cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERNAL RESPONSIVENESS IN THE RAT

Maternal responsiveness in the rat develops gradually during pregnancy and parturition, and in the postpartum period of maternal care. Virgins can be shown to have a basic level of maternal responsiveness, which is raised during pregnancy and again at parturition. After parturition the young maintain the mother's maternal responsiveness, but there are indications that as they grow older they cause a decline in her responsiveness. Maternal responsiveness is shown to be based upon substance(s) carried in the blood of the postparturient mother. Transferring blood plasma from a new mother to a virgin causes the latter to become maternal towards young within 48 hours, where normally it requires two to three times this period of exposure to young.
Beyond layering: modularity considerations for protocol architectures

This paper considers ways to achieve modularity in protocol architectures without layering. Modularity promotes interoperability by making it easier to port protocol implementations; layering, on the other hand, has been identified as a performance impediment because it enforces sequential processing of messages. Focusing on end-to-end protocols, the authors propose mechanisms (metaheaders and generic interfaces) that support modular parallel or integrated protocol implementations and encourage architecture-independent specifications. An example illustrates interoperability between two systems that support the same protocols, one using traditional layering and the other supporting parallel protocol composition. >
Citation analysis of the dry eye literature.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize the literature associated with the dry eye field. Methods An advanced search using Thomson Reuters Web of Science's Science Citation Index yielded 7,225 unique articles related to dry eye disease. All results underwent visual inspection to ensure that the final list included only literature associated with dry eye in some way. The most frequently cited articles were characterized by number of citations, author, institution, country of origin, year of publication, and source title. Results The h-index (Hirsch index) of literature associated with dry eye was 100. The two most frequent topics among the top 25 cited articles were lacrimal gland structure and physiology and treatment methods for ocular surface disease. The top-cited author, institution, country, and source title were Kazuo Tsubota, Harvard University, the United States, and Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , respectively. The most highly cited article associated with the dry eye field (n=1, 180) was "Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjogrens syndrome – Results of a prospective concerted action supported by the European Community," authored in 1993 by C. Vitali. Conclusions This analysis reviewed the citation frequency of the top-cited articles related to dry eye disease. This information aids understanding of the history and development of dry eye research, in addition to the impact and characteristics of the contributors to the field.
Turbulent flow and mass transfer on a rotating hemispherical electrode

Using the Karman-Pohlhausen integral method, an analysis has been made for turbulent flow on a rotating hemispherical electrode mounted on an inert support rod of equal radius. The resulting friction coefficient is then substituted into the Chilton-Colburn relation to give a rate equation for mass transfer at high Schmidt numbers. Experiments with a diffusion-controlled electrolytic system over a range of Sc from 910 to 6,300 confirm the validity of the theory for Re > 40,000. A comparison with the results of previous heat and mass transfer measurements reveals that the turbulent flow on the present geometry is different from that on a rotating sphere and on a hemispherical electrode mounted on a support rod of larger radius.
Molecular genetics of renal carcinogenesis

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common tumor of the adult kidney, accounting for approximately 85% of renal neoplasms. RCC is heterogeneous in appearance, displaying diverse histologic and cytologic characteristics, with the clear cell variant being the most common. Individuals at high risk for this disease include persons with end-stage renal disease, those with hereditary predispositions such as von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) or tuberous sclerosis (TSC), and individuals with significant environment exposures such as smoking or analgesic abuse. Recently, several of the genetic targets for alterations involved in the development of human RCC have been identified. Solid RCC of the clear cell type is associated with alterations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene and hereditary papillary RCC is associated with alterations of the c-met protooncogene. In the rat, the most commonly seen tumors are of the non-clear cell type and it is the Tsc-2 tumor suppressor gene, rather than the VHL tumor suppressor gene, that appears to be the primary target for both spontaneous and carcinogen-induced mutations in these animals. These data suggest that different variants of RCC have distinct molecular etiologies and that there are species-specific determinants that modulate the involvement of specific tumor suppressor genes in RCC. Interestingly, many of the genes involved in RCC also play significant roles in kidney development. The Wilm's tumor suppressor gene, WT-1, and Pax-2 regulate the mesenchymal epithelial transition that occurs during nephrogenesis and both these genes exhibit altered expression patterns and/or are mutated in renal tumors. Other genes such as c-met and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor are also involved in normal development and tumorigenesis, suggesting that tumors arise as a result of altered functions that are reflective of events that occur during nephrogenesis.
A National Assessment of Stressors to Estuarine Fish Habitats in the Contiguous USA

