cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signaling responsibility, deflecting controversy: Strategic and institutional influences on the charitable giving of corporate foundations in the health sector

Abstract Corporate foundations – entities established to regularize corporate giving at an arm’s length removed from the firm – command substantial resources, root companies in the nonprofit sectors of their host communities, indirectly augment perceptions of corporate responsibility, and help firms to deflect controversies in an attentive global media environment. Despite these important roles, relatively little research has examined the institutional and strategic factors that influence such proximate charitable giving by firms. Using systematic data on foundations linked to S&P 3000 firms in the health sector – a growing domain in which public trust in high-stakes products and services is critical – fixed-effects models illustrate the primary role of network influences on giving: corporate foundations give substantially more in years following higher contributions by other (noncorporate) foundations in the health sector in a firm’s headquarters locality and also following increased contributions by industry peers through their corporate foundations. Giving also appears to reflect strategic reputational concerns, in that foundation contributions increase significantly following controversies associated with the corporate parent’s products and/or services. By contrast, giving tends to decline as the presence of outside directors on a firm’s board increases, as well as when firms carry heavier debt loads. Combined, these findings suggest that corporate foundations serve as a strategic proxy for the firm, reflecting both a company's position in community and interfirm networks while also mitigating the threat of reputational challenges.
Ultrastructural study of microsporidian invasion into cells.

Nosema michaelis spores were primed to discharge extracellularly or into culture medium 199 containing ascites leukemia EL4 cells, mouse macrophages, neuroblastoma C1300 adapted to ascites, human red blood cells, and blue crab epithelial cells and hemocytes.
Peer-to-Peer File Sharing: The Case of the Music Recording Industry

The music recording industry is a highly-concentratedfive firm oligopoly. Much of the dominance achievedby larger firms in the industry results from control over the distribution and promotion of theproducts of the industry. Alexander (1994b), predictedthat new compression routines would facilitate the efficient transfer of digital music across the internet.MP3 compression routines have made such transfersrelatively simple and efficient. While smaller new entrants have not yet been able to exploit this newtechnology in terms of market share, an element ofuncertainty exists regarding the sustainability of the prevailing structure, due to large scale non-sanctionedfile sharing. Despite the industry's legal efforts tosuppress non-sanctioned file distribution, peer-to-peer networks may render these efforts futile. However,peer-to-peer networks must overcome structural andinstitutional problems, in particular, free-riding.
Regimes of Posttruth, Postpolitics, and Attention Economies

Across multiple societies, we see a shift from regimes of truth (ROT) to “regimes of posttruth” (ROPT) characterized by proliferating “truth markets.” ROT corresponded to disciplinary society, tighter functioning between media/political/education apparatuses, scientific discourses, and dominant truth-arbiters. ROPT corresponds to societies of control, where power exploits new “freedoms” to participate/produce/express (as well as consume/diffuse/evaluate). These developments further correspond to postpolitics/postdemocracy, where issues, discourses, and agency for sociopolitical change remain constrained, despite the enabling of a new range of cultural and pseudopolitical participation around, among other things, truth. ROPT emerge out of postpolitical/postdemocratic strategies common to control societies where especially resource rich political actors attempt to use data-analytic knowledge to manage the field of appearance and participation, via attention and affect.
Object-Oriented Design for C++

1. Preface. 2. Data Abstraction. 3. Inheritance. 4. Dynamic Binding. 5. Parametry. 6. Type as Object. 7. Pointers to Member Functions. 8. Design. 9. Case Study-Graphics Editor. 10. A Text Editor: Requirements. 11. Buffers, Sloops, and Yachts. 12. Extending the Text Editor.
Cinema image-based in situ analysis and visualization of MPAS-ocean simulations

We created an in situ exploration visualization of an MPAS-Ocean simulation.We leveraged compositing in Cinema to provide interactive exploration.We decreased the storage footprint of the analysis and visualization results. Due to power and I/O constraints associated with extreme scale scientific simulations, in situ analysis and visualization will become a critical component to scientific exploration and discovery. Current analysis and visualization options at extreme scale are presented in opposition: write files to disk for interactive, exploratory analysis, or perform in situ analysis to save data products about phenomena that a scientists knows about in advance. In this paper, we demonstrate extreme scale visualization of MPAS-Ocean simulations leveraging a third option based on Cinema, which is a novel framework for highly interactive, image-based in situ analysis and visualization that promotes exploration.
Job stability in skilled work and communication ability after moderate–severe traumatic brain injury

AbstractPurpose: Communication deficits may play a critical role in maintaining employment after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but links between specific communication deficits and employment outcomes have not been determined. This study identified communication measures that distinguished stably employed versus unstably employed adults with TBI. Methods: Participants were 31 adults with moderate–severe TBI who were employed full-time for at least 12 consecutive months before injury in skilled jobs and had attempted return to skilled jobs after injury. Sixteen had achieved stable employment (SE) post-injury, defined as full-time employment for ≥12 consecutive months; and 15 had unstable employment (UE). Participants completed a battery of communication tests identified in a prior qualitative study of communication skills required for skilled work. Results: Measures of spoken language comprehension, verbal reasoning, social inference, reading and politeness in spoken discourse significantly discriminated b...
Role of the sar locus of Staphylococcus aureus in induction of endocarditis in rabbits.

