cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of Radiation Belt Storm Probes fault management system

The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission is part of NASA's Living With a Star Program, and launched August 30, 2012. The fundamental goal of the mission is to provide an understanding, ideally to the point of predictability, of how populations of relativistic electrons and penetrating ions in space form or change in response to variable inputs of energy from the Sun. The mission consists of two nearly-identical observatories launched into highly-elliptical Earth orbits, as well as the ground and data systems necessary to return and distribute science and housekeeping data and provide command and control of the space systems. The two observatories launched aboard a single Atlas V 401 launch vehicle, and were placed in orbits that cause one observatory to lap the other approximately four times per year. This mission design enables an investigation of both spatial and temporal effects within the radiation belts using only two observatories, and the two year science mission allows an investigation of all local time positions and interaction regions. Each Observatory contains a suite of instruments to study ions, electrons and the local magnetic and electric fields. An overview of the RBSP mission is presented with an emphasis on the fault management system design. The goal of the RBSP fault management system is to be as simple as possible while 1) ensuring that the observatory is capable of detecting, correcting, and recovering from any single, recoverable anomaly that affects the health and safety of the observatory and 2) the observatory meets the overall mission concept and mission goals. Five high-level requirements that define the fault management redundancy, modes/safing, and ground intervention concepts will be presented to demonstrate that despite using a relatively simple architecture, the RBSP fault management system allows for mission goals to be met.
On electrostatic potentials at the ice/water interface

Abstract Assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium is rapidly attained for H+ ions compared to other ions at the ice/water interface, it is found that the ice and water phases will be oppositely charged and that the distribution potential associated with the ion distributions at the interface is of the proper magnitude to conform with experimental findings. The potential ddifference between pure ice and certain aqueous solutions is found theoretically to vary linearly with the logarithm of the electrolyte concentration in the water in accordance with some of the experimental findings of Heinmets.
Catalina Eddies and Coastally Trapped Disturbances

Abstract Observations show that coastally trapped disturbances (CTDs) often accompany Catalina eddies that appear in the southern California bight. In a previous modeling study of CTDs using simple environments and forcings, simulations of CTDs also evolved a mesoscale eddy that played a critical role in CTD formation and evolution. In this study the simple environments and forcings are extended to model the southern California bight, and simulations produce both Catalina eddies and CTDs. The simulated Catalina eddies and the mesoscale eddies in the previous CTD studies are dynamically equivalent. The primary mechanism for eddy formation in the simulations is lee troughing, and eddies and CTDs are produced provided that 1) there is sufficient stratification in the environment; 2) the offshore flow is of sufficient strength, breadth, and duration; and 3) there is sufficient terrain to produce significant lee troughing. The simulations show that CTDs can propagate out of the bight region when synoptic winds...
FEM Comparison of Ball and Roller Bullgears

A structural finite element model has been developed for calculating the forces transmitted through the rolling elements (load distribution) in a bullgear assembly. The elastic structural model consists of 3-D beam elements used to approximate the global race deflection and non-linear springs that approximate the combined rolling element/raceway contact deflections. For rollers, an upperbound on the contact stress (assuming linear variation of force along the length of the roller) is estimated by modeling the rollers as pairs of nonlinear springs. The finite element approach iteratively solves the contact forces at each, rolling element. Contact stresses are then calculated from the contact, forces using Hertz contact theory. This approach is applied to analyze two proposed designs of ball and crossed roller bearing, bullgear assemblies used for rotating the radar antenna on top of a ship's mast. The loads analyzed include those arising from wind loading and from out-of-flatness of the inner race of the b...
Streamline topologies of two-dimensional peristaltic flow and their bifurcations

Streamline patterns and their local and global bifurcations in a two-dimensional planar and axisymmetric peristaltic flow for an incompressible Newtonian fluid have been investigated. An analytical solution for the stream-function is found under a long-wavelength and low-Reynolds number approximation. The problem is solved in a moving coordinate system where a system of nonlinear autonomous differential equations can be established for the particle paths. Local bifurcations and their topological changes are inspected using methods of dynamical systems. Three different flow situations manifest themselves: backward flow, trapping or augmented flow. The transition between backward flow to trapping corresponds to a bifurcation of co-dimension one, in which a non-simple degenerate point changes its stability to form heteroclinic connections between saddle points that enclose recirculating eddies. The transition from trapping to augmented flow is a bifurcation of co-dimension two, in which heteroclinic saddle connections of adjacent waves coalesce below wave troughs. The coalescing of saddle nodes on the longitudinal axis produces a degenerate point with six heteroclinic connections (degenerate saddle). As the parameter is increased, the degenerate saddle bifurcates to saddles nodes which lift off the centerline. These bifurcations are summarized in a global bifurcation diagram. Theoretical results are compared with the experimental data.
Novel roles for APC family members and Wingless/Wnt signaling during Drosophila brain development

