cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photos vs silhouettes for evaluation of African American profile esthetics.

Introduction Patient photos and silhouettes are commonly used in clinical evaluations and orthodontic research to evaluate profile esthetics. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of photos or silhouettes is a more appropriate method of evaluating African American profile esthetics and whether there are different profile esthetic preferences among clinicians when using photos compared with silhouettes. Methods Pretreatment records of 20 adolescent African American patients were selected (10 male, 10 female) from the orthodontic clinic at the Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia. Each patient’s profile photo was digitally changed with imaging software (Dolphin Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif) to fabricate a series of 7 photos and 7 silhouettes with lip positions at uniform distances relative to Ricketts’ E-line standard. Fifteen raters consisting of orthodontic faculty and residents were asked to select the most esthetically pleasing profile from each patient’s photo series and silhouette series. Results More rater preferences for the photographs (86%) were within the acceptable esthetic range (within 2 mm of the E-line in either direction) than were their preferences for silhouettes (66%) ( P P = 0.003). Fuller profiles were preferred in only 3% of the silhouettes and 5% of the photos ( P = 0.6). Conclusions Esthetic attractiveness of faces of African American orthodontic patients is rated differently in photos and silhouettes. When evaluating soft-tissue esthetic profile preferences, rater preferences in the photographs were closer to the established esthetic norm than were their preferences in the silhouettes. Using silhouettes to evaluate patient esthetics could influence clinicians or researchers to select profiles that are flatter than the established esthetic norm.
PROPERDIN FACTOR B POLYMORPHISM IN BLACK AMERICANS

Properdin factor B is a genetically-controlled polymorphism that can be demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The Bf gene frequencies were determined for 194 blacks from the south-eastern United States. The frequencies for Bf-F, Bf-S, Bf-F1, and Bf-S1 are 0.626, 0.034, and 0.013, respectively. The south-eastern blacks have similar Bf frequencies to the South African blacks; however, both these groups are different from blacks from Boston. The frequency differences between south-eastern blacks and Boston blacks may be due to racial admixture differences found in the two populations.
Teach Students What They Don’t Know but Are Ready to Learn: A Commentary on “Rethinking Giftedness and Gifted Education”

We were thrilled to see an article focusing on giftedness, written by such thoughtful and well-respected researchers as Subotnik, Olszewski-Kubilius, and Worrell (2011). The expansive scope of their synthesis is so impressive that it could serve as a crash course introduction to gifted education. In our commentary, we focus specifically on the perspective of education service delivery. From this perspective, we review their guiding principles, chief goal, and provide some follow-up questions for further clarification as well as an implementation option also based on talent development.
Optimizing Seismic Survey Design and Processing Flows: A Fast Tree Search Using the Van Trees Inequality

The goal in designing a seismic survey is to achieve an optimal tradeoff between cost and information accuracy. There are many options for seismic data acquisition and multiple algorithms to choose from at each processing step. Each choice affects the cost as well as the accuracy of reservoir property estimates. The Van Trees inequality is a lower bound on the mean squared error of any estimate of a parameter from a data set. It can be used in conjunction with a fast tree search algorithm to rapidly identify the combination of acquisition and processing options that minimizes an objective function of both cost and estimate mean squared error. The bound can also identify for future research those steps in acquisition and processing where the most information is being lost. These applications are illustrated in assembling an acquisition and processing plan to estimate oil sand thickness.
Postdischarge Service Use by Families of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduates

This study examined patterns and predictors of service use by families of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) graduates, specifically premature infants. Different variables predicted the use of each individual service. Enabling variables (e.g., contacts originated in the NICU, services the follow-up clinic coordinated) and parents' perceptions of a child's problems (e.g., health concerns) were major predictors of service use in logistic regression models. No demographic characteristics (e.g., parental education levels, ethnicity) predicted service use.
Functional Roles of Distributed Synaptic Clusters in the Mitral–Granule Cell Network of the Olfactory Bulb

Odors are encoded in spatio-temporal patterns within the olfactory bulb, but the mechanisms of odor recognition and discrimination are poorly understood. It is reasonable to postulate that the olfactory code is sculpted by lateral and feedforward inhibition mediated by granule cells onto the mitral cells. Recent viral tracing and physiological studies revealed patterns of distributed granule cell synaptic clusters that provided additional clues to the possible mechanisms at the network level. The emerging properties and functional roles of these patterns, however, are unknown. Here, using a realistic model of 5 mitral and 100 granule cells we show how their synaptic network can dynamically self-organize and interact through an activity-dependent dendrodendritic mechanism. The results suggest that the patterns of distributed mitral-granule cell connectivity may represent the most recent history of odor inputs, and may contribute to the basic processes underlying mixture perception and odor qualities. The model predicts how and why the dynamical interactions between the active mitral cells through the granule cell synaptic clusters can account for a variety of puzzling behavioral results on odor mixtures and on the emergence of synthetic or analytic perception.
Love Deprivation and Violent Juvenile Delinquency

