cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Cost Pyroelectric Sensor Networks for Bayesian Crowded Scene Analysis

In this paper, we present a framework for complex scenarios recognition with crowded walkers. This study aims to develop an alternative surveillance system to traditional video camera and visual sensor based systems. Instead of utilizing visual devices in traditional surveillance systems, our crowded scene analysis is based on PIR (Pyroelectric Infrared) sensor networks with intelligent algorithms for context pattern extraction and analysis. Specifically, we will propose two new ideas to handle the crowded scenes: (1) Use hierarchical Bayesian NMF (Non-negative Matrix Factorization) algorithm to automatically identify the basic pattern basis, which will be used for accurate scenario recognition, (2) Use a tree-based structure to organize all basic features for fast object recognition. The experimental results valid the efficiency of the proposed two schemes on crowded scenario recognition with low-cost, non-visual system. The results also demonstrate that our framework is appropriate to be implemented in a wireless sensor based monitoring system under severe circumstances.
PRIMARY PEPTIDE SEQUENCES FROM SQUID MUSCLE AND OPTIC LOBE MYOSIN IIs: A STRATEGY TO IDENTIFY AN ORGANELLE MYOSIN

The squid giant axon provides an excellent model system for the study of actin-based organelle transport likely to be mediated by myosins, but the identification of these motors has proven to be difficult. Here the authors purified and obtained primary peptide sequence of squid muscle myosin as a first step in a strategy designed to identify myosins in the squid nervous system. Limited digestion yielded fourteen peptides derived from the muscle myosin which possess high amino acid sequence identities to myosin II from scallop (60–95%) and chick pectoralis muscle (31–83%). Antibodies generated to this purified muscle myosin were used to isolate a potential myosin from squid optic lobe which yielded 11 peptide fragments. Sequences from six of these fragments identified this protein as a myosin II. The other five sequences matched myosin II (50–60%, identities), and some also matched unconventional myosins (33–50%). A single band that has a molecular weight similar to the myosin purified from optic lobe copurifies with axoplasmic organelles, and, like the optic lobe myosin, this band is also recognized by the antibodies raised against squid muscle myosin II. Hence, this strategy provides an approach to the identification of a myosin associated with motile axoplasmic organelles.
Current gain high-frequency CMOS operational amplifiers

The performance of high unity gain-bandwidth current gain-based CMOS operational amplifiers fabricated in a 1.5-/spl mu/m CMOS digital process is discussed. High unity-gain bandwidth was achieved by using short-channel MOS transistors operating in the current gain mode. Stacked current mirrors have been utilized as current gain stages to minimize the effects of the channel-length modulation in short-channel MOS transistors. Open-circuit gain of 60 to 70 dB, a unity-gain bandwidth of 70 to 100 MHz, and slew-rate of 200 V//spl mu/s were demonstrated at a DC power dissipation of 1-2 mW.
Circular inter-dependencies and system of systems: an inter-disciplinary approach for modeling global warming

The topic of Global Warming is at the forefront of scientific investigation and socio-political discussion. Research has shown human activities are directly related to Global Warming, and its affects do not discriminate as to region or population---every citizen of the world is touched either directly or indirectly by this phenomenon. Much research has been conducted to measure climate change in the form of climate modeling, which incorporates the laws of physics, natural phenomena, and climate data to address the geological and ecological changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. An unexplored aspect of Global Warming is modeling human behavior and climate change. How will rising sea levels, deforestation, desertification, food insecurity, water availability---all linked to climate change---affect the global population? Analyzing Global Warming from the human-environment perspective is necessary to understand the seriousness of this observable fact from a sociological perspective vis-a-vis the threat of population explosion, population aging, and migration. This type of analysis requires a combination of expertise from the social sciences (to develop the qualitative data) and engineering (to create the models and simulations) disciplines. This discussion suggests the need for further development of the current body of literature by exploring human interaction with the environment---population dynamics. It introduces an inter-disciplinary approach to understanding and representing human-environment interaction as a framework for modeling Global Warming.
Interferon-γ gene polymorphisms and the development of sepsis in patients with trauma *

Abstract Background. The outcome of patients with trauma does not always correlate with injury severity or premorbid health status. This study evaluates the relationship between polymorphisms in the first intron of the interferon-γ gene and the development of sepsis after trauma. Methods. DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes of patients with trauma and an injury severity score of 16 or greater. Data collected included demographics, injury mechanism, injuries sustained, development of sepsis, and outcome. A previously identified cytosine/adenine repeated polymorphism was amplified, alleles/genotypes identified, and the results correlated with patient outcome. Results. Sixty-one patients were evaluated. Thirty patients (49%) became septic. The injury severity score, race, age, and gender distribution was similar for both the septic and nonseptic groups. Six alleles and 10 genotypes were identified. Alleles C (34%) and D (52%) were the most common. Patients who were septic had a 62% chance of having a D allele (P =.06), whereas they had only a 29% chance of having a C allele. Homozygotes for allele D (DD) were the most likely to become septic (65%). Conclusions. Homozygotes for the D allele (DD) of the interferon-γ gene have an increased chance of developing sepsis after traumatic injury compared with other allelic combinations. This supports the hypothesis that genetic composition plays a role in patient outcome. (Surgery 2002;132:289-92.)
Hormonal regulation of heme oxygenase induction in avian hepatocyte culture.

