cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair

Mp are crucial for tissue repair and regeneration but can also contribute to tissue damage and fibrosis. Mp can adopt a variety of functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli; two of the best-characterized in vitro phenotypes are a proinflammatory "M1" phenotype, produced by exposure to IFN-γ and TNF-α, and an anti-inflammatory "M2a" phenotype, produced by IL-4 or IL-13. M2a Mp are frequently termed "wound healing" Mp, as they express factors that are important for tissue repair. This review will summarize current knowledge of Mp phenotypes during tissue repair and will argue that these in vivo Mp populations are heterogeneous and temporally regulated and do not conform to existing, in vitro-defined M1 or M2 phenotypes. Mp during the early stages of tissue repair exhibit a more proinflammatory phenotype than their later counterparts, which in turn may exhibit some M2a-associated characteristics. However, phenotypic markers that appear to be coregulated in cultured Mp can be expressed independently of each other in vivo. Additionally, M1- and M2-associated markers may be expressed simultaneously by actual tissue-repair Mp. Improved understanding of Mp phenotypes and their regulation may assist in generation of novel therapies based on manipulating Mp function to improve healing.
MODEEP: a motion-based object detection and pose estimation method for airborne FLIR sequences

In this paper, we present a method called MODEEP (Motion-based Object DEtection and Estimation of Pose) to detect independently moving objects (IMOs) in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences taken from an airborne, moving platform. Ego-motion effects are removed through a robust multi-scale affine image registration process. Thereafter, areas with residual motion indicate potential object activity. These areas are detected, refined and selected using a Bayesian classifier. The resulting regions are clustered into pairs such that each pair represents one object's front and rear end. Using motion and scene knowledge, we estimate object pose and establish a region of interest (ROI) for each pair. Edge elements within each ROI are used to segment the convex cover containing the IMO. We show detailed results on real, complex, cluttered and noisy sequences. Moreover, we outline the integration of our fast and robust system into a comprehensive automatic target recognition (ATR) and action classification system.
Change in behavior of goat producers after on-line training in herd health practices

Abstract In 2006, Langston University (Oklahoma, USA) unveiled an on-line training and certification program for meat goat producers ( http://www2.luresext.edu/training/qa.html ). The program consists of 22 learning modules, including herd health, biosecurity and internal parasite control. In March 2010, an electronic survey was sent to 160 certified producers to assess impact of the training. Fifty-four surveys were completed for a response rate of 33.7%. Prior to certification, 52.8% of respondents used selective deworming criteria. Current deworming practices and percentage of responses include: FAMACHA, 43; visual condition, 28; pasture rotation-based, 15; and calendar-based, 14 (χ2 = 19.02, P
Developing small business operations in foreign markets: foundation‐building strategies for steady growth and profitability

Great numbers of small European and US firms are trying to penetrate foreign markets. Misunderstood requirements and poorly investigated information typically cause missed opportunities and failures. Without the ability to recognize and utilize competitive information in a timely manner, the small firm cannot succeed in the foreign market. Small firms that are preparing for and meeting international opportunities could benefit from the utilization of the foundation‐building strategies proposed in this paper. Small firms can use these strategies for information gathering and analysis in international and domestic business environments. The authors of this paper recommend 11 interrelated sets of processes or “foundation‐building strategies” which provide the necessary framework for readying the small firm for successful entry into the foreign marketplace. These sets of processes or “foundation‐building strategies” comprise the 11 most important planning steps for small business success in foreign markets. Small businesses must know the right questions to ask and must analyze the findings carefully in order to enter and operate successfully in foreign markets.
Behavioral consistency of C and Verilog programs using bounded model checking

We present an algorithm that checks behavioral consistency between an ANSI-C program and a circuit given in Verilog using Bounded Model Checking. Both the circuit and the program are unwound and translated into a formula that represents behavioral consistency. The formula is then checked using a SAT solver. We are able to translate C programs that include side effects, pointers, dynamic memory allocation, and loops with conditions that cannot be evaluated statically. We describe experimental results on various reactive circuits and programs, including a small processor given in Verilog and its Instruction Set Architecture given in ANSI-C.
Sympathetic nervous system and hypertension during prolonged TxA2/PGH2 receptor activation in rats.

