cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Should We Be Laughing More in Art Museums and Hospitals

If both art and laughter are good for your health, why aren't we encouraging more humor in museums and hospitals? We are taught to approach art with awe and respect-and to treat medicine as deadly serious business. It follows, then, that overt displays of humor, such as laughing or joking in a museum, doctor's office, or hospital, are probably in bad taste. But if viewing and making art can lower rates of anxiety and depression and help soothe chronic pain-and if laughter helps blood vessels function better and improves the flow of oxygen to the heart and brain-then perhaps we unwittingly deprive our patrons and patients of an important tool in the health and wellness toolbox.
Physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of brown carbon produced under different combustion conditions

Abstract Light-absorbing organic particulate matter (PM), or brown carbon (BrC), may constitute an important fraction of combustion PM. Here, we investigate the effect of combustion conditions on the molecular sizes of BrC, their light-absorption properties, and their cytotoxicity. We used toluene in a combustion reactor with highly controlled conditions to produce two different types of BrC under two conditions corresponding to smoldering and near-flaming combustion, with temperatures of 670 °C and 1035 °C, respectively. We performed online measurements of the size distributions and light-absorption properties of the BrC. The BrC produced at 1035 °C was more light absorbing, with an imaginary component of the refractive index at 532 nm (k532) an order of magnitude larger than that of the BrC produced at 670 °C. We also collected samples for offline chemical characterization using laser desorption ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry. The LDI mass spectra showed that the BrC produced at 1035 °C was composed of species with significantly larger molecular sizes than the BrC produced at 670 °C. Using human lung epithelial cells, we conducted in vitro cytotoxicity analysis on the two types of BrC with doses ranging from 3.5 to 136.0 μg of BrC/ml. After 24-h exposure, the viability of the cells was assessed using a WST-8 assay. The cytotoxicity analysis showed that, for both BrC samples, the cells exhibited a clear dose-dependent response with significant BrC cytotoxicity that plateaued at the higher doses. However, while the viability of cells exposed to the BrC produced at 1035 °C reached a minimum of around 65% at the highest dose, the BrC produced at 670 °C proved to be significantly more toxic, with the viability dropping asymptotically to 25%. The results presented here suggest that organic PM of smaller molecular sizes produced under lower temperature, smoldering combustion could be significantly more toxic than those of larger molecular sizes produced under higher temperature, flaming conditions. The use of a single-molecule fuel in a highly controlled combustion setup distinguishes this work from experiments that rely on real-life sources and combustion setups, where different combustion conditions could be occurring simultaneously and clouding the conclusions.
The Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory and size at maturity/maximum size relationships for salmonid populations occupying flowing waters.

The slowing of growth as fish age has long been believed to be related to energy expenditure for maturation, and this rationalization has been used to explain why, across nearly all fish species, the relationship between size at first maturity (Lm ) and maximum (Lmax ) or asymptotic length (L∞ ) is relatively constant. In contrast, the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) postulates that (a) fish growth slows because as they grow, their two-dimensional ability to extract oxygen from the water diminishes relative to their three-dimensional weight gain, and (b) they can only invest energy for maturation if oxygen supply at their size at first maturity (Qm ) exceeds that needed for maintenance metabolism (Q∞ ). It has been reported previously across dozens of marine fish species that the relationship between Qm and Q∞ is linear and, further, it can be mathematically converted to Lm vs. L∞ by raising both terms to the power of D (the gill surface factor), resulting in a slope of 1.36. If the GOLT is universal, a similar slope should exist for LmD vs. L∞D relationships for freshwater species across multiple individual populations that reside in disparate habitats, although to our knowledge this has never been evaluated. For analysis, we used existing data from previous studies conducted on 51 stream-dwelling populations of redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri, Yellowstone cutthroat trout O. clarkii bouvieri and mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni. The resulting LmD vs. L∞D slopes combining all data points (1.35) or for all species considered separately (range = 1.29-1.40) were indeed equivalent to the slope originally produced for the marine species from which the GOLT-derived relationship was first reported. We briefly discuss select papers both supporting and resisting various aspects of the GOLT, note that it could potentially explain shrinking sizes of marine fish, and call for more concerted research efforts combining laboratory and field expertise in fish growth research.
Themes in the Experience of Gender Among Women With Serious Mental Health Illnesses

The focus of this article is on women with mental health illness and themes pertaining to issues of gender in their mental health experiences and in their treatment by peers and family. Grounded th...
Harming Business Clients with Zealous Advocacy: Rethinking the Attorney Advisor's Touchstone

