cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Robin Hood approach to forced alignment: English-trained algorithms and their use on Australian languages

Forced alignment automatically aligns audio recordings of spoken language with transcripts at the segment level, greatly reducing the time required to prepare data for phonetic analysis. However, existing algorithms are mostly trained on a few well-documented languages. We test the performance of three algorithms against manually aligned data. For at least some tasks, unsupervised alignment (either based on English or trained from a small corpus) is sufficiently reliable for it to be used on legacy data for low-resource languages. Descriptive phonetic work on vowel inventories and prosody can be accurately captured by automatic alignment with minimal training data. Consonants provided significantly more challenges for forced alignment.
Incontinentia pigmenti in adults

Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP; MIM 308300) is an X-linked dominant genodermatosis caused by pathogenic variant in IKBKG. The phenotype in adults is poorly described compared to that in children. Questionnaire survey of 99 affected women showed an age at diagnosis from newborn to 41 years, with 53 diagnosed by 6 months of age and 30 as adults. Stage I, II, and III lesions persisted in 16%, 17%, and 71%, respectively, of those who had ever had them. IP is allelic to two forms of ectodermal dysplasia. Many survey respondents reported hypohidrosis and/or heat intolerance and most had Stage IV findings. This suggests that "Stage IV" may be congenitally dysplastic skin that becomes more noticeable with maturity. Fifty-one had dentures or implants with 26 having more invasive jaw or dental surgery. Half had wiry or uncombable hair. Seventy-three reported abnormal nails with 27 having long-term problems. Cataracts and retinal detachment were the reported causes of vision loss. Four had microphthalmia. Respondents without genetic confirmation of IP volunteered information suggesting more involved phenotype or possibly misassigned diagnosis. Ascertainment bias likely accounts for the low prevalence of neurocognitive problems in the respondents.
Page Format And User Understanding Of Command Language Computer Manuals

This section describes research on the ease-of-use of computer manuals as a function of page format. Six manuals, differing primarily in how each page was formatted, were developed. Each manual had a table of contents and seven operating system commands (e.g., PRINT). Eighteen college students and staff used the manuals to solve problems related to a hypothetical command language.
Targeting Toxic Nuclear RNA Foci with CRISPR-Cas13 to Treat Myotonic Dystrophy

Human monogenetic diseases can arise from the aberrant expansion of tandem nucleotide repeat sequences, which when transcribed into RNA, can misfold and aggregate into toxic nuclear foci1. Nuclear retention of repeat-containing RNAs can disrupt their normal expression and induce widespread splicing defects by sequestering essential RNA binding proteins. Among the most prevalent of these disorders is myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), a disease occurring from the expression of a noncoding CTG repeat expansion in the 3’UTR of the human dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) gene2,3. Here we show that RNA-binding CRISPR-Cas13, with a robust non-classical nuclear localization signal, can be efficiently targeted to toxic nuclear RNA foci for either visualization or cleavage, tools we named hilightR and eraseR, respectively. HilightR combines catalytically dead Cas13b (dCas13b) with a fluorescent protein to directly visualize CUG repeat RNA foci in the nucleus of live cells, allowing for quantification of foci number and observation of foci dynamics. EraseR utilizes the intrinsic endoribonuclease activity of Cas13b, targeted to nuclear CUG repeat RNA, to disrupt nuclear foci. These studies demonstrate the potential for targeting toxic nuclear RNA foci directly with CRISPR-Cas13 for either the identification or treatment of DM1. The efficient and sequence programmable nature of CRISPR-Cas13 systems will allow for rapid targeting and manipulation of other human nuclear RNA disorders, without the associated risks of genome editing.
Evaluating Alternative Correction Methods for Multiple Comparison in Functional Neuroimaging Research

A significant challenge for fMRI research is statistically controlling for false positives without omitting true effects. Although a number of traditional methods for multiple comparison correction exist, several alternative tools have been developed that do not rely on strict parametric assumptions, but instead implement alternative methods to correct for multiple comparisons. In this study, we evaluated three of these methods, Statistical non-Parametric Mapping (SnPM), 3DClustSim, and Threshold Free Cluster Enhancement (TFCE), by examining which method produced the most consistent outcomes even when spatially-autocorrelated noise was added to the original images. We assessed the false alarm rate and hit rate of each method after noise was applied to the original images.
Exercise Interventions in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