Estuaries provide vital habitat to a wide variety of fish species, so understanding how human activities impact estuarine habitats has important implications for management and conservation of fish stocks. We used nationwide datasets on anthropogenic disturbance to perform a quantitative assessment of habitat stressors in US estuaries. Habitat stressors were characterized by four categories of indicator datasets: (1) land cover/land use, (2) alteration of river flows, (3) pollution sources, and (4) eutrophication. These datasets were combined using a multiscale hierarchical spatial framework to provide a composite stressor index for 196 estuaries throughout the contiguous USA. Investigation of indicator patterns among 13 defined USA coastal subregions revealed clear differences across the USA attributable to both natural variation as well as differences in anthropogenic activities. We compared the mean composite scores for each subregion and found the lowest stressor index scores in the Downeast Maine and the Oregon Coast subregions. Subregions with the highest stressor index scores were the Southern California Bight (due to land cover changes, river flow alteration, and pollution) and Mid-Atlantic Bight (due to land cover changes, pollution, and eutrophication). Inland-based measures of pollutants, river flow, and land use all showed strong correlations with eutrophication measured within estuaries. Our approach provides an indicator-based assessment for a larger number of estuaries than has been possible in previous assessments, and in the case of river flow, for variables which previously have not been evaluated at a broad spatial scale. The results of this assessment can be applied to help prioritize watershed and estuarine restoration and protection across the contiguous USA.
Media Education Comes of Age

This article responds to the insights, challenges, and issues raised by the contributors to this special issue. It underscores the need for greater attention to the social, economic, and ideological constraints that limit the ability of media educators to narrow the some of the gaps that define the digital divide. It calls attention to the especially difficult problems that have to be addressed in overcoming limitations on the right to understand and to be understood across borders and boundaries defined by race, class, and culture. It concludes with a warning about the conflicts of interest that may lie hidden in programs designed to bridge these communication gaps.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticle and Graphene Nanoribbon Composite as an Anode Material for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries

A composite material made of graphene nanoribbons and iron oxide nanoparticles provides a remarkable route to lithium-ion battery anode with high specific capacity and cycle stability. At a rate of 100 mA/g, the material exhibits a high discharge capacity of ~910 mAh/g after 134 cycles, which is >90% of the theoretical li-ion storage capacity of iron oxide. Carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene flakes have been employed by researchers to achieve conductivity and stability in lithium-ion electrode materials. Herein, the use of graphene nanoribbons as a conductive platform on which iron oxide nanoparticles are formed combines the advantages of long carbon nanotubes and flat graphene surfaces. The high capacity over prolonged cycling achieved is due to the synergy between an electrically percolating networks of conductive graphene nanoribbons and the high lithium-ion storage capability of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Target Tracking using a Particle Filter Based on the Projection Method

We present a new particle filter (PF) algorithm, which uses a mathematical tool known as Galerkin's projection method to generate the proposal distribution. By definition, Galerkin's method is a numerical approach to approximate the solution of a partial differential equation. By leveraging this method with L2 theory and the FFT, this new proposal is fundamentally different to various local linearization or Kalman filter based proposals. We apply this algorithm to a bearings-only tracking problem. As shown in the theory and indicated by our simulations, this proposal renders more support from the true posterior distribution, thereby significantly enhances the estimation accuracy compared to standard bootstrap filters. In addition, because of this improved proposal distribution, the new particle filter can achieve a given level of performance with less sample size.
Utilization of L-index in microgrid interconnected power system network

This paper proposes the application of a novel voltage stability index computation scheme to microgrid (MG) interconnected power systems. The L-index provides an online mechanism for computing and rating the status of the interconnected system into the utility-supplied, pre-microgrid, microgrid-supplied and island operational modes for improved operation. It may also provide a triggering signal to control the point of common coupling (PCC) converter to reduce network voltage violations in situations where the MG system has the capability to inject reactive power to the grid during periods of emergency or peak loads. Simulation results obtained with IEEE 14 bus system with MG later connected to load bus twelve as a PCC to the microgrid system, showed the suitability of the developed model towards providing smooth operation under both normal and distressed conditions.
Myxococcus xanthus Displays Frz-Dependent Chemokinetic Behavior during Vegetative Swarming

Myxococcus xanthus has been shown to utilize both directed (tactic) and undirected (kinetic) movements during different stages of its complex life cycle. We have used time-lapse video microscopic analysis to separate tactic and kinetic behaviors associated specifically with vegetatively swarming cells. Isolated individual cells separated by a thin agar barrier from mature swarms showed significant increases in gliding velocity compared to that of similar cells some distance from the swarm. This orthokinetic behavior was independent of the frequency of reversals of gliding direction (klinokinesis) but did require both the Frz signal transduction system and S-motility. We propose that M. xanthus uses Frz-dependent, auto-orthokinetic behavior to facilitate the dispersal of cells under conditions where both cell density and nutrient levels are high.
The institutional environment and effects of telecommunication privatization and market liberalization in Asia

Abstract Are the privatization and market competition models resulting in the leveling of the supply-side playing field, and are they demand driven as expected? Quantitative indicators of network expansion and efficiency provide a partial and inconclusive picture. Instead, an evolutionary property rights framework is favored. Examined in detail are the institutional environments that lead to particular types of property rights which in turn affect network expansion and efficiency. The article offers two conclusions: (a) introducing market competition is slow, messy and difficult to manage but, where present, it is better for growth than privatization alone, and (b) network expansion and efficiency are most noticeable where adequate property rights and enforcement mechanisms are in place. It also conjectures that the “East Asia Model” toward network expansion may not be easily generalizable.
Effectiveness of an information technology intervention to improve prophylactic antibacterial use in the postoperative period.

