cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schistosoma mansoni: Ultrastructural demonstration of a miracidial glycocalyx that cross-reacts with antibodies raised against the cercarial glycocalyx

Abstract Cercariae are covered by a glycocalyx that is highly antigenic. Here, we have examined the surface of miracidia for a similar structure. The miracidia are covered by epithelial plates and syncytial ridges. By transmission electron microscopy, the plates and ridges were covered by a 0.5-μm-thick glycocalyx composed of a mesh of 9- to 10-nm fibrils that were stained by ruthenium red delivered in the aldehydes or ferrocyanide-reduced osmium tetroxide. Rabbit antibodies prepared against phenol extracted and chromatographed cercarial glycocalyx were detected by immunoelectron microscopy with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Reaction product bound to both the miracidial and cercarial glycocalyx. In addition, the outer leaflets of the cercarial tegumental membrane and membranes of the miracidial surface structures, including plates, ridges, terebratorium, and sensory papillae, had reaction product. Controls incubated with nonspecific rabbit serum had no reaction product. By indirect immunofluorescence, antibodies against the cercarial glycocalyx stained both plates and ridges. As the miracidia transformed to sporocysts, the glycocalyx remained associated with the plates as they were sloughed. These studies demonstrate that miracidia possess a glycocalyx similar in structure and antigenicity to the cercarial glycocalyx.
Peptidyl transferase center activity observed in single ribosomes.

Abstract We demonstrate the functional activity of single ribosomal complexes, opening the way for detailed studies of the trajectories of protein synthesis. Our approach employs a single-molecule detection system, capable of picoseconds to minutes resolution, to observe a growing peptide labeled at its N terminus with the fluorophore tetramethylrhodamine (TMR). Single complexes of mRNA-programmed ribosomes with TMR-Met-tRNA f Met or TMR-Met-Phe-tRNA Phe are immobilized on mica and observed by fluorescence. Immobilized ribosome·mRNA·TMR-Met-tRNA f Met complexes form peptide bonds with puromycin. Single-molecule detection reveals dynamics on the scale of seconds at the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center.
Eimeria acervulina and E. tenella:effect on methionine absorption by the avian intestine.

Abstract Absorption of l -methionine in the duodenum of intestine of chicks infected with Eimeria acervulina was markedly less than in uninoculated controls or birds infected with E. tenella. Absorption of methionine in the jejunal area of E. acervulina-infected birds was reduced although not as drastically as in the duodenum. There was no difference in the rate of methionine absorption by the ileum. The kinetics of methionine absorption showed that Vmax (maximum velocity) in the duodenum and jejunum of E. acervulina-infected birds was reduced when compared with the Vmax found in uninoculated controls or E. tenella-infected birds. There was no difference in the Kt (transport constant) regardless of the infection or the region of the intestine examined. No major consistent effect of decreased pH on the rate of methionine absorption could be shown. The broadly spatulate villi seen, using the scanning electron microscope, in control and E. tenella infected duodenum were absent in E. acervulina-infected duodenum. Instead, the villi were reduced in height and noticeably thickened. This reduction in villar height suggests that a portion of the reduction in methionine absorption was related to the change in surface area and loss of transport loci due to damage of the mucosal surface.
Robotics for space exploration

Significant effort is being applied to defining NASA's Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). The current thrust is, at least in the early stages, to perform the mission in a manner that is both cost effective and low risk. The first manned-mission element is the development of the first lunar outpost (FLO). As currently envisioned this is a manned mission with little or no robotics content, yet there are a number of places where robotic systems would be expected to be used. The lack of robotics use seems to be happening because there is no systems engineering approach to demonstrate that robotic capability is a low risk achievable mission. This paper first reviews the robotic potential for these missions and some of the challenges that appear to be presented. Then we draw parallels to other bodies of system engineering where system engineering methodologies are well developed. Finally, we begin to draw parallels between metrics and robotic system engineering. It is the authors' hope that significant quantities of research exist which can be put into this framework. We look forward to hearing about it.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Examination of the Anisotropic Spin Exchange Interactions of CuM2O6 (M=Sb, V, Nb) by Spin Dimer Analysis

Abstract The anisotropic spin exchange interactions of the magnetic solids Cu M 2 O 6 ( M =Sb, V, Nb) were explained by analyzing their reported crystal structures and calculating the spin orbital interaction energies of their spin dimers. The magnetic orbital of each Cu 2+ site in Cu M 2 O 6 is given by the “ x 2 – y 2 ” orbital so that the magnitude of an antiferromagnetic spin exchange interaction for a given spin dimer increases when the arrangement of the nearest-neighbor square-planar CuO 4 units containing the magnetic orbitals provides a good sigma overlap between the adjacent magnetic orbitals. The one-dimensional magnetic chains of α -CuV 2 O 6 , β -CuNb 2 O 6 , and α -CuNb 2 O 6 run along a direction different than their edge-sharing CuO 4 chain directions. Our study predicts that the antiferromagnetic ordering in β -CuNb 2 O 6 should make the magnetic unit cell double the chemical unit cell along the b -direction.
Variability in background levels of surface soil radionuclides in the vicinity of the US DOE waste isolation pilot plant.