Joseph Collins was a successful business lawyer, with a sophisticated practice at Mayer Brown LLP. In January 2010, Collins was sentenced to seven years in prison for his role in a massive fraud that cost investors millions and sent his client Refco, Inc. into bankruptcy. At sentencing, the judge reportedly stated, “I think this is a case of excessive loyalty to his client.” Collins’ own testimony reflects a lawyer who believed he was zealously representing his client's interests. But in reality, Collins’ conduct was not “loyal” to his client. He contributed to his client’s destruction. With the Collins example and others, I argue that business lawyers act as zealous advocates to their own clients’ peril. I explain that professional conduct rules are central to the problem. The advisor’s duties are relegated to a single rule that provides scant direction about how to advise. In the absence of direction, lawyers fill in the gaps with zealous advocacy. After examining the problems of the zealous advocacy mantra, I suggest that “fiduciary duty” would be a preferable touchstone for attorney-advisors. While it is true lawyers are already fiduciaries, fiduciary duty is not the focus for most lawyers. I argue that it should be. Using fiduciary duty as a framework, I propose professional conduct rules that would provide direction to business lawyers that is more consistent with their clients’ interests.
Perforated Gastric Body Secondary to Migrated Esophageal Stent

A 44-year-old male presented to the ER with severe abdominal pain and a reported syncope episode. Focused abdominal sonography in trauma and abdominal exam demonstrated free fluid and peritonitis. CT scan demonstrated a metallic object in the stomach with free air and fluid throughout the abdomen. The following report is a rare case presentation of a perforated stomach secondary to a migrated esophageal stent used for the treatment of a benign esophageal stricture refractory to other treatment modalities.
Cortical Spheroid Model for Studying the Effects of Ischemic Brain Injury

Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder and a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Despite many decades of research, there are still very few therapeutic options for patients suffering from stroke or its consequences. This is partially due to the limitations of current research models, including traditional in vitro models which lack the three-dimensional (3D) architecture and cellular make-up of the in vivo brain. 3D spheroids derived from primary postnatal rat cortex provide an in vivo-relevant model containing a similar cellular composition to the native cortex and a cell-synthesized extracellular matrix. These spheroids are cost-effective, highly reproducible, and can be produced in a high-throughput manner, making this model an ideal candidate for screening potential therapeutics. To study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of stroke in this model, spheroids were deprived of glucose, oxygen, or both oxygen and glucose for 24 hours. Both oxygen and oxygen-glucose deprived spheroids demonstrated many of the hallmarks of stroke, including a decrease in metabolism, an increase in neural dysfunction, and an increase in reactive astrocytes. Pretreatment of spheroids with the antioxidant agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC) mitigated the decrease in ATP seen after 24 hours of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Together, these results show the utility of our 3D cortical spheroid model for studying ischemic injury and its potential for screening stroke therapeutics.
A diode laser chemical sensor utilizing an oxidized lower cladding layer for high sensitivity

We demonstrate a chemical sensor incorporating a self-aligned, symmetrically-clad high index contrast evanescent field sensing waveguide. Analyte overlap of 4.8% is obtained with a tightly confined mode, ideal for sensitive affinity assays.
The number of gunshot wounds does not predict injury severity and mortality

It is presumed that as the number of gunshot wounds (GSWs) increases, so do the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and mortality risk. We hypothesized that the number of bullet wounds relates to ISS and death; however, a single GSW to the head is ominous. We reviewed the charts of all GSW patients admitted to a trauma center from 2004 to 2006 (n = 531). We analyzed patient demographics, ISS, and mortality. There was no correlation with the number of GSWs with either ISS or mortality. There was only a 0.3 per cent increased risk of death for each additional GSW (r2 = 0.12). Patients with a single GSW versus multiple GSWs had no difference in mortality (9.1 vs 8.4%, P = 0.8). A single GSW to the head carried a 50 per cent mortality risk. For those who sustained both head and body GSWs, each additional GSW did not increase mortality (r2 = 0.007). Our study shows that the number of GSWs has no affect on mortality or ISS. Internal triage and management of gunshot victims should not be affected by the categorization of patients as having a single versus multiple GSWs. Language: en
Aureliano Babilonia es un abaporu . Iteración y lenguaje en la construcción de identidades

En las ultimas paginas de Cien anos de soledad (1967), donde se narra la relacion entre Amaranta Ursula y Aureliano Babilonia, aparece de manera mas o menos intempestiva, pero recurrente, el tema de la antropofagia. Este articulo intenta demostrar que la introduccion del tropo no es menor: toda la novela es, en ultimas, una gran experiencia antropofagica. Asi, pues, a partir de la comparacion de los lenguajes utilizados en Cien anos de soledad y en la pintura Abaporu (1928), se pretende indagar acerca del caracter impuro e iterable de estas creaciones, con el fin de poner de manifiesto que cada reformulacion de la identidad es, en las artes, un reordenamiento linguistico donde los limites entre creador y espectador-lector son cada vez mas difusos. Palabras claves: Garcia Marquez, Gabriel; do Amaral, Tarsila; Cien anos de soledad ; Abaporu ; antropofagia; arte y literatura; iteracion; identidad. Abstract: In the final pages of Cien anos de soledad (1967), when narrating the relationship between Amaranta Ursula and Aureliano Babilonia, there appears suddenly but then recurrently the theme of anthropophagy. My argument intends to demonstrate that the introduction of this trope is not inconsequential: the novel is ultimately an immense experience of anthropophagy. This text, through the comparison of the languages utilized in Cien anos de soledad and the paint Abaporu (1928), aspires to inquire about the impure and iterable nature of these creations in order to make apparent that every reformulation of identity is, in the arts, a linguistic reordering where the boundaries between creator and spectator-reader are in each instance more diffuse. Keywords: Garcia Marquez, Gabriel; do Amaral, Tarsila; Cien anos de soledad ; Abaporu ; anthropophagy; art and literature; iteration; identity.
The Great God Cholesterol

