cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Forward-Scan Sonar Stereo for 3-D Scene Reconstruction

New generation of underwater 2-D forward-look sonar video cameras operating at near and over 1-MHz frequency offer images with enhanced target details. Within their limited range of only tens of meters, they are the most suitable imaging systems for conducting visually guided missions in turbid waters. These include, but are not limited to inspecting underwater structures for routine maintenance, search, and surveillance, the detection, localization, and identification of small sought after objects, as well as target-based positioning and navigation. To this end, the automatic 3-D reconstruction of 3-D target shape and establishing the 3-D spatial location of interest points are highly desired capabilities in many such operations. As achieved with 2-D optical images, multiple images from nearby positions may be utilized. This paper investigates the estimation of 3-D point locations from two overlapping images collected with two forward-scan (FS) sonar systems in stereo configuration, or with one FS sonar at known relative poses, established from visual motion cues. The first contribution includes the analysis of a sonar stereo epipolar geometry. Beyond reducing the correspondence problem to a 1-D search along epipolar curves, this reveals unique properties associated with sonar measurements of range and azimuth angle. Next, certain linear closed-form reconstruction solutions are presented, their degeneracies are established, and adjustments under degenerate conditions are proposed. Two preferred method for the degenerate and nondegenerate stereo configurations are identified: a regularization-based method and one employing a range constraint approximation, respectively. These primarily provide the initial estimate for an iterative nonlinear optimization scheme based on gradient descent. Finally, the results of experiments with synthetic data are presented to assess various estimation methods, and with real data sets to demonstrate performance under two subsea operational scenarios.
A new hydrophilic polysulfone hemodialysis membrane can prevent platelet-neutrophil interactions and successive neutrophil activation.

Purpose:Microaggregates have often been observed during hemodialysis and are clearly associated with complications of hemodialysis therapy. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of two pol...
To Study the Current Distributions of Electrically Short Dipoles in Magnetized Collisional Plasma via FDTD Simulations

This paper presents the study of current distributions on dipole antenna immersed in warm, magnetized collisional plasma. The PF-FDTD (Plasma Fluid- Finite Difference Time Domain) model is used to model the antenna in warm, collisional and magnetized plasma. Three different types of current distributions (i.e) one-dimensional current distribution(analytical), three-dimensional current distribution(analytical), PDTD model for current distributions (numerical) are compared with each other and results are observed. These comparisons of the analytical and numerical solutions show that numerical solutions have higher resolution in analyzing the current distributions of an antenna then the analytical solutions and also the advantages and disadvantages of these different analysis methods are discussed.
Lupe Vélez and her spicy visual “accent” in English-language print media

This article analyzes the visual linguistic “accent” of Mexican film actor Lupe Velez in US English-language fan magazines from 1928 to 1941. The form in which Velez was quoted in fan magazines, with a Spanish-inflected English (SIE) “accent,” is telling of how language can racialize, exotify, and gender bodies by representing linguistic differences through text. Some visual techniques used to emphasize Velez’s foreignness were italicizing certain words, publishing words with missing consonants, and adding double vowels to represented speech. With a feminist critical discourse analysis (FCDA), Velez’s “accent” not only shows readers the gendered and racialized side effects of this form of representation but also reminds readers of the continual form in which media categorizes Mexican women in the United States.
The Future of Computing is Boring (and that is exciting

We see a trend where computing becomes a metered utility similar to how the electric grid evolved. Initially electricity was generated locally but economies of scale (and standardization) made it more efficient and economical to have utility companies managing the electric grid. Similar developments can be seen in computing where scientific grids paved the way for commercial cloud computing offerings. However, in our opinion, that evolution is far from finished and in this paper we bring forward the remaining challenges and propose a vision for the future of computing. In particular we focus on diverging trends in the costs of computing and developer time, which suggests that future computing architectures will need to optimize for developer time.
Bilateral Globe Penetration From Electromyography Electrode Placement for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring

Purpose:This interventional case report discusses inadvertent bilateral temporal globe penetration during placement of intramuscular wire electrodes to the lateral rectus muscles for intraoperative...
Delegating Innovation Projects with Deadline: Committed versus Flexible Stopping

In many contexts such as product design and development, advertising, or scouting for technical solutions, clients seek the expertise of external providers to generate innovative solutions for their business problems. Since innovation projects are beset with uncertainty, they often require multiple iterations of ideation and evaluation. While some clients make a commitment to take the first feasible solution from the provider, other clients retain the flexibility to seek more solutions until they decide to stop the project. Which of these policies is the better way to delegate an innovation project? To answer this question, we develop game-theoretic models that capture two salient aspects of delegated innovation projects: a deadline for the project and dynamic effort adjustment by the provider. We show that the Flexible stopping policy, in spite of its intuitive appeal, may not always benefit the client. Specifically, the Committed stopping policy is optimal when the provider is highly capable of generating solutions, and when the client’s cost of evaluating solutions is in an intermediate range. In such situations, the Committed stopping policy provides a stronger incentive to the provider to exert costly effort early on, which improves the quality of initial solutions. Considering endogenous payments, we show that not only the Committed policy mitigates the provider’s tendency to postpone effort, but it also does so with a smaller payment.
A Rapid Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Utilizing Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for COVID-19.

