cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Within-row spacing sensing of maize plants using 3D computer vision

Within-row plant spacing plays an important role in uniform distribution of water and nutrients among plants which affects the final crop yield. While manual in-field measurements of within-row plant spacing is time and labour intensive, little work has been done on an alternative automated process. We have attempted to develop an automatic system making use of a state-of-the-art 3D vision sensor that accurately measures within-row maize plant spacing. Misidentification of plants caused by low hanging canopies and doubles were reduced by processing multiple consecutive images at a time and selecting the best inter-plant distance calculated. Based on several small scale experiments in real fields, our system has been proven to measure the within-row maize plant spacing with a mean and standard deviation error of 1.60 cm and 2.19 cm, and a root mean squared error of 2.54 cm, respectively.
A maximum likelihood procedure for the analysis of group and individual data in aphasia research.

Abstract The limitations inherent in group versus case studies appear to lie in a complementary distribution, underscoring the importance of combining both strategies within a single research program. However, this compromise approach requires analytic tools that permit us to combine and evaluate individual and group data in a common format. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) belongs to a family of procedures for determining goodness of fit. MLE can be used in conjunction with a linear or nonlinear model of the way that sources of information combine to determine a given behavioral outcome; such models can be used to estimate the distance between two groups, the degree to which an individual case deviates from a given empirically or theoretically defined group profile, and the degree to which one individual case resembles another. We offer a demonstration of how MLE can be used to evaluate group and individual profiles, in a cross-linguistic study of sentence comprehension in nonfluent aphasic speakers of English, Italian, and German. This includes a demonstration in which the MLE models for each language are “lesioned” to simulate several competing accounts of receptive agrammatism.
Localization of B1 bradykinin receptor mRNA in the primate brain and spinal cord: an in situ hybridization study.

The bradykinin 1 and 2 receptors (B1R, B2R) are important mediators of cardiovascular homeostasis, inflammation, and nociception. While B2R is constitutively expressed in many tissues, B1R expression is thought to be absent, but induced under proinflammatory conditions. However, recent data from knockout mice have indicated that B1R acts centrally to mediate nociception, a finding that suggests the constitutive presence of B1R in brain and/or spinal cord. The purpose of the present study was to further elucidate the physiological role of B1R by evaluating the localization of B1R mRNA in the nonhuman primate brain and spinal cord with in situ hybridization. Cryostat sections from monkey brain and spinal cord were hybridized with a [(35)S]-labeled riboprobe complementary to B1R mRNA, stringently washed, and apposed to film and emulsion. The results of these studies revealed the presence of B1R mRNA throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the brain and spinal cord. In particular, labeled cells were seen in the cerebral and entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, and pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, in the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, pontine nuclei, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion. Together the present findings offer detailed information about the distribution of B1R mRNA in the primate brain and spinal cord and demonstrate a basal level of expression in the primate nervous system. Moreover, these data provide a foundation for understanding the central actions of kinins and their putative role in mediating a number of processes, including pain and nociception.
Midcarpal arthroscopy: Anatomy and technique

Wrist arthroscopy has had a dramatic impact in both evaluation and treatment of a variety of wrist problems. Wrist arthroscopy has typically meant arthroscopy of the proximal wrist joint; however, midcarpal joint arthroscopy is becoming a routine part of a complete arthroscopic examination of the wrist. Specific indications, pertinent anatomy, and a clear technique for performing a midcarpal arthroscopy is not well documented in the literature. This article attempts to offer some insight on these issues.
The role of oxidative stress in menopause

This review will discuss the concept of reproductive aging, which includes the definition of menopause, its symptoms, and predisposing conditions. It will elaborate upon the contributory factors implicated in the pathogenesis of menopause, focusing most prominently on oxidative stress. Specifically, this paper will explain how oxidative stress, in the form of free radicals and antioxidant deficiencies, has been directly linked to the decline of estrogen during reproductive aging. Additionally, this paper will elaborate upon the treatment options aimed at mitigating the menopausal symptoms and hormonal deficiencies that can lead to various disease processes. Treatment options such as hormonal therapy, antioxidant supplementation, and lifestyle modification have been explored for their effectiveness in treating and preventing the symptoms and sequelae of menopause. The majority of information in this review was obtained through PubMed and the National Library of Medicine. While most references in this paper are original research articles, a limited number of references are comprehensive reviews on the topic.
Promoting convergence in multi-channel blind signal separation using PNLMS

