cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FOCUS ATTENTION ON THE STANDING LONG JUMP AMONG HIGH SCHOOL FEMALE ATHLETES

Coaches and trainers often use verbal cues to help players improve their sport performance and training quality. The type of verbal instructions implemented by a coach may influence how players execute certain tasks. External and internal focus attention are verbal ques that may help athletes improve performance in various tasks such as running and jumping. Purpose: This study attempted to determine if implementing external focus attention ques (EFAQ) improved standing long jump (SLJ) performance when compared to implementing internal focus attention ques (IFAQ). Methods: Female (n=14) high school soccer players completed three testing sessions where three trials of the SLJ were collected (3 sessions with 3 trials each). Prior to each testing session a dynamic warmup was implemented to prepare the participants for the subsequent SLJ trials. During the initial test session, the coach/investigator provided no attention ques (NQ) prior to the SLJ trials. During the other two testing sessions the coach provided either an EFAQ or IFAQ prior to the SLJ trials. Second and third testing session were carried out in a randomized repeated measures fashion. The testing sessions occurred on three different days at the beginning of the week over three weeks. The best SLJ score from each testing session was used for statistical analysis. A paired t-test was used to compare the SLJ scores between the sessions. Gain scores and effect size (EF) differences between the NQ SLJ scores and the EFAQ and IFAQ conditions were also calculated. Results: The best SLJ scores for the test conditions were as follows: NQ=174.0±17.4, IFAQ=169.1±20.7 and EFAQ=178.2±16.4 (cms). The EFAQ SLJ scores were significantly greater than both the IFAQ and NQ SLJ scores (p<0.05). The IFAQ SLJ scores were significantly less than the NQ SLJ scores (p<0.05). The ES difference and gain score between the EFAQ and NQ were: 0.24 SD and 4.2±7.3 cms. The ES difference and gain score between the IFAQ and NQ were: -0.28 SD and -4.9±10.0 cms. Conclusion: Within the parameters of this study, EFAQ improves SLJ scores when compared to either NQ or IFAQ scenarios. Further, IFAQ appears to degrade SLJ performance when compared to a NQ scenario. Article visualizations:
The Unending Syrian Conflict: Internal Fall-Out and External Impact

This introductory chapter lays down the ground to understand Syria’s historicity and its multidimensional civil war. While focussing on the major problem of the refugees and the displaced, it gives an expose of the causes responsible for this long-running struggle. It tries to evoke life in the Syrian refugee camps. The issues delineated in this chapter will be taken up in the subsequent chapter.
The SWIFT AGN and Cluster Survey. I. Number Counts of AGNs and Galaxy Clusters

The Swift active galactic nucleus (AGN) and Cluster Survey (SACS) uses 125 deg2 of Swift X-ray Telescope serendipitous fields with variable depths surrounding γ-ray bursts to provide a medium depth ( erg cm−2 s−1) and area survey filling the gap between deep, narrow Chandra/XMM-Newton surveys and wide, shallow ROSAT surveys. Here, we present a catalog of 22,563 point sources and 442 extended sources and examine the number counts of the AGN and galaxy cluster populations. SACS provides excellent constraints on the AGN number counts at the bright end with negligible uncertainties due to cosmic variance, and these constraints are consistent with previous measurements. We use Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mid-infrared (MIR) colors to classify the sources. For AGNs we can roughly separate the point sources into MIR-red and MIR-blue AGNs, finding roughly equal numbers of each type in the soft X-ray band (0.5–2 keV), but fewer MIR-blue sources in the hard X-ray band (2–8 keV). The cluster number counts, with 5% uncertainties from cosmic variance, are also consistent with previous surveys but span a much larger continuous flux range. Deep optical or IR follow-up observations of this cluster sample will significantly increase the number of higher-redshift () X-ray-selected clusters.
Collateral Damage: A Narrative Review on Epidemics of Substance Use Disorders and Their Relationships to Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States.

ABSTRACT Associations between substance use disorders and outbreaks of HIV and acute viral hepatitis have received considerable attention, but less research has focused on links between substance use disorders and sexually transmitted infections, apart from alcohol misuse. This narrative review describes the history of this public health crisis in the United States and direct and indirect effects opioids and specific stimulants have on high-risk sexual behaviors. We also review the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections associated with opioids and stimulants in the United States and discuss opportunities for integrated interventions.
Influence of Nanoscale Parameters on Solid-Solid Phase Transformation in Octogen Crystal: Multiple Solution and Temperature Effect

In this study, the influence of two nanoscale parameters (e.g., ratios of energy and width of two different interfaces) and temperature have been investigated which drastically affect the formation of interfacial melt during solid–solid phase transformations in energetic Octogen crystal. For different critical values of these parameters and depending on the energy barrier of the solid–melt interface, the appearance of propagating interfacial melt can be either continuous-reversible without the hysteresis or jump-like first-order discontinuous transformation with hysteresis. It is found that these nanoscale parameters significantly affect the phase transformation mechanism, induce different scale effects, and change the nanoscale behavior of octogen crystal.
In defence of a liberal realism and a realist political ethics: On Edward Hall’s Value, Conflict, and Order:

