cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of the Hospital Nurse Surveillance Capacity Profile

Better patient outcomes are often achieved through effective surveillance, a primary function of nurses. The purpose of this article is to define, operationalize, measure, and evaluate the nurse surveillance capacity of hospitals. Nurse surveillance capacity is defined as the organizational features that enhance or weaken nurse surveillance. It includes a set of registered nurse (staffing, education, expertise, experience) and nurse practice environment characteristics. Empirical referents were extracted from existing survey data from 9,232 nurses in 174 hospitals. Using a ranking methodology, a Hospital Nurse Surveillance Capacity Profile was created for each hospital. Greater nurse surveillance capacity was significantly associated with better quality of care and fewer adverse events. The profile may assist administrators to improve nurse surveillance and patient outcomes.
Royalties, cyclical prices and the theory of the mine

Abstract A model of resource extraction is developed assuming known price cycles and varying grades. This model is used to evaluate the distortions introduced by a royalty. It is shown that when the investment has already been made a royalty will force the firm to “high-grade”. If the investment has yet to be determined, the royalty will induce the firm to reduce investment, which lowers annual output and total recovery
Telecommunications/ transportation substitution and energy conservation Part 2

Abstract Part 1 of this article reviewed existing research both on attitudes toward telecommunications substitution for travel and on operational experiments with teleconferencing and telecommuting. Part 2 examines major factors influencing substitution, including government policy. It concludes that government policy can significantly facilitate telecommunications substitution for travel and, indeed, the achievement of any real measure of substitution may depend upon proactive government policy. However, this is an unlikely prospect in the current US national policy environment.
Use of dry-coupled ultrasonic inspection techniques for evaluation bondline quality

Adhesive bonding has been used for many years to mechanically connect components to various structures. The quality of the adhesive bond is primarily dependent upon the strength of the adhesive and of the interface between the adhesive and the adherent. Further, the strength of the interface is dependent upon a number of parameters, such as the area of adherence, cleanliness of the interface, and cure of the adhesive. There is difficulty in evaluating these parameters and the associated quality of the adhesive bond because the adhesive layer is sandwiched between two adhesively bonded layers and is not accessible for visual inspection. A number of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques have been developed to prove the adhesive bond to determine the status of these physical parameters Ultrasonics is one of the most often in the form of liquid. Many manufacturers of adhesively bonded joints would like to avoid the use of liquid in the presence of the bondline. This is especially true when the bonded materials are hygroscopic.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Variational Calculations of Rotational−Vibrational Energies of CH4 and Isotopomers Using an Adjusted ab Initio Potential

The authors report variational calculations of vibrational energies of CH{sub 4}, CH{sub 3}D, CH{sub 2}D{sub 2}, CHD{sub 3}, and CD{sub 4} using the code Multimode and the ab initio force field of Lee and co-workers [Lee, T.J.; Martin, J.M.L.; Taylor, P.R.--J.Chem.Phys. 1995, 102, 254], re-expressed using Morse variables in the stretch displacements. Comparisons are made with experimental energies for CH{sub 4} with this potential, and then small adjustments are made to the potential to improve agreement with experiment for CH{sub 4}. Calculations for the isotopomers are done using the adjusted potential and compared with experiment. Additional vibrational energies and assignments not reported experimentally are also given for CH{sub 4} and the isotopomers. Exact rotational-vibrational energies of CH{sub 4} are also reported for J = 1.
LEGEND, SCIENCE, AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE REBUILDING OF URBAN AMERICA

: Contemporary theories of urban redevelopment are compared to traditional folk legends about cities and corporate beneficence. The generally negative portrayal of corporations and their role in rebuilding parts of cities has strong parallels in legends that paint corporations as uncaring profit mongers and unresponsive citizens. There is an equally strong folk tradition, however, that has corporations behaving in a self-interested but responsive way to the real needs of urban residents. The reasons why this parallel tradition was lost to theories of urban redevelopment are explored and the implications for rebuilding cities in ways that are both profitable and responsive to a broader public interest are considered.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Chinese Americans: Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice

Abstract In this article, we discuss how to conduct cognitive-behavioral therapy with Chinese Americans. We present an integration of theory, research, and clinical practice to help mental health practitioners understand how Chinese culture may potentially influence the CBT treatment process for Chinese immigrants. Several recommendations are provided as to how to adapt and modify CBT to better meet the therapeutic needs of Chinese American clients. A case example demonstrates how cultural modifications of CBT can lead to effective psychotherapy outcomes for Chinese American clients.
A Similarity‐based Data‐fusion Approach to the Visual Characterization and Comparison of Compound Databases

