cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some psychosomatic aspects of obstetrics and gynecology.

T HE term psychosomatic began to appear in the English literature about twenty-five years ago, but was not used frequently in the general medical literature until the past decade. One might inquire if we have developed, and are to discuss this evening, a new concept of disease. In 1860, Sir James Paget,l a leading pathologist and surgeon, wrote : “The cases are so frequent in which deep anxiety, deferred hope and disappointments are quickly followed by the growth or increased growth of cancer that one can hardly doubt that mental depression is a weighty addition to other influences that favor the development, of the cancerous constitution. ” I submit that Sir James Paget was thinking in psychosomatic terms even though, in 1860, he had never heard the phrase. Numerous quotations are available from the writings of Benjamin Rush, Austin Flint, Palmer Howard, Herbert Snow, and others to indicate that leading clinicians of the nineteenth century were able to discuss the causes of disease in terms which we would now regard as somatic and psychosomatic without any awareness that the two were incompatible. What happened to our concept of disease in the early years of t,his century ? It is probable that the germ theory influenced medical thought strongly.Y In the early years of this century, investigators and clinicians devoted themselves to determining the cause of a disease. The physical sciences made rtmarkable contributions to medical progress and focused our attention upon organ and cellular pathology. Research became synonymous with the laboratory, a situation well expressed by William James” when he wrote: “Man) persons nowadays seem to think that any conclusions must be very scientific if the arguments in favor of it are all derived from the twitching of frog legsespecially if the frogs are decapitated-and that., on the other hand, any doctrine vouched for chiefly by t,he feelings of human beings-with heads on their shoulders-must be benighted and superstitious. ” Within the sphere of medical education, our leading teachers derived visible pleasure from demonstrating to students the manner by which multiple symptoms and disseminated disease could be reduced to a single cause. Such a case was and unfortunately may continue to be known as “a good case.” The
Recontextualizing Writing: Roles of Written Texts in Multiple Media Communications.

What roles does writing play in larger communications also involving physically discrete but related texts of other media? How may the properties of what we normally consider writing be modified in...
A wide-dynamic-range programmable synapse for impulse neural networks

A fully-analog synapse circuit for impulse neural networks is described. The circuit is programmable over a dynamic range of several orders of magnitude. It is essentially a programmable switched-circuit source which incrementally contributes to the excitation of an impulse neuron. Shared-floating-gate FETs are used to implement a programmable current mirror exhibiting a nonvolatile storage characteristic. The synapse connection strength is modulated by incrementally adding or removing charge on the shared floating gate. A wide dynamic range is achieved through biasing the circuit to operate in the subthreshold region. >
Applications of Computational Geometry in Wireless Networks

Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Due to its potential applications in various situations such as battlefield, emergency relief, and so on, wireless networking has received significant attention over the last few years. There are no wired infrastructures or cellular networks in ad hoc wireless network. Each mobile node has a transmission range. Node v can receive the signal from node u if node v is within the transmission range of the sender u. Otherwise, two nodes communicate through multi-hop wireless links by using intermediate nodes to relay the message. Consequently, each node in the wireless network also acts as a router, forwarding data packets for other nodes. In this survey, we consider that each wireless node has an omnidirectional antenna. This is attractive because a single transmission of a node can be received by many nodes within its vicinity which, we assume, is a disk centered at the node. In addition, we assume that each node has a low-power Global Position System (GPS) receiver, which provides the position information of the node itself. If GPS is not available, the distance between neighboring nodes can be estimated on the basis of incoming signal strengths. Relative co-ordinates of neighboring nodes can be obtained by exchanging such information between neighbors [1].
Rituximab resistance and its association with changes in the internal domain of CD20 antigen and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and Bak in both rituximab-resistant cell lines (RRCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patient (pt) samples

17509 Background: Resistance to rituximab (R) has been observed in lymphoma pts. To define the molecular basis for rituximab resistance we developed various RRCL and previously demonstrated changes...
Second Messengers for Brain Angiotensin Receptor Subtypes

Angiotensin II (ANG II) is an octapeptide produced in many tissues from its precursor molecules by subsequent cleavage by the enzymes renin and angiotensin converting enzyme.1–3 In the brain all components of this renin-angiotensin system are present.1,2,3 ANG II is involved in the central regulation of cardiovascular function, drinking and fluid metabolism, salt appetite, pituitary hormone release, and stress.1,2,4,–6
Genomic analyses reveal recurrent mutations in epigenetic modifiers and the JAK–STAT pathway in Sézary syndrome

