cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching supply chain and logistics management through commercial software

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and teaching of graduate courses providing in‐depth experiential learning employing commercial supply chain management software. The benefits of teaching such courses are described, the challenges in offering such courses are identified, and some solutions to overcome the challenges are offered.Design/methodology/approach – The experiences of the authors in developing and teaching supply chain management courses utilizing commercial software provided a basis for discussing the benefits and challenges associated with teaching students the management of modern supply chains using commercial decision‐support software.Findings – Incorporating commercial software in university programs presents a myriad of challenges and therefore is rarely done. However, providing students with in‐depth knowledge of commercial logistics and supply chain management software improves their understanding of supply chain issues and provides a key differentiator in...
Dip pen nanolithography functionalized electrical gaps for multiplexed DNA detection.

Nanoparticle-based, silver-enhanced DNA electrical detection shows great promise for point-of-care diagnostics. In this paper, we demonstrate that the dip pen nanolithography (DPN) method can be us...
Higher mobility scores in patients with cystic fibrosis are associated with better lung function.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mobility and physical activity were associated with lung function in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Design. This was a prospective cohort observational study in an urban, academic, specialized care center. Participants were ambulatory, nonhospitalized adults with CF. Main Outcome Measures. Mobility was assessed monthly by the Life-Space Assessment (LSA) questionnaire and quarterly by pedometer. Lung function was assessed by spirometry. Results. Twenty-seven subjects participated. Subjects recorded mean pedometer steps of 20,213 ± 11,331 over three days and FEV1% predicted of 77.48% ± 22.60% over one year. The LSA score at enrollment was correlated with initial pedometer steps (r = 0.42 and P = 0.03), and mean LSA score over one year was correlated with mean number of steps (r = 0.51 and P = 0.007). LSA mobility and pedometer scores were correlated with FEV1% predicted at enrollment and throughout the study. Conclusions. Mobility and physical activity measured by LSA questionnaire and pedometer are positively associated with lung function in adults with CF. This study confirms the importance of mobility and physical activity and supports the utility of a simple office-based questionnaire as a measure of mobility in adults with CF.
Radiation and isotopic techniques in the study and control of piroplasms of cattle: A review

Abstract Radiation and isotopic techniques have been used in a number of ways to study Babesia and Theileria parasites (piroplasms), and in attempts to vaccinate animals against diseases induced by these agents. Work involving the piroplasm infections of cattle is reviewed in this paper. Some success has been achieved by using radiation to modify tick or bovine stages of parasites, for use as potential vaccines. Radiation has also been used to induce immunosuppression in laboratory animals, in an effort to render them susceptible to bovine piroplasms, particularly Theileria. Isotope tracer techniques have been used for labelling parasites, and for studying metabolic pathways. Encouraging results, particularly with regard to vaccine development, indicate the importance of radiation techniques in the study and control of piroplasms of cattle.
Federal Aid to Local Governments in the West: An Irony of the Reagan Revolution

Despite the fact that the Reagan election was viewed as a power shift toward the West, the decade of the 1980s produced cruel disappointment. The region was generally left out of the economic recmery of the nation because of the bust in the agricultural and mineral industries. These state and local gmernments which sufferfrom high costs and low resources were particularly dependent on the national gmernment at the very time when the Reagan Administration was cutting federal aid and transferring power to the states. Unlike Nixon's New Federalism which helped the state and local governments of the West, Reagan's policies caused their relative position in federal aid flows to deteriorate. Although the Reagan revolution in cutting domestic programs was viewed as the embodiment of western rugged individualism, the region lost in terms of federal aid to small rural local governments.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors as promoters of prostate cancer growth and progression.

Prostate cancer (CaP) is estimated to be first in incidence among cancers, with more than 240,000 new cases in 2012 in the United States. Chemokines and their receptors provide survival, proliferation, and invasion characteristics to CaP cells in both primary sites of cancer and metastatic locations. The emerging data demonstrate that many chemokines and their receptors are involved in the multistep process of CaP, leading to metastasis, and, further, that these factors act cooperatively to enhance other mechanisms of tumor cell survival, growth, and metastasis. Changes of chemokine receptor cohorts may be necessary to activate tumor-promoting signals. Chemokine receptors can activate downstream effectors, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases, by complex mechanisms of ligand-dependent activation of cryptic growth factors; guanosine triphosphate–binding, protein-coupled activation of survival kinases; or transactivation of other receptors such as ErbB family members. We describe vanguard research in which more than the classic view of chemokine receptor biology was clarified. Control of chemokines and inhibition of their receptor activation may add critical tools to reduce tumor growth, especially in chemo-hormonal refractory CaP that is both currently incurable and the most aggressive form of the disease, accounting for most of the more than 28,000 annual deaths.
Amelioration of vincristine neurotoxicity by glutamic acid

