cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projecting future winegrape yields using a combination of Vitis vinifera L. growth rings and soil moisture simulations, northern California, USA

Background and Aim We examined the feasibility of projecting future winegrape productivity by using Vitis vinifera L. growth rings as a proxy to winegrape yields. Methods and Results We compared the climate response of V. vinifera radial growth rings and winegrape yields using DENDROCLIM2002. We used the soil moisture model HYDRUS to determine if V. vinifera radial growth rings and winegrape yield can be modelled by soil moisture. Changes in V. vinifera radial growth were projected for 2020/99 Common Era using downscaled general climate models. Climate influences V. vinifera radial growth and winegrape yield similarly (r = 0.53, P = 0.001), indicating that V. vinifera can be used as a proxy for winegrape yield. Additionally, HYDRUS provided a robust model for vine growth and winegrape yield. Projected yields are forecasted to decrease significantly through time. Conclusions Based on future climate, winegrape yield showed a consistent and significant decreasing trend resulting in a 12.4% decrease by 2099. Significance of the Study Future climate conditions could create a decreasing trend in future winegrape yields, indicating that developing new irrigation systems or increasing irrigation volume will possibly be required for continued winegrape production in California.
Chaos, poverty, and parenting: Predictors of early language development

Studies have shown that distal family risk factors like poverty and maternal education are strongly related to children's early language development. Yet, few studies have examined these risk factors in combination with more proximal day-to-day experiences of children that might be critical to understanding variation in early language. Young children's exposure to a chronically chaotic household may be one critical experience that is related to poorer language, beyond the contribution of SES and other demographic variables. In addition, it is not clear whether parenting might mediate the relationship between chaos and language. The purpose of this study was to understand how multiple indicators of chaos over children's first three years of life, in a representative sample of children living in low wealth rural communities, were related to child expressive and receptive language at 36 months. Factor analysis of 10 chaos indicators over five time periods suggested two factors that were named household disorganization and instability. Results suggested that after accounting for thirteen covariates like maternal education and poverty, one of two chaos composites (household disorganization) accounted for significant variance in receptive and expressive language. Parenting partially mediated this relationship although household disorganization continued to account for unique variance in predicting early language.
The genetic and clinical heterogeneity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human.

Despite recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of Kallmann's syndrome (KS), the patterns of inheritance in the majority of cases of GnRH deficiency in human subjects remain unclear. To define further the genetic and phenotypic variability of this syndrome, detailed family histories were reviewed in 106 cases of GnRH deficiency with or without anosmia [i.e. KS or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)]. The great majority of cases appeared to be sporadic, with only 19 probands (18%) having at least 1 family member with GnRH deficiency. However, of the families in which the proband was the sole member affected by KS or IHH, 9 had individuals with isolated anosmia, and 8 had a strong history of delayed puberty. If these phenotypes were considered as alternative manifestations of the same genetic defect that presented as KS or IHH in the proband, 34% of the cases in the present series could be considered familial. In these families, the most likely modes of transmission were assessed in several ways, including analysis of probands with KS as a distinct subset, and separate determinations based upon whether the phenotypes of isolated anosmia and/or delayed puberty were considered relevant to the inheritance of KS or IHH. The proportion of familial cases that could be attributable to an X-linked mode of inheritance was no greater than 36% in any of these analyses. We conclude that 1) most cases of GnRH deficiency in humans are sporadic and, thus, could represent new mutations; 2) the X-linked form is the least common among familial cases of KS or IHH; 3) defects in at least two autosomal genes can results in GnRH deficiency; and 4) associated clinical defects may well represent clues to the nature and/or location of these autosomal genes.
Accelerated neovascularization and endothelialization of vascular grafts promoted by covalently bound laminin type 1.

Scanning electron microscopy identified an extensive coverage of antithrombogenic cells on the lumenal flow surface of laminin type 1 modified grafts. Histological evaluation confirmed the presence of endothelial cells on the mid-graft lumenal surface of laminin 1 modified grafts. Extensive neovascularization of the interstices of the laminin modified grafts occurred as compared to control grafts. We conclude that surface modification using laminin type 1 accelerates both the neovascularization and endothelialization of porous ePTFE vascular grafts.
Dissecting aneurysm produced by diet.

Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the aorta in man is most commonly a sequel of hypertension but sometimes occurs in association with degenerative liquefaction of the media of the aorta. New light has been thrown upon dissecting aneurysm by its production in growing rats by a diet high in sweet peas. The offending agent has been isolated and a number of simpler related compounds have been synthesized and found effective. The relationship of this syndrome to a spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the aorta in man is reviewed and some suggestions are made for investigation which may lead to newer methods of therapy.
Bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei do not require mRPN1 for gRNA processing

Mitochondrial RNA processing in the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei involves numerous specialized catalytic activities that are incompletely understood. The mitochondrial genome consists of maxicircles that primarily encode rRNAs and mRNAs, and minicircles that encode a diverse array of guide RNAs (gRNAs). RNA editing uses these gRNAs as templates to recode mRNAs by insertion and deletion of uridine (U) residues. While the multiprotein complex that catalyzes RNA editing has been extensively studied, other players involved in mitochondrial RNA processing have remained enigmatic. The proteins required for processing mitochondrial polycistronic transcripts into mature species was essentially unknown until an RNase III endonuclease, called mRPN1, was reported to be involved in gRNA processing in procyclic form parasites. In this work, we examine the role of mRPN1 in gRNA processing in bloodstream form parasites, and show that complete elimination of mRPN1 by gene knockout does not alter gRNA maturation. These results indicate that another enzyme must be involved in gRNA processing.
Editorial: A Call for Replications of Research in Pediatric Psychology and Guidance for Authors

Various scientists have underscored the critical need for replication of research findings in the development of science, including behavioral science (Cohen, 1994; Hedges, 1987; Robinson & Levin, 1997; Shaver & Norton, 1980). However, replication of research in behavioral science in general and pediatric psychology in particular has been limited (Kline, 2004, 2009). My review of articles in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP) for the past several years indicate that replications of research findings in our field are rare. There are several reasons for this: The editorial process for scholarly journals places a high premium on new and innovative research findings rather than replications. Grant review criteria used by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that emphasize innovative research may also inhibit research replications. Although the reasons are understandable, the relative absence of replication limits the cumulative impact, generalizability, and ultimately the validity of science (Cohen, 1994; Robinson & Levin, 1997). To address the need for more frequent research replications in the field of pediatric psychology, the purpose of this editorial is to describe the importance of research replication, types and exemplars of study replication, issue a call for replication research, and provide guidance for authors in submitting replications to JPP.
Pacific Northwest regional newborn screening: a paradigm of prevention

The authors describe the use and early results of the Oregon public health laboratory computer to monitor hospital and practitioner compliance with state newborn screening recommendations. The system tracks five major categories of screening practice in which 18 types of error affecting screening test quality have been identified. Results show that 47.3% of newborn screening specimens were submitted incorrectly according to current state recommendations. The program is being used to improve screening practices and to evaluate educational efforts. >
Type I IFN-Dependent T Cell Activation Is Mediated by IFN-Dependent Dendritic Cell OX40 Ligand Expression and Is Independent of T Cell IFNR Expression

Type I IFNs are important for direct control of viral infection and generation of adaptive immune responses. Recently, direct stimulation of CD4+ T cells via type I IFNR has been shown to be necessary for the formation of functional CD4+ T cell responses. In contrast, we find that CD4+ T cells do not require intrinsic type I IFN signals in response to combined TLR/anti-CD40 vaccination. Rather, the CD4 response is dependent on the expression of type I IFNR (IFNαR) on innate cells. Further, we find that dendritic cell (DC) expression of the TNF superfamily member OX40 ligand was dependent on type I IFN signaling in the DC, resulting in a reduced CD4+ T cell response that could be substantially rescued by an agonistic Ab to the receptor OX40. Taken together, we show that the IFNαR dependence of the CD4+ T cell response is accounted for exclusively by defects in DC activation.
MicroRNA-126 modulates endothelial SDF-1 expression and mobilization of Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells in ischaemia.

AIMS MicroRNA-126 (miR-126), which is enriched in endothelial cells, plays a role in angiogenesis. Based on the seed sequence, miR-126 can also be predicted to regulate vasculogenesis by modulating the endothelial expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). METHODS AND RESULTS Using miR-reporter constructs, we first validated that miR-126 inhibits SDF-1 expression in endothelial cells in vitro. Next, we investigated the potential relevance of this observation with respect to the mobilization of progenitor cells. For this, we studied the migration of human CD34+ progenitor cells towards chemotactic factors present in endothelial cell-conditioned medium. Antagomir-induced silencing of miR-126 elevated SDF-1 expression by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and enhanced migration of the CD34+ cells. In a murine model of hind limb ischaemia, a striking increase in the number of circulating Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells in antagomir-126-treated mice was observed when compared with scramblemir-treated controls. Immunohistochemical staining of capillaries in the post-ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle of miR-126-silenced mice revealed elevated SDF-1 expressing CD31-positive capillaries, whereas a mobilizing effect of miR-126 inhibition was not detected in healthy control animals. CONCLUSION miR-126 can regulate the expression of SDF-1 in endothelial cells. In the context of an ischaemic event, systemic silencing of miR-126 leads to the mobilization of Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells into the peripheral circulation, potentially in response to elevated SDF-1 expression by endothelial cells present in the ischaemic tissue.
Ventilatory and Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Patients With Pectus Excavatum

