cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanofluidic structures for coupled sensing and remediation of toxins

One foundational motivation for chemical sensing is that knowledge of the presence and level of a chemical agent informs decisions about treatment of the agent, for example by sequestration, separation or chemical conversion to a less harmful substance. Commonly the sensing and treatment steps are separate. However, the disjoint detection/treatment approach is neither optimal, nor required. Thus, we are investigating how nanostructured architectures can be constructed so that molecular transport (analyte/reagent delivery), chemical sensing (optical or electrochemical) and subsequent treatment can all be coupled in the same physical space during the same translocation event. Chemical sensors that are uniquely well-poised for integration into 3-D micro-/nanofluidic architectures include those based on plasmonics and impedance. Following detection, treatment can be substantially enhanced if mass transport limitations can be overcome. In this context, in situ generation of reactive species within confined geometries, such as nanopores or nanochannels, is of significant interest, because of its potential utility in overcoming mass transport limitations in chemical reactivity. Solvent electrolysis in electrochemically coupled nanochannels supporting electrokinetic flow for the generation of reactive species, can produce arbitrarily tunable quantities of reagents, such as O 2 or H 2 , in situ in close proximity to the site of a hydrogenation catalyst, for example. Semi-quantitative estimates of the local H 2 concentration are obtained by comparing the spatiotemporal fluorescence behavior and current measurements with finite element simulations accounting for electrolysis and subsequent convection and diffusion within the confined geometry. H 2 saturation can easily be achieved at modest overpotentials.
Active Participation of the Mg2+ Ion in the Reaction Coordinate of RNA Self-Cleavage Catalyzed by the Hammerhead Ribozyme

We report results from combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy simulations to explore metal-assisted phosphoryl transfer and general acid catalysis in the extended hammerhead ribozyme. The mechanisms considered here assume that the 2′OH group of C17 has already been activated (i.e., is deprotonated) and acts as a nucleophile to go on an in-line attack to the adjacent scissile phosphate, passing through a pentavalent phosphorane intermediate/transition state, followed by acid-catalyzed departure of the O5′ leaving group of C1.1. A series of six two-dimensional potential of mean force profiles are reported in this study, requiring an aggregate of over 100 ns of QM/MM simulation. The simulations employ the AM1/d-PhoT semiempirical quantum model and linear-scaling QM/MM-Ewald method and explore mechanistic pathways for the self-cleavage. Results support the plausibility of a cleavage mechanism where phosphoryl transfer and general acid catalysis are stepwise, and where the catalyt...
Function of peptide antibiotics in sporulation.

Tyrothricin specifically inhibits RNA synthesis in growing cultures of Bacillus brevis as well as purified RNA polymerase. This suggests that the peptide antibiotic may function in the regulation of gene transcription during the transition from vegetative growth to sporulation.
Collaborative Implementation for Ecological Restoration on US Public Lands: Implications for Legal Context, Accountability, and Adaptive Management

The Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP), established in 2009, encourages collaborative landscape scale ecosystem restoration efforts on United States Forest Service (USFS) lands. Although the USFS employees have experience engaging in collaborative planning, CFLRP requires collaboration in implementation, a domain where little prior experience can be drawn on for guidance. The purpose of this research is to identify the ways in which CFLRP’s collaborative participants and agency personnel conceptualize how stakeholders can contribute to implementation on landscape scale restoration projects, and to build theory on dynamics of collaborative implementation in environmental management. This research uses a grounded theory methodology to explore collaborative implementation from the perspectives and experiences of participants in landscapes selected as part of the CFLRP in 2010. Interviewees characterized collaborative implementation as encompassing three different types of activities: prioritization, enhancing treatments, and multiparty monitoring. The paper describes examples of activities in each of these categories and then identifies ways in which collaborative implementation in the context of CFLRP (1) is both hindered and enabled by overlapping legal mandates about agency collaboration, (2) creates opportunities for expanded accountability through informal and relational means, and, (3) creates feedback loops at multiple temporal and spatial scales through which monitoring information, prioritization, and implementation actions shape restoration work both within and across projects throughout the landscape creating more robust opportunities for adaptive management.
REFLECTIONS ON REFLECTION: VAN FRAASSEN ON BELIEF*

In 'Belief and the Will', van Fraasssen employed a diachronic Dutch Book argument to support a counterintuitive principle called Reflection. Tere and subsequently van Fraassen has put forth Reflection as a linchpin for his views in epistemology and the philosophy of science, and for the voluntarism (first-person reports of subjective probability are undertakings of commitments) that he espouses as an alternative to descriptivism (first-person reports of subjective probability are merely self-descriptions). Christensen and others have attacked Reflection, taking it to have unpalatable consequences. We prescind from the question of the cogency of diachronic Dutch Book arguments, and focus on Reflection's proper interpretation. We argue that Reflection is not as counterintuitive as it appears - that once interpreted properly the status of the counterexamples given by Christensen and others is left open. We show also that descriptivism can make sense of Reflection, while voluntarism is not especially well suited to do so.
Removal of Solid Silicone Rubber Exoplants After Retinal Detachment Surgery

