cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin of low sodium capacity in graphite and generally weak substrate binding of Na and Mg among alkali and alkaline earth metals

It is well known that graphite has a low capacity for Na but a high capacity for other alkali metals. The growing interest in alternative cation batteries beyond Li makes it particularly important to elucidate the origin of this behavior, which is not well understood. In examining this question, we find a quite general phenomenon: among the alkali and alkaline earth metals, Na and Mg generally have the weakest chemical binding to a given substrate, compared with the other elements in the same column of the periodic table. We demonstrate this with quantum mechanics calculations for a wide range of substrate materials (not limited to C) covering a variety of structures and chemical compositions. The phenomenon arises from the competition between trends in the ionization energy and the ion–substrate coupling, down the columns of the periodic table. Consequently, the cathodic voltage for Na and Mg is expected to be lower than those for other metals in the same column. This generality provides a basis for analyzing the binding of alkali and alkaline earth metal atoms over a broad range of systems.
Nonreciprocal active metamaterials

We show experimentally that active electromagnetic metamaterials are suitable for the implementation of a large class of nonreciprocal media characterized by magnetoelectric constitutive parameters that cannot be achieved in passive materials. We design, fabricate, and characterize an isolator made of such an active metamaterial slab and show that it is essentially transparent to microwaves propagating in one direction and opaque in the opposite direction.
Factors modifying DNA synthesis by lung fibroblasts in vitro.

AbstractDNA synthesis in guinea pig lung fibroblast cultures was shown to be stimulated by endotoxins, PGE2, CTAP-III, CTAP-P2, and insulin; indomethacin and cortisol partially reversed some of these effects. DNA synthesis in human lung fibroblasts was also markedly stimulated by CTAP-III, while the response to endotoxins was less striking.
Temperature- and pH-Triggered Reversible Transfer of Doubly Responsive Hairy Particles between Water and a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid

This article reports on the synthesis of thermo- and pH-sensitive polymer-brush-grafted silica particles ("hairy" particles) and the study of their phase-transfer behavior between water and a hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([EMIM][TFSA]), in response to temperature and pH changes. The hairy particles were made by the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of methoxytri(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (TEGMMA) and tert-butyl methacrylate with a molar ratio of 100:11 in the presence of a free initiator and the subsequent removal of tert-butyl groups. The cloud points (CPs) of poly(TEGMMA-co-methacrylic acid), obtained after the treatment of the free polymer with trifluoroacetic acid, in both water and [EMIM][TFSA]-saturated water increased with the increase in pH and can be tuned over a wide temperature range. The hairy particles moved spontaneously from the aqueous phase to the [EMIM][TFSA] phase upon heating at 80 °C and returned to the aqueous layer upon cooling at 10 °C. This process can be repeated many times regardless of whether the pH of the aqueous phase is 2.99, 5.00, or 7.02. UV-vis absorbance measurements showed that the transfer temperature (T(tr)) of hairy particles from water to [EMIM][TFSA] increased with the increase in the pH of the aqueous phase. A linear relationship was observed between the T(tr) of hairy particles and the CP of the corresponding free polymer. By taking advantage of the tunability of the T(tr) of hairy particles, we demonstrated the pH-driven reversible transfer of hairy particles at a fixed temperature by changing the pH of the aqueous phase and multiple phase-transfer processes by controlling both the temperature and pH.
Minimum Terminal Energy Optimizations of Hypersonic Vehicles Using Indirect Methods

In this investigation, relevant aerospace problems of interest that involve solutions with minimum terminal energies are solved using indirect methods. The required considerations to solve this class of problems is discussed, and the solutions verify that the phugoiding trajectories of high energy systems satisfy the necessary conditions of optimality. An example footprint analysis and boost-glide reconnaissance application demonstrate the quality of solutions obtained using the indirect methodology. Comparisons with a modern trajectory optimization tool, DIDO, validate the indirect optimization framework used to construct solutions in this investigation.
The heights of slaves in Trinidad.

