cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2 DNA Reassociation and RNA Hybridisation of Bacterial Nucleic Acids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation and ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridization of bacterial nucleic acids. The elucidation of the structure and the physical properties of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNAs) has enabled investigators to compare directly the sequence similarities in these molecules from one organism with those from another. These comparisons, DNA reassociation or RNA hybridization experiments, are measurements of the pairing of two DNA fragments or the pairing of an RNA molecule with a fragment of DNA. The specific pairings are between the base pairs adenine (A) and thymine (T) [or uracil (U) in RNA] and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The final success of the methods and procedures described in this chapter depends upon the initial growth of the bacterial cells and the isolation of DNA or RNA from them. Although techniques for following the growth of bacterial cultures are beyond the scope of this chapter, their importance cannot be overemphasized. Many organisms are fastidious and grow very slowly or to a low turbidity, others tend to die very rapidly after reaching stationary phase, while others may enter a sporulation phase.
Impact of Video Encoding Parameters on Dynamic Video Transcoding

Currently there are a wide variety of devices with different screen resolutions, color support, processing power and network connectivity, capable of receiving streaming video from the Internet. In order to serve different multimedia content to all these devices, middleware proxy servers which transcode content to fit different types of devices are becoming popular. In this paper, we present result of several tests conducted with different combination of video encoding parameters and show their impact on network, CPU and energy resource usage of a transcoding server. For this purpose, we implemented a dynamic video trancoding server, which enables dynamic changes in different trancoding parameters during a video streaming session. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.m [Computer-Communication Networks]: Miscellaneous General Terms Design, Experimentation, Measurement, Performance.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Linac Facility

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the linac facility at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, which has been established to carry on applied and fundamental research related to the nuclear field; it is a part of the Nuclear Center, administered through the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Science. The high power linear accelerator, which is the core of the facility, was procured under an Atomic Energy Commission contract, which also provides substantial equipment and operating support. To make use of the accelerator, it is necessary to direct the electrons from the output of the accelerator to experimental stations. High energies are somewhat incidental to high intensity, and to this end, a new type or another generation of accelerators has come about. The electron linear accelerator was chosen over other machines because it satisfies the requirements and incorporates a degree of versatility not obtained in other accelerator.
Financing mental health services: An analytic and policy case study

Mental health care is a major public sector problem in the State of New York. We were asked by the Ways and Means Committee of the New York State Assembly to recommend a new fiscal structure with shared funding between the state and the counties to better achieve the objective of the state's mental health care program. A simulation model was developed for analysis and used to design new funding plans. The results of our analysis have been written into legislation introduced into the New York State Assembly. A detailed explanation of the model we developed and the analysis we performed will be appearing in the September - October, 1972 issue of the Journal of Operations Research under the title "Financing Mental Health Services in the State of New York" by Lawrence Bodin, T. Owen Carroll, Allen Lee and Sally Stout.
Esophageal Motor Dysfunction and Gastroesophageal Reflux Are Prevalent in Lung Transplant Candidates

Background Gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration contribute to the development of bronchiolitis obliterans and accelerate graft deterioration after lung transplantation (LTx). We evaluated LTx candidates for esophageal motor abnormalities and gastroesophageal reflux. Methods Consecutive patients evaluated for LTx underwent 24-hour pH monitoring using a dual-channel pH probe and high-resolution esophageal manometry. High-resolution manometry was also performed in healthy control subjects. The prevalence of abnormal acid exposure was noted in the LTx candidates. Results Thirty LTx candidates and 10 control subjects were evaluated. Lung transplantation candidates had higher residual upper and lower esophageal sphincter pressures. The mean proportion of peristaltic swallows was 21% lower in LTx candidates. Both hypotensive and aperistaltic swallows were sixfold more prevalent in LTx candidates than in control subjects. All control subjects had normal high-resolution manometry whereas 23 LTx candidates (76.7%) had esophageal peristaltic dysfunction. Abnormal acid exposure time was seen in the proximal and distal esophagus in 25% and 36% of LTx candidates, respectively. Lung transplantation candidates with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had more aperistaltic contractions, more negative minimum intrathoracic pressure, and a higher frequency of abnormal distal esophagus acid exposure. The majority of patients with complications after LTx demonstrated motor, anatomic, or pH abnormalities. Conclusions Disordered esophageal motor function and gastroesophageal reflux are common in LTx candidates. We believe high-resolution esophageal manometry is a valid tool to use and the abnormalities we identified may be representative of this unique patient population. The role of this study in predicting a worse outcome should be further studied in patients after LTx.
A vibration method for measuring mechanical properties of composite, theory and experiment