Objectives The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has presented clinicians with a difficult therapeutic dilemma. With supportive care as the current mainstay of treatment, the fatality rate of COVID-19 is 6.9%. There are currently several trials assessing the efficacy of different antivirals as treatment. Of these, chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have garnered the most attention. Methods In this study, the literature currently available on CQ and HCQ as treatment of COVID-19 was surveyed using EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, MedRxiv, and one clinical trial registry. Upon gathering published and preprint trials, risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. Results There are currently seven completed clinical trials and 29 registered clinical trials focusing on HCQ or CQ as a therapeutic avenue for COVID-19. Of these, five of seven trials have shown favorable outcomes for patients using CQ or HCQ and two of seven have shown no change compared to control. However, all seven trials carried varying degrees of bias and poor study design. Conclusion There are currently not enough data available to support the routine use of HCQ and CQ as therapies for COVID-19. Pending further results from more extensive studies with more stringent study parameters, clinicians should defer from routine use of HCQ and CQ. There are several clinical trials currently under way with results expected soon.
HLA Class I Binding of Mutant EGFR Peptides in NSCLC Is Associated With Improved Survival.

Abstract Introduction Cancer-associated mutations have the potential to generate neoantigens and elicit CD8-positive T-cell–dependent adaptive immune responses. There are currently no reports of CD8-positive T-cells with specificity for neoepitopes generated by EGFR mutations, which are driver oncogenes in a subset of patients with lung cancer. Methods We used NETMHCpan 4.0 to identify putative protective human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allotypes that are predicted in silico to bind and present mutant EGFR-generated peptides on the basis of predefined criteria. We associated the presence or absence of these alleles with clinical outcomes in patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas with lung adenocarcinoma. Results We identified 12 HLA class I alleles that fulfilled the predefined criteria for being protective for EGFR p.L858R and six for EGFR p.E746_A750del, the two most common EGFR mutations in lung cancer. We validated the in silico predictions for peptide-HLA allele binding in vitro. A third (12 of 36) of patients with mostly early stage lung adenocarcinoma in The Cancer Genome Atlas with either EGFR p.L858R or EGFR p.E746_A750del had at least one protective allele in their host genomes. More importantly, patients with protective alleles exhibited better disease-free (hazard ratio: 0.20, 95% confidence interval: 0.05–0.78) and overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.13, 95% confidence interval: 0.02–0.64), and this effect was independent of the EGFR mutation type, stage, age, and sex. Conclusions Our data revealed that clinical outcomes were improved in patients with EGFR mutation–positive lung adenocarcinoma who harbored protective HLA class I alleles. Thus, immunity with specificity for mutant EGFR is possible in a subset of patients with early stage lung cancer and portends a better prognosis.
Trilobite fauna (Wuliuan Stage, Miaolingian Series, Cambrian) of the lower Lakeview Limestone, Pend Oreille Lake, Idaho

The Lakeview Limestone is one of the westernmost Cambrian exposures in the northwestern United States and occurs on the western edge of the Montania paleotopographic high. These deposits occur between the deeper water deposits to the west and carbonate banks and intracratonic basins to the east and provide critical link between the regions. A re-investigation of the Cambrian trilobite faunas from the lower portion of the Lakeview Limestone, Pend Oreille Lake, Idaho, is undertaken due to the inadequate illustrations and descriptions provided by Resser (1938a). Resser's type specimens and additional material are figured and described. The trilobite assemblages represent the Ptychagnostus praecurrens Zone, Wuliuan Stage, Miaolingian Series and including two new taxa: Itagnostus idahoensis n. sp., and Utia debra n. sp. Because of the similarity between some species of Amecephalus from the Lakeview Limestone to specimens from the Chisholm Shale, Nevada, the type specimens of Amecephalus piochensis (Walcott, 1886) and Am. packi (Resser, 1935), Walcott's and Resser's type specimens are re-illustrate and their taxonomic problems are discussed. Utia curio Walcott, 1924 from the Spence Shale, Utah, have never been re-illustrated since Walcott (1925), these type specimens are also re-illustrated and compared to Utia debra n. sp.UUID: http://zoobank.org/5ef6ee5e-bddc-4395-becf-9bcea54c679c
The Nature of the Giant Outbursts in the Bursting Pulsar GRO J 1744-28

