cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distance measures for nonparametric weak process models

Nonparametric versions of hidden Markov models, what we call weak models, are robust for process detection and easy to construct, as the assumption of knowing precise probabilities in HMMs is weakened to {0,1}-values of reachabilities. Weak models are shown to be equivalent to DFAs/ NFAs. The concept of minimal unifilar weak model (/spl mu/-WM) is introduced. The spectral radius of the transition matrix of /spl mu/-WM determines the growth rate of acceptable observation sequences. An absolute weak model distance is defined for model clustering purpose, while a relative distance is a measure of how fast the performance of detection gets improved as more observations arrive. Convergence of the distance measures is proved.
"Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?" The Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, 1837-1839

Asignificant feature of the radical abolitionist movement inaugu r ted by William Lloyd Garrison with the first nu ber of the Liberator in January 1831, and institutionalized by the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society in December, 1833, was the attraction it held for women. The political experience women gained through participation in this crusade and the hostility they faced in connection with it served as important roots of American feminism. Of particular interest in this connection are the proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, which held three annual sessions from 1837 to 1839, probably the first national conventions of women ever held. The second of these conventions, which culminated in the burning of Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia, caused a New York newspaper to express the opinion that those "females who so far forget the province of their sex as to perambulate the country" in order to attend antislavery meetings should be "sent to insane asylums."1 The first notable American female abolitionist was Elizabeth Mar garet Chandler, a Philadelphia Quaker born in 1807, who wrote a column entitled the "Ladies' Repository" for Benjamin Lundy's Genius of Universal Emancipation between 1829 and 1834, the year of her death.2 William Lloyd Garrison, who had worked as co-editor of Lundy's paper, began to include a "Ladies' Department" in the Liberator early in 1832. It was headed by a woodcut of the famous Wedgwood medallion depicting a female slave in chains and kneeling in a posture of supplication, inscribed with the motto "Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?"3 British women were already playing an influential role
China's Acquisitions Abroad - Global Ambitions, Domestic Effects

Text version of a speech given on October 17, 2005, being a consideration of the meaning of China's "going out" strategy, focusing on the acquisition of companies and assets outside the PRC and including a detailed treatment of the 2005 CNOOC bid for UNOCAL, and what such ambitions mean for China's domestic legal and economic reform.
The Benefits of Authorized Agent Controlled Analgesia (AACA) to Control Pain and Other Symptoms at the End of Life

Abstract Context Eliza Coffee Memorial Hospital is a community hospital with a palliative care unit providing inpatient symptom management and end-of-life care. The palliative care unit provides authorized agent controlled analgesia (AACA). Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if an AACA system improves control of pain and other end-of-life symptoms adequately and if it provides families with satisfactory involvement in the care of their loved ones. Methods Data on demographics, pain assessments, length of stay before and after consult, drugs used, mortality, discharge disposition, and family and staff satisfaction were collected by chart review of all 2013 consultations. Results There was a total of 318 consults in 2013. Of the 118 patients (37% of total) who used the AACA system, 112 (95%) died in hospital; morphine was used by 77% and the others used hydromorphone. Following the patient's death, of the 70 AACA families contacted, 100% were satisfied with the pain/symptom control. Staff also were overwhelmingly pleased with the system. Conclusion An AACA system has been highly satisfactory for patients, families, and staff, meeting the goals of 1) allowing patients with a terminal condition to die peacefully and 2) enabling families to share in the patients' care, providing them with a more favorable memory at the end of life.
Calculating Critique: Thinking Outside the Methods Matching Game

This article suggests to quantitative methodologists that the tools that they use (and often others they do not) are more broadly applicable than is often assumed; to reflexivist researchers that t...
Searches for dark matter in events with a resonance and missing transverse energy

We analyze the potential dark matter implications of LHC events with missing transverse momentum and a resonance, such as a ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, decaying to a pair of jets or leptons. This final state contains significant discovery potential, yet has not yet been examined in detail by the LHC experiments. We introduce models of ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ production in association with dark matter particles, propose reconstruction and selection strategies, and estimate the sensitivity of the current LHC data set.
Recent Developments in Neutron Dosimetry and Damage Calculations for Fusion Materials Irradiations

Fusion materials experiments require accurate neutron dosimetry measurements and damage calculations. Neutron cross section measurements are described for application at fission reactors, accelerator neutron sources, fusion reactors, and spallation neutron sources. For fission reactors work is in progress to resolve integral/differential discrepancies and to develop new reactions for dosimetry. Reactions for fusion reactors are being used for plasma diagnostics and waste generation. Spallation reactions are being measured to extend our techniques to 800 MeV for spallation neutron sources. The SPECTER computer code has been developed to routinely calculate displacement damage, gas production, recoil spectra, and total dose for 38 elements for any user- specified neutron spectrum. New helium measurements and calculations are described. A new procedure is discussed for the thermal production of helium by nickel including previously neglected damage from the energetic 56pe recoils.
Digitally trimmable MOS-current mirrors for high precision applications