Abstract This study explores the effects of love deprivation on violent delinquency among juvenile probationers. In the elaboration of this relationship we introduce variables of interest to sociologists (class, race, substance abuse) and variables of interest to psychologists (IQ and family size and intactness). Love deprivation emerged as the most useful predictor of violent delinquency, followed by race, class, and substance abuse. IQ and family size and intactness were not significantly related to violent delinquency in the regression model. However, low IQ children were highly overrepresented in our sample in comparison to the normal distribution of IQ levels.
Five-level triage system more effective than three-level in tertiary emergency department

Abstract Introduction: The Study Objectives Were To Compare Reliability And Validity Of A 3-LEVEL (3L) Triage System With A New 5-LEVEL (5L) Triage System And Determine The Effect Of Nursing Experience On Triage Reliability. Methods: The Study Was Conducted In A Southeastern Tertiary Emergency Department. With A Stratified Random Sample, Reliability Of 3L Triage Ratings Was Measured With Weighted Kappa (TIME 1). The 5L System Was Then Implemented, And Weighted Kappa Was Remeasured (TIME 2). Validity Was Assessed By Comparing Case Mix, Sensitivity, And Specificity At Times 1 And 2, And Comparing 5L Ratings With Physician Billing (EVALUATION And Management) Codes And Nursing Resource Intensity At Time 2. Results: Time 1 Case Mix (15,324 Patients) Was: Level 1, 6%; Level 2, 36%; Level 3, 59%, And Time 2 (16,024 Patients) Was: Level 1, 1%; Level 2, 8%; Level 3, 38%; Level 4, 41%; Level 5, 13%. Three Hundred-FIVE Triage Ratings Were Evaluated From Time 1, And 303 Were Evaluated From Time 2. Weighted Kappa Was 0.53 For Time 1 And 0.68 For Time 2. Spearman Correlations Were: 5L And Nursing Resource Intensity, 0.55 (P Discussion: The 5L Triage System Is Safer And Provides Greater Discrimination, Better Reliability, And Improved Sensitivity And Specificity Than The 3L Triage System.
Virtual MIMO-based cooperative communication for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks

An energy-efficient virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-based communication architecture is proposed for distributed and cooperative wireless sensor networks. Assuming a space-time block coding (STBC) based MIMO system, the energy and delay efficiencies of the proposed scheme are derived using semi-analytic techniques. The dependence of these efficiency values on physical channel propagation parameters, fading coherence time and the amount of required training is also investigated. The results show that with judicious choice of design parameters the virtual MIMO technique can be made to provide significant energy and delay efficiencies, even after allowing for additional training overheads.
Potassium Ethenyl Trifluoroborate

[13682-77-4] C2H3BF3K (MW 133.99) InChI = 1S/C2H3BF3.K/c1-2-3(4,5)6;/h2H,1H2;/q-1;+1 InChIKey = ZCUMGICZWDOJEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (an organometallic reagent that participates in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with aryl- or alkenyl halides or triflates and with arenediazonium electrophiles. Thus, it is a capable vinylating agent when using palladium catalysts. Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition to enones. Rhodium-catalyzed addition to dehydroamino esters to give alanine derivatives) Physical Data: mp 241 °C. Solubility: soluble in acetone,1 acetonitrile. Form Supplied in: highly stable, easily prepared white solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, 11B NMR. Preparative Methods:2 to a solution of trimethyl borate (1.5 equiv) in anhydrous THF is added dropwise a 15% solution of vinylmagnesium chloride (1 equiv) in THF at –60 °C. The mixture is stirred under argon for 30 min at –60 °C, raised to room temperature and stirred another 30 min. Potassium hydrogen fluoride (6 equiv) is added at once at 0 °C followed by the slow addition of water which results in a white precipitate. The suspension is stirred for 30 min at room temperature after which the solvents are removed. The resulting powder is thoroughly dried under vacuum, extracted several times with acetone, and the solvent is removed under vacuum. The product is purified by dissolving in a minimum amount of boiling acetone and reprecipitating by addition of diethyl ether to give the vinyl trifluoroborate. Purification: purified by reprecipitation with diethyl ether from acetone.
Fragmentation alters stream fish community structure in dendritic ecological networks

