cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On steady rotational high speed flows: the compressible Taylor-Culick profile

We consider the compressible flow analogue of the well-known Taylor–Culick profile. We first present the compressible Euler equations for steady, axisymmetric, isentropic flow assuming uniform injection of a calorically perfect gas in a porous chamber. We then apply the Rayleigh–Janzen expansion in powers of M 2 w, where Mw is the wall Mach number. We solve the ensuing equations to the order of M 4 w and apply the results up to the sonic point in a nozzleless chamber. Area averaging is also performed to reconcile with one-dimensional theory. Our solution agrees with the existing theory to the extent that it faithfully captures the steepening of the Taylor–Culick profile with downstream movement. Based on the closed-form expressions that we obtain, the main flow attributes are quantified parametrically and compared to the existing incompressible and quasi-one-dimensional theories. Verification by computational fluid dynamics is also undertaken. Comparison with two turbulent flow models shows excellent agreement, particularly in retracing the streamwise evolution of the velocity. Regardless of the Mach number, we observe nearly identical trends in chambers that are rescaled by the (critical) sonic length, Ls. Using a suitable transformation, we prove the attendant similarity and provide universal criteria that can be used to assess the relative importance of gas compression in solid rocket motors. Owing to sharper velocity gradients at the wall, we find that an incompressible model underestimates the skin friction along the wall and underpredicts the centreline speed by as much as 13% at the sonic point. In practice, such deviations become appreciable at high-injection rates or chamber aspect ratios.
Fish Oil-Supplemented Feeding Does Not Attenuate Warm Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in the Rat

Liver ischemia and reperfusion injury is mediated by oxygen free radicals, cytokines, and prostanoids produced by Kupffer cells and infiltrating neutrophils. Fish oil-supplemented diets alter membrane phospholipid composition and modify prostanoids and cytokine production in response to ischemia and reperfusion. This study tested the hypothesis that a fish oil-supplemented diet would attenuate warm liver ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed Vital HN supplemented with either fish oil (FO) or corn oil (CO) by the continuous duodenal infusion for 5 days. Total dietary fat (26% of total calories), caloric intake (70 cal/day), and volume (60 ml/day) were identical between two groups. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels increased significantly in rats fed fish oil (0 to 16.3% for EPA and 2 to 12% for DHA). Liver histology was similar in both groups before ischemia. On Day 6, rats were subjected to 60 min of reversible hepatic ischemia. Plasma TNF levels, 1 and 24 hr after reperfusion, were not different between FO and CO rats. Liver injury assessed by bile flow, histology, plasma ALT, and bile glutathione efflux did not differ between groups. We conclude that our fish oil-supplemented enteral diet does not attenuate warm liver ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats.
Provenance information in biomedical knowledge repositories: a use case

We present a use case for provenance information in biomedical knowledge repositories designed to support applications including information retrieval and knowledge discovery. We show that information about the knowledge sources from which statements are extracted must be recorded in addition to the statement themselves in order to support these applications. While the storage and processing of statements has been greatly facilitated by the emergence of powerful triple stores and the standardization of query languages (e.g., SPARQL), recording and exploiting provenance information (i.e., statements about statements) remains challenging.
FPGA-based structures for on-line FFT and DCT

This paper presents on-line arithmetic structures tailored for use in the FFT and DCT. Due to their small size, several of these modules can be connected together to form larger, more powerful blocks. The digit-serial nature of on-line arithmetic allows valuable pin resources to feed a larger number of arithmetic units than in the conventional case. Additionally, the resolution of the most significant digit first a property of on-line arithmetic allows subsequent calculations to occur at a much earlier stage. As such, performance of the FFT and DCT benefit over conventional and traditional digit-serial FPGA implementations.
Understanding Discrepancy in Perceptions of Values: Individuals With Mild to Moderate Dementia and Their Family Caregivers

Purpose of the Study: We explore discrepancies in perceptions of values and care preferences between individuals with dementia (IWDs) and their family caregivers. Design and Methods: We interviewed 266 dyads consisting of an individual with mild to moderate dementia and his or her family caregiver to determine IWDs’ beliefs for 5 values related to care (autonomy, burden, control, family, and safety). We used multilevel modeling to investigate if there are dyadic level discrepancies in beliefs and what factors are associated with such discrepancies. Results: Caregivers consistently underestimated the IWD’s values for all five values. Discrepancies were associated primarily with caregivers’ beliefs about the IWD’s involvement in decision making. Race was also associated with the discrepancies for control and safety, whereas cognitive functioning of the IWD was associated with the discrepancy for burden. Implications: Many caregivers do not have an accurate depiction of the IWD’s values, yet, caregivers will become the surrogate decision makers for IWDs as dementia progresses. These findings indicate the need for assessments of values and preferences in care and to develop programs that assess values, consider the caregiver’s beliefs about care, and improve communication within the dyad in the early stages of dementia.
Marine humic and fulvic acids: Their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll

Marine humic and fulvic acids were concentrated from about 1,400 liters of seawater from the Gulf of Mexico, and specific absorption coefficients were measured for each from 240 to 675 nm. Spectral absorption coefficients were then calculated for Gulf of Mexico stations where earlier data on humic and fulvic acid concentrations were available. Marine humic and fulvic acid values have low molecular weights consistent with extrapolations from soil-derived curves of their specific absorption coefficients vs. molecular weight. Marine fulvic and humic acids appear to account for most if not all water color or GelbstoK in the offshore regions of the Gulf of Mexico. Based on a remote-sensing reflectance model, it appears that the increase in the Gelbstoff: chlorophyll ratio for waters adjacent to and downstream from regions ‘of high primary productivity accounts for much of the deviation found for such waters from the global chlorophyll algorithm of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner.
On the complementarity of Chaos/Complexity Theory and Dynamic Systems Theory in understanding the second language acquisition process

In the late 1980s, I reviewed what was known about the field of second language acquisition (SLA), first with a co-author in a book (Larsen-Freeman and Long, 1991) and then in a highly condensed form for a 25th anniversary issue of the TESOL Quarterly (Larsen-Freeman, 1991). Stock-taking activities can be very useful, and I was grateful for these opportunities.
Hybridization and asymmetric introgression across a narrow zone of contact between Neotoma fuscipes and N. macrotis (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

When lineages diverge in allopatry and come into secondary contact, we have a unique opportunity to examine the degree to which they have become reproductively isolated from one another and the mechanisms that contribute to rates of interspecific gene flow. If hybridization and introgression have occurred in the past or are ongoing, examining patterns of variation in differentially inherited genetic markers can provide insight into underlying mechanisms determining interspecific reproductive interactions. We investigated genetic variation in a recently discovered contact zone between two species of woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes and N. macrotis) in central coastal California. Previous studies have found evidence of historic hybridization between these species, but an active site of sympatry had yet to be discovered. Here, we describe the first known area of sympatry between the two species and present evidence of ongoing hybridization at this site. We intensively sampled throughout the narrow area of interspecific contact and continuously into the adjacent areas where each taxon existed largely in isolation of the other. We genotyped 851 individuals sampled in a single year at 15 nuclear microsatellite loci and sequenced a portion of the cytochrome b gene in a subset of these to examine patterns of introgression. We find that the area of sympatry is less than 1 km in length, but hybridization appeared to be fairly common, with 15% of the woodrats being of hybrid origin. At least some hybrids are fertile because introgression was evident. However, introgression appeared to be asymmetric with backcrosses toward N. macrotis being more common, a pattern we suspect is due in part to directional mate choice related to differential body size. This study adds to our growing understanding of the nature of species boundaries, especially between lineages that are far along the continuum towards speciation. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 115, 162–172.
Co-pyrolysis of dimethoxymethylsilylbis(trimethylsilyl)amine and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane. 1,3-Sigmatropic rearrangements of silaimine intermediates

Abstract Co-pyrolysis of dimethoxymethylsilylbis(trimethylsilyl)amine (I) with hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane ( D 3 ) at low pressure has been carried out. 1,2-Elimination of trimethylmethoxysilane from I gives N -trimethylsilylmethylmethoxysilaimine (II), which reacts with D 3 to give 6-methoxy-2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethyl-7-trimethylsilyl-1,3,5-trioxa-7-aza-2,4,6,8-tetrasilacyclooctane (40.5%) (III). 1,3-Sigmatropic rearrangement of a methyl group from one silyl center to the other converts II into N -methoxydimethylsilyldimethylsilaimine, which reacts with D 3 to yield 2,2,4,4,6,6, 8,8-octamethyl-7-methoxydimethylsilyl-1,3,5-trioxa-4-7-aza-2,4,6,8-tetrasilacyclooctane (19.5%) (IV). Co-pyrolysis of III and D 3 gives 1-aza-2,2,4,4,6,6,8,10,10,12,12, 14,14-tridecamethyl-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexaoxa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptasilabicyclo[6.6.0]tetradecane (65%) (VII). These results are discussed.
Patterning Mechanisms Controlling Vertebrate Limb Development

■ Abstract Vertebrate limb buds are embryonic structures for which much molecular and cellular data are known regarding the mechanisms that control pattern formation during development. Specialized regions of the developing limb bud, such as the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), and the non-ridge ectoderm, direct and coordinate the development of the limb bud along the anteriorposterior (AP), dorsal-ventral (DV), and proximal-distal (PD) axes, giving rise to a stereotyped pattern of elements well conserved among tetrapods. In recent years, specific gene functions have been shown to mediate the organizing and patterning activities of the ZPA, the AER, and the non-ridge ectoderm. The analysis of these gene functions has revealed the existence of complex interactions between signaling pathways operated by secreted factors of the HH, TGF-fl/BMP, WNT, and FGF superfamilies, which interact with many other genetic networks to control limb positioning, outgrowth, and patterning. The study of limb development has helped to establish paradigms for the analysis of pattern formation in many other embryonic structures and organs.
Spatial, geomorphological, and seasonal variability of CDOM in estuaries of the Florida Coastal Everglades