A low-dimensional method, based on the use of multiple fusion-based similarity measures, is described for graphically depicting and characterizing relationships among molecules in compound databases. The measures are used to construct multi-fusion similarity maps that characterize the relationship of a set of 'test' molecules to a set of 'reference' molecules. The reference set is very general and can be made of molecules from, for example, the set of test molecules itself (the self-referencing case), from a small library or large compound collection, or from actives in a given assay or group of assays. The test set is any collection of compounds to be analyzed with respect to the specified reference set. Multiple fusion similarity measures tend to provide more information than single fusion-based measures, including information on the nature of the chemical-space neighborhoods surrounding reference-set molecules. A general discussion is presented on how to interpret multi-fusion similarity maps, and several examples are given that illustrate how these maps can be used to compare compound libraries or collections, to select compounds for screening or acquisition, and to identify new active molecules using ligand-based virtual screening.
Circular dichroism studies of an elastin crosslinked peptide.

Circular dichroic studies of a desmosine crosslinked peptide reveal a hitherto undescribed elastin spectrum possessing a weak negative band at 230–235 nm, a weak positive band at 215 nm, and a maximum negative band at 190 nm. The spectrum is sensitive to both pH and temperature displaying increased ellipticity of the 215-nm band at acidic pH and low temperature. The general shape of the spectrum and its behaviour toward temperature changes suggest the presence of an extended helical conformation. Susceptibility of insoluble elastin to digestion with chymotrypsin is increased tenfold at low temperature (4°C), supporting the contention that the conformational change of the type described above occurs in insoluble elastin. Such changes in conformation would result in increased availability of aromatic amino-acid resiudues to peptide bond cleavage.
The observed generation and breaking of atmospheric internal gravity waves over the ocean

Observations are presented for internal gravity waves and their breaking at a height of 23.5 m over the ocean in surface-based inversions which are formed because of the advection of warm air over cold water. The spectral and cospectral analyses of velocity and temperature fluctuations were made to establish the characteristic features of the waves. Flow visualization photographs of smoke released during the breaking of a wave are also presented. Comparison between the turbulent energies present during and after breaking of a wave indicates enormous mixing and dispersion occurring during breaking.
Undecidability principle and the uncertainty principle even for classical systems.

It is shown that for any physical system there is an infinite number of measurements which are related to one of the undecidable problems. The undecidability of the physical systems indicates that there is an infinite number of incomputable correlation functions for each physical system. These results show that there is an inherent and irreducible limitation on the knowledge of the nature of physical systems. This uncertainty principle is caused by the undecidability principle.
Algebraic operator support for semantic data fusion in extended SQL

One of the basic operations required to gather more information about an object is called information aggregation or data fusion. The process requires recognition of a semantic object and gathering the new information into the collection that already exists for that object. Another related operation is collecting a set of distinct semantic objects that are similar. These operations become complicated in the presence of schema and extent heterogeneity and semantic similarity. Although a rich body of research addressed these issues in the literature, a database language support is yet available possibly because an algebraic formulation of these concepts was absent. An algebraic characterization is needed for query plan generation, optimization and query processing. In this paper, we propose two new binary operators called link (λ) and combine (χ) that capture the spirit of vertical and horizontal data fusion. The proposed operators leverage the development in schema matching and key identification technologies by casting them as user selectable functions μ and κ. We show that link and combine are generalized versions of traditional join and union operations. We also propose two extensions of SQL that exploits these two operators and opens up many optimization possibilities. We also point out that link and combine are also useful for semantic data integration and are currently being used in LifeDB data management system for Life Sciences applications.
Catalytic vapor-phase hydration of propylene on the metal sulfate-silica gel catalyst

Abstract The vapor-phase hydration of propylene was carried out over metal sulfate-silica gel catalysts under various conditions. It was found that the catalytic activity obeys a simple rule. Namely, the catalyst containing a sulfate of trivalent metal was the most active and the catalyst containing a sulfate of bivalent metal followed this, while the catalyst containing a sulfate of univalent metal showed no activity. Further, the catalytic activity was found to decrease in the order of Fe > Al > Cr > Cu > Zn > Co > Cd > Ni > Mn > Mg > K, Na. Thus, it was shown that nearly the same order as that of the decreasing hydrogen ion concentration in the hydrolysis holds for the catalytic activity. From the results described above, it was considered that the catalyst would be acidic and the surface acidity would be related closely to the catalytic activity. Results of the acidity measurement showed that the catalysts are actually acidic and supported the view described above. From the results of acidity measurements and X-ray diffraction studies, it was presumed that the observed acidity would result from an interaction between silica gel and sulfate. To relate the catalytic activity with the surface acidity, a rate equation r = k 1 p H 2 O p C 3 H 6 − k 2 p iso-C 3 H 7 OH was derived. From the proportionality between the acidity of 1.5 ≥ H 0 ≥ −3.0 and the rate constant, it was concluded that acids existing in this region would contribute to the catalytic activity.
OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF POSTEROLATERAL KNEE INSTABILITY

