cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher Level of Questioning and Problem Solving in Young Children.

Middle- and upper-class three- and four-year-old children were exposed to three consecutive five-week treatment conditions during the naturalistic setting in a half-day laboratory nursery school program. During the first treatment condition, the teacher emphasized low-level cognitive questions; during the second, high-level cognitive questions; and during third, low- level cognitive questions. The children significantly increased their scores on two verbal problem-solving tasks following exposure to high-level cognitive questioning and significantly decreased their scores on the same tasks following exposure to low-level cognitive questioning.
Prevention and management of pediatric catheter-related infections ☆

Abstract Various catheters are used in providing care to children. Infection is a major complication related to use of these catheters because they bypass normal defenses and provide access to normally sterile sites. Treatment of catheter-related infections often is difficult and frequently requires removal of the device. Prevention of infection begins with limiting use of catheters. Other critical measures include using aseptic technique during insertion of catheters; meticulous care of catheters; limited manipulation of all catheters; maintaining sterile technique during preparation of fluids and medications; and preparing infusion hubs and ports before use. Education of patients and care providers is essential and effective. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Hot-electron mean free path of ErAs thin films grown on GaAs determined by metal-base transistor ballistic electron emission spectroscopy

We present an experimental investigation of the hot-electron mean free path in ErAs thin films grown on GaAs. Using an $\mathrm{Al}∕{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}∕\mathrm{Al}$ tunnel junction as a hot-electron source for ballistic electron emission spectroscopy, we investigate ErAs films of thicknesses $\ensuremath{\sim}100--\ensuremath{\sim}300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$. Our results indicate a mean free path of order $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ for electrons $1--2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ above the Fermi level at $80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$.
Protein Synthesis, Microsomes, and Polyribosomes in Oral Tissues:

The mechanism of protein synthesis was studied in rabbit oral tissue microsomes and bovine gingiva polyribosomes. The cell supernatant or the pH 5 fraction which contained the amino acid activation system and an energy source were required for amino acid incorporation. Ribonuclease and puromycin inhibited amino acid incorporation. Protein synthesis occurred at a high rate.
Vehicle impacts on the environment at different spatial scales: observations in west central Georgia, USA

Roads and vehicles change the environmental conditions in which they occur. One way to categorize these effects is by the spatial scale of the cause and the impacts. Roads may be viewed from the perspective of road segments, the road network, or roads within land ownership or political boundaries such as counties. This paper examines the hypothesis that the observable impacts of roads on the environment depend on spatial resolution. To examine this hypothesis, the environmental impacts of vehicles and roads were considered at four scales in west central Georgia in and around Fort Benning: a second-order catchment, a third-order watershed, the entire military installation, and the five-county region including Fort Benning. Impacts from an experimental path made by a tracked vehicle were examined in the catchment. Land-cover changes discerned through remote sensing data over the past three decades were considered at the watershed and installation scales. A regional simulation model was used to project changes in land cover for the five-county region. Together these analyses provide a picture of the how environmental impacts of roads and vehicles can occur at different spatial scales. Following tracked vehicle impact with a D7 bulldozer, total vegetation cover responded quickly, but the plant species recovered differently. Soils were compacted in the top 10 cm and are likely to remain so for some time. Examining the watershed from 1974 to 1999 revealed that conversion from forest to nonforest was highest near unpaved roads and trails. At the installation scale, major roads as well as unpaved roads and trails were associated with most of the conversion from forest to nonforest. For the five-county region, most of the conversion from forest to nonforest is projected to be due to urban spread rather than direct road impacts. The study illustrates the value of examining the effects of roads at several scales of resolution and shows that road impacts in west central Georgia are most important at local to subregional scales. The insights from these analyses led to several questions about resource management at different spatial scales.
Face Recognition with Kernel Correlation Filters on a Large Scale Database

Recently, Direct Linear Discriminant Analysis (D-LDA) and Gram-Schmidt LDA methods have been proposed for face recognition. By also utilizing some of the null-space of the within-class scatter matrix, they exhibit better performance compared to Fisherfaces and Eigenfaces. However, these linear subspace methods may not discriminate faces well due to large nonlinear distortions in the face images. Redundant class dependence feature analysis (CFA) method exhibits superior performance compared to other methods by representing nonlinear features well. We show that with a proper choice of kernel parameters used with the proposed Kernel Correlation Filters within the CFA framework, the overall face recognition performance is significantly improved. We present results of this proposed approach on a large scale database from the Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) which contains over 36,000 images.
Adaptive Antenna Arrays Using a Genetic Algorithm

This paper presents the application of a genetic algorithm (GA) to adapting an antenna array's response in order to reject interference. Since the GA reduces the total power output of the array, constraints are used to prevent nulling of the desired signal received by the main beam. Constraints take the form of using only the least significant bits or a subset of the elements to perform the nulling. Examples demonstrate adaptive nulling using amplitude and phase, phase only, and amplitude only weights.
Mutations in the signature motif in MutS affect ATP-induced clamp formation and mismatch repair.