The proportionate normalized least-mean squares (PNLMS) adaptation algorithm exploits the sparse nature of acoustic impulse responses and assigns adaptation gain proportional to the absolute value of filter coefficients, thereby resulting in faster convergence. In the past it has shown to improve convergence of acoustic paths in echo-cancellation applications. In this paper, we investigate the use of PNLMS algorithm for blind speech separation and show that with a careful selection of operating parameters the PNLMS algorithm greatly helps promote convergence of the un-mixing filters when compared to the conventional normalized least-mean-squares (NLMS) adaptation. The PNLMS based blind speech separation is suitable for real-time implementation as it promises faster convergence and requires only a modest increase in complexity as compared to the NLMS algorithm.
Energy efficient data retrieval and caching in mobile peer-to-peer networks

Mobile peer-to-peer (MP2P) networks consist of mobile devices that communicate with each other via short-range wireless transmissions to facilitate sharing of information among them. Such networks present a constrained communication environment due to fundamental limitations of battery power and wireless bandwidth, and users' frequent mobility. These characteristics of MP2P networks make scalable data retrieval a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, called proximity regions for caching in cooperative MP2P networks (PReCinCt), to efficiently support scalable data retrieval in large-scale MP2P networks. In the PReCinCt scheme, the network topology is divided into geographical regions where each region is responsible for a set of keys representing the data. Each key is then mapped to a region location based on a geographical hash function. A geographic-aided routing protocol is used to route traffic of each data retrieved. In order to further save bandwidth for each data retrieved, PReCinCt incorporates a cooperative caching scheme that caches relevant data among a set of peers in a region. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves significant improvements in average latency and energy consumption.
Successful treatment of a free-moving abdominal mass with radiation therapy guided by cone-beam computed tomography: a case report

Introduction: Because tumors in the abdomen can change position, targeting these tumors for radiation therapy should be done with caution; use of daily image-guided radiation therapy is advised. Case presentation: We report the case of a 72-year-old Caucasian man with recurrent mantle cell lymphoma who was referred for palliative radiation therapy for an abdominopelvic tumor. Computed tomography was used to generate images for radiation treatment planning. Comparison of those planning images with a positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan ordered during the planning period revealed that the tumor had moved from one side of the abdomen to the other during the three-day interval between scans. To account for this unusual tumor movement, we obtained a second set of planning computed tomography scans and used a Varian cone-beam computed tomography scanner with on-board imaging capability to target the tumor before each daily treatment session, leading to successful treatment and complete resolution of the mass. Conclusion: Abdominal masses associated with the mesentery should be considered highly mobile; thus, radiation therapy for such masses should be used with the utmost caution. Modern radiation therapy techniques offer the ability to verify the tumor location in real time and shift the treatment ports accordingly over the course of treatment.
Pulsating flow over an ellipse at an angle of attack

Mesures par anemometrie laser Doppler. Etude de la region d'arret, des deux regions de decollement et des deux couches cisaillees
In-process stress measurements using fiber Bragg gratings

The field reliability of optical fiber is dependent upon knowledge of process, installation and in-service stresses. Process induced stresses are often difficult or impossible to quantify by direct means. Fiber Bragg grating technology is being developed to monitor the actual stress history experienced by a fiber during processing and handling. This capability requires the dynamic monitoring of the return optical wavelength from the Bragg grating sensor. A measurement system based upon standard telecommunication technology has been developed to monitor the stress history of a fiber during processing. Fiber stress from a variety of fiber processing situations are presented, including fiber proof testing, splice proof testing and the packaging of fiber into a dispersion compensation module.
Digital CMOS VLSI test generation: a divide-and-conquer algorithm

The authors propose a novel test generation procedure for digital CMOS circuits which uses a hierarchical process starting from the external output stage(s) and working toward the external input stage(s). Because this algorithm processes each sub-circuit separately, it can handle an arbitrarily large circuit more effectively than existing methods. Also, the resulting test set from this algorithm covers both gate-level stuck-at faults and transistor-level faults. Thus, this one set of test patterns can be used both during the design procedure and for manufacturing test. The resulting test length and, thus, application time for this method are shown to be significantly smaller than those of existing methods. >
Overcoming the Volatility in School-Level Gain Scores: A New Approach to Identifying Value Added With Cross-Sectional Data:

Traditionally, state accountability systems have measured school-level achievement gains using cross-sectional data, for example, by comparing scores of one year’s eighth graders to scores of the next year’s eighth graders. This approach produces extremely volatile estimates of value added from year to year. This volatility suggests that the traditional use of cross-sectional data cannot reliably estimate the production of achievement by schools, and therefore schools may be unfairly sanctioned under such a system. In this analysis, the authors consider an alternative use of cross-sectional data, identifying differences in relative subject matter performance within schools. They illustrate this approach using data on public middle schools in Wisconsin during the years 1998 to 2001. Compared to school-level gain scores, relative subject matter performance is much more stable from year to year. The authors conclude that in lieu of more reliable measures of value added, state educational agencies should cons...
Chill Radar Dual Polarization

