cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Kind of Classification Algorithms of Data Mining and Quantitative Analysis

C4.5, Bayesian network and Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) are three typical classification algorithms in data mining. Using cross-validation method with 10 folds get analysis and calculation results of the experiments for the three classification algorithms in the same training set and test set. The main metrics include accuracy, precision, speed, robustness, scalability and comprehensibility, we use margin curve show these. It provides a theoretical and experimental basis for users to select a proper classification algorithm with different training sets in quality and amount.
Presidential voting in the west

Abstract Voters in the western United States are becoming more Republican than the rest of the country in their presidential choices. The Solid West has replaced the Solid South as a reality of presidential campaigns. This is in spite of a long term national trend away from strong party loyalties. This article examines the ten states of the Interior West at the county level during the eight presidential elections from 1956 through 1984. All parts of the region did not simultaneously embrace the Republican Party from the onset of the New Western Normal Vote episode. Those areas that lagged were characterized by sizable employment in forestry and mining, large Hispanic or Native American populations, or were among the region's few large urban concentrations. Some of these areas still remain outside the Republican fold in presidential elections. The overall magnitude of change in Republicanism in the 549 counties was not uniform, but rather impacted some areas such as Nevada and Idaho to a much larger degree than others such as Montana and the Dakotas. This article generally confirms Archer and Taylor's assertion that the Western Periphery constitutes a new Republican heartland. But some Indian and Hispanic populations continue to vote for Democratic presidential candidates. Rural areas with strong organized labor such as the mining and forestry areas of Montana, and big cities like Denver are only weakly Republican. Hence, the conversion to strong and unwaivering Republicanism is not total and may never occur.
Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs.

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the alleviation or prevention of clinical signs of atopic dermatitis (AD) in genetically predisposed dogs. Animals—2 adult Beagles with severe AD and 16 puppies. Procedures—The 2 adult Beagles were bred twice, with a year between breedings. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was administered to the bitch during the second pregnancy and to the puppies of the second litter from 3 weeks to 6 months of age. Both litters were epicutaneously sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae. Blood samples were collected from puppies every 6 weeks to measure serum titers of allergen-specific IgE. At 6 months of age, all puppies underwent intradermal allergen testing and environmental challenge with D farinae. Clinical signs were scored. Results—In the first litter, at 6 months of age, 7 of 7 puppies were strongly seropositive for IgE against D farinae, 6 had a positive reaction to intradermal testing, and 7 developed severe clinical signs of ...
Apolipoprotein E in Hypercholesteremia and Beyond

See related article, pages 2136–2141. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein related to the receptor-mediated removal of lipids from the blood stream. When ApoE-deficient mice were introduced,1,2 these animals displayed hypercholesteremia and increased atherosclerosis, providing a new tool to study hypercholesteremia-related pathological mechanisms and have been used extensively ever since. With respect to the cerebral circulation, it is interesting to note that not until 1998 did the first study on ApoE deficiency and cerebral ischemia appear3 and only …
Robust engine torque control by iterative learning control

Fast-response engine torque control is robustly realized under repetitive air throttle input. An application of iterative learning control (ILC) to robustify the performance of disturbance observer (DOB) is proposed and numerically evaluated. The proposed scheme detects dynamical model discrepancy between an actual engine and its nominal model, and compensate for it to realize nominal plant dynamics. With the applied ILC realizing improved detection of model discrepancy, the scheme is significantly more effective than a conventional DOB under practical test-bench conditions such as measurement delays, noise, and insufficient data measurements.
Trees and tracking

Epidemiologists have used the term 'tracking' to connote an individual's maintenance of relative rank of some longitudinally measured characteristic over a given time span. To assess the extent to which an attribute tracks we have first to summarize individual growth curves, and second to quantify the notion of maintenance of relative rank, both in the face of random error. A sequence of papers appearing in 1981 provided differing methodologies for appraising tracking. Here we take a different approach to tracking by using regression trees for longitudinal data. The above two concerns are simultaneously addressed in that the procedure identifies subgroups, defined in terms of covariates, within which the collection of growth curves is homogeneous. After reviewing the existing approaches to tracking we describe the tree-structured methodology, and present an illustrative example pertaining to lung function growth in children.
Infrared spectroscopic characterization of lipid-alkylsiloxane hybrid bilayer membranes at oxide substrates

Successive depositions of precompressed Langmuir monolayers have been shown to allow reproducible formation of air-stable, lipid−alkylsiloxane hybrid bimolecular architectures at oxidic supports. Specifically, prepolymerized Langmuir−Blodgett films of n-octadecylsiloxane (OTS) monolayers on oxided silicon substrates were used as the hydrophobic templates, upon which compressed monolayers of dipalmitoyl-sn1-glycerophosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and monosialogangliosides (Gm1) were deposited from a low-temperature air−water interface by the horizontal deposition method. Structural features of each leaflet of the resultant bimolecular architectures, namely DPPC/OTS/SiO2/Si and Gm1/OTS/SiO2/Si, were characterized using a combined application of infrared spectroscopy, null-ellipsometry, and surface wetting measurements. In both cases, the outer lipid leaflet (DPPC or Gm1) was found to be structurally decoupled with respect to the inner OTS layer. The inner silane layer was composed of essentially untilted (cant an...
An Overview of Telemedicine: The Virtual Gaze of Health Care in the Next Century

