cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Practical Guide to Testing Wireless Smartphone Applications

Testing applications for mobile phones is difficult, time-consuming, and hard to do effectively. Many people have limited their testing efforts to hands-on testing of an application on a few physical handsets, and they have to repeat the process every time a new version of the software is ready to test. They may miss many of the permutations of real-world use, and as a consequence their users are left with the unpleasant mess of a failing application on their phone. Test automation can help to increase the range and scope of testing, while reducing the overhead of manual testing of each version of the software. However automation is not a panacea, particularly for mobile applications, so we need to pick our test automation challenges wisely. This book is intended to help software and test engineers pick appropriately to achieve more; and as a consequence deliver better quality, working software to users. This Synthesis lecture provides practical advice based on direct experience of using software test automation to help improve the testing of a wide range of mobile phone applications, including the latest AJAX applications. The focus is on applications that rely on a wireless network connection to a remote server, however the principles may apply to other related fields and applications. We start by explaining terms and some of the key challenges involved in testing smartphone applications. Subsequent chapters describe a type of application e.g. markup, AJAX, Client, followed by a related chapter on how to test each of these applications. Common test automation techniques are covered in a separate chapter, and finally there is a brief chapter on when to test manually. The book also contains numerous pointers and links to further material to help you to improve your testing using automation appropriately.
Maximum-entropy image restoration: Lagrange and recursive techniques

A new solution to the maximum-entropy image-restoration problem, assuming Poisson-noise statistics and multinomial object statistics, is presented. A set of nonlinear equations is solved using Lagrange multipliers in a way analogous to that of Frieden and Wells [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.68, 93 ( 1978)]. However, unlike the Frieden–Wells solution, the solution presented here is derived without making approximations to the noise statistics. This solution is equivalent to a solution obtained in an earlier paper using recursive methods [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A76, 787 ( 1986)]. The simplicity of the recursive solution permits an interpretation that shows how the maximum-entropy method arrives at a maximally smooth solution.
Induction of p38MAPK and HSP27 phosphorylation in pemphigus patient skin.

Abbreviations: dsg, desmoglein; HSP27, heat shock protein 27; p38MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; PF, pemphigus foliaceus; PV, pemphigus vulgaris
Is sex like driving? HIV prevention and risk compensation☆

Risk compensation has been called the "Achilles' heel" of HIV prevention policies (Cassell et al 2006). This paper examines the behavioral response to male circumcision, a major HIV prevention policy currently being implemented throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa. Contrary to the presumption of risk compensation, we find that the response due to the perceived reduction in HIV transmission appears to have been a reduction in risky sexual behavior. We suggest a mechanism for this finding: circumcision may reduce fatalism about acquiring HIV/AIDS and increase the salience of the tradeoff between engaging in additional risky behavior and avoiding acquiring HIV. We also find what appears to be a competing effect that does not operate through the circumcision recipient's belief about the reduction in the risk of acquiring HIV.
On the chromatographic behavior of dipicolinic acid

Paper chromatography of 100μg or more of dipicolinic acid (DPA) in acetic acid-containing solvents resulted in 3 distinct ultraviolet-absorbing sports at different Rf values. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of eluates of the respective spots were different; this is ascribed to metal chelates of DPA. As DPA moves up the paper, it chelates with metal impurities in the chromatographic paper. The chelates have lower Rf values than free DPA which is the fastest moving spot. This condition arises only when the amount of DPA exceeds the chelation capacity of metal impurities in the system. Chromatographic paper pre-washed with Na ethylenediamine tetraacetate to remove the metal impurities gave only a single spot. Chromatography in a formic acid-containing solvent did not produce the chelate spots. A possible explanation is advanced for this behavior. A sensitive, simple spectrophotometric assay of DPA is described based on optical density at the wave length of maximal absorption of DPA, 273 mμ.
Theory of free carrier absorption in InSb

Abstract The free carrier absorption by electrons in InSb is calculated, for optical mode scattering, in terms of the Kane model. Valence band states are included in the intermediate states. The wavelength dependence is close to λ3. Comparison with experimental data is made and discussed.
FnrP interactions with the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin promoter

Pasteurella haemolytica FnrP is homologous to Fnr, the global transcriptional regulator of anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli. To investigate the role of O2 in the expression of P. haemolytica leukotoxin, we tested a lktC::lacZ fusion constructed in E. coli for a FnrP-mediated regulatory effect under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Both E. coli Fnr and FnrP suppressed leukotoxin transcription under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, Fnr suppressed transcription, while FnrP increased transcription. These results were confirmed using FnrP*, a mutant form of FnrP that activates anaerobically inducible genes under aerobic conditions. In mobility shift assays, partially purified FnrP bound to a potential regulatory site in a P. haemolytica lktC promoter fragment.
Task complexity, equilibrium selection, and learning: an experimental study

