cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2

Two contrasting hypotheses have recently been proposed for the past long-term relation between atmospheric CO2 and the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle. One approach (Berner, 1990) suggests that CO2 levels have varied in a manner that has maintained chemical weathering and carbonate sedimentation at a steady state with respect to tectonically controlled decarbonation reactions. A second approach (Raymo et al., 1988), applied specificlly to the late Cenozoic, suggests a decrease in CO2 caused by an uplift-induced increase in chemical weathering, without regard to the rate of decarbonation. According to the steady-state (first) hypothesis, increased weathering and carbonate sedimentation are generally associated with increasing atmospheric CO2, whereas the uplift (second) hypothesis implies decreasing CO2 under the same conditions. An ocean-atmosphere-sediment model has been used to assess the response of atmospheric CO2 and carbonate sedimentation to global perturbations in chemical weathering and decarbonation reactions. Although this assessment is theoretical and cannot yet be related to the geologic record, the model simulations compare steady-state and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate cycle response. The e-fold response time of the ‘CO2-weathering’ feedback mechanism is between 300 and 400 ka. The response of carbonate sedimentation is much more rapid. These response times provide a measure of the strength of steady-state assumptions, and imply that certain systematic relations are sustained throughout steady-state and non-steady-state scenarios for the carbonate-silicate cycle. The simulations suggest that feedbacks can maintain the system near a steady state, but that non-steady-state effects may contribute to long-term trends. The steady-state and uplift hypotheses are not necessarily incompatible over time scales of a few million years.
Onset of Juvenile Court Involvement: Exploring Gender-Specific Associations with Maltreatment and Poverty.

Abstract Despite increased attention to gender differences in youthful offending, no known studies have examined the relative impact of poverty, maltreatment, and their combination on gender-specific patterns of offending. This research addresses the question of the differential impact of maltreatment and poverty on the onset of status and delinquent petitions for girls compared to boys. A sample of youth born in 1982–1986 in the Midwest was examined. The independent variables were poverty, maltreatment, and both. The risks of delinquent petition and status petition were analyzed using separate Cox proportional hazards models by gender. A second set of analyses were conducted on a subset of youth reported for maltreatment. There was an increase in the likelihood of juvenile court petition based on the combination of poverty and maltreatment risk factors compared to maltreatment only. This increase in risk held true only for the boys in the maltreatment subsample. Thus, the notion of these risk factors being additive is supported with males, but only for females when a non-maltreatment comparison group exists. The gender-specific nature of these relationships supports conceptual propositions that girls' pathways to the juvenile justice system are distinct from boys'. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Flow, pressure distributions, and internal forces in stacked‐disc filters

A mathematical model is described for isothermal flow of Newtonian liquids through stacked-disc filters. Dimension-less flow rates, velocities through filter media, pressure distributions, and internal forces are shown as functions of resistance ratios and reduced dimensions. The distribution of velocities through the media is a strong function of the ratios of the resistances to flow through the gaps between discs and through the spaces inside the discs to the resistance to flow through the filter media. Internal forces compress the discs and can, in exceptional cases, impair the media and open up leakage passages.
Thyroglobulin-anti-thyroglobulin immune complex glomerulonephritis complicating radioiodine therapy.

Abstract A case of glomerulonephritis, apparently secondary to documented deposition of thyroglobulin-anti-thyroglobulin immune complexes, is reported. A 26-year-old man developed acute glomerulonephritis 10 days after administration of 131I for treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Four months later, retreatment with 131I for persistent hyperthyroidism was followed by exacerbation of the glomerulonephritis. Serologic studies revealed low levels of circulating anti-thyroglobulin antibody and three of four sera were positive for circulating immune complexes after the onset of the second episode or the acute exacerbation. Light microscopic study of renal biospy material revealed a picture of acute exudative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy demonstrated subepithelial electrondense deposits, supporting the diagnosis of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Immunohistologic studies confirmed the presence of IgG, C3, and thyroglobulin in a granular pattern in glomeruli in the renal biopsy. The immunopathologic studies coupled with previous experimental observations support the etiologic significance of thyroglobulin-anti-thyroglobulin immune complexes in the patient's renal disease.
Magnon Sidebands in the Optical Absorption Spectrum of Mn F 2

The magnon sidebands and other structure in the optical spectrum of antiferromagnetic Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ have been studied under various conditions of magnetic fields, uniaxial stress, and temperature. We present the results of such experiments for the $^{4}T_{1}(\mathrm{I})$, $^{4}A_{1}$, $^{4}E(\mathrm{I})$, $^{4}T_{2}(\mathrm{II})$, $^{4}T_{1}(\mathrm{II})$, and $^{4}E(\mathrm{II})$ states of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ in Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. The magnon sideband shapes have been fitted as well as possible by density-of-states calculations in which the normal magnon dispersion and an adjustable exciton dispersion were used. It has been possible in this way to identify and give the magnitude of the pair moment for the principal exchange mechanism responsible for each sideband absorption, and to give the exciton parameters for the best fit. The discrepancies in this fitting process are probably ascribable to exciton-magnon binding, and indeed one line appears to represent a bound state of an exciton and a magnon.
Serenitatis Multi-Ringed Basin - Regional Geology and Basin Ring Interpretation

