cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seaweed biogeography of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States

The northern boundary of the warm temperate region of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States is set at Cape Hatteras; the southern boundary lies at Cape Canaveral. There is some spillover of cool temperate species south of Cape Hatteras into North Carolina and spillover of warm temperate species south of Cape Canaveral toward Palm Beach. Elements of the warm temperate flora also extend into the northern Gulf of Mexico, but precise limits to the flora cannot be drawn there. Thirty-one species are endemic to the warm temperate flora. The inshore waters of North Carolina include approximately equal numbers of species with northern and southern centres of distribution; the species of the offshore waters have predominantly southern affinities, but also include most of the endemic species. Seasonal changes in the shallow water flora of North Carolina reflect eurythermal cool temperate and tropical elements in winter and summer respectively and a year-round warm temperate element. These groupings have been verified by experimental studies in which light and temperature were varied. The deep water flora is a summer flora dominated by perennial species. The inshore, eurythermal cool temperate and tropical species have a variety of cryptic stages by which they persist throughout the year.
Failure Analysis and Welding Repair for Water Wall Tube Burst of 600MW Station Boiler

Through methods, such as microscope analysis, mechanical analysis, chemical analysis, metallography examination etc, the causes resulting in water wall tube bursting of 600MW station boiler have been analyzed. The result indicates this water wall tube burst is the high temperature creep fracture. The higher operating temperature, microstructure aging and high temperature strength degradation are the primarily inducement of bursting failure. In welding tube, the measures of reducing residual stress, such as lower welding heat input, reducing thickness of welding layer, assigning reasonably heat treatment power, lengthening holding time and so on, were taken. The welding repair succeeded greatly.
Dark Field EUVL Mask for 45nm Technology Node Poly Layer Printing

In this study, we found that there are several advantages in extreme ultra-violet lithography (EUVL) by using a dark field mask to print lines. It includes: 1) no Bossung curve tilt and focus shift effect between the dense and isolated space aerial images; 2) small proximity effect as compared to the line aerial images; 3) small flare effect as compared to the clear field mask; 4) mask fabrication requires positive mask space bias, i.e., to size mask spaces larger than the printed target critical dimension (CD) to compensate the mask shadowing effect as apposed to the negative mask line bias (i.e., to size the mask lines smaller than the printed target CD) for the clear field mask. Positive mask bias will relax mask patterning resolution limitation.
Cancer and the cell cycle.

The purpose of this short review is to provide an overview of mammalian somatic cell cycle events and their controls. Cell cycle-related studies have been under way for only 5% of this millennium, yet since then nearly 20,000 references have appeared. This vast literature cannot be detailed here, nor can fundamental information obtained with other organisms such as yeast and Xenopus, or topics such as the abbreviated cell cycle in early embryonic cells. (General references include Murray and Hunt [1993] The cell cycle, an introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, and Denhardt [1999] In: The molecular basis of cell cycle and growth control. p 225-304. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) J. Cell Biochem. Suppls. 32/33:166-172, 1999.
Cardiac Autonomic Modulation Following High-Intensity Static Muscle Contractions

ABSTRACT Background The purpose of this investigation was to examine cardiac autonomic modulation, as measured by wavelet analysis of heart rate variability, following a series of high-intensity static muscle contractions. Methods After 10 minutes of rest, electrocardiograms (ECGs) were collected in 17 participants (age, 24.5 ± 1 yr) 2.5 minutes before (REST) and 10 minutes after a series of static contractions of the knee extensors. Participants performed contractions with the nondominant leg (knee fixed at 90 degrees) at either 70% or 85% (randomized order) of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) on two separate visits. The postexercise ECGs were further divided into four consecutive 2.5-minute segments (POST 1–POST 4) to evaluate the time course of any possible autonomic changes after exercise. Each 2.5-minute segment was evaluated for the standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) and the percentage of successive RR intervals that differed by more than 50 ms (pNN50). Frequency-domain indices were obtained via wavelet transformation giving coefficients that reflected high- and low-frequency fluctuations in heart period (HF w and LF w ). Results SDNN was elevated during POST-1 and pNN50 was reduced during POST-3 and POST-4 ( P w and LF w were increased during POST-1 and reduced during POST-3 and POST-4 compared to REST for both intensities ( P Conclusion These data suggest that complex alterations cardiac autonomic modulation exist for at least 10 minutes following a series of high-intensity static contractions performed at either 70% or 85% of MVC.
Nutrient Uptake, Partitioning, and Remobilization in Modern Soybean Varieties