A prospective study of 255 eyes undergoing scleral buckling procedures with solid silicone rubber elements as exoplants disclosed a 1.2% incidence (three of 255 eyes) of buckling element removal after a minimum follow-up period of two years. This rate was lower than that reported in series using solid silicone rubber implants or sponge silicone rubber exoplants.
Sturge-Weber-Dimitri disease? In association with an astiocytoma

A patient with parieto-occipital cortical calcification characteristic of Sturge-Weber-Dimitri disease (SWDD) is of interest in that she lacked the facial portwine lesion and almost all other features of the disease. She subsequently developed an astrocytoma in the underlying white matter. Although the absence of the facial lesion in SWDD has previously been described, there has been no report of a glioma developing in such a patient. The association of SWDD and astrocytoma in this case most likely has been fortuitous.
Emphasizing the psycho-quantum way of psychotherapeutic action: Quantum Deep Psychotherapy

Abstract Quantum Deep Psychotherapy (QDP) is a psycho-quantum therapy that uses a repertoire of appropriate techniques and flexible working style, following experimentally or phenomenologically activities for the discovery, transformation or annihilation of emotional and psychosomatic conditionings, integrating both the new obtained inner realities and ways of relating inner and outer. It made such a change involving the transformation of those mental processes generating symptoms, those special personal unconscious emotional implicit memory and selective de-potentization produced by these concepts, stopping the production of symptoms, thus balancing the psycho-emotional and somatic state of subjects.
Quantitative methods alone are not enough: Response to Gibson and Fedorenko

Gibson and Fedorenko [1] (see also [2,3]) correctly point out that subjective judgments of grammaticality are vulnerable to investigator bias, and that – where feasible – other types of data should be sought that shed light on a linguistic analysis. Major theoretical points often rest on assertions of delicate judgments that prove not to be uniform among speakers or that are biased by the writer's theoretical predispositions or overexposure to too many examples.
Partial oxidation of light alkanes by periodate and chloride salts

The efficient and selective partial oxidation of light alkanes using potassium periodate and potassium chloride is reported. Yields of methane functionalization in trifluoroacetic acid reach >40% with high selectivity for methyl trifluoroacetate. Periodate and chloride also functionalize ethane and propane in good yields (>20%).
Development in electronically-supported groups: a preliminary longitudinal study of distributed and face-to-face meetings

This longitudinal pilot study compared the developmental patterns of groups in three different electronically supported meeting modes: face-to-face, dispersed-synchronous and dispersed-asynchronous. Comparisons along several behavioral and socio-technical dimensions which influence the group development process indicate that face-to-face groups experience more effective leadership and coordination competence over time compared to the distributed groups. However, dispersed groups did not differ from their face-to-face counterparts in cohesiveness and equality of participation. Moreover, groups in all three modes performed the task equally well. These results suggest that electronically distributed work groups/spl minus/with adequate time and training/spl minus/can become cohesive and perform effectively. >
Anion effects on storage and resonance ejection of high mass-to-charge cations in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry

The presence of negative charge created by an anion cloud in the center of a quadrupole ion trap is shown to be capable of affecting both the storage and the resonance ejection of high mass-to-charge cations. The attractive potential created by the presence of the anion cloud in the center of the ion trap can facilitate storage of high mass-to-charge cations under conditions that otherwise would allow the cations to escape. However, the presence of the anion cloud can interfere with the resonance ejection method for mass analysis due to the fact that the electric field created by the anion cloud can rival or exceed the influence of the quadrupole field on cation motion. Recognizing these phenomena allows for optimum conditions to be established for both ion storage and resonance ejection of high mass-to-charge ions formed via ion−ion reactions. The effect of high numbers of anions on the storage and resonance ejection of high mass-to-charge cations is illustrated with low charge state cations derived from...
A gapless time-reversal symmetry violating superconductor☆

We consider a layered superconductor with a complex order parameter whose phase switches sign from one layer to the next. This system is shown to exhibit gapless superconductivity for sufficiently large interlayer pairing or interlayer hopping. In addition, this description is consistent with experiments finding signals of time reversal symmetry breaking in high-temperature superconductors only at the surface and not in the sample bulk.
Sandwiched hollow sphere structures: A study of ballistic impact behavior using numerical simulation

Sandwiched hollow sphere structure may have the potential to provide better ballistic impact protection as compared with monolithic plate based on the same weight and impact area. In the previous s...
Design of a Multifunctional Aircraft Skin With Energy Harvesting via Entropy Generation Minimization

