cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammation and Hemostatic Activation may Contribute to Postsurgical Thrombosis in Patients With Bladder Cancer

The alterations of the inflammatory and thrombotic components in patients with cancer are not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to profile markers of inflammation and thrombotic activation specifically in the patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. For this study, 134 samples were collected from patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Antiphospholipid antibodies (immunoglobulin G subtype), microparticles, and antiglycosaminoglycan antibodies were measured with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. These biomarkers were compared in patients with bladder cancer and normal individuals (n = 20). Patients had an average value of 6.7 ± 11.9 ng/mL (median: 2.8, confidence interval: 4.69-8.75, andPvalue: .0038) of antiphospholipid antibodies versus normal individuals 1.96 ± 0.9 ng/mL (median: 1.8 and confidence interval: 1.5-2.35). Microparticles level in patients was 8.31 ± 6.14 ng/mL, (median: 6.1, confidence interval: 7.26-9.37, andPvalue: <.0001) versus normal individuals 3.57 ± 2.34 ng/mL (median: 2.85 and confidence interval: 2.476-4.664). The antiglycosaminoglycan antibodies in patients had an average value of 0.22 ± 0.1 optical density (OD; median: 0.2, confidence interval: 0.21-0.24, andPvalue: .0213) compared to normal individuals 0.25 ± 0.08 OD (median: 0.25 and confidence interval: 0.22-0.23). The correlation of antiglycosaminoglycan antibodies with antiphospholipid antibodies showed Spearmanrvalue = .2364 (95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.4 andPvalue .009). The correlation of antiglycosaminoglycan antibodies versus microparticles showed Spearmanr= -.195 (95% confidence interval: 0.37-0.01 andPvalue .0321). These data suggest that patients with bladder cancer have subclinical activation of thrombotic and inflammatory processes that may be further exacerbated by surgical procedures and lead to venous thromboembolism-related complications.
Indirect Allorecognition of Donor Class I and II Major Histocompatibility Complex Peptides Promotes the Development of Transplant Vasculopathy

Recent clinical and experimental evidence suggests that indirect allorecognition may promote the development of chronic rejection, but definitive experimental studies are lacking. To study the contribution of indirect allorecognition to chronic rejection, naive Lewis (RT1(1)) rats were immunized with synthetic Wistar Furth (WF) class II-RT1(u).D (HLA-DR-like) or -RT1(u).B (HLA-DQ-like) or class I-RT1(u).A (HLA-A-like) peptides emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant 7 d before transplantation (n = 5 to 7/group). Experimental and control animals then acted as recipients of fully mismatched WF vascularized cardiac allografts. Recipients received immunosuppression in the form of cyclosporine at a tapering dose that allows for long-term allograft survival. Animals were sacrificed at either 3 or 6 mo, with allograft arterial luminal occlusion scored on elastin stains by a blinded observer. At 3 mo, mean vessel scores were significantly higher in the RT1(u).A-immunized versus class II-immunized and control groups (P < 0.05). By 6 mo, there was progression of chronic allograft vasculopathy and a significantly higher mean vessel score in the RT1(u).A- and RT1(u).D-immunized versus RT1(u).B and control groups (P < 0.05). In vitro studies show evidence of shifting MHC allopeptide immunogenicity. It was concluded that T cells primed by specific donor class I and II MHC allopeptides promote the development of chronic vascularized allograft rejection. These novel observations provide definitive evidence of a link between indirect allorecognition and the development and progression of chronic rejection.
Radiographic interpretation of contrast-media-enhanced bite marks.

Radiography has been a diagnostic and interpretive instrument of the scientific community for many years [1]. The forensic science applications are numerous and varied, with a primary focus on identification problems [2]. Forensic odontologists rely heavily on dental radiography to match or exclude antemortem and postmortem films for identification [3]. Medical examiners have often been aided in their identifications by radiographic discoveries of broken bones, implants, and other foreign objects [4]. Recent work has expanded the experimental use of radiography to include the examination of fingerprints on skin [2, pp. 123–135] and the accurate mapping of incisal contours for comparisons [5]. Current opinion discounts any radiographic application in interpreting the tissue change caused by bites [6, p. 81].
Broken promises and breaking ground for responsible innovation – intervention research to transform business-as-usual in nanotechnology innovation

ABSTRACTDespite repeated calls for novel forms of innovation and governance, including responsible innovation, anticipatory governance, and sustainability-oriented governance, nanotechnology continues to be mainly innovated following conventional schemes – with persistent shortcomings and negative impacts. Shifting these schemes towards sustainable and responsible innovation and fully utilising the benefits of sustainable nanotechnologies will necessitate difficult changes across all stages of and actors in the innovation process. We outline an agenda for intervention research in support of such changes. The article synthesises insights from four years of research on nanotechnology innovation, anticipatory governance, and sustainability in urban environments, with a focus on Phoenix, Arizona.
Solar Panel Orientation Based on Building Power Consumption

