cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Characterization of a Type III Polyketide Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from Streptomyces toxytricini

A type III polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster has been discovered in the industrially important strain Streptomyces toxytricini NRRL 15443, including four genes stp450-1, stts, stp450-2, and stmo. The stts gene encodes a putative type III polyketide synthase that is homologous to RppA, a 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN) synthase from Streptomyces griseus. The deduced protein product of stmo resembles the cupin-containing monooxygenase MomA from Streptomyces antibioticus that oxidizes THN into flaviolin. Two cytochrome P450s (CYPs), StP450-1 and StP450-2, are present in the gene cluster. StTS was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and identified as a THN synthase. The synthesized THN can be easily oxidized into flaviolin by air. Both CYPs were reconstituted in E. coli BL21(DE3) and can oxidize flaviolin to form oligomers. The k cat/K m values for StP450-1 and StP450-2 were 0.28 and 0.71 min−1 mM−1, respectively. UV irradiation test showed that expression of StTS in E. coli BL21(DE3) significantly protects the cells from UV radiation, and coexpression of StTS and StP450-1 provides even stronger protection.
Blending Cobrand Personalities: An Examination of the Complex Self

Abstract This research examines the role of self-complexity in influencing consumer responses to cobrands with trait associations to two distinct brand personality dimensions versus one distinct brand personality dimension. Three experiments reveal that consumers whose complex self becomes activated prefer cobrands that exude both sophistication and excitement to those that exhibit either sophistication or excitement. Caucasians, who have a more complex independent self, tend to evaluate a sophisticated and excited personality cobrand more favorably when primed on independence, whereas Hispanics, who have a more complex interdependent self, tend to evaluate this cobrand personality combination more favorably when primed on interdependence. This research also suggests that this self-complexity-driven process is conscious in nature.
Evaluating signal-correlated noise as a control task with language-related gamma activity on electrocorticography.

Objective Our recent electrocorticography (ECoG) study suggested reverse speech, a widely used control task, to be a poor control for non-language-related auditory activity. We hypothesized that this may be due to retained perception as a human voice. We report a follow-up ECoG study in which we contrast forward and reverse speech with a signal-correlated noise (SCN) control task that cannot be perceived as a human voice.
Biotelemetry transmitter implantation in rodents: impact on growth and circadian rhythms

The implantation of a biotelemetry transmitter for core body temperature (Tc) and motor activity (MA) measurements is hypothesized to have effects on growth and circadian rhythmicity depending on a...
Studies on the metabolism of pregnenolone sulfate.

The metabolism of pregnenolone-3H sulfate-35S was studied both in vitro and in vivo. When the doubly labeled precursor was incubated with a homogenate of neoplastic human adrenal tissue, 17α-hydroxy pregnenolone-3H sulfate-35S and pregnenediol-3H 3-sulfate-35S were isolated as products. Conversion to doubly labeled dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate did not take place. A homogenate of human hyperplastic adrenal tissue, previously reported to convert pregnenolone-3H sulfate-36S to 17αhydroxypregnenolone-3H sulfate-35S in the absence of significant conversion to dehydroisoandrosterone-3H sulfate-35S (18), was, in the presently reported studies, shown to possess the ability to transform pregnenolone to Δ4-androstenedione. When pregnenolone-3H sulfate-35S was injected into a female patient with an adrenal carcinoma, extensive metabolism to a variety of urinary metabolites was observed. Five crystalline substances were isolated and identified: pregnenediol 3-sulfate, 17 α-hydroxypregnenolone 3-sulfate, pregnenetri...
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND EGALITARIAN JUSTICE

: After briefly surveying the mission and principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO), I argue that international trade may be assessed from the perspective of justice, and that the correct account of justice for these purposes is egalitarian in fundamental principle. I then consider the merits of the WTO's basic commitment to liberalized trade in the light of egalitarian considerations. Finally, I discuss the justice of several WTO policies. While noting the complexity of the empirical issues relating to the effects of trade institutions and policies, I conclude that egalitarians have reasons to object to certain of the principles and policies of the WTO.
Archaeological geology of the Lubbock Lake site, Southern High Plains of Texas

