cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ X-ray scattering study of the Pt(111)-solution interface: Ordered anion structures and their influence on copper underpotential deposition

Abstract We present an in situ X-ray scattering study of chloride and bromide adsorption onto the Pt(111) surface and the influence of these anions on the underpotential deposition (UPD) of copper. With bromide in solution, we observe an in-plane diffraction pattern that is consistent with a hexagonal, close-packed, bromide monolayer. The monolayer is incommensurate, but aligned with the underlying platinum lattice, and is present over a wide potential range. The in-plane diffraction measurements are correlated with X-ray specular reflectivity results, to confirm the surface coverages and give information about the surface normal structure. The initial adsorption of copper in the presence of bromide or chloride anions also results in an ordered structure with an incommensurate hexagonal unit cell. Changes in the in-plane scattering intensities at X-ray energies close to the Cu K-edge indicate that the adsorbed layer must include both copper and the halide. The data are described by a bilayer structure very similar to the (111) planes of CuCl (or CuBr).
The temporal effects of changes in in vitro fertilization culture media on the one-cell mouse embryo system

The one-cell mouse embryo system has previously been shown to be more sensitive than the two-cell system to mild changes in in vitro fertilization (IVF) culture media. To determine whether this greater sensitivity is related to the developmental stage or to the length of exposure, one-cell embryos were collected and cultured in control media (Ham's F-10, 282 mOsm/liter), in media of altered osmolality (260, 300, and 316 mOsm/liter), or in media containing Cidex diluted 1:100,000. The one-cell embryos were exposed to control or altered media in four patterns: control group—control medium for 96 hr; Group A—altered medium for the first 24 hr followed by control medium for 72 hr; Group B—control medium for the first 24 hr followed by altered medium for 72 hr; and Group C—control medium for the first 24 hr, altered medium for the next 24 hr, and control medium again for 48 hr. The percentage of embryos developing to blastocysts in Group A (exposed to adverse conditions only for the first 24 hr of culture) was significantly lower than in the control group under all conditions studied. In contrast, the percentage of blastocysts developing in Group B was significantly lower than in the control group only in medium of 315 mOsm/liter and was not different from that in controls under the other conditions studied. There was no difference between Group C and the control group. We conclude that the higher sensitivity of the one-cell system is an inherent property of the one-cell stage, as exposure of the embryo during this critical first 24-hr period proved to have the most profound consequences.
ADJUVANT IMMUNOTHERAPY IN BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

Ten patients with locally far advanced bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with autologous tumor vaccine after a radical surgical resection. Three of 10 patients treated with tumor vaccine are alive (median survival of 26 months) whereas all nine patients in the control group are dead (median survival of 6.5 months). Active immunotherapy adjunct to radical surgery appeared to improve cellular immunity of the treated patients in the postoperative period, and the migration inhibition test indicated sensitization of treated patients against their tumor.
Hydrothermal crystal growth of fresnoite

Abstract The growth of fresnoite, Ba 2 TiSi 2 O 8 , by hydrothermal synthesis has led to spontaneous generation of large, (4–5 mm) optically clear crystals from 6 M KF mineralizer solutions. Growth was achieved at relatively low synthesis temperatures (575 °C) comparative to fresnoite synthesis by Czochralski or flux methods. Bulk crystal growth possibilities were explored by transport reactions performed in both fluoride and hydroxide mineralizers with 25–45 °C temperature gradients. Growth rates of 0.14×0.19×0.22 mm 3 /week were established in 6 M KOH, which is significantly slower than standard hydrothermal rates of 1 mm/week. Although relatively slow, the hydrothermal method has been demonstrated as a synthesis route to high quality single crystals of fresnoite.
Total tense algebras and symmetric semiassociative relation algebras

It is well known that the latticeΛRA of varieties of relation algebras has exactly three atoms. An unsolved problem, posed by B. Jonsson, is to determine the varieties of height two inΛRA.
Pro‐ and Anti‐Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Murine Small Intestine and Liver After Chronic Exposure to Alcohol