A regulatory locus on the Staphylococcus aureus chromosome, designated sar, is involved in the expression of cell wall proteins, some of which are potentially important in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. For instance, mutant 11D2 (sar::Tn917LTV1) was found to bind substantially less to matrix proteins (i.e., fibrinogen and fibronectin) than parent strain DB. Remarkably, these two strains did not differ in other phenotypes considered important in the initiation of endocarditis (e.g., binding to platelets and resistance to platelet-derived microbicidal proteins). The isogenic pair were compared for pathogenicity in a rabbit endocarditis model. There were significant differences in infectivity rates between the two strains (71 and 88% for DB versus 17 and 42% for mutant 11D2 at inocula of 10(3) and 10(4) CFU, respectively). In early adherence studies, parent DB adhered substantially better than the mutant to valvular vegetations at an inoculum of 10(6) CFU (P = 0.05). Southern blot analysis of colonies indicated that the location of the Tn917LTV1 insert in mutant 11D2 remained stable after animal passage. In vitro adherence assays revealed that mutant 11D2 was less adherent to cultured human endothelium than parent DB. These studies suggest that the sar locus is involved in the initial adherence of S. aureus to the fibrin-platelet-endothelium matrix on damaged valvular endothelium.
Transnational conceptions of Islamic community: national and religious subjectivities

A conversation with a friend in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 2007 evoked how much the idea of globalisation has permeated ideas of legitimacy in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Almost sharply, this friend said, ‘Don’t forget, the Prophet imagined Islam as global long before anyone was talking about globalisation.’ If being global has become the currency of neoliberal respect, then scholarship on the multiple and frequently religious ways of claiming cosmopolitaneity remains scant. This collection of articles puts transnational conceptions of Islamic community, often referred to as the umma, into conversation with literatures on globalisation and the nation. By attending to the histories, stakes and subjects of claims to national or transnational forms of Islamic identity, we argue that discourses of religious community are constituted by the forms they appear to subvert, particularly the nation-state. This collection showcases case studies from outside Europe, where secular nationalism remains dominant, and from outside the Middle East, where Islam was historically rooted and remains authoritative, potentially decoupling naturalised claims of secularism and nationalism. The study of formerly colonised, globally marginal and/or majority-Muslim contexts suggests that religion, nation and state are not always in dichotomised tension. The idea of a globalised community of economic and cultural exchange, an image that haunts references to globalisation, is itself an invitation to believe, or an act of faith. Jacques Derrida has called this the fiduciary faith of ‘globalatinisation’ (Derrida 1998: 53), the political project of borderless expansion that is constitutively Christian in its imagination of a sphere of ‘‘religion’’, from which all other secular political projects are supposed to separate themselves, while at the same time covertly underpinning them. The imagination involved in the very discourse of globalisation requires envisioning a globe in which national borders enforced by states no longer hold the power they once did. Similarly, appeals to alternative, yet equally global, communities, such as apparently universal religious communities, rest on parallel foundations. However, as scholars of globalisation have argued, no terrain is free of political histories of inequality and imperial exclusions (Appadurai 1996). For many Muslims round the world, an idealised image of Nations and Nationalism 17 (1), 2011, 2–6.
What We Look For is What We Find

The purpose of this paper is to examine epistemological connections between the words used by psychologists, the way words influence what methodology we use, and how methods influence our beliefs about causality and construct phenomena regarded as psychological "facts." These processes are considered in terms of a personal and historical perspective gained from nearly forty years of studying the psychology of women and gender. This paper focuses the history of the distinction between "sex" and "gender" and the continued attention of researchers to the question of whether sex/gender differences exist. It argues that the issue continues to be researched because of the relative absence of socio-structural variables such as status and power from most psychological discourse and the current empirical focus of many feminist psychologists in the United States. I also argue that lack of attention to epistemology and to the connection between politics and scholarship has led to a definition of the psychology of women and/or gender that no longer attends to feminist theory and to a decline in socially activist scholarship. Women and men cannot be studied in isolation from other social constructions such as race/ethnicity, social class, sexual diversity, and cultural difference. Such synthesis will be difficult without a return to concerns about epistemology and question generation that are rarely addressed in U. S. feminist psychology today.
4-Bromo-2-chloro-1-methoxybenzene

