cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Association in the Aquila Star-forming Region: High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy of T Tauri Stars

We present the properties of a group of young stars associated with the well-studied T Tauri star system AS 353, located in the Aquila star-forming region. The association is identified using radial velocity measurements of sample objects selected from the Herbig and Bell Catalog based on their spatial proximity to AS 353. Radial velocities of nine objects were measured from multiepoch high-resolution (R ~ 30,000) H-band spectra obtained with NIRSPEC on Keck II. High-resolution K-band spectra were also obtained for most of the sample objects. Spectral types and rotational velocities are determined for all objects in the sample. The multiepoch H-band spectra were examined for radial velocity variations to detect possible spectroscopic binaries. Eight of the nine objects have radial velocities that are consistent within the 1 σ scatter of the sample. From their mean of -8 km s-1, these eight objects have a standard deviation of 2 km s-1, which suggests that the sample stars are related. The ninth object shows significant radial velocity variations between epochs, characteristic of a spectroscopic binary. The overall multiplicity of the sample is high; we observed 13 stars in seven systems, identifying three new candidate binary components in this project. Many of the spectra reveal hydrogen emission lines typical of strong accretion processes, indicating that most of these objects harbor circumstellar disks and are less than a few million years old. Based on previous estimates, we adopt a distance of 200 ± 30 pc to the young stars in Aquila in order to calculate luminosities and place the stars on an H-R diagram. We discuss possible interpretations of the enigmatic pure emission line spectrum of HBC 684. This work represents the highest spectral resolution infrared observations to date of these intriguing, nearby young stars.
Fine-tuning implications of direct dark matter searches in the MSSM

We study theoretical implications of direct dark matter searches in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). We assume that no accidental cancellations occur in the spin-independent elastic neutralino-quark scattering cross section, but do not impose any relations among the weak-scale MSSM parameters. We show that direct detection cross section below 10−44 cm2 requires the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) neutralino to be close to either a pure gaugino or pure Higgsino limit, with smaller cross sections correlated with smaller admixture of the subdominant components. The current XENON100 bound rules out essentially all models in which the lightest neutralino has the Higgsino fraction between 0.2 and 0.8. Furthermore, smaller direct detection cross sections correlate with stronger fine-tuning in the electroweak symmetry breaking sector. In the gaugino LSP scenario, the current XENON100 bound already implies some fine-tuning: for example, at least 10% tuning is required if the LSP massis above 70 GeV. In both gaugino and Higgsino LSP scenarios, the direct dark matter searches currently being conducted and designed should lead to a discovery if no accidental cancellations or fine-tuning at a level below 1% is present.
Pulsed power produced counter-propagating plasma flows and the study of shock wave formation for laboratory astrophysical phenomena

We report on counter-propagating plasma flows produced by two vertically opposing conical wire arrays using a compact, low inductance Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) “GenASIS” capable of producing 250 kA in about 150 ns. Laser interferometry and laser schlieren were performed with the use of a Nd:YAG 532 nm laser, with a pulse width of 5 ns. A shock wave formed by jet interaction was clearly observed and remained stationary for at least 50 ns. Interferometry data showed that the ion density of the jets prior to collision was of the order of 2×1017cm−3 and a jump in density of ∼ 5 was observed at the shock wave region. A lower limit of ∼ 100 km/s has been measured for the jet velocity. The ion mean free path has been estimated to be ∼ 12 mm, which is larger than the shock wave scale ∼ 5 mm, and hence the shock wave approaches the collisionless regime. Magnetic field advection, which can drastically modify the conditions for shock wave formation, will be discussed. Kinetic particle-in-cell modeling using LSP code has also been implemented and benchmarked against the experimental results in order to study the underlying physics of formation and evolution of the shock.
Wafer-level 3D integration with 5 micron interconnect pitch for infrared imaging applications

The use of 3D integration technology in focal plane array imaging devices has been shown to increase imaging capability while simultaneously decreasing device area and power consumption, as compared to analogous 2D designs. A key enabling technology for 3D integration is the use of high density metal-metal bonding to form pixel-level interconnects between device layers. In this paper, we review recent progress in high density, sub-10 μm pitch interconnect bonding for 3D integration of imaging systems. Specifically, we will present results from successful demonstrations of the use of Cu microbumps for the interconnection of 5 μm pitch 640×512 and 1280×1024 arrays. Operability of the arrays of bonded interconnects in two-layer silicon die stacks was greater than 99.99% with good electrical isolation between bonds.
Rapid Deceleration-Driven Wetting Transition during Pendant Drop Deposition on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

A hitherto unknown mechanism for wetting transition is reported. When a pendant drop settles upon deposition, there is a virtual "collision" where its center of gravity undergoes rapid deceleration. This induces a high water hammer-type pressure that causes wetting transition. A new phase diagram shows that both large and small droplets can transition to wetted states due to the new deceleration driven and the previously known Laplace mechanisms, respectively. It is explained how the attainment of a nonwetted Cassie-Baxter state is more restrictive than previously known.
Local Magnitude Tomography in California