Abstract The effects of various hormones were examined on the induction of heme oxygenase in monolayer cultures in chick embryo hepatocytes maintained in a chemically defined medium. Addition of insulin to the cultured cells markedly suppressed the activity of basal as well as Co 2+ -induced heme oxygenase. Treatment of cells with hydrocortisone also suppressed the basal enzyme activity, while the Co 2+ -induced enzyme activity was enhanced slightly. In contrast, triiodothyronine addition to the culture caused a slight increase of both uninduced and induced levels of the enzyme. This stimulatory effect of triiodothyronine was enhanced significantly by prolonged incubation of cells (48–96 hr) in the serumfree medium. These findings indicate that heme oxygenase synthesis can be substantially altered by changing the hormonal environment of the hepatocytes. Furthermore, the induction of heme oxygenase by Co 2+ was inhibited by glucagon, dibutyryl cAMP and theophylline in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the enzyme induction may also be controlled by changes in cAMP levels.
Ultraviolet Interstellar Absorption Lines toward the Starburst Dwarf Galaxy NGC 1705

Archival Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) low-resolution spectra of NGC 1705, with wavelength ranges of 1170.3-1461.7 A and 1453.5-1740.1 A and a velocity resolution of ~120 kms-1, have been used to derive the velocity structure and equivalent widths of the absorption lines of Si II λ1190.42, λ1260.42, λ1304.37, and λ1526.71, S II λ1253, Al II λ1670.79, and Fe II λ1608.45 in this sight line. Three relatively narrow absorption components are seen at LSR velocities of -20 kms-1, 260 kms-1, and 540 kms-1. Arguments are presented to show that these absorption features are interstellar rather than stellar in origin on the basis of a comparison with the C III λ1175.7 absorption feature. We identify the -20 kms-1 component with Milky Way disk and halo gas and the 260 kms-1 component with an isolated high-velocity cloud, HVC 487. This small HVC is located ~10° from the H I gas that envelops the Magellanic Clouds and the Magellanic Stream (MS). The Si/H ratio for this HVC is greater than 0.6(Si/H)☉, which with velocity agreement suggests association with the Magellanic Cloud and MS gas. Hα emission line kinematics of NGC 1705 show the presence of a kiloparsec-scale expanding supershell of ionized gas centered on the central nucleus with a blueshifted emission component at 540 kms-1. We identify the 540 kms-1 absorption component seen in the GHRS spectra with the front side of this expanding, ionized supershell. The most striking feature of this component is strong Si II and Al II absorption but weak Fe II λ1608 absorption. The low Fe II column density derived is most likely intrinsic since it cannot be accounted for by ionization corrections or dust depletion. Because of their shallow gravitational potential wells, dwarf galaxies have small gravitational binding energies and are vulnerable to large mass losses from strong winds driven by the supernovae from the first generation of stars. Galactic winds from dwarf galaxies occur at timescales less than 108 yr, which is less than the timescale required to produce Type Ia supernovae. Consistent with our observations, shells produced by galactic winds are expected to be enriched with Type II supernova products like Si, Al, and Mg and should be deficient in the products of Type Ia supernovae, like Fe and iron-peak elements.
Phospholipase C-like activity in phagocytic cells of the asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, and its possible role in cell-mediated cytolytic reactions

Abstract Circulating hemocytes (blood cells) of the freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, were found to contain a soluble phospholipase C-like enzyme (PLC). The specific activity in the soluble fraction of crude cell homogenates was approximately 4 n M p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine (NPPC) hydrolyzed per milligram protein per hour. NPPC hydrolysis by hemocyte PLC was partially inhibited by heat treatment, and in the presence of phosphorylcholine chloride (PCC), a nonchromogenic competitive substrate. Using an in vitro hemoglobin-release assay, it was further determined that hemocyte-mediated cytolytic activity toward rabbit erythrocyte targets also was inhibited in the presence of the phospholipase C-like inhibitor, PCC. Correlation of the occurrence of a PCC-inhibitable PLC in clam hemocytes and the inhibition of hemocyte cytolysis of target erythrocytes by PCC suggests that PLC may represent one of possibly several lytic factors secreted by hemocytes. The presence of a similar PLC in the cell-free plasma of these clams further suggests that the process of enzyme secretion by hemocytes probably occurs as part of a normal process in the intact animal. The contact-independent nature of foreign cell lysis through elaboration of soluble hemocyte factors such as PLC is believed to be functionally analogous to similar extracellular killing mechanisms described for vertebrate phagocytes.
Not all sequence tags are created equal: designing and validating sequence identification tags robust to indels.

