cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic processes during ion bombardment

Abstract A number of processes change the structure and the distribution of alloying elements in near-surface regions of alloys during ion bombardment. Displacements and displacement cascades lead to a randomization of atom locations and alloying elements: ordered alloys become disordered; concentration gradients are smoothed; crystalline materials become highly defective or even amorphous. Displacement processes dominate at low temperatures where thermal rearrangements of atoms are minimal. At higher temperatures, defects become mobile, and the resulting enhanced diffusion counteracts the randomization resulting from the displacement processes and aids in the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium. With increasing temperature and mobility of point defects, annihilation of defects at sinks, such as dislocations, grain boundaries and the surface, become dominant, causing persistent defect fluxes. Preferential coupling of certain alloying elements to defect fluxes may cause redistribution of alloying elements between regions around sinks and the matrix, a phenomenon termed radiation-induced segregation (RIS). The induced concentration changes frequently are large enough to precipitate a second phase in solid solution alloys or to dissolve precipitates in two-phase alloys. Complex redistribution of alloying elements and phases via RIS can occur throughout and well beyond the damage range. In addition, preferential loss of elements by sputtering affects the alloy composition in the near-surface region. Such loss can occur directly by preferential sputtering, or indirectly by Gibbsian surface adsorption or RIS which modify the composition at the surface, and hence, the composition of the sputtered material.
Approximation in the mean and quasianalyticity

Let E be a compact subset of the complex plane with positive dx dy measure. For each p, 1 ⩽ p < ∞, let Rp(E dx dy) denote the closure in Lp(E, dx dy) of the rational functions having no poles on E. We give an example where E has empty interior and the functions in Rp(E, dx dy), p ⩾ 2, are uniquely determined by their values on any set of positive dx dy measure in E. Earlier, Sinanjan (Sibirsk Mat. Ž. 6 (1965), 1365–1381) obtained a somewhat weaker result along these lines and he also proved that this phenomenon can never occur when 1 ⩽ p < 2.
A generalized moments expansion

A new generalized moments expansion (GMX), which is based on the t-expansion, is derived. The well-known connected moments expansion (CMX) and alternate moments expansion (AMX) are shown to be special cases of the GMX.
Design for an Internet-Based Government-Wide Information Locator System.

This article summarizes a study that identified and described federal information inventory/locator systems. Such locator systems provide an important means of accessing a range of government information not previously available to the public or other government officials. Overall, the study's goal was to improve access to and use of U.S. government information. The study produced a final report describing study efforts, identifying issues and conclusions, and recommending the design of an networked‐based government‐wide information inventory/locator system (GIILS) (Volume I), the Federal Locator Database (FLD) — a machine‐readable database of descriptive information on some 250 federal databases, of which fifty‐three met the study's criteria as a locator, and a user's guide to that database (Volume II includes a machine‐readable version of the database and the user guide and codebook). The study recommends that the U.S. Office of Management and Budget develop a policy framework requiring agencies to design and maintain machine‐readable locators, meeting certain requirements and standards and that these be accessible over the Internet/NREN.
Changing perceptions and practices regarding aspirin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and cyclooxygenase‐2 selective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs among US primary care providers

SUMMARY Background Our understanding of the benefits and risks of aspirin non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs and gastro-protective agents (GPAs) continues to expand. Aim To assess the perceptions and practices of US primary care physicians (PCPs) regarding the use of aspirin, NSAIDs, COX-2 selective NSAIDs and GPA.
Advanced cryptographic techniques for computer

Cryptographic techniques which can be used to maintain the confidentiality of information processed by computers are dealt with. Special emphasis is paid to the unique characteristics of computer files that make many cryptographic methods of little use. Relative security, costs, and preferred methods are included in this paper.
Pleistocene Sea Levels and Continental Margin Sedimentation: ABSTRACT

Continental margin sedimentation has been controlled greatly by large fluctuations of Pleistocene sea level and differential channeling of sediment down submarine canyons. Relatively recent stillstands of the strandline have cut terraces and sea cliffs into the continental slope to 700 ft below present sea level. Shallow-water fossils of late Pleistocene age have been collected from these terraces during deep-submersible dives with the Deepstar. During the lowered stand most submarine canyons actively diverted shallow-water sediments into the deep sea and marginal basins. Deep dives and extensive sampling of the large sediment fans formed during this period have shown a predictable sediment-distribution pattern that can be related to ancient deposits of similar origin.Colored motion pictures, taken during scuba dives and from deep submersibles, show presently active processes of sedimentation and erosion in submarine canyons and associated deep-sea fans. Similar pictures, taken during dive traverses off Southern California, and Baja California, Mexico, show the relations of prograding slope sediments to the deeply submerged terraces, associated sea cliffs, and shallow-water sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1836------------
The Computation of Optimum Pressure Recovery in Two-Dimensional Diffusers

