cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Cyclic Covers of the Riemann Sphere and a Related Class of Curves

This note consists of two short parts. The first part is semi-expository and summarizes some known and less well-known classification results about moduli and automorphisms of prime cyclic covers of the Riemann sphere. In the second part, we restrict attention to those curves affording fixed-point free induced actions on their vector space of holomorphic differentials. These curves correspond to those with all cyclic actions ramifying over the sphere. We describe them completely in terms of their affine equations.
Welche chemischen Prozesse im Ei werden durch die hypertonische Lösung modifiziert

Die hypertonische Losung wirkt durch Wasserentziehung; aber wir mussen die Frage aufwerfen: wie kann die Wasserentziehung die Vorgange im Ei so beeinflussen, das eine Entwicklung eintritt? Hier sind zwei Moglichkeiten vorhanden. Entweder sind die Anderungen in der Viskositat oder anderer physikalischer Eigenschaften im Ei fur die Wirkung verantwortlich, oder es handelt sich darum, das die Wasserentziehung gewisse chemische Vorgange im Ei modifiziert. Durch einen sehr schlagenden Versuch kann man nun zeigen, das die hypertonische Losung die Oxydationsvorgange im Ei modifiziert. Bringt man unbefruchtete oder befruchtete Seeigeleier in hypertonisches Seewasser von der Konzentration, wie es zu Versuchen uber kunstliche Parthenogenese benutzt wird (d. h. 50 ccm Seewasser + 8 bis 20 ccm 21/2n NaCl), und last man die Eier etwas zu lange in der hypertonischen Losung, so bemerkt man nach der Ubertragung der Eier in normales Seewasser einen Zerfall derselben in kleine Tropfchen.1) Wir wollen diesen Zerfall durch einige Abbildungen klar machen. Der Vorgang der Zytolyse ist ja physikalisch und chemisch noch so wenig aufgeklart, das ein Eingehen auf diese Prozesse am Ei, bei dem sie leichter der Analyse zuganglich sind als bei anderen Zellen, gerechtfertigt erscheint.
Regulation of Extracellular Volume: Critical Evaluation of Natriuretic Hormones

In a recent editorial entitled “Natriuretic hormones: At last bottled in bond?”, Grantham and Edwards [1] imply that the long and frustrating search for the elusive natriuretic hormone has finally come to an end. In point of fact, although the chemical structures of the recently identified atrial natriuretic factors have been elucidated [2], little is yet known of their physiological significance. Conversely, the chemical structure of the “other” natriuretic hormone, which I shall term the hypothalamic-renal factor, has thus far eluded successful identification, but much information has been gathered on its physiological role in health and disease. Other hormone systems known to enhance salt excretion include the prostaglandins, particularly prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2, the renal kallikrein-kinin system and dopamine In this review, I shall attempt to place in perspective the relative contributions of each of these systems to renal sodium handling, and, as far as possible, comment on their interactions.
Ensemble Learning Based Multiple Kernel Principal Component Analysis for Dimensionality Reduction and Classification of Hyperspectral Imagery

Classification is one of the most challenging tasks of remotely sensed data processing, particularly for hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Dimension reduction is widely applied as a preprocessing step for classification; however the reduction of dimension using conventional methods may not always guarantee high classification rate. Principal component analysis (PCA) and its nonlinear version kernel PCA (KPCA) are known as traditional dimension reduction algorithms. In a previous work, a variant of KPCA, denoted as Adaptive KPCA (A-KPCA), is suggested to get robust unsupervised feature representation for HSI. The specified technique employs several KPCAs simultaneously to obtain better feature points from each applied KPCA which includes different candidate kernels. Nevertheless, A-KPCA neglects the influence of subkernels employing an unweighted combination. Furthermore, if there is at least one weak kernel in the set of kernels, the classification performance may be reduced significantly. To address these problems, in this paper we propose an Ensemble Learning (EL) based multiple kernel PCA (M-KPCA) strategy. M-KPCA constructs a weighted combination of kernels with high discriminative ability from a predetermined set of base kernels and then extracts features in an unsupervised fashion. The experiments on two different AVIRIS hyperspectral data sets show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a satisfactory feature extraction performance on real data.
Implementation of a Comprehensive Mechanistic Prediction Model of Mild Steel Corrosion in Multiphase Oil and Gas Pipelines

In the present study, the implementation of a comprehensive mechanistic predictive model for corrosion of mild steel in the oil and gas transmission pipelines is described. The present model simultaneously accounts for all major corrosion scenarios, including CO2 corrosion, H2S corrosion, and corrosion in the presence of organic acid and also incorporates the effect of corrosion product layer formation, including iron carbonate and iron sulfide. With this approach, the present model mechanistically reflects the mainstream understanding of corrosion in such environments and can be readily used to predict the corrosion rates in industrial applications. The model was implemented by using a generalized mathematical and programming approach that has built-in flexibility to add new chemical species and additional reactions in the future. The model was designed to make it easy to extend and cover an even broader range of conditions than it currently does, such as higher temperatures and pressures, nonideal solut...
Reconfigurable and Adaptive Coupled Relay Resonator Platform for a Moving Receiver