A high accuracy digitally trimmable MOS transistor structure is proposed, and its working principle is experimentally verified. Experimental results on devices fabricated using a standard 3-/spl mu/m p-well CMOS process show that the gain of current mirrors using the proposed structure can be trimmed with an accuracy of better than 0.1%. >
Is There Still a Role for Axillary Dissection in Breast Cancer Surgery

The operative management of breast cancer has followed a natural progression toward less invasive techniques over the past century as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiation therapy have become more effective and used more frequently. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in clinically node-negative patients has replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), resulting in improved staging and decreased morbidity. ALND has remained important for patients with clinically involved lymph nodes or positive SLN; however, new evidence from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 trial has identified a subset of patients with breast cancer who do not benefit from axillary lymphadenectomy following a positive SLN biopsy. These results are practice changing and need to be analyzed within the context of patient selection and multidisciplinary treatment. Herein, we review the emerging data regarding the benefits and indications for axillary lymphadenectomy in the modern era of multidisciplinary breast cancer management.
Bistable reflective displays for paper-like displays

Many types of bistable reflective displays have been demonstrated so far to target the mobile application market, electronic books and paper-like displays. To ensure as a vital display technology in this market, displays with the characteristics of full color, light weight, low power consumption, high reflectivity and motion picture capability are necessary. In addition, a display technology has to have a cost-effective production method such as using roll-to-roll continuous manufacturing process. This paper will give a comparison on the emergence and evolution of bistable reflective display technologies with bistable cholesteric liquid crystal displays.
Serum hormone levels during a post-implantation LH-RH induced luteolysis in the rat.

Abstract Daily administration of LH-RH (100 μg sc at 0900 and 1500 h) to rats over day 7–12 (D7–12) of pregnancy induced reovulation by D9 and a sustained decrease in uterine:fetal weight and vaginal bleeding by 0600 h on d10 of pregnancy. Serum hormone levels determined at 0600, 1200, and 2000 h over D7–12 of pregnancy revealed that luteinizing hormone (LH) was significantly elevated after each administration of LH-RH, while prolactin (PRL) was not significantly altered in any systematic fashion. An acute decline in serum progesterone at 2000 h on D7–9 following LH-RH administration was not sustained until after 0600 h on d10 when serum 20α-dihydroprogesterone (20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 20α-DHP) in LH-RH treated animals rose significantly above control (2000 h, D10) and remained elevated throughout D11–12. Progesterone and 20α-DHP values were reflected morpnologically after D10 as the corpora lutea of LH-RH treated rats underwent Iuteolysis. A peak in serum estradiol levels in control animals was observed at 0600 h on Dg. Serum estradiol-17β levels in LH-RH treated animals were similar to control except at 2000 h on d8 and D12 when LH-RH induced a significant increase. These observations suggest that subsequent to implantation in the rat, the temporal sequence of a decrease in progesterone secretion, Iuteolysis and pregnancy failure in response to LH-RH does not result from an increase in estradiol secretion attendant to reovulation.
Remote sensing of primary production—II. A semi-analytical algorithm based on pigments, temperature and light

Abstract A semi-analytical algorithm for estimating integrated primary production is described which uses pigment, temperature and light data. The algorithm was designed using 648 stations of data from the California Cooperative Fisheries Investigations and the Southern California Bight Study. Pigment and temperature values were used to describe maximum photosynthesis in the surface waters. A model for the vertical distribution of chlorophyll was devised which simplifies the estimation of those pigments too deep for the satellite to detect. Quantum yield, light utilization efficiency, and chlorophyll-specific light utilization efficiency were described and parameterized for inclusion in the algorithm. Variance in the photosynthetic yield term was typically the largest. Some of the variance could be partitioned as nutrient effects and inter-cruise variability. Algorithm performance could be increased considerably by using one or two stations as “calibration” stations for each area of about 300,000 km2 (and deleting such stations from subsequent analysis). Using ship data as input, the uncalibrated algorithm explained about 35% of the variance in primary production whereas the calibrated algorithm accounted for 58% of the variance. Using satellite data as input, the uncalibrated and calibrated algorithm accounted for 35 and 48% of the variance in primary production, respectively. Of the algorithm examined in Parts I and II of this series, the semi-analytical algorithm described here explains the most variance and comes the closest to a 1:1 ratio of predicted to observed production.
Evidence for an extracellular plasmin-dependent proteolytic system in mineralizing matrices.

