cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesions of cortical area LIP affect reach onset only when the reach is accompanied by a saccade, revealing an active eye–hand coordination circuit

The circuits that drive visually guided eye and arm movements transform generic visual inputs into effector-specific motor commands. As part of the effort to elucidate these circuits, the primate lateral intraparietal area (LIP) has been interpreted as a priority map for saccades (oculomotor-specific) or a salience map of space (not effector-specific). It has also been proposed as a locus for eye–hand coordination. We reversibly inactivated LIP while monkeys performed memory-guided saccades and reaches. Coordinated saccade and reach reaction times were similarly impaired, consistent with a nonspecific role. However, reaches made without an accompanying saccade remained intact, and the relative temporal coupling of saccades and reaches was unchanged. These results suggest that LIP contributes to saccade planning but not to reach planning. Coordinated reaches are delayed as a result of an eye–hand coordination mechanism, located outside of LIP, that actively delays reaches until shortly after the onset of an associated saccade. We conclude with a discussion of how to reconcile specificity for saccades with a possible role in directing attention.
The potential of soapstock-derived film: Cottonseed and safflower

Oilseed soapstock is seldom used today for the recovery of fatty acids, but it is often added to oilseed meal. The energy value of oilseed meal is marginally increased by the addition of soapstock. To find alternative uses for oilseed by-products, cottonseed and safflower soapstock samples from industrial plants were characterized using American Oil Chemists’ Society recommended and modified methods. The characterization included moisture and volatiles, phosphorus and nitrogen, neutral oil, total fatty acid amount and individual fatty acid profile, and total gossypol for cottonseed soapstock samples. The characterization indicated that cottonseed soapstock samples contained a slightly larger amount of neutral oil than safflower. These soapstock samples were frozen to −40°C at 40 mm Hg for more than 8 h, thawed, and the low-boiling compounds were removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The freeze-dried soapstocks were mechanically pulverized in an inert atmosphere until able to pass through a 50-mesh screen. When these freeze-dried soapstock particles were rehydrated with deionized water, the formation of a gel phase was observed. Casting of this gel phase onto a substrate and subsequent drying without heating resulted in a thin film, a liposomelike material, with a uniform thickness of about 0.01”. The lamination capability of freeze-dried oilseed soapstocks by rehydration may be attributed to the formation of multiple bilayer lamellae by phospholipids from the oilseed soapstock. Due to its biodegradable nature, the use of soapstock-derived film as a composite or by itself as an encapsulating agent is highly attractive. The potential of this liposome-like material as a chemical carrier is discussed.
RELATIVE SPOUSAL STATUS AND CHILD HEALTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: The Case of Ghana

This research examines the relationship between gender relations and decisions regarding child health and investigates the hypothesis that, in sub-Saharan Africa, the health of children is hampered...
MyTH4, independent of its companion FERM domain, affects the organization of an intramacronuclear microtubule array and is involved in elongation of the macronucleus in Tetrahymena thermophila†

Myo1 is a class XIV Tetrahymena myosin involved in amitotic elongation and constriction of the macronucleus into two subnuclei at cell division. Elongation of the macronucleus is accompanied by elongation of an intramacronuclear microtubule array, which is oriented parallel to the axis of nuclear elongation. Elongation of the macronucleus often fails to occur or is only partially completed in a MYO1 knockout, and division of the macronucleus is frequently uncoupled from cytokinesis. Myo1 contains a myosin tail homology 4 (MyTH4) and a band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin homology (FERM) domain. Recently, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions to demonstrate that the entire FERM domain, independent of MyTH4, is essential for localization of FERM to the cytoskeleton and does not appear to directly affect nuclear division. Antiactin coprecipitates GFP-FERM, tubulin, actin, and Myo1. The immunoprecipitated GFP-FERM cosediments with either exogenous F-actin or exogenous microtubules. Here, we show that overexpressed GFP-MyTH4 colocalized with antitubulin to intramacronuclear microtubules. Ninety percent of overexpressing cells assembled intramacronuclear microtubules that did not become organized into a parallel array. Amitosis did not advance in the absence of the parallel array of intramacronuclear microtubules. Five percent of overexpressing cells organized the parallel array, but the microtubules and the macronucleus did not achieve full elongation. Partially elongated macronuclei constricted without cytokinesis. Antiactin coprecipitated GFP-MyTH4, tubulin, and actin. AntiGFP pulled down GFP-MyTH4, tubulin, and actin. GFP-MyTH4 cosedimented with either exogenous microtubules or exogenous F-actin. A novel finding from this study is that MyTH4 and FERM have overlapping and distinct roles in the function of a myosin.
Superconductive power supply and its application for electrical flux pumping