Effects of fragmentation on the ecology of organisms occupying dendritic ecological networks (DENs) have recently been described through both conceptual and mathematical models, but few hypotheses have been tested in complex, real-world ecosystems. Stream fishes provide a model system for assessing effects of fragmentation on the structure of communities occurring within DENs, including how fragmentation alters metacommunity dynamics and biodiversity. A recently developed habitat-availability measure, the "dendritic connectivity index" (DCI), allows for assigning quantitative measures of connectivity in DENs regardless of network extent or complexity, and might be used to predict fish community response to fragmentation. We characterized stream fish community structure in 12 DENs in the Great Plains, USA, during periods of dynamic (summer) and muted (fall) discharge regimes to test the DCI as a predictive model of fish community response to fragmentation imposed by road crossings. Results indicated that fish communities in stream segments isolated by road crossings had reduced species richness (alpha diversity) relative to communities that maintained connectivity with the surrounding DEN during summer and fall. Furthermore, isolated communities had greater dissimilarity (beta diversity) to downstream sites notisolated by road crossings during summer and fall. Finally, dissimilarity among communities within DENs decreased as a function of increased habitat connectivity (measured using the DCI) for summer and fall, suggesting that communities within highly connected DENs tend to be more homogeneous. Our results indicate that the DCI is sensitive to community effects of fragmentation in riverscapes and might be used by managers to predict ecological responses to changes in habitat connectivity. Moreover, our findings illustrate that relating structural connectivity of riverscapes to functional connectivity among communities might aid in maintaining metacommunity dynamics and biodiversity in complex dendritic ecosystems.
Robustness of orthogonal eigenstructure control to actuators failure

Orthogonal eigenstructure control (OEC) is a feedback control method applicable to multi-input multi-output linear systems. While the available control design methodologies offer a large and complex design space of options that can often overwhelm a designer, this control method offers a significant simplification of the design task while still allowing some experience-based design freedom. In this chapter, the robustness of the method to the failure of the actuators was investigated. It was shown the control gain was capable of controlling the systems during an actuator failure, as OEC generates the control gain by maintaining the closed-loop eigenvectors within the achievable eigenvectors set. A system of lumped masses was used to explain the method; then, the problem of failed actuators in the vibration control of a plate was investigated. Finite element analysis was used for modeling the plate to simulate the dynamic behavior of the system. Five cases were considered and the suppression of the vibration in a plate with three working actuators was compared to the performance of a similar control system with a failed actuator. Also, the behaviors of the system with failed actuators were compared to the systems that were designed to operate with lesser control actuators. It was shown that the number of closed-loop eigenvalue pairs that moved from the cluster of the open-loop poles was equal to the number of working actuators. The closed-loop poles in all the systems were moved to the vicinity of one specific area, generating a break frequency with sufficient damping for robust active vibration control.
The kinetics of the smectite to illite transformation in Cretaceous bentonites, Cerro Negro, New Mexico

The thermal effects, as well as the survivability and origins of microorganisms in Cretaceous rocks, are evaluated from the timing and extent of the smectite to illite transformation in Cretaceous bentonites collected from cores outside the thermal aureole of the Pliocene Cerro Negro volcanic neck. Overall, randomly ordered mixed-layered illite-smectite (I-S) is the predominant clay mineral in these bentonites, and the K-Ar ages of I-S range from 36 to 48 Ma (21 analyses, two additional analyses were outside this range). Increased temperature from burial is thought to be the primary factor forming I-S in these bentonites. Kinetic model calculations of the smectite to illite transformation are also consistent with I-S formed by burial without any appreciable thermal effects due to the emplacement of Cerro Negro. In a core angled toward Cerro Negro, the percentages of illite layers in I-S from the bentonite closest to Cerro Negro are slightly higher (32-37%) than in most other bentonites in this study. The K-Ar ages of the closest I-S are slightly younger as a group (38-43 Ma; Average = 41 Ma; N = 4) than those of I-S further from Cerro Negro in the same core (41-48 Ma; Average = 44 Ma; N = 6). A small amount of illite in this I-S may have formed by heat from the emplacement of Cerro Negro, but most illite formed from burial. Vitrinite reflectance, however, appears to record the effects of heating from Cerro Negro better than I-S. Tentatively, the temperature of this heat pulse, based on vitrinite data alone, ranged from 100 to 125°C and this is most evident in the CNAR core. The upper temperature, 125°C, approximates the sterilization temperatures for most microorganisms, and these temperatures probably reduced a significant portion of the microbial population. Thermophiles may have survived the increased temperatures from the combined effects of burial and the intrusion of Cerro Negro.
A multimuscle state analysis of adult motor learning