PURPOSE Physical activity improves outcomes across a broad spectrum of cardiovascular disease. The safety and effectiveness of exercise-based interventions in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) including cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-Ds) remain poorly understood. METHODS We identified clinical studies using the following search terms: "implantable cardioverter-defibrillators"; "ICD"; "cardiac resynchronization therapy"; "CRT"; and any one of the following: "activity"; "exercise"; "training"; or "rehabilitation"; from January 1, 2000 to October 1, 2015. Eligible studies were evaluated for design and clinical endpoints. RESULTS A total of 16 studies were included: 8 randomized controlled trials, 5 single-arm trials, 2 observational cohort trials, and 1 randomized crossover trial. A total of 2547 patients were included (intervention groups = 1215 patients, control groups = 1332 patients). Exercise interventions varied widely in character, duration (median 84 d, range: 23-168 d), and follow-up time (median 109 d, range: 23 d to 48 mo). Exercise performance measures were the most common primary endpoints (87.5%), with most studies (81%) demonstrating significant improvement. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks were uncommon during active exercise intervention, with 6 shocks in 635 patients (0.9%). Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in follow-up were less common in patients receiving any exercise intervention (15.6% vs 23%, OR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48-0.80, P < .001). (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2 peak improved significantly in patients receiving exercise intervention (1.98 vs 0.36 mL/kg/min, P < .001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, exercise interventions in patients with ICDs and CRT-Ds appear safe and effective. Lack of consensus on design and endpoints remains a barrier to broader application to this important patient population.
License to Uber: Using Administrative Law to Fix Occupational Licensing

This Article explores courts’ ability to restrict occupational licensing regulations at the state and local level. In recent years, governments have extended licensing requirements well beyond their traditional boundaries. The literature criticizes these requirements as protectionist measures that stifle new entry, entrench inequality, and threaten the emerging sharing economy. The harder question, however, is whether these new requirements are illegal. This Article argues that they are, but that challengers should be using different doctrines to confront them. Current legal challenges depend on constitutional and antitrust law doctrines, both of which have doctrinal and normative limitations. Constitutional doctrines require a revival of Lochner to be effective, while antitrust law is doctrinally limited and expensive to enforce. Accordingly, I make the novel claim that courts should apply administrative law doctrines to scrutinize and strike down irrational licensing regulations. Administrative law principles are more likely to succeed and are more easily reconciled with both current doctrine and legislative supremacy. The Article therefore provides courts with a viable doctrinal toolkit to scrutinize licensing regimes without resorting to a local Lochner approach that is less practically effective and that raises concerns about courts’ democratic legitimacy. Because administrative law doctrines provide more credible legal threats, they are also more likely to generate political pressure for reform.
TXA plus compression and nasal packing did not differ for epistaxis, and both were better than compression alone.

Source Citation Akkan S, Corbacioglu SK, Aytar H, et al. Evaluating effectiveness of nasal compression with tranexamic acid compared with simple nasal compression and Merocel packing: a randomized ...
Biophysical mechanism of ultrafast helical twisting contraction in the giant unicellular ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum

The biophysical mechanism of cytoskeletal structures has been fundamental to understanding of cellular dynamics. Here, we present a mechanism for the ultrafast contraction exhibited by the unicellular ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum. Powered by a Ca2+ binding myoneme mesh architecture, Spirostomum is able to twist its two ends in the same direction and fully contract to 75% of its body length within five milliseconds, followed by a slow elongation mechanism driven by the uncoiling of the microtubules. To elucidate the principles of this rapid contraction and slow elongation cycle, we used high-speed imaging to examine the same-direction coiling of the two ends of the cell and immunofluorescence techniques to visualize and quantify the structural changes in the myoneme mesh, microtubule arrays, and the cell membrane. Lastly, we provide support for our hypotheses using a simple physical model that captures key features of Spirostomum9s ultrafast twisting contraction.
Optoelectronic Devices for Vision Restoration

The goal is providing an update to the latest research surrounding optoelectronic devices, highlighting key studies and benefits and limitations of each device. The Argus II demonstrated long-term safety after a 5-year follow-up. Due to lack of tack fixation, subretinal implants appear to displace over time. PRIMA’s completed primate trial showed initial safety and potential for improved vision, resulting in ongoing clinical trials; Bionic Vision Australia developed a new 44-electrode suprachoroidal device currently in a clinical trial. Orion (cortical stimulation) is currently undergoing a clinical trial to demonstrate safety. Devices using external camera for images are unaffected by corneal or lens opacities but disconnect eye movements from image perception, while the opposite is true for implants directly detecting light. Visual acuity provided by devices is more complicated than implant electrode density, and new devices aim to target this with innovative approaches.
Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants: A Resident-Based Workshop to Improve Knowledge and Confidence.

Introduction Direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) prescriptions have increased steadily since the first, dabigatran, was Food and Drug Administration-approved in 2010. They have multiple advanta...
Do the rich give more? The effects of family wealth and entrepreneurial effort on firm philanthropy and growth.

