cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth, death, and photobiology of dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) under bacterial-algicide control

Naturally occurring allelopathic compounds, specific to some phytoplankton, may be a good source of bio-control agents against microalgae responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs). Global expansion of HABs has invigorated research into different approaches to control these algae, including the search for naturally derived algicidal compounds. Here, we investigated the effects of a filtrate from the algicidal marine bacterium Shewanella sp. IRI-160 on photochemical function of four cultured dinoflagellates, Karlodinium veneficum, Gyrodinium instriatum, Prorocentrum minimum, and Alexandrium tamarense. The filtrate (designated IRI-160AA) contains bioactive compound(s), which were recently shown to inhibit growth of several dinoflagellate species. Results of this study show that all dinoflagellates but P. minimum exhibited photosystem II (PSII) inhibition, loss of photosynthetic electron transport, and varying degrees of cellular mortality. Exposure assays over 24 h showed that PSII inhibition and loss of cell membrane integrity occurred simultaneously in G. instriatum, but not in K. veneficum, where PSII activity declined prior to losing outer-membrane integrity. In addition, PSII inhibition and population growth inhibition were dose-dependent in K. veneficum, with an average EC-50 of 7.9 % (v/v) IRI-160AA. Application of IRI-160AA induced significantly higher PSII inhibition and cell mortality in K. veneficum subjected to continuous darkness as compared to cells maintained with 12:12 h light/dark cycles, while no such dark effect was noted for G. instriatum. The marked differences in the rate and impact of this algicide suggest that multiple cellular targets and different cascades of cellular dysfunction occur across these dinoflagellates.
Identification and Control of an MR Damper With Stiction Effect and its Application in Structural Vibration Mitigation

This paper presents the parameter identification and control of a magnetorheological (MR) damper with stiction effect and its application to seismic protection of a model two-story structure. This semi-active device is utilized to reduce the vibration of the model structure in response to earthquake excitations. First, modified Bingham and LuGre models which consider the stiction effect and the velocity-dependent nature of the damper force are proposed. The parameters of the models are identified by solving a nonlinear optimization problem. The Bingham model is considered because of its simple structure to be used in linear parameter varying (LPV) design framework. The parameter identification is performed while the MR damper is attached to the structure. These models are verified experimentally for different operating conditions showing an acceptable level of accuracy. The subsequent part of the paper addresses the design of different types of controllers to command the MR damper to suppress the structural vibrations of a model building due to earthquake excitations. Two types of controllers are considered in this study: 1) an H∞ inverse control based on the mixed-sensitivity design and 2) a dynamic output-feedback LPV controller. In the former one, an H∞ controller is designed for the linear structure and the modified LuGre-based inverse model is used to determine the required voltage from the commanded force. The LPV controller is designed for the combined structure and MR damper based on the modified Bingham model considering the damper velocity as the scheduling parameter. Both controllers are combined with a classical anti-windup scheme to compensate the effect of the saturation on the control voltage. An optimal passive damping design is also obtained for comparison purposes. The performance of the controllers is compared with the passive damping case and clipped-optimal controller for the El Centro and Northridge earthquake inputs with different intensities. The experimental results show the improved performance of the LPV controller design in terms of the maximum acceleration and the RMS values of the structure response.
Hematopoietic cell culture therapies (Part I): cell culture considerations

Hematopoietic cell culture, or ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells, is a rapidly growing area of tissue engineering with many potential applications in bone-marrow transplantation, gene therapy and the production of blood products. Hematopoietic cultures are considerably more complex than established animal cell culture technologies owing to the presence of many cell types at various differentiation stages, and stringent medium and growth factor requirements. Culture parameters, such as pH, oxygen tension, seeding density and feeding schedules, significantly affect the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. A number of bioreactor systems are currently under development.
Enzyme activities in appalachian soils: 1. Aryl‐sulfatase

Abstract Sulfatase enzymes in soil play an important role in transformation of organic forms of S into inorganic forms of plant available S. Aryl‐sulfatase (AS) activities in fourteen hill land soils of the Appalachian region were assayed. Magnitude of AS activities were related to selected soil properties. The top two horizons from each of the soils were sampled during early spring, passed through a 2 mm sieve, and stored under field moist conditions at 4°C. Each soil type has its own level of AS activity. The average enzyme activities of surface samples were more than 2.4 times higher than those of subsurface horizons. The AS activities were positively correlated with organic C, N, forms of S and P, original soil moisture by weight and volume, and basic cations. Knowledge of the relationship between enzyme activities and soil properties should contribute to the development of fertility management systems for the hill‐land soils of the Appalachian region.
Tetrahydrobiopterin, superoxide, and vascular dysfunction