The thromboxane A2 (TxA2)/prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) receptor mimetic U-46619 (0.6 microgram.kg-1.min-1) was infused into conscious rats receiving a high-salt diet. U-46619 increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) over 13 days by 25 +/- 2 mmHg, whereas the MAP of vehicle-infused controls did not change (-2 +/- 2 mmHg). In subgroups infused with U-46619, cardiac output was unchanged, whereas renal blood flow was reduced (before: 8.5 +/- 0.8; day 4: 5.7 +/- 0.7 ml/min; P < 0.01). Ifetroban (a specific TxA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist) reduced MAP to basal levels in the group receiving U-46619 when infused intravenously (1-100 micrograms/kg) but not intracerebroventricularly (1-100 ng/kg). Hexamethonium (10 mg/kg i.v., a ganglionic blocking agent) and prazosin (0.1 mg/kg, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist) decreased MAP significantly (P < 0.05) more in the experimental group (hexamethonium, U-46619: -55 +/- 3 vs. vehicle: -43 +/- 4 mmHg; and prazosin, U-46619: 28 +/- 3 vs. vehicle: 17 +/- 2 mmHg). In conclusion, hypertension during prolonged infusions of U-46619 into conscious, salt-loaded rats is accompanied by an increase in total and renal vascular resistance and is dependent on peripheral but not central TxA2/PGH2 receptors and on the autonomic and alpha 1-adrenergic peripheral sympathetic nervous systems.
Pattern formation for active particles on optically created ordered and disordered substrates (Presentation Recording)

There has been tremendous growth in the field of active matter, where the individual particles that comprise the system are self-driven. Examples of this class of system include biological systems such as swimming bacteria and crawling cells. More recently, non-biological swimmers have been created using colloidal Janus particles that undergo chemical reactions on one side to produce self-propulsion. These active matter systems exhibit a wide variety of behaviors that are absent in systems undergoing purely thermal fluctuations, such as transitions from uniform liquids to clusters or living crystals, pushing objects around, ratchet effects, and phase separation in mixtures of active and passive particles. Here we examine the collective effects of active matter disks in the presence of static or dynamic substrates. For colloids, such substrates could be created optically in the form of periodic, random, or quasiperiodic patterns. For thermal particles, increasing the temperature generally increases the diffusion or mobility of the particles when they move over a random or periodic substrates. We find that when the particles are active, increasing the activity can increase the mobility for smaller run lengths but decrease the mobility at large run lengths. Additionally we find that at large run lengths on a structured substrate, a variety of novel active crystalline states can form such as stripes, squares and triangular patterns.
Determination of Michaelis Menten Parameters for Immobilized Enzymes: Detection and Measurement of Diffusion

One of the simplest relationships to describe the kinetic behavior of enzymes in solution is the Michaelis Menten equation. However, it has been criticized by statisticians for a number of reasons (1,2). If there is any uncertainty in the v or S readings, the Michaelis Menten relation should be written $$\bar{V}=\frac{{{V}_{\max }}\overline{S}}{{{K}_{m}}+\bar{S}}+\bar{e}$$ (Eq. 1) where \(\bar{V}\) and \(\bar{S}\) are the vectors of the dependent and independent observations, respectively and \(\bar{e}\) is a vector of the associated errors. Errors in both \(\bar{S}\) and \(\bar{V}\) may be represented in this fashion, although a least squares analysis theoretically assumes that error occurs only in the dependent variable. It can be seen from Eq. 1 that the normal Michaelis Menten linear transformations ignore the fact that the additive error in any of the linear models is not the same as \(\bar{e}\)(3). Another improvement would be to use a least squares analysis with some form of weighting; although the error in predicting the kinetic parameters may be only slightly better than that obtained with unweighted data.
NOAA Environmental Data Management

The United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates over one hundred observing systems and numerical models providing information and forecasts about the planetary environment from the bottom of the ocean to the surface of the Sun. Collected NOAA data constitute an irreplaceable resource that must be well-documented, discoverable, accessible, and preserved for future use. Good data management should therefore be part of NOAA's core business practices, and employees and leadership should be aware of their roles and responsibilities in this arena. NOAA has developed an Environmental Data Management (EDM) Framework document that discusses Principles, Governance, Resources, Standards, Architecture, Assessment, and the Data Lifecycle, and which also enumerates specific recommendations. The NOAA EDM Committee has issued Directives pertaining to data management planning, archiving, data access, metadata, and other topics. A Data Catalog has been established, and a project to assign...
Design of an Optical See-through Multi-Focal-Plane Stereoscopic 3D Display Using Freeform Prisms

We presented the design of an optical see-through multi-focal-plane 3D display using wedge-shaped freeform eyepiece and compensator, which is capable of rendering near-accurate focus cues for a 3-diopter depth range with high image quality.
Analysis of the influenza surveillance results from October 2011 to May 2012 in Miyun,Beijing

Objective:To analyze the influenza monitoring results in Miyun county,so as to understand the characteristics of influenza pandemic and provide a scientific basis for influenza prenention and control.Methods: A total of 648 throat swab samples and monitoring etiology data were collected form October 2011 to May 2012 in Miyun county hospital to analyze the influenza virus epidemic characteristics.Results: One hundred and four samples showed influenza virus positive,with an overall positive rate as 16.0%.Among 104 positive samples,13(12.5%),70(67.3%) and 21(20.2%) cases were infected with the strains of H3N2(influenza A),Victoria(influenza B) and Yamagata(influenza B).The influenza virus epidemical months were from January to March in 2012.Positive cases mainly fell in age groups 16-25 and 26-54.Positive rate differences between male and female were statistically significant.Conclusion: The epidemical peak of influenza in Miyun of Beijing was February,2012.The predominant influenza viral strain was Victoria of type B.The susceptible populations were middle-aged youth and female.
Effect of excess levels of methionine, tryptophan, arginine, lysine or threonine on growth and dietary choice in the pig.