This review argues that Edward Hall’s outstanding new book on the political thought of three outstanding 20th-century thinkers – Isaiah Berlin, Stuart Hampshire and Bernard Williams – has three maj...
Monoclonal Antibody Biology

Since the introduction of passive immunity for diphtheria treatment in the late nineteenth century, significant technological breakthroughs have been made in antibody-based therapeutics. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are becoming a major part of the treatment armamentarium for cancer, autoimmune disease, and neurologic disorders. Most commercial MAbs are made of gamma immunoglobulins (IgGs) of three subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4). Each IgG subclass exhibits unique structural properties eliciting different effector responses and immunogenicity. Therapeutic mAbs bind strongly to soluble ligands and surface receptors blocking their signaling pathways but with minimal off-target adverse effect. By interacting with the neonatal Fc receptor, mAbs escape the degradation process extending their circulating half-life. Humanization and glycoengineering have improved mAb immunogenicity and safety profile. This chapter reviews the general biology of mAb regarding their structural property, multiple subtypes, nomenclature, pharmacology, and safety.
Trapped waves in supersonic and hypersonic turbulent channel flow over porous walls

This study investigates the effect of an isothermal wall with complex impedance on compressible turbulent channel flow up to bulk Mach numbers of . The perturbed field exhibits more dilatational nature in high Mach number flows with low permeability.
Relative abundance of saccharides, free amino acids, and other compounds in specific pollen species for source profiling of atmospheric aerosol.

Abstract Though studies in bioaerosols are being conducted with increasing frequency over the past decade, the total breadth of knowledge on bioaerosols and their role in atmospheric processes is still minimal. In order to better characterize the chemical composition of fresh biological aerosol for purposes of source apportionment and tracing in the atmosphere, several plant pollen species were selected for detailed chemical analyses. For this purpose, different pollen species were purchased and collected around Reno, Nevada, USA, for further extraction and detailed chemical analysis. These species included aspen, corn, pecan, ragweed, eastern cottonwood, paper mulberry, rabbitbrush, bitterbrush, lodgepole pine, and Jeffrey pine. Saccharides, free amino acids, and various other polar compounds (e.g., anhydrosugars and resin acids) were quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry techniques (GC–MS and UPLC-MS), with the purpose to identify differences and nuances in chemical composition of specific pollen species. The saccharides β- d -fructose, α- d -glucose, and β- d -glucose were ubiquitously found across all pollen samples (10), and sucrose was found in five samples. d -galactose was also found in pine species. Total saccharides were 4.0 to 29% of total dry weight across all samples. Total free amino acids were 0.29% to 15% of total dry weight across all samples, with the most common amino acid being proline. Chemical profiles (including both saccharides and amino acids) of surface-deposited aerosol in the Lake Tahoe area correlated most closely with pine pollen than other analyzed pollen species, indicating that chemical profiles of pollen can be used to infer its contribution to local aerosols.
Equilibrium in a Family of Common-Value First-Price Auctions with Differential Information

Equilibrium strategies are explicitly derived for a family of two-bidder common-value first-price auctions in which players have ex ante different information represented by finite partitions of the set of possible values for the object being sold. The distribution of bids for the ex post strong player stochastically dominates that for the ex post weak player. Comparison with the dominance-solvable equilibrium in a second-price auction shows the Milgrom-Weber finding that the second-price auction yields at least as much revenue as the first-price auction fails with asymmetry: in some cases the first-price auction provides greater expected revenue, in some cases less.
Female terrorism and militancy : agency, utility, and organization

Introduction Cindy D. Ness. In the Name of the Cause: Women's Work in Secular and Religious Terrorism Cindy D. Ness. Women Fighting in Jihad? David Cook. Beyond the Bombings - Analyzing Female Suicide Bombers Debra Zedalis. (Gendered) War Carolyn Nordstrom. The Evolving Participation of Muslim Women in Palestine, Chechnya, and the Global Jihadi Movement Karla Cunningham. Black Widows and Beyond: Understanding the Motivations and Life Trajectories of Chechen Female Terrorists Anne Speckhard and Khapta Akhmedova. The Black Widows: Chechen Women Join the Fight for Independence - and Allah Anne Nivat. Palestinian Female Suicide Bombers: Virtuous Heroines or Damaged Goods? Yoram Schweitzer. Martyrs or Murderers? Victims or Victimizers? The Voices of Would Be Palestinian Female Suicide Bombers Anat Berko and Edna Erez. Girls as "Weapons of Terror" in Northern Uganda and Sierra Leonean Rebel Fighting Forces Susan McKay. From Freedom Birds to Water Buffaloes: Women Terrorists in Asia Margaret Gonzalez-Perez. Women and Organized Racial Terrorism in the United States Kathleen M. Blee. The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism Brigitte L. Nacos
Imaging patient derived breast cancer xenografts in an orthotopic mammary window chamber model