(6R)-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an endogenously produced pterin that is found widely distributed in mammalian tissues. BH4 works as a cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthases. In the vasculature a deficit of BH4 is implicated in the mechanisms of several diseases including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic vascular disease, and vascular complications from cigarette smoking and environmental pollution. These ill-effects are connected to the ability of BH4 to regulate reactive oxygen species levels in the endothelium. The possibility of using BH4 as a therapeutical agent in cardiovascular medicine is becoming more compelling and many biochemical and physiological aspects involved in this application are currently under investigation. This review summarizes our current understanding of BH4 reactivity and some aspects of cellular production and regulation.
Anesthetic and obstetric outcomes in morbidly obese parturients: a 20-year follow-up retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background In 1993, Hood and Dewan published the results of a trial comparing obstetric and anesthetic outcomes of 117 morbidly obese parturients with matched controls. The authors demonstrated a higher initial epidural anesthesia failure rate, a higher cesarean delivery rate and an increased risk of obstetric complications. We replicated the previous study to provide updated information on outcomes in the morbidly obese pregnant population. We hypothesized that morbidly obese women would still have higher complication and failure rates compared to matched controls and that general anesthesia would be less commonly used than in the previous study. Methods The medical records of 230 patients weighing >136kg (300pounds) were compared to matched controls: the next patient delivered by the same obstetrician with a weight Results The mean weight of the morbidly obese group was 53.4±6.6kg/m 2 compared to 31.1±5.4kg/m 2 in the control group. Fifty percent of morbidly obese women required cesarean delivery compared to 32% of controls ( P P P P P P P Conclusions Morbidly obese parturients are still at increased risk for antenatal comorbidities, failed labor analgesia, longer first stage of labor and operative delivery. Replacement labor epidural catheters and general anesthesia for cesarean delivery are less commonly required anesthetic techniques compared to the original study.
Heat Transfer From an Asymmetrically Heated Channel Partially Enclosing a Rotating Disk

Experiments have been performed to determine the heat transfer from an asymmetrically heated channel partially enclosing a vertically oriented rotating disk. Parallel rectangular surfaces enclose the rear portion of a disk (slightly less than 1/2 of the disk is enclosed) allowing air to enter and exit the perimeter of the channel, except the rear vertical portion bridging the two parallel surfaces. The experiments encompassed data runs where one of the parallel walls was isothermal and the other was adiabatic. The experiments encompassed a range of spacings between the rotation disk and the adjacent parallel surfaces and a range of rotational speeds varying by a factor of 30. The experiments were performed using the naphthalene sublimation technique. From the experimental results a dimensionless correlation equation suitable for predicting average heat and mass transfer coefficients of the enclosing surfaces for various rotational Reynolds numbers and disk-to-wall spacings was deduced. Finally to gain some insight into the air flow pattern along the enclosing walls, a visual flow technique was employed, the results of which will be described herein
Effect of Maternal Antibodies on Influenza Virus‐Specific Immune Response Elicited by Inactivated Virus and Naked DNA

While vaccines are effective in adults, they are less successful in newborns and infants. Neonatal unresponsiveness to vaccines could be owing to immaturity of lymphocytes and/or to inhibition by maternal antibodies. Unresponsiveness of newborn to vaccines can be overcame by genetic immunization. In the present study we investigated the effect of maternal antibodies on the anti-influenza virus protective response in progeny born to dams immunized with plasmid containing the hemagglutinin gene or UV-inactivated virus. The effect of maternal antibodies was studied in plasmid immunized F1 mice born to BALB/c dams, previously immunized with virus or plasmid and crossed with C57BL/6 males, as well as in offspring born to BALB/c dams immunized with plasmid and then immunized with UV-inactivated WSN virus. We have found that the inhibition period of the anti-HA antibody response in offspring born to dams immunized with DNA is shorter than that of offspring born to dams immunized with virus. Furthermore, there is a persistent inhibitory effect on B cells from offspring born to dams immunized with virus or injected with antiviral monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), after the decline of maternal antibody titers. The analysis of the haemagglutinin-specific clonotype reactivity pattern of offspring born to dams immunized with inactivated influenza virus or with a plasmid showed that clonotypes producing antibodies specific for the immunizing virus strain were predominant in offspring born to dams immunized with DNA compared to those born to dams immunized with virus. Maternal antibodies do not affect cell-mediated immunity. These findings might be used to design efficient vaccination schedules for newborns and infants.
Effect of. Ascorbic Acid on Chick Growth when Added to Purified Rations.

SummaryAscorbic acid, when fed to chicks receiving various purified rations consistently stimulates the growth rate to a small but definite extent. The exact mechanism of action is unknown at present. The relationship of growth effects obtained with ascorbic acid to those obtained with p-amino-benzoic acid is compared and discussed.
Intrinsic Release Rate from Matrix-type Drug Delivery Systems

A simple method was presented for evaluation of the intrinsic release rate from a matrix-type drug delivery system. The effect of the hydrodynamic diffusion boundary layer on the rate of drug release was corrected to obtain the release profile without any diffusion boundary layer effect. The experimental release data was logically explained in terms of the intrinsic rate of release evaluated from the present method.
Biosynthesis of Pseudouridine in Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of specific pseudouridine residues in the anticodon region of tRNA has been characterized in extracts of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. It has previously been shown that hisT regulatory mutants of S. typhimurium lack the pseudouridine modifications in the anticodon region of histidine and several other tRNA species. This has permitted the development of a simple radiochemical assay for the modification enzyme, based on the release of tritium from hisT tRNA isolated from cells grown in [5-3H]uridine. This enzyme activity is absent from hisT mutants and is relatively heat-labile in extracts from temperature-sensitive hisT mutants, which suggests that the modification enzyme itself is the primary gene product of the hisT gene.
Anterior pituitary vasodilation after hemorrhage in the dog.