The CHILL radar was originally designed as dual polarization radar. It was put into operation in late 1971. The original concept was a dual frequency X-band and S-band system. In 1972, the idea of using it as polarization radar was suggested by Drs. Tom Seliga and Viswanathan Bringi. After several years, the X-band radar was discarded and the system became a dual polarization radar instead. This discussion outlines the changes that were preformed on the system to make it a good polarization system. The radar was dual polarization capable from the beginning with a switch which changed the polarization of the transmit signal. A short list of the changes that were made in the radar and there success and problems are presented. The changes started with an electrical operated switch (original design) which took a second to switch but no special processing; a modified processor and the same switch changing to a 4 second cycle; a ferrite switch with 2 microseconds switching time and changing the processor to one with more channels; two channel separate transmitter and receiver; new antenna; and finally a second new antenna. Most of these upgrades also involved signal processing updates.
Basic Methods for Sensitivity Analysis of Biases

Despite the importance of systematic errors and biases, quantitative methods that take account of these biases have seen much less development than methods for addressing random error. There are at least two reasons for this. First, until recently, randomized experiments supplied most of the impetus for statistical developments. These experiments were concentrated in agriculture, manufacturing, and clinical medicine, and often could be designed in such a way that systematic errors played little role in the final results. The second reason for the limited development of methods for addressing bias is more fundamental: Most biases can be fully analysed only if certain additional 'validation' data are available, but such data are not usually collected and are often very limited when they are available. As a result, investigators must resort to less satisfactory partial analyses, or eschew any quantitative assessment of bias. Quantitative assessments of bias can provide valuable insight into the importance of various sources of error, and can help one better assess the uncertainty of study results. Such assessments may demonstrate that certain sources of bias cannot plausibly explain a study result, or that a bias explanation cannot be ruled out. I here review some basic methods for such assessment. Because methods for bias assessment are not available
The influence of ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member -1 (ABCB1) genetic polymorphisms on acute and chronic pain after intrathecal morphine for caesarean section: a prospective cohort study

Abstract Background Polymorphisms of the ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member -1 (ABCB1) gene that codes for P-glycoprotein could influence the efflux of morphine from the central nervous system affecting its analgesic action. We investigated the effect of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on analgesia and the development of persistent pain in post caesarean patients. Methods Women of Chinese descent who received spinal anaesthesia with intrathecal morphine for elective caesarean section were recruited. They were given intravenous morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia pump for postoperative analgesia. Blood samples were collected and analysed for the presence of C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ABCB1 gene. We primarily investigated the association between ABCB1 polymorphisms and the effect of morphine. In a postpartum phone survey of the subjects six months after surgery, the occurrence of persistent abdominal wound scar pain was established. Results We found no significant statistical difference in total morphine consumption, pain scores and side effects among the various genotypes. For C3435T polymorphism, there was a trend towards the association of the T allele and persistent pain for three months after surgery but this did not reach statistical significance ( P =0.07). The TT genotype had the longest mean survival time of wound pain in comparison with CT and CC genotypes ( P =0.004 and P =0.014, respectively). Conclusion Polymorphisms of ABCB1 were not associated with differences in morphine use in the first 24h after surgery. Women with the T allele of C3435T polymorphism showed a trend towards a higher risk of developing persistent postoperative pain.
A prospective, interventional assessment of psoriasis quality of life using a nonskin-specific validated instrument that allows comparison with other major medical conditions.

Background Psoriasis significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Objectives The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the quality-of-life impact of treatment for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis by using a validated quality-of-life psychometric instrument that has been widely used in nondermatologic settings. Methods In all, 32 patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis received 24 weeks of adalimumab treatment. Patients completed the Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB) Index, which evaluates 6 domains including anxiety and depression. The primary end point was the change in total PGWB score at weeks 12 and 24 of adalimumab treatment compared with baseline. Results Statistically significant improvement in the total PGWB score was documented by week 4. By week 24, all 6 PGWB domains showed statistically significant improvement from the pretreatment baseline. Limitations One limitation of this study is that the comparison between our psoriasis data and PGWB data from other major medical conditions was not conducted in a head-to-head manner. Another limitation is that we did not have a controlled (placebo) arm. Conclusion Based on PGWB scores, patients with untreated psoriasis have as much impairment in psychological well-being as patients with other major medical diseases including breast cancer, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and diabetes and that potent intervention improves psychological well-being to where it is comparable with that of patients with asymptomatic hypertension. A prompt intervention with an effective dermatologic treatment is not only critical, but capable of restoring the physical and psychological well-being of patients with psoriasis.
Auditory Attending Skills