This paper presents a method for identifying elastic and damping properties of composite laminates by using vibration test data. The analysis model is established based on a finite element model which considers the effect of transverse shear deformation and hysteretic damping. The reduced elastic constants and material loss factors are selected as the updated parameters. Since the damping mainly causes a change of the imaginary part in eigenvalues and eigenvectors, the complex modal parameters are measured. The selected parameters are identified by minimizing an error function containing the deviations of eigenvalues and responses between experiment and analysis. The numerical study shows that satisfactory results including transverse shear moduli can be obtained by designing a suitable plate specimen. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. In principle, the present method allows all elastic constants and damping factors to be determined simultaneously.
Votes based on protracted deliberations

Abstract We analyze group decision-making in situations in which members discuss the value of a continuous random variable, then take an up-or-down vote based on their assessments of the continuous variable. Applications include jury deliberations and tenure and promotion or partnership votes. We determine conditions under which the group can reach a consensus on the value of the continuous variable, conditions under which the group fails to reach an agreement on the up-or-down vote, and when the outcome of a successful up-or-down vote matches the consensus on the continuous variable. We also consider the impact of unanimous versus nonunanimous voting rules.
Fetal blood, sampling during pregnancy with use of a needle guided by ultrasound: A study of 606 consecutive cases

Because of various prenatal diagnoses, 606 fetal blood samplings were carried out in 562 pregnancies from the gestational week 17 to 38 with use of a 20-gauge needle guided by ultrasound. The procedure was performed on outpatients under local anesthesia and without medication before or after the procedure. Pure fetal blood was obtained at the first attempt in 588 cases. A second attempt was necessary in 18 cases. Maternal blood contamination was never present. Amniotic fluid dilution was noted in 15 cases. At the beginning of our experience only three cords could not be punctured. The duration of the procedure was less than 10 minutes in 90% of cases. Fifty-eight pregnancies were terminated after consideration of the results of the diagnosis, and 504 pregnancies were continued. The complications found in these pregnancies were premature delivery (5%), growth retardation (8%), in utero death (1.1%), and spontaneous abortion (0.8%). In the future this new procedure could replace fetoscopy and initiate an important field of new investigations.
CONSTRUCTION OF CANCER VACCINES WITH CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN (PEPTIDE) TUMOR ANTIGENS

Tumor vaccinology is as old as immunological thought and as young as our rapidly evolving understanding of antigen processing and presentation. The recent availability of carbohydrate and peptide tumor antigens suitable for vaccine construction, conjugate and recombinant vector technologies capable of augmenting helper and cytotoxic T cell activity and potent new immunological adjuvants have combined to produce considerable optimism for the future of tumor vaccines.
Membrane potential and ion permeability of lipid bilayer membranes

Abstract In order to clarify the components consisting of transmembrane potential of membranes, measurements of surface potentials of phospholipid monolayers and concentration potentials of phospholipid bilayer membranes measurements were carried out with respect to salt concentrations. It was concluded that, for a highly charged membranes symmetrical with respect to the surface charge density, the observed transmembrane potential is due mostly to the difference between the two surface potentials on both sides of the membrane. On the other hand, for an uncharged membrane, the transmembrane potential is due to the ion diffusion potential through the membrane. Some discussion concerning ion permeabilities through the membranes is also made in relation to the observed transmembrane potentials.
Signaling mechanisms and molecular characteristics of G protein‐coupled receptors for lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1‐phosphate

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are potent phospholipid mediators with diverse biological activities. Their appearance and functional properties suggest possible roles in development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. The growth-stimulating and other complex biological activities of LPA and S1P are attributable in part to the activation of multiple G protein-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. Several heterotrimeric G proteins, as well as Ras- and Rho-dependent pathways play central roles in the cellular responses to LPA and S1P. Recently, several G protein-coupled receptors encoded by a family of endothelial differentiation genes (edg) have been shown to bind LPA or S1P and transduce responses of cAMP, Ca2+ , MAP kinases, Rho, and gene transcription. This review summarizes our current understanding of signaling pathways critical for cellular responses to LPA and S1P and of recent progress in the molecular biological analyses of the Edg receptors. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 30/31:147-157, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Illicit use of prescription stimulants among college students: Prescription status, motives, theory of planned behaviour, knowledge and self-diagnostic tendencies

Published studies have reported that illicit prescription stimulant use is increasingly common on college campuses in the United States. The present study investigates the relationship between prescription status, motives, theory of planned behaviour, knowledge of side effects and self-diagnostic tendencies and illicit use of prescription stimulants among undergraduates (N = 333). Prescription holders and non-holders responded to a self-administered online survey. Results revealed that dependent variables were significantly different between illicit users and non-illicit users. Specifically, prescription holders were more likely than non-holders to report illicit use. Illicit users, relative to non-illicit users, reported more motives to use, less concern with ethics and safety of use, greater perception of use as socially acceptable, less perceived control over their behaviour without stimulant aid, more knowledge, and, among non-prescription holders, were more likely to self-diagnosis having an attention disorder. This study provides additional insight into students' attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and practices related to prescription stimulant use on campus. Implications for future research and the need for interventions to provide aid to students who are at risk for using stimulant medications illicitly are discussed.
An Optimized Approach for Protein Residue Extraction and Identification from Ceramics After Cooking

