cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher order crack tip asymptotic solutions for quasi-static steady crack growth in nonlinear viscous solids

A METHODOLOGY for the determination of higher order terms in the asymptotic expansion of the crack tip fields for the problem of quasi-static steady-state crack growth in an elastic-nonlinear-viscous solid is developed. The creep strain rate is assumed to be proportional to stress raised to some power. The possibility of each term in the asymptotic expanston being separable in r and 0, where (,; 0) are polar coordinates at the crack tip. is examined, and the first two terms in the asymptotic series are obtained. Anti-plane shear (mode-III) and plant strain solutions for a crack in a homogeneous material as well as for a crack lying along the interface between an elastic-viscous solid and a rigid substrate are obtained. In all cases analysed. both the first and the second terms of the asymptotic expansion of the crack tip stress felds are singular in r as r + 0, when the creep exponent is in the range 3 3. For each value of the creep exponent, there are two distinct solutions with a very dilferent mode-mix on the intcrfacial line ahead of the crack: one of the solutions is mode-I-like, whereas the other has a substantial mode-11 component. TRADITIONALLY, the interpretation of the experimental data obtained during crack growth under creep conditions is based on asymptotic crack tip solutions, which provide a series representation of the local stress fields. The leading term in the aforementioned asymptotic expansion in a homogeneous rate sensitive solid has been determined by Hur and RIEDEL (198 1) and YANG and FREUND (1986). Hur and RIEDEL (1981) studied the quasi-static steady-state crack growth in an elastic-nonlinearviscous material for which the creep strain rate is proportional to stress raised to some power. They showed that, when the creep exponent n is greater than 3, the leading term in the expansion is completely autonomous, that is, it is determined completely from the asymptotic analysis alone in terms of the speed of crack growth and the material parameters, without the appearance of free parameters which could depend on the remote loads. YANG and FREUND (1986) considered an elastic- viscoplastic material that shows the same power law dependence of inelastic strain rate on stress for large stress magnitudes, but which retains the properties of existence of an elastic
Evaluation of seven proprietary denture cleansers

A c r y l i c resin bases on both removable partial and complete dentures attract stains and odor-producing organic and inorganic deposits. Plaque is responsible for halitosis and gingival inflammation in many denture wearers. 1'2 The various suggested methods of cleaning dentures 319 include: (1) abrasive action through regular brushing with a good denture brush and mild soap, (2) immersion in commercially available soaking agents, (3) use of household products such as vinegar or dilute hypochlorite solution for heavy stains and calculus, and (4) use of ultrasonic cleaning devices. It is clear that geriatric or handicapped patients could use the chemical denture cleansers more advantageously. The purpose of this study was to compare the cleansing efficiency Of seven currently available soak-type cleansers: Denalan (Whitehall Laboratories, Inc., New York, N.Y.), Mersene (Colgate-Palmolive Co., Chicago, Ill.), old Efferdent and new Efferdent (Warner-Lambert Co., Morris Plains, N.J.), Polident tablets (Block Drug Co., Jersey City, N.J.), and old Kleenite and new Kleenite (Viek Chemical Co., Wilton, Conn.).
Renormalization theory of self-avoiding walks which cross a square

The renormalization group theory is used to calculate the critical behaviour of selfwoiding walks which cross a square. This problem, which has been proposed recently, is especially well suited for a renormalization group analysis. The fixed-endpoint, diagonal- span trademark of the square-crossing walks leads naturally to a well defined renormaliz- ation scheme. Unlike other finite-lattice renormalization schemes for self-avoiding walks, this square-crossing renormalization is exact in the sense that the finite lattice (square) is uniquely defined, the spanning rule is unambiguous, and the end-to-end correlations are exactly preserved. The results for the critical point are in excellent agreement with series analysis estimates and support a conjecture on its exact value.
The Climatology of Synoptic-Scale Ascent over Western North America: A Perspective on Storm Tracks

AbstractThe position and variability of storm tracks across western North America are examined during the October–April cool seasons spanning 1989–2010. The location and intensity of storms are represented by strong synoptic-scale ascent, which is diagnosed by the alternative balance omega equation applied to ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim data. This dynamically filtered method removes poorly resolved updrafts arising from subsynoptic-scale phenomena such as convection and mountain waves. The resulting vertical motions are illustrated for the case of a strong storm traversing the western United States.Summary statistics of synoptic-scale ascent are compiled over months, seasons, and the entire 21-yr period. Locations exhibiting high mean values of ascent are deemed to represent storm tracks. The climatological-mean storm track exhibits a sinusoidal shape across the eastern Pacific and western North America. The composite evolution of strong storms moving along specific segments of the storm track show regional...
A Stochastic Algorithm for Finding Points Satisfying Infinitely Many Inequality Constraints