Early nineteenth-century Trinidad was one of the most efficient sugar producers in the British West Indies with output per slave three times as high as in Barbados and 70% higher than in Jamaica (Ward, 1978; Ragatz, 1963:332). Slave prices reflected Trinidad’s greater productivity. The Commissioners of Compensation reported in 1837 that between 1822 and 1830 the price of a Trinidad field hand was 64% greater than the price of one in Jamaica (Great Britain Parliamentary Papers, 1837–1838). Despite Trinidad’s natural advantages as a sugar producer, the island’s first sugar estate was established only in 1787. Spain controlled Trinidad until the British conquest in 1797 and prohibited non-Spanish settlement until 1783. The island’s population in 1783 consisted of only some one thousand Amerindians and an equal number of inhabitants of European or African descent who grew cocoa as well as subsistence crops. Rapid population growth began in 1783 when the Spanish opened the island to settlement by any Roman Catholic. French West Indian slave owners in particular took advantage of this opportunity to settle a nearly unpopulated island and brought the cultivation of sugar cane and coffee to Trinidad. The slave rebellion in Haiti sparked a still larger inflow of French planters and their slaves, and brought the slave population to over 10,000 in 1797 (Fraser, 1891; Carmichael, 1961; Anthony, 1975).
Analysis on Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles in Luohu District of Shenzhen from 2006 to 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of measles in Luohu District of Shenzhen during the period of 2006-2010,and to provide the evidence for developing the measures of measles elimination in 2012.Methods The data about measles monitoring were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.Results There were 697 measles cases reported in Luohu District from 2006 to 2010,with the annual incidence rate of 12.40/100,000.The prevalent season was from June to September.Most of the measles patients were the scattered children under 6 years of age and the migrant young workers aged between 20 and 29 years.Among all the cases,92.25% were floating population.The cases without immunization history or with dubious immunization history accounted for 92.40%.Conclusions Regular immunization with measles vaccine and high-quality supplementary immunization activities in the key regions and the key population should be developed and strengthened.It is an effective way to control and eliminate measles by increasing the immunization coverage in adults and migrant workers from rural areas,enhancing the surveillance,and doing well the propaganda and education.
Latent HIV-1 reservoirs in children: considerations for therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Understanding the genetic properties and clinical relevance of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in children is critical for guiding pediatric treatment strategies, especially as antiretroviral drugs gain widespread use in resource-constrained settings in which the inherent risk of early infection with drug-resistant HIV-1 is most challenging. RECENT FINDINGS Latent reservoirs of HIV-1 prevent virus clearance in children on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Effective highly active antiretroviral therapy, however, fixes the genetic composition of the resting CD4 T-cell reservoir, which contains only founder virus in children treated during primary infection. This reservoir otherwise stores both archival variants and drug-resistant variants arising during treatment failure. The persistence of HIV-1 in quiescent CD4 T cells can facilitate immune escape, because genetic evidence suggests that activation of these cells feeds plasma viremia. Ultrasensitive molecular assays can detect low levels of virus in plasma even in children on effective highly active antiretroviral therapy. Importantly, however, this continuous low-level production of plasma virus does not appear to promote antiretroviral drug resistance in the majority of children on effective antiretroviral therapy. SUMMARY The development and persistence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs occur in children despite effective treatment during primary infection. Making a wide variety of antiretroviral drugs in formulations suitable for dosing in children is necessary to minimize infection and to overcome multi-drug-resistant HIV-1 reservoirs in children. The long-term suppression of HIV-1 in children is an achievable goal.
Manpower, the Strategic Reserve, and the Malayan Emergency, 1950–54

In accordance with the Global Strategy and Defence Policy paper of 1950, the British Army began to change from an organization designed principally to train reservists into a Cold War force capable of meeting the operational exigencies of the day. For the BAOR this meant building up a corps of three armored and one infantry division, all equipped with the powerful new Centurion III main battle tank. Just as apparent, if not more so, was the operational transformation of the Army in the Far East, which in many respects had precipitated the strategic change in the first place. The Army in Malaya was increasingly the recipient and developer of new or experimental weapons, equipment, and tactics, even though this meant giving the counterinsurgency priority over the defense of Hong Kong, and with respect to helicopters, over Western Europe as well.
The Reliability of Venous Duplex Ultrasound and Clinical Findings for the Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The gold standard for the diagnosis of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is reported to be venous duplex ultrasound (VDU) because it is noninvasive, sensitive, relatively inexpensive, and can be performed at a patients bedside. The objective of this investigation was to measure agreement in the interpretation of VDU between multiple medical specialties. METHODS: Agreement among different physicians who typically interpret VDU images were examined. The physicians were from multiple specialties and included 3 vascular surgeons (VS), 3 emergency medicine physicians (EM), and 1 radiologist. Four complete VDU imaging tests originally obtained for suspected DVT and used for the diagnosis were organized onto a computer program and independently reviewed by the seven physicians. The physicians were asked to review and interpret the VDU imaging test and note whether the test was positive or negative for thrombosis. RESULTS: For the first case, 2 physicians diagnosed a positive...
How to manage a large physics facility

Managing Science is based on a graduate-level course taught by the authors at the US Particle Accelerator School, which has been held at several American universities at various times. The book covers a wide range of topics relating to managing and operating large facilities, particularly national and international high-energy physics labs such as Fermilab in the US, CERN in Europe and the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Japan. The history and growth of some of these institutions are also discussed in depth.
Bringing Digital Storytelling to the Elementary Classroom: Video Production for Preservice Teachers.

