cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Literacy: Mirror of Society:

Functional illiteracy among students and graduates today is a grave concern of parents, educators, employers, and others. Literacy is a function of society, and among the most powerful of its social determinants are family and home, peer groups, the school, and the mass media. The social ferment in America during the past few decades, the recent predilection for oral communication, and the propagation of mass language have all had an impact on verbal proficiency. So have the reduced exposure to good books, the fewer opportunities of the young to hear and participate in conversations with adults, and the general laxity in social behavior, in moral values, and in linguistic and academic standards. So long as literacy is de-emphasized, devalued, and uncompensated, young people will have little incentive to learn to master the arts of speaking, reasoning, reading, and writing. Any improvement in the state of literacy will therefore await its restoration to a position of respect and reward. The fate of our nat...
Cocaine-Associated Rapid Gingival Recession and Dental Erosion. A Case Report

This case report chronicles the clinical presentation and unusual response to treatment of a patient with rapid gingival recession and dental erosion secondary to local cocaine application. The initial clinical diagnosis was necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis; only after several years of therapy did the patient voluntarily inform one of the therapists that cocaine had been regularly applied to the affected gingival sites. This case illustrates the importance of including cocaine application to gingival tissues in a differential diagnosis in cases of rapid gingival recession and dental erosion of unknown etiology. J Periodontol 1997;68:485–488.
Remote Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Using a Fiber-Optic Cable:

The elemental composition of solids can be determined rapidly and simply with the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). This method, described in detail elsewhere, uses powerful laser pulses to form a microplasma or spark on a sample. A small amount of material is vaporized, and emitting species in the plasma are identified by spectrally and temporally resolving the spark light. Although LIBS measurements can be performed remotely on solids at distances up to 24 m from the laser and detection system with a long-focal-length lens, this method has some disadvantages including safety (the possibility of ocular damage by the high-energy laser pulses), need for a clear line of sight to the analysis area, scattering of incident pulse energy by dusts or fogs, and problems associated with precise focusing of laser beams at long distances. In particular, the plasma will preferentially form on dust particles in front of the sample because of the long Rayleigh length of the focused beam.
Modulation of SCE induction and cell proliferation by 2-mercaptoethanol in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated rat lymphocytes.

2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is used as a medium supplement to enhance the proliferation of lymphocytes culturedin vitro. In this study, we have examined the effects of 2-ME on cell growth and on SCE induction in cultures of unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated Fischer 344 rat lymphocytes. There were virtually no metaphases detected in cells cultured without PHA. In PHA-stimulated cultures, 2-ME decreased SCE-frequency but it enhanced SCE frequency in the presence of S to 12.5 µM bromodeoxyuridine (BRd U). Both mitotic and replication indices were increased in the PHA/2-ME system. The levels of incorporated exogenous thymidine, in the presence of 2-ME, were relatively low in unstimulated cells, suggesting that 2-ME is not mitogenic for T-cells. However, 2-ME enhanced PHA-induced response of T-cells as evidenced by increased levels of thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. The growth promoting effects and the decrease in SCE frequency caused by 2-ME upon PHA stimulation indicate that 2-ME may alter the nature of interaction between PHA and cellular activating properties or the replicative processes.
morphogen: Translation into Morphologically Rich Languages with Synthetic Phrases

We presentmorphogen, a tool for improving translation into morphologically rich languages with synthetic phrases. We approach the problem of translating into morphologically rich languages in two phases. First, an inflection model is learned to predict target word inflections from source side context. Then this model is used to create additional sentence specific translation phrases. These “synthetic phrases” augment the standard translation grammars and decoding proceeds normally with a standard translation model. We present an open source Python implementation of our method, as well as a method of obtaining an unsupervised morphological analysis of the target language when no supervised analyzer is available.
Leachate Recirculation Using Permeable Blankets in Engineered Landfills

Subsurface leachate recirculation or liquid injection methods for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are horizontal trenches, vertical wells, and permeable blankets. In this study, results of field-scale testing and numerical modeling of a recently developed subsurface leachate recirculation system called permeable blankets have been presented. In the field, at a MSW landfill located in Michigan, the travel of injected leachate in a 60-m-wide by 9-m-long by 0.15-m-deep blanket made up of crushed recycled glass was measured using an automated sensing system consisting of sensors embedded in the blanket. Leachate injection rates used in the field and simulated in this study ranged from 1.1 to 3.6 m3 ∕h per meter length of the injection pipe embedded in the permeable blanket. HYDRUS-2D was used to simulate the travel and pressure head of injected leachate in permeable blankets. The influence of the following parameters on the hydraulic performance of permeable blankets was evaluated: (1) hydraulic propert...
The currency of mythology.

*Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Dept. of Child Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Medical School; and Adjunct Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Cornell Medical Center. Versions of this paper were originally given at the William Alanson White Institute on January 19, 2000 and at the American Academy of Psychoanalysis conference in Chicago on May 14, 2000. I would like to express my gratitude to John Kirsch for sharing his knowledge of classics and to Heidi Lefer for help in preparation of this paper.
Extended periodic imperfect preventive maintenance model of a system subjected to shocks

This article deals with a periodic imperfect preventive maintenance (PM) model of a system subjected to random shocks. A system is subject to shocks that arrive according to a non-homogeneous Poisson process. As shocks occur, the system experiences one of the two types of failures: type-I failure (minor) and type-II failure (catastrophic). Type-I failures are rectified by minimal repair. The system is maintained following the occurrence of a type-II failure or at age T, whichever takes place first. At the N-th PM, the system is replaced. An approach that generalises the existing works on the periodic imperfect PM policy is proposed. The imperfect PM model adopted is hybrid in the sense that it not only reduces the effective age of the system but also alters the system hazard rate. Taking random minimal repair costs into consideration, the objective consists of finding the optimal PM and replacement schedules that minimise the expected cost per unit time over an infinite time-horizon.
Estimation of flow and transport parameters for woodchip-based bioreactors: II. field-scale bioreactor

To reduce nitrate-N from tile drains, subsurface bioreactors using woodchips as a carbon source for denitrification have been installed for the past two decades. The objectives of this study were to estimate effective porosity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivity, and first- or zero-order decay coefficients for a field-scale bioreactor with woodchips as the carbon source. In a field-scale bioreactor (6.1 m by 6.1 m) installed at Decatur, IL nitrate-N concentrations were monitored in 16 monitoring wells installed at 1.5 m intervals and 0.75 m from each corner. An interpolation method was used for transient, two-dimensional groundwater flow, and the Random Walk Method which does not introduce numerical dispersion errors was used for two-dimensional nitrate-N transport. Nonlinear techniques for fitting the numerical solution to the observed breakthrough curves were used to estimate the transport parameters for the field-scale bioreactor. The longitudinal and transverse dispersivity, the first-order decay coefficient, and the effective porosity were estimated as 10.2 cm, 1.13 cm, 0.01 h−1, and 0.79, respectively. Under a pulse of nitrate-N, high reduction rate of nitrate-N in mass (approximately 47% for 269.9 g nitrate-N of the input mass) was observed at the outlet of the field-scale bioreactor at 4.4 h of hydraulic retention time. This result suggests that field-scale bioreactors using woodchips as a carbon source may be used to provide significant nutrient reduction from tile-drained fields.
Examining concentration-dependent toxicity of clozapine: role of therapeutic drug monitoring.

Highly variable plasma concentrations are found in patients receiving the same dose of clozapine. Therefore, rational dose adjustment of clozapine that is guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can improve efficacy while reducing risk of toxicity. As a background to the discussion of the use of
The coming revolution in planetology

Current ideas about the moon appear to be mistaken on two fundamental points. First, at least within certain large classes of lunar craters, internal origin (i.e., some form of volcanism) predominates over impact; this result raises questions about the reality of the 'era of violent bombardment'. Second, the origin of tektites by meteoritic impact on the earth cannot be reconciled with physical principles and is to be abandoned. The only viable alternative is origin by lunar volcanism, which implies the following: continuance of (rare) explosive lunar volcanism to the present time; existence of silicic lunar volcanism and of small patches of silicic rock at the lunar surface; a body of rock in the lunar interior, probably at great depth, which is closely similar to the earth's mantle and which contains billions of tons of volatiles, probably including hydrogen; and origin of the moon from the earth after the formation of the earth's core.
Fuzzy sets and systems in building closed-loop affective computing systems for human-computer interaction: Advances and new research directions

Affective computing is computing that relates to, arises from, or deliberately influences emotions. It has lots of applications in the next generation of human-computer interfaces. We have proposed a closed-loop affective computing system, which includes affect recognition, affect modeling, and affect control. Because emotions include both intra-personal uncertainty, which is the uncertainty a person has about an emotion, and inter-personal uncertainty, which results from the fact that different people have different perceptions and expressions of the same emotion, it is promising to use fuzzy sets and systems, especially type-2 fuzzy sets and systems, to handle these uncertainties in an affective computing system. This paper introduces four applications of affective computing, reviews some recent advances on the application of fuzzy sets and systems to affect recognition, modeling, and control, and points out some new research directions. It will be very useful to both the fuzzy logic research community and the affective computing research community, especially to researchers working at the intersection of these two areas.
Depolarization of scattered light in solutions of linear and branched polysaccharides