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of fluorescence techniques for long-term monitoring and assessment of the dynamics (sources, transport and fate) of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in highly compartmentalized estuarine regions with non-point water sources. Water samples were collected monthly from a total of 73 sampling stations in the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE) estuaries during 2001 and 2002. Spatial and seasonal variability of CDOM characteristics were investigated for geomorphologically distinct sub-regions within Florida Bay (FB), the Ten Thousand Islands (TTI), and Whitewater Bay (WWB). These variations were observed in both quantity and quality of CDOM. TOC concentrations in the FCE estuaries were generally higher during the wet season (June–October), reflecting high freshwater loadings from the Everglades in TTI, and a high primary productivity of marine biomass in FB. Fluorescence parameters suggested that the CDOM in FB is mainly of marine/microbial origin, while for TTI and WWB a terrestrial origin from Everglades marsh plants and mangroves was evident. Variations in CDOM quality seemed mainly controlled by tidal exchange/mixing of Everglades freshwater with Florida Shelf waters, tidally controlled releases of CDOM from fringe mangroves, primary productivity of marine vegetation in FB and diagenetic processes such as photodegradation (particularly for WWB). The source and dynamics of CDOM in these subtropical estuaries is complex and found to be influenced by many factors including hydrology, geomorphology, vegetation cover, landuse and biogeochemical processes. Simple, easy to measure, high sample throughput fluorescence parameters for surface waters can add valuable information on CDOM dynamics to long-term water quality studies which can not be obtained from quantitative determinations alone.
Real-Time Upper-Ocean Temperature Observations from Aircraft during Operational Hurricane Reconnaissance Missions: AXBT Demonstration Project Year One Results

Thousands of aircraft observations of upper-ocean thermal structures have been obtained during hurricane and typhoon research field experiments in recent decades. The results from these experiments suggest a strong correlation between upper-ocean thermal variability and tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change. In response to these results, during the Office of the Federal Coordinator of Meteorology (OFCM) 2011 Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference (IHC), the Working Group for Hurricane and Winter Storms Operations and Research (WG/HWSOR) approved a 3-yr project to demonstrate the usefulness of airborne expendable bathythermographs (AXBTs) in an operational setting. The goal of this project was to initialize and validate coupled TC forecast models and was extended to improve input to statistical intensity forecast models. During the first season of the demonstration project, 109 AXBTs were deployed between 28 July and 28 August 2011. Successes included AXBT deployment from WC-130J aircraft during operational reconnaissance missions tasked by the National Hurricane Center (NHC), real-time onboard and postflight dataprocessing,real-timedatatransmissiontoU.S.NavyandNOAAhurricanenumericalpredictioncenters, and near-real-time assimilation of upper-ocean temperature observations into the Naval Research Laboratory Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System-Tropical Cyclones (COAMPS-TC) forecast model. Initial results showed 1) increased model accuracy in upper-ocean temperatures, 2) minor improvements in TC track forecasts, and 3) minor improvements in TC intensity forecasts in both coupled dynamical and statistical models [COAMPS-TC and the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS), respectively].
Gene Expression Differences Associated with Human Papillomavirus Status in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Between 15% and 35% of HNSCCs harbor HPV DNA. Demographic and exposure differences between HPV-positive (HPV+) and negative (HPV-) HNSCCs suggest that HPV+ tumors may constitute a subclass with different biology, whereas clinical differences have also been observed. Gene expression profiles of HPV+ and HPV- tumors were compared with further exploration of the biological effect of HPV in HNSCC. Thirty-six HNSCC tumors were analyzed using Affymetrix Human 133U Plus 2.0 GeneChip and for HPV by PCR and real-time PCR. Eight of 36 (22%) tumors were positive for HPV subtype 16. Statistical analysis using Significance Analysis of Microarrays based on HPV status as a supervising variable resulted in a list of 91 genes that were differentially expressed with statistical significance. Results for a subset of these genes were verified by real-time PCR. Genes highly expressed in HPV+ samples included cell cycle regulators (p16(INK4A), p18, and CDC7) and transcription factors (TAF7L, RFC4, RPA2, and TFDP2). The microarray data were also investigated by mapping genes by chromosomal location (DIGMAP). A large number of genes on chromosome 3q24-qter had high levels of expression in HPV+ tumors. Further investigation of differentially expressed genes may reveal the unique pathways in HPV+ tumors that may explain the different natural history and biological properties of these tumors. These properties may be exploited as a target of novel therapeutic agents in HNSCC treatment.
Misreading Dewey: Reform, Projects, and the Language Game