AT the present time, high field superconductive coils use small wire diameter in the order of 5-10 mil which results in a long wire length. It is doubtful that large coils can be built reliably with such small wires considering the large forces and the brittleness of certain materials. Also, the induced voltages become very high if such a coil becomes resistive. Therefore, it is assumed that in the future for bigger coils larger conductors will be used which are constructed either by many-stranded wires or are made of ribbons. Larger conductors require bigger currents which make the thermal aspect of the lead-in problem difficult. In the following, a superconductive power supply is proposed which can work as an electrical flux pump and has the advantages (I) that the large currents stay always inside the low temperature environment, (2) that only small currents are fed to the pump, and (3) that if the pumping is stopped, the currents are permanent. The pumping can also be reversed and the flux in the coil reduced. In order to obtain flux pumping the scheme of a transformer rectifier power supply will be used where small a.c. currents are fed into the primary winding of a small transformer at 4.2 ° K and where the secondary winding produces large a.c. currents which, with a new kind of controlled rectifier, are converted into the large d.c. currents for the coil. However, the known controlled rectifiers such as those built up of semiconductors, thyratrons, etc., do not work at 4.2 ° K. Therefore, it shall be studied whether cryotrons with no resistance in the forward direction can be used, which will perform as controlled rectifiers do at normal temperature. Such a superconductive power supply with its cryotrons acting as valves has an output voltage which produces a gradually increasing current and flux with a rate of increase depending on the inductance of the coil. The concept of a 'flux pump' is developed by showing that the flux is electrically pumped into the coil. Cryotrons are normally used for computers and work in the milliamp region. For flux pumping, 'power cryotrons' are needed which carry currents in the order of many hundreds to a few thousands of amps. Such a cryotron can be built, for example, of a thin niobium tape 1 of thickness d and the width h (shown enlarged in Figure l(a)). The tape I is bifilar arranged and folded and surrounded by a control coil 2. Figure l(b) shows the side and Figure l(c) the top view of the cryotron. The width h of the tape determines the current which can be carried in the superconducting state (e.g. 400-1,000 A for h = 0.5 in., depending on the quality of the tape). To obtain in the resistive conditions a sufficient resistance, the thickness d of the tape has to be small and the length of the tape has to be selected according to the specific resistivity of the material, which in turn depends on its purity. A cross-section of Figure l(b) at A-A, seen in the direction of the arrow B, is shown in Figure l(d).
Dynamic analysis of cracks using the SGBEM for elastodynamics in the Laplace-space frequency domain

Abstract Dynamic analysis of a system can be carried out either in the time or frequency domains. Time responses/histories of this system may be directly obtained using time-domain formulations. In the frequency domain, analysis can be performed in either the Fourier or Laplace spaces. The symmetric-Galerkin boundary element method (SGBEM) for 2-D elastodynamics in the Fourier-space frequency domain has been previously reported in the literature. In this paper, the SGBEM for elastodynamics in the Laplace-space frequency domain using the standard continuous quadratic element and its application to dynamic analysis of cracks is presented for the first time. The technique developed is employed together with the fast Laplace inverse transform by Durbin to obtain time-dependent results for several typical examples including both crack and non-crack problems. These results are highly accurate when compared to those obtained from other numerical techniques. It is shown in this work that the very same boundary element code can be utilized to perform frequency domain analysis in either the Fourier or Laplace spaces. However, if time responses are required, the accuracy and computational effectiveness of the analysis may depend on the type of space selected as it determines the type of transforms (inverse Fourier/Laplace transforms) needed for converting frequency solutions to the desired time responses.
Thermal noise in nonlinear resistive devices and its circuit representation

The major developments, since the Nyquist theorem, in the study of thermal noise in linear and nonlinear dissipative devices are briefly summarized. Then the author's recently established theorem for calculating thermal noise in biased, near-equilibrium, nonlinear resistive devices is discussed, and examples of its use are presented. Based on the theorem, an equivalent circuit model for representing the noise in such devices is proposed, and is applied to analyze the behavior of nonlinear resistors in such applications as heat engines and refrigerators.
Selective partitioning of plasma membrane antigens during mouse spermatogenesis

Abstract The selective partitioning of cell membrane components during mouse spermatogenesis has been examined using a heterologous antibody raised against isolated type B spermatogonia. The anti-type B spermatogonia rabbit IgG (ATBS) binds to isolated populations of mouse primitive type A spermatogonia, type A spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, preleptotene spermatocytes, leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, residual bodies, and mature spermatozoa. Although immunofluorescent labeling is uniformly distributed on the cell surface of early spermatogenic cells, a discrete topographical localization of IgG is observed on testicular, epididymal, and vas deferens spermatozoa. The convex surface of the acrosome, postacrosomal region, and tail are labeled. Antibody does not bind to a broad area corresponding to the concave region of the acrosome. The antibody also binds to mouse somatic cells including Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, thymocytes, and splenocytes, but not to mature spermatozoa of the vole, rat, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, or human. ATBS, after absorption with mouse splenocytes or thymocytes, does not react with any somatic cells examined by fluorescence except with Sertoli cells. In addition, all reactivity with testicular, epididymal, and was deferens spermatozoa is abolished. However, spermatogenic cells at earlier stages of differentiation, including residual bodies, still react strongly with the absorbed antibody. The number of surface receptor sites per cell for absorbed ATBS ranges from approximately 3 million on primitive type A spermatogonia to 1 million on round spermatids and on residual bodies. Spermatozoa, however, have only 0.003 million binding sites for absorbed ATBS, in contrast to 10 million sites for the unabsorbed antibody. It appears that receptor sites for absorbed ATBS are not masked by components of epididymal secretions. These data imply, therefore, that specific mechanisms operate at the level of the cell membrane during spermiogenesis to insure that some surface components, not required in the mature spermatozoon, are removed selectively by partitioning to that portion of the spermatid membrane destined for the residual body.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Preclinical Huntington’s Disease