New topographic data allow a reassessment of the ring structure and distribution of facies of the Serenitatis basin (SB) and correlation with the younger and essentially same-size Orientale basin. Three major rings of the main (southern) SB are mapped: the Linne ring, outlined by mare ridges, average diameter 420 km; the Haemus ring, outlined by basin-facing scarps and massifs with crenulated borders, 610 km; and the Vitruvius ring, outlined by basin-facing linear scarps and massifs, 880 km. The second ring is interpreted as the rim of the transient cavity, while Serenitatis ejecta should be present in significant amounts at the junction of the Serenitatis and Imbrium third rings. The new reconstruction indicates that portions of the SB are better preserved than previously thought, consistent with recent stratigraphic and sample studies that suggest an age (as young as 3.87 plus or minus 0.04 b.y.) for SB which is older than, but close to, the time of formation of the Imbrium basin.
An educational interactive numerical model of the Chesapeake Bay

Scientists use sophisticated numerical models to study ocean circulation and other physical systems, but the complex nature of such simulation software generally make them inaccessible to non-expert users. In principle, however, numerical models represent an ideal teaching tool, allowing users to model the response of a complex system to changing conditions. We have designed an interactive simulation program that allows a casual user to control the forcing conditions applied to a numerical ocean circulation model using a graphical user interface, and to observe the results in real-time. This program is implemented using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) applied to the Chesapeake Bay. Portions of ROMS were modified to facilitate user interaction, and the user interface and visualization capabilities represent new software development. The result is an interactive simulation of the Chesapeake Bay environment that allows a user to control wind speed and direction along with the rate of flow from the rivers that feed the bay. The simulation provides a variety of visualizations of the response of the system, including water height, velocity, and salinity across horizontal and vertical planes.
Target organ regulation of substance P in sympathetic neurons in culture

Target organ regulation of the putative, peptide neurotransmitter, substance P (SP) was examined in explants and dissociated cell cultures of the neonatal rat sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG). SP levels increased dramatically in explants, rising more than 30-fold after 72 hr in culture. By contrast, peptide levels did not increase in dissociated ganglion cultures. However, SP increased almost 10-fold in cell cultures grown on a monolayer of cells derived from the pineal or salivary gland, targets of the SCG. By contrast, SP content did not increase in cultures grown on a substrate of cells derived from heart or intestine. Peptide identity in the SCG-target cocultures was authenticated by means of combined high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-radioimmunoassay. Moreover, immunohistochemical examination localized the peptide virtually exclusively to sympathetic neurons and nerve processes. Mechanisms mediating the sympathetic-target interaction were examined in SCG-pineal cocultures. The increase in peptide required interactions with living tissue, since substrates of killed target cells did not elevate SP levels. The target influences were not mediated by nerve growth factor or indoleamines, potential secretory products of pineal in culture. Veratridine treatment prevented the increase in SP in the cocultures, and tetrodotoxin blocked the veratridine effect, suggesting that sodium influx and membrane depolarization prevent SP elevation. Our observations suggest that sympathetic neuron interactions with target organs influence peptidergic expression, and that this interaction may be restricted to certain appropriate target structures.
Variation in chromosomes of the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus.

Chromosomes were analyzed from 38 hispid cotton rats, currently assigned to the species Sigmodon hispidus, from populations in southeastern and western United States. Cotton rats from southeastern United States had a 2N of 52 and an F. N. which varied from 52 to 54. Specimens from Obion County, Tennessee, and Highlands County, Florida, were found to be polymorphic with a varying number of arms on the largest pair of autosomes. Cotton rats from Arizona had a 2N of 22 and an F. N. of 38; each pair of chromosomes is distinguishable, and a numbering system is proposed. The cytological data suggest that cotton rats from the southeastern populations and those from the Arizona populations belong to separate species, though morphological characters do not indicate such a difference.
Direct measurement of the metastable 3 P 2 decay rate in krypton

We use a magneto-optical trap to isolate ${}^{84}\mathrm{Kr}$ atoms in the metastable ${}^{3}{P}_{2}$ state and then measure the rate of 125.0-nm fluorescence due to spontaneous magnetic quadrupole $(M2)$ decay. We normalize the overall fluorescence rate from the sample using a ``quenching'' process in which laser excitation provides a path for prompt decay to the ground state, with each atom emitting one 123.6-nm photon. A single, solar-blind photomultiplier tube is used to detect both the $M2$ and the quench-induced photons, so that only small corrections relating to spectral response are necessary. We find a spontaneous decay rate of $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=0.0354(22){\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ which translates into a lifetime of 28.3(1.8) s. This result is discussed in the context of previous measurements and calculations of ${}^{3}{P}_{2}$ lifetimes in the rare gases.
Electroacupuncture Zusanli (ST36) on Release of Nitric Oxide in the Gracile Nucleus and Improvement of Sensory Neuropathies in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats

The purpose of these studies was to examine the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) Zusanli (ST36) on release of nitric oxide (NO) in the gracile nucleus (GN) and determine if functional neuropathic changes were modified by EA ST36-induced NO in the nucleus in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The foot withdrawal responses to mechanical, thermal and cold stimuli were measured before and after EA stimulation. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the GN and dialysate samples were collected 20 min before, during and after EA ST36. Total nitrate and nitrite (NO−𝑥) concentrations in the samples were quantified by using chemiluminescence. The baseline dialysate NO−𝑥 concentrations in the GN were decreased in ZDF rats compared to lean control (LC) rats (𝑃<.05). In ZDF rats, dialysate NO−𝑥 releases in the GN were markedly increased during EA ST36, whereas in LC rats, the releases were moderately enhanced at 20–40 min after EA ST36. The withdrawal latencies to mechanical, cold and thermal stimuli were significantly improved 20 min after EA ST36 both in LC and ZDF rats, but not altered by non-acupoint stimulation. The withdrawal latencies to EA ST36 were further potentiated by 3-morpholinyl-sydnoneimine and inhibited by NG-Propyl-L-arginine infused into the GN in ZDF rats (𝑃<.05). These results show that EA ST36 increases NO release in the GN, and NO in the nucleus modifies withdrawal latencies to mechanical, cold, and thermal nociception stimuli. Data suggest that EA ST36 induces NO release in the GN, which contributes to improvement of sensory neuropathies in rats.
Activity of FEN1 Endonuclease on Nucleosome Substrates Is Dependent upon DNA Sequence but Not Flap Orientation

We demonstrated previously that human FEN1 endonuclease, an enzyme involved in excising single-stranded DNA flaps that arise during Okazaki fragment processing and base excision repair, cleaves model flap substrates assembled into nucleosomes. Here we explore the effect of flap orientation with respect to the surface of the histone octamer on nucleosome structure and FEN1 activity in vitro. We find that orienting the flap substrate toward the histone octamer does not significantly alter the rotational orientation of two different nucleosome positioning sequences on the surface of the histone octamer but does cause minor perturbation of nucleosome structure. Surprisingly, flaps oriented toward the nucleosome surface are accessible to FEN1 cleavage in nucleosomes containing the Xenopus 5S positioning sequence. In contrast, neither flaps oriented toward nor away from the nucleosome surface are cleaved by the enzyme in nucleosomes containing the high-affinity 601 nucleosome positioning sequence. The data are consistent with a model in which sequence-dependent motility of DNA on the nucleosome is a major determinant of FEN1 activity. The implications of these findings for the activity of FEN1 in vivo are discussed.
24-hour ambulatory ECGs in the detection and management of cardiac dysrhythmias in infants and children

Sixty-four 24-hour ambulatory ECGs (cardioscans) were recorded in 47 patients, 5 days to 24 years of age, using a new commercially available miniature tape recorder and analysis system to evaluate known or suspected dysrhythmias. Only two of the 64 cardioscans were inadequate for interpretation, and the study was based on the 62 that could be interpreted. A dysrhythmia was found in 84% (52/62) and in 48% (30/62) a dysrhythmia was detected on the cardioscan, which had not been present on the previous standard 15-lead ECG.
Recognition of neutral features for multiple domain analysis

Abstract The selection of an optimum manufacturing process for a part needs to be considered at the conceptual design phase to incorporate the capabilities and constraints of the process in design. Most of the existing feature recognition methods attempt to recognize domain-specific features. However, it is necessary that features recognized in one domain should map satisfactorily to other domains for effective manufacturability evaluation. This paper reviews some of the existing methods and describes a methodology of feature recognition that recognizes neutral features which can be used for multiple domain analysis. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Temperature dependence of the spectral properties for 2-D Hubbard model with anisotropic hopping

Abstract The temperature dependence of the spectral properties and of the Fermi surface of hole-doped 2-D Hubbard model with anisotropic nearest-neighbor hopping is evaluated using the perturbation theory. The anomalous spectral features are mainly due to the proximity of van Hove singularities to the Fermi energy.
Is Recognition of Emotion in Music Performance an Aspect of Emotional Intelligence

Expression of emotion in music performance is a form of nonverbal communication to which people may be differentially receptive. The recently developed Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test assesses individual differences in the ability to identify, understand, reason with, and manage emotions using hypothetical scenarios that are conveyed pictorially or in writing. The test currently does not include musical or spoken items. We asked 24 undergraduates to complete both that test and a listening test in which they tried to identify the intended emotions in performances of classical piano music. Emotional intelligence and emotion recognition in the music task were significantly correlated (r = .54), which suggests that identification of emotion in music performance draws on some of the same sensibilities that make up everyday emotional intelligence.
Purification and properties of paramagnetic protein from clostridium pasteurianum W5