We consider several coordination games with multiple equilibria each of which is a different division of a fixed pie. Laboratory experiments are conducted to address whether "task complexity" affects the selection of equilibrium by subjects. Three measures of task complexity-cardinality of choice space, level of iterative knowledge of rationality, and level of iterative knowledge of strategy-are manipulated and tested. Results suggest the three measures can predict choice behavior. Since strategically equivalent games can have different task complexity measures, our results imply that subjects are sensitive to game form presentation. We also fit data using three adaptive learning models: 1 Cournot, 2 Fictitious Play, and 3 Payoff Reinforcement, in increasing order of required cognitive effort. The Fictitious Play model, which tracks only cumulative frequencies of opponents' past behaviors fits the data best.
Why do patients with essential hypertension experience sleep apnea syndrome

Augmented drive from the arterial chemoreceptors has been found in essential hypertension. We hypothesize that overactivity of the chemoreflex is responsible for frequent episodes of sleep apnea in hypertensive patients.
Studies on the nocodazole-induced GTPase activity of tubulin.

Abstract The tubulin dimer contains two guanine nucleotide binding sites, a nonexchangeable site occupied by GTP and an exchangeable site (E-site) occupied by GTP or GDP. Under the conditions used in this study the E-site GTP was hydrolyzed at a rate of 8 × 10 −5 s −1 at 37°C. This rate is stimulated four- to fivefold by nocodazole, an antimitotic drug. We studied the characteristics of this drug-stimulated reaction to learn more about the hydrolytic center of tubulin. The reaction, studied using single turnover kinetics, i.e., in the absence of added GTP, has a pH optimum of 6.6 to 7.2 and an activation energy of 88 kJ·mol −1 . It is first-order with respect to tubulin-GTP, indicating that hydrolysis is not dependent on an aggregation process. Divalent cations stimulate the hydrolysis three- to sixfold over the rate in the presence of EDTA. The reaction has a requirement for Na + that is not satisfied effectively by other monovalent cations. In contrast, Na + and K + are almost equally effective in the tubulin assembly reaction. Different purine nucleoside triphosphates can bind to the E-site and are hydrolyzed. GTP and ITP are hydrolyzed at equivalent rates and XTP and ATP are hydrolyzed at a rate about half as fast. Hydrolysis is inhibited by the reagents diethylpyrocarbonate and N -ethylmaleimide, although the GTPase activity is less sensitive than the assembly reaction. The reaction rate in D 2 O is twice the rate in H 2 O. This inverse isotope effect suggests the involvement of a sulfhydryl group in the rate-limiting step in the reaction.
Measurements of Alveolar Sac Diameters by Incident-Light Photomicrography: Effects of Positive-Pressure Respiration

Abstract Quantitative and morphological studies by incident-light photomicrography were made in vivo on alveolar sacs and alveoli of Sprague-Dawley rats. The lung was exposed for study through a right or left thoracotomy. Ventilatory support was provided by a positive-pressure respirator delivering a tidal volume of 5 ml. at 40 cycles per minute and 15 cm. H 2 O pressure. The mean diameter of 100 sacs at peak inspiration was 66.6 ± 10.7 μ and was 59.3 ± 4.5 μ at end-expiration, a decrease of 11%. Corresponding mean diameters of 10 alveoli were 27.8 μ and 25.7 μ, a decrease of 7.2%. Sacs were partitioned internally by smoothly contoured septa, low ridges, or folds into subsidiary compartments of complex shapes and variable sizes. The microscopical morphology of all structures studied was affected greatly by respiratory excursions of the lung. Variations in alveolar sac morphology may affect respiratory gas exchange in vivo.
Bicuculline-insensitive GABA binding to catfish neuronal membranes.

Abstract GABA receptor binding to mammalian neuronal membranes has been classified into at least 2 subtypes—GABA A and GABA B binding sites. In catfish brain GABA A receptor sites have previously been demonstrated. Evidence is now presented that under appropriate conditions which rule out GABA A receptor binding, [ 3 H]GABA binds to membranes prepared from catfish brain. This binding is bicuculline-insensitive but differs enough from mammalian GABA B binding to cast some doubt on the idea that GABA B receptors exist in catfish brain. Specific binding was detected that was saturable and exhibited a dissociation constant of 4μM. (±)Baclofen, a potent inhibitor in rat brain, was a weak inhibitor, producing a maximum of 43% inhibition. This inhibitory effect could be enhanced, however, in the presence of 320 μM isoguvacine. [ 3 H]GABA binding was unaffected by bicuculline. Thus bicuculline-insensitive GABA binding sites exist in catfish brain but they differ in a number of ways from the GABA B receptor site found in mammals. Furthermore, a third [ 3 H]GABA binding site appears to exist that is both baclofen- and bicuculline-insensitive, yet is inhibited by high concentrations of isoguvacine, a known GABA A agonist.
Resolution of leukemic retinopathy following treatment with imatinib mesylate for chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of leukemic retinopathy before and after treatment with imatinib mesylate (formerly STI-571) for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Design Interventional case report. Methods A 58-year-old man diagnosed with stable phase CML (SP-CML) presented with blurry vision. Fundoscopy revealed several flame-shaped hemorrhages in the macular region in both eyes. One month after this initial visit, imatinib therapy was initiated. Results The patient noticed improvement in his visual as well as his medical symptoms; on repeat examination 6 months after the initial visit, the retinal hemorrhages had resolved and remained so after 18 months. Conclusions Imatinib appears to be an effective treatment for SP-CML, and the improvement in visual and medical symptoms in our case report correlates with this.
Evaluation of data fusion and image segmentation in earth observation based rapid mapping workflows

