cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Batch Suspension Cultures of Preconditioned Coleus blumei Cells: Sucrose Effect

Batch suspension cultures of Coleus blumei cells preconditioned with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) maintained viability at above 85 % during a 14-day culturing period for initial sucrose concentrations of 30–70 g/L. At 60 g/L sucrose, cells grew rapidly with a doubling time of 10.7 h, and dry cell mass reached a maximum of 15.6 g/L. Broad optima of cell yield (0.46–0.48 g of cell/g of sucrose), rosmarinic acid (RA) yield (3.1–3.5 g of RA/100 g of sucrose), and rosmarinic acid production (1.0–1.1 g of RA/L) were observed at 40–60 g/L sucrose concentration. Sucrose in the medium was hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose by extracellular and/or cell-bound invertase, and glucose was taken up by the cells at a higher rate than fructose. Even at sucrose concentrations of 40–70 g/L, sucrose consumption over 14 days was limited to 33 g/L.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Method to Evaluate Coated Aluminum Beverage Containers — Part 2: Statistical Analysis of Performance

Abstract A method for evaluating commercially applied organic coatings must consider the observed distribution of coating performance for a given population. A sample of cans was examined using ele...
Fluorescence Characterization of DDAB−AOT Catanionic Vesicles

We have used fluorescence and light scattering measurements to characterize the unilamellar vesicles formed in aqueous solution from binary mixtures of the cationic surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and the anionic surfactant sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT or AOT). We focus our study on the early phase of catanionic vesicle formation after surfactant mixing. With two complementary fluorescence probes, the anionic fluorophore TNS (2-(p-toluidino)naphthalene-6-sulfonate) and the neutral probe prodan (6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)-naphthalene), we observe the creation of a mixed vesicle via the rapid incorporation of the anionic surfactant AOT (present as surfactant monomers in solution) into DDAB vesicles. Deconvolutions of the overall probe fluorescence emission spectra differentiate among the net surface charges on DDAB−AOT vesicles of varying composition. Furthermore, when TNS is added to DDAB-rich mixed vesicles, we observe time-dependent fluorescence variations that are cons...
The DARPA COSMOS and ELASTx Programs: Towards Next Generation Linearized Microwave/Mm-Wave Transmitters

The COmpound Semiconductor Materials On Silicon (COSMOS) program of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) focuses on developing transistor-scale heterogeneous integration processes to intimately combine advanced compound semiconductor (CS) devices with high-density silicon circuits. The technical approaches being explored in this program include high-density micro assembly, monolithic epitaxial growth, and epitaxial layer printing processes. Through heterogeneous integration of advanced InP HBTs with commercially fabricated CMOS circuits, the program has successfully demonstrated world-record differential amplifiers and is currently developing complex wideband, large dynamic range, high-speed digital-to-analog converters (DACs) employing sophisticated in situ digital correction techniques enabled by CMOS integration. This paper will also discuss future directions of technical approaches, for example integration of high power CS devices such as GaN transistors with silicon-based linearization techniques developed under DARPA's Efficient Linearized All-Silicon Transmitter ICs (ELASTx) program to realize next-generation microwave/mm-wave transmitters. In these future transmitters, the high breakdown voltage CS devices will be used to implement efficient, although non-linear, power amplifiers while the required linearity for complex waveforms will be recovered through integrated linearization architectures.
Utilizing Technology Based Learning for Disaster Preparedness

Preparing for disasters can be a grueling, although necessary, exercise for those involved in emergency response. The large scale nature of disaster response poses many obstacles to executing an effective disaster preparedness drill that incorporates hospitals, fire and rescue personnel, and police. Cooperation and effective communication during these incidents is imperative. Simulation technology is a realistic alternative to a large, multi-disciplinary, one-time effort. Each discipline may be able to practice and reinforce their roles in a disaster with the aid of various emerging technologies. This paper examines some of the technologies already being implemented in the area of disaster preparedness. Technology based learning TBL strategies are analyzed for consistency with accepted principles of adult education.
The c1 genes of P1 and P7

Abstract The c1 genes of the heteroimmune phages P1 and P7 were sequenced and their products were compared. P7c1 expression was correlated with the translation in vitro of a protein whose predicted molecular weight (33,000 daltons) is indistinguishable from that of the P1c1 repressor. The c1 regions from both P1 and P7 were found to contain open reading frames capable of coding for a 283-amino acid protein whose predicted secondary structure lacks the helix-turn-helix motif commonly associated with repressor proteins. Two P1c1 amber mutations were localized to the 283-amino acid open reading frame. The P1c1 and P7c1 sequences were found to differ at only 18 positions, all but two of which alter the third position of the affected codon and do not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. Plasmids expressing the c1 gene from either phage cause the repression of transcription from a cloned promoter situated upstream of P1c1.
Temperature distribution in and around a buried heat generating sphere