Purpose: Uncertainty exists as to whether pectus excavatum causes true physiologic impairments to exercise performance as opposed to lack of fitness due to reluctance to exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pectus excavatum on ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to incremental exercise in physically active patients. Methods: Twenty-one patients with pectus excavatum (age range, 13 to 50 years; mean [± SD] age, 23.6 ± 8.9 years; severity index range, 3.7 to 8.0; mean severity index, 5.1 ± 1.2) were referred for preoperative evaluation. Eighteen of the patients (85%) had a history of performing aerobic activity ranging from 30 min to 2 h per day (mean duration, 1.0 ± 0.61 h per day) for 3 ± 1.5 days per week. Patients performed pulmonary function tests, and submaximal and maximal incremental exercise testing. Results: On maximal exercise testing, the maximum oxygen uptake ( V ˙ o 2 max), and oxygen-pulse were significantly lower than the reference values ( t 20 = 6.17 [p t 20 = 4.52 [p ie , 41% of the reference value for V ˙ o 2 max) especially in those with a pectus severity index (PSI) of > 4.0 (39% of the reference value of V ˙ o 2 max), which is consistent with cardiovascular impairment rather than physical deconditioning. Patients with a PSI of > 4.0 were also eight times more likely to have reduced aerobic capacity than patients who had a low severity index, despite their level of exercise participation. On submaximal testing, we found that the time constant for O 2 uptake kinetics was 37.4 s for the on-transit and 41.6 s for the off-transit. The observed values for FVC, FEV 1 , maximum voluntary ventilation, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide were significantly lower than reference values, but those for total lung capacity and residual volume were not significantly lower than reference values. Conclusions: The information derived from this study supports the opinion that pectus excavatum is associated with true physiologic impairment and reduced exercise capacity, predominantly due to impaired cardiovascular performance rather than ventilatory limitation. Furthermore, the impairment is not explained by physical deconditioning.
Notes on the Diversity and Foraging Height of Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of the Nassawango Creek Preserve, Maryland, USA

ABSTRACT Most Silphidae are scavengers of carrion or other decaying material. Previous studies have reported 18 species of silphids found in Maryland. Our research used baited hanging pitfall traps to examine the species diversity of carrion beetles in two habitats (forest and field) of the Nassawango Creek Nature Conservancy Preserve in Maryland, USA. In addition, foraging height was examined at two heights (0.5 m and 2.5 m) to study vertical distribution along with seasonality. A total of eight species was captured, with most species preferring the forest habitat and ground placed traps. Just one species, Nicrophorus pustulatus Herschel, showed a preference for foraging at higher elevations. This is congruent with previous studies reported for this species.
Noninvasive evaluation of renal artery stenosis and renovascular resistance. Experimental and clinical studies.

Abstract Doppler ultrasound was used to detect experimental and clinical renal artery stenosis (RAS) and increased renovascular resistance (RVR). Parameters assessing RAS included elevated systolic frequency and spectral broadening, while diastolic/systolic frequency ratios predicted elevated RVR. In canine models these parameters detected graded RAS before reduction in renal blood flow. Index values were 88% sensitive and 100% specific in identifying RAS with gradients ≥25 mm Hg. Diastolic/systolic frequency correlated well with increased RVR induced by microsphere injections (p
Systematic Wavelet Subcodes for Data Protection

Real number data processing failures are detected by comparing parity values associated with a wavelet code which is most efficient in systematic form. Any rate k/n wavelet code, a form of real number convolutional code, is manipulated into a systematic wavelet subcode, with slightly reduced rate (k-1)/n, staying within the original algebraic structure.
Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: the good, the bad, and, mostly, the ugly

Murawski, S. A. 2010. Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: the good, the bad, and, mostly, the ugly. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1830–1840.Recovery of depleted fish populations has become an important theme in national and international negotiations and commitments regarding sustainability. Although up to 63% of fish stocks worldwide may be in need of rebuilding, only 1% are currently classified as “rebuilding”, and fewer yet have been “rebuilt”. Recent history in stock recovery provides a rich source of examples of rebuilding plans across a spectrum of execution (“good”, “bad”, “ugly”, and “in progress”). Of 24 depleted stocks with formal plans that successfully reduced the fishing mortality, all but one exhibited signs of recovery. The median instantaneous annual rate of biomass recovery (0.16) was similar to the rate of depletion (−0.14) experienced, but stocks with more vulnerable life histories recovered substantially slower than they had been depleted. Most successful rebuilding programmes have incorporated substantial, measurable reductions in fishing mortality at the onset, rather than relying on incremental small reductions over time. A particularly vexing issue is the differential pace of recovery among relatively productive and unproductive components of mixed-species fisheries. Rebuilding the majority of stocks classified worldwide as “overfished” will take a more effective, consistent, and politically supported stock-recovery paradigm, if society is eventually to meet its articulated sustainability goals for global fisheries.
Relationships between Biomass Composition and Liquid Products Formed via Pyrolysis