The Entropy Generation Minimization (EGM) approach is applied to the design of a new integrated radar aircraft skin, which both meets requisite aircraft structural needs and provides a pathway for the waste heat from structurally integrated power devices. Thermoelectric (TE) devices, sandwiched between a heterogeneous skin layer and the radar devices for the purpose of harvesting waste heat rejected to the ambient, are considered in the analysis. A heterogeneous skin layer is designed using the EGM approach, which is then applied to the overall mission of the aircraft to determine the optimal skin thickness and volume fractions of the matrix and inclusions in the composite skin.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Analysis of Interacting, Underexpanded, Rarefied Jets

A numerical study, using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) approach, of the interaction effects between two identical sonic under-expanded nitrogen jets under rarefied conditions is reported. In this paper, the effects of the jet stagnation Knudsen number (Kns), the ratio of the stagnation-to-background pressure (Ps/Pb), and the distance between the jet orifices (L/D) were investigated for a range of these parameters. The background pressure has a very significant effect on the physics of flow. The value of L/D affects the locations of the Mach disk in both primary and secondary jets. But When Ps/Pb is relatively large (such as Ps/Pb=220) and L/D is relatively small (L/D≤6.0), the separation distance L/D has only a mild effect on the location of the Mach disk in the secondary jet. A study of the rotationaltranslational non-equilibrium showed that large deviations between the translational and rotational temperatures can be found in the secondary jet, especially in the vicinity of the orifice plate.
An Automatic History Matching Module with Distributed and Parallel Computing

Abstract The data assimilation process of adjusting variables in a reservoir simulation model to honor observations of field data is known as history matching and has been extensively studied for a few decades. However, limited success has been achieved due to the high complexity of the problem and the large computational effort required in the real fields. Successful applications of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to reservoir history matching have been reported in various publications. The EnKF is a sequential method: once new data are available, only these data are used to update all the unknown reservoir properties while previous geological information is unused directly. In this method, multiple reservoir models rather than one single model are implemented, and each model is called a member. Conventionally, the impact of each member on the updating is equally treated. Another approach is the weighted EnKF. During the updating, the method weighs the contribution of each member through the comparison...
A NEW CAMBRIAN ACRITARCH FROM THE NOLICHUCKY SHALE, EASTERN TENNESSEE, U.S.A.

Abstract A new acanthomorph acritarch genus, Auritusphaera, is erected to accommodate a distinctive form whose processes form a pseudo-reticulum on the surface of a spherical vesicle. The genus is present in, and restricted to, the Upper Shale Member of the Nolichucky Shale in eastern Tennessee, U.S.A., where it is found in two cores drilled in the grounds of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The Upper Shale Member corresponds to the upper part of the Cedaria–Crepicephalus biozone and the lower part of the Aphelaspis biozone, and is Late Cambrian in age. The distinctive morphology of this acritarch may render it a potential marker for the Upper Cambrian Marjuman/Steptoean Stage boundary.
Corrigendum to: Elastic properties of the forisome.

Forisomes are elongate Ca2+-responsive contractile protein bodies and act as flow blocking gates within the phloem of legumes. Because an understanding of their mechanical properties in vitro underpins understanding of their physiology in vivo, we undertook, using a microcantilever method, microscopic tensile tests (incremental stress-relaxation measurements) on forisomes from Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC Akanata Mame and Vicia faba L. Witkiem Major. Viscoelastic properties of forisomes in their longitudinal direction were investigated before and after Ca2+-induced contraction, but in the radial direction only before contraction. Forisomes showed mechanical properties typical of a biological material with a unidirectional fibrous structure, i.e. the modulus of elasticity in the direction of their fibers is much greater than in the radial direction. Creep data were collected in all tensile tests and fit with a three parameter viscoelastic model. The pre-contraction longitudinal elastic moduli of the forisomes were not differentiable between the two species (V. faba, 660 ± 360 kPa; C. gladiata, 600 ± 360 kPa). Both species showed a direction-dependent mechanical response: the elastic modulus was dramatically smaller in the radial direction than in the longitudinal direction, suggesting a weak protein cross-linking amongst longitudinal protein fibers. Activation of forisomes decreased forisome stiffness longitudinally, as evidenced by the loss of toe-region in the stress strain curve, suggesting that the forisome may have dispersed or disordered its protein structure in a controlled fashion. Contractile forces generated by single forisomes undergoing activation were also measured for V. faba (510 ± 390 nN) and C. gladiata (570 ± 310 nN).
Thermophilic bacterium isolated on n-tetradecane.

