cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE STABILITY OF hCG AND FREE β-SUBUNIT IN SERUM SAMPLES

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) free beta-subunit measurement is used as a screening test for Down syndrome pregnancies. Use, shipping, and storage conditions have, however, to some extent been limited by a stability problem; the swamping of serum free beta-subunit levels by new molecules coming from the dissociation of hCG. We examined the stability of free beta-subunit levels in six fresh serum samples from the first trimester of pregnancy. The mean hCG level in the fresh serum samples was 3710 +/- 886 micrograms/l; this included a 3.0 +/- 0.39 per cent nicked hCG component. The mean free beta-subunit level was 0.27 +/- 0.04 per cent and the nicked free beta-subunit level was 0.10 +/- 0.04 per cent of the hCG concentration. Samples were incubated for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 weeks at 21 degrees C, with no additives. After half a week, the free beta-subunit level rose to 137 +/- 17 per cent, and after 4 weeks to 360 +/- 53 per cent of the starting level (ANOVA P < or = 0.05). Parallel, but greater, increases were observed in nicked hCG and nicked free beta-subunit levels. The experiment was repeated with the addition of penicillin-streptomycin-fungizone to fresh serum. After half a week, the free beta-subunit level increased to only 101 +/- 3.0 per cent (t-test, with/without additive, P < or = 0.05), and after 4 weeks to only 136 +/- 7.8 per cent (P < or = 0.05) of the starting level. At 4 weeks, nicked hCG production was reduced from 499 +/- 83 to 158 +/- 15 per cent of the starting level. We infer that nicking of hCG and dissociation of unstable nicked hCG may be pathways supplementing free beta-subunit in serum samples. We further infer that hCG nicking activity comes from microbes, and that free beta-subunit levels can be stabilized for shipping and longer storage by antibiotic/antimycotic additives.
Effective Roughness Length for Turbulent Flow over a Wavy Surface

Abstract A two-equation turbulence model is used to calculate the effective roughness length for two-dimensional turbulent flow over small amplitude, wavy surface topography. The governing equations are solved using the method of matched asymptotic expansions for the case ϵ ≪ 1, δ ≪ 1, where ϵ is the square root of a characteristic drag coefficient for flow over a plane surface and δ is the wave slope. Analytical expressions are derived for the effective roughness length and drag coefficient for flow over stationary topography and over a progressive wave. The results are used to determine the drag coefficient and the form drag for flow over a progressive water wave, and are found to be consistent with observations.
A simple method for quantifying activity and survival of microorganisms involved in bioremediation processes

We have developed a substrate-induced growth response (SIGR) method for quantifying activity and population dynamics of microorganisms involved in bioremediation processes in soil and bioreactors. The biomass of organisms that can mineralize a given chemical can be estimated based on the concentration of that chemical needed to induce the growth of the standing population. Estimates of population size are obtained by using nonlinear regression techniques to fit a simple model of microbial population dynamics to biodegradation curves. Using this approach we obtain estimates of values for parameters such as initial population size and growth rate of organisms carrying out biodegradative processes. Our approach was validated by comparing model parameter estimates with independent estimates of the same parameters from the same bioremediation systems. Examples studied include pentachlorophenol degraders introduced into soil and 2,4-dinitrophenol degrading organisms in a bioreactor.
Polynomial eigenstress inducing polynomial strain of the same degree in an ellipsoidal inclusion and its applications

We present a rigorous proof of polynomial eigenstress inducing polynomial strain of the same degree in an ellipsoidal inclusion. The coefficients of the induced polynomial strain are explicitly given in terms of elliptic integrals. The analogous Eshelby's tensor for polynomial eigenstress is also computed, and applied to solve the inhomogeneous problem as an example of applications.
Poles, zeros, and feedback: State space interpretation

This paper is concerned with the relationships between time and frequency domain descriptions of linear, time-invariant systems and with the evaluation of the effects of feedback on such systems. A new expression for the transfer function of a system described by a set of first-order differential equations is given; this expression not only relates the poles and zeros to the eigenvalues of matrices but also makes it possible to compute the transfer function without matrix inversion. The effects of state variable feedback on controllability, observability, and pole-zero configurations are discussed and the effects of feeding back the output and its derivatives are considered. The application of these ideas to an optimal control problem is sketched and methods of extending them to the multi-input, multi-output case are examined.
Damping effects in MEMS resonators

Damping effects are very important in MEMS-based sensors and actuators. In this paper we use analytical models and finite element (FE) computations to quantify the energy losses due to viscous fluid damping, acoustic radiation and thermo-elastic damping. To treat the case where squeeze/slide film models can not be applied, we have implemented in a commercial FE package a new incompressible flow solver based on a gauge formulation. We are thus able to solve for full flows around complex 3D geometries in the frequency domain and predict viscous damping of resonant MEMS structures. The full methodology is exemplified on the response of a MEMS silicon resonator, including acoustic driving and piezoelectric sensing.
Atomic processes in the polar cap