Neurotoxicity is the principal limiting side effect of the widely used antitumor agent, vincristine. Following evaluation of glutamic acid as a potential modifier of vincristine toxicity in preclinical studies in mice and a preliminary clinical trial, a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted by the Piedmont Oncology Association. Of 87 patients entered into the study, 84 were evaluable, including 42 patients who were randomly assigned to receive vincristine 1.0 mg/m2 weekly for six doses and 42 patients who were assigned to receive glutamic acid 500 mg orally three times daily plus vincristine. The following neurotoxic signs and symptoms were evaluated before each dose of vincristine: reflex changes, paresthesias, constipation, strength, and mental changes. Loss of the Achilles tendon reflex, an objective parameter, was noted in 19 percent of patients receiving glutamic acid and 42 percent of control subjects (p = 0.03). Development of moderate to severe paresthesias, a subjective parameter, occurred in 19 percent of the glutamic acid group and 36 percent of the placebo group (p = 0.09). Overall moderate neurotoxicity (6 units or more), determined by adding the grade of each neurotoxic parameter for the weekly clinic visit in which maximum neurotoxicity occurred, was observed in 21 percent of patients receiving glutamic acid and 43 percent of those in the control group (p = 0.04). Hematologic and gastrointestinal side effects occurred with similar frequency in the two groups. The administration of glutamic acid has decreased vincristine-induced neurotoxicity without any attendant side effects.
A unified approach to dose-effect relationships in radiotherapy. II: Inhomogeneous dose distributions.

Abstract Conventional dose-effect relationships, such as those based upon the NSD or linear-quadratic concepts, do not account for dose inhomogeneities. Only a single “dose” value can be used in these equations and this can give rise to significant errors in the estimation of the “tolerance” dose in situations where dose distributions are inhomogeneous. This paper presents a method of “integrating” the biologically effective dose over the entire volume of each organ or tissue irradiated. Integral forms of the variable-exponent TDF and linear quadratic factor (LQF) models (ITDF and ILQF, respectively) can be used to determine whether or not any organ or tissue in an irradiated volume has exceeded tolerance, regardless of dose distribution non-uniformity. Several examples are given with comparisons to solutions obtained by conventional dose-effect models.
The Relationship between the Common Hermit-Crab (Eupagurus Bernhardus) and the Anemone (Sagartia Parasitica)

THE relationship between the common hermit-crab (Eupagurus bernhardus) and its messmate anemone Calliactis (Sagartia) parasitica has long been a subject of much conjecture, owing largely, the present writer thinks, to the unnatural figures of these animals in all the text-books and most popular books—derived probably from old and abnormal aquarium specimens. In most figures purporting to show the relationship of these animals, the anemone is shown with its tentacles beautifully expanded and the mouth region facing upwards away from the ground, and generally also one anemone as the central figure sitting on the top of the shell—containing the hermit-crab—with its column extending high above the shell and crab.
Radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations of the brain using a standard linear accelerator: Rationale and technique

Abstract We have recently initiated a program for irradiating small, unresectable arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) in the brain. The treatments are delivered using a modified and carefully calibrated 6 MV linac. We are using high, single doses (15 to 25 Gy) with a goal of sclerosing the vessels and preventing hemorrhages. This technique, radiosurgery, is somewhat controversial in the radiotherapy community. Since the treatment is given in a single sitting, rather than in the more conventional pattern of multiple small daily fractions, there is some concern about late radiation damage to the normal brain tissue. However an extensive review of the literature leads us to the conclusion that if a technique is used that keeps the volume irradiated to high dose small, radiosurgery is a safe and efficacious treatment for small (
Opioid peptides in pituitary gland, brain regions and peripheral tissues of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats

Abstract The concentrations of β-endorphin (β-END), dynorphin (DYN) and methionine-enkephalin (MEK) in pituitary, brain regions, heart, kidney and adrenal of 8 week old male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats were determined by radioimmunoassay and compared. The brain regions examined were hypothalamus, striatum, pons + medulla, midbrain and cortex. The concentration of β-END in pituitary of SHR rats was 49% higher than those of WKY rats. The concentration of β-END in the striatum of SHR rats was 71% lower as compared to WKY rats. The concentration of β-END in the heart, adrenals and kidney of SHR rats was significantly lower (92. 48 and 57%, respectively), than those of WKY rat tissues. The concentration of DYN in pituitary, striatum and heart were lower by 38, 55 and 46%, respectively, in SHR compared to WKY rats, but in hypothalamus it was greater (33%) than in WKY rats. The concentration of DYN in other brain areas and in kidney and adrenal did not differ. The tissues of SHR and WKY rats which showed significant difference in the concentration of MEK were pituitary, pons + medulla, cerebral cortex and adrenals. The concentration of MEK was greater in SHR rats with pons + medulla, cortex and adrenals showing 33, 40, 268% higher levels, respectively, over the WKY rat tissues. However, the concentration of MEK in pituitary of SHR rats was 40% lower than that of WKY rats. These studies suggest that the endogenous opioid peptides of both central and peripheral tissues may be important in the regulation of blood pressure in SHR rats.
Dabrafenib for the treatment of melanoma