Abstract Concentrations of radionuclides were measured in soils from a grid of locations surrounding the US Department of Energy Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico and from a grid on a reference site approximately 20 km southeast of the WIPP site. Each of the two grids has 16 sampling locations (grid nodes) systematically distributed within an area of 16,580 ha. Sampling was conducted prior to the arrival of the first waste shipment at WIPP. Thus, the 137 Cs and 239,240 Pu in the soil are expected to have been deposited as global fallout, although the Gnome Site, 8.8 km southwest of the WIPP, is also a potential source of 239,240 Pu and fission products. The reference grid has significantly higher concentrations of fallout and natural radionuclides than the WIPP grid. Up to 80% of the total variability in radionuclide concentrations across the two grids is attributable to differences between grid nodes. Differences between replicates within a location account for 44–50% of the variability in concentrations of the uranium isotopes, but only 11–17% of the variability in the concentrations of the other radionuclides. Samples having similar abundance of radionuclides were spatially aggregated across the terrain. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides were strongly correlated with the concentrations of Al and Pb, and with the percentages of sand, silt and clay in the soil. Normalizing radionuclide concentrations to the concentration of Al or percent fine particles can help adjust for differences in soil textures among samples and facilitate the detection of gradients or temporal changes in soil concentrations.
Studies on the metabolism of galactose-6-phosphate in rat heart and brain.

Abstract The subcellular distribution of NADP+ and NAD+-dependent glucose-6-phosphate and galactose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases were studied in rat liver, heart, brain, and chick brain. Only liver particulate fractions oxidized glucose-6-phosphate and galactose-6-phosphate with either NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactor. While all of the tissues examined had NADP+-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, only rat liver and rat brain soluble fractions had NADP+-dependent galactose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Rat liver microsomal and rat brain soluble galactose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were kinetically different (Km's 0.5 m m and 10 m m , respectively, for galactose-6-phosphate), although their reaction products were both 6-phosphogalactonate. Rat brain subcellular fractions did not oxidize 6-phosphogalactonate with either NADP+ or NAD+ cofactors but phosphatase activities hydrolyzing 6-phosphogalactonate, galactose-6-phosphate and galactose-1-phosphate were found in crude brain homogenates. In addition, galactose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogalactonate were tested as inhibitors of various enzymes, with largely negative results, except that 6-phosphogalactonate was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.5 mM) of rat brain 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.
Influence of dietary lipids on experimental tuberculosis.

Summary1. The administration of a nonlipid, casein-supplemented ration to resistant Swiss albino mice retarded the progress of experimental tuberculosis. 2. Experimental tuberculosis was also retarded by the administration of the ration to which 20% of the total fatty acids of coconut oil had been added. 3. Olive oil, linseed oil, and oleic acid enhanced the progress of experimental tuberculosis when these compounds were added to the ration in a concentration of 20%.
Practical management issues for idiopathic generalized epilepsies

The idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) are a group of epilepsies that are genetically determined, have no structural or anatomic cause, and usually begin early in life. Neurologic examination, intelligence, and imaging studies are normal, and EEG shows only epileptiform abnormalities (i.e., no abnormal slow activity or evidence for diffuse encephalopathy). In some IGE, the genetic substrate has been identified, whereas in most, it remains unknown. Depending on the age at onset and predominant seizure type, individual subtypes of IGE (syndromes) are defined. However, overall, there are more similarities than there are differences among the various subtypes, and the IGE are best viewed as a spectrum or continuum of conditions. In general, IGE respond to treatment, with 80-90% becoming fully controlled. However, not all antiepileptic drugs (AED) are equally effective in IGE. Some AED are ill advised because they either do not work or exacerbate seizure types other than generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures, that is, absence and myoclonic seizures. These include carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, gabapentin, and tiagabine. Their use is the main cause of "pseudo-intractability," and at least in the United States where PHT and CBZ are the most commonly used AEDs, patients with IGE are often on inadequate medications. For patients with clear IGE, the drug of choice is generally valproic acid because it effectively controls absence myoclonic seizures and GTC seizures. Second-line drugs (when first-line drugs fail or are not tolerated) may include benzodiazepines, but the use of second-line drugs is evolving rapidly. Some of the newer AEDs are considered broad spectrum, meaning that they work in IGE and focal epilepsies, although the evidence is largely preliminary at this point. These newer AEDs include lamotrigine, topiramate, levetiracetam, and zonisamide.
Embedding inverse semigroups in coset semigroups