Ligating adapters with unique synthetic oligonucleotide sequences (sequence tags) onto individual DNA samples before massively parallel sequencing is a popular and efficient way to obtain sequence data from many individual samples. Tag sequences should be numerous and sufficiently different to ensure sequencing, replication, and oligonucleotide synthesis errors do not cause tags to be unrecoverable or confused. However, many design approaches only protect against substitution errors during sequencing and extant tag sets contain too few tag sequences. We developed an open-source software package to validate sequence tags for conformance to two distance metrics and design sequence tags robust to indel and substitution errors. We use this software package to evaluate several commercial and non-commercial sequence tag sets, design several large sets (maxcount = 7,198) of edit metric sequence tags having different lengths and degrees of error correction, and integrate a subset of these edit metric tags to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and sequencing adapters. We validate a subset of these edit metric tagged PCR primers and sequencing adapters by sequencing on several platforms and subsequent comparison to commercially available alternatives. We find that several commonly used sets of sequence tags or design methodologies used to produce sequence tags do not meet the minimum expectations of their underlying distance metric, and we find that PCR primers and sequencing adapters incorporating edit metric sequence tags designed by our software package perform as well as their commercial counterparts. We suggest that researchers evaluate sequence tags prior to use or evaluate tags that they have been using. The sequence tag sets we design improve on extant sets because they are large, valid across the set, and robust to the suite of substitution, insertion, and deletion errors affecting massively parallel sequencing workflows on all currently used platforms.
Cochlear Implant Use by Prelingually Deafened Children: The Influences of Age at Implant and Length of Device Use

This study focused on the long-term speech perception performances of 34 prelingually deafened children who received multichannel cochlear implants manufactured by Cochlear Corporation. The childre...
Superconducting and normal-state magnetic-susceptibility anisotropy in YBa2Cu3O7.

Measurements of the superconducting and normal-state magnetic-susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi} anisotropies of high-purity grain-aligned powder samples of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ are reported. Excellent alignment was achieved using a noncontaminating in situ technique. We find a strong temperature-dependent anisotropy \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\chi}==${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}$-${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ that decreases from positive values for Tg${T}_{c}$ to negative values for T${T}_{c}$, consistent with reported torque-magnetometer measurements on single crystals. Estimates of the normal-state spin contributions to \ensuremath{\chi} are obtained and compared with previous results.
STABILITY OF NONLINEAR THERMOELASTIC WAVES IN MEMBRANE-LIKE SPINNING DISKS

General equations of motion and compatibility governing nonlinear transverse vibrations and waves in membrane-like isotropic spinning disks are derived, assuming the presence of a temperature field. A harmonic-type nonlinear wave is then studied, corresponding to the gravest mode in the linear case. Using the Galerkin procedure, the general wave frequency-wave amplitude relation is discussed for a disk with constant edge temperature and with faces freely transferring heat. By means of small temporal disturbances of transverse motions, leading to a system of two coupled differential equations related to a Mathieutype equation, a detailed analysis of wave stability is given. A numerical example is illustrated by a graph.
Potential Role of Addiction Pharmacotherapy in Problematic Eating Behavior

Obesity is pandemic worldwide, and hyperphagia remains extremely difficult for physicians to treat. Currently, appetite suppression continues to be the focus of antiobesity drugs, and these drugs are clearly unsuccessful in the long term. Although the food addiction concept remains controversial, this hypothesis provides a matrix in which to examine disordered eating behaviors and their similarities to addiction. This article looks at food addiction as the high end of an eating disorder continuum, with anorexia nervosa as the low end. Similarities with drug addiction provide an avenue leading to new and potentially more successful treatments.
Inhibition of High-Affinity Choline Uptake and Acetylcholine Synthesis by Quinuclidinyl and Hemicholinium Derivatives

Choline uptake into cholinergic neurons for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis is by a specific, high-affinity, sodium- and temperature-dependent transport mechanism (HAChU). To assess the role of choline availability in regulation of ACh synthesis, the structure-activity relationships of several hemicholinium (HC) and quinuclidinyl analogs were evaluated in a dose response manner. As confirms previous studies, the HCs, e.g., HC-3, acetylsecohemicholinium, and HC-15 are potent inhibitors of HAChU, HC-3 being the most potent (I50 = 6.1 X 10(-8) M). In the present study, the most potent quinuclidinyl derivative was the N-methyl-3-quinuclidinone (I50 = 5.6 X 10(-7) M). This compound had approximately 100-fold greater inhibitory activity than the corresponding racemic alcohol, suggesting that the 3-hydroxyl functional group is not absolutely essential for activity. Increasing the size of the N-functional group from a methyl to an allyl in the alcohol led to a 10-fold increase in activity. However, removal of the quaternizing N-methyl group yielding the tertiary amine, 3-quinuclidinol hydrochloride, greatly reduced its capacity to inhibit HAChU. Of the 2-benzylidene-3-quinuclidinone derivatives studied, only the m-chloro derivative significantly reduced HAChU.
New Proper-Motions for Some AGK3 Stars