AbstractThis study presents and evaluates a 7-week learning experience embedded in a required content-area course in a teacher preparation program, in which 31 preservice elementary teachers produced digital storytelling videos and considered how this approach may apply to their future classrooms. Qualitative and quantitative data from preservice teachers' entry and exit surveys and their completed digital stories were analyzed. Results show that in spite of technology and content challenges, all preservice teachers created appropriate videos, reported an increased appreciation for the pedagogical value of digital storytelling, and reported increased interest in using the approach with future students. For future teachers, digital storytelling production experiences can be a salient demonstration of engaging with interdisciplinary topics via relevant technological mediums.
Radical cystectomy: the potential for cure and reconstruction.

In 1989 there were nearly 50000 newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer in the United States and this disease directly accounted for more than 10000 deaths. Given its prevalence and impact, one would surmise that great strides would have been made in the understanding and selective treatment of this cancer over the last 30 years. In 1959 Dr. Jewett stated: “in no other viscus in the body has the treatment of malignant disease remained so controversial as in the bladder.” This comment unfortunately still holds true today.
A deep learning framework for identification of microRNA regulatory modules: student research abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to the family of RNAs and are known to repress the expressions of their targets. They work cooperatively with genes in post-transcriptional gene regulation called miRNA regulatory modules (MRMs). Furthermore, understanding the functional roles of miRNAs is essential to explain their combinatorial effects in complex cellular processes like cancer. In this paper, we present a novel Markov graph clustering and deep learning based approach to identify these MRMs. We leverage miRNA-target binding information, ii) gene expression data iii) miRNA expression profiles, iv) Protein- Protein and predict the regulatory modules using Deep Belief Networks and Restricted Boltzmann Machines. Our experiments on breast cancer dataset results in 34 identified MRMs which are significantly enriched in known functional sets and consist of highly-related miRNAs and their target genes with respect to underlying biological processes.
Using social support for LGBTQ clients with mental illness to be out of the closet, in treatment, and in the community

ABSTRACTLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) individuals are often faced with societal challenges that can lead to mental health or substance abuse issues. They may be misunderstood or mistreated when seeking services because of a lack of training in offering culturally sensitive treatment by service providers. A program, the Rainbow Heights Club, was developed to support LGBTQ individuals with a mental health diagnosis. All of the members are in treatment for their mental health and/or substance abuse problems, but prior to the development of the program did not have a place to feel accepted, supported, or have a sense of community. Members were surveyed determine if Rainbow Heights was helpful in maintaining themselves in the community. Results indicated that 75% of members are more consistent in following prescribed treatments, keeping them free from inpatient hospitalization, and 79% reported being clean and sober since coming to the Club.
Asymptotics and Concentration Bounds for Spectral Projectors of Sample Covariance

Let X,X1,...,Xn be i.i.d. Gaussian random variables with zero mean and covariance operator � = E(X ⊗ X) taking values in a sepa- rable Hilbert space H. Let r(�) := tr(�) kk∞ be the effective rank of �, tr(�) being the trace ofand kk∞ being its operator norm. Let ˆ �n := n −1 n X j=1 (Xj ⊗ Xj)
The classification of clinicians' information needs while using a clinical information system.

Introduction Information needs are prevalent in clinical practice. They represent a potential source of medical errors. This study seeks to empirically determine the information needs of clinicians while using a clinical information system (CIS), and characterize those needs. In addition this paper will provide the framework necessary for the development of the solutions to these information needs.
Deception in cyberspace: An empirical study on a con man attack

Deception happens in social life. Social life is now omnipresent in cyber domains. As a result, deception is also evident in cyberspace. Deception in cyberspace is diverse and often differs from traditional social deceptions. Deception has a cost or a loss, often incurred by the victim of the deception. Hence it is important to detect deceptions, and to protect assets. In this work, we carry out analyses for a type of deception known as a con man attack. Out work is in the context of Cloud services. The consumers of Cloud services can be victims of this type of deception. Cloud service providers exhibiting con man behaviors may do so to maximize profits or to minimize their costs. The losses incurred may be directly financial or subtle, such as loss of reputation, customer base, or good will. In our work, a con resistant trust algorithm is applied to detect deception. The results of the detection are compared with a comparable computational trust algorithm. The comparison reveals that the con resistant trust algorithm provides the best results.
FAQ: Ending HT

The duration of HT depends on balancing the presence of risk factors and the patient’s preferences. Some patients will want to continue indefinitely on HT. Others will want to get the most relief in the shortest amount of time possible.
A Compact Ultrawideband Reflector Antenna: Using a Wide-Band Omnidirectional Antenna with a Mechanically Steerable Endfire Beam to Illuminate a Half-Cut Paraboloid Reflector

