cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tensile properties of a SiCf/SiC composite

Abstract This work examines the mechanical behavior of a 2D woven, 0–90 SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composite. Tensile experiments show that the short-term behavior is largely independent of test temperature below 1000 °C. Microscopic examination reveals that the extent of fiber pull-out and the integrity of the remaining material are also independent of temperature in this range. Conversely, at 1200 °C, the material retains much of its low-temperature stiffness and proportional limit, while the strength increases substantially. Micrographs of these specimens reveal little individual fiber pull-out and a higher density of matrix microcracks. Room-temperature tensile data show that the mechanical behavior is rate-dependent; higher strain rates lead to a lower Young's Modulus, higher proportional limit and higher ultimate strength. In-plane shear experiments demonstrate that the unreinforced matrix strength is approximately 10% of the composite tensile strength.
Binding of ethidium to bacteriophage T7 and T7 deletion mutants.

Equilibrium binding of ethidium, quantitated by fluorescence enhancement, to DNA packaged in bacteriophage T7 and T7 deletion mutants has been compared with the binding of this dye to DNA released from its capsid (free DNA). During achievement of apparent equilibrium binding, no change in bacteriophage T7 structure occurred, by the criterion of agarose gel electrophoresis. However, excessive incubation with ethidium bromide caused detectable changes in bacteriophage structure, a possible explanation of disagreements in similar studies previously performed with T-even bacteriophages. Scatchard plots for packaged DNA had a curvature greater than the previously demonstrated [Bresloff, J. L. & Crothers, D. M. (1981) Biochemistry20, 3547–3553] curvature for free DNA. By treating plots for packaged DNA as though they were biphasic, it was found that binding to most sites occurred with an apparent association constant (Kap) 3.3–4.3 times lower than the Kap of free DNA. The number of these sites increased significantly as the density of packaged DNA was decreased by use of the deletion mutants. Values of ΔH° for these sites were negative and equal to the ΔH° for free DNA; values of ΔS° were positive and about half the ΔS° for free DNA. A second class of sites, roughly 1.2% of the total, had a significantly higher Kap and more negative ΔH° than those of the majority of sites.
Broader view on extreme ultraviolet masks: adding complementary imaging modes to the SHARP microscope

The authors are expanding the capabilities of the SHARP microscope by implementing complementary imaging modes. SHARP (the SEMATECH High-NA Actinic Reticle Review Project) is an actinic, synchrotron-based microscope dedicated to extreme ultraviolet photomask research. SHARP’s programmable Fourier synthesis illuminator and its use of Fresnel zoneplate lenses as imaging optics provide a versatile framework, facilitating the implementation of diverse modes beyond conventional imaging. In addition to SHARP’s set of standard zoneplates, we have created more than 100 zoneplates for complementary imaging modes, all designed to extract additional information from photomasks, to improve navigation, and to enhance defect detection. More than 50 new zoneplates are installed in the tool; the remaining lenses are currently in production. We discuss the design and fabrication of zoneplates for complementary imaging modes and present image data, obtained using Zernike phase contrast and different implementations of differential interference contrast (DIC). First results show that Zernike phase contrast can significantly increase the signal from phase defects in SHARP image data, thus improving the sensitivity of the microscope. DIC is effective on a variety of features, including phase defects and intensity speckle from substrate and multilayer roughness. The additional imaging modes are now available to users of the SHARP microscope.
Histocompatibility Antigen Transfer in Utero: Tolerance in Progeny and Sensitization in Mother

Subcellular antigens obtained from donor spleen and kidney were administered to pregnant rabbits treated with hyaluronidase. Partial immunological tolerance to the donor was thus induced in the fetuses during the adaptive phase. The duration of tolerance was proportional to the total dose of antigen administered to the mother. Maternal sensitization to the offspring was noted in all rabbits giving birth to partially tolerant progeny.
EFFECTS OF MYOTOXINS ON SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

Abstract This review highlights various aspects of a number of experimental mycological alterations, induced by different chemical toxicants, including anticholinesterase, colchicine, vincristine, chloroquine, tetanus toxin, botulinum toxin, reserpine and emetine. Despite their chemical diversity and mechanism(s) of action, it is evident from the data discussed here that remarkably different toxic agents exert quite similar effects and induce toxic myopathies. The latter include preferential involvement of slow-twitch red muscle, mitochondrial derangement, denervation-like alterations, formation of membranous whorls, tubular aggregates, autophagic vacuoles and axonal sprouts. The non-invasive experimental models discussed here are valuable in studying various aspects of myopathology in the absence of any mechanical damage to the innervating elements from neurons to axonal terminals.
Profits in the "New Trade" Approach to Trade Negotiations †

