cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Heuristic Study of the Bandwidth Potential of Electrically Small, Platform-Based Antennas at the HF Band

In this article, two primary bandwidth considerations for electrically small, platform-based antennas in the high-frequency (HF) band were analyzed: coupling element (CE) location and CE design. First, we analyzed an all-metallic cuboid platform with dimensions of 3.20 $\times $ 2.76 $\times $ 7.54 m3 at 5 MHz. At this frequency, the isolated platform has one dominant characteristic mode. In this analysis, a variety of electrically small CE designs, each occupying a fixed hemispherical volume with a radius of 0.5 m, were considered. The bandwidth potential of each element was examined when mounted at different locations on the platform. This analysis was then extended to a more complex platform: the U.S. Marine Corps Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV). The CE type and placement were found to have a significant impact on the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. For both the cuboid and the AAV, the highest bandwidth was obtained when a capacitive CE, the spherical-cap monopole, was mounted at the corners of the platform. Though one mode is dominant, contributions of higher-order modes play a significant role in the obtained bandwidth. A scaled model of the cuboid platform and the spherical-cap monopole were fabricated and experimentally characterized. Measurement results were found to be in good agreement with simulations.
CONSTRAINTS ON THE INTERGALACTIC TRANSPORT OF COSMIC RAYS

Motivated by recent experimental proposals to search for extragalactic cosmic rays (including antimatter from distant galaxies), we study particle propagation through the intergalactic medium (IGM). We first use estimates of the magnetic field strength between galaxies to constrain the mean free path for diffusion of particles through the IGM. We then develop a simple analytic model to describe the diffusion of cosmic rays. Given the current age of galaxies, our results indicate that, in reasonable models, a completely negligible number of particles can enter our Galaxy from distances greater than {approximately}100Mpc for relatively low energies (E{lt}10{sup 6}GeVnucleon{sup {minus}1}). We also find that particle destruction in galaxies along the diffusion path produces an exponential suppression of the possible flux of extragalactic cosmic rays. Finally, we use gamma-ray constraints to argue that the distance to any hypothetical domains of antimatter must be roughly comparable to the horizon scale. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Astronomical Society}
Children’s Poverty Exposure and Hot and Cool Executive Functions: Differential Impacts of Parental Financial Strain

Children living in poverty often show delayed cognitive and social development compared with children reared in more affluent environments. However, much of the research focuses on how objective fi...
Utilizing Community Research Committees to Improve the Informed Consent Process

Millum and Bromwich’s (2021) excellent article provides both conceptual and practical rationale for reexamining the fundamentals of the informed consent process for research and clinical interventi...
Optimal COVID-19 Containment Strategies: Evidence Across Multiple Mathematical Models (preprint)

Since March 2020, numerous models have been developed to support policymakers in understanding, forecasting, and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Differences in data, assumptions, and underlying theory, coupled with unknowns about a novel virus, led these models to generate divergent forecasts and proposed responses. A policymaker using a single model is left to wonder if their decision is truly of high quality or if they are being misled by the idiosyncrasies of the selected model. In addition, many COVID-19 optimization models are cast as optimal control problems with abstract decision variables and frequent changes to policy, so translating the optimal solution to implementable actions is not straightforward. We propose a multi-model optimization (MMO) framework that identifies policies that perform well across structurally distinct models, and we apply this to design 12-month COVID-19 containment strategies. Our approach differs from the existing literature in two important aspects. First, we optimize using multiple state-of-the-art forecasting models currently in use. Second, we intentionally draw feasible intervention levels from each state’s own past and current responses, making it easy to implement the proposed policy. We find that a policy based on a single model can perform badly (cost increases of 100% or more) when models are misspecified, and that the MMO policy significantly diminishes the impact of model uncertainties. We propose optimal containment policies for all 50 US states over a one-year period and find that the optimal policy can vary significantly by state. We also study the impacts of virus variants and lockdown fatigue.
Evaluating the importance of future data collection sites using parameter estimation and analytic element groundwater flow models

Given that resources available for model calibration data are limited, effort expended to determine the importance of future data collection for a given project objective can be extremely valuable if the cost in time and funding is not prohibitive. An approach for using parameter estimation sensitivity techniques with analytic element groundwater models to evaluate the importance of data collection sites for model calibration is presented here. Using this approach, it was found that head data collected away from surface-water features (i.e., lakes and streams) are more important than head data near surface-water features for estimating global conductivity, global recharge, and sub-basin recharge in both mature and immature drainage basins. Head data collected most distant from surface-water features can be more improtant for recharge estimation than information on streamflow in some cases. In basins where the terminus (most downstream site of a basin) is near a confluence, a mid-basin gage site away from the confluence was shown to be more important for estimating basin recharge than a gage site near the terminus. In the headwaters of an immature drainage network, a gage site that encompasses most of the basin of interest was most important. Finally, the determination of the optimal stream resistance is likely not tractable using the approach discussed in this paper because of low sensitivity to commonly collected head and flow information and the limitation of Dupuit-Forchheimer models for simulating heads near three-dimensional features such as streams and lakes.
State-of-the-Art of Geothermal Reservoir Engineering

