cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of European Athletes that Attend American Colleges and Universities for Elite Athletic Development and Higher Education Access

This mixed-method study, using the theoretical construct of Digel, Burk and Fahrner’s Success Resources Model (2016), analyzed data gleaned from perceptions of European Union (EU) citizens who atte...
Liquid carbon dioxide/pulverized limestone globulsion delivery system for deep ocean storage

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a practical delivery system for the underwater creation of the globulsion. It was shown that the globulsion has an alkaline, not acidic reaction. The globulsion plume is discharged just below 500 m, the flash point of liquid CO 2 into vapor. The globulsion plume will sink deeper from the release point because it is denser than ambient seawater. The CaCOa coated globules will rain out from the neutrally buoyant plume toward the ocean bottom. While adding pulverized limestone to liquid CO 2 and the necessary mixing apparatus will increase the cost of ocean sequestration of CO 2 , the added cost may be more than compensated by savings realized for not needing to transport the CO 2 to great depth. Furthermore, this method of CO 2 sequestration is not expected to acidify the ocean to the same extent as disposal of pure liquid CO 2 would.
Camille Flammarion on the powers of the soul; with an introduction by Carlos S.

There is a long conceptual tradition that interprets phenomena such as clairvoyance and apparitions as evidence for a spiritual component in human beings. Examples of this appear in the literatures of mesmerism, Spiritualism and psychical research. The purpose of this Classic Text is to present excerpts from a book by French astronomer Camille Flammarion touching on this perspective. They are selected from the introduction and conclusion of Flammarion's L'Inconnu: The Unknown (1900), a translation of L'Inconnu et les problemes psychiques (1900), in which he published and commented on cases of apparitions and other phenomena he collected. In his view, these phenomena showed the existence of the soul. Similar beliefs regarding ideas of the nonphysical nature of human beings and psychic phenomena have continued to the present.
A Preliminary Report Showing Spinosad and Fluralaner Are Able to Incapacitate Cimex lectularius L., the Common Bed Bug.

Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug, is a hematophagous human ectoparasite. The veterinary drugs, spinosad and fluralaner, were studied for their ability to incapacitate C. lectularius when administered in a blood meal using an artificial feeding system under laboratory conditions. Tested drug doses were based on the reported peak blood levels in animals given the drugs. Spinosad at doses 1,000 ng/mL or higher resulted in 75% or greater bed bug incapacitation (defined as death or immobility). Fluralaner at doses 500 ng/mL or higher had 100% bed bug incapacitation. Both drugs were significantly more effective than controls at these doses (P < 0.001).
OSA in Professional Transport Operations: Safety, Regulatory, and Economic Impact

OSA is common among commercial vehicle operators (CVOs) in all modes of transportation, including truck, bus, air, rail, and maritime operations. OSA is highly prevalent and increases the risk of drowsiness-related crashes in CVOs. Internationally, specific regulations regarding its identification and management vary widely or do not exist; medical examiners and sleep medicine specialists are urged to use available guidance documents in their absence. Education, screening, prompt identification and treatment, and ongoing surveillance to ensure effective therapy can lower the risk of fatigue-related crashes.
Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Becoming a Medical Professional Among Underrepresented Undergraduate and Postbaccalaureate Learners

Abstract Objective To assess underrepresented undergraduate and postbaccalaureate learners’ perceptions of (1) the medical field, (2) barriers that might prevent individuals from pursuing professional medical careers, and (3) resources that assist in overcoming these barriers. Participants and Methods A qualitative study with focus groups was designed to achieve the objective. Participants were recruited from a community initiative to provide early exploration of the medical field to disadvantaged and minority individuals. Thirty-five individuals voluntarily participated in semistructured interviews. Audio from the interviews was analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach and thematic analysis. This study was conducted from October 20, 2018, to April 6, 2019. Results Participants identified multiple characteristics related to the health care work environment and desirable attributes of health care personnel. The following barriers were identified: financial burden, lacking knowledge of the path to becoming a medical professional, inadequate social support, and lacking the metrics of a competitive candidate. Resources identified by participants to overcome barriers included professional networks and programmatic considerations. Conclusion The study participants discussed negative and positive aspects of the health care environment, such as implicit and explicit biases and attributes that promote or sustain success. Participants expounded on financial, academic, social, and personal factors as barriers to success. In regard to resources that were believed to be helpful to mitigate barriers and promote success, participants commented on activities that simulate a professional medical environment, include networking with medical personnel, support well-being, and provide exposure to structured information on the process of obtaining professional medical training.
How Restorative are You? Introducing the Restorative Index

Restorative justice (RJ) currently has no method of quantitatively determining if a program is restorative and assessing how restorative it may be. Due to confusion in RJ definitions and increased ...
Integrated Spatially Explicit Landscape and Biofuel Supply Chain Network Design

