cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amino-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Binding to Polymers and Biological Systems

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) functionalized with amino groups were prepared via chemical modification of carboxyl groups introduced on the carbon nanotube surface. Two different approaches (amide and amine-moieties) were used to produce the amino-functionalized nanotubes. The amino-termination allows further chemistry of the functionalized SWCNTs and makes possible covalent bonding to polymers and biological systems such as DNA and carbohydrates. The functionalization of the SWCNTs was characterized in detail using FTIR and XPS.
Conversion of carbon-graphite fibers to fibers of graphite oxide

Abstract Graphite fibers were chemically oxidized in the liquid phase to fibers of graphite oxide. Initial resistivity increases as high as 10 4 were obtained but, when the oxidized fibers were exposed to the atmosphere, resistivities decreased again and reached an apparently steady state value of about 10 3 times the resistivity of the starting fibers. In one experiment the initial increase in resistivity amounted to a factor of 10 6 . The best results were obtained on the most highly graphitized fibers. Electrochemical oxidation yielded a lower resistivity increase, about ten times, but provided a controllable method of synthesis and an insight into the mechanism of reaction. The oxidized fibers retained 84% of the tensile strength and 81% of the modulus of the pristine fibers.
Overview Of Diffractive Optics At Honeywell

Interest in holographic, or diffractive, optics has been rekindled in the last few years with demonstrated advances in three areas: computer-aided design (CAD) tools, VLSI lithographic and dry etching processes, and mathematical modeling of diffractive elements.1 The availability of CAD tools and electron-beam lithography led first to the emergence of computer-generated holography (CGH). CGH work at Honeywell was started and brought to maturity by Arnold2 in 1980-1983. However, because of the inherently low diffraction efficiency (-10%), lithographic CGHs have found a place in only a relatively few practical applications, such as testing diamond turned aspherics, and thus CGHs have not been widely accepted within industry. The first step in changing this situation came in the 1970s with numerical approaches to rigorously solve the vector field equations for diffraction from blazed gratings.3 The extensive numerical results from these models not only showed that high diffraction efficiencies are possible with etched surface profiles, but also indicated the sensitivity to various profile configurations and design parameters. Veldkamp et al.1,4'-'61 at MIT Lincoln Laboratories have taken the final step necessary to establish the practical feasibility of diffractive optics by using reactive ion etching techniques to produce the surface profiles prescribed by the numerical models and delineated by CGH lithographic masks. With this combined approach, they have demonstrated the feasibility of high-efficiency diffractive elements for a variety of diverse applications, such as the CO2 laser radar telescope,4 coherent beam addition of laser diode arrays,5 and on-axis, broadband, aspheric lens elements for infrared imagers.6 These elements are fabricated using well-established VLSI lithographic and dry etching techniques. Moreover, the ability to replicate each diffractive element provides the potential for high-volume, low-cost producibility. With this precedent, Honeywell has become convinced that the emerging diffractive optics technology may be practical for some of its products. To assess the technology and determine its utility, a major initiative program has been established at Honeywell Systems and Research Center to set up a complete design and prototype fabrication facility for diffractive optics. This paper summarizes the results of this activity.
Outline of an econometric model for Chinese economic planning

Abstract This paper outlines an econometric model for Chinese economic planning, consisting of four parts: (1) a dynamic input-output model, (2) final demand for products, (3) equations determining income and prices; and (4) government revenues and expenditures. It points out how optimal control techniques can be applied to economic planning using this model, in particular, to address the basic problems facing the PRC planners as cited in the introduction.
10 kHz BURST GENERATOR.

Abstract This 10 kHz burst generator is an economically constructed, crystal controlled, clock pulse generator whose output is controlled by pulsed signals. Maximum jitter is 10 μsec.
Crossover from normal to inverse temperature dependence in the adsorption of nonionic surfactants at hydrophilic surfaces and pore walls

The adsorption of the nonionic surfactant C8E4 from its aqueous solutions to the pore walls of four controlled-pore silica glass (CPG) materials of different mean pore widths (10−50 nm) has been studied in a temperature range from 5 to 45 °C, that is, close to the lower critical temperature of liquid−liquid phase separation of the bulk system (Tc ≈ 40 °C). Pronounced S-shaped isotherms, with a normal temperature dependence of the adsorption in the initial low-affinity region but an inverse temperature dependence in the plateau region, are found with all CPG materials. The experimental adsorption isotherms are compared with predictions of a theoretical model (Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 92, 135701), which takes into account H-bonding and micelle formation in the bulk and at the surface. It is found that this model reproduces all peculiarities of the adsorption in the present systems. The following conclusions emerge from this analysis: (1) At low bulk concentrations, the surfactant is adsorbed only in monomeri...
On Two Species of the Genus Halarachne (Acarina ; Gamasidae).