Several recent reports maintain that healthy children with elevated concentrations of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in their blood will prove to be adults with high levels and, consequently, at high risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).1-3 Two of these studies advocate screening of all children for elevations of cholesterol1,2; one of them goes so far as to call healthy children with elevated LDL-C concentrations "severely affected."1 This is unjustified. Consider the data: Two studies have tracked cholesterol levels from childhood into adulthood.4,5 In the Beaver County study, only 48% of 11- to 14-year-olds whose cholesterol levels were at or above the 80th percentile had levels in that range 9 years later.
Reservation-based totally ordered multicasting

We present an innovative totally ordered multicast protocol that is based on reservation of buffers at the destinations and intermediate network bridges, rather than on an acknowledgment strategy. By introducing timestamps into the packets and by using a buffer reservation retract scheme, our protocol not only produces a global total order of packets but also solves the deadlock and starvation problems to which reservation-based protocols are vulnerable. A discrete event simulation demonstrates the high throughput and low latency of the protocol.
Re-Mediating Literacy: Culture, Difference, and Learning for Students from Nondominant Communities.

this chapter, we examine notions of educational risk in the context of literacy theories and research. Deficit notions about the cognitive potential of individuals from nondominant1 communities have persisted in social science inquiry, particularly where literacy is concerned. The intellectual trails of current conflicting ideas about literacy can be traced in part to theories about the role of literacy in society. For example, the great divide theories of literacy, sustained by a view of culture as social evolution and progress (Cole, 2005), attributed significant differences to the cognitive and cultural development of literate and nonliterate people and their communities (Goody, 1977, 1986, 1987; Goody & Watt, 1963; Havelock, 1963; Ong, 1982).2 This literacy thesis held that there were "categorical differences in cognition and language as consequences of literacy" (Reder & Davila, 2005, p. 171) differences marked by stark dualities used to characterize literate and nonliterate communities: writing versus orality, modern versus traditional, and educated versus uneducated, for example (Collins, 1995, p. 75). As Reder and Davila (2005) have noted, "literacy was presumed to have broad and ubiquitous consequences in such areas as: abstract versus context-dependent uses and genre of language; logical, critical, and scientific versus irrational modes of thought; analytical history versus myth; and so forth" (p. 171). These theories of literacy were challenged for their wideranging dichotomies that perpetuated the hierarchical differences between "types of societies, modes of thought, and uses of language" (p. 171) and reductive notions of culture and thought (Cole & Scribner, 1974, 1977).
Quality by design approach for formulation, evaluation and statistical optimization of diclofenac-loaded ethosomes via transdermal route.

AbstractThe objective of this study was to fabricate and understand ethosomal formulations of diclofenac (DF) for enhanced anti-inflammatory activity using quality by design approach. DF-loaded ethosomal formulations were prepared using 4 × 5 full-factorial design with phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (PC:CH) ratios ranging between 50:50 and 90:10, and ethanol concentration ranging between 0% and 30% as formulation variables. These formulations were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and skin permeation kinetics. The interaction of formulation variables had a significant effect on both physicochemical properties and permeation kinetics. The results of multivariate regression analysis illustrated that vesicle size and elasticity of ethosomes were the dominating physicochemical properties affecting skin permeation, and could be suitably controlled by manipulation of formulation variables to optimize the formulation and enhance the skin permeation of DF-loaded ethosomes. The optimized formul...
A convergent instability wave front in the central tropical Pacific