The purification to homogeneity of the non-heme iron protein, sometimes referred to as either “red protein’ or “paramagnetic protein’, from Clostridium pasteurianum W5 extracts is described and its physicochemical properties studied. This paramagnetic protein (g  1.94) has a molecular weight of about 25 000 and contains two iron and two acid-labile sulfur atoms per mol of protein. Its midpoint potential at pH 7.5, as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance titration, is —300 mV. Optical circular dichroism and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the paramagnetic protein are similar to those of two iron-two acid-labile sulfur ferredoxins. The biochemical reduction of the purified protein was also studied.
The Graetz-Nusselt problem for a power-law non-newtonian fluid☆

Abstract The authors show how the Graetz-Nusselt problem in heat transfer theory may be extended to non-Newtonian flow. A simple rheological model, “the power law,” is used to obtain a partial differential equation for the temperature profiles, to which a semi-analytical solution may be found. The temperature profiles are then used to calculate average outlet temperatures, as well as Nusselt numbers for several degrees of non-Newtonian behaviour. Tables are given for estimating the effect of non-Newtonian flow on the heating and cooling of fluids in tubes.
Singularities interacting with interfaces and cracks

Abstract Solutions to singularities such as point force, point moment, edge dislocation and transformation strain spot embedded in bonded elastic blocks of dissimilar materials are found to relate to the solutions to the same singularities in an infinite homogeneous plane by a formula independent of the nature of the singularities. This universal result is then used to analyze the interactions between singularities and interface cracks. The complete solutions and stress intensity factors are presented for two important interface crack configurations.
The structure and energetics of triplet [B, C, F, H2]

Abstract In the current paper, we discuss our high level quantum chemical results for the structure and energetics of triplet (and hence open-shell) isomers corresponding to the stoichiometry of one boron, carbon, and fluorine apiece, and two hydrogens. While partially bond-ruptured excited ketene- and diazomethane-like H2C –B –F and the carbene H(F)B–C–H plausibly emerge as the most stable isomers, a variety of novel structural features emerge for the assembled energy minima of at least 16 species. All of these species are compared as well as transition states that connect them. Comparison is made with corresponding forms of the singlet species with this stoichiometry, shown earlier by us to have a rich diversity of structures as well as a large range of energies and relative stabilities.
A Simplified Portrayal for Certain Decision Making Problems

The method described here provides a simple portrayal of a decision making sequence, where the decision variable differs from the quantity which varies with uncertainty. The graphical portrayal in three dimensions provides a basis from which conventional dynamic programming concepts can be applied to a class of problems which is difficult to clearly illustrate on a planar graph or decision tree. The analysis procedure is followed through for two practical examples involving decisions between two alternative equipments or plans where lease costs, costs of usage, and penalty costs are involved. The problem is similar to other cost minimization problems encountered in business and industry, and the method can be readily applied with elementary mathematical computations.
Plasma enzyme elevations with LDH viruses from different tumors.

Summary1. A number of transplantable mouse tumors were examined for presence of LDH virus by measurement of plasma LDH in the tumor-bearing host and by injection of plasma from the tumor-bearing animal into test mice. In the majority of cases a high plasma LDH in the tumor-bearing animal was associated with presence of the virus. 2. Plasma levels of LDH, ICDH and PHI were measured at 4, 7 and 21 days following infection with viruses from 8 different tumors. Essentially identical elevations of LDH (5.1-fold), ICDH (6.8-fold) and PHI (3.6-fold) resulted from infection with each of the 8 agents. 3. The results suggest a common mechanism of action of LDH viruses and are consistent with observations that the agents depress host plasma enzyme clearance mechanisms.
Aho-Corasick String Matching on Shared and Distributed-Memory Parallel Architectures

String matching requires a combination of (sometimes all) the following characteristics: high and/or predictable performance, support for large data sets and flexibility of integration and customization. This paper compares several software-based implementations of the Aho-Corasick algorithm for high-performance systems. We focus on the matching of unknown inputs streamed from a single source, typical of security applications and difficult to manage since the input cannot be preprocessed to obtain locality. We consider shared-memory architectures (Niagara 2, x86 multiprocessors, and Cray XMT) and distributed-memory architectures with homogeneous (InfiniBand cluster of x86 multicores) or heterogeneous processing elements (InfiniBand cluster of x86 multicores with NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPUs). We describe how each solution achieves the objectives of supporting large dictionaries, sustaining high performance, and enabling customization and flexibility using various data sets.
The Influence of Gender and Social Role on the Interpretation of Facial Expressions

