cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pragmatic Code Autocomplete.

Human language is ambiguous, with intended meanings recovered via pragmatic reasoning in context. Such reliance on context is essential for the efficiency of human communication. Programming languages, in stark contrast, are defined by unambiguous grammars. In this work, we aim to make programming languages more concise by allowing programmers to utilize a controlled level of ambiguity. Specifically, we allow single-character abbreviations for common keywords and identifiers. Our system first proposes a set of strings that can be abbreviated by the user. Using only 100 abbreviations, we observe that a large dataset of Python code can be compressed by 15%, a number that can be improved even further by specializing the abbreviations to a particular code base. We then use a contextualized sequence-to-sequence model to rank potential expansions of inputs that include abbreviations. In an offline reconstruction task our model achieves accuracies ranging from 93% to 99%, depending on the programming language and user settings. The model is small enough to run on a commodity CPU in real-time. We evaluate the usability of our system in a user study, integrating it in Microsoft VSCode, a popular code text editor. We observe that our system performs well and is complementary to traditional autocomplete features.
Nodal Admittance Matrix Based Area Partition Method for Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Large-Scale Power Electronics Based Power Systems

In power electronics-based power systems (PEPSs), small-signal stability is an important factor for system design and operation, where the impedance-based approach is often used. However, unlike small-scale PEPSs with simple and straightforward impedance models, it would take much more efforts to derive the large-scale PEPSs impedance model, which is very complicated and sometimes may get wrong results due to the elimination of right-half plane (RHP) poles during the impedance aggregation process. To simplify the derivation procedure and analyze the small-signal stability of large-scale PEPSs, this paper proposes a nodal admittance matrix (NAM) based area partition method. In this method, the large-scale PEPS is divided into several sub-areas, and the stability is analyzed within the sub-area first, and then the interconnection stability among these sub-areas is analyzed. The proposed method is scalable and can help to locate the weakest areas/converters that may cause instability in the whole system. In this paper, the concept of the proposed method and its application to an example system are introduced. Experimental results are also given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Role of Transaction Costs on Vertical Integration and Innovation: A General Equilibrium Approach

Acquiring information from outside firms is crucial for a firms’ innovation output. According to the transaction cost perspective, firms can increase the information flow between them by integratin...
Relationship dissolution and psychopathology.

Abstract Studies using probability samples have yielded cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between relationship dissolution and psychopathology, including depressive, anxiety, and substance use symptoms and disorders. The present review summarizes theory relevant to the association of relationship dissolution to psychopathology, discusses the time course over which postdissolution psychopathology may be most likely to manifest, and selectively reviews empirical findings regarding main and moderated associations between relationship dissolution and psychopathology. We conclude by acknowledging the need for continued study of the association between relationship dissolution and psychopathology, including research that rules out potential rival explanations (i.e., confounding variables) for this association and examines this association across cultures and types of intimate relationships (e.g., cohabiting relationships).
Predicting the laterality of temporal lobe epilepsy from PET, MRI, and DTI: A multimodal study

Pre-surgical evaluation of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) relies on information obtained from multiple neuroimaging modalities. The relationship between modalities and their combined power in predicting the seizure focus is currently unknown. We investigated asymmetries from three different modalities, PET (glucose metabolism), MRI (cortical thickness), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; white matter anisotropy) in 28 left and 30 right TLE patients (LTLE and RTLE). Stepwise logistic regression models were built from each modality separately and from all three combined, while bootstrapped methods and split-sample validation verified the robustness of predictions. Among all multimodal asymmetries, three PET asymmetries formed the best predictive model (100% success in full sample, >95% success in split-sample validation). The combinations of PET with other modalities did not perform better than PET alone. Probabilistic classifications were obtained for new clinical cases, which showed correct lateralization for 7/7 new TLE patients (100%) and for 4/5 operated patients with discordant or non-informative PET reports (80%). Metabolism showed closer relationship with white matter in LTLE and closer relationship with gray matter in RTLE. Our data suggest that metabolism is a powerful modality that can predict seizure laterality with high accuracy, and offers high value for automated predictive models. The side of epileptogenic focus can affect the relationship of metabolism with brain structure. The data and tools necessary to obtain classifications for new TLE patients are made publicly available.
The Teaching Record: A Framework for Teaching Group Practice

Abstract This article presents an innovative refinement in the use of group process records for educational purposes, reviews the history of Rothman's Committee for the Preparation of Teaching Materials, and discusses the Committee's development of a comprehensive framework for teaching records. The teaching record fosters student attentiveness to practice context and complexities, regard for ongoing self-evaluation, and interest in cooperative learning. Teaching records also provide a structure for integrative learning through the identification, elucidation, linkage, and illustration of practice concepts and principles. The five key parts of the teaching record—major teaching themes, overview of group characteristics, group process record, teaching points, and teaching strategies—are described, and excerpts from an illustrative teaching record of a session with nursing home residents are presented.
Linear, single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from Kilham rat virus.