It would appear from casual references in literature that the seals and their relatives are quite commonly infested with certain mites which occur in the nasal passages or even in the bronchial tubes. Although there are several such references, apparently in but three have the mites been named. In these three cases they have been referred to the Gamasid (or Dermanyssid) genus Halarachne . The first species, Halarachne halichoeri Allman, from Halichoerus gryphus , an Atlantic seal, was described in 1847; the second, H. americana Banks, from Monarchus tropicalis , which is also an Atlantic species, was described in 1896; the third, H. otariae Steding, from Otaria californica (which is known to American mammalogists as Zalophus cali-fornianus ), was described in 1923. The specimens upon which this last species was based were obtained in Germany, although the host is a native of the west coast of North America.
Perineal Repair of Pelvic Fracture Urethral Distraction Defects: Experience in 120 Patients During the Last 10 Years

ABSTRACTPurpose: We report the long-term success of a 1-stage perineal anastomotic repair in patients with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 120 patients undergoing perineal bulboprostatic anastomotic repair of pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect in a single stage using our progressive approach between May 1991 and May 2001 was performed. Patients with posterior urethral stricture due to other etiologies, or those who underwent substitution urethroplasty or abdominoperineal repair were excluded from this review. Preoperative evaluation of the urethral defect included simultaneous retrograde urethrogram and voiding cystourethrogram. Postoperative retrograde urethrogram was performed at 3 weeks, 3 months, 12 to 18 months and as indicated thereafter.Results: Mean patient age was 32 (range 6 to 82) years. The estimated preoperative radiographic length of the distraction defect was 3.1 cm (range 0.5 to 10). Mean followup was 64 (range 9 to 1...
Diazonium salts in photochemistry III: Attempts to characterize aryl cations

Abstract Nanosecond laser photolysis techniques were used to examine the photodecomposition of diazonium tetrafluoroborates. Only bleaching signals at the characteristic absorption wavelength of the diazonium salts were observed; aryl cations could not be detected directly, even for those samples with ground state triplets. Chromate ions were found to react efficiently with the protons generated in the reaction of aryl cations with water. The reaction leads to the bleaching of chromate and is a convenient probe to examine the behaviour of aryl cations in water. Examination of this process in the presence and absence of inorganic anions enables the lifetime of the phenyl cation in water to be estimated as about or slightly shorter than 500 ps.
Signaling pathways through which insulin regulates CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) phosphorylation and gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Correlation with GLUT4 gene expression

Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin (IC50 approximately 200 pM insulin) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IC50 approximately 200 pM IGF-1) stimulates dephosphorylation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), a transcription factor involved in preadipocyte differentiation. As assessed by immunoblot analysis of one- and two-dimensional PAGE, insulin appears to dephosphorylate one site within p30C/EBPalpha and an additional site within p42C/EBPalpha. Consistent with insulin causing dephosphorylation of C/EBPalpha through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, addition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (e.g. wortmannin) blocks insulin-stimulated dephosphorylation of C/EBPalpha. In the absence of insulin, wortmannin or LY294002 enhance C/EBPalpha phosphorylation. Similarly, blocking the activity of FKBP-rapamycin-associated protein with rapamycin increases phosphorylation of C/EBPalpha in the absence of insulin. Dephosphorylation of C/EBPalpha by insulin is partially blocked by rapamycin, consistent with a model in which activation of FKBP-rapamycin-associated protein by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase results in dephosphorylation of C/EBPalpha. The dephosphorylation of C/EBPalpha by insulin, in conjunction with the insulin-dependent decline in C/EBPalpha mRNA and protein, has been hypothesized to play a role in repression of GLUT4 transcription by insulin. Consistent with this hypothesis, the decline of GLUT4 mRNA following exposure of adipocytes to insulin correlates with dephosphorylation of C/EBPalpha. However, the repression of C/EBPalpha mRNA and protein levels by insulin is blocked with an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway without blocking the repression of GLUT4 mRNA, thus dissociating the regulation of C/EBPalpha and GLUT4 mRNAs by insulin. A decline in C/EBPalpha mRNA and protein may not be required to suppress GLUT4 transcription because insulin also induces expression of the dominant-negative form of C/EBPbeta (liver inhibitory protein), which blocks transactivation by C/EBP transcription factors.
Speaking on the record: A theory of composition

Abstract This article explores ways in which some of what has been achieved through the use of writing can be achieved in the domain of the oral and ways in which the use of oral forms might be revalued as literate composition. Toward these ends, I introduce a new word and practice to provide a counterpart to writing in a spoken modality: Spriting in its general form is the activity of speaking “on the record” that yields a technologically supported representation of oral speech with essential properties of writing, such as permanence, and offers possibilities of editing, indexing, and scanning but without the difficult transition to a deeply different form of representation such as writing itself. Literacy is defined here as the sophisticated structures and elements that characterize linguistic stories and ideas, largely but not completely independent of the material ways in which these structures are realized. That is, this article distinguishes literacy from letteracy , which refers to textual decoding and encoding abilities, and I introduce another new term, prosodacy , which refers to oral decoding and encoding abilities. Based on outcomes from two years of exploratory empirical work with adult learners and young children using novel spriting software I designed and developed for them, I discuss four areas in which spriting-like activities and technology can have a positive impact on literacy development and education.
Effects of two types of brief intervention and readiness to change on alcohol use in hazardous drinkers.