Linearly arranged passive relay resonators have been shown to be able to extend wireless power transfer range. However, extending this relay concept to a 2-D planar array with the intention to cover a larger area presents challenges; naively constructing a plane of tessellated relays results in a poor efficiency of power transfer due to complex interactions between relays as the number of relays increases [1]. In this paper, we implement the first electronically reconfigurable relay transmitter system, which allows efficient transfer in large relay arrangements and can track a moving receiver across its coverage area. We propose a receiver tracking method and algorithm which can scan the entire coverage area over 2000 times per second and, once found, can configure the relay array to efficiently deliver power to the receiver.
Low-Cost, Efficient, Photolithography-Free Fabrication of Stretchable Electronics Systems on a Vinyl Cutter

We present a new way for the fabrication of stretchable electronics systems without photolithography procedures by exploiting the through-cut, tunnel-cut, and blind-cut modes of a commercial desktop-size vinyl cutter. Compared to previous studies involving photolithography, our method produces a batch of representative devices in significantly reduced time (by ∼69%) and cost (by ∼73%) with similar feature sizes $(100-1000\mu \mathrm{m})$ . Our inclusion of blind-cut and tunnel-cut modes facilitates the fabrication of complex stretchable electronics systems, rather than only electrodes and interconnects. Finally, we demonstrate the capacities of our photolithography-free fabrication via a stretchable temperature-mapping patch and flexible functional electronic components.
Linear and Planar Motors

The fabrication of future integrated circuits will require X-Y table submicron positioning for wafer/mask alignment. This will require a servo drive with a minimum number of moving parts and the virtual absence of mechanical friction. Linear electric motors (LEMs) offer an attractive method for X-F table positioning, since the force transducer and payload can be on the same housing. This means that high accelerations may be achieved without excessive vibrations owing to mechanical resonances.
A systematic review of diagnosis and treatment of acute limb ischemia during pregnancy and postpartum period.

Abstract Background Acute limb ischemia (ALI) carries significant overall morbidity and mortality. Pregnant and postpartum women are physiologically hypercoagulable, but little is known about the impact of ALI in this cohort of patients. The goal of this systematic review was to gather available data on diagnosis and treatment of ALI during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Methods A systematic review of studies on patients with ALI during pregnancy and the puerperium was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Three databases including PubMed MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library were queried. Manuscripts that provided data on diagnosis and treatment of ALI in pregnant and postpartum patients were included regardless of language or study design. Outcomes of interest included type of treatment for ALI (open and endovascular), morbidity, and mortality. Results Fourteen manuscripts of 6222 references were included with a total of 14 patients. The median age of patients was 31.5 years. Embolism, present in eight (57%) patients, was slightly more common than thrombosis. All patients had a pregnancy complication or concomitant medical condition that might have predisposed to arterial occlusion either directly or indirectly by leading to iatrogenic arterial injury; peripartum cardiomyopathy, the most common, occurred in six (43%) patients. Open surgery was the preferred treatment option in 11 (79%) patients, followed by anticoagulation alone. No endovascular procedures were described. One patient underwent major amputation on presentation, and an additional patient required major amputation for recurrent ALI. No deaths occurred. Twelve (86%) patients had complete recovery with no other ALI-associated sequelae. Conclusions ALI is rare in pregnant and postpartum women despite their transient physiologic hypercoagulability and is almost uniformly associated with pregnancy complications. Open surgical revascularization or anticoagulation alone appears to have acceptable outcomes as most patients present with embolism or thrombosis without underlying systemic arterial disease.
Post-Hazard Cellular Network Recovery by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and User Equipment Cooperation

We propose a new method for life rescue operations after a hazard where the cellular network coverage is limited or nonexistent. The aim is to find survivors quickly by locating them even without their active participation. Our approach is based on deploying unmanned aerial vehicles as parts of the cellular network. We exploit the fact that, increasingly, almost everyone carries cellular mobile devices, also called user equipment (UE). Although limited in power, they can serve as human-based wireless sensors in the DIAs even in the absence of cellular network coverage. Our method provides critical situational awareness to first responders by generating visual crisis maps based on the location distributions of the surviving UE, showing where and how (whether indoor or outdoor) the potential survivors are clustered. These maps are constructed using the signaling messages that are typically sent by UE for exchanging information with the network.
Aleksandr Vasilevich Viskovatov and his Istoricheskoe opisanie odezhdy i vooruzheniia rossiiskikh voisk

