cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesizing interpretable strategies for solving puzzle games

Understanding how players interact with games is an important challenge for designers. When playing games centered around problem solving, such as logic puzzles like Sudoku or Nonograms, people employ a rich structure of domain-specific knowledge and strategies that are not obvious from the description of a game's rules. This paper explores automatic discovery of player-oriented knowledge and strategies, with the goal of enabling applications ranging from difficulty estimation to puzzle generation to game progression analysis. Using the popular puzzle game Nonograms as our target domain, we present a new system for learning human-interpretable rules for solving these puzzles. The system uses program synthesis, powered by an SMT solver, as the primary learning mechanism. The learned rules are represented as programs in a domain-specific language for condition-action rules. Given game mechanics and a training set of small Nonograms puzzles, our system is able to learn sound, concise rules that generalize to a test set of large real-world puzzles. We show that the learned rules outperform documented strategies for Nonograms drawn from tutorials and guides, both in terms of coverage and quality.
Improvement in Esophageal Distensibility in Response to Medical and Diet Therapy in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Improvement in Esophageal Distensibility in Response to Medical and Diet Therapy in Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Sovereign Ratings and Financial Crises

The literature on financial crises finds that credit ratings do not predict crises. However, it is critical to distinguish between different types of crises when assessing the predictive ability of ratings. Since there is no consensus on the definition of a debt crisis, we focus on sovereign distress or episodes when spreads are higher than 1,000 basis points. As in the literature, we find that ratings do not predict currency crises. However, unlike typical results, we find that ratings do predict debt crises. Indeed, after 1994, lagged ratings and ratings changes, including negative outlooks and credit watches, predict sovereign distress.
Venous Thromboembolism After Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Results From the CLEAR III Trial.

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) after intracerebral hemorrhage is well studied, but data on patients with spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are limited. Objective To study the factors associated with VTE, association between VTE and clinical outcomes in IVH, and safety of VTE chemoprophylaxis in IVH treated with intraventricular catheters and thrombolysis. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients enrolled in the CLEAR III trial, a multicenter, randomized trial comparing external ventricular drainage, with administration of intraventricular alteplase vs placebo, for obstructive IVH. Predictor variable was incident VTE in the first 30 d. Outcome measures were factors associated with VTE, and death/severe disability (modified Rankin Score 4-6) at 6 mo. Results Of the 500 patients with IVH, VTE occurred in 59 patients (11.8%) within the first 30 d. VTE chemoprophylaxis was initiated in 412 (82.4%) patients, but before VTE diagnosis in only 401 (80.2%) at median of 4 d (interquartile range, 1-8) from IVH onset, and was not associated with intracranial bleeding or catheter tract hemorrhage. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, infection within 30 d (odds ratio, 1.80; confidence interval, 1.03-3.17) was significantly associated with higher odds of VTE occurrence. Starting VTE chemoprophylaxis after 72 h was additionally associated with VTE occurrence after the first week. Conclusion Infection and delay in timely initiation of VTE chemoprophylaxis were associated with VTE occurrence. VTE chemoprophylaxis in IVH appears safe and should not be delayed beyond standard care policies for ICH including when intraventricular catheter placement and thrombolytic therapy are performed.
NMR Studies of a MnIII-hydroxo Adduct Reveal an Equilibrium between MnIII-hydroxo and μ-Oxodimanganese(III,III) Species.

The solution properties of MnIII-hydroxo and MnIII-methoxy complexes featuring N5 amide-containing ligands were investigated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectrum for one of these complexes, the previously reported [MnIII(OH)(dpaq)](OTf) (dpaq = 2-[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)]amino-N-quinolin-8-yl-acetamidate) shows hyperfine-shifted signals, as expected for this S = 2 MnIII-hydroxo adduct. However, the 1H NMR spectrum of [MnIII(OH)(dpaq)](OTf) also shows a large number of proton resonances in the diamagnetic region, suggesting the presence of multiple species in CD3CN solution. The majority of the signals in the diamagnetic region disappear when a small amount of water is added to a CH3CN solution of [MnIII(OH)(dpaq)](OTf). Electronic absorption and Mn K-edge X-ray absorption experiments support the formulation of this diamagnetic species as the μ-oxodimanganese(III,III) complex [MnIII2(μ-O)(dpaq)2)]2+. On the basis of these observations, we propose that the dissolution of [MnIII(OH)(dpaq)](OTf) in ...
Analysing the Immune System

This chapter presents an analysis of the immune system. Immunology, a biological science, has greatly benefited by the development of sophisticated optical and physicochemical instruments. Microscopes have been of enormous help in ascertaining the structure of the cells, tissues, and organs of the immune system. As microscopy developed from the light to the transmission electron microscope and more recently the scanning electron microscope, we have come to appreciate and to know the precise two-and three-dimensional structure of the immune system. Of parallel and equal importance was the development of instruments designed to measure the weights and to characterize the molecular components of antibodies or immunoglobulins, which are the chief products of the immune system. Both optical and physicochemical approaches separately and coupled together reveal the complexity of the immune system.
An efficient approach to recognize hand gestures using machine-learning algorithms