The effect of branching on the depolarization of light scattered from polymer solutions has been investigated employing various branched and unbranched polysaccharides. Two dextran fractions of M w 71,000 and 131 × 10 6 were studied in a strong solvent (aqueous KOH) and an indifferent solvent (water). The other polymers, studied in aqueous KOH only, included unfractionated corn amylopectin, the β-amylase limit dextrin of corn amylopectin, unfractionated corn amylose, and three subfractions of potato amylose (M w = 2.4 × 10 6 , 1.14 × 10 6 , and 0.27 × 10 6 ). Each polymer system was studied at several concentrations and all components of the scattered light, namely H u , V u , H u , V u , H u and V u , were measured in each case. In general the results are in agreement with predictions of Krishnan and of Doty. However, certain important deviations from predicted behavior are noted and discussed.
Recent trends in concentration, mobility, and turnover among the top U.S. companies

This study has provided an update for Stonebraker's [1979] study of concentration, mobility, and turnover among the largest firms in the U.S. It seems that his conclusion that "every statistical measure of turnover or mobility examined has been stable since late 1920's," still holds. The lack of any trend or systematic patterns suggest that even though the largest companies seem to have become relatively larger, they have not been able to solidify or improve their relative position compared to their competitors over time.
In situ high temperature TEM analysis of sintering in nanostructured tungsten and tungsten–molybdenum alloy photonic crystals

Tungsten and tungsten–molybdenum alloys (95 : 5 w/w) with a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure were prepared by infiltration of poly(methyl methacrylate) colloidal crystals with acetylated peroxotungstic acid and acetylated peroxomolybdic acid as solution precursors. In contrast to previous preparations, by using these precursors, it was possible to maintain the original metal ratio in the product obtained after hydrogen reduction, thereby permitting better control over the product composition. To evaluate the suitability of these metallic photonic crystals for thermal emission processes, the thermal stability of 3DOM W and 3DOM W/Mo was investigated by SEM analysis for samples treated ex situ in nitrogen at 800–1000 °C and by TEM analysis with in situ heating to follow real-time changes in high vacuum between room temperature and 1000 °C. Grain coarsening and distortion of the structure that starts in 3DOM W at 800 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere could be delayed to higher temperatures by heating the sample in high vacuum and by alloying with 5 wt% Mo. In the pure metal, structural changes were first seen for feature sizes below ca. 30 nm, whereas similar changes occurred in the alloy only for much smaller features below ca. 3 nm. The TEM analyses also provided indirect evidence for reduced stresses in the photonic crystal during thermal treatment.
New Political Movements and Governance in Latin America

This article argues that traditional governance in Latin America is in crisis. Globalization and IMF-advocated neoliberal economic policy have left the masses behind, despite the growth of democrac...
A decentralized approach to optimal file allocation in computer networks

We address the problem of allocation of a very large number of files in a computer network. Each file may be stored at one or more nodes, depending on query/update traffic, storage and transmission costs, and reliability constraints. Certain network constraints (storage capacities, transmission capacities) must also be satisfied. We consider the case of several thousand files, and show that, by appropriate formulation of the problem, a decentralized approach may be used to solve previously intractable problems. The question of duality gaps, as well as solution algorithms, are addressed. For the problem faced by a "Network Manager" whose task is to keep a given network operational in the face of constant arrivals of new files, and changing characteristics of old files, it is shown that there should be no duality gap and known algorithms can be used for efficient solution. Our aim is to provide motivation and a sound framework for further research in this area.
A Theoretical Analysis of Selected Factors Important to Health Education Strategies

Based on the theoretical work of Dulany and Fishbein, two major problems for understanding health behaviors were delineated: (1) the identification of those variables that determine an individual's intention to perform a health behavior; and (2) the extent to which these intentions are predictive of behavior. An analysis of factors affecting the relation between health intentions and behavior was presented and its implications for health education discussed. A social psychological model specifying two major determinants of behavioral intentions was contrasted with the Health Belief Model.
Landmark selection for terrain matching

We describe techniques to optimally select landmarks in order to perform mobile robot localization by matching terrain maps. The method is based upon a maximum-likelihood robot localization algorithm that efficiently searches the space of possible robot positions. We use a sensor error model to estimate the probability distribution of the terrain expected to be seen from the current robot position. The estimated distribution is compared to a previously generated map of the terrain and the optimal landmark is selected by minimizing the predicted uncertainty in the localization. This approach can be used to generate a sensor uncertainty field for use by the robot's planning component. Experiments indicate that landmark selection improves not only the localization uncertainty, but also the likelihood of success.
Insights into digital filters made as the sum of two allpass functions

