cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic and Experience-Dependent Changes in Defensive Behavior in Captive-Bred Hawaiian Bobtail Squid, Euprymna scolopes.

Cephalopod molluscs are known for their extensive behavioral repertoire and their impressive learning abilities. Their primary defensive behaviors, such as camouflage, have received detailed study, but knowledge is limited to intensive study of relatively few species. A considerable challenge facing cephalopod research is the need to establish new models that can be captive bred, are tractable for range of different experimental procedures, and that will address broad questions in biological research. The Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes) is a small, tropical cephalopod that has a long history of research in the field of microbial symbiosis, but offers great promise as a novel behavioral and neurobiological model. It can be bred in the laboratory through multiple generations, one of the few species of cephalopod that can meet this requirement (which is incorporated in regulations such as EU directive 2010/63/EU). Additionally, laboratory culture makes E. scolopes an ideal model for studying ontogeny- and experience-dependent behaviors. In this study, we show that captive bred juvenile and adult E. scolopes produce robust, repeatable defensive behaviors when placed in an exposed environment and presented with a visual threat. Further, adult and juvenile squid employ different innate defensive behaviors when presented with a size-matched model predator. When a 10-minute training procedure was repeated over three consecutive days, defensive behaviors habituated in juvenile squid for at least 5 days after training, but memory did not appear to persist for 14 days. In contrast, adult squid did not show any evidence of long-term habituation memory. Thus we conclude that this species produces a range of quantifiable, modifiable behaviors even in a laboratory environment where ecologically-relevant, complex behavioral sequences may not reliably occur. We suggest that the lack of long-term memory in adult squid may be related to their less escalated initial response to the mimic, and thus indicates less motivation to retain memory and not necessary inability to form memory. This is the first demonstration of age-related differences in defensive behaviors in Euprymna, and the first record of habituation in this experimentally tractable genus of squid.
Association Between Cystatin C and 20-Year Cumulative Incidence of Hearing Impairment in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study.

Importance Hearing impairment (HI) is one of the most common conditions affecting older adults. Identification of factors associated with the development of HI may lead to ways to reduce the incidence of this condition. Objective To investigate the association between cystatin C, both as an independent biomarker and as a marker of kidney function, and the 20-year incidence of HI. Design, Setting, and Participants Data were obtained from the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS), a longitudinal, population-based study in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Baseline examinations began in 1993 and continued through 1995, and participants were examined approximately every 5 years, with the most recent examination phase completed in 2015. The EHLS participants with serum cystatin C concentration data and without HI at the baseline examination were included in this study. Main Outcomes and Measures Participants without HI were followed up for incident HI (pure-tone average of hearing thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz >25 dB hearing level in either ear) for 20 years. Cystatin C was analyzed as a biomarker (concentration) and used to determine estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCysC). Discrete-time Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the association between cystatin C concentration and eGFRCysCand the 20-year cumulative incidence of HI. Results There were 863 participants aged 48 to 86 years with cystatin C data and without HI at baseline. Of these, 599 (69.4%) were women. In models adjusted for age and sex, cystatin C was associated with an increased risk of developing HI (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07-1.34 per 0.2-mg/L increase in cystatin C concentration), but the estimate was attenuated after further adjusting for educational level, current smoking, waist circumference, and glycated hemoglobin (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.98-1.27 per 0.2-mg/L increase in cystatin C concentration). Low eGFRCysCwas significantly associated with the 20-year cumulative incidence of HI in both the age- and sex-adjusted model (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.16-2.48; Conclusions and Relevance Reduced kidney function as estimated using cystatin C, but not cystatin C alone, was associated with the 20-year cumulative incidence of HI, suggesting that some age-related HI may occur in conjunction with or as the result of reduced kidney function.
Johnson, Nixon, and Athens: Changing Foreign Policy Toward the Greek Military Dictatorship

Over the course of succeeding years, first the Johnson and, later, the Nixon administration grappled with how to bring about desired change in Athens while maintaining a close security relationship with Greece. This chapter further illustrates the development of the United States’ two-pronged approach—one advocating for the return of democracy, on the one hand, while prioritizing the importance of Greece to US and NATO strategic interests in the Eastern Mediterranean, on the other. However, the chapter also shows that the relative balance between these two objectives was neither static nor uniform. Instead, the relative weight of each prong varied between the two administrations. Particularly under the Nixon administration, the first of these prongs—the emphasis on a good relationship with Greece as a key to security and NATO influence in the Eastern Mediterranean—came to predominate, so much so that the White House would come to specifically declaim constitutional progress as an important aspect of US policy and in which its ambassador to Athens would come close to playing the role of apologist for the colonels.
Negative Substance Use Consequences Associated With Noncondom Use Among Male, but Not Female, Alternative High School Students.