Extraction of protein residues from archaeological matrices, such as pottery clay, lithics, and grinding stones, has proven to be methodologically challenging. Protein residue analysis is fraught with technical challenges in analytical chemistry. In cooking pottery, protein residues are thought to bind to clay surfaces in vessel walls through a variety of primarily non-covalent interactions. Removal of protein residues requires the disruption of these interactions, and a diverse set of tools has been proposed and applied. Here, we test extraction procedures through varying combinations of physical parameters and solvents to derive an optimal approach yielding efficiencies of recovery from experimental pottery above 60%. The utility of our extraction approach was further validated through liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of experimental residues. We have identified several hurdles to developing a successful study of protein residues from pottery, each of which is surmountable with additional method development in the realm of archaeological chemistry.
Body size and composition of perimenarchal girls.

• A number of measurements are reported on a cross-sectional sample of girls who were studied at times ranging from 54 months prior to menarche to 82 months after menarche. Included are anthropometric measurements, lean weight, body fat, abdomen-hip ratio, skeletal size, bone age, muscle strength, and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The years preceding menarche are associated with an array of physiological and anatomical changes, making it difficult to assign a causative role to any one of them. ( AJDC . 1992;146:63-66)
Molecular characterization of core lipids from halophilic archaea grown under different salinity conditions

Halorhabdus utahensis, Natronomonas pharaonis, Haloferax sulfurifontis and Halobaculum gomorrense were grown at salinity values between 10% and 30% NaCl (w/v). The strains represent four haloarchaeal genera and have a range of salinity optima. Analysis of core membrane lipids of each strain using gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed structures consistent with saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated dialkyl glycerol diethers (DGDs) including both phytanyl (C_(20)) and sesterpanyl (C_(25)) isoprenoid chains. In addition, we observed three trends related to salinity: (i) the proportion of unsaturated DGDs increased with increasing NaCl concentration in the medium, (ii) strains with a higher optimal NaCl concentration had a higher proportion of unsaturated DGDs and (iii) C_(25–20) DGDs occurred in the two strains with higher salinity optima, N. pharaonis and H. utahensis. The strong linear correlation between optimal growth salinity and fraction of unsaturated DGDs suggests that membrane lipid unsaturation is an important adaptation to specific salinity niches in archaeal halophiles. In addition, in three of the four strains, the fraction of unsaturated DGDs increased above a salinity threshold or in response to increasing salinity in the medium. Thus, halophilic archaea regulate membrane lipid unsaturation in response to environmental salinity change, regardless of their salinity optima.
The effect of Pavlovian stimuli on the acquisition of a new response

Abstract Three experiments explored the effects of response dependent stimuli which have had different types of contingent relationships with positive reinforcement. Results showed consistent differences in the effects of response dependent appetitive Pavlovian CS + s, CS − s, and truly random control (TRC) stimuli on the acquisition of a new response. These differences were shown in both a free operant and a discrete-trial learning situation. Appetitive Pavlovian CS−s consistently produced lower levels of responding than did TRC stimuli, even in an experimental situation free of possible contrast effects. The results of these experiments extended a contingency analysis of acquired associations to appetitive conditioning and provided a clear demonstration of a conditioned reinforcement effect against a variety of control procedures.
On a Class of Admissible Constitutive Behaviors in Free-Floating Engineered Tissues

A commonly used assay for studying cell - matrix interactions is the free-floating fibroblast populated collagen lattice, which was introduced in 1979. Briefly, fibroblasts are seeded within an initially thin, amorphous, untethered, circular gel consisting of reconstituted fibrillar collagen. Although the gel remains traction free and circular, the cells typically contract the gel to less than 50% of its original diameter within hours to days. Cellular mechanotransduction mechanisms are fundamental to this contraction, but there has not been a careful study of the associated mechanics. In this paper, we model the initial contraction of a circular gel by assuming a homogeneous, axisymmetric finite deformation while allowing possible radial variations in material properties, including material symmetry. We show that trivial solutions alone (i.e., no deformation, no contraction) are admitted by equilibrium and boundary conditions unless radial variations exist in the material behavior, including cell contraction. Although more complete data are needed to model better this initial-boundary value problem, the present results are consistent with both the salient features of the gel assay and recent observations reported in the literature that cells often introduce regional variations in tissue properties in vivo in an attempt to achieve, maintain, or restore mechanical homeostasis.
CLINICAL PROBLEMS OF BRAIN DEATH AND COMA IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS

Summary Present knowledge and technology allow us to make an unequivocal determination of brain death, at least in adults. These same medical resources can also be life-saving and should be applied rapidly and efficiently to all patients admitted in coma. At the present time the means are available to make precise diagnoses concerning the cause and possible outcome of coma in most cases. The development of the CT scan and the aggressive use of electroencephalography are most important in these capacities. It is the responsibility of the physician to aid in the development and planning of up-to-date ICUs with their associated laboratories and equipment and in providing rewarding salaries and positions for the hosts of nurses. technologists, and others necessary to operate these on a twenty-four-hour basis. Although the problems of coma and of brain death can be dealt with by the physician given these resources, the problem of the person severely brain-damaged and in a so-called vegetative state remains. This is a problem for the society, the law, and religion.
The allocation of buses in heavily utilized networks with overlapping routes

Abstract Many transit systems outside North America are characterized by networks with extensively overlapping routes and buses frequently operating at, or close to, capacity. This paper addresses the problem of allocating a fleet of buses between routes in this type of system; a problem that must be solved recurrently by transit planners. A formulation of the problem is developed which recognizes passenger route choice behavior, and seeks to minimize a function of passenger wait time and bus crowding subject to constraints on the number of buses available and the provision of enough capacity on each route to carry all passengers who would select it. An algorithm is developed based on the decomposition of the problem into base allocation and surplus allocation components. The base allocation identifies a feasible solution using an (approx.) minimum number of buses. The surplus allocation is illustrated for the simple objective of minimizing the maximum crowding level on any route. The bus allocation procedure developed in this paper has been applied to part of the Cairo bus system in a completely manual procedure, and is proposed to be the central element of a short-range bus service planning process for that city.
Origin of coherent phonons in Bi2Te3 excited by ultrafast laser pulses

Femtosecond laser pulses are used to excite coherent optical phonons in single crystal Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$ thin films. Oscillations from low- and high-frequency A${}_{1\mathrm{g}}$ phonon modes are observed. A perturbation model based on molecular dynamics reveals various possibilities of phonon generation due to complex interactions among different phonon modes. In order to elucidate the process of phonon generation, measurements on thin films with thicknesses below the optical absorption depth are carried out, showing that a gradient force is necessary to excite the observed A${}_{1\mathrm{g}}$ phonon modes, which provides a refined picture of displacive excitation of coherent phonon.
Cortical excitability and age-related volumetric MRI changes.

Abstract Objective Normative data on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-derived measures of cortical excitability in the elderly is sparse. Nevertheless, elderly subjects are included as controls in studies utilizing TMS to investigate disease states. Age-associated increased ventricular cerebrospinal fluid CSF (vCSF) and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) MRI volumes have uncertain significance in non-demented elderly. Information regarding cortical excitability in neurologically intact elderly would augment our understanding of the pathophysiology of aging and assist in the interpretation of TMS studies involving elderly subjects. Methods Twenty-four healthy elderly subjects underwent TMS testing to determine outcomes of resting motor threshold (RMT) cortical silent period (cSP) and central motor conduction time for examination in relation to WMH, vCSF, and CNS volumes. Results Increased vCSF and WMH volumes were associated with decreased right and left hemisphere RMT. Smaller CNS volumes were associated with decreased right hemisphere RMT and shorted cSP. Conclusions Commonly observed age-associated MRI changes are associated with findings consistent with increased cortical excitability. Significance Age-related MRI findings likely reflect changes at a cellular level, and may influence cognitive and motor integrity in the elderly. Future TMS studies investigating cortical excitability may wish to consider neuroimaging markers of neurodegeneration prior to enrolling elderly subjects as controls.
Life at the Frontier: The Relevance of Heuristic Appraisal to Policy

Economic competitive advantage depends on innovation, which in turn requires pushing back the frontiers of various kinds of knowledge. Although understanding how knowledge grows ought to be a central topic of epistemology, epistemologists and philosophers of science have given it insufficient attention, even deliberately shunning the topic. Traditional confirmation theory and general epistemology offer little help at the frontier, because they are mostly retrospective rather than prospective. Nor have philosophers been highly visible in the science and technology policy realm, despite philosophy’s being a normative discipline. This paper suggests a way to address both deficits. Creative scientists, technologists, business managers, and policy makers face similar problems of decision-making at their respective frontiers of knowledge. These areas should therefore be fertile ground for both epistemologists and philosophers concerned with policy. Here I call attention to the importance of heuristic appraisal for “frontier epistemology” and to policy formation. Evaluation of the comparative promise or expected fertility of available options comprises a cluster of activities that cut across traditional discovery/justification and descriptive/normative distinctions. The study of weak modes of reasoning and evaluation is especially relevant to socio-economic policy.
Sagebrush conversion projects: An element of contemporary environmental change in the Western United States