Abstract An exact analytical solution is presented for the steady-state temperature distribution in and around a heat generating sphere buried in a semi-infinite solid with an isothermal surface. This analysis does not require that the thermal conductivities of the medium and the sphere be equal. The exact solution, derived using a bispherical coordinate system, is compared with an approximate source-sink solution. The results include the temperature distribution in and around the sphere, the form factor and the heat flux distribution along the medium surface.
Multiple isotopic labels for quantitative mass spectrometry

Quantitative mass spectrometry is often performed using isotopically labeled samples. Although the 4-trimethylammoniumbutyryl (TMAB) labels have many advantages over other isotopic tags, only two forms have previously been synthesized (i.e., a heavy form containing nine deuteriums and a light form without deuterium). In the present report, two additional forms containing three and six deuteriums have been synthesized and tested. These additional isotopic tags perform identically to the previously reported tags; peptides labeled with the new TMAB reagents coelute from reversed-phase HPLC columns with peptides labeled with the lighter and heavier TMAB reagents. Altogether, these four tags allow for multivariate analysis in a single liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, with each isotopically tagged peptide differing in mass by 3 Da per tag incorporated. The synthetic scheme is described in simple terms so that a biochemist without specific training in organic chemistry can perform the synthesis....
Optimizing cell size for energy saving in cellular networks with hybrid energy supplies

Green communications has received much attention recently. For cellular networks, the base stations (BSs) account for more than 50 percent of the energy consumption of the networks. Therefore, reducing the power consumption of BSs is crucial to achieve green cellular networks. In this paper, we optimize the energy utilization in cellular networks whose BSs are powered with both regular energy from the grid and the renewable energy. We minimize the on-grid energy consumption of BSs by adapting their cell sizes. The cell size optimization problem is NP-hard. We divide the problem into two subproblems: the multi-stage energy allocation problem and energy consumption minimization problem. We propose an energy allocation policy and an approximation algorithm to solve these subproblems, respectively, and subsequently solve the cell size optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution achieves significant energy savings.
Punitive Damages Awards in Civil Litigation; Effects of Profit Information and Amount of Pain and Suffering Award

A study addressing jury decisions regarding punitive damages awards in civil litigation was carried out. Two issues explored were the feet that jurors typically do not have a good metric for assigning a value to such damages and the concept of “leakage.” The latter concept refers to decisions regarding compensatory damages and punitive damages influencing each other; in the law they are supposed to be independent. Forty-two participants were given three scenarios describing accidents, injuries, liability outcomes, and the amounts of economic and non-economic (pain and suffering) awards. Their task was to decide on punitive damages awards. Two variables manipulated in the scenarios were the presence or absence of defendant profit information and the amount (high or low) of the pain and suffering award. Results indicated the main effects of the two variables were not statistically significant. A significant interaction between the profit-information and pain-and-suffering-amount variables indicated that whe...
Human visual-system-based image enhancement

This paper presents a method of image enhancement using an adaptive thresholding method based on the human visual system. We utilize a number of different enhancement algorithms applied selectively to the different regions of an image to achieve a better overall enhancement than applying a single technique globally. The presented method is useful for images that contain various regions of improper illumination. It is also practical for correcting shadows. This thresholding system allows various enhancement algorithms to be used on different sections of the image based on the local visual characteristics. It further allows the parameters to be tuned differently for the specific regions, giving a more visually pleasing output image. We demonstrate the algorithm and present results for several high quality images as well as lower quality images such as those captured using a cell phone camera. We then compare and contrast our method to other state-of-the-art enhancement algorithms.
“Isn't He a Good Guy?”: Constructions of Whiteness in the 2006 Olympic Hockey Tournament

Given sports’ valued cultural position, scholars argue that images of sports stars provide viewers with guidance about how “good” men should behave (Whannel, 2002). Drawing from cultural studies theories on race in sports, this study explores representations of White hockey players in the 2006 Winter Olympics television commentary. The authors suggest that the commentary provides lessons to viewers by way of the construction of the (White) hockey players as having exceptional physical bodies, intellectual aptitude, and moral righteousness. They further theorize about the intersection of heroism, morality, and privilege of Whiteness in the context of sports.
More mysteries from Pandora's box?: Samarium isotopic anomalies in the Allende inclusions

An alternative interpretation is presented for the Sm isotopic anomalies observed by MCCULLOCH et al. (1978) and LUGMAIR (1978) in the Allende mineral inclusions. The Allende inclusions appear to have received a smaller time-integrated neutron flux than the average earth material during an ‘early’ irradiation period.
The emission spectrum of AlN