Background: Endotoxin has been proposed to play a primary role in ALD, by initiating an inflammatory cascade within the liver. Although the source of these cytokines has been presumed to be circulating monocytes or tissue macrophages, ethanol-induced, nonhepatic sources of soluble mediators recently have been identified. One potential, but not clearly defined, extrahepatic source of cytokines in ALD is the intestine. In the current study, we hypothesized that alcohol would alter cytokine expression within the small intestine of mice exposed to ethanol and that LPS would alter levels of cytokine expression even more dramatically. Methods: Mice were fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid ethanol or control diet for up to 14 days prior to injecting either saline or LPS. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and cytokine levels, histology, and RT-PCR of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression were determined from distal ileum and liver samples. Translocation of intestinal bacterial flora also was assessed. Results: Ethanol exposure upregulated basal gene expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS in the distal ileum, but similar effects of ethanol on the liver were not observed. In contrast, LPS challenge of ethanol-exposed mice increased intestinal gene expression of some cytokines, but decreased expression of others. These effects were not associated with bacterial translocation. Also, ethanol alone induced a modest increase in both ICAM-1 and TLR4 mRNA expression in the intestine, but expression of both molecules was inhibited in mice that received both ethanol and LPS. Finally, whereas basal levels of hepatic IL-11 mRNA were not elevated by exposure to ethanol, intestinal IL-11 mRNA levels were increased more than100-fold. Conclusions: These studies are the first to show that ethanol affects cytokine gene expression in the ileum and identifies the ileum as a potential target for ethanol effects. In addition, our results suggest that IL-11 expression may be enhanced in the intestine to help repair or protect this organ from alcohol-induced damage. Collectively, these studies suggest that both pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble mediators in the intestine maintain and exacerbate the local hepatic response to ethanol.
The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. II. Scaling of isometric force adjustments.

In the previous study it was shown that cats were capable of making rapid and accurate adjustments in the force they applied to a lever in accord with information provided by a compensatory display. In the present study, isometric responses were examined in greater detail to determine 1. if a general control policy (or model) governing responses of different magnitudes could be inferred from the relations among output parameters and 2. if the earliest output measures were scaled to the preceding sensory events. The force adjustments elicited by the sudden motion of the display showed a linear relation between the peak force and the peak of its first derivative, dF/dt. Similarly, the peak d2F/dt2 was a linear function of dF/dt. By contrast, the times required to achieve the peak force and the peak dF/dt were largely independent of their magnitudes. These adjustments were produced by a burst of EMG activity in agonist muscles which coincided with the rising phase of dF/dt. The observations suggest that such motor outputs are determined by a pulse-step control policy. The amplitude of the pulse would control the rate of rise of dF/dt (and therefore also the peak force since the rising phase of dF/dt was of constant duration), and the step would control the level of the terminal steady state force. Both the peak force and the preceding peak dF/dt were highly correlated with the amplitude of the perturbation. Changes in display gain, which altered the required relation between input and output magnitudes, resulted in a gradual readjustment of the output parameters. It was concluded that the motor outputs were scaled from their inception to requirements dictated by the initial sensory information. The selection by the cat of the appropriate scaling function was contingent upon its previous experience with the device.
At the Nexus of Labor and Leisure: Baseball, Nativism, and the 1919 Black Sox Scandal

This article analyzes the 1919 baseball scandal in relation to broader issues including labor, "outsiders," and Americanism following World War I. I argue that the scandal muted concerns about labor relations raised by players, and instead focused on supposed threats by "outsiders" and "foreigners" who, through their connections to the sporting underworld, sullied the American institution of baseball. I juxtapose the Black Sox scandal with the nationwide steel strike of 1919 to highlight how the rhetoric used to discuss both events, by industrial leaders, social commentators, and the popular press, reflected rising nativist attitudes and ideas that ultimately fueled the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids. Discussions of both the steel strike and the Black Sox scandal were subsumed under the banner of Americanism, and illustrated how the meaning of Americanism was constricted following the war. Sites such as the shopfloor and the baseball field became arenas in which these narrowing definitions of Americanism were constructed and negotiated.
Love and Eos make the world go round

After 15 years of teaching environmental science, health, and safety at the College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma (not far from the Holocene Meers Fault), it was time for a change. I took a deep breath, gave up a tenured faculty position, and moved to Boulder, Colo., to work for a well-known geological society, where my office looked out on steep slabs of Pennsylvanian sandstone at the edge of the Rocky Mountains. Seven months later, I realized there was a new neighbor next door—literally on the other side of the wall of my condo. Remembering my Oklahoma manners, I went next door to welcome the new neighbor. Alan Nelson answered the door and was momentarily speechless when I introduced myself as Deborah Nelson. He quickly recovered and invited me in. We began one of those halting conversations that proceeded until I spied a copy of Eos on the coffee table. “You must be a geologist!” I proudly exclaimed, since I knew that Eos is the weekly publication of AGU. Once again, Alan, who is indeed a geologist, was at a loss for words—but with this happy discovery, the conversation was off and running.
Osteoblast Lineage-Specific Effects of Notch Activation in the Skeleton

