cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Warum Non-Profit-Organisationen in der zfwu?

Autor und Autorin geben einen komprimierten Uberblick uber wissenschaftliche Einordnungen von Corporate Governance in politikwissenschaftlicher, soziologischer und betriebswirtschaftlicher Perspektive, ubertragen diese auf alltagspraktische Verstandnisse der organisationalen Governance von Non-Profit-Organisationen (NPO) und diskutieren auf dieser Grundlage Zukunftsperspektiven der Governance von NPO.
The Impact of Appearance Management Training, Work Status, and Plans After High School on Opinions Regarding Appearance at Work and School

Life skills education addresses "...problems that confront students in their current as well as their future everyday lives" (Makela, 2007, p. iii). In Illinois, career and technical education (CTE) courses include life skills courses, one of which is called consumer education that is delivered in 753 high schools and is required for graduation ("Data Analysis & Progress Reporting," 2007). Schools may offer the consumer education course, include the content in other courses, or administer theIllinois Consumer Education Proficiency Test(n.d.).
Editorial Commentary: If You Can't See It, You Can't Treat It: Proper Hip Radiographic Views Are Critical.

Abstract Hip arthroscopy has become a common surgical treatment for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome and hip labral tears. In addition to being a complex procedure with a steep learning curve, understanding the required imaging to provide a comprehensive view of femoral cam deformities can be challenging. Because of the 3-dimensional anatomy of the hip joint, 2-dimensional imaging with plain radiographs may miss areas of pathomorphology that are not in the plane of the specific radiographic view.
On restricted optimal treatment regime estimation for competing risks data

It is well accepted that individualized treatment regimes may improve the clinical outcomes of interest. However, positive treatment effects are often accompanied by certain side effects. Therefore, when choosing the optimal treatment regime for a patient, we need to consider both efficacy and safety issues. In this article, we propose to model time to a primary event of interest and time to severe side effects of treatment by a competing risks model and define a restricted optimal treatment regime based on cumulative incidence functions. The estimation approach is derived using a penalized value search method and investigated through extensive simulations. The proposed method is applied to an HIV dataset obtained from Health Sciences South Carolina, where we minimize the risk of treatment or virologic failures while controlling the risk of serious drug-induced side effects.
Experimental investigation of two phase flow boiling heat transfer of mixtures of refrigerant R410A and nanolubricants in a horizontal smooth copper tube

In air conditioning systems, a small amount of lubricant leaves the compressor and circulates through the system. The lubricant acts as a contaminant, affecting heat transfer and pressure losses in...
Paul van Els, The Wenzi: Creativity and Intertextuality in Early Chinese Philosophy. Studies in the History of Chinese Texts, 9. Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2018. xiv, 233 pp. Figures, Tables, Bibliography, Index. US$ 119 (HB). ISBN 978-90-04-26479-3

“The Wenzi is not a popular text,” van Els recapitulates in his epilogue to The Wenzi: Creativity and Intertextuality in Early Chinese Philosophy. Ever since the Tang dynasty, scholars have conside...
Wagner Cone Midterm Survivorship and Outcomes.

Abstract Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with abnormal proximal femoral anatomy requires an individualized treatment approach to prevent complications. Metaphyseal engaging stems in this population risk fracture, size/offset mismatch, and aseptic loosening. The Wagner conical femoral implant is a short diaphyseal engaging femoral stem that could improve treatment success in this difficult patient population. Methods We identified 302 consecutive patients undergoing THA using the Wagner cone femoral prosthesis between January 2010 and January 2017. Clinical, radiographic, and patient-reported outcomes were obtained through chart review and radiographic measurements of postoperative X-rays. We used multivariate analysis to determine predictors of poor outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves were created to demonstrate implant survivorship with reoperation and revision as endpoints. The average follow-up was 3.2 years, with a minimum of 2 years. Results The implant retention survival rate during the 3.2-year study period was 98.7%. The overall reoperation rate was 4.2%, with infection followed by fracture being the most common reasons for reoperation. No patients were revised for aseptic loosening, and no patients were revised for subsidence. The average subsidence was 1.1 mm. The Harris Hip Score improved from 48.6 ± 7.3 (range, 28-64) preoperatively to 86.1 ± 8.5 (range, 66-100) at latest follow-up. The patient-reported satisfaction rate was 98.3%. Conclusion The Wagner cone femoral prosthesis demonstrated excellent clinical, radiographic, and patient-reported functional outcomes at midterm follow-up. We recommend use of the Wagner cone in THA patients with challenging proximal femoral anatomy, small femoral diameter, or poor metaphyseal bone quality.
Psychometric Performance of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) in Veteran PTSD Assessment