The title compound, C7H6BrClO, is a starting material for the synthesis of hydroxy­lated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The title compound does not display any unusual bond distances and angles. The meth­oxy group is rotated slightly out of the plane of the benzene ring.
Rise of Complexity, 1953–2002

Here is a summary of the three rather different types of topic that I should like to cover today. Just because I am one of the few people here who has attended all four of the IUPAP meetings of all of theoretical physics, I’d like to start with a historical slant, first touching on some reminiscences of the first three meetings. Then I will, still speaking historically, try to outline some of the main intellectual themes of condensed matter theory — a very personal selection to be sure, one aiming at emphasizing the open frontier at each stage towards dealing with greater and greater real-world complexity. Finally, I’ll introduce a more specialized, but still broad-brush, thread in one of those major themes.
Optimization Research: Enhancing the Robustness of Large-Scale Multiobjective Optimization in Construction

Many construction planning problems require optimizing multiple and conflicting project objectives such as minimizing construction time and cost while maximizing safety, quality, and sustainability. To enable the optimization of these construction problems, a number of research studies focused on developing multiobjective optimization algorithms (MOAs). The robustness of these algorithms needs further research to ensure an efficient and effective optimization of large-scale real-life construction problems. This paper presents a review of current research efforts in the field of construction multiobjective optimization and two case studies that illustrate methods for enhancing the robustness of MOAs. The first case study utilizes a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and an analytical optimization algorithm to optimize the planning of postdisaster temporary housing projects. The second case study utilizes a MOGA and parallel computing to optimize the planning of construction resource utilization in large-scale infrastructure projects. The paper also presents practical recommendations based on the main findings of the analyzed case studies to enhance the robustness of multiobjective optimization in construction engineering and management.
Survey on the use of simulation for manufacturing system design and operation

This paper reviews and classifies literature on the use of discrete event simulation for manufacturing system design and operation problems. Simulation has been a widely used tool for manufacturing system design and analysis for more than 30 years. During this period, simulation has proven to be an extremely useful analysis tool, and many hundreds of articles, papers, books, and conferences have focused directly on the topic. This paper presents a classification of a subset of these publications and the research and applications that underlie these publications.
Alteration of Electrostatic Surface Potential Enhances Affinity and Tumor Killing Properties of Anti-ganglioside GD2 Monoclonal Antibody hu3F8

Ganglioside GD2 is highly expressed on neuroectodermal tumors and an attractive therapeutic target for antibodies that have already shown some clinical efficacy. To further improve the current antibodies, which have modest affinity, we sought to improve affinity by using a combined method of random mutagenesis and in silico assisted design to affinity-mature the anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu3F8. Using yeast display, mutants in the Fv with enhanced binding over the parental clone were FACS-sorted and cloned. In silico modeling identified the minimal key interacting residues involved in the important charged interactions with the sialic acid groups of GD2. Two mutations, D32H (L-CDR1) and E1K (L-FR1) altered the electrostatic surface potential of the antigen binding site, allowing for an increase in positive charge to enhance the interaction with the negatively charged GD2-pentasaccharide headgroup. Purified scFv and IgG mutant forms were then tested for antigen specificity by ELISA, for tissue specificity by immunohistochemistry, for affinity by BIACORE, for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro, and for anti-tumor efficacy in xenografted humanized mice. The nearly 7-fold improvement in affinity of hu3F8 with a single D32H (L-CDR1) mutation translated into a ∼12-fold improvement in NK92MI-transfected CD16-mediated ADCC, a 6-fold improvement in CD32-mediated ADCC, and a 2.5-fold improvement in complement-mediated cytotoxicity while maintaining restricted normal tissue cross-reactivity and achieving substantial improvement in tumor ablation in vivo. Despite increasing GD2 affinity, the double mutation D32H (L-CDR1) and E1K (L-FR1) did not further improve anti-tumor efficacy.
Steady “Attractors” for forced flow of vapor condensing over a horizontal plate (problem in Cess and Koh) and their unsteady responses to initial disturbances and noise

