cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Vapor Phase Water Droplet Extraction of Proteins from the Medium of an Air Fluidized Bioreactor

It has been previously observed that in a semi-solid air fluidized bed bioreactor, with a potato providing the sugar substrate, and defined media providing the minerals and vitamins [2], certain proteins produced by the bakers’ yeast growing on this aerated semi-solid are carried out of the bioreactor by the effluent air stream [3]. Since proteins can be separated from solution in traditional submerged fermentation processes at their isoelectric points by bubble fractionation [4], it seemed reasonable to propose that the isoelectric point may be an important variable in the air fluidized bed protein synthesis and separation process [5–7], as well. It turned out that for an initial 100 mg/L invertase concentration in an experimental model batch system (a shake flask), the separation between the air phase (or more precisely, micro-water droplets in the air phase) and the bulk liquid phase is not affected by changes in the initial pH concentration over the range 2 < (pH)0 ≤ 8. This indicated that the separation between the media surface and the water droplet surface in the fluidized bed may not be sensitive to the bulk liquid pH level [8].
Rejoinder: Reflections on Professors Robinson's and Larsen's Comments

Publisher Summary This chapter presents reflections on Professors John Robinson's and Steen Larsen's comments on Craig R. Barclay's work on autobiographical remembering and self. Their welcomed insights come from two sources: their intense curiosity regarding the nature and role of thinking—for example, remembering, in the context of everyday life and their genuineness. Autobiographical memories are meaningful to the person—that is, they are infused with personal significance associated with affect or how the person feels and evaluates embodied experiences. Accordingly, there is a welding of cognition and affect in a unique phenomenon, and not the deconstruction of the person into component parts. Much autobiographical remembering is therefore motivated by affect and emerges as a process of justifying feeling. If autobiographical memories are meaningful, then their accuracy can be manipulated by changing the affect or evaluation of experiences. The evaluation can be changed a little or a lot depending on how well the person is known to the researcher or by the person him-or herself, thereby increasing or decreasing accuracy. “Remembering ourselves” is concerned with another strand of work—namely, the social-psychological and cultural uses of contextualized autobiographical remembering, and the inadequacy of narrative skill as a tool for objectifying self in canonical story forms, given experiences like trauma.
The Nrf2 transcriptional target, OSGIN1, contributes to the cytoprotective properties of dimethyl fumarate

OBJECTIVE: To characterize in vitro effects of monomethyl fumarate (MMF) on OSGIN1 expression, and evaluate the necessity of OSGIN1 in mediating cytoprotective effects against toxic oxidative stress. BACKGROUND: Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF; also known as gastro-resistant DMF) is an oral therapeutic marketed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, detailed mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties of DMF are not well understood. Previous data supports activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) pathway as a primary pharmacodynamic response to DMF or MMF (the primary metabolite of DMF) treatment, which may be differentially regulated in distinct cell types. In the central nervous system (CNS), we have identified the NRF2 transcriptional target OSGIN1 to be significantly upregulated following DMF treatment in vivo; however, the contribution of this gene to DMF/MMF pharmacodynamic properties has not been previously described. METHODS: Primary human astrocyte cultures were transfected with siRNA targeted against OSGIN1 or NRF2 and treated with MMF, followed by oxidative challenge with hydrogen peroxide. Cell viability was measured after treatment/insult and RT-PCR conducted to determine transcriptional levels of OSGIN1, as well as the OSGIN1-associated gene p53. Potential involvement of p53 in MMF-mediated cytoprotection was also analyzed via siRNA knockdown. Furthermore, the importance of OSGIN1 on cell proliferation was analyzed since OSGIN1 has been previously identified to regulate cell cycle. RESULTS: siRNA knockdown of OSGIN1 significantly reduced MMF cytoprotection against oxidative stress in human astrocytes, and abrogated MMF-induced accumulation of p53 protein. Additionally, siRNA knockdown of p53 also reduced MMF cytoprotective effects in human astrocytes against oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a role for the NRF2 transcriptional target, OSGIN1, as an important mediator of cytoprotection in the CNS following DMF/MMF administration. Furthermore, these data identify a potential mechanism for DMF/MMF-mediated cytoprotection in human astrocytes that functions in an NRF2-dependent manner. Disclosure: Dr. Brennan has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as employee. Dr. Matos has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Sun has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Szak has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Scannevin has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee.
Crystalline Pyruvate Oxidase from Escherichia coli III. PHOSPHOLIPID AS AN ALLOSTERIC EFFECTOR FOR THE ENZYME

