cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Giant monopole resonance strength in 28 Si

The giant resonance region in ${}^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ was studied with inelastic scattering of 240 MeV \ensuremath{\alpha} particles at small angles including 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The giant resonance peak extended from ${E}_{x}=12\mathrm{MeV}$ to 35 MeV and $E0$ strength corresponding to $54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6%$ of the isoscalar $E0$ energy weighted sum rule was identified between ${E}_{x}=11--35\mathrm{MeV}$ with a centroid of $21.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3\mathrm{MeV}$ and an rms width of $5.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{MeV}.$ $E2$ strength corresponding to $32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5%$ of the isoscalar $E2$ sum rule was identified with a centroid of ${E}_{x}=19.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{MeV}$ and rms width of $1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{MeV}.$ Elastic scattering was measured from ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to 47\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and optical parameters obtained. Inelastic scattering to states at 1.78, 6.88, 10.2, and 11.1 MeV was measured and deformation lengths and $L$ components extracted.
The Motion of Periodic Comet Pons-Brooks, 1812–1954

The orbit of P/Pons-Brooks has been studied using the observations of 1812, 1883–1884 and 1953–1954. A curious deviation of the residuals has been established during the last two months of observation in April and May 1884, but no discontinuity in the orbit due to an impulsive action on the comet has been found. The observations covering two complete revolutions cannot be fitted into one single orbit.
Using Methods in the Field: A Practical Introduction and Casebook; Creative Problem Solving in the Field

Using Methods in the Field:. Practical Introduction and Casebook. Victor C. de Munck and Elisa J. Sobo. eds. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1998. 288 pp. Creative Problem Solving in the Field. William Foote Whyte. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 1997. 162 pp.
Modification of MyD88 mRNA Splicing and Inhibition of IL-1β Signaling in Cell Culture and in Mice with a 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-Modified Oligonucleotide

A number of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, signal through the adaptor protein MyD88. This signaling leads to phosphorylation of IL-1R-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and, ultimately, activation of the NF-κB transcription factor. A splice variant of MyD88 (MyD88 S ), which lacks the ability to couple IRAK-1 to NF-κB, has been described. A chemically modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that alters the splicing ratio of MyD88 to MyD88 S in both cell culture and in animals has been identified. The ASO (ISIS 337846) binds to exon II donor sites in the MyD88 pre-mRNA. By manipulating levels of MyD88 splicing, proinflammatory signaling through the IL-1R has been shown to be diminished, both in cell culture and in mouse liver. To our knowledge, this represents the first example of modulation of RNA splicing of an endogenous gene target in animals after systemic ASO dosing and suggests that this mechanism may be useful as a novel modulator of inflammatory stimuli.
Financial Access to Care Does Not Guarantee Better Care for Children

The thoughtful and cautionary pieces by Newacheck et al1 and Perrin et al2 remind us of how much we have achieved in piecing together care for vulnerable children, how far there is yet to go, and how the transition to the long-overdue health care reform might worsen, rather than improve our present arrangements. In the absence of a rational, planned care system for children, especially for those who are poor or who require extensive services, pediatricians and child advocates in both the public and private sectors have managed to cobble together at least the possibility of decent services for large numbers of children, with some payment to those who provide those services.
GCM Simulations of the Aerosol Indirect Effect: Sensitivity to Cloud Parameterization and Aerosol Burden

We describe the coupling of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) general circulation model (GCM) to an online sulfur chemistry model and source models for organic matter and sea-salt that is used to estimate the aerosol indirect effect. The cloud droplet number concentration is diagnosed empirically from field experiment datasets over land and ocean that observe droplet number and all three aerosol types simultaneously; corrections are made for implied variations in cloud turbulence levels. The resulting cloud droplet number is used to calculate variations in droplet effective radius, which in turn allows us to predict aerosol effects on cloud optical thickness and microphysical process rates. We calculate the aerosol indirect effect by differencing the top-of-the-atmosphere net cloud radiative forcing for simulations with present-day vs. pre-industrial emissions. Both the first (radiative) and second (microphysical) indirect effects are explored. We test the sensitivity of our results to cloud parameterization assumptions that control the vertical distribution of cloud occurrence, the autoconversion rate, and the aerosol scavenging rate, each of which feeds back significantly on the model aerosol burden. The global mean aerosol indirect effect for all three aerosol types ranges from -1.55 to -4.36 W m(exp -2) in our simulations. The results are quite sensitive to the pre-industrial background aerosol burden, with low pre-industrial burdens giving strong indirect effects, and to a lesser extent to the anthropogenic aerosol burden, with large burdens giving somewhat larger indirect effects. Because of this dependence on the background aerosol, model diagnostics such as albedo-particle size correlations and column cloud susceptibility, for which satellite validation products are available, are not good predictors of the resulting indirect effect.
Methanogens for biotechnology: application of genetics and molecular biology