Polar cap atomic processes stimulated by photons, electrons and protons, considering particle morphology
Metastatic granulosa‐cell tumor in the liver: Cytopathologic findings and staining with inhibin

Adult granulosa-cell tumor (AGCT) is an uncommon ovarian malignancy. Rarely, hepatic metastasis of this tumor may present a difficult cytologic diagnosis when such a lesion is aspirated. This case report elaborates the cytopathologic features of AGCT in the liver aspirate of a 60-yr-old woman. Correlation with histopathology and intraoperative touch-imprint cytology of the subsequent hepatic resection is also presented. The role of immunoperoxidase studies especially utilizing inhibin is also highlighted.
The PedsQL 4.0 as a school population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity.

Background: The application of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) as a school population health measure may facilitate risk assessment and resource allocation, the tracking of student health at the school and district level, the identification of health disparities among schoolchildren, and the determination of health outcomes from interventions and policy decisions at the school, district, and county level. Objective:To determine the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the 23-item PedsQLTM 4.0 (Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM) Generic Core Scales as a school population health measure for children and adolescents. Design: Survey conducted in 304 classes at 18 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, and 3 high schools within a large metropolitan school district. Methods:The PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales (Physical, Emotional, Social, School Functioning) were completed by 2437 children ages 8–18 and 4227 parents of children ages 5–18. Results:The PedsQLTM 4.0 evidenced minimal missing responses, achieved excellent reliability for the Total Scale Score (α = 0.89 child, 0.92, parent report), and distinguished between healthy children and children with chronic health conditions. The PedsQLTM 4.0 was related to indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) at the school and district level. The PedsQLTM School Functioning Scale was significantly correlated with standardized achievement scores based on the Stanford 9. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the feasibility, reliability and validity of the PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales as a school population health measure. The implications of measuring HRQOL in schoolchildren at the school, district, and county level for identifying and ameliorating health disparities are discussed.
Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with activated spleen cells: comparison of in vitro activation by concanavalin a and myelin basic protein

Abstract Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was carried out in Lewis rats using splenic lymphocytes incubated in vitro with either concanavalin A (Con A) or myelin basic protein (MBP). Requirements were established for sensitization of donors, culture conditions, numbers of transferred cells, and incubation period of EAE in recipients. These were strikingly similar whether Con A or MBP was used. In addition, cellular proliferation in vitro was not required in either system, but proliferation after transfer to the recipient was essential for the development of clinical signs and histological lesions. These methods have potential value for analyzing mechanisms of immune induction in this classic model of autoimmune disease.
Call for papers special issue: More usable information through graphics

IN September 1978 our special issue (PC-21/3) on the design of audio and visual information gave pointers on achieving clarity and communication in the individual pieces of artwork that are often included in technical reports and publications. In the March 1981 issue (PC-24/1), several authors discussed the prose-text aspects of making information usable, particularly instructional materials.
Unattended sensors community of interest: expanding intelligence awareness, optimizing mission support

The scope and success of Department of Defense (DoD), Intelligence Community (IC), and other United States Government (USG) Unattended Sensor efforts clearly requires a focused, expanded effort at integration and best practices development. Discussions with key stakeholders indicate strong support for the standup of an Unattended Sensors Community of Interest (USCOI) to improve visibility across programs and foster greater mission partnerships. The USCOI will advance understanding of legal and privacy issues, data sharing, Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) architecture integration standards, technical specifications, and other issues of common interest (power management, concealment, etc.); promoting opportunities for cost avoidance and improved effectiveness. Launching the USCOI concept provides a stakeholders' forum to identify, discuss, and facilitate Doctrine, Organization, Training, Material, Leadership, Personnel and Facilities (DOTMLPF) resolutions to issues related to the acquisition, development, and employment of unattended sensors across the DoD, IC, and broader USG, as appropriate. USCOI also provides a structured forum where appropriately cleared law enforcement can share operational and technical experiences and expertise on integration of unattended sensor data in existing/planned collection and analysis architectures. The USCOI concept can help facilitate extensive independent discussion across the community and enhance subject matter expert and leadership perspectives. Many senior leaders believe DoD and the IC have a great deal to learn from law enforcement use of unattended sensors and data integration. The USCOI will broaden awareness and open dialogue among users and developers across the interagency, law enforcement, and academia.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Highly accurate hybrid-OPC method for sub-60nm memory device