In a program conducted to isolate AGK3 stars with large proper motions, it has been found that more than one hundred stars seem to be affected by large errors in their published proper motions. For some of those objects south of +25 degrees, new proper motions are being obtained using, as first-epoch positions, the published material of the Astrographic Catalogue. Second-epoch positions are derived from new plates taken with the Yale Southern Observatory double astrograph.
Plating Radioactive Zinc-65

THE radioisotope zinc-65 is often used as a tracer element for investigations of transport phenomena in metals. It is conveniently introduced by electroplating the zinc on to a cathode made of one of the components of the material to be investigated. Unfortunately, no simple and flexible plating procedure has yet been used for this work. Shirn, Wajda and Huntington1 developed the procedure used for their own self-diffusion studies, and Jaumot and Smith2 used the same procedure. However, this requires a rotating cathode, a zinc anode, and a relatively high concentration of zinc-65. Also, the plating efficiency is low—about 6 per cent.
Fogarty catheter removal of nasal foreign bodies

The removal, without incident, of 14 nasal foreign bodies is described. None of the bodies was amenable to anterior instrumental extraction, and all were removed using a small-diameter Fogarty catheter.
Transient positive postical computed tomographic scan

I-r HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN that the postictal state will result in an abnormal EEG and occasionally in an abnormal isotope scan. This report documents a transient focal enhancing postictal computerized tomographic scan in a 2-year-old child.
The Effects of Driving Waveform and Frequency on the Droplet Formation Process

For a piezoelectric stack (PZT) driven droplet generator, the driving waveform and driving frequency effects on liquid filament shape and droplet characteristics have been studied. A lumped element model (LEM) is developed to study the acoustic-mechanical behavior and the volumetric rejection of the droplet generator. Based on the LEM, the PZT displacement magnitude dominates the internal pressure variation within the chamber. However due to the natural response of droplet generator, the acoustic pressure in the droplet generator decays exponentially. Experimental data show that the droplet formation process can be waveform and frequency dependent. When the droplet formation process is driven in the “low frequency” regime, the droplet formation process is weakly affected by frequency. Meniscus interaction effects, which are the interaction of a liquid filament from different droplet generation cycles, on the droplet formation process will be present when the droplet formation process is driven in the “high frequency” regime. Due to meniscus interactions, the droplet formation process at “high frequency” is waveform and frequency dependent. Results show that the droplet volume reduces with driving frequency, and droplet velocity increases with driving frequency. However the droplet break-off time is only weakly affected by the driving frequency.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Frequency of verbal transformations as a function of word-presentation styles

The “arousal” hypothesis was studied by investigating whether a familiar presentation style (a word spoken relatively “normally”) would result in more verbal transformations (VTs) than would an unfamiliar presentation style (a word spoken slowly). A VT is any perceptual change that subjects hear when the same word is repeated several times. Forty-three students in an introductory psychology class listened to six neutral words (bedroom, telephone, door, people, subjects, television) repeated for 6 min with approximately 3 sec between each word. Subjects produced significantly more VTs when the word was spoken normally (familiar) as opposed to slowly (unfamiliar). In addition, the sequence of the presentation styles had no effect. The results are explained in terms of arousal, habituation, word clarity, and attention.
Energy and Human Evolution

Life on Earth is driven by energy. Autotrophs take it from solar radiation and heterotrophs take it from autotrophs. Energy captured slowly by photosynthesis is stored up, and as denser reservoirs of energy have come into being over the course of Earth's history, heterotrophs that could use more energy evolved to exploit them.Homo sapiens is such a heterotroph; indeed, the ability to use energy extra-somatically (outside the body) enables human beings to use far more energy than any other heterotroph that has ever evolved. The control of fire and the exploitation of fossil fuels have made it possible forHomo sapiens to release, in a short time, vast amounts of energy that accumulated long before the species appeared. By using extrasomatic energy to modify more and more of its environment to suit human needs, the human population effectively expanded its resource base so that for long periods it has exceeded contemporary requirements. This allowed an expansion of population similar to that of species introduced into extremely propitious new habitats, such as rabbits in Australia or Japanese beetles in the United States. The world's present population of over 5.5 billion is sustained and continues to grow through the use of extrasomatic energy. But the exhaustion of fossil fuels, which supply three quarters of this energy, is not far off, and no other energy source is abundant and cheap enough to take their place. A collapse of the earth's human population cannot be more than a few years away. If there are survivors, they will not be able to carry on the cultural traditions of civilization, which require abundant, cheap energy. It is unlikely, however, that the species itself can long persist without the energy whose exploitation is so much a part of itsmodus vivendi. The human species may be seen as having evolved in the service of entropy, and it cannot be expected to outlast the dense accumulations of energy that have helped define its niche. Human beings like to believe they are in control of their destiny, but when the history of life on Earth is seen in perspective, the evolution ofHomo sapiens is merely a transient episode that acts to redress the planet's energy balance.
Heart Failure Exercise And Training Camp: effects of a multicomponent exercise training intervention in patients with heart failure.