BACKGROUND Alternative (or continuation) high schools are institutions designed for students at risk for not graduating due to behavioral, educational, or medical problems. The present study explored the relationship between negative substance use consequences (eg, having trouble at school or work) and noncondom use in this at-risk population and whether these associations varied by sex. METHODS Participants (N = 1101; 62.9% Hispanic; Mage = 16.85) were sampled from 24 alternative high schools in California, and data were analyzed using cross-sectional multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS We observed a relationship between the number of negative substance use consequences and probability of noncondom use at the last sexual encounter for boys (p .05). There were significant associations between specific social consequences (missing school/work) and dependence symptoms (selling personal items to get alcohol or drugs) with noncondom use for boys only. There was a similar association between substance use frequency and noncondom use for boys. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that substance use consequences may be a useful and advantageous indicator of risky sexual behaviors such as noncondom use for boys, but not girls, in alternative high school settings. Future research and intervention programming recommendations are discussed.
Janus Kinases and Cytokine Receptors

Cytokines, present either in localized tissues or in the peripheral circulation, mediate their effects on target cells by binding to cell surface receptors and initiating a signal transduction process that leads to modulation of gene expression in the nuclear compartment. The cytokine receptors share structural similarities with each other as well as with growth factor receptors. Among the differences, cytokine receptor family members lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and are referred to as non-tyrosine kinase receptors (NTK receptors), whereas the growth factor receptors possess intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (tyrosine kinase receptors or TK receptors). The cytokine or NTK class of receptors recruit and activate members of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases for mediation of events downstream of the plasma membrane, including activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors by tyrosine phosphorylation. This receptor–JAK–STAT pathway is a common and rapid signaling pathway used by cytokines to regulate diverse cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, division, and apoptosis. Binding of a cytokine to its receptor is believed to induce a dimerization or oligomerization of the receptor chains and subsequent activation of one or more members of the JAK protein family (four members designated JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2) by tyrosine phosphorylation in trans. The activated JAKs catalyze the tyrosine phosphorylation of tyrosine motifs on the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors. Latent STATs get recruited to these tyrosine phosphorylated docking motifs through their SH2 domains. These recruited STATs are then subjected to activation by tyrosine phosphorylation by JAK family members. Tyrosine phosphorylated STATs then translocate to the nucleus and modulate gene transcription. Recent evidence suggests that components of the JAK–STAT pathway, including JAKs, STATs, the cytokine receptor chains, and other proteins, exist in preformed complexes within detergent-resistant “raft” microdomains at the levels of the plasma membrane. It may be speculated that these raft or caveolar microdomains are the gatekeepers for integration of combinatorial effects of multiple growth factors and cytokines acting simultaneously. The search for mechanisms that regulate the JAK–STAT pathway has led to the discovery of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins that mediate attenuation of JAK activity.
Assessment of Caenorhabditis elegans Competitive Fitness in the Presence of a Bacterial Parasite

Accurate measurements of an organism's fitness are crucial for measuring evolutionary change. Methods of fitness measurement are most accurate when incorporating an individual's survival and fecundity, as well as accounting for any ecological interactions or environmental effects experienced by the organism. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring the relative mean fitness of Caenorhabditis elegans populations, or strains, through an assay that accounts for individual survival, fecundity, and intraspecific competitive ability in the presence of a bacterial parasite. In this competitive fitness assay nematodes from a focal population or strain are mixed with a GFP-marked tester strain in equal proportions, the mixture of nematodes are then exposed to a parasite, and the relative competitive fitness of the focal strain is determined by measuring the change in the ratio of focal nematodes to GFP-marked nematodes after one generation. Specifically, this protocol can be implemented to measure changes in nematode host fitness after experimental evolution by determining the relative competitive fitness of evolved versus ancestral nematode populations.
Wearable Sensors to Monitor, Enable Feedback, and Measure Outcomes of Activity and Practice

Measurements obtained during real-world activity by wearable motion sensors may contribute more naturalistic accounts of clinically meaningful changes in impairment, activity, and participation during neurologic rehabilitation, but obstacles persist. Here we review the basics of wearable sensors, the use of existing systems for neurological and rehabilitation applications and their limitations, and strategies for future use. Commercial activity-recognition software and wearable motion sensors for community monitoring primarily calculate steps and sedentary time. Accuracy declines as walking speed slows below 0.8 m/s, less so if worn on the foot or ankle. Upper-extremity sensing is mostly limited to simple inertial activity counts. Research software and activity-recognition algorithms are beginning to provide ground truth about gait cycle variables and reveal purposeful arm actions. Increasingly, clinicians can incorporate inertial and other motion signals to monitor exercise, activities of daily living, and the practice of specific skills, as well as provide tailored feedback to encourage self-management of rehabilitation. Efforts are growing to create a compatible collection of clinically relevant sensor applications that capture the type, quantity, and quality of everyday activity and practice in known contexts. Such data would offer more ecologically sound measurement tools, while enabling clinicians to monitor and support remote physical therapies and behavioral modification when combined with telemedicine outreach.
Tuning the Reactivity of Ketones through Unsaturation: Construction of Cyclic and Acyclic Quaternary Stereocenters via Zn-ProPhenol Catalyzed Mannich Reactions