Crystalline pyruvate oxidase, a soluble tetrameric flavoprotein from Escherichia coli, which binds both thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and FAD is activated 15- to 100-fold by phospholipids and long chain fatty acids. Maximal activation of the oxidase requires incubation of the enzyme for at least 6 min with the lipid activator in the presence of substrate and cofactors (pyruvate, TPP, and MgCl2). Very little activation occurs if any of these components are omitted from the mixture. Furthermore, activation is markedly reduced if the enzyme is incubated with phospholipid before pyruvate, TPP, and MgCl2 are added. Phosphatides dramatically effect the kinetic parameters of the pyruvate oxidase reaction. The Km values for pyruvate and TPP are lowered 13-fold and 3- to 4-fold, respectively, in the presence of phospholipid. In addition, phosphatides bestow cooperativity to the enzyme with respect to binding of TPP in a very unusual fashion. In the absence of phospholipid, TPP binding to the enzyme follows ordinary Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics. In the presence of phospholipid, TPP binds cooperatively to the enzyme and shifts the Km for TPP to a lower value. Stopped-flow experiments measuring the rate of reduction of enzyme-bound FAD clearly indicate that the presence of lipid activator affects a rate-controlling step leading to the formation of enzyme-FADH2. The rate of reduction of enzyme-bound FAD is increased at least 100-fold in the presence of phospholipid. The physiological significance of pyruvate oxidase and the activation phenomenon are discussed.
THE DYNAMICS OF SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTORS

Abstract From the point of view of dynamics, a solid propellant rocket motor is a unique structure in that it is composed of a substantial mass of propellant material case-bonded to a relatively massless, thin-walled cylinder. The mechanical properties of the propellant are such that it contributes little to the stiffness of the composite structure but it does contribute to the dynamic characteristics of the structure because of its mass. Furthermore, due to the viscoelastic character of the propellant, it can be expected to provide considerable damping to the system. At this point in the development of the art of design of solid propellant rocket motors there are no clear-cut or well-founded methods to evaluate quantitatively the contributions of the propellant to the dynamic responses of the composite structure. It is clear that unless such methods are devised, it will be difficult to arrive at accurate missile designs. In this paper a survey of the dynamic problems of solid propellant rocket motors is presented starting from the simplest model thereof and proceeding, step-by-step, to the consideration of more sophisticated and realistic models. The consideration is restricted to infinitesimal deformations of propellant grains with linear mechanical properties. Substantial progress has been achieved towards the solution of many important dynamical problems. We shall attempt to summarize the pertinent developments and indicate along which lines we feel future study should proceed. A few illustrative solutions are included in areas wherein progress has been substantial.
Perceptions of Fairness

In all of negotiation, there is no bigger trap than "fairness." This chapter from the Negotiator's Fieldbook explains why among multiple models of fairness, people tend to believe that the one that applies here is the one that happens to favor them. This often creates a bitter element in negotiation, as each party proceeds from the unexamined assumption that its standpoint is the truly fair one. For a negotiation to end well, it is imperative for both parties to assess the fairness of their own proposals from multiple points of view, not just their instinctive one – and to consider the fairness of their negotiation procedures as well as of their substantive proposals. Though the fairness of negotiation procedure appears to exercise greater influence upon some negotiators than others, perceptions of procedural fairness generally result in increased perceptions of substantive fairness, increased compliance with negotiated results, improved relations between the negotiators and perhaps even a reduced need to engage in the sort of face saving that can result in choices that are not in negotiators' economic self-interest.
Is the Actual Ideal?: A Content Analysis of College Students’ Descriptions of Ideal and Actual Hookups

This study examined gender differences in college students’ open-ended descriptions of ideal and actual hookups. Themes for each of the open-ended response questions were coded by two coders. Results are from a sample of undergraduate students (N = 343) and indicate that 35.9 % (N = 61) of the female participants’ descriptions were coded as “very different” between actual and ideal hookups, whereas only 17.2 % (N = 29) of male participants’ descriptions were coded as “very different.” Conversely, 55.6 % (N = 94) of male participants exhibited “no difference” between their actual and ideal descriptions of their hookup experience, whereas 38.2 % (N = 65) of female participants’ descriptions were not discrepant. Both differences were statistically significant. Results for descriptions of ideal hookup partners and communication expectations did not differ by gender.
An Econometric Model of Credit Spreads with Rebalancing, ARCH and Jump Effects