Transgenic overexpression of the Notch1 intracellular domain inhibits osteoblast differentiation and causes osteopenia, and inactivation of Notch1 and Notch2 increases bone volume transiently and induces osteoblastic differentiation. However, the biology of Notch is cell-context-dependent, and consequences of Notch activation in cells of the osteoblastic lineage at various stages of differentiation and in osteocytes have not been defined. For this purpose, Rosa(Notch) mice, where a loxP-flanked STOP cassette placed between the Rosa26 promoter and the NICD coding sequence, were crossed with transgenics expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of the Osterix (Osx), Osteocalcin (Oc), Collagen 1a1 (Col2.3), or Dentin matrix protein1 (Dmp1) promoters. At 1 month, Osx-Cre;Rosa(Notch) and Oc-Cre;Rosa(Notch) mice exhibited osteopenia due to impaired bone formation. In contrast, Col2.3-Cre;Rosa(Notch) and Dmp1-Cre;Rosa(Notch) exhibited increased femoral trabecular bone volume due to a decrease in osteoclast number and eroded surface. In the four lines studied, cortical bone was either not present, was porous, or had the appearance of trabecular bone. Oc-Cre;Rosa(Notch) and Col2.3-Cre;Rosa(Notch) mice exhibited early lethality so that their adult phenotype was not established. At 3 months, Osx-Cre;Rosa(Notch) and Dmp1-Cre;Rosa(Notch) mice displayed increased bone volume, and increased osteoblasts although calcein-demeclocycline labels were diffuse and fragmented, indicating abnormal bone formation. In conclusion, Notch effects in the skeleton are cell-context-dependent. When expressed in immature osteoblasts, Notch arrests their differentiation, causing osteopenia, and when expressed in osteocytes, it causes an initial suppression of bone resorption and increased bone volume, a phenotype that evolves as the mice mature.
A Substantial Bias in Nonparametric Tests for Periodicity in Geophysical Data

A nonparametric test that has been used to conclude that extinction rates are periodic with a period of 26 million years is shown to be substantially biased toward this conclusion, regardless of whether or not the data are periodic in origin (and, indeed, regardless of the actual period if they are in fact periodic). The test is shown to be sensitive to measurement error of a type expected with these data (early recording of extinctions due to missing fossil specimens, the "Signor-Lipps effect"), and it is shown that because of the unequal spacing in time, such models may be expected to produce statistically significant but artifactual periods of (in this case) exactly 26 million years over the span of time actually used.
A Branding Strategy for Emerging Market Firms Entering Developed Markets

ABSTRACT Firms from emerging markets face several challenges when entering and trying to compete in developed markets. One of these obstacles to success is the negative country of origin effects that these firms face. By viewing the country of origin phenomenon through the lens of signaling theory, we propose that firms can reduce the noise caused by the made in … label by adopting a branding strategy that consumers connote with a positive country image. In an experiment focusing on brand names from Hungary and Vietnam, we find that this strategy neutralizes noise caused by the country of origin label and leads to favorable product evaluations.
Spatial pricing models with lumpy transportation costs: the case for travel cost subsidization

While many pricing possibilities have been studied in economic literature, almost all models dealing with spatial pricing assume that a separate transportation cost is paid for each unit purchased. This paper reanalyzes the most common spatial pricing options under the assumption that the transportation cost does not increase as the consumer buys additional units of a product, consistent with shopping trips, vacations, and other common activities. We derive optimal pricing policies and compare profitability and efficiency measures for several pricing strategies when transportation costs are lump sum, and suggest a new, remarkably efficient rule involving subsidizing travel costs.
Volume averaging for the analysis of turbulent spray flows

Abstract Spray flow calculations are usually based upon equations that have been developed by averaging droplet properties locally throughout the flow field. Presently, standard procedure for LES (large-eddy simulations) is to average these averaged equations once again to filter the short-length-scale fluctuations. In this paper, the theoretical foundations for the averaged spray equations are examined; then the volume-averaging process for LES and the volume-averaging process for two-phase flows are unified for the analysis of turbulent, two-phase flows. Comments are provided on the relationship between the averaging volume and the computational-cell volume. This paper provides generality to the weighting-function choice in the averaging process and precision to the definition of the volume over which the averaging is performed. New flux terms that result from the averaging process and appear in the governing averaged partial differential equations are identified and their modelling is discussed. Situations are identified where sufficient stratification of properties on the scale smaller than the averaging volume leads to the significance of these quantities. Evolution equations for averaged entropy and averaged vorticity are developed. The relationship amongst the curl of the average gas-phase velocity, the average of the gas-phase-velocity curl, and the rotation of the discrete droplets or particles is established. The needs and challenges for sub-grid modelling to account for small-vortex/droplet interactions are presented. Applications to spray combustion are discussed.
Place memory formation in Drosophila is independent of proper octopamine signaling.