This article considers the role of telemedicine in the production of biomedical health care using three specific theoretical constructs as lenses through which to examine this phenomenon: (J) Foucault's medical "gaze "; (2) the political economy of health; and (3) deterritorialization and multisite ethnography. This examination focuses first on the changing corporate structure of health care and changing political attitudes toward telemedicine. Second, it documents the current use of telemedicine in prisons, the military, and in cross-cultural settings. Third, it discusses responses to telemedicine of individual physicians, health care staff, and patients, finding that these responses are broadly conditioned by an individual's mode of articulation with biomedical institutions and that they are mediated by personal experience, [telemedicine, telehealth, Foucault, political economy]
Materials Extraction and Use within the Framework of Global Sustainable Development

Economic growth has been driven by the use of large quantities of materials such as stone, soil, metals, biomass, coal, petroleum, plastics, and ceramics. Their production and distribution are energy intensive. The availability, beneficiation costs, and flow of raw and processed materials vary among countries and are determinants of economic advantages that may accrue to well-planned economies. Globally, physical infrastructure development projects in economic sectors such as construction, agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, and energy production depend on material flows within and among countries. Direct and indirect displacement of materials has economic, environmental, and social impacts. The relationships among these impacts, scaled in time and space to specific projects and national economic development programs, are important in assessments of sustainable development. Sustainable development has four important elements: economic development; population management; environmental/ natural resources stewardship; and social equity. Materials use is strongly nested in economic development, as illustrated in Fig. 1, but it has ramifications throughout the other elements, as well as the social and physical infrastructure development systems that are schematically depicted in Fig. 2. Definition of material use indices according to the scheme presented by the World Resources Institute WRI 2000 enables material flows within any economy to be assessed appropriately. Characterization of material flows is necessary for material-energy conversions, which is in turn essential to the projection of energy supply needs of regions and countries. The following flows are defined. • Domestic process output DPO : total quantity of materials
Capsular antigen fraction 1 and Pla modulate the susceptibility of Yersinia pestis to pulmonary antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin.

Inhaled Yersinia pestis produces a severe primary pneumonia known as pneumonic plague, which is contagious and highly lethal to humans and animals. In this study, we first determined the susceptibility of Y. pestis KIM6 to antimicrobial molecules of the airways. We found that (i) rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (rBALF) effectively killed KIM6 cells growing at 37°C; (ii) the antibacterial components of rBALF were small peptides (<10 kDa) that included two cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs), the rat cathelicidin rCRAMP, and β-defensin RBD-1; (iii) the human cathelicidin LL-37 killed KIM6 cells as well as rBALF did; and (iv) the bactericidal property of LL-37 was synergistically amplified by human β-defensin 1, another constitutively expressed pulmonary CAMP. Second, the effects of three major surface proteins of Y. pestis, namely, the capsular antigen fraction 1 (F1), the pH 6 antigen (Psa fimbriae), and the outer membrane protease Pla, on the bactericidal effect of the antimicrobial rBALF peptides was determined with corresponding deletion mutants. We showed that (i) a Y. pestis psa mutant was only slightly more susceptible to rBALF than the parental KIM6 strain, (ii) a caf (F1 gene) mutant and a caf psa mutant were resistant to rBALF or LL-37, (iii) a caf pla mutant was as susceptible to the effect of rBALF or LL-37 as KIM6 was (caf+ pla+), and (iv) only the single caf mutant (pla+), but not KIM6 or the caf pla double mutant, degraded LL-37. The activity of Pla toward LL-37 was confirmed with pla mutants carrying a single-residue substitution affecting plasminogen cleavage. Taken together, our data indicated that Pla might act as a virulence factor not only by processing plasminogen but also by inactivating CAMPs, particularly when F1 is not expressed.
Mutual gaze duration as a function of length of conversation in male-female dyads.