Summary MutS protein dimer recognizes and co-ordinates repair of DNA mismatches. Mismatch recognition by the N-terminal mismatch recognition domain and subsequent downstream signalling by MutS appear coupled to the C-terminal ATP catalytic site, Walker box, through nucleotide-mediated conformational transitions. Details of this co-ordination are not understood. The focus of this study is a conserved loop in Escherichia coli MutS that is predicted to mediate cross-talk between the two ATP catalytic sites in MutS homodimer. Mutagenesis was employed to assess the role of this loop in regulating MutS function. All mutants displayed mismatch repair defects in vivo. Biochemical characterization further revealed defects in ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis as well as effective mismatch recognition. The kinetics of initial burst of ATP hydrolysis was similar to wild type but the magnitude of the burst was reduced for the mutants. Given its proximity to the ATP bound in the opposing monomer in the crystal and its potential analogy with signature motif of ABC transporters, the results strongly suggest that the loop co-ordinates ATP binding/hydrolysis in trans by the two catalytic sites. Importantly, our data reveal that the loop plays a direct role in co-ordinating conformational changes involved in long-range communication between Walker box and mismatch recognition domains.
Reliability of three clinical measures of muscle tone in the shoulders and wrists of poststroke patients.

Muscle tone was tested at the shoulders and wrists of 49 randomly selected poststroke patients with the use of resting joint position (SJP and WJP), resistance to passive movement or stiffness (SRM and WRM), and angle of appearance of resistance (SAR and WAR). Subjects were tested while seated with their arm supported in a suspension sling adapted for free movement. Five of the first and immediately repeated measurement pairs showed strong correlations and interrater reliability (SJP, .839; WJP, .900; SRM, .886; WRM, .904; SAR, .884 [p less than .05]). The sixth (WAR) showed moderate reliability (.618, p less than .05). Resting joint position measurements were most reliable among subjects with higher tone. The joint first measured had a slight order effect on SRM among subjects with higher muscle tone. Its second measurements were slightly increased over the first among those subjects whose shoulders were measured first and slightly reduced when measured immediately after the wrist. Reliable means of clinical evaluation of muscle tone at the shoulder and wrist are available if the influence of level of tone and the mutual influence of muscles tested are prudently considered.
Reduced antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in adults and children

Background Recent public health efforts, including in the UK and US, have targeted decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use. In the US, prescribing for acute non-specific respiratory infections (ARIs) has decreased, but broad-spectrum antibacterial prescribing has soared. Aim To assess recent trends in antibacterial prescribing for ARIs in the UK. Design of study Retrospective cohort. Setting The Health Improvement Network database. Method Outpatient ARI visits from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2004 were selected. Outcomes were antibacterial and broad-spectrum antibacterial prescriptions per thousand person-years, and the probability of receiving an antibacterial and broad-spectrum prescription conditional on an ARI visit. Results From 1990 to 2004, antibacterial prescribing rates for ARIs decreased from 55.0 to 30.3 prescriptions/1000 person-years for adults and from 124.8 to 46.3 prescriptions/1000 person-years for children ( P = 0.001). The probability of receiving an antibacterial prescription after an ARI visit decreased from 70.8% to 59.5% for adults and from 46.1% to 30.8% for children ( P = 0.003 and 0.007, respectively). Antibacterial prescribing declined faster for younger than for older adults. Broad-spectrum antibacterial prescribing rates decreased from 3.8 to 2.9 prescriptions/1000 person-years for adults and from 5.2 to 2.2 prescriptions/1000 person years for children ( P = 0.005 and 0.003, respectively). The probability of broad-spectrum prescribing did not demonstrate a significant linear trend for adults ( P = 0.16), and decreased for children ( P = 0.01). Conclusion UK antibacterial prescribing for ARIs has declined, similar to US trends, but there was no concomitant increase in low broad-spectrum prescribing. The success of UK strategies for limiting antimicrobial use has implications for programmes in other countries.
The scaffolding protein GRASP/Tamalin directly binds to Dock180 as well as to cytohesins facilitating GTPase crosstalk in epithelial cell migration