An optimization algorithm for finding a point satisfying infinitely many inequality constraints is presented. The algorithm approximates the maximum of an infinite number of inequalities at a point by performing a set of random experiments, resulting in a finite number of inequalities, over which the maximum is taken. It uses a constraint-dropping scheme, by which it eliminates points from a constraint-set at hand, which are felt to be irrelevant. At each point the algorithm constructs, it evaluates a measure of optimality, which indicates how close the point is to satisfying all of the constraints. It uses this measure to determine the number of random experiments performed. The number of such experiments tends to be small initially, when the point at hand is far from satisfying all of the constraints, and it increases gradually as a solution point is approached.
MEK Inhibitors, Novel Anti-Adhesive Molecules, Reverse Sickle Red Blood Cell Adhesion and Vaso-Occlusion in Vivo

In sickle cell disease (SCD), painful vaso-occlusive crises and end-organ damage are caused by obstruction of the vessels due in large part to sickle erythrocyte (SSRBC) adherence to both the endothelium and leukocytes. Despite the contribution of SSRBC adhesiveness to vaso-occlusion, we lack treatments that specifically target intracellular signaling mechanisms critical for SSRBC cell-cell interactions. We have previously shown that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK1/2 is aberrantly activated in SSRBCs. ERK1/2 signaling activation is critical for SSRBC interactions with the vascular endothelium and leukocytes. We have now evaluated the anti-adhesive properties of RDEA119, an inhibitor of MEK1/2, the kinase that activates the MAP kinase ERK1/2, in in vitro adhesion assays and in vivo in both nude mouse and humanized models of vaso-occlusion analyzed by intravital microscopy. We used RDEA119 because this dryg has previously been developed for human use. We found that RDEA119 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of human SSRBC adhesion to cultured TNFα-activated human micro-vascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) in vitro with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) in vivo . To determine if RDEA119 prevents vaso-occlusion in nude mice, animals were injected with TNFα followed by infusion of RDEA119 (or placebo control), and then human SSRBCs. Intravital microscopy observations of enflamed vessels visible through dorsal skin-fold window chamber implants immediately after human SSRBC infusion showed persistent human SSRBC adhesion to both small and large vessels, with mean diameter of 29±3.5 μm, and vaso-occlusion in placebo-treated nude mice for at least 2 h, promoting blood stasis. However, treatment of nude mice with either 0.2 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg RDEA119 markedly reduced human SSRBC adhesion and mitigated vaso-occlusion. While human SSRBC adhered to 68.5±4.6% of total vessels recorded in placebo-treated animals, SSRBCs occupied only 33 ± 6.6% ( p p p p p p p p p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Aggregating and visualizing public opinions and sentiment trends on the US higher education

Through leveraging big data technologies and a quantitative and model-driven approach, we previously built an education monitoring and ranking system (eduMRS) that allowed us to change ranking factors that are used to assess quality of higher education. Taking a systems perspective, this short paper introduces an enhanced eduMRS -- II that can effectively aggregate and visualize public opinions and sentiment trends on higher education services. Public opinions can be selectively retrieved from online media including tweets. This enhanced service system demonstrates that a big data based, real time, and interactive computer application possesses promising potential of facilitating decision-making of addressing the needs of customers in the service industry.
Passive Mitigation of Combustion Noise in Liquid Fuel Combustion Using Porous Inert Media

In this study, the combustion noise is passively mitigated using ring shaped porous inert media (PIM). Kerosene, simulating fuel commonly used in jet engines, is combusted in a swirl-stabilized combustor. In this combustor, the flame stabilizes within the recirculation zone downstream of the dump plane. The ring shaped PIM is placed on the dump plane of the combustor to alter the flow field in an advantageous manner. Multiple PIM rings of same OD but different ID are stacked together to form various geometric configurations. For each PIM configuration, a parametric study is conducted by varying the atomizing air to liquid mass ratio and heat release rate. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) and CO and NOx emissions are measured for combustion with no PIM and with PIM. Results show that the PIM insert mitigates the combustion noise, and that the converging PIM configuration provides the most noise reduction overall the full frequency range.
Charge Transfer between PbSe and NbSe2 in [(PbSe)1.14]m(NbSe2)1 Ferecrystalline Compounds

[(PbSe)1.14]m(NbSe2)n compounds with 1 ≤ m ≤ 6 and n = 1 were synthesized using the modulated elemental reactants (MER) method. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed that the desired compounds self-assembled during annealing of the precursors with their c-axis crystallographically aligned normal to the substrate. The c-axis lattice parameter increased by 0.612 nm as m, the number of PbSe bilayers, increased by one. Analysis of the in-plane diffraction patterns indicated that the a-lattice parameters remained constant as m was varied. Reciprocal space maps along hkl (h, k ≠ 0; l ≠0) indicate very short coherence lengths in mixed-index directions, consistent with the rotational disorder between layers observed in electron microscopy cross sections. The in-plane electrical resistivity and Hall coefficients were measured for each ferecrystal from 22 to 295 K. The resistivity systematically increased as m increased, but the magnitude of the increase is greater than predicted assuming independent layers. Assu...
A nonparametric Bayesian prediction interval for a finite population mean