Abstract The use of methanogens for biotechnology will require the application of the tools of genetics and molecular biology. While these approaches are for the most part not yet applicable, progress is being made and it should soon be possible to exploit the biotechnological potential of these archaebacteria.
The Interactions Between a Canard and Thick Bodies Part III: Applications

The longitudinal and control characteristics of four configurations that feature canards and bodies having variable diameter were analyzed, and the results compared with experimental data. The basic analysis tool was the Missile Datcom code, which uses component buildup methodology. The interactions between the canard trailing vortices and thickenings of the bodies and boattails were estimated using an approximate vortex tracker and the Pitts, Nielsen and kaattary methodology. It was found that including the contributions of the interactions in the analysis greatly improve the agreement between calculated results and test data. Nomenclature Greek c Q, CLot Cm Cma CN
Empowering digital libraries users through combining taxonomies with folksonomies

The increase in the number and heterogeneity of digital resources has led cultural heritage institutions to develop tools, workflows, and quality assurance mechanisms that allow effective digital resource management. This poster assesses the current landscape in digital libraries as well as best practices and identifies emerging trends in information indexing. It also explores the potentials of and controversies surrounding user supplied tags or keywords in terms of complementing established controlled vocabularies in a diverse and collaborative environment.
Anaerobic microbial metabolism can proceed close to thermodynamic limits

Many fermentative bacteria obtain energy for growth by reactions in which the change in free energy (DeltaG') is less than that needed to synthesize ATP. These bacteria couple substrate metabolism directly to ATP synthesis, however, by classical phosphoryl transfer reactions. An explanation for the energy economy of these organisms is that biological systems conserve energy in discrete amounts, with a minimum, biochemically convertible energy value of about -20 kJ mol-1 (refs 1, 2, 3). This concept predicts that anaerobic substrate decay ceases before the minimum free energy value is reached, and several studies support this prediction. Here we show that metabolism by syntrophic associations, in which the degradation of a substrate by one species is thermodynamically possible only through removal of the end product by another species, can occur at values close to thermodynamic equilibrium (DeltaG' approximately 0 kJ mol-1). The free energy remaining when substrate metabolism halts is not constant; it depends on the terminal electron-accepting reaction and the amount of energy required for substrate activation. Syntrophic associations metabolize near thermodynamic equilibrium, indicating that bacteria operate extremely efficient catabolic systems.
Zur Wassergaskonvertierung an Eisenoxyd-und Eisenoxyd—Chromoxyd-Katalysatoren. I

Es wird die Wassergaskonvertierung, also die Reaktion CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2 an Eisenoxyd- und Eisenoxyd—Chromoxyd- Katalysatoren untersucht. Die Messungen erfolgten nach der dynamischen Methode, und es wird eine entsprechende Apparatur beschrieben. Die Katalysatoren wurden durch thermische Zersetzung der Nitrate von Eisen und Chrom bzw. des Gemisches ihrer eingedampften Losungen erhalten. Es gelang, die Abhangigkeit der CO2-Ausbeute an ein und demselben Katalysator von folgenden Faktoren rechnerisch zu erfassen: 1 Von der Reaktionstemperatur, 2 von der Stromungsgeschwindigkeit des Substrates, 3 von der Katalysatormenge (in erster Naherung). Die abgeleiteten Formeln gestatten es u. a., die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie und weitere fur die Wirksamkeit der Katalysatoren charakteristische Konstanten zu berechnen. Die Wassergaskonvertierung verlauft am Fe3O4-Katalysator bezuglich des CO-Gehaltes (im Ausgangsgas) etwa nach der 1. Ordnung und bezuglich des H2O-Gehaltes etwa nach der nullten Ordnung (bei etwa 300° C). Die Messungen an Eisenoxyd- und Eisenoxyd—Chromoxyd-Katalysatoren ergaben im wesentlichen folgendes Bild: a) Reines Eisenoxyd (Fe3O4) hat bei Reaktionstemperaturen bis zu 500° C eine bedeutend hohere Aktivitat als reines Chromoxyd. b) Cr2O3-Zuschlage wirken auflockernd (Vergroserung des Schuttvolumens), in katalytischer Hinsicht ist jedoch der Einflus steigender Cr2O3-Zumischung sehr unregelmasig. c) Die Aktivitat aller Katalysatoren ist stark von der Vorerhitzungstemperatur abhangig; sie fallt mit steigender Vorerhitzungstemperatur.
Clinical Detection, Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Consequences of Medial Arterial Calcification: A Pattern of Vascular Injury Associated With Aberrant Mineral Metabolism

