cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of feature type in operant serial feature-positive discriminations ☆

Abstract In two experiments, rats were trained on two operant serial feature positive discriminations in which one feature was a flavored solution and the second feature was a visual or auditory cue. As in a previous study ( Goddard & Holland, 1996 ), transfer of a feature’s control to the target of the other discrimination was not observed when the flavor feature and the reinforcer were flavored sucrose solutions (Experiment 1). The performance of comparison groups showed that this lack of transfer was not due to confounded differences in the event contingencies resulting from having similar stimuli serve as feature and reinforcer. By contrast, in Experiment 2, transfer was observed between visual and flavor features when the flavor feature was unsweetened and the reinforcer was plain sucrose. These results suggest that the lack of transfer in Experiment 1 and in Goddard and Holland’s (1996) study were related to the biological significance or hedonic properties of the sucrose feature.
Influence of Light on Paramagnetic Susceptibility

THE so-called ‘photomagnetic effect’ was first described by Bose and Raha1 as a decrease in the paramagnetic susceptibility of chromic chloride and of several other salts on exposure to light. Later the same authors corrected themselves2 and claimed an increase in susceptibility followed by a slow decrease. Specchia3,4 and Gorter5 have also investigated the effect, the former finding a slight increase followed by a slow decrease, while the latter found only the decrease. None of these workers states the sensitivity of the apparatus used, although Specchia, who used the capillary rise method, says that water gave a deflection of 3,000 scale divisions.
Raman optical activity of simple alanyl peptides: Backscattering in-phase dual circular polarization measurements in aqueous solution

We report the measurement of backscattering in-phase dual circular polarization (DCPI) Raman optical activity (ROA) for the simple alanyl peptides L-alanyl-L-alanine ([L-Ala]2), L-alanylglycine (L-Ala-Gly), glycyl-L-alanine (Gly-L-Ala), and L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine ([L-Ala]3) in aqueous solutions. Empirical correlations between ROA features and the amino acid composition of the peptides are described. It is shown that the sum of the DCPIROA spectra for L-Ala-Gly and Gly-L-Ala is nearly the same as the corresponding ROA spectrum for (L-Ala)2. Additionally, the DCPIROA spectrum for (L-Ala)2 is very close to that of (L-Ala)3, as has been observed previously using backscattering unpolarized incident circular polarization (ICPu) ROA. The ROA contributions of the different L-Ala groups, which occur separately in the two glycyl peptides of alanine and jointly in (L-Ala)2, are described in terms of the extent of vibrational coupling between peptide subunits. From these results, it appears that ROA has a more local sensitivity to vibrational coupling than is found in VCD or electronic circular dichroism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CUTANEOUS SIGNS OF NEURAL TUBE DYSRAPHISM

The skin and the nervous system share a common ectodermal origin. Separation of the neural and cutaneous ectoderm occurs early in gestational life, at about the same time that the neural tube is fusing. This embryologic association may explain simultaneous malformations of the skin and the nervous system. The term dysraphia is defined as incomplete fusion of a raphe. This discussion is limited to cutaneous markers of occult neural tube dysraphic conditions in the cranial region (calvarial defects) and those along the spinal axis.
Numerical Modeling of the Drying of Porous Materials

The drying of porous materials represents a challenging class of problems involving several nonlinear transport mechanisms operative in both the liquid and vapor phases. The difficulties encountered in attempting to solve such problems have led most researchers to simplify their models in one of two ways: either 1) moisture migration is ssumed to proceed only in the liquid phase towards a drying surface where it then evaporates, or 2) evaporation occurs at a stationary liquid-vapor interface and is transported to the drying surface as a vapor (evaporation front model). Although there are some situations in which one of these models may be adequate, most drying problems involve the transport of both phases simultaneously. The disposal of nuclear waste canisters in partially saturated geological formations offers a good example of this class of problems, a class for which presently existing solution methods are inadequate.
Influence of Caregiver Substance Dependence and Serious Mental Illness on Children’s Mental Health: Moderating Effects of Social Support

This study examined the relationships between caregiver alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and serious mental illness and internalizing and externalizing behaviors and whether these risks were moderated by social support. The study included 3,225 children ages 2–17 and their current caregivers, who participated in the second cohort of the National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Regression analysis indicated that caregiver alcohol dependence, serious mental illness, and social support were significantly associated with internalizing behaviors and caregiver serious mental illness and social support were significantly associated with externalizing behaviors. Results indicated that social support moderated the associations between caregiver alcohol dependence and internalizing and caregiver drug dependence and externalizing behaviors. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Are women more peaceful than men?: The experience of the Australian section of the women's international league for peace and freedom, 1915–39∗

(1991). Are women more peaceful than men?: The experience of the Australian section of the women's international league for peace and freedom, 1915–39. Interdisciplinary Peace Research: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 45-61.
Sensation seeking: A comparative approach to a human trait