An ultrawideband, compact, paraboloid reflector antenna with a mechanically steerable endfire beam is presented, with its performance evaluated in frequency, time, and power domains. A fixed, omnidirectional monocone feed, engineered to maintain the same illumination of the reflector during its rotation, is used to facilitate scanning. Moreover, the omnidirectional mode of the antenna system can be enabled by recessing the reflector. A monocone feed is designed using the spherical mode expansion (SME) technique to achieve consistent monopole-like patterns over a wide bandwidth. To achieve the small group delay variation at a reduced size, the reflector is placed close to the monocone. The nearfield paraboloid can still produce a planar wavefront without destructive interference despite this proximity; therefore, the destructive interference is avoided. The reflector is designed based on a multidimensional parametric study to accomplish a reduced size and reasonable performance in both frequency and time domains.
Intravenous and Intratracheal Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and Its Analog Taltirelin Reverse Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Isoflurane Anesthetized Rats

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide hormone and a neurotransmitter widely expressed in the central nervous system that regulates thyroid function and maintains physiologic homeostasis. Following injection in rodents, TRH has multiple effects including increased blood pressure and breathing. We tested the hypothesis that TRH and its long-acting analog, taltirelin, will reverse morphine-induced respiratory depression in anesthetized rats following intravenous or intratracheal (IT) administration. TRH (1 mg/kg plus 5 mg/kg/h, i.v.) and talitrelin (1 mg/kg, i.v.), when administered to rats pretreated with morphine (5 mg/kg, i.v.), increased ventilation from 50% ± 6% to 131% ± 7% and 45% ± 6% to 168% ± 13%, respectively (percent baseline; n = 4 ± S.E.M.), primarily through increased breathing rates (from 76% ± 9% to 260% ± 14% and 66% ± 8% to 318% ± 37%, respectively). By arterial blood gas analysis, morphine caused a hypoxemic respiratory acidosis with decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide pressures. TRH decreased morphine effects on arterial carbon dioxide pressure, but failed to impact oxygenation; taltirelin reversed morphine effects on both arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen. Both TRH and talirelin increased mean arterial blood pressure in morphine-treated rats (from 68% ± 5% to 126% ± 12% and 64% ± 7% to 116% ± 8%, respectively; n = 3 to 4). TRH, when initiated prior to morphine (15 mg/kg, i.v.), prevented morphine-induced changes in ventilation; and TRH (2 mg/kg, i.v.) rescued all four rats treated with a lethal dose of morphine (5 mg/kg/min, until apnea). Similar to intravenous administration, both TRH (5 mg/kg, IT) and taltirelin (2 mg/kg, IT) reversed morphine effects on ventilation. TRH or taltirelin may have clinical utility as an intravenous or inhaled agent to antagonize opioid-induced cardiorespiratory depression.
Nucleate Boiling Heat-Transfer Data for Liquid Hydrogen at Standard and Zero Gravity

Zero-g nucleate boiling heat transfer tests were performed to study the action of boiling liquid hydrogen on the face of a heated surface and to determine the heat flux as a function of the temperature in both one-g and zero-g environments. Visual observation of boiling for a range of heat fluxes between 250 and 7000 Btu/hr- ft2 showed that the bubbles formed at the heated surface coalesced and the surface tension forces were sufficient to rewet the surface behind the bubble. Data indicated that the zero-g nucleate boiling heat transfer is approximately the same as one-g boiling heat transfer results for the particular test-specimen orientation used throughout the tests and for the zero-g test duration times available.
Being Ready to Learn: My Experience Differentiating Science with Third Graders

As a former elementary teacher, Mark spent an entire academic year in a third grade classroom observing the practice of differentiated instruction in all subjects and co-teaching differentiated science inquiries. The science inquiries included explorations of heat transfer, batteries and bulbs, rocks and minerals, and an extensive unit on moon phases that specifically focused on learner preferences and interests. Differentiated process and products were embedded within the moon phases unit to promote science conceptual understanding through learner choice and creativity. From this experience, Mark learned to be more responsive to the students as diverse learners and now integrates elements of differentiated instruction into his elementary science methods courses. He spends more time getting to know his teacher candidates’ interests and learner preferences as well as embedding differentiated process and products into the 5 E science instructional model. Teacher candidates experience differentiated instruction first as learners in class and then plan and teach differentiated science inquiries to their peers and elementary students. The rewards and challenges of differentiated instruction are also addressed in class.
Sleep-disordered breathing and reaction time in children

Background The incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children exceeds the availability of polysomnography (PSG) to definitively diagnose OSA and identify children at higher risk of perioperative complications. As sleep deficits are associated with slower reaction times (RTs), measuring RT may be a cost-effective approach to objectively identify SDB symptoms. Aim The aim of this study is to compare RT on a standard 10-minute psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) based on children's history of OSA/SDB. Methods Children, 6-11 years of age, were enrolled from two different clinical groups. The SDB group included children undergoing adenotonsillectomy with a clinical history of SDB, OSA, or snoring. The control group included children with no history of SDB, OSA, or snoring who were scheduled for surgery other than adenotonsillectomy. RT was measured via 10-minute PVT (Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, NY, USA). Median RT was calculated for each patient based on all responses to stimuli during the PVT assessment and was compared to published age-sex-specific norms. The proportion of children exceeding RT norms was compared between study groups. Results The study included 72 patients (36/36 male/female, median age 7 years), 46 with SDB and 26 without SDB. There was no difference in the RT between the two groups. Fifty-four percent of patients with SDB exceeded norms for median RT vs 42% of control patients (95% CI of difference: - 12, 36; P=0.326). Conclusion Approximately half of the patients in both groups exceeded published norms for median RT on PVT. Despite its convenience, measurement of RT did not distinguish between patients with probable SDB/OSA for preoperative risk stratification.
Critical operating stress of persistent slip bands in Cu