Introduction of unsaturation adjacent to the carbonyl drastically improves the reactivity of the Zn-ProPhenol catalyzed Mannich reactions between N-carbamoyl imines and a-branched ketones. Despite only a small change in the substrate acidity, the bimetallic catalyst can preferentially recognize and activate unsaturated ketones over their fully saturated counterparts, providing a chemo-, diastereo-, and enantioselective route to valuable β-aminoketones bearing both cyclic and acyclic quaternary stereocenters, which are common motifs in numerous biologically active alkaloids. Unsaturated ketones and imines with various substitution patterns are viable substrates, and the reaction can be performed on multi-millimole scale at low catalyst loading without impacting its efficiency. More importantly, the unsaturation introduced via the nucleophile provides a useful platform for structural diversification.
REAL-TIME BIOFEEDBACK INTEGRATED INTO NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING INCREASES BRAIN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AND REDUCES HIGH-RISK KNEE BIOMECHANICS:

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is associated with alterations in the central nervous system and resultant sensorimotor control (Courtney et al., 2005; Grooms et al., 2017). Our ...
RIBOTACs: Small Molecules Target RNA for Degradation.

Selective RNA degradation is a powerful strategy to combat diseases or study specific RNA function. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Costales et al. (2019) develop a small molecule that mediates selective RNA degradation with the potential for cancer therapeutics.
Spotlight on avian pathology: aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is a disease of domestic and free-living birds caused by infection with a fraction of fungi within the genus Aspergillus. Species can be identified by colony morphology and microscopic characterization of conidia and conidiophores or by PCR, and isolates can be typed by microsatellite typing. Serodiagnostic options for testing are limited to antibody and antigen detection methods. The sensitivity of these tests can be enhanced through the use of protein electrophoresis. In many countries, no systemic antifungal drugs are registered for use in food-producing birds and resistance to antifungal drugs has been reported in Aspergillus strains derived from birds. The most important prevention strategy against aspergillosis is keeping the infection pressure low by adequate ventilation as well as cleaning and disinfection. Open questions about avian aspergillosis that research needs to address are related to epidemiology and serodiagnosis, as well as therapy and prevention.
Bringing Beneficiaries More Centrally Into Nonprofit Management Education and Research

In the early 1970s, scholars studying a variety of service organizations realized that beneficiaries were not only external stakeholders who received services but they were also important organizat...
Pain and Opioid Analgesic Use After Otorhinolaryngologic Surgery.

ObjectiveTo quantify pain and opioid use after otorhinolaryngologic surgery. To determine the effect of patient and surgical factors on primary outcomes.Study DesignProspective cohort.SettingTertia...
The belief in innate talent and its implications for distributive justice

Although the commonly accepted view is that there are such things as natural talents, more than 20 years of research suggests the opposite. What passes for talented is attributable to a combination...
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults: A Rare Sequela of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) came to attention back in June 2020, when the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received initial reports regarding patients who had presented delayed and multisystem involvement of the disease, with clinical course resembling multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This study introduces a case of MIS-A, where the patient presented 3 weeks after initial COVID-19 exposure. His clinical course was consistent with the working definition of MIS-A as specified by the CDC. Aggressive supportive care in the intensive care unit, utilization of advanced heart failure devices, and immunomodulatory therapeutics (high-dose steroids, anakinra, intravenous immunoglobulin) led to clinical recovery. Management of MIS-A is a topic of ongoing research and needs more studies to elaborate on treatment modalities and clinical predictors.
Introduction. The Autonomy Of Market Activity And The Emergence Of Keizai Thought

This introduction chapter describes some relevant contours of Tokugawa Japan. The author imagines the activity of keizai thinkers not as a network but as a dynamic and contentious field of positions shaped by the interaction of participants. In this view, the emergence of political economy as a distinct intellectual field reflected the actual increasing autonomy of the object of these thinkers, namely market-economic activity. At the same time, keizai thinkers formulated and asserted claims for the autonomy of market activity as a kind of program. Sometimes their assertions were self-interested claims, sometimes more matters of detached observation. Keywords: keizai ; market-economic activity; Tokugawa Japan
An effective phase shift diffusion equation method for analysis of PFG normal and fractional diffusions