Plasminogen activator, which specifically catalyzes the extracellular conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, was identified in the cell-free mineralizing matrices of enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone by a fibrinolytic overlay technique. The spatial separation in developing teeth of successive stages of dentinogenesis allowed us to identify predentin as a major site of plasminogen activator activity. In addition, plasminogen, the natural substrate for the activator, was demonstrated in predentin by immunohistochemical techniques. Extraction of human dentin/predentin with neutral demineralizing buffers solubilized the activator along with inhibitory components capable of blocking the activation of plasminogen. When resolved by polyacrylamide electrophoresis under dissociative conditions, however, the activator emerged in active form as two closely spaced bands at Mr 66,000 and 62,000. In the mineralizing enamel matrix of continuously forming rodent incisors, activator activity was limited to a 3–5 mm wide segment which marks the transition between “soft” and “chalky” enamel, whereas the entire overlying enamel organ was rich in activator activity at all developmental stages. This suggests that the activator is transported to the enamel matrix only in a narrow zone which coincides with the most rapidly mineralizing site. The coincident expression of plasminogen activator activity and mineral accretion suggests that plasmin-dependent proteolysis may play a role in the extracellular regulation of matrix mineralization.
Electronic Controlled-Potential Coulometric Titrator For Plutonium Analysis

Summary An instrument that performs coulometric redox titrations at a controlled-potential is described. A stabilized printed-circuit operational difference amplifier combined with a transistor current amplifier is used to control the potential of the electrode at which the desired reaction occurs. A portion of the electrolysis current is integrated by a stabilized printed-circuit operational amplifier connected as a time integrator, and the integral is read out as a voltage. The instrument is operated completely from an a.c. line and can be operated with either manual or automatic cut-off. The calibration is absolute; results are computed from Faraday's law. Accurate coulometric titration of small amounts of substances with high equivalent weights such as plutonium is possible because of the high stability of the integrator.
Role of the Scaffolding Protein in P22 Procapsid Size Determination Suggested by T = 4 and T = 7 Procapsid Structures

Assembly of bacteriophage P22 procapsids requires the participation of approximately 300 molecules of scaffolding protein in addition to the 420 coat protein subunits. In the absence of the scaffolding, the P22 coat protein can assemble both wild-type-size and smaller size closed capsids. Both sizes of procapsid assembled in the absence of the scaffolding protein have been studied by electron cryomicroscopy. These structural studies show that the larger capsids have T = 7 icosahedral lattices and appear the same as wild-type procapsids. The smaller capsids possess T = 4 icosahedral symmetry. The two procapsids consist of very similar penton and hexon clusters, except for an increased curvature present in the T = 4 hexon. In particular, the pronounced skewing of the hexons is conserved in both sizes of capsid. The T = 7 procapsid has a local non-icosahedral twofold axis in the center of the hexon and thus contains four unique quasi-equivalent coat protein conformations that are the same as those in the T = 4 procapsid. Models of how the scaffolding protein may direct these four coat subunit types into a T = 7 rather than a T = 4 procapsid are presented.
Fault simulation of linear analog circuits

Research in the areas of analog circuit fault simulation and test generation has not achieved the same degree of success as its digital counterpart owing to the difficulty in modeling the more complex analog behavior. This article presents a novel approach to this problem by mapping the good and faulty circuits to thediscrete Zdomain. An efficient fault simulation is then performed on this discretized circuit for the given input test wave form. This simulator provides an order of magnitude speedup over traditional circuit simulators. An efficient fault simulator and the formulation of analog fault models opens up the ground for analog automatic test generation.
On the perfectionistic thoughts of beginning group leaders

Abstract The dynamics of perfectionistic thinking as a cognitive style among beginning group leaders are discussed. Suggestions for dealing with the potentially destructive aspects of perfectionistic thinking patterns are also outlined.
Reduction of Nitrite by Ultrasound-Dispersed Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particles

This research focuses on the removal of nitrite by ultrasound-dispersed nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles. The factors affecting the removal of nitrite, namely, the length of ultrasonication time, the dosage of NZVI, the initial nitrite concentration, the temperature, and the solution pH, were investigated. Kinetics studies revealed that the denitrification process is a pseudo-first-order reaction with respect to the concentration of nitrite under the given experimental conditions. The derived activation energy of NZVI-based nitrite reduction is 31.44 kJ·mol−1.
Vaginal mucosal immunization for recurrent urinary tract infection : Extended phase II clinical trial

Many women remain susceptible to ascending urinary tract infections (UTIs) despite the absence of a demonstrable anatomic abnormality [1]. Repeated treatment with antibiotics is often necessary for these women but may lead to adverse reactions and infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms [2]. On the basis of concepts of mucosal immunity in the genitourinary tract [3-5], we have been working to develop an effective mucosally applied vaginal immunogen to help prevent ascending UTIs. After a trial in nonhuman primates, we carried out and reported two previous clinical trials in susceptible women [6-8]. We are now reporting on a clinical trial to extend the time period of protection through use of the same multivalent vaginal immunogen and through immunogen boosts given at 4week intervals.
Immediate Resource Requirements after Hurricane Katrina