A miniature thermoelectric probe was used to record continuously tissue blood flowin the anterior pituitary gland of anesthetized dogs. The output of the flow probe is linear in the range of tissue blood flow encountered in the pituitary. Probe placement required minimal tissue trauma, and zero blood flow was recorded at the end of each experiment. Little or no change in flow followed hemorrhage of 10 ml/kg body weight. However, hemorrhages of 20 or 30 ml/kg were followed by a biphasic deviation from control level, with an initial transient decrease in flow, followed by recovery to control at about 19 min and a rise above control to 90% of maximum at about 32 min. Hypothalamohypophysial vascular resistance was found to decrease significantly following hemorrhages of 20 or 30 ml/kg, and this was shown to be independent of resistance changes in the femoral vascular bed. It is concluded that anterior pituitary blood flow is well maintained following moderate hemorrhage as a result of intrinsic vasodilation i...
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT QUALITY WARRANTIES: HYBRID QUALITY ASSESSMENT MODEL

The term "quality" is defined as the conformance to predetermined requirements or specifications. These requirements may be simple or complex. They may be set in terms of the end result required or as a detailed description of how work should be executed. Recently, there has been increasing interest in quality assurance in the construction industry. Most current techniques used in infrastructure assessment and quality inspection rely merely on subjective criteria. Such inaccurate or subjective assessment techniques have been identified as critical obstacles to effective infrastructure management. An overview of contract quality warranties for steel bridge coatings is presented as a practical example, and a hybrid assessment model that can be used to quantitatively measure quality attributes is proposed. The hybrid model combines image processing and neural networks for defect (specifically, rust) recognition and measurement and uses statistical analysis for quality acceptance or rejection on the basis of ...
The Constraint Interpretation of Physical Emergence

I develop a variant of the constraint interpretation of the emergence of purely physical (non-biological) entities, focusing on the principle of the non-derivability of actual physical states from possible physical states (physical laws) alone. While this is a necessary condition for any account of emergence, it is not sufficient, for it becomes trivial if not extended to types of constraint that specifically constitute physical entities, namely, those that individuate and differentiate them. Because physical organizations with these features are in fact interdependent sets of such constraints, and because such constraints on physical laws cannot themselves be derived from physical laws, physical organization is emergent. These two complementary types of constraint are components of a complete non-reductive physicalism, comprising a non-reductive materialism and a non-reductive formalism.
Gas-Lift Reactor for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal by the Lo-Cat process [reaction with iron(3+) chelates] consists of two steps: the removal reaction and catalyst regeneration. The internal loop gas lift or the autocirculation reactor is an appropriate reactor for the Lo-Cat process because it combines the reaction and regeneration steps in a single device. The removal reaction takes place in the riser, and the used catalyst solution is regenerated in the downcomer. This research involved the study of the performance of the Lo-Cat air-lift reactor on H2S removal under various operating conditions. H2S could be removed completely (>99.9%) when the superficial H2S velocity in the riser was 0.03 m/s and the superficial air velocity in the downcomer was 0.01 m/s. Iron(2+) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [Fe2+EDTA] was regenerated to Fe3+EDTA in the downcomer with a conversion of up to 79%. The conversions of H2S, Fe3+EDTA, and Fe2+EDTA decreased with increasing superficial gas velocity in the riser for a fixed gas velocity in ...
Ti-LiNbO3 Waveguide Serrodyne Modulator With Ultrahigh Sideband-Suppression for Fiber Optic Gyroscope

Serrodyne modulation using an electro-optic (E-O) phase modulator in a Ti-indiffused LiNbO3 waveguide for optical frequency shifting is being developed for a variety of app1ications.1 Sideband suppression better than 40 dB at a moderate shifting frequency (40 KHz) has been reported.2 Inertial navigation, phase-nulling rotation sensors utilizing Sagnac interferometers, however, require extremely high sideband suppression and shifting frequencies of up to several hundred kilohertz in order to achieve scale factor linearity over a wide dynamic range.3-4 In this paper, we report a serrodyne modulator with an overall sideband suppression of better than 50 dB at frequency shifts of up to 200 KHz.
Differential coupling of visual cortex with default or frontal-parietal network based on goals

