cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trabecular volumetric bone mineral density of the occipital bone at preferred screw placement sites measured by quantitative computed tomography.

This study aimed at quantifying trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the external occipital protuberance (EOP) and the upper cervical spine. A retrospective review of patients who underwent non-contrast enhanced computed tomography of the cervical spine that included the occipital bone up to the EOP between 2007 and 2020 was conducted. Measurements of trabecular vBMD were performed in the occipital midline area, with the region of interest extending 4.5 mm above and below the center of the EOP, as well as the C1 lateral masses and the C2 vertebral body using asynchronous quantitative computed tomography. Eighty-six patients (female, 37.2%) were included for analysis. The patient population was 81.4% Caucasian with a mean ± SD age of 62.3 ± 13.1 years. Total bone thickness at the EOP was 16.7 ± 3.4 mm, with a ratio of trabecular to total bone thickness of 0.44. Trabecular vBMD (mean ± SD) was significantly higher at the EOP than at C1 and C2 (EOP = 612.3 ± 145.8 mg/cm3 , C1 average = 290.3 ± 66.5 mg/cm3 , C2 = 305.8 ± 78.8 mg/cm3 ; p 65 years of age, cervical vBMD was significantly lower, but remained high at the EOP. Clinical significance: Trabecular vBMD at the EOP is significantly higher than at the upper cervical vertebrae and remains high in older populations. Together with morphological information about the occipital bone, these results might be helpful for occipitocervical fixation when deciding about uni- or bicortical screw placement at the EOP.
Bone Biomechanics and the Determinants of Skeletal Fragility

Fractures are among the most dramatic and devastating sequelae of aging of the human skeleton. In the USA alone, there are over 1.5 million fractures each year, including 280,000 hip fractures and 500,000 vertebral fractures. Of greater importance, however, is the fact that based on current demographic trends predicting a “graying” of the population worldwide, the number of fractures is projected to double or triple in the next 30–50 years. Whereas low BMD is among the strongest risk factors for fracture, a number of clinical studies have demonstrated the limitations of BMD measurements in assessing fracture risk and monitoring the response to therapy. These observations have brought renewed attention to the broader array of factors that influence fracture risk, including those that are directly related to skeletal fragility as well as those related to skeletal loading. This chapter reviews the etiology of age-related fractures from a biomechanics viewpoint, by introducing a standard engineering concept used to evaluate structural failures and considering the various components that influence whole bone strength, with discussion of how key dietary factors may influence the determinants of bone strength.
First-Mover (Pioneer) Advantage

First-mover (or pioneer) advantage is the long-term reward that may accrue to the first company to enter a new market. Five key theories underlie a potential first-mover advantage: ease of recall, brand loyalty, technological leadership, economies of scale and experience, and resource capture. Many empirical studies report results that support a first-mover advantage. However, subsequent research has found that correcting for important limitations results in first movers having substantially lower rewards than found previously. These diminished rewards have led to a reconsideration of first movers' theoretical advantages. All such theories rely on the presumption that first movers are successful on one or more important dimensions. While some first movers are successful, most are not. Companies seeking to establish a first-mover advantage would be wise to regard the situation as a first-mover opportunity instead. Keywords: first-mover advantage; pioneer advantage; late mover advantage; market entry; entry timing; launching new products; marketing strategy; competition; competitive strategy
Exploring antecedents and consequences of consumer ethnocentrism: evidence from Asian immigrants in the US

The US is a multicultural society due to its growing number of ethnic minorities. These ethnic populations have made intracultural studies more difficult because of the different senses of identity and degrees of acculturation the varied groups possess. The current study examined the impact of perceived ethnicity (Asian vs. Asian American) and acculturation level (low vs. high) on consumer ethnocentrism towards the country of immigration (the US) and its consequences with respect to Asian immigrants, the fastest growing minority in the US. One hundred and eighty-five responses from Asian immigrants were collected through a convenience sample from a university campus located in the southwest US as well as a snowball sampling technique. Results revealed that perceived ethnicity and acculturation play an important role in influencing Asian immigrants' ethnocentrism towards the US, which in turn affects their attitudes and behavioural intentions towards products made in the US. Implications and future research directions are suggested.
Derivation of stability requirements and control effort analysis for space nulling interferometers

During the current preliminary design phase of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder mission, optical performance requirements need to be translated into dynamic requirements such as aperture shear (AS), optical pathlength difference (OPD), and differential aperture tilt (AT). This paper presents a methodology that specifies allowable variances on AS, OPD, and AT in order to achieve the level of null depth required by the TPF mission. These dynamic requirements can then be used in a trade study to compare various nulling interferometer configurations. They also reveal the relationship between important design parameters and the optical performance. Another design tool introduced in this paper is the control effort analysis. It assesses the control effort required for different interferometer architectures based on the derived dynamic requirements. The paper describes both the open-loop stability and closed-loop control effort analyses in detail and illustrates the effectiveness of these tools for various TPF architectures.
Congenital and Perinatal Human Cytomegalovirus Infections