The absence of recent data regarding the nutritional needs of modern soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems necessitates a greater comprehensive understanding of nutrient uptake, partitioning, and remobilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate macro- and micronutrient accumulation and partitioning in current soybean cultivars. Across 3 site-years, plants were sampled at seven growth stages and divided into four plant tissue fractions for quantification of nutrient uptake. Accumulation (per ha) of 275 kg N, 21 kg P (48 kg P 2 O 5 ), 172 kg K (207 kg K 2 O), 113 kg Ca, 50 kg Mg, 19 kg S, 335 g Zn, 371 g Mn, 325 g B, 849 g Fe, and 63 g Cu were required to produce approximately 3500 and 9500 kg ha –1 of grain and total biomass, respectively. Supplemental fertility modestly increased biomass and yield (2%), but did not alter nutrient partitioning or harvest index. Nutrients with high harvest index (i.e., percentage of total nutrient accumulation partitioned to grain) values included P (81%), N (73%), Cu (62%), and S (61%), which may serve as a limitation to high yield. Seasonal patterns of nutrient accumulation suggested that K and Fe were acquired primarily during late vegetative growth while the uptake of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, B, and Cu were more equally distributed between vegetative and seed-filling growth phases. These results document the rate and duration of macro- and micronutrient accumulation in soybean, and highlight the importance of adequate nutrient availability during key crop growth periods.
Improving isotope ratio precision in inductivelycoupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry by common analyte internal standardization

The common analyte internal standardization (CAIS) chemometric technique is extended to improve isotope ratio precision obtained by inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS). A correction function for isotope ratio measurement is derived from a relationship of mass sensitivity as a function of element mass after considering the degree of ionization and isotopic abundance. An analyte isotope ratio correction factor can be determined by simultaneously measuring several internal reference isotopic ratios and the analyte. The CAIS approach corrects for isotopic mass bias and isotope ratio variation with sample matrix concentration. Isotope ratio precision is improved from about 0.4 to 0.05%, because long-counting times allow correcting mass bias and isotope ratio drift during extended data-acquisition periods. Isotope ratio accuracy is improved from 0.2 to 0.02%.
HIERARCHICAL SELECTION THEORY AND SEX RATIOS. II. ON APPLYING THE THEORY, AND A TEST WITH FIG WASPS.

Predictions from the theory of sex ratios in subdivided populations are tested by studying fig wasps (Agaonidae). Observations strongly support the qualitative prediction that fig wasp sex ratios (males/total) decrease with increasing amounts of both inbreeding and competition among male relatives for access to mates (local mate competition). However, the observed sex ratio is consistently lower than predicted by previous quantitative models. Many assumptions underlying these models are unrealistic. Each unrealistic assumption is discussed as it applies to fig wasps, and where appropriate, new quantitative predictions are derived based on more realistic assumptions. New predictions are compared to the data in an a posteriori fashion and are found to be much closer to the observations than previous models from the literature, but further work will be required before a close match between theory and observation can be claimed.
Transforming Experiences: Nursing Education and International Immersion Programs

This article captures the viewpoints of U.S. baccalaureate nurses who, while in nursing school, participated in international immersion programs. Developed, implemented, and accompanied by me, students embarked on multiple international journeys. Students provided complete hands-on nursing care while simultaneously being totally enmeshed in the life of the host community. Informants spoke of profound changes in their personal and professional lives as a direct result of their work or study abroad. The biggest issues for the students were the development of "having blind trust" in the circumstances around them, "valuing others" regardless of sociocultural differences, and making fundamental transformational choices in their lives that persist even 5, 10, and 15 years later. Going abroad dramatically influenced changes, including a depth of compassion, acceptance of differences, recognition of societal ills, and a willingness to take risks to promote change. "Life-changing" experiences make it necessary, even critically important, that students live and learn in cultures other than their own.
Eigenvalues of the Laplacian of a graph

Let G be a finite undirected graph with no loops or multiple edges. We define the Laplacian matrix of G,Δ(G)by Δij= degree of vertex i and Δij−1 if there is an edge between vertex i and vertex j. In this paper we relate the structure of the graph G to the eigenvalues of A(G): in particular we prove that all the eigenvalues of Δ(G) are non-negative, less than or equal to the number of vertices, and less than or equal to twice the maximum vertex degree. Precise conditions for equality are given.
Phase recovery for electron holography using Gerchberg–Papoulis iterative algorithm

The Gerchberg-Papoulis (GP) iterative algorithm is applied to electron holographic reconstruction to supplement the Fourier-transform method. The GP algorithm can recover the phase to high accuracy using simulated holograms. This method is useful when a region of known amplitude is present, such as a region of vacuum or uniform thickness. Modulations of the phase on the order of 0.1 rad can be corrected significantly using this algorithm.
Picosecond dissociation of ketene: Experimental state-to-state rates and tests of statistical theories