Objective: Brief interventions for hazardous and low-dependent drinkers in the primary care setting have considerable empirical support. The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate the effects of brief advice (BA) and motivational enhancement (ME) interventions on alcohol consumption. In addition, a hindsight matching design was used to (2) study the moderator effects of patient readiness to change (alcohol use) on alcohol consumption. Method: The subjects (N = 301, 70% men) were patients 21 years of age or older who presented for treatment at one of 12 primary care clinics. After screening for eligibility and providing consent to participate in the study, the patients completed a baseline assessment and were randomly assigned to the BA, ME or standard care (SC) interventions condition. Follow-up assessments were completed at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months postbaseline assessment. Results: Evaluation of the first hypothesis (n = 232 for these analyses) showed that all participants tended to reduce their a...
Role of the axon reflex in capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.

Abstract To study the axon reflex as a contributing factor to capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo, 30 guinea pigs weighing 325 ± 7 g were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1, control(n = 6); Group 2, bupivacaine(n = 11); Group 3, tetrodotoxin (TTX, n = 10); and Group 4, tachykinin depletion (n = 3). Each animal was anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, cannulated with a tracheal cannula and venous catheter, paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide, and artificially ventilated. All animals were treated with atropine and phenoxybenzamine, and a ganglionic blocking agent (chlorisondamine) was given to about half of the animals. Capsaicin (16 μg/kg) was intravenously injected to induce bronchoconstriction. Immediately upon the capsaicin being induced each animal exhibited a decrease in vital capacity, maximal expiratory flow and respiratory compliance, as well as a more than six-fold increase in residual volume, indicating severe bronchoconstriction. Then, the airway spasm decreased gradually toward the baseline values. The animals in Group 4 indicated a complete abolishment of the capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction, whereas Group 2 and Group 3 displayed a significantly attenuated constriction at 15 to 20 min after capsaicin injection. Administration of chlorisondamine did not alter the capsaicin-induced bronchospasm. Since it is known that bupivacaine and TTX block nerve conduction, the data suggest that the axon reflex plays a significant role in the late phase of bronchoconstriction, which is apparently mediated via tachykinins.
Observer detection limits for a dedicated SPECT breast imaging system

An observer-based contrast-detail study is performed in an effort to evaluate the limits of object detectability using a dedicated CZT-based breast SPECT imaging system under various imaging conditions. A custom geometric contrast-resolution phantom was developed that can be used for both positive ('hot') and negative contrasts ('cold'). The 3 cm long fillable tubes are arranged in six sectors having equal inner diameters ranging from 1 mm to 6 mm with plastic wall thicknesses of <0.25 mm, on a pitch of twice their inner diameters. Scans of the activity filled tubes using simple circular trajectories are obtained in a 215 mL uniform water filled cylinder, varying the rod:background concentration ratios from 10:1 to 1:10 simulating a large range of biological uptake ratios. The rod phantom is then placed inside a non-uniformly shaped 500 mL breast phantom and scans are again acquired using both simple and complex 3D trajectories for similarly varying contrasts. Summed slice and contiguous multi-slice images are evaluated by five independent readers, identifying the smallest distinguishable rod for each concentration and experimental setup. Linear and quadratic regression is used to compare the resulting contrast-detail curves. Results indicate that in a moderately low-noise 500 mL background, using the SPECT camera having 2.5 mm intrinsic pixels, the mean detectable rod was approximately 3.4 mm at a 10:1 ratio, degrading to approximately 5.2 mm with the 2.5:1 concentration ratio. The smallest object detail was observed using a 45 degrees tilted trajectory acquisition. The complex 3D projected sine wave acquisition, however, had the most consistent combined intra- and inter-observer results, making it potentially the best imaging approach for consistent results.
A method to demonstrate the specificity and sensitivity of fluorescent antibody by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion using ultraviolet light photography

Abstract Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion are used to determine if fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugation of antibody alters either the sensitivity or specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction. Ultraviolet light photography of the gel tests is also described.
Microtox assay of trinitrotoluene, diaminonitrotoluene, and dinitromethylaniline mixtures.