The phonics approach to reading has been extant in the United States since the early 1800s, when it was introduced in an attempt to regularize an American language. In the past 100 years the pendulum has swung back and forth between the “look-say” approach to reading and the phonics approach, with elaborate rationale developed for both. Chall’s Learning to Read: The Great Debate (1967), a three-year study of these two approaches, suggests that teaching children to decode (phonics) rather than using a total visual program appeared to result in better readers by third grade. DeHirsch, Jansky and Langford (1966) familiarized educators with the role that auditory discrimination, among other factors, plays in the reading process and in the prediction of reading failure. These findings were repeated in deHirsch, Jansky and Langford’s Preventing Reading Failure (1972).
Studies of anomalous diffusion in the human brain using fractional order calculus

It is well known that diffusion-induced MR signal loss deviates from monoexponential decay, particularly at high b-values (e.g., >1500 sec/mm2 for human brain tissues). A number of models have been developed to describe this anomalous diffusion behavior and relate the diffusion measurements to tissue structures. Recently, a new diffusion model was proposed by solving the Bloch-Torrey equation using fractional order calculus with respect to time and space (Magin et al., J Magn Reson 2008;190:255-270; Zhou et al., Proc Int'l Soc Magn Reson Med 2008). Using a spatial Laplacian ∇2β, this model yields a new set of parameters to describe anomalous diffusion: diffusion coefficient D, fractional order derivative in space β, and a spatial parameter μ (in units of μm). In this study, we demonstrate that the fractional calculus model can be successfully applied to analyzing diffusion images of healthy human brain tissues in vivo. Five human volunteers were scanned on a commercial 3-T scanner using a customized single-shot echo-planar imaging diffusion sequence with 15 b values ranging from 0 to 4700 sec/mm2. The set of images was analyzed using the fractional calculus model, producing spatially resolved maps of D, β, and μ. The β and μ maps showed notable contrast between white and gray matter. The contrast has been attributed to the varying degree of complexity of the underlying tissue structures and microenvironment. Although the biophysical basis of β and μ remains elusive, the potential utility of these parameters to characterize the environment for molecular diffusion, as a complement to apparent diffusion coefficient, may lead to a new way to investigate tissue structural changes in disease progression, intervention, and regression. Magn Reson Med 63:562–569, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scalable web caching of frequently updated objects using reliable multicast

Frequently updated web objects reduce the benefit of caching, increase the problem of cache inconsistency, and aggravate the inefficiency of the conventional "repeated unicast" delivery model. In this paper, we investigate multicast invalidation and delivery of popular, frequently updated objects to web cache proxies. Our protocol, MMO, groups objects into volumes, each of which maps to one IP multicast group. We show that, by forming volumes of the appropriate size and/or object correlation, the benefit from reliable multicast outweighs the cost of delivering extraneous data as well as the overhead of multicast reliability. Moreover, trace-driven simulations show that the bandwidth saving over conventional approaches increases significantly as the audience size grows. We conclude that MMO provides efficient bandwidth utilization and service scalability, and makes strong web cache consistency for dynamic objects practical.
Benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer: an evidence update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

To support the USPSTF recommendation in this issue, Lin and colleagues performed a systematic review to seek new evidence on the benefits and harms of screening asymptomatic men for prostate cancer...
Coordinate Regulation of IκB Kinases by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 and NF-κB-Inducing Kinase

IκB kinases (IKKα and IKKβ) are key components of the IKK complex that mediates activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in response to extracellular stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, viral and bacterial infection, and UV irradiation. Although NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) interacts with and activates the IKKs, the upstream kinases for the IKKs still remain obscure. We identified mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) as an immediate upstream kinase of the IKK complex. MEKK1 is activated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 and can potentiate the stimulatory effect of TNF-α on IKK and NF-κB activation. The dominant negative mutant of MEKK1, on the other hand, partially blocks activation of IKK by TNF-α. MEKK1 interacts with and stimulates the activities of both IKKα and IKKβ in transfected HeLa and COS-1 cells and directly phosphorylates the IKKs in vitro. Furthermore, MEKK1 appears to act in parallel to NIK, leading to synergistic activation of the IKK complex. The formation of the MEKK1-IKK complex versus the NIK-IKK complex may provide a molecular basis for regulation of the IKK complex by various extracellular signals.
Molecular Phylogeny of Crested Iris Based on Five Plastid Markers (Iridaceae)