The state-to-state dissociation rates of ketene have been measured for a variety of singlet methylene rotational states in both the ground and (010) vibrational levels of the methylene fragment. Measured time constants range from 1.0 ns at 500 cm^(−1) to 19 ps at 5600 cm^(−1) above threshold. The measurements cannot be accounted for by simple phase space theory (PST), which has been used to explain product state distributions, or tight transition state RRKM theory, but are in good agreement with variational RRKM theory. The estimated threshold rate of 2×10^8 s^(−1) is in agreement with the previous lower limit of 7×10^7 s^(−1) of Chen, Green and Moore.
Simulation of three-dimensional symmetric and asymmetric instabilities in attachment-line boundary layers

On a swept wing, contamination along the leading edge, Tollmien-Schlichting waves, stationary or traveling crossflow vortices, and/or Taylor-Gortler vortices can cause the catastrophic breakdown of laminar to turbulent flow, which leads to increased skin-friction drag for the aircraft. The discussion in this Note will be limited to disturbances which evolve along the attachment line (leading edge of swept wing). If the Reynolds number of the attachment-line boundary layer is greater than some critical value, then the complete wing is inevitably engulfed in turbulent flow. Essentially, there are two critical Reynolds number points that must be considered. The first is for small-amplitude disturbances, and the second is for bypass transition. The present study will use direct numerical simulations to validate a linear 2D-eigenvalue prediction method based on parabolized stability equations by Lin and Malik. This method is considered because it suggests that a number of symmetric and asymmetric modes exist and are stable or unstable on the attachment line depending on the Reynolds number. If validated, the approach would predict a number of modes which are linearly damped in the Reynolds number regime 100 to 245; however, these modes may grow nonlinearly and provide an explanation to this region.
IN/OUT PAIRS AND THE DETACHMENT OF CORONAL STREAMERS

We previously described coronal events that originate in the 2-6 R☉ field of view of the LASCO white-light coronagraph and involve the simultaneous ejection of material inward toward the Sun and outward away from it. Now, in a study of more than 160 in/out pairs, we have found that these features are density enhancements at the leading and trailing edges of depletions that occur when slowly rising coronal structures separate from the Sun. The outward component is shaped like a large arch with both ends attached to the Sun, and the inward component is often resolved into loops. We also found about 60 additional events in which the outward components began near the edge of the occulting disk and inward components were not visible, as if these events were in/out pairs that originated below the 2 R☉ radius of the occulting disk. We conclude that in/out pairs belong to a broad class of streamer detachments, which include "streamer blowout" coronal mass ejections, and we suppose that all of these events occur when rising magnetic loops reconnect to produce an outgoing helical flux rope and an ingoing arcade of collapsing loops.
Design of a hand prosthesis with precision and conformal grasp capability

This paper presents the design of an anthropomorphic prosthetic hand that provides both precision and conformal grasp capability. Specifically, the design of the hand dedicates three actuators in a direct-drive manner to achieving precision grasp capability. The design additionally dedicates one actuator and six degrees of freedom, in addition to a compliant coupling, to providing a conformal grasping capability to the amputee. The design of the hand is described in this paper, and the various degrees of actuation are characterized with respect to grasp forces and finger speeds.
Uniform hp convergence results for the mortar finite element method

The mortar finite element is an example of a non-conforming method which can be used to decompose and re-compose a domain into sub-domains without requiring compatibility between the meshes on the separate components. We obtain stability and convergence results for this method that are uniform in terms of both the degree and the mesh used, without assuming quasiuniformity for the meshes. Our results establish that the method is optimal when non-quasiuniform h or hp methods are used. Such methods are essential in practice for good rates of convergence when the interface passes through a corner of the domain. We also give an error estimate for when the p version is used. Numerical results for hp and hp mortar FEMs show that these methods behave as well as conforming FEMs. An hp extension theorem is also proved.
Hydrophobic Domains in Thermogelling Solutions of Polyether-Modified Poly(Acrylic Acid)

The temperature-dependent aggregation in aqueous solutions of self-assembling graft copolymers of Pluronic (PEO−PPO−PEO triblock copolymers) and poly(acrylic acid) (Pluronic-PAA) has been studied using fluorescence techniques (steady-state intensity and depolarization and fluorescence lifetimes). Aggregates that form above the critical micellization temperatures (CMT) are micelle-like, with substantially dehydrated PPO core and hydrated PEO−PAA corona, and provide the physical cross-linking required for gelation. Unexpected hydrophobic domains have been observed below the CMT which provide an environment more hydrophobic than the micelles to pyrene and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and are related to the grafting density of the PAA onto the Pluronic copolymers.
Temperature Dependence and Thermodynamics of Klenow Polymerase Binding to Primed-Template DNA