One can define operationally a number of distinct neonatal infections, although there is still lack of consensus regarding terminology. An infection is a virological event documented by isolation of virus or by serologic evidence. More often than not it is asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent. When it is accompanied by manifestation of disease, we speak of “symptomatic” infection or infection with disease.
Methane Fermentation of Ferulate and Benzoate: Anaerobic Degradation Pathways

The anaerobic biodegradation of ferulate and benzoate in stabilized methanogenic consortia was examined in detail. Up to 99% of the ferulate and 98% of the benzoate were converted to carbon dioxide and methane. Methanogenesis was inhibited with 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid, which reduced the gas production and enhanced the buildup of intermediates. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography and two gas chromatographic procedures yielded identification of the following compounds: caffeate, p-hydroxycinnamate, cinnamate, phenylpropionate, phenylacetate, benzoate, and toluene during ferulate degradation; and benzene, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexanecarboxylate, cyclohexanone, 1-methylcyclohexanone, pimelate, adipate, succinate, lactate, heptanoate, caproate, isocaproate, valerate, butyrate, isobutyrate, propionate, and acetate during the degradation of either benzoate or ferulate. Based on the identification of the above compounds, more complete reductive pathways for ferulate and benzoate are proposed.
The impact of wine franchise laws on consumer choice and pricing: A comparison between Georgia and Florida

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast wine sales in neighboring franchise law and non‐franchise law states in order to determine impact on wine price, consumer choice, consumer satisfaction, and stakeholder perception.Design/methodology/approach – The study used qualitative interviews with 14 wineries, distributors, and retailers, statistical analysis of Nielsen Scantrack data, and an online survey of 401 wine consumers in Georgia and Florida, USA.Findings – Results show statistical proof that Florida offers more wine selection and lower wine prices on matching brands than Georgia. Qualitative interviews indicate wineries, distributors, and retailers perceive differences in wine choice, price, and overall operating costs in these two states. However, there was no statistical difference between a sample of 401 consumers from Georgia and Florida when asked about their satisfaction level with wine choice and pricing within their state.Research limitations/implications – For practical...
Determining the Age of What Is Not There

How old is a cave? This is not an easy question. A cave is not an actual object but is rather the absence of material, and ascertaining the age of what is not there is difficult. In his research commentary, Sasowsky discusses results presented in the same issue by [ Polyak et al ][1]. in which a new strategy has been developed for dating caves created by the dissolving action of acidic ground water in limestone. In particular, the method has been applied to two of the most famous caves in the world: Carlsbad and Lechuguilla caves in New Mexico, USA. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5358/1919
Effect of Xuebijing combined with methylprednisolone on paraquat poisoning with lung injury.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Xuebijing combined with Methylprednisolone on Paraquat(PQ)poisoning with lung injury.Methods 51 patients with acute paraquat poisoning were divided into control group(24 cases)and treatment group(27 cases).Control group was given basic therapy.Treatment group received Xuebijing(50 mL,twice per day)and Methylprednisolone(500 mg,once per day)for 7 d and 5 d respectively,other treatments were the same as control group.Results Compare to the control group,the incidence of hypoxemia,Ⅰ-type respiratory failure,ALI,ARDS,mechanical ventilation of treatment group reduced(P0.05);the occurrence of Lung x-ray abnormal,MODS and cases of death of treatment groups decreased(P0.05).Conclusion Xuebijing combined with Methylprednisolone can reduced the extent of lung injury and mortality of patients with paraquat poisoning.
Neuromodulatory approaches to the treatment of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias

The trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are a group of primary headache syndromes characterised by intense pain and associated activation of cranial parasympathetic autonomic outflow pathways out of proportion to the pain. The TACs include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania and SUNCT (short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing). The pathophysiology of these syndromes involves activation of the trigeminal-autonomic reflex, whose afferent limb projects into the trigeminocervical complex in the caudal brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord. Functional brain imaging has shown activations in the posterior hypothalamic grey matter in TACs. This paper reviews the anatomy and physiology of these conditions and the brain imaging findings. Current treatments are summarised and the role of neuromodulation procedures, such as occipital nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation in the posterior hypothalamus are reviewed. Neuromodulatory procedures are a promising avenue for these highly disabled patients with treatment refractory TACs.
Evolution of a Site of Specific Genetic Homology on the Chromosome of Escherichia coli

Integration of the factors Fv and F into the chromosome of a substrain of Escherichia coli K-12 has been studied. The Fv factor is a fertility factor derived from Col V, lacking the ability to govern the production of colicin V. The derivatives of an Hfrv (Hfr isolated from a V colicinogenic parent) strain, PK2 (initially isolated from C600 V+), were shown to retain a unique bidirectional sex factor affinity locus between recA and pheA. This site shows no affinity for the E. coli K-12 F factor as shown by inability to isolate Hfr strains with origins in this region from a parental strain containing a cytoplasmic F factor. However this area exhibits two regions of homology to the V colicinogenic factor. One gives rise to Hfrv strains identical to the original Hfrv strain, PK2, with an origin and polarity of transfer designated pheA-CC injecting markers in the order pheA-his-trp-pro. The second gives rise to strains apparently originating at the same site but with reverse polarity designated recA-C, transferring markers in the order recA-thyA-str-xyl. For strains possessing the Fv factor only the second homology is apparent. A model for the evolution of these strains is presented.
Metabolism of prostaglandin A1 by hepatic microsomal monooxygenase P-450 system in the guinea pig and rat.