Recently, as the design rule shrinks so does the CD tolerance. Therefore, the importance of simulation and OPC accuracy is increasing. In the past, when pattern size was large, rule-based OPC was acceptable but as the design rule shrinks accuracy of OPC turned to model-based OPC and almost all device uses this method. Model-based OPC is based on parameter fitting it has Model-Residual-Error (MRE). Due to this error the accuracy of the model has limitations. Usually variable-threshold or vector model is applied to the model in order to cut down the MRE. But still, size of the MRE is too large compared to CD tolerance. Currently, further development of model-based OPC resulted in creation of both model and rule-based OPC. This is called Hybrid OPC method. Hybrid-OPC method is based on model OPC but MRE can be lowered using rule bias to retarget the design data. But this method makes it difficult to retarget the design data in that rule biasing result is hard to predict after the model-based OPC operation. In this paper, we propose New Hybrid OPC method that feeds back the MRE calibrated data set to model-based OPC method. By using this method, better OPC model can be made. We will be presenting the result after the method has been applied on sub-60nm device and the capability of this method.
Calibration of a Quasi-Adiabatic Magneto-Thermal Calorimeter Used to Characterize Magnetic Nanoparticle Heating

To assess and validate temperature measurement and data analysis techniques for a quasi-adiabatic calorimeter used to measure amplitude-dependent loss power of magnetic nanoparticles exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) at radiofrequencies (160 65 kHz). The data collected and methods developed were used to measure the specific loss power (SLP) for two magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) suspensions, developed for magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. Calibration was performed by comparing measured against calculated values of specific absorption rate (SAR) of a copper wire subjected to AMF. Rate of temperature rise from induced eddy currents was measured (n ¼4) for a copper wire of radius 0.99mm and length of 3.38mm in an AMF at amplitudes (H) of 16, 20, 24, and 28kA/m. The AMF was generated by applying an alternating current using an 80-kW induction power supply to a capacitance network containing a 13.5-cm vertical solenoid that held the calorimeter. Samples were taped to an optical fiber temperature probe and inserted into a standard (polystyrene, 5ml) test tube which was suspended in the calorimeter. The sample was subjected to the AMF for 30s or until the temperature of the sample, increased by 30 � C, recorded at 0.3-s intervals. The SAR of the sample was normalized by H 2 f 1/2 , averaged, and compared to theoretical values. Iron (Fe) normalized SLPs of two IONPs (JHU-MION and bionized-nanoferrite (BNF) particles (Micromod Partikeltechnologie, GmbH)) in aqueous suspension were measured in the same setup. We report experimental SAR values for the copper of 2.4 60.1, 4.3 60.2, 6.2 60.1, and 8.5 60.1W/g compared to theoretical values 3.1 60.1, 4.5 60.2, 6.5 60.1, and 9.2 60.2W/g at AMF amplitudes of 16 60.1, 20 60.2, 24 60.1, and 28 60.1kA/m, respectively. Normalized experimental data followed a linear trend approximately parallel to theoretical values with an R 2 -value of 0.99. The measured SLPs of the JHU particles are higher than BNF particles within the tested AMF amplitude range of 15kA/m to 45kA/m. We demonstrated that copper can be used to calibrate magneto-thermal calorimetric systems used for SLP measurements of magnetic nanoparticles for a field range of 15‐28kA/m at 160 65kHz. We also note that the electrical conductivity, diameter of copper sample and accuracy, and response time of thermometry constrain calibration to lower amplitudes, highlighting the need for development of standard reference materials for such applications. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024273]
Follicular Lymphoma of the Skin: Different Therapies Similar Outcome

group, the 3-year rate for out-of-filed CNS recurrence was 25%.Late neurotoxicity of WBRT was encountered in two 65-year-old patients and in 4 patients less than 60 years of age. Two patients over 60 years old and a 58-year-old patient treated with PBRT developed treatment-related late neurotoxicity. Conclusions: PBRT seems to be a feasible treatment option for solitary PCNSL. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the superiority of PBRT over WBRT. Author Disclosure: M. Iwabuchi: None. C. Sugie: None. S. Ayakawa: None. F. Baba: None. H. Ogino: None. Y. Shibamoto: None.
Abstract 1703: Osteoblastic differentiation induced by PSA: Role of Wif-1 and TGF-β

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Introduction: The high prevalence of osteoblastic bone metastases in prostate cancer likely involves the production of osteoblast-stimulating factors by prostate cancer cells. The identity of the factors responsible for the homing of circulating prostate cancer cells to the bone remains unknown. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease produced by prostate cancer cells and is an important serological marker for prostate cancer. Our previous studies suggested that PSA may be involved in the induction of osteoblastic differentiation. In this study, we examined the involvement of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif-1) and Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in osteoblastic differentiation induced by PSA in SaOS-2 human osteosarcoma cells. Methods: Microarray analysis of RNAs from Saos-2 cells stably expressing PSA and vector controls was performed and the results were validated by northern blotting. The potential role of Wif-1 and TGF-β in osteoblatic differentiation induced by PSA was examined by alkaline phosphatase assays, luciferase assays and northern analysis. Results: PSA was found to induce bone remodeling in SaOS-2 cells as evidenced by increases in alkaline phosphatase activity, mineral deposition and osteogenic gene expression. Saos-2 cells expressing PSA exhibited markedly upregulated expression of markers of osteoblastic differentiation like collagen type 1, osteocalcin, Runx-2, alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein compared to parental Saos-2 cells and vector controls. Treatment of SaOS cells with exogenous enzymatically active PSA produced similar results, suggesting that osteoblastic differentiation may be regulated by PSA. Among the genes found to be regulated by PSA expression, TGF-β and Wif-1 were examined further. PSA enhanced the expression and activation of TGF-β as shown by higher levels of TGF-β-responsive reporter activity and increase in expression of TGF-β receptors I and II. Overexpression of Wif-1 in SaOS-2 cells enhanced osteogenic gene expression, while inhibition of Wif-1 expression in PSA-expressing cells resulted in reduction of alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. Conclusions: PSA-induced bone remodeling was mediated by enhanced expression of several markers of osteoblastic differentiation and modulation of TGF-β and the Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These results suggest that PSA produced by metastatic prostate cancer cells may participate in bone remodeling in favor of development of osteoblastic metastases. These findings provide a molecular basis for understanding the high prevalence of osteoblastic bone metastases in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1703.
The Role of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission in the Solution of Great Lakes Problems