Abstract A narrow front encountered at 2.1°N, 140°W was characterized by high productivity and a 2°C temperature drop. Satellite sea-surface temperature (SST) imagery showed this front to extend over 400 km from just north of the equator to 5°N along the western (leading) edge of a tropical instability wave cold cusp. During 3 days of observations the front propagated westward at 64 cm s−1 while oriented SW-NE. Water velocities and densities around the front were measured using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler and hydrographic stations. These data showed warm, fresh northern water moving southward at speeds of up to 50 cm s−1 to encounter cold, salty equatorial water moving northward at up to 40 cm s−1; both slabs were embedded in the South Equatorial Current, here a uniform 100 m deep westward flow of 90 cm s−1. At their meeting a net convergence of 30 cm s−1 across the 1-km wide front drove intense downselling of up to 0.9 cm s−1. Both T-S relations and velocity fields indicate that cold water subducted beneath the warmer water and continued northward to beyond 3°N, deepening to 120 m. For analysis the data were gridded in a co-ordinate system centered on the front and moving with it. The dynamics near the front consisted of a balance between pressure gradient and non-linear advection; the Coriolis force was smaller and associated mostly with the broader scale flow. Thus, the front itself was not geostrophic, but rather the leading edge of a density-driven flow that can be accurately modeled as a dissipative lock-exchange. The subduction released potential energy at the rate of 5290 ± 230 W m−1 of front length, comparable to previous estimates of large-scale energy conversion. Nevertheless, the kinetic energy gain by the larger-scale instability was only 840 ± 31 W m−1, implying that the rest of the energy was lost to the large-scale flow. Turbulent dissination as derived from the rate of mixing accounted for only 500 ± 300 W m−1 of this loss. On the full 100 km-scale of the layered flow, the Coriolis force became important: the orientation of the surface front and the angle of the interface's northward deepening produced a pressure gradient that balanced the meridional flow geostrophically.
Student and Faculty Perceptions of Social Problems: How Different are They ‘Really’?

As sociologists in the classroom, one of the most fascinating aspects of our profession lies in our ability to interact with students on a fairly regular basis. In our capacity as professors, it is our responsibility to create a classroom environment in which students will have the opportunities to interact with the instructor and other students as well about new materials, their own views, and the views of others. Learning is an interactive and dynamic process. We use a number of strategies to facilitate learning and student interaction, such as role playing, group work, individual presentations, films, documentaries, service learning opportunities, and others. In many cases we use multiple approaches. In this address, I will discuss and use survey results from students and members of the North Central Sociological Association (NCSA) about important current issues in the United States. My aim is to illustrate some of the problems we as sociologists experience in teaching about social issues in our society
Converting an electronic calculator into a counter

An inexpensive method for converting an electronic calculator into a digital counter is described. The conversion requires only two components in addition to the calculator (a relay and a capacitor).
Estimating likelihood of future crashes for crash-prone drivers

At-fault crash-prone drivers are usually considered as the high risk group for possible future incidents or crashes. In Louisiana, 34% of crashes are repeatedly committed by the at-fault crash-prone drivers who represent only 5% of the total licensed drivers in the state. This research has conducted an exploratory data analysis based on the driver faultiness and proneness. The objective of this study is to develop a crash prediction model to estimate the likelihood of future crashes for the at-fault drivers. The logistic regression method is used by employing eight years' traffic crash data (2004–2011) in Louisiana. Crash predictors such as the driver's crash involvement, crash and road characteristics, human factors, collision type, and environmental factors are considered in the model. The at-fault and not-at-fault status of the crashes are used as the response variable. The developed model has identified a few important variables, and is used to correctly classify at-fault crashes up to 62.40% with a specificity of 77.25%. This model can identify as many as 62.40% of the crash incidence of at-fault drivers in the upcoming year. Traffic agencies can use the model for monitoring the performance of an at-fault crash-prone drivers and making roadway improvements meant to reduce crash proneness. From the findings, it is recommended that crash-prone drivers should be targeted for special safety programs regularly through education and regulations.
Tunable, shape-shifting capsule for dicarboxylates

A cylindrical amide-based tricycle provides a ditopic framework for encapsulating both aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylate anions. Due to the flexible spacer between the two macrocyclic receptor sites, it can modulate its shape to conform to dicarboxylates of varying lengths. In the uncomplexed form, the host is elongated along its cylindrical axis, but when encapsulating the guest, it compresses to ensure the best structural fit.
Ethnic Differences in the Association Between Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy Outcome

The purpose of the study was to examine ethnic variation in the impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) on birth outcome. The authors examined the association between GDM and pregnancy-induced hypertension, macrosomia, primary Cesarean delivery, and preterm birth, using New York City Birth Certificate data from 2001–2006. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the crude and adjusted odds ratios of GDM with each adverse perinatal event, stratified by ethnicity. GDM was associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal events among all ethnic groups, with modest variation by ethnicity. Across ethnic groups, adjusted odds ratios comparing women with and without GDM ranged from 1.4–2.9 for pregnancy-induced hypertension, 1.0–2.2 for macrosomia, 1.1–1.8 for primary Cesarean delivery, and 1.3–1.8 for preterm birth. Overall, Caribbean, Sub-Saharan African, and African American women tended to show a larger relative impact of GDM, while North African, South Central Asian, and Chinese women showed a comparatively smaller impact of GDM. Although some ethnic variation was seen, differences in effect size were not large enough to support ethnic-specific thresholds for GDM diagnosis and treatment.
Regional powers and small state security : India and Sri Lanka, 1977-1990