Abstract This work elucidates the dependence of operating stress of persistent slip bands (PSB) on the channel width and wall dislocation density. Using Cu as a model system and molecular dynamics as the main investigative tool, a new length scale effect, namely the wall dislocation spacing, is provided to enhance theoretical understanding of PSBs. It is discovered that the operation of PSB is a thermally activated event in which operating stress is inversely related to the wall dislocation spacing, strain rate and temperature. Leveraging the existing framework of confined layer slip in nanoscale metallic multilayers and classical nucleation theory, a mathematical model describing the rate- and temperature- dependent PSB operating stress is proposed.
Acceptance Sampling Plans for Pipeline Condition Assessment

AbstractPipeline condition data collection and assessment is the first step for strategic infrastructure asset management and planning. However, since condition data collection and assessment is a ...
In situ aerosol acidity measurements using a UV–Visible micro-spectrometer and its application to the ambient air

An in situ analytical method was demonstrated to measure the proton concentration ([H+]C-RUV) of an aerosol particle by using colorimetry integrated with a Reflectance UV-Visible spectrometer (C-RU...
The Aging Cochlea

Synopsis Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) – presbycusis—is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative and communication disorder. Progress has been made for understanding perceptual declines and biological bases of ARHL in human and animal model research. Loss of sound sensitivity, and deficits in complex processing including speech, are perceptual hallmarks of ARHL. Loss or damage to cochlear cells, including hair cells, stria vascularis cells and auditory nerve fibers are important structural changes. Disruptions of antioxidant and neurotransmitter systems occur, along with upregulation of apoptotic pathways. Clinically, presbycusis is not treatable; but as our understanding of the biological bases progresses, successful biomedical interventions will emerge.
Pathogenic LRRK2 regulates ciliation probability upstream of Tau Tubulin kinase 2

Mutations that activate LRRK2 protein kinase cause Parkinson9s disease. We have shown previously that Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2 enhances its binding to RILPL1 and together, these proteins block cilia formation in a variety of cell types including patient derived iPS cells. We have used live cell fluorescence microscopy to identify, more precisely, the effect of LRRK2 kinase activity on both the formation of cilia triggered by serum starvation and loss of cilia seen upon serum re-addition. LRRK2 activity decreases the overall probability of ciliation without changing the rates of cilia formation in R1441C LRRK2 MEF cells. Cilia loss in these cells is accompanied by ciliary decapitation. Kinase activity does not change the timing or frequency of decapitation or the rate of cilia loss, but increases the percent of cilia that are lost upon serum addition. LRRK2 activity, or overexpression of RILPL1 protein, blocks release of CP110 from the mother centriole, a step normally required for early ciliogenesis. In both cases, failure of CP110 uncapping was due to failure to recruit TTBK2, a kinase needed for CP110 release. In contrast, recruitment of EHD1, another step important for ciliogenesis, appears unaltered. These experiments provide critical detail to our understanding of the cellular consequences of pathogenic LRRK2 mutation, and indicate that LRRK2 blocks ciliogenesis upstream of TTBK2 and enhances the deciliation process in response to serum addition.
Characterization of ablation dimensions in magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy via a semi-automated algorithm

Abstract Objective Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) is a minimally invasive procedure that produces real-time thermal damage estimates (TDE) in orthogonal MRI-planes. The current system does not allow the user to quantify the TDE during the ablation process. We aim to characterize TDE dimensional expansion via a validated semi-automated algorithm. Methods Selection criteria included single-laser catheter use, performed with the Visualase MRI-Guided Laser Ablation System. TDE lengths and widths relative to the laser path were calculated using a developed algorithm and validated with two raters’ manual measurements. MATLAB Blob Analysis was used to approximate TDE ellipsoidal major-minor axes. TDE length–width expansion was characterized by the power law f(x) = axk. Results For analyses of 40 TDEs across 20 patients, minimal measurement differences, 0.2). No significant differences were observed between ratios of major-minor axes vs length–width (P = 0.19). For dynamic studies, 60 MRI planes across 30 patients were analyzed for linear regressions (R^2 = 0.70–0.99) from log-log plots of TDE dimensions vs time. Constant “a” for width (0.38 ± 0.17) was larger than length (0.28 ± 0.16) (P Conclusion Our algorithm and dimensional analyses lays the essential groundwork for ongoing studies to extract real-time TDE data during the ablation process. Ultimately, TDE cross-sectional geometric data should allow estimation of ablation volumes via a definite integral method.
Transient Activation of the Hedgehog-Gli Pathway Rescues Radiotherapy-Induced Dry Mouth via Recovering Salivary Gland Resident Macrophages