We demonstrate for the first time optical and magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer patient derived xenografts in an orthotopic mammary window chamber model. In vivo imaging of oxygen saturation, apparent diffusion coefficient and blood perfusion were performed.
Tetanus toxin: convulsant action on mouse spinal cord neurons in culture

The effects of direct application of tetanus toxin on fetal mouse spinal cord neurons in culture are described. Tetanus toxin produces increased excitation characterized by paroxysmal depolarizing events (PDE). In contrast to the abrupt onset of convulsant action produced by postsynaptic glycine antagonist strychnine, the convulsant action of tetanus occurs after a dose-dependent latent period. The onset of the convulsant action of tetanus toxin is paralleled by a reduction in observed spontaneous inhibitory synaptic potentials. Excitatory synaptic events can be identified as components of some tetanus-PDE. The toxin does not alter postsynaptic responses to the inhibitory amino acids glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. The latency and convulsant action of tetanus toxin are consistent with an irreversible presynaptic membrane interaction that reduces inhibitory transmission, a mechanism of action distinct from those of convulsants that antagonize inhibitory transmitters at the postsynaptic membrane.
Mitochondrial Genotype Affects Fitness in Drosophila simulans

Drosophila simulans is known to harbor three distinct mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype groups ( si I, - II, and - III) with nearly 3.0% interhaplotypic divergence but si I haplotype are fastest developing and have the lowest probability of surviving to three experimental periods (2–6, 12–17, and 34–39 days of age). Wild-type males with si III mtDNA were more active while disruption of specific coadapted nucleo-mitochondrial complexes caused a significant decrease in activity. These results are discussed in the context of the geographic distribution of each haplotype.
Merkur: eine zerfurchte Welt

Der Planet Merkur erhielt seinen Namen nach dem romischen Gott des Handels, der dem griechischen Gotterboten Hermes entsprach. Er umkreist die Sonne auf einer engeren Bahn als alle anderen Planeten und weist daher mit 88 Tagen das kurzeste Jahr sowie mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 48 Kilometern pro Sekunde die hochste Bahngeschwindigkeit auf.
Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers.

Successful growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium has been achieved by use of a specialized diffusion chamber technique. The cell-impermeable porous chambers were maintained in animals for periods up to 50 days with and without macrophages and LM cells. A generation time of 6 to 8 days was found for the acid-fast bacilli in chambers containing macrophages when maintained in the mouse. Also, cell-free chambers maintained in the mouse gave a generation time of 11 days for M. lepraemurium. There was no doubt that chambers maintained in a susceptible host provided greater yields of bacilli than chambers maintained in a nonsusceptible host such as the guinea pig. In fact, better yields were obtained when the chambers were maintained in monolayer petri plate cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages than when held in the guinea pig. The most pertinent observation was that living cells are not essential for growth of M. lepraemurium, and the results suggest that multiplication can occur in a cell-free environment within a susceptible host. These studies give evidence that the use of porous chambers has promising possibilities for further investigations on the cultivation of other fastidious mycobacteria.
RAC1 P29S regulates PD-L1 expression in melanoma

Whole exome sequencing of cutaneous melanoma has led to the detection of P29 mutations in RAC1 in 5-9% of samples, but the role of RAC1 P29 mutations in melanoma biology remains unclear. Using reverse phase protein array analysis to examine the changes in protein/phospho-protein expression, we identified cyclin B1, PD-L1, Ets-1, and Syk as being selectively upregulated with RAC1 P29S expression and downregulated with RAC1 P29S depletion. Using the melanoma patient samples in TCGA, we found PD-L1 expression to be significantly increased in RAC1 P29S patients compared to RAC1 WT as well as other RAC1 mutants. The finding that PD-L1 is upregulated suggests that oncogenic RAC1 P29S may promote suppression of the antitumor immune response. This is a new insight into the biological function of RAC1 P29S mutations with potential clinical implications as PD-L1 is a candidate biomarker for increased benefit from treatment with anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies.
The future of pancreatology: how to go where we have never been before

The current article is part of a series of manuscripts, which together serve as a never-perfect yet candid attempt to honor the remarkable scientific stature of Professor Hans Gunther Beger. The challenge posed to the author has been to meditate on the future of pancreatology. In the following paragraphs, to the exclusion of no other, we provide an approach to future discoveries in our field. This approach combines the large scope of the new biology (eg, genomics) with the analytical power of conventional, hypothesis-driven, molecular cell biology of individual laboratories to build comprehensive functional models of normal and diseased pancreatic cell populations. In addition, the potential challenges that both the size of our field and current research funding offer to scientists focused on the pancreas are discussed. It is the author’s hope that the readers will not only meditate on the reflections offered here but, when in agreement with the positions stated, will help to implement a road map that can make our scientific field better. Never forget—the lives of our patients depend on what we do.
Using a Research Article to Facilitate a Deep Structure Understanding of Discrimination.