We introduce a new EMG state analysis to test two competing hypotheses about the role of muscle coactivity in learning a complex, multijoint reaching movement. Following Bernstein, one hypothesis is that as a task is learned, coactivity should decrease as degrees of freedom are released and limb stiffness is reduced. An alternative hypothesis is that as movement speed increases with learning, muscle coactivity should increase, possibly to stabilize joints against high inertial forces. Three participants performed a vertical reaching movement identical to that used by Schneider et al. We monitored the activity of four arm and shoulder muscles as participants completed 100 practice trials. Each frame of EMG activity was assigned to one of 16 possible combinations of the four monitored muscles based on an on-off activation threshold. This analysis yielded a time-based summary of muscle coactivity during the movement and across practice trials. Results of the state analysis supported the second hypothesis. As participants decreased their movement times over practice, coactivity increased - participants used more three- and four-muscle coactivity states. Changes were especially dramatic during the braking phase of the Up and Down portion of the vertical movement. When participants performed deliberately slow movements after speeded practice, three- and four-muscle coactivity was suppressed. We suggest that increased use of muscle coactivity may serve to counteract unwanted rotational forces generated during fast movements.
A graph theoretical algorithm for virtual MIMO channel selection in wireless sensor networks

In this paper we investigate a methodology named channel selection with the aim of balancing the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) advantage and the complexity of node cooperations for wireless sensor networks (WSN). In respect of cross-layer design, we propose the Maximum Spanning Tree Searching (MASTS) algorithm to select a set of subchannels that always provide a path connecting all sensors. The performances are analyzed through Monte Carlo simulation in terms of capacity, diversity gain, bit error rate (BER) and multiplexing gain. It is shown that MASTS channel selection can achieve satisfying performances compared to those of full virtual MIMO with reduced resource consumption.
How stable is the core discussion network

a b s t r a c t Researchers have paid increasing attention to the core discussion network, the set of people we turn to when discussing important matters. Because the core discussion network is theorized to be composed of people's closest ties, not fleeting acquaintances, it is expected to be largely stable, evolving slowly over the span of people's lives. However, recent studies have shown that networks are strongly affected by the contexts in which people interact with others, and as people experience life course transitions, they also often enter new contexts - school, college, work, marriage, and retirement. We ask whether, as actors enter new social contexts, the core discussion network remains stable or changes rapidly. Based on original, longitudinal, qualitative and quantitative data on the experience of first-year graduate students in three academic departments in a large university, we examine the stability of the core discussion network over the first 6 and 12 months in this new context. We test four competing hypotheses that focus on strength of ties, new opportunities, obligations, and routine activity and predict, respectively, stasis, expansion, shedding, and substitution. We find that the core discussion network changes remarkably quickly, with little or no lag, and that it appears to do so because both the obligations that people face and the routine activities they engage in are transformed by new institutional environments. Findings suggest that core discussion network may be less a "core" network than a highly contextual support network in which people are added and dropped as actors shift from environment to environment. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Empowerment Education: Freire's Ideas Adapted to Health Education:

Empowerment Education is proposed as an effective health education and prevention model that promotes health in all personal and social arenas. The model suggests that participation of people in group action and dialogue efforts directed at community targets enhances control and beliefs in ability to change people's own lives. The article is divided into three parts: a literature review demonstrating that powerlessness is linked to disease, and conversely, empowerment linked to health: an exposition of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire's empowering education theory with a comparison to traditional health education; and a case study of an empowering education substance abuse prevention project. The Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention (ASAP) Program is a University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Emergency Center, and community and school-based prevention project for adolescents. The case study will present ASAP's theoretical underpinnings and social practice, evaluation results, preliminary understandings of the stages for an empowering process, and future questions for practitioners interested in this approach. Empowerment education with its emphasis on organizing is recommended to be integrated into other prevention strategies of health promotion, disease prevention, and health policy.
Use of assisted reading to increase correct reading rates and decrease error rates of students with learning disabilities

The effects of assisted reading on 3 elementary students with learning disabilities were evaluated using a multiple baseline design. Data were collected from the students' oral reading from their basal texts. The results indicated an increase in number of words read correctly as well as a decrease in the number of words read incorrectly when assisted reading was used in the classroom.
Cytoplasmic aggregates of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in Lewy body diseases.

A better understanding of cellular mechanisms that occur in Parkinson's disease and related Lewy body diseases is essential for development of new therapies. We previously found that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) elicits sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation that contributes to neuronal cell death in vitro . As subcellular localization of activated kinases affect accessibility to downstream targets, we examined spatial patterns of ERK phosphorylation in 6-OHDA-treated cells and in human postmortem tissues representing the full spectrum of Lewy body diseases. All diseased human cases exhibited striking granular cytoplasmic aggregates of phospho-ERK (P-ERK) in the substantia nigra (involving 28 ± 2% of neurons), which were largely absent in control cases (0.3 ± 0.3%). Double-labeling studies and examination of preclinical cases suggested that these P-ERK alterations could occur relatively early in the disease process. Development of granular cytoplasmic P-ERK staining in 6-OHDA-treated cells was blocked by neuroprotective doses of catalase, supporting a role for oxidants in eliciting neurotoxic patterns of ERK activation. Evidence of nuclear translocation was not observed in degenerating neurons. Moreover, granular cytoplasmic P-ERK was associated with alterations in the distribution of downstream targets such as P-RSK1, but not of P-Elk-1, suggesting functional diversion of ERK-signaling pathways in Lewy body diseases.
Estrogen and the metabolism of progesterone in vivo

