cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of early recurrence for node-negative t1 to t2b non-small cell lung cancer.

Background Recurrence develops in nearly one-third of patients who undergo complete resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to identify predictors of early recurrence ( Methods We used a 10-year (1999 to 2008) single-institution retrospective review of a prospectively maintained lung cancer database. Exclusion criteria included carcinoid, adenocarcinoma in situ, and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma histologies, and any induction therapy. Patient demographics, clinical, and pathologic variables were analyzed. Recurrence was confirmed histologically in 86 patients (85%) or radiographically in 16 (15%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression (C statistic = 0.7) and Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed ( p Results An R0 resection of a node-negative T1 to T2b NSCLC was performed in 532 patients. Procedures included lobectomy in 436, segmentectomy in 47, and wedge resection in 49. Recurrence was present in 102 patients (19%) and was locoregional in 33 (32%), distant in 40 (39%), and multisite in 29 (29%). T size, tumor histology, tumor grade, smoking status, maximum standardized uptake value, and albumin were not associated with recurrence. Multivariable predictors of recurrence were lymphovascular invasion (odds ratio, 2.48), sublobar resection (odds ratio, 2.37), and age (odds ratio, 0.96). Recurrence was independently associated with lung cancer-specific death (relative risk, 11.78; 95% confidence interval, 5.46 to 25.36; p p Conclusions We demonstrate a 19% early recurrence rate in R0 resected node-negative T1 to T2b NSCLC. The identification of unique predictors of recurrence is an important step toward defining a patient population that may benefit from adjuvant therapy.
General Method For Achieving Tunable Single-Longitudinal-Mode Output From Co 2 Transversely Excited Atmospheric (Tea) Lasers

An investigation of intracavity selective absorbers for tunable single longitudinal mode operation of a high power CO2 TEA laser, and application of this method to optically pumped lasers is reported.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chitin and chitosan--value-added products from mushroom waste.

Accumulation of chitinous material in Agaricus bisporus stalks was determined during postharvest storage at 4 and 25 °C. The chitinous material was extracted after alkali treatment and acid reflux ...
Anomalous type 17 response to viral infection by CD8+ T cells lacking T-bet and eomesodermin.

When intracellular pathogens invade mammalian hosts, naive CD8+ T cells differentiate into cytotoxic killers, which lyse infected target cells and secrete cytokines that activate intracellular microbicides. We show that CD8+ T cells deficient in the transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes) fail to differentiate into functional killers required for defense against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Instead, virus-specific CD8+ T cells lacking both T-bet and Eomes differentiate into an interleukin-17-secreting lineage, reminiscent of the helper T cell fate that has been implicated in autoimmunity and extracellular microbial defense. Upon viral infection, mice with T cells lacking both T-bet and Eomes develop a CD8+ T cell-dependent, progressive inflammatory and wasting syndrome characterized by multi-organ infiltration of neutrophils. T-bet and Eomes, thus, ensure that CD8+ T cells adopt an appropriate course of intracellular rather than extracellular destruction.
Biochemical effects of experimental diets

Abstract It can be seen that a significant change in the synthesis or excretion of a metabolite can occur as a direct or indirect effect of dietary modification. The physical properties of the diet can be important determinants of the subject's psychological and physiological reaction to the nutrients. In some cases, specific precursors may have been eliminated or decreased. The metabolism of a compound of interest may also be affected by the elimination of cofactors, change in caloric intake, shift in renal excretion rate or by an alteration in a metabolic pathway. Thus a shift in dietary intake can introduce a host of variables and may exert considerable effect on the synthesis and degradation of metabolic products. Finally, it is often the case that metabolically formed material is also present in diet. Therefore, shifts produced by varying the diet may alter simultaneously, the synthesis as well as the intake or output of a compound. In order to avoid errors in the interpretation of data derived from nutritional studies involving substitute diets, it is necessary to consider that the diet may interact in some way with the product under study. The design of dietary studies must allow for all of these possibilities. Usually successful strategies can be devised so that the influence of diet can be determined, but the nature of the diet is complex, as are the problems in studying it adequately.
Inheritance of Partial Male‐Sterility in Guar

A partial male-sterility system was found in a released guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (2n = 2x = 14), breeding line, TX76-3285. Partially male-sterile plants produce some functional pollen, but with suitable genetic markers may be used to facilitate crossing in breeding programs. In addition, self fertilization allows partially male-sterile plants to be propagated sexually as homozygotes, once placed in breeding lines. The objective of the present study was to determine the inheritance of a partial male-sterility system in guar. Partial male-sterility appeared to be controlled by two genes, with one gene acting in a dominant epistatic manner and the second gene by incomplete dominance. The trait was expressed on every raceme beginning at about 4 to 6 weeks after planting in field-grown plants. The gene symbols, “pms1” and “Pms2” are proposed for the new trait. Segregation data indicated that alleles for pubescence segregated independently of alleles for partial male-sterility. Partial male-sterility in guar may be useful in the production of hybrid seed for breeding and genetic research.
STUDIES ON DEFINED IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN CLINICAL IMMUNOPATHOLOGY. II. RELATIONSHIP OF F/P RATIOS OF CONJUGATES AND STAINING PROPERTIES IN INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