The setK(G) of all cosets X of a group G, modulo all subgroups of G, forms an inverse semigroup under the multiplication X*Y=smallest coset that constains XY. In this note we show that each inverse semigroup S can be embedded in some coset semigroupK(G). This follows from a result which shows that symmetric inverse semigroups can be embedded in the coset semigroups of suitable symmetric groups. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions on an inverse semigroup S in order that it should be isomorphic to someK(G).
SEAPI QMM incontinence classification system

Outcome of therapy for many incontinent patients is persistently difficult to assess in spite of a large published literature. One problem is that each institution describes patient populations and outcomes based on its own system, thus, valid comparisons between institutions cannot be made. To help to resolve this problem we are proposing a standardized classification system for incontinence. The system is analogous to the TNM system for tumor staging. Each letter of SEAPI QMM represents an aspect of incontinence, and each factor is assigned a number grade. Zero represents no symptom, problem, or abnormality while 1, 2, and 3 represent mild, moderate, or severe problems, respectively. This proposed system does not cover every aspect of urinary incontinence, however it can be used as a base for further development of a uniform method to grade and stage urinary incontinence. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Malignant Lymphoma in Maxilla with Cystic Involvement: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction Most radiolucent jaw lesions are benign and resolve with proper diagnosis and treatment. However, a small percentage of radiolucent jaw lesions are malignant and more difficult to manage. Methods A biopsy of the radiolucent jaw lesion associated with swelling after nonsurgical root canal therapy was submitted. Results The lesion had the combined diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with cystic involvement. The patient has since undergone radiation and chemotherapy treatments. Recall appointments indicate healing of the lesion, and no other areas of lymphoma have been found. Conclusions The existence of a nonhealing radiolucent jaw lesion emphasizes the importance of an early, definitive diagnosis with biopsy.
Mechanisms of Basin Subsidence: ABSTRACT

The accumulation of sediments in interior and continental-margin basins constitutes a load on the lithosphere which sags because of the sediment weight. Studies of the geometry of deformation suggest the lithosphere responds to these loads either by local compensation of an Airy-type crust or regional flexure of a strong rigid crust. Sediment-loading models of either type cannot, however, explain the substantial thicknesses of shallow-water sediments observed in deep boreholes in these basins. Other factors, such as thermal cooling of the lithosphere, crustal stretching or "necking," or deep crustal metamorphism, must therefore contribute to the subsidence. By quantitatively accounting for the subsidence due to surface loads, the subsidence caused by these other factors c n be isolated. We have used biostratigraphic data from commercial boreholes in the Mississippi embayment, the North Sea, and the Atlantic-type continental margin off the East Coast of the United States to examine the origin of the subsidence of these basins. From these data we determined the depths to stratigraphic horizons during basin development. Using the sediment-loading models the sediment layers at each basin were progressively "backstripped" and the depth at which the basement would have been in the absence of sediment laods was calculated. Corrections for the effects of compaction, water depth, and "eustatic" changes of sea level were included. The "backstripped" basement depths indicate there is a recognizable component of the subsidence of these basins which is caused by processes other than adjustments to the weight of the sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 702------------
Factors determining the distributions of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a in Florida lakes

Abstract Using data from 1387 lakes collected over 3 decades, we found a wide range in the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll (Chl-a) in Florida lakes, and that edaphic factors as outlined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Florida Lake Regions were dominant in determining the concentrations of plant nutrients in the state's lakes. The hypothesis that the majority of the eutrophic lakes in Florida without known point source pollution are the result of nonpoint source nutrient pollution was tested in several ways and rejected. There was no correlation between the Landscape Development Intensity index and the concentrations of TP, TN, and Chl-a examined in Florida lakes. Several of Florida's 30 benchmark lakes (lakes with minimal human impact and meeting designated uses) were eutrophic, and there was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of TP and TN in these lakes versus all remaining Florida lakes. Paleolimnological studies ...
Cell mixing during early epiboly in the zebrafish embryo

Descendants of early blastomeres in the zebrafish come to populate distinctive regions of the fate map. We present a model suggesting that the distribution of cells in the early gastrula (the fate map stage) results from the passive response of cells to reproducible forces that change the overall shape of the blastoderm just prior to gastrulation. We suggest that one of the morphogenetic changes that accompanies epiboly, the upward doming of the yolk cell into the overlying blastoderm, could be responsible for cell mixing. In support of the model, we show that the timing, extent, and directions of cell mixing in the embryo accurately reflect the expectations of the model. Finally, we show that one portion of the gastrula, a marginal region that later gives rise to many of the mesendodermal derivatives, experiences little cell mixing during the doming process. As a result, this region in the gastrula is populated by the descendants of the subset of the early blastomeres that were originally at the margin. The finding that cytoplasm initially at the edge of the 1-celled blastodisc is transmitted specifically to mesendodermal precursors at the fate map stage raises the possibility that maternal determinants may contribute to initiation of embryonic patterning in the zebrafish embryo.
Ictal clinical electroencephalographic findings of spasms in West syndrome.