This article is devoted to Aleksandr Vasilevich Viskovatov’s Istoricheskoe opisanie odezhdy i vooruzheniia rossiiskikh voisk [Historical description of the uniforms and arms of the Russian armies]....
A Modular Peel Fixture for Tape Peel Tests on Immovable Substrates

Peel tests are frequently used to perform measurements of adhesive strength for pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes. Current lab methodologies for 90° peel tests translate the model substrate orthogonally to the peel direction in order to maintain the peel angle, precluding testing from immovable substrates. It was our objective to develop a peel fixture capable of testing temporary pavement marking (TPM) tapes and other PSA tapes from immovable substrates such as roadways surfaces. We present a modular peel fixture for conducting peel experiments directly on immovable substrates. The fixture was validated through a series of peel tests on consumer tapes to reproduce the linear width dependence and viscoelastic rate dependence found in traditional peeling setups. To test the capabilities of the fixture, a series of peel tests were conducted with various tapes on controlled surfaces, and a commercial tape on various immovable substrates. We demonstrate the ability of our fixture to reproduce results reported for traditional peel tests from literature. In addition, we were able to conduct peel tests directly on immovable substrates such as the benchtop. This fixture shows potential for both traditional peeling tests, and for use in in-situ peel experiments from substrates relevant to the end application of the PSA tape.
Review of Jennifer Haytock and Laura Rattray, eds., The New Edith Wharton Studies

When considering canonical authors, it is all too easy to rely upon critical commonplaces about their lives and work. Edith Wharton is arguably an object lesson, even with the extensive scholarship...
Physiological insights into electrodiffusive maintenance of gastric mucus through sensitivity analysis and simulations

It is generally accepted that the gastric mucosa and adjacent mucus layer are critical in the maintenance of a pH gradient from stomach lumen to stomach wall, protecting the mucosa from the acidic environment of the lumen and preventing auto-digestion of the epithelial layer. No conclusive study has shown precisely which physical, chemical, and regulatory mechanisms are responsible for maintaining this gradient. However, experimental work and modeling efforts have suggested that concentration dependent ion-exchange at the epithelial wall, together with hydrogen ion/mucus network binding, may produce the enormous pH gradients seen in vivo. As of yet, there has been no exhaustive study of how sensitive these modeling results are with respect to variation in model parameters, nor how sensitive such a regulatory mechanism may be to variation in physical/biological parameters. In this work, we perform sensitivity analysis (using Sobol’ Indices) on a previously reported model of gastric pH gradient maintenance. We quantify the sensitivity of mucosal wall pH (as a proxy for epithelial health) to variations in biologically relevant parameters and illustrate how variations in these parameters affects the distribution of the measured pH values. In all parameter regimes, we see that the rate of cation/hydrogen exchange at the epithelial wall is the dominant parameter/effect with regards to variation in mucosal pH. By careful sensitivity analysis, we also investigate two different regimes representing high and low hydrogen secretion with different physiological interpretations. By complementing mechanistic modeling and biological hypotheses testing with parametric sensitivity analysis we are able to conclude which biological processes must be tightly regulated in order to robustly maintain the pH values necessary for healthy function of the stomach.
TO THE AGES OF AGES: RECONCEPTUALIZING HIGH SCHOOL ART HISTORY CURRICULUM

TO THE AGES OF AGES: RECONCEPTUALIZING HIGH SCHOOL ART HISTORY CURRICULUM Amy Michele Bergh, M.A.E. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art Education at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Director: Dr. Nancy A. Lampert, Assistant Professor, Department of Art Education Through this curriculum study, I explored the application of ideas found within contemporary art education to a course of traditional secondary art history. These contemporary art education ideas included: visual culture instruction, interdisciplinary instruction, contemporary art instruction, curriculum development, the use of enduring ideas, and the inclusion of a variety of perspectives based on gender and ethnicity. Through these art education ideas, a new curriculum was formed, that pushed both the students and the teacher toward a more inclusive art history course that made real connections for students and allowed students to be active members in their own learning. Instruction shifted away from lecture and became more dialogue and discussion oriented. Unit examples are included for Romanticism, Dadaism, and American Social Realism.
Fuzzy Set Theory

In this chapter we present the reader with the fundamental concepts of fuzzy set theory. The basic primer on fuzzy set theory remains Zadeh’s1965 seminal work. A number of scholars have since discussed several aspects of fuzzy set theory pertinent to the social sciences. Perhaps the best overview is provided by Smithson and Verkuilen (2006). Among the more thoroughly discussed topics are the construction of fuzzy numbers (Smithson and Verkuilen, 2006; Verkuilen, 2005;Bilgic and Turksen, 1995) and fuzzy set operations (Smithson and Verkuilen, 2006).
Lipschitz Continuity of inf-Projections