ABSTRACTGiven a sample from a finite population, we provide a nonparametric Bayesian prediction interval for a finite population mean when a standard normal assumption may be tenuous. We will do so using a Dirichlet process (DP), a nonparametric Bayesian procedure which is currently receiving much attention. An asymptotic Bayesian prediction interval is well known but it does not incorporate all the features of the DP. We show how to compute the exact prediction interval under the full Bayesian DP model. However, under the DP, when the population size is much larger than the sample size, the computational task becomes expensive. Therefore, for simplicity one might still want to consider useful and accurate approximations to the prediction interval. For this purpose, we provide a Bayesian procedure which approximates the distribution using the exchangeability property (correlation) of the DP together with normality. We compare the exact interval and our approximate interval with three standard intervals, n...
Experimental Study on a New Way to Form Shaped Charge Projectiles with Fins

Fins is able to enhance flying stability of shaped charge projectiles,so it is very important to study the way to form fins.The new way to form fins is affixing a cover on the liner,which is able to change the configuration shape of detonation wave,therefore the detonation pressure on the liner is changed regularly.At last,the shaped charge projectiles are formed.The mechanism of shaped charge projectile formation was discussed based on the velocity and pressure transformation on the liner.Experiment of shaped charge projectiles with fins was carried out by reasonable cover design,and the shaped charge projectiles with fins were gained.Results show that the new way to form fin is feasible to a certain extent.
Real-time Scheduling Information based Power Plant AVC Assessment System

Due to the situations that grid operators can not find invalid voltage control and notify power plants in time, this paper puts forward an analysis and assessment system for power plant’s automatic voltage control. The hardware structure, functions and software processes of the system are described. For operators of power plants, the system can not only provide a way to monitor voltage and know the voltage control information in time, but also be served as an analysis tool to determine more effective AVC control policies.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Direct Torque Control System Based on TMS320F2812 Controller

According to the mathematical model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and principle of Direct Torque Control System,a Digital DTC control system based on DSP TMS320F2812 is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the modeling and simulation of the control system are introduced based on MATLAB/SIMULINK.It is showed that the system was designed rightly.Then the control system can be experimented.
Geophysical Applications of High Pressure Research

One of the principal objectives of geophysics is to understand the constitution and evolution of the Earth. Since all but a very samll portion of the Earth is at very high pressures and temperatures, research in the behavior of materials at high pressures and temperatures plays a major role in our understanding of this subject. Our science is like putting together a jigsaw puzzle. We work with pieces that come from the geophysicists, pieces like seismic velocities, angular momentum, heat flow and geomagnetism. To these we add pieces from the experimentalists such as phase relationships, elastic properties, electrical properties, and chemical reactions at high pressures and temperatures. At first only a partial picture of the Earth’s interior existed, but as more information is added the picture becomes clearer. In this respect, our science is similar to other branches of science. Most scientific research consists of an endeavor to create a clear picture of those things that are not readily accessible because they are far away or very small or took place a long time ago or are simply located where you can’t get to them as with the Earth’s interior. Piecing together puzzles is a very human trait and it seems to be the driving force behind much of our scientific research.
A Dialectical Analysis of the Tensions, Functions, and Strategic Challenges of Communication in Young Adult Friendships

This monograph synthesizes selected findings from an ongoing program of empirical and theoretical research regarding the nature and functions of communication in young adult friendships. It argues that friendship involves inherent dialectical tensions as a specific category of interpersonal relationship within American culture, in the actual communicative practices of friends, and within and across developmental periods of the life cycle. First are delineated four basic elements of the dialectical perspective employed to analyze the communication of friends: totality, contradiction, motion, and praxis. Next, an extensive examination of dialectical principles inherent in the communicative management of friendship occurs. The principles are then used to develop an intelligible frame for the practices and predicaments of managing young adult friendships communicatively with particular attention to gender, marriage, and work exigencies. Implications for the study of interpersonal communication in general and ...
A mixture model for the regression analysis of competing risks data

SUMMARY A parametric mixture model provides a regression framework for analysing failure-time data that are subject to censoring and multiple modes of failure. The regression context allows us to adjust for concomitant variables and to assess their effects on the joint distribution of time and type of failure. The mixing parameters correspond to the marginal probabilities of the various failure types and are modelled as logistic functions of the covariates. The hazard rate for each conditional distribution of time to failure, given type of failure, is modelled as the product of a piece-wise exponential function of time and a log-linear function of the covariates. An EM algorithm facilitates the maximum likelihood analysis and illuminates the contributions of the censored observations. The methods are illustrated with data from a heart transplant study and are compared with a cause-specific hazard analysis. The proposed mixture model can also be used to analyse multivariate failure-time data.
Phenomenological Properties and Constitutive Equations of Transport Processes