Two serious misunderstandings of Dewey's pedagogical and philosophical views are discussed. The first, the erroneous assumption that Dewey favored an activity-oriented, child-centered approach to learning, relates to how Dewey thought about the role of experience in knowledge acquisition. The second misunderstanding relates to Dewey's stance on language. Viewing Dewey as an early supporter of the postmodernist linguistic turn in philosophy heralded by Rorty and others (i.e., that all knowledge is essentially linguistic) downplays Dewey's unique ontological solution to the mind/world dilemma. This article focuses on the practical and theoretical consequences that follow from accepting these two erroneous interpretations of Dewey.
Surface texture evolution of polycrystalline and nanostructured films: RHEED surface pole figure analysis

In this topical review, we outline the construction of a reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) surface pole figure from a polycrystalline film by recording multiple RHEED patterns as the substrate is rotated around the surface normal. Due to the short penetration depth of electrons, the constructed pole figure is a surface pole figure. It is in contrast to the conventional x-ray pole figure which gives the average texture information of the entire polycrystalline film. Examples of the surface pole figure construction processes of a fibre texture and a biaxial texture are illustrated using Ru vertical nanorods and Mg nanoblades, respectively. For a biaxially textured film, there often exists an in-plane morphological anisotropy. Then additional intensity normalization must be applied to compensate for the effects of anisotropic morphology on RHEED surface pole figure construction. Rich information on the texture evolution, such as the change in the tilt angle of the texture axis, has been obtained from the in situ study of oblique angle vapour deposition of Mg nanoblades using RHEED surface pole figures. Finally we make a comparison between the RHEED surface pole figure and the conventional x-ray pole figure techniques.
Embolic Protection Devices

About the Procedure ![][1] Embolic protection devices (EPDs) prevent or reduce plaque debris from reaching the … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Me(di)a Culpa?: The “Missing White Woman Syndrome” and Media Self-Critique

This textual analysis explores media self-critique in response to news coverage of missing women. The study finds evidence of intermedia agenda setting and news repair. Critiques emphasize race, and racism is identified as the primary cause of the Missing White Woman Syndrome. But class, age, and appearance are not investigated in any depth, and more subtle aspects of the phenomenon go unexplored. Findings indicate that critiques themselves may face the constraints and influences true of any news work.
Adolescent inhalant use and executive cognitive functioning.

Background This study investigates the association between inhalant use and executive cognitive functioning (ECF) and processing speed (PS) in 754 adjudicated poly-substance users on a series of neuropsychological tests.Poly-substance users who used inhalants (PSI = 262) and poly-substance users who did not use inhalants (PSO = 492) neuropsychological tests scores were compared. Hispanic Americans comprised 72% of the participants;European Americans,African Americans and Asian Americans comprised 28% of the participants. Methods Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to assess ECF and PS.Psychosocial and substance abuse standardized surveys were used to assess drug use severity and psychosocial problems associated with substance use. Results Multiple Analysis of Covariance shows that PSI users who used inhalants performed worse on ECF and PS measures in comparison to non-inhalant poly-substance users (PSO).PSI users were younger,used more drugs and had more psychiatric admissions than PSO users. Conclusion PSI users initiate substances at a younger age and experienced more ECF and PS deficits,and behavioural problems in comparison to PSO users.The results of this study suggest that PS has direct effect on ECF and psychosocial outcomes in PSI users.
Education Literature: Current Literature Summary

Our charge is to monitor education-related journals (eg Journal of Nursing Education, Journal of Higher Education) and identify articles which are the most applicable to our readers. We will provide brief synopses of the articles plus potential applications to AT education.
What is This Thing Called Love

Lamy probing rich analysis focuses more on the criteria necessary to spark or produce a potential lover’s readiness to “fall in love.” His analysis is silent, however, about the feeling state of co...
Effect of Fat-Loading Upon Blood Coagulation

There have been conflicting reports concerning the effect of the ingestion of fat on the coagulation of blood. A shortening of the whole blood clotting time (WBCT) or of the plasma clotting (recalcification) time was found by several investigators to follow the intake of fat, either in the form of cream or of a more complex meal of fat.'?. 1°. w, i6,23, 27 • At least 3 groups of investigators failed to confirm these findings in that they did not recognize any significant changes in whole blood clotting as a result of the ingestion of fat.'' Another discrepancy exists even among reports which affirm the phenomenon of fat-induced shortening of the blood clotting time. Waldron and his associates' found it to occur consistently within 1 hr. after the meal, even though very little fat was given (60 ml. of 20 per cent cream, i.e., 12 Gm. of fat). Other investigators, however, observed maximal acceleration of whole blood clotting to occur 2 to 6 hr. after the meal of fat,'' ' , 6 ' 2 3 usually coinciding with the height of the lactescence of plasma.
Annealing Effects to Electrode Pt / Ti for PZT