DNA binding of Klenow polymerase has been characterized with respect to temperature to delineate the thermodynamic driving forces involved in the interaction of this polymerase with primed-template DNA. The temperature dependence of the binding affinity exhibits distinct curvature, with tightest binding at 25–30°C. Nonlinear temperature dependence indicates Klenow binds different primed-template constructs with large heat capacity (ΔCp) values (−870 to −1220 cal/mole K) and thus exhibits large temperature dependent changes in enthalpy and entropy. Binding is entropy driven at lower temperatures and enthalpy driven at physiological temperatures. Large negative ΔCp values have been proposed to be a ‘signature’ of site-specific DNA binding, but type I DNA polymerases do not exhibit significant DNA sequence specificity. We suggest that the binding of Klenow to a specific DNA structure, the primed-template junction, results in a correlated thermodynamic profile that mirrors what is commonly seen for DNA sequence-specific binding proteins. Klenow joins a small number of other DNA-sequence independent DNA binding proteins which exhibit unexpectedly large negative ΔCp values. Spectroscopic measurements show small conformational rearrangements of both the DNA and Klenow upon binding, and small angle x-ray scattering shows a global induced fit conformational compaction of the protein upon binding. Calculations from both crystal structure and solution structural data indicate that Klenow DNA binding is an exception to the often observed correlation between ΔCp and changes in accessible surface area. In the case of Klenow, surface area burial can account for only about half of the ΔCp of binding.
Ethnicity and adolescent substance use.

This study focuses on diverse ethnic differences among adolescent substance use, utilizing selected items from the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-Adolescent version (SASSI-A). Data were gathered from a large-scale, cross-sequential study of adolescents during the 1993-1996 school years. Exploratory analyses were conducted for 3,711 students on the basis of their responses to a self-administered survey. Results indicated significant ethnic and gender differences for specific SASSI-A items and factor scores, with Hawaiian, "Other," and Caucasian students reporting higher scores than Japanese students and greater scores for female than male students. These findings suggest the need to develop culturally sensitive substance use prevention and treatment strategies that should also take gender differences into consideration for adolescents in Hawaii.
Development and Manufacture of the Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Merimepodib, VX-497

A process for the manufacture of merimepodib (VX-497), an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, has been developed and efficiently scaled to produce clinical supply. The process comprises five steps, incorporating simple and robust chemistry that ultimately yielded 96.5 kg with a purity of 100% (by HPLC analysis) and 99.7% w/w assay. Highlights of the process are the effective use of production-scale phosgene, manipulation of Schotten−Baumann reaction conditions to give a low pH procedure that avoids a critical impurity, and the use of online tools to better identify parameters of the API purification.
Treatment of aggressive keratoacanthomas by radiotherapy

Keratoacanthomas infrequently are treated by radiotherapy. However, keratoacanthomas that are recurrent after surgical excision or whose resection would result in cosmetic deformity may benefit from radiotherapy. Between January 1970 and June 1988,29 such keratoacanthomas in 18 patients were irradiated. Doses ranged from 3500 cGy in 15 fractions to 5600 cGy in 28 fractions. Measured end points of therapy were (1) initial response, (2) freedom from recurrence, and (3) quality of the subsequent cosmetic appearance (scored as good, fair, or poor). No lesion progressed and all eventually regressed completely. Cosmetic results generally were considered good by both the patient and the referring dermatologist; none of the results was considered poor. Our results demonstrate that radiation is an effective means of treating keratoacanthomas.
Sirt3 modulation may be beneficial in the treatment of ejaculation dysfunction

Disorders of ejaculation are the most common form of sexual dysfunction. The ejaculatory reflex consists of two phases: emission and expulsion. Premature ejaculation (PE) can arise from overactivity of the smooth muscles responsible for ejaculation. On the other side of the spectrum, delayed ejaculation occurs when an individual is unable to either reach orgasm within an adequate time frame or experiences no ejaculation. While premature ejaculation and to a lesser degree delayed ejaculation have been recognized for quite some time, no FDA approved treatment has been developed. Since both types of ejaculatory dysfunction have an underlying neuro-muscular component, this may be a target for future treatment strategies. We thereby hypothesize that modulation of the rhythmic contraction of the ejaculatory smooth muscles with either a Sirt3 activator or inhibitor may prove beneficial in treating either premature or delayed ejaculation.
Explicit expressions for the moments of the monoenergetic neutron-transport equation for isotropic scattering in an infinite plane medium

Abstract The analytical determination of the spatial and angular moments of the monoenergetic neutron-transport equation in an infinite medium initiated by Case, de Hoffmann and Placzek 30 years ago is completed. Analytical expressions for the moments that are convenient for numerical evaluation are obtained, and several high-order moments are evaluated as a demonstration.
Application of intensive care medicine principles in the management of the acute liver failure patient