Sezary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive leukaemia of mature T cells with poor prognosis and limited options for targeted therapies. The comprehensive genetic alterations underlying the pathogenesis of SS are unknown. Here we integrate whole-genome sequencing (n=6), whole-exome sequencing (n=66) and array comparative genomic hybridization-based copy-number analysis (n=80) of primary SS samples. We identify previously unknown recurrent loss-of-function aberrations targeting members of the chromatin remodelling/histone modification and trithorax families, including ARID1A in which functional loss from nonsense and frameshift mutations and/or targeted deletions is observed in 40.3% of SS genomes. We also identify recurrent gain-of-function mutations targeting PLCG1 (9%) and JAK1, JAK3, STAT3 and STAT5B (JAK/STAT total ∼11%). Functional studies reveal sensitivity of JAK1-mutated primary SS cells to JAK inhibitor treatment. These results highlight the complex genomic landscape of SS and a role for inhibition of JAK/STAT pathways for the treatment of SS.
Revising Curriculum Requirements: One University’s Experience

This article gives the rationale—and a model—for implementing an undergraduate curriculum in which the liberal arts and professional components are truly integrated. This new baccalaureate curriculum, the product of a university-wide faculty effort, cuts across professional disciplines. Prerequisite course requirements are presented based on The Ohio State University’s new model of general education, and specific course changes and curricular modifications from the Division of Medical Technology are highlighted. The new curricular model was conceived with the hope of preparing students to be lifelong learners.
Arthritides affecting the foot: radiographic--pathological correlation.

Arthritic disorders affect the bones and soft tissues of the foot just as they affect the bones and soft tissues of the hand. However, the resulting characteristic patterns of involvement have been...
Challenges in bone marrow pathology

Bone marrow diagnosis presents unique challenges: distinction between benign and neoplastic conditions may be subtle and the pathologist must effectively incorporate information from several morphologic modalities (trephine biopsy, aspirate smear, peripheral blood smear) as well as a myriad of ancillary testing results. In this Short Course, several difficult diagnostic scenarios will be explored using actual clinical cases that illustrate key points in the differential diagnosis of bone marrow diseases. These will include hypocellular bone marrow (in which distinction between hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome and aplastic anemia may be difficult), fibrotic bone marrow, and marrow lymphoid infiltrates, with discussion of both B-cell and T-cell lymphomas. Hypercellular bone marrow raises distinct differential diagnoses depending on whether the patient is cytopenic or presents with elevated counts, and can reflect a myeloid neoplasm or various reactive conditions in either situation. An accurate diagnosis relies on understanding the spectrum of diseases that can produce specific patterns in the bone marrow and awareness of clues that help distinguish among the differential diagnostic possibilities. Depending on the clinical context, the pathology may variably weigh morphology, clinical information, and ancillary test results in arriving at the final diagnosis.
The correlations beetween the changes of atmospheric energies over Alaska as manifested by the changes of relative topographies

The changes of relative topographies also represent the changes of atmospheric energies that are not compensated, and therefore contribute to development (cyclogenesis, strengthening of fronts, etc.). The interdiurnal changes of thicknesses were evaluated for four seasons (2 summers and 2 winters) for four Alaskan upper air stations (Anchorage, Fairbanks, Nome, Barrow) and for one station in the Bering Sea (St. Paul Isl.).
Experimental Validation of Charge-Sensitive Amplifier Configuration that Compensates for Detector Capacitance

This paper presents measurement results of a method by which the shapes of the output signals derived from a front-end readout circuit can be made insensitive to the input detector capacitance, to a degree limited only by the accuracy with which one can make an amplifier with unity gain. A charge sensitive amplifier including the detector capacitance compensation technique was implemented in a standard 180-nm CMOS technology with a 3.3-V supply voltage. The results show that the technique can successfully mitigate the performance degradation that accompanies large detector capacitance derived from either large-area radiation sensors and/or high permittivity materials, such as nanocrystalline assemblies. In order to verify the feasibility of the technique, we measured alpha particle spectra on two different sized silicon detectors that have detector capacitances of 1.26 pF and 21.84 pF, derived from 2-mm- and 10-mm-diameter devices, respectively. A configuration for integrating the fabricated preamplifier with a detector is also described to exploit the technique for any other application or experiment.
Implications of environmental regulation and coal plant retirements in systems with large scale penetration of wind power