The application of ferroelectrics such as SrTiO 3 or PbZr x Ti (1−x) O 3 to the insulator of DRAM cell capacitors has been extensively studied. The bottom electrode Pt / Ti for these ferroelectrics needs to be thermally stable because of the crystallization process of ferroelectrics. By varying the annealing temperature from 400°Cto 800°C, we examined the annealing effects to the electrode Pt / Ti by SEM, TEM and in-situ XRD.
Interactive multi-objective path planning through a palette-based user interface

n a problem where a human uses supervisory control to manage robot path-planning, there are times when human does the path planning, and if satisﬁed commits those paths to be executed by the robot, and the robot executes that plan. In planning a path, the robot often uses an optimization algorithm that maximizes or minimizes an objective. When a human is assigned the task of path planning for robot, the human may care about multiple objectives. This work proposes a graphical user interface (GUI) designed for interactive robot path-planning when an operator may prefer one objective over others or care about how multiple objectives are traded oﬀ. The GUI represents multiple objectives using the metaphor of an artist’s palette. A distinct color is used to represent each objective, and tradeoﬀs among objectives are balanced in a manner that an artist mixes colors to get the desired shade of color. Thus, human intent is analogous to the artist’s shade of color. We call the GUI an “Adverb Palette” where the word “Adverb” represents a speciﬁc type of objective for the path, such as the adverbs “quickly” and “safely” in the commands: “travel the path quickly”, “make the journey safely”. The novel interactive interface provides the user an opportunity to evaluate various alternatives (that tradeoﬀ between diﬀerent objectives) by allowing her to visualize the instantaneous outcomes that result from her actions on the interface. In addition to assisting analysis of various solutions given by an optimization algorithm, the palette has additional feature of allowing the user to deﬁne and visualize her own paths, by means of waypoints (guiding locations) thereby spanning variety for planning. The goal of the Adverb Palette is thus to provide a way for the user and robot to ﬁnd an acceptable solution even though they use very diﬀerent representations of the problem. Subjective evaluations suggest that even non-experts in robotics can carry out the planning tasks with a great deal of ﬂexibility using the adverb palette.
Depth Purification of Yellow Phosphorus Tail Gas and Resource Utilization Technology

The paper explicates the principle,technological process and main characteristic of the technology on depth purification of yellow phosphorus tail gas and resource utilization technology,introduces the engineering cases and popularizing prospect of the technology,indicates that the application of the technology is an effective measure in solving the heavy pollution of yellow phosphorus tail gas and resource utilization of wastes.
Health Promotion and Health Behaviors of Diverse Ethnic/Racial Women Cosmetologists: A Review.

Women from diverse ethnic/racial backgrounds have higher chronic disease mortality rates when compared to White non-Hispanic women. Community-based programs, such as beauty salons, have been used to reach diverse ethnic/racial women, yet little is known about diverse ethnic/racial women cosmetologists’ involvement in health promotion and their health behaviors, which is the purpose of this review. The growing beauty salon health promotion literature indicates that their roles in these studies have been varied, not only as health promoters but also as recruiters, facilitators, and in general major catalysts for investigator-initiated studies. However, the review also identified a major void in the literature in that there were few studies on health behaviors of diverse ethnic/racial women cosmetologists, especially African American women cosmetologists. Recommendations include increasing the capacity of diverse ethnic/racial women cosmetologists as community health leaders and investigating their health status, knowledge, attitudes, and practices.
Increased processing speed in young adult bilinguals: evidence from source memory judgments

Although many studies have investigated the consequences of bilingualism on cognitive control, few have examined the impact of bilingualism on other cognitive domains, such as memory. Of these studies, most have focused on item memory and none have examined the role of bilingualism in source memory (i.e., the memory for contextual details from a previous encounter with a stimulus). In our study, young adult bilinguals and monolinguals completed a source memory test, whose different conditions were designed to stress working memory and inhibitory control. Bilinguals performed significantly faster than monolinguals across all conditions without compromising accuracy, and also showed an overall speed advantage on the Flanker task. We interpret these processing speed advantages within the context of current models of bilingual production.
Multi-Variable Regression

In many situations a variable of interest depends on several other variables. Such multi-variable data is common across the sciences and in many other fields such as economics and business. Multi-variable analysis can be performed in a simple and effective way when the relationship that links the variable of interest to the other quantities is linear. In this chapter we study the method of multi-variable regression and show how it is related to the multiple regression described in Chap. 8 which applies to the traditional two-variable dataset. This chapter also presents methods for hypothesis testing on the multi-variable regression and its parameters.
A Taxing Time for the Bishop Estate: The I.R.S. Role in Charity Governance

This piece, included in the University of Hawaii Law Review's symposium issue on the Bishop Estate, explores the relationship between the new intermediate sanctions law and the IRS's power to revoke tax exemption under § 501(c)(3). Inspired by the storied setting, I indulge in a fantasy: This article pretends that the IRS revoked the Estate's exemption, and takes the form of the Tax Court declaratory judgment opinion. I reluctantly 'rule' that exemption was not appropriate, because State enforcement action against the trustees was proceeding. (However, this forum allows me to hedge my argument by producing two concurring and one dissenting opinion!) Better would be for Congress to take up the recommendation of the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation that the IRS be permitted to share with the States information from ongoing investigations of tax-exempt organizations.
Los insectos desde la percepción de los estudiantes “Tikuna” y mestizos de educación básica del Municipio de Caballo Cocha