This article suggests ways in which a current research article on employment discrimination from the American Sociological Review can be used in the undergraduate classroom to facilitate deep struc...
A Single Chimpanzee-Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Provides Post-exposure Protection Against Type 1 and Type 2 Polioviruses

Abstract Background Development of anti-poliovirus therapies to complement vaccination is an urgent priority. A number of antiviral drugs are in development. Recently we have developed human monoclonal antibodies that could be used for treatment of chronically infected individuals and emergency response to potential reappearance of polioviruses after eradication. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize neutralizing activity of anti-poliovirus monoclonal antibody A12 against wild type, vaccine-derived, and drug-resistant poliovirus strains, evaluate in vivo pre- and post-exposure protective properties of the antibody against polioviruses of serotypes 1 and 2, and to determine whether it interferes with response to immunization with poliovirus vaccine. Study design Immunogenicity studies were performed in CD1 mice. Poliovirus neutralizing titers were determined in poliovirus microneutralization assay. Poliovirus immunization-challenge experiments were performed in poliovirus-susceptible TgPVR21 mice. Results We show that monoclonal antibody A12 effectively neutralizes in vitro a broad range of type 1 and type 2 wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses, provides effective pre- and post-exposure protection of TgPVR21 mice from challenge with a lethal dose of poliovirus. Treatment of animals with the antibody concurrent with IPV immunization does not prevent immune response to the vaccine. Conclusions Anti-poliovirus antibody A12 effectively neutralizes a range of wild and VDPV strains and protectstransgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus against lethal challenge upon pre- and post-exposure administration. This suggests that the antibodies could be used in combination with drugs and/or vaccine to improve their efficacy and prevent emergence of resistant variants, and provides a justification for initiating their clinical evaluation.
Diversity of T-cell receptor Valpha, Vbeta, and CDR3 expression by myelin basic protein-specific human T-cell clones

We sequenced the cDNAs of alpha and beta T-cell receptors (TCRs), including V, J, and CDR3 regions, expressed by 54 myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T-cell clones generated from the peripheral blood of 15 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and three normal controls. Thirteen V alpha gene segments, 18 V beta gene segments, 23 CDR3 alpha sequences, and 30 CDR3 beta sequences were represented among these clones. Some CDR3 motifs were common to several clones that shared epitope specificity, while other motifs were common to clones with diverse epitope specificities. The extensive heterogeneity of TCR gene expression in the human immune response to MBP indicates that therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking a limited number of TCRs are unlikely to fully suppress the T-cell response to MBP in vivo. NEUROLOGY 1995;45: 1919-1922
Composite silica/Nafion® membranes prepared by tetraethylorthosilicate sol-gel reaction and solution casting for direct methanol fuel cells

Abstract Composite silica/Nafion ® membranes were prepared using a tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) hydrolysis sol–gel reaction followed by solution casting. Physico-chemical properties of the composite membranes were characterized by TGA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX and water uptake. Membranes were investigated in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Lower silica loadings (3 and 5 wt.%) in the composite membranes helped to inhibit methanol crossover through the membrane, while higher silica loadings demonstrated a smaller contribution to lowering the methanol crossover. Proton conductivity of the composite membranes decreased with increasing silica content, in spite of the increasing membrane water uptake. DMFC performance using the composite membrane with 5 wt.% silica loading was higher than using a pure Nafion ® membrane.
Long-term reduction in ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron population activity following repeated stimulant or ethanol treatment.

Background Drugs of abuse exert profound effects on the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) systems. Few studies have investigated the long-term adaptations in ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neuron activity after repeated exposure to drugs of abuse. We investigated changes in the electrical activity of VTA DA neurons after cessation from treatment with several stimulants and ethanol. Methods Adult rats were treated with stimulants (amphetamine: 2 mg/kg per day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks; cocaine: 15 mg/kg per day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks; nicotine: .5 mg/kg per day, 5 days; ethanol: 10 g/kg per day, 3 weeks) and the single-unit activity of VTA DA neurons was studied in vivo 3 to 6 weeks later. Results Stimulant and ethanol treatment decreased basal VTA DA neuron population activity but not firing rate or firing pattern. This effect was reversed by acute apomorphine, suggesting that the underlying mechanism for reduced population activity was depolarization inactivation. Anesthesia did not confound this result, as similar effects were observed in amphetamine-treated rats recorded in a conscious preparation. Conclusions Reduced basal VTA DA neuron population activity presumably due to depolarization inactivation is a common and long-term neuroadaptation to repeated treatment with stimulants and ethanol. This change in VTA DA neuron activity could underlie the persistent nature of addiction-associated behaviors.
Physical and chemical considerations in the in vitro calibration of microdialysis probes for biogenic amine neurotransmitters and metabolites.