Abstract A new system of emission bands has been observed in the visible region of the spectrum. The bands exhibit the characteristic rotational structure of a 3 Π i - 3 Π i electronic transition. Rotational analysis and isotopic studies of these bands indicate that the carrier of the spectrum is the species AlN. The rotational analyses of the (0-0) and (0−1) Al 14 N bands yield the following rotational constants, band origins, and lower state vibrational frequency Δ G″ 1 2 ν 0 (0−0) = 19727.37 cm −1 ; ν 0 (0−1) = 18980.44 cm −1 ; B 0 ′ = 0.5811 cm −1 ; B″ 0 = 0.5702 cm −1 ; B″ 0 = 0.5646 cm −1 ; A 0 ′ ≅ −23 cm −1 ; A″0 ≅ −33 cm −1 ; A″0 ≅ −34 cm −1 ; Δ G″ 1 2 = 746.8 cm −1 . The rotational analysis of the (0-0) Al 15 N band yields: ν 0 (0−0) = 19727.13 cm −1 ; B 0 ′ = 0.5559 cm −1 ; B″ 0 = 0.5454 cm −1 ; A 0 ′ ≅ −21 cm −1 ; A″ 0 ≅ −31 cm −1 An interesting pattern of sharp and broadened lines observed throughout the bands will be discussed in terms of unresolved nuclear hyperfine splittings.
Deliquescence behavior of internally mixed clay and salt aerosols by optical extinction measurements.

Internal mixtures of montmorillonite, a clay component of mineral dust, with sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate were studied optically using cavity ring down spectroscopy. The effects of the addition of the clay to the optically observed deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) and water uptake of these salts were considered by investigating a series of different salt mass fractions. In most cases, montmorillonite alters the hygroscopic properties, lowering the DRH in comparison to the pure salt, and causes the particles to transition from solid to liquid at a lower relative humidity than is expected based on the salt alone. Predictions based on volume-weighted mixing rules were not accurate for most measurements around the DRH. We attribute deviations from theory to changes in the Gibbs free energy of the system caused by disturbances in the ion–ion interactions and lattice structure allowing water uptake prior to the DRH of the salt. Our optical results contradict some current measurements in the literatu...
High-performance liquid chromatography and studies of neurophysin-neurohypophysial hormone pathways.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is being used extensively to characterize active polypeptides, precursor processing mechanisms, and cooperative peptide—protein noncovalent complexes in neuroendocrine pathways for neurohypophysial peptide hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, and the hormone-associated proteins, neurophysins. Reversed-phase and ion-exchange HPLC polypeptide mapping have been used to detect the hormones, associated proteins, and other molecular forms containing these. This mapping but also ultimately to identify anatomical sites which contain the neurophysin/ hormone molecular pathways and to define the relatedness of polypeptide forms contained in different pathways. Reversed-phase HPLC also has provided a means to study proteolytic precursor processing, both to isolate synthetic and semisynthetic polypeptides and intermediates produced by these reactions. Finally, bioaffinity HPLC is being evaluated as a separatory and analytical tool. The latter includes its use to characterize the noncovalent peptide—protein and protein—protein interactions which occur among the molecular forms of the neurophysin/hormone pathways. These experiments typify the impact of HPLC for both analytical and preparative separations in studies of biologically active peptides and proteins.
Effect of blade flutter and electrical loading on small wind turbine noise

Abstract The effect of blade flutter and electrical loading on the sound level of two different size wind turbines was investigated at the Conservation and Production Research Laboratory near Bushland, TX. Data were collected on two blade designs tested on a wind turbine rated at 1 kW, and there also was a third blade tested on an improved version of the same wind turbine. The 1 kW wind turbines were used for off-grid water pumping. If the 1 kW wind turbines were electrically loaded, the start of blade flutter was delayed from 700 to 900 rpm when the blade length was reduced 9.2%, and no blade flutter occurred when the shorter fiberglass blades were stiffened. However, if there was no electrical load (e.g. offline), the shorter stiffer blades would start to flutter at 1050 rpm. For the 10 kW wind turbine, two blade designs were tested for off-grid water pumping, and a third blade design was tested on a utility grid-tie system. The original blades fluttered when the 10 kW off-grid wind turbine was offline at a rotor speed of 260 rpm, but the second blade design (different airfoil) appeared to never flutter at any rotor speed when offline. For the 10 kW wind turbine, the sound emission of the second blade design was approximately the same as that of the third blade design – both had lower sound emissions than the original blade design. Blade flutter increased the average sound power level on the 1 kW wind turbine 15–20 dB and on the 10 kW wind turbine 5–7 dB. A procedure was developed which allowed the best blade design for sound emission to be identified even though the microphone measurement position varied (due to different tower heights) and electrical loading was different (on-grid, off-grid, or offline). This paper should be of help to design engineers interested in designing wind turbines with a lower sound emission, and test engineers collecting and analyzing sound level data of existing wind turbines. This paper may also help in the validation of computer codes that are used to predict whether blade flutter will occur on large MW size wind turbines.
Morning and evening behavior of the F region green line emission: Evidence concerning the sources of O(¹S)