Past research has offered conflicting evidence concerning the effect of family wealth on philanthropy. Equality of Opportunity (EOP) theory has received wide scholarly attention to explain an individual’s philanthropic engagement through the simultaneous consideration of both family wealth and personal effort. Drawing on the insights of EOP, we extend EOP toward entrepreneurial theory and practice by examining how entrepreneurs’ family endowment and entrepreneurial effort impact their charity donation and business growth. Utilizing a large, national dataset with 2503 Chinese entrepreneurs, our findings suggest that entrepreneurs with higher level of entrepreneurial effort are more likely to donate to charity and achieve greater firm growth in the process. In addition, higher level of entrepreneurial effort attenuates the contribution of philanthropy to firm growth. Conversely, no significant effect with respect to family wealth was found.
Assessment of Credit Ratings and Credit Risk Models on Public Bonds

The authors investigate the performance of two different credit risk models, the credit ratings of SP (2) bond ratings of financial firms are higher than those of non-financials, but financial firms pay a higher cost of debt than non-financial firms; (3) SP and (4) financial firms are less likely to default than non-financial firms. TOPICS:Credit risk management, information providers/credit ratings, fixed income and structured finance, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ S&P’s ratings are better than Bloomberg models in determining the yield spreads. ▪ S&P’s ratings are superior to Bloomberg models in predicting the actual default of bonds. ▪ Financial firms are less likely to default than non-financial firms.
Morphological analysis of POSS-polymer nanocomposites

Abstract Polymer science seeks to explain the properties of polymer nanocomposites in terms of nanostructure formation within the polymeric matrix. In this chapter, we consider how the POSS molecules are assembled to form the bulk nanocomposite materials, which must be understood to develop relations between the structure and properties of these materials. In broad terms, we can predict the nanostructure evolution based on the molecular architecture of the POSS molecule; however, several levels of structural arrangement may exist depending on the interactions between POSS-polymer or POSS-POSS molecules. This may result in a complex nanostructure in the electron microscope. The properties of nanocomposites are defined significantly by these interactions operating at every level of the nanocomposite manufacturing process. Here we discuss the influence of the incorporation of POSS into polymer matrices, as affected by surface functional group, and the POSS concentration, on the structure of nanocomposites.
How Does an Audit Partner’s Big 4 Experience and Social Ties Jointly Impact the Audit Partner Selection Process? Experimental Evidence on Managers’ Recommendations

We conduct a 2×2×2 experiment with 200 accounting and finance executives and managers to examine managers’ audit partner selection recommendations. We manipulate the partner’s prior Big 4 firm experience (present or absent), social ties with the manager (present or absent), and the company’s audit quality (AQ) convention demanded (model AQ that focuses on technical expertise or value-added AQ). Consistent with predictions, we find prior Big 4 experience increases managers’ recommendations, and this effect is stronger under the model AQ convention. We also find social ties reduces managers’ recommendations, in general, consistent with objectivity concerns, except when model AQ is demanded and the audit partner has prior Big 4 experience. Our study provides evidence on the important tradeoff of auditor competence versus objectivity, two central inputs to audit quality, and raises concerns that the model AQ’s strong emphasis on technical expertise may blind managers from other important factors including objectivity concerns.
Heterogeneous effects of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease on the phenome.

Here we report how four major forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genetic risk—APOE-e4, APOE-e2, polygenic risk and familial risk—are associated with 273 traits in ~500,000 individuals in the UK Biobank. The traits cover blood biochemistry and cell traits, metabolic and general health, psychosocial health, and cognitive function. The difference in the profile of traits associated with the different forms of AD risk is striking and may contribute to heterogenous presentation of the disease. However, we also identify traits significantly associated with multiple forms of AD genetic risk, as well as traits showing significant changes across ages in those at high risk of AD, which may point to their potential roles in AD etiology. Finally, we highlight how survivor effects, in particular those relating to shared risks of cardiovascular disease and AD, can generate associations that may mislead interpretation in epidemiological AD studies. The UK Biobank provides a unique opportunity to powerfully compare the effects of different forms of AD genetic risk on the phenome in the same cohort.
Island communities and disaster resilience: Applying the EnRiCH community resilience framework.

OBJECTIVE To explore the beliefs, attitudes, and perspectives of community resilience in St. Kitts and Nevis. DESIGN Qualitative Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis using the EnRiCH Community Resilience Framework for High-Risk Populations (EnRiCH Framework) to identify factors that enhance or create barriers to community resilience to disasters in St. Kitts and Nevis. SAMPLE Twenty-one key informants and 23 community informants provided insight into the history of disasters. RESULTS Unique strengths and barriers that significantly influenced this high-risk population's adaptive capacity were identified. A discrepancy between the way disaster preparedness was perceived by government officials and the local population was noted. Cultural factors promoted connectedness and communication and created barriers to empowerment and collaboration. Innovative strategies were suggested that could enhance upstream leadership, downstream management, and resource management during disasters. CONCLUSIONS Island communities represent a unique opportunity to examine risk reduction and vulnerability within the context of community and societal characteristics. This research addresses a significant gap in the literature on interventions that utilize a strengths-based approach to building adaptive capacity and resilience to disasters among at-risk populations. The EnRiCH Framework can be used to develop an approach to strengthen adaptive capacity and improve resilience to disasters.
Changes in skeletal muscle properties following hindlimb suspension.