Abstract Recognition of posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) and identification of the anatomic structures of theposterolateral region of the knee and their contribution to stability has occurred recently; therefore, surgical techniques to address these problems are evolving.
Reduced MVDs and minimal covers

Multivalued dependencies (MVDs) are data dependencies that appear frequently in the “real world” and play an important role in designing relational database schemes. Given a set of MVDs to constrain a database scheme, it is desirable to obtain an equivalent set of MVDs that do not have any redundancies. In this paper we define such a set of MVDs, called reduced MVDs, and present an algorithm to obtain reduced MVDs. We also define a minimal cover of a set of MVDs, which is a set of reduced MVDs, and give an efficient method to find such a minimal cover. The significance and properties of reduced MVDs are also discussed in the context of database design (e.g., 4NF decomposition) and conflict-free MVDs.
A Smart Bi-Directional Model of Heat Transfer and Free Surface Flow in Gas-Metal-Arc Fillet Welding for Practising Engineers

In recent years, numerical heat transfer and fluid flow models have provided significant insight about fusion welding processes and welded materials. A major problem in their practical use is that several input parameters cannot be easily prescribed from fundamental principles. Available inverse models of fusion welding for the determination of these unknown parameters have ignored important physical processes such as convection in the weld pool to make computational tasks tractable. As a result, these models are not very different from the neural network type models that are not required to obey any physical law. A smart, bi-directional, numerical model has been developed to determine three-dimensional temperature and velocity profiles, weld geometry and the shape of the solidified weld reinforcement surface during gas metal arc (GMA) welding of fillet joints. Apart from the transport of heat from the welding arc, additional heat from the metal droplets was also considered in the model. The model is capable of estimating unknown parameters such as the arc efficiency, effective thermal conductivity and effective viscosity from a limited number of data on weld geometry based on multivariable optimisation. Alternative strategies for the optimisation are examined. The calculated shape and size of the fusion zone, finger penetration characteristic of the GMA welds and the solidified free surface profile were in fair agreement with the experimental results for various welding conditions. In particular, the computed values of the leg length, the penetration depth and the actual throat agreed well with those measured experimentally for various heat inputs. The weld thermal cycles and the cooling rates were also in good agreement with the independent experimental data. The research presented here shows that advances in computational hardware and software have now made construction of smart, bi-directional, large transport phenomena based phenomenological models a useful undertaking.
Clinical comparison of 99mTc exametazime and 123I Ioflupane SPECT in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury.

Background This study evaluated the clinical interpretations of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using a cerebral blood flow and a dopamine transporter tracer in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). The goal was to determine how these two different scan might be used and compared to each other in this patient population.
In vivo mechanical characterization of micro-specimens using a novel micro-electro-mechanical system

Mechanical probing, stimulation and characterization of tissues are of the most challenging areas of engineering due to limitations of working with bio specimens. Understanding the bio-mechanics of tissues could potentially help to understand mechanical degradation of biological tissues due to disease or change in physiological condition of the body. Biomechanical processes at the microscopic level have become increasingly recognized as an important factor in different biological conditions. In many of these conditions analyzing biomechanics of tissues at microscale in vivo or in vitro will provide invaluable information on microenvironment and physiological parameters that affect the microenvironment and mechanical properties. To address the issue of measuring mechanical properties at microscale, an electroactive-based micro-electromechanical machine is designed. The device is comprised of two electroactive (piezoelectric) micro-elements mounted on a rigid frame. Electrical activation of one of the elements causes it to expand and induce a stress in the intervening micro-specimen. The response of the microspecimen to the stress is measured by the deformation and thereby voltage/resistance induced in the second electro-active element. Figure 1 shows the device design and architecture. Analytical analysis and multiphysics finite element analysis (FEA) are used to prove the concept. A summary of the results are shown in the next sections.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Watching the Bombs Go Off: Photography, Nuclear Landscapes, and Spectator Democracy