Abstract The object of the present study was to examine the effects of temperature, oxidation, and pH on in vitro relative recovery of catecholamine and indoleamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites using microdialysis probes. Relative recovery of norepinephrine (NE), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) increased with temperature from 0 to 46°C. For each compound, the increase in the amount recovered with increasing temperature was different. The stability of norepinephrine and dopamine was not affected at any temperature using deoxygenated calibration standard solutions containing ascorbic acid but was greatly reduced when exposed to ambient air without antioxidant treatment; catecholamine metabolites and the indole compounds were less affected. No change for in vitro relative recovery was observed by varying the pH of the perfusing solution from 6 to 8. Thus, temperature control in probe calibration as well as analyte stability using antioxidant treatment are important in reducing the error when estimating extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitter and metabolites.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Amphid Sensilla in the Microbial Feeding Nematode, Acrobeles complexus (Nematoda: Rhabditida)

Amphid sensilla are the primary olfactory, chemoreceptive, and thermoreceptive organs in nematodes. Their function is well described for the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, but it is not clear to what extent we can generalize these findings to distantly related nematodes of medical, economic, and agricultural importance. Current detailed descriptions of anatomy and sensory function are limited to nematodes that recent molecular phylogenies would place in the same taxonomic family, the Rhabditidae. Using serial thin-section transmission electron microscopy, we reconstructed the anatomy of the amphid sensilla in the more distantly related nematode, Acrobeles complexus (Cephalobidae). Amphid structure is broadly conserved in number and arrangement of cells. Details of cell anatomy differ, particularly for the sensory neurite termini. We identify an additional sensory neuron not found in the amphid of C. elegans and propose homology with the C. elegans interneuron AUA. Hypotheses of homology for the remaining sensory neurons are also proposed based on comparisons between C. elegans, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Haemonchus contortus.
Nitrogen-driven sp 3 to sp 2 transformation in carbon nitride materials

The coordination of carbon as a function of nitrogen concentration in energetically deposited carbon nitride films has been systematically studied. A structural transformation from primarily ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$-bonded to ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$-bonded carbon and a density decrease from 3.3 to $2.1 {\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ were observed as the nitrogen concentration increases from 11 to 17 %. Calculations on nitrogen-substituted carbon clusters indicate that there is a preference to form ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$-bonded carbon when the nitrogen concentration is larger than 12%. The implications for these results to the synthesis of superhard carbon nitride materials are discussed.
Synthetic Strategies in Comparative Sociological Research: Methods and Problems of Internal and External Analysis1

Synthetic research in comparative/historical sociology involves the integration of internal analysis (within country inference) and external analysis (between country inference). This process is explained through a model of the comparative research process that focuses on the differences between internal and external analysis. After presenting the range of possible synthetic research strategies, the problems involved in four empirical works that attempt synthetic strategies are discussed. The paper concludes that studies combining time series with history seem most likely to achieve synthesis, especially when those quantitative studies include some variables specific to each country (maximal models) rather than repeating the same rigid models for all countries (comparative models). Completely synthetic studies with large Ns are, however, much less likely to be done.
In situ intestinal absorption of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor) and non-biliary excretion of metabolites into the intestinal tract of rats, pigs and chickens.

1. Propachlor was absorbed from in situ intestinal loops of rats and pigs, with absorption half-times of 7.5 and 16.5 min, respectively.2. Water-soluble 14C-labelled metabolites that accumulated in the intestinal loops accounted for 31%, 53%, and 25% of the starting 14C for rats, pigs and chickens, respectively.3. Propachlor(S)cysteine was identified as the major metabolite in the pig intestinal lumen (43% of the water-soluble 14C).4. It is concluded that intestinal metabolism and intestinal excretion of water-soluble metabolites of propachlor are important physiological processes that occur in a variety of animal species. These processes provide a route by which metabolites of xenobiotics may reach the intestinal lumen in animals which are poor biliary excretors.
The effect of negation on sentiment analysis and retrieval effectiveness

We investigate the problem of determining the polarity of sentiments when one or more occurrences of a negation term such as "not" appear in a sentence. The concept of the scope of a negation term is introduced. By using a parse tree and typed dependencies generated by a parser and special rules proposed by us, we provide a procedure to identify the scope of each negation term. Experimental results show that the identification of the scope of negation improves both the accuracy of sentiment analysis and the retrieval effectiveness of opinion retrieval.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Effects of anti-thymocyte serum in mice and neonatal thymectomy in rats☆