Electromyography (EMG) from a subject's upper limb can be used to train a machine-learning algorithm to classify different hand gestures. However, variability in the EMG signal due to between-subject differences can substantially degrade the machine-learning performance. This variation is usually due to the differences in both anatomical and physiological properties of the muscles, levels of muscle contraction, and inherent noises from the sensors. The aim of this study is to develop a subject-independent algorithm that can accurately classify different hand gestures. To minimize the between-subject differences, some selected time-domain EMG features are normalized to the area under the averaged root mean square curve (AUC-RMS). Five adult subjects with ages ranging 20–37 years performed three hand gestures including fist, wave-in, and wave-out for ten to twelve times each. Five machine-learning algorithms, including ?-nearest neighbor (KNN), discriminant analysis (DA), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to classify the three different hand gestures. The results showed that the EMG features were moderately to strongly correlated with the AUC-RMS values. The SVM yielded maximum classification accuracy using the original EMG features (97.56%) which was significantly improved by using the normalized EMG features (98.73%) (p<0.05). The accuracy distribution of all classifiers were found to be closer to mean values when using the normalized EMG features compared to using the original EMG features. The developed approach of classifying different hand gestures will be useful in biomedical applications such as controlling exoskeletons and in certain human-computer interaction settings.
X-Ray-Induced Changes to Passivation Layers of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

The surface sensitivity available to photoelectron spectroscopies (PESs) makes them popular techniques for characterization of chemical environments at shallower depths than other, more bulk-sensitive techniques and because they are generally thought to be nondestructive. Variable energy, synchrotron radiation (SR), permits access to information not available to common lab-based radiation sources, making high-energy PES studies extremely useful for understanding thin films and interfaces. High-SR photon flux has been useful for developing models of soft X-ray-induced effects, but hard X-ray SR-induced effects are less well studied and will be increasingly important as popularity and availability of SR for thin film analysis continues to grow. We report here on observed modification of the solid electrolyte interphase of a lithium-ion battery electrode during prolonged exposure to 4 keV SR. The effects can be summarized by desorption of oxygen-containing species from the sample surface and by reactions within the film. Also presented is an estimate of the layer thickness’ time evolution during the prolonged SR exposure.
Street Theater: Building Monumental Avenues in Roman Ephesus and Renaissance Florence

Between the late first and the mid-third century CE, local elites in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire lined the formerly utilitarian streets of their cities with honorific statues, colonnades, and ornamental buildings. The monumental avenues thus created have usually been interpreted as unplanned products of competitive munificence. This article, by contrast, suggests that the new streets had real political significance. It compares the monumental avenues of Roman Ephesus with a formal analogue from a better-documented historical context: the long, colonnaded courtyard of Florence's Uffizi complex, constructed by Duke Cosimo I in the mid-sixteenth century. Comparison with the Uffizi courtyard illuminates the prominence of “democratic” architectural conventions in Ephesian monumental avenues, the elite-centric vision of civic history implicit in their sculptural displays, and the degree to which public ceremonies reinforced their political messages.
Radiation associated angiosarcoma of the the breast treated with trimodality of surgery, radiation, and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy.

e21532 Background: Radiation associated angiosarcoma (RAAS) of the breast is rare and occurs in only 0.1-0.6% of those treated with breast conservation therapy (BCT). With resection alone there is ...
Utility of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Cardiac Risk Stratification of Patients Undergoing Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). This review includes major original articles published in the English-language literature of patients who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) before OLT for cardiac risk stratification. Of a total of 10 original articles (total 1699 patients undergoing DSE), 6 studies used DSE to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients undergoing OLT and 4 reported the role of DSE in coronary artery disease (CAD) prediction in patients with end-stage liver disease. The composite incidence of MACE was 11.4%. In predicting postoperative MACE, DSE had a composite sensitivity of 0.12 (95% CI, 0.07-0.19), a specificity of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.97), a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.26 (95% CI, 0.16-0.38), and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.88-0.91). The presence of known CAD in a patient was shown to increase the risk of cardiac events after OLT significantly in three of six studies. The average prevalence of CAD was 14.4%. In predicting CAD, DSE had a composite sensitivity of 0.47 (95% CI, 0.32-0.62), specificity of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.68- 0.79), PPV of 0.23 (95% CI, 0.15-0.33), and NPV of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84-0.93). This review emphasizes the need for standardizing cardiac risk stratification protocol to screen and prevent cardiac morbidity after OLT, standardizing MACE definition to allow more uniform reporting, and the need for safer and efficacious alternatives to DSE in the evaluation of OLT candidates.
Metallic states beyond the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid in one dimension