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la percepcion que tienen los estudiantes “tikuna” sobre los insectos. El trabajo se realizo de mayo a septiembre del 2014, en el Internado Escolar de Caballo Cocha, Provincia de Mariscal Ramon Castilla, Region Loreto-Peru. En el estudio participaron 34 estudiantes del pueblo indigena tikuna y 25 estudiantes mestizos, del 1er al 3er ano de educacion secundaria. A cada estudiante se le facilito una encuesta semiestructurada, con las siguientes preguntas claves: ?Que es un insecto?, ?Que importancia crees que tienen los insectos?, ?Que usos actuales tienen los insectos en tu familia? En la primera pregunta, el 38,5% de los estudiantes tikuna agruparon a los insectos por taxonomia-academica, mientras que el 41,6% de los mestizos los agruparon desde la perspectiva ecologica. En la segunda pregunta, ambos grupos otorgan mayor importancia al aspecto economico, producto de la venta de insectos como artesanias (52% los mestizos y 58,8% los tikuna). En la tercera pregunta, ambos grupos destacan el uso medicinal (30,8% por los tikuna y 20% por los mestizos), asi como un significativo uso como carnada de pesca (41,8% los tikuna y 38% los mestizos). El trabajo permitio recabar informacion sobre los insectos y su relacion con el entorno.
Gene Program Signatures for Papillomavirus E2-Mediated Senescence in Cervical Cancer Cells

Infection with the high-risk types of human papillomavirus is strongly linked to the development of cancers of the uterine cervix. Carcinogenesis depends on the continuous expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes in the affected individual. Transcription of these oncogenes can be negatively regulated by the viral E2 protein. Carcinogenic progression of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive lesions is accompanied by the integration of the viral DNA into the cellular genome and the disruption of the viral E2 open reading frame. When reintroduced into HPV-positive cancer cells, E2 proteins suppress cellular growth through senescence induction. E2 repression of E6/E7 is necessary and sufficient for this process, indicating that important senescence mediators must be inhibited by the viral oncoproteins for both the initiation and maintenance of HPV-associated carcinogenesis. We describe in this chapter the use of an E2-based inducible senescence system to determine the transcriptome of HPV-positive cells during an early, yet irreversibly committed senescence state. Insights into the regulation of specific genes and gene groups during E2 senescence compared to their regulation during E6/E7 immortalization might elucidate mechanisms of senescence inhibition by the HPV oncogenes. We will discuss how future studies of bona fide regulators of the balance between senescence and carcinogenesis might ultimately lead to novel drug targets, diagnostic markers, and more refined approaches for cancer treatment both within and outside of the HPV context.
A Stochastic Driver Pedal Behavior Model Incorporating Road Information

Human driver's pedal behavior is difficult to model because it is the output of a very complicated virtual stochastic system. This paper provides a new way to describe driver's pedal behavior after decomposing it into a sequence of actions. By considering the vehicle and road information as the inputs and the pedal action as the output, an input–output hidden Markov model (IOHMM) is used to describe the pedal behavior. The state transition and output distribution functions are designed, and the relation between the input and the key variables of the output distributions is analyzed and modeled using statistical methods. The model parameters can be identified for individual drivers using the generalized estimation-maximization method. One-step probability prediction test shows that the proposed model can capture and distinguish each individual driver's driving style. The prediction capability of the proposed model is evaluated by comparing it with the human driver data collected on a driving simulator along with three other models. The results show that the proposed IOHMM-based driver pedal behavior model performs well in prediction horizons from 1 to 60 s.
Bill Mckibben's Effect on the Us Climate Change Debate: Shifting the Institutional Environment Through Radical Flank Effects

This paper examines the influence of radical flank actors in shifting field-level debates by increasing the legitimacy of pre-existing but peripheral issues. Using network text analysis, we apply this conceptual model to the climate change debate in the U.S. and the efforts of Bill McKibben and 350.org to pressure major universities to “divest” their fossil fuel assets. What we find is that, as these new actors and issue entered the debate, liberal policy ideas (such as a carbon tax), which had previously been marginalized in the U.S. debate, gained increased attention and legitimacy while the divestment effort itself gained limited traction. This result expands theory on indirect pathways to institutional change through a discursive radical flank mechanism, and suggests that the actual influence of Bill McKibben on the U.S. climate debate goes beyond the precise number of schools that divest to include a shift in the social and political discourse.
Emerging roles of liposomal bupivacaine in anesthesia practice