Abstract The effect of estrogen administration on the metabolism of progesterone was studied in ovariectomized, hysterectomized women. Estrogen was withheld from each subject for at least 4 weeks, then 200 μg of ethinyl estradiol were administered orally each day for 3 weeks and then no estrogen was given for 3 weeks. The subjects were studied before estrogen was started, on the third day of estrogen, after 3 weeks of daily estrogen and after the estrogen was withdrawn for 3 weeks. In 5 women plasma transcortin concentrations, measured by equilibrium dialysis, were 0.82 ± 0.06, 1.5 ± 0.16, 2.1 ± 0.13, and 0.90 ± 0.09 (S.E.) μM before starting estrogen (control), on the third day of estrogen treatment, after 3 weeks of estrogen, and after having stopped estrogen for 3 weeks, respectively. Corresponding values for the metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of cortisol (by the continuous infusion method) were 306 ± 33, 172 ± 18, 136 ± 14, and 258 ± 23 (S.E.) L. per day. Although estrogen administration caused a significant elevation of the plasma transcortin concentrations and a significant decrease in the MCR of cortisol, it had no significant effect on the MCR of progesterone or of cortisone. The estrogen administration did cause a decrease in the peripheral conversion of progesterone to 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one (20α-OHP) and of cortisol to cortisone but an increase in the conversion of 20α-OHP to progesterone and of cortisone to cortisol.
Low-frequency renal sympathetic nerve activity, arterial BP, stationary "1/f noise," and the baroreflex.

The object of this study is to quantify the very low frequency (i.e., <0.1 Hz) interactions between renal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial blood pressure (ABP). Six rats were instrumen...
Economics of Biological Controls

Assessing the economic benefits and costs of imported biological control is difficult. Costs of research, quarantine, implementation, and overall organization are easy to measure, but many of the important benefits to agriculture and society are more difficult to quantify. The two obvious benefits of successful biological control projects may be seen in lower pest control costs to growers and increases in production. Even some partially successful projects (California red scale) requiring an occasional rerelease of natural enemies and the supplemental assistance of chemical and cultural controls may substantially reduce the total costs of control by 75% or more (DeBach, 1974). The total benefits to the ecosystem and the general public from lowered pesticide use are difficult to assess in monetary terms. What value can we place on a human life, a poisoned lake, contaminated groundwater, or future pesticide-induced cancers, mutations, or teratogenic effects? Taking a more practical view, biological control when successfully applied avoids many pesticide-induced problems such as pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, phytotoxicity, pollinator mortality, pesticide resistance, and the above mentioned health problems. Clearly there is no easy way to estimate these benefits, but we all recognize that they are important. When an importation project is completely successful, the benefit accrues over future time, given continued production of one or more of the host crops.
Circulating Sex Hormones and Risk of Uterine Fibroids: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Context: Estrogen has been implicated in the development of uterine fibroids. However, the contribution of androgen in women is unknown. Objective: Our objective was to assess the longitudinal relations of circulating androgens and estradiol (E2) and their joint effects to the risk of developing fibroids. Design: This is a 13-year longitudinal study in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Setting: This study was conducted in seven sites across the United States (1997–2013). Participants: At baseline, 3240 pre- or early peri-menopausal women with an intact uterus, ages 45–52 years were included; 43.6% completed the follow-up. There were 512 incident and 478 recurrent fibroid cases. Exposures: We measured near-annual time-varying serum levels of bioavailable E2 and bioavailable T, dichotomized at the median (high vs low). Main Outcomes and Measures: We estimated the conditional odds ratio (OR) of fibroids in the ensuing year using discrete-time proportional odds models adjusted for race/ethnicity/...
Angiotensin II formation from ACE and chymase in human and animal hearts: methods and species considerations.

The current study examined the contributions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) vs. chymase to angiotensin II (ANG II) generation in membrane preparations from left ventricles of humans, dogs, ...
Consistency of drinking history and diagnosis of alcoholism.

A drinking-history questionnaire was completed by 176 male felons and repeated 8 to 9 years later. The more extensive the original drinking problem, the more likely the subject was to be consistent...
Searching for clarity in the diagnosis of SLAP lesions on MRI: commentary on an article by Keith P. Connolly, BS, et al.: "sensitivity and specificity of noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging reports in the diagnosis of type-II superior labral anterior-posterior lesions in the community setting".