The Lubbock Lake site is a well-stratified archaeological locality in Yellowhouse Draw on the Southern High Plains of Texas. It has a cultural record that spans the past 11,000+ yr that is contained within a thick sequence of sediments and soils. The sequence at Lubbock Lake is one of the most closely integrated records of late Quaternary human occupation, sedimentation, and soil formation documented in North America. Stratum 1 (11000 yr B.P. and older) was deposited by a meandering stream and contains Clovis-age cultural remains. Stratum 2 is composed of lacustrine sediments (11000 to 10000 yr B.P.) and overlying marsh deposits (10000 to 8500 yr B.P.), with Paleoindian material in both units. The Firstview Soil (8500 to ∼6300 yr B.P.) formed in the top of stratum 2. Stratum 3 (∼6300 to ∼5000 yr B.P.) contains early Archaic material, eolian and marsh deposits suggestive of warm, arid conditions; and the Yellowhouse Soil, indicating a brief period of landscape stability. Stratum 4 (5000 to 4500 yr B.P.) is primarily an eolian unit that marks the second of two periods of severe drought in the middle Holocene. The Lubbock Lake Soil, formed in stratum 4 (beginning 4500 yr B.P.), coincides with the late Archaic and Ceramic periods and documents landscape stability and a return to climatic conditions similar to those of today. Stratum 5 contains late Ceramic, Protohistoric, and Historic archaeological material within eolian and slopewash sediments (and the Apache and Singer Soils), which indicate several shifts toward aridity within the past 1,000 yr.
Generation of a single tunable ultrashort light pulse

Abstract A novel system for generating single tunable ultrashort light pulses of high power is described. The pulse train from a mode-locked flashlamp pumped dye laser passes through an amplifier, which is pumped by an N2 laser. As gain is only available for a few nsec, only one pulse in the train gets amplified. The energy of the resulting single pulse is about 100 μJ.
Virtual reality in a cave: limitations and the need for HMDs?

In virtual reality (VR) circles a "cave" is a 3 - 6 sided box with displays on each side. It has for many years sufficed as the "immersive" portion of VR mostly due to the insufficient head-mounted displays (HMDs) in the domain. However, current HMDs rival many caves and indeed are taking over. Here we discuss the pros and cons of this advent as well as human factors issues related to VR and the use of HMDs.
Anti-acrolein treatment improves behavioral outcome and alleviates myelin damage in experimental autoimmune enchephalomyelitis mouse

Oxidative stress is considered a major contributor in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Acrolein, a highly reactive aldehyde byproduct of lipid peroxidation, is thought to perpetuate oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of acrolein in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune enchephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. We have demonstrated a significant elevation of acrolein protein adduct levels in EAE mouse spinal cord. Hydralazine, a known acrolein scavenger, significantly improved behavioral outcomes and lessened myelin damage in spinal cord. We postulate that acrolein is an important pathological factor and likely a novel therapeutic target in MS.
Mechanics of some degradation mechanisms in ferroelectric ceramic actuators

Several degradation mechanisms in ferroelectric ceramics are analyzed in this article. A ferroelectric crystal under cyclic electric field fatigues by forming a-domain bands. An energy based model is proposed, indicating that these bands are retarded by the electric field, but driven by the shear stress resolved onto the bands. The stress has been attributed to the misfit strain near the 180 degree(s) domain wall and the edge of the electrodes. A second problem is related to fracture of piezoelectric ceramics. A double-cantilever beam subjected to combined electrical and mechanical loadings is analyzed using finite elements. Also analyzed is electrode debonding, which is shown to decrease capacitance.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recognition memory processes and language dominance in bilingualism

Contradictory evidence exists concerning the mode by which a fluent bilingual stores and retrieves words in each of his languages. A study of linguistically mixed lists by a procedure where errors in judgment could be detected suggests that storage is shared but is organized and retrieved primarily through the bilinguals' first language.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for a College Population: Applications at Sarah Lawrence College and Beyond

Trends in college mental health literature suggest many college and university counseling centers are facing increased demands for services. Moreover, survey data suggest that counseling center directors and staff perceive increases in serious psychopathology, suicidality, and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior, along with other typical student problems. At Sarah Lawrence College, a marked increase in the number of students hospitalized for psychiatric reasons, many meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD), required Health Services to rethink clinical service delivery, staff training, and resource allocation. Owing to its proven efficacy in the treatment of BPD, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was adapted at our setting. An overview of DBT is presented, followed by a brief history and a detailed description of the Sarah Lawrence College DBT Program, initial data on its impact for student retention and hospitalizations, and a discussion of the potential benefits of employing DBT with ...
Azoxyarylene compounds and polymers by a copper-pyridine catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction

Azoxyarylene compounds can be quantitatively formed by oxidative coupling of N-arylhydroxylamines in the presence of a copper-pyridine catalyst and dioxygen. This new method was utilized to synthesize a poly(azoxy arylene). Polymer 5 obtained has a weight average molecular weight of 6,500 and a number average molecular weight of 4,400.
A heuristic approach to the single facility maximin location problem