Abstract This paper is an exploratory study, which aimed to discover the synergies of data fusion and image segmentation in the context of EO-based rapid mapping workflows. Our approach pillared on the geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) focusing on multiscale, internally-displaced persons’ (IDP) camp information extraction from very high spatial resolution (VHSR) images. We applied twelve pansharpening algorithms to two subsets of a GeoEye-1 image scene that was taken over a former war-induced ephemeral settlement in Sri Lanka. A multidimensional assessment was employed to benchmark pansharpening algorithms with respect to their spectral and spatial fidelity. The multiresolution segmentation (MRS) algorithm of the eCognition Developer software served as the key algorithm in the segmentation process. The first study site was used for comparing segmentation results produced from the twelve fused products at a series of scale, shape, and compactness settings of the MRS algorithm. The segmentation quality and optimum parameter settings of the MRS algorithm were estimated by using empirical discrepancy measures. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to compare the quality of image object candidates, which were derived from the twelve pansharpened products. A wall-to-wall classification was performed based on a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to classify image objects candidates of the fused images. The second site simulated a more realistic crisis information extraction scenario where the domain expertise is crucial in segmentation and classification. We compared segmentation and classification results of the original images (non-fused) and twelve fused images to understand the efficacy of data fusion. We have shown that the GEOBIA has the ability to create meaningful image objects during the segmentation process by compensating the fused image’s spectral distortions with the high-frequency information content that has been injected during fusion. Our findings further questioned the necessity of the data fusion step in rapid mapping context. Bypassing time-intensive data fusion helps to actuate EO-based rapid mapping workflows. We, however, emphasize the fact that data fusion is not limited to VHSR image data but expands over many different combinations of multi-date, multi-sensor EO-data. Thus, further research is needed to understand the synergies of data fusion and image segmentation with respect to multi-date, multi-sensor fusion scenarios and extrapolate our findings to other remote sensing application domains beyond EO-based crisis information retrieval.
Using Remote Sensing to Evaluate Environmental Institutional Designs: A Habitat Conservation Planning Example

Objective. Satellite-based remote-sensing analysis is a beneficial, yet underused, tool for environmental policy, planning, and evaluation. We identify its benefits and costs to encourage social scientists to consider the use of remote sensing as a tool for planning and evaluating environmental institutions. Methods. We analyze two multispectral Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images to evaluate a habitat conservation plan (HCP) implemented pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. Results. Image analysis provides useful broad spatial scale information on HCP performance that is not discernible to the naked eye or through other methodologies. Conclusions. Satellite image analysis should be considered as a tool for planning and evaluating environmental institutional designs—despite the financial costs and requisite technical training. These images provide ecological and land cover change information that may not be available elsewhere. We provide lessons learned to help make analysts cognizant of some important issues surrounding the use of satellite-based imagery for environmental institutional analysis.
Electron states and Fermi surfaces in the organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF ) 2 Cu[N(CN ) 2 ]Br

The electronic structure and the Fermi surfaces of the organic superconductor {kappa}-(BEDT-TTF){sub 2}Cu[N(CN){sub 2}]Br are elucidated by first-principles calculations. The results show very narrow bands, high state density at the Fermi level, and a small band effective mass of 0.28m{sub 0} for the closed hole orbit. The topological features of the Fermi surfaces with multiple sheets are more complicated than that of {kappa}-(BEDT-TTF){sub 2}Cu(NCS){sub 2}. Fermi electron distribution on the central C{double_bond}C double bond reveals the nonequivalency of the two central C atoms. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Use of Human Ecology and Epidemiology in Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