GROWTH at the expense of hydrocarbons occurs in a wide variety of micro-organisms; Fuhs1 listed more than 100 yeasts, bacteria and fungi with this characteristic. Scant information is available concerning the influence of temperature on microbial hydrocarbon oxidation. Four strains of micrococci have been checked for their ability to grow at the expense of octane, nonane and decane at 20° and 25° C (ref. 2). At the lower temperature there was good utilization of decane but none of the strains grew on this hydrocarbon at 25° C. Possibly such differences in growth response are related to an increase in vapour pressure of the n-alkane with an increase in temperature. According to Allen3, most if not all of the most important types of metabolism carried on by mesophilic bacteria can also be found among thermophilic bacteria. A variety of carbon sources can be utilized by thermophilic bacteria4, and some years ago a general survey of thermophilic bacteria was made using enrichment culturing5. No bacterium was selected from soil, fresh water or marine mud, or dry plant material when paraffin served as the carbon source. Presumably the paraffin was a mixture of long-chain saturated hydrocarbons.
High-frequency motility of outer hair cells and the cochlear amplifier

Outer hair cells undergo somatic elongation-contraction cycles in vitro when electrically stimulated. This "electromotile" response is assumed to underlie the high sensitivity and frequency selectivity of amplification in the mammalian cochlea. This process, presumably operating on a cycle-by-cycle basis at the frequency of the stimulus, is believed to provide mechanical feedback in vivo. However, if driven by the receptor potential of the cell, the mechanical feedback is expected to be severely attenuated at high frequencies because of electrical low-pass filtering by the outer hair cell basolateral membrane. It is proposed that electromotility at high frequencies is driven instead by extracellular potential gradients across the hair cell, and it is shown that this driving voltage is not subject to low-pass filtering and is sufficiently large. It is further shown that if the filtering properties of the cell membrane are canceled, taking advantage of the electrical characteristics of isolated outer hair cells in a partitioning glass microchamber, then the lower bound of the motor's bandwidth is approximately 22 kilohertz, a number determined only by the limitations of our instrumentation.
The influence of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasmin on platelet aggregation: a quenched-flow study

Abstract Our study was designed to investigate the influence of human recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and plasmin on platelet aggregation kinetics. Quenched-flow aggregometry coupled to single-particle counting was used with washed human platelets, which were pre-incubated for 5 min at 37°C with physiological and pharmacological doses of rt-PA (0.14–70 nM). Aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) under physiological flow conditions was followed over 15s. Depending on donor and reaction time, potentiation (one third of subjects), inhibition (one third of subjects), and no effect on ADP-induced (10 μM) aggregation were noted within the first 5s, while from 5.0 to 15.O s no influence was seen. On the other hand, using 2.5 μM ADP, aggregation was inhibited in all sensitive donors. Pre-incubation of platelets with plasmin (10nM, 100 nM) for 5 min at 37°C elicited a biphasic response to ADP. Depending on concentration and reaction time, plasmin potentiated or inhibited ADP-induced (10 μM) aggregation. Our data reveal that some individuals are susceptible for potentiation of platelet aggregation by both rt-PA and plasmin. Such susceptibility may contribute to the phenomenon of early reocclusion observed during thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA.
Fracture criterion for the axisymmetric disking process

Disking is a process designed to cut brittle plates and rods. In axisymmetric disking, a pre-cracked cylindrical rod is placed in an elastic, annular sheath and the composite is subjected to biaxial fluid pressure. At a critical pressure the crack runs across the circular section of the rod producing a clean cut. A linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis is used to develop a fracture criterion for the process. A concentric circular cylinders model is assumed with perfect bonding at the interface. The flaw that initiates fracture in the rod is modeled as an annular crack perpendicular to the interface with one crack tip at the interface. The problem is formulated as a singular integral equation of the first kind with a Cauchy type kernel. The stress intensity factors are determined as a function of crack size and shear moduli.
The New Anti-war Protests and Miscible Mobilizations

This paper analyzes the factors contributing to the relative success of the recent mobilizations against war despite the peace movement organizations' weakness and unfavorable political opportunity structures. I argue that these anti-war protests were shaped by two factors: first, by trigger events which created new grievances and, second, by the use of new information technologies such as the Internet. These factors contributed to what I call miscible mobilizations, or simultaneous mobilization efforts by movements with compatible ideologies and shared activist communities and SMOs. Results from an extensive study of the anti-war protests from September 2001 in the USA support this notion and call attention to the need to develop a synthesis between traditional resource mobilization, political process, and new social movement theories of mobilization and to focus research on the fluid processes of miscible mobilizations.
On Non-simple Marked Point Processes

Simple point processes are often characterized by their associated compensators or conditional intensities. Non-simple point processes are not uniquely determined by their conditional intensity and compensator, so instead one may identify with the point process its associated simple point process and corresponding conditional intensity, on an expanded mark space. Some relations between the conditional intensity on the expanded mark space and the ordinary conditional intensity are investigated here, and some classes of separable non-simple processes are presented. Transformations into simple point processes, involving thinning and rescaling, are presented.
Interconversion of high density lipoproteins during incubation of human plasma