It is shown that local epi-sub-Lipschitz continuity of the function-valued mapping associated with a perturbed optimization problem yields the local Lipschitz continuity of the inf-projections (e marginal functions, e infimal functions). The use of the theorem is illustrated by considering perturbed nonlinear optimization problems with linear constraints.
Protein Expression in the Drosophila Schneider 2 Cell System

The Schneider-2 (S2) Drosophila cell line is well suited for the stable overexpression of recombinant proteins using plasmid-based protein expression vectors. Following drug selection, a polyclonal S2 cell line can be induced to express on the order of 2 to 100 pmol/mg membrane protein for G-coupled protein receptors, 4000 to 100,000 sites/cell for other membrane receptors and 3 to 35 mg/liter for soluble and secreted proteins.
Binding to the DNA Minor Groove by Heterocyclic Dications: From AT‐Specific Monomers to GC Recognition with Dimers

Compounds that bind in the DNA minor groove have provided critical information on DNA molecular recognition, they have found extensive uses in biotechnology and they are providing clinically useful drugs against diseases as diverse as cancer and sleeping sickness. This review focuses on the development of clinically useful heterocyclic diamidine minor groove binders. These compounds have shown us that the classical model for minor groove binding in AT DNA sequences must be expanded in several ways: compounds with nonstandard shapes can bind strongly to the groove, water can be directly incorporated into the minor groove complex in an interfacial interaction, and the compounds can form cooperative stacked dimers to recognize GC and mixed AT/GC base pair sequences.
Phytochemicals : Guardians of our Health

Consuming a diet rich in plant foods will provide a milieu of phytochemicals, nonnutritive substances in plants that possess health-protective benefits. Nuts, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables contain an abundance of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, pigments, and other natural antioxidants that have been associated with protection from and/or treatment of chronic disease such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension as well as other medical conditions. The foods and herbs with the highest anticancer activity include garlic, soybeans, cabbage, ginger, licorice, and the umbelliferous vegetables. Citrus, in addition to providing an ample supply of vitamin C, folic acid, potassium, and pectin, contains a host of active phytochemicals. The phytochemicals in grains reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Sex Differences in Perceived Competence

The self-perceived competence of 817 employees of federally-funded social service organizations was examined. Contrary to the speculations of many previous writers, occupancy of a supervisory position, not sex, was demonstrated to be a predictor of an individual's work-related sense of competence. The results of the study are discussed in terms of the potential negative consequences which may ensue when administrators assume, based on previous literature, that women will manifest chronically lower estimates of their competence than will men.
On-The-Fly Generation of Differential Resonance Scattering Probability Distribution Functions for Monte Carlo Codes.

Current Monte Carlo codes use one of three models: (1) the asymptotic scattering model, (2) the free gas scattering model, or (3) the S(alpha,beta) model, depending on the neutron energy and the specific Monte Carlo code. This thesis addresses the consequences of using the free gas scattering model, which assumes that the neutron interacts with atoms in thermal motion in a monatomic gas in thermal equilibrium at material temperature, T. Most importantly, the free gas model assumes the scattering cross section is constant over the neutron energy range, which is usually a good approximation for light nuclei, but not for heavy nuclei where the scattering cross section may have several resonances in the epithermal region. Several researchers in the field have shown that the exact resonance scattering model is temperature-dependent, and neglecting the resonances in the lower epithermal range can under-predict resonance absorption due to the upscattering phenomenon mentioned above, leading to an over-prediction of keff by several hundred pcm. Existing methods to address this issue involve changing the neutron weights or implementing an extra rejection scheme in the free gas sampling scheme, and these all involve performing the collision analysis in the center-of-mass frame, followed by a conversion back to the laboratory frame to continue the random walk of the neutron. The goal of this thesis was to develop a sampling methodology that (1) accounted for the energy-dependent scattering cross sections in the collision analysis and (2) was performed in the laboratory frame, avoiding the conversion to the center-of-mass frame. The energy dependence of the scattering cross section was modeled with even-ordered polynomials (2nd and 4th order) to approximate the scattering cross section in Blackshaw’s equations for the moments of the differential scattering PDFs. These moments were used to sample the outgoing neutron speed and angle in the laboratory frame on-the-fly during the random walk of the neutron. Results for criticality studies on fuel pin and fuel assembly calculations using methods developed in this dissertation showed very close comparison to results using the reference Doppler-broadened rejection correction (DBRC) scheme.
Influence of kernel age on fumonisin B1 production in maize by Fusarium moniliforme.

Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme on naturally infected maize ears is an important food safety concern due to the toxic nature of this class of mycotoxins. Assessing the potential risk of fumonisin production in developing maize ears prior to harvest requires an understanding of the regulation of toxin biosynthesis during kernel maturation. We investigated the developmental-stage-dependent relationship between maize kernels and fumonisin B1 production by using kernels collected at the blister (R2), milk (R3), dough (R4), and dent (R5) stages following inoculation in culture at their respective field moisture contents with F. moniliforme. Highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) in fumonisin B1 production were found among kernels at the different developmental stages. The highest levels of fumonisin B1 were produced on the dent stage kernels, and the lowest levels were produced on the blister stage kernels. The differences in fumonisin B1 production among kernels at the different developmental stages remained significant (P ≤ 0.001) when the moisture contents of the kernels were adjusted to the same level prior to inoculation. We concluded that toxin production is affected by substrate composition as well as by moisture content. Our study also demonstrated that fumonisin B1 biosynthesis on maize kernels is influenced by factors which vary with the developmental age of the tissue. The risk of fumonisin contamination may begin early in maize ear development and increases as the kernels reach physiological maturity.
H-infinity controller for solid oxide fuel cells

The objective of this paper is to regulate output fuel cell voltage for small load variations by changing input fuel flow, and to protect fuel cell stack by controlling fuel utilization parameter. Fuel cell utilization, which is dependent on both stack current and input fuel flow variation, should be kept between upper and lower limits to avoid damaging fuel cell stacks. In this paper, a linearized model of fuel cell is obtained and the input stack current is considered as a disturbance. Then, a controller is designed using the H-infinity control approach. This controller works for standalone fuel cells. Two case studies are given to illustrate the proposed approach.
An analysis of the women's health movement and its impact on the delivery of health care within the United States

Active in the United States for the past 25 years, the women's health movement was originally an outgrowth of the larger feminist movement and shares many of the same assumptions. The women's health movement has been successful in increasing public awareness of the problems involved in the delivery of health care to women and effecting changes in that health care. This article seeks to identify societal contributions and specific events that resulted in the occurrence of this social reform movement, enumerate some of the accomplishments, and suggest why health care providers would benefit by understanding this phenomenon.
Intraspinal drug delivery routes for treatment of chronic pain and spasticity

Abstract Subarachnoidal and epidural are the two most frequent routes for intraspinal drug delivery in treatment of chronic pain and spasticity. In addition, there are less frequently used intraventricular and subdural routes. In this review, basic concepts of intraspinal drug delivery using different intraspinal routes are discussed. The intrathecal administration of drugs is preferred today, mainly because of effective dosing in low volumes using portable infusion systems. Intrathecal catheters are longer lasting and have lower rates of complications than epidural; there are fewer side effects and development of tolerance in patients with chronic pain is reduced when the intrathecal route is used. Today, for long-term pain management in patients with benign chronic pain and in those cancer patients with longer life expectancy, the intrathecal route is preferred.
Enhanced production of pink pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Abstract A mass rearing program was developed for the pink pineapple mealybug (PPM), Dymsicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), to provide host material for producing the encyrtid parasitoid Anagyrus ananatis (Gahan). PPM individuals produce honeydew that accumulates on heavily infested squash and entraps crawlers and older instars. A new protocol was tested to reduce accumulated honeydew with minimal mortality to PPM. Butternut and kobocha squash were placed in rearing containers and covered with coarse vermiculite (>2.36 mm diameter) after being infested with PPM. Use of vermiculite removed the honeydew from the squash surface. PPM produced using vermiculite were easily harvested from the host squash, but mealybugs produced on squash without vermiculite were embedded within the honeydew. When individual kobocha squash fruit were inoculated with 300–400 mature PPM adults (>0.6 mm length), about 700 adult PPM (appropriate for A. ananatis production) were produced for each dollar value (...
Development of fluorescent materials for Diffuse Fluorescence Tomography standards and phantoms.

The availability of fluorescence standards is necessary in the development of systems and methods for fluorescence imaging. In this study, two approaches for developing diffuse fluorescence materials to be used as standards or phantoms in diffuse fluorescent tomography applications were investigated. Specifically, silicone rubber and polyester casting resin were used as base materials, and silicone pigments or TiO2/ India Ink were added respectively to vary the optical properties. Characterization of the optical properties achieved was performed using time-resolved methods. Subsequently, different near-infrared fluorochromes were examined for imparting controlled and stable fluorescence properties. It was determined that hydrophobic fluorophores (IR 676 and IR 780 Iodide) suspended in dichloromethane and hydrophilic fluorophores (Cy5.5 and AF 750) suspended in methanol produced diffusive silicone and resin fluorescent materials, respectively. However only the hydrophobic fluorophores embedded within silicone resulted in the construction of a material with the characteristics of a standard, i.e. stability of fluorescence intensity with time and a linear dependence of normalized fluorescence intensity to fluorophore concentration.
Aspects of Storing and Sampling Ensiled Forages