This study examined the psychometric properties of a widely used measure of symptom exaggeration, the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST, Miller, 2001), in a sample of 209 (83.7% male) trauma-exposed veterans (57.9% probable current posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD). M-FAST total scores evidenced acceptable internal consistency, but several subscales showed poor internal consistency. Factor analytic and item-response theory analyses identified seven poorly performing items. Comparisons with other measures of psychopathology and response validity (including subscales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form) revealed that M-FAST scores were highly correlated with indices of psychopathology while less strongly associated with measures of symptom over-reporting. Empirically and clinically-derived (using a follow-up testing-the-limits procedure) revised M-FAST scores failed to improve the measure's psychometric performance. Results raise concerns about the validity of the M-FAST for identifying malingering in veterans with PTSD and carry implications for access to care and forensic evaluations in this population.
Small Molecule Microarrays of RNA-Focused Peptoids Help Identify Inhibitors of a Pathogenic Group I Intron

Peptoids that inhibit the group I intron RNA from Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen that kills immunocompromised hosts, have been identified using microarrays. The arrayed peptoid library was constructed using submonomers with moieties similar to ones found in small molecules known to bind RNA. Library members that passed quality control analysis were spotted onto a microarray and screened for binding to the C. albicans group I intron ribozyme. Each ligand binder identified from microarray-based screening inhibited self-splicing in the presence of 1 mM nucleotide concentration of bulk yeast tRNA with IC50’s between 150 and 2200 µM. The binding signals and the corresponding IC50’s were used to identify features in the peptoids that predispose them for RNA binding. After statistical analysis of the peptoids’ structures that bind, a second generation of inhibitors was constructed using these important features; all second generation inhibitors have improved potencies with IC50’s <100 µM. The most potent inhibitor is composed of one phenylguanidine and three tryptamine submonomers and has an IC50 of 31 µM. This compound is 6-fold more potent than pentamidine, a clinically used drug that inhibits self-splicing. These results show that: 1.) modulators of RNA function can be identified by designing RNA-focused chemical libraries and screening them via microarray; 2.) statistical analysis of ligand binders can identify features in leads that predispose them for binding to their targets; and 3.) features can then be programmed into second generation inhibitors to design ligands with improved potencies.
Broadband Dynamics of Ubiquitin by Anionic and Cationic Nanoparticle Assisted NMR Spin Relaxation.

The quantitative and comprehensive description of the internal dynamics of proteins is critical for understanding their function. Nanoparticle-assisted 15 N NMR spin relaxation spectroscopy is a new method for the observation of picosecond to microsecond dynamics of proteins when transiently interacting with the surface of the nanoparticles (NPs). The method is applied here to the protein ubiquitin in the presence of anionic and cationic silica NPs (SNPs) of different sizes. The backbone dynamics profiles are reproducible and strikingly similar to each other, indicating that specific protein-SNP interactions are unimportant. The dynamics profiles closely match the sub-nanosecond dynamics S2 values observed by model-free analysis of standard 15 N relaxation of ubiquitin in free solution, indicating that the bulk of the ubiquitin backbone dynamics in solution is confined to sub-nanosecond timescales and, hence, it is dynamically more restrained than previous NMR studies have suggested.
AP-1 and TGFß cooperativity drives non-canonical Hedgehog signaling in resistant basal cell carcinoma.

Tumor heterogeneity and lack of knowledge about resistant cell states remain a barrier to targeted cancer therapies. Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) depend on Hedgehog (Hh)/Gli signaling, but can develop mechanisms of Smoothened (SMO) inhibitor resistance. We previously identified a nuclear myocardin-related transcription factor (nMRTF) resistance pathway that amplifies noncanonical Gli1 activity, but characteristics and drivers of the nMRTF cell state remain unknown. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing of patient tumors to identify three prognostic surface markers (LYPD3, TACSTD2, and LY6D) which correlate with nMRTF and resistance to SMO inhibitors. The nMRTF cell state resembles transit-amplifying cells of the hair follicle matrix, with AP-1 and TGFs cooperativity driving nMRTF activation. JNK/AP-1 signaling commissions chromatin accessibility and Smad3 DNA binding leading to a transcriptional program of RhoGEFs that facilitate nMRTF activity. Importantly, small molecule AP-1 inhibitors selectively target LYPD3+/TACSTD2+/LY6D+ nMRTF human BCCs ex vivo, opening an avenue for improving combinatorial therapies.
Gazing at the stars is not enough, look at the specific word entropy, too!

Abstract The helpfulness of online reviews depends on their textual portion. Using the information provided by the seller as a baseline, this study applies latent semantic analysis (LSA) to assess what parts of that textual portion contribute to helpfulness by separating the text into three categories of high entropy words: (1) unique (i.e. does not appear in previous reviews) corroboration entropy, (2) recommendation entropy, and (3) unique opinion entropy. Unique corroboration entropy is calculated based on the number of words in this review that describe the product on the seller’s site, confirming the seller’s claims, which did not appear in previous reviews. Recommendation entropy is based on the number of words that are associated with explicit recommendations. Unique opinion, referred as “regular opinions” in the literature, entropy is based on the number of all the other words in the review that provide positive or negative evaluations of products as well as other additional informational elements that did not appear in previous reviews. The results show that both recommendation and unique opinion entropies (only marginally) increase review helpfulness evaluations, while greater unique corroboration entropy is insignificant.
Simple population-based metaheuristics for the multiple demand multiple-choice multidimensional knapsack problem

