cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistologic analysis of spontaneous recurrent laryngeal nerve reinnervation in a rat model.

Objective After recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (RLN), spontaneous reinnervation of the larynx occurs with input from multiple sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the timing and efficiency of reinnervation across a resected RLN segment in a rat model of RLN injury. Study design Animal study. Methods Twelve male 60-day-old Sprague Dawley rats underwent resection of a 5-mm segment of the right RLN. Rats were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after nerve injury to harvest the larynx and trachea for immunohistologic analysis. The distal RLN segment was stained with neurofilament, and axons were counted and compared to the nonoperated side. Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were stained with alpha-bungarotoxin, synaptophysin, and neurofilament to identify intact neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). The number of intact NMJs from the denervated side was compared to the nonoperated side. Results Nerve fibers regenerated across the resected RLN gap into the distal recurrent laryngeal nerve to innervate the TA muscle. The number of nerve fibers in the distal nerve segment increased over time and reached the normal number by 12 weeks postdenervation. Axons formed intact neuromuscular junctions in the TA, with 48.8% ± 16.7% of the normal number of intact NMJs at 4 weeks and 88.3% ± 30.1% of the normal number by 12 weeks. Conclusion Following resection of an RLN segment in a rat model, nerve fibers spontaneously regenerate through the distal segment of the transected nerve and form intact NMJs in order to reinnervate the TA muscle. Level of evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E117-E122, 2018.
Comparison of the Electronic Properties of f7, f8, and f9 Lanthanides With Formally Isoelectronic Actinides

Abstract Relativistic effects increase substantially between lanthanides and actinides inducing reorganization of frontier orbitals and large spin–orbit coupling. Spin–orbit splitting causes mixing of excited states with ground states in actinides, and thus the ground states can only be described as admixtures of multiple Russell–Saunders terms that have the same value of J. This mixing has profound effects on the electronic structure of actinides particularly beyond curium (Z = 96). In this chapter, the structures and magnetic properties of berkelium and californium compounds are compared with the formally isoelectronic lanthanides, terbium, and dysprosium. In addition, the magnetic properties of BkIV are compared with other f7 ions. Quantum mechanical studies reveal that not only are the ground states multireference, but that the heavy actinides strongly deviate from Hund's First Rule and have uneven distribution of electron spin among different ml microstates. Furthermore, even in 5f7 systems, a substantial portion of the spin density is antiparallel. Departure from classical descriptions of ground states becomes more pronounced as Z increases. These features are largely absent in isoelectronic lanthanides and even substantially diminished in actinides lighter than berkelium. In addition to the demonstration of alterations in electronic structure of middle-to-late actinides, this chapter also reviews the structural chemistry of several families of lanthanide and actinide compounds and complexes in an effort to demonstrate the propagation of electronic structure alteration into changes in bond lengths and gross changes in crystal structures.
A four‐season longitudinal study of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in beef cow–calf herds in Mississippi and Nebraska

Our objective was to describe the probability of detecting seven serogroups of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC-7) of public health importance in faecal samples from beef cow-calf herds and to test for factors associated with their detection. Fresh faecal samples (n = 85) from two Mississippi and two Nebraska herds were collected in each of four seasons. Samples were tested for each EHEC-7 serogroup by a molecular screening assay. Separate management groups within herds were sampled, and group-level factors were recorded. To measure the effects of factors on faecal shedding of EHEC-7, separate multivariable logistic regression models were used, accounting for the random effect of clustering by group within farm. Statistical significance was set α = 0.05. Fifty-nine samples (4.3%) were positive for EHEC O26, and Nebraska samples were more likely to be positive than Mississippi samples (OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 139.2). Forty-four samples (3.2%) were positive for EHEC O45. Odds for detection were greater in the summer than all other seasons combined (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.3, 14.0), and odds decreased if a precipitation event occurred (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.006, 0.8). EHEC O103 was detected in 66 samples (4.9%) with increased probability to be detected at increased temperature. EHEC O111 was detected in 71 samples (5.2%), and 43 samples (3.2%) were positive for EHEC O145. Both EHEC O111 and O145 were associated separately with season, with greater probability for detection in the summer. Eighteen (1.3%) and 68 (5.0%) samples were positive for EHEC O121 and EHEC O157, respectively. We failed to detect significant explanatory factors associated with probability to detect EHEC O121 or O157. Factors that vary by time and place, such as precipitation, ambient temperature, region and season, are uniquely associated with the probability to detect EHEC-7 in fresh faeces collected from cow-calf herds.
The Case of the Crowded Sidewalks: Implementing and Assessing Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education

This paper provides a scenario of Dr Picksie, an urban engineering instructor in an institute of higher education. Frustrated with the lack of student engagement and authentic, interactive, collaborative pedagogy, he tries Problem-Based Learning (PBL). By following steps of implementing and assessing PBL, he successfully leads his class through their first PBL case, The Case of the Crowded Sidewalks, and gives students the confidence and knowledge to continue more complex PBL problems throughout the semester. Although fictitious, the instructor in this scenario represents a compilation of concerns, successes, confusions and frustrations voiced by faculty and students in higher education through the authors’ professional development workshops, teaching, and research studies. Keywords: Problem-Based Learning, PBL, instructional design, collaboration, problem solving, pedagogy
Re-Classing Existing SAT Diving Systems

In the current low oil cost environment, dive contractors are exploring the possibility of reactivating existing systems rather than building new. In addition to classing ships and platforms, the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) also classes saturation diving systems. In this paper, the Author describes the basic division of ABS into Engineering and Survey sides, and provides background on the ABS Underwater Rules and the ASME PVHO Standard. The author discusses obtaining a class certificate for a SAT system and then outlines the process for returning a previously classed system to class, and the process for classing an existing unclassed system.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Histone Ubiquitylation Control of Gene Expression

In addition to chemical modifications such as acetylation or methylation, histones are modified by the addition of small polypeptides such as ubiquitin. Whereas poly-ubiquitylation generally targets proteins for proteasomal degradation, histones are predominantly mono-ubiquitylated. Histone mono-ubiquitylation regulates nuclear processes that include transcription and DNA damage responses. The carboxy-terminal tails of histones H2A and H2B provide the major sites for mono-ubiquitylation. However, recent studies have identified mono-ubiquitylated residues on the amino-terminal tails of H2A and H2B. These include novel lysines that are ubiquitylated in response to DNA damage. In this review, first the enzymes that deposit and remove ubiquitin from histones are described. Although these enzymes are best characterized with respect to histone ubiquitylation, a number of these enzymes have other substrates that might play an important role in their cellular activities. Second, the role of H2A and H2B mono-ubiquitylation in gene expression is discussed; whereas H2B mono-ubiquitylation activates transcription initiation and elongation, H2A mono-ubiquitylation promotes transcription repression. Finally, regulation of histone ubiquitylation during the DNA damage response and in the cell cycle is described.
Raman Studies of Phonons in GaAs/AlGaAs Superlattices

The superlattice most studied has been that of GaAs/AlGaAs. Longitudinal phonon modes propagating parallel to the (001) growth direction have very simple properties that are shown both by calculations using simple models and by experiments. The acoustic modes are only weakly affected by the superlattice layering. Their dispersion curves are obtained by folding of those of the virtual crystal, and the phonon wavefunctions are nearly those of a single plane wave. For the nonresonant case, Raman activity is produced by the superlattice effect on the electronic structure, especially on the photoelastic constants. In resonance, complexity of the electronic structure is revealed. The optical modes are well-described as confined in the case of a square wave concentration profile. The effects of changing this profile by anealing on both acoustic and optical modes are studied. In the former case, only the intensities of the folded phonons change, in aproximate agreement with the photoelastic model. In the optical case, we have successfully explained the observed frequencies of the confined modes by an effective-mass-like theory for phonons.
NeMo: A Massively Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation Model for Neuromorphic Architectures

Neuromorphic computing is a broad category of non–von Neumann architectures that mimic biological nervous systems using hardware. Current research shows that this class of computing can execute data classification algorithms using only a tiny fraction of the power conventional CPUs require. This raises the larger research question: How might neuromorphic computing be used to improve application performance, power consumption, and overall system reliability of future supercomputers? To address this question, an open-source neuromorphic processor architecture simulator called NeMo is being developed. This effort will enable the design space exploration of potential heterogeneous compute systems that combine traditional CPUs, GPUs, and neuromorphic hardware. This article examines the design, implementation, and performance of NeMo. Demonstration of NeMo’s efficient execution using 2,048 nodes of an IBM Blue Gene/Q system, modeling 8,388,608 neuromorphic processing cores is reported. The peak performance of NeMo is just over ten billion events-per-second when operating at this scale.
Health Risk Prediction Using Big Medical Data - a Collaborative Filtering-Enhanced Deep Learning Approach

The massive amount of medical data accumulated from patients and healthcare providers has become a vast reservoir of knowledge source that may enable promising applications such as risk predictive modeling, clinical decision support, disease or safety surveillance. However, discovering knowledge from the big medical data can be very complex because of the nature of this type of data: they normally contain large amount of unstructured data; they may have lots of missing values; they can be highly complex and heterogeneous. To address these challenges, in this paper we propose a Collaborative Filtering-Enhanced Deep Learning approach. In particular, we estimate missing values based on patients’ similarity, i.e., we predict one patient’s missing features based on the values of similar patients. This is implemented with the Collaborative Topic Regression method, which tightly couples topic model and probability matrix factorization and is able to utilize the rich information hidden in the data. Then a deep neural network-based method is applied for the prediction of health risks. This method can help us handle complex and multi-modality data. Extensive experiments on a real-world dataset have been performed and the results show improvements of our proposed algorithm over the state-of-the-art methods.
How to Review a Clinical Research Paper

Critical evaluation of each section of a paper is needed in order to properly assess the purpose and quality of the paper and to understand the degree to which the results can influence clinical practice. Reviewing a paper is a skill that is best honed by practice, but there is no real formal training during medical school or residency on what to evaluate during a review and what the review process involves for a journal. Thus, this chapter will highlight the major points to review in each section of a paper and will provide a guide for young investigators to use while interpreting the findings of a paper. Additionally, the components of a review submission to a journal will be outlined.
Impact of the stacking sequence on the bandgap and luminescence properties of bulk, bilayer, and monolayer hexagonal boron nitride

We examine the effects of stacking sequence and number of layers on the electronic and luminescence properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) structures with first-principles calculations based on density functional and many-body perturbation theory. We explored the variations of the magnitude and character (direct or indirect) of the quasiparticle bandgap and interband optical matrix elements for bulk, bilayer, and monolayer stacking polytypes. Although the fundamental gap for most structures is indirect, phonon-assisted transitions are strong (typically 600 times stronger than bulk Si) and enable efficient deep-ultraviolet (UV) luminescence. The polarization of the emitted light is transverse electric, which facilitates light extraction perpendicularly to the h-BN basal plane. Random stacking in turbostratic BN breaks the crystal symmetry and enables optical transitions across the quasi-direct bandgap, albeit with a weak matrix element. Our results demonstrate that h-BN is a promising material for efficient deep-UV light emitters.
Seasonal and interannual changes in planktic foraminiferal fluxes and species composition in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

Abstract Paleoclimate records based on planktic foraminifera shells are reliant upon an understanding of how populations respond to annual and interannual changes in surface hydrography. In particular, annual and interannual flux variability would be expected to impact the interpretation of geochemical proxies from foraminifera shells. A seven-year time series from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California reveals a seasonal progression of foraminiferal species flux, with faunal assemblages characteristic of winter, summer, and fall conditions. Observations of flux along with remotely sensed sea surface temperatures and previously published oxygen isotope data are used here to assess the range of environmental conditions each species would be expected to represent in the fossil record. We find that both species abundances and phenology are altered during negative El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, as occurred over the course of the study period. This observation is used in conjunction with published δ18O data to subsample fluxes in simulation of assemblages collected and analyzed by standard paleontological methods. This approach indicates that during periods more influenced by El Nino conditions, Globigerina bulloides would record warmer conditions, while Neogloboquadrina dutertrei would reflect cooler conditions.
Equal-Distance Coupling Method in OFDM System Under Frequency Selective Channel

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is very sensitive to frequency errors caused by phase noise and Doppler shift. It will disturb the orthogonality among subcarriers and cause intercarrier interference (ICI). A simple method to combat ICI is proposed in this letter. The main idea is to map each data symbol onto a pair of subcarriers rather to a single subcarrier. Different with conventional adjacent coupling and symmetric coupling method, the frequency diversity can be utilized more efficiently by the proposed equal-distance coupling method. Numerical results show that our proposed method provides robust signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement over the conventional coupling methods.
Anopheles gambiae Lacking AgTRIO Inefficiently Transmits Plasmodium berghei to Mice.

ABSTRACT Antibodies to AgTRIO, a mosquito salivary protein, partially reduce the initial Plasmodium burden in mice. We therefore silenced AgTRIO in mosquitoes and determined the relative contribution of AgTRIO to the ability of Anopheles gambiae to transmit Plasmodium berghei to mice. RNA interference-mediated silencing of AgTRIO inA. gambiae resulted in a 60% reduction in AgTRIO expression. The decrease in AgTRIO expression did not alter the burden of Plasmodium sporozoites in mosquito salivary glands. When experimentally injected into mice, sporozoites from AgTRIO-silenced mosquitoes colonized the liver less effectively than sporozoites from control mosquitoes. Silencing of AgTRIO did not decrease the infectivity of sporozoites in vitro or influence the expression of genes associated with Plasmodium cell adhesion or traversal activity. AgTRIO decreased the expression of proinflammation cytokines by splenocytes in vitro. Moreover, in vivo, AgTRIO decreased the expression of TNF-α when coinjected with sporozoites into the skin and there was more TNF-α expression at the bite site of AgTRIO knockdown mosquitoes than at the bite site of control mosquitoes. AgTRIO therefore influences the local environment in the vertebrate host, which facilitates Plasmodium sporozoite infection in mice.
Mesoscale modeling of the atmosphere

This chapter discusses the mechanisms responsible for generating atmospheric motion, scales of the various phenomena of the atmosphere relevant to modeling the wind plant, atmospheric energetics, and introduces the chaotic nature of the flow. Then the equations of motion and their discretization are presented, along with the discussion of typical boundary and initial conditions, including a discussion of data assimilation (DA) as a way to assure that the initial conditions best incorporate the observations. The author then discuss how the atmospheric models are applied to wind resource assessment and forecasting, and how the wind farm wakes are currently parameterized in the atmospheric models. For completeness, we introduce methods for assessment, postprocessing, and uncertainty quantification. As the field is rapidly evolving, we finish with discussion of where the field is likely to go in the next decade.
Adolescent Psychopathology: The Role of Brain-based Diatheses, Sensitivities, and Susceptibilities

The rates of onset for several forms of psychopathology peak during adolescence, which coincides with the refinement of brain circuitry attuned to expanding social-contextual interactions, stressors, and settings. While some adolescents experience mental health difficulties, most do not develop significant problems. Conceptual work suggests that brain-based individual differences in adolescents' neurobiological susceptibility to their social contexts play a role in the development of psychopathology and well-being. In this article, I summarize evidence supporting the idea that individual differences in brain structure and function moderate the relation between adolescents' social-contextual experiences and psychopathology. I discuss why this approach is important in developmental research designed to identify adolescents at greatest risk for psychopathology or poised for positive outcomes, as well as those who may benefit most from intervention.
On the oxidation of the silicon bond coat in environmental barrier coatings

Abstract Deal and Grove’s formulation is applied to model the oxidation of the silicon bond coat in environmental barrier coatings. The approach is similar to the author’s previous study, except now the oxidant is assumed to flow through the coating as ions via vacancy diffusion. The use of an “effective permeability” of the oxidant in the coating is required under the vacancy diffusion assumption. It is found that the linear-parabolic growth equation from Deal and Grove, x o x 2 + A x o x = B t , is still applicable for the oxidation of the silicon bond coat, but the equation for the parameter A must be modified to account for the coating. The expression for B is the same as that obtained by Deal and Grove and thus is unaffected by the presence of a coating. The modified expression for A is a linear function of the coating thickness and includes the ratio of the oxidant permeability in the oxide to its effective permeability in the coating.
Associations of loneliness and social isolation with actigraph and self-reported sleep quality in a national sample of older adults.

Study objectives To examine associations of social isolation and loneliness with sleep in older adults, and whether associations differ for survey and actigraph sleep measures. Methods This study used data from The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a nationally-representative study of community dwelling older adults born 1920-1947. A random one-third of participants in 2010/2011 were invited to participate in a sleep study (n = 759) that included survey questions, 72 hours of wrist actigraphy, and a sleep log. Perceived loneliness was measured using three questions from the UCLA Loneliness Scale. An index of social isolation was constructed from nine items that queried social network characteristics and social interactions. We used ordinary least squares and ordinal logistic regression to examine whether sleep measures were associated with loneliness and social isolation adjusted for potential sociodemographic confounders. Results Social isolation and loneliness had a low correlation (Spearman's correlation = 0.20). Both loneliness and social isolation were associated with actigraphy measures of more disrupted sleep: wake after sleep onset (WASO) and percent sleep. Neither was associated with actigraph total sleep time. Increased loneliness was strongly associated with more insomnia symptoms and with shorter sleep duration assessed by a single question, but social isolation was not. More isolated individuals spent longer time in bed. Conclusions We found both loneliness and social isolation were associated with worse actigraph sleep quality, but their associations with self-reported sleep differed. Only loneliness was associated with worse and shorter self-reported sleep.
Naive CD8+ T Cells Expressing CD95 Increase Human Cardiovascular Disease Severity.

Objective: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant global health concern with a high degree of mortality. While CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied in CVD, the importance of CD8+ ...
Educating the Whole Child: Kindergarten Mathematics Instructional Practices and Students’ Academic and Socioemotional Development

BackgroundTo date, school policies and practices have emphasized early-schooling mathematics instructional practices only as a way to boost academic achievement. However, because young children spe...
World War II Hero

In June 1940 President Roosevelt approved the request of Vannevar Bush to create the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC).
Hemodynamic Impact of Atrial Pacing in Patients with Fontan Physiology and Junctional Rhythm: A Cardiac Catheterization Study.

Sinus node dysfunction is a common problem and adversely impacts patients who have undergone the Fontan operation. In Fontan patients with an adequate junctional escape rhythm, the benefit of atrial pacing to restore atrioventricular synchrony remains unclear. Data were collected retrospectively on all Fontan patients with junctional rhythm who underwent atrial pacing during cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamics were obtained at baseline and after atrial pacing for 5–10 min. Seven patients, mean age 10 years (3–21) were studied. The type of Fontan was extracardiac in 6 and lateral tunnel in one. Patients were paced at 10 bpm faster than their junctional rate. With pacing, there was a significant decrease in left atrial pressure from (mean ± SEM) 8.8 ± 2.6 to 5.5 ± 2.9 mmHg (p = 0.02), a significant increase in cardiac index from 2.7 ± 0.8 to 3.5 ± 1 L/min/m2 (p = 0.01) and pulmonary blood flow from 2.1 ± 0.6 to 2.7 ± 0.7 L/min/m2 (p = 0.001), and no significant change in pulmonary artery pressure, from 13.4 ± 2.8 to 12.4 mmHg ± 3.6 (p = 0.06) or pulmonary vascular resistance from 2.1 ± 0.86 to 3.25 ± 1.9 WU × M2 (p = 0.1). In Fontan patients with junctional rhythm, atrial pacing decreased the left atrial pressure, increased cardiac output and did not significantly change the pulmonary artery pressure. Our study supports further investigation into the utility of prophylactic atrial pacemaker implantation in Fontan patients with significant durations of JR on ambulatory monitoring.
The Unexamined Law of Deportation

Prioritization by criminality, in which noncitizens who have been convicted of serious crimes are deported ahead of those with little or no criminal history, is the most consequential principle governing who is deported from the interior of the United States. That principle of internal administrative law has rarely been questioned. This Article argues that, intuitive as prioritization by criminality may appear, it is only rarely justifiable. I show, empirically, that the interior immigration enforcement system is successful at such prioritization. Being convicted of a crime makes deportation at least a hundred times more likely. And I show that center-left attempts to reduce deportations over the last decade have sharpened this prioritization: both sanctuary policies and President Obama’s Priority Enforcement Program, which caused the two largest reductions in interior immigration enforcement in the last decade, prioritized deportations by criminality. Because well under one percent of undocumented noncitizens are deported in any given year, some principle for prioritizing enforcement is needed—but criminality should not be the primary principle. First, the crime control rationales for punishing noncitizens more severely than citizens convicted of the same crime are surprisingly weak. Second, the immigration policy rationale for prioritization by criminality is strongest among recent entrants to the United States. The longer a noncitizen has lived in the United States, and the stronger his or her ties here, the less deportation resembles a retroactive admission decision and the more it resembles additional punishment. Finally, the relationship between ties and criminality is asymmetric: there are better arguments for deporting people with weak ties and no convictions than for deporting people with strong ties and serious convictions. If noncitizens convicted of crimes were mostly recent entrants, then the current prioritization might make sense. But the limited existing evidence on deportees’ ties to the United States suggests that prioritization by criminality leads the government to target people with deep roots in this country. The result is that interior immigration enforcement functions more as a method of social control of noncitizen residents than as a tool of immigration policy.
Impact of Preexisting Mental Illnesses on Receipt of Guideline-Consistent Breast Cancer Treatment and Health Care Utilization

This study determined the impact of preexisting mental illnesses on guideline-consistent breast cancer treatment and breast cancer-related health care utilization. This was a retrospective, longitudinal, cohort study conducted using data from the 2006-2008 Medicaid Analytic Extract files. The target population for the study consisted of female Medicaid enrollees who were aged 18-64 years and were newly diagnosed with breast cancer in 2007. Guideline-consistent breast cancer treatment was defined according to established guidelines. Breast cancer-related health care use was reported in the form of inpatient, outpatient, and emergency room visits. Statistical analyses consisted of multivariable hierarchical regression models. A total of 2142 newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer were identified. Approximately 38% of these had a preexisting mental illness. Individuals with any preexisting mental illness were less likely to receive guideline-consistent breast cancer treatment compared to those without any preexisting mental illness (adjusted odds ratio: 0.793, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.646-0.973). A negative association was observed between preexisting mental illness and breast cancer-related outpatient (adjusted incident rate ratio (AIRR): 0.917, 95% CI: 0.892-0.942) and emergency room utilization (AIRR: 0.842, 95% CI: 0.709-0.999). The association between preexisting mental illnesses and breast cancer-related inpatient utilization was statistically insignificant (AIRR: 0.993, 95% CI: 0.851-1.159). The findings of this study indicate that breast cancer patients with preexisting mental illnesses experience disparities in terms of receipt of guideline-consistent breast cancer treatment and health care utilization. The results of this study highlight the need for more focused care for patients with preexisting mental illness.
Abstract 16430: Early Urine Sodium Response After Ambulatory Diuretic Bolus to Avoid Heart Failure Hospitalization

Introduction: Ambulatory heart failure management may increasingly include administration of intravenous diuretics in an outpatient setting, but it is difficult to know when response will be adequate to avoid hospitalization. Hypothesis: We assessed whether a high initial urine sodium (Na) after an intravenous diuretic bolus would predict net urine output > 1 liter after 3 hours of diuretic infusion, performed in an ACTIVE (Ambulatory Cardiac Triage, InterVention, and Education) unit where a nurse and pharmacist also provided heart failure education. Methods and Results: The unit accepted patients with chronic heart failure referred with symptomatic fluid overload without severe decompensation, and prescribed loop diuretic bolus and infusion dosed from an internal algorithm based on daily oral dose. Urine output was > 1 liter after 3 hours in 77% of patients with urine Na response > 100 mmol/L, in 69% with urine Na 61-100, and only 23% with initial urine Na Conclusion: In conclusion, we can anticipate at least 1 liter diuresis in most patients with initial urine Na > 60 mmol/L after bolus diuretic. Patients with urine Na > 100 also have significantly lower 30 day ED and admission rates after outpatient diuretic infusion. Patients with low urine Na response may still have diuresis but may need more prolonged intervention or revision of goals of care.
Visualization of Cross‐Platform Microarray Normalization

Background: Combining different microarray data sets together, even across platforms, is considered. The larger sample sizes created in this way have the potential to generally increase statistical power. DWD has been shown to provide this improvement in some cases. But there is an apparent contradiction with the success of the DWD based approach, and earlier analyses by others claiming to show the infeasibility of acrossplatform adjustment. Results: Using two NCI 60 data sets as a test bed for studying across-platform adjustment, we replicate earlier results indicating that DWD provides an effective approach to this problem, using both novel and conventional visualization methods. In addition, improved statistical power from combining data is demonstrated for a new DWD based hypothesis test. This result appears to contradict a number of earlier results, which suggested that such data combination is not possible. The contradiction is resolved by understanding the differences between viewpoints. The negative results obtained by others were based upon a gene by gene analysis, but much better insights and analyses, including understanding why DWD works, comes from the more complete and insightful multivariate viewpoint. Conclusions: DWD is seen, using the NCI-60 cancer cell line data as a test bed, to be an effective method for cross-platform combination of microarray data. In general, multivariate data views are much more insightful and useful than only gene by gene views for understanding microarray data.
Phonon focusing and the martensitic phase transformation in NiAl

A modified scanning acoustic microscope was employed to study the effect of elastic anisotropy on the propagation of acoustic wavefronts in two NixAl1-x single crystal alloys with Ni compositions of 50 and 63 at.%. Both the longitudinal and slow transverse modes were studied. For the slow transverse mode large focusing effects and internal diffraction were observed for wavefronts on a 〈100〉 surface. Ultrasonic images were also studied as a function of temperature through the martensitic phase transformation in the Ni63Al37 crystal.
Salicylate, pharmacokinetics, and the pediatrician.

Clinicians may, at first glance, wonder why the paper in this issue by Levy and Yaffe1 on the volume of distribution of salicylate in children should concern them or, indeed, why it even appears in their journal. This important and excellent study is a prime example of the growing influence and involvement of clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics in medicine generally and pediatrics particularly. Already substantial, with the growing complexity of pediatric therapeutics, this relationship stands to become even more widespread and intense as a result of increasing emphasis on more and better pediatric drug studies. Evolving ethical-legal constraints notwithstanding,2 these must and will expand.
Hydrothermal vents: A previously unrecognized source of actinium-227 to the deep ocean

Abstract Actinium-227 (t 1/2 = 21.77 y) is produced by decay of protactinium-231 (t 1/2 = 32,760 y). Abyssal sediments are enriched in 231 Pa and thus provide a source of the more soluble 227 Ac to the deep-sea, where it can be used as a tracer of deep ocean diapycnal mixing. In this study, we examine the distribution of dissolved and particulate 227 Ac within a neutrally buoyant hydrothermal plume overlying the TAG vent field (26.14°N, 44.83°W, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) collected during the U.S. GEOTRACES North Atlantic Transect (2011). Elevated activities of both particulate and dissolved 227 Ac within the plume indicate that hydrothermal vents may be a previously unrecognized source of this isotope to the marine environment. We contend that vent fluids are the main source of the 227 Ac enrichment. Based on the activities of dissolved and particulate 227 Ac within the plume, a 3 He dilution model was used to derive a hydrothermal 227 Ac end-member activity of 1.5 × 10 4 –2.5 × 10 4 dpm m − 3 . Assuming that TAG is characteristic of all vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the hydrothermal source of 227 Ac to the deep Atlantic is estimated to be 1.9–5.8% of the flux from Atlantic sediments. Although this hydrothermal flux may not have a large impact on the total oceanic inventory of 227 Ac, it must be considered when using this isotope as a tracer of deep ocean mixing in areas where hydrothermal activity is present.
Effect of starch source (corn, oats or wheat) and concentration on fermentation by equine faecal microbiota in vitro

AIMS The goal was to determine the effect of starch source (corn, oats and wheat) and concentration on: (i) total amylolytic bacteria, Group D Gram-positive cocci (GPC), lactobacilli and lactate-utilizing bacteria, and (ii) fermentation by equine microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS When faecal washed cell suspensions were incubated with any substrate amylolytics increased over time. However, at 24 h there were 10 and 1000-fold more amylolytics with corn than wheat or oats respectively. Predominant amylolytics isolated were Enterococcus faecalis (corn, wheat) and Streptococcus bovis (oats). GPC increased with any substrate, but decreased during stationary phase in oats only. Lactobacilli decreased during stationary phase with corn only. By 24 h, oats had more lactate-utilizers and lactobacilli and fewer GPC than corn and wheat. More gas was produced from oats or wheat than from corn. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the growth of bacteria and fermentative capacity associated with starch metabolism is starch source dependent. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates a relationship between starch source and microbial changes independent of host digestion. However, future research is needed to evaluate the effect of starch source on the hindgut microbial community in vivo.
Challenges to Family Involvement

(1997). Challenges to Family Involvement. Childhood Education: Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 144-148.
Vice isn't nice: A look at the effects of working undercover

Abstract This study examined the consequences of working undercover for police officers. In-depth personal interviews were conducted with 40 present and former undercover officers representing three federal law enforcement agencies and eight municipal police departments located in the greater Denver metropolitan area. Focusing on role dynamics and situated identity in undercover assignments, the study explored the impact of work experiences on officers with respect to their interaction with informants and suspects, interpersonal relations with family and friends, and readjustment to routine police duties.
Bandwidths for a quasiperiodic tight-binding model

A study is made of the spectrum of a class of one-dimensional models that are equivalent to the equation for an electron in a magnet field and a two-dimensional periodic potential. A rigorous lower bound for the measure of the spectrum is derived, and theoretical and numerical arguments are presented to show that this bound is attained in the incommensurate limit. In the case that corresponds to an isotropic system this lower bound is zero, and numerical work shows that the measure has the asymptotic form $\frac{A}{p}$, where $p$ is the period. The existence of a finite Lyapunov exponent and of a nonzero spectral measure in the incommensurate limit seems to be correlated with the existence of semiclassical open orbits in the problem of an electron in a magnetic field.
Circulatory actions of phentolamine before and after autonomic blockade.

Previous studies have suggested that phentolamine produces beta-adrenergic stimulation of the heart. We have defined the mechanisms by which this occurs by determining dose response curves to phentolamine before and after autonomic nervous system blockade with other drugs. Our studies demonstrate that the cardiac stimulation which results from phentolamine is reflexly induced by decreases in blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance.
The scaling behavior of a highly aggregated colloidal suspension microstructure and its change in shear flow

The nature of the network structure and the evolution of structural change in shear flow were investigated for metal particle dispersions in terms of fractal aggregation of colloidal particles. Polymer-stabilized metal particle inks were prepared via a polyvinyl chloride coating dispersed in solvent. The fractal dimension of 1.74 was calculated with the scaling model based on the power law relationship between the elastic modulus and volume fraction. This scaling behavior can be explained by considering the deformable network structure of soft materials. While the elastic property of the floc was dominant, the limit of linearity was found at the inter-floc link, which is relatively weak and brittle. The steady shear results reveal two mechanisms that contribute to the breakdown of the microstructure in metal particle inks at increasing shear rate. Scaling of steady shear viscosity shows that these mechanisms are related to both inter-floc interactions and the elasticity of the floc itself. Further, these results suggest that individual flocs deform with weak inter-floc interactions and rupture into smaller flocs or aggregates at high shear stress, which is associated with the increased shear rate.
Spatiotemporal response of a conducting sphere under simulated geomagnetic storm conditions

Abstract A theoretical study of satellite-based geomagnetic induction signals from uniform and heterogeneous spheres is undertaken using existing analytic and semi-analytic harmonic solutions. Transient responses to ring current excitations are computed using inverse Fourier and Laplace methods. A wide range of simulated storm excitations from impulse to step-on are considered. The early-time radial and late-time polar responses are diagnostic of the electrical conductivity of the sphere. The early-time diagnostic is likely more useful because of better signal to noise characteristics. Induction signals from deeply buried heterogeneities are likely to be contained in the late-time responses and their extraction will require new statistical approaches that average over many storms and incorporate multi-satellite and ground-based observations. The spatiotemporal induction response shows an interesting crossover during which time the rapidly-evolving polar component starts to decays while the slowly-evolving radial component continues to grow. At the crossover time, the intensity of the field is independent of colatitude, an effect which could be sought in satellite induction data.
Did PRWORA's mandatory school attendance policy increase attendance among targeted teenage girls?

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to examine if the school-attendance requirement of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) significantly increased attendance among the teenage girls that the policy targeted. This study applied difference-in-difference and difference-in-difference-in-difference methods to 12 years of cross-sectional data from the October Supplement of the Current Population Survey while isolating the effects of PRWORA from the effects of other factors that might have influenced the target population's school attendance. The findings indicated that PRWORA, overall, did not have significant positive impacts on school attendance; rather, the policy was associated with a small but significant reduction in school attendance of U.S.-born disadvantaged teenage girls between 1996 through 1999 and essentially no effects on the target population thereafter.
Accumulation of 2-[14C]propylthiouracil in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract Phagocytizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) accumulate radioactive propylthiouracil ([ 14 C]PTU), methimazole ([ 14 C]MMI) and iodide ( 125 I − ) at rates 8- to 10-fold those of resting cells. Iodide, at concentrations of less than 5 μM, had no effect on PTU or MMI uptake. Perchlorate had no effect on either PTU or iodide uptake, while thiocyanate inhibited only iodide uptake. Iodide organification is inhibited by PTU, azide and cyanide. PTU accumulation increased 666 per cent as PTU was increased from 0.005 to 0.5 μmole/ml, while iodide organification was decreased 87.7 per cent with 0.05 μmole/ml of PTU. Similar results were obtained with azide and cyanide. This stimulation was accompanied by a rise in available H 2 O 2 which was increased 255–700 per cent over that in resting cells by PTU and MMI at 25 nmole/ml. Azide and cyanide also produced similar results. These results demonstrate that PTU is accumulated in PMN and that its uptake is independent of iodide transport and of iodide metabolism which is in contrast to that observed in the thyroid. The association between increased PTU uptake and increased H 2 O 2 accumulation in the cells suggests that PTU accumulation is related to oxidation of the drug.
HIV-Related Knowledge and Perceptions by Academic Major: Implications for University Interventions

Most universities offer human sexuality courses, although they are not required for graduation. While students in health-related majors may receive sexuality education in formal settings, majority of college students never receive formal sexual health or HIV/AIDS-related education, which may lead to elevated engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors. This study examines perceived knowledge about HIV/AIDS, perceived risk, and perceived consequences among college students by two distinct classifications of academic majors. Data were collected from 510 college students. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were performed to compare HIV-related covariates by academic major category. Limited differences were observed by Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) categorization. Relative to health and kinesiology (HK) majors, those who self-reported being “completely knowledgeable” about HIV were less likely to be physical sciences, math, engineering, business (PMEB) [OR=0.41, P=0.047] or education, humanities, and social sciences (EHS) majors [OR=0.25, P=0.004]. PMEB majors were less likely to report behavioral factors as a risk for contracting HIV [OR=0.86, P=0.004] and perceived acquiring HIV would be more detrimental to their quality of life [OR=2.14, P=0.012], but less detrimental to their mental wellbeing [OR=0.58, P=0.042]. Findings can inform college-wide campaigns and interventions to raise HIV/AIDS awareness and improve college health.
Functional Interactions Between Neuronal AT1 and AT2 Receptors

Angiotensin II (Ang II), via the activation of the AT1 and AT2 receptors regulates electrophysiological responses of catecholaminergic neurons. This study was designed to determine if functional interactions between AT1 and AT2 receptors exist in a single neuron. Ang II caused two unique electrophysiological responses characteristic of receptor crosstalk. First, Ang II elicited an AT1 receptor-mediated decrease in I(K) followed by an AT2 receptor-mediated increase in I(K). Second, Ang II elicited an AT2 receptor-mediated increase in I(K) followed by an AT1 receptor-mediated decrease in I(K). AT1 and AT2 receptors were co-localized on the catecholaminergic neurons. These observations suggest, for the first time, the existence of a crosstalk between Ang II receptor subtypes that may be significant in the physiological activity of catecholaminergic neurons.
Quantitative flow cytometry in the clinical laboratory

Abstract Flow cytometry is most often used in the clinical laboratory for the purpose of immunophenotyping. Here, fluorescently labeled antibodies are bound to cell surface receptors, and their presence on the cell is most often defined in bivariate terms of positive or negative, with a cutoff set relative to a nonstaining control population. It has long been recognized that the intensity of the fluorescent signal is proportional to the amount of antibody bound per cell and therefore related to the number of antigen sites expressed. This relationship makes flow cytometers, at least theoretically, capable of quantifying antigen expression in terms of molecules per cell. There were numerous obstacles to the development of such methods and clinical utilization of fluorescence intensity measures by flow cytometry has in the past been largely overlooked. The first widespread recognition of the clinical utility for fluorescence intensity measures came from laboratories where malignant phenotypes were defined by aberrant intensity of staining due to over or under expression of various cellular proteins. These semiquantitative measures were relative in nature and described staining as bright or dim compared to that normally seen in healthy individuals. Recent advances within the past decade have resulted in the development of flow cytometric methods and materials that now permit one to conduct measures of quantitative fluorescence with improved levels of control and interlaboratory precision. With these advances have come increasing interest in quantitative flow cytometry as a method to quantify the expression and activities of a variety of proteins and enzymes for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. This article discusses the background and theoretical and practical considerations, as well as the current use of quantitative flow cytometry measures in the clinical laboratory.