Abstract About one hundred years ago, Dykes noticed an innovative feature in Iris, a raised central ridge along the midvein of the sepal, that he called a crest. Molecular phylogenetic and ancestral state reconstruction studies suggested that the sepal crest is a homoplastic character, even though the majority of the crested species form a monophyletic group. We investigated the putative multiple origins of sepal crests in Iris and relationships among crested species via comprehensive sampling of crested species in Iris using five plastid markers. We employed maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference in reconstructing relationships. Our data analyses resolved a large core-crested clade along with four other independent lineages that also have crested species. Within the core-crested clade, four highly supported major clades were identified comprising species from subgen. Nepalensis and Scorpiris and some species from subgenus Limniris section Lophiris sensu Mathew. However, relationshi...
Exploiting Circuit Reconvergence through Static Learning in CNF SAT Solvers

Most contemporary SAT solvers use a conjunctive-normal-form (CNF) representation for logic functions due to the availability of efficient algorithms for this form, such as deduction through unit propagation and conflict driven learning using clause resolution. The use of CNF generally entails transformation to this form from other representations such as logic circuits (Tseitin, 1970). However, this transformation results in loss of information such as direction of signal flow and observability of signals at circuit outputs (Een, 2003)(Fu, 2005). This has prompted the development of various circuit-based solvers (Ganai et al., 2002), hybrid CNF+circuit-based solvers (Fu, 2005), as well as augmented CNF solvers (Een, 2003). Having the circuit available provides for additional capabilities at a cost, and thus requires careful analysis to determine the viability of each approach. This paper highlights one specific capability provided by a circuit: the ability to consider reconvergent paths in unit propagation. Unit propagation is the workhorse of contemporary SAT solvers, thus any improvement to this has significant practical potential. We first demonstrate that the Tseitin circuit-to-CNF transformation limits backward unit propagation and how additional implications can be derived when unit propagation across multiple paths is considered. Next, we show how these implications can be exploited by statically learning clauses during circuit pre-processing. The results of the practical implementation of these algorithms show that the static learning can provide significant speed-up on several classes of benchmark circuits. Finally, we discuss how this work compares with other circuit-based approaches, especially those arising from the automatic-test-pattern-generation (ATPG) community (e.g. recursive learning) and circuit and non- circuit based pre-processors.
Spontaneous correction of the malpositioned percutaneous central venous line in infants

Malpositioning of the percutaneously placed central venous line (PCVL) or percutaneously inserted central catheter (PICC) in infants is not a rare occurrence. It has been occasionally observed that these lines spontaneously correct themselves. This prospective study was done to study the incidence of malposition and spontaneous correction. Using a modification of the standard method, 187 catheters were placed with 98.9 % success. Seven of these were initially malpositioned. All seven corrected themselves within a day when left in and used as a peripheral intravenous line. In many centers malpositioned catheters are taken out and replaced, which imposes great stress on the critically ill infant. Our study suggests that to avoid this stress the catheter should be left in place, since spontaneous correction may occur.
Electromagnetic Structure of the Giant Resonance in Oxygen-16

The transverse inelastic form factor for excitation of the giant resonance in oxygen-16 is calculated by means of the particle-hole theory of the giant resonance. The calculation is done in such a way that no free parameters are involved. In addition, calculations similar to those of Brown, Castillejo, and Evans have been carried out and the form factor has also been calculated for the Goldhaber-Teller model. The results are compared with 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} electron-scattering experiments and with photoabsorption data. It is found that the particle-hole calculations predict the observed behavior for the squared form factor, and also the change in the shape of the giant resonance cross section which is seen experimentally as the momentum transfer $q$ is varied. Neither of these effects is predicted by the Goldhaber-Teller model. Numerical results are presented for all of the different theoretical models, and it is found that the calculations involving no free parameters predict essentially the observed energy levels for the giant resonance and yield form factors which are consistent with all of the experiments considered.
Effect of route and type of nutrition on intestine-derived inflammatory responses

Abstract Background Immunological links between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and respiratory tract has been postulated in the development and maintenance of mucosal immunity. Route and type of nutrition affects mucosal immunity by reducing cell populations within the Peyer’s patches of the small intestine and lamina propria as well as altering cytokine profiles within these sites. In addition to the mucosal affects, these alternations in cytokines (decreases in interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) also appear to influence the vascular endothelium of the GI tract. Data sources This review examines the laboratory data regarding cytokine profile within the gut, endothelial adhesion molecule expression within the intestinal and extraintestinal organs, and the effect of these alterations on neutrophil accumulation and organ responses to gut ischemia/reperfusion. It also describes the effect of a specific nutrient, glutamine, on the starved gut. Conclusions Changes induced by failure to feed the GI tract affects GI vascularity increasing expression of proinflammatory adhesion molecules. These adhesion molecules attract neutrophils and prime them for subsequent ischemic events. Lack of feeding the gastrointestinal tract acts as a “first hit” and increases the inflammatory response to a secondary insult in the lungs, liver, and GI tract. The addition of the specific nutrient, glutamine, reverses many of these defects and favorably influences the proinflammatory effects of gut starvation.
Ceramic Production in the American Southwest