The exact equivalence of the response of a resistance terminated lossless analog lattice filter to that of the algebraic sum of two allpass functions is discussed, culminating in a theorem giving simple necessary and sufficient conditions for a transfer function to be realized in this way. It is shown how various basic analog circuit relationships and properties possess direct counterparts in the realm of digital filtering. The importance of using the well-known characteristic function of analog filter theory for designing digital filters as the sum or difference of two allpass functions is emphasized. >
Expression of insulin-like growth factors I and II in conceptuses from normal and diabetic mice.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) play an important regulatory role in fetal growth and development. Alterations in expression of these growth factors may result in developmental abnormalities, macrosomia, and intrauterine growth retardation, which occur with a higher incidence in diabetic pregnancies. In situ hybridization histochemistry was employed to investigate the distribution and abundance of IGF-I and IGF-II in peri-implantation and postimplantation conceptuses from normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. Animals were sacrificed on gestational days 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The entire uterine horn was prepared for hybridization with antisense and sense α-35S-dATP labeled oligonucleotide probes for IGF-I, IGF-II, and mouse β-actin. IGF-I transcript was apparent only in myometrium at 6 days of gestation in normal and diabetic mice. IGF-II transcripts were restricted to trophoectoderm cells within the implantation chamber on day 5. Following implantation, IGF-II transcripts were found in trophoectodermal derivatives, primitive endoderm, mesoderm, heart, walls of the foregut, and mesenchyme in normal and diabetic postimplantation conceptuses. There were no apparent differences between normal and diabetic samples in the distribution and abundance of the IGF-II transcript from gestational days 7, 8, and 9. The embryos from the diabetic mother at day 6 were growth retarded and had a significant decrease in the expression of IGF-II. These results suggest that maternal hyperglycemia may retard development of the early implanting conceptus in a narrow window around day 6 through a mechanism involving decreased IGF-II expression. Fetuses from diabetic pregnancies that escape this critical period appear to develop and express IGF-II in an equivalent manner to those of the control group. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Twilight of the American Enlightenment: The 1950s and the Crisis of Liberal Belief. By George M. Marsden. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2014. Pp. xxxix, 264. $26.99.)

The author of this study wonders whether American public life today is capable of doing two difficult things at once: supporting the rich pluralism that resulted from an inevitable rebuke of the co...
Posttraumatic Growth Following Hurricane Katrina: The Influence of Clinicians' Trauma Histories and Primary and Secondary Traumatic Stress

Although clinicians can experience both traumatic stress and posttraumatic growth following primary and secondary exposure to traumatic events, there are inconsistencies in the professional literature as to whether a history of personal trauma serves as a risk factor. This present study examined 244 clinicians living and working in a post-Katrina environment. Using structural equation modeling, clinician’s trauma histories and primary and secondary traumatic stress were assessed in relationship to posttraumatic growth. It was expected that a greater number of traumatic life events would be related to higher levels of traumatic experience and growth. It was also expected that traumatic life experience would be associated with growth. Contrary to expectation, the initial evaluation of the path coefficients showed no significant paths between primary trauma and growth. A revised model was then refit with the inclusion of 2 latent variables, which yielded a better fit. The results showed that a greater number of traumatic life events were related to both primary and secondary traumatic stress but not growth. The latent variables revealed a statistically significant relationship between re-experiencing, which related to greater growth in 1 domain. Implications for theory development, clinical practice and policy, and future research are discussed.
Overlapping Signals for Transcription and Replication at the 3′ Terminus of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Genome

Transcription and replication signals within the negative-sense genomic RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) are located at the 3' terminus. To identify these signals, we have used a transcription- and replication-competent minigenome of VSV to generate a series of deletions spanning the first 47 nucleotides at the 3' terminus of the VSV genome corresponding to the leader gene. Analysis of these mutants for their ability to replicate showed that deletion of sequences within the first 24 nucleotides abrogated or greatly reduced the level of replication. Deletion of downstream sequences from nucleotides 25 to 47 reduced the level of replication only to 55 to 70% of that of the parental template. When transcription activity of these templates was measured, the first 24 nucleotides were also found to be required for transcription, since deletion of these sequences blocked or significantly reduced transcription. Downstream sequences from nucleotides 25 to 47 were necessary for optimal levels of transcription. Furthermore, replacement of sequences within the 25 to 47 nucleotides with random heterologous nonviral sequences generated mutant templates that replicated well (65 to 70% of the wild-type levels) but were transcribed poorly (10 to 15% of the wild-type levels). These results suggest that the minimal promoter for transcription and replication could be as small as the first 19 nucleotides and is contained within the 3'-terminal 24 nucleotides of the VSV genome. The sequences from nucleotides 25 to 47 may play a more important role in optimal transcription than in replication. Our results also show that deletion of sequences within the leader gene does not influence the site of transcription reinitiation of the downstream gene.
On the Limitations of Force Tracking Control for Hydraulic Servosystems