In the present work electric energy consumption of a typical building based on its cooling load for summers of five consecutive years were evaluated. The cooling load hourly variations were evaluated based on the eQuest software. It was determined that the peak electric energy consumption of the building occurs around 4:00PM during months of June, July and August. Then the clear sky model was used to determine the solar panel orientation to best match peak energy consumption. The best solar panel orientation to meet building’s peak demand is about 50 degrees tilt angle with azimuth angle of about between fifty and sixty degrees westward. The clearness index model is then used to evaluate the annual energy production of solar panel. It was determined that the annual energy production of the panel based on the present model is approximately 22–23% less than a southward orientation. The present model however, produces twice more electric power during peak demanding hours, when it is needed most.© 2014 ASME
An approach to assessing trace element bioavailability from milk in vitro. Extrinsic labeling and proteolytic degradation.

Both in vitro and in vivo, the use of a radioisotope can significantly enhance the sensitivity of methods for trace element studies. An essential prerequisite for this approach, however, is that the added (extrinsic) radiolabel equilibrates with the native (cold) element within all compartments of the diet. By using ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and gel filtration chromatography, we have shown that the method is valid for zinc, copper, and manganese when using milks and formulas. For iron, however, extrinsic labeling does not necessarily yield results similar to the native distribution. We have used extrinsic labeling to follow the distribution of Zn, Cu, and Mn between high molecular weight compounds (proteins) and low molecular weight complexes in human and bovine milk after in vitro proteolysis. Peptic digestion at various pHs and pancreatic digestion for varying times were used to mimic digestion in the infant. After limited proteolysis, a large proportion of trace minerals in human milk was found in the low molecular weight fraction, whereas in cow’s milk a large proportion was bound to incompletely digested casein. These findings may, at least in part, explain the higher bioavailability of trace elements from human milk compared to cow’s milk.
Effect of electrical stimulation on bacterial contamination of chicken legs

Electrical stimulation was investigated as a method to eliminate or reduce the number of Salmonella typhimurium attached to chicken legs. Salmonellae-inoculated legs were attached to either cathode or anode or placed in an electrical field. In addition, the effect of electrical stimulation on various bacteria in an electrolyte solution was studied in order to determine the feasibility of using this method to prevent cross-contamination of poultry carcasses during processing. Stimulation was accomplished using a square wave with an amplitude of 8.5 to 14.5 volts, a frequency of 0.33 Hz or 100 KHz, and a duty cycle of 67%. Results indicate that electrical stimulation is effective in killing bacteria in solution and in reducing the number of salmonellae attached to chicken legs when legs are attached to anodes. Slight meat damage did occur, however, when chicken legs were connected to either anode or cathode1.z.
Intragenerational Equity and Climate Change Adaptation

Our global energy system is unjust because it emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which then damage communities and countries that, given their primarily agrarian economies, contributed the least to those emissions.1 Even worse, these emissions will likely harm existing and future generations with a collection of grave consequences such as rising food insecurity, the proliferation of climate refugees, and an increased frequency and severity of natural and humanitarian disasters. The buffering capacity of the planet requires that we radically reduce our emissions at the same time that the energy needs of the world are crying out for a vast increase in the distribution of energy (see Chapter Seven for more on that). Fortuitously, community-based adaptation measures provide developed and developing countries alike a way out of this quagmire. The Global Environment Facility’s (GEF) Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) offers an exemplary model for how these adaptation projects can be implemented. It has, as of late 2012, disbursed $602 million in voluntary contributions in support of 88 adaptation projects across 46 countries.
Comparing the Impact of Traditional and Cooperative Apprenticeship Programs on Graduates' Industry Success

Calls for educational reform have resounded across our nation for more than two decades. Several national commissions have been convened to examine the current educational system and make recommendations for educational reform (e.g.,Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills, 1991; Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills, 1992;Special Study Panel on Education Indicators, 1991). A common theme in their findings has been a concern with the educational system's inability to prepare students properly to meet the workforce needs for the future. Recent legislation (i.e.,Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 1994;Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Amendments of 1998, 1998) has been enacted to encourage educational changes recommended by these studies to address the shortcomings of our educational system.
Health-related quality of life in Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review.