Abstract Over the last decade there have been a growing number of federal and state regulations aimed at controlling air emissions at power plants and/or increasing the penetration of renewable resources in the grid. Environmental Protection Agency regulations will likely lead to the retrofit, retirement, or replacement of coal-fired power plants while the state Renewable Portfolio Standards will continue to drive large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources, primarily wind. Combined, these changes in the generation fleet could have profound implications for the operations of the power system. In this paper, we aim to better understand the interaction between coal plant retirements and increased levels of wind power. We extensively analyze the operations of the PJM electricity system under a broad set of scenarios that include varying levels of wind penetration and coal plant retirements. Not surprisingly, we find that without transmission upgrades, retirement of coal-fired power plants will likely result in considerable transmission congestion and higher energy prices. Increased wind penetration, with high geographic diversity, could mitigate some of the negative effects of coal plant retirement and lead to a significant reduction in air emissions, but wind forecast error might impose operational constraints on the system at times of peak load.
SOCIAL CONTROL AS A DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the general theory of social control. It presents social control as a natural phenomenon that varies with its location and direction in social space. It is possible, in principle, to develop a body of sociological theory that will predict and explain how normative life differs from one setting to another or, in other words, to understand social control as a dependent variable. First advanced at the turn of the century by Edward Alsworth Ross (1901), the concept of social control has long been associated with the normative aspect of social life. In one usage, which dominated the earlier literature, social control refers broadly to virtually all of the human practices and arrangements that contribute to social order and, in particular, that influence people to conform. In a second and more recent usage, social control refers more narrowly to how people define and respond to deviant behavior. It, thus, includes punishment of every kind—such as the destruction or seizure of property, banishment, humiliation, beating, and execution—as well as the demand for compensation by a victim of misconduct, sorcery, gossip, scolding, or a facial expression of disapproval such as a scowl or stare.
Girlhood Unscripted: A Homeless Black Girl’s Video Narratives and the New Terrain of Representation:

The article examines impromptu video narratives produced by a Black 9-year-old girl Kiara during the video-making sessions at the shelter for homeless families in Columbia, South Carolina. I argue ...
Comparison of brain pet and sequential and simultaneous dual-isotope spect for estimation tasks in normal and parkinson subjects

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by changes in motor function. It affects the dopamine transporter (DAT) system, and results in a reduction of DAT specific binding and volume of active dopamine transporters, in the striata. Early detection of PD, before the onset of clinical symptoms, has great potential in improving patient management. Dual-isotope SPECT allows the assessment of different brain functions under identical physiological conditions. Simultaneous dual-isotope studies have a further advantage over sequential studies as they provide perfect image registration and reduce imaging time for the same total collected counts. These advantages are limited however by cross-talk and downscatter between the two isotopes, especially in the case of 123I and 99mTc where the emission energies are very close (i.e., 159 and 140 keV). We compare DAT brain PET with sequential and simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic dual-isotope SPECT for the task of estimating striatal activity concentration and striatal size for a normal brain and for three early stages of PD. We used the Cramer-Rao lower bound, representing the theoretical best performance achievable, as our performance metric to objectively compare these modalities, and determine their performance in identifying early disease stages. Our findings show that PET and simultaneous and sequential SPECT can successfully identify the early stages of PD when estimating both pre-synaptic activity concentration and size. Post-synaptic SPECT imaging was not able to separate disease stages. PET and simultaneous SPECT perform well when estimating only activity concentration or size, but sequential SPECT has significantly degraded performance due to lower statistics.
LEF1 Overexpression Is Associated with Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Glands of the Endometrium

Objectives: Lymphoid enhancing factor 1 (LEF1) is part of Wnt/CTNNB1 signaling pathways and plays an important role in endometrial gland formation. Overexpression of LEF1 has been detected in tumors from multiple organs, specifically in solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas due to CTNNB1 mutation, which encodes β-catenin. Mutations of CTNNB1 are also found in approximately 12%-25% of endometrial carcinomas. This study …
The Incidence of Thrombosis in Patients with Isolated Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia.

Introduction: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type-II (HIT) is a serious prothrombotic disorder caused by heparin exposure. The incidence of thrombosis in patients with isolated HIT, defined as HIT without clinically evident thrombosis at the time of diagnosis, is not well established. Aim: The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the total incidence of thrombotic events after diagnosis of isolated HIT from radiographic evidence of asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) plus radiographic confirmation of symptomatic thrombosis. Patients and Methods: We evaluated all patients with a positive enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for heparin-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibody (Ab) daily at Massachusetts General Hospital from 10/10/05 to 5/13/06. Inpatients with (1) a positive PF4 Ab test, (2) thrombocytopenia, as defined by a ≥50% drop from baseline platelet count and/or a fall in platelet count to Results: Of the 158 patients with a positive heparin-PF4 Ab, 64 patients met criteria for study, 14 of which were lost to follow-up. Among the 50 remaining eligible patients, the total incidence of thrombosis was 20% (12% were found to have an asymptomatic thrombotic event and 8% developed a symptomatic thrombotic event). Development of thrombosis was independently associated with platelet transfusion (p=0.005) and with the degree of platelet count nadir as expressed by platelet count (p=0.038) or by percent decrease from baseline (p=0.031). There was no association between the PF4 Ab titer or the type and timing of non-heparin anticoagulant and development of thrombosis. The overall mortality rate in patients diagnosed with isolated HIT during hospitalization was 22%. Conclusion: The total incidence of thrombotic events in isolated HIT was 20%, with greater than half of the events being asymptomatic thromboses found only by radiographic examination. This high incidence of asymptomatic LE DVT suggests that routine investigation for LE DVT should be performed in this patient population and that patients with isolated HIT should be treated with a non-heparin anticoagulant. Our findings also confirm the current recommendation to avoid platelet transfusions in patients with isolated HIT as we found an increased rate of thrombosis associated with this practice.
Method of moving frames to solve time-dependent Maxwell's equations on anisotropic curved surfaces

