cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of rigid and flexible learning

Three experiments examined the consequences of learning material in rigid and flexible contexts. In Experiment 1, subjects studied and recalled a list of words in serial order. The subjects in one condition received the words in the same order for three trials, while subjects in the second condition received the words in a different random order on each trial. On the final trial, all subjects were required to study and recall the words in a new order. Although the rigid group showed better serial recall on the third trial, the flexible group was better on the final trial. Experiment 2 replicated these results with a new set of words. Experiment 3 used the same procedure but introduced a completely new set of words on the fourth trial. Similar results were again obtained. Taken together, these experiments suggest that studying material in a rigid context can restrict the flexibility of both learning and retrieval strategies.
'Remarque en toy telle marque': Étienne Jodelle's Parisian Inscriptions and Epitaphs in the French Wars of Religion

This article considers the various inscriptions and epitaphs written by Etienne Jodelle (1532–1573) during the French Wars of Religion. Jodelle asserted his identity as a Parisian with an urban poetics that inscribed a pro-Catholic and pro-royal narrative upon the city itself. He sought to make Paris a readable, royal, Catholic space through his inscriptions, particularly those he composed for the Croix de Gastine, a monument erected in 1569 to commemorate the execution of a family of Protestants on the rue Saint-Denis. However, Jodelle’s attempts to inscribe a narrative of royal power onto the city highlight the difficulty of creating such a narrative within the contested space of Paris at the end of the sixteenth century. The policies of oblivion of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (August 1570) led to the removal of the Croix de Gastine. However, despite the poet’s disappointment in these policies, he continued to make his work public through monumental writing in Paris. By means of this direct, material encounter with his public, Jodelle sought to preserve collective memory of royal power, appealing first and foremost to the minds of his readers in the hopes of leaving an inscription that would remain after its material source disappeared.
Experimental Model for Studying the Effect of Electric Current on Bone in vivo

SEVERAL groups have shown1–4 that electromechanical effects in mineralized tissues are the consequences of a classical piezoelectric phenomenon, when both direct and converse effects are present.
Measurements of potential differences in human subjects induced by motion in a superconducting magnetic field.

We have attempted to measure the electromotive forces (emfs) induced in human beings moving at a constant speed in a highly dense magnetic field. Experiments were initially conducted on a set of models, and then directly on human subjects. The models consisted of single circular loops of Tygon tubing (I.D., 0.635 cm; O.D., 0.9525 cm) filled with normal saline solution, with circumferences of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 cm. The models were connected to an amplifier via silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Each saline loop was mounted on a movable platform, with the plane of the loop perpendicular to the platform's axis; the platform was enabled to move at known constant speeds into and out of the bore of a 1.89-T magnet. The human subjects were then substituted for the saline loops, with the long axis parallel to the direction of motion, and with standard EKG electrodes placed at 180° successively on the ankle, calf, lower thigh, upper thigh, chest, and head. In all cases, for human subjects and models, the peak induced voltage was directly proportional to the speed of movement and the square of the circumference of the bounded cross-sectional areas. Thus, for the saline loops, the correlation coefficient between induced voltage and circumference was .998, and for human subjects, .947. Under the loose assumption that for equal circumferences the bounded areas in human subjects were equal to those in the circular loops, the induced emfs in human subjects were consistently about 13% greater than those in the loops. At a mean speed of 1.18 m/s, the chest had a peak induced voltage of 260 mV, while the voltage at the ankle had a peak of 19.8 mV. The experimental data were used to estimate the corresponding induced-current density at the pericardium, 17 mA/m2. We conclude for a human subject moving at constant speed along the body's long axis into a magnetic field that Faraday's law is closely followed for various cross-sections of the body. Further, in those cases in which the magnetic field and its gradient are not well-established, one can use saline-filled loops to estimate approximate values of voltages induced in human subjects. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The dorsal cochlear nucleus contributes to a high intensity component of the acoustic startle reflex in rats

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) has been shown to project to a region of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC) critical for the evocation of startle in rats, suggesting a possible modulatory influence of the DCN on startle. This study examined the involvement of the DCN in the acoustic startle reflex and various other forms of behavioral plasticity seen with this response. Animals received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the DCN and were tested for acoustic startle responses, background noise facilitation, short-term habituation, prepulse inhibition and facilitation, and fear conditioning. Compared to sham lesioned rats, DCN lesioned rats showed a significant reduction in startle amplitude at the two highest startle-eliciting intensities (110 and 115 dB SPL) and normal responses on all other measures. Hence, the DCN appears to contribute to a high intensity component of the acoustic startle response in rats.
The effect of syntactic structure upon speech initiation times of stuttering and nonstuttering speakers.