Fluid properties, flow parameters and the basic transport process laws with background theory are reviewed.
Case Outcomes in a Communication‐and‐Resolution Program in New York Hospitals

Objective To determine case outcomes in a communication-and-resolution program (CRP) implemented to respond to adverse events in general surgery. Study Setting Five acute-care hospitals in New York City. Study Design Following CRP implementation, hospitals recorded information about each CRP event for 22 months. Data Collection Methods Risk managers prospectively collected data in collaboration with representatives from the hospital's insurer. External researchers administered an online satisfaction survey to clinicians involved in CRP events. Principal Findings Among 125 CRP cases, disclosure conversations were carried out in 92 percent, explanations were conveyed in 88 percent, and apologies were offered in 72.8 percent. Three quarters of events did not involve substandard care. Compensation offers beyond bill waivers were deemed appropriate in 9 of 30 of cases in which substandard care caused harm and communicated in six such cases. In 44 percent of cases, hospitals identified steps that could be taken to improve safety. Clinicians had low awareness of the workings of the CRP, but high satisfaction with their experiences. Conclusions The bulk of CRPs' work is in investigating and communicating about events not caused by substandard care. These CRPs were quite successful in handling such events, but less consistent in offering compensation in cases involving substandard care.
Co-precipitation of rare-earth-doped Y 2 O 3 and MgO nanocomposites for mid-infrared solid-state lasers.

Mid-infrared, solid-state laser materials face three main challenges: (1) need to dissipate heat generated in lasing; (2) luminescence quenching by multiphonon relaxation; and (3) trade-off in high thermal conductivity and small maximum phonon energy. We are tackling these challenges by synthesizing a ceramic nanocomposite in which multiple phases will be incorporated into the same structure. The undoped majority species, MgO, will be the main carrier of high thermal conductivity, and the minority species, Er:Y2O3, will have low maximum phonon energy. There is also an inherent challenge in attempting to make a translucent part from a mixture of two different materials with two different indexes of refraction. A simple, co-precipitation technique has been developed in which both components are synthesized in situ to obtain intimate mixing. These powders compare well to commercially available ceramics, including their erbium spectroscopy, even when mixed as a composite, and can be air-fired to ∼96% of theoretical density, yielding translucent parts. As the amount of Er:Y2O3 increases, the translucency decreases as the number of scattering sites start to coalesce into large patches. If the amount of Er:Y2O3 is sufficiently small and dispersed, the yttria grains will be pinned as individuals in a sea of MgO, leading to optimal translucency.
Circadian Regulation in Invertebrates

In the invertebrates, circadian clocks control a variety of behavioral, physiological, and developmental processes. Invertebrate circadian systems are composed of populations of oscillators located both within and outside of the nervous system. Circadian clocks are ‘set to local time’ through entrainment to environmental cycles. Most important is the daily light cycle, and the detection of light is carried out by retinal and extraretinal photoreceptors. Internal temporal organization is maintained either by coupling between oscillators or through direct entrainment of individual oscillators by environmental stimuli. Circadian clocks regulate effectors under their control utilizing the full range of signaling mechanisms, from direct neural transmission, to neuromodulatory signals, to circulating hormones.
A phase II study evaluating the efficacy of zoledronic acid in prevention of aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms: the ZAP trial

Aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS) are common adverse events of AIs often leading to drug discontinuation. We initiated a prospective clinical trial to evaluate whether bisphosphonates are associated with reduced incidence of AIMSS. In the single-arm trial, the Zoledronic Acid Prophylaxis (ZAP) trial, we compared the incidence of AIMSS against historical controls from the Exemestane and Letrozole Pharmacogenomics (ELPh) trial. Eligible women were postmenopausal with stage 0-III breast cancer planning to receive adjuvant AIs. AIMSS was assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale over 12 months in both trials. Participants in the ZAP trial received zoledronic acid prior to initiating letrozole and after 6 months; ELPh participants included in the analysis were taking letrozole but not bisphosphonates. We analyzed patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and bone density in the ZAP trial using mixed-effects linear regression models and paired t tests, respectively. From 2011 to 2013, 59 postmenopausal women enrolled in ZAP trial. All 59 (100%) women received baseline and 52 (88%) received 6-month zoledronic acid, and had similar characteristics to historical controls from the ELPh trial (n = 206). Cumulatively during the first year of AI, 37 and 67% of ZAP and ELPh participants reported AIMSS (p < 0.001), respectively. Within the ZAP trial, we did not observe significant changes in other PROs; however, we report improvements in bone mineral density. Compared to historical controls, zoledronic acid administered concomitantly with adjuvant AIs was associated with a reduced incidence of AIMSS. A randomized controlled trial is required to confirm these findings.
Metastatic Moderately Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Of The Larynx Mimicking Medullary Thyroid Cancer