We investigate the possible role of an accretion disk instability in producing the giant outbursts seen in GRO J1744-28. Specifically, we study the global, time dependent evolution of the Lightman-Eardley instability which can develop near the inner edge of an accretion disk when the radiation pressure becomes comparable to the gas pressure. Broadly speaking, our results are compatible with earlier works by Taam \& Lin and by Lasota \& Pelat. The uniqueness of GRO J1744-28 appears to be associated with the constraint that, in order for outbursts to occur, the rate of accretion at the inner edge must be within a narrow range just above the critical accretion rate at which radiation pressure is beginning to become significant.
A Group Videoconference Intervention for Reducing Perinatal Depressive Symptoms: A Telehealth Pilot Study.

Introduction Perinatal depression occurs in 12% to 18% of childbearing women. Telehealth is a promising platform for delivering perinatal mental health care, particularly during a pandemic when in-person services have been significantly curtailed. However, there is little research to document the feasibility of telehealth to address perinatal depression. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary results of an 8-week facilitated group videoconference intervention. Methods The study enrolled pregnant and postpartum women into an 8-week group mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral intervention, delivered via videoconference platform. Women receiving care at outpatient clinics who either screened positive for perinatal depression symptoms or had risk factors predictive of perinatal depression were invited to participate. Women attended weekly one-hour group sessions using their own electronic device and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at several time points. Session attendance and survey completion rates were evaluated. Results A total of 47 women enrolled (8 postpartum; 39 prenatal) into groups of 4 to 6. Twenty-four (51.1%) women were currently experiencing mild to moderate perinatal depression symptoms (EPDS score of 10-20), whereas 23 (48.9%) women had EPDS scores less than 10 but were at high risk for developing perinatal depression due to health history and significant life events. Seventy percent of women attended at least 5 of the 8 sessions. Trajectories of EPDS measures were promising (ie, downward among those with current perinatal depression symptoms and stable among those at high risk for developing perinatal depression). Discussion These observational results are promising, suggesting further study of effectiveness for women with symptoms of perinatal depression, as well as for women at high risk for developing perinatal depression. Randomized trials could evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, compared with standard of care approaches. Telehealth interventions can be tailored to meet the needs of different communities, and increase access to care, regardless of where women live or inability to receive in-person services.
Risk-based flood adaptation assessment for large-scale buildings in coastal cities using cloud computing

Abstract Flood risk management (FRM) in coastal cities is a challenging task due to uncertain climate hazards under sea-level rise (SLR) and large-scale vulnerable buildings within in the floodplain. This study presents a building-level adaptation framework to evaluate alternative community adaptation strategies relying on cloud computing. We incorporated multiple sources of model uncertainties and randomly generated storm surges in each year of simulation using the extreme value distribution (GEV) theory. Based on a case study in Miami-Dade County, Florida, four adaptation scenarios were designed to evaluate their effectiveness in adaptation. Our sensitivity analysis suggested a positive linear relationship between community flood risk reduction and total community adaptation costs in the life-cycle cost-benefit (LCCB) model. Our results showed that uncertainties of the total community damage based on the LCCB model ranges from $ 221 million to $ 2.75 billion. However, when considering social vulnerability, the total community damage increased substantially, ranging from $ 244 million to $ 3.44 billion. Nevertheless, a 6ft public seawall based on the upper bound of the GEV distribution with the enforced building elevation policy in flood zones could substantially reduce community flood damage under uncertain sea-level rises.
Shared Time Scarcity and the Pursuit of Extraordinary Experiences

This work documents a relationship-maintenance strategy that individuals use when they perceive their time with a partner as scarce (vs. abundant): choosing to share extraordinary experiences (i.e....
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF WAVE FORCE

Expressions of the mean and standard deviation of wave force on vertical cylinder in a random field are derived. Wave force is evaluated according to Morison's formula and the sea surface is assumed to be Gaussian. The effects of free surface fluctuation, which have previously been overlooked, are included. The mean and standard deviation are computed and results are presented graphically. It is shown that the mean of wave force is nonzero, contrary to past results. Also, the standard deviation of wave force deviates drastically from that when the free surface fluctuation phenomenon is ignored especially in the vicinity of the mean water level. Since most of the water movements are around and above the mean water level where the foregoing observed discrepancy is most pronounced, it is concluded that the effects of the free surface fluctuation phenomenon on wave force has important implications on the design considerations of marine structures that protrude above the mean water level.
Applications of Computer Simulation to the Study of Neurochemical Behavior