Lateral variation in crustal attenuation of California is calculated by inverting 25,330 synthetic Wood–Anderson amplitudes from the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN) for site, source, and path effects. Two-dimensional attenuation ( q or 1/ Q ) is derived from the path term, which is calculated via an iterative least-squares inversion that also solves for perturbations to the site and source terms. Source terms agree well with initial CISN M L s, and site terms agree well with a prior regression analysis; q ranges from low attenuation at 0.001 ( Q =1000) to high attenuation at 0.015 ( Q =66), with an average of 0.07 ( Q =143). The average q is consistent with an amplitude decay function (log A ) for California when q is combined with a simple geometrical spreading rate. Attenuation in California is consistent with the tectonic structure of California, with low attenuation in the Sierra batholith and high attenuation at The Geysers, at Long Valley, and in the Salton trough possibly due to geothermal effects. Also, path terms are an order of magnitude smaller than site and source terms, suggesting that they are not as important in correcting for M L .
Oscillon-type structures and their interaction in a Swift-Hohenberg model

Abstract Motivated by the observation of localized circular excitations (‘oscillons’) in vertically vibrated granular layers [P. Umbanhowar, F. Melo, H. Swinney, Nature 382 (1996) 793], we numerically investigate an extension of a Swift–Hohenberg model that exhibits a subcritical transition to square patterns. For sufficiently strong damping of the basic state, stable oscillon structures are found. The localization mechanism is quite general and is due to non-adiabatic effects. Bound structures of oscillons of equal and opposite polarity are found with bound states of like polarity being less robust. Much of the phenomena are consistent with the experimental observations and suggest that oscillons are not specific to patterns in granular media or to parametrically driven systems. Experimental tests are suggested that would determine whether this minimal framework is sufficient to describe the phenomena.
A Note on the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives in Probabilistic Choice Models

The purpose of this note is to show that there is no necessary relationship between the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property and stochastic independence of the errors in probabilistic choice models.
2-Nitrophenylhydrazine: A selective reagent for colorimetric determination of carboxylic acid anhydrides and chlorides

Carboxylic acid anhydrides and chlorides react with 2-nitrophenylhydrazine to form the corresponding hydrazides. These hydrazides in aqueous basic solution give a blue color which can be utilized for colorimetric analysis. Both acid anhydrides and acid chlorides undergo this reaction in water, while only the acid chlorides react readily in acetonitrile. The use of acetonitrile as the solvent allows the analysis of acid chlorides in the presence of acid anhydrides. A variety of other carboxylic acid derivatives and carbonyl compounds gave no interference. Suggested analytical procedures for acid anhydrides and acid chlorides are given along with analytical data.
Delivery of monochorionic twins in the absence of complications: analysis of neonatal outcomes and costs

Objective We sought to estimate the optimal time to deliver uncomplicated monochorionic-diamnionic (MCDA) twins. Study Design Data were retrospectively obtained from twin pregnancies from 2000 through 2009. The gestational week–specific prospective perinatal mortality risk was calculated. A cohort of MCDA twins with nonindicated deliveries was analyzed separately. Neonatal outcomes and costs were compared between MCDA twins with nonindicated deliveries born at specific weeks of gestation, and those born the subsequent week. Results There were 5894 dichorionic-diamnionic twins and 1704 MCDA twins. After 28 weeks, the gestational week–specific prospective risk of perinatal mortality did not differ between groups. There were 948 MCDA twins with nonindicated deliveries. Until 37 weeks, the risk of severe neonatal morbidity, perinatal mortality, and hospital costs were greater for fetuses delivered compared to fetuses born in a subsequent week. Conclusion To optimize neonatal outcome and decrease hospital costs, MCDA twins should not be delivered
Synthetic studies toward verrucosidin: determination of the absolute configuration

Abstract The tetrahydrofuran portion 3 of verrucosidin 1 , a potent neurotoxin, is synthesized in an enantiomerically pure form via the stereoselective osmylation of the chiral hydroxy diene ester 5 as a key step.
Direct oxidation of waste vegetable oil in solid-oxide fuel cells

Abstract Solid-oxide fuel cells with ceria, ceria-Cu, and ceria-Rh anode were demonstrated to generate stable electric power with waste vegetable oil through direct oxidation of the fuel. The only pre-treatment to the fuel was a filtration to remove particulates. The performance of the fuel cell was stable over 100 h for the waste vegetable oil without dilution. The generated power was up to 0.25 W cm −2 for ceria-Rh fuel cell. This compares favorably with previously studied hydrocarbon fuels including jet fuels and Pennsylvania crude oil.
Arithmetic Torelli maps for cubic surfaces and threefolds