Diffusion tensor imaging was used to study brain related changes in white matter that may be associated with Huntington’s Disease progression. Thirty-one preclinical gene-mutation carriers were imaged cross-sectionally using diffusion tensor and anatomical brain imaging. Subjects were individuals who had a known gene mutation for HD but did not manifest motor diagnostic criteria for HD. Fractional anisotropy scalar maps showed a positive correlation with five year probability of diagnosis (based upon gene repeat length and current age) in the putamen and a negative correlation in the external capsule. This study shows that scalar maps generated from diffusion tensor imaging may be directly related to the earliest stages of disease progression within HD, even before a diagnosis is given. Findings suggest that DTI measures, therefore, may have the ability to act as a biomarker for disease progression in clinical trials of pre-manifest subjects.
Residual lifetime distribution and its applications

Abstract Let T be a continuous positive random variable representing the lifetime of an entity. This entity could be a human being, an animal or a plant, or a component of a mechanical or electrical system. For nonliving objects the lifetime is defined as the total amount of time for which the entity carries out its function satisfactorily. The concept of aging involves the adverse effects of age such as increased probability of failure due to wear. In this paper, we consider certain characteristics of the residual lifetime distribution at age t , such as the mean, median, and variance, as describing aging. Gamma and Weibull families of distributions are studied from this point of view. Explicit asymptotic expressions for the mean, variance and the percentiles of corresponding residual lifetime distributions are found. Finally these families of distributions are fitted to four sets of actual data, two of which are entirely new. The results can be used in discriminating different shape parameters.
In vitro cytokinin binding to a particulate cell fraction from protonemata of Funaria hygrometrica.

Cytokinin-induced bud formation in moss protonemata is specific for cytokinin bases, their ribosides being relatively inactive. Binding of [(3)H]benzyladenine (BA) to a 13,000-80,000 x g subcellular fraction from extracts of Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth. was measured by a centrifugation assay. Increasing concentrations of non-radioactive BA decreased the binding proportionally to the logarithm of the BA concentration between 3×10(-8) and 10(-4)M. [(3)H]Zeatin also bound to these fractions, although the extent of binding was not as great as with [(3)H]BA. Biologically active cytokinins, including BA, zeatin, 6-(3-methyl-2-enylamino)purine (IPA) and kinetin, competed for the binding of [(3)H]BA, whereas the ribosides of BA, zeatin and IPA competed poorly. Other biologically inactive compounds, such as adenine and 9-methyl-BA, were also ineffective as competitors. The ability to bind BA by the 13,000-80,000 x g fraction was greatly reduced by treatment with 1% Triton X-100, and heat treatment eliminated more than one-half of the binding activity. Competitive binding appeared to be pH-dependent, with maximal activity between pH 6.0 and 6.5. After fractionation by differential centrifugation, the ability to bind cytokinins was not correlated with the RNA content of the fraction and thus probably did not represent binding to ribosomes which has been reported in other plant tissues. Cytokinins also exhibited competitive binding to non-biological materials, e.g., talc. The detailed characteristics of the binding of BA to talc were different from those to the biological fractions. However, the problem remains, in all studies of cytokinin binding, to distinguish between binding that is biologically meaningful, and biological (biologically) non-meaningful physical adsorption.
Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices

In theory, quantum computers offer a means of solving problems that would be intractable on conventional computers. Assuming that a quantum computer could be constructed, it would in practice be required to function with noisy devices called 'gates'. These gates cause decoherence of the fragile quantum states that are central to the computer's operation. The goal of so-called 'fault-tolerant quantum computing' is therefore to compute accurately even when the error probability per gate (EPG) is high. Here we report a simple architecture for fault-tolerant quantum computing, providing evidence that accurate quantum computing is possible for EPGs as high as three per cent. Such EPGs have been experimentally demonstrated, but to avoid excessive resource overheads required by the necessary architecture, lower EPGs are needed. Assuming the availability of quantum resources comparable to the digital resources available in today's computers, we show that non-trivial quantum computations at EPGs of as high as one per cent could be implemented.
Electrochemical properties of Li-Mg alloy electrodes for lithium batteries