The paper is a comprehensive survey into the state-of-the-art in geothermal reservoir engineering, and while there is a general lack of hard quantitative data, there is rapid progress beginning to be made in the field. The presentation takes the form of a survey paper, examining the nature of geothermal reservoirs, the hardware and software associated with geothermal reservoir engineering, the research plans and accomplishments of the geothermal reservoir engineering subtask within the Hawaii Geothermal Project, and an international survey on the subject. Sections are provided to enable quick orientation to the field of geothermal reservoir engineering.
Fundamentals of streaming potentials in geophysics: Laboratory methods

This brief article will discuss laboratory measurements of the streaming potential properties of rocks. Emphasis will be placed on: (1) those aspects of the experiment and associated theory that may give rise to problems, suggesting possible remedies, and (2) future areas/directions in which laboratory studies are needed.
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Salt Water

In the design and operation of industrial processes, physical and thermodynamic property data are required. Increasingly stringent regulations are making water solubility of substances even more critical. Water solubility data of naphthenes, or cycloalkanes, is applicable for the complete range of salt concentrations, including water without salt to water saturated with salt. The results are intended for use in initial engineering and environmental applications. Solubility values from the correlation are useful in determining the distribution of a hydrocarbon spill on its contact with sea water. Solubility values at other salt concentrations also may be computed. Results are presented for water solubility of hydrocarbons (naphthenes) as a function of salt concentration (log(S) = A + BX + CX[sup 2]). The correlation constants, A, B and C, are displayed in an easy-to-use tabular format that is applicable for rapid engineering use with the personal computer or hand-held calculator. The results for solubility in salt water are applicable for the complete range of salt concentrations. This range covers water without salt, X = 0, to water saturated with salt, X = 358,700 ppM(wt). Correlation and experimental results are in favorable agreement.
Assessment of re-aggregated human pancreatic islets for secondary drug screening

Background and Purpose Insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets is a pivotal assay in developing novel insulin secretagogues, given its good correlation with in vivo efficacy. Because the supply of human islets is limited, this assay is typically run with rodent islets, which do not address species differences and are low-throughput, because of the size matching or volume normalization required. Here we have evaluated the suitability of human re-aggregated islets for this assay. Experimental Approach We generated re-aggregated human islets of a consistent size, using micromolds and compared their responses with those of native human and rat islets, to known secretagogues and inhibitors of insulin release. Key Results Insulin secretion from rat islets, human islets and human re-aggregated cell clusters was concentration-dependently increased by glucose. The calcium channel agonist, Bay K 8644, stimulated insulin secretion in native rat islets and human re-aggregated islets, but not native human islets. Glibenclamide and tolbutamide were more effective and potent in re-aggregated human clusters compared with the other two preparations. Rat islets outperformed both human preparations of islets in response to caffeine, carbachol and glucagon-like peptide-1. Re-aggregated human islet clusters were more sensitive to somatostatin, diazoxide and sodium azide, but rodent islets were more sensitive to nifedipine. Conclusions and Implications Human re-aggregated clusters of islet cells, of a constant size were more responsive to all compounds tested than native human islets. Importantly, the assay variability was less in the re-aggregated cluster preparations, which suggests that such re-aggregated cells could be useful for drug development.
Indexical expressions in the scope of attitude verbs

A sentential theory of attitudes holds that propositions (the things that agents believe and know) are sentences of a representation language. Given such a theory, it is natural to suggest that the proposition expressed by an utterance of natural language is also a sentence of a representation language. This leads to a straightforward account of the semantics of attitude verbs. However, this kind of theory encounters problems in dealing with indexicals: expressions such as "I," "here," and "now." It is hard to explain how an indexical in the scope of an attitude verb can be opaque. This paper suggests that while the propositions that agents believe and know are sentences, the propositions expressed by utterances are not sentences: they are singular propositions, of the type used in Kaplan's theory of direct reference. Drawing on recent work in situation semantics, this paper shows how such a theory can describe the semantics of attitude verbs and account for the opacity of indexicals in the scope of these verbs.
Interruption of Pacing Following Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in an AAI Programmed Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator.