It has long been known that to a complex cubic surface or threefold one can canonically associate a principally polarized abelian variety. We give a construction which works for cubics over an arithmetic base, and in particular identifies the moduli space of cubic surfaces with an open substack of a certain moduli space of abelian varieties. This answers, away from the prime 2, an old question of Deligne and a recent question of Kudla and Rapoport.
A Secure Multiple-Access Scheme for Rechargeable Wireless Sensors in the Presence of an Eavesdropper

We propose a simple yet efficient scheme for a set of energy-harvesting sensors to establish secure communication with a common destination (a master node). An eavesdropper attempts to decode the data sent from the sensors to their common destination. We assume a single modulation scheme that can be implemented efficiently for energy-limited applications. We design a multiple-access scheme for the sensors under secrecy and limited-energy constraints. In a given time slot, each energy-harvesting sensor chooses between sending its packet or remaining idle. The destination assigns a set of data time slots to each sensor. The optimization problem is formulated to maximize the secrecy sum-throughput.
Momentum dependence of single particle potential in Dirac Brueckner approach

Abstract The momentum dependence of the empirical scalar and vector potentials needed for describing relativistic heavy-ion collisions at 1 GeV/nucleon is compared with that derived from self-consistent Dirac-Brueckner calculations using the Bonn-A potential. Our calculated scalar and vector potentials exhibit a weak momentum dependence and their magnitudes decrease with nucleon momentum, in close similarity with the momentum dependence required by the empirical potentials. The effects of explicit momentum dependence on the properties of equilibrium nuclear matter are found to be small.
Ligand-Receptor Kinetics Measured by Total Internal Reflection with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Total internal reflection excitation used in combination with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TIR-FCS) is a method for characterizing the dynamic behavior and absolute concentrations of fluorescent molecules near or at the interface of a planar substrate and a solution. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the use of TIR-FCS for examining the interaction kinetics of fluorescent ligands in solution which specifically and reversibly associate with receptors in substrate-supported planar membranes. Fluorescence fluctuation autocorrelation functions were obtained for a fluorescently labeled IgG reversibly associating with the mouse receptor FcγRII, which was purified and reconstituted into substrate-supported planar membranes. Data were obtained as a function of the IgG solution concentration, the Fc receptor surface density, the observation area size, and the incident intensity. Best fits of the autocorrelation functions to appropriate theoretical forms gave measures of the average surface density of bound IgG, the local solution concentration of IgG, the kinetic rate constant for surface dissociation, and the rate of diffusion through the depth of the evanescent field. The average number of observed fluorescent molecules, both in solution and bound to the surface, scaled with the solution concentration of IgG, observation area size, and Fc receptor surface density as expected. The dissociation rate constant and rate of diffusion through the evanescent field agree with previous results, and all measured parameters were independent of the incident intensity.
Palladium-Assisted Heteroannulation of Acetoxy-1, 3-dienes

Abstract The reaction of organomercurials 1, 2, or 3, LiPdCl3 and acetoxy-1, 3-dienes affords good yields of the corresponding 2, 3-dihydrobenzofurans, 3, 4-dihydroisocoumarins and α-methylene butyrolactones respectively with interesting regioselectivity.
Temperature dependence of the spin relaxation in highly degenerate ZnO thin films

Zinc oxide is considered a potential candidate for fabricating next-generation transparent spintronic devices. However, before this can be achieved, a thorough scientific understanding of the various spin transport and relaxation processes undergone in this material is essential. In the present paper, we are reporting our investigations into these processes via temperature dependent Hanle experiments. ZnO thin films were deposited on c-axis sapphire substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique. Careful structural, optical, and electrical characterizations of the films were performed. Temperature dependent non-local Hanle measurements were carried out using an all-electrical scheme for spin injection and detection over the temperature range of 20–300 K. From the Hanle data, spin relaxation time in the films was determined at different temperatures. A detailed analysis of the data showed that the temperature dependence of spin relaxation time follows the linear-in-momentum Dyakonov-Perel mechanism.
The Thursday effect of the forward premium puzzle

Abstract This paper examines the day-of-the-week effect for the forward premium puzzle. The paper finds that Thursday consistently appears to be a special day on which the deviation from the unbiasedness hypothesis is much less compared to other weekdays across currencies. In addition to Thursday, Monday is also found to be a similar special day for the Euro. The paper proposes that this Thursday effect (Monday effect for the Euro) is caused by monetary announcements released constantly on Tuesday (Thursday) by the FOMC (the European Central Bank). The paper provides extensive empirical evidence in favor of the proposed explanation.
Some provably hard crossing number problems

This paper presents a connection between the problem of drawing a graph with the minimum number of edge crossings, and the theory of arrangements of pseudolines, a topic well-studied by combinatorialists. In particular, we show that any given arrangement can be forced to occur in every minimum crossing drawing of an appropriate graph. Using some recent results of Goodman, Pollack, and Sturmfels, this yields that there exists no polynomial-time algorithm for producing a straight-line drawing of a graph, which achieves the minimum number of crossings from among all such drawings. While this result has no bearing on the P versus NP question, it is fairly negative with regard to applications. We also study the problem of drawing a graph with polygonal edges, to achieve the (unrestricted) minimum number of crossings. Here we obtain a tight bound on the smallest number of breakpoints which are required in the polygonal lines.
The Momentum of Light in a Refracting Medium