Measurements of the green line emission from atomic oxygen by a satellite-borne photometer show consistently larger volume emission rates in the evening than at comparable solar zenith angles in the morning between altitudes of 150 and 200 km. The temporal variation in the airglow is consistent with diurnal model calculations if we assume that the reaction N + O2+ → NO+ + O(¹S) provides a significant source for the green line, O(¹D−1S).
Self-Advocacy Preparation of Consumers with Disabilities: A National Perspective of ADA Training Efforts

To understand efforts of Mental Health/Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities (MHMR/DD) agencies to prepare clients with disabilities to assert their rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), MHMR/DD personnel in 50 states responded to questions about self-advocacy needs of clients, nature of agency training in ADA self-advocacy, success of training strategies, barriers to client training, and perceived impact of the ADA. Respondents believe MHMR/DD clients need training in advocacy-related skills. They cite a number of barriers to client self-advocacy preparation. Respondents see minimal impact of the ADA on the lives of agency clients; however, they are optimistic that future impact will be significant.
FDI activity and worker compensation: evidence from US non-manufacturing industries

This study examines worker compensation effects of FDI activity in US non-manufacturing industry sectors. A clustered standard error correction is used when estimating wage and non-wage compensation equations, with special attention given to FDI’s effect by worker educational attainment and union status. Wage findings reveal an FDI-wage premium for highly educated non-union workers and FDI-union rent erosion for all educational-gender groups excluding females with low educational attainment. Non-wage compensation analysis reveals FDI activity is generally associated with significantly higher probabilities of workers receiving employer financed non-wage compensation for union and non-union workers regardless of their level of educational attainment.
The neuropsychology of self-reflection in psychiatric illness

The development of robust neuropsychological measures of social and affective function—which link critical dimensions of mental health to their underlying neural circuitry—could be a key step in achieving a more pathophysiologically-based approach to psychiatric medicine. In this article, we summarize research indicating that self-reflection (the inward attention to personal thoughts, memories, feelings, and actions) may be a useful model for developing such a paradigm, as there is evidence that self-reflection is (1) measurable with self-report scales and performance-based tests, (2) linked to the activity of a specific neural circuit, and (3) dimensionally related to mental health and various forms of psychopathology.
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Reveals the Unwinding Stepping Mechanism of Replicative Helicase

Bacteriophage T7 gp4 serves as a model protein for replicative helicases that couples deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) hydrolysis to directional movement and DNA strand separation. We employed single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer methods to resolve steps during DNA unwinding by T7 helicase. We confirm that the unwinding rate of T7 helicase decreases with increasing base pair stability. For duplexes containing >35% guanine-cytosine (GC) base pairs, we observed stochastic pauses every 2–3 bp during unwinding. The dwells on each pause were distributed nonexponentially, consistent with two or three rounds of dTTP hydrolysis before each unwinding step. Moreover, we observed backward movements of the enzyme on GC-rich DNAs at low dTTP concentrations. Our data suggest a coupling ratio of 1:1 between base pairs unwound and dTTP hydrolysis, and they further support the concept that nucleic acid motors can have a hierarchy of different-sized steps or can accumulate elastic energy before transitioning to a subsequent phase.
Cooper's analysis is incorrect.

ABSTRACT: In his papers, Richard Cooper finds positive associations between health care quality and both specialist and generalist physicians, but he misinterprets his results. Instead of undermini...
Bipolar disorder and the pseudoautosomal region: an association study.

From family, adoption, and twin studies it is clear that genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of bipolar disorder (McGuffin and Katz: The Biology of Depression, Gaskell, London, 1986). Recently Yoneda et al. reported an association between an allele (A4) of a VNTR marker (DXYS20) for the pseudoautosomal region and bipolar disorder in a Japanese population. In order to test for this association in a Caucasian population, we have typed a sample of 52 subjects with bipolar disorder and 61 normal controls. The bipolar subjects are probands of multiple incidence families. The normal controls are an epidemiologically ascertained sample of middle-aged, unrelated individuals. The two groups were matched for sex and ethnic background. There were no significant differences in the allele or genotype frequencies of DXYS20 between the two groups. In particular, there was no significant difference in the frequency of the A4 allele in normal controls and bipolar patients (0.377 vs. 0.317, respectively). The prevalence of the A4 allele in bipolar patients and normal controls was 0.567 and 0.622, respectively. We were not able to replicate the results of the 1992 Yoneda et al. study. 15 refs., 2 tabs.
A Note on the Removal of Further Breakdowns in Classical Solutions of Laplace"s Equation on Sectorial Regions

This note considers solutions to Laplace"s equation on sectors with varying vertex angles. Under Neumann conditions on the radial boundaries, there are two critical vertex angles for which classical separable solutions break down. These breakdowns have been noted in the literature and resolved. Here Dirichlet and mixed conditions are also treated. For all three boundary conditions in combination, nine further critical angles are identified and valid corresponding solutions found.
Restoration of sodium-deficient frog nerve fibres by an isotonic solution of guanidinium chloride.