Abstract The Great Lakes Fishery Commission was established by treaty between the United States and Canada. Under the terms of the Convention the Commission is charged with the implementation of a program for the control of the sea lamprey and with the coordination of fishery research by various agencies. In-the performance of its duties with respect to sea lamprey the Commission has contracted the operational phase of the program to the Fish and Wildlife Service in the United States and to the Fisheries Research Board in Canada. The Commission does not plan to engage in research but has the authority to do so should circumstances require. Primary responsibility for preparing and recommending to the Commission the programs for sea lamprey control and fishery research lies with the five-man Scientific Advisory Committee, headed by the Executive Secretary of the Commission and having two members each from the United States and Canada. This Committee is aided by consultants from all regions of the Great Lake...
Rectal cancer in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: Surgical management and survival outcomes

Methods Patients referred to our institution for either primary or recurrent rectal cancer between 1992-2010 were identified based on following inclusion criteria: 1) pathogenic germline mutation in DNA mismatch repair genes (MMR; n=19); 2) germline variants of uncertain significance but tumor studies suggestive of MMR (n=6); 3) suggestive tumor studies but negative germline testing (n=5); and 4) suggestive tumor studies but no germline testing (n=4). Patients were reviewed for clinical characteristics and treatments, and followed to death or last contact.
Sexual activity in patients with angina.

COITAL ANGINA IS ANGINA THAT occurs during the minutes or hours following sexual activity. More than 6 million individuals in the United States experience angina pectoris. Coital angina appears to represent less than 5% of all anginal attacks. For various reasons, fewer middle aged or older women engage in sexual activity than age-matched men. Accordingly, the prevalence of coital angina is higher in men than in women. The comparative physical demands of sexual activity in men and women are unknown. Frequency of coitus diminishes with age in both women and men, especially after the onset of coronary artery disease, which occurs some 10 years later in women than in men. Coital angina is rare in patients who do not have angina during strenuous physical exertion. It is more prevalent in sedentary individuals with severe coronary artery disease who experience angina with minimal physical activity. Among these sedentary individuals, myocardial oxygen demand during coitus may exceed that during customary activities of daily living; for these individuals, sex may be a provocative test.
Comparison of Preenrichment to Direct Enrichment and the Effect of Pyruvate in Media for Recovery of Salmonellae in Feed

Abstract Nineteen mash and 13 pelleted samples of poultry feed were collected from 10 commercial feed mills and analyzed for Salmonellae with six different media as the initial medium in the analysis: 1) lactose broth (L), 2) L plus 1% sodium pyruvate (LP), 3) selenite cystine broth (SC), 4) SC plus 1% sodium pyruvate (SCP), 5) tetrathionate (TT) broth, and 6) TT plus 1% sodium pyruvate (TTP). Thirteen of the 19 (68%) mash samples and 3 of the 13 (23%) pelleted samples were found to contain Salmonellae. When samples were preenriched in L, Salmonellae were recovered from only 7 of the 16 positive samples, whereas direct enrichment in SC and TT recovered Salmonellae from 10 and 11 of the 16 positive samples, respectively. When the combination of SC and TT were used, direct enrichment resulted in recovery of Salmonellae from 14 of the 16 positive samples. One percent sodium pyruvate was found to be highly inhibitory, resulting in identification of only 1 of 16 known positive samples.
MOVES Versus MOBILE: Comparison of Greenhouse Gas and Criterion Pollutant Emissions

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has released a new generation regulatory mobile emission model, called MOVES (motor vehicle emission simulator), to replace its current emission models, MOBILE and NONROAD. On its formal adoption, MOVES will have important implications for regional mobile emission inventories, particularly concerning transportation conformity to the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment. MOVES will not only improve emissions inventory estimates, but it will also expand the capabilities to perform quantitative project-level emission inventories that are not possible with the latest version of MOBILE. MOVES is designed to estimate emissions at scales ranging from individual roads and intersections to county-, region-, and nationwide. The first objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive documentation of the differences between MOVES and MOBILE in terms of model methodology, scope, and features. The second objective is to fill the void in the literature on the comparison of MOVES and...
Transform-based lossless coding