This paper presents analysis of a particular force tracking control problem for rectilinear hydraulic actuators governed by a servovalve. It presents no new theory, but rather uses a revealing model reduction insight coupled with Classical analysis to explain a physical phenomenon. As such, this work is an attempt to explain why a seemingly innocuous problem is more subtle than initially believed. A motivation for this problem is given along with prior attempts at a simple solution. It is shown that simple controller solutions are quite adequate for other types of control objectives such as force regulation or position tracking. However, most simple solution methods are shown to be inadequate for force tracking due to fundamental limitations of the problem formulation. Due to an inherent feedback mechanism, the poles of the plant being forced by the hydraulic actuator become zeros of the open loop force transfer function. Therefore, more advanced control algorithms are shown to be a necessity rather than a luxury.
Long-term urinary toxicity after 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer in patients with prior history of transurethral resection.

Abstract Purpose: To report on the long-term urinary morbidity among prostate cancer patients with a prior history of a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) treated with high-dose 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Methods and Materials: Between 1988 and 1997, 1100 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with 3D-CRT. Of these, 120 patients (8%) were identified as having had a prior TURP and are the subjects of this analysis. The median age was 71 years (range: 49–83 years). The clinical stages of the patients were T1c: 33 (28%); T2a: 38 (32%); T2b: 15 (13%); and T3: 34 (27%). Neoadjuvant androgen ablation therapy was given to 39 (33%). The median radiation dose prescribed to the planning target volume was 75.6 Gy (range: 64.8–81 Gy). The median elapsed time from TURP to initiation of 3D-CRT was 69 months (range: 4–360 months). The median follow-up time was 51 months (range: 18–109 months). Results: Five patients of the 120 with a prior history of TURP (4%) developed a urethral stricture after 3D-CRT which was corrected with dilatation. The 5-year actuarial likelihood of ≥ Grade 2 late urinary toxicities was 9%. No Grade 4 urinary toxicities were observed in this group of patients. Among 110 patients who were completely continent of urine prior to 3D-CRT, 10 (9%) developed stress incontinence requiring 1 pad daily for protection or experienced occasional leakage (not requiring pad protection). The 5-year incidence of ≥ Grade 1 stress incontinence was 18% in patients who developed acute ≥ Grade 2 GU symptoms during the course of 3D-CRT compared to 7% for patients who experienced Grade 1 or no acute urinary symptoms ( p = 0.05). The radiation dose (≥75.6 Gy vs. Conclusions: Despite prior TURP, the incidence of ≥ Grade 3 urinary toxicities is low. Nevertheless, especially among patients with a prior history of TURP who experience Grade 2 acute urinary symptoms during radiation treatment, a higher risk of stress incontinence is observed.
Detection of apoptosis: A review of conventional and novel techniques

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has been shown to play a role in a number of diseases, including heart disease and cancer. Apoptosis is also a vital cellular process that helps to regulate tissue growth, fetal development, immune response, and a host of other biological processes. Deviation from the careful regulation of apoptosis is responsible for a host of diseases and health concerns. As such, understanding the process of apoptosis is vital for therapy development. Over the years, a number of methods have been discovered and developed to detect apoptosis. There are several standard techniques such as electron microscopy, the TUNEL assay, and flow cytometry. In addition, new techniques are quickly emerging, such as microfluidic devices, single molecule spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. This review will cover some examples of the most common techniques as well as some new techniques in order to show the broad spectrum of methods available to detect apoptosis in cells.
Labeling of Crithidia fasciculata DNA with (3H)thymidine.

SYNOPSIS Attempts at continuous labeling of Crithidia fasciculata DNA with [3H]thymidine led to a pulse-chase situation due to a cell-mediated conversion of thymidine to thymine in the medium. The uptake of thymine was slow compared to that of thymidine. Neither the addition of deoxyadenosine nor the sequential addition of several aliquots of [3H]thymidine had an effect on the pattern of labeling.
Solar Proton Experiments

This paper discusses some of the experiments which have been made upon solar particles since 1960. Present knowledge of the abundance of the solar cosmic rays is treated, but the main emphasis is upon the energy region between 1 and 30 MeV. The significance of the exponential rigidity form for the spectrum of solar protons is discussed, and some new results from rocket observation of the November 1960 events are presented. Observations of increases in the solar proton flux at the time of the sudden commencement are discussed, and observations of cut off changes by Injun I are briefly treated.
A WOMAN OF MANY FIRSTS: THE HONORABLE LENORE PRATHER