In this paper, we propose strongly correlated gapless states (or critical states) of spin-1/2 electrons in $1+1$ dimensions, such as the doped ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Ising chains. We find that the metallic phases in the doped ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic Ising chain are different strongly correlated gapless phases, despite the fact that the two phases have the same symmetry. The doped antiferromagnetic Ising chain has a finite energy gap for all charge-1 fermionic excitations even without pairing caused by the attractive interaction, resembling the pseudogap phase of underdoped high ${T}_{c}$ superconductors. Applying a transverse field to the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic metallic phase can restore the ${Z}_{2}$ symmetry, which gives rise to two distinct critical points despite the fact that the two transitions have exactly the same symmetry-breaking pattern. We also propose chiral metallic states. Some of these gapless states are strongly correlated in the sense that they do not belong to the usual Tomonaga-Luttinger phase of fermions, i.e., they cannot be smoothly deformed into noninteracting fermion systems with the same symmetry. Our nonperturbative results are obtained by noting that gapless quantum systems have emergent categorical symmetries (i.e., noninvertible gravitational anomalies), which are described by multicomponent partition functions that are modular covariant. This allows us to calculate the scaling dimensions and quantum numbers of all the low-energy operators for those strongly correlated gapless states. This demonstrates an application of emergent categorical symmetries in determining low-energy properties of strongly correlated gapless states, which are hard to obtain otherwise.
Deliberative Democracy in the Context of Town Meetings in Seventeenth-Century New England

From Alexis de Tocqueville onward, the seventeenth-century New England town has been associated with political and social practices that nurtured the making of a “democratic” society. Myth or reality? And where does the religion of the English people who founded the New England colonies figure in this story? A close examination of town and church records—which Tocqueville was unable to accomplish—reveals a powerful commitment to the core values of transparency, equity (fairness and justice), and broad participation. The “Congregational” system of church government transferred authority from any centralized hierarchy to the laymen of each local congregation. Similarly, the central governments in the colonies gave generous allocations of land to groups of immigrants, empowering them to set up self-governing towns. A crucial question for these towns was deciding how to distribute this land; another, was who could share in the decision-making. No formal or explicit “democratic” ideology accompanied the making of this civic culture, but in the context of the seventeenth century, the outcome was something unusually akin to a democratic society
Patient autonomy as a necessary but limited ethical principle in shaping the dentist-patient relationship.

Today, the ethical and legal organization of the therapeutic relationship is determined in large extent by the principle of respect for patient autonomy or self-determination. From it, the patient derives important legally enforceable rights, most notably the right to consent to (or refuse) any proposed dental treatment. And yet, historically and indeed by its very nature, this principle is actually foreign to the health care context. Patients do not seek to defend themselves against their dentists in the same way that citizens need protection against a potentially tyrannical government. We will argue that the principle of patient autonomy sets important legally boundaries to the therapeutic relationship. But it does little to cement the relationship itself. Rather, it is the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence that structure the dentist-patient relationship.
Proper Calibration of Soil Fumigant Application Equipment

Calibration of soil fumigant equipment and determination of soil fumigant application rate are two of the most important factors contributing to the success or failure of pest control efficacy and crop production response, yet generate some of the greatest confusion among many researchers and growers alike. This 5-page fact sheet was written by J.W. Noling and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, December 2012. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in404
Evaluation of bridge decks with overlays using impact echo, a deep learning approach

Abstract In this paper, the feasibility of using deep learning models (DLMs) for evaluation of bridges with overlay systems is investigated. Several laboratory-made concrete specimens with artificial subsurface defects and overlay systems (bonded and debonded) made of cement and asphalt overlay materials were tested using impact echo (IE). One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were developed, trained, and tested on the IE data. The proposed 1D CNN was the most successful in detecting debonding and subsurface defects; it achieved an average accuracy of 0.68 on the cement overlay specimens and 0.58 for asphalt overlay specimens. Maps of the defects and debonding were generated using the DLMs and were compared to the conventional method for analyzing the IE data. The 1D CNN produced the most accurate defect maps while successfully detected sound, debonded, and defected regions, particularly on the specimens with cement overlay.
Evidence of Ba-substitution induced spin-canting in the magnetic Weyl semimetal Eu Cd 2 As 2