Abstract This study demonstrates the metabolic transformation of prostaglandin A 1 (PGA 1 ) by guinea pig and rat liver microsomes. The transformation, which required NADPH and oxygen, yielded polar (presumably hydroxylated) products. Incubations with guinea pig liver microsomes yielded one zone of product on tlc, whereas rat liver microsomes produced two discernable metabolic zones. It was demonstrated that PGA 1 metabolism in the guinea pig and the rat was inhibited by the addition of SKF-525A, metyrapone, carbon monoxide and cytochrome C ; nicotinamide (10 mM) inhibited only the guinea pig system. These findings indicate that the enzymatic activity responsible for PGA 1 metabolism is composed of a typical cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system.
RECONSTRUCTABILITY ANALYSIS WITH FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Fourier methods used in two‐ and three‐dimensional image reconstruction can be used also in reconstructability analysis (RA). These methods maximize a variance‐type measure instead of information‐theoretic uncertainty, but the two measures are roughly collinear and the Fourier approach yields results close to that of standard RA. The Fourier method, however, does not require iterative calculations for models with loops. Moreover, the error in Fourier RA models can be assessed without actually generating the full probability distributions of the models; calculations scale with the size of the data rather than the state space. State‐based modeling using the Fourier approach is also readily implemented. Fourier methods may thus enhance the power of RA for data analysis and data mining.
Metaiodobenzylguanidine and hyperglycemia augment tumor response to isolated limb perfusion in a rodent model of human melanoma.

Background: Perfusate acidification with dilute hydrochloric acid augments tumor response rates in a rodent model of isolated limb perfusion (ILP). This study investigates the combination of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), a mitochondrial inhibitor, and systemic hyperglycemia as a strategy to selectively acidify tumors and thereby sensitize them to ILP. Methods: Human melanoma xenografts were implanted into the hind limbs of athymic rats. When tumors reached 12 to 15 mm in diameter, animals were randomized to ILP with or without melphalan, with or without systemic MIBG, and hyperglycemia of 485 ± 35 mg/dL. Intratumoral pH was measured during MIBG and glucose treatment by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: MIBG at 30 mg/kg plus hyperglycemia decreased intracellular pH by .6 units and extracellular pH by .8 units. MIBG at 22.5 mg/kg plus hyperglycemia decreased intracellular and extracellular pH by .4 and .5 units, respectively. Tumor growth was unaffected by systemic MIBG and hyperglycemia alone. When MIBG at 30 mg/kg and hyperglycemia were combined with ILP, tumor growth was delayed for 33 days after control ILP and for 44 days after melphalan ILP. However, this dose of MIBG was complicated by a 40% mortality rate after ILP. MIBG at 22.5 mg/kg, in combination with MIBG in the perfusate, did not cause mortality and delayed tumor growth by 51 days after melphalan ILP. Conclusions: MIBG and hyperglycemia improve tumor response rates after ILP in a rodent model of human melanoma. Selective tumor acidification with MIBG and hyperglycemia may offer added benefit to current regional perfusion strategies.
The Relations of Pro‐Drug‐Use Myths With Self‐Reported Drug Use Among Youth at Continuation High Schools1

Drug-use myths, questionable beliefs regarding the effects of drug use, may help to explain why people engage in self-injurious drug-use behavior. While clinicians and applied social researchers have used this concept of drug-use myths extensively when developing substance abuse prevention or cessation programs, drug belief-type myth measures have not been investigated empirically. The present study examined the internal consistency and discriminant validity of a drug-use myth measure among 362 continuation (alternative) high school youth and found it to be discriminable from demographic, drug use, and other psychosocial measures. Controlling for its relations with its correlates, social desirability, perceived friends' drug use, ethnicity items, and gender, the myth measure remained significantly associated with 4 drug-use measures. Future research regarding drug use myths as predictors of drug use is encouraged based on these results.
Carbonmonoxy Rebinding Kinetics in H93G Myoglobin: Separation of Proximal and Distal Side Effects

The kinetics of carbon monoxide (CO) recombination in H93G myoglobin has been studied as a function of temperature in aqueous buffer solution and in 75% glycerol/buffer solutions. H93G adducts with imidazole (Im), 4-methyl imidazole (4-Me Im), 1-methyl imidazole (1-Me Im), and 4-bromoimidazole (4-Br Im) were analyzed by means of three-state and four-state sequential models. Rate constants for the inner process of CO forming a bond with iron and for CO ligand escape into the solvent were extracted from the analysis. At 310 K, where the largest differences are observed in buffer solution data, the rate constant for CO recombination to the heme iron differs by a factor of ≈15 for the various H93G proximal adducts, while the rate constant for CO escape differs by a factor of only ≈1.4. Thermodynamic analysis based on microscopic reversibility shows that the effect of proximal adducts on equilibrium constant for the intrinsic CO binding to heme iron, KCO, is 15 times larger than the effect on the equilibrium c...
Influence of hydration on the dynamics of lysozyme.