This study examines the role of photography in the Atomic Energy Commission's representation of nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s. Pictures of fireballs and mushroom clouds functioned as part of an explicit AEC strategy to reduce the public to spectators. These photographs were designed to take the place out of the landscape — unlike the contaminated places near America's nuclear proving grounds, the pages of popular magazines were not subject to radioactive fall out. The seemingly neutral observations of the camera obscured the morphologies it appeared to represent. These arguments are developed primarily in terms of the militarization of space in Nevada, including a new geography of nuclear armament; the “story” of bomb testing produced though interaction of popular media with AEC objectives; and the social-theoretical context of photography, representation, and spectacle as politically malleable processes.
On Brownian Dynamics Simulation of Nanoparticle Aggregation

Accurate simulation and control of nanoparticle aggregation in chemical reactors requires that population balance equations be solved by using realistic expressions for aggregation and breakage rate kernels. Obtaining such expressions requires that atomistic simulation approaches that can account for microscopic details of particle collisions be used. In principle, molecular dynamics simulations can provide the needed microscopic information, but because of the separation in length scales between the aggregates and solvent molecules, such simulations are too costly. Brownian dynamics simulations provide an alternative to the molecular dynamics approach for simulation of particle aggregation, but there has been no systematic attempt to validate the Brownian dynamics method for this class of problems. In this work we attempt to develop a better understanding of Brownian dynamics simulations of aggregation by (1) developing convergence criteria, (2) determining criteria for aggregation to occur in BD simulations using dimensionless variables, and (3) directly comparing BD and MD simulation predictions for a model aggregation problem.
Can Biochemical Abnormalities Predict Symptomatology in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Background Primary hyperparathyroidism presents with a myriad of symptoms, which range in severity. The cause of these symptoms is not well understood. We sought to determine if the severity of preoperative biochemical abnormalities (calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D levels) correlated with symptomatology in patients undergoing surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. Study Design Over 15 months, 229 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism completed a symptom questionnaire before parathyroidectomy. The symptom profiles of patients with significant hypercalcemia at initial presentation (≥11.2 mg/dL) and those with baseline calcium levels ( Results Seventy-eight patients (34%) had a baseline calcium ≥11.2 mg/dL, but compared with patients with calcium Conclusions These data indicate that the degree of parathyroid hormone elevation and the presence of vitamin D deficiency do not correlate with the presence of symptoms in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Significant hypercalcemia was associated with nephrolithiasis, but interestingly, patients with milder hypercalcemia had significantly more depression, bone or joint pain, and constipation, suggesting that these symptoms are likely not mediated by hypercalcemia.
Preparation and evaluation of acetazolamide liposomes as an ocular delivery system

The aim of this work was to formulate a liposomal preparation of acetazolamide to be applied topically, and to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of the prepared liposomes. Acetazolamide liposomes were prepared using the reverse evaporation technique. Neutral, positively-charged, and negatively-charged liposomes were evaluated for their entrapment efficiency, drug release, and in vivo activity. Drug release from liposomes was studied using the membrane diffusion technique. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition activity was determined by the pH stat method, and compared to spectrophotometric determination of acetazolamide. The prepared liposomes were tested for their effect on the intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits. The percent entrapment efficiency was 29.27, 41.06 and 49.58% for negatively-charged, neutral and positively-charged liposomes, respectively. The proportion of drug released after 9 h was 13.36, 33.8 and 26.7%, for negatively-charged, neutral and positively-charged liposomes, respectively. There was a good correlation between the percent of inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity and the amount of drug released from the liposomes as determined spectrophotometrically. Two acetazolamide formulations produced a marked decrease in the IOP.
A comparison of GCM simulations of Arctic climate

As the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice components of global climate models are made increasingly interactive, systematic errors or biases in one component can adversely affect the other model components. The fidelity of the component interactions is especially important in the polar regions, where many atmospheric General Circulation Models (GCMs) project an amplified climatic response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. In comparing the Arctic performance of five atmospheric GCMs (GFDL, GISS, NCAR, OSU, and UKMO), we illustrate key differences in the fields most relevant to sea ice/ocean forcing: surface air temperature and sea level pressure (surface wind stress). While the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of simulated air temperature is generally realistic, biases of up to 5–10°C relative to observations are apparent over much of the Arctic. The simulated sea-level pressure pattern varies widely from model to model, and in some cases is incompatible with the observed wind-forcing of sea ice from the Arctic Basin to the North Atlantic via Fram Strait. The implications that these differences have for transports of salinity are significant.
Preventing Eating Disorder Pathology: Common and Unique Features of Successful Eating Disorders Prevention Programs