Despite advances in drug technology and improvements in technology, including peripheral nerve catheters and ultrasound, postoperative pain is still a significant problem in the clinical setting worldwide. Postoperative pain can have a critical negative impact with regard to physiological consequences to the body and therefore, the role of liposomal bupivacaine as an extended release bupivacaine with approximately 72 h of duration may have far-reaching and significant impact in clinical practice. Liposomal bupivacaine has a DepoFoam multivesicular liposome technology with particle suspension in an isotonic aqueous solution and consists of tiny lipid-based particles, which contain discrete water-filled chambers dispersed through a lipid matrix. Other advantages include a reduction in opioid consumption, while not requiring a catheter or any other device, as well as easy dilution with saline. This review summarizes current research with this novel agent in postsurgical pain, and discusses potential roles in chronic pain states. Further studies are warranted for its use in epidural and intrathecal administration. Moreover, this review will explore the expansion of liposomal bupivacaine's current clinical role.
Individually detachable polymer-silicon micro-parts for vaporizable electronics

In the interest of protecting chip information, it is desirable to break apart a chip based microsystem into unusable fragments of 10–100 μm on demand. Here we report a hybrid polymer-silicon process flow and device architecture that post-processes silicon-based electronics into arrays of silicon pillars. We call this the pillar-on-polymer (PoP) process flow. The pillars can be then individually separated from the substrate through addressable thermal detachment. We use DRIE silicon-etching to fabricate through-wafer trenches in the silicon substrate, and a spun-on acid-activated polypropylene carbonate (PPC) film as a vaporizable polymer to hold the individual silicon pillars. The PPC can be vaporized locally, using pillar specific Joule heating from thin-film gold resistors, to on-demand release any pillar or pillars. In this paper, we demonstrate a 3 × 3 array of 200 μm diameter silicon pillars separated by 150 μm on a 1.2×1.2 mm2 die, which can be controllably detached from the substrate. With quasi-static steady state Joule heating, the power required to detach a pillar is 42.5 mW. With pulse-powered triggering, 96.7 mW is required for 5.06 seconds of heating to trigger a 0.25 mm2 area of the die.
The Power of Peer Mentoring in Enabling a Diverse and Inclusive Environment in a Chemical Engineering Graduate Program

The Chemical Engineering graduate program at the University of Michigan implemented a peer mentoring program for PhD students, with the goal of fostering department inclusivity and improved academic outcomes through facilitated social and academic activities in diverse, small groups. In this article, we detail the peer mentoring program implementation and the program’s measured impact on participating mentees and mentors.
Quality of Informing: Credibility Provisional Model of Functional Dependencies

This is an inquiry into the “actionable credibility” of information values in informing and how it depends on other attributes of data and information quality. Empirical survey-based research by Wang and Strong (1996) ignores the multidimensional aspects of credibility. Studies that ignore them may produce unreliable results. Most publications discuss these attributes as independent quality factors. This paper identifies and describes the ignored dependencies. To yield research results of a more lasting validity, one must go beyond empirical studies. This inquiry continues the development of a theoretical model of operations quality requirements of data and information values as proposed by Gackowski (2004, 2005a, 2005b). The results are presented for challenge, critique, and discussion.
Towards Sustainable Human Development

In this age of globalization, liberalization and rapid technological change, technical and vocational education is a development issue for countries of the North and South alike. This chapter highlights some of the many questions about what role technical and vocational education plays in the development process, and whether it can really reduce unemployment and exclusion. Historically, technical and vocational education were seen as a way of preparing a work force for industry, then as a means to improve the formation of human capital and increase productivity and employment. More recently it has been seen as a tool to enhance human development by creating capabilities and putting them to use for further human development and sustainable growth. Thus human development is both a means and an end. Investing in people raises their quality of life – the ultimate goal of economic development – while also making them more skillful and productive contributors to economic progress. The new theory of economic development (emphasizing ‘human’ and ‘sustainable’) does not accept GDP as the prime indicator of wealth, because it can rise without enriching lives. But Partha Dasgupta and Martin Weale (1992) found, looking at 48 developing countries, a strong correlation between GNP per capita and human development indicators (life expectancy, infant mortality, literacy, political and civil rights). The new approach argues that growth of income is essential, as a means, not an end, and states explicitly that development’s primary objective is to benefit people, enhancing human capabilities to make a better life available to all. Thus the human development index, which measures wellbeing, is the indicator of development level, not GDP, which merely measures output. Past economic development has produced rapid growth in some countries, but it has also produced gulfs between rich and poor ones in many forms of inequality and environmental deterioration. The depletion of natural capital (the overuse of resources at the expense of future generations), due to markets’ failure to reflect full costs, cannot continue forever. Thus, demands for growth that is sustainable
Generating synthetic mammograms for stationary 3D mammography