Publisher Summary Neurophysiology is heavily dependent on the appropriate usage of computers, both for the acquisition of data, and for their interpretation or reduction to usable form. In contrast, computer applications to neurochemistry are still quite novel. This chapter focuses on both, with existing accomplishments in this area and with possible future applications. This chapter discusses the computer methodology used in the construction of the models of neurochemical behavior. The sequence of models originally started out as a linear model, primarily of compartmentation. Compartmentation, as generally used in the biological literature, implies a matter of physiological rather than of biochemical scale; one is usually concerned with a large system divided into several large compartments. The models are based on the experiments of more than one group of workers with all the resulting problems of differing experimental errors and biases, and real biological differences because of differences in conditions and different strains of experimental animals, no single source of data being complete enough to determine a mode. The construction of models, by permitting the combination of large numbers of quantitative items about the brain, permits to extract information from experiments from several different fields, which was originally not obvious to people who did them. Computer modeling thus helps to understand better and to manipulate the complex biochemical system, which is the basis of brain behavior.
SU-E-T-226: Correction of a Standard Model-Based Dose Calculator Using Measurement Data

Purpose: To propose a hybrid method that combines advantages of the model-based and measurement-based method for independent dose calculation. Modeled-based dose calculation, such as collapsed-cone-convolution/superposition (CCCS) or the Monte-Carlo method, models dose deposition in the patient body accurately; however, due to lack of detail knowledge about the linear accelerator (LINAC) head, commissioning for an arbitrary machine is tedious and challenging in case of hardware changes. On the contrary, the measurement-based method characterizes the beam property accurately but lacks the capability of dose disposition modeling in heterogeneous media. Methods: We used a standard CCCS calculator, which is commissioned by published data, as the standard model calculator. For a given machine, water phantom measurements were acquired. A set of dose distributions were also calculated using the CCCS for the same setup. The difference between the measurements and the CCCS results were tabulated and used as the commissioning data for a measurement based calculator. Here we used a direct-ray-tracing calculator (ΔDRT). The proposed independent dose calculation consists of the following steps: 1. calculate D_model using CCCS. 2. calculate D_ΔDRT using ΔDRT. 3. combine Results: D=D_model+D_ΔDRT. Results: The hybrid dose calculation was tested on digital phantoms and patient CT data for standard fields and IMRT plan. The results were compared to dose calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS). The agreement of the hybrid and the TPS was within 3%, 3 mm for over 98% of the volume for phantom studies and lung patients. Conclusion: The proposed hybrid method uses the same commissioning data as those for the measurement-based method and can be easily extended to any non-standard LINAC. The results met the accuracy, independence, and simple commissioning criteria for an independent dose calculator.
Peptic ulcer near the pylorus.

Summary 1.A study has been made of surgically treated peptic ulcer situated near the pylorus, with special reference to so-called pyloric-channel ulcer. 2.The pyloric channel is not a well-delineated anatomic entity. Its proximal boundary is arbitrarily determined. For the purposes of this study the pyloric channel is judged to be bounded distally by the gastroduodenal junction (as delineated microscopically) and proximally by a line encompassing the pylorus 2 cm. above this junction. 3.The symptomatologic aspects of a small group of peptic ulcers localized to the pyloric channel did not differ sufficiently from those caused by gastric ulcer situated above the pyloric channel or from those of duodenal ulcer to permit delineation of a specific and useful clinical syndrome. 4.Although the roentgenologic localization of peptic ulcers generally is highly accurate, peptic ulcers located near the pyloric sphincter often are not accurately defined as gastric or duodenal by the roentgenologist. 5.Clinical and surgical series of so-called pyloric-channel ulcers are not homogeneous groups, probably include prepyloric gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers and pyloroduodenal ulcers. It is suggested that the simpler designation of "ulcer at or near the pylorus" has merit when peptic ulcers located near the pyloric sphincter are being discussed.
The influence of scalp sampling on the cesarean section rate for fetal distress.

One year’s obstetric experience at Los Angeles County–University of Southern California Medical Center was reviewed and compared with previous years. The incidence of cesarean section for fetal distress is low and has remained constant over the past 7 years. Periodic changes and decreased baseline variability of the fetal heart rate accounted for 39% of the diagnoses of fetal distress in this group. Scalp sampling clarified the diagnosis of fetal distress and prevented unnecessary cesarean section. Compromised perinatal outcome in the > 2,500 gram weight group was confined to those who were monitored, had indications for monitoring, or had identifiable prospective risk factors, with rare exceptions.
Rationality and Corruption in the Post-Socialist World

This paper uses the new literature on norms and rationality to explore why societies develop widespread corruption as a means of organizing economic activity. Paying particular attention to the post-socialist world, it explores the evolution of these norms as part of a more general development of flexible responses to rigid assignments of property rights. The emergence of a strong norm against attending to formal legal rules makes the unwinding of such "corrupt" practices and expectations especially problematic.
Comparison of Far-IR and CO emission from nearby molecular clouds