Children with nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) comprise a population at risk for small stature, poor growth, slower development, and lower intellectual outcomes. These children are often seen in the Women, Infants, and Children Supplemental Nutrition Program (WIC) and child health clinics and in caseloads of high-risk families. Public health nurses may not be sure how to intervene in the problem of NOFTT because of its multifactorial etiology. A model of nursing care that addresses the many factors that affect the development of NOFTT can enable the public health nurse to appropriately care for the child with NOFTT. The Eco-Epi model, a combination of human ecology and epidemiology, is a conceptual model that can provide a framework for the public health nurse to plan interventions. Even though children with NOFTT are the target population for this model, it can be applied to other public health nursing populations at risk for multifactorial problems. In the Eco-Epi model, the epidemiological concepts of agent (food), host (child), and environment (home) are examined in the context of the microsystem (parent-child interaction, daily activities of the family), the mesosystem (interactions between different environments), and the exosystem (the child's community). The concepts of microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are from the theory of human ecology. Examples of how the model works to assess a family and design interventions are provided.
Relationship of crystal growth parameters to the stoichiometry of EuO as determined by I.R. and conductivity measurements

Abstract Single crystals of EuO have been grown from melts containing excess Eu-metal. i.r. absorption and conductivity measurements were made on these crystals and the results correlated with the crystal growth parameters. It is seen that as the concentration of europium in the initial melt is increased, the growth temperature is lowered and the crystals become richer in europium. The variations in the i.r. absorption and conductivity were studied and are shown to be strongly related to composition. According to the i.r. and conductivity behavior, the EuO crystals can be classified into five types, with compositions ranging from oxygen-rich, to stoichiometric, to europium-rich. The oxygen-rich EuO crystals are insulators and exhibit i.r. absorption which is attributed to Eu 3 O 4 and to Eu 3+ . Only weak i.r. absorption is seen in the stoichiometric crystals. Those with a deficiency of oxygen show a new i.r. absorption and have either metallic conduction or show large insulator-metal transitions which are attributed to oxygen vacancies. A new phase diagram has been constructed which can be used as a guide for growing EuO crystals. Several crystal growing methods are also discussed.
RESPONSES OF SINGLE UNITS IN THE AUDITORY CORTEX.

The temporal firing patterns of units in the auditory cortex were studied as a function of stimulus parameters. Different units exhibit a wide variety of response patterns for the same stimulus. A particular unit may exhibit different response patterns to different stimuli. Units do not seem to show laminar or columnar organization with respect to temporal response pattern. However tonotopic organization of the cortex may be reflected in the arrangement of columns, where each column is maximally sensitive to a particular frequency.
An institutional analysis of software teams

Modern software is constructed by teams of software developers. The central question that this paper addresses is what policies should be enacted for structuring software teams to enhance cooperative as opposed to self-serving behavior? The contribution of this paper is in viewing software teams as being subject to a set of well-understood collective action problems: there are individual incentives to receive the joint rewards for a team-developed software project without contributing a fair share to its development. In this paper, an institutional analysis perspective is used in presenting a set of theoretical principles and an analytical framework recently developed in game theory, political economy, experimental economics, and natural resource governance for the understanding and resolution of these collective action problems. The principles and analysis framework are applied to an empirical case study of software teamwork within an academic setting. This case study shows, first, how to apply the analytic framework on an actual collective action situation. Second, it demonstrates how the theoretical understandings can be used as a basis to account for outcomes within this setting. And third, it provides an example of a particular institutional arrangement that elicits high levels of cooperation and low levels of free riding within a real-world setting. Understanding the importance of institutions for shaping individual and social behavior within software development teams makes these institutions more amenable to intentional human design.
Viscosity of sea-surface slicks

Theoretical models generally attribute altered wave properties in slicks on the ocean surface to elastic1,2 or dissipative3 effects within or attributable to monomolecular organic films. But the situation on the ocean surface is both dilute and complex: a variety of organic materials have been measured in surface samples4 but their total abundance is lower than the surface abundances of pure compounds used in experiments to corroborate the monolayer models5, and the organic materials appear, based on samples within the uppermost millimetre of the ocean, to be arranged in relatively thick microlayers6,7 rather than in monolayers. Because observations of slicks correlated with microlayer enrichments of ultraviolet-absorbing materials8, and slicks appeared viscous—even syrupy—when sampled, I suggested8 that the presence of slicks involved viscosity effects in microlayers. Here I report fluorescence depolarization measurements of the bulk intrinsic viscosity of natural oceanic microlayers, showing that microlayer samples from slicked surfaces are indeed more viscous than samples from adjacent unslicked surfaces.
The development of contact force construction in the dynamic-contact task of cycling