The multiple-demand, multiple-choice, multi-dimensional knapsack problem (MDMMKP), defined by Lamine et al. (2012), is a generalisation of the classic 0-1 knapsack problem. The MDMMKP can easily be shown to be NP-hard. As usual, the objective of the MDMMKP is to maximise the value of objects placed in one knapsack. In this case, there are three categories of constraints. The constraints are multiple demand constraints, multiple-choice constraints, and multiple dimensional constraints. To our knowledge, there are no published solution methods designed to solve the MDMMKP, i.e., methods designed to handle all three categories of constraints in the same problem. In this paper, we develop several simple population-based metaheuristics that are founded on the teaching-learning-based optimisation (TLBO) metaheuristic (Rao et al., 2011) and the Jaya metaheuristic (Rao, 2016). It is important to note that both TLBO and Jaya were originally developed for continuous nonlinear engineering design problems. To test the performance of these metaheuristics, we will use 810 MDMMKP problem instances recently defined by Lu and Vasko (2019). The empirical results will be examined using statistical analyses.
Sulfa-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia.

Abstract Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is an infrequently seen interstitial lung disease secondary to medications. We report a series of 3 case of severe AEP which developed as a result of sulfa medication. 2 patients had received treatment with sulfamethoxazole for acne and 1 was treated with sulfasalazine for colitis. Patients were on sulfa medication for 1–3 weeks prior to presentation. All patients presented with fever, acute onset bilateral pulmonary infiltrates as well as marked peripheral eosinophilia. Mean eosinophil count was 2.21 × 109/L. There was a lack of response to steroids. One patient required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and prolonged mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy. 2 patients underwent successful lung transplantation (1 bilateral living-related lobar lung transplant and 1 orthotropic cardiopulmonary allotransplantation). In all cases lung biopsy and explants showed acute and organizing diffuse alveolar damage with increased interstitial and airspace eosinophils. To our knowledge, our series is the first to show the clinical features of sulfa induced AEP in an adolescent population.
The Red Mirror: Putin’s Leadership and Russia’s Insecure Identity: by Gulnaz Sharafutdinova, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020, xvi, 237 pp., $99.00, £64.00 (hardback); $29.95, £19.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-19-750293-8 hardback, 978-0-19-750294-5 This work may be purchased in e-book formats.

The Red Mirror investigates the Russian public’s responses to Vladimir Putin, his policies, and his regime from multiple perspectives. Gulnaz Sharafutdinova–Russian politics professor of Kings Coll...
Alopecia and Cutaneous Complications of Chemotherapy

The hair growth cycle is composed of three well-recognized phases: anagen (growth), catagen (deconstruction), and telogen (resting) phases. At any time, approximately 90% of the 100,000 to 150,000 scalp hairs are in the anagen phase An in-depth discussion of hair cycling is beyond the scope of this chapter, but please refer to the referenced article for an excellent review on the current thinking on the subject.
The role of 4PL as the reverse logistics integrator

Purpose – An effective return policy is used as an important competitive weapon in the marketplace to substantially influence product sales. However, return policy is also seen as a problem for all parties in the supply chain due to the headache in processing returned merchandise. While retailers are efficient in selling, they do not usually have the expertise in handling the reverse flow. The purpose of this paper is to propose the use of a fourth party logistics (4PL) as a return service provider, and develops optimal decision policies for both the seller and the 4PL.Design/methodology/approach – A profit‐maximization model is presented to jointly obtain optimal policies for the seller and the 4PL through the use of Stackelberg like game theory, where the seller acts as the leader and the 4PL acts as the follower.Findings – Optimal values for the seller's and the 4PL's decisions are presented. Conditions under which profits for the seller and 4PL both increase are shown.Practical implications – This pap...
Selenate Reduction to Elemental Selenium by Anaerobic Bacteria in Sediments and Culture: Biogeochemical Significance of a Novel, Sulfate-Independent Respiration

Interstitial water profiles of SeO42−, SeO32−, SO42−, and Cl− in anoxic sediments indicated removal of the seleno-oxyanions by a near-surface process unrelated to sulfate reduction. In sediment slurry experiments, a complete reductive removal of SeO42− occurred under anaerobic conditions, was more rapid with H2 or acetate, and was inhibited by O2, NO3−, MnO2, or autoclaving but not by SO42− or FeOOH. Oxidation of acetate in sediments could be coupled to selenate but not to molybdate. Reduction of selenate to elemental selenium was determined to be the mechanism for loss from solution. Selenate reduction was inhibited by tungstate and chromate but not by molybdate. A small quantity of the elemental selenium precipitated into sediments from solution could be resolublized by oxidation with either nitrate or FeOOH, but not with MnO2. A bacterium isolated from estuarine sediments demonstrated selenate-dependent growth on acetate, forming elemental selenium and carbon dioxide as respiratory end products. These results indicate that dissimilatory selenate reduction to elemental selenium is the major sink for selenium oxyanions in anoxic sediments. In addition, they suggest application as a treatment process for removing selenium oxyanions from wastewaters and also offer an explanation for the presence of selenite in oxic waters.
Exact solutions and scaling laws for Kerr frequency combs