Thermal conversion of biomass is a rapid, low-cost way to produce a dense liquid product, known as bio-oil, that can be refined to transportation fuels. However, utilization of bio-oil is challenging due to its chemical complexity, acidity, and instability—all results of the intricate nature of biomass. A clear understanding of how biomass properties impact yield and composition of thermal products will provide guidance to optimize both biomass and conditions for thermal conversion. To aid elucidation of these associations, we first describe biomass polymers, including phenolics, polysaccharides, acetyl groups, and inorganic ions, and the chemical interactions among them. We then discuss evidence for three roles (i.e., models) for biomass components in formation of liquid pyrolysis products: (1) as direct sources, (2) as catalysts, and (3) as indirect factors whereby chemical interactions among components and/or cell wall structural features impact thermal conversion products. We highlight associations that might be utilized to optimize biomass content prior to pyrolysis, though a more detailed characterization is required to understand indirect effects. In combination with high-throughput biomass characterization techniques this knowledge will enable identification of biomass particularly suited for biofuel production and can also guide genetic engineering of bioenergy crops to improve biomass features.
Vegetative Reproduction and Bud Bank Dynamics of the Perennial Grass Andropogon gerardii in Mixedgrass and Tallgrass Prairie

Abstract Plant species with wide distributions may differ in their population dynamics across their range, especially in contrasting habitats. Most tiller recruitment of perennial grasses occurs vegetatively from the belowground bud bank rather than from seed. Seed reproduction often occurs under a narrower range of environmental conditions than vegetative reproduction. As a result flowering and seedling recruitment patterns of a species often differ between contrasting habitats and across its range. How vegetative reproduction and bud bank dynamics of a species vary between contrasting habitats has not been well studied and could explain the differences in its persistence and productivity between habitats. Therefore, the vegetative reproduction and dynamics of Andropogon gerardii, a dominant C4 perennial grass of the Great Plains of North America, were compared between tallgrass and northern mixedgrass prairie habitats. Bud production and tiller recruitment in 10 populations were examined throughout an a...
Neoextinctions of Marine Invertebrates

Historical or recent extinctions (here called neoextinctions) are rarely reported among marine and estuarine invertebrates. Four case histories of neoextinctions, using gastropod mollusks (snails) as examples, are reviewed: the periwinkle Littoraria flammea (last collected < 1840 in China), the rocky shore limpet “Colliselld” edmitchelli (1861/3 in southern California), the eelgrass limpet Lottia alveus (1929 in Maine), and the marsh horn snail Cerithidea fuscata (1935, southern California) are all probably extinct. The central element in the demise of all four species may have been a vulnerable, extinguishable habitat. Three considerations suggest that neoextinctions among marine invertebrates have been generally overlooked: 1), hundreds of taxa have not been reported since the 18th and 19th centuries (these are treated by systematists as either unrecognizable, rare, or synonyms of known species); 2), species may have become extinct prior to their description; and 3), there has been a precipitous decline in systematics, biogeography, and natural history at the end of the 20th century—leaving too few workers to tell the story of neoextinction in the ocean. Searches in the literature and museums for overlooked neoextinctions would fruitfully focus on species reported from highly impacted, urbanized coastal habitats—saltmarshes, estuaries, lagoons, seagrass communities, and supralittoral (maritime) zones—habitats now largely obliterated on most coastal margins of the world.
Finding Pathways to Student Success from Data

We propose some novel computational approaches to analyzing historical student transcript data to help improve course sequencing and generate default pathways for students to complete a college degree. Additionally, we examine whether there are âhidden prerequisitesâ to courses and whether there are courses which, when taken early in a studentâs career, may improve their chances of graduation. Our analysis was done on a dataset consisting of all student-course enrollments for a period of 10 years at Montana State University.
SAS4: Validation of a Four-Item Measure of Worry and Rumination

The Stress Arousal Scale (SAS; Everly, Sherman, & Smith, 1989) is a 20-item psychometric instrument designed to measure cognitive–affective precipitators of the physiological stress response. The SAS has been utilized in a number of studies that have examined various relations between stress arousal and its antecedents and consequences in the accounting work environment. This study introduces a new version of this scale, the SAS4, developed based on the Perseverative Cognition Hypothesis (Brosschot, Gerin, & Thayer, 2006). It is hypothesized that this new scale has internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and both convergent and divergent validity as well as significant correlation with the balance of the items on the original scale. These predictions are tested with a sample of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) members employed in public accounting, and four independent samples of undergraduate business students. The results indicate that the SAS4 is a valid and reliable psychometric measure with potential benefits in terms of its congruence with recent theoretical and empirical advances in the etiology of stress, as well as its administrative efficiency for those seeking to further examine the stress dynamic among accountants in the workplace.
Persistence of Corpora Lutea at the end of the Breeding Season in Peromyscus