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) is highly curable with well-established treatment regimens; however, the impact on patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQL) from diagnosis through survivorship is unclear. This systematic review aimed to describe the available literature on HRQL in HL, assess the quality of these studies, identify gaps in the literature and recommend further areas of research. Following PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review to include studies assessing the HRQL in HL patients. Articles identified through database searches were screened and data extracted. Quality was evaluated using a 6-point scale, adapted from published HRQL systematic reviews. Sixty five articles published between 1986 and 2015 met inclusion criteria. These included 53 (82 %) cross-sectional studies; 12 (18 %) longitudinal studies, including three embedded in randomized trials; and three additional longitudinal studies that began assessment at diagnosis. Study sample sizes of HL patients varied considerably with only five (42 %) longitudinal studies including more than 50 patients. Multidimensional HRQL was assessed in 45 studies, single HRQL domains in 22 studies, and symptoms, including fatigue, in 28 studies. The majority of studies employed a cross-sectional design, enrolling HL survivors at least 10 years after the completion of therapy. Emphasis on HRQL following therapy may inform initial treatment decisions and long-term survivorship goals. We recommend that future research include prospective, longitudinal randomized designs across both treatment and time.
Contact localization on grasped objects using tactile sensing

Manipulation tasks often require robots to make contact between a grasped tool and another object in the robot's environment. The ability to detect and estimate the positions and directions of these contact points is crucial for monitoring the progress of the task, and detecting failures. In this paper, we present a data-driven approach for detecting and localizing contacts between a grasped object and the environment using tactile sensing. We explore framing the contact localization as both a regression and a classification problem and train neural networks accordingly to estimate the contact parameters. We also compare the neural networks with Gaussian process regression and support vector machine classification with spatio-temporal hierarchical matching pursuit feature learning. We evaluate the presented approach using hundreds of contact events on eighteen objects with different shapes, sizes and material properties. The experiments show that the neural network approach can learn to localize contact events for individual objects with a mean absolute error of less than 2.5 cm for the positions and less than 10° for the directions.
Monitoring and detecting atrial fibrillation using wearable technology

Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is diagnosed by analysis of the morphological and rhythmic properties of the electrocardiogram. It was recently shown that accurate detection of AFib is possible using beat-to-beat interval variations. This raises the question of whether AFib detection can be performed using a pulsatile waveform such as the Photoplethysmogram (PPG). The recent explosion in use of recreational and professional ambulatory wrist-based pulse monitoring devices means that an accurate pulse-based AFib screening algorithm would enable large scale screening for silent or undiagnosed AFib, a significant risk factor for multiple diseases. We propose a noise-resistant machine learning approach to detecting AFib from noisy ambulatory PPG recorded from the wrist using a modern research watch-based wearable device (the Samsung Simband). Ambulatory pulsatile and movement data were recorded from 46 subjects, 15 with AFib and 31 non symptomatic. Single channel electrocardiogram (ECG), multi-wavelength PPG and tri-axial accelerometry were recorded simultaneously at 128 Hz from the non-dominant wrist using the Simband. Recording lengths varied from 3.5 to 8.5 minutes. Pulse (beat) detection was performed on the PPG waveforms, and eleven features were extracted based on beat-to-beat variability and waveform signal quality. Using 10-fold cross validation, an accuracy of 95 % on out-of-sample data was achieved, with a sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 94%, and an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.99. The described approach provides a noise-resistant, accurate screening tool for AFib from PPG sensors located in an ambulatory wrist watch. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate an algorithm with a high enough accuracy to be used in general population studies that does not require an ambulatory Holter electrocardiographic monitor.
Where Have all the Disruptions Gone? Co-adoption of Partially Substituting Technologies

The question of why some technologies succeed and others fail has long fascinated strategy theorists and practitioners. Demand-side models of this competition typically assume a buyer will adopt a ...
Discovery of 2-piperidinyl phenyl benzamides and trisubstituted pyrimidines as positive allosteric modulators of the prostaglandin receptor EP2

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via its Gαs-coupled EP2 receptor protects cerebral cortical neurons from excitotoxic and anoxic injury, though EP2 receptor activation can also cause secondary neurotoxicity in chronic inflammation. We performed a high-throughput screen of a library of 292 000 small molecules and identified several compounds that have a 2-piperidinyl phenyl benzamide or trisubstituted pyrimidine core as positive modulators for human EP2 receptor. The most active compounds increased the potency of PGE2 on EP2 receptor 4–5-fold at 20 μM without altering efficacy, indicative of an allosteric mechanism. These compounds did not augment the activity of the other Gαs-coupled PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and showed neuroprotection against N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity. These newly developed compounds represent second-generation allosteric potentiators for EP2 receptor and shed light on a promising neuroprotective strategy. They should prove valuable as molecular tools to achieve a better ...
Comparative Study of Cross-Point MRAM Array With Exponential and Threshold Selectors for Read Operation