IT has been known for some time that certain quaternary ammonium ions are able to restore the ability to conduct impulses to the small myelinated and unmyelinated fibres (B and C fibres) of frog nerve that has become inexcitable in a sodium-free medium. Quaternary ammonium ions do not restore the excitability of the large myelinated fibres (A fibres)1.
Spontaneous and drug induced concanavalin A capping of neutrophils from human infants and their mothers.

Summary: We investigated concanavalin A capping that occurred either spontaneously (neutrophils incubated only with buffer) or was drug induced (neutrophils with colchicine or diamide) using neutrophils obtained from the blood of newborn infants and their mothers. A greater proportion of infant and maternal neutrophils than controls formed caps spontaneously (P < 0.01). The percent of capped neutrophils (mean ± S.E.) for 24 infants and their mothers was 23 ± 3 and 39 ± 4, respectively, versus 13 ± 2 for 26 controls. Spontaneous capping was significantly decreased when neutrophils were incubated with catalase and superoxide dismutase to suggest that it was related, at least in part, to oxidation. Drug-induced capping of infant and maternal neutrophils was decreased when compared to controls (P < 0.05). Colchicine increased capping of control neutrophils 11.76-fold above the spontaneous value, whereas capping of infant and maternal cells was increased only 2.35− and 1.65-fold. Corresponding values for diamide were 11.94-, 2.27-, and 2.49-fold for control, infant, and maternal neutrophils, respectively. Many cellular processes are involved in capping, and the mechanisms responsible for aberrant capping of infant neutrophils remain undefined. However, this is another property that distinguishes infant neutrophils from those of older individuals. Speculation: Functions of infant neutrophils that have been found most consistently to be abnormal are those related to plasma membrane integrity. Aberrant concanavalin A capping suggests abnormal interactions between the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and several metabolic processes of infant neutrophils. Further investigations of mechanisms responsible for aberrant concanavalin A capping may help identify causes of the dysfunctions of infant neutrophils.
Overexpression and purification of the Escherichia coli inner membrane enzyme acyl-acyl carrier protein synthase in an active form.

Acyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (Aas) is widely used to synthesize thioester adducts of fatty acids between 8 and 18 carbons in length enzymatically to the phosphopantetheine group of acyl carrier protein. The enzyme is an 80.6-kDa inner membrane protein that functions in vivo as a 2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine acyltransferase. The E. coli aas open reading frame was inserted into the expression plasmid pET28a so that, upon expression, a 21-amino-acid extension containing 6 consecutive histidine residues was added to the carboxyl terminus. The plasmid was designated pAasH. The activity of Aas in membranes was assessed from several cell lines. Membranes from the commonly used host line BL21(DE3) containing pAasH accumulated 30-fold and 38-fold more Aas activity than membranes from BL21(DE3) cells lacking the plasmid, when induced with isopropyl beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) or lactose, respectively. When pAasH was expressed under IPTG induction in cell line C41(DE3), a previously described cell line selected to enhance the expression of membrane proteins, Aas levels accumulated to 135-fold higher levels than in the cell line lacking the plasmid. Functional Aas can be isolated from either BL21(DE3) or C41(DE3) cell lines by differential centrifugation, followed by detergent extraction with Triton X-100 and nickel nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. The overexpression of Aas in cell line C41(DE3) is noteworthy compared to cell line BL21(DE3) because it results in a 3- to 4-fold higher accumulation of active enzyme in the membrane fraction and a lower proportion of inactive protein in the inclusion body.
Culture of Principal Cells From the Rat Caput Epididymidis

Studies of epididymal function would be facilitated if principal or basal cells could be cultured. Principal cells from the caput epididymidis were isolated by elutriation and suspended (4 X 106 /ml) in culture medium supplemented with serum. Cells were cultured at 34#{176}C within a floatingcollagen matrix prepared by mixing equal volumes of the principalcellsuspension and an ice-cold collagen solution when plating the cells in the culture dish. After 20-24 h, serum-free medium was used. Cultures contained both isolated cells and clusters of cells surrounded by collagen fibers, but cell division was not seen. Based on observations by transmission electron microscopy, 82% of the cells in Day 5 cultures were principal cells and 75% of these cells were morphologically normal. Fine structure of principal cells on Days 1, 3 or 5 was similar to that of cells in situ. Metabolism of �3 HI testosterone was evaluated over Days 1-3 and 3-5. Virtually all
A defect in the antigen-presenting function of macrophages from neonatal mice.