Summary: The electroencephalographic/video recordings of 955 spasms in children with cryptogenic and symptomatic West syndrome (WS) were reviewed to define the relation between a clinical manifestation of a spasm and its EEG pattern, and to examine whether these features reflect the etiology and prognosis of WS. The review confirmed the spasm to be a distinct type of seizure, with a unique clinical and EEG pattern unlike that of all other recognized seizures. Symmetric spasms were present in cryptogenic and symptomatic patients. In contrast, asymmetric spasms, or focal signs recognizable during a spasm, strongly indicated the existence of a cerebral lesion. In both etiological groups, the characteristic ictal EEG pattern of the spasms consisted of a positive-vertex slow wave. The other two patterns apparently correlated to a spasm, were fast activity, here called spindle-like, and decremental activity. The fast activity corresponded to a clinical stare, and the decremental activity, when present, represented a postictal event. Although it was independent from the etiology of the spasms, persisting hypsarrhythmia during a cluster of spasms appeared to be an EEG pattern that correlated with a favorable outcome.
Exploiting application dynamism and cloud elasticity for continuous dataflows

Contemporary continuous dataflow systems use elastic scaling on distributed cloud resources to handle variable data rates and to meet applications' needs while attempting to maximize resource utilization. However, virtualized clouds present an added challenge due to the variability in resource performance -- over time and space -- thereby impacting the application's QoS. Elastic use of cloud resources and their allocation to continuous dataflow tasks need to adapt to such infrastructure dynamism. In this paper, we develop the concept of "dynamic dataflows" as an extension to continuous dataflows that utilizes alternate tasks and allows additional control over the dataflow's cost and QoS. We formalize an optimization problem to perform both deployment and runtime cloud resource management for such dataflows, and define an objective function that allows trade-off between the application's value against resource cost. We present two novel heuristics, local and global, based on the variable sized bin packing heuristics to solve this NP-hard problem. We evaluate the heuristics against a static allocation policy for a dataflow with different data rate profiles that is simulated using VM performance traces from a private cloud data center. The results show that the heuristics are effective in intelligently utilizing cloud elasticity to mitigate the effect of both input data rate and cloud resource performance variabilities on QoS.
Inflammasomes as molecular mediators of inflammation and cancer: Potential role in melanoma

The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that mediates immune responses to microbial, host, and environmental signals. When active, inflammasomes regulate caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. There is a strong link between inflammation and cancer, and IL-1β is one of the major molecules involved in both of these disease processes. Here we review the role of inflammasomes in regulating IL-1β secretion, and the impact of this pathway on cancer pathogenesis, with a focus on melanoma. This represents an exciting new area of research, and could potentially result in new targets for melanoma therapeutics in the future.
A novel LWR reduction approach to enhance reliability performance in ultra-thin barrier/porous low-k (K&#60;2.4) interconnect

This study evaluated plasma treatment processes on 193i and EUV photoresist to improve the line width roughness (LWR) performance in porous low-k/ultra-thin barrier Cu interconnect. We successfully demonstrated 20% LWR reduction for 193i PR and 11% for EUV PR. Furthermore, the influence of LWR on reliability was evaluated on 45nm line-width test vehicle. A boost of 10 times Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) and 2 times Eelectrical Migration (EM) was demonstrated.
Inheritance of photoreactivating enzyme deficiencies in human cells.

— Cells from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum contain lowered levels of photoreactivating enzyme. We have examined the photoreactivating enzyme levels in cells from members of a family with three xeroderma children, one normal child and normal parents; the enzyme levels are consistent with a simple pattern of inheritance in which individuals with the normal enzyme level are PP, those with intermediate levels are PP, and those with very low enzyme levels are pp. We tested this hypothesis by examining enzyme levels in parent-xeroderma child pairs in which the child possessed very low enzyme levels (pp). In all cases, the parents contained intermediate levels of enzyme (Pp). These results support the hypothesis of a simple pattern of inheritance of photoreactivating enzyme in humans.
Evaluation of asymmetric immunoliposomal nanoparticles for cellular uptake.

Effective and targeted in vivo delivery of polynucleotide therapeutics is the key for the treatment of many diseases. Asymmetric immunoliposomes can be used as vehicles to deliver polynucleotides effectively because the two leaflets of the bilayer can have different compositions, which enhance the delivery capacity. The formation and in vitro cellular uptake of asymmetric immunoliposomes containing polynucleotide cargoes were studied here. Maleimide-functionalised DSPE-PEG (2000) were incorporated into the outer leaflet to produce asymmetric liposomes capable of covalently attaching antibodies. Thiolated antibodies from both human and rabbit origin were conjugated to produce asymmetric pendant-type immunoliposomes that retain their specificity towards detection antibodies through the formation process. Human IgG-conjugated asymmetric immunoliposomes were readily internalised (>20 per cell) by macrophage, HEPG2, and CV-1 monkey kidney cells. The cells internalised the liposomal nanoparticles by the endocyt...
Body image, media, and eating disorders.