To assess the effects of familiarity on the duration of mutual gaze, and other measures of visual interaction, e.g., duration of unilateral gaze and discrepancy in duration between partners, 14 male–female dyads discussed unconditional positive regard for 8 min., after individually studying the topic for 10 min. Mutual gaze duration was significantly longer during the last 2 min. of the discussion than during the first 2 min. This suggests that, after some exposure at least, participants maintain longer durations of mutual gaze. Further, if the duration of mutual gaze is interpreted as a measure of intimacy, even a relatively short social interaction appears to increase the intimacy between two individuals of opposite sex. However, it is not clear whether these findings could be generalized to male–male and female–female dyads.
Loss-resilient on-demand media streaming using priority encoding

A novel solution to the reliable multicast problem is the "digital fountain" approach, in which data is encoded with an erasure protection code before transmission, and receivers can recover the original data after receiving enough distinct encoded data. This solution, however, is not desirable for streaming media schemes in which it is preferable for parts of a movie to be available for consumption before the entire movie is received. Earlier work has proposed the use of Unequal Error Protection (UEP) codes, which permit some parts of the movie to be recovered before others. Unfortunately, a straightforward implementation of this solution can incur prohibitive coding complexity.We outline an on-demand media streaming scheme involving a combination of segmentation and rateless encoding. Our solution reduces the coding complexity to feasible levels, while guaranteeing the least bandwidth consumption for a given playout delay and number of segments. We propose an efficient algorithm to find the optimal segmentation for single-layered and multi-layered transmissions, and analyze its performance under network packet loss. Through analysis, numerical examples, and simulations, we demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed scheme.
Complexities in drug trials: enrichment, biomarkers and surrogates

Dr Robert Temple is Director of the Office of Medical Policy of FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and is also Acting Director of the Office of Drug Evaluation I (ODE-I). He has served in this capacity since the office’s establishment in 1995. Dr Temple received his medical degree from the New York University School of Medicine in 1967. In 1972, he joined CDER as a review Medical Officer in the Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Drug Products. He later moved into the position of Director of the Division of Cardio–Renal Drug Products. In his current position, Dr Temple oversees ODE-1, which is responsible for the regulation of cardio–renal, neuropharmacologic and psychopharmacologic drug products. He also oversees The Office of Medical Policy, which is responsible for regulation of promotion through the Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising and Communication and for assessing quality of clinical trials. Dr Temple has a long-standing interest in the design and conduct of clinical trials and ha...
Extreme food webs: Foraging strategies and diets of scavenging amphipods from the ocean’s deepest 5 kilometers

We explore hypotheses that alternate foraging strategies, diet, or nutrient partitioning could help explain the success of scavenging Lysianassoids (Amphipoda) in hadal oligotrophic trenches (depths of 6–11 km) by examining the nutritional strategies of four lysianassoid species (Eurythenes gryllus, Scopelocheirus schellenbergi, Hirondellea dubia, and Uristes sp. nov.) collected with baited traps (6.3–10.8 km) from the oligotrophic Tonga and Kermadec Trenches (southwest Pacific Ocean). Diets and foraging strategies were examined by use of (1) the nascent DNA-based analysis of hindgut contents, which provides a ‘snapshot’ of recently ingested organisms, and (2) natural abundance isotopic signatures, which reflect the source of nutrition and relative trophic position. The scavenging guild exhibits remarkable trophic plasticity, and each amphipod species employs alternate foraging modes, including detrivory or predation, to supplement necrophagy. The nutritional strategies of some species appear to shift with age, depth, and even between trenches. Thus, there is no single ubiquitous hadal food web; rather it is influenced by depth and overlying surface productivity. Isotopic data suggest that coexisting species partition the dietary items, providing evidence of competition among members of the scavenging guild. The extreme foraging flexibility of scavenging amphipods may ultimately contribute to their success in severely foodlimited hadal ecosystems. The hadal zone (6,000–11,000 m) constitutes the deepest 45% of the ocean’s vertical range and is located almost exclusively in ocean trenches. This zone is renowned for its extreme hydrostatic pressure, which contributes to high endemism within the hadal zone by (1) excluding those deep-sea taxonomic groups seemingly incapable of adapting to such great pressures (e.g., decapods), and (2) ecologically isolating hadal fauna from the shallower adjacent abyssal waters (Wolff 1960; Belyaev 1989; Vinogradova 1997). Biological sampling at these depths is exceptionally expensive and difficult (Angel 1982; Perrone 2002). Consequently, there little knowledge of fundamental ecological features such as trophic links and food web structure.
Risk factors and management of transient tachypnea of the newborn

Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is the consequence of delayed clearance of fetal lung liquid in the newborn. With recognition of the increased risk in babies born by Cesarean sections, epidemiologic association with maternal asthma and increasing research on the possible role of genetic polymorphisms of ion-channel subunits, our understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition has vastly improved. We now know that the late-preterm infant, born at 34–36 weeks gestation, is at increased risk for both TTN and respiratory distress syndrome due to surfactant deficiency. As the incidence of Cesarean sections rises, there is likelihood of increased respiratory morbidity in newborns that will necessitate additional medical interventions and exposure to complications of intensive care. This review focuses on the risk factors that are associated with the development of TTN and the treatment strategies that are employed for the management of this condition.
Lateral blood flow velocity estimation based on ultrasound speckle size change with scan velocity