Pulsed field gradient (PFG) diffusion measurement has a lot of applications in NMR and MRI. Its analysis relies on the ability to obtain the signal attenuation expressions, which can be obtained by averaging over the accumulating phase shift distribution (APSD). However, current theoretical models are not robust or require approximations to get the APSD. Here, a new formalism, an effective phase shift diffusion (EPSD) equation method is presented to calculate the APSD directly. This is based on the idea that the gradient pulse effect on the change of the APSD can be viewed as a diffusion process in the virtual phase space (VPS). The EPSD has a diffusion coefficient, K(β)(t)D rad(β)/s(α), where α is time derivative order and β is a space derivative order, respectively. The EPSD equations of VPS are built based on the diffusion equations of real space by replacing the diffusion coefficients and the coordinate system (from real space coordinate to virtual phase coordinate). Two different models, the fractal derivative model and the fractional derivative model from the literature were used to build the EPSD fractional diffusion equations. The APSD obtained from solving these EPSD equations were used to calculate the PFG signal attenuation. From the fractal derivative model the attenuation is exp(-γ(β)g(β)δ(β)Df1t(α)), a stretched exponential function (SEF) attenuation, while from the fractional derivative model the attenuation is Eα,1(-γ(β)g(β)δ(β)Df2t(α)), a Mittag-Leffler function (MLF) attenuation. The MLF attenuation can be reduced to SEF attenuation when α=1, and can be approximated as a SEF attenuation when the attenuation is small. Additionally, the effect of finite gradient pulse widths (FGPW) is calculated. From the fractal derivative model, the signal attenuation including FGPW effect is exp[ -Df1∫0(τ) K(β)(t)dt(α)]. The results obtained in this study are in good agreement with the results in literature. Several expressions that describe signal attenuation have not been reported and that can be of great importance for the PFG experiments. This EPSD equation method provides a new, simple path to calculate signal attenuation of PFG NMR experiments.
On the 'Property' and the 'Tort' in Trespass

This Chapter studies how tort presumes and implements theories of rights. Although most recent philosophical scholarship on tort has focused on corrective justice, by and large that scholarship takes for granted that tort corrects wrongs to substantive moral rights. The morality that generates these rights is separate from and logically-prior to corrective justice. Philosophical scholarship, however, has neglected how tort incorporates these substantive rights — and how it does so within a legal system focused not on rights but on wrongs and their correction.This Chapter presents a conceptual portrait of the interplay between substantive rights and corrective justice. The Chapter illustrates with trespass to land and four other related land-use tort doctrines, in the hope that the “property” and “tort” in trespass fairly represent tort’s rights-protecting and wrong-correcting functions. If trespass is representative, tort declares and secures property rights backhandedly. On one hand, the ultimate foundation of trespass and the other doctrines covered is to secure substantive property rights. On the other hand, these doctrines do not expressly declare such property rights; they rectify specific wrongs interfering with different legal interests constitutive of the rights. The doctrines canvassed accomplish their rights-protecting functions because, when taken as a whole, the wrongs are all tailored to prohibit conduct inconsistent with the underlying property rights. Although this interplay may seem convoluted, it probably makes practical sense. Most important, tort law would be unmanageable if it were organized to declare and vindicate substantive rights directly against all possible duty-holders. When an owner complains of a trespass, his complaint focuses on a manageable number of alleged wrongdoers and their particular alleged trespasses.
Terrain compensation for OTHR receive array

The performance of an OTHR array situated on irregular terrain is presented, and the compensation of the effects of terrain irregularities is illustrated. The model used evaluates the effects of long correlation intervals on the received pattern by taking into account both the vertical terrain deformation and the effects of local ground tilt on the element pattern. A typical no-error pattern exhibits a -40 dB Taylor weighted sidelobe structure. Without beamformer compensation for terrain irregularities, the sidelobe performance is degraded to the -25 dB level. Using a beamformer compensation optimized for 10/spl deg/ elevation at azimuth boresight, the sidelobe performance is nearly fully recovered. The results obtained are very promising, and suggest that future OTH receive antenna ground preparation costs can be significantly reduced. >
Three-Dimensional Tissue Models of Normal and Diseased Skin