Over the past two decades, the field of eating disorders has made remarkable strides in identifying, evaluating, and disseminating successful prevention programs. The current review identifies and discusses nine distinct eating disorders prevention programs that reduce existing eating disorder pathology or prevent the onset of future pathology. Each program was evaluated in one or more controlled trial with a follow-up period of at least six months. We review the evidence base for these nine successful programs and discuss their common and unique features. Based on authors' descriptions of their programs in published trials, we found that all programs were theory-driven, targeted one or more eating disorder risk factor (e.g., body dissatisfaction), were delivered across multiple group sessions, and included at least some interactive content. Most programs included content related to healthy eating/nutrition, media literacy/sociocultural pressures, and body acceptance/body satisfaction. Notably, there was wide variation in some participant features (e.g., participant age, sex, risk status) and intervention features (e.g., setting and format, length and dose, providers), suggesting that a variety of programs are beneficial in impacting eating disorder pathology. Implications and directions for future research are discussed, including an increased focus on universal and indicated prevention programs, expanding programs to a wider age range and a broader spectrum of weight-related problems, and rigorous evaluation of programs through efficacy, effectiveness, and implementation research.
Global optimization of H-passivated Si clusters with a genetic algorithm

We have developed a genetic algorithm (GA) for the global geometry optimization of fully and partially H-passivated Si clusters. Since it is not obvious how many H atoms will bind to a Si cluster, one important feature ofour GA is that it can automatically select between different amounts of H passivation. The GA uses the AM 1 semiempirical method for the fast calculation of individual locally optimized geometries for use in the GA evolution process. Although the AM method produces reasonable Si x H y optimized geometries, we perform a more accurate energy ranking of the low energy structures generated by the GA with B3LYP density functional theory and MP2 calculations. We use the GA to determine the low energy structures for the clusters Si 1 0 H m , with m = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and Si 1 4 H 2 0 . The Si 1 0 framework evolves from compact structures to more open structures with increasing numbers of H atoms and we find Silo is essentially fully passivated with 16 H atoms. Adding H atoms causes substantial changes in the Si 1 0 framework once all the Si atoms are four coordinate. We also find the Si framework in the global geometry of the fully H passivated clusters such as Si 1 0 H 1 6 and Si 1 4 H 2 0 to adopt the structure of a bulk Si lattice fragment providing B3LYP and MP2 energy calculations are performed.
Laminarase of Euglena gracilis

An enzyme in extracts of the protistan Euglena gracilis splits the polysaccharide laminarin (beta-1:3-glucosan). Its optimal pH is 5.0, and it is activated by Mn(++) ions.
Acrylamide increases in vitro calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of rat brain and spinal cord neurofilament proteins.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a daily i.p. dose of 0.70 mmol/kg body weight of acrylamide, propionamide (a non-neurotoxic structural analog of acrylamide) or deionized water. Animals were sacrificed when signs of severe neurotoxicity were apparent. Neurofilaments (NFs) and endogenous kinase were isolated from the brain and spinal cord by axonal floatation. Increased in vitro Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous and exogenous NF proteins and autophosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II (CaM kinase II, EC 2-7-1-37) were observed in samples from both brain and spinal cord of acrylamide-treated animals compared with controls. There was no significant difference between samples isolated from propionamide-treated animals and controls. Increased calmodulin binding to brain supernatant CaM kinase II was also observed as a result of acrylamide treatment. There was no significant difference observed in the amount of antibody binding to the alpha-subunit of brain supernatant CaM kinase II between treated or control animals. These results suggest that increased CaM kinase II-dependent phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins may be involved in the mechanisms of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity.
Adolescent Male Attitudes About Singing in Choir

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence adolescent males to enroll in school choir as an elective class and to assess their attitudes about singing in general, self-...
The Sensitivity of Continuous Laboratory Measures of Physiological and Subjective Sexual Arousal for Diagnosing Women with Sexual Arousal Disorder

Introduction. Past findings on the diagnostic sensitivity of vaginal photoplethysmography are limited by testing among women with heterogeneous sexual dysfunctions and by the use of statistical techniques that are unable to assess how changes in subjective arousal are associated with changes in physiological arousal. Aims. The aims of this study were to: (i) test the sensitivity of vaginal photoplethysmography and continuous measures of subjective sexual arousal in differentiating between women with and without sexual arousal or orgasm dysfunction; and (ii) examine the diagnostic utility of measuring the synchrony between genital and subjective sexual responses. Methods. Sexual arousal was assessed in sexually healthy women (n = 12), women with orgasm disorder (OD; n = 12), and 38 women who met the criteria for the three subcategories of sexual arousal dysfunction described by Basson et al. (i.e., genital sexual arousal disorder (GAD; n = 9), subjective sexual arousal disorder (SAD; n = 13), and combined genital and subjective arousal disorder (CAD; n = 16)). Main Outcome Measures. Physiological sexual arousal was assessed using vaginal photoplethysmography, and subjective sexual arousal was measured continuously and using a Likert-scale in response to sexual videos. Results. Women with GAD showed the lowest and women with CAD showed the highest levels of vaginal pulse amplitude response to erotic stimuli. Women with sexual arousal disorder showed significantly lower levels of subjective sexual arousal to erotic stimuli than did sexually healthy women. Relations between subjective and physiological measures of sexual arousal were significantly weaker among women with sexual arousal disorder than sexually healthy women or women with OD. Conclusion. Preliminary support was provided for the diagnostic utility of measuring the synchrony between subjective and genital arousal in women with sexual arousal disorder. Findings do not support the sensitivity of using vaginal photoplethysmography, or continuous or Likert-scale measures of subjective arousal for differentiating between subtypes of women with sexual arousal disorder. Meston CM, Rellini AH, and McCall K. The sensitivity of continuous laboratory measures of physiological and subjective sexual arousal for diagnosing women with sexual arousal disorder. J Sex Med 2010;7:938-950.
The real stakes of virtual publishing: the transformation of E-biomed into PubMed central