Abstract An integrated biofuel supply chain (SC) system, from field to product, has the potential to help fuels from second generation bioenergy crops become competitive with fossil fuels and grain-based fuels. Landscape design, deciding where to plant bioenergy crops and how to manage that land, has been shown to improve the environmental impact of farm-scale biomass production (including soil carbon sequestration) but has been studied largely separately from biofuel supply chain network design (SCND). This paper proposes methods for the spatially explicit and simultaneous optimization of landscape design and SCND to explore their economic and environmental tradeoffs. Field scale data methods are described, key constraints for a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear model are introduced, and results from a realistic case study in southern MI, USA are presented that show economic and environmental benefits from the proposed approach.
Follicular T-cell lymphoma: a short review with brief discussion of other nodal lymphomas/lymphoproliferative disorders of T-follicular helper cell origin

Follicular peripheral T-cell lymphoma (F-PTCL) is a newly recognized provisional entity in the 2017 World Health Organization Classification revision of hematolymphoid neoplasms. It is a rare and under-recognized manifestation of peripheral T-cell lymphoma that is associated with a typically aggressive clinical course. Cases feature a predominantly follicular or perifollicular growth pattern and exhibit strong and consistent expression of T-follicular helper (TFH) markers. These cases distinctly lack histologic features commonly associated with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, such as an associated polymorphous infiltrate, proliferation of high endothelial venules or expanded follicular dendritic meshworks. A relatively specific t(5;9)(q33;q22) rearrangement, leading to ITK-SYK fusion is seen in about 20% of cases. Herein, we summarize key features of F-PTCL and briefly review the evolving relationship to other nodal T-cell lymphomas/lymphoproliferative disorders of TFH-derivation.
A community-based approach to image analysis of cells, tissues and tumors

Abstract Emerging multiplexed imaging platforms provide an unprecedented view of an increasing number of molecular markers at subcellular resolution and the dynamic evolution of tumor cellular composition. As such, they are capable of elucidating cell-to-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment that impact clinical outcome and therapeutic response. However, the rapid development of these platforms has far outpaced the computational methods for processing and analyzing the data they generate. While being technologically disparate, all imaging assays share many computational requirements for post-collection data processing. As such, our Image Analysis Working Group (IAWG), composed of researchers in the Cancer Systems Biology Consortium (CSBC) and Physical Sciences - Oncology Network (PS-ON), convened a workshop on “Computational Challenges Shared by Diverse Imaging Platforms” to characterize these common issues and a follow-up hackathon to implement solutions for a selected subset of them. Here, we delineate these areas that reflect major axes of research within the field, including image registration, segmentation of cells and subcellular structures, and identification of cell types from their morphology. We further describe the logistical organization of these events, believing our lessons learned can aid others in uniting the imaging community around self-identified topics of mutual interest, in designing and implementing operational procedures to address those topics and in mitigating issues inherent in image analysis (e.g., sharing exemplar images of large datasets and disseminating baseline solutions to hackathon challenges through open-source code repositories).
Messung von Stoßwellendaten

Die Erzeugung von Stoswellen fuhrt nicht zu brauchbaren Informationen, so lange man nicht, an diesen Stoswellen entsprechende Messungen durchfuhren kann. Man erkennt von vorneherein aus den vier Gleichungen fur p, ϱ, T, u in Kap. II, dasman auser p 1 ϱ1 T 1 noch eine Grose messen mus, damit man genugend Bestimmungsstucke zum Auflosen der Gleichungen hat. Es kann z. B. eine der Veranderlichen p, ϱ, T, u sein. Gewohnlich bestimmt man u 1, da es am einfachsten zu messen ist. Damit sind u 1 p 1, T 1 und ϱ1 bekannt und man kann, wenn die Zustandsgieichung bekannt ist, die Gleichgewichtsbedingungen hinter der Stoswelle berechnen. Ist anderseits ein Parameter in der Zustandsgieichung unbekannt (z. B. α fur ein zweiatomiges Gas mit unbekannter Dissoziationsenergie in \(\frac{p}{Q} = \left( {1 + \alpha } \right)\left. {RT} \right)\) dann gestattet die Messung einer zusatzlichen Variablen diesen Parameter zu bestimmen. Das bedeutet, das zur Bestimmung von Gleichgewichtsdaten eines unbekannten Systemes mindestens zwei Messungen gemacht werden mussen. Ist man z. B. an der Geschwindigkeit der Einstellung des Gleichgewichtes hinter der Stoswelle interessiert, dann ist es notwendig, zusatzlich zur Messung der Geschwindigkeit oder einer anderen Gleichgewichtsgrose deren Anderung oder die einer anderen Grose hinter der Stosfront zu verfolgen.
Advances in small animal total joint replacement.