Over the last decade, the development of in vitro, human, three-dimensional (3D) tissue models, known as human skin equivalents (HSEs), has furthered understanding of epidermal cell biology and provided novel experimental systems. Signaling pathways that mediate the linkage between growth and differentiation function optimally when cells are spatially organized to display the architectural features seen in vivo, but are uncoupled and lost in two-dimensional culture systems. HSEs consist of a stratified squamous epithelium grown at an air-liquid interface on a collagen matrix populated with dermal fibroblasts. These 3D tissues demonstrate in vivo-like epithelial differentiation and morphology, and rates of cell division, similar to those found in human skin. This unit describes fabrication of HSEs, allowing the generation of human tissues that mimic the morphology, differentiation, and growth of human skin, as well as disease processes of cancer and wound re-epithelialization, providing powerful new tools for the study of diseases in humans.
COD: Diversity-Adaptive Subspace Processing for Multipath Separation and Signal Recovery

This paper proposes a generalized multipath separability condition for subspace processing and derives a novel COD (Combined Oversampling and Displacement) algorithm to utilize both spatial and temporal diversities for path separation, DOA (Direction of Arrival) estimation and signal recovery. A unique advantage lies in its ability to cope with the situation where the number of multipaths is larger than that of antenna elements, which has not been treated in the traditional approaches. COD strategy solves the antenna deficiency problem by combining vertical expansion with temporal oversampling and horizontal expansion with spatial displacement. We provide a detailed analysis on the theoretical footings for COD factorization and multipath separability conditions, which naturally leads to COD path separation and DOA estimation algorithms. Another advantage of COD factorization hinges upon its ability to generate a multiplicity of eigenvalues which greatly facilitates a SIMO channel equalization formulation useful for signal recovery. This paper also proposes a frequency-domain total-least-square algorithm for SIMO equalization procedure. Finally, simulation results on path separation, DOA estimation and signal recovery are demonstrated.
Time domain method of characteristic modes for the analysis/design of reconfigurable antennas

An alternative tool for antenna analysis, namely the method of characteristic modes is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is performed in the time domain using the FDTD technique. One major advantage of the method is that the resonances of the structure can be captured in just a single FDTD run. Once the resonances are known, the eigencurrents as well as the fields radiated by any current mode at the frequency of interest could be computed. It is clear that the information captured by the proposed method could be very useful in the design and analysis of reconfigurable antennas, as it provides better physical insight into the surface and volumetric currents induced in the structure.
Ion acceleration in laboratory plasmas

Recent experiments which investigate ion acceleration in 'collisionless' laboratory plasmas are described. The experiments fall into two classes - those involving stationary and those involving time dependent processes.Among the stationary structures which accelerate ions are sheaths, presheaths, double layers, multiple double layers and ambipolar potentials. RF is an example of time dependent processes. Both classes of experiments are considered. Experiments with 'collisionless' plasmas in multidipole triple plasma-type devices and novel phenomena associated with the use of Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the inhomogeneous magnetic field of a tandem mirror 'fusion' plasma are described. New RF phenomenon include RF pitch angle scattering, RF electron pumping, and ICRF ponderomotive force.
X-ray diffraction study of human bone. Direct methods of estimating changes in line broadening.

Abstract Wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies were performed on a series of human iliac crest bones. The composite diffraction profiles from 30.0 to 35.0 degrees 2θ consisting of reflections (211), (112), (300) and (202) were analysed for changes in line breadth as related to fluoride content. Three direct methods are described which give crystallinity values having a high degree of association with the change in fluoride content. The study indicates that crystallinity values for bone can be obtained by a direct, universally available diffractometer technique thus eliminating the necessity for subjective comparison of patterns with a series of arbitrary templates.
Familial multiple lipomatosis

Familial multiple lipomatosis is a rare hereditary syndrome with a proposed autosomal-dominant inheritance. A case of an 89-year-old man with this disease is presented, along with his pedigree. Clinical features, genetic evidence, and treatment options are reviewed.
Chapter 44 Labor markets and economic growth

Publisher Summary Among macroeconomists, the shift of research effort is near total, eclipsing the business-cycle focus that had dominated the field for decades. Behind this is a recognition of the enormous welfare implications of sustained economic growth, and a renewed desire to understand the vast differences in living standards among countries, which dates back at least to Smith. What some have called the "neoclassical revival" in growth economics has come to dominate macroeconomic research. Developments in this area should be of particular interest to labor economists because much of the revival of growth economics builds on the theory of human capital. Because human capital is, by definition, embodied skills and knowledge, and because advances in technical knowledge drive economic growth, it follows that human capital accumulation and economic growth are intimately related. This chapter reviews recent developments in growth economics, with a particular focus on labor market and human capital issues.
Comparison of methods for glycogen analysis of in vitro fermentation pellets produced with strained ruminal inoculum.