Background A 2005 report from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Centers for Disease Control Surgical Infection Prevention program indicated that only 41% of prophylactic antibacterials were correctly stopped within 24 h of the end of surgery. Electronic order sets have shown promise as a means of integrating guideline information with electronic order entry systems and facilitating safer, more effective care. Objective The aim was to study the effectiveness of a computer-based antibacterial order set on increasing the proportion of patients who have antibacterial wound prophylaxis discontinued in the appropriate time frame. Design The authors conducted a quasi-experimental interrupted time-series analysis over an 8-month study period with the implementation of a computer-based order system designed to prevent excessive duration of surgical prophylaxis antibacterials. Measurement The primary outcome was the proportion of surgeries with antibacterials discontinued in the appropriate time frame. Additionally, we evaluated the percent of surgeries after implementation of the electronic intervention with chart documentation of infection among surgeries where the prescriber indicated the reason for antibacterial therapy was treatment. Results The computer-based order intervention significantly improved the proportion of surgeries with timely discontinuation of antibacterials from 38.8% to 55.7% (p<0.001) in the intervention hospital, while the control hospital remained at 56e57% (p¼0.006 for the difference between treated and control hospitals). In surgeries after intervention implementation where a prescriber indicated the reason for antibacterial therapy was treatment, the prevalence of chart documented infection was only 14%. Conclusions A computer-based electronic order set intervention increased timely discontinuation of postoperative antibacterials.
Palaeomagnetism of the Pikes Peak Granite, Colorado

Summary Samples collected from four sites over an area of 450 km2 in the 1020-1040 My Pikes Peak granite, Colorado are stable to thermal demagnetization above 500 °C. A reliable Precambrian palaeomagnetic pole is thus obtained at 179° W, 6° N. Alternating field demagnetization indicates that the granite has been partially remagnetized. Geological evidence suggests that this occurred during Laramide (early Tertiary) deformation of the Front Range: this is supported by the magnetic evidence from a fifth site. Titanomagnetite (moderately oxidized to ilmenite) is the main carrier of the primary NRM: hematite is responsible for the Laramide magnetization.
Results of Simulations of High-Power Klystrons

The MASK code is a 2-1/2 dimensional particle-in-cell code which has been applied to the simulation of a number of microwave devices. We discuss implementation of algorithms for the simulation of high-power klystrons. These algorithms use the cavity properties and the MASK results to find selfconsistent solutions in both the linear (small signal) parts of the klystron as well as for the high-power cavities. The method is used to model the existing 35 MW tube and the 50 MW tube being built for the SLC project. Dependence of magnetic field profile and geometry on tube performance is discussed. Effects of radial beam dynamics on efficiency are described. Simulation results are compared to experimental data.
NETWORK NEUTRALITY AND THE ECONOMICS OF AN INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY: A REPLY TO PROFESSOR YOO

Network neutrality has received a great deal of attention recently, not just from legal academics and telecommunications experts, but from our elected repre- sentatives, the relevant agencies and the press. Our article directly replies to a series of articles published by Professor Christopher Yoo on this topic. Yoo's scholarship has been very influential in shaping one side of the debate. In our article, we explain the critical flaws in Yoo's arguments and present a series of important arguments that he and most other opponents of network neutrality regulation ignore.
Belief space planning for underwater cooperative localization

This paper reports on the inclusion of a probabilistic channel model within a cooperative localization planning framework. Underwater cooperative localization reduces positioning errors by sharing sensor data across a team of underwater vehicles. Relative range constraints between vehicles are measured by the one-way-travel-time of successfully received acoustic communication broadcasts. The quality of the navigation solution is intimately linked to the geometry of the network and, therefore, can benefit from planning informative relative trajectories. We cast this planning problem as an instance of belief space planning. In order to weight packet loss over the acoustic channel, we introduce a probabilistic channel model into the planning framework. We propose an optimization algorithm that allows us to plan open-loop control actions and, by extension, closed-loop parameterized trajectories.
Bacterial Terminal Oxidases