AbstractThe paper focuses on the quantitative study of immediate resource requirements, i.e., the needs that arise in the aftermath of a disaster, which is one of the most severely understudied aspects of humanitarian logistics. The paper develops numerical estimates of these requirements and their temporal patterns using a data set put together by postprocessing the requests made by emergency responders in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The analyses of the data provide a glimpse into what was needed at the site and when. A key finding is that a relatively small number of different items, approximately 150, were requested, which is a fraction of previous estimates that suggested 350–500 different commodities. The analyses reveal that an even smaller number of items concentrated the bulk of the requests: 20 commodities accounted for approximately 30% of the requests, 40 commodities for 47%, and 50 commodities for 56%. The relatively low number of different items makes it easier to preposition these ke...
Ulnar nerve elongation and excursion in the cubital tunnel after decompression and anterior transposition.

We studied the elongation and excursion of cadaveric ulnar nerves during elbow flexion in control conditions and after in situ decompression and anterior subcutaneous transposition. We found that the normal nerve had the greatest elongation (23%) and excursion (14 mm) in the epicondylar groove. Decompression did not alter the excursion, but significantly reduced the elongation in the groove (6%) and increased it proximally (19%). After anterior subcutaneous transposition, the nerve segment which was originally in the groove elongated with elbow extension to the same extent as occurred with the normal nerve during flexion.
Radiochemical evidence for estradiol-17-fatty acid esters in human blood

The C-17 fatty acid esters of estradiol, known as the lipoidal derivatives of estradiol, LE2, are metabolites of estradiol that were originally isolated from various tissues after in vitro incubations with estradiol. These steroidal esters are active estrogens with extremely prolonged potencies. The present study investigates the existence of LE2 in human blood using a radiochemical isotope dilution technique. The LE2 fraction from blood was isolated, saponified, and the hydrolyzed estradiol was then acetylated with [3H]acetic anhydride. It was found that 3H was incorporated into estradiol diacetate, demonstrating that LE2 is present in human blood. Thus these steroidal esters represent a new class of endogenous estrogens which have not been previously considered in the physiology of the female sex steroids.
Chronology and Current Processes for Freeform Fabrication

Freeform fabrication as a technology is 25 years old, although its antecedents date back over 100 years. A brief historical context for freeform fabrication will be presented. Included is an introduction to current techniques and overview of the processes. The presentation will close with a review of current applications and future possibilities.
Theory of Sublinear Power Dependence of Microwave Heating in Some Ceramic Materials

A sublinear dependence of the microwave heating rate on the incident microwave power implying a saturation effect appears to have been observed recently. We present simple model calculations to address this observation on the basis of an idea of spatial confinement of the absorbing charges in grain boundary regions. Two natural lengths exist in this model: the spatial extent of the confining region, and the maximum distance an absorbing charge travels under the combined action of damping and of the oscillating microwave field. We suggest that a mismatch of these lengths results in the observed saturation, more generally, in the observed decrease in absorption efficiency.
Distribution of human papillomavirus types in cervicovaginal washings from women evaluated in a sexually transmitted diseases clinic.

BackgroundWomen evaluated for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may be at increased risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a condition associated with cervical dysplasia. The distribution of HPV types in such a population is unknown.GoalThe goal was to determine the prevalence of HPV infe
Membranes of animal cells. VII. Carbohydrates of surface membranes and whole cells.

Abstract The carbohydrate content of mouse fibroblasts (L cells) and surface membranes was examined. The amount of sialic acid in intact cells was found to vary. A portion of this variation could be related statistically to change in protein content of the cell. Some of the variation correlated with the growth rate of the culture, slower growing cultures containing higher amounts of sialic acid. The surface membranes were rich in most monosaccharides relative to the rest of the cell. Although considerable variation in the sialic acid and other monosaccharides was observed, some of the monosaccharides appeared to have a fairly constant molar ratio, one to the other. The results suggest that the glycoproteins and/or glycolipids of the intact L cell and surface membrane are quite variable. Studies with neuraminidase indicated that 25–35% of the sialic acid of the surface membranes was resistant to cleavage by the enzyme under the conditions employed. The amount of sialic acid released from the whole cells indicated that neuraminidase probably entered the cells during the incubation period.
Molecular Orbital Studies of Antischistosomal Agents

Molecular orbital calculations were used to investigate the antischistosomal agent, niridazole, and an inactive derivative, 1-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)-2-ethylurea. The CNDO/2 calculations revealed that the inactive derivative had a preferred conformation stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The molecular profile, the relative three-dimensional arrangement of constituent atoms, of the inactive derivative was different than that of the niridazole compound. The likelihood of similar intramolecular interactions rendering niridazole derivatives inactive is discussed. The results of the calculations suggest select structural modifications that might increase the efficacy of niridazole derivatives.
Characteristics of pain and stooling in children with recurrent abdominal pain.