Abstract Li–Mg alloy electrodes are prepared by two methods: (1) direct-alloying through the melting of mole percent specific mixtures of Li and Mg metal under vacuum and (2) the kinetically-controlled vapor formation and deposition (KCVD) of a Li–Mg alloy on a substrate. It is found that processing conditions greatly influence the microstructures and surface morphologies, and hence, the electrochemical properties of the Li–Mg alloy electrodes. When applying the KCVD technique, the composition of each prepared alloy is determined by independently varying the temperature of the molten lithium, the temperature of magnesium with which the lithium interacts, and the temperature of the substrate on which the intimately mixed Li–Mg mixture is deposited. Here, the required temperature for lithium induced Mg vaporization is more than 200°C below the magnesium melting point. The effect of these variable temperatures on the microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the vapor-deposited alloys has been studied. The diffusion coefficients for lithium in the Li–Mg alloy electrodes prepared by the KCVD method are in the range 1.2×10 −7 to 5.2×10 −7 cm 2 s −1 at room temperature, two to three orders of magnitude larger than those in other lithium alloy systems (e.g. 6.0×10 −10 cm 2 s −1 in LiAl). These observations suggest that Li–Mg alloys prepared by the KCVD method might be used effectively to prevent dendrite formation, improving the cycleability of lithium electrodes and the rechargeability of lithium batteries as a result of the high diffusion coefficient of lithium atoms in the Li–Mg alloy. Li–Mg alloy electrodes also appear to show not only the potential for higher rate capabilities (power densities) but also for larger capacities (energy densities) which might considerably exceed those of lithiated carbon or Sn-based electrodes for lithium batteries.
Whole-cell recordings of spontaneous synaptic currents in medial preoptic neurons from rat hypothalamic slices: mediation by amino acid neurotransmitters.

Abstract Whole-cell recordings in hypothalamic slices from immature rats were used to test the hypothesis that inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters mediate fast synaptic currents in the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Bicuculline methiodide reversibly blocked spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), and 6-cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitroquinoxaline (CNOX) blocked spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). These competitive antagonists act at γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A and non -N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, respectively, thus supporting the hypothesis that these amino acid receptors activate most if not all fast synaptic currents in the MPOA.
Experimental wound repair in the freshwater mussel Anodonta oregonensis.

Abstract The process of wound repair was studied histologically following surgical incisions in the foot of the freshwater mussel Anodonta oregonensis. Wound repair in A. oregonensis differed from that in vertebrates and most invertebrates by the lack of a pronounced cellular response. In other respects, however, the general process of healing was similar to that found in most vertebrate and other invertebrate species.
Local field potentials and border ownership: A conjecture about computation in visual cortex

Abstract Border ownership is an intermediate-level visual task: it must integrate (upward flowing) image information about edges with (downward flowing) shape information. This highlights the familiar local-to-global aspect of border formation (linking of edge elements to form contours) with the much less studied global-to-local aspect (which edge elements form part of the same shape). To address this task we show how to incorporate certain high-level notions of distance and geometric arrangement into a form that can influence image-based edge information. The center of the argument is a reaction—diffusion equation that reveals how (global) aspects of the distance map (that is, shape) can be “read out” locally, suggesting a solution to the border ownership problem. Since the reaction—diffusion equation defines a field, a possible information processing role for the local field potential can be defined. We argue that such fields also underlie the Gestalt notion of closure, especially when it is refined using modern experimental techniques. An important implication of this theoretical argument is that, if true, then network modeling must be extended to include the substrate surrounding spiking neurons, including glia.
Measurements and predictions of scalar dissipation in turbulent jet flames

Scalar dissipation rates in high-Reymolds number turbulent nonpremixed jets have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. Both a nonreacting propane jet and a reacting jet mixture of hydrogen and argon were studied. The scalar dissipation rates were determined experimentally by using an optical multichannel analyzer to measure the instantaneous distribution of Rayleigh-scattered light along a beam from a high energy pulsed dye laser. The time-resolved spatial distribution of the conserved scalar and the local gradients were then calculated from the Rayleigh-scattered light intensity distribution. A second-order closure numerical model including the transport equations for scalar dissipation is presented. The effect of density fluctuations on the scalar dissipation is analyzed and calculations are compared with experimental results.
Body heat dissipation and conservation in two species of dolphins.

Abstract 1. 1. Deep core, body subcutaneous and dorsal fin subcutaneous temperatures were continuously recorded via radio-telemetry from an unrestrained Hawaiian spinner and Pacific bottlenose dolphin. 2. 2. Body subcutaneous temperatures were several degrees Centigrade below deep core whereas dorsal fin subcutaneous temperatures were far more variable. 3. 3. At low water temperatures body wall insulation increased whereas dorsal fin insulation failed to rise above the lower values exhibited by the body wall. 4. 4. The body wall serves as a flexible insulator while the dorsal fin is a major site of heat dissipation.
Seeing around a Ball: Complex, Technology-Based Problems in Calculus with Applications in Science and Engineering-Redux.