The problem of determining the optimum location for a single undesirable machine within an existing plant layout is considered. The degree of undesirability between an existing machine or worker and the new machine is reflected through a weighting factor. The problem is defined to be the selection of a location witbin a convex region that maximizes the minimum weighted Euclidean distance with respect to all the existing facilities. A model is formulated and an algorithm developed. As the number of existing facilities increases, however, the computation time increases substantially. A heuristic approach hased on partial enumeration is described. This approach makes it possible to study problems that involve a large number of existing facilities without sacrificing the level of accuracy. The two approaches, exact and heuristic, are compared with respect to their computational efficiency. An example is solved using both approaches.
Infrared tissue ablation: consequences of liquefaction

Ablation of biological targets by highly-absorbed infrared laser pulses (duration 200 microsecond(s) ) is explained using a model that takes into account tissue liquefaction. The generation of a liquid layer in tissue leads to an enhancement of the drilling efficiency and to a reduction of the evaporation rate. Experimental drilling-depth and recoil-momentum data are explained by a combination of evaporation and ejection.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prolonged diving and recovery in the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta--IV. Effects of profound acidosis on O2 consumption in turtle vs rat (mammalian) brain and heart slices.

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen consumption of rat versus turtle brain and heart slices was compared as a function of extracellular pH and temperature. 2. 2. At pH = 6.20 rat (mammalian) brain and heart slices show a significant depression of oxygen consumption as compared to pH = 7.50 at temperatures of both 24° and 37°C. 3. 3. In the turtle oxygen consumption in brain and heart slices was not depressed at pH = 6.20 compared to pH = 7.50 at 24°C and brain oxygen consumption was not significantly different at the two pH values at 37°C. 4. 4. Turtle heart Q O2 was depressed at 37°C. 5. 5. The results suggests that extracellular acidosis depresses mitochondrial O 2 uptake in mammalian brain and heart, playing a role in the bioenergetic manifestations of O 2 depletion. 6. 6. Turtle brain mitochondria do not show a depression of Q O2 at the acidotic pH. 7. 7. The resistance to acidosis of turtle brain mitochondria presumably enhances the possibility of survival following prolonged diving by maintaining ATP generation during the early diving period and during recovery.
Safety Evaluation and Confidence Intervals When the Number of Observed Events Is Small or Zero

A common objective in many clinical studies is to determine the safety of a diagnostic test or therapeutic intervention. In these evaluations, serious adverse effects are either rare or not encountered. In this setting, the estimation of the confidence interval (CI) for the unknown proportion of adverse events has special importance. When no adverse events are encountered, commonly used approximate methods for calculating CIs cannot be applied, and such information is not commonly reported. Furthermore, when only a few adverse events are encountered, the approximate methods for calculation of CIs can be applied, but are neither appropriate nor accurate. In both situations, CIs should be computed with the use of the exact binomial distribution. We discuss the need for such estimation and provide correct methods and rules of thumb for quick computations of accurate approximations of the 95% and 99.9% CIs when the observed number of adverse events is zero.
Pressure, volume, temperature states within the VC-2B corehole, Valles Caldera, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Abstract Two different instruments were used over a 17.5 month period to make high-resolution temperature measurements in the VC-2B corehole. The first tool transmits data to the surface and has a 300°C limitation imposed by the logging cable; the second tool has a design capability of 400°C and stores data in an onboard computer. The pressure in the corehole was calculated from an assumed equation of state that accounts for the NaCl dissolved in the borehole fluids. The maximum thermodynamic state achieved in VC-2B (136 bars, 295°C) occurred at a bottom hole depth of 1.76 km. Temperature data and the equation of state were used to calculate the pressure within a closed vessel withdrawn from the corehole. These calculations support experimental observations that fluid sampling devices used in VC-2B leak and return anomalously large amounts of fluid to the surface. The extension of the methods used herein to the investigation of subseafloor systems that approach the critical point of sea water is discussed.
Optimization of isothermal low-energy nanoemulsion formation: Hydrocarbon oil, non-ionic surfactant, and water systems

Nanoemulsions can be fabricated using either high-energy or low-energy methods, with the latter being advantageous because of ease of implementation, lower equipment and operation costs, and higher energy efficiency. In this study, isothermal low-energy methods were used to spontaneously produce nanoemulsions using a model system consisting of oil (hexadecane), non-ionic surfactant (Brij 30) and water. Rate and order of addition of surfactant, oil and water into the final mixture were investigated to identify optimal conditions for producing small droplets. The emulsion phase inversion (EPI) and spontaneous emulsion (SE) methods were found to be the most successful, which both require the surfactant to be mixed with the oil phase prior to production. Order of addition and surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR) influenced the particle size distribution, while addition rate and stirring speed had a minimal effect. Emulsion stability was strongly influenced by storage temperature, with droplet size increasing rapidly at higher temperatures, which was attributed to coalescence near the phase inversion temperature. Nanoemulsions with a mean particle diameter of approximately 60 nm could be produced using both EPI and SE methods at a final composition of 5% hexadecane and 1.9% Brij 30, and were relatively stable to droplet growth at temperatures <25 °C.
Action of intracerebroventricular dibutyryl cyclic AMP on amobarbital anaesthesia in rats.