Objective—To collect symptom data longitudinally from children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and Control (asymptomatic) children. Methods—Children with RAP (n = 77) and Controls (n = 33) ages 7–10 yrs. completed daily diaries for two weeks tracking pain frequency and severity, how often the pain interfered with activities, and stooling pattern. Results—RAP children reported a greater number of pain episodes and greater pain severity than Control children. Pain commonly was reported to be in the periumbilical area and occurred evenly across the day in both groups. However, the pain interfered with activity more often in the RAP group. There was a positive relation between pain and interference with activities. Both groups reported stool changes but there were no differences between groups in stool character (e.g., hard, mushy, etc.). For both groups the presence of watery stool was related positively to pain. Of children with RAP, 65% could be categorized as having irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) whereas 35% were classifiable as having functional abdominal pain (FAP) according to the pediatric Rome II criteria. Conclusions—To our knowledge this is the first longitudinal report of symptoms in children with RAP compared with Controls. These data demonstrate that there is considerable overlap between children with RAP and Control children on a number of items commonly obtained in the history (e.g., pain location, timing, and stooling pattern). A majority of children with RAP could be characterized as having IBS. The relationship between pain reports and interference with activities substantiates the need to deal specifically with the abdominal pain to decrease disability. The relationship between pain and watery stools requires further study.
Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy studies of lattice-matched InGaAs/InP quantum wells: variations in growth switching sequence

Abstract Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to study variations in the source gas switching sequences in lattice-matched InGaAs/InP heterostructures grown by chemical beam epitaxy. Using finite element analysis, changes in well–barrier interface strain can be understood in terms of As/P exchange and As memory effect in the growth chamber. Results from annealed samples indicate a greater interdiffusion of group-V species than group-III species.
Outgassing from alpha particle irradiation of lithium hydride and lithium hydroxide

Abstract We have experimentally studied the effects of α-particle radiation on isotopically enriched lithium hydride ( 6 LiH) and its corrosion product lithium hydroxide ( 6 LiOH) to determine, in particular, the type and amount of gases evolved during irradiation. SRIM Monte Carlo simulations suggest that irradiating these materials with 2.2-MeV α-particles will ionize atoms and form hydrogen vacancies in the target material, and that these α-particles will penetrate 13.5 and 9 μm into LiH and LiOH, respectively. Using an accelerator to irradiate LiH and LiOH with 2.2-MeV α-particles released only H 2 and CO 2 ; no other product gases were observed. At 25 °C, doses that simulated 66.5 years of actinide exposure (with accelerated fluxes) produced 2.3 × 10 5 mol/(cm 3 J) H 2 in LiH and 2.3 × 10 6 mol/(cm 3 J) H 2 in LiOH, in the form of a ∼9-μm-thick surface layer on LiH. More H 2 evolved from LiOH than from LiH. We argue that the production of H 2 gas was the result of radiolysis, rather than radiation-induced chemical reaction.
Radiation characteristics of dipole-excited dielectric-disc antenna: application of field compensation theorem

An analytical expression to depict the radiation pattern of a thin dielectric-disc antenna excited by a half-wave dipole is derived using the Monteath field compensation theorem. Calculated results are compared with experimental data and with numerically computed values available elsewhere.
Difficulties of Providing Help in a Crisis: Relationships Between Parents of Children with Cancer and Their Friends

Parents of children with cancer experience substantial stress over a long period of time. One way that parents cope with such stress is to seek social support from various sources, especially from close friends. Interviews with a sample of these parents, as well as with some of their close friends or informal “helpers,” illustrate the difficulties involved in both seeking and providing help in the midst of a crisis. Among the major difficulties parents and their close friends report are managing the emotional impact of the illness, intrusions into privacy or the prior boundaries of relationships, the creation of a stigma or an aura of “non-normality,” finding methods for being useful and feeling effective, and dealing with sex-role barriers to a full range of helping interactions. These difficulties are discussed and analyzed primarily in a qualitative framework; special attention is paid to deriving an understanding of their meaning from the actual experiences and reflections of parents and friends engaged in the helping process.
Formability of dual phase steels in electrohydraulic forming