In May 1999, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Harold Varmus proposed an electronic repository for biomedical research literature server called "E-biomed." E-biomed reflected the visions of scholarly electronic publishing advocates: It would be fully searchable, be free to readers, and contain full-text versions of both preprint and postpublication biomedical research articles. However, within 4 months, the E-biomed proposal was radically transformed: The preprint section was eliminated, delays were instituted between article publication and posting to the archive, and the name was changed to "PubMed Central." This case study examines the remarkable transformation of the E-biomed proposal to PubMed Central by analyzing comments about the proposal that were posted to an online E-biomed forum created by the NIH, and discussions that took place in other face-to-face forums where E-biomed deliberations took place. We find that the transformation of the E-biomed proposal into PubMed Central was the result of highly visible and highly influential position statements made by scientific societies against the proposal. The literature about scholarly electronic publishing usually emphasizes a binary conflict between (trade) publishers and scholars/scientists. We conclude that: (1)scientific societies and the individual scientists they represent do not always have identical interests in regard to scientific e-publishing; (2) stakeholder politics and personal interests reign supreme in e-publishing debates, even in a supposedly status-free online forum; and (3) multiple communication forums must be considered in examinations of e-publishing deliberations.
Punctured Trellis-Coded Quantization and Modulation

We propose a punctured trellis-coded quantization (PTCQ) scheme as the dual of a known punctured trellis-coded modulation (PTCM) scheme, and then generalize a combined trellis-coded quantization/modulation (TCQ/TCM) scheme to a combined PTCQ/PTCM scheme, with rates optimally allocated between source coding and channel coding to match the given channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Simulation results show significant performance gain over the TCQ/TCM scheme at both low and high channel SNRs
Influences of norm proximity and norm types on binge and non‐binge drinkers: examining the under‐examined aspects of social norms interventions on college campuses

Aims: Social norms interventions for reducing excessive drinking on college campuses have reported mixed results. In an attempt to understand the inconsistencies, this study examined some of the under‐examined aspects of the social norms approach.Design: A cross‐sectional survey of undergraduate students at two large mid‐western universities in the USA was conducted. Norm proximity (campus vs. friends' norms), norm types (descriptive vs. injunctive norms), and college drinker types (frequent binge drinkers, occasional binge drinkers, and non‐binge drinkers) were differentiated.Findings: The influences of friends' norms are stronger than those of campus and those of descriptive norms are stronger than injunctive norms. Friends' descriptive norms influenced frequent and occasional binge drinkers' behavior most strongly, whereas the campus descriptive norm and self‐efficacy influenced non‐binge drinkers' behavior.Conclusions: Proximity and types of norms as well as types of college drinkers will need to be d...
Induction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Recombinant Canarypox (ALVAC) and Attenuated Vaccinia (NYVAC) Viruses Expressing the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein

Successful immunization against many viruses, including retroviruses such as HIV-1, is thought to depend upon the roles of both antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. With safety a major concern, we developed two poxvirus recombinants expressing the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 IIIB. Canarypox (ALVaC), which is not known to replicate in mammalian cells, and a highly attenuated vaccinia (NYVAC) virus deleted of 18 open reading frames associated with virulence and host range were used as vectors. Upon inoculation into BALB/c mice, both the ALVAC and NYVAC recombinants were capable of inducing antibody responses to HIV gp120 and provoking remarkable levels of primary and memory Thy1.2+, CD4-, CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to the hypervariable V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.
Can we replace the 90-minute thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grades with those at 60 minutes as a primary end point in thrombolytic trials?