Quasielastic neutron and light-scattering techniques along with molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study the influence of hydration on the internal dynamics of lysozyme. We identified three major relaxation processes that contribute to the observed dynamics in the picosecond to nanosecond time range: 1), fluctuations of methyl groups; 2), fast picosecond relaxation; and 3), a slow relaxation process. A low-temperature onset of anharmonicity at T ∼ 100 K is ascribed to methyl-group dynamics that is not sensitive to hydration level. The increase of hydration level seems to first increase the fast relaxation process and then activate the slow relaxation process at h ∼ 0.2. The quasielastic scattering intensity associated with the slow process increases sharply with an increase of hydration to above h ∼ 0.2. Activation of the slow process is responsible for the dynamical transition at T ∼ 200 K. The dependence of the slow process on hydration correlates with the hydration dependence of the enzymatic activity of lysozyme, whereas the dependence of the fast process seems to correlate with the hydration dependence of hydrogen exchange of lysozyme.
Generation cycle of mesenchymal cells of palatal shelves of rat foetuses

Abstract The generation cycle of the mesenchymal cells of the palatal shelves of rat foetuses was determined using tritiated thymidine during the 24-h prior to their fusion. The S-phase was 4 to 5 h and the total generation cycle approximately 18 h. The G1 was determined as 11 h.
Plasma Concentrations of Thioridazine Metabolites and ECG Abnormalities

Five acute schizophrenic patients were given a standard thioridazine dose (4 mg/kg/day po). Their plasma concentrations of thioridazine and its metabolites were determined by GLC, and their ECG's were recorded routinely. In four of the five patients, abnormal ECG's (malformation of the T-wave or lengthening of the repolarization time) were found whenever plasma concentrations of the thioridazine ring sulfoxide were elevated. No relationship could be detected between the appearance of ECG abnormalities and the concentrations of thioridazine and its other metabolites.
Plant regeneration from cultured immature inflorescences of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)

Shoot development through morphological transformation in spikelets occurred after segments of young unemerged orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) inflorescences were cultured on Linsmaier and Skoog's RM medium supplemented with 0, 4.52×10-4, 4.52×10-3 and 2.26×10-2 mM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Effects on shoot formation were better with 2,4-D than NAA in all concentrations tested. The callus initiated from the primary culture on high 2,4-D medium was reproducible, but no evidence of shoot proliferation was noted. The shoots developed into healthy plantlets after being reared on RM medium not supplemented with hormones.
Development of the Testes and Combs of White Leghorn and New Hampshire Cockerels

Abstract THE development of the sex organs in the male domestic fowl is of concern to poultry breeders as well as scientific workers. During the late summer and fall months relatively large percentages of infertile eggs are often produced by matings in which yearling and older cocks are used. With an increasing tendency toward fall hatching in some sections this infertility results in considerable economic loss. The possibility of using early hatched cockerels as breeders makes it desirable to have information on the sexual development of young males. Additional data on the normal development of the sex organs of chicks should prove of some interest to the endocrinologist. The studies described herein constitute one phase of a project investigating some factors affecting the fertility of the domestic cock. The work was done at the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Studies of the development of testes and combs of male . . .
Total Lightning Signatures of Thunderstorm Intensity over North Texas. Part I: Supercells

Abstract It is shown that total lightning mapping, along with radar and National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) cloud-to-ground lightning data, can be used to diagnose the severity of a thunderstorm. Analysis of supercells, some of which were tornadic, on 13 October 2001 over Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas, shows that Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR II) lightning source heights (quartile, median, and 95th percentile heights) increased as the storms intensified. Most of the total (cloud to ground and intracloud) lightning occurred where reflectivity cores extended upward, within regions of strong reflectivity gradient rather than in reflectivity cores. A total lightning hole was associated with an intense, nontornadic supercell on 6 April 2003. None of the supercells on 13 October 2001 exhibited a lightning hole. During tornadogenesis, the radar and LDAR II data indicated updraft weakening. The height of the 30-dBZ radar top began to descend approximately 10 min (2 volume scans) before tornado touchdow...
Pharmacokinetics of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in multifetal gestation.