Microbial glycogen measurement is used to account for fates of carbohydrate substrates. It is commonly applied to washed cells or pure cultures which can be accurately subsampled, allowing the use of smaller sample sizes. However, the nonhomogeneous fermentation pellets produced with strained rumen inoculum cannot be accurately subsampled, requiring analysis of the entire pellet. In this study, two microbial glycogen methods were compared for analysis of such fermentation pellets: boiling samples for 3h in 30% KOH (KOH) or for 15min in 0.2M NaOH (NaOH), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase, and detection of released glucose. Total α-glucan was calculated as glucose×0.9. KOH and NaOH did not differ in the α-glucan detected in fermentation pellets (29.9 and 29.6mg, respectively; P=0.61). Recovery of different control α-glucans was also tested using KOH, NaOH, and a method employing 45min of bead beating (BB). For purified beef liver glycogen (water-soluble) recovery, BB (95.0%)>KOH (91.4%)>NaOH (87.4%; P BB (93.8%)>KOH (91.0%; P<0.05). Recovery of isolated protozoal glycogen (water-insoluble granules) did not differ among KOH (87.0%), NaOH (87.6%), and BB (86.0%; P=0.81), but recoveries for all were below 90%. Differences among substrates in the need for gelatinization and susceptibility to destruction by alkali likely affected the results. In conclusion, KOH and NaOH glycogen methods provided comparable determinations of fermentation pellet α-glucan. The tests on purified α-glucans indicated that assessment of recovery in glycogen methods can differ by the control α-glucan selected.
Manganese as a Probe of Fungal Degradation of Wood

Transition state metals, such as manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), have been reported to be involved in fungal degradation of wood (Ellis, 1959; Shortle and Shigo, 1973; Blanchette, 1984; Glenn et al., 1986). Manganese is also involved in the enzymatic degradation of lignin model compounds by the white-rot fungus Phanaerochaete chrysosporium Burds. (Tien and Kirk, 1984; Glenn et al., 1986). Iron is believed to be involved in the oxidative degradation of cellulose by brown-rot fungi (Cowling and Brown, 1969; Koenigs, 1974; Schmidt et al., 1981).
Impulse response analysis and Orcutt’s hypothesis in trade: evidence from developing countries

Orcutt’s hypothesis in international economics implies that trade flows respond to exchange rate changes faster than to changes in relative prices. Most previous studies used import and export demand models and tested the hypothesis by imposing and comparing lag lengths on the exchange rate and relative prices. One recent study, however, employed impulse response of trade flows to one SD shock to the nominal exchange rate and one SD shock to relative prices and tested the Orcutt’s hypothesis for several industrial countries. In this article we follow this study and test the hypothesis for six developing countries using impulse response analysis. Like the other study for industrial countries, we do not find much support for the hypothesis.
Outcome of corpus callosotomy in adults.

article i nfo We present, to our knowledge, the first published series of corpus callosotomy (CC) in adults with medically intractable symptomatic generalized epilepsy (SGE). Fifteen adults were followed for the outcome measures of seizure and antiepileptic drug (AED) burden and quality of life (QoL). Five (33%) patients reported >60%, one (7%) reported between 30 and 60%, and nine (60%) reported b30% reduction in the total number of seizures after CC. Seven (47%) patients reported >60%, three (20%) experienced between 30 and 60%, and five (33%) reported b30% atonic seizure reduction. Twelve patients had no change in AED burden. Nine (60%) patients had no change in QoL, while six (40%) reported some improvement. Corpus callosotomy should be considered as a safe option for adults with medically intractable SGE with demonstrated reduction in the frequency of atonic seizures, and some patients experience a meaningful improvement in quality of life.
Age differences in reasons for exercising

We tested the hypothesis that there are age-related differences in reasons for exercising. Adults (n=461), ranging in age from 18 to 86, were asked to indicate if they had considered different types of consequences in their exercise decisions, and how important they thought those consequences were to consider. A three-factor consequence measure examined individuals’ consideration and importance evaluations of various categories of exercise consequences. Results provided mixed support for the hypotheses that younger individuals exhibit greater concern for interpersonal attraction outcomes, while older individuals exhibit greater concern for health outcomes. These results have implications for designing educational and motivational training programs.
AIDS and Chemical Dependency: Special Issues and Treatment Barriers for Gay and Bisexual Men

Because gay and bisexual men continue to be the largest at-risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related conditions, the special role of substance abuse, and not just intravenous drug abuse, must be understood in order to provide adequate services and prevention. Gay men and women appear to have a higher incidence of substance abuse than the general population. Genetic, biochemical, societal, and cultural factors may all contribute to this increase, especially the overwhelming impact of societal homophobia. To address the treatment barriers to gay and bisexual men seeking or needing treatment for HIV-related conditions, chemical dependence or both, the gay community should be seen like any other minority community. The social and cultural norms of this widely varied community should be studied: the socialization of being gay in mainstream society, including the awareness of being different; the coming-out process; and dealing with internalized homophobia need to be understood. In addition, the resistance or anxiety health care providers may feel in working with gay or bisexual men or with HIV-related conditions should be addressed.
Lens protein interaction and transparency

