cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)-Related Disseminated Leukoencephalopathy: A Retrospective Study of Findings on Brain MRI

Among 2,820 inpatients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), 59 (2.1%) underwent brain MRI. Of these patients, six (10.2%) had findings on MRI suspicious for COVID-19 related disseminated leukoencephalopathy (CRDL), characterized by extensive confluent or multifocal white matter lesions (with characteristics and locations atypical for other etiologies), microhemorrhages, diffusion restriction, and enhancement. CRDL is an uncommon but important differential consideration in patients with neurologic manifestations of COVID-19.
Maternal Personality Predicts Insensitive Parenting: Effects through Causal Attributions about Infant Distress.

Abstract The association between parent personality and parenting has been established in the literature; however, the mechanisms explaining this relationship remain poorly understood. In the current study, we examined associations between maternal personality and maternal insensitive behaviors through causal attributions about infant distress. Primiparous mothers (N = 259) reported maternal personality during the third trimester of pregnancy. Mothers and 6-month-old infants were videotaped during distress eliciting tasks and mothers' causal attributions were assessed using a video recall method. Maternal unresponsiveness and negativity were coded. Maternal neuroticism was indirectly associated with more overtly negative maternal behaviors through negative attributions, whereas agreeableness was directly associated with fewer unresponsive maternal behaviors. Additionally, mothers who made more situational attributions engaged in fewer unresponsive behaviors. Results suggest maternal personality and causal attributions play an important role in maternal behavior in distressing contexts. Directions for intervention, parent education, and future research are discussed.
An ecological momentary assessment study of physical activity behaviors among mothers of toddlers from low-income households

Mothers of young children from low-income communities may be vulnerable to barriers associated with low physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between home environment factors and maternal physical activity among mothers of toddlers. Mothers of toddlers (n = 200) recruited from low-income communities simultaneously wore an ankle-placed accelerometer and were given a personal digital assistant for ecological momentary assessment. Mothers received randomly prompted questions about their current environment, activity, and social setting several times a day over eight consecutive days. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression models with random intercepts; within-group and between-group relations between physical activity and environment factors were disaggregated. Within-group relations included higher physical activity counts for specific mothers with television off versus on (95% CI = 130.45, 199.17), children absent versus present (95% CI = 82.00, 3.43), engaging with a child versus not (95% CI = 52.66, 127.63), and outside versus inside location (95% CI = 277.74, 392.67). Between-group relations included higher physical activity on average when other adults were absent versus present (95% CI = − 282.63, − 46.95). Recruitment site (urban vs. semi-urban) significantly moderated the within-group relation between being outside versus inside and activity count (β = − 243.12, 95% CI = − 358.74, − 127.47), and showed stronger relations among urban mothers (β = 440.33, 95% CI = 358.41, 522.25), than semi-urban (β = 190.37, 95% CI = 109.64, 271.11). Maternal body weight significantly moderated the within-group relation between being located outside versus inside the home and activity count (β for interaction = − 188.67, 95% CI = − 308.95, − 68.39), with a stronger relation among mothers with normal weight (β = 451.62, 95% CI = 345.51, 557.73), than mothers with overweight/obesity (β = 271.95, 95% CI = 204.26, 339.64). This study highlights home environmental factors, including screen time, the presence of others (adults and children), and location (i.e., outside versus inside) that may relate to maternal physical activity behaviors. Understanding factors associated with physical activity could reduce physical activity disparities. Trial registry ClinicalTrials. NCT02615158, April 2006
UI-based flaky tests datasets

This artifact submission contains the dataset used in the paper accepted in the ICSE 2021 Technical Track, "An Empirical Analysis of UI-based Flaky Tests". The dataset contains 235 samples of flaky UI tests composed of 152 samples from web projects and 83 samples from mobile projects.
Bridging scales: From cell biology to physiology using in situ single-cell technologies

Biological organization crosses multiple spatial scales: from molecular, cellular, to tissues and organs. The proliferation of molecular profiling technologies enables increasingly detailed cataloging of the components at each scale. However, the scarcity of spatial profiling has made it challenging to bridge across these scales. Emerging technologies based on highly multiplexed in situ profiling are paving the way to study the spatial organization of cells and tissues in greater detail. These new technologies provide the data needed to cross the scale from cell biology to physiology and identify the fundamental principles that govern tissue organization. Here, we provide an overview of these key technologies and discuss the current and future insights these powerful techniques enable.
A new combination in North American Silene (Caryophyllaceae)

The new combination Silene greenei (S. Watson) Howell subsp. angustifolia (F.N. Williams) Rabeler & Gandhi is proposed here.
Rydberg States: Properties and Applications to Electrical Discharge Measurements