Construction of the brain is one of the most complex developmental challenges. Wnt signals shape all tissues, including the brain, and the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a key negative regulator of Wnt/Wingless (Wg) signaling. We carried out the first assessment of the role of APC proteins in brain development, simultaneously inactivating both APC1 and APC2 in clones of cells in the Drosophila larval optic lobe. We focused on the medulla, where epithelial neural progenitors shift from symmetric to asymmetric divisions across the lateral-medial axis. Loss of both APCs triggers dramatic defects in optic lobe development. Double mutant cells segregate from wild-type neighbors, while double mutant neurons form tangled axonal knots, suggesting changes in cell adhesion. Strikingly, phenotypes are graded along the anterior-posterior axis. Activation of Wg signaling downstream of APC mimics these phenotypes, a dominant-negative TCF blocks them, and a known Wg target, decapentaplegic, is activated in double mutant clones, strongly suggesting that the phenotypes result from activated Wg signaling. We also explored the roles of classic cadherins in differential adhesion. Finally, we propose a model suggesting that Wg signaling regulates fine scale cell fates along the anterior-posterior axis, in part by creating an adhesion gradient and consider possible alternate explanations for our observations.
Role of Endothelium in the Control of Pulmonary Vascular Tone

In addition to passive factors, pulmonary vascular tone is under the control of adrenergic, cholinergic, NANC vasodilator nerves and humoral mechanisms. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction plays an important role in the active control of pulmonary vascular tone. Adrenergic nerves, HPV and vasoconstrictor humoral substances are the vasoconstricting forces, whereas cholinergic, NANC mechanisms and vasodilator humoral substances are the dilating factors. Basal and stimulated release of NO from endothelial cells also represents dilating force. Thus, a balance between these two sets of opposing forces determines the normal resting pulmonary vascular tone. Disturbance of this balance may result in or/and contribute to the development of some pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension. Endothelium-derived NO plays an important role in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. It inhibits adrenergic contraction, hypoxic pulmonary vasocon-striction and the contractile response to many vasoconstrict...
TOF-Bρ mass measurements of very exotic nuclides for astrophysical calculations at the NSCL

Atomic masses play a crucial role in many nuclear astrophysics calculations. The lack of experimental values for relevant exotic nuclides triggered a rapid development of new mass measurement devices around the world. The time-of-flight (TOF) mass measurements offer a complementary technique to the most precise one, Penning trap measurements (Blaum 2006 Phys. Rep. 425 1), the latter being limited by the rate and half-lives of the ions of interest. The NSCL facility provides a well-suited infrastructure for the TOF mass measurements of very exotic nuclei. At this facility, we have recently implemented a TOF-B? technique and performed mass measurements of neutron-rich nuclides in the Fe region, important for r-process calculations and for calculations of processes occurring in the crust of accreting neutron stars.
Biochar and Manure Affect Calcareous Soil and Corn Silage Nutrient Concentrations and Uptake.

Carbon-rich biochar derived from the pyrolysis of biomass can sequester atmospheric CO, mitigate climate change, and potentially increase crop productivity. However, research is needed to confirm the suitability and sustainability of biochar application to different soils. To an irrigated calcareous soil, we applied stockpiled dairy manure (42 Mg ha dry wt) and hardwood-derived biochar (22.4 Mg ha), singly and in combination with manure, along with a control, yielding four treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when needed (based on preseason soil test N and crop requirements) in all plots and years, with N mineralized from added manure included in this determination. Available soil nutrients (NH-N; NO-N; Olsen P; and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable K, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe), total C (TC), total N (TN), total organic C (TOC), and pH were evaluated annually, and silage corn nutrient concentration, yield, and uptake were measured over two growing seasons. Biochar treatment resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in available soil Mn and a 1.4-fold increase in TC and TOC, whereas manure produced a 1.2- to 1.7-fold increase in available nutrients (except Fe), compared with controls. In 2009 biochar increased corn silage B concentration but produced no yield increase; in 2010 biochar decreased corn silage TN (33%), S (7%) concentrations, and yield (36%) relative to controls. Manure produced a 1.3-fold increase in corn silage Cu, Mn, S, Mg, K, and TN concentrations and yield compared with the control in 2010. The combined biochar-manure effects were not synergistic except in the case of available soil Mn. In these calcareous soils, biochar did not alter pH or availability of P and cations, as is typically observed for acidic soils. If the second year results are representative, they suggest that biochar applications to calcareous soils may lead to reduced N availability, requiring additional soil N inputs to maintain yield targets.
Favard interpolation from subsets of a rectangular lattice