A comparative method of studying the biological bases of personality compares human trait dimensions with likely animal models in terms of genetic determination and common biological correlates. The approach is applied to the trait of sensation seeking, which is defined on the human level by a questionnaire, reports of experience, and observations of behavior, and on the animal level by general activity, behavior in novel situations, and certain types of naturalistic behavior in animal colonies. Moderately high genetic determination has been found for human sensation seeking, and marked strain differences in rodents have been found in open-field behavior that may be related to basic differences in brain neurochemistry. Agonistic and sociable behaviors in both animals and humans and the trait measure of sensation seeking in humans have been related to certain common biological correlates such as gonadal hormones, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and augmenting of the cortical evoked potential.The monoamine systems in the rodent brain are involved in general activity, exploratory behavior, emotionality, socialization, dominance, sexual and consummately behaviors, and intracranial self-stimulation. Preliminary studies have related norepinephrine and enzymes involved in its production and degradation to human sensation seeking. A model is suggested that relates mood, behavioral activity, sociability, and clinical states to activity of the central catecholamine neurotransmitters and to neuroregulators and other transmitters that act in opposite ways on behavior or stabilize activity in the arousal systems. Stimulation and behavioral activity act on the catecholamine systems in a brain–behavior feedback loop. At optimal levels of catecholamine systems activity (CSA) mood is positive and activity and sociability are adaptive. At very low or very high levels of CSA mood is dysphoric, activity is restricted or stereotyped, and the organism is unsocial or aggressively antisocial. Novelty, in the absence of threat, may be rewarding through activation of noradrenergic neurons.
Using larger dimensional signal subspaces to increase sensitivity in fMRI time series analyses.

It has been explained previously how using large dimensional signal-subspaces can reduce/eliminate bias in the estimated fMRI response (Burock and Dale [2000]: Hum Brain Mapp 11:249–260). It has also been explained how one can project this less biased estimate onto a one-dimensional subspace of interest (Burock and Dale [2000]: Hum Brain Mapp 11:249–260). In cases where there are multiple, correlated characterized response components per event type, separately projecting the full hemodynamic response onto one-dimensional subspaces of interest can lead to bias. We present an approach for both estimating the full hemodynamic response and obtaining from it unbiased estimates of effects of theoretical interest (in the context of ordinary least-squares estimation). The latter estimates are identical to those obtained by projecting the original data into the space defined by the (possibly multi-dimensional) effects of theoretical interest, but the ensuing statistical inference can be more sensitive. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:13–16, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Saliva from patients with cystic fibrosis inhibits amiloride-sensitive sodium transport

A factor is present in the saliva and sweat from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) which inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in the ducts of the salivary and sweat glands. Inasmuch as the physiology of sodium absorption is similar in salivary ducts and the distal colon, we have examined the sensitivity of the sodium absorption in the rat colon to saliva from CF patients. Sodium absorption by the rat colon, estimated as the shortcircuit current, was inhibited by saliva from both patients with CF and normal volunteers. However, only with CF saliva was the inhibition consistently proportional to the saliva concentration. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of CF saliva was greater than the inhibition observed with saliva from age- and sex-matched controls (percentage of inhibition: CF = 20.1 +/- 2.2, and controls = 14.9 +/- 2.1; P < 0.02), and the inhibition of the colonic shortcircuit current was proportional to the activity measured by the ductal retrograde perfusion assay with the rat parotid gland (linear correlation coefficient = 0.634; P < 0.005). This latter assay is an accepted assay for CF factor activity. We conclude that the CF factor present in saliva probably interacts in a reversible manner with the amiloride-sensitive sodium transport system which is present in all sodium scavenging epithelia. The rat colon is a promising assay system for CF factor activity because the electrical measurements permit a rapid quantitative estimate of activity and a single piece of tissue can be used to measure the activity of several saliva samples.
Study of Supported PtCu and PdAu Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using In-Situ X-ray Tools†

A combination of two synchrotron X-ray techniques, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and pair distribution function analysis (PDF) with complementary Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurement, was used to characterize the composition distributions of PdAu and PtCu bimetallic particles after treatment in H2 or CO and in the presence of these gases. This is the first reported application of PDF to the study of supported bimetallic nanoparticles. We found that XAS was informative in determining the component distribution of an initial sample, but PDF was better suited to following changes in the distribution upon changing the gas environment. Thus, the surface of a PtCu bimetallic particle of about 2.5 nm after treatment in H2 was found to be enriched in Cu, while the core was bimetallic. There was no evidence of a component-segregated core−shell structure. Treatment in CO caused enrichment of Pt to the surface layer, with a concomitant migration of Cu to the core. The average particle si...
Comparison of serum concentrations of α-tocopherol and β-carotene in a cross-sectional sample of obese and nonobese children (NHANES III)