Contamination of waste waters, soils, and sediments with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from the operation of munitions manufacturing, loading, and assembling and packing facilities, is an environment hazard. Assessment of the risk to the environment from TNT contamination needs to consider whether the toxicity of these mixtures is additive or is described by more complex interactions. This research used the Microtox test to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous solutions of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (DANT) and 2,6-dinitro-4-methylaniline (DNMA) along and as binary mixtures in 3{sup 2} factorial combinations. The Microtox test is an instrumented bioassay which measures the reduction in chemiluminescence when the marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum is exposed to toxic chemical(s). The response is concentration dependent; the EC{sub 50} is the concentration of a compound which inhibits 50% of the bacterial bioluminescence.
OKT3 Treatment in Refractory Pediatric Heart Transplant Rejection

Background The anti-lymphocyte monoclonal antibody OKT3 has been shown to be effective in the management of steroid-resistant and/or fulminant heart transplant rejection in adults. In addition, some studies suggest that OKT3 may have a role in the management of transplant coronary artery disease (TxCAD). To date, there are limited data regarding the use of OKT3 treatment of refractory rejection or graft failure in children. Our study examines OKT3 treatment in steroid-resistant rejection, rejection with hemodynamic compromise, and TxCAD in children. Methods Thirty-eight patients received 53 courses of OKT3 for treatment of rejection and/or graft dysfunction. Primary indications for OKT3 were steroid-resistant rejection ( n = 27), rejection with hemodynamic compromise ( n = 22), and TxCAD ( n = 4). Resolution of rejection was considered absence of biopsy-proven rejection ( Results OKT3 use in steroid-resistant rejection was associated with a lower incidence of rejection in the 3 months after OKT3 than 3 months before OKT3, median rejection episodes of 2.5 vs 0, p Conclusions OKT3 treatment in refractory pediatric heart transplant rejection is efficacious in acute rejection. OKT3 management in pediatric TxCAD is less clear, with no proven benefit identified in this study. OKT3 use in pediatric refractory heart rejection has significant side effects, but is tolerable and safe with close monitoring.
Do early care and education services improve language development for maltreated children? Evidence from a national child welfare sample

Young children under 6 years old are over-represented in the U.S. child welfare system (CWS). Due to their exposure to early deprivation and trauma, they are also highly vulnerable to developmental problems, including language delays. High quality early care and education (ECE) programs (e.g. preschool, Head Start) can improve children's development and so policymakers have begun calling for increased enrollment of CWS-supervised children in these programs. However, it is not a given that ECE will benefit all children who experience maltreatment. Some types of maltreatment may result in trauma-related learning and behavior challenges or developmental deficits that cause children to respond to ECE settings differently. The current study uses data from a nationally representative survey of children in the U.S. child welfare system, the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II, to assess whether young CWS-supervised children (N=1,652) who were enrolled in ECE had better language development outcomes 18 months later than those not enrolled in ECE. We also explore whether the type of maltreatment that brought children to the CWS' attention moderates the relationship between ECE and children's language development. After controlling for children's initial scores on the Preschool Language Scale (PLS-3), type(s) of maltreatment experienced, and child and caregiver demographics, we found that ECE participation predicted better PLS-3 scores at follow-up, with a positive interaction between ECE participation and supervisory neglect. ECE seems to be beneficial for CWS-involved children's early language development, especially for children referred to the CWS because they lack appropriate parent supervision at home. Language: en
Determinants of progression of aortic stenosis in patients aged ≥40 years

In summary, in patients with rapid progression of AS, 3 variables-patients on hemodialysis, those taking a calcium supplement, and those with elevated serum creatinine-were predictors of accelerated AS compared with variables in slow progressors.
Semiparametric Negative Binomial Regression Models

Negative-binomial (NB) regression models have been widely used for analysis of count data displaying substantial overdispersion (extra-Poisson variation). However, no formal lack-of-fit tests for a postulated parametric model for a covariate effect have been proposed. Therefore, a flexible parametric procedure is used to model the covariate effect as a linear combination of fixed-knot cubic basis splines or B-splines. Within the proposed modeling framework, a log-likelihood ratio test is constructed to evaluate the adequacy of a postulated parametric form of the covariate effect. Simulation experiments are conducted to study the power performance of the proposed test.
Effect of Hyperventilation on Precordial T Waves of Children and Adolescents

Following the taking of 12-lead routine electrocardiograms, three precordial leads were recorded before, during, and after 10 to 15 seconds of voluntary hyperventilation in 296 students, ranging in age from 8 to 17 years. Fifteen per cent of the total group, comprising 212 Caucasians and 84 Negroes, inverted one or more previously upright precordial T waves following hyperventilation. The incidence of T-wave inversion in children 12 years of age and under was nearly four times greater in Caucasians than in Negroes. There was no significant difference when the older Negro and Caucasian students were similarly compared. Sinus tachycardia, T-wave flattening, and "tucking," short of frank inversion, as well as junctional depression of the ST segment, were commonly seen following hyperventilation. The similarity of the hyperventilation-induced T-wave inversion in children to those previously documented in adults is noted, and the clinical implication of this study requires continued cognizance of the occurrenc...
Ceramic beams and thin film growth

Abstract Alumina is dissolved in supercritical water, expanded in a supersonic free jet, and collected on a variety of substrates to grow thin ceramic films at deposition rates of 10 -5 gm h -1 . Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and Fourier transform IR analyses of these films are reported. A gas dynamics model which compares the use of a capillary nozzle with a simple sharp-edged perture nozzle is also presented. Calculations are shown which indicate that the choice of nozzle geometru may make little difference in the film growth if the flow rates are the same.
Endogenous endophthalmitis and liver abscess syndrome secondary due to Klebsiella pneumoniae: report of three cases from Qatar

Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare but devastating disease that may frequently result in visual loss despite appropriate and early antibiotic treatment. Recent reports have suggested an increased incidence of endogenous endophthalmitis in East Asia, particularly in Taiwan, where the major source of infection has been liver abscess secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here we report three cases who presented in Qatar with severe endogenous endophthalmitis associated with Klebsiella pneumonia septicemia secondary to pyogenic liver abscess in a diabetes mellitus underlying.
Characterization of parathyroid hormone/receptor interactions: structure of the first extracellular loop.