The number of women who have served on a state Supreme Court is not representative of the number of women lawyers in the United States. Even fewer women have achieved the position of Chief Justice. Lenore Prather is one of three women Chief Justices in the southern United States. This article applies judicial scholarship on career background, selection process, and decision making to compare Prather's experience to that of male colleagues on her Court and other women justices. Also, Prather's service as Chief Justice is compared to that of Chief Justice Susie Sharp of North Carolina. This study of Prather confirms significant findings about women judges, but it also requires caveats. The analysis of her decision-making places Prather in a centralist position on her Court. Both Prather and Sharp may be described as having a “mixed voice” role orientation in their case decision making, yet there are interesting differences between them.
Estimation of CO2 emissions from China’s cement production: Methodologies and uncertainties

E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Estimation of CO 2 Emissions from China’s Cement Production: Methodologies and Uncertainties Jing Ke, Michael McNeil, Lynn Price, Nina Zheng Khanna, Nan Zhou Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Reprint version of journal article published in “Energy Policy”, Volume 57, Pages 172–181, June 2013 January 2013 This work was supported by the China Sustainable Energy Program of the Energy Foundation through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02- 05CH11231.
Oncoprotein phosphorylation and cell cycle control.

II. The cell-cycle control program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 A. The cdk/cyclin signal transdnction pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 B. Positive and negative regulation of cdc2 by phosphorylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 C. Regulation of the G l-cyclins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 D. Regulation of the M-phase promoting function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 E. Time-delay mechanisms in the ceil-cycle control program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 F. Regulation of outputs from cdk/cyclins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Phenylarsine oxide and denervation effects on hormone-stimulated glucose transport

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) stimulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle through separate receptors. The proximal postreceptor events in coupling insulin and IGF-I receptors to glucose transport have been suggested to differ. Denervation of skeletal muscle produces a postreceptor insulin resistance presumably at an early step in the signaling cascade. We examined the effects of denervation and phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an agent believed to block insulin action on transport at a postreceptor step, on insulin and IGF-I stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport in isolated solei. Denervation (24 h) produced severe IGF-I resistance without affecting IGF-I receptor number or affinity. PAO inhibited insulin and IGF-I stimulation of transport in control muscles by approximately 90 and approximately 70%, respectively. In denervated muscle PAO inhibited transport stimulation by both hormones less than in controls. Conclusions are that 1) skeletal muscle insulin and IGF-I receptors signal transport mainly through a PAO-sensitive mechanism, but IGF-I's action involves a larger PAO-resistant component; 2) the denervation-induced postreceptor resistance of glucose transport to both hormones involves primarily the PAO-sensitive pathway.
Should ethnic Lao people be considered indigenous to Cambodia? Ethnicity, classification and the politics of indigeneity

The ethnic Lao are not well-known in Cambodia, despite constituting a substantial but unrecorded population there. Even though the Lao have lived in Cambodia for many generations, they were excluded from being considered ‘indigenous peoples’ when the category was legally introduced to Cambodia through the 2001 land law. Instead, they are not classified as ‘ethnic Lao’, except for the very few who were actually born in Laos. Here, I consider how the politics of identity in Cambodia has separated some highland ethnic minorities from the Lao. Many ethnic Lao in Cambodia quietly disagree with not being classified as indigenous. This contestation represents a similar dynamic to the differences of opinion between the Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) and the peasant organization, La Via Campesina, regarding advocating for indigenous and peasant rights, respectively. My objective is to demonstrate that the politics of indigenous categorization in Cambodia is complicated and fraught.
Effects of a Predator Complex on Lepidopterous Defoliators of Soybean

The effects of the predator complex in suppressing defoliating caterpillars of soybean were evaluated in Louisiana by chemical exclusion techniques. The total number of defoliators on a season-long basis was found to differ significantly ( P < 0.05) between chemically treated plots and undisturbed checks. Additionally, there were significant changes in numbers of total foliage and total ground predators. Populations of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, the primary pest, were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in plots With predator groups removed than in untreated checks though the level of pests remained below the economic threshold.
Legal Briefs: Unskilled Resuscitators After a Prolonged Second Stage of Labor