Background Unnecessary ventricular pacing from cardiac implantable electronic devices has been associated with long-term risks (heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and possibly stroke). Several device programming strategies are available to minimize ventricular pacing, each potentially associated with unintended consequences. Occasionally, the only effective means is to program to the AAI(R) pacing mode. However, in one manufacturer's implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), the AAI(R) mode has the potential risk of prolonged pacing cessation following a nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). Method Patients with ICDs, managed through the Cleveland Clinic device clinic, follow the Heart Rhythm Society consensus document recommendations for device monitoring with remote interrogations (every three months) and yearly in-person evaluations. Clinically significant findings also trigger additional evaluations by the nurse and physician. Results Two patients having Boston Scientific ICDs (E110 Teligen 100; Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, MA, USA), had asystole and marked bradycardia following untreated NSVT. These pauses in pacing were due to use of the AAI(R) pacing mode. In order to enhance ventricular tachycardia detection, by design atrial pacing is disabled during, and for a time after, an episode of ventricular tachycardia when the device operates in the “ventricular tachycardia response” (VTR) phase. Thus, following spontaneous termination of the NSVT, no pacing occurred in these patients until the VTR period ended. Nonconventional programming was utilized to permit AAI(R) pacing while avoiding these asystolic and bradycardic events during VTR. Conclusions Unintended consequences can occur when complex VT detection parameters interact with specific pacing modes. At times, nonconventional programming can avoid these interactions while still achieving effective AAI(R) pacing.
Characterization of Spin-Coated Terbium-Doped Strontium Cerate Thin Film Membranes

In this article we present the synthesis and characterization of thin film membranes based on a ceramic oxide system with a perovskite structure, which is of interest in the development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and hydrogen (H 2 ) separation membranes. Continuous and homogenous dense thin film membranes of terbium-doped strontium cerate (SrCe 0 . 9 5 Tb 0 . 0 5 O 3 - 8 ) have been prepared from ethylene glycol-based polymeric precursors using spin-coating technique. The Polymeric precursors have been deposited on silicone-based substrates and converted to dense polycrystalline metal oxide films after a sequence of annealing treatment at relatively low temperatures (400°C). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques are used to characterize the polymeric precursor chemistry and to confirm the perovskite structure of the calcined thin films respectively. The effect of sintering temperature and number of spin-coating cycles on the surface morphology and film thickness of the calcined thin films have been studied systematically using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion-beam (FIB) milling techniques respectively. The surface chemistry of the thin membranes has been revealed using the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. FIB cross-section images indicate that thin membrane films having varying thicknesses within the range of 200 nm-2 μm can be effectively produced by controlling the number of spin-coating cycle combined with the proper drying and annealing cycles after each individual coating-step.
Synthesis of 13C and 15N labeled 2,4-dinitroanisole

Syntheses of [(13)C6]-2,4-dinitroanisole (ring-(13)C6) from [(13)C6]-anisole (ring-(13)C6) and [(15)N2]-2,4-dinitroanisole from anisole using in situ generated acetyl nitrate and [(15)N]-acetyl nitrate, respectively, are described. Treatment of [(13)C6]-anisole (ring-(13)C6) with acetyl nitrate generated in 100% HNO3 gave [(13)C6]-2,4-dinitroanisole (ring-(13)C6) in 83% yield. Treatment of anisole with [(15)N]-acetyl nitrate generated in 10 N [(15)N]-HNO3 gave [(15)N2 ]-2,4-dinitroanisole in 44% yield after two cycles of nitration. Byproducts in the latter reaction included [(15)N]-2-nitroanisole and [(15)N]-4-nitroanisole.
Tying together design, process planning and machining with STEP-NC technology

While simulation has been successful in tying design and process planning into an iterative loop, machining has traditionally been a downstream terminus of the manufacturing cycle. Simulation of machining has proven difficult due to the highly dynamic and nonlinear nature of the material removal process. Consequently, actual machining must be performed to determine the suitability of designs and process plans. The nature of the programming interface to machine tools has been an obstacle to information flow in both directions. Toward the machine tool, useful design and process information is reduced to primitive tool path motion statements. From the machine tool, no automatic data paths exist, so machinists must translate results into recommendations for design or process changes manually. The advent of STEP (ISO 10303) data for numerical control, or STEP-NC, promises to rectify these problems by providing full product and process data to the machine tool controller at run time and an automatic path back to these upstream activities using technologies such as XML. This paper describes STEP-NC and early experiences that show how these benefits can be achieved.
A reanalysis of the IASSW World Census 2000

EnglishThis reanalysis by region pro.les social work education in 392 programs worldwide. The data veri.ed the .rm base of social work education at universities; demonstrated remarkable consistency across all regions in curriculum structure, pedagogy and content; and con.rmed a strong international perspective through multiple faculty and program exchanges.FrenchCette nouvelle analyse, par re gion, trace le profil de l'enseignement en travail social dispense par 392 programmes a l'e chelle mondiale. Les donne es corroborent que les programmes d'enseignement en travail social sont bien e tablis au niveau universitaire; elles de montrent e galement une remarquable homoge ne ite a travers les re gions tant du point de vue de la structure des programmes, de la pe dagogie que du contenu; et confirment en outre qu'il existe de re elles perspectives internationales par l'entremise des nombreux e changes entre programmes et faculte s.SpanishSe examina la educacion del trabajo social en 392 programas a trave s de ...
Triple-strand formation in the homopurine:homopyrimidine DNA oligonucleotides d(G-A)4 and d(T-C)4.