Abstract This is a study of Favard interpolation–in which the n th derivatives of the interpolant are bounded above by a constant times the n th divided differences of the data–in the case where the data are given on some subset of a rectangular lattice in R k . In some instances, depending on the geometry of this subset, we construct a Favard interpolant, and in other instances, we prove that none exists.
Frontiers in metabolomics for cancer research: Proceedings of a National Cancer Institute workshop

An NCI workshop entitled “Frontiers in Metabolomics for Cancer Research” was held in October 2005 to identify gaps in the application of metabolomics for cancer research and to disseminate information on metabolomics and its potential application. The workshop was sponsored by a number of groups, including the Division of Cancer Prevention, the Division of Cancer Biology, the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, and the Center for Cancer Research within the National Cancer Institute, as well as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements. Specific aims for the workshop were to (1) identify issues relevant to the use of metabolomics in the measurements of changes in cells or body fluids; (2) review a variety of approaches to metabolite-based phenotyping such as metabolomics arrays and spectroscopic profiles in relation to its application for patients and/or stratification for responders and non-responders to dietary components, drugs, and toxic agents; (3) discuss what additional information metabolomics provides over that given by genomics and/or proteomics; and (4) evaluate the current status of metabolomics technologies as they relate to cancer prevention research. The potential impact of emerging metabolomics technology and research approaches on our understanding of interactions among external environments is obvious. The study of metabolomics, as characterized by the study of small molecular weight compounds, has the promise of discerning subtle changes in metabolic pathways and shifts in mechanistic aspects of homeostasis—within a time span of seconds—that is not possible by other “omic” approaches. Another advantage is that metabolomic research findings are likely to be relevant to a wide range of chronic and/or infectious diseases, including cancer obesity, and cardiovascular disease. This manuscript is a summary of the workshop that highlighted the existing research and literature in the field of metabolomics for cancer research and research recommendations that may provide important steps forward for the future.
Novel Photocatalytic Mechanisms for CHCl3, CHBr3, and CCl3CO2- Degradation and the Fate of Photogenerated Trihalomethyl Radicals on TiO2

The photocatalytic degradation of CHCl_3, CHBr_3, CCl_4, and CCl_3CO_2^- is investigated in aqueous TiO_2 suspensions. A common intermediate, the trihalomethyl radical, is involved in the degradation of each substrate except for CCl_3CO_2^-. CHCl_3 and CHBr_3 are degraded into carbon monoxide and halide ions in the absence of dissolved oxygen. The anoxic degradation proceeds through a dihalocarbene intermedi ate, which is produced by sequential reactions of the haloform molecule with a valence band hole and a conduction band electron. Carbon dioxide and halide ion are formed as the primary products during CHCl_3 degradation in the presence of oxygen. Under these conditions, the trihalomethyl radicals react rapidly with dioxygen. At pH > 11, degrada tion of the haloforms is enhanced dramatically. This enhancement is ascribed to photoenhanced hydrolysis. The secondary reactions of the trichloromethyl radical generated during CCl_4 photolysis is strongly influenced by the nature of the electron donors. Both •CCl_3 and Cl^- production increase substantially when 2-propanol is present as an electron donor. A new photocatalytic mechanism for CCl_3CO_2^- degradation, which involves the formation of a dichlorocarbene intermediate, is proposed.
Coherent Technologies for Analog Transmission with Enhanced Linearity

We describe the advantages of adopting coherent technololgies for the high fidelity transmission of microwave signals via photonic links. The resulting enhancement of the link’s figures-of-merit such as its spur free dynamic range will be presented.
Fabrication of Nanostructures by Hydroxylamine Seeding of Gold Nanoparticle Templates

Hydroxylamine-seeding of colloidal gold particles has been used to fabricate gold nanostructures on a SiO2 substrate. Gold nanoparticles (15 nm diameter) were randomly deposited on a SiO2 surface that had been modified with aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS). The nanoparticles were then manipulated using a scanning force microscope (SFM) tip to produce 1-D templates for gold deposition. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by fabricating a gold nanowire by using 13 nanoparticles as a template. The junction between joined (coated) particles was examined by mechanical manipulation, and homogeneous deposition was shown to form stable structures. This approach was also used to fabricate nanostructures in a small gap between two gold electrodes. Particles were pushed into the gap, and then gold deposition was used to “connect” the particles and electrodes. Although the particular structure tested was not electrically connected to the electrode, we suggest that this approach will be useful in tackling th...
Recoverable creep deformation due to heterogeneous grain-boundary diffusion and sliding

Recently, Rajagopalan et al. [J. Rajagopalan, J. Han, M.T. Saif, Science, 315 (2007) 1831] studied deformation in free-standing face-centered cubic nanocrystalline thin films and reported that “plastic” deformation in these films is partially recoverable. Here we perform numerical simulations to show that this phenomenon could be explained from the point of view of heterogeneous grain-boundary diffusion and sliding.
A heuristic for assigning facilities to locations to minimize WIP travel distance in a linear facility

SUMMARY Many manufacturing systems require an assignment of machines to locations along a straight track, so as to optimize material flow. This paper uses a cut approach to the corresponding quadratic assignment problem, and derives a heuristic which generates a good solution. In addition, a modified lower bound to the assignment problem is also developed, which is always better than the classical lower bound. Results showing the performance of the heuristic are demonstrated, along with a comparison of the modified and classical lower bound. In almost all the test problems, the solution generated by the heuristic was either optimal or better than any solution obtained by other methods. Extension of the heuristic to more general cases also is considered.
Human pituitary thyrotropin: isolation and chemical characterization of its subunits.