It is shown that neither Minkowski's result, according to which the ratio of momentum to energy for a light wave in a medium of refractive index n is n/c, nor that of Abraham, who found 1/nc, is correct. For a broad wave in a uniform medium, the correct answer is given by (2.12) with $\sigma =\frac{1}{5}$. For weak refraction it is approximately equal to the average of the Abraham and Minkowski results. Abraham's formula gives correctly the part of the momentum which resides in the electromagnetic field, but not the mechanical momentum of the medium which travels with the light pulse. Minkowski's formula gives the pseudo-momentum, a quantity of physical interest. The momentum change upon reflexion or transmission usually involves also acoustic transients, these are discussed for some simple cases.
Popularity, Similarity, and the Network Extraversion Bias

Using the emergent friendship network of an incoming cohort of students in an M.B.A. program, we examined the role of extraversion in shaping social networks. Extraversion has two important implications for the emergence of network ties: a popularity effect, in which extraverts accumulate more friends than introverts do, and a homophily effect, in which the more similar are two people’s levels of extraversion, the more likely they are to become friends. These effects result in a systematic network extraversion bias, in which people’s social networks will tend to be overpopulated with extraverts and underpopulated with introverts. Moreover, the most extraverted people have the greatest network extraversion bias, and the most introverted people have the least network extraversion bias. Our finding that social networks were systematically misrepresentative of the broader social environment raises questions about whether there is a societal bias toward believing other people are more extraverted than they actually are and whether introverts are better socially calibrated than extraverts.
The Goulden—Jackson cluster method: extensions, applications and implementations

Th powerful (and so far under-utilized) Goulden—Jackson Cluster method for finding the generating function for the number of words avoiding, as factors, the members of a prescribed set of ‘dirty words’, is tutorialized and extended in various directions. The authors' Maple implementations, contained in several Maple packages available from this paper's website www.math.temple.edu/zeilberg/gj.html, ar described and explained.
Scheduling periodic tasks on uniform multiprocessors

Abstract A uniform multiprocessor machine is comprised of an integer number of processors. Each processor P is characterized by a computing capacity P . c with the interpretation that a job executing on processor P for t time units completes ( P . c × t ) units of execution. The scheduling of systems of periodic tasks on uniform multiprocessor systems is considered.
A high temperature catalytic membrane reactor for propane dehydrogenation

Abstract High temperature catalytic membrane reactors are attracting renewed interest. This surge in research activity is motivated by the development of good quality ceramic membranes. In this paper, results are presented of a study of the propane dehydrogenation reaction in a membrane reactor utilizing a sol-gel alumina membrane for feed mixtures containing significant amounts of propylene and hydrogen. Yields to propylene are reported which are higher than the corresponding equilibrium yields at the same temperature and pressure conditions.
Multi-transmitter multi-receiver null coupled systems for inductive detection and characterization of metallic objects

Equivalent dipole polarizabilities are a succinct way to summarize the inductive response of an isolated conductive body at distances greater than the scale of the body. Their estimation requires measurement of secondary magnetic fields due to currents induced in the body by time varying magnetic fields in at least three linearly independent (e.g., orthogonal) directions. Secondary fields due to an object are typically orders of magnitude smaller than the primary inducing fields near the primary field sources (transmitters). Receiver coils may be oriented orthogonal to primary fields from one or two transmitters, nulling their response to those fields, but simultaneously nulling to fields of additional transmitters is problematic. If transmitter coils are constructed symmetrically with respect to inversion in a point, their magnetic fields are symmetric with respect to that point. If receiver coils are operated in pairs symmetric with respect to inversion in the same point, then their differenced output is insensitive to the primary fields of any symmetrically constructed transmitters, allowing nulling to three (or more) transmitters. With a sufficient number of receivers pairs, object equivalent dipole polarizabilities can be estimated in situ from measurements at a single instrument sitting, eliminating effects of inaccurate instrument location on polarizability estimates. The method is illustrated with data from a multi-transmitter multi-receiver system with primary field nulling through differenced receiver pairs, interpreted in terms of principal equivalent dipole polarizabilities as a function of time.
Symmetry-protected fractional Chern insulators and fractional topological insulators