Abstract Kilham rat virus (KRV) was grown in a rat nephroma cell line and was purified by two isopycnic centrifugations in cesium chloride. The virus contains single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a molecular weight of approximately 1.6 × 106. The DNA was extracted from the virion by both phenol extraction and by 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 50 C. KRV DNA, extracted by both procedures, was observed in an electron microscope by using a cytochrome c or diethylaminoethyldextran monolayer. The DNA was also exposed to exonuclease I, an enzyme which hydrolyzes specifically linear, single-stranded DNA. Hydrolysis of 70 to 80% of the DNA was observed. Both the enzymatic and the electron microscope studies support the conclusion that extracted KRV DNA is a single-stranded, linear molecule. The length of the DNA was measured in the electron microscope and determined to be 1.505 ± 0.206 μm.
The Caregiver's Path to Compassionate Decision Making: Making Choices for Those Who Can't by Viki Kind

Whether you are a caregiver, health care professional, or hospital librarian helping a patient's family navigate a complicated and difficult medical situation, The Caregiver's Path to Compassionate...
dfence: transparent network-based denial of service mitigation

Denial of service (DoS) attacks are a growing threat to the availability of Internet services. We present dFence, a novel network-based defense system for mitigating DoS attacks. The main thesis of dFence is complete transparency to the existing Internet infrastructure with no software modifications at either routers, or the end hosts. dFence dynamically introduces special-purpose middlebox devices into the data paths of the hosts under attack. By intercepting both directions of IP traffic (to and from attacked hosts) and applying stateful defense policies, dFence middleboxes effectively mitigate a broad range of spoofed and unspoofed attacks. We describe the architecture of the dFence middlebox, mechanisms for ondemand introduction and removal, and DoS mitigation policies, including defenses against DoS attacks on the middlebox itself. We evaluate our prototype implementation based on Intel IXP network processors.
Book Review: The X-Ways Forensics Practitioner's Guide

Shavers, B., and Zimmerman, E. (2013). The X-Ways Forensics Practitioner's Guide. Waltham, MA: Syngress, 242 pages. ISBN: 978-0-12-411605-4. Print: US $50.90. Includes exercises, case studies, references, and index. Reviewed by Linda K. Lau, Longwood University Brett Shavers is a former law enforcement officer, a digital forensics examiner, an adjunct instructor, and a frequent speaker at many conferences. After writing his first book, titled Placing the Suspect Behind the Keyboard: Using Digital Forensics and Investigative Techniques to Identify Cybercrime Suspects, he co-wrote his 2nd book with Eric Zimmerman and Jimmy Weg, who is a knowledgeable technical editor. Both Brett and Eric are experts in cyber forensics, with many years of law enforcement experience at both the state and federal levels.
Tecendo uma teia: aquisição de conceitos e papel inferencial

Teorias dos conceitos e da aquisicao de conceitos sao mutua-mente vinculados. O modo como encaramos a aquisicao de conceitos depende tanto do que tomamos por conceitos e das habilidades que em-pregamos para adquiri-los. Eu argumento que a abordagem cognitivista da aquisicao de novos conceitos proposta por Ned Block nao e compativel com a sua concepcao semântica de papel conceitual. Se os conceitos sao definidos pelos seus papeis conceituais, entao a aquisicao de novos conceitos mudara os papeis conceituais de conceitos empregados em qualquer forma de formacao de hipotese e de aprendizagem de confirmacao. Isso quebra a co-nexao que evidencia entre conceitos adquiridos e a evidencia utilizada para justificar suas aplicacoes subsequentes. Consequentemente, a semântica de papel conceitual nao pode beneficiar-se das abordagens cognitivistas para a aquisicao de conceitos. A despeito disso, elas podem, entretanto, explicar a natureza aparentemente racional da aquisicao de conceitos.
TGF‐β1 Suppresses Plasmin and MMP Activity in Flexor Tendon Cells via PAI‐1: Implications for Scarless Flexor Tendon Repair