Abstract Past research has shown that adults who stutter tend to be slower than adults who do not stutter at initiating various speech-like movements, nonsense syllables, words, short phrases, and simple sentences. The present study sought to extend this research by examining the effect that syntactic structure has upon stutterers’ and nonstutterers’ ability to initiate sentences. Eleven persons who stutter (mean age=22.2 years) and 11 nonstuttering controls (mean age=23.3 years) read, rehearsed, and then reproduced a series of 96 sentences within a simple reaction time paradigm. The sentences were presented in four blocks of 24 sentences, and each block contained one version of each of the 24 base sentences. Versions of the base sentences varied, from simple to complex, along four levels of syntactic complexity. Results indicated that speech initiation times (SITs) were significantly longer for participants who stutter than they were for nonstuttering controls for three of the four sentence types. There was no significant difference in SITs across the four sentence types for either group. Among the stuttering participants, there was no significant correlation between stuttering severity and overall initiation time for the sentences. Consistent with other studies, the present findings suggest that persons who stutter are slower than persons who do not stutter at planning and/or initiating motor movements associated with speech production. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to (1) describe how persons who stutter typically perform during various reaction time tasks, (2) explain the rationale for examining the effect of syntactic complexity upon speech initiation time, (3) discuss how the speech initiation times of persons who stutter compare to those of persons who do not stutter during the production of various types of sentences, (4) identify future research needs in this area.
State–trait anxiety and existential fear: an empirical analysis

Abstract The Fear Checklist consists of 18 items (e.g. intimacy, loss of control, failure) a respondent checks to signify areas that have been or currently are personal sources of concern and/or apprehension. Total scores on the Fear Checklist, along with scores on each of its three subscales (Social, Control, Identity), were correlated with the state (A-State) and trait (A-Trait) anxiety scales of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Both the A-State and A-Trait scales demonstrated significant association with the total Fear Checklist score (rstat e =0.48, rtrait=0.50) and each of its three subscales in a group of 135 male federal prisoners. Despite substantial overlap between the A-State and A-Trait scales (r=0.76), each achieved significant partial correlations with the total Fear Checklist score when the other scale was controlled (i.e. the A-Trait score was controlled in the state anxiety–fear relationship and the A-State score was controlled in the trait anxiety–fear relationship). These results lend preliminary support to the notion that existential fear, as measured by the Fear Checklist, is sensitive to both dispositionally (A-Trait) and situationally (A-State) based anxiety, although the majority of variance shared by the STAI and Fear Checklist was common to both STAI scales.
Immune responses in malnourished children

Abstract The thymus (T)- and bone narrow (B)-dependent immune systems were studied in severely malnourished children and age-matched controls. The levels of IgM and IgG were unaffected by malnutrition. However, children with severe malnutrition had elevated IgA levels. The percentage of B cells in the peripheral blood of the malnourished group was the same as that of the normal group, while the proportion of T cells was significantly reduced in the malnourished group. The T-dependent immune function, assessed by either the development of delayed hypersensitivity reaction after BCG vaccination or in vitro lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin, however, was normal in the malnourished group. Enhanced cellular response to PHA occurred in severely malnourished children.
Perfluoroalkyl iodide coupling in aqueous media

Abstract A careful review of the literature would lead one to believe that coupling reactions between perfluoroalkyl iodides would not occur in aqueous media. Indeed, reduction to the hydroperfluorocarbon is expected. We have found that addition of linear perfluoroalkyl iodides to aqueous suspensions of zinc metal lead to the formation of pure linear perfluoroalkanes. Easily prepared are n-perfluorooctane from C 4 F 9 I, n-C 12 F 26 from C 6 F 13 I, and n-C 16 F 34 from C 8 F 17 I. Mixed materials could be separated easily by physical means. The scope of the reaction as a function of acid strength and concentration, different fluorinated iodoalkanes, different metals, and metal R f I ratio will be reported.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of a Rat Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE5) Highly Expressed in Brain

Abstract We report here the cloning, primary structure, heterologous expression, tissue distribution, and localization of a cDNA encoding rat NHE5, a fifth member of the mammalian plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) gene family. The full-length open reading frame as well as 34 nucleotides of 5′-untranslated and 1443 nucleotides of 3′-untranslated sequences were obtained using a polymerase chain reaction strategy involving reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and 5′/3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The NHE5 cDNA encodes a protein of 898 amino acids with a calculated M r of 99,044 and is predicted to contain 11–13 transmembrane domains. An amino acid comparison of the coding region of rat NHE5 reveals 95% identity with human NHE5. Northern hybridization analysis showed that high level expression of NHE5 mRNA is restricted to brain. Transfection of the coding region of rat NHE5 into NHE-deficient PS120 cells resulted in Na+/H+ exchange activity that was relatively insensitive to the amiloride analogue, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.53 ± 0.25 μm. In situ hybridization of rat brain sections revealed significant NHE5 mRNA levels in the dentate gyrus with lower levels observed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These results suggest a specialized role for this fifth NHE isoform in neuronal tissues.
Effects of calcium antagonists on infarcting myocardium