The relationship between top-down enhancement and suppression of sensory cortical activity and large-scale neural networks remains unclear. Functional connectivity analysis of human functional magnetic resonance imaging data revealed that visual cortical areas that selectively process relevant information are functionally connected with the frontal-parietal network, whereas those that process irrelevant information are simultaneously coupled with the default network. This indicates that sensory cortical regions are differentially and dynamically coupled with distinct networks on the basis of task goals.
NOTE ON DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS IN ANALOGUE RESEARCH ON SMALL ANIMAL PHOBIAS

Summwy.-The present report reviewed the analogue literature on small animal phobias to determine the extent to which researchers employed "blind" experimenters in the assessmenr of behavioral fear. A total of 87 analogue studies on small animal phobias appearing between January, 1971 and December, 1976 in six professional journals were reviewed. The review showed that only 29% of the studies clearly indicated the employment of "blind" assessors. The results of the review suggest that journal reviewers have been relatively insensitive to this critical design factor and that future research should take the steps necessary to eliminate this major alternative explanation of experimental findings.
Male climacteric after orchiectomy in patient with prostatic cancer

Abstract The case of a patient in whom prostatic cancer developed while on testosterone replacement following orchiectomy, is presented. The origin and management of climacteric symptoms in the male is discussed.
SOLVCALC: an interactive graphics program package for calculating the ternary feldspar solvus and for two-feldspar geothermometry

Abstract The program SOLVCALC is a user-friendly graphic interface software for calculating the ternary feldspar solvus and the equilibrium temperature of coexisting natural ternary feldspar pairs. Twelve solvus isotherms (with or without tielines) and twelve thermometric tielines can be plotted on each screen. The zoom and move functions greatly reduce any physical limitations of the screen itself. Six different thermodynamic models for ternary feldspar and one user-defined model are incorporated into this program for both solvus calculations and thermometry. An activity matching algorithm is used for the solvus calculations. For the geothermometric calculations, an algorithm is used to search for the most concordant temperature by adjusting the feldspar compositions within selected uncertainty. SOLVCALC can be used as both a research and teaching tool for comparing different models as well as for development of new ternary feldspar models. The program runs on PC-compatible computers with DOS 3.1 or later version and a VGA graphic card. A copy of SOLVCALC 1.0 is available from the authors by request.
Peer Reviewed Article Feldenkrais-based Sensory Movement Technique and Breathing for Voice Production for the Stage

(2007). Peer Reviewed Article Feldenkrais-based Sensory Movement Technique and Breathing for Voice Production for the Stage. Voice and Speech Review: Vol. 5, Voice and Gender, pp. 171-182.
Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation

A 58-year-old man has chest pain at 9:30 a.m.; 3 hours later, he calls for an ambulance. Paramedics arrive, provide standard treatment, and transport him to the nearest emergency department. On his arrival at a small hospital at 1 p.m., the findings are diagnostic of a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. The emergency department physician recommends immediate transfer to a hospital 1 hour away for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
The entry point of face recognition: evidence for face expertise.

Previous studies have shown that experts (e.g., birdwatchers) are as fast to recognize objects at subordinate levels of abstraction (e.g., robin) as they are to recognize the same object at the basic level (e.g., bird). As a test of face expertise, the current study found that adults identify faces more frequently (Experiment 1) and as quickly (Experiment 2) at the subordinate level (e.g., Bill Clinton) as at the basic level (e.g., human). Whereas brief presentation (75 ms) impaired subordinate-level recognition of nonface objects, it did not impair the subordinate level recognition of faces (Experiment 3). Finally, in an identity-matching task, subordinate-level primes facilitated the matching responses of faces but not nonface objects (Experiment 4). Collectively, these results indicate that face expertise, like expert object expertise, promotes a downward shift in recognition to more subordinate levels of abstraction.
Multi-modal graphene polymer interface characterization platform for vaporizable electronics

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of organic thin films such as polycarbonates is essential for their application-specific design. In this paper, we report a novel micromechanical resonant membrane platform with both graphene resistivity and mass-dependent frequency sensing to measure the thermal response, vaporization, and subsequent mass change of thin-film analytes deposited on top of the membrane. Graphene transferred on silicon nitride (Si x N y ) is below the analyte thin film, and the graphene resistance changes due to dangling bond interactions between the analyte film and graphene surface. At the same time, the resonance frequency of the analyte film/graphene/Si x N y composite membrane changes with variations in temperature, mechanical properties, mass and elasticity of the analyte film. This device provides a bi-modal characterization of the organic thin film, both in the electrical and mechanical domain, which allows one to identify and optimize the organic film formulation. As an example, we demonstrate differentiating formulations of a polymer blend to realize low degradation temperature, which is critical for vaporizable electronics enabling low-power transience.
Establishing postprandial bio-equivalency and IVIVC for generic metformin sustained release small sized tablets