A 26-year-old healthy G1P0 mother with small stature and an unremarkable pregnancy was induced because she was at 41 weeks’ gestation. A 3,835-g female newborn was delivered ∼24 hours later. Results of the cervical culture for group B streptococcus were negative. The fetal heart rate patterns were initially normal. Pitocin was started at 2 mU/min but within 4 hours was increased to 17 mU/min; it was eventually increased to an even higher rate and continued throughout the entire intrapartum period. The amniotic membranes were artificially ruptured (17 hours before delivery), and the fluid was clear. About 2 hours after the cervix was completely dilated, the baseline fetal heart rate began rising. Labor was not progressing, but Pitocin was continued. The mother was told to push during the entire second stage, despite lack of progress. The plaintiff obstetrician criticized the use of Pitocin and the relentless pushing, and asserted that labor was not progressing normally. The defense obstetrician maintained that the management of labor was within the accepted standard of care. Three hours and 15 minutes into the second stage of labor, the obstetrician arrived. About 15 minutes later, the intrauterine pressure catheter was removed. The plaintiff obstetrician criticized that decision. The defense obstetrician said that the fetal tracing was normal and that the second stage of labor was just a “ little longer than average. ” The plaintiff obstetrician disagreed. A member of the jury asked the plaintiff neonatologist how many infants are born with labor that is this prolonged. The response to this question was “ not many because intervention happens long before 4 hours. Prolonged second stage is considered beyond 2 hours. ” The plaintiff obstetrician pointed to deterioration in the fetal heart rate patterns and said that a plan to expedite the delivery should have been made …
The Dual Role of Infection in Asthma of Childhood

Clinical criteria have been developed for the differentiation of infectious asthma and extrinsic asthma triggered by infection. The distinction is an important one, because patients in the second category account for about three of every four cases of asthma associated with respiratory infection and will not benefit from hyposensitization using bacterial vaccine. It is recommended that the use of bacterial vaccine should be limited to children with severe infectious asthma who show no sign of spontaneous improvement.
Overview of System Reliability Prediction Method

System reliability prediction is the base of reliability design,which is mainly used to provide the gist for design decisionmaking.This paper clarifies the concept of system reliability prediction,analyzes the basic process of prediction,summarizes the prediction method of reliability,introduces and comments on advantages,disadvantages and applied ranges of these methods.Based on above,we have an expectation of development foreground of the prediction method.
Epidemiological characters of injury cases first visiting in surveillance hospitals in Fuyang,Hangzhou in 2011

Objective To investigate the special epidemiological features of injury in Fuyang,Hangzhou,and to provide evidence for more suitable and effective prevention and control of injury.Methods The unified record card was used to register new injury cases in the three surveillance hospitals.EpiData 3.02and SPSS 13.0were used to analyze the related data of injury patients.Results A total of 8 082injury case record cards were collected accumulatively in 2011.The sex ratio of injury cases was 1.83∶1(male:female).The people aged 15to 44years accounted for the largest part of the injury cases(44.18%).The first 3populations affected were farmer/fisherman(46.30%),farmer worker(23.20%)and student(8.30%).The first 3injury sites were home(54.58%),working place(31.48%)and street(5.72%).The first 3injury causes were animal attack(30.66%),blunt strike(29.14%)and falling down(18.62%).The injuries occuring during leisure time and work time accounted for 47.22%and 33.58%,respectively.Conclusions Injury is still a serious public health problem in Fuyang,Hangzhou.The feasible and suitable prevention and control measures should be developed according to the surveillance results in order to decline the incidence of injury.
Properties of Pigments from Water Chestnut Outer Peel

Pigments were extracted from water chestnut outer peel by hot water extraction method and their appearance, color, solubility, spectroscopic characteristics and stability were studied. The pigments were a wine-red mixture and could be well dissolved in water and ethanol. Their stability was good under high temperature and in salt and sucrose solutions but weak under sunlight illumination. The pigments are a group of naturally occurring pigments which are worth developing.
Cancer Biology in Ulcerative Colitis and Potential Use in Endoscopic Surveillance

Because patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis are at an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer, surveillance colonoscopy and colectomy for dysplasia or asymptomatic cancer is advised as a method of reducing cancer-related mortality. Generally, the use of dysplasia as a criterion for a positive test in cancer surveillance has performed poorly. The emerging field of colon cancer genetics has identified several important tumor markers that have the potential to improve sensitivity for the detection of early neoplasia. Specifically, p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations, aneuploidy, and mucin-associated sialosyl-Tn expression appear most promising for future use in surveillance programs.
Formal Verifications of Systems on Chips: Current and Future Directions

In this tutorial we present the area of formal verification of systems on Chips. The paper discuses the following topics: different approaches of formal logic such as first order bgic, high order logic, temporal logic. A case study of object-oriented paradigm is presented. A survey of the current research status is presented. The paper concludes with a section on the future directions.
Information Technology-Enabled Business Platforms

Commoditisation of products has been researched and understood for many decades. However, over 70% of the GDP of major nations is dependent on service industries. Little is understood about how services industries commoditise. The notion of business platforms [1] provides some important clues. The combination of a business platform supported by an innovative information technology system can disrupt industries, as organisations such as Google and eBay have demonstrated. This case study introduces a technique for assessing an organisation to identify candidate business platforms, and how to apply information technology to create competitive industry disruption. In addition, it will provide initial experiences from using these techniques.
Analysis of the functional muscle–bone unit of the forearm in patients with phenylketonuria by peripheral quantitative computed tomography