The establishment of patency (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] grade 2 or 3 flow) and/or TIMI grade 3 flow at 60 minutes after thrombolytic administration is both a univariate and multivariate predictor of in-hospital and 30-day mortality, and the odds ratios for mortality are nearly identical for TIMI grade 3 flow at 60 and 90 minutes. Thus, the 60-minute angiographic end point appears to be a valid alternative to that at 90 minutes and may permit earlier decisions regarding post-thrombolytic intervention.
Management intensity – not biodiversity – the driver of ecosystem services in a long-term row crop experiment

Abstract A positive role for biodiversity is assumed for managed ecosystems. We conducted a 12-year study of this sustainability principle, through separate manipulation of management intensity and crop diversity. The site was located in southwest Michigan, representative of rain-fed production, with high climate variability and well-drained soils. Provisioning services of grain and protein yield were monitored, simultaneous with supporting services of soil fertility, C and N, and regulating services associated with water quality (N-use efficiency and nitrate-N leached in gravimetric lysimeters). Surprisingly, a strong role for management was shown, and almost nil for crop diversity. Organic management (ORG) sustained soil fertility, augmented soil C (36% increase), enhanced N retention (50% decrease in nitrate-N leaching) and improved N-use efficiency, compared to conventional, integrated (INT) management. Provisioning of grain – quantity, quality and temporal yield stability – was highest in INT continuous maize (monoculture and biculture) with an annual yield of 6.4 Mg ha−1, compared to ORG of 5.1 Mg ha−1. Biodiverse rotational systems (three and six species) produced 25% lower yield, but the grain was of high quality. A focus on ORG management rather than crop diversity is suggested as a means to sequester C, and produced grain in a semi-closed system.
Copper nanocrystal modified activated carbon for supercapacitors with enhanced volumetric energy and power density

Abstract Copper nanocrystals homogeneously dispersed in activated carbon (AC) were synthesized by an in situ solution-based absorption–reduction method, and the resulting composites were characterized and studied for supercapacitor application. The effects of copper nanocrystals and their content on the electrochemical properties of the obtained AC composites were investigated using multiple techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption analysis, cyclic voltammetry, galvanic cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results showed that the addition of copper nanocrystals in the AC composites has little effect on the surface area and porosity of AC, and is helpful to reduce its equivalent series resistance, which is favorable to achieve higher charge/discharge rate and improve its power density when used as electrodes for supercapacitors. Copper nanocrystals and the partially oxidized phase CuO act as pseudo-active materials and improve the capacity of the AC composite electrode. The volumetric capacity, energy density, and power density of copper nanocrystal modified activated carbon are much higher than those of AC and AC mechanically mixed with copper particles. Copper nanocrystal modified AC presents a high volumetric capacitance of 62 F cm −3 , more than twice of that of unmodified AC.
Relationships among soil fertility dynamics and remotely sensed measures across pasture chronosequences in Rondonia, Brazil

This study analyzed the relationships between soil fertility and remotely sensed measures over three pasture chronosequence sites in the state of Rondonia, in the western Brazilian Amazon region. Remotely sensed measures included shade, nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), green vegetation (GV) and soil (derived from spectral mixture analysis), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). These were correlated against soil fertility parameters such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and base saturation. In temporal analysis, it was observed that NPV dominated the spectral responses of pasture canopies and tended to increase with pasture age as well. The increase of NPV appeared to be related to the decline of soil fertility, but soil texture variation also played a role. In the correlation analysis, soil P, known as the most limiting nutrient for pasture productivity, showed the highest correlation with remotely sensed measures, followed by soil K and base saturation. However, this result was not observed at the sites where nutrient availability was very low.
Impact and contributions of MBASE on software engineering graduate courses

As the founding Director of the Center for Software Engineering, Professor Barry Boehm developed courses that have greatly impacted the education of software engineering students. Through the use of the MBASE framework and complementary tools, students have been able to obtain real-life software development experience without leaving campus. Project team clients and the universities have also benefited. This paper provides evidence on the impact of Dr. Boehm's frameworks on courses at two universities, and identifies major contributions to software engineering education and practice.
Anaphylactoid reaction after oral administration of diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium solution.