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this report is to describe a case of metastatic moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (MDNC) of the larynx with markedly elevated serum calcitonin levels mimicking medullary thyroid carcinoma. Methods: We present the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in a patient with an unusual clinical course of metastatic MDNC of the larynx, as well as a review of the relevant literature. Results: A 72-year-old male presented with an enlarging right neck mass. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography of the neck revealed enlarged right level III lymph nodes with compressive effect on the right internal jugular vein. Surgical resection of the lymph nodes was consistent with metastatic medullary carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for cytokeratin, synaptophysin, chromogranin, and calcitonin, but negative for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). No focus of medullary thyroid cancer or evidence of C-cell hyperplasia was identified aft...
Unsteady-State Mathematical Modeling/Computer Simulation of FRRPP Behavior

In terms of fluid flow patterns around reactive polymer-rich domains, there were two kinds of experiments that have been done in the past: quiescent fluid FRRPP and mixed-fluid FRRPP reaction systems. The former mode of experimentation was done by Tirumala, both for the formation of polymer nanoparticles (Tirumala 2003; Tirumala et al. 2003) and for the formation of patterned hydrogels (Tirumala et al. 2003c, 2004a, b, c, 2005a, b, 2006). The latter mode of experimentation is the type that occurs in stirred-tank vessels, which is an experimental system that pertains to larger-scale production of bulk homopolymers, copolymers, and multipolymers (Caneba 2010).
La poesía en el aula de español como lengua extranjera. Explotación didáctica de un poema de Juana Castro para el nivel avanzado de EEOOII.

Poetry is one of the most useful tools for the teacher in the language teaching-learning process.This paper presents a didactic proposal directed at the advanced level of Spanish as a foreign language of the Of cial Language Schools, correspond ing to level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. It is intended to help students develop their reading and literary analysis skills, as well as knowledge of Spanish culture, while becoming familiar with contemporary poetry. Starting with a poem by Juana Castro, we present a series of activities to deepen linguistic and reading comprehension, as well as some initiatives to promote reading. Teachers are provided with a series of basic assessment tools, so that they can evaluate students’ progress and their understanding and interpretation of poetic texts.
Spiritual needs of dying and emergency health care

Dying process can take different forms, and each death is related to leave-taking of a human with what he liked, with those whom he loved and who were close to him. Daily contact with the dying is very difficult, very demanding not only in physicalterms, but especially in terms of psychological burden. The essence of care for dying patients is to ensure adequate quality of life that is highly affected by understanding of human existence and the meaning of human life. Paramedics must realize that quality of life is associated with satisfying the needs that in each patient is different, so the quality of life is a very individual concept. Coping with dying is significantly affected by the ability of their very faith in God's existence, length of service and communication skills.
The Effects of Academic and Social Integration on Two-Year College Students' Persistence in Developmental Courses.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of academic integration and social integration on the persistence of students enrolled in developmental courses at a two-year community college. First, the study covered an examination of the levels of academic integration and social integration of students participating in developmental studies. Second, the study included an examination of the relationships between academic integration and persistence, and social integration and persistence. The first research question explored the levels of academic integration of students enrolled in developmental courses at a two-year college. The second research question explored the levels of social integration of students enrolled in developmental courses at the two-year college. The third research question explored whether relationships existed between the levels of academic integration and persistence of students enrolled in developmental courses at the two-year college. The fourth and final research question explored whether relationships existed between the levels of social integration and persistence of students enrolled in developmental courses at the two-year college. The methodology selected for this study was the research survey design and included data collection using demographic data, a measure of persistence, and a 34-item survey that measured academic integration and social integration.
Besov Spaces on Non-Homogeneous Martingales

Harmonic analysis on martingales has been studied in several papers in recent years. (See [C], [C-T1], [C-T2], [B-G-S], [K-P-T], [J], [U]). The work of Chao and Taibleson focused on discrete martingales. They derived a series of results on H p spaces including a characterization of H 1 by a “Hilbert transform” ([C], [C-T1]). This work was generalized in [K-P-T] and [C-T2] to the non-homogeneous case. Onneweer considered analysis on Vilenkin groups, which he studied by means of an extension of the method of homogeneous trees. In [O-S], Besov spaces on Vilenkin groups were introduced. We give a definition of Besov spaces on non-homogeneous trees, and discuss a few equivalent norms in this paper. In a later paper the first author will study operators on these spaces. Background and details for the construction and notation in this paper can be found in [K-P-T], [T2], and [T3].
Fluorescence Changes in a Drying Maple Leaf Observed in the Visible and Near-Infrared