If an electron in an atom is excited to a level designated by a high principal quantum number n where n is typically greater than 10, the level is termed a Rydberg level (Stebbings and Dunning, 1983) and the atom is often called a Rydberg atom (Bayfield, 1983; Kleppner et al., 1983). These states have been observed from a wide variety of plasma sources in the laboratory and also from astrophysical sources. In interstellar space the Rydberg levels are formed by radiative recombination. Emission from Rydberg states of atomic hydrogen have been distinguished from the continuum radiation with n as high as 732. In laboratory plasmas, dissociative recombination, cumulative excitation and optical excitation are more likely excitation processes. The development of powerful tunable dye lasers into the ultraviolet permits the selective excitation of many atoms and molecules to high Rydberg states. Recently (Rinneberg et al., 1985) Rydberg states of barium with principal quantum numbers up to 290 have been observed under laboratory conditions. Figure 1 illustrates the photoexcitation method of the helium metastable states that we have used to investigate glow discharge conditions.
Music for preoperative anxiety

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To identify randomized controlled trials examining the effects of music therapy or music medicine interventions (as defined by the authors) on preoperative anxiety in surgical patients. To compare the efficacy of participation in standard care combined with music therapy or music medicine interventions with standard care alone. To compare the efficacy of patient-preferred music with researcher-selected music. To compare the efficacy of different types of music interventions (music therapy versus music medicine).
Brief Application Description. Neural Networks Based Forecasting Techniques for Inventory Control Applications

An increasing number of organizations are involved in the development of information systems for effective linkages with their suppliers, customers, and other channel partners involved in transportation, distribution, warehousing and maintenance activities. We use neural network based data mining and knowledge discovery techniques to solve the problems of inventory in a large medical distribution company. The paper describes the use of traditional statistical techniques to evaluate the best neural network type. Based on the neural network model described in this paper, a prototype was conceived with data from a large decentralized organization. The prototype was successful in reducing the total level of inventory by 50% in the organization, while maintaining the same level of probability that a particular customer‘s demand will be satisfied.
Overweighting of Small Probabilities

The psychological impact of a low probability or rare event is typically large relative to that of the event's actuarial likelihood. This overweighting follows a two-stage process. First, rare events tend to be overestimated because of the availability heuristic, anchoring on the “ignorance prior,” and coarse chance categories. Second, when making decisions, low probability events are overweighted because of the “possibility effect”—decision makers are more sensitive to probability changes close to 0 than to probability changes away from 0. Keywords: rare events; subjective probability; cognitive repairs; possibility effect; prospect theory
Interactive Multimedia Tailored to Improve Diabetes Self-Management

A pilot program was initiated to improve self-management of type 2 diabetes by rural adults. Using an iOS-based, individually tailored pre-/postintervention to improve diabetes self-management, undergraduate students developed a native mobile application to help participants effectively manage their diabetes. Brief quizzes assessed diabetes knowledge. A diabetes dictionary and physical activity assessment provided additional support to users of the app. On completion of the pilot, data analysis indicated increased diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy, and ease of use of the technology. Native app technology permits ready access to important information for those living with type 2 diabetes.
The Coding of Spatial Location by Single Units in the Lateral Superior Olive of the Cat. I. Spatial Receptive Fields in Azimuth

The lateral superior olive (LSO) is one of the most peripheral auditory nuclei receiving inputs from both ears, and LSO neurons are sensitive to interaural level differences (ILDs), one of the primary acoustical cues for sound location. We used the virtual space (VS) technique to present over earphones broadband stimuli containing natural combinations of localization cues as a function of azimuth while recording extracellular responses from single LSO cells. The responses of LSO cells exhibited spatial receptive fields (SRFs) in azimuth consonant with their sensitivity to ILDs of stimuli presented dichotically: high discharge rates for ipsilateral azimuths where stimulus amplitude to the excitatory ear exceeded that to the inhibitory ear, rapidly declining rates near the midline, and low rates for contralateral azimuths where the amplitude to the inhibitory ear exceeded that to the excitatory ear. Relative to binaural stimulation, presentations of the VS stimuli to the ipsilateral ear alone yielded increased rates, particularly in the contralateral field, confirming that the binaural SRFs were shaped by contralateral inhibition. Our finding that LSO neurons respond to azimuth consistent with their ILD sensitivity supports the long-held hypothesis that LSO neurons compute a correlate of the ILD present in free-field stimuli. Only weak correlations between the properties of pure-tone ILD functions and the SRFs were found, indicating that ILD sensitivity measured at only one sound level is not sufficient to predict sensitivity to azimuth. Sensitivity to spatial location was also retained over a wide range of stimulus levels under binaural, but not monaural, conditions.
Outcome results of a school-based screening program for undertreated asthma.