Contributors ix Foreword xi Marvin L. Olmstead Foreword xiii David J. DeYoung Foreword xvii Mark D. Markel, Chair of the Board of Trustees ACVS Foundation Preface and Acknowledgments xix 1. The History of Joint Replacement in Veterinary Surgery 3 Mariana Quina and Jeffrey N. Peck 2. Implant Materials: Structural 11 Simon C. Roe 3. Implant Materials: Surface Coating 19 David J. DeYoung and Denis J. Marcellin-Little 4. Weight-Bearing Surfaces 31 Jeffrey N. Peck 5. Methods of Immediate Fixation 39 Kei Hayashi and Kurt S. Schulz 6. Biomechanical Considerations in Total Hip Replacement 53 Michael P. Kowaleski 7. Clinical Application of Total Hip Replacement 69 Jeffrey N. Peck, William D. Liska, David J. DeYoung, and Denis J. Marcellin-Little 8. Revision Strategies for Total Hip Replacement 109 Jeffrey N. Peck and Denis J. Marcellin-Little 9. Biomechanical Considerations in Total Knee Replacement 131 Matthew Allen and Kenneth Mann 10. Clinical Application of Total Knee Replacement 151 Melvyn Pond 11. Biomechanical Considerations in Total Elbow Development 163 Greg Van Der Meulen 12. Clinical Application of Total Elbow Replacement in Dogs 179 Loic M. Dejardin, Reunan P. Guillou, and Michael Conzemius 13. Emerging Arthroplasties 199 Jeffrey N. Peck 14. Custom Total Joint Arthroplasty 223 Denis J. Marcellin-Little and Ola L.A. Harrysson Index 243
Purified epithelial Na+ channel complex contains the pertussis toxin-sensitive G alpha i-3 protein

We have recently demonstrated that the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel in the apical membrane of the renal epithelial cell line, A6, is modulated by the alpha i-3 subunit of the Gi-3 protein. We also showed that a 700-kDa protein complex can be purified from the membranes of A6 epithelia which (a) can reconstitute the amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx in liposomes and planar bilayer membranes and (b) consists of six major protein bands observed on reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with molecular masses ranging from 35 to 320 kDa. The present study was undertaken to determine if the alpha i-3 subunit was a member of this Na+ channel complex. G alpha i structure and function were identified by Western blotting with specific G alpha i subunit antibodies and Na+ channel antibodies, through ADP-ribosylation with pertussis toxin, and by immunocytochemical localization of the Na+ channel and G alpha i proteins. We demonstrate that two protein substrates are ADP-ribosylated in the 700-kDa complex in the presence of pertussis toxin and are specifically immunoprecipitated with an anti-Na+ channel polyclonal antibody. One of these substrates, a 41-kDa protein, was identified as the alpha i-3 subunit of the Gi-3 protein on Western blots with specific antibodies. Na+ channel antibodies do not recognize G alpha i-3 on Western blots of Golgi membranes which contain alpha i-3 but not Na+ channel proteins, nor do they immunoprecipitate alpha i-3 from solubilized Golgi membranes; however, alpha i-3 is coprecipitated as part of the Na+ channel complex from A6 cell membranes by polyclonal Na+ channel antibodies. Both alpha i-3 and the Na+ channel have been localized in A6 cells by confocal imaging and immunofluorescence with specific antibodies and are found to be in distinct but adjacent domains of the apical cell surface. In functional studies, alpha i-3, but not alpha i-2, stimulates Na+ channel activity. These data are therefore consistent with the localization of Na+ channel activity and modulatory alpha i-3 protein at the apical plasma membrane, which together represent a specific signal transduction pathway for ion channel regulation.
Control of nerve agent-induced seizures is critical for neuroprotection and survival

This study evaluated the potency and rapidity of some anticholinergics (atropine, biperiden, and trihexyphenidyl) and benzodiazepines (diazepam and midazolam) as an anticonvulsant treatment against seizures induced by six nerve agents (tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin, VR, and VX) and summarized the relationship between anticonvulsant activity and nerve agent-induced lethality and neuropathology. Guinea pigs, previously implanted with cortical electrodes for EEG recording, were pretreated with pyridostigmine bromide (0.026 mg/kg im) 30 min prior to challenge with 2x LD50 dose (sc) of a given nerve agent; in a separate experiment, animals were challenged with 5x LD50 sc of soman. One minute after agent challenge the animals were treated im with 2 mg/kg atropine SO(4) admixed with 25 mg/kg 2-PAM Cl. Five minutes after the start of EEG seizures, animals were treated im with different doses of anticholinergics or benzodiazepines and observed for seizure termination. The time to seizure onset, the time to seizure termination, and 24-h lethality were recorded. The anticonvulsant ED50 of each drug for termination of seizures induced by each agent was calculated and compared. Brain tissue from animals that survived 24 h was examined for pathology. All drugs were capable of terminating seizure activity, with midazolam and trihexyphenidyl being significantly more potent than the other drugs, and midazolam being more rapid in controlling seizure than atropine, trihexyphenidyl, or diazepam against each agent. Seizures induced by sarin or VX required lower doses of all the test anticonvulsants. The dose of a given drug that was an effective anticonvulsant against a 2x LD50 challenge of soman was equally effective against seizures induced by a 5x LD50 challenge. All nerve agents were capable of producing neuropathology. Seizure control was strongly associated with protection against acute lethality and brain pathology.
How Tongans Make Sense of the (Non‐) Use of Lexical Honorifics