INTEREST in triple and quadruple DNA helices built from homopurine and homopyrimidine strands has recently intensified principally because such structures may occur in vivo1 but also because of the potential use of triplexes both in forming highly sequence-specific complexes for use in chromosome mapping2,3 and in repressing transcription4. From fibre diffraction data, models for triplex structures with poly(U)·poly(A)·poly(U) and poly(dT)·poly(dA)·poly(dT) have been proposed5, in which the purine and one pyrimidine strand are Watson–Crick paired in an A' helix, and the other pyrimidine strand is Hoogsteen base-paired parallel to the purine strand along the major groove. A similar base-pairing scheme involving G and C would require protonation of C for Hoogsteen base-pair formation, and models for such triplexes have been proposed1,6 by analogy to the single-sequence fibre diffraction data. To date, however, there have been no single crystal or NMR structural data on DNA triplexes, and no direct observation of the protonated C in such a context. We present here the first NMR evidence for triplex formation in DNA from the homopurine d(G-A)4 and homopyrimidine d(T-C)4 oligonucleotides, and report direct observation of imino protons from protonated cytosines in the triplex.
Effects of Nuclear Spin on the Elastic Scattering of 5 MeV Neutrons

Angular distributions have been measured for 5 MeV neutrons elastically scattered from Zr, Nb, Ag, Sb, Ce, Pr, Ta, Au, Tl, RadioPb, Th, and U. Corrections for multiple scattering and finite geometry were calculated using a Monte-Carlo program. The data have been fitted with a local potential optical model and compared with the predictions of a non-local potential model. There is evidence of distortions of the angular distributions attributable to nuclear deformations but there are no observable effects from interactions involving nuclear spins. The cross section for compound-elastic scattering appears to be negligibly small except for Tl and RadioPb.
Hypothesis plausibility and hypothesis generation

Abstract A model of the process of generating hypotheses in an inference task is developed. First, a hypothesis retrieval process is assumed which consists of a directed recursive memory search of long-term memory. This memory search is assumed to be triggered by a second plausibility estimation process which assesses the plausibility of hypotheses currently held by the decision maker. Research was conducted to examine these and other assumptions of this model. The assumption that new hypotheses are generated when information renders the currently held hypotheses less probable was supported by the results. A hypothesized plausibility threshold process was also studied. The results suggested that new hypotheses are introduced only if their plausibility is high enough to make them active competitors for the most likely hypothesis.
Learning about qualitatively different outcomes during a blocking procedure

In four experiments, rat subjects were used in appetitive Pavlovian magazine-approach and instrumental conditioning procedures. Experiments 1 and 2 found successful blocking of the Pavlovian conditioning of X when it was reinforced in an AX compound after prior conditioning of A. This occurred whether the outcome following AX was the same as or qualitatively different from what followed A. Experiment 3 repeated those findings but also used a transfer procedure to identify the individual associations between X and outcomes. Stimulus X developed an association with the outcome following AX when that outcome differed from that following A alone but not when it was the same as that following A alone. Experiment 4 repeated that pattern of observations for the case of an X that was an instrumental discriminative stimulus. These results suggest that different associative structures may result from a qualitatively changed and unchanged outcome in a blocking experiment. The results are related to comparable findings for the case of overexpectation.
Plinian airfall deposits of basaltic composition

Two widespread scoria-fall deposits, locally known as the Fontana Lapilli and San Judas Formation, are demonstrated to have issued from Masaya Caldera Complex, Nicaragua, and to be the first documented plinian airfall deposit of basaltic composition. Data from maps of median grain size, average maximum pyroclast diameter, and average maximum diameter of lithic fragments provide conclusive evidence of the plinian nature of both deposits. The volume within the 1 mm isopach of the Fontana Lapilli is 12 km3 (3.4 km3 Dense Rock Equivalent), and within the San Judas Formation it is 1.2 km3 (0.35 km3 DRE). Theoretical eruption parameters calculated for the Fontana Lapilli and San Judas Formation, respectively, include muzzle velocity (170 m/s and 150 m/s), column height (50 km and 18 km), volume eruption rate (2 × 105 m3/s and 1 × 104 m3/s), and duration (2 h and 10 h). These are all similar to the calculated parameters for silicic plinian eruptions. Basaltic magmas are generally considered incapable of erupting in the manner characteristic of plinian eruptions. Recognition of them argues that factors other than high viscosity may be of fundamental importance.
Interoperability ranking for mobile applications