Introduction: Low intake of the fat-soluble antioxidants α-tocopherol and β-carotene has been linked to greater risks of cardiovascular disease in epidemiologic studies. Obesity in adults is associated with lower levels of α-tocopherol and β-carotene, which may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with obesity. Aim: To examine serum concentrations of fat-soluble antioxidants in a large, nationally representative sample of obese and nonobese children. Methods: Serum levels of α-tocopherol and β-carotene were measured in 6139 children between the ages of 6 and 19 years enrolled in the National Health and Examination Survey, cycle III. Serum α-tocopherol levels were adjusted for fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Nutritional intake was assessed by 24-hour dietary recall and food frequency questionnaires. Results: Serum levels of β-carotene were significantly lower in obese children compared with those found in normal weight children (0.22 ± 0.14 μmol/L vs 0.29 ± 0.17 μmol/L, P < .001). After adjustment was done for serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, α-tocopherol levels were also significantly lower in obese children (2.68 ± 0.59 vs 3.17 ± 0.60, P < .001). Approximately one half of obese children had serum levels of β-carotene and adjusted α-tocopherol in the lowest quartile compared with approximately one quarter of normal weight children (P < .001). No significant differences were seen in reported intake of β-carotene, α-tocopherol, fruit, or vegetables between obese and nonobese children. Conclusion: Reduced serum levels of fat-soluble antioxidants are present in obese children. (J Pediatr 1999;134:160-5)
The strength of binary junctions in hexagonal close-packed crystals

Abstract A comparative study of non-coplanar binary dislocation junctions in magnesium (Mg) and beryllium (Be) is presented to examine the effects of elastic properties and active Burgers vectors on junction formation and destruction in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystals via discrete dislocation dynamics simulations. Two junction configurations formed at intersecting prismatic ( 0 1 1 ¯ 0 ) / basal ( 0 0 0 1 ) planes and type-II pyramidal ( 2 ¯ 1 1 2 ) / prismatic ( 0 1 1 ¯ 0 ) planes are studied using Burgers vectors of varying magnitudes. The equilibrium junctions are created from two intersecting straight gliding dislocations, and their subsequent strengths are evaluated under uniform applied stresses. The relative junction strengths between Mg and Be are consistent with their relative elastic stiffness, i.e., the modulus of elasticity for Mg is approximately one order of magnitude smaller than that of Be, and their junction strengths are similarly one order of magnitude apart. In general, the yield surfaces for junctions in Be are larger than those in Mg after normalization with the respective elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratios. All yield surfaces exhibit a strong symmetry. However, the size and shape of the yield surfaces depend on the slip systems, especially the active Burgers vectors. The yield surfaces of hcp crystals can resemble those of face-centered cubic or body-centered cubic crystals when the active Burgers vectors of the dislocations involved in the junction are of type 〈a〉, namely 1 3 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 , and are distinct when Burgers vectors of different types are used: for instance, a type 〈a + c〉, namely 1 3 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 3 ¯ 〉 , interacting with a type 〈a〉. It was also found that junctions with more edge part exhibit more elongated yield surfaces than those with more screw part, and slip systems involved with 〈a〉 Burgers vectors result in smaller yield surfaces. These results demonstrate that junction strengths for hcp crystals are largely determined by elastic properties and Burgers vectors. The work aims to assess the effects of intrinsic material properties and dislocation slip systems on the strength of different binary dislocation junctions for general hcp structures.
Dynamic Changes in Binding of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain 3′ Regulatory Region to Protein Factors during Class Switching

The 3′ regulatory region (3′ RR) of the Igh locus works at long distances on variable region (VH) and switch region (I) region promoters to initiate germ line (non-coding) transcription (GT) and promote class switch recombination (CSR). The 3′ RR contains multiple elements, including enhancers (hs3a, hs1.2, hs3b, and hs4) and a proposed insulator region containing CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) binding sites, i.e. hs5/6/7 and the downstream region (“38”). Notably, deletion of each individual enhancer (hs3a-hs4) has no significant phenotypic consequence, suggesting that the 3′ RR has considerable structural flexibility in its function. To better understand how the 3′ RR functions, we identified transcription factor binding sites and used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to monitor their occupancy in splenic B cells that initiate GT and undergo CSR (LPS±IL4), are deficient in GT and CSR (p50−/−), or do not undergo CSR despite efficient GT (anti-IgM+IL4). Like 3′ RR enhancers, hs5–7 and the 38 region were observed to contain multiple Pax5 binding sites (in addition to multiple CTCF sites). We found that the Pax5 binding profile to the 3′ RR dynamically changed during CSR independent of the specific isotype to which switching was induced, and binding focused on hs1.2, hs4, and hs7. CTCF-associated and CTCF-independent cohesin interactions were also identified. Our observations are consistent with a scaffold model in which a platform of active protein complexes capable of facilitating GT and CSR can be formed by varying constellations of 3′ RR elements.
Magnetic resonance angiography versus duplex arteriography in patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization: which is the best replacement for contrast arteriography?