An exact, closed-form solution is analyzed for Kerr frequency combs. The model reproduces the behavior of both soliton and wavetrain regimes. Simple scaling laws validate the results and predict new regimes of performance.
Optimizing neurologic prognosis after cardiac arrest

Neurologic disability is a feared outcome of resuscitation from cardiac arrest. The study by Rech and colleagues in the previous issue of Critical Care describes the use of neuron-specific enolase to inform an early prognosis in patients who survived in-hospital cardiac arrest. In their study 'none of the patients had a DNR order and there was no limitation of life support.' As a result, 10% of patients remained in a vegetative state at 6 months, a higher percentage than in other recent studies. The existence of a population of patients in which all are fully supported without withholding care or withdrawal of care may represent an important research opportunity. High neuron-specific enolase levels have been reported in patients that awoke and seem to occur in studies with a higher percentage of patients in a vegetative state at follow-up (more uniform support). If a comprehensive set of clinical, electrophysiological, biochemical and imaging measures could be obtained in a uniform manner in a cohort of patients without limitations in care, a more objective set of comprehensive prognostic indicators could be obtained. A focused international consortium is called for.
Interdependent Multi-Layer Networks: Modeling and Survivability Analysis with Applications to Space-Based Networks

This article develops a novel approach and algorithmic tools for the modeling and survivability analysis of networks with heterogeneous nodes, and examines their application to space-based networks. Space-based networks (SBNs) allow the sharing of spacecraft on-orbit resources, such as data storage, processing, and downlink. Each spacecraft in the network can have different subsystem composition and functionality, thus resulting in node heterogeneity. Most traditional survivability analyses of networks assume node homogeneity and as a result, are not suited for the analysis of SBNs. This work proposes that heterogeneous networks can be modeled as interdependent multi-layer networks, which enables their survivability analysis. The multi-layer aspect captures the breakdown of the network according to common functionalities across the different nodes, and it allows the emergence of homogeneous sub-networks, while the interdependency aspect constrains the network to capture the physical characteristics of each node. Definitions of primitives of failure propagation are devised. Formal characterization of interdependent multi-layer networks, as well as algorithmic tools for the analysis of failure propagation across the network are developed and illustrated with space applications. The SBN applications considered consist of several networked spacecraft that can tap into each other's Command and Data Handling subsystem, in case of failure of its own, including the Telemetry, Tracking and Command, the Control Processor, and the Data Handling sub-subsystems. Various design insights are derived and discussed, and the capability to perform trade-space analysis with the proposed approach for various network characteristics is indicated. The select results here shown quantify the incremental survivability gains (with respect to a particular class of threats) of the SBN over the traditional monolith spacecraft. Failure of the connectivity between nodes is also examined, and the results highlight the importance of the reliability of the wireless links between spacecraft (nodes) to enable any survivability improvements for space-based networks.
Control of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Rhizobia regulation of NH4+ assimilation

Abstract This communication is concerned with physiological, biochemical, and genetic studies of the regulation of ammonium (NH4+) assimilation by Rhizobia (root nodule bacteria) that infect leguminous plants. The major conclusions are (i) physiological studies show that Rhizobia are able to assimilate NH4+ for growth only when supplemented with certain organic nitrogen sources (e.g., l -aspartate, l -leucine, l -serine). Addition of as little as 2 μg/ml of l -aspartate supported growth on NH4+ as nitrogen source. In contrast, addition of glutamate in combination with NH4+-blocked NH4+ utilization; (ii) biochemical analysis show that glutamate synthase activity (NADP- and NAD-linked) is always present in cells capable of assimilating NH4+; also cells without glutamate synthase activity were found to be incapable of NH4+ utilization. Glutamate synthase levels were observed to fluctuate markedly depending on the available nitrogen source and on the growth stage of the culture; (iii) mutants were selected in which assimilation of NH4+ is no longer subject to inhibition (repression?) by glutamate. The levels of glutamate synthase activity (NADP-linked) (in the presence of glutamate) show approximately a two-fold increase over the level in the parent strain. The mutants no longer require supplementation with small amounts of organic nitrogen for growth in medium containing inorganic nitrogen (e.g., NH4+ or NO3−); (iv) these findings are discussed in relation to the working model of symbiotic nitrogen fixation recently proposed (O'Gara and Shanmugam (1976), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 437, 313–321).
Experiments on rain-induced incipient motion of noncohesive sediment