Background This study tested the effects of a multicomponent exercise training intervention called “Heart Failure Exercise And Training Camp” (HEART CAMP). The intervention was theoretically derived from Bandura's social cognitive theory. Methods An experimental repeated-measures design was used. Participants were randomized to the HEART CAMP intervention group (n = 22) or the attention control group (n = 20). Participants were compared on self-efficacy for exercise, symptoms, physical function, and quality of life over 12 weeks. Results The intervention group had a 31% increase in cardiac exercise self-efficacy and significantly fewer symptoms compared with the attention control group. Quality of life increased significantly in both groups. Conclusion A theory-based intervention improved self-efficacy for exercise and symptoms in patients with heart failure.
On-Line Mass Spectrometric Insights Into Electrochemical Reactions: Oxidation of Thiopurines

Electrochemistry was used on‐line with high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and UV‐vis spectrophotometric detection to characterize the electrochemical oxidation pathways of 6‐thiopurine and 6‐thioxanthine. At low potentials, the electrochemical oxidation of 6‐thiopurine proceeds via one electron resulting in disulfide formation. It is proposed that purine‐6‐sulfenic acid is formed at potentials > +0.50V. Further oxidation of this unstable sulfenic acid presumably results in the formation of purine‐6‐sulfinate and purine‐6‐sulfonate. At potentials > +0.50V purine‐6‐sulfinate, purine‐6‐sulfinamide, and purine‐6‐sulfonate have been identified as the final products of 6‐thiopurine oxidation. On‐line electrochemical studies indicate that at potentials less than +0.30V, oxidation of 6‐thioxanthine results in disulfide formation. The disulfide readily disproportionates to regenerate the original thiol plus small amounts of a sulfinic acid. At potentials > +0.30V, it is proposed that the thiol group of 6‐thioxanthine is further oxidized to a sulfinic acid. Xanthine and 2‐hydroxypurine presumably form as a result of nucleophilic and electrophilic attack, respectively, on the sulfinic acid. At potentials greater than +0.40V, both the thiol group and the purine ring of 6‐thioxanthine undergo oxidation. Subsequent hydrolysis reactions produce an imine alcohol, the same intermediate which forms during uric acid oxidation, providing proof that oxidation of the purine ring occurs at potentials > +0.40V.
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope Project

ABSTRACT The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a new, 6-meter aperture, millimeter-wave telescope that will belocated at an altitude of 5200 meters in the Chilean Andes. ACT will be ??elded with the Millimeter Bolo-metric Array Camera (MBAC). The MBAC will incorporate arrays of ??pop-up?? bolometers using multiplexedTransition Edge Sensors (TES), developed at NASA/GSFC and NIST. The camera will consist of three arraysfor multi-frequency ground-based millimeter observations near 150, 220 and 270GHz. The goal is to map thecosmic microwave background and discover Sunyaev-Zel??dovich clusters. Assoc iated follow-up observations ofthe clusters will be taken at optical and X-ray wavelengths.Keywords: CMB, bolometers, detectors, arrays, TES 1. INTRODUCTION Exciting recent discoveries in observational and theoretical cosmology have given us a glimpse of new fundamentalphysics. Our conception of the contents and fate of the universe is clearer and dramatically dierent than it wasjust a decade ago. We now believe the Universe is geometrically ??at and comprised of 4% baryons, 23% darkmatter, and 73% a new form of dark energy.
Classification of Vehicle Parts in Unstructured 3D Point Clouds

Unprecedented amounts of 3D data can be acquired in urban environments, but their use for scene understanding is challenging due to varying data resolution and variability of objects in the same class. An additional challenge is due to the nature of the point clouds themselves, since they lack detailed geometric or semantic information that would aid scene understanding. In this paper we present a general algorithm for segmenting and jointly classifying object parts and the object itself. Our pipeline consists of local feature extraction, robust RANSAC part segmentation, part-level feature extraction, a structured model for parts in objects, and classification using state-of-the-art classifiers. We have tested this pipeline in a very challenging dataset that consists of real world scans of vehicles. Our contributions include the development of a segmentation and classification pipeline for objects and their parts, and a method for segmentation that is robust to the complexity of unstructured 3D points clouds, as well as a part ordering strategy for the sequential structured model and a joint feature representation between object parts.
Higher cortisol levels in spring and fall in patients with major depression