Background Undertreatment of asthma is associated with significant potentially preventable morbidity, including frequent school absences. Guideline dissemination and clinician education have met with variable success. School-based identification of children with potentially undertreated asthma may provide an alternative strategy for improving asthma management in children. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of school-based identification of potentially undertreated asthma. Methods A controlled trial of school-based identification of children with known but symptomatic asthma using mailed parent surveys, letters recommending medical follow-up, and medical record review to evaluate changes in asthma treatment after referral. Results Most parents (79.9%, n=5,116 respondents) responded to the survey and 19.4% (n = 994) of children were reported to have a physician diagnosis of asthma or reactive airway disease. Letters of referral were sent to 489 children with parent-reported asthma who were identified as having potentially undertreated asthma. Approximately one-third (31.2%, n=153) of these children had physician visits, and 92 (18.8% of all referred) had documented medication changes. In addition, there were 20 new physician diagnoses in this group of children. In the control group of 604 children with asthma, there were significantly fewer children with asthma-related visits (131, 21.7%, P = 0.0004) and children with medication changes (74, 12.3%, P = 0.002) in a comparable 6-month window. Conclusions School-based screening or case identification increased the number of physician asthma-related visits and changes in asthma therapy.
Modeling the Effects of Efficacy, Justice, and Conflict Among Reservists Activated for Homeland Defense

We proposed that issues surrounding job-related self-efficacy, procedural justice, and intragroup conflict are likely to be present in nearly all activations and mobilizations of National Guard and Reserve Soldiers. Using an occupational stress framework, we developed a theoretical model for how these variables would interact and impact reservist job satisfaction and well-being. We tested the model using longitudinal data collected from 105 Reservists activated and mobilized after September 11, 2001 for homeland defense. Our central proposition was that perceptions of procedural justice in the early months of the mobilization would have important indirect carry-over effects in terms of Soldiers' follow-on job satisfaction and well-being. Specifically, we proposed that procedural justice, self-efficacy, and intragroup conflict would show a 3-way interaction such that self-efficacy would display a buffering effect only when accompanied by high procedural justice. Results supported our theoretical propositio...
Modification of verbal behavior in speech deficient children.

Abstract Operant conditioning techniques were applied to the verbal behavior of three speech deficient children. Subjects A and B having no intelligible speech and Subject C having very little. Using candy and a puppet with a 13-yr-old boy (A), it was possible to condition vocalization rate. Using social reinforcement with a 6-yr-old boy (B), it was possible to extinguish animal-like sounds, to condition vocalization rate, and to shape a small vocabulary of syllables, but not to gain discriminative control over word emission. Using varied reinforcers, e.g., candy, praise, repetitions other own responses, and hand clapping with a 13-yr-old girl (C), it was possible to condition rate of verbalization, to establish appropriate mimicking, and to establish naming of five pictures. The results were consistent with the findings of Salzinger et al. (1965) and with those of Kerr et al. (1965).
Analysis of Line Positions and Strengths of H216O Ground and Hot Bands Connecting to Interacting Upper States: (020), (100), and (001)

The results from this study provide a more accurate representation of the parameters than those available at present for the six bands.
Solar wakes of dark matter flows

We analyze the effect of the Sun's gravitational field on a flow of cold dark matter (CDM) through the solar system in the limit where the velocity dispersion of the flow vanishes. The exact density and velocity distributions are derived in the case where the Sun is a point mass. The results are extended to the more realistic case where the Sun has a finite size spherically symmetric mass distribution. We find that regions of infinite density, called caustics, appear. One such region is a line caustic on the axis of symmetry, downstream from the Sun, where the flow trajectories cross. Another is a cone-shaped caustic surface near the trajectories of maximum scattering angle. The trajectories forming the conical caustic pass through the Sun's interior and probe the solar mass distribution, raising the possibility that the solar mass distribution may some day be measured by a dark matter detector on Earth. We generalize our results to the case of flows with continuous velocity distributions, such as that predicted by the isothermal model of the Milky Way halo.
Net photosynthetic rate of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. 'Montmorency') during the growing season with particular reference to fruiting.

Diurnal and seasonal net photosynthetic rates (Pn) of sour cherry were determined. Leaf Pn was not significantly affected by shoot excision. Under constant environmental conditions (PFD, 1200 μmol m-2s-1; temp. 25; relative humidity, 80–90%) there was no significant diurnal fluctuation in Pn for individual leaves. However, there was a pronounced fluctuation in Pn for whole trees measured under constant temperature but natural variation in sunlight from sunrise to sunset. Maximum Pn occurred before solar noon, remained constant for 1–2 hr, then declined. Photosynthetic rate of recently expanded leaves fluctuated through out the season but, in general, was greatest in the spring as leaves expanded, reached a peak, remained stable for several weeks, then gradually declined. The Pn of leaves on terminal shoots was not significantly different from the Pn of leaves on spurs of the same physiological age. The presence of fruit did not have a consistent effect on the Pn of sour cherry leaves.
Correlations between atmospheric aerosol trace element concentrations and red tide at Port Aransas, Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) was employed as an analytical technique to measure atmospheric aerosol concentrations of trace metals in Port Aransas, TX on the Gulf of Mexico. The sources of atmospheric aerosols and the seasonal variation of the sources are explored. High atmospheric iron concentrations are then shown to have a possible correlation to the occurrences of red tide in this region. The data shows that this correlation is plausible, but due to the many factors that affect red tide growth a definitive conclusion may not be reached. The period of study for these measurements was September 12, 2000 to January 4, 2002.
Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary before midurethral sling procedures for female stress incontinence? A decision analysis