Recently $\mathrm{Eu}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ was predicted to be a magnetic Weyl semimetal with a lone pair of Weyl nodes generated by $A$-type antiferromagnetism and protected by a rotational symmetry. However, it was soon discovered that the actual magnetic structure broke the rotational symmetry and internal pressure was later suggested as a route to stabilize the desired magnetic state. In this work we test this prediction by synthesizing a series of ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ single crystals and studying their structural, magnetic, and transport properties via both experimental techniques and first-principles calculations. We find that small concentrations of Ba ($\ensuremath{\sim}3%--10%$) lead to a small out-of-plane canting of the Eu moment. However, for higher concentrations this effect is suppressed and a nearly in-plane model is recovered. Studying the transport properties we find that all compositions show evidence of an anomalous Hall effect dominated by the intrinsic mechanism as well as large negative magnetoresistances in the longitudinal channel. A nonmonotonic evolution of the transport properties is seen across the series which correlates to the proposed canting suggesting canting may enhance the topological effects. Careful density functional theory calculations using an all-electron approach revise prior predictions finding a purely ferromagnetic ground state with in-plane moments for both the $\mathrm{Eu}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ compounds, corroborating our experimental findings. This work suggests that Ba substitution can tune the magnetic properties in unexpected ways which correlate to changes in measures of topological properties, encouraging future work to locate the ideal Ba concentration for Eu moment canting.
Characterizing Public Cloud Resource Contention to Support Virtual Machine Co-residency Prediction

Hypervisors used to implement virtual machines (VMs) for infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) cloud platforms have undergone continued improvements for the past decade. VM components including CPU, memory, network, and storage I/O have evolved from full software emulation, to paravirtualization, to hardware virtualization. While these innovations have helped reduce performance overhead when simulating a computer, considerable performance loss is still possible in the public cloud from resource contention of co-located VMs. In this paper, we investigate the extent of performance degradation from resource contention by leveraging well-known benchmarks run in parallel across three generations of virtualization hypervisors. Using a Python-based test harness we orchestrate execution of CPU, disk, and network I/O bound benchmarks across up to 48 VMs sharing the same Amazon Web Services dedicated host server. We found that executing benchmarks on hosts with many idle Linux VMs produced unexpected performance degradation. As public cloud users are interested in avoiding resource contention from co-located VMs, we next leveraged our dedicated host performance measurements as independent variables to train models to predict the number of co-resident VMs. We evaluated multiple linear regression and random forest models using test data from independent benchmark runs across 96 vCPU dedicated hosts running up to 48 x 2 vCPU VMs where we controlled VM placements. Multiple linear regression over normalized data achieved R2=.942, with mean absolute error of VM co-residency predictions of ±1.61 VMs. We then leveraged our models to infer VM co-residency among a set of 50 VMs on the public cloud, where co-location data is unavailable. Here models cannot be independently verified, but results suggest the relative occupancy level of public cloud hosts enabling users to infer when their VMs reside on busy hosts. Our results characterize how recent hypervisor and hardware advancements are addressing resource contention, while demonstrating the potential to leverage co-located benchmarks for VM co-residency prediction in a public cloud.
A História Contada além dos Livros: A Contribuição dos Espaços Não Formais de Educação para a Construção e Preservação da Memória Social

Esta pesquisa buscou ampliar a didatica para o ensino da disciplina de Historia no 3o ano do Ensino Fundamental I. Dessa forma, essa pesquisa buscou compreender como a aprendizagem de conteudos da disciplina de Historia sobre o municipio de Venda Nova do Imigrante-ES pode ser problematizada e desenvolvida a partir dos dialogos construidos durante a visitacao e a observacao de diferentes espacos de educacao nao formal do municipio. A pesquisa sugere a realizacao de um circuito agroeducativo Historico-cultural como ferramenta pedagogica e a utilizacao de visitas mediadas a espacos de educacao nao formal. A proposta foi desenvolvida em formato de sequencia didatica de acordo com o processo EAR - elaboracao, aplicacao e reelaboracao e sugere ainda um instrumento de validacao. Desse modo foi realizada uma analise documental e um estudo bibliografico que objetivou compreender como os espacos de educacao nao formal contribuem para a aprendizagem dos conteudos da disciplina de Historia. Esse estudo concluiu que a utilizacao de espacos nao formais de educacao pode promover a aprendizagem dos conteudos de Historia para o os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental I.
Linguistic Differences in Personal Statements of Urology Residency Applicants by Self-Reported Race and Ethnicity.

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess a potential source of bias that could contribute to underrepresentation of minorities in urology, we analyzed differences in linguistic characteristics in personal statements between urology residency applicants of various racial and ethnic groups. Methods Personal statements submitted by urology residency applicants to a urology program were evaluated with Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, a validated text analysis program. Analyzed statements and application characteristics were compared according to self-identified race/ethnicity of the applicant using multivariable analysis and independent sample T-tests. Results Of 342 submitted personal statements, 181 applicants self-identified as White non-Hispanic, 86 as Asian, and 75 as “underrepresented in medicine” (URM) including Black and Hispanic/Latino applicants. Asian and URM applicants listed more research projects (11.7 and 12.9 vs 8.8, P = .01) and URM applicants had slightly lower USMLE Step 1 scores (238.5 vs 244.6, P = .01) compared to White applicants. When evaluating personal statements, all applicants wrote with the same degree of analytical thinking. Asian applicants scored lower in authenticity (P = .03) and emotional tone (P = .04) while URM applicants scored higher in clout (P = .04) compared to White applicants. In use of pronouns, Asian applicants used ‘we/us/our’ more often (P Conclusion Significant linguistic differences exist among urology personal statements by racial/ethnic groups that may perpetuate stereotypes and bias in the application process. Appreciating these differences may help applicants avoid possibly detrimental linguistics and help residency programs recruit and support urology applicants from underrepresented backgrounds.
The interaction of deep convection with the general circulation in Titan's atmosphere. Part 1: Cloud resolving simulations