Regional Powers and Small State Security recounts India's involvement in the affairs of its much smaller neighbour, Sri Lanka, over the question of Tamil separatists in the northern and eastern parts of the island. K. M. de Silva first examines Indian regional ambitions and Indian-Sri Lankan relations during the cold war. He explores the origins of ethnic strife in Sri Lanka and the interests of lndia, with its own large Tamil population, in that strife. He then tells the story of lndia's involvement in three stages. From about 1980, India provided covert support for Sri Lanka's Tamil separatists operating from the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. From 1983 to 1987, India attempted to serve as mediator between the separatists and the Sri Lankan government. From 1987 to 1990, India was a combatant against the separatists in Sri Lanka. The author has had special access to confidential Sri Lankan official sources. On the basis of those documents, he further interviewed all politicians and senior officials involved in negotiations on both the Indian and the Sri Lankan side. This book significantly broadens the base of information available for students of South Asia and of ethnic conflict.
High-pressure viscosity and density of n -alkanes

High-pressure viscosities and densities of n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-octane have been measured with a specially designed falling cylinder viscometer. Data cover the pressure range from 10 to 70 MPa at temperatures from 310 to 450 K. When the viscosity is plotted as a function of density, the data at all temperatures and pressures are shown to reduce to a single curve for each alkane. An exponential relationship of the form η = B 1 x exp(B 2xρ) + B 3 is used to describe the density dependence of viscosity. The logarithmic viscosity of the alkanes changes linearly with the inverse temperature at all pressures. The density shows a linear dependence on temperature.
A statistical investigation of time-variant hull girder strength of aging ships and coating life

Abstract Risk- and reliability-based approaches are increasingly being applied in assisting inspection and maintenance planning. One of the keys to such approaches is properly predicting the hull girder strength (HG) of gradually degradated hull structures. The development has been limited by the lack of data on aging ships—validation of the developed methods has not been possible. To fill the gap of knowledge on hull strength of ships in service, this paper presents a database of as-gauged hull structures and a statistical study of the time-variant HG of tankers. The expanded data set was collected from 2195 as-gauged girth belts (transverse sections) of 211 single-hull tankers that were 12–32 years old. It was intended to (1) provide actual data on hull girder section modulus (HGSM) of tankers, (2) investigate the general trends of the change in the HG over ships’ service life, and (3) propose formulations for presenting time-variant HGSM and coating life. The data set demonstrated a high variation of HGSM that changed over time. The mean value and standard deviation of HGSM loss were derived as functions of time. The probability density function (pdf) of coating life was also derived. Comparisons were made between previous studies on HG and the current data set. It was found that almost all previous studies showed much greater HG loss than what this database revealed. The refinement of existing calculations appears to be needed. The data set and statistical study were expected to form the basis for validating formulations of HG that are key components in risk- and reliability-based approaches.
Carcinogenicity of chlorinated nitrosotrialkylureas in rats.

Four chlorinated derivatives of nitrosotrialkylureas were tested for carcinogenicity by oral administration by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats. All of the compounds were very toxic, and all were carcinogenic, inducing tumors of the non-glandular stomach and of the lungs. The commonest tumors were carcinomas and papillomas of the non-glandular stomach and alveolar cell adenomas of the lungs. Nitrosochloroethyldimethylurea induced most tumors, but it was possible to administer higher doses of this compound than of the others, which were nitrosochloroethyldiethylurea, nitrosomethylbis-(chloroethyl)-urea and nitrosotris-(chloroethyl)-urea. The last of these was a particularly toxic compound so that the maximum total dose given was only 0.07 millimole per rat.
Venus-Earth-Mars: comparative climatology and the search for life in the solar system.

Both Venus and Mars have captured the human imagination during the twentieth century as possible abodes of life. Venus had long enchanted humans—all the more so after astronomers realized it was shrouded in a mysterious cloak of clouds permanently hiding the surface from view. It was also the closest planet to Earth, with nearly the same size and surface gravity. These attributes brought myriad speculations about the nature of Venus, its climate, and the possibility of life existing there in some form. Mars also harbored interest as a place where life had or might still exist. Seasonal changes on Mars were interpreted as due to the possible spread and retreat of ice caps and lichen-like vegetation. A core element of this belief rested with the climatology of these two planets, as observed by astronomers, but these ideas were significantly altered, if not dashed during the space age. Missions to Venus and Mars revealed strikingly different worlds. The high temperatures and pressures found on Venus supported a “runaway greenhouse theory,” and Mars harbored an apparently lifeless landscape similar to the surface of the Moon. While hopes for Venus as an abode of life ended, the search for evidence of past life on Mars, possibly microbial, remains a central theme in space exploration. This survey explores the evolution of thinking about the climates of Venus and Mars as life-support systems, in comparison to Earth.
Gas exchange in chronic thromboembolism after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.

Thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice for chronic large vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. To identify the mechanisms responsible for the improvement in gas exchange following thromboendarterectomy, we studied nine patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension before and eight to 18 months after surgery using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Preoperatively, all subjects had pulmonary hypertension and were hypoxemic or had an elevated P(A-a)O 2 . The V · A / Q · distribution was widened with an elevated V D /V T and a low cardiac index. After thromboendarterectomy, significant improvement had occurred. The V · A / Q · distribution had narrowed to near normal, and the cardiac index increased. It was concluded that thromboendarterectomy improved gas exchange both by improving V · A / Q · relationships and by increasing cardiac output.
A prototype bytecode parallelization tool

This paper provides a manual for javab, a prototype tool that supports the automatic detection and exploitation of implicit loop parallelism in JVM bytecode. Implicit parallelism is made explicit by means of the multi-threading mechanism provided by the JVM. Automatically exploiting implicit parallelism at bytecode level can be done independently from the source program and platform from which the bytecode was obtained, and independently from the platform on which the bytecode eventually will run. The parallelized bytecode remains architecturally neutral and may exhibit speedup on any platform that supports the true parallel execution of JVM threads. This project is supported by DARPA under contract ARPA F19628–94–C–0057 through a sub-contract from Syracuse University. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of virus related to SV40 from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Abstract Virus related to simian-virus 40 (SV40) was isolated from brains of two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a human demyelinating disease. Virus was grown in cell cultures of primary African green-monkey kidney inoculated with cultures of cells derived from patients' brains. Electron microscopy showed virus-like particles resembling papovaviruses in the brain of one patient and in monkey-kidney cell cultures infected with both virus isolates. Immunologic studies using fluorescent and neutralizing antibodies indicate a close relation between the isolated viruses and SV40.
Optical scattering with hyperspectral imaging to classify longissimus dorsi muscle based on beef tenderness using multivariate modeling.

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a non-destructive method for classifying cooked-beef tenderness using hyperspectral imaging of optical scattering on fresh beef muscle tissue. A hyperspectral imaging system (λ = 922–1739 nm) was used to collect hyperspectral scattering images of the longissimus dorsi muscle (n = 472). A modified Lorentzian function was used to fit optical scattering profiles at each wavelength. After removing highly correlated parameters extracted from the Lorentzian function, principal component analysis was performed. Four principal component scores were used in a linear discriminant model to classify beef tenderness. In a validation data set (n = 118 samples), the model was able to successfully classify tough and tender samples with 83.3% and 75.0% accuracies, respectively. Presence of fat flecks did not have a significant effect on beef tenderness classification accuracy. The results demonstrate that hyperspectral imaging of optical scattering is a viable technology for beef tenderness classification.
Incarcerated inguinal hernia management in children: ‘a comparison of the open and laparoscopic approach’

To compare the outcomes of management of incarcerated inguinal hernia by open versus laparoscopic approach. This is a retrospective analysis of incarcerated inguinal hernina in a paediatric surgery centre involving four consultants. Manual reduction was attempted in all and failure was managed by emergency surgery. The laparoscopy group had 27 patients. Four patients failed manual reduction and underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery. Three of them had small bowel strangulation which was reduced laparoscopically. The strangulated bowel was dusky in colour initially but changed to normal colour subsequently under vision. The fourth patient required appendectomy for strangulated appendix. One patient had concomitant repair of umbilical hernia and one patient had laparoscopic pyloromyotomy at the same time. One patient had testicular atrophy, one had hydrocoele and one had recurrence of hernia on the asymptomatic side. The open surgery group had 45 patients. Eleven patients had failed manual reduction requiring emergency surgery, of these two required resection and anastomosis of small intestine. One patient in this group had concomitant repair of undescended testis. There was no recurrence in this group, one had testicular atrophy and seven had metachronous hernia. Both open herniotomy and laparoscopic repair offer safe surgery with comparable outcomes for incarcerated inguinal hernia in children. Laparoscopic approach and hernioscopy at the time of open approach appear to show the advantage of repairing the contralateral patent processus vaginalis at the same time and avoiding metachronous inguinal hernia.
Supernova 1993J: one year later.

Abstract Supernova 1993J, a Type II pec supernova, was discovered on March 28 in the nearby galaxy M81. The spectra displayed strong Balmer lines establishing its classification as a Type II supernova. About 26 days after explosion the Hα profile became anomalous, signaling the presence of significant amounts of helium. Additionally, the light curve displayed an anomalous double peak. We review the observations and interpretation of Supernova 1993J through the use of light curve fitting and synthetic spectra.
Diffusion through swelling membranes with a Robin boundary condition

A Robin boundary condition at the downstream surface of stretched membrane is used to study diffusion through swollen polymer membranes. Four dimensionless parameters are used to describe the diffusion process. These parameters are associated with the effect of swelling, relaxation, and retardation times of the polymer matrix as well as the normal derivative condition at the downstream side of the membrane. The effect of these four parameters is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Purification of prenylated proteins by affinity chromatography on cyclodextrin-modified agarose