At present, most major app marketplaces perform ranking and recommendation based on search relevance features or marketplace ``popularity'' statistics. For instance, they check similarity between app descriptions and user search queries, or rank-order the apps according to statistics such as number of downloads, user ratings etc. Rankings derived from such signals, important as they are, are insufficient to capture the dynamics of the apps ecosystem. Consider for example the questions: In a particular user context, is app A more likely to be launched than app B? Or does app C provide complementary functionality to app D-- Answering these questions requires identifying and analyzing the dependencies between apps in the apps ecosystem. Ranking mechanisms that reflect such interdependences are thus necessary. In this paper we introduce the notion of interoperability ranking for mobile applications. Intuitively, apps with high rank are such apps which are inferred to be somehow important to other apps in the ecosystem. We demonstrate how interoperability ranking can help answer the above questions and also provide the basis for solving several problems which are rapidly attracting the attention of both researchers and the industry, such as building personalized real-time app recommender systems or intelligent mobile agents. We describe a set of methods for computing interoperability ranks and analyze their performance on real data from the Windows Phone app marketplace.
VDAC Opening Drugs to Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death

Background: Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation depend on metabolite flux into mitochondria through voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC). Free tubulin closes VDAC, and high free tubulin levels decrease ΔΨ in cancer cells. Erastin opens VDAC by antagonizing the inhibitory effect of tubulin. Here, we hypothesized that erastin and erastin-like compounds open VDAC, increase mitochondrial metabolism and ROS formation, and activate c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell killing. Our AIM was to evaluate the effects of erastin/erastin-like compounds on ΔΨ, ROS, NADH, JNK activation, cell killing and protection by antioxidants in HepG2 cells.Methods: Confocal/multiphoton fluorescence microscopy assessed ΔΨ (tetramethylrhodamine methylester), ROS (chloromethyldichlorofluorescein [cmDCF], MitoSOX Red) and NADH (autofluorescence). JNK was assessed by Western blotting and cell killing by propidium iodide assay.Results: Erastin increased ΔΨ by 46% and NADH by 30% and blocked the depolarizing effect of microtubule destabilizers in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Increased ΔΨ after erastin/erastin-like compounds induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization that was followed by depolarization. Small molecules X1 and X2, identified in a high-throughput screening, caused a more rapid drop of ΔΨ (<1 h) compared to erastin (3-4 h). Erastin, X1 and X2 also maximally increased cmDCF and MitoSOX Red fluorescence after 1-2 h. Additionally, JNK activation peaked at 60 min. JNK activation and ROS formation preceded mitochondrial depolarization. Cell killing promoted by X1 (93%) and X2 (76%) after 12 h was blocked by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (100 µM).Conclusion: Mitochondrial hyperpolarization caused by VDAC opening drugs causes oxidative stress, which in turn leads to JNK activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death that is prevented by antioxidants. Grants DK073336, DK037034 and 14.Z50.31.0028 to JJL and ACS 13-043-01 to ENM.
Quantitative Analysis of Meclizine in Tablet Formulations by HPLC

Abstract A simple, rapid and precise high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of meclizine in tablets has been developed. Reversed-phase chromatography was conducted using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (30% V/V) and detection at 230 nm. The recovery and coefficient of variation from six placebo tablets containing 25 mg of meclizine were 100.5% and 0.84%, respectively. Replicate regression analyses of three standard plots in the concentration range of 1–12 mcg/ml obtained on three different days gave a correlation coefficient >0.998 and the coefficient of variation of the slopes <1%. The assay was precise within day and between days as indicated by ANOVA test. The recoveries from 10 replicate tablets of the two different commercial meclizine brands were 98.5 and 100.7% of the label amount and their coefficients of variation were 1.16 and 1.71%.
Reply by Author to R. Edelman and P.T. Harsha

E and Harsha present two objections to our work. They claim, first, that the centerline formulation reported in Ref. 1 is not second-order accurate and introduces a "spurious" diffusion term; second, that the conservation statement employed in Ref. 2 is incorrect. These objections are interrelated, since it is our contention that the "spurious" diffusion term is necessary to preserve conservation. The finite differrence analog of the global conservation property used in Ref. 2 is identical to that reported by Edelman and Harsha, provided a consistent choice of \l/n is employed:
A general model of cooperativity and its application to DPG inhibition of hemoglobin oxygenation.