So many different kinds of understandings about language have been analyzed under the rubric of language ideology that the time is past due for some distinctions among these kinds to be made. In this paper I identify two different kinds of realizations of Tongan language ideology about the use of lexical honorifics. I describe how Tongans make sense of past situations where, from their point of view, lexical honorifics “should” have been used, but weren't. I argue that Tongan sense-making practices constitute a phenomenological metapragmatics that has properties distinct from those of normative language ideology about honorific use in Tonga. I offer this paper as a tribute to Jane Hill's contribution to the study of honorifics and their place in language ideologies through her research with Mexicano (Nahuatl) speakers in Mexico.
A parameter estimation routine for the vitality-based survival model

Abstract An algorithm is described which determines model parameters for the vitality-based survival model [Ecological Monographs 70 (2000) 445]. The algorithm uses an MLE estimator on interval-based survival data and returns the vitality model parameters: the rate of vitality loss, the variability in the rate of vitality loss and the rate of accidental mortality. Standard errors of the parameter estimates and a Goodness-of-fit measure (via a Pearson’s C test) are also returned. Issues of right censored data and study start time are addressed.
Interactions of triply phosphorylated human β-casein: Fluorescence spectroscopy and light-scattering studies of conformation and self-association

Abstract Structural changes of triply phosphorylated human β-casein, caused by shifts in temperature between 5 and 40 °C, were studied using intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence, fluorescence polarization, turbidity, and light scattering measurements. Intrinsic fluorescence declined between 5 and 20 °C then rose between 25 and 40 °C, indicative of a shift of the tryptophan fluor toward a more nonpolar environment. The fluorescence of the extrinsic probe, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS), increased only slightly between 5 and 25 °C, and then more sharply between 25 and 40 °C, suggesting a change in conformation leading to a change in either the dissociation constant, K d , or the number of ANS binding sites, N . The presence of Ca 2+ ions did not significantly alter the pattern of changes of intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence with changing temperature. For ANS binding, values of K d and N were calculated by two different procedures, each based upon different assumptions. The results point to increased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces with increased temperature, strongly supportive of conformational changes. Although more opportunity for hydrophobic interaction leads to increased protein-protein association, turbidity and light-scattering also suggest ion bridge formation between protein molecules. A comparison of the primary sequences of β-caseins from six species reveal residues that are common in all species examined and thus are pivotal in protein folding and conformation, intermolecular hydrophobic interactions and ion bridge formation with Ca 2+ and inorganic phosphate.
Supramolecular displacement-mediated activation of a silent fluorescence probe for label-free ligand screening

We report a new approach for the rapid screening of analyte binding affinities for a target protein. We demonstrate that a molecular probe, with a pro-fluorophore substrate and ligand moieties, can be hindered from enzymatic access when bound to the target protein. When analytes displace the probe from the protein’s binding pocket, a fluorescence profile is generated. This profile is used to discriminate analytes based on their relative binding affinities.
Sleep loss alters synaptic and intrinsic neuronal properties in mouse prefrontal cortex

Despite sleep-loss-induced cognitive deficits, little is known about the cellular adaptations that occur with sleep loss. We used brain slices obtained from mice that were sleep deprived for 8 h to examine the electrophysiological effects of sleep deprivation (SD). We employed a modified pedestal (flowerpot) over water method for SD that eliminated rapid eye movement sleep and greatly reduced non-rapid eye movement sleep. In layer V/VI pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex, miniature excitatory post synaptic current amplitude was slightly reduced, miniature inhibitory post synaptic currents were unaffected, and intrinsic membrane excitability was increased after SD.
Does Missing Classes Decelerate Student Exam Performance Progress? Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications

A total of 389 business students in undergraduate introductory microeconomics classes in spring 2007, 2009, and 2011, and fall 2012 participated in an exam performance progress study. Empirical evidence suggested that missing classes decelerates and hampers high-performing students’ exam performance progress. Nevertheless, the evidence does not indicate that gender is a factor in determining whether missing classes impedes students’ exam performance progress. Moreover, policy implications are discussed. For faculty, a mandatory attendance policy, daily motivational quiz, and incentive-stimulating attendance strategy are suggested. For school authorities, increasing campus employment opportunities is suggested. For the government, the author suggests that Congress should annually restore the purchasing power of federal grants by increasing the maximum grant awards and lowering federal student loan rates to half of present rates, but restrictions should be added on grant recipients to ensure that better att...
Untersuchung der statistischen Streuung der Restgehaltsbestimmung nach dem spektrochemischen Zugabeverfahren

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein geschlossener mathematischer Ausdruck fur die statistische Streuung der Restgehaltsbestimmung nach dem Zugabeverfahren abgeleitet, aus dem sich die optimalen Bedingungen fur diese Methode ablesen lassen.
Application of spatially gridded temperature and land cover data sets for urban heat island analysis