Although protein prenylation is widely studied, there are few good methods for isolating prenylated proteins from their non-prenylated relatives. We report that crosslinked agarose (e.g., Sepharose) chromatography media that has been chemically functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is extremely effective in affinity chromatography of prenylated proteins. In this study, a variety of proteins with C-terminal prenylation target (“CAAX box”) sequences were enzymatically prenylated in vitro with natural and non-natural prenyl diphosphate substrates. The prenylated protein products could then be isolated from starting materials by gravity chromatography or fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on a β-CD-Sepharose column. One particular prenylation reaction—farnesylation of a mCherry-CAAX fusion construct—was studied in detail. In this case, purified farnesylated product was unambiguously identified by electrospray mass spectrometry. In addition, when mCherry-CAAX was prenylated with a non-natural, functional isoprenoid substrate, the functional group was maintained by chromatography on β-CD-Sepharose, such that the resulting protein could be selectively bound at its C terminus to complementary functionality on a solid substrate. Finally, β-CD-Sepharose FPLC was used to isolate prenylated mCherry-CAAX from crude HeLa cell lysate, as a model for purifying prenylated proteins from cell extracts. We propose that this method could be generally useful to the community of researchers studying protein prenylation.
Molecular genetics of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a severe form of inherited childhood nephropathy ( approximately 1:20,000 live births) characterized by fusiform dilatation of collecting ducts and congenital hepatic fibrosis. Up to 30% die as neonates due to respiratory insufficiency and the majority of surviving infants develop hypertension. Progression to end stage renal disease occurs in 20-45% of cases within 15 years but a proportion maintain renal function into adulthood where complications of liver disease predominate. The ARPKD disease gene, PKHD1, has recently been identified through analysis of an orthologous animal model, the PCK rat. PKHD1 is a large gene ( approximately 470 kb) with 67 exons from which multiple transcripts may be generated by alternative splicing. It is highly expressed in kidney, with lower levels in liver and pancreas. The ARPKD protein, fibrocystin (4074 aa and 447 kDa), is predicted to be an integral membrane, receptor-like protein containing multiple copies of an Ig-like domain (TIG). Fibrocystin is localized to the branching ureteric bud, collecting and biliary ducts, consistent with the disease phenotype, and often absent from ARPKD tissue. In common with other PKD-related proteins, fibrocystin is localized to the primary cilia of renal epithelial cells, reinforcing the link between ciliary dysfunction and cyst development. Screens of PKHD1 have revealed 119 different mutations of various types spread throughout the gene. Several ancestral changes have been described, some localized to specific geographic populations. The majority of patients are compound heterozygotes and preliminary genotype/phenotype studies associate two truncating mutations with severe disease. The complexities of PKHD1, marked allelic heterogeneity and high level of missense changes complicate gene-based diagnostics.
Isolation and characterization of a novel lipoprotein particle from human placental extracts

Summary While it is believed that placental tissue is very active in lipid metabolism, the nature of lipid containing particles secreted (if any) by this tissue is not known. Lipoprotein profile of human placental tissue was analysed by gel filtration, gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Our studies demonstrated the presence of lipoproteins with unusual compositions. A novel major lipoprotein (which eluted in the same position on plasma VLDL) was characterized. While this lipoprotein floated at density
Patient Powered Device for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder in which throat muscles relax during sleep, causing the upper airway to close. As a result, breathing ceases until a brief awakening restores the muscle tone and reopens the airway. Untreated sleep apnea contributes to cognitive, cardiovascular, and metabolic morbidity and has substantial negative impact on an individual’s quality of life. Treatment most commonly consists of nightly use of a nasal mask connected to a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine. The CPAP machine splints the upper airway open by supplying positive air pressure. However, the machine is expensive, requires electricity, and has suboptimal portability, noise, and aesthetics. The aim of this work was to develop a low-cost, lightweight, quiet, and mechanical CPAP machine that would function without an external energy source in resource-limited settings.
Interprotein Electron Transfer with Protein Maquettes

Protein-driven electron transfers are essential steps in a wide range of biochemical processes. Electron transfer rates are governed primarily by the distance between redox centers and by the driving force originating from midpoint potentials and coupled catalytic reactions. The structural complexity of natural proteins contrasts with the relatively simple rules of cofactor selection and placement that, in principle, govern the electron transfer behavior. Here we present two examples of minimal 4-α-helical bundle proteins ("maquettes") that leverage these basic design principles to illustrate functional electron transfer. Both proteins support bis-histidine ligation of natural heme cofactors within a tetrahelical bundle. The first of these maquettes is BT6, a water-soluble monomeric protein with a net charge of −14. Reduced heme-bound BT6 transfers electrons to cytochrome c at 2x107 M/s, a rate similar to the electron transfer between the natural b-heme protein neuroglobin and cytochrome c during apoptosis. As in the neuroglobin-cyt c system, we believe that the rapid electron transfer from glutamate-rich BT6 to lysine-rich cytochrome c is enhanced through electrostatic interaction between the two proteins. The second maquette discussed here is AM1, an amphiphilic 4-α-helical monomer. AM1 incorporates three bis-histidine binding sites to ligate a chain of heme cofactors spanning a phospholipid bilayer. We performed stopped flow experiments to probe transmembrane electron transfer, mixing natural cytochrome c with AM1 liposomes encapsulating photoreduced flavin mononucleotide. In the presence of protein and heme, transmembrane electron transfer rates are significantly faster than in the absence of either.
Neural and vascular ultrastructure of the area postrema in the rat.