Applying the method of moving frames to Maxwell's equations yields two important advancements for scientific computing. The first is the use of upwind flux for anisotropic materials in Maxwell's equations, especially in the context of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods. Upwind flux has been available only to isotropic material, because of the difficulty of satisfying the RankineHugoniot conditions in anisotropic media. The second is to solve numerically Maxwell's equations on curved surfaces without the metric tensor and composite meshes. For numerical validation, spectral convergences are displayed for both two-dimensional anisotropic media and isotropic spheres. In the first application, invisible two-dimensional metamaterial cloaks are simulated with a relatively coarse mesh by both the lossless Drude model and the piecewisely-parametered layered model. In the second application, extremely low frequency propagation on various surfaces such as spheres, irregular surfaces, and non-convex surfaces is demonstrated.
Methods to assess between-system adaptations to climate change: Dryland wheat systems in the Pacific Northwest United States

Abstract In this paper we propose to extend methods for agricultural impact assessment to study the adaptations that agricultural producers are likely to consider in response to climate change – i.e., the use of different combinations of crop or livestock species and associated changes in management. Analysis of these kinds of adaptations, referred to here as “between-system adaptations” – requires estimates of the counterfactual productivity and cost of production for prospective systems that are not observable in the locations where they could be used. We propose two methods that we call simulation matching and propensity score matching. We apply and compare the results of these methods in a study of wheat-based systems in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We find substantial differences between the two methods, but these differences do not appear to be systematic or associated with characteristics of the systems. We conclude that the method used for estimating the productivity of the new system introduces an element of uncertainty into adaptation analysis, in addition to the other data, model and scenario uncertainties. Further research is warranted to evaluate alternative methods for analysis of between-system adaptations and their associated uncertainties.
Marine microbial ecology: Life after volcanic destruction.

Destruction of seafloor habitat following a submarine volcanic eruption facilitates construction and recolonization by an intriguing new bacterial species.
Object-Tagged RBAC Model for the Hadoop Ecosystem

Hadoop ecosystem provides a highly scalable, fault-tolerant and cost-effective platform for storing and analyzing variety of data formats. Apache Ranger and Apache Sentry are two predominant frameworks used to provide authorization capabilities in Hadoop ecosystem. In this paper we present a formal multi-layer access control model (called \(\mathrm {HeAC}\)) for Hadoop ecosystem, as an academic-style abstraction of Ranger, Sentry and native Apache Hadoop access-control capabilities. We further extend \(\mathrm {HeAC}\) base model to provide a cohesive object-tagged role-based access control (OT-RBAC) model, consistent with generally accepted academic concepts of RBAC. Besides inheriting advantages of RBAC, OT-RBAC offers a novel method for combining RBAC with attributes (beyond NIST proposed strategies). Additionally, a proposed implementation approach for OT-RBAC in Apache Ranger, is presented. We further outline attribute-based extensions to OT-RBAC.
Growing Curriculum Studies: Contributions of João M. Paraskeva

William H. Schubert provides an interpretative context of curriculum history for considering the recent work of Joao Paraskeva and the commentaries and extensions of it by authors included in this issue. He begins by offering commentary on his life in the curriculum field. The historical context includes perspective on curriculum scholarship throughout the 20 th Century, with special emphasis on ways in which the field has been reconceptualized from the 1960s to present, moving from focus on curriculum development, to scientific research, to a wide range of scholarly efforts, to attempts to be more inclusive of diverse contributions, to internationalization, and more. Schubert’s review also sets the stage for discussion of Paraskeva’s contributions by reviewing attempts by curriculum scholars to characterize the field’s status at different junctures. Schubert addresses Paraskeva’s inclusion of sources rarely used in Western, particularly US, versions of curriculum studies as part of a new characterization of curriculum studies that includes more ideas and practices from the Global South. In doing so, Schubert discusses Paraskeva’s contribution to the tradition of expanding curricular languages and substantive dimensions of study, along with possibilities for itinerant curriculum theory and valuable caveat of epistemicide , and notes on potential for expansion of these ideas. William H. Schubert is Professor Emeritus of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Illinois - Chicago, where he was University Scholar, Chair of Curriculum & Instruction, Coordinator of the Ph.D. Program in Curriculum Studies, and a faculty member for 36 years. He is a Fellow of the International Academy of Education, a member of Professors of Curriculum, and in 2004 received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Curriculum Studies from the American Educational Research Association (AERA). He is author of 18 books and over 250 articles and chapters on curriculum history, theory, and development in and out of schools, had has consulted and lectured in many countries on these topics. Schubert has been president of the Society of Professors of Education, the John Dewey Society, and The Society for the Study of Curriculum History, and a vice president of AERA. Before his professorial career he was an elementary school teacher for eight years.
Forget-me, forget-me-not: Evidence for directed forgetting in preschoolers