Ever since Johnson’s ( 1954) seminal work initiated the formal analysis of trade negotiations, the terms-of-trade theory has been the dominant paradigm of the field. As is well known, it holds that trade negotiations serve to internalize termsof-trade externalities resulting from countries’ noncooperative tariff choices. Its standard formulation is due to Bagwell and Staiger ( 1999), who show that it can not only explain the purpose of trade negotiations but also rationalize many features of the GATT/ WTO’s institutional design. For all its merits, this standard theory has two significant limitations. First, it predicts that trade negotiations should revolve solely around the issue of terms-of-trade manipulation, which seems implausible to many observers of GATT/WTO negotiations. Second, it is based on conventional neoclassical trade models, which are difficult to calibrate convincingly so that little is known about its quantitative implications for important variables such as the gains from GATT/WTO negotiations. In this article, I present a variant of my analysis in Ossa (2011a) which aims to overcome these limitations. The main idea is to depart from the conventional neoclassical trade model and instead build on a Krugman (1980) “new trade” model. The key difference from Ossa (2011a) is that I now rule out free entry, which turns the production relocation effects into profit shifting effects. Such profit shifting effects are intuitively appealing, since they allow for a view of trade negotiations in which producer interests play a prominent role. I keep the analysis deliberately simple to highlight the novel elements of my approach. Specifically, I shut off all terms-of-trade effects and allow trade policy to operate only at the most aggregate level so that a single tariff is
Importance of starting materials on reactions and phase equilibria in the Al2O3SiO2 system

Abstract Disagreements in the high Al 2 O 3 side of the phase equilibrium diagram for the Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 system have been reported consistently. Some of the disagreements are significantly different and have been reported many times. It is thus necessary to eliminate experimental errors as being primarily responsible. An examination and analysis of the starting materials and the development of a fundamental understanding of the chemical reactions that take place provide an explanation for the reported differences. The objective of this report is to briefly review the disagreements and correlate them with the starting materials and the associated solid-state reactions that occur in reaching stable or metastable equilibrium.
Facile aerosol synthesis and characterization of ternary crumpled graphene-TiO2-magnetite nanocomposites for advanced water treatment

In this work, the synthesis and characterization of multifunctional crumpled graphene-based ternary nanocomposite photocatalysts for advanced water treatment applications is described. Currently, a major hurdle for the scale-up and optimization of aqueous, graphene-based photocatalysts is restacking of graphene nanosheets due to strong π–π interactions. To overcome this hurdle, a fast and facile aerosol technique to synthesize monomeric, aggregation-resistant, crumpled graphene-based photocatalysts was developed. The aerosol route utilizes water evaporation-induced confinement forces to effectively crumple graphene oxide and subsequently encapsulate commercially available TiO2 and magnetite nanoparticles. The as-synthesized crumpled graphene–TiO2–magnetite (GOTIM) ternary core–shell nanostructures are shown to possess superior aqueous-based photocatalytic properties (over a 20-fold enhancement in some cases) compared to TiO2 alone. Total GOTIM photocatalytic reactivity is confirmed to also include efficie...
Compact 40 Gbit/s demultiplexing receiver based on integrated tandem electroabsorption modulators

A compact 40 Gbit/s demultiplexing receiver based on integrated tandem electroabsorption modulators is described. Error-free operation and a receiver sensitivity of –27 dBm are achieved, while the feasibility of this device as an 80 Gbit/s demultiplexing receiver is reported.
Catalytic surfaces of silicon nanopores, a Brownian dynamics study

In this work we discuss the unique challenges associated with accurately modeling the surface charges responsible for the water-silica interface dynamics in silicon nanopores. We present a novel stochastic numerical model of the surface catalytic activity, representing the surface charge as discrete charges fixed on the wall of the pores. These discrete charges mimic the structural features of silica as in the p-cristobalite (100) surface. The results of our 3D full particle-based Brownian dynamics simulator reproduce the buildup of a counterion layer at the surface and predict the IV characteristics of the device.
Data structures: pointers vs. arrays. when, where and why