Eating disorders, including obesity, are a major public health problem today. Throughout history, body image has been determined by various factors, including politics and media. Exposure to mass media (television, movies, magazines, Internet) is correlated with obesity and negative body image which may lead to disordered eating. The authors attempt to explain the historical context of the problem and explore potential avenues for change. The authors review changes in ideal female body type throughout history, comment on current attitudes toward shape and weight in both men and women and outline interventions aimed at increasing healthy habits and fostering self-esteem in youth. Throughout history, the ideal of beauty has been difficult to achieve and has been shaped by social context. Current mass media is ubiquitous and powerful, leading to increased body dissatisfaction among both men and women. Parents need to limit children’s exposure to media, promote healthy eating and moderate physical activity and encourage participation in activities that increase mastery and self-esteem. Funding for high-quality, visible advertising campaigns promoting healthy life styles may increase awareness.
On the reliability of distributed power systems: a macro- to microlevel overview using a parallel DC-DC converter

Using a parallel DC-DC power converter as an example, the authors outline the reliability issues of a distributed power system (DPS) at system, module, component, materials and fundamental (atomic) levels. The comprehensive approach proposed in this paper is an alternative to the traditional statistical/probabilistic approach to reliability analysis and fulfill the following goals. It will enable in-depth understanding of the failure mechanisms and reliability issues of a DPS at macro and micro levels, develop robust power-electronic systems and components, and help develop reliable testing methodologies and design techniques.
The Career Interests and Aspirations of Gay Men: How Sex-Role Orientation Is Related.

Abstract This study explored the career interests and aspirations of gay men and how sex-role orientation is related to them. Sixty-three gay and 60 heterosexual male participants were recruited through networking and advertisements. The two groups were of equivalent age, socioeconomic background, race, student status, and educational level. They completed the Self-Directed Search (Holland, 1985a) assessing career interests, a Lifestyle Questionnaire assessing career aspirations and sexual orientation, and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1978) assessing sex-role orientation. MANOVAs were employed to examine the differences between gay and heterosexual men in career interests, aspirations, and sex roles. Finally, a MANCOVA was computed with all the career variables significantly related to sexual orientation as dependent variables while sex-role scores were treated as covariates. Results suggested that, compared to heterosexual men, gay men′s interests were less Realistic and Investigative but were more Artistic and Social. Gay men′s career aspirations were also less traditional for males. Bem Femininity and Masculinity scores were not significant covariates for most of the career variables. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
Photovoltaics Informatics: Harnessing Energy Science via Data-Driven Approaches

We discuss our current research focus on photovoltaic (PV) informatics, which is dedicated to functionality enhancement of solar materials through data management and data mining-aided, integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) for rapid screening and identification of multi-scale processing/structure/property/performance relationships. Our current PV informatics research ranges from transparent conducting oxides (TCO) to solar absorber materials. As a test bed, we report on examples of our current data management system for PV research and advanced data mining to improve the performance of solar cells such as CuInxGa1-xSe2 (CIGS) aiming at low-cost and high-rate processes. For the PV data management, we show recent developments of a strategy for data modeling, collection and aggregation methods, and construction of data interfaces, which enable proper archiving and data handling for data mining. For scientific data mining, the value of high-dimensional visualizations and non-linear dimensionality reduction is demonstrated to quantitatively assess how process conditions or properties are interconnected in the context of the development of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films as the TCO layers for CIGS devices. Such relationships between processing and property of TCOs lead to optimal process design toward enhanced performance of CIGS cells/devices.
Scintillation reduction in pseudo Multi-Gaussian Schell Model beams in the maritime environment

Abstract Irradiance fluctuations of a pseudo Multi-Gaussian Schell Model beam propagating in the maritime environment is explored as a function of spatial light modulator cycling rate and estimated atmospheric turnover rate. Analysis of the data demonstrates a strong negative correlation between the scintillation index of received optical intensity and cycling speed for the estimated atmospheric turnover rate.
A Code of Ethics for the Human-Robot Interaction Profession

As robots transition into human social environments, a new range of technical, ethical, and legal challenges are arising. This paper discusses the unique ethical challenges facing HRI practitioners designing robots for these spaces, and proposes a code of ethics for the profession. We argue that the affordance of all rights and protections ordinarily assumed in human-human interactions apply to human-robot interaction, and discuss various social, legal, and design considerations to facilitate this.
The measurement of brain temperature. influence of psychoactive drugs: a thermodynamic approach