Flexor tendon injuries caused by deep lacerations to the hands are a challenging problem as they often result in debilitating adhesions that prevent the movement of the afflicted fingers. Evidence exists that tendon adhesions as well as scarring throughout the body are largely precipitated by the pleiotropic growth factor, Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1(TGF-β1), but the effects of TGF-β1 are poorly understood in tendon healing. Using an in vitro model of tendon healing, we previously found that TGF-β1 causes gene expression changes in tenocytes that are consistent with scar tissue and adhesion formation, including upregulation of the anti-fibrinolytic protein, PAI-1. Therefore, we hypothesized that TGF-β1 contributes to scarring and adhesions by reducing the activity of proteases responsible for ECM degradation and remodeling, such as plasmin and MMPs, via upregulation of PAI-1. To test our hypothesis, we examined the effects of TGF-β1 on the protease activity of tendon cells. We found that flexor tendon tenocytes treated with TGF-β1 had significantly reduced levels of active MMP-2 and plasmin. Interestingly, the effects of TGF-β1 on protease activity were completely abolished in tendon cells from homozygous plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) knockout (KO) mice, which are unable to express PAI-1. Our findings support the hypothesis that TGF-β1 induces PAI-1, which suppresses plasmin and plasmin-mediated MMP activity, and provide evidence that PAI-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for preventing adhesions and promoting a scarless, regenerative repair of flexor tendon injuries.
Modeling Ocean Circulation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes various aspects of the modeling of ocean circulation. Modeling the ocean circulation is entering a new era due to two major technical developments. One of these developments is the satellite-borne altimeter, which can provide a nearly synoptic view of the sea-surface elevation of the World Ocean. The three-dimensional models that are similar to current atmospheric circulation models are general enough to treat a wide variety of time scales. The use of single buoyancy variable is sufficient to discuss many aspects of ocean dynamics, keeping in mind that a separate treatment of temperature and salinity is necessary for an accurate simulation of the role of the ocean in climate. It is found that as the equatorward interior flow is much less intense than the flow at the western boundary current, its temperature roughly corresponds to the specified reference temperature at each latitudes rather than the western boundary current flow. It is observed that the effective global diffusion obtained by fitting the three-dimensional model results to the box-diffusion model is over five times that of the background vertical diffusion of the numerical model.
Explaining recent trends in smoking prevalence.

The SimSmoke Tobacco Control Policy Simulation Model, as described in the paper by Levy & colleagues (2005), does a useful job of using the extensive empirical evidence on the impact of tobacco control policies on cigarette smoking to explain trends in smoking prevalence in the United States from 1993 to 2002. At the same time, it illustrates clearly the limits of our understanding about the impact of other environmental influences on smoking, as well as the effects of tobacco control policies on smoking in important subpopulations, suggesting several avenues for future research. To date, most tobacco policy research has focused on the impact of control policies on overall measures of cigarette smoking, typically overall cigarette sales or smoking prevalence. Studies of the effects of cigarette prices, smoke-free air laws and comprehensive tobacco control programs tend to be consistent in their estimates of how these influence smoking. Given that the findings from this extensive and consistent research have been incorporated into the model, it is no surprise that SimSmoke does well in explaining the role of changes in major tobacco control policies on overall cigarette smoking. The inclusion in the model of other major macro-level, non-policy influences on smoking behavior would further improve the model’s performance. For example, adding a module capturing the impact of tobacco companies’ marketing would help to close the gap between the model’s predictions and observed behavior. The fact that the model’s predicted decline in prevalence for the 1993‐97 period is similar to the observed change in prevalence during this period is consistent with the fact that, overall, inflationadjusted tobacco company marketing expenditures changed little during this period (Federal Trade Commis
Impedance Effects During High-Frequency Dielectrophoresis

Dielectrophoresis refers to the motion of electrically neutral particles in a spatially non-uniform electric field as a function of frequency. Analytical models predict a second or upper crossover frequency, but there is little experimental evidence to supporting this prediction. One reason for this is that standard bench top function generators are typically limited to maximum frequency of 20 MHz, and those with higher bandwidths are often unable to generate higher frequency electric fields with sufficient amplitude to induce DEP motion. Our experimental set-up seeks to sort cells on the basis of the upper crossover frequency in the range of 10–160 MHz. At these frequencies, the DEP response is expected to depend primarily on the dielectric properties of the cytoplasm.A needle pattern was used due to the ease of making spatially non-uniform electric fields. Sine waves were generated with a signal generator capable of generating sine waves with frequencies up to 160 MHz which was amplified with an RF amplifier. In order to help match the load to the amplifier and reduce the amount of reflected power an attenuator was placed between the amplifier and the electrodes. Two different amplifiers and attenuators were tested. Conductive copper tape and alligator clips were used to connect the glass slide to the electronic equipment. These systems were capable of 30 Volts peak-to-peak (Vpp) amplitudes in the given frequency range as monitored by an oscilloscope probing the electrodes.With this set-up, the amplitude of the signal was observed by oscilloscope to vary as much as 40 Vpp across the range of frequencies which is supplied by signal generator. We suspect that the impedance of the experimental set-up was highly frequency dependent at the high frequencies used in this study. Furthermore, the oscilloscope may also be enough of a load on the system to affect the impedance. To maintain the 30 Vpp output, the input amplitude to the RF amplifier was adjusted at each individual frequency across all frequencies of the DEP experiment.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Sensor-efficient wideband source location