Abstract The ability of intracerebroventricular exogenous administration of N 6 ,O 2 '-dibutyryl analog of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (db cyclic AMP) to shorten the duration of amobarbital anaesthesia in a dose-related manner has been shown in the rat. Alteration of the duration of sleeping time (ST) appeared to be specific to db cyclic AMP since neither adenosine nor guanosine nucleotides administered intracerebroventricularly produced any appreciable effects. Similarly, intracerebroventricular injected succinate or pyruvate did not alter amobarbital-induced ST. None of the behavioral symptoms observed following the intracerebroventricular injection of db cyclic AMP in the unanaesthetized conscious rat were evident in the amobarbital-anaesthetized rat.
Differential expression of the mRNAs for the soluble and membrane-bound forms of rabbit cytochrome b5

Total RNA was extracted from a variety of rabbit tissues and reverse transcribed for use in the polymerase chain reaction technique. Using primers designed to amplify the membrane-bound liver cytochrome b5 cDNA, products of two sizes were observed. Both hybridized strongly to a radiolabelled liver cytochrome b5 probe. Sequencing confirmed that the two types of cDNA product encoded the membrane-bound and the soluble forms of b5. Messenger RNA corresponding to the soluble cytochrome was detected in the lung, gallbladder and the adrenal gland, as well as in reticulocytes and bone marrow. This was an unexpected finding since the protein has been isolated only from erythrocytes. In contrast, membrane-bound cytochrome b5 mRNA was detected in all tissues tested, suggesting that the corresponding protein is ubiquitous in tissue distribution.
Identifying adolescents at risk for noncompliance with contraceptive therapy.

The sociomedical characteristics of 96 sexually active adolescent females have been studied in order to understand noncompliance with the contraceptive prescription, an important antecedent of adolescent pregnancy. Compliance was found to correlate positively with postmenarchal age, frequency of intercourse, autonomy in making and paying for a clinic appointment specifically for the purpose of obtaining contraception, and acceptance of a method at the time of the initial clinic visit. These findings serve to alert the pediatrician to the adolescent at risk for noncompliance before the experience of failure, and in so doing to identify those in need of special assistance to ensure the success of contraceptive measures.
DIFFERENTIAL ANTHERIDIOGEN RESPONSE AND EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS IN CYSTOPTERIS

It has been demonstrated that antheridiogens determine gametangial initiation in cultures of some homosporous fern gametophytes. Studies of natural populations have implicated these compounds as breeding system controllers. In Cystopteris, response to antheridiogen varied significantly among species. While Cystopteris protrusa responded to exogenous antheridiogen, C. bulbifera did not. The allopolyploid derivative of these two species, C. tennesseensis, had an intermediate level of response. This marked physiological difference among morphologically similar taxa is valuable in delineating species and suggests a mechanism that may be associated with interspecific hybridization. THE HORMONE (or pheromone, see Naf, 1979) antheridiogen is a potent controller of gametangial initiation in cultures of homosporous fern gametophytes (Dopp,1950; Voeller,1964; Naf, 1979). It has been indicated, as well, as an important force influencing gametophytic mating systems in natural populations (Tryon
Generalization and the Isi in Human Eyelid Conditioning

Following 80 eyelid conditioning trials with a 400-, 600-, or 800-msec. ISI, Ss were given 20 extinction trials to a test stimulus, then shifted to the acquisition CS for 10 extinction trials. Generalized extinction was found negatively related to ISI with no systematic ISI trends observed for generalization of positive response tendencies.
Stabilization of bcc Co via epitaxial growth on GaAs.

A new metastable phase of cobalt---body-centered cubic---has been synthesized by use of molecular-beam epitaxial growth to stabilize the crystal structure. Large (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) films have been grown on (110) GaAs and characterized by high-energy electron diffraction, Auger analysis, x-ray diffraction, magnetometry, spin-polarized photoemission, and ferromagnetic resonance. The results indicate a ferromagnetic material very similar to $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Fe both electronically and magnetically, with a metastable lattice constant ${a}_{0}=2.827$ \AA{}. This technique provides a general approach for the realizing of metastable phases.
Dawn of the Living Wage The Diffusion of a Redistributive Municipal Policy

From 1994 to 1999, 22 large American cities passed “living wage” laws that mandate wages above poverty for certain workers in the private sector. The author argues that political conditions, rather than economic conditions such as urban poverty, best explain the emergence and success of the living wage movement. Quantitative and qualitative evidence shows that living wage policies result from the interaction of national progressive networks with local actors and opportunities. He also argues that federalist government enables as well as constrains local progressivism by favoring policy diffusion among cities.
Estimation Optimality of Corrected AIC and Modified Cp in Linear Regression