A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) with and without prophylactic antibiotics (pABX) for midurethral slings (MUS) was terminated early owing to lower than predicted infectious complications in both groups. Adequate power required an unattainable sample size. Because of low infectious risks, omitting pABX may be justified. Since an RCT was not feasible, we aimed to use decision analysis modeling to determine if pABX are necessary for MUS. We created a decision analysis model comparing 1-year quality adjusted life years (QALYs) between women who do and do not receive pABX for MUS. The model included complications that might differ depending on whether antibiotics were given, such as allergic reaction to pABX (mild/severe), vulvovaginal candidiasis, urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis, pseudomembranous colitis, wound infection, and mesh erosion. Multiple one-way sensitivity analyses confirmed model robustness. One year after MUS, women who did not receive pABX had higher average QALYs than pABX (0.989 vs 0.977). This difference is less than published minimally important differences (MID) for utilities, suggesting that the strategies are comparable. Ultimately, pABX increased some complications and reduced others with an overall minimal effect on outcomes. Very few thresholds were identified, indicating model robustness and strengthening our conclusions. Women had slightly higher overall QALY when pABX were not given, but not greater than the MID. Since infectious complications are rare, our model suggests that pABX might be an unnecessary precaution because of similar outcomes with and without pABX.
Impact of AOA Status and Perceived Lifestyle on Career Choices of Medical School Graduates

BACKGROUND Based upon student ratings of such factors as predictable work hours and personal time, medical specialties have been identified as lifestyle friendly, intermediate, or unfriendly. Lifestyle friendly programs may be more desirable, more competitive, and for students elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Honor Medical Society, more attainable.
Fire propagation in a thermally thin fuel-lined duct with a parallel well-mixed forced flow

Abstract This paper attempts to predict from first principles the behavior of fire propagating in slug flow in a thermally thin fuel-lined duct. The duct can lose heat to the surroundings. Extinction and acceleration limits are explored and the propagation speed calculated. The results indicate that a number of the trends observed by Roberts and Clough in thermally thick ducts are also possible in thin ducts.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN HEATED BOVINE MUSCLE: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY

Bovine semitendinosus muscle was heated at 50, 60 and 90°C for 45 min and was prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by freeze fracturing parallel to the long axis of the muscle fibers. Samples were dried from ethanol in a stream of nitrogen gas. Topographical features of samples, as viewed by SEM, could be identified as muscle cell components and could be compared after the different heat treatments. The effects of heat on morphology were slight at 50°C but readily apparent at 60 and 90°C. Fracture patterns were similar in raw and 50°C cooked meat, and revealed a tendency to cleave along the lengths of myofibrils. Heating to higher temperatures caused fractures to occur increasingly at fiber surfaces and at Z-lines. Endomysial collagen appeared to be unaffected at 50°C, but was congealed and non-fibrous at 60 and 90°C. The sarcolemma became granular at 60°C. The most important changes in myofibrillar structure at 60 and 90°C were an evident increase in coagulation and compactness of the A-band portion of the sarcomere and disintegration of the I-band with occasional loss of whole sarcomeres from myofibrils. Despite the obvious deterioration of structure, the overall sarcomere array remained remarkably intact. even at 90°C.
Polymerization of para-xylylene derivatives. V. Effects of the sublimation rate of di-p-xylylene on the crystallinity of parylene C deposited at different temperatures

Poly(chloro-p-xylylene) was synthesized in a manner similar to poly(p-xylylene) using Gorham's method at various cryogenic temperatures. The effect of the sublimation rate of dimer on the kinetics of deposition, crystallinity, and crystalline structure was studied. Increasing the sublimation rate of the dimer increases the deposition rate similar to that of poly(p-xylylene). However, an increase in crystallinity, in contrast to Parylene N, is observed, although, in general, Parylene C has lower crystallinity relative to Parylene N. No polymorphism is observed either by decreasing the deposition temperature or by increasing the sublimation rate of the dimer. Solution annealing and isothermal annealing both bring about crystallization without any structural transformation. Solution annealing removes the oligomers and dimers, but no crystalline oligomers are ever detected under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surface topology of films synthesized from ambient temperature to −40°C is very similar to Parylene N. At lower temperatures, in the region −50 to −60°C, a rod-type morphology is observed similar to Parylene N. The surface topology of samples synthesized at −196°C is totally different from that of Parylene N. All low temperature synthesized samples are amorphous.
Delineating the extracellular water-accessible surface of the proton-coupled folate transporter.