Abstract The subunits of human pituitary thyrotropin have been separated and purified by countercurrent distribution and exclusion chromatography. The NH2-terminal sequence of the β subunit is identical to that of the β subunit of bovine thyrotropin. However, amino acid composition and peptide map of tryptic and chymotryptic digests as well as compositions of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides suggest that the amino acid sequence of the α subunit is identical to that of the α subunit of human interstitial cell stimulating hormone.
Herpes simplex eye infections: Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management

Herpes infection of the eye may be acquired as the patient's first exposure to the virus (primary infection) or as involvement of a new anatomical site (the eye) in a patient with previous HSV infection. In either case, patients with herpetic eye infection risk recurrent eye disease throughout their lives. The infective lesions of the corneal epithelium (dendritic and geographic ulcers) occasionally develop into noninfective indolent or trophic ulcers, particularly under the influence of cauterizing chemicals or corticosteroids. Inflammation of the corneal stroma may accompany herpetic epithelial lesions or occur independently. Stromal keratitis probably represents the host's immune response to viral antigens filtering down from epithelial lesions or from viral replication in stromal cells. The clinical manifestations of ocular HSV infection are reviewed, pathogenesis and possible pathways of the infection are analyzed, and some practical guidelines for management and prevention are presented.
Myocardial Protection by Volatile Anesthetics in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Critical Review of the Laboratory and Clinical Evidence

JOHN BLAND AND EDWARD LOWENSTEIN first reported in 1976 that administration of halothane (0.75 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) significantly (p o 0.001) attenuates ST-segment elevation caused by brief coronary artery occlusion in 6 dogs anesthetized with chloraloseurethane concomitant with a reduction in the primary determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption. These experiments demonstrated, for the first time, that volatile anesthetics are capable of producing essential anti-ischemic effects. Since the publication of this landmark paper, several studies provided further evidence that volatile anesthetics protected myocardium against reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. For example, isoflurane and halothane enhanced the functional recovery of postischemic-reperfused (‘‘stunned’’) canine myocardium when either volatile anesthetic was administered before a 15-min coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. This beneficial effect occurred in conjunction with the preservation of high-energy phosphates. Isoflurane also reduced the magnitude of myocardial necrosis and improved recovery of left ventricular (LV) function after global ischemia and reperfusion. Halothane was shown to maintain contractile function and ultrastructural integrity during reperfusion after normothermic cardioplegic arrest in isolated rat hearts. These results were especially notable because they implied that the protective action of volatile anesthetics occur independent of any favorable alteration in coronary perfusion or myocardial oxygen supply-demand relations. In 1997, three research groups simultaneously reported that the administration of halothane or isoflurane before prolonged coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion reduced myocardial infarct size in vivo. This beneficial effect was termed ‘‘anesthetic preconditioning’’ (APC), occurred independent of changes in systemic and coronary hemodynamics, and persisted despite discontinuation of the volatile anesthetic before coronary artery occlusion, a ‘‘memory’’ period similar to that observed during ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Subsequently, volatile anesthetics were shown to protect myocardium against ischemic
Employment and Disability: Evidence from the 1996 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey

The relationship between employment and disability has gained national attention, as the ability to maintain employment is inconsistent among those with limitations. This cross-sectional study of employment among individuals (N= 1691, age 21–62 years) with self-reported limitations in the 1996 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey seeks to identify predictors of employment despite physical and/or cognitive limitations. Two predictive models of employment including 10 variables are explored; 1 included insurance (χ2 =3856.85, p ≤ 0.00) and the other removed the insurance variable (χ2 =280.21, p ≤ 0.00). Individuals with limitations who are employed are more likely to have a college-level education, have better physical and mental health perceptions and have private insurance. This analysis demonstrates that people do work despite reported activity, functional or sensory limitations and that socioeconomic factors are crucial in why someone is able to attain employment.
Sensitivity and adaptation in R7, an ultraviolet photoreceptor, in theDrosophila retina