Summary Model selection criteria often arise by constructing unbiased or approximately unbiased estimators of measures known as expected overall discrepancies (Linhart & Zucchini, 1986, p. 19). Such measures quantify the disparity between the true model (i.e., the model which generated the observed data) and a fitted candidate model. For linear regression with normally distributed error terms, the “corrected” Akaike information criterion and the “modified” conceptual predictive statistic have been proposed as exactly unbiased estimators of their respective target discrepancies. We expand on previous work to additionally show that these criteria achieve minimum variance within the class of unbiased estimators. Resume Les criteres de modele de selection naissent souvent de la construction de mesures d'estimation impartiales, ou approximativement impartiales, connues comme divergences globales prevues. De telles mesures quantifient la disparite entre le vrai modele (c'est-a-dire le modele qui a produit les donnees observees) et un modele candidat correspondant. En ce qui concerne les applications de regression lineaires contenant des erreurs distribuees normalement, le modele de critere d'information “corrige” Akaike et le modele conceptuel de statistique de prevision “modifie” ont ete proposes comme etant des instruments exacts de mesures d'estimation impartiales de leurs objectifs respectifs de divergences. En nous appuyant sur les travaux precedents et en les developpant, nous proposons de demontrer, en outre, que ces criteres realisent une variance minimum au sein de la classe des instruments de mesures d'estimation impartiales.
Hypersensitivity: Specific Immunologic Suppression of the Delayed Type

Delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes was induced in rats by intradermal injection of the antigen mixed with Freund9s adjuvant; hypersensitivity was sustained by weekly injections. Either passive immunization with rat antiserum to sheep erythrocytes or intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes partially suppressed induction of hypersensitivity; these procedures used together specifically and completely suppressed induction of hypersensitivity. Complete suppression was sustained by antigen given intravenously before each weekly injection of the mixture of antigen and adjuvant. These findings provide the rational basis of a simple method for prolonging survival of allografts with only the biological agents, antigen and antibody, of the immunological response.
On the spatial decay of solutions of parabolic equations

Es wird ein von Edelstein erzieltes Ergebnis uber den exponentiellen Temperaturabfall eines Korpers an von Warmezufuhrquellen entfernten Stellen auf eine erweiterte Klasse von Randwertproblemen verallgemeinert.
Refining a complex diagnostic construct: Subtyping Dysthymia with the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure-II

Objective: We sought to determine whether meaningful subtypes of Dysthymic patients could be identified when grouping them by similar personality profiles. Method: A random, national sample of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists (n¼1201) described a randomly selected current patient with personality pathology using the descriptors in the Shedler– Westen Assessment Procedure‐II (SWAP‐II), completed assessments of patients' adaptive functioning, and provided DSM-IV Axis I and II diagnoses. Results: We applied Q-factor cluster analyses to those patients diagnosed with Dysthymic Disorder. Four clusters were identified—High Functioning, Anxious/Dysphoric, Emotionally Dysregulated, and Narcissistic. These factor scores corresponded with a priori hypotheses regarding diagnostic comorbidity and level of adaptive functioning. We compared these groups to diagnostic constructs described and empirically identified in the past literature. Conclusions: The results converge with past and current ideas about the ways in which chronic depression and personality are related and offer an enhanced means by which to understand a heterogeneous diagnostic category that is empirically grounded and clinically useful. & 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Phagocytosis of zymosan particles by mast cells

Des rats ont ete injectes par voie peritoneale avec une suspension de zymosan, une preparation de parois de levure,Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Les cellules de la lymphe peritoneale furent etudiees apres au microscope optique et electronique. Ces experiences ont demontre que les mastocytes changent d'aspect et que les particules de zymosan se retrouvent dans des vacuoles cytoplasmiques peu apres l'injection. Les mastocytes sont donc des cellules capables de phagocytose.
Multiway Spectral Partitioning and Higher-Order Cheeger Inequalities

A basic fact in spectral graph theory is that the number of connected components in an undirected graph is equal to the multiplicity of the eigenvalue zero in the Laplacian matrix of the graph. In particular, the graph is disconnected if and only if there are at least two eigenvalues equal to zero. Cheeger's inequality and its variants provide an approximate version of the latter fact; they state that a graph has a sparse cut if and only if there are at least two eigenvalues that are close to zero.It has been conjectured that an analogous characterization holds for higher multiplicities: There are k eigenvalues close to zero if and only if the vertex set can be partitioned into k subsets, each defining a sparse cut. We resolve this conjecture positively. Our result provides a theoretical justification for clustering algorithms that use the bottom k eigenvectors to embed the vertices into Rk, and then apply geometric considerations to the embedding.We also show that these techniques yield a nearly optimal quantitative connection between the expansion of sets of size a n/k and λk, the kth smallest eigenvalue of the normalized Laplacian, where n is the number of vertices. In particular, we show that in every graph there are at least k/2 disjoint sets (one of which will have size at most 2n/k), each having expansion at most O(√λk log k). Louis, Raghavendra, Tetali, and Vempala have independently proved a slightly weaker version of this last result. The √log k bound is tight, up to constant factors, for the “noisy hypercube” graphs.
Sequence analysis of the phage 21 genes for prohead assembly and head completion.