We discuss the respective contributions of the interstellar radiation field and embedded stars to the heating of dust in molecular clouds, and present results of a comparison between far-IR and CO emission from nearby molecular clouds.
Lifetime test on a high-performance DC microwave proton source

Powerful CW proton linear accelerators (100 mA at 0.5-1 GeV) are being proposed for spallation neutron source applications. These production accelerators require high availability and reliability. A microwave proton source, which has already demonstrated several key beam requirements, was operated for one week (170 hours) in a DC mode to test the reliability and lifetime of its plasma generator. The source was operated with 570 W of microwave (2.45 GHz) discharge power and with a 47-kV extraction voltage. This choice of operating parameters gave a proton current density of 250-mA/cm/sup 2/ at 83% proton fraction, which is sufficient for a conservative DC injector design. The beam current was 60-65 mA over most of the week, and was sufficiently focused for RFQ injection. Total beam availability, defined as 47-keV beam-on time divided by elapsed time, was 96.2%. Spark downs in the high voltage column and a gas flow control problem caused all the downtime; no plasma generator failures were observed.
Cost Analysis of a Childcare Center-Based Intervention to Prevent Obesity in the Preschool Years

Background: In the United States, 17% of children are considered obese, and the economic burden of obesity and related conditions are concerning. Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (HC2) is an early childcare center-based obesity prevention trial among ethnically diverse children and families. Objectives: To better understand the economic impact of early childhood obesity prevention efforts, this study conducted a cost analysis of the HC2 intervention and estimated the potential lifetime cost-savings of HC2 from reducing childhood obesity. Patients and Methods: Economic analyses estimated the direct intervention costs and the projected lifetime medical cost savings from preventing childhood obesity. Cost data were collected using detailed staffing and financial records, from the HC2 study investigators. Resources were organized into four main categories: personnel costs, contractors, supplies and equipment, and miscellaneous expenditures. Costs were estimated separately for the two phases of the intervention: Year 1 and Years 2 - 3. Results: The total cost of HC2 intervention was 206319 $. The average cost per child in Year 1 was 113.90 $. The average cost per child for the booster sessions, in Years 2 and 3 was 29.02 $ per year. Average cost per child throughout the intervention was 172 $. If HC2 generates just a 1% reduction in obesity, lifetime savings would be of approximately 228000 $, with net savings of 21681 $, over the three years of the intervention. The average (per child) net savings across all HC2 participants range from 18 $, if 1% of participants avoid obesity, to 1728 $, if 10% avoid obesity. Conclusions: The HC2 intervention shows potential for generating cost savings. Cost analyses of programs of this type are helpful to policymakers and program planners to allocate resources for obesity prevention programs in school and childcare settings.
The psychology of letting go

While recently rereading The Duke’s Children , the last volume of Anthony Trollope’s Palliser series, I encountered the following remark: “Nothing will ever be quite what it used to be.” 1 Or, to paraphrase the title character in the movie The Big Lebowski , “Change abides.” Letting things go is simply one facet in the continuous process of change with which we all must deal: the “C-word.” It seems reasonable to consider the situations that cause us to let things go and to examine the various reactions I have observed in myself and others in such circumstances. I hope that this analysis will . . .
Globalization through the Lens of Palace Wars: What Elite Lawyers' Careers Can and Cannot Tell Us about Globalization of Law

Yves Dezalay and Bryant Garth's three studies—Dealing in Virtue (1996), The Internationalization of Palace Wars (2002), Asian Legal Revivals (2010)—trace the globalization of law through “palace wars” among elites for positions in the “fields of state power.” They conclude that globalization occurs through links among elites engaged in their domestic palace wars, which independently establish the symbolic power of law in each state. The article argues that while Dezalay and Garth provide an invaluable new starting point for further research, they do not adequately consider an emerging field of research documenting alternative pathways of legal development pursued by local activists inside and outside the new states of the Global South.
Intravascular mixing and drug distribution: the concurrent disposition of thiopental and indocyanine green.