Corpora lutea of pregnancy were found to persist morphologically for about 2 months at the end of the reproductive season in Peromyscus boylii and P. leucopus . Lutein cells maintained a healthy appearance until late in lactation, at which time the cytoplasm became multiloculated due to stored lipids. Cells of postlactational corpora usually developed into typical unilocular lipid-storage cells and persisted unchanged until reproduction resumed in the spring, at which time rapid regression occurred. A gradual decline in the mean diameter of corpora lutea occurred during lactation and postlactation but was not of a magnitude to separate new from old corpora. Reasons for the persistence of non-functional corpora and subsequent regression are discussed. The use of the gross presence of corpora lutea in ovaries of Peromyscus as an indicator of breeding condition cannot be considered valid during declines in reproductive activity.
Hilbert's 17th Problem and the Champagne Problem

1 +t2 B( t) = 2 + t2 E (0( t) is a sum of 2n-th powers of elements in '0(t) for all n. To prove this surprising fact, Becker used his newly developed theory of higher level orderings on fields; the proof was not constructive. He then proposed the following problem: Find an explicit formula giving a representation of B(t) as a sum of 2n-th powers (in '0(t)) for all n. Becker promised a bottle of champagne to the first person to solve this; as a result, the problem became known as the Champagne Problem. The problem still remains unsolved in the form stated by Becker; however, recent work of B. Reznick gives an explicit formula for B(t) as a sum of 2n-th powers of elements in R(t). The theory of higher level orderings on fields, and hence the Champagne Problem, has its genesis in Hilbert's 17th Problem and E. Artin's solution to it. In this paper, we trace the history of these roots of the Champagne Problem and briefly describe Reznick's solution.
Lack of Insulin Effect on Free Fatty Acid Mobilization Produced by Glucagon in Birds

SummaryIntravenous injection of insulin (2.0 U/kg) did not have any effect on the elevation of plasma FFA concentration produced by the injection of 20.0 μg/kg of glucagon in geese, ducks, and roos...
Use of an Obstetric Balloon for Postabortion Hemorrhage With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.

Background Postabortion hemorrhage occurs in up to 2% of second-trimester pregnancy terminations. Postabortion hemorrhage is the leading cause of postabortion maternal mortality. We report the successful use of an obstetric balloon for second-trimester postabortion hemorrhage complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Case A 38-year-old multigravid woman presented with hypovolemic shock from disseminated intravascular coagulation after second-trimester termination of an anomalous fetus. An intrauterine Foley catheter filled with 60 mL of fluid failed to tamponade bleeding. An obstetric balloon filled with 330 mL of fluid temporized bleeding until the patient's coagulopathy was corrected. Conclusion An obstetric balloon should be considered in the management of second-trimester postabortion hemorrhage complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation while coagulopathy is corrected.
Investigation bulletin of Andingsi Grottoes at Heshui County Gansu

Andingsi Grottoes are a site of Buddhist Temple-Cave dated from The Jin Dynasty which is located at Taibai village Heshui County Qingyang Gansu.This article gives a detail report of the condition and contents of this site based on in-tute investigation,and discussing some of the relative questions such as the date and motif for images and its relationship with other Buddhist temple-caves nearby.
Adsorption Equilibrium Model and Its Verification of Gas Mixture

Gas mixture adsorption is related to temperature and pressure,also there exists the competing adsorption phenomena with the change of gas composition.The gas mixture adsorption model can be used to calculate the adsorption equilibrium quantity of each component of the gas mixture at certain temperature and pressure by using pure component or bi-component gas adsorption isotherm.The two-phase equilibrium calculation model with the adsorption phase and freedom gas phase is developed using Flory Hugging Vacancy Solution Model(FHVSM)of gas adsorption.For two samples of dual gas mixture adsorption equilibrium,the adsorption equilibrium simulation calculation is completed after regressing the parameters of the pure component adsorption isotherm.The studied result shows that FHVSM can be used to describe the gas mixture adsorption equilibrium and simulation calculations of adsorption equilibrium for both hydrocarbon gas mixture and non-hydrocarbon gas mixture.
Elias Hill's Exodus

This chapter from Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law (Harvard U. Press, Feb. 2007) is a study in grassroots comparative constitutionalism. The chapter tells the story of Elias Hill, a crippled slave and then freed man in upcountry South Carolina. After the Civil War, Hill struggled heroically to implement the Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. In 1871, however, at the very height of the Reconstruction project, Hill emigrated with almost 200 of his fellow freed people to Liberia. Even as federal troops occupied the South Carolina countryside and even as federal courts convicted the region's Klansmen of violating Reconstruction civil rights legislation, Hill and his company of emigrees decided that the Liberian constitution held out greater hope than did the U.S. constitutional scheme on which it had been modeled. The chapter tries to open up a window into the lived experience of constitutional change and into the constitutional thought of the former slaves in the Reconstruction moment.
Surgery of primary sphincter incontinence