Summary Patients with end-stage renal disease are characterized by extensive vascular calcification and high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Calcification in end-stage renal disease patients represents at least two distinct pathologic processes. Calcification within the tunica intima frequently is associated with lipid-laden, flow-limiting atherosclerotic plaques. These appear as spotty areas of calcification interspersed with noncalcified arterial segments on plain radiography and generally are found near arterial branch points in medium-sized conduit arteries. In contrast, medial arterial calcification (MAC) involves deeper layers of the arterial wall; tends to affect the artery diffusely, appearing as a linear contiguous tram-track pattern of calcification on plain radiography; and often involves smaller muscular arteries such as the radial artery, intermammary arteries, and arteries in the ankle and foot. Both are related to CVD events, but potentially through different mechanisms. Atherosclerotic calcification may be marking the total burden of atherosclerosis, whereas MAC may lead to arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy. Existing data suggest that altered mineral metabolism may promote MAC, whereas heightened inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to atherosclerosis. Dysregulation of normal anticalcification factors and elastin degradation are common to both processes. Risk of vascular calcification also may be increased by the use of certain medications in the setting of chronic kidney disease. This review compares and contrasts known risk factors for MAC and atherosclerosis, describes existing and emerging technologies to distinguish between them, and reviews the existing literature linking each with CVD events in dialysis patients and in other settings.
Laser excited raman spectroscopy of synthetic polymers

Recent advances in instrumentation for Raman spectroscopy are described. The fundamental differences between infrared and Raman spectroscopy are discussed and related to differences in selection rules, sampling techniques, and applications. The use of Raman spectroscopy for polymer characterization is illustrated by the results of recent research. The investigation of crystal structure is demonstrated by results obtained for polyethylene and orthorhombic polyoxymethylene. Detection of conformational changes in crystalline polyvinylidene fluoride and in solutions of polyethylene oxide by Raman spectroscopy is described as is determination of the composition of methyl methacrylate-glycidyl meth-acrylate copolymers.
Unraveling complex hydrogeologic systems using field tracer tests

Tracking the movement of underground contaminants is vital to protecting public health and the environment worldwide. Scientific efforts using field tracer techniques to solve contaminant migration problems are rapidly evolving to fill critical information gaps and provide confirmation of laboratory data and numerical models. Various chemical tracers are being used to formulate and evaluate alternative conceptual hydrogeologic modelssemi; namely, to constrain hydraulic properties of geologic systems, identify sources of groundwater, flow paths, and rates, and determine mechanisms that affect contaminant transport. Naturally occurring elements and environmental isotopes from atmospheric and underground nuclear testing can make excellent tracers. In addition, characterizing sites of future waste disposal, such as the potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, requires new and innovative techniques like injecting surrogate tracers that simulate potential contaminants and shed light on mechanisms that could control future contaminant migration.
Sensor technology for image-guided surgery

The advances in radiographic imaging techniques that have occurred within the past decades have significantly enhanced our abilities to display anatomy as well as pathology. Although image acquisition commonly generates three-dimensional datasets, limitation in user interfaces generally requires that this information be presented clinically as a series of two dimensional images. Consequently, during preoperative planning, surgeons are required to mentally transform a wealth of two dimensional hard copy images qualitatively into three-dimensional concepts that are used as a road map to surgery. The sugeron's success is dependent on the accurate mental transfer of Computer Tomographic X-ray (CT) and Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging information to the operative site to assist direct visual perception of the procedure. Thus, the surgical procedure is performed with the surgeon intuitively transferring radiographic information to the surgical site. Neurosurgeons, for example, are especially hampered because of limited ability to visually distinguish tumor tissue, peritumoral edema, and normal brain parenchyma. This limitation at least partially accounts for the relatively high incidence of subtotal tumor excision. Based on the need to assit the surgeon transform the preoperative scans to the operative site, stereotactic systems were developed and would evolve into frameless stereotaxy with the advance of various sensors.
Articaine for Supplemental Buccal Mandibular Infiltration Anesthesia in Patients with Irreversible Pulpitis When the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Fails

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental buccal infiltration injection of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in mandibular posterior teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis when the conventional inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block failed. Fifty-five emergency patients, diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth, received an IAN block and had moderate to severe pain on endodontic access. An infiltration of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was administered buccal to the tooth requiring endodontic treatment. Success of the infiltration injection was defined as no pain or mild pain on endodontic access or instrumentation. The results showed that anesthetic success was obtained in 58% of the mandibular posterior teeth. We can conclude that when the IAN block fails to provide profound pulpal anesthesia, the supplemental buccal infiltration injection of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine would be successful 58% of the time for mandibular posterior teeth in patients presenting with irreversible pulpitis. Unfortunately, the modest success rate would not provide predictable pulpal anesthesia for all patients requiring profound anesthesia.
Library Orientation and Instruction—1988

The following is an annotated list of materials dealing with orientation to library facilities and services, instruction in the use of information resources, and research and computer skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the fifteenth to be published in Reference Services Review, includes items in English published in 1988. A few are not annotated because the compiler could not obtain copies of them for this review.
A Simplified HPLC-ECD Technique for Measurement of Urinary Free Catecholamines