Introduction: Approximately 50% of patients with cutaneous melanoma have an activating mutation in BRAF kinase, leading to constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and unregulated cell growth. Selective inhibitors of the mutated BRAF kinase produce response rates of approximately 50% with median progression-free survival of 6 – 7 months. BRAF-blocking therapies work rapidly, with responses seen within 2 weeks after therapy initiation, and they are associated with generally mild toxicities. The BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib recently was approved for use in patients with BRAF V600-mutated metastatic melanoma. Areas covered: This article discusses the mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes as well as clinical efficacy and safety of dabrafenib for treatment of patients with advanced melanoma including unresectable stage IIIc and stage IV patients who harbor a BRAF V600 mutation. Clinical trial data are reviewed, and efficacy of dabrafenib in patients wi...
Predictors of Reintervention After Repair of Interrupted Aortic Arch With Ventricular Septal Defect

Background Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after neonatal repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect may warrant reintervention. We sought to identify clinical and preoperative echocardiographic predictors of reintervention for postoperative left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Methods Retrospective data were collected on neonates with interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect who underwent single-stage repair from 1995 to 2009. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of reintervention. Results Seventy patients underwent repair, with 16 patients requiring reintervention: 8 underwent surgical reintervention, 5 underwent percutaneous reintervention, and 3 underwent both. The median time to reintervention was 1.2 years (range, 0.2 to 7.7). All surgical reoperations involved subaortic resection, and all percutaneous reinterventions included balloon aortic valve dilation. Several preoperative echocardiographic measurements were significant by univariate analysis; however, smaller preoperative aortic root size was an independent predictor ( p = 0.02) by multivariate analysis. Patients with an aortic root size less than 6.5 mm were at greater risk for reintervention compared with patients with a root size greater than 6.5 mm (reintervention rate 44% and 12%, respectively; p Conclusions Preoperative aortic root size predicts reintervention for postoperative left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after single-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect. Patients with elevated left ventricular outflow tract gradients at discharge are at higher risk of having progressive obstruction and require closer follow-up to ensure early identification and management.
An introduction and survey of estimation of distribution algorithms

Abstract Estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) are stochastic optimization techniques that explore the space of potential solutions by building and sampling explicit probabilistic models of promising candidate solutions. This explicit use of probabilistic models in optimization offers some significant advantages over other types of metaheuristics. This paper discusses these advantages and outlines many of the different types of EDAs. In addition, some of the most powerful efficiency enhancement techniques applied to EDAs are discussed and some of the key theoretical results relevant to EDAs are outlined.
The size and heterogeneity of the Messenger RNA associated with 70 S monosomes from down-shifted Escherichia coli

Abstract After an energy source shift-down, Escherichia coli accumulates 70 S ribosome mRNA complexes (“70 S monosomes”). The monosome mRNA strands are predominantly primary transcription products with purine nucleoside 5′-triphosphate and 5′-diphosphate termini present at a 1:2 ratio. The number-average chain length is 564 ± 30 nucleotides, indicating that the population represents primarily monocistronic mRNAs. Digestions with endonucleases and exonucleases indicate that the ribosomes lie near the 5′ ends of the mRNA strands and that the majority of the mRNA strands contain 5′-proximal “leader” sequences (average 10 nucleotides) outside the protective boundary of the ribosome. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the increased functional stability of mRNA in down-shifted cells may result from protection by bound ribosomes of endonuclease-susceptible site(s) near the 5′ ends of the mRNA strands.
Self-regulated learning of a motoric skill: The role of goal setting and self-monitoring

Abstract The effects of goal setting and self-monitoring during self-regulated practice on the acquisition of a novel motoric skill were studied with 50 high school girls. It was hypothesized that process goals would improve not only the development of dart throwing skill more than product goals but also self-efficacy perceptions, self-reactions and intrinsic interest. It was also expected that self-recording, a formal form of self-monitoring, would similarly enhance dart throwing skill, self-efficacy and self-reactive beliefs. Support for both hypotheses was found. Path analyses revealed that goal setting had a larger impact than self-recording on dart throwing skill, however, self-recording influenced self-efficacy beliefs and positive self-reactions as well as skill acquisition. The girls' self-reactions to dart throwing outcomes were highly correlated with their intrinsic interest in the task. The results an discussed in terms of a social cognitive view of self-regulatory processes in the acquisition ...
Relationships between chamber margin accumulates and pore liquids: evidence from arrested in situ processes in ejecta, Latera caldera, Italy