Incubation (6h,37/sup 0/) of untreated human plasma resulted in marked reductions in concentrations of two major subpopulations (mean sizes: approx.84 angstroms and approx.79 angstroms) of the HDL/sub 3/ subclass. These reductions were accompanied by the appearance of large species with mean particle size (95.2 angstroms) in the range of the HDL/sub 2a/ subpopulations. In the presence of mercaptoethanol (14 mM), incubation resulted in further reduction of the two HDL/sub 3/ subpopulations but now with formation of both larger (95.4 angstroms) and smaller (77.2 and 75.2 angstroms) species. Inhibitors of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase showed varying effectivenss in modifying the extent and character of the interconversion. With paraoxon (2 mM) the interconversion was much reduced and was associated with the formation predominantly of smaller particles (74.6 angstroms); with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (1.4 mM) the interconversion resembled that produced with mecaptoethanol but to a considerably lesser degree. Incubation of HDL, ultracentrifugally isolated from nonincubated plasma containing paraoxon, resulted in negligible interconversion, suggesting that other plasma components participate in the process.
Targeted disruption of p185/Cul7 gene results in abnormal vascular morphogenesis

Cul1, a member of the cullin ubiquitin ligase family, forms a multiprotein complex known as SCF and plays an essential role in numerous cellular and biological activities. A Cul1 homologue, p185 (Cul7), has been isolated as an simian virus 40 large T antigen-binding protein. To understand the physiological role of p185, we generated mice lacking p185. p185–/– embryos are runted and die immediately after birth because of respiratory distress. Dermal and hypodermal hemorrhage is detected in mutant embryos at late gestational stage. p185–/– placentas show defects in the differentiation of the trophoblast lineage with an abnormal vascular structure. We demonstrate that p185 forms an SCF-like complex with Skp1, Rbx1, Fbw6 (Fbx29), and FAP68 (FAP48, glomulin). FAP68 has recently been identified as a gene responsible for familial glomuvenous malformation. These results suggest that p185 forms a multiprotein complex and plays an important role in vascular morphogenesis.
Conceptual Understanding of Causal Reasoning in Physics

College students often experience difficulties in solving physics problems. These difficulties largely result from a lack of conceptual understanding of the topic. The processes of conceptual learning reflect the nature of the causal reasoning process. Two major causal reasoning methods are the covariational and the mechanism‐based approaches. This study was to investigate the effects of different causal reasoning methods on facilitating students’ conceptual understanding of physics. 125 college students from an introduction physics class were assigned into covariational group, mechanism‐based group, and control group. The results show that the mechanism‐based group significantly outperformed the other two groups in solving conceptual problems. However, no significant difference was found in all three groups performance on solving computational problems. Speculation on the inconsistent performance of the mechanism‐based group in conceptual and computational problem solving is given. Detailed analyses of t...
How Safe Is Exercise during Pregnancy

Increasing numbers of women include exercise even during pregnancy as an essential part of their daily routines. Because of the additional physiological demands imposed by pregnancy, health‐care practitioners must determine whether or not aerobic exercise is, in fact, healthy for the expectant mother and developing fetus. This article examines whether or not the traditional advice that women receive regarding exercise during pregnancy is supported by the existing scientific literature.
Computer-aided detection (CAD) of breast cancer on full field digital and screening film mammograms

Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) as a new breast imaging modality has potential to detect more breast cancers or to detect them at smaller sizes and earlier stages compared with screening film mammography (SFM). However, its performance needs verification, and it would pose new problems for the development of CAD methods for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Performance evaluation of CAD systems on FFDM and SFM has been conducted in this study, respectively. First, an adaptive CAD system employing a series of advanced modules has been developed on FFDM. Second, a standardization approach has been developed to make the CAD system independent of characteristics of digitizer or imaging modalities for mammography. CAD systems developed previously for SFM and developed in this study for FFDM have been evaluated on FFDM and SFM images without and with standardization, respectively, to examine the performance improvement of the CAD system developed in this study. Computerized free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis has been adopted as performance evaluation method. Compared with previous one, the CAD system developed in this study demonstrated significantly performance improvements. However, the comparison results have shown that the performances of final CAD system in this study are not significantly different on FFDM and on SFM after standardization. It needs further study on the assessment of CAD system performance on FFDM and SFM modalities.
Relaxation algorithms for the Euler equations

The alternating direction implicit central-difference scheme algorithms may be replaced by successive-line-relaxation (SLR) procedures that are stable in three dimensions. Several Beamand Warming-type codes are presently modified on the basis of SLR solution procedures in order to compute the flows over a cylinder, a NACA-0012 airfoil, and a shock wave reflecting off a plate. Since the codes are written in a 'delta form', the implementation of relaxation procedures that rely only on the corrections is relatively easy; the steady state residual computation and any artificial viscosity terms may be left unchanged.
The Most Probable Value of the Planck Constant h