Abstract Over 40 million ha of the western United States support a vegetative cover of big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata . The meagre grass understory beneath the woody shrubs offers scant forage for range cattle, the primary economic product of the region. In order to improve grass supplies, both government agencies and private ranchers have undertaken a continuing programme of shrub eradication and grass planting. Various problems arise from this transformation of brushlands into grasslands, including questions of accelerated erosion, herbicide residues, and declining wildlife populations. If planned to produce a heterogeneous plant cover, however, sagebrush conversion projects could improve habitat for both domestic livestock and wildlife, while also maintaining a healthy range ecosystem.
Infanticide by an Eastern Phoebe

Abstract We videotaped an Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) nest in central Kentucky on 22 June 2008 and documented a case of infanticide. An adult male phoebe, likely the resident male, was captured at the nest site on 21 June 2008. The resident female fed nestlings (3, ∼8 days of age) 69 times during a 4.1-hr taping session (0815–1221 hrs EDT) the next day, but the resident male was not observed at the nest. Beginning at 0923 hrs, an intruding phoebe (likely a male) occasionally visited the nest, sometimes pecking at, but not feeding, the nestlings; this phoebe initiated a vigorous attack at 1151 hrs, pecking and pulling the head of one of the nestlings for 25 min before pulling it out of the nest. The intruding phoebe returned after a short absence, just before the end of the videotape, and began attacking another nestling. The nest was empty when checked the next day. Suitable territories and nest sites may be limiting factors for Eastern Phoebes, and infanticide by non-breeding males may enhance their...
Developing Nonthermal-Equilibrium Convection in Porous Media With Negligible Fluid Conduction

In certain contemporary technologies, porous media with high solid-phase conductivity are impregnated with low-conductivity fluids, e.g., metal and graphite foam cooled by air. For such cases, an approximate analytical model for the developing heat transfer inside a two-dimensional rectangular porous medium subjected to constant heat flux is presented. The model neglects conduction in the fluid and assumes plug flow. The resulting nonthermal-equilibrium equations are solved for the solid and fluid temperatures by separation of variables. The temperatures decay exponentially as the distance from the heated base increases. The effects of the Biot and Peclet numbers are presented. Fully developed heat-transfer conditions are achieved at an axial distance equal to five times the height of the porous medium, with a constant Nusselt number equal to 3.
Invasive shrub alters native forest amphibian communities.

Although invasive plants can have transformative effects on native plant communities, studies of the consequences of plant invasion for native fauna are generally restricted to primary consumers. Here we investigate whether an invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, impacts native amphibians and evaluate evidence for the role of invasive plant-induced alteration of forest understory microclimate as a mechanism driving amphibian responses to L. maackii invasion. We sampled amphibian communities in forest plots with high or low density of L. maackii, and monitored microclimate (temperature and humidity at ground level) in the same forest plots. Amphibian species richness and evenness were lower in invaded plots. Invasion also resulted in shifts in amphibian species composition. Mean daily maximum temperature and mean daily temperature were lower in invaded plots, and counts of the Green frog Lithobates clamitans were marginally negatively related to mean daily temperature. Our work illustrates how an invasive ecosystem engineer may affect native organisms with which it shares no trophic connection, and suggests that changes in microclimate may be one mechanism by which alien plants affect communities where they invade.
Rod-shaped Particles in Saprospira

FIVE strains of Saprospira grandis Gross, an apochlorotic cyanophyte or flexibacterium, have been isolated in pure culture from several marine littoral habitats around the United States1. In all strains the filaments tend to fragment and the individual cells to lyse at the end of the growing period. For example, a 10-ml. culture in a 50-ml. flask, grown in a sea-water medium containing 5 g/l. tryptone and 5 g/l. yeast extract (Difco) and shaken gently but constantly at 30°, forms within 1–2 days after inoculation a dense peach-coloured suspension with a satiny sheen; under the microscope it is seen to be full of helical filaments. A day or two later the sheen disappears, the colour becomes duller, and no microscopically intact or viable cells remain.
The formation of reactive oxygen species in a fraction of rat brain by metabolism of nitric oxide

The potential of nitric oxide for the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been evaluated in a cerebral synaptosomal fraction. Nitric oxide (NO) was generated using S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). NO stimulated ROS production, assayed using a fluorescent probe. This stimulation was largely inhibited by superoxide dismutase but not by catalase, implying that superoxide anion but not hydrogen peroxide, was a critical intermediate. An iron chelator, deferoxamine or hydroxyl radical scavengers failed to prevent stimulation of ROS by SNAP. This suggests the possibility of formation of a novel class of short-lived active oxygen species by NO.
Simulation evaluation of flight controls and display concepts for VTOL shipboard operations

A ground-based evaluation of several control-system concepts and display formats for use in shipboard landing operations of a V/STOL aircraft (AV-8A Harrier) is reported. The study was conducted in the Vertical Motion Simulator at Ames Research Center. The control systems ranged from a rate-damping SAS to a translational-velocity command system; displays ranged from a head-down presentation of attitude and altitude to two different head-up formats that provided position and velocity information. Results of pilot evaluations of the aircraft's handling qualities, as well as measures of task performance and control power use during landing on a moving deck in visual meteorological condtions, are presented.
Tuberculosis in a patient after renal transplantation.