In this paper we construct fully symmetric wavefunctions for the spin-polarized fractional Chern insulators (FCI) and time-reversal-invariant fractional topological insulators (FTI) in two dimensions using the parton approach. We show that the lattice symmetry gives rise to many different FCI and FTI phases even with the same filling fraction $\nu$ (and the same quantized Hall conductance $\sigma_{xy}$ in FCI case). They have different symmetry-protected topological orders, which are characterized by different projective symmetry groups. We mainly focus on FCI phases which are realized in a partially filled band with Chern number one. The low-energy gauge groups of a generic $\sigma_{xy}=1/m\cdot e^2/h$ FCI wavefunctions can be either $SU(m)$ or the discrete group $Z_m$, and in the latter case the associated low-energy physics are described by Chern-Simons-Higgs theories. We use our construction to compute the ground state degeneracy. Examples of FCI/FTI wavefunctions on honeycomb lattice and checkerboard lattice are explicitly given. Possible non-Abelian FCI phases which may be realized in a partially filled band with Chern number two are discussed. Generic FTI wavefunctions in the absence of spin conservation are also presented whose low-energy gauge groups can be either $SU(m)\times SU(m)$ or $Z_m\times Z_m$. The constructed wavefunctions also set up the framework for future variational Monte Carlo simulations.
Permit allocation in emissions trading using the Boltzmann distribution

Abstract In emissions trading, the initial allocation of permits is an intractable issue because it needs to be essentially fair to the participating countries. There are many ways to distribute a given total amount of emissions permits among countries, but the existing distribution methods, such as auctioning and grandfathering, have been debated. In this paper we describe a new method for allocating permits in emissions trading using the Boltzmann distribution. We introduce the Boltzmann distribution to permit allocation by combining it with concepts in emissions trading. We then demonstrate through empirical data analysis how emissions permits can be allocated in practice among participating countries. The new allocation method using the Boltzmann distribution describes the most probable, natural, and unbiased distribution of emissions permits among multiple countries. Simple and versatile, this new method holds potential for many economic and environmental applications.
Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Triflates and Importance of Triflate Addition Rate

We report that a combination of DPPF (1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and Pd(dba)2 leads to the amination of aryl triflates, a reaction that allows for the conversion of phenols to arylamines. A combination of BINAP and Pd(dba)2 also catalyzes the amination of aryl triflates, but P(o-tolyl)3 complexes were not effective catalysts. In some cases, slow addition of the aryl triflate was necessary to prevent cleavage of the triflate and generation of phenol. We found that added halide, necessary in some cross-coupling chemistry of aryl sulfonates, was an unnecessary additive and even inhibited the amination chemistry.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF SPECTRAL HARDENING IN SOLAR FLARES AND RELATED SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS

Using hard X-ray observations from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), we investigate the reliability of spectral hardening during solar flares as an indicator of related solar energetic particle (SEP) events at Earth. All RHESSI data are analyzed, from 2002 February through the end of Solar Cycle 23, thereby expanding upon recent work on a smaller sample of flares. Previous investigations have found very high success when associating soft-hard-harder (SHH) spectral behavior with energetic proton events, and confirmation of this link would suggest a correlation between electron acceleration in solar flares and SEPs seen in interplanetary space. In agreement with these past findings, we find that of 37 magnetically well-connected flares (W30–W90), 12 of 18 flares with SHH behavior produced SEP events and none of 19 flares without SHH behavior produced SEPs. This demonstrates a statistically significant dependence of SHH and SEP observations, a link that is unexplained in the standard scenario of SEP acceleration at the shock front of coronal mass ejections and encourages further investigation of the mechanisms which could be responsible.
Random walks on random coset spaces with applications to Furstenberg entropy

We determine the range of Furstenberg entropy for stationary ergodic actions of nonabelian free groups by an explicit construction involving random walks on random coset spaces.
Electroweak precision measurements in supersymmetric models with a U(1)R lepton number

As experimental constraints on the parameter space of the MSSM and close variations thereof become stronger, the motivation to explore supersymmetric models that challenge some of the standard assumptions of the MSSM also become stronger. For example, models where the gauginos are Dirac instead of Majorana have recently received more attention. Beside allowing for a supersoft SUSY breaking mechanism where the gauginos only provide finite threshold corrections to scalar masses, the cross section for the production of a squark pairs is reduced. In addition, Dirac gauginos can be used to build models that possess a U(1)R symmetry. This symmetry can then be identified with a lepton number, leading to models that are quite different from conventional scenarios. The sneutrinos in these models can acquire a vev and give mass to the leptons and the down-type squark. The phenomenology is novel, combining signatures that are typical of R-parity violating scenarios with signatures arising from leptoquarks. Correspondingly the constraints from electroweak precision data are also different. In these models, one of the leptons mixes with gauginos and superpotential Yukawa couplings can contribute to EWPM at tree level. In addition, lepton universality is broken. In this paper we adapt the operators analysis of Han and Skiba [1] to include the relevant violation of lepton universality, and do a global fit of the model to electroweak precision data, including all relevant tree-level and loop-level effects. We obtain bounds on the vev of the sneutrino and on the superpotential couplings of the model.
On sparse representations of linear operators and the approximation of matrix products