Accurate steady and unsteady numerical solutions of the full 2-D governing equations – that model the film condensation of saturated vapor flowing over a horizontal plate (the problem of Cess [1] and Koh [2]) – are obtained and new results on the solutions’ unsteady response to disturbances are presented. The computations reveal important features of this classical condensing flow problem. The results highlight the scope and limitations of the well-known similarity solution given by Koh [2]. For the steady problem formulation, the paper discusses the similarities and differences between the solution obtained by solving the full 2-D governing equations and the one obtained semi-analytically by the similarity solution approach of Koh [2]. It is shown that the pressure variations in the vapor domain near the leading edge, though small, are important in deciding condensation dynamics (steady and unsteady) and cannot, in general, be neglected, as is the case with the similarity solution. For this shear driven flow, by considering the unsteady solutions, the paper finds that any initial guess leads to an unsteady solution which is attracted to a long-term steady solution (which is same as the solution as the steady problem). However, the attraction rates gradually diminish with increasing distance from the leading edge and decreasing inlet speed. The steady solutions for this external flow problem are generally found to be stable to initial disturbances at the interface or in the interior of the flow domain. However, since these flows can only be physically realized on suitable finite length portions of the plate, the issue of their stability and sensitivity to exit pressure disturbances and ever-present noise (through exit pressure or bottom plate) is also considered. For example, for the finite domain realization of this problem, it is found that the flows are stable to small initial disturbances to the nearly uniform value of exit pressure. These finite domain realizations of the flow are unique in the sense that they allow different non-uniform steady pressure prescriptions leading to different steady solutions – particularly near the exit zone. As a result, near the exit of a long plate, large unsteadiness is expected due to sensitivity to small exit pressure noise/fluctuations. The exit pressure noise for finite domain realization of these flows is expected because of practical difficulties in maintaining constant uniform pressures at downstream locations of the top and exit boundaries. It is shown that the transverse component of gravity does not affect the solution or its dynamic response except for the expected changes in the nature of hydrostatic pressure variations.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Hydrolytic and transferase activities of invertases from physiological races of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae.

Race 3 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, the tobacco blackshank fungus, utilizes sucrose less readily than races 0 and 1 of this pathogen. Races 0 and 1 produce kestoses (fructosylsucrose) from sucrose but race 3 does not. Invertases commonly possess both hydrolytic and transferase (transfructosylation) functions. Mycelia from races 0 and 1 contained more invertase (based on hydrolytic activity per g of wet mycelia) than did mycelia from race 3. However, this difference did not explain lack of transferase activity in race 3 since invertases (both crude homogenates of mycelia and ammonium sulfate fractions) of races 0 and 1 diluted to 200-fold less than that found in race 3 still exhibited the transferase function. Data show both qualitative and quantitative differences in hydrolytic and transferase activities of invertase from three physiologic races of P. parasitica var. nicotianae.
SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOMERS OF S-(1,2-DICHLOROVINYL-(3-14C)CYSTEINE: THEIR USE WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI B.

Starting with [I-14C]formeldehyde, the enantiomers of S-(I,2-dichlorovinyl)-[3-14C]-cysteine have been synthesized by a procedure involving preferential enzymic hydrolysis of N-acetyl-S-benzyl-L-[3-14C]cysteine. Evidence was obtained for inhibition of hog-kidney acylase by S-(I-2-dichlorovinyl)-cysteine or a product of its degradation. Escherichia coli B incorporated into its cells and proteins much more tracer from S-(I,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-[35S]cysteine than from S-(I,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-[3-14C] cysteine, indicating a C-S cleavage of these molecules. A S-(I,2-dichlorovinyl)-cysteine-tolerant strain of E. coli B incorporated very little tracer from either enantiomer of S-(I,2-dichlorovinyl-[3-14C]cysteine, none into the protein fraction.
Social class, self-derogation and deviant response

A hypothesis is tested that antecedent self-derogation is related to subsequent adoption of each of 20 deviant responses among middle-class but not among lower-class (pre-) adolescents. The hypothesis was derived from a general theory of deviant behavior that viewed deviant responses (as attempts to reduce self-rejecting feelings) as alternatives to the normative response patterns that have become disvalued by virtue of their association with the genesis of negative self-attitudes in the course of membership group experiences. Insofar as the “deviant” responses were compatible with the normative standards of the lower-class subculture but were clearly deviant with reference to middle-class standards it was expected that antecedent self-derogation would predict deviant responses for the middle-class subculture but not for the lower-class subculture. Data were obtained in the course of a longitudinal study of junior high school students who responded to the first two annually administered questionnaires (N=4, 694). Self-derogation was measured by a factorially derived seven-item scale. Deviant behavior was indicated by externally validated self-reports of 20 acts. Social class was determined in terms of mother's education. The hypotheses were tested for males and females separately considering only subjects who denied performing the deviant act during specified periods prior to the first testing. As hypothesized, regardless of the sex of the subjects, with few exceptions among middle-class subjects but not among lower-class subjects antecedent self-derogation was associated with subsequent adoption of the deviant response. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis and the general theory from which it was derived.
Grain Sorghum Yield Response to Nonuniform Stand Reductions