Abstract Phage 21 is a temperate lambdoid coliphage, and its head-encoding genes, as well as those of phage λ, are descended from a common ancestral phage. The head protein-encoding genes of phage 21 have been sequenced, confirming earlier genetic studies indicating that the head-encoding genes of 21 and λ are analogous in location, size, and function. The phage 21 head-encoding genes identified (and their λ analogues) include: 3(W), 4(B), 5(C), 6(Nu3), shp (D), 7(E), and 8(FII), respectively. An open reading frame, orf1, is analogous in position and shares some sequence identity with FI, a phage λ gene involved in DNA packaging. The phage 21 major head protein, gp7, is predicted to have strong sequence identity (65%) with the λ major capsid protein, gpE, including amino acids known to be important for capsid form determination. The nested genes 5 6 of phage 21 and C/Nu3 of λ differ by several rearrangements including deletions and a triplication. The possibility that λ, genes C/Nu3 evolved from ancestal nested genes containing a triplication is discussed.
PARENTAL ATTITUDES TOWARD MANDARIN MAINTENANCE IN ARIZONA: AN EXAMINATION OF IMMIGRANTS FROM THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

This study focuses on a specific Chinese immigrant subgroup, immigrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Arizona, and details the impact of different immigrant experiences and settlement patterns on parents' attitudes toward Mandarin maintenance. Data were collected through an eight-month-long ethnographic research in Arizona. The findings suggest that despite their misconceptions of bilingualism, these parents generally have positive attitudes or “language loyalty” toward Mandarin. Differences exist among parents depending on how they integrate into American social and economic context and their future orientations are defined. Participants generally do not see themselves as having a role in promoting Mandarin in public schools, indicating that though the ethnolinguistic vitality (EV) of Chinese immigrants is on the rise, the EV of this studied subgroup is significantly compromised by its weaker demographic capital. The study further discusses what educators and policy makers can learn from t...
Encoding of anisotropic diffusion with tetrahedral gradients: a general mathematical diffusion formalism and experimental results.

A diffusion imaging method with a tetrahedral sampling pattern has been developed for high-sensitivity diffusion analysis. The tetrahedral gradient pattern consists of four different combinations of x, y, and z gradients applied simultaneously at full strength to uniformly measure diffusion in four different directions. Signal-to-noise can be increased by up to a factor of about three using this approach, compared with diffusion measurements made using separately applied x, y, and z gradients. A mathematical formalism is presented describing six fundamental parameters: the directionally averaged diffusion coefficient D and diffusion element anisotropies eta and epsilon which are rotationally invariant, and diffusion ellipsoid orientation angles theta, phi, and omega which are rotationally variant. These six parameters contain all the information in the symmetric diffusion tensor D. Principal diffusion coefficients, reduced anisotropies, and other rotational invariants are further defined. It is shown that measurement of off-diagonal tensor elements is essential to assess anisotropy and orientation, and that the only parameter which can be measured with the orthogonal method is D. In cases of axial diffusion symmetry (e.g., fibers), the four tetrahedral diffusion measurements efficiently enable determination of D, eta, theta, and phi which contain all the diffusion information. From these four parameters, the diffusion parallel and perpendicular to the symmetry axis (D and D) and the axial anisotropy A can be determined. In more general cases, the six fundamental parameters can be determined with two additional diffusion measurements. Tetrahedral diffusion sequences were implemented on a clinical MR system. A muscle phantom demonstrates orientation independence of D, D, D, and A for large changes in orientation angles. Sample background gradients and diffusion gradient imbalances were directly measured and found to be insignificant in most cases.
Core Values, Value Conflict, and Citizens' Ambivalence about Gay Rights

Recent research has recognized that many people simultaneously hold positive and negative attitudes about important political issues. In this article, we review the concept of attitudinal ambivalence and propose a survey-based measure of ambivalence adapted from the experimental literature. Extending our earlier work on abortion, analysis of a statewide telephone survey of Florida residents reveals that (1) many people have ambivalent attitudes about issues related to gay and lesbian rights; (2) the amount of ambivalence varies according to the specific rights in question (military service, gay marriage and adoption, membership in youth organizations such as Boy Scouts, and others); (3) ambivalence on gay rights is to some extent a function of conflict among citizens’ underlying core values; and (4) under certain circumstances, ambivalence appears to mediate the relationship between a person’s issue preferences with regard to gay rights and his or her evaluation of political leaders and institutions.
Production of α-Terpineol from Escherichia coli Cells Expressing Thermostable Limonene Hydratase