The biogenic amines play a critical role in establishing memories. In the insects, octopamine, dopamine, and serotonin have key functions in memory formation. For Drosophila, octopamine is necessary and sufficient for appetitive olfactory memory formation. Whether octopamine plays a general role in reinforcing memories in the fly is not known. Place learning in the heat-box associates high temperatures with one part of a narrow chamber, and a cool, strongly preferred temperature with the other half of the chamber. The cool-temperature-associated chamber half could provide a rewarding stimulus to a fly, and thus a place memory is composed of an aversive and rewarded memory component. The role of octopamine in place memory was thus tested. Using a mutation in the tyramine beta hydroxylase (TβH[M18]) and blocking of evoked synaptic transmission in the octopamine (and tyramine) neurons labeled with a tyramine decarboxylase-2 (TDC2) gene regulatory elements we found that reinforcement of place memories is independent of normal octopamine signaling. Thus, reinforcing mechanisms in Drosophila have specialized systems in the formation of specific memory types.
Information technology: a survey from the perspective of higher education

Information technology that cost a million dollars in 1950 will be available in the year 2000 for ten dollars. Developments in software, while not as much noticed, have been at least as remarkable as developments in computer hardware. The current and near‐term realities related to computing hardware, communication technology, storage technology, software, and the human‐computer interface are described and placed in context.
Discriminant analysis of “activated” EEC

Samples of EEG activity from different experimental situations, ranging from rest to mild stress, were subjected to a spectral analysis and were then classified into their appropriate categories by a step-wise discriminant analysis program. While it was possible to discriminate among waking experimental situations for a given individual, this was not possible when 4 Ss were combined. When samples from different sleep stages were classified, it was possible to combine 4 Ss.
Comparing physisorption and chemisorption solid sorbents for use separating CO2 from flue gas using temperature swing adsorption

Abstract We have examined the capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas by adsorption on solid sorbents using an equilibrium model for a packed bed temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process for a wide range of sorbents. This model determines the working capacity of the sorbent by looking at the difference between the equilibrium adsorbed concentrations at the adsorption and desorption conditions, and uses the sensible and latent heating requirements to determine the minimum energy usage. Using the results of this model, a class of sorbents can be constructed that have nearly identical physical properties but variable heats of adsorption for carbon dioxide to mimic different adsorption mechanisms. Parametric studies are run to determine the calculated minimum energy requirements per ton of carbon dioxide captured for this class of sorbents and a global minimum is found. This paper also discusses the effect of heat of adsorption on adsorption isotherms and what isotherm shapes are most beneficial for minimizing energy usage in carbon capture.
Noniterative algorithms for finding quantum optimal controls

Iterative methods are generally necessary for solving the design equations to identify optimal quantum controls. Since iteration can be computationally intensive, it is significant to develop good approximate noniterative methods. In this paper we present noniterative techniques for achieving quantum optimal control over the expectation value of positive semidefinite operators. The noniterative methods are characterized by an order index. Zeroth-order methods involving no feedback from the objective are generally found to be inadequate. A proposed first-order noniterative algorithm is expected to often be a good approximation. Numerical tests verify the noniterative capabilities of the algorithm.
Site and Clone Effects on the Potato Root-Associated Core Microbiome and its Relationship to Tuber Yield and Nutrients

The aim of this study was to describe the variability in the root-associated bacterial community due to location and clone, and to determine whether an underlying core bacterial community exists that might benefit the quality of the potato crop. Root-associated bacterial communities from one growing season were examined with 454 sequencing. Variance analysis using perMANOVA attributed 45.4 % and 24.1 % of the community variability to site and clone effects, respectively. A total of 123 bacterial operational taxonomic units were correlated with tuber yield and/or tuber nutrient content, a majority belong to the order Rhizobiales. Rhizobiales bacteria are recognized contributors to crop nitrogen needs for many legumes; however, no known symbiotic relationship between potato roots and nitrogen fixing bacteria exists. Within the Rhizobiales order, the genus Devosia is a major contributor to both the presence/absence core “bacteriome” and the sparse partial least squares core “bacteriome,” thus further exploration into this unknown relationship is warranted.
Subcellular Effects of Cytochalasin B and Dimethylsulfoxide on Paramecium aurelia

SYNOPSIS. Paramecium aurelia syngen 4, stock 57 (sensitive) cultivated in Cerophyl infusion were exposed to cytochalasin B CB and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent for CB, to distinguish between the effects of these agents on a cellular system. DMSO significantly inhibited survival, fission rate, [3H]leucine incorporation, and cell size. CB-treated cells generally had slower division and poorer survival rates than cells exposed to the equivalent DMSO concentration, although the [3H]leucine incorporation was generally greater at the lower CB concentrations than for DMSO alone. As seen by electron microscopy and a new grycerination technic for observing polysomes, DMSO caused nuclear (nucleolar, chromatin) abnormalities as well as membrane degradation and polysomal breakdown; CB caused the formation of aberrant membrane structures and ribosomal tetramers, crystals, and tubes.
Prediction of the ground-level refractive index structure parameter from the measurement of atmospheric conditions