The transition of epithelial cells from their normal non-motile state to a motile one requires the coordinated action of a number of small GTPases. We have previously shown that epithelial cell migration is stimulated by the coordinated activation of Arf and Rac GTPases. This crosstalk depends upon the assembly of a multi-protein complex that contains the Arf-activating protein cytohesin 2/ARNO and the Rac activating protein Dock180. Two scaffolding proteins that bind directly to cytohesin 2 organize this complex. We now have found that Rac activation in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) requires cytohesin 2 and Dock180. GRASP/Tamalin is one of the scaffolds that builds the complex containing cytohesin 2 and Dock180. We determine here that the Ala/Pro rich region of GRASP directly interacts with the SH3 domain of Dock180. By binding to both cytohesin 2/ARNO and Dock180, GRASP bridges the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that activate Arf and Rac, thereby promoting Arf-to-Rac signaling. Furthermore, we find that knockdown of GRASP impairs hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-stimulated Rac activation and HGF-stimulated epithelial migration. GRASP binds directly both cytohesin 2 and Dock180 to coordinate their activities, and by doing so promotes crosstalk between Arf and Rac.
The effect of magnetic and configurational disordering on the high temperature heat capacity of a Ni-50 at. % Pd alloy

Abstract Heat capacity-temperature curves from 400° to 920°K for a Ni-50 at. % Pd solid solution alloy, measured after various heat treatments which were designed to alter the type of atom arrangements, are presented and discussed. Quite measurable deviations from a smooth reference heat capacity curve were observed. A rise in the heat capacity beginning below 400°K and terminating around 520°K is associated with ferromagnetic disordering; this part of the heat capacity curve is essentially the same for slow cooling and for quenching from 970°K. Anamalous behavior above 520°K clearly shows that nonrandon atom arrangements can be induced in the solid solution Ni-Pd alloy by heat treatment, although the exact type of ordering could not be determined.
Mixing and Transport of Isotopic Heterogeneity in the Early Solar System

Isotopic abundances of short-lived radioisotopes such as 26Al appear to provide precise chronometers of events in the early Solar System, assuming that they were initially homogeneously distributed. However, both 60Fe and 26Al were likely formed in a supernova and then injected into the solar nebula in a highly heterogeneous manner. Conversely, the abundances in primitive meteorites of the three stable oxygen isotopes exhibit mass-independent fractionations that somehow survived homogenization in the solar nebula. Both the presence of refractory particles in Comet 81P/Wild 2 and the anomalously high crystallinity observed in protoplanetary disks may require large-scale outward radial transport from the hotter inner disk regions, even as disk gas accretes onto the central protostar. We examine here theoretical efforts to solve these seemingly disparate cosmochemical puzzles and conclude that the mixing and transport produced by a phase of marginal gravitational instability appears to meet all of these cons...
An exploratory study of the effects of neighborhood characteristics on adolescent substance use

A substance abuse treatment sample of 53 adolescents in the Washington, DC, area was used to investigate the influence of individual and neighborhood characteristics on substance use utilizing logistic regression. Cross-validation evaluated model performance. Results of separate individual and neighborhood models indicate that subjects’ race and family history of psychological problems influence the likelihood of substance use, as does the racial makeup and population density of subjects’ home neighborhoods. In models that combine individual and neighborhood factors, however, proximity to crime was found to offer a greater degree of explanatory power than a subject's race or neighborhood population density. This finding suggests that the influence of race on substance abuse appears to be mediated in part by geographic characteristics of adolescents’ home neighborhood, particularly urban crime. Results provide support for combining individual and neighborhood variables, or an ecological framework, when exa...
Hedge-Fund Performance and Liquidity Risk

This paper demonstrates that liquidity risk as measured by the covariation of fund returns with unexpected changes in aggregate liquidity is an important predictor of hedge-fund performance. The results show that funds that significantly load on liquidity risk subsequently outperform low-loading funds by about 6.5% annually, on average, over the period 1994-2009, while negative performance is observed during liquidity crises. The returns are independent of share restriction, pointing to a possible imbalance between the liquidity a fund offers its investors and the liquidity of its underlying positions. Liquidity risk seems to account for a substantial part of hedge-fund performance. The results suggest several practical implications for risk management and manager selection.
A Eu(II)-Containing Cryptate as a Redox Sensor in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Living Tissue.

The EuII ion rivals GdIII in its ability to enhance contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. However, all reported EuII-based complexes have been studied in vitro largely because the tendency of EuII to oxidize to EuIII has been viewed as a major obstacle to in vivo imaging. Herein, we present solid- and solution-phase characterization of a EuII-containing cryptate and the first in vivo use of EuII to provide contrast enhancement. The results indicate that between one and two water molecules are coordinated to the EuII core upon dissolution. We also demonstrate that EuII-based contrast enhancement can be observed for hours in a mouse.
Optimal performance of distributed simulation programs

This paper describes a technique to analyze the potential speedup of distributed simulation programs. A distributed simulation strategy is proposed which minimizes execution time through the use of an oracle to control the simulation. Because the strategy relies on an oracle, it cannot be used for practical simulations. However the strategy facilitates performance evaluations of distributed simulation strategies by providing a useful point of comparison and can be used to determine the suitability of specific applications for implementation on a parallel computer. Based on the proposed strategy, a tool has been developed to determine the maximum performance which can be achieved from a distributed simulation program. In this paper we describe the technique and its use in evaluating the parallelism available in distributed simulators of parallel computer systems.
Microwave and millimeter-wave applications in automotive electronics