Nonuniform stand reductions caused by poor emergence, insect damage, or other factors, occur frequently in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] fields. This research was conducted to determine the effect of within-row skip patterns on grain yield and yield component compensation, particularly for hybrids differing in tillering ability. Dryland field studies were conducted at Manhattan (Reading silt loam, fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) and St. John (Naron fine sandy loam, fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Udic Argiustoll), KS, during 1988 and 1989. Two medium-maturity hybrids, DeKalb DK-46 and Pioneer 8500, were selected based on low and high tillering ability. Plots were three rows, with the middle row containing a within-row skip pattern [...]
Evolving Role of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in the Management of Esophageal Carcinoma

Positron emission tomography (PTE) and PET/CT imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose are metabolic imaging modalities that depict tissues based on their level of glucose uptake. PET provides useful information in the primary staging of disease. PET performance in detecting locoregional nodal metastases is limited; however, it is the most accurate single noninvasive modality for detecting distant metastases. It is the imaging modality of choice for whole-body scanning in high-risk patients or patients who have clinically suspected recurrence, and is particularly helpful in determining which patients are the best candidates for surgical cure.
A reevaluation of stimulus overselectivity: restricted stimulus control or stimulus control hierarchies.

Stimulus overselectivity, previously described as restricted stimulus control, was examined in preschool children. Twenty-seven subjects, after being trained to respond to a two-component auditory stimulus (S+) and not to respond to a different two-component auditory stimulus (S−), were tested to determine which stimulus elements of the complexes exerted control. Subjects that met the operational definition of overselectivity were found to have exhibited a hierarchy of stimulus control. What differentiated the subjects who would not be labeled “overselective” from those who would be was the placement of S+ and S− elements within the hierarchy, not that one type of subject had restricted stimulus control and another did not. The results indicate that the current conception of stimulus overselectivity may require revision. Treatment and research implications are discussed.
Decay of the three isomers of 154Tb

Abstract The decays of the three isomers of 154 Tb (9.0 h , I π = 3±; 21.4 h ,I π = 0±; and 22.6 h ,I ≧ 7) have been studied using Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors in singles and coincidence. Although isomeric transitions proceed between these states, only an upper limit may be set for the intensity of K X-rays of Tb. Over 300 γ-rays have been observed and over 78 new levels have been proposed, on the basis of γ-ray and internal conversion electron measurements,γ-γ coincidence and half-life measurements on sources produced in various reactions. The groundstate rotational band up to the 8+ state is observed, as well as the 0+, 2+, and 4+ states of the β-band at 680.7 keV. The 5+ and 6+ members of the γ-vibrational band are proposed as well as the 4+, 5+, and 6+ members of a K = 4+ band, based at 1645.9 keV. A Kπ = 0+ two-phonon band at 1295.8 keV is proposed; Meyer places it at 1292.8 keV. A Kπ = 1− band (2−, 1−, 4−, 3− states) at 1397.6 keV and a Kπ = 2− band at 1719.9 keV are in essential agreement with the results of Meyer obtained in the 154Eu decay, although we propose a different 1− state for the Kπ = 1− band. Our data are consistent with Meyer's assignment of a Kπ = 0− band (1− and 3− states) at 1241.3keV. Ratios of reduced E2 transition probabilities for transitions from previously unobserved members (5+ and 6+) of the Kπ = 2+ one-phonon gamma-vibrational band and the Kπ = 4+ band at 1645.9 keV were obtained and compared with theoretical predictions. Nilsson orbital assignments for various states are discussed.
Depth profiling of a heterogeneous food-packaging model using step-scan Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy

Abstract Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with a photoacoustic (PA) detector was used to study a multi-layer starch–protein–polyethylene composite system. Non-destructive depth profiling was performed to identify the spectral peaks corresponding to the absorbing chemical groups of the individual components that reside in the respective layers. Well-separated peaks corresponding to starch, protein, and polyethylene were obtained from the FTIR-PA spectra. The analysis was confirmed by comparing the peaks from the composite layers with the peaks of the individual components. Overlapping peaks that correspond to protein and starch in the mid-infrared region were resolved using the generalized two-dimensional (G2D) correlation analysis for spectra enhancement. The study indicated that a starch–protein composite system wrapped in a polymer package could be non-destructively identified using FTIR-PA spectroscopy with G2D analysis.
Interactions of 16α-[18F]-fluoroestradiol (FES) with sex steroid binding protein (SBP)