Evaluation of the methods developed by Bendersky, Kopeika, and Blaunstein1 to predict the refractive index structure parameter from the direct measurement of macroscopic atmospheric conditions were investigated. Measurements of ground-level temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar flux, and aerosol loading taken by the University of Central Florida weather station were compared against concurrent measurements of the refractive index structure parameter made by Scintec SLS-20 scintillometers positioned near the weather station. Wind measurements were obtained by three, three-axis sonic anemometers (capable of resolving a three-dimensional wind vector) positioned at heights of 1, 1.5, and 2.5 meters above the ground. Temperature measurements were taken at ground level, and at heights of 1 and 1.5 meters. Data were collected for two days atop Antelope Peak, NV. Collection times covered both daytime and nighttime measurements.
Structure and expression of the triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

We report the isolation of the genomic sequence that encodes the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase of Drosophila melanogaster. There is a single copy of the Tpi sequence in the genome of Drosophila, as judged by Southern blots and in situ hybridization to salivary gland chromosomes. The sequence of 3414 nucleotides from the Tpi region was determined. The gene has an intron in the 5′ untranslated region of the transcript and a second intron in the coding region at an evolutionarily conserved position. Transcripts initiate at a single site which does not have a TATA box in the usual position. Northern blot analysis of RNA prepared from different developmental stages revealed that Tpi mRNA is present in substantial amounts in oocytes, declines in abundance in early embryos, and begins to increase during mid-embryogenesis. Transcript abundance follows a pattern typical of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism. A peak is found during third instar followed by a decline during pupal stages and then a second rise near the time of eclosion.
The Beam Diagnostics System, Serving the Serpukhov Fast Ejection

A set of beam transformers measures the intensity of each bunch, circulating or ejected. Five electrostatic pick-ups measure the radial position of one selected bunch. Secondary emission grids and luminescent screens give the profile and position of the beam at relevant points. Gated radiation detectors monitor beam loss in the ejection area. All signals are digitalized and fed to a minicomputer on line. Readout is via nixies, CRT analogue displays, pen recorders and a teletype. Statistics can be made over a chosen number of acceleration cycles.
Synthesis of Z- and E-[2,3-2H2] and [2,3-3H2]-1,1-dichloro-2,3- diphenylcyclopropane (2H- and 3H-analog II and its trans isomer)

2H and 3H labeled Z- and E-1,1-dichloro-2,3-diphenylcyclopropane (1 and 2) were synthesized starting from NaB2H4 and NaB3H4 reduction of benzil. The resulting glycols were transformed to the 1,2-labeled Z- and E-stilbenes by thermolysis of their cyclic thionocarbonates in trimethylphosphite. The stilbenes were reacted with phase transfer-generated dichlorocarbene to form the title compounds. The dideuterio isomers were separated by fractional crystallization in yields of 60 and 48%. Each was greater than 99 % geometrically and 98 % isotopically pure. The ditritio isomers were separated by C-18 JPLC. The radiochemical yields, on a molar basis using benzil as the limiting reagent, were 42 % and 23 %, each with specific activity of 88.5 mCi/mmol and radiochemical purity of > 95%.
The anisotropic hydraulic permeability of human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Influence of age, degeneration, direction, and water content.

Study Design. Experimental investigation to determine the effect of intervertebral disc degeneration on the kinetic behavior of fluid in human anulus fibrosus. Objectives. To measure the hydraulic permeability coefficient of anulus fibrosus specimens in the axial, circumferential, and radial directions to determine the anisotropic permeability behavior of nondegenerate and degenerate human intervertebral discs over a range of ages. Summary of Background Data. Fluid, a major component of normal intervertebral discs, plays a significant role in their load-supporting mechanisms. Transport of fluid through the intervertebral disc is important for cell nutrition and disc viscoelastic and swelling behaviors. The hydraulic permeability coefficient is the most important material property governing the rate of fluid transport. However, little is known about the anisotropic behavior of this kinetic property and how it is influenced by disc degeneration. Methods. Using a permeation testing apparatus developed recently, testing was performed on 306 axial, circumferential, and radial anulus fibrosus specimens from the posterolateral region of 30 human lumbar (L2-L3) discs. A new method, flow-controlled testing protocol, was developed to measure the hydraulic permeability coefficient. Results. The hydraulic permeability coefficient of anulus fibrosus depended significantly on the disc degenerative grade (P = 0.0001) and flow direction (P = 0.0001). For the nondegenerate group (Grade I), the hydraulic permeability was significantly anisotropic (P 0.05) except in the circumferential direction (3.8% increase; P < 0.05). Conclusions. The hydraulic permeability of human nondegenerate anulus fibrosus is direction-dependent (i.e., anisotropic), with the greatest permeability in the radial direction. With disc degeneration, the radial permeability of anulus fibrosus decreases, mainly because of decreased water content, and the axial and circumferential permeability coefficients increase, mainly because of structural change, leading to more isotropic permeability behavior for Grade III discs.
Analytic Solutions for a Spinning Rigid Body Subject to Time-Varying Body-Fixed Torques, Part II: Time-Varying Axial Torque