Irreversible hypofunction of salivary glands is a common side effect of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and is difficult to remedy. Recent studies indicate that transient activation of Hedgehog signaling rescues irradiation-impaired salivary function in animal models, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. Here, we show in mice that activation of canonical Gli-dependent Hedgehog signaling by Gli1 gene transfer is sufficient to recover salivary function impaired by irradiation. Salivary gland cells responsive to Hedgehog/Gli signaling comprised small subsets of macrophages, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells, and their progeny remained relatively rare long after irradiation and transient Hedgehog activation. Quantities and activities of salivary gland resident macrophages were substantially and rapidly impaired by irradiation and restored by Hedgehog activation. Conversely, depletion of salivary gland macrophages by clodronate liposomes compromised the restoration of irradiation-impaired salivary function by transient Hedgehog activation. Single-cell RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR of sorted cells indicated that Hedgehog activation greatly enhances paracrine interactions between salivary gland resident macrophages, epithelial progenitors, and endothelial cells through Csf1, Hgf, and C1q signaling pathways. Consistently, expression of these paracrine factors and their receptors in salivary glands decreased following irradiation but were restored by transient Hedgehog activation. These findings reveal that resident macrophages and their prorepair paracrine factors are essential for the rescue of irradiation-impaired salivary function by transient Hedgehog activation and are promising therapeutic targets of radiotherapy-induced irreversible dry mouth. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings illuminate a novel direction for developing effective treatment of irreversible dry mouth, which is common after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and for which no effective treatments are available. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/24/5531/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Coppes, p. 5462.
Conservation and convergence of genetic architecture in the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards

ABSTRACT The G matrix, which quantifies the genetic architecture of traits, is often viewed as an evolutionary constraint. However, G can evolve in response to selection and may also be viewed as a product of adaptive evolution. The evolution of similar G matrices in similar environments would suggest that G evolves adaptively, but it is difficult to disentangle such effects from phylogeny. Here, we use the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards to ask whether convergence of G accompanies the repeated evolution of habitat specialists, or ecomorphs, across the Greater Antilles. We measured G in seven species representing three ecomorphs (trunk-crown, trunk-ground, and grass-bush). We found that the overall structure of G does not converge. Instead, the structure of G is well conserved and displays a phylogenetic signal. However, several elements of G showed signatures of convergence, indicating that some aspects of genetic architecture have been shaped by selection. Most notably, genetic correlations between limb traits and body traits were weaker in long-legged trunk-ground species, suggesting effects of recurrent selection on limb length. Our results demonstrate that common selection pressures may have subtle but consistent effects on the evolution of G, even as the overall pattern of genetic architecture remains conserved.
The effect of varying encoding conditions on jazz, instrumental, and choral musicians’ memorization accuracy: Implications for music literacy:

The primary purposes of this study were (1) to determine the effect of three encoding conditions (singing, playing, studying silently) on participants’ music memorization accuracy; (2) to examine p...
Distinct brain regional proteome changes in the rTg-DI rat model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a prevalent cerebral small vessel disease in the elderly and a common comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by cerebral vascular amyloid accumulation, cerebral infarction, microbleeds, and intracerebral hemorrhages and is a prominent contributor to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Here, we investigate proteome changes associated with specific pathological features in several brain regions of rTg-DI rats, a preclinical model of CAA. Whereas varying degrees of microvascular amyloid and associated neuroinflammation are found in several brain regions, the presence of microbleeds and occluded small vessels is largely restricted to the thalamic region of rTg-DI rats, indicating different levels of CAA and associated pathologies occur in distinct brain regions in this model. Here, using SWATHLC-MS/MS, we report specific proteomic analysis of isolated brain regions and employ pathway analysis to correlate regionally specific proteomic changes with uniquely implicated molecular pathways. Pathway analysis suggested common activation of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), abnormal nervous system morphology, and neutrophil degranulation in all three regions. Activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was common to the hippocampus and thalamus, which share high CAA loads, while the thalamus, which uniquely exhibits thrombotic events, additionally displayed activation of thrombin and aggregation of blood cells. Thus, we present significant and new insight into the cerebral proteome changes found in distinct brain regions with differential CAA-related pathologies of rTg-DI rats and provide new information on potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with these regional disease processes.
VRM Modeling for Platform FastPI upon SPIM