Biotite- and clinopyroxene-rich mafic nodules occur together with syenite ejecta in ca. 235 to 155 Ka tuffs surrounding the Latera caldera. Clinopyroxenites and leucite monzosyenites crystallized along the lower margins of a crustal magma system, and record complex crystallization histories of potassic magmas that were parental to a range of lava and tuff compositions. The mafic nodules have the mineral assemblage clinopyroxene >biotite>anorthite>orthoclase>leucite>hauyne >titanite>apatite±amphibole±olivine±phlogopite, and comprise mesocumulate and orthocumulate layers that commonly alternate on the scale of several centimeters. Despite the apparently “ultramafic” nature of the early cumulate assemblage, the common occurrence of intercumulate orthoclase, leucite, hauyne, salitic clinopyroxene and vesicular glass indicates that interstitial liquids underwent late-stage differentiation at relatively shallow depths but under highly variable conditions of volatile saturation. Many of the mafic nodules exhibit pronounced variations in the type and abundance of mineral reaction textures. These range from unreacted assemblages to nodules in which cumulate megacrysts are surrounded by well-developed symplectite halos. The textural variability indicates strongly localized disequilibrium between cumulate frameworks and vapor-saturated pore fluids, and is attributed to convective fractionation of liquids through permeable crystal mush. Lithologic discontinuities exhibited by the xenolith suite and host magmas are best explained by variable communication between a compositionally stratified magma reservoir and its partly crystallized lower chamber margins. Periodic replenishment of this system by less evolved magmas subsequently promoted mixing and hybridization that are characteristic features of many Latera lavas and tephra.
Stabilizing phase-clocks

Abstract This note considers the problem of synchronizing a network of digital clocks: the clocks all run at the same rate, however, an initial state of the network may place the clocks in arbitrary phases. The problem is to devise a protocol to advance or retard clocks so that eventually all clocks are in phase. The solutions presented in this note are protocols in which all processes are identical and use a constant amount of space per process. One solution is a deterministic protocol for a tree network; another solution is a probabilistic protocol for a network of arbitrary topology.
Juan Vicente Gómez and the oil companies in Venezuela, 1908-1935

After looking briefly at the reasons for the oil fraternity's choice of Venezuela, the book examines the relationship between Gomez's government and the oil companies during this period. It deals with the government's initial encouragement, legislation, and unsuccessful attempts to increase production from the small number of companies operating before 1919. The important local links between the oil companies and vested interests, including Gomez's family and entourage, are examined to determine the level of interaction between the two groups. The socio-economic effects of the companies are looked at in detail to ascertain their impact, both regionally and nationally, on agriculture, trade, currency fluctuations, industry and politics. Finally, the government's reaction to this and the degree of control exercised over the exploitation of its natural resources are examined.
Invariant FJTC-based multitarget tracking in FLIR video sequences

A near real-time invariant multi-target tracking algorithm based on the fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (FJTC) technique is proposed for forward looking infra-red (FLIR) image sequences. The proposed FJTC based tracking approach uses a modified synthetic discriminant function (SDF) concept together with an efficient camera motion compensation technique to accommodate the problem of target signature variation due to 3D distortions and noise. The proposed technique can track small objects comprising of only a few pixels and is capable of compensating the high ego-motion of the sensor. The robustness of the proposed technique is demonstrated with computer simulation performed on sequences of real life FLIR imagery taken from an airborne moving platform.
We Need To Know More About Infrared Emissivity

Emissivity values were measured at 0°C for four modern building materials in the 2.5-5.6 μm region of the infrared spectrum. The materials consisted of various visible colors and textures of roofing shingles, fluoropolymer coated steel roofing, aluminum siding, and solid vinyl siding. The results varied significantly over the range of colors selected. Values for thin coatings on metal substrates were lower than expected for the coatings alone. The effects of temperature, texture and wavelength were not clear. Emissivity values for common building materials were compiled from the literature and are included for comparison.
Subproblem analysis of discrimination learning: Stimulus choice and response latency

Pigeons received extradimensional shifts in a simultaneous two-dimensional (form and position), two-pair discrimination. Analysis of stimulus choice on the individual pairs (subproblems) during shift indicated that independent learning of the subproblems was the rule among subjects shifted from form to position while subjects shifted from position to form showed individual differences in degree of subproblem independence. Response latencies mirrored the degree of independence manifested in stimulus choice behavior. The data are discussed in relation to both single-stage (Spencean) and two-stage (attentional) models.
Religious leaders gain ground in the Jordanian family-planning movement.