Six experiments were conducted with newly weaned pigs (8 kg) to evaluate the effects of 4% excesses of DL-methionine, L-tryptophan, L-threonine, L-lysine or L-arginine on growth or "choice" (i.e., self-selection) when added to 20% protein, corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diets. Arginine was supplied as the free base and lysine as lysine acetate to avoid acid-base problems. In the growth study, gain was reduced 52, 31, 28, 16 and 5% by additions of methionine, arginine, tryptophan, lysine and threonine, respectively. Small decreases in gain/feed occurred in pigs fed diets with excess methionine or lysine. Feed intake depressions were evident in pigs fed excess methionine or excess tryptophan within 1 d after initiation of the growth trial. Self-selection studies revealed that pigs strongly preferred the control diet over any of the diets containing excess amino acids. Further studies indicated that pigs preferred diets with excess threonine, lysine or arginine over those containing an equal excess (i.e., 4%) of methionine or tryptophan. Moreover, there was a tendency for pigs to prefer the diet with excess threonine over the one containing excess lysine or arginine. Also, pigs clearly preferred the diet with excess methionine over the diet containing excess tryptophan. When given a choice between a protein-free diet and a C-SBM diet containing 4% excess tryptophan, pigs initially (d 0 to 4) preferred the protein-free diet, but later adapted to the extent that during the last 4 d of the 12-d trial they consumed more of the tryptophan-imbalanced diet than of the protein-free diet.
Imaging Foveal Microvasculature: Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Versus Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscope Fluorescein Angiography

PURPOSE To compare the use of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope fluorescein angiography (AOSLO FA) for characterizing the foveal microvasculature in healthy and vasculopathic eyes. METHODS Four healthy controls and 11 vasculopathic patients (4 diabetic retinopathy, 4 retinal vein occlusion, and 3 sickle cell retinopathy) were imaged with OCTA and AOSLO FA. Foveal perfusion maps were semiautomatically skeletonized for quantitative analysis, which included foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics (area, perimeter, acircularity index) and vessel density in three concentric annular regions of interest. On each set of OCTA and AOSLO FA images, matching vessel segments were used for lumen diameter measurement. Qualitative image comparisons were performed by visual identification of microaneurysms, vessel loops, leakage, and vessel segments. RESULTS Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope FA and OCTA showed no statistically significant differences in FAZ perimeter, acircularity index, and vessel densities. Foveal avascular zone area, however, showed a small but statistically significant difference of 1.8% (P = 0.004). Lumen diameter was significantly larger on OCTA (mean difference 5.7 μm, P < 0.001). Microaneurysms, fine structure of vessel loops, leakage, and some vessel segments were visible on AOSLO FA but not OCTA, while blood vessels obscured by leakage were visible only on OCTA. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography angiography is comparable to AOSLO FA at imaging the foveal microvasculature except for differences in FAZ area, lumen diameter, and some qualitative features. These results, together with its ease of use, short acquisition time, and avoidance of potentially phototoxic blue light, support OCTA as a tool for monitoring ocular pathology and detecting early disease.
PR-banyan: a packet switch with a pseudo randomizer for nonuniform traffic

A single-stage packet-scattering hardware, called a pseudo randomizer (PR), is proposed for distributing nonuniform input streams uniformly over the entire banyan network. The PR is nonblocking and distributes the input stream from each of N inputs over N possible paths in the banyan. The PR-banyan has been analyzed under nonuniform traffic and shown to be highly effective, almost reaching the performance of banyan under uniform traffic. The analytic results have been verified to be within 3% of the simulation results. The PR-banyan shows high throughputs and significantly shorter delays than the earlier banyan-banyan switch. >
The Physical Basis for the General Circulation

Since time immemorial man has inescapably observed the atmosphere in which he lives and has his being. It would therefore seem reasonable to expect that at the present date the science of meteorology should be one of the most advanced fields of human endeavor. Yet, if a distinction is made between the mere collection of descriptive facts of observation on the one hand and interpretative work which aims to give a rational intellectual understanding of phenomena on the other, it must be confessed that our knowledge concerning the large-scale motions of the atmosphere is restricted mostly to the former category of information. Thus, for example, no one has as yet given a satisfactory rational explanation for one of the most outstanding features of the general circulation, namely the large belts of westerly winds in the temperate latitudes of each hemisphere. However, it must be recognized that it is only in the last few decades that anything approaching sufficiently complete global observations for the checking of hypotheses regarding the general circulation has become available, so that progress at a more accelerated pace should now be forthcoming.
Asymptotic phase, shadowing and reaction-diffusion systems

