cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 411: Cytokine Receptors in the Subfornical Organ Mediate Sympathetic and Hemodynamic Responses to Peripherally Administered TNF-{alpha} and IL-1{beta} in Rat

Introduction: Pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC) play an important role in regulating autonomic and cardiovascular function in hypertension (HTN) and heart failure (HF). Peripherally administered PIC such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) act within the brain to increase blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). These molecules are too big to cross blood brain barrier (BBB), and so the mechanisms by which they activate sympathetic drive to elicit hemodynamic responses remain quite a mystery. Our preliminary data indicate a dense distribution of TNF-α and IL-1β receptors in the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain which lacks a BBB and can be accessed readily by circulating PIC. The SFO projects to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which has been implicated as an important source of cardiovascular and autonomic dysfunction in HTN and HF. Hypothesis: SFO neurons sense circulating PIC and mediate their effects on sympathetic drive and hemodynamic responses. Methods: One week after an SFO lesion or a sham lesion (SHAM), urethane anesthetized male SD rats underwent an intracarotid artery (ICA) injection of TNF-α (200 ng) or IL-1β (200 ng). BP (mmHg), HR (beats/min) and RSNA (% change) responses were recorded. Results: In SHAM rats (n=5), ICA TNF-α dramatically increased (* p<0.05 vs. baseline) the BP (23 ± 1.5*), HR (61 ± 5*) and RSNA (88.5 ± 4.3 %*) responses, which peaked ∼30 min after injection. These early excitatory responses to ICA TNF-α were absent in SFO-lesioned rats (n=5), though a moderate excitatory response occurred hours later. Similarly, ICA IL-1β elicited increases in BP (21.8 ± 2.1*), HR (62 ± 6*) and RSNA (116.5 ± 5.2*) in the SHAM rats (n=5). In the SFO-lesioned rats (n=5), the BP (8.6 ± 1.3 †), HR (24 ± 2 †) and RSNA (26.8 ± 1.6 †) responses to ICA IL-1β were significantly († <0.05 vs. SHAM) attenuated. Conclusion: These data suggest that the SFO plays an important role as a central nervous system sensor of the peripheral inflammatory state, mediating the effects of circulating PIC on sympathetic drive and cardiovascular function in inflammatory conditions such as HTN and HF. The later occurring excitatory responses to PIC are unexplained but may involve their known vascular effects.
Aquarius L-Band Microwave Radiometer: 3 Years of Radiometric Performance and Systematic Effects

The Aquarius L-band microwave radiometer is a three-beam pushbroom instrument designed to measure sea-surface salinity. Results are analyzed for performance and systematic effects over three years of operation. The thermal control system maintains tight temperature stability promoting good gain stability. The gain spectrum exhibits expected orbital variations with $1/{f}$ noise appearing at longer time periods. The on-board detection and integration scheme coupled with the calibration algorithm produce antenna temperatures with NEDT ${ for 1.44-s samples. Nonlinearity is characterized before launch and the derived correction is verified with cold-sky calibration (CSC) data. Finally, long-term drift is discovered in all channels with 1-K amplitude and 100-day time constant. Nonetheless, it is adeptly corrected using an exponential model.
User Collaboration in Mass Digitisation of Textual Materials

By utilising web-based collaboration tools, institutions can engage users in the building of historical printed text resources created by mass digitisation projects. The paper presents the drivers for developing such tools and identifies the benefits that can be derived by both the user community and cultural heritage institutions. The perceived risks, such as errors introduced by the users or whether users will engage with resources in this way, will be set out. The paper will present the lessons that can be learnt from existing activities, such as the National Library of Australia’s newspaper website, which supports collaborative correction of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) output. The user collaboration tools being created by the IMPACT Project (Improving Access to Text, http://www.impact-project.eu), a large-scale integrating project funded by the European Commission as part of the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), will be detailed. A primary aim of IMPACT is to develop tools that help improve OCR results for historical printed texts, specifically those works published before the industrial production of books in the middle of the 19th century. While technological improvements to image processing and OCR engine technology are key to improving access to historic text, engaging the user community also has an important role to play. Utilising the user community can aid in achieving the levels of accuracy currently found in born digital materials. Improving OCR results to this level is key to producing resources that support better resource discovery and enable greater performance when applying text mining and accessibility tools to the extracted text. The IMPACT project will specifically develop a tool that supports collaborative correction and validation of OCR results and to allow user involvement in building historical dictionaries that can be used to validate word recognition. The technologies use the characteristics of human perception as a basis for error detection.
Atomic Layer Deposited Films for Micro- and Nano-Scale Electro-Mechanical Systems

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) can be effectively used to deposit custom-designed, multi-material layers with atomic resolution on any micro- or nano-scale device surface. The nano-scale ALD coating can protect the devices from electrical short, charge accumulation, moisture-induced adhesion, wear, corrosion, creep, fatigue and anodic oxidation during short- term prototyping or long-term product life. Alternatively, ALD films can be lithographically defined in selected areas and micromachined to create ultra-thin nanoscale structures.
The cyclic disulfide ring of oxytocin.