We investigate a tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) devices with selectors classified as exponential and threshold types for cross-point array applications. Through array-level SPICE simulation, we analyze how the TMR ratio, which can vary with the type of the selector, affects a read-out current ratio in the array. In MRAM arrays with exponential selectors, the read-out current ratio close to $2\times $ at high read voltage range is achieved only when the selector exhibits high current drivability with minimal external resistance. Instead, using the threshold selector that can provide sufficient current without external constraints due to switching mechanism enables to obtain the ratio greater than $2\times $ in a small array, which can be distinguished with the help of sensing circuitry. However, the aggressive scaling of the technology node leads to inevitable wire resistance, thereby degrading the ratio. Thus, we also discuss optimizing the resistances of the MRAM, which is considered one of the ways to mitigate the degradation.
Localization of multiple acoustic emission events occurring closely in time in thin-walled pipes using sparse reconstruction:

A sparse reconstruction approach capable of localizing multiple acoustic emission events is proposed. The approach is specifically designed for localizing events that occur closely in time, where t...
Nationwide Impact of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines on Stroke Survivors

Background In this study, we aimed at estimating the prevalence and number of stroke survivors with hypertension, recommended pharmacological treatment, and above blood pressure target, according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure guidelines. Methods and Results We included participants aged ≥20 years to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 2003 and 2014. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys is a series of publicly available, cross‐sectional, national, stratified, multistage probability surveys. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys received approval from the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board. Stroke was determined by self‐report. Blood pressure was estimated according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey protocol. Assessment of pharmacological treatment of hypertension was by self‐report. The proportion and number of stroke survivors with hypertension was 49.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.4%–54.2%) and 2 361 075 (95% CI, 2 035 251–2 686 899) per the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines versus 29.9% (95% CI, 26.2%–33.7%) and 1 415 974 (95% CI, 1 191 721–1 640 227) per seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines. Proportion and number of stroke survivors who were not at target blood pressure was 56% (95% CI, 51.2%–60.6%) and 1 824 106 (95% CI, 1 558 846–2 089 366) per 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines versus 36.3% (95% CI, 31.6%–41.4%) and 1 184 655 (95% CI, 984 128–1 385 182) per seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines. Conclusions Compared with seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association hypertension guidelines would result in a nearly 67% relative increase in the proportion of US stroke survivors diagnosed with hypertension and 54% relative increase in those not within the recommended blood pressure target.
Serotonin and Major Depression

In 1948, a serum tonic factor released from platelets during blood clotting was first isolated, identified as a monoamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, synthesized by Rappaport, Green, and Page (1968), and named serotonin (Page, 1968). By 1953, serotonin had been isolated from gut smooth muscle and from extracts of brain. In the 1960s a role for serotonin in the etiology of major depression was proposed. Reserpine, a drug that triggered depression in some patients, was found to deplete serotonin in brain (Pletscher, Shore & Brodie, 1955). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) increased serotonin content and were found to be antidepressants (Pletscher, 1991). The serotonin hypothesis of depression was developed, (Coppen, 1969; Lapin & Oxenkrug, 1969; Coppen, Prange, & Whybrow, 1972), and proposed that an increased vulnerability to either depression or mania was related to decreased serotonergic activity. Over the last 25 years, studies on blood platelets, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of depressed patients reported serotonergic abnormalities. The last decade of clinical research on serotonin dysfunction in mental illness has utilized advances in neuroimaging, neuroendocrinology, neuropsychopharmacology, and molecular biology, as well as refinements in the classification of mental disorders. There has been a rapid increase in knowledge about the serotonergic system, which requires a reconsideration of the serotonin hypothesis of depression.
Man’s Role in the Major Sedimentary Cycle

Natural inputs to the sedimentary cycle result from river runoff into the oceans, atmospheric transport, and glacial movement. Although direct injection into the cycle by man is at least an order of magnitude less than that of nature, he has enhanced some of the natural processes. Landscape alterations, for instance, have increased by a factor of 2 or 3 the rate of natural erosion, which represents the single most important input to the cycle.
Willful Infidelities: Camping Camille

This essay examines one cinematic and one theatrical adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas fils novel La dame aux camelias (1848), which appeared in the years of the sexual revolution as camp was emerging as a more visible and pervasive representational trend. The first is Radley Metzger’s Camille 2000 (1969), a film that helped secure Metzger’s reputation as an auteur of “highbrow” erotica for mixed-sex audiences. The second is the Ridiculous Theatrical Company’s Camille (1973) by Charles Ludlam, who also starred as the title character. Individually and together these texts complicate the artificial binary between notions of adaptive faithfulness versus infidelity. Considering both as camp adaptations renders such a distinction inoperable and instead opens critical space for a queerer understanding of textual relationships to take hold.
Design and operations optimization of membrane-based flexible carbon capture