This article will survey the issues and concepts related to microwave and millimeter wave product applications for Intelligent Transportation Systems. As the article will show, there is very significant worldwide opportunity and activity in improving transportation infrastructure by using capacity and safety enhancing products.
Trouble Through Drink: A probation response to drink related offenders

The association of drinking with offending is one familiar to probation officers. Agencies and organisations in the area of alcohol abuse have been critical of the lack of a positive approach by PO...
Organisms, Modified, Genetically

GMOs. Genetically Modified Organisms. They conjure the specter of “Frankenfoods.” Monstrous creations reflecting human hubris. Violations of nature. And their very unnaturalness alone seems reason to reject the whole technology. But one may challenge this common image, this month’s Sacred Bovine: that GMOs cross some new threshold, dramatically changing how humans relate to nature. Or even that such a view can properly inform how we assess the value or risks of GMOs. Rather, biologically, GMOs are modest variants. As I will elaborate, “conventional” corn is probably more deeply shaped by human intervention than any addition of, say, a single Bt gene for a pesticide-resistant protein. Many crops promoted as “natural” alternatives are themselves dramatically modified genetically, like the cats and dogs we enjoy as pets. And this perspective – the context of GMOs – should inform views on policy. Without resolving the question of ultimate risks, we should at least recognize and dismiss as irrelevant the claim that GMOs are “unnatural.” While criticisms of GMOs vary, one recurrent theme is the assertion – or the implicit assumption – that they are inherently unnatural. For example, one student commented on genetically modified salmon: > Even though it definitely has many economic benefits, I think that shaping the way in which other organisms grow and live is not something that we as humans should be taking into our own hands. (Clark, 2014) As rendered recently for young readers, a cartoon princess of the Guardian Princess Alliance scolds a grower of GMOs: “These fruits and vegetables are not natural” (Guilhem, 2013). Many seem to believe that for humans to alter something living is to thereby taint it. Organisms should remain “pure” or unsullied. Nature seems to exhibit its own self-justified purpose, or teleology, not to be disrupted. What does this mean for all …
Progressive Regional Metamorphism of Limestones

Most limestones are mainly composed of three components: CaCO3, MgCO3 and SiO2. Since the number of components is so small, the relationship between the chemical and mineral compositions in metamorphosed limestones is relatively simple. This greatly facilitates theoretical treatment.
Evaluation of ViroCyt ® Virus Counter for Rapid Filovirus Quantitation

Development and evaluation of medical countermeasures for diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics requires production of standardized, reproducible, and well characterized virus preparations. For filoviruses this includes plaque assay for quantitation of infectious virus, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology and quantitation of virus particles, and real-time reverse transcription PCR for quantitation of viral RNA (qRT-PCR). The ViroCyt® Virus Counter (VC) 2100 (ViroCyt, Boulder, CO, USA) is a flow-based instrument capable of quantifying virus particles in solution. Using a proprietary combination of fluorescent dyes that stain both nucleic acid and protein in a single 30 min step, rapid, reproducible, and cost-effective quantification of filovirus particles was demonstrated. Using a seed stock of Ebola virus variant Kikwit, the linear range of the instrument was determined to be 2.8E+06 to 1.0E+09 virus particles per mL with coefficient of variation ranging from 9.4% to 31.5% for samples tested in triplicate. VC particle counts for various filovirus stocks were within one log of TEM particle counts. A linear relationship was established between the plaque assay, qRT-PCR, and the VC. VC results significantly correlated with both plaque assay and qRT-PCR. These results demonstrated that the VC is an easy, fast, and consistent method to quantify filoviruses in stock preparations.
Statistical Techniques for Video Analysis and Searching

With the growing amounts of digital video data, effective methods for video indexing are becoming increasingly important. In this chapter, we investigate statistical techniques for video analysis and searching. In particular, we examine a novel method for multimedia semantic indexing using model vectors. Model vectors provide a semantic signature for multimedia documents by capturing the detection of concepts broadly across a lexicon using a set of independent binary classifiers. We also examine a new method for querying video databases using interactive search fusion in which the user interactively builds a query by interactively choosing target modalities and descriptors and by selecting from various combining and score aggregation functions to fuse results of individual searches.
UpToDate: Evidence-Based Medicine Database

Evidence-based medicine is a driving force in the medical research and teaching communities. UpToDate fills the need for a peer-reviewed database of point-of-care information providing an in-depth resource that brings together the current research on major medical topics. This review will provide an overview of the contents, search options, and features of this database.
CAVE and fishtank virtual-reality displays: a qualitative and quantitative comparison