Changes in AChE regulation, the functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and muscle fiber-type population in the extensor digitorium longus (EDL) and soleus of male rats suspended in a nonweight-bearing position are studied. Muscle weight, AChE activity, protein content, SR calcium loading rates, and muscle types in the suspended and control rats are evaluated and compared. It is observed that following 1-4 weeks of suspension the EDL is unaffected; however, the soleus muscle weight, and protein content decrease and the AChE activity increases. The SR calcium loading rates of EDL decrease 10 percent and the soleus increase 50 percent in the suspended rats. The data reveal that the population of muscle type 1 (slow fibers) decreases and type 2 (fast fibers) increases for the soleus, and the distribution is unchanged for the EDL of the suspended rats. It is detected that a nonweight-bearing position affects the soleus (a fast-twitch muscle), but not the EDL (a slow-twitch muscle).
Intrinsic Stability, Oligomerization, and Amyloidogenicity of HDL-Free Serum Amyloid A

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase reactant protein predominantly bound to high-density lipoprotein in serum and presumed to play various biological and pathological roles. Upon tissue trauma or infection, hepatic expression of SAA increases up to 1,000 times the basal levels. Prolonged increased levels of SAA may lead to amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, a usually fatal systemic disease in which the amyloid deposits are mostly comprised of the N-terminal 1–76 fragment of SAA. SAA isoforms may differ across species in their ability to cause AA amyloidosis, and the mechanism of pathogenicity remains poorly understood. In vitro studies have shown that SAA is a marginally stable protein that folds into various oligomeric species at 4 °C. However, SAA is largely disordered at 37 °C, reminiscent of intrinsically disordered proteins. Non-pathogenic murine (m)SAA2.2 spontaneously forms amyloid fibrils in vitro at 37 °C whereas pathogenic mSAA1.1 has a long lag (nucleation) phase, and eventually forms fibrils of different morphology than mSAA2.2. Remarkably, human SAA1.1 does not form mature fibrils in vitro. Thus, it appears that the intrinsic amyloidogenicity of SAA is not a key determinant of pathogenicity, and that other factors, including fibrillation kinetics, ligand binding effects, fibril stability, nucleation efficiency, and SAA degradation may play key roles. This chapter will focus on the known structural and biophysical properties of SAA and discuss how these properties may help better understand the molecular mechanism of AA amyloidosis.
Dissociative ionization of N 2 produced by 1-MeV H + and He + : Time-energy spectroscopy

By measuring the energy and time of flight of fragment ions from molecular breakup, the fragments can be separated according to their mass to charge ratios and the kinetic-energy spectra for each recorded. This technique is applied to the dissociative ionization of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ caused by 1-MeV ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ projectiles. The energy spectra for ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ is not unlike that produced by electron bombardment, but the ${\mathrm{N}}^{++}$ spectra show some high-energy structure that has not been previously observed. An ${\mathrm{N}}^{3+}$ spectrum is obtained with a maximum near 25 eV, and the reflection method is used to obtain a potential curve for a presumed ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{3+}$ state.
An electron spin resonance study of electron reactions with peptides: Competitive mechanisms: Deamination vs protonation

Abstract The reactions of electrons with a number of peptides containing aliphatic and aromatic side groups were investigated in aqueous glasses at low temperatures by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. For the tripeptides glycylalanylalanine, and glycylglycylalanine in neutral glasses (12M LiCl), we find only N -terminal (primary) deamination, at 77 K. The deamination reaction is followed by abstraction from the parent compound. However, abstraction from the N -terminal residue is not observed. In basic glasses evidence for secondary deamination is found. The results found from the study of ten di- and tri-peptides containing one histidyl, phenylalanyl or tyrosyl residues show that electron attachment to the aromatic group effectively competes with the peptide bonds. About 30–40% of the radicals observed are due to primary deamination and the remaining fraction is due to protonated anion of the aromatic side group. As the number of residues increase in the peptide a decrease in attack on the aromatic group is found, with a corresponding increase in primary deamination. The results presented in this work are compared to recent spin trapping and pulse radiolysis investigations on similar systems.
Convolution with affine arclength measures in the plane

We obtain an estimate for the L3/2,1(R2) L3(12) norm of a certain convolution operator. Let 0 be real-valued and smooth on an interval (a, b) C R. Define the measure A on I2 by f dA = f(t, q(t)) I(t) 1/3dt. J2 a We are interested in the LP(R2) Lq(R22) mapping properties of the operator given by convolution with A. The study of this operator was initiated by Drury ([D]), who used complex interpolation and certain integral estimates to obtain the optimal result IIA* fl3 0 and X(3) , 0 on (a, b). Then (1) IIA * XE1-3 (s) y(t) = (s t, 4(s) q(t)) is one-to-one. Thus rb rb / I XE(y (t)(s)) ql'(s) '(t)I ds dt if A C (t, b). To prove (3) we let IAu stand for the (one-dimensional) Lebesgue measure of A n (u, b) whenever t (4) J XA(s)(4 (s)(t))ds = XA(S) Q y(u)d du ds= (u[Au du. Also J XA(S) m) (S) 1/3ds = 1 XA(S) ?>/(S)i/3 11/31A 1-1/3d A () O"(s) s I (s) O" (s) lAslAs ds .b "(s) A 1 d) 2/3( Thus, it follows from (4) that (5) (/ A(s) (/ ) If 0 /bXA 1Al-/2 = ] y/2d -2 A1/2. J s Jo With this and the fact that 0" is nondecreasing, (5) yields (3) to complete the proof. REFERENCES [C] Y. Choi, Convolution operators with affine arclength measures on plane curves, J. Korean Math. Soc. 36 (1999), 193-207. CMP 99:09 [D] S. W. Drury, Degenerate curves and harmonic analysis, Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 108 (1990), 89-96. MR 91h:42021 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY, TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32306- 4510 E-mail address: oberlinQmath. fsu. edu This content downloaded from 157.55.39.244 on Fri, 17 Jun 2016 05:01:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The European Union and Grassroots Democratization in Turkey