The newborn mammal has a limited ability to mount an immune response1–5. As the individual matures, the potential for immunological reactivity develops and expands. During the early period of relative immune incompetence, tolerance to some foreign antigens is easily induced6,7. It is thought that the individual may be acquiring tolerance to self antigens during this period, hence its importance for immunological homeostasis. The contribution of mononuclear phagocytes to the initiation of immune responses is now well established. These phagocytes are essential for the development of various lymphocyte functions, in particular, those of the T lymphocytes. Most T-lymphocyte activities require that the macrophage take up and ‘present’ the antigen in a process modulated by the I region of the major histocompatibility gene complex (for review see ref. 8). Although some earlier studies5,9–13 have indicated deficient macrophage function in the neonate, precise definition of the putative deficiency is lacking. We show here that macrophages from neonatal mice present antigen poorly and that this can be correlated with the small number of macrophages that bear Ia antigens.
Interaction Hamiltonian of quantum optics

We consider the fully quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian for the interaction of light with bound electrons. There are, roughly speaking, two different viewpoints relating the minimal-coupling and electric-dipole forms of the Hamiltonian. We attempt to clarify the situation by showing that either viewpoint is justified. As an example we discuss the Maxwell–Bloch equations and show that the usual derivation of these equations is somewhat misleading. In addition, we find that the Maxwell–Bloch equations appearing in standard texts are inconsistent.
Tubal Ligation, Hysterectomy and Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the strength of the association between gynecologic surgeries, tubal ligation and hysterectomy, and ovarian cancer. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for all English-language articles dated between 1969 through March 2011 using the keywords “ovarian cancer” and “tubal ligation” or “tubal sterilization” or “hysterectomy.” We identified 30 studies on tubal ligation and 24 studies on hysterectomy that provided relative risks for ovarian cancer and a p-value or 95% confidence interval (CI) to include in the meta-analysis. Summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects model. The summary RR for women with vs. without tubal ligation was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.64, 0.75). Similarly, the summary RR for women with vs. without hysterectomy was 0.74 (95%CI: 0.65, 0.84). Simple hysterectomy and hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy were associated with a similar decrease in risk (summery RR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.49-0.79 and 0.60, 95%CI: 0.47-0.78, respectively). In secondary analyses, the association between tubal ligation and ovarian cancer risk was stronger for endometrioid tumors (summary RR = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.33, 0.61) compared to serous tumors. Observational epidemiologic evidence strongly supports that tubal ligation and hysterectomy are associated with a decrease in the risk of ovarian cancer, by approximately 26-30%. Additional research is needed to determine whether the association between tubal ligation and hysterectomy on ovarian cancer risk differs by individual, surgical, and tumor characteristics.
The concept of privilege: a critical appraisal

In this essay, I examine the use of the concept of privilege within the critical theoretical discourse on oppression and liberation (with a particular focus on white privilege and antiracism in the USA). In order to fulfill the rhetorical aims of liberation, concepts for privilege must meet what I term the ‘boundary condition’, which demarcates the boundary between a privileged elite and the rest of society, and the ‘ignorance condition’, which establishes that the elite status and the advantages it confers are not publicly recognised or affirmed. I argue that the dominant use of the concept of privilege cannot fulfill these conditions. As a result, while I do not advocate for the complete abandonment of the rhetoric of privilege, I conclude that it obscures as much as it illuminates, and that the critical theoretical discourse on liberation and oppression should be suspicious of its use.
Learning about Interoperability for Emergency Response: Geographic Information Technologies and the World Trade Center Crisis

Geographic information technologies (GIT) have the potential to integrate information among multiple organizations. In fact, some of the most impressive advantages of using geo-spatial data are derived from the power of bringing together geographic data covering territories that may well be administered by different organizations and from layering geographic data with other social and demographic data sets. However, building the GIT infrastructure necessary for interoperability and integration has been very challenging. Technical capabilities are available, but organizational, institutional and political factors are seen as powerful barriers. Using structuration theory, this paper argues that the World Trade Center crisis was a catalyst for a change in the conceptualization of GIT for emergency response and, consequently, much was learned about interoperability and inter-organizational geographic information systems.
INSTITUTIONAL TRADING AND SECURITY PRICES: THE CASE OF CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE S&P 500 INDEX

This paper examines the common stock valuation and liquidity effects of firms being added to and deleted from the S&P 500 Index. Three potential pricing and trading volume hypotheses are discussed and tested—an Information Content Hypothesis (ICH), a Price Pressure Hypothesis (PPH), and a Liquidity Cost Hypothesis (LCH). The empirical findings indicate that firms being added to (deleted from) the S&P 500 Index over the 1977 to 1983 period experience positive (negative) abnormal common stock returns on the day following the addition. An analysis of common stock liquidity around additions to the Index reveals that while relative trading activity increases in the month of addition, it actually declines in subsequent months. The valuation and liquidity results are consistent to some degree with both the PPH and the LCH and are most likely due to index fund managers adjusting their holdings to reflect changes in the Index.
Developing a Student Employee Leadership Program: The Importance of Evaluating Effectiveness

Outstanding student employees are essential for campus recreation programs to achieve organizational goals. To that end, this study examined the effectiveness of a leadership development program in...
Implicit Model Predictive Control of a Full Bridge DC–DC Converter