Abstract The deep convective cloud–environment feedback loop is likely important to Titan's global methane, energy, and momentum cycles, just as it is for Earth's global water, energy, and momentum budgets. General circulation models of Titan's atmosphere are unable to explicitly simulate deep convection and must instead parameterize the impact of this important subgrid-scale phenomenon on the model-resolved atmospheric state. The goal of this study is to better quantify through cloud resolving modeling the effects of deep convective methane storms on their environment and to feed that information forward to improve parameterizations in global models. Dozens of atmospheric profiles unstable with respect to deep moist convection are extracted from the global Titan Atmospheric Model (TAM) and used to initialize the cloud-resolving Titan Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (TRAMS). Mean profiles of heating/cooling and moistening/drying of the large-scale environment in TRAMS indicate that Titan's deep convection forces the environment in a manner analogous to Earth: Large-scale subsidence of the environmental air warms and dries the environment, but clouds can also moisten the environment through the detrainment and evaporation of condensate near cloud top. Relative humidity profiles and characteristic convective time scales are derived to guide the tuning of the deep convective parameterization implemented in TAM, as described in a companion paper. The triggering of convection, the dry convective mixing of the planetary boundary layer, and the entrainment of environmental air into rising air parcels are found to be critical to determining whether a deep convective cloud will form. Only profiles with relatively large convective available potential energy (CAPE) and well mixed planetary boundary layers with high relative humidity were found to produce storms. Environments with low-level thermal inversions and planetary boundary layers with low relative humidity or rapidly decreasing moisture with height failed to generate deep convection in TRAMS despite positive CAPE.
Precision medicine: hype or hope?

I recently attended the 10th Annual Harvard Personalized Medicine Conference. One presentation at this meeting was preceded by a video outlining the course of a patient who was diagnosed 4 years earlier with a stage IV non–small cell lung cancer—a diagnosis that normally would portend a 6-month survival. However, this woman who never smoked had an EGFR mutation, which predicted a longer response based on treatment with erlotinib, a drug that inhibits the pathway activated by the EGFR mutation and was not approved by the Food and Drug Administration until May 2013 (1, 2). She was treated on a clinical trial with erlotinib and had a remarkable response. However, a year later, her tumor developed resistance to this drug because of a second mutation. This is a common scenario that oncologists frequently experience. A few years ago this woman would have never made it to this point, since we had no drugs to effectively treat her at the outset.
The murine interleukin 2 receptor. IV. Biochemical characterization.

The IL 2 receptor isolated from the IL 2-dependent CTL-L cell line was subjected to biochemical analysis. Pulse-chase and tunicamycin studies, as well as digestion with the endoglycosidases, Endo-F and Endo-H, of 35S-methionine-labeled IL 2 receptors suggested a single protein precursor of 32,000 (p32) daltons. The p32 precursor was rapidly processed by addition of high-mannose-containing core N-linked sugars to intracytoplasmic precursor intermediates of 38,000 (p38) and 40,000 (p40) daltons, which undergo further processing to yield a mature surface receptor with heterogeneous apparent m.w. of 52,000 to 65,000 (p58). Two-dimensional gel studies indicated that p58 exhibited broad charge heterogeneity between pH 4.6 and 6.3. Endo-F digestions of p58 shifted the isoelectric focus point to a more basic 5.5 to 7.4. This considerable charge heterogeneity is consistent with the possibility that other posttranslational modifications to the mouse IL 2 receptor occur besides addition of complex N-linked glycans. Immunoprecipitations of the IL 2 receptor from surface iodinated cells also revealed an additional band at 110,000 (p110) daltons. IEF vs SDS-PAGE two-dimensional gel studies demonstrated that p110 also had an isoelectric focus point identical to p58. Western blot studies with an anti-IL 2 receptor monoclonal antibody (7D4) demonstrated that p38, p40, p58, and p110 each expressed the epitope recognized by this antibody. Thus, it is likely that p110 is not a unique molecule that coprecipitates with the IL 2 receptor. Western blot analysis of mitogen-stimulated T and B lymphocytes also revealed bands similar to p58 and p110, although these bands had an average apparent m.w. 3000 to 6000 less than those seen for CTL-L cells.
DC Bus Regulation with a Flywheel Energy Storage System