Abstract Numerous studies have been conducted over the past 10 years on the effects of calcium antagonists on regional myocardial ischemia and infarct size. Verapamil, for example, reduced the degree of adenosine triphosphate degradation during 15 minutes of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion in an anesthetized canine preparation. It also preserved the ultrastructural appearance of mitochondria in myocardium subjected to 1 hour of ischemia. Using an 8-hour permanent coronary artery occlusion model in which risk zone was assessed with radioactive microspheres and infarct size determined by tetrazolium staining, verapamil, administered 1 hour after occlusion, resulted in a modest decrease in infarct size. In a reperfusion model in which anesthetized dogs were subjected to 3 hours of coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 hours of reperfusion, verapamil decreased infarct size when it was administered during the period of ischemia, but failed to decrease infarct size when administered only during the reperfusion phase, i.e., after 3 hours of ischemia. Although verapamil is known to have negative inotropic effects, the newer calcium antagonist agent nisoldipine is less negatively inotropic, and might therefore be preferable in the situation of compromised hemodynamics. In a 6-hour permanent coronary artery occlusion model, nisoldipine decreased infarct size without decreasing left ventricular contractility. Most published reports support the concept that calcium antagonists decrease infarct size in models of experimental infarction. Of 4 major clinical studies, only 1 has shown that calcium antagonists are capable of reducing infarct size in man. However, in most of these studies, drug therapy commenced relatively late—4 or more hours after symptoms. In order for these drugs to demonstrate beneficial effects, the risk zone may have to be small and the degree of collateral flow adequate, the drug may have to be given very early or even before coronary occlusion (in a prophylactic fashion) and administration of the drug may have to be coupled to early coronary reperfusion.
THE EXCRETION OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS. I. NORMAL VALUES IN RELATION TO AGE AND SEX*

THE purpose of the present study has been to ascertain the range and average rates of excretion of 17-ketosteroids in the urine of normal subjects at various ages as determined by the rapid method (1) previously described. Such data should prove useful for appraising results obtained in the study of endocrinopathies by the now rather large group of investigators throughout the country who have manifested an interest in, and are using the “short” method (1). MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE More than 450 twenty-four hour specimens of urine from 120 individuals, 93 male and 27 female, were examined. In the majority of cases three, and often many more, determinations per individual were made. More than half of the subjects were without clinical evidence of any disease. A smaller proportion were considered “normal” although they had one of a variety of disorders of a nonendocrine nature, such as pulmonary emphysema, mild anemia, coronary sclerosis, or psychoneurosis. Five cases of well-controlled diabetes mellitus wer...
Comparative carcinogenicity of ethylene thiourea with or without perinatal exposure in rats and mice

Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of ethylene thiourea (ETU), 97% pure, were conducted in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex. The major objective of the study was to determine if incorporation of perinatal exposure, in addition to the conventional exposure of young adult animals for 2 years, enhances the sensitivity of the bioassay in identification of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals when compared to the conventional exposure of animals to a chemical for 2 years, usually beginning at the age of 6-8 weeks. The studies were designed to determine (1) the toxic and carcinogenic effects of dietary ETU in rats and mice receiving perinatal exposure up to 8 weeks of age followed by control diet for 2 years, (2) the effects of ETU in rats and mice receiving exposure for 2 years beginning at the age of 8 weeks, and (3) the effects of combined perinatal/adult exposure to ETU (perinatal exposure to 8 weeks of age followed by the adult exposure for 2 years). During the perinatal period, rats were exposed to dietary ETU concentrations ranging from 9 to 90 ppm and adult exposure concentrations ranged from 25 to 250 ppm. In the mice, the perinatal exposure concentrations of ETU in the diet ranged from 33 to 330 ppm, and in the adults the concentrations were 100 to 1000 ppm. A total of eight exposure groups (including controls) were used with 60 animals in each group. Ten animals from each group were killed at Month 9 of the study for interim evaluation. The thyroid gland in rats and mice and the liver in mice were identified as target organs of ETU toxicity at the 9-month interim evaluation. The perinatal only exposure to ETU was not carcinogenic in rats or mice, while adult or perinatal/adult combination exposures to ETU were carcinogenic both in rats and in mice. The thyroid gland was the major site of ETU carcinogenicity both in rats and in mice. The liver and pituitary glands were other major sites of ETU carcinogenicity in mice. The carcinogenic effects of ETU were generally similar by adult and perinatal/adult combination protocols except that the incidences of thyroid tumors were slightly higher in the rats receiving the perinatal/adult combination of ETU exposure in the diet.
SU-E-J-197: A Novel Optical Interstitial Fiber Spectroscopic System for Real-Time Tissue Micro-Vascular Hemodynamics Monitoring.