When the source of nutrients for a leaf are disrupted, the mechanisms for energy transfer, that are part of the photosynthetic process, undergo changes that alter the abortion and emission characteristics of the leaf. A series of fluorescence measurements made of a maple leaf as it dried, permit some of these changes to be observed. The emission peaks at approximately 690 nm and 740 nm are present throughout the measurements, although the intensity of the peaks vary. Additionally, a feature with an emission maximum at approximately 440 nm and an excitation maximum at approximately 330 nm appeared as the leaf dried and rave provide an alternate indication of stress. Removing a leaf from the tree accelerates changes that occur in vivo when a plant is under stress. These changes are not visually apparent; however, analysis of the data indicate the strong probability that they would be easily detected with a remote-sensing instrument such as the Fraunhofer luminescence detector (FLD).
Hippocampal plasticity in normal aging and decreased plasticity in Alzheimer's disease.

Different patterns of age-related dendritic change have been reported in different zones of the human hippocampal region in the normal and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. In normal aging there is an increase in average (net) dendritic extent (which we interpret as plasticity) in the parahippocampal gyrus and dentate gyrus. There is net stability of dendritic extent in CA2–3, CA1, and subiculum. In regions that show plasticity in normal aging, dendrites in AD show reduced or aberrant plasticity. In regions that show stability in normal aging, dendrites either are stable or regress in AD, depending upon how severely involved the region is with the pathology of AD.
Dimension‐dependent two‐electron Hamiltonian matrix elements

Since the birth of quantum mechanics the ground state electronic energy of the two‐electron atom has received special attention. This is because the two‐electron system is the simplest atom to include electron–electron interactions. These interactions are key to understanding many‐electron systems. This paper adds to the knowledge of two‐electron atoms by presenting closed form solutions for Hamiltonian matrix elements at arbitrary spatial dimension, \(D\). The basis functions are the \(D\)‐dependent hydrogenic wavefunctions: \(\left\{ {{\text{1s}}^{\text{2}} {\text{,2p}}^{\text{2}} {\text{,3d}}^{\text{2}} {\text{,4f}}^{\text{2}} } \right\}\). The electron–electron repulsion integrals are solved by the Fourier integral transform.
Safety and Security Multi-agent Systems

This paper is concerned with assuring the safety of a swarm of agents (simulated robots). Such behavioral assurance is provided with the physics method called kinetic theory. Kinetic theory formulas are used to predict the macroscopic behavior of a simulated swarm of individually controlled agents. Kinetic theory is also the method for controlling the agents. In particular, the agents behave like particles in a moving gas. The coverage task addressed here involves a dynamic search through a bounded region, while avoiding multiple large obstacles, such as buildings. In the case of limited sensors and communication, maintaining spatial coverage --- especially after passing the obstacles --- is a challenging problem. Our kinetic theory solution simulates a gas-like swarm motion, which provides excellent coverage. Finally, experimental results are presented that determine how well the macroscopic-level theory, mentioned above, predicts simulated swarm behavior on this task.
Current Vaccinations in Dermatology

Vaccines have been called medicine’s greatest life savers. They have helped eradicate vexing diseases such as smallpox and effectively prevented diseases such as rubella and rubeola. In the present medical landscape vaccinations occupy enormous ground and from first world nations to third world countries they have become part of government policies and legislation to prevent disease. One does not need to study the countless studies and trials that focus on disease reduction from the use of vaccines, but only to go back in history and see the triumph of vaccines over horrific diseases such as polio and tetanus. Edward Jenner would have never envisioned that his use of cowpox to prevent smallpox would have such a paramount impact on medicine. Although the idea behind vaccinating is older than Jenner and records of inoculations can be found as far back as a millennium before Jenner’s time, history credits him as being the father of vaccine because his vaccine was safer than inoculation.
Venmo: Understanding Mobile Payments as Social Media

Payment infrastructures are going through rapid change with the rise of next generation mobile networks and smartphone ownership. From mobile wallets to rideshare apps, social payments allow users to split receipts with friends, charge exes for breakup expenses, or troll celebrities. New layers of data, sociality, and markets are being created and influenced by expanding economic imaginaries, regulations, and business models leveraging these new infrastructures. In this paper we discuss how mobile payment systems have become social media. After discussing the recent history of mobile payments innovation---SMS, mobile wallets, delivery and ridesharing apps--- we examine Venmo, a social payments platform that allows users to broadcast transactions to a social activity stream or public transaction feed. Our findings detail how transaction feeds of mobile payments support social practices, communication, and commerce with mobile devices and wireless networks. We present findings from a case study on Venmo to develop some implications for the design, study, and impact of mobile payment infrastructures as social media.
Genetic Basis of Health Disparity in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome is the most common glomerular disease in children. There is wide variation in the incidence of nephrotic syndrome in different populations, with a higher incidence in children of South Asian descent. However, nephrotic syndrome with a more indolent course and poor prognosis is more common in African American children. The disparity in the prevalence and severity of nephrotic syndrome is likely due to complex interactions between environmental and biological factors. Recent advances in genome science are providing insight into some of the biological factors that may explain these disparities. For example, risk alleles in the gene encoding apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) have been established as the most important factor in the high incidence of chronic glomerular diseases in African Americans. Conversely, the locus for childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in the gene encoding major histocompatibility complex-class II-DQ-alpha 1 (HLA-DQA1) is unlikely to be the explanation for the high incidence of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in Asian children because the same variants are equally common in whites and African Americans. There is a need for collaborative large-scale studies to identify additional risk loci to explain disparities in disease incidence and response to therapy. Findings from such studies have the potential to lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for nephrotic syndrome.
Evaluation of the Tobacco-Use Prevention Education (TUPE) program in California.