The objective of current study was to develop metformin hydrochloride modified release small sized tablets, and to evaluate its bioequivalence when compared with the reference product (Glucophage® SR). The physicochemical properties of the formulated and reference tablets were determined and compared. The in vitro dissolution profiles of formulated tablets were obtained using bio-relevant media and IVIVC was established. Bioequivalence investigation was carried out in 32 healthy male volunteers who received a single dose 1,000 mg of both test and reference products in a randomized two-way crossover design in postprandial conditions. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 48 h. Metformin concentration was assayed by using a validated LC–MS/MS method. The log-transformed Cmax and AUC were statistically compared by analysis of variance, and the 90 % confidence intervals (CI) of the ratio of the log-transformed Cmax and AUC between the most promising developed formulation and the reference product were determined. It was deduced that the dissolution rate profile of the formulated modified release small sized tablets was similar to the reference product employed in the study. Their similarity and difference factors were found to be well within the established limits. In the bioequivalence study, the difference in Cmax, AUClast and AUCinf between the test and reference product was not statistically significant, with the 90 % CI of 100.73–116.20, 86.16–97.37 and 87.12–96.99 %, respectively. The results suggested that the metformin small tablets formulated with reduced quantity of controlled release polymer were found to be bioequivalent in the postprandial state. For these small tablets, pH 5.5 acetate buffer as a bio-relevant dissolution media for the development of IVIVC.
Galileo's account of astronomical miracles in the Bible: a confusion of sources

RIASSUNTO Nella sua Lettera alla Granduchessa Cristina Galileo considerava due miracoli astronomici della Bibbia (il sole immobile davanti a Giosue, e l'ombra solare che si muove a ritroso sui passi [cioe la meridiana] d'Achaz), citando alcune discussioni di questi passi nella letteratura precedente. Dopo aver esaminato le relazioni tra questi testi e altri commenti antichi della Bibbia da cui essi dipendono, l'Autore dimostra che Galileo non ha probabilmente esaminato tutti e sette i testi in prima persona, ma che la sua fonte era in realta il commento di Magalhaens al libro di Giosue, pubblicato nel 1612 (il piu recente dei sette in cui gli altri sei sono citati); e che, oltre alla confusione gia esistente nei testi citati, Galileo ha ulteriormente confuso i riferimenti testuali.
Interest as a predeterminer of the GSR index of the orienting reflex.

Abstract Participants in the experiment were selected from among the membership of three university recreational clubs, surfing, fishing, and chess. Participants were further restricted to those having an exclusive recreational interest. Sixteen students selected in this manner were shown slides depicting scenes related to each of the three interests as well as unrelated filler slides. Students displayed significantly larger GSRs to slides depicting their recreational interest as compared to the other recreations and the filler slides. Results were interpreted as reflecting the expression of an OR induced by a significant stimulus.
Calmodulin stimulates human platelet phospholipase A2.

Abstract Calmodulin is a ubiquitous Ca 2+ -binding protein, mediating the effect of Ca 2+ on many enzyme systems and cellular reactions. Phospholipase A 2 (phosphatide-2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) which governs the level of arachidonic acid in human platelets, requires Ca 2+ for maximum activity. Results presented herein suggest that the stimulation of phospholipase A 2 by Ca 2+ is also mediated through calmodulin. This finding adds to the growing list of enzymes whose activities are regulated by calmodulin.
Herbivory and tree mortality across a pinyon pine hybrid zone

We examined the abundances of three common insect herbivores on pure and hybrid pinyon pines along a 250-km transect in west-central Arizona, United States. Using six morphological traits, we developed a hybrid index to classify trees as pure Pinus californiarum, hybrid, or pure Pinus edulis. The insects (the stem-boring moth, Dioryctria albovittella, the scale insect, Matsucoccus acalyptus, and several species of pitch moths that produce wounds on the trunk and branches) exhibited different distributional patterns across tree types. Stem-boring moths were significantly more abundant on trees at "hybrid" sites compared to trees at "pure" sites. In addition, within hybrid sites, hybrids supported significantly more moth larvae than pure trees of either species. These two patterns support the hybrid susceptibility hypothesis in which hybrid breakdown results in increased susceptibility to herbivory. In contrast to stem-borers, there were significantly more pitch moth wounds on trees at pure P. californiarum sites than at hybrid and pure P. edulis sites. Within the hybrid zone, pitch moth abundance was equal on pure P. californiarum and hybrids, and both were significantly greater than on pure P. edulis. These within-site comparisons support the dominance hypothesis where hybrid resistance differs from one tree species, but not the other. Scale insects exhibited the most restricted distribution; over the 250 km transect they were found only in the hybrid zone. This supports the hybrid susceptibility and/or the stress hypothesis (i.e., species at the edge of their range suffer greater stress and are more susceptible to herbivory). We summed the mean numbers of these three common herbivores across sites and found that hybrid sites supported 2.1 and 3.9 times more herbivores than pure P. californiarum and P. edulis sites, respectively. Furthermore, tree mortality was on average, 35 times greater within the hybrid zone compared to pure zones of each species and was associated with the cumulative abundance of herbivores (r 2=0.646). Regardless of whether this mortality is due to insect infestation, stress or a combination of both, these results suggest that hybrid zones are important arenas of natural selection.
Nutrition in Rio Piedras: A study of internal migration and maternal diets