Analytic solutions are derived for the general attitude motion of a near-symmetric rigid body subject to time-varying torques in terms of certain integrals. A meth­ odology is presented for evaluating these integrals in closed form. We consider the case of constant torque about the spin axis and of transverse torques expressed in terms of polynomial functions of time. For an axisymmetric body with constant axial torque, the resulting solutions of Euler's equations of motion are exact. The analytic solutions for the Eulerian angles are approximate owing to a small angle assumption, but these apply to a wide variety of practical problems. The case when all three components of the external torque vector vary simultaneously with time is much more difficult and is treated in Part II.
Analyzing sequential relations in observational data: A practical guide

Many observational systems in basic and applied research produce a record of sequences of events over time. Within such observational systems, important information may be found in the frequency of the transitions between events that does not emerge in the typical researcher's focus on absolute event frequency. Indeed, if many behaviors are controlled by closely adjacent preceding events, then substantial prediction and control can be obtained through knowledge and manipulation of causal event transitions. A method for analyzing and testing sequential dependencies between events is proposed as part of an integrated package of computer-based data entry, storage, and analysis procedures. The mathematical portion of these techniques is based on the statistic, kappa,which is applicable to determining whether particular transitions among events differ from chance and whether particular transitions differ significantly across groups of subjects. Low-cost hardware and software to implement the proposed procedures are described.
Regulatory volume increase in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, shrunken as a result of KCl-depletion and Na+ loading, re-establish normal ionic concentrations by the combined activity of the Na+/K+ pump and the (2Cl- + K+ + Na+) cotransport system. Restoration of cell volume, however, correlates only with the increase in intracellular Cl-. This along with the finding that the equilibrium volume is linearly related to the steady state [Cl-] suggests that the extent to which cell volume increases is determined by Cl- transport. Net Cl- uptake, which is mediated almost exclusively by the cotransport system, is ultimately responsible for establishing the steady-state intracellular Cl- concentration. Transport mediated by this pathway ceases when the sum of the chemical potentials for Na+, K+ and Cl- approaches zero and corresponds with the establishment of a steady state for Cl-. These findings suggest that Cl- plays a key role in the regulation of net cotransport activity and thereby cell volume.
Implementation and evaluation of a wide-angle stereo vision system using the OMNIview motionless camera system

This paper presents an evaluation of a stereo vision system using a unique wide-angle imaging device. Because of the extremely wide field of view, the use of such optics is potentially useful to stereo applications where large scenes or close-up features are of interest. A general problem and deterrent for the use of wide-angle optics has been the large amount of distortion which makes processing of the warped image features and modeling of the lens difficult when using conventional camera models. However, this research attempts to use a unique digital orientation and viewing apparatus, OMNIview, to eliminate this problem. The OMNIview motionless camera orientation system provides a method for video pan, tilt, zoom, rotation, and distortion correction without moving parts. The incentive for using such a device within a stereo vision system is the wide field of measurement which can be achieved without physical scanning of the camera. This research shows that use of OMNIview for acquisition and correction of a stereo pair of wide-angle images results in limitations to the accuracy of the system.
Atomic parameters for paramagnetic resonance data

Abstract The atomic parameter ψ2(0) and the isotropic hyperfine interaction A for unit spin density in the corresponding s orbital are calculated for the most abundant nuclei of the elements from helium to bismuth from the Hermann-Skillman wavefunction. Angular factors for p, d, and f orbitals are also given, and the application of the results is illustrated by the interpretation of the hyperfine intractions in the radicals PbF63− and YbH.
Analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectra of amorphous carbon nitride films

Abstract Carbon nitride films were prepared using a dual ion beam assisted deposition technique with a bombardment energy of 100–500 eV. The films were characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. A thermal activation model of nitrogen decomposition is presented, which explains the deviation of the observed N/C composition ratio from the N/C arrival ratio. An analysis of the bonding configuration indicates that the ratio of the sp 2 trigonal component to the sp 3 tetrahedral component is strongly dependent on the bombarding energy. A characteristic ion energy is deduced for the formation of tetrahedral amorphous carbon nitrides. The threshold energy enhances the rearrangement of deposited atoms and reduces decomposition of nitrogen atoms.
Comparing Cascading and Indexed Menu Designs for Differences in Performance and Preference

Three menu layouts were compared for objective and subjective performance, as well as overall preference. The menus structures consisted of an index layout, a vertical cascading layout, and a horizontal cascading layout. Significant differences in search time were revealed between the three menu item layouts that favored the index menu layout. In addition, there was a non-reliable trend that favored the subjective opinion that the index layout was less disorientating than the other two layouts. Moreover, participants selected the index layout as their first preference choice more than the other two layouts. The poorest performer, both objectively and subjectively, was the horizontal layout. Possible reasons for these outcomes are discussed.
Molecular and epidemiologic characteristics of linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci at a tertiary care hospital