In this paper, we examine the dynamic behavior of credit spreads on corporate bond portfolios. We propose an econometric model of credit spreads that incorporates portfolio rebalancing, the near unit root property of spreads, the autocorrelation in spread changes, the ARCH conditional heteroscedasticity, jumps, and lagged market factors. In particular, our model is the first that takes into account explicitly the impact of rebalancing and yields estimates of the absorbing bounds on credit spreads induced by such rebalancing. We apply our model to nine Merrill Lynch daily series of option-adjusted spreads with ratings from AAA to C for the period January, 1997 through August, 2002. We find no evidence of mean reversion in these credit spread series over our sample period. However, we find ample evidence of both the ARCH effect and jumps in the data especially in the investment-grade credit spread indices. Incorporating jumps into the ARCH type conditional variance results in significant improvements in model diagnostic tests. We also find that while log spread variations depend on both the lagged Russell 2000 index return and lagged changes in the slope of the yield curve, the time-varying jump intensity of log credit spreads is correlated with the lagged stock market volatility. Finally, our results indicate the ARCH-jump specification outperforms the ARCH specification in the out-of-sample, one-step-ahead forecast of credit spreads.
Prokaryotic gene prediction using GeneMark and GeneMark.hmm.

In this unit, the GeneMark and GeneMark.hmm programs are presented as two different methods for the in silico prediction of genes in prokaryotes. GeneMark can be used for whole genome analysis as well as for the local analysis of a particular gene and its surrounding regions. GeneMark.hmm makes use of Hidden Markov models to find the transition points (boundaries) between protein coding states and noncoding states and can be efficiently used for larger genome sequences. These methods can be used in conjunction with each other for a higher sensitivity of gene detection.
Lidar in Space

The lidar (laser radar) technique of remotely observing atmospheric structure and composition is now ready for use on a space vehicle. Progress in lidar technology has led to the development of high performance, light-weight, compact and highly reliable basic systems. These could ensure successful mapping of clouds and aerosols by elastic backscattering and offer high promise of opening up a range of more sophisticated observations using wavelength-specific techniques (resonant scattering, differential absorption and Doppler). The Spacelab program provides an ideal facility for initiating and exploring this concept, since it makes possible development on a short-trip, minimum-investment basis. The goals, philosophy and rationale of a proposed program to accomplish the first use of lidar in space are described, and details are provided of the specific observations proposed and of the necessary instrumentation. Using a solid-state neodymium laser, frequency doubled to drive a tunable, doubled dye laser, energy could be transmitted at a range of wavelengths (1060 nm, 589 nm, 530 nm and 279.6 nm). With simple wavelength-discriminating photometric detectors the system could be used to detect returns from particles (cloud and dust) or Na atoms or Mg+ ions. The value of a capability to make such observations is noted in terms of their meteorological and aeronomical significance.
Planning With Perceptual Milestones To Control Uncertainty In Robot Navigation

Because of the realities of converting commands into motion there is always a degree of uncertainty as to how accurately an intended action has been executed. This situation has received considerable attention in the study of robot navigation, and the common solution is to calculate the degree of uncertainty in position resulting from a chain of commands and to take measures to reduce this uncertainty when it exceeds some limit. These calculations necessarily make assumptions about the factors which introduce uncertainty, such as wheel slippage per foot or backlash. It is difficult, however, to foresee what all these factors are and even more difficult, in some cases, to develop good models for them. This paper addresses the problem from a different perspective. Rather than calculating the degree of positional uncertainty, it is controlled by what might be called "perceptual servoing", accomplished using a combination of low level tracking and high level perceptual verification of "milestones", sensory events the robot should perceive during the execution of a plan. Perception, planning and execution are integrated in this system: the planning activities are able to reason about what should be perceived at various stages so that it can generate milestones; and execution activities use perception to continuously monitor progress. After a brief exposition of a new robot project, of which this effort is a part, this paper describes a hierarchical representation of space into locales or space packets. This representation is designed to facilitate navigational planning, reasoning about perceptual milestones, and perception of the milestones themselves. Following this discussion, the planning, execution and monitoring activities are described. Planning is done hierarchically, taking advantage of the hierarchical representation of space, and incrementally, expanding only the early parts of the trip in an effort to keep memory requirements and replanning computation under control. Execution is done in small steps using low level perception to monitor progress. Finally, plan monitoring activities construct operators from descriptions in the model and use milestones to verify that the overall physical motion is conforming to plan. The research project described here is quite new and results are just becoming available. Consequently this paper focuses on the design of what is a very top down system which integrates perception and reasoning activities, striving towards continuous and plan-directed perception, used here to control the amount of uncertainty.
Lower affinity for substrate for extrarenal synthesis of calcitriol in chronic uremia