Receptor deficient mutants and chromatic adaptation were used to isolate the contribution of R7 to the electroretinogram (ERG) ofDrosophila. R7 was found to be a single-peaked ultraviolet (UV) receptor (Fig. 1). Photoconversion of the UV absorbing rhodopsin (R) to its stable 470–495 nm metarhodopsin (M) was shown to elicit a long-lived negative (depolarizing) afterpotential (Fig. 3) while inactivating R7. Photoreconversion ofM toR reactivates R7 (Fig. 2) and repolarizes the ERG (Fig. 3). The intensities of light needed to elicit afterpotentials by photointerconverting R7 photopigment were found to be about 2 log units greater than for R1-6 photopigment (Fig. 4). Vitamin A deprivation decreases R7 (as well as R8) sensitivity by about 2 log units (through decreased photopigment levels) without changing spectral sensitivity shape (Fig. 5). Vitamin A deprivation further eliminates the light-induced inactivation of R7 allowing experiments designed to characterize the in vivo spectral absorption of R7M. R7M was found to have UV and 495 nm maxima (Fig. 6). No polarization sensitivity was detected in the R7 ERG component. The adaptational properties of R7 are similar to the properties previously established for R1-6 but different from the properties of R8.
Capital structure, dividend policy, and multinationality: Theory versus empirical evidence

Abstract Textbook theory posits that multinational firms are large and diversified and should have higher debt capacity. In contrast, debt capacity of such firms can be expected to be lower because of the additional risks of foreign operations. This puzzle is unresolved by the empirical literature. Also, prior studies of multinational firms have not examined the relationship between debt and dividend payout ratios that can be expected in theory (both help manage agency costs). Accounting for this interdependence and controlling for appropriate other variables, this study documents that compared to domestic companies, multinational companies have significantly lower debt ratios with such debt ratios decreasing with increasing multinationality.
Angular-correlation study of the level scheme of 193Ir

The decay of 193Os to 193Ir has been studied by γγ angular correlations. Inconsistencies between previous angular correlations, internal conversion coefficients, and nuclear orientation angular distributions have been satisfactorily resolved by the present results. These data are used to derive a set of E2M 1 multipole mixing ratios of the transitions between low-lying states. The resulting electromagnetic transition moments are compared with calculations based on the Nilsson model with Coriolis mixing and on the interacting boson-fermion model.
Stylolites in the Caballos Novaculite, west Texas

Stylolites within the Caballos Novaculite developed by pressure solution in response to lithostatic pressure after the original sediment had been converted to a novaculite. Estimates of minimum stratigraphic thinning of the novaculite are fairly uniform across the Marathon basin; they range from 3.5% to 5.6% on the basis of stylolite column amplitude.
Group therapy for eating disorders: A step-wise approach

Group therapy is emerging as a favored treatment for eating disorders. Open-ended psychodynamic group therapy is an effective treatment for the underlying conflicts in eating-disordered patients, yet these groups are difficult to form. The authors suggest a specific sequence using time-limited psychoeducational groups initially for symptom control, then offering an open-ended group for patients who are ready to address deeper issues in a group therapy setting.
THE EXPANSION POINT METHOD FOR IMPROVED CALCULATION OF DIFFICULT TRANSPORT INTEGRALS

In a previous article, the authors introduced a new method for the improved asymptotic evaluation of Laplace integrals of the type for large x, where k must be 1 or 2 (Hanna and Davis, 2011). This method (called optimal exponential or OE) also applies to the acceleration of regular perturbation and power series. Here we develop a new analytical procedure (called expansion point or XP) to evaluate more general problems of the type . This includes the most general Watson lemma problem of the type , which cannot be handled by the OE method. The XP method is simple and general and offers good practical accuracy. It is especially powerful when combined with an “extended” exponential procedure. Application of the new method is illustrated with several problems important in chemical engineering.
A Mobile Cloud Computing Middleware for Low Latency Offloading of Big Data

Recent years have witnessed an explosive growth of mobile applications. Thanks to improved network connectivity, it becomes a promising enabling solution to offload computation-intensive applications to the resource abundant public cloud to further augment the capacity of resource-constrained devices. As mobile applications usually have QoS requirements, it is critical to provide low latency services to the mobile users while maintain low leasing cost of cloud resources. However, the resources offered by cloud vendors are usually charged based on a time quanta while the offloading demand for heavy-lifting computation may occur infrequently on mobile devices. This mismatch would demotivate users to resort to public cloud for computation offloading. In this paper, we design a computation offloading middleware which bridges the aforementioned gap between cloud vendors and mobile clients, providing offloading service to multiple users with low cost and delay. The proposed middleware has two key components: Task Scheduler and Instance Manager. The Task Scheduler dispatches the received offloading tasks to execute in the instances reserved by the Instance Manager. Based on the arrival pattern of offloading tasks, the Instance Manager dynamically changes the number of instances to ensure certain service grade of mobile users. Our proposed mechanisms are validated through numerical results. It is shown that a lower average delay can be achieved through proposed scheduling heuristic, and the number of reserved instances well adapts to the offloading demands.
Auditing a Breast MRI Practice: Performance Measures for Screening and Diagnostic Breast MRI