We investigated emergence of linezolid resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci at our tertiary care center in 2007. All 17 cases were healthcare associated, and prior administration of linezolid was documented ≤2 months before first isolation of linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci for all but 1 patient. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the 14 available strains demonstrated 1 predominant clonal type, suggesting nosocomial spread. In addition to mutations in 23S rRNA and L4 previously described, we observed novel alterations in the 23S rRNA gene (G2215A) and in the L3 protein (substitutions L101V, H146Q/R, F147I, V154L, M156T). The increase in linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci correlated with nosocomial transmission of selected mutated strains in patients who had received linezolid.
Avian Density and Nest Survival on the San Pedro River: Importance of Vegetation Type and Hydrologic Regime

Lowland riparian vegetation in the southwestern United States is critically important for maintaining a high richness and density of breeding birds. Further investigation is needed within riparian corridors, however, to evaluate the relative importance of vegetation type and hydrologic regime for avian density and nest survival as targets for regional conservation or restoration efforts. We estimated the densities of 40 bird species and for species grouped on the basis of nest height and dependence on surface water in gallery cottonwood-willow (Populus spp.-Salix spp.) forests, saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) shrub lands, and terrace vegetation types along a gradient in the hydrologic regime of the San Pedro River, Arizona, USA. We also assessed nest survival for shrub-nesting insectivores and herbivores. Canopy-nesting birds as a group and 14 individual bird species reached their greatest densities in cottonwood forests regardless of the hydrologic regime. Water- dependent birds as a group reached their highest density in both intermittent- and perennial-flow cottonwood stands, but certain species occurred almost exclusively in perennial-flow sites. Two shrub-nesting species and the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) were most abundant in saltcedar shrub lands, and the brown-headed cowbird was most abundant in saltcedar stands with intermittent flows. Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) and big sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii) grassland each maintained the highest densities of certain species within L hydrologic regime. Shrub-nesting insectivores had the greatest nest survival in cottonwood, including Arizona Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii arizonae), and also had lower proportions of nests parasitized and preyed upon, although 95% confidence intervals among vegetation types overlapped. Nest survival for both shrub-nesting insectivores and herbivores was lowest in intermittent-flow saltcedar, although, again, confidence intervals overlapped. Nest survival was lower in parasitized than nonparasitized nests in mesquite and across vegetation types for Arizona Bell's vireo and in cottonwood for Abert's towhee (Pipilo aberti). Riparian management that maintains heterogeneous riparian vegetation types, including floodplain vegetation comprising cottonwood-willow gallery riparian forests with some stretches of perennial flow, are important for maintaining the high diversity and abundance of breeding birds on the San Pedro River and probably across the region. Cottonwood stands also appear to maintain highest nest survival for some shrub-nesting birds.
Action comprehension in aphasia: linguistic and non-linguistic deficits and their lesion correlates.

We tested aphasic patients’ comprehension of actions to examine processing deficits in the linguistic and non-linguistic domains and their lesion correlates. Twenty-nine left-hemisphere injured patients and 18 age-matched control subjects matched pictured actions (with the objects missing) or their linguistic equivalents (printed sentences with the object missing) to one of two visually-presented pictures of objects. Aphasic patients performed poorly not only in the linguistic domain but also in the non-linguistic domain. A subset of the patients, largely consisting of severe and non-fluent aphasics, showed a greater deficit in the linguistic domain compared with the non-linguistic domain and across the patient group, deficits in the linguistic and non-linguistic domains were not tightly correlated. Poor performance in pantomime interpretation was associated with lesions in the inferior frontal, premotor and motor cortex, a portion of somatosensory cortex, and the caudate, while poor reading comprehension of actions was associated with lesions around the anterior superior temporal lobe, the anterior insula and the anterior portion of the inferior parietal lobe. Lesion size did not correlate with deficits. The lesion results for pantomime interpretation deficits demonstrate that lesions in the frontal component of the human analog of the “mirror neuron system” are associated with deficits in non-linguistic action understanding. For reading comprehension deficits, the lesion correlates are brain areas known to be involved in linguistic tasks including sentence processing and speech articulation; the parietal lesion site may also correspond to a subpart of the human mirror neuron system. These results indicate that brain areas important for the production of language and action are also recruited in their comprehension. Similar findings have been reported in electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies. Our findings now also lend neuropsychological support to an embodied view of brain organization for action processing.
Disadvantage, Inequality, And Social Policy

Eliminating disparities in health is a primary goal of the federal government and many states. Our overarching objective should be to improve population health for all groups to the maximum extent. Ironically, enhancing population health and even the health of the disadvantaged can conflict with efforts to reduce disparities. This paper presents data showing that interventions that offer some of the largest possible gains for the disadvantaged may also increase disparities, and it examines policies that offer the potential to decrease disparities while improving population health. Enhancement of educational attainment and access to health services and income support for those in greatest need appear to be particularly important pathways to improved population health.
Spectral efficiency of a power-controlled CDMA mobile personal communication system