Two hundred forty‐nine randomly selected women attending a pre.natal clinic in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, were interviewed to investigate sociodemographic and economic factors influencing their food habits. Variables studied included migration and residence patterns; education, income and occupational levels; and the frequency of use of various media sources. Maternal diets were assessed in terms of nutrition knowledge, food preferences and food consumption. The statistical analysis used included the student's t‐test and Kendall tau rank correlation. The 143 migrants were significantly more knowledgeable than the 106 non‐migrants about appropriate foods, and both preferred and consumed a wider variety of foods during the period under study. Migrants also had significantly higher educational and income levels and made more frequent use of information sources than did non‐migrants.
Predictive Oscillation Patterns: A Synthesis of Methods for Spatial-Temporal Decomposition of Random Fields

Abstract Spatial-temporal decompositions of climatologic fields have been obtained using a range of techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and principal oscillation patterns (POPS). PCA decompositions are forced to be correlated to the original field, but they may not capture interesting aspects of temporal variation. On the other hand, POPS decompositions focus on temporal variation but are not forced to correlate to the field. Here we introduce a hybrid of these methods that attempts to retain desirable aspects of both PCA and POPS. The approach attempts to project the field onto a lower dimensional subspace with the property that the average error associated with forecasting a future state of the field on the basis of the history contained in the projection is minimized. A recursive algorithm for estimating a spatial-temporal decomposition based on this idea is developed. The methodology is applied to a 47-year climatological record of the 5-day average 500-millibar-height anomaly fie...
Leadership As An Obstacle To Democratic Problem Solving

The predominant contemporary conception of public leadership rests on a "consumerist" model of democratic politics. Because in practice this approach to democratic decision making has shown itself ...
The growth of single roots of Artemisia annua in nutrient mist reactors.

Abstract: To better characterize the development andgrowth of hairy roots in a mist-fed root bed, a single rootaerosol reactor was developed. Growth kinetics studieswere conducted on hairy roots of Artemisia annuaas afunction of the mist cycle, carrier gas, and nutrient com-positions. Sustained rapid growth was only observedwhen conditioned medium was fed to the roots. Thepresence of 1% CO 2 in the carrier gas did not enhance thegrowth kinetics but it did prevent necrosis of the tissue atthe highest mist cycle. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bio-technol Bioeng 70: 143–150, 2000. Keywords: Artemisia annua; hairy roots; mist reactor;bioreactor INTRODUCTION Transformed (hairy) root cultures are a promising way toproduce secondary metabolites such as pharmaceuticals,pigments, and flavors. The complex fibrous structure of theroots, however, makes analyzing their growth and develop-ing large-scale culture systems a challenge. Furthermore,root growth is not homogeneous. Instead, the rapidly divid-ing meristematic cells are all restricted to root tips. After thecells stop dividing, they grow by elongating until they are atleast an order of magnitude larger than their original size.Just behind the elongation region, lateral meristems producelateral roots that grow in a manner similar to that of theprimary root from which they emerged. Thus, roots grow bythree means: meristematic cell proliferation at the tip; cellelongation; and branching by lateral root production.The resulting root morphology is quite plastic as the rootsrespond to changes in their local environment. Changes inmorphology, including changes in the density and length ofthe root hairs, in turn directly affect both reactor perfor-mance and secondary metabolite production (Carvalho etal., 1997). In general, root hairs are longer and more abun-dant on roots grown in moist air than on roots grown inliquid medium (Hofer, 1996). Elevated O
Cerebrovascular hemodynamics during and after recovery from acute asphyxia in the newborn dog.

ABSTRACT: Cerebrovascular volume and transmural pressure loads accompanying acute increases in cerebral blood flow are implicated in the pathogenesis of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. An acute increase in cerebral blood flow would be expected during acute recovery from asphyxia. Therefore, cerebrovascular hemodynamics, including flow (microspheres), were studied during and after acute recovery from asphyxia in seven newborn dogs in order to study the determinants of these volume and pressure loads. During the acute recovery phase, cerebral hemispheric blood flow was 69.6 ± 10 ml/100 g/min (mean ± SEM) representing a 250% increase from baseline values of 19.9 ± 1.8 ml/100 g/min (p < 0.005), while combined cerebellar-brainstem flow was 204.3 ± 19.3 ml/100 g/min representing a 536% increase from baseline values of 32.0 ± 1.5 ml/100 g/min (p < 0.005). Blood flow to both areas had returned to baseline levels 20 min after the onset of recovery. Associated with this cerebral hyperemia was an acute increase in mean arterial pressure from 21.3 ± 4.5 mm Hg at end asphyxia to 69.5 ± 6.0 mm Hg at peak recovery (p < 0.01), and parallel acute increases in sagittal sinus pressure (from 4.0 ± 0.4 to 14.6 ± 1.9 mm Hg, p ±.01) and cerebrospinal fluid pressure (from 3.8 ± 0.4 to 14.3 ± mm Hg, p <1). Central venous pressure fell from 4.3 ± 6 mm Hg at end asphyxia to 1.6 ± 0.5 mm Hg, and thus is not a determinant of the elevation in sagittal sinus pressure. AH of these pressure changes were attained within 20–30 s of the onset of recovery. Assuming that acute changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure reflect acute changes in cerebrovascular volume via the cranial compliance (volume/pressure) relationship, then the acute (<30s) elevation of cerebrospinal fluid pressure reflects an acute cerebrovascular volume load. Also, the elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure considerably modifies both the cerebral arterial and venous transmural pressures. The cranial compliance relationship thus plays a key role in determining both volume and transmural pressure loads. We propose that the combination of a high cranial compliance and frequent acute cerebral flow/volume loads may be involved in the pathogenesis of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborn infants.
Case Study of a Hailstorm in Colorado. Part II: Particle Growth Processes at Mid-Levels Deduced from in-situ Measurements