The structural features of the first extracellular loop (ECL1) of the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) in the presence of dodecylphosphocholine micelles have been determined using high-resolution NMR techniques. The structure of the receptor fragment, PTH1R(241−285), includes three α-helices for residues 241−244, 256−264, and 275−284. The first and third correspond to the end and the beginning of transmembrane helices 2 and 3, respectively. Centrally located in the second helix is L261, found to cross-link to Lys27 of parathyroid hormone, PTH(1−34) [Greenberg, Z., Bisello, A., Mierke, D. F., Rosenblatt, M., and Chorev, M. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 8142−8152]. On the basis of nitroxide radical-induced relaxation studies, the central helix is found to associate with the surface of the membrane mimetic. These data, in conjunction with previous results indicating a preference of PTH for the lipid surface, suggest a membrane-associated pathway for the initial recognition and binding of PTH to its G-protein-c...
Metal-Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence Tunable through Metal Nanoparticle–Nanophosphor Separation

We have demonstrated amplification of luminescence in upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) of hexagonal phase NaYF4 (β-NaYF4) doped with the lanthanide dopants Yb3+, Er3+ or Yb3+, Tm3+ by close proximity to metal nanoparticles (NPs). We present a configuration in which close-packed monolayers of UCNPs are separated from a dense multilayer of metal NPs (Au or Ag) by a nanometer-scale oxide grown by atomic layer deposition. Luminescence enhancements were found to be dependent on the thickness of the oxide spacer layer and the type of metal NP with enhancements of up to 5.2-fold proximal to Au NPs and of up to 45-fold proximal to Ag NPs. Concomitant shortening of the UCNP luminescence decay time and rise time is indicative of the enhancement of the UCNP luminescence induced by resonant plasmonic coupling and nonresonant near-field enhancement from the metal NP layer, respectively.
RADAR Target Amplitude, Angle, and Doppler Scintillation from Analysis of the Echo Signal Propagating in Space

RADAR target scintillation is observed in every type of RADAR system and has generally been analyzed on the basis of the performance of specific types of RADAR systems. However, the target scintillation phenomenon, including Doppler scintillation, may be expressed as distortions of the RADAR echo signal propagating in space, independent of RADAR system parameters. In this form it is convenient for visualizing the overall effects on RADAR systems and how these effects are altered by the RADAR system parameters. Past literature has demonstrated the target angle scintillation as a distortion of the RADAR echo signal phase front. Extension of this approach by a Poynting-vector analysis of the RADAR echo signal from a complex source shows a corresponding deviation of the direction of power flow consistent with the phase-front distortion theory and target scintillation measurements as well as describing all other target scintillation characteristics. The analysis demonstrates that deviations in the direction of the echo signal power flow from a complex target can be so large that the apparent source falls many target spans away from the actual target location. This is demonstrated by both tracking RADAR and single-beam search-t ype RADAR experiments. Although the theoretical angle deviations approach infinite error in target location, RADAR parameters, such as the finite size antenna aperture which perform a space integration of the echo signal, impose practical limitations. Typically, when a complex target such as an aircraft subtends an angle approaching a few tenths of a beamwidth, the antenna aperture integration will significantly limit the rms angle scintillation. Furthermore, the ways in which intentional means, such as diversity techniques, may be employed to reduce the effects of target scintillation on a RADAR are observed in Poynting-vector analysis. The analysis of the echo signal propagating in space provides a readily visualized basis for derivation of the Doppler scintillation caused by the airframe (rigid body portion) of a complex target which spreads the Doppler over a finite bandwidth when it has random yaw, pitch, and roll motion typical of aircraft in flight. The derivation relates the Doppler scintillation to the angle scintillation and the random motions typical of aircraft targets. A typical aircraft target with Gaussian-distributed angle scintillation and Gaussian-distributed rates of random motion will have a spike-shaped Doppler spectrum described by the modified Hankel function K/sub 0/ where the parameters are determined from the values of the rms angle scintillation and the rms angular rates of random motion. These values can be closely approximated without extensive measurements on the target. Experimental results verify the theory. The expressions used to derive the Doppler spectrum may be modified to accommodate non-Gaussian distributed angle scintillation and rates of angle motion.
Feasibility of Small Animal Anatomical and Functional Imaging with Neutrons: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study