Abstract A case of disseminated infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis following renal transplantation is reported. The donor was a positive tuberculin reactor while the recipient was a nonreactor. The possibility of the infection arising as a result of recrudescence of a focus in the transplanted kidney is explored. The rationale for isoniazid chemoprophylaxis to a recipient receiving organ transplantation from a tuberculin positive donor is discussed.
Why are diabetics at reduced risk for prostate cancer? A review of the epidemiologic evidence

A large body of epidemiologic evidence provides strong support for the notion that type-2 diabetics are at decreased risk for prostate cancer. In this review article, we summarize the epidemiologic literature that explores the role of diabetes mellitus and related biomarkers in prostate cancer risk and detection, in order to create a better understanding of the potential mechanisms that underlie this inverse association. The bulk of the data supporting this association comes from the USA, as evidence for this association is less consistent in many other regions of the world. The relationship between diabetes and prostate cancer is suspected to be causal due to evidence of decreasing prostate cancer risk with increasing diabetes duration and lack of evidence for any confounding of this association. Hypothesized mechanisms for decreased prostate cancer risk among diabetics include (1) decreased levels of hormones and other cancer-related growth factors among diabetics, (2) the impact of diabetes on detection-related factors, such as prostate size, circulating prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and health-care seeking behaviors, (3) protective effects of diabetes medications, and (4) a protective effect of diabetes-induced vascular damage in the prostate. The evidence for screening-related factors is compelling, as diabetics appear to have reduced PSA and lower levels of health-care seeking behavior compared with nondiabetics. Furthermore, the inverse association between diabetes and prostate cancer is much less apparent in populations that do not perform biopsies based on PSA levels and in studies restricted to biopsied individuals. The inverse association appears to be stronger for low-grade disease, as compared with high-grade (Gleason >7), which is consistent with the observation that among patients receiving biopsy or prostate cancer treatment, diabetics are more likely to have high-grade disease as compared to nondiabetics, potentially resulting in worse outcomes for diabetics. Epidemiological research has reveals a great deal regarding the relationship between diabetes and prostate cancer risk, but additional research is needed to further clarify the mechanisms underlying this inverse association.
Surface-alkylated polystyrene monolithic columns for peptide analysis in capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Macroporous poly(styrene−divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) monoliths were prepared by in situ polymerization in PEEK, fused silica, or stainless steel tubing having an inner diameter of 75 or 125 μm. A process is described for subsequent alkylation of the flow-contacting surfaces of the monoliths. The process treats all the surfaces including through-pore surfaces of the rigid macroporous monolith with a solution containing a dissolved Friedel−Crafts catalyst, an alkyl halide (1-chlorooctadecane), and an organic solvent. This process produces an improved reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of peptides compared to an unmodified monolithic PS-DVB column. The surface octadecylation is not necessary for a reversed-phase separation of proteins since both unmodified and modified columns provide comparable results. Tryptic protein digests, standard proteins, and standard peptides were used to evaluate the monolithic columns by employing electrospray mass spectrometry detection. Potential applications in prot...
Eocene–Oligocene transition in Central Asia and its effects on mammalian evolution

The Eocene-Oligocene boundary (EOB) marks a period of dramatic global climatic change correlated with pronounced mammalian faunal change. The timing of these events is well constrained in North America and Europe, but the Asian record has yet to produce a synthetic section linking environmental change, mammalian fossils, and precise geochronological dates. Here we present the first magnetostratigraphic section for the Hsanda Gol Formation, Mongolia, which yields significant Oligocene fossils and also marks a pattern of aridification that is tightly correlated to the EOB (33.9 Ma), supporting a broader pattern of aridification in the central Asian plateau across the EOB. Oligocene faunas of Asia can now be confidently correlated to those of North America, Europe, and Africa. These results suggest that mammalian faunal turnover within Asia occurred slightly later than similar events within Europe, and question the influence of Asian immigrants on the Grande Coupure faunal turnover.
Foregone earnings of college students in the U.S., 1970 and 1979: a microanalytic approach