The effect of conjugate F/P ratios on titers of patient antibodies was evaluated with two model systems in IIF chessboard titrations, notably, antinuclear antibodies and the intercellular antibodies of pemphigus. The plateau titers of both antibodies and F/P conjugate ratios were analyzed and proved to have a high degree of linear relationship statistically. Single titrations of other tissue antibodies, including skin basement membrane antibodies of bullous pemphigoid, MTA, GPA, SMA, and ThA with the same group of conjugates yielded similar information. A quantitative relationship between the two parameters was established.
Local Compactness in Fuzzy Convergence Spaces

Abstract Two notions of local precompactness in the realm of fuzzy convergence spaces are investigated. It is shown that the property of local precompactness possesses a “good extension.” Moreover, for each given fuzzy convergence space, there exists a coarsest locally precompact space which is finer than the original space. Continuity between fuzzy spaces is preserved between the associated locally precompact spaces. Invariance of regularity with respect to taking locally precompact modifications is discussed.
Contribution of Different Physiological and Anatomical Factors to the Anterior Chamber Angle During Pupil Dilation

Angle closure is well documented to be more severe in dilation [1, 2]. In addition, many anatomical and physiological factors associated with dilation may also contribute to severity of angle-closure. For example, population-based studies have shown that the prevalence rates of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) are relatively high among Asian population, particularly older women. Three potential causes for dilation-induced angle-closure have been reported: iris volume change (or lack thereof), posterior location of the dilator muscle, and (dynamic) pupillary block.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Mechanistic studies of mouse polyamine oxidase with N1,N12-bisethylspermine as a substrate

In mammalian cells, the flavoprotein polyamine oxidase catalyzes a key step in the catabolism of polyamines, the oxidation of N1-acetylspermine and Nl-acetylspermidine to spermidine and putrescine, respectively. The mechanism of the mouse enzyme has been studied with Nl,N12-bisethylspermine (BESPM) as a substrate. At pH 10, the pH optimum, the limiting rate of reduction of the flavin in the absence of oxygen is comparable to the k c a t value for turnover, establishing reduction as rate-limiting. Oxidation of the reduced enzyme is a simple second-order reaction. No intermediates are seen in the reductive or oxidative half-reactions. The k c a t value decreases below a pK a of 9.0. The k c a t /K m value for BESPM exhibits a bell-shaped pH profile, with pK a values of 9.8 and 10.8. These pK a values are assigned to the substrate nitrogens. The rate constant for the reaction of the reduced enzyme with oxygen is not affected by a pH between 7.5 and 10. Active site residue Tyr430 is conserved in the homologous protein monoamine oxidase. Mutation of this residue to phenylalanine results in a 6-fold decrease in the k c a t value and the k c a t /K m value for oxygen due to a comparable decrease in the rate constant for flavin reduction. This moderate change is not consistent with this residue forming a tyrosyl radical during catalysis.
1778 BRONCHODILATOR RESPONSE IN INFANTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Cystic fibrosis infants (CFI) develop airways obstruction which is frequently treated with bronchodilators although no studies have yet documented their efficacy. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the response of CFI to the inhaled bronchodilator metaproterenol (BD). We studied 14 CFI, mean age of 20.5 months (range 3-39). Functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured by helium dilution. Maximal flows at FRC, VmaxFRC, were obtained by the rapid chest compression technique and expressed as size corrected flows, VmaxFRC/FRC. For CFI, a paired t-test revealed no significant change compared to baseline in VmaxFRC/FRC (P>.15) after NS, but an increase (P 30% and 8 .7). We assessed interpatient variability of BD response by testing 5 normal infants, mean age 6.7 months (range 4.5-8), whose baseline VamxFRC/FRC was similar to CFI (1.05 vs .98) (P>.4). None had a change of>30% with either NS or BD and only 2/5 had an increase post BD. In contrast 13/14 CFI increased flows post BD. Two of 4 CF 30% post BD. We conclude that CFI can demonstrate a significant improvement in lung function after inhaled BD. The magnitude of response is not related to age or baseline function. Supported by NIH Grant #HL01322-01 and #HL990-03 and ALA Fellowship
Homeowner Satisfaction in Earth Sheltered Housing: A Study