Abstract The present study challenges the view that directed forgetting is a late developing mnemonic skill. In two experiments preschoolers first learned a list of everyday objects, and were then asked to “empty their heads of these objects to make room for new ones” or to keep them in their minds. Then, a new list of unrelated objects was learned. After a short distractor phase, children were asked to recall the objects. In Experiment 1 (N = 52) children were asked to recall the first list of objects before the second list. No recall order was specified in Experiment 2 (N = 55) to limit potential output interference effects. In both experiments, children who had been instructed to forget the first list had difficulties recalling objects from this list and showed enhanced memory for the items from the other list compared to children who were told to remember. These results establish that young children are already capable of forgetting information that is labeled irrelevant, with positive effects on new learning. Mechanisms underlying costs and benefits of directed forgetting in preschoolers are discussed.
IN DEFENSE OF DAVIDSON

Within the last few years many articles and at least two anthologies have focused on Donald Davidson's semantic program. This attention is certainly well-deserved. Davidson's work has put new life into philosophy of language by intertwining questions about language with traditional philosophical concerns about philosophy of knowledge, mind, action and logic. Unfortunately, many philosophers do not really understand his program and its connections with these other philosophical concerns. A good number of them have taken to criticism. In looking at these criticisms one can see a pattern of errors. In this discussion I want to expose some of these errors and in the process I hope to show that Davidson's program- properly understood- is a very attractive program indeed. Because these errors are widespread and because their perpetrators are often prominent philosophers, they could easily be taken as a correct interpretation of Davidson's program. So, it is absolutely essential that we begin with a general discussion of his program (I-III). Afterwards, I will turn to mistaken secondary literature (IV-XI).
The Relationship Between the Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase

An overview of the nucleotide binding properties and current models of the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase is presented. The discussion includes consideration of the role of the small subunits of the catalytic chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) in gating the flow of protons across the membrane. Some emphasis is placed on the potential role of the e subunit in a proton-driven activation process and an apparent role of this subunit in influencing cooperativity among the different nucleotide binding sites on both membrane-bound and isolated CF1 Controversy over the type of nucleotide binding sites on CF1 is discussed, together with the potential involvement of the different nucleotide binding sites in the catalytic process.
Axenic growth of Coxiella burnetii

Early metabolic studies of C. burnetii showed minimal metabolic activity of axenic (host cell-free) organisms in buffers adjusted to neutral pH. However, our understanding of the organism’s physiology was greatly improved upon the discovery that C. burnetii requires an acidic pH for metabolic activation. Indeed, information gained from acid activation studies coupled with contemporary analyses using transcription microarrays, metabolic pathway reconstruction and metabolite typing, led to an axenic culture system that supports robust growth of C. burnetii. While axenic culture of C. burnetii can present some technical challenges, the technique is currently facilitating new lines of investigation and development of genetic tools. Axenic cultivation of C. burnetii should also prove useful in clinical settings.
Short-term respiratory outcomes of neonates with symptomatic congenital lung malformations.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term respiratory outcomes in neonates with symptomatic congenital lung malformations (CLM). Methods Consecutive newborns who underwent surgical resection of a CLM were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, prenatal, and outcomes data were analyzed as appropriate (p Results Twenty-one neonates were managed at a median gestational age of 36.2 weeks [interquartile range (IQR), 33.8–39.0]. Endotracheal intubation was required in 14 (66.7%) for a median of 7.5 days [interquartile range (IQR), 3.0–25.8]. Three (14.3%) children underwent ex utero intrapartum treatment-to-resection, and another 14 (66.7%) had neonatal lung resections performed at a median age of 2.0 days (IQR, 0.08–19.5 days). Excluding one patient who received comfort care at birth, all neonates survived to hospital discharge with a median length of hospitalization of 36.5 days (IQR, 23.8–56.5). More than one-quarter were discharged on supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula. Based on a median follow up of 35.5 months (IQR, 19.0–80.8), CLM-related morbidity was still evident in 55.0%. Conclusion Our study suggests a high incidence of complications and chronic respiratory morbidity after neonatal lung resection for symptomatic CLMs. These data highlight the need to provide realistic expectations in perinatal counseling discussions with families and the importance of coordinating appropriate multidisciplinary follow up for these children. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
Metacognitive deficits and social functioning in schizophrenia across symptom profiles: A latent class analysis

Functional deficits are a hallmark of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but much debate still exists over why and how they originate. One model suggests that disturbances in social functioning are ...
Characterization of the Megavoltage Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (MV-CBCT) System on HalcyonTM for IGRT: Image Quality Benchmark, Clinical Performance, and Organ Doses.