1. Thermistors can be used to measure with high accuracy very small variations of temperature. In order to work in physiological conditions, the transducers were energized with very small currents and a potentiometric method of measurement was used. 2. Procedures were developed for the implantation of thermistors in cerebral areas. 3. Psychoactive drugs at first induce a decrease of cerebral temperature. 4. The corresponding variation of free energy of the process can be photometrically estimated. 5. The primary effect of convulsivant agents is similar to that of physical and “psychic” stimuli. A direct study of entropic aspects of brain phenomena now becomes possible.
Nocardia osteomyelitis and epidural abscess in the nonimmunosuppressed host

We present a case of invasive nocardiosis in a nonimmunosuppressed host with pulmonary and neurosurgical complications, treated successfully with extensive surgical debridement and longterm antibiotic therapy. No underlying neoplasm or cellular or humoral immune defect was detected. The Cleveland Clinic’s experience with nocardiosis from 1967-1982 is reviewed. This review exemplifies the well-described augmented risk of Nocardia infection in the immunosuppressed host with a history of prolonged antibiotic, corticosteroid, or cytotoxic therapy, along with malignancy and cellular immunity dysfunction. The spectrum of invasive pulmonary nocardiosis in the nonimmunosuppressed patient should be recognized so as to understand the natural history and prognosis of this potentially lethal infection.
Influence of Alfalfa Resistance on a Pea Aphid Population and Its Associated Parasites, Predators, and Competitors

From 1966 through 1969 an investigation was conducted on the influence of alfalfa resistance on populations of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and their associated parasites, predators, and competitors. One sixth as many pea aphids were found on the Kansas (‘KS 10’) variety than on the ‘Vernal’ alfalfa variety. The number of aphids on ‘DuPuits’ was about 4-fold that on the Kansas variety. The different numbers of pea aphids on the various alfalfa varieties did not affect parasitism rates or predator numbers associated with the high and low aphid numbers on the 3 alfalfa varieties. In the pea aphid, there appears also to be no direct effect of the plant host on parasitism. This finding differed from other studies with various parasite-host systems which showed that the plant host may have a significant effect upon parasitism rates. Of the pea aphid competitors, leafhoppers were most abundant on Vernal but least abundant on DuPuits. However, DuPuits had the largest number of alfalfa weevils, mirids, and other miscellaneous herbivores. No means was evident to predict how resistance to one insect species will influence the pest enemies and associated herbivores.
Experimental Implementation of Wavefront Encoding in 3D Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy Using a Fabricated Phase Mask Designed to Reduce System Depth Variability

Wavefront encoded (WFE) three dimensional fluorescent imaging is studied with a fabricated squared cubic (SQUBIC) phase mask. Experimental results demonstrate that, the WFE system can produce results predicted by simulations, and intermediate WFE images show 3% variability over a 60 µm imaging depth.
The Molecular Basis of the Defect in Familial Combined Apolipoproteins AI and CIII Deficiency

A key feature in atherosclerosis is the progressive accumulation of cholesterol in cells of the arterial wall. Animal cells control their cholesterol content through the integration of the pathways involved in cellular biosynthesis, uptake and secretion of cholesterol. Secreted cholesterol is transported through the plasma to the liver via a series of reactions collectively termed reverse cholesterol transport. A key step in reverse cholesterol is the efflux of cholesterol from cell membranes to a species of high density lipoproteins (HDL). The major protein constituent of HDL is apolipoprotein AI (apoAI). ApoAI activates lecithin: cholesterol acetyltransferse (LCAT), an enzyme involved in esterification of cholesterol on HDL particles. This esterification reaction is thought to be essential for net transport of cholesterol from cells into HDL (reviewed in refs. 1 and 2). These considerations, taken together, imply that deficiency or chronic reduction in plasma HDL and apoAI levels may result in increased risk for atherosclerosis. In support of this possibility, a large number of epidemiological studies have revealed a strong inverse correlation between plasma HDL and apoAI levels and atherosclerosis (reviewed in ref. 3). However, until recently, direct evidence for a cause and effect relationship between plasma HDL/apoAI levels and risk for atherosclerosis was not available. An approach to establish such a relationship is to show that at least in some cases, the only risk factor associated with atherosclerosis is primary (i.e. genetic) HDL deficiency.
Analyzing Entrepreneurial Social Networks with Big Data

As we begin to understand who uses particular social media platforms, this user information represents a way forward for understanding the types of research questions for which big data might prove valuable. In this respect, the use of social media data for analyzing entrepreneurial networks represents a promising research domain. Not only does the user profile of social media users overlap substantially with the profile of entrepreneurs, but research highlights that the entrepreneurial process is a fundamentally networked activity. Given this research promise, this study analyzes digitally mediated interactions using Twitter data collected about a variety of actors engaged in entrepreneurial networks for the United States over an eighteen-month period. Analytical results reveal that the hashtags used in this analysis (#smallbiz and #entrepreneur) do capture (albeit not exhaustively) well-known actors in entrepreneurial networks, as well as important subtleties in the geography of locales engaged in these...
Design of a Multisite Study Assessing the Impact of Tic Disorders on Individuals, Families, and Communities