Thus far, sparse representations have been exploited largely in the context of robustly estimating functions in a noisy environment from a few measurements. In this context, the existence of a basis in which the signal class under consideration is sparse is used to decrease the number of necessary measurements while controlling the approximation error. In this paper, we instead focus on applications in numerical analysis, by way of sparse representations of linear operators with the objective of minimizing the number of operations needed to perform basic operations (here, multiplication) on these operators. We represent a linear operator by a sum of rank-one operators, and show how a sparse representation that guarantees a low approximation error for the product can be obtained from analyzing an induced quadratic form. This construction in turn yields new algorithms for computing approximate matrix products.
NMR quantum computation with indirectly coupled gates

An NMR realization of a two-qubit quantum gate which processes quantum information indirectly via couplings to a spectator qubit is presented in the context of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. This enables a successful comprehensive NMR implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm for functions with three argument bits and demonstrates a technique essential for multi-qubit quantum computation.
Descent via Koszul extensions

Abstract Let R be a commutative noetherian local ring with completion R ˆ . We apply differential graded (DG) algebra techniques to study descent of modules and complexes from R ˆ to R ′ where R ′ is either the henselization of R or a pointed etale neighborhood of R: We extend a given R ˆ -complex to a DG module over a Koszul complex; we describe this DG module equationally and apply Artin approximation to descend it to R ′ . This descent result for Koszul extensions has several applications. When R is excellent, we use it to descend the dualizing complex from R ˆ to a pointed etale neighborhood of R; this yields a new version of P. Roberts' theorem on uniform annihilation of homology modules of perfect complexes. As another application we prove that the Auslander Condition on uniform vanishing of cohomology ascends to R ˆ when R is excellent, henselian, and Cohen–Macaulay.
Making someone child-sized forever? Ethical considerations in inhibiting the growth of a developmentally disabled child:

In a recent case, parents of a profoundly developmentally disabled child asked physicians to use high-dose oestrogen to inhibit the growth of their child in the interests of allowing better care of her as she ages. The physicians asked whether such an intervention would be ethically acceptable. Such an intervention would seem to violate the rights of the child to bodily integrity and to normal growth, making the intervention ethically objectionable. But in this paper, I argue that in some rare instances, a developmentally disabled child may have only a minimal right against interference with her growth. In those instances, parents may be acting ethically if they use medical interventions to inhibit the growth of their child for the purposes of facilitating better care. But they may so intervene only when the child's disabilities are so profound that the child has no personal interest in developing an adult size and when the intervention is the least intrusive means available for facilitating the care of t...
Solar‐Blind p‐GaN/i‐AlGaN/n‐AlGaN Ultraviolet Photodiodes on SiC Substrate

Ultraviolet p-i-n photodiode structures have been fabricated using AlGaN/GaN and GaN structures grown on 6H-SiC. GaN photodiodes grown on 6H-SiC had lower leakage than GaN grown on sapphire. Solar-blind p-GaN/i-Al x Ga 1-x N./n-Al x Ga 1-x N (x 0.35) diodes were investigated. Leakage currents were measured to be as low as 10 nA/cm 2 at -5 V. Use of a thick insulating buffer resulted in a peak responsivity of 0.08 A/W at a wavelength of 292 nm, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 35%.
Rounding of Analyst Forecasts

We find that analyst forecasts of earnings per share occur in nickel intervals at a much greater frequency than do actual earnings per share. Analysts who round their earnings per share forecasts to nickel intervals exhibit characteristics of analysts who are less informed, exert less effort, and have fewer resources. Rounded forecasts are less accurate and the negative relation between rounding and forecast accuracy increases as the rounding interval increases from nickel to dime, quarter, half‐dollar, and dollar. An examination of announcement period returns reveals that market expectations more closely align with consensus forecasts including rounded forecasts and then correct toward the more accurate consensus forecasts excluding rounded forecasts. Finally, exclusion of rounded forecasts decreases forecast dispersion.
New phyllosilicate types in a carbonaceous chondrite matrix

CARBONACEOUS chondrites provide valuable information as they are the least altered examples of early Solar System material1. The matrix constitutes a major proportion of carbonaceous chondrites. Despite many past attempts, unambiguous identification of the minerals in the matrix has not been totally successful2. This is mainly due to the extremely fine-grained nature of the matrix phases. Recently, progress in the characterisation of these phases has been made by electron diffraction studies3,4. We present here the direct observation, by high resolution imaging, of phases in carbonaceous chondrite matrices. We used ion-thinned sections from the Murchison C2(M) meteorite for transmission electron microscopy. The Murchison matrix contains both ordered and disordered inter-growths of serpentine-like and brucite-like layers. Such mixed-layer structures are new types of layer silicates. © 1979 Nature Publishing Group.
Technological challenges in implementation of alternating phase-shift mask

Alternating Phase Shift Mask (APSM) reticles is critical to achieve sub 0.1 um poly gate lithography. Intrinsic APSM image inbalance can be resolved with various methods such as isotropic etch and aperture sizing, where positional line-shift can be reduced to within 5nm of final CD target. Defect reduction of APSM fabrication is addressed with multiple-option strategy to achieve high manufacturing yield. After Develop Inspection (ADI) capability was demonstrated with partial and complete missing 180 deg apertures, detected at post-develop with correlation to Qz defect after dry etch. Feasibility of APSM inspection and repair was demonstrated with existing toolsets and critical gap versus APSM defect specification remained to be bridged.
The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 ‘Cash for Clunkers’ Program