SummaryA cyclic pentapeptide amide, the disulfide of L-cysteinyl - L-tyrosyl - l-isoleucyl - L-glutaminyl - L-asparaginyl - l-cysteinamide, which represents the cyclic moiety of oxytocin has been prepared synthetically and some of its physical and chemical properties are given. This compound has been found to have low but significant oxy-tocic (3.3 U/mg) and milk-ejecting (1.1 U/ mg) activity but no detectable avian depressor activity. Moreover, this simplification of the oxytocin molecule appears to have resulted in a change in the ratio of the potencies of oxytocic, milk-ejecting, and avian depressor effects, the ratio being 3:1:< 0.03 for the cyclic pentapeptide amide compared to 1:1:1 for oxytocin. Some of the possible structural requirements for biological activity in oxytocin have been discussed in the light of these results.The author wishes to thank Mr. Joseph Albert for carrying out the microanalyses, Dr. Paula Zimmering for the starch ohromatography, Miss Lorraine Silverman for her assistance, a...
Trust as a Multilevel Phenomenon Across Contexts: Implications for Improved Interdisciplinarity in Trust Research

Examinations of trust have advanced steadily over the past several decades, yielding important insights within criminal justice, economics, environmental studies, management and industrial organization, psychology, political science, and sociology. Cross-disciplinary approaches to the study of trust, however, have been limited by differences in defining and measuring trust and in methodological approaches. In this chapter, we take the position that (1) cross-disciplinary studies can be improved by recognizing trust as a multilevel phenomenon and (2) context impacts the nature of trusting relations. We present an organizing framework for conceptualizing trust between trustees and trustors at person, group, and institution levels. The differences between these levels have theoretical implications for the study of trust and that might be used to justify distinctions in definitions and methodological approaches across settings. We highlight where the levels overlap and describe how this overlap has created confusion in the trust literature to date. Part of the overlap—and confusion—is the role of interpersonal trust at each level. We delineate when and how interpersonal trust is theoretically relevant to conceptualizing and measuring trust at each level and suggest that other trust-related constructs, such as perceived legitimacy, competence, and integrity, may be more important than interpersonal trust at some levels and in some contexts. Translating findings from trust research in one discipline to another and collaborating across disciplines may be facilitated if researchers ensure that their levels of conceptualization and measurement are aligned and that models developed for a particular context are relevant in other, distinct contexts.
Tendon Transfers for the Hypoplastic Thumb

Thumb hypoplasia is a component of radial longitudinal deficiency. The severity of hypoplasia can range from a slightly smaller thumb to a complete absence. Types II and IIIA hypoplastic thumbs are candidates for reconstruction to improve function, stability, and strength. There are 2 commonly used tendon transfers that can augment thumb opposition strength: the Huber abductor digiti minimi muscle transfer and the flexor digitorum superficialis opposition transfer. Both transfers use ulnar-sided structures to augment the thenar musculature. The Huber opposition transfer increases thenar bulk, but does not provide additional tissue for metacarpophalangeal stability.
Predator presence decreases food consumption in juvenile Xenopus laevis

Predators impact prey in direct (lethal) and indirect (non-lethal) manners. Predator-avoidance models capitalize on the non-lethal effects of predators to study how predator-induced fear impacts prey behavior and physiology. Here, we aimed to develop a predator avoidance model to determine how predators alter feeding and anxiety-like behavior in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). We determined (1) the repeatability of frog behavior over time, (2) the effect of a stimulus (nothing, a size-matched or a large conspecific [potential predator]) on frog behavior, and (3) the effect of a stimulus on frog behavior in the presence of food. Twelve juvenile experimental frogs were exposed to all three stimulus conditions over 1 week. We predicted that (1) frog baseline behavior would be repeatable, and that (2) the presence of the large frog, but not size-matched frog, would increase fear and anxiety-like behaviors (hiding and inactivity) and would decrease food consumption and the number of air gulps. In the presence of both food and stimulus, experimental frogs ate significantly less when exposed to a large (potential predator) vs. a size-matched and no frog and took more time to first contact the food. Time spent inactive and number of air gulps did not differ across conditions. Few frogs hid during the behavioral trials. Time spent exploring and inactive and tank locations were repeatable over time. Overall, our paradigm is a viable model for studying the effects of predators on prey behavior, especially as it relates to feeding. Predators can induce fear and anxiety in prey and can alter prey behavior. We sought to develop a predator-avoidance model to study prey anxiety and feeding behavior in African clawed frogs. We determined (1) the repeatability of baseline behavior over time, (2) the effect of a stimulus (no, a size-matched, or a large [predatory] frog) on frog behavior, and (3) the effect of a stimulus on behavior in the presence of food. The presence of a potential predator alone did not significantly alter prey behavior. With predator + food, experimental frogs took longer to contact food, ate less, and spent less time feeding. Most activity and location behaviors were repeatable over time. This paradigm is a viable model for studying the effects of predators on prey feeding behavior.
Core Principles of Quality Improvement and Patient Safety.