Abstract Two gridded data sets that included (1) daily mean temperatures from 2006 through 2011 and (2) satellite-derived impervious surface area, were combined for a spatial analysis of the urban heat-island effect within the Dallas-Ft. Worth Texas region. The primary advantage of using these combined datasets included the capability to designate each 1 × 1 km grid cell of available temperature data as urban or rural based on the level of impervious surface area within the grid cell. Generally, the observed differences in urban and rural temperature increased as the impervious surface area thresholds used to define an urban grid cell were increased. This result, however, was also dependent on the size of the sample area included in the analysis. As the spatial extent of the sample area increased and included a greater number of rural defined grid cells, the observed urban and rural differences in temperature also increased. A cursory comparison of the spatially gridded temperature observations with observations from climate stations suggest that the number and location of stations included in an urban heat island analysis requires consideration to assure representative samples of each (urban and rural) environment are included in the analysis.
Teaching Database Courses to Engineering Students

The teaching of databases to engineering students at the undergraduate level has proven challenging for multiple reasons. First, the course is a nontraditional engineering course. Second, the concepts of databases are highly abstract. Third, engineering students prefer the problem-solving, hands-on, and project-based method of learning over the coverage of database design concepts. Fourth, there is a lack of engineering-oriented database textbooks. This paper presents an effective teaching approach that overcomes these challenges. The approach mixes and integrates the database abstract concepts with hands-on and capstone-based learning activities. The approach incorporates engineering students' feedback during the course. The paper discusses the database course objectives, content, project requirements, the skill set students learn, the software tools they use, and assessment tools. Sample projects and students' comments are included. The paper concludes with some observations that can be useful to use in traditional engineering courses to provide a new perspective of teaching in engineering.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Integrins, oncogenes, and anchorage independence

The ability of cancer cells to proliferate in the absence of adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM)1 proteins, termed anchorage independence of growth, correlates closely with tumorigenicity in animal models (14). This property of cancer cells presumably reflects the tendency of tumor cells to survive and grow in inappropriate locations in vivo. Such incorrect localization, as occurs in invasion and metastasis, is the characteristic that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors (31). Great progress has been made in the last 20 years toward understanding how growth is controlled in normal cells and how oncogenes usurp these controls. Yet studies on how oncogenes (or loss of tumor suppressors) overcome the mechanisms that govern cellular location have lagged considerably. The finding that integrins transduce signals that influence intracellular growth regulatory pathways provided some insight into anchorage dependence. Available evidence indicates that integrin-dependent signals mediate the growth requirement for cell adhesion to ECM proteins. Our understanding of integrin signaling has now reached a stage that connections to oncogenesis are becoming clear, enabling us to place a number of proto-oncogenes and oncogenes with respect to their adhesion dependence or independence. While many details of molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, sufficient information is now available to propose a general framework for how oncogenes lead to anchorage-independent growth.
Robustness evaluation of a computer-aided detection system for pulmonary embolism (PE) in CTPA using independent test set from multiple institutions

We have developed a computer-aided detection (CAD) system for assisting radiologists in detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) in computed tomographic pulmonary angiographic (CTPA) images. The CAD system includes stages of pulmonary vessel segmentation, prescreening of PE candidates and false positive (FP) reduction to identify suspicious PEs. The system was trained with 59 CTPA PE cases collected retrospectively from our patient files (UM set) with IRB approval. Five feature groups containing 139 features that characterized the intensity texture, gradient, intensity homogeneity, shape, and topology of PE candidates were initially extracted. Stepwise feature selection guided by simplex optimization was used to select effective features for FP reduction. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier was formulated to differentiate true PEs from FPs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of our CAD system using an independent test set of CTPA cases. The test set consists of 50 PE cases from the PIOPED II data set collected by multiple institutions with access permission. A total of 537 PEs were manually marked by experienced thoracic radiologists as reference standard for the test set. The detection performance was evaluated by freeresponse receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. The FP classifier obtained a test Az value of 0.847 and the FROC analysis indicated that the CAD system achieved an overall sensitivity of 80% at 8.6 FPs/case for the PIOPED test set.
Ray‐tube integration in shooting and bouncing ray method