A complex technology-based problem in visualization and computation for students in calculus is presented. Strategies are shown for its solution and the opportunities for students to put together sequences of concepts and skills to build for success are highlighted. The problem itself involves placing an object under water in order to actually see more of the object due to the refraction of light.
Studies on the action of nitrofurans on bacterial enzyme systems. III. Furacin interference with dye reductions by Escherichia coli

Abstract The antibacterial nitrofuran, Furacin (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone), was shown to have a marked inhibition on the rate of reduction of methylene blue, Nile blue A, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride by washed Escherichia coli cells in the presence of a variety of substrates. Methylene blue, once reduced, cannot be reoxidized by Furacin, and the inhibition of its reduction has been interpreted as a competition with Furacin for the hydrogen mobilized by the dehydrogenases. The leuco form of Nile blue A can be reoxidized by Furacin, and the complex inhibition of its reduction is an expression of this reoxidation with Furacin acting as a hydrogen acceptor. An interesting interaction of redox indicators was revealed in that indigo carmine can be reduced only through the action of reduced Nile blue A serving as carrier.
RELIGIOSITY, SOCIAL CLASS, AND ALCOHOL USE: An Application of Reference Group Theory

This paper Illustrates how religiosity influences behavior in everyday life by investigating the linlcages among religiosity, social class, and alcohol consumption. Reference group theory provides a theoretical basis for understanding these linkages. In their classic essay, "Contributions to a Theory of Reference Group Be- havior," Merton and Rossi (1968) showed how some anomalous empirical findings in "The American Soldier" studies (Stouffer et al. 1949) can be understood more clearly in terms of reference group theory. For example, in groups where there was less real opportunity for promotion, soldiers of similar length of service, education, and rank, perceived a greater likelihood of promotion. Merton and Rossi resolved this paradox by means of reference group theory: They suggested that these men compared themselves to others in the same group, rather than to those in different groups. This article focuses on a different anomaly and resolves it in a similar
The Challenges of Climate Policy

Climate policy planners and the public should be aware of both economic challenges and arguments that may influence the intensity of the climate policies with which they have to cope. This article examines six economic challenges: cap-and-trade versus taxes, non-price regulations, energy efficiency policies, mitigation versus adaptation, trade effects, and transmission planning. Three additional challenges affect the end itself: ‘fat tails’, discount rates, and whether environmental protection should be evaluated by willingness to pay. If future generations cannot compensate the present for climate policy costs, climate policy is inherently redistributive and cannot be evaluated through cost–benefit analysis alone.
The microstructures of multiphase Ni-20Al-30Fe and its constituent phases

Abstract The microstructures of the multiphase (β′ + γ/γ′) alloy Ni-20Al-30Fe (in at.%) and alloys similar to its constituent β′ (Ni-30Al-20Fe) and γ/γ′ (Ni-12Al-40Fe) components, processed through a casting and hot-extrusion route, were studied after water quenching following annealing at 700K, 900K, and 1100K. The microstructures at 700K and 900K were similar to the room temperature microstructure, consisting of a β′ pro-eutectic phase and a eutectic of β′ and γ/γ′ phases (0.5μm lamellae width). However, at 1100K, the γ′ dissolved. The nominally Ni-12Al-40Fe alloy was determined, using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, to be of composition Ni-15Al-37Fe. The alloy exhibited a γ/γ′ microstructure at all test temperatures that was consistent with the phase diagram for the latter composition; the γ′ precipitates were observed to coarsen with increasing temperatures. The β′ alloy, Ni-30Al-20Fe, exhibited an equiaxed microstructure at room temperature with a thin (~ 10nm), discontinuous iron-rich grain boundary film. At 900K, the microstructure was three-phase, β′ + γ/γ′, instead of two-phase, β′ + γ, as predicted by the isotherms. At 1100K, however, the microstructure was two-phase β′ + γ, which was consistent with the isotherms.
Some aspect of the doubly-charged ion chemistry of armoatic amines and diamines

Doubly-charged ion mass spectra of aromatic amines and diamines, as opposed to those of the aromatic hydrocarbons, show strong correlation with empirical formula.[M]++is usually the base peak in the spectrum and its main fragmentation involves loss of C2H2, in sharp contrast wit the [M]+˙ ion which always loses HCN. Measurement of the Kinetic energy released in chargeseparation reactions can yield useful structural information. Result strongly support the concept of charge-localization on nitrogen atoms. Extensive scrambiling prior to nfragmentatiom was observed in all isomeric compoounds studied.
Unsubtracted Dispersion Relations and the Renormalization of the Weak Axial-Vector Coupling Constants

Assuming that the equal-time commutation rules for the vector and axial-vector-current octets proposed by Gell-Mann are valid and that the divergence of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=0$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$ axial current is a strongly convergent operator obeying unsubtracted dispersion relations and dominated by low-frequency contributions, we derive a sum rule for the renormalization of the neutron axial $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay constant ${G}_{A}$, by the strong interactions. The result agrees with that previously obtained from the assumption that the axial-current divergence is proportional to the pion field. The results are generalized to the strangeness-changing leptonic decays in the context of Cabibbo theory and generalized Goldberger-Treiman relations, and are used to compute the $\frac{d}{f}$ ratio for the weak baryon axial-current coupling and an independent value of ${G}_{A}$.
TPM: PLANNED AND AUTONOMOUS MAINTENANCE: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN PRACTICE AND RESEARCH *