Laboratory studies of artificial raindrops demonstrate the importance of rain in sedimentation processes in the shallow intertidal zone. Drop-formed vortex rings are hypothesized to be a mechanism for transfering kinetic energy to bottom sediments. Vortex rings initiated sediment motion in shallow water at least 22.5-cm deep. Although rings were able to move very coarse sand, they were more efficient in moving the finer-sand sizes. The probability of drops initiating sediment motion decreased from 94 to 11% with increasing depth from 2.5 to 22.5 cm. Ring-induced bottom shear stresses were estimated in excess of 11 dynes cm−2.
Origin of Glycine and Serine in Bakers' Yeast

THE ready interconversion of glycine and serine in biological systems has been well recognized for several years. Somewhat less attention has been paid to the origin of this pair of compounds from other metabolites, although evidence has been presented1 to indicate that serine may arise prior to glycine, through transformations involving pyruvate or other C3 compounds.
The Multiplicity of Selves and Selves Management: A Leadership Challenge for the 21st Century

As we move through the stages of our lives, most of us continuously add personal and professional ‘selves’ to a growing list of identities. From infancy to adolescence to adulthood, new selves with various role requirements are added, including friend, lover, co-worker, boss, spouse, and parent. While this rising number of selves impacts every aspect of our existence, few among us plan for their growth in a strategic way. An additional complication is that the mixing of personal and professional roles throughout the day, rather than assigning them to discrete blocks of time, has become increasingly acceptable. Therefore, a primary challenge for leaders is to look beyond the typical boundaries of our public lives and help sub-ordinates develop appropriate synergies among selves that lead to personal and professional success.
Abnormal motor function and dopamine neurotransmission in DYT1 ΔGAG transgenic mice

A single GAG deletion in Exon 5 of the TOR1A gene is associated with a form of early-onset primary dystonia showing less than 40% penetrance. To provide a framework for cellular and systems study of DYT1 dystonia, we characterized the genetic, behavioral, morphological and neurochemical features of transgenic mice expressing either human wild-type torsinA (hWT) or mutant torsinA (hMT1 and hMT2) and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Relative to human brain, hMT1 mice showed robust neural expression of human torsinA transcript (3.90x). In comparison with WT littermates, hMT1 mice had prolonged traversal times on both square and round raised-beam tasks and more slips on the round raised-beam task. Although there were no effects of genotype on rotarod performance and rope climbing, hMT1 mice exhibited increased hind-base widths in comparison to WT and hWT mice. In contrast to several other mouse models of DYT1 dystonia, we were unable to identify either torsinA- and ubiquitin-positive cytoplasmic inclusion bodies or nuclear bleb formation in hMT1 mice. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used to determine cerebral cortical, striatal, and cerebellar levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Although there were no differences in striatal DA levels between WT and hMT1 mice, DOPAC and HVA concentrations and DA turnover (DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA) were significantly higher in the mutants. Our findings in DYT1 transgenic mice are compatible with previous neuroimaging and postmortem neurochemical studies of human DYT1 dystonia. Increased striatal dopamine turnover in hMT1 mice suggests that the nigrostriatal pathway may be a site of functional neuropathology in DYT1 dystonia.
Visualizing LIDAR in Google Earth

We describe a set of streaming tools that allow quick visualization of large amounts of LIDAR data in Google Earth. We have found these tools useful to rapidly understand and verify the coverage of acquired data or to easily present this data to a wider audience within a popular geospatial context.
Low temperature fluctuations of vortices in layered superconductors.

Data on the $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$ NMR frequency shift and linewidth due to the magnetic field variation in the mixed state of ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ are presented. These data, which are commonly used to extract the London penetration depth, show a near linear temperature dependence at T\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. We offer an explanation of this effect as being caused by thermal fluctuations of vortices in weakly coupled layered systems. We argue that the fluctuations cannot be ignored in interpretation of NMR and Muon-Spin-resonance data for materials with large penetration depths even at low T.
Rapid and simple isolation of zingiberene from ginger essential oil

A sesquiterpene-enriched fraction of ginger oil was treated with the dienophile 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (2), which selectively formed a Diels−Alder adduct with the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon zingiberene (1). The adduct was purified by flash chromatography, then hydrolyzed to return zingiberene in good yield and >99% purity.
Mechanisms of action of ECT: Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

A variety of neurophysiological mechanisms have been suggested to explain the therapeutic action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Processes of kindling, resolution of hemispheric dysfunctions, anticonvulsant effects, and diencephalic stimulation all have been proposed to account for the beneficial effects of ECT. To investigate these, we analyzed clinical, neuropsychological, and electroencephalographic (EEG) data from 110 ECT-treated patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders, comparing responders with nonresponders. Fifty-four percent of all the patients were rated as very much or much improved. Mechanisms of kindling or anticonvulsant effects were not supported by the data. Dominant hemispheric dysfunctions in schizophrenics were suggested by the neuropsychological test data. There was tenuous support for the sensitization theory and both the neuropsychological and EEG data contradicted the dominant accentuation theory. Taken together with our previous report on ECT-treated patients with affective disorders, we propose that ECT might act by restoration of equilibrium between the hemispheres.
Preliminary Study on the Stability of Beta-2 Transferrin in Extracorporeal Cerebrospinal Fluid