Abstract Objective In an effort to explore alternatives to contrast material–enhanced arteriography, we compared magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and duplex arteriography (DA) with contrast arteriography (CA) for defining anatomic features in patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization. Methods From August 1, 2001, to August 1, 2002, 61 consecutive inpatients (64 limbs) with chronic lower extremity ischemia underwent CA, MRA, and DA before undergoing lower extremity revascularization procedures. The reports of these tests and images were compared prospectively, and the differences in the iliac, femoropopliteal, and infrapopliteal segments were noted. The vessels were classified as mildly diseased ( Results Mean patient age was 76 ± 10 years (SD). Indications for the procedures included gangrene (43%), ischemic ulcer (28%), rest pain (19%), severe claudication (9%), and failing bypass (1%). During this period 35 patients were ineligible for the protocol, because they could not undergo MRA (n = 27) or angiography (n = 8). Of the total 192 segments in the 64 patients (iliac, femoropopliteal, tibial), 17% were not able to be fully assessed with DA, and 7% with MRA. Disagreements with CA and DA were found in the iliac, femoropopliteal, and tibial segments in 0%, 7%, and 14% of cases, respectively, and between CA and MRA in 10%, 26%, and 42% of cases, respectively. Two of 9 differences (22%) between DA and CA were thought to be clinically significant, and 28 of 45 differences (62%) between MRA and CA were thought to be clinically significant. Conclusions A review of the data obtained in this series indicates that MRA does not yet seem to yield adequate data, at least in this highly selected population at our institution. When severe calcification is identified, CA may be necessary in patients undergoing DA.
Has Psychology Lost Its Conscience

(1994). Has Psychology Lost Its Conscience? Journal of Personality Assessment: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 2-8.
Smoking and severity of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background & Aims Although many predictors of disease severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been proposed, studies of the potential effects of specific environmental exposures on human NAFLD are lacking. Smoking increases insulin resistance. Given the pathophysiological role of insulin resistance in NAFLD, characterization of the influence of smoking in NAFLD is warranted. The aim of this paper was to study the potential association between cigarette smoking and advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. Methods All adults enrolled in the NASH CRN studies, between October 2004 and February 2008, who had liver biopsies, were included ( n =1091). Advanced fibrosis was defined as stages 3–4. Analyses were performed. Results Significant bivariate associations were demonstrated between advanced fibrosis and age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes, and smoking history. History of smoking ⩾10 pack-years was more common ( p Conclusions Smoking history was associated with advanced liver fibrosis in this large multicenter cohort of NAFLD patients. The results indicate that smoking may enhance the progression of NAFLD partly through its effect on insulin resistance. Our results are consistent with recent animal studies suggesting that cigarette smoke may aggravate fatty liver. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that cigarette smoking is associated with increased fibrosis severity in human NALFD, suggesting it may accelerate disease progression. These results may support a formal recommendation of smoking cessation in patients with NAFLD.
Nondestructive Inspection of Graphite-Epoxy Composites for Heat Damage Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence

Laser-induced fluorescence has been applied to the nondestructive inspection of graphite-fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Upon curing, the epoxy resin in these materials forms a highly cross-linked network of aromatic sub-units. This result yields a material with significant absorptivity from the ultraviolet through the near-infrared and a fluorescence bandwidth covering 200 to 300 nm. When subjected to temperatures beyond the recommended upper service temperature, these materials experience thermally induced degradation and a reduction in mechanical strength. Furthermore, these heat-damaged materials exhibit significant changes in fluorescence intensity and in the wavelength of maximum fluorescence intensity. These spectroscopic changes can be correlated with the extent of heat damage. An imaging approach has been developed to monitor these fluorescence signatures, allowing rapid nondestructive inspection of large surface areas. This capability provides qualitative and quantitative information about the location and severity of damage.
Effectiveness of prostaglandin E1 in relieving obstruction in coarctation of the aorta without opening the ductus arteriosus

The two main theories regarding the pathogenesis of coarctation of the aorta are the Skodaic hypothesis of ductal tissue constricting the aorta at the level of the insertion of the ductus arteriosus and the flow theory of decreased ascending aortic blood flow in the fetus, which results in associated isthmic narrowing and a localized shelf. To document that ectopic ductal tissue constriction can cause coarctation of the aorta in the absence of a patent ductus arteriosus, we report three cases of infants presenting with critical coarctation who responded to prostaglandin E1 infusion without opening the ductus arteriosus.
Child rearing beliefs in the African-American community: Implications for culturally competent pediatric care

Cultural competence is increasingly acknowledged as an essential component of nursing care within the heterogeneous society our nation has become. A necessary antecedent to competence is an understanding of, and respect for, the beliefs and priorities of the families being served. Literature from a variety of disciplines in the areas of attachment, socialization agendas, discipline, and parental teaching is reviewed to provide a description of the cultural context for child rearing in African-American families. implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Size of gene sequences shared by polioviruses types 1, 2, and 3.