In the inevitable search for the “perfect” structure, the beginning programmer is faced with a multitude of possibilities. Stacks, arrays, queues, linked lists, trees, and, on a higher level, the decision whether the “best” choice would involve a physical implementation of arrays or pointers. The choice, particularly for the novice, is not easy. The purpose of the abstract is to facilitate that choice.Having perused a dozen textbooks dealing with introduction to data structures (the greater majority of which employ Pascal) one finds the “expected” comparative analysis between dynamic and static variables. The prevalent tendency indicates that the utilization of pointer (dynamic) variables more effectively controls memory allocation with the result being a generally more effective, possibly more expedient execution.The strange occurrence that I could not help the questioning was involved with the reasons why most treatments of data structures devote more time to the static approach as opposed to the dynamic one. And, on a different note, why so few textbooks actually compared the two parallel approaches for the same problem.To alleviate this, I considered solving a simple problem both ways. We wish to create a binary search tree from a list of up to 50000 numbers and, in addition, remove any duplicates from the list. A reasonable approach to this would be to statically declare an array of 50000 nodes, using subroutines to “getnode” (using an available pool of nodes created within the program), create a tree (i.e., the root), setleft and setright (to properly place an item in the tree). Such a program involves 5 modules, about 80 lines of code, a run time of under 2 seconds, 1089 page faults, and a peak page file (indicating the use of memory) of 3253.On the other hand, if one writes the program using pointer variables, the “getnode” procedure mentioned above can be replaced by a simple “new” function (for obtaining a new node), no storage for the numbers is required within the program and we see the following results: 72 lines of code, 4 modules, a run time of under 2 seconds, 861 page faults, and a peak page file of 924.An interesting observation is that the only “significant” difference in the “statistics” of the two versions is in the peak page file. There was emphatically no difference in run time.It would seem useful, therefore, to allow the novice programmer the option of attempting both approaches, while encouraging such comparisons as the one noted above. The “best” approach may not be an acceptable one for a particular user who feels burdened by a concept not fully understood. Thus, the when, where, and why can only be asked and answered by the programmer who truly experiences the greatest magnitude.
The penicillin focus: A study of field characteristics using cross-correlation analysis

Abstract Acute epileptic foci were created by the application of penicillin to the sensorimotor cortex of twenty-one awake, paralyzed rabbits. The spikes were recorded by closely spaced cortical macro-electrodes and digitized from magnetic tape by a LINC computer. Cross-correlation functions were performed on each spike, and the cross-correlation maximal latency designated as the latency between spikes. These were compared with the latencies determined by measuring the time of peak voltage of the spike and the onset of epileptiform activity. A variety of latencies were obtained, and occasionally the distant spikes appeared to lead the focus event. The onset of the focus spike, however, always led the distant activity. The latencies measured by the cross-correlation technique and the peak voltage determination were poorly correlated with the onset time. Local application of procaine inverted the surface polarity of the focus spike but had no effect on the morphology of the distant events. Partial isolation of the focus by subpial cuts had little effect on the voltage gradient (i.e. spread). Complete 3- or 4-sided isolation was required to prevent spread; only a low voltage volume-conducted event remained beyond the isolated slab. A second focus in the intact visual cortex increased the frequency of firing of the isolated focus and frequently triggered the isolated focus. These findings suggest that the “field” of an epileptic spike is constructed of multiple independent vertical dipoles linked by short association pathways in the white matter. Ephaptic spread contributes minimally to such a field but is capable of triggering epileptiform activity even in completely isolated foci.
Influence of linkage position and orientation in pyrolysis of polysaccharides: A study of several glucans☆

Abstract Six naturally occurring and three synthetic glucans have been studied. The natural glucans contain 1,3-, 1,4- and 1,6- linkages with α- and β-orientations, while the synthetic glucans contain all possible linkage positions and orientations and also varying proportions of pyranose and furanose forms. The volatile products of pyrolysis are very dependent on the presence of trace amounts of inorganic-contaminants, which were detected as metal ions in all of the natural glucans. For most glucans these contaminants were effectively removed by washing with dilute acid. This removal of contaminants was, however, incomplete in the cases of amylose and of laminaran. The glucans, after purification in this way, all gave very similar pyrolytic yields of levoglucosan (LG), showing that LG formation is not dependent on polysaccharide linkage position or orientation, and thus confirming a recent hypothesis for mechanism of LG formation. The presence during pyrolysis of inorganic compounds (either indigenous or added), always led to decrease in LG and increase in yield of formic and acetic acids, glycolaldehyde, hydroxyacetone and phenols, thus indicating that the mechanism of formation of such compounds is also not dependent on polysaccharide linkage position or orientation.
Collisions, caging, thermodynamics, and jamming in the barrier hopping theory of glassy hard sphere fluids

An ultralocal limit of the microscopic single particle barrier hopping theory of glassy dynamics is proposed which allows explicit analytic expressions for the characteristic length scales, energy scales, and nonequilibrium free energy to be derived. All properties are shown to be controlled by a single coupling constant determined by the fluid density and contact value of the radial distribution function. This parameter quantifies an effective mean square force exerted on a tagged particle due to collisions with its surroundings. The analysis suggests a conceptual basis for previous surprising findings of multiple inter-relationships between characteristics of the transient localized state, the early stages of cage escape, non-Gaussian or dynamic heterogeneity effects, and the barrier hopping process that defines the alpha relaxation event. The underlying physical picture is also relevant to fluids of nonspherical molecules and sticky colloidal suspensions. The possibility of a unified view of liquid dynamics is suggested spanning the range from dense gases to the zero mobility jammed state.
Ab Initio Determination of Reversible Potentials and Activation Energies for Outer-Sphere Oxygen Reduction to Water and the Reverse Oxidation Reaction

The outer-sphere reduction of oxygen to water according to O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- → 2H2O(l) (1) and its reverse reaction are analyzed using self-consistent ab initio MP2/6-31G** calculations over th...
Photochromic copolymers containing 3-indolylfulgides/indolylfulgimides: synthesis and photochemical properties in toluene and as films.