Objective. Detection of beta-2 transferrin in rhinorrhea fluid is a sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Patients may be asked to collect this fluid at home to obtain an adequate volume for detection, and thus the age and storage conditions of these specimens may be variable upon analysis. The purpose of this study is to understand how age, storage temperature, and exposure to mucus affect the ability to detect beta-2 transferrin in CSF.Study Design. Case series with planned data collection.Setting. Tertiary care university hospital.Subjects and Methods. This study consists of 6 patients undergoing endoscopic CSF leak repair. CSF was collected directly from a lumbar drain (n = 4) or from nasal drainage (n = 2). Specimens were stored at 4°C (n = 3) or room temperature (n = 3). Samples were tested for the presence of beta-2 transferrin for up to 7 days using standard immunofixation electrophoresis techniques.Results. Beta-2 transferrin was detected in all spec...
Evaluating the Resistance of Some Protective Fabrics to Molten Iron

This study examines the behavior of twenty-two different protective fabrics, including aluminized and nonaluminized fabrics, in resisting heat transfer and thermal disintegration on impact with molten iron. Maximum heat transferred through the fabrics is measured, and damage is evaluated in a controlled splash test. The ability of these fabrics to resist molten iron is correlated with fabric properties, including thickness and weight, air permeability, and the flammability characteris tics.
The Effect of Mandating Complementary and Alternative Medicine Services on Insurance Benefits in Washington State

Objectives: Washington was the first state to require insurance companies to cover all categories of licensed providers. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of Washington's law on coverage decisions of major health plans. Design: The study uses literature and document review as well as key informant interviews. Settings/location: The study focuses on legislation and other legal activity in the state of Washington. The key informant interviews are focused on the decisions of three major health plans. Results: Although the law had a major effect on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) coverage in Washington, the impact on the use of CAM services and expenditures has been bounded by changing market forces. Conclusions: CAM providers face scientific tests of measurable efficacy and market tests of consumer value. In this economic environment, CAM stakeholders will have to work hard to maintain their political gains.
Homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells in aging

A hallmark of aging is the progressive deterioration of immune function. Age-related immune suppression increases susceptibility to infectious diseases and cancer, significant causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In particular, age-related T cell dysfunction is a major contributor to 'immune-senescence'. Recently, it has become clear that the frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg) significantly increases in aged mice and humans. As Treg control the intensity of T cell responses, their accrual probably contributes to age-related immune dysfunction. This review will focus on mechanisms underlying Treg homeostasis and function in aging.
Low-Temperature Behavior of the Quantum Cluster Coefficients

We show that the leading low-temperature behavior of the nth cluster coefficient ${b}_{n}$ can be calculated without sloving the $n$-body problem, and that there is a $\mathrm{ln}T$ term in the expansion. We illustrate these results particularly for the case of ${b}_{3}$.
Enantiomer-enantiomer interaction of ifosfamide in the rat.

The objective of this study was to study the enantiomer–enantiomer interaction of ifosfamide (IFA) in a rat model. Following intravenous administration of individual IFA enantiomers or pseudo-racemates to male Sprague–Dawley rats, two enantiomers and their metabolites, 4-hydroxyIF (HOIF), N2-dechloroethylIF (N2D), N3-dechloroethylIF (N3D), and isophosphoramide (IPM), were quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and isotope dilution techniques. In addition, the mutual inhibition in the metabolism between two stereoisomers was also investigated in vitro using rat liver microsomes. Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar between (R)-IFA and (S)-IFA when individual enantiomers were intravenously administered to rats separately. However, in the rats administered with the IFA racemate, half-life, mean residence time (MRT), and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) values of (S)-IFA were significantly increased with total body clearance (CLT) being decreased. No significant differen...
Performance and characteristics of an IR localizing system for radiation therapy

We report the development of a new system for interactive patient posture, position and respiratory control during radiation therapy treatment. The system consists of an infrared camera, retro-reflective markers and dedicated software that makes it practical to use in the clinic. The system is designed to be used with multiple retro-reflective markers to monitor not only position, but also the posture of the patient in real time. Specific features of the system include: 1. The system reports an absolute misalignment at several points on a patients, and also provides feedbacks on any necessary adjustments in terms of site specific set-up parameters, such as focus to surface distance (PIN), superior and inferior alignment, chest-wall angle, etc. 2. The system is based on the set of predefined templates containing number and position of control points and feedback parameters developed for different treatment sites. 3. A ?virtual portal vision? procedure is developed to project organ contours in the beams-eye-view (BEV) based on the marker locations obtained in real time and compare them with digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) from CT simulation. Assuming good correlation between external markers and internal anatomy, the system offers the possibility of mimicking a verification procedure without taking port-films, which can potentially reduce the setup time. In this paper, we concentrate on system properties and performance, while initial applications on a number of clinical sites is ongoing. Accuracy and precision of this system are evaluated in the context of breast/chest treatments using rigid phantoms. The system has an intrinsic uncertainty of ± 1mm; and when two systems in different rooms (CT and treatment room) are used for correlating positional information, the uncertainty is less than 2 mm.
Vaginal blood volume responses during masturbation