This study was initiated to seek information concerning 1) homeowners' involvement in the initiation and design of their earth sheltered home and, 2) earth sheltered homeowners' levels of satisfaction with their homes. In-person interviews with 22 earth sheltered homeowners was done in Southern Illinois. Interview questions were designed for maximum freedom of response by owners. The answers indicated homeowners' levels of satisfaction and provided insight into issues surrounding earth sheltered living. It appears that the more professional assistance used in design and construction the fewer the problems encountered, and overall level of acceptance with earth sheltered living remained high regardless of the problems. Personal accomplishment, pride of ownership, or the inability of homeowners to distinguish between the concept of earth sheltered housing, and satisfaction with their specific living conditions could not be ruled out as probable influences on the overall high level of acceptance of earth sheltered living.
Career Patterns in the U.S. Army Officer Corps

In order to examine the careers of high attaining personnel in a large organizational labor market, variation in 5,114 U.S. Army officer careers is shown to be reducible to a small number of career rhythms with similar speeds in attainment of promotions and credentials. Early promotion to captain, early awarding of a temporary higher rank during war, and career entry close to the onset of war are consistently associated with “star” careers. This finding suggests that career outcomes are driven by temporal proximity to exogenous events like wars and cumulative advantage processes in which benefits accrue to early achievements.
Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum preserves cell-mediated immunity in an immature animal model☆

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study is to elucidate the effects of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or helium (He) on the cell-mediated immune response in a pediatric animal model compared with open Nissen fundoplication (ONF). Methods: Cell immune response was evaluated in 45 1-week-old Sprague Dawley rats using the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test. Animals were sensitized against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by subcutaneous injection (0.5 mg) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Animals were challenged 2 weeks later by an intradermal injection of KLH (0.3 mg) in sterile saline (challenge 1, baseline). Rats with positive DTH skin reaction at 24 and 48 hours after challenge 1 were put randomly into 4 groups (n = 10 each): I, only anesthesia (control); II, LNF with CO 2 , III, LNF with He; IV, ONF. Animals were injected intradermally with KLH (0.3 mg) immediately before the procedures (challenge 2) and 3 and 6 days postoperatively (challenges 3 and 4). Results: DTH skin reactions were measured 24 and 48 hours after each challenge. There were no significant changes in cell-mediated immunosuppression after LNF with CO 2 . However, a transient cell-mediated immunosuppression was observed after LNF with He and ONF. All fundoplications were intact at the time of necropsy. Conclusions: These data suggest a transient suppression of cell-mediated immunity in open procedures when compared with laparoscopic interventions using CO 2 in a pediatric animal model. In addition, the type of gas used during laparoscopy also may modulate this transient immunosuppression. J Pediatr Surg 36:1564-1568. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Off-Line Computer Applications to High Resolution uv-Visible Spectroscopy:

A method for using a computer in conjunction with photon counting is described. The computer system (University of Michigan Amdahl 470V/6) is not dedicated but the programming gives a fast, efficient, versatile, and accurate calibration of high resolution visible-uv spectra. In addition, the system greatly enhances and facilitates the production of plots of the spectrum, integration of spectral intensities, and signal averaging of weak spectra.
Activation of molecular oxygen in systems containing methyltrioxorhenium and its derivatives

The activation of molecular oxygen arises from its reaction with a dioxorhenium(V) complex, giving the peroxo complex that rapidly converts phosphine to phosphine oxide.
Islam and education policy reform in the southern Philippines

The devolution of control over education policy in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao of the southern Philippines has led, in recent years, to efforts to Islamise education in the region, a trend reflective of similar efforts in other Southeast Asian Muslim countries but often seen as worrisome by secular observers concerned about the alleged radicalising influences of Islamic education. This essay critically examines two approaches to the Islamisation of education proposed by Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas and Fazlur Rahman, arguing that Islamisation of education in Muslim Mindanao is more likely to take a pragmatic than fundamentalist course.
Analysis of the Effects of Oxygen Supply and Demand on Hypoxic Fraction in Tumors

The extent of hypoxic regions in a tumor tissue depends on the arrangement, blood flow rate and blood oxygen content of microvessels, and on the tissue's oxygen consumption rate. Here, the effects of blood flow rate, blood oxygen content and oxygen consumption on hypoxic fraction are simulated theoretically, for a region whose microvascular geometry was derived from observations of a transplanted mammary andenocarcinoma (R3230AC) in a rat dorsal skin flap preparation. In the control state, arterial PO2 is 100 mmHg, consumption rate is 2.4 cm3 O2/100 g/min, and hypoxic fraction (tissue with PO2 < 3 mmHg) is 30%. Hypoxia is abolished by a reduction in consumption rate of at least 30%, relative to control, or an increase in flow rate by a factor of 4 or more, or an increase in arterial PO2 by a factor of 11 or more. These results suggest that reducing oxygen consumption rate may be more effective than elevating blood flow or oxygen content as a method to reduce tumor hypoxia.
Hamiltonian formulation of string field theory