Objective The purpose of this study was to define the pharmacokinetic parameters of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) in multifetal gestation. Study Design Blood was obtained at 24-28 weeks' gestation and at 32–35 weeks gestation in 97 women with twin and 26 women with triplet gestation who were receiving 17-OHPC. Six of the women with twins had daily blood sampling for 7 days between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated with the use of noncompartmental analysis. Modeling was applied to estimate the population parameters and to simulate various treatment scenarios. Results The apparent half-life of 17-OHPC was 10 days. Body mass index significantly impacted 17-OHPC concentrations, but fetal number and parity did not. Apparent clearance was significantly greater in African American than in white women ( P = .025). Conclusion This is the first pharmacokinetic analysis of 17-OHPC in pregnant women. Determination of half-life, covariates that affect plasma 17-OHPC concentrations, and the modeling of drug behavior provide insights into this drug's pharmacologic properties during multifetal pregnancy.
Development of performance metrics and test methods for first responder location and tracking systems

The need for the development of performance requirements, metrics and test methods for evaluation of location and tracking systems is increasing as these systems begin to become commercially available for use by emergency responders. A working group was recently formed at the 5th Annual PPL Workshop consisting of members of the various emergency responder communities, representatives of government agencies, and location and tracking system manufacturers with plans to collect and share information about their ongoing efforts that have bearing on this effort. The goal of the working group is to develop baseline performance requirements for reliable and interoperable indoor location systems for emergency responders and develop test procedures to validate vendor systems against those requirements. The final deliverable will be a proposed draft document in acceptable format to be presented to appropriate standards developing organization(s). The following text describes in broad terms the steps by which the draft document will be created.
ENDOTHELIN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SUMMARY 1. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from cells that migrate to the bowel from the neural crest. These emigres must find the gut, reach their correct locations within its wall and finally differentiate as neurons or glia. 2. Because the crest-derived precursor population is multipotent when it colonizes the bowel, the enteric micro-environment plays a prominent role in ENS development. 3. A number of molecules of the enteric micro-environment have been found to promote the development of neurons. 4. However, endothelin (ET)-3 appears to be different from any of these in that its role appears to be to prevent premature neuronal differentiation. 5. By activating ETB receptors, ET-3 inhibits the differentiation of crest-derived cells into neurons and promotes the development of smooth muscle. 6. The effect of ET-3 on smooth muscle down-regulates the secretion of laminin-1, which is a promoter of the formation of neurons. 7. In the absence of ET-3/ETB, crest-derived cells develop as neurons and, thus, cease migrating before they complete the colonization of the bowel. This premature development leaves the terminal colon aganglionic.
Evidence for Conformational and Diffusional Mean Square Displacements in Frozen Aqueous Solution of Oxymyoglobin

The temperature dependence of the M\"ossbauer spectra of $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ in the active center of oxymyoglobin is analyzed. The effective mean square displacement $〈{x}^{2}〉$ of the iron is a sum of three parts: a vibrational term ${〈{x}^{2}〉}_{v}$, a conformational term ${〈{x}^{2}〉}_{c}$, and a diffusional term ${〈{x}^{2}〉}_{d}$. For $Tg240$ K diffusional line broadening $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\propto}{〈{x}^{2}〉}_{d}$ is observed, along with a decrease in quadrupole splitting due to random reorientation of the electric field gradient.
The Dilemmas of Change: Lessons from a School Improvement Effort Gone Awry.

In a post hoc analysrs of a school improvement effort that provided individually tailored reports to 93 Kentucky schools, the authors describe the research project from which these reports were derived, their purpose and format, and the dilemmas encountered in encouraging schools to use their results. Established patterns of school organization and practitioners' attitudes toward educational research influenced the effects of these reports. The implications of the analysis are also considered in the context of the educational knowledge utilization process in general.
Global Enterprise: Conoco's Excellent Russian Adventure

Since I became Conoco's CEO in January of this year, one of the questions I've been asked most frequently has been: “What do you think will happen in Russia?”
Phase structure of a Z(2) scalar-fermion model

Abstract We determine the phase diagram of a one-component real φ4 scalar model interacting with two flavors of staggered fermions via a hypercubic Yukawa coupling. Besides the gaussian critical point at y = 0 around which the usual perturbation theory is defined, we find indications for a possible multi-critical point at moderate Yukawa coupling. We compare our results with different formulations of the Yukawa interaction and argue that the features for small to intermediate y are universal.
Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy of biopolymers subsequent to excimer laser photoablation

The purpose of the fluorescence and Raman experiments in this study is to identify the cause of the red shift in the observed fluorescence emission of coronary arteries after laser ablation. In addition the identity of the molecular bonds broken in the photoablation process has been probed. These identifications are necessary, if one is to understand the laser tissue interaction and to monitor this interaction in a laser angioplasty procedure.
Validation of AutoPap primary screening system sensitivity and high-risk performance.