C astr()grafin (diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium solution: Bracco Diagnostics. Princeton, NJ) is a widely used oral iodinated contrast agent that is usually administered with impunity. Although anaphylactoid reactions to IV iodinated contrast agents have been well documented in the literature, to our knowledge reports of severe or life-threatening reactions to Gastrografin remain anecdotal and unreported in the literature. In fact. even the package insert with the product states that “a serious or anaphylactoid reaction...is theoretically possible.” Recently. the first anaphylactoid reaction to gadoterate meglumine was described in AiR I I J.Similarly. I believe this article represents the first published report of a severe anaphylactoid reaction to orally administered Gastrografin.
Thermal management of power electronics using thermoelectric coolers

Many high power electronic devices, such as power amplifies and multiprocessors, operate at high temperatures close to or at the edge of their reliability, which could severely impact performance and operating lifetime. These devices thus need cooling to improve performance and reliability. Conventional thermal management techniques, most of which are discussed, are not well suited to the specific problem of cooling discrete or localized heat dissipating devices since they generally cool the whole board. Moreover, these techniques have difficulty dealing with the large heat fluxes associated with the high density packaging of power devices. The specific problem of spot cooling of power devices can be very effectively solved by using the combination of diamond substrates and a thermoelectric cooler. The highest power components would be mounted directly on a diamond substrate (ideally the top substrate of the cooler) allowing the cooler/diamond combination to maintain the temperature of the device from a few degrees to tens of degrees below that of the substrate on which the cooler is mounted (diamond or any other high thermal conductivity material). This will allow the device to operate at a low enough temperature to increase both reliability and clockspeed. It has been determined that the highest cooling power densities will be achieved with thin film coolers with cooler leg lengths on the order of 20 to 50 microns. The results of a solid state power amplifier (MMIC) cooled using a diamond/cooler combination are presented and discussed.
Vascular and metabolic response to isolated small muscle mass exercise: effect of age.

To determine the effect of age on quadriceps muscle blood flow (QMBF), leg vascular resistance (LVR), and maximum oxygen uptake (QVO2 max), a thermal dilution technique was used in conjunction wit...
Cdx Binding Determines the Timing of Enhancer Activation in Postnatal Duodenum

Abstract In mammalian intestine, adenosine deaminase (ADA) is expressed at high levels only along the villi of the duodenal epithelium. A duodenum-specific enhancer identified in the second intron of the human ADA gene controls this pattern of expression. This enhancer faithfully recapitulates this expression pattern in transgenic mice, when included in CAT reporter gene constructions. Multiple binding sites for PDX-1 and GATA factors were previously identified within the ∼300-bp region that encompasses the enhancer. Mutation analyses demonstrated that binding of PDX-1 and of GATA-4 was absolutely essential for enhancer function. In the present study, we have identified additional enhancer binding sites for Cdx factors, for YY1, and for NFI family members. Detailed EMSA studies were used to confirm binding at these sites. This brings the number of confirmed binding sites within the enhancer to thirteen, with five different factors or family of factors contributing to the putative enhanceosome complex. Mutation analysis was utilized to examine the specific roles of the newly identified sites. Two sites were identified that bound both Cdx1 and Cdx2. Mutations were identified in these two sites that completely and specifically eliminated Cdx binding. In transgenic mice, these enhancer mutations dramatically changed the developmental timing of enhancer activation (delaying it by 2–3 weeks) without affecting other aspects of enhancer function. In the chromatin context of certain transgenic insertion sites, mutation of the two YY1 sites to specifically ablate binding caused a delay in enhancer activation similar to that observed with the Cdx mutations. No overt changes were observed from mutation of the NFI site.
Position sensitive gas proportional detectors with anode blades

The use of a thin metal blade to generate controlled electron multiplication in gas proportional mode has been studied. Measurements with X-rays have been made on assemblies of an anode blade and two adjacent cathodes in a test chamber. Systematic studies of various detector parameters and their influences on the multiplication process have been carried out. Devices constructed using this technique are very rugged and can be tailored to a curved geometry for the purposes of eliminating parallax error for small and large angle X-ray scattering experiments. Experimental results of a curved, one-dimensional position sensitive detector for synchrotron radiation, with an arc length of 20 cm and a 45/spl deg/ coverage, will be discussed.
A characteristic polynomial for rooted graphs and rooted digraphs

Abstract We consider the one-variable characteristic polynomial p ( G ; λ ) in two settings. When G is a rooted digraph, we show that this polynomial essentially counts the number of sinks in G. When G is a rooted graph, we give combinatorial interpretations of several coefficients and the degree of p ( G ; λ ). In particular, | p ( G ;0)| is the number of acyclic orientations of G, while the degree of p ( G ; λ ) gives the size of the minimum tree cover (every edge of G is adjacent to some edge of T), and the leading coefficient gives the number of such covers. Finally, we consider the class of rooted fans in detail; here p ( G ; λ ) shows cyclotomic behavior.
Hispanic Women: Schooling for Conformity in Public Education

The educational and occupational attainments of Hispanic women are tied to the norms of an Anglocentric and andro-centric school system. In the past, research has indicated that young female studen...