Abstract A simplified HPLC assay is described for quantification of free urinary catecholamines. The procedure involves exraction of catecholamines, (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) from urine, using columns filled with Biorex-70. The catecholamines from the extract were separated on a high performance liquid chromatographic system using reverse phase C18, 5 u column and determined by electrochemical detection. Integration and calculations are achieved by a data module using area ratio method with dihydroxybenzylamine as internal standard. Recovery of more than 90% was achieved for each catecholamine. A linear relationship between a wide range of concentrations and ratio of the area of amines to that of internal standard was observed. The method is simple and rapid and therefore can be used to analyze a large number of samples in one day and should prove useful in studies involving the role of catecholamines in different psychiatric disorders.
Positron annihilation in gaseous nitrogen and nitrogen-neon mixtures at 77 K

Annihilation lifetime spectra have been measured for positrons in N/sub 2/ gas at 77 K at densities in the range 1.9--3.6 amagat, and in N/sub 2/-Ne gas mixtures at 77 K having N/sub 2/ partial densities in the range 0.5--3.7 amagat and with Ne concentrations in the range 0.34--0.98. The annihilation rate of positrons with N/sub 2/ was found to be independent of the Ne concentration in the gas mixtures. (Z/sub eff/)/sub N/2 remains constant at 40.0 +- 0.9 at N/sub 2/ densities below about 2.3 amagat, but increases to about 108 at 3.7 amagat. Shoulder regions in the lifetime spectra of positrons in N/sub 2/ and in N/sub 2/-Ne mixtures have been observed which have a constant width of about 14 nsec amagat at N/sub 2/ densities below about 2 amagat, but which increase to about 24 nsec amagat at 3.7 amagat of N/sub 2/. For N/sub 2/ densities in the range 2--3.7 amagat, the measured shoulder widths correspond to a constant time of about 7 nsec. The slow-positron annihilation rates and the shoulder widths are discussed in terms of the self-trapping of positrons within clusters of N/sub 2/ molecules.
Children and their science teachers

This article is based on a paper which Dr. Kramer delivered at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Section Q, in Philadelphia in December, 1962.
Constant Wall Temperature Nusselt and Poiseuille Numbers in Rectangular Microchannels

Slip flow convective heat transfer and friction loss characteristics are numerically evaluated for constant wall temperature rectangular microchannels. The effects of rarefaction, accommodation coefficients, aspect ratio, second-order slip boundary conditions, axial conduction, and viscous dissipation with flow work are each considered. Second-order slip boundary conditions, axial conduction, and viscous dissipation with flow work effects have not been studied previously for rectangular channel slip flows. The effects of each of these parameters on the numerically computed convective heat transfer rate and friction loss are evaluated through the Nusselt number and Poiseuille number respectively. The numerical results are obtained using a continuum-based computational fluid dynamics algorithm that includes second-order slip flow and temperature jump boundary conditions. Numerical results for the three-dimensional, fully developed Nusselt and Poiseuille numbers are presented as functions of Knudsen number, first- and second-order velocity slip and temperature jump coefficients, aspect ratio, Brinkman number, and Peclet number. Effects of rarefaction, accommodation coefficients, and aspect ratio are consistent with previously reported analytical results for rectangular channel constant wall temperature flows. The effects of second-order slip terms, axial conduction and viscous dissipation are also shown to significantly affect the Nusselt and Poiseuille numbers.© 2007 ASME
Evidence that striatal synthesis-inhibiting autoreceptors are dopamine D3 receptors.

The activation constants (KA; dose required to occupy 50% of receptors) for reversal of γ-butyrolactone (GBL)-induced elevation of striatal L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) levels via stimulation of presynaptic dopamine receptors were determined for apomorphine and two dopamine D3 receptor-selective agonists, quinpirole and LY163502 (quinelorane). The KA values correlated significantly with the affinities (Ki) of the agonists for the D3 (r = 0.999, P < 0.05) but not the D2 (r = −0.13) receptor, suggesting that striatal synthesis-inhibiting autoreceptors are of the D3 rather than the D2 subtype.
Involvement of Acid β-Glucosidase 1 in the Salvage Pathway of Ceramide Formation

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) promotes the salvage pathway of ceramide formation, and acid sphingomyelinase has been implicated, in part, in providing substrate for this pathway (Zeidan, Y. H., and Hannun, Y. A. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 11549–11561). In the present study, we examined whether acid β-glucosidase 1 (GBA1), which hydrolyzes glucosylceramide to form lysosomal ceramide, was involved in PKC-regulated formation of ceramide from recycled sphingosine. Glucosylceramide levels declined after treatment of MCF-7 cells with a potent PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Silencing GBA1 by small interfering RNAs significantly attenuated acid glucocerebrosidase activity and decreased PMA-induced formation of ceramide by 50%. Silencing GBA1 blocked PMA-induced degradation of glucosylceramide and generation of sphingosine, the source for ceramide biosynthesis. Reciprocally, forced expression of GBA1 increased ceramide levels. These observations indicate that GBA1 activation can generate the source (sphingosine) for PMA-induced formation of ceramide through the salvage pathway. Next, the role of PKCδ, a direct effector of PMA, in the formation of ceramide was determined. By attenuating expression of PKCδ, cells failed to trigger PMA-induced alterations in levels of ceramide, sphingomyelin, and glucosylceramide. Thus, PKCδ activation is suggested to stimulate the degradation of both sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide leading to the salvage pathway of ceramide formation. Collectively, GBA1 is identified as a novel source of regulated formation of ceramide, and PKCδ is an upstream regulator of this pathway.
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE BIOPSY STUDIES IN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: CLINICAL CORRELATIONS AND THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND MYASTHENIC SERUM *