1. Acute liver failure is a paradigm for multiple system organ failure that develops as a consequence of sepsis. 2. In the United States, systemic inflammatory response, sepsis, and septic shock are common reasons for intensive care unit admission. Intensive care management of these patients serves as a template for the management of patients with acute liver failure. 3. Acute liver failure is attended by high mortality. Although intensive care results in improved survival, the key treatment is liver transplantation. Intensive care unit intervention may open a "window of opportunity" and enable successful liver transplantation in patients who are too ill at presentation. 4. Intracranial hypertension complicates the course for many patients with acute liver failure. Initially, intracranial hypertension results from hyperemia, which is cerebral edema that reduces cerebral blood flow and eventuates in herniation. The precepts of neurocritical care-monitoring cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and cortical activity-with rapid response to hemodynamic abnormalities, maintenance of normoxia, euglycemia, control of seizures, therapeutic hypothermia, osmotic therapy, and judicious hyperventilation are key to reducing mortality attributable to neurologic failure.
“Performance Accelerators” push the frontiers of CFO leadership

Purpose – Through interviews last year with 576 CFOs to find out how they’re contributing to the revenue, growth and foresight of the enterprises they represent, IBM researchers sought to identify the best practices of leading companies. Design/methodology/approach – IBM researchers identified a cohort of companies with outstanding finance units they called Value Integrators, organizations that were more effective than their peers in almost every area assessed. The finance units were especially good at measuring and monitoring business performance, managing risk and generating predictive insights. Findings – A subset of this group of successful firms far outperformed the rest. The researchers dubbed these superstars Performance Accelerators because they’ve mastered their core duties so thoroughly that they’ve taken a leap ahead of every other kind of finance organization. Practical implications – The Performance Accelerators’ particular blend of skills equipped them to help their companies make smarter de...
Ultrastructure of paraquat-treated slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.).

The introduction of paraquat into the transpiration stream of young slash pine trees significantly enhances oleoresin biogenesis and results in localized resin soaking in treated portions of the bole. All affected cells of the xylem symplast, including those not directly assocated with resin ducts, begin to synthesize excessive oleoresin and secret or lose it initially through pits into the lumen of contiguous tracheids. Oleoresin is observed in plastids, mitochondrial envelopes, vacuoles, and ER cisternae in both control and treated trees. Cells near the site of paraquat treatment show extreme damage to membrane integrity, depletion of starch, and loss of cellular organization.
A note on the analysis of rotational spectra

Abstract A variational approach is used to obtain the Mariscotti, Scharff-Goldhaber and Buck prescription for analyzing rotational spectra. Results of two and three boson microscope calculations are used to illustrate the ideas used.
An electromagnetic "Tracker-in-Table" configuration for X-ray fluoroscopy and cone-beam CT-guided surgery.

Purpose A novel electromagnetic tracking configuration was characterized and implemented for image-guided surgery incorporating C-arm fluoroscopy and/or cone-beam CT (CBCT). The tracker employed a field generator (FG) with an open rectangular aperture and a frame enclosure with two essentially hollow sides, yielding a design that presents little or no X-ray attenuation across the C-arm orbit. The “Window” FG (WFG) was characterized in comparison with a conventional “Aurora” FG (AFG), and a configuration in which the WFG was incorporated directly into the operating table was investigated in preclinical phantom studies.
A reciprocity law for prime geodesics

Abstract We continue the study begun by Sarnak of closed geodesics on Γ⧹ H , Γ the modular group. A closed geodesic p corresponds to a hyperbolic conjugacy class {γ} in Γ, and an eigenvalue e of an element of this class determines a real quadratic field Q (e). On the other hand, a prime integer q determines a covering surface Γ 0 ( q )⧹ H of Γ⧹ H . The reciprocity law relates the behavior of the geodesic p when lifted to Γ 0 ( q )⧹ H to the splitting type of q in Q (e).
Monolayers as Models for Supported Catalysts: Zirconium Phosphonate Films Containing Manganese(III) Porphyrins

Organized monolayer films of a manganese tetraphenylporphyrin have been prepared and used as supported oxidation catalysts. Manganese 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(tetrafluorophenyl-4'-octadecyloxyphosphonic acid) porphyrin (1) has been immobilized as a monolayer film by a combination of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and self-assembled monolayer techniques that use zirconium phosphonate linkages to bind the molecule to the surface. Analysis by FTIR, XPS, UV-vis and polarized optical spectroscopy show that the films consist of noninteracting molecules effectively anchored and oriented nearly parallel to the surface. The monolayer films are stable to the solvent and temperature conditions needed to explore organic oxidations. The activity of films of 1 toward the epoxidation of cyclooctene using iodosylbenzene as the oxidant was compared to that of Manganese 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (2) and 1 under equivalent homogeneous conditions. The immobilized porphyrin 1 shows an enhanced activity relative to either homogeneous reaction. The main difference between 1 and 2 is the four alkyl phosphonate arms in 1 designed to incorporate the porphyrin within the films. The increased activity of immobilized 1 is a combination of the porphyrin structure, which prohibits the formation of mu-oxo dimers even in solution, and a change in conformation when anchored to the surface. The study demonstrates that careful monolayer studies can provide useful models for the design and study of supported molecular catalyst systems.
Cathode strip chamber (CSC) raw data unpacking and packing using bit field classes