7 Asymptotic Phase, Shadowing and Reaction-Diffusion Systems Morris W. Hirsch University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 0 Introduction It is with pleasure and gratitude that we honor Professor Larry Markus for his contri- butions to mathematics. In 1956 he published Asymptotically autonomous differential systems [6] in a series called Contributions to the Study of Nonlinear 0scillation.—— a subject which today would be called “Dynamical Systems”. The present article is s a direct descendant of Markus’ inﬂuential paper, through Conway, Hoff and Smoller [2]. Consider a smooth ﬂow {l15} having an attracting limit cycle 7. It is well known that if 7 is a hyperbolic att1‘actor— all Floquet exponents having negative real parts- then every trajectory (Ina: attracted to 7 is asymptotic with the trajectory of a unique point of 7. If 7 is paranieterized by the interval [0, 27r]~tl1en y can be interpreted as an a_ng&#39;le, called the asymptotic phase of ;L&#39;. I I abstract this notion as follows. Consider a trajectory lIg¢_a: attracted to some positively invariant set A. If y E A is such that lim¢_,,,° HlIg,:1: —- (13,;/H = 0 then I call y an asymptotic phase for ac. (For clarity I use Ha — b” to denote the distance between points a, b in any metric space.) Notice that uniqueness of y is not required here. If A is 11ot negatively invariant it may happen that as does 11ot have an asymptotic phase in A, but that ‘Ig,:1: does, for some s g 0. In this case I say :1: has an eventual 7 asymptotic phase in“A.
Traumatic Gerbode ventricular septal defect and third-degree heart block

We present an interesting and rare case of traumatic Gerbode ventricular septal defect and complete heart block. The multimodality images illustrate the diagnosis well. This case is an excellent demonstration of the diagnostic utility of multimodality imaging.
Yellow Peril in Arkansas: War, Christianity, and the Regional Racialization of Vietnamese Refugees

At the intersection of Asian American studies and southern history, this article examines the racialization of Vietnamese refugees in Arkansas in 1975, when the federal government selected Fort Chaffee as a processing center for people fleeing Southeast Asia. It constructs a framework that asks how Northwest Arkansas’s history shaped government agencies’ and Arkansans’ reactions to the refugees. The responses of the state and the people to the presence of the Vietnamese reflected national factors such as the controversial nature of the Vietnam War, fear of competition in the labor market, and long-standing national anti-Asian sentiments. These concerns intersected with dynamics such as Christian beliefs including the rise of the Moral Majority and its racial overtones, states’ rights, and racial mores grounded in local history. The article draws on never-before-used sources that allow us to hear the voices of Vietnamese refugees as they awaited sponsors in Fort Chaffee. Though focused on the experience of Vietnamese refugees in 1975, it provides an entry point to analyze how regional history affects processes of racialization for other groups such as Latinas/os.
From technology race to technology marathon: A behavioral explanation of technology advancement

Abstract In industries characterized by continual progress from lower to higher generations of technology, firms seek to solidify their competitive position by deploying technologies more advanced than their current ones. This study attempts to provide behavioral explanations for the degree of technology advancement pursued by a firm. Using data from the flat panel display industry, we find that the extent of a firm's technology advancement is largely determined by how far it falls below the industry average. Our findings complement prior research on technology races by suggesting that firms in the thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT-LCD) industry largely attempt to run a “marathon” rather than a sprint: the degree of technology advancement is mainly guided by a desire not to fall behind the pack as opposed to trying to move ahead of the pack in order to win the race. By the same token, firms exceeding the industry average in their technology reveal little motivation even to maintain their lead, much less extend it.
Changing the path of least resistance, or access to endo-dig products via a sequence of three exo-trig transition states: electronic effects in homoallyic ring expansion cascades of alkenyl isonitriles

Chemoselective addition of radicals to isonitriles can be harnessed for initiating reaction cascades designed to overcome the stereoelectronic restrictions on homoallylic ring expansion in alkyne reactions and to develop a new general route for the preparation of N-heteroaromatics. This method utilizes alkenes as synthetic equivalents of alkynes by coupling homoallylic ring expansion to yield the formal “6-endo” products with aromatization via stereoelectronically assisted C–C bond scission. Detailed computational analysis of the individual steps of the homoallylic expansion sequence maps effects of substituents and structural constraints on this multi-step potential energy surface.
Non-autonomous autophagy in germline stem cell proliferation.