Fluorine-18 16alpha-Fluoroestradiol ([18F]-FES) is a positron-emitting tracer for the estrogen receptor that is used for positron emission tomography (PET) studies of tumor tissues rich in the estrogen receptor. The role of the sex steroid binding protein (SBP or SHBG) in the transport of the [18F]-FES to the estrogen-receptor-rich tissue in breast cancer patients in vivo was investigated. To determine the extent to which [18F]-FES is bound to SBP in the blood, we performed a series of studies using blood samples obtained from patients undergoing [18F]-FES PET scans. The binding of [18F]-FES to the SBP was measured using a simple protein precipitation assay. The binding of [18F]-FES metabolites to SBP was also measured. These measurements showed that the tracer was distributed between albumin and SBP, and the binding capacity of SBP was sufficient to ensure that the protein was not saturated when the tracer was fully mixed with the plasma; however, local saturation of SBP may occur when [18F]-FES is administered intravenously. Typically about 45% of [18F]-FES in circulating plasma was bound to SBP, but this fraction was dependent on the concentration of SBP in plasma. The transfer of the tracer between the two proteins was rapid, complete in less than 20 s at 0 degrees C, suggesting that the equilibrium was maintained under most circumstances and that local saturation resolved quickly when blood from the injection site entered the central circulation. These data suggest that SBP binding of [18F]-FES is significant and will affect the input function of the tracer for any model that is used for the quantitative evaluation of [18F]-FES uptake in PET studies. Estimates of equilibrium binding in blood samples are sufficient to characterize [18F]-FES binding to SBP in the circulation.
Ability of primary care physicians to recognize physical findings associated with HIV infection.

Objective. —To assess the ability of primary care physicians to identify physical findings associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Design. —Standardized patient examination. Participants. —A total of 134 general internists and family practitioners were randomly selected after stratifying by year of medical school graduation, specialty, and experience caring for patients with HIV infection. Main Outcome Measures. —Recognition of physical findings of Kaposi's sarcoma, oral hairy leukoplakia, and diffuse lymphadenopathy. Results. —Despite being directed by presenting histories to sites of prominent physical abnormalities, only 23 (25.8%) of 89 physicians evaluating a patient with Kaposi's sarcoma and 22 (22.7%) of 97 physicians evaluating a patient with oral hairy leukoplakia detected and correctly diagnosed the abnormalities. Twenty-three (17%) of 133 physicians detected diffuse lymphadenopathy in a patient complaining of fatigue, fever, and arthralgias. Physicians with the most experience treating patients with HIV infection more frequently identified oral hairy leukoplakia, but HIV experience did not influence identification of Kaposi's sarcoma or detection of lymphadenopathy. There were no differences between general internists and family practitioners or among physicians by year of medical school graduation in identifying the three physical findings associated with HIV infection. Conclusions. —Primary care physicians may frequently miss important physical findings related to HIV infection during patient examinations. (JAMA. 1995;274:1380-1382)
The bond-graph method for technological forecasting and resource policy analysis

Abstract Bond graphs are succinct, pictorial statements of mathematical models. These statements are so precise that computers can be programmed to derive sets of differential equations from them: the so-called state variable equations. Previously, bond graphs have been used to describe physical systems only; however, in this paper the authors extend the method to the analysis of nonlinear, dynamic economic systems. An explicit set of rules is provided for the construction of economic bond graphs and for the step by step derivation of the state equations. The use of the rules is illustrated with a large number of examples.
Why Does Emerging Media Matter

The IT sector lost both workers and output following the dot‐com crash of 2000. Despite this loss of employment and earnings, information technology has become a more ubiquitous part of commerce and daily activities. This division between observed use of IT and industry growth is due both to the changing nature of IT investment towards emerging media and the changes in the structure of occupational deployment within firms. This paper describes the type and growth of emerging media with particular emphasis on growth of interactivity applications. This is followed by a description of occupational and skill shifts within traditional firms and the IT sector. We conclude that growth in emerging media occupations and skills represent a significant change in the labor force composition of both IT and traditional firms. The IT sector may be stagnant, but workers who deploy and employ IT related (primarily emerging media) applications is rising. Finally, we trace the value chain of emerging media and outline how it may affect the geography of new firm development.
What are the Relationships of Quality Patient Care to Nurses' Performance, Biographical and Personality Variables?:

Relationships among measures of quality patient care, nurse performance, biographical and personality data were studied for 387 staff nurses from 60 wards of 7 VA hospitals. Patient-care ratings were obtained by outside observers and nurses' performance ratings were obtained from three supervisory levels, peers and subordinates. Correlations between patient-care scores and performance scores were surprisingly low. Coefficients in the high twenties were rare. Education was related positively with patient care and nursing performance measures, often significantly. Age was usually related negatively to patient care and performance measures, often significantly. Higher rated nurses generally described themselves in more positive terms and as more open, helpful, energetic and people-oriented. Personality patterns of nurses rated high by various raters reflect situational needs of raters. Second-level supervisors rated nurses high who were dominant, verbal, and ascendant but cooperative participators. Head nurs...
Positive dependence and monotonicity in conditional distributions

Positively dependent random variables exhibit the property that an extreme value of one of the variables tends to be accompanied by extreme values of the others. In this paper we define two notions of positive dependence which lead to monotonicity theorems for conditional distributions.
Combined psychological and nicotine gum treatment for smoking: A critical review