Abstract We develop a modeling and optimization framework to investigate membrane-based carbon capture from a natural gas power plant with flexible electricity output. The model jointly optimizes the design and time-varying operations of the power generation and membrane capture system to maximize net present value. We apply the optimization framework to a 400 MW natural gas combined cycle and a two-stage membrane cascade. The power plant responds to varying electricity prices under a set of constant CO2 prices. We found that the optimal design (membrane and equipment sizes) is a result of balancing capital and operating costs, and that the optimal operating schedule (electricity output, membrane operating pressure, CO2 capture rate) depends on the carbon price relative to the electricity price. A variety of exogenous input variables determine the optimal design of the membrane system and overall system cost. The model is sensitive to market conditions such as demand, electricity price, and carbon regulation, with both optimal design and operations affected by these external factors.
Derivation and Consideration of Governing Equations of the Envelope Surface Created by Directional, Nearly Monochromatic Waves

In this paper we expand frequency-based nearly monochromatic waves to propagation-direction-based nearly monochromatic waves, and givesthe new concept of directional, nearly monochromaticwaves, whose energy is almost concentrated in a singlepropagation direction. We show directional,nearly monochromatic waves also create the envelopesurface, which is featured by time-invariant in alinear system. The fact that a non-linear systemmakes the envelope surface time-variant is shown.
Physical courage predicts relevant outcomes in associated contexts: The creation of a measure and empirical analysis into the construct

Abstract The disregard of physical courage in modern research prevents a complete understanding of employee success in the many occupations that include physical dangers, such as military personnel, firefighters, nurses, police officers, athletes, performance artists, and blue-collar workers. To address this concern, the current article undergoes a four-study process to create the Physical Courage at Work Scale (PCWS) and provides evidence for its relationship with important employee behaviors and performance. Two empirical studies test whether the PCWS, while controlling for conscientiousness and social courage, relates to organizational citizenship behaviors, voice, counterproductive work behaviors, and performance. The empirical studies show that the PCWS does not relate to these outcomes in a general employee sample; however, it does relate to organizational citizenship behaviors, voice, and performance in a sample of United States Air Force Academy cadets. Physical courage does not predict all outcomes broadly, but it instead predicts relevant outcomes in associated contexts.
Frequency of Care Fragmentation and Its Impact on Outcomes in Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis in a Nationally Representative Sample.

OBJECTIVES Hospitalized patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis (AP and CP) are prone to frequent readmissions to different hospitals. The rate of care fragmentation and its impact on important outcomes are unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate the rate and predictors of care fragmentation in patients hospitalized with AP and CP using a nationally representative sample, and to analyze the impact of care fragmentation on mortality, cost, and hospital readmissions. METHODS We identified all adult hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of AP or CP in the 2010-2014 National Readmissions Database, which captures statewide readmissions. We calculated 30- and 90-day readmission and care fragmentation rates. Readmission to a nonindex hospital was considered care fragmentation. Logistic regression was used to determine hospital and patient factors independently associated with 30-day care fragmentation. Patients readmitted within 30 days were followed for 60 days postdischarge from the first readmission. Mortality during the first readmission, hospitalization costs, and rates of 60-day readmission were compared between those with and without care fragmentation. RESULTS There were 479,427 admissions with AP and 25,513 with CP. The rates of 30- and 90-day readmissions were 13.5% and 22.9% for AP and 26.9% and 44.7%% for CP. The rates of 30- and 90-day care fragmentation were 28% and 32% for AP and 33% and 38% for CP. Younger age (younger than 45 y), male patients, length of stay <5 days, ≥4 Elixhauser comorbidities, and self-pay or Medicaid insurance were associated with increased risk of 30-day care fragmentation. Large hospital size, routine discharge, and metropolitan location were associated with lower risk. Patients who had the first readmission to a nonindex hospital had a higher mortality (2% vs 1.6%, P = 0.005), length of stay (6.5 vs 5.6 days, P < 0.0001), mean hospitalization cost ($16,731 vs $13,368, P < 0.0001), and 60-day readmission (48.4% vs 42.9%) compared with those readmitted to the index hospital. CONCLUSIONS In patients with AP and CP, one-third of 90-day readmissions occur at a nonindex hospital. Care fragmentation is associated with increased mortality, readmissions, and cost of care.
Tungsten oxide-coated copper gallium selenide sustains long-term solar hydrogen evolution

This work demonstrates that ultrathin (4 nm) tungsten oxide (WO3) coatings on copper gallium selenide (CuGa3Se5) photocathodes have the potential for long-term solar hydrogen evolution. With a combination of a robust 1.84 eV CuGa3Se5 absorber layer, a WO3 protective coating, and a Pt catalyst, we obtain a new durability milestone for any non-silicon photoelectrochemical hydrogen-producing device by passing 21 490 C cm−2 of charge across six weeks of continuously-illuminated chronoamperometric testing under applied bias.
Identity by Descent in the Mapping of Genetic Traits