A novel technique is presented for obtaining a single in-vivo image containing both functional and anatomical informa- tion in a small animal model such as a mouse. This technique, which incorporates appropriate image neutron-scatter rejection and uses a neutron opaque contrast agent, is based on neutron radiographic technology and was demonstrated through a series of Monte Carlo simulations. With respect to functional imaging, this technique can be useful in biomedical and biological research because it could achieve a spatial resolution orders of magnitude better than what presently can be achieved with current functional imaging technologies such as nuclear medicine (PET, SPECT) and fMRI. For these studies, Monte Carlo simulations were performed with thermal (0.025 eV) neutrons in a 3 cm thick phantom using the MCNP5 simulations software. The goals of these studies were to determine: 1) the extent that scattered neutrons degrade image contrast; 2) the contrasts of various normal and diseased tissues under conditions of complete scatter rejection; 3) the concentra- tionsofBoron-10andGadolinium-157requiredforcontrastdiffer- entiation in functional imaging; and 4) the efficacy of collimation for neutron scatter image rejection. Results demonstrate that with properneutron-scatterrejection,aneutronfluenceof n/cm will provide a signal to noise ratio of at least one ( )w hen attempting to image various m thick tissues placed in a 3 cm thick phantom. Similarly, a neutron fluence of only n/cm is required to differentiate a m thick diseased tissue relative to its normal tissue counterpart. The utility of a B-10 contrast agent wasdemonstratedataconcentrationof g/gtoachieve in 0.3 mm thick tissues while Gd-157 requires only slightly more than g/g to achieve the same level of differentiation. Lastly, neutron collimator with an L/D ratio from 50 to 200 were calcu- lated to provide appropriate scatter rejection for thick tissue bio- logical imaging with neutrons.
Abstract 4922: Patterns of tumor evolution in high grade serous ovarian carcinoma

BACKGROUND High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS-OvCa) is the fifth leading cause of cancer death amongst women in the United States and is characterized by a 25% rate of recurrence within six months after the end of treatment. To gain insight into the mechanisms used by tumor cells to evade the toxic effects of DNA damaging therapy, we genomically characterized sixteen triplets of tumor primary, tumor recurrence and normal samples using whole exome sequencing, DNA copy number arrays, methylation arrays and gene expression arrays. RESULTS Fifteen out of sixteen recurrent samples acquired both somatic mutations as well as DNA copy number alterations, and the number of novel abnormalities acquired was correlated with the time elapsed between primary and recurrence. Interestingly, nine of sixteen recurrence samples harbored only a subset of the mutations identified in the primary tumor. Similarly, these cases appeared to have lost a subset of the copy number alterations with which the primary sample originally presented, suggesting that primary and recurrent tumors were derived from an ancestral clone rather than to have evolved from the dominant clone present at diagnosis. The remaining seven recurrent samples contained all abnormalities found at time of diagnosis and are thus likely to have evolved from the dominant diagnostic clone. The time to recurrence was shorter for ‘diagnostic clone’ patients than for ‘ancestral clone’ patients, with borderline significance (likelihoodratio test p-value 0.08). Analysis of mutation allele fractions suggested a higher degree of tumor heterogeneity in primary tumor samples than in recurrent tumor samples. Recurrence was not associated with a specific mutation or copy number alteration. Tumors from patients whose interval between end of platinum therapy and recurrence was less than six months were not characterized by specific patterns of abnormalities. DISCUSSION Analysis of genomic alterations in primary and recurrent ovarian cancer tumor samples suggests that recurrences can be classified into two dominant groups: recurrences derived from an ancestral clone and recurrences originating from the same dominant clone present at time of diagnosis. Analysis of mutation allele fractions provided further insights into the clonality of primary and recurrent tumor samples. These findings shed light on the mechanism by which tumors overcome the effects of DNA damaging agents and may lead to development of therapies that specifically address the clonal origin properties of recurrent tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4922. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4922
GROWTH RESPONSE OF SALMONELLA SPP. TO CYCLOHEXIMIDE AMENDMENT IN MEDIA

The present study was designed to evaluate cycloheximide as a potential media amendment to prevent fungal overgrowth on selective media for salmonellae enumeration. The objectives were to determine the effect of cycloheximide on Salmonella spp growth rates and to determine the effect of cycloheximide addition on Salmonella enumeration in selective media. The bacteria tested included two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (NO/NA and LT2) and one strain of Salmonella arizonae. All strains were grown in tryptic soy broth containing cycloheximide to determine the effect of cycloheximide on bacterial specific growth rates. The growth rate of all strains grown in tryptic soy broth were not significantly influenced by addition of cycloheximide at concentrations up to 1,000 mg/L. Growth rates of S. typhimurium NO/NA in minimal media were significantly decreased by addition of cycloheximide aerobically (300 mg/L) and anaerobically (600 mg/L). However, S. typhimurium NO/NA populations on brilliant green agar, MacConkey agar, and from selenite cysteine broth and tetrathionate broth were not affected by cycloheximide additions at concentrations up to 1,000 mg/L. Cycloheximide has potential as a fungistat additive for salmonellae selective media.
A Macro-Assembler Technique for Generating Control Words for a Micro-Programmed Processor