Abstract The size of heteroduplex RNA species formed by cross-annealing plus and minus strands of RNA from poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation velocity in sucrose gradients. The largest hybrids formed had a molecular weight of approximately 250,000 daltons, which corresponds to 5% of the double stranded genome. Since the three antigenic types of virus share 36–52% of their nucleotide sequences, the results suggest that the common sequences are not continuous but rather are scattered along the length of the genome.
Distribution analysis of the variation of B-factors of X-ray crystal structures; temperature and structural variations in lysozyme.

The B-factor (isotropic temperature factor) data for X-ray structures of hen egg-white lysozyme from the study of Young et al. (Young, Dewan, Nave, and Tilton J. Appl. Cryst. 1993, 26, 309−319) potentially contain information about the relative contributions of static and dynamic variation to these factors. The six structures of the protein were obtained at two widely different temperatures (100 and 298 K), with two crystal forms (monoclinic and tetragonal) and other experimental differences. In addition, the monoclinic lysozyme crystals with two molecules per asymmetric unit allow direct examination of variation between structures determined under identical conditions at both temperatures. The B-factors from these structures all have complex distribution functions as might be expected considering all of the influences that these values must reflect. The empirical cumulative distribution functions (eCDF's) of these data show that they are representative of complex, multicomponent distributions. Distributi...
Coenzyme Q and vitamin E need each other as antioxidants

Both vitamin E and coenzyme Q possess distinct lipoprotective antioxidant properties in biological membranes. Their combined antioxidant activity, however, is markedly synergistic when both are present together. While it is likely that vitamin E represents the initial chain-breaking antioxidant during lipid peroxidation, both fully reduced CoQH2 (ubiquinol) and semireduced CoQH. (ubisemiquinone) appear to efficiently recycle the resultant vitamin E phenoxyl radical back to its biologically active reduced form. We describe and support a potential kinetic mechanism whereby vitamin E and coenzyme Q interact in such a way as to usurp the prooxidant effects of O2−.. Physical interactions of vitamin E and coenzyme Q within the environment of the membrane lipid bilayer facilitate the recycling of vitamin E by ubisemiquinone and ubiquinol. Lastly, data are linked into a catalytic cycle that serves to connect normal electron transport mechanisms within biological membranes to the maintenance of lipoprotective antioxidant mechanisms.
Synthesis, structure, and sugar dynamics of a 2′-spiroisoxazolidine thymidine analog

Abstract Bicyclic nucleoside analogs have shown promise in Antisense and RNA interference strategies. Ribofuranosyl ring conformation is a controlling factor in this regard. We have introduced a spiroisoxazolidine ring at the 2′-position of the sugar to gauge the effect it has on sugar dynamics. Proton relaxation measurements and coupling constant analysis indicate the sugar is locked in the North conformation with substantial sugar rigidity evident.
Feasibility of D-glucuronate to enhance γ-hydroxybutyric acid metabolism during γ-hydroxybutyric acid toxicity: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug of abuse. Literature studies showed that D-glucuronate acts as an oxidative stimulator of GHB metabolism following in vivo GHB tracer doses. The present proof-of-concept study investigates if D-glucuronate enhances GHB metabolism and inhibits blood–brain barrier (BBB) carrier-mediated transport of GHB for clinically relevant and toxicological concentrations of GHB. In a randomized cross-over study with a 3 day washout period, rats were intravenously administered GHB (200, 400 or 800 mg/kg) with either saline or D-glucuronate (830 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by a constant infusion of 1.39 g/kg-h). Systemic and renal GHB pharmacokinetics, as well as onset, offset and duration of GHB sedative/hypnotic effects were measured following each GHB dose. In situ brain perfusion was used to determine if D-glucuronate inhibited GHB BBB transport. D-Glucuronate did not alter GHB sedative/hypnotic effects at all three GHB doses. A model independent approach revealed that GHB systemic (AUC, CLTotal, CLMetabolism, VSS, T1/2) and renal (CLRenal, fe) pharmacokinetic parameters were unaltered by D-glucuronate administration. GHB influx clearance was unaltered by D-glucuronate suggesting a lack of transport inhibition. These observations suggest that although previously shown to be promising at GHB tracer doses, D-glucuronate lacks therapeutic benefit in the treatment of GHB toxicity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood Gender Atypicality, Victimization, and PTSD Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth

This study examined childhood gender atypicality, lifetime victimization based on sexual orientation, and current mental health, including trauma symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among 528 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Nearly 80% reported verbal victimization, 11% physical, and 9% sexual, with males reporting significantly more victimization. Victimization began, on average, at age 13. Verbal attacks occurred as early as age 6, physical attacks at 8, and sexual attacks at 9. Youth who were considered gender atypical in childhood reported more victimization and more current mental health symptoms. PTSD was found in 9% of youth and was associated with past physical victimization.
Applications of Cross-correlation Techniques to the Quantitation of Wall Motion in Short-axis Two-dimensional Echocardiographic Images

Echocardiography is now a mainstay in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. Rapid methods for quantitation of the images would provide an effective tool for the diagnosis of change in left ventricular function. The purpose of this article is to show the feasibility of using the cross-correlation technique to quantify change in left ventricular fimction over time in two-dimensional short-axis echocardiographic images. Radial histograms of radial distance versus the number of probable specular targets are formed in eight sectors on each frame during the cardiac cycle. These histograms are then shifted to a position of best correlation. The number of radial bins through which the histograms at end systole are shifted to correlate with those of the frame at end diastole defines the regional motion. The methods are described and preliminary findings are presented.
Unitarity in Coulomb Scattering

It is demonstrated that the pure-Coulomb $t$ matrix satisfies a modified unitarity condition and that its discontinuity is not zero, as has been asserted elsewhere.
Minimal precycle testing and ongoing cycle monitoring for in vitro fertilization and fresh pre-embryo transfer do not compromise fertilization, implantation, or ongoing pregnancy rates.

Abstract Objective: We sought to assess the fertilization, implantation, and ongoing pregnancy rates with a minimal precycle and ongoing cycle monitoring protocol for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Study Design: Retrospective review was conducted of 103 consecutive cycles of fresh in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer from 1996 to 1998. Precycle screening included semen analysis without strict morphologic analysis, and hysterosalpingography-sonohysterography within the last year. Serum prolactin, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, reactive plasma reagin, human immunodeficiency virus, rubella titer, blood type, hepatitis B surface antigen, and hepatitis C antibody testing was performed on all patients within 3 months of cycle initiation. Women ≥37 years old underwent clomiphene challenge testing. The monitoring protocol included the following: baseline transvaginal ultrasonography after 12 to 14 days of midluteal gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist down-regulation to assess endometrial thickness and adnexal appearance, transvaginal ultrasonography for follicle evaluation at 7 and 10 days, serum estradiol assay if ≥20 follicles, quantitative β-human chorionic gonadotropin 12 to 14 days after pre-embryo transfer, repeat quantitative β-human chorionic gonadotropin 3 to 5 days later, and transvaginal ultrasonography for intrauterine gestational sac confirmation 7 to 9 days after the initial positive pregnancy test result. The dose of gonadotropin used remained constant unless the sonogram obtained on day 7 indicated a suboptimal response ( Results: The per embryo implantation rate (fetal cardiac activity) was 13.1%, and the live birth rate per 100 pre-embryo transfers was 31.5 for patients ≤40 years old. The average number of pre-embryos transferred was 3.1. The singleton pregnancy rate was 71%, and there were no multiple gestations greater than twins. The mean number of oocytes fertilized was 66%. There was 1 case of failed fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. There were two other cases of failed fertilization. One case of severe ovarian hyperstimulation occurred in spite of cryopreservation of all embryos. Conclusions: In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer can be accomplished with minimal precycle testing and ongoing cycle monitoring without compromising fertilization, implantation, and ongoing pregnancy rates. This results in reduced overall costs for couples. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1623-8.)
Bounds on the chromatic polynomial and on the number of acyclic orientations of a graph

An upper bound is given on the number of acyclic orientations of a graph, in terms of the spectrum of its Laplacian. It is shown that this improves upon the previously known bound, which depended on the degree sequence of the graph. Estimates on the new bound are provided.
Two simple methods for on-line incremental model parameterization

Abstract Two simple versions of a method that uses process data for on-line incremental model parameterization are developed and illustrated on three simulated Excellent parameter tracking is demonstrated over a wide range of nonlinearity, process/model mismatch, process type and relaxation factor. Application
Interpersonal congruency, attitude similarity, and interpersonal attraction

Abstract To examine relationships among interpersonal congruency, attitude similarity, and interpersonal attraction, the present study required pairs of subject to rate their attraction to each other in response to two proportions of similar attitudes orthogonally varied with two treatments of interpersonal congruency. Findings showed that attitude similarity determined attraction when congruency was uncontrolled, but that similarity and attraction were unrelated within the two congruency treatments. Additional correlational analyses suggest that different judgments of the accuracy of other's perceptions of oneself accompany previous findings on attitude similarity and attraction, and it is proposed that interpersonal attraction may be understood in terms of stabilizing processes postulated by the theory of interpersonal congruency.
Interpersonal violence and traumatic brain injuries among Native Americans and women