A novel algorithm for the passive estimation of bearings of multiple uncorrelated wideband sources is presented. This algorithm overcomes the limitation in previous algorithms on the number of resolvable sources imposed by the number of sensor. In an example, bearings of 10 sources are estimated by a two-element array, with error variances approaching the Cramer-Rao bounds. >
A new logic family based on single-electron transistors

We demonstrate theoretically the self-consistent operation of a complete family of logic circuits, including invertors, logic gates and flip-flops, based on complementary capacitively-coupled single-electron transistors (C-SETs), and give some estimates for the expected characteristics of these devices.
Outcomes of Family-Involved Alcoholism Treatment

This chapter reviews current studies of the effectiveness of family-involved alcoholism treatment. Three theoretical perspectives on family-involved treatment are reviewed: disease model perspectives, behavioral perspectives, and family systems perspectives. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of treatment derived from each viewpoint are described. It is concluded that despite the widespread popularity of family-involved alcoholism treatment, there is a paucity of well-controlled research in this area, that all of the reported research has evaluated marital rather than family therapy, and that there are notable discrepancies between the popularity of clinical practices and the empirical bases of practice.
Design considerations for thin film CuInSe/sub 2/, and other polycrystalline heterojunction solar cells

The design considerations which allow the fabrication of efficient thin-film solar cells in despite the presence of 'dead' layers is discussed. CIS thin-film cells are used as a particular example but the conclusions apply to a variety of thin-film cells. The effects of the application of these design principles are illustrated using the results of numerical simulations of CdS/CuInSe/sub 2/ solar cells, since these cells are reasonably mature in both their modeling and fabrication and offer experimental verification of the theory presented. >
Simulations of terrestrial in-situ cosmogenic-nuclide production

Targets of silicon and silicon dioxide were irradiated with spallation neutrons to simulate the production of long-lived radionuclides in the surface of the Earth. Gamma-ray spectroscopy was used to measure Be-7 and Na-22, and accelerator mass spectrometry was used to measure Be-10, C-14, and Al-26. The measured ratios of these nuclides are compared with calculated ratios and with ratios from other simulations and agree well with ratios inferred from terrestrial samples.
Work-family Conflict and Alcohol Use: Examination of a Moderated Mediation Model

Research consistently documents the negative effects of work-family conflict; however, little research focuses on alcohol use. This study embraces a tension reduction theory of drinking, wherein alcohol use is thought to reduce the negative effects of stress. The purpose of the study was to test a moderated mediation model of the relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol use in a Chicagoland community sample of 998 caregivers. Structural equation models showed that distress mediated the relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol use. Furthermore, tension reduction expectancies of alcohol exacerbated the relationship between distress and alcohol use. The results advance the study of work-family conflict and alcohol use, helping explain this complicated relationship using sophisticated statistical techniques. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Bolus and continuous/high- and low-dose diuretics had similar effects on symptoms and renal function in acute, decompensated HF

Source Citation Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al; NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:797-...
Wingless promotes cell survival but constrains growth during Drosophila wing development

During animal development, organs grow to a fixed size and shape. Organ development typically begins with a rapid growth phase followed by a gradual decline in growth rate as the organ matures1, but the regulation of either stage of growth remains unclear. The Wnt/Wingless (Wg) proteins are critical for patterning most animal organs, have diverse effects on development and have been proposed to promote organ growth2. Here we report that contrary to this view, Wg activity actually constrains wing growth during Drosophila melanogaster wing development. In addition, we demonstrate that Wg is required for wing cell survival, particularly during the rapid growth phase of wing development. We propose that the cell-survival- and growth-constraining activities of Wg function to sculpt and delimit final wing size as part of its overall patterning programme.
A process for understanding how a field‐based course influences teachers’ beliefs and practices

Abstract This study examined changes in teachers’ beliefs and practices using video to enhance self‐evaluation and guided reflection. Participants (N = 11) were enrolled in afield‐based intensive reading methods course that included a practicum component. Pre‐ and post‐data were collected from four sources: (a) a teaching‐beliefs questionnaire, (b) videotapes of two teaching episodes, (c) videotapes of two post‐teaching reflective conferences, and (d) a videotaped portfolio presentation. Analysis followed the method developed by Menges and Rando (1989) to categorize espoused and implicit theories of teaching. In addition, four cases were analyzed for in‐depth descriptions of the change process (Merriam, 1988). Multicase analysis provided insight into how teacher change occurred through opportunities for guided reflection.
Recurrent hypertonic dehydration due to selective defect in the osmoregulation of thirst.