The process of macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is evolutionarily highly conserved. It involves the sequestration of cytoplasmic components by double-membrane structures, referred t...
The Association of Emergency Department Treatments for Hyperglycemia with Glucose Reduction and Emergency Department Length of Stay

Abstract Background Hyperglycemia is frequently encountered in the emergency department (ED), and insulin and intravenous fluid are commonly administered to reduce glucose prior to discharge. Objectives We sought to determine the magnitude of the association between glucose-lowering therapies and 1) actual glucose reduction and 2) ED length of stay (LOS). Methods We performed a retrospective chart review study of patients with any glucose level ≥ 400 mg/dL who were discharged from the ED between January 2010 and December 2011. Generalized estimating equation models were created for the ED outcomes of glucose reduction and ED LOS with primary predictors of insulin and intravenous fluids administered. Results The cohort consisted of 422 patients with 566 encounters. Median arrival and discharge glucose were 473 mg/dL and 326 mg/dL, respectively, with median glucose reduction of 144 mg/dL. Median length of stay was 253 min. After adjustment, 10 units of subcutaneous insulin and 1 liter of intravenous fluid were associated with 33 mg/dL and 27 mg/dL glucose reduction, respectively. Every liter of intravenous fluid administered was associated with a 45-min increase in ED LOS; insulin administration was not associated with ED LOS. Conclusion In patients with type 2 diabetes who present with moderate to severe hyperglycemia, both insulin and intravenous fluids are associated with a modest glucose reduction. Intravenous fluids were associated with a significant increase in ED LOS, but insulin was not. These results should be considered when determining whether to administer therapies that reduce glucose in the ED.
The Failure of the Cuban Neocolonial Republic

This chapter emphasizes the limitations of the Cuban system of representative democracy from the period 1920 to 1951, including its defense of the interests of national and international elites, and its incapacity to provide for the basic needs of the people. It depicts popular movements as forged by various popular sectors of whites, blacks, mulattoes, women and men, workers, peasants, and professionals, integrating issues of class, race, and gender with anti-imperialism. It also notes the failures of the reformist projects of elected presidents, Gerardo Machado and Ramon Grau.
Corruption Indicators in Local Political Landscapes: Reflections from Albania

Recent work by an interdisciplinary community of scholars has brought attention to the politics and economics of the production and deployment of indicators on a wide range of issues—from human rights and the rule of law to health care and climate change. Working alongside this literature, this chapter looks into the production and circulation of corruption indicators as powerful sources of expertise and as means of global and local governance. The focus of the chapter is a corruption indicator produced in Albania, a country that over the past 25 years has depended on international development aid and has eagerly (but to this day unsuccessfully) tried to join the European Union. The chapter traces the production and circulation of this indicator among a heterogeneous network of actors—governmental bodies, international organisations, local research centres, and global consultants—and its intended and unintended uses by various political actors on the ground. More specifically, the chapter traces the uses of this indicator as a source of expertise in discussions and decision-making around key court cases of alleged high-level corruption and on the ongoing judicial reform.
Advancing Behaviorism in a Judeo-Christian Culture

The relationship between science and religion has been described as warfare (Draper, 1874/1897; White, 1896/1960). This characterization is undoubtedly too strong. Indeed, Gould (1999) has argued that it is false, fueled more by political agendas than historical fact. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that conflicts between science and religion have occurred, and often have been well publicized. The trial of Galileo in 1633 is perhaps the prime example of the persecution of science by a dogmatic theology. Three centuries later, opposition to Darwinian thought resulted in the media circus surrounding the Scopes vs. Tennessee (1925) trial. Today, fundamentalist Christians in some parts of the United States continue to oppose the teaching of evolution in public schools, and new conflicts are emerging where science has outpaced the current system of ethics, such as in the case of human cloning.
Aperture synthesis from free-flying collectors without accurate metrology

Radio frequency aperture synthesis from multiple free-flying collectors is traditionally dependent on highly accurate intra-constellation metrology and shared clocks. We demonstrate that relaxed precision of relative positioning and clocking can be acceptable through computational means in post processing. If successful, this technology will allow the synthesis of sharp beams to increase directivity of RF reception and improve rejection of interferers. The work assumes a small cluster of RF collectors that can collect on an emitter at the same time, with position and time accuracy provided by commonly available aerospace GPS units. No cross links or inter-vehicle spacing is assumed. In lieu of accurate timing, correlation searchs are performed at the ground station. A key part of the idea is an alignment stage following collection. This is composed of a Cross Ambiguity Function (CAF) search across all possible FDOA/TDOA shifts, and a phase alignment search. These time, frequency and phase corrections are applied to the data, bringing them into alignment with each other. Maintaining this alignment over a longer time span is the challenge. This paper covers our work to date. This includes on-orbit results, a simulation model of the coherence-through-computation mechanism, consisting of models of the geolocation process, Doppler correction over time, and transforming input signals to a common time and frequency reference. A key success is a partial on-orbit test of the concept. We emulate a full constellation by using a single satellite, but collect the same VHF transmission at a variety of positions in a pass, providing the effect of varying timing and Doppler of independent satellites. We conducted 20 full-pass collections. Using these real-world transmissions, we demonstrated that it is possible to post-process collects with significantly different Doppler and timing and coherently sum the “aligned” collects. A notable achievement is in comparing a single receiver's data with four collects aligned and summed. The initial collect (single collector view) was too noisy to be used — No useable information content was able to be extracted. However, after four independent collections were aligned using our method and coherently summed the data had sufficient SNR to be useful; four copies produced a SNR improvement of approximately 3dB. Our ongoing work includes transmitting with two emitters to demonstrate nulling or selective reception in an environment with co-channel interferers, and experiments at higher frequencies. Currently coherence is only maintained for a short period of time for a given collect, so smoothly transitioning between correlation search periods may provide the ability to maintain coherence across an entire satellite pass.
A Review of the Genera Dysanellus Bernhauer and Torobus Herman (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae: Staphylinini)