Competitive pressures and changing production management paradigms have, in recent years, increased the importance of reliable and consistent production equipment. Initially, the Japanese, and now others, have espoused the virtues of a management philosophy known as total productive maintenance (TPM). We are interested in the maintenance-investment decisions for TPM. This paper (1) describes the basic elements of TPM programs, (2) categorizes the relevant research literature using a practitioner's framework for autonomous and planned maintenance activities, and (3) identifies the current gaps between practitioner needs and academic research in the area of TPM and offers suggestions to close the gaps.
Effects of peroxides on susceptibilities of Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis to isoniazid.

Escherichia coli strains were previously found to be susceptible to the antituberculosis drug isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid [INH]) when they carried certain mutations that also sensitize them to peroxides: a deletion in oxyR, a redox-sensitive regulator of hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes, or mutations in both katG and ahpCF, OxyR-regulated genes encoding hydroperoxidase I, and an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase. To test whether INH, like peroxides, activates OxyR, the effect of INH on OxyR regulation was examined. Primer extension assays showed that transcription of the OxyR-regulated oxyS gene was not significantly induced by INH in wild-type cells, indicating that INH does not activate OxyR. However, the INH-susceptible katG ahpCF mutant strain was found to have constitutively high levels of oxyS transcription. This suggested that the lack of peroxidase expression in these strains allows endogenous oxidants to accumulate, and this leads not only to constitutive OxyR activation but also to INH susceptibility. Consistent with this concept, hydrogen peroxide or cumene hydroperoxide potentiated the INH susceptibilities of wild-type cells, while the antioxidant ascorbic acid protected the susceptible katG ahpCF mutant strain from INH. Superoxide radicals, generated by paraquat, did not enhance the INH susceptibilities of wild-type cells. Hydrogen peroxide also potentiated the INH susceptibilities of susceptible and resistant (katG mutant) Mycobacterium smegmatis strains. Our results suggest that INH is converted to a more active drug by reaction with peroxides and that the INH susceptibilities of enterobacteria and mycobacteria are mechanistically related. Images
The relationship between perceived instructor credibility and college student in‐class and out‐of‐class communication

This study explored the relationship between perceived instructor credibility (i.e., competence, character, caring) and student in‐class (i.e., willingness to talk) and out‐of‐class communication. Participants were 158 college students enrolled in an introductory communication course at a Mid‐Atlantic university. Results indicate (a) perceived instructor character and caring, but not perceived instructor competence, are positively related to student willingness to talk and (b) perceived instructor competence, character, and caring are positively related to student participation in student out‐of‐class communcation. Future research should explore the specific attributions made by students considered to constitute perceived instructor competence, character, and caring.
Oxygen Vacancies and Electrical Conduction in Metal Oxides

Oxygen vacancies and their effects on electrical conduction in some metal oxides were considered through an exact solution of the equilibrium relations between oxygen partial pressure in the ambient gas and concentrations of oxygen vacancies and conduction electrons in the oxide. The mass-action law was assumed but no state of ionization of oxygen vacancies was neglected. Concentrations of electrons in conduction states and total oxygen vacancies were considered. The results, which possess considerable complexity not contained in the usual limiting-case solutions, were compared with pertinent experiments.
Integrating Universal Design (UD) Principles and Mobile Design Guidelines to Improve Design of Mobile Health Applications for Older Adults

Mobile technology can improve lives of older adults through remote health monitoring (telehealth), memory aids (including medicine reminders), personal data management, and social and communication assistance. Although numerous design guidelines, design principles, and heuristics have been developed to improve the user interface (UI) design of mobile applications for older adults, many usability problems are still reported. Alternatively, universal design (UD) advocates designing products and interfaces usable by all people, with all ranges of abilities. Older adults population is diverse in terms of the ranges of limitations as well as combinations of limitations they have. Design guidelines targeted towards specific abilities and limitations are not effective in a case of multiple limitations or diversity of limitations in older adults. Applying design guidelines to UD principles would address diversity of limitations within this population group. This project explores the ways in which we can bridge discrepancies between the existing design guidelines and UD principles to improve design of mobile health applications for older adults. In this paper, we describe usability studies and redesign of the remote patient monitoring (RPM) mobile application UI for older adults, refined RPM mobile app interface using the UD approach, and a set of inclusive design guidelines that reconcile inconsistencies between design guidelines and UD principles.
Effective Collision Strengths for Electron Impact Excitation of Fine-Structure Levels in Fe XI