Abstract Background Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there are seasonal effects on mood and behavior, and that these effects are related to serotonergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function. This study sought to determine whether there is a seasonal effect on clinical parameters, baseline cortisol and prolactin levels, and cortisol and prolactin responses to fenfluramine administration in subjects with major depression. Methods In all, 136 subjects with major depression entered the study. Sixty-two subjects who had a major depressive episode (MDE) in Spring or in Fall (the Spring/Fall group) were compared to 74 subjects who had MDE in Winter or in Summer (the Winter/Summer group). Demographic and clinical parameters were assessed and recorded. Clinical parameters included depression, aggression, impulsivity, hopelessness, hostility, and current suicide ideation rating scales, suicide attempt status, and number and maximum lethality of suicide attempts. Cortisol and prolactin levels were drawn before fenfluramine administration and hourly for 5 h thereafter. Cortisol and prolactin levels were computed as the area under the curve of hourly cortisol measurements. Results Baseline cortisol levels were significantly higher in the Spring/Fall group compared to the Winter/Summer group (14.1±4.5 ng/ml vs. 12.5±4.4 ng/ml, df=132, t=2.16, p=0.03). There were no seasonal effects on baseline prolactin levels, or post-challenge cortisol and prolactin levels. Conclusions The Spring/Fall group and the Winter/Summer group may represent different subtypes of major depression. Future studies need to both confirm our results and elucidate the mechanism of the circannual effect on biological function in depressed patients. The results of our study underline the importance of considering seasonality in psychobiology.
Chemisorption of Organics on Platinum. 2. Chemisorption of C2Hx and CHx on Pt(111)

Using the interstitial electron surface model (IESM) developed in the accompanying part, we examined the structures and energetics of a number of organic fragments on Pt surfaces. Using nonlocal density functional methods (B3LYP) we find that organics covalently bond to the Pt(111) surface with localized σ bonds to the surface Pt atoms, leading to tetrahedral hybridization of each carbon bonded to the surface. Thus, (i) CH_3 prefers an on-top site (a bond energy of ∼54 kcal/mol), (ii) CH_2 prefers a 2-fold bridge site (a bond energy of ∼104 kcal/mol), and (iii) CH prefers the fcc 3-fold bridge site (a bond energy of ∼167 kcal/mol). Similarly, C_2H_4 forms a strong (36 kcal/mol) di-σ bond (the π bond is BE = 8.5 kcal/mol), while CHCH_2 forms a tri-σ bond. The results for C_2H_x/Pt_8 are in good agreement with available experimental results on Pt(111) (π- and di-σ-bonded ethylene and ethylidyne). These results are used to obtain heats of formation (ΔH_f) for chemisorbed intermediates useful in estimating the energetics of various hydrocarbon intermediates on Pt surfaces. The application of these ΔH_f values is illustrated by considering ethylene hydrogenation and the decomposition of C_2H_4 on Pt(111).
Maize Endosperm ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase SHRUNKEN2 and BRITTLE2 Subunit Interactions

ADP–glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) represents a key regulatory step in polysaccharide synthesis in organisms ranging from bacteria to plants. Higher plant AGPs are complex in nature and are heterotetramers consisting of two similar but distinct subunits. How the subunits are assembled into enzymatically active polymers is not yet understood. Here, we address this issue by using naturally occurring null mutants of the Shrunken2 ( Sh2 ) and Brittle2 ( Bt2 ) loci of maize as well as the yeast two-hybrid expression system. In the absence of the maize endosperm large AGP subunit (SH2), the BT2 subunit remains as a monomer in the developing endosperm. In contrast, the SH2 protein, in the absence of BT2, is found in a complex of 100 kD. A direct interaction between SH2 and BT2 was proven when they were both expressed in yeast. Several motifs are essential for SH2:BT2 interaction because truncations removing the N or C terminus of either subunit eliminate SH2:BT2 interactions. Analysis of subunit interaction mutants ( sim ) also identified motifs essential for protein interactions.
Phase equilibria in the InNiAs system at 600°C

Phase equilibria were established in the InPtAs system at 600 °C using X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis. InAs was found to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with Pt3In7, PtIn2 and PtAs2. PtAs2 is semiconducting, and is unsuitable as a contact material to InAs. The metallic phases Pt3In7 and PtIn2 are suggested for use as thermodynamically stable contact materials to InAs. Two ternary phases, Pt5InAs and Pt8In2As, were found to exist in the system. The phase Pt8In2As has not been reported previously in the literature. It is tetragonal, with the lattice parameters a = 0.3987 nm and c = 1.1079 nm, and appears to be related crystallographically to both Pt3In and Pt5InAs. The ternary solubilities in the constituent binary phases were found to be negligible, with the possible exception of Pt3In, which may dissolve 2–3 at.% arsenic at compositions near 75 at.% platinum. Several discrepancies were found between the experimentally determined results of the present study and the assessed InPt phase diagram. These discrepancies are discussed in detail.
Elevation of serum corticosterone in rats by bremazocine, a κ-opioid agonist