The results from seven studies suggest that both adding nicotine gum to a psychological therapy and adding a psychological therapy to nicotine gum increase long-term quit rates among smokers. Behavioral mechanisms to account for the increased quit rates are not clear. Suggestions for better reporting of trials and future research are made.
Pemoline Effects on Children with ADHD: A Time-Response by Dose-Response Analysis on Classroom Measures

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the dose-response by time-response characteristics of pemoline (Cylert®) on dependent measures of behavior and academic performance in a laboratory classroom. Method After a 2-week baseline, a double-blind crossover design was used to compare placebo, 18.75 mg, 37.5 mg, 75 mg, and 112.5 mg of pemoline, q.a.m., with each dose administered for 1 week. Medication was given at 9:00 A.M., and performance was measured beginning immediately and beginning 2, 4, and 6 hours after ingestion. The dependent measures included number of math problems completed correctly, teacher-recorded rates of on-task behavior and noncompliance, and teacher ratings on an Abbreviated Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Results There were linear effects of medication, with pemoline doses greater than 18.75 mg having an effect beginning 2 hours after ingestion and lasting through the seventh hour after ingestion. Conclusion Results are contrasted with widespread misbeliefs regarding pemoline's time course and efficacy.
Pain as a global public health priority.

Background Pain is an enormous problem globally. Estimates suggest that 20% of adults suffer from pain globally and 10% are newly diagnosed with chronic pain each year. Nevertheless, the problem of pain has primarily been regarded as a medical problem, and has been little addressed by the field of public health.
The Potential of Urban Boarding Schools for the Poor: Evidence from SEED

The SEED schools, which combine a “No Excuses” charter model with a 5-day-a-week boarding program, are America’s only urban public boarding schools for the poor. We provide the first causal estimate of the impact of attending SEED schools on academic achievement, with the goal of understanding whether changing a student’s environment is an effective strategy to increase achievement among the poor. Using admission lotteries, we show that attending a SEED school increases achievement by 0.211 standard deviation in reading and 0.229 standard deviation in math per year. However, subgroup analyses show that the effects may be driven by female students.
The Reasons for Living Inventory: Psychometric Properties:

The test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, normative, and item analysis data of the Reasons for Living Inventory were investigated in a sample of 116 college students. The inventory has six subscales, each of which assesses a category of adaptive beliefs and expectations considered reasons for not committing suicide. The inventory was administered twice, with a 3-week interval between testings. Test-retest coefficients for the men, women, and total sample were moderate to high. The alpha coefficients and item-total correlations for the subscales and the total inventory provided strong support for internal consistency. 26 items were consistently endorsed by 30% or more of our total sample as “extremely important,” while only four were suggested as “not at all important” reasons for not committing suicide.
HUMAN PLACENTAL CELLS AS REGULATORS OF LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION

Top of pageAbstract A normal fetus is an allograft, yet is tolerated by maternal immunological mechanisms. We have used soluble inhibitory factor (SIF) to study this phenomenon. SIF, a product of normal T lymphocytes and of the JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line, blocks proliferative and antibody-producing responses of mononuclear cells. The villous surface of 5 normal human placentae was digested with collagenase to free cells that were predominantly multinucleated giant cells. After 5 days of standard culture, we assayed cell-free conditioned culture medium (CdM) for SIF content by measuring suppression of [3H] thymidine incorporation ([3H]TD-I) into lymphocytes stimulated by low-dose phytohemagglutinin. Significant suppression (p<0.001) was noted: 25,847±8,007 cpm (mean±SD) was reduced to 359±272 cpm by full-strength CdM and to 3,474±1,949 cpm by half-strength CdM. SIF can be characterized by a noncovalently linked subcomponent, lipid suppressor substance, which was isolated from SIF in CdM by extraction into organic solvents and by thin-layer chromatography. SIF also appears to suppress lymphocyte response via a subpopulation of mononuclear cells. SIF-CdM likewise induced the development of cells that suppressed [3H]Td-I from 30,625±3,013 cpm to 14,487±1,496 cpm. Normal placental multinuclear cells thus release an SIF-like substance into culture fluid. Our findings support the hypothesis that the placenta modifies maternal immunologic mechanisms of rejection. Aided by Basil O'Connor Starter Research Grant #5-347, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation.
Directed assembly of transition-metal-coordinated molecular loops and squares from salen-type components. Examples of metalation-controlled structural conversion.