The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) was recently identified as the major uptake route for dietary folates in humans. The three-dimensional structure of PCFT and its detailed interplay with function remain to be determined. We screened the water-accessible extracellular surface of HsPCFT using the substituted-cysteine accessibility method, to investigate the boundaries between the water-accessible surface and inaccessible buried protein segments. Single-cysteines, engineered individually at 40 positions in a functional cysteine-less HsPCFT background construct, were probed for plasma-membrane expression in Xenopus oocytes with a bilayer-impermeant primary-amine-reactive biotinylating agent (sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(biotinamido) hexanoate), and additionally for water-accessibility of the respective engineered cysteine with the sulfhydryl-selective biotinylating agent 2-((biotinoyl)amino)ethyl methanethiosulfonate. The ratio between Cys-selective over amine-selective labeling was further used to evaluate three-dimensional models of HsPCFT generated by homology / threading modeling. The closest homologues of HsPCFT with a known experimentally-determined three-dimensional structure are all members of one of the largest membrane protein super-families, the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). The low sequence identity - 14% or less – between HsPCFT and these templates necessitates experiment-based evaluation and model refinement of homology / threading models. With the present set of single-cysteine accessibilities, the models based on GlpT and PepTSt are most promising for further refinement.
Chemical and morphological studies on inorganic phosphate deposits in Rana catesbeiana skin.

Skin from Rana catesbeiana adults and tapoles was found to contain an unusually high concentration of inorganic phosphate which was chemically identified and histologically localized as dense granules of calcium phosphate deposited as a discrete layer at the junction between the stratum spongiosum and the stratum compactum of the dermis. Electron microscopic studies revealed that the granules were composed of fine needle-like crystals and were not associated with cells which seemed obviously related to their genesis. Although no definite function was established for this apparently normal structure of bullfrog skin, its possible role as a reservoir of readily available calcium was suggested. As such, it would represent an important factor to be considered in studies of the biochemistry and physiology of frog skin, especially those which deal with the effects of calcium depletion.
Synergistic microwave and structural studies of C-type Ho2Si2O7

Abstract Ho 2 Si 2 O 7 material exists in four polymorphs, a triclinic low temperature phase (type-B), a monoclinic modification (type-C), high temperature monoclinic (type-D), and high temperature orthorhombic modification (type-E). The structural properties are measured by XRD and the morphology is noted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dc electrical resistivity ( ρ ) as a function of temperature and dielectric properties of C-type Ho 2 Si 2 O 7 in the microwave region is measured. The activation energy is calculated from ln ρ versus 1/ k B T plot. The activation energy is 0.119 ± 0.001 eV. Both the real ( ɛ ′) and imaginary parts of permittivity ( ɛ ″) decrease slightly as the frequency increases up to 1.5 GHz, after that ɛ ′ increases while ɛ ″ decreases as the frequency increases. At around 2.45 GHz, resonance is observed.
Higher-order factors in the differential emotions scale (DES-III)

Abstract The 30-item version of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale (DES-III) was submitted to an iterative principal factoring plus oblique (direct Oblimin) rotation to simple structure, on a sample of 204 University of Delaware undergraduates. The intercorrelation matrix for the eight primary emotional-state factors derived, was subsequently subjected to a higher-order factoring. Four second-order factors accounted readily for the variance measured in the DES-III scales and this suggests that the multivariate mood-state instrument might be more profitably scored for secondary factors, in certain instances. This conclusion in no way detracts from the importance of the DES-III primaries, but adds to the usefulness of the instrument in applied studies.
Effect of environment on the luminescence properties of p-aminoacetophenone☆

Abstract The spectral properties of p-aminoacetophenone (PAAP) were evaluated in several matrices. At room temperature, PAAP exhibits both fluorescence and phosphorescence when adsorbed on Whatman No. 1 filter paper. However, the fluorescence to phosphorescence ratio increased upon lowering the substrate temperature to −65°C. The interactions between PAAP and the paper substrate appears to be similar to the hydrogen bonding interactions occurring with PAAP in ethanolic glass. The strong interactions between PAAP and the paper substrate also resulted in (much) longer phosphorescence lifetimes for PAAP adsorbed on paper either at 25°C or at −65°C than for PAAP in non-polar glasses at 77 K. The strong phosphorescence of PAAP at 25°C does not require a heavy atom perturber, base or a salt like sodium acetate. Most likely, the charge transfer transition in PAAP plays a significant role in room temperature phosphorimetry of PAAP on filter paper.
Making the case for mobile game development