Summary A general model of cooperativity has been developed that combines the concepts of preferential binding, tertiary subunit interaction, and quaternary constraint. The models of Monod, Wyman and Changeux, and of Koshland et al ., are limiting cases of this general theory. Another special case of the general model, approximating the Perutz description of hemoglobin, fits mono- and bi-phasic hemoglobin oxygenation data, over a wide range of 2–3 Diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentrations, with a total of five adjustable parameters, and predicts that the change from deoxy to oxy quaternary structure occurs just before or just after the third heme is oxygenated, depending on the DPG level.
SPONTANEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE APPETITE OF GOITROGEN- TREATED RATS: EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND ADRENALECTOMY1

Administration of the anti-thyroid drugs, propylthiouracil, thiouracil and methimazole, is accompanied by an increase in the spontaneous NaCl intake of male and female rats offered choice between water and .15 M NaCl solution to drink. The increase in NaCl intake occurs within one week after treatment begins and is independent of either pituitary or adrenal glands.
Drying and property studies on protective coatings formed by spontaneous surface polymerization

Drying studies on a protective coating formed by spontaneous polymerization on aluminum are described. The polymer coating studied here was formed from styrene, n-phenyl maleimide (NPMI), bismaleimide (BMI), and 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl acetoacetate (MEA). The coating successfully changed into an adherent film through drying in the presence of a coalescing solvent. Drying at a high temperature (> 170°C) enhanced the performance of the coating in terms of corrosion resistance and adhesion. It was found that the drying process involved removal of surface water on the substrate followed by formation of a dense protective layer associated with thermal crosslinking of g -diketone functional groups in the coating. The reaction mechanism, glass transition temperature, adhesion strength to aluminum, and corrosion resistance of these coatings are reported. The resultant coatings show excellent adhesion strength in a torsional test and very good resistance under the ASTM B-117 accelerated salt fog test.
Diversity: the biological perspective position statement

Maintaining some minimum level of biological diversity is critical for the proper functioning of global ecosystems. While there are still many unknowns about the relationships between species within an ecosystem, a number of processes are known to affect diversity. Specifically, predator/prey relationships, competition and extinction plus spatial and temporal disturbances influence the number and distribution of species. Currently, most computer diversity strategies are implemented without any attempt to model the processes that influence diversity. We believe that a broader mapping of diversity concepts which include these processes will present a more complete view of computer security dynamics and perhaps suggest novel defensive approaches.
Preparation of High Surface Area Nano-Structured Graphene Composites

The single-layer graphene usually aggregates and form irreversible multilayer graphene sheets due to the Van Der Waals interaction between the neighboring sheets, and the agglomeration leads to a substantial loss of effective surface area for graphene in the solid state. This affects the graphene's applications where high surface area is the prerequisite. Therefore, the creation of intrinsically ultrahigh surface area graphene in the solid state is paramount significance. In this work, the functionalized hydrophilic carbons were used as the spacer for the preparation of the graphene composites, and the surface area can reach as high as 1256 m2/g with 1 % content of functionalized carbon blacks. A specific capacitance of as high as 324.6 F/g at a current density of 0.3 A/g was achieved over the graphene composites.
Matson Evaluation of Drug Side-Effects (MEDS) Profiles of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) in Adults with Intellectual Disability

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are generally considered the drug class of first resort for persons with intellectual disability (ID) and mood disorders. This trend is consistent with the general population. While efficacy has been established, little has been done to look at side effect risk factors of SSRIs for persons with ID. In this study we describe data from the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side-Effects (MEDS) for 49 adults with mild to profound ID who were prescribed SSRIs (n = 13), SSRIs plus other psychotropic drugs (n = 15), or no psychotropics (n = 21). From these data we conclude that higher doses of SSRIs and prescription of additional psychotropic medications increase the possibility that undesirable side effects would emerge compared to controls.
Immigrant differences in school-age children's verbal trajectories: a look at four racial/ethnic groups.

This study explored inter- and intraindividual immigrant group differences in children's English verbal ability over ages 6–16 in 4 racial/ethnic groups—White Americans, Black Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Ricans (N=2,136). Although all children's mean verbal scores increased with age, immigrant children (except for Black Americans) had lower scores than respective nonimmigrant children. In contrast, immigrant children (except for Mexican Americans) had more persistent verbal growth into adolescence than respective nonimmigrant children. Family resources moderately accounted for immigrant differences in children's mean verbal scores only. The findings support different theoretical models for understanding inter- and intraindividual immigrant differences in achievement. Mexican-American immigrants and Black American nonimmigrants were struggling and merit policy attention.
Driving Research and the Older Adult: A Debate Among Researchers and Practitioners

As we have begun to live longer, the proportion of older drivers involved in vehicle operation is on the rise. This group relies on private automobiles as a main means of independent transportation. At the same time, there is concern that age-related deteriorations of human functions may make older drivers less safe than their younger counterparts.Despite the advances in driver research, especially as it relates to the older driver, there have been complaints about the value of this research for practice. We will debate this issue. Specifically, the focus will be on an exchange between researchers and practitioners in the following areas.– What are the current issues in practice regarding older drivers?– What are the current issues in research regarding older drivers?– What can practitioners do better so that researchers study operationally relevant topics?– What can researchers do better to facilitate transition of their results to practice?– What are good mechanisms for continued dialogue between resear...
SU-E-J-01: A Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) Study on Megavoltage Tomotherapy Imaging System