A series of transition-metal-containing molecular “loops” and “squares” has been prepared via a directed-assembly approach and characterized. The molecular loops were prepared from the reaction of cis-(PEt3)2Pt(OTf)2 with bis(4-pyridyl)-functionalized free-base salen-type ligands. Zn(II)-metalation of the salen-type ligands in the molecular loops converts the loops to molecular squares. Alternatively, the squares can be obtained by the directed assembly of cis-(PEt3)2Pt(OTf)2 and bis(4-pyridyl)-functionalized Zn(II)−salen-type ligands. A concentration-dependent dynamic equilibrium between cyclic species was observed when bis(3-pyridyl)-functionalized free-base salen-type ligand was employed in the reaction. Zn(II) or Cr(III) metalation of the free-base ligand shifted the equilibrium to the single dimeric species. The incorporation of multiple reactive metal sites into a single, cavity-containing supramolecular structure points toward catalytic applications for these new assemblies.
Hydrologic balance from an experimental watershed

Abstract A small, natural watershed has been instrumented for measurement of the hydrologic factors necessary for the calculation of consumptive use from an annual hydrologic balance. The 42.6-acre woodland grass watershed in Placer County, California, is at an elevation of 500 feet with an average annual rainfall of about 25 inches. Rainfall and runoff are measured with continuous recording devices. Twenty-four observation wells are sounded weekly to provide data for calculation of changes in groundwater storage and groundwater outflow. The groundwater components of the hydrologic balance, which are usually not available, provide a considerable insight to the redistribution of rainfall on an experimental watershed. Results from three years of record indicate the value of this method of determining water use by native vegetation.
A solar‐ocean relation: Fact or fiction?

In the course of studying Quasi-biennial (QB) variations in the global sea surface temperature (SST) field, an apparent solar signal was detected. Specifically, the amplitude of variations in the QB frequency band appeared to be modulated at 11 year solar cycle at least over the last four cycles. The sense of the relation is that high solar activity goes with low amplitude variations in the QB frequency band. In a series of recent papers, van Loon and Labitzke (1988a,b) and Libitzke and van Loon (1988) have found in the same frequency band a similar amplitude modulation in atmospheric fields of both Hemispheres also over the last four solar cycles. In an effort to study the apparent relation over more solar cycles, the analysis of the time series of SST was extended back to 1884. The solar-SST relation found above was found to hold back to about 1925. Before that time, remnants of the SST signal can still be observed but the relation to the solar cycle becomes more confused. This lack of consistency through the 10 solar cycles examined here may be due to the fact that the apparent relationships are fictitious. They may also be partially due to poormore » SST data before 1920; the major failure in the solar-SST relation occurring in the data sparse 1915-1920 period. It may also be that the weak solar variability at the turn of the century could not force an observable response in the SST field.« less
Deformation Mechanism Maps of Unirradiated and Irradiated V-4Cr-4Ti

This paper addresses various deformation mechanisms of unirradiated and irradiated V- 4Cr-4Ti in terms of Ashby-type deformation maps. Tensile tests were carried out in the temperature range of 950-1150°C at strain rates of 10 -3 , 10 -4 , and 10 -5 s -1 . In addition, published tensile data and thermal creep data before and after irradiation were analyzed to provide further information about the materials' deformation behavior. The extensive tensile database for V-4Cr-4Ti was used to determine the key material parameters in physically-based constitutive equations. The resultant constitutive equations were employed to construct the Ashby deformation mechanism maps for unirradiated and irradiated V-4Cr- 4Ti. Using the data analysis from the tensile tests, deformation map predictions at slow strain rates were obtained and verified by comparison with the experimental creep results. The methodology was successful in identifying the operating deformation mechanisms for a given temperature, stress, or strain rate condition. The study examines the limitations of extending creep data and analysis into new operating regimes, particularly where different deformation mechanisms are involved. The application of deformation mechanism maps in creep testing and data analysis is discussed.
Control of rapid ventricular response by radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular node in patients with medically refractory atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUNDPharmacological control of rapid ventricular response to atrial fibrillation may be difficult in some patients. Alternative treatments, including curative surgery or atrioventricular (AV) node ablation with pacemaker implantation, have significant potential morbidity. In view of evidence that dual AV nodal physiology may exist in a significant percentage of the population, even in those without AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, we postulated that control of ventricular response might be achieved by radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation in the region of the AV nodal slow pathway with its short refractory period.METHODS AND RESULTSTen patients underwent attempted AV node modification using a 4-mm-tipped electrode catheter positioned in the middle or posterior septum, between the His bundle and coronary sinus ostium on the tricuspid valve annulus. RF energy was applied at 16 to 30 W for up to 60 seconds, until average ventricular response fell below 100 beats per minute. Reduction of maximal ventricu...
North American Indian population size, A.D. 1500 to 1985

Production of the Smithsonians Handbook of North American Indians has enabled new tribe-by-tribe estimates of North American Indian population size. Collectively these data suggest that population numbered about 1894350 at about A.D. 1500. Epidemics and other factors reduced this number to only 530000 by 1900. Modern data suggest that by 1985 population size has increased to over 2.5 million. (EXCERPT)