Abstract Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is based upon the electro-hydraulic effect: a complex phenomenon related to the discharge of high voltage electrical current through a liquid. In EHF, electrical energy is stored in a bank of capacitors and is converted into the kinetic energy needed to form sheet metal by rapidly discharging that energy across a pair of electrodes submerged in a fluid. The objective of this paper is to report the results of formability testing of dual phase steels in EHF conditions and to provide an explanation of the observed formability improvement based on analysis of the experimental results and through the use of a modeling technique developed as part of this work for simulating the EHF process. Comparison of the maximum strains resulting from EHF into a conical die and a v-shape die to the maximum strains resulting from quasistatic LDH testing (limiting dome height) indicated that substantially higher strains can be accomplished in the EHF process. In order to obtain the maximum benefits of increased formability with EHF technology, it is necessary to get to the high strain rate regime and the accompanying high hydrostatic stresses in the sheet, which occurs mostly in the contact area between the blank and the die. If the blank decelerates and gets to quasistatic forming conditions before filling the die cavity completely, very limited improvement in formability can be anticipated. A numerical model of the EHF process has been developed, incorporating four distinct models that are integrated into one: (1) an electrical model of the discharge channel, (2) a model of the plasma channel, (3) a model for the liquid as a pressure-transmitting medium, and (4) a deformable sheet metal blank in contact with a rigid die. The relative improvement in plane strain formability in EHF conditions was between 63% and 190%, depending on the grade of dual phase steel. Numerical modeling showed that the peak strain rates occurring in EHF are approximately 20,000 units per second.
Diels−Alder Reactions of Quinol Lactones: A Change of Regioselectivity with Stannic Chloride Catalysis

Lewis acid-mediated Diels-Alder reactions of quinol lactone 2 gave regioselectivity opposite to that of the uncatalyzed reaction. Compound 12 is proposed as the reactive intermediate generated by the reaction of 2 with stannic chloride.
The chemistry and mineralogy of a CO2-rich travertine depositing spring in the California Coast Range

Abstract A CO 2 -rich (>` 1 atm PCO 2 ) travertine-depositing spring was studied to determine how it equilibrated, both chemically and isotopically, with conditions at the earth's surface. The water degassed rapidly along a 47 m section of its channel. Small quantities of siderite- and aragonite-rich precipitates were present along the first few meters and larger quantities of aragonite-rich precipitates were present in the later sections of the channel. CO 2 degassing increased the δ 13 C of dissolved C from −9.7‰ near the spring orifice to +0.7‰ 47 m downstream. Along the first portion of the stream, the isotopic effect of degassing could be explained by a Rayleigh distillation process. Along the latter portion of the stream, photosynthesis may have enriched the dissolved C in 13 C. The carbonate minerals appear to have formed in approximate isotopic equilibrium with the dissolved C. Older travertine samples from the terrace differ chemically, mineralogically, and isotopically from the more recently deposited minerals suggesting a possible alteration of the originally deposited material.
On the primer selection problem in polymerase chain reaction experiments

Abstract In this paper we address the problem of primer selection in polymerase chain reaction experiments. We prove that the problem of minimizing the number of primers required to amplify a set of DNA sequences is NP -complete. Moreover, we show that it is also intractable to approximate solutions to this problem to within a constant times optimal. We develop a branch-and-bound algorithm that solves the primers minimization problem within reasonable time for typical instances. Next, we present an efficient approximation scheme for this problem, and prove that our heuristic always produces solutions with cost no worse than a logarithmic factor times optimal. Finally, we analyze a weighted variant, where both the number of primers as well as the sum of their costs are optimized simultaneously. We conclude by addressing the empirical performance of our methods on biological data.
Analytic P1 solutions for time-dependent, thermal radiative transfer in several geometries

Abstract We present several solutions for the time-dependent P 1 approximation (telegrapher's equation) coupled to thermal radiative transfer with C v ∝ T 3 . Our solutions are based on the energy density Green's function in slab geometry, which we derive exactly. The analytic P 1 solution is compared with analytic transport and diffusion solutions on one of the Su–Olson benchmark problems. Also, we transform the slab geometry Green's function into the solution from a point source (the 1D spherical Green's function) and an infinite line source (the 1D cylindrical Green's function). We evaluate the P 1 solution to the line source and compare the result with a solution generated by a P n numerical method.
Skeletal and Lean Body Mass in Alcoholics with and without Cirrhosis

The state of the skeleton has not been carefully studied in chronic alcoholism. A decrease in bone mass has been reported in both chronic alcoholics and in patients with cirrhosis. Although this decrease has been attributed to osteoporosis, the recent discovery of the importance of the liver in the metabolic transformation of vitamin D, makes increasingly possible a role for vitamin D defiency in this effect of alcohol and liver disease on the bone.
Operational factors as determinants of expatriate and repatriate success

