called "nanospheres", spherical aggregates of monomers that are 20-60 nm in diameter. Although the nanosphere quaternary structure has been observed in solution, the quaternary structure of amelogenin adsorbed onto surfaces is also of great interest because the surface structure is critical to its function. We report studies of the adsorption of the amelogenin onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with COOH and CH(3) end group functionality and single crystal fluoroapatite (FAP). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments showed that the solutions contained nanospheres and aggregates of nanospheres. Protein adsorption onto the various substrates was evidenced by null ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and external reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ERFTIR). Although only nanospheres were observed in solution, ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that the protein adsorbates were much smaller structures than the original nanospheres, from monomers to small oligomers in size. Monomer adsorption was promoted onto the CH(3) surfaces, and small oligomer adsorption was promoted onto the COOH and FAP substrates. In some cases, remnants of the original nanospheres adsorbed as multilayers on top of the underlying subnanosphere layers. Although the small structures may be present in solution even though they are not detected by DLS, we also propose that amelogenin may adsorb by the "shedding" or disassembling of substructures from the nanospheres onto the substrates. This work suggests that amelogenin may have a range of possible quaternary structures that interact with surfaces.
ALGORITHMS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE, WIDE-AREA DISTRIBUTED FILE DOWNLOADS

As peer-to-peer and wide-area storage systems become in vogue, the issue of delivering content that is cached, partitioned and replicated in the wide area, with high performance, becomes of great importance. This paper explores three algorithms for such downloads. The storage model is based on the Network Storage Stack, which allows for flexible sharing and utilization of writable storage as a network resource. The algorithms assume that data is replicated in various storage depots in the wide area, and the data must be delivered to the client either as a downloaded file or as a stream to be consumed by an application, such as a media player. The algorithms are threaded and adaptive, attempting to get good performance from nearby replicas, while still utilizing the faraway replicas. After defining the algorithms, we explore their performance downloading a 50 MB file replicated on six storage depots in the U.S., Europe and Asia, to two clients in different parts of the U.S. One algorithm, called progress-driven redundancy, exhibits excellent performance characteristics for both file and streaming downloads.
Electron Spin Resonance Investigation of Microscopic Viscosity, Ordering, and Polarity in Nafion Membranes Containing Methanol−Water Mixtures

Electron spin resonance (ESR) was used to monitor the local environment of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone N-oxide (Tempone) spin probe in water and methanol mixtures in solution and in Li(+) ion exchanged Nafion 117 membranes. Solution spectra were analyzed using the standard fast-motion line width parameters, while membrane spectra were fitted using the microscopic order macroscopic disorder (MOMD) slow-motional line shape program of Freed and co-workers. The (14)N hyperfine splitting, aN, which reflects the local polarity of the nitroxide probe, decreases with increasing methanol concentration, consistent with the decrease in solvent polarity. The polarity depended only weakly on composition in the Nafion membrane, but was noticeably more temperature-dependent. The microviscosity of the membrane aqueous phase as reflected by the rotational correlation time (tauc) of the probe, was nearly 2 orders of magnitude longer in the membrane than in solution and varied by an order of magnitude over the composition range studied. The probe exhibits significant local ordering in the aqueous phase of Nafion membranes that is diminished with increasing methanol concentration.
The Perceived Paranormal and Source Credibility: The Effects of Narrative Suggestions on Paranormal Belief

This study examined the effects of source credibility, message modality, and narrative suggestions on paranormal beliefs. The study was conducted on 281 participants at a large university in the southern United States. The findings support paranormal belief as a narrative malleable construct. The source credibility of the narrative character witnesses (children, university students, and scientists) was found to influence the persuasiveness of narratives; however, message modality (audio-spoken vs. written) was not observed as an influential factor of paranormal belief.