The genes encoding a thermostable limonene hydratase have been located on a cloned fragment in Escherichia coli conferring growth on limonene and production of the monoterpenes perillyl alcohol and α-terpineol. Whole cell bioconversion studies at elevated temperature employing both an aqueous phase and neat limonene phase demonstrated significant production of α-terpineol with additional production of carvone.
A Note on Dense and Nondense Families of Complexity Classes

In a model for a measure of computational complexity, Ф, for a partial recursive functiont, letRtФ denote all partial recursive functions having the same domain ast and computable within timet. Let ΣФ = {RtФ|t is recursive} and let ΩФ = {\(R_{\Phi _i } \)|Фi is actually the running time function of a computation}. ΣФ and ΩФ are partially ordered under set-theoretic inclusion. These partial orderings have been extensively investigated by Borodin, Constable and Hopcroft in [3]. In this paper we present a simple uniform proof of some of their results. For example, we give a procedure for easily calculating a model of computational complexity Ф for which ΣФ is not dense while ΩФ is dense. In our opinion, our technique is so transparent that it indicates that certain questions of density are not intrinsically interesting for general abstract measures of computational complexity, Ф. (This is not to say that similar questions are necessarily uninteresting for specific models.)
Pulling up roots in the 1990s: Who's willing to relocate?

The purpose of this study was to develop a profile of employees in Fortune 500 companies who are willing to relocate. The profile was developed on a demographically diverse random sample of 827 employees from 20 Fortune 500 corporations, all of whom had moved at least once for their current employer. Employees who were most willing to relocate were younger, their incomes were lower, their career ambitions higher, and their spouses more willing than those who were less willing to relocate. These employees could be found in sales/marketing and production functions. Their attitudes toward moving were also favorable. The single most important predictor of willingness to relocate was spouse willingness to relocate. This result suggests strongly that in the 1990s, corporations are going to have to address the concerns of spouses, if married employees are going to remain mobile. The study also cautions corporations about the shortsightedness of thinking of spouse and dual career issues as ’women's issues‘ and assuming that females and minorities are unwilling to relocate.
Comparability of standard and computerized administration of two personality questionnaires

Abstract The Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Adjective Check List were administered to 113 undergraduates both in standard pencil and paper form and in computer form, with a week between administrations. Correlations between standard and computerized modes were as high as could be expected considering the test-retest reliabilities reported for the standard administration of these two measures. For the computer administration of the ACL subjects were required to answer Yes, No, or Don't Know to all items rather than the usual Yes to only descriptive items. Subjects gave more scorable responses because of this change, potentially providing the test interpreter with additional personality information. Profiles of 27 ACL scales obtained from standard and computer administrations for selected sub-groups of the total sample (men, women, introverts, extraverts, high-neuroticism, low-neuroticism) were compared, showing that the dispersion and shape of the standard and computer profiles were quite similar, but that differences in level were significant. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Influence of water hardness on fluoride toxicity to rainbow trout

Static bioassays were conducted to determine effects of water hardness on toxicity of sodium fluoride to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Ninety-six hour LC50 values increased from 51 to 193 mg/L [F] as water hardness levels rose from 17 to 385 mg/L CaCO3. Tests of chronic toxicity at different water hardness levels are needed before fluoride standards for aquatic life, such as fish, can be set.
Averting adverse events in communication skills training: A case series

Abstract Objective To document cases of adverse or near adverse events in communication skills training (CST) and to identify risk factors and strategies to reduce the likelihood of their occurrence. Methods Six physician CST cases meeting criteria for an adverse or near adverse collected from experienced facilitators are analyzed and discussed. Results Three types of adverse CST events are described: traumatic personal experiences or losses evoked by training; perception that feedback is not empathic; and where trainees are referred for remedial CST as a risk management strategy. Conclusion Early identification of risk factors and emotional cues of trainees is a key first step that facilitates implementation of remedial strategies to avert potential adverse events. Consideration of ways that physicians’ personal experiences impact communication and good feedback techniques are vital. The implications of physicians sent to CST for risk management purposes is a new scenario that deserves special consideration. Practice implications To make CST safer and to optimize learning, early recognition of potential adverse events is essential. Specific feedback techniques should be mastered by all CST facilitators.
Information security training: lessons learned along the trail