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC)-based approach for a full bridge dc-dc converter of a fuel cell power system. The objective of the proposed control algorithm is to regulate the output voltage without violating the peak current constraint. We first develop a large signal dynamic model for the full bridge dc-dc converter. The peak current protection requirement is then formulated as a mixed input and state constraint for the MPC scheme. We next introduce the integrated perturbation analysis and sequential quadratic programming (InPA-SQP) method to solve the constrained optimal control problem with sub-millisecond level sampling time. The InPA-SQP solver can meet the computational efficiency demand, thereby enabling implementation of an implicit MPC for power electronics system with fast dynamics. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm in the peak current protection and the output voltage regulation has been verified with experimental results.
Recovering from depression: a one-year follow-up.

The purpose of this research was to further describe the process of recovering in women who have been depressed. In prior research, recovering from depression consisted of eight categories within three distinct phases and was initiated by a crisis or ‘Turning Point’ experience. In-depth follow-up interviews with the seven women who participated in a study that had been performed one year earlier were conducted in order to: (i) determine their status in the recovering process; (ii) describe in greater depth the antecedents of the recovering process; and (iii) identify potential interventions to assist women in recovering. No new phases of the recovering process were identified in the present study. Interventions that assisted recovering were psychoeducational in nature, instilled hope, and provided for individualized treatment. Recommendations for further research are included in this study. Little empirically based information is available on the process of recovering among women who experience depression. This research is a one-year follow-up of women who participated in an earlier qualitative study of the process of recovering in women who had been depressed. In the previous study, recovering from depression was found to consist of eight categories within three distinct phases, and to be initiated by a crisis or Turning Point experience. The purposes of this present study were to: (i) determine the status of the recovering process one year later; (ii) more fully describe the antecedents of the process; and (iii) propose testable nursing interventions to assist women with depression toward recovering. Summary Recovering from depression requires a readiness to make changes, hard work, time, and much assistance from mental health professionals. The findings of this study support the need for interventions that provide information about the illness of depression, have a psychoeducational focus, and that facilitate change. There exists a large at-risk group of women who would benefit from interventions directed at preventing the recurrence of depression.
Thioltranferase mediated ascorbate recycling in human lens epithelial cells.

PURPOSE. This study was undertaken to investigate whether thioltransferase (TTase) exhibits dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase activity in human lens epithelial cells. METHODS. TTase was investigated for DHA reductase activity in vitro by the method of glutathione reductase- coupled spectrophotometric assay. DHA reductase activities of human lens epithelial (HLE-B3) cell lysate and TTase-depleted HLE-B3 cell lysate were determined with a 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-DHA probe and 19 F-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. TTase-overexpressing and -depleted HLE-B3 cells were investigated for DHA reductase activity. RESULTS. TTase showed DHA reductase activity at a K m of 0.15 mM and V max of 35 nmol/min. Investigation of the DHA reductase activity in human lens epithelial (HLE-B3) cell lysate, by using a 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-DHA probe and 19 F-NMR spectroscopy, revealed that cell lysate possesses significant DHA reductase activity. This activity decreased extensively when TTase was depleted from the cell lysate by immunoprecipitation. In a cell-free system with externally added DHA, nearly 70% of the recycling ability was diminished when TTase was removed from the lysate. The TTase-overexpressing cells increased DHA reductase activity twofold. HLE-B3 cells showed an ability to take up and recycle DHA, and this ability was increased approximately twofold in the TTase-transfected cells. Suppression of TTase in HLE-B3 cells by an antisense cDNA strategy resulted in a 77% decrease in DHA reductase activity. CONCLUSIONS. The data provide evidence that TTase plays a major role in ascorbic acid recycling in human lens epithelial cells.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation After Cesarean Birth

The purpose of this study was to determine if women who had Cesarean birth experiences and used transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as a means of pain control requested less pain medication and had shorter hospital stays than those who did not use TENS. I reviewed the medical charts of 72 women (46 using TENS, 26 not using TENS) retrospectively. Significantly less ( F = 5.77; df = 1,65; p < .02) meperidine hydrochloride was administered to the women who used TENS. The length of hospital stay of women using TENS was not significantly different than those who did not use TENS. My findings suggest that the use of TENS after Cesarean birth may result in decreased usage of medication and, therefore, a reduction of the side effects of the medication both to the mother and the infant.
Diagnostic X-rays and risk of childhood leukaemia