Abstract To increase accuracy of formulating rations containing silages for cattle, significant improvements of sampling efficiency and timeliness are needed. A composite sample of multiple loads of fresh chopped forage (ingo) for chemical analysis permits representativenss and convenience of sampling and timeliness of reporting. Silage ingo and resulting fermented silage (outgo) for corn and haycrop silages stored in a number of structures were sampled representatively and analyzed for crude protein, crude and acid detergent fiber, and dry matter. Equations were developed for predicting crude protein, crude fiber, and acid-detergent fiber in silage outgo from these variables in fresh forage ingo, with efficiencies of 69 to 86%. Dry matter densities and recoveries were determined for some storage structures, and importance of frequent determination of dry matter at feeding time was stressed.
A Syntactic Theory of Message Passing

Recent developments by Hewitt and others have stimulated interest in message-passing constructs as an alternative to the more conventional applicative semantics on which most current languages are based. The present work illuminates the distinction between applicative and message-passing semantics by means of the m-calculus, a syntactic model of message-passing systems similar in mechanism to the l-calculus. Algorithms for the translation of expressions from the l- to the m-calculus are presented, and differences between the two approaches are discussed.Message-passing semantics seem particularly applicable to the study of multiprocessing. The m-calculus, through the mechanism of conduits, provides a simple model for a limited but interesting class of parallel computations. Multiprocessing capabilities of the m-calculus are illustrated, and multiple-processor implementations are discussed briefly.
Distributed weighted-multidimensional scaling for node localization in sensor networks

Accurate, distributed localization algorithms are needed for a wide variety of wireless sensor network applications. This article introduces a scalable, distributed weighted-multidimensional scaling (dwMDS) algorithm that adaptively emphasizes the most accurate range measurements and naturally accounts for communication constraints within the sensor network. Each node adaptively chooses a neighborhood of sensors, updates its position estimate by minimizing a local cost function and then passes this update to neighboring sensors. Derived bounds on communication requirements provide insight on the energy efficiency of the proposed distributed method versus a centralized approach. For received signal-strength (RSS) based range measurements, we demonstrate via simulation that location estimates are nearly unbiased with variance close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound. Further, RSS and time-of-arrival (TOA) channel measurements are used to demonstrate performance as good as the centralized maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) in a real-world sensor network.
Demographic Change in the United States in the 1990s and the Twenty-first Century: Implications for Fisheries Management

Abstract Projected decreases in rates of population growth, an aging population, and an increase in minority residents will affect the demand for sport fishing with implications for management. Age and race/ethnicity-specific projections of the U.S. population and of participation in fishing are used to examine the impacts of future demographic trends on the number and characteristics of anglers. Results suggest that the rate of increase in the angler population will decline, the population will become older, and the population will have larger minority components. These changes may require increased services for elderly and minority residents at a time when they are exempt from license fees or require lower access costs, respectively. As their numbers increase, older age and minority groups are likely to enjoy greater political power. Managers are likely to find themselves forced to address the needs of these groups in more direct and visible ways than had previously been required. This will require mana...
Experimental investigation on a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) parallel flow field design with external two-valve regulation on cathode channels

Abstract Parallel/interdigitated/serpentine flow field PEM fuel cells have similar performance under low overvoltage operation. At higher overvoltage, interdigitated/serpentine flow field performance may exceed parallel flow field designs due to better water removal and more uniform reactant distribution by convective reactant flow in the GDL under land area, i.e. cross flow. However, serpentine flow field design suffers from high pumping losses and the risk of local flooding at channel U-bends. Additionally, interdigitated flow field designs may have higher local flooding risk in the inlet channels and relatively large pumping requirement at low current densities. In this study, a novel parallel flow field design with external two-valve regulation on the cathode was presented. Two valves introduced continuous pressure differences to two separate manifolds in the cathode that induce cross flow across the land areas. Moreover, both valves remained partially open to maintain a good water removal from flow channels. Comparative test results showed the proposed design surpasses performance of both parallel and interdigitated flow field design at operation current density of 0.7 A cm−2 or higher. The performance enhancement is 10.9% at peak power density point (0.387 W cm−2 @ 0.99 A cm−2) compared to parallel flow field taking into account pumping losses.
High-Resolution Interferometric Spectrophotopolarimetry