OBJECTIVE To confirm or deny the reported sensitivity of the AutoPap Primary Screening System (AutoPap) (TriPath Imaging Inc., Burlington, North Carolina, U.S.A) in a moderate-sized laboratory and to determine performance characteristics for the "clinically high risk" (CHR) patient population. STUDY DESIGN Archives were searched for low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL, HSIL), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and cancer (Ca) with follow-up biopsies demonstrating a lesion of at least the reported Pap smear's severity. Smears fulfilling these criteria and a matched normal, control slide from the same day of preparation were subjected to evaluation on the AutoPap. Two hundred eighty-three smears from 254 patients were enrolled in the study, including 80 LSIL, 178 HSIL, 5 AIS and 20 Ca. Specific criteria established CHR status. Fisher's exact test was applied to determine AutoPap performance differences for non-CHR and CHR populations. RESULTS AutoPap successfully classified as "Review" all cases as follows: 91.2% LSIL (73/80), 96.6% HSIL (172/178), 100% AIS (5/5), and 100% Ca (20/20). Fisher's exact P values, pLSIL = 1.00 and pHSIL+ = .411, confirmed statistically equivalent performance. CONCLUSION The results confirmed the sensitivity data reported in the Food and Drug Administration-approved labeling of the AutoPap and indicated no statistically significant differences in performance characteristics in a CHR population when compared to patients without CHR status for all grades of abnormality examined.
Motivation and Emotion: A New Look and Approach for Two Reemerging Fields

This issue of Motivation and Emotion marks one year into a major change in this journal’s format and organization. As a premier specialty journal in its area, M & E has long had a reputation for publishing significant empirical research and reviews focused on human motivation and affect. This tradition extends from the journal’s initial issues under founding editor, Mortimer Appley, thorough the more recent tenure of Alice Isen as editor-in-chief. Yet, changing circumstances in the sciences and the opportunities afforded by M & E’s new owners at Springer converged to catalyze a transformation of the journal intended to extend the fine work of our predecessors. In this editorial, I shall describe some of these transformations, and the conditions occasioning them.
Self‐diffusion of Zn and Se in ZnSe

The high-temperature defect equilibria of ZnSe have been studied by self-diffusion measurements on single crystals as a function of temperature, component partial pressure, and added impurity content. The self-diffusion of Zn was found to be independent of component partial pressure and is expressed as Dzn = 9.8 exp (3.0 eV/kT) cm2 s−1, for the temperature range 760 to 1150 °C. Doping with Cu or A1 enhanced the self-diffusion of Zn under Zn saturation at lower temperatures. The self-diffusion of Se was found to be Dse = 0.13 × exp (2.6 eV/kT) cm2 s−1, for Se-saturated crystals in the temperature range of 860 to 1020 °C, and decreased with decreasing pressure of Se2. Doubly-ionized Frenkel defects are proposed as the dominant mobile defect on the Zn sublattice and a combination of neutral Se interstitials and doubly-ionized Se vacancies on the Se sublattice. A tentative defect equilibrium isotherm for ZnSe is given. Die Hochtemperatur-Fehlordnungen von ZnSe wurden an Einkristallen durch Selbut-diffusionsmessungen in Abhangigkeit von Temperatur, vom Partialdruck der Komponenten und vom Gehalt der Dotierungen untersucht. Die Zink-Selbstdiffusion ist unabhangig vom Partialdruck der Komponenten und wird im Temperaturbereich 760 bis 1150 °C durch den Ausdruck Dzn = 9,8 exp (3,0 eV/kT) cm2 s−1 beschrieben. Bei tieferen Temperaturen beschleunigt Dotierung mit Cuoder Al die Zn-Selbstdiffusion unter Zn-Sattigungsdruck. Die Selbstdiffusion von Se wird im Temperaturbereich 860 bis 1020 °C durch die Gleichung DSe = 0,13 exp (2,6 eV/kT) cm2 s−1 beschrieben. Als dominierende Fehlstellenmechanismen werden fur das Zinkuntergitter ein doppelt ionisierter Frenkel-Defekt und fur das Selenuntergitter eine Kombination aus Selen-Zwischengitterstorstellen und doppelt ionisierten Selen-Leerstellen vorgcschlagen. Es wird ein isothermes Fehlordnungsdiagramm entworfen.
Significance of Fas receptor protein expression in epithelial ovarian cancer

Fas receptor (FasR) is a cell surface receptor that, when activated, triggers apoptosis. It has been postulated that this receptor may be involved in the clearance of benign ovarian epithelial inclusion cysts (IC). In this study, we test the hypothesis that the expression of FasR changes among IC, cystadenoma (AD), tumors of low malignant potential (LMP), and invasive cancer (cystadenocarcinoma, CA). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from 53 oophorectomy specimens representing 26 IC, 17 AD, 17 LMP, and 24 CA were stained using the immunohistochemical avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. We used a mouse antihuman monoclonal antibody Apo-1/Fas (Dako), at 1:5 dilution, after antigen retrieval. The stain was semiquantitatively scored by 3 observers evaluating the intensity of the stain and percentage of positive tumor cells. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Strong (score 6+/7+) and diffuse (>75%) luminal FasR stain was identified in 22 (85%) of 26 IC and 16 (94%) of 17 AD, but only in 6 (35%) of 17 LMP and 1 (4%) of 24 CA. Conversely, weak (score 2+/3+) and focal (<25%) FasR staining was observed in 7 (29%) of 24 CA, but in none of the IC, AD, or LMP. These differences were statistically significant (P < .05). The decreased expression of FasR in malignant ovarian epithelial neoplasms as compared with benign ovarian epithelial lesions suggests that a decreased sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis may be involved in ovarian epithelial carcinogenesis.
SU-E-T-80: Long-Term Performance of a Multi Layer Ion Chamber (MLIC) for Proton QA