Unprecedented data rates that are expected at the LHC put high demand on the speed of the detector data acquisition system. The CSC subdetector located in the Muon Endcaps of the CMS detector has a data readout system equivalent in size to that of a whole Tevatron detector (60 VME crates in the CSC DAQ equal to the whole D0 DAQ size). As a part of the High Level Trigger, the CSC data unpacking runs online and it needs to be able to cope with high data rates online. Early versions of the unpacking code used bit shifts and masks to unpack binary data. To reduce the unpacking time we decided to switch to bit field based data unpacking. The switch allowed us to gain an order of magnitude in speed. In this paper we explain how bit field data unpacking works and why it is dramatically faster compared to conventional bit shift and mask methods.
Leaky Catecholamine Stores: Undue Waste or a Stress Response Coping Mechanism?

Turnover of catecholamines, representing the constant loss and replenishment of neurotransmitter by synthesis, is usually considered to be driven exclusively by catecholamine release. This is incorrect. An important contribution of intraneuronal metabolism of norepinephrine to turnover, and dependence of this on leakage of norepinephrine from vesicular stores, was originally proposed by Kopin in 1964. Several years later, Maas and colleagues concluded that at least 75% of norepinephrine turnover is due to intraneuronal metabolism without prior release at sympathetic nerve endings. More recently it was shown in the resting human heart that about 12% of norepinephrine turnover is due to extraneuronal uptake and metabolism or loss of the transmitter to the circulation, 15% is due to intraneuronal metabolism after reuptake, and 73% is due to intraneuronal metabolism of norepinephrine leaking from storage vesicles. Thus, contrary to usual depictions, vesicular stores of catecholamines do not exist in a static state simply waiting for exocytotic release. Rather, these stores exist in a highly dynamic equilibrium with the surrounding cytoplasm, with passive outward leakage of amines counterbalanced by inward active transport under the control of vesicular monoamine transporters. The large contribution of leakage to catecholamine turnover may seem inconsistent with cellular economy. In fact, this contribution provides an important mechanism for "gearing down" the requirement for increases in catecholamine synthesis to match increases in catecholamine release, and thereby provides sympathetic nerves with a capacity for a more extended range of sustainable release rates in response to stress than would otherwise be possible.
A Histological Comparison of the Original and Regenerated Tail in the Green Anole, Anolis carolinensis

This study provides a histological comparison of the mature regenerated and original tail of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. These data will provide a framework for future studies of this emerging model organism whose genome was recently published. This study demonstrated that the cartilage skeleton of the regenerated tail enclosed a spinal cord with an ependymal core, but there was no evidence that dorsal root ganglia or peripheral nerves are regenerated. The cartilage tube contained foramina that allowed the vasculature to cross, but was otherwise a rigid structure. The original tail has muscle groups arranged in quadrants in a regular pattern that attach to the vertebral column. The regenerated tail has irregular muscle bundles of variable number that form unusual attachments to each other and to the cartilage tube. Furthermore, the data show that there was increased connective tissue within the muscle bundles. Implications for functionality of the regenerated tail and for future biomechanical studies are discussed.
GENERALIZED COVERAGE MODELS AND PUBLIC FACILITY LOCATION

Many public facility location models have been developed using maximum service distance criteria. Most of these models can be classified as covering modes. This paper expands on the notion of service coverage where the value of coverage is not a constant as in previous models. This varying coverage value when coupled with the Maximal Covering Location Problem yields a set of new models which are more complex but still tractable. These new models provide an approach that is sensitive to many of the issues found in public facility location. Both convex and nonconvex covarage functions are discussed along with their potential use in locating noxious activities.
Insights into the Origin of High Activity and Stability of Catalysts Derived from Bulky, Electron-Rich Monophosphinobiaryl Ligands in the Pd-Catalyzed C-N Bond Formation

A comparative kinetic examination of catalyst systems based on several monophosphinobiaryl ligands is reported. The bulk of the phosphine ligand controls the catalytic activity and the rate of catalyst activation with the catalyst based on 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2‘,4‘,6‘-triisopropylbiphenyl providing the greatest activity and fastest activation. In the case where catalyst activation is slow (i.e., use of the smaller ligands such as 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2‘-methylbiphenyl in combination with Pd(OAc)2) stirring the amine with the catalyst/base mixture prior to the commencement of the reaction increases the reaction rate along with the rate of catalyst activation. Kinetic isotope effects established that the catalyst activation process occurs through a β-hydride elimination pathway.
The Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Liberal Arts Majors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of four-self-assessment instruments designed to help college students identify occupations consistent with a major field of study. Four hundred twenty-five liberal arts students volunteered to complete one form on the Self-Assessment Questionnaire. The reliability indices of the forms, estimated by coefficient alpha, ranged from .81 to .98. The construct validity of the separate forms was evaluated through factor analysis. On the basis of this evidence, the self-assessment approach was recommended to help college students identify occupations consistent with their major field of study.
Selective damping of resonant acoustic waves in tubes