Abstract CF 1 mice were given eight injections of normal rabbit serum (NRS), Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS), or rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (ATS) beginning 3 days prior to and at 3-day intervals subsequent to intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation with 5 × 10 4 trypomastigotes of a Brazil strain of Trypanosoma cruzi . Markedly enhanced parasitemia, increased numbers of tissue stages (amastigotes), and higher mortality occurred in ATS-treated mice as compared to NRS- or HBSS-treated controls. Administration of three injections of ATS at 3-day intervals during the latter stages of acute Chagas' disease, i.e., when numbers of parasites were declining, resulted in a transitory relapse (increase in numbers) of blood and tissue parasites. No relapse occurred in mice when ATS was administered at 3-day intervals over a period of 15 days during the subacute stage of the disease, i.e., after parasites had disappeared from the blood. Parasitemia and mortality were enhanced in neonatally thymectomized rats when compared to that observed in sham-operated and unoperated control rats following ip injection of 2 × 10 5 trypomastigotes of T. cruzi . Serum obtained from thymectomized and control rats 5 weeks after inoculation with T. cruzi at a time when the blood of all animals had become microscopically negative for parasites were equally protective in passive transfer experiments, while serum from uninfected controls gave no protection. Gamma globulin levels significantly increased in thymectomized as well as intact rats by the third to fourth week of infection with T. cruzi , reached maximum concentrations in 5–6 wk, and remained elevated significantly at the twelfth week post infection as compared with uninfected controls. No significant changes occurred in total serum proteins or α and β fractions of any group, infected or uninfected. Total circulating leukocytes, especially lymphocytes, were diminished in mice and rats subjected to treatment with ATS or neonatal thymectomy. These data clearly indicate that neonatal thymectomy of rats and ATS treatment of mice suppress the acquired immune response to T. cruzi . Further, passive transfer experiments in rats confirm the protective role of circulating antibody in acquired immunity to Chagas' disease.
In vitro gray scale echography of protein‐lipid fluid collections in liver tissue

Three types of protein-lipid fluid collections--homogenized milk, buttermilk, and yogurt--were studied in liver tissue by in vitro gray scale echography. These fluid collections are capable of producing internal echoes, dampened sound transmission, partial acoustic "shadows", and ill-defined interfaces with hepatic parenchyma. Such effects may preclude universal detection of purulent hepatic abscesses when they contain similar types of substances.
Proton-induced uptake of mammalian DNA by dog erythrocyte pink ghosts.

Abstract Low pH (below 6) induces the uptake of mammalian DNA in dog erythrocyte pink ghosts. Uptake requires either Ca 2 or Mg 2 and is stimulated by ATP. These agents induce a rapid sphering of the ghosts at 37°C and sphering is required for uptake. Uptake is increased in ghosts which have been incubated 60–90 min before adding the DNA. Uptake is strongly temperature-dependent. Lowering the temperature of a suspension of ghosts taking up DNA at 37-0°C stops uptake. It is concluded that uptake depends on active membrane processes and that it may depend on the capacity of the ghosts to maintain cation exchange.
Engineering functional changes in Escherichia coli endonuclease III based on phylogenetic and structural analyses.

Escherichia coli endonuclease III (EcoNth) plays an important cellular role by removing premutagenic pyrimidine damages produced by reactive oxygen species. EcoNth is a bifunctional enzyme that has DNA glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activities. Using a phylogeny of natural sequences, we selected to study EcoNth serine 39, aspartate 44, and arginine 184, which are presumed to be in the vicinity of the damaged base in the glycosylase-substrate complex. These three amino acids are highly conserved among Nth orthologs, although not among homologous glycosylases, such as MutY, that have different base specificities and no lyase activity. To examine the role of these amino acids in catalysis, we constructed three mutants of EcoNth, in which Ser39 was replaced with leucine (S39L), Asp44 was replaced with valine (D44V), and Arg184 was replaced with alanine (R184A), which are the corresponding residues in EcoMutY. We showed that EcoNth S39L does not have significant glycosylase activity for oxidized pyrimidines, although it maintained AP lyase activity. In contrast, EcoNth D44V retained glycosylase activity against oxidized pyrimidines, but the apparent rate constant for the lyase activity of EcoNth D44V was significantly lower than that of EcoNth, indicating that Asp44 in EcoNth is required for β-elimination. Finally, EcoNth R184A maintained lyase activity but exhibited glycosylase specificity different from that of EcoNth. The functional consequences of each of these three substitutions can be rationalized in the context of high resolution protein structures. Thus phylogeny-based scanning mutagenesis has allowed us to identify novel roles for amino acids in the substrate binding pocket of EcoNth in base recognition and/or catalysis.
Usefulness of self-efficacy in predicting overexertion during programmed exercise in coronary artery disease

Abstract Overexertion during group jogging was evaluated in relation to self-perceived functional capacity and ability to self-monitor exertional heart rate in 40 men, mean age 55 ± 9 years, with documented coronary artery disease. Patients' confidence in their ability to jog various distances was measured with a jog self-efficacy (SE) scale before a group exercise program was begun. Depression, type A personality, and performance of symptom-limited treadmill exercise were also assessed. Later, each patient was monitored with ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography during programmed group jogging. Ambulatory monitoring disclosed significant noncompliance with exercise prescriptions: 33% of patients exceeded their prescribed range of 70% to 85% of maximal treadmill heart rate for at least 10 minutes of the 20-minute exercise bout. Another 25% spent 10 minutes or longer exercising below the prescribed range. Pretest jog SE predicted the number of minutes patients exercised above or below the prescribed intensity, but depression, type A and treadmill performance measures did not. Self-monitoring accuracy (the amount of agreement between exercise heart rate recorded by the electrocardiogram and by the patient) was also related to the number of minutes patients exercised outside the prescribed range. Comparison of SE and self-monitoring accuracy variables revealed that “overachievers” were patients who overestimated their ability to jog, while “underachievers” were those who overestimated their heart rate during exercise. Self-perceptions and self-monitoring skills appear to be important independent predictors of behavioral compliance to exercise guidelines.
Neutrinos from Supernovae: a Review