Abstract Witten's string field theory is quantized in the hamiltonian formalism. The constraints are solved and the hamiltonian is expressed in terms of only physical degrees of freedom. Thus, no Faddeev-Popov ghosts are introduced. Instead, the action contains terms of arbitrarily high order in the string functionals. Agreement with the standard results is demonstrated by an explicit calculation of the residues of the first few poles of the four-tachyon tree amplitude.
Noether's theorem and Steudel's conserved currents for the sine-Gordon equation

A version of Noether's theorem appropriate for the extended Hamilton-Cartan formalism for regular first-order Lagrangians is proposed. Steudel's derivation of an infinite collection of conserved currents for the sine-Gordon equation is presented in this context and it is demonstrated that, as a consequence of the commutativity of the sine-Gordon Backlund transformations, the conserved charges corresponding to these currents are in involution with respect to the natural Poisson bracket provided by the formalism. Thus one obtains the formal ‘complete’ integrability’ of the sine-Gordon equation as a consequence of the properties of the Backlund transformation.
Ultradian periodicities in EEG and behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

This report describes periodic oscillations in electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral activity with a cycle length of 15-30 seconds in chair-restrained squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). These oscillations consisted of alternating episodes of vigilance, characterized by visual scanning and motor movement, and inattentiveness, characterized by behavioral quiescence with little eye or limb movement. During vigilance the EEG exhibited low-amplitude, high-frequency (> 16 Hz) activity. During quiescent periods, a high-amplitude synchronized EEG was present with activity in the 8-16-Hz band predominating. The presence or frequency of this EEG and behavioral periodicity was not modified by time of day, as no difference was found between morning and afternoon recording sessions. Although the factors or mechanisms responsible for this rhythm are unclear, it should be noted by those investigators studying the behavior or neurophysiology of Saimiri sciureus in the laboratory setting.
Older People Living with HIV/AIDS (OPLWHA) in Lomẻ, Togo: Personal Networks and Disclosure of Serostatus

Purpose Abstract Increase in the number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who are on antiretroviral treatments in low-income countries has led to a rise in the population of older people living with HIV/AIDS (OPLWHA). This study uses a mixed methods approach to examine the personal network of OPLWHA and disclosure of their positive serostatus in Lome, Togo.
Scaling, phase transitions, and nonuniversality in a self-organized critical cellular-automaton model.

We present a two-dimensional continuous cellular automaton that is equivalent to a driven spring-block model. Both the conservation and the anisotropy in the model are controllable quantities. Above a critical level of conservation, the model exhibits self-organized criticality. The self-organization of this system and hence the critical exponents depend on the conservation and the boundary conditions. In the critical isotropic nonconservative phase, the exponents change continuously as a function of conservation. Furthermore, the exponents vary continuously when changing the boundary conditions smoothly. Consequently, there is no universality of the critical exponents. We discuss the relevance of this for earthquakes. Introducing anisotropy changes the scaling of the distribution function, but not the power-law exponent. We explore the phase diagram of this model. We find that at low conservation levels a localization transition occurs. We see two additional phase transitions. The first is seen when moving from the conservative into the nonconservative model. The second appears when passing from the anisotropic two-dimensional system to the purely one-dimensional system.
Evidence that Amorphous Water below 160 K Is Not a Fragile Liquid

We have examined transport mechanisms in amorphous solid water (ASW) by studying thermal desorption of layered nanoscale films of CCl4 and labeled ASW. The interlayer mixing observed near T ∼ 150−160 K is inconsistent with a mechanism involving diffusion through a dense phase. Instead, intermixing occurs via vapor-phase transport through an interconnected porous network created within the film during crystallization. As a consequence, the self-diffusivity of ASW is significantly smaller than previously thought, indicating that water undergoes either a glass transition or a fragile-to-strong transition at a temperature above 160 K.
Nonstationary interference patterns in the theory of second sound in solids

Abstract It is shown that the influence of heat flux on internal energy required for consistency with thermodynamics of a frequently employed theory of second sound in nonmetallic solids implies that there are cases in which sinusoidal perturbations in temperature at the boundary of a region in which there is an underlying steady flux of heat q 0 result in temperature fields showing long-wavelength interference patterns propagating in the direction of q 0 at high (supersonic) speed.
Role of Trp19 and Tyr200 in catalysis by the γ-class carbonic anhydrase from Methanosarcina thermophila

Abstract Although widely distributed in Nature, only two γ class carbonic anhydrases are reported besides the founding member (Cam). Although roles for active-site residues important for catalysis have been identified in Cam, second shell residues have not been investigated. Two residues (Trp19 and Tyr200), positioned distant from the catalytic metal, were investigated by structural and kinetic analyses of replacement variants. Steady-state k cat / K m and k cat values decreased 3- to 10-fold for the Trp19 variants whereas the Y200 variants showed up to a 5-fold increase in k cat . Rate constants for proton transfer decreased up to 10-fold for the Trp19 variants, and an increase of ∼2-fold for Y200F. The p K a values for the proton donor decreased 1–2 pH units for Trp19 and Y200 variants. The variant structures revealed a loop composed of residues 62–64 that occupies a different conformation than previously reported. The results show that, although Trp19 and Y200 are non-essential, they contribute to an extended active-site structure distant from the catalytic metal that fine tunes catalysis. Trp19 is important for both CO 2 /bicarbonate interconversion, and the proton transfer step of catalysis.
Short note: Extension of Kleiser and Schumann's influence-matrix method for generalized velocity boundary conditions