This chapter shows how the descent of genome from an ancestor to currently observed descendants results in identity by descent (IBD) in current individuals and hence similarities in their DNA at genetic marker loci. Conversely, data on the marker genotypes of individuals provides inferences of shared descent of genome in current individuals, not just genome-wide but in specific genome regions. Regions where shared genome accords with phenotypic similarities for a trait provide evidence of causal DNA at some location in the region. The chapter considers both data observed on defined pedigree structures, and data on population members whose pedigree relationships may be remote and are unknown. We take a model-based approach, deriving probabilities of IBD and likelihoods of mapping parameters, given observed genetic data. We first consider probabilities of gene IBD among individuals and across a chromosome, using either a known pedigree or a population-based model. We then consider probabilities of genotypic and phenotypic data on individuals, conditional on latent IBD. Thence IBD may be inferred from marker genotypes, combining information from multiple SNP markers. Finally, we show how location-specific realizations of IBD can be used to address questions of gene mapping. By focusing on IBD, we unify pedigree and population-based approaches.
Metastatic Prostate Cancer Presenting as a Rectal Polyp: A Rare Occurrence

The prostate is anatomically located anterior to the rectum. Due to this proximity, locally advanced tumors of the prostate can invade the rectal tissue; likewise, colorectal cancers can invade the prostate gland; This presents mainly as an invasive mass with an identifiable primary and is rarely an isolated lesion. Prostate cancer rarely affects the gastrointestinal tract. Few cases of prostate cancer metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract have been reported in patients with a known prostate cancer history. Initial diagnosis of prostate cancer diagnosed from a colonic polyp is rare. We report a case of metastatic prostate cancer first diagnosed from a rectal polyp. Our patient is a 76-year-old man who initially presented with fatigue and 20 pounds weight loss in five months. The patient never had a colonoscopy before the presentation. A colonoscopy was done, which showed multiple colonic polyps and a pathology report of metastatic prostate cancer from a 12 mm rectal polyp.
Horrors of the Inner Chamber: Temples, Homes, and Secret Atrocities in Late Antiquity

This article addresses a pattern in the representation of the spaces of heathen practice in late antique Christian literature and in the conceptualisation of a necessary response to those spaces. I...
Effect of a Physician/Pharmacist Collaborative Care Model on Time in Target Range for Systolic Blood Pressure: Post Hoc Analysis of the CAPTION Trial.

Longer time in target range (TTR) for systolic blood pressure (SBP) is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events. Team-based care improves SBP control but its effect on the consistency of SBP control over time is unknown. This post hoc analysis used data from a cluster-randomized trial of a physician/pharmacist collaborative model that randomized medical offices to either a 9- or 24-month pharmacist intervention or control group. TTR for SBP was calculated using linear interpolation and an SBP range of 110 to 130 mm Hg. TTR is reported as median values and group comparisons assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Of the 625 participants enrolled, 524 had 9-month and 366 had 24-month SBP data. Participants were a median 59 years old, 59% female, and 52% minority. After 24 months, the median TTR for SBP was 31.9% and 29.8% for the 9- and 24-month intervention groups, respectively, compared with 19% in the control group (P=0.0068). This observation persisted in the subgroup of participants with diabetes or chronic kidney disease and minorities. A longer TTR was not associated with an increased risk of adverse drug events. Time to first observed SBP in the target range was shorter in the intervention group compared with control (270 versus 365 days; P=0.0047). A physician/pharmacist collaborative care model achieved longer TTR for SBP compared with control (usual care).
Understanding Magnetic Exchange Interactions by the Pressure Dependent Curie Temperature in FeCoNiCuMn High Entropy Alloys

We report the pressure (P) dependent Curie temperature, Tc (P) in a FeCoNiCuMn high entropy alloy (HEA). We analyze Tc (P) in terms of d-orbital contraction to explain changes in magnetic exchange interactions (Jex). Considerations of the d-radius contraction inferred from the composition dependence of Tc in γ-Fe-Ni are combined with experimental data for P-dependent lattice constants and magnetic measurements of Tc (P), to calculate contributions of atomic spacing and d-orbital radii to Jex. We show the d-orbital contraction with P captures most of the Tc variation in this alloy.
Revised correlation of the Frasnian–Famennian boundary and Kellwasser Events (Upper Devonian) in shallow marine paleoenvironments of New York State