Lower affinity for substrate for extrarenal synthesis of calcitriol in chronic uremia. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that anephric patients have very low, but detectable, levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (calcitriol) that can be increased to normal by administration of large doses of 25(OH)D 3 . The report of 1α-hydroxylase activity in pig liver with an affinity for substrate significantly lower than that of the renal enzyme, led us to use the rat as an experimental model to further clarify the need of supraphysiological levels of 25(OH)D 3 to correct calcitriol deficiency in chronic uremia. We have measured 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 production by rat liver. Cytosol free liver homogenates (CFH) from normal rats were incubated with 25(OH)D 3 and the production of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 was measured using the thymus radioreceptor assay after solid phase C18 extraction and HPLC purification of the samples. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 production was linear up to 30 minutes and a CFH protein concentration up to 20 mg. Saturability was attained for a substrate concentration of approximately 60 µ M . Ketoconazole, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, blocked calcitriol production in a dose dependent fashion. Total inhibition of the liver 1α-hydroxylase was achieved with 180 µ M ketoconazole. We next compared the kinetics of the 1α-hydroxylases of normal and uremic rat livers. Maximal velocities were not statistically different (139.6 ± 22.3 pg/mg/min for normals and 217.1 ± 73.3 pg/mg/min for uremic rats). However, the apparent K m was 35.9 ± 3.2 µ M for uremic animals, significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) than that of normal rats (16.6 ± 0.7 µ M ). These results demonstrate that: (1) 1α-hydroxylase is expressed in rat livers; (2) the liver enzyme appears to be a cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase; (3) the affinity of the liver enzyme for 25(OH)D 3 is significantly reduced in uremia, a finding which may explain the need of supraphysiological levels of substrate to normalize serum calcitriol in anephric humans.
Keshmesh: a tool for detecting and fixing java concurrency bug patterns

Developing concurrent software is error prone. Others have cataloged common bug patterns in concurrent Java programs. But, there are no tools for detecting complex concurrency bug patterns accurately, and concurrent programs are full of similar bugs. We have been developing a tool called Keshmesh for detecting complex concurrency bug patterns in Java programs statically. Keshmesh is the first tool that accurately detects a few of the top concurrency bug patterns of the SEI CERT catalog [3] and suggests automated fixers for some of them. Keshmesh is fast enough to be used interactively, produces few false alarms and helps Java programmers to quickly find and fix common concurrency bug patterns in their programs.
The reactions of nitrogen trichloride with some tertiary phosphines

Abstract Nitrogen trichloride reacts with trimethyl-, triethyl-, tri-n-butyl-, and triphenylphosphine to yield dichlorophosphoranes of the general formula R3PCl2 plus dinitrogen. Nitrogen trichloride reacts with phosphorus trichloride to yield phosphorus pentachloride plus dinitrogen. Chloramine reacts with phosphorus trichloride to yield a mixture of dichlorophosphazene trimer and tetramer.
Differential cross section for neutron-proton bremsstrahlung

The neutron-proton bremsstrahlung process (np{yields}np{gamma}) is known to be sensitive to meson exchange currents in the nucleon-nucleon interaction. The triply differential cross section for this reaction has been measured for the first time at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, using an intense, pulsed beam of up to 700-MeV neutrons to bombard a liquid hydrogen target. Scattered neutrons were observed at six angles between 12 deg. and 32 deg., and the recoil protons were observed in coincidence at 12 deg., 20 deg., and 28 deg. on the opposite side of the beam. Measurement of the neutron and proton energies at known angles allows full kinematic reconstruction of each event. The data are compared with predictions of two theoretical calculations, based on relativistic soft-photon and nonrelativistic potential models.
Optimal Decoupled Disturbance Observers for Dual-Input Single-Output Systems

The disturbance observer (DOB) has been a popular robust control approach for servo enhancement in single-input single-output systems. This paper presents a new extension of the DOB idea to dual- and multi-input single-output systems, and discusses an optimal filter design technique for the related loop shaping. The proposed decoupled disturbance observer (DDOB) provides the flexibility to use the most suitable actuators for compensating disturbances with di erent spectral characteristics. Such a generalization is helpful, e.g., for modern dual-stage hard disk drives, where enhanced servo design is becoming more and more essential in the presence of vibration disturbances.
Atomic tailoring for ultra-dense multi-layer spectral memories

Spectral Storage using optical holeburning has the potential of providing ultrahigh densities approaching terabits per square inch. The progress on multilayer spectral storage in Eu-doped sulfides has been presented. It is shown that atomic scale tailoring of these structures is possible in order to design several different europium optical centers. In the spectrum of these centers, ultrahigh density storage can be achieved with the simultaneous optimization of other performance parameters. Results are also presented for tailoring the barrier and the capping layers.
Responsiveness and the rules of the game: How disproportionality structures the effects of winning and losing on external efficacy