In 1980, Kleiser and Schumann introduced a novel influence-matrix method to treat the incompressibility and no-slip boundary conditions when solving the Navier-Stokes equations. They also outlined the related ''tau'' error correction technique which is essential for the high accuracy direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent flows. However, their method is not valid for Robin type velocity boundary conditions (i.e., B(u)[email protected][email protected]'[email protected]=0). In this note, a new influence-matrix method is introduced where the boundary condition and ''tau'' correction are enforced in one step using an extended influence matrix. The new method is simple and easy to be implemented. It broadens the applicability of the Kleiser and Schumann method. Examples with the new method show excellent agreement with data in the literature and the velocity field is divergence free up to machine precision.
TE-wave scattering by a dielectric cylinder of arbitrary cross-section shape

The theory and equations are developed for the scattering pattern of a dielectric cylinder of infinite length and arbitrary cross-section shape. The harmonic incident wave is assumed to have its electric vector perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, and the fields are assumed to have no variations along this axis. Although some investigators have approximated the field within the dielectric body by the incident field, a more accurate solution is obtained here by treating the field as an unknown function which is determined by solving a system of linear equations. Scattering patterns obtained by this method are presented for dielectric shells of circular and semicircular cross section, and for a thin plane dielectric slab of finite width. The results for the circular shell agree accurately with the exact classical solution. The effects of surface-wave excitation and mutual interaction among the various portions of the shell are included automatically in this solution.
Operating systems: why object-oriented?

The implementor of an operating system service faces inherent dilemmas in choosing implementation strategies. A new approach to operating system design is emerging in which, rather than attempting to hide these dilemmas, they are exposed to clients, using a meta-protocols. Object-oriented programming techniques play an important role in enabling meta-protocols to expose these dilemmas to the client in a principled and modular fashion. >
Coping strategies in male and female rats exposed to multiple stressors.

Because of the pathogenic effects of chronic stress exposure, it is important to identify factors, such as effective coping strategies, that mitigate stress-induced pathology. Of interest in the present study was the consistency of behavioral responses across a diverse array of stressors. Sixteen male and 16 female Long-Evans rats were assigned to either a stress or control group. The stressed animals were subsequently exposed to a battery of ecologically relevant stressors (e.g., predator odor, novel stimuli, and immunological challenge) to determine trends in coping strategies. Blood was collected for corticosterone (CORT) assay and brains were harvested for assessment of fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and central amygdala (CEA) following exposure to the final stressor of fox urine. A correlational analysis indicated that certain response strategies (e.g., latency to respond in different stress tests such as the open-field and novel item tests) persist across several behavioral tests, especially those tests involving exploratory components. A subsequent principal component factor analysis revealed the following four components: initiative to explore, low reactivity, variable reactivity, and high reactivity. Females exhibited higher recovery CORT levels than males; however, sex only affected one behavioral response measure (i.e., females demonstrated more attempts to climb the wall in the forced-swim test than their male counterparts). In conclusion, these results support the importance and prevalence of initiative to explore as a common factor in many stress tests; additionally, the principal component analysis indicated that physiological correlates of stress are more closely associated with more challenging environments and stimuli such as forced swimming, immunological challenges, and exposure to predator odors.
An Evaluation of Common Methods for Acetaminophen Quantitation for Small Hospitals

AbstractRapid, reliable serum acetaminophen quantitations assist in the diagnosis of the toxic patient and direct the clinician in the course of aggressive treatment.Reliable performance must be tempered with economic consideration, especially for small laboratories with infrequent testing.Two commonly available colorimetric techniques for acetaminophen (nitration and ferric reduction) are evaluated using both commercial and laboratory reagents. Enzyme immunoassay (EMIT®) is also performed. Results are compared to an HPLC reference method.
The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil P placement on cotton root deployment

Root proliferation into nutrient rich zones is an important mechanism in the exploitation of soil nutrients by plants. No studies have examined atmospheric CO2 effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) root distribution as affected by localized phosphorus (P). Cotton plants were grown in a Troup sand (loamy, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults) using 17.2–1 containers placed in open top field chambers (OTC) under ambient (360 µmol mol−1) or enriched (720 µmol mol−1) atmospheric CO2 concentrations for 40 days. Equivalent amounts of P were added (150 mg P per kg of soil) to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25% of the total soil volume; control containers with no added P were also included. Under extremely low P (controls), cotton was unresponsive to CO2 enrichment. In treatments with both fertilized and unfertilized soil volumes, root proliferation was greater in the unfertilized soil under elevated CO2 conditions. Stimulation of root growth occurred in the P-fertilized soil fraction; the pattern of stimulation was similar under both CO2 levels. Under ambient CO2, cotton plant response was positive (shoot mass, and total root mass and length) when soil P was confined to relatively small proportions of the total soil volume (6.25 and 12.5%). However, elevated CO2 grown plants tended to respond to P regardless of its distribution.
Analysis of Simulation-Generated Responses using Autoregressive Models