The dispositions of concomitantly administered indocyanine green (ICG) and thiopental were determined in 12 patients undergoing general anesthesia and surgery. These were best characterized by a two-compartment ICG model and a four-compartment thiopental model, chiefly because of data obtained from frequent early arterial blood samples. The models had a common central volume (V1), and the peripheral ICG compartment was the subset of a peripheral thiopental compartment. The two-compartment ICG model described its mixing within the intravascular space. The traditional Vc of three-compartment models of thiopental disposition is described by the present four-compartment model as an initial distribution volume, V1, codetermined by ICG as central blood volume, and a rapidly equilibrating peripheral volume, V4. The combined simultaneous ICG-thiopental model more clearly reflects physiology than do the results of earlier curve-fitting techniques and may be useful in studying the pharmacokinetic basis of altered reactivity to thiopental. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 45, 56–65; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.9
Scientific detectives solve ashen mutant problem

[Comment on Chintala et al, page 1533][1]The paper by Chintala and colleagues provides new insights into what was once considered an animal model for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), a hereditary disorder involving platelet dense bodies. In an exquisite piece of detective work, it resolves a serious
System-adapted contours and the Feshbach-Rubinow method

A generalization of the Feshbach-Rubinow method for variationally determining the ground-state energy of a multiparticle system is described and applied to the ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion. The method finds a variationally optimized function of a contour that characterizes the system. The contour can be quite complicated, being itself determined by some approximation scheme for solving the multiparticle Schr\"odinger equation. The application to the ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion uses an already optimized three-parameter contour due to Bethe, and a significant improvement in the ground-state energy is noted.
Analysis of Network and System Management Tasks

Network and system management tasks revolve around the activities necessary to establish and maintain data communication networks. This can include tasks such as:•monitoring the network hardware and software components for problems and performance information•identifying and correcting problems in the network•planning and making changes to the network.Task analysis was performed on data available from a customer case study database, (Beith, Moore, Pendley, and Percival, 1985). Models were developed for several network and system management tasks. This paper discusses one of the task models, problem determination, and presents recommendations for information structuring and task flow.
Dimensions of the OARS mental health measures

A measurement model of mental health for the Older Americans Resources and Services (OARS) questionnaire is described. Using confirmatory factor analysis on noninstitutionalized elderly from Cleveland (N = 1834) and Virginia (N = 2146), the 21 OARS mental health items were fit to a 15-item model. In addition to the second-order construct of mental health, there were four first-order dimensions: life satisfaction, psychosomatic symptomatology, alienation, and cognitive deficit. Analyses were further replicated by splitting both samples in half. The model fit well and compared favorably to other alternative specifications. In addition to this analysis of internal structure, the model was also examined in relation to several exogenous factors including age, sex, race, education, and physical health. While the model again fit well, a model with cognitive deficit separate from the other factors seemed more reasonable.
Anisotropic dislocation loop nucleation in ion-irradiated MgAl2O4*

Polycrystalline disks of stoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) were irradiated with 2 MeV Al+ ions at 650°C and subsequently analyzed in cross section using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interstitial dislocation loops were observed on {110} and {111} habit planes. The population of loops on both sets of habit planes was strongly dependent on their orientation with respect to the ion beam direction. The density of loops with habit plane normals nearly perpendicular to the ion beam direction was much higher than loops with habit plane normals nearly parallel to the ion beam direction. On the other hand, the loop size was nearly independent of habit plane orientation. This anisotropic loop nucleation does not occur in ion-irradiated metals such as copper and may be associated with the structure of displacement cascades in ceramics.
Sex of employee and sex of supervisor: Effect on attributions for the causality of success and failure

An industrial “employee-testing” situation was simulated in two laboratory studies to determine if differential attributions would be made for the causality of success and failure, as a function of the sex of the “supervisor” and of the “employee.” The saliency of the relative success of the performance was confirmed in both studies, as was the importance of the sexual composition of the dyad. Two surprising results were the general lack of derogation of females by themselves and others, as was generally found in prior research, and the different self-attributional patterns made in the presence and absence of a supervisor. The latter result calls into question the ipsative conception of attributions.
Perioral muscle activity in young and older adults during speech and nonspeech tasks.

Correlations of EMG activity among paired sites surrounding the lips were examined as a measure of muscle coupling during oral movements. Twenty-two young women (M=22 years old) and 22 older women ...
On ywo-way, two-tape automata

Two-way, two-tape automata were first considered in Rabin and Scott [1]. We show how surprisingly powerful these machines are by describing some programming techniques that can be implemented on them, and by proving, by means of these techniques, that there exists a universal two-symbol, two-way, two-tape automaton. We then argue that in contradiction to an assertion by Rabin and Scott, the class of sets of pairs of tapes definable by two-way, two-tape automata is not closed under most Boolean operations.
tRNA-m1G methyltransferase interactions: Touching bases with structure

m1G methyltransferase of Escherichia coli is being examined with regard to how specific tRNA substrates are recognized. This enzyme appears to require the entire tRNA structure of optimal activity. Recognition may require specific base contacts as well as phosphate backbone structures embodied in the tRNA structure.
The electrocardiogram in supravalvular aortic stenosis.