A 6-year-old girl with recurrent episodes of hypertonic dehydration was studied. She denied thirst even with a plasma osmolality as high as 421 mosmol/kg. The hypernatremia was associated with an ability to concentrate urine (854 mosmol/kg). Volume expansion with water corrected hypernatremia (162 to 148 mEq/l) and resulted in an increased urine flow and urinary dilution (137 mosmol/kg) because of suppression of endogenousvasopressin (AVP) release (5.1 pg/ml). Hypertonic saline infusion raised the plasma AVP level (25.6 pg/ml) in response to changes in plasma osmolality (305 to 330 mosmol/kg) and led to a maximal urine osmolality of 818 mosmol/kg. With chronic forced fluid intake, the patient maintained a normal resum sodium concentration (range, 135–145 mEq/l) with a urine osmolality as low as 65 mosmol/kg. These findings are consistent with an isolated defect in the osmoregulation of thirst as the cause of the chronic hypertonic dehydration without deficiency in AVP secretion.
Clinical services in environmental pediatrics.

Pediatric healthcare providers are confronted with environmental health problems frequently: the child with asthma exacerbated by the odor of paint in school or mouse antigen at home, the family who wants to know the risks and benefits of using different types of sunblock, or the community that asks the provider for advice on the potential health impacts of building the new elementary school next to the on-ramp to the interstate highway. Pediatric providers have not been well trained to deal with these questions in medical or nursing schools, residency training, or continuing-education settings. This article provides guidance on history taking, the physical examination, laboratory evaluations of patients and the environment, and making an assessment about and managing environmental health problems. Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units are discussed as a source of consultation and referral. The identification and utilization of evidence-based resources are stressed and clinicians are cautioned about non–evidence-based assessments such as clinical ecology and hair analysis and non–evidence-based management strategies such as chelation for autism. Mt Sinai J Med 78:11–21, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Distinct Domains for Anti- and Pro-apoptotic Activities of IEX-1

IEX-1 (immediate early response gene X-1) is a stress-inducible gene. Its overexpression can suppress or enhance apoptosis dependent on the nature of stress, yet the polypeptide does not possess any of the functional domains that are homologous to those present in well characterized effectors or inhibitors of apoptosis. This study using sequence-targeting mutagenesis reveals a transmembrane-like integrated region of the protein to be critical for both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions. Substitution of the key hydrophobic residues with hydrophilic ones within this region impairs the capacity IEX-1 to positively and negatively regulate apoptosis. Mutations at N-linked glycosylation and phosphorylation sites or truncation of the C terminus of IEX-1 also abrogated its potential to promote cell survival. However, distinguished from the transmembrane-like domain, these mutants preserved pro-apoptotic activity of IEX-1 fully. On the contrary, mutation of nuclear localization sequence, despite its importance in apoptosis, did not impede IEX-1-mediated cell survival. Strikingly, all the mutants that lose their anti-apoptotic ability are unable to prevent acute increases in production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the initial onset of apoptosis, whereas those mutants that can sustain anti-death function also control acute ROS production as sufficiently as wild-type IEX-1. These findings suggest a critical role of IEX-1 in regulation of intracellular ROS homeostasis, providing new insight into the mechanism underlying IEX-1-mediated cell survival.
Purification and properties of human pituitary follicle-stimulating and interstitial cell-stimulating hormones.

Abstract Procedures have been presented for the preparation of highly purified follicle-stimulating (FSH) and interstitial cell-stimulating hormones (ICSH) from lyophilized human pituitaries. From 10 g. lyophilized glands, 25 mg. of FSH fraction H and 5 mg. ICSH fraction HC may be obtained. Biological, chromatographic, and electrophoretic studies show that human ICSH differs distinctly from the sheep hormone.
Sensing of Local, Highly Concentrated Magnetic Field Gradients in Magnetotactic Bacteria Induces Motility Reversal

Many motile unicellular organisms have evolved specialized behaviors for detecting and responding to chemical gradients (chemotaxis) or oxygen (aerotaxis), while magnetotactic bacteria sense magnetic fields to align their direction of movement. Herein we show that Magnetospirillum magneticum (AMB-1) have the ability to sense and respond not only to the direction of magnetic fields of naturally occurring magnitude, but also to local, highly concentrated magnetic field gradients that do not occur in their natural environment. We imposed these gradients through our system integrating Helmholtz coils and permalloy (Ni80Fe20) microstructures. The AMB-1 exhibit three distinct behaviors as they approached gradients near the microstructures—unidirectional, single direction reversal, and double direction reversal. These results indicate previously unknown capabilities of the magnetic sensing systems of AMB-1.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gulf of maine sediments: Distributions and mode of transport☆

Abstract Sediments from 19 stations in the Gulf of Maine were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in 1983. Thirteen of the compounds were distributed widely with total concentrations ranging from 10–512 ppb (dry wt). These values are an order of magnitude lower than those observed in the coastal zone but higher than those on Georges Bank. PAH concentration was directly related to grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and distance from source. PAHs appear to be accumulating in Wilkinson and Jordan Basins but not in Georges Basin. Observed PAH distributions support the conclusion that the principal transport mechanism is through the atmosphere with localized augmentation by sediment resuspension and transport from coastal embayments.
TVB Runge-Kutta local projection discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for conservation laws III: one-dimensional systems