Abstract Background Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, are complex, multisymptom diseases, yet the impact of these disorders on affected children, families, and communities is not well understood. Methods To improve the understanding of the impacts of Tourette syndrome, two research groups conducted independent cross-sectional studies using qualitative and quantitative measures. They focused on similar themes, but distinct scientific objectives, and the sites collaborated to align methods of independent research proposals with the aim of increasing the analyzable sample size. Results Site 1 (University of Rochester) was a Pediatric Neurology referral center. Site 2 (University of South Florida) was a Child Psychiatry referral center. A total of 205 children with tic disorders were enrolled from both studies. The University of Rochester also enrolled 100 control children in order to clearly isolate impacts of Tourette syndrome distinct from those occurring in the general population. The majority of children with tic disorders (n = 191, 93.1%) had Tourette syndrome, the primary population targeted for these studies. Children with Tourette syndrome were similar across sites in terms of tic severity and the occurrence of comorbid conditions. The occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities in the control group was comparable with that in the general pediatric population of the United States, making this a well-justified comparison group. Conclusions Through collaboration, two sites conducting independent research developed convergent research methods to enable pooling of data, and by extension increased power, for future analyses. This method of collaboration is a novel model for future epidemiological research of tic disorders.
Influence of Decarburization on the Durability of Steels for Rail Accessories

We study the influence of the furnace and electric-contact heating, the temperature of austenitization, and the sand-blasting treatment on the structure, decarburization, strength, and durability of 60S2 and 65G steels. It is shown that, with the help of electric-contact heating, it is possible to minimize the decarburization of the subsurface layers of steels and make their fatigue strength 1.2–1.4 times higher. At the same time, after sand blasting, it becomes 1.5–2 times higher. It is shown that, after the corresponding modes of thermal and sand-blasting treatment, the strength and durability of 65G steel are higher than for 60S2 steel in the case where their hardnesses are identical. Therefore, this steel can be regarded as an alternative material for manufacturing of highly loaded elastic elements.
LENDER LIABILITY FOR NEGLIGENT REAL ESTATE APPRAISALS

I. INTRODUCTION Property valuation and the appraisal process which determines it are important to buyers, sellers, financers, investors, and insurers in real estate transactions. Federally chartered banks or savings and loan institutions must have an accurate appraisal of a property's value to calculate an appropriate loan amount and to comply with regulations governing maximum loan-to-value ratios. l Buyers, sellers, and inves­ tors rely on appraisals to provide a basis for determining the fair mar­ ket value of their interest in real estate. Insurers use appraisals to determine the insurable value ofstructures and improvements for casu­ alty insurance and the insurable value coverage on title insurance poli­ cies. The real estate appraisal process which identifies the value of specific property serves, therefore, an important function in real estate transactions. Through adherence to basic principles, techniques, and standard­ ized terminology, professional real estate appraisers give opinions as to a property's value. 2 Central to the appraiser's concept of value is the
Use of Hepatitis C-Positive Donor Livers in Liver Transplantation.

The purpose of this article is to review recent literature regarding the use of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive donor livers in liver transplantation. Given the prevalence of HCV-positive patients on the waitlist coupled with high waitlist mortality, use of HCV-positive livers may be a means to meet patient needs. This review seeks to primarily answer the following questions: can HCV-positive livers be used safely and effectively? Are new direct-acting antiviral medications safe and effective in HCV-positive liver recipients? Use of HCV-positive donor livers for liver transplantation in HCV-positive recipients is increasing. These donor livers have equivalent patient and graft survival when compared to HCV-negative donor livers in HCV-positive liver transplant recipients. Recent studies suggest that use of direct-acting antiviral medications in HCV-positive liver transplant recipients can be successful, although there is insufficient data for their use in recipients of HCV-positive donor livers. HCV-positive donor livers may be safely and effectively used in HCV-positive liver transplant recipients. Direct-acting antiviral medications appear safe and effective in HCV-positive liver transplant recipients, but data on their efficacy in HCV-positive donor liver transplant recipients are limited. Future research should focus on the use of HCV-positive donor livers in HCV-negative liver transplant recipients.
Earth Science Data Analytics: Definitions, Techniques and Skills

The continuous evolution of data management systems affords great opportunities for the enhancement of knowledge and advancement of science research. To capitalize on these opportunities, it is essential to understand and develop methods that enable data relationships to be examined and information to be manipulated. Earth Science Data Analytics (ESDA) comprises the techniques and skills needed to holistically extract information and knowledge from all sources of available, often heterogeneous, data sets. This paper reports on the ground breaking efforts of the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) ESDA Cluster in defining ESDA and identifying ESDA methodologies. As a result of the void of Earth science data analytics in the literature the ESIP ESDA definition and goals serve as an initial framework for a common understanding of techniques and skills that are available, as well as those still needed to support ESDA. Through the acquisition of Earth science research use cases and categorization of ESDA result oriented research goals, ESDA techniques/skills have been assembled. The resulting ESDA techniques/skills provide the community with a definition for ESDA that is useful in articulating data management and research needs, as well as a working list of techniques and skills relevant to the different types of ESDA.
Wind farm hub height optimization