Purpose: Megavoltage image scanning on Tomotherapy is an important process in Image‐GuidedRadiation Therapy. It provides the patients alignment as well the delineations of organs at risk where dose needs to be limited. However, radiationdose delivered to the patient from imaging process needs to be addressed and integrated as part of the radiationdose to the tumor and OAR's. This study is to provide the tool to evaluate the additional dose which contributed to the patient from the image requisition.Methods: Several sets of dose measurement were obtained from two cylindrical acrylic phantoms with different diameters which represent head and body respectively. The phantom images were scanned using diagnostic CT and transferred to Tomotherapy. CTDI in AAPM TG‐111 report was applied to report the dose. The 100‐mm long stem detector used in the measurements collects the scattered dose in the phantom. The long stem collecting volume is counting for the dose equilibrium within the geometry. Results: Average readings of several scans for each phantom were obtained. The smaller (head) phantom scans has higher average dose than body scan and the peripheral doses were greater than the central dose by a factor of 1.5 consistantly. The well known CT prodigy has been observed that for the dose will increase as the object being scanned with smaller size. In clinical aspect, for a typical patient who is undergoing cranial/brain Tomotherapy radiosurgery protocol, there will be another 11.3cGy will be delivered to the patient and this data is available to physician for his references Conclusions: Tomotherapy does provide IGRT technique for patients to receive the prescribed dose to the tumor and spare the OAR within the tolerances. However the imaging behavior should be evaluated with CTdose index to provide clinicians with comprehensive evaluation in radiotherapy.
Subjective life satisfaction and objective functional outcome in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders: A longitudinal analysis

Abstract Background Quality of life (QOL) has gained increasing attention as an important yet underappreciated component of functional outcome in mood disorders. In particular, the relationship between subjective life satisfaction and objective measures of psychosocial adjustment has not been well-studied. The goal of the present study was to examine the longitudinal associations between subjective life satisfaction and objective functional outcome among individuals with bipolar and unipolar mood disorders. Method One hundred fifty-seven mood disordered subjects were assessed at index hospitalization for bipolar mania ( n = 35), unipolar psychotic depression ( n = 27), or unipolar nonpsychotic depression ( n = 95). All were prospectively followed up three times, at approximately 2, 4.5 and 7–8 years. Global outcome, work performance, social adjustment, recurrent depressive episodes, and dimensions of life satisfaction were assessed by semi-structured interviews using standardized ratings. Results Subjective life satisfaction strongly paralleled global functioning, work performance and social adjustment at each follow-up for patients with unipolar nonpsychotic depression, but not bipolar disorder or unipolar psychotic depression. Depressive symptoms and objective functional impairment contributed to poor QOL in most domains, independent of illness chronicity, medication use, or affective disorder subtype. Limitations Findings might have differed had a different QOL measure been used, although the present measure showed concurrent validity with a previously used instrument. Sample sizes for the bipolar and psychotic depression groups were sufficient to detect moderate, but not small, correlations between objective functioning and subjective QOL. Conclusions Recurrent depression remains a substantial contributor to poor life satisfaction across affective disorder subtypes. Subjective QOL in bipolar and unipolar psychotic depression patients may not accurately reflect objective functional outcome status, potentially due to diminished insight, demoralization, or altered life expectations over time.
Integrin bidirectional signaling: a molecular view.

Cells receive and send signals across the plasma membrane using the integrin family of receptors. What is it about their structure that can mediate their function?
Categorizing Strategic Issues: Links to Organizational Action

A general conceptual model and specific hypotheses about how the meanings attached to strategic issues by decision makers are translated into organizational responses are presented. The model integrates an interpretive view of organizational decision making with cognitive categorization theory. The hypotheses focus on how labeling an issue as either a threat or an opportunity affects both subsequent information processing and the motivations of key decision makers. It is argued that decision makers' cognitions and motivations systematically affect the processing of issues and the types of organizational actions taken in response to them. Both theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Synthesis of urea-cycle intermediates from citrulline in brain

Abstract 1. 1. The biosynthesis in viro or urea-cycle intermediates in the cortex of rat brain from [ ureido - 14 C]citrulline has been studied. This amino acid was found to be readily converted to the succeeding intermediates of the urea cycle, namely, argininosuccinic acid, arginine, and urea. Several additional metabolites were also formed but were not identified. Results presented in this report indicate that the major part of the urea cycle is present in brain. 2. 2. The possibility that the urea cylce in brain may serve more to synthesize imperative metabolites or remove citrulline and argininosuccinic acid than to fix ammonia and permit its excretion as urea is inferred by the rapidity with which citrulline is metabolized to urea and other urea-cylce intermediates.
Failure of ESI Spectra to Represent Metal-Complex Solution Composition: A Study of Lanthanide–Carboxylate Complexes

Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) shows great promise as a rapid method to identify metal–ligand complexes in solution. However, its application for quantitative determination of the distribution of species present in complicated equilibria is still in its infancy, and a direct correlation between ions observed in the gas phase and species expected in solution must be made with caution. The present work focuses on a seemingly simple system; the complexation of lanthanide cations with the acetate ligand. Using a high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, ions created by electrospray of solutions containing trivalent neodymium and acetate were identified. The gas phase distribution of species was compared to the solution phase speciation predicted using thermodynamic complexation constants. Apparent gas phase speciation diagrams were constructed as a function of solution conditions and fragmentation potential. Despite the expected variability of metal–ligand complexes as s...
Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor α and epidermal growth factor receptor in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is expressed in respiratory epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages during development and following lung injury. In the present study, the presence and sites of synthesis of TGF-alpha and its receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), were assessed in lung tissue from patients with severe lung disease caused by cystic fibrosis (CF). Lung sections from 24 individuals with CF, obtained at the time of lung transplantation, were compared to lung sections from five lung donors without CF. Cellular sites of TGF-alpha, EGF-R, and cellular sites of proliferation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. All CF lung sections contained multiple cell types with detectable TGF-alpha. Compared to control sections, intensity of TGF-alpha immunostaining in macrophages, airway epithelial cells, and peribronchial submucosal cells was increased. EGF-R was detected in respiratory epithelial and peribronchial stromal cells but not in alveolar macrophages. The intensity of EGF-R staining in CF lung tissue did not differ from that of controls. An increased number of cells expressing Ki-67 nuclear antigen was detected in peribronchial submucosal cells but not bronchiolar epithelial cells in the CF lungs. The increased expression of TGF-alpha in CF lung tissue supports the concept that TGF-alpha plays a role in paracrine/autocrine regulation of lung remodeling associated with injury and repair in the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis.
Membrane current noise in dark-adapted and light-adapted isolated retinal rods of the larval tiger salamander

1. Low-frequency light-sensitive membrane current noise in isolated rod photoreceptors of the larval tiger salamander was recorded using suction electrodes, in the dark, and during light adaptation by backgrounds or by bleaching visual pigment. 2. In background light, noise variance increases and then decreases. For rods desensitized to similar levels by bleaching visual pigment, the noise variance either does not change (weak adaptation) or decreases (with stronger adaptation). 3. The power spectral density of the current noise in dark-adapted rods shows a component with half-power cut-off frequency at about 0.1 Hz, attributed to spontaneous single events and continuous noise from dark phosphodiesterase activity. A second component, with half-power cut-off frequency at about 1 Hz, may be due to slow components in the light-sensitive channel gating. 4. The power spectral density of the noise in background light is dominated by noise generated by the background. Background light adapts at least the first component of the noise seen in dark-adapted cells. For cells desensitized by bleaching, light adaptation of both components of the dark-adapted noise is observed. 5. The results confirm that the low-frequency noise in dark-adapted cells arises from the transduction mechanism of the rod, in that both components can be light adapted, and show that, for rods permanently desensitized by bleaching, the desensitization is not due to the presence of active visual pigment molecules similar to those produced by background light.
Stripping Film Technic for Radioautographs

SummaryA technic for radioautography is described which makes the developing and staining processes independent and, through the use of stripping film, provides an emulsion of uniform thickness. The method of mounting permits uniform development of the entire emulsion and maintains a fixed tissue-autograph relationship.
Oxidation mechanism of ligninolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of environmental pollutants

Abstract White rot fungi are the most significant lignin degraders among the wood inhabiting microorganisms. They degrade lignin by extracellular oxidative enzymes. The ligninolytic enzymes also oxidize various environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorophenols, and aromatic dyes. The most ubiquitous ligninolytic enzymes produced by these fungi are lignin peroxidases (LP), manganese peroxidases (MnP), and laccases (phenol oxidases). The peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes having typical catalytic cycles, which are characteristic of other peroxidases as well. One molecule of hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the resting (ferric) enzyme withdrawing two electrons. Then the peroxidase is reduced back in two steps of one electron oxidation in the presence of appropriate reducing substrate. The range of the reducing substrates of the two peroxidases is very different due to their altered substrate binding sites. LP is able to oxidize various aromatic compounds, while MnP oxidizes almost exclusively Mn(II) to Mn(III), which then degrades phenolic compounds. Laccases are copper-containing oxidases. They reduce molecular oxygen to water and oxidize phenolic compounds. In this paper, the mechanism of pollutant oxidation by ligninolytic enzymes is discussed giving an overview on the recent results of enzyme kinetics and structure.