A thorough functional analysis of the anorectal continence organ and the pelvic floor is a prerequisite for adequate treatment of incontinence. If conservative therapy has failed, corrective surgery on the basis of careful patient selection may well lead to improvement of continence. In our experience, plastic surgery of both the anterior levator ani muscle and the sphincter ani externus muscle is the treatment of choice for idiopathic incontinence.
Assessment of Allelopathic Potential of Fennel, Rue and Sage on Weed Species Hoary Cress (Lepidium draba)

The current series of experiments was conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of fennel, rue, and sage seed and plant biomass on weed species hoary cress (Lepidium draba). The effect of plants was evaluated through: seed cogermination in Petri dishes, effect of water extracts from fresh and dry plant biomass in two concentrations (50 and 100 g l-1) in Petri dishes and pots, and effect of fresh and dry plant residues in rates of 10 and 20 g kg-1 of soil. The cogermination of seeds affected germination and seedling length of hoary cress with fennel seeds having the highest inhibitory effect and reducing germination up to 34.9%. The water extracts in Petri dish essay had various effects, however the dry plant biomass in higher concentration reduced germination and seedlings growth for up to 100%. The applications of the extracts from fresh biomass in pots with soil differed from results in Petri dishes. Sage extract in higher concentration inhibited germination for 34.2%, and fennel extract reduced root length for 22.7%. The effect of incorporation of plant residues depended on the plant species and amount of the plant residues and was both stimulatory and inhibitory. The emergence reduction was the highest with incorporation of fresh rue residues.
Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Depression in Heart Failure

Abstract Heart failure (HF) is a major and costly public health concern, and its prognosis is grim-with high hospitalization and mortality rates. It is well documented that HF patients experience disproportionately high rates of depression and that depressed HF patients have worse clinical outcomes than their non-depressed counterparts. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the study of depression in HF, and how psychoneuroimmunologic principals have been applied to further elucidate the mechanisms (i.e., neurohormonal and cytokine activation) linking these co-morbid disorders.
Anchoring Triazole-Gold(I) Complex into Porous Organic Polymer To Boost the Stability and Reactivity of Gold(I) Catalyst

Stability and reactivity have been recognized as some critical issues for gold(I) catalysts. Such issues can be well-circumvented by anchoring the gold(I) complex onto the backbones of porous organic polymer (POP) followed by coordination with a triazole ligand as illustrated in the present work via a series of gold(I)-catalyzed reactions. In this strategy, 1,2,3-triazole was used as the special “X-factor” to avoid the formation of solid AgCl involved in typical gold-activation processes. The catalyst could be readily recycled without loss of reactivity. Moreover, compared with the PPh3-modified polystyrene beads, the POP support was advantageous by providing high surface area, hierarchical porosity, and better stabilization of cations. In some cases, significantly improved reactivity was observed, even more so than using the homogeneous system, which further highlighted the great potential of this heterogeneous gold catalyst.
New Directions in the Pharmacological Treatment of Food Addiction, Overeating, and Obesity

Abstract We are in the midst of a global obesity epidemic, and our conventional methods of prevention, diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy have failed. Traditional pharmacotherapy (i.e., appetite suppression) lacks sustainability due to its poor safety profile and relatively poor efficacy. Currently, many health professionals believe bariatric surgery is the treatment of choice for obesity. There is an urgent need to develop effective treatments for overeating, obesity, and food addiction. Evidence of similarities between overconsumption of certain foods and substance addiction is growing, including parallels in neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and patterns of overconsumption. With the failure of appetite suppression drugs, it is time to look at new therapies and drugs that have been successful in substance addiction to treat food addiction. Use of the food addiction hypothesis, a theory that suggests that individuals can be addicted to certain types of food just as one is addicted to drugs, creates exciting new avenues of research, suggesting the potential to affect public policy toward regulation of high fat–sugar rich foods and the possibility of more specific approaches to overeating based on changing food preferences, rather than suppressing appetite.
The Fifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination and the Brain

This Fifth Amendment’s self-incrimination clause has been at the center of constitutional discussions over neuroimaging’s future. That it is not because it clearly would apply to neuroimaging – but rather because neuroimaging raises a easily formulated (albeit difficult to answer) Fifth Amendment puzzle: It seems to count as both of what are supposed to be two mutually exclusive categories in Fifth Amendment law, because it is both like a witness statement (or “testimonial”) and like physical evidence such as blood flow or other physiological processes. This chapter explores various solutions scholars have proposed to this puzzle, rooted in distinctive theories of the self-incrimination clause – and the unanswered questions each of these theories raises. It also emphasizes another point that has received less attention in discussions of self-incrimination and neuroimaging: idea that Fifth Amendment protection for our thoughts and other mental process should perhaps sometimes cover the biology underlying that thinking even when government plausibly claims it wants access to it for reasons other than inferring our thoughts or beliefs.
A case study of smart energy systems and behavioural aspects of social systems: systems thinking approach