Recent developments on the implementation of integer-to- integer transform provide a new basis for transform-based lossless coding. Although it shares many features with popular transform-based lossy coding, there are also a few discrepancies between them because of different coding rules. In this paper we discuss several important discrepancies, including the evaluation of decorrelating performance, the implementation of transform and the criteria of choosing transform. We target at a better understanding of applying linear transforms in lossless coding scenario.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interactions among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, interferon-γ and receptor of activated NF-κ B ligand (RANKL): implications for HIV pathogenesis

We reported recently that exposure of human T cells to soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 induced biologically active tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-related cytokine receptor of activated NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), the primary drive to osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Furthermore, certain anti-HIV protease inhibitors linked clinically to accelerated bone loss in HIV disease blocked the physiological control of RANKL activity by interferon (IFN)-gamma through inhibition of degradation of the RANKL nuclear adapter signalling protein, TNF receptor associated protein 6 (TRAF6). We now report a series of reciprocal interactions among HIV-1, RANKL and IFN-gamma. RANKL augmented HIV replication in acutely and chronically infected cells of T lymphocyte and monocyte lineage, effects which occurred at a transcriptional level in conjunction with activation of NF-kappaB. TNF-alpha and RANKL were markedly synergistic in induction of HIV. Low pharmacological levels of IFN-gamma (0.75-3 ng/ml) suppressed RANKL-driven enhancement of HIV replication, as did L-T6DP-1, a cell-permeable peptide inhibitor of TRAF6. In contrast, HIV replication induced by TNF-alpha and phorbol ester were not inhibited, and in some cases augmented, by IFN-gamma. We conclude that a positive feedback loop exists between RANKL production and HIV replication, which may be relevant to both the pathophysiology of HIV-linked osteopenia and control of HIV growth. This pathway appears distinct from those of other cytokine activators of HIV, with respect to its utilization of TRAF6 and its suppression by IFN-gamma. These data raise the possibility that TRAF-specific inhibitory peptides, alone or in conjunction with IFN-gamma, could be used to regulate HIV activation in vivo.
An empirical analysis of the determinants of the P/E ratio in emerging markets

Abstract The determinants of the P/E ratio of emerging equity markets have not been examined, despite the growing importance of these markets. This study, modifying the methodology of prior studies, empirically evaluates the importance of economic growth and credit risk as the determinants of the P/E ratio of 21 emerging markets. Annual data for the period 1992–1999 are used with seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) techniques to obtain cross-section and pooled-data estimates. The multivariate results indicate the significance of growth and the univariate results, the significance of both growth and credit risk. These results are consistent with those of studies of developed equity markets. Tests for structural differences in the equations for the 8-year period are not significant. The findings are supportive of growth (earnings potential) as a determinant of cross-country variation of the P/E ratios in emerging markets. Growth-oriented policies are important for emerging equity markets (EEM) to function as profitable financial centers and a source of domestic capital.
Application of Deterministic Chaos Theory to Local Instantaneous Temperature, Pressure, and Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Gas Fluidized Bed

The local instantaneous temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and pressure data, gathered around a horizontal tube in a fluidized bed, have been analyzed using the deterministic chaos theory. A stainless steel heat transfer tube, carrying a hot water flow, was placed in a cold bubbling fluidized bed. The tube was instrumented in the circumferential direction with five fast-responding surface thermocouples and a vertical pressure differential sensor. The local temperature and pressure data were measured simultaneously at a frequency of 120 Hz. Additionally, the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient was evaluated by solving the transient two-dimensional heat conduction equation across the tube wall numerically. The mutual information function (MIF) has been applied to the signals to observe the relationship between points separated in time. MIF was also used to provide the most appropriate time delay constant to reconstruct an m-dimensional phase portrait of the one-dimensional time series. The distinct variation of MIF around the tube indicates the variations of solid-surface contact in the circumferential direction. The correlation coefficient was evaluated to calculate the correlation exponent, which is closely related to the fractal dimension. The correlation exponent is a measure of the strange attractor. The minimum embedding dimension as well as the degrees of freedom of the system were evaluated via the correlation coefficient. Kolmogorov entropies of the signals were approximated by using the correlation coefficient. Kolmogorov entropy considers the inherent multi-dimensional nature of chaotic data. A positive estimation of Kolmogorov entropy is an indication of the chaotic nature of the signal. The Kolmogorov entropies of the temperature data around the tube were found to be between 10 and 24 bits/s. A comparison between the signals has shown that the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient exhibits a higher degree of chaos than the local temperature and pressure signals.
80-GHz differential VCO in InP SHBTs

A high frequency millimeter-wave voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) has been designed, manufactured and tested in InP single heterojunction bipolar transistor technology. The fully integrated fundamental differential VCO features high operating frequency up to 80 GHz with low phase noise about -118 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset and 5% tuning range. The VCO consumes only 95-mW power at a power supply of -5 V, while providing -2 dBm single-ended output power and 1 dBm for differential output power. The die size is 0.28 mm/sup 2/.
Transcriptome profiling of individual larvae of two different developmental modes in the poecilogonous polychaete Streblospio benedicti (Spionidae).