The genera Dysanellus Bernhauer and Torobus Herman are illustrated and reviewed. Two species are recognized in Dysanellus, D. bruchi Bernhauer and D. transverserugosus Bernhauer. Two valid species are recognized in Torobus as well, T. laetipes (Bernhauer) and T. purpurascens (Nordmann) after the following taxonomic changes. Trigonurus brasilianus Bernhauer is recognized as a junior synonym of Staphylinus purpurascens Nordmann, new synonymy. Torobus mautnermarkhofi (Scheerpeltz) is transferred to Scariphaeus Erichson as Scariphaeus mautnermarkhofi, new combination. Synoptic catalogue entries are provided for all species that have ever been placed in either Dysanellus or Torobus to clarify the status of those species.
Network-Based Approaches for Measuring Social Capital

A variety of disciplines, ranging from sociology to public health, have struggled with the conceptualization and measurement of social capital. Differences in the approach used to measure social capital may contribute to variations in the observed relationships between social capital and individual and population health across studies. As well, the heavy reliance on communitarian measures of social capital in public health may truncate the field’s understanding of the relationship between social capital and health (Moore, Shiell, Hawe, & Haines, 2005).
Mathematical Aspects of Design of Beam Shaping Surfaces in Geometrical Optics

Numerous optical and electromagnetic applications require synthesis of reflecting and refracting surfaces capable of reshaping the energy radiation intensity of a given source into a prescribed output irradiance distribution. Determination of such surfaces requires investigation of nonlinear, second order partial differential equations of Monge-Ampere type and development of computational algorithms for constructing their numerical solutions. These equations are very far from being standard and it is quite remarkable that geometric ideas not only provide natural means for their analysis but also means for computing solutions numerically. In this paper we survey some of these problems and describe the current progress in their study.
Neuroanatomical atlas of key presurgical and cognitive eloquent cortex regions

In this chapter, we have displayed several important areas of normal functioning adult brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) imaging. These images may serve as a reference or template for users of fMRI for brain mapping. The fMR images shown here highlight areas of brain activation arising from simple motor, language, visual, auditory tasks, and cognitive paradigms. An illustration of the key clinical Brodmann areas and corresponding neuroanatomical correlates is presented. Basic functional descriptions of these areas are also included. A somatotopic fMRI mapping of the human motor cortex was created for the tongue, face, hand, wrist, trunk, and foot. A review of the basic functional role of these cortices and potential clinical deficits are also presented.
Programmed Cell Death in Insects

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the history of studies of programmed cell death (PCD) in two key models, the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. PCD is a normal component of development and homeostasis in animals, plants, and even some single-celled organisms. While there appears to be multiple forms of PCD, the best characterized are apoptosis and autophagy. In insects, PCD has been observed in diverse tissues and is required for the normal completion of metamorphosis. This highly active field of research is built on a sturdy foundation of decades of studies of hormonally regulated PCD in neuromuscular systems in these two species. Major discoveries based on insect research include identification of the RHG protein apoptosis activators and IAP family proteins as well as the first demonstration of the role of ubiquitination in muscle PCD. Contemporary studies of PCD in neuromuscular systems and dying larval tissues (salivary gland, midgut) have demonstrated the co-occurrence of apopotic and autophagic gene expression in individual cells fated to die. The study of PCD during metamorphosis in insects is a mature field of inquiry that offers numerous opportunities for study of mechanisms related both to insect development and human disease.
Solution of the Noh problem with an arbitrary equation of state.