AbstractOxidases, as such, regardless of their source, represent a diverse and complex series of enzymes. What they have in common is the ability to react with molecular oxygen, activate it chemically (in a manner which is still not understood), and utilize the “activated atoms of oxygen” primarily as electron acceptors. Should the “activated oxygen atoms” be used directly for oxygenating substrate molecules, such as hydrocarbons, then according to the conventions used today, the enzyme is termed an oxygenase rather than an oxidase. The subject of oxygenases is far too complex to be reviewed in any detailed treatment of oxidases. All oxidases serve as electron acceptors for specific dehydrogenation reactions that are carried out by the multitude of dehydrogenases that are found in tissues as well as in bacteria. The major end product that results from the oxidase reaction is either H2O or H2O2. The oxidases can be (1) simple flavoprotein-containing enzymes, such as the glucose oxidase or the D- and L-amin...
Local Government and Environmental Leadership: Views of Michigan's Local Leaders

This report presents Michigan local government leaders’ opinions on global warming and environmental sustainability, and on the role of local government in these domains. The report also identifies actions being taken by local governments to address these issues. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Fall 2010 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
Anesthesia for Diagnostic and Operative Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic sterilization was performed on 50 racially distributed patients aged 18-42 years who were selected at random from the Outpatient Laparoscope Sterilization Clinic and offered sterilization under local anesthesia. The patients were injected with a systemic analgesic as well as a local anesthetic. One incision was made in the inferior rim of the umbilicus. The tubes were cauterized and a section removed. Patients were discharged after 2-3 hours in the recovery room with a prescription for an analgesic. Competent general anesthesia is considered safer than local anesthesia. Pain stimuli under local anesthesia can produce vasovagal responses at a higher rate than with general anesthesia.
COMPUTED PROPERTIES OF THE CB9H10 AND CB11H12 FREE RADICALS

Density functional calculations (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) are presented for the anion and radical of the mono-carbon carboranes, CBnHn+1, n = 4, 9, 11. The CB4H5-, CB9H10-, and CB11H12- anions, which are isoelectronic with the closo-dicarba species C2B3H5, C2B8H10, and C2B10H12, are predicted to have significant ionization potentials (2.88, 4.36, and 5.19 eV). The recently reported synthesis of the permethyl derivative of the CB11H12 radical is remarkable in view of the large predicted ionization potential of the CB11Me12- anion (4.32 eV). All calculated properties are consistent with the removal of an electron from a cage-bonding orbital with significant unpaired spin density on the boron opposite the carbon vertex.
Attitudes toward Women as Managers: Sex or Role-Differences?:

women are increasingly finding themselves confronted with new opportunities (and problems) in the work world. More women than ever before, for example, are assuming managerial positions of one type or another. One result of this phenomenon has been an increased interest in studying the attitudes held by both sexes toward women in managerial roles. An attitude instrument, the Women as Managers Scale, has been developed for this purpose (Peters, Terborg, & Taynor, 1974). As part of a larger study, the attitude scale was one of several instruments administered to 108 managerial level employees from a number of organizations in the health services field. As expected, females (n = 69) scored higher than males (a = 39). indicating more favorable attitudes on the part of females toward women in managerial positions. Sex was, in fact, the best single predicror of atritude score with a correlation of .61 between sex of respondent and total score. Of more interest, however, was the negative relation (r = -.27, p < .Ol) for the total sample between number of years of work experience and total artitude score, with the effects of age partialled out. The same correlation (again, with age partialled out) is evident for women as well (r = -.25, p < .05). This occurred in spite of the significant positive relationship between sex and total score and suggests the possibility that irrespective of sex and age, the more experience the individual has the less positive will be his or her attitude toward women as managers. Both the explanation and implications of such a phenomenon, if true, are of significant interest. Are the less positive attitudes toward women, for example, simply reflections of actual sex differences? That is, do women really make less effective managers than men and therefore attitudes toward women in these roles are less positive? Or is it because some women, consciously or unconsciously, adopt the stereotypic roles they believe men see for women' And, if they do, is it because they have learned that playing that role is associated with orgnn~zational success? Or at best, failure to play that role impedes success? Finally, what ere the practical consequences of these attitudes on actual behavior? Are less positive attitudes toward women as managers, for example, associated with discriminatory behaviors? And if so, do women with less positive attitudes discriminate against other women as much and/or in the same way as men? It has been previously suggested (Macteson, McMahon, & McMahon, 1974) that some attitudinal differences commonly associated with sex may be more adequately explained as role differences instead. It may well be that differences here in attitudes toward women as managers reflect not actual sex differences but rather roledifferences based heavily on sexual stereotypes. Furure research could profitably be directed toward these and similar questions.
The Fuctions of Institutional Motivation in the Construction of Professional Ethics and Social Credit

An institution is a social restraint on members in the society and a social motivation as well. An institution itself is, in a broard sense, a pattern of interest distribution based on the relations between rights and obligations, which enables to guide the behavior manners of its members and to directly stimulate the concepts of value of people. It is the most important of the establishment of a social credit to solve the problem of institutional motivation and to accomplish the transformation of the existing social rules. The institutional modernization will eventually determines the destiny of the modernizations in China.
Comparison of high-intensity vs. high-volume resistance training on the BDNF response to exercise

There have been a number of investigations examining the BDNF response to exercise; however, our understanding of changes in the BDNF response to resistance training has been primarily limited to f...
A rare cause of congestive heart failure.