This is the third paper in a series in which we construct and analyze a class of TVB (total variation bounded) discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for solving conservation laws ut+Σi=1d(fi(u)xi=0. In this paper we present the method in a system of equations, stressing the point of how to use the weak form in the component spaces, but to use the local projection limiting in the characteristic fields, and how to implement boundary conditions. A 1-dimensional system is thus chosen as a model. Different implementation techniques are discussed, theories analogous to scalar cases are proven for linear systems, and numerical results are given illustrating the method on nonlinear systems. Discussions of handling complicated geometries via adaptive triangle elements will appear in future papers.
Comparison of the surface membrane proteins of human and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) erythrocytes labelled with protein and glycoprotein radiolabelling probes

1. 1. Surface membrane proteins on rhesus monkey and human erythrocytes were radiolabelled by lactoperoxidase catalyzed radioiodination and by pyridoxal phosphate/NaB3H4 treatment. 2. 2. Surface membrane sialoglycoproteins and glycoproteins were radiolabelled by periodate/NaB3H4 or galactose oxidase ± neuraminidase/NaB3H4 treatments. 3. 3. Labelled proteins were compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on slab gels and autoradiography or fluorography. 4. 4. The patterns of labelled proteins were very similar with some differences noted. The patterns of labelled sialoglycoproteins and glycoproteins were strikingly homologous. This similarity in glycoprotein composition contrasts with major differences in glycoproteins of erythrocytes from several non-primates and human erythrocytes.
Purification and Characterization of a 5′ to 3′ Exoribonuclease from Rabbit Reticulocytes that Degrades Capped and Uncapped RNAs

The cytoplasm of mammalian cells undoubtedly contain a number of different ribonuclease activities, few if any of which have been well characterized. We describe the purification of an exoribonuclease from rabbit reticulocytes which is able to degrade capped RNAs in a 5′ to 3′ manner. The purified enzyme contains polypeptides of 62 and 58 kDa and may contain an additional polypeptide of 54 kDa. It behaves as a complex of 150 kDa when analyzed by HPLC gel retardation on Superdex 200HR. It is heat-labile, dependent upon divalent cations (Mg2+) for activity, resistant to placental ribonuclease inhibitor, and active over a broad range (10–200 mM) of monovalent cation (K+) concentrations. The enzyme requires a polynucleotide chain of at least 10 bases for activity and cleaves oligonucleotides, up to an octamer long, from the 5′ end of an appropriate substrate. In the case of a capped RNA substrate, product analysis by TLC and PAGE indicates that a capped trinucleotide or tetranucleotide or both is produced. Examination of the kinetics of the enzyme with capped and triphosphate-terminated substrates shows that that the cap structure inhibits the action of the enzyme. Furthermore, the data suggest that the rate-limiting step involves the positioning of the enzyme at the 5′ end of the substrate and/or the cleavage of the first internucleotide bond.
Strategic Development for Middle School Students Struggling With Fractions Assessment and Intervention

Research has suggested that different strategies used when solving fraction problems are highly correlated with students' problem-solving accuracy. This study (a) utilized latent profile modeling to classify students into three different strategic developmental levels in solving fraction comparison problems and (b) accordingly provided differentiated strategic training for students starting from two different strategic developmental levels. In Study 1 we assessed 49 middle school students' performance on fraction comparison problems and categorized students into three clusters of strategic developmental clusters: a cross-multiplication cluster with the highest accuracy, a representation strategy cluster with medium accuracy, and a whole-number strategy cluster with the lowest accuracy. Based on the strategic developmental levels identified in Study 1, in Study 2 we selected three students from the whole-number strategy cluster and another three students from the representation strategy cluster and implemented a differentiated strategic training intervention within a multiple-baseline design. Results showed that both groups of students transitioned from less advanced to more advanced strategies and improved their problem-solving accuracy during the posttest, the maintenance test, and the generalization test.
Modal Control Applied To The Real-Time Figure Control Of A Spaceborne Telescope Mirror

A method of modal control for active optical systems, suggested by Creedon and Lindgren (Ref. 1), has been implemented on a small scale for real-time automatic figure control of a large spaceborne telescope mirror'-'. The system configuration includes a set of actuators placed behind a 30-inch diameter, 1/2-inch thick mirror to deform its reflecting surface. The control sig-nals are derived from an interferometer uging a Helium-Neon Laser for a refer-ence source. The object of the method is to select a minimum set of actuators at strategic locations so that while the lower order bending mode amplitudes of the mirror's figure error are nulled, the higher order mode amplitudes are not excited. In this way, modal control suggests a strategy for an implementation to effect diffraction-limited performance while minimizing the number of active mechanical control elements required. This paper reports the validation of theoretical conclusions by comparison with experimental results for a seven point system. The results have yet to be applied to larger multi-point systems which may be encountered in practice due to the additional complexity.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Performance of arm locking in LISA