Mobile culture refers to an increasingly important role that mobile communication and mobile media play in our everyday lives. Young people are often viewed as the driving force behind the innovation in mobile technology, since they comprise the majority of early adopters and most avid users of mobile gadgets and applications, especially mobile games. Many contemporary college students grew up surrounded by computer games and electronic gadgets and therefore may better relate to mobile technology than to the desktops dominating current academic environment. We make the case for using mobile game development as a motivational context in computing curriculum, which is supported by the results of a large student survey. Can mobile computing help? Mobile culture Mobile culture is defined by an increasingly important role that mobile communication and mobile media play in our everyday lives ranging from personal interaction to social networking, from popular culture to politics. Special terms and words have emerged to refer to mobile phones, e.g keitai (something you carry with you, Japanese) and kannykka (an extension of the hand, Finnish). This demonstrates their prominent position in many cultures, especially those with high saturation of mobile technology. Mobiles are everywhere Wide availability of camera phones enables many eyewitnesses of breaking news to upload pictures and videos of events as they happen. In many cases, live footage shot on a mobile phone by a bystander may become the only documental evidence of an important event, which is later broadcast on television, posted on the Internet, and discussed in blogs.
The subjectivity of moral judgements: A defence

After criticizing some recent writings typical of the different forms of ethical objectivism, that is, intuitionism, naturalism (including the ideal observation theory and supervenience), and rationalism, I gave my reasons for siding with ethical subjectivism. I hope to demonstrate that this alternative meta‐ethical theory does not consider moral judgements meaningless nor arbitrary, and that it is compatible with empiricism in science and with serious moral commitment. Objectivists, on the other hand, tend to take a parochial view of ethics, identifying morality with a particular moral point of view, nowadays liberalism and the common good, while ignoring rival moral principles which are politically important.
A chemical phylogeny of group I introns based upon interference mapping of a bacterial ribozyme.

Abstract Despite its small size, the 205 nt group I intron from Azoarcus tRNAIle is an exceptionally stable self-splicing RNA. This IC3 class intron retains the conserved secondary structural elements common to group I ribozymes, but lacks several peripheral helices. These features make it an ideal system to establish the conserved chemical basis of group I intron activity. We collected nucleotide analog interference mapping (NAIM) data of the Azoarcus intron using 14 analogs that modified the phosphate backbone, the ribose sugar, or the purine base functional groups. In conjunction with a complete interference set collected on the Tetrahymena group I intron (IC1 class), these data define a “chemical phylogeny” of functional groups that are important for the activity of both introns and that may be common chemical features of group I intron catalysts. The data identify the functional moieties most likely to play a conserved role as ligands for catalytic metal ions, the substrate helix, and the guanosine cofactor. These include backbone functional groups whose nucleotide identity is not conserved, and hence are difficult to identify by standard phylogenetic sequence comparisons. The data suggest that both introns utilize an equivalent set of long range tertiary interactions for 5′-splice site selection between the P1 substrate helix and its receptor in the J4/5 asymmetric bulge, as well as an equivalent set of 2′-OH groups for P1 helix docking into most of the single stranded segment J8/7. However, the Azoarcus intron appears to make an alternative set of interactions at the base of the P1 helix and at the 5′-end of the J8/7. Extensive differences were observed within the intron peripheral domains, particularly in P2 and P8 where the Azoarcus data strongly support the proposed formation of a tetraloop-tetraloop receptor interaction. This chemical phylogeny for group I intron catalysis helps to refine structural models of the RNA active site and identifies functional groups that should be carefully investigated for their role in transition state stabilization.
Energy dependence of correction factors for some Victoreen Model 570 Condenser R-Meter medium-energy chambers

The energy dependence of each of six models of medium‐energy Victoreen 570 Condenser R‐Meter chambers was determined by measurement of the exposure correction factors over the diagnostic x‐ray beam‐quality range (0.4–4.1 mm Al HVL) for several samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x‐ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error less than 0.8% in all cases. Energy‐dependence curves for the six chamber models are given; their use is described.
Liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) reinforced polyethylene blend blown film : Effects of counter-rotating die on fiber orientation and film properties

Polyethylene blends (LLDPE :HDPE 2 :1 by wt) used in NASA's balloon film applications can be effectively reinforced by addition of a small amount of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP). Cast and blown PE films containing 10% LCP show an appreciable enhancement in tensile modulus 400% over that of the neat PE matrix. Anisotropy in these in-situ composites was reduced by controlling LCP molecular orientation via a counter-rotating (C/R) annular die. LCP/PE blend blown films with nearly isotropic properties are obtained. Based on microscopy studies, LCP domains were generally present as fibrils with diameters of 1 to 3 μM and lengths of 100 to 300 μM. Films, produced using a C/R die, had fibrillated LCP phases and variable orientation through the film thickness. This paper describes the influence of some key process variables including temperature profile, number of extrusion cycles, degree of mixing, adapter geometry, and die counter-rotation on LCP/PE blend film morphology and mechanical properties. The structure of LCP/PE blend blown films was also evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques.
Grief reactions following in-vitro fertilization treatment