Bone disease in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) is incompletely characterized. We therefore analyzed, in a cross-sectional study radius macroscopic bone architecture and forearm muscle size by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and muscle strength by hand dynamometry in a large cohort (n = 56) of adolescent and adult patients with PKU aged 26.0 ± 8.9 (range, 11.8–41.5) years. Data were compared with a reference population (n = 700) from the DONALD study using identical methodology. We observed a significant reduction of cortical thickness (z-score −1.01 ± 0.79), Strength–Strain Index (SSI) (z-score −0.81 ± 1.03), and total bone mineral density (BMD) of the distal radius (z-score −1.05 ± 1.00). Mean muscle cross-sectional area (z-score −0.98 ± 1.19) and muscle grip force (z-score −0.64 ± 1.26) were also significantly reduced, indicating an impaired muscular system as part of the clinical phenotype of PKU. SSI positively correlated (r = 0.53, P < 0.001) with the corresponding muscle cross-sectional area in the reference population; however, the regression line slope in PKU patients was less steep (P < 0.001), indicating that bone strength is not adequately adapted to muscle force. In conclusion, the radial bone in PKU patients is characterized by reduced bone strength in relation to muscular force, decreased cortical thickness, and impaired total BMD at the metaphyseal site. These alterations indicate a mixed bone defect in PKU, both of which are due to primary alterations of bone metabolism and to secondary alterations in response to neuromuscular abnormalities.
Our dynamic sun: 2017 Hannes Alfvén Medal lecture at the EGU

Abstract. This lecture summarises how our understanding of many aspects of the Sun has been revolutionised over the past few years by new observations and models. Much of the dynamic behaviour of the Sun is driven by the magnetic field since, in the outer atmosphere, it represents the largest source of energy by far. The interior of the Sun possesses a strong shear layer at the base of the convection zone, where sunspot magnetic fields are generated. A small-scale dynamo may also be operating near the surface of the Sun, generating magnetic fields that thread the lowest layer of the solar atmosphere, the turbulent photosphere. Above the photosphere lies the highly dynamic fine-scale chromosphere, and beyond that is the rare corona at high temperatures exceeding 1 million degrees K. Possible magnetic mechanisms for heating the corona and driving the solar wind (two intriguing and unsolved puzzles) are described. Other puzzles include the structure of giant flux ropes, known as prominences, which have complex fine structure. Occasionally, they erupt and produce huge ejections of mass and magnetic fields (coronal mass ejections), which can disrupt the space environment of the Earth. When such eruptions originate in active regions around sunspots, they are also associated with solar flares, in which magnetic energy is converted to kinetic energy, heat and fast-particle energy. A new theory will be presented for the origin of the twist that is observed in erupting prominences and for the nature of reconnection in the rise phase of an eruptive flare or coronal mass ejection.
Benign Intracranial Disease: Benign Tumors of the Central Nervous System, Arteriovenous Malformations, and Trigeminal Neuralgia

The meninges are the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord and consist of three separate layers. The dura mater is the outer connective tissue layer, itself composed of an outer endosteal layer and an inner meningeal layer. The dura mater forms a double fold to create the falx cerebri (separates the cerebral hemispheres), tentorium cerebelli (separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum), falx cerebelli (separates the cerebellar hemispheres), and the diaphragma sellae (covers the pituitary gland). The middle layer, the arachnoid membrane, and the inner layer, the pia mater, together are referred to as the leptomeninges. Cerebrospinal fluid flows through the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter (Schunke et al. 2007).
Tasks Interrupted: How Anticipating Time Pressure on Resumption of an Interrupted Task Causes Attention Residue and Low Performance on Interrupting Tasks and How a “Ready-to-Resume” Plan Mitigates the Effects

This paper explores the attention regulation challenges brought by interruptions. In contrast to much of the research on interruptions that looks at the effects on the interrupted task, this paper examines the difficulty of focusing attention and performing well on interrupting tasks. Integrating research on attention residue, time pressure, and implementation intention, we predict that when people anticipate resuming their interrupted work under time pressure, they will find it difficult to switch their attention to the interrupting task, leading to attention residue and low performance. A ready-to-resume intervention, in which one briefly reflects on and plans one’s return to the interrupted task, mitigates this effect such that attention residue is reduced and performance on the interrupting task does not suffer. Data collected across four studies support these hypotheses. The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1184.
“Foreword” to How to Cook and Eat in Chinese

Long, long ago, Confucius made this observation: “There is no one who does not eat and drink. But few there are who can appreciate taste.”