The most probable value of Planck's Constant $h$ has been computed, together with the probable error. The latest value of each of the other constants appearing in the equations has been used; and the probable error in each has been taken into consideration. The mean value from seven distinct methods is (6.5543 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.0025) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}$ erg. sec., and each of the seven residuals lies within the limits of error. The indicated error in the final mean is practically exclusive of any error in $e$ (assumed 4.774). However, by assuming Lewis and Adams' theory of ultimate rational units, it is possible to compute, in a number of different ways, an independent value of $e$, or of $h$. One such computation, using Blake and Duane's X-ray data, yields $e=4.7705\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0046$, $h=6.550\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0\mathrm{I}3$.
Potential control of Florida elodea by ion-control agents.

IT is clear that the problem of excessive vegetation in many lakes, canals and streams in developed countries must be solved if these bodies of water are to continue to be used economically for transportation, recreation and drainage. Submerged weeds such as Florida elodea (Hydrillia verticillata)1,2 are particularly troublesome because the plant is perennial and usually firmly anchored to the bottom by long adventitious roots; further, it forms dense mats which may clog the top foot of water, and can spread over the water by four different methods.
Multicolor observations of phobos with the viking lander cameras: evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic composition.

The reflectivity of Phobos has been determined in the spectral region from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometers from images taken with a Viking lander camera. The reflectivity curve is flat in this spectral interval and the geometric albedo equals 0.05 + or - 0.01. These results, together with Phobos's reflectivity spectrum in the ultraviolet, are compared with laboratory spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and basalts. The spectra of carbonaceous chondrites are consistent with the observations, whereas the basalt spectra are not. These findings raise the possibility that Phobos may be a captured object rather than a natural satellite of Mars.
Preferential Mating versus Mimicry: Disruptive Selection and Sex-limited Dimorphism in Papilio glaucus

Spermatophore counts in wild females of Papilio glaucus show that the monomorphic nonmimetic male mates less frequently with the mimetic female morph than with the nonmimetic female morph. Female dimorphism in this species cannot be maintained by heterozygous advantage. Mating preference for the nonmimetic female may sufficiently counteract avian predation pressure favoring the mimetic female to account for the maintenance of the nonmimetic morph in the population in those areas in which the model is abundant and to account for the reduction in frequency or elimination of the mimetic morph in those areas in which the model is less numerous or absent.
Effect of temperature on heavy metal toxicity to juvenile crayfish, Orconectes immunis (Hagen)

The acute toxicity of four selected heavy metals to juvenile crayfish Orconectes immunis (Hagen) (1-2 g wet body wt. each) at room temperature increased in the following order: cadmium (x3) < copper (x10) < zinc (x2) < lead. The toxicity of these metals to crayfish acclimated at 17, 20, 23/24, and 27 degrees C increased with temperature (by 7-20% between 20 and 24 degrees C and 14-26% between 20 and 27 degrees C) as judged by the lowering of LT(50) (time to kill 50% of test animals at a fixed concentration) values. A 4 degrees C rise in temperature (from 20 to 24 degrees C), which increased the toxicity of copper by about 7%, increased the rate of oxygen consumption by about 34%. Heavy metals inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption at all temperatures. In 20 degrees C-acclimated crayfish, copper caused about 17% inhibition of oxygen consumption compared to about 7-12% by other metals including the most toxic cadmium. A 3-4 degrees C rise in temperature tripled the inhibitory effect of copper (20%), cadmium and zinc (26 and 18%, respectively), but not of lead, on oxygen consumption. A 7 degrees C-rise in temperature (from 20 to 27 degrees C) increased the inhibitory effect of heavy metals, including lead, on oxygen consumption by up to 54% in the case of copper. The data indicate that rising global temperatures (currently 0.60 degrees C) associated with climate change can have the potential to increase the sensitivity of aquatic animals to heavy metals in their environment.
Healthcare workers' and parents' perceptions of measures for improving adherence to hand-hygiene