Abstract The Frasnian–Famennian boundary (Upper Devonian) is exposed in a 200 km-long outcrop belt in New York State, with deeper paleoenvironments to the west and shallower ones to the east. Geochronology in the eastern end of the outcrop belt has been based primarily on lithostratigraphic correlation with western sections, which were dated using conodonts. We collected conodonts and brachiopods from several measured sections and numerous other localities, and these collections suggest that these east–west lithostratigraphic correlations require revision. We correlate the Wiscoy Formation with the upper Angola Formation and the Canaseraga with the upper Hanover. Thus, the Canaseraga Formation contains the Frasnian–Famennian boundary and Upper Kellwasser Event, and the dark shale above the Wiscoy is equivalent to the Pipe Creek Formation and Lower Kellwasser Event. These new correlations imply that the Lower Kellwasser Event had greater impact on the shelly benthos of New York than the Upper Kellwasser, at least for the subset of taxa examined here. All strophomenid brachiopods and rugose corals were extirpated at the Lower Kellwasser, along with numerous other brachiopods. The final species of atrypid brachiopod persisted to the Upper Kellwasser.
Pancreatitis-imaging approach

Pancreatitis is defined as the inflammation of the pancreas and considered the most common pancreatic disease in children and adults. Imaging plays a signiﬁcant role in the diagnosis, severity assessment, recognition of complications and guiding therapeutic interventions. In the setting of pancreatitis, wider availability and good image quality make multi-detector contrast-enhanced computed tomography (MD-CECT) the most used imaging technique. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers diagnostic capabilities similar to those of CT, with additional intrinsic advantages including lack of ionizing radiation and exquisite soft tissue characterization. This article reviews the proposed definitions of revised Atlanta classification for acute pancreatitis, illustrates a wide range of morphologic pancreatic parenchymal and associated peripancreatic changes for different types of acute pancreatitis. It also describes the spectrum of early and late chronic pancreatitis imaging findings and illustrates some of the less common types of chronic pancreatitis, with special emphasis on the role of CT and MRI.
Gastrotropin: not an enterooxyntin but a member of a family of cytoplasmic hydrophobic ligand binding proteins.

Gastrotropin, a peptide initially isolated from porcine intestinal extracts, has been proposed to be an enterooxyntin. We have isolated a full length gastrotropin cDNA from a hog small intestinal λgt11 library. No evidence of co-translational translocation or processing of the encoded 127-residue protein could be demonstrated using an in vitro transcription/translation/microsomal processing assay. Comparative sequence analyses indicate that gastrotropin is a new member of the family of cytoplasmic hydrophobic ligand proteins. Analysis of the distribution of gastrotropin in nine adult Sprague-Dawley rat tissues revealed that the gene is expressed in small intestine but not in stomach, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, kidney, adrenals, or brain. Bioactivity studies demonstrated that neither gastrotropin nor a carboxyl-terminally amidated tridecapeptide fragment deduced from the cDNA sequence influence acid secretory activity in rats with gastric fistulas or in isolated canine gastric parietal cells. Together these data suggest that gastrotropin is not likely to be secreted as a hormone or to function as an enterooxyntin. Moreover, it appears that gastrotropin represents one of several members of the family of hydrophobic ligand binding proteins that are expressed in the small intestine.
Can we Communicate with Other Species on this Planet

Preliminary discussions of the possibility of communication with extraterrestrials requires a careful examination of (1) our own species specific or anthropocentric biases regarding the subject, (2) what we actually know about our own forms of human communication, (3) what we know about the communicative and cognitive abilities of other species, and (4) the possibilities and evidence for communication with other species on this planet. Comparative psychologists and cognitive ethologists are discovering surprizing complexity and plasticity in the communication, orientation, and navigation systems of many species. Ethological and interspecies communication research has provided evidence that diverse species either use or can learn to use, to different degrees, symbolic or referential communication for intraspecific or interspecific exchanges. This suggests that there may be a convergence or continuity in the communication and cognitive abilities in animals from different evolutionary paths.
Simulation of the Hybrid III Dummy Response to Impact by Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis

In an effort to improve the state-of-the-art in analytical dummy simulations, a set of finite element models (FEM's) of the Hybrid III dummy segments were developed. These segments are: head, neck, thorax, spine, pelvis, knee, upper extremities, and lower extremities. The component models replicated the hardware geometry as closely as possible. Appropriate elastic material models were selected for the dummy "skeleton", with the exterior "soft tissues" represented by viscoelastic materials. The impact response of each individual component was determined by explicit integration finite element analysis. A whole dummy model was assembled from the various segments with appropriate joint characteristics prescribed to allow for dummy articulation. Finally, the thoracic impact force-deformation response was calculated from a ballistic impactor with a mass of 23.4 kg, launched from 2 initial velocities of 6.71 m/s and 4.3 m/s, respectively. The predicted response was compared with standard dummy and human cadavers experimental data. In all calculations, the model response compared favourably with experimental data, and provided a reasonable level of confidence of the model biofidelity. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 879189.
Retrograde signaling that regulates synaptic development and function at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms of retrograde signaling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Retrograde signaling regulates synaptic development and plasticity and maintains homeostatic regulation of synaptic strength over the muscle fiber. However, the precise mechanisms used to trigger retrograde signals and modify presynaptic terminals are not fully understood. The only identified retrograde signaling molecule at the larval NMJ is the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) encoded by the gene glass bottom boat (Gbb). Two types of BMP receptors—the type-I, saxophone (Sax) and thick veins (Tkv), and the type-II, wishful thinking (Wit)—transduce the retrograde signal in the motoneurons through the downstream effectors medea and “mothers against decapentaplegic (dpp)” (Mad). A working model proposes that the muscle cell secretes Gbb, either constitutively or in response to insufficient muscle contraction. Gbb binds to presynaptic BMP receptors, thereby leading to the activation of the receptors and phosphorylation of Mad. The motoneuron responds to this pathway activation by increasing synaptic size and the amount of neurotransmitter released.
Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrophotometry Of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) Near Perihelion