The spectral efficiency is determined for a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communications system that employs rapid closed-loop power control on a channel with doubly selective fading. The sensitivity of the spectral efficiency to the chip rate of the direct-sequence waveform and the number of taps in the RAKE receiver is considered. The effectiveness of the power-control method is also examined for different power-control delays, delay spectra, and Doppler spreads. The implications of the results for the design of personal communication systems are discussed.
Myocardial FFA metabolism during rest and atrial pacing in humans

There is limited in vivo data in humans evaluating myocardial fat utilization during increased heart work. This study was done to determine myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism during rest and atrial pacing, which increases cardiac work without changing arterial substrate concentration. We studied seven healthy men and women (age = 49.7 +/- 3.9 yr, BMI = 23.4 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2), Vo(2max) = 35.5 +/- 3.0 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), ejection fraction = 68 +/- 3%). After 3 days of dietary control, coronary sinus, femoral arterial and venous, and peripheral venous catheters were placed. Subjects received [(13)C]bicarbonate followed by a continuous infusion of [1-(13)C]palmitate through the end of the study. Arterial and coronary sinus blood sampling and measurements of resting coronary sinus blood flow were made during rest and atrial pacing to 120 beats/min. MVo(2) increased (P < 0.05) from rest to atrial pacing. Coronary sinus FFA concentration was significantly lower than arterial through rest and atrial pacing (P = 0.007). Isotopically measured myocardial palmitate uptake increased significantly from rest to atrial pacing (P = 0.03). Approximately one-third of palmitate delivery was extracted by the myocardium during rest and atrial pacing. Myocardial V(13)CO(2) production and palmitate oxidation increased significantly from rest (P < 0.01) to atrial pacing. Net glycerol balance was significantly greater than zero during rest (P = 0.04) but not different from zero during atrial pacing (P = 0.13). These data suggest that myocardial lipid uptake and oxidation increase with greater heart work during atrial pacing, with a similar relative proportion of fat oxidation to total myocardial energy expenditure.
The Influences of Verbal Smell References in Radio Advertisements

In an industry plagued by high failure rates and exorbitant amounts spent on marketing, restaurants must find ways to increase the effectiveness of their advertising. The purpose of this study is to explore how verbal smell references in restaurants’ radio advertisements (e.g., “You can almost smell the smoky and delicious aroma of your steak grilling to perfection”) affect consumers’ perceived ability to “almost taste” and “almost smell” the advertised product, affective response, and purchase intentions. In a between-subjects experiment conducted on undergraduate students, this research finds that a verbal smell reference in a radio ad significantly influences a potential consumer’s ability to almost smell and almost taste the advertised product. The smell reference also significantly affects individuals’ affective responses to the ad and purchase intent for the product. Interestingly, this research also finds that the level of “brand excitement” associated with the advertised brand perfectly mediates t...
Does Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Transient Ischemic Attack Patients Improve Accuracy of Diagnosis, Prognosis, or Both?

To the Editor: Over the past decade, much attention has been placed on identifying reliable predictors of stroke risk after transient ischemic attack (TIA). These may be potentially helpful in selectively triaging patients and appropriating limited healthcare resources. Ay et al1 have now combined a clinical and radiographic prognostic model to predict risk of ischemic stroke within the first 7 days after TIA. This predictive model, although practical and convenient, should be applied with an understanding of its inherent …
Developing a Health Screening Questionnaire for Women in Welfare Transition Programs in the United States

Women in United States Welfare Transition Programs (WTPs) have high rates of chronic health problems that might present significant barriers to obtaining and/or maintaining employment. Inadequate, standardized health screening in WTPs across the United States contributes to the problem of achieving self-sufficiency for disadvantaged women. Using community-based participatory research as a framework, the study's purpose was to develop a culturally relevant and sensitive health screening questionnaire that would be acceptable for use with women enrolled in WTPs. Three rounds of focus groups (n = 10) were conducted with a total of 61 women. Analysis of focus group interviews revealed not only content areas identified as important to health, but critical process issues involved in administering the tool. The distinction between process and content was a critical finding because it stressed the importance of not only what women were asked, but how, when, and by whom they were asked.
Environmental Influences on the Longitudinal Covariance of Expressive Vocabulary: Measuring the Home Literacy Environment in a Genetically Sensitive Design.

HLE accounted for between 6‐10% of the total variance in each year of vocabulary assessment. Furthermore, 7‐9% of the total variance of the stability over time in BNT was accounted for by covariance in the home literacy environment. Conclusions: These results indicate that aspects of the home literacy environment, as reported by mothers, account for some of the shared environmental variance associated with expressive vocabulary in school aged children. Keywords: Expressive vocabulary, home literacy environment, twins, genetics, environments. Abbreviations: HLE: home literacy environment; BNT: Boston Naming Test.