Conventional (Doppler-based) blood flow velocity measurement methods using ultrasound are capable of resolving the axial component (i.e., that aligned with the ultrasound propagation direction) of the blood flow velocity vector. However, these methods are incapable of detecting blood flow in the direction normal to the ultrasound beam. In addition, these methods require repeated pulse-echo interrogation at the same spatial location. A new method has been introduced which estimates the lateral component of blood flow within a single image frame using the observation that the speckle pattern corresponding to blood reflectors (typically red blood cells) stretches (i.e., is smeared) if the blood is moving in the same direction as the electronically-controlled transducer line selection in a 2-D image. The situation is analogous to the observed distortion of a subject photographed with a moving camera. The results of previous research showed a linear relationship between the stretch factor (increase in lateral speckle size) and blood flow velocity. However, errors exist in the estimation when used to measure blood flow velocity. In this paper, the relationship between speckle size and blood flow velocity is investigated further with both simulated flow data and measurements from a blood flow phantom. It can be seen that: 1) when the blood flow velocity is much greater than the scan velocity (spatial rate of A-line acquisition), the velocity will be significantly underestimated because of speckle decorrelation caused by quick blood movement out of the ultrasound beam; 2) modeled flow gradients increase the average estimation error from a range between 1.4% and 4.4%, to a range between 4.4% and 6.8%; and 3) estimation performance in a blood flow phantom with both flow gradients and random motion of scatterers increases the average estimation error to between 6.1% and 7.8%. Initial attempts at a multiple-scan strategy for estimating flow by a least-squares model suggest the possibility of increased accuracy using multiple scan velocities.
Photosynthesis of seedlings of Otoba novogranatensis (Myristicaceae) and Ruagea glabra (Meliaceae) in abandoned pasture, secondary forest and plantation habitats in Costa Rica

Enrichment planting in naturally recovering secondary forests or in tree plantations is increasingly being used as strategy to restore later-successional, large-seeded tropical forest trees. We seeded two tree species (Otoba novogranatensis and Ruagea glabra) in three agricultural sites in Southern Costa Rica: abandoned pastures, eight to ten year old secondary forests and three year old tree plantations (containing two N-fixing of four total tree species). We measured micrometeorological conditions, soil water content, plant water potential, leaf area, foliar C and N, and photosynthesis to better understand mechanistic responses of seedlings to conditions in the different successional habitats. Micrometeorological conditions, soil water content, and plant water potential were generally similar across habitats. Certain aspects of leaves (such as Specific Leaf Area and foliar N content), and photosynthesis (e.g. quantum yield and electron transport rate) were highest in the plantations, intermediate in the secondary forests, and lowest in abandoned pastures. Enhanced rates of photosynthetic biochemistry (such as Vcmax and Jmax) and Photosystem II efficiency (e.g. thermal energy dissipation) occurred in leaves from the plantations compared to the abandoned pastures, which may be related to higher leaf %N content. Results suggest that foliar N may be of greater importance than soil water content and micrometeorological factors in driving differences in photosynthetic processes across planting habitats. Planting seeds of these two species in plantations containing three year old trees (including two N-fixing species) enhances certain aspects of their photosynthesis and growth, compared to seedlings in abandoned pastures with non-native grasses, and thus can help increase forest recovery on abandoned agricultural lands.
Brain Stimulation Rewards: Measurement and Mapping by Psychophysical Techniques and Quantitative 2-[14C]Deoxyglucose Autoradiography

Brain stimulation reward is a useful model for the study of the neural mechanisms of reinforcement. A number of methods used to assess the reinforcing qualities of brain stimulation and the effects of drugs of abuse on this behavior are reviewed with emphasis on the relative advantages and disadvantages of each. In addition, the use of the quantitative 2-[14C]-deoxyglucose method as a novel means to map the neural substrates of drug-induced effects on brain stimulation reward is described.
A Polarized Head-Mounted Projective Display

The lack of image brightness is a common problem in optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMD) where a beamsplitter is required to combine views from HMD image source and the direct-view of a real world scene. This problem is further aggregated in a head-mounted projective display (HMPD) due to the fact that light passes through the beamsplitter multiple times. In this paper, we present a novel design of an ultra-bright polarized head-mounted projective display (p-HMPD). The image brightness observed by a viewer theoretically is four-times brighter than existing designs. We further demonstrate a design with currently available technology that leads to a display in which the observed image is significantly brighter than existing designs. Finally, experimental results from a bench setup are presented.
Propofol for endoscopic sedation: a protocol for safe and effective administration by the gastroenterologist