Purposeful movement requires that an individual produce appropriate joint torques to accelerate segments, and when environmental contact is involved, to develop task-appropriate contact forces. Developmental research has been confined largely to the mastery of unconstrained movement skills (pointing, kicking). The purpose of this study was to study the developmental progression that characterizes the interaction of muscular and non-muscular forces in tasks constrained by contact with the environment. Seven younger children (YC, 6-8 years), 7 older children (OC, 9-11 years) and 7 adults (AD) pedaled an ergometer (80 rpm) at an anthropometrically scaled cycling power. Resultant forces measured at the pedal's surface were decomposed into muscle, inertia and gravity components. Muscle pedal forces were further examined in terms of the underlying lower extremity joint torques and kinematic weights that constitute the muscular component of the pedal force. Data showed children applied muscle forces to the pedal in a significantly different manner compared to adults, and that this was due to the children's lower segmental mass and inertia. The children adjusted the contribution of the proximal joint muscle torques to compensate for reduced contributions to the resultant pedal force by gravitational and inertial components. These data show that smaller segmental mass and inertia limit younger children's ability to construct the dynamic-contact task of cycling in an adult-like form. On the basis of these results, however, the children's response was not "immature". Rather, the results show a task-appropriate adaptation to lower segmental mass and inertia.
Grepafloxacin versus cefixime as single-dose therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea in women.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and tolerance of single-dose grepafloxacin with cefixime for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in women. Methods: Women attending nine sexually-transmitted-disease clinics in the United States who had suspected uncomplicated gonorrhea were enrolled in an open study. Participants were randomized to receive single oral doses of grepafloxacin (400 mg) or cefixime (400 mg), and efficacy was evaluated in those who returned for follow-up assessment 5 to 10 days later. The primary measure of efficacy was microbiological response to therapy as determined by pre- and posttreatment culture results for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Results: Of 380 patients enrolled, 124 in the grepafloxacin group and 131 in the cefixime group were evaluated for microbiological response. Cervical gonococcal infections were eradicated in 99% of patients in both treatment groups, with only one persistent infection in each group. All pharyngeal (n = 15) and rectal (n = 32) gonococcal infections treated with grepafloxacin were cured, whereas 5 of 16 (31%) pharyngeal and 1 of 38 (3%) rectal infections failed to respond to cefixime. Although a third (123 of 386) of N. gonorrhoeae pretreatment isolates were resistant to penicillin or tetracycline, this had no impact on cure rates. Both drugs were well tolerated, with vaginitis being the most common treatment-related adverse event in each group. Conclusions: This study shows that single-dose grepafloxacin is at least as effective as cefixime for treating women with uncomplicated cervical gonorrhea. Grepafloxacin also appears to be highly effective against extragenital infections.
Mechanistic studies of blood pressure in rats treated with a series of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors

ILLUMINATE, the Phase 3 clinical trial of morbidity and mortality (MM PF-868,348 is weakly potent and CP-746,281 and CE-308,958 are CETP-inactive. Changes in blood pressure were determined in conscious animals in conjunction with pharmacologic blockade of numerous pressor agents/pathways. Torcetrapib and CP-532,623 increased blood pressure following both chronic PO and acute IV administration. The CETP-inactive enantiomer of CP-532,623, CP-746,281 failed to raise blood pressure. PF-868,348, a structural analogue with ∼50-fold lower CETPi activity also displayed pressor activity. Blockade of adrenergic, cholinergic, angiotensin, endothelin, NOS, Rho kinase, and thromboxane pathways failed to attenuate the pressor response. These data demonstrate that the blood pressure activity seen with torcetrapib can be dissociated from CETP inhibitor pharmacology and numerous pharmacology pathways can be discounted in the attempt to understand the molecular basis of the pressor pharmacology. Drug Dev Res 70:2009 © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell lineage analysis of cerebellar Purkinje cells in mouse chimeras

Abstract Murine chimeras provide an experimental system in which cell lineage analysis of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) can be accomplished. Utilizing a cell marker system that permits the identification of cells of each genotype in various cell populations present in histologic sections of the CNS at different developmental periods, fate maps of the mammalian CNS can be constructed. Thus, the presence or persistence of clones of cells can be readily visualized in simply organized CNS regions, like the cerebellar cortex. The electrophoretic variants of the glycolytic enzyme, glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI, E.C. 5.3.1.9; GPI-1A, GPI-1B), are the genotype-specific cell markers most commonly used by experimental mammalian embryologists in studies of cell lineage utilizing mammalian chimeras. We have adapted this cell marker system to permit the visualization and unequivocal identification of cells containing the GPI-1B variant throughout the CNS of adult BALB cBy J a3 C57BL 6J chimeric mice. Utilizing allozyme-specific anti-GPI-1B antisera in immunocytochemical (PAP) staining techniques, we can score small as well as large cell populations, neurons as well as glia. We have reconstructed and statistically analyzed the location and distribution of chimerism present in the Purkinje cell population of four of these chimeric mice. We found the Purkinje cells in each of these animals existed as small (3–8) cell patches of like genotype that were not randomly arranged. This suggests that clones of cells may persist as contiguous groups of cells throughout mammalian cerebellar development.
The effects of simulated Bier block IVRA on intracompartmental tissue pressure