Purpose. Investigate synthetic mammography approaches for carbon nanotube (CNT)-enabled stationary digital breast tomosynthesis (sDBT). Methods. Projection images of breast-mimicking phantoms containing soft-tissue masses and microcalcification clusters collected by sDBT were used to develop weighted-intensity forward-projection algorithms that generated a synthetic mammogram from the reconstructed 3D image space. Reconstruction was accomplished by an adapted fan-volume modification of the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique. Detectability indices were used to quantify mass and calcification visibility. The image processing chain was then applied to projection views collected by sDBT on women with “suspicious” breast lesions detected by standard screening 2D digital mammography. Results. Quantifying detectability allowed correlation between the visibility of clinically-important image features and the order of the polynomial weighting function used during forward projection. The range of weighted functions exists between the extremes of an average-intensity projection (zero-order) and maximum-intensity projection (infinite-order), with lower order weights emphasizing soft-tissue features and higher-order weights emphasizing calcifications. Application of these algorithms to patient images collected by sDBT, coupled with dense-artifact reduction and background equalization steps, produced synthetic mammograms on which additional post-processing approaches can be explored, with the actual mammogram providing a reference for comparison. Conclusions. An image-processing chain with adjustable weighting during forward projection, dense-artifact reduction, and background equalization can yield a range of sDBT-based synthetic mammograms that display clinically-important features differently, potentially improving the ability to appreciate the association of masses and calcifications.
Characterization and Control of Erwinia spp. and Pluralibacter sp. in Tuna Salad Preparations.

ABSTRACT Histamine-producing Erwinia and Pluralibacter spp. capable of producing toxic histamine levels were isolated from ingredients commonly used in tuna salad preparations. The characterization...
'Then I Found Housing and Everything Changed': Transitions to Rent-Assisted Housing and Diabetes Self-Management.

Objective This study draws on qualitative interview data to examine transitions into rent-assisted housing as they relate to diabetes self-management behaviors. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with low-income residents of New Haven, Connecticut, who had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. To examine experiences of transition into rent-assisted housing, we drew on interviews with those participants who were living in rent-assisted housing at the baseline interview (n = 18) and participants (n = 5) who transitioned into rent-assisted housing between baseline and a 9-month followup. Interviews probed participants' housing and diabetes experiences. Analysis followed an inductive grounded theory approach. Results Our data suggest that improvements in diabetes self-management accompanied the receipt of rental assistance. By providing housing access to those participants who previously had no place of their own, rental assistance facilitated environmental control that supported diabetes routines. By making housing more affordable, rental assistance also improved some participants' ability to afford diabetes-related expenses and mitigated health-demoting financial stress. Additionally, for some participants, rental assistance provided residential stability that facilitated access to health-promoting local social support. Conclusions Although more research is needed, these data suggest that expanded access to rental assistance could both improve population health and reduce healthcare spending associated with preventable diabetes-related complications.
Romantic attachment style and borderline personality pathology: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) implies profound impairment in interpersonal relationships, particularly romantic relationships ( Daley, Burge, & Hammen, 2000 ). Insecure attachment bears striking resemblance to BPD traits in both empirical and theoretical work ( Levy, Johnson, Clouthier, Scala, & Temes, 2015 ) and may be particularly suited for understanding the BPD-related deficits in romantic functioning. Despite several qualitative reviews concluding that secure attachment is disrupted in those with BPD traits, no consensus has emerged regarding the form of this disruption ( Levy et al., 2015 ), with most reviews focusing on whether BPD is best captured as high levels of attachment anxiety or attachment avoidance. The purpose of the current review is to provide a quantitative synthesis of the strength and direction of the associations between attachment insecurity and BPD traits. Searches on PsycINFO and Pubmed resulted in 27 effect sizes that measured BPD and adult romantic attachment on the two primary dimensions of anxiety and avoidance ( Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000 ). Results demonstrated that attachment anxiety correlates most strongly with BPD traits (r = 0.48); however, attachment avoidance also evinced a significant effect (r = 0.30). Findings from regression analyses indicate that attachment anxiety and avoidance interact, suggesting a particularly strong relationship between attachment disorganization and BPD traits.
Distopías de Madrid. Transformación del espacio público y representación de la violencia en Sangre a borbotones de Rafael Reig y 2020 de Javier Moreno

Sharp grills, uncomfortable public benches, hardly any shade…, these are some of the hallmarks of new tendencies in urban design that have burst into our cities: new ways to understand public space in a much less habitable mode. Moreover, pedestrian citizens increasingly find their right to use space curtailed by the proliferation of places for consumption. Parallel to the emergence of these new urban trends, certain narratives structured as urban dystopias and based on grotesque futurisms have also appeared. In this paper I discuss this urban transformation as the trigger or condition of possibility of two recent Spanish novels: Rafael Reig’s Sangre a borbotones and Javier Moreno’s 2020. I focus on the metamorphosis of contemporary Madrid, which these two authors take as the root of their paradoxically realist approach to dystopic futurism. Building upon this sublayer, Reig and Moreno have begun to imagine (or to warn of) the possible future account of our society.