Abstract Background There is increasing interest in the use of propofol, an ultrashort-acting hypnotic agent, for sedation during endoscopic examinations. A protocol was developed for administration of propofol, combined with small doses of midazolam and meperidine, for endoscopic sedation under the direction of a gastroenterologist. Initial experience with using this protocol is described. Methods A total of 819 consecutive endoscopic examinations under sedation with propofol, midazolam, and meperidine (or fentanyl), in adherence with the sedation protocol, were reviewed retrospectively. Results There were 638 colonoscopies and 181 EGDs; 89% of patients were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II. Mean dosages of medications were: propofol 63 (33.5) mg, meperidine 48 (7.2) mg, and midazolam 1 (0.12) mg. The dose of propofol was inversely correlated with age and ASA class, and positively correlated with patient weight and duration of examination. Hypotension (>20 mm Hg decline in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure) developed in 218 (27%) patients, and hypoxemia (oxygen saturation Conclusions On the basis of this initial experience, it is believed that propofol, potentiated by small doses of midazolam and meperidine, can be safely and effectively administered under the direction of a gastroenterologist. Additional research will be necessary to determine whether propofol is superior to the current methods of sedation.
Impact of dielectric relaxation on a 14 b pipeline ADC in 3 V SiGe BiCMOS

Dielectric relaxation in PECVD SiN capacitors of a 45 GHz 0.4 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process degrades performance even at low frequencies. In the design of pipelined 14 b 70 MS/s ADC, the effects of dielectric relaxation are identified via behavioral/circuit simulations and ad-hoc tests. After LPCVD oxide capacitors are introduced, a 5.3/spl times/5.3 mm/sup 2/ test chip delivers 72 dB SNR, 81 dBc SFDR, and 11.5 ENOB at 70 MS/s with a 1 MHz input. The IC dissipates 1 W from 3.3 V.
Surgical planning of total hip arthroplasty: accuracy of computer-assisted EndoMap software in predicting component size

The purpose of our study was to assess the accuracy of a computer-assisted templating in the surgical planning of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty utilizing EndoMap software (Siemans AG, Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). Endomap Software is an electronic program that uses DICOM images to analyze standard anteroposterior radiographs for determination of optimal prosthesis component size. We retrospectively reviewed the preoperative radiographs of 36 patients undergoing uncomplicated primary total hip arthroplasty, utilizing EndoMap software, Version VA20. DICOM anteroposterior radiographs were analyzed using standard manufacturer supplied electronic templates to determine acetabular and femoral component sizes. No additional clinical information was reviewed. Acetabular and femoral component sizes were assessed by an orthopedic surgeon and two radiologists. Mean and estimated component size was compared with component size as documented in operative reports. The mean estimated acetabular component size was 53 mm (range 48–60 mm), 1 mm larger than the mean implanted size of 52 mm (range 48–62 mm). Thirty-one of 36 acetabular component sizes (86%) were accurate within one size. The mean calculated femoral component size was 4 (range 2–7), 1 size smaller than the actual mean component size of 5 (range 2–9). Twenty-six of 36 femoral component sizes (72%) were accurate within one size, and accurate within two sizes in all but four cases (94%). EndoMap Software predicted femoral component size well, with 72% within one component size of that used, and 94% within two sizes. Acetabular component size was predicted slightly better with 86% within one component size and 94% within two component sizes.
Museum Culture: Histories, Discourses, Spectacles, ed. by Daniel J. Sherman and Irit Rogoff, University of Minnesota Press, Mineapolis, 1994

The comparatively recent and rapid expansion of museum studies, accompanied by increased work in the history of collecting (Impey and Macgregor), offers a fertile ground for examining the origins of several disciplines including archaeology. Historians of anthropology not only were among the first to recognize this fact, they also gave currency to the expression "museum period" to characterize an early stage in that field's nascence (Sturtevant 1969, Stocking 1985). Of course nearly all disciplines relying on the study and interpretation of material objects have passed through their own museum periods. But the historiographers of those other disciplines are only beginning to appreciate the full import of the relations which linked museums with research and pedagogy throughout most of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Scholars researching art history's emergence have started probing the role of museums in it - a project which includes the archaeology of the classical world (Smyth and Lukehart 1993). Researchers are just now extending this work to the ancient near east Despite American anthropology's kinship with Americanist archaeology, the historiography of anthropology has not given much attention to the inter-animations of museums and archaeology in the Americas. In other words, there are many opportunities for investigating the place of art, "natural" history, and other types of museums in the collecting, taxonomy, and interpretation of archaeological finds.
Expression of Gab1 lacking the pleckstrin homology domain is associated with neoplastic progression.