The current studies were designed to examine the influence of apparent gender on the interpretation of ambiguous emotional expressions. Participants rated the intensity of emotions that were expressed in two versions of the same emotional expression, in which hair style and clothing were altered to manipulate gender. The emotional expression in each of the photos was a combination of anger and sadness. Of interest was the effect of the apparent gender of the poser on the interpretation of the blended emotional expression. In Study 2 we also examined whether the social role (i.e., occupation) of the poser influenced the interpretation. Although the occupation of the poser did not influence emotion ratings, the apparent gender of the poser influenced the interpretation of ambiguous emotional expressions in a stereotype-consistent manner in both Studies 1 and 2.
Efficient Generation of Shape-Based Reference Frames for the Corpus Callosum for DTI-based Connectivity Analysis

Yushkevich et.al. [17, 18] established a PDE-based deformable modeling approach called continuous medial representation (cm-rep), in which the geometric relationship between the medial axis of a 3D object and its boundary is captured. Continuous medial description of an object not only provides useful shape features for object characterization and comparison; it also imposes a shape-based reference frame on the interior of that object. Such a reference frame provides a useful means of representing different instances of an anatomical structure using a common canonical parametrization domain. This paper presents an efficient method to construct continuous medial shape models for 2D objects. A closed form solution for the ordinary differential equation (ODE) is derived via Pythagorean hodograph (PH) curves. That closed form solution reduces the computation complexity from solving an ODE system to pure algebraic manipulation. Using this method, we generate shape-based reference frames, and demonstrate how they can be applied to the analysis of anatomical connectivity of corpora callosa, obtained by fiber tracking in diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) in a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome study.
On efficient error diagnosis of digital circuits

The rising trend in large scale integration and design complexity has greatly increased the need for efficient design error diagnosis. We present techniques for fast and efficient error diagnosis of digital circuits by eliminating to a large extent the set of false candidates identified by the diagnosis. The elimination of false candidate regions is conducted via distinguishing X's, flipping of values at the output of candidate regions, and combination of these techniques. The algorithms help to improve both the speed and resolution of error diagnosis. Experimental results on combinational benchmark circuits showed that up to 92% improvement in diagnostic resolution and 74% speedup over the original region-based diagnosis can be achieved with our approaches.
Effects of Soil Treatments on The Survival of Soil Microorganisms

In biological control studies of plant-parasitic nematodes in field soil improved methods are needed for reducing or eliminating specific soil inhabiting microorganisms. Microwave heating of soil decreases soilborne fungi and bacteria, but not Pasteuria spp. Bacterial and fungal colony forming units were reduced to nondetectable levels in microwaved heated field soft (650 watts) at 5.2% moisture when treated for 6 minutes and 4 minutes, respectively.
Recursive CR bounds: algebraic and statistical acceleration

Computation of the Cramer-Rao bound involves inversion of the Fisher information matrix (FIM). The inversion can become computationally intractable when the number of unknown parameters is large. Hero et. al. (see IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Orlando, 1983) has presented a recursive, monotonically convergent and computationally efficient algorithm to invert sub-matrices of the FIM corresponding to a small region of interest in image reconstruction. The convergence rate of this algorithm depends on a splitting matrix which can be interpreted as a complete-data FIM. We investigate the acceleration of the algorithm using several different choices of the complete-data FIM. We also present a conjugate gradient based algorithm which achieves a much faster convergence rate at the expense of monotone convergence. We apply the methods developed in this paper to emission tomography. >
Knowing Truth: Peirce's epistemology in an educational context

In this paper I examine Peirce's epistemological and ontological theories and indicate their relevance to educational practice. I argue that Peirces conception of Firsts, Seconds and Thirds entails a fundamental ontological realism. I further argue that Peirce does have a theory of truth, that it is a particular non‐traditional ‘correspondence’ theory, consistent with, and implicit in, an over‐arching position of pragmatic realism. Peirce's epistemological position is subject to misinterpretation when the ontological realism on which it rests is overlooked. Finally I suggest that such a re‐consideration of Peirce's pragmatic ontology and epistemology in an educational context is needed.
Filtration of water from mother to conceptus via paths independent of fetal placental circulation in sheep.

1. Four pregnant ewes were operated on at 121-126 days of gestation. An electromagnetic flow sensor and an inflatable occluder were placed on the maternal common internal iliac artery. The ovarian arteries and veins were ligated. Indwelling catheters were placed in a maternal femoral artery and uterine vein and in the amniotic and allantoic fluids. An inflatable occluder was placed around the umbilical cord, close to the fetal abdomen. 2. Eight to nine days after surgery, the cord was occluded, the fetus killed and uterine blood flow reduced to one-quarter of its control value. The rate of water loss from the uterine circulation was calculated from blood flow and the venoarterial difference in blood osmolality. The amniotic and allantoic fluids were made hypertonic by infusion of 2 l into each sac of a solution of 1.5 mol of mannitol per litre of saline. The rate of water loss from the maternal uterine circulation was then measured five times over the next 4.5 h. 3. The combined filtration coefficient surface area product of the interfaces between maternal blood and the amniotic and allantoic sacs, normalized per kilogram fetal body weight, was (2.8 +/- 0.5) x 10(-6) cm3 s-1 kPa-1 kg-1 (mean +/- S.E.M).
THE EFFECTS OF THERMAL AND NONTHERMAL PROCESSING METHODS ON APPLE CIDER QUALITY AND CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY

Due to increased concern about the safety of fruit, vegetable and juice products, the FDA has mandated that these must undergo a 5-log reduction in pathogens. The development of various processing methods for juice products has caused the need to determine the effects of these methods on said products. The effect of thermal pasteurization, UV irradiation and ozone treatment on apple cider quality and consumer acceptability was studied over 21 days. Thermally pasteurized samples were different in color and less preferred in all areas of consumer acceptability. UV-irradiated samples were lower in soluble solids for the first 7 days and showed no significant difference in consumer acceptability. Ozone-treated cider had greater sedimentation, lower sucrose content and a decrease in soluble solids by day 21. UV irradiation allows for a more cost-effective method to produce safe apple cider with minimal quality and consumer acceptability differences.
Secure function evaluation with ordered binary decision diagrams

Privacy-preserving protocols allow multiple parties with private inputs to perform joint computation while preserving the privacy of their respective inputs. An important cryptographic primitive for designing privacy-preserving protocols is secure function evaluation (SFE). The classic solution for SFE by Yao uses a gate representation of the function that the two parties want to jointly compute. Fairplay is a system that implements the classic solution for SFE. In this paper, we present a new protocol for SFE that uses a graph-based representation of the function. Specifically we use the graph-based representation called ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs). For a large number of Boolean functions, OBDDs are more succinct than the gate-based representation. Preliminary experimental results based on a prototype implementation shows that for several functions, our protocol results in a smaller bandwidth than Fairplay. For example, for the classic millionaire's problem, our new protocol results in a approximately $45$\% bandwidth reduction over Fairplay. Therefore, our protocols will be particularly useful for applications for environments with limited bandwidth, such as applications for wireless and sensor networks.
External forces outside of a layered electron gas

We calculate the external forces outside of the surface of a layered electron gas (LEG). The LEG is a model of a metal where the electrical current is carried in parallel layers, and there is no current between layers. It describes the high-temperature cuprate superconductors and many other layered solids. We calculate the image potential from an external charge, the van der Waals potential from a neutral atom and the Casimir force between the parallel surfaces of two LEGs. Our theory does not use dielectric functions. We write down the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian, calculate the exact ground state energy and deduce the forces from the energy. We also show that the LEG has no surface plasmon.
Reconfigurable spiral antenna array for pattern diversity in wideband MIMO communication systems

A reconfigurable spiral antenna was employed in a MIMO system and its performance was analyzed in terms of channel capacity. The results show that a reconfigurable spiral array antenna system derives significant improvements over non reconfigurable antenna arrays. The bandwidth of the antenna and its compact size makes it a suitable candidate for use in compact wideband MIMO systems. Future work will concentrate on increasing the bandwidth of the antenna to make it appropriate for use in UWB MIMO communications.
Image reconstruction scheme that combines modified Newton method and efficient initial guess estimation for optical tomography of finger joints

What we believe to be a novel 3D diffuse optical tomography scheme is developed to reconstruct images of both absorption and scattering coefficients of finger joint systems. Compared with our previous reconstruction method, the improved 3D algorithm employs both modified Newton methods and an enhanced initial value optimization scheme to recover the optical properties of highly heterogeneous media. The developed approach is tested using simulated, phantom, and in vivo measurement data. The recovered results suggest that the improved approach is able to provide quantitatively better images than our previous algorithm for optical tomography reconstruction.
An absolute measurement of the rate constant for ethyl radical combination

An absolute value of kr of ethyl radicals at 860 ± 17°K of 4.5 × 109M−1·sec−1 was determined under VLPP conditions, where the value of kr/kr∞ should be about 1/2. Thus kr∞(M−1·sec−1) ∼ 1010 at 860°K. An error of as much as a factor of 2 in kr would be surprising, but possible. The value of 1010M−1·sec−1 seems to be a factor of from 2 to 5 too high to be compatible with extensive data on the reverse reaction and the accepted thermochemistry. Changes in the heat of formation and entropy of the ethyl radical can change the situation somewhat, but even these changes when applied to the work of Hiatt and Benson [3] indicate that ethyl combination should be ∼ 109.3M−1·sec−1. More work is necessary if a better value is desired.
Super Cooled Large Droplet Analysis of Several Geometries Using LEWICE3D Version 3