Dr. Alan Kumar: Today’s case is that of a 45-year-old woman who presented to our Emergency Department (ED) complaining of increased abdominal swelling and a 10-pound weight loss over a period of 4 weeks. The patient noted progressive shortness of breath that was worse when lying flat, and lower extremity edema. The patient had no other complaints. She denied fevers, chills, sweats, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. She had no positive medical history, was on no medications, and had no medication allergies. Are there any questions regarding the initial history? Dr. Andrew McAfee: The most concerning information thus far is the 10-pound weight loss, which may be caused by a chronic process such as malignancy or tuberculosis. In a woman of this age, with minimal focal symptoms other than abdominal distension, one has to be concerned about ovarian pathology. All of the other symptoms appear to be subtle. As you were talking with the patient, did she appear in any distress? Dr. Kumar: The patient appeared slightly tachypneic, and in no distress. Dr. Christopher Richards: Shortness of breath with an element of orthopnea and lower extremity edema is of concern for congestive heart failure (CHF). Did she have any risk factors for CHF or coronary artery disease (CAD)? Dr. Kumar: She did not smoke cigarettes, denied excessive alcohol use, and had no family history of hypertension, CAD, or diabetes. Dr. Laura Macnow: Had the patient noted any change in her exercise tolerance, which may be indicative of coronary ischemia? Dr. Kumar: The patient did note generalized increased fatigue; however, she was not able to say specifically whether her physical endurance was affected. On physical examination, the patient was a thin woman, with a protuberant abdomen and an increased respiratory rate. She was non-toxic in appearance. The vital signs were: temperature of 36.5°C (97.6°F); heart rate 105 beats per minute; blood pressure 123/85 mm Hg; respiratory rate 28 breaths per minute; and an oxygen saturation of 96% on room air. Pupils were equally reactive, and sclerae were icteric. The mucous membranes were moist and appeared jaundiced. Jugular venous distention was measured at 12 cm. The thyroid gland was not palpable. There were crackles halfway up the lung fields bilaterally, and the cardiac examination revealed a tachycardic rate, regular rhythm, and a three of six holosystolic murmur radiating to the axilla. The murmur was loudest at the apex and was noted to be intermittent. The abdomen was distended, soft, and nontender. There was a fluid wave, and the liver was percussed to 13 cm. The rectal examination revealed good tone, no tenderness, and the hemoccult test was negative. There was 21 pitting edema to the knees, and good distal pulses. There were no rashes. The patient was alert and oriented on neurologic examination, with normal reflexes, gait, and cranial nerves.
The design and fabrication of a three‐dimensional bioengineered open ventricle

Current treatments in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) include multiple surgeries to refunctionalize the right ventricle and/or transplant. The development of a tissue-engineered left ventricle (LV) would provide a therapeutic option to overcome the inefficiencies and limitations associated with current treatment options. This study provides a foundation for the development and fabrication of the bioengineered open ventricle (BEOV) model. BEOV molds were developed to emulate the human LV geometry; molds were used to produce chitosan scaffolds. BEOV were fabricated by culturing 30 million rat neonatal cardiac cells on the chitosan scaffold. The model demonstrated 57% cell retention following 4days culture. The average biopotential output for the model was 1615 µV. Histological assessment displayed the presence of localized cell clusters, with intercellular and cell-scaffold interactions. The BEOV provides a novel foundation for the development of a 3D bioengineered LV for application in HLHS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2206-2217, 2017.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychological Sequelae After Severe Trauma

Psychological illnesses such as posttraumatic stress disorder or depression are common after orthopaedic trauma, affecting 14–51% of patients. Psychological illness has been linked to patients’ reports of outcome in multiple studies. In fact, psychological distress may be among the strongest predictors of outcome after orthopaedic trauma. Despite these facts, to date, no study has been done to determine whether accepted treatments for PTSD and/or depression have any beneficial effect on patient outcome after orthopaedic trauma.
E-Therapy with Children and Adults