Energy consumption habits strictly depend on technology, as well as individual and social attitudes. In this paper, we investigate the important factors in changing energy consumption behaviour. To that end, we provide a high level systemic framework to integrate relevant theories of social behaviour and implement them in the context of energy consumption. A survey is designed to demonstrate the usability of this framework. The results of this survey support the hypothesis that education and technology have a positive impact on energy-saving behaviour. However, our findings regarding the role of social aspects of individuals were not conclusive.
Visualizing Incongruity and Resolution: Visual Data Mining Strategies for Modeling Sequential Humor Containing Shifts of Interpretation

The goal of this paper is to investigate the use of visualization as an approach to modeling humor within text. In particular, we developed algorithmic and automated approaches to visualizing and detecting shifts in interpretation as intelligent agents parse meaning from garden path jokes. Garden path jokes can occur when a reader’s initial interpretation of an ambiguous text turns out to be incorrect, leading them down the wrong path to a semantic dead end. Given new information, semantic incongruities arise that require resolution, often triggering a humorous response. This is a work of visual text mining, that is visualizing texts in order to detect patterns and features associated with various text based phenomena such as humor. In this paper we describe three successful approaches to text visualization conducive to identifying distinguishing features given humorous and non humorous texts. These are the use of paired collocated coordinates, heat maps, and two-dimensional Boolean plots. The proposed methodology and tools offer a new approach to testing and generating hypotheses related to theories of humor as well as other phenomena involving incongruity-resolution and shifts in interpretation including non-verbal humor.
Characterization of the Besov-Hankel Type Spaces

In this paper we have defined Bessel-Hankel type spaces, Bochner-Riesz type means, the partial Hankel type integrals and these are used to obtain characterization of Besov-Hankel type spaces through the Bochner-Riesz type means and the partial Hankel type integrals.
Toxicity of nanomaterials found in human environment: A literature review

The US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) defines nanotechnology as “the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nm, where unique phenomena enable no...
Motivation with misinformation: Conceptualizing lacuna individuals and publics as knowledge-deficient, issue-negative activists

ABSTRACTAs fake news continues to abound on the Internet, the need for theorizing on the impact of misinformation on individuals’ perceptions of various social issues is dire. Using the issue of vaccine negativity in the United States, this study proposes the idea of lacuna individuals as issue-specific active publics holding negative attitudes and having deficient issue-specific knowledge. Results reveal that knowledge-deficient, vaccine-negative individuals display higher levels of perceptions, motivations, and active communication behaviors about vaccines. Results, therefore, support the conceptualization of lacuna individuals, and publics, as knowledge-deficient activists holding high levels of negative attitudes.
Best Practices Education, Part III: Regulatory and Advisory Issues Related to Opioid Therapy for Pain

Prescription of opioids is governed at a professional level by guidelines and standards of care established to protect individual patients. At a societal level, both state and federal government have developed laws regarding opioid prescription to minimize the risk of diversion while preserving the physician’s privilege of providing these powerful medications to the right patients in the right manner. The prescription of opioids for pain, whether acute or chronic, cancer or non-cancer related, should always be considered a trial, with continuous assessment of efficacy in facilitating functional goals and analgesia versus adverse effects. This tentative approach of constant reevaluation is necessitated by the low therapeutic window of these agents, with increasing evidence of cumulative harms with long-term use, as discussed in previous chapters.
An opening for humor in melancholy

A leaky blood–brain barrier may contribute to neuropsychiatric disease. Chronic stress is shown to alter blood–brain barrier permeability, allowing an inflammatory response to penetrate the brain. The deficit is mostly around the nucleus accumbens, an area central to motivation. The affected animals exhibit features of depression.
Applying Design Thinking to the Design of an Online Electronic Journal

Abstract Design Thinking is an approach used by designers to systematically design products ranging from buildings to appliances to websites [1]. Design Thinking allows designers to collaborate with clients, users, and nondesigners in the design process [2,3]. In the case of the medical student-run journal launched at the University of Michigan, Michigan Journal of Medicine (MJM), we employed a design thinking process to work closely with the MJM faculty subject matter experts and student editors to design the journal website in an efficient and effective manner. This chapter presents our overall design process and the ways we specifically applied it to the design of the MJM web presence. This same process can easily be adapted to laboratory websites, patient portals, and other products for the dissemination of medical and scholarly content.
Factors Associated with Immunization Opinion Leadership among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Los Angeles, California