Purpose: To demonstrate a novel interstitial optical fiberspectroscopicsystem, based on diffuse optical spectroscopies with spectral fitting, for the simultaneous monitoring of tumor blood volume and oxygen tension. The technique provides real‐time, minimally‐invasive and quantification of tissue micro‐vascular hemodynamics.Methods: An optical fiber prototype probe characterizesthe optical transport in tissue between two large Numerical Aperture (NA) fibers of 200μm core diameter (BFH37‐200, ThorLabs) spaced 3‐mm apart. Two 21‐Ga medical needles are used to protect fiber ends and to facilitate tissue penetration with minimum local blunt trauma in nude mice with xenografts. A 20W white light source (HL‐2000‐HP, Ocean Optics) is coupled to one fiber with SMA adapter. The other fiber is used to collect light, which is coupled into the spectrometer (QE65000 with Spectrasuite Operating software and OmniDriver, Ocean Optics). The wavelength response of the probe depends on the wavelength dependence of the light source, and of the light signal collection that includes considerable scatter, modeled with Monte‐Carlo techniques (S. Jacques 2010 J. of Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 2 123–9). Measuredspectra of tissue are normalized by a measuredspectrum of a white standard, yielding the transmission spectrum. A head‐and‐neck xenograft on the flank of a live mouse is used for development. Results: The optical fiber probe delivers and collects light at an arbitrary depth in the tumor. By spectral fitting of the measured transmission spectrum, an analysis of blood volume and oxygen tension is obtained from the fitting parameters in real time. Conclusions: A newly developed optical fiberspectroscopicsystem with an optical fiber probe takes spectroscopic techniques to a much deeper level in a tumor, which has potential applications for real‐time monitoring hypoxic cell population dynamics for an eventual adaptive therapy metric of particular use in hypofractionated radiotherapy.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of binuclear Ni(II) complexes with inherent helical chirality.

The first example of design and synthesis of helical molecules using a ridge−tile-like topological mode of nonplanarity is reported. The modular nature of the design of the starting glycine derivat...
Hyperalbuminemia and elevated transaminases associated with high-protein diet

While high protein diets are increasing in popularity, there is a lack of data on their potential adverse effects. We describe two patients on high protein supplements and exercising for physical fitness. Both developed intermittent abdominal pain, transient elevations in transaminases and hyperalbuminemia without there being any identifiable cause. The symptoms and abnormalities on the laboratory tests resolved after the high protein intake was discontinued. While the pathogenesis and importance of these abnormalities need further study, the findings raise concerns regarding the safety of high protein diets combined with high intensity exercise.
Breakthrough UV-LIGA microfabrication of sub-mm and THz circuits

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has been developing a novel UV-LIGA process to create amplifier circuits from 100 GHz through the THz. A 670 GHz EIK ladder test piece has been successfully fabricated with a 0.004 inch diameter beam tunnel, and demonstrates sub-micron fabrication accuracies. The technique is being extended to showcase capabilities at 850 GHz, and 1.03, 1.35 and 1.50 THz.
Intracranial Hypertension Without Headache in Children

We aimed to determine the frequency of intracranial hypertension without headache in children. We retrospectively analyzed patients evaluated in a pediatric intracranial hypertension referral center. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether they complained of headache at the time of presentation. Age, body mass index, and opening cerebrospinal fluid pressures were considered continuous variables and compared by Wilcoxon rank-sum test because of non-normality. A P value of .05 was considered significant. A total of 228 charts were reviewed; 152 patients met the criteria for intracranial hypertension and 22/152 patients (14.5%) met the criteria of optic nerve edema without headache. There were clinically significant differences in age and body mass index between the 2 groups. The group without headache was typically younger and not obese. The opening pressure and modified opening pressure were not clinically significant between the 2 groups.
The long-term effects of spouse involvement upon weight loss and maintenance

The effect of spouse involvement upon weight loss and maintenance was examined for 75 obese adults. Experimental conditions involved a 2×2 design which varied subject attendance (with or without spouse) and contract condition (one- or two-party contingency contracts), a supportive or attention/placebo control group (subject without spouse and no contingency contracts), and a waiting-list control group. Subjects attended 11 weekly sessions and 8 maintenance sessions over a 2-year follow-up period. The results indicated that attending the treatment sessions was effective for weight loss. The largest weight loss occurred during treatment and prior to the 12-week follow-up. At the 1- and 2-year follow-ups, subjects who had attended sessions with their spouses had lost significantly more weight than subjects who had attended without their spouses.
Effects of age on spontaneous cortisolaemia of normal volunteers and depressed patients