Results After excluding X-rays in the year prior to diagnosis (reference date for matched controls), risk of ALL was elevated in children exposed to three or more post-natal X-rays [odds ratio (OR) ¼ 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–2.79]. For B-cell ALL specifically, any exposure (one or more X-rays) conferred increased risk (OR ¼ 1.40, 95% CI 1.06–1.86). Region of the body exposed was not an independent risk factor in multivariable analyses. No associations were observed between number of post-natal X-rays and AML (OR ¼ 1.05, 95% CI 0.90–1.22) or T-cell ALL (OR ¼ 0.84, 95% CI 0.59–1.19). Prevalence of exposure to prenatal and preconception X-rays was low, and no associations with ALL or AML were observed. Conclusions The results suggest that exposure to post-natal diagnostic X-rays is associated with increased risk of childhood ALL, specifically B-cell ALL, but not AML or T-cell ALL. Given the imprecise measures of self-reported X-ray exposure, the results of this analysis should be interpreted with caution and warrant further investigation.
Why Did We Buy That? New Directions in Collection Development

This article describes the new role of academic libraries in higher education and shows how it has changed collection development objectives to serve a nontraditional constituency not served in the past. This is illustrated, in part, by Kent State University Library's review and selection of language-learning software, motivated by the university's strategic initiatives for globalization. It demonstrates a new trend to purchase resources that support administrative agendas and non-teaching programs, and the impact this has on how libraries frame collection development policies and allocate dollars for library content. As collection managers are redirecting support to revenue-building objectives, are they compromising support of educational objectives?
Counseling Psychology and Professional School Counseling Barriers to a True Collaboration

This article provides a historical, political, and organizational analysis regarding counseling psychology’s involvement in professional school counseling. Issues discussed include collaboration, curriculum and training, and professional identity, as well as the commonalities that bind counselor education/professional school counseling and counseling psychology. The aspects of a potential true collaboration are identified.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMMED GENERALIZATION1

Issues related to assessing change and retention of change were discussed. An alternative analysis was suggested for the data of a recent study by Walker and Buckley (1972). These authors had found that peer reprogramming, equating stimulus conditions, teacher training, and control groups maintained 77, 74, 69, and 67%, respectively, of appropriate behavior produced in a token economy. Their analysis made no use of baseline levels. Two analyses incorporating baseline scores were suggested. One involved change scores; the other, analysis of covariance using baselines as the covariate. Problems with the data made a clear preference difficult, but it was concluded that either analysis would have resulted in conclusions different from those of Walker and Buckley.
Theme Issue: The Role of Design in Educational Research:

Inspired by the seminal work of Ann Brown, Allan Collins, Roy Pea, and Jan Hawkins, a growing number of researchers have begun to adopt the metaphors and methods of the design and engineering fields. This special issue highlights the work of some of these active researchers and provides a number of commentaries on it.
The influence of 3TC-resistance mutations E89G and M184V in the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase on mispair extension efficiency

Two nucleoside analog resistance mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), E89G and M184V, were previously shown to increase the dNTP insertion fidelity of HIV-1 RT. However, forward mutation assays using a lacZ alpha reporter gene have revealed a lack of impact on the overall error rate of these variants. In an effort to investigate the basis for this discrepancy, we have examined whether the increases in misinsertion fidelity observed for E89G and M184V RTs are accompanied by an increase in mispair extension fidelity. The relative efficiencies with which the wild type, E89G, M184V and M184V/E89G HIV-1 RTs extend model template-primer duplexes containing 3'-OH terminal mismatches were measured. The calculated efficiencies of mispair extension ( f ext) were, in general, not significantly decreased from the wild type HIV-1 RT. In fact, the efficiency of extension from one of the mispaired primer-template duplexes was significantly increased for two of the mutants tested. These results suggest that amino acid substitutions that increase the fidelity of dNTP insertion do not necessarily increase misextension fidelity, and that the decreased misextension fidelity may counterbalance the increases in misinsertion fidelity observed for E89G and M184V RTs.
Cophylogeny and disparate rates of evolution in sympatric lineages of chewing lice on pocket gophers

Although molecular-based phylogenetic studies of hosts and parasites are increasingly common in the literature, no study to date has examined two congeneric lineages of parasites that live in sympatry on the same lineage of hosts. This study examines phylogenetic relationships among chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) of the Geomydoecus coronadoi and Geomydoecus mexicanus species complexes and compares these to phylogenetic patterns in their hosts (pocket gophers of the rodent family Geomyidae). Sympatry of congeneric lice provides a natural experiment to test the hypothesis that closely related lineages of parasites will respond similarly to the same host. Sequence data from the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear EF-1a genes confirm that the two louse complexes are reciprocally monophyletic and that individual clades within each species complex parasitize a different species of pocket gopher. Phylogenetic comparisons reveal that both louse complexes show a significant pattern of cophylogeny with their hosts. Comparisons of rates of nucleotide substitution at 4-fold degenerate sites in the COI gene indicate that both groups of lice have significantly higher basal mutation rates than their hosts. The two groups of lice have similar basal rates of mutation, but lice of the G. coronadoi complex show significantly elevated rates of nucleotide substitution at all sites. These rate differences are hypothesized to result from population-level phenomena, such as effective population size, founder effects, and drift, that influence rates of nucleotide substitution.