A method is presented for computation of optimum recovery at fixed length (Cp *) in two-dimensional diffusers with incompressible flow and turbulent inlet boundary layers. Since Cp * lies in the zone of transitory stall, the method involves computation of not only attached but also detaching and detached turbulent boundary layers. The results agree with available data to the level of the uncertainty in the data. The model is zonal in character. Results suggest that the most important feature in computing detaching flows is the treatment of the interaction between the outer (inviscid) flow and the boundary layer; the use of velocity-profile forms that represent average back-flows adequately is also important.
The activation of Mg2Ni for initial hydrogen uptake by treatment with water vapor

Abstract The alloy, Mg2Ni, is a good candidate for the storage of hydrogen. One problem associated with the use of this alloy for hydrogen storage is the difficulty of its activation for initial hydrogen uptake. A great deal of research has been done in this area. However, the resulting methods require hazardous conditions and reagents and⧸or prohibitively long periods of time. It has been found in this laboratory that water vapor can be used to activate Mg2Ni for hydrogen uptake in as little as 1 h at ambient temperature and pressure. This finding is particularly interesting considering the long-held view of water acting as a poison in metallic hydrogen storage systems. © 1999 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Graded auditory Stroop effects generated by gender words.

Summary Two auditory Stroop experiments requiring identification of the speaker's sex were conducted. An auditory Stroop effect was expected, analogous to visual effects found in Stroop literature. In Exp. 1 the speaker's sex was identified faster when sex labels (“male” and “female”) and words that imply a sex (e.g., father, grandmother) were congruent with the speaker's sex. In Exp. 2, an auditory semantic gradient was established in which words that were more meaningfully tied to a particular sex produced more Stroop interference. This auditory semantic gradient is analogous to effects found in the visual Stroop literature of a semantic gradient related to color.
On the structure of splitting rings

(1975). On the structure of splitting rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 913-949.
Fostering the development of critical thinking skills, and reading comprehension of undergraduates using a Web 2.0 tool coupled with a learning system

A social annotation model learning system (SAM-LS) was created using multiple instructional strategies thereby supporting the student in improving in critical thinking, critical writing and related literacy. There are four mechanisms in which the SAM-LS methodology is believed to improve learning and performance. These mechanisms include providing relevant activities such as (1) examples, (2) practice, (3) reflection and (4) collaboration. The Social Annotation Model uses HyLighter, an online annotation system that amalgamates reading and writing, facilitates shared annotation practices and coalesces annotations from multiple reviewers. This article reports on three studies conducted using HyLighter. The purpose of the first study was to determine student perceptions on the benefits and weaknesses of the learning environment, using HyLighter, with a focus on peer critique. The findings indicated that users' experiences were positive and specifically the annotations and tags were useful in a peer critique ...
Increased precuneus connectivity during propofol sedation

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in human participants, we show that sedation by propofol to the point of lost overt responsiveness during the performance of an auditory verbal memory task unexpectedly increases functional connectivity of the precuneus with cortical regions, particularly the dorsal prefrontal and visual cortices. After recovery of consciousness, functional connectivity returns to a pattern similar to that observed during the wakeful baseline. In the context of a recent proposal that highlights the uncoupling of consciousness, connectedness, and responsiveness in general anesthesia, the increased precuneus functional connectivity under propofol sedation may reflect disconnected endogenous mentation or dreaming that continues at a reduced level of metabolic activity.
Convenient synthesis of N1-substituted orotic acid derivatives

A convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of N1-substituted orotic acid derivatives is reported. The synthetic route utilizes substituted maleimide as synthetic intermediate and takes only four simple steps from readily available starting materials. As a result, orotic acid derivatives with various alkyl and aromatic groups at N1 can be readily synthesized.
A review of subject characteristics in CALL research

This paper explores eight hypotheses regarding trends in CALL literature relative to research subjects: small number of subjects, overuse of questionnaires, limited time, lack of experience with the application, task type and CALL in general, and lack of training before and during the study. Based on a review of 78 articles from four CALL-oriented journals from 2000 – 2003, it is concluded that (1) researchers commonly leave out or fail to gather relevant data on these characteristics; and (2) most of what we know about CALL is probably based on studies of untrained, novice users. Recommendations for improving this situation are offered.
Split Step Fourier Migration of Ground Penetrating Radar Data