The classic self-similar solutions of the nonstationary compressible Euler equations obtained for a blast-wave propagation (Sedov, Taylor, and von Neumann), a shock-wave implosion (Guderley, Landau, and Stanyukovich), or an impulsive loading of a planar target (von Hoerner, Hafele, and Zel'dovich) have all been derived for a polytropic ideal gas. None of them can be generalized for a fluid with an arbitrary equation of state (EOS), such as the van der Waals EOS of a non-ideal-gas or a three-term EOS of a condensed material. We demonstrate here that the Noh accretion-shock problem is an exception. Its self-similar solutions exist in cylindrical and spherical geometry for fluids and materials with an arbitrary EOS. Such solutions for finite accretion-shock strength and nonuniform inflow velocity are constructed semianalytically with a model three-term equation of state that includes cold, thermal ion (lattice), and thermal electron contributions to the pressure and internal energy. Examples are presented for aluminum and copper. Other material- and EOS-specific semianalytic solutions of the Noh problem can be easily constructed using the same method for any material that in the pressure range of interest can be approximated as a dissipation-free fluid with an arbitrary equation of state.
Cell-cell signaling elicits local Ca2+ transients in melanocyte dendrites and dendritic spine-like structures

Abstract Compartmentalized cytoplasmic fluctuations of Ca2+ within dendrites and dendritic spines regulate a variety of neuronal functions. Like some neurons and glia, melanocytes are neural crest derived and possess dendrites (Adameyko et al., 2009; Erickson et al., 1992; Fitzpatrick and Szabo, 1959). Here, we show that primary human melanocytes, when observed in situ have extensive dendritic branches with dendritic spines similar to neurons. When co-cultured with primary human keratinocytes, they have local Ca2+ transients within these spines and within the dendrites. These are elicited by secreted factors from adjacent keratinocytes. Thus other cell types with dendrites are capable of compartmentalized Ca2+ fluctuations in response to cell-cell communication. Furthermore, our observations within intact human skin suggest a more complex communication network between adjacent melanocytes and keratinocytes, and thus a more complex physiology to skin than previous appreciated.
Successful work cultures: recommendations for leaders in healthcare.

The purpose of this study is to gather information about work culture characteristics from four successful pediatric heart programs to better understand how they continue to maintain high standards of quality and safety.,For this qualitative study, data were collected through semi-structured in-depth individual interviews with four physician leaders. Those interviews were transcribed and coded for themes, first individually and then across all four.,Three themes emerged from the analysis. According to the experts, the three most salient elements for sustaining a successful work culture that is conducive to maintaining high standards of care are: the ‘right’ people, an effective leadership team and efficient systems.,This was a small homogenous sample, which is a limitation of the study. All of the programs were from non-profit teaching hospitals in urban areas. This study has important research implications, as it offers descriptive information useful for guiding a future explanatory study.,Recommendations have been made for leaders in healthcare settings to benchmark against the work being done at these programs that maintain high standards of quality and safety.,This information has important social and practical implications as healthcare leaders continue to work on improving quality and safety that affects patients across the country.,This study contributes to the literature by offering perspectives on successful work cultures from a diverse compilation of physician leaders and medical institutions across the USA.
Twentieth-century hydroclimate changes consistent with human influence

Although anthropogenic climate change is expected to have caused large shifts in temperature and rainfall, the detection of human influence on global drought has been complicated by large internal variability and the brevity of observational records. Here we address these challenges using reconstructions of the Palmer drought severity index obtained with data from tree rings that span the past millennium. We show that three distinct periods are identifiable in climate models, observations and reconstructions during the twentieth century. In recent decades (1981 to present), the signal of greenhouse gas forcing is present but not yet detectable at high confidence. Observations and reconstructions differ significantly from an expected pattern of greenhouse gas forcing around mid-century (1950–1975), coinciding with a global increase in aerosol forcing. In the first half of the century (1900–1949), however, a signal of greenhouse-gas-forced change is robustly detectable. Multiple observational datasets and reconstructions using data from tree rings confirm that human activities were probably affecting the worldwide risk of droughts as early as the beginning of the twentieth century. Multiple observational datasets and reconstructions using data from tree rings confirm that human activities were probably affecting the worldwide risk of droughts as early as at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The Pediatric Temporal-spatial Deviation Index: quantifying gait impairment for children with cerebral palsy.

AIM To develop an easily-administered metric to quantify gait impairment in children and to assess its use in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD The Pediatric Temporal-spatial Deviation Index (TDI) was developed from gait data collected from 75 typically developing children (37 males, 38 females; mean age 9y 4mo; interquartile range [IQR] 8-10y) and 17 children diagnosed with spastic CP (nine males, eight females; mean age 9y 9mo; IQR 9-11y), in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I to III, aged 7 to 11 years. Children walked on a pressure-sensitive mat. Children with CP also completed 3D gait analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test of sampling adequacy was used for temporal-spatial feature selection. Principal components obtained from temporal-spatial gait parameters quantified deviation from typically developing gait. Deviation was normalized to a Pediatric TDI score mean (standard deviation [SD]) of 100 (10). The Pediatric TDI for children with CP was compared to 3D motion capture-based Gait Deviation Index (GDI). RESULTS The Pediatric TDI was significantly lower for children with CP compared to typically developing children (p<0.001), correlated with average GDI (r=0.610, p=0.009), and demonstrated sensitivity (0.78) and specificity (0.88) to gait function, assessed with GDI. INTERPRETATION The Pediatric TDI is an easily administered, revealing gait metric that can be used in children with CP in pediatric clinics and for research. Detection of gait abnormalities in the clinic can expedite diagnosis and treatment. What this paper adds The Pediatric Temporal-spatial Deviation Index (TDI) is a single-score index of gait deviation, based on nine parameters. The Pediatric TDI was more revealing than single temporal-spatial gait parameters. The Pediatric TDI is quick and simple to administer in the clinic.
Chip-scale terahertz systems