Background:Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is a useful anesthetic method for closed reduction of fractures. However, IVRA has been associated with an increased incidence of compartment syndrome when treating tibial shaft fractures. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in anterior leg compartment pressures during simulated IVRA. Methods:A volunteer study was performed. An indwelling catheter placed in a consistent location between subjects was used to measure tissue pressure. A vinyl leg splint was used for exsanguination followed by thigh tourniquet inflation (300 mmHg). Normal saline (1.5 mL/kg) was injected through the greater saphenous vein (1.0 mL/s). Pressure measurements were obtained before and after tourniquet inflation, at 10 mL increments during saline injection, and intermittently after volume injection with the tourniquet inflated, then deflated. Results:There was no significant difference in tissue pressure before (2.4±2.2 mmHg) and after (4.3±3.7 mmHg) tourniquet inflation (P = 0.11). No significant differences in tissue pressure were found as a function of injected volume (P = 0.62), as a function of time following saline injection during tourniquet inflation (P = 0.08), and after tourniquet deflation (P = 0.16). Conclusions:We conclude that in the normal atraumatic limb, simulated IVRA using normal saline does not increase tissue pressure within the anterior leg compartment.
Insecticidal Properties of Black Pepper to Rice Weevils and Cowpea Weevils

Ground black pepper and its 95% ethanol crude extract were highly toxic to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), when they were used to surface treat wheat subsequently infested with the insect. This toxicity was attributable to the presence of piperine in black pepper. However, the results of topical application of the crude extract or a purified extract to S. oryzae and the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), and TLC analysis indicated that the activity may be ascribed to its other chemical components in conjunction or synergism to piperine. The LD50’s for topical application of the crude and purified extracts obtained from the 24-h dosage-mortality data were 3.4 and 4.8 µ g/insect for adult S. oryzae and 4.5 and 7.2 µ g/insect for adult C. maculatus , respectively.
Sirolimus conversion after liver transplantation: improvement in measured glomerular filtration rate after 2 years.

Abstract Methods We reviewed our prospectively maintained database of 2005 liver transplantations. Therapy was either started de novo or converted from calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) to sirolimus as the main immunosuppressive agent for nephrotoxicity or rejection. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined with iodine 125–labeled sodium isthalamate (Glofil-125), and serum creatinine concentration was obtained before and 3 months after transplantation, and yearly in both groups. Sirolimus levels were 10 to 15 ng/mL in patients at less than 3 months after transplantations and 5 to 10 ng/mL in the remaining patients. All patients received mycophenolate mofetil as maintenance therapy. Results Data for 29 patients in the de novo group and 35 in the conversion group were reviewed. Patients in the de novo group demonstrated an acute cellular rejection rate of 17.2%, 40% of which were steroid resistant. In this group, 48.2% discontinuation of sirolimus was necessary because of adverse effects. Patients in the conversion group demonstrated an acute cellular rejection rate of 2.8% and a 34.3% rate of sirolimus discontinuation. Seventeen (56.7%) patients at 1 year and 8 (44.4%) patients at 2 years demonstrated continued improvement in GFR. In the conversion group, case-control analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference in GFR and serum creatinine concentration (P > .05) at 1 and 2 years after conversion. At the time of review, no patients in the conversion group required hemodialysis. Conclusions Conversion to sirolimus therapy is an effective strategy in improving renal function in patients with CNI-induced nephrotoxicity and can be done without increased rejection. Most of our patients (65.7%) tolerated sirolimus conversion. Of these, 56.7% and 44.4% demonstrated continued increase in GFR with the CNI-free regimen at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Long-term, large-population, prospective, randomized, controlled studies should further validate these results.
Wick’s limit and a new method for estimating neutron reaction cross sections

We construct an analytic model to demonstrate qualitatively the correspondence between the measured neutron total cross section and the regions where Wick's limit is actually an equality. This model does not give sufficiently accurate quantitative results, so we extend our calculations by using the nuclear optical model with both local and global parameters. We then demonstrate how Wick's limit can be used to give useful reaction cross-section information.
Hormonal control of sexual and scent marking behaviors of male gerbils in relation to the sexually dimorphic area of the hypothalamus

The sexual and scent marking behaviors of male gerbils are stimulated by testosterone (T) action in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus. The sexually dimorphic area (SDA) in the posterior POA, which also responds to T, is implicated in this process. This research studied the sensitivities of mating, marking, and the SDA to T metabolites and other steroids. Experiment 1 focused on mating. Male gerbils were implanted at castration with 2-mm Silastic capsules containing T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 19-nortestosterone (19-nor T), estradiol (E), or no hormone and were tested 3-7 weeks later. T, E, and 19-nor T maintained intromissions, but E-treated males rarely ejaculated. Controls and DHT-treated males stopped mounting. Experiment 2 compared the ability of these steroids to reinstate marking and mating using the same dose and a larger one (5 mm). Androstenedione, 19-hydroxytestosterone (19-OHT), and E plus DHT were studied as well. Volumes of the SDA and SDA pars compacta (SDApc) were also measured. Only T, 19-nor T, E, and E + DHT reinstated sexual behavior, but all steroids except 19-OHT stimulated marking. E and DHT synergized to elicit mating. For marking, they were no more effective together than alone. Steroid-treated males had larger SDAs than controls. Moreover, steroids that stimulated sexual activity produced larger SDAs than steroids that did not. SDA size correlated with copulatory rate, but not with copulatory efficiency. SDApc size correlated with copulatory efficiency, but not with copulatory rate. Like copulatory rate and efficiency, sizes of the SDA and SDApc did not correlate with each other.
A Review of “Playing in Shadows: Texas and Negro League Baseball”