We have found a wide range of mean MEPP amplitude in intercostal muscle biopsies from 43 patients with MG, including several values in the normal range. There was no correlation between MEPP amplitude and the severity of clinical disease as assessed by manual muscle testing or by single-fiber EMG measurements of jitter in arm muscles. Through most of these patients were in a state of clinical remission or marked improvement after treatment with prednisone, we could not attribute the difference between our results and those of others to this factor alone. The application of morphine, meperidine and aminoglycoside antibiotics to intercostal muscle in vitro confirms effects previously demonstrated in rat muscle: (1) At equal therapeutic concentrations, meperidine has greater neuromuscular blocking effects than does morphine, but neither has significant effects at concentrations achieved in the serum clinically. (2) Tobramycin, netilmicin and neomycin have varying severity and sites of action, but their effects are the same in human myasthenic muscle as in normal rat muscle. Bath application of serum from myasthenic patients produces an acute, reversible worsening of neuromuscular blockade in myasthenic muscle. Electrophysiologic measurements in intercostal biopsies from patients with MG can provide information about the basic abnormality of neuromuscular transmission in this disease and can confirm the relevance of studies made in animal muscle.
Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of Solid-Liquid Lubricated Journal Bearings

Analyse thermohydrodynamique d'un palier dans le cas ou le lubrifiant liquide contient des particules solides
The effect of post-asphyxial reoxygenation with 21% vs. 100% oxygen on Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in striatum of newborn piglets.

Abstract To compare the effect of 21% vs. 100% oxygen during post-asphyxial reoxygenation on brain cell membrane function in the striatum, 20 anesthetized, ventilated newborn piglets were studied: group 1 (normoxia, n = 5), group 2 (asphyxia, no reoxygenation, n = 5), group 3 (asphyxia followed by reoxygenation with 21% O2, n = 5), and group 4 (asphyxia followed by reoxygenation with 100% O2, n = 5). Asphyxia was induced by a stepwise reduction in FiO2 at 20 min intervals from 21% to 14%, 11% and 8%. Following a total 60 min of asphyxia, piglets in groups 3 and 4 were recovered for 2 h with either 21% or 100% O2,. Na+,K+-ATPase activity (μmol if Pi/mg protein/h) in striatal cell membranes was 31 ± 1, 22 ±2, 32 ± 2 and 26 ± 1 in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Na+,K+-ATPase activities in groups 2 and 4 were significantly lower than in groups 1 and 3 (p◃0.01). Piglets recovered post-asphyxia for 2 h with 21% O2 had restoration of Na+,K+-ATPase activity to baseline levels, while those treated with 100% O2 during recovery had persistent Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition of 16%. This could result from increased free radical production during reoxygenation with 100% O2 which could contribute to post-asphyxial cellular injury in the striatum.
Thermopower and transport properties of AsF5-doped polyacetylene

Abstract Measurements of thermoelectric power versus temperature of (CH) x doped with various concentrations of AsF 5 are reported. These reflect the semiconductor-metal transition at ∼ 1% doping. The “pristine” thermopower is consistent with the conductivity-derived activation energy of 0.35 eV, and a residual defect/impurity carrier concentration of 0.1%. An analysis of the conductivity based on these data indicates that, while the disorder is certainly important, it is not the cause of the transition.
Not the Last Word: The ACGME Core Competencies are Overrated

The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®.
Corrigendum: Corrigendum to Uniform constant-depth threshold circuits for division and iterated multiplication [J. Comput. System Sci. 65 (4) (2002) 695-716]

In this corrigendum, we retract part of our Corollary 6.6, which was presented as an immediate and obvious consequence of our main theorem, which showed that division lies in Dlogtime-uniform TC^0.
Correlation between oxygen status measures during neonatal air transport