The formula of Lvr and Rvr is 1st time derived in industry for a VRM with Adaptive Voltage Positioning (AVP) [1]. The simulation is elaborated with a largely dependent CPU power delivery network (PDN) for holistic platform FastPI upon SPIM, to facilitate platform PI design flexibility, and review & sign-off.
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Foodborne Parasitic Pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a human-specific coccidian parasite responsible for several food and water-related outbreaks around the world, including the most recent ones involving over 900 persons in 2013 and 2014 outbreaks in the USA. Multicopy organellar DNA such as mitochondrion genomes have been particularly informative for detection and genetic traceback analysis in other parasites. We sequenced the C. cayetanensis genomic DNA obtained from stool samples from patients infected with Cyclospora in Nepal using the Illumina MiSeq platform. By bioinformatically filtering out the metagenomic reads of non-coccidian origin sequences and concentrating the reads by targeted alignment, we were able to obtain contigs containing Eimeria-like mitochondrial, apicoplastic and some chromosomal genomic fragments. A mitochondrial genomic sequence was assembled and confirmed by cloning and sequencing targeted PCR products amplified from Cyclospora DNA using primers based on our draft assembly sequence. The results show that the C. cayetanensis mitochondrion genome is 6274 bp in length, with 33% GC content, and likely exists in concatemeric arrays as in Eimeria mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic analysis of the C. cayetanensis mitochondrial genome places this organism in a tight cluster with Eimeria species. The mitochondrial genome of C. cayetanensis contains three protein coding genes, cytochrome (cytb), cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 3 (cox3), in addition to 14 large subunit (LSU) and nine small subunit (SSU) fragmented rRNA genes.
A BIBLICAL AND MISSIOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CROSS-CULTURAL MISSION: A CASE STUDY OF THE LOBI FUNERAL RITES IN BURKINA FASO

Converts to Christianity in traditional contexts often face pressure to continue traditional rituals and practices which sometimes contain unbiblical elements. Non-selective performance of traditional practices can produce dual allegiance and syncretism. Such is the case with Lobi Seventh-day Adventists concerning their traditional funeral rites of passage. Some core elements of these traditional funeral rites, in which all community members are expected to fully participate, conflict with biblical teachings on the human condition after death.
The Theory of Demand for Health Insurance: A Review Essay

This paper critically evaluates a recently introduced theory of the demand for health insurance. The new model makes a valuable contribution to the theoretical literature on moral hazard and the debate over national health insurance, but as a general explanation of the demand for health insurance it fails to provide a robust alternative to conventional theory. [
Measuring Performance Versus Impact: Evaluation Practices and their Implications on Governance and Accountability of Humanitarian NGOs

In the context of increased scrutiny of humanitarian assistance over the past decade, issues around the accountability of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) - and the perceived lack thereof - have been discussed widely and frequently. This reflects the recognition of both the increased relevance of INGOs and of the underlying problems associated with their role. Donor agencies in particular have become increasingly concerned with the accountability of the operational agencies they fund, who in return have put in place elaborate evaluation processes and systems. What characterizes these approaches and how are they affecting the ways agencies operate and pursue their humanitarian missions? Were agencies successful in addressing accountability deficits and in correcting the respective incentives towards positive change in humanitarian action? When examining the prevailing practices of major humanitarian INGOs, this research identified not only a general absence of critical self-reflection and meaningful concern over achieved impact, but also a remarkable resistance of the same dilemmas that triggered the call for an ‘accountability revolution’ in the first place. Highlighting considerable weaknesses in the governance of these INGOs, this article confirms also a growing frustration among humanitarian professionals themselves that, while much is measured and evaluated, it is rarely the actual impact of their work. Instead it is apparent that evaluation as it mostly takes place today reflects primarily the needs of donors; is irrelevant for serious organizational learning and programming efforts; adds considerably to the burden of local staff and partners; and does little to shed light on the roles, influence and impact of INGOs as central actors in humanitarian action and protection.
Earthquake recurrence inferred from paleoseismology

Publisher Summary This chapter describes three North American examples of earthquake history inferred from Quaternary geology and discusses earthquakes in the interior of the North America plate––in the New Madrid seismic zone of Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee. The study of prehistoric earthquakes––paleoseismology––provides long-term rates of earthquake occurrence to improve confidence in such forecasts. These earthquakes suggest the rates and patterns of recurrence that help define earthquake hazards. The eastern California shear zone, centered about 150 km northeast of Los Angeles, exhibits geologic evidence for prehistoric surface ruptures during episodes thousands of years apart. Typical intervals between the earthquakes span hundreds of years in the New Madrid and Cascadia examples and thousands of years in the eastern California example. Apart from enabling such estimates of recurrence intervals, paleoseismology can provide evidence for the regional clustering of earthquakes in seismic zones and for aperiodic rupture along the same part of a fault. Such findings have made paleoseismology an essential part of earthquake-hazard assessment in the United States.
Leucine Supplementation Enhances Skeletal Muscle Recovery in Rats Following Exercise