Author(s): McMenamin, Sara B; Cummins, Sharon E; Zhuang, Yue-Lin; Gamst, Anthony C; Ruiz, Carlos G; Mayoral, Antonio; Zhu, Shu-Hong | Abstract: Background and aimsThe California Tobacco-Use Prevention Education (TUPE) program promotes the use of evidence-based tobacco-specific prevention and cessation programs for adolescents within the school setting. Through a competitive grant process, schools are funded to provide programs for grades 6-12. This research evaluates the association between TUPE funding and tobacco prevention activities and tobacco use prevalence.MethodsThis study utilized two data sources: (1) 2016 California Educator Tobacco Survey (CETS), and (2) 2015-2016 California Student Tobacco Survey (CSTS). The CETS collected data from educators about school prevention efforts, priority of tobacco prevention, and confidence in addressing tobacco issues with students. A total of 3,564 educators from 590 schools participated in CETS. The CSTS collected data from 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in California on their exposure to, attitudes about, and utilization of tobacco products. A total of 47,981 students from 117 schools participated in CSTS.ResultsThis study found that TUPE-funded schools were more likely to provide tobacco-specific health education programs, to place a priority on tobacco-prevention efforts, and to prepare educators to address tobacco use than non-TUPE schools. Educators at both types of schools felt better prepared to talk with students about traditional tobacco products than about emerging products such as e-cigarettes. Overall, students at TUPE-funded schools were more likely to report receiving anti-tobacco messages from school-based programs than those at non-TUPE schools. The former were also less likely to use tobacco products, even when the analysis controlled for demographics and school-level characteristics (OR = 0.82 [95% CI = 0.70-0.96]).ConclusionsTUPE funding was associated with an increase in schools' tobacco-specific prevention activities and these enhanced activities were associated with lower tobacco use among students. This study also found that education and prevention efforts regarding emerging tobacco products need to be strengthened across all schools.
Environmental correlates of health-promoting leisure physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis using a social cognitive perspective embedded within social ecological model.

Abstract There is abundant evidence for the benefits of physical activity (PA) among persons with multiple sclerosis, however only 20% of persons with MS engage in sufficient PA. This cross-sectional study examined features of the built environment, social environment, and individual as hierarchical correlates of PA in persons with MS from a social-cognitive theory (SCT) perspective embedded within a social-ecological model (SEM). Five hundred eighty eight persons with MS completed an online survey between September 2018–January 2019 including: demographics, Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS), abbreviated Neighborhood Walkability Scale (NEWS-A), Social Provisions Scale (SPS), Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (EXSE), and Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). Correlation analyses were used to examine associations among NEWS-A subscales, SPS, EXSE, PDDS, Employment, Education and GLTEQ. We then conducted hierarchical, linear regression analysis whereby we regressed GLTEQ with PDDS, Education, and Employment (Step 1), NEWS-A subscales (Step 2), SPS (Step 3), and EXSE (Step 4) based on a SEM. Land-use mix diversity, land-use mix access, aesthetics, crime, SPS, EXSE, and PDDS correlated with GLTEQ. PDDS was a significant correlate of GLTEQ in Step 1 (β = −0.37;R2 = 0.15). Aesthetics (β = 0.08) and PDDS (β = −0.33) were significant correlates of GLTEQ in Step 2 (R2 = 0.18). SPS (β = 0.23) and PDDS (β = −0.30) were significant correlates of GLTEQ in Step 3 (R2 = 0.23). The final model in Step 4 identified PDDS (β = −0.11), aesthetics (β = 0.07), SPS (β = 0.09), and EXSE (β = 0.54) as correlates of GLTEQ (R2 = 0.43). Such results may inform the design of multi-level interventions that target environmental and individual correlates of PA consistent with the SEM framework and guided by SCT.
IUD Counseling: What’s Choice Got to Do With It?