Abstract Without question, the decision of the European Union to consider Turkey’s membership application has spurred Turkish political reform. Is this, however, entirely an externally driven process? Are Turks responding merely to the material incentives of conditionality, or are some Turkish actors advocating reforms for their own sake? This essay examines these questions by looking at the role of Turkish civil society and public opinion in the reform process. It argues that support ‘from below’ within Turkey will be essential for the consolidation for reform. It finds that although there is evidence of Euroskepticism within the public at large, there is broad support in the abstract for democratic principles and human rights and that very visible actors within Turkey are working with the EU to further the reform project.
Procedures for the isolation and quantification of the intermediates of the mevalonic acid pathway

Procedures for the isolation and analysis of all 11 intermediates of the mevalonic acid pathway from acetyl-CoA through geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate were developed. Both acid-labile and base-labile metabolites are simultaneously extracted with good recoveries into 7 M urea at neutral pH and low temperature to minimize hydrolytic and degradative enzyme losses, and the extract is partially purified by adsorption and desorption in high yield from an anion-exchange membrane. With the use of internal standards, the pathway intermediates are subsequently separated and quantified by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC with on-line radiodetection. Permeable secretory cells specialized for monoterpene biosynthesis were isolated from peppermint (Mentha x piperita) leaves and employed as a model system to test the analytical protocols by examining the incorporation of [14C]pyruvate, [14C]mevalonate, and [3H]isopentenyl pyrophosphate as precursors. This simple new method should be readily adaptable to a wide range of cell and tissue types that can be administered basic metabolic precursors, and should allow measurements of both flux and steady-state levels of the intermediates of the mevalonic acid pathway.
Canopy stomatal conductance following drought, disturbance, and death in an upland oak/pine forest of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, USA

Stomatal conductance controls carbon and water fluxes in forest ecosystems. Therefore, its accurate characterization in land surface flux models is necessary. Sap-flux scaled canopy conductance was used to evaluate the effect of drought, disturbance and mortality of three oak species (Quercus prinus, Q. velutina and Q. coccinia) in an upland oak/pine stand in the New Jersey Pine Barrens from 2005 to 2008. Canopy conductance (GC) was analyzed by performing boundary line analysis and selecting for the highest value under a given light condition. Regressing GC with the driving force vapor pressure deficit (VPD) resulted in reference canopy conductance at 1 kPa VPD (GCref). Predictably, drought in 2006 caused GCref to decline. Quercus prinus GCref was least affected, followed by Q. coccina, with Q. velutina having the highest reductions in GCref. A defoliation event in 2007 caused GCref to increase due to reduced leaf area and a possible increase in water availability. In Q. prinus, GCref quadrupled, while doubling in Q. velutina, and increasing by 50% in Q. coccina. Tree mortality in 2008 led to higher GCref in the remaining Q. prinus but not in Q. velutina or Q. coccina. Comparing light response curves of canopy conductance (GCref) and stomatal conductance (gS) derived from gas-exchange measurements showed marked differences in behavior. Canopy GCref failed to saturate under ambient light conditions whereas leaf-level gS saturated at 1200 µmol m-2 s-1. The results presented here emphasize the differential responses of leaf and canopy level conductance to saturating light conditions and the effects of various disturbances (drought, defoliation and mortality) on the carbon and water balance of an oak-dominated forest.
Triplane rhytidectomy. Combining the best of all worlds.

Objective: To combine certain aspects of the subsuperficial musculoaponeurotic system (sub-SMAS) and subperiosteal rhytidectomies to maximize the advantages while minimizing the disadvantages of each. Design: The subperiosteal rhytidectomy is used to reposition the ptotic malar fat pad concomitantly with the elevation of the corner of the mouth by means of shifting upward the origin of the zygomatic major muscle. The sub-SMAS rhytidectomy is used to maximize elevation of the jowl. Setting: Ambulatory surgical facility. Method: Preauricular and temporal dissection is subcutaneous to the malar eminence above and angle of mandible below. A subperiosteal dissection of the middle part of the face is then accomplished through a sublabial approach combined with an incision over the malar eminence. An incision is made through the SMAS from the malar eminence to the mandibular angle and subSMAS dissection is accomplished under the jowl. The subperiosteal dissection is suspended to the temporal fascia and the SMAS dissection is imbricated with 2 suspension suture lines. Conclusions: Follow-up in patients who are 1-year postoperative demonstrates a continued youthful elevation and flattening of the melolabial fold and complete correction of the jowl. No facial nerve injury or hematomas were observed. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:1167-1172
General purpose representation and association machine part 3: Prototype study using LDPC codes