Global business frequently requires the expatriation and repatriation of managers and skilled workers. Previous research has focused on cultural and demographic factors that lead to success with this process. This study goes beyond the cultural and demographic issues to examine implications of operational and technology‐related factors, including use of standard practices, degree of technical sophistication of operations, and technical orientation of the employee. Our results indicate that the technical sophistication of operations abroad, use of standard practices at home, technical orientation of the individual, and increased responsibility and promotion all positively contribute to expatriate satisfaction. Repatriate satisfaction is primarily influenced by difficulty in finding a suitable position upon relocation home. The technical orientation of the individual, in turn, has important implications for repatriation success. This research identifies important new operational and technology‐related factors that should be considered by global firms in management of their internationally located operations.
Propylthiouracil levels in hyperthyroid patients unresponsive to large doses. Evidence of poor patient compliance

Abstract Nine patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease did not respond to therapy with very large doses (800 to 2000 mg/d) of propylthiouracil. In eight patients, studies showed propylt...
Isospora crotali in the Florida diamond-back rattlesnake.

SYNOPSIS. An isosporan morphologically identical to Isospora crotali (Triffitt), 1925, was found in fecal material from one of six Florida diamond-back rattlesnakes, Crotalus adamanteus. It is the only coccidian parasite found in a survey of over 200 feral snakes, including individuals from 4 families, 43 genera and 65 species. The endozoic sexual phases of the life-cycle occur in the epithelial cells of the jejunum of the snake, as does formation of oocyst and sporocyst. Sporozoite formation occurs ectozoically, the sporulation time being 17 hr from onset of sporoplasmic fission, with a range of 13 hr. A survey of the literature indicates that I. crotali is probably the same species as the later described I. dirumpens Hoare, 1933, which has a widespread geographic distribution in diverse species of snakes. Other organisms probably synonymous with I. crotali include I. fragilis, I. laverani, I. lenti, and I. naiae. Reports of isosporan infections in snakes are few, particularly in the feral animals.
Physiologic basis of disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction.

Summary Recent studies of the electrophysiology of cardiac muscle and in particular the fibers of the specialized tissues of the heart have provided information on several physiologic mechanisms which can be responsible for the production of disturbances of rhythm and conduction. Intrinsic rhythmicity is a property of all of the specialized fibers; in some, slow diastolic depolarization is always present, and thus these fibers are latent pacemakers which can and will generate ectopic activity at any time that the frequency of the normal pacemaker is depressed or at any time that their own intrinsic frequency is enchanced. Other fibers may show little evidence of intrinsic rhythmicity under normal conditions but, when influenced by a wide variety of factors (hypoxia, sympathetic activity, stretch, local changes in concentration of K, Ca ++ , pH and others) will develop rapid pacemaker activity. In addition to the property of intrinsic rhythmicity which is present in the specialized fibers, the differences in action potential duration and conduction velocity of these same cells enhances the likelihood of complex arrhythmias. Studies of single fibers must now be supplemented by records from the specialized conducting system of the intact heart during the clinically important arrhythmias to determine the exact manner in which each disturbance of rate and rhythm is brought about.
Evidence Sensitivity in Weak Necessity Deontic Modals

Kolodny and MacFarlane have made a pioneering contribution to our understanding of how the interpretation of deontic modals can be sensitive to evidence and information. But integrating the discussion of information-sensitivity into the standard Kratzerian framework for modals suggests ways of capturing the relevant data without treating deontic modals as “informational modals” in their sense. I show that though one such way of capturing the data within the standard semantics fails, an alternative does not. Nevertheless I argue that we have good reasons to adopt an information-sensitive semantics of the general type Kolodny and MacFarlane describe. Contrary to the standard semantics, relative deontic value between possibilities sometimes depends on which possibilities are live. I develop an ordering semantics for deontic modals that captures this point and addresses various complications introduced by integrating the discussion of information-sensitivity into the standard semantic framework. By attending to these complexities, we can also illuminate various roles that information and evidence play in logical arguments, discourse, and deliberation.
Distribution and synthesis of glycosaminoglycans during quail neural crest morphogenesis.