Based on three formulations of the Huygen's principle, explicit expressions is given for the far field contribution from a small ray tube. This expression is useful in shooting and bouncing rays for solving complex scattering problems.
Risk factors and outcome of pulmonary complications after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Background Most reports addressing pulmonary complications (PCs) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients have focused on allogeneics. This study describes the PCs, their risk factors, and the impact on mortality in autologous recipients. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 1,243 adult autologous HSCT recipients. We collected pretransplant and posttransplant data and data on PC after transplant and long-term mortality. Results Four hundred eighty-seven PC developed in 343 patients (27.6%): 173 infectious (13.9%), 127 noninfectious (10.2%), and 43 both infectious and noninfectious (3.5%). Bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonias were the most common infectious complications. The main noninfectious complications were acute pulmonary edema (APE) (59 [4.7%]), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) (26 [2.1%]), peri-engraftment respiratory distress syndrome (PERDS) (31 [2.5%]), and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) (12 [1.0%]). Independent factors associated with PC included diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide and indications for transplant. Factors associated with mortality included sex, history of pulmonary disease, disease status at the time of transplant, FVC, Karnofsky score, and underlying diagnosis. A Cox proportional hazards regression model with separate time-dependent predictors for the first 1 month, 1 to 2 months, 2 to 6 months, and 6 or more months showed an association with mortality at hazard ratios (HRs) of 32.39, 10.13, 4.29, and 0.98, respectively, compared with persons without PC. Conclusions More than 25% of autologous HSCT recipients develop PCs within 1 year of transplant. Most of the complications are infections. The most common noninfectious complications are APE, DAH, PERDS, and IPS. PCs increase the risk of death, with HR as high as 32.
Variation of VLF propagation characteristics of the earth-ionosphere waveguide with dip angle

The variation of VLF propagation characteristics of the earth-ionosphere waveguide with change in dip angle is examined in the light of mode coupling and the penetration of the electromagnetic fields into the ionosphere. The above information is obtained as a function of the dip angle by solving coupled vacuum-mode equations for a cylindrical model of the earth-ionosphere waveguide. Propagation in the West-East (WE) and East-West (EW) directions for data corresponding to the first two modes is considered. The range of dip angles 20\deg-35\deg in which the solution of the modal equation is discontinuous is found to be characterized by very low reflection coefficients for the parallel polarized waves, and a deep penetration of the fields into the ionosphere. A comparison of the characteristics of the electromagnetic fields between WE and EW directions of propagations is made. Of the two modes which are predominantly TE modes, the WE mode is seen to have a deeper penetration of the fields, while the TM mode has a deeper penetration for the two modes in the EW direction. Plots of upgoing and downcoming components of electric fields in the ionosphere corresponding to the first two modes for WE and EW directions of propagation are given for various dip angles.
The fiberoptic bronchoscope

The fiberoptic bronchoscope was used in 14 cases in the emergency department between September 1974 and September 1976 at Lock Haven Hospital, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania and St. Charles Hospital, Toledo, Ohio. It was used successfully to remove foreign bodies from the trachea and esophagus; in difficult or hazardous endotracheal intubation; intubation in a victim of cardiac arrest with a cervical deformity; evaluation of laryngeal and tracheal injury; localization of bleeding from the posterior nose; evaluation of hemoptysis, and evaluation of thermal injuries from smoke inhalation.
Siglecs as targets for therapy in immune-cell-mediated disease

The sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) comprise a family of receptors that are differentially expressed on leukocytes and other immune cells. The restricted expression of several siglecs to one or a few cell types makes them attractive targets for cell-directed therapies. The anti-CD33 (also known as Siglec-3) antibody gemtuzumab (Mylotarg) is approved for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, and antibodies targeting CD22 (Siglec-2) are currently in clinical trials for treatment of B cell non-Hodgkins lymphomas and autoimmune diseases. Because siglecs are endocytic receptors, they are well suited for a 'Trojan horse' strategy, whereby therapeutic agents conjugated to an antibody, or multimeric glycan ligand, bind to the siglec and are efficiently carried into the cell. Although the rapid internalization of unmodified siglec antibodies reduces their utility for induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody binding of Siglec-8, Siglec-9 and CD22 has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis of eosinophils, neutrophils and depletion of B cells, respectively. Here, we review the properties of siglecs that make them attractive for cell-targeted therapies.
Relativistic energy-momentum: the concepts of conservation versus frame invariance

The use of relativistic frame invariants is very well established, especially when it comes to the energy-momentum. In the following paper we clarify the terms 'conserved' and 'frame invariant' and we explain the differences between the two concepts. Our paper is divided into three main sections. In the first section we explain the notion of frame invariance. In the second section we explain the energy-momentum conservation. We end by giving a practical example (a hybrid plasma gas) of an open system, whereby energy and momentum are added from outside the system. We will show the interesting effects caused by adding photons to a system of massive particles. The new approach is extremely important in applications like particle accelerators where we can only work with directly measurable quantities, the kinetic energy KE and the momentum p.
Entry of newly synthesized gangliosides into myelin.

: Ganglioside synthesis and transport to myelin was studied in brainstem slices prepared from 19–21-day-old rats. The slices were incubated for up to 2 h in the presence of [3H]glucosamine to label primarily the hexosamine portion of complex gangliosides. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into gangliosides during slice incubations was only 10–15% of the amount of the label incorporated during in vivo labeling of brainstem gangliosides using equivalent amounts of [3H]glucosamine. Among individual gangliosides this inhibition was greater for the more complex gangliosides. When labeled gangliosides were isolated from homogenate and myelin fractions prepared from brain slices, the complex total gangliosides of both fractions showed a lag in labeling kinetics but with a lower specific radioactivity for the myelin fraction, reflecting the larger pool size and slower turnover rate exhibited by myelin components. Chase experiments showed that more complex gangliosides in homogenate exhibited almost no effect of chase after 30 min. Addition of the Golgi-disrupting agent monensin to slice incubations inhibited the labeling of all gangliosides except GM3, GM2, and GD3, and transport to myelin of all complex gangliosides except GM2. These results show that a monensin-sensitive mode of transport is responsible for the translocation of most newly synthesized gangliosides into myelin.
918 PULMONARY METASTASIS IN OSTEOSARCOMA: A REVIEW OF TREATMENT AND OUTCOME IN 88 PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