Super Cooled Large Droplet (SLD) collection efficiency calculations were performed for several geometries using the LEWICE3D Version 3 software. The computations were performed using the NASA Glenn Research Center SLD splashing model which has been incorporated into the LEWICE3D Version 3 software. Comparisons to experiment were made where available. The geometries included two straight wings, a swept 64A008 wing tip, two high lift geometries, and the generic commercial transport DLR-F4 wing body configuration. In general the LEWICE3D Version 3 computations compared well with the 2D LEWICE 3.2.2 results and with experimental data where available.
Detecting Water Quality Trends With Citizen Volunteer Data

(1994). Detecting Water Quality Trends With Citizen Volunteer Data. Lake and Reservoir Management: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 4-9.
Entropic Nature of the Interaction between Promoter Bound CRP Mutants and RNA Polymerase

The interaction between CRP, T127L, S128A, and CRP* and RNA polymerase bound to a 104 bp synthetic promoter were determined by ITC at 298 K and ranges from a ¢Gb° ) 1.4 ( 0.8 kJ mol -1 (cAMP-ligated S128A) to 4.5 ( 0.3 kJ mol -1 (cAMP-ligated double mutant CRP*) with endothermicities that range from 4 ( 3k J mol -1 (cAMP-ligated CRP) to 47 ( 8k J mol -1 (cGMP-ligated T127L). The interaction is, thus, entropically driven, exhibits enthalpy -entropy compensation, and increases the binding affinity of the RNA polymerase to the promoter by factors ranging from 1.7 ( 0.1 (cAMP- ligated S128A) to 6.1 ( 0.1 (cAMP-ligated CRP*). Although the binding affinities to the promoter alone, except for cAMP-ligated S128A, are the same as to a shorter 40 bp duplex containing the same CRP consensus binding site sequence (conDNA), the binding enthalpies of CRP/mutant to the promoter are lower by factors of 2-3 than the corresponding binding enthalpies to conDNA. Small angle neutron scattering measurements on the DNA-CRP/mutant complexes in D2O/H2O solutions exhibit an increase in the Rg of the CRP/mutant component from 22 to 27-31 A that can be attributed to a conformational change in the N-terminal domain of CRP. The Rg ) 27 A for the bound conDNA can be attributed to a slight unwinding of the DNA in solution that would also enhance the activation of transcription. The Rg ) 53 ( 3 A for the bound promoter is attributed to bending of the promoter in solution that can be responsible for the lower CRP/mutant-promoter binding endothermicities.
Association between leaflet fusion pattern and thoracic aorta morphology in patients with bicuspid aortic valve

Methods One hundred and ninety-two patients with BAV who underwent magnetic resonance angiography between January 2007 and July 2010 were retrospectively identified. Aortic morphology was examined through measurements of diameter at nine levels along the thoracic aorta, 3D volume of the ascending aorta, vessel eccentricity, and assessment of aortic root and arch morphology. Diameters and volumes were normalized to body surface area. BAV phenotypes were defined by fusion of the right and left coronary cusps (Type 1), right and noncoronary cusps (Type 2), and left and non-coronary cusps (Type 3).
Analysis of a local transient control action by partial energy functions

A partial energy function is used to quantify the energy of a local transient control action. The function is used to analyze the energy transactions of a single generator in a multimachine power system. This is in contrast with a global energy analysis of the system. Special attention is drawn to an explanation of damping as being caused by tuned control policies. Negative damping is seen as the result of tuned controllers that increase power flows during the backswing more than during the foreswing. >
Maternal influences on brood sex ratios: an experimental study in tree swallows

When the reproductive value of sons and daughters differ, parents are expected to adjust the sex ratio of their offspring to produce more of the sex that provides greater fitness returns. The body condition of females or environmental factors, such as food abundance and mate quality, may influence these expected fitness returns. In a previous study of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), we found that females produced more sons in their broods when they were in better body condition (mass corrected for size). We tested this relationship by experimentally clipping some flight feathers to reduce female body condition. As predicted, we found that females with clipped feathers had a lower proportion of sons in their broods and poorer body condition. However, female body condition alone was not a significant predictor of brood sex ratio in our experiment. We suggest that brood sex ratio is causally related to some other factor that covaries with body condition, most likely the foraging ability of females. The hypothesis that brood sex ratios are influenced by individual differences in female foraging ability is supported by a high repeatability of brood sex ratio for individual females. Thus, maternal effects may have a strong influence on the sex ratios of offspring.
Social Workers Employed in Substance Abuse Treatment Agencies: A Training Needs Assessment

This article describes the results of an assessment of the substance abuse treatment training needs of social workers working in randomly selected substance abuse treatment facilities in New England. This assessment revealed that clinical supervision related to substance abuse treatment had not been available to a significant percentage of the respondents throughout their careers. Despite limited previous training experience and considerable barriers to current training, social workers surveyed in this study reported significantly higher levels of knowledge and skill than other substance abuse treatment providers in 10 of 12 substance abuse treatment areas investigated. Despite these high levels of knowledge and skill, respondents reported considerable need for and interest in additional substance abuse treatment training. This study identified the areas of assessment, advanced clinical techniques, and dual diagnosis as priorities for future training among social workers working in substance abuse treatment facilities.
Medieval Modes of Community