This paper describes the DC bus regulation control algorithm for the NASA flywheel energy storage system during charge, charge reduction and discharge modes of operation. The algorithm was experimentally verified with results given in a previous paper. This paper presents the necessary models for simulation with detailed block diagrams of the controller algorithm. It is shown that the flywheel system and the controller can be modeled in three levels of detail depending on the type of analysis required. The three models are explained and then compared using simulation results.
Regulation of insulin action by protein tyrosine phosphatases.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews specific protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) enzymes that serve to regulate insulin signaling in normal physiology and that these enzymes may be involved in the pathogenesis of cellular insulin resistance in human obesity and type II diabetes. Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation plays an essential role in activation of the insulin receptor kinase as well as at postreceptor sites in the insulin action pathway. Recent studies have shown that cellular PTPase enzymes regulate the steady-state activity of the insulin receptor kinase by dephosphorylating the active (autophosphorylated) form of the insulin receptor. PTPases may also be shown to play a role in insulin receptor regulation in future work. Also, the cellular PTPases that regulate the reversible phosphorylation of IRS-1, IRS-2, and Shc have not been identified. Work in this area will pave the way for the development of agents that can inhibit individual PTPases involved in insulin-resistant states in order to augment insulin signaling.
Relative Information Technology Index (RITI)

Develops a new objective measure of the levels of investment/performance in information technology (IT) by companies from different industries. This measure, called the Relative Information Technology Index (RITI), is then utilized to examine the relationship between IT investment, on the one hand, and company′s control, governance and ownership structure on the other. The empirical results suggest meaningful relationships between IT investment/performance and management ownership and the ratio of outside to inside directors on the board.
Properties of original impactors estimated from three-dimensional analysis of whole Stardust tracks

The Stardust mission captured comet Wild 2 particles in aerogel at 6.1 km s{sup -1}. We performed high-resolution three-dimensional imaging and X-ray fluorescence mapping of whole cometary tracks in aerogel. We present the results of a survey of track structures using laser scanning confocal microscopy, including measurements of track volumes, entry hole size, and cross-sectional profiles. We compare various methods for measuring track parameters. We demonstrate a methodology for discerning hypervelocity particle ablation rates using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence, combined with mass and volume estimates of original impactors derived from measured track properties. Finally, we present a rough framework for reconstruction of original impactor size, and volume of volatilized material, using our measured parameters. The bulk of this work is in direct support of nondestructive analysis and identification of cometary grains in whole tracks, and its eventual application to the reconstruction of the size, shape, porosity, and chemical composition of whole Stardust impactors.
Predictions of the Microstructural Contribution to Instability Seeding in Beryllium ICF Capsules

The constitutive properties of beryllium are anisotropic. During the implosion of an inertial confinement fusion capsule, it is possible for instabilities to be seeded from the microstructure. We are using experiment and theory to place constraints on the microstructure and loading history. The relation between surface roughness and amplitude of ablative Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities has been characterized well. Here we present a method of relating the microstructure to an equivalent surface roughness, using continuum mechanical simulations of shock waves in polycrystalline beryllium. Beryllium was treated using a single‐crystal plasticity model developed using ab initio quantum mechanics for the equation of state and elasticity, and laser‐driven shock wave measurements to calibrate representations of dislocation and disclination dynamics.
Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells and their Processes

Somatic primary afferent neurons are important in spinal sensory mechanisms for they receive information from the periphery and transmit it to the cord. These neurons are housed in dorsal root ganglia (and cranial nerve equivalents), so they are called dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. These cells are unipolar, sometimes called pseudounipolar because they originate as bipolar cells (Dogiel, 1908; Ranson, 1912), with the main process splitting into peripheral and central processes (Fig. 3.1). The central processes are called dorsal root axons because they travel in the dorsal root on their way to the cord.
Fire emissions and regional air quality impacts from fires in oil palm, timber, and logging concessions in Indonesia

Fires associated with agricultural and plantation development in Indonesia impact ecosystem services and release emissions into the atmosphere that degrade regional air quality and contribute to greenhouse gas concentrations. In this study, we estimate the relative contributions of the oil palm, timber (for wood pulp and paper), and logging industries in Sumatra and Kalimantan to land cover change, fire activity, and regional population exposure to smoke concentrations. Concessions for these three industries cover 21% and 49% of the land area in Sumatra and Kalimantan respectively, with the highest overall area in lowlands on mineral soils instead of more carbon-rich peatlands. In 2012, most remaining forest area was located in logging concessions for both islands, and for all combined concessions, there was higher remaining lowland and peatland forest area in Kalimantan (45% and 46%, respectively) versus Sumatra (20% and 27%, respectively). Emissions from all combined concessions comprised 41% of total fire emissions (within and outside of concession boundaries) in Sumatra and 27% in Kalimantan for the 2006 burning season, which had high fire activity relative to decadal emissions. Most fire emissions were observed in concessions located on peatlands and non-forested lowlands, the latter of which could include concessions that are currently under production, cleared in preparation for production, or abandoned lands. For the 2006 burning season, timber concessions from Sumatra (47% of area and 88% of emissions) and oil palm concessions from Kalimantan (33% of area and 67% of emissions) contributed the most to concession-related fire emissions from each island. Although fire emissions from concessions were higher in Kalimantan, emissions from Sumatra contributed 63% of concession-related smoke concentrations for the population-weighted region because fire sources were located closer to population centers. In order to protect regional public health, our results highlight the importance of limiting the use of fire by the timber and oil palm industries, particularly on concessions that contain peatlands and non-forest, by such methods as improving monitoring systems, local-level management, and enforcement of existing fire bans.
Opportunities for data broadcasting in terrestrial digital TV