Foregone earnings are defined as the difference between a student's potential and actual income. Data from the 1970 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Youths Labor Market Experience and the 1979 Youths Cohort of the NLS are employed to estimate foregone earnings of male college students. Estimates are provided by full- and parttime enrollments, and by attendance level (lower-division and upper division undergraduates and graduate-professional). The results are compared to estimates provided by other authors.
The bent backfire zigzag--A vertically- polarized frequency-independent antenna

A new type of vertically-polarized, unidirectional frequency-independent antenna over ground is described. The antenna was first derived from the log-periodic (LP) zigzag by making a right-angle bend along the axis of the planar device. The result is a simple structure which has a maximum height slightly greater than one-quarter wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation. The simple, but useful analysis employed rests upon the assumption that the principles of operation of an LP antenna structure are related to those of a uniformly periodic antenna structure of the same type. This analysis is applicable to other types of frequency-independent antennas also. Experimental data are presented for a wide range of the parameters of the Bent LP Zigzag, and a design procedure is outlined.
Regulation of plasmid replication.

Article de synthese sur la regulation de la replication chez les plasmides avec etude du plasmide, Col E 1, des plasmides du groupe d'incompatibilite FII, du plasmide pT 18 1, des plasmides du groupe d'incompatibilite F 1 , du plasmide P1 et du plasmide RGK
B cell sensitivity to IgE-suppressive activity of IFN-γ Is polymorphic and controlled by a non-H-2-linked gene

Abstract It has been suggested that at least two distinct genetic factors are involved in developing atopic diseases. One is the major histocompatibity complex which controls antigen-specific polymorphism of IgE antibody responses and the other is an unidentified factor(s) which controls isotype selection, i.e., class switching to IgE. It is conceivable that both expression of and sensitivity to lymphokines that play central roles in controlling IgE biosynthesis may be involved in the latter polymorphism. To explore this possibility, we have examined the sensitivities of several mouse strains to interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The results show that (1) the sensitivity to IgE-suppressive activity of IFN-γ, but not to the IgE-enhancing activity of IL-4, is polymorphic (e.g., C57BL/6 is 8– to 16-fold more sensitive than BALB/c to IFN-γ); (2) F1 of these two strains (CByB6F1) are BALE/ c type and H-2 congenic mice of d haplotype with B6 background are C57BL/6 type, suggesting that low sensitivity is a non-H-2-linked dominant trait; (3) the polymorphism is determined at B cell levels; and (4) sensitivity to IFN-γ is not associated with mRNA expression of IFN-γ receptors (R) by B cells. These data collectively indicate that BALB/c mice have a non-H-2-linked gene which decreases B cell sensitivity to IFN-γ, but the gene effect is not associated with the expression of IFN-γR mRNA on B cells. The possible biological significance of the non-H-2-linked gene is discussed.
Responses of field-grown Medicago sativa L. to acidic fog and ambient ozone.

Abstract The relationship between pollutant-induced leaf drop or reductions in foliar pigment concentrations and yield was determined for field-grown alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L. ‘Moapa’) exposed to simulated fogs of pH 7·24, 2·69 and 1·68 singly, and in combination with ambient ozone (O 3 ) over an 11-week period. Highly acidic fog (pH 1·68) or ambient O 3 significantly reduced totalseason dry yield and foliar pigment concentrations, and increased leaf drop. Significant interactive effects between acidic fog and O 3 were observed for the leaf parameters, but not for yield. Thus, multiple exposures to acidic fog at current ambient levels of acidity (i.e. pH 2·69) could effect leaf quality in the absence of significant effects on yield. Alternatively, O 3 -induced effects on leaves may have utility as bioindicators of potential yield losses.
ATPases of ciliary epithelium: cellular and subcellular distribution and probable role in secretion of aqueous humor.

Abstract The distribution of ion-stimulated ATPases of the ciliary epithelium has been examined in tissues from bovine and rabbit eyes. In homogenates of tissues from both species, both Na,K- and anion-stimulated enzyme activities were found, but no K,H-stimulated activity was detected. The anion ATPase had a broad specificity for a number of anions, and was strongly inhibited by thiocyanate. Following separation of pigmented (outer) and non-pigmented (inner) layers of the bovine ciliary epithelium and isolation of the two cell types on density gradients, higher activities of both Na,K- and anion ATPases were found in the non-pigmented cells. Subcellular fractionation of a mixed population of cells showed that the anion ATPase was almost exclusively associated with a mitochondrial fraction, rather than with the plasma-membrane fraction containing the Na,K-ATPase. These results confirm histochemical studies of the distribution of Na,K-ATPase in the ciliary epithelium and support the concept that the inner, non-pigmented cell layer is chiefly responsible for the active transport of ions into the posterior chamber. It is concluded that this transepithelial transport can be driven only by the energy derived via the Na,K-ATPase, and that any subsequent anion or proton transport in the formation of aqueous humor is driven by the sodium gradient through exchange mechanisms.
Business Architect: A Critical Role in Enterprise Transformation