Collision strengths for transitions between the 3s23p4 P2, 1, 03, 1D2, and 1S0 levels and from these levels to the 3s3p5 P02, 1, 03 and 1P01 levels of Fe XI are calculated using a semirelativistic R-matrix approach. The 38 fine-structure levels arising from the 20 LS 3s23p4 P3, 1D, 1S, 3s3p5 P03, 1P0, 3s23p3(4S0)3d D03, 3s23p3(2P0)3d P01,3, 1, 3D0, 1, 3F0, 3s23p3(2D0)3d S01,3, 1, 3P0, 1, 3D0, 1, 3F0 states are included in our calculation. These target levels are represented by configuration-interaction wave functions. The relativistic effects are considered in the Breit-Pauli approximation by including one-body mass correction, Darwin term, and spin-orbit terms in the scattering equations. Complicated resonance structures are found to enhance the collision strengths significantly for many transitions in the threshold energy regions. Our collision strengths are compared with the available results of Bhatia & Doschek at 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0 ryd. The collision strengths are integrated over a Maxwellian distribution of electron energies to give effective collision strengths over a wide temperature range.
Technology roadmapping and the supply chain

Purpose – To introduce the four key industry roadmaps used by the electronics industry and to illustrate which parts of the supply chain each serves.Design/methodology/approach – A comparison of the coverage of the iNEMI, ITRS, Jisso and IPC roadmaps.Findings – It is apparent that the four key industry roadmaps do serve the supply chain and their respective industries. The roadmaps do not compete but rather, they actually complement each other and give the reader who understands them, a picture of the industry and its supply chain that is not available anywhere else.Research limitations/implications – The four key industry roadmaps provide comprehensive coverage for the electronics industry.Originality/value – The paper highlights the different technology areas and sections of the electronics industry value chain addressed by the four key industry roadmaps.
Chemical diversity in Cupressus bakeri 1. Megagametophyte fatty acids

Abstract The seed megagametophyte from 69 trees of seven populations of Cupressus bakeri Jepson was analysed for fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography. Compositional variability was very small. Most fatty acids were unsaturated. Identified by GC retention times and mass spectroscopy were palmitic, stearic, arachidic, oleic, linoleic, cis -11-eicosenoic, cis -11,14-eicosadienoic, cis -5,11,14-eicosatrienoic, cis -11,14,17-eicosatrienoic, cis -5,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic, cis -5,11-eicosadienoic, margaric,behenic, lignoceric and vaccenic acids, the last five in very small or trace amounts. In canonical discriminant analysis most populations separated significantly from each other; the separations obtained did not convincingly populations separated significantly from each other; the separations obtained did not convincingly substantiate the existence of the ssp. matthewsii and typica proposed by Wolf.
Raptor community composition in the Texas Southern High Plains lesser prairie‐chicken range

Predation can be a factor in preventing prey population growth and sustainability when prey populations are small and fragmented, and when predator density is unrelated to the density of the single prey species. We conducted monthly raptor surveys from February 2007 to May 2009 in adjacent areas of the Texas Southern High Plains (USA) that do and do not support lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act. During the summer period corresponding to prairie-chicken nesting and brood-rearing, Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni) were the most abundant raptor. During the lekking and overwintering period, the raptor community was diverse, with northern harriers (Circus cyaneus) being the most abundant species. Raptor abundance peaked during the early autumn and was lowest during the spring. Utility poles were a significant predictor of raptor density at survey points and Swainson's hawks and all raptors, pooled, were found in greater densities in non-prairie-chicken habitat dominated by mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). Avian predation risk on prairie-chickens, based on presence and abundance of raptors, appears to be greatest during winter when there is a more abundant and diverse raptor community, and in areas with utility poles. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
CT characteristics of intraocular perfluoro-N-octane

Perfluoro-N-octane (PFO) is a heavy liquid that is used as an aid for complicated retinal surgical procedures. Although PFO is usually removed intraoperatively, the radiographic appearance of retained PFO may mimic an intraocular foreign body or vitreous hemorrhage. As the use of PFO in retinal procedures has become more widespread, recognition of its imaging appearance has become important in the differential diagnosis of intraocular foreign body and ocular trauma.
ThemeRiver: visualizing thematic changes in large document collections

The ThemeRiver visualization depicts thematic variations over time within a large collection of documents. The thematic changes are shown in the context of a time-line and corresponding external events. The focus on temporal thematic change within a context framework allows a user to discern patterns that suggest relationships or trends. For example, the sudden change of thematic strength following an external event may indicate a causal relationship. Such patterns are not readily accessible in other visualizations of the data. We use a river metaphor to convey several key notions. The document collection's time-line, selected thematic content and thematic strength are indicated by the river's directed flow, composition and changing width, respectively. The directed flow from left to right is interpreted as movement through time and the horizontal distance between two points on the river defines a time interval. At any point in time, the vertical distance, or width, of the river indicates the collective strength of the selected themes. Colored "currents" flowing within the river represent individual themes. A current's vertical width narrows or broadens to indicate decreases or increases in the strength of the individual theme.
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing for High-Dimensional Statistical Models