Photochromic indolylfulgimides covalently attached to polymers have beneficial properties for optical switching. A 3-indolylfulgide and two 3-indolylfulgimides with one or two polymerizable styrene groups attached on the nitrogen atom(s) were synthesized. Copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) provided linear copolymers (one styrene group) or a cross-linked copolymer (two styrene groups). The properties of the monomers and copolymers in toluene or as thin films were characterized. The new copolymers were photochromic (reversible Z-to-C isomerization), absorbed visible light, and revealed good thermal and photochemical stability. At room temperature, all copolymer films showed no loss of absorbance after 5 weeks. At 80 °C in either toluene or as films, the Z-forms copolymers were less stable than the C-form copolymers, which showed little or no degradation after 400 h. The degradation rate due to repeated ring-closing – ring opening cycles was less than 3% per 100 cycles. The cross-linked copolymer showed photochemical stability comparable to monomeric fulgides in toluene, <1% per 100 cycles. In general, the properties of the linear and cross-linked copolymers were similar to the corresponding monomers in toluene. In films, the conformations of the Z-form were restricted due to the matrix indicating that the preparation of films from the C-form is advantageous.
Osmoregulation of ribosomal function in mouse liver.

Abstract It has been demonstrated earlier that the administration orally or intraperitoneally of hypertonic solutions causes disaggregation of polyribosomes and inhibition of protein synthesis in the livers of mice. In this study, purified hepatic ribosomes were tested in vitro for their activity in initiation of protein synthesis. Ribosomes which were obtained from mice that received intraperitoneally a 4 % NaCl (hypertonic) solution were less active in initiation of polypeptide synthesis than those obtained from control mice that received a 0.7 % NaCl (isotonic) solution. Initiation factors prepared from livers of both groups were equally active. These results offer some insight into the mechanism by which hyperosmolarity of portal blood induces disaggregation of hepatic polyribosomes.
Quantification of Amplified Quenching for Conjugated Polymer Microsphere Systems

A series of nonaggregating carboxylate-functionalized poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) have been synthesized for immobilization via electrostatic adsorption onto Eu3+-polystyrene microspheres with a mean diameter of 0.2 microm. This system is shown to constitute a ratiometric system that measures fluorescence quenching with high fidelity. The fluorescence quenching properties of the polymer-coated particles in response to methyl viologen and a naphthyl-functionalized viologen have been investigated in aqueous solutions to study the influence of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with pentiptycene-incorporated as well as macrocycle-containing polymers.
WKB (Liouville-Green) analysis of second order difference equations and applications

Abstract A discrete analog of the WKB or Liouville-Green approximation for the solution of second order differential equations is discussed. The method is then applied to obtain asymptotic solutions to second order difference equations whose coefficients are regularly varying.
Effect of hypocapnia, hypercapnia, and blood pressure on NADH fluorescence, electrical activity, and blood flow in normal and partially ischemic monkey cortex.

— Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence, cortical reflectance, cortical blood flow, and electroencephalograms were recorded from squirrel monkey brains before, during, and after focal transient cerebral ischemia produced by the temporary clipping of the middle cerebral artery. After release of the occluding clip, the monkeys were followed through an N2-breathing cycle and then to death from anoxia. The effects of controlled variations in arterial carbon dioxide tensions (Paco2) and mean arterial blood pressures (MABP) were investigated in normal and in ischemic brain. In normal brain, with preserved autoregulation, NADH fluorescence was constant through a wide range in Paco2, MABP, and cortical blood flow. In ischemic brain, NADH levels increased, correlated closely with decreased cortical blood flow and EEG abnormalities, and became dependent on MABP. Artifacts in fluorescent measurements were reduced by: monochromators for excitation, emission, and reflected light; low intensity vertical excitation energy and high sensitivity recording instrumentation; and a small avascular (123 μm) field.
Electroconvulsive therapy in the management of chronic pain

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used predominantly to treat major depressive illness but has also been used for chronic pain. ECT causes a variety of neurochemical and neurophysiologic effects, some of which may interact with the pathophysiologic mechanisms in complex pain states. An extensive literature on the use of ECT in pain patients identifies subgroups for whom ECT may result in substantial pain relief. In this article, we review the literature on the use of ECT in pain patients, suggest possible neurobiologic bases for the efficacy of ECT in such patients, and conclude with our recommendations for current clinical practice.
Fusion of nasal swellings in the mouse embryo: regression of the nasal fin.