In this paper, we review the theoretical mechanisms for the production of neutrinos in supernovae explosions and other astrophysical scenarios of interest. We use these elements to consider the likelihood of observations of neutrinos from extrasolar sources. A review of the current neutrino observatories and their sensitivities is also presented.
Speech rhythm guided syllable nuclei detection

In this paper, we present a novel speech-rhythm-guided syllable-nuclei location detection algorithm. As a departure from conventional methods, we introduce an instantaneous speech rhythm estimator to predict possible regions where syllable nuclei can appear. Within a possible region, a simple slope based peak counting algorithm is used to get the exact location of each syllable nucleus. We verify the correctness of our method by investigating the syllable nuclei interval distribution in TIMIT dataset, and evaluate the performance by comparing with a state-of-the-art syllable nuclei based speech rate detection approach.
Tandem 8.5-French subclavian catheters: A technique for rapid volume replacement

A technique for the ipsilateral insertion of tandem 8.5-French catheters for subclavian catheters is presented. This technique allows rapid volume administration while minimizing the risk associated with bilateral subclavian insertions.
Substitution of the radiation requirement for sporulation by host tissue in Dendrophoma obscurans.

Cultures of Dendrophoma obscurans growing on a 10–2 glucose-casein hydrolysate medium required radiation for sporulation. When leaf discs from host tissue or certain plants, particularly members of...
Rovibrational and energetic analysis of the hydroxyethynyl anion (CCOH

For the first time, high-level structural and rovibrational data are provided for the hyroxyethynyl anion, CCOH−. CCOH− is a promising molecule for interstellar detection even though no new anions have been observed in the interstellar medium for the past half-decade. The large dipole moment of the corresponding neutral radical may be key for its creation as has been hypothesised and supported for other anions known to exist in various astronomical environments. Highly accurate quartic force fields are employed where previous benchmarks have produced spectroscopic constants and anharmonic vibrational frequencies within 20 MHz and 1 cm−1, respectively, of experiment. This same approach is applied here for CCOH− and its deuterated isotopologue with the goal of assisting laboratory experiments and/or astronomical observers in the potential detection of this anion.
A Conserved Arginine Near the Selectivity Filter of Kir1.1 Controls Rb/K Selectivity

ROMK (Kir1.1) channels are important for K secretion and recycling in the collecting duct, connecting tubule and thick ascending limb of the mammalian nephron. We have identified a highly conserved Arg in the P loop of the channel near the selectivity filter that controls Rb/K selectivity. Mutation of this Arg to a Tyr (R128Y-Kir1.1b, R147Y-Kir1.1a) increased Rb/K selectivity by 11 ± 1 fold, NH4/K selectivity by 6 ±1 fold, and Cs/K selectivity by 32 ± 5 fold over wild-type (wt), with no significant change in K/Na selectivity. R128Y remained susceptible to block by both external Ba and the honey bee toxin, TPNQ, although it had a 100 fold lower affinity for TPNQ than wild-type. Single-channel R128Y-Kir1.1b conductance averaged 12 ± 0.5 pS in 100mM RbCl, 0 Mg, 0 Ca solutions, compared to 18 ± 2 pS for wt-Kir1.1b in the same Rb solutions. In excised, inside-out patches (polyamine-free, 0 Mg solutions), R128Y-Kir1.1b had a non-rectifying Rb conductance of 10 ± 0.6 pS, but no visible K current, consistent with its low K selectivity. The kinetics of Rb permeation through R128Y were similar to the kinetics of K permeation through wt-Kir1.1b, but with a longer open time (245 ms vs. 19ms for wt); and two closed states (2.8ms, 25ms) yielding an average open probability (Po) of 0.7 at −100mV, compared to a Po > 0.9 for wt-Kir1.1, which has a single closed state of 1.3ms. The observed 11 fold increase in Rb/K selectivity with no change in K/Na selectivity or rectification is consistent with R128Y-Kir1.1b causing a subtle change in the selectivity filter, perhaps by disruption of an intra-subunit salt bridge (R128-E118) near the filter.
Linewidth of the ESR modulation spectrum

Abstract In the case of an X-ray irradiated fused quartz, the ESR modulation spectral line at 77 K was found to consist of two components instead of the reported single component. The linewidth of the broad component was shown to be characterized by T2 of the individual spin packet in accordance with the partial-saturation theory of Dulcic and Peric, and that of the sharp component by T1 in accordance with the three-photon theory of Giordano .
Niacin supplementation in diets for growing lambs