Ceramic Production in the American Southwest, Barbara J. Mills and Patricia L. Crown. eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995. 310 pp.
Preventing Restraint and Seclusion: A Multilevel Grounded Theory Analysis

Evidence does not support the use of restraint and seclusion (RS) to contain patients on psychiatric inpatient units, yet these practices continue to be used and defended. Use of RS often results in serious injuries to patients and psychiatric health care workers. Media exposure and legal challenges have led to negative opinions about RS but not their elimination. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration set a firm goal to permanently eliminate the use of RS, emphasizing that such practices are non-therapeutic. There is agreement that prevention is central to eliminating RS. The aims of this grounded theory study were to understand the contextual processes in preventing RS and the facilitators and barriers to prevention practice. Barriers include lack of resources at the micro-level, mismanaged messages at the institutional level, and, at the policy level, belief that all simply need a “change of heart.” Participants in this study did not think that they had adequate staffing, facilities, or education to prevent RS. Most were unaware of RS prevention policies.
Victimized On Plain Sites

This study employs a content analysis of the Steubenville (Ohio) sexual assault case to explore the mainstream media characterization of the victim and perpetrators. Researchers examined articles from local news organizations (N = 422) and national news organizations (N = 156) to answer the overall research question centering on how new technologies are being employed as sources by traditional media sources. The results outline implications for scholars and practitioners as it relates to how the use of social media sources can shape the narrative of the victim and perpetrators.
An Adverse Drug Reaction to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Revealing Primary HIV: A Case Report and Literature Review

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antibiotics complicate the management of any infection, particularly opportunistic infections in advanced HIV as some ADRs are potentiated by HIV. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) causes ADRs in 40-80% of HIV infected individuals, compared to 3-5% in the general population. The incidence and severity of ADRs among HIV infected individuals appear to increase as they progress from latent infection to AIDS. We present a single case report of a 55-year-old African American male found to have an otherwise asymptomatic acute HIV infection who developed an ADR to TMP-SMX, despite having previously tolerating the medication. The proposed mechanisms for the increased incidence of sulfa hypersensitivity reactions among HIV infected individuals focus on either (1) HIV-induced changes in the immune function driven by falling levels of CD4 cells or (2) other HIV-specific factors correlated with rising viral load. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of new sulfa hypersensitivity in primary HIV and may provide clinical evidence to support the correlation between viral load and ADRs to TMP-SMX without a severely diminished CD4 count, though further research is necessary. This case also demonstrates a rare and easily overlooked presentation of HIV that may aid in early diagnosis.
Demanding Identity Papers

Language in the Immigration and Nationality Act appears to make it a crime if a non-citizen, present in this country, fails to carry government-issued immigration documents on his person at all times. The resulting body of law, though, is deeply incoherent; it assumes an administrative process that has not existed for many decades. Analysis of the provisions’ history and context supports the conclusion that they should not be read to impose obligations on persons who have entered the U.S. without authorization.
Treatment of tibial eminence fractures: a systematic review.

Fractures of the tibial eminence are rare, accounting for less than 1% of the injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Most agree that nondisplaced fractures can be managed nonoperatively, but debate exists over the ideal treatment of displaced fractures. This systematic review evaluates the outcome of nonoperatively and operatively managed displaced tibial eminence fractures. The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were queried. Inclusion criteria included reported outcomes of displaced tibial eminence fractures, minimum 2-year follow-up, and English language. Outcomes reported were pooled and included the following: clinical instability (Lachman/anterior drawer, pivot shift, and KT 1000), patient-reported pain and/or instability, return to sport, Lysholm, Tegner, and the need for ACL reconstruction. Comparison was made in the outcomes of nonoperatively and operatively treated fractures and between suture and screw fixation techniques. Overall 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled mean age was 23 years and mean follow-up was 35 months. Clinical instability was seen in 70% of nonoperatively treated patients and 14% of operatively treated patients (p
Resistance of Causative Agent of Chicken Tumor to Certain Organic Solvents Compared with Vaccine Virus and Herpes Febrilis Virus.