In this paper, we illustrate how to use simple LDPC codes to build a GPRAM prototype. We overview the GPRAM system and design principles. We then map the design into a problem. We demonstrate an experimental solution. We further introduce a switch function in the system, which will allow us to perform revision in code structures in GPRAM prototype in future. In this study many interesting features begin to merge and some of them may have bio-implication which needs to be further explored.
Real-Time Fusion of Two Polarization Images overcoming hazy or misty days

It seems pertinent to ask a real-time one step fusion algorithm how all these ways of exploiting polarized-light information can be utilized to make artificial sensors such as contrast enhancement and haze reduction, breaking camouflage, optical signaling, detecting particular polarization as compass. Therefore, with proper optical setup and computer vision analysis, polarization information can be captured and used to enhance traditional polarization-insensitive visual vision techniques. In this paper, most of the exciting ways in which animals make use of the various forms of polarized light prevailing in their visual worlds will be investigated. We present the basics of polarization sensing and then discuss integrated unsupervised polarization imaging sensors.
Linearization of analytic vector fields in the transitive case

Abstract Given a nonlinear control system, linear in the controls, all of whose terms have a common critical point, Lie algebraic conditions are established for the existence of a real-analytic transformation to coordinates in which the system is bilinear, that is, of type dx dt = ∑ u i B i x . ( ∗ ) The hypotheses used are analyticity, transitivity of the Lie algebra L associated with ( ∗ ) (i.e., controllability of ( ∗ )), and isomorphism of L to the Lie algebra of vector fields associated with the original nonlinear system. That the transitivity condition can be replaced by semisimplicity or compactness of L is known from work of Sternberg and Guillemin.
Improved Rock-Physics Model for Shale Gas Reservoirs

Unconventional resources such as shale gas are becoming increasingly important exploration, development, and production targets. However, geophysical characterization of these unconventional reservoirs remains challenging because of limited understanding of geophysical responses to reservoir properties such as total organic carbon (TOC). We have developed an improved anisotropic rock-physics model to incorporate TOC effects, in addition to effects of mineralogy, porosity, and fluid content, on seismic and electrical properties of shale gas. The modeling results suggest that an increase in the organic content generally reduces P-impedance, and Vp/Vs ratio, while increasing the velocity anisotropy and resistivity. This general trend is further modified by mineralogical compositions.
Epitypification and ecological notes for the Malagasy holoparasite Hydnora esculenta (Hydnoraceae)

The root holoparasite, Hydnora esculenta is a poorly known perennial herb described from southwestern Madagascar. The key character in the original diagnosis was floral dimorphism, a hermaphroditic form and an apparently thinner and longer sterile form. Other useful diagnostic characters are lacking. The type specimens consist only of slices of fruit, and lack important diagnostic characters, thus, an epitype is designated here. The original description is amplified based on field collections and examination of available herbarium material. Flowers of H. esculenta are variable in size (11.6–26.9 cm long) and merosity (3–6), but are uniformly hermaphroditic like all other Hydnoraceae. Osmophores situated on tepal apices combined with angular rhizomes separate H. esculenta from other known Hydnora spp. Additionally, ribbed tepal margins for H. esculenta are diagnostic and are preserved on herbarium specimens. Pollination biology follows the general pattern for the genus, brood-site mimicry with insect imprisonment and release. Floral mobbing events by the putative pollinator, a scavenger scarab beetle (Kuijtenous laviceps) are reported. The most common observed host of H. esculenta was the invasive tree Pithocellobium dulce. The range of H. esculenta maybe increasing due to the spread of P. dulce in riparian areas and disturbed habitats in southern Madagascar.
Factors Influencing Sexual Offenders' Modus Operandi: An Examination of Victim-Offender Relatedness and Age

Child sexual abuse is recognized as a national problem that has reached epidemic proportions. However, empirical investigations of offender behaviors associated with the sexual-offending process (i.e., modus operandi [MO]) are lacking in the literature yet critically needed to inform prevention and intervention initiatives. This investigation contrasted the MO of 114 adults and 114 adolescents who sexually offended against intrafamilial or extrafamilial victims. Study findings indentified adolescent offenders' more frequent use of a variety of MO strategies to gain victim compliance in sexual activity and to maintain victim silence following the onset of abuse, including approaches designed to coerce or manipulate victims. Results also indicated significant differences in offenders' MO based on their relatedness (i.e., intrafamilial or extrafamilial) to victims. Implications for prevention as well as offender and victim treatment are discussed.
Evaluation of Chemically Selective Displacer Analogues for Protein Purification