The recent wave of innovations forces organizations to transform. Current business models easily become irrelevant, unresponsive, and unready. However, successful change is difficult. In the literature, failure rates of change efforts of over 70% have been shown. This article addresses the issue of connecting strategy and implementation from an architecture perspective by taking a holistic view on the business through a controlled language, modeling, and implementation. I contend that business architecture practice can contribute substantially to increase the success rate of enterprise transformations through alignment of the need, the approach, and internal context. I also argue that a controlled language is a key asset, since it provides rigor in defining and communicating what the right work/right way is when transforming the enterprise; thus, it resolves one of the big challenges caused by technological developments. By setting direction and communicating business needs with rigor, the business archit...
Clinical-counseling supervision and community mental health.

as in the more traditional approaches emphasizing individual psychotherapy. I shall attempt to define a model of clinical-counseling supervision that delineates it as a process in which a junior colleague consults with an experienced senior colleague to enhance his clinical skills. I shall also discuss the dynamics of this supervisory process and those cognitive and affective constellations that can inhibit the growth of the psychotherapist-in-training. I shall then consider the factors related to the growing emphasis upon community mental health. As the goals of the counseling and psychotherapeutic process itself become clearer, we shall be able to have an even greater and more constructive influ ence on the emerging field of preventive mental health. With increasing knowl edge about mental health and illness, we shall be able to help individuals and communities achieve their immediate and ultimate goals amidst the ever changing social and cultural patterns of tomorrow. Clinical-counseling supervision as a consultation process* In their book on the practice of mental-health consultation, MacLennan, Quinn, and Schroeder define mental-health consultation as "the provision of technical assistance by an expert to individual and agency care-givers related to the mental health dimensions of their work."1 We can see from this definition that consultation in the mental-health field emphasizes the professional help that one person can give another to improve his professional functioning. Although the basis for power in a consultation relationship is initially dependent upon the sanctions embodied in the organization from which the consultant comes, the
Assessment of drug state dimensionality via drug-drug training and stimulus generalization testing.

A procedure for determining whether different drugs share a common stimulus dimension is described. This procedure uses the presence of post-discrimination generalization gradient asymmetry as an indication that the training stimuli lay along a common stimulus dimension. Separate groups of hungry pigeons were trained to discriminate a 15 mg/kg dose of phenobarbital which was associated with frequent food reinforcement (S+) from each of 9 different drug conditions which were associated with infrequent reinforcement (S−). S− stimuli were selected to represent a drug from a completely different class (amphetamine), a drug with biphasic effects which may partially correspond with the effects of phenobarbital (Δ 9 -THC), and a drug from the same class as the S+ (pentobarbital). Following discrimination training subjects were tested for generalization to five dosage levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg/kg) of phenobarbital. Steep symmetrical generalization gradients around the S+ indicated that Δ 9 -THC and d-1-amphetamine were both quite discriminable from phenobarbital, and that they were perceived by subjects as representing stimulus dimensions different from phenobarbital. Shallower and asymmetrical gradients indicated that pentobarbital was less discriminable from phenobarbital, and that it was perceived as lying on a stimulus dimension common to phenobarbital. This procedure may allow better understanding of how different drug states are perceived by animals as similar or dissimilar.
Gender and personhood: Turkish Jewish proverbs and the politics of reputation

Abstract Because of the traditional separation between male and female domains in Middle Eastern society, the study of gender role is critical in defining personhood. This case study of Turkish Jewish culture focuses on the dialectic between ideal person and real, everyday behavior. The contrast between behavior is encoded in proverbs and is manifest in the manipulation of gossip and reputation.
The Child Behavior Scale : A teacher-report measure of young children's aggressive, withdrawn, and Prosocial behaviors

Few instruments provide reliable, valid data on peer-behavioral indicators of risk and competence in young children. The authors developed a teacher-report measure of young children's behavior with peers at school-the Child Behavior Scale (CBS)-and evaluated its reliability and validity. Data were gathered on 2 cohorts (n = 206 per cohort) of 5- to 6-year-old children; teachers rated children on Aggressive With Peers, Prosocial With Peers, Asocial With Peers, Excluded by Peers, Anxious-Fearful, and Hyperactive-Distractible subscales twice during the school year. Scores were internally consistent, distinct, and relatively stable over time. The validation paradigm produced a network of correlations that was, overall, consistent with the hypothesized conceptual structure of the CBS. These findings replicated across cohorts and provide sufficient evidence of the reliability and validity of the CBS to recommend its use for behavioral assessment with young children.