Migration of GPR data has been traditionally implemented assuming a uniform velocity in the media. However, in many real applications, the heterogeneities of the media can be important, and it becomes necessary to use an algorithm that takes into account the spatial changes of velocity in the media. In this work we implement the split step Fourier technique for migration of GPR data in 2D media and indicate some characteristics of its possible implementation in 3D. An important feature of the split step Fourier technique is that it allows us to take into account the effects of dispersion and attenuation due to the conductivity and/or the variations of the electromagnetic properties of the media with frequency. This important characteristic is possible because the algorithm works in the frequency domain. Synthetic and real data have been used to test the migration algorithm and they show very good results for low conductivity media, improving the resulting images and restoring the reflection amplitudes.
Sliding-no sliding zone effect and age determination of ice cores

At present the age of ice from ice cores taken at depths where the seasonal isotope fluctuations no longer are measurable is estimated from the Dansgaard-Johnsen-Nye analysis of the longitudinal thinning of ice sheets. A significant error occurs in such an age estimate if ice cores are taken from a hole drilled through ice that has flowed from a region of the ice sheet where ice slides over its bed to a region where it cannot slide over its bed. The Camp Century drill hole is in ice which may have had such a flow history. In the zone where sliding ceases to take place, the horizontal ice velocity decreases in magnitude in the lower part of the ice sheet while it increases in the upper part. The average ice velocity remains unchanged in value. As a consequence the upper part of the ice sheet is stretched and the lower part is compressed as ice moves through the sliding-no sliding transition zone. The upper part is stretched to a strain of the order of 12 and the lower part is compressed to a strain that is of the order of −12. The age of ice from the Dansgaard-Johnsen-Nye analysis is underestimated; the error in the age is of the order of h/a, where h is the ice thickness and a is the accumulation rate. (Larger errors occur if the theory of Johnsen et al. is used to determine the age of the ice.) An error in age of a similar magnitude exists if ice flows from a region in which sliding does not take place into a region in which it does. The Byrd Station drill hole is in ice which probably has such a flow history. In this situation the age of the ice is overestimated. If the annual isotope fluctuations are detectable the sliding-no sliding zone effect will make it appear that a sudden change in the accumulation rate occurred at the time the ice at the upper surface of the ice sheet passed over this zone.
Simultaneous Variable Sampling Inspection for Finite Populations

This article deals with the inspection problem of selecting good finite populations. The empirical Bayes approach is applied to incorporate information from various sources to construct a simultaneous inspection procedure . The relative regret of is used as a measure of its performance. It is shown that the relative regret of converges to zero at a rate (ln n)1.5/n where n is the number of finite populations involved in the inspection problem.
The use of some imitation flavors for masking distasteful drugs. I. Ammonium chloride.

An investigation was made to determine the relative efficiencies of some imitation flavor concentrates actually prepared from the basic ingredients as masking agents on the initial and obnoxious tastes of ammonium chloride. These were compared to some of the official flavored syrups recognized as good masking agents for saline drugs. Results show that some imitation flavored syrups were as good as the official syrups used and in some instances superior.
The relationship of auditory evoked potentials to fluid and crystallized intelligence

Abstract Each of the 48 college undergraduate subjects was administered a psychometric test battery and a standard series of auditory click stimuli. The test battery consisted of the Raven Progressive Matrices and seven subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and was based on research that yielded factors of fluid (Gf) and crystallized (Gc) intelligence. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that Gf and Gc factors represented moderately correlated, but empirically distinct latent variables. Auditory evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded from temporal and vertex electrode placements under three conditions of stimulus intensity. EP latency showed inconsistent and low order correlations with Gf, Gc, and general intelligence (g) factor scores. EP amplitudes and measures of EP complexity/reliability for components with latencies less than approx. 180 msec correlated consistently and negatively with Gc factor scores and at somewhat lower levels with g factor scores; correlations with Gf were rather lower and poorly defined. There was a slight tendency for EPs from stimuli at the high intensity level (85 dB) to yield higher correlations with ability tests than EPs from stimuli at the low (65 dB) and middle (75 dB) intensity levels. These results raise interesting questions regarding central nervous system activity correlates with more specific factors of ability. Implications for future research are discussed.
X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY OF HIGHLY-IONIZED ATOMS IN AN ELECTRON BEAM ION TRAP (EBIT)

Almost two years ago a new device called an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) was brought into operation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for the purpose of studying veryhighly-charged ions using x-ray spectroscopy. During this period EBIT has demonstrated its ability to make several different kinds of measurements for ionization stages that have not been accessible before.(ls2*3) The measurements may be grouped into three general types: (1) Measurement of electron collision cross sections using line radiation, (2) Precise measurement of energy levels (e.g. Lamb shifts), and (3) Measurement of properties of the .
Volunteer Subjects and the Results of Opinion Change Studies