In this very good study, Connolly et al. compared noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with shoulder arthroscopy in the diagnosis of Type-II superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions. The patients were selected from the practices of sports fellowship-trained surgeons in a community setting, although the radiology reports were done by both musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists and those without such training (i.e., generalists). This study found low sensitivity and high specificity for the diagnosis of Type-II SLAP tears on MRI, given that noncontrast MRI scanning was used and a difference in sensitivities was found between musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists and those who did not have such training. One major issue is that there is no gold standard for the diagnosis of Type-II SLAP lesions. Even if there were a gold standard, many sports and shoulder surgeons do not agree. For example, in the case of a sixty-two-year-old woman with a rotator cuff tear who …
The Generalized Coconut Problem

(1960). The Generalized Coconut Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 516-519.
The Effects of Box Weight, Size, and Handle Coupling on Spine Loading during Depalletizing Operations:

It is widely known that the order selection task in food distribution centers places the worker at risk of occupationally-related low back disorders (LBDs). One approach to controlling this risk consists of manipulating the characteristics of the object or box to be handled in the food distribution center. However, it is currently unknown what effect these changes to the box characteristics would have on the loading of the spine and the subsequent risk of low back disorder. Hence, the objectives of this study were to determine the change in spine loading at L5/S1 associated with selecting boxes that varied as a function of: 1) weight (40, 50, and 60 lbs), 2) size (2681 or 1584 cu. in.), and 3) the existence of handles or hand holds. In addition, these variables were explored as a function of where the box was on a pallet. Ten experienced order selectors were recruited from a local food distribution center and were evaluated as they selected boxes of different characteristics from a slot (bin) on to a pall...
Intensive nursing and lactational performance during extended lactation.

SummaryIntensive nursing (6 pups/6 intact abdominal-inguinal mammary glands, and replacing all 16-day-old litters every 4 days with 12-day-old foster litters) failed to prevent significant declines in mammary DNA, RNA, and litter weight gains between days 20 and 36 of lactation. But no comparable changes in lactic acid content of mammary glands were observed. Intense nursing maintained pituitary prolactin during extended lactation but ACTH decreased 67.6%. Thus, ACTH may be rate limiting to milk synthesis during extended lactation.
Anode power deposition in quasi-steady MPD arcs

The power deposited in the anode of a quasi-steady MPD accelerator has been measured directly by thermocouples attached to the inside surface of a shell anode which provide a local measurement of anode heat flux. The results over a range of arc currents from 5.5 to 44 kiloamperes and argon mass flows from 1 g/sec to 48 g/sec show that the fraction of the total input power deposited in the anode decreases drastically from 50% at an arc power of 200 kW to 10% at 20 MW, and that anode power is not uniformly deposited in the anode. A theoretical model of the anode heat transfer, including effects of anode work function, electron thermal energy, and anode sheath, can be brought into reasonable agreement with the measurements, provided the effective range of the conduction electrons from within the discharge plasma to the anode surface is properly acknowledged.
Recent advances in the management of ureteroceles in infants and children: why less may be more.

Purpose of reviewUreteroceles are an infrequently seen and challenging pediatric urological condition that in addition to causing obstruction, may also be associated with vesicoureteral reflux and/or obstruction of the bladder outlet. Past experience with the morbidity associated with ureteroceles p
Reversible, Self Cross-Linking Nanowires from Thiol-Functionalized Polythiophene Diblock Copolymers

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(3-(3-thioacetylpropyl) oxymethylthiophene) (P3HT)-b-(P3TT) diblock copolymers were synthesized and manipulated by solvent-induced crystallization to afford reversibly cross-linked semiconductor nanowires. To cross-link the nanowires, we deprotected the thioacetate groups to thiols and they subsequently oxidized to disulfides. Cross-linked nanowires maintained their structural integrity in solvents that normally dissolve the polymers. These robust nanowires could be reduced to the fully solvated polymer, representing a novel, reversible cross-linking procedure for functional P3HT-based nanowire fibrils. Field-effect transistor measurements were carried out to determine the charge transport properties of these nanostructures.
Diastolic dysfunction in congestive heart failure.

Jeffrey S. Flier, M.D., Editor Lisa H. Underhill, Assistant Editor So that the coming together depends on the going apart; the systole depends on the diastole; the flow depends on the ebb. — D.H. Lawrence The terms "heart failure" and "congestive heart failure" are often used interchangeably, emphasizing the importance of congestion in the clinical presentation of patients with heart failure. Congestive manifestations, such as pulmonary or peripheral edema, distended neck veins, dyspnea, and orthopnea, almost invariably indicate elevated right or left ventricular filling pressures. These increased filling pressures may result from primary systolic failure, with passive backup of blood . . .
Species: what causes the patterns?