Summary form only given. Data broadcasting offers many new opportunities for terrestrial digital TV broadcasters. In this presentation, we provide an overview of the technology and the standards that have been developed within ATSC for enabling this area. In a television broadcast, audio and video occupy a significant portion of the overall bandwidth, but there is still enough bandwidth available that can be used for arbitrary data. Various kinds of data can be transmitted; for instance, software updates, multimedia files, websites, etc. Thus, very interesting and useful applications can be enabled on receivers. Different kinds of receivers can exist in the field, like set-top boxes and PC-based cards. We describe methods for classifying data broadcast applications in terms of target audience, type of data transmitted, etc. A successful data broadcasting system must meet a number of application requirements, for instance, data bandwidth management, error recovery, etc. We present a software architecture that can meet the challenging requirements. We present field experiences with data broadcasting in several different deployments. We also discuss the future for this technology and some emerging applications.
MIRAC2: a mid-infrared array camera for astronomy

MIRAC2 was built for ground-based astronomy at Steward Observatory, University of Arizona and Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. It utilizes a Rockwell HF-16 128x128 arsenic-doped silicon blocked-impurity-band (BIB) hybrid array with a wavelength range of 2 to 28 μm operating in a liquid helium-cooled cryostat at 5 K. Reflective optics, and externally actuated detector and pupil slides provide a variety of magnification and focal ratio settings without opening the cryostat. Nominal settings at the NASA IRTF and UKIRT give diffraction-limited imaging with .34 and .27 arcsec/pixel, respectively. The sensitivity on the IRTF at 11.7 μm, 10% bandwidth filter, chop-nod, source in one beam, 1 sigma, one minute total time is 25 mJy/arcsec surface brightness and 43 mJy point source.
Zirconium and niobium transmission data at wavelengths from 11-16 nm and 200-1200 nm

Transmission measurements of niobium and zirconium at both extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared (UV/Vis/NIR) wavelengths are presented. Thin foils of various thicknesses mounted on nickel mesh substrates were measured, and these data were used to calculate the optical constants {delta} and {beta} of the complex refractive index n = 1- {delta} +i{beta}. {beta} values were calculated directly from the measured transmittance of the foils after normalizing for the nickel mesh. The average {beta} values for each set of foils are presented as a function of wavelength. The real (dispersive) part of the refractive index, {delta} was then calculated from Kramers-Kronig analysis by combining these {beta} values with those from previous experimental data and the atomic tables.
Oviposition Site Selection by the Túngara Frog (Physalaemus pustulosus)

Abstract Oviposition behavior of Physalaemus pustulosus was studied using paired choice tests in small terraria. Given two possible nest construction sites (a dish with a conspecific nest in water and a dish with just water), pairs preferred to build nests in dishes that held only water. Avoidance of conspecific nests during oviposition may increase fitness by limiting potential intraspecific resource competition and by preventing tadpole growth inhibition. Se estudio el comportamiento reproductivo de Physalaemus pustulosus empleando pruebas de seleccion de doble opcion en pequenos terrarios. Dados dos sitios posibles de construccion de nidos (un recipiente con un nido coespecifico en agua y otro solo con agua) las parejas prefirieron oviponer en aquellos que contenian solo agua. Evitar los nidos coespecificos durante la oviposicion aumentaria la supervivencia, limitando la competencia intraespecifica potencial por los recursos e impediendo la inhibicion del crecimiento de los renacuajos.
Salmonella arizonae Sepsis in a Lynx

A 4.5-wk-old lynx (Felis lynx) was presented for necropsy with a history of poor growth, mild diarrhea, anemia, and lethargy. The liver was enlarged and had a 7 mm long fracture that resulted in severe intraabdominal hemorrhage and death. Microscopic lesions were indicative of severe ulcerative cystitis and septicemia. Pure cultures of Salmonella arizonae were isolated from the liver, kidney, and spleen. Based on differences in the chronicity of inflammation in the urinary bladder versus other organs, we speculate that chronic cystitis caused by S. arizonae lead to septicemic infection.
Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) in Children with Asthma