Abstract Objective To assess the effect of a training program designed to enhance the role of Muslim religious leaders (RLs) in promoting family welfare, including reproductive health generally and family planning more specifically. Methods A panel study design was utilized; 136 and 115 RLs completed the self-administered questionnaires at baseline (pre-training) and endline (6 months post-training), respectively. Scales were generated to assess RLs’ knowledge of the number of family-planning methods deemed to be acceptable according to Islamic teachings (9 methods, Cronbach α = 0.85), attitudes toward family planning (7 statements, Cronbach α = 0.67), and preaching and/or counseling on family-planning topics (7 topics, Cronbach α = 0.85). Results Linear regressions controlling for sex, age, and educational attainment showed that, on average, RLs cited more methods deemed acceptable according to Islamic teachings (β = 1.381; P P P Conclusion Culturally appropriate training for RLs can lead to a deeper understanding of, and appreciation for, reproductive health and family planning, with the effects manifesting as increased preaching and/or counseling about these important topics.
Lethality of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Staphylococci in Embryonated Eggs.

SummaryTen-day-old chick embryos are extremely susceptible to infection with pathogenic coagulase positive staphylococci and the LD50 of the strains studied was less than 10 bacteria. More than 104 coagulase negative staphylococci were necessary to produce a 50% fatality rate in 10-day-old chick embryos.The author gratefully acknowledges the advice of Drs. George Gee Jackson and Mark H. Lepper and the technical assistance of La Verne Anderson.
Scaffold mediated regulation of MAPK signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics: A perspective

Cell migration is critical for many physiological processes and is often misregulated in developmental disorders and pathological conditions including cancer and neurodegeneration. MAPK signaling and the Rho family of proteins are known regulators of cell migration that exert their influence on cellular cytoskeleton during cell adhesion and migration. Here we review data supporting the view that localized ERK signaling mediated through recently identified scaffold proteins may regulate cell migration.
PERSONALITY FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL HIGH‐RISK STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to identify those factors related to academic success in high‐risk students so that college educators could more precisely develop remedial programs to heighten the probability of academic success for high‐risk populations. Demographic, academic, and personality variables were analyzed for groups of successful and unsuccessful high‐risk students in order to determine which were significant predictors of academic success. An analysis of the data revealed that a greater proportion of the students in the successful group were married and female. The successful group's reading score at the time of admission was significantly higher than the unsuccessful group's. The majority of the successful group had enrolled in college to acquire job related skills; the unsuccessful group had enrolled to receive transfer credits toward a baccalaureate degree. The personality analysis indicated that the successful group scored significantly higher on self‐esteem, assertiveness, and internal loc...
Recursive interfaces for reactive objects

LiveWorld is a graphical environment designed to support research into programming with active objects. It offers novice users a world of manipulable objects, with graphical objects and elements of the programs that make them move integrated into a single framework. LiveWorld is designed to support a style of programming based on rule-like agents that allow objects to be responsive to their environment. In order to make this style of programming accessible to novices, computational objects such as behavioral rules need to be just as concrete and accessible as the graphic objects. LiveWorld fills this need by using a novel object system, Framer, in which the usual structures of an objectoriented system (classes, objects, and slots) are replaced with a single one, the frame, that has a simple and intuitive graphic representation. This unification enables the construction of an interface that achieves elegance, simplicity and power. Allowing graphic objects and internal computational objects to be manipulated through an integrated interface can provide a conceptual scaffolding for novices to enter into programming.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Macrocyclic Systems by a Cyclorelease Strategy: Application of the Stille Coupling to a Synthesis of (S)‐Zearalenone

No heteroatom required! In many solid-phase syntheses, after the release from the polymer support a heteroatom (e.g. O, S, N) remains in the substrate as a residue of a linking protecting group. With polymer-bound tin reagents cleavage and cyclization of the substrate with C–C bond formation (see picture) can now be achieved by intramolecular Stille coupling. S=substrate.
COORDINATE INDEXING FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN AN ORAL PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT.

Abstract The rapid growth of scientific information has stimulated new methods of handling both published and unpublished materials. One of these methods, coordinate indexing, can be used in an oral pathology department to handle case reports, reprints, transparencies, or tissue sections. Vocabulary control, input, and search are described for an optical coincidence coordinate indexing system. A table summarizes the characteristics of cards of several manufacturers. Coordinate indexing is useful to the researcher or report writer and can be the first step toward the eventual automated handling of pathology information.
Methods to access the surgically excluded cavotricuspid isthmus for complete ablation of typical atrial flutter in patients with congenital heart defects.