Abstract Analysis of hemodynamic, ECG, and clinical data in 26 patients with SVAS shows an incidence of ECG abnormalities similar to that in comparable series of patients with VAS. One or more of three ECG signs, voltage criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy, abnormally wide frontal plane QRS angle, or left ventricular strain, segregated patients with severe and mild left ventricular outflow obstruction; but lack of correlation in the group with medium degrees of obstruction and individual exceptions in all three categories make the ECG a clinically unreliable means of assesing the severity of SVAS. The findings do not support the theory of myocardial hypoxia as the pathogenesis of abnormal S-T-T wave changes in left ventricular hypertrophy. However, the unknown incidence in this group of patients of previously described coronary obstruction from adherent aortic valve leaflets or premature coronary intimal and medial thickening, and the unavailability of actual coronary flow data make any definitive conclusion unwarranted.
Wake Up and Smell the Pheromones

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are abundant proteins of unknown function expressed at high levels in insect and vertebrate chemosensory organs. In this issue of Neuron, Xu et al. show that Drosophila OBP76a is necessary for fruit flies to respond to the aggregation pheromone 11-cis vaccenyl acetate. The results suggest a mechanism by which this OBP is intimately involved in pheromone signal transduction.
Combinatorial epigenetic patterns as quantitative predictors of chromatin biology

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) is the most widely used method for characterizing the epigenetic states of chromatin on a genomic scale. With the recent availability of large genome-wide data sets, often comprising several epigenetic marks, novel approaches are required to explore functionally relevant interactions between histone modifications. Computational discovery of "chromatin states" defined by such combinatorial interactions enabled descriptive annotations of genomes, but more quantitative approaches are needed to progress towards predictive models. We propose non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) as a new unsupervised method to discover combinatorial patterns of epigenetic marks that frequently co-occur in subsets of genomic regions. We show that this small set of combinatorial "codes" can be effectively displayed and interpreted. NMF codes enable dimensionality reduction and have desirable statistical properties for regression and classification tasks. We demonstrate the utility of codes in the quantitative prediction of Pol2-binding and the discrimination between Pol2-bound promoters and enhancers. Finally, we show that specific codes can be linked to molecular pathways and targets of pluripotency genes during differentiation. We have introduced and evaluated a new computational approach to represent combinatorial patterns of epigenetic marks as quantitative variables suitable for predictive modeling and supervised machine learning. To foster widespread adoption of this method we make it available as an open-source software-package – epicode at https://github.com/mcieslik-mctp/epicode .
Susceptibility and Fluctuation. II. Determination of the Frequency Moments

The frequency moment appearing in a relation between susceptibility and fluctuation is expressed in terms of measurable quantities. A discussion is given of a determination of the critical exponent for the staggered magnetic susceptibility of RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$.
Theoretical analysis of drag resistance in amorphous thin films exhibiting superconductor-insulator transitions

The magnetical field tuned superconductor-insulator transition in amorphous thin films, e.g., Ta and InO, exhibits a range of yet unexplained curious phenomena, such as a putative low-resistance metallic phase intervening the superconducting and the insulating phase, and a huge peak in the magnetoresistance at large magnetic field. Qualitatively, the phenomena can be explained equally well within several significantly different pictures, particularly the condensation of quantum vortex liquid, and the percolation of superconducting islands embedded in normal region. Recently, we proposed and analyzed a distinct measurement in Y. Zou, G. Refael, and J. Yoon, Phys. Rev. B 80, 180503 (2009) that should be able to decisively point to the correct picture: a drag resistance measurement in an amorphous thin-film bilayer setup. Neglecting interlayer tunneling, we found that the drag resistance within the vortex paradigm has opposite sign and is orders of magnitude larger than that in competing paradigms. For example, two identical films as in G. Sambandamurthy, L. W. Engel, A. Johansson, and D. Shahar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 107005 _2004_ with 25 nm layer separation at 0.07 K would produce a drag resistance ~10^(−4) Ω according the vortex theory but only ~10^(−12) Ω for the percolation theory. We provide details of our theoretical analysis of the drag resistance within both paradigms and report some results as well.
The “pancake” adrenal

The pancake has been used as the metaphorical description for the abnormal appearance of the adrenal gland when the ipsilateral kidney is absent from the renal fossa. Once detected, the abnormal adrenal appearance should prompt a careful survey of the patient to exclude renal agenesis or discover the ectopic kidney, conditions often associated with other congenital anomalies.
Combined Natural and Forced Convective Heat Transfer In Spherical Annuli

This paper presents numerical finite difference solutions of combined natural and forced convective heat transfer in spherical annuli. The flow is assumed to enter the annulus through a port in the bottom of the outer sphere and exit through a diametrically opposite port. The spheres are isothermal and at different temperatures. The governing conservation equations are reduced to dimensionless form and the nondimensional parameters of the problem are identified. The influence of these parameters of the problem are identified. The influence of these parameters on the solution is studied. Details of the flow field and temperature field are presented by means of velocity vector and isotherm maps. Circumferential average and local Nusselt numbers are presented and compared with earlier numerical work in which the effects of natural convection were ignored. It is shown that the buoyancy effects can have a very significant impact on the heat transfer and fluid flow, particularly at low Reynolds numbers.
Microparticles from stored red blood cells activate neutrophils and cause lung injury after hemorrhage and resuscitation.