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the guideline-preferred preventative therapy for persistent asthma of all severity levels and for all ages, including children. While these drugs are unquestionably efficacious, concerns of adverse systemic effects limit patient compliance with treatment regimens and thus the attainable benefits. Suppression of bone growth, bone density, and HPA axis function, in addition to cataract formation and elevated intraocular pressure/glaucoma, have been associated with ICS use. This review will focus on recent developments in the safety and efficacy of ICS as compared to oral CS corticosteroids and the achievement of a balance between risk and benefit in optimizing ICS therapy.
VITAL NMR: using chemical shift derived secondary structure information for a limited set of amino acids to assess homology model accuracy

Homology modeling is a powerful tool for predicting protein structures, whose success depends on obtaining a reasonable alignment between a given structural template and the protein sequence being analyzed. In order to leverage greater predictive power for proteins with few structural templates, we have developed a method to rank homology models based upon their compliance to secondary structure derived from experimental solid-state NMR (SSNMR) data. Such data is obtainable in a rapid manner by simple SSNMR experiments (e.g., 13C–13C 2D correlation spectra). To test our homology model scoring procedure for various amino acid labeling schemes, we generated a library of 7,474 homology models for 22 protein targets culled from the TALOS+/SPARTA+ training set of protein structures. Using subsets of amino acids that are plausibly assigned by SSNMR, we discovered that pairs of the residues Val, Ile, Thr, Ala and Leu (VITAL) emulate an ideal dataset where all residues are site specifically assigned. Scoring the models with a predicted VITAL site-specific dataset and calculating secondary structure with the Chemical Shift Index resulted in a Pearson correlation coefficient (−0.75) commensurate to the control (−0.77), where secondary structure was scored site specifically for all amino acids (ALL 20) using STRIDE. This method promises to accelerate structure procurement by SSNMR for proteins with unknown folds through guiding the selection of remotely homologous protein templates and assessing model quality.
A study of residual stress effects on CMOS-MEMS microphone technology

In this study, a process modeling methodology applied in finite element (FE) analysis has been developed to investigate the evolution of residual stress during and after the COMS-MEMS process. The MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) capacitive microphone structure which contains a large membrane for sound sensing is selected to be studied, and it is fabricated using a standard foundry CMOS process. From the FE analysis, the thermal and intrinsic stresses are induced and continuously monitored during the process steps. It is found that the buckling of membrane happens after the post-CMOS micromachining, and it leads to the degradation of microphone performance. The membrane deflection becomes larger as higher compressive stress exists after thin film deposition, and the residual normal stress is the major reason of membrane buckling. Besides, the residual gradient stress effect becomes influential as the constraint of the diaphragm is released. To improve the effective sensing area of membrane, the designed slots near the circumference of membrane are applied. On the other hand, the curling-type deformation due to the residual gradient stress can be controlled by the patterned adding layer. The possible approaches to mitigate the residual stress effects are investigated, and thus the qualified CMOS-MEMS capacitive microphone design can be achieved.
Explicit Construction of Small Folkman Graphs

A Folkman graph is a $K_4$-free graph $G$ such that if the edges of $G$ are 2-colored, then there exists a monochromatic triangle. Erdos offered a prize for proving the existence of a Folkman graph with at most 1 million vertices. In this paper, we construct several "small" Folkman graphs within this limit. In particular, there exists a Folkman graph on 9697 vertices.
Molecular dynamics study of the structure and interparticle interactions of polyethylene glycol-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers.

We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of one or two copies of polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 550 (PEG550) and 5000 (PEG5000) daltons, conjugated to generation 3 (G3) to 5 (G5) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with explicit water using a coarse-grained model. We found the radii of gyration of these dendrimer−PEG molecules to be close to those measured in experiments by Hedden and Bauer (Hedden, R. C.; Bauer, B. J. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 1829.). Densely grafted PEG ligands (>50% of the dendrimer surface) extend like brushes, with layer thickness in agreement with theory for starlike polymers. Two dendrimer−PEG complexes in the box drift away from each other, indicating that no aggregation is induced by either short or long PEG chains, conflicting with a recent view that the cytotoxicity of some PEGylated particles might be due to particle aggregation for long PEG lengths.
Glyoxysomal membrane proteins are present in the endoplasmic reticulum of castor bean endosperm

Abstract The membrane proteins of glyoxysomes and ER from germinating castor bean endosperm were analyzed by a two-dimensional system: the proteins were first separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and subsequently by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several proteins were common to glyoxysomal and ER membranes, including those at 93, 88, 75, 72, 57, 46, and 32 kDa. Each of these common components was resistant to sodium carbonate extraction and eluted from the reversed phase column at the same acetonitrile concentration. Two proteins, 23 and 33 kDa, were unique to the ER while 30 and 24 kDa characterized the glyoxysomal membranes.