Background Cavotricuspid isthmus (CVTI)-dependent flutter in postoperative congenital heart disease patients is common and difficult to treat. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate techniques for accessing excluded portions of the CVTI after Fontan or atrial switch procedures and completely ablating flutter. Methods Patients who had undergone Fontan or atrial switch procedures and had CVTI-dependent flutter requiring ablation between 1990 and 2007 were identified. Flutters induced, methods for accessing the CVTI, use of intracardiac echocardiography, complications, and success rates were noted. Results Sixteen patients (44% males, mean age at ablation 28 years) were identified: 14 prior Fontan and 2 Mustard repair, with a total of 19 ablation procedures. In 13 (81%) of 16 patients, access to the entire CVTI could not be achieved via a systemic venous route. The excluded CVTI was accessed by retrograde transaortic approach in 6 and by anterograde transconduit puncture in 1 patient, with termination and lack of reinducibility of CVTI-dependent flutter achieved in all cases. One patient developed high-grade AV block requiring pacemaker therapy. Follow-up data (range 1–89 months, mean 29 months) were available for 18 of 19 procedures. CVTI atrial flutter recurred in 1 of 7 patients involving access to the pulmonary venous side. Conclusion Even when surgical procedures exclude a portion of the CVTI, complete ablation of "typical" atrial flutter, including documentation of bidirectional block, can be achieved by novel approaches targeting the surgically excluded arrhythmogenic atrial tissue.
Resistivity of Antimony-Tin Single Crystals at Low Temperatures

The electrical resistivity of single crystals of pure antimony and alloys of antimony containing small amounts of tin has been determined in the temperature range from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In all cases the crystals were orientated such that [111] was perpendicular to the electric field, and various amounts of tin up to about three atomic percent were employed. All the alloys showed normal metallic properties, i.e., the resistivity decreased as the temperature was lowered. However, the average temperature coefficient of resistance between 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 77.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K decreases sharply with increasing tin content and assumes a small constant value at three atomic percent tin. While the addition of tin at room temperature changes the resistivity only slightly, the effect at liquid helium temperature is very large. This "residual" resistivity is approximately a parabolic function of the tin concentration. Qualitative comparison of these results with the Bloch theory of metals is made.
The effects of peripheral flicker on foveal spectral sensitivity

A flickering surround reduced sensitivity to large, briefly flashed monochromatic stimuli superimposed on a steady white background, compared to sensitivity measured when the surround was steady. The flickering surround had no effect on stimuli that were large and of long duration or small in size. Increasing the diameter of the background reduced the magnitude of the effect, but did not eliminate it.
Inductive and injective proofs of log concavity results

Abstract Given a triangular array of non-negative integers we give a necessary condition to insure that every row of the array is log concave. This result is then used to inductively construct injections showing the log concavity of the binomial coefficients and Stirling numbersof both kinds. Finally these proofs are related to the graphical interpretation of these numbers given by Wilf.
Libraries with Glass Walls

Fantasies of "virtual libraries," where users transparently access needed information regardless of location, depend on no-cost, unrestricted access to electronic information. In the real world, ownership and access are interwoven, library materials are usually in print form, and libraries are not usually high funding priorities for their parent institutions. If electronic information is obtained from commercial sources, libraries may need to restrict remote access to it. Ironically, print information in remote libraries may be more accessible than electronic information.
Cancer in Rural Versus Urban Populations: A Review

Rural-urban comparisons have identified higher age-, race-, and sex-adjusted cancer incidence and mortality rates in urban populations for most anatomic sites, suggesting that rural populations are at lower risk from cancer. Conversely, findings that rural cancer patients are diagnosed at later stages of disease, that higher proportions of rural cancer cases are unstaged at diagnosis, and that rural cancer patients are at a more advanced stage of illness when referred to home health care agencies, suggest that rural cancer patients are disadvantaged when compared to their urban counterparts. This paper summarizes rural-urban patterns of cancer mortality, incidence, and survivorship since 1950; outlines rural-urban differences in utilization of health care services; questions the appropriateness of using rural-urban comparisons of cancer mortality and incidence to evaluate access to cancer care; and suggests potential approaches to the question of whether rural residents have access to cancer care comparable to that available to urban residents.
Laboratory evidence for behavioural impairment of fish escaping trawls: a review