Abstract This paper investigates how casting a winning or losing vote affects perceptions of external efficacy across varying conditions of electoral disproportionality. I find that as a political system's electoral mechanisms become more disproportional—that is, when institutional rules produce an increasingly unequal ratio of votes cast to the percentage of seats won—individuals who voted for losing parties become significantly less efficacious than their winning counterparts. Under these conditions, electoral winners are more likely to perceive that it matters what party is elected, while losers' attitudes about the meaningfulness of electoral representation sour. However, when disproportionality is minimal, no significant difference between winners' and losers' perceptions of external efficacy is observed, suggesting that the winner-loser framework has context-specific utility. I conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings.
T lymphocyte development from fetal hematopoietic stem cells

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are isolated from bone marrow and fetal liver as Thy-1 lo Lin - Sca-1 + cells. Both adult and fetal HSCs have similar stem cell activities. However, fetal HSCs differentiate more efficiently than adult HSCs into Vγ3 and Vγ4 cells without N nucleotide insertion in the fetal thymic microenvironment. Thus HSC themselves may lose some of their developmental potential during ontogeny. It is possible that only fetal, but not adult, HSCs can differentiate into the fetal types of hematopoietic cells, including Vγ3, Vγ4 T cells, CD5 B cells, and fetal type erythrocytes.
Water distribution system burst detection using a nonlinear Kalman filter

AbstractA water distribution system burst from a sudden pipe failure results in water loss and disruption of customer service. Artificial neural networks, state estimation, and statistical process control (SPC) have been applied to detect bursts. However, system operational condition changes such as the set of operating pumps and valve closures greatly complicates the detection problem. Thus, to date applications have been limited to networks that are supplied by gravity or under consistent operation conditions. This study seeks to overcome these limitations using a nonlinear Kalman filter (NKF) method to identify system condition, estimate system state, and detect bursts.
Bioorthogonal cyclization-mediated in situ self-assembly of small-molecule probes for imaging caspase activity in vivo

Directed self-assembly of small molecules in living systems could enable a myriad of applications in biology and medicine, and already this has been used widely to synthesize supramolecules and nano/microstructures in solution and in living cells. However, controlling the self-assembly of synthetic small molecules in living animals is challenging because of the complex and dynamic in vivo physiological environment. Here we employ an optimized first-order bioorthogonal cyclization reaction to control the self-assembly of a fluorescent small molecule, and demonstrate its in vivo applicability by imaging caspase-3/7 activity in human tumour xenograft mouse models of chemotherapy. The fluorescent nanoparticles assembled in situ were imaged successfully in both apoptotic cells and tumour tissues using three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy. This strategy combines the advantages offered by small molecules with those of nanomaterials and should find widespread use for non-invasive imaging of enzyme activity in vivo.
Catalytic nanomotors: challenges and opportunities

The fabrication of integrated nanomachinary systems can enable break-through applications in nanoelectronics, photonics, bioengineering, and drug delivery or disease treatment. Naturally occurring nanomotors are biological motor proteins powered by catalytic reactions, which convert the chemical energy from the environment into mechanical energy directly. It has been demonstrated recently that using a simple catalytic reaction and an asymmetric bimetallic nanorod, one can produce catalytic nanomotors that mimic the autonomous motions of bionanomotors. Yet the construction of artificial nanomachines remains a major contemporary challenge due to the lack of a flexible fabrication technique that can design the desired dynamic components. We use a design technique called dynamic shadowing growth that allows for the fabrication of a wide range of various geometries and the asymmetric placement of the catalyst is easily accomplished as well which is necessary for directed propulsion. Programming nanomotor behavior is possible through geometrically-focused design and by incorporating different materials into the nanomotor structure is a simple process as well. A propulsion mechanism based upon bubble ejection from the catalyst surface is introduced to explain the driving force, and the comparison of this driving mechanism with the self-electrophoresis mechanism is also studied. We have also successfully incorporated multiple parts to form complex nanomotor assemblies which exhibit motions not observed from individual parts by using magnetic interactions.
Effect of Flow Angle-of-Attack on the Local Heat/Mass Transfer From a Wall-Mounted Cube

An experimental study of the local mass transfer over the entire surface of a wall-mounted cube is performed with a particular emphasis on the effects of flow angles-of-attack (0 deg≤α≤45 deg). Invoking an analogy between heat and mass transfer, the presently obtained mass transfer results can be transformed into their heat transfer counterparts. Reynolds number based on the cube height and mean free-stram velocity varies between 3.1×10 4 and 1.1×10 5 . To substantiate the mass transfer results, streakline patterns are visualized on the cube surfaces as well as the endwall using the oil-graphite technique. Significantly different flow regimes and local mass transfer characteristics are identified as the angle-of-attack varies
Structure and Conservation of Tandem Repeats in the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region of the Least Brook Lamprey (Lampetra aepyptera)