Spectrophotopolarimetric capability can be added to a laboratory interferometer-spectrometer by use of a specially designed module described herein. With the instrument so augmented, high-resolution spectra can be obtained of the Stokes parameters of the reference beam and the beams diffusely reflected or transmitted by a sample medium of interest. For any such beam, the exponential Fourier transforms of the two interferograms obtained with a polarizer-analyzer oriented along the 0 deg and the 90 deg directions provide the spectra of I and Q, separately. Within experimental (and numerical) noise, this I spectrum should be the same as the one obtained with the polarizer removed. The remaining Stokes parameters U and V are obtained with a third interferogram recorded with the polarizer along the 45 deg direction. The complete theory of this instrument is described including the detailed analysis of the polarization-interferograms it provides.
A screening assay for detecting CD8+ cell non-cytotoxic anti-HIV responses

The rate of HIV-1 disease progression is influenced by several factors that include pathogen and host genetic variations and the quality of antiviral immune responses. The CD8+ cell non-cytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) substantially suppresses HIV replication in CD4+ cells and is positively associated with an asymptomatic clinical state. Traditionally, the measurement of CNAR has required several culture procedures and costly reagents. Here we report the development and validation of a screening assay for detection of CNAR that accurately identifies individuals benefiting from this response. Use of the CNAR screening assay should facilitate the evaluation of this important immune parameter in studies of HIV pathogenesis, resistance to infection, and vaccine development.
Theoretical characterization of the potential energy surface for H+N2→HN2.. III, Calculations for the excited state surfaces

Additional calculations which characterize potential energy sources (PESs) for the excited 3A-double-prime state, for a bound 2(2A-prime) state, for HN2(+), and for the Rydberg states associated with HN2(+). It is anticipated that these excited state PESs will be important in interpreting and designing experiments to characterize the ground state HN2 species via neutralized ion beam techniques.
The “Greatest Good”: The U.S. Political System and the Uphill Battle for Progressive Health Care Reform

In spite of their relative success in countries as diverse as Sweden, Italy, and England, neither a national health care delivery system nor a single payer plan were ever seriously considered, let alone debated, in the current effort to reform health care in the United States. While this may come as little surprise, at least to American observers, more puzzling is the question of why the country with arguably the least cost-effective health care system in the world, would have such a hard time with the so-called public option. Why, in the midst of a perfect storm of economic need, favorable public opinion, and rigorous support by democratic activists, has the so-called public option been so successfully marginalized? This article attempts to answer this question by looking more in depth at the role of U.S. political culture and the broader structural and institutional forces that have obstructed and continue to obstruct comprehensive public solutions to common socio-economic problems.
The Un-managed System of Medicare Referrals

Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act two years ago, patient centered medical homes (PCMH) and accountable care organizations (ACO) have emerged as leading models to address our fragmented, high cost health care system.1 The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) has been allocated $10 billion over a decade to test and spread these and other new models of care and payment, with the aim of providing better health for individuals and populations at lower cost.
The 1976–77 Winter in the Contiguous United States in Comparison with Past Records

Abstract The 1976–77 winter season is compared with earlier winters with respect to temperature and beating degree days. Comparisons are based on 1) station data; 2) composite indices derived from a combination of a few very long-term station records; 3) areally weighted state and regional temperature averages; and 4) population weighted beating degree days. Major conclusions are as follows: 1) January 1977 was possibly the coldest month experienced in the eastern half of the country in the past 200 years. 2) The 1976–77 winter was not a record-breaker for temperature for the contiguous 48 states as a whole, but set a new record for fuel demand because of the extreme cold in highly populated areas. 3) Relatively coarse networks of stations can be used for monitoring large-scale anomalous weather features; they allow use of continuous records covering more than 100 years for which dense networks do not exist. They also allow near-real-time assessment of anomalous weather events at a small fraction of the t...
Qualification and Lessons Learned with Space Flight Fiber Optic Components

This presentation covers lessons learned during the design, development, manufacturing and qualification of space flight fiber optic components. Changes at NASA, including short-term projects and decreased budgets have brought about changes to vendors and parts. Most photonics for NASA needs are now commercial off the shelf (COTS) products. The COTS Tecnology Assurance approach for space flight and qualification plans are outlined.
Effect of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism on Fasting Retinyl Palmitate Level

The effect of apolipoprotein E (apo E) common genotypes on fasting retinyl palmitate (RP) level was studied in 344 white individuals, of which 130 had intimal thickening of the carotid artery ("cases") and 214 were controls. In this sample the common apo E genotypes possessed a statistically significant effect on fasting RP level in cases, while in controls the effect observed was not statistically significant. It is suggested that the effect of apo E may be expressed at the level of remnant clearance particles. Additionally, in cases other traits interact with the apo E genotype to influence fasting RP level.
Transmission electron spin resonance in dilute rare-earth aluminum alloys