Liden and Oxelman (1989) argue that applying temporal aspects to classification leads to unsolvable paradoxes, and maintain that taxonomy concerns patterns, rather than processes. They reject the biological species concept (and several others) in favor of monophyly, a conclusion that may not follow from their arguments. Above the species level, monophyly may be defined as "derived from a single ancestral species." However defined, the concepts of monophyly and polyphyly are clear and useful for groups of species, but they are less so at the species level. Species are not usually derived from pairs or single individuals, but from fluctuating populations that may have been large or small, uniform or heterogeneous. Even if a population arose through interspecific hybridization, if its features are now homogeneous and markedly different from those of similar populations, it can be a "good" species. The pattern cannot, in itself, be distinguished from that of a "monophyletic" species. In the special case of allopolyploids it is well known that they may be polyphyletic and still meet any reasonable criteria for species status (Barrington et al., 1989). With reference to the biological species concept, I would emphasize actual, rather than potential or experimental, interbreeding. In many cases, selected samples could be shown to be "monophyletic" by the approach of Donoghue (1985), yet the variation in the population is such that it is not practical to treat these units as species. In such a case, it may be doubted that they are, in any real sense, monophyletic. In reality, interbreeding may be verified at least as easily as monophyly. In a genus (or other inclusive group) one may infer monophyly or polyphyly through the distribution and correlation of features (phylogenetic analysis). Similarly, at the species level, one may infer interbreeding by the analysis of features and their variation. At this level interbreeding will tend to obscure patterns created by polyphyly. Evolution is a process. If we accept the arguments of Liden and Oxelman, we may classify the patterns that result from evolution, but we cannot base our classification on history, as such. In sexually reproducing organisms it is probable that most species are relatively monophyletic; and it is equally probable that most are or have been interbreeding populations. At the species level some form of the biological species concept may provide a better theoretical explanation of the patterns we classify than monophyly. In organisms with much asexual reproduction the patterns of variation may be troublesome. Liden and Oxelman imply that the classification of uniparental organisms should offer no difficulty, but this is true only if biparental reproduction never occurs. In these troublesome groups, a purely cladistic approach, such as that of Donoghue (1985), may be the best.
Study on the Deficit of Individual Pension Account

The pension system of China adopts the combination of social pool and individual account(IA). IA accepts funding mechanic and embodies economic efficiency. Because the institution makes promise,the government's responsibility and the actuarial balance become key elements for our pension system. The paper discusses the deficit of IA and the difference between industries and gender theoretically and practically,based on the actuarial analysis method,which leads to the countermeasures in order to provides a mirror for the reform of pension system.
Failure Analysis of Electromagnetic Relay Used in Communications Equipment

Based on the analysis of the structure and working principle of electromagnetic relay and the author's experiences on R D, production and engineering practices, the common failure modes and failure mechanisms of electromagnetic relays used in communication equipment are summarized. In accordance with the basic norms of failure analysis, two specific cases are studied. It is shown that the inherent quality, application design quality and the material selection are equally important and significant to improve product design and reliability.
Abstract A64: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) directly binds and activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to promote oncogenesis

Introduction: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is known to require focal adhesion kinase (FAK) for cellular transformation, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. FAK is overexpressed in nearly all types of human cancer, serving as a molecular scaffold protein to integrate oncogenic growth factor receptors with focal adhesion proteins. We have identified a novel direct protein-protein interaction between HER2 and FAK. In this study, we investigated whether the HER2-FAK direct interaction is required for HER2-dependent oncogenesis and its potential as a novel drug target. Methods: We have taken a multidisciplinary approach (biophysics, biochemistry, molecular modeling, structural biology, and molecular biology) to map the HER2-FAK binding interface and to study the functional aspects of the interaction. Results: Our data indicated that the N-lobe of the HER2 kinase domain directly interacts with the F1 lobe of the FAK FERM domain. In addition, molecular modeling studies have identified a putative HER2-FAK interface suitable for the binding of small molecule inhibitors. Site-directed mutagenesis studies validated this binding interface. Functional data indicated that HER2 directly transphosphorylated FAK at key tyrosine residues, Y397, Y861, and Y925, irrespective of FAK kinase activity. Additionally, kinome reprogramming analysis revealed upregulation of HER2 signaling and maintenance of FAK phosphorylation after FAK-kinase inhibitor treatment. Finally, cellular data suggested that loss of the HER2-FAK interaction, but not FAK-kinase activity, resulted in a defect in Heregulin β1-stimulated cell migration/invasion. Conclusion: We have identified a direct interaction between HER2 and FAK that is required for HER2-dependent oncogenic signaling and is amenable to targeting by small molecule therapeutics. In addition, this interaction mediated a novel drug resistance mechanism whereby HER2 rescued and maintained FAK activation under FAK-kinase inhibition. Citation Format: Timothy Marlowe, Sheila Figel, Felicia Lenzo, Vita Golubovskaya, Elena Kurenova, Alexander Tropsha, William Cance. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) directly binds and activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to promote oncogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A64.
Views and Structures

Standard imaging views used in transthoracic echocardiography are obtained from parasternal, apical, subcostal and suprasternal windows. Figure 2.1 shows the imaging planes of these views as they relate to the cardiac structures.
The Design and Analysis of Explosive Forming Thin Shell Dies

Thin shell dies backed up by water have been found to be a very economic solution for the explosive forming of metal domes. A method of analysis is presented here that will permit the rational design of such dies. Experimental observations of strain in the die are shown to agree very well with the theoretical predictions.
The 2016 Ferno Award Address: Three Things.