AbstractObjectives: This study aimed to assess the odds of experiencing a traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a result of interpersonal violence (IPV) among Native Americans compared to other races controlling for gender, age, socioeconomic status, rurality and intoxication at the time of the injury.Methods: A secondary data analysis of the Arizona Trauma Database consisting of 18 944 cases of TBI between 2008–2010 throughout the state of Arizona was conducted. There were 312 patients who experienced injuries caused by IPV in the sample. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, bivariate analyses and a logistic regression model were used for analyses.Results: The logistic regression model found that Native Americans (OR = 1.15), patients from the other race category (OR = 1.18), females (OR = 1.35) and those who were insured (OR = 1.26) had higher odds of experiencing a TBI as a result of IPV. Rurality and intoxication were mediators of the correlation between Native American race and TBI as a result of IPV...
The drag reduction of poly(ethylene oxide)-carboxylate soap mixtures

Abstract The interaction of poly(ethylene oxide) with a homologous series of carboxylate soaps has been detected through measurements of drag reduction under turbulent flow conditions. The plots of percentage drag reduction at constant polymer concentration versus soap molarity are quite similar to literature data reported for the effect of several anionic surfactants on the reduced viscosity of a nonionic polypeptide. At low soap concentrations, the drag reduction of poly (ethylene oxide) is suppressed and falls to a minimum value. As the concentration is increased further the drag reduction rises above the value in pure water to one almost 75% greater in the stronger soap solutions. When the soap concentration corresponding to the minimum in the plot ( C M ) is plotted against the critical micelle concentration (cmc) the simple relation C M = 0.225 cmc is obtained. Such a result strongly suggests a cooperative micelle formed between soap and polymer at this point. Furthermore, the enhanced drag reduction obtained is consistent with the model of surfactant molecules hydrophobically bonded to the polymer chain in which repulsion between adjacent polar surfactant groups promotes expansion of the polymer coil.
Learning from the BP Deepwater Horizon accident: risk analysis of human and organizational factors in negative pressure test

According to several seminal investigation reports on the BP Deepwater Horizon (DWH) accident, misinterpretation of a critical test, called negative pressure test (NPT), was a major contributing cause of that disaster. NPT, according to many credible references, is the primary step to ascertain well integrity during any offshore drilling. This paper introduces a three-layer, conceptual risk analysis framework to assess the critical role of human and organizational factors in conducting and interpreting a negative pressure test. This framework has been developed by generalizing the risk assessment model that was proposed by the authors for the analysis of the conducted NPT by the DWH crew. In addition, the application of the introduced framework in this study is not limited to NPT misinterpretation. In fact, it can be generalized and be potentially useful for the risk analysis of future oil and gas drilling as well as other high-risk operations. Analysis of the developed framework in this paper confirms the results of previous studies by indicating that organizational factors are root causes of accumulated errors and questionable decisions made by personnel or management. Further analysis of this framework identifies procedural issues, economic pressure, and personnel management issues as the organizational factors with the highest influence on misinterpreting a negative pressure test. It is noteworthy that the captured organizational factors in the introduced conceptual framework are not only specific to the scope of the NPT. The three aforementioned organizational factors have been identified as common contributing causes of other offshore drilling accidents as well.
Cognitive reserve moderates the negative effect of brain atrophy on cognitive efficiency in multiple sclerosis.

According to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, neuropsychological expression of brain disease is attenuated among persons with higher education or premorbid intelligence. The current research examined cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis (MS) by investigating whether the negative effect of brain atrophy on information processing (IP) efficiency is moderated by premorbid intelligence. Thirty-eight persons with clinically definite MS completed a vocabulary-based estimate of premorbid intelligence (Wechsler Vocabulary) and a composite measure of IP efficiency (Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task). Brain atrophy was estimated from measurements of third ventricle width using high-resolution anatomical brain magnetic resonance imaging (magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo). In a hierarchical regression analysis controlling for age and depressive symptomatology, brain atrophy predicted worse IP efficiency (R2 = .23, p = .003) and cognitive reserve predicted better IP efficiency (R2 = .13, p = .013), but these effects were moderated by an Atrophy × Cognitive Reserve interaction (R2 = .15, p = .004). The negative effect of brain atrophy on IP efficiency was attenuated at higher levels of reserve, such that MS subjects with higher reserve were better able to withstand MS neuropathology without suffering cognitive impairment. Results help explain the incomplete and inconsistent relationship between brain atrophy and IP efficiency in previous research. (JINS, 2009, 15, 606–612.)
A probabilistic framework for the modeling of fatigue in a lamellar XDTM gamma titanium aluminide alloy