We analyzed the records of 88 patients 27 months. Of the children who underwent >1 thoracotomy, 23/69 (33%) are currently alive. None of the 19 patients not subjected to thoracotomy survived. Of children considered to be surgical candidates at the time of the most recent PM, 23/51 (45%) are alive. Overall, 23/88 (26%) patients survive. We conclude that surgical excision of PM plays a major role in the successful treatment of metastatic osteosarcoma. Supported in part by NCI grant #CA15083.
Appropriate collaboration between industry and government in the development of an AIDS vaccine.

On August 22, 1986, as part of its response to the AIDS epidemic, the Public Health Service (PHS) invited U.S. industrial firms to collaborate with the government in the development of an AIDS vaccine. The framework for the collaboration was outlined in a PHS document entitled, “AIDS Vaccine Development: Private Sector/Government Collaborative Efforts.” This document identified the resources the government is prepared to make available to industry, including patents, facilities, data, and assistance with clinical trials. The overall aim of the PHS proposal was to establish a formal framework for coordinating existing government and private efforts and to foster industry participation in the search for an AIDS vaccine. An example of private sector/government collaboration is provided in the human trial of an AIDS vaccine approved by the FDA in August 1987. The vaccine, named “VaxSyn HIV-1,“ is the product of a joint effort between a company called MicroGeneSys and investigators at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID).
Caching collaboration and cache allocation in peer-to-peer video systems

Providing scalable video services in a peer-to-peer (P2P) environment is challenging. Since videos are typically large and require high communication bandwidth for delivery, many peers may be unwilling to cache them in whole to serve others. In this paper, we address two fundamental research problems in providing scalable P2P video services: (1) how a host can find enough video pieces, which may scatter among the whole system, to assemble a complete video; and (2) given a limited buffer size, what part of a video a host should cache and what existing data should be expunged to make necessary space. We address these problems with two new ideas: Cell caching collaboration and Controlled Inverse Proportional (CIP) cache allocation. The Cell concept allows cost-effective caching collaboration in a fully distributed environment and can dramatically reduce video lookup cost. On the other hand, CIP cache allocation challenges the conventional caching wisdom by caching unpopular videos in higher priority. Our approach allows the system to retain many copies of popular videos to avoid creating hot spots and at the same time, prevent unpopular videos from being quickly evicted from the system. We have implemented a Gnutella-like simulation network and use it as a testbed to evaluate the proposed technique. Our extensive study shows convincingly the performance advantage of the new scheme.
Deterioration from improved heart failure status in a recipient of a cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) following a single inappropriate shock

Cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillators (CRT-Ds) have shown to improve symptoms, and reduce mortality and hospitalization due to heart failure in patients with refractory congestive heart failure and ventricular dyssynchrony. However, due to the arrhythmic substrate that these patients have, and the technical shortcomings of the devices, the recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators
Planning Target Margin Calculations for Prostate Radiotherapy Based on Intrafraction and Interfraction Motion Using Four Localization Methods

Purpose To determine planning target volume (PTV) margins for prostate radiotherapy based on the internal margin (IM) (intrafractional motion) and the setup margin (SM) (interfractional motion) for four daily localization methods: skin marks (tattoo), pelvic bony anatomy (bone), intraprostatic gold seeds using a 5-mm action threshold, and using no threshold. Methods and Materials Forty prostate cancer patients were treated with external radiotherapy according to an online localization protocol using four intraprostatic gold seeds and electronic portal images (EPIs). Daily localization and treatment EPIs were obtained. These data allowed inter- and intrafractional analysis of prostate motion. The SM for the four daily localization methods and the IM were determined. Results A total of 1532 fractions were analyzed. Tattoo localization requires a SM of 6.8 mm left–right (LR), 7.2 mm inferior–superior (IS), and 9.8 mm anterior–posterior (AP). Bone localization requires 3.1, 8.9, and 10.7 mm, respectively. The 5-mm threshold localization requires 4.0, 3.9, and 3.7 mm. No threshold localization requires 3.4, 3.2, and 3.2 mm. The intrafractional prostate motion requires an IM of 2.4 mm LR, 3.4 mm IS and AP. The PTV margin using the 5-mm threshold, including interobserver uncertainty, IM, and SM, is 4.8 mm LR, 5.4 mm IS, and 5.2 mm AP. Conclusions Localization based on EPI with implanted gold seeds allows a large PTV margin reduction when compared with tattoo localization. Except for the LR direction, bony anatomy localization does not decrease the margins compared with tattoo localization. Intrafractional prostate motion is a limiting factor on margin reduction.
Commentary on “Individual and Societal Wisdom: Explaining the Paradox of Human Aging and High Well-Being” by Dilip V. Jeste and Andrew J. Oswald: Societal Wisdom and Longevity