The field of sport history has come a long way since the days of well-meaning laypersons who focused on box scores, individual stats, and naming the players and the teams on which they played. Anyo...
Computer aided design and manufacturing: analysis and development of research issues

The paper focuses on the current issues in the areas of computer aided manufacturing and design. The importance of integrating CAD and CAM is analyzed. The associated issues with the integration and recent advancements in this field have been documented. The development of methods for enhancing productivity is explored. A research experiment was conducted in the laboratories of West Virginia University with an objective to portray effects of various machining parameters on production. Graphical results and their interpretations are supplied to better realize the main purpose of the experimentation.
Bidding with limited statistical knowledge in online auctions

We consider online auctions from the point of view of a single bidder who has an average budget constraint. By modeling the rest of the bidders through a probability distribution (often referred to as the mean-field approximation), we develop a simple bidding strategy which can be implemented without any statistical knowledge of bids, valuations, and query arrival processes. The key idea is to use stochastic approximation techniques to automatically track long-term averages.
Chasing the TIRS ghosts: calibrating the Landsat 8 thermal bands

The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on board Landsat 8 has exhibited a number of anomalous characteristics that have made it difficult to calibrate. These anomalies include differences in the radiometric appearance across the blackbody pre- and post-launch, variations in the cross calibration ratios between detectors that overlap on adjacent arrays (resulting in banding) and bias errors in the absolute calibration that can change spatially/temporally. Several updates to the TIRS calibration procedures were made in the months after launch to attempt to mitigate the impact of these anomalies on flat fielding (cosmetic removal of banding and striping) and mean level bias correction. As a result, banding and striping variations have been reduced but not eliminated and residual bias errors in band 10 should be less than 2 degrees for most targets but can be significantly more in some cases and are often larger in band 11. These corrections have all been essentially ad hoc without understanding or properly accounting for the source of the anomalies, which were, at the time unknown. This paper addresses the procedures that have been undertaken to; better characterize the nature of these anomalies, attempt to identify the source(s) of the anomalies, quantify the phenomenon responsible for them, and develop correction procedures to more effectively remove the impacts on the radiometric products. Our current understanding points to all of the anomalies being the result of internal reflections of energy from outside the target detector’s field-of-view, and often outside the telescope field-of-view, onto the target detector. This paper discusses how various members of the Landsat calibration team discovered the clues that led to how; these “ghosts” were identified, they are now being characterized, and their impact can hopefully eventually be corrected. This includes use of lunar scans to generate initial maps of influence regions, use of long path overlap ratios to explore sources of change and use of variations in bias calculated from truth sites to quantify influences from the surround on absolute bias errors.
Top 10 Research Questions Related to Musculoskeletal Physical Fitness Testing in Children and Adolescents

The purpose of this article is to bring attention to the 10 most pressing questions relevant to musculoskeletal physical fitness testing in children and adolescents. The goal is to stimulate research to answer these questions. The most pressing needs include establishing definitive links between valid, reliable, and feasible field test measures of muscular strength, endurance, power, and flexibility and health risk factors/markers in children and adolescents; determining the effects of exercise training on these relationships; and documenting the tracking of these relationships. The role of flexibility in health-related physical fitness (HRPF) needs to be carefully and specifically examined. Although body weight/composition is a separate component of health-related fitness, it is also a factor that can influence the performance of musculoskeletal test items. The role of body weight, body fat, and central adiposity and the possibility of adjustment of tests results are important research questions. Several...
Variations in blood pressure control throughout the dosing interval with morning versus evening dosing of once-daily antihypertensive medications

Abstract P-244 Key Words: Dosing Intervals, Medications, Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
Estimating Target State Distributions In a Distributed Sensor Network Using a Monte-Carlo Approach

Distributed processing algorithms are attractive alternatives to centralized algorithms for target tracking applications in sensor networks. In this paper, we address the issue of determining a initial probability distribution of multiple target states in a distributed manner to initialize distributed trackers. Our approach is based on Monte-Carlo methods, where the state distributions are represented as a discrete set of weighted particles. The target state vector is the target positions and velocities in the 2D plane. Our approach can determine the state vector distribution even if the individual sensors are not capable of observing it. The only condition is that the network as a whole can observe the state vector. A robust weighting strategy is formulated to account for misdetections and clutter. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm, we use direction-of-arrival nodes and range-Doppler nodes
Measured Losses in Pulsed Superconducting Solenoid Magnets