Purpose: The Varian Halcyon includes an ultrafast 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) cone-beam computed tomography (MV-CBCT). Although a kV-CBCT add-on is available, in the basic configuration MV is used for image guided radiotherapy (IGRT). We characterized the MV-CBCT imager in terms of reproducibility, linearity, field of view (FOV) dependence, detectability of soft-tissue, and the effect of metal implants. The performance of the MV-CBCT in the clinic, including resulting dose to organs, is also discussed herein. Methods: A Gammex phantom was scanned using a Halcyon MV-CBCT and a 120 kVp Siemens Definition Edge CT. Mean and standard deviation of Hounsfield Units (HUs) for different electron density relative to water ( ρ e W ) inserts were extracted. Doses to clinical patients due to MV-CBCT are calculated within Eclipse during treatment planning. Results: A stable and near-linear HU-to- ρ e W curve was obtained using the MV-CBCT. As the scan length increased from 10 to 28cm, the linearity of curve improved while the mean HUs decreased by 30%. All soft tissue inserts in the Gammex phantom were distinguishable. A crescent artifact affected HU measurements by up to 40 HUs. Soft-tissue contrast was sufficient for clinical online image-guidance in the low dose (5 MU) mode. Mean doses per fraction to organs-at-risk (OARs) were as high as 6 cGy for head and neck, 5 cGy for breast, and 4 cGy for pelvis patients. Metal rods did not affect HU values or introduce noticeable artifacts. Conclusions: Halcyon's MV-CBCT has sufficient soft tissue contrast for IGRT and lacks metal-induced artifacts. Even though the absolute HU values vary with phantom size and scanning length, the HU-to- ρ e W conversions are linear and stable day-to-day. In clinical cases, highest tissue doses from MV-CBCT ranged from 2-7cGy per fraction for various treatment sites, which could be significant for some organs at risk. Dose to out-of-treatment-field organs can be limited by reducing the scan length definition during planning and using the low dose mode. The high quality imaging mode did not provide material advantages over the low dose mode. Adequate IGRT was successfully delivered to multiple tumor sites using MV-CBCT.
Ask Dr. Discovery: the impact of a casual mobile game on visitor engagement with science museum content

This study examines the impact of a mobile game app on science museum visitors’ level of engagement with exhibit content, compared to a non game-based version of the same app. Ask Dr. Discovery (Dr. D) is a question-asking app containing two versions: a Game Mode employing casual game mechanics and an Ask Mode providing a baseline version. We implemented both versions of Dr. D at two science museums located in the Southwestern United States with 1539 participants. In both conditions, participants could type or speak questions to receive vetted answers about museum content, but only Game Mode embedded question-asking within a simple game. Participants’ level of engagement was represented by the number of questions asked about exhibit content in Dr. D. Additionally, we explored the relationship between app engagement and participants’ self-reported level of interest in science. All participants completed pre- and post-questionnaires with questions related to science interest, impressions of the Dr. D app, and demographic information. Results in both museums indicated that users of Game Mode asked nearly twice as many questions on average as participants using Ask Mode. Science interest predicted engagement at one of two sites. Demographic variables, including gender, age, and race/ethnicity were not found to influence the rate of question asking in either mode. These results indicate that employing simple game mechanics in apps for museum visitors may lead to strong positive impacts on visitor engagement with museum content.
Stigma: A biocultural proposal for integrating evolutionary and political-economic approaches.

Objectives Stigma-the process by which people become socially discredited because they hold a characteristic that is classified as unacceptable or undesirable-has barely been considered in biocultural analyses. Yet, it provides an acute point of articulation for evolutionary and political-economic perspectives on human variation, including the biocultural production of health disparities. To explain the theoretical integration of the two perspectives to stigma, we first lay out some operationalizable definitions of stigma, and review feasible methods to capture them in the field. We then test the roles of predictors suggested from evolutionary (respondent's level of disgust, fear of contagion) and political-economic (respondent's perceived social standing and negative social labeling of those who violate hygiene norms) theories of stigma. Methods We used survey, interview, and behavioral report data from a study of hygiene behaviors at four local community sites in Guatemala, Fiji, New Zealand, and the United States (N = 300). We applied a hierarchical GLMM design that treats site as a random effect. Results The independent influences of both variable sets are evident in publicly visible forms of reported hygiene behaviors, specifically the exhibition of clean bodies, clothes, and homes. Conclusion We propose that the study of stigma provides a productive operationalizable space to engage the promise of the biocultural synthesis to integrate evolutionary and political-economic models of health and human variation.
A Mindfulness Intervention for Food Neophobia Among Preschoolers