Masters and Johnson (1966) reported that one of the principal physiological responses during sexual arousal was vasocongestion of the genitals. Following that lead, Sintchak and Geer (1975) developed a photoplethysmograph that detected both pressure pulse and pooling of the blood in the vagina in an attempt to develop a genital measure of sexual arousal in women. That device has proven useful in assessing sexual arousal to films (Geer et al., 1974), audio tapes with erotic content (Heiman, 1974), and subject-produced sexual fantasies (Heiman, 1974). The present study was designed to determine if the device successfully detected sexual arousal to physical stimulation (i.e., masturbation) and further to determine the nature of vaginal blood volume responses during masturbation, the resultant orgasm, and a subsequent recovery or resolution period. The Masters and Johnson (1966) description of physiological reactions throughout a sexual cycle proposes a four-phase model that includes excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. In general, Masters and Johnson suggest that vascongestive responses increase throughout excitement and plateau phases, peaking at orgasm. They further note that during resolution vascongestion may take 10-15 min to return to prestimulation levels and even longer if orgasm did not occur. On the basis of that model, it was predicted that both pressure pulse and pooled blood volume would increase throughout masturbatory stimulation, with a possible plateau prior to orgasm and a peak at orgasm followed by a slow decline throughout a postorgasm period. In an examination of predictions, seven
Focusing Quality Improvement Efforts through Lean Six Methods in Health Information Technology

The translation of healthcare quality into meaningful and actionable strategies requires use of a holistic, rigorous, and well-organized approach to quality improvement. The framework established through Lean Six Sigma (LSS) has increasing relevance for use within healthcare organizations, particularly for design and redesign of health information technology (HIT). This article presents the central framework of LSS with primary consideration of health information technology (HIT) applications and quality improvement. Through use of statistical principles and methods typically found in statistical quality control, healthcare organizations can begin to understand how HIT applications can facilitate achievement of quality and efficiency-related goals and objectives.
Constraints on the depths and temperatures of basaltic magma generation on Earth and other terrestrial planets using new thermobarometers for mafic magmas

Abstract Basaltic magmatism is a common feature of dynamically active terrestrial planets. The compositions of basalts reflect the temperatures and pressures of magma generation, providing windows into a planet's thermal state. Here, we present new thermobarometers based on magma Si and Mg contents to estimate the pressures and temperatures of basaltic magma generation on Earth and other terrestrial planets. Melting on Earth is intimately tied to plate tectonics and occurs mostly at plate boundaries: mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Beneath ridges, melting is driven by adiabatic decompression of passively upwelling mantle at 1300–1400 °C. Similar temperatures of melting are found for some arcs, suggesting that decompression melting is also important in arcs and that enhanced melting by hydrous fluxing is superimposed on this background. However, in arcs where melting temperatures are low (1200 °C), hydrous fluxing is required. Temperatures hotter than ridges (> 1400 °C) are primarily found away from plate boundaries: beneath thick continental lithosphere and oceanic “hotspots” like Hawaii. Oceanic “hotspots” are thought to derive from deep thermal upwellings (“plumes”), but some hot anomalies beneath continents are not associated with deep-seated plumes and hence must have different origins, such as thermal insulation or radioactive heating of metasomatized zones. Melting on Venus, as constrained from spectral data of its surface, occurs at higher temperatures (1500 °C) and pressures than on Earth, perhaps because Venus is characterized by a thick and stagnant upper thermal boundary layer that retards convective heat loss. In this regard, Venus' upper thermal boundary layer may be analogous to thick continents on Earth. Mars appears to have cooled off to
Structure-Based Design of Irreversible Human KAT II Inhibitors: Discovery of New Potency-Enhancing Interactions.

A series of aryl hydroxamates recently have been disclosed as irreversible inhibitors of kynurenine amino transferase II (KAT II), an enzyme that may play a role in schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurological disorders. The utilization of structure–activity relationships (SAR) in conjunction with X-ray crystallography led to the discovery of hydroxamate 4, a disubstituted analogue that has a significant potency enhancement due to a novel interaction with KAT II. The use of kinact/Ki to assess potency was critical for understanding the SAR in this series and for identifying compounds with improved pharmacodynamic profiles.
Mossbauer effect studies in the fungus Phycomyces.