Background Transfusion of stored blood is associated with increased complications. Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles released from RBCs that can induce cellular dysfunction, but the role of RBC-derived MPs in resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is unknown. In the current study, we examined the effects of RBC-derived MPs on the host response to hemorrhage and resuscitation. Study Design MPs were isolated from murine packed RBC units, quantified using flow cytometry, and injected into healthy mice. Separate groups of mice underwent hemorrhage and resuscitation with and without packed RBC–derived MPs. Lungs were harvested for histology and neutrophil accumulation and assessed by myeloperoxidase content. Human neutrophils were treated with human RBC-derived MPs and CD11b expression, superoxide production, and phagocytic activity were determined. Results Stored murine packed RBC units contained increased numbers of RBC-derived MPs compared with fresh units. Hemorrhaged mice resuscitated with MPs demonstrated substantially increased pulmonary neutrophil accumulation and altered lung histology compared with mice resuscitated without MPs. Intravenous injection of MPs into normal mice resulted in neutrophil priming, evidenced by increased neutrophil CD11b expression. Human neutrophils treated with RBC-derived MPs demonstrated increased CD11b expression, increased superoxide production, and enhanced phagocytic ability compared with untreated neutrophils. Conclusions Stored packed RBC units contain increased numbers of RBC-derived MPs. These MPs appear to contribute to neutrophil priming and activation. The presence of MPs in stored units can be associated with adverse effects, including lung injury, after transfusion.
Principles and design of model-based robot controllers

Model-based control algorithms for industrial manipulators require the on-line evaluation of robot dynamics and are particularly sensitive to modelling errors. The development of a unifying framework for the analysis and design of model-based robot control strategies is the theme of this paper. In this framework, the practical problems associated with real-time implementation are highlighted and methods to improve the robustness of the closed-loop system are suggested.
Imaging the material properties of bone specimens using reflection-based infrared microspectroscopy.

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) is a widely used method for mapping the material properties of bone and other mineralized tissues, including mineralization, crystallinity, carbonate substitution, and collagen cross-linking. This technique is traditionally performed in a transmission-based geometry, which requires the preparation of plastic-embedded thin sections, limiting its functionality. Here, we theoretically and empirically demonstrate the development of reflection-based FTIRM as an alternative to the widely adopted transmission-based FTIRM, which reduces specimen preparation time and broadens the range of specimens that can be imaged. In this study, mature mouse femurs were plastic-embedded and longitudinal sections were cut at a thickness of 4 μm for transmission-based FTIRM measurements. The remaining bone blocks were polished for specular reflectance-based FTIRM measurements on regions immediately adjacent to the transmission sections. Kramers–Kronig analysis of the reflectan...
MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

Mechanical ventilation provides life-sustaining support for most patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome; however, traditional approaches to mechanical ventilation may cause ventilator-associated lung injury, which could exacerbate or perpetuate respiratory failure caused initially by conditions such as pneumonia, sepsis, and trauma. This article reviews the theory, laboratory data, and results of recent clinical trials that suggest that modified ventilator strategies can reduce ventilator-associated lung injury and improve clinical outcomes.
Evaluating the genetic status of a Great Basin endemic minnow: the relict dace (Relictus solitarius)

The relict dace (Relictus solitarius) is an endemic minnow restricted to isolated spring systems within Butte, Goshute, Ruby and Steptoe valleys in the eastern Nevada portion of the Great Basin. It is the only native fish in these basins, but speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) have been introduced into some localities in Ruby Valley and, based on morphology, the two species are believed to have hybridized in those areas. We used DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b) and one nuclear intron (S7) to determine if putative relict dace populations in Ruby Valley share mtDNA haplotypes with speckled dace, or show signs of hybridization. Results of our analyses show that 11 of 16 Ruby Valley populations sampled contain only speckled dace, and one speckled dace population exhibited signs of limited introgressive hybridization. The remaining five Ruby Valley populations that were sampled contain relict dace that remain genetically distinct from speckled dace. The integrity of the Ruby Valley relict dace populations should be actively protected, particularly in the area surrounding Ruby Lake where speckled dace have been widely introduced.