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the relationships between age and endogenous cortisol secretion in healthy controls and in major depressed patients between 18 and 58 years of age. Toward this end, the authors measured morning basal plasma cortisol secretion every 30 min from 0900 h until 1100 h and computed the integrated morning cortisol secretion in 80 normal controls and 118 major depressed patients. A significant negative correlation between age and plasma morning cortisol was found in normal volunteers but not in major depressives. The observed decrease in cortisol secretion with age in normal controls older than 35 years does not occur in major depressives. The middle age (± 35 years) appears to be an important turning point in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis function of normal persons vs. major depressives.
Acute onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in an adolescent with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Received Nov. 21, 2004; revision received Dec. 28, 2004; accepted Feb. 4, 2005. From the Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington; and the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Meighen, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, 702 Barnhill Dr., Rm. 4300, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5200; kmeighen@iupui.edu (e-mail). Copyright 2005 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. We describe the case of a 13-year-old boy who experienced an acute onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in the context of abrupt steroid cessation during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Potential contributing factors to the rapid onset of this patient’s symptoms, including the possible role of either steroids or the patient’s underlying leukemia, are explored.
Convergent, stereoselective synthesis of the GHIJ fragment of brevetoxin A

A stereoselective synthesis of the GHIJ fragment of brevetoxin A utilizing a convergent assembly strategy is described. Glycolate alkylation, ring-closing metathesis, and Hosomi−Sakurai reactions w...
Traditional water management in the lower Mekong Basin

Abstract Traditionally there are two separate and independent systems of water management in the lower Mekong Basin: one at the level of the productive, profane farmer and one at the level of the theocratic superstructure. Both systems were quite sophisticated in the past. However, there was no connection between the two, and the water management schemes of the theocratic superstructure did not contribute to agricultural production in a technical sense.
On the use of orthogonal transformations in the reduction of paleomagnetic data.

A modified Eulerian orthogonal transformation is extremely useful in transforming the magnetization vector of a rock sample from the sample coordinate system as measured in a magnetometer to the ancient coordinate system at the sampling site, especially if complicated folding has occurred since the rock was magnetized. The method is adaptable to a wide variety of sample collecting and marking conventions. The form and function of the transformation, which has been widely used in other fields, is reviewed and is applied to the following situations of interest in paleomagnetism: transformation from sample to site coordinates; transformation of sample coordinates if the reference or marking plane is oblique to the sample coordinate system; and removal of the effects of horizontal or plunging folds. An earlier treatment of this latter problem by ZOTKEVICH (1972) is shown to be incorrect. Additional applications of the transformation are made to the display of paleomagnetic data. The transformation has many potential applications in structural geology.
Brillouin-light-scattering study of long-wavelength spin waves in a single-crystal 300-Å gadolinium film.

The temperature dependence of the energy of ferromagnetic spin waves in an epitaxially grown 300-A [0001] Gd film is shown to depend on the bulk values of the c-axis magnetic-stiffness constant D c , defined by ω(q)=Σ i D i q i 2 , where |qa|<<1, and the axial-anisotropy constant P 2 , defined by H aniso =P 2 (S z ) 2 +.... Two bulk spin waves and one Damon-Eshbach surface magnetostatic wave were probed with Brillouin light scattering
Tracer migration experiments in unsaturated fractured tuff

Field tracer experiments were conducted at an underground tunnel—the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF)—at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, to investigate the localized preferential flow and transport resulting from multiple episodic liquid-release tests in unsaturated fractured tuff. Liquid was released into an isolated test interval (0.30 m long) within a borehole drilled along ESF. Out of 60 liquid-release tests, 36 contained tracers (mostly food and fluorescent dyes) to help us to elucidate the flow paths in unsaturated tuff. After the tracer-migration test, an array of 12 boreholes was drilled into the test area to collect rock samples. These samples were then analyzed to delineate the extent of tracer migration. Complementary laboratory column transport studies using crushed rock showed that the dye tracers were—at most—very weakly sorbed to the tuff matrix. We found that the tracer-migration test, with a limited release volume of 1.5 L, resulted in a localized distribution of tracers, most likely confined to a 1.0 × 1.6-m area directly below the test interval (over a vertical experimental length of about 0.65 m). This conclusion was corroborated by detecting dyes that had been introduced during previous liquid-release seepage tests either before or after niche excavation; the spatial distribution of all dyes was near their individual release intervals. Limited lateral spreading of the dyes occurred, even when several non-dye-containing seepage tests were intermittently conducted following dye release. This work also demonstrates the utility of applying multiple tracers (including food and fluorescent dyes) to help delineate transport characteristics in unsaturated fractured rock.
GhSEM-1 Marker Potentially Associated with Regeneration Ability in Cotton