We sought to identify the characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) who are opinion leaders on immunization issues and to identify potential opportunities to leverage their influence for vaccine promotion within MSM communities. Using venue-based sampling, we recruited and enrolled MSM living in Los Angeles (N = 520) from December 2016 to February 2017 and evaluated characteristic differences in sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and technology use among those classified as opinion leaders versus those who were not. We also asked respondents about their past receipt of meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) and meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines, as well as their opinions on the importance of 13 additional vaccines. Multivariable results revealed that non-Hispanic black (aOR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.17⁻5.95) and other race/ethnicity (aOR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.41⁻6.29) respondents, as well as those with a history of an STI other than HIV (aOR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.10⁻3.48), were more likely to be opinion leaders. MenACWY (aOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.13⁻3.25) and MenB (aOR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.77⁻5.41) vaccine uptake, and perceived importance for these and seven additional vaccines, were also associated with being an opinion leader. The results suggest that the co-promotion of vaccination and other health promotion initiatives via opinion leaders could be a useful strategy for increasing vaccination among MSM.
Breast Density and the Importance of Supplemental Screening

Mammographically dense breast tissue raises the risk of developing breast cancer and makes detection of breast cancer more difficult using standard of care mammography. This paper seeks to outline the evidence behind these risks and highlight the importance of informing patients, and their clinicians, of their density status. Solutions are also offered for improved detection in cancer screening in this population. Many states now require density information be conveyed to the patient. When performed in addition to screening mammography, supplemental screening methods (including tomosynthesis, ultrasound, and especially MRI) have demonstrated markedly improved rates of cancer detection in the dense screening population. However, only six states mandate insurance coverage for supplemental screening. Increased breast density inherently raises the risk of breast cancer and reduces mammographic sensitivity. It is essential that women with dense breasts are notified of these hazards and provided with additional screening methods to aid in early detection.
Cleanup of PCB Contaminated Soils and Sludges by a Solvent Extraction Process: A Case Study

Abstract The feasibility of cleaning PCB contaminated solids via a solvent extraction route was studied using the cleanup of the dried sludge from the Winston-Thomas tertiary lagoon as a test problem. When compared with direct incineration of the sludge, the solvent extraction route has at least 3 shortcomings. First, the solvent extraction route is unable to achieve the same cleanup quality as the direct incineration. Second, the hazardous nature of the material handled requires that the extraction process be carefully designed to be virtually leak-proof and this will be difficult and expensive. Third, it is inevitable that trace levels of solvent will be left behind in the processed sludge and this may be undesirable. On the positive side, when very large amounts of solids contaminated at low (yet unacceptable) levels are to be cleaned, the solvent extraction route may be economically more attractive than direct incineration. On the basis of desorption characteristics determined from bench-scale experiments, the economics of cleanup of Winston-Thomas tertiary lagoon sludge via solvent extraction route and direct incineration are compared. The fractionation unit is the single most important unit in the solvent extraction process. A clever design of this unit will have a significant impact on the economics of the cleanup via solvent extraction route.
Association of activation levels of TIE2 with response to the angiogenesis inhibitor trebananib in HER2+ patients in the I-SPY 2 trial.

12103Background: Trebananib (T), an angiopoietin 1/2 neutralizing peptibody that inhibits interaction with TIE2 receptors, was available to all HR/HER2 subtypes in the I-SPY2 TRIAL. The agent did n...
Accounting for incompleteness due to transit multiplicity in Kepler planet occurrence rates

We investigate the role that planet detection order plays in the Kepler planet detection pipeline. The Kepler pipeline typically detects planets in order of descending signal strength (MES). We find that the detectability of transits experiences an additional $5.5\%$ and $15.9\%$ efficiency loss, for periods $ 200$ days respectively, when detected after the strongest signal transit in a multiple-planet system. We provide a method for determining the transit probability for multiple-planet systems by marginalizing over the empirical Kepler dataset. Furthermore, because detection efficiency appears to be a function of detection order, we discuss the sorting statistics that affect the radius and period distributions of each detection order. Our occurrence rate dataset includes radius measurement updates from the California Kepler Survey (CKS), Gaia DR2, and asteroseismology. Our population model is consistent with the results of Burke et al. (2015), but now includes an improved estimate of the multiplicity distribution. From our obtained model parameters, we find that only $4.0\pm4.6\%$ of solar-like GK dwarfs harbor one planet. This excess is smaller than prior studies and can be well modeled with a modified Poisson distribution, suggesting that the Kepler Dichotomy can be accounted for by including the effects of multiplicity on detection efficiency. Using our modified Poisson model we expect the average number of planets is $5.86\pm0.18$ planets per GK dwarf within the radius and period parameter space of Kepler.