An in vitro transformation system of carcinogen-treated Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell cultures represents multistep genetic and nongenetic changes that develop during the neoplastic progression of normal cells to tumor cells in vivo. During this neoplastic progression, SHE cells demonstrate an altered response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the present report, we examined the role of the adapter protein Gab1 (Grb2associated binder-1) in the neoplastic progression of SHE cells. We used two asbestos-transformed SHE cell clones in different neoplastic stages: a 10W8 clone, which is immortal and retains the ability to suppress the tumorigenicity of tumor cells in cell-cell hybrid experiments, and a 10W1 clone, which has lost this tumor suppressor ability. 10W8 cells expressed full-length 100-kDa Gab1 and associated 5.2-kb mRNA. Upon repeated cell passaging, 10W1 cells showed increasing expression of a novel 87-kDa form of Gab1 as well as 4.6-kb mRNA with diminishing expression of the original 100-kDa Gab1. cDNA encoding the 87-kDa Gab1 predicts a form of Gab1 lacking the amino-terminal 103 amino acids (Gab1 1-103 ), which corresponds to loss of most of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Gab1 1-103 retains the ability to be phosphorylated in an EGFdependent manner and to associate with the EGF receptor and SHP-2 upon EGF stimulation. The endogenous expression of Gab1 1-103 in 10W1 cells appeared closely related to EGF-dependent colony formation in soft agar. Moreover, transfection and expression of Gab1 1-103 , but not Gab1, in 10W8 cells enhanced their EGF-dependent colony formation in soft agar. These results demonstrate that Gab1 is a target of carcinogeninduced transformation of SHE cells and that the expression of a Gab1 variant lacking most of the PH domain plays a specific role in the neoplastic progression of SHE cells.
Analysis of equatorial plasma bubble zonal drift velocities in the Pacific sector by imaging techniques

Abstract. Using 1024 nights of data from 2002–2005 taken by the Cornell Narrow Field Imager (CNFI), we examine equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) zonal drift velocity characteristics. CNFI is located at the Maui Space Surveillance Site on the Haleakala Volcano (geographic: 20.71° N, 203.83° E; geomagnetic: 21.03° N, 271.84° E) on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The imager is set up to view in a magnetic field-aligned geometry in order to maximize its resolution. We calculate the zonal drift velocities using two methods: a correlation routine and an EPB west-wall intensity gradient tracking routine. These two methods yield sizeable differences in the evenings, suggesting strong pre-local midnight EPB development. An analysis of the drift velocities is also performed based on the three influencing factors of season, geomagnetic activity, and solar activity. In general, our data match published trends and drift characteristics from past studies. However, we find that the drift magnitudes are much lower than results from other imagers at similar latitude sectors but at different longitude sectors, suggesting that zonal drift velocities have a longitudinal dependence.
Ancient evolutionary origins of epigenetic regulation associated with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, are modifiable molecular factors that may underlie mental disorders, especially responses to trauma, including the development of and resilience to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous work has identified differential DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotide sites genomewide between trauma exposed individuals with and without PTSD, suggesting a role for epigenetic potential – the capacity to epigenetically regulate behavior and physiology in response to lived experiences. The human species is characterized by an increased period of adaptive plasticity during brain development. The evolutionary history of epigenetic potential in relation to adaptive plasticity is currently unknown. Using phylogenetic methods and functional annotation analyses, we trace the evolution of over 7,000 CpG dinucleotides, including 203 associated with PTSD, during the descent of humans in during mammalian evolution and characterize the biological significance of this evolution. We demonstrate that few (7%) PTSD-associated CpG sites are unique to humans, while the vast majority of sites have deep evolutionary origins: 73% and 93% were unambiguously present in the last common ancestor of humans/orangutans and humans/chimpanzees, respectively. Genes proximal to evolved PTSD-associated CpG sites revealed significant enrichment for immune function during recent human evolution and regulation of gene expression during more ancient periods of human evolution. Additionally, 765 putative transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) were identified that overlap with PTSD-associated CpG sites. Elucidation of the evolutionary history of PTSD-associated CpG sites may provide insights into the function and origin of epigenetic potential in trauma responses, generally, and PTSD, specifically. The human capacity to respond to trauma with stable physiologic and behavioral changes may be due to epigenetic potentials that are shared among many mammalian species.
Progress Toward an HIV Vaccine

The development of an HIV vaccine is proving to be an unprecedented challenge. The difficulty in creating this vaccine arises from the enormous genetic variation of the virus and the unusual importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in controlling its spread. Whereas traditional vaccine strategies are unlikely to confer safe and effective HIV protection, novel strategies for eliciting CTL have provided substantial clinical benefits in nonhuman primate model systems. These vaccine strategies, including plasmid DNA and live recombinant vectors, are currently being evaluated in human clinical trials.
A Bibliography of Derrida and Phenomenology

The following bibliography is focussed primarily on discussions of Derrida’s treatment of Husserlian phenomenology. Also included are some more general texts that have a bearing on this discussion. The bibliography on Derrida prepared by John Leavey and David B. Allison, published in Research in Phenomenology 8 (1978), was consulted. For a comprehensive bibiography of Derrida’s works see Albert Leventure, “A Bibliography of the French and English Works of Jacques Derrida 1962-90,” Texual Practice 5.1 (Spring 1991).
Partners in Profits: Small Businesses Move Slowly Into Cause-Related Marketing