Abstract This paper presents a probabilistic framework for the modeling of fatigue damage in a gamma titanium aluminide alloy (Ti–45Al–2Mn–2Nb +0.8 vol% TiB2). This includes: empirical stress-life and fracture mechanics approaches to the estimation of material reliability or the risk of failure. Empirical reliability functions are obtained initially from multiple stress-life experiments designed to identify the statistical distributions that best describe the measured variabilities in fatigue life. Fracture mechanics-based reliability functions are also derived using statistical distributions that characterize the measured variabilities in fatigue crack growth data obtained from fatigue crack growth experiments in the long crack regime. The anomalous behavior of short cracks is then discussed before assessing the implications of the current work for the design of engineering structures and components from gamma-based titanium aluminides.
Hölderin's Empedokles: Discontinuous metaphor as character

A glance at the index of Natural Supernaturalism reveals that Meyer Abrams in his description of Romantic tradition has much to say about Hiilderlin, but only insofar as Holderlin’s works provide Abrams with examples whereby he can illustrate his paradigmatic description that “the course of human Bildung, in the individual as in the race, is a fall from the paradisal unity of being into division and conflict between the self and the outer world, which turns out to have been a necessary departure on the way back to a higher reunion with alienated nature.“’ As J. Hillis Miller suggests in a review of Abrams’s book, this generalization is founded upon, and perpetuates, the assumption that opposites exist as the remnants of a now-fragmented original totality, toward the reunification of which totality the historical process is inexorably moving. Thus, Natural Supernaturalism can be regarded as a book about Romanticism that itself embodies “a version of Western metaphysics...which might be defined as Romantic.” And Miller feels that this perspective needs to be qualified through juxtaposition with an alternate view that Abrams neglects. The concept of opposition can be replaced by “the idea of degrees of difference, differentiated forces which are not opposites but points on the same scale, distinctions of the same energy....” Concomitantly, the concept of a single, unified Self can be replaced by “the idea of a multiplicity of forces struggling for domination within the ‘self .” Miller goes on to criticise Abrams for failing to consider “the theories of language in the authors discussed,” a consideration that Miller regards as essential, for he suspects that the traditional continuity of thematic patterns identified by Abrams is not determined “by coersive ‘sources’ . ..but is a matter ofconcepts, metaphors, and myths...which are latently there in the lexicon, the grammar, and the syntax of our languages.‘12 The request that modern responses to literary art be predicated upon a degree of linguistic awareness unprecedented in much former criticism is especially relevant to Holderlin. for he is a poet whose works typically record the struggles of the author to transcend language by means of language in order to discover a name for the Divine in the hope that transcendence might thereby be restored to the phenomenal world. And to the extent that Holderlin pursues this goal of cosmic renovation, he indeed seems to participate in the tradition Abrams identifies as a quest for a millenial reunification of a tragically fragmented present. In other words, Holderlin hopes to accomplish a perfection of expression that will annul
Impairment and recovery of visual functions after bilateral lesions of superior colliculus.

Abstract Adult, male hooded rats were tested on a six-choice jumping stand apparatus designed to study their ability to perform visually guided orientation movements with a brightness discrimination task. Upon reaching criterion, the rats suffered either one- or two-stage, bilateral electrolytic lesions of the superior colliculi and then, after a brief recovery period, were retested for their ability to retain the preoperatively learned task and, in addition, perform a more difficult task. Although both brain damaged groups evidenced an impairment in comparison to sham-operated controls, the rats with two-stage lesions were less disabled than their simultaneously operated counterparts.
A link layer protocol for efficient transmission of TCP/IP via satellite

The TCP/IP protocol suite, which currently dominates both commercial and military networks, suffers from several losses in efficiency when a TCP/IP network is extended over a satellite link. These losses arise from the fact that TCP/IP was designed for operation in a low delay-bandwidth product environment with negligible error rates while a geostationary satellite link presents both a high delay-bandwidth product and significant error rates. These losses in efficiency can result in a dramatic reduction in utilization of precious satellite resources. This paper identifies the reasons for the loss in efficiency when TCP/IP networks are extended over a geostationary satellite and describes a link layer protocol that was designed to bridge the gap between the physical characteristics of the satellite link and the requirements of the TCP/IP suite. In addition, a networking testbed is described that will play host to a prototype of the link layer protocol for parameter tuning and performance testing in a simulated satellite environment.
A statistical approach to developing channel models for network simulations

In this paper, we investigate the development of channel models for wireless network simulations based upon distributions of a representative frame error process. Our approach utilizes the distributions of 1) good frame run lengths and 2) bad frame run lengths as a metric for developing low complexity channel models. Two unique, low complexity flat Rayleigh fading channel approximations are generated and compared against the traditional two-state Markov approximation. We quantify the performance of channel approximations through ns2 network simulations. This work furthers the understanding of channel model development by proposing a metric by which to design and evaluate channel approximations. In addition, this metric is evaluated for the case of flat Rayleigh fading.