Female volunteers and nonvolunteers for a (fictitious) perception experiment participated in a study of opinion change. Opinions about college fraternities were measured before and after the receipt of pro-fraternity, anti-fraternity, or no (control) communication. Volunteers reacted differently from nonvolunteers to pro- and to anti-fraternity communications. In addition, volunteers' opinions were significantly less reliable than the opinions of nonvolunteers, i.e., volunteers were more heterogeneous in their opinion-change behavior. The present results taken together with earlier findings raise the possibility that volunteers more than nonvolunteers may more often confirm what they perceive to be E's hypothesis. Therefore, the volunteer status of the subject sample might well be specified routinely in research reports.
Pregnancy, Medicaid, State Regulation, and Legal Subjection

For 18 months in 2007 and 2008, the author conducted ethnographic fieldwork in the obstetrics clinic of a large, public hospital in Manhattan, New York. The large majority of patients who receive their prenatal care from this obstetrics clinic rely on the Medicaid-funded Prenatal Care Assistance Program to cover their medical expenses. As a condition of receipt of this aid, women are required to meet with a battery of professionals—namely social workers, health educators, nutritionists and financial officers—who are legally obliged to inquire into areas of women's lives that exceed the realm of the medical. The author finds that, in demanding patients to meet with a constellation of officials who inquire into women's personal lives, Medicaid mandates intrusion into women's private lives, and it produces pregnancy as an opportunity for state supervision, management, and regulation of poor, otherwise uninsured women. Thus, Medicaid may be understood as an occasion for the initiation of poor women into the s...
Laser-induced acoustic desorption coupled with a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer.

In recent years, laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer has been demonstrated to provide a valuable technique for the analysis of a wide variety of nonvolatile, thermally labile compounds, including analytes that could not previously be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Although FT-ICR instruments are very powerful, they are also large and expensive and, hence, mainly used as research instruments. In contrast, linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) mass spectrometers are common due to several qualities that make these instruments attractive for both academic and industrial settings, such as high sensitivity, large dynamic range, and experimental versatility. Further, the relatively small size of the instruments, comparatively low cost, and the lack of a magnetic field provide some distinct advantages over FT-ICR instruments. Hence, we have coupled the LIAD technique with a commercial LQIT, the Thermo Fischer Scientific LTQ mass ...
Skills, dementia, and bridging divides in neuroscience.

The language of neuroscience and the language of everyday meaning exist across a familiar divide. New (or, more often, resurrected) philosophical problems arising in the context of neuroscience (e....
Web-Accessible Database of hsp65 Sequences from Mycobacterium Reference Strains

Mycobacteria include a large number of pathogens. Identification to species level is important for diagnoses and treatments. Here, we report the development of a Web-accessible database of the hsp65 locus sequences (http://msis.mycobacteria.info) from 149 out of 150 Mycobacterium species/subspecies. This database can serve as a reference for identifying Mycobacterium species.
A potential peril of pastoral care: Malpractice.

The pastoral counselor may be a full-time counselor trained in pastoral care or a clergyman with a congregation, who from time to time serves his flock as a counselor, ministering to the personal needs of his congregation in a manner designated “pastoral care” or perhaps, more appropriately, “pastoral psychotherapy.” Once a therapeutic relationship is established, a congregant acquires certain rights and the clergyman, duties. If these duties are breached due to the negligence of the pastoral counselor and this causes the congregant to be damaged in any way, the pastoral counselor may be liable and may be called upon to respond in damages. The cause of action is called malpractice. This paper isolates areas of actual and potential malpractice.
A simple key to the genera of marine and brackish-water rotifers

Abstract A key comprising all hitherto described genera of marine and brackish-water rotifers is given together with drawings of representatives of all genera.
A Double-edged Sword: Uric Acid and Neurological Disorders.

Uric Acid (UA), historically considered as a waste of cellular metabolism, has now received increasing attention because it was found to directly participate in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including neurological disorders. On one hand, low levels of UA are detrimental to the neurons because of its induction of an impaired antioxidant capacity in the cell. High levels of UA, on the other hand, lead to an inflammatory response contributing to gout or neuroprotection. In this review, we summarize this biphasic function of uric acid and highlight potential therapeutic targets to treat UA-related neurological diseases.
Misclassification of the dependent variable in a discrete-response setting

Abstract Misclassification of dependent variables in a discrete-response model causes inconsistent coefficient estimates when traditional estimation techniques (e.g., probit or logit) are used. A modified maximum likelihood estimator that corrects for misclassification is proposed. A semiparametric approach, which combines the maximum rank correlation estimator of Han (1987) (Journal of Econometrics 35, 303–316) with isotonic regression, allows for more general forms of misclassification than the maximum likelihood approach. The parametric and semiparametric estimation techniques are applied to a model of job change with two commonly used data sets, the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).
Data Archival to SD Card Via Hardware Description Language