Abstract The microphysical, thermodynamic and vertical air motion characteristics of a hailstorm which occurred in northeast Colorado were investigated through penetrations by the T-28 research aircraft. On the basis of these measurements, the structure and composition of the regions of the strongest updrafts, the peripheral updraft and downdraft regions, and the quiescent regions of the storm were estimated. Several general aspects of the hydrometeor development processes operating within the storm were deduced from these measurements. The particle habits and sizes at any location within the storm depended primarily upon their position relative to the main updraft core. A region which extended around the forward portion of the storm was found to be an environment in which ice particles could grow rapidly through aggregation so that they were subsequently in a position to serve as graupel and hail embryos. Particles grew most rapidly along the boundaries of the WER, because the depletion of the liquid wat...
Carrier Transport in Porous Silicon Light-Emitting Diodes

This work presents a systematic investigation of carrier injection and transport mechanisms in light emitting porous silicon (LEPSI). In addition to optical characterization of the LEPSI film, the electrical characteristics of LEPSI light emitting diodes (LEDs) and the device parameter effects on electroluminescence (EL) efficiency are explored including junction structure, LEPSI layer thickness, and chemical treatment. Au/LEPSI device structures exhibit a power-law current-voltage relationship (I~Vm) and LEPSI pn junction device structures exhibit an exponential current-voltage relationship (I~eeV/nkT). The carrier transport mechanisms are discussed, and theoretical simulations match well with the experimental data. An increase in EL efficiency has been achieved by adjusting the LEPSI layer thickness, implementing chemical treatment, and improving the quality of the contacts. The EL response to the frequency modulation of LEPSI LEDs was studied, resulting in a cutoff frequency in excess of 100 kHz. LEPSI LEDs have demonstrated stable EL at applied voltages as low as 5 volts with EL efficiencies of 0.01%.
Body Movements in Sleep During 30‐Day Exposure to Tone Pulse

Body movements during sleep stages 2 and REM were measured using an artifact method to determine the effects of a tone pulse given every 22 sec, 24 hrs a day, over a period of 30 consecutive days in 10 Navy recruits, aged 19 to 23. The tone pulse produced no significant increase in the number of body movements during stage 2, but it increased body movements in REM sleep to a significant but small (3 movement increase per night) extent. The percentages of body movements observed in the first 7 sec after the tone pulse in sleep stages 2 and REM were significantly higher than those observed during the epochs 8–14 and 15–21 sec, and those observed to the pseudostimulus. The tone pulse used in this study redistributed or regulated the appearance of the body movements to the proximity of the noise, but did not increase the total number of body movements which appeared to be under endogenous control.
The use of7Be and210Pbxs to differentiate fine suspended sediment sources in South Slough, Oregon

Suspended sediment was collected in the South Slough, National, Estuarine Research Reserve, Oregon, over 8 tidal cycles during and following a single runoff event. The sediment was analyzed for its radionuclide signature to determine the relative contributions of different sources of sediment to the efflux from the estuary. Suspended sediment in the estuary is a mixture of sediment from three potential sources: the river system, Coos Bay, and the estuarine bed. Each source material has a distinctive7Be:210Pbxs ratio. The ratios of the source sediments decreased, in magnitude in the following order: riverine >bay>bed. The ratios, of the suspended sediment collected within a subsection of the South Slough estuary reflected the relative mixture of the source areas. The7Be:210Pbxs ratios provided a means of not only differentiating, between resuspended bed sediment and freshly delivered sediment from both the river system and Coos Bay, but also calculating the relative amount of resuspended bed sediment in the suspended sediment collected in the estuary. The sampled subsection of the South Slough estuary was a net sink of sediment during a 100-h sampling period associated with the runoff event, but the radionuclide analysis suggests that approximately 39% of the sediment efflux was resuspended bed sediment.
All-epiphyseal semitendinosus PCL reconstruction in a 10-year-old child.