Abstract A marker protein for embryogenie potential could be useful in determining if target tissue for Agrobacterium tumefaciens or microprojectile bombardment has the ability to regenerate plants. Certain varieties of cotton, especially Coker 312, are known to form somatic embryos readily, while others are more recalcitrant. Callus induced from Coker 312–17wa s found to be more embryogenie than that from TM-1. To investigate the molecular basis for this difference in somatic embryo potential, total RNA was isolated from globular stage callus embryos, calli with heart-stage embryos, and non-embryogenic calli. Northern analyses were performed using a developmentally regulated cotton fiber gene as a probe. This probe hybridized to a single band, GhSEM-1 (Gossypium hirsutum somatic embryogenie marker 1), only in globularstage embryos. Genomic DNA was also isolated from young leaf tissue of both embryogenie (Coker 312–17) and non-embryogenic (TM-1) lines and a Southern analysis using the same probe was perfo...
Procurement and Distribution of Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican Obsidian 900 BC–AD 1520: a Social Network Analysis

Ancient economies have been characterized by many researchers as localized, highly controlled by political actors, and static over long periods of time. In Mesoamerica, recent research has cast doubt on these views, with the recognition of early market place exchange, production by households for exchange, and the wide-ranging integration of communities into regional trade networks. Here, we expand on an earlier network analysis of obsidian assemblages from the Maya region during the Classic and Postclassic periods to incorporate data for all of Mesoamerica between 900 BC and AD 1520. Using both visual graphical representations and formal network metrics, we find that the Mesoamerican economy was dynamic and generally not highly centralized over time. The topology of this interactive network underwent significant changes over time. In particular, trends towards decreasing network hierarchy and size culminated in the highly commercialized “international” economy of Late Postclassic period as noted in previous studies. Based on this analysis, we make the case that the ancient Mesoamerican economy was neither predominantly top-down nor static, and so does not conform with oft-held presumptions regarding preindustrial economies.
Implications of morphological variation among populations of California roach Lavinia symmetricus (Cyprinidae) for conservation policy

Abstract The California roach Lavinia symmetricus is a small cyprinid native to Central California. Populations of roach are presently isolated from one another due to degradation of stream habitats between them. We examined eight populations, each from a tributary system of the San Joaquin River, to determine if morphological differences existed among them. These tributaries are now isolated from one another by dams or areas of unsuitable habitat. We found significant differences among drainages for all of the characters studied. Discriminant analysis classified 70% of the individuals to the correct drainage. The differences were not clinal because adjacent drainages were not grouped together in discriminant space. The most distinct population was as different from a nearby population (36 stream km) as from populations from other more distant tributaries and could possibly merit subspecies status. These results suggest that each population has been isolated long enough to develop morphological adaptions to local environment conditions. With one exception, the differences among the populations were too small for formal taxonomic recognition but suggest that management should focus on preserving local populations throughout the species' range, rather than scattered populations in a few reserves. This policy would serve to protect the genetic diversity of California roach, local aquatic habitats, and other even more poorly known species.
tRNA 5′-end repair activities of tRNAHis guanylyltransferase (Thg1)-like proteins from Bacteria and Archaea

The tRNAHis guanylyltransferase (Thg1) family comprises a set of unique 3′–5′ nucleotide addition enzymes found ubiquitously in Eukaryotes, where they function in the critical G−1 addition reaction required for tRNAHis maturation. However, in most Bacteria and Archaea, G−1 is genomically encoded; thus post-transcriptional addition of G−1 to tRNAHis is not necessarily required. The presence of highly conserved Thg1-like proteins (TLPs) in more than 40 bacteria and archaea therefore suggests unappreciated roles for TLP-catalyzed 3′–5′ nucleotide addition. Here, we report that TLPs from Bacillus thuringiensis (BtTLP) and Methanosarcina acetivorans (MaTLP) display biochemical properties consistent with a prominent role in tRNA 5′-end repair. Unlike yeast Thg1, BtTLP strongly prefers addition of missing N+1 nucleotides to 5′-truncated tRNAs over analogous additions to full-length tRNA (kcat/KM enhanced 5–160-fold). Moreover, unlike for −1 addition, BtTLP-catalyzed additions to truncated tRNAs are not biased toward addition of G, and occur with tRNAs other than tRNAHis. Based on these distinct biochemical properties, we propose that rather than functioning solely in tRNAHis maturation, bacterial and archaeal TLPs are well-suited to participate in tRNA quality control pathways. These data support more widespread roles for 3′–5′ nucleotide addition reactions in biology than previously expected.
Environmental Factors Affecting the Aggregation of the Cellular Slime Mold, Dictyostelium discoideum*†