The main objective of this letter is to present the design of an efficient, real-time data archival system to a secure digital flash memory card via reconfigurable hardware. The data access from the SD card is implemented completely using Verilog and hence, there is no use of any microcontroller or on-chip general purpose processors. And since the complete design is a single-purpose system, no extra hardware is required. The design has four independent modules for the required different operations on the SD memory card. These four modules are for single-block write, multiple-block write, single-block read, and multiple-block read operations. We show how the bidirectional access takes place correctly and the data integrity has been verified using cyclic redundancy code in both field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip and the SD card controller.
Medical Custom and Medical Ethics: Rethinking the Standard of Care

In the regime of Anglo-American tort law, every person has a responsibility to comport him- or herself with “due care” in going about day-to-day activities so as not to imperil the health, safety, or general welfare of others. The gold standard for determining what constitutes due care in any particular situation is what a reasonable person, similarly situated, would do. Determinations of due care are necessarily fact specific. Nevertheless, the general objective is to strike an appropriate balance between an unrealistically high standard of caution and one that fails to take into account the known or foreseeable risks of any human endeavor. The same standard applies to individuals regardless of their age (so long as they have reached majority), gender, race, and level of education or economic status. The standard also applies to fictional “persons” such as corporations. The usual or prevailing custom and practice in an industry or occupation may provide relevant evidence of what constitutes “due care” in the activities common to it, but that evidence can be effectively overcome or rebutted by competent, credible evidence that the custom and practice either diverges from what it has been asserted to be or that the custom and practice is itself unsafe or otherwise poses an unreasonable risk of harm to others. Until quite recently, a singular exception to this general principle of tort law was made for the medical profession. We will consider this exception in the next section.
Mortality after prostate cancer treatment with radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy in men without comorbidity.

Abstract Background Medical comorbidity is a confounding factor in prostate cancer (PCa) treatment selection and mortality. Large-scale comparative evaluation of PCa mortality (PCM) and overall mortality (OM) restricted to men without comorbidity at the time of treatment has not been performed. Objective To evaluate PCM and OM in men with no recorded comorbidity treated with radical prostatectomy (RP), external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT), or brachytherapy (BT). Design, setting, and participants Data from 10 361 men with localized PCa treated from 1995 to 2007 at two academic centers in the United States were prospectively obtained at diagnosis and retrospectively reviewed. We identified 6692 men with no recorded comorbidity on a validated comorbidity index. Median follow-up after treatment was 7.2 yr. Intervention Treatment with RP in 4459 men, EBRT in 1261 men, or BT in 972 men. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, including propensity score adjustment, compared PCM and OM for EBRT and BT relative to RP as reference treatment category. PCM was also evaluated by competing risks analysis. Results and limitations Using Cox analysis, EBRT was associated with an increase in PCM compared with RP (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–2.63), while there was no statistically significant increase with BT (HR: 1.83; 95% CI, 0.88–3.82). Using competing risks analysis, the benefit of RP remained but was no longer statistically significant for EBRT (HR: 1.55; 95% CI, 0.92–2.60) or BT (HR: 1.66; 95% CI, 0.79–3.46). In comparison with RP, both EBRT (HR: 1.71; 95% CI, 1.40–2.08) and BT (HR: 1.78; 95% CI, 1.37–2.31) were associated with increased OM. Conclusions In a large multicenter series of men without recorded comorbidity, both forms of radiation therapy were associated with an increase in OM compared with surgery, but there were no differences in PCM when evaluated by competing risks analysis. These findings may result from an imbalance of confounders or differences in mortality related to primary or salvage therapy.
CONGENITAL MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA IN A CHILD WITH THE BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME

To our knowledge we report the first known case of congenital mesoblastic nephroma in an infant with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. The renal tumor classically associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is Wilms tumor with an overall risk of occurrence of 3 to 5%.1 However, congenital mesoblastic nephroma is the most common renal tumor of infancy, with 60% of cases presenting within the first 3 months of life and 90% presenting during the first year of life.' CASE REPORT M. M. was first seen at 4 weeks of age for a large umbilical hernia with drainage. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a possible urachal cyst and normal kidneys, but no other abnormality. A voiding cystourethrogram was normal. Genetic service evaluation for large body size (more than 90th percentile), left lower limb hemihypertrophy, asymmetrical macroglossia, posterior helical indentations of the ear pinna, umbilical anomaly and hypoglycemia in the first days of life resulted in a clinical diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. A followup abdominal ultrasound and subsequent computerized tomography performed at 8 weeks of life showed resolution of the urachal anomaly, but the development of a new 2 x 3 cm. solid mass in the lower pole of the left kidney. Further studies for a possible Wilms tumor included a chest computerized tomography which revealed a 2 mm. nodule in the parenchyma of the right lung. The patient underwent a biopsy of the lung nodule that revealed an unremarkable lymph node. A firm pale mass in the lower pole of the left kidney, a normal contralateral kidney, and no evidence of metastatic disease were found on abdominal exploration. Biopsy of the renal mass showed congenital mesoblastic nephroma characterized by a proliferation of relatively bland spindled cells lacking pleomorphism, no increase in mitotic figures, absence of necrosis and hemorrhage, and the presence of entrapped typical renal
Captain America and Thriller: How Artistic Expressions Shape Mobilization Processes in Social Movements