1. Thomas Bartman, MD, PhD* 2. Richard E. McClead, MD, MHA* 1. *Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH. Despite proven results in industry, quality improvement and safety implementation lags in the health care arena. Improving patient safety and quality of care requires an understanding of leadership, teamwork, system design and function, change motivation, and a scientific/statistical approach to assessing whether changes are leading to improvement. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the importance of leadership in creating a culture of safety and quality improvement in the health care system, with an emphasis on reducing blame and improving learning. 2. Use tools such as process maps and fishbone diagrams to identify weaknesses in systems that may contribute to errors or suboptimal quality of care. 3. Effectively use multidisciplinary teams in driving quality and safety efforts. 4. Utilize both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in individuals to elicit acceptance of changes to their practice and procedures. 5. Use a rational, scientific approach to implementing changes and assessing the results of those changes in the context of system variation. At 2 am on July 2, a pediatric intern enters room 4 of the emergency department (ED) to see his next patient. He encounters 4-year-old Aiden, whom his parents report has not been feeling well for a few days. In addition, they report decreased oral intake. Aiden is communicative but listless. His extremities are cold, he has delayed capillary refill, and he has weak pulses. His heart rate is 140 beats per minute and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. The intern …
Statistical analysis of the Wigner-Ville distribution with applications to wideband detection

A time-frequency statistical description of the Wigner-Ville distribution of random processes that exploits the statistical parameters constituting the Karhunen-Loeve expansion of the original time process is introduced. This provides a method for constructing Wigner-Ville-based detector structures that are of analytical handiness. As an illustration of the utility of this statistical analysis, an algorithm for detection of weak signals of unknown parameters that are obliterated by additive wideband Gaussian noise is proposed. The algorithm utilizes samples from an orthogonal function expansion in the time-frequency domain, the performance measure of which is ascertained. Theoretical evidence of its potential superiority over the radiometer (an energy-detecting device) is presented. Monte-Carlo simulations are then implemented to demonstrate its effectiveness and display probability performance curves. >
An incremental modeling approach with a hierarchical structure and progressive accuracy using dyadic wavelet-based neural networks

The wavelet neural network (WNN) is a recently developed mathematical tool that can be used in nonlinear system modeling. Motivated by the multi-resolution definition in multi-resolution approximation theory, this paper proposes a novel WNN-based modeling approach possessing two unique characteristics. Firstly, a multi-resolution system model, having an output corresponding to each resolution, is developed from a coarser approximation to a finer representation by adding more details progressively. Secondly, the model at a low resolution is compatible with the model at a high resolution, which means that the well trained WNNs used in a low resolution can be directly incorporated into a high resolution without any modification. The theoretical verification of this approach shows that the incremental characteristic and the compatibility feature of the system modeling at different resolutions is guaranteed by the definition of the modeling subspace division and by the utilization of the dyadic activation functions in WNNs. As a result, by applying this technology into electric ship design and simulation, different users can activate different resolutions according to their requirements during model utilization. At the same time, the compatible modeling structure avoids a large amount of modeling repetition for model developers and thus lightens the computational burden
A phase I study of pemetrexed in combination with docetaxel in advanced solid tumor patients.

2567 Background: Pemetrexed is an anti-folate targeting the purine and pyrimidine synthetic pathways. Docetaxel is a third generation cytotoxic that modulates microtubule dynamics, inhibiting cell ...
The dynamic policy license

This paper develops a regulatory model denoted the dynamic policy license. The dynamic policy license combines the assurances to licensees that come from holding a fixed license while maintaining regulatory flexibility. A dynamic policy license is similar to a traditional spectrum license that specifies a bandwidth, power, center frequency, location, and other parameters. However, one or more of these parameters is subject to change by the regulator over time. The allowed changes are restricted by the license to provide assurances and predictability to the licensee. The opportunities and challenges that this presents to both regulators and licensees is described. For instance, the dynamic policy license can be a regulatory tool for more aggressive spectrum sharing.
The β1'-β2' Motif of the RNase H Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Is Responsible for Conferring Open Conformation to the p66 Subunit by Displacing the Connection Domain from the Polymerase Cleft.

The heterodimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase is composed of p66 and p51 subunits. While in the p51 subunit, the connection domain is tucked in the polymerase cleft; it is effectively displaced from the cleft of the catalytically active p66 subunit. How is the connection domain relocated from the polymerase cleft of p66? Does the RNase H domain have any role in this process? To answer this question, we extended the C-terminal region of p51 by stepwise addition of N-terminal motifs of RNase H domain to generate p54, p57, p60, and p63 derivatives. We found all of the C-terminal extended derivatives of p51 assume open conformation, bind to the template-primer, and catalyze the polymerase reaction. Glycerol gradient ultracentrifugation analysis showed that only p54 sedimented as a monomer, while other derivatives were in a homodimeric conformation. We proposed a model to explain the monomeric conformation of catalytically active p54 derivative carrying additional 21-residues long...
A New Model of Cytochrome B-559 Function Based on the Observation of A Reversible Redox-Linked Interconversion Between Two Redox forms of Cytochrome B-559

Cytochrome b559 (cyt b559) is required for the assembly of photosystem II (PSII) (reviewed in (1)) but the rates and yields of its photooxidation are too low to constitute a significant role in the primary electron-transfer pathway of PSII (2, 3). As an alternate electron donor to P680, cyt b559 may mediate cyclic electron transfer in PSII or protect against photodamage under conditions of high-light stress (reviewed in (1)). Cyt b559 is unusual in that it has an elevated midpoint potential (Em ~ 300–375 mV) relative to other b-type cytochromes (-100 to +100 mV) (4), and its Em varies depending upon the sample preparation (5). The high-potential (HP: Em > 300 mV) form is associated with intact, 02-evolving PSII. The intermediate-potential (IP: Em = 100–300 mV) and low-potential (LP: Em < 100 mV) forms are observed in PSII lacking the extrinsic polypeptides and/or the Mn4 cluster (5). Most PSII samples contain a distribution of cyt b559 redox forms which likely reflect differences in the heme environment.
Parent Ratings of Impulsivity and Inhibition Predict State Testing Scores

One principle of cognitive development is that earlier intervention for educational difficulties tends to improve outcomes such as future educational and career success. One possible way to help students who struggle is to determine if they process information differently. Such determination might lead to clues for interventions. For example, early information processing requires attention before the information can be identified, encoded, and stored. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether parent ratings of inattention, inhibition, and impulsivity, and whether error rate on a reflexive attention task could be used to predict child scores on state standardized tests. Finding such an association could provide assistance to educators in identifying academically struggling children who might require targeted educational interventions. Children (N = 203) were invited to complete a peripheral cueing task (which measures the automatic reorienting of the brain’s attentional resources from one location to another). While the children completed the task, their parents completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered information on broad indicators of child functioning, including observable behaviors of impulsivity, inattention, and inhibition, as well as state academic scores (which the parent retrieved online from their school). We used sequential regression to analyze contributions of error rate and parent-rated behaviors in predicting six academic scores. In one of the six analyses (for science), we found that the improvement was significant from the simplified model (with only family income, child age, and sex as predictors) to the full model (adding error rate and three parent-rated behaviors). Two additional analyses (reading and social studies) showed near significant improvement from simplified to full models. Parent-rated behaviors were significant predictors in all three of these analyses. In the reading score analysis, error rate showed a trend for significance as a predictor. In the analyses for math, language arts, and the overall academic score (created using principal component analysis), the simplified model best predicted academic outcomes.
The Role of Endogenous Proteases in Gel-Weakening of Beef Heart Surimi

Gel-weakening is a well recognized phenomenon in certain fish surimi and this has been linked to the hydrolysis of myosin by some endogenous proteases. The experimental evidence summarized in this paper points to the involvement of endogenous proteases in gel-weakening of bovine cardiac myofibrillar protein concentrate (beef heart surimi) incubated at around 50°C for a prolonged time. The proteases involved are identified to be cathepsins B and L, and an unknown protease in neutral protease extract. These proteases are highly active at 50°C, have a pH optimum between 5.0 and 5.5, and can partially degrade myosin heavy chain at pH 6.0. The hydrolysis of myosin heavy chain can be inhibited by protease inhibitors, especially beef plasma powder, resulting in an enhanced gelling ability
The GUSTO-I Trial

In the past 10 years, thrombolytics have become standard therapy for patients presenting in the early hours of acute myocard ial infarction with ST segment elevation. The pathophysiologic model of early reestablishment of coronary patency resulting in pres erved left ventricular function resulting in improved survival was challenged by the GISSI-2 (1) and ISIS-3 (2) Trials, which showed no difference in mortality between t- PA and streptokinase, even though t-PA was known to result in a higher early patency than streptokinase (3). There were a number of theories espoused for the lack of difference between the t-PA and streptokinase. One of the most strongly argued explanations was that the early patency advantage of t-PA was negated by higher rates of reocclusion after t-PA without the use of intravenous heparin.
A Correlated Series of Au/Ag Nanoclusters Revealing the Evolutionary Patterns of Asymmetric Ag Doping