To produce microcode for an experimental system, such as FASTBUS interfaces, with wide control words and many micro-fields, one needs a micro-assembler which 1) allows wide flexibility in defining defaults for microcode fields, 2) does a significant amount of error checking to prevent multiple or inconsistant definitions of fields, 3) allows macro expansions which define several microcode words for frequently used sequences, and 4) is easily modified as hardware definitions are refined. Using MACRO-il on DEC PDP-11 computers, a library of macros has been created, which can be used to generate the 80-bit microcode words needed for a Unibus to FASTBUS micro-programmed interface and which meets the above requirements. The same technique could easily be used to develop libraries appropriate for other microcoded devices.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and transferrin receptor by breast cancer cells in pleural effusion smears.

Smear preparations were made from cells harvested from pleural fluid from 90 patients with breast cancer and stained for transferrin receptor (TRFr) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-Ir) using an immunocytochemical technique. the results were correlated with those from 36 benign effusion smears. In malignant smears from the breast cancer cases TRFr was demonstrated in 84.4% of the cellular deposits and IGF-Ir in 91.1%. TRFr was demonstrated in two (11%) of the tuberculous effusion smears and in six (100%) effusions from patients with collagen disease. IGF-Ir was not demonstrated in any of the smears from patients with benign disease. the sensitivity and specificity of TRFr staining were 84.4% and 77.7%, respectively, and for IGF-Ir staining were 91.1% and 100%, respectively. the underlying metabolic changes in the tumour cells which give rise to positive staining with these markers are discussed. Les preparations cytologiques ont ete obtenues a partir de cellules recueillies dans le liquide pleural chez 90 patientes ayant un cancer du sein puis ont fait I'objet de techniques immunocytochimiques pour mettre en evidence les recepteurs de la Transferrine (TRF-r) et du facteur de croissance Insulin Like-I (IGF-Ir). Les resultats ont ete correles avec ceux obtenus sur 36 epanchements benins. Dans les etalements provenant de patientes traitees pour cancer du sein, TRF-r est positif dans 84,4% des groupements cellulaires et I'IGF-Ir dans 91,1%. Une activite pour le TRF-r est observee dans deux cas (11%) d'epanchements tuberculeux et dans les 6 cas (100Y0) d'epanchement survenant chez des patients atteints de collagenose. Aucune activite IGF-Ir n'est presente dans les cellules des epanchements des patients atteints d'affection benigne. La sensibilite et la specificite de I'activite TRF-r sont de 84,4% et de 77% respectivement, celles de I'activite IGF-Ir etant de 91,1% et de 100% respectivement. Les modifications metaboloques sous-jacentes a la positivite en immunocytologie des cellules tumorales avec ces marqueurs sont discuties. Ausstriche von Pleuraergussen von 90 Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom wurden hinsichtlich Tranferrinrezeptoren (TRF-r) und Insulinwachstumsrezeptor (IGF-r) untersucht. 36 benigne Ergusse dienten als Vergleich. In tumorosen Ergussen waren TFGr in 84,4% und IGFr in 91,1% nachweisbar. TRFr war ausserdem in 2 (11Y0) der tuberkulosen und 6 (100%) der rheumatischen Ergusse positiv wahren IGFr in keinem der benignen Falle positiv ausfiel. Sensitivitat und Spezifitat waren fur TRFr 84,4% bzw. 77,7% und IGFr 91,1y0 bzw. 100%. Die metabolischen Veranderungen der Tumorzellen werden diskutiert.
A new direct microscopy based method for evaluating in-situ bioremediation

A new epifluorescent microscopy based method using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) and 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluoroscein (DTAF) was developed for quantifying total microbial biomass and evaluating levels of microbial activity. CTC is a tetrazolium dye that forms fluorescent intracellular formazan when biologically reduced by components of the electron transport system and/or dehydrogenases of metabolically active bacteria. DTAF is a fluorescein-based fluorochrome that selectively stains bacterial cell walls thereby enabling quantification of total bacterial biomass. CTC can be used in conjunction with DTAF to provide the optical resolution necessary to differentiate metabolically active cells from inactive cells in microbial populations associated with subsurface soils. The CTC/DTAF staining method has been shown to be effective for quantifying the metabolic activity of not only aerobic bacteria, but also diverse groups of anaerobic bacteria. This method allows for the rapid quantification of total and active bacterial numbers in complex soil samples without enrichment or cell elution. In this study, CTC/DTAF staining was applied to evaluate in-situ microbial activity in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated subsurface soils from Sites 3 and 13 at Alameda Point, CA. At each site, subsurface microbial activity at two locations within contaminated plumes were examined and compared to activity at two geologically similar but uncontaminated background locations. Significant bacterial populations were detected in all soils examined, and the biomass estimates were several orders of magnitude higher than those obtained by conventional culture-based techniques. Both the total bacterial concentrations and the numbers of active bacteria in soils from contaminated areas were substantially higher than those observed in soils from background locations. Additionally, the percentages of metabolically active bacteria in the contaminated areas were consistently higher than those detected in background areas, suggesting that the enhanced microbial activity was due to microbial contaminant degradation. Although conventional heterotrophic plate counts failed to show significant microbial activity at either of the sites, soil gas carbon dioxide and methane measurements confirmed that hydrocarbon contaminant degradation was occurring in both areas. The CTC/DTAF staining protocol proved to be a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive method to evaluate the progress of in-situ bioremediation.
Structures of a Na+-coupled, substrate-bound MATE multidrug transporter