Abstract The objective of this study is to assess the effect of hub height optimization on the Annual Energy Production (AEP) of a wind farm. The only optimization variable is the hub height of each wind turbine and all other characteristics of the wind farm, including base location, rotor diameter (D), and total number of wind turbines, remain unchanged. The first case study consisted of two wind turbines aligned with the wind direction, with the hub height of the upstream turbine fixed and that of the downstream turbine varying. Two competing effects were identified. On one hand, lowering the hub height of the downwind turbine exposes a larger fraction of the downwind rotor to the undisturbed wind and therefore increases its power production. On the other hand, turbines with lower hub heights experience lower wind speeds due to shear. The balance between these two effects is complicated by surface roughness and spacing between turbines. The maximum benefits are found offshore, with tight axial spacing (⩽5D). To put into perspective the effectiveness of using multiple hub heights in a realistic setting, the second case compared two 20-turbine wind farms with the same horizontal layout, turbine type, and wind direction, but one with all turbines installed at the same hub height (80 m) and the second with alternating rows of tall (100 m) and short (57.5 m) wind turbines. The vertically staggered configuration was found to produce approximately 5.4% more power. Lastly, a real 48-turbine wind farm (Lillgrund in Sweden) was optimized under all 360 wind directions and wind speeds ranging from the cut-in to the cut-out using a greedy search algorithm. The optimal configuration presented a non-intuitive and balanced mix of 26 tall and 22 short turbines. Although the entire range from a minimum to a maximum predefined hub height was searched to determine the optimal hub height for each wind turbine, the optimization algorithm ended up with an optimal layout in which the hub height of each turbine was equal to either the minimum hub height or the maximum hub height and no value in between was assigned to any of the turbines. The AEP of the optimized wind farm with multiple hub heights was approximately 2% (10 GWh) higher than that of the wind farm with a single hub height. The PARK model was used in this study to calculate wake losses and to perform the optimization. To validate its results, Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of the flow around the turbines, represented as actuator lines, were conducted at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. The LES results confirmed that optimizing hub heights is beneficial and indicated that the net gains were actually higher (by up to a factor of two) than those calculated with PARK.
Detection of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) circulating melanoma cells (CMC) for the diagnosis of melanoma leptomeningeal metastasis (LM).

e13061 Background: Currently, LM diagnosis is based on CSF cytology and findings on MRI, but sensitivity of these techniques is low, and diagnosis is usually confirmed late in the disease course. I...
Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A Survey of the Families. Monotomidae Laporte, 1840

The diversity of the beetle family Monotomidae is summarized for the country of Peru. One subfamily, three tribes, three genera, and four species are recorded. This paper presents the first record of this family in Peru, as part of the 'Beetles of Peru' project. Diagnostic characters for the family are given. This is only a preliminary checklist; Many specimens were not identifiable past genus with current literature. The diversity of Monotomidae will expand considerably with additional surveys and sampling work within the country.
The Bathroom Boogeyman

In 2015, Houston, Texas voters defeated a bill that would have expanded civil rights to previously unprotected groups, including transgender people. Using a critical framing analysis, this paper investigates how the city’s daily newspaper, the Houston Chronicle, covered the debate over the bill. As such, this study found that the newspaper used almost exclusively elite sources, provided almost no in-depth context, and employed four frames—Equality, Bathroom Boogeyman, Bureaucratic Process, and Religious Freedom—in its Houston Equal Rights Ordinance (HERO) coverage. Together, these elements aligned to form a daunting challenge to an effort to protect one of society’s most vulnerable groups: the transgender community.
Bupivacaine-Induced Myonecrosis

There are several common adverse events of local anesthetics, such as seizure and cardiac toxicity. A less common side effect, such as localized soft tissue response to local anesthetic, may remain underdiagnosed and underappreciated in clinical practice. All local anesthetics produce some degree of myotoxicity, bupivacaine the worst, and procaine the least. Myotoxicity results from the disruption of mitochondria abundantly present in muscle cells. If local anesthetics are combined with glucocorticoids, muscle breakdown increases. The mechanism of myotoxicity, thought to be affected by the concentration of local anesthetic, is time dependent, enhanced by preexisting altered metabolism, and is often associated with young age. There are several possible strategies that may reduce or even prevent local anesthetic-induced myotoxicity. Care should be taken to evaluate the potential effects of long-term or repeated administration of local anesthetics to prevent this complication.