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of the relationship between arterial oxygen tension (Pao 2 ) and transcutaneous oxygen (Ptco 2 ), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (Paco 2 ) and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (Ptcco 2 ) of premature neonates during fixed-wing air transport. Method: The study admitted 37 randomly selected intubated or nonintubated neonates who received oxygen by mechanical ventilation or face mask and required at least a 1-hour fixed-wing flight. Arterial blood gas samples were taken from the umbilical artery catheter at the end of three 15-minute intervals and stored in an ice slurry for analysis (Radiometer ABL300) on arrival at the receiving hospital. Transcutaneous monitor readings (Radiometer Tina 3) were recorded with each arterial sample. Results: A correlation of 0.88 ( p 2 and Ptco 2 and 0.86 ( p 2 and Ptcco 2 existed. Conclusion: Despite strong correlation, the range of difference between the individual transcutaneous values and actual blood oxygen values were from 0 to 31. This difference was not due to change in cabin pressure. Considering the flight environment (cabin temperature, pressure changes, and weather), these values are remarkably stable.
The Bishop–Phelps Theorem Fails for Uniform Non-selfadjoint Dual Operator Algebras

Abstract We prove that if the Bishop–Phelps Theorem is correct for a uniform dual algebra R of operators in a Hilbert space, then the algebra R is selfadjoint.
One generation's "junk" is another's treasure: the emerging role of microRNAs as therapeutic targets.

Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the Western world and the incidence and prevalence are expected to rise in aging populations.1 Advances in revascularization strategies and medical therapies targeting neurohormonal blockade have dramatically improved HF survival over the last two decades resulting in an increase in the prevalent HF population. However, the rate of HF survival may be plateauing due to lack of new therapeutic targets that are not redundant with available medication classes. Indeed recent trails of new medications in heart failure have shown only incremental if any improvements in mortality. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is a critical area of focus for cardiovascular researchers.
For whom the bell tolls: distress signals from long-lived osteocytes and the pathogenesis of metabolic bone diseases

Osteocytes are long-lived and far more numerous than the short-lived osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Immured within the lacunar-canalicular system and mineralized matrix, osteocytes are ideally located throughout the bone to detect the need for, and accordingly choreograph, the bone regeneration process by independently controlling rate limiting steps of bone resorption and formation. Consistent with this role, emerging evidence indicates that signals arising from apoptotic and old/or dysfunctional osteocytes are seminal culprits in the pathogenesis of involutional, post-menopausal, steroid-, and immobilization-induced osteoporosis. Osteocyte-originated signals may also contribute to the increased bone fragility associated with bone matrix disorders like osteogenesis imperfecta, and perhaps the rapid reversal of bone turnover above baseline following discontinuation of anti-resorptive treatments, like denosumab.
Psychological, Attitudinal, and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Economic Weil-Being of Mature Women

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine attitudinal, psychological, and socio-demographic correlates of economic well-being of mature women. Using multiple regression analysis on a sample (N = 1,506) of mature women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, this study found that education, race, marital history, attitude toward retirement, and unemployment were predictors of economic well-being for women aged 55–64, while education, traditionality, and work effort were predictors for women aged 65–69. Neither home ownership, residence, receipt of Social Security/other retirement pension benefits, internal-external locus of control, nor health limitations were associated with economic well-being. Bivariate findings indicated that older women were more likely than younger women to be economically disadvantaged and that compared to younger economically disadvantaged women, similarly situated older women were less economically disadvantaged. Overall results suggested that o...
Elevation of a threonine phospholipid in polyoma virus transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts.

Abstract Analysis of the lipids of normal hamster embryo fibroblasts and polyoma virus transformed fibroblasts shows a decrease in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and a marked increase in a threonine phospholipid after transformation. Transformed cells also react differently with fluorodinitrobenzene and trinitrobenzenesulfonate. phosphatidylethanolamine of transformed cells reacts to a greater extent with both probes. Phosphatidylserine and the threonine phospholipid of both cells do not react with trinitrobenzenesulfonate. The threonine phospholipid is provisionally identified as phosphatidylthreonine.
Goldin confirmed as NASA Chief

Daniel S. Goldin was sworn in as NASA's new administrator on April 1 after the Senate confirmed his nomination the day before. Goldin replaces Richard H. Truly, who resigned in February and left the position on April 1. Goldin made a favorable impression during his confirmation hearing on March 27 before the Senate Commerce Committee. It is widely recognized that outgoing Administrator Richard Truly resigned because of disagreements with the National Space Council. Sen. Albert Gore (D-Tenn.) addressed this point early in the hearing, declaring that it is “critical” that NASA continue as an independent agency and “not as a wing of the White House.” Goldin's opening remarks addressed this point, as he said forcefully, “I will consult with you on a regular basis and I will be in charge of NASA.”
Investigating the creation of ad hoc information visualizations

While our frameworks for the analysis of textual information and verbal communication are rich, our means for performing the same investigations of visual information are comparatively weak. Given the increasingly visual orientation of our culture and technologies, this is problematic. This poster presents a case for the study of ad hoc visualizations as both communicative practice and information behavior. Ad hoc visualizations are images spontaneously created during conversations. Often corresponding to moments of heightened clarity or coordination, the creation of such visualizations can be viewed within a broad communicative context, alongside linguistic and other non-textual modes of exchange. Further study of image-enabled discourse, and specifically ad hoc visualizations, will contribute to the field of information science by extending existing research related to information behaviors into the realm of information creation. It will also provide a more inclusive framework for the study of visual information.
Heterosexism, Perfection, and Popularity: Young Lesbians' Experiences of the High School Social Scene