A library of molecular analogues to the selective displacer, N′1′-(4-methylquinolin-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine dinitrate, was employed to study the effects of changes in displacer chemistry on their efficacy for selective separations. High throughput screens were carried out using a robotic liquid handling system to examine the ability of these compounds to selectively displace proteins in batch adsorption systems. Experiments were conducted using the model protein pairs ribonuclease A/α-chymotrypsinogen A and cytochrome C/lysozyme on a strong cation exchanger. Selectivity pathway and DC-50 plots were constructed from the analogue screen data, and results indicated that minor changes in the molecular design of the displacer can have a significant impact on the separation behavior. Specifically, charge density and spacing of resin and protein interaction moieties were found to be important. The screen also identified a new displacer, 4-methyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-quinoline, which produced a more selective displac...
SCALING AND PSYCHOMETRIKA: SPATIAL AND ALTERNATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF SIMILARITY DATA

Progress over the past twenty-five years in the development and improvement of models for representation of similarity data is reviewed. The discussion includes comments on class, dimensional, ideal type, and dichotomous attribute representations of underlying similarity structures. Most of the theoretical research in the area appeared, and continues to appear, inPsychometrika.
Handheld photoacoustic microscopy to detect melanoma depth in vivo

We developed handheld photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) to detect melanoma and determine tumor depth in nude mice in vivo. Compared to our previous PAM system for melanoma imaging, a new light delivery mechanism is introduced to improve light penetration. We show that melanomas with 4.1 and 3.7 mm thicknesses can be successfully detected in phantom and in in vivo experiments, respectively. With its deep melanoma imaging ability and handheld design, this system can be tested for clinical melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and surgical planning for patients at the bedside.
On a special class of boundary-value problems in the theory of shells and plates

This paper is concerned with problems in shell theory in which displacements are specified on a major surface of a three-dimensional shell-like body. It is unclear whether the theory of shells is in fact applicable to such problems; in virtually any treatment of shells, the equations of motion are derived by assuming that the tractions on both major surfaces are known. These known tractions manifest themselves as body forces in the resulting two-dimensional set of equations. We demonstrate in this paper that provided certain modifications are made, the latter set can indeed be used to solve problems in which displacements are specified on a major surface. These modifications are essential; they in fact reduce the number of differential equations and change the nature of the boundary conditions. We outline a clear procedure to treat such problems. The procedure is general in that it is valid for finite deformations of shells made of any material. We illustrate the efficacy of the final set of equations by presenting some examples from the linear theory of elastic plates.
Preventing retention: First grade classroom instruction and student characteristics

Retention is a frequently used strategy to support children who are struggling academically. However, the strategy is costly, and research findings with regard to positive outcomes are mixed. This study examined whether efficacious reading instruction might reduce rates of retention in first grade. We also evaluated the reading instruction the students received compared with children with similar reading and vocabulary skills who were not retained. Additionally, we examined the impact students' self-regulation may have on grade retention. Findings reveal that it was significantly less likely for students to be retained at the end of first grade if their teacher was implementing more efficacious reading instruction. Moreover, there were substantial differences in the literacy instruction provided for children who were and were not retained. Finally, students in the efficacious reading condition who were retained exhibited significantly weaker self-regulation skills than did their matched-promoted peers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Type II Aerobic Methane Oxidizing Bacteria (AMOB) Drive Methane Oxidation in Pulsed Wetlands as Indicated by 13C-Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas and management strategies have been proposed to limit CH4 emissions from freshwater wetlands. The methanotrophic bacteria can intercept much of the CH4 produced by methanogenic archaea and thus management protocols for wetlands could conceivably include manipulations not only to limit the production of CH4 by methanogens, but also to enhance the consumption of CH4 by benthic or planktonic methanotrophs. The hydrological characteristic of a wetland is a major determinant of the CH4 emission rates. A major consideration for CH4 production is whether a wetland is static or flowing (wetlands connected to rivers and streams). Very little is known about the effects of hydrologic pulsing on wetland carbon dynamics and especially CH4 oxidation. Furthermore, although it has been established that methanotrophs are very active at the oxic sediment water interface of wetlands, little is known about the ecology of methanotrophs in the “pulsing fringe”. Stable isotope probing (SIP) of biomarker Phospholipid Fatty Acids provide a means to connect CH4 oxidation to specific methanotrophs and track the shifts in community structure. Three landscape treatments were: 1) upland aerobic soil, 2) the intermediately flooded zone, and 3) the permanently flooded site with two landscape level replicates in a freshwater pulsing experimental wetlands at the Olentangy River Wetland (ORW) Research Park, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Two soil depths (organic horizon, 0-8 cm that includes the oxidized layer in flooded sites and 8-16 cm depth of surface mineral layer) were sampled at each site four times/year over a two-year period (early spring, mid summer, early fall and mid winter). Immediately after sampling the samples are stored at -20° C and transported under dry ice to the Soil Microbial Ecology Lab, SENR, the Ohio State University, Columbus for analysis. Samples were taken back to the lab to determine potential CH4 oxidation and 13C-PLFA analyses after extraction and analysis on GC-C-IRMS.The PF sites had significantly higher (p<0.05) Potential Methane Oxidation (PMO) than the IF sites. PMO rates at 0-8 cm depth of soil were significantly higher than those at depth of 8-16 cm (p<0.05). PMO in Winter was also significantly higher than in Summer (p< 0.01). PLFA profiling of methanotrophs showed that the Type type II methanotrophs and I methanotrophs were more pronounced in winter that was highly correlated by the seasonal dynamics of PMO. Concentrations of the Type II methanotroph PLFA biomarker (18:ω8c, 18:ω9c and 18:ω7c) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the Type I PLFA biomarkers (16:ω5c).The highest potential to oxidize the substrate-available methane in the Permanently Flooded site is entirely attributed to the methanotrophic population (as reflected by the relative abundance of the signature PLFAs). Even if with very low 13C incorporation, the PLFA profile in the Intermittently Flooded site is dominated by the Type II methanotrophs.
Neem oil inhibits two-cell embryo development and trophectoderm attachment and proliferation in vitro.