SummaryThe causative agent of Chicken Tumor I resists freezing and desiccation, and this dried material retains its activity after king shaken for 6 days in dry acetone, alcohol, and toluene. The same is true of vaccine virus. The dried material of Chicken Tumor I is rendered inactive by shaking with chloroform while vaccine virus in the dried state withstands such treatment. Herpes febrilis in brain tissue resists freezing natl desiccation but is destroyed when the dried material containing it is shaken with alcohol, acetone, toluene, or chloroform. None of the agents studied are extracted in their active form from the dried material by the solvents.From these results it would appear to be impossible to distinguish between the agent of Chicken Tumor I anti viruses by desiccation and subsequent treatment with the ordinary organic fat solvents.
Surface Transformation of Methane–Ethane sI and sII Clathrate Hydrates

The reaction of methane, ethane, and water to form structure I (sI) and structure II (sII) clathrate hydrates at 268 K was studied using solid-state 13C NMR. The reaction can be described in terms of four stages: stage 1, the simultaneous formation of methane–ethane sI and sII clathrate hydrates; stage 2, cessation of sI hydrate formation and enhanced sII hydrate formation; stage 3, decomposition of sI hydrate and continued enhanced sII hydrate formation; stage 4, approach to a final steady state of the system. The rates of formation and decomposition of the various methane and ethane sites obtained from analysis of the time-resolved 13C MAS NMR intensity data provide strong evidence that the sI ↔ sII transformation occurs at surfaces and is dominated by two simultaneous reactions; methane–ethane sI hydrate decomposes to gas phase methane, gas phase ethane, and water while forming methane–ethane sII hydrate from gas phase methane, gas phase ethane, and water. The results of a 2D exchange 13C MAS NMR exper...
Analytical Investigation of GEO Debris with High Area-to-Mass Ratio

Earlier studies based on numerical investigation revealed that small GEO debris with very high area-tomass ratio on the order of 10 to 20 m/kg can induce large eccentricity up to 0.55 and inclination up to 40 deg. The explanation for the significant yearly variation in eccentricity is due to the solar radiation pressure effect. This paper provides an analytical investigation which leads to the insightful understanding of the long-term evolution of both eccentricity and inclination. Through doubly averaged equations, the coupling between the solar radiation pressure effects and the luni-solar attractions was clearly understood. The theoretical prediction of the long-term evolution of eccentricity and inclination closely matches that discovered by earlier researchers using numerical integration methods.
Addressing childhood obesity among children in care: The missing link to promoting physical well-being outcomes

ABSTRACTInformation on the childhood obesity epidemic in the United States abounds. However, the impact of overweight and obesity specifically among children receiving child welfare services (children in care) has received little attention. Although relatively little is known about obesity among children in care, limited studies suggest children in foster care are disproportionally affected, with children in long-term foster care or group homes at highest risk. Although child welfare work has not historically focused on reducing and preventing childhood obesity, child welfare agencies have an obligation to protect children’s physical and mental well-being, and the social work profession is uniquely qualified to deliver evidence-based obesity mitigation efforts among children in care.
Test and Technical Analysis on IEC 61850 Digital Relay Protection Testers

This paper introduces the necessity to test IEC 61850 digital relay protection testers and the content,items,platform,tools,criteria for testing.The overall technical level of testers is analyzed,and the technical problems in the products made by part of the manufacturers are presented such as testers are unavailable for supporting all the basic data types of IEC 61850 and the function of importing SCL files has yet to be improved.According to the development of digital substation technology,some suggestions on the technical improvement of digital relay protection testers are put forward.
Do β2-adrenergic receptors modulate Ca2+ in adult rat ventricular myocytes?

We examined the role of beta 2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in modulating calcium homeostasis in rat ventricular myocytes. Zinterol (10 microM), an agonist with a 25-fold greater affinity for beta 2-ARs over beta 1-ARs, modestly enhanced L-type calcium current (ICa) magnitude by approximately 30% and modestly accelerated the rate of Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) decline (approximately 35%) but had little effect on the magnitude of the [Ca2+] transient (a nonsignificant 6% increase). However, 1 microM of the highly selective beta 1-AR antagonist CGP-20712A completely blocked the ICa increase induced by 10 microM zinterol. Pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin (PTX) did not alter ICa enhancement by 10 microM zinterol, although it did abolish the ability of acetylcholine to block the forskolin-induced enhancement of ICa. Zinterol (10 microM) approximately doubled adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation, although one-half of this increase was blocked by CGP-20712A. In contrast, 1 microM of the nonselective beta-agonist isoproterenol increased cAMP production 15-fold. Thus we found no evidence that activation of beta 2-ARs modulates calcium homeostasis in rat ventricular myocytes, even after treatment with PTX.
Scaling Spark on HPC Systems

We report our experiences porting Spark to large production HPC systems. While Spark performance in a data center installation (with local disks) is dominated by the network, our results show that file system metadata access latency can dominate in a HPC installation using Lustre: it determines single node performance up to 4x slower than a typical workstation. We evaluate a combination of software techniques and hardware configurations designed to address this problem. For example, on the software side we develop a file pooling layer able to improve per node performance up to 2.8x. On the hardware side we evaluate a system with a large NVRAM buffer between compute nodes and the backend Lustre file system: this improves scaling at the expense of per-node performance. Overall, our results indicate that scalability is currently limited to O(102) cores in a HPC installation with Lustre and default Spark. After careful configuration combined with our pooling we can scale up to O(10^4). As our analysis indicates, it is feasible to observe much higher scalability in the near future.
Rapid ascent and emplacement of basaltic lava during the 2005–06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise at ca. 9°51′N as inferred from CO2 contents