Fitting high-dimensional statistical models often requires the use of non-linear parameter estimation procedures. As a consequence, it is generally impossible to obtain an exact characterization of the probability distribution of the parameter estimates. This in turn implies that it is extremely challenging to quantify the uncertainty associated with a certain parameter estimate. Concretely, no commonly accepted procedure exists for computing classical measures of uncertainty and statistical significance as confidence intervals or p-values. We consider here a broad class of regression problems, and propose an efficient algorithm for constructing confidence intervals and p-values. The resulting confidence intervals have nearly optimal size. When testing for the null hypothesis that a certain parameter is vanishing, our method has nearly optimal power. Our approach is based on constructing a 'de-biased' version of regularized M-estimators. The new construction improves over recent work in the field in that it does not assume a special structure on the design matrix. Furthermore, proofs are remarkably simple. We test our method on a diabetes prediction problem.
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Clomipramine in a Very Old Patient

OBJECTIVE:To describe the effect of the tricyclic drug clomipramine in a very old patient with obsessive–compulsive disorder and Alzheimer dementia.CASE SUMMARY:A 93-year-old woman had a history of obsessive–compulsive disorder since early adulthood. The obsession consisted of remembering names of famous people and the compulsion consisted of excessive list making. With the onset of memory loss secondary to Alzheimer disease, she became increasingly anxious and compulsive as a result of a failure to remember. After nine weeks on fluoxetine she became jittery and more confused. After a two-week washout period, she was given a nine-week course of clomipramine that was carefully titrated up to a therapeutic concentration.RESULTS:At the completion of clomipramine treatment, the patient no longer felt driven to recall the names of famous people. Her score from the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale dropped from 29 to 3. Her Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination score increased from 21 to 23.CONCLUSIONS:Clo...
CXCL4-induced migration of activated T lymphocytes is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR3

The chemokine CXCL4/platelet factor-4 is released by activated platelets in micromolar concentrations and is a chemoattractant for leukocytes via an unidentified receptor. Recently, a variant of the human chemokine receptor CXCR3 (CXCR3-B) was described, which transduced apoptotic but not chemotactic signals in microvascular endothelial cells following exposure to high concentrations of CXCL4. Here, we show that CXCL4 can induce intracellular calcium release and the migration of activated human T lymphocytes. CXCL4-induced chemotaxis of T lymphocytes was inhibited by a CXCR3 antagonist and pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin (PTX), suggestive of CXCR3-mediated G-protein signaling via Galphai-sensitive subunits. Specific binding by T lymphocytes of the CXCR3 ligand CXCL10 was not effectively competed by CXCL4, suggesting that the two are allotopic ligands. We subsequently used expression systems to dissect the potential roles of each CXCR3 isoform in mediating CXCL4 function. Transient expression of the CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B isoforms in the murine pre-B cell L1.2 produced cells that migrated in response to CXCL4 in a manner sensitive to PTX and a CXCR3 antagonist. Binding of radiolabeled CXCL4 to L1.2 CXCR3 transfectants was of low affinity and appeared to be mediated chiefly by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), as no specific CXCL4 binding was observed in GAG-deficient 745-Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing CXCR3. We suggest that following platelet activation, the CXCR3/CXCL4 axis may play a role in T lymphocyte recruitment and the subsequent amplification of inflammation observed in diseases such as atherosclerosis. In such a setting, antagonism of the CXCR3/CXCL4 axis may represent a useful, therapeutic intervention.
Phases of complex functions from the amplitudes of the functions and the amplitudes of the Fourier and Mellin transforms

For the most part, the phase-retrieval problem has been dominated by the use of the Hilbert transform on the logarithm of the absolute value of the wave function. In our approach, by contrast, we use the intensity associated with the function and the intensities in Fourier- or Mellin-transform space corresponding to a set of apertures to obtain the phases within a constant by means of simple formulas. The set of apertures required is those arbitrarily close to a fixed aperture and its complement. The higher-dimensional cases are also treated for the case of the Fourier transform.
Cochlear and Neural Delays for Coincidence Detection in Owls

The auditory system uses delay lines and coincidence detection to measure the interaural time difference (ITD). Both axons and the cochlea could provide such delays. The stereausis theory assumes that differences in wave propagation time along the basilar membrane can provide the necessary delays, if the coincidence detectors receive input from fibers innervating different loci on the left and right basilar membranes. If this hypothesis were true, the left and right inputs to coincidence detectors should differ in their frequency tuning. The owl's nucleus laminaris contains coincidence detector neurons that receive input from the left and right cochlear nuclei. Monaural frequency-tuning curves of nucleus laminaris neurons showed small interaural differences. In addition, their preferred ITDs were not correlated with the interaural frequency mismatches. Instead, the preferred ITD of the neuron agrees with that predicted from the distribution of axonal delays. Thus, there is no need to invoke mechanisms other than neural delays to explain the detection of ITDs by the barn owl's laminaris neurons.