The effects of e-therapy outcomes by age group deserve special attention. A meta-analysis done by Barak et al. (2008) showed that among four age group categories, client’s age made a difference in terms of his/her ability to gain from the therapy given via the Internet. The findings showed that middle-aged adults (25–39) seemed to be more effectively treated than younger or older adults (Barak et al. 2008). However, these findings may be a temporary result of issues that are becoming less of a factor such as the availability and acceptance of computers, and usage skills associated with the Internet (Barak et al. 2008). In fact, researchers have shown that online therapy can be highly effective for children as well as senior adults (Hill et al., Nurs Res 55:34–42, 2006; Lorig et al., Med Care 44:964–971, 2006; Marziali and Donahue, Gerontologist 46:398–403, 2006). This chapter will explore the implications for e-therapy practice among adults and children with specific breakdown as follows: children (aged 3–12), adolescents (aged 13–17), emerging adults, (aged 18–25), young adults (aged 25–35), middle adults (aged 35–55), older adults (aged 55–65), and senior adults (aged 65 or older).
Identity Conflict and Sexual Risk for Black and Latino YMSM

Young (aged 18–30) Black and Latino men who have sex with men are at a higher risk of contracting HIV than their White counterparts. In order to better understand the unique nature of sexual risk-taking, we examined the extent to which ethnic group, ethnic identity, and sexual pride predicted condomless anal sex with casual partners among 161 young men who have sex with men (YMSM) who identify as Black or Latino. Negative binomial regressions were conducted using a cross-sectional design. Sexual pride was a negative predictor of condomless anal sex across all participants, but this effect was moderated by ethnic exploration and ethnic group; the relationship between sexual pride and condomless anal sex was strengthened by greater ethnic exploration among Latino YMSM, and weakened by greater ethnic exploration among Black YMSM. Implications for intersectional identity, identity conflict, and HIV prevention among young gay men of color are discussed.
Rate and Timing Effects of Growth Regulating Herbicides Applications on Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Growth and Yield

Dicamba and 2,4-D are among the most common and inexpensive herbicides used to control broadleaf weeds. However, different studies have pointed the risk of crop injury and grain sorghum yield reduction with postemergence applications of 2,4-D. No research data on grain sorghum response to 2,4-D or dicamba exists in the Southeastern United States. Consequently, a study was conducted to investigate crop growth and yield response to 2,4-D (100, 220, and 330 g acid equivalent ha−1) and dicamba (280 g acid equivalent ha−1) applied on 20 to 65 cm tall sorghum. Greater stunting resulted from 2,4-D applied at 330 g acid equivalent ha−1 or below 45 cm tall sorghum whereas lodging prevailed with 2,4-D at 330 g acid equivalent ha−1 and dicamba applied beyond 35 cm tall crop. Regardless of local environmental conditions, 2,4-D applied up to 35 cm tall did not negatively impact grain yield. There was a trend for yields to be somewhat lower when 2,4-D was applied on 45 or 55 cm tall sorghum whereas application on 65 cm tall sorghum systematically decreased yields. More caution should be taken with dicamba since yield reduction has been reported as early as applications made on 35 cm tall sorghum for a potentially dicamba sensitive cultivar.
Genome-wide RNAi screening identifies TMIGD3 isoform1 as a suppressor of NF-κB and osteosarcoma progression

The ability of cancer cells to survive and grow in anchorage- and serum-independent conditions is well correlated with their aggressiveness. Here, using a human whole-genome shRNA library, we identify TMIGD3 isoform1 (i1) as a factor that suppresses this ability in osteosarcoma (OS) cells, mainly by inhibiting NF-κB activity. Knockdown of TMIGD3 increases proliferation, tumour formation and metastasis of OS cells. Overexpression of TMIGD3 isoform1 (i1), but not isoform3 (i3) which shares a common C-terminal region, suppresses these malignant properties. Adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) having an identical N-terminal region shows similar biological profiles to TMIGD3 i1. Protein expression of TMIGD3 and A3AR is lower in human OS tissues than normal tissues. Mechanistically, TMIGD3 i1 and A3AR commonly inhibit the PKA−Akt−NF-κB axis. However, TMIGD3 i1 only partially rescues phenotypes induced by A3AR knockdown, suggesting the presence of distinct pathways. Our findings reveal an unappreciated role for TMIGD3 i1 as a suppressor of NF-κB activity and OS progression. The ability of cancer cells to survive in anchorage-independent conditions correlates with cancer aggressiveness. Here, by screening a human whole-genome shRNA library for the ability of osteosarcoma cells to form spheres in vitro, the authors identify a role for TMIGD3 isoform 1 in suppressing the metastatic potential of osteosarcoma.
Orthogonal Comparison of Molecular Signatures of Kidney Transplants With Subclinical and Clinical Acute Rejection: Equivalent Performance Is Agnostic to Both Technology and Platform.