Doping of metal nanoclusters is an effective strategy for tailoring their functionalities for specific applications. To gain fundamental insight into the doping mechanism, it is of critical importance to have access to a series of correlated bimetal nanoclusters with different doping levels and further reveal the successive transformations. Herein, we report asymmetric doping of Ag into an Au21 nanocluster to form a series of new Au/Ag bimetal nanoclusters and the effects of doping on the evolution of size, structure, and properties based upon X-ray crystallography and optical spectroscopy analyses. The asymmetric doping discovered in the series reveals two important rules. First, the heteroatom doping-induced kernel transformation mechanism is revealed, explaining the successive conversions from Au21(S-Adm)15 with an incomplete cuboctahedral kernel to Au20Ag1(S-Adm)15 with a complete cuboctahedral Au12Ag1 kernel and then to Au19Ag4(S-Adm)15 with an icosahedral Au10Ag3 kernel. The electron density accumul...
P92 Using the PSE Readiness Assessment and Decision Instrument to Support Implementation of Community Nutrition Strategies in Ohio

Objective Promote practitioners’ confidence to use and disseminate the PSE Readiness Assessment and Decision Instrument (PSE READI) to tailor PSE strategies to local contexts. Use of Theory or Research There is increasing attention within the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed) toward implementation of PSE strategies to improve dietary outcomes among low-income populations. Tools to adapt PSEs to local levels of readiness and capacity are needed. Target Audience SNAP-Ed and public health practitioners in Ohio. Program Description The PSE READI was designed to adapt implementation of four community nutrition PSEs: farmers’ markets, farm-to-school, healthy eating in childcare, healthy food retail. After completing the assessment, a tailored report is provided with three recommendations to guide local PSE implementation, which are linked to a resource library with > 1,000 tools/guides. The tool was tested for usability and first disseminated via a day-long interactive training focused on supporting others use of the tool to assess, plan, and act to optimize PSE implementation in targeted areas. Evaluation Methods Pre- and post-survey design without randomization was used to test confidence in practitioners’ ability to support and train others to use the PSE READI. Results Practitioners (N = 23) doing work in 60 Ohio counties participated in the PSE READI training. One-third reported PSE implementation is related to their current work plan; 41% supported others conducting PSEs. Confidence to support colleagues’ implementation of PSEs (extremely/very confident: pre-35%, post-70%) and train colleagues to use the PSE READI tool (pre-10%, Post-70%) increased substantially after the training. The majority (87%) planned to use the PSE READI tool in the next three months. Post-training, practitioners reported they were “better equipped,” “more informed,” and “inspired.” Conclusions The PSE READI tool provides a feasible and efficient method to tailor PSE implementation to the realities of diverse communities. The tool and training were well-received by SNAP-Ed and public health practitioners resulting in an increase in practitioner confidence to support implementation of community nutrition PSEs.
“We bleed for female empowerment”: mediated ethics, commodity feminism, and the contradictions of feminist politics

ABSTRACTDiscourses of female empowerment are increasingly prominent within ethical capitalism, which seeks to remedy global crises with private-sector solutions and their commodities. This article ...
Metabolic aesthetics: on the feminist scentscapes of Anicka Yi

Artist Anicka Yi has gained notoriety as a smell portraitist due to her collaborations with perfumers and her use of bacteria sourced from women’s mouths and vaginas. This essay explores Yi’s fabri...
Raping, Looting, and Burning

Aside from mass executions and wanton killings, violation of women was rampant. American Vice Consul James Espy, who arrived in Nanjing on January 6, 1938, reported in a diplomatic document dated January 25, 1938, that Japanese “soldiers are reported to have sought out the native women wherever they could be found to violate them. … During the early part of the Japanese occupation over a thousand such cases a night are believed by the foreigners here to have occurred and one American counted thirty such cases in one night in one piece of American property.” Young girls as tender as 11 years old and elderly women in their sixties or older fell victim to Japanese soldiers’ uncontrolled lust. In some cases, women were killed after being raped. Family members were murdered while attempting to protect victims from assaults. The judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East gives a concise summary in that regard:
An empirical evidence of determinant attributes on expert systems success

Expert Systems, in the last decade, have become the target of tremendous positive interest as well as consternation by the information systems professionals and end-users. This study surveyed twenty organizations to examine empirically the level of expert systems user satisfac­ tion and success of these systems as perceived by the respondents of the survey.
MADS78 and MADS79 Are Essential Regulators of Early Seed Development in Rice