This study was conducted to evaluate perceptions of healthcare workers (HCW) and parents regarding hand-hygiene and effectiveness of measures for increasing hand-hygiene adherence, in a children's hospital in Italy. A cross-sectional study was performed from 5 to 13 July 2010, using two self-administered anonymous questionnaires (one for HCWs and one for parents/caregivers). The questionnaires included information regarding individual perceptions associated with hand hygiene. We collected 139 questionnaires from HCWs and 236 questionnaires from parents. Alcohol-based handrub was reported to be available at the point of care by 95.0% of the HCWs and in the child's room by 97.0% of the parents. For both HCWs and parents, availability of alcohol-based handrub was perceived as the most useful action for improving adherence to hand hygiene (scores ≥ 6 on a 7-point Likert-type scale: 84.8% [CI95%78.0-90.1] for HCWs and 87.9% [CI95% 83.3-91.7] for parents). Parents' reminding HCWs to perform hand hygiene was perceived as the least useful action (scores ≥ 6: 48.9% [CI95% 40.5-57.3] for HCWs and 55.7% [CI95% 49.2-62.1] for parents). Factors that affected HCWs' perceptions of the effectiveness of actions for improving adherence to hand hygiene included years of practice, type of ward and previous formal training on hand hygiene. For parents, factors affecting perceptions included previous information on hand hygiene and previous hospitalizations for their child. Investigating HCWs' and parents' perceptions of measures for improving adherence can provide useful information for implementing actions for hand-hygiene promotion in children's hospitals. In this study, HCWs' and parents' perceptions were similar; alcohol-based hand-rub availability was perceived as the most useful tool, confirming its crucial role in multimodal interventions. Poor perception of inviting parents to remind HCWs to perform hand-hygiene has been previously observed, and deserves further investigation. Information and education activities were associated with more positive perceptions regarding various improvement measures. Though the relationship between perceptions and behaviours remains to be fully determined, HCWs should participate in formal training and families should be properly informed, not only to increase knowledge but also to improve perceptions on effectiveness of actions to be implemented.
Detection using correlation bound in a linear mixture model

A detection approach, detection with a correlation bound (DCB), is introduced based on a linear mixture model. We use the upper bound of the correlation between the target and mixing components as the detection index, and derive the expression for this correlation bound using the observed data. The proposed method is an unsupervised approach and provides satisfactory detection performance without imposing strong assumptions. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in Raman spectroscopy for the detection of surface-deposited chemical agents.
Eratosthenes on the “measurement” of the earth

Abstract In this paper it is argued that Eratosthenes's measurement of the earth depended on estimated distances and ratios as well as approximation procedures, and that precise observations were not involved. His method is reconstructed here from a number of ancient texts, and it is concluded that Cleomedes, or his source, misunderstood and misrepresented what Eratosthenes did.
A theoretical assessment of the user-satisfaction construct in information systems research

For nearly two decades, the user-satisfaction construct has occupied a central role in behavioral research in Information Systems IS. In industry, the construct has often been used as a surrogate for IS effectiveness. Given its widespread use by both academics and practitioners, it is surprising that no comprehensive theoretical assessment of this construct has been performed. This paper provides such a review. It begins by examining conceptual and theoretical limitations of the construct's use as a measure of IS effectiveness. Attention is then focused on the evolution of the construct in the literature and the theoretical problems associated with its broader use. The fundamental similarity between user satisfaction and the social and cognitive psychologists' notion of an attitude is suggested. The next sections focus on a discussion of attitude structures and function. First, alternative theoretical views on attitude structure are presented. While one of these structures, the family of expectancy-value models, is reflected in current research on user satisfaction, the second, the family of cognitive approaches, is not. The two attitude structures are considered from the perspective of possible refinements to future work in IS. Next, an examination is made of the ways in which these structures have been integrated in terms of understanding the relationship of users' affective responses to other responses i.e., behavior or cognition. This leads to a discussion of the function attitudes might serve for the user other than the evaluation of an information system or IS staff. Finally, the question of how behavior influences attitude is considered. The paper concludes with suggestions for future work.
Anger management: age differences in emotional modulation of visual processing.

Although positive and negative images enhance the visual processing of young adults, recent work suggests that a life-span shift in emotion processing goals may lead older adults to avoid negative images. To examine this tendency for older adults to regulate their intake of negative emotional information, the current study investigated age-related differences in the perceptual boost received by probes appearing over facial expressions of emotion. Visually-evoked event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp over cortical regions associated with visual processing as a probe appeared over facial expressions depicting anger, sadness, happiness, or no emotion. The activity of the visual system in response to each probe was operationalized in terms of the P1 component of the ERP evoked by the probe. For young adults, the visual system was more active (i.e., greater P1 amplitude) when the probes appeared over any of the emotional facial expressions. However, for older adults, the visual system displayed reduced activity when the probe appeared over angry facial expressions.
Daily Life in Colonial Mexico: The Journey of Friar Ilarione da Bergamo, 1761–1768. Edited, with an introduction, by Robert Ryal Miller and William J. Orr. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011. Pp. x, 240. $19.95.)

Although the admission of foreign travelers to New Spain was rare and required special royal permission, a limited number journeyed to this new world to explore its people, cultures, flora, and fau...
On the origin of p53 G:C --> T:A transversions in lung cancers.