We evaluate the impact of the 2009 Cash for Clunkers program on short- and medium-run auto purchases. Our empirical strategy exploits variation across U.S. cities in ex ante exposure to the program as measured by the number of "clunkers" in the city as of summer 2008. We find that the program induced the purchase of an additional 370,000 cars in July and August 2009. However, we find strong evidence of reversal; high clunker counties bought fewer autos in the 10 months after the program expired, which offset most of the initial purchases. We find no evidence of an effect on employment, house prices, or household default rates in cities with higher exposure to the program. JEL Codes: H20, E62. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
INTRAMOLECULAR EXCHANGE IN PHOSPHORUS PENTAHALIDE MOLECULES

Abstract Pseudorotation of a trigonal-bipyramidal intermediate has been postulated recently by a number of investigators2-5 concerned with various aspects of phosphorus chemistry. We wish to report results defining the requirements for such a process for phosphorus pentahalide molecules (known to undergo intramolecular exchange) and provide useful criteria in analyzing possible related situations. What is being considered here is a process analogous in some respects to the inversion occurring in the ammonia molecule.6 In the case of trigonal-bipyramidal molecules an internal vibration is thought to lead to exchange of equatorial and axial positions, leaving the molecule rotated compared to its original state (Figure 1). This type of process was first postulated by Berry7 to rationalize the appearance of equivalent fluorine environments in the 19F nmr spectrum8 of trigonal-bipyramidal PF5 Nmr studies have now revealed examples of several trigonal-bipyramidal phosphorus compounds, PCl2F3,9,10 PH2F3 11 (CH2H...
Optimal Residual-Based Tests for Fractional Cointegration and Exchange Rate Dynamics

A Lagrange multiplier test of the null hypothesis of cointegration in fractionally cointegrated models is proposed. The test statistic uses fully modified residuals to cancel the endogeneity and serial correlation biases, and standard asymptotic properties apply under the null and under local alternatives. With iid Gaussian errors, the asymptotic Gaussian power envelope of all (unbiased) tests is achieved by the one-sided (two-sided) test. The finite-sample properties are illustrated by a Monte Carlo study. In an application to the dynamics among exchange rates for seven major currencies against the U.S. dollar, mixed evidence of the existence of a cointegrating relation is found.
Contribution of tidal dissipation to lunar thermal history

Abstract The possible contributions of tidal heating to lunar thermal history are investigated. Analytic determinations of tidal dissipation in a homogeneous, incompressible Moon and in a two-layer Moon with a soft core and rigid mantle are given as a function of position in the Moon and as a function of Earth-Moon separation. The most recent information on the historical values of the lunar obliquity is employed, and we present results for the constant values of orbital eccentricity of e = 0.0 and e = 0.055. For a simplified orbital evolution and a dissipation factor Q = 100, the total increase in the mean lunar temperature for the homogeneous case does not exceed several tens of degrees. For the two-layer models the local dissipation may be enhanced over that of the homogeneous Moon by a factor of 5 for a core radius of 0.5 lunar radii and by a factor of 100 for a core radius of 0.95 lunar radii. The corresponding factors for the total dissipation are 3 and 15 for the two values of core radii, respectively. We conclude that tidal contributions to lunar thermal history are probably not important. But under special circumstances the enhanced dissipation in a two-layer Moon could have led to a spectacular thermal event.
Injectable calcium phosphate cement: effects of powder-to-liquid ratio and needle size.

Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ and forms apatite with excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement capability. The objectives of this study were to formulate an injectable tetracalcium phosphate-dicalcium phosphate cement (CPCD), and investigate the powder/liquid ratio and needle-size effects. The injection force (mean ± SD; n = 4) to extrude the paste increased from (8 ± 2) N using a 10-gauge needle to (144 ± 17) N using a 21-gauge needle (p < 0.05). With the 10-gauge needle, the mass percentage of extruded paste was (95 ± 4)% at a powder/liquid ratio of 3; it decreased to (70 ± 12)% at powder/liquid = 3.5 (p < 0.05). A relationship was established between injection force, F, and needle lumen cross-sectional area, A: F = 5.0 + 38.7/A0.8. Flexural strength, S, (mean ± SD; n = 5) increased from (5.3 ± 0.8) MPa at powder/liquid = 2 to (11.0 ± 0.8) MPa at powder/liquid = 3.5 (p < 0.05). Pore volume fraction, P, ranged from 62.4% to 47.9%. A relationship was established: S = 47.7 × (1 - P)2.3. The strength of the injectable CPCD matched/exceeded the reported strengths of sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants that required machining. The novel injectable CPCD with a relatively high strength may be useful in filling defects with limited accessibility such as periodontal repair and tooth root-canal fillings, and in minimally-invasive techniques such as percutaneous vertebroplasty to fill the lesions and to strengthen the osteoporotic bone.
STUDYING SURFACES VIA CLOSED BRAIDS