Bremazocine at doses of 0.01 mg kg-1 s.c., and higher, increased serum corticosterone concentration several-fold in rats. The increase occurred within 20 min, was maximum at 40-60 min and subsided after 120 min. Pretreatment with naloxone (1-10 mg kg-1 s.c.) antagonized the corticosterone increase. These data support the view that kappa-opioid agonist activity of bremazocine mediated the corticosterone increase.
Microcontact Model for Paper-Based Wet Friction Materials

This paper is focused on the real area of contact for paper-based wet friction materials during the engagement of wet clutches. The deformation of the wet friction material is identified as elastic during the engagement. A microcontact model is proposed considering both surface roughness and skewness. A Weibull density distribution is employed in the model rather than a Gaussian density distribution. This model is compared with the Greenwood-Williamson (GW) model for the cases of positive skewness, zero skewness and negative skewness. The real areas of contact of new, run-in and glazed wet friction materials were investigated using this microcontact model. Both surface roughness and skewness were found to have a great effect on the real area of contact.
Input impedance of coaxially fed rectangular microstrip antenna on electrically thick substrate

A full-wave spectral domain analysis has been used to obtain input-impedance results for a probe-fed rectangular-patch antenna, modeling the source as a magnetic-current frill. Multiple modes are used in the probe surface current to account for axial and azimuthal variations. It is established that maximum resistance is dependent on the substrate loss tangent. The axial variation of the probe current must be taken into account for substrate thicknesses greater than about 0.02 wavelengths.
What have we learnt from using real parallel machines to solve real problems

We briefly review some key scientific and parallel processing issues in a selection of some 84 existing applications of parallel machines. We include the MIMD hypercube transputer array, BBN Butterfly, and the SIMD ICL DAP, Goodyear MPP and Connection Machine from Thinking Machines. We use a space-time analogy to classify problems and show how a division into synchronous, loosely synchronous and asynchronous problems is helpful. This classifies problems into those suitable for SIMD or MIMD machines and isolates the asynchronous class as that for which major uncertainties as to possible parallelism exist. Interestingly about half of the scientific applications run excellently on SIMD machines with the other half able to take especial advantage of the MIMD architecture.
Transcriptional Factors for Specific Globin Genesa

Correct temporal control of the beta-like globin cluster is generated in part by the binding of tissue-restricted transcriptional regulators to their cognate sites. Erythroid Kruppel-like Factor (EKLF) is one of these red cell-specific activators that is particularly important for switching on adult beta-globin gene expression. However, its simple presence is not sufficient to activate the beta-globin promoter, as primitive erythroid cells and a number of erythroid cell lines express EKLF yet do not express adult beta-globin. One explanation that may account for these observations is that post-translational modification of EKLF differs within these cell populations. To address this issue, we are investigating whether phosphorylation plays a role in modulating EKLF activity. In vitro and in vivo approaches have been used to demonstrate that EKLF is a phosphoprotein whose ability to bind DNA and transcriptionally activate an adjacent promoter is critically dependent on its phosphorylation status. Of particular interest is a casein kinase II site within the EKLF minimal transactivation domain.
Galerkin projections and the proper orthogonal decomposition for equivariant equations

Abstract In this paper we are interested in Galerkin projections of certain partial differential evolution equations, that retain the symmetries of the original nontruncated equations. In particular, we extend several results concerning the Galerkin projections, based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (which is also known as the Karhunen-Loeve expansion) for equations which are equivariant under the action of compact Abelian symmetry groups. We provide sufficient conditions for numerical schemes, based on the linear and the nonlinear Galerkin method, to retain the symmetries of the original system. We perform a rational analysis of methods which use symmetry to enlarge the ensemble size of a data set. Our analysis has the potential for computational savings.
Health utilities associated with hemoglobin levels and blood loss in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of our study was to use health-related quality of life data from the Women's Health Initiative to calculate health-related utility weights and examine differences in these health utility weights across different hemoglobin (Hgb) levels. These utility weights could then be used in future cost-effectiveness studies. Methods Health utility weights were measured by the Short Form-6D (SF-6D), a health utility index derived from the Short Form Medical Outcomes questionnaire. Adjusted least square means were calculated for each level of Hgb at baseline and in longitudinal regression analysis the relationship between change in Hgb and change in the SF-6D was examined. Both baseline and longitudinal analyses were performed for all postmenopausal women and separately for those with self-reported heart failure, cancer, and osteoarthritis. Results Women with Hgb in the anemic range had lower health utility weights than those with higher Hgb levels. Longitudinally, a loss of of 2 g/dl Hgb or more was associated with a statistically significant and clinically meaningfully decline in SF-6D in all participants and also in the group of participants with cancer and osteoarthritis, but not in those with heart failure. Conclusions Lower levels of Hgb and a loss of Hgb are associated with a statistically significant and clinically meaningful decrement in health utility in all postmenopausal women we studied and also in those with chronic conditions.
Microstructures by design: linear problems in elastic–plastic design