Purpose: The in vitro effect ofneem oil was studied on the development of mouse two-cell embryos and trophectodermal cell attachment and proliferation. Method: Female mice were primed with gonadotropins for superovulation and caged with male mice. Early embryos, at the two-cell and the blastocyst stages, were recovered at 40 and 88 hr post-hCG from the oviducts and the uteri, respectively. In the first experiment, two-cell embryos were exposed to culture medium containing different concentrations ofneem oil for 1, 12, and 24 hr and then grown in neem oil-free culture medium and assessed for the formation of total and hatching blastocysts at 96 hr. In the second experiment, partially hatching blastocysts were cocultured with human endometrial stromal cell monolayers in culture medium containing different concentrations of neem oil and assessed for the attachment and proliferation of trophectodermal cells at 96 hr. Results: Exposure of two-cell embryos to neem oil concentrations of 0.050-0.500% for 1 hr, 0.010-0.250% for 12 hr, and 0.005-0.100% for 24 hr caused significant inhibition of the formation of total and hatching blastocysts, in a dose-dependent manner. Neem oil at 0.050-0.100% concentrations inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the in vitro attachment and proliferation of trophectodermal cells of partially hatching blastocysts cocultured with human endometrial stromal cells monolayers. Conclusion: Neem oil inhibits the development of two-cell embryos and attachment and proliferation of the trophectodermal cells of partially hatching blastocysts in vitro. The study encourages the use of this herbal product as a postcoital contraceptive that warrants further research.
On the subpartitions of the ordinary partitions

Let a1≥a2≥⋅⋅⋅≥al be an ordinary partition. A subpartition with gap d of an ordinary partition is defined as the longest sequence satisfying a1>a2>⋅⋅⋅>as and as>as+1, where ai−aj≥d for all i<j≤s. This is a generalization of the Rogers–Ramanujan subpartition which was introduced by L. Kolitsch. In this note, we will study various properties of subpartitions, and as an application we will give a combinatorial proof of two entries which are in Ramanujan’s lost notebook.
Synthesis of calcium silicate hydrate/polymer complexes: Part I. Anionic and nonionic polymers

High molecular weight anionic polymers have been incorporated into the calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) structure during precipitation of quasicrystalline C–S–H from aqueous solution. The anionic polymers studied were poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid), and the sodium salt of poly(vinyl sulfonic acid). Expansion of the interlayer spacing coupled with high-carbon contents confirmed that the polymers intercalated between the layers. D-gluconic acid behaves similarly. Intercalation characteristics strongly depended on both the type of polymer and Ca/Si molar ratio of C–S–H; intercalation reached a maximum at an initial Ca/Si = 1.3 in all cases. Poly(vinyl alcohol) was the only nonionic polymer among those studied that was incorporated into C–S–H. Evidence for interlayer intercalation is less definite. The C–S–H/polymer complexes were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance magic angle spinning, and 13C cross-polarization, magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Homeostatic expansion versus antigen-driven proliferation: common ends by different means?

Abstract The requirements for T-cell proliferation driven by “space-filling” (homeostatic expansion) differ significantly from those for antigen-driven responses. Here we review these differences and discuss their implications for regulation of T-cell responses and the size of the T-cell compartment.
On the Threats That Do Not Face Educational Research

Gary Cziko's 1992 Educational Researcher article is in large part a revision and extension of the attack on mainstream educational research he began in this journal in 1989, to which we published a rebuttal in 1990. Cziko appears to find our 1990 criticisms of little value, but nevertheless abandons most of his earlier bases for criticism. He presents new reasoning to support his old conclusions that mainstream research is futile. We will argue that his new reasoning is no sounder than his old, and that his conclusions regarding mainstream research stem from misunderstandings and misrepresentations of statistical method, philosophy of science, and other topics, including the opinions of the present authors. Powers's (1973) perceptual control theory may well contribute to educational research, but the need for it does not stem from any of the short-comings alleged by Cziko.