Purpose Breast MRI is increasingly used for both screening and diagnostic purposes. Although performance benchmarks for screening and diagnostic mammography have been published, performance benchmarks for breast MRI have yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate breast MRI performance measures, stratified by screening and diagnostic indications, from a single academic institution. Methods Institutional review board approval was acquired for this HIPAA-compliant study. Informed consent was not required. Retrospective review of the institutional database identified all breast MRI examinations performed from April 1, 2007, to March 31, 2008. After application of exclusion criteria, the following performance measures for screening and diagnostic indications were calculated: cancer detection rate, positive predictive value (PPV), and abnormal interpretation rates. Results The study included 2,444 examinations, 1,313 for screening and 1,131 for diagnostic indications. The cancer detection rates were 14 per 1,000 screening breast MRI examinations and 47 per 1,000 diagnostic examinations ( P P = .00008). The PPVs of MRI were lower for screening [PPV1 (abnormal findings) = 12%, PPV2 (biopsy recommended) = 24%, PPV3 (biopsy performed) = 27%] compared with diagnostic indications (PPV1 (abnormal findings) = 28%, PPV2 (biopsy recommended) = 36%, PPV3 (biopsy performed) = 38%]. Conclusions Breast MRI performance measures differ significantly between screening and diagnostic MRI indications. Medical audits for breast MRI should calculate performance measures for screening and diagnostic breast MRI separately, as recommended for mammography.
Capture by Highly-Charged Low-Energy Ions Studied with a Secondary Ion Recoil Source

When a highly-charged fast projectile collides with a neutral atom in a gaseous target it may, in a single collision, remove many electrons from the target while transferring no more than a few eV to the target's center of mass. These low-energy highly-charged (LEHQ) recoils may be extracted for use as a secondary ion beam to study subsequent capture reactions in a second gas target. We have developed a LEHQ ion source based on this principle, pumped by 1-2 MeV/amu beams of F, S and Cl. In this paper we discuss 1) the properties of the ion source, and 2) cross sections measured with the source for single and multiple electron capture by Ar+q from Ne for 2 < q < 10 and Ar energies between 200 and 1000 eV per q.
Serotonin neuron transplants: Electrophysiological unit activity of intrahippocampal raphe grafts in freely moving cats

Abstract Fetal serotonin (5HT)-containing neurons from the cat midbrain raphe were transplanted to the hippocampus of adult host cat brain. These neurons displayed spontaneous electrophysiological activity in freely moving cats, and showed the pacemaker-like dis- charge pattern characteristic of these cells. However, these neurons showed no significant change in activity across the sleep-waking cycle, nor were they responsive to sensory stimulation in the auditory and visual modalities. Grafted neurons were inhibited by 5HT agonists, but required higher doses than those in intact cats. These data are the first elec- trophysiological recordings of grafted 5HT neurons in freely moving animals, and question whether such tissue grafts can restore functional activity in the central 5HT system.
Large B-cell lymphomas poor in B cells and rich in PD-1+ T cells can mimic T-cell lymphomas.

Objectives: To characterize the clinicopathologic features of cases of large B-cell lymphomas, poor in B cells and densely rich in programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)+ reactive T cells, which can mimic T-cell lymphomas. Methods: A single-institute retrospective review of cases between 2010 and 2013 was performed. Results: Of 178 cases of large B-cell lymphomas, eight cases of large B-cell lymphomas poor in B cells and diffusely rich in sheets of PD-1+ T cells were identified. These cases either were initially misdiagnosed as a T-cell lymphoma or substantiated a broader differential diagnosis including a T-cell lymphoma. Five cases were T-cell histiocyte–rich large B-cell lymphomas, and three cases were diagnosed as large B-cell lymphomas rich in T cells. In three of these cases, a subset of the PD-1+ T cells showed either morphologic nuclear atypia or atypical expression of T-cell antigens on flow cytometry and/or immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: Large B-cell lymphomas poor in B cells and rich in T cells can have diffuse sheets of reactive PD-1+ T cells, some with atypical morphologic and immunophenotypic features mimicking a T-cell lymphoma. Careful assessment of the immunoarchitecture and background inflammatory and stromal cells can prevent erroneous diagnoses in such cases.
Ligase detection reaction for identification of low abundance mutations.