Tandemly repeated sequences are a common feature of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA control regions. However, questions still remain about their mode of evolution, function, and phylogenetic distribution. We report phylogenetic and geographic patterns of variation of control region repeat sequence and number in a nonparasitic lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera. A survey of populations from throughout the species’ range revealed remarkably low repeat sequence polymorphism but some interpopulation variation in repeat number. The high sequence similarity extended to repeats observed in other species in the genus Lampetra and other lamprey genera. The very low levels of variation suggest a high copy turnover. Our data are consistent with the illegitimate elongation model of repeat gain and loss and further suggest that repeat change occurs at internal copies. However, the limited variation across some species of lamprey suggests that functional constraints may further limit variation.
Compensation of p-type doping in ZnSe: The role of impurity-native defect complexes.

We have examined the possibility that the saturation of the hole concentration observed in the $p$-type doping of ZnSe is caused by the formation of complexes between the substitutional acceptors and charged native defects such as Se vacancies and Zn interstitials. We present a simple model of compensation in which the relevant parameters are computed from first principles. A large lattice relaxation associated with the Se vacancy and the corresponding complex lowers their formation energy significantly. However, the large binding energy of the acceptor-Zn-interstitial complex should make it a more efficient compensator. Under typical growth conditions, our model reproduces the experimentally observed saturation of the hole concentration in the ${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ range.
Distinguishing four photons in an entangled state from two independent pairs of photons

We analyze in a multimode model a recent scheme [Tsujino et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 153602 (2004)] to distinguish entangled four-photon polarization state from two independent polarization entangled pairs of photons in a single type-II parametric down-conversion process. The fraction of the four-photon entangled state among the two detected photon pairs is found to be related to a quantity that is responsible for the temporal mode match between the photon pairs. A comparison with the single mode models is discussed.
The stock market perception of industry risk and the separation of banking and commerce

Abstract This undertakes a comparative analysis of the stock market perception of the risk of large BHCs and nonfinancial sectors over the 1969–1989 period. This is done by examining industry portfolio returns and their interest rate and default risk sensitivities in relation to economic and industry risk factors. The findings provide no strong basis for concluding that a less risky banking system would result from the removal of the barrier separating banking and commerce.
Ongoing Challenges in Pharmacovigilance

While pharmacovigilance systems have made substantial progress in the past several decades, all pharmacovigilance systems face a common set of ongoing challenges in drug safety surveillance in five principal interrelated areas: engaging the public, collaboration and partnerships, incorporating informatics, adopting a global approach, and assessing the impact of efforts. In broad terms, these challenges are not new. Rather, advances in science and technology, along with more demanding societal expectations, have changed the nature of these challenges and provided new opportunities to move the field forward. Differences in organization and levels of development, as well as regional differences, necessarily imply that a single approach is not suitable for all regions, though sharing of best practices can help each region.
An investigation into the cyclical incidence of dengue fever.

The purpose of this research was to review the topic of dengue fever transmission and investigate the relationship between seasonal temperature fluctuations and cyclical dengue fever incidence. Data from Puerto Rico (1988- 92) were used to test the model proposed. Dengue fever is a viral disease caused by one of four antigenically distinct serotypes. It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and infects 80 million people per year. Currently dengue is endemic in specific tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and epidemic dengue has been reported in the Americas Asia and some Pacific Islands. Data for Puerto Rico were collected from the National Climactic Data Center/NOAA and a study conducted by Perez et al. (1994). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine if a relationship exists between the monthly mean temperature lagged and the monthly incidence of dengue fever in Puerto Rico. Statistical significance was achieved and a second-order model produced R2 of 0.71. A residual analysis reveals positive autocorrelation thus weakening the models power to predict monthly dengue incidence. This suggests that other forces or factors related to the history of the herd immunity the introduction of a new serotype or demographic transitions are also influencing the cyclical transmission of dengue fever. Case clustering information regional dengue distributions and population density transformations must also be obtained in order to assess the forecasting ability of this model. Additional research is needed to avoid oversimplifying the problem. Without such attempts at establishing significant correlations dengue prevention and control will remain a formidable task for many developing and developed countries. (authors)
Geography: a Pathway Through College To Meaningful Careers

A background in geography can provide preparation for a broad spectrum of careers, as noted by the examples cited on the following pages.
Vibration-compensated interferometer for measuring cryogenic mirrors