Researchers may optimize smoking treatment by addressing three research topics that have been relatively neglected. First, researchers have neglected to intensively explore how counseling contents affect smoking cessation success. Worldwide, millions of smokers are exposed to different smoking cessation contents and messages, yet existing research evidence does not permit strong inference about the value of particular counseling contents or strategies. Research in this area could enhance smoking outcomes and yield new insights into smoking motivation. Second, researchers have focused great attention on inducing smokers to make quit attempts when they contact healthcare systems; the success of such efforts may have plateaued. Also, the vast majority of quit attempts are self-quit attempts, largely unsuccessful, that occur outside such contacts. Researchers should explore strategies for using healthcare systems as conduits for digital- and other population-based interventions independent of healthcare visits. Such resources should be used to graft timely access to evidence-based intervention onto self-quitting, yielding evidence-based, patient-managed quit attempts. Third, most smoking treatments are assembled via selection of components based on informal synthesis of empirical and impressionistic evidence and are evaluated as a package. However, recent factorial experiments show that components of smoking treatments often interact meaningfully; for example, some components may interfere with the effectiveness of other components. Many extant treatments likely comprise suboptimal sets of components; future treatment development should routinely use factorial experiments to permit the assembly of components that yield additive or synergistic effects.Research in the above three areas should significantly advance our understanding of tobacco use and its treatment. IMPLICATIONS A lack of relevant research, and the likely prospect of significant clinical and public health benefit, underscore the importance of performing research on three topics related to smoking intervention: (1) researchers need to identify which contents of smoking counseling are effective; (2) researchers need to devise innovative strategies that use healthcare systems as conduits of smoking treatment delivery outside of clinical contacts; and (3) researchers need to use factorial designs to guide their development of smoking treatments. Research on these topics should yield complementary evidence that guides the development of more effective smoking treatments.
Nitheroy, Revista Brasiliense (1836): A Political Bridge Between Rio de Janeiro, Paris, and Hispanic America

Nitheroy: Revista Brasiliense de sciencias, lettras, e artes (Paris, 1836), is usually taken as the starting point of Brazil’s Romantic movement. The magazine, however, was primarily concerned not with literature but with the "modernization" of a recently independent Brazil. This essay focuses on the magazine in order to understand the role of literature in early nineteenth-century Brazilian politics. Approaching Brazilian Romanticism as inherently political serves to link nineteenth-century Brazilian literature to other Latin American literary movements of the period, and a re-examination of Nitheroy helps to bridge the gap that has historically separated Brazilian and other Latin American Romantic movements.
Important learning factors in high- and low-achieving students in undergraduate biomechanics

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to document crucial factors associated with students’ learning of biomechanical concepts, particularly between high- and-low achieving students. Students (N = 113) from three introductory biomechanics classes at two public universities volunteered for the study. Two measures of students’ learning were obtained, final course grade and improvement on the Biomechanics Concept Inventory version 3 administered before and after the course. Participants also completed a 15-item questionnaire documenting student learning characteristics, effort, and confidence. Partial correlations controlling for all other variables in the study, confirmed previous studies that students’ grade point average (p < 0.01), interest in biomechanics, (p < 0.05), and physics credits passed (p < 0.05) are factors uniquely associated with learning biomechanics concepts. Students’ confidence when encountering difficult biomechanics concepts was also significantly (p < 0.05) associated with fina...
Ethical issues in Alzheimer’s disease research involving human subjects

As we aggressively pursue research to cure and prevent Alzheimer's disease, we encounter important ethical challenges. None of these challenges, if handled thoughtfully, would pose insurmountable barriers to research. But if they are ignored, they could slow the research process, alienate potential study subjects and do damage to research recruits and others. These challenges are (1) the necessity of very large cohorts of research subjects, recruited for lengthy studies, probably ending only in the subjects' death; (2) the creation of cohorts of 'study ready' volunteers, many of whom will be competent to consent at the beginning of the process, but move into cognitive impairment later; (3) reliance on adaptive trial design, creating challenges for informed consent, equipoise and justice; (4) the use of biomarkers and predictive tests that describe risk rather than certainty, and that can threaten participants' welfare if the information is obtained by insurance companies or long-term care providers; (5) the use of study partners that creates unique risks of harm to the relationship of subject and study partner. We need greater attention, at all levels, to these complex ethical issues. Work on these issues should be included in research plans, from the federal to the local, and should be supported through NIH in the same way that it supported work on the ethical, legal and social implications of genetic research.