C is caused by germline mutations, and/or by somatic mutations that are acquired through environmental exposure to carcinogens or DNA replication/repair errors. In the early stage of cancer progression, cells containing somatic mutations represent only a small population as compared with cells without corresponding mutations. Therefore, high sensitivity technologies are required to capture mutant signals in the presence of a vast majority of normal cells. Direct sequencing has the advantage of identifying the location and the nature of a mutation simultaneously, but current sequencing techniques are not applicable for cancer detection because of their low sensitivity. Ligase detection reaction (LDR) was developed in this laboratory for detection of single base pair difference (1,2). In the present study we examine the sensitivity of LDR by quantifying the matched ligation product in the presence of vast excess of mismatched competitor template using synthetic substrates, a situation mimic the detection of rare cancer mutations in the presence of excess normal cells. We apply the LDR conditions to detect K-ras G12D mutation from human cell lines at different sensitivity levels. Our results demonstrate that LDR is capable of identifying a single mutation unambiguously at a sensitivity of 1:500. Methods
The Indole Side Chain of Tryptophan as a Versatile π-Donor

Single-armed, 15- and 18-membered lariat ether receptor systems having indolylethyl side arms bind Na+ and K+ in the ring. The indole residue serves as a π-donor to the ring-bound cation. Whether the five- or six-membered ring interacts most directly with Na+ or K+ depends on whether the sidearm is attached to indole's 3- or 5-position. This suggests that structural as well as electronic factors are important in π-complexation of alkali metal cations.
Experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis

Rabies immune globulin (RIG) is essential for post-exposure prophylaxis but is expensive and not widely available. Rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were evaluated in vitro and in a Syrian hamster model as a potential future alternative. Seven Mabs neutralized representative rabies virus variants. However, a European bat lyssavirus was not neutralized by either Mabs or RIG. Moreover, Duvenhage virus was neutralized by RIG, but not by Mabs, and Lagos bat and Mokola viruses were neutralized by one Mab but not by RIG. In hamsters, one Mab resulted in protection that was comparable to human RIG. These results suggest that Mabs may provide a promising alternative to RIG.
Between Stephen Lloyd and Esteban Yo-eed: Locating Jamaica Through Cuba

In their oft-cited manifesto, the Martinican Creolists exhort Caribbean people to forego their continuing allegiances to the “mythical shores” of various old worlds, and to affirm instead the “alluvial Creoleness” that binds (or that ought to bind) them to each other, and to other communities across the globe with a similar plantation history: “Neither Europeans, nor Africans, nor Asians, we proclaim ourselves Creoles; “[the Creole language] is the initial means of communication of our deep self, or our collective unconscious, of our common genius, and it remains the river of our alluvial Creoleness.” Despite their qualifications – “Creoleness is an open specificity,” for example – they have been chided for simplifying the complicated socio-political histories of the region. Maryse Conde, for example, has noted that the opposition of colonizing French language and resisting Creole language ignores the extent to which plantation heterogeneity and negotiation rendered Creole a language of both “unity and compromise.” On what terms can alluvial relationships that can undercut imperial and diasporic ties be uncovered? What does the idea of a Creole unconscious solidify, restore, revivify, and for whom? In this essay, I am interested in a Jamaican-born novelist’s use of Cuba’s second war of independence in the 1890s to critique Jamaican complacency about British colonialism after the Second World War. Cuba, and a “Creole Latin” world more generally, allows him, on my reading, to proffer hispanophone and francophone plantation histories as a model for anglophone sensibilities in the region. The “Creole Latin” affirmation of nationalism, revolutionary struggle, and strong affective ties to the land and to personal relationships, are uncontaminated by the domineering spirit, legalistic prejudices, bureaucracy and commerce, and negotiated concessions that typify anglophone Protestant modes of life. Since the scene of these ideas in this case is the nineteenth century plantation, then we might ask if the social and political inequities are not reinforced, or whether the pleasures afforded by the romance make such considerations moot.
Multi-Dimensional Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Lawnmower Tractor Exhaust System

The objective of this study was to investigate the present cooling system of a lawn mower tractor engine and come out with an idea to modify the system. The test section was created to measure the velocity and temperature around the engine compartment. Velocity and temperature measurements were collected at several different locations around the engine. To accomplish this, several Pressure transducers along with Pitot tubes and Thermocouples were placed at several predetermined locations based on their assumed experimental importance. Since the experiment was run in a laboratory setting, the Combustion products of the engine were vented to the environment through a venting system via a stainless steel hose. This hose was constructed to attach to both the tractor muffler and the building venting. Then, the instrumentation had to be sized and selected such that the data could be easily acquired and recorded. Next, the necessary data was collected using the selected instrumentation while running the engine in the laboratory space. This data was used to produce an accurate computer model for simulation and to compare several different design adaptations. Based on experimental and computational data, it is noticed that the engine compartment was exhausting hot air that was causing discomfort to the operator and potential harm to the area near their feet. Some modifications were recommended, such as the baffling system, fan system, and grill alterations as an attempt to alter the airflow characteristics of the engine compartment to redirect the hot air away from operator’s feet.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Passivity-based control of saturated induction motors