Understanding the range of biochemical and physiological phenotypes in a cohort of embryos or larvae is crucial to understanding the lifespan, dispersal potential, and recruitment success of the early life history stages of a species. In this study, a novel kinetic assay has been employed to profile the transcriptome pool complexity in individual larvae of both planktotrophic and lecithotrophic developmental modes in the poecilogonous polycheate Streblospio benedicti. Using a nano-scale synthesis strategy, the mRNA pool in a single embryo or larva can be amplified into cDNA for quantitative characterization in a high-throughput, kinetic reannealing assay in a 96–well, microtiterplate format. This assay generates transcript-pool complexity estimates at 1°C temperature increments for each sample producing 3,360 quantitative measurements per 96–well plate. Measuring transcriptome complexity on 8 individual planktotrophic and 8 individual lecithotrophic larvae (with 4 duplicate assays for each individual) reveals a more complex gene expression profile in planktotrophic larvae and a lower level of interindividual variation in expression patterns in lecithotrophic larvae. Although differences in these gene expression patterns are more likely due to physiological differences between feeding and non-feeding larval types in these late-stage individuals, this is one of the first assessments of inter-individual variation in gene expression patterns in marine invertebrate larvae and indicates a large potential for developmental variability. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B:238–249, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New species of Falcaustra (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) in Nyctimystes cheesmani (Anura: Hylidae) from Papua New Guinea.

Abstract Falcaustra batrachiensis n. sp. (Ascaridida, Kathlaniidae) from the large intestine of Nyctimystes cheesmani (Anura, Hylidae) is described and illustrated. Falcaustra batrachiensis represents the fifth Australo-Papuan species assigned to the genus and is distinguished from other Australo-Papuan species by the distribution pattern of the caudal papillae (8 precloacal, 2 adcloacal, 6 postcloacal, and 1 median), length of spicules (1.4–1.6 mm) and presence of pseudosuckers (5 or 6). Nyctimystes cheesmani was found to harbor 7 additional species of Nematoda, adults of Cosmocerca novaeguineae, Maxvachonia ewersi, Meteterakis crombiei, Physalopteroides milnensis, Pseudorictularia dipsarilis, Seuratascaris numidica, larvae in cysts of Abbreviata sp., and 1 species of Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus bufonis. Nyctimystes cheesmani represents a new host record for each of these helminth species.
Gammaherpesvirus Small Noncoding RNAs Are Bifunctional Elements That Regulate Infection and Contribute to Virulence In Vivo

ABSTRACT Many viruses express noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). The gammaherpesviruses (γHVs), including Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and murine γHV68, each contain multiple ncRNA genes, including microRNAs (miRNAs). While these ncRNAs can regulate multiple host and viral processes in vitro , the genetic contribution of these RNAs to infection and pathogenesis remains largely unknown. To study the functional contribution of these RNAs to γHV infection, we have used γHV68, a small-animal model of γHV pathogenesis. γHV68 encodes eight small hybrid ncRNAs that contain both tRNA-like elements and functional miRNAs. These genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III and are referred to as the γHV68 TMERs (tRNA-miRNA-encoded RNAs). To determine the total concerted genetic contribution of these ncRNAs to γHV acute infection and pathogenesis, we generated and characterized a recombinant γHV68 strain devoid of all eight TMERs. TMER-deficient γHV68 has wild-type levels of lytic replication in vitro and normal establishment of latency in B cells early following acute infection in vivo . In contrast, during acute infection of immunodeficient mice, TMER-deficient γHV68 has reduced virulence in a model of viral pneumonia, despite having an enhanced frequency of virus-infected cells. Strikingly, expression of a single viral tRNA-like molecule, in the absence of all other virus-encoded TMERs and miRNAs, reverses both attenuation in virulence and enhanced frequency of infected cells. These data show that γHV ncRNAs play critical roles in acute infection and virulence in immunocompromised hosts and identify these RNAs as a new potential target to modulate γHV-induced infection and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE The gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) are a subfamily of viruses associated with chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These viruses uniformly encode multiple types of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are not translated into proteins. It remains unclear how virus-expressed ncRNAs influence the course and outcome of infection in vivo . Here, we generated a mouse γHV that lacks the expression of multiple ncRNAs. Notably, this mutant virus is critically impaired in the ability to cause disease in immunocompromised hosts yet shows a paradoxical increase in infected cells early during infection in these hosts. While the original mouse virus encodes multiple ncRNAs, the expression of a single domain of one ncRNA can partially reverse the defects of the mutant virus. These studies demonstrate that γHV ncRNAs can directly contribute to virus-induced disease in vivo and that these RNAs may be multifunctional, allowing the opportunity to specifically interfere with different functional domains of these RNAs.
An asthma management system in a pediatric emergency department.