Given the overlap between mindfulness and food neophobia, the current study developed and tested a mindfulness-based intervention to decrease food neophobia in preschoolers. Preschoolers (ages 3–5) participated in 10 sessions of a mindfulness intervention group (n = 27) or a food-exposure control group (n = 25). Children were assessed pre- and post-test on their ability to explore and describe novel foods and toys, as well as their willingness to try novel foods. Children in the intervention group used more senses to explore and more words to describe novel foods and toys at posttest compared to pre-test. At post-test, the intervention group used more senses to explore foods and more words to describe toys than the control group. No differences regarding willingness to try novel foods at post-test were observed. However, the intervention group tried novel foods willingly during mindful eating exercises. This intervention was enjoyed by childcare providers and children alike. Given the barriers to encouraging children to eat healthfully, this study highlights the potential for teachers and other childcare providers to incorporate such an intervention into their classrooms to encourage healthy eating habits and improve child health.
Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing, 2nd Edition. Nader Rifai, G. Russell Warnick, Marek H. Dominiczack, eds. Washington DC: AACC Press, 2000, 819 pp. Soft cover, $97.00. ISBN 1-890883-35-2.

This book, already a classic in the lipoprotein field, has a long and successful history. Its foundation was in Methods for Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Lipid and Lipoprotein Risk Factors, published in 1991 and updated in 1994 with the title Laboratory Measurement of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins . In 1997, it adopted its current title. As indicated in my previous review, the editors of this state-of-the-art work on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein measurements have assembled an outstanding group of lipid experts who have contributed to create an excellent treatise on lipid metabolism and measurement. There has been a visible increase in the size of the new edition of this work, going from 598 to 818 pages and increasing the number of chapters from 31 to 38. However, the changes are not limited to these quantitative terms. …
Interarterial course of anomalous right coronary artery: role of symptoms and surgical outcomes

Anomalous origin of right coronary artery with interarterial course (ARCA-IA) is a risk factor for sudden death and other cardiac complications. Surgical correction remains its gold standard treatment. We describe clinical characteristics, workup, surgical techniques and outcomes of ARCA-IA at our center. A retrospective analysis of cardiovascular database was performed. From March 2005 through January 2011, 11 patients with mean age of 53 ± 18 years were diagnosed with ARCA-IA. Reported symptoms included chest pain (64%), arrhythmia [27%; i.e. atrial flutter (9%), recurrent supraventricular tachycardia (9%), ventricular tachycardia (9%)], syncope (18%), dyspnea (9%) and aborted sudden cardiac death (9%). Chest pain (n = 7) was episodic and lasted longer than 6 months before diagnosis. Initial diagnosis was made at coronary computed tomography in two patients and at cardiac catheterization in nine patients. Four patients had positive stress test and were subsequently found to have ARCA-IA at cardiac catheterization. There was no operative mortality. Surgery (bypass with ligation of native vessel or translocation and reimplantation) was performed in seven patients. Three patients refused surgery, and in one patient, surgery was not considered due to comorbidities. Symptom relief was noted in all surgical patients. At mean follow-up of 36 months, two patients had noncardiac-related deaths whereas nine were asymptomatic. There were no deaths reported in patients treated surgically. Definitive surgery is indicated in symptomatic ARCA-IA and is associated with excellent long-term outcome. RCA dominance in ARCA-IA is an adverse marker with increased symptoms; this hypothesis should be tested in larger studies.
OVERVIEW NO. 27 – THE SOLUBILITY AND DIFFUSIVITY OF HYDROGEN IN WELL-ANNEALED AND DEFORMED IRON