AC, or cyclic, energy losses were determined in geometrically similar solenoids wound with single-core, untwisted-multicore, and twisted-multicore composite superconductor. The losses were larger in the untwisted-multicore conductor than in the corresponding single-core case. When the multicore conductor was twisted, the losses were markedly reduced. The multicore conductor, when both twisted and untwisted, was remarkably free of flux jumps; thus the filament diameter of 0.0013 in. may be small enough to provide intrinsic stability.
Spatio-temporal matching algorithms for road networks

In this paper we present a model of spatially located mobile agents and static resources, in which the agents are looking to obtain one of the resources while minimizing their costs to obtain the resource. The proliferation of mobile devices, location-based services and embedded wireless sensors has given rise to applications that could help the mobile agents have updated information of the location of the resources they are looking for. Nevertheless, while engaged in driving, travelers are better suited being guided to an ideal resource, rather than looking at a map and deciding which available resource to visit. Then the question of how an application should choose this ideal resource, to guide the agent towards it, becomes relevant. In this work we develop algorithms that are designed to guide users to these resources. They use a gravitational approach to guide a mobile agent through a road network in order to find this ideal resource. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated through simulations.
Erratum to: The Dexamethasone Drug Delivery System: Indications and Evidence

Two errors were reported in the above article. A superscript was missing in Table 1 in the first column entry on page 357 which incompletely suggested that a NNT of 11.1 was based on the ITT population, when it should have indicated the ITT subpopulation with an early and/or on time day 180 visit. Subsequently, the main text page 358 should have qualified the NNT of 11.1 by stating this result pertained to the ITT subpopulation with an early and/or on time day 180 visit. Also, the response rate attributed to the Dex DDS sham arm which is 12% in the last column of Table 1, page 356, should be 17%, with a superscript specifying the early and/or on time 180 day visit cohort.
Rate of Head Circumference Growth as a Function of Autism Diagnosis and History of Autistic Regression

Several reports indicate that autism spectrum disorder is associated with increased rate of head growth in early childhood. Increased rate of growth may index aberrant processes during early development, may precede the onset of symptoms, and may predict severity of the disease course. We examined rate of change in occipitofrontal circumference measurements (abstracted from medical records) in 28 boys with autism spectrum disorder and in 8 boys with developmental delay without autism from birth to age 36 months. Only children who had more than 3 occipitofrontal circumference measurements available during this age period were included. All data were converted to z scores based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention norms. Rate of growth from birth to age 36 months was statistically significantly higher for the autism spectrum disorder group than the developmental delay group, with children with autism spectrum disorder showing a statistically significant increase in occipitofrontal circumference relative to norms between 7 and 10 months; this group difference in rate of growth was more robust when height was used as a covariate. Rate of growth was not found to be different for children with autism spectrum disorder whose parents reported a history of loss of skills (regression) vs those whose parents reported early onset of autism symptoms. Findings from this study suggest that the aberrant growth is present in the first year of life and precedes the onset and diagnosis in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without a history of autistic regression.
Vitamin A supplementation of young infants

A meta-analysis of several large trials established that vitamin A supplementation of 6-month-old to 5-year-old children living in areas where vitamin A is deficient can reduce their risk of dying by an average of 23%. However published studies are less conclusive about the necessity safety or the benefits of such supplementation. In this article the authors argue that infant vitamin A supplementation should be increased rather than abandoned. According to studies from Bangladesh Brazil and Indonesia 25% to over 90% of the 6-month-old infants studied had inadequate liver stores. These breast-fed infants of undernourished mothers will need additional vitamin A to attain normal physiological stores at 6 months of age. In terms of safety it is noted that the only common acute side effect of the intervention is bulging of the fontanelle and there are no long-term developmental consequences. Moreover an Indonesian study highlighted that the intervention reduces infant mortality by 64% when vitamin A supplements are given on the first day of life and during the first 4 months of life. Furthermore the minimum requirement of vitamin A given to infants is 237 mcmol.
A 2.45-GHz Electrically Small Slot Antenna

A 2.45-GHz electrically small slot antenna (lambda0/35timeslambda0/35, 3.5times3.5 mm2) is disclosed. Miniaturization is achieved through symmetric inductive loading of an electrically small slot section. It is fabricated on a low-loss fused silica wafer through a back-etch of a 5000-Aring golden metal film, which is 31.5% of the skin depth at 2.45 GHz. The measured bandwidth is 106 MHz and the measured gain is -15 dBi. The theoretical Wheeler-Chu-McLean limit for the gain of a lambda0/35timeslambda0/35 electrically small antenna with a similar Q factor is -9.6 dBi.