Insights concerning a system are often provided by comparisons of historical versus simulated data. Such insights offer valuable assistance in the evolution of the simulation modeling process. In this article, a testing procedure is suggested for comparing historical time series records against responses generated by a simulation model. Time series models are identified and their parameters estimated for both the historical and simulated data using the techniques outlined by Box and Jenkins. The models are then tested for differences in their means, autoregressive parameters, and residual variances employing Bayesian arguments. The procedure suggested is emphasized as a diagnostic instrument useful for validation, and for suggesting iterative modifications of a simulation model. Applications of the procedure are illustrated by an example involving air traffic control communications.
Anomaly detection using the emerald nanosatellite on board expert system

An expert system is a type of program designed to model human knowledge and expertise. This work describes the design, implementation, and testing of an onboard expert system developed for the dual spacecraft Emerald small satellite mission. This system takes advantage of Emerald's distributed computing architecture and is currently being used for on-board fault detection. The distributed computing architecture is composed of a network of PICmicro and Atmel microcontrollers linked together by an I/sup 2/C serial data communication bus which also supports sensor and component integration via Dallas 1-wire and RS232 standards. The expert system software is executed by an Atmel microcontroller within Emerald's expert subsystem hardware. The human knowledge and expertise that the system simulates is contained within software "rules" that can be easily modified from the ground. The flexibility offered by this system allows the ground operator to add, modify, or remove logical operations on-orbit and overcomes the limitations imposed by hardwired systems. While expert systems have been used on spacecraft in the past, its role on Emerald for on-board fault-detection using threat integrals and persistence counters further demonstrates the power and versatility of such systems. Results include experimental data verifying the expert system's performance and its ability to distinguish threat levels posed by out-of-limit sensor readings. This paper describes the technical design of the aforementioned features and its use as part of the Emerald satellite mission.
Scheduling manufacturing systems with work-in-process inventory control: single-part-type systems

A real-time algorithm is developed for scheduling single-part-type production lines with work-in-process inventory buffers. We consider three classes of activities: operations, failures and repairs, and starvation and blockage. The scheduling objectives are to keep the actual production close to the demand, the work-in-process (WIP) inventory level low, and the cycle time short. A three-level hierardhical controller is constructed to regulate the production. At the top level, we determine the desirable buffer sizes and the target production level for each operation. At the middle level is a production flow rate controller that recalculates the production rates whenever a machine fails or is starved or blocked. The loading times for individual parts are determined at the bottom level of the hierarchy. The production scheduling algorithm is evaluated by using computer simulations for a variety of cases. Compared with a transfer line policy, a significant improvement in system performance is observed.
The flare gene, which encodes the AIP1 protein of drosophila, functions to regulate F-actin disassembly in pupal epidermal cells

Adult Drosophila are decorated with several types of polarized cuticular structures, such as hairs and bristles. The morphogenesis of these takes place in pupal cells and is mediated by the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Mutations in flare (flr) result in grossly abnormal epidermal hairs. We report here that flr encodes the Drosophila actin interacting protein 1 (AIP1). In other systems this protein has been found to promote cofilin-mediated F-actin disassembly. In Drosophila cofilin is encoded by twinstar (tsr). We show that flr mutations result in increased levels of F-actin accumulation and increased F-actin stability in vivo. Further, flr is essential for cell proliferation and viability and for the function of the frizzled planar cell polarity system. All of these phenotypes are similar to those seen for tsr mutations. This differs from the situation in yeast where cofilin is essential while aip1 mutations result in only subtle defects in the actin cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, we found that mutations in flr and tsr also result in greatly increased tubulin staining, suggesting a tight linkage between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in these cells.
Block copolymer formation from copolymers of phenylvinylene carbonate

Copolymers of phenylvinylene carbonate with styrene and p-chlorostyrene are readily prepared with radical initiators. The carbonate portion of the copolymers has been hydrolyzed to a 1,2-glycol which was then oxididatively cleaved with periodate–perman-ganate to produce a polymer with carboxyl and keto endgroups. Block copolymers were then prepared by conversion of the carboxyl groups to an acid chloride, followed by coupling with diols or a diamine.
Inpatient psychiatric combat veterans' attitudes toward contemporary issues: A changing generation?