West Virginia University recognizes that a vital component of Information Security is training. The ultimate goal is to have every first-year student and institutional employee receive initial information security training as well as periodic refresher training for specific or new topics. The challenges in selecting and delivering an effective program to accomplish these measures soon became evident, and many changes were required. Content, delivery method, course requirements, and support were quickly recognized as obstacles. Pilot training was completed and formal training began with the delivery of ISO standard Information Security training to students. After one semester, the obstacles forced us to make the decision to develop our own course content. The information security director, a part-time assistant, one graduate student, an instructional designer, and several members of the WVU iS3PACE (Information Security Services System Promoting Awareness Communication Education) information security collaborative contributed to the effort. The result? The new content was delivered to over 3,000 first-year students as a component of their First Year Experience courses titled "University 101" and "Adventure West Virginia." Additional content and narration were added during the Fall 2007 semester. Pilot training has started for institutional employees. This training has become a key component for driving the cultural changes required to integrate security standards and practices into daily habits. The trail to climbing the "Information Security Training Mountain" is steep and there are many obstacles to safely traverse it. Our "lessons learned" will assist you as you blaze your own trail up the Information Security Training Mountain.
Least squares estimation of predictor coefficients from noisy observations

A new method for estimating predictor coefficients (autoregressive parameters) based on noisy observations is presented. Least squares estimation methodology is used. Autoregressive parameters for the noisy observations are identified and used to find the desired autoregressive parameters. The particular application of concern is the digital processing of noisy speech.
Higher moments in the linear-quadratic-gaussian problem

Abstract A generalization of the linear-quadratic-Gaussian problem is discussed. This provides a family of control rules, which result in different combinations of moments of the quadratic payoff. A method of approximating higher moments of the payoff is given. A recursive formula for calculating the second moment is derived. A dynamic optimal tariff example illustrates the methods.
Field studies of a power plant plume in the arid southwestern United States

Abstract A study is presented of the physics and chemistry relevant to the visual impact of the plume from an electric power generating plant located in the Mojave Desert. The amount of light absorption by particles in the plume did not differ significantly from that by particles in the ambient air. While sulfate and nitrate occasionally contributed substantially to the total particle mass in the plume, generally they contributed −1 for sulfate and ∼ 0.08% h −1 for nitrate. Light scattering by the plume was more dependent on the total mass of particles in the sub-μm size range than on sulfate mass alone. At a wavelength of 550 nm, NO 2 absorption frequently contributed about equally with light scattering particles to the optical depth of the plume.
Trauma, sepsis, and the immune response

Burn patients, multiple trauma patients, and patients undergoing major surgical operations often suffer from acquired immunologic deficits that predispose them to life-threatening sepsis. This paper reviews the current research in this area, with emphasis on identifying the components of the immune response affected by injury, elucidating the mediators of immunologic change, and determining new therapeutic approaches for correcting immunologic deficits. Lessons learned from the study of immune deficiency disease are reviewed, as are basic observations of burn- and trauma-induced immune depression.
Activin A and follistatin expression in developing targets of ciliary ganglion neurons suggests a role in regulating neurotransmitter phenotype

Abstract The avian ciliary ganglion contains choroid neurons that innervate choroid vasculature and express somatostatin as well as ciliary neurons that innervate iris/ciliary body but do not express somatostatin. We have previously shown in culture that activin A induces somatostatin immunoreactivity in both neuron populations. We now show in vivo that both targets contain activin A; however, choroid expressed higher levels of activin A mRNA. In contrast, follistatin, an activin A inhibitor, was higher in iris/ciliary body. Iris cell-conditioned medium also contained an activity that inhibited activin A and could be depleted with antifollistatin antibodies. These results suggest that development of somatostatin is limited to choroid neurons by differential expression of activin A and follistatin in ciliary ganglion targets.
On the reaction of 2-chloroethylisothiocyanate with aromatic amines

The reaction of aromatic amines with 2-chloroethylisothiocyanate 2 to give 2-arylaminothiazolines 1 was investigated. The course of this reaction was found to depend on the electronic nature of the amine and the reaction conditions. With arylamines that are relatively electron-rich, good yields of the thiazolines 1 were obtained. With electron-poor amines, adducts 4, in which two equivalents of 2 reacted with the amine, accompanied 1. The relative amounts of 2:1 adducts increased as the arylamine became progressively more electron deficient. With 3,4-dichloroaniline, the yields of the 2:1 adducts were promoted by the presence of triethylamine.
Development of an automated scanning monochromator for monitoring thin films.

A scanning monochromator system for the monitoring of thin-film deposition in a box coater is described. The system employs data from both a quartz crystal oscillator and a wideband transmission spectrometer. The spectrometer uses a holographic grating as its dispersive element and a CCD array to collect the data. All data are sent to a microcomputer where the information is displayed, stored, and analyzed. Several applications, including measurement of optical constants of inhomogeneous films and characterization of moisture adsorption, are discussed.