It has been widely reported that in-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a particularly stressful experience for women. In particular, it appears that when IVF fails, a small number of women suffer a grief reaction that may be quite disruptive to their lives. The symptoms manifested by this grief response mirror the symptoms of women suffering a pregnancy loss. Clinical observation suggests that the intensity of grief reactions is greatest after a failed first cycle of the treatment and that, to a limited extent, this response can be predicted by observing the degree of the IVF patient's attachment to the expected pregnancy. The authors describe significant grief reactions which occurred in 3 of 97 women who failed to achieve pregnancy after a first cycle of IVF. It appears that the impressive IVF technology can inadvertently foster and intensify IVF patient's attachment to the expected pregnancy by creating unreasonable expectations of successful treatment of infertility.
Hepatic preservation injury: severity of hepatitis C recurrence and survival after liver transplantation.

Background Preservation injury in the HCV liver transplant population has been reported to correlate with poorer survival outcomes compared to preservation injury in the non-HCV liver transplant population. However, determinants of progression to cirrhosis in HCV infection remain poorly defined in this population.
Acute kidney injury in children.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) (previously called acute renal failure) is characterized by a reversible increase in the blood concentration of creatinine and nitrogenous waste products and by the inability of the kidney to regulate fluid and electrolyte homeostasis appropriately. The incidence of AKI in children appears to be increasing, and the etiology of AKI over the past decades has shifted from primary renal disease to multifactorial causes, particularly in hospitalized children. Genetic factors may predispose some children to AKI. Renal injury can be divided into pre-renal failure, intrinsic renal disease including vascular insults, and obstructive uropathies. The pathophysiology of hypoxia/ischemia-induced AKI is not well understood, but significant progress in elucidating the cellular, biochemical and molecular events has been made over the past several years. The history, physical examination, and laboratory studies, including urinalysis and radiographic studies, can establish the likely cause(s) of AKI. Many interventions such as ‘renal-dose dopamine’ and diuretic therapy have been shown not to alter the course of AKI. The prognosis of AKI is highly dependent on the underlying etiology of the AKI. Children who have suffered AKI from any cause are at risk for late development of kidney disease several years after the initial insult. Therapeutic interventions in AKI have been largely disappointing, likely due to the complex nature of the pathophysiology of AKI, the fact that the serum creatinine concentration is an insensitive measure of kidney function, and because of co-morbid factors in treated patients. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI, early biomarkers of AKI, and better classification of AKI are needed for the development of successful therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AKI.
Bartók’s Viola Concerto manuscript: Some questions and speculations

The question of authenticity in the creation of Bartok’s Viola Concerto has been one of the most enigmatic in the viola repertoire. Inconsistencies among revisions of the work by different scholars since the first attempt by Tibor Serly in 1946 reveal that the task of uncovering an authentic final version by scrutinizing the manuscript itself is not always a clearcut or “purely mechanical” endeavor. Following a brief overview of the manuscript’s layout, this article addresses some ambiguous details based on a number of puzzling indications. Some of these questions can only be resolved by acquiring an in-depth knowledge of Bartok’s musical language. The manuscript draft is thereby approached not only by studying the primary-source materials alone, but also by means of a theoretic-analytical approach. The latter takes into account principles of modality, polymodal combination, and more abstract types of pitch sets, such as hybrid modes, the octatonic scale, and other more chromatic configurations. General t...
Increased selectivity for electrochromatography by dynamic ion exchange

Abstract The separation of compounds with similar mobilities is expect to be difficult with capillary zone electrophoresis. Increased selectivity is shown for compounds of this type when other modes of separation are added to the system. A capillary coated with a hydrophobic stationary phase is shown to be a dynamic ion exchanger when a quaternary ammonium compound is added to the running buffer. Compounds are shown to have a decrease in retention when the concentration of the buffer ions is increased. The effect of adding an organic modifier and the influence of the concentration of the surface active reagent are also studied.
On the origin of the heavy atom effect in the fine-structure splitting of the 1 2Π state of alkali metal 2P-rare gas van der Waals molecules

The fine-structure splitting of the (1 2ΠΩ,ν) levels in Li(1s 22p,2P)Ar and Li(1s 22p,2P)Ne is determined. Analysis of the electronic wave functions demonstrates that the heavy atom contribution to the fine-structure splitting results from the antibonding mixture of valence pπ orbitals on the rare gas and metal atoms. Rydberg orbitals do not contribute significantly to the heavy atom effect.
Circadian entrainment aftereffects in suprachiasmatic nuclei and peripheral tissues in vitro.