We present the results from a qualitative and quantitative user study comparing fishtank virtual-reality (VR) and CAVE displays. The results of the qualitative study show that users preferred the fishtank VR display to the CAVE system for our scientific visualization application because of perceived higher resolution, brightness and crispness of imagery, and comfort of use. The results of the quantitative study show that users performed an abstract visual search task significantly more quickly and more accurately on the fishtank VR display system than in the CAVE. The same study also showed that visual context had no significant effect on task performance for either of the platforms. We suggest that fishtank VR displays are more effective than CAVEs for applications in which the task occurs outside the user's reference frame, the user views and manipulates the virtual world from the outside in, and the size of the virtual object that the user interacts with is smaller than the user's body and fits into the fishtank VR display. The results of both studies support this proposition
Continuity and Change Mark Seventy-Five Years of Progress for the Journal of Dental Education

This historical overview of the Journal of Dental Education highlights its founding by and close seventy-five connec-tion with its parent organization, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA). In 1936, the leadership of the American Association of Dental Schools, the predecessor of ADEA, recognized the need for a journal that would keep the new profession of academic dentistry dynamic by providing a means for communicating ideas and new teaching methods. While holding to that mission, the journal has evolved over the years in parallel with ADEA--especially in the twenty-first century with the expansion of both to include allied, dental, and advanced dental education and to address core issues of curriculum change through ADEA's Commission on Change and Innovation in Dental Education (ADEA CCI). Across its history, the journal has actively supported the mission of ADEA by advancing scholarship in dental education. Its past achievements have now set the stage for the journal's next incarnation as a leading global voice in the broader realm of health professions education.
Interpretive Problems in Hunter-Gatherer Regional Studies

This chapter is an attempt to express some frustrations about how we conduct and what we expect from an archaeology of a regional sort. Although I will mostly focus on more general issues of method, I was motivated to think about these issues because of the kind of regional archaeology that is prevalent for the Upper Paleolithic of southwestern Europe, the so-called classic region. This region as “classic” is perpetuated in the most recent of archaeological texts as the sequence or model for the transformations and behaviors of human life during the late glacial period of the Old World. Why this has been termed classic and so elevated is, of course, a product of a web of historical and sociopolitical factors. But after more than a century of research, an assessment of Upper Paleolithic archaeology as a regional archaeology raises some issues of method and theory as well as some concerns with the nature of the archaeological record, given the kinds of interpretations that are preferred and popular. This chapter will merely raise—not solve—just a few issues of method and theory, particularly those that accompany a regional approach.
HC-Toxin: Does Inter-Species Chromatin Remodeling Confer Host-Pathogen Compatibility?

Maize Helminthosporium leaf spot and ear mold is caused by Cochliobolus carbonum race l, a fungal pathogen for which infection is dependent upon production of the cyclic tetrapeptide HC-toxin (Walton, 1996; Walton et al., 1982). Compatible interaction and disease occur only in maize lines homozygous for a mutation in the Hml gene; the encoded wild-type enzyme is an NADPH-dependent reductase that converts HC-toxin to an inactive form (). The observation that the toxin is a specific inhibitor of maize histone deacetylases (Brosch et al., 1995; Ransom and Walton, 1997) has led to the hypothesis that the molecular basis for compatibility in this system is maintenance of a chromatin state in which induced expression of disease defense response genes is prevented without lethal repression of all transcription. Such an effect would explain the cytostasis often observed in cells exposed to pure HC-toxin and would produce metabolically active yet undefended host tissue for fungal infection.
Self-Consistent Examination of Donachie's Constant Initiation Size at the Single-Cell Level.

How growth, the cell cycle, and cell size are coordinated is a fundamental question in biology. Recently, we and others have shown that bacterial cells grow by a constant added size per generation, irrespective of the birth size, to maintain size homeostasis. This "adder" principle raises a question as to when during the cell cycle size control is imposed. Inspired by this question, we examined our single-cell data for initiation size by employing a self-consistency approach originally used by Donachie. Specifically, we assumed that individual cells divide after constant C+D minutes have elapsed since initiation, independent of the growth rate. By applying this assumption to the cell length vs. time trajectories from individual cells, we were able to extract theoretical probability distribution functions for initiation size for all growth conditions. We found that the probability of replication initiation shows peaks whenever the cell size is a multiple of a constant unit size, consistent with the Donachie’s original analysis at the population level. Our self-consistent examination of the single-cell data made experimentally testable predictions, e.g., two consecutive replication cycles can be initiated during a single cell-division cycle.
Pathogenic Acinetobacter: from the Cell Surface to Infinity and Beyond