For the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) to reach its design sensitivity, the coupling of the free-running laser frequency noise to the signal readout must be reduced by more than 14 orders of magnitude. One technique employed to reduce the laser frequency noise will be arm locking, where the laser frequency is locked to the LISA arm length. In this paper we detail an implementation of arm locking. We investigate orbital effects (changing arm lengths and Doppler frequencies), the impact of errors in the Doppler knowledge that can cause pulling of the laser frequency, and the noise limit of arm locking. Laser frequency pulling is examined in two regimes: at lock acquisition and in steady state. The noise performance of arm locking is calculated with the inclusion of the dominant expected noise sources: ultrastable oscillator (clock) noise, spacecraft motion, and shot noise. We find that clock noise and spacecraft motion limit the performance of dual arm locking in the LISA science band. Studying these issues reveals that although dual arm locking [A. Sutton and D. A. Shaddock, Phys. Rev. D 78, 082001 (2008)] has advantages over single (or common) arm locking in terms of allowing high gain, it has disadvantagesmore » in both laser frequency pulling and noise performance. We address this by proposing a modification to the dual arm-locking sensor, a hybrid of common and dual arm-locking sensors. This modified dual arm-locking sensor has the laser frequency pulling characteristics and low-frequency noise coupling of common arm locking, but retains the control system advantages of dual arm locking. We present a detailed design of an arm-locking controller and perform an analysis of the expected performance when used with and without laser prestabilization. We observe that the sensor phase changes beneficially near unity-gain frequencies of the arm-locking controller, allowing a factor of 10 more gain than previously believed, without degrading stability. With a time-delay error of 3 ns (equivalent of 1 m interspacecraft ranging error), time-delay interferometry (TDI) is capable of suppressing 300 Hz/{radical}(Hz) of laser frequency noise to the required level. We show that if no interspacecraft laser links fail, arm locking alone surpasses this noise performance for the entire mission. If one interspacecraft laser link fails, arm locking alone will achieve this performance for all but approximately 1 h per year, when the arm length mismatch of the two remaining arms passes through zero. Therefore, the LISA sensitivity can be realized with arm locking and time-delay interferometry only, without any form of prestabilization.« less
Amiloride. A potassium-sparing natriuretic agent.

Amiloride, a new, well-tolerated oral natriuretic and mild diuretic agent, has been evaluated alone and in combination with other diuretics. Its remarkable ability to promote retention rather than loss of potassium makes it a useful adjunct in the management of even the most severe edematous states. It also retards the alkalosis produced by certain of the stronger diuretics by blocking hydrogen secretion and promoting bicarbonate loss. In addition to being a valuable adjunctive agent, the compound may be useful alone because of the advantages inherent in steady, sustained natriuretic therapy with a mild diuresis as opposed to incurring precipitous alterations in fluid and electrolyte balance with the intermittent use of more potent agents. In certain patients it was mildly antihypertensive. Amiloride produced marked increases in aldosterone secretion with lesser rises in plasma renin. The adrenal stimulation therefore appeared to result from both potassium retention and renin activation consequent to natriuresis. The compound appears to act primarily in the distal nephron, blocking both sodium-hydrogen exchange and sodium-potassium exchange. Like triamterene, but unlike spirolactone, amiloride has the characteristics of a noncompetitive inhibitor of aldosteronedirected sodium and potassium transport. Because of this, it may be expected to produce more predictable effects than spirolactone and at least in certain instances to be more powerful. It may also be preferable to spirolactone for the acute control of derangements in potassium balance because of its more rapid onset and disappearance of action. No significant toxicity was encountered; however, serum potassium values should be carefully monitored, especially in situations involving impaired renal function.
The Need for Supplemental Tryptophan in Semi-Purified Diet for Chicks

Abstract Previously we reported Monson et al. (1954) that the semipurified diet used for young chicks supports more rapid growth when the level of casein is increased or the sucrose is replaced by dextrin (autoclaved cornstarch). This study has been extended to show that a growth response of similar magnitude to that obtained with the higher level of casein is produced by a supplement of tryptophan. The basal diet contains sucrose 60.2 gm.; alcohol extracted casein, 18 gm.; gelatin, 10 gm.; salts, 6 gm.; soybean oil, 5 gm.; l -cystine, 0.5 gm.; and vitamins (Monson et al., 1952). The animals and feeding procedure were similar to those described by Monson et al. (1952). Three experiments have been run and in each case additional tryptophan caused a significant growth response. The averages of the results are presented in Table 1. When the level of casein was increased to 25% the addition of tryptophan …
Natural History of Serous Detachments of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Fifty eyes of 40 patients with serous (avascular) detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium were followed up for an average of 22 months. Of the 50 eyes, 14 (28%) developed bleeding beneath the retinal pigment epithelium and retina or subretinal neovascularization detected on fluorescein angiography. These changes did not occur in eyes of patients younger than age 56 years at diagnosis or in detachments less than 1 disk diameter in size, whereas 35.9% (14) of eyes in patients older than age 56 years developed vascular complications. Vascular complications were uncommon when the initial detachment did not involve the fovea. Visual acuity declined in only one (9.1%) of eyes in patients younger than age 56 years but in 20 (51.3%) of eyes in patients age 56 years or greater.
Superoxide anions and other components of human renal adenocarcinoma.