The past decade has seen transformative changes in the terahertz spectrum beyond 100 GHz, both in terms of technological progress and in application development. Of note is the progress made towards enabling efficient and compact Terahertz systems operable at room temperature and deployable at large scales. On the application development, the interest in this spectrum has grown significantly in the band due to the evolution of 5G and steadily increasing large-scale deployments of technology in the sister millimeter-Wave bands. On the technology side, we have seen significant advancements in a multitude of integrated technology substrates in electronics, photonics and in hybrid systems. In the electronics regime, this potpourri of technology has spanned from III-V based devices such as InP HBTs and HEMTs (fmax > 1 THz) to silicon-based IC technology that have shown remarkable advancements in complex systems including chip-scale phased arrays, active and passive imagers, and wireless communication systems. The ‘THz gap’ has steadily been closing in the past ten years due to the technological progress, and attention is being paid now towards closing the ‘THz’ and large-scale ‘application’ gap in the next decade. To enable this shift in paradigm in presence of device limitations, we will need to innovate on new design architectures that allow properties such as reconfigurability, adaptability and multi-functionality in THz chip-scale systems yet being realized in substrates where the devices are inherently not optimally efficient. In this paper, we summarize the advancements in integrated THz systems in the past decade, discuss future challenges and directions to progress towards that goal.
Patient-Level Value Analysis: An Innovative Approach to Optimize Care Delivery.

BACKGROUND An increasing emphasis has been placed on developing value-based care delivery systems in orthopaedics to combat rising health care costs. The goal of these systems is to both measure and improve the provisional value of care. Patient-level value analysis creates a mechanism to quantify and optimize value within a procedure, in contrast to traditional methods, which only measures value. The purpose of this study was to develop a patient-level value analysis model and determine the efficacy of this model to improve value in orthopaedic care. METHODS Patients treated operatively for isolated closed ankle fractures at a single level 1 trauma center were prospectively identified. Short musculoskeletal function assessment was collected at the time of the initial clinical presentation and 6 months postoperatively. The cost of care was determined using time-driven activity-based costing, which included personnel, supplies, length of stay, implants, pharmacy, and radiology. Value was defined as each patient's change in the outcome score divided by their cost as determined by time-driven activity-based costing. A multiple linear regression was performed to determine which aspects of care significantly predicted value. RESULTS Forty-nine patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria. The multiple linear regression indicated treatment by physician D (β = -0.135, P = 0.04) and inpatient stay (β = -0.468, P < 0.01) were predictors of lesser value and represent areas for potential care pathway and value improvement. CONCLUSIONS Patient-level value analysis represents a paradigm shift in the quantification of value. We recommend surgeons, practices, and health care systems begin implementing a system to quantify and optimize the value of care provided. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
EPICARDIAL BRIDGING DURING LEFT ATRIAL MACROREENTRANT FLUTTER: ANATOMIC INSIGHTS FROM ULTRA-HIGH DENSITY MAPPING

Left atrial macroreentrant flutters (LAMF) are commonly encountered after LA ablation or surgery. Circuits are complex and achievement of transmural conduction block challenging. Patients who underwent ultra-high density mapping with the Rhythmia™ system were prospectively enrolled over a 4 year
Creating and Undoing Legacies of Resilience: Black Women as Martyrs in the Black Community Under Oppressive Social Control

This paper contextualizes the struggles and contributions of Black motherhood and reproductive justice under police surveillance in Baltimore, Maryland. We conducted semi-structured interviews with...
Postoperative Complications and Spinal Metastases

The spine is the most common site for skeletal metastasis. As improved treatment for primary cancer affords longer life expectancy, the incidence of spinal metastasis is increasing. Patients generally present with neck or back pain with or without neurological symptoms such as radicular pain, numbness, weakness, or myelopathy. Surgical treatment is palliative and is often used in conjunction with radiation and/or chemotherapy. The goals of surgery include mechanical stabilization, decompression of the neural elements, and optimization of the radiation target. The number of metastatic tumor patients undergoing surgery is growing. In spite of increased rates of surgical treatment, improved hardware and refined technique, the rate of surgery-related complications remains high. The most common complications are dural injury, wound infection and dehiscence, and hardware failure. The extent and severity of these complications can be mitigated by preoperative risk assessment with appropriate goal identification, intraoperative technique, and early recognition of postoperative deterioration.