Cause-related marketing (CRM) began in 1981 when American Express agreed to donate $I for every new credit card issued to the Ellis Island/Statue of liberty Restoration Foundation. Since then, the use of this strategy has been widespread and rewarding. Curiously, cause-related marketing has become associated with large corporations. The study presented here confirms the lack of use of CRM among small businesses. This reluctance appears unfounded as those small businesses that have ventured into CRM agreements report success in terms of increased sales, attracting new customers and enhancing the store's image. CRM has gained in popularity and can be a viable strategy for small businesses looking to differentiate themselves. In a world of parity products and services, this might be a key weapon in the small business arsenal.
Microbiological study of tofu

The microbiological qualities of tofu juice and cake were studied. Seven brands of tofu from four grocery stores were tested, at day 1 and after 30 d of storage in a refrigerator. The microbial load at day 1 was different from brand to brand, but cell counts in juice and cake of the same brand were correlated. The number of cells observed at day 30 was different from brand to brand but was not related to the initial cell count. The pH had a great effect on the type of contaminating microorganisms present. All brands spoiled after 30 d of storage at 7°C; 112 isolates from both the fresh juice and cake at day 1 and at day 30 were obtained. The most common gram-positive organisms isolated were Streptococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., and Lactobacillus sp., and the most common gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas putida , P. aeruginosa , Enterobacter agglomerans , and E. cloacae .
Dissolved methane and carbon dioxide fluxes in Subarctic and Arctic regions: Assessing measurement techniques and spatial gradients

Abstract Here we use a portable method to obtain high spatial resolution measurements of concentrations and calculate diffusive water-to-air fluxes of CH 4 and CO 2 from two Subarctic coastal regions (Kasitsna and Jakolof Bays) and an Arctic lake (Toolik Lake). The goals of this study are to determine distributions of these concentrations and fluxes to (1) critically evaluate the established protocols of collecting discrete water samples for these determinations, and to (2) provide a first-order extrapolation of the regional impacts of these diffusive atmospheric fluxes. Our measurements show that these environments are highly heterogeneous. Areas with the highest dissolved CH 4 and CO 2 concentrations were isolated, covering less than 21% of the total lake and bay areas, and significant errors can be introduced if the collection of discrete water samples does not adequately characterize these spatial distributions. A first order extrapolation of diffusive fluxes to all Arctic regions with similar characteristics as Toolik Lake suggests that these lakes are likely supplying 0.21 and 15.77 Tg of CH 4 and CO 2 to the atmosphere annually, respectively. Similarly, we found that the Subarctic Coastal Ocean is likely supplying 0.027 Tg of CH 4 annually and is taking up roughly 524 Tg of CO 2 per year. Although diffusive fluxes at Toolik Lake may not be as substantial when comparing against present seep ebullition and spring ice-out values, warming in the Arctic may result in the increase of methane discharge and methane emissions to the atmosphere. Thus further work is needed to understand this changing environment. This study suggests that high spatial resolution measurement protocols, similar to the one used here, should be incorporated into field campaigns to reduce regional uncertainty and refine global emission estimates.
The Economic Profitability of IPO Underperformance

This paper tests the economic profitability of a zero-investment trading strategy based on knowledge of IPO underperformance and on estimates of pre-IPO earnings management. This trading strategy is implemented by forming two-firm portfolios that take short positions in the IPOs and long positions in control firms matched by industry and market capitalization. The first test shows that significant positive abnormal returns can be earned trading on knowledge of IPO underperformance. However, the second test fails to show a link between the level of abnormal returns earned on this trading strategy and the level of pre-IPO earnings management.
A Comparison of User Engagement with the CDC Facebook Page During Health Crisis and Ordinary Periods

This study investigated the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Facebook Page to understand how users engage differently in ordinary and health crisis situations. The posts and user activities, such as shares, likes, and comments, at different times and situations were collected and compared. The findings showed that users engage more actively during health crises. The types of engagement differed depending on the seriousness of the event. The results showed that users engage based on the content of the posts during both ordinary and health crisis situations. The findings of the study contribute in further understanding of users' behavior on social media in different situational contexts.
Federalism, Individual Rights, and the Conditional Spending Conundrum

The conditional spending power, or the ability of Congress and the executive to attach conditions to grants in aid and entitlement programs, has become a vital source of authority to monitor and regulate the activites of both the states and individual citizens. If there were meaningful political or legal limits upon the conditional spending power, it would be no more problematic than any of the other policy mechanisms available for achieving Federal ends, but such limits presently do not exist. As a consequence, conditional aid may function to promote state sovereignty and the rights of citizenship, but it also may serve to undermine them. Contrary to recent developments ostensibly limiting the reach of Federal regulatory authority, arguably coercive and even unconstitutional applications of conditional aid are supported and encouraged by both the federal judiciary and contemporary politics. This article explains how and why this is the case, and assesses prospects for reform.
Interactive Effects of Physical and Mental Workload on Subjective Workload Assessment