An advanced interferometer was built for measuring large mirrors at cryogenic temperatures. This instrument uses active control to compensate the effects of vibration to allow high resolution phase shift interferometry. A digital signal processor and high speed phase control from an electro-optic modulator allow phase measurements at 4000 Hz. These measurements are fed back to a real time servo in the DSP that provides a vibration-corrected phase ramp for the surface measurements taken at video rates. This instrument is planned to be integrated at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's X-ray Calibration Facility for measuring NGST mirrors at 40 K.
The Relevance of Academic Libraries in the Twenty-First Century

The biggest challenge facing the library profession in the twenty-first century is staying relevant to its users. It is often stated that the Internet and Google have changed librarianship. This challenge, while significant, does not mean that libraries will go away. It is causing us to re-evaluate what we do, how we do it, and what role libraries have in the academy and in our culture at large. This column addresses some of the ways in which academic libraries can stay relevant throughout the twenty-first century.
A scanning CCD detector for powder diffraction measurements

Several different approaches have traditionally been used for detection of X-ray powder diffraction patterns, including area detectors, point detectors and position-sensitive detectors. Each has advantages. This paper discusses use of a low-cost CCD detector attached to a diffractometer arm, where line-by-line readout of the CCD is coupled to continuous motion of the arm. When this type of detector is used and where X-ray optics are employed to focus the source image onto the detector plane both high-resolution and rapid measurements can be performed, with data collection over a complete 2θ range. This is particularly advantageous for synchrotron applications but valuable also for Guinier diffractometer laboratory instruments. Peak resolutions are shown to be moderately better than what can be obtained with a position-sensitive detector and significantly better than with an area detector. Many samples have intrinsically broadened peak shapes for which little improvement in data quality could be obtained with an analyzer-crystal detector. With comparable numbers of modules, these CCD data collection speeds can be close to those with position-sensitive detectors, but without the low-angle asymmetry seen in the latter.
Exponential dichotomy, integral separation and diagonalizability of linear systems of ordinary differential equations

Abstract This paper is concerned with linear systems of ordinary differential equations. A criterion for integral separation in terms of exponential dichotomy is given. As corollaries we obtain the roughness theorem for integral separation and the new result that an upper triangular system on a half-line is integrally separated if and only if the system corresponding to its diagonal is. We then show that a diagonal system on a half-line is integrally separated if and only if a certain perturbed system is diagonalizable. Using this result we are able to deduce that the interior of the set of diagonalizable systems on a half-line is the set of systems with integral separation and that the interior for the whole line is the set of systems which are integrally separated on both half-lines.
Longitudinal associations between adult attachment states of mind and parenting quality

Much of the current evidence regarding the associations between attachment states of mind and parenting quality is based on concurrent or short-term longitudinal studies with samples of adults. Using data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation, we examined the predictive significance of the coherence of participants’ discourse during the Adult Attachment Interview, assessed at ages 19 and 26 years, for parenting quality measured using observations (administered when participants’ children were 24 and 42 months old) and interview ratings (collected when parents were 32 years old). Results indicated that associations between AAI coherence and parenting quality varied based on when adult attachment was assessed, as well as when and how parenting quality was assessed. Coherence of mind measured at age 19 years predicted observed supportive parenting when it was assessed when participants were in their late-20s and early-30s, a developmental period when parenting can be conceptualized as ...
Ultrasonic Speckle Tracking for Measurement of Scleral Cross-Sectional Strains due to Intraocular Pressure Elevation

Glaucomatous vision loss can occur at both normal and elevated levels of intraocular pressure (IOP) and the optic nerve head (ONH) is the principle site of damage. The mechanical environment of the ONH is believed to be critical for retinal ganglion cell pathophysiology [1]. Previous computational models have shown that scleral mechanical properties play an important role in affecting the mechanical environment of the ONH [2]. It is thus important to characterize the mechanical behavior of sclera under physiological loadings. Ultrasonic strain mapping has been developed to measure the internal displacement and strain of soft tissue under external loadings [3, 4]. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional strain maps at the posterior sclera under IOP elevations using non-invasive ultrasound and a speckle tracking algorithm.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Use of color, color infrared, black and white films, and video systems in detecting health, stress, and disease in vegetation

Ground and aerial experiments were conducted with color (NC) color infrared (CIR) and black and white film and video systems to compare the limitations! advantages of each method of image acquisition with photographs of natural vegetation including cypress stands wetlands and cultivated crops such as: tomatoes cucumbers and citrus. Image analysis with a Linear Measuring System (LMS) and a scanning densitometer were used to quantify healthy stressed and diseased foliage!canopy of each crop for comparisons with visual estimates. videography and photography were useful in delineating topographic features and location of vegetation. The NC video systems yielded images that distinctly separated healthy and dying foliage but did not compare with the CIR video or photography in outlining distinct areas of stress and disease. Aerial photography provided a synoptic view of the fields and cypress stands not otherwise possible. CIR images were easier to process with the LMS than NC video or photographic frames. CIR video and photographic systems produced clearer differences between healthy and stressed foliage. Spectral curves produced with the scanning densitometer correlated well with visual grading of health and stress. . 2.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On minimum power requirements for emulsification of two‐phase, liquid systems