A study of acoustic energy dissipation in a resonant tube fitted at one end with a hollow rodis presented. The inside diameter of the rod is a small fraction of the tube's diameter, so that the nature of the acoustic field in the tube is, in general, not significantly affected by the opening. It is shown, however, that under certain conditions the fields in the rod and in the tube can be resonantly coupled, and that in those conditions the damping in the tube is substantially increased owing to energy transfer from the tube to the hollow rod, where viscosity and heat conduction act more effectively. The analytical results are compared to experimental data also reported here and found to be in close agreement.
Corrections to “Cross-Domain Model Building and Validation (CDMV): A New Modeling Strategy to Reinforce Understanding of Nanomanufacturing Processes” [Jul 13 571-578]

In the above paper (ibid., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 571-578, Jul. 2013), in Section III-C, equations (16) and (17) were incorrect by missing a minus sign. The corrected equations are presented here.
CONCEALED PREEXCITATION AND WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE PATTERN POSSIBLY RELATED TO MAHAIM FIBERS

One case of concealed preexcitation and four cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pattern (including one questionable case) n which the electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations were highly suggestive of the conduction through Mahaim fibers or septal bypass are described. ECGs of Case 1 did not demonstrate preexcitation but showed a peculiar arrhythmia consisting mainly of the sequence of trigeminy and quadrigeminy due to the occurrence of "supraventricular premature beat" which is preceded by inverted P wave and often showed aberrant conduction of right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern and occasional anterograde conduction failure. Atrial reciprocal rhythm (ARR) related to the presence of concealed bypass which is essentially capable only of retrograde conduction, that is, a concealed preexcitation, was the most likely mechanism. Intermittent conduction through the left-sided Mahaim fibers was the most likely mechanism of aberrant conduction of ventricular reciprocal beat (VRB). Case 2 was type A WPW pattern associated with short PR interval. After daily intravenous drip infusion of digitalis (Cedilanid), which has been generally considered to depress the atrio-ventricular (A-V) conduction and accelerate the anomalous bypass conduction, PR interval gradually prolonged to 0.16 sec, while type A WPW pattern with decreased size of initial delta wave remained. This finding was considered to favor the mechanism of either combination of A-V nodal bypass and left-sided Mahaim fibers or left-sided Mahaim fibers alone rather than left-sided (type A) Kent bundle. Case 3 was believed to be type A WPW pattern due to anomalous conduction through left-sided Mahaim fibers. However, concomitant RBBB could not be wholly excluded in Cases 2 and 3 (particularly, in Case 2). Regarding Case 4, it was impossible to label as type A WPW pattern without the aid of intracardiac recordings and pacing study because such a QRS pattern seems to have been labelled as atypical RBBB. Case 5 was considered to be atypical case associated with normal PR interval. WPW pattern of A-V junctional escape beats was indicative of the conduction through Mahaim fibers or septal bypass.
The Effect of Feedback Specificity in a Virtual Training Environment

Feedback clearly contributes to performance improvement; however, the most effective ways to provide feedback in virtual training environments has not been established. In the present experiment we investigated the effect of feedback specificity. Participants practiced applying search procedures during multiple search missions in a virtual environment. All conditions received a performance score after each mission. The control group received no additional feedback, whereas the detailed group received feedback at the enabling learning objective level, and the general feedback group received feedback at the terminal learning objective level. The detailed group showed the most rapid performance improvement; however, participants in the general group showed equally rapid acquisition if they consulted supplementary materials two or three times. Those who did not performed no better than the control condition. The results suggest that easily accessible detailed feedback produces faster acquisition, compared to ...
Toll receptors, CD14, and macrophage activation and deactivation by LPS

This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms of macrophage activation and desensitization by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The most recent advances in the understanding of the function of the LPS receptor complex and its role in the development of the septic shock syndrome and endotoxin tolerance will be discussed.
The pheromone-induced nuclear accumulation of the Fus3 MAPK in yeast depends on its phosphorylation state and on Dig1 and Dig2