Abstract Circadian rhythms are endogenous 24-h rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus serve as the master circadian pacemaker, entraining peripheral organs which also demonstrate circadian rhythms. Entrainment to LD cycles of non-24 h duration (T-cycles) induces aftereffects on period that act to bring the intrinsic period closer to the entraining cycle. Both parametric effects, such as changes in endogenous period, and non-parametric effects of light, such as instantaneous phase shifts, act synergistically to accomplish entrainment of the SCN. It is not yet known if entrainment of peripheral oscillators similarly involves both parametric and non-parametric effects. In this study, mPer2 Luc knockin mice were entrained to either long or short T-cycles, placed into constant darkness (DD) for 3 days to measure behavioral free-running period (FRP), and then PER2::LUC bioluminescence from SCN, spleen, esophagus, lung and thymus was measured in vitro . The FRP of SCN samples was negatively correlated with the FRP of behavioral rhythms, replicating prior results in mPer1-Luc mice. The FRP of the four peripheral oscillators tested did not correlate with behavioral rhythm FRP. Evidence that the SCN may entrain peripheral tissues by shifting phase relationships was observed, in that the phase of PER2::LUC in the SCN relative to peripheral tissues and also to the onset of behavioral activity varied between groups. Our study suggests that aftereffects on FRP may be an emergent property of the system that cannot be explained by the period changes in the system components. Further, we demonstrate that the phase relationship between the rhythm in PER2 in the SCN and these peripheral tissues is altered following T-cycle entrainment.
Gravitational modulation of thermosolutal convection during directional solidification

During directional solidification of a binary alloy at constant velocity, thermosolutal convection may occur due to the temperature and solute gradients associated with the solidification process. For vertical growth in an ideal furnace (lacking horizontal gradients) a quiescent state is possible. The effect of a time-periodic vertical gravitational acceleration (or equivalently vibration) on the onset of thermosolutal convection is calculated based on linear stability using Floquet theory. Numerical calculations for the onset of instability have been carried out for a semiconductor alloy with Schmidt number of 10 and Prandtl number of 0.1 with primary emphasis on large modulation frequencies in a microgravity environment for which the background gravitational acceleration is negligible. The numerical results demonstrate that there is a significant difference in stability depending on whether a heavier or lighter solute is rejected. For large modulation frequencies, the stability behavior can be described by either the method of averaging or an asymptotic resonant mode analysis.
Cost- versus convenience-oriented consumers: Demographic, lifestyle, and value perspectives

The demographic, lifestyle, and product value perspectives of convenience-oriented consumers were compared with those of cost-oriented consumers. Findings significant at least at the 0.05 level suggest that convenience-oriented consumers do differ from cost-oriented consumers on demographic, lifestyle, and product value perspectives. Implications for market segmentation and promotional strategies are presented.
Modeling perspective projections in 3-dimensions by rotations in 4-dimensions

We show how to represent perspective projections in 3-dimensions using rotations in 4-dimensions. This representation permits us to replace classical singular 4x4 matrices for perspective projection with nonsingular 4x4 orthogonal matrices. This approach also allows us to compute perspective projections by sandwiching vectors between two copies of a unit quaternion. In addition to deriving explicit formulas for these 4x4 rotation matrices for perspective projection, we also explain the geometric intuition underlying the observation that perspective projections in 3-dimensions can be represented by rotations in 4-dimensions. We show too that every rotation in 4-dimensions models either a rotation, a reflection, a perspective projection, or one of their composites in 3-dimensions.
Attributional Inference Across Cultures: Similar Automatic Attributions and Different Controlled Corrections

Five studies examined the automatic and controlled components of attributional inference in U.S. and East Asian (EA) samples. Studies 1 through 3 used variations of the "anxious woman" paradigm, manipulating the inferential goal (dispositional or situational) and the normative impact of situational constraint information (discounting or augmenting). In each study, U.S. and EA participants under cognitive load produced strong automatic attributions to the focus of their inferential goal (dispositional or situational). Compared with the U.S. cognitive load participants, U.S. no load participants corrected their attributions according to the normative rules of inference. In contrast, EA no load participants corrected in the direction of situational causality, even when the specific content of the situational information provided should have promoted stronger dispositional inferences. Studies 4 and 5 examined and ruled out alternative accounts. Results are discussed in terms of a situational causality heuristic present in EA individuals.
Stability of protein conformation: internal packing and enthalpy of fusion of model compounds.

Abstract Thermodynamic data from model compounds indicate that proteins should be more stable in the unfolded form than in the folded form actually observed. The discrepancy can be resolved by including in the calculation the heat of fusion of solid model compounds, in accord with protein molecules being tightly packed, solid-like bodies rather than fluid.