Abstract Introduction Pediatric asthma exacerbations account for >1.8 million emergency department (ED) visits annually. Asthma guidelines are intended to guide time-dependent treatment decisions that improve clinical outcomes; however, guideline adherence is inadequate. We examined whether an automatic disease detection system increases clinicians’ use of paper-based guidelines and decreases time to a disposition decision. Methods We evaluated a computerized asthma detection system that triggered NHLBI-adopted, evidence-based practice to improve care in an urban, tertiary care pediatric ED in a 3-month (7/09–9/09) prospective, randomized controlled trial. A probabilistic system screened all ED patients for acute asthma. For intervention patients, the system generated the asthma protocol at triage for intervention patients to guide early treatment initiation, while clinicians followed standard processes for control patients. The primary outcome measures included time to patient disposition. Results The system identified 1100 patients with asthma exacerbations, of which 704 had a final asthma diagnosis determined by a physician-established reference standard. The positive predictive value for the probabilistic system was 65%. The median time to disposition decision did not differ among the intervention (289 min; IQR = (184, 375)) and control group (288 min; IQR = (185, 375)) (p = 0.21). The hospital admission rate was unchanged between intervention (37%) and control groups (35%) (p = 0.545). ED length of stay did not differ among the intervention (331 min; IQR = (226, 581)) and control group (331 min; IQR = (222, 516)) (p = 0.568). Conclusion Despite a high level of support from the ED leadership and staff, a focused education effort, and implementation of an automated disease detection, the use of the paper-based asthma protocol remained low and time to patient disposition did not change.
Formation of 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl-C-phosphonate oligonucleotides.

Abstract Incomplete sulfurization during solid-phase synthesis of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides using phosphoramidite chemistry was identified as the cause of formation of two new classes of process-related oligonucleotide impurities containing a DMTr-C-phosphonate (DMTr = 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl) moiety. Phosphite triester intermediates that failed to oxidize (sulfurize) to the corresponding phosphorothioate triester react during the subsequent acid-induced (dichloroacetic acid) detritylation with the DMTr cation or its equivalent in an Arbuzov-type reaction. This leads to formation of DMTr-C-phosphonate mono- and diesters resulting in oligonucleotides modified with a DMTr-C-phosphonate moiety located internally or at the 5′terminal hydroxy group. DMTr-C-phosphonate derivatives are not detected when optimized sulfurization conditions are employed.
Dynamic Failure of Borosilicate Glass Under Compression/Shear Loading Experiments

Dynamic compression/shear experiments on a borosilicate glass at the average strain rate of 250s-1 are conducted using a modified version of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Instead of applying confining pressure, cuboid specimens with the material axis inclining to the loading direction at different angles (0°, 3°, 5° and 7°) are used to generate higher shear stresses. A high-speed digital camera, synchronized with the loading stress pulse, is used to record the dynamic crack initiation and propagation. Experimental results show that the equivalent stress at failure decreases with increasing shear portion in the stress. Digital images show that the cracks initiate randomly in the right specimen, whereas cracks initiate from the stress concentrated corners in the inclined specimens. Subsequent crack propagation, despite of specimen inclination angles, is along the specimen axis rather than the compressive loading direction.
Role of vitamin D deficiency in continued hyperparathyroidism following parathyroidectomy.

Background The aim of this study was to investigate vitamin D deficiency as an etiology for patients with elevated parathormone (PTH) levels after parathyroidectomy. Methods Fifity-five patients were identified who had undergone parathyroidectomy between January 2003 and November 2006 with complete records that included measurements of preoperative and postoperative PTH, vitamin D, calcium, ionized calcium, and sestamibi localization results. Results Thirteen patients (24%) had elevated PTH at 1 week postoperatively. Sixty-two percent of these patients (N = 8, 15% overall) had vitamin D deficiency. Thirty-one percent (N = 4, 7% overall) had persistent biochemical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism. Three of the 4 had a subsequent positive sestamibi parathyroid localization of an additional adenoma (5.5% series incidence of double adenomas). Conclusion Given the known prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, consideration should be given to preoperative vitamin D testing to avoid confusion about the etiology of persistently elevated PTH following surgery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
A new genus of Cyrtoscydmini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) from Japan

Rutaraphes shikokuensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from Shikoku, Japan. The new taxon belongs to a group of genera characterized by the lateral sutures demarcating the submentum and is most similar to Neuraphes and Scydmoraphes. Morphological structures of Rutaraphes are illustrated and possible affinities with other genera of Cyrtoscydmini are discussed. Keys to identification of Palearctic and Japanese genera of Cyrtoscydmini are given. Including Rutaraphes, 14 genera of Scydmaeninae are currently known to occur in Japan.
Finite Vector Spaces and Certain Lattices