(2014). Commentary on “Individual and Societal Wisdom: Explaining the Paradox of Human Aging and High Well-Being” by Dilip V. Jeste and Andrew J. Oswald: Societal Wisdom and Longevity. Psychiatry: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 333-336.
New perspectives from new generations of neutron sources

Abstract Since the early 1950s the vital multidisciplinary progress in understanding condensed matter is, in a substantial fraction, based on results of neutron scattering experiments. Neutron scattering is an inherently intensity limited method and after 50 years of considerable advance—primarily achieved by improving the scattering instruments—the maturation of the technique of pulsed spallation sources now opens up the way to provide more neutrons with improved cost and energy efficiency. A quantitative analysis of the figure-of-merit of the specialized instruments for pulsed source operation shows that up to 2 orders of magnitude intensity gains can be achieved in the next decade, with the advent of high power spallation sources. The first stations on this road, the MW class short pulse spallation sources SNS in the USA (under commissioning), and J-PARC in Japan (under construction) will be followed by the 5 MW long pulse European Spallation Source (ESS). Further progress, that can be envisaged on the longer term, could amount to as much as another factor of 10 improvement. To cite this article: F. Mezei, C. R. Physique 8 (2007).
Acknowledging Contributions to Volume 89

Journal contributors in the past year are acknowledged. A new publication timeline is announced for the next volume.
Resting state functional MRI in Alzheimer's Disease

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is emerging as an interesting biomarker for measuring connectivity of the brain in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we discuss the origins of resting-state fMRI, common methodologies used to extract information from these four-dimensional fMRI scans, and important considerations for the analysis of these scans. Then we present the current state of knowledge in this area by summarizing various AD resting-state fMRI studies presented in the first section and end with a discussion of future developments and open questions in the field.
Blood magnesium, and the interaction with calcium, on the risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

Background Ionized calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compete as essential messengers to regulate cell proliferation and inflammation. We hypothesized that inadequate Mg levels, perhaps relative to Ca levels (e.g. a high Ca/Mg ratio) are associated with greater prostate cancer risk. Study Design In this biomarker sub-study of the Nashville Men's Health Study (NMHS), we included 494 NMHS participants, consisting of 98 high-grade (Gleason≥7) and 100 low-grade cancer cases, 133 prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) cases, and 163 controls without cancer or PIN at biopsy. Linear and logistic regression were used to determine associations between blood Ca, Mg, and the Ca/Mg ratio across controls and case groups while adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results Serum Mg levels were significantly lower, while the Ca/Mg ratio was significantly higher, among high-grade cases vs. controls (p = 0.04, p = 0.01, respectively). Elevated Mg was significantly associated with a lower risk of high-grade prostate cancer (OR = 0.26 (0.09, 0.85)). An elevated Ca/Mg ratio was also associated with an increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer (OR = 2.81 (1.24, 6.36) adjusted for serum Ca and Mg). In contrast, blood Ca levels were not significantly associated with prostate cancer or PIN.Mg, Ca, or Ca/Mg levels were not associated with low-grade cancer, PIN, PSA levels, prostate volume, or BPH treatment. Conclusion Low blood Mg levels and a high Ca/Mg ratio were significantly associated with high-grade prostate cancer. These findings suggest Mg affects prostate cancer risk perhaps through interacting with Ca.
Biochemical and nutritional aspects of eicosanoids

Abstract The eicosanoids are derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids e.g., dihomogamma linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and Mead acid, which are present as components of cell membrane phospholipids. Activation of phospholipases causes release of these fatty acids that can be metabolized either via the cyclooxygenase pathway to produce the prostanoids—prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins—or via the lipoxygenase pathway to form leukotrienes and lipoxins. These fatty acids can also be oxidized by the cytochrome P-450 system giving rise to several metabolites including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Eicosanoids are highly active substances with diverse biological actions. Because arachidonic acid is the most common fatty acid present in tissue lipids, the eicosanoids derived from it predominate in human tissues. Some of the eicosanoids formed from arachidonic acid such as thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes have deleterious effects, while those derived from other polyunsaturated fatty acids are generally less potent or have beneficial actions. The steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as cortisone, block the release of precursor fatty acids and thus the formation of all eicosanoids. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as aspirin inhibit cyclooxygenase and prevent the production of prostanoids. It is possible to modulate the precursor fatty acid component in cell membrane phospholipids by dietary means, which in turn can alter the types of eicosanoids formed endogenously. Some food constituents such as vitamin C, vitamin E, garlic, onion, ginger, and alcohol can affect the production of eicosanoids. The dietary manipulation may serve as a long-term strategy to favorably modify the endogenous eicosanoid production.