Abstract This article explores the ways in which high school girl popularity is constructed as heterosexual and normatively gendered, leaving lesbian adolescents on the periphery of the high school social scene. Based upon data from a larger critical life history study with adolescent lesbians, this article explores their experiences of school, friendship, and their attempts to fit in with social groups in school. The young women in this research associated popular with straight and attractive, sometimes using the words interchangeably, and identified the required characteristics of a popular girl as looking perfect and a fluency in boy-talk. Girls less concerned with their appearance or with boys were marked as outsiders in the high school culture. How schools participate in reproducing heterosexist popularity is also discussed. I made good grades—I was in a lot of activities but still—it didn't mean much to people unless, you know, I have a boyfriend or I'm chasing after guys with the rest of the girls,...
Factors impacting the demand for repair services of household products: the disappearing repair trades and the throwaway society

The repair trades for common household appliances and products were once a viable trade in America, employing hundreds of thousands of skilled blue-collar workers. However, over the past few decades, these trades have been dying out. The reason is that many household products are simply disposed of rather than repaired and reused, a result of the throwaway society. The disposal of household products, especially those considered ‘e-waste’, can have negative consequences for the environment. Through time series analysis, this paper explores those factors that contribute to the decline in demand for repair services and, hence, the shrinking demand for employment within the repair trades. The purpose of this paper is to give the reader a greater understanding of those economic forces that contribute to a throwaway society.
How the relationship between text and headings influences readers’ memory

Abstract Two questions regarding signals’ influence on memory were examined. First, the relationship between headings and text was manipulated to determine whether headings serve as visual cues, directing readers to recall all subsequent information, or content-specific cues, directing readers to recall only to certain information. Second, distance between headings and signaled information was manipulated to determine the extent to which headings focus readers’ recall. College students read a multiple-topic expository text. Free recall for main topics was facilitated by being related to headings and being close to headings and inhibited by being unrelated to headings and distant from headings. Conditional recall (recall of subordinate information pertaining to a main topic) was not affected by either relatedness of heading or distance. Results are consistent with research showing signals’ mixed influence on recall and suggest relation and distance as factors to consider when writing and reading exposition.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN TRANSFER AT THE SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE IN A TURBULENT FLOW

Laboratory experiments have been conducted in an effort to elucidate the details of the dissolved oxygen transfer mechanism at the sediment-water interface. Near-bed liquid turbulence and dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured for a range of Reynolds numbers from 2700 to 10,600 over a smooth bed. The results show that the shear stress velocity controls the dissolved oxygen diffusive layer thickness and therefore the local mass transfer coefficient at the sediment-water interface. From a dynamic point of view the results suggest the possibility that streamwise vortices control the interfacial dissolved oxygen transfer process. The research results will provide an opportunity to validate the existing conceptual models as well as enhance the development of new models that can improve our ability to predict dissolved oxygen and transport related parameters in lakes, reservoirs, coastal waters, and rivers.
Expression of retinoic acid receptor β is associated with inhibition of keratinization in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells

The preventive effects of retinoids on oral carcinogenesis may be related to their ability to modulate the growth and differentiation of human oral squamous epithelial cells. Nuclear retinoid receptors (RAR α, β, and γ, and RXR α, β, and γ) may mediate these effects by regulating gene transcription. The removal of serum from the growth medium of two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines 1483 and SqCC/Y1 resulted in a decrease in RARβ mRNA level and concurrent increases in the expression of the keratin K1 and transglutaminase type I (TGase I), which are markers of differentiation of keratinizing squamous epithelial cells. All-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) or 13-cis-RA increased RARβ and decreased K1 and TGase I mRNA levels in serum-free medium. Transcriptional activation of reporter genes by means of retinoid response elements (RARE and RXRE) indicated that the RXR-RAR pathway predominates over the RXR homodimer pathway in the 1483 cells. Among several synthetic retinoids with preference for binding to specific nuclear retinoid receptors, those that induced RARβ also suppressed K1. The inverse association between RARβ expression and K1 and TGase I levels implicates this receptor in suppression of keratinization in oral epithelial cells.
Effect of ammonium on the regulation of nitrate assimilation in natural phytoplankton populations