The nasal fin is an epithelial seam that develops by fusion between the epithelial linings of the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Shortly after its formation the nasal fin regresses and is replaced by mesenchyme, with exception of its most posterior portion which remains as the bucconasal membrane. Since the regression of the nasal fin plays an important role in the formation of the upper lip and primary palate, the breakdown of the fin was examined with the electron microscope in 12-day-old mouse embryos. Shortly before the epithelial linings of the opposing nasal swellings make contact, cell degeneration characterized by condensation and fragmentation occurs in the epithelial linings of the prospective fusion areas. Apparently direct contact between the nasal swellings is not necessary to cause cell death. After fusion has established the nasal fin, epithelial cells continue to degenerate by condensation and fragmentation. Cell degeneration, however, can not account for complete regression of the fin, since many morphologically healthy epithelial cells are always present. Since no indication was found that the surviving epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells, it is suggested that they are incorporated into the adjacent epithelial linings of the expanding primitive nasal and oral cavities. The extracellular dense bodies that result from degenerating cells are engulfed by neighboring epithelial cells, in which they form phagocytic vacuoles. Some of these epithelial cells containing numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles appear to transform into large round macrophages. When the acid phosphatase procedure was applied, many heterophagic vacuoles contained a black precipitate, indicating that, after being phagocytosed, the dense fragments are digested by lysosomal enzymes. A similar black precipitate appeared over autophagic vacuoles.
A permutation test sensitive to differences in areas for comparing ROC curves from a paired design

The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is a widely accepted summary index of the overall performance of diagnostic procedures and the difference between AUCs is often used when comparing two diagnostic systems. We developed an exact non-parametric statistical procedure for comparing two ROC curves in paired design settings. The test which is based on all permutations of the subject specific rank ratings is formally a test for equality of ROC curves that is sensitive to the alternatives of AUC difference. The operating characteristics of the proposed test were evaluated using extensive simulations over a wide range of parameters. The proposed procedure can be easily implemented in experimental ROC data sets. For small samples and for underlying parameters that are common in experimental studies in diagnostic imaging the test possesses good operating characteristics and is more powerful than the conventional non-parametric procedure for AUC comparisons. We also derived an asymptotic version of the test which uses an exact estimate of the variance in the permutation space and provides a good approximation even when the sample sizes are small. This asymptotic procedure is a simple and precise approximation to the exact test and is useful for large sample sizes where the exact test may be computationally burdensome.
Clinical and life quality differences between Mexican American diabetic patients at a free clinic and a hospital-affiliated clinic in Texas

Objective: This paper explores the contribution of personal, cultural, and disease characteristics, diabetes knowledge, number of symptoms, and 2 specific clinics to the explained variance in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) and quality of life among Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Design: This descriptive correlational study used hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Sample: 87 Mexican American patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from 2 clinics, 1 hospital-affiliated and 1 free clinic, that served a primarily minority and indigent population. Measurements: A language-based acculturation scale, the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire-24, Diabetes Symptom Self-Care Inventory, and Self-Anchoring Striving Scale were administered in one-on-one interviews. Medical records were reviewed for recent A1c and health history. Results: The participants' clinic explained an additional 13% of the variance in A1c and 6% of the variance in quality of life after controlling for gender, acculturation, time since diagnosis, number of diabetes medications, diabetes knowledge, and number of symptoms. Clinics differed in patient characteristics, beyond the variables entered in the regression model, and in their care delivery. Conclusions: Clinic characteristics and their influence on diabetes outcomes should be explored to maximize patients' abilities to steer the course of their diabetes away from complications.
Fractalkine Is a Novel Human Adipochemokine Associated With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Leukocyte infiltration of adipose is a critical determinant of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor (CX3CR1) comprise a chemokine system involved in leukocyte recruitment and adhesion in atherosclerosis, but its role in adipose inflammation and type 2 diabetes is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS CX3CL1 mRNA and protein were quantified in subcutaneous adipose and blood during experimental human endotoxemia and in lean and obese human adipose. CX3CL1 cellular source was probed in human adipocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, and CX3CL1-blocking antibodies were used to assess its role in monocyte-adipocyte adhesion. The association of genetic variation in CX3CR1 with metabolic traits was determined in a community-based sample. Finally, plasma CX3CL1 levels were measured in a case-control study of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Endotoxemia induced adipose CX3CL1 mRNA (32.7-fold, P −5 ) and protein (43-fold, P = 0.006). Obese subjects had higher CX3CL1 levels in subcutaneous adipose compared with lean (0.420 ± 0.387 vs. 0.228 ± 0.187 ng/mL, P = 0.04). CX3CL1 was expressed and secreted by human adipocytes and stromal vascular cells. Inflammatory cytokine induction of CX3CL1 in human adipocytes (27.5-fold mRNA and threefold protein) was completely attenuated by pretreatment with a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ agonist. A putative functional nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (rs3732378) in CX3CR1 was associated with adipose and metabolic traits, and plasma CX3CL1 levels were increased in patients with type 2 diabetes vs. nondiabetics (0.506 ± 0.262 vs. 0.422 ± 0.210 ng/mL, P CONCLUSIONS CX3CL1-CX3CR1 is a novel inflammatory adipose chemokine system that modulates monocyte adhesion to adipocytes and is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. These data provide support for CX3CL1 as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in cardiometabolic disease.
Share liquidity, participation, and growth of the Boston market for industrial equities, 1854–1897 ☆