Social activist and anarchist Emma Goldman purportedly said, “If I can't dance, it's not my revolution!” Although falsely attributed to Goldman, subsequent protesters later adopted the sentiment, such as London-based activists Reclaim the Streets (RTS), and, more recently, Occupy Wall Street (OWS). Art and protest has a long history, ranging from the use of song in the Civil Rights Movement to the use of graffiti in the global movements of 1968 to the creative performances of activists in AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) to the dramatic street performances and costumes in the Battle of Seattle of 1999. Existing literature illuminates how art shapes mobilization processes of social movement. This review demonstrates two major ways in which art shapes mobilization processes, specifically the communication and visibility of movements and the emotional work of movements. In addition, suggestions are made for future research at the intersection of art and social movements.
Active noise control for selective cancellation of external disturbances

A significant problem associated with active noise control (ANC) systems for home windows is that they use direct microphone measurements for reference and error signals. When other sound besides external noise (e.g. music or speech) exists inside a home, the reference and error microphone measurements are “polluted”. Using the “polluted” measurements as reference and error signals has adverse effects on the ANC system. This paper proposes to integrate the ANC system with a wave separation algorithm, which separates the “unpolluted” reference and error signals from the direct microphone measurements. The performance of the resulting ANC system with wave separation is experimentally tested in a cabin equipped with a window and results are presented. Experimental results show that the new system is able to preserve desired internal sound while cancelling uncorrelated external noise.
Improved survival under heat stress in intertidal embryos (Fucus spp.) simultaneously exposed to hypersalinity and the effect of parental thermal history

Intertidal organisms exposed to thermal stress normally experience other stresses simultaneously, but how these combined stresses modify tolerance to heat, especially for embryos, is poorly understood. Tolerance of fucoid algal embryos to heat, with and without acclimation to a sublethal temperature and with simultaneous exposure to hypersaline media, was examined. Embryos of Fucus vesiculosus L. (mid-intertidal zone) were less tolerant than embryos of Fucus spiralis L. (upper intertidal zone); without acclimation and with a growth temperature of 14°C, about half of the embryos survived 3 h exposure to 33°C in F. vesiculosus and of 35°C in F. spiralis. Conditions experienced by parental thalli (4°C versus 14°C storage) significantly affected the heat tolerance of embryos grown for 24 h post-fertilization at 14°C in F. vesiculosus, a result that is important for biologists using fucoid algae as model systems. Acclimation to a sublethal temperature (29°C) or exposure to the LT50 (33°C, F. vesiculosus; 35°C, F. spiralis) in 100 psu seawater (2850 mmol kg−1 osmolality) resulted in 30–50% higher levels of embryonic survival. Higher levels of HSP60s were found in embryos exposed to 29–33°C than to 14°C; lower levels of HSP60s were present in embryos exposed to the LT50 under hypersaline conditions than in normal seawater. Contemporaneous studies in 1995–1996 of substratum temperature and desiccation levels were made at Schoodic Point, Maine (USA) underneath F. spiralis and F. vesiculosus canopies and in Semibalanus balanoides patches. This study extends the bioindicator utility of heat-shock proteins in studies of intertidal organisms and demonstrates the importance of integrated stress responses in survival of a single stress factor (e.g. temperature).
The space efficiency of quadtrees

Abstract The space efficiency of the quadtree representation is investigated for the case in which a single 2m by 2m square region occurs in a 2n by 2n image. When the square is equally likely to occur at any position, it is shown that the average and worst case numbers of nodes in the quadtree are both on the order of the region's perimeter plus the logarithm of the image's diameter.
Cross reaction of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins A and B and the boosting effect of botulinum neurotoxins A and B on a primary anti-tetanus antibody response.