Abstract The concept of molecular interactions is essential to the understanding of light scattering of concentrated solutions of macromolecules as is encountered in the model of the lens. The problem of formulating an interaction potential and solving the integral equations for thermodynamic or light scattering properties is a formidable one, and it continues to be the subject of much effort. The approximation of a hard sphere potential is useful in describing the reduced turbidity of concentrated solutions. Coulombic and multipole interactions may be considered as perturbations of the hard sphere repulsion such that repulsive interactions increase the excluded volume and attractive interactions decrease it. The change of turbidity with temperature and cold precipitation implies a dominant attractive potential. While coulombic interactions are the strongest of this category, the pH and ionic strength of the lens tend to minimize this factor. The depolarization of lens proteins indicates a degree of anistropy which means their interaction is dependent on orientation. Comparison of scattering profiles of whole lenses with lens protein solutions indicates that lens fiber membranes play a significant role in the optical properties of the lens.
New tools for aircraft maintenance

An overview of the advances in understanding the impact of corrosion on structural integrity and the associated tools available for inspection, assessment and repair is presented. A comprehensive set of these tools would allow for a significant shift in aircraft maintenance concepts.
Reversible lane systems: synthesis of practice

Reversible roadways have been used throughout the world to mitigate the effects of congestion and optimize roadway performance for more than 70 years. They have been applied on a variety of roadway types using many different methods of control to address an assortment of needs, including the movement of unbalanced directional traffic associated peak commuter periods, emergency evacuations, roadway construction work zones, and other major gatherings and events. Despite the long and varied history of reversible roadways there are a limited amount of established guidelines and standards to guide their planning, design, and operation. To overcome this lack of information the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) sponsored a project to investigate and document reversible roadway practices to better understand the conditions that warrant their use, their impacts on safety, operations, and the environment, and their design and implementation requirements. This paper builds upon the findings of NCHRP Synthesis 340 by highlighting and summarizing the range of reversible roadway applications and discussing how the variety of reversible roadway applications have been able to address problems despite the fact there is little standardized practices to guide their implementation or assure uniformity in their use.
Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies of Strained Heterocycle Opening Reactions Mediated by Zirconium(IV) Imido Complexes.

The reactions of the bis(cyclopentadienyl)(tert-butylimido)zirconium complex (Cp2ZrN-t-Bu)(THF) (1) with epoxides, aziridines, and episulfides were investigated. Heterocycles without accessible β-hydrogens undergo insertion/protonation of the C−X bond to produce 1,2-amino alcohols (X = O) and 1,2-diamines (X = NR), whereas heterocycles with accessible β-hydrogens undergo elimination/protonation to produce allylic alcohols (X = O) and allylic sulfides (X = S). Mechanistic investigations support a stepwise pathway with zwitterionic intermediates for the first reaction class and a concerted pathway for the second reaction class. Additionally, the feasibility of chirality transfer from the planar-chiral ebthi (ebthi = ethylenebis(tetrahydroindenyl)) ligand was demonstrated with a chiral analogue, (ebthi)ZrNAr(THF) (Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl), 2, through the diastereoselective ring opening of meso epoxides.
AIDS Nursing Care and Standardized Nursing Language: An Application of the Nursing Intervention Classification

Standardized nursing language is recommended increasingly as a method to describe the work of nursing, adapt to computerized documentation, and establish a place for nursing in national data bases. Nursing diagnosis has become a standard label for assessment data. The Iowa Interventions Project Research Team proposes that Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) be adopted to label nursing interventions. The author applies NIC to HIV/AIDS nursing care guidelines from the literature and concludes that NIC can be an important tool as HIV/AIDS nurses develop and describe their knowledge base.
Isonicotinic hydrazide causes seizures in scrapie-infected hamstesr with shorter latency than in control animals: A possible GABAergic defect

Isonicotinic hydrazide, a drug that decreases the level of GABA, when injected subcutaneously in control and scrapie-infected hamsters induced tonic-clonic seizures in scrapie hamsters significantly earlier (P less than 0.0001) than in control animals. This suggests depression of the GABAergic system in scrapie-infected hamsters. To determine whether this lesion is pre or postsynaptic we measured the level of GABA, glutamate, cGMP and cAMP and the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex.
Modeling of the Renal Kinetics of the AT1 Receptor Specific PET Radioligand [11C]KR31173