We present 1- to 5-μm broadband and CVF images of comet Hale-Bopp taken 1997 February 10.5 UT, 50 days before perihelion. All the images exhibit a nonspherical coma with a bright “ridge” in the direction of the dust tail approximately 10″ from the coma. Synthetic aperture spectrophotometry implies that the optically important grains are of a radius ≤0.4 μm; smallest radius for any comet seen to date. The variation of the integrated surface brightness with radial distance from the coma (ρ) in all the images closely follows the “steady state” ρ−1 model for comet dust ablation (Gehrz and Ney, 1992). The near-infrared colors taken along the dust tail are not constant implying the dust grain properties vary with coma distance.
MineralMiner: An active sensing simulation environment

One important problem in multiagent systems is determining how to gather information through sensing to support agent reasoning. This problem commonly arises in real-world applications such as robotics, mixed initiative systems, and others. One promising solution is to use active sensing to explicitly reason about the benefits e.g., information gain, accuracy and costs e.g., resource use, knowledge corruption of sensing actions, then proactively sense to maximize benefits and/or minimize costs. However, properties of complex environments make active sensing more difficult, necessitating further research and evaluation before deploying such solutions. In this paper, we describe MineralMiner, a novel simulation environment that extends previous environments to provide eight common complex environment properties in order to enable the effective study of active sensing. These properties can be fine-tuned using several simulation parameters in order to properly mimic environments likely to occur in real-world applications, allowing for insightful and successful pre-deployment testing, evaluation, and debugging of active sensing solutions, as well as on-going research into active sensing. Furthermore, we describe how several applications of sensing problems benefiting from active sensing can be abstracted and studied within MineralMiner, demonstrating the breadth and depth of its applicability to active sensing research.
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Disability Rights Tribunal for Asia and the Pacific, and the Future of Online Legal Education in Chinese Schools as a Means of Training Lawyers to Represent Persons with Disabilities

Regional human rights tribunals are an essential element in the enforcement of international human rights in each continental region, especially in the context of mental disability law. In Asia and the Pacific region, however, there is no such body. Without a regional tribunal, we cannot be overly optimistic about the real life impact of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on the rights of persons with disabilities in this region. The author - director of the International Mental Disability Law Reform Project at New York Law School - is working with colleagues to create a Disability Rights Tribunal for Asia and the Pacific (DR-TAP). The creation of this Tribunal would be a bold, innovative, progressive and important step on the path towards realization of the rights of persons with disabilities, an especially timely venture in light of the recent ratification of the CRPD. It is expected that, at first, this will be a voluntary tribunal and that eventually it will become state-sponsored. This paper will (1) explain the proposed need for and structure of the DR-TAP (focusing specifically on, inter alia, issues related to the appointment of counsel, remedies, and sanctions) in the context of the historical background of such regional tribunals in Asia, (2) discuss the steps that have been taken so far to create this Tribunal, (3) explore the relationship between the DR-TAP and the CRPD, (4) explain why it is critical that China become a part of the DR-TAP, (5) discuss the role of online, distance learning courses in training counsel to represent individuals at such a Tribunal, and (6) offer strategies to enhance the possibilities that China would choose to participate in the Tribunal.
A Conceptual Framework for Teaching Critical Reading to Adult College Students.

The proliferation of postsecondary programs for working adults is not surprising, given the importance of a bachelor’s degree to employment and higher earnings. However, the demographics of adult learners have changed significantly over the past 30 years, when degrees for adults targeted a middle-class population. Adults now return to college after years away from school, and many are first-generation college students whose families may be unable to advise or support them in their educational endeavors. Nevertheless, adults bring deep experiential and workplace-related learning to the classroom, which should be validated in educational settings. Increasingly, advanced reading skills are essential to college success, particularly in online courses, which, although convenient for working adults, are heavily text based. This article offers a conceptual framework for incorporating experiential learning into the teaching of critical reading skills to adult college students.