The present studies were carried out in order to investigate the cross-reaction of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) with human and mouse antibodies against tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and determine whether injection of BoNT into a host that has been primed with TeNT would result in boosting of the response to the injected BoNT. Human antisera against TeNT obtained from 9 individuals were found to exhibit substantial cross-reaction with BoNTs A and B. We prepared antibodies (Abs) against inactivated tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) in outbred mice and determined the binding of these Abs to active TeNT and active botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) A and B. Blood samples were collected before immunization (day 0) and on days 42, 82 and 125 after the first injection. The reactions of these sera with the immunizing antigen (inactivated TeNT), active TeNT, active BoNT/A and active BoNT/B were determined. At a fixed dilution (1:62.5 v/v), the sera contained high levels of Abs that reacted with TeNT and also with BoNTs A and B. T...
Thioctic Acid in Milk

Abstract Thioctic acid ( α -lipoic acid) was isolated from milk and found to be associated with the fat globule membrane. The isolation procedure was as follows: Sweet cream buttermilk was hydrolyzed by refluxing for 3 hr with 6.0 n HCl. A benzene extract of the hydrolysate was extracted with 5% NaHCO 3 which, in turn, was acidified to pH less than 1 with 6.0 n HCl. The acidified solution was extracted with ethyl ether, and the extract evaporated to dryness and stored under nitrogen −10C. Identification of thioctic acid was accomplished by UV absorption spectra, thin-layer and gasliquid chromatography techniques.
A Simplified Model of Carbon Nanotube Transistor with Applications to Analog and Digital Design

A compact model for the Carbon nanotube transistor (CNFET) is presented in this work. This simple model aids the first-order analysis for digital and analog design with CNFET. Based on the physical understanding of ballistic transport in the CNFET channel and tunneling at the Schottky barrier contacts, we develop a set of closed- form expressions that predict the device behavior with varying process and bias conditions. Using this model, we compare a CNFET with 22 nm MOSFET in both digital and analog domains. We conclude that (1) a CNFET digital circuit can be more than 1 OX faster than 22 nm CMOS; (2) there is 1 OX improvement in gmfor comparable device dimensions, and (3) >25X improvement in gosfor comparable saturation current. This simple, scalable model is an efficient tool for analytical treatment of CNFET based circuits, revealing potential design opportunities, especially in the analog domain.
Infantile Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia

In this review, the psychopharmacotherapy of infantile autism and that of childhood schizophrenia are treated separately. This separation reflects research since the mid-1960s that has led to a consensus in child psychiatry that infantile autism (IA) and childhood schizophrenia (CS) are distinct entities. Whereas the diagnostic criteria in the DSM (American Psychiatric Association—APA, 1952) and DSM-II (APA, 1968) included children with autistic features in its diagnosis of CS, the DSM-III (APA, 1980) subsumed IA in the category of pervasive developmental disorders with its own clinical criteria. CS is not included in the DSM- III. In order for a child to be diagnosed as CS, he or she must conform to the criteria for adult schizophrenia. This practice is criticized by some (Cantor, Evans, Pearce, & Pezzot-Pearce, 1982) who feel that many schizophrenic children do not meet the adult criteria for schizoprenia. In practice, IA has emerged from its separation from CS as a more clearly delineated syndrome relative to CS, and researchers working in the area of IA have found the DSM-III criteria for IA to be useful as the basis for samples of autistic children who have been studied epidemiologically, genetically, clinically, biochemically, neurophysiologically and pharmacologically. From a vast array of data, movement toward a rational psychopharmacology has been made. We are therefore beginning to understand the biochemical abnormalities that coexist with certain symptoms in IA.
Predicting perceived medication-related hassles in dementia family caregivers:

ObjectiveThis study examined predictors of medication administration hassles reported by intergenerational dementia family caregivers.MethodsA sample of 53 women who aided a cognitively impaired older adult with healthcare and who identified as inter-generational caregivers provided self-report medication management and psychosocial data.ResultsHierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that six independent variables hypothesized for this model, the total number of prescription medications managed by caregivers, educational attainment, care-recipient functional impairment, care-recipient cognitive impairment, caregiver depressive symptomatology, and self-reported feelings of preparedness for the caregiving role together significantly predicted caregiver medication administration hassles scores F(1, 48) = 4.90, p = .032, and accounted for approximately 25% of the variance of self-reported hassles (adjusted R2 = .247).DiscussionFuture interventions may reduce medication-related hassles by providing ...
Combination gemcitabine and cisplatin for recurrent ovarian cancer

16037 Background: Recent evidence suggests gemcitabine combined with a platinum drug is active in recurrent ovarian cancer. In an effort to decrease dose-limiting myelosuppression associated with g...
Ocean Acidification: Investigation and Presentation of the Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Levels on Seawater Chemistry and Calcareous Organisms

Ocean acidification refers to the process by which seawater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, producing aqueous carbonic acid. Acidic conditions increase the solubility of calcium carbonate, threatening corals and other calcareous organisms that depend on it for protective structures. The global nature of ocean acidification and the magnitude of its potential impact on marine ecosystems and the industries they support make it an important and engaging topic to explore in the undergraduate laboratory. In this multiweek experiment, designed for second year analytical and environmental chemistry courses, artificial seawater samples containing pieces of seashell or coral were prepared. One sample was pressurized with carbon dioxide and stirred for 1 week, while the other was stirred without carbonation. Mass and pH measurements and carbonate, bicarbonate, calcium(II), and magnesium(II) titrations were performed on samples before and after treatment. Through data analysis and a rigorous consideration...
The Streetcar in the Urban Imaginary of Latin America