SUMMARY. The aggregative process of Dictyostelium discoideum is unaffected by most chemical and physical alterations of the environment. Such substances as vitamins, amino acids, catabolic intermediates, purines and pyrimidines, redox poising agents, enzyme inhibitors, and inorganic salts were added to the aggregative substrate. Of these, only a few exerted any influence on aggregation except at lethal concentrations. Histidine allowed the wild-type myxamoebae to aggregate at lower population densities and accelerated the aggregative process as compared with controls on minimal agar. Brief exposure to histidine irreversibly conditioned the cells. No degradation of the imidazol skeleton was detected. A rise and fall of internal soluble histidine were demonstrable. The purine base, adenine, raised the population density required for maximal center formation.
Measurement and Analysis of Cutaneous Perfusion Depression During Cryotherapy

Localized cooling is commonly used after orthopedic surgery and in sports medicine to reduce bleeding, inflammation, metabolism, muscle spasm, pain, and swelling following musculoskeletal trauma and injury. The therapeutic application of cold therapy has a long history dating from the time of Hippocrates and has been widely documented in the literature1–3. Nonetheless, there remains to the present time considerable controversy over the appropriate protocol for application of cryotherapy. One extreme camp advocates continuous use of cryotherapy to a treatment site with no break in cooling for days or even weeks4–5, whereas other practitioners recommend a maximum application duration of 20 to 30 minutes followed by a cessation period of about 2 hours6–7. Although continuous cooling appears to be tolerated by many patients, there has been a large number of reported incidences in which continuous application of cryotherapy device led directly to extensive tissue necrosis and/or nerve injury in the treatment area, sometimes with dire medical consequences6,8.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Genome-Wide Alteration of Histone H3K9 Acetylation Pattern in Mouse Offspring Prenatally Exposed to Arsenic

Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water, especially in utero or perinatal exposure, can initiate neurological and cognitive dysfunction, as well as memory impairment. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated cognitive and learning deficits in children with early exposure to low to moderate levels of arsenic, but pathogenic mechanisms or etiology for these deficits are poorly understood. Since in vivo studies show a role for histone acetylation in cognitive performance and memory formation, we examined if prenatal exposure to arsenic causes changes in the epigenomic landscape. We exposed C57Bl6/J mice to 100 μg/L arsenic in the drinking water starting 1 week before conception till birth and applied chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) to evaluate H3K9 acetylation pattern in the offspring of exposed and control mice. Arsenic exposure during embryonic life caused global hypo-acetylation at H3K9 and changes in functional annotation with highly significant representation of Kruppel associated box (KRAB) transcription factors in brain samples from exposed pups. We also found that arsenic exposure of adult mice impaired spatial and episodic memory, as well as fear conditioning performance. This is the first study to demonstrate: a) genome wide changes in H3K9 acetylation pattern in an offspring prenatally exposed to arsenic, and b) a connection between moderate arsenic exposure and cognitive impairment in adult mice. The results also emphasize the applicability of Next Generation Sequencing methodology in studies aiming to reveal the role of environmental factors, other than dietary restriction, in developmental reprogramming through histone modifications during embryonic development.
Hydrogen interactions with self-interstitials in silicon.

We present a first-principles investigation of complexes between one or two hydrogen atoms and a Si self-interstitial (${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{i}}$). The atomic structure of these complexes is a distortion of the 〈110〉 split-interstitial configuration. The (H,${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{i}}$) complex has donor and acceptor levels in the band gap, both about 0.4 eV above the valence band. The (2H,${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{i}}$) complex is electrically inactive, with all Si atoms bonded to four neighbors. The binding energy of H to the self-interstitial is about 2.4 eV (referenced to free atomic H). Consequences of these results for observation of self-interstitials and for processes such as point-defect condensation and dislocation nucleation are discussed.
Scout Troops as a Field Work Laboratory

British social and American cultural anthropology have both long been based on field work, and it can be argued that no student can become a fullfledged anthropologist without an extended sojourn as a participant observer among a people whose culture differs from his own. Such a requirement may set the standards of apprenticeship a bit too high. Nevertheless, participant observation results in an outlook that makes anthropologists anthropologists and distinguishes them in some important respects from most sociologists, political scientists, economists, and psychologists. The outlook is hard to gain except through personal, firsthand experience. It would appear therefore that, if undergraduate anthropology students and graduates minoring in anthropology are to appreciate this special feature, they are as much in need of field experience as graduate majors in anthropology. The student who plans to become a professional anthropologist must of course ultimately carry out a piece of original research, but ther...
Developing vestibular ganglion neurons switch trophic sensitivity from BDNF to GDNF after target innervation.