Electron microscopy of the area postrema reveals two types of small blood vessels, a large sinusoidal variety and one of smaller diameter. Both are surrounded by perivascular connective tissue sheaths bounded on both inner and outer aspects by well developed basal laminae. In experimental argyria, dense granules are massively deposited in the basal laminae of the large sinusoidal vessels, and more delicately in the laminae of smaller capillaries. By analogy with the similar massive deposits of silver in renal glomeruli, this suggests an extensive transport of fluid from the sinusoids into the perivascular spaces. Neurons, their processes and endings are present in the perivascular spaces, indicating an endocrine function to this neural structure. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with x-ray analysis reveals the dense granules in argyric animals to contain both silver and sulfur, thus suggesting that much if not all of the stored silver is in the form of its sulfide.
The Hall Effect and the Nernst Effect in Magnetic Alloys

Hall Effect in Magnetic Alloys.---In the iron-copper series a maximum effect was obtained with 1.5 per cent. copper. The variation with composition is very similar to the variation of electric resistance. In the nickel-copper series the effect reaches a maximum with about 26 per cent. copper when the composition corresponds to the formula Cu${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$, and then drops suddenly to a small fraction of its maximum value. In the iron-nickel series, although the effect is positive for iron and negative for nickel, the effect increases linearly with the proportion of nickel added to iron until for 13 per cent. nickel it is six times as great as for pure iron. In certain alloys the variation of the effect with the field strength is anomalous, the effect being negative for weak fields and positive for strong ones. An explanation based on the theory of Borelius is suggested which assumes that in addition to the positive part of the effect which is proportional to the field strength there is a negative part which reaches a limiting value for strong fields.Nernst Effect in Magnetic Alloys.---In the nickel-copper series the effect varies with composition in nearly the same way as the Hall effect does, reaching a maximum for the composition Cu${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$. In the iron-nickel series, the effect decreases with the addition of nickel, becoming zero for about 2.2 per cent. nickel and positive for higher concentrations. With 13 per cent. nickel the effect is about five times as great as in pure iron.Relation of the Hall and Nernst Effects to Crystal Structure.---It is suggested that the amount and direction of these effects are determined by the crystal lattices and the fields of force in the intramolecular spaces.
Second versus Third Language Acquisition: Is There a Difference?

Previous research has investigated whether knowing more than one language will help adult learners acquire additional languages, with mixed results (e.g., Eisenstein, 1980; M. Thomas, 1990). It is questionable whether such enhancement, when it does exist, involves both the acquisition of lexical items and the acquisition of syntactic constructions. This study examined the latter question within a Universal Grammar (UG) parameter-setting model of acquisition, testing matched groups of 17 Unilingual (Ul) versus 15 Multilingual (Ml) adolescent high-school students acquiring English as a second versus third (or fourth) language, respectively. Participants were tested on their acquisition of: (a) specific verbs and their prepositional complements (lexical learning) and (b) preposition stranding (syntactic learning). The Mls outperformed the Uls in both types of acquisition, suggesting that qualities attributed to Mls, that is, heightened metalinguistic skills (J. Thomas, 1988, 1992), enhanced lexical knowledge (J. Thomas, 1988), and a less conservative learning procedure (Zobl, 1992), all help to trigger the setting of UG parameters.
Surface analysis with Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract Experimental aspects of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) as applied to solid surfaces are reviewed. Areas considered include instrumentation, methods of excitation, acquisition of spectra, chemical effects, quantitative analysis, depth profiling and mapping. This review is designed to give the reader a comprehensive view of experimental aspects of AES with suitable references for more detailed information.
THE RISKY SHIFT IN GROUP BETTING.

Abstract : Two experiments were performed, involving a similar method. Experiment 1 showed for the first time that group discussion can produce a shift toward greater risk in choices among bets. A risky shift was found in two dimensions of risk taking: probability preferences and stake preferences. This finding made it possible to use bets in the second experiment. In Experiment 11, no risky shift was found in a group decision where the members of the group had engaged in past discussions about other issues but were not permitted to discuss or exchange information about the current issue. This result casts doubt on the diffusion of responsibility theory about the risky shift. (Author)