Like mammalian MAP kinases, the mating-specific Fus3 MAPK of yeast accumulates in the nuclei of stimulated cells. Because Fus3 does not appear to be subjected to active nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, it is not clear how its activation by mating pheromone effects the observed change in its localization. One possibility is that the activation of Fus3 changes its affinity for nuclear and cytoplasmic tethers. Dig1, Dig2, and Ste12 are nuclear proteins that interact with Fus3. We found that the pheromone-induced nuclear accumulation of a Fus3-GFP reporter is reduced in cells lacking Dig1 or Dig2, whereas Fus3T180AY182A-GFP localization was unaffected by the absence of these proteins. This suggests that Dig1 and Dig2 contribute to the retention of phosphorylated Fus3 in the nucleus. Moreover, overexpression of Ste12 caused the hyper-accumulation of Fus3-GFP (but not Fus3T180AY182A-GFP) in the nuclei of pheromone-treated cells, suggesting that Ste12 also plays a role in the nuclear retention of phosphorylated Fus3, either by directly interacting with it or by transcribing genes whose protein products are Fus3 tethers. We have previously reported that overexpression of the Msg5 phosphatase inhibits the nuclear localization of Fus3. Here we show that this effect depends on the phosphatase activity of Msg5, and provide evidence that both nuclear and cytoplasmic Msg5 can affect the localization of Fus3. Our data are consistent with a model in which the pheromone-induced phosphorylation of Fus3 increases its affinity for nuclear tethers, which contributes to its nuclear accumulation and is antagonized by Msg5.
Cadmium selenide: Surface and nanoparticle energetics

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) belongs to a class of important II–VI semiconductors widely used in optical, sensor, and laser materials and quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. Here we present the first direct calorimetric measurement of the surface energy of wurtzite CdSe. CdSe nanoparticles with particle size between 20 and 60 nm were prepared by a hydrothermal method without additives to control morphology, and the surface energy was derived from the drop solution enthalpies in molten sodium molybdate and from water adsorption calorimetry. The surface energy of the hydrated surface is 1.31 ± 0.26 J/m2, whereas that of the anhydrous surface is 1.65 ± 0.27 J/m2. These values are significantly lower than those for ZnO and many other oxides.
Interpreting the performance of HPF/Fortran 90D

In this paper we present a novel interpretive approach for accurate and cost-effective performance prediction in a high performance computing environment, and describe the design of a source-driven HPF/Fortran 90D performance prediction framework based on this approach. The performance prediction framework has been implemented as part of a HPF/Fortran 90D application development environment. A set of benchmarking kernels and application codes are used to validate the accuracy, utility, usability, and cost-effectiveness of the performance prediction framework. The use of the framework for selecting appropriate compiler directives and for application performance debugging is demonstrated.
Role of Berberis spp. as alternate hosts in generating new races of Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis

The common barberry and several other Berberis spp. serve as the alternate hosts to two important rust pathogens of small grains and grasses, Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis. Barberry eradication has been practiced for centuries as a means to control stem rust. Diverse virulence variations have been observed in populations of P. graminis f. sp. tritici that were associated with susceptible barberries in North America. Barberry likely has played a role in generating new races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in some regions in the world. Several North American stem rust races, namely races 56, 15B and QCC, initially originated from barberry, were subsequently responsible for generating large-scale epidemics. Thus, sexual cycles on Berberis spp. may generate virulence combinations that could have serious consequences to cereal crop production.
Design and evolution of a piezoelectrically actuated miniature swimming vehicle

This work details the design of a miniature swimming vehicle that propels itself through oscillations of a flexible fin mounted in the stern. The fin is driven through a mechanism that is actuated by two curved-beam bending piezoelectric actuators. An optimization routine is used to design the mechanism for rigid body guidance. The actuators are modeled statically using the Bernoulli-Euler method. Hamilton's principle is applied to the actuators and, by employing the modal analysis, a dynamic actuator model is developed and compared to experimental data. The physical evolution of the swimming vehicle is discussed, and a prototype for an on-board digital control circuit is evaluated. The latest vehicle design, which incorporates on-board digital control, is presented in terms of its design and experimentally determined the performance characteristics. The current swimming vehicle prototype achieves fish-like maneuvering and an approximate velocity of 0.25 m/s.
A study of neuromotor function and work injury risk among Hispanic adolescent farmworkers: pilot test findings

Although they labor in one of the most hazardous industries in the United States, very little is known about injury among adolescent farmworkers. Further, the impact of chronic, low-level exposure ...
SCREENING FOMC MEMBERS FOR THEIR BIASES AND DEPENDABILITY

This paper develops conjectures regarding the process by which the President as a principal selects Federal Reserve Governors and Bank Presidents as his agents on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). It first establishes that FOMC members can be grouped into sets which are marked by ease and tightness biases in voting behavior. It then identifies certain career characteristics of FOMC members which are correlated with each of these biases. The paper goes on to isolate reliable partisan subsets within the ease and tightness sets and identifies a career characteristic which is highly correlated with membership in these subsets; that characteristic is a career as an economist.
Connecting Instruction to Connected Technologies – Why Bother? An Instructional Designer’s Perspective

This article identifies the disconnect between workplace demands and university teaching. It highlights the importance of providing faculty development related to connected teaching and the role of the instructional designer to assist faculty with the integration of social media tools in their courses in a pedagogically appropriate way. Examples from practice include connected learning utilizing social media within online higher education courses and programs. Using the theory of connectivism, and the idea of connected learning, the article outlines possibilities to engage and support adjunct and distance faculty to embrace social media and networks.