We performed orthogonal technology comparisons of concurrent peripheral blood and biopsy tissue samples from 69 kidney transplant recipients who underwent comprehensive algorithm-driven clinical phenotyping. The sample cohort included patients with normal protocol biopsies and stable transplant (sTx) function (n = 25), subclinical acute rejection (subAR, n = 23), and clinical acute rejection (cAR, n = 21). Comparisons between microarray and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) signatures were performed and demonstrated a strong correlation between the blood and tissue compartments for both technology platforms. A number of shared differentially expressed genes and pathways between subAR and cAR in both platforms strongly suggest that these two clinical phenotypes form a continuum of alloimmune activation. SubAR is associated with fewer or less expressed genes than cAR in blood, whereas in biopsy tissues, this clinical phenotype demonstrates a more robust molecular signature for both platforms. The discovery work done in this study confirms a clear ability to detect gene expression profiles for sTx, subAR, and cAR in both blood and biopsy tissue, yielding equivalent predictive performance that is agnostic to both technology and platform. Our data also provide strong biological insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these signatures, underscoring their logistical potential as molecular diagnostics to improve clinical outcomes following kidney transplantation.
What Is Educational Psychology

The general aims of Part I, Preliminary Considerations, are first, to set definitional limits on what is meant by “educational psychology” (Chapter 1), and second, to consider through some international comparisons the particular values that have influenced education in the United States since the founding of the nation (Chapter 2). In this opening chapter, we briefly and specifically deal with the problems inherent in describing the relations between psychology and education. That there are relations, few doubt. The issue comes down to one of consensus— agreement on those paradigms of psychology and of education that are of value to the schoolteacher. Since there are many kinds of psychology, and many types of education, constraints have to be set.
Corrosion of Nickel-Titanium, C110, and Al6061 in Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Alloys

Nickel-titanium is one of the most common shape memory alloys (SMAs). These alloys provide the highest actuation density of all active materials. SMA-based actuators are thermally induced and thus are limited in their actuation response frequency, specifically with regard to their slow speed of cooling. Polyalphaolefin and water have been investigated as fluids for active cooling mechanisms. However, a liquid metal may act as a more effective coolant due to its high thermal conductivity. To date, there has been no research on the liquid metal corrosion effects on nickel-titanium, which is crucial to understanding the viability of using liquid metal as an active coolant for SMA-based actuators. In this work, specimens of nickel-titanium alloys were placed in liquid metal-filled crucibles at 220 ◦C for 300 h. The responses of these specimens were compared to that of others composed of elemental Ni and Ti, as well as the common aerospace aluminum alloy Al6061. For the purposes of understanding liquid metal electronics challenges, copper alloy C110 was also investigated. Liquid metals investigated included gallium and gallium-indium-tin eutectic. Specimens were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to investigate the surface effects, penetration of liquid metal, and reaction layer chemistry associated with prolonged exposure to the liquid metals.
Distinct evening fatigue profiles in oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy

ABSTRACTBackground: Fatigue is the most common and debilitating symptom experienced by oncology patients during chemotherapy (CTX). Fatigue severity demonstrates a large amount of inter-individual and diurnal variability.Purpose: Study purposes were to evaluate for subgroups of patients with distinct evening fatigue profiles and evaluate how these subgroups differed on demographic, clinical, and symptom characteristics.Methods: Outpatients with breast, gastrointestinal, gynecological, or lung cancer (n = 1332) completed questionnaires six times over two cycles of CTX. Lee Fatigue Scale evaluated evening fatigue severity. Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct evening fatigue profiles.Results: Four distinct evening fatigue classes (i.e. Low (14.0%), Moderate (17.2%), High (36.0%), and Very High (32.8%)) were identified. Compared to the Low class, patients in the Very High evening fatigue class were: younger, female, had childcare responsibilities, had more years of education, had a lower fun...
Physical Exercise from the Standpoint of Physiology

(1909). Physical Exercise from the Standpoint of Physiology. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 216-223.
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy to address hydrocephalus in Africa: A call for education and community-based rehabilitation.

Purpose Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) and Choroid Plexus Cautery (CPC) are low-cost, safe, and promising interventions for spina bifida-associated hydrocephalus (SBHCP). The purpose of this review was to explore and describe these efforts in Africa in order to upscale surgical training and rehabilitation services. Methods A PubMed search for articles on ETV and CPC as management of SBHCP in Africa was performed. Two authors appraised the results for key themes in content: indications, technique, outcomes, complications, education, and rehabilitation. Results Twenty of 47 articles identified were included for appraisal. Twelve described indications, ten and seven outlined technique and complications, respectively, and four described predictors of operative success. Fourteen studies describe outcomes, including operative and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Only two outlined educational efforts. Half of the literature stems from a single site in Uganda; in total, only six countries were represented. No articles described significant post-operative rehabilitation services or related training. Conclusion The experience of ETV and CPC in Africa is promising, however, efforts to train and empower local staff in surgical technique and methods to upscale post-operative community-based rehabilitation services remain as a key to long-term success.
Comparison of Cultivation Methods Impact on Playability of Agrostis stolonifera Greens