It is now widely accepted that for some species a proportion of the undersized fish escaping trawl codends die as a direct result of stress, with 10% to 30% mortality commonly cited. It has also been suggested that there may be indirect or behaviourally mediated mortality; fish that encounter and escape the trawl, only to experience stress-induced behavioural deficits and succumb to predators in the hours or days afterwards. The goal of this review was to evaluate the plausibility of this behaviourally mediated, yet unobserved mortality. Three laboratory studies utilizing cod (Gadus morhua), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) have assayed for behavioural impairment in fish following application of stressors designed to simulate entrainment and escape from trawls. Where impairments in anti-predator capabilities occurred, it was determined that trawlstressed fish exhibited reduced swimming speed, reduced shoal cohesion, and reduced predator vigilance compared to control fish. Although stressed fish appeared to rapidly recover their ability to avoid being eaten by predators, measurements of more subtle aspects of escapee behaviour suggest that impairments may persist for days after stressor application. Although these studies demonstrate that more investigation is required, when combined with a more extensive literature demonstrating that a variety of stressors can impair fish anti-predator behaviour, it is reasonable to conclude that many fish species escaping trawl codends will likely suffer behavioural deficits that subject them to elevated predation risk. As such, there is probably mortality associated with trawl fisheries that is generally unrecognized, unmeasured, and unaccounted for in current stock assessment models. Further, these studies demonstrate that behavioural competency needs to be considered in the design and implementation of by-catch reduction devises and strategies. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
MMS, BLM assessed

After reviewing the Department of the Interior's organizational structure for federal energy and minerals resource management, the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) concluded that the ‘accountability and management of minerals programs are weakened by the current split of responsibilities between the Bureau of Land Management [BLM] and Minerals Management Service [MMS].’ Moreover, ‘to facilitate efficient, comprehensive management of these resources and to clarify lines of authority and accountability,’ GAO recommends that ‘to the extent permitted by law’ Secretary of the Interior James Watt should ‘consolidate the department's onshore minerals management responsibilities in the Minerals Management Service.’ Mineral management programs within BLM are fragmented, GAO says, which makes for difficult routine monitoring of program costs and results. ‘As major sources of federal receipts and domestic supplies of fuel and nonfuel minerals, these resource management programs require, but are lacking, clear lines of repsonsibility and organization for efficient operations and program review.’ However, MMS ‘has the potential to provide comprehensive management of these resources,’ GAO concludes.
Goal-Structured Models

In Chapter 2 we reviewed the nature of practice and how the chunking theory of learning has been shown to be an adequate model for the power-law learning curves produced during practice. In Chapter 3 we showed how stimulus-response compatibility tasks could be modeled by algorithms written in a simple procedural language called Artless. In this chapter, these two (until now unrelated) efforts are integrated into a single model, based on the concept of goal hierarchies. This model, when combined with the production-system architecture designed to execute it (Chapter 5), has the following properties (in the following, task independence means that models make no task-specific assumptions; the behavior the models describe of course depends on the particular task being performed): The model contains a task-independent performance model for reaction-time tasks, at least for the Seibel and compatibility tasks. It contains a task-independent model of learning by chunking, at least for the Seibel and compatibility tasks. It reproduces the results of the algorithmic theory of compatibility, yielding results at least as good as those from the algorithmic formulation. It generates power-law practice curves for the Seibel task. For the compatibility tasks, where the human practice curves tend to be ambiguously power law or exponential, it produces a mixture of power-law and exponential practice curves.
Muscle tissue engineering for partial glossectomy defects.

BackgroundTongue reconstruction represents a difficult reconstructive problem, based on the tongue's complex multimodality function. Existing methods of tongue reconstruction often result in signif...
A phase I study of combined UFT plus leucovorin and radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer.

Abstract Purpose: This Phase I study combines tegafur and uracil (UFT) with leucovorin and conventional radiation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. The design seeks to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) of this regimen as well as to define a future Phase II dose level. Methods: Patients with locally advanced and unresectable pancreatic cancer were treated with 45 Gy of radiation therapy. The initial UFT dose was 150 mg/m 2 /day given with leucovorin 90 mg/day, both divided into 3 daily doses for 35 days concurrent with radiation. UFT doses were escalated at increments of 50 mg/m 2 /day. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as Grade 3 or greater nausea, vomiting or diarrhea despite medical intervention; or Grade 3 or greater neutropenia/thrombocytopenia; or Grade 3 or greater hepatic toxicity; or inability of the patient to take 75% or more of the planned UFT/leucovorin; or radiotherapy interruption of greater than 1 week. The MTD for UFT/leucovorin was exceeded by one dose level when a certain dose caused DLT in 2 or more patients of 6. Results: Five evaluable patients had Stage I resectable disease but had pathologic adenopathy. Seven had Stage II unresectable disease. Compliance with therapy was excellent. At a daily dose of 300 mg/m 2 of UFT, we noticed minimal diarrhea and hematologic toxicity with mild–moderate nausea, anorexia, and fatigue. Three patients had Grade 4 toxicity: 1 had neutropenia on Day 38, 1 had diarrhea on Day 55, and 1 had vomiting on Day 15. Conclusion: Oral UFT/leucovorin and radiation therapy offers patients a viable treatment option for pancreatic cancer. The major known toxicity of diarrhea was tolerable. The MTD was not reached in this study. Our current plan is to expand this into a Phase I/II trial beginning at a UFT dose of 300 mg/m 2 and correlate this with clinical pharmacologic parameters. The potential benefit of long bioavailability and oral delivery of UFT compares favorably with continuous infusion regimens without the added morbidity of a catheter and pump.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AMINO ACIDS