The levels of superoxide anion production, cytochrome P450, ornithine decarboxylase(E.C.4.1.1.17), catalase(E.C.1.11.1.6), deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and protein have been studied in human kidney and renal clear-cell adenocarcinoma tissues. The levels of superoxide anion production, ornithine decarboxylase, catalase and ribonucleic acid in the tumor tissue are very different from those in the kidney.
Differential exon expression in myelin basic protein transcripts during central nervous system (CNS) remyelination.

1. In order to characterize some of the molecular events leading to repair of myelin in the adult central nervous system (CNS), we examined the expression of transcripts for myelin basic protein (MBP) during remyelination in the mouse. C57B1/6 mice develop a demyelinating disease when glial cells are selectively infected by the A59 strain of mouse coronavrius. The virus is spontaneously cleared from the mice by 4 weeks postinfection (WPI), a time when remyelination is starting. 2. At 3 WPI total MBP transcripts are decreased by 75% in demyelinating lesions compared to control white matter. Using RNase protection assays andin situ hybridization with probes for particular MBP exons, we detected an increase in MBP transcripts containing exon 2 information, coincident with the earliest histological signs of remyelination. 3. The expression of MBP transcripts containing exon 2 information was first seen clustered in the perinuclear cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes scattered within the lesions. This is reminiscent of the increased levels and perinuclear clustering of MBP transcripts containing exon 2 seen during early developmental myelination. The peak abundance of exon 2-containing transcripts in the lesions was 13-fold that seen in control white matter. At later stages of remyelination, additional forms of MBP transcripts (without exon 2) increased and their distribution was more diffuse. 4. Thus, during remyelination, preforms of MBP transcripts, which are normally present at low levels in the adult CNS, are abundantly expressed and regulated in a manner similar to that observed in developmental myelination.
Retrobulbar neuritis in a patient treated with intraarterial cisplatin for head and neck cancer

A case of retrobulbar neuritis which developed in association with intraarterial continuous infusion cisplatin is presented. A 67-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the left tonsillar fossa was treated with induction chemotherapy through the left lingual artery; the regimen consisted of cisplatin and 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine as continuous infusion. He developed some transient mental status changes and then left eye blindness. Ophthalmologic examination was compatible with retrobulbar neuritis. A brief review of reported cases of ophthalmologic toxicity in association with cisplatin is presented, and the likelihood that the toxicity is due to the drug itself rather than the method of administration is discussed.
Testing a Model of Organizational Response to Social and Political Issues

This study developed and tested a conceptual model explaining variability in the organizational structures firms develop to identify, analyze, and respond to their social and political environments...
Ascites in newborn infants

Abstract Neonatal ascites is reviewed, and a case due to posterior urethral valves is presented. Treatment was, for the most part, conservative in contrast to aggressive surgical intervention which is taught and advocated. The result was satisfactory.
Key interactions between nutrient limitation and climatic factors in temperate forests: a synthesis of the sugar maple literature

Mineral stress (nutrient deficiency and (or) ion toxicity) is a widespread phenomenon in forests around the world. However, with the exception of N limitation, its significance is often under appreciated. On weathered, acidic soils that support many of the world’s forests, P, Ca, and Mg deficiencies and toxicities of Al and Mn are important constraints to forest productivity. Nutrient resources are a primary controller of forest function and structure and have important trophic implications, because foliar nutrient status is an important determinant of leaf palatability and consumer fitness. Nutrient acquisition and utilization in forest ecosystems is strongly influenced by environmental factors, which are changing at unprecedented rates with regional and global climate shifts. Here we examine nutrient limitations common to temperate, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dominated forests as a model for understanding how climatic factors influence the acquisition and utilization of nutrient resources in fo...
Relativistic heavy ion physics: An experimental review

A review of relativistic heavy ion physics is given, with emphasis on selected interesting results. The charged particle multiplicity is compared from measurements at the AGS, SPS, and RHIC. Collective motion due to a build-up of pressure is discussed, with implications on estimates of the energy density of the produced medium. The suppression of J/ψ and the enhancement of low-mass dileptons observed in experiments at the SPS are highlighted. The high p T phenomena at RHIC are discussed in some detail. The suppression of high p T hadrons in central Au+Au collisions is shown, as well as the absence of such a suppression in d+Au collisions. PACS: 25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions