cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational relaxation and electronic mutation of metastable nitrogen molecules generated by nitrogen atom recombination on cobalt and nickel

The recombination of nitrogen atoms on polycrystalline samples of cobalt and nickel produces metastable electronically excited nitrogen molecules, probably N2(W3Δu), which are collisionally transferred to the N2(B3Πg) state. Information about vibrational relaxation of the metastable state by N2(X1Σ+g) is inferred from composition dependent changes in the observed first positive emission spectrum [N29A3Σ+g)−N2(B3Πg] with the aid of multilevel, steady-state, kinetic model.
Peripheral Opioid Receptors

Recent experimental and clinical research has demonstrated that opioids can produce potent and receptor-specific analgesic effects outside the central nervous system. Opioid receptors are localized on peripheral terminals of sensory nerves and their endogenous ligands, opioid peptides, have been discovered in immune cells within inflamed tissue. Many controlled clinical studies confirm the experimental data. These findings open up the exciting perspective of the development of an entirely novel generation of peripherally active opioid analgesics devoid of centrally mediated side effects.
Determinants of affinity and proteolytic stability in interactions of Kunitz family protease inhibitors with mesotrypsin

An important functional property of protein protease inhibitors is their stability to proteolysis. Mesotrypsin is a human trypsin that has been implicated in the proteolytic inactivation of several protein protease inhibitors. We have found that bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), a Kunitz protease inhibitor, inhibits mesotrypsin very weakly and is slowly proteolyzed, whereas, despite close sequence and structural homology, the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APPI) binds to mesotrypsin 100 times more tightly and is cleaved 300 times more rapidly. To define features responsible for these differences, we have assessed the binding and cleavage by mesotrypsin of APPI and BPTI reciprocally mutated at two nonidentical residues that make direct contact with the enzyme. We find that Arg at P1 (versus Lys) favors both tighter binding and more rapid cleavage, whereas Met (versus Arg) at P′2 favors tighter binding but has minimal effect on cleavage. Surprisingly, we find that the APPI scaffold greatly enhances proteolytic cleavage rates, independently of the binding loop. We draw thermodynamic additivity cycles analyzing the interdependence of P1 and P′2 substitutions and scaffold differences, finding multiple instances in which the contributions of these features are nonadditive. We also report the crystal structure of the mesotrypsin·APPI complex, in which we find that the binding loop of APPI displays evidence of increased mobility compared with BPTI. Our data suggest that the enhanced vulnerability of APPI to mesotrypsin cleavage may derive from sequence differences in the scaffold that propagate increased flexibility and mobility to the binding loop.
An Electron & Proton Spectrometer Detector System for an OGO-E Satellite Experiment

A detector system for use with a magnetic electron spectrometer and a proton telescope is described. The experiment will be included on the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory "E" (OGO-E) satellite. Electron measurements cover the range from 60 keV to 2.7 MeV in seven differential energy channels. Each channel consists of an electron-plus-background detector and a background detector. A method of handling information from both detectors with the same amplifier system is discussed. This scheme is used to ensure that the proper background subtraction is made in spite of electronic drifts. Coincidence and anticoincidence logic is used for routing the electron-plus-background and background signals to their respective scalers. The four-element proton telescope uses solid state detectors directly in line with the collimator. The telescope lies within the pole pieces of the electron spectrometer magnet. Seven proton channels are provided covering the range from 200 keV to 50 MeV. In addition, three alpha channels from 6 MeV to 130 MeV are obtained. Pulse height selection of the pulses from each detector plus coincidence and anticoincidence between these pulses will resolve the double valued energy loss in the detectors and determine the energy channels. The alpha particles are differentiated from protons only through their greater dE/dx. A tunnel diode differential discriminator is discussed. This discriminator makes its logical decisions at the trailing edge of the input pulse. In this way pulses of varying widths cannot cause false decisions. Two charge sensitive preamplifiers have been developed for this work.
Laboratory investigation of the interaction of off-axis mantle plumes and spreading centres

MANTLE plumes and mid-ocean ridge spreading centres are the dominant phenomena through which mass and heat are transported from the mantle to the Earth's surface. It now seems that the dispersion of near-ridge plumes beneath the lithosphere is modulated strongly by mid-ocean ridges ; in particular, geochemical and geophysical observations have suggested that rising plumes are diverted towards and feed nearby ridges 1-7 . Here we confirm the feasibility of this model with laboratory experiments that incorporate the essential physical and fluid dynamic aspects of a plume-ridge upper mantle system. Our results indicate that an off-axis plume may communicate thermally and chemically with a spreading ridge through a narrow, sub-horizontal conduit instead of a broader, radially spreading plume head. A necessary condition for this communication is the presence of a lithospheric or rheological boundary layer that thickens away from the ridge axis owing to conductive cooling. Interestingly, we find that for high plume temperatures, increasing the plume thermal buoyancy may inhibit rather than enhance plume-ridge interaction, as a result of increased erosion of the overlying lithosphere.
Sediments and Ostracoda from Courteenhall, Northamptonshire, UK and their implications for the depositional environment of the Pleistocene Milton Formation

The Milton Formation (Quaternary) of central Northamptonshire in the English Midlands comprises a suite of locally derived sands, gravels and occasional fine-grained sediments. The sedimentology and lithostratigraphic position of the deposit indicates that it was laid down under braided fluvial conditions and should be attributed to a pre-Anglian-Cromerian ( sensu lato ) stage of the Quaternary. This paper reports the first significant recovery of organic material from these deposits and presents analyses of Ostracoda contained therein. The assemblages of Ostracoda suggest the occurrence of at least one major climatic shift from temperate to cool conditions during the deposition of part of the Milton Formation and therefore imply that a braided regime had been established while the aquatic environment, at least, was still temperate. In addition, the stratigraphic ranges of six ostracod taxa have been expanded: Limnocythere sanctipatricii, Potamocypris arcuata, Eucypris virens and ilyocypris sp. A are recorded for the first time in pre-Anglian sediments, whilst Heterocypris incongruens has been found for the first time in the British Middle Pleistocene. Bradleystrandesia fuscatus has been recorded from British Pleistocene sediments for the first time.
Elimination of circulating serum protein antigens as a sensitive measure of antibody.

SummaryImmune elimination of antigen using very small amounts of antigen and antibody occurs in characteristic fashion in rabbits, guinea pigs and mice and may be used as an additional sensitive method for demonstration of small amounts of antibody against serum protein antigens. Consideration of these findings in regard to the hypothesis of natural antibodies is discussed.
Cost-effectiveness of open versus endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the OVER trial

Objective This study was conducted to determine the costs and comparative cost-effectiveness of two methods of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in the Open Versus Endovascular Repair (OVER) Veterans Affairs (VA) Cooperative Study, a multicenter randomized trial of 881 patients. Methods The primary outcomes of this analysis were mean total health care cost per life-year and per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) from randomization to 2 years after. QALYs were calculated from EuroQol (EQ)-5D questionnaires collected at baseline and annually. Health care utilization data were obtained directly from patients and from national VA and Medicare data sources. VA costs were obtained from national VA sources using methods previously developed by the VA Health Economics Resource Center. Costs for non-VA care were determined from Medicare claims data or billing data from the patient's health care providers. Results After 2 years of follow-up, mean life-years were 1.78 in the endovascular repair group and 1.74 in the open repair group (difference, 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.03 to 0.09; P = .29). Mean QALYs were 1.462 in the endovascular group and 1.461 in the open group (difference adjusting for baseline EQ-5D score, 0.006; 95% CI, −0.038 to 0.052; P = .78). Mean graft costs were higher in the endovascular group ($14,052 vs $1363; P P P = .04). After 2 years, total health care costs remained lower in the endovascular group, but the difference was no longer significant (–$5019; 95% CI, –$16,720 to $4928; P = .35). The probability of endovascular repair being less costly and more effective was 70.9% for life-years and 51.4% for QALYs. Conclusions In this multicenter randomized trial, endovascular AAA repair resulted in lower cost and better survival than open repair after the initial hospitalization for repair; but after 2 years, survival, quality of life, and costs were not significantly different between the two treatments.
A multidisciplinary approach for the rehabilitation of a patient with an excessively worn dentition: A clinical report

This clinical report describes a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with a severely worn dentition. The treatment included osteotomy and immediate implant placement and loading in the mandible. The definitive restorations were implant- and tooth-supported metal ceramic restorations. These restorations were fabricated with metal occlusal surfaces at an increased occlusal vertical dimension, which provided acceptable esthetics and function.
The response of normal rat hepatocytes when exposed to humoral (regenerating) factor.

Abstract Evidence for the existence and source of a humoral factor which initiates and controls hepatic regeneration have been reviewed. Collections of this humoral factor have been made by perfusing 24-hour regenerating rat livers. An assay system for this humoral factor has been described which is based on perfusing isolated normal rat livers with the humoral factor, looking for an increase in hepatic DNA synthesis. Autoradiographic studies have revealed that the cells which are synthesizing new DNA in preparation for cell divison are mainly hepatic parenchymal cells (plus an occasional biliary ductal cell) located in all the liver lobules with a distribution primarily in the periportal areas—following the direction of portal and hepatic inflow.
I01 Toward a genetic theory of infectious diseases

The hypothesis that inborn errors of immunity underlie infectious diseases is gaining experimental support. However, the apparent modes of inheritance of predisposition or resistance differ considerably between diseases and between studies. A coherent genetic architecture of infectious diseases is lacking. We suggest here that life-threatening infectious diseases in childhood, occurring in the course of primary infection, result mostly from individually rare but collectively diverse single-gene variations of variable clinical penetrance, whereas the genetic component of predisposition to secondary or reactivation infections in adults is more complex. This model is consistent with (i) the high incidence of most infectious diseases in early childhood, followed by a steady decline, (ii) theoretical modeling of the impact of monogenic or polygenic predisposition on the incidence distribution of infectious diseases before reproductive age, (iii) available molecular evidence from both monogenic and complex genetics of infectious diseases in children and adults, (iv) current knowledge of immunity to primary and secondary or latent infections, (v) the state of the art in the clinical genetics of non-infectious pediatric and adult diseases, and (vi) evolutionary data for the genes underlying single-gene and complex disease risk. With the recent advent of new-generation deep resequencing, this model of single-gene variations underlying severe pediatric infectious diseases is experimentally testable.
Light chains from fast and slow muscle myosins.

Myosin from fast skeletal muscles consists of two large subunits (each about 200,000 daltons) and approximately four smaller subunits (in the range of 20,000 daltons). The light chains are heterogeneous in both size and charge, irrespective of the muscle type of origin. Moreover, the myosins from fast muscles of several species show a characteristic light chain pattern which is distinct from that of slower muscles.
The sad story of Vioxx, and what we should learn from it.

The withdrawal of rofecoxib (Vioxx) has important implications both for patients with arthritis and for the pharmaceutical field in general.
The Common and the Particular

At a time of considerable confusion and polarization over the directions labor history should be taking, Emilia Viotti da Costa's reflections on the situation in the Latin American field have a bearing well beyond it. Her survey is sure in its analysis of the main issues and fault lines in current work on Latin American labor, and serene in its arbitration of the contending positions within that work. Review ing the contrast between explorers of experience and diagnosticians of structure, Viotti da Costa is warmly sympathetic to the advances and achievements of the former; but she is also properly?prudently?critical of a potential one-sidedness in their contribution. Her final emphasis falls on the need for a synthesis of "cultural" and "structural" approaches, with the unspoken proviso that the usage of each must be genuinely historical. Since I agree fully with her conclusion, I will confine my response to four points where I think Viotti da Costa's elegant account, which is necessarily also a succinct one, could be expanded. The first of these concerns the pair of opposi tions that runs through her account?namely: experience versus structure and difference versus commonality; or, the subjective versus the objective, the particular versus the general dimensions of the history of the working class in the region. Although Viotti da Costa may largely be right to assimilate these two antitheses in the Latin American literature to hand?to suggest that, in effect, the subjective and the particular and the objective and the general tend to go together as approaches?in a purely theoretical sense, they do not have to do so. For experience is what is immediately lived. For labor, this means the realities of work, family, margins of leisure; whereas the contours of economic accumulation, political order, and international competition typically form much remoter hori zons. An exclusive emphasis on the first may thus generate its own kind of spontaneous universalism: that of what a famous photographic exhibition, no less famously criticized by Roland Barthes, called (in a dated language) The Family of Man. The logic of a certain humanist impulse often can lean in this direction. Thus, not wholly paradoxically, the supreme modern champion of experience as the touchstone of labor history, Edward Thompson, on occasion has also argued for a more or less uniform evolutionary schema through which all working classes pass: from initial rebellion to ultimate relative integration (others would add, disintegra tion). It tends to be forgotten that the polemical force of such a familiar title as "The Peculiarities of the English" was a sarcastic one, born of irritation at too much talk of British exceptionalism. So one needs to bear in mind that as well as the two
Abstract 3048: OMP-59R5 (Anti-Notch2/3) inhibits tumor growth and reduces cancer stem cell frequency in patient derived SCLC xenografts

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a devastating disease with very poor prognosis and few treatment options. We have established patient derived xenografts from SCLC tumors and determined that Notch pathway target genes are up-regulated in this disease relative to normal lung tissues and relative to other tumor types. We examined the in vivo efficacy of OMP-59R5, an antibody that was initially identified by binding to Notch2 and was subsequently shown to block signaling of both human and mouse Notch2 and Notch3. We performed in vivo growth inhibition and tumorigenicity studies with this Notch2/3 antibody alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in a panel of six patient-derived SCLC xenograft models. We found that OMP-59R5 treatment significantly reduced tumor recurrence in combination with chemotherapy in five of the six models. Through a serial transplantation study from a sensitive tumor, we found that OMP-59R5 in combination with chemotherapy (cisplatin plus irinotecan) profoundly reduced the cancer stem cell (CSC) frequency. In contrast, treatment with chemotherapeutic agents alone had the opposite effect and increased CSC frequency. In minimal residual disease models, we analyzed the ability of OMP-59R5 to delay tumor recurrence following chemotherapy-induced tumor regression. While chemotherapeutic agent-treated tumors re-grew rapidly following treatment termination, the growth of recurrent tumors was delayed by OMP-59R5. We also evaluated changes in gene expression post treatment and found that OMP-59R5 modulated the expression of Notch pathway, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, stromal and vasculature genes. Furthermore, we observed an increase in expression of neuroendocrine differentiation markers after OMP-59R5 treatment in sensitive tumors. Following up on these preclinical findings, OMP-59R5 is currently being evaluated for safety and efficacy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for treatment of SCLC in an ongoing Phase 1b/2 clinical trial (PINNACLE). Citation Format: Marcus M. Fischer, Jalpa Shah, Jennifer Cain, Belinda Cancilla, James W. Evans, Christopher L. Murriel, Tracy Tang, Jie Wei, Wan-Ching Yen, Chun Zhang, Austin Gurney, John Lewicki, Ann M. Kapoun, Timothy Hoey. OMP-59R5 (Anti-Notch2/3) inhibits tumor growth and reduces cancer stem cell frequency in patient derived SCLC xenografts. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3048. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3048
Students' experiences of home-school dissonance : The role of school academic culture and perceptions of classroom goal structures

Abstract This paper examines stability and change during the elementary-to-middle school transition, focusing on adolescents’ experiences of home–school dissonance because of real or perceived differences between home/self and values within the school context. Relationships were hypothesized between exacerbation and amelioration of dissonance, middle school mastery and performance goal practices, and students’ perceptions thereof. The sample consisted of 274 African-American and 284 European-American (49% female) students. Middle school teachers (N = 236) provided data on school academic practices. Multilevel growth curve analysis indicated significant variance among the 10 middle schools regarding change in dissonance. Both mastery-focused middle school practices and students’ perception of middle school classrooms as more performance and less mastery focused than elementary classrooms were significant predictors of change in dissonance. Path-analyses evidence pointed to the mediational role of school belonging on the relationship between perception of classroom mastery goals and dissonance. Path analyses revealed direct and indirect effects of perception of classroom performance goals on dissonance and school belonging. This paper highlights the importance of creating inclusive learning environments that minimize social comparison saliency and validate students for who they are.
Design and synthesis of benzo-lipoxin A4 analogs with enhanced stability and potent anti-inflammatory properties

A new class of chemically and metabolically stable lipoxin analogs featuring a replacement of the tetraene unit of native LXA(4) with a substituted benzo-fused ring system have been designed and studied. These molecules were readily synthesized via a convergent synthetic route involving iterative palladium-mediated cross-coupling, and exhibit enhanced chemical stability, as well as resistance to metabolic inactivation via eicosanoid oxido-reductase. These new LX analogs were evaluated in a model of acute inflammation and were shown to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties, significantly decreasing neutrophil infiltration in vivo. The most potent among these was compound 9 (o-[9,12]-benzo-15-epi-LXA(4) methyl ester. Taken together, these findings help identify a new class of stable and easily prepared LX analogs that may serve as novel tools and as promising leads for new anti-inflammatory agents with improved therapeutic profile.
Ubiquitin Binds to and Regulates a Subset of SH3 Domains

Summary SH3 domains are modules of 50–70 amino acids that promote interactions among proteins, often participating in the assembly of large dynamic complexes. These domains bind to peptide ligands, which usually contain a core Pro-X-X-Pro (PXXP) sequence. Here we identify a class of SH3 domains that bind to ubiquitin. The yeast endocytic protein Sla1, as well as the mammalian proteins CIN85 and amphiphysin, carry ubiquitin-binding SH3 domains. Ubiquitin and peptide ligands bind to the same hydrophobic groove on the SH3 domain surface, and ubiquitin and a PXXP-containing protein fragment compete for binding to SH3 domains. We conclude that a subset of SH3 domains constitutes a distinct type of ubiquitin-binding domain and that ubiquitin binding can negatively regulate interaction of SH3 domains with canonical proline-rich ligands.
The failure of nonoperative management in pediatric solid organ injury: A multi-institutional experience

Background:Nonoperative management (NOM) is the accepted treatment of most pediatric solid organ injuries (SOI) and, is typically successful. We sought to elucidate predictors of, and the time course to, failure in the subset of children suffering SOI who required operative intervention.Methods:A re
Severe hypercalcemia in a woman with renal failure

R ENAL FAILURE disrupts the body’s ability to regulate water, electrolyte, and acidbase balance, and therefore it is frequently accompanied by predictable abnormalities in the composition of the body fluids. Most of these abnormalities, such as hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis, are not specific and are of little use in deciphering the cause of renal failure. However, as the following case demonstrates, atypical changes in the composition of the serum may provide clues to the underlying disorder.
Chemistry of Mixed Sulfur-, Selenium-, or Tellurium- and Silicon-, or Tin-Containing Heterocycles

Lone pair ionization energies for 1,5-dichalcogenocanes containing endocyclic 3,7-R2Si groups and the parent 1,5-dichalcogenocanes, estimated from the TCNE charge-transfer wavelength maxima, are in good agreement with ionization energies directly obtained from photoelectron spectroscopy. These data indicate the occurrence of substantial intra-annular interaction between the chalcogen atoms and silyl groups, consistent with the well-known β -effect of silicon and the novel β-disilyl effect, when R (in R 2 Si) is Me 3 Si.
Models for networks: a cross‐disciplinary science

This article is an incomplete review of the rapidly growing research on network models. It focuses chiefly upon contributions to network science that have been made by sociologists, physicists, and statisticians. It addresses several topics in the area of dynamic network modeling, which is perhaps the most challenging area of current active research. Several issues in dynamic network modeling are discussed in the context of two applications: baboon grooming networks and growth in the Wikipedia. WIREs Comp Stat 2012, 4:13–27. doi: 10.1002/wics.184 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection among neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit at a medical center in central Taiwan

Background Few studies have focused on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) infection in neonates. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for mortality in neonates with MDRAB infection. Methods This retrospective case-series study was conducted at the Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. All patients hospitalized between January 2010 and December 2013 in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with MDRAB infections were reviewed. Results A total of 67 isolates from 59 neonatal patients were positive for MDRAB. Of the 67 isolates, 38 were from blood (56.72%), 16 from sputum (23.88%), seven from pus (10.45%), three from ascites (4.48%), two from cerebrospinal fluid (2.99%), and one from pleural fluid (1.49%). There were five episodes of MDRAB clusters consisting of 28 cases during the study period. The mortality rate due to MDRAB sepsis was 20.34% (12/59). The statistically significant risk factors for mortality due to MDRAB infection were being infected with MDRAB within 7 days of admission to the NICU, use of umbilical vein catheters, absolute neutrophil count 3 , platelet count 3 , and a delay in initiating adequate antibiotic treatment. Conclusion MDRAB infection is responsible for a high mortality rate among neonates in the NICU, especially in those who have neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Infection control and appropriateness of the initial antimicrobial agent with colistin play an important role in reducing mortality.
Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Test Battery Profiles: A Comparative Study of College Freshmen With and Without Learning Disabilities

This investigation compared patterns of performance on the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery Parts I, II, and III of 72 college freshmen, 36 with learning disabilities (LD) and 36 without learning disabilities (NLD). The results indicated significant overall differences between the two groups, with the LD freshmen performing lower than the NLD freshmen in all 17 clusters of the WJPB with the exception of the scholastic and nonscholastic interest inventories. This study supports observations that individuals with learning disabilities continue to have academic and cognitive delays as they enter postsecondary educational environments. Implications for curriculum planning and further research in this area are discussed.
Computing consequences: a framework for teaching ethical computing

How to prepare tomorrow's professionals for questions that can't always be answered with faster, better, or more technology.
Decreased effector memory CD45RA+ CD62L- CD8+ T cells and increased central memory CD45RA- CD62L+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Although a role for CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been suggested, the precise nature of their involvement is not fully understood. In the present study we examined the central and effector memory phenotypes of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RA and systemic lupus erythematosus. Terminally differentiated effector memory CD45RA+CD62L-CD8+ T cells were significantly decreased in RA patients, whereas the central memory CD45RA-CD62L+ CD8+ T-cell population was increased as compared with levels in healthy control individuals. Naive and preterminally differentiated effector memory CD45RA-CD62L- CD8+ T cells did not differ between RA patients and control individuals. The CD45RA-CD62L+ central memory CD4+ T-cell subpopulation was increased in RA patients, whereas the naive and effector memory phenotype of CD4+ T cells did not differ between RA patients and control individuals. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus the distribution of naive/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells did not differ from that in age- and sex-matched control individuals. These findings show that peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from RA patients exhibit a skewed maturation phenotype that suggests a perturbation in the homeostasis of these cells. The central memory CD45RA-CD62L+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers were increased in RA, suggesting an accelerated maturation of naive T cells. The decreased numbers of terminally differentiated CD45RA+CD62L- effector memory CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of RA patients may reflect increased apoptosis of these cells or enhanced migration of these cells to sites of inflammation, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA.
Fish Out of Water: Evolutionary and Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Fishes in Water-Altered Environments: Introduction to the Symposium: Eco-Evolutionary Change and the Conundrum of Darwinian Debt

Human impacts on aquatic systems are pervasive and often extreme worldwide, resulting in numerous fish species, as well as other aquatic organisms, being at risk of extinction. Until recently, however, species targeted in conservation efforts have been treated as static units, rather than as locally evolving populations. The intent of the ASIH 2013 symposium, Fish Out of Water: Evolutionary and Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Fishes in Water-Altered Environments, was to examine fish assemblage responses to anthropogenic impacts and the potential for altered evolutionary trajectories. The recent realization that feedback between ecology and evolution can occur on ecological time scales emphasizes that ecological studies cannot assume evolutionary stasis. The cyclical interaction of ecology and evolution, termed eco-evolution, suggests that both directions of effect, ecology to evolution and evolution to ecology, are substantial. Such interactions seem to be particularly likely in many impoundments...
Determinants of early survival in marine animal genera

Genera by their very nature are expected to be monotypic and geographically and environmentally restricted at their origin, and most genera do not endure past their stage of first appearance. At the same time, those genera that do endure have a capacity to expand greatly in geographic range, environmental breadth, and species richness. Here we ask what it is that allows some genera and not others to survive past their inception. Using occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, we find that initial geographic range has the strongest effect on survival, followed by environmental breadth, with the effect of species richness weaker on average. The effect of geographic range is strongest if measured as the distances spanned by the occurrences of a genus rather than the number of distinct areas in which a genus lives. We document substantial secular variation in selectivity of early survival. The most striking aspect of this variation is that survival is only weakly selective among genera that first appear during the Mesozoic. By following genera beyond their stage of first appearance, we find that selectivity with respect to all factors becomes systematically stronger as cohorts age and genera become more differentiated in range, breadth, and richness. This may help account for a previously identified statistical effect of genus age on the chances of survival.
Backpropagation and Its Application to Handwritten Signature Verification

A pool of handwritten signatures is used to train a neural network for the task of deciding whether or not a given signature is a forgery. The network is a feedforward net, with a binary image as input. There is a hidden layer, with a single unit output layer. The weights are adjusted according to the backpropagation algorithm. The signatures are entered into a C software program through the use of a Datacopy Electronic Digitizing Camera. The binary signatures are normalized and centered. The performance is examined as a function of the training set and network structure. The best scores are on the order of 2% true signature rejection with 2-4% false signature acceptance.
The MJO skeleton model with observation-based background state and forcing

The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) skeleton model, a nonlinear oscillator model, has previously been shown to have solutions which exhibit several features in common with observed MJOs. In prior studies, model solutions have been found using mathematically simple (constant or sinusoidal) identical moistening and radiative forcing functions. Here we investigate whether this model can also produce realistic regional variability. To do this, observation-based forcing functions are prescribed for latent heat flux and radiative cooling, and model solutions –both linear and nonlinear –are studied. In the stochastic nonlinear model, solutions reproduce the climatological mean convective activity well and the climatological variance reasonably well for such a simple model. In the linearized model, the solutions are found to contain additional structure including a realistic wave envelope of convective activity centred over the warm pool. These linear solutions are then used to identify and compare significant MJO activity in both reanalysis data and stochastic model solutions. Additional potential uses for these analytical and numerical solutions are discussed.
Deflagration and Detonation in Solid-Solid Combustion

Solid-solid combustion becomes self-sustaining when the preheating of the fresh mixture is high enough to support a spontaneous chemical reaction. These reactions have high activation energies, requiring significant preheating. Traditionally, conduction has been considered as the main form of preheating, and propagation velocities in the order of a few mm to a few cm per second were found. When acoustic equations are included in the analysis, no significant changes occur for traditional SHS reactions. However, the analysis of a 1-D model propagating at a constant velocity reveals the existence of two other solutions with propagation velocities which are much faster. An SHS deflagration wave is found with combustion temperature lower than the adiabatic value. The propagation velocity is less than the longitudinal sound speed of the medium, but typical Mach numbers vary between 0.6 and 0. 95. The third solution is an SHS detonation with temperature above the adiabatic value and supersonic propagation velocity. Since the heat fluxes are extremely high, the hyperbolic conduction model is used.
Arene C–H activation using Rh( i ) catalysts supported by bidentate nitrogen chelates

The Rh(I) complexes [(FlDAB)Rh(coe)(TFA)] (1) and [(BOZO)Rh(coe)(TFA)] (2) [FlDAB = N,N-bis-(pentafluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene, coe = cyclooctene, TFA = trifluoroacetate, BOZO = bis(2-oxazolin-2-yl)] are efficient catalyst precursors for H/D exchange between arenes and DTFA. Catalyst precursor 1 exhibits a TOF of 0.06 s−1 at 150 °C for benzene H/D exchange. DFT calculations revealed that H/D exchange through reversible oxidative addition or internal electrophilic substitution of benzene is a viable pathway.
Nitrosyl sulfuric acid and stratospheric aerosols

From information found in the atmospheric and chemical literature, we propose that nitrosyl sulfuric acid (NSA), NOHSO4, may play an important role in stratospheric chemistry. In one study, NSA was observed as a slurry of crystals in about a third of the aerosol particles collected between 15 and 20 km. From the chemical literature, we find that NSA is formed from several reactions between NOy species (averaging +3 oxidation state) and sulfuric acid, if the acid is above 70 wt % at room temperature and above 60 % at stratospheric temperatures. NSA is a non-volatile ionic solid (NO+HSO4−), melting at 346 K and boiling with decomposition at 633 K. Over time, it could accumulate as a solution in the liquid aerosol, and upon reaching solubility saturation (about 3 % under lower stratospheric conditions) precipitate out as solid crystals, which permits further accumulation. At room temperature, HCl gas reacts with NSA, either the solid or in sulfuric acid solution, to form gaseous nitrosyl chloride, ClNO, which is rapidly photolyzed in the atmosphere to form nitric oxide and atomic chlorine. The overall catalytic cycle for this process can be written in a number of ways, depending upon the NOy species responsible for NSA formation; with NSA production from HONO, the cycle is The net reaction is thermodynamically favorable for at least three modes of NSA formation. If the reaction probability of forming NSA per collision of NO with a sulfuric acid aerosol is 10−3, 1% of the sulfuric acid would be converted to NSA within 1 day at 20 km altitude. If NSA in the sulfate aerosols is 1% of the sulfuric acid and if the second order rate constant for (HCl + NOHSO4 = H2SO4 + ClNO) in sulfuric acid solution is greater than 10−18 cm3 molec.−1 s−1 under conditions at 20 km altitude, the rate of HCl + NSA is faster than the rate of HO + HCl. In this case, this heterogeneous catalysis is expected to affect the balance of NOy, Cly, and ozone in the lower stratosphere.
Use of VCSEL arrays for parallel optical interconnects

The use of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) in a parallel optical interconnect for Motorola's OPTOBUSTM interconnect was made public over 1 year ago. This was the first time VCSELs were introduced into a product which took advantage of the excellent qualities of VCSELs over edge-emitting lasers. Motorola's OPTOBUSTM interconnect is a ten channel parallel bi-directional data link based on two 10 channel multimode fiber ribbons. One of the key differences in this type of interconnect compared with previous data link designs is the use of the VCSELs as the optical source for the link's fiber optic transmitter. A single 1 X 10 VCSEL array from a GaAs wafer is die attached to a 10 channel GUIDECASTTM optical interface unit which couples the emission from each laser device to its corresponding fiber ribbon channel and thus negates the use of expensive manufacturing techniques such as active alignment and pig-tailing. The OPTOBUSTM interconnect achieves its performance goals (which include low cost) via the unique characteristics of the GaAs VCSELs arrays. For example, the 850 nm devices produce a circular symmetric beam with a half angle of about 10 degrees allowing the coupling loss into the waveguide to be less than 3 dB. In addition, to maintain low manufacturing costs, each VCSEL array is individually and automatically probe tested (just as in the silicon industry) to verify that each VCSEL achieves the OPTOBUSTM interconnect's stringent electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical specifications. Typical computer generated wafer maps from automated production tooling and statistical parametric results are discussed. The combination of low threshold currents with superior thermal and optical performance allow the devices to be modulated under fixed bias conditions. Typical drive currents of 3X threshold are used to obtain nominal FDA Class 1 safety optical power levels from the GUIDECASTTM optical interface unit.
Rapid identification of marine algae (Raphidophyceae) using three-primer PCR amplification of nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions from fresh and archived material

The internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear rRNA gene was used to discriminate among the marine raphidophyte species Chattonella antiqua, Chattonella subsalsa, Fibrocapsa japonica, Hetero...
Creationism in 20th-century America

As the crusade to outlaw the teaching of evolution changed to a battle for equal time for creationism, the ideological defenses of that doctrine also shifted, from biblical to scientific grounds. T...
Modified Projectile Linear Theory for Rapid Trajectory Prediction

In some smart weapons, estimation of the impact point of the shell at each computation cycle of the control law is an integral part of the control strategy. In these situations, the impact point predictor is part of the imbedded computing system onboard the projectile. Practical considerations dictate that the impact point predictor yield rapid yet reasonably accurate estimates. Common methods for rapid trajectory prediction are numerical integration of point mass dynamic equations and evaluation of approximate closed-form solutions of the rigid-body projectile dynamic equations. These methods are shown to exhibit poor impact point prediction for long-range shots with high gun elevations characteristic of smart indirect fire munitions. Through modifications of projectile linear theory, a rapid projectile impact point predictor is proposed that eliminates the accuracy problems of the other methods while preserving low computational requirements. Typical results are provided for a short-range trajectory of a direct fire fin-stabilized projectile and a long-range trajectory for an indirect fire spin-stabilized round to substantiate these claims.
Stochastic Preference and Information Value

As we have seen time and again, the economic value of information depends not only on the decision problem and the statistical characteristics of prior knowl­edge and informativeness; it also depends on the decision maker’s preferences—preferences on the willingness to bear risk, and preferences on the choice of deci­sion criterion. Chapter 7 brings these preferences to the forefront. The chapter begins by recasting the approach of Chapters 2 and 3 into an alternate, equiva­lent, and oftentimes enlightening viewpoint for formulating and analyzing deci­sion problems under uncertainty. In this alternative formulation, the DM does not choose from among alternative actions, but rather from among the alterna­tive probability distributions on wealth that are induced by the choice of a spe­cific action or decision rule. Dealing directly with choice from among univariate probability measures over cash amounts puts the focus on the DM’s attitude towards risk as a determinant of information value. The chapter concludes with the topic of aversion to information, which can arise when a DM does not obey the standard linear expected utility criterion.
Testing and Analysis of Separation Joints for Mars Science Laboratory

Each of the separating subsystems on the Mars science laboratory incorporates the use of separation joints. These joints serve as the structural connection between the mating subsystems during all dynamic loading prior to separation. Once the separation command is given, the structural connection is severed via actuation of pyrotechnic release nuts that let loose the structural bolts that hold the subsystems together. The use of a cup-and-cone design is utilized at the subsystem interfaces. Analysis and testing was performed to capture the stresses and deflection of the separation joint hardware under maximum shear loading. Testing included the use of an instrumented bolt that allowed bending moments down the length of the shank to be captured while the joint slipped from induced shear loading until the cup-and-cones engaged and took the shear across the joint. Extensometers were also used to capture the shear displacement of the structures to capture the slip event as well as elastic deflection of the cup-and- cone and parent structure. An analytical model was created and validated based on the test results. This analytical model was then used to calculate the structural margins of the separation joint at each of the subsystem's separation planes.
Creating New Legal-Economic Relationships Between Government and Farmers to Solve the Farm Problem

T HE present legal-economic relationships between the federal government and farmers are well-kn wn to ag icultural economists; no summary need be made here. What is significant is that they are working quite unsatisfactorily in the opinion of nearly everyone. The topic assigned to me-"new" legal-economic relationships to solve the farm problem-places me in this difficult area and charges me with the responsibility of suggesting new directions which professionals in this audience can pursue to find new solutions which are socially, politically and legally feasible. I will suggest a technique to formulate proposed solutions, and then describe briefly the results of my attempt to use this approach on the wheat and feed grains portion of the farm problem. Time and space limitations force a statement of views with dogmatism and oversimplification, where I would like to explain exceptions and defend in detail. To find a method of approach to solution we must first recognize the polycentric nature of the farm problem: that is, that there exists a production, consumption, pricing, and marketing structure in which each crop, every farmer and consumer-indeed every member of society-is locked into a relationship to each other where decisions made as to one element or by one member affect each other element or member. The whole structure may be compared to an inflated balloon where pressure at any one point will change the pressure and displacement of each and every other point on the surface of the balloon. In an unregulated economy such factors as a major drought will cause many adjustments in the price of wheat and in the consumption and production patterns for this and interchangeable products. When the government attempts to interfere with this spontaneously self-adjusting mechanism to do economic planning for social ends considered desirable, any decision made and executed will have repercussions throughout the polycentric structure, in the same way that adjustments are made to drought, war or other phenomena. As long as the self-adjusting mechanism is not working in a manner acceptable to groups within society with sufficient political power, some government tinkering is inevitable. Fur-
Hypoxic Augmentation of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Carotid Body Function

It is generally accepted that neurotransmitters are involved in hypoxic chemotransmission of the carotid body. The release of neurotransmitters from the glomus cell, a putative chemoreceptor cell, appears to be triggered by an influx of calcium and subsequent increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Several reports indicate that L-type and some other types of voltage-gated calcium channels are responsible for neurotranmitter release from glomus cells. Since these channels are activated by depolarization of the cell membrane, mechanisms of hypoxic depolarization of glomus cells has been a major focus of investigation (Shirahata and Sham, 1999).
One Ticket to the Matinee Please: A Case Designed to Teach Students Accounting Software (Peachtree) Skills

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to provide a practical case (in a movie theatre setting) where students can become familiar with the functionality and utility of Peachtree Accounting Software. Students will learn how to set up a new company and track a month of financial information. Additionally, the project identifies potential weaknesses in the software's design and demonstrates how to set some user security levels to help mitigate the chances for misuse or theft. What makes this case unique is that it was designed by students for the purpose of instructing their peers on the features, as well as deficiencies or limitations, of the software package.