Abstract The effect of ammonium additions (0.5 to 10 μg-at. N · 1 −1 ) on the nitrate reductase activity and on the nitrate uptake of natural marine phytoplankton populations was investigated. Specific nitrate reductase activity was significantly reduced at all ammonium concentrations after 24 h of the addition, but not after 6 h. Total nitrate reductase activity did not decrease even at the highest ammonium concentrations. From this it is concluded that the ammonium concentrations used during this study affected mostly the synthesis of new active enzyme. Nitrate uptake rates were also reduced by the addition of ammonium. In contrast to the nitrate reductase results, maximum inhibition was, however, observed after 6 h rather than after 24 h. The lag in the time of response between the inhibition after the ammonium addition suggests 1. (1) that NH 4 + affects nitrate assimilation in two steps, first nitrate uptake and second nitrate reduction; and 2. (2) that the mechanisms controlling these processes are to a certain extent independent of each other.
The economic value of medical research: is it worth the investment?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To provide a brief commentary regarding the economic evaluation of medical research by summarizing a recent report from the Mary Woodard Lasker Charitable Trust. METHODS: A review of the report Exceptional Returns: The Economic Value of America’s Investment in Medical Research was conducted. In this report, nine economists translated the accomplishments of medical research into dollars by placing a monetary value on better health and longer life. This manuscript focuses on implications of this report to women’s health research. RESULTS: After first isolating the impact of medical research from other gains unrelated to research and development, the increase in life expectancy due to advances in health during the 1970s and 1980s were worth $57 trillion to Americans. Gains associated with prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease alone totaled $31 trillion. CONCLUSION: Our nation’s contribution into medical research provides a very high “return on investment.” The likely returns from research are so favorable that the payoff from any “portfolio” of research investments would be enormous.
A comparison of methods for evaluating the marginal fracture of amalgam restorations.

In this study, two methods for evaluating the marginal fracture of clinical amalgam restorations were compared. These were (1) matching photographs of the occlusal surfaces of restored teeth to a reference set of photographs; and (2) matching gypsum models of the same restored teeth to a reference set of gypsum models. Amalgam restorations made from 3 alloys were assessed at polish and at 1-, 2- and 3-year recalls. For each assessment period, both evaluation methods showed differences among the 3 alloys and ranked the alloys in the same order. Although the marginal fracture values for the photograph method were slightly higher than those for the model method, the correpondence between the values for each method was almost perfect (regression R2=0.988, α<0.001). Thus, in defining the 3-dimensional character of marginal fracture, the evaluation method using photographs was found to be equivalent to the evaluation method using models.
Stuttering as Operant Behavior: Effects of the Verbal Stimuli Wrong, Right, and Tree on the Disfluency Rates of School-Age Stutterers and Nonstutterers

This study assessed the effects of the verbally presented stimuli wrong, right, and tree on the frequency of disfluencies during oral reading by 18 school-aged stutterers and 18 matched nonstuttere...
Role of CD40 in prion disease and the immune response to recombinant PrP.

Abstract The CD40 receptor–CD40 ligand (CD40–CD40L) interaction has been shown to affect both immune and non-immune cells and is implicated in diverse activities including immunoglobulin class switching (IgM to IgG), atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. A number of groups have studied the role of CD40 in prion disease, however, the results are conflicting presumably due to the use of different scrapie agent–host strain combinations and routes of infection. In the current study, we clarify the effect of CD40 on: (i) replication, progression to clinical disease, PrPSc profile, and neuropathology associated with infection of a single host genotype with three distinct mouse-adapted scrapie strains, and (ii) the immune response of double knockout (PrP, CD40) transgenic mice to recombinant PrP as assessed by the generation of anti-PrP antibodies. Our results suggest that CD40: (i) results in slower disease progression and scrapie strain-specific differences in incubation periods, (ii) does not affect the level of scrapie strain-specific PrPSc, (iii) does not influence disease-associated neuropathology, but (iv), as expected, is required to mount an immune response generating anti-PrP IgG antibodies.
The reaction of F atoms with C2H4. Vibrational Spectrum of the C2H4F Intermediate trapped in solid argon

Abstract When the products of the reaction between F atoms produced in a microwave discharge and C 2 H 4 are frozen in a large excess of argon at 14 K, new infrared absorptions appear which can be assigned to the 2-fluoroethyl radical. Studies of the dependence of the product distribution on the F-atom concentration have confirmed that the stabilization of C 2 H 4 F 2 plays only a minor role under the sampling conditions typical of these experiments. Isotopic substitution experiments have demonstrated that the steric configuration about the CH bond is randomized as a result of the F-atom reaction. Upon irradiation of the sample with the full light of a medium-pressure mercury arc, absorptions of vinyl fluoride and acetylene and of the acetylene—HF complex grow in intensity, while those of FCD 2 CH 2 and of FCH 2 CD 2 diminish in intensity and those of FCH 2 CH 2 a nd of FCH 2 CD 2 are unchanged. The F-atom reactions and photolysis processes which occur in these experiments are discussed, and a tunnelling mechanism is proposed to explain the isotopic selectivity in the 2-fluoroethyl photodecomposition. The vibrational spectrum of FCH 2 CH 2 is compared with that derived in a recent ab initio calculation.
Very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets revisited

Much scientific and anecdotal data demonstrate favorable metabolic responses to very-low-carbohydrate diets. We believe that very-low-carbohydrate diets merit further study for weight loss, and that criticisms of these diets lack scientific evidence.