Trading Tongues: Merchants, Multilingualism, and Medieval Literature. By Jonathan Hsy. The Ohio State University Press. 2013.The Island Garden: England’s Language of Nation from Gildas to Marvell. ...
Management of acoustic metadata for bioacoustics

Abstract Recent expansion in the capabilities of passive acoustic monitoring of sound-producing animals is providing expansive data sets in many locations. These long-term data sets will allow the investigation of questions related to the ecology of sound-producing animals on time scales ranging from diel and seasonal to inter-annual and decadal. Analyses of these data often span multiple analysts from various research groups over several years of effort and, as a consequence, have begun to generate large amounts of scattered acoustic metadata. It has therefore become imperative to standardize the types of metadata being generated. A critical aspect of being able to learn from such large and varied acoustic data sets is providing consistent and transparent access that can enable the integration of various analysis efforts. This is juxtaposed with the need to include new information for specific research questions that evolve over time. Hence, a method is proposed for organizing acoustic metadata that addresses many of the problems associated with the retention of metadata from large passive acoustic data sets. A structure was developed for organizing acoustic metadata in a consistent manner, specifying required and optional terms to describe acoustic information derived from a recording. A client-server database was created to implement this data representation as a networked data service that can be accessed from several programming languages. Support for data import from a wide variety of sources such as spreadsheets and databases is provided. The implementation was extended to access Internet-available data products, permitting access to a variety of environmental information types (e.g. sea surface temperature, sunrise/sunset, etc.) from a wide range of sources as if they were part of the data service. This metadata service is in use at several institutions and has been used to track and analyze millions of acoustic detections from marine mammals, fish, elephants, and anthropogenic sound sources.
Scale-Dependent Variability and Quantitative Regimes in Graph-Theoretic Representations of Human Cortical Networks.

Abstract Studying brain connectivity is important due to potential differences in brain circuitry between health and disease. One drawback of graph-theoretic approaches to this is that their results are dependent on the spatial scale at which brain circuitry is examined and explicitly on how vertices and edges are defined in network models. To investigate this, magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor images were acquired from 136 healthy adults, and each subject's cortex was parceled into as many as 50,000 regions. Regions were represented as nodes in a reconstructed network representation, and interregional connectivity was inferred via deterministic tractography. Network model behavior was explored as a function of nodal number and connectivity weighing. Three distinct regimes of quantitative behavior assumed by network models as a function of spatial scale are identified, and their existence may be modulated by the spatial folding scale of the cortex. The maximum number of network nodes used to model h...
Microstructure Development in Thin-Film Superconductors

The transport properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin-films are a function of their microstructure. The early stages of film nucleation and growth will influence the final film microstructure and therefore the properties. It is important to determine the nature of film growth and the influence of the substrate on the establishment of epitaxy. Films have been shown to grow with highly oriented microstructures even on substrates with poorly matched lattice parameters. By utilizing a novel specimen preparation technique, direct observation by transmission electron microscopy of the early stages of film growth is possible.
Validation of EO-1 Hyperion and Advanced Land Imager Using the Radiometric Calibration Test Site at Railroad Valley, Nevada

The Earth-Observing One (EO-1) satellite was launched in 2000. Radiometric calibration of Hyperion and the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) has been performed throughout the mission lifetime using various techniques that include ground-based vicarious calibration, pseudo-invariant calibration sites, and also the moon. The EO-1 mission is nearing its useful lifetime, and this work seeks to validate the radiometric calibration of Hyperion and ALI from 2013 until the satellite is decommissioned. Hyperion and ALI have been routinely collecting data at the automated Radiometric Calibration Test Site [RadCaTS/Railroad Valley (RRV)] since launch. In support of this study, the frequency of the acquisitions at RadCaTS has been significantly increased since 2013, which provides an opportunity to analyze the radiometric stability and accuracy during the final stages of the EO-1 mission. The analysis of Hyperion and ALI is performed using a suite of ground instrumentation that measures the atmosphere and surface throughout the day. The final product is an estimate of the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) spectral radiance, which is compared to Hyperion and ALI radiances. The results show that Hyperion agrees with the RadCaTS predictions to within 5% in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and to within 10% in the shortwave infrared (SWIR). The 2013–2014 ALI results show agreement to within 6% in the VNIR and 7.5% in the SWIR bands. A cross-comparison between ALI and the Operational Land Imager (OLI) using RadCaTS as a transfer source shows agreement of 3%–6% during the period of 2013–2014.
Influence of complex-formation equilibria on the temporal persistence of cysteinate-functionalized cdse nanocrystals in water

We have characterized the persistence and degradation of magic-sized CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) after their removal from the original reaction mixture and dispersion into basic aqueous solutions. Such...