Abstract Financial economists have long believed that the liquidity of shares affects the level of participation in equity markets and is thus central to their deepening. This study examines the growth in industrial share liquidity that occurred in Boston over the latter half of the 19th century. From primary sources hitherto unused for scholarly investigations, namely the running annual worksheets of securities price fluctuations that underlie broker Joseph Martin’s volumes on the history of the Boston stock market, I construct broad-based indices of annual prices and returns for banking and industrial equities, as well as measures of real market capitalization. A series of vector autoregressive models then relate increases in liquidity, as measured by falling par values of industrial shares due to stock splits, write-downs and re-capitalizations, entries, and exits, to advances in prices and capitalizations among traded firms. The findings support the view that increases in participation were important for sustaining Boston as the nation’s leading industrial market until finally overtaken by New York sometime around 1900.
Instruments of Tension: Gramophones, Springs and the Performance of Place

ABSTRACT The authors discuss Chronography: animal, a live electroacoustic work based on sound recordings Needham gathered in Antarctica in 2009, along with related works.
Ambulatory antibiotic use and prescription drug coverage in older adults.

Background: Several studies have shown that use of medications to treat chronic conditions is highly sensitive to out-of-pocket price and influenced by changes in insurance coverage. Because antibiotics target infections and are used for a short period, one may expect antibiotic use to be less responsive to price. However, no studies have evaluated how antibiotic use changes with drug coverage. We evaluate changes in ambulatory oral antibioticuseafterimplementationoftheMedicaredrug benefit (Part D). Methods: We conducted a comparison group analysis 2 years before and after implementation of Part D using insurance claims data from a large Medicare Advantage plan (January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2007). Outcomes included the likelihood of using any oral antibiotics and major antibiotic subclasses among 35102 older adults and rates of antibiotic use among those with pneumonia and other acute respiratory tract infections. Results: Overall antibiotic use increased most among those who did not previously have drug coverage (relative odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-1.85). Use of the broad spectrum antibiotic subclasses of quinolones (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.35-2.15) and macrolides(1.59;1.26-2.01)increasedmorethantheuse of other subclasses, especially for those with prior drug coverage. Rates of ambulatory antibiotic use associated with pneumonia increased (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 2.355.53) more than those associated with other acute respiratory tract infections (2.29; 1.85-2.83). Conclusions:Antibioticuseincreasedamongolderadults whose drug coverage improved after Part D implementation, with the largest increases for broad spectrum, newer, and more expensive antibiotics. Our study suggests reimbursement may play a role in addressing inappropriate antibiotic use. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(15):1308-1314
Light scattering by tilted cylinders: properties of partial wave coefficients

We investigate relations among the partial-wave coefficients that describe scattering by infinite cylinders in terms of the parameters governing this process: the refractive index m, the size parameter x, and the tilting angle ϕ. We present a complete set of relations for nonabsorbing cylinders, and we discuss their physical significance in terms of the principles of reciprocity and energy conservation. In particular, we find that energy conservation for this nonspherical shape leads to additional constraints not present in the case of scattering by spheres.
A High Power, Y Junction, E-Plane Circulator

The need for a small, lightweight, high-power circulator for duplexer operatian at 9375 MHz has led to the development of a symmetrical E plane, Y junction circulator capable of handling in excess of 1/2 MW peak and 650W average power. This does not represent the ultimate, however, since equipment limitations allow tests only up to these powers. The circulator will perform adequately in the frequency range of 9.0 to 9.6 GHz. Figure 1 is a plot of insertion loss as a function of frequency at low power levels. A resonant absorption peak appeared in the frequency range; however, this peak can be moved from one frequency to another with only a slight field adjustment.
Model checking game properties of multi-agent systems

Temporal logics are traditionally interpreted over Kripke structures, and model checking is traditionally performed by traversing Kripke structures. A Kripke structure represents the states and transitions of a system. In a multi-agent system, which consists of several processes or components, a single transition may result from simultaneous choices made by the individual agents of the system. Since the choices of agents are not represented within Kripke structures, the expressive power of traditional temporal logics is limited. These logics can express universal properties for the case that the agents interact adversarially (such as "no matter what any agent does, predicate p remains always true") and, in branching time, existential properties for the case that the agents cooperate (such as "all agents can collaborate to keep p true"). However, they cannot express properties about games between teams of agents, such as "agent SENDER and agent RECEIVER can collaborate to keep p true no mat te r what agent INTRUDER does." This property asserts that in a game in which SENDER and RECEIVER play together against INTRUDER, they have a strategy to keep the predicate p true.
Aerodynamic flow control by peristaltic acceleration of a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma

Summary form only given, as follows. We use the 7 /spl times/ 11 Low Speed Wind Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center to conduct experiments designed to simultaneously generate a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (OAUGDP) while effecting peristaltic flow acceleration of atmospheric air over a flat plate. Peristaltic flow acceleration requires a polyphase power supply to excite the OAUGDP at progressive voltage phase angles on successive linear electrode strips. This excitation produces a traveling electrostatic wave analogous to the moving lights on a theatre marquee, which accelerates the ions and neutral gas to velocities of interest for aerodynamic applications. Lorentzian momentum transfer from plasma ions, in principle, can accelerate the embedded neutral gas to velocities of hundreds of meters/second using peristaltic flow acceleration. In preliminary experiments, peristaltic velocities determined with a Pitot probe have reached 6 m/s. In this paper we will present our most recent results, based on a panel in which the gas flow is accelerated to velocities above this value by a combination of paraelectric and peristaltic effects.
Memory Reference Behavior of Compiler Optimized Programs on High Speed Architectures

High speed architectures usually employ some form of parallelism or concurrency. Parallel or concurrent execution of a program not only increases the rate at which references are issued to the memory system but also changes the behavior of these references, relative to its serial-scalar execution. This paper reports the variations in program memory reference behavior when automatically transformed by a compiler and executed on parallel and vector archirectures. Using traces of the PERFECT benchmark set, executed on on Aliiant FX180 in a single scalar processor, single vector processor, scalar multiprocessor and vector multiprocessor modes, measurements are reported for issue rates, reference locality and data sharing.
Cell-lineage heterogeneity and driver mutation recurrence in pre-invasive breast neoplasia

All cells in an individual are related to one another by a bifurcating lineage tree, in which each node is an ancestral cell that divided into two, each branch connects two nodes, and the root is the zygote. When a somatic mutation occurs in an ancestral cell, all its descendants carry the mutation, which can then serve as a lineage marker for the phylogenetic reconstruction of tumor progression. Using this concept, we investigate cell lineage relationships and genetic heterogeneity of pre-invasive neoplasias compared to invasive carcinomas. We deeply sequenced over a thousand phylogenetically informative somatic variants in 66 morphologically independent samples from six patients that represent a spectrum of normal, early neoplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma. For each patient, we obtained a highly resolved lineage tree that establishes the phylogenetic relationships among the pre-invasive lesions and with the invasive carcinoma. The trees reveal lineage heterogeneity of pre-invasive lesions, both within the same lesion, and between histologically similar ones. On the basis of the lineage trees, we identified a large number of independent recurrences of PIK3CA H1047 mutations in separate lesions in four of the six patients, often separate from the diagnostic carcinoma. Our analyses demonstrate that multi-sample phylogenetic inference provides insights on the origin of driver mutations, lineage heterogeneity of neoplastic proliferations, and the relationship of genomically aberrant neoplasias with the primary tumors. PIK3CA driver mutations may be comparatively benign inducers of cellular proliferation.
Renin-Angiotensin System and Cardiac Rupture After Myocardial Infarction

Of all the mechanical complications after acute myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac rupture remains the most devastating, dramatic, and deadly. Continued improvements in the care of patients with acute MI have decreased the incidence of cardiac rupture over the past decade to under 3% in patients receiving reperfusion therapy,1 although autopsy evaluation of patients who died suddenly with acute MI has suggested a higher incidence.2,3⇓ Without extremely prompt surgical intervention, patients with cardiac rupture rarely survive. See p 2244 Cardiac rupture in humans generally occurs after transmural MI. Patients who rupture the free wall of the left ventricle typically develop hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade, whereas septal rupture leads to ventricular septal defect. Rupture can occur as early as the first day after infarction, although it most often occurs later in the first week in the setting of myocardial necrosis and neutrophilic infiltration.4 A combination of factors, both pathological and physiological, make the infarct region most vulnerable within the first 7 to 10 days. This is when cardiac tissue in the involving infarct region is weakest and most friable. As ventricular enlargement and infarct thinning commence, regional wall stress can increase precipitously. While prompt reperfusion therapy is thought to lower the incidence of rupture, delayed reperfusion may be associated with an increased risk of rupture.5 Treatment with steroids or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents may also be associated with an increased risk of rupture.6,7⇓ While the initial phases of acute infarction are characterized pathologically by neutrophil infiltration and myocyte necrosis, the healing phase of acute MI, beginning after the first week, is typified by mononuclear cell and fibroblast infiltration and the absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.4 Resorption of necrotic myocytes often precedes scar formation, which occurs over the ensuing weeks, with accumulation of fibrillar collagen into an …
Classifying functional relations in factotum via WordNet hypernym associations

This paper describes how to automatically classify the functional relations from the FACTOTUM knowledge base via a statistical machine learning algorithm. This incorporates a method for inferring prepositional relation indicators from corpus data. It also uses lexical collocations (i.e., word associations) and class-based collocations based on the WordNet hypernym relations (i.e., is-subset-of). The result shows substantial improvement over a baseline approach.
Who Is Treated in Psychiatric Scatter Beds in General Hospitals

Chapters 6 and 7 show that we can reliably detect which hospitals in the Hospital Discharge Survey (HDS) have a psychiatric or chemical dependency unit and which do not. Obviously, not every psychiatric patient in a hospital with a specialized unit would be treated there. However, we were surprised by the number of such patients. For example, the NIMH survey of psychiatric units in 1980 projected 666,300 episodes of care in the units. However, our analysis of the independent HDS data showed a total of 981,950 episodes of care occurring in hospitals with psychiatric units. As we have described, of course, the surveys are very different, and there is no reason to expect the same results from two different surveys. However, a difference in the two different national surveys of almost 50% is essentially statistically impossible.
HIV IN ILLICIT DRUG USERS

Illicit drug users comprise a substantial and growing proportion of the HIV-infected population. Although they develop pulmonary complications common to all HIV transmission groups, they also have unique respiratory illnesses due to the direct effect of the illicit drugs on the lung. Bacterial infections, tuberculosis, and noninfectious complications all have a major effect on morbidity and mortality in this portion of the HIV-infected population.
The Developmental Fate of Melanocytes in Murine Skin

In the hair-covered general body skin of adult pigmented mice, melanogenically-active melanocytes are largely restricted to the bulbs of growing hair follicles. After cutaneous applications of appropriate chemical agents or exposure to ultraviolet light (UV), numerous melanotic melanocytes are found at the dermoepidermal junction of the interfollicular (superficial) epidermis and in the upper external root sheaths of hair follicles [6, 15 to 18]. These findings suggest that an extensive system of inactive “precursor” melanocytes forms an integral part of the epidermis in the hairy skin of adult mice. The melanocytes of this system although programmed to produce melanin granules and to discharge them into epidermal cells must await the application of an appropriate stimulus [13].
In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Boronated Low Density Lipoproteins for NCT

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs) are known to be internalized within the cell by receptor-mediated mechanisms. There is evidence that LDLs may be taken up avidly by tumor cells to provide cholesterol for the synthesis of cell membrane. Thus, the possibility exists that LDLs may provide an ideal vehicle for the transport of boron to tumor cells for Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT). A boronated analog of LDL has recently been synthesized for possible application in NCT. The analog was tested in cell culture for uptake and biological efficacy in the thermal neutron beam at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor (BMRR). It was found that boron concentrations ten times higher than that required for NCT were easily obtained, and that uptake data were constant with a receptor mediated binding mechanism. The measured intracellular concentration of ~ 240 μg 10B/g cells is significantly higher than that obtained with any other boron compound previously evaluated for possible clinical application.
Ag Nanoparticles Supported on Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia: A Synergistic System within Redox Environments

In this work, we report a distinctive dynamic sintering-free redox behavior of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on 30 nm thick yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films. The material system demonstrates reversible 200 nm shifts in the plasmonic spectra with an unprecedented particle phase/size/morphology oscillation during cyclic redox reactions in air and hydrogen/air at 300–400 °C. This is in significant contrast to the minor changes more commonly observed for AgNPs on quartz. It was found that the ionically active YSZ has a strong tendency to drive AgNPs to oxidize under oxidizing conditions, and upon surface oxidation a large differential surface energy is built up, forcing the core/shell particles to migrate and coalesce toward a lower system free energy. Most strikingly, once switched to a mixture of H2 and air, the previously formed large dewetted metal-core/thick oxide-shell particles collapse, and new small Ag nanoparticles quickly form and remain in a highly dispersed and sintering-free state on YSZ. This ...
Invited Editorial Comment: First, Let’s Kill All the Liabilities

1. Laurence B. Siegel 1. is the research director of the Research Foundation of CFA Institute and a senior advisor to Ounavarra Capital LLC. Mr. Siegel can be reached at (lbsiegel{at}uchicago.edu) . Call me an old fogey, but I can (almost) remember when insurance companies were entrusted with
Fungi Isolated from Soils

About 350 soil samples were examined for fungi by either plating out or using Warcup's technique. From one to five media were used. None of these media seemed to be best, but Warcup's method was be...
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY IN BIRDSHOT CHORIORETINOPATHY: A NOVEL ASSOCIATION.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To present a novel case of paracentral acute middle maculopathy in association with birdshot chorioretinopathy. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A patient presented with decreased vision and findings of uveitis, vasculitis and a paracentral scotoma. Multimodal imaging was consistent with paracentral acute middle maculopathy in the setting of a multifocal chorioretinopathy and a laboratory workup was consistent with birdshot chorioretinopathy. CONCLUSION Paracentral acute middle maculopathy is a newly described entity that may be associated with birdshot chorioretinopathy, and clinicians should be aware of it when patients present with new paracentral scotoma and signs of intraocular inflammation.