It has been shown that a large volume of data for the solubility of hydrogen in iron is affected by spurious surface conditions. Arrhenius plots of solubility data in the temperature range 300-1750 K, which are free of such effects, exhibit a temperature variation which, despite the low H-solubility in the entire temperature range, is not consistent with regular mixing statistics. This departure from regular behavior is consistent with the thermal activation of H atoms into energetically less favorable octahedral sites as the temperature is increased. The enhancement in H-solubility caused by the cold deformation of iron can be understood in terms of a simple Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of H atoms between “normal” lattice sites and “trapping” sites of depth 34 kJ/mol. The 62 currently existing sets of data for the diffusivity D of hydrogen through b.c.c. iron exhibit a large degree of mutual inconsistency. Exhaustive statistical analysis of this large data mass has shown that only those data obtained by electrochemical methods and H2-gas equilibration methods using UHV techniques and Pd-coated membranes are reliable. In the range −40–80°C the best representation of D is D = 7.23 × 10−8exp(−Q/RT)m2/s where Q = 5.69 kJ/mol. In the temperature range 50°–550°C, the best D-representation is D = (1 − 2.52) × 10−7exp(−Q/RT)m2/s with Q in the range 6.70-7.12 kJ/mol. These differing diffusivities are consistent with an increase with temperature of the fraction of H-atoms hopping from octahedral rather than tetrahedral sites. The problem of H-diffusion in deformed iron has been analysed using a semi-quantitative model in which the retarding effect of trapping sites on the diffusivity is partially compensated by a “pipe” diffusion contribution along dislocations. It is shown that this model is in accord with the diffusivities measured in deformed iron when data not encumbered by spurious surface effects are considered.
Metacognitive Skills of Students in a Mathematics Class with Supplemental Instruction and Online Homework

Improving students’ performance in Calculus is a challenge for many colleges and universities. One way of improving students' performance as well as their metacognition and study skills is to provide opportunities for them to receive support outside of the lecture. A modified version of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was used to reveal any significant differences in metacognition and study strategies between students in a class with supplemental instruction with peer tutors and a dynamic online homework software (WebAssign), and students in a traditional class without these additional supports. Surveys and interviews were utilized to provide anecdotal evidence on the influence of WebAssign and supplemental instruction sessions on study skills and metacognition and whether students preferred WebAssign to traditional homework. Overall, the study showed no significant difference between the two groups in seven out of eight sub-scales of metacognitive skills and study strategies. Students reported that the supplemental instruction sessions and the WebAssign software were beneficial to their success.
Spontaneous replication fork collapse regulates telomere length homeostasis in wild type cells

Abstract Telomeres present unique challenges for genomes with linear chromosomes, including the inability of the semi-conservative DNA replication machinery to fully duplicate the ends of linear molecules. This is solved in virtually all eukaryotes by the enzyme telomerase, through the addition of telomeric repeats onto chromosome ends. It is widely assumed that the primary site of action for telomerase is the single-stranded G-rich overhang at the ends of chromosomes, formed after DNA replication is complete. We show here that the preferred substrate for telomerase in wild type yeast is instead a collapsed fork generated during replication of duplex telomeric DNA. Furthermore, newly collapsed forks are extensively elongated by telomerase by as much as ∼200 nucleotides in a single cell division, indicating that a major source of newly synthesized telomeric repeats in wild type cells occurs at collapsed forks. Fork collapse and the subsequent response by telomerase are coordinated by the dual activities of a telomere-dedicated RPA-like complex, which facilitates replication of duplex telomeric DNA and also recruits telomerase to the fork, thereby ensuring a high probability of re-elongation if DNA replication fails. We further show that the ability of telomerase to elongate newly collapsed forks is dependent on the Rad51 protein, indicating that telomerase activity in response to fork collapse proceeds through a regulatory pathway distinct from how telomerase engages fully replicated chromosome termini. We propose a new model in which spontaneous replication fork collapse and the subsequent response by telomerase is a major determinant of telomere length homeostasis.
Hemodynamic Changes with 1:1000 Epinephrine on Wrung-Out Pledgets Before and During Sinus Surgery:

Background:Intranasal topical 1:1000 epinephrine has been used safely and effectively for hemostasis during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Prior studies assessing hemodynamic changes after intrana...
Efficient optimization of R50% when planning multiple cranial metastases simultaneously in single isocenter SRS/SRT

Simultaneous optimization of multiple Planning Target Volumes (PTVs) of varying size and location in the cranium is a non-trivial task. The rate of dose falloff around PTV structures is variable and depends on PTV characteristics such as the volume. The metric R50% is one parameter that can be used to quantify dose falloff achieved in a given treatment plan. An important treatment planning question is how to construct optimization conditions that result in the efficient production of acceptable plan outcomes considering metrics such as R50%. Guidance provided in literature suggests generating multiple shell control structures around each PTV. The constraints applied to these shells can vary significantly depending on PTV volume. Additionally, there is no clear guidance on how to prospectively determine objective constraints for the optimization shells to achieve a specified goal of R50%. Based on physical principles and empirical evidence, we provide clear quantitative guidance on how to translate the desired R50% outcome into appropriately sized optimization structures around PTVs via an equation that depends on a desired goal for R50% and the volume of PTV. Optimization schema are also provided that allow the goal R50% to be approached or achieved for all PTVs individually. We demonstrate the application of the methodology using commercially available treatment planning software and radiotherapy treatment equipment.