Recent evidence showing a distinctive cell loss in vestibular and cochlear ganglia of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) versus neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) null mutant mice demonstrates that these neurotrophins play a critical role in inner ear development. In this study, biological functions of BDNF and NT-3 in the chick vestibular and cochlear ganglion development was assessed in vitro and compared to those of other neurotrophic factors. The embryonic day (E)8–12 vestibular ganglion neurons showed an extensive outgrowth in response to BDNF with less outgrowth to NT-3. In contrast, NT-3 had stronger neurotrophic effects on the E12 cochlear ganglion neurons compared to BDNF. These results support previous evidence that neurotrophins play important roles in the vestibular and cochlear ganglion neuron development. However, the responsiveness to the neurotrophins declined and became undetectable by E16. Unexpectedly, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promoted neurite outgrowth from vestibular ganglia at E12–16, later than the stages at which BDNF had neurotrophic effects. The time of switching sensitivity of the vestibular ganglion neurons from BDNF to GDNF correlated with the time of completion of synaptogenesis on their peripheral and central targets. Furthermore, a factor released from E12 inner ears exerted neurotrophic effects on late-stage vestibular ganglion neurons that were not responsive to the E4 otocyst-derived factor. These results raise the possibility that the vestibular ganglion neurons become responsive to GDNF upon target innervation and that the changes in sensitivity are regulated by changes in available factors released from their peripheral targets, the inner ear epithelia. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 38: 414–427, 1999
Predictive Techniques for River Channel Evolution and Maintenance

Predicting changes in alluvial channel morphology associated with anthropogenic and natural changes in flow and/or sediment supply is a critical part of the management of riverine systems. Over the past few years, advances in the understanding of the physics of sediment transport in conjunction with rapidly increasing capabilities in computational fluid dynamics have yielded new approaches to problems in river mechanics. Techniques appropriate for length scales ranging from reaches to bars and bedforms are described here. Examples of the use of these computational approaches are discussed for three cases: (1) the design of diversion scenarios that maintain channel morphology in steep cobble-bedded channels in Colorado, (2) determination of channel maintenance flows for the preservation of channel islands in the Snake River in Idaho, and (3) prediction of the temporal evolution of deposits in lateral separation zones for future assessment of the impacts of various dam release scenarios on lateral separation deposits in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. With continued development of their scientific and technical components, the methodologies described here can provide powerful tools for the management of river environments in the future.
Disaster Aftermath: A First-Person Perspective as a Responder and Caregiver

The patient reception team remains in existence, although its services have not been called upon since Hurricane Katrina. Drills are held, largely for ancillary personnel, with providers brought in on an as-needed basis. The team stands ready for the next challenge, knowing that the most important lesson is to expect the unexpected. Responders, who understand this and take it to heart, from the onset of the mitigation phase through to the final recovery phase, should find themselves better able to surmount the challenges they will surely face.
Global scale models of the mantle flow field predicted by synthetic tomography models

Using a multi-disciplinary technique incorporating the heterogeneous resolution of seismic tomography, geodynamical models of mantle convection, and relationships derived from mineral physics, we investigate the method of using seismic observations to derive global-scale 3D models of the mantle flow field. We investigate the influence that both the resolution of the seismic model and the relationship used to interpret wavespeed anomalies in terms of density perturbations have on the calculated flow field. We create a synthetic seismic tomography model from a 3D spherical whole mantle geodynamic convection model and compare present-day global mantle flow fields from the original convection model and from a geodynamical model which uses the buoyancy field of the synthetic tomography model as an initial condition. We find that, to first order, the global velocity field predicted by the synthetic seismic model correlates well with the flow field from the original convection model throughout most of the mantle. However, in regions where the resolving power of the seismic model is low, agreement between the models is reduced. We also note that the flow field from the synthetic seismic model is relatively independent of the density–velocity scaling ratio used. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The effect of reliability consideration on the application of quality index

Quality index (QI) has been proposed as a screening mechanism for machine-part matrices in the development of cellular manufacturing systems. In this paper the effect of reliability consideration on the application of QI and the relative sensitivity of job shop and cellular manufacturing systems to reliability changes are evaluated by simulation modeling. Performance measures such as mean flow time and work-in-process inventories are used in the comparative study of job shop and cellular manufacturing.
Caffeinated Alcohol Use and Expectancies for Caffeine Versus Alcohol

Background: Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use is related to alcohol-related risk. Limited research has examined outcome expectancies and CAB consumption. Objectives: This study tested the predictive utility of caffeine and alcohol expectancies in CAB use outcomes (i.e. quantity, frequency, and alcohol-related harms). Methods: Participants were 419 (302 women) alcohol and caffeine users from a mid-sized urban university. Data collection occurred between August 2010 and December 2011. Participants completed measures of caffeine and alcohol expectancies, alcohol problems, alcohol use, and CAB use. Results: Caffeine and alcohol expectancies contributed uniquely to approximately 12% of the variability in quantity, 8% in frequency, and 16% in problems. When examined separately, alcohol expectancies explained approximately 10% to 11% of the variance, whereas caffeine expectancies accounted for 6% of the variance in CAB use quantity. For CAB use frequency, alcohol and caffeine expectancies accounted for ab...