The genus Acinetobacter encompasses multiple nosocomial opportunistic pathogens that are of increasing worldwide relevance because of their ability to survive exposure to various antimicrobial and sterilization agents. Among these, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, and Acinetobacter pittii are the most frequently isolated in hospitals around the world. Despite the growing incidence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp., little is known about the factors that contribute to pathogenesis. New strategies for treating and managing infections caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter strains are urgently needed, and this requires a detailed understanding of the pathobiology of these organisms. In recent years, some virulence factors important for Acinetobacter colonization have started to emerge. In this review, we focus on several recently described virulence factors that act at the bacterial surface level, such as the capsule, O-linked protein glycosylation, and adhesins. Furthermore, we describe the current knowledge regarding the type II and type VI secretion systems present in these strains.
Family History of Cancer in Relation to Breast Cancer Subtypes in African American Women

Background: The evidence on the relation of family history of cancers other than breast cancer to breast cancer risk is conflicting, and most studies have not assessed specific breast cancer subtypes. Methods: We assessed the relation of first-degree family history of breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, ovarian, and cervical cancer and lymphoma or leukemia, to the risk of estrogen receptor–positive (ER+), ER−, and triple-negative breast cancer in data from the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: There were 3,023 ER+ and 1,497 ER− breast cancer cases (including 696 triple-negative cases) and 17,420 controls. First-degree family history of breast cancer was associated with increased risk of each subtype: OR = 1.76 (95% CI, 1.57–1.97) for ER+, 1.67 (1.42–1.95) for ER−, and 1.72 (1.38–2.13) for triple-negative breast cancer. Family history of cervical cancer was associated with increased risk of ER− (OR = 2.39; 95% CI, 1.36–4.20), but not ER+ cancer. Family history of both breast and prostate cancer was associated with increased risk of ER+ (3.40; 2.42–4.79) and ER− (2.09; 1.21–3.63) cancer, but family history of both breast and lung cancer was associated only with ER− cancer (2.11; 1.29–3.46). Conclusions: A family history of cancers other than breast may influence the risk of breast cancer, and associations may differ by subtype. Impact: Greater surveillance and counseling for additional screening may be warranted for women with a family history of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(2); 1–8. ©2015 AACR .
Insulin in the Brain: A Feedback Loop Involving Brain Insulin and Circumventricular Organs

Until fairly recently, insulin has been considered a purely peripheral hormone secreted exclusively by the beta cells of the pancreas and one which did not influence the brain. The independence of the central nervous system (CNS) from peripheral insulin has always had a certain teleological logic to it. The brain, being so important physiologically, must be preserved from having to require insulin to control its glucose metabolism. Since insulin is a 51-amino acid peptide, it does not have access to the brain because of the blood brain barrier. Thus, there were two good reasons to suppose that insulin was not involved in the glucose metabolism of the brain. In addition, glucose levels in the blood could take care of the metabolic signals for the brain’s information. However, in the past few years, several lines of evidence indicate that insulin and its receptors are present in the central nervous system. This new body of evidence has arisen at the same time as evidence for other peptides being found in the brain which were also thought to be excluded from the CNS and only available to peripheral tissues. The list of such peptides has grown as it has become clear that peptides are produced not only in the gut and pancreas, but in many other tissues including the CNS. Nevertheless, the function of these peptides in the brain is unknown and the interrelationship between the peripheral peptide levels and the central presence of the same peptides has not been satisfactorily explained.
Fusion of N 14 + C 12 at Energies up to 178 MeV

The cross section for the fusion of /sup 14/N+/sup 12/C has been determined at bombarding energies covering the range E/sub 14//subN/=43--178 MeV (3 to 12 times the interaction barrier height). The cross section decreases slowly with increasing energy and, at the highest energy, suggests that /sup 26/Al has been formed with an angular momentum equal to the liquid-drop limit. (AIP)
Direct Repair of the Superior Band of Bigelow's Ligament After Hip Arthroplasty: a Surgical Technique.

Background The posterolateral approach is one of the most common approaches used during hip arthroplasty. A posterior soft tissue repair is necessary to limit the risk of postoperative dislocation. For a trapezoidal capsulotomy, the proximal limb divides the superior band of the iliofemoral ligament (Bigelow’s ligament). A transosseous repair frequently leaves a defect in this region, which may elevate the risk for dislocation. The purpose of this article is to describe a simple, rational technique for reinforcing the posterior capsular repair.
Value-Based Breast Cancer Care: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Defining Patient-Centered Outcomes

Purpose Value in healthcare—i.e., patient-centered outcomes achieved per healthcare dollar spent—can define quality and unify performance improvement goals with health outcomes of importance to patients across the entire cycle of care. We describe the process through which value-based measures for breast cancer patients and dynamic capture of these metrics via our new electronic health record (EHR) were developed at our institution.
Elevated cortisol in healthy female adolescent offspring of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder

Offspring with maternal PTSD are at increased risk of developing PTSD themselves. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may play a role and have been noted in offspring, although evidence is mostly from adult offspring with PTSD symptoms themselves. The present study of adolescent girls (N=472) and their mothers (n=18 with lifetime PTSD versus n=454 with no PTSD) sought to determine whether healthy, non-affected offspring of mothers with PTSD would exhibit altered HPA axis function. Saliva samples were collected from the adolescent girls at waking, 30min after waking, and 8 pm on 3 consecutive days. Offspring whose mothers were diagnosed with PTSD demonstrated higher cortisol awakening response (CAR; Cohen's d=0.58) and greater total cortisol output (Cohen's d=0.62). In this preliminary study, higher cortisol levels during adolescence among offspring of mothers with PTSD may index a vulnerability in these at-risk youth.
Molecular epidemiological survey among newly-diagnosed HIV-1 infected individuals in Taizhou,Zhejiang,2011

Objective To understand the basic characteristics and HIV-1 subtype distribution among newly-diagnosed HIV infected individuals in Taizhou in 2011. Methods Blood samples were collected from 140 newly-diagnosed HIV infected individuals who received no antiviral therapy. RNAs were extracted and part of the pol gene which encoded the whole viral enzymes protease and part of reverse transcriptase was amplified with RT-PCR. HIV-Blast was used to confirm the subtypes of HIV-1. Results The male to female ratio of HIV infected persons was 3. 24 ∶ 1. Up to 92. 86% of HIV infections occurred through sexual contact,and 3. 57% were through injecting drug use. Subtypes of CRF01_AE,CRF07_ BC,CRF08_ BC,B and C were detected,Totally 57. 14% of the infections through sexual transmission were caused by subtype CRF01_AE and most infections through injecting drug use were caused by subtype C. Conclusion Sexual contact was the major HIV transmission route in Taizhou. The diversity of HIV-1 gene was observed. CRF01_ AE was common in sexual transmitted infections and CRF07_ BC was common in the infections through injecting drug use.
Drug Shortages, Today and Tomorrow-An Industry Perspective.

The issue of how to address and prevent drug shortages does not have a “silver bullet” solution. Rather, this multi-layered and complex issue demands a sophisticated and multi-layered response that will need to continue to evolve. Legislators have passed laws and regulators have issued guidance
Computing the Split Points for Learning Decision Tree in MapReduce

The explosive growth of Data is bringing more and more challenges and opportunities to data mining. In data mining, learning decision tree is a common method, in which determining split points is the key problem. Existing methods of calculating split points in the distributed setting on large data either (1) cause high communication overhead or (2) are not universal for different levels of skewness of data distribution. In this paper, we study the properties of Gini impurity, which is a measure for determining split points, and design new algorithms for calculating split points in MapReduce. Empirical evaluation demonstrates that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art techniques on communication cost and universality.
Death and the search for ultimate meaning in max scheler: A further contribution to uram scheler studies (URAM 3:135-43)

Etude de la contribution de M. Scheler a la recherche sur la signification ultime a travers le theme de l'experience humaine de la mort. Se referant aux cours sur la mort que le philosophe a donnes en 1923-24, l'A. etudie la nature methodologique de l'interet pour le phenomene de la mort et son potentiel divin chez Scheler. Soulignant la dimension interdisciplinaire de son approche, fondee sur la psychologie, la sociologie et la philosophie de la mort, l'A. montre que le Scheler privilegie une conception metaphysique et anthropologique du mystere du mourir et de la revelation divine, apprehendes a travers la question de l'immortalite et l'experience de la peur de la mort
Taste Quality Confusions: Influences of Age, Smoking, PTC Taster Status, and other Subject Characteristics:

Many persons misidentify the quality of taste stimuli, a phenomenon termed "taste confusion." In this study of 1000 persons, we examined the influences of age, sex, causes of chemosensory disturbances, and genetically determined phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taster status on taste quality confusions for four tastants (sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride, caffeine). Overall, sour-bitter confusions were most common (19.3%), followed by bitter-sour (11.4%), salty-bitter (7.3%), salty-sour (7.0%), bitter-salty (3.5%), bitter-sweet (3.4), and sour-salty (2.4%) confusions. Confusions for sweet were <1%. Asymmetries were common (e.g., bitter-sour confusions were less frequent than sour-bitter confusions). Women had fewer salty-bitter confusions than did men (5.7% vs. 11.4%). Overall, PTC tasters had fewer confusions than non-tasters except for salty-bitter confusions. Confusions typically increased monotonically with age. Current smokers exhibited more sour-bitter confusions than never smokers (48.9% vs. 32.2%), whereas past smokers had more bitter-sour confusions than never smokers (23.8% vs. 14.2%). Previous head trauma was associated with higher bitter-salty and salty-bitter confusions relative to those of some other etiologies. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that multiple subject factors influence taste confusions and, along with literature accounts, supports the view that there are both biological and psychological determinants of taste quality confusions.
Understanding the Differences between HusserlÃ¢ÂÂs (Descriptive) and HeideggerÃ¢ÂÂs (Interpretive) Phenomenological Research