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of a Multi Layer Ion Chamber (MLIC) in proton‐therapy quality assurance measurements Methods: To monitor the output of proton beam delivery system, measurement protocols were developed for two reference fields having a range of 15.1 g/cm2 and 25 g/cm2 in water. Measurements were performed at periodical interval using a proto type multi‐layer ion chamber (MLIC) developed by Ion Beam Application (IBA), Belgium, as well as with parallel plate ion chamber placed in water phantom, on three proton gantries over a period of one year. The resulting parameters such as range, modulation and output factor were compared. Besides, measurements for patient specific treatment fields having wide spectrum of range and modulation width were conducted and the percentage difference between the modeled output and measured output was compared with the results obtained using MLIC and water phantom. Results: From the large number of data set collected, the comparison resultsdemonstrated that almost all measurements both with MLIC and water phantom, with exception of few, were within the prescribed limits (Range & Modulation < ±3mm and output < ±3%). However, a general trend of slightly lower value for range and output factor and higher value for modulation width in MLIC measurements in comparison to water tankmeasurements was observed. Uncertainty in MLIC calibration and the effect the MLIC aperture are likely causes for this deviation. Conclusions:Multilayerion chamber was generally stable for QA measurements and very convenient to use to obtain quick measurements within an acceptable uncertainty, compared to water phantom method of measurements. However, for a higher accuracy and base line commissioning data, ion chamber measurements in water phantom will continue to be the preferred choice of measurement methodology.
Net absorption of glucose, L-lactate, volatile fatty acids, and nitrogenous compounds by bovine given abomasal infusions of starch or glucose.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of abomasal infusion of glucose or starch on absorption of metabolites (glucose, L-lactate, volatile fatty acids, and nitrogenous compounds) from portal-drained viscera of a nonlactating Holstein cow and two Hereford × Angus heifers. Portal blood and plasma flow were determined by dilution of para-aminohippuric acid. Net absorption was portal-arterial concentration difference times portal plasma flow. Plasma concentration and portal-arterial difference of glucose increased rapidly and directly in response to increased rates of abomasal glucose infusion in the cow (Experiment 1). In the cow (Experiment 2), net absorption of L-lactate was greater with carbohydrate than with water infusion; net absorption of L-lactate was greater and of n-butyrate was less with starch than with glucose infusion. These responses were not evident in the heifers (Experiment 3). Net absorption of α-amino-N in the heifers was greater with starch than with glucose infusion. Increased concentrate intake by the heifers did not interact with responses to abomasal infusions. Recovery of infused glucose as absorbed glucose was similar for the cow and the heifers (65%). However, heifers absorbed (as glucose) 35% of infused starch and the cow only 8%.
Target Detection and Characterization using a Hybrid Handheld Diffuse Optical Tomography and Photoacoustic Tomography System

A handheld photoacoustic tomography-guided diffuse optical tomography system for imaging deeply-seated targets in scattering media is presented. This hybrid imager consists of a probe with an ultrasound transducer in the center and straddled by two optical fibers for taking photoacoustic images. The diffuse optical tomography component comprises of 9 light-source fibers for delivering light to the imaged tissue, and 14 detector fibers for collecting the light. Single- and two-phantom targets of high and low optical contrasts were immersed in a scattering intralipid solution to depths of up to 3cm and imaged. The reconstructed absorption coefficients of the targets with guidance from photoacoustic tomography were compared to those obtained with a-priori depth-only information, and no a-priori information. The reconstructed absorption maps yielded as much as 2.6-fold improvement in the quantification accuracy compared to the cases with no guidance from photoacoustic tomography.
The metabolic responses of the common iguana, Iguana iguana, to activity under restraint

Abstract 1. 1. In the iguana, standard metabolism increased with temperature with a Q 10 of 2·24. Metabolic scope was greatest at 32°C, decreasing above and below this temperature. Resting and post-activity heart rates varied with temperatures with Q 10 's of 2·0.2 and 1·84, respectively. 2. 2. Energy produced anaerobically by the production of lactic acid was shown to provide at least three-fourths of the total energy used during activity. 3. 3. Glycogen reserves in the muscle were adequate to account for the production of lactate during activity. 4. 4. The rapidity with which an iguana could remove an accumulated oxygen debt was temperature-dependent, and appeared to be greatest at the temperature where the metabolic scope was greatest.
Effect of high-dose cyclosporine on etoposide pharmacodynamics in a trial to reverse P-glycoprotein (MDR1 gene) mediated drug resistance.