The Galois number $G_n(q)$ is defined to be the number of subspaces of the $n$-dimensional vector space over the finite field $GF(q)$. When $q$ is prime, we prove that $G_n(q)$ is equal to the number $L_n(q)$ of $n$-dimensional mod $q$ lattices, which are defined to be lattices (that is, discrete additive subgroups of n-space) contained in the integer lattice ${\bf Z}^n$ and having the property that given any point $P$ in the lattice, all points of ${\bf Z}^n$ which are congruent to $P$ mod $q$ are also in the lattice. For each $n$, we prove that $L_n(q)$ is a multiplicative function of $q$.
Roles of multidrug resistance genes in breast cancer chemoresistance.

ATP binding cassette (ABC)-containing drug efflux transporters play important roles in regulating intracellular drug concentrations that determine cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Of particular relevance to cancer chemotherapy are the transporters P-glycoprotein (Pgp) encoded by multidrug resistance 1 gene, multidrug resistance protein (MRP), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). More than 80% of currently used antitumor agents can be transported by these three transporters, and overexpression of these transporters renders multidrug resistance to a broad spectrum of antitumor agents. Elevated expression of these transporters is frequently found in breast cancers and correlations with elevated expression of Pgp or MRP1 to chemotherapeutic outcomes have been observed in some cases, suggesting that these transporters may contribute to chemoresistance in breast cancers. However, attempts to modulate the activities of these transporters using reversal agents have met with limited success. Future studies should focus on better understanding of the upregulation mechanisms of ABC transporter genes in breast cancers, and of the pharmacologic mechanisms of transporter-reversal agent interactions. These studies may lead to novel strategies for improving chemotherapeutic efficacies through targeted interventions of these ABC transporters.
Light and vision in the deep-sea benthos: II. Vision in deep-sea crustaceans

Using new collecting techniques with the Johnson-Sea-Link submersible, eight species of deep-sea benthic crustaceans were collected with intact visual systems. Their spectral sensitivities and temporal resolutions were determined shipboard using electroretinography. Useable spectral sensitivity data were obtained from seven species, and in the dark-adapted eyes, the spectral sensitivity peaks were in the blue region of the visible spectrum, ranging from 470 to 497 nm. Under blue chromatic adaptation, a secondary sensitivity peak in the UV portion of the spectrum appeared for two species of anomuran crabs: Eumunida picta (λ(max)363 nm) and Gastroptychus spinifer (λ(max)383 nm). Wavelength-specific differences in response waveforms under blue chromatic adaptation in these two species suggest that two populations of photoreceptor cells are present. Temporal resolution was determined in all eight species using the maximum critical flicker frequency (CFF(max)). The CFF(max) for the isopod Booralana tricarinata of 4 Hz proved to be the lowest ever measured using this technique, and suggests that this species is not able to track even slow-moving prey. Both the putative dual visual pigment system in the crabs and the extremely slow eye of the isopod may be adaptations for seeing bioluminescence in the benthic environment.
BSIM model for circuit design using advanced technologies

BSIM (Berkeley Short-channel IGFET Model) enables circuit designers to accurately simulate CMOS circuits by including gate tunneling, quantum effect, and RF effects. BPTM (Berkeley Predictive Technology Model) provides circuit designers with customized model cards for future technologies for exploratory circuit design and research.
Research Articles in Dreaming: A Review of the First 20 Years

This article reviews the entire range of research articles in Dreaming over the past 20 years to explore how consistently they adhere to scientific standards. Articles are reviewed on the basis of how precise their description of the participant group was in terms of sample size, mean age, gender, and ethnicity; the duration of the study; the level of accuracy accepted; the sampling methodology; the number of quantitative tests; the researchers’ expressed awareness of limitations of the study; and whether their conclusions were presented as being global for all dreamers or more cautiously hedged. The ultimate aim of the study is to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the published articles, and to upgrade the research standards in the International Association for the Study of Dreams’ flagship publication.
Acquired neuromuscular disorders in the intensive care unit

Patients are occasionally admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with respiratory failure or other pulmonary complications secondary to neuromuscular weakness that is chronic or newly acquired. However, the development of neuromuscular weakness in the ICU as a result of critical illness or therapy is an under-recognized but common problem. Indeed, neuromuscular abnormalities can be found in virtually all patients hospitalized in the ICU for a week or more, and more than one-half of mechanically ventilated patients develop clinically overt weakness. In the latter group, weakness appears to prolong time on the mechanical ventilator, increase hospital costs and increase mortality. Acquired neuromuscular disorders may also account for the majority of cases of prolonged ventilatory failure. It is therefore imperative to understand the potential causes of acquired neuromuscular disorders in the ICU so that inciting factors can be avoided if possible.