MADS box transcription factors (TFs) are subdivided into type I and II based on phylogenetic analysis. The type II TFs regulate floral organ identity and flowering time, but type I TFs are relatively less characterized. Here, we report the functional characterization of two type I MADS box TFs in rice (Oryza sativa), MADS78 and MADS79. Transcript abundance of both these genes in developing seed peaked at 48 h after fertilization and was suppressed by 96 h after fertilization, corresponding to syncytial and cellularized stages of endosperm development, respectively. Seeds overexpressing MADS78 and MADS79 exhibited delayed endosperm cellularization, while CRISPR-Cas9-mediated single knockout mutants showed precocious endosperm cellularization. MADS78 and MADS79 were indispensable for seed development, as a double knockout mutant failed to make viable seeds. Both MADS78 and 79 interacted with MADS89, another type I MADS box, which enhances nuclear localization. The expression analysis of Fie1, a rice FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED-POLYCOMB REPRESSOR COMPLEX2 component, in MADS78 and 79 mutants and vice versa established an antithetical relation, suggesting that Fie1 could be involved in negative regulation of MADS78 and MADS79. Misregulation of MADS78 and MADS79 perturbed auxin homeostasis and carbon metabolism, as evident by misregulation of genes involved in auxin transport and signaling as well as starch biosynthesis genes causing structural abnormalities in starch granules at maturity. Collectively, we show that MADS78 and MADS79 are essential regulators of early seed developmental transition and impact both seed size and quality in rice.
Quasidominance in autosomal recessive RDH12-Leber congenital amaurosis.

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) refers to a group of recessively inherited, severe rod-cone dystrophies of infantile onset, with symptoms presenting congenitally or within the first few months of ...
The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on cardiac output and oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used to optimize oxygenation by preventing alveolar collapse. However, PEEP can potentially decrease cardiac output through cardiopulmonary interactions. The effect of PEEP on cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not known. This was a preclinical randomized, controlled, animal study conducted in an animal research facility on 25 Landrace-Yorkshire pigs. After inducing cardiac arrest, CPR was performed with LUCAS 3. During CPR, pigs were ventilated at a PEEP of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 cmH2O (randomly determined via lottery) for 9 min. Cardiac output, obtained via ultrasound dilution, and PaO2 were measured, and oxygen delivery calculated for each PEEP. A mixed-effects repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the baseline value adjusted mean cardiac output, PaO2, and oxygen delivery between PEEP groups. Least significant difference test was used to conduct pairwise comparisons between PEEP groups. To determine optimum PEEP, Gaussian mixture model was applied to the adjusted means of cardiac output and oxygen delivery. Increasing PEEP to 10 and higher resulted in significant declines in cardiac output. A PEEP of 15 and higher resulted in significant declines in oxygen delivery. As PEEP was increased from 0 to 20, PaO2 increased significantly. Gaussian mixture model identified the 0–5 PEEP group as providing optimal cardiac output and oxygen delivery, with PEEP of 5 providing the highest oxygen delivery. A PEEP of 0–5 resulted in the optimal oxygen delivery and cardiac output during CPR, with PEEP of 5 resulting in higher oxygen delivery, and a slightly lower, statistically insignificant cardiac output than PEEP of 0.
The gastrointestinal clinical trial landscape: A cross-sectional analysis of clinicaltrials.gov from 2007-2019.

468Background: The burden of gastrointestinal (GI) disease is high, costing over $97 billion annually in the United States (U.S.) alone. Yet the methodological rigor and characteristics of trials l...
Introduction to Museums and Museum Accountability in the United Kingdom

This article provides an introduction to museums in the United Kingdom, examining their history, finance, and oversight, each of which affects UK museum accountability. The development of the UK museum profession is reviewed, demonstrating the vital importance of employee and volunteer training in museum-specific ethics and accountability.
Use of a Community Center Primary Care Clinic and Subsequent Emergency Department Visits Among Unhoused Women.

In the United States, the frequent amalgamation of homelessness, drug use, and exchange of sex for money, shelter, food, or drugs increases the risk of serious health conditions, including trauma and HIV.1 Women who are unhoused have an all-cause mortality 5 to 8 times higher than housed women.2 Seattle, Washington, is facing a housing crisis, with a 31% increase in homelessness from 2008 to 20183 and a growing epidemic of opioid and methamphetamine use. In 2018, these overlapping epidemics created the context for an HIV outbreak in Seattle among unhoused heterosexual people.4 Several US cities have created mobile health clinics in an effort to engage unhoused people in medical care.5 In July 2018, the Safe, Healthy, Empowered (SHE) Clinic was founded to provide care for unhoused women colocated at Aurora Commons, a drop-in community center with a long-standing relationship with unhoused people in Seattle. Patients at the SHE Clinic reflect the unhoused population’s high rates of injection drug use, exchange sex, unplanned pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections.6 In this cohort study, we evaluated the association between use of the SHE Clinic and the frequency of nonemergent emergency department (ED) visits among women living unhoused who exchange sex and inject drugs.
Assessing the Role of Price Promotion in the Association between Income and Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Purchases