We report transmission-electron-spin-resonance (TESR) measurements on dilute alloys of Er, Tm, and Lu in aluminum. We have derived theoretical expressions for the effects of the exchange and crystal-field interactions on the resonance properties of the Er and Tm alloys. A computer fit of these expressions to the data yields values for the crystal-field parameters and the sign, magnitude, and a measure of the $k$ dependence of the exchange interaction for each alloy. Combining the TESR results with direct EPR measurements on Al:Er, we obtain the free-ion $g$ value of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ and a measure of the electron-electron enhancement in the host. The TESR measurements also yield the outer-shell spin-flip scattering cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{sf}}$ for Er, Tm, and Lu. Corresponding resistivity measurements indicate that the outer-shell scattering properties of these impurities are quite similar, in that they are all characterized by roughly the same value for the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{sf}}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}}$.
ON TENSE ALTERNATION AND THE NEED FOR ANALYSIS OF NATIVE SPEAKER USAGE IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

A description of the rules for the use of the conversational historical present in American English is given in order to demonstrate the necessity of taking such information into account when applying discourse analysis to second language research. It is argued that native speaker intuition is inadequate as a basis for judging the discourse errors of language learners. A recent study of tense avoidance by Godfrey (1980) is discussed in order to point out the difficulties facing researchers doing pioneering work in the use of discourse analysis for the study of second language acquisition.
Regulation of Lethal giant larvae by Dishevelled

The establishment of polarity in many cell types depends on Lgl, the tumour suppressor product of lethal giant larvae, which is involved in basolateral protein targeting. The conserved complex of Par3, Par6 and atypical protein kinase C phosphorylates and inactivates Lgl at the apical surface; however, the signalling mechanisms that coordinate cell polarization in development are not well defined. Here we show that a vertebrate homologue of Lgl associates with Dishevelled, an essential mediator of Wnt signalling, and that Dishevelled regulates the localization of Lgl in Xenopus ectoderm and Drosophila follicular epithelium. We show that both Lgl and Dsh are required for normal apical-basal polarity of Xenopus ectodermal cells. In addition, we show that the Wnt receptor Frizzled 8, but not Frizzled 7, causes Lgl to dissociate from the cortex with the concomitant loss of its activity in vivo. These findings suggest a molecular basis for the regulation of cell polarity by Frizzled and Dishevelled.
Skew chain orders and sets of rectangles

A ''skew chain order'' is one which can be partitioned into saturated chains all starting at rank 0. A two-part Sperner-type theorem is derived for the direct product of two skew chain orders. This theorem is used to solve an extremal problem about certain sets of integer rectangles.
Mortality rates of persons entering methadone maintenance: a seven-year study.

An analysis of all deaths occulting over a 79-month period in patients enrolled in methadone maintenance (MM) revealed an overall mortality rate of 20/1,000. Over a similar period 510 persons were discharged from MM. Follow-up able to be performed in 80% revealed at least 22 deaths to have occurred subsequent to discharge. Survival curves calculated on the basis of these data indicate that even under the best possible assumption, age adjusted mortality rates of heroin addicts are not only above the national mean but are one and a half times that of the population in the community surrounding the clinic. None of the deaths could be directly attributed to methadone. Alcohol was prominent in 60% of all deaths, being responsible for 89% of medical deaths and present in 35% of violent deaths. These findings emphasize the persistent risk associated with heroin addiction as well as the role of alcoholism in the production of excessive mortality.
Behavior of persistent currents under conditions of strong decay

We report observations of the decay of persistent currents of thin superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films for which the superfluid velocity deviates strongly from the previously observed $logt$ behavior. We present data which document the evolution of this behavior as a function of film thickness. The Iordanskii-Langer-Fisher theory does not accurately describe our observations.
Detachment of colloidal hydrous oxide spheres from flat solids exposed to flow 1. Experimental system

Abstract This article describes an improved technique for studying the detachment of very small particles from solid walls exposed to turbulent shear flow. The technique is useful as an assay of the strength of adhesion between solids immersed in solution. It is also useful in determining the mechanism by which detachment takes place. The experiment is designed so that the particles rest on a window in the outer annular wall of a system of coaxial cylinders. This arrangement permits more rapid counting of particles remaining on precisely the same area throughout the experiment. Results are presented for the detachment of uniform colloidal hydrous oxide spheres from cellulose and glass substrates. Independently controlled variables included the applied shear stress, the size of the particles, the composition of the aqueous solution, and the time of shearing.
Health behaviors among people with epilepsy--results from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey.

Objectives This study aimed to estimate and compare the prevalence of selected health behavior—alcohol use, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and sufficient sleep—between people with and without a history of epilepsy in a large, nationally representative sample in the United States.
Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndromes

Although respiratory abnormalities and autonomic dysfunction in patients with congenital central alveolar hypoventilation disorders persist throughout life, the prognosis for these children has improved considerably in recent years. This improvement may be attributed to wider recognition of such disorders, specialized centers treating such children, and improved technology to treat and monitor these children throughout life.