The high frequency of G-->T transversions in the p53 gene is a distinctive feature of lung cancer patients with a smoking history and is commonly believed to reflect the direct mutagenic signature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) adducts along the gene. Using the April 2000 update of the p53 mutation database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer together with the primary literature, we confirm that the frequency of p53 G-->T transversions in lung cancer of smokers is about three times higher than their frequency in lung cancer of nonsmokers and in most other smoke-unrelated cancers. In contrast, the frequency of C-->A transversions, the DNA-strand mirror counterpart of G-->T transversions, appears to be similar in virtually all human cancers. Along with other data, this strand bias leads us to suggest that smoking may inhibit repair of G-->T primary lesions on the non-transcribed strand. As to the origin of G-->T primary lesions in the p53 gene, we unexpectedly found that cell lines derived from lung cancers, but not from other cancers, demonstrate significant additional excess of G-->T transversions when compared to p53 mutations in parent primary tumors. A detailed codon-by-codon comparison provides evidence in favor of the in vitro origin of this culture-associated G-->T augmentation. Since in culture lung cancer cell lines are not exposed to the carcinogens from smoke, one would rather ascribe these new G-->T transversions to some other mutagens such as, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These results are consistent with our previous report [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 12244], and suggest that other factors, in addition to the direct mutagenic action of PAH-like carcinogens, contribute to p53 mutation-associated lung malignancy.
Sequence of Courses on Particle Transport, Deposition and Removal and Engineering of Nano/Micro-Scale Systems

Small (nano-/micro-scale) particle transport, deposition and removal are of critical importance in many industries including semiconductor manufacturing, imaging, pharmaceutical and food processing. In addition, numerous environmental processes involve particle transport, deposition and removal. In the last decade, significant research progress in the areas of nano- and micro-particle transport, deposition and removal has been made. In this project, a series of courses was developed to make these class of new important research findings available to seniors and graduate students in engineering through developing and offering of specialized curricula at Clarkson University. The project involved integration of particle transport, deposition and removal numerical simulations and experiments in the developed courses. The course materials are mostly made available on the web and some courses have been taught at Clarkson University and Syracuse University campuses simultaneously. Based on the course materials, a series of short courses was also offered at several countries. The first two courses on particle transport, deposition and removal are composed of four modules: (i) fundamental of particle transport, dispersion, deposition and removal, (ii) computational modeling of particle transport, deposition and removal, (iii) experimental study of particle transport, deposition and removal, and (iv) industrial applications of particle transport, deposition and removal. Based on this course development experience, more recently, a new undergraduate course (Nano/Micro-scale Systems Engineering) was developed. The course development and implementation was supported a grant from NSF under the Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education program following an initial grant from Clarkson University. The chief instructional objective of the new course is to familiarize the students to the design, analysis, simulation and implementation/fabrication of nano/micro-scale engineering systems. This nanotechnology course consists of three main components to address a set of its well-defined educational objectives: (i) lectures developed and delivered by a multidisciplinary team at Clarkson University, (ii) instructions on computational design/analysis and simulation tools, and (iii) a hands-on workshop for gaining experience with cleanroom procedures and fabrication facilities. The second component has been developed with help of a software company. The third component is being realized through collaboration with the NNIN supported CNF facility at Cornell University as a hands-on workshop for the Clarkson students. An outline of this ongoing course development activity has been given and main features of the course has been discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The Mystery of Mars

The Mystery of Mars is a beautiful and informative book, aimed at young readers ages 8 to 12. The child in your life (if he or she is any kind of “space cadet”) will enjoy looking at this intelligent, comprehensive, and colorful introduction to Mars. The book wisely capitalizes on two aspects of our human nature: our love of exploration and our inability to resist a mystery Human beings of all ages love to explore, and in spite of the recent setbacks in Mars exploration, the lure of other planetary frontiers has never been stronger.
On the zero attractor of the Euler polynomials

We study the limiting behavior of the zeros of the Euler polynomials. When linearly scaled, they approach a definite curve in the complex plane related to the Szego curve which governs the behavior of the roots of the Taylor polynomials associated to the exponential function. Further, under a conformal transformation, the scaled zeros are uniformly distributed.
Nonlinear optics of backward waves and extraordinary features of plasmonic nonlinear-optical microdevices

Extraordinary properties and unique features of coherent nonlinear-optical coupling of ordinary and backward electromagnetic waves in negative-index metamaterials are described and numerically simulated. The possibility for design of unique microscopic photonic devices and all-optical data processing chips is shown.
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in turkey poults infected with Bordetella avium

Abstract 1. 1. Liver tryptohan 2,3-dioxygenase (TPO) activity was depressed significantly by the Bordetella avium infection localized in the trachea of the turkey poult. 2. 2. Tryptophan, given orally, induced a significant increase in TPO activity in both control and infected poults. 3. 3. Hydrocortisone induced TPO activity in the turkey in a dose dependent manner.