Eighty military combat veterans (M age=39.9 years) hospitalized for symptoms of traumatic stress completed a 29-item questionnaire addressing such societal topics as political power, police authority, drugs, societal laws, religion, and sexual attitudes. Responses are compared to a sample of their adolescent age cohorts (N=93) and their parents' age cohorts (N=91) who answered the same questionnaire 20 years ago. Compared to the adolescent cohort sample, combat veterans' attitudes toward societal issues were significantly different on 87% of these issues. Now their parents' age, these veterans' attitudes are significantly different from 70% of the items as those of their parents' cohort 20 years ago. These results demonstrate how combat Vietnam veterans' attitudes toward some salient societal issues have shifted dramatically from those of their peers a generation ago, yet are also considerably different from the attitudes held by their parents' cohorts at that same time.
3D Power Delivery for Microprocessors and High-Performance ASICs

Conventional power delivery methods for microprocessors and high-performance ASICs have fundamental limitations in meeting the power requirements of future IC technologies due to large interconnect parasitics. A new three-dimensional (3D) power delivery approach along with a cellular power supply architecture is proposed as a possible solution to the problems of conventional 2D power delivery. Different 3D integration technologies or possible power-processor integration applications are reviewed, and important 3D design partitioning considerations are discussed. A fully monolithic, two-phase interleaved buck converter design having the potential to be used as a basic building block in a cellular architecture to meet steady-state and dynamic regulation requirements of future processors is presented. Each cell of the converter is designed for 500 mA rated output current, operates at 200 MHz switching frequency, and achieves a control bandwidth of about 10 MHz. Design trade-offs, implementation methods, and prototype results including chip area, loss breakdown, efficiency, as well as dynamic responses to load step changes are presented. Scaling-up of the design through parallel operation of a large number of such standard converter cells is discussed, and the benefits of interleaved operation in drastically reducing the input and output filter size are quantified.
Release of soluble immune complexes from immune adherence receptors on human erythrocytes is mediated by C3b inactivator independently of β1H and is accompanied by generation of C3c

Abstract Antigen·antibody complexes (Ag·Ab) prepared from 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin and guinea pig anti-albumin were incubated at 37°C for 30 min with normal human serum diluted optimally for binding (1:16) and then with autologous erythrocytes (RBC). After washing, RBC-bearing antigen·antibody·complement complexes (Ag·Ab·C) were resuspended in serum reagents or solutions of purified complement components, and the kinetics of dissociation were analyzed. Ag·Ab·C dissociated in serum heated at 56°C for 30 min (SΔ30) but not in serum heated for 120 min (SΔ120). Dissociation in SΔ30 markedly decreased after adsorption with anti-C3b inactivator but not anti-β1H or anti-C4 binding protein (C4bp), and dissociation in SΔ120 markedly increased after addition of C3b inactivator. Hemolytic assays revealed that SΔ30 retained inactivator activity whereas SΔ120 lacked significant activity. Ag·Ab·C dissociated in the presence of purified inactivator or C3b but not β1H or C3. Dissociation was more rapid with inactivator than with C3b and occurred at 0°C as well as at 37°C. Treatment with inactivator inhibitor abolished dissociation in SΔ30; dissociation in inactivator deficient serum was markedly reduced. Addition of β1H did not enhance inactivator-mediated dissociation at limiting dilutions of inactivator, and adsorption of Ag·Ab·C with anti-β1H or preparation of Ag·Ab·C with serum adsorbed with anti-β1H did not diminish dissociation. After dissociation with inactivator, Ag·Ab·C were unchanged in size but were no longer able to bind to fresh RBC and gave enhanced binding to Raji and Daudi lymphoblastoid cells. NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Ag·Ab·C prepared with 125I-labeled C3 revealed that, after binding to RBC, dissociation with inactivator was accompanied by generation of a C3 fragment the size of C3c. Preincubation of Ag·Ab·C with excess inactivator did not prevent subsequent binding of Ag·Ab·C to RBC but, immediately after binding, Ag·Ab·C dissociated rapidly. These findings indicate that C3b inactivator can release immune complexes from immune adherence receptors on human RBC, that release occurs independently of β1H, alters cell binding properties of immune complexes, and involves multiple cleavages of the C3b α′ chain, and that receptors in human RBC membrane are required for this C3b inactivator-mediated breakdown.
Fish oil improves arterial compliance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study we investigated the effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on arterial wall characteristics in 20 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Estimates reflecting compliance values in the large arteries and more peripheral vasculature, as measured by pulse-contour analysis, improved significantly after 6 weeks of fish oil therapy compared with values recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks' administration of olive oil. The large-artery compliance estimate increased from 1.50 (confidence interval [CI], 1.31 to 1.69) mL/mm Hg at baseline to 1.68 (CI, 1.52 to 1.84) mL/mm Hg after fish oil administration (P < .01). The oscillatory compliance value increased from 0.015 (CI, 0.011 to 0.019) mL/mm Hg at baseline to 0.022 (CI, 0.016 to 0.028) mL/mm Hg after fish oil ingestion (P < .05). No changes occurred in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, or systemic vascular resistance with either intervention. The improved compliance estimates with fish oil ingestion occurred without altering fasting blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations. These results support the hypothesis that fish oils alter vascular reactivity and favorably influence arterial wall characteristics in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These direct vascular effects, expressed at the level of the vessel wall, may contribute to the cardioprotective actions of fish oil in humans.
Barack Obama and the (In)Significance of His Presidential Campaign