Power requirements were measured for several, two-phase, liquid systems with viscosities ranging from 0.391 to 215 centipoise in a baffled, cylindrical vessel conforming to a standard tank configuration. A correlation was developed for the minimum power needed in order to maintain a uniform emulsion. For the systems studied it was found that the product of minimum impeller speed and the weighted average density was only a function of the respective continuous phase properties. Measurements, made over a range of impeller speeds from the minimum required to maintain an emulsion up to the point where gas entrainment occurred, were accurately described by single phase power curve. For more than 250 points with Reynolds numbers ranging from 500 to greater than 100,000, the average absolute error in the experimentally measured power number for two phase systems was found to be 4.0% based on the corresponding single phase power number curve On a determine les besoins d'energie, dans le cas de plusieurs systemes liquides a deux phases dans lesquels la viscosite variait entre 0.391 et 215 centipoises; on a employe a cette fin un recipient cylindrique a chicanes qui correspondait a la configuration normale d'un reservoir. On a mis au point une correlation relative a l'energie minimale requise pour conserver une emulsion homogene. On a trouve, dans le cas des systemes etudies, que le produit de la vitesse minimale des rouest mobiles et de la densite moyenne alourdie n'etait qu'une fonction de leurs proprietes respectives en phase continue. On a decrit avec justesse, au moyen d'une courbe d'energie en phase simple, les mesures effectuecs sur une echelle de vitesses des roues a partir de la vitesse minimale requise pour conservr un emulsion stable jusqu'au point ou il se produisit un emprisonnement de gaz. Dans le cas de 250 points ou les nombres de Reynolds variaient entre 500 et au-dela de 100,000, on a trouve que la moyenne d'erreur absolue dans la valeur d'energie mesuree experimentalement pour des systemes a deux phases etait de 4%, en se basant sur la courbe correspondante de valeur d'energie en phase simple.
On spectra and coherence of tropical climate anomalies

Time series of hydrometeorological indices from key tropical land areas, of sea surface temperature (SST), and of sea level pressure (SLP) for various latitude zones of the Atlantic, as compiled from ship observations, form the major basis for a study of variance and coherence characteristics of tropical circulation and climate. The novel non-integer technique of Schickedanz-Bowen is used. SLP in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific and SLP and SST in the Atlantic show large variance in the long end of the spectrum, thus reflecting the inertia and trend of atmosphere and hydrosphere. However, a marked preference for SLP variations is apparent around 2.5 years in the Equatorial Atlantic, and around 6 and 20 years in the North Australian region. The behavior of SST in the El Nino region off the Ecuador/Peru coast differs from other parts of the World oceans, in that variance is concentrated at 2–8 and around 15 years, rather than the long end of the spectrum. Variance in regional hydrometeorological series is concentrated around 2–2.5, 10, and 13–21 years. Spatial linkages are most prominent around 2.3, 5, 8, and 14 years, and appear related to preferred modes of circulation and climate anomalies identified by earlier stratification and principal component studies. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01771.x
'Abnormal' Papanicolaou smears and colposcopy in pregnancy: ante- and post-partum findings.

Abnormal Papanicolaou smears and colposcopic findings suggesting human Papilloma virus (HPV) infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) may occur during pregnancy. Condylomata acuminata often grow rapidly during pregnancy and may regress spontaneously following delivery. However, the post-partum outcome of the untreated ante-partum abnormal cytologic smear and colposcopy has not been defined clearly. Seventy-three pregnant patients were examined by colposcopy because of genital warts and/or abnormal Papanicolaou smears. Cytologic, colposcopic and histologic re-evaluation was conducted after delivery. Only one of the patients had a normal ante-partum colposcopic examination. This number increased to 15 after delivery. Forty-one patients had normal post-partum cytologic smears, but only 13 had normal histology. Abnormal post-partum cytology was highly predictive of abnormal colposcopy and histology. In contrast, normal post-partum cytology was not very accurate in predicting normal colposcopy and histology. It is concluded that a few pregnant patients may have partial regression of clinical HPV infection and abnormal cytology and colposcopy after delivery. However, the majority will continue to have abnormal findings 4 months following delivery in spite of normal post-partum cytology and even colposcopy.