Purpose: The consequences of using cyclosporine (CsA) therapy to modulate P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance include increased myelosuppression, hyperbilirubinemia, and altered disposition of the cytotoxin. The purpose of this study was to analyze further the relationship between the degree of leukopenia, and etoposide pharmacokinetic factors. Methods: Each patient initially received intravenously-administered etoposide alone (150–200 mg/m2/d × 3). Later it was given in combination with CsA administered at escalating loading doses (range 2–7 mg/kg) as a 2 hour intravenous (IV) infusion followed by a 3 day continuous infusion, at doses ranging from 5 to 21 mg/kg/day. Serial plasma etoposide concentration-time samples were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The area under the curve (AUC) of unbound etoposide was calculated from the total plasma etoposide AUC using a previous published equation [22] where % unbound etoposide = (1.4 × total bilirubin) – (6.8 × serum albumin) + 34.4. The percent decrease in white blood cell (WBC) count and the total or unbound etoposide AUC relationship was fitted to a sigmoid Emax model adapted for paired observations, where:
Effects of size and sequence on the iontophoretic delivery of oligonucleotides

Adequate cellular availability of synthetic oligonucleotides is crucial to their success as therapeutic agents. These compounds, however, are not expected to be orally active. This has led to interest in a variety of alternate drug delivery methods, including iontophoretically enhanced transdermal delivery. The purpose of this work is to begin characterizing the structure-activity relationship for iontophoresis of oligonucleotides through the skin. The in vitro permeation of 16 biologically relevant phosphorothioate oligonucleotides across hairless mouse skin was studied. Oligonucleotides with less than 20 bases (n = 10) had a wide range of steady-state flux levels (2.1-26.2 pmol/ cm2 h). A lower flux differential was observed for compounds ranging from 20 to 40 bases long (1.2-2.2 pmol/cm2 h). For the smaller compounds, transport, in general, decreased with increasing size; however, there were several oligonucleotides that did not follow this pattern. These data indicate that factors other than size influence transport and that the impact is greater at shorter lengths. Differential penetration between equal sized oligonucleotides synthesized with identical bases in reversed order indicates that sequences and not simply base composition affects steady-state flux across skin. Molecular structure, therefore, is a key contributor to iontophoretically assisted transport. Further studies are necessary to develop more precise predictions about the relationship between oligonucleotide structure and transdermal delivery.
The 5′ untranslated region of the soybean cytosolic glutamine synthetase β 1 gene contains prokaryotic translation initiation signals and acts as a translational enhancer in plants

Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. In plants, it occurs as two major isoforms, a cytosolic form (GS1) and a nuclear encoded chloroplastic form. The focus of this paper is to determine the role of the 5′UTR of a GS1 gene. GS1 gene constructs with and without its 5′ and 3′ UTRs, driven by a constitutive promoter, were agroinfiltrated into tobacco leaves and the tissues were analyzed for both transgene transcript and protein accumulation. The constructs were also tested in an in vitro transcription/translation system and in Escherichia coli. Our results showed that while the 3′UTR functioned in the destabilization of the transcript, the 5′UTR acted as a translation enhancer in plant cells but not in the in vitro translation system. The 5′UTR of the GS1 gene when placed in front of a reporter gene (uidA), showed a 20-fold increase in the level of GUS expression in agroinfiltrated leaves when compared to the same gene construct without the 5′UTR. The 5′UTR-mediated translational enhancement is probably another step in the regulation of GS in plants. The presence of the GS1 5′UTR in front of the GS1 coding region allowed for its translation in E. coli suggesting the commonality of the translation initiation mechanism for this gene between plants and bacteria.
The pupil and stimulus probability.

Three studies were conducted to examine the relationship of the task-evoked pupillary response (TEPR) to the probability of the eliciting stimuli in Bernoulli sequences. Subjects counted target tones in sequences containing two types of tones differing in pitch. For a given probability level, both targets and non-targets elicited pupillary dilations that were similar in amplitude. The dilation to both targets and non-targets was inversely related to probability at low probability levels. This relationship appeared to break down at high probability levels, at least for non-targets. When tone omissions were used as targets they elicited a larger dilation than tonal targets at very low target probability. The amplitude of dilations produced by omitted targets was also affected by probability. The data converge to indicate that the TEPR in random stimulus sequences is sensitive to the surprise value of events, whether involving a physical stimulus or not, and not to the target designation of these events.
Fault location and isolation using multi agent systems in power distribution systems with distributed generation sources

This paper presents a Multi Agent System (MAS) design with distributed intelligence for fault location and isolation in power distribution systems with the presence of Distributed Generation Sources (DGS). In the proposed MAS, agents all over the feeder communicate with their neighbors and use the local differential current information to locate the faulty zone and isolate the fault. Agents update their local knowledge by exchanging their voltage and current phasor data with their neighbors and monitoring the local current. The distributed generation penetration is considered to be up to 50 percent. The multi-agent models are simulated in Matlab® Simulink using user defined s-functions and the power system is modeled using the Simulink Simpower toolbox. The proposed method has been tested on a model of an existing Mon Power company circuit. Both faulted zone and fault type have been successfully identified.