Relatively little research has investigated subjective workload assessment during tasks involving both physical and mental demands. Development of more comprehensive workload assessment tools depends on understanding the effects of physical and mental activity on an individual's perception of workload. This study investigated the interaction between the two types of demands and the potential effects of such interactions on subjective workload assessment and performance. Common subjective workload assessment tools (Borg CR-10 Scale, Visual Analog Scale, NASA Task Load Index) were used to record changes in perceived workload during varying levels of physical and mental demands. Thirteen participants completed all conditions with the results summarized to identify potential trends in the data. The results suggest that a physical demand component did not affect subjective mental workload assessment (p = 0.9916). in addition, the presence of mental demands did not affect physical workload assessment (p = 0.918...
U-Pb zircon age constraints on two episodes of Paleoproterozoic magmatism and development of the Grizzly Creek shear zone, White River Uplift, western Colorado, U.S.A.

New U-Pb zircon ages from Precambrian exposures in the White River Uplift of western Colorado reveal at least two episodes of Proterozoic granitic magmatism and help to constrain the age of the 1-km-thick Grizzly Creek shear zone. Gneissic granite exposed along Mitchell Canyon northwest of Glenwood Springs, crystallized at 1765±9 Ma and is the oldest igneous unit recognized in the area. The gneissic foliation is defined by alternating layers of biotite and elongated pink K-feldspar up to 5 cm in size, and the fabric strikes west-northwest and dips moderately to steeply north. Cross-cutting relationships with gneissic country rocks and other igneous units exposed in adjacent drainages were not observed. However, deformation and metamorphism are inferred to be between the age of intrusion (ca. 1765 Ma) and the age of younger, unfoliated, coarse-grained to K-feldspar megacrystic granite exposed near the mouth of No Name Canyon, which crystallized at 1743±8 Ma. This younger granite is cut by the Grizzly Creek shear zone to the north and only contains a locally developed magmatic foliation south of the shear zone. Foliated to mylonitic, fine-grained biotite granite exposed in the hanging wall of the shear zone along No Name Canyon crystallized at 1745±10 Ma, suggesting that it might be related to coarse-grained granite exposed in the shear zone footwall. These new ages define two granitic magmatic events in this area at ca. 1765 and 1745 Ma and provide a maximum age of deformation in the Grizzly Creek shear zone of 1743 Ma. Similarities in the orientation, structural style, and kinematics between the Grizzly Creek shear zone and other well-documented structures in the region raise the possibility that the shear zone records multiple episodes of both Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.4 Ga) deformation, in which case the younger events would have occurred in the absence of local magmatism. Thus, the Grizzly Creek shear zone might represent a kinematic link between major crustal shear zones to the north and south throughout crustal assembly and stabilization in southern Laurentia, but details of the timing and kinematic relationships between these structures remain uncertain.
Multilevel design of school effectiveness studies in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACTSchool-based improvement programs represent a core strategy in improving education because they can leverage pre-existing social and organizational structures to promote coordinated and comprehensive change across multiple facets of schooling. School-based programs are generally designed to be implemented by intact schools/districts, frequently making it infeasible or atheoretical to assign students within the same school to different conditions while ensuring study validity. Rather, studies frequently assign intact schools/districts to treatment conditions to accommodate the multilevel structure of schooling and the theory of action underlying many school-based programs. In planning such studies, effective and efficient design requires plausible values of the variance partition coefficients and the variance explained by covariates during the design stage. Using representative samples of each country, we develop empirical estimates of design parameters within and across 15 countries that are inten...
Medicaid Expansion and Implications for Cancer Disparities

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Medicaid coverage expansion and implications for cancer disparities," by S. K. Choi, S. A. Adams, J. M. Eberth and colleagues in a 2016 issue.
Strength and Microstructure of Salt-rich Soft Soil Improved by Cement

Based on the results of unconfined compression tests of salt-rich soft soil improved by cement,the effects of the variation of Mg2+,Cl-,SO2-4 content in soft soil on the strength of cemented salt-rich soil were studied,and the law of the strength changing with these ion contents was also explored.X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) were used to analyze the microstructural characteristics of soil-cement with different ion contents.The relationship between the strength and the microstructure of soil-cement was investigated in this paper.Research results show that a closely linear correlation exists between the strength and the total amount of C—S—H and C—A—H content in soil-cement. The change of Mg2+,Cl-,SO2-4 content in soft soil results in the difference of the microstructure of salt-rich soil improved by cement,high contents of Mg2+,Cl-,SO2-4 in soft soil have negative effects on the strength of soil-cement.Attention should be paid to the influence of high salt content on the strength of soil-cement in engineering.
Analysis on Two Approaches of Emergency Trip System Control Loop

Steam turbine emergency trip system is an important function influencing the safety of a generating unit,and the control loop is the key.With the enhancement in the distribution control system dependability,the design of emergency trip system control loop has developed and changed.With the description of the ETS control loop and METS control loop in Bengbu unit,this paper compares the two analysis of control loop,and points out the development trend of the loop design.