Background Tears of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in pediatric patients, especially avulsions from its tibial insertion, are not frequently encountered by physicians. However, with an increasing incidence of ligamentous injuries to the knee in skeletally immature patients, orthopaedic surgeons will more frequently need to decide how best to manage a PCL injury in children with open physes. Methods A 10-year-old boy sustained an avulsion of the PCL from its tibial insertion site after a bicycle motocross racing accident. He required a PCL reconstruction after failed conservative treatment and an unsuccessful attempt at primary repair. This successful physeal sparing reconstruction was accomplished using a modified method of femoral tunnel placement in combination with the tibial inlay technique. Results A magnetic resonance imaging was acquired 2 years postoperatively when physical examination demonstrated both legs of equal length, no varus or valgus deformity, and a normal posterior drawer examination. Four years after the reconstruction, he continues to bicycle motocross race while experiencing no further symptoms and complete restoration to his prior quality of life. Conclusions The use of the tibial inlay technique together with the modified femoral tunnel location prevented transphyseal drilling while attaining a favorable anatomic placement of the graft while avoiding the "killer" turn associated with the transtibial approach. Level of evidence Level IV (Therapeutic Study).
Titration of punishment

Pigeons obtaining food by pecking a key and rats obtaining food by pressing a lever were exposed to continuous electric shock of variable intensity. After each response, the intensity of the shock increased by ΔI mA. Between responses, intensity decreased at R mA/minute. With several values of R, all animals responded at R/ΔI responses/minute.
Peptides in rat brain immunoreactive for the carboxyl terminal extension of cholecystokinin: Distribution and chromatography

Utilizing an antiserum raised against a peptide fragment identical to part of the carboxyl terminal extension of cholecystokinin (CCK) predicted by the sequence of CCK mRNA [7], an antiserum has been generated which does not detect CCK 39, CCK 33, CCK 8, CCK 4 or gastrin 171. This antiserum detects several peptides in rat brain, one similar in size to CCK 33 and another slightly larger than CCK 8. These peptides may represent carboxyl-terminally extended forms of CCK, though their chemical structure has not been determined. These peptides are present in all brain regions where CCK 8 can be detected. The abundance of these peptides, their localization in CCK terminal regions, and their enrichment in synaptosome preparations [1] imply that the tryptic cleavage and amidation reaction occur late in the processing of CCK (as has been observed for other biologically active peptides), and probably occur in the synaptic vesicle.
Dynamic behaviour of Li batteries in hydrogen fuel cell power trains

Abstract A Li ion polymer battery pack for road vehicles (48 V, 20 Ah) was tested by charging/discharging tests at different current values, in order to evaluate its performance in comparison with a conventional Pb acid battery pack. The comparative analysis was also performed integrating the two storage systems in a hydrogen fuel cell power train for moped applications. The propulsion system comprised a fuel cell generator based on a 2.5 kW polymeric electrolyte membrane (PEM) stack, fuelled with compressed hydrogen, an electric drive of 1.8 kW as nominal power, of the same typology of that installed on commercial electric scooters (brushless electric machine and controlled bidirectional inverter). The power train was characterized making use of a test bench able to simulate the vehicle behaviour and road characteristics on driving cycles with different acceleration/deceleration rates and lengths. The power flows between fuel cell system, electric energy storage system and electric drive during the different cycles were analyzed, evidencing the effect of high battery currents on the vehicle driving range. The use of Li batteries in the fuel cell power train, adopting a range extender configuration, determined a hydrogen consumption lower than the correspondent Pb battery/fuel cell hybrid vehicle, with a major flexibility in the power management.
The Alienated Alien

Yesterday I looked inside myself to fathom my connection to the world around me. I came from a country of many tongues and colors but here I have to lose all to speak one so that I can become a par...
Outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric patients with therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome.

Background Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) carry a poor prognosis. We analyzed the results of allogeneic HSCT in 38 children to determine which factors, if any, affected outcome. Procedure The effects of demographic, donor, and disease-related factors were analyzed to determine their effects on overall and disease-free survival (OS, DFS), relapse, and non-relapse mortality (NRM). Results OS and DFS for t-AML and t-MDS were similar. Three-year OS and EFS were the same (15.4 ± 5.8%) and the 3-year NRM was 59.6 ± 8.4%. The 1-year cumulative risk of grade III–IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and relapse were 23.7 ± 7.0% and 18.7 ± 6.5%, respectively. The percentage of pre-transplant bone marrow (BM) blasts was positively associated with relapse (P = 0.05), while the percentage of BM blasts at diagnosis of therapy-related disease tended to associate with NRM (P = 0.07). Alternative donor and matched sibling donor grafts had similar outcomes. NRM was higher among patients who did not develop acute GVHD as compared to those with grade 1–2 acute GVHD (69.2 ± 14.2% vs. ± 12.7%, respectively), while NRM was 100% in patients with grade III–IV acute GVHD (P = 0.007). Conclusions The percentage of BM blasts is associated with relapse in these disorders. High rates of NRM negatively impact the outcome of allogeneic HSCT for children with t-AML and t-MDS. Future studies should focus on reducing NRM. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.