Abstract Materials microstructure is considered to be a design variable in the methodology called microstructure sensitive design (MSD). Based upon existing homogenization relations, relating the first-order representation of microstructure (the local state distribution function) to elastic and yield properties, the paper describes the construction of properties closures. These establish the theoretically-possible combinations of properties achievable by the set of all possible microstructures, which is called the microstructure hull. Exemplary homogenization relations are shown to be, typically, hypersurfaces (often hyperplanes) in the Fourier space in which the microstructure hull resides. All points lying on (or to one side of) the hypersurface, that also intersects the microstructure hull, represent microstructures that are predicted to have the same property (or property bound). It follows that intersections of several hypersurfaces (representing several properties), with the microstructure hull, represent allowable combinations of properties. From these intersections, combined properties closures have been constructed using conventional methods of linear programming. The primary example chosen is the cubic–orthorhombic Cu–Ni alloy system; for this case the elastic properties reside in a three-dimensional subspace of the infinite dimensional microstructure hull, and therefore a graphical depiction of the problem is convenient.
Synthesis, structure, and extraction behavior of 4,5′,4″,5‴-tetra-tert-butyltetrabenzo-24-crown-8

Isomerically pure 4,5′,4″,5‴-tetra-tert-butyltetrabenzo-24-crown-8 was synthesized by a route that eliminates any need for isomer separation. Its structure was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Since the observed saddle-shaped conformation of the crown ether is the same as previously reported for the closely related tetrabenzo-24-crown-8, the presence of the peripheral tert-butyl groups has no apparent effect on ring structure. This structure experiences few intermolecular interactions beyond London forces, suggesting it represents a low energy conformation. Liquid–liquid distribution behavior of CsNO3 and CsClO4 between water and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) containing 4,5′,4″,5‴-tetra-tert-butyltetrabenzo)-24-crown-8 was investigated. Equilibrium constants corresponding to the extraction of ion pairs and dissociated ions, formation of the caesium complex, and dissociation of the ion pairs in water-saturated 1,2-DCE at 25 °C were obtained from equilibrium modeling using the SXLSQI program. 4,5′,4″,5‴-Tetra-tert-butyltetrabenzo-24-crown-8 exhibits stronger caesium binding and a similarly low tendency towards ion-pairing, in comparison with the previously characterized isomeric 4,4′- and 4,5′-di-tert-octyltetrabenzo-24-crown-8 ethers.
Computer science education for majors of other disciplines

There is an old saying that a specialist is a person who "knows more and more about less and less." It would be nice to believe that that saying, if ever true, is no longer true. Our world does not consist of little, isolated problems and situations which exist totally independent of their surroundings; it consists, rather, of a massive set of interconnected and interrelated objects and events. While, on the one hand, practical considerations make it necessary to isolate subsystems for the purposes of conducting detailed study, on the other hand a subsystem cannot be fully understood without understanding its interfaces with and relationships to its environment and the other systems with which it is associated. Indeed, we are witnessing the beginnings of this type of interdisciplinary activity with the present levels of interest and trends in biochemistry, biophysics, and biomathematics, as well as in some of the modern approaches to the study of the environment. Thus, we recognize that educational programs can no longer address themselves to single, isolated disciplines. Indeed, the approach to higher education needs to be interdisciplinary to a degree never before appreciated. The present need is not for a scientist with a monolithic perspective who has majored in a traditional discipline in a traditional manner, but rather a scientist with an interdisciplinary perspective who has studied in a broad, interdisciplinary program with an area of specialization. Computer Science must contribute, effectively, to broad, interdisciplinary programs for individuals specializing in a wide variety of fields. We must address ourselves to two primary considerations with equal vigor: the development of specialized understandings for the practice of Computer Science, and the development of generalized understandings to aid in the practice of other disciplines. We must present a degree program that includes sufficient study in the other disciplines to enable the new practitioner to participate effectively and innovatively with professionals from other disciplines in the solution of problems, and we must provide sufficient instruction to majors in other disciplines that they will be able to understand the relationships between the respective disciplines and the role and utilization of Computer Science in the solution of problems in their disciplines. In both cases, more emphasis needs to be placed upon interfaces. The need for such action has been mentioned many times in the past. The responsibility of providing appropriate programs for majors was commented upon in an earlier paper. The second responsibility, Computer Science for majors of other disciplines, is discussed herein.
Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections

This section discusses the methods of laboratory diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) using conventional biochemical and nutritional requirements, acid-fast smear microscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), antibiotic susceptibility testing, and newer genetic methods such as molecular probes, polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA), and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. This article discusses how laboratory results are applied by clinicians, and some of the difficulties and controversies regarding the diagnosis of NTM disease after the laboratory work is complete.