The electric streetcar was a significant marker of modernity in Latin America, but its symbolic power rested as much in its ability to establish a presence in urban popular culture as it did in its contribution to technological change. By using the concept of the “urban imaginary” we can reveal the multifaceted and shifting role of the streetcar as a symbol of progress and a site of danger, destruction, and death in the public mind. In newspapers, comics, songs, poems, stories, and movies, the masses imagined the streetcar as central to the daily life of the city and used it to make meaning out of the chaos of the rapidly evolving modern city. Themes explored include the ordering of bodies, labor conflict, violence, the spectacle city, and the afterlife of the streetcar.
Low-rank one-step wave extrapolation

We propose a method for one-step wave extrapolation using lowrank symbol approximation. We use an analytic source to construct a complex wavefield. Lowrank decomposition is employed to approximate the mixed-domain space-wavenumber wave extrapolation symbol. We demonstrate the stability improvement of a one-step scheme over a two-step scheme when waves are propagated at large time steps, thus reducing the computational cost. For wave propagation in inhomogeneous media, a velocity gradient term can be included to achieve a more accurate phase function, especially when velocity variations are large. Additionally, we develop an absorbing boundary condition which is propagation-direction-dependent and can be incorportated in the wave extrapolation operator. It allows waves to travel parallel to the boundary, thus reducing artificial reflections at wide-incident angles.
Modifying metal nanoparticle placement on carbon supports using an aerosol-based process, with application to the environmental remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons.

A facile aerosol-based process (ABP) is developed to vary the placement of iron nanoparticles on the external surface of carbon microspheres or within the interior. This is accomplished through the competitive mechanisms of sucrose carbonization and the precipitation of soluble iron salts, in an aerosol droplet passing through a high temperature heating zone. At lower aerosolization temperatures, carbonization occurs first leading to iron salt precipitation on the external surface, while at higher temperatures interior placement occurs through concurrent iron salt precipitation and sucrose carbonization. The resulting composites are highly conducive to the reductive dechlorination of compounds such as trichloroethylene (TCE) as the carbon support is a strong adsorbent, and zerovalent iron effectively reduces TCE to innocuous gases such as ethane. Since both iron and carbon are widely used catalysts and catalyst supports, the simple process of modifying iron placement has significant potential applications...
Symbiotic soybean in acidified soil

Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of acidic soil on the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)/Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis. Essex and Fayette soybean cultivars were grown in Lowell soil acidified with Al2(SO4)lin3 (Al-soil) or elemental S (S-soil). Plants were inoculated with commercial or locally isolated B. japonicum, supplied with inorganic N, or grown without supplemental N. Acidifying the soil significantly (P ⩽ 0.05) decreased shoot dry weights and nodulation of inoculated plants, whereas shoot dry weights of N-fertilized plants were not significantly affected. Extracts of Al-soil contained more Al than those of S-soil, whereas extracts of S-soil contained more Mn and P. There were no significant differences in shoot weight, nodule dry weight, or nodule number between treatments in Al-soil and S-soil at similar pH (i.e., pH 4.8 or 5.2). It was concluded that acidified soil affected the symbiosis more than the plant. These effects may have been due to H-ion toxicity as opposed to Al or Mn toxicity or P deficiency.
Design of Distribution Automation Communication System Based on Remote Base-band LTE230 MHz

The distribution automation communication access network lacks the effective communication means except for EPON optic-fiber communication.This paper proposes a LTE230 MHz wireless communication scheme based on the remote digital base-band,constructs the distribution automation communication system.The core of scheme is split the traditional base station into base band unit(BBU) and remote radio unit(RRU),then realizes the distributed coverage based on the optic-fiber resources.This paper analyzes the key technologies of applying to electric power system,researches the network structure and characteristics of scheme,and designs the general frame of applying to distribution automation communication system.With the advantages of band and network,the LTE230 MHz wireless communication based on the remote digital baseband technology will solve the problem of "the last one mile" of distribution automation.
History and future of critical care pharmacy practice.

Today, many pharmacists identify themselves as critical care specialists, and some may assume that this specialty has always been in place. However, critical care pharmacy practice has formally existed for only about 35 years. The evolution of clinically oriented pharmacy practice in general
Exact time-dependent moments for the monoenergetic neutron transport equation with isotropic scattering

Exact expressions for the moments of the time-dependent angular flux describing the transport of monoenergetic neutrons are derived. The moments are then used to reconstruct the angular flux which ...