Multidrug transporters belonging to the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family expel dissimilar lipophilic and cationic drugs across cell membranes by dissipating a preexisting Na+ or H+ gradient. Despite its clinical relevance, the transport mechanism of MATE proteins remains poorly understood, largely owing to a lack of structural information on the substrate-bound transporter. Here we report crystal structures of a Na+-coupled MATE transporter NorM from Neisseria gonorrheae in complexes with three distinct translocation substrates (ethidium, rhodamine 6G, and tetraphenylphosphonium), as well as Cs+ (a Na+ congener), all captured in extracellular-facing and drug-bound states. The structures revealed a multidrug-binding cavity festooned with four negatively charged amino acids and surprisingly limited hydrophobic moieties, in stark contrast to the general belief that aromatic amino acids play a prominent role in multidrug recognition. Furthermore, we discovered an uncommon cation–π interaction in the Na+-binding site located outside the drug-binding cavity and validated the biological relevance of both the substrate- and cation-binding sites by conducting drug resistance and transport assays. Additionally, we uncovered potential rearrangement of at least two transmembrane helices upon Na+-induced drug export. Based on our structural and functional analyses, we suggest that Na+ triggers multidrug extrusion by inducing protein conformational changes rather than by directly competing for the substrate-binding amino acids. This scenario is distinct from the canonical antiport mechanism, in which both substrate and counterion compete for a shared binding site in the transporter. Collectively, our findings provide an important step toward a detailed and mechanistic understanding of multidrug transport.
Alterations in left ventricular structure and function in type-1 diabetics: a focus on left atrial contribution to function.

This study was designed to determine the effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on left ventricular (LV) and particularly left atrial (LA) structure and function. We evaluated 88 non-obese subjects: 44 with T1DM, 44 age- and gender-matched normal controls (age 39 ± 11 years). LV and LA structure and function were quantified using two-dimensional echocardiography, pulse-wave Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging, including early and late diastolic myocardial velocities (Em global and Am global, respectively). The T1DM subjects averaged higher heart rate, relative wall thickness, and ejection fraction, and lower indexed end-systolic volume than normal controls ( P P P = .01, and P P P P P P P P P
Low-Temperature CO Oxidation over a Ternary Oxide Catalyst with High Resistance to Hydrocarbon Inhibition.

Platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts are the current standard for control of pollutants in automotive exhaust streams. Aside from their high cost, PGM catalysts struggle with CO oxidation at low temperatures (<200 °C) due to inhibition by hydrocarbons in exhaust streams. Here we present a ternary mixed oxide catalyst composed of copper oxide, cobalt oxide, and ceria (dubbed CCC) that outperforms synthesized and commercial PGM catalysts for CO oxidation in simulated exhaust streams while showing no signs of inhibition by propene. Diffuse reflectance IR (DRIFTS) and light-off data both indicate low interaction between propene and the CO oxidation active site on this catalyst, and a separation of adsorption sites is proposed as the cause of this inhibition resistance. This catalyst shows great potential as a low-cost component for low temperature exhaust streams that are expected to be a characteristic of future automotive systems.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, mood stabilizers, and neuroprotection

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a central component in many critical intracellular signaling mechanisms. These include the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway, which inhibits GSK-3β activity. GSK-3β itself inhibits the activation of several transcription factors, which are important cell survival factors, such as heat shock factor 1. These factors likely contribute to the recent revelation that GSK-3β is a pro-apoptotic enzyme. Recently, lithium has been identified as a selective and direct inhibitor of GSK-3β. Based on these findings, we have proposed that part of the neuroprotectant properties of lithium is due to its ability to inhibit GSK-3β, and thus block the facilitation of apoptosis produced by GSK-3β. Since several anticonvulsants recently have been shown to be effective mood stabilizers, we examined if these agents are capable of protecting cells from GSK-3β-facilitated apoptosis. In addition to lithium, both valproic acid and lamotrigine, but not carbamazepine, provided protection from GSK-3β-facilitated apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. These results demonstrate that several drugs therapeutic for bipolar disorder can provide neuroprotection by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic effects of GSK-3β, providing new evidence that dysregulation of GSK-3β may contribute to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.