For the first time in the history of the United States, the country will have a general election where a black candidate is representing a dominant political party in the run for the presidency. The fervor over this historical event is particularly high in regard to black democratic candidate Barack Obama who is said to be doing more than just running a campaign—he’s starting a movement. It begs the question, movement toward what? What would he be changing that goes beyond his party’s standard political platform, and how does he propose to change it? I argue that the possibility of Mr. Obama as the first black president presents a feel good scenario that people want to embrace; however the symbolic representation of racial equality/national healing that he provides is simply that—symbolic, not real. To be sure, his strong candidacy is historic and significant in that a person of color has never been seriously considered to be the leader of the country. But there is nothing in his governing record to indicate that he will be the large-scale change agent that so many are assuming he will be, and his rhetoric on race serves to reinforce widespread but inaccurate beliefs that systemic racism has been eliminated. The fact remains that the United States is an imperialistic, racist, sexist, capitalist power that is intent on maintaining its white, global dominance. Having a black face in the office of the presidency, alone, does nothing to change the structure of inequality that exists in the country, and Barack Obama has done nothing to indicate that changing entrenched social and economic racial inequality is on his agenda.
Structure of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support for Undocumented Hispanic Immigrants

This study examined the structure of the Spanish version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) among a sample of 122 undocumented Hispanic immigrants. The component stru...
The Impact of Securities Transaction Taxes on the Chinese Stock Market

This paper analyzes the impact of changes in the securities transaction tax (STT) rate on the local A-share market in China. We find that, on average, a 22-basis-point increase in the STT rate is associated with about a 28 percent drop in trading volume, and a 17-basis-point reduction in the STT rate is associated with about an 89 percent increase in trading volume in the Chinese A-share market. Both increases and reductions in the STT rate result in significant increases in market volatility. In addition, increases in the STT rate have mixed effects on market efficiency, either improving or curbing it. Reductions usually either make the market less efficient or have no effect on it. The empirical results show that levying the STT on trading is not an effective tool to regulate the stock market, at least not in this emerging market.
Mass Spectrometric Identification of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Sulfenamide Accelerators in Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract The identification of accelerators in rubber vulcanizates has traditionally been a difficult and tedious task. The mass spectrometric method described in this paper offers a simple and expedient approach to the identification of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole sulfenamides. Neither complicated sample preparation nor solvent extraction of the vulcanizates is required as in the more common methods employed. Only about one-half gram of vulcanizate is needed for the analysis. The sample tube is attached to the mass spectrometer, heated for 15–20 min at 150–200° C and then the mass spectrum of the volatiles is recorded. The characteristic amine fragment ions are utilized for identification of the amine portion while the presence of benzothiazole is indicated by a peak at m/e=135. Spectra obtained from analysis of seven vulcanizates containing different accelerators are presented and the results discussed. The identification of the accelerator in a competitor's tread is also discussed.
HoneyMix: Toward SDN-based Intelligent Honeynet

Honeynet is a collection of honeypots that are set up to attract as many attackers as possible to learn about their patterns, tactics, and behaviors. However, existing honeypots suffer from a variety of fingerprinting techniques, and the current honeynet architecture does not fully utilize features of residing honeypots due to its coarse-grained data control mechanisms. To address these challenges, we propose an SDN-based intelligent honeynet called HoneyMix. HoneyMix leverages the rich programmability of SDN to circumvent attackers' detection mechanisms and enables fine-grained data control for honeynet. To do this, HoneyMix simultaneously establishes multiple connections with a set of honeypots and selects the most desirable connection to inspire attackers to remain connected. In this paper, we present the HoneyMix architecture and a description of its core components.
Responsiveness of Anestrous Labrador Bitches to GnRH

SummarySerum LH concentrations of anestrous Labrador bitches treated with 5 or 25 μg of GnRH reached mean peak levels of 8.5 ± 0.5 and 18.7 plusmn; 3.2 ng/ml, respectively, at 15 min following a single im injection. Animals treated with 50 μg of GnRH exhibited a peak LH concentration of 39.7 ±7.8 ng/ml at 30 min post-treatment. A linear dose-response relationship was observed between the doses of 5 and 50 μg.The authors wish to acknowledge the gift of purified canine LH (LER-1685-1) by Dr. L. Reichart, GnRH by Dr. R. Rippel (Abbott Laboratories), and ovine LH antiserum by Dr. G. D. Niswender. They also acknowledge the technical assistance of Dana McNaught and Michele Palmquist.