Creeping bentrgrass putting greens require intense management due to stoloniferous growth (thatch accumulation) and excessive wear and traffic by equipment and golfers. Increases in thatch and soil compaction are often managed with cultivation practices, which lead to downtime for golfers. Field research was conducted in Knoxville, TN, and Elizabethtown, KY, to compare new and traditional cultivation methods for their impact on playability on creeping bentgrass putting greens. Treatments included air injection, dry sand injection, solid tine cultivation topdressed with sand, hollow tine cultivation topdressed with sand, and non-treated control. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated three times at two locations. As determined 15 minutes after treatments, air injection resulted in the least reduction of green turfgrass cover, no ball roll reduction from the control, and lower reductions in surface firmness compared to other methods tested. Hollow tine had the greatest reduction in green turfgrass cover, lowest ball roll distance, and greatest reductions in surface firmness. Air injection had a lower impact on surface characteristics than hollow or solid cultivation. Because turf cover, ball roll, and firmness can all affect putting green playability, these findings indicate that air injection cultivation has the smallest impact on golfers immediately after a cultivation event.
Developing a Foundation for Code Optimization

Although optimization technology has been successful over the past 40 years, recent trends are emerging that demand we reconsider the paradigm that we are using for code optimization. In particular, the trends toward dynamic optimization, writing embedded system software in high level languages and the lack of significant performance improvement from current optimization research are forcing us to rethink what we know and do not know about optimization. A number of problems dealing with both semantic and application properties of optimizations have always existed but have been mostly ignored. The challenge in optimization today is to explore properties of optimizations and develop a framework for better understanding and use of optimizations. Fortunately, research is starting to explore properties, including proving the soundness of optimizations, proving the correctness of optimizations, specifications of optimizations, and the predictability of profits of optimizations. Not only must we understand the properties, but we also need to integrate the properties into a framework. Only then can we address the problems of the developing trends.
Resistance exercise and episodic memory function: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE Emerging research demonstrates that aerobic-based physical activity is favourably associated with episodic memory function. Despite resistance exercises being associated with a multitude of health outcomes, independent of aerobic physical activity, less research has examined the effects of resistance exercise on episodic memory function. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to examine the extent to which resistance exercise may be associated with episodic memory function. METHODS Computerized searches were performed in PubMed, PsychInfo and Sports Discuss. Studies were included if they employed an experimental, cross-sectional or prospective study design, and included acute or chronic resistance exercise as the independent variable, with episodic memory function as the outcome variable. RESULTS Eight experimental (one acute and seven chronic training studies) studies met the study inclusionary criteria. Seven of these studies were published in the last 5 years, highlighting the infancy of this line of research. Only three of the eight evaluated studies provided evidence of a positive effect of resistance exercise on memory function; within each of these three studies, there was also some indication of null (or unfavourable) effects. CONCLUSION The findings of this systematic review do not provide compelling evidence for a beneficial effect of acute or chronic resistance exercise on episodic memory function. Additional research in this under-investigated field is warranted.
An introduction to research topics in Underwater Acoustics

The Acoustical Society of America Technical Committee on Underwater Acoustics (UW) investigates sound wave phenomena in marine environments, including oceans, lakes, and rivers. Research interests span a broad spectrum from the measurement and modeling of acoustic propagation and scattering, to the detection and characterization of underwater sound, to signal processing algorithms and statistics. This diverse technical committee also shares interests with Animal Bioacoustics (AB), Acoustical Oceanography (AO), and Signal Processing (SP). This talk will highlight a few past and present research topics in underwater acoustics, emphasizing the important role of sound as a tool in subsea research and exploration.
Percutaneous Treatment of Biliary Stone Disease

A variety of percutaneous interventions exist for the treatment of biliary stones. The options for percutaneous access to the biliary system include direct puncture of the gallbladder or transhepatic puncture of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. In patients with prior biliary surgery, percutaneous access can be achieved through a biliary drain or T-tube placed at time of operation. In cases of more complex biliary surgery, such as hepaticojejunostomy, access may be obtained by puncture of the surgically created limb or loop of bowel. The percutaneous route is valuable in cases where surgical approaches are felt to be high risk due to medical comorbidities or when conventional endoscopic access to the biliary tree is not feasible for anatomic reasons.
Alterations in gene expression mediated by DNA insertions in the waxy gene of maize.

Studies on the waxy (wx) locus have played a central role in maize genetics and molecular biology. The locus encodes a starch granule-bound enzyme responsible for the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm, ovule sac, and pollen grain. The waxy mutants are viable and easily distinguished. For this reason, over 50 wx mutant alleles have been identified since the turn of the century.