Abstract Recent evidence has suggested that both localization and phenotypic expression of neural crest cells depend upon environmental cues encountered during migration. As an initial step in the description of this environment, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in regions of trunk neural crest morphogenesis in quail embryos were characterized histochemically. Crest cells initially migrate into an Alcian blue-staining matrix that includes primarily hyaluronic acid, but also sulfated GAG. Later, crest cells that migrate between the ectoderm and somite (presumptive melanoblasts) remain surrounded by a matrix rich in GAG, compared to the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding crest cells which aggregate to form spinal ganglia. Autoradiography of sections of embryos incubated with [3H]glucosamine prior to fixation revealed that Streptomyces hyaluronidase-sensitive labeled material was present in the region occupied by neural crest cells during the initial stages of their migration. Thus, at least some of the hyaluronic acid demonstrated histochemically was synthesized at the time when crest cell migration was being initiated. To examine the possible contributions of different tissues to this matrix, separate in vitro cultures of 2-day quail embryo trunk neural crest and crest-free somite and ectoderm were established and incubated for 24 hr with labeled GAG precursors. GAG were isolated and then characterized by two different procedures: (1) two-dimensional cellulose acetate electrophoresis and (2) GAG degradation coupled with analysis on a Sephadex G-50 column. Results from both methods indicated that isolated crest cells incorprate [3H]glucosamine primarily into hyaluronic acid. Somite and ectoderm cells incorporate a significantly higher percentage of precursor into sulfated classes of GAG than do crest cells, although hyaluronic acid is also the predominant GAG synthesized by these cell types. These results suggest that crest cells contribute to their own environment in vivo and that the pattern of GAG synthesis varies among different cell types, which in turn affects the composition of ECM in adjacent embryonic tissue spaces.
A Collaborative Approach To Research Utilization

The most essential issue which applied anthropology faces is how to maximize the possibility that the data anthropologists produce will be used to maintain or improve the well-being of those whom they study. This paper argues that if the anthropologist wants participants to utilize the data and its analysis, then he or she cannot simply play the traditional ethnographic role and merely add feedback at the end. Rather, both the ethnographer and the participants must play a special configuration of roles in relation to each other and the research. This relationship involves a different matching of motives than the traditional ethnographer-participant relationship. In the traditional relationship, the anthropologist's primary motive is that of understanding and analysis. The participant's motives may include being listened to and understood, having their identity confirmed, possibly receiving economic or political benefits through association with the anthropologist. Such a relationship, however, is not suff...
Geosynthetic reinforced levee test section on soft normally consolidated clays

Abstract Reinforced levee test sections have been constructed and monitored in southern Louisiana since the late 1980s. Although the results of these test sections indicated that the anticipated stresses were never realized by the geosynthetic reinforcement, each test section has provided the geotechnical industry with some very important information about the effectiveness of using geosynthetic reinforcement. The most important information acquired from these previous test sections was the fact that the foundation soils experienced significant gains in shear strength due to the more uniform consolidation of the soft foundation material during and immediately following embankment construction. The New Orleans District of the US Army Corps of Engineers (NOD) is researching the viability of a new design methodology that would adequately account for these gains in shear strength resulting from consolidation. This new methodology was derived via the results from the NOD's latest geosynthetic reinforced levee, discussed herein.
Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study☆

Volumetric measurements of subcortical and temporal structures were done on a sample of 54 schizophrenic patients, who were compared with 48 bipolar patients and 47 normal controls. We observed the male schizophrenic patients to have significant enlargement in the putamen and lesser enlargement in the caudate. We found the right temporal lobe to be larger than the left across all diagnostic groups, although bipolar females failed to have this asymmetry. We did not replicate the finding of decreased hippocampal, amygdala, or temporal lobe volume in our schizophrenic patients. Nor did we find significant differences between our bipolar patients and controls in the structures measured, with the exception of the right hippocampus. Our findings are consistent with a developmental defect in pruning of subcortical brain regions or with a compensatory synaptic increase secondary to decreased input from other brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex or anterior temporal lobe structures. Coupled with the lack of temporal lobe asymmetry in bipolar females, these findings suggest that different types of gender-specific neurodevelopmental abnormalities may occur in affective versus schizophrenic psychosis, which may reflect the effects of hormonal influences on brain development in predisposed individuals.
Sediment transport on the Palos Verdes shelf, California

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Continental Shelf Research 30 (2010): 761-780, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.01.011.
Utility of positron emission tomography scans in mantle cell lymphoma.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are widely used in patients with lymphoma but little is known about their utility in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). MCL patients were included from two prospective trials and one observational study at our institution. A total of 276 PET scans were performed among 52 patients. After a median follow-up of 37.5 months, the 3-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 73% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 61–85%) and 92% (95% CI 85–100%), respectively. There were 34 pretreatment PET scans, 26 interim, 28 end-of-treatment, 162 surveillance, and 26 scans at relapse or beyond. Pretreatment PETs were positive in 94%. A negative interim or end-of-therapy PET scan was not significantly associated with better EFS or OS, but no deaths were observed in patients who had a negative interim or end-of-therapy PET. Surveillance PET scans had a high false positive rate (35%) and low positive predictive value (8%). PET scans contributed to an earlier diagnosis of relapse in only two out of the 18 patients (11%) who relapsed. PET scans did not meaningfully contribute to staging or surveillance of MCL patients in this study. There was a trend toward improved survival in patients who had a negative end-of-therapy PET scan. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.