We have followed the amino acids from their entrance into the alimentary tract in the form of food proteins through the successive steps of digestion, absorption into the blood stream and passage from the blood stream into the tissues, where they are concentrated by some unknown mechanism to many times their concentration in the blood plasma. We have seen something of the way in which certain of the amino acids can be transformed into one another in the body or synthesized from ammonia and keto acids. However, we have had to admit that our bodies can form in such ways only about half of the different amino acids that are required, and that the other half must be made for us by plants, bacteria or other organisms which have greater synthetic powers than we. And finally we have seen something of the manifold fates of the amino acids after they have entered our tissues; how they may be destroyed and their nitrogenous parts turned into urea in the liver before it is possible to put them to their more specialized uses, how their carbon fractions can be used to form glucose, how they may sacrifice themselves to protect us from toxic products, how they can serve as source material for certain vitamins, hormones and other compounds with physiological functions still to be identified, and how finally those amino acids which are not deflected to these various fates may enter into the proteins of the tissues and become for a time parts of our living structures.
Systems theory and its discontents: Clinical and ethical issues

Abstract Historically, general systems theory has been one of the conceptual foundations for family therapy. However, there are indications that systems theory, originally developed for nonhuman systems, may have significant limitations in accounting for family dysfunction and for guiding intervention. Clinically, systems concepts have been applied in a “one-size-fits-all” manner to families, with little attention to which intervention approaches are optimal for specific families. Ethically, systems therapy presents significant dilemmas in a society that reveres individual rights and well-being. These challenges to the family therapy field are discussed within the context of William Perry's model of intellectual and ethical development.
New Methods to Evaluate Craniofacial Deformity and to Plan Surgical Correction.

The success of craniomaxillofacial surgery depends not only on surgical techniques but also upon an accurate surgical planning. Unfortunately, traditional planning methods are often inadequate for planning complex craniomaxillofacial deformities. To this end, we developed a 3D computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) technique. By using our CASS method, we are able to treat patients with significant asymmetries in a single operation that in the past was usually completed in 2 stages. The purpose of this article is to introduce our CASS method in evaluating craniofacial deformities and planning surgical correction. In addition, we discuss the problems associated with the traditional surgical planning methods. Finally, we discuss the strength and pitfalls of using 3D measurements to evaluate craniofacial deformity.
High-definition vector imaging for synthetic aperture radar

High-definition vector imaging (HDVI) is a data-adaptive approach to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image reconstruction based on superresolution techniques originally developed for passive sensor arrays. The goal is to produce more informative, higher resolution imagery for improving target recognition with UHF and millimeter-wave SAR. Algorithms presented here include 2-D minimum-variance techniques based on the MLM (Capon) algorithm and a 2-D version of the MUSIC algorithm. A comparison of techniques via simulation is provided. Results are presented for wideband rail SAR measurements of reflectors in foliage, demonstrating resolution improvement and clutter rejection. Also, results of processing data from an airborne millimeter-wave SAR demonstrate improved resolution and speckle reduction. The "Vector" aspect, i.e., the incorporation of non-pointlike scattering models to enable characterization of scattering mechanisms, is briefly discussed.
Cluster nucleation: Watching nanoclusters nucleate.

A transmission electron microscope capable of identifying individual atoms or defects in a crystal lattice has much to offer materials scientists. It has now been used to study the early stages of nanocluster nucleation and growth in semiconductors.
Variational Bayesian Learning of Probabilistic Discriminative Models With Latent Softmax Variables

This paper presents new variational Bayes (VB) approximations for learning probabilistic discriminative models with latent softmax variables, such as subclass-based multimodal softmax and mixture of experts models. The VB approximations derived here lead to closed-form approximate parameter posteriors and suitable metrics for model selection. Unlike other Bayesian methods for this challenging class of models, the proposed VB methods require neither restrictive structural assumptions nor sampling approximations to cope with the problematic softmax function. As such, the proposed VB methods are also easily extendable to more complex softmax-based hierarchical discriminative models and regression models (for continuous outputs). The proposed VB methods are evaluated on benchmark classification data and a decision modeling application, demonstrating good results.