A passivity-based controller, which takes into account saturation of the magnetic material in the main flux path of the induction motor, is developed to provide close tracking of time-varying speed and flux trajectories in the high magnetic saturation regions. The proposed passivity based controller is experimentally verified. Also, a comparison between the controllers based on the saturated and nonsaturated magnetics is presented to demonstrate the benefit of the controller based on the saturated magnetics.
Demonstration of inverse acoustic band gap structures in AlN and integration with piezoelectric contour mode wideband transducers

This paper presents the first design and demonstration of a novel inverse acoustic band gap (IABG) structure in aluminum nitride (AlN) and its direct integration with contour-mode wideband transducers in the Very High Frequency (VHF) range. This design implements an efficient approach to co-fabricate in-plane AlN electro-acoustic transducers with bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) IABG arrays (10×10). The IABG unit cell consists of a cylindrical high acoustic velocity (V) media, which is held by four thin tethers, surrounded by a low acoustic velocity matrix (air). The center media is formed by 2-µm-thick AlN, which is sandwiched by 200-nm-thick top and bottom platinum (Pt) layers. The experimental results indicate that the designed IABG has a stop band from 185 MHz to 240 MHz and is centered at 218 MHz in the Γ-X direction. This demonstration not only confirms the existence of the frequency band gap in the IABG structure, but also opens possibilities for the integration of ABG structures with RF MEMS devices.
Role of echocardiography in perioperative management of patients undergoing open heart surgery

TEE has assumed a pivotal role in the perioperative management of patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The information obtained influences important therapeutic decisions in thoracic aortic surgery, valvular surgery, and coronary artery bypass surgery. TEE also assists in determining the reason for failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass and allows rapid detection of the etiology of hypotension in the patient after surgery. Advances in technology have resulted in three-dimensional images of cardiac structures, and this will further enhance the usefulness of echocardiography for the surgeon. TEE should no longer be regarded as an imaging tool available only in academic centers, but should be routinely used by qualified operators in centers performing open-heart surgery.
Strengthening the Case for Community-Based Learning in Teacher Education.

Knowledge of learners‘ assets beyond the traditional structure of school can provide preservice teachers with essential gateways to connecting learners with the content to be studied, and with forming beneficial social relationships that can enhance learning. This article describes ways that preservice teachers responded to community-based activities located in the home communities of their learners. Analysis of work samples, interviews, and observations indicated that revelations about the preservice teachers themselves were confronted, stereotypical beliefs about their learners‘ communities were challenged, and new discoveries about community‘s strengths were acknowledged. Evidence suggests that community cultural-immersion activities incorporated in teacher- preparation programs can not only help preservice teachers correct misperceptions about, but also build relationships with their learners that can potentially impact student achievement.
Predictors of Academic Success in the Undergraduate Psychology Major

Transcript data were compiled on 288 recent college graduates majoring in psychology to determine the variables that correlated best with grade point average in psychology (PSYGPA). The graduates w...
Near-optimal character animation with continuous control

We present a new approach to realtime character animation with interactive control. Given a corpus of motion capture data and a desired task, we automatically compute near-optimal controllers using a low-dimensional basis representation. We show that these controllers produce motion that fluidly responds to several dimensions of user control and environmental constraints in realtime. Our results indicate that very few basis functions are required to create high-fidelity character controllers which permit complex user navigation and obstacle-avoidance tasks.
Education and Other Measures of Socioeconomic Status and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease in a Defined Population of Older Persons

Objective: To assess the relations of 3 measures of socioeconomic status (education, occupational prestige, and income) to risk of incident clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease (AD). Design: Cohort study with an average observation of 4.3 years. Setting: East Boston, Mass, a geographically defined community. Participants: A stratified random sample of 642 community residents 65 years of age and older who were free of AD at baseline. Main Outcome Measure: Clinical diagnosis of probable AD according to standard criteria, using structured uniform evaluation. Results: The relations of the 3 measures of socioeconomic status to risk of disease were assessed using logistic regression analyses. In individual analyses, fewer years of formal schooling, lower income, and lower occupational status each predicted risk of incident AD; risk of disease decreased by approximately 17% for each year of education. In an analysis including all 3 measures, the effect of education on risk for disease remained approximately the same, but the effects of the other 2 measures were somewhat less and did not attain formal statistical significance, compared with separate analysis of each measure. Conclusions: Markers of lower socioeconomic status predict risk of developing incident AD. The mechanism of this relation is uncertain, but the possibility that it reflects unidentified and potentially reversible risk factors for the disease deserves careful investigation.
The geometric primitives of APL

The roles of φ, θ, and ⦰ in describing the symmetries of the square are investigated. This leads to relationships between the results of these functions and the cyclic and dihedral groups of orders 2 and 4. Numerical modelling of these groups is accomplished through the primitives ⊥ and ⊤ which are thus seen to play an important auxiliary role. Next the behavior of the functions