Abstract Eruption rates at the mid-ocean ridges (MORs) are believed to strongly control the morphology and length of lava flows emplaced along the ridge axis, and thus the structure and porosity of the upper oceanic crust. Eruption rate also represents one of the few tools to gain insight into the driving pressures within sub-ridge magmatic systems. As eruption rate is inferred to vary systematically along the global mid-ocean ridge system, understanding of how to assess eruption rate in submarine systems and how it maps to observable features of the ridge axis would provide a powerful tool to understand Earth's largest magmatic system. Eruption rates at MORs are poorly constrained, however, because of a lack of direct observations, preventing the duration of an eruption to be quantified. This study uses decompression experiments of MORB samples and numerical modeling of CO 2 degassing to reconstruct the timescales for magma ascent and lava emplacement during the 2005–06 eruption of the East Pacific Rise at ca. 9°51′N. Samples collected from the lava flow are all supersaturated in dissolved CO 2 contents, but CO 2 decreases with distance from the vent, presumably as a consequence of progressive CO 2 diffusion into growing bubbles. Samples collected at the vent contain ∼10 5 vesicles per cm 3 . Pieces of these samples were experimentally heated to 1225 °C at high pressure and then decompressed at controlled rates. Results, plus those from numerical modeling of diffusive bubble growth, indicate that magma rose from the axial magma chamber to the seafloor in ≤1 h and at a rate of ≥2–3 km h −1 . Our modeling, as validated by experimental decompression of MORB samples with ∼10 6 vesicles cm −3 , also suggests that CO 2 degassed from the melt within ∼10–100 min as the vesicular lava traveled ∼1.7 km along the seafloor, implying a volumetric flow rate on order of 10 3–4 m 3 s −1 . Given an ascent rate of ≥0.2 m s −1 , the width of a rectangular dike feeding the lava would have been ∼1–2 m wide. MORB samples from the Pacific ridge are generally more supersaturated in dissolved CO 2 than those from slower spreading Atlantic and Indian ridges. Our results suggest that Pacific MORBs ascend to the seafloor faster than Atlantic or Indian MORBs.
The Contribution of Thin PFPE Lubricants to Slider–Disk Spacing

We have investigated the effect of the molecular weight (MW) and film thickness of a perfluoropolyether lubricant, Zdol, on the slider–disk spacing loss, or clearance. The major conclusion of this work is that Zdol films as thin as 10 A can reduce the slider–disk clearance by 2 nm or more in the molecular weight range of 1000–5000 amu. This is attributed to the attractive van der Waals interaction between the slider and the disk surface that causes the Zdol main chain to interact with the slider surface, giving rise to a friction force. When the film thickness of the lubricant exceeds the monolayer thickness, dewetting can take place. The droplets that form occupy the space between the slider and disk surface reducing the slider–disk clearance by as much as ∼4 nm. There is a step increase in the acoustic emission signal at the dewetting thickness transition, indicative of a slider–disk interference.
Multi-scale Modeling of Vision-Guided Remodeling and Age-Dependent Growth of the Tree Shrew Sclera During Eye Development and Lens-Induced Myopia

The sclera uses unknown mechanisms to match the eye's axial length to its optics during development, producing eyes with good focus (emmetropia). A myopic eye is too long for its own optics. We propose a multi-scale computational model to simulate eye development based on the assumption that scleral growth is controlled by genetic factors while scleral remodeling is driven by genetic factors and the eye's refractive error. We define growth as a mechanism that changes the tissue volume and mass while remodeling involves internal micro-deformations that are volume-preserving at the macroscale. The model was fitted against longitudinal refractive measurements in tree shrews of different ages and exposed to three different visual conditions: (i) normal development; (ii) negative lens wear to induce myopia; and (iii) recovery from myopia by removing the negative lens. The model was able to replicate the age- and vision-dependent response of the tree shrew experiments. Scleral growth ceased at younger age than scleral remodeling. The remodeling rate decreased as the eye emmetropized but increased at any age when a negative lens was put on. The predictive power of the model was investigated by calculating the susceptibility to scleral remodeling and the response to form deprivation myopia in tree shrews. Both predictions were in good agreement with experimental data that were not used to fit the model. We propose the first model that distinguishes scleral growth from remodeling. The good agreement of our results with experimental data supports the notion that scleral growth and scleral remodeling are two independently controlled mechanisms during eye development.