This is a review article on the Bennequin-Birman-Menasco machinery for studying embedded incompressible surfaces in 3-space via their `braid foliations'. Two cases are investigated: case (1) The surface has non-empty boundary; the boundary is a knot or link which is represented as a closed braid, Case (2) The surface is closed, but it lies in the complement of a knot or link which is represented as a closed braid. The main results in the area are established with full proofs, in a systematic fashion, with an eye toward making them accessible to the beginning reader. There are some new contributions, described in detail in the introduction.
A Chandra Study of the Rosette Star-forming Complex. I. The Stellar Population and Structure of the Young Open Cluster NGC 2244

We present the first high spatial resolution X-ray study of NGC 2244, the 2 Myr old stellar cluster in the Rosette Nebula, using Chandra. Over 900 X-ray sources are detected; 77% have optical or FLAMINGOS NIR stellar counterparts and are mostly previously uncataloged young cluster members. The X-ray-selected population is estimated to be nearly complete between 0.5 and 3 M☉. A number of further results emerge from our analysis: (1) The X-ray LF and the associated K-band LF indicate a normal Salpeter IMF for NGC 2244. This is inconsistent with the top-heavy IMF reported from earlier optical studies that lacked a good census of log (LX/Lbol) ~ − 7 relation. The Rosette OB X-ray spectra are soft and consistent with the standard model of small-scale shocks in the inner wind of a single massive star.
Secondary pyrolysis and combustion of coal volatiles

Combustion of volatiles in a pulverized coal flame involves the most complex combustible mixtures encountered in any utilization technology. This laboratory study aims to clarify the macroscopic combustion characteristics of coal volatiles, especially the way that burning velocities increase as tar is converted into soot during secondary pyrolysis. Mixtures of the noncondensible fuel compounds released under simulated p. f. firing conditions are generated in a novel coal flow reactor which independently regulates the extent of secondary pyrolysis. After tars, soot, and char particles are filtered out, the fuel mixtures are blended with oxygen and ignited in a combustion bomb. Laminar burning velocities are assigned from transient pressure measurements during flame propagation. Burning velocities are reported for (fuel) equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1.5 at 2 dilution ratios for noncondensible volatiles from bituminous and subbituminous coals. Burning velocities triple as the extent of tar conversion into soot increases from 50 to 100%. This tendency is consistent with conversion of all of the oxygen and hydrogen in tar into H 2 and CO, and of all light hydrocarbons into acetylene. The burning velocities for volatiles from the bituminous coal are two-and-one-half times greater than those for the volatiles from the subbituminous coal, consistent with the abundance of oxygen in the subbituminous coal, and its correspondingly higher yield of CO and lower yields of H 2 and hydrocarbons.
Hospital integration and vertical consolidation: an analysis of acquisitions in New York State.

Abstract While prior studies tend to view hospital integration through the lens of horizontal consolidation, I provide an analysis of its vertical aspects. I examine the effect of hospital acquisitions in New York State on the distribution of market share for major cardiac procedures across providers in target markets. I find evidence of benefits to acquirers via business stealing, with the resulting redistribution of volume across providers having small effects, if any, on total welfare with respect to cardiac care. The results of this analysis – along with similar assessments for other services – can be incorporated into future studies of hospital consolidation.
Photoelectrochemical evolution of elemental fluorine at TiO2 electrodes in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride solutions

Although elemental fluorine has been known for more than 100 years, it is still produced by Moissan's original method, electrolysis of anhydrous HF/alkali fluoride solutions. Only one convenient alternative route for preparing fluorine has been reported to date. Several oxide and oxyfluoride semiconductors have valence band edges that are positive of the F/sup -/, F/sub 2/ standard potential, and holes photogenerated in the valence band of these materials should, in principle, be capable of oxidizing F/sup -/ to F/sub 2/. In aqueous fluoride-containing solutions other processes such as water oxidation and photoanodic corrosion compete effectively with F/sup -/ oxidation, and no fluorine is formed. Even in nonaqueous solutions these wide bandgap semiconductors photocorrode, unless sufficient reductant is present to compete for photogenerated holes. In anhydrous solutions containing sufficient quantities of fluoride ion is reasonable to expect that fluorine might be generated photoelectrochemically at a semiconductor surface which is somehow stabilized against photocorrosion. They report here that elemental fluorine is evolved at n-type TiO/sub 2/ electrodes in anhydrous HF/NaF solutions. Using bandgap illumination (365 nm) gaseous F/sub 2/ is produced with a sizable photovoltage and high power conversion and current efficiencies. While electrode photocorrosion occurs to some extent in all thesemore » experiments, it may be minimized greatly by using fluorine-doped TiO/sub 2/ electrodes.« less