This study was designed to determine the ability of leucine to enhance muscle recovery after exercise. Male rats (200 g) were divided into five groups: sedentary, food-deprived (SF); exercised, food-deprived (EF); exercised, fed a carbohydrate meal (EC); exercised, fed a leucine meal (EL); and exercised, fed a combination of carbohydrate and leucine (ECL). All meals were administered by oral gavage immediately following exercise. EC and ECL meals were isocaloric and provided 15% of daily energy intake. EL and ECL meals each provided 270 mg leucine. Rats ran on a motor-driven treadmill for 2 h at 36 m/min and were killed 1 h postexercise. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured, and the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were excised as a unit to determine glycogen levels and the fractional rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (Ks). Exercise did not alter plasma glucose or insulin. In contrast, prolonged exercise reduced muscle glycogen (-51%) and Ks (-18%). Refeeding a combination of carbohydrate and leucine increased plasma insulin relative to the EF and SF groups and produced complete recovery of muscle Ks and glycogen to values not different from those in SF rats. Feeding leucine alone restored Ks to that in the SF group without affecting plasma glucose or insulin concentrations. Feeding carbohydrate alone enhanced the rate of glycogen repletion compared to the EF group, concomitant with increases in plasma glucose and insulin. The degree of glycogen recovery correlated with plasma insulin concentrations (r = 0.58, P < 0.05). These data suggest that leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis following exercise, independent of increased plasma insulin. This is the first demonstration that orally administered leucine stimulates recovery of skeletal muscle protein synthesis after exercise.
Fabrication of self-assembled (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) ovalbumin-dextran conjugate nanoparticles and their transport across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells (1044.1)

Nanoparticles have the potential to increase bioavailability of bioactive compounds such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Ovalbumin was conjugated with dextran using Maillard reaction. The resul...
Frameshift Suppression in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE VI. Complete Genetic Map of Twenty-Five Suppressor Genes.

Five previously unmapped frameshift suppressor genes have been located on the yeast genetic map. In addition, we have further characterized the map positions of two suppressors whose approximate locations were determined in an earlier study. These results represent the completion of genetic mapping studies on all 25 of the known frameshift suppressor genes in yeast.—The approximate location of each suppressor gene was initially determined through the use of a set of mapping strains containing 61 signal markers distributed throughout the yeast genome. Standard meiotic linkage was assayed in crosses between strains carrying the suppressors and the mapping strains. Subsequent to these approximate linkage determinations, each suppressor gene was more precisely located in multi-point crosses. The implications of these mapping results for the genomic distribution of frameshift suppressor genes, which include both glycine and proline tRNA genes, are discussed.
Evidence for the phagocytic transport of intestinal particles in dogs and rats.

Fluorescent latex beads of two different colors were implanted into separate intestinal segments in individual dogs and rats. Mesenteric lymph node phagocytes subsequently contained multiple beads of one or the other color but rarely both colors, indicating that intestinal phagocytes transported the latex beads to the draining lymph node. Fluorescent labeled Escherichia coli was implanted into rat ligated intestinal segments, and rare mesenteric lymph node phagocytes subsequently contained fluorescent bacteria, suggesting that intestinal bacteria might be transported in the same manner as inert latex beads. Images
Shell model study of Ca 40 muon capture and the ( 0 + , 0 keV ) → ( 0 − , 2626 keV) axial charge transition

We report results from shell-model studies of muon capture on $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ to low-lying levels of $^{40}\mathrm{K}$. We discuss the comparison among calculated capture rates, measured capture rates, and analogous transitions in ($e,{e}^{'}$) scattering in terms of the particle-hole structure of the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$-$^{40}\mathrm{K}$ nuclei. We highlight the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$$({0}^{+},0)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$$^{40}\mathrm{K}$$({0}^{\ensuremath{-}},2626)$ axial charge transition and its sensitivity to the induced pseudoscalar coupling ${g}_{p}$ of the proton's weak interaction. In addition, we address the hindrance of unique first-forbidden transitions due to particle-hole interactions and the emergence of allowed Gamow-Teller transitions due to ground-state correlations. Last, we examine the longitudinal alignment of $^{40}\mathrm{K}$ recoils following muon capture and discuss this possibility for independently determining the induced coupling ${g}_{p}$.
Eremophilane sesquiterpenes from Ligularia macrophylla.

New eremophilane sesquiterpenes, 6β-sarracinoyloxy-1β,10β-epoxy-furanoeremophilane (1), 6α-angeloyloxy-10βH-furanoeremophil-1-one (2), 1α-hydroxy-9-deoxycacalol (3), and 1β-hydroxy-11(R,S)-8-oxoeremophil-6,9-dien-12-al (4a+4b), together with five known sesquiterpenes (5−9) were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Ligularia macrophylla. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques, and the structure of 1 was confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment. The compounds were also evaluated for cytotoxic activity against human lung carcinoma (A-549) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and were found to show only very weak cytotoxicity.