Background: In the U.S., there are income disparities in SSB consumption where lower incomes consume more SSBs. Evidence is limited on whether controlling for price promotions and shopping behaviors would help explain / attenuate the relationship between income and SSB consumption. Alternately, it is possible that SSB price promotions serves as an effect modifier and widens income disparities in SSB consumption due to lower income price sensitivity. The objective of this study is to assess whether the income gradient in SSB purchases is explained by the exposure to price promotion and/or different price promotion-related shopping behaviors, and assess the presence of an interaction between price promotion and income on the association with SSB purchases, while controlling for shopping behaviors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a large nationally representative sample from the NielsenIQ Consumer Panel (analytic sample N=11,299) in 2016. Annual promotion frequency (defined as percent of the time experiencing SSBs discounts) for each household were derived using weekly store prices in the NielsenIQ Retailer Scanner Database. A stockpiling index was generated for each household to describe bulk shopping behavior. We compared the association between household income per capita and annual per capita SSB purchase with and without adjusting for price promotion and/or the stockpiling index to determine whether the income gradient in SSB purchase can be explained by the exposure to price promotion, or promotion-related shopping behaviors. Results: Nearly 40% of SSBs were purchased with a price discount. More frequent price promotions were linked to higher SSB purchase. Overall, lower income households purchased substantially more SSBs (i.e., household income per capita ≤$15,000, $15,000 to $30,000, $30,000 to $50,000 categories purchased 54%, 22% and 10% more SSBs than household income per capita ≥$50,000, respectively). However, the association between income and purchase of SSBs was strong regardless of adjustment for price promotion and there was no evidence that the association varied by exposure to price promotions. SSB shopping behaviors were different by income. Lower income households made more frequent trips to purchase SSBs and smaller purchases (i.e., made 12 trips per year, purchased 58 oz. per capita on each trip) while higher income households the opposite (i.e., made 5 trips per year, purchased 72 oz. per capita on each trip). After adjusting for covariates and the stockpiling index, the income gradient in SSB purchase was slightly attenuated but still significant (i.e., households in income per capita ≤$15,000, $15,000 to $30,000, $30,000 to $50,000 categories purchased 32%, 17% and 4% more SSBs than households with income per capita ≥$50,000, respectively). Conclusions: Income disparities in SSB consumption remained after covariate adjustment and after accounting for exposure to price promotion and different shopping behaviors.
Quantitative assessment of chlorophyll types in cryo-EM maps of photosystem I acclimated to far-red light

Abstract Chlorophyll cofactors are vital for the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has been used to elucidate molecular structures of pigment-protein complexes, but the minor structural differences between multiple types of chlorophylls make them difficult to distinguish in cryo-EM maps. This is exemplified by inconsistencies in the assignments of chlorophyll f molecules in structures of photosystem I acclimated to far-red light (FRL-PSI). A quantitative assessment of chlorophyll substituents in cryo-EM maps was used to identify chlorophyll f-binding sites in structures of FRL-PSI from two cyanobacteria. The two cryo-EM maps provide direct evidence for chlorophyll f-binding at two and three binding sites, respectively, and three more sites in each structure exhibit strong indirect evidence for chlorophyll f-binding. Common themes in chlorophyll f-binding are described that clarify the current understanding of the molecular basis for FRL photoacclimation in photosystems.
Rapid qualitative compositional analysis of ceramic paints

In previous research Van Keuren and colleagues used time of flight-laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (TOF-LA-ICP-MS) to infer distinct paint composition groups in glaze-painted White Mountain Red Ware (WMRW) from late pre-Hispanic villages in eastern Arizona. This analytical approach cannot be reasonably applied (in a non-destructive way) to the study of paint composition on whole vessel collections. To expand the earlier study and examine the link between compositional group and whole vessel decoration, we used portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) to qualitatively examine the composition of glaze-painted designs on a large corpus of WMRW whole vessels curated at the National Museum of Natural History. This paper summarizes the previous ICP research, explains the methodology behind the qualitative XRF analysis, presents the results of the whole vessel analysis, and proposes additional applications for the qualitative analysis of ceramic paints using pXRF.
New England's Crises and Cultural Memory: Boston revolt and Puritan restoration: 1760–1775

Popular mythologizers often forget that the confrontations at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, and Bunker Hill occurred as the culmination, not the onset, of revolt in Massachusetts. Historians' narratives of “America's” growing revolutionary agitation rightly start in 1761 with James Otis Jr.'s argument against government's use of Writs of Assistance to apprehend suspected smugglers in Boston (“An Act Against the Constitution is void”). In accord with the Whig historical tradition described by Bernard Bailyn, Otis appealed to Liberty as a political virtue emanating from the proper balance of the powers of King, Lords, and Commons within the British Constitution. However, as in the 1680s, citing such a right to self-governance while avoiding the issue of dockside taxation had a twofold appeal. For vivid imagery of a people's insurgency within (or against) Liberty's balance of powers, it has proven hard to surpass the sequence of incidents from the plundering of Andrew Oliver's and Thomas Hutchinson's houses, to the defense of Hancock's sloop Liberty , to the Boston Massacre in King Street, to the Boston Tea Party, and finally to the first meetings of the independent Massachusetts Congress and the gathering of the volunteer Army of New England. As rebellious New Englanders aimed their rhetorical weapons first at Parliament (1765), then at the British magistracy (1768–1775), finally at the King (1775–1776), and constantly at the appointive Provincial government, they slowly became republicans, not from initial conviction, but almost faute de mieux , as if they had reluctantly discovered that Liberty must be invested, not in charter privileges, but in a new polity, albeit with a Roman precedent.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Childhood Adversity on Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults

While researchers have provided evidence that recent stressors in adulthood and single traumatic events in childhood predict psychological disorder, few have examined the cumulative impact of childhood adversity on later well-being. Using a sample of 649 college students from New England, this research examines whether cumulative trauma in childhood and adolescence is related to depressive symptoms in young adults, and explores the mediating factors that operate in this association. Results indicate clear differences in cumulative trauma by sociodemographic characteristics, with males, nonwhites, and those with less than college-educated parents, reporting significantly greater levels of adversity. We also find that higher trauma is associated with both early onset of depressive disorder and later depressive symptoms. Path analyses reveal that, while some of the association between childhood adversity and depression in young adults is direct, most is explained by the mediating effects of later stress, low self-esteem, and early onset of disorder.
The Sociology of Emotions: Ritual Theorizing on Emotions

In Erving Goffman's analysis of the encounter, rituals are seen as only one element revolving around stereotypical sequences of talk and other gestures that sustain the smooth flow of the interaction. Goffman's great insight was the recognition that rituals penetrate and punctuate just about every aspect of face-to-face interaction. Rituals open and close the encounter. They keep the interaction on track and on topic. They help focus individuals' attention. They key and re-key the frame. They arouse emotions if directed at a totem marking group membership, and they repair breaches. Thus, for Goffman, encounters cannot be opened, closed, and sustained without the constant flow of ritual sequences of talk and body gesturing. Formal rituals and ceremonies, such as those practiced in collective worship in church or in a graduation ceremony, are only a special case of a much more pervasive phenomenon: interaction ritual. Every interaction at each moment, from its beginning to its end, and even thereafter in people's retrospective and introspective thoughts about an interaction, involve ritual dynamics that influence the flow of emotions. These insights came to Goffman from the work of Emile Durkheim (1912/1965) coupled with his ethnographic observations of people in face-to-face interaction. Interaction ritual theory as developed by Randall Collins (Collins, 1975, 2004) over the last 30 years takes the basic insights of Goffman and Durkheim, but transforms them into a somewhat different view of rituals.
Rocks in the right ventricle

Abstract Clinical and necropsy findings are described in a 56 year old man who was found to have multiple rocks in the right ventricular cavity and a congenitally narrowed infundibulum. The size, distribution and location of the rocks in the right ventricle appear unique. Possible causes of the rocks in the heart are speculated upon.
Considerations for Data Processing in Multi-mode Surveys

The Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health across the U.S. (REACH U.S.) Risk Factor Survey presented unique challenges to processing data collected from a multi-mode survey. REACH U.S., which is sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), monitors the progress and achievements of 28 local health interventions designed to eliminate health disparities among African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics. NORC at the University of Chicago conducts annual surveys in 28 communities using an innovative address-based sampling approach that combines multiple modes of data collection via telephone, mail, and in-person interviews. In this paper, we discuss NORC’s approach to processing multi-mode REACH U.S. data, paying particular attention to data processing procedures that occurred before, during, and after data collection. We also detail a metadata data processing framework that guided the creation of the final data file deliverables.
NON-ZEL'DOVICH FLUCTUATIONS FROM INFLATION

I review the recent work of the Santa Cruz group on the generation of non-Zel’dovich (including non-Gaussian) fluctuations in chaotic inflation. With a single inflaton having the most general quartic polynomial potential, most of the space of the parameters of the potential corresponds to fluctuations with an approximately Zel’dovich spectrum. To the extent that significant deviations from the Zel’dovich spectrum arise, the spectrum characteristically has a dip at a particular scale; in this case the usual upper limit on the quartic coefficient is relaxed and the reheat temperature is correspondingly increased. In the context of the cold dark matter model, such a dip spectrum may help explain both increased large scale structure and earlier galaxy formation. If we consider a general inflaton potential, it is possible to invert the slow-roll equations of motion and find the potential corresponding to almost any desired fluctuation spectrum. In models with multiple inflatons such as double inflation, de Sitter fluctuations in the second inflaton generated during the inflationary period controlled by the first inflaton make it impossible to preset the value of the second inflaton, and thus to get structure in the fluctuation spectrum on a cosmologically interesting scale. Regarding non-Gaussian fluctuations (nGf), we distinguish between local and non-local nGf. With a single inflaton, the inflationary nGf are negligible if the fluctuation amplitude lies below the upper limit from nonobservation of cosmic background radiation fluctuations. Several nonstandard possibilities arise in the generation of non-local nGf such as cosmic strings and texture, with the corresponding scalar fields either free or coupled to the inflaton or to curvature. In particular, such cosmic strings typically correspond to a strongly Type I superconductor, a case that should be investigated further.