Abstract Mossbauer spectra of 5 7 Fe have been observed from different parts (mycelia, spores, sporangiophores) of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus grown in an agar medium isotopically enriched with 5 7 Fe. The spectra indicate that the iron within Phycomyces exists primarily in two chemical states: one which is the same as that of the iron in the growth medium and the other in the form of ferritin, an iron-storage protein. The amount of iron in the former state is observed to decrease relative to the amount of iron in the latter state in going from mycelia to the sporangiophores to the sporangia themselves. Thus, the conversion of iron from the chemical state of the nutrient to ferritin has been monitored for different parts of the phycomyes. In addition, our spectra indicate that at low temperatures the iron atoms clustered within a ferritin molecule are antiferromagnetically coupled. The size of these clusters is inferred from their superparamagnetic behavior at low temperatures and comparison with horse ferritin indicates that the phycomyces ferritin iron clusters are smaller by a factor of two.
Enzymes of the uronic acid pathway in the human epidermis.

Evidence has been obtained for the presence of four of the enzymes of the uronic acid pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in homogenates of human epidermis.
Limiting operating conditions for continuous thickeners

Parameters encountered in idealized thickeners include underflow concentration (esu), flow rate of solids in the underflow (qs), and the sediment height (L). Commonly used design procedures based upon the Coe and Clevenger (CC) (1916 Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engrs55, 356–384) method only involve the solids rate qs and esu and do not include L. Although valid for freely settling suspensions, the CC method fails when a compression zone is formed. The permeability, porosity, and unbuoyed sediment weight must then be considered. Equations relating qs and L to esu are developed in this paper on the basis of Darcy's law. For a given underflow concentration, it is shown that there is a minimum required sediment height and a maximum underflow solids rate that cannot be exceeded. At the maximum flow rate, a saddle point is encountered in the relation between the solids concentration (es) and the height (x). Placing des/dx=0 and d2es/dx2=0 yields two simultaneous equations which lead to analytical equations relating qsmax to esu. The resulting equations bear a similarity to the standard CC formulas. Examples are presented for a number of constitutive equations appearing in the literature.
Modeling both the magnitude and phase of complex-valued fMRI data.

Abstract In MRI and fMRI, images or voxel measurement are complex valued or bivariate at each time point. Recently, (Rowe, D.B., Logan, B.R., 2004. A complex way to compute fMRI activation. NeuroImage 23 (3), 1078–1092) introduced an fMRI magnitude activation model that utilized both the real and imaginary data in each voxel. This model, following traditional beliefs, specified that the phase time course were fixed unknown quantities which may be estimated voxel-by-voxel. Subsequently, (Rowe, D.B., Logan, B.R., 2005. Complex fMRI analysis with unrestricted phase is equivalent to a magnitude-only model. NeuroImage 24 (2), 603–606) generalized the model to have no restrictions on the phase time course. They showed that this unrestricted phase model was mathematically equivalent to the usual magnitude-only data model including regression coefficients and voxel activation statistic but philosophically different due to it derivation from complex data. Recent findings by (Hoogenrad, F.G., Reichenbach, J.R., Haacke, E.M., Lai, S., Kuppusamy, K., Sprenger, M., 1998. In vivo measurement of changes in venous blood-oxygenation with high resolution functional MRI at .95 Tesla by measuring changes in susceptibility and velocity. Magn. Reson. Med. 39 (1), 97–107) and (Menon, R.S., 2002. Postacquisition suppression of large-vessel BOLD signals in high-resolution fMRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 47 (1), 1–9) indicate that the voxel phase time course may exhibit task related changes. In this paper, a general complex fMRI activation model is introduced that describes both the magnitude and phase in complex data which can be used to specifically characterize task related change in both. Hypotheses regarding task related magnitude and/or phase changes are evaluated using derived activation statistics. It was found that the Rowe–Logan complex constant phase model strongly biases against voxels with task related phase changes and that the current very general complex linear phase model can be cast to address several different hypotheses sensitive to different magnitude/phase changes.
Numerical simulation of three phase porous flow under shock conditions

In the context of an existing Lagrangian code, we have developed a stable second order accurate scheme for integrating the time-dependent, mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian, strong conservative form of the governing equations for a 2D, 3 phase (gas, liquid, and solid) multifluid flow. Some of these features are: an explicit-implicit scheme to circumvent the stiffness problem, an exact time integration scheme for the gas and liquid masses, truncation error reduction by splitting the operations of differencing and interpolation, and a robust method of solving systems of highly nonlinear equations. Our results yield correct shock speeds and profiles. We were successful in treating problems with seven orders of magnitude in permeability and three orders of magnitude in the driving velocity. We also show that the gas phase, because of its very low interia, is readily transported as compared to a denser fluid such as water. In highly permeable media, the liquid phase shock can outrun the solid, thereby lowering the effective stress ahead of a lagging solid shock.
Isolated attosecond pulse generation using multicycle pulses directly from a laser amplifier

Using a generalized version of double optical gating, we produced single isolated attosecond pulses with 2-mJ, 25-fs driving lasers. Temporal characterization revealed that the 160-as pulses are accompanied with very weak pre- and postpulses. The dependence of the extreme-ultraviolet spectrum on the carrier-envelope phase of the 25-fs laser exhibited a unique $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ periodicity, indicating the robustness of the subcycle gating.