Abstract Effects of supplemental niacin on average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, apparent digestibility and selected blood components were examined in growing lambs (21 and 32 kg) fed corn-based diets containing soybean meal (11–15%), fish meal (3%) in the first two experiments, and alfalfa meal (20%) in the third of three 56-day experiments. The ionophore lasalocid was included in all diets at 15–20 ppm. In Experiment 1, supplemental niacin (661 ppm) had no effect on ADG, plasma urea nitrogen, glucose, free fatty acids or β-hydroxybutyrate. In Experiment 2, 250 ppm supplemental niacin did not effect nutrient digestibility, and lambs gained 0.247, 0.254, 0.260 and 0.263 kg/d with 0, 125, 250 and 500 ppm supplemental niacin, respectively, ( P > 0.05). In Experiment 3, niacin (500 ppm), either with or without a fat coating to bypass degradation in the rumen, did not affect lamb growth or feed efficiency. These results demonstrate that young lambs fed typical corn-soybean diets containing rumen bypass protein and an ionophore that supported a moderate growth rate did not respond to supplemental dietary niacin.
A Dynamic Friction Model for Unlubricated Rough Planar Surfaces

Modeling dynamic or kinetic friction for realistic engineering surfaces continues to be a challenge, partly due to the coupling between system dynamics and interfacial forces. In this paper, a dynamic friction coefficient model for realistic rough surfaces under external normal vibrations is developed. From the system dynamic model, the instantaneous time varying normal separation at the interface is obtained under normal harmonic excitation. Subsequently, the instantaneous dynamic contact and tangential (friction) forces are calculated as a function of the instantaneous normal separation. The dynamic friction coefficient defined as the ratio of the time varying friction to the interfacial normal forces that explicitly includes interfacial damping, is also calculated. The results show that a mean increase in the instantaneous normal separation may or may not lead to a decrease of the mean friction force and the mean friction coefficient, which is supported by published data. For unlubricated elastic sliding contact conditions considered in this paper the effect of damping on the dynamic friction coefficient is found to be negligible, whereas loss of contact causes significant apparent dynamic friction force and dynamic friction coefficient reductions. Several different interpretations of the time varying dynamic friction coefficient are presented and the implications of using a simple constant value to represent the lime varying dynamic friction coefficient are discussed.
Visceral manifestations of angioneurotic edema: Report of a case with recurrent pulmonary involvement

Abstract Some of the visceral manifestations of angioneurotic edema are illustrated by the report of a case in which recurrent pulmonary involvement, high fever, and a predominantly eosinophilic hyperleucocytosis were the outstanding features.
Optimal Therapy for Adult Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Complete Remission

Although it is absolutely clear that postremission therapy is currently necessary to obtain disease-free long-term survivorship for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR), it is not entirely clear what form that treatment should take. High-dose cytarabine is clearly effective and there definitely is a dose-response relationship for cytarabine and remission duration. High-dose cytarabine is effective for younger patients but not elderly patients. It is effective for patients with favorable cytogenetics but it is not clear whether it is effective for patients with intermediate or unfavorable cytogenetics. Furthermore, it is not clear what the most effective and least toxic dose and schedule of high-dose cytarabine is.
Extraction of organic contaminants in aqueous solutions by pervaporation

Abstract The extraction of dichloromethane, chloroform, bromoethane, acetone, and ethanol in dilute aqueous solutions by pervaporation using silicone tubular membranes was studied. The solutes studied did not affect the permeation flux of water; the flux of organic compounds increased linearly with their concentration in the solutions while the water flux remained constant for all solute—water solutions. The presence of an electrolyte or another organic solute did not influence the permeation of a given solute. The permeant components appear to behave independently of each other in the permeation process. The selectivity of the silicone membrane for halogenated hydrocarbons was greater than that of cellulose acetate and microporous polytetrafiuoroethylene membranes.
Voltage modulation of membrane permeability and energy utilization in cells.

Cell membranes are inherently electrical in nature. Charge movements across, and electric potentials experienced by membranes are used to process and transmit information, transduce energy, and perform other essential functions of a cell. Thus, the electrical properties of cell membranes are topics of study in nearly every branch of the biological sciences (1-6). This article will limit its scope to two recent developments using electric pulses, namely, (1) to implant pores of controlled size in cell membranes, and hence, to modify the permeability of the membrane; (2) to activate membranebound ATPases, and hence, to study the energy utilization process in cells. The use of electric pulses to induce cell alignments and fusions will also be briefly mentioned. It will focus on some basic findings and how this newly acquired knowledge may be further developed into useful tools for biological research. As such, a large portion of the material covered will be selected from our own experience. Readers interested in a broader aspect of the electrical properties of membranes, or in a survey of the literature in specific areas of research, should consult regular and more complete reviews (1-6). When a ceil in suspension is exposed to a voltage pulse, it experiences effects of an electric field and 3oule heating (7; Table 1). Electric field effects, such as electrophoresis of charged molecules or membrane proteins (8,9), orientation of ceils (10-12), and dissociation of molecules or complexes (13), are common to all chemical systems. However, because o5 the specific architecture of cells and membrane vesicles, all of these eifects may be amplified. This occurs when a spherical cell (radius a), made of membrane material much less conductive compared to the medium on both sides of the membrane, is exposed to an electric field, inducing a transmembrane potential, AO.