Current best practices in contraceptive counseling reflect reproductive justice principles that access to reproductive health care is a human right—that individuals should have autonomous choice of when, and if, they choose to parent; irrespective of age, socioeconomic status, gender identity, or social vulnerabilities. Adopting counseling techniques for adolescents and young adults that avoid all forms of reproductive coercion, and promote ultimate patient choice ensures that providers follow these tenets. This chapter will describe best-practice models for providing contraceptive counseling, and include methods for integrating these counseling models into IUD placement, continuation, and removal for adolescents and young adults. Common models of contraceptive counseling will be discussed, with a focus on the shared decision-making model and how to use this with counseling for IUDs. The history of reproductive coercion and abuse will also be reviewed, in the context and framing of this chapter.
Jane Jacobs and the Knowledge Problem in Cities

Any city that aspires to greatness will have something to offend everyone. That is a feature, not a bug. In the absence of perfect knowledge, people are attracted to a great city for the opportunities, imagined and unimaginable, that it offers them. But the absence of perfect knowledge means they have to experiment, and the accompanying trials and errors necessarily generate discord, confusion, and disappointment along with innovation, satisfaction, and success. Understanding how the institutions underlying successful cities—property rights, exchange, and the norms of trust and reciprocity—promote or hinder such a process is therefore essential for effective urban policy. The large-scale responses to these problems have historically misunderstood the nature and significance of cities and have ranged from Olmsted to Le Corbusier. The consequence of such “constructivist rationalist” approaches is to stifle the emergent creativity of a great city.
Field Implementation of Directional Rumble Strips to Deter Wrong-Way Driving on Freeways

AbstractThis paper presents the field implementation results of directional rumble strips (DRS), a low-cost traffic control device (TCD) designed to deter wrong-way driving (WWD) on freeways. South...
Tracing Diverse Pathways to Teaching: Tales of Nontraditional Immigrant Women of Color Becoming Teachers of Young Children

Situated in New York City, this qualitative case study investigates nontraditional teachers, particularly immigrant women of color, and their diverse pathways into early childhood classrooms. Against the backdrop of the city’s expansion of public preschool programs and its efforts to ensure high quality through narrowly defined measures of professionalization for the early childhood workforce, I traced the lived experiences of nontraditional immigrant women of color, their becoming teachers of young children, and the ways in which their funds of knowledge shape their teaching practice. Findings reveal that although nontraditional immigrant women of color enter teaching with unique and valuable life experiences, they face many challenges in the changing landscape of early childhood education. Implications point towards the importance of cultivating a more diverse teaching force and supporting teachers’ development through culturally responsive and sustaining ways that honor the wealth of knowledge they bring to the benefit of young children and their families, especially those with diverse cultural backgrounds.
Isolation and experimental challenge of cultured burbot (Lota lota maculosa) with Flavobacterium columnare and Aeromonas sp. isolates

Burbot (Lota lota maculosa) are a potential new species for commercial aquaculture. As burbot culture expands, there is a need to further define pathogen susceptibility and characterize aspects of the burbot immune response in an effort to assess fish health. A recent clinical diagnostic case from juvenile burbot reared at a commercial production facility resulted in the isolation and identification of Flavobacterium columnare along with several Aeromonas spp. The F. columnare isolate was assigned to genetic group 1 via multiplex PCR, a genetic group commonly associated with columnaris disease cases in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Virulence of the F. columnare isolate was assessed in vivo in both juvenile burbot and rainbow trout. Additionally, several of the Aeromonas sp. case isolates were identified via sequencing (16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD) and a putative A. sobria isolate (BI-3) was used to challenge burbot, along with a known virulent Aeromonas sp. (A141), but BI-3 was not found to be virulent. Burbot were refractory to F. columnare when challenged by immersion, and it is likely that this is a secondary pathogen for burbot. Although refractory in burbot, the identified F. columnare isolate (BI-1) was found to be virulent in rainbow trout.
A new species of pagurid hermit crab assigned to the genus Kumepagurus Komai & Osawa, 2012 (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from the Kaikata Seamount, Izu-Ogasawara Arc, Japan

A new pagurid hermit crab species is assigned to the genus Kumepagurus Komai & Osawa, 2012, previously represented only by the type species, K. cavernicolus Komai & Osawa, 2012, known only from a marine cave on Ryukyu Islands, northwestern Pacific. The assignment is made because of the lack of an accessory tooth on the maxilliped 3 ischium, the operculiform right chela, the presence of two distal corneous claws on the left chela fixed finger, the simple pereopods 4 and the development and structure of the male sexual tubes on both coxae of pereopods 5, all characteristic to the type species of the genus. However, in contrast to K. cavernicolus, K. kaikata n. sp. lacks pleurobranchs on the thoracomeres 5 and 6, and in this regard, Kumepagurus is unusual in the family Paguridae. The generic diagnosis of Kumepagurus is emended to accommodate the new species, which is readily distinguished from K. cavernicolus by the proportionately shorter antennular and antennal peduncles and the right cheliped structure and ornamentation, in addition to the difference in the gill number.