Phenomenology is one of several qualitative research traditions. Undergraduate and graduate nursing students have sought to understand the differences between Husserl’s descriptive and Heidegger’s interpretive phenomenology. This article is a basic resource for nursing students that describes and interprets the differences between the two philosophical phenomenological schools of thought. The origin of phenomenology is presented. A descriptive and an interpretive article from two peer reviewed nursing journals are compared and contrasted based on their purpose, data collection and data analysis. The selected articles were chosen based on their topic of relevance related to nursing students in educational settings.
Ivan Illich’s Medical Nemesis and the ‘Age of the Show’: On the Expropriation of Death

What Ivan Illich regarded in his Medical Nemesis as the 'expropriation of health' takes place on the surfaces and in the spaces of the screens all around us, including our cell phones but also the patient monitors and (increasingly) the iPads that intervene between nurse and patient. To explore what Illich called the 'age of the show', this essay uses film examples, like Creed and the controversial documentary Vaxxed, and the television series Nurse Jackie. Rocky's cancer in his last film (submitting to chemo to 'fight' cancer) highlights what Illich along with Petr Skrabanek called the 'expropriation of death'. In contrast to what Illich denotes as 'Umsonstigkeit' - grace or gift, given undeservedly, i.e., gratuitously - medical science tends to be tempted by what Illich terms scientistic 'black magic', taking over (expropriating) the life and the death of the patient in increasingly technological ways, a point underscored in the concluding section on the commercial prospects of xenotransplants using factory farm or mass-produced human-pig mosaics or chimeras.
Robust Design-for-Security Architecture for Enabling Trust in IC Manufacturing and Test

Due to the prohibitive costs of semiconductor manufacturing, most system-on-chip design companies outsource their production to offshore foundries. As most of these devices are manufactured in environments of limited trust that often lack appropriate oversight, a number of different threats have emerged. These include unauthorized overproduction of the integrated circuits (ICs), sale of out-of-specification/rejected ICs discarded by manufacturing tests, piracy of intellectual property, and reverse engineering of the designs. Over the years, researchers have proposed different metering and obfuscation techniques to enable trust in outsourced IC manufacturing, where the design is obfuscated by modifying the underlying functionality and only activated by using a secure obfuscation key. However, Boolean satisfiability-based algorithms have been shown to efficiently break key-based obfuscation methods, and thus circumvent the primary objectives of metering and obfuscation. In this paper, we present a novel secure cell design for implementing the design-for-security infrastructure to prevent leaking the key to an adversary under any circumstances. Importantly, our design does not limit the testability of the chip during the normal manufacturing flow in any way, including postsilicon validation and debug. Our proposed design is resistant to various known attacks at the cost of a very little (< 1%) area overhead.
Modules, Linear, and Affine Transformations

Let R be a ring, then a (left) R-module is a triple (R, M, μ : R × M → M) where M is an additively written abelian group and μ is the scalar multiplication, usually written as μ(r, m) = r.m if μ is clear (R is also called the ring of scalars, and M the group of vectors), with the properties:
Asymptotic behavior of integer sequences related to knots and (m,n)-anacci constants

We study the asymptotic behavior of integer sequences related to knots that are generated by linear recurrences. We determine which of the 85 such sequences cataloged in Online Encyclopedia of Inte...
Reconstructive Options for Head and Neck Melanoma

The risk of developing melanoma is skyrocketing. Some data suggests an increase in incidence of 5% per year, faster than any other cancer in the United States. For a bit of perspective, the risk of developing cutaneous melanoma in 1935 was 1 person in 1,500, whereas the risk in 2012 was 1 in 30. While melanoma accounts for a relatively small portion of skin cancers, roughly 4%, the number of deaths caused by melanoma is disproportionately high, 75%. Head and neck lesions comprise up to 25% of cutaneous melanoma, with 60–90% of these occurring on the face. Scalp, lip, and external ear presentations are much less common. Head and neck melanomas also have a higher local recurrence rate (9–13%) than do melanomas of the trunk or extremities. Melanoma of the face is two times higher in males and significantly more likely to occur in people with lightly colored eyes and a fair complexion.
Education Inequality Around the World

In this chapter, the author employs cross-national quantitative analysis to explore the relationship between modernization, globalization, democratization, and education inequality. She finds that non-democratic regimes, such as communist or authoritarian state capitalist regimes perform just as well or better than free-market democracy in predicting more equal education outcomes. Torpey-Saboe also finds that modernization is associated with lower education inequality and that the effect of globalization depends on factor abundance. Globalization is associated with higher education inequality for capital-abundant countries and lower education inequality for labor-abundant countries. Further implications of this result are explored and preliminary evidence is found for a relationship between the types of industry in a country and the gender gap in educational attainment. For example, countries with a larger clothing export industry also tend to have more equal educational attainment for women and men.