Purpose. The radioligand [11C]KR31173 has been introduced for PET imaging of the angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R). The purpose of the present project was to employ and validate a compartmental model for quantification of the kinetics of this radioligand in a porcine model of renal ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR). Procedures. Ten domestic pigs were included in the study: five controls and five experimental animals with IR of the left kidney. To achieve IR, acute ischemia was created with a balloon inserted into the left renal artery and inflated for 60 minutes. Reperfusion was achieved by deflation and removal of the balloon. Blood chemistries, urine specific gravity and PH values, and circulating hormones of the renin angiotensin system were measured and PET imaging was performed one week after IR. Cortical time-activity curves obtained from a 90&#x2009;min [11C]KR31173 dynamic PET study were processed with a compartmental model that included two tissue compartments connected in parallel. Radioligand binding quantified by radioligand retention (80&#x2009;min value to maximum value ratio) was compared to the binding parameters derived from the compartmental model. A binding ratio was calculated as , where and represented the distribution volumes of specific binding and nonspecific binding. Receptor binding was also determined by autoradiography in vitro. Results. Correlations between rate constants and binding parameters derived by the convolution and deconvolution curve fittings were significant . Also significant was the correlation between the retention parameter derived from the tissue activity curve () and the retention parameter derived from the impulse response function (). Furthermore, significant correlations were found between these two retention parameters and DVR. Measurements with PET showed no significant changes in the radioligand binding parameters caused by IR, and these in vivo findings were confirmed by autoradiography performed in vitro. Conclusions. Correlations between various binding parameters support the concept of the parallel connectivity compartmental model. If an arterial input function cannot be obtained, simple radioligand retention may be adequate for estimation of in vivo radioligand binding.
6-O-Sulfotransferase-1 Represents a Critical Enzyme in the Anticoagulant Heparan Sulfate Biosynthetic Pathway

Using recombinant retroviral transduction, we have introduced the heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (3-OST-1) gene into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Expression of 3-OST-1 confers upon CHO cells the ability to produce anticoagulantly active HS (HS(act)). To understand how 6-OST and other proteins regulate HS(act) biosynthesis, a CHO cell clone with three copies of 3-OST-1 was chemically mutagenized. Resulting mutants that make HS but are defective in generating HS(act) were single-cell-cloned. One cell mutant makes fewer 6-O-sulfated residues. Modification of HS chains from the mutant with pure 6-OST-1 and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate increased HS(act) from 7% to 51%. Transfection of this mutant with 6-OST-1 created a CHO cell line that makes HS, 50% of which is HS(act). We discovered in this study that (i) 6-OST-1 is a limiting enzyme in the HS(act) biosynthetic pathway in vivo when the limiting nature of 3-OST-1 is removed; (ii) HS chains from the mutant cells serve as an excellent substrate for demonstrating that 6-OST-1 is the limiting factor for HS(act) generation in vitro; (iii) in contradiction to the literature, 6-OST-1 can add 6-O-sulfate to GlcNAc residues, especially the critical 6-O-sulfate in the antithrombin binding motif; (iv) both 3-O- and 6-O-sulfation can be the final step in HS(act) biosynthesis in contrast to prior publications that concluded 3-O-sulfation is the final step in HS(act) biosynthesis; (v), in the presence of HS interacting protein peptide, 3-O-sulfate-containing sugars can be degraded into disaccharides by heparitinase digestion as demonstrated by capillary high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.
Acoustic‐surface‐wave scattering at a region with material perturbation

Acoustic surface waves (ASW) scattered at a region with density and elastic parameter variations are studied in view of the newly developed techniques to fabricate ASW reflectors by ion implantation and metal impurity diffusion. The scattering problem is formulated in a perturbation theory. The first‐order vector equation and the solution are obtained in terms of a source which is due to the interaction of the incident wave and the material perturbation. An example is given to illustrate the application of the theory. Results are found to agree closely with experimental observation.
Information needs and decision‐making preferences of children with cancer

Surveys discussing information needs and decision-making preferences were administered to 50 children with cancer (ages 8–17) and 60 accompanying parents. Children wanted information on all aspects of their disease and its treatment, particularly prognosis. 76% of children wanted to be told a percent chance for cure, no matter what it was. Only 38% of parents wanted their children to be given this information (p < 0.01). 95% of patients wanted to be told if they were terminally ill. The majority felt that the treatment decision was the physician's. Although 96% of patients did not want to make their own decisions about curative therapy, 63% of adolescents (≥13) wanted to make their own decisions about palliative therapy vs. 28% of younger patients (p = 0.018). Patients felt that people should be allowed to make decisions about participation in medical research at age 14, for treatment of minor medical problems at 16, and to refuse potentially curative therapy for cancer at 17. Parents often want to shield their children